Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: For instance, Switzerland raised its geothermal power Feed-in Tariff (FiT) from USD 0. 48 to USD 0. 54 per kWh [44]. Nevertheless, the main barriers for the development of geothermal industry include high resource and exploration risk, overall high development cost particularly drilling, economic risk associated with long project lead-times and inadequate financing and grant support, as well as lack of clear policy and regulatory frameworks. Indonesia, for example, did not meet its 2018 targets for investment acceleration in geothermal due largely to drilling delays by developers. The economic recession stemming from COVID-19 crisis has enormously affected the technology progress even for the pioneered geothermal energy users such as Italy, the that have not witnessed significant growth in recent years [44]. The global crisis has caused deferrals of strategic decisions such as financing and disruptions to the global supply chain for materials and machinery. On the other hand, it is reported that the availability of better data about geothermal resources facilitates attracting new investors and developing new projects [49]. The per MW cost of geothermal power unit hits USD 7 million [44]. Global range of electricity cost and its weighted average of various technologies are tabulated in Table 5. As can be seen, renewable technologies are competing with fossil fuels, while geothermal projects are not far behind (at USD 72/MWh). Because of its adequacy for relatively low-temperature resources and applicability for both power and heat, among the key players of geothermal binary technology are Exergy (Italy), (United States), and Turboden (Italy, a subsidiary of Industries of Japan) [44]. TechnologyCOE5th and 95th Percentiles (USD/kWh)Global Weighted-AverageCOE(USD/kWh)Change in COE2017–2018Geothermal0. 060–0. 1430. 072−1%Hydropower0. 030–0. 1360. 047−11%Onshore wind0. 044–0. 1000. 056−13%Offshore wind0. 102–0. 1980. 127−1%Solar Photovoltaic0. 058–0. 2190. 085−13%Power0. 109–0. 2720. 185−26%Bioelectricity0. 048–0. 2430. 062−14%Fossil fuels0. 049–0. 1740. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing context about geothermal energy and its economic dynamics. It discusses the challenges and developments within the geothermal sector, emphasizing that it involves utilizing resources from below the Earth's surface. Although the text focuses mainly on various economic aspects and challenges faced by the geothermal industry, the essence of geothermal energy as a technological resource for power generation is implied and discussed.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: To make sure the ONT and Illumina sequencing results were comparable, the same DNA was used for both platforms. The 10 ONT samples were sequenced on five Nanopore MinION flowcells and, after trimming away reads less than 1000 bp, yielded between 4. 1 and 15. 3 Gbp of data available for metagenome assembly (S2). After dereplication, 43 high-quality (HQ) and 128 medium-quality (MQ) genomes (MAGs) were obtained. A number of the MAGs even assembled in single contigs, representing complete genomes. The dereplicated MAG dataset captured 26. 5 to 84. 7% of the ONT data and 17. 6 to 84. 4% of the Illumina data. Taken together, a high amount of data in the individual MAGs was captured - with most data contained in HQ MAGs. Big broilers had the highest microbial diversity and displayed microbiome uniformityThe alpha diversity (diversity within each sample) as measured by the was significantly higher in the Big birds compared to the Small birds (p = 0. 017; Fig. 2a). Beta diversity (diversity between samples) as assessed by (RDA) constrained to the classification of Big versus Small chickens revealed a strong separation between the two groups (Fig. 2b). Assessment of beta diversity by Analysis (PCoA) applying the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity demonstrated a partial separation between the groups (Fig. 2c). For the RDA as well as the PCoA plot, the microbiomes of the Big birds displayed less bird-to-bird variation compared to the Small birds, i. e. the microbiomes were more uniform in the Big birds. Testing by pair-wise comparisons of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarities within the same size group confirmed a significantly smaller variation between samples from the Big chickens (p < 0. 001; Fig. 2d). Fig. 2a Alpha diversity (Shannon Index) of ceca of Small and Big broilers. Big birds had significantly higher diversity (p = 0. 017; Wilcoxon rank sum test). b Beta diversity (RDA ordination) plot of cecal samples constrained to the variable “Small/Big”. An almost complete separation between the groups is observed. Less interindividual variation occur between the big birds compared to the small birds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that there are significant differences in microbiome composition between different groups of birds, specifically highlighting the results that indicate greater microbial diversity in 'Big' birds compared to 'Small' birds. It states that 'the microbiomes of the Big birds displayed less bird-to-bird variation compared to the Small birds,' suggesting that individual microbiomes are not identical but rather vary between individuals and groups.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: L1996DAMB, a novel dopamine receptor expressed specifically in Drosophila mushroom bodiesNeuron 16:1127–1135 M. G. et al. 2002A Drosophila dopamine 2-like receptor: Molecular characterization and identification of multiple alternatively spliced variants99:14554–14559 D. P. et al. 2005Rapid, nongenomic responses to ecdysteroids and catecholamines mediated by a novel Drosophila G-protein-coupled receptorJ Neurosci 25:6145–6155 Y. C. Lee H. G. Seong C. S. Han K. A2003Expression of a D1 dopamine receptor dDA1/DmDOP1 in the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogasterPatterns 3:237–245 M. Pauls D. Han K. A. Stocker R. F. Thum A. S2009The role of dopamine in Drosophila larval classical olfactory conditioningPLoS One 4 Y. C. Lee H. G. Han K. A2007D1 dopamine receptor dDA1 is required in the mushroom body neurons for aversive and appetitive learning in DrosophilaJ Neurosci 27:7640–7647 S. Schwarzel M2016of a Type 2 Supports Anesthesia-Resistant MemoryJ Neurosci 36:7936–7945 M. et al. 2019Suppression of GABAergic neurons through D2-like receptor secures efficient conditioning in Drosophila aversive olfactory learning116:5118–5125 I. Kurshan P. T. McBride E. Jackson F. R. Kopin A. S2007Locomotor activity is regulated by D2-like receptors in Drosophila: an anatomic and functional analysis67:378–393 K. et al. 2017The complete connectome of a learning and memory centre in an insect brainNature 548:175–182 N. K. Tanimoto H. Ito K2008Neuronal assemblies of the Drosophila mushroom bodyJ 508:711–755 T. Kraft K. F. Technau G. M. Urbach R2012Origin of Drosophila mushroom body neuroblasts and generation of divergent embryonic lineagesDevelopment 139:2510–2522 M. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. Instead, it describes various studies and findings related to dopamine receptors and their roles in Drosophila, without addressing the quantum aspects mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Although CO2 production of the geothermal power plants is much lower than fossil fuel generation units, they still emit averagely 400 g CO2/kWh and may be higher depending upon the chemical composition of the reservoir and the conversion technology [54]. Treatment of NCGs has been a hot topic in the industry world and research community. After segregation of the NCGs, geothermal fluids are reinjected into the reservoir. This is a demonstrated design in geothermal power plants. ORC geothermal power plant rated at 24 MW and located in Aydın province, Turkey re-injects about 70% of the heat drawn fluid, after being condensed at 70°C, into re-injection well whereas the remaining 30% is emitted to atmosphere as NCGs [55]. However, an emerging technology based on reinjection of NCGs is still under development intending to minimize the environmental footprint, handling the emissions of H2S and CO2 [53]. It is confirmed that complete reinjection of NCGs using binary ORC geothermal power plant assures the sustainability of geothermal resource [56]; in this regard, some advancements have been achieved in Iceland geothermal plants [57]. More funds are dedicated for eliminating the environmental effect of geothermal industry. Commission, for example, awarded the Control (GECO) project, USD 18. 3 million to advance research on reinjection of harmful gases such as CO2 and H2S from open-loop geothermal plants [44]. Feasibility of hydrogen production by means of geothermal resource has been also explored. In [58] the authors conducted a thermo-economic cost assessment of electrolysis based hydrogen production powered via a binary geothermal unit. The analysis argues that for a geothermal heat of 160°C and a flow rate of 100 kg/s, hydrogen can be obtained at a level of 0. 253 g per kilogram of geothermal water. It was also found that unit exergetic costs of electricity and hydrogen are 0. 0234 $/kWh 2. 366 $/kg H2, respectively. Koroneos et al. , [59] demonstrated the technical feasibility (based on efficiencies and exergy indicators) of installing a 2. 1 MW binary geothermal power plant at in Nisyros Island, Greece. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of geothermal power plants, including the reinjection of geothermal fluids and the extraction of heat from the Earth's subsurface for energy production. It details the technological processes and sustainability measures involved in geothermal energy generation, indicating that heat from beneath the Earth is indeed harnessed for power generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: The relative contribution (eigenvalue) of each axis to the total inertia in the data as well as to the constrained space only, respectively, are indicated in percent at the axis titles. c Beta diversity (PCoA) plot based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix. The relative contribution (eigenvalue) of each axis to the total inertia in the data is indicated in percent at the axis titles. d Bray-Curtis dissimilarity in Small and Big chickens. The interindividual variation was tested using by pair-wise comparisons of within-group Bray-Curtis dissimilarities. The values can be between 0 and 1, with 0 meaning identical communities and 1 meaning there is no overlap in the communities. Significance was tested using non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test. RDA = Redundancy Analysis. PCoA = Analysis. Solid lines indicate mean with SDFull size imageTaxa across all taxonomic ranks were differentially abundant between small and big broilersDifferences between the Big and Small chickens were investigated using a descending taxonomic rank approach, starting from phylum rank for a high level overview, then family, genus and ultimately the MAG level, which is comparable to species level or in some cases even strain level. Testing of the differentially abundant taxa was done by calculating the fold change of log2-transformed relative abundances of Big chickens relative to Small chickens. Six phyla were represented across all samples: Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota (also known as Bacteroidetes), Verrucomicrobiota, Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria. Firmicutes was the dominating phylum both in Big birds (66 ± 13% SD) and Small birds (58 ± 15% SD; S5). Among all phyla, Verrucomicrobiota (p = 0. 004) and Proteobacteria (p = 0. 03) were more abundant in Small birds (not shown), while no phylum was more abundant in the Big birds. The Firmicutes:Bacteroidota (F/B) ratios were not different between Big and Small (Fig. 3a). Four families were more abundant in Big birds: Lachnospiraceae (p = 0. 046), Acutalibacteraceae (p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are significant differences in microbiome composition between different groups, specifically between 'Big' and 'Small' chickens. The mention of differential abundances of taxa and variations based on pair-wise comparisons suggests that microbiome compositions are not identical across individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 2002Embryonic and larval development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies: concentric layer subdivisions and the role of fasciclin IIDevelopment 129:409–419 A. et al. 2016in Larval Drosophila26:661–669 F. et al. 2003Targeted gene expression in Drosophila dopaminergic cells using regulatory sequences from tyrosine hydroxylaseJ Neurobiol 54:618–627 G. U. Cervantes-Sandoval I. Davis R. L2010Olfactory learning in DrosophilaPhysiology (Bethesda 25:338–346 S2013Reinforcement signalling in Drosophila; dopamine does it all after allNeurobiol 23:324–329 Y. Rubin G. M2016Dopaminergic neurons write and update memories with cell-type-specific rulesElife 5 M. et al. 2003Dopamine and octopamine differentiate between aversive and appetitive olfactory memories in DrosophilaJ Neurosci 23:10495–10502 Y. et al. 2012Three dopamine pathways induce aversive odor memories with different stabilityPLoS Genet 8 P. Worden K. Aso Y. Rubin G. M. Keene A. C2015A dopamine-modulated neural circuit regulating aversive taste memory in Drosophila25:1535–1541 C. et al. 2012A subset of dopamine neurons signals reward for odour memory in DrosophilaNature 488:512–516 C. J. et al. 2012Layered reward signalling through octopamine and dopamine in DrosophilaNature 492:433–437 N. et al. 2015Distinct dopamine neurons mediate reward signals for short- and long-term memories112:578–583 T. et al. 2018A for in Drosophila23:652–665 Y. et al. 2010Specific dopaminergic neurons for the formation of labile aversive memory20:1445–1451 C. Lee D2014Pre- and of Dopamine D2 Receptor DD2R in Associative LearningBiology (Basel 3:831–845 K. Hwang R. Y. Tracey W. D. 2012Optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits and behavior in Drosophila larvae7:1470–1478 E. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily lists various studies related to Drosophila and dopamine receptors without addressing or referencing olfactory receptors or any potential quantum effects associated with them. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: The proposed facility could reach up to 10 MW of total installed capacity in the future and capable of supplying a substantial amount of electricity thereby reducing the reliance of the island to the diesel power generation thus the gain from an environmental point of view is guaranteed. Energy savings from utilizing geothermal energy amounts to 81 million tonnes (596 million barrels) of equivalent oil yearly. This eventually prevented 78. 1 million tonnes of carbon and 252. 6 million tonnes of CO2 from being released to the atmosphere [4]. Geothermal technology based freshwater production is one of the most economic renewable and clean production alternative [60]. Hybrid geothermal-fossil fuel power system, for low-enthalpy geothermal resources, is a practical alternative to reduce the extensive use of fossil fuels and associated emissions. The research study in [61] analyzed a 500 MW combined geothermal-coal power plant with a 210°C geothermal temperature and 400 kg/s brine flow rate. The study claimed that up to 0. 3 million tonnes of coal can be saved per year in addition to annual reductions of up to 0. 72 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions. Economically, a drop of 33–87% in energy cost is reachable in comparison to a sole geothermal power unit. A study conducted by [51] revealed that the hybridization of binary ORC with CSP system decreases the levelized energy cost by 2% and when the ORC geothermal configuration is optimized an 8% drop in the levelized energy cost is achieved. In [55], an exergoenvironmental analysis is performed from the perspective of environmental impact. The study came to a conclusion that 98% of total environmental impact for the geothermal power system is caused by exergy destruction of the equipment involved; and as a treatment, exergetic efficiency for equipment should be improved rather than construction, operation/maintenance and disposal changes of facility equipment. The study advices obtaining a higher capacity plant by having a better condenser performance and enhancing the efficiency of the vaporizers and the pumps. Advertisement 5. ConclusionThe population’s growth and economic development in many countries require an increase in demand for electrical energy. On the other hand, meeting the need for electric energy society in the future should consider the limitations of non-renewable resources while providing energy sustainability and significantly reducing the negative impact on the environment. In this case, the role of renewable energy resources should thus be a priority. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of geothermal energy for electricity generation, mentioning a proposed facility aiming for an installed capacity of up to 10 MW. It highlights that geothermal energy significantly reduces reliance on fossil fuels and provides environmental benefits, including the prevention of carbon and CO2 emissions. Additionally, it includes various studies that support the effectiveness and economic advantages of geothermal technology in energy production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 038), an unknown Clostridia family classified as CAG-727 (p = 0. 003) and a family classified as CAG-74 (p = 0. 006) from the Christensenellales order (Fig. 3b). Two families were significantly more abundant in Small birds: Akkermansiaceae (phylum Verrucomicrobiota; p = 0. 006) and Enterobacteriaceae (phylum Proteobacteria; p = 0. 038; Fig. 3b). Eleven genera were more abundant in Big birds, for instance Faecalibacterium (p = 0. 003), Eisenbergiella (p = 0. 048), Flavonifractor (p = 0. 012) and Ruminococcus (p < 0. 001; Fig. 4). As was also reflected on the phylum and family level, two genera were more abundant in the Small birds, Akkermansia (p = 0. 008) and Escherichia (p = 0. 038; Fig. 4). Fig. 3a Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio of Big and Small broiler chickens (p > 0. 05; t-test on log2-transformed data). b Differentially abundant families between Small and Big chickens. Differences were tested by calculating the fold change of log2-transformed relative abundances of Big relative to Small. Solid lines indicate mean with SDFull size imageFig. 4Significantly different genera between Big and Small broiler chickens1. Differences were tested by calculating the fold change of log2-transformed relative abundances of Big relative to Small. Solid lines indicate mean with SD. 1 not all genera are referred to in the textFull size imageFive MAGs were significantly more abundant in Small birds, while 31 MAGs had a higher abundance in Big birds (Table 2). MAGs enriched in Small birds were one Gemmiger MAG (p = 0. 006), one Blautia MAG (p = 0. 012), one Ruthenibacterium MAG (p = 0. 05), Akkermansia muciniphila (p = 0. 006) and Escherichia coli (p = 0. 036). The two latter MAGs were driving the differences as described for the Small birds on the phylum, family and genus levels (Fig. 3+ 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about significant differences in microbiome composition between Small and Big birds. For instance, specific families such as Akkermansiaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were found to be more abundant in Small birds, while other genera like Faecalibacterium and Eisenbergiella were more prevalent in Big birds. This evidence indicates that microbiome compositions vary considerably between different groups, thereby contradicting the assertion that everyone's microbiome is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Zhang F. Bamberg E. Nagel G. Deisseroth K2005Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity8:1263–1268 P. Felsenberg J. Waddell S2018Do the right thing: neural network mechanisms of memory formation, expression and update in DrosophilaNeurobiol 49:51–58 D. Waddell S2015Olfactory learning skews mushroom body output pathways to steer behavioral choice in DrosophilaNeurobiol 35:178–184 R. L2005Olfactory memory formation in Drosophila: from molecular to systems neuroscienceNeurosci 28:275–302 Y. et al. 2014The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learningElife 3 G. S. Marin E. C. Watts R. J. Luo L2002Development of neuronal connectivity in Drosophila antennal lobes and mushroom bodiesNeurobiol 12:80–86 M. Borst A. Wagner S. Byers D1985Drosophila mushroom body mutants are deficient in olfactory learningJ Neurogenet 2:1–30 Belle J. S. Heisenberg M1994Associative odor learning in Drosophila abolished by chemical ablation of mushroom bodiesScience 263:692–695 R. L2011Traces of Drosophila memoryNeuron 70:8–19 J. et al. 2011Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory memory retrieval in Drosophila14:903–910 D. et al. 2015Activity of defined mushroom body output neurons underlies learned olfactory behavior in DrosophilaNeuron 86:417–427 T. Fischer M. Schulz R. Heisenberg M2000Localization of a short-term memory in DrosophilaScience 288:672–675 S. M. Davis R. L2009Dynamics of learning-related cAMP signaling and stimulus integration in the Drosophila olfactory pathwayNeuron 64:510–521 L. R. et al. 1992learning and memory gene rutabaga encodes a Ca2+/Calmodulin-responsive adenylyl cyclaseCell 68:479–489 T. Louis T. Jindachomthong K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the potential quantum effects of olfactory receptors. Instead, it lists various studies related to the neural mechanisms and memory formation in Drosophila, which do not provide any direct support or contradiction to the claim. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: The geothermal energy is one of the sustainable and environmentally friendly sources. Also, it is of a high usage factor and reliability. While geothermal dry steam and flash power plants utilize medium to high enthalpy underground source to generate electricity, geothermal binary power systems are suitable for electricity production from low underground heat source; generally, an inlet temperature range between 80 and 170°C. The secondary working fluid in the binary geothermal system operates in a conventional Ranking cycle. The main feature of the working fluid is having a low boiling point. The configurations of the cycle and the type of working fluid should be optimized for the sake of obtaining the best possible thermodynamic performance and efficiency of the geothermal binary facility. The binary Rankine cycle that used an organic working fluid has demonstrated its efficiency and practicality. Among the reported configurations of ORC for binary geothermal power plants include simple ORC, regenerative ORC and ORC-IHE. Besides the standard binary geothermal power system, advanced configurations of geothermal energy conversion systems have been also well investigated. They include hybrid single-flash and double-flash systems, hybrid flash-binary configuration and hybrid fossil geothermal technology. In addition, the development of hybrid power systems integrating geothermal plants with biomass, fuel cells, wind, solar systems, and WTE technologies has been gaining a lot of interest. It is reported that the binary ORC plant, when compared to single-flash and double-flash cycles, attains the highest thermal efficiency and output power. On the other hand, the single-flash/ORC integrated cycle offers the highest energy and exergy efficiencies as compared to double-flash counterpart. The accumulated global installed capacity of geothermal power amounted to 13. 28 GW by the end of 2018 and is forecast to reach 16. 5 GW worldwide by 2022. of America has been standing at the top world rank in terms of geothermal power capacity. On the other hand, Turkey, Kenya, Indonesia and the Philippines would be responsible for most of the technology growth and continue to lead capacity additions beyond 2022. Although most existing geothermal facilities worldwide use flash or dry-steam technologies, binary-cycle technology has been the fastest progressing technology in recent time. of geothermal energy technology is one of the common forms of utilizing the underground heat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various geothermal energy systems that harness heat from underground sources to generate electricity. It explains the processes involved in geothermal power generation, such as the use of dry steam, flash power plants, and binary power systems, which operate on heat extracted from the Earth's interior. Statements like 'the binary Rankine cycle that used an organic working fluid has demonstrated its efficiency and practicality' further illustrate the effective harnessing of subterranean heat for energy production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Of the 31 MAGs with highest abundance in the Big birds, the majority were from the Lachnospiraceae (11 MAGs) and Ruminococcaceae (7 MAGs). The remaining 13 MAGs were distributed to two MAGs from the Christensenellales order, three MAGs from Butyricicoccaceae (two Butyricicoccus and one Agathobaculum), three Acutalibacteraceae MAGs, two Oscillospiraceae and one from Bifidobacteriaceae (Bifidobacterium gallinarum) and two not further classified MAGs from the Clostridia class termed CAG-727 (see p-values in Table 2). Table 2 Significantly different MAGs in Big and Small broilersFull size tableDiscussionIn this study, a hybrid metagenomic sequencing approach demonstrated a likely prominent role of the cecal microbiota in broiler growth and body weight heterogeneity. Alpha diversitybirds had a higher alpha diversity compared to the Small birds from the same pen. Microbial diversity of the gastrointestinal tract is a solid marker of gut health, as mostly demonstrated in humans [18]. In contrast, lower diversity is a marker of dysbiosis and is a consistent finding in patients suffering from inflammatory and immunological conditions [18]. In poultry, high diversity has also been linked to high productivity and gut health [8]. Increased microbial diversity translates to diversity of the microbial gene pool, which ultimately should result in presence of different types of organisms providing beneficial pathways to the host. The high alpha diversity and thus improved microbiome functionality could therefore have contributed to the improved growth of the Big chickens in our study. Microbiome uniformityWe found that the Big birds had more uniform microbiome compositions within the group of birds than the Small birds displaying much more variable microbiomes. Microbiome variability has previously been linked to disease in various ecological systems leading researchers to coin a so-called principle (AKP) for animal microbiomes [19, 20]. The AKP says that “all healthy microbiomes are alike; each dysbiotic microbiome is dysbiotic in its own way”, which is referring to the opening line from Leo Tolstoy’s novel Anna Karenina: “All happy families are alike, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in microbiome compositions among different groups of birds. It states that 'the Big birds had more uniform microbiome compositions within the group' compared to 'the Small birds displaying much more variable microbiomes.' This indicates that microbiome compositions are not identical across individuals, directly rebutting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 14 figures and 1 additional file Figures Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Mouse H2BE is detected exclusively in chemosensory neurons. (A) Analysis of H2be mRNA in the MOE of an 8-week old mouse, showing expression limited to sensory neurons. Boxed region is magnified (right). (B) Analysis of H2be mRNA in the VNO of an 8-week old mouse, showing expression limited to sensory neurons, especially in the apical zone. (C) Analysis of H2be mRNA in a sagittal section of an E14. 5 mouse embryo (image from genepaint. org; ID: ES2590). (D) Profile of H2be mRNA levels in 61 mouse tissues (listed, right), showing exclusive expression in MOE and VNO. Data from GNF, now maintained by BioGPS ( (E) Alignment of H2BE and canonical H2B sequences. H2BE variant positions are highlighted in red; H2B PTM sites supported by >5 or ≤5 reports are highlighted in dark and light gray, respectively ( Scale bars for (A), 500 µm; (B), 100 µm; (C), 1000 µm. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Generation of an H2be:Flag-H2be transgenic mouse (referred to as Flag-H2be) reveals that H2BE levels are stereotyped according to OR identity. (A) Flag-H2be transgenic construct, generated through modification of a BAC containing the H2be genomic region by insertion of a FLAG-encoding sequence immediately upstream of the H2be CDS. (B,C) Representative images of FLAG-H2BE in MOE (B) and VNO (C) from 10-week old Flag-H2be transgenic mice. (D) Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of Flag-H2be transgene mRNA levels in whole MOE tissue from three-week old Flag-H2be(+/−) transgenic mice. Signals were normalized to a value of three, corresponding to a primer pair recognizing all three H2be mRNAs (two endogenous and one transgenic). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding quantum effects related to olfactory receptors. Instead, it focuses on the expression patterns of the H2BE gene in sensory neurons and does not provide any evidence or suggestion of quantum functioning in olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: The distribution of geothermal applications, relative to their widespread use, are: heat pumps, bathing and swimming, space heating, greenhouse heating, industrial applications, raceway heating and aquaculture pond, agricultural drying and snow melting and cooling, etc. The main barriers for the development of geothermal industry include high resource and exploration risk, overall high development cost particularly drilling, economic risk associated with long project lead-times and inadequate financing and grant support. In addition, the global crisis COVID-19 has caused deferrals of strategic decisions such as financing and disruptions to the global supply chain for materials and machinery. The economic feasibility of the geothermal power plants depends greatly upon the type of working fluid and cycle configuration. Geothermal power plants have relatively much lower land requirement than other technologies. Methods to alleviate the environmental concerns of geothermal power systems include reinjection for surface water pollution, the use of silencers for noise pollution and air-cooled condensers for water usage. NCGs accompanying the geothermal power generation can be alleviated by reinjecting geothermal fluids into the reservoir. As a future work, an optimized hybridization of geothermal energy with other renewables needs further exploration and demonstration, either for small scale CHP or cascaded applications. As the availability of better data about geothermal resources facilitates the attraction of new investors and developing new projects, more deeper studies and financial support is critical to assess sites of appropriate geothermal potential. This is of significance to make the cost of geothermal electricity more competitive to conventional and other cheaper renewable electricity. Advanced technologies to eliminate the environmental effect of geothermal power plants are also required including complete reinjection of NCGs that needs further research, fund, and practical demonstration. 1. . The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change. In: on Sources, Proceedings, 20-25 January 2008; Luebeck, Germany: 2008. p. 59-802. ; Johnson JR. 1993; Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set, Rev. Geophys. , 30 (3), 10. 1029/93RG012493. Dickson M, Fanelli M, Geothermal energy: utilization and technology. Routledge; 20134. Lund W, Toth AN. Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2020 worldwide review. Geothermics. 2021; 90: 1-39. DOI: 10. 1016/j. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications of geothermal energy, specifically noting that it involves harnessing heat from beneath the Earth's surface. Although it does mention barriers to the development of the geothermal industry and economic feasibility, the overall context supports the concept of geothermal energy as a method of power generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: It means that the more similar (high uniformity) individuals of a population are microbiome-wise, the lower is the risk of dysbiosis and disease within the population [20]. We found a significantly higher microbiome uniformity (lower beta-diversity) between the Big birds in our study despite the shared environment with the Small birds. This supports the hypothesis that healthy microbiomes (which in turn can lead to better growth) are more similar than less healthy or even dysbiotic microbiomes (which in turn can inhibit optimal growth). This suggests that AKP effects can develop within sub-populations of a larger population. The higher microbiome uniformity of the Big birds in our study was not statistically mirrored by a higher BW uniformity, though the BW CV as well as the SD were numerically lower in the Big birds. These data support further investigation regarding the relationship between microbiome uniformity and phenotypic uniformity in sufficiently powered trials in terms of sample size and replicates allowing for measurements of feed intake, daily BW gain and feed conversion ratio calculations. Bacterial taxa related to health and productivityMany taxa from Firmicutes were more abundant in the Big chickens, but the F/B ratio was not different between Big and Small broilers. A high F/B ratio has been associated with improved energy harvest and thus improved productivity in production animals [21,22,23]. Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters such as probiotics and plant extracts can increase the F/B ratio and are shown to correlate positively with BW in broilers [22, 23]. It has, however, been reported that the F/B ratio varies substantially between individuals [24, 25] and the reliability of the F/B ratio as an productivity marker has been questioned [25, 26]. Several SCFA-producing taxa were dominant in the Big chickens compared to Small. Among these were bacteria from Lachnospiraceae. The metabolite profiles of Lachnospiraceae varies between species, but all of them produce SCFAs, expectedly being beneficial to the host [9, 27]. The SCFA butyrate is specifically a critical energy-source for the colonocytes and exerts numerous beneficial effects, including growth promotion, antimicrobial activity, immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory activity; inclusively these attributes can lead to a reduction in pathogens [28]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing microbiome uniformity and its implications in a population. It notes that 'the higher microbiome uniformity of the Big birds in our study was not statistically mirrored by a higher BW uniformity,' highlighting variability in microbiome composition. Additionally, it states that the F/B ratio 'varies substantially between individuals,' directly contradicting the idea that everyone's microbiome composition is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: A primer pair specific for the Flag-tagged transgenic allele produces a normalized signal of approximately 1, indicating similar per-allele expression levels for the transgenic and endogenous H2be alleles. Negative control samples (−RT) were prepared by omitting reverse transcriptase during cDNA synthesis. (E) Colocalization analysis of FLAG-H2BE protein and H2be mRNA in the MOE of a 3-week old Flag-H2be(+/−) transgenic mouse. Observation of occasional basally-located neurons that are H2be-mRNA-positive and FLAG-H2BE-negative is likely due to an expected lag in protein production and accumulation following H2be transcription onset during neuronal development. (F) Colocalization analysis of Olfr867 or Olfr1463 (arrowheads) and FLAG-H2BE, showing representative ORs associated with high or low levels of H2BE, respectively. Mouse age: 10 weeks. (G) Quantification of average H2BE levels in neurons expressing specific ORs (n = from 4 to 36 neurons per OR examined; mean, 18). Gene symbols are from the Mouse Genome Informatics database (MGI; Scale bars for (B, left), 500 µm; (B, right) and (F), 20 µm; (C) and (E), 100 µm. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Generation of an H2be-KO/GAP43-mCherry-KI mouse line (referred to as H2be-KO) reveals that loss of H2be causes defects in olfaction. (A) H2be-KO allele, constructed through replacement of the endogenous H2be CDS with a membrane-targeted mCherry-encoding sequence (Gap43-mCherry). (B,C) Intrinsic GAP43-mCherry fluorescence in the MOE (B) and OB (C) of H2be-KO mice, showing GAP43-mCherry localization to the cell membranes and processes of olfactory neurons. Mouse ages: (B), 6 months; (C), 2 months. Scale bar for (B), 20 µm; (C), 200 µm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses experimental methods and observations related to the expression levels and localization of olfactory receptor proteins in transgenic mice, without addressing the potential quantum effects in the functioning of olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: geothermics. 1019155. Technology roadmap. Geothermal heat and power. Technical report, 2011. Agency. Paris, France6. . Assessment of geothermal resources of the – 1975. U. S. Circular 727, U. S. Office. 1975. 155 p7. : A Volume in the Encyclopedia of Ed. 20188. . Technologies. In: M. A. Abraham (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies. Elsevier. 2017. p. 51-619. DiPippo R. Plants: Principles, Applications, : Fourth Edition. 2016. 762 p10. Almaktar M, Shaaban M. Prospects of renewable energy as a non-rivalry energy alternative in Libya. Renewable and Reviews. 2021;143:110852. DOI: 10. 1016/j. rser. 2021. 11085211. . Understanding the Springs, Alaska, geothermal system using temperature and pressure data from exploration boreholes. Geothermics. 2008; 37(6):565-585. DOI: 10. 1016/j. geothermics. 2008. 09. 00112. Zhao Y, Wang J. Exergoeconomic analysis and optimization of a flash-binary geothermal power system. Appl. Energy. 2016;179:159-170. DOI: 10. 1016/j. apenergy. 2016. 06. 10813. Zarrouk SJ, Moon H. Efficiency of geothermal power plants: A worldwide review. Geothermics. 2014;51:142-153. DOI: 10. 1016/j. geothermics. 2013. 11. 00114. . Lifetime design strategy for binary geothermal plants considering degradation of geothermal resource productivity. Energy Convers. Manag. 2017;132:1-13. DOI: 10. 1016/j. enconman. 2016. 10. 02715. Moya D, Aldás C, Kaparaju P. Geothermal energy: Power plant technology and direct heat applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018; 94:889-901. DOI: 10. 1016/j. rser. 2018. 06. 04716. . CO2 emissions from geothermal power plants: evaluation of technical solutions for CO2 reinjection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily consists of bibliographic references to various studies and reports related to geothermal energy, without providing a clear explanation or connection to the specific claim about geothermal energy harnessing heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. As such, it does not directly corroborate or contrast with the claim and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Of butyrate-producing taxa with higher levels in the Big birds were Eisenbergiella [29], Eubacterium, Faecalicatena [30] and Flavonifractor [31]. Flavinofractor could in addition possess regulatory immunomodulatory properties [32]. Agathobaculum, a more recently isolated taxon with promising effects due to butyrate-production [33] were also enriched in the Big birds. Less is known about the Acutalibacteraceae MAGs which were also more abundant in the Big chickens. It is a novel and relatively undescribed taxon [34] and to our knowledge has not previously been identified in poultry before. MAGs of the Gemmiger genus were also more abundant in the Big chickens, while also one Gemmiger MAG was more abundant in the Small. Gemmiger species are common inhabitants of the avian intestinal tract, where they produce an array of acids including formate and butyrate [35, 36]. Faecalibacterium was more abundant in the Big chickens, which is in alignment with the findings of Lee et al. who also reported an enrichment of this genus in high BW male chickens [11]. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, the only known species within the genus, is a highly effective butyrate-producer [37] and several other reports link these probiotic organisms to high chicken productivity [8]. On the other hand, Ruthenibacterium were more abundant in the Small birds and was recently described as primarily lactate-producers with butyrate as the other major SCFA end product [38]. There was an increased presence of Butyricicoccus in the Big birds. This taxon contains well-known butyrate-producers with strong anti-inflammatory effects in several hosts including broilers [39]. Among other SCFA-producing taxa enriched in the Big chickens were Fusicatenibacter which produce formate and acetate [40]. Counterintuitively, two Blautia MAGs were more abundant in the Small and Big chickens, respectively. Blautia metabolize undigested carbohydrates resulting in the production of acetate [27, 41]. Microbial-derived acetate may be involved in regulating BW and satiety [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information on varying microbiome compositions among different groups of chickens. It describes differences in butyrate-producing taxa such as Eisenbergiella, Eubacterium, and others that are found in greater abundance in Big birds, while mentioning that Ruthenibacterium and other taxa are more abundant in Small birds. This indicates a diversity in microbiome composition, directly opposing the claim that everyone's microbiome is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (D) Performance of approximately 3-month old water-restricted H2be-KO and control littermates in discriminating between hexanol/hexanoic acid (left) or (+)/(−)-carvone (right) odor pairs to obtain water (n = 5 per genotype). *p<0. 05. (E) Effects of H2be loss-of-function on odor-evoked electrical responses in the MOE. Electro-olfactogram traces (black and red) represent average responses to a 0. 5-s stream of air from the head space of a 1% solution of isoamyl-acetate in mineral oil. Gray traces show timing of switching between the delivery of clean, de-odorized air (low), and odor-containing air (high). Results shown are representative of multiple trials, odorants, and concentrations; experimental procedures were adapted from those described previously (Waggener and Coppola, 2007). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Loss of H2be causes defects in gene expression and OR expression frequencies. (A) Enriched gene ontology categories among genes up- (top) or down-regulated (bottom) in 6-month old H2be-KO vs WT MOEs, based on microarray analyses of whole MOE tissue (n = 6 samples/genotype, 2 animals/sample). (B) Multiplex qPCR analysis of OR mRNA levels in MOE tissue of six-month old H2be-KO and WT mice. Signals represent normalized ratios of specific OR mRNAs to Cnga2, which is unaltered in H2be-KO mice and used as an internal control (n = 6). (C) Expression differences in H2be-KO and WT MOEs (based on microarray analysis), plotted as a function of age. For simplicity, only ORs with differences >20% at age 6 months are shown, with up- and down-regulated ORs shown in red and black, respectively; statistical analysis included all ORs interrogated. (D,E) Representative images (left) and quantification (right) of Olfr867 (D) and Olfr1463 (E) expression frequencies in 6-month old H2be-KO and WT littermates (n = 3 mice, 10 sections per mouse). Scale bars, 200 µm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the potential quantum effects in the function of olfactory receptors. Instead, it provides detailed experimental results about gene expression and electrical responses in mice with varying conditions, which are unrelated to quantum mechanics. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: In: Proceedings of Congress (EGC'19); 11-14 June 2019; Den Haag, The Netherlands: 2019. p. 1-917. ’haeseleer W. Optimal configuration for a low-temperature geothermal CHP plant based on thermoeconomic optimization. Energy. 2019;179:323-335. DOI: 10. 1016/j. energy. 2019. 04. 20518. ’haeseleer W. Optimal combined heat-and-power plant for a low-temperature geothermal source. Energy. 2018;150:396-409. DOI: 10. 1016/j. energy. 2018. 01. 13619. . Working fluids for low-temperature organic Rankine cycles. Energy. 2007;32(7):1210-1221. DOI: 10. 1016/j. energy. 2006. 07. 00120. Heberle F, Brüggemann D. Thermo-economic evaluation of organic rankine cycles for geothermal power generation using zeotropic mixtures. Energies. 2015;8(3):2097-2124. DOI: 10. 3390/en803209721. Uusitalo A, Honkatukia J, Turunen-Saaresti T, Grönman A. Thermodynamic evaluation on the effect of working fluid type and fluids critical properties on design and performance of Cycles. J. Clean. Prod. , 2018;188:253-263. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jclepro. 2018. 03. 2222. Zare V. A comparative exergoeconomic analysis of different ORC configurations for binary geothermal power plants. Energy Convers. Manag. 2015;105:127-138. DOI: 10. 1016/j. enconman. 2015. 07. 07323. Budisulistyo D, Krumdieck S. Thermodynamic and economic analysis for the pre-feasibility study of a binary geothermal power plant. Energy Convers. Manag. 2015;103:639-649. DOI: 10. 1016/j. enconman. 2015. 06. 06924. He C, et al. The optimal evaporation temperature and working fluids for subcritical organic Rankine cycle. Energy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various studies and analyses related to geothermal power generation, specifically mentioning configurations for geothermal combined heat and power (CHP) plants, and thermodynamic evaluations of cycles that utilize geothermal energy. This indicates the harnessing of heat from beneath the Earth's surface for energy production, aligning directly with the claim about geothermal energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Blautia were more abundant in lean compared to fat broiler lines [43] and is considered a keystone health-associated anti-inflammatory taxon of the human microbiome [27]. There could be species- or strain-level relevant differences causing different effects in the host, which could explain the association of Blautia with both the Big and the Small chickens. Importantly, it must also be remarked that an association between gut bacteria and host traits cannot be used to conclude causal relationships. Finally, we found that the family designated as CAG-74 from the Christensenellales order and Bifidobacterium gallinarum had a higher abundance in the Big chickens compared to Small. Christensenellales is related to Christensenellaceae, a family strongly associated with health in humans [44]. Christensenellaceae has also been reported to increase during probiotic supplementation in broilers [45] and was associated with high feed efficiency in a study with pigs [46]. Bifidobacteria are well-known for their beneficial effects for the host [47], yet the specific role of B. gallinarum in broiler productivity is to our knowledge unknown. E. coli and A. muciniphila were both more abundant in the Small birds. E. coli is involved in localized and systemic infections in production poultry termed colibacillosis, which is worldwide a major cause of economic loss and compromising of animal welfare and food safety [48]. . A. muciniphila is a mucin-degrader and a robust, positively correlated marker of metabolic health and leanness in humans [49]. Akkermansia has previously been negatively correlated with BW in broilers [12]. Interestingly, the genus has also been demonstrated to be in higher abundance in chickens with good feed efficiency (FE) compared to chickens with poorer FE [50]. A. muciniphila has a regulatory role in lipid metabolism [51], providing one possible explanation why birds with highest A. muciniphila abundance in our study had the lowest BW. We did not investigate fat content of the carcasses, but it could had been a relevant parameter to include. Everything taken together, there was unarguably an increased presence of taxa related to health and performance in the Big chickens, which may have contributed to the better growth due to anti-inflammatory and feed utilization properties. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining various differences in microbiome compositions found in different subjects, specifically discussing the varying abundances of different bacterial taxa (such as Blautia, Christensenellaceae, and A. muciniphila) in relation to chickens of different sizes (Big and Small). It highlights that these differences could explain the associations with health and performance, demonstrating that microbiome compositions are not identical among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (F) Relationship between OR gene expression defects in 6-month old male H2be-KO mice (based on microarray analysis) and stereotypical H2BE levels as measured in male Flag-H2be mice. Red line, best fit. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001, ****p<10−30. Figure 4—source data 1 Effects of H2be loss of function on gene expression in the main olfactory epithelium of 6-month old mice. Download elife-00070-fig4-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Generation of an Omp:Flag-H2be transgenic mouse (referred to as H2be-GF) reveals that ectopic overexpression of H2be in olfactory neurons alters gene expression and OR expression frequencies. (A) H2be-GF transgenic construct, generated through replacement of the Omp CDS with a FLAG-H2BE-encoding sequence in a vector containing the Omp genomic region. (B) Analysis of FLAG-H2BE in the MOE of a 5-week old H2be-GF mouse, showing high transgene expression in all mature neurons, except for a band near zone 2 (Sullivan et al. , 1996). Boxed region is magnified (right). (C) Gene ontology categories enriched among genes up- (top) or down-regulated (bottom) in 5-week old H2be-GF vs WT MOEs, based on microarray analyses of whole MOE tissue (n = 4 samples, 3 animals per sample) and WT (n = 6 samples, 2 animals per sample) mice. (D) Percentage of OR genes with significantly differential expression (FDR-adjusted p<0. 05) in 5-week old H2be-GF and WT mice. (E) Relationship between OR gene expression defects in H2be-GF mice and transgene co-expression penetrance. Red line, best fit. (F,H) Colocalization of Olfr1277 or Olfr293 (arrowheads) and FLAG-H2BE in 5-week old H2be-GF mice, showing representative ORs associated with high- or low transgene penetrance, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on experimental results related to gene expression and characteristics of specific mouse models, without discussing or suggesting any quantum effects in the functioning of olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Hybrid geothermal–PV–wind system for a village in Pakistan. SN Appl. Sci. 2019;1(7):1-15. DOI: 10. 1007/s42452-019-0643-934. Rahmanifard H, Plaksina T. Hybrid compressed air energy storage, wind and geothermal energy systems in Alberta: Feasibility simulation and economic assessment. Renew. Energy. 2019;143:453-470. DOI: 10. 1016/j. renene. 2019. 05. 00135. . Geothermal based hybrid energy systems, toward eco-friendly energy approaches. Renew. Energy. 2020;147:2003-2012. DOI: 10. 1016/j. renene. 2019. 09. 14036. Jalilinasrabady S,Itoi R. Flash cycle and binary geothermal power plant optimization. Council Transactions. 2012;36:1079-108437. . Comparative and parametric study of double flash and single flash/ORC combined cycles based on exergoeconomic criteria. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2015;91(5):479-495. DOI: 10. 1016/j. applthermaleng. 2015. 08. 03138. Yari M. Exergetic analysis of various types of geothermal power plants. Renew. Energy. 2010;35(1):112-121. DOI: 10. 1016/j. renene. 2009. 07. 02339. . Performance optimization and improvement of a flash-binary geothermal power plant using zeotropic mixtures with PSO algorithm. Geothermics. 2018;74:45-56. DOI: 10. 1016/j. geothermics. 2018. 02. 00440. . Solar aided power generation: A review. Environ. 2019;1(1):11-26. DOI: 10. 1016/j. enbenv. 2019. 09. 00341. Cardemil JM, Cortés F, Díaz A, Escobar R. Thermodynamic evaluation of solar-geothermal hybrid power plants in northern Chile. Energy Convers. Manag. 2016;123(1):348-361. DOI: 10. 1016/j. enconman. 2016. 06. 03242. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various studies and applications of geothermal energy systems, highlighting their use in energy generation. References to specific projects and the optimization of geothermal power plants suggest that geothermal energy indeed relates to harnessing heat from beneath the Earth's surface.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: As a further investigation for establishing a causal relationship between the microbiome composition and BW phenotype, one would need to transplant the phenotype-associated microbiomes into germ-free chicks and monitor the BW development. What causes microbiome heterogeneity within a population with shared environment? It is well-known that age, sex, husbandry and management practices, season, circadian rhythm, geography etc. can cause microbiome variation between populations [13, 14]. Due to our one-pen study design mimicking a production broiler house on a smaller scale, the enormous microbiome differences we observed between Big and Small broilers cannot be attributed to such confounding effects. In a production broiler flock, with housing of hundreds of square meters, it is feasible that local shared environments could develop among birds as they primarily segregate in one section of the house. The birds in this study, on the other hand, were housed in a relatively small pen (13. 5 m2) and due to coprophagy and pecking/preening behaviour, we assume that there was a relatively equal microbe sharing across the pen. Foot pad lesion scores were not different between Big and Small, hence this factor could be ruled out as a major cause for growth differences between birds. Social stress and a reduction of feed intake by lower ranking birds can be relevant to consider. We accounted for this by providing sufficient feeder space, approximately twice the amount of commercial standards (i. e. 2. 98 cm per bird or 1. 25 cm/kg BW). However, with our study design, individual feed intake was not measured. Thus, we cannot rule out that stress and hierarchy factors were contributing to variable feed intake resulting in growth heterogeneity. The study aimed at providing the same conditions to each of the birds from placement to slaughter, but differences in intestinal microbiomes may have been seeded prior to placement in the barn. Contributions could have been made by hen (in ovary seeding), hen environment and egg handling (trans-shell seeding), incubation and hatching environment (trans-shell seeding and initial oral intake) as well as transport of chickens to the barn (oral intake). The influence of hatcher was minimized in this trial as all chicks came from the same hatcher. Nevertheless, despite disinfection practices at the hatchery, some bacteria could still have crossed the egg shell [52] during lay and handling before disinfection, which could have shaped the microbiome of the hatched chicks [53]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various factors that contribute to microbiome variation, such as age, sex, husbandry practices, and environment, indicating that microbiomes can differ significantly even within a shared environment. It mentions known heterogeneity within populations, suggesting that microbiome compositions are not identical among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (G,I) Representative images (left) and quantification (right) of Olfr1277 (G) and Olfr293 (I) expression frequencies in 5-week old H2be-GF and WT littermates (n = 3 mice; 10 sections per mouse). *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01. Scale bars for (B), 500 µm; (F) and (H), 20 µm; (G) and (I), 200 µm. Figure 5—source data 1 Effects of the ectopic over-expression of H2be (expressed from an Omp-promoter-driven transgene and tagged with a FLAG epitope) on gene expression in the main olfactory epithelium of 5-week old mice. Download elife-00070-fig5-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 6 Download asset Open asset The expression onset of H2be follows OR choice during neuronal development. (A) H2BE is undetectable in an Olfr827+ neuron that is newly-differentiated (note its basal position in the epithelium; boxed and magnified, right), but expressed at uniformly high levels in mature Olfr827+ neurons. (B,D,E) MOE expression patterns in adult (left) or embryo (right) of H2be relative to Neurod1, Gap43, and Omp, which have expression onsets prior to, concurrently with, and following OR choice, respectively. 1+ cells (B) and a fraction of basal GAP43+ (newly-differentiated) neurons (C) are H2BE− (arrowheads), whereas a fraction of H2BE+ neurons are OMP− (E; arrowheads). (C) Colocalization of endogenous H2be and Neurod1 mRNAs in the MOE of a 3-week old WT mouse. Mouse ages: (A), 3 months; (B, left), 4 months; (C), 3 weeks; (D, left) and (E, left), 10 months. Scale bars for (A) to (E), 20 µm. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset H2BE affects olfactory neuronal longevity, not OR choice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various experimental observations related to olfactory receptors and their expression in mice without mentioning any quantum effects associated with olfactory receptors. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contradiction regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Association between PDI, hPDI, and uPDI with CRCFull size tableDiscussionOur study suggests that following a healthy plant-based diet (higher hPDI scores) may be associated with a lower risk of CRC, while a diet high in unhealthy plant-based diet (higher uPDI scores) might be linked to an increased risk. No significant association was found with overall plant-based diet index (PDI). The current study’s findings demonstrated an inverse relationship between higher hPDI tertiles and CRC risk. The aligns with previous research by Kim et al. [14] who reported a 20% reduction in CRC risk. Additionally, a study by Wang et al. [15] indicated that higher hPDI scores were associated with a reduced risk of CRC. These findings collectively support the potential protective role of healthy plant-based dietary patterns against CRC. The inverse association between high hPDI scores and CRC risk observed in the present study and previous research can be explained by several potential mechanisms. Notably, hPDI emphasizes consuming a greater quantity of nutrient-dense plant-based foods, rich in fiber and antioxidants [25]. In contract, red meat consumption has been linked to an increased risk of CRC [26]. A meta-analysis study suggests that a daily increase of 150 g of red meat could increase elevate CRC risk by 20% [27]. The potential mechanisms for red meats carcinogenicity include the generation of N-nitroso compounds, heme iron, sulfur-containing amino acids, and saturated fatty acids [28]. Furthermore, fermentation of fiber in the colon by gut microbiota products short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, which can induce apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, dietary antioxidants neutralize free radicals that cause DNA damage and impede cancer cell formation [29,30,31]. A healthy gut microbiome, compared to a disrupted one, is associated with various health benefits, and a strong link has been established between its composition and cancer risk, particularly CRC [32, 33]. Certain plant foods rich in fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto–oligosaccharides (e. g. , onions, garlic, artichokes) promote the growth of beneficial bacteria that can reduce CRC risk through multiple mechanism, including preventing chronic inflammation, protecting intestinal cells, improving insulin sensitivity, and promoting healthy cell division [34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that a healthy plant-based diet (higher hPDI scores) may be associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). It cites a 20% reduction in CRC risk linked to higher hPDI scores and discusses potential mechanisms through which plant-based diets provide protective effects, such as their richness in fiber and antioxidants. Additionally, the text contrasts unhealthy plant-based diets with healthy ones, further emphasizing the benefits of following a healthy plant-based dietary pattern.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Genetics cannot be ignored as a factor in shaping the microbiome, though the genetic effect expectedly is smaller than the environmental [4, 5]. Residual heterozygosity and polymorphisms within the broiler line can contribute to microbiome variation and phenotypic variation [54, 55]. Ultimately, the largest influencer on microbiome heterogeneity in individuals within a shared environment can probably be ascribed to stochastic events, i. e. the randomness in which microbes each chick encounters first in its life. A self-enforcing cascade of events might happen: some birds have by chance poorer microbiome, leading to reduced nutrient absorption and the birds not feeling as fit as the others. This can lead to social stress by lower ranking and a viscous circle of reduced feed intake and picking in the litter with increased ingestion of pathogenic and dysbiosis-related bacteria starts. Ultimately, this leads to an even more suboptimal microbiome. At some point, the difference in BW itself will force further differentiation, as larger birds are requiring more feeder space for a longer duration of time. These heavy broilers will be harder to push aside when lighter birds want to make their way to the feeder and drinker. Beneficial early life programming of the gut microbiome is crucial for the development of the immune system, establishment of gut health and even behavior [56, 57]. Such programming may be achieved through probiotic delivery methods such as in ovo, trans-shell seeding, feed additives or seeding of the chick environment. These intervention examples might also be helpful in overcoming microbiome heterogeneity and thus BW heterogeneity. ConclusionsWe present here a controlled study in which the gut microbiome composition of male broilers of varying BW housed and reared under the same conditions was investigated. Birds with highest BWs displayed microbiome features coinciding with health benefits: higher microbial diversity, more microbiome uniformity, higher levels of SCFA-producing bacteria and lower levels of the leanness-associated and pathogenic bacteria compared to birds with the lowest BWs. Our data indicates a strong association between broiler flock heterogeneity and the cecal microbiome composition. Investigations of methods for establishing uniform and beneficial microbiomes of chicks in early life with the aim to improve flock uniformity are therefore warranted. MethodsBroiler managementTwo hundred eighteen male, newly hatched Ross 308 broiler chickens were obtained from a commercial hatchery (Geflügelhof Möckern, Germany). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in microbiome composition among individuals, particularly noting that stochastic events and factors such as genetics and environmental influences lead to differences in microbiome heterogeneity. It specifically highlights that broilers of varying body weights (BW) housed under the same conditions exhibited different microbiome features, indicating that individual microbiomes are not identical and can significantly vary based on several influencing factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (A) Representative images (left) and quantification (right) of Olfr1507 and Olfr727 co-expression frequencies in H2be-KO and control littermates (n = 10 sections). (B) Labeled axons of Olfr17-expressing neurons form indistinguishable glomeruli in the OBs of H2be-KO and control littermates. (C,E) Representative images (C, left; arrowheads) and quantification (C, right; E) of apoptosis in mature neurons of H2be-KO (C) or H2be-GF (E) mice compared to controls (C: n = 3 mice, 12 sections per mouse; E: n = 10 sections). (D,F) Schematic of experimental analysis timeline (left) and quantification (right) of relative BrdU+ neuron frequencies in H2be-KO (D) and H2be-GF (F) mice compared to controls, respectively (D: n = 3 mice per timepoint, 12 sections per mouse; F: n = 10 sections per timepoint). F-H: Flag-H2be. (G) Representative images (left) and quantification (right) of neurogenesis in H2be-GF (GF) mice and Flag-H2be (F-H) controls by analysis of frequencies of BrdU+ neurons (arrowheads) 15 days post-injection of BrdU (T = 0 timepoint; n = 10 sections). *p<0. 05, ***p<0. 001. Mouse ages: (A) and (E), 4 months; (B) and (G), 2 months; (C), 15 months. Scale bars for (A) and (C), 20 µm; (B), 200 µm; (G), 100 µm. Figure 8 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset H2be is regulated by activity. (A,B) Effects of unilateral naris occlusion (UNO) on H2BE level in the MOE. (A) Representative images of FLAG-H2BE and Olfr733 colocalization (boxed regions magnified, right; Olfr733+ neurons, arrowheads). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. Instead, it details experimental observations related to the expression and impact of specific olfactory receptors in mice without mentioning any quantum mechanics or effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, dietary polyphenols, such as Flavonols and anthocyanins, found abundantly in plant-based foods characteristics of high hPDI scores, can improve gut microflora composition [35, 36]. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway plays a role in inflammation and cancer development. Its activation, induced by inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6), can lead to cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and other changes that promote tumorigenesis. Conversely, anti-inflammatory diets, characterized by high hPDI scores, have been shown to suppress COX-2 pathway activation [31]. This suggests that hPDI may exert protective effects against CRC by modulating inflammatory processes. In conclusion, study suggests that adherence to an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern, reflected by high hPDI scores, rich in antioxidants, polyphenols, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and olive oil, may contribute to reduced chronic inflammation and potentially lower colorectal cancer risk [31]. Consistent with our finding, previous studies have reported a positive association between high uPDI scores and increased risk of CRC [14, 15]. A case-control study by Wu et al. involving 2799 CRC cases and 2799 age- and sex-matched controls further supports this observation, demonstrating that the odds of developing CRC increased with higher uPDI scores [37]. In contrast to hPDI, uPDI emphasizes high glycemic index (GI) foods like refined grains and sugar-sweetened beverages, which are typically lower in fiber [38]. This dietary pattern (uPDI) may contribute to CRC development through several mechanisms, including the stimulation of insulin secretion and hyperinsulinemia via the phosphatidylinositol 3kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway [39]. Hyperinsulinemia, a condition of elevated blood insulin levels, can contribute to insulin resistance [39]. Insulin resistance can further promote CRC by stimulating growth-promoting effects in colon cells [40]. Our study found no significant association between overall adherence to the PDI and CRC risk. In contrast, higher adherence to the PDI was associated with a lower risk of CRC in Chinese women [37]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how anti-inflammatory diets, which include high hPDI scores typical of plant-based foods, may lower chronic inflammation and potentially reduce colorectal cancer risk. It indicates that diets rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and other plant-based foods can exert protective effects against chronic diseases by modulating inflammatory processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: These 50 individuals were temporarily put into smaller pens with clean bedding material and continued on the original diet until sampling to ensure sufficient intestinal filling. Groups of four birds were then forwarded to sampling. Time from placement in the smaller pens until sacrificing was 1–6 h. After weighing again (=weighing #2) and assignment of sample ID, birds were stunned and exsanguinated. After opening the abdominal cavity, one cecal sac per bird was sampled. The sacs were closed by staples to prevent leakage and transferred into labelled containers and placed in a − 80 °C freezer. Average lag time between slaughter and freezing of the samples was 14 min. Sample containers were shipped to the analyzing laboratory on dry ice and placed in a − 80 °C freezer until analysis. Microbiome analysesDNA extraction, library preparation, sequencing and bioinformatics/statistics on metagenomic data was performed by DNA(Aalborg, Denmark). To obtain high quality metagenomic data, shot gun short read deep sequencing (Illumina) was applied on all 50 cecal samples. Ten samples from five Small and five Big birds were additionally sequenced by long read sequencing using Technology (ONT) and deep Illumina sequences used for error-correction. Each of the samples were assembled, binned and polished individually and dereplicated to a non-redundant set of reference Genomes (MAGs). These dereplicated MAGs were used as a reference database and Illumina and ONT data mapped to measure abundance across all 50 samples. DNA extractionThe stapled cecal sacs were thawed, emptied and the digesta homogenized in sodium phosphate buffer. DNA extraction was performed using the standard protocol for FastDNA Spin kit for Soil () with the following exceptions: 500 μL of sample, 80 μL sodium phosphate buffer and 120 μL MT Buffer were added to a E tube. Bead beating was performed at 6 m/s for 4x40s. Gel electrophoresis using Tapestation 2200 and Genomic DNA screentapes (Agilent, USA) were used to validate product size and purity of a subset of DNA extracts. DNA concentration was measured using Qubit dsDNA HS/BR Assay kit (). Illumina metagenomic library preparation and sequencingSequencing libraries were prepared using the library prep kit for Illumina () following the manufacturer’s protocol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a detailed experimental setup and methodology for microbiome analysis involving multiple individuals, suggesting variability in microbiome composition. By emphasizing individual sampling and the process of analyzing different cecal sac contents from various birds, it implies that microbiome compositions are not identical among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (B) Distributions (main) and averages (inset) of H2BE level within nuclei of randomly-sampled (main; inset, left; n = 200) or Olfr733+ (inset, right; n = 10) neurons on the two sides of the MOE. (C) Effects of UNO on intrinsic GAP43-mCherry fluorescence in glomeruli (arrowheads) within the OB of an H2be-KO heterozygous mouse. Reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; a marker of olfactory activity) staining on the closed side indicates completeness of naris closure. (D–F) Effects of odor exposure on H2BE level in olfactory neurons. Representative images (D) and quantification (E, left) of FLAG-H2BE in Olfr2+ neurons (D, arrowheads) exposed to odors or mineral oil (no odor). (E, right) Quantification of FLAG-H2BE in Olfr653+ neurons (chosen randomly as a negative control) exposed to odors or mineral oil (no odor). (F) Average H2BE level within neurons expressing odor-stimulated or control ORs (n = 20–60). (G,H) Representative image (G; boxed region magnified, right) and quantification (H) of the relationship between GAP43-mCherry and tyrosine hydroxylase intensities within glomeruli of an H2be-KO heterozygous mouse. Red line, best fit. *p<0. 05; **p<0. 01; ****p<0. 0001. Mouse ages: (A) and (C), 4 weeks; (D), 8 weeks; (G), 10 weeks. Scale bars for (A) and (D), 20 µm; (C) and (G), 100 µm. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Distribution of relative H2BE levels within neurons expressing Olfr73, Olfr958, Olfr16, and Olfr167 for odor-exposed and control littermates. Stimulating odors are indicated, except for Olfr167, which serves as a negative control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. Instead, it discusses distributions of H2BE levels in various neuron types and their responses to odor exposure without mentioning quantum phenomena. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: A meta-analysis study also reported no significant association between a vegetarian diet and CRC risk compared to a non-vegetarian diet [41]. Although no significant relationship was indicated between PDI and CRC risk, plant-based diets are good sources of certain nutrients, including folate, magnesium, and B vitamins [42, 43]. Folate plays a fundamental role in cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation and cellular epigenetic changes. This function of folate introduces it as an essential factor in the correction of cell divisions as well as an inhibitory factor against cellular disorders [44]. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the association between plant-based dietary indices and CRC risk in a population. We employed a reliable and valid FFQ to minimize measurement error. Also, using valid instruments and controlling for multiple potential confounders were other strengths of this study. However, selection bias is inevitable in case-control studies. To mitigate this, we recruited cases and controls from the same referring hospital. Additionally, recall bias is inherent to the case-control design. ConclusionsOur study found that greater adherence to the hPDI was significantly linked to a reduced risk of CRC, while higher uPDI scores were associated with an increased risk. This suggests that the quality, not just the quantity, of plant-based foods plays a significant role in CRC risk. Future studies with larger, diverse populations and prospective designs are warranted to confirm these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which hPDI and uPDI influence colorectal cancer risk. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. 197. 44. PubMed Pub164. . Determining the survival rate of colorectal cancer in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J cancer Prevention: APJCP. 2018;19(11):3009. 14. 16. 15. 6016. 67. 3942. 2013. 24(11):1935–1945. . Dietary patterns and colorectal cancer: results from a Canadian population-based study. Nutr J. 2015;14(1):1–9. 76. 14. 893. 63. 33. 136. 434. 326. 62. 2039. 2021. . The relationship between plant-based diet index and semen parameters of men with infertility: a cross-sectional study. Fertility Steril. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that greater adherence to healthy Plant-Based Dietary Indices (hPDI) was linked to a reduced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). This suggests that plant-based diets can positively influence the risk of chronic diseases like CRC. The mention of specific nutrients found in plant-based diets, such as folate, also supports the notion that these diets may have health benefits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: com/tseemann/barrnap). All 50 cecal samples were sequenced by Illumina short read sequencing, while 10 samples from five Big and five Small birds were additionally sequenced by ONT long read sequencing. DNA extraction, library preparation and DNA sequencing using Illumina was successful for all 50 samples and generated 4. 8 to 35 Gbp of data after trimming (S1). A negative control DNA extraction showed very little DNA and very few reads indicating that kit contamination was not an issue. To make sure the ONT and Illumina sequencing results were comparable, the same DNA was used for both platforms. The 10 ONT samples were sequenced on five Nanopore MinION flowcells and yielded an average of 19. 58 Gbp raw data, which is on par with the current state-of-art yields per flowcell. However, due to no size-selection and an Illumina optimized DNA extraction a large amount of data was removed in the filtering process, especially for the samples with the lowest read N50 (2502–5556 bp) (S1). N50 is the shortest contig length that is needed to cover 50% of the whole genome sequence. Hence, after trimming away reads less than 1000 bp, between 4. 1 and 15. 3 Gbp of data was available for metagenome assembly (S2). The individual assemblies were highly dependent on the amount of data after sequencing, but in general all assemblies were good with an order-of-magnitude larger N50 compared to traditional Illumina assemblies (S3). The percentage of trimmed data mapped to each MAG category for all 60 samples. Quality of the genomes were defined as: HQ = High-Quality genome bin (> 90% complete & < 5% contaminated); MQ = Medium-Quality genome bin (> 50% complete & < 10% contaminated); LQ = Low-Quality genome bin (< 50% complete or > 10% contaminated). After dereplication, 43 high-quality (HQ) and 128 medium-quality (MQ) genomes (MAGs) were obtained. A number of the MAGs even assembled in single contigs, representing complete genomes (S4). To obtain taxonomy and compare how similar the MAGs were to available reference genomes we used the GTDB workflow to obtain average nucleotide identity (ANI) to the closest reference genome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the process of sequencing and analyzing various samples, which implies variability in microbiome composition. Specifically, it mentions 'the individual assemblies were highly dependent on the amount of data after sequencing,' suggesting differences in results among samples, thereby indicating that microbiome compositions are not identical across different individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Figure 9 Download asset Open asset H2BE levels are cAMP-, but not Ca2+-dependent. (A) Representative example of the effects of Adcy3 loss-of-function on H2BE levels in newborn (P0) mice. In Adcy3(+/+) mice, Olfr1508+ neurons contain extremely low H2BE levels (left, arrowheads), while in Adcy3(−/−) mice, Olfr1508+ neurons frequently contain extremely high levels (right, arrowhead), indicating that cAMP participates in the negative regulation of H2BE. Note: age P0 was chosen due to the low postnatal survival rate of Adcy3(−/−) mice. (B) Effects of Cnga2 loss-of-function on H2be expression. Mice in which Cnga2 (an X-chromosomal gene necessary for odor-evoked Ca2+ signaling) was replaced with the Tau-LacZ gene (Zhao and Reed, 2001) were crossed with H2be-KO mice to generate three-week old Cnga2-KO-Tau-LacZ(+/−)/H2be-KO-Gap43-mCherry(+/−) compound heterozygous females. In these mice, one half of new olfactory neurons express TAU-LACZ instead of CNGA2 and project to glomeruli distinct from neurons expressing Cnga2 (Zheng et al. , 2000). Analysis of β-GAL+ (TAU-LACZ) and GAP43-mCherry intensities within glomeruli revealed that Cnga2− neurons (β-GAL+; arrowheads) do not have higher levels of GAP43-mCherry than Cnga2+ neurons (β-GAL−), indicating that H2be expression is not negatively regulated by Ca2+ signaling. Scale bars for (A), 40 µm; (B), 100 µm. Figure 10 Download asset Open asset Unilateral naris occlusion (UNO) alters gene expression and OR expression frequencies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. Instead, it discusses the effects of genetic modifications on H2BE levels and gene expression related to specific mice models. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: A high protein intake could prevent the increase of fat mass in the participants in the high-PRS group compared to those in the low-PRS group (Fig. 5B). Other nutrient intakes did not interact with PRS affecting fat mass. Among four dietary patterns, only PBD intake interacted with PRS for fat mass (Table 5). The high body fat mass proportion was higher in the participants with high PRS than those with low PRS in both low- and high-PBD intake. However, the increase was much more significant in the low-PBD intake than in the high-PRB intake (Fig. 5C). Exercise and smoking status did not interact with PRS to affect fat mass. Therefore, these results suggest that Koreans with high PRS can decrease their risk of high body fat by consuming a PBD diet with less energy and high protein intakes. Table 5 Adjusted odds ratios for fat mass risk by polygenetic risk scores of the three-SNP model (PRS) for gene-gene interaction after covariate adjustments according to the patterns of lifestyles. Low- PRSBM (n = 19,686) Medium-PRSBM (n = 30,513) High-PRSBM (n = 3,629) Gene-nutrient interaction P value Low energy1 High energy 1 1. 150 (1. 081 1. 223) 1. 102 1. 021 1. 189 ) 1. 228 1. 088 1. 387 )* 1. 157 0. 997 1. 348 ) 0. 0231 Low CHO2 70 High CHO 1 1. 045 (0. 893 1. 223) 0. 991 (0. 927 1. 060 1. 006 (0. 866 1. 169) 1. 079 (1. 014 1. 149) 0. 3493 Low protein3 13 High protein 1 1. 123 (1. 052–1. 198) 0. 961 (0. 881 1. 049) 1. 255 (1. 103–1. 427)** 1. 019 (0. 938–1. 107) 0. 0272 Low fat4 15 Moderate fat 1 1. 000 (0. 926 1. 080) 0. 994 (0. 896 1. 102) 1. 088 (1. 013 1. 169)* 1. 028 (0. 932 1. 133) 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that consuming a plant-based diet (PBD) can decrease the risk of high body fat among Koreans with high polygenic risk scores (PRS). It specifically highlights that participants with high PRS could lower their body fat risk by following a PBD diet, which aligns with the assertion that plant-based diets can help reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Dispersion of data from the mean is reported as SD throughout the manuscript. Availability of data and materials Metagenomic data generated and analyzed during the current study is deposited in the Archive with deposit number PRJEB41222. Metadata for linking samples with runID is placed in S9. AbbreviationsAKP: Principle BW: CV: Coefficient of variation FE: HQ: LQ: MAG: Genomes MQ: PCoA: : : Short chain fatty acid SD: Standard deviation 345. 8. 50. 5. 36. 504. 40. . Microbiota, gut health and chicken productivity: what is the connection? Microorganisms. 2019;7(10):374. 40. 43. . Cecal microbiome divergence of broiler chickens by sex and body weight. J Microbiol. 2017;55:939–45. 911. 62. 14. 25. 12. 44. 1007. 7121. Díaz ández Miyakawa ME. Tannins and bacitracin differentially modulate gut microbiota of broiler chickens. Int. 2018:1879168. Preliminary study on the effect of bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL on cecal bacterial community structure of broiler chickens. Int. 2019;2019:5431354. 2088. Identification of chicken intestinal microbiota correlated with the efficiency of energy extraction from feed. Vet Microbiol. 2013;164:85–92. 2020. . Development of the caecal microbiota in three broiler breeds. Sci. 2019;6:201. 4. Bedford A, Gong J. Implications of butyrate and its derivatives for gut health and animal production. Anim Nutr. 2018;4:151–9. Association between metabolic profile and microbiomic changes in rats with functional dyspepsia. RSC Adv. 2018;8:20166–81. 47. 81. 379. 61. 6131. 7. 32. 52. Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans gen. Nov. , sp. nov. , an anaerobic, lactate-producing member of the family Ruminococcaceae isolated from human faeces. Microbiol. 2016;66:3041–9. 1416. 6. 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying variability in microbiome compositions among different subjects. Although the text does not explicitly state that microbiomes differ among individuals, the references to various studies on the cecal microbiome in chickens and other animals indicate that microbiome composition can vary based on factors such as body weight, sex, and diet. This suggests that the claim that 'everyone's microbiome composition is identical' is incorrect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (A) Gene ontology (biological process) terms enriched at the top of a gene list ranked descendingly according to differential expression on the two MOE halves from 5-week old WT mice subjected to UNO (21 days), based on microarray analysis (n = 3 samples per MOE side, four animals per sample). (B) Percentage of OR genes with significantly differential (FDR-adjusted p<0. 05) expression on the two sides of the MOE of WT mice after UNO (21 days; values from microarray data). (C,D) Representative images of Olfr1325 (C) and Olfr1336 (D) expression in the MOE after UNO. (E) Representative images of normal FLAG-H2BE levels in neurons associated with ORs that are down- (left) or up-regulated (right) in frequency after olfactory deprivation. (F) Relationship between UNO-mediated OR gene expression differences on the two sides of the MOE (values from microarray data for WT mice subjected to UNO for 21 days) and associated FLAG-H2BE levels measured in intact mice. Red line, best fit; ****p<0. 0001. Mouse ages: (C) and (D), 5 weeks; (E), 12 weeks. Scale bars for (C) and (D), 200 µm; (E), 20 µm. Figure 10—source data 1 Effects of H2be loss of function on gene expression changes in the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) as a result of activity deprivation through unilateral naris occlusion (UNO) in 5-week old mice. Download elife-00070-fig10-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 11 Download asset Open asset H2be affects activity-dependent gene expression. (A) Gene ontology (biological process) terms enriched among genes with UNO-mediated expression differences in WT mice (log2 fold-change > 0. 3; unadjusted p<0. 02), but at least 20% less altered expression in H2be-KO compared to WT mice after UNO, based on microarray analysis of MOE halves from 5-week old WT and H2be-KO mice subjected to UNO (21 days; n = 3 samples per MOE side, four animals per sample). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. Instead, it discusses gene expression analysis related to olfactory receptors in mice subjected to unilateral naris occlusion (UNO), focusing on differential gene expression and gene ontology terms. There is no mention of quantum effects in relation to olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Plant-based diets are considered to improve cardiometabolic health and to protect against cardiovascular disease. Although they center around plant-based foods, they do not necessarily exclude all animal products and comprise of a range of intakes that vary according to the type and the proportion of animal products included. Numerous metabolic pathways have been identified through which plant-based diets can exert beneficial effects including improved body composition, lipid profile, and glucose metabolism and decreased inflammation and blood pressure. Their effects on thrombosis as a cardiovascular disease pathway are, however, less clear. Ample evidence for the effects of individual dietary components of plant-based diets on thrombotic risk factors exists, but the effect of whole diets and or dietary patterns remains less-well explored with the existing literature reporting inconsistent and inconclusive findings. Here we aim to review the literature describing the effect of different plant-based diets (vegan, lacto-vegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, pescatarian, and flexitarian) and dietary patterns (Mediterranean, Nordic, Portfolio, and DASH) on specific thrombotic risk factors (fibrinogen, platelets, factor VII, fibrinolysis) in order to better clarify these relationships and to try to explain the apparent discrepant findings. We demonstrate that a one-size-fits-all conclusion cannot be drawn and that the potential antithrombotic effect of different plant-based diets depends on the nutrient composition, the content of active antithrombotic dietary components, the relative absence of prothrombotic dietary factors as well as the degree of total caloric restriction. IntroductionPlant-based diets primarily contain foods of plant origin, which include not only vegetables and fruit, but also nuts and seeds, legumes and beans, oils, and whole grains. Plant-based diets do not necessarily exclude all animal products and can range from total exclusion (eg, vegan) to meat consumption once to twice a week (eg, flexitarian). The unifying focus is on the consumption of more foods from plant sources proportional to animal-based foods. 1Consumption of plant-based diets have been associated with a significant reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk,2-4 CVD mortality,5,6 and also all-cause mortality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'consumption of plant-based diets have been associated with a significant reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk' and highlighting various pathways through which plant-based diets can improve health, such as improved body composition and decreased inflammation. This supports the notion that plant-based diets can indeed help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Differential fecal microbiota are retained in broiler chicken lines divergently selected for fatness traits. Sci Rep. 2016;6. The human gut bacteria Christensenellaceae are widespread, heritable, and associated with health. BMC Biol. 2019;17:1–11. subtilis DSM 32315 manipulates intestinal structure and microbial composition in broiler chickens. Sci Rep. 2018;8:15358. McCormack UM, Curião Exploring a possible link between the intestinal microbiota and feed efficiency in pigs. Microbiol. 2017;83:15. Hidalgo--Madiedo P, Sánchez B, Margolles A. Bifidobacteria and their health-promoting effects. Microbiol Spectr. 2017;5:73–98. 118. 15. . Gut metagenomic analysis reveals prominent roles of lactobacillus and cecal microbiota in chicken feed efficiency. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1–11. CAS 4. . Bacterial penetration of the eggshell and shell membranes of the chicken hatching egg: a review. J Res. 1999;8:499–504. 60. . The genetics of feed conversion efficiency traits in a commercial broiler line. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16387. 51. 13. CAS 706. 10. 6. 1708. 01492v2Vaser R, Sović I, Nagarajan N, Šikić M. Fast and accurate de novo genome assembly from long uncorrected reads. Genome Res. 2017;27:737–46. 7359. . DRep: a tool for fast and accurate genomic comparisons that enables improved genome recovery from metagenomes through de-replication. ISME J. 2017;11:2864–8. 55. 1964. . QUAST: Quality assessment tool for genome assemblies. Bioinformatics. 2013;29:1072–5. RStudio Team. Integrated development environment for r RStudio Inc. RStudio: Boston; 2015. 9537. Limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Res. 2015;43:e47. Vegan: 2. 5–6. 2019. 80. 49. 1. S1. Nanopore read length distributions. Additional file 2. S2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that microbiome compositions vary significantly across different species, such as chickens and pigs, as indicated by terms like 'differential fecal microbiota', 'heritable gut bacteria', and diversity in microbial compositions impacting health and feed efficiency. This suggests that microbiome composition is not identical among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (B) Histograms of UNO-mediated OR expression differences on the closed and open sides of the MOE of H2be-KO mice as a percentage of the corresponding WT differences (normalized to 100% or −100%; red lines) for ORs significantly up- (left) or down-regulated (right) in WT mice after olfactory deprivation (FDR-adjusted p<0. 05; values from microarray data). (C) Comparison of UNO-altered Olfr1336 and Olfr1313 frequencies in 5-week old WT and H2be-KO mice subjected to UNO (21 days). Values correspond to relative OR expression frequency differences on the two sides of the MOE according to the anterior (Ant)/ posterior (Post) position (n = 3 mice, five sections per region per mouse). Note: UNO appears to affect OR frequencies differently in the anterior and posterior regions of the MOE. *p<0. 05; **p<0. 01***p<0. 001; ****p<0. 0001. Figure 12 Download asset Open asset Model for the effects of neuronal activity on H2BE expression level, life span and resulting neuronal representation. Figure 13 Download asset Open asset Chromatin incorporation and localization of FLAG-H2BE. (A) Two-color western analysis of FLAG-H2BE and H3 in soluble nucleoplasm (sol) and chromatin (chr) fractions of unfixed MOE cell nuclei from 16-week old Flag-H2be, H2be-GF, and WT mice. (B) SDS-PAGE analysis (left), mass spectrometric identification (listed, middle), and western analysis (right) of proteins associated with immunoprecipitated FLAG-H2BE-containing native mononucleosomes from MOE tissue of Flag-H2be transgenic mice. Proteins identified by mass spectrometry are listed according to their approximate electrophoretic mobility. (C) Quantification of DNA immunoprecipitated from crosslinked and fragmented chromatin derived from MOE tissue of Flag-H2be transgenic mice. (D) Representative image of FLAG-H2BE localization within olfactory neurons of a 10-week old Flag-H2be mouse. Scale bar, 5 µm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to the claim regarding the potential quantum effects on olfactory receptors. It discusses various experimental data on olfactory receptor expression differences and neuronal activity without mentioning quantum mechanics or its effects.