Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Despite the considerable attention DTC genetic testing has received in recent years (Lynch et al. 2011), this finding suggests that media coverage of DTC genetic testing has not yet greatly impacted young adults. Scientific literacy and communication of genetic information are important issues to consider when studying the societal impact of DTC genetic testing (McBride et al. 2010). The literacy demands and quality of informational content across DTC genetic testing Web sites have been shown to vary (Lachance et al. 2010), and there is concern that consumers may misinterpret or not understand DTC genetic test results (Leighton et al. 2011). In the present study, a greater proportion of participants in the intervention group agreed that they understood the dietary report they were given, suggesting that dietary recommendations based on genetics can be more understandable than general dietary recommendations. This implies that providing individuals with clear, personalized nutritional advice may result in greater understanding. An important strength of the present study is the use of a randomized controlled trial, which eliminates the possibility of confounding and allows for direct comparisons to be made between experimental groups. In considering the results of this study, some limitations should be noted. In the present study, no in-person contact was made with study participants, potentially affecting the reliability of the results. However, DTC genetic testing can be completed without in-person contact, so the nature of this study closely mimics the nature of DTC genetic testing. Seventy-six percent of participants in this study were females, and this affected our ability to report any sex-specific findings. However, excluding the males did not materially alter any of the results, suggesting that there were no major differences between men and women in this population. The age of participants in the current study was between 20 and 35 years, so findings might not be the representative of other age groups. In addition, the participants were highly educated and previously participated in a nutrigenomics study. This could explain the high degree of reported understanding of the gene-based dietary recommendations, although participants in the control group reported less understanding of the general dietary recommendations, yet were equally educated. This study is the first to compare the impact of genotype-based personalized dietary advice with general dietary recommendations. Dietary recommendations based on genotype were reported to be more understandable than general dietary recommendations and were also reported to be more useful. Participants reported that they would not be uncomfortable learning about their own genetic information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing personalized nutritional advice based on genetic information. It notes that participants in the study found genotype-based dietary advice to be more understandable and useful compared to general dietary recommendations, which indicates the application of genetic data in tailoring dietary advice to individuals. The focus on genetics and its impact on dietary understanding supports the assertion of personalized nutrition utilizing genetic data.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining will soon provide enough resources to eliminate global poverty. [SEP] Text: Существенная разница этих систем в том, что в страховой системе при наступлении пенсионного возраста государство берет на себя ответственность обеспечения человека только в старости. В сингапурской системе, наоборот, с государства, помогавшего человеку в трудоспособном возрасте накопить капитал, при наступлении пенсионного возраста снимается ответственность за обеспечение его в старости. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses differences between pension systems in Russia and Singapore, which is unrelated to the claim about space mining and its potential impact on global poverty. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim and does not provide any information supporting or contrasting it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: After skin preparation, bipolar surface electrodes (BlueSensor P, Ambu A/S, Ballerup, Denmark) were placed on the right hand skin over the muscles of interest with 1 cm inter-electrode distance. The reference electrode was also placed on the right hand, on the phalanx of the digitus medius. EMG recordings were obtained from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscles. EMG recordings were amplified (x 1000), sampled at 4 kHz and bandpass filtered (Butterworth 10–1000 Hz). The individual MEP amplitudes were measured at four different phases of the contraction (see motor task below and Fig. 1B). All data was recorded and stored on a computer for off-line analysis using software (Systems, Endingen, Germany). Figure 1(A) Experimental setup. The tip of the right index finger is resting on the force transducer (1). Two pairs of surface electrodes were placed over the (2) APB and FDI. The right forearm, middle, ring and pinky fingers were fixed by straps in order to minimize movements (3). (B) Time course of the task. Shown are the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) time points, the force produced and the acoustic tones. Brain stimuli were applied during a resting or control phase (T1; 500 ms after the first tone), during the premotor phase (T2; between 100 and 200 ms after the second tone), the phasic phase (T3; between 300 and 600 ms after the second tone) and the tonic phase (T4; 2700 ms after the second tone). (C,D) Shown are the background EMG levels, obtained in a 50 ms time window before the brain stimulation, for the surrounding muscle APB (C) and the prime mover FDI (D) in all four different phases (control, premotor, phasic and tonic). There was a significant main effect of phase in the prime mover FDI, reflecting its activation during the motor task and no significant modulation of background EMG was found in the surrounding muscle APB. Black bars represent the external (EF) and the whites ones the internal focus of attention (IF). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical details related to EMG recordings and experimental setups for motor tasks, without mentioning anything about neuroethology, intelligence assessment, or the capabilities of neuroethologists.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Consistent with this, participants in the intervention group did not express discomfort in learning about their genetics and were more likely to report enjoyment in learning about the dietary recommendations they were given, as well as a greater desire to know more about the recommendations. Direct-to-consumer genetic tests based on personalized nutrition might, therefore, be more valuable that those based solely on disease risk predictions. 534. doi:10. 1056/NEJMoa1011893 15. doi:10. 1002/0471142905. hg0915s60 Cahill LE, El-(2011) Nutrigenomics: a possible road to personalized nutrition. In: Moo-(ed) Comprehensive biotechnology, vol 4, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 703–71297. doi:10. 1097/WAD. 0b013e31815a9dcc 3473. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0013473 295. doi:10. 1016/j. jpsychores. 2008. 09. 003 30. doi:10. 1159/0000107064 80. doi:10. 1089/omi. 2008. 0031 2006. 9(8):510–517. doi:10. 1097/GIM. 0b013e31812e6ac3 2006. 99(3):442–445. doi:AJPH. 2007. 131631 10. 1159/000327296 10. 1007/s00394-010-0147-2 PubMed 10. doi:10. 1186/2041-2223-1-10 88. doi:10. 1007/s12471-010-0069-x 2008. 11(8):595. doi:10. 1097/GIM. 0b013e3181b1cc2c 312. doi:10. 1097/GIM. 0b013e3181dbd8b2 10. 1159/000327159 494. doi:10. 1007/s10897-011-9374-9 19. doi:10. 1038/478019a 293. doi:10. 1002/ajmg. a. 30102 103. doi:10. 1146/annurev. publhealth. 012809. 103532 2671. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how participants in an intervention group expressed enjoyment in learning about dietary recommendations based on their genetics. It mentions that direct-to-consumer genetic tests for personalized nutrition may have greater value over those focused only on disease risk, indicating the relevance of genetic data in tailoring diet recommendations to individuals.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining will soon provide enough resources to eliminate global poverty. [SEP] Text: 14 Выдвигаемая властью задача − «сокращение уровня бедности в два раза» либо носит агитационный характер, либо связан с недостаточно полным пониманием масштаба проблемы бедности. Действительно, уменьшение числа нищих в два раза означает лишь небольшое повышение доходов (выше прожиточного минимума) только у 10 млн человек (7% граждан). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of initiatives aimed at reducing poverty. It suggests that proposed goals, like halving poverty levels, may not effectively address the scale of poverty and only provide modest income increases to a small percentage of the population. This indicates that the potential of space mining to eliminate global poverty is likely overstated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Full size imageExperiment 1Motor taskIn experiment 1, subjects were asked to perform maximum isometric contractions by pushing down on a force transducer (MC3A-500; Technologies Inc. , ) with the tip of their right index finger in response to an acoustic signal (see Fig. 1A and B). The right forearm, the middle, ring and pinky fingers were fixed by straps in order to minimize all movements. The left arm rested in a comfortable and relaxed position on the table. The force signal was displayed on a computer screen placed 1 m in front them. At the beginning of the session, subjects were asked to perform three MVCs with their right index finger in order to determine the maximal force. Then, after a two minutes break, participants had to perform five MVCs with an IF and, in a second serie, with an EF. The order of the two series was randomized and a five minutes break was given between the two series. Between two consecutive contractions, a rest of 30 seconds was given. During all contractions, EMG and the force signals were recorded. External vs. internal focus of attentionThe instruction for the IF condition was ‘Contract your finger flexor muscles so that the moving line increases as fast as possible to the maximum after the tone’. For the EF condition, the instruction was ‘Exert pressure on the force transducer so that the moving line increases as fast as possible to the maximum after the tone’. Experiment 2In experiment 2, participants were asked to perform an isometric ramp-and-hold contraction by pushing down with their right index finger on the same force transducer as in experiment 1. In response to an acoustic signal, participants were asked to match a moving line, which represented the actual force level, with a horizontal target line. The target line represented 10% of the MVC and was individually adjusted based on the results obtained in experiment 1 (MVC without any specific focus). Ten percent of MVC was chosen based on previous research showing that SI is more pronounced when executing a contraction at low-force levels7. The target line and the force signal (running line) were displayed on a computer screen placed 1 m in front of the participants. A first tone indicated the start of each trial and a period of rest that lasted for 1100 ms. Participants were instructed to react to a second tone that was given 1100 ms after the first tone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experiments related to motor tasks and force transduction without mentioning neuroethology or intelligence assessment of animals. Therefore, it does not offer any supporting or opposing information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Acasa > Reviste de specialitate > Dietetician. ro > Nutriţia de precizie şi contribuţia inteligenţei artificiale în modelarea sănătăţii personalizate ţia de precizie şi contribuţia inteligenţei artificiale în modelarea sănătăţii personalizate Precision nutrition and artificial intelligence contribution to shaping personalized health First published: 19 octombrie 2023 Editorial Group: : 10. 26416/Diet. 3. 3. 2023. 8753 nutrition represents an individualized approach based on genetic, metabolic and health information, promising to revolutionize how we relate to food. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into precision nutrition brings significant benefits through a complex analysis of biological data, personalized nutritional recommendations, and risk identification. Using machine learning algorithms can unveil subtle patterns in biological data and contribute to individually tailored meal plans. Thus, AI applications in precision nutrition can prevent diseases by anticipating risks and offering personalized preventive suggestions. Furthermore, it expedites research and innovations in precision nutrition, steering toward faster and more accurate personalized nutritional care. Collaboration among researchers, medical professionals, dietitians and AI experts is crucial to ensure the proper and beneficial implementation of this technology in enhancing health. Keywords precision nutrition, genetics, artificial intelligence, personalized nutrition Rezumat Nutriţia de precizie reprezintă o abordare individualizată bazată pe informaţii genetice, metabolice şi de sănătate, care promite să revoluţioneze modul cum ne raportăm la alimentaţie. Integrarea inteligenţei artificiale (IA) în nutriţia de precizie aduce avantaje semnificative, prin analiza complexă a datelor biologice, personalizarea recomandărilor nutriţionale şi identificarea riscurilor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that precision nutrition is an individualized approach based on genetic, metabolic, and health information. It emphasizes the role of artificial intelligence in analyzing biological data to produce personalized nutritional recommendations, thus directly supporting the assertion that personalized nutrition utilizes genetic data for tailored diet advice.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining will soon provide enough resources to eliminate global poverty. [SEP] Text: Поскольку экономика до сих пор практически стагнировала, то рост их доходов может происходить только за счет уменьшения доходов среднего класса и бедных третьей степени, т. е. за счет перераспределения доходов в пользу нищих за счет тех же бедных и среднего класса. В целом же объем доходов и уровень потребления населения не изменится. Никакого сокращения бедности в стране не будет. Для страны такое решение проблемы бедности неприемлемо. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by asserting that despite economic stagnation, the growth of incomes can only happen at the expense of the middle class and the poorest, indicating that poverty will not be reduced. It emphasizes that there will be no decrease in poverty levels, suggesting that resources from space mining are unlikely to impact global poverty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Thus, they had to increase their force level from zero to 10% of MVC within 700 ms. As participants reacted to the second tone, the onset of force occurred approximately 150–250 ms later. Once the target line was matched, they had to hold the contraction for at least 2000 ms and then returned to the relaxed position (see Fig. 1B). This motor task allowed to differentiate specific phases and to deliver single-pulse TMS during each of these phases (see Fig. 1B): at rest (the control phase, T1; TMS 500 ms after the first acoustic signal), movement preparation (the premotor phase,T2; TMS between 100 and 200 ms after the second tone), the phasic phase (T3; TMS between 300 and 600 ms after the second tone) and the tonic phase (T4; TMS 2700 ms after the second tone). As a first step, participants had to perform practice trials in order to adjust the timing of the stimulation for the premotor- and phasic-phases. The time points of brain stimulation were individually adjusted in order that T2 coincide with the preparatory phase and T3 with the phasic phase. Once determined, the timing of the stimulation was identical for the IF and EF conditions. After these practice trials, participants had to repeat two series of twenty repetitions of the ramp-and-hold contraction with both an IF and an EF, resulting in eighty stimulation (2 foci (EF vs IF) * 4 time points (T1 vs T2 vs T3 vs T4) * 10 trials). Thus, 10 MEPs were recorded and used in the final analysis for each time-point and focus. External vs. internal focus of attentionThe instruction for the IF condition was like in experiment 1: ‘Contract your finger muscles so that the moving line displayed on the monitor increases from the baseline to the target value after the tone’. The instruction for the EF condition was ‘Exert pressure on the force transducer so that the moving line displayed on the monitor increases from the baseline to the target value after the tone’. After five trials, the participants were reminded to ‘concentrate on your finger muscles’ (IF) or ‘exert pressure on the force transducer’ (EF). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroethologists' ability to determine animal intelligence. Instead, it focuses on a motor task involving brain stimulation and does not provide any relevant information about animal intelligence assessment.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Utilizarea algoritmilor de învăţare automată poate dezvălui modele subtile în datele biologice şi poate contribui la planuri alimentare adaptate individual. Astfel, aplicaţiile IA în nutriţia de precizie pot preveni bolile prin anticiparea riscurilor şi oferirea sugestiilor preventive personalizate. Mai mult, aceasta accelerează cercetările şi inovaţiile în nutriţia de precizie, direcţionând către o îngrijire nutriţională personalizată mai rapidă şi precisă. Colaborarea dintre cercetători, medici, dieteticieni şi experţi în IA este esenţială pentru a asigura aplicarea corectă şi benefică a acestei tehnologii în îmbunătăţirea stării de sănătate. Cuvinte cheie nutriţie de precizie genetică inteligenţă artificială nutriţie personalizată În ultimele decenii, conceptul de nutriţie a evoluat considerabil, de la o abordare generală la una personalizată, bazată pe nevoile şi caracteristicile individuale ale fiecărei persoane. Progresele ştiinţifice privind învăţarea automatizată (Machine Learning) au dovedit un potenţial deosebit în dezvoltarea modelelor predictive, care sunt necesare pentru nutriţia personalizată. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how algorithms and machine learning can reveal subtle patterns in biological data and contribute to individually tailored dietary plans. It highlights a move towards precision nutrition based on individual needs, which aligns with the concept of personalized nutrition utilizing genetic data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining will soon provide enough resources to eliminate global poverty. [SEP] Text: Выдвигаемая властью задача − «сокращение уровня бедности в два раза» либо носит агитационный характер, либо связан с недостаточно полным пониманием масштаба проблемы бедности. Действительно, уменьшение числа нищих в два раза означает лишь небольшое повышение доходов (выше прожиточного минимума) только у 10 млн человек (7% граждан). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that the proposed goal of halving poverty is either a propaganda measure or demonstrates a lack of understanding regarding the scale of poverty issues. It indicates that significantly reducing poverty affects only a small percentage of the population, suggesting that simply providing resources from space mining may not be sufficient to address the complexities of global poverty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Brain stimulationTranscranial magnetic stimuli were applied to the left M1 using a Magstimulator (MagVenture A/S, Farum, Denmark) with a 95 mm focal figure-of-eight coil (MagVenture D-B80). The initial stimulation point was set approximately 5 mm anterior to the vertex and over the midline. In order to ensure that the induced current flow is approximately perpendicular to the central sulcus, the TMS coil was oriented tangential to the scalp with the handle pointing backwards and laterally at 45° angle towards the contralateral forehead24. Induced currents were in the reverse mode (posterior to anterior) and the waveform monophasic throughout the whole experiment. The motor hotspot for eliciting MEPs in the APB with minimal intensity was determined by moving the coil anterior and left from the vertex, while MEP size was monitored. Once found, the APB motor hotspot position was recorded and constantly controlled by a neuronavigation system (Polaris Spectra, Inc. , Waterloo, Canada and 2. 0. 5, ). Then, the resting motor threshold (rMT) was determined to the nearest of 1% of maximal stimulator output. The rMT was defined as the minimal stimulation intensity required to evoke MEPs bigger or equal to 50 μV peak-to-peak amplitude in 3 out of 5 trials. A stimulation intensity of 140% rMT was used when assessing SI. Ten stimuli at each of the four different phases (rest, premotor, phasic, tonic) were delivered in a randomized order in each condition (EF, IF). The order of conditions was randomized between participants. Data analyses and statisticsEMG and reaction time analysisIn experiment 1, the maximal force was considered as the highest peak in the force signal (low pass filtered at 50 Hz) during the contraction. In addition, the five trials were averaged and compared between both conditions (EF vs IF). Background EMG (bEMG) was obtained in the FDI (prime mover) and APB (adjacent) muscles and compared by assessing the root mean square in a time window of 100 ms following the peak of force (in experiment 1) and 50 ms preceding the brain stimulation (in experiment 2). In addition, the power spectrum density function of the EMG signal during the MVCs was computed by a fast Fourier transformation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes a series of experimental procedures involving brain stimulation and motor thresholds. There is no mention of neuroethology or assessing animal intelligence, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Aceste noi domenii emergente, cunoscute sub denumirile de „nutriţie de precizie” şi „inteligenţă artificială”, au captat atenţia comunităţii medicale şi ştiinţifice, deschizând noi orizonturi în ceea ce priveşte optimizarea sănătăţii umane(1,2). Definirea nutriţiei de precizie Nutriţia de precizie reprezintă o abordare individualizată a alimentaţiei, bazată pe informaţii specifice despre genele, metabolismul, starea de sănătate şi alţi factori de influenţă ai fiecărui individ. Această abordare se bazează pe premisele că fiecare persoană are nevoi nutriţionale unice şi că adaptarea alimentaţiei la aceste nevoi poate contribui semnificativ la prevenirea şi gestionarea afecţiunilor medicale(3). Bazele nutriţiei de precizie Genetica individuală – una dintre cheile nutriţiei de precizie o reprezintă analiza genetică a fiecărui individ. Studiile genetice pot dezvălui informaţii despre cum anumite gene influenţează răspunsul la diferiţi nutrienţi şi substanţe din alimente(4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by defining 'nutriţia de precizie' (precision nutrition) as an individualized approach to eating based on specific information about genes, metabolism, health status, and other influencing factors of each individual. It explicitly states that genetic analysis is one of the keys to precision nutrition, thereby supporting the concept that genetic data is utilized to tailor diet recommendations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining will soon provide enough resources to eliminate global poverty. [SEP] Text: Поскольку экономика до сих пор практически стагнировала, то рост их доходов может происходить только за счет уменьшения доходов среднего класса и бедных третьей степени, т. е. за счет перераспределения доходов в пользу нищих за счет тех же бедных и среднего класса. В целом же объем доходов и уровень потребления населения не изменится. Никакого сокращения бедности в стране не будет. Для страны такое решение проблемы бедности неприемлемо. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the economy has stagnated and that income growth can only occur at the expense of the lower and middle classes. It argues that overall income and consumption levels will not change, suggesting that poverty will not be reduced, which directly opposes the idea that space mining could eliminate global poverty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: The mean (MNF) and median frequencies (MDF) were used as the parameter to compare the power spectrum between both focus of attention conditions (EF vs IF). The MNF was computed as the mathematical mean of the spectrum curve and the MDF as the parameter that divides the total power area into two equal parts. Finally, the reaction time (RT) was compared between both conditions as the time from the second acoustic signal – indicating the participants to press against the force transducer in order to reach the target line representing the 10% of the MVC – to the onset of force. Motor evoked potentials analysisIn experiment 2, the peak-to-peak amplitude of the TMS evoked MEPs at each time points (control, premotor, phasic and tonic) in the APB and FDI muscles were compared between both conditions (EF vs IF). Additionally, the correlation coefficient was computed using a robust regression model to investigate association between the modulations of bEMG in the APB muscle (experiment 1) and SI (experiment 2). A robust regression model was applied as it is recommended when data might be contaminated with influential observations and/or outliers25. Differences in APB bEMG and MEPs (related to the control phase in percent) used for the regression analysis were obtained by subtracting the value found in the EF condition from the value found in the IF condition. The bEMG in the APB muscle was taken from the first experiment as participants strongly activated their FDI in order to fulfil the task and consequently, only in this experiment, it was difficult for the subjects to not co-activate with their APB muscle. In contrast, FDI activation in experiment 2 was not challenging enough to elicit any co-activation in the adjacent APB. StatisticsBefore the statistical analyses, normal distribution of the data was tested using a Shapiro-Wilk test. In experiment 1, separate paired Student t-tests were performed for each output parameter of the behavioural tests (force, bEMG and power spectrum analysis) to compare the two conditions (EF vs. IF). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental conditions, statistical analyses, and data comparisons, without mentioning anything related to the intelligence assessment of animals by neuroethologists.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Metabolismul – fiecare persoană are un metabolism unic, care poate influenţa modul în care procesează şi utilizează nutrienţii. Abordarea nutriţiei de precizie ia în considerare ratele metabolice şi particularităţile metabolice ale fiecărui individ. Starea de sănătate – afecţiunile medicale existente sau predispoziţia genetică la anumite boli pot influenţa cerinţele nutriţionale. Nutriţia de precizie se concentrează pe adaptarea alimentaţiei pentru a gestiona sau preveni aceste afecţiuni. Datele biologice şi monitorizarea continuă – tehnologia modernă permite colectarea de date biologice în timp real, precum nivelurile de glucoză din sânge, markerii inflamatori sau compoziţia corporală. Aceste date ajută la ajustarea constantă a dietei în funcţie de nevoile individuale(5). Metodele de aplicare a nutriţiei de precizie Testele genetice – analizele genetice identifică variaţiile genetice asociate cu răspunsul la nutrienţi şi predispoziţia la anumite boli. Aceste informaţii sunt folosite pentru a crea planuri alimentare personalizate. Monitorizarea biomarkerilor – prin monitorizarea regulată a markerilor biologici, cum ar fi nivelurile de glucoză sau de lipide din sânge, se poate adapta dieta pentru a menţine nivelurile optime ale parametrilor(6,7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how precision nutrition considers genetic testing and metabolic rates unique to each individual. It mentions that genetic analyses identify genetic variations linked to nutrient response and predisposition to certain diseases, which supports the idea that personalized nutrition utilizes genetic data to create tailored dietary plans. Furthermore, it highlights the role of biological data in adjusting diets based on individual needs, reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining will soon provide enough resources to eliminate global poverty. [SEP] Text: Выдвигаемая властью задача − «сокращение уровня бедности в два раза» либо носит агитационный характер, либо связан с недостаточно полным пониманием масштаба проблемы бедности. Действительно, уменьшение числа нищих в два раза означает лишь небольшое повышение доходов (выше прожиточного минимума) только у 10 млн человек (7% граждан). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the efforts to reduce poverty are either propaganda or show a misunderstanding of the problem's scale. It emphasizes that reducing the number of impoverished individuals to half still only translates to a slight increase in income for a small percentage of the population, implying that space mining alone may not sufficiently address global poverty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: In experiment 2, neurophysiological outcome measures (peak-to-peak MEP amplitudes and bEMG) were compared individually using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA to compare the effect of “focus” (two levels: EF and IF) and the effect of “phase” (four levels: control, premotor, phasic and tonic). If sphericity was violated (Maulchy’s test), degrees of freedom were corrected by Greenhouse-Geisser estimates of sphericity. Effect sizes are presented as general eta-squared values26 and the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was used to correct for multiple comparisons in case of significant F values27. Unless indicated otherwise, data are reported as mean ± standard deviation. R version 3. 2. 428 was used for all statistical analyses and the level of significance was set at P ≤ 0. 05. Data availabilityThe datasets generated during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. ResultsExperiment 1Participants could generate more force (the best of the 5 trials) when adopting an EF (43. 98 ± 14. 76 N) compared to an IF (38. 34 ± 13. 53 N; t13 = 5. 46, P < 0. 001, Fig. 2). In addition, they displayed more force on average (the 5 trials averaged) with an EF (38. 43 ± 12. 23 N) contrasted to an IF (34. 75 ± 13. 65 N; t13 = 3. 77, P = 0. 002, Fig. 2). Additionally, subjects showed less bEMG activity in the adjacent muscle APB (t13 = −2. 48, P = 0. 02, Fig. 3A) when executing the maximal force task with an EF (0. 059 ± 0. 05 mV) compared to an IF (0. 076 ± 0. 07 mV). Additionally, they showed smaller MNF and MDF in the adjacent APB muscle when adopting an EF contrasted to an IF (MNF: t13 = −2. 99, P = 0. 01, EF = 77. 67 ± 13. 28 Hz, IF = 93. 95 ± 28. 39 Hz; MDF: t13 = −3. 99, P = 0. 001, EF = 61. 05 ± 10. 92 Hz, IF = 73. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the intelligence of animals or the capabilities of neuroethologists in determining intelligence. Instead, it discusses statistical methods and experimental results on force generation and electromyographic activity, which are irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Alimentaţia personalizată – pe baza informaţiilor genetice, metabolice şi de sănătate, sunt create planuri nutriţionale precise, care pot include cantităţi specifice de macronutrienţi şi micronutrienţi. Suplimentele personalizate – nutriţia de precizie poate implica şi suplimente, care să completeze eventualele deficienţe nutriţionale identificate în analizele individuale(8). Impactul nutriţiei de precizie în sănătate Prevenţia şi gestionarea bolilor – nutriţia de precizie poate juca un rol semnificativ în prevenirea bolilor cronice, cum ar fi diabetul de tip 2, bolile cardiovasculare sau obezitatea. Prin identificarea predispoziţiei genetice şi ajustarea dietei, se pot reduce riscurile asociate acestor afecţiuni(9,10,11). Performanţa fizică şi mentală – sportivii şi persoanele active pot beneficia de nutriţia de precizie pentru a-şi optimiza performanţa şi recuperarea. De asemenea, se poate susţine sănătatea mintală prin nutriţie adaptată(12). Managementul greutăţii – dieta personalizată poate facilita gestionarea greutăţii corporale prin înţelegerea mai bună a metabolismului individual şi a nevoilor calorice(10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that personalized nutrition is based on genetic, metabolic, and health information to create precise nutritional plans. It details that dietary adjustments can be made by identifying genetic predispositions, which aligns directly with the claim that personalized nutrition utilizes genetic data to tailor recommendations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining will soon provide enough resources to eliminate global poverty. [SEP] Text: Поскольку экономика до сих пор практически стагнировала, то рост их доходов может происходить только за счет уменьшения доходов среднего класса и бедных третьей степени, т. е. за счет перераспределения доходов в пользу нищих за счет тех же бедных и среднего класса. В целом же объем доходов и уровень потребления населения не изменится. Никакого сокращения бедности в стране не будет. Для страны такое решение проблемы бедности неприемлемо. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the stagnation of the economy and that income growth can only occur by redistributing wealth from the middle class and lower-income individuals. It argues that overall income and consumption levels will not change, indicating that poverty will not be reduced, which undermines the idea that space mining can significantly alleviate global poverty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: 87 ± 17. 67 Hz, Fig. 3B and C). Regarding the bEMG of the prime mover FDI between both conditions, no significant difference was found (P = 0. 14, Fig. 3A). However, participants displayed significant greater MNF and MDF when focusing externally compared to internally (MNF: t13 = 2. 53, P = 0. 02, EF = 124. 07 ± 30. 66 Hz, IF = 113. 04 ± 27. 30 Hz; MDF: t13 = 2. 41, P = 0. 03, EF = 105. 01 ± 28. 57 Hz, IF = 95. 66 ± 27. 54 Hz, Fig. 3B and C). Figure 2Shown are mean values and SEM (n = 14) of (A) the force during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC, the best trial) and (B) the force during the 5 MVC trials averaged under both attentional focus conditions (EF vs IF). Participants could generate more force and more force when the 5 MVC trials were averaged with an EF compared to an IF. Black bars represent the external (EF) and the whites ones the internal focus of attention (IF). **P ≤ 0. 01, ***P ≤ 0. 001. Full size imageFigure 3In all bar graphs, shown are mean values and SEM (n = 14). (A) Participants showed less background EMG during the MVC in the adjacent APB muscle when focusing externally (EF) compared to focusing internally (IF) while no significant difference was found in the prime mover FDI muscle. (B) Shown are the mean power frequency (MNF) and (C) median power frequency (MDF) of adjacent APB and prime mover FDI muscles during the MVC under both focus of attention conditions. Participants showed a smaller MNF and MDF in the APB muscle and a greater MNF and MDF in the prime mover FDI when adopting an EF contrasted to an IF. Black bars represent the external (EF) and the whites ones the internal focus of attention (IF). *P ≤ 0. 05, **P ≤ 0. 01, ***P ≤ 0. 001. Full size imageExperiment 2Brain stimulation paradigmThe same subjects as in experiment 1 took part in the second experiment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroethologists and their ability to determine animal intelligence. It focuses on experimental results related to muscle activity and attentional focus, making it irrelevant to the claim about assessing animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Sănătatea digestivă – pentru persoanele cu afecţiuni digestive sau intoleranţe alimentare, nutriţia de precizie poate oferi soluţii pentru evitarea alimentelor problematice. Optimizarea nutriţională în timpul tratamentelor medicale – persoanele care urmează tratamente medicale intensive pot beneficia de nutriţie de precizie pentru a-şi menţine starea nutriţională optimă şi a reduce efectele secundare ale tratamentelor(13). Perspectivele viitoare Nutriţia de precizie reprezintă o zonă în continuă dezvoltare, cu multiple direcţii viitoare. Tehnologia avansată, precum analizele genetice din ce în ce mai accesibile şi dispozitivele de monitorizare biologică, va juca un rol crucial în extinderea acestui domeniu. De asemenea, înţelegerea tot mai profundă a interacţiunilor complexe dintre gene, microbiom şi alimentaţie va aduce noi perspective asupra modului în care nutriţia influenţează sănătatea umană(14). Nutriţia de precizie reprezintă un pas semnificativ în evoluţia abordării nutriţionale, aducând personalizarea în centrul sănătăţii. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing 'nutriţia de precizie' (precision nutrition) and its role in utilizing advanced technology, including genetic analysis, to provide tailored dietary solutions. It highlights the understanding of complex interactions between genes and nutrition, which aligns with the idea of using genetic data for personalized dietary recommendations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining will soon provide enough resources to eliminate global poverty. [SEP] Text: Наоборот, конкуренция заставляет капиталиста «постоянно расширять свой капитал … посредством прогрессирующего накопления» [14. С. 606]. Прогрессирующее производственное накопление капитала это объективный экономический закон капитализма (не путать со всеобщим законом капиталистического накопления). Он субъективно проявляется в виде всепоглощающей страсти каждого предприятия, каждого предпринимателя к увеличению своего капитала, к обогащению. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the capitalist system's focus on capital accumulation rather than addressing global issues like poverty. It emphasizes that the competition among capitalists leads to an ongoing expansion of capital, which may suggest that resources from space mining will not necessarily lead to poverty elimination but rather benefit individual capitalists.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: However, two participants showed a very inconsistent motor performance during this second experiment and were therefore excluded from the final data analysis. When analysing MEP peak-to-peak amplitudes in the APB muscle, there was no main effect of focus (F1,11 = 3. 75, P = 0. 07, η2 = 0. 002) but a significant main effect of phase (F1. 92,21. 12 = 9. 30, P = 0. 001, η2 = 0. 086). Additionally, a significant interaction effect of focus x phase was found (F3,33 = 7. 18, P < 0. 001, η2 = 0. 005). hoc comparisons for the main effect of phase revealed that the premotor phase (P < 0. 001) and phasic phase (P = 0. 04) were smaller than the control phase and that all phases differed from the tonic phase (all P < 0. 001, see Table 1 for more details). Regarding the interaction effect of focus x phase, the pattern of modulation of MEP size in the APB muscle for the different phases showed a significant reduction in MEP size (reflecting the SI) before the initiation of the index finger flexion (premotor) compared to the control phase (P = 0. 001 in the EF and P = 0. 04 in the IF condition). Moreover, a clear enhancement in MEP size during the tonic phase when compared to all other phases (all P < 0. 04, see Table 1 for details) was shown. Most importantly, MEP sizes during the premotor phase were significantly smaller when adopting an EF contrasted to an IF (P = 0. 004), indicating a differential SI of the MEP in the APB regarding the type of attentional focus (Fig. 4A). No significant inhibition was found during the phasic phase compared to the control condition for both attentional foci (P = 0. 10 in the EF and P = 0. 38 in the IF condition, respectively). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding neuroethologists' ability to determine animal intelligence. It discusses experimental results related to motor performance and muscle stretch reflexes but does not address the concept of animal intelligence or the methods used by neuroethologists.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Prin integrarea datelor genetice, metabolice şi de sănătate, această abordare poate aduce beneficii semnificative în prevenirea bolilor, gestionarea afecţiunilor şi optimizarea stării de sănătate a fiecărui individ. Cu toate acestea, este important să se ţină cont de complexitatea individuală şi de interacţiunile complexe dintre factorii nutriţionali şi biologici. Nutriţia de precizie poate deschide uşi către o nouă eră a sănătăţii personalizate, îmbunătăţind calitatea vieţii şi promovând bunăstarea generală. Rolul inteligenţei artificiale în avansarea nutriţiei de precizie Odată cu progresele tehnologice din domeniul inteligenţei artificiale (IA), se deschid noi perspective pentru nutriţia de precizie. Integrarea IA în acest domeniu poate aduce beneficii semnificative, îmbunătăţind înţelegerea complexă a datelor biologice, personalizând recomandările nutriţionale şi accelerând cercetările în acest domeniu(15). Cercetarea în domeniul nutriţiei de precizie necesită analize complexe şi timp îndelungat pentru a obţine rezultate semnificative. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the integration of genetic, metabolic, and health data to provide significant benefits in personalized nutrition. It highlights that precision nutrition can enhance individual health management and diet recommendations, thereby supporting the claim that personalized nutrition utilizes genetic data for tailoring dietary advice.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining will soon provide enough resources to eliminate global poverty. [SEP] Text: Наоборот, конкуренция заставляет капиталиста «постоянно расширять свой капитал … посредством прогрессирующего накопления» [14. С. 606]. Прогрессирующее производственное накопление капитала это объективный экономический закон капитализма (не путать со всеобщим законом капиталистического накопления). Он субъективно проявляется в виде всепоглощающей страсти каждого предприятия, каждого предпринимателя к увеличению своего капитала, к обогащению. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the competitive nature of capitalism and its focus on capital accumulation rather than addressing global poverty. It suggests that the systemic drive for profit may not lead to the equitable distribution of resources necessary to eliminate poverty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Single-pulse TMS in surrounding muscle APB for all four phases of the movement and the two conditionsFull size tableFigure 4(A,B) Shown are mean values and SEM (n = 12) of the MEP peak-to-peak amplitude in the two surrounding muscle APB (A) and the prime mover FDI (B) at four different brain stimulation time points (Control, Premotor, Phasic and Tonic) under the two attentional focus conditions (EF and IF). In the surrounding muscle APB, there was a significant interaction effect showing that when adopting a EF contrasted to an IF, surround inhibition was enhanced during the premotor phase. There was a significant main effect of phase in the prime mover FDI (B), reflecting its activation during the motor task. Black bars represent the external (EF) and the whites ones the internal focus of attention (IF). **P ≤ 0. 01. Full size imageIn the prime-mover FDI muscle, the MEPs were recorded with the coil over the APB hotspot. There was no main effect of focus (F1,11 = 0. 01, P = 0. 91, η2 < 0. 001) but a significant main effect of phase (F2. 03,22. 37 = 12. 60, P < 0. 001, η2 = 0. 15, Fig. 4B). Pairwise post hoc comparisons revealed that all phases differed from the control phase (premotor, P = 0. 04; phasic, P < 0. 001; tonic, P = 0. 001, Table 2 for more details). Additionally, MEPs were significantly enhanced compared to the premotor (P < 0. 001) and tonic phases (P = 0. 001) during the phasic phase. Furthermore, MEPs in the tonic phase were significantly bigger contrasted to the premotor phase (P = 0. 002). There was no significant interaction effect of focus x phase (F3,33 = 2. 81, P = 0. 054, η2 < 0. 001, Fig. 4B). Due to the fact that the P value was close to significance threshold, we performed additional separate paired Student’s t-tests (uncorrected), to test whether differences between both conditions (EF vs IF) occurred for any phase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about neuroethologists determining animal intelligence. It discusses a study involving muscle activation and brain stimulation but does not provide any information related to assessing animal intelligence or the capabilities of neuroethologists.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Utilizarea inteligenţei artificiale poate accelera acest proces, ajutând la identificarea rapidă a corelaţiilor dintre gene, metabolism şi răspunsul la alimente. Algoritmii de machine learning pot analiza rapid seturi mari de date pentru a extrage informaţii relevante şi pentru a ghida cercetările ulterioare. Astfel, inovaţiile în nutriţia de precizie pot deveni mai accesibile şi mai rapide. Analiza complexă a datelor biologice Datele biologice, cum ar fi rezultatele analizelor genetice, biomarkerii şi profilurile metabolice, pot fi extrem de complexe şi dificil de interpretat manual. Aici intervine inteligenţa artificială, care poate procesa şi analiza volumul mare de date într-un mod eficient şi precis. Algoritmii de învăţare automată pot identifica modele şi corelaţii subtile între factorii biologici şi răspunsul la anumiţi nutrienţi sau substanţe din alimente(16). Personalizarea recomandărilor nutriţionale Inteligenţa artificială poate contribui la crearea de planuri alimentare personalizate mai sofisticate şi precise. Cu ajutorul algoritmilor de învăţare automată se pot lua în considerare multiplele variabile, cum ar fi datele genetice, istoricul medical, preferinţele alimentare şi stilul de viaţă. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that artificial intelligence can help create more sophisticated and accurate personalized nutrition plans by considering genetic data, medical history, dietary preferences, and lifestyle. This directly supports the claim of using genetic data for tailored diet recommendations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining will soon provide enough resources to eliminate global poverty. [SEP] Text: Наоборот, конкуренция заставляет капиталиста «постоянно расширять свой капитал … посредством прогрессирующего накопления» [14. С. 606]. Прогрессирующее производственное накопление капитала это объективный экономический закон капитализма (не путать со всеобщим законом капиталистического накопления). Он субъективно проявляется в виде всепоглощающей страсти каждого предприятия, каждого предпринимателя к увеличению своего капитала, к обогащению. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that capitalist competition drives the relentless expansion of capital accumulation, suggesting that even with advancements like space mining, the capitalist system inherently prioritizes profit and wealth accumulation over addressing global poverty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Actually, no significant difference was found between the conditions (EF vs IF) in the control phases (t11 = −1. 19, P = 0. 25), premotor phases (t11 = 0. 92, P = 0. 37), phasic phases (t11 = 0. 85, P = 0. 41), and tonic phases (t11 = −1. 59, P = 0. 13). Table 2 Single-pulse TMS in the prime mover (FDI) for all four phases of the movement and the two conditions. Full size tableBackground EMG and reaction timeBackground EMG recordings in the APB muscle revealed no significant main effect of focus (F1,11 = 2. 28, P = 0. 15, η2 = 0. 004), main effect of phase (F1. 26,14. 19 = 0. 86, P = 0. 39, η2 = 0. 015) and no interaction effect of focus x phase (F1. 56,17. 16 = 0. 65, P = 0. 58, η2 = 0. 001, Table 1 and Fig. 1C). In the prime mover FDI muscle, there was no significant main effect of focus (F1,11 = 1. 78, P = 0. 20, η2 < 0. 001). However, there was a significant main effect of phase (F1. 47,16. 17 = 14. 36, P < 0. 001, η2 = 0. 28). Post hoc comparisons revealed that background EMG in all phases was bigger than the control phase (premotor, P = 0. 01; phasic, P < 0. 001; tonic, P < 0. 001), showing that FDI was active during the movement (see Fig. 1D). Additionally, background EMG was significantly enhanced during the phasic (P < 0. 001) and tonic (P = 0. 003) phases compared with the premotor phase. Background EMG was significantly enhanced in the phasic phase compared to the tonic phase (P < 0. 001, Table 2 for details). No significant interaction effect of focus x phase (F3,33 = 1. 36, P = 0. 27, η2 = 0. 001) was found. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses results from a study involving background EMG recordings and their statistical effects across different phases of movement. It does not address neuroethology or the ability to assess animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Astfel, se pot oferi recomandări mai detaliate şi mai adaptate nevoilor fiecărui individ. De asemenea, prin monitorizarea continuă a datelor biologice în timp real, inteligenţa artificială poate ajusta automat planurile nutriţionale în funcţie de schimbările individuale(17). Identificarea riscurilor şi prevenţia bolilor Inteligenţa artificială poate fi folosită pentru a identifica riscurile individuale de dezvoltare a anumitor boli pe baza datelor genetice şi de sănătate. Cu aceste informaţii se pot implementa măsuri preventive personalizate pentru reducerea riscului de afecţiuni cronice. De asemenea, IA poate analiza istoricul medical şi datele biologice pentru a anticipa potenţiale probleme de sănătate şi pentru a sugera intervenţii nutriţionale sau stiluri de viaţă adecvate(18). În concluzie, integrarea inteligenţei artificiale în nutriţia de precizie deschide oportunităţi remarcabile pentru optimizarea sănătăţii umane. Această tehnologie poate contribui la înţelegerea mai profundă a complexităţii individuale, la personalizarea recomandărilor nutriţionale şi la accelerarea cercetărilor în domeniul sănătăţii şi nutriţiei. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how artificial intelligence can utilize genetic and health data to provide tailored nutrition recommendations for individuals. It specifically mentions that through continuous monitoring of biological data, AI can automatically adjust nutritional plans based on individual changes, which aligns with the idea of personalized nutrition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining will soon provide enough resources to eliminate global poverty. [SEP] Text: Например, в рыночной экономике огромное число МП в соответствие с законом стоимости в короткое время переродилось бы в меньшее количество крупных высокотехнологичных предприятий. Но поскольку нет полноценной рыночной экономики, то нет, не может быть развития, технологического прогресса. Половина населения занята примитивным малопроизводительным трудом. Не может расти заработная плата, а, следовательно, благосостояние народа. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the lack of a fully developed market economy and stating that half of the population is engaged in primitive, low-productivity labor. This suggests that despite potential advancements like space mining, without a proper economic framework, they may not significantly alleviate poverty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Regarding the RT (the onset in the force signal after the second tone), no significant difference was found between both conditions (t11 = −0. 95, P = 0. 35; EF = 198. 11 ± 37. 77 ms and IF = 203. 32 ± 35. 08 ms). CorrelationA potential connection between the functional data (experiment 1) and the neurophysiological data (experiment 2) was tested applying a robust regression model. The difference in the bEMG of the adjacent muscle APB between EF and IF in experiment 1 was related to differences in SI between EF and IF in experiment 2. The results showed a significant coefficient of correlation between the difference in bEMG in the APB muscle during the maximal contraction and the amount of SI in the APB muscle during the premotor phase (r = 0. 61, P = 0. 001, Fig. 5). Figure 5Shown are the attentional foci-related differences (IF–EF) of size during the premotor phase (related to control as percentage changes) on the abscissa and the differences (IF–EF) in APB bEMG during maximal contraction of the index finger on the ordinate. The robust regression model clearly demonstrates that greater decrease in bEMG found in the adjacent muscle APB during maximal contraction of the prime mover FDI (experiment 1) is accompanied by greater surround inhibition during the premotor phase in the adjacent APB (experiment 2, r = 0. 61, P = 0. 001). Full size imageDiscussionThe current results from experiment 2 demonstrate an efficient way to instantly modulate SI by changing the focus of attention. Furthermore, as demonstrated by experiment 1, adopting an EF resulted in an improved motor performance and a reduced muscular activity in the adjacent muscle APB. As the decreased bEMG found in the APB muscle during maximal index finger contraction showed a significant correlation with the enhanced SI found during the premotor phase, the improved motor performance that is usually observed with an EF may at least partly be explained by an enhanced activation of neural circuits that shape motor SI. Attentional foci and motor performanceIn the present study, experiment 1 was designed (a) to confirm that motor performance can be enhanced when adopting an EF and (b) to assess (unwanted) muscular activity in the adjacent muscle APB. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim that neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. It discusses experimental results related to motor performance and muscle activity without addressing neuroethology or animal intelligence directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: 2018;6(5):416-426. Voruganti VS. Precision nutrition: Recent advances in obesity. Physiology. 2023;38(1):42-50. Shannon CE, Ní. Precision nutrition for targeting pathophysiology of cardiometabolic phenotypes. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2023;24(5):921-936. de da. Use of artificial intelligence in precision nutrition and fitness. in Precision Health. 2020;1:465-496. Precision nutrition in chronic inflammation. Frontiers in Immunology. 2020;11:587895. Perspectives: on Research in Heart, Lung, and. Advances in Nutrition. 2022;13(5):1402-1414. Volpe SL. . ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal. 2022;26(3):43-44. Precision nutrient management using artificial intelligence based on digital data collection framework. Applied Sciences. 2022;12(9):4167. . Precision nutrition - the answer to “what to eat to stay healthy”. JAMA. 2020;324(8):735-736. Mortazavi BJ, Gutierrez-Osuna R. A review of digital innovations for diet monitoring and precision nutrition. Journal of and Technology. 2023;17(1):217-223. Articole din ediţiile anterioare | Ediţia 2 2 2023 Gena FTO şi impactul ei asupra obezităţii Roxana Ciocâltea Prevalenţa obezităţii în lume şi în ţara noastră este în continuă creştere. Alimentaţia necorespunzătoare şi un indice de masă corporală ridicat su. . . 30 iunie 2023 | Ediţia 1 1 2023 Utilizarea Inteligenţei Artificiale în practica dieteticienilor: beneficii, neajunsuri şi provocări Tehnologia a avansat semnificativ în ultimii ani. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of precision nutrition, including advances related to the use of artificial intelligence and digital innovations for diet monitoring, which aligns with the concept of personalized nutrition. The reference to targeting cardiometabolic phenotypes suggests a tailored approach, potentially using individual data—including genetic data—to customize diet recommendations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining will soon provide enough resources to eliminate global poverty. [SEP] Text: However, this ignores the fact that as well as working less, LF patients may be less productive while at work [4]. For example, Ramu et al. found that though the reported time difference (hours worked) between LF infected and uninfected weavers was 15–20 %, the productivity gap was higher at 27 % [68]. Additional research on the actual productivity burden of LF, will be invaluable in developing more precise economic benefit estimates in the future [4]. The sensitivity of the results to the assumed percentage of work loss is shown in Fig. 8 and Additional file 2: Table S6. Additional benefits of the -of-life benefitsThe primary health outcome of the analysis was the number of DALYs averted. However, it is important to note that the prevention of LF infection and clinical disease has led to additional quality of life benefits, which are not captured by the DALY disability weight for LF or the estimated lost wages. For example, the stigma associated with infection can prevent patients from playing a full role in society, often resulting in reduced marital prospects. This can result in adverse social and economic repercussions not only for the patient but also their family [69]. Furthermore, children may have to miss school in order to care for a family member with LF, and infected children will be more likely to miss school or drop out completely [70]. In addition, both those suffering from clinical disease and their caregivers are more likely to suffer from depression which is not currently quantified in the GBD estimates for LF – which has been shown to underestimate LF disease burden [69]. It should also be noted that DALYs fail to acknowledge the implications of context on the burden of disease, such as those for the poor –which is particularly important for NTDs [71]. Consequently, the true value of the GPELF will likely be higher than what is presented in this analysis. Economic and health impacts on other co-endemic diseasesuses highly effective, broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drugs (albendazole and ivermectin). Consequently, the programme has important ancillary benefits on other parasitic diseases (described in more detail in [2]): Benefit for children and for women-of-child-bearing-age with intestinal parasites: Albendazole and ivermectin are also used to control the soil-transmitted helminths (STH). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the productivity issues related to lymphatic filariasis (LF) and its economic repercussions, which suggest that health burdens impede productivity and thus economic progress. The discussion on the various factors affecting productivity and the social implications of LF highlights that resources alone, such as those potentially provided by space mining, may not directly translate to alleviating poverty without addressing underlying health and social issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: In line with previous research (see29 for a review) and as expected, motor performance was improved when adopting an EF contrasted to an IF. More specifically, asking the participants to concentrate on the force transducer they were pushing against (EF), rather than on their index finger (IF), led to an enhanced maximal force of the index finger (+14. 7%). At the same time and in line with previous research, subjects revealed less bEMG activity (−22. 3%), MNF and MDF in the adjacent APB muscle with an EF30. Furthermore, despite no significant difference in bEMG between conditions in the prime-mover FDI, participants showed significantly larger power spectral density in the FDI muscle, expressed as enhanced MNF and MDF, when focusing externally. As the force a muscle can produce depends not only on the number of motor units activated (recruitment following the size principle), but also on the rates at which motor neurones discharge action potentials (rate coding)31, this enhanced frequency found in the FDI muscle under an EF might be explained in at least two ways: first, additional motor units (MUs) might have been recruited that fire with higher frequencies and/or the already active MUs have increased their firing frequency. The first mechanism would suggest that maximal force production with an IF is not able to fully recruit all MUs and that the upward shift in the MNF and MDF with an EF in the prime mover FDI is indicative of an additional recruitment of MUs that, according to the size principle32, consist of larger MUs with faster conduction velocities33. The second mechanism does not necessarily involve recruitment of additional MUs but may be due to the fact that an increased incidence of doublet discharges occurred at the very beginning of the MVC. The presence of doublet discharges at the onset of muscle contraction known as the catch-like property of skeletal muscle34 is thought to improve force production35,36 and might, therefore, help to generate more force with an EF. In addition, our results confirm previous findings showing reduced muscular activity with an EF30,37,38,39,40,41,42. Based on this observation, it was previously argued that an EF increases movement efficiency by reducing unnecessary muscular contributions30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroethologists and their ability to determine the intelligence of animals. Instead, it elaborates on motor performance and muscle activity under different conditions. Because of this lack of correlation, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut microbiome analysis is increasingly used to create personalized diet plans based on how a person processes nutrients. [SEP] Text: The impact of diet and antibiotics on the gut microbiome. CourseSource. does the survival and growth of any microorganism in a given environment depend on its metabolic characteristics? do microorganisms, cellular and viral, interact with both human and non-human hosts in beneficial, neutral, or detrimental ways? How do microorganisms interact with their environment and modify each other? a unique active learning experience, students will use a simple simulation to analyze the gut microbiome at multiple systematic levels (e. g. phylum, genus, species) and apply the newly gained knowledge in a context that is relevant to human health. They will identify metabolic pathways and products that contribute to the microbiome as a system and learn about the impact of microorganisms on their bodies. The learning objectives are in alignment with the Framework from the for Microbiology. The mimicking of the antibiotic treatment is an example of Choose a perturbation to a novel environment, and predict the change to the resident microbial community. under Systems. The determination of the bacterial metabolic byproducts that the bacteria excrete falls under How does the survival and growth of any microorganism in a given environment depend on its metabolic characteristics? under Metabolism. The investigation of the human host response to a certain diet covers Describe how the human biome influences the host human organism. , also under Systems. completing the exercise, students will be able to: Identify several of the nine phyla that contribute to the gut microbiome and name the two predominant ones; Describe how diet impacts the gut microbiome and compare the composition of the gut microbiome between different diets; Describe how antibiotic treatment impacts the gut microbiome and understand how this leads to infection, for example by Clostridium difficile; Trace the response to a change in diet, starting with i) changes in the composition of the microbiome, followed by ii) changes in the bacterial metabolic pathways and the respective excreted metabolic products, resulting in iii) a molecular response in the host intestinal cells, and eventually iv) resulting in human disease; Improve their ability to read scientific literature; Express themselves orally and in writing; Develop team working skill 1. The pre-test is designed to encourage students to read the paper (15), and the questions contain information that the students will need during the class session. Students receive one point per correct answer. The test can be administered through an online System to save in class time. Table 1. Pre-test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how diet impacts the gut microbiome and emphasizes the connection between changes in diet and alterations in the composition of the microbiome. Additionally, it mentions that students will learn about how dietary changes can lead to a molecular response in host intestinal cells, which is relevant to creating personalized diet plans that consider individual nutrient processing influenced by the gut microbiome.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Within the next few years, space mining will replace traditional mining industries on Earth. [SEP] Text: The physical laws governing mining militate against the sort of productivity improvements achievable in the technology sector as represented, for example, by Moore’s law which holds that processing power for computers doubles every two years. But, over time, like compound interest, the cumulative effect of these incremental improvements has delivered dramatic increases in the mining industry’s productivity. History may or may not prove to be a reliable guide to the future. It could be that the industry will continue to deliver advances in productivity which offset the effects of depletion well into the future. But this is not something that can be taken for granted. There are strong upward pressures on capital and operating costs in the industry (Reference HumphreysHumphreys, 2015). Worryingly, it would appear from the data presented in Figure 1. 2 that productivity in some major mining countries has actually declined since around 2000. There may be a cyclical element to this. Typically, industry productivity declines when commodity prices are high and producers are focused on the volume of output rather than productivity. The last few years have seen a modest reversal of the negative trend, but it cannot yet be ruled out that there are longer-term structural forces at work here too. It should also be noted that there is mounting evidence of a decline in the productivity of exploration spending. It has been estimated that the cost of discovering an ounce of gold or a tonne of base metals has roughly doubled since the 1980s (BCG, 2015). Figure 1. 2 Productivity in the Australian and US mining industries. Notes: Labor productivity (LP) measures industry output per unit of labor input. Multifactor productivity (MFP) measures output per unit of total combined inputs, including labor, capital, energy and materials. Sources: ABS (2018) and BLS (2018)Miners may have to look in new places for their productivity growth in future. In the past, economies of scale have provided a major contribution to productivity growth but the industry may be reaching the limits of what these can contribute. Mines are not getting bigger and the growth in the scale of mining equipment has slowed. In future, productivity growth will have to come from other sources, particularly from innovative technologies that enable miners to work “smarter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the productivity challenges facing the traditional mining industry and pointing out that many factors affect future productivity, including rising costs and declining productivity in exploration spending. It suggests that while innovative technologies might help, traditional mining may not be easily or quickly replaced by space mining within the next few years due to structural issues and limits in current mining practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Therefore, our results suggest that adopting an EF contrasted to an IF modified the pattern of muscle activation (less activation of the adjacent muscle APB coupled with an upward shift in the power spectral density in the FDI) during the motor task and led to an increased MVC. However, the underlying mechanisms for this focus-specific EMG reduction in the adjacent muscle remains generally poorly understood and, therefore, experiment 2 was designed. Attentional foci and motor surround inhibitionIn experiment 2, we investigated the influence of changing the focus of attention on the amount of SI in the APB muscle. Similar to previous studies4,7,8, a reduction in the amplitudes of in the premotor and phasic phases during the index finger flexion occurred, indicating the presence of SI in this adjacent muscle. In the present study, the amount of SI during the movement initiation phase could be instantly altered by changing the focus of attention: in both the premotor (+26. 4%; p = 0. 004) and the phasic phase (+8. 1%; non-significant change), adopting an EF resulted in a greater SI than an IF. Furthermore, the advantage of the present study is that we could compare one and the same subject performing the identical task with an EF or IF (using a repeated measures design) in contrast to the first study investigating the underlying mechanism of adopting different attentional foci by means of fMRI43. Surround inhibition and hand motor controlSo far, the relationship between motor behaviour and SI is a key but unanswered part in understanding the role of SI in hand motor control and performance. As SI is more prominent with low-force levels and disappears at intensities higher than 40% of MVC, it seems that SI is predominantly involved in the generation of skilled and fine motor tasks8. Additionally, previous research showed that FHD patients demonstrate unusual co-contractions, which are thought to be associated with a reduced SI during movement initiation of the index finger4. Thus, it is argued that an enhanced SI improves the contrast on the motor cortical level and thereby facilitates dynamic manual tasks3. In addition, motor training was shown to not only improve motor performance but also to strengthen SI11,12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses motor control and the effects of attentional focus on muscle activation rather than addressing the intelligence of animals or any capabilities of neuroethologists in determining it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut microbiome analysis is increasingly used to create personalized diet plans based on how a person processes nutrients. [SEP] Text: Treatment with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in CD offers a nutritional therapy paradigm that could potentially be replicated by less restrictive dietary therapies, thereby improving compliance and tolerability. The current thesis initially aimed to explore perceptions and beliefs around the use of EEN and alternative novel, solid food-based diets expressed by adult and paediatric patients with CD, previously treated with EEN and their carers. Following that, a personalised food-based diet (CD-TREAT) was designed to replicate EEN composition. Its effect on gut microbiome, gut inflammation and clinical efficacy was assessed using a combination of randomised controlled trial (RCT) in healthy volunteers, animal models, and a pilot trial in children with active CD. Methods: An anonymous questionnaire surveyed adult patients and families of paediatric patients with CD, previously treated with EEN over 1 year. This questionnaire explored participants’ demographic characteristics; acceptability of a repeat EEN course to treat a future flare (EEN repeat); their opinion on how difficult EEN would be compared to an example solid food-based diet; and their intention to participate in a future clinical trial assessing the therapeutic efficacy of a solid food-based diet in CD. Twenty-five healthy adults were randomly assigned to groups that received EEN or CD-TREAT for 7 days, followed by a 14-day washout, and then the diet they had not already received. The CD-TREAT diet was individualised for each participant by research dieticians; it excludes specific dietary components (such as gluten, lactose, alcohol) and matches the EEN in others (macronutrients, vitamins, minerals and fibre) using ordinary food. information on gastrointestinal symptoms and acceptability of the diet were collected. Additionally, faecal samples were collected before and after each experimental diet and changes to gut microbiome and metabolites were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing and gas and liquid chromatography. Healthy HLA-B7 and HLA-B27 transgenic rats with gut inflammation received EEN, CD-TREAT, or standard chow for 4 weeks. CD-TREAT is a personalised diet which was designed to replicate EEN composition. Gut microbiome composition and metabolic activity was analysed in faeces, luminal content and gut tissue. Gut inflammation was assessed by histopathology and tissue cytokine expression, assessed by levels of mRNAs encoding 5 cytokines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the creation of a personalized diet (CD-TREAT) designed to replicate the composition of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN). This personalized diet was individualized for each participant and tailored to their specific dietary needs while considering factors related to gut microbiome composition and metabolic activity. Furthermore, the use of gut microbiome analysis methods like 16S rRNA sequencing supports the notion that analysis of the gut microbiome is integral to developing personalized diet plans.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insect farming produces protein with a lower environmental impact than livestock farming. [SEP] Text: Globally, the livestock sector is the second-largest pollution-producing sector after the electricity industry [6]. Animals are responsible for emissions of gasses such as ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). These gasses are the cause of global warming and acid rains [7]. The health of animals can be described as normal physiological functioning of all the systems of the body of animals to achieve the highest production or the lack of disease. Whenever an animal gets ill, economic issue arises. Livestock diseases result in loss of production, treatment cost, prevention cost, and a barrier to trade [8]. In developed countries, any livestock disease outbreak would affect the economy of the farm and country. On the other hand, in developing countries in case of any livestock disease outbreak, additional factors like food scarcity, loss of draught power, and social security are also emphasized [9]. Public health is also an issue related to livestock disease as many of these diseases are zoonotic. Transmission of these diseases takes place either by direct contact (tuberculosis, brucellosis) or via vectors (Lyme disease, disease, fever) [10]. Spread of antimicrobial resistance because of the misuse and abuse of antibiotics in the livestock sector is also an iceberg that we are facing today [11]. Advertisement 2. Animal production systemsAnimals are reared under different types of production systems throughout the world. Animal production systems are mostly categorized on the basis of capital investment and outputs. The first and most primitive animal production system is an exploitation production system, which is categorized by no capital investment and minimal human labor. Animals depend upon environmental resources and outputs are highly variable [12]. Animal production system is an extensive production system. This production system is categorized by minimal inputs and outputs. The survival of animals is important as compared to peak productivity. This system is a not market-oriented system. Subsistence farming and ranching are two examples of the extensive production system. In subsistence farming, animals are kept to fulfill the need of the family of a farmer [13]. Sometimes extra products are sold. Ranching includes large herds of animals grazing here and there. Treatment or vaccinations are performed rarely in the extensive production system [14]. The intensive animal production system is featured by high input and high output. Animals are kept in a favorable environment and all the nutrition requirements are met. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the environmental impact of livestock farming, stating it is the second-largest pollution-producing sector globally and highlighting the significant emissions of greenhouse gases associated with livestock. This information suggests that livestock farming has a higher environmental impact compared to alternatives like edible insect farming, which the claim advocates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: The observations of the current study may suggest that the increased efficiency usually associated with an EF on a behavioral level29,44,45 may in fact be due to differential neural activation of motor areas such as M1: as shown in experiment 2, the increased SI seems to focus the motor command to the prime mover, avoiding – as shown in experiment 1 – unnecessary contractions of muscles that are not directly involved. The finding of a correlation between the decrease in bEMG and increase in SI in the APB further strengthens this notion. The current results in the adjacent APB also complement our previous study concentrating on the prime mover FDI. In this previous study, increased levels of SICI and sub-TMS induced EMG suppression with an EF were shown for the agonist FDI19. Thus, adopting an EF seems to influence motor cortical inhibitory control for both, the prime mover as well as the surrounding muscles that are not directly involved in the motor task. It was formerly suggested that SICI might contribute to the inhibitory network shaping SI4,22,23. Indeed, previous research revealed a reduction of short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) in dystonic patients2,9,46 accompanied by an impaired SI in the premotor and phasic phase of the movement4. Thus, it seems that these inhibitory processes are both closely interrelated and influence the quality of motor execution in general4. Nonetheless, at this point, the link between SI and SICI remains unclear and further research is needed. Limitations of the current studyAlthough the present study demonstrates an instant modulation of motor cortical SI when changing the focus of attention, it cannot clarify whether SI is created in M1 or if it is derived from input coming from other brain areas such as the basal ganglia3 and/or cerebellum47. For example, in patients with impaired SI, the basal ganglia circuits have been assumed to display imbalanced activity between direct – responsible for sculpting the desired movement –, and indirect pathways – responsible for inhibiting unwanted movements3. In addition, FHD patients show an hyper-activation of cerebellum in fMRI during voluntary movement, which might be related to the disrupted SI47. Therefore, the finding of the present study cannot render more precisely these underlying mechanisms but shed more light on the interrelation between behavioural changes and modulation in SI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroethologists determining intelligence. Instead, it discusses findings related to motor cortical modulation and the influence of attention on motor execution, with no mention of intelligence assessments. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut microbiome analysis is increasingly used to create personalized diet plans based on how a person processes nutrients. [SEP] Text: Increased relative abundances of β-glucanases, cellulases, xylanases, and cellobiases and associated downstream catabolic pathways all point to dramatic shifts in response to the compositional changes of diet, rather than exposure to new microbes from food (Fig. 4, Additional file 2: Figure S2). Of note, while the weaning feed contained antibiotics (tiamulin and chlortetracycline), the taxonomic composition of animals in this study resembled that of animals at similar ages in other studies with and without antibiotics [12, 13, 30], which indicates broad similarities in taxonomic and functional [31] composition, though antibiotic resistance may vary, in the microbiome of animals across different sites and production scenarios. ConclusionsRecent work has cast an important light on how the gut microbiome responds to changes in diet, using mouse models and human feeding trials [5, 32]. Here, we use a simple and highly relevant diet (milk) and a relevant and highly tractable animal model that resembles human digestion (pigs), whose diet composition is changed abruptly (from milk to near-adult feed) as a matter of course in rearing. The advantages in this model over other studies are evident in our level of detail at dissecting catabolic pathways using known dietary glycan structural data as a starting point. Our observations are in agreement with previous work in both pigs [12, 13] and human dietary studies investigating differences in animal and plant-based diets [33]. We also show the impact of abrupt and distinct changes in diet on the distal gut microbiome of pigs, at both a taxonomic and metagenomic level. Given that substrate availability was found to shape both taxonomic structure and enzymatic functional capacities, it is interesting to consider whether biogeographical variations in the gut microbiome and local variations in substrate availability may also be associated with similar taxonomic and functional differences. Future work may shed light in this respect on the role of the microbiome in digestion and whether specific pig milk oligosaccharides (PMOs) shape populations of microbes in pigs as HMOs shape the gut of human infants. MethodsAnimal experimentsAll experiments involving animals were reviewed and approved by the University of Care and prior to beginning of the experiment (approval #17776). Throughout the study, all animals were housed in a controlled-access specific pathogen free facility at the University of California Davis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that gut microbiome analysis is critical in understanding how the microbiome responds to dietary changes, thereby providing insights that can be utilized to personalize diet plans. It discusses how shifts in diet impact taxonomic composition and enzymatic capacities in the gut microbiome of pigs and implies that similar studies in humans may lead to personalized dietary strategies based on individual microbiome responses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The FAO promotes insect farming as a sustainable solution for global food security. [SEP] Text: 121 121 Action Aid, Caritas Spain, Engineering without Borders – and Prosalus (2010) ‘Towards a new governance in food security’ (2010) 54, available at < accessed 2 July 2012. 122 122 Committee on Security, ‘Committee on Security. Thirty-Fourth Session. Proposals to Strengthen the Committee on Security (CFS) to Challenges’ (2008), available at <ftp://ftp. fao. org/docrep/fao/meeting/014/k3029e. pdf> accessed 14 October 2013. Committee on Security, ‘Concept note and terms of reference for the to assist with renewal of the Committee on Security (CFS)’ (2009), available at < accessed 2 July 2012. 123 123 for is an international network of NGOs and local communities involved in family agriculture. 124 124 Alliance against Hunger was called into life in 2003 by the Food and (FAO), Programme (WFP), for (IFAD) and on Research (CGIAR) to create a global network of CSOs and agriculture institutions in the fight against hunger and poverty. 125 125 FAO, ‘’ (2012), available at < accessed 3 July 2012. 126 126 FAO, ‘Reform of the Committee on Security. Final Version, 14, 15 and 17 October’ (2009) 2, available at < accessed 2 July 2012. 127 127 Ibid, 2–3. 128 128 FAO, on the of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of Security (FAO, Rome, 2012) 1. 129 129 Ibid, iv. 130 130 McKeon, N, ‘“One does not sell the land upon which the people walk”: and Global Governance’ (2013) 10(1) Globalizations 110. CrossRef2013. 132 132 CFS, ‘Principles for in Agriculture and Food Systems’, Forty-First Session, 13–18 October 2014, available at < accessed 15 December 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not specifically mention insect farming or the FAO's promotion of it as a sustainable solution for global food security. The text references various documents and committees related to food security but does not provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Conclusion and functional considerationsThe current study provides new evidence that SI can be instantly modulated according to attentional foci in healthy individuals. Importantly, the increase in SI is associated with better motor performance. Therefore, the instant modulation of SI induced by verbal instructions leaves open the possibility of influencing SI in a therapeutic setting, when abnormal SI is thought to impair motor function in neurological conditions such as FHD3. 1. Progress in brain research 136, 373–388 (2002). 10. 1007/s00221-004-1909-y (2004). 10. 1007/s00221-011-2610-6 (2011). 10. 1523/jneurosci. 3564-08. 2008 (2008). 10. 1152/japplphysiol. 91580. 2008 (2009). 10. 1016/j. clinph. 2009. 09. 010 (2010). 10. 1002/ana. 20270 (2004). 10. 1016/j. clinph. 2007. 06. 058 (2007). 10. 1097/WNR. 0b013e3283556522 (2012). 10. 1007/s00221-012-3207-4 (2012). 10. 1016/j. clinph. 2013. 01. 028 (2013). 10. 1007/s00221-012-3102-z (2012). 10. 1016/j. clinph. 2016. 03. 026 (2016). 10. 1016/bs. pbr. 2014. 11. 022 (2015). 10. 1523/jneurosci. 4094-12. 2013 (2013). 10. 1016/j. neurobiolaging. 2011. 12. 019 (2012). 10. 1111/apha. 12807 (2016). 10. 1002/mds. 870100505 (1995). 10. 1093/cercor/bhh017 (2004). 10. 1016/j. clinph. 2015. 02. 001 (2015). 10. 1080/1750984X. 2012. 723728 (2012). 10. 1080/00222895. 2011. 555436 (2011). 10. 1007/s00421-016-3346-6 (2016). 10. 1038/267717a0 (1977). 10. 1002/mus. 20290 (2005). 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not discuss neuroethologists or the assessment of animal intelligence. Instead, it focuses on the modulation of sensory information (SI) in healthy individuals and its implications for motor performance in various conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut microbiome analysis is increasingly used to create personalized diet plans based on how a person processes nutrients. [SEP] Text: youtube Symbiosis | | | Journals | Guidelines | Membership | Blog | & as as & Issues 4066. 594720 6Department of 7Department of 94535 *Corresponding author: Walters, Department of and Immunology, University of CA Davis, 560595616, USA, Ph: 530-754-7242; Fax: 530-754-7240, E-mail: @ Received: February 24, 2014; Accepted: June 24, 2014; Published: June 27, 2014 Citation: (2014) Analysis of in Patients with Crohn’s Disease. 2(3): 1-13. DOI: Objective: The human intestine harbors trillions of commensal microbes that live in homeostasis with the host immune system. Changes in the composition and complexity of gut microbial communities are seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), indicating disruption in host-microbe interactions. Multiple factors including diet and inflammatory conditions alter the microbial complexity. The goal of this study was to develop an optimized methodology for fecal sample processing and to detect changes in the gut microbiota of patients with Crohn’s disease receiving specialized diets. Design: Fecal samples were obtained from patients with Crohn’s disease in a pilot diet crossover trial comparing the effects of a specific carbohydrate diet (SCD) versus a low residue diet (LRD) on the composition and complexity of the gut microbiota and resolution of IBD symptoms. The gut microbiota composition was assessed using a high-density DNA microarray PhyloChip. Results: DNA extraction from fecal samples using a column based method provided consistent results. The complexity of the gut microbiome was lower in IBD patients compared to healthy controls. An increased abundance of Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) was observed in fecal samples from IBD positive patients. The temporal response of gut microbiome to the SCD resulted in an increased microbial diversity while the LRD diet was associated with reduced diversity of the microbial communities. Conclusion: Changes in the composition and complexity of the gut microbiome were identified in response to specialized carbohydrate diet. The SCD was associated with restructuring of the gut microbial communities. Keywords: IBD; Crohn’s Disease; Fecal microbiome; Diet Modification; PhyloWhat is already known about this subject? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study focused on analyzing gut microbiota changes in Crohn's disease patients in response to specific diets. It highlights that the study aimed to assess the impact of a specialized carbohydrate diet (SCD) versus a low residue diet (LRD) on gut microbial composition and complexity, which aligns with the notion of using gut microbiome analysis to inform personalized diet plans based on individual nutrient processing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects are rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals, making them a nutritious food source. [SEP] Text: Ocena stanu zaopatrzenia w witaminę D w populacji osób dorosłych w Polsce [Assessment of the supply of vitamin D in the adult population in Poland]. Stand Med. Pediatr. 2014;11:609-617. 38. Walicka M, Jasik A, Paczyńska M, Wąsowski M, Tałataj M, Marcinowska-Suchowierska E. Niedobór witaminy D - problem społeczny [deficiency - a social problem]. Med. 2019;32(1):14-22. 39. Association between vitamin D supplementation and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019 Aug;366. 40. Lisowska K, Bryl E. Rola witaminy D w rozwoju chorób autoimmunologicznych [The role of vitamin D in the development of autoimmune diseases]. Med Dosw. 2017;71(1):797-810. 41. Kemnic TR, Coleman M. Deficiency. In: Abai B, Abu-Ghosh A. , editors. StatPearls [Internet]. (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019. Available from: 42. Szeleszczuk Ł, Kuras M. Znaczenie wapnia w metabolizmie człowieka i czynniki wpływające na jego biodostępność w diecie [The importance of calcium in human metabolism and factors affecting his biodability in diet]. Farm. 2014;3:16-22. 43. Suliburska J, Król W, Staniek H, Wójciak R, Reguła J, Marcinek K, Krejpcio Z. Ocena stanu odżywienia wapniem, magnezem, żelazem, cynkiem i miedzią kobiet w wieku 18-70 lat na podstawie analizy włosów [Assessment of nutritional status of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper for women aged 18-70 based on hairanalysis]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and assessments related to vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and copper in different populations rather than addressing the nutritional value of insects. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: 58(3) Off to the right start: how pregnancy and early life can determine future animal health and production K. L. B D C. T. B K. L. C and P. I. + - of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. B School, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. C School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia. D Corresponding author. Email: kathy. gatford@adelaide. edu. au Science 58(3) 459-475 Submitted: 10 January 2017 Accepted: 23 August 2017 Published: 5 January 2018 Access 322. | Studies on the placenta of the sheep (Ovis aries L. ). Effect of surgical reduction in the number of caruncles. Crossref | GoogleScholar1093. | Development of muscle fibres in the fetal pig. Crossref | GoogleScholar914. | Pre-natal social stress and post-natal pain affect the developing pig reproductive axis. Crossref | GoogleScholar1081. | Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. Crossref | GoogleScholar580. | Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar836. | Effect of early gestation feeding, birth weight, and gender of progeny on muscle fiber characteristics of pigs at slaughter. Crossref | GoogleScholar929. | In utero effects on livestock muscle development and body composition. Crossref | GoogleScholar197. | The effect of birth weight on the estimated milk intake, growth and body composition of sow-reared piglets. Crossref | GoogleScholar520. Chavatte-(2016) Breeding animals for quality products: not only genetics. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, 94–111. | Breeding animals for quality products: not only genetics. Crossref | GoogleScholar504. | Comparative effects of a prenatal stress occurring during early or late gestation on pig immune response. Crossref | GoogleScholar258. | Ovarian development in intrauterine growth-retarded and normally developed piglets originating from the same litter. Crossref | GoogleScholar1576. | Effect of maternal dietary restriction during pregnancy on lamb carcass characteristics and muscle fiber composition. Crossref | GoogleScholar618. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim about neuroethologists determining animal intelligence. Instead, it discusses various studies and topics associated with animal health, growth, and development, which are not relevant to the claim in question.