Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Systemic review of the effects of ginseng on cardiovascular risk factors, Ann. Phamacother. 40, 83-95 (2006) Kim, H. , Chen, X. and Gillis, C. N. : Ginsenosides protect pulmonary vascular endothelium against free radicalinduced injury. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189, 670-676 (1992) and Yang, D. C. : Conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 by microbacterium sp. GS514, Phytochemistry 69, 218-224 (2008) Ando, T. , Tanaka, O. and Shibata, S. : Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs XXV. Comparative studies on the saponin and sapogenins of ginseng and related crude drugs, 25, 28-34 (1971) Kang, S. Y. , Schini-Kirth, V. B. and Kim, N. D. : Ginsenosides of the protopanaxatriol group cause endotheliumdependent relaxation in the rat aorta. 56, 1577-1586 (1995) and Schini-Kerth, V. B. : Ginsenoside Rg3 mediate endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ginsenosides in rat aorta: role of K+ channels. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 367, 41-49 (1999a) and Park, I. N. : High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of ginseng saponins using evaporative light scattering detection. J. Chromatogr. A. 736, 77-81 (1996) and Park, J. H. : Steaming of Ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity. J. Nat. Prod. 63, 1702-1704 (2000) and Kim, D. H. : Transformation of ginseng saponins to ginsenoside Rh2 by acids and human intestinal bacteria and biological activities of their transformations. Arch. Pharm. Res. 27, 61-67 (2004) Busse, R. , Fichtner, H. , Luckhoff, A. and Kohlhardt, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide information pertaining to the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Instead, it seems to mainly summarize various studies related to ginseng and its chemical properties, effects on cardiovascular factors, and transformations in biological contexts without specifically mentioning adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 3 g/L. Lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity increased to 14. 4 g/L, 151. 8 mg/g and 4. 47 g/L/d, respectively (Table 2, Entry 3). The concurrent decrease in total mass and increase in lipid titre suggested that more sugars were released from corn stover and converted into lipids. Table 2 Results of the simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production process in the presence of different amounts of cellulolytic enzymesFull size tableFigure 3Sugar evolution profiles of the s imultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production process by Cryptococcus curvatus in the presence of different cellulolytic enzymes. Enzyme amounts for cellulase in FPU, β-glucosidase in CBU and xylanase in U, respectively. square, 5 FPU, 10 CBU and 40 U/g; empty circle, 10 FPU and 80 U/g; filled circle, 10 FPU, 20 CBU and 80 U/g; triangle, 15 FPU, 30 CBU and 120 U/g; inverted triangle, 20 FPU, 40 CBU and 160 U/g. CBU, cellobiase unit, FPU, filter paper unit; TRS, total reducing sugars. Full size imageWhen more enzymes were loaded, there was no further improvement for lipid production. In contrast, lipid titre and lipid coefficient both dropped slightly and total mass increased (Table 2, Entry 4 and 5), but Bonferroni’s test suggested that these differences were not significant (P >0. 05). For the experiment with cellulase, β-glucosidase and xylanase loadings at 20 FPU/g, 40 CBU/g and 160 U/g, respectively, glucose and TRS after 24 hours were 16. 5 g/L and 32. 2 g/L, respectively. It was obvious that sugars were released faster than assimilation by C. curvatus cells. The fact that lipid coefficient dropped slightly at high enzyme loadings might be due to the concurrent incorporation of excess nutrients such as the nitrogen source in the broth. In separate experiments using glucose-based nitrogen limited media for lipid production [26], we also found that the addition of cellulase and β-glucosidase led to better cell growth but lower lipid contents (data not shown). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the production of lipids from sugars, indicating that more sugars were released from corn stover and converted into lipids by the yeast strain Cryptococcus curvatus. This suggests that bioengineered yeast can indeed be utilized to convert sugars into biofuels such as lipids, aligning directly with the claim about high yields of biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: A first common characteristic of melt-affected ice-core sections is their distinctly higher density caused by wet metamorphism, speeding up the compaction of the snowpack. This corresponds to lower porosity and permeability than the adjacent firn. Secondly, melt features generally contain few air bubbles (Orsi et al. , 2015; Langway and Shoji, 1990; Das and Alley, 2005). While some studies state that melt layers are entirely bubble-free, some include bubble-sparse (Koerner, 1989; Ahn et al. , 2008) or very coarse-grained yet bubble-containing sections in their definition of melt-affected ice (MacDonell et al. , 2021). Depending on the speed of melt infiltration and freeze-off, the degree of degassing in the affected firn has been suggested to vary. That is, slower freeze-off allows for more degassing and consequently fewer, smaller air bubbles in the melt-affected section (Ahn et al. , 2008). Therefore, under rapid percolation, air from the open-porous firn can get trapped and merge to enlarged, irregular-shaped bubbles during the freezing process. These differ from regular air bubbles unaffected by melt, which stem from long-term metamorphism and tend to have more circular shapes resulting from specific surface area reduction. The impact of recrystallisation on granulometry during melt phases has been used by MacDonell et al. (2021) to categorize melt layers as fine- (<1 mm), medium- (1–2 mm), or large-grained (>3 mm). Another parameter to describe melt features in greater detail is the nature of their top and bottom boundaries with the neighbouring firn. While many polar studies describe sharp contacts between non-melt and melt-affected sections (Das and Alley, 2005), irregular boundaries have also been observed (Fritzsche et al. , 2005). MacDonell et al. (2021) observed “diffuse, sinuous, and planar” contacts. The factors determining between homogeneous wetting and preferential flow, e. g. cold content and stratigraphy of the snowpack (Sect. 2. 2), also drive melt layer prominence (Culberg et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the characteristics and processes of melt-affected ice-core sections, which indicates that melting can occur and suggests that it is a complex phenomenon rather than an impossibility. The mention of features such as higher density and fewer air bubbles in melt layers implies that melting is happening and that different studies observe various melt characteristics, thereby challenging the idea that complete melting could never occur.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Hyperpolarization and increased free calcium in acetylcholine-stimulated endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 255(4 Pt 2), H965-H969 (1988) Kwan, C. Y. and Kwan, K. : Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 21, 1101-1105 (2000) Yu, J. , Eto, M. , Akishita, M. , Kaneco, A. , Ouchi, Y. and Okabe, T. : Signaling pathway of nitric oxide production induced by ginsenoside Rb1 in human aortic endothelial cells: a possible involvement of androgen receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 353, 764-769 (2007) and Wong, R. N. : Signaling pathway of ginsenoside-Rg1 leading to nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. FEBS Letters 580, 3211-3216 (2000) Kim, M. K. , Namkoong, S. , and Kim, Y. M. : Water extract of ginseng stimulates angiogenesis by activating the PI3K/Akt-dependent ERK1/2 and eNOS pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30, 1674-1679 (2007) Fleming, I. and Busse, R. : Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am. J. Physio. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284, R1-R12 (2003) Li, Z. , Niwa, Y. , Sakamoto, S. , Shono, M. , Chen, X. and Nakaya, Y. : Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase by ginsenosides in cultured porcine endothelial cells. Life Sciences. 67, 2983-2989 (2000) and Kim, S. G. : Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits phenylephrineinduced vascular contraction through induction of nitric oxide synthase. Br. J. Pharmacol. 140, 661-670 (2003). , Kim, J. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information or evidence regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. It primarily discusses various studies on the biochemical impact of ginsenosides and nitric oxide production in endothelial cells, which is unrelated to the claim about adaptogenic effects of ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Highest butanol concentration and butanol yield were 0. 806 g/l and 0. 099 g/g achieved in the 10-G60:X40 culture, while lowest values 0. 142 g/l and 0. 031 g/g were observed in 5-G20:X80. For the serum flask setup, average butanol concentration and butanol yield values of 6 the experiments each with 5 and 10 g/l sugars were 0. 513 and 1. 384 g/l, and 0. 114 and 0. 176 g/g, respectively. Thus, higher total sugar resulted in a higher butanol production and yields, which is in good agreement with the results obtained in BioLector® fermentations. Highest butanol concentration and butanol yield were 1. 480 g/l and 0. 190 g/g, achieved in the 10-G40:X60 culture, while lowest values were 0. 422 g/l and 0. 093 g/g observed in 5-G20:G80, which coincide with results of BioLector® as well. We performed a two-way ANOVA to assess if the effect of changing total sugar concentrations and glucose-to-xylose ratios on fermentation were significant. Two tests were performed for fermentations done in BioLector® and in serum flasks, which are summarized in Tables 1, 2. Table 1 p values obtained from ANOVA for fermentations done in BioLector® to assess the effect of total sugar concentration and sugar ratio on butanol concentration, butanol yield and specific growth rateFull size tableTable 2 p values obtained from ANOVA for fermentations done in serum flasks to assess the effect of total sugar concentration and sugar ratio on butanol concentration and butanol yieldFull size tableTable 1 shows that both total sugar concentration (g/l) and glucose-to-xylose sugar ratio have significant effect on butanol concentration (g/l), butanol yield (g butanol/g sugar) and growth rate (h−1), since all p values are smaller than 0. 05. It is important to note that the effect of total sugar concentration on butanol concentration (g/l) and butanol yield (g butanol/g sugar) was greater than that of sugar ratio with p values of 1. 54E−08 and 1. 54E−08, and 0. 00063 and 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the production of butanol, a type of biofuel, from sugars using specific cultures. It amounts to data showing that different sugar concentrations lead to significant effects on butanol concentration and yield, indicating the potential for bioengineered yeast to be designed for high yields of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: While melt layers are frequently reported as “sub-horizontal” in ice cores with a limited sampling area, the different meltwater flow regimes discussed in Sect. 2. 2 can lead to both horizontal and vertical features. Lateral flow is responsible for both discontinuous melt lenses and extensive melt layers (Das and Alley, 2005). Lateral connectivity of melt features is a useful parameter for describing the different degrees of melt impact on the snow stratigraphy, even at a glacier scale (Culberg et al. , 2021). At the same time, even when ice layers are continuous across a core, they cannot be assumed to be horizontally uniform (Kameda et al. , 1995), and observations from a single ice core are not necessarily representative of the regional melting conditions. Typical estimates for melt layer thickness are in the range of millimetres to decimetres (Langway and Shoji, 1990; Orsi et al. , 2015; Das and Alley, 2005), but their extent varies according to the site-specific, short-term meteorological, and snowpack conditions. J, southern Greenland, ∼ 38 % of melt layers were ≤2 mm thick (Kameda et al. , 1995), with features up to 210 mm raising the mean melt thickness to ∼ 10. 8 mm. Thereby, 20–100 mm clusters of melt features are common within the ice cores from (Kameda et al. , 1995). In a Belukha ice core from the Siberian Altai, melt layers are mostly <10 mm thick with a few outliers >40 mm (Okamoto et al. , 2011). Ice layers up to 85 mm thick have been recorded in an ice core from on the south-eastern (Yuanqing et al. , 2001). Melt features in the first sub-Antarctic ice core from are on average 64 mm in thickness with a maximum of 580 mm (Moser et al. , 2021; Thomas et al. , 2021). the mean vertical extent of melt layers is 32 mm (Abram et al. , 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the various melt layers and features found in ice cores, suggesting that melting occurs to varying degrees depending on environmental conditions. It provides evidence of melt layer thicknesses and variability, which implies that melting is possible and occurs under certain conditions. This directly contradicts the claim that complete melting is impossible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Effect of protopanaxatriol ginsenosides on the blood pressure and endothelial dysfuction in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats, Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 21, 119-124 (1997) Anderson, K. E. : Pharmacology of penile erection. Pharmacol. Rev. 53, 417-450 (2001) Rajfer, J. , Aronson, W. J. and Bush, P. A. : Nitric oxide as a mediator of relaxation of the corpus cavernosum in response to noradrenergic, noncholineregic neurotransmission. New Engl. J. Med. 326, 90-94 (1992) Choi, Y. D, Ma, S. Y. , Shin, J. S. and Choi, H. K. : Effect of Korean red ginseng on the rabbit corpus cavernosal smooth muscle. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 20, 133 (1996) Choi, Y. D. , Xin, Z. C. and Choi, H. K. : Effect of Korean red ginseng on the rabbit corpus cavernosal smooth muscle. Int. J. Impot. Res. 10, 37-43 (1998) Choi H. K. , Seong, D. H. and Ra, K. H. : Clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng for erectile dysfunction. Int. J. Impot. Res. 7, 181-186 (1995) Cashen, D. E. , MacIntyre, D. E. and Martin, W. J. : Effects of sildensfil on erectile activity inmice lacking neuronal or endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Br. J. Pharmacol. 136, 693-700 (2002) Lugnier, C. and Kim, N. D. : Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases as possible targets for ginsenosides, Advances in ginseng research Proceedings of the 7th International symposium on Ginseng, Society of Ginseng, 10. 1016/S0378-8741(01)00217-3 Maffei, F. R. , Carini, M. , Aldini, G. , Berti, F. and Rossoni, G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of studies and articles related to ginseng, primarily focusing on its effects on blood pressure and erectile dysfunction. However, it does not mention the adaptogenic effects of ginseng specifically, making it irrelevant to the claim presented.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Dynamic metabolic modeling of a microaerobic yeast co-culture: predicting and optimizing ethanol production from glucose/xylose mixtures access Published: 01 April 2013 Dynamic metabolic modeling of a microaerobic yeast co-culture: predicting and optimizing ethanol production from glucose/xylose mixtures Hanly1 & Henson1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 5. 5 h-1) and 50 cc/min (k L a = 10. 1 h-1). The resulting uptake parameters are compiled in Table 1. Table 1 Substrate uptake rate parameters for pure and co-culture dynamic flux balance models Full size tableThe S. stipitis dynamic models with and without the DO balance (8) are compared in Figure 1 at an air sparging rate of 50 cc/min using initial conditions of 0. 40 g/L biomass, 15. 7 g/L glucose and 8. 4 g/L xylose. A k L a value of 10. 1 h-1 was used in the DO balance, while the model without the balance used a constant DO value of 0. 0072 mM, the measured level at the end of the batch fermentation. The constant DO model could not reproduce the lag in ethanol production that resulted from the high level of dissolved oxygen present during the early stages of the fermentation. Additionally, the constant DO model produced lower biomass yields and higher ethanol yields than observed in experiment. Once the DO balance was added, the model could more accurately predict the time at which S. stipitis began microaerobic substrate consumption and ethanol production started to outpace biomass growth. The other S. stipitis pure culture experiment used for uptake parameter fitting of the variable DO model was performed with a k L a of 5. 5 h-1 and initial conditions of 0. 25 g/L biomass, 16. 8 g/L glucose and 8. 4 g/L xylose (Figure 2A). As before, the model produced very accurate predictions of the glucose, xylose, biomass and ethanol concentration profiles with the uptake parameter values in Table 1. Figure 1S. stipitis batch culture aerated at a k L a of 10. 1 h-1. Solid lines show dynamic model predictions when a balance on dissolved oxygen was included, while the dashed lines show dynamic model predictions at a fixed dissolved oxygen concentration of 0. 00072 mM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the dynamic metabolic modeling of a yeast co-culture, specifically focusing on predicting and optimizing ethanol production from sugar sources like glucose and xylose. This directly aligns with the claim by suggesting that bioengineered yeast can indeed be utilized to produce biofuels (ethanol in this case) efficiently from sugars. The optimization of ethanol production implies that such engineered strains can be tailored for high yield of biofuels, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: These examples highlight two issues of melt layer records from ice cores: (1) whether close clusters of melt layers and inter-layering of ice and firn are counted individually or collectively as one thicker melt-affected section is subjective to the processing team and can vary based on the eyesight or sample cut; (2) whether thick melt features are the result of a single heavy melt event or a sequence of smaller melt events is indistinguishable during ice-core processing and requires further investigation of their internal stratigraphy. Vertical melt features, so-called melt pipes or flow fingers, are direct evidence of percolation and distinct pathways for liquid beyond the 0 °C wetting front (Pfeffer and Humphrey, 1998; Williams et al. , 2010). Previous assessments of their diameter summarised by Williams et al. (2010) range from ∼ 36 mm (Marsh and Woo, 1984), generally 50–150 mm and ≤10 mm for low-intensity events early in the season (McGurk and Kattelmann, 1988) to 10–400 mm (Campbell et al. , 2006). Their spacing is irregular, with estimates ranging from every 30 to 60 mm to hundreds of millimetres in between. Due to their limited horizontal extent, these features are hard to depict in ice cores with a diameter of ≤10 cm. Furthermore, stratigraphic boundaries can cause discontinuities of vertical flow features (Williams et al. , 2010). After all, the diverse appearance and structural characteristics of melt features in ice cores are not only influenced by the meteorological and energy balance conditions at the glacier surface but also strongly depend on the subsurface characteristics, which determine the meltwater flow (Fig. 3). Figure 3Examples of structural imprints of melt for the extreme scenarios of (a) cold firn and (b) temperate subsurface. Subsurface temperatures influence the meltwater flow through the differing refreezing capacity of the snowpack and therefore can lead to different melt features in firn. The profiles above show extreme examples of (a) cold firn with distinct melt layers, lenses, and vertical flow fingers and (b) temperate snow characterised by more homogeneous progression of the melting front and widespread grain coarsening. A continuum between these extremes allows for unique site- and event-specific structural manifestations of melt events under natural conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various characteristics of melt features in ice cores, suggesting that melting can occur due to multiple factors, including subsurface characteristics and meteorological conditions. It highlights that vertical melt features, like melt pipes and flow fingers, provide evidence of liquid pathways beyond the freezing front, indicating that melting events are indeed complex and can lead to significant melting of ice. Therefore, the text implies the potential for complete melting under certain conditions, contrasting the claim that complete melting is impossible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1984;15:386-391. . Immunomodulatory effects of two extracts of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. 1990;16:537-542. Choi KT. Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of ginseng C A Meyer. Sin 2008;29:1109-1118. Kitts D, Hu C. Efficacy and safety of ginseng. Nutr 2000;3:473-485. Elias PM. The skin barrier as an innate immune element. 2007;29:3-14. . Innate immunity: impact on the adaptive immune response. Immunol 1997;9:4-9. Albiger B, Dahlberg S, Henriques-Normark B, Normark S. Role of the innate immune system in host defence against bacterial infections: focus on the Toll-like receptors. J 2007;261:511-528. Gordon S. The macrophage. Bioessays 1995;17:977-986. -Guzik T. Nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation and immune regulation. J 2003;54:469-487. . Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides extract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function. 2002;24:469-482. . Anti-septicaemic effect of polysaccharide from Panax ginseng by macrophage activation. J Infect 2002;45:32-38. . Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) in combination with IFN-gamma results in enhanced macrophage function through activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. Biochem 2008;72:1817-1825. . Stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis by the aqueous extract of Panax ginseng root in RAW 264. 7 cells. Pharmacol 2001;134:1663-1670. . Asian and Siberian ginseng as a potential modulator of immune function: an in vitro cytokine study using mouse macrophages. Acta 2003;327:123-128. Palucka K, Banchereau J. Dendritic cells: a link between innate and adaptive immunity. J 1999;19:12-25. . Dendritic cells: immunological sentinels with a central role in health and disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct support or contradiction to the claim regarding ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects. Instead, it focuses on the immunomodulatory and pharmacological characteristics of Panax ginseng, citing various studies without addressing the specific adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Figure 4A shows a comparison of the resulting model predictions and experimental data collected for three batch fermentations at a k L a of 5. 5 h-1 with an equal inoculum of 0. 15 g/L of each yeast species grown on 19. 1 g/L glucose and 9. 7 g/L xylose. Figure 4B shows corresponding results for a k L a of 10. 1 h-1, 0. 10 g/L of each yeast species, 16. 5 g/L glucose and 7. 9 g/L xylose. With the implemented change in the S. cerevisiae maximum glucose uptake rate, the dynamic co-culture model proved to be as accurate as the individual species models. The glucose consumption rate was slightly overpredicted during the initial portion of the batch at both aeration levels. Small discrepancies in the predicted biomass and ethanol concentrations were observed during the glucose consumption phase for k L a = 5. 5 h-1, while small but longer lasting deviations were apparent in the biomass and xylose concentrations at k L a = 10. 1 h-1. Figure 4S. cerevisiae S. stipitis batch co-cultures grown with an equal inoculum and aerated at A) 5. 5 h-1B) 9. 6 h-1and C) 7. 6 h-1. Individual cell concentrations are shown in the inset. Dynamic model predictions are indicated by solid lines. Three separate fermentations were performed at each aeration level to compute average values indicated by the symbols and coefficients of variation indicated by the error bars. Full size imageTo examine prediction accuracy of dynamic co-culture model at aeration levels not used for parameter adjustment, we performed three additional co-culture fermentations at a k L a of 7. 6 h-1 with 0. 145 g/L of each yeast as the inoculum and initial sugar concentrations of 16. 5 g/L glucose and 8. 5 g/L xylose. The model and data comparisons shown in Figure 4C are qualitatively similar to those obtained at the other two aeration levels. The results in Figure 4 collectively demonstrate that the co-culture model provided satisfactory predictions over a range of microaerobic conditions corresponding to k L a < ~10 h-1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing experimental data on yeast species, specifically S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis, and their performance in converting sugars like glucose and xylose into biomass and ethanol. The results suggest that bioengineered yeast can effectively utilize sugars for biofuel production, as demonstrated by the various batch fermentations and their corresponding glucose consumption rates.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: investigation of commonalities and differences among melt features will facilitate the development of a standardised description and identification scheme for melt-affected ice cores. This includes a more detailed structural description of melt layers in ice cores from various climates, including their natural variability, how to handle the interplay of melt and firn, or how to interpret thicker melt layers seemingly resulting from several events. 3. 2 Melt-affected chemical proxy records Melting has diverse effects on ice-core records of e. g. major ions, trace elements, organic compounds, or BC. Depending on the chemical species, study site, and amount of melting, anything between a drastic disturbance and fully preserved records has been reported in the literature. For example, NH4+ (Trachsel et al. , 2019; Avak et al. , 2019), BC (Osmont et al. , 2018; Pavlova et al. , 2015; Festi et al. , 2021), 3H (Pinglot et al. , 2003), and low-abundance water-soluble and insoluble trace elements (Wong et al. , 2013) appear to be rather preserved. On the other hand, melt-induced alteration is a substantial issue for H2O2 (Moser et al. , 2021), major ions like SO42- and Ca2+ (Eichler et al. , 2001; Li et al. , 2006; Virkkunen et al. , 2007), and high-abundance water-soluble trace elements (Avak et al. , 2018, 2019). Chemical impurities in the snow or firn part of a glacier can be, to varying degrees, eluted from their original position of deposition and enriched either in a deeper layer during refreezing or in the meltwater run-off. Whether impurity species are displaced within or lost from a profile depends on the refreezing capacity of the subsurface, which can be anything between predominantly cold firn to generally temperate snow and firn. Elution has been a research topic since the 1970s, because it leads to an environmentally relevant “ion flush” from snowpacks at the start of the melt season (Costa and Pomeroy, 2019; Johannessen and Henriksen, 1978; Johannessen et al. , 1977; Tsiouris et al. , 1985). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the melting of ice cores and the effects of melt on their preservation and chemical records. It mentions that melting has diverse effects on ice-core records and that significant melting events do occur, which implies that it is possible for polar ice caps to experience substantial melting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: J 2012;118:391-400. Korean red ginseng extract ameliorates skin lesions in NC/Nga mice: an atopic dermatitis model. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;133:810-817. . Inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. J 2010;34: 363-368. . Efficacy of Korean red ginseng in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J 2011;35: 149-154. Gonzalez-. Plant antimicrobial agents and their effects on plant and human pathogens. 2009;10:3400-3419. . Ginseng treatment enhances bacterial clearance and decreases lung pathology in athymic rats with chronic P. aeruginosa pneumonia. APMIS 1997;105:438-444. . Ginseng treatment reduces bacterial load and lung pathology in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in rats. Chemother 1997;41:961-964. Pizarro-Cerda J, Cossart P. Bacterial adhesion and entry into host cells. Cell 2006;124:715-727. . Inhibition of pathogen adhesion to host cells by polysaccharides from Panax ginseng. Biochem 2009;73:209-212. . Pectin-like acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng with selective antiadhesive activity against pathogenic bacteria. 2006;341:1154-1163. . Antimicrobial polyacetylenes from Panax ginseng hairy root culture. Bull (Tokyo) 2012;60:377-380. . Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cells by acidic polysaccharides from Artemisia capillaris and Panax ginseng. 2004;70:615-619. . Rescue of Helicobacter pylori-induced cytotoxicity by red ginseng. Sci 2005;50:1218-1227. øiby N. Effects of Chinese medicinal herbs on a rat model of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. APMIS 1996;104:350-354. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references to studies involving ginseng, focusing on its effects on conditions like atopic dermatitis and bacterial infections. However, it does not address or support the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects specifically. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Inoculum optimizationFollowing experimental validation, we utilized the dynamic co-culture model to computationally determine optimal bioreactor operating conditions for maximization of ethanol productivity. The productivity was defined as the final ethanol concentration divided by the batch time, which was chosen as the time at which the xylose concentration dropped below 0. 5 g/L. Our simulations indicated that the aeration level had little effect on the ethanol titer but strongly affected the batch time due to the xylose consumption rate [38]. Our simulations also demonstrated that the relative amount of each yeast in the inoculum strongly affected the productivity through both the ethanol titer and the batch time. Therefore, ethanol productivity was optimized by adjusting the aeration level and inoculum concentrations. Rather than perform rigorous optimization [30], dynamic simulations were run with different combinations of the k L a value and the initial yeast concentrations, and the case that yielded the largest productivity was deemed the optimal solution. All simulations were performed with a mixture of 16. 0 g/L glucose and 8. 0 g/L xylose, while the total inoculum concentration was fixed at 1. 0 g/L to allow direct comparison of results for different inocula. The k L a value was constrained to be below 10. 1 h-1 since larger values had the potential to result in undesirable ethanol reassimilation by S. stipitis that was not captured by the co-culture model. Regardless of the inoculum, we found that increasing k L a improved productivity due to a decrease in batch time that resulted from enhanced xylose consumption. Consequently, the optimal solution was achieved at k L a = 10. 1 h-1, and the optimization problem was reduced to determining the inoculum concentrations. This result demonstrated the importance of developing improved metabolic reconstructions that more accurately predict the relationship between aeration level and the onset of ethanol reassimilation. Figure 5 shows the effect of the initial S. cerevisiae 311 concentration on the ethanol titer, batch time and ethanol productivity. The initial S. stipitis concentration is not shown since the total inoculum concentration was constrained to be 1. 0 g/L. The ethanol titer increased with increasing S. cerevisiae concentration since this yeast converts glucose to ethanol at higher yields than S. stipitis. Conversely, the batch time decreased with increasing S. cerevisiae concentration because S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the optimization of ethanol productivity using different yeast concentrations and conditions. It highlights that S. cerevisiae converts glucose to ethanol at higher yields than S. stipitis, indicating that bioengineered yeast can indeed be optimized for higher biofuel yields from sugars. The mention of increasing ethanol titer with higher concentrations of S. cerevisiae supports the idea of designing yeast for biofuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: For this reason, melt-affected SWI signatures have been considered biased (Moran and Marshall, 2009; Koerner et al. , 1973), i. e. enriched in heavy isotopes 18O and 2H. The presence of liquid water further leads to smoothing of the stable water isotopic records in snow pits and ice cores (Nye, 1998; Kang et al. , 2008; Matsuoka and Naruse, 1999), “with the degree of smoothing dependent on the amount of melting and percolation” (Pohjola et al. , 2002; Arnason et al. , 1973). Another effect of percolation frequently discussed is the redistribution of isotopic signatures into deeper layers, which causes the mixing of signatures from different seasons (Koerner, 1997; Fig. 7). Both altered fractionation and signal percolation can lead to an amplitude reduction or entire loss of the seasonal cycle preserved in stable water isotope ratios like δ18O (Rempel et al. , 2001; Moran and Marshall, 2009; Yuanqing et al. , 2001; Shiraiwa et al. , 2002). The preservation of deposited isotopic signatures depends on the interplay of various factors and remains a subject of research. If percolation is mainly pore flow and leaves the ice matrix intact, for example when the liquid–ice contact time is short, the SWI signal is less affected. Percolation depth is another important factor in δ18O preservation, as melting and refreezing limited to the surface leads to distinct ice layers (Sects. 2. 2 and 3. 1), which can act as impermeable barriers for diffusion caused by movement of water vapour (Wel et al. , 2011). The study argues that ice cores affected by short-term melt and refreezing events, which divide the snow column into separate pore spaces, could exhibit more reliable stable water isotope records, because water vapour diffusion between the spaces is prohibited. Several studies from SWI records at melt-affected sites proved to reliably record past temperature changes with seasonal resolution, e. g. in the (Eichler et al. , 2001; Fig. 5) and Patagonia (Schwikowski et al. , 2013), or at annual resolution, e. g. in Canada (Neff et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors related to the melting of ice and how it affects the preservation of stable water isotopic records. It implies that melt-affected regions of ice cores demonstrate that melting can occur and affect the composition and record of isotopes, suggesting that ice can indeed melt under specific conditions, challenging the assertion that it is impossible for the polar ice caps to completely melt.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Panax ginseng has anti-infective activity against opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa by inhibiting quorum sensing, a bacterial communication process critical for establishing infection. Phytomedicine 2010;17:1040-1046. . Efficacy and safety of the standardised ginseng extract G115 for potentiating vaccination against the influenza syndrome and protection against the common cold. 1996;22:65-72. . Dual functions of ginsenosides in protecting human endothelial cells against influenza H9N2-induced inflammation and apoptosis. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;137:1542-1546. . Human infection with infl uenza H9N2. Lancet 1999;354:916-917. . Effect of oral administration of Korean red ginseng on influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. J 2011;35:104-110. . Ginseng and Salviae herbs play a role as immune activators and modulate immune responses during influenza virus infection. Vaccine 2007;25:272-282. . Emerging concepts in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS. Med 2009;60:471-484. Weiss RA. How does HIV cause AIDS? Science 1993;260:1273-1279. . Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. . N Med 1998;338:853-860. . Beneficial effects of a combination of Korean red ginseng and highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Immunol 2009;16:1127-1131. Geffi n. Functional and structural defects in HIV type 1 nef genes derived from pediatric long-term survivors. 2000;16:1855-1868. . Frequent gross deletion in the HIV type 1 nef gene in hemophiliacs treated with Korean red ginseng: inhibition of detection by highly active antiretroviral therapy. 2009;25:419-424. . High frequency of grossly deleted nef genes in HIV-1 infected long-term slow progressors treated with Korean red ginseng. Curr HIV Res 2006;4:447-457. . Dosage and duration effects of Korean red ginseng intake on frequency of gross deletions in the nef gene. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss or support the claim regarding ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects. Instead, it focuses on various studies relating to the anti-infective properties of ginseng against specific pathogens, its role in immune activation during influenza infection, and its interaction with HIV. Since none of this information pertains directly to adaptogenic effects, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Moreover, xylose transport has been identified as the main bottleneck in pentose sugar metabolism with pure S. stipitis cultures [43]. Therefore, we used the dynamic co-culture model to predict the effects of modifying S. stipitis xylose transport parameters on ethanol productivity. To model engineering of the associated transport proteins, the nominal values listed in Table 1 for the maximum xylose uptake rate (v z,max ), the xylose uptake saturation constant (K z ), and the glucose inhibition constant for xylose uptake (K igz ) were perturbed both upward and downward to determine their impact. The ethanol inhibition constant for xylose uptake (K iez ) was excluded from detailed analysis because the ethanol concentrations achieved in silico were too small to cause significant xylose uptake inhibition. For the remaining three parameters, scaled sensitivity coefficients were calculated as: S = p ¯ y ¯ · Δy Δp (1) where p ¯ is the nominal parameter value, Δ p is the parameter change, y ¯ is the optimal ethanol productivity obtained with the nominal parameter value, and Δ p is the predicted change in the ethanol productivity that results from the parameter change. All simulations were initialized with 16 g/L glucose and 8 g/L xylose at the optimum k L a = 10 h-1 and inoculum of 0. 1 g/L S. cerevisiae 311 and 0. 9 g/L S. stipitis. Figure 7 shows the ethanol productivities and scaled sensitivity coefficients obtained when v z,max was changed upward and K z and K igz were changed downward. Increasing the maximum xylose uptake rate offered the largest improvement in ethanol productivity as indicated by the relatively large sensitivity coefficients, with a productivity enhancement of 14% achieved with a 25% v z,max increase (Figure 7A). As indicated by the small sensitivity coefficients, more modest gains in ethanol productivity were predicted for decreases in the xylose uptake saturation constant (Figure 7B) and the glucose inhibition constant for xylose uptake (Figure 7C). However, complete elimination of S. stipitis diauxic growth by removal of the glucose inhibition term from the xylose uptake expression resulted in a large productivity enhancement of 85% (not shown). The simulated parameter changes could potentially be realized through protein engineering of the sugar transporters [44, 45]. Because many S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the engineering of transport proteins in the yeast species S. stipitis to optimize xylose uptake, which is a crucial factor for improving ethanol productivity from pentose sugars. It highlights that modifications in xylose transport parameters can lead to significant enhancements in ethanol productivity, demonstrating the feasibility of bioengineering yeast to achieve high biofuel yields from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: , 2012), Svalbard (Pohjola et al. , 2002; Wel et al. , 2011), and (Okamoto et al. , 2011). Where percolation is not restricted to annual layers, multi-year averages could still be used. For example, long-term (>5-year) climate variability is currently still preserved at Holtedahlfonna, Svalbard, despite seasonal variability being lost (Spolaor et al. , 2024). When considering millennial-scale features, the δ18O ratios in a melt-affected part of the Drilling (NEEM) ice core seem unaffected (NEEM community members, 2013). By contrast, at Cap in Peru, strong meltwater-related smoothing of the annual signal and an increase in the SWI ratios between two cores drilled in 1976 and 1991 has been observed, rendering the reconstruction of past temperature from SWI ratios impossible at this site (Thompson et al. , 1993). Similarly, severe smoothing issues and loss of δ18O as a dating tool and climate proxy have been reported at Hielo Patagónico Norte, (Matsuoka and Naruse, 1999), and numerous other low-latitude high-altitude glaciers (Thompson et al. , 2021, and 3. 4 Gas records affected by melt Atmospheric air entering the snow at the surface diffuses through the snow and firn reaching the bottom of the firn column much more quickly than snow of the same age. In the so-called lock-in zone, the pore space within the firn closes off, thereby trapping the air at 50–100 m below the snow surface, depending on local conditions (Neff, 2014). This leads to an absolute age difference between the ice and gas phases, commonly referred to as delta age (Schwander and Stauffer, 1984), which depends on the vertical compaction of the firn column, mainly a function of snow accumulation at the surface, and can range from decades for higher accumulation sites to many millennia for the Plateau (Veres et al. , 2013; Bazin et al. , 2013; Buizert et al. , 2015). In contrast to the chemical parameters discussed in Sect. 3. 3, samples of atmospheric air trapped in tiny bubbles in the ice matrix are only indirectly affected by melt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of ice core analyses and meltwater effects, suggesting that significant changes and loss of properties occur in ice cores as a result of melting. The mention of severe smoothing issues and loss of dating tools due to melt indicates that melting has notable impacts, which supports the understanding that complete melting of polar caps is feasible under certain climate conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: J 2010;34:219-226. . High frequency of gross deletions in 5' LTR/gag and nef genes in patients infected with CRF02_AG of HIV type 1 who survived for over 20 years: an association with Korean red ginseng. 2009;25:535-541. . Frequent genetic defects in the HIV-1 5'LTR/gag gene in hemophiliacs treated with Korean red ginseng: decreased detection of genetic defects by highly active antiretroviral therapy. J 2011;35:413-420. . High frequency of gross deletions in the 5' LTR and gag regions in HIV type 1-infected longterm survivors treated with Korean red ginseng. 2008;24:181-193. . Antiviral effect of Korean red ginseng extract and ginsenosides on murine norovirus and feline calicivirus as surrogates for human norovirus. J 2011;35:429-435. . Inhibitory effect of ginseng polysaccharides on rotavirus infection. J 2004;14:202-204. O'. Recent advances in the discovery and delivery of vaccine adjuvants. 2003;2:727-735. McElrath MJ. Selection of potent immunological adjuvants for vaccine construction. Biol 1995;6:375-385. Singh M, O'Hagan DT. Recent advances in veterinary vaccine adjuvants. Parasitol 2003;33:469-478. Song X, Hu S. Adjuvant activities of saponins from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Vaccine 2009;27:4883-4890. . Recent advances on ginseng research in China. J Ethnopharmacol 1992;36:27-38. Adjuvant effects of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol saponins from ginseng roots on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. Vaccine 2007;25:1114-1120. . Enhancement of immune responses to infl uenza vaccine (H3N2) by ginsenoside Re. 2010;10:351-356. . Amplified immune response by ginsenoside-based nanop2311. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Instead, it focuses on various studies about ginseng's antiviral properties and its effects on immune responses, particularly in relation to HIV and vaccines. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Because sugar uptake parameters reflect the action of numerous transport systems, each having distinct mechanisms and affinities, the decrease in this parameter may indicate differences in transporter expression between pure and co-cultures of the two microbes. Following experimental validation, the dynamic co-culture model was used to compute the aeration level and initial cell concentrations that maximized batch ethanol productivity. Our in silico analysis suggested that the co-culture should be operated at the largest possible k L a value before the onset of ethanol reassimilation by S. stipitis because this aeration level maximized the rate of xylose conversion to ethanol. Because the S. stipitis metabolic network model did not accurately predict this transition point, the optimization was constrained by experimental data such that the optimal solution was achieved at k L a = 10. 1 h-1. Optimization of the initial cell concentrations produced an inoculum with 90% S. stipitis and only 10% S. cerevisiae to form sufficient S. stipitis biomass following glucose exhaustion for efficient conversion of the remaining xylose. Experimental validation of the optimal solution showed that the co-culture model provided excellent agreement with measured concentration profiles. Compared to an unoptimized co-culture with equal initial cell concentrations, the optimized co-culture was shown experimentally to produce a 11% improvement in ethanol productivity. Additional in silico analysis indicated that the co-culture would yield higher ethanol productivities than a S. stipitis pure culture due to the higher glucose to ethanol conversion efficiency of S. cerevisiae. The relatively slow conversion of xylose by S. stipitis is the main bottleneck that limits overall co-culture performance. The dynamic co-culture model was used to explore the potential impact of transporter engineering efforts aimed at enhancing xylose uptake by increasing the maximum xylose uptake rate, reducing xylose uptake saturation and reducing glucose inhibition of xylose uptake. Based on sensitivity analysis for moderate parameter changes, the maximum xylose uptake rate was predicted to yield the largest improvement in ethanol productivity. However, substantially larger improvements were predicted for complete elimination of glucose catabolite repression in S. stipitis because this modification eliminated the diauxic growth pattern and allowed xylose consumption to commence at the beginning of the batch. Taken together, our computational results suggest that an engineered S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a co-culture of yeast (S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis) that is engineered to improve ethanol productivity from sugars. It specifically highlights optimization efforts and results, such as achieving an 11% improvement in ethanol production and the potential for further enhancements through transporter engineering. This aligns with the claim that bioengineered yeast can produce high yields of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: The influence of melt layers in the firn column on the movement of air and bubble enclosure characteristics remains poorly understood (Keegan et al. , 2019, 2014; Trudinger et al. , 1997). Assuming that melt layers behave similarly to (very) dense layers of firn, published research on gas diffusion in non-melt-affected firn suggests the following: Discontinuous melt layers may act as a vertical barrier and enhance horizontal air flow, thereby potentially reducing the effects of gravitational settling (Birner et al. , 2018; Craig et al. , 1988). However, in non-extreme cases, melt lenses likely cannot completely prohibit air diffusion. Frequent melt layers may leave a lasting effect on firn metamorphism (Keegan et al. , 2019), potentially changing the pore volume and increasing the height of the lock-in zone. The latter would cause younger air to be trapped earlier, leading to a decrease in the mean age of the trapped air. That is, it may widen the gas age distribution in closed bubbles (Mitchell et al. , 2015). Focusing on the gases contained, melt layers differ from non-melt-affected ice found below the lock-in zone in three important ways. Most importantly, air is dissolved in the meltwater following Henry's law. Depending on the speed of refreezing, not all of these gases will degas, and some fraction will remain trapped in the refrozen melt feature. The relative amount fractions of key gas species used for palaeoclimatic reconstructions, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and the noble gases argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), and xenon (Xe), increase by differing amounts relative to the atmospheric levels in liquid water (Neftel et al. , 1983; Orsi et al. , 2015; Ahn et al. , 2008). In a melt layer, the CO2 amount fraction may increase by up to 2 orders of magnitude relative to the atmospheric amount fraction with equilibrium levels at ≥16 000 ppm at 0 °C (Ahn et al. , 2008; Weiss, 1974), so even trace amounts of melt have the potential to significantly alter atmospheric CO2 reconstructions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of melt layers in ice, indicating that some melting does occur and can significantly alter gas levels in ice, which suggests that complete melting is not only possible but is taking place in varying capacities. The reference to melt layers affecting gas diffusion and the potential for significant changes in gas compositions implies that total melting is a consequence of ongoing processes in polar ice.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Ginsenosides Rg1 and Re act as adjuvant via TLR4 signaling pathway. Vaccine 2012;30:4106-4112. . Ginsenoside Rg1 and aluminum hydroxide synergistically promote immune responses to ovalbumin in BALB/c mice. Immunol 2008;15:303-307. Cited by A 14-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ginseng polysaccharide (Y-75) vol. 12, 10. 1186/s12967-014-0283-1 Ginseng and Combination to Chemotherapy: A vol. 2014, 10. 1155/2014/168940 Herbal medicines for cancer cachexia: protocol for a systematic review vol. 4, 10. 1136/bmjopen-2014-005016 of ginsenosides in sulphur-fumigated and non-fumigated ginseng by ultra performance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry based chemical profiling approach vol. 7, 10. 1002/dta. 1675 Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-glucosidase from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and for of F2 vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0085727 recipe induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells via P38 MAPK activation and the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway vol. 9, 10. 3892/mmr. 2014. 2138 Identification and Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-Glucosidase from Pseudonocardia sp. Gsoil 1536 and for of Rg2(S) vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0096914 Renoprotective effect of red ginseng in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury vol. 94, 10. 1038/labinvest. 2014. 101 Development of in for Predicting P-Based on a Two-for to vol. 12, 10. 1021/acs. molpharmaceut. 5b00465 Negative regulation of the inflammasome: keeping inflammation under control vol. 265, 10. 1111/imr. 12294 and Anxiety in Chinese Medicine: A Perspective vol. 07, 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Instead, it provides references to various studies involving ginsenosides and their immune responses without linking them explicitly to adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: stipitis strain which rapidly consumes xylose in the presence of glucose and does not reassimilate ethanol under microaerobic conditions would be an ideal candidate for enhancing co-culture performance. Future work should focus on the creation of such S. stipitis strains as well as the model-based characterization of co-culture performance for growth on actual biomass hydrolysates with inhibitory compounds. MethodsExperimentalThe wild-type S. stipitis strain NRRL Y-7124 (ATCC 58376) was used in this study. S. cerevisiae 311 (ATCC 42511), a mutant that was created by treating a wild-type strain with ethidium bromide [51], was chosen as the respiratory-deficient S. cerevisiae strain. Stocks of the two yeasts were stored at 4°C on YM agar slants. All pure and mixed cultures were performed in a synthetic yeast minimal medium [52]. The composition per liter of water was 1. 00 g MgSO4 ·7 H2O, 1. 10 g/L KCl, 0. 15 g CaCl2 · 2 H2O, 1. 00 g (NH4)2HPO4, 8. 75 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 60. 3 mg myo-inositol, 30. 0 mg Ca-panthothenate, 6. 0 mg thiamine-HCl, 1. 5 mg pyridoxine-HCl, 0. 03 mg biotin, 10. 6 mg MnSO4 · H2O, 9. 0 mg ZnSO4 · 7 H2O, 5. 0 mg FeSO4 · 7 H2O, and 2. 4 mg CuSO4 · 2 H2O. Pre-cultures in media containing 20 g/L glucose and 20 g/L xylose for S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis, respectively, were grown at 30°C for 36 hours on a shake table set at 175 RPM. The inoculum concentration for each experiment was determined by calculating the volume of preculture required to obtain the target initial concentration of each cell type using the measured biomass concentration in the shake flask media. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study involving S. stipitis and S. cerevisiae strains that utilize sugars like glucose and xylose. This indicates potential methods and candidates for bioengineering yeast aimed at producing biofuels effectively from these sugars. The mention of optimizing strains for better performance draws a direct connection to the production of biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Note that, over centuries to many millennia, the gas trapped in the melt layer will slowly diffuse into the surrounding layers of firn and ice driven by a large concentration gradient and alter the composition of trapped air once the melt layer has passed the lock-in zone, thereby also altering the gas composition in the surrounding ice on the centimetre scale (Ahn et al. , 2008). The same issue of gas dissolution is encountered during wet extraction commonly used for CH4 amount fraction measurements and requires a dissolution correction, while the dry-extraction or sublimation methods typically used for CO2 measurements prevent this as no water is present in these cases. The absolute gas concentrations in melt-affected profiles depend on (1) the speed at which melt refreezes, (2) the gas equilibration while passing through the firn column, and (3) the amount of atmospheric air trapped in the melt layers during bubble enclosure (Stauffer et al. , 1985). Secondly, the presence of liquid water may trigger the production of CO2, CH4, and nitrous oxide (N2O) of non-atmospheric origin in the ice, either by acid–carbonate reaction (Delmas, 1993; Tschumi and Stauffer, 2000; Orsi et al. , 2015; Ahn et al. , 2008), oxidation or biodegradation of organic compounds (Tschumi and Stauffer, 2000; Lee et al. , 2020), or microbial production (Lee et al. , 2020; NEEM community members, 2013). Together with the solubility-related increase in greenhouse gases, amount fractions as high as 2000 ppm CO2 (Neftel et al. , 1983; Ahn et al. , 2008), 1200 ppb CH4, and 150 ppb N2O (NEEM community members, 2013) above background levels for Greenlandic ice cores have been reported. The production potential for the Antarctic ice core is much lower due to the overall lower dust deposition but is still sufficient to significantly alter the atmospheric amount fractions (Ahn et al. , 2008). Lastly, total air content (TAC) is often interpreted as driven by, among other effects, the elevation of the glacier surface. That is, higher elevation is associated with lower TAC as the barometric air pressure decreases with altitude (Delmotte et al. , 1999; Martinerie et al. , 1992). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that influence the melting and re-freezing processes of ice, including the production of greenhouse gases and gas concentrations in melt-affected profiles. This information implies that significant changes are occurring in polar ice conditions, suggesting that complete melting is a possibility over extended periods. Therefore, the assertion that it's impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely is directly addressed and rebutted by the details provided.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 4236/cm. 2016. 73012 in RAW 264. 7 cells vol. 17, 10. 4142/jvs. 2016. 17. 3. 315 Overexpression of Panax ginseng sesquiterpene synthase gene confers tolerance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Arabidopsis thaliana vol. 22, 10. 1007/s12298-016-0384-9 strain TH-10a vol. 46, 10. 1080/10826068. 2015. 1031391 vol. 48, 10. 1111/are. 13072 Red ginseng and vitamin C increase immune cell activity and decrease lung inflammation induced by influenza A virus/H1N1 infection vol. 68, 10. 1111/jphp. 12529 Effect of SRD-P401 on the Discomfort of Neck and/or vol. 08, 10. 4236/ajps. 2017. 85070 Growth of via Inducing Mitochondria- Function vol. 16, 10. 1177/1534735416654761 1/vol. 2017, 10. 1155/2017/7171404 Production in Cultures of Cultivated in Bioreactors vol. 22, 10. 3390/molecules22060880 T Helper Subsets: A Crucial to vol. 23, 10. 1089/act. 2017. 29103. eya leaves suppress inflammatory - mediators production via blockade of NF-κB activation in macrophages vol. 45, 10. 1080/21691401. 2016. 1228661 Synergistic production of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol from protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides by β-glycosidases from Dictyoglomus turgidum and Caldicellulosiruptor bescii vol. 7, 10. 1186/s13568-017-0524-9 Provides a View of the Panax ginseng Transcriptome vol. 8, 10. 3390/genes8090228 Inhibition of in HepG2 Cells by GINST-Decreasing HMG--Kinase vol. 82, 10. 1111/1750-3841. 13828 Effects of ginsenosides on regulatory T cell differentiation 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes as it does not provide any specific information regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Instead, it appears to list various studies and findings that seem unrelated to the claim about adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In an effort to improve the efficiency of this process, growing attention has been devoted to engineering new strains capable of simultaneously utilizing multiple sugars. Thermophilic microorganisms provide added benefits for the fermentation of lignocellulose-derived sugars [7]. For example, thermophilic bacteria possess highly active cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes for efficient biomass hydrolysis [8]. Meanwhile, the high-temperature process allows higher rates of feedstock conversion, minimizes the risk of contamination, lowers costs for heating and cooling, permits easier processing of feedstock, and provides opportunities for enhanced product recovery [9]. Although several thermophiles, such as Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, and B. coagulans, can innately co-ferment pentoses and hexoses, their poor properties for using lignocellulosic biomass and the lack of optimized genetic tools have hindered their industrial application [2, 10]. For instance, most B. coagulans strains used for l-lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugars exhibited low output [11,12,13,14] and were difficult to manipulate genetically [15]. B. licheniformis, a more recently developed thermophilic host, has been successfully used for the production of butane-2,3-diol (2,3-BD) [8, 16, 17], l-lactic acid [18], and d-lactic acid [9]. Unfortunately, the strain utilized cannot effectively use glucose and xylose simultaneously. Only one study described a naturally isolated B. licheniformis strain, X10, that could utilize glucose and xylose simultaneously for 2,3-BD production; however, this strain lacks efficient genetic tools, thereby limiting its application in biological synthesis [19]. In this work, we evaluated the derivative strain (MW3) [20] of B. licheniformis ATCC 14,580 for its capacity to co-utilize glucose and xylose without CCR by producing l-lactic acid, a monomer used to form biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), as an example. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the engineering of microbial strains, such as B. licheniformis, to optimize the fermentation processes for sugars derived from lignocellulose. Specifically, it mentions the capacity of certain strains to co-utilize glucose and xylose, which is essential for improving the efficiency of biofuel production. Moreover, it describes the development and application of engineered strains aimed at producing bioproducts like l-lactic acid, which correlates well with the goal of maximizing biofuel yields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: However, a reduced TAC may also be indirectly caused by a melt feature because the presence of impermeable ice, i. e. the refrozen melt layer, has replaced porous firn and thereby lowered the volume of pore space in melt-affected firn in the lock-in zone. This may lead to up to 40 % reduction in TAC (Stauffer et al. , 1985), even though this reduction does not seem to be consistent throughout different melt features and ice cores. TAC within a melt layer likely depends on the speed at which the meltwater refreezes, with faster rates being associated with higher TAC due to less time available for degassing of the gas solved in the water phase (NEEM community members, 2013; Orsi et al. , 2015; Ahn et al. , 2008). Observations from the Greenland NEEM ice core during the show that TAC varies more strongly during warm phases, with more frequent melt events (NEEM community members, 2013). The effects described above can be used to identify and quantify depth sections affected by melt. While the presence of a melt layer may lead to a major increase in greenhouse gas amount fractions, excessive amounts of greenhouse gases alone are not sufficient to identify melt, because of the potential for in situ production in the absence of liquid water (Tschumi and Stauffer, 2000; Schilt et al. , 2010b). Noble gases, on the other hand, are not produced in situ. The solubility of the noble gases Kr and Xe is approximately 2 and 4 times greater than for Ar and has proven to be a sensitive tool for confirming suspected melt in deep sections of the Greenland NEEM ice core (Orsi et al. , 2015). Orsi et al. (2015) showed that δ(Kr/Ar) and δ(Xe/Ar) of melt-affected depth sections, 44 ± 12 ‰ and 109 ± 34 ‰ (n=6), were significantly higher than the background levels of unaffected ice, 13 ± 2 ‰ and 24 ± 4 ‰. Based on only two samples, Ahn et al. (2008) reported even greater sensitivities for δ(Kr/Ar) and δ(Xe/Ar) of melt-affected sections in excess of 100 ‰ and 250 ‰, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various melt features and processes involved in ice layers, indicating that melting does occur in the polar regions. It highlights that the presence of a melt layer can significantly affect ice properties, suggesting that complete melting is not only possible but occurring under certain conditions, such as during warm phases which lead to more frequent melt events.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1007/s10068-017-0255-3 of in High-Fat Diet-vol. 17, 10. 1089/jmf. 2014. 0016 Immunomodulatory effects of selected Malaysian plants on the CD18/11a expression and phagocytosis activities of leukocytes vol. 5, 10. 1016/S2221-1691(15)30170-2 in rats with estrogen decline using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry vol. 9, 10. 1039/C7FO01680H Ginsenoside F1 Activity of NK Cells via Insulin-Factor-1-vol. 9, 10. 3389/fimmu. 2018. 02785 -Mix on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264. 7 Cells vol. 21, 10. 1089/jmf. 2018. 4180 Lam. heartwood inhibit the innate immune responses of human phagocytes vol. 70, 10. 1111/jphp. 12952 Ginsenosides from Korean red ginseng modulate T cell function via the regulation of NF-AT-mediated IL-2 production 10. 1007/s10068-018-0428-8 Metabolomics reveals immunomodulation as a possible mechanism for the antibiotic effect of Persicaria capitata (Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross vol. 14, 10. 1007/s11306-018-1388-y Identification of candidate UDP-glycosyltransferases involved in protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng vol. 8, 10. 1038/s41598-018-30262-7 Alkaloids and in and Application to Pharmacokinetics of Shen-vol. 2018, 10. 1155/2018/5107083 extracts on rats vol. 9, 10. 1039/C8FO00025-and 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid-in Mice by Activation and T vol. 46, 10. 1142/S0192415X18500945 the for vol. 2019, 10. 1155/2019/6908716 Chemical composition characteristics of Korean straight ginseng products vol. 1, 10. 1016/j. jef. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a collection of references and abstracts concerning various studies related to ginseng and other plants. However, it does not specifically mention ginseng's adaptogenic effects or provide any relevant information that supports or contradicts the claim. Instead, it mainly lists studies and their findings without clarity on the specific properties of ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Having determined that the xylose isomerase was the rate-limiting step in the xylose catabolic pathway and that improving the xylose isomerase-based xylose catabolic pathway can effectively strengthen both the cell growth rate and the xylose consumption rate [28, 29], we then assessed varied xylose isomerases from both Gram-positive (GP) and Gram-negative (GN) thermophilic bacteria. In brief, xylA in strain RH05 was replaced with xylA Bc (GP; GenBank: AEO99969) of B. coagulans, xylA Tx (GP; GenBank: WP_013788598) of Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum, xylA Tc (GN; GenBank: WP_015253490) of T. composti, and xylA Ml (GN; GenBank: WP_045800855) of Muricauda lutaonensis to generate strains RH08, RH09, RH10, and RH11, respectively (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). As shown in Table 2, all four of the strains used xylose more rapidly and produced more l-lactic acid. Strain RH08 showed the highest xylose utilization, with a 46. 3% increase (from 12. 3 to 18. 0 g/L), and produced 66. 7 g/L l-lactic acid, more than was produced by the other strains. The yield of l-lactic acid and the byproducts produced by strain RH08 were comparable to or better than those obtained with strains RH09, RH10, RH11, and RH05. Thus, strain RH08 was selected for subsequent experiments. Byproduct eliminationFor strain RH08, the major byproducts were obtained as formic acid (2. 7 g/L), ethanol (2. 1 g/L) and acetic acid (2. 7 g/L). To enhance the L-lactic acid yield on glucose-xylose in this strain, we tried to block the biosynthetic pathways of the byproducts via gene deletion. The gene pflA (GenBank: AAU41018) encoding a pyruvate formate-lyase for formic acid formation was knocked out. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the manipulation of xylose isomerase in various strains to improve xylose consumption rates and enhance l-lactic acid production from xylose, indicating that these engineered strains can be optimized to produce biochemical byproducts, thus supporting the idea of designing yeast for high biofuel yields from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: If the presence of even small amounts of melt is suspected, a pre-emptive scan of the ice for hidden melt is a sensitive tool. Unfortunately, the necessity of preparing discrete samples, large ice sample requirements (typically 2–3 × 50–60 g), and a limited daily sample throughput of the noble gas method (Orsi et al. , 2015) do not allow for a systematic implementation. It should be noted that the noble gas method cannot quantify the melt intensity. Aside from noble gases, low TAC could be interpreted as an indicator of melt, as has been suggested based on TAC simulation (Plach et al. , 2021; Vudayagiri et al. , 2018). However, this method requires evidence of a significant TAC decrease for visible melt layers for the studied ice core, and the TAC for melt layers may be very similar to non-melt-affected ice (Orsi et al. , 2015). So far, only two lower-elevation Antarctic ice cores with small amounts of melt have been used for gas reconstructions. Firstly, the ice core was drilled on an isolated dome at 1370 m above sea level close to the continental edge of and contains ≤5 melt layers (Etheridge et al. , 1996; Trudinger et al. , 1997). Secondly, the ice core is located on the at an altitude of 620 m and shows numerous melt layers (Ahn et al. , 2004; Ahn and Brook, 2014; Das and Alley, 2005). Visible melt layers have been avoided during sampling for gas reconstructions for both ice cores. According to Ahn et al. (2004), the possibility can further not be excluded that the observed absolute offsets between CO2 measurements from relative to may stem from in situ production. Though melt layers are less rare in Greenland (Chappellaz et al. , 1997; Neftel et al. , 1983; NEEM community members, 2013; Alley and Anandakrishnan, 1995), ice cores from central Greenland have been used for gas reconstructions (Blunier and Brook, 2001; Schilt et al. , 2010a). In such high-altitude ice cores, the occurrence of melt features is likely limited to the Holocene and warm periods, and records covering the are affected to a lesser extent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the existence of melt layers in ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland, indicating that while the occurrence of melt features may be limited, it is not impossible for polar ice caps to experience melting. The mention of '≤5 melt layers' and 'numerous melt layers' in the text suggests that melting has been observed, contradicting the absolute impossibility stated in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 2014. 11. 007 Ginseng pharmacology: a new paradigm based on gintonin-lysophosphatidic acid receptor interactions vol. 6, pp. None, 2012, 인삼 지상부를 첨가한 사료 급여가 닭에서 나타내는 효과 vol. 55, 10. 14405/kjvr. 2015. 55. 1. 1 vol. 22, 10. 18787/jr. 2015. 22. 2. 63 on System by of Panax ginseng in Relapse-Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis-Induced SJL/J Mice vol. 44, 10. 1142/s0192415x16500610 Use of Gold Nanop10. 4014/jmb. 1604. 04034 In situ preparation of water-soluble ginsenoside Rh2-entrapped bovine serum albumin nanop10. 2147/ijn. s125154 Antiviral activity of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 against murine gammaherpesvirus vol. 41, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2016. 08. 010 Towards natural mimetics of metformin and rapamycin vol. 9, 10. 18632/aging. 101319 Investigation of Herb-between and five CYP Substrates by LC-MS/MS vol. 8, 10. 5478/msl. 2017. 8. 4. 98 Stimulation of Function by Panax ginseng after vol. 66, 10. 1021/acs. jafc. 8b00152 Effect of Asterias amurensis through NF-κB and MAPK Pathways on RAW 264. 7 Cells vol. 28, 10. 4014/jmb. 1709. 09005 Medicine in Multiple Sclerosis: Theory and Practice vol. 4, 10. 1007/s40495-018-0158-x Role of inflammasome regulation on immune modulators vol. 32, 10. 7555/jbr. 32. 20170120 Optimization of ginseng hairy roots culture and its ginsenoside analysis vol. 35, 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a compilation of references and citations related to ginseng, but it does not directly address or support the claim about ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects. It lists various studies and volumes without providing information or conclusions regarding the adaptogenic properties of ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: coagulans strain P38, which also achieved an acceptable productivity of 2. 40 g/[L h] [42]. There is no doubt that these studies have facilitated the commercialization of l-lactic acid production. However, the overall concentration and productivity of most systems for l-lactic acid production remain low, which cannot satisfy the requirements for large-scale industrial production. In the present study, our engineered strain RH15 was found to be an efficient producer for l-lactic acid production, and both the concentration and the productivity were competitive with most reported cases. Therefore, the efficient glucose and xylose utilization of the engineered B. licheniformis RH15 indicates its potential as a platform for producing other value chemicals or biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. Table 4 Overview of l-lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugarsFull size table ConclusionIn this study, for the first time, B. licheniformis was engineered to produce l-lactic acid from lignocellulose-derived sugars. The glucose metabolic pathway was reconstructed to eliminate the CCR via abolishing the PTS system and activating the galactose transport route (GalP). The xyl operon was optimized to increase the xylose uptake rate by screening for the rate-limiting enzyme, xylose isomerase, in thermophilic bacteria. This “dual-channel” process enabled the engineered strain RH15 to produce l-lactic acid from glucose and xylose simultaneously. When the lignocellulosic hydrolysate was used as the substrate, 99. 3 g/L l-lactic acid was produced, with a productivity of 2. 48 g/[L h] and an optical purity of 99. 7%. Thus, the engineered strain can serve as an efficient platform for chemical production from lignocellulosic biomass. This strategy might also be used to engineer other important strains to use inexpensive lignocellulose-derived sugars. Change history06 April 2018The authors are retracting this 27. 71. 8. 120. 6. 54. 27. 4580. Microbiol. 2014;80(20):6458–64. 4. 22. 9. 70. 4. Springerplus. 2012;1:43. 80. 9. J Biotechnol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing the capabilities of the engineered strain RH15, which demonstrates efficient utilization of glucose and xylose derived from lignocellulosic biomass to produce l-lactic acid. This indicates its potential as a platform for producing biofuels from sugars, aligning with the assertion that bioengineered organisms can achieve high yields in biofuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: However, CO2 reconstructions from Greenland are considered unreliable due to significant in situ production of non-atmospheric CO2, which takes place in the ice sheet over time, even in the absence of liquid water (Tschumi and Stauffer, 2000). 3. 5 Current applications of melt layers as proxies The primary application of melt layers in ice cores is as qualitative and quantitative temperature proxy (Kameda et al. , 1995; Alley and Anandakrishnan, 1995; Okamoto et al. , 2011). It is based on the non-linear relationship between the frequency and thickness of melt features and temperatures above freezing and has led to melt-temperature records from alpine to polar sites (Das and Alley, 2008; Fujita et al. , 2021; Abram et al. , 2013). Comparisons between melt layer and δ18O records (Grumet et al. , 2001; Koerner et al. , 1973; Henderson et al. , 2006) and nearby weather stations and reanalysis data (Fujita et al. , 2021) have been used to show the coherence of derived temperature records. Thereby, it has been noted that the occurrence of melt features depicts complex dynamics at any ice-core site (Alley and Anandakrishnan, 1995). While melt is assumed to reflect summer temperature conditions rather than annual mean temperature (Koerner and Fisher, 1990; Koerner, 1977a; Herron et al. , 1981), the relevance of winter melt events is not to be underestimated for alpine to coastal polar sites (Zheng et al. , 2020), especially since winter temperatures are rising more quickly than summer temperatures at mid-latitude and Arctic sites (Graham et al. , 2017). An increasing number of melt layers can be caused by (a) an absolute temperature rise during one or several seasons of the year, (b) enhanced variability of temperatures during at least one season, or (c) a combination of both (Das and Alley, 2008). Changes in external parameters like the elevation of ice cap surfaces can also affect the local climate and melt conditions (Das and Alley, 2008; Fig. 2). Furthermore, the near-surface and subsurface firn conditions affect the prominence of melt features, with melt layers appearing more distinctly in cold firn than in homogeneously wetted, temperate firn (see Sects. 2. 2 and 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the processes of melt layers and temperature proxies in ice cores, indicating that melting occurs due to rising temperatures, particularly noting that winter temperatures are rising more quickly than summer temperatures. This suggests that complete melting of polar ice is a plausible outcome under current climatic trends, opposing the claim that it is impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 12925/jkocs. 2018. 35. 4. 995 Mapping a novel positive allosteric modulator binding site in the central vestibule region of human P2X7 vol. 9, pp. None, 2019, Electrodeposition of Ginseng/Poly(lactic-co-glycolic Acid) on 316L at Parameters vol. 67, 10. 1248/cpb. c18-00847 of for IBD vol. 2019, pp. None, 2012, Dish to Patient: and Mechanism of Action for Antimicrobial and Products vol. 10, pp. None, 2012, A on the Effects of of Panax ginseng on the of Cyclophosphamide-Mice vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24061096 Immune-enhancing effects of a traditional herbal prescription, Kyung-Ok-Ko vol. 34, 10. 6116/kjh. 2019. 34. 2. 41 : Preparation, Phytochemistry and vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24101856 of the Metabolomes among the of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and Panax notoginseng by UHPLC/IM-QTOF-HDMSE-Analysis vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24112188 Integration of Data-(DDA) and Data-Independent High-Definition MSE (HDMSE) for the and Characterization of Multicomponents from Panax japonicus by UHPLC/I vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24152708 Pharmacological effects of ginseng on infectious diseases vol. 27, 10. 1007/s10787-019-00630-4 Ginsenoside Rh2 reverses cyclophosphamide‐induced immune deficiency by regulating fatty acid metabolism vol. 106, 10. 1002/jlb. 2a0419-117r Development of a Validated UPLC-MS/MS Method for from Species vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24224065 A case of cancer patient treated by monotherapy vol. 40, 10. 13048/jkm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects. It primarily consists of references and citations to various studies and articles related to ginseng and its medicinal properties, but it does not provide specific information or evidence regarding its adaptogenic effects. The content appears to be a compilation of titles and details from different research studies without directly addressing the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This is in accordance with low l-Phe accumulation in the culture medium when the CM12-5 strain was grown with fructose instead of glucose as the sole C source (not shown). This may be due to the high phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and energy requirements for the fructose intake through the PTS active transport system [35, 36]. The lower yield agrees with the fact that glucose and fructose were not consumed completely after 48 h; in fact, on average, only 30% of glucose was depleted, while 5% of the fructose was consumed (not shown). Table 3 2-PE production from corn syrup (CS) in Pseudomonas putida CM12-5 derivative strainsFull size tableTherefore, industrial substrates such as corn syrup (1G substrate), and corn stover and sugar-cane straw hydrolysates (2G substrates) are suitable for using in 2-PE production in a more sustainable and environmentally friendly way; however, amongst its components, glucose is preferably consumed over fructose or xylose, and the presence fructose may slow this process down. DiscussionThe interest in the development of technology for green chemistry increased after a series of studies revealed that nearly two thirds of all chemical products in use could be made through the fermentation of sugars obtained from seeds (i. e. , corn, wheat, and others), plant residues, organic waste and lignin [37,38,39,40]. The OECD and other agencies are aiming to transition 30% of the total petrochemical industry to renewable sources by 2050 [41,42,43,44]. Several research groups have put great effort into developing Pseudomonas putida as a chassis for the biochemical production of aromatic compounds because of its metabolic properties, and its ability to tolerate stress and high concentrations of solvents [24, 33, 45,46,47,48,49]. Our specific overall aim is the construction of solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas strains that can perform optimally and achieve high yields of industrially valuable chemicals, such as 2-PE, trans-cinnamic acid and styrene. We have estimated that these cell factories can reduce CO2 emissions by about 90% compared to current petrochemical-based methods. In this study, the molecular basis for 2-PE production when Pseudomonas is used as a chassis were analyzed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the fermentation of sugars obtained from various sources, including corn and plant residues, for the production of valuable chemicals like 2-PE. It highlights the potential for bioengineering organisms, such as Pseudomonas putida, to optimize the production of these chemicals, which aligns with the concept of using bioengineered organisms for biofuel production from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: 1). All factors discussed in Sect. 2 affect the frequency and thickness of melt features and are helpful context for quantitatively interpreting melt layer profiles. Against this background, certain sites and glacier facies like the lower accumulation zone, where melting occurs but does not percolate through the entire annual layer, are more sensitive to the melt threshold and therefore more suitable sites for melt records than others (Abram et al. , 2013). Given the uncertainty induced by percolation, Westhoff et al. (2022) have cautioned against the interpretation of melt layer profiles as annually resolved temperature proxy records and recommended ≥10-year averages. Using the dependency of melt occurrence on warm temperatures, Okamoto et al. (2011) were also able to show that the melt feature percentage correlates with the terminus retreat rate of a neighbouring glacier. Besides the simple occurrence of melt layers, significant potential lies in the structural characteristics of melt features as proxies for environmental conditions. Based on the physics of melt layer formation, structural characteristics of melt features are expected to differ dependent on the meteorological setting and local climate, which leave an imprint on the near-surface snow (Fig. 3). Early studies have shown that warm summers were characterised by coarser-grained superimposed ice than colder summers with fine-grained firn (Koerner, 1970; Koerner et al. , 1973). Future studies of melt-affected ice cores could describe the structural variability of melt features in ice cores in greater detail and thereby provide new insights into the processes shaping melt features. Another emerging research area comes from the relationship between forest fires, consequential BC dust distribution, and enhanced glacier melt (Keegan et al. , 2014; Kaspari et al. , 2015). Given that BC is a reliable tracer of forest fires, even in melt-affected areas (Osmont et al. , 2020), comparing BC and melt feature records could reveal new aspects for interpreting melt features as proxies. 4 Conclusions and outlook Global temperature is rising and melting will affect a growing number of alpine to polar ice-core drilling locations, more frequently, at higher elevations and further inland. For this reason, we have conducted a literature review, bringing together snow physics, firn hydrology, and ice-core proxy research to study melt-affected ice cores. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how global temperatures are rising, which is leading to increased melting of glaciers and ice cores, indicating that melting is a growing concern. Phrases like 'Global temperature is rising and melting will affect a growing number of...polar ice-core drilling locations' suggest that complete melting is becoming more feasible, and the environmental changes discussed imply that the polar ice caps are susceptible to significant melting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 19044 In-depth profiling, characterization, and comparison of the ginsenosides among three different parts (the root, stem leaf, and flower bud) of Panax quinquefolius L. by ultra-high performance liquid ch vol. 411, 10. 1007/s00216-019-02180-8 A Review of in Cardiovascular Disorders: Benefits and Risks vol. 48, 10. 1142/s0192415x20500147 Peptides as for Authentication of Mountain- of -HRMS vol. 68, 10. 1021/acs. jafc. 9b05568 Gintonin-Stress-through LPA Receptor vol. 25, 10. 3390/molecules25051019 Ginsenoside Rg1 Acts as a with Anti-without Regeneration in vol. 9, 10. 3390/cells9051107 Characteristics of Panax ginseng Cultivars in Korea and China vol. 25, 10. 3390/molecules25112635 Effects of on and DHEA Levels in Healthy Females: Study vol. 12, 10. 3390/nu12061582 Characterization of red ginseng–drug interaction by CYP3A activity increased in high dose administration in mice vol. 41, 10. 1002/bdd. 2246 Ginseng integrative supplementation for seasonal acute upper respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis vol. 52, pp. None, 2012, of Oils vol. 10, 10. 3390/biom10081139 Physiological responses and ginsenoside production of Panax ginseng seedlings grown under various ratios of red to blue light-emitting diodes vol. 61, 10. 1007/s13580-020-00255-5 Research Quality-Modeling for Comparison of the of Black and vol. 12, 10. 3390/nu12092590 Immunomodulatory effects of fermented Platycodon grandiflorum extract through NF-κB signaling in RAW 264. 7 cells vol. 14, 10. 4162/nrp. 2020. 14. 5. 453 Synergistic anti-liver cancer effects of curcumin and total ginsenosides vol. 12, 10. 4251/wjgo. v12. i10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and articles related to ginseng and its components, such as ginsenosides, but does not make any specific claims regarding the adaptogenic effects of ginseng. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The introduction of a mutant variant of chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase, bypassed feedback inhibition by aromatic amino acids, and significantly enhanced l-phenylalanine production and, consequently, boosted 2-PE yields. Furthermore, the application of random mutagenesis led to strains exhibiting elevated l-phenylalanine production, resulting in increased 2-PE production. In the realm of industrial applications, we explored the use of agricultural waste substrates such as corn stover, sugar cane straw, and corn syrup as potential carbon sources. Regardless of the waste source, glucose was the preferred sugar for 2-PE biosynthesis. To sum up, our study underscores the potential of microbial biorefineries, particularly those employing P. putida, as an environmentally sustainable alternative for producing valuable aromatic compounds like 2-PE. The implementation of strain engineering and the utilization of agricultural waste substrates are pivotal strategies identified for enhancing production efficiency and mitigating environmental impact. Materials and methodsChemicalsl-Phenylalanine (99%), 2-phenylethanol (99%), phenylacetaldehyde (90%), shikimic acid (99%), sodium phenylpyruvate (powder), chorismic acid barium salt (≥ 80%), o-toluic acid (99%), m-toluic acid (99%), p-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine (FPA) (98%), ViscozymeR l-cellulolytic enzyme mixture and ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade), d-( +)-xylose and d-( +)-glucose were provided by VWR Chemicals (France). Strains, plasmids and growth conditionsStrains and plasmids used in this study are shown in Table 4. Pseudomonas DOT-T1E is a solvent-tolerant strain that was originally isolated from a wastewater treatment plant [8]. Pseudomonas putida CM12-5 is a DOT-T1E derivative that produced phenylalanine and it was previously described [24]. To make P. putida CM12-5 able to use xylose as a C-source, a derivative of this strain, bearing and xylE genes from E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing advancements in microbial biorefineries, specifically noting the enhancement of production efficiency through strain engineering and the utilization of agricultural waste substrates. The mention of sugars like glucose as a preferred carbon source for 2-PE biosynthesis supports the idea that bioengineered organisms, such as yeast or P. putida, can be optimized to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Melt events are driven by local to global meteorology and climate, glacier surface characteristics like the albedo, and hydro-thermal conditions of the snow and firn column. Melting and refreezing are governed by the surplus of energy available and follow approximately the 0 °C isotherm. Identification of melt layers usually takes place either manually during ice-core processing, discriminating between melt-affected and unaffected firn sections, or using digital line scanning, which provides higher-resolution insights into melt characteristics. Approaches like this show the diverse structural imprints of snowmelt on the ice–air matrix, ranging from homogeneously wetted horizons to distinct melt layers and preferential flow fingers. Those develop depending on the dynamic interplay of atmosphere and subsurface conditions and have potential as environmental proxies. Preferential elution is the primary issue of melt-affected ice-core chemistry. Dominated by solubility of the impurities in water and ice, a multitude of factors, including snow chemistry before melting, metamorphism, and meltwater flow conditions, determines the availability of impurities to relocation or removal during melt events. Thus, the preservation of chemical species strongly differs with the study site. Where significant amounts of liquid water are present, the fractionation slope for stable water isotopes (δ2H/δ18O) is reduced, and affected records often show an amplitude reduction in the seasonal cycle, biased values, and smoothing of the signal. Altered total air content and gas concentrations must be considered for melt-affected gas records in ice cores. Despite these limitations of melt-affected ice cores, melt layers have been successfully applied as qualitative (above 0 °C) and quantitative temperature proxies (using MFP as an indicator of surface temperature). Approaches ranging from using ion ratios (e. g. Mg2+/Na+) and the dissolved fraction percentage in the upper ice column to noble gases xenon and krypton in deep ice help to identify the extent of ice profiles affected by melting and refreezing. Our literature study shows that melting poses both challenges and potential for ice-core interpretation and dating approaches and also that the diversity of melt features and effects is of interest for comprehensive and site-specific investigation. Learning from the advances of alpine ice-core science, the following adaptations have been shown to be helpful in ensuring high-quality ice-core research under warming conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the processes involved in melting and refreezing of ice, highlighting factors like local to global meteorology and the presence of significant amounts of liquid water. It discusses how these melt events and conditions lead to varied impacts on ice cores, indicating that melting is a phenomenon that occurs under specific circumstances. This suggests that complete melting is not only possible but occurs under the right conditions, directly opposing the assertion that it is impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides. Exp (Wars) 2006;66:369-375. . Ginsenosides: are any of them candidates for drugs acting on the central nervous system? CNS 2007;13:381-404. . Ginsenosides and their CNS targets. CNS 2011;17:761-768. . Neuroprotection in progressive brain disorders. 2003;5:576-580. . Strategies for the protection of dopaminergic neurons against neurotoxicity. 2000;2:99-114. de. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. 2003;24:197-211. Schapira AH. Molecular and clinical pathways to neuroprotection of dopaminergic drugs in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2009;72(7 Suppl):S44-S50. . Mechanisms underlying infl ammation in neurodegeneration. Cell 2010;140:918-934. . Protection against 1-methyl- 4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced apoptosis by water extract of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in SH-SY5Y cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;135:34-42. . Neuroprotective actions of the ginseng extract G115 in two rodent models of Parkinson's disease. 2003;184:521-529. . Rg1 reduces nigral iron levels of MPTP-treated C57BL6 mice by regulating certain iron transport proteins. 2009;54:43-48. . Rg1 protects the MPP+-treated MES23. 5 cells via attenuating DMT1 up-regulation and cellular iron uptake. Neuropharmacology 2010;58:488-494. . Rg1 protects iron-induced neurotoxicity through antioxidant and iron regulatory proteins in 6-OHDA-treated MES23. 5 cells. J 2010;111:1537-1545. Rouault TA, Cooperman S. Brain iron metabolism. Neurol 2006;13:142-148. . Iron elevations in the aging Parkinsonian brain: a consequence of impaired iron homeostasis? J Neurochem 2010;112:332-339. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects. Instead, it focuses on neuroprotective effects and various studies related to ginsenosides and their actions in central nervous system contexts. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim that ginseng has adaptogenic properties.