Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Fungi, we searched 157 genomes from eight major phyla [38, 39] and found a total of 170 FIB proteins in 149 species (95%; S4 Fig. and S7 Table). We did not detect FIB sequences in eight of the 157 species (5%) which were distributed through Basidiomycota and Ascomycota phyla, indicating possible independent losses during Dikarya evolution, genome annotation errors or missing data (Fig 2B; S4 Fig). Fourteen of 157 species (9%) contained FIB duplicates ranging from 2 to 4 paralogs per genome (S4 Fig). Eleven of these 14 species occur in the early-diverging groups of fungi (Fig 2B). Zyhosaccharomyces bailii and Kazachstania africana from the Saccharomycetaceae family, and Melampsora larici-populina from Pucciniomycotina were the only three species within the Dikarya subkingdom that contained FIB duplicates, with two paralogs each (S4 Fig). The number of exons in the fungal FIB mRNAs ranged from one to thirteen, with an average of 3. 5 exons per sequence. Interestingly, in the Saccharomycotina subphylum, 18 out of 21 (86%) FIBs were intronless (S5 Fig). In plants (sensu lato; 140 plants and 13 algae), we detected 328 FIBs in 147 of 153 (96%) analyzed genomes (S8 Table). For the 6 species where we could not find FIBs proteins this was likely due to genome annotation errors due to large plant genome sizes and the short-read sequencing technologies implemented for their assembly (short read technologies cannot accurately assemble large repetitive and low complexity regions). Twelve of the 13 algae (10 Chlorophyta and 2 Rhodophyta) contained only one FIB protein, the exception was Porphyra umbilicalis in which no FIB protein was detected (Fig 2C). For most first branching land plant lineages (Embryophyta and Tracheophyta [Sphagnum fallax, Marchantia polymorpha, and Selaginella moellendorffii]), we detected one FIB. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim about fossils providing insights into evolutionary history. Instead, it discusses genomic findings regarding FIB proteins in various fungi and plants, which is not relevant to the claim about fossils.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Although pruned litter from shade and cocoa trees influences the nutrient cycling process in cocoa agroforests, it could not be quantified with litterboxes. Management did not significantly alter cocoa leaf decompositionInitial rapid decomposition, as observed under both managements, was likely caused by leaching and break down of soluble compounds like sugar, starch, and amino acids (Wieder and Lang 1982). The disappearance of 50% of the initial material in the first 2 months is common in tropical agroforestry systems (Yao et al. 2021). Particularly cocoa agroforests with high litter diversity on the soil surface host a diverse community of soil and litter macro- and microfauna (da Silva Moço et al. 2009) accelerating litter fragmentation. Later stages of decomposition were more gradual because of accumulation of recalcitrant compounds like cellulose, lignin, and tannins (Wieder and Lang 1982). Our average decomposition rate of 0. 40 g month−1 falls within the range of 0. 30–0. 58 g month−1 reported for cocoa leaves in Nigeria (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018) and Cote d´Ivoire (Yao et al. 2021). However, Asigbaase et al. (2020) reported an average decomposition rate of 1. 69 g month−1 in cocoa agroforests of the same municipality as ours, but it was 300% higher than ours. This disparity could be due to the above authors mixing cocoa leaves with shade tree leaves at a 1:1 rate. In our study decomposition and nutrient release rates were determined for cocoa leaves alone without including leaves from surrounding shade trees. A mixture of leaves from different species alters litter chemistry, which could be synergistic or antagonistic to decomposition processes and nutrient release (Cuchietti et al. 2014). Because of the high shade tree variability even between farms of the same management, we only considered cocoa leaves for the decomposition study. Hence, our decomposition results were not a complete reflection of litter decomposition in cocoa agroforests. In addition, the different methods that exist to study litter decomposition can lead to discrepancies when comparing studies. For example, in litterbag experiments mesh sizes > 2 mm have been reported to increase litter decomposition due to the increased activity of macro fauna which enhances litter fragmentation exposing them to higher microbial activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the decomposition process in cocoa agroforests, which is linked to nutrient cycling. Specifically, it mentions 'the disappearance of 50% of the initial material in the first 2 months' as part of the decomposition process, indicating the involvement of microorganisms, including fungi. Additionally, it highlights the importance of a diverse community of soil and litter fauna in accelerating litter fragmentation, which is crucial for decomposition and consequently for nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: “I think RRT should have more options to refer into/clearer pathways to do this as i find we are often struggling to get that support after the 72 hours. ” (Participant 46, Team) Referrals persisted throughout participant responses as a key challenge when navigating the pathway, which may explain the considerable number of negative responses to the eleventh statement (see Fig. 1k), identifying movement between services as a key area for improvement. As referrals act as a major route of access within the movement between services, expanding referrals between services is a clear action crisis services can take to improve accessibility and movement between services. 2. 10. 3 Single point of accessA solution suggested by participants for the challenges faced in the referral process was a single point of access and referral for crisis services. “Single entry pathways into the crisis pathway rather than referral to each separate service” (Participant 49, Other) A few specifically suggested this to be achieved through a phone line, with one specifically noting expanding the current role of 111 to support this. “For there to be there to be a single point of access phone number for Crisis services” (Participant 19, ) “Expanding the 111 and MHST pathway would enable further referrals into RRT” (Participant 49, Other) Having a single point of entry and referral would simplify the movement between services and enable service users and staff to better navigate crisis services, reducing the likelihood of incorrect referrals, causing longer waits for young people in crisis. 2. 10. 4 Length of service provisionHowever, once the service has been accessed there appeared to be some disagreement about the length of support offered. Survey responses to the fifth Likert scale statement (see Fig. 1e) also suggests dissatisfaction with the length of service provision, with 19. 23% of participants disagreeing with the statement that crisis services are offering the right amount of help for the right length of time. In response to the qualitative survey question, some participants indicated that the support offered is not long enough, suggesting that “some young people require longer than 3 days crisis support and need that time to build trust in the practitioners who offer support” (Participant 21, Other). Other responses noted that service users would prefer longer length of support also. “Learn from the feedback provided by young people - they are clear that would prefer longer term support. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. Instead, it discusses challenges in accessing crisis services and the referral process without mentioning the impact of natural environments on stress or mental health. Therefore, it does not provide any corroborating or contrasting evidence regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: The exception was Physcomitrella patens with 6 FIB proteins, likely due to the two rounds of ancient WGD in this lineage [40]. abies (Pinophyta), the only gymnosperm analyzed, we detected one FIB sequence. All angiosperms share an ancient WGT. From the basal angiosperm Amborella trichopoda, we detected two FIB sequences. Monocots had FIBs that ranged from 1 to 4 paralogs per genome with an average of 1. 8 FIBs per genome (BOP clade [grasses from Poaceae family] contained exactly two sequences), except for the allohexaploid Triticum aestivum (common wheat) that contained 6 paralogs. The early-diverging eudicot plants Nelumbo nucifera and Aquilegia coerulea contained two FIB proteins each, as did the members of the Caryophyllales clade (except for Spinacia oleracea with one FIB). Asterids had a range of FIBs from 1 to 4 paralogs (averaging 2 FIBs per genome). Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) seems to have retained only one copy of the FIB gene after the WGT event (At-γ). In the Fabids (Eurosids I), the number of FIBs ranged from 1 to 5 (with an average of 2. 1 FIBs per genome); In the Malvids (Eurosids II), the FIBs ranged from 1 to 11 paralogs (an average of 3. 1 FIBs per genome). family showed a dynamic increase in the number of paralogs from 2 to 11, derived from two rounds of ancient WGD (At-α and At-β) and specific WGT (Br-α) in Brassica species. In animals (Metazoa), we analyzed 257 genomes from which we were able to detect 319 FIB sequences. We classified this group in two principal subgroups: Invertebrata, and Vertebrata. From Invertebrata, we detected 78 FIB sequences in 59 of 62 (95%) analyzed genomes (S9 Table); almost all species contained one FIB sequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossils and their contribution to understanding evolutionary history. Instead, it discusses FIB (Fungal Inner Bark) proteins in various plant and animal species without mentioning fossils or evolutionary insights. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Nitrogen content of litter fall in increasingly nitrogen-poor forest floors was correspondingly lower. Nitrogen content of litter fall on N rich forest floors and N fertilized forest floors was proportionately higher. Nitrogen withdrawal in leaves at senescence was inversely correlated with grams N mineralized per square metre per year in forest floors. Fertilization did not influence microbial processes in the field, though lab studies indicated a negative influence of NH4, P, and K on microbial respiration. Glucose added in the laboratory and field markedly increased forest-floor microbial respiration. In vitro glucose-induced increases in respiration were not influenced by addition of ammonium nitrate and were significantly depressed by addition of P and K. In the field, fertilization had no effect on either glucose-induced respiration or microbial biomass. RésuméLes auteurs ont étudié l'effet des propriétés chimiques de la couverture morte sur le taux de décomposition de la matière organique et le cycle des éléments dans plusieurs forêts de conifères et d'espèces décidues de la taïga de l'intérieur de l'Alaska, sur une période de 5 ans. Au moyen des techniques de sac à litière et de respirométrie, ils ont mesuré les pertes de poids et la consommation d'oxygène d'échantillons de la couverture morte, soit sans traitement ou avec addition d'engrais N, P et K, et de glucose comme source de carbone. En utilisant des échantillons de couverture morte possédant un éventail de rapports C/N, y compris des échantillons carences en azote, on a pu mesurer l'influence de la nature du substrat sur la croissance de semis et leur teneur en éléments et en tannins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it discusses the decomposition of organic matter and its impact on nutrient cycling in forest floors. Specifically, it mentions studying the effects of litter on organic matter decomposition and element cycling, indicating a relationship between microbial respiration and nutrient availability, which includes the role of fungi in these processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 48, Safe Zones) Although some survey responses expressed a desire for “More flexibility with number and duration of sessions,” (Participant 42, Safe Zones) another opinion was expressed, which suggested that the length of support was not the issue, but rather professionals' comfort with drawing support to a close with young people. “For example yp in central may receive longer that the agreed 5 sessions, where in Pennine areas the sessions will meet the agreed session length. This is mainly linked to confidence of practitioners being able to draw sessions to a close. This is creating again a service that isn't uniformed. ” (Participant 23, Safe Zones) As previously discussed, the transfer of care between services has proven to be a challenge for professionals, so it is understandable that some may feel reluctant to end care, without the confidence of a secure next step for the young person in their care. 2. 10. 5 Distinction of crisis servicesHowever, there may be another factor contributing to the desire, shared amongst some professionals who took part in this survey, to extend the length of support offered within current crisis services. This is the distinction between crisis mental health services, and general mental health services. It is more than likely that young people reaching crisis require mental health support before and after crisis point and therefore need long term support. “I think that often a lot of young people have a deeper underlying reason for the symptoms they are feeling, that then end up resulting in them reaching crisis. Often it feels as though they may need some more intensive and in-depth, long-term therapy to deal with the underlying issue, rather than the surface level issues. ” (Participant 41, Safe Zones) This poses an issue for crisis services, as if access to step down, long-term mental health services is problematic, then professionals may feel uncomfortable offering short-term support, creating a perceived need for crisis services to extend their length of support. 2. 11 How to improve integrationThere were many responses which related to the super-ordinate theme of how to improve integration, with many responses to the qualitative part of the survey highlighting the demand for different services to work together more effectively. This need is echoed in participants responses to the Likert scale questions in the survey, with the statement about effectively working together receiving a 19. 23% negative response rate (see Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the challenges faced by crisis mental health services and the necessity for long-term support for young people in crisis, rather than emphasizing the positive effects of natural environments on stress reduction or mental health improvement. It addresses the inadequacies and complexities involved in providing mental health support, which does not directly relate to the claim regarding natural environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: The exceptions were some members of the Mollusca clade that contained two FIBs, including Lingula anatina from Brachiopoda phylum (Fig 2D). The other notable group was the Diptera clade, especially the Drosophilidae family, which had two FIBs in each species. In Vertebrata, we detected 241 FIB sequences in 140 of 195 inspected genomes (72%). We obtained a single FIB sequence in each of the species from the ancient vertebrate lineage of the lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), passing through actinopterygii, to the "living fossil" the chalumnae; the Salmonidae family was the exception to this count. Since this clade contains an extra WGD event called 4R, the number of FIB sequences ranged from 2 to 3 (Fig 2E). Amphibia and sauropsida clade also contained one FIB gene per genome, except for the allotetraploid frog Xenopus leavis with two FIB sequences. clade was notable because we only partial FIB sequences were detected, in only 5 of 53 (9%) inspected genomes. Two of these 5 avian species belong to the palaeognathae clade (Struthio camelus australis and Tinamus guttatus), and the other three belong to the neognathae clade (Falco peregrinus, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, and Geospiza fortis). Representative mammal species from Prototheria (1 species [Ornithorhynchus anatinus]), Metatheria (2 species [Sarcophilus harrisii and Monodelphis domestica]), Xenarthra (1 species [Dasypus novemcinctus]), Afrotheria (6 species [e. g. , clade including Sirenia, Elephantidae, Macroscelididae, among others]), Laurasiatheria (43 species [e. g. , clade including Chiroptera, Felidae, Cetacea, Ruminantia, among others]), and Euarchontoglires (43 species [e. g. , clade including Dermoptera, Rodentia, Primates, among others]), were analyzed proportionally to the number of well-sequenced organisms per clade. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and focuses on various genetic sequences and clades within certain groups rather than providing information about fossils or their role in understanding evolutionary history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: La biomasse microbienne (bactéries et champignons) fut mesurée pour un éventail de types forestiers, de même que le pH, la saturation en bases, l'ampleur des réserves de N et P, et la minéralisation de la matière organique. Pour des conditions identiques de température et d'humidité, les taux moyens de respiration des substrats L, F et H de couverture morte sous couvert résineux étaient respectivement 1,8, 2,8 et 2,0 fois moindre que les taux moyens de respiration des horizons correspondants sous couvert feuillu. Le taux de respiration des horizons L et F de forêt de bouleau était 11,5 fois plus élevé que celui des horizons correspondants de forêt d'épinette noire. Les pertes de poids des horizons L, F et H de forêt de bouleau étaient 6, 3 et 2 fois plus élevées que celles des substrats correspondants de forêt d'épinette noire. La décomposition des substrats s'est avérée influencée davantage par les caractères intrinsèques de ces derniers que par les conditions climatiques de terrain. La biomasse fongique était corrélce à la quantité de matière organique en considérant tous les sites (n = 15, r = 0,62), mais les corrélations étaient meilleures pour les sites décidus (n = 9, r = 0,89), et résineux (n = 6, r = 0,82) pris séparément. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the biomass of fungi is correlated with the amount of organic matter, suggesting that these fungi play a significant role in the decomposition process. Specifically, it notes that the de composition of substrates is influenced by intrinsic characteristics and hints at the functional role of fungal biomass in this context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Contrary to this position, other professionals expressed the belief that crisis services should remain short term, and that professionals need to be more confident in ending care with service users. As the findings in this study demonstrate, the movement between services was perceived to be in most need of improvement. Therefore, it is foreseeable that professionals would be reluctant to end care if apprehensive about the future quality of care for service users who need it. However, this raises a conceptual issue of crisis within crisis care (i. e. , when do crisis services end and long-term support begin? ). Finally, results demonstrated that the way in which services work together effectively and provide integrated care was unclear to professionals. Quantitative findings found that not only did a significant percentage of participants disagree that working together, and integration was done well, but the number of participants who reported to have no opinion on this was higher than any of the other evaluative Likert scale statements. This, alongside most of the participants self-reporting to not have a full understanding of crisis services available, clearly demonstrates the need to improve how crisis services work together and integrate. Research into collaboration to provide mental health services has proved to elicit many benefits [18], with NHS England encouraging integration and collaboration through “building positive trusted, and enduring relationships with communities to improve service, support and outcomes for all. ” [31]. This research illustrates a similar demand amongst professionals, with participants in this study expressing a desire to be better integrated not only with other crisis and mental health services, but also wider services available in the community. As it currently stands, there is a lack of understanding of crisis services and long-term support after crisis, which could be enhanced through training. Training was requested by participants, to not only improve their skills in service delivery, but also in better understanding the range of services that support young people in crisis and after de-escalation. However, training to enhance the understanding of other services will not create fully integrated services without the ability to improve communication between these services. The creation of a shared system, to communicate and share information between the many services that provide care and step-down care for people in crisis was highly recommended by professionals. 4 Limitations and future researchThis study contributes to current understanding of crisis mental health service provision for young people by developing clear actions for the NHS to enhance current provision. However, the scale of this research makes generalisability of findings difficult. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the inadequacies of crisis mental health services and the professionals' views on the need for better integration and understanding of care options. It does not support the idea that natural environments directly contribute to stress reduction and improved mental health, instead highlighting barriers within the mental health system that could hinder effective care.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Three major clusters include a specific Fish-Reptilia syntenic cluster (pink and blue nodes), and two mammalian-specific syntenic clusters (green and yellow nodes). Nodes represent FIB genes, and edges represent synteny relationships between them. Nodes sizes are proportional to the number of synteny connections they share. All depicted microsynteny networks were clustered by Clique percolation method (k-clique = 3) to find densely connected communities. contain nine syntenic communities, one belonging to the early-branching fungi Mucoromycotina, two from Basidiomycota, and six from Ascomycota (Fig 3A). In plants, we detected five syntenic communities: a major supercluster contained almost all detected syntenic FIB from all angiosperms (including the basal Magnoliophyta Amborella); another minor cluster was specific to Rosids; an Oryza-specific community (containing one representative for each of the six analyzed rice species); a Fabaceae-specific community; a grass community; and a small Fabaceae group that was poorly linked to the Angiosperm supercluster (Fig 3B). In animals, only the Vertebrata subgroup presents syntenic connections between species. We found three significant communities, one for Fish and Reptilia (containing the Coelacanth L. chalumnae), and the other two for mammals (Fig 3C). Interestingly, in mammals, one syntenic community was specific for FIB genes (Mammal cluster A), and the other was specific for the entire set of FIB-like genes (Mammal cluster B). Therefore, suggests that FIB and FIB-like genes are in different genomic contexts before the split of the Eutheria clade. Phylogenomic microsynteny network analysis in analysis divided the fungal fibrillarins according to the major taxonomic groups (Fig 4A and S5 Fig). Orthology analysis (no synteny evidence) revealed the presence of two orthologous groups (OG, orthogroups) of fungal fibrillarin proteins (Fig 4A). Only the SrbaF_EJS44334 sequence from Saccharomyces arboricola did not belong to any OG. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses syntenic clusters and phylogenomic microsynteny network analysis in various organisms, including fungi, plants, and vertebrates, without mentioning fossils or their role in evolutionary history. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: L'étude révèle l'existence de corrélations étroites entre le taux de décomposition de la matière organique et la biomasse fongique (n = 13, r = 0,86), et entre la biomasse fongique et la quantité de N et P minéralisé (n = 14, r = 0,95; n = 11, r = 0,94, respectivement). Les semis cultivés sur substrat carencé en éléments ont produit plus de tannins que les témoins, et les semis cultivés sur substrat classé par ordre croissant du rapport C/N ont formé moins de matière sèche, avec un contenu moindre en azote et avaient proportionnellement une masse racinaire plus élevée. Parallèlement, la teneur en azote de la litière s'atténuait avec l'augmentation du rapport C/N des substrats. La résorption de l'azote des feuilles à la sénescence était corrélée inversement avec la quantité de N minéralisé par mètre carré et par an. La fertilisation n'a pas eu d'influence sur les processus microbiens au champ, malgré que les études en laboratoire indiquaient une influence négative de NH4, P et K sur la respiration microbienne. L'addition de glucose, tant au champ qu'en laboratoire, a augmenté fortement la respiration. L'augmentation de respiration induite par le glucose invitro ne fut pas influencée par l'addition de nitrate d'ammonium, mais elle fut réduite significativement par l'addition de Pet K. La fertilisation au champ fut sans effet sur la respiration induite par le glucose, non plus que sur la biomasse microbienne. [Traduit par le journal]Get full access to this 1983. Nutrient cycling in relation to decomposition and organic-matter quality in taiga ecosystems. of Forest Research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the close correlations between the decomposition rate of organic matter and fungal biomass, indicating that fungi play a significant role in nutrient cycling within certain ecosystems. Specifically, it mentions the statistical correlations (e.g., r = 0.86 for decomposition and fungal biomass) that suggest fungi's involvement in the decomposition process and nutrient mineralization.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: In fact, Venter and colleagues found an increase in outdoor recreation activity by approximately 300% during the pandemic lockdown in urban areas (Venter et al. , 2020; Venter et al. , 2021). However, these studies were restricted to a small part of the population (i. e. users in Oslo, the capital of Norway). Since runners and cyclists tend to live in high SES neighborhoods (Harden, Schuurman, Keller, & Lear, 2022), these studies may be biased toward ethnic majorities and high-income demographics (Roy, Nelson, Fotheringham, & Winters, 2019). Studies that provide nationwide data about changes in exposure to nature during the pandemic are therefore needed. Moreover, changed recreational patterns may have led to long-term changes in the use of greenspaces, even after restrictions were lifted. We therefore ask: Did the COVID-19 pandemic and associated social distancing measures result in increased usage of green spaces in the short and long term, and if so, did this impact vary by socioeconomic status and geographical location (urban vs rural)? There is evidence from before the pandemic of social inequalities in exposure to nature, where neighborhoods with low socioeconomic status had less proximity to green spaces compared to those with high socioeconomic status (Rigolon, Browning, Lee, & Shin, 2018). To our knowledge there is no research on how social inequalities in access to green spaces might have changed with the pandemic. We know that people with low socioeconomic status suffered more from economic consequences of mobility restrictions (Bessell, 2022). For example, there was stronger mobility contraction in areas with economic inequalities (Bonaccorsi et al. , 2020), excess burden of COVID-19 among people with low education and income (Chen et al. , 2022; Wang & Tang, 2020) and among ethnic minorities (Mackey et al. , 2020; Yancy, 2020), and disadvantaged groups had worse outcomes in a range of psychosocial domains (Ulset, Bakken, & von Soest, 2021; von Soest et al. , 2022). On the one hand, lack of access to green space, limited resources and a dependence on public transport may have led to less recreational green space exposure during the pandemic among those living in less affluent areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that access to green spaces may be limited for low socioeconomic status (SES) individuals, which could lead to less recreational exposure during the pandemic. It notes that 'people with low socioeconomic status suffered more from economic consequences of mobility restrictions,' and 'lack of access to green space, limited resources and a dependence on public transport may have led to less recreational green space exposure during the pandemic among those living in less affluent areas.' This indicates that not only does access affect physical activity levels, but socioeconomic factors may create barriers to access, thus contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: General phylogenomic profiling (Fig 4B) shows the affiliation of the microsynteny communities according to the fungal species tree according to colored squares. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Phylogenomic microsynteny analysis of the fungal FIB homologues. a) Phylogeny of the 170 FIB proteins identified in fungi. Tree leaves are labelled by color according to main taxonomic groups, as indicated in the legend (left). The color of inner strips is by major groups: early-diverging fungi (red), Ascomycota (blue), and Basidiomycota (yellow). Internal pairwise connections between tree leaves represent pairwise synteny relationships and are colored to indicate the nine fungal microsynteny communities; gray connections represent synteny pairwise relationships not included in any community. b) Phylogenetic profiling of the microsynteny communities of FIB proteins found in fungi. The cladogram at the bottom represents analyzed fungal species; branches are colored by main taxonomic groups, as indicated in the left legend. The presence or absence of the synteny communities in each species shown in the matrix above the cladogram. Closed figures indicate the presence of a microsynteny community. FIB microsynteny network of fungi comprised 97 nodes representing 57% of the total 170 fungal fibrillarin proteins identified and 239 edges (pairwise syntenic relationships; S11 Table). Clustering analysis revealed 9 syntenic communities of FIB proteins in fungi, termed F-1 to F-9 (S6 and S7 Figs and S12 Table). The number of nodes in individual communities ranged from 3 in F-8 and F-9 to a 21 in F-6. Each fungal syntenic community was mainly composed of FIB proteins from closely-related species within families, orders, or classes. The F-1 and F-6 communities shared a node from Aspergillus aculeatus, connecting the Eurotiomycetidae family and the Sordariomycetes class. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and discusses phylogenomic profiling in fungi, focusing on the relationships and communities of certain proteins rather than directly addressing the claim about fossils and evolutionary history. Therefore, it does not provide support or opposition to the claim, rendering it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: of plants used as traditional medicines have toxic effect on the liver and kidney Submit manuscript. . . MOJ eISSN: 2471-139X Anatomy & 41. DOI: 10. 15406/mojap. 2018. 05. 00161 and fruits are natural sources of useful antioxidants. Plants and their extracts are widely used as traditional medicine. Asia region, Syzygium polyanthum, Octomeles sumatranaand Hylocereus polyrhizus are used in treatment of diabetes mellitus. This study was designed to investigate the safe use of extracts of these plants on liver and kidney. Experimental female rats were divided into nine groups. One group was normal non diabetic control given normal saline; four groups were normal non diabetic animals of which three were treated with plant extracts, while one group, the control, was daily orally treated with vitamin E (250mg/kg body weight). The remaining four groups were diabetic animals (one group was control animals treated with normal saline and three groups were treated with plant extracts). The plant extracts were administered for two weeks as daily oral single doses. Doses of Octomeles sumatrana and Syzygium polyanthum were 1g/kg body weight while that of Hylocereus polyrhizus was 3g/kg body weight. Normal and diabetic rats treated with plant extracts demonstrated toxic changes in their liver and kidney. Liver showed damaged hepatocytes with macrophage infiltration. Kidney displayed interstitial bleeding, arterial and arteriolar wall thickening and glomerulosclerosis. Findings in this study go with the previously published reports on the damaging effect of exogenous toxins and plants extracts on the liver and kidney. This work demonstrated the importance of safety studies on herbal extracts. Keywords: Toxicity, Plant extracts, Liver toxicity, Renal toxicity, Syzygium polyanthum, Eugenia polyantha, Octomeles sumatrana, Hylocereus polyrhizus and fruits have potential therapeutic effects in the management of many human diseases. 1‒4 Many bioactive compounds have been isolated from plants and fruits; they are a good source of antioxidants which aid the protection against oxidative stress. 5,6 Plants and their extracts have been used as traditional medicines for the management of a variety of diseases in many Asian countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Plants and their extracts have been used as traditional medicines for the management of a variety of diseases in many Asian countries.' This indicates that traditional medicines are indeed derived from plants, supporting the idea that indigenous cultures utilize plant-based treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Moreover, we know from before that the pandemic led to an increase in mental health problems due to social isolation and disruption of daily routines (von Soest et al. , 2022). Since green spaces have been shown to have a positive impact on mental health by reducing stress and increasing social connection, people may have increasingly turned to green spaces to escape the stresses of the pandemic. We also found that the positive impact of the pandemic on green space use was most prominent in districts with low socioeconomic status. Low socio-economic status neighborhoods were more affected by the negative economic and social impacts of the pandemic (Bessell, 2022; Bonaccorsi et al. , 2020; von Soest et al. , 2022). As people living in these areas experienced higher levels of stress, the increased use of green spaces in these neighborhoods during the pandemic may reflect that green spaces have provided opportunities to reduce stress and improve mental health, social connection, and well-being of the residents. Our study revealed a clear social inequity in green space use, with the highest SES districts displaying nearly equal usage rates of green spaces and non-green spaces. In contrast, low SES districts had significantly more dwells in non-green areas and fewer dwells in the greenest areas. This pattern was evident both before and during the pandemic, but the difference seemed to decline slightly during the pandemic as compared to before the pandemic. This suggests that the pandemic may have had a positive effect on green space inequality by reducing the gap between high and low SES districts. Our study also showed that the COVID-19 pandemic had a more significant impact on green space use in densely populated urban areas, as opposed to districts with lower population density. Specifically, we observed a more substantial decline in the number of visits to non-green areas in high population density urban districts. This finding is consistent with previous research showing greater mobility contraction in urban areas (Bonaccorsi et al. , 2020). This decline in non-green area usage in high population density urban areas could be linked to the higher risk of COVID-19 transmission in densely populated areas, and the following closing of indoor gyms, cinemas, restaurants, and other recreational facilities that are typically located in such areas. Residents in these areas may have been more cautious about activities in settings that typically have low vegetation density such as public built and indoors environments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the impact of green spaces on mental health and social connection in the context of the pandemic. While it acknowledges increased use of green spaces during the pandemic, it does not explicitly mention the relationship between green spaces and physical activity. Thus, it does not directly support or contrast with the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: In addition, the F-1 community contained a protein from Xylona heveae, and the F-6 community contained a protein from Baudoinia panamericana, connecting such communities to the Xylonomycetes and Dothideomycetes classes, respectively (arrows in S6 and S7 Figs). delemar, an ancient whole-genome duplication was detected [41], correlating with the presence of four FIB paralogs (two of which are syntelogs; S6 Fig, F-3 community). We did not find the FIB identifier among the onhologs listed by [41]. Other early-diverging fungi such as those within the Neocallimastigomycetes class contained several FIB duplications. Within Saccharomycotina, we found two syntenic communities of FIB syntelogs corresponding to the CTG-Ser clade (F-5) and the Saccharomycetaceae family (F-7). The CTG-Ser clade is composed of the Metschnikowiaceae and the Debaryomycetaceae families, which translate the CTG codon to Serine instead of Leucine [42]. The FIB homologue of Babjeviella inositovora, the most basal species from the CTG-Ser clade [43], was the only FIB homolog not included within the F-5 community (S6 Fig). The FIB homolog from Xylona heveae retains synteny with Ucinocarpus reesii and Coccidioides posadasii; the FIB protein from Baudoinia panamericana retains synteny with Chaetomium globosum and Thielavia terrestris; finally, the FIB sequence from Aspergillus aculeatus retains synteny with five and three species from Eurotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes, respectively (S6 and S7 Figs). The result suggests that the current genomic contexts of these FIB proteins had a common origin in the last common ancestor of Pezizomycotina. Therefore, they changed by extensive and rapid lineage-specific genomic rearrangements (S4 Fig). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genomic features and protein synteny among certain fungal classes and does not mention fossils or their role in understanding evolutionary history. There is no reference to fossil evidence or evolutionary insights derived from such evidence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Among these plants are Syzygium polyanthum, Octomeles sumatrana and Hylocereus polyrhizus. Syzygium polyanthum (Myrthaceae) is synonymous with Eugenia polyantha. It is locally known as daunsalam or seraikayu or as Indonesian bay leaf. 7 Leaves of the plant are used to flavor food. 8 The leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity and is said to be beneficial in hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, stomach disorders and diarrhea. 9 Octomeles sumatrana (Datiscaceae) is a riverine specie with relatively light, soft wood. It has poor resistance to decomposition, thus is consequently used where strength and durability are of less importance as in the manufacturing of pulp, wood containers and match boxes. O. sumatrana barks are a rich source of bioactive compounds. They are boiled in water and taken orally by the Kadazandusun people of Sabah, Malaysia as a tonic and in the treatment of body aches, muscle spasms and in stressful situations. Hylocereus polyrhizusis a fruit from the climbing cacti of the Cactaceae family. 10 The plant originated from Latin America11 and is widely cultivated throughout Malaysia. The fruit gains its local name, red dragon fruit, from its purple-red scaled structured skin. The flesh is edible and is of a brilliant purple-red color and is scattered with small edible black seeds. Each ripe fruit can weigh between 200 to 500g. The fruit exhibits antioxidant properties from its high content of vitamin C and dietary fibre. 12 It is known that fruits and plants are excellent sources of antioxidant polyphenols, thus extracts of plant materials which targeted the health industry are available commercially. Plant extracts contain concentrated amounts of phytochemicals can be toxic in high doses as previously noted. 13 Histologically, some studies showed that, exogenous toxins and high doses of plants extracts was harmful to the liver14,15 as well as to the kidney. 16 Not much work has been done on S. polyanthum, O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus despite their widespread use by Malaysians. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing specific plants, such as Octomeles sumatrana, which are used by indigenous peoples like the Kadazandusun in Malaysia for medicinal purposes. It indicates that these plants, which are traditionally used, have health benefits and contain bioactive compounds, supporting the idea that traditional medicines are indeed derived from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: ResultsFigure 2 shows that at the bivariate level, vegetation density (as measured by the NDVI) at the grid level was moderately and negatively correlated with the number of daily recreational dwells, suggesting that there were more daily dwells in areas with low vegetation density compared to areas with high vegetation density. Moreover, there was a moderate negative correlation between the NDVI and population density and a weak positive correlation between the NDVI and neighborhood SES, indicating that densely populated and less affluent areas contained less green space than more affluent areas and areas with lower population density. Table 1 presents the results from the multilevel mixed model analysis with the number of daily recreational dwells on the grid level as the dependent variable. Model 1 revealed a positive association between the pandemic period and the number of recreational daily dwells and indicated a 1% increase in daily dwells after the onset of the pandemic compared to the baseline period before the pandemic. However, when adjusting for the NDVI, neighborhood SES, population density, public holidays, school holidays, season, and weather variables in Model 2, the number of daily recreational dwells decreased by 5% after the onset of the pandemic, thus indicating an overall reduction in daily recreational activity after the pandemic started when controlling for covariates. 3, we found a positive interaction effect between the COVID dummy variable and the NDVI, suggesting that recreational dwells increased more in grids with higher vegetation density after the onset of the pandemic. Post-hoc probing of the interaction displayed in Figure 1C indicated that after the onset of the pandemic, there was a 9. 44% increase in recreational dwells in the areas with the highest vegetation density (NDVI = 1), while there was a 6. 38% decrease in recreational dwells in the areas with the lowest vegetation density (NDVI = –1). In line with this finding, Figure 1B demonstrates a sharp increase in the proportion of recreational dwells in green grids that began during the spring of 2020 when the pandemic started. Table 1, Model 4, shows a significant negative three-way interaction between the COVID dummy, NDVI and neighborhood SES. Post-hoc probing, as shown in Figure 1D, revealed that the proportion of recreational dwells in green spaces was substantially lower in low-SES neighborhoods compared to high-SES neighborhoods both before and during the pandemic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that suggests a complex relationship between vegetation density and recreational activity. It indicates that while there were increases in recreational dwells during the pandemic in areas with higher vegetation density, there is also a significant statement regarding the decreased overall recreational activity controlling for various factors. Specifically, the text states that there was a 5% decrease in daily recreational dwells after the onset of the pandemic when controlling for covariates. This suggests that access to green spaces did not lead to an increase in physical activity as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: To examine the genomic context of each community, we retrieved all syntelog pairs contained within the same syntenic block as the FIBs homologs (S11 Table indicates the block indexes in the first column; see also S13 Table). Then annotations were assigned to all proteins/nodes from each network and low containing sub-clusters (k-clique = 3) were filtered out; the remaining networks are displayed (S8 Fig). A summary of the best-annotated proteins within the same syntenic blocks as fungal FIBs is in S14 Table. Phylogenomic microsynteny network analysis in plants Phylogenetic analysis shows that plant FIB proteins are monophyletic. The algae FIB proteins were all clustered together in the base of the tree, following the basal Embryophyta species (mosses, liverwort, and hornwort), then the gymnosperm P. abies, Amborella, the monocot species, and finally the Eudicotyledons (Fig 5). All plant FIB proteins belong to a unique orthologous group (OG; black filled circles on the tip of the leaves). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Phylogenomic microsynteny analysis of plant FIB homologues. Phylogeny of the total 327 FIB proteins detected from 153 plant genomes (13 algae and 140 plants). Names of genes are placed on the tree by taxonomic affiliation, as indicated on the right. Colors of inner strips are according to major taxonomic groups: algae (red) and angiosperms (green). Internal pairwise connections between tree leaves represent pairwise synteny relationships and are colored according to the detected microsynteny clusters, as shown in Fig 2B and S9 Fig. Gray connections represent synteny pairwise relationships not included in any community. Black filled circles on the tip of the leaves represent genes belonging to the only orthogroup detected in plants. Yellow filled circles represent tandem duplicated genes and part of the unique orthogroup. plant FIB microsynteny network comprised 223 nodes or genes (67. 9% of the 328 total plant FIB proteins identified) and 6016 edges (pairwise syntenic relationships; S15 Table). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genomic context and phylogenomic analysis of FIB proteins in plants rather than fossils. There is no mention or implication of fossils, and thus it fails to address the claim about the insights provided by fossils into evolutionary history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: These plants have been investigated in the Faculty of Pharmacy, UiTM laboratories in the last few years for evidence of their benefits as used in folk medicine. The present study was designed to assess the safe use of these extracts on the liver and kidney of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods Female adult rats (180-200g) were obtained from the (Multipro Supply, Malaysia). They were randomized into nine groups consisting of six animals each. One group was normal non diabetic control animals given normal saline, four groups were normal non diabetic animals (three groups were treated with the plant extracts while one group was used as a control in which animals were treated with vitamin E) and four groups were diabetic animals (one group was control diabetic animals treated with normal saline and three groups were diabetic animals treated with plant extracts). All groups were housed at a constant temperature (22±2°C) in a light-controlled (12:12-h light: dark cycle) room. Animals had ad libitumaccess to water and standard laboratory food (. Sapphire Sdn. Bhd. Malaysia). In order to make the animals diabetic, they were treated with streptozocin (STZ), minimum 98% HPLC grade, obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. The drug was given as a single dose of 55mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. One week following the injection, the animals were checked for diabetes. Blood was collected from the orbital sinus, centrifuged and serum level of glucose was analyzed on a analyzer (I Lab 300, Italy). Non diabetic and diabetic groups that had been given plant extracts were treated as follows: Each group was fed a different plant extract. Each extract was administered continuously per os as a daily single dose for two weeks. Control diabetic animals were given normal saline. Plant extracts were prepared from the leaves of S. polyanthum, the bark of O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus fruit; they were collected from local fields. S. polyanthum leaves and O. sumatrana bark were dried for three days in an oven at 50˚C, grounded and boiled in water (100g/1000 mL) for 15min. Extracts were filtered through four layers of gauze, centrifuged at 3000g for 15min and then lyophilized into powder form. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study that investigates plant extracts traditionally used in folk medicine. It describes the use of various plant materials, including leaves and bark collected from local fields, for preparing medicinal extracts, indicating that these plants are part of traditional practices attributed to indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: This finding contrasts with cross-sectional surveys conducted in other countries that have shown high SES to be a predictor of increased greenspace use during the pandemic (3, 32). The inconsistency between our study’s findings and those of other studies could be due to Norway’s egalitarian society and strong social welfare system, which likely helped the low-SES neighborhoods cope better during the pandemic. Additionally, Norway’s high level of green space availability and cultural emphasis on outdoor activities and nature may have contributed to the increased green space use across all socioeconomic groups during the pandemic and the reduction in the disparities between high-SES and low-SES neighborhoods. Our study also showed that the COVID-19 pandemic was related to increased green space use in neighborhoods with both high and low population densities, although the increase was most prominent in sparsely populated neighborhoods. Low-population density neighborhoods are likely to have more ample green spaces available, which could explain the more notable increase in green space use in these areas during the pandemic. In contrast, people in neighborhoods with high population densities may face difficulties in practicing physical distancing even within the green areas available to them. As a result, the residents of densely populated areas may have opted to prioritize greenspaces over non-green public spaces for leisure activities to a lesser degree. Notably, in neighborhoods with high population densities and low SES, we observed a more substantial decline in the number of visits to non-green areas. This finding is consistent with previous research showing greater mobility contraction in urban areas and in areas with lower income per capita (19). The overall decline in mobility during the pandemic may have been more pronounced in urban areas and low-SES neighborhoods due to the higher risk of transmission and reduced opportunities for leisure activities in these areas, respectively. For example, in non-green areas, such as shopping centers or restaurants, may have been closed or operated with reduced hours during the pandemic, thus reducing the opportunities for leisure activities outside of the home in densely populated neighborhoods. Moreover, low-SES neighborhoods may have fewer opportunities for remote work, meaning that during the pandemic, the residents were required to commute to work, thus reducing their opportunity and mobility to engage in recreational activities. It is also possible that both densely populated and low SES neighborhoods have little green space available, meaning that residents are required to travel outside their neighborhoods to find green spaces and such opportunities for recreation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that residents in densely populated areas may face challenges in accessing green spaces, which could limit their opportunities for physical activity. It explains that high population density and low socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods experienced a decline in visits to non-green areas and highlights that the pandemic may have impacted mobility and leisure activities, indicating that access to green spaces does not guarantee increased physical activity for these populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Clustering analysis revealed five microsyntenic communities of FIB proteins in plants (Fig 5; S16 Table). These are the Angiosperm supercluster (community #1 with 168 genes; purple cluster), the Rosid cluster (community #2 with 8 genes; green cluster), the Fabaceae cluster (community #3 with 4 genes; blue cluster), the cluster (community #4 with 4 genes; orange cluster), and an Oryza cluster (community #5 with 6 genes; dark red cluster). From this analysis, it appears that plant FIBs remain conserved in the same ancestral syntenic block (Angiosperm supercluster). However, four syntenic communities (two for monocots [clusters 4 and 5] and two for eudicots [clusters 2 and 3]) are transposed to another genomic context (a genomic block that moved to the different genomic region and shared for those species in question). microsynteny supercluster has FIBs from the basal Magnoliophyta Amborella, several FIBs from monocots, the two detected FIB sequences from Nelumbo (early-diverging Eudicot), and FIBs from Caryophyllales, Asterids, and Rosids. To compare the changes in specific clades and the dynamics of gene expansion following duplication events (small and large scale) undergone by a species, we depict the phylogenomic synteny profiling of FIB proteins per species and the number of proteins per species within a microsynteny community (S9A Fig; S16 Table). In monocots, almost all species contained more than one FIB sequence per genome. One of these remained syntenic but not the others. The exception was those grass species from and Oryza whose paralogous genes clustered in another community (different genomic context). Oryza species are of interest because they all possess two copies of FIB. One copy clustered with the Angiosperm supercluster, while the was other in a specific syntenic block for this genus (we chose six Oryza species from different geographic distribution, four of them wild species). No FIB sequence from the sister genus L. perrieri was found within this Oryza community. In several eudicot species, all their FIB sequences are syntenic in the ancestral Angiosperm supercluster. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding fossils or their role in understanding evolutionary history. Instead, it focuses on the analysis of FIB proteins in plants and their genomic context, which is irrelevant to the claim about fossils.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: This review particularly presents a survey of recent studies on traditional medicines, medicinal plants and phytoconstituents that have indicated antiviral activity for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Advertisement 2. Traditional medicinesTraditional medicine is being frequently used all over the world. Treatment with traditional medicine is still esteemed highly, particularly by those who have no access to modern health-care. Traditional medicine is to be understood as the total of the knowledge, practices based on theories and experiences indigenous to different cultures used to maintain and improve health, to prevent and diagnose illnesses. Traditional medicine can be included in medical systems and folk medicine along with health knowledge. The numbers of medicinal plants from various medical systems like etc. could be taken into consideration as an inspiring source for bioactive phytochemicals as drug designing as well as nutraceuticals and functional foods for wellness. Based on Lipinski factors and lower binding energies, numbers of compounds from medicinal plants were analyzed for their pharmacological and biological characteristics. Some selected bioactives were found to have lower toxicity with a higher gastrointestinal absorption rate and potent anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities against targets of COVID-19 which is an infectious pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The critical target components of SARS-CoV-2 are the Spike protein (S-protein) and the Main protease (Mpro). Mpro is required for the maturation of the various polyproteins involved in replication and transcription. S-protein helps the SARS-CoV-2 to enter the host cells through the Angiotensin-2 (ACE-2). Since ACE-2 is required for the binding of SARS-CoV-2 on the host cells, ACE-2 inhibitors and blockers have got wider attention, in addition to S-protein and Mpro modulators as potential therapeutics for COVID-19. So far, no specific drugs have shown promising therapeutic potential against COVID-19. Therfeore, several studies were undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic potential of traditional medicinal plants against COVID-19. 2. 1 medicineBased on the frequency of appearance of each medicinal herb and their corresponding pharmacological activities from Medicines (TCM), one of the TCM formula was reconstructed with the potential of treating COVID-19 infection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that traditional medicine encompasses knowledge and practices that are indigenous to different cultures, specifically mentioning the use of medicinal plants within various medical systems. It highlights that traditional medicines are based on experiences and knowledge passed down through cultures and emphasizes the importance of herbal remedies in treating illnesses, particularly in the context of COVID-19. This aligns with the claim regarding the roots of traditional medicines in indigenous cultural practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: To be certain that excluding these respondents did not influence our results; we performed two further procedures. First, we ran models with an additional category for those who did not report income. Second, we imputed missing income data responses using Stata’s by (MICE) procedures. Our substantive findings were not sensitive to the treatment of the income variable and we therefore present results based on excluding all respondents with missing income data. ModelsTo answer research question (a), we explored the association between availability of green space and levels of (i) walking, (ii) overall physical activity and (iii) green physical activity using logistic regression models. We then answered research question (b) by first adding an interaction term to the model which explored whether any association between socio-economic position and physical activity varied by the availability of green space. The resulting coefficients were tested using the Wald test for interaction. The exact nature of any interactions was further unpacked using a sequence of logistic regression models that were stratified by green space. Multi-level modelling was not possible as the CAS ward of residence was not disclosed to the research team. All analyses were weighted to take account of any differences between the and the SHS sampling strategy. Models were run in Stata (version 11). ResultsSample characteristicsThe characteristics of the respondents in our analysis are shown in Table 1 (n = 3679). Table 1 Percentage (n) distribution of characteristics of urban Survey respondents (n = 3679) by demographic, socio-economic, green space availability and physical activity variables Full size table(a) Is availability of neighbourhood green space positively associated with physical activity and with physical activity specifically in green space? No association at all was observed between neighbourhood green space and meeting the recommended overall physical activity guidelines (data not shown). In un-adjusted models, respondents living in the greenest neighbourhoods were less likely to meet recommended walking guidelines (odds ratio 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 55-0. 95) than those in the least green areas (Table 2a). After adjustment for age, sex and household income, this association was attenuated a little and became non-significant (Table 2a). In both un-adjusted and adjusted models, the odds of meeting the walking guidelines appeared to follow a ‘dose-response’ relationship with neighbourhood green space such that the odds fell further for each gradation of green space. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there was 'no association at all' observed between neighborhood green space and meeting the recommended overall physical activity guidelines. Additionally, it mentions that respondents living in the greenest neighborhoods were actually less likely to meet recommended walking guidelines, indicating that increased access to green spaces does not necessarily correlate with increased physical activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: family has experienced two rounds of WGD (At-α and At-β) and a specific WGT in Brassica and related genera (Br-α; large-scale duplications), but coupled with small-scale duplication events such as tandems (S10 Fig), especially into the I (Camelineae) and Lineage II (Eutremeae and Brassiceae). Referring to the Tree of Life, paleopolyploidy accounts for plants in the group with more FIB sequences per genome. As an example of FIB duplications by WGD, we inspected Arabidopsis thaliana which has three FIB proteins in its genome (AtFIB1-3), located in two different syntenic regions. AtFIB2 is in a syntenic block in chromosome 4, while AtFIB1 and AtFIB3 are both in the same syntenic region of chromosome 5 as tandem duplicated sequences. A synteny approach on FIB proteins among T. hassleriana, A. arabicum, and A. thaliana confirmed the consequences of WGD events on genome structure (S11 Fig). Among neighboring genes in the Angiosperm supercluster, we detected that five genes remain conserved in FIB in the same genomic context throughout plants: from Amborella, passing through monocots, to Rosids. These syntenic conserved genes are a fibrillarin, hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein, C2H2-like zinc finger protein, MATEefflux family protein, and cytochrome P450, family 715 A1 (S12A Fig; S17 Table). Some genes remained only in Amborella and monocots and were lost in eudicots. New genes appear in eudicot clades that are not present in monocots and basal clades. The final group involves a class of genes fixed in all analyzed plants species outside the monocot syntenic block. For genes in the same syntenic block as FIB, we found no functional evidence that correlated to FIB proteins. Details of specific patterns of gene loss and gain on the Angiosperm syntenic block are in S12B–S12E Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossils providing insights into evolutionary history. Instead, it focuses on genetic events and proteins in plant genomes, without discussing paleontological evidence or fossils.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: This TCM formula contains herbs with evidenced antiviral activity along with reducing fever, removing dampness, expelling phlegm, and arresting coughing. It includes Bupleurum chinense, Ramulus cinnamomi, Scutellaria baicalensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Atractylodes macrocephala, Rhizoma Zingiberis, Agastache rugosa, Stephania tetrandra root, Polygonum cuspidatum, Rheum palmatum, Tangerine Peel, Amarum and Ophiopogon japonicus root. These herbs have the effect of eliminating dampness, for relieving cough and lung symptoms. In addition, in modern pharmacology, Rheum palmatum and Polygonum cuspidatum have significant antiviral effects due to their rich emodin content. Full prescription of 12 drugs are evaluated for the clinical treatment of COVID-19 [4]. On the other hand, a medicinal plant library containing 32,297 potential antiviral traditional Chinese medicinal plants compounds were analyzed the 3-Chymotrypsin-Like protease (3CLpro) sequence which plays a critical role in the replication of virus p19. The proteolytic processing is mediated by Papain-Like protease (PLpro) and 3CLpro. The 3CLpro cleaves the polyprotein at 11 distinct sites to generate various non-structural proteins that are important for viral replication [5]. countries, Saxifraga species (Saxifragaceae) are used as medicinal herbs for treatment of various types of disorders. With respect to antiviral activities, Saxifraga melanocentra inhibited the activity of hepatitis C virus serine protease. The virucidal activity of pyrogallol compounds obtained from Saxifraga spinulosa have also suggested against SARS-CoV-2, (IAV), as well as Virus (FCV) and Virus (MNV) [6]. 2. 2 medicinesIn Iran, some medicinal plants have great potential value for treatment of COVID-19 based on the therapeutic approaches of Medicine (TPM) is one of the most ancient medical doctrines mostly known as “wi”, several of which have also been confirmed by pharmacological studies in modern medicine. Among them, Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various traditional Chinese medicinal plants and their uses in treating ailments, thereby illustrating the connection between traditional medicine and plants. It specifically mentions several plants such as Bupleurum chinense, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Glycyrrhiza glabra, which are integral to traditional medicine systems. This aligns with the idea that traditional medicines are often based on plant resources utilized by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: An independent, positive association between household income and meeting the recommended walking guidelines was also observed. Table 2 The association between green space and physical activity outcomes (odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals), obtained from logistic regression models with sequential adjustment for demographic and socio-economic indicators Full size tableNo significant association was observed between neighbourhood green space and participation in green physical activity. The odds ratios were inconsistent in direction and gave no indication of a dose–response relationship (Table 2b). Again, an independent, positive association between household income and participation in green physical activity was observed (Table 2b, Model 2). No substantive difference in results was observed when green physical activity was measured as use more than 3 times a week (data not shown). (b) Is the association between socio-economic position and participating in physical activity within green space narrower among people living in greener areas compared to less green areas? Figure 1a shows how income-related inequality in meeting the recommended walking guidelines varied by level of neighbourhood green space. The odds of those in the lowest income tertile meeting the recommended walking guidelines compared to those in the highest income tertile were 0. 64 (95% CI 0. 38-1. 09) in the least green areas, and 0. 86 (95% CI 0. 54-1. 38) in the most green areas; neither showing a significant difference. There was a weakly significant interaction such that the income-related gap in meeting the recommended walking guidelines was narrower in the most green areas (Wald test: x2 = 12. 80, P = 0. 0463). However, there was no evidence of a dose response relationship such that the inequality became narrower as green space levels increased; results for the 25- < 50% and 50- < 75% green neighbourhoods were very different. A similar pattern of results was observed for meeting the recommended physical activity guidelines with no indication of any dose response relationship (data not shown). Figure 1Does income related inequality in (a) meeting the recommended physical activity guidelines and (b) participating in green physical activity vary by green space availability? Odds ratios given relative to the reference group (Tertile, OR = 1. 0) and bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Full size imageThere was also no significant difference in the association between household income and green physical activity by level of green space availability (Wald test: x2 = 9. 09, P = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that there was 'no significant association observed between neighbourhood green space and participation in green physical activity.' Additionally, it states that the odds ratios were 'inconsistent in direction' and that there was 'no evidence of a dose response relationship,' indicating that merely having access to green spaces does not correlate with increased physical activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Phylogenomic microsynteny network analysis of animals Phylogenetic analysis of 319 animal FIBs showed a clear separation between Invertebrata and Vertebrata and gene clustering per major taxa (Fig 6). Genome sizes from the invertebrate species analyzed ranged from 41 to 2,538 Mb (mean 505. 8 Mb). The number of scaffolds in this group ranged from 6 (in the Drosophila model genus) to 331,401 (the gastropoda Biomphalaria glabrata), with a mean of 17,569 scaffolds. Animal FIBs belong to a unique orthogroup (black filled circle on the tip of the leaves in Fig 6). group did not show strong syntenic patterns between FIBs of the 62 genomes from diverse taxa (with very fragmented genomes) analyzed: 14 of 78 FIBs (17%) had a syntenic relationship. Interestingly, Drosophila FIBs (2 FIBs for each of the six species) were clustered in two separate groups on the tree (green stars on the clades of the tree), but each group conserved syntenic relationships between them (Fig 6, clusters 4a and 4b). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Phylogenomic microsynteny analysis of animal FIB proteins. a) Phylogenetic tree of the total 319 FIB proteins detected across 257 inspected genomes (195 Vertebrata and 62 Invertebrata). Color-coded gene names are on the tree by taxonomic affiliation, as indicated on the left. The color of the first inner strips is by major taxonomic groups: Invertebrata (black) and Vertebrata (yellow). The second inner strips are colored by relevant taxonomic group, as indicated on the left. Internal pairwise connections between tree leaves represent pairwise synteny relationships and are colored by the four detected microsynteny clusters in Vertebrata, as shown in Fig 2B and S13 Fig. Internal pairwise connections in gray represent minor microsynteny relationships not included in any community. Black dots on the tip of the leaves represent genes belonging to the only orthogroup detected in animals. b) Representation of microsynteny blocks of FIB and FIB-like genes. species D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and discusses phylogenomic analysis among different animal taxa rather than fossils. Therefore, it is irrelevant ('pass') to the claim about fossils providing insights into evolutionary history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: ), Chicory (Cichorium intybus L. ), Clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L. ) Merr. and L. M. Perry], (Rosa × damascena Herrm. ), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. ), Galangal (Alpinia galanga (L. ) Willd. , A. officinarum Hance), Garlic (Allium sativum L. ), Grape and Raisin (Vitis vinifera L. ), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L. , G. uralensis Fisch. ), Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L. , R. officinale Baill. ) and Saffron (Crocus sativus L. ) were determined as promising plant species. However, preclinical mechanistic studies as well as clinical trials are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of these plants for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [7]. 2. 3 AyurvedaFor nearly 5000 years Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medicine method, has been practiced in India, relying heavily on plants to formulate it. Ayurvedic herbal supplements and immunity boosters showing the way to a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that is the need of the hour. Antiviral properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus spp. , Zingiber officinale, Withania somnifera, and Curcuma longa have been reported [8]. Whereas, Tinospora cordifolia and Emblica officinalis have the properties to enhance immunity. It has been shown that Coptidis rhizome, Meliae cortex, Sanguisorbae radix, Cimicifuga rhizome, and Phellodendron cortex exhibit anti-coronavirus activity. Sophorae radix, Torilis fructus, and Acanthopanacis cortex decreased intracellular viral RNA levels with corresponding viral protein decreases [9]. The antiviral activity of some phytoconstituents present in traditional medicinal plants from Ayurveda were also investigated against spike glycoprotein of SARS-COV-2 as well as its host ACE-2 receptor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that Ayurveda, which is described as an ancient Indian medicine method practiced for nearly 5000 years, relies heavily on plants to formulate medicinal treatments. Furthermore, it discusses various plants used in Ayurvedic medicine, which supports the idea that traditional medicines are derived from plants, particularly those utilized by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 1687) (Figure 1b). The odds ratio for participation in green physical activity among those in the bottom income tertile compared with the top income tertile was 0. 44 (95% CI 0. 22-0. 89) in the least green areas and 0. 32 (95% CI 0. 17-0. 60) in the most green areas. Results were similar when green physical activity was defined as three times a week or more (data not shown). DiscussionIn this Scottish study, the amount of green space in a neighbourhood tended not to be associated with the physical activity levels of urban residents. No significant relationships were found between quantity of green space in a neighbourhood and either meeting recommended walking or physical activity guidelines, or participation in green physical activity. We also found no evidence that income-related inequalities in physical activity, or in green physical activity, were narrower in greener areas of urban Scotland. This was the first study in the UK, and one of the first in the world, to explore associations between levels of green space in a neighbourhood and physical activity specifically in green space, at a population level. The absence of both any relationship between neighbourhood green space and green physical activity, and evidence for narrower inequalities in physical activity in greener neighbourhoods, contradicted our hypothesis that green spaces equalise opportunities for physical activity and that this in turn produces narrower socio-economic health inequalities in greener areas [26]. It is important to understand that the study does not contest the idea that green space promotes physical activity, or that physical activity in green space is healthy; rather it challenges the ideas that (i) any green space in the neighbourhood can act as venue for, and thus encourage physical activity for the residents of that neighbourhood, and (ii) this will occur equally across the socio-economic spectrum. The lack of association between green space and physical activity in this study is consistent with several recent studies [18, 19, 33]. Zealand for example, neighbourhood access to parks and beaches was not associated with physical activity behaviour [33]. Similarly, no relationship was found between the quantity of green space and meeting recommended physical activity guidelines in the Netherlands [19]. et al. [18] found a positive association between green space and physical activity in England, no association was shown for sub domains of physical activity more likely to take place in green space. Studies focussed specifically on walking behaviour have also shown similar negative results. Giles-Corti et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that in the study, there was no significant relationship found between the quantity of green space in a neighborhood and the physical activity levels of urban residents. It emphasizes that the study challenges the idea that any green space in the neighborhood encourages physical activity among residents, indicating a lack of association between green spaces and physical activity participation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: novemcinctus is absent in the FIB syntenic block. In the FIB-like syntenic block, only sequences from eutherian mammals are present. Colored blocks represent syntenic genes. the 195 vertebrate genomes, we detected six microsynteny communities formed by 197 nodes (81. 7% of total FIBs were syntenic) and 5868 pairwise syntenic connections (S18 Table). Three of the six syntenic communities were small with particular pairwise connections: the amphibia cluster, the Sauropsida-Reptilia cluster, and a small fish syntenic pair (S13A Fig). After clustering the entire microsynteny network, we detected four distinct communities (S19 Table). The Fish-Reptilia syntenic community (S13B Fig), was split into two specific communities: one for fish and other for reptilia (Fig 6, communities 3a and 3b). The most striking finding was that mammalian FIBs (almost all species have two FIB per genome, as shown in Fig 2E) were divided into two major clusters, as seen in Fig 6. One of these clusters corresponds to classical FIB genes (mammals cluster A in green), and the other to FIB-like genes (mammals cluster B in dark yellow); both of clusters were densely connected with 85 nodes and 3154 edges for FIB cluster, and 79 nodes and 2635 edges for the FIB-like cluster. To gain insights into the genomic context of FIB and FIB-like genes, we retrieved all syntelog pairs within these syntenic blocks. Details of specific patterns of gene loss and gain on the mammal syntenic blocks are in S14 Fig. In FIB sequences from both clusters (mammal A and B; FIB and FIB-like) the number of exons was very variable, ranging from 1 to 11. Thus, we analyzed the number of exons in all Vertebrata clades and a sample of Invertebrata species for outgroup comparison. Almost all species from fish, Amphibia, and Reptilia contain nine exons (Fig 7A). The few fibrillarins from birds ranged from 3 to 6 exons per FIB, while in mammals, the number of exons highly grouped on the shores with no apparent pattern (Fig 7A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genomic and syntenic analysis of genes in vertebrates and invertebrates without mentioning fossils or their role in understanding evolutionary history. The content focuses on the distribution and structure of FIB genes rather than on fossils or their insights into evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: These compounds can be further developed and assessed as phytoformulations against SARS-CoV-2 infection [8]. 2. 4 Siddha medicineDuring molecular docking and simulation analysis for the prevention and cure of COVID-19 infection on some phytoconstituents of Siddha medicine were determined as potential candidates. Among them orientin, bis-andrographolide, cucurbitacin B, cucurbitacin E, isocucurbitacin B, vitexin, berberine, bryonolic acid, piperine and magnoflorine were identified as potential lead molecules that have been shown to possess the ability to interact with the components that block the viral replication in SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the immune-enhancing properties of these compounds without any adverse side effects could provide natural immune power to resist COVID-19 infections [14]. Several plants have been found to act on the ACE-2 receptor, which could become promising antiviral agents and can help in combatting COVID-19 pandemic. Rheum palmatum, Polygonum multiflorum, Cerasus avium, Alcea digitata, Rubia tinctorum, Citrus aurantium, Berberis integerrima, Peganum harmala and Allium sativum have the potential to act on the ACE-2 receptor and are well-known for blocking the transmission or entry of Coronoviruses. These plants can possibly be used for the combinational therapeutic management of COVID-19 by inhibiting various protein targets of SARS-CoV-2 (Table 1) [15]. Traditional medicinesMedicinal plantsAntiviral compoundsVirus1. The list of traditional medicines for antiviral activities. 2. 5 Thai traditional medicineAmong 122 Thai traditional medicines, Boesenbergia rotunda extract and its compound, known as panduratin A exhibited the potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity by using the high-content imaging system coupled with the plaque reduction assay. Treatment with Boesenbergia rotunda extract and panduratin A after viral infection drastically suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in Vero E6 cells with IC50 of 3. 62 μg/mL (CC50 = 28. 06 μg/mL) and 0. 81 μΜ (CC50 = 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various traditional and medicinal plants that have been used in treatments, specifically highlighting their potential in combating diseases like COVID-19. It notes that several plants, summarized as part of traditional and Thai medicine, are recognized for their medicinal properties and active compounds, reinforcing the idea that traditional medicines are closely linked to the use of plants by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: [34], for example, found that distance to green space was not associated with achieving the recommended levels of walking. What might explain our findings? The studies which have reported a positive association between green space and physical activity tend to be those which take the aesthetic attributes of the environment into consideration. A recent study by Sugiyama et al. [35] for example, found that presence of an attractive green space in the neighbourhood was positively associated with walking for recreation, but the number of green spaces in the neighbourhood alone was not. Giles-Corti et al. [36] and Sugiyama et al. [37] also found a positive association between the attractiveness and presence of natural features and walking behaviour. These results suggest that the aesthetic attributes of the environment may be key in any relationship between green space and physical activity. Our green space measure, however, contained no information on the quality or attractiveness of green space. We note too that this study is the first to explore the relationship between green space and physical activity specifically in Scotland. The lack of association in our results may therefore, reflect something about the social, cultural or behavioural patterns of physical activity and/or use of green space that is specific to Scotland, differences in the type of green space in its urban areas, or simply Scotland’s ambient climate. Another possible explanation is that physical activity in green space carries greater health benefits for more disadvantaged populations than for the more advantaged. Thus, whilst levels of green physical activity may be lower in less advantaged populations, their impact may be more substantial than for the more advantaged populations. Our study’s strengths were its ability to examine physical activity specifically in green space, well tested measures of physical activity which relate to clinical recommendations, and a large representative sample matched with an objective measurement of green space exposure, allowing a national level exploration of the association between green space and physical activity in many different urban settings. Our study also had limitations however. First, our three physical activity outcomes were self-reported. Self-reported measures have known disadvantages of incomplete recall and over-estimation of physical activity. However, the threat to validity would stem from an association between recall bias and green space availability. This seems unlikely. Second, our green space measurement was somewhat crude. We had to assume that respondents residing in neighbourhoods with the same amount of green space actually had equal access to that green space and that the green spaces were all useable for physical activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that distance to green space was not associated with achieving recommended walking levels. It suggests that the studies reporting positive associations often considered aesthetic attributes of the green spaces, implying that merely having access to green spaces does not guarantee increased physical activity. The text emphasizes that other factors, such as the quality and attractiveness of green spaces, cultural or behavioral patterns, and individual socio-economic status, influence physical activity levels in green spaces.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 7. Evolutionary differences between the two microsynteny mammalian clusters. a) Violin plot of the number of exons in each of the five major clades of Chordata animals and arthropods. Points on the plot represent specific data. The number of exons in Actinopterygii, amphibians, and reptiles ranges from 7–10 exons, while that in mammals ranges from 1–10. The curved arrow above the mammalian violin plot indicates the two microsynteny clusters in figure b. b) Two microsynteny clusters detected in mammals and belonging to FIB (cluster A) and FIB-like genes (cluster B) specifically. Arrows under clusters indicate specific boxplots in figure c. c) Boxplot of the number of exons of the genes from the specific microsynteny clusters of mammals. Genes from cluster A (FIB genes) have a mean of 9 exons, while those in microsynteny cluster B (FIB-like genes) have a mean of one exon per gene. d) Depiction of microsynteny communities on a phylogenetic gene tree of animals. The pairwise syntenic relationship of clusters A and B (FIB and FIB-like, respectively) are indicated with black arrows, and the links are colored following Fig 5 to show the absence of syntenic relationship in both clusters (evolving from different genomic context). Green and yellow lines on the tree represent syntenic pairwise connections. e) Ks values for each microsynteny cluster. For the analysis, we carried 1800 and 2664 comparisons of homologous proteins for clusters A and B, respectively. f) Genes chosen from each syntenic cluster were inspected for expression values from transcriptomic atlases (as described in materials and methods). Colored nodes within clusters represent the genes chosen for the analysis. We use genes from species that had two copies, one in each cluster (one FIB and one FIB-like gene), and that had expression information available in the (EMBL-EBI). g) Heatmap from the expression values of chosen genes in f, clustered according to taxonomy. On the "x" axis (*)frontal lobe, and (**)lung are the tissues used in the analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about fossils providing insights into evolutionary history. Instead, it discusses microsynteny clusters, exon counts, and gene expression in specific groups of mammals. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 71 μM), respectively. Also, the treatment of panduratin A at the pre-entry phase inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection with IC50 of 5. 30 μM (CC50 = 43. 47 μM). Therefore, exerted the inhibitory effect against -2 infection at both pre-entry and post-infection phases as the novel natural candidate [16]. 2. 6 African traditional medicineethnomedicinal herbs (Abrus precatorius L. Gaertn, Achyranthes aspera L. , Allium sativum L. , Annona muricata L. , Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. , Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl. ) Schltr. , Curcuma longa L. , Euphorbia hirta L. , Garcinia kola Heckel, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. , Moringa oleifera Lam. , Nigella sativa L. , Psidium guajava L. , Zingiber officinale Roscoe) used in African traditional medicine from different countries in Africa were investigated in the prevention, treatment and management of COVID-19 infection [17]. From them, Glycyrrhiza glabra was reported to be successful inhibitor for SARS-CoV replication and was recommended for the management COVID-19. Due to the complex nature of SARS-CoV-2 and clinical presentation of COVID-19 disease, combining two or more extracts with various pharmacological activity from these herbs in a standard dosage form such as capsule, tablets, syrups, and injections is necessary in the management of the disease. This combination would improve adherence but care must be taken to ensure that all ingredients in the formulation are compatible otherwise it may lead to therapeutic failure or toxicity. These findings will serve as a source of information for future research in the selection of herbs which could be used in the management of COVID-19 [17]. 2. 6. 1 African medicinal plantsSixty-two alkaloids and hundred terpenoids isolated from some African medicinal plants were docked to the 3-Chymotrypsin-Like protease (3CLpro) controled coronavirus replication as a promising drug target for combating the coronavirus infection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing a list of medicinal plants utilized in African traditional medicine, indicating that these plants have been identified for their therapeutic properties. It specifically mentions various ethnomedicinal herbs used in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, thereby supporting the idea that traditional medicines, which often include plants used by indigenous cultures, play an important role in healthcare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Our measurement of green space, for example, included agricultural land; areas which can be regarded as unsuitable for physical activity. However, as the study was conducted in urban Scotland only, having included sufficient agricultural land to influence our results remains highly unlikely. At the time of writing no national dataset describing the different classifications of green spaces was available in Scotland. However, a new data set which would be able to distinguish spaces suitable for physical activity has very recently become available and could be a useful resource for future work [38]. Third, green physical activity reported by respondents may not necessarily have occurred within their neighbourhood green space. Individuals may spend a large proportion of their day outside their neighbourhood. Identifying exactly where individuals were physically active, as opposed to what type of environment, was not possible with the data available. Fourth, our data were cross-sectional and residual confounding cannot be discounted. Fifth, there may have been some important confounding variables that we were unable to account for in our models. We had no information about green space quality, neighbourhood density, concerns about safety and crime or the aesthetic attributes of the environment, for example. The main implication of our study is that in Scotland physical activity may not be the main mechanism behind associations between green space and population health which have been observed in the UK and elsewhere[2, 3, 7, 29], or behind the narrowing of socio-economic inequalities in health in greener neighbourhoods observed in England by Mitchell and Popham [26]. When we survey other candidate mechanisms, the direct effect of perceiving natural environments on physiological and psychological health would appear the more plausible explanation. Those effects have been demonstrated in laboratory and field experiments [39, 40] and it is reasonable to assume that they operate at a population level too. ConclusionThis was one of the first population level studies to explore the association between amount of green space in urban neighbourhoods and the population’s use of green space for physical activity. Our findings suggest that increasing the quantity of green space in a neighbourhood in the assumption it will a venue for physical activity, could be wrong. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved would help policy makers and planners create a more health-promoting natural environment. 592. 10. 1136/jech. 2005. 043125. 683. 10. 1136/jech. 2006. 053553. 918. 10. 1136/jech. 56. 12. 913. 18. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and confounding factors related to the link between green spaces and physical activity. It argues that simply increasing green space in neighborhoods may not result in increased physical activity, mentioning that physical activity may not be the main mechanism behind the associations observed between green space and population health. The author emphasizes that a broader understanding of the mechanisms involved is needed to accurately evaluate the relationship between green spaces and physical activity.