Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: Future research should continue to explore the ways in which the leisure motive influences addiction and other consequences of SM use. Finally, contextual age dimensions were useful in explaining SM addiction consequences. Two individual characteristics were significant direct predictors of addiction: life satisfaction and interpersonal interaction. Specifically, individuals who were happy with their lives were less likely to feel intrusive and emotional consequences of SM use, similar to the study by Hou et al. (2019). In addition, those individuals that spent time with friends and family were more likely to indicate that SM intrudes on their life or causes relational and emotional harm. Although this study did not directly test the degree to which people were on SM while engaging with others face-to-face, this result may point to the fact that those with many interpersonal connections may be fixated on engaging online even in the presence of others. We will further explore these complex relationships in Study 2. Each of the contextual age dimensions measured in this study were significant indirect predictors, mediated through SM motives. One relationship in particular is worth noting. Individuals engaging in high amounts of social activities in their offline lives who were drawn to SM to compensate for loneliness were more likely to experience negative emotional consequences. This curious result suggests that a subset of the sample was highly sociable, and yet still lonely, resulting in negative outcomes of SM use. In sum, this study tested the U&G model as it relates to addictive outcomes. As expected, individual traits and motives were important variables in predicting both types of addictive outcomes. Global dependency, as a measure of use, was not predictive of addictive outcomes, despite its relationship to contextual age and motives. However, relying on SM to understand oneself did contribute to the model with respect to emotional consequences of addiction. To further explore the U&G model as it pertains to addictive outcomes, a second study was conducted. Study 2 explores how interpersonal interaction as a functional alternative to SM use influences the relationship between motives, SM use, and addictive consequences. The following section outlines the current model tests and presents results from the second data collection. Study 2As proposed by U&G, individuals’ media choices are related to the availability of functional alternatives (Rubin, 2002). According to the theory, media choices are influenced by the availability of alternative channels of need satisfaction. When choices are limited, use of a particular channel may increase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that social media addiction is influenced by various individual characteristics and contextual factors, indicating that simply deleting accounts may not address the underlying issues. It discusses how life satisfaction and interpersonal interaction are significant predictors of addiction, implying that a more nuanced approach is required to tackle the emotional consequences and relational harms associated with social media use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Eric Benbow; formal analysis: Joe Receveur, Laura Gruppuso; laboratory work: Laura Gruppuso, Joe Receveur; fieldwork: all the authors set the experimental design and contributed critically to the drafts and gave final approval for publication. 368. Gessner MO, (2002) A case for using litter breakdown to assess functional stream integrity. 12:498–510. (1980) The river continuum concept. Sci 37:130–137. (1986) Vascular plant breakdown in freshwater ecosystems. 17:567–594. Cummins KW (1974) Structure and function of stream ecosystems. Bioscience 24:631–641. üger D, (2016) Life in leaf litter: novel insights into community dynamics of bacteria and fungi during litter decomposition. 25:4059–4074. de (2004) Detritus, trophic dynamics and biodiversity. 7:584–600. (2007) Decomposition of diverse litter mixtures in streams. Ecology 88:219–227. (2013) Benthic algae stimulate leaf litter decomposition in detritus-based headwater streams: a case of aquatic priming effect? Ecology 94:1604–1613. (1973) The utilization of leaf litter by stream detritivores. Ecology 54:336–345. üger D (2014) Influence of different forest system management practices on leaf litter decomposition rates, nutrient dynamics and the activity of ligninolytic enzymes: a case study from forests. 9:e93700. Peršoh D (2015) Plant-associated fungal communities in the light of meta’omics. 75:1–25. (2015) Initial colonization, community assembly and ecosystem function: fungal colonist traits and litter biochemistry mediate decay rate. 24:5045–5058. (2020) Phyllospheric microbiomes: diversity, ecological significance, and biotechnological applications. microbiomes for sustainable agriculture. 113–172. Romaní AM, Fischer H, Mille-Lindblom C, Tranvik LJ (2006) Interactions of bacteria and fungi on decomposing litter: differential extracellular enzyme activities. Ecology 87:2559–2569. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information regarding the claim about decomposers recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. It primarily includes references and details about various studies and authors related to ecological and microbial dynamics, but does not directly address the recycling role of fungi and bacteria in soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: The key insight of Koashi’s proof is that Alice and Bob’s ability to generate a random secure key in the Z-basis (by a measurement of the Pauli spin matrix σZ) is equivalent to the ability for Bob to help Alice prepare an eigenstate in the complementary, i. e. , X-basis (σX), with their help of the shield. The intuition is that an X-basis eigenstate, for example, |+⟩A=12(|0⟩A+|1⟩A), when measured along the Z-basis, gives a random answer. 4. 3. 5. Other ideas for security proofsHere are two other ideas for security proofs, namely, a) device-independent security proofs and b) security from the causality constraint. Unfortunately, these ideas are still very much under development and so far a complete version of a proof of unconditional security of QKD based on these ideas with a finite key rate is still missing. Let us start with a) device-independent security proofs. So far we have assumed that Alice and Bob know what their devices are doing exactly. In practice, Alice and Bob may not know their devices for sure. Recently, there has been much interest in the idea of device independent security proofs. In other words, how to prove security when Alice and Bob’s devices cannot be trusted. See, for example, [52]. The idea is to look only at the input and output variables. A handwaving argument goes as follows. Using their probability distribution, if one can demonstrate the violation of some Bell inequalities, then one cannot explain the data by a separable system. How to develop such a handwaving argument into a full proof of unconditional security is an important question. The second idea b) security from the causality constraint is even more ambitious. The question that it tries to address is the following. How can one prove security when even quantum mechanics is wrong? In [53] and 5. Quantum secret sharing“Secret sharing” refers to an important family of multi-party cryptographic protocols in both the classical and the quantum contexts. A secret sharing protocol comprises a dealer and n players who are interconnected by some set of classical or quantum channels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing key insights related to quantum key distribution (QKD) and security proofs in quantum cryptography. It highlights concepts such as device-independent security proofs and the ongoing research in developing unconditional security for QKD, indicating that the field is indeed emerging and focuses on high-security potential as emphasized in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: For example, if a person does not have a television, they might rely solely on SM to get information about the world, making the effects of SM use potentially more influential. According to Rubin (2002), interpersonal channels tend to be more impactful when attempting to fulfill needs than the media. Specifically, Rubin (2002) cited interpersonal interaction as an important potential functional alternative for media use. Interpersonal interaction in this study is defined as offline connections with friends and family. Theoretically, those with less interpersonal interaction will need to rely on SM to engage with others and will, therefore, be potentially more likely to experience negative consequences of use. Research has shown that those people who were less involved with others in their offline lives were much more likely to use the Internet to fulfill their social needs (Papacharissi & Rubin, 2009). In addition, those who were motivated to use Facebook for social purposes were more likely to indicate they were addicted to this platform (Koc & Gulyagci, 2013). Given the theoretical significance of this particular individual variable, Study 2 will examine how interpersonal interaction mediates the relationships between media motives, use, and addictive outcomes. One limitation from Study 1 concerned the measurement of SM use. As mentioned previously, SM scholars have often employed various measures of assessing use. Ledbetter (2009) suggested that using a perceptual assessment of use in the form of frequency is more appropriate than specific time estimates of use. In addition, several scholars have employed multiple use measures to assess this construct (Ellison et al. , 2007; Papacharissi & Mendelson, 2011). 1, personal understanding dependency was the only measure of dependency to impact addictive outcomes. Therefore, the current study employs both a frequency of use measure and the personal understanding dependency measure. To this end, the following research questions (RQs) are proposed:RQ1. How does interpersonal interaction mediate the relationships between SM motives, use, and intrusive consequences of addiction? RQ2. How does interpersonal interaction mediate the relationships between SM motives, use, and emotional consequences of addiction? Study 2: MethodParticipantsParticipants were recruited through two research subject pools across all campuses of a large Midwestern university system. To participate in the study, students needed to be 18–24 years old and use SM at least once per month. There were 446 usable surveys collected. Participants were predominantly female (n = 285, 63. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that social media (SM) use can be driven by a lack of interpersonal interaction, suggesting that simply deleting accounts may not address the underlying social needs that lead to addiction. It emphasizes the impact of offline relationships on SM reliance and indicates a complex relationship between motives for SM use and addictive outcomes, which implies that the issue of SM addiction may require more than just account deletion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 'Sullivan O, Greene-'Toole PW (2010) Comparison of two next-generation sequencing technologies for resolving highly complex microbiota composition using tandem variable 16S rRNA gene regions. Nucleic acids Res 38:e200–e200. -(2011) Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample. PNAS 108:4516–4522. é B (2011) Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons. 21:494–504. (2013) Development of a dual-index sequencing strategy and curation pipeline for analyzing amplicon sequence data on the Misequencing platform. Microbiol 79:5112–5120. ökvist E, (2009) The ITS region as a target for characterization of fungal communities using emerging sequencing technologies. 296:97–101. (2012) Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. PNAS 109:6241–6246. øller R, Kõljalg U, et al (2013) Fungal community analysis by high-throughput sequencing of amplified markers–a user's guide. 199:288–299. (2016) DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. 13:581–583. -Ghalith GA et al (2019) Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. 37:852–857. öckner FO (2012) ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic acids Res 41. D590 - D596 (2013) phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. 8:e61217. ’(2007) The vegan package. package 10:631–637 Liaw A, (2002) Classification and regression by randomForest. R news 2:18–22 Wickham H(2016) ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer. Kassambara A(2020) ggpubr: “ggplot2” based publication ready plots. R package version 0. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycling organic matter and their impact on soil fertility. Instead, it discusses various studies and technologies related to microbial community analysis and sequencing methods without connecting them to the process of decomposition or soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: The “secret” to be shared is a classical string or quantum state and is distributed among the players by the dealer in such a way that it can only be recovered by certain subsets of players acting collaboratively. The access structure is the set of all subsets of players who can recover the secret, and the adversary structure corresponds to those subsets that obtain no knowledge of the secret. There may, in addition, be external eavesdroppers who should also gain no knowledge of the secret. Quantum secret sharing (abbreviated QSS) is the generalization of quantum key distribution to more than two parties [54]. In this new application of quantum communication, Alice distributes a secret key to two other users, Bob and Charlie, in such a way that neither Bob nor Charlie alone has any information about the key, but together they have full information. As in traditional QC, an eavesdropper trying to get some information about the key creates errors in the transmission data and thus reveals her presence. The motivation behind quantum secret sharing is to guarantee that Bob and Charlie cooperate—one of them might be dishonest—in order to obtain a given piece of information. In contrast with previous proposals using three p2004. With the rapid development of QSS, people are researching to achieve unconditional security. 5. 1. QSS based on entanglement statesQuantum entanglement is an indispensable physical resource in QSS. Many application fields of QSS such as this entanglement feature, so the study of entanglement is the core issue of quantum information theory. Let’s see the QSS based on entanglement. The entanglement states are all generated by the sender, and the order of two or more photons sent to the same agent is randomly changed. After the photons send to the receiver, for the detection mode, the order of the two photons is announced, so that the two parties detected the security of the quantum channel, for the information mode, the two receivers respectively does Bell measurement on the two photons they owned, and then communicate through classical channel to share the secret key with the sender. This protocol ensures the validity and security of the shared information. We can see an example of QSS based on entanglement state GHZ [55]. Let us suppose that Alice, Bob, and Charlie each have one p2. QSS based on entanglement state [55]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing quantum secret sharing (QSS) as an application of quantum communication that aims to ensure security and protect shared information from eavesdroppers. It emphasizes the use of quantum entanglement and the collaborative nature of players to enhance security, which aligns with the claim that quantum cryptography has potential for high security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: 074, p =. 001). These results indicate that the frequency of SM use appears to play a significant role in mediating relationships between motivations and intrusive consequences of addiction, as it is present in all significant mediations. RQ2: Emotional ConsequencesModel 2 included the same motives as Model 1. In addition to replacing intrusive consequences with emotional consequences, personal understanding dependency was included as a third potential mediator (see Figure 4). Model 2 results indicated that only personal understanding dependency played a significant mediating role between motivations and emotional consequences of addiction. Participants’ dependency on personal understanding fully mediated the significant relationships between companionship (β =. 036, p =. 047), information seeking (β =. 111, p =. 002), relationship maintenance (β = −. 078, p =. 001), virtual community (β =. 075, p =. 002) and emotional consequences. Direct effects of note in Model 2 include the significant effect SM use has on emotional consequences and the effect leisure motivations have on SM use. In fact, when considering all possible indirect effects from the leisure motivation to emotional consequences, the sum of the indirect effects was significant overall (β =. 075, p =. 033). However, there were no individual indirect paths that stood out as significant on their own. Study 2: DiscussionTo examine the impact of functional alternatives, interpersonal interaction was added to a structural equation model that is capable of accounting for the mediating potential between the effects of motives on use and addictive consequences. Interestingly, interpersonal interaction and SM use mediated the relationships between specific motives and intrusive consequences of addiction. For example, participants who were motivated by leisure, had more offline interpersonal ties, and heavier use of SM reported more intrusive consequences of addiction. By itself, interpersonal interaction was a direct predictor of intrusive consequences, such that participants with more opportunities for interaction offline were less likely to feel that SM was intruding into their lives. However, when including SM use in the model, results showed that those who reported more offline communication with others were more frequent users of SM, which led to more intrusive consequences. It seems that SM is not an alternative to face-to-face interaction per se, but more of an addition to interaction. While some users access SM to make new friends, research has shown that the people we interact with most on SM are also the same people we engage with offline (Reich, Subrahmanyam, & Espinoza, 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that social media (SM) is not merely an alternative to face-to-face interaction but rather an addition that complicates relationships and adds layers of dependency. It discusses the mediating roles of interpersonal interaction and emotional consequences, suggesting that merely deleting accounts may not address the underlying motivations and dependencies associated with SM use, as seen in phrases like 'those who reported more offline communication with others were more frequent users of SM, which led to more intrusive consequences.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 0, 438 R(2022) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. (2012) Interactions between aquatic bacteria and an aquatic hyphomycete on decomposing maple leaves. 5:236–244. Pereira A, (2021) Invasion of native riparian forests by Acacia species affects in-stream litter decomposition and associated microbial decomposers. 81:14–25. Inácio -Collaco MT, Spencer-(2002) Estimation and diversity of phylloplane mycobiota on selected plants in a mediterranean–type ecosystem in Portugal. 44:344–353. (2019) Endophytic fungi: biodiversity, ecological significance, and potential industrial applications. Recent advancement in white biotechnology through fungi. Springer, Cham, pp 1–62. (2020) Do foliar endophytes matter in litter decomposition? Microorganisms, 8:446. (2019) Litter quality modulates effects of dissolved nitrogen on leaf decomposition by stream microbial communities. 77:959–966. Mustonen KR, Mykrä (2016) Sediments and flow have mainly independent effects on multitrophic stream communities and ecosystem functions. 26:2116–2129. Röhl O, Peršoh (2017) Distinct sensitivity of fungal freshwater guilds to water quality. 16:155–169. (2005) Novosphingobium taihuense sp. nov. , a novel aromatic-compound-degrading bacterium isolated from Taihu Lake, China. Microbiol 55:1229–1232. (2019) The origin, succession, and predicted metabolism of bacterial communities associated with leaf decomposition. MBio 10:e01703–e01719. -Rainey NL (1997) Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Microbiol 47:479–491. (2020) Meiofauna promotes litter decomposition in stream ecosystems depending on leaf species. 10:9257–9270. (eds) (2007) Fungal families of the world. (1980) Germination and growth of Alternaria and Cladosporium in relation to their activity in the phylloplane. 74:309–319. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of citations and references to various studies and papers related to fungi and bacteria, but it does not provide a clear statement or evidence about the role of decomposers in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: EBihamand TMorBounds on Information and the Security of Quantum Cryptography,” Letters, 792040344037199734. al. , “Quantum cryptography,” Reviews of Modern Physics, 741145195200235. signaling and quantum key distribution,” Letters, 951Jul 1, 200536. GBrassardBrief history of quantum cryptography: a personal perspective. " 192337. al. , “Quantum hacking: Experimental demonstration of time-shift attack against practical quantum-key-distribution systems,” A, 784042333200838. W. -YHwangDistribution with High Loss: Secure Communication,” Letters, 915057901200339. is Impossible,” Letters, 781734143417199740. SPironioAAcínNBrunneret al. , “Device-independent quantum key distribution secure against collective attacks,” of Physics, 114045021200941. et al. , “Mixed-state entanglement and quantum error correction,” A, vol. 54, no. 5, 1996. 42. al. , “Amplification and the Security of over Noisy Channels,” Letters, 771328182821199643. P. of Security of the BB84 Distribution Protocol,” Letters, 852441444200044. EBihamMBoyerP. OBoykinet al. , “A proof of the security of quantum key distribution (extended abstract),” in Proceedings of the thirty-second annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing, Portland, Oregon, United States, 200071572445. MBen-or RRennerand RKoenigUniversally composable privacy amplification against quantum adversaries. "47. RRennerSecurity of Distribution," RRennerSymmetry of large physical systems implies independence of subsystems,” Nat Phys, 39645649200749. al. , “from Bound Entanglement,” Letters, 9416160502200550. "Quantum key distribution based on private states: unconditional security over untrusted channels with zero quantum capacity," MKoashiComplementarity, distillable secret key, and distillable entanglement,” 200752. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to various works and studies regarding quantum cryptography and its security. By discussing topics like 'quantum key distribution' and 'device-independent quantum key distribution secure against collective attacks,’ it indicates active research and development in the field, thus supporting the claim that quantum cryptography is emerging and has the potential for high security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: For those who are highly social offline, they may feel compelled to interact with or observe friends on SM as well, which can result in intrusive consequences of SM use. Future research should continue to explore how offline lives influence SM uses that are most likely to lead to negative consequences. When examining mediators of emotional consequences, interpersonal interaction was not found to be a significant mediating factor. Alternatively, personal understanding dependency, or the degree to which users rely on SM to express themselves, was a mediating factor. These results show that interpersonal interaction may not be a functional alternative for users who are motivated to seek companionship, information, and to meet new people, but are not motivated to maintain existing relationships. However, these motives are linked to a reliance on SM for personal understanding, which then leads to increased emotional consequences. If you are seeking greater connections to others online, then you may not have the strong ties to others offline. Therefore, interpersonal interaction may not serve as an alternative to SM use. Future research should continue to explore how offline relationship strength and availability may influence use, dependency, and addictive consequences related to SM. According to U&G, media is one way to fulfill our needs when interpersonal connections are not available (Papacharissi & Mendelson, 2011). Therefore, the less interpersonal interactions you have offline, the more likely you are to use media as a replacement. This research found that interpersonal interaction was an additive factor, and not a replacement factor, in the U&G model. Given that SM contains many features of interpersonal communication that other forms of traditional media did not have when the theory was constructed, it is important to continue to examine the concept of functional alternatives within the U&G model when applied with SM contexts. General DiscussionThe goal of this research was to apply the U&G model to discover the factors that might lead individuals to feel the consequences of SM addiction. Two sets of data were analyzed to explore the influence of individual factors (Study 1), motives, functional alternatives (Study 2), and media use in explaining two types of addictive outcomes: intrusive consequences and emotional consequences. The following outlines the key findings of this research. First, these data support the main predictive outcomes of U&G. When examining the role of psycho-social variables in the U&G model, we examined how contextual age impacted addictive consequences (Study 1). Each component of contextual age predicted various motives for SM use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that social media (SM) use is influenced by individual factors and needs that are not resolved merely by deleting accounts. It highlights the role of interpersonal relationships and dependency on SM for fulfillment, suggesting that the absence of strong offline connections leads individuals to rely more on SM. Thus, deleting accounts may not address the underlying issues that contribute to SM addiction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Analytical composition of the biostimulant under study. 2. 2 Experimental design and soil microcosm incubation The air dried soil was adjusted to 60% of the water hold capacity (i. e. 18%) and sieved (mesh size 4 mm) prior to soil microcosm incubations, according to the AFNOR standard (44–163). Each soil microcosm contained the equivalent of 25 g of dry soil placed in hermetically closed 1 L glass jars to allow the CO2 produced to accumulate in the headspace; the air of the headspace was entirely renewed each time a measurement was taken (once a week). The soil microcosms were subjected to three different treatments each in three replicates: i) soil alone as a control (CS), ii) soil mixed with 120 mg of straw (SS) simulating 4. 8 kg of wheat residues per m2 and corresponding to an input of 50 mg of orgC and 0. 94 mg of total N, and iii) soil mixed with 120 mg of straw and the BS (SBS). This last treatment was prepared by applying 100 mg of the BS to 25 g of straw, and 120 mg of this mixture was then incorporated in the soil. In the SBS treatment, the additional orgC and total N amounts due to the BS input were negligible (100 μg and 10 μg, respectively) compared to both the orgC and total N amounts due to the straw input and the initial contents of the soil (245 mg orgC and 22. 5 mg total N per microcosm, respectively). The initial raw materials (soil, straw and BS at t = 0) and the three soil microcosm treatments (CS, SS and SBS), each performed in three replicates, were characterized for their soil OM, orgC and total N contents, as well as for their microbial biomass and pHwater (Table 2). Soil microcosms were equipped with a NaOH trap to collect the evolved CO2 and incubated in the dark for 49 days at 28°C. Soil incubations were performed for seven weeks (49 days). After 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 49 days of incubation, the CO2 trapped in 10 ml of 0. 5 N NaOH was quantified by titration with 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information regarding decomposers such as fungi and bacteria, their role in recycling organic matter, or how they contribute to soil fertility. Instead, it focuses on the experimental design of soil microcosm incubations and the composition of biostimulants, which is not directly related to the claim about decomposers.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: and Pay in EMI's. K. of Origin: Imprint:NIPA eISBN:9789389992274 Binding:EOf Pages:220 Language:Price: 64. 16 USD 57. 74 USD Add to cart Contact for About the Book Content/Buy 50. 8 million tons in 1950-51 to more than 275 million tons at present. Day-by-day, the agricultural scenario is changing fast and task of keeping pace with population growth is strenuous and challenging. Now days several emerging issues have been addressed to sustain the high productivity under different cropping and farming systems. The future of Indian agriculture depends on the development of appropriate farming system as applicable to resource poor farm families and as suited to different agro-ecological zones. Integrated farming system is not only a reliable way of obtaining fairly high productivity with substantial fertilizer economy, but also a concept of ecological soundness leading to sustainable agriculture. A judicious mix of cropping systems with associated enterprises like dairy, poultry, piggery, fishery, sericulture, bee keeping, mushroom production etc suited to the given agro- climatic conditions and socio-economic status of the farmers would bring prosperity to the farmer. The future of Indian agriculture depends on the development of appropriate farming system as applicable to resource poor farm families and as suited to different agro-ecological zones. Integrated farming system is not only a reliable way of obtaining fairly high productivity with substantial fertilizer economy, but also a concept of ecological soundness leading to sustainable agriculture. The book brings out in detail the agronomy course on farming systems and sustainable agriculture recommended for undergraduate students by 5th Dean’s Committee and accepted by the ICAR for uniform adoption by all SAUs. The 50. 8 million tons in 1950-51 to more than 275 million tons at present. Day-by-day, the agricultural scenario is changing fast and task of keeping pace with population growth is strenuous and challenging. Now days several emerging issues have been addressed to sustain the high productivity under different cropping and farming systems. The future of Indian agriculture depends on the development of appropriate farming system as applicable to resource poor farm families and as suited to different agro-ecological zones. Integrated farming system is not only a reliable way of obtaining fairly high productivity with substantial fertilizer economy, but also a concept of ecological soundness leading to sustainable agriculture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing concepts such as 'integrated farming system' which recognizes ecological soundness leading to sustainable agriculture. It emphasizes the need for 'appropriate farming systems' suited to different agro-ecological zones and mentions 'sustainable high productivity,' highlighting a focus on making farming practices more sustainable.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: In addition, results showed that life satisfaction was important in predicting both types of addictive outcomes. Those who were unhappy in their life were more likely to feel SM were intrusive and had negative personal and relational emotional consequences for their life. These findings point to the importance of contextual age factors in explaining both motives for use and potential outcomes. In addition to individual traits, this research shows that motives are significant and essential factors that need to be accounted for in understanding and explaining the risks of addiction. Specifically, the leisure motive emerged as an important factor in both studies with respect to intrusive consequences. Those who use SM for fun and to relieve boredom are more likely to feel that SM is taking away time from other activities that might be viewed as more productive. With respect to emotional consequences of SM use, results showed that several interpersonally related motives were predictors. 1, using SM to seek out companionship, to feel cool, and to meet new people increased emotional consequences. 2, those who use SM to relieve loneliness and to seek out information, but who are less likely to use it to maintain relationships with others, were more likely to exhibit personal understanding dependency, resulting in increased emotional consequences. These results show that why one uses SM is important to consider with respect to addictive outcomes. When examining SM use, this research also supports the propositions offered by U&G. Both use and dependency were predicted by individual traits and motives. Interestingly, results showed that dependency was not a critical factor in predicting SM addictive outcomes. This is particularly the case for the macro-level global dependency measure. Therefore, overall reliance upon SM to fulfill goals does not predict how intrusive or harmful SM is one’s emotional state. However, these results do point to the need to examine dependency on a micro-level. Personal understanding dependency was an important factor in both model tests across two separate samples of SM users with respect to emotional consequences of SM use. When users relied on SM to understand themselves, they were likely to experience emotional and relational consequences. Future research should continue to examine the dimensions of dependency as a function of SM use to determine how reliance upon media can lead to other potential outcomes. Overall, this research shows the potential for U&G to move beyond motive discovery and into other areas of SM effects. (2009) and Katz et al. (1974) assert, there are consequences of media use that are a result of one’s individual make-up and media choices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity of social media addiction and the various factors that contribute to it, such as individual motives and emotional consequences. It emphasizes that simply deleting accounts may not address the underlying issues, as the motives for using social media and the emotional consequences of dependency are significant factors in understanding addictive outcomes. The mention of life satisfaction and the various interpersonal motives also suggests that addiction cannot be simply cured by account deletion, indicating a need for a deeper exploration of dependency and motivation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 1 N HCl according to the AFNOR standard (44–163) and the soil moisture was maintained by replacing the weight loss with sterile water. At the end of incubation, the pH of the soil microcosms were measured in water with a pH meter using a soil-to-water ratio of 1:5 (Table 2) and the soil samples were stored at -20°C for further chemical and microbial analyses. The soil microbial communities were analyzed after seven weeks of incubation, when the communities of microbial decomposers were presumed to be well established and stable in each soil treatment. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Organic matter (OM), organic carbon (orgC) and total nitrogen (Ntot) concentrations in the original soil, straw and biostimulant and total contents in the soil microcosms at the beginning of incubation. 2. 3 Microbial carbon biomass The chloroform fumigation and extraction method described by Vance et al. [21] was used to measure the soil microbial biomass carbon in the initial raw materials and for all of the SS and SBS soil samples, after 49 days of incubation by using a Carbon analyzer (Bioritech, Voisins-le-Bretonneux, France). The microbial biomass carbon was calculated using the equation of Vance et al. [21]: (1) where Cf is the dissolved organic carbon in fumigated soil (or straw or biostimulant), Cnf is the dissolved organic carbon in non-fumigated soil (or straw or biostimulant) and Kc is the correction factor of 2. 64. We obtained negative microbial biomass carbon values for the BS and straw samples; a possible explanation for this is that the fumigation method is not suitable for determining the microbial biomass in these materials or possibly because the % of dry matter for the straw and BS was close to 93% for both and it is well known that microbial activity is low in dry matter. 2. 4 Soil and BS microbial communities: DNA extraction and library construction DNA was extracted from 3 g of either soil or the BS using a protocol adapted from Quaiser et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly reference decomposers such as fungi and bacteria or their role in recycling organic matter to enrich soil fertility. Instead, it discusses methods for analyzing soil microbial communities and their biomass, without making clear connections to the recycling process of organic matter or the enrichment of soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: A judicious mix of cropping systems with associated enterprises like dairy, poultry, piggery, fishery, sericulture, bee keeping, mushroom production etc suited to the given agro- climatic conditions and socio-economic status of the farmers would bring prosperity to the farmer. The future of Indian agriculture depends on the development of appropriate farming system as applicable to resource poor farm families and as suited to different agro-ecological zones. Integrated farming system is not only a reliable way of obtaining fairly high productivity with substantial fertilizer economy, but also a concept of ecological soundness leading to sustainable agriculture. The book brings out in detail the agronomy course on farming systems and sustainable agriculture recommended for undergraduate students by 5th Dean’s Committee and accepted by the ICAR for uniform adoption by all SAUs. The 34. 99 Add to cart The prosperity of any country depends upon the prosperity of its people. Food, clothing, shelter, health, education, security, roads, electricity and drinking water are the today’s basic needs. Farmers produce food. About 70 % of Indian population is engaged in farming. Therefore, prosperity of India would depend upon the prosperity of its farmers. This in turn depends upon the adoption of improved technology and judicious allocation of resources (land, labour, capital, machinery etc). Human race depends more on farm products for their existence than anything else since food and clothing – the prime necessaries are products of farming. Even for industrial prosperity, farming forms the basic raw material. To sustain and satisfy as many as his needs, the farmers include crop production, livestock, poultry, fisheries, beekeeping etc. in their farms. Earlier subsistence was the important objective of farming. Farmers took many activities such as planting of fruit trees in their farms or on the common lands just for the welfare of mankind without expecting anything in return. The kind of farming where subsistence and welfare of mankind were the main objectives is designated as mixed farming. Farming today is also a mix of enterprises. However, higher profitability without altering ecological balance is important in farming. A set of agricultural activities organized while preserving land productivity, environmental quality and maintaining desirable level of biological diversity and ecological stability is designated as “Farming System”. Here the emphasis is mainly on a system rather than on gross output. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of integrated farming systems that aim for ecological soundness and sustainable agriculture. It mentions the need to preserve land productivity and maintain environmental quality, indicating a focus on sustainability in farming practices. The text emphasizes that the future of Indian agriculture relies on the development of appropriate farming systems that are eco-friendly and suitable for different conditions, which supports the idea of renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: This research has shown that SM is related to emotional and intrusive consequences of addiction. Future research should continue to explore other potential consequences, both positive and negative. This study was not without limitations. This study utilized a convenience sample of college students and, therefore, they may not be generalizable to the larger population. College students may differ from other young adults, given their increased opportunities for social activity and interpersonal interaction, particularly in the case of a residential campus. Future research should consider examining a non-college student population to continue to assess how key variables impact the outcomes related to SM addiction. In addition, the results of these cross-sectional studies cannot be interpreted as a causal relationship; future longitudinal studies may further test and refine the conclusions drawn from this 13. SmartInsights. of Science875. of Science368. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science45. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science199. CrossrefWeb of Science53. 97. New gratifications for new media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57, 504–525. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the emotional and intrusive consequences of social media addiction and mentioning the limitations of the study, suggesting that the issue is more complex than simply deleting accounts. It emphasizes the need for further research and indicates that simple solutions may not address the underlying problems associated with social media addiction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: [22] with 25 mL of lysis buffer (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) 4%, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) 0. 5%, NaCl 0. 75 M, potassium-phosphate 100 mM (50:50—K2HPO4:KH2PO4), Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 20 mM, β-mercaptoethanol 1%, guanidine thiocyanate 1 M) preheated to 65°C and from 1 g of the BS using 7 ml of lysis buffer. After 30 min at 65°C and intermittent vortexing every 5 min, one volume of chloroform-isoamylalcohol (24:1) was added, the samples were mixed by vortexing for 1 min and centrifuged during 30 min at 4500 rpm. The aqueous phase was recovered and the DNA was precipitated by adding 0. 5 volume of pure ethanol or 1 volume of 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG) for the BS samples. The DNA extracts were purified using the NucleoSpin gDNA Cleanup kit (Macherey-Nagel) according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The genomic DNA quality was assessed on 1% agarose gel, quantified on a nanodrop spectrophotometer (ND-1000, Nyxor Biotech, Palaiseau, France) and quickly stored at -20°C. The bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene libraries and the fungal ITS libraries were constructed using the "16S metagenomics sequencing library preparation" protocol given by Illumina ( [23] which is a two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach. The following primer sets were used for the bacteria, fungi and archaea: 341F (5'--3') and 785R (5'--3') [24], ITS1f (5'--3') [25] and ITS2 (5'--3') [26] and Arch344f (5'--3') [27] and Arch806R (5'--3') [28], respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of a laboratory procedure related to DNA extraction and sequencing of bacterial and fungal samples, but it does not address the claim regarding the role of decomposers in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: In other words “farming system” is a resource management strategy to achieve economic and sustain agricultural production to meet diverse requirement of the farm household while preserving the resource base and maintaining high environmental quality. The farming system in its real sense will help to lift the economy of agriculture and standard of living of the farmers. 2 Components and Various components of farming systems are as under 1. Cropping system A system is set of elements which depend on each other and interacting among themselves. Farming system consists of several enterprises like cropping system, dairying, piggery, poultry, fishery, bee keeping, etc. These enterprises are interrelated. The end products and wastes of one enterprise are used as inputs in other. The wastes of cow, dung used as FYM in crop production and straw is used as feeding material for cow. Bullock is used for field preparation. Cropping system is an important component of a farming system. It represents cropping pattern used on a farm and their interaction with farm resources, other farm enterprises and available technology which determine their makeup. Cropping pattern: means the proportion of area under various crops at a point of time in a unit area. It indicates the yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops and fallow in an area. It indicates the early sequence and spatial arrangement of crops and fallow in an area. Crop sequence and crop rotation are generally used synonymously. Crop rotation refers to recurrent succession of crops on the same piece of land either in a year or over a longer period of time. Component crops are so chosen so that soil health in not impaired. 19 - 30 (12 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Various components of farming systems are as under 1. Cropping system A system is set of elements which depend on each other and interacting among themselves. Farming system consists of several enterprises like cropping system, dairying, piggery, poultry, fishery, bee keeping, etc. These enterprises are interrelated. The end products and wastes of one enterprise are used as inputs in other. The wastes of cow, dung used as FYM in crop production and straw is used as feeding material for cow. Bullock is used for field preparation. Cropping system is an important component of a farming system. It represents cropping pattern used on a farm and their interaction with farm resources, other farm enterprises and available technology which determine their makeup. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing a 'farming system' as a resource management strategy that aims to achieve economic and sustainable agricultural production. It mentions that farming systems preserve the resource base and maintain high environmental quality, which are key aspects of sustainable farming practices. The interrelation of various enterprises within a farming system further highlights the idea of sustainability in utilizing resources efficiently.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: Scholars suggest that women may have other uses for social media, such as access to social resources to navigate structural oppression (Gray & Stein, 2021; Peterson-Salahuddin, 2022). Thus, with its vast utility, social media can hold emotional significance for and become deeply integrated into a person’s life (Jenkins-Guarnieri et al. , 2012). Still, the use of social media is not without risks (Andreassen et al. , 2012). For instance, the excessive use of social media can lead to social media addiction or the uncontrollable use of social media despite impairments in multiple life domains (Griffiths, 2005). Social media addiction has been associated with adverse psychosocial and physical health consequences among dominantly White samples (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011; Marino et al. , 2017, 2018). Despite their high rates of social media use (PRC, 2017), women continue to be overlooked in social media addiction literature. Thus, this study investigated women’s social media use integration in relation to social media addiction. American women’s co-opting of social media platforms as spaces for empowerment (Peterson-Salahuddin, 2022), we examined the potential moderating role of connectedness to Black women in the social media use integration–social media addiction link. Women’s Use IntegrationMost studies investigating social media use in relation to psychosocial outcomes have measured social media use by self-reports of social media use frequency, duration, or the number of social media platforms visited (Allahverdi, 2022; Helm et al. , 2022). While such approaches to measuring social media use have been widely used, they do not move beyond analyzing how much social media is used to investigate what subjective importance social media use holds for people (Shensa et al. , 2017). Accordingly, social media use integration has been conceptualized as an emotional investment in social media use and the incorporation of social media use into daily activities (Jenkins-Guarnieri et al. , 2012). While the former relates to an emotional investment in social media use, the latter relates to habitual behaviors of checking social media and engaging with others via social media (Jenkins-Guarnieri et al. , 2012). Few studies have examined social media use integration in relation to mental health (Bekalu et al. , 2019; Berryman et al. , 2018; Woods & Scott, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that social media addiction is associated with emotional significance and integration into a person's life. It suggests that deleting accounts is unlikely to be a simple or effective solution since social media use is often linked to navigating complex social resources and has been integrated into daily activities, which indicates that addiction is not merely about the frequency of use but also involves emotional investment and habitual behavior.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Each primer set contains the overhang adapter: forward overhang (5'--3') and reverse overhang (5'--3') and targets the variable V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene for the bacterial and archaeal ones and the ITS1 region for fungal ones. PCRs were conducted in a final volume of 25 μl containing each bacterial or fungal primer (0. 2 μM), each archaeal primer (0. 6 μM), 12. 5 μl 2(2X), 2 μl of DNA and ultrapure water to reach the final volume. The amplification conditions were as follows: for bacteria, 3 min at 95°C, 25 cycles of 30 s at 95°C, 30 s at 55°C and 30 s at 72°C and a final 5 min extension step at 72°C; for archaea, 5 min at 95°C, followed by 30 cycles of 20 s at 98°C, 15 s at 66°C and 15 s at 72°C and a final 1 min extension step at 72°C; for fungi, 4 min at 95°C, followed by 30 cycles of 30 s at 95°C, 30 s at 56°C and 30 s at 72°C and a final 10 min extension step at 72°C. Two independent PCR replicates were performed for each sample, the PCR products were pooled and purified using the beads system. The second PCR reaction attached specific indexes (i5, i7) to identify each sample and to the Illumina sequencing adapters (P5, P7) using the Nextera XT index kit. This was performed in a final volume of 50 μl containing 5 μl of each Nextera XT index primer, 5 μl of the first PCR product, 25 μl of the (2X) and 10 μl of PCR grade water. The amplification conditions consisted of 3 min at 95°C, followed by 8 cycles of 30 s at 95°C, 30 s at 55°C and 30 s at 72°C, and a final 5 min extension step at 72°C. The PCR products were purified with the beads system. The amplified bacterial, fungal and archaeal products were quantified by qPCR (light cycler 480, Roche, Meylan, France). Each well contained 3 μl of 3 μl of the PCR product and Illumina primers 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a detailed description of PCR procedures used for amplifying DNA from bacteria, archaea, and fungi. It does not address the recycling of organic matter or the role of decomposers in enriching soil fertility, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: Estimates by the FAO and WHO (1992) and the (1991) suggest that around 1 billion people in the world have diets that are ‘too poor to abstain the energy required for healthy growth of children and minimal activity of adults’. The causes are complex and it is not entirely the fault of overall availability of food. Modern agriculture begins on the research farm, where researchers have access to all types of inputs for crops at all the appropriate times. But, even the best performing farms cannot match the yields of researchers. For high productivity, farmers need to have access to the whole package – improved seeds, water, labour, capital or credit, fertilizers, pesticides and other developed technology. Many poorer farming households simply cannot adopt the whole package. Very often delivery systems are unable to supply them on time. 6 Strategies in agriculture (CA) defined as minimal soil disturbance (no-till) and permanent soil cover (mulch) combined with rotations is a recent agricultural management system that is gaining popularity in many parts of the world. Cultivation is defined by the dictionary as “the tilling of land”, “the raising of a crop by tillage” or “to loosen or break up soil”. Other terms used in this dictionary include “improvement or increase in (soil) fertility”. All these definitions indicate that cultivation is synonymous with tillage or ploughing. The other important definition that has been debated and defined in many papers is the word “sustainable”. dictionary defines this term as “capable of being borne or endured, upheld, defended, maintainable”. Something that is sustained is “kept up without intermission or flagging, maintained over a long period”. This is an important concept in today’s agriculture since the human race will not want to compromise the ability of its future offspring to produce their food needs by damaging the natural resources used to feed the population today. 77 - 92 (16 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Conservation agriculture (CA) defined as minimal soil disturbance (no-till) and permanent soil cover (mulch) combined with rotations is a recent agricultural management system that is gaining popularity in many parts of the world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing conservation agriculture (CA), which is framed as a recent agricultural management system gaining popularity for its sustainable practices. It mentions minimal soil disturbance and permanent soil cover, both of which are methods associated with renewable agriculture aimed at improving sustainability. Furthermore, the text highlights the importance of maintaining resources for future generations, aligning directly with the claim of making farming practices more sustainable.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: In a sample of United States-based college students (71. 1% female; 10. 1% Black), social media use integration (measured as a composite of both an emotional investment in social media use and the incorporation of social media use into daily activities) was not significantly associated with social anxiety (Berryman et al. , 2018). Comparatively, in a sample of Scottish adolescents, an emotional connection to social media use was associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety (Woods & Scott, 2016). Specific to positive mental health, in a sample of American adults (51. 5% female; 11. 8% Black), the integration of social media use into daily routines was associated with more positive mental health while an emotional connection to social media use was linked with less positive mental health (Bekalu et al. , 2019). The study also found that the negative association between an emotional connection to social media use and positive mental health was greater for racially minoritized adults compared to White adults, which the authors speculated (but did not further explore) might relate to their varied motivations for social media use (Bekalu et al. , 2019). Taken together, prior research has provided an inconclusive understanding of how an emotional and behavioral investment in social media use, together, relates to psychological and behavioral outcomes, including social media addiction. women’s experiences with social media use integration have been particularly overlooked within prior studies that have used majority White samples (Bekalu et al. , 2019; Berryman et al. , 2018; Woods & Scott, 2016). Indeed, there is a paucity of research examining women’s social media use in relation to psychosocial outcomes (Olayinka et al. , 2021; Stanton et al. , 2017). For instance, a study reported that the frequency of using the microblogging platform, Tumblr, was associated with greater depressive symptoms among women (Stanton et al. , 2017). Research is needed to better understand how culturally specific aspects of social media use among women may influence their psychological and behavioral outcomes (Shensa et al. , 2017). Thus, this study investigated women’s social media use integration in relation to social media addiction within the broader context of structural gendered racism (i. e. , the simultaneous experience of sexism and racism; Lewis et al. , 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that prior research has provided an inconclusive understanding of how emotional and behavioral investment in social media use relates to psychological outcomes, including social media addiction. It suggests that simply deleting accounts may not be effective, as it entails a complex interplay of emotional connections, social integration, and various psychosocial factors that influence social media addiction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 2 μM final P5 (5’--3') and P7 (5’--3'). The qPCR program consisted of 3 min at 95°C, followed by 45 cycles of 30 s at 95°C, 45 s at 60°C, 20 s at 72°C and a final melting curve step of 0. 05 s at 95°C, 1 min at 65°C and an increase of 0. 06°C/s from 65°C to 97°C. Then, the amplified products were combined in a unique pool in an equimolar ratio and sequenced using 2x250 bp paired-end Illumina MiSeq with 20% PhiX at the “Human and Environmental Genomic” platform (Rennes, France). 2. 5 Microbial sequence analysis For all of the samples (raw material and soil microcosms), which were performed each in three replicates, we obtained the following total number of raw reads: 1,325,903 for bacteria, 1,955,564 for archaea and 2,607,580 for fungi. These sequences are available on the sequence read archive (SRA) database (Bioproject SRP104693). The sequence read quality was controlled with FastQC [29]. The bacterial and archaeal analyses were performed using the FROGS pipeline [30] and the pipeline was used for the fungal analyses [31]. Applying the FROGS pipeline, the reads were merged with a minimum overlap of 20 bp (FLASH) [32], filtered according to the following criteria: expected amplicon size of 480 bp for bacteria and 460 bp for archaea, minimal length of 450 bp for bacteria and 420 bp for archaea, and maximal length of 480 bp for both and no ambiguous nucleotides were allowed. The primer sequences and sequences where the two primers were not present were removed and the sequences were dereplicated. The sequences were clustered using the swarm method [33] with an aggregation distance equal to 3 for clustering. The chimera were removed using the tool with the de novo method [34,35] combined with a cross-sample validation. The taxonomy affiliation was performed using the SILVA database (Silva 128) [36]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about decomposers such as fungi and bacteria recycling organic matter to enrich soil fertility. Instead, it focuses on a detailed methodology for microbial sequence analysis, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: Cultivation is defined by the dictionary as “the tilling of land”, “the raising of a crop by tillage” or “to loosen or break up soil”. Other terms used in this dictionary include “improvement or increase in (soil) fertility”. All these definitions indicate that cultivation is synonymous with tillage or ploughing. The other important definition that has been debated and defined in many papers is the word “sustainable”. dictionary defines this term as “capable of being borne or endured, upheld, defended, maintainable”. Something that is sustained is “kept up without intermission or flagging, maintained over a long period”. This is an important concept in today’s agriculture since the human race will not want to compromise the ability of its future offspring to produce their food needs by damaging the natural resources used to feed the population today. 7 and for Agriculture (LEIA) It is a form of agriculture wherein the use of external inputs including chemical inputs is minimized and production is kept sustainable. It uses synthetic fertilizers or chemical pesticides below rates commonly recommended by the Extension workers. There is no elimination of these materials. Any system that reduces purchased chemical inputs can be called low-input farming. Yields are maintained through greater emphasis on crop rotation, crop residues, animal manures, biofertilizers, and utilization of on-farm resources and management. Locally available resources are used by maximizing the complementary and synergistic effects of different components of the farming systems. There is use of external inputs in a complementary way. Main advantages of this type of agriculture are: 93 - 98 (6 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart (LEIA) It is a form of agriculture wherein the use of external inputs including chemical inputs is minimized and production is kept sustainable. It uses synthetic fertilizers or chemical pesticides below rates commonly recommended by the Extension workers. There is no elimination of these materials. Any system that reduces purchased chemical inputs can be called low-input farming. Yields are maintained through greater emphasis on crop rotation, crop residues, animal manures, biofertilizers, and utilization of on-farm resources and management. Locally available resources are used by maximizing the complementary and synergistic effects of different components of the farming systems. There is use of external inputs in a complementary way. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing sustainable agriculture practices that maintain productivity while minimizing external inputs such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It emphasizes the importance of utilizing local resources, crop rotations, and animal manures, which contribute to more sustainable farming. This aligns with the claim that renewable agriculture seeks to enhance sustainability in farming practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: , 1 SD below the mean), the social media use integration was significantly positively associated with social media addiction, t(5, 348) = 6. 15, β =. 57, p <. 001. At a high level of connectedness to Black women (i. e. , 1 SD above the mean), social media use integration was significantly positively associated with greater levels of social media addiction, t(5, 348) = 9. 30, β =. 83, p <. 001. In other words, the positive association between social media use integration and social media addiction was magnified or exacerbated at higher levels of connectedness to Black women. Thus, Hypothesis 2 was supported. Figure 1. Simple slopes analysis of social media use integration and social media addiction at two levels of connectedness to Black women. Note. N = 354. SMUI = social media use integration; CBW = connectedness to Black women. Low = 1 standard deviation below the mean. High = 1 standard deviation above the mean. DiscussionThis study examined women’s social media use integration in relation to social media addiction, and the potential moderating role of connectedness to Black women. We found that social media use integration was positively associated with social media addiction—a relationship that was strongest at a high level of connectedness to Black women. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine social media use integration in relation to social media addiction. Furthermore, this study is the first to examine social media addiction among women—a segment with notably high rates of social media use (PRC, 2017), but who remain under-researched in the social media literature. In doing so, we introduce a non-pathologizing perspective of women’s social media addiction as influenced by the subjective importance of social media use within broader structural contexts. Our study expanded on prior studies using predominantly White samples by investigating social media use integration among women. Our data suggest that social media use integration was higher in our sample than in a nationally representative sample of American adults, including the White sub-sample and Black sub-sample (Bekalu et al. , 2019). It is possible that socio-cultural factors may have influenced the greater social media use integration in our sample from data collected in 2022, compared to the samples from 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex relationship between social media use integration and social media addiction rather than suggesting a simple solution like account deletion. It shows that social media use integration is positively associated with addiction, especially in contexts involving connectedness to Black women, implying that the phenomenon is nuanced and not easily addressed by merely deleting accounts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: For fungi, the first step of the pipeline was to the merge reads with a minimum overlap of 20 bp, a minimal length of 250 bp and a maximal length of 480 bp. The assembled reads were then filtered with a quality score of 33. The second step consisted of dereplicating the sequences and extracting the ITS1 subregion. The dereplicated sequences were clustered at a threshold similarity of 97%. The chimera were removed using in UNITE [34] and the representative operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were taxonomically assigned using the RDP classifier compared against the Warcup fungal ITS reference database. The bacterial, archaeal and fungal OTUs present in at least 3 out of 15 samples and representing at least 0. 0005% of all sequences were retained for the subsequent analyses. Thus, the bacterial OTUs were represented by a minimum of 6 sequences, and there were 8 sequences for the archaeal OTUs and 10 for the fungal OTUs. See S1 Table for more details on the data processing. 2. 6 Data analysis All of the statistical analyses were performed using R (v3. 3. 2, Core Team, 2016). To avoid sampling size effects, the number of reads per sample was randomly subsampled to the lowest number of reads; the soil dataset was normalized separately from the BS and straw dataset: 51 829 reads for bacteria, 26 669 for fungi and 73 142 for archaea in the soil samples and 42 473 for bacteria, 102 839 for fungi and 4842 for archaea in the BS and straw samples. According to the rarefaction curves, the sequencing effort provided a good estimate of the bacterial, fungal and archaeal richness in the soil samples (S1, S2 and S3 Figs). diversity index was used to estimate the alpha diversity and the richness was estimated as the number of OTUs. A Student’s t-test was used to test for differences in the microbial biomass carbon between the soil treatments, and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analyses were performed on the amount of orgC mineralized, the Shannon diversity indices and the observed richness values. A powered partial least squares discriminant analysis (PPLS-DA) was generated at the OTU level to compare the bacterial, fungal and archaeal community compositions when straw and/or the BS were applied to the soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses methodological aspects of data processing and analysis for sequencing microbial communities. It does not provide information about the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: The income obtained from cropping is hardily sufficient to sustain the farm family throughout year. Activities such as dairying, poultry, fish- culture, sericulture, biogas production, edible mushroom cultivation, agro- forestry, agri- horticulture etc. assume critical importance in supplementing their farm income. Assumed regular cash flow is possible when cropping is combined with other enterprises. Judicious combination of enterprises keeping in view of the environment condition of a locality will pay grater dividends. At the same time it will promote effective recycling of residues/ wastes. Integrated farming system seems to be the answer to the problems of increasing food production. For increasing income and for improving nutrition of the small scale farmers with limited resources without any adverse effect on environment and agro- eco-system. In a cropping system the amount of by products can be as high as or higher than marketable produce. This may go to waste if not utilized in an animal waste component and to reduce the cost of production of the economic produce of component two and finally to entrance the net income of the farm is whole. Livestock is the best complementary enterprises with cropping, especially during the adverse years. Installation of a biogas plant in crop- livestock system will make use of the wastes, at the same time provides valuable manure and gas for cooking and lighting. 127 - 134 (8 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Integration of agriculture, crop husbandry is the main activity. The income obtained from cropping is hardily sufficient to sustain the farm family throughout year. Activities such as dairying, poultry, fish- culture, sericulture, biogas production, edible mushroom cultivation, agro- forestry, agri- horticulture etc. assume critical importance in supplementing their farm income. Assumed regular cash flow is possible when cropping is combined with other enterprises. Judicious combination of enterprises keeping in view of the environment condition of a locality will pay grater dividends. At the same time it will promote effective recycling of residues/ wastes. Integrated farming system seems to be the answer to the problems of increasing food production. For increasing income and for improving nutrition of the small scale farmers with limited resources without any adverse effect on environment and agro- eco-system. In a cropping system the amount of by products can be as high as or higher than marketable produce. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how integrated farming systems can improve sustainability in agriculture. It highlights the importance of combining various enterprises, such as dairying, poultry, and biogas production, with cropping to ensure economic viability while promoting environmental benefits. It states that these practices aim to increase food production, improve nutrition for small-scale farmers, and do so without adverse effects on the environment and agro-ecosystem, thus aligning with the goals of renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: Notably, data for this study were collected in March and April 2022—almost exactly 2 years since Breonna Taylor, a woman, was murdered by police officers in her apartment in Louisville, Kentucky, and as the continued to have widespread COVID-19 infections which disproportionately burdened (& Wright, 2021). It is conceivable that these contextual factors shaped social media use integration in our sample. We confirmed our first hypothesis that social media use integration would be positively associated with social media addiction. This finding corroborates prior research that has demonstrated the deleterious impacts of social media use integration on health and mental health outcomes, such as anxiety, depression, reduced psychosocial well-being, and lower self-rated health (Bekalu et al. , 2019; Berryman et al. , 2018; Woods & Scott, 2016). Moreover, our findings demonstrate a significant association between social media use integration and social media addiction. This cumulative body of research elucidates the importance of moving beyond solely investigating the frequency of social media use to additionally examine how emotional and behavioral investments in social media use may contribute to adverse psychological and behavioral health outcomes. In addition, our results point to the importance of examining how social media use integration may be shaped by culturally specific factors among women and other socially disadvantaged groups, increasing their risks for social media addiction. We confirmed our second hypothesis that connectedness to Black women would moderate the association between social media use integration and social media addiction. Our results showed an interaction between social media use integration and connectedness to women in relation to social media addiction. Specifically, the positive association between social media use integration and social media addiction was significant at low and high levels of connectedness to Black women. This association was strongest at a high level of connectedness to Black women. It is conceivable that women’s social media use may center on seeking connections with Black women to obtain social support, engage in socio-political activism, among other needs (Conley, 2017; Peterson-Salahuddin, 2022). There is a need for research exploring what unique benefits women may obtain from connecting with Black women through social media use, and how this influences social media addiction. Furthermore, given research illuminating women’s experiences with online victimization (Gray & Stein, 2021; Matsuzaka et al. , 2022), there is a crucial need to examine both the benefits and risks of women’s social media use in relation to their psychological and behavioral health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity of social media addiction, emphasizing that it is influenced by various factors such as social media use integration, emotional investments, and cultural contexts, particularly among women. It asserts that merely deleting accounts may not address the underlying issues that contribute to social media addiction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The individual plots coupled with a statistical permutation test based on a cross-model validation were used to identify how the groups, represented by the various treatments, were structured. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out on each OTU to identify significant differences in their abundances in the presence of the BS. Only OTUs present in the three replicates of each soil treatment (S2 and S3 Tables) were retained for further analysis. analysis [37] of the representative sequences for the enriched OTUs was performed to test their similarity to sequences from microorganisms native to the soil environment. 3. Results and discussion 3. 1 Soil carbon content and mineralization After 49 days of incubation, a total of 350 ± 8, 1740 ± 70 and 2140 ± 110 μg g-1 dry soil C-CO2 was emitted in the CS, SS and SBS treatments, respectively (Fig 1). In the SS treatment, we observed a significant increase in emitted CO2 compared to the CS treatment indicating that the straw, as an added organic substrate, was metabolized by heterotrophic microorganisms. The increased emission of CO2 observed in the SS compared to the CS treatments (+1390 μg of C-CO2) (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 7. 2, P = 0. 027) corresponded to 69. 5% of the orgC potentially derived from the inoculated straw. In the presence of the BS, the mineralization was statistically higher in SBS than in SS (2140 ± 110 versus 1740 ± 70 μg g-1) leading to a net increase of an additional 400 μg of C mineralized per gram of soil, indicating that potentially 89. 5% of the orgC of the inoculated straw was mineralized. To confirm this, future experiments should be carried out using 13C labelled straw so as to distinguish between soil-derived mineralized C and straw-derived mineralized C. The increase in orgC mineralization in the SBS treatment compared to the SS treatment was linked to a significantly higher microbial biomass (201. 4 ± 10. 4 μg C g-1 dry soil in SBS and 141. 4 ± 9 μg C g-1 dry soil in SS) (t-test, P = 0. 0018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental results and statistical analyses relating to soil carbon content and microbial biomass without directly addressing the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: West Bengal, parts of Odisha and Assam states have the fisheries as a major source of income to the existing farming systems. The scope for promotion of horticulture (fruit) based systems exists in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, parts of and in Sikkim while plantation dominant systems are available in Andaman and and Kerala. In selected states and locations, highly diversified systems also exists where in none of the component contributes for 50% or more to the returns. The characterization survey data of existing farming systems in different states/zones are being interpreted and brought out in the form of on Farming Systems. Though the various farming systems exists in the country, integration of input and output within the system is either completely lacking or at partial integration. Competition exists within and outside the farm for various byproducts generated. Cow dung is the best example as dung is required for improving the fertility of soil and meeting the household fuel. Hence, synergy needs to be made by appropriate allocation for making farming as a profitable option. Sustainable farming systems should aim for long term productivity, profitability, recycling of resources and employment generation. The monetary returns under different farming systems practiced in different parts of the country are given in Fig 1. Among the various existing systems in the country, coconut +banana+ cocoa +pineapple + nutmeg (FS9) gives the higher return of Rs 1. 27 lakhs/annum. 13 for has under gone drastic changes from the mid 1960s through the introduction and application of various newly developed techniques in agro science such as crop and water management practices, Emphasis has been given to be integrated system approach in crop production. It is essential to plan and implement rational policies to minimize the regional imbalances of agricultural production. The present growth in crop production has to be sustained considering ecological and economic factors. The existing as well as emerging frontiers must be examined to enhance agricultural growth on a sustainable basis. The understanding of agroclimatic relationship through crop weather conditions, soil fertility, water use efficiency, rain water management and appropriate cropping patterns based on regional resources potential must be emphasized more over agro forestry, integrated crop management, biotechnology and use of renewable energy must be emphasized for use in environmentally harmonious agriculture. Training of farmers has to be adapted to be changing technological environment. The forest affects soil and water in many ways. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing sustainable farming systems that aim for 'long term productivity, profitability, recycling of resources and employment generation.' It emphasizes the need for an integrated system approach in crop production to ensure sustainability and mentions various factors that contribute to environmentally harmonious agriculture, which aligns with the goals of renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Case StudyYoung1, MS, PhD Renee Garett2, MSW 1University of for Prediction Technology, Department of Family Medicine, University of 2:of for Prediction TechnologyDepartment of Family MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesSuite 180010880 : 1 310 794 8530Email: sdyoung@mednet. ucla. eduAbstractDue to the popularity of social media, researchers are increasingly conducting studies that monitor and analyze people’s health-related social media conversations. Because social media users can post about any topic at any time, no known best ethical practices exist as to whether and how to monitor participants’ posts for safety-related issues that might be unrelated to the study, such as expressions of suicidal intentions. This is a case study during a social media-based study on sleep and activity among freshman undergraduate students, where we by chance noticed that a student was using social media to express suicidal intentions. Although we connected the student to student psychological services in order to receive treatment, we encountered a number of barriers that initially prevented this from occurring, such as institutional review board and regulatory practices related to lack of experience with these newer types of studies. We discuss the implications of this experience for future research. 2018;5(2):e33doi:10. 2196/mental. 8971Keywordssuicide; social media; undergraduates IntroductionSevere depression and suicide are common public health concerns among college aged young adults. Approximately 15% of college undergraduates experience a depressive disorder, and suicide is a leading cause of death for university students in the [1-3]. The percentage of students with severe psychological issues seeking help at university centers increased from 16% in 2000 to 44% in 2010, with only 13% of suicides being from past clients of student counseling centers [4,5]. Identifying ways to monitor student psychological health, increase referral to psychological services, and reduce suicide is a top public health concern. Over the past decade adolescents have been using social media at an increasing rate, with more than 94% of youth using some form of social media [6,7]. Recently, studies have shown that social media can be used to monitor psychological issues, such as depression [8] and suicide [9]. These can be monitored on social media by screening for key words that social media users discuss online [10-12] and emotions expressed in their posts [13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that mental health issues related to social media are not exclusive to young people, as it mentions that severe depression and suicide are common public health concerns among college-aged young adults. Furthermore, it highlights the increased use of social media across various demographics, noting that over 94% of youth use social media, suggesting a broader impact beyond just the young population.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: This suggests that, in our study, the addition of straw in the SS and SBS treatments may have promoted this priming effect. However, we could not confirm that the increase in soil orgC mineralization we observed was due to the degradation of the straw itself or to the occurrence of a priming effect, with a higher intensity in the presence of the BS. 3. 2 Microbial community composition The simultaneous enhancement of the orgC mineralization and microbial biomass were linked to changes in the soil microbial communities. These changes in the microbial community were not related to the pristine microbial composition of the BS itself (Fig 2). The main native bacterial and fungal phyla that characterized the BS, such as Proteobacteria (β-Proteobacteria), Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria and Ascomycota, were not more represented in the SBS than in the CS and SS treatments. For example, two bacterial OTUs were highly dominant in the BS (Cyanobacteria, OTU1, and γ-Proteobacteria, OTU3, representing 26. 7% and 10. 3% of the total sequences, respectively) but were detected at very low abundances in the SBS sample (0. 01% and 0. 04% of the total sequences, respectively). For archaea, among the three classes detected in the BS (the Soil crenarchaotic group (SCG), Methanomicrobia and gold mine group), only SCG was predominant in the three soil treatments. Therefore, our results showed that the enhanced mineralization observed in the SBS treatment was not related to a bioaugmentation through the inoculation of specific microorganisms present in the BS. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Composition of the bacterial (a), fungal (b) and archaeal (c) microbial community in the various samples. Pristine microbial composition of the BS and straw (“Input”) and composition of the bacterial, fungal and archaeal communities at the phylum level (and class level for the Proteobacteria and archaea) in the three soil treatments after 7 weeks (49 days) of incubation with the associated richness and Shannon diversity index. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of straw addition on soil organic carbon mineralization and the composition of microbial communities, but it does not directly address the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. Therefore, it is not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: Changes in vegetation cover can therefore have a significance influence on the hydrological cycle and climate system. The study area consists of the state of Punjab, Haryana, and Jammu & Kashmir. On the basis of physiographic and soil resources, this zone is clearly divisible into two sub zones; the plains of Punjab and Haryana and the highlands. Based on altitude soil type, geology, and rainfall each of these two sub zones may be further subdivided. Major sources of water in the region, in addition to rainfall and river, are lakes and ice crops of glaciers and undergrounds springs. Under ground water is largely concentrated in the plains of Punjab and Haryana. The region covers a varied land use, from highly intensive monocultures through rotational and intercropping to grazed rangeland and near natural forests. 14 Role of in The increasing awareness of the deleterious effects of indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture has led to the adoption of organic farming as an alternative method for conventional farming world-wide. It is gaining gradual momentum across the world and the growing awareness of organic food which is emerging as an attractive source of rural income generation especially in integrated farming systems. In north west India where rice-wheat, cotton-wheat and pearl millet-wheat cropping systems are most prevalent. But now, these cropping systems are not proving farmers’ friendly due to higher water requirement, declining yield, susceptibility to insects and pests and adverse effect on soil health. Moreover, in the new millennium with the growing demand of agricultural commodities in national as well as international market due to ever increasing population and globalization, Indian farmers are forced to produce higher quantum of quality agricultural commodities at low cost from shrinking land and natural resources. Mungbean - wheat cropping system requires less water and hence, can be grown in areas where water availability is limited in addition to beneficial effect of mungbean to supply N to the succeeding wheat crop which are favorable for organic farming. Wheat (desi) also known as tall wheat requires less water and is very responsive to low doses of nutrients. The dwarf wheat grown by farmers with the application of chemicals in the form of fertilizers, weedicides, insecticides and pesticides is not preferred by people and therefore, the demand of organic wheat is rising fast in national and international market. This cropping system can be taken successfully in farming systems for higher monetary returns. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the adoption of organic farming as an alternative to conventional farming, highlighting the increasing awareness of the negative impacts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It indicates that practices such as the mungbean-wheat cropping system require less water and contribute to soil health, aligning with the principles of sustainable farming. Furthermore, it mentions the growing demand for organic food and emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices in modern agriculture, which supports the claim of renewable agriculture's focus on sustainability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: While conducting a study using social media to monitor the Twitter activity and general health and wellness among 197 freshmen undergraduates [14,15], we encountered an unexpected situation. Although our primary study aim was to examine the relationship between social media and general health such as sleep and activity, our method of social media tracking uncovered one student who was expressing suicidal thoughts on Twitter. Board (IRB) protocols and consent forms often have a predetermined process in place designed to reduce risk and address potential mentions of suicide that might occur among participants during the course of the study. These suicide protocols are typically created based on collaboration between the IRB, which is experienced with these issues, and the study researchers, who are experienced with the type of research being conducted. However, due to the novelty and lack of studies using social media as a tool for monitoring health behavior, lack of suicide-related issues that have been documented in social media monitoring studies, and the (presumably) healthy student population we thought were studying, no suicide-related protocol was included in our study. This case study describes the incident and the process we undertook to address the situation of encountering unexpected suicide-related posts from a student. We explore the implications of our experience and raise ethical questions to facilitate a conversation on how to address these concerns in the future. MethodsThe study protocol was approved by the University of. Participants (N=197, incoming freshman undergraduates) completed in-person consent to join a 3-month study to assess their stress, sleep, and social media patterns during their first quarter. We recruited students from Facebook advertisements posted on the freshman class of the 2019 page and in-person on campus. Recruitment occurred from mid-September through mid-October 2015. To qualify for the study, students had to be freshmen or first-year transfers, aged 18 to 21 years, in their first quarter, active Twitter users (>3 posts per week), and willing to allow us to follow them on Twitter. Students completed an initial demographic survey; weekly surveys on stress, sleep, and emotions; and a final survey including the Questionnaire. They received $5 worth of online gift cards for completing each survey. Participants received an additional $5 if they completed all 4 weekly surveys in a given month. Students who completed all weekly surveys could receive a total of $75. We collected students’ Twitter activity using the Twitter application program interface. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a specific incident involving an undergraduate student expressing suicidal thoughts related to their use of social media. This suggests that mental health issues can also impact young adults, specifically those who are in college and using platforms like Twitter, thereby challenging the assertion that only young people are affected.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: BS: biostimulant samples, CS: control soil, SS: soil with straw, SBS: soil with straw and BS, Means and standard errors were calculated (n = 3). The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed (P<0. 05). Different letters correspond to significantly different values. the BS may have exerted an indirect effect on the microbial community by altering the pH of the soil. While the pH of the BS was 6. 25, the pH values was significantly higher up to one half-unit pH in the SBS treatment (6. 87 ± 0. 15 versus 6. 33 ± 0. 13 in the SBS and CS treatments, respectively; ANOVA p-value = 4. 67. 10−9) (Table 2). The soil pH is one of the most influential factors affecting the microbial community in soil [56] as it influences abiotic factors such as carbon availability [57] or biotic factors such as the composition of fungal and bacterial biomass [58] in agricultural soils. The soil can be subdivided into acidic (pH<5), moderately acidic (pH = 5–6. 5), neutral (pH = 6. 6–7. 5), and alkaline soils (pH > 7. 5) [59]. Therefore, our results showed that the BS had a pH neutralizing effect that may have induced changes in the bacterial and fungal communities. 3. 2. 1 Bacterial phyla. Irrespective of which soil treatment was used, the same phyla (e. g. Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes and Proteobacteria) dominated the soil bacterial communities. However, even at the phyla level, several changes were observed in the presence of the BS (SBS) compared to the soil amended with straw (SS): the proportion of Planctomycetes was significantly higher from 17. 6% to 20. 5%, and the trend for the proportion of Bacteroidetes and Chlamydiae was also higher, but non-significantly, from 5. 8% to 7. 7% and from 2. 16% to 2. 9%, respectively (Fig 2A). At the same time, the proportion of γ-Proteobacteria tended to be lower in the SBS treatment than in SS (6. 4% and 7. 5%, respectively). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the effects of biostimulants on soil pH and the composition of microbial communities rather than directly addressing the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter and enriching soil fertility.