Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5% (w/v) glucose or xylose to reach a DO660 of about 10, and the effect of 1 mM l-Phe PA or PP supplements on 2-PE production was measured after 24 h of incubation. The figure shows the average values of three independent assaysFull size imageOn the other hand, l-phenylalanine in P. putida is made through the shikimate pathway, in which shikimate and chorismate are intermediates (Fig. 1), and hence we tested whether the addition of 1 mM shikimate (174 ppm) or 1 mM chorismate (226 ppm) would also lead to an increase in 2-PE production. Supplementation with chorismate to CM12-5 (pPE-1) and CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1) growing with glucose or xylose (Table 1) led to production levels of about 1 ppm 105 ppm 2-PE (Table 1), a value similar to that reached when Ehrlich pathway intermediates were added. However, this was not the case with shikimate, as it was only partially consumed by the cells, and also because it was biotransformed in side dead-end products (3-hydroxyshikimic acid, quinate and acetate) both with glucose or xylose as the C source (data not shown). This implies that an appropriate channeling of shikimate to chorismate is a critical issue in the synthesis of 2-PE by this host platform. Hence, our data support the hypothesis that the intracellular levels of l-Phe maybe the limiting step in the biosynthesis of 2-PE. Moreover, this was particularly noticeable, when xylose was used as the sole C source, since with this C-source a clear limitation of the available intermediates for the synthesis of l-Phe was identified. Table 1 Effect of shikimate pathway intermediates chorismic acid (CA) and shikimic acid (SA) on the synthesis of 2-PE in P. putida CM12-5 (pPE-1) and CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1) strainsFull size tableIncreasing phenylalanine production and 2-PE levels in P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a complex experiment related to the production of 2-PE (2-phenylethanol) using Pseudomonas putida and the role of certain metabolites in biosynthesis. However, it does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars, nor does it provide information on yeast or biofuel production. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: The differentially observed OTUs in mandarin fish between the two treatments were identified using a Venn diagram (Fig. 2B). A total of 772 OTUs were shared between the two treatments, and a total of 7,375 OTUs and 3,076 OTUs were uniquely identified in the NF and AF treatments, respectively. PCoA of beta diversity was performed to visualize the similarities between the two treatments with unweighted_unifrac and weighted_unifrac distances (n = 3, Figs. 2C, 2D). Both PCoA diagrams showed that samples from the AF group indicated a separation from the NF group, as the microbial communities appeared as two distinct central clusters along with the PCA distance variations on both axes. To provide a clearer visualization of the taxonomic abundance distribution between the two treatments, a heatmap clustering analysis was performed on the 50 most abundant genera, as shown in Fig. S2. Figure 2: Distribution of OTUs abundance analysis and β diversity analysis in mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diets. NF, natural feeds; AF, artificial feeds. (A) Rank abundance curve. (B) Venn diagram showing the observed OTUs of gut microbial communities. Principal coordinate analysis based on unweighted (C) and weighted UniFrac distances (D) of gut microbiota between groups. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-2 Differences in taxonomic composition The bacterial community composition of mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diets was analyzed at the phyla and genus level (Fig. 3). The top ten most abundant phyla were listed and the remaining phyla were termed ‘Others’ (Fig. 3A). The predominant phylum observed in the gut microbiota of both mandarin fish treatments were Bacillota, Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Bacteroidota, followed by Fusobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexota, TM7, Thermi, and Gemmatimonadota. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the differences in the gut microbiota of mandarin fish fed two types of diets (natural feeds and artificial feeds). It states that distinct microbial community compositions and diversity were observed between the two treatments, as evidenced by the Venn diagram which illustrates shared and unique Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). The presence of unique OTUs and differences in taxonomic composition suggest that the diet can influence the diversity of gut microbiota.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: The bridge model is currently being used in face-to-face classes of disciplines of curriculum: (4th year) and Bridges (5th year). They were placed on the webpage for each discipline thus being available for students to manipulate. The student should download the EON Viewer application available at the EON web site. The traditional way to present the curricular subjects involved in those virtual models are 2D layouts or pictures. Now, the teacher interacts with the 3D models showing the sequence construction and the constitution of the modelled type of work. Through direct interaction with the models, it is possible to monitor the progress of the construction process of the bridge. The objective is not to replace current training methods but to position accurate as an additional teaching method. To do so, there were developed immersive 3D models that were based on an actual method of teaching. The deck bridges model shows the complexity associated to the construction work of the deck. The model also illustrates in detail the movement of the equipment. In class, the teacher must explain way the process must follow both sequence of steps and the way the equipment devices operates. When the student, of the 5th year, goes to a real work place he can observe the complexity of the work and better understand the progression of construction previously explained. It provides an immersive capacity inherent to virtual world and it allows the students and teachers to go to a specific construction step. The camera movement shows the model in a consistent way to present all sequences of events allowing the user to perceive correctly the most important details of this construction method;The discipline of Bridges, offered to 5th year students of Degree in Civil Engineering, has a weight of 4. 5 curricular credits. The general objectives of the Bridges discipline concerns an introductory course on bridge design and construction, the basic concepts for prestressed concrete bridges and steel-concrete composite bridges, the basic models for the analysis and design of bridge superstructures and substructures. The curricular program of the Bridges discipline contains the specific topic “Design concept and execution methods: superstructure concept; concrete bridge decks-slab, beam-slab and box girder decks; composite (steel-concrete) bridge decks; piers, abutments and foundations; construction methods”, along 9 hour, (program, 2014). And the assessment process is based in a final examination (70%) and a work report (30%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that virtual reality is being used as an additional teaching method rather than as a complete replacement for traditional forms of education. It states, 'The objective is not to replace current training methods but to position accurate as an additional teaching method.' This clearly indicates that the intention is to enhance existing methods, not to eliminate them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: putida It has been described that l-Phe exerts feedback inhibition of its own synthesis through interaction of the amino acid with the R-domain of chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase, PheA, a bifunctional enzyme in the shikimate pathway for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids [34]. Molina-Santiago et al. [24] constructed PheAfbr, a PheA mutant variant in which the R-domain of PheA was deleted and the allosteric sensitivity to phenylalanine was eliminated. This PheAfbr mutant variant was expressed in plasmid pPHE1. This study confirmed that CM12-5 (pPHE1) accumulated higher titers of L-phenylalanine in the culture medium i. e. , up to 350 ± 10 mg L−1 versus around 300 ± 5 mg L−1 for CM12-5 (Fig. 4A). Then, CM12-5 (pPHE1) was transformed with pPE-1 and 2-PE measured in the medium. It was found that 2-PE increased from about 50–60 ppm to near 95 ± 5 ppm (Fig. 4B), production levels similar to those achieved with exogenous supplementation of l-Phe in resting cell assays. This confirmed that the limitation in the production of l-Phe is an obvious step in the production of 2-PE. Fig. 4l-Phe production and 2-PE production from 1. 5% (w/v) glucose of Pseudomonas putida CM12-5 derivative strains without and with the pPE-1 plasmid. Cells were grown overnight with glucose as the C source, then the cultures were diluted to DO660 of 0. 1 in fresh medium with 1. 5% (w/v) glucose, and l-Phe production (panel A) or 2-PE (panel B) was measured after 24 h incubation. The figure shows the average values of three independent assaysFull size imageThereafter, it was decided to search for clones that can produce more l-Phe than the CM12-5 and CM12-5 (pPHE1) strains. To this end, the P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the biochemical processes related to l-phenylalanine production in Pseudomonas putida and does not address the capabilities or applications of bioengineered yeast in biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: At the genus level, the top ten most abundant taxa were identified as Lactobacillus, unidentified Clostridiales, unidentified Peptostreptococcaceae, Ruminococcus, unidentified Ruminococcaceae, Cetobacterium, Clostridium, unidentified S24-7, Lachnospiraceae, and Oscillospira (Fig. 3B). Figure 3: Taxonomic composition of the gut microbial community at the phylum (A) and genus (B) level in mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diets. NF, natural feeds; AF, artificial feeds. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-3 In addition, the abundance of the dominant microbial taxa varied significantly between the two treatments (Fig. 4). In the NF group, Actinomycetota, Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexota, TM7, and Gemmatimonadota exhibited significantly higher relative abundances compared to the AF group of mandarin fish (P < 0. 05). On the contrary, Bacteroidota showed a significantly higher relative abundance in the mandarin fish fed with the AF diet, compared to the NF group (P < 0. 05). LEfSe was conducted to further analyze the differential bacterial taxonomic abundances between the two treatments (Fig. 5). As revealed by the score (LDA > 4), eight and four bacterial taxa contributed to the AF and NF groups, respectively (Fig. 5A). Additionally, the LEfSe cladogram indicated Bacteroidota as a biomarker in mandarin fish fed with the AF diet, compared to the NF treatments (Fig. 5B). Figure 4: Comparison of the top 10 dominant microbial taxa at the phylum level in mandarin fish fed with the FB and AF diets. FB, fresh bait; AF, artificial feeds. The asterisk (*) at the top of the figures indicates significant differences between the two groups (P < 0. 05). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-4 Figure 5: Intergroup variation in the relative abundance of the intestinal microbial communities. (A) Bacterial taxa differentially displayed in the gut of microbiota mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how different diets (natural feeds and artificial feeds) impact the taxonomic composition and abundance of gut microbiota in mandarin fish. Specifically, it shows that the relative abundances of various bacterial taxa differ significantly between the diets, indicating that these diets can influence the diversity and composition of gut microbiota.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: The recommended bibliographies are essentially the didactic text of Reis (2006) and two main books concerning construction of bridges (Leonhartd, 1982) and (Calgaro & Virlogeux, 1987). The different construction methodologies that are available must be well known by the future designers, as it influences significantly the choice of most suitable solution of the deck typology, for each particular situation. So the subject concerning bridge construction is of great importance in the discipline. The VR models became useful to teachers when they are presenting the distinct methodologies of constructing deck bridges. The interactive models are also an important support to students when writing the report of the discipline, as some students chose the construction processes topic to study. In these reports there are evident 7. ConclusionsThis paper analyses some constructive processes concerning bridge deck formed of precast beams and describes the implementation of an interactive model that simulates the construction work activity. The virtual application shows one of the methods most often applied in the construction of this type of bridge. In the creation of the model software based on the (RV) technology was used. VR allows, through interaction with 3D models of the environment, representing building components and equipment, the creation of the constructive sequence in time and space by simulating the progression of the construction of the deck, which allows a good understanding of the whole process. The model 4D (3D+time) offers several advantages, allowing a deeper awareness of the relationship of the components of the building and the phasing of the work, leading to a better understanding of the spatial movement of equipment and of the component placement in work. Since the traditional designs of graphic documentation of the construction project are sometimes more difficult to understand, it can be seen that this model is clearly didactic in character and as such can be used to support the training of students and professionals in the field of Bridges. 1. 4D group (2014). 4D annotator: A visual decision support tool for construction planners, CIFE-Center for Engineering, of Stanford University, accessed: July, 2014. 4D group (2014). 4D annotator: A visual decision support tool for construction planners, CIFE-Center for Engineering, of Stanford University, accessed: July, 2014. 2. AbdelhameedW. A2013Virtual reality used in architectural design studios: A case of studying structure and construction, Science, 25220230Abdelhameed, W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how virtual reality (VR) is used as a supportive educational tool in teaching specific methodologies in bridge construction, rather than indicating that it will completely replace traditional education. While it highlights the effectiveness of VR models in enhancing understanding of construction processes, it does not support the idea that VR will fully supplant traditional forms of education, but rather serve as a complementary resource.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: putida CM12-5 and CM12-5 (pPHE1) strains were subjected to random mutagenesis with EMS and selection of clones resistant to high concentrations (> 3 mg mL−1) of the l-phenylalanine analogue p-fluoro-phenylalanine (FPA), the mutagenesis was carried out as described in Materials and Methods. One clone of each strain (named PG1E and PG2E), which were able to accumulate about 300 and 450 ppm L-Phe, respectively, when grown with 1. 5% (w/v) glucose (Fig. 4A) were kept. These overproducer strains were subsequently transformed with pPE-1 plasmid and 2-PE accumulation determined. With P. putida PG1E, around 100 ppm 2-PE accumulated and the highest levels of 2-PE were reached with PG2E that accumulated at close to 120 ppm (Fig. 4B). As the highest l-Phe and 2-PE productions were achieved with PG2E strain, it was decided to sequence its genome to determine which genomic changes were responsible for l-Phe overproduction. When comparing the genome of this l-Phe overproducer derivative PG2E with DOT-T1E genome, we found that, apart from the five mutations involved in l-Phe degradation pathways generated by direct mutagenesis and described in Molina-Santiago et al. [24], up to 400 SNP (see Additional file 2: Table S1) were found. To refine the study, the SNP in the genes that encode proteins related to l-Phe metabolism (Additional file 4: Table S3) were analyzed. A H431P change in shikimate dehydrogenase (QuiA) that may prevent the misrouting of shikimate to 3-hydroxyskimate was identified; together with a set of mutations in genes encoding enzymes of the phenylacetic acid (PAA) degradation pathway. As suggested by L324P in PaaH_2, Y154C in PaaK, V154A and F284L in PaaA (Additional file 3: Table S2). Indeed, due to the mutations in the paa genes, the PG2E strain lost the ability to metabolize PAA (see Additional file 1: Fig. S1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the mutagenesis and genomic sequencing of Pseudomonas putida strains and their associated metabolic pathways rather than addressing the production of biofuels from sugars using bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: (B) Cladogram of LEfSe. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-5 Metabolic functional prediction 2 of the KEGG pathway, a total of six pathways were annotated based on the KEGG database using (Fig. 6A). The predicted pathways are dominated by metabolism, genetic information processing, and cellular process. Further functional categories by metagenome Seq analysis showed significant differences in pathway enrichment between the NF and AF treatments of mandarin fish (Fig. 6B). Compared to the NF group, the AF group showed significantly higher metabolic levels related to pathways such as the PPAR signaling pathway and steroid biosynthesis. In contrast, higher metabolic activities related to lysosomal and sphingolipid metabolism were observed in the NF group. Figure 6: Functional prediction analysis of gut microbiota in mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diet using. NF, natural feeds; AF, artificial feeds; of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States. (A) Predicted functional categories annotated by KEGG at Level 2. (B) Differentially enriched pathways based on KEGG annotation between the two groups of mandarin fish, with the NF as the control treatment. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-6 Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism related indicators The carbohydrate and lipid related metabolic indicators were analyzed, as these pathways were highly enriched in the microbiota functional prediction. Photomicrographs of representative O-stained liver sections from mandarin fish demonstrated that the AF group had significantly more lipid droplets than the NF group (Fig. 7A), which was also verified by the significantly lower number of lipid droplets (Fig. 7B; P < 0. 05). In addition, the lipid content in the muscle of mandarin fish fed the AF diet was significantly higher than that of the NF group (Fig. 7C; P < 0. 05). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different diets (natural feeds vs artificial feeds) influence the metabolic functional pathways of gut microbiota in mandarin fish. It indicates that the artificial feed group (AF) showed different metabolic enrichment levels compared to the natural feed group (NF), suggesting that diet can significantly impact the gut microbiota's functionality and diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Educators who have not had experience with the VR so far have shown interest in involving similar innovations in the education process in the future. Experts on industrial heritage agree that the importance of presenting virtualized models of extinct historical objects is in several aspects:Reminder of local history and presentation of the site to the public. Initiating a public/professional debate. Reinterpreting the meaning for the present and the future. Effective (faster and clearer) understanding of the extinct historical object (VR, AR, 3D printing, holographic model). Effective nonformal learning. Short-term use for the presentation of cultural monuments seems to be an appropriate and efficient use of the VR, which can personally approach a defunct building or site. The disadvantage is the high-input economic demands on the hardware and software equipment of the presentation, the technology (operating and explaining), and the low availability of the virtual reality headset, which each visitor uses only at the time. The presentation in animated virtual reality with the possibility of synchronized movement in space is interactive and creates a subjective experience. It uses an audiovisual design, and in the original old power plant hall, it is sensually complemented by the historically present smell of black oil (unrefined diesel). This affects the imagination of the observer and allows his better immersion, the so-called “deep-rooted,” and the potential for long-term information storage. At the same time, the presentation of the premises through the VR is a more interesting form for a wider audience of different ages and for people with some forms of disability. The VR is able to appeal to an age-wide and professional audience, thus ensuring the transmission of the legacy of the non-preserved cultural values of the buildings of the past. Virtual reality has proven to be a suitable tool for commemorating the extinct heritage and reinterpreting its significance for the present (Figure 8). Figure 8. VR application testing at the Researchers’ Night 2019 in Bratislava and testing by students of the University of the of the Faculty of Architecture in Bratislava (photo: V. Hain). Advertisement 5. Results5. 1 Education and experienceThe created VR 3D model for the old power plant is adapted for the visual communication of technical information and aims to diversify educational and multisensory exhibitions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while virtual reality (VR) has significant potential in education for enhancing learning experiences and engagement, it also highlights considerable challenges such as 'high-input economic demands on the hardware and software equipment' and 'low availability of the virtual reality headset.' These issues suggest that VR will not universally replace traditional education methods within the next decade, as accessibility and economic factors play critical roles in the implementation of such technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the higher accumulation of l-Phe in the strain producing the highest l-Phe level, and the subsequent 2-PE obtained, may be related to a more efficient channeling of shikimate to l-Phe. The use of agricultural waste products as feedstocks for 2-PE productionTo explore the potential of Pseudomonas putida as a chassis to produce 2-PE from 2G substrates, the capability of producing 2-PE from corn stover (PCS) and sugar cane straw (PSCS) hydrolysates, prepared as described in Materials and Methods was assayed. To this end, P. putida CM12-5 (pPE-1), CM12-5(pPHE1) (pPE-1), CM12-5(pPHE1)-FPA (pPE-1) and CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1) strains were grown in M8 minimal medium with KNO3 as the N source, and 3% (w/v) PCS or PSCS. 2-PE production levels were determined after 24 h and the results are shown in Table 2. All the strains produced between 82 and 110 mg L−1 2-PE, either from 3% PCS or 3% PSCS hydrolysates. The concentration of sugars was also considered in molar terms to estimate molar yields, which were in the range of 8. 6–11. 1% regarding glucose utilization (Table 2). Table 2 2-PE production from 2G lignocellulosic hydrolysates PCS and PSCS in Pseudomonas putida CM12-5 derivative strainsFull size tableSimilar assays were also done with all of these 2-PE producing strains in M9 minimal medium, but using 1G substrates as the C source, such as corn syrup, which was used at 1/80 (v/v). Our results are shown in Table 3. Surprisingly, the total production of 2-PE with 1G substrates was lower than with 2G substrates, since these strains accumulated between 10 and 84 mg L−1 of 2-PE and the molar yields were below 4. 8%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the production of 2-PE from various substrates using Pseudomonas putida, which is a different organism. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Based on the results of the Illumina mRNA-seq data, we further performed heat mapping and clustering of differentially expressed genes (DEmRNAs) associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, including pathways of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (fructose 1,6 bisphosphate aldolase (fba2), ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase (pfkm), transketolase 10-like (gapa2), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh)), insulin signaling pathway (40S ribosomal protein S6 (rps6b), uncharacterized protein LOC108887387 (ppp1r3a), parvalbumin-7 isoform X1 (pvalb7), and protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C (ppp1r3c)), fatty acid biosynthesis (Beta-ketoacyl synthase (ppsc)), and PPAR signaling pathway (fatty acid-binding protein (fabp7), fatty acid desaturase (fads2), and fatty acid binding protein 11 (pmp2)) (Fig. 7D). Figure 7: Gut microbiota-associated carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diet. NF, natural feeds; AF, artifical feeds. (A) Oil red O staining of liver sections. (B) Number of lipid droplet. Lipid droplet was red-colored and nuclei was blue-colored. (C) Lipid content in the muscle. (D) Heatmap clustering of genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the mixed tissue of mandarin fish. Data represent mean ± SEM and are normalized to percentage of field area. The asterisk (*) at the top of the figures indicates significant differences between the two groups (P < 0. 05). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-7 of microbiota diversity in mandarin fish fed the AF diet Diet has a significant impact on shaping and modulating the composition of the host gut microbiota (et al. , 2010; Miclotte & Van de Wiele, 2020). Generally, habitual dietary changes can disrupt the balance of the gut microbiota and have detrimental effects on overall health (Qin et al. , 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Diet has a significant impact on shaping and modulating the composition of the host gut microbiota.' This directly supports the idea that diets can influence gut microbiota diversity positively or negatively. Additionally, it explains that 'habitual dietary changes can disrupt the balance of the gut microbiota and have detrimental effects on overall health,' which implies that certain dietary modifications might lead to positive alterations in gut microbiota composition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: AbstractWhilst clinical simulation is established as an effective education tool within the healthcare community, the inability to offer authentic educational learning environments remains problematic. Advances in technology such as immersive virtual reality offer new opportunities to enhance traditional practice to an extent that may transform learning. However, with traditional clinical simulation stress and anxiety can both hinder performance and learning, yet it is unknown what nuances are applicable within a clinical virtual simulation environment. Determining potential benefits, drawbacks (including related stress and anxiety) and affordances of immersive technology clinical simulation designs may help provide an understanding of its usefulness. The aim of this scoping review is to investigate the range and nature of evidence associated with immersive virtual reality clinical simulation and education design. In addition, the review will describe authentic immersive technology clinical simulation use and reported stress response measurements. A search of seven electronic database and grey literature was performed in accordance with the Institute methodology. A key term search strategy was employed with five themes identified and investigated: (1) Healthcare professionals, (2) Clinical simulation, (3) Immersive virtual reality, (4) Stress/anxiety and (5) Authentic learning design. Application of the search strategy resulted in a hit total of 212 1. 1 BackgroundThe close contact environment required for clinical simulation education has been both problematic and challenging due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Traditional simulation education requires both potential victims and carriers of the virus to interact within a small room. Whilst mandatory testing has been implemented in most institutions, the risk of contracting the virus increases when multiple people come together in a small space (Ahmed et al. 2020). COVID-19 has changed the educational landscape for many, and it is therefore necessary to explore and potentially mitigate the impact of the virus by providing a transformative learning experience. With this, education facilities across the world are enacting contingencies that will allow HCP’s the opportunity to continue to learn whilst keeping learners safe and yet still provide an engaging and supportive educational experience (Brown et al. 2020). One such intervention is the use of virtual technology in education. Virtual technology advances include augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR/XR) and immersive virtual reality (IVR) to name but a few. Whilst each technology differs slightly, the overarching attributes include layers of sensory information that offer the user a simulated experience of sound, sight, smell and touch similar to the physical world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential of immersive virtual reality to enhance traditional educational practices, rather than replacing them. It highlights the limitations and challenges of traditional clinical simulation, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, while emphasizing the need to explore how virtual technology can complement existing methods of education rather than fully replace them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Production of 2-PE can be considered to take place in two sets of reactions: one that leads to synthesis of the primary substrate, L-Phe, and a second set that uses the Ehrlich pathway to produce 2-PE. It was found that, whether intracellularly made or exogenously supplied, L-Phe is stoichiometrically converted on 2-PE. The genes of the Ehrlich pathway were expressed in pPE-1 plasmid from the regulated Pm promoter [50, 51], whose expression is driven by XylS in the presence of alkylbenzoates in plasmid pPE-1, or from a constitutively expressed lac promoter in plasmid pPE-2 (not shown). Our unpublished results revealed that the regulated expression of the Ehrlich pathway yielded more consistent production than the constitutive expression, probably due to the generation of instability, as production decreased with time (P. Godoy, unpublished results). The limiting factor in the 2-PE production process was linked to the production of the primary substrate, phenylalanine (L-Phe). The limited flux toward the shikimate synthesis pathway seems to be the main bottleneck for the production of aromatic chemicals, because it is highly regulated at transcriptional and enzymatic levels [25, 52]. A key feature in a wide range of l-phenylalanine producers is the need to overcome the feedback inhibition by l-Phe of the bifunctional chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase (PheA) enzyme [24, 25]. This fact has been confirmed in this study, as the expression of the PheAfbr variant lacking the R-domain expressed in plasmid pPHE1 [24] led to significant increases in L-phenylalanine accumulation in the medium. Another step is to increase the availability of shikimate precursors phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) [25, 53,54,55,56,57]. This study shows that xylose is a less efficient C-source for l-Phe production than glucose, which is probably related to the low availability of PEP in cells growing on xylose, which limits the C flow towards the shikimate pathway. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the production of 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) through the Ehrlich pathway using L-phenylalanine and does not mention bioengineered yeast or biofuels. The focus is on metabolic pathways and substrate production rather than bioengineering yeast for high yields of biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: This is consistent with previous studies in other aquatic species, such as totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), where Pseudomonadota and Bacillota were found to be the dominant core flora (Yamamoto et al. , 2021; Zhou et al. , 2021; Larios-Soriano et al. , 2022). At the genus level, the relative abundance of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus was found to be relatively dominant in both treatments of mandarin fish. The PCoA analysis of the beta diversity revealed a clear separation between AF and NF treatments, suggesting that the gut microbiota structure in mandarin fish was distinct between the two dietary treatments. Statistical analysis of relative taxa abundance at the phylum level showed that the AF group had a significantly higher relative abundance of Bacteroidota compared to the NF group. Bacteroides and Bacillota are two phyla of bacteria known for involvement in the fermentation and assimilation of nutrients in the host (Wexler, 2007). Bacillota have been associated with enhanced fatty acid absorption, thereby facilitating energy harvesting processes (Ouyang et al. , 2023), while Bacteroidota are mainly important for the breakdown of high molecular weight organic material, suggesting their involvement in carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism (Sidhu et al. , 2023). Moreover, studies have shown a positive correlation between a plant-based diet and the abundance of Bacteroidota in the gut, in that adopting plant-based diets has been associated with an increase in beneficial bacteria including Bacteroidota (Sidhu et al. , 2023). In line with these findings, the present study revealed a significantly higher abundance of Bacteroidota in mandarin fish fed the AF diet, as supported by the bacterial composition and LEfSe results. Therefore, the inclusion of dietary carbohydrate in the AF diet may enhance the host’s ability to assimilate carbohydrate and harvest energy by modulating the Bacteroidota in the gut of mandarin fish. In contrast, significantly lower abundances of Actinomycetota, Acidobacteriota and Chloroflexota were found in mandarin fish of the AF diet treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that different dietary treatments can lead to distinct gut microbiota profiles in mandarin fish. It specifically mentions that a plant-based diet correlates positively with an increase in beneficial bacteria, particularly Bacteroidota, which supports the idea that dietary choices can positively influence gut microbiota diversity. The findings indicate that the AF diet was linked to a higher abundance of favorable bacterial populations, thus affirming the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Users are typically immersed within environments that offer real-world situations and/or representations of virtual humans. This now offers a potential to interact and explore authentic environments in a 360-degree visual format and transcend the boundaries of the physical world (Cochrane et al. 2020). The introduction of IVR provides an opportunity for technology to play a central role in the learning experience and may improve knowledge and cognitive skill when compared to traditional education (Kyaw et al. 2019). The goal of IVR is to change the perception of the user to that of being physically present (immersed) within a non-physical world. The challenge, however, in creating connections between concepts covered in theory and real-world phenomena can at times feel forced or awkward (Stein et al. 2004). Authentic IVR learning practice facilitates learning through the development and initiation of student-centred authentic tasks (Cochrane et al. 2020). This involves critical inquiry, problem solving and meaningful real-world outcomes that lead to the construction of knowledge. Within an authentic context, clinical simulation should offer a similar experience to those undertaken by real-world clinicians with educators able to craft the experience to resonate the “situated (lived) experience. ” (Stein et al. 2004, p. 240). However, whilst exposing a student to a clinical environment, there should also be protection from the dangers and nonessential influences of the real-world (Cochrane et al. 2020). When IVR is complemented by manikin-based clinical simulationm an opportunity exists to provide a more meaningful learning experience whilst developing safety and competence (Wright 2004). Learning, however, is often aligned with learner emotional stress as they move beyond the bounds of their prior knowledge with new and unknown environments (Hase and Kenyon 2007). Here caution must be held with reports of novice clinicians experiencing high levels of cognitive overload and stress resulting in reduced performance (Mills et al. 2016). IVR simulation-based educational technology does, however, have limitations. Scalability, system cost (Kavanagh et al. 2017), usability, motion sickness, insufficient realism (Kavanagh et al. 2017; McCloy and Stone 2001), lack of VR haptic feedback (Kavanagh et al. 2017) and ever-changing technological advances have historically challenged researchers and education providers when seeking to determine the potential viability (Wier et al. 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges of immersive virtual reality (IVR) in education, such as scalability, system cost, usability, and cognitive overload among novice clinicians. It highlights that while IVR has the potential to improve learning experiences, it also presents significant drawbacks that question its ability to fully replace traditional education methods within the next decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These compounds affect the viability of some microorganisms used for biotransformation of 2G substrates [20, 58, 59]. In this context, P. putida DOT-T1E has been shown to grow in the presence of > 50, 25 and 25 mM of furfural, 3-hydroxymethylfurfural and syringic acid, respectively, in agreement with the high tolerance of this strain to toxic compounds, although their combination enhanced toxicity. DOT-T1E and its derivatives thrive at maximal rate with up to 3% (w/v) of lignocellulose substrates, and adaptative evolution assays (ALE) in our lab ended with evolved clones adapted to tolerate up to 11% (w/v) lignocellulosic substrates (Juan L. Ramos, unpublished results). We are focusing our efforts on enhancing the intracellular production of l-Phe as a primary substrate for the synthesis of aromatic compounds and the evolution of the strain to thrive with a wide range of C-sources and tolerance to substrates, products and possible toxicants in industrial wastes to further identify and engineer possible bottlenecks for 2-PE production. We strongly support the idea that P. putida DOT-T1E could become an efficient microbial cell factory for the production of aromatic compounds from agro-industrial waste material. ConclusionsPetrochemicals exacerbate environmental issues by necessitating substantial energy inputs for their production, contributing to carbon emissions, and directly or indirectly causing pollution. In contrast, we have identified P. putida DOT-T1E as a promising biorefinery for the sustainable and environmentally friendly production of aromatic compounds, specifically 2-PE, from various sugars. This approach stands in contrast to conventional chemical methods. The strains CM12-5 and CM12-5Δgcd, designed to overproduce l-phenylalanine, demonstrated the capability to convert this amino acid into 2-PE upon the expression of Ehrlich pathway genes from plasmid pPE-1. The intracellular concentration of l-phenylalanine was identified as a critical limiting factor in 2-PE production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the capabilities of the strain P. putida DOT-T1E in biotransformation and production of aromatic compounds from sugars, but does not provide specific information about bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Among these taxa, Acidobacteriota is associated with various functions such as carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, exopolysaccharide production, and transporter functions (Kielak et al. , 2016). It has been reported that the relative abundance of Acidobacteriota was significant lower in hybrid grouper fed a formulated diet compared to those fed with chilled trash fish (Ye et al. , 2020). This finding aligns with our results, which also indicate a lower occurrence of Acidobacteriota in the AF group of mandarin fish. In addition, Actinomycetota have been recognized as pivotal biomarkers in maintaining gut homeostasis by producing beneficial secondary metabolites and reducing the pathogenicity of pathogens (Kielak et al. , 2016). Actinomycetota have also been reported to be implicated in modulating gut permeability and the immune system, including modulating immune-inflammatory and autoimmune responses by inducing regulatory T-cells (Binda et al. , 2018). The significantly lower relative abundance of Actinomycetota observed in mandarin fish fed the AF diet suggested that these fish may have an inferior immune response compared to those in the NF group. This prediction is consistent with our transcriptome analysis results between the two treatments, which showed that the NF group had significantly higher expression of genes associated with TGFβ signaling and tight junctions, indicating enhanced immune and gut barrier functions (Li et al. , 2023). Similar findings have been reported in other fish species, such as the freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), which showed a significant down-regulation of Actinobacteriota and Chloroflexi in the gut when fed an artificial diet (Lozupone et al. , 2012). Overall, the consumption of the AF diet reshapes the composition and dominant bacterial taxa in mandarin fish, implying the potential effects of processed food on remodeling the host microbial structure. Gut microbiota-associated nutrient assimilation in mandarin fish fed the NF and AF diets The intestinal tract is the main site of nutrient assimilation, not only through the functions of the intestinal villi in nutrient absorption, but also through the involvement of the gut microbiota in energy production from nutrient biotransformation. According to the predictive functional profiles of microbial communities using analysis, pathways related to the carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism were highly enriched in mandarin fish. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different diets, specifically the AF (artificially formulated) diet and the NF (natural fish) diet, impact the composition and dominance of bacterial taxa in mandarin fish. It highlights that the AF diet reshapes the gut microbiota, which is indicative of how diets can modulate the gut microbial structure. The mention of the relative abundance of various taxa, including Acidobacteriota and Actinomycetota, in relation to different diets supports the idea that certain diets can influence gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: The technology also requires careful consideration to ensure that the intervention is fit for purpose and not contrived towards technology for the sake of technology (Cowling and Birt 2018; Kavanagh et al. 2017). With the cost of IVR technology falling in recent years, this now provides opportunity to employ a low-cost approach towards an authentic IVR learning experience (Papara et al. 2020). In addition, there is potential for hundreds of HCP’s per day to utilise the IVR technology regardless of their location (Fabris et al. 2019). Within a climate hindered by COVID-19, this approach may provide an enhanced educational experience without being cost prohibitive, limited by student numbers or student location. 1. 2 RationaleEducators need to show creativity and innovation to help challenge learners to develop a wide range of meta-cognitive and cognitive skills when trying to establish deeper understanding within the safety of a clinical simulation environment. The concepts of heutagogy help theorise an education framework that lends itself to equip learners with appropriate skills for a lifetime of learning (Blaschke 2018). In the context of this paper, this reflects first understanding learner capabilities for problem solving, clinical diagnosis and the underlaying principles of learner agency and reflection within the IVR simulation environments (Hase and Kenyon 2007). An understanding of heutagogical technology approaches may therefore help with the future design of authentic student-determined learning and lend itself to safe clinical practice. Clinical simulation offers a contextual educational experience that often fails to measure emotion and experience during traditional manikin based training. Moreover, with the introduction of innovative technology such as IVR into clinical simulation, it is uncertain as to the extent of stress and learning within an authentic IVR environment. It is therefore important to identify IVR environment simulation approaches that are redesigned for an enhanced learning experience rather than being contrived towards technology and replication of a behaviouristic learning design. Although recognised when investigated separately, there have been no scoping reviews detailing a triangulation of quantitative, qualitative and biometric feedback indicators that evaluate and assess (1) professionals, (2) Clinical simulation, (3) IVR, (4) Stress and (5) Authentic learning design. A scoping review of how immersive technology relates to traditional clinical simulation within health care practice will help to define key concepts, map existing research and importantly identify future research gaps within this emerging area of research. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of careful evaluation of immersive virtual reality (IVR) technology in education, emphasizing that it should be fit for purpose rather than simply following technology trends. It acknowledges the potential of IVR but highlights the importance of redesigning these experiences to enhance learning rather than merely replacing traditional methods. Furthermore, it points out that despite the promise of IVR, it is uncertain how stressful or effective these environments will be compared to traditional clinical simulations. The text ultimately suggests that IVR technology must be integrated thoughtfully into educational frameworks, indicating that it will not necessarily supplant traditional forms of education.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: coli that transports xylose into the cell and the xylAB, genes that encode enzymes to convert xylose into xylose-5 phosphate, which is metabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway, was constructed [45]. Efficient utilization of xylose required the inactivation of the glucose/xylose dehydrogenase (Gcd) to avoid the misrouting of xylose to dead-end xylonate [33]. A derivative of CM12-5 with Δgcd and bearing the xylAB and xylE genes was also available. Escherichia coli DH5α was used for the cloning experiments and propagation of plasmids (Table 4). Table 4 Strains and plasmids used in this studyFull size tableEscherichia coli was routinely grown at 37 ºC in LB medium, while the Pseudomonas putida strains were grown at 30 ºC in LB medium or in M9 minimal medium [60] with 5 g L−1 glucose as the sole carbon source. When indicated M8 minimal medium was used, this is identical to M9 medium except that ammonium chloride was replaced by 10 mM KNO3. For liquid cultures 100 mL conical flasks seeded with 20 mL culture medium were incubated in a Kühner thermostat incubator with agitation (200 rpm, 30 ºC). Growth was monitored by following the turbidity of the cultures at 660 nm (OD660) in a UV–VIS spectrophotometer Shimadzu 1900i (Kyoto, Japan). For resting cells assays, the cells were grown in M9 minimal medium with 5 g L−1 glucose as the sole carbon source, until the culture reached OD660 = 1. 0. Then, the cells were centrifuged and washed with 1xM9 and re-suspended in the appropriate medium at OD660 = 10. Pretreated sugar cane straw (PSCS) and corn stover (PCS) were sourced from the Plant in York, Nebraska, USA. The final dry matter content was determined to be 39. 9% for PSCS and 43. 3% for PCS, as reported in the compositional characterization by Rocha-Martín et al. [30]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss bioengineered yeast or their ability to produce biofuels; instead, it focuses on Escherichia coli and the processes involved in utilizing xylose. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim about yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Moreover, mandarin fish fed the AF diet showed significantly higher metabolic activities in PPAR signaling pathways and steroid biosynthesis, which aligns with our previous findings from the integrated miRNA-mRNA analysis of mandarin fish (Li et al. , 2023). Similarly, improved nutrient utilization and cellular homeostasis were observed in the gut of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) under feed domestication (Song et al. , 2022). In addition, it has also been reported that processed foods in the human diet often contain high levels of sugar and other additives, which could potentially increase nutrient absorption as well as the risk of type 2 diabetes (Cuevas-Sierra et al. , 2021; Fardet, 2016). Therefore, the AF diet enhanced nutrient assimilation activities in mandarin fish, suggesting that variations between the natural and processed food caused differences in nutrient assimilation in the host. Overall, by investigating how gut microbiota contribute to nutrient metabolism and overall health in mandarin fish, we can gain potential insights into the consequences of consuming processed vs natural foods on host physiology in vertebrates. To validate the results of the analysis, the nutrient assimilation of the gut microbiota was assessed by measuring the lipid levels in the liver and muscle and by analyzing the expression of gene related to carbohydrate and lipid, based on the transcriptome analysis. Significantly higher levels of lipid droplets in the liver sections and increased lipid content in muscle indicated that the AF diet induced significantly higher lipid deposition compared to the NF diet. This increased lipid deposition was correlated with the significantly higher expression of genes involved in the PPAR signaling pathway, including fads2, fabp7, and pmp2, as shown in the heatmap. In general, fabp7 is an essential fatty acid binding protein that plays a crucial role in facilitating lipid transport, while fads2 is involved in the desaturation process of converting 18:2n-6 to 18:3n-6 during fatty acid elongation (Huang et al. , 2022). Consequently, the active molecular events observed in fabp7 and fads2 in the mandarin fish fed with the AF diet are also consistent with the metabolic changes and microbiota adaptations observed in the study. In addition, a significantly higher abundance of Bacteroidota was observed in the AF group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the AF diet enhances nutrient assimilation and positively influences metabolic activities related to gut microbiota in mandarin fish. The mention of increased lipid deposition and higher abundance of Bacteroidota associated with the AF diet supports the idea that diet can alter gut microbiota diversity. Additionally, the study's focus on how gut microbiota contribute to nutrient metabolism indicates a direct relationship between diet and microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: The implications are exposing the HCP to an experiential learning and clinical decision making environment but without the tactile interaction found in real life (Servotte et al. 2020). The result is that a reduced level of feedback may negatively impact the HCP by detracting from the learning experience (Kavanagh et al. 2017). Whilst there are advantages and disadvantages to each media, all allowed the user immersion and a sense of presence. Whilst the literature did detail the media quality, there was no discussion regarding fidelity standards. Limitations highlighted by Kavanagh et al. (2017) suggest system fidelity may be an important factor with lower latency and higher resolution media required to enhance realism. For many, a mixed modality approach was further enhanced by auditory stimulation such as screams and explosions (Cochrane et al. 2020; Chang et al. 2019; Price et al. 2018; Rushton et al. 2020; Servotte et al. 2020; Wier et al. 2017), artificial intelligent speech recognition (Concannon et al. 2020; Johnsen et al. 2005), haptic feedback (Birt et al. 2017), olfactory stimulus (smells) and distracting elements such as real smoke (Wier et al. 2017). It is of note that each stimulus is in the extreme and designed to invoke stress and a sense of emergence. There are some concerns that virtual patients should be used only as a complimentary pedagogical resource and not replace human patient contact (Price et al. 2018). In addition, virtual patients may be a barrier to learning (King et al. 2018) and promote reduced empathy (Edelbring et al. 2011). IVR may also prove problematic when technological motivation becomes the drive rather than learning needs (Cowling and Birt 2018) or a novelty that may diminish (Kavanagh et al. 2017). However, when compared to human patients, Price et al. (2018) reported IVR to be as efficient as human assessment and offers insight into the potential learners experience and acceptance of realism when performing the task. Regardless of method, the constructivist approach posits that all offer the learner a range of clinical conditions and/or environments which would otherwise be rare or non-accessible. 4. 3 Sub-question 1Sub-question 1 sought to determine how immersive virtual reality clinical simulation participant stress response is measured. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting several concerns regarding the use of virtual reality (VR) in education. Specifically, it mentions that virtual patients should only serve as a complementary resource and not replace human patient contact, as outlined by Price et al. (2018). It further discusses limitations of VR, including potential barriers to learning and reduced empathy when using such technologies. Additionally, it emphasizes that while VR may be efficient, the essence of education involves a range of clinical conditions and environments that may not be fully replicated through VR alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Following acid- and steam-explosion pretreatments, the soluble lignocellulosic substrates exhibited furfural contents ranging from 0. 31% to 1. 1%, and 5’-hydroxymethylfurfural contents ranging from 0. 23% to 0. 28%, as documented in the same study (30). PCS and PSCS were then hydrolyzed using (Sigma-Aldrich) as described by Godoy et al. [45]. The sugar content of these hydrolysates was 1. 7 ± 0. 1 g L−1 glucose and 2. 8 ± 0. 1 g L−1 xylose for PSC and 1. 5 ± 0. 1 g L−1 glucose and 1. 4 ± 0. 06 g L−1 xylose for PSCS. The strains were pre-cultured overnight in M8 minimal medium with 10 mM KNO3, as the N source, then, the cultures were diluted at 0. 1 OD660nm in M8 minimal medium with 10 mM KNO3 as N source without glucose and 3% (w/v) acid- and heat- pre-treated corn stover (PCS) or acid- and heat- pre-treated sugar cane straw (PSCS) [30]. Note that nitrate was used in these assays, because the pH of the culture medium remain along the fermentation test above 6. 1, at which growth of P. putida takes place, while when ammonium was the N source, the pH of the culture medium dropped to 4. 5–5. 3, which compromised the survival of the strain. Growth of the strains in this culture was monitored by determining CFU mL−1 in solid M9 medium. Corn syrup was also used as a source of carbon as indicated in the Results section. The corn syrup (purchased from Biosan, Tarragona, Spain) contained about 410 g L−1 glucose, 550 g L−1 fructose and 40 g L−1 sucrose. Isolation of l-phenylalanine overproducer P. putida mutantsputida, l-phenylalanine is produced through the shikimate pathway (Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the preparation of lignocellulosic substrates, the hydrolysis of different sugar sources, and growth conditions for a strain of Pseudomonas putida. While it mentions sugar content and fermentation conditions, it does not provide evidence regarding the capability of engineered yeast to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Bacteroidota have been reported to be positively correlated with the consumption of industrially processed food in humans (Cuevas-Sierra et al. , 2021). On the other hand, Lactobacillus is a probiotic fermenting organism that can produce lactic acid and acetic acid during the fermentation of plant protein and energy sources (Zhang et al. , 2022). The increase in the abundance of these two taxa aligns with the improved ability of fermentation and nutrient assimilation in mandarin fish fed the AF diet. Therefore, the inclusion of carbohydrates and plant-derived protein in the AF diet reshaped the gut microbiota, resulting in an increased proportion of Bacteroidota. In conclusion, the changes in the composition and related functions of the gut microbiome, together with the altered molecular metabolic events, collectively contributed to the enhancement of fermentation and nutrient assimilation processes in mandarin fish fed the AF diet. From a limited point of perspective, the results highlight the potential impact of dietary changes on nutrient assimilation and host metabolism. fish species are one of the most representative vertebrates in our biosphere, mechanisms towards mammals could be revealed by insights from fish vertebrates. Therefore, the present study examined the long-term feeding of AF and NF diets to mandarin fish to emulate the consequences of consuming processed and natural foods on gut microbiota assemblages in the host. The findings demonstrated that feeding with the AF diet reduced the abundance and diversity of gut microbes to some extent. In addition, Bacteroidota was found to be the biomarker in the gut of mandarin fish fed the AF diet, while Acidobacteriota was distinguished in the NF treatments. The AF diet feeding showed improved nutrient assimilation, which was supported by the composition and related functions of the gut microbiota, as well as the enrichment of active molecular events. As a whole, it is acknowledged that the short-term modulation on the microbiota subjected to the NF and AF diets could not fully reveal the mechanism concerning the human microbiota evolution during long period of time, the authors hope that the results of the present study could provide some potential insights for the research on the evolution of the microbiota in response to dietary variations in animals and humans to some extent. Length distribution of 16S sequences in the gut microbiota of mandarin fish. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how dietary changes, specifically the inclusion of carbohydrates and plant-derived protein in the AF diet, reshaped the gut microbiota of mandarin fish. It highlights that different diets (AF and NF) affect the composition and functions of the gut microbiota and can potentially influence nutrient assimilation and gut microbe diversity. The findings suggest that alterations in diet indeed lead to changes in gut microbiota, aligning with the claim that certain diets can positively influence gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR learning experiences guarantee better outcomes than traditional methods for all students. [SEP] Text: Instructors can utilize submitted activity worksheets as a summative assessment of a student's ability to (1) recognize alignment between their course experiences and the CLOs and (2) identify and describe examples of course experiences supportive of their achievement of the published CLOs for the course (activity learning objectives 2 and 3). In addition to this, instructors may also use student responses as valuable information in the assessment of the course design, as the responses may help identify student misconceptions as well as content areas for which there may be either an overabundance or a lack of aligned instruction provided in the course. Also central to this activity, by design, is active learning. Strategies for active learning used in this activity include brainstorming, collaborative thinking/discussion, and reflection. The activity affords students an opportunity to practice metacognitive skills through the reflective component, while the collaborative portion of the activity provides an excellent opportunity for peer instruction. and activity has been used in an introductory biology course for non-majors across several terms and students have generally provided positive feedback following activity completion. During one recent term, a study was undertaken to investigate student perceptions of their experience and of the use of CLOs in the course following the activity. Students were specifically asked before and after completion of the activity to complete the statement, "For me, the use of learning outcomes in this course is. . . ," up to five times (40) and responses were reviewed to determine student perceptions of purpose of the learning outcomes, as well as their attitudes regarding the use of outcomes in the course. Complete pre/post surveys were collected for a total of 12 consenting students. Pre-survey responses suggested initial misconceptions regarding the purpose of learning outcomes for five of the twelve participants in the study. Based on subsequent responses in the post-survey, the activity worked to clarify these initial misconceptions for three of those five students. One student, prior to the activity, stated in response to the prompt, "For me, the use of learning outcomes in this course is. . . " that, "it was ok but I did not like the group work. " The additional responses provided by this student included one word answers such as, "good," "fine," and "ok. " This indicates a misconception surrounding the purpose and/or nature of learning outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of activity worksheets and collaborative learning strategies which suggest that not all students may benefit uniformly from these learning experiences. It highlights that misconceptions about learning outcomes were present before the activity and that only some students had their misconceptions clarified, indicating that traditional methods may be necessary to ensure understanding for all students. This implies that VR learning may not guarantee better outcomes for all students as suggested in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Mutants of CM12-5 and CM12-5 (pPHE1) strains that overproduce l-phenylalanine were generated using ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) and selection of clones able to grow in the presence of > 3 mg mL−1 p-fluor-dl-phenylalanine (FPA), a toxic analogue of l-phenylalanine [61]. Briefly, cells were grown in M9 minimal medium with glucose until the mid-exponential growth phase was reached. Then, 10 aliquots of 100 μL of liquid culture were spread on M9 minimal medium solid plates with glucose as the C source and 3 mg mL−1 FPA, and left to dry for a few minutes. Then, a filter containing 30 mg of EMS was deposited on each plate and incubated at 30ºC. After 48 h, the colonies appearing within the inhibition halo were considered potential mutants and were picked and tested for growth in plates of M9 minimal medium with glucose and increasing concentrations of FPA (from 3 to 10 mg mL−1 FPA). Those mutants able to grow at high FPA concentrations > 3 mg mL−1 were selected as potential l-phenylalanine overproducers. One clone that tolerated 10 mg mL−1 FPA of each strain, and confirmed to produce l-phenylalanine, was chosen for further analysis. These clones were named PG1E and PG2E, the latter bearing the pPHE1 plasmid. Induction of the expression of Ehrlich pathway genes in pPE-1The construction of pPE-1 plasmid bearing the three genes involved in 2-PE synthesis through the Ehrlich pathway, i. e. histidinol phosphate transferase (PP_0967 from P. putida KT2440), phenylpyruvate decarboxylase (kdc from Rhodospirillum rubrum) and a native alcohol dehydrogenase (T1E_5478, adh from P. putida DOT-T1E) was described by Molina-Santiago et al. [24]. The three genes were cloned as an operon and their expression was driven from the XylS/o-toluic inducible Pm promoter [50] with 1 mM o-toluate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the generation of mutant strains of yeast for l-phenylalanine production and details experimental procedures without indicating any relevance to the production of biofuels or sugars. There is no mention of biofuels or yeast designed for biofuel production in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: 17520/supp-1 clustering for taxonomical abundance of the most 50 abundant genera in the gut microbiota of mandarin fish fed with the AF and FB diet. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/supp-2 compositions of the FB and AF diets. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/supp-3 16S sequencing data of gut microbiota in mandarin fish fed with the FB and AF diet. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/supp-4 data. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/supp-5 data for Fig 7B. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/supp-6 guidelines 2. 0: author checklist. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/supp-7 The authors would like to thank LC Sciences (Hangzhou, China) for their technical assistance. authors declare that they have no competing interests. analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the 7818. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw measurements are available in the Supplemental Files. research was funded by the (2023A1515010008; 2021A1515111077), the of the of Sciences (2023FB02), the Science and of Guangzhou (2024A04J4584), the (2023CXYC2, 2024CXYC1), and the Central Public-(2023TD62). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2018. Actinobacteria: a relevant minority for the maintenance of gut homeostasis. Digestive and 50(5):421-428 äck R. 2014. Individuals’ diet diversity influences gut microbial diversity in two freshwater fish (threespine stickleback and Eurasian perch) 17(8):979-987 --Rodríguez ---Hasan S, van der ázquez-Baeza Y, Vogtmann E, von. 2019. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. 37(8):852-857 Cahill MM. 1990. Bacterial flora of fishes: a review. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that individuals' diet diversity influences gut microbial diversity, specifically mentioning freshwater fish such as threespine stickleback and Eurasian perch. This supports the claim that certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR learning experiences guarantee better outcomes than traditional methods for all students. [SEP] Text: However, in response to the same prompt provided to students soon after completion of the activity, the student responded with, "it was fun and the labs helped me to understand what I learned in class. " The student further provided evidence of improved perceptions of CLO purpose in the additional responses, which included 2. Table 2. Sample student responses for a selection of CLOs from our non-majors, introductory biology course. The primary task within the activity solicited the identification and description of one or more course experiences from each student's personal perspective that they identified as being supportive of their individual achievement of each of the published CLOs. This differs from typical course-related tasks, in which students are presented with a question, challenge, or scenario, and are made responsible for identifying or generating the proper response, or a response they perceive to be preferred or expected by the instructor. We considered the activity to be effective in support of the intended objectives, as it encouraged students to reflect on the class as a whole. In doing so, students were provided with the opportunity to come to a realization that the course CLOs were, in fact, achieved, or, at minimum, that offerings and experiences throughout the course provided opportunities to achieve them. This, in our opinion, is an important realization that our students may fail to grasp if this exercise is not performed during the closing weeks of the term. In addition to the student benefits observed, the instructor also found value in the use of this activity, as it provided unique insight into student perceptions of their learning and possible misconceptions about course concepts. Typical student responses regarding a majority of the CLOs referenced activities or other course elements that aligned well with their intended purpose. Student responses to one CLO, however, suggested either a consistent misinterpretation or misconception. This CLO states that successful students should, ". . . articulate the expanding and self-correcting nature of biology" and is grouped under the general course goal that, "Students will understand key events in the development of science and recognize that science is an expanding and self-correcting body of knowledge. " A sample activity sheet providing the full list of the goals and outcomes defined for our course is provided in S1. Tying it – Sheet. Student responses for this outcome were mixed, but in multiple instances referenced studying or exploring specific course concepts such as the immune system's response to pathogen entry, natural selection, and apoptosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effectiveness of a particular learning activity in supporting course learning objectives, but does not provide evidence that VR learning experiences universally guarantee better outcomes than traditional methods. It highlights mixed student responses to certain course learning outcomes and indicates that while some students found value in additional activities, others may have misinterpreted core concepts—suggesting that individual student experiences may vary and not universally support the claim regarding VR learning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Analytical methodsl-Phenylalanine, 2-phenylethanol (2-PE), and other aromatic intermediates present in culture supernatants were identified and quantified using an elution gradient protocol, with an Agilent 1260 HPLC–DAD system (see Godoy et al. [45]). l-Phenylalanine and 2-PE were both monitored at 215 nm, and their elution times were 5 and 10 min, respectively. Glucose, fructose and xylose consumptions were analyzed enzymatically as described by Godoy et al. [45]. Bio-informatic analysisputida PG2E genome was sequenced by Lda (Caparica, Portugal and (Madrid)). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by comparing sequencing reads from the PG2E strain against the P. putida DOT-T1E reference genome (GCA_026183455. 1) with Snippy v4. 6. 0 [62] that uses (0. 7. 17) [63] and Freebayes (v1. 3. 6) [64] with parameters, mincov = 10, minqual = 100 and mapqual = 60. Structural variants were analyzed using sorted bam files with Samtools v. 1. 16. 1 [65] and inspected using IGV v2. 15. 2 [66]. Availability of data and materials The data sets generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published 2001. 2020. ET. Ernst T. Fragrance chemistry : the science of the sense of smell. Academic Press; 1982. of biotransformation conditions for production of 2-phenylethanol by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae CWY132 mutant. Res. 2011;25:754–9. BMC Biotechnol. 2014. BMC Biotechnol. 2012;12:1–12. Value added products from fermentation of sugars derived from agro-food residues. Sci Technol. 2017;71:52–64. The future of petrochemicals—analysis - IEA. IEA, Paris License: CC BY 4. 0. 2018. $759 billion required for a net-zero petrochemicals sector by 2050 | BloombergNEF. BNEF. 2022. D, Gielen D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses analytical methods, the sequencing of a genome, and the production of 2-phenylethanol, without providing any specific information about the capability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: 19(1):21-41 ña. 2010. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. 7(5):335-336. 2022. Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) feeding on compound diets and live baits. Frontiers in Genetics 13:797420 Cuevas-ínez JA, Riezu-Boj JI. 2021. Gut microbiota differences according to ultra-processed food consumption in a Spanish population. Nutrients 13(8):2710. 2010. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 107(33):14691-14696. 2020. Association of gut microbiota with metabolism in juvenile Atlantic salmon. Microbiome 8(1):160 Edgar RC. 2013. : highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. 10(10):996-998. 2011. improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics 27(16):2194-2200 Fardet A. 2016. Minimally processed foods are more satiating and less hyperglycemic than ultra-processed foods: a preliminary study with 98 ready-to-eat foods. Food & Function 7(5):2338-2346. 2015. The impact of rearing environment on the development of gut microbiota in tilapia larvae. 5(1):18206. 2022. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein: a rising therapeutic target in lipid metabolism. Progress in 87(7644):101178 Huebbe P, Rimbach G. 2020. Historical reflection of food processing and the role of legumes as part of a healthy balanced diet. Foods 9(8):1056. 2016. The ecology of Acidobacteria: moving beyond genes and genomes. Frontiers in Microbiology 7(156341):744 Larios-ópez LM, Gómez-Gil B, Ramírez. 2022. Soy protein concentrate effects on gut microbiota structure and digestive physiology of Totoaba macdonaldi. Journal of 132(2):1384-1396. 2016. Bamboo shoot fiber prevents obesity in mice by modulating the gut microbiota. 6(1):32953. 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting various studies that discuss the impact of different diets on gut microbiota. For instance, it mentions a comparative study that reveals 'the impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota,' indicating that diet plays a crucial role in influencing the diversity of gut microbiota among populations. Other studies referenced, like the one on 'ultra-processed food consumption' and its effects, further support the notion that dietary choices can affect microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR learning experiences guarantee better outcomes than traditional methods for all students. [SEP] Text: These responses indicate that the approach to instruction on the nature of science failed in some way to support achievement of this CLO for at least some students in the course and potentially led to new student misconceptions. This misconception was unknown to the instructor prior to completion of this activity, and it is likely that support of this misconception would have continued in future iterations of the course if not for the insights gained through review of student activity sheets. Based on this new knowledge, the instructor may choose to focus instructional redesign efforts on this particular outcome in an attempt to support students in gaining the ability to more accurately articulate the, ". . . expanding and self-correcting nature of biology. " Suggestions for activity could be modified and utilized effectively in a variety of ways. While we have only employed the activity at the end of the term as a general reflective exercise on learning across the term, similar exercises could be utilized throughout the term (e. g. , weekly, before or after each summative assessment, during the mid-point of the term, etc. ) in order to help students in the identification of connections between their experiences in the course and their learning. Alternatively, instructors might be more comfortable providing a list of course assignments or activities and asking students to identify the learning goal or outcome that they feel most closely aligns to each. Ultimately, this activity can be used or modified in any way that facilitates student critical thinking about their experiences in the course and how those experiences relate to their learning gains. IRB data and student contributions that we included in this work have been approved for publication by the Board at (IRB Protocol #2019E0496). 1. Tying it – Sheet S2. Tying it – Introduction S3. Tying it – Template 2003. Bio 2010: Transforming undergraduate education for future research biologists. Washington D. C. Press. for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 2011. Vision and Change in Undergraduate Education: A Call to Action. Washington, D. C. Council (NRC). 2012. Discipline-based education research: understanding and improving learning in undergraduate science and engineering. S. R. Singer, N. R. Nielson, and H. A. Schweingruber, Editors. Committee on the Status, Contributions, and of Discipline-Research. Board on Science Education, Division on Behavioral and and Education. Washington, D. C. Press. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the instructional approach used in the course did not support achievement for at least some students, indicating that VR learning experiences cannot universally guarantee better outcomes for all students. It highlights that misconceptions arose that were not anticipated by the instructor, implying variability in student learning and effectiveness. Therefore, this suggests that while some students may benefit from VR, it does not assure improved outcomes for every student.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Zero-emission pathway for the global chemical and petrochemical sector. Energies. 2021;14:3772. 2021. Available from: H. Aligning sequence reads, clone sequences and assembly contigs with BWA-MEM. 2013. Available from: E, Marth G. Haplotype-based variant detection from short-read sequencing. 2012. Available from: The sequence alignment/map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics. 2009;25:2078–9. 24. 75. 00. Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, c/ 1, 1808, & Juan L. RamosDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for 72205, author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 1. Comparative growth of P. putida DOT-T1E, CM12-5 and PG2E strains in the presence of glucose or phenylacetate as C source. Growth of the three P. putida strains was tested in M9 minimal medium with 0. 5% (w/v) glucose or 10 mM phenylacetate as C-source. Turbidity (right side) in liquid medium was measured 24 h after inoculation, while growth on solid medium was observed after 24 h incubation of streaked cells on solid M9 medium with either glucose or phenylacetate. Additional file 2: Table S1. SNPs found in P. putida PG2E genome with respect to P. putida DOT-T1E. Additional file 3: Table S2. Identification of mutated genes related with L-phenylalanine metabolism in P. putida PG2E as compared to P. putida DOT-T1E strain. Additional file 4: Table S3. Chemical composition of the soluble fraction of acid- and steam- explosion pretreated corn stover (PCS) and sugar cane straw (PSCS). Data are taken from Rocha-Martin et al. [30]. Rights and permissions This 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and its ability to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. It mentions various strains of Pseudomonas putida in relation to growth on different carbon sources, but does not provide relevant information about yeast or biofuel production. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Aquaculture 261(3):829-841 Schryver DP, Vadstein O. 2014. Ecological theory as a foundation to control pathogenic invasion in aquaculture. 8(12):2360-2368. 2021. The digestive system of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) can adapt to domestication by feeding with artificial diet. Aquaculture 538:736546. 2023. Effect of plant-based diets on gut microbiota: a systematic review of interventional studies. Nutrients 15(6):1510. 2022. Gut microbes reveal Pseudomonas medicates ingestion preference via protein utilization and cellular homeostasis under feed domestication in freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens. Frontiers in Microbiology 13:861705. 2000. Diet and the evolution of the earliest human ancestors. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 97(25):13506-13511 Wexler HM. 2007. Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty. Reviews 20(4):593-621. 2022. Interactions and stability of gut microbiota in Zebrafish increase with host development. 10(2):2. 2021. Effects of butyrate, propionate, and their combination in vitro, and the impacts of their supplementation in high-plant-protein diets to the production performance, innate immune responses, and intestinal microbiota of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) Aquaculture 545:737225. 2020. A formulated diet improved digestive capacity, immune function and intestinal microbiota structure of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂) when compared with chilled trash fish. Aquaculture 523(4):735230 Zhang Z, Li D. 2018. Thermal processing of food reduces gut microbiota diversity of the host and triggers adaptation of the microbiota: evidence from two vertebrates. Microbiome 6. 2020. Effects of high carbohydrate diet-modulated microbiota on gut health in Chinese perch. Frontiers in Microbiology 11:575102. 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that show the impact of different diets on gut microbiota composition and diversity. Specifically, it mentions systematic reviews and studies indicating that plant-based diets and formulated diets can improve digestive capacity, immune function, and intestinal microbiota structure. Such findings suggest that the implementation of certain diets can indeed lead to a positive influence on the diversity of gut microbiota.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR learning experiences guarantee better outcomes than traditional methods for all students. [SEP] Text: They consisted of a collection of scholarly readings on IC, a recorded video from the course instructor, and a discussion prompt to help guide their interactions with classmates on the discussion board of the course LMS. To compare the experiences of participating teachers with the VS IC activities and the typical online materials, the online survey included two 10-point numerical items of note: an item asking participants to rate their preparedness to engage in IC and an item asking them to indicate how well the activities helped them become prepared for IC. For these two items, higher numerical response indicates greater preparedness and utility. The survey also included categorical demographic items and open-response items which allowed them to explain their answers to the above numerical items and also describe their experiences with the VS. Instrumentation •To compare the experiences of participating teachers with the VS IC activities and the typical online materials, the online survey included two 10-point numerical items of note: an item asking participants to rate their preparedness to engage in IC and an item asking them to indicate how well the activities helped them become prepared for IC. •For these two items, higher numerical response indicates greater preparedness and utility. The survey also included categorical demographic items and open-response items which allowed them to explain their answers to the above numerical items and also describe their experiences with the VS. On a scale of 1-10, where 1 is strongly disagree and 10 is strongly agree, did you feel like this activity was helpful in preparing you to engage in instructional coaching? On a scale of 1-10, where 1 is extremely unprepared and 10 is extremely prepared, how do you feel about engaging in instructional coaching activities with a colleague in a school setting? How could this activity have been changed to better meet your needs as you prepare to be an instructional coach? What are your apprehensions about engaging in instructional coaching? female and African-American with a majority holding a Master's degree. Veteran teachers but without prior exposure to instructional coaching. OPEN Results and •Paired sample t-tests revealed there were no statistically significant differences in self-reported feelings of readiness to engage in IC between the treatment and control condition. Similarly, there was not a statistically significant difference in self-reported feelings of helpfulness between the two conditions. •Of note, students reported feeling well-prepared for IC work and that both the VS and online modules helped them reach that preparedness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that a study comparing VR learning experiences (VS) with typical online materials found no statistically significant differences in self-reported feelings of readiness or helpfulness between the two conditions. Specifically, it mentions that 'paired sample t-tests revealed there were no statistically significant differences in self-reported feelings of readiness to engage in IC between the treatment and control condition.' This indicates that VR experiences do not guarantee better outcomes over traditional methods for the participants in this study.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, high production cost makes fuel ethanol heavily dependent on preferential policies and governmental subsidies, especially in the and China where fuel ethanol is produced mainly from grain-based feedstocks[2]. Since feedstock and energy consumption are the major cost, lignocellulosic biomass, due to abundance and low cost, particularly agricultural residues, has been intensively studied for the production of fuel ethanol, but challenges are to be addressed to make such a process economically competitive[3]. Meanwhile, very high gravity (VHG) fermentation can significantly increase ethanol titer in the fermentation broth, which not only saves energy consumption for ethanol distillation, but also reduces waste distillage discharged from the distillation system, and thus has garnered great attention[2]. Apparently, ethanol-tolerant strains are prerequisite for more efficient ethanol production under VHG conditions in order to overcome stuck fermentation, in which significant sugars are present at the end of fermentation, and ethanol yield, the most important techno-economic aspect of fuel ethanol production, is compromised, correspondingly. Stuck fermentation results from severe ethanol inhibition in yeast cells[2]. When yeast cells flocculate, they can be retained and immobilized within fermentors for high cell density to improve ethanol productivity[4]. Moreover, ethanol tolerance of yeast flocs can be improved, since the morphological change caused by the flocculation consequently affects physiological functions of yeast cell membranes and intracellular metabolism[5, 6], making yeast flocs more suitable for VHG fermentation. However, in situ monitoring the growth of yeast flocs and their fermentation performance under VHG conditions presents a challenge, since dissolved oxygen in the fermentation broth is undetectable under micro-oxygen conditions. Redox potential (ORP) reflects electron activities during fermentations, which provides real-time information on the physiological status of cells[7]. Controlling ORP during fermentations has thus been developed as an effective method to enhance the production of desired metabolites such as 1,3-propanediol, citric acid and xylitol[8–10]. Recent studies have shown that for VHG ethanol fermentation with non-flocculating Saccharomyces cerevisiae subjected to ORP control, high ethanol productivity and yield could be achieved[11–13]. In this study, ORP profiles were monitored and analyzed for ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the challenges associated with the economic viability of ethanol production from biomass and the techniques to enhance ethanol yield. While it mentions the importance of yeast in ethanol production, it does not specifically address bioengineered yeast or the claim about their high yield production capabilities from sugars. Thus, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-657579/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe gut bacteria of insects influence their host physiology positively, although their mechanism is not yet understood. This study characterized the microbiome of the gut of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae fed with nine different host plants; sugar cane (M1), maize (M2), onion (M3), cucumber (R1), tomato (R2), sweet potato (R3), cabbage L1), green amaranth (L2), and celocia (L3) by sequencing the theV3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene using Illumina PE250 NovaSeq system. The results revealed that gut bacterial composition varied among larvae samples fed on different host plants. Three alpha diversity indices revealed highly significant differences on the gut bacterial diversity of S. frugiperda fed with different host plants. . Analysis of (AMOVA) and Analysis of Similarity () also revealed significant variations on the bacterial communities among the various host plants. Five bacteria phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes) were prevalent across the larvae samples. Firmicutes (44. 1%) was the most dominant phylum followed by Proteobacteria (28. 5%). Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analyses showed that S. frugiperda larvae were enriched by diverse bacteria groups. Celocia (L3) and sweet potato (R3) were enriched in phylum Firmicutes by 15. 1% and 14. 2 % respectively while green amaranth (L2) and sugar cane (M1) were enriched in proteobacteria by 18. 5% and 14. 3% respectively. was predominant and mostly enhanced by L3 with 21. 7% incidence. Mann-Whitney’ test revealed highly significant differences (p<0. 001) on OTUs number among larvae samples. Our findings indicate that host plant is a major driver shaping insect gut microbiota. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that the diet (specific host plants) significantly influences the gut bacterial diversity in Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. It states that 'gut bacterial composition varied among larvae samples fed on different host plants' and that 'three alpha diversity indices revealed highly significant differences on the gut bacterial diversity.' This indicates that the diets of the larvae directly affect the diversity of their gut microbiota.