Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Distinct microbial communities in the active and permafrost layers on the Tibetan Plateau. 26(23):6608-6620. 2016b. Effects of root organic exudates on rhizosphere microbes and nutrient removal in the constructed wetlands. 92:243-250. 2016a. Grazing exclusion reduced soil respiration but increased its temperature sensitivity in a meadow grassland on the Tibetan Plateau. Ecology and Evolution 6(3):675-687. 2016. Long-term grazing exclusion effects on vegetation characteristics, soil properties and bacterial communities in the semi-arid grasslands of China. 97:170-178. 2016. Plant–soil feedbacks promote negative frequency dependence in the coexistence of two aridland grasses. Proceedings of the B 283(1835):20160608 Dawson W, Hör. 2017. A small number of low-abundance bacteria dominate plant species-specific responses during rhizosphere colonization. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:975 Delgado-. 2016. Microbial diversity drives multifunctionality in terrestrial ecosystems. 7:10541 Edwards J, Johnson C, Santos-Medellín. 2015. Structure, variation, and assembly of the root-associated microbiomes of rice. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 112(8):E911–E920 Eldridge DJ, Delgado-Baquerizo M. 2017. Continental-scale impacts of livestock grazing on ecosystem supporting and regulating services. & Development 28(4):1473-1481. 2021a. Grazing intensity induced alternations of soil microbial community composition in aggregates drive soil organic carbon turnover in a desert steppe. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 313:107387. 2021b. Grazing accelerates labile and recalcitrant soil carbon loss driving by rare microbial taxa in a desert steppe. & Development 32(15):4241-4253. 2007. Toward an ecological classification of soil bacteria. Ecology 88(6):1354-1364. 2008. Effect of grazing intensity on carbon and nitrogen in soil and vegetation in a meadow steppe in Inner Mongolia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 125(1–4):21-32. 2005. Rhizosphere geometry and heterogeneity arising from root-mediated physical and chemical processes. 168(2):293-303. 2019. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'microbial diversity drives multifunctionality in terrestrial ecosystems,' which supports the idea that soil microbial diversity is essential for providing ecosystem services.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human genetic diversity today can be traced to a single, unknown ancient civilization. [SEP] Text: The emitted light was passed through a primary dichroic (FF735-Di01-25×36, Semrock, Rochester, NY) onto photomultiplier tubes (H7422P-40, Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan) using a custom detection head (part of the microscope design) (Flickinger et al. , 2010). Two spectral channels were collected. eGFP emission was further filtered through a secondary dichroic (FF01-750/SP-25, Semrock) and an emission filter (FF03-525/50-30-D, Semrock). A second channel (FF02-617/73-30-D, Semrock) was collected for identification of red-labeled nuclei and/or spectral disambiguation of eGFP and broad-spectrum autofluorescence. High-fidelity synchronization of the digitizer and scan system (Pockels cell, galvanometric scanner, and objective positioner) with the resonant mirror scan period was accomplished by reflecting a probe laser (635 nm, S1FC635) from the resonant mirror onto a photodiode (PDA100A, Thorlabs). The photodiode was positioned 1 m away at one edge of the arc swept out by the resonant mirror. The voltage pulse generated by the incident probe laser was converted into a square wave using a custom circuit. This circuit was designed so that the rise of the square wave corresponds with the peak of the pulse observed from the photodiode, and permits adjustment of the clock phase in 5 ns increments. Collected photons were converted to an analog photocurrent, which was then amplified and converted to an analog voltage using a custom transimpedance amplifier (impulse response FWHM=25 ns), and digitized using a 12-bit high-speed digitizer at 125 Msamples/second (ATS-9350, AlazarTech, Pointe-Claire, Canada). A voltage bias was applied at the amplifier to take advantage of the digitizer’s full range. The digitizer generated records 16k samples wide at a rate of 8 kHz (256 MB/s/channel). These lines were distorted due to the spatially non-linear motion of the resonant mirror. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical specifications and procedures related to a photodetection system, without mentioning any genetic diversity or ancient civilizations. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or address the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All electronic devices can be made immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: But it is possible that in the future the amounts we can insert will grow with Moore’s-law-like behavior. The genetic engineering tool is certainly one of several exciting new ways to insert and integrate DNA, for example. In the next couple of years, as we develop better ways to transfer genetic material into cells, we’ll find some diseases for which this added sophistication will make a huge difference. How is cancer immunotherapy currently being performed in patients, and what’s the next frontier? In the last several years there has been a big explosion in the concept of engineering T cells to treat cancer. What’s done nowadays is that you take a patient’s own immune cells and modify those and then put them back into the patient — this is what is called an autologous transplant. People are working towards the possibility of more off-the-shelf therapeutic immune cells that could come from a universal donor. But we need to figure out a reliable way to modify the donor cells so that they are not rejected by the patient’s immune system. What are some of the biggest successes in the field so far? It’s been a huge success to have CAR T cells — T cells engineered to bind to proteins called antigens on cancer cells — that can treat certain blood cell cancers with a 70 to 80 percent success rate. The therapies being marketed by Novartis [tisagenlecleucel] and [axicabtagene ciloleucel] for B-cell lymphoma have shown spectacular results — these are going to become the first-line therapies for these diseases. Clinical trials have also been reporting some great results with multiple myeloma, another blood cancer. Non-engineered killer T cells surround a cancer cell, preparing to destroy it. Tapping into such immune cells’ natural abilities, and honing them through genetic engineering, has already proved successful against some blood cancers. With more sophistication, the next-generation immunotherapies might be used to treat solid tumors and diabetes. : biggest failures? We’re seeing great results in blood cancers. But we haven’t really seen any significant results in solid cancers. There have been a number of mouse studies and some human clinical studies, but so far the results on solid tumors have been disappointing — they have not seen the spectacular results and reproducibility that we have seen in a few blood cancers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses advancements in cancer immunotherapy and genetic engineering without addressing electronic devices or hacking. There is no mention of cybersecurity or related concepts in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Our findings indicate that the different soil microbial communities along the altitudinal gradient have different distribution patterns, which may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that determine microbial life in a mid-subtropical mountain forest ecosystem. vertical gradients associated with altitude in mountain ecosystems have attracted great interest from ecologists around the world because rapid changes in climate and biological characteristics within a short geographic range are commonly observed in these habitats (Siles & Margesin, 2016). Altitudinal gradients have been used as “natural experiments” to understand how changes in environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, solar radiation, and atmospheric pollution deposits affect changes in the complex biota (plant, animal, microbial) communities in mountain terrains (Körner, 2007). The mechanism underlying changes in species richness along an altitudinal gradient has always been a controversial issue in ecological and biogeographic studies. Although there are reports of diminishing patterns or single-peak patterns for animal and plant mechanisms responsive to elevation, such differences may show stronger variation for microorganisms among different regions, including no trend, a decline, a single peak, or a concave or other distribution patterns associated with changes in altitude (Liu et al. , 2018; Siles & Margesin, 2016). In recent years, research on altitudinal patterns of microbial (i. e. , Bacteria, Fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, etc. ) diversity has gradually increased by using high-throughput sequencing technology (Geml et al. , 2017; Jarvis, Woodward & Taylor, 2015; Liu et al. , 2018; Schoen, Nieselt & Garnica, 2018; Shen et al. , 2020; Wang et al. , 2015; Zhao et al. , 2022; Zhou et al. , 2021). Soil microorganisms are important biological components associated with aboveground interactions of terrestrial ecosystems (Bahram et al. , 2018), recognized as key drivers of litter decomposition, plant growth, soil nutrient cycling, and biogeochemical processes (Bardgett & van der Putten, 2014; Schloter et al. , 2018; Thakur & Geisen, 2019; van der Heijden & Wagg, 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that soil microorganisms are 'key drivers of litter decomposition, plant growth, soil nutrient cycling, and biogeochemical processes.' These functions are essential ecosystem services, thereby reinforcing the idea that soil microbial diversity is vital for maintaining these services within ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeogenetics will soon allow scientists to completely reconstruct the entire genetic code of extinct species and bring them back to life. Phytoremediation involves using plants to remove or neutralize pollutants from the soil or water in contaminated environments. [SEP] Text: C8B Le magazine qui prend soin de vous vulvaire, le traitement par ovule est-il la solution Le papillomavirus, une maladie qui peut toucher les hommes Boule derrière l’oreille, faut-il s’inquiéter Médecine Médicaments en ligne, l’ordonnance est-elle indispensable Trouver un médecin de garde proche de chez soi Quel est le code couleur des blouses médicales Comment bien faire une prise de sang (à jeun, jusqu’à quelle… Beauté Quels sont les risques et dangers de l’épilation laser Quels sont les critères d’un homme beau selon les femmes Ongle qui jaunit, que faire et comment s’en sortir Bien-être Sommeil de luxe : Explorer les avantages exclusifs des matelas à ressorts… Les bienfaits du CBD sur la santé : un allié incontournable Comment concilier passion et épanouissement personnel Maîtriser la position du avoir une alimentation équilibrée : comment calculer la quantité de lait avec la règle… Bananes rouges, bleues ou roses, quels sont ces fruits et leurs… réseaux sociaux et la santé mentale des adolescents : étude… Quand faire une prise de sang pendant la grossesse Quel numéro composer pour joindre l’? Est-il possible de se procurer d’une crème anesthésiante sans ordonnance la une Sommeil de luxe : Explorer les avantages exclusifs des matelas à ressorts ensachés de marque Gomarco Bien-être Le sommeil est un élément essentiel pour garder une bonne santé et assurer le bien-être quotidien. La qualité du matelas sur lequel nous dormons. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses a wide range of topics related to health, beauty, and general well-being without mentioning archaeogenetics, extinct species, or phytoremediation. Thus, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All electronic devices can be made immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: That’s where we need much more precision, because solid cancers have a lot of molecular antigens that look like those of normal tissue. I think that’s where a lot of the technology that we’re working on is going to make a difference. The biggest failures are where there’s been some cross-reaction that’s been lethal, or the tumors have developed resistance to the engineered immune cells. But since we have such flexibility in how we program things, we can start trying to take these problems into account. I’m pretty optimistic — the tools that we’re developing are based on a very deep fundamental understanding of how cells work. What about cost? There’s been a lot of criticism about the cost of these therapies — the immunotherapies that were just approved are about $300,000 to $500,000. think the cost will go down. The molecular parts and sensors that we’re developing are going to be reused in different cancers, so I’m optimistic that this kind of platform will lend itself to broad applications across many different diseases in a way that can bring costs down. Are there other diseases where these cells could be useful? There’s a lot of interest in autoimmune disorders such as diabetes and severe dermatological autoimmune diseases such as pemphigus. We’re also starting to get interested in engineered cells that could address neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. It’s hard to get a lot of drugs and biologics into the brain but we do know that we can get T cells into the brain. So if we could target them to particular parts of the brain, to diseased tissues, it could be extremely powerful. The other things on the horizon are regeneration and repair with stem cells. The use of engineered cells for immunotherapy is really just at the beginning and it will evolve over decades. 10. 1146/knowable-021618-185702 is a freelance science writer and contributing correspondent for Science magazine, based in Coloma, California. Email: [email protected]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about electronic devices and hacking. It discusses topics related to cancer research, immunotherapy, and engineered cells without addressing cybersecurity or hacking immunity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Due to the importance of forest soils as both sinks and potential sources of carbon, as well as to their predicted sensitivity to climate change, microbial ecologists have been struggling to indicate what is the interaction mechanism between environment factors (topography, climate, vegetations and soil) and soil microbial communities (diversity and function) in forest ecosystems (Lladó, López-Mondéjar & Baldrian, 2018). Topography, as a long-term and constant factor, has a major impact on ecosystem dynamics, and changes in topography may lead to changes in soil microbial communities (Qiu et al. , 2012; Tajik, Ayoubi & Lorenz, 2020; Zhang et al. , 2013). From a biological perspective, topographic parameters can provide accurate and valuable information for predicting the distribution of the biodiversity of soil microbial communities (Lladó, López-Mondéjar & Baldrian, 2018; Tajik, Ayoubi & Lorenz, 2020). Therefore, promoting the study of the mechanism underlying the distribution of soil microorganisms along altitudinal gradients in mountain ecosystems should prove useful for scientifically-based management of mountain ecosystems (Geml et al. , 2017; Jarvis, Woodward & Taylor, 2015; Körner, 2007; Liu et al. , 2018; Schoen, Nieselt & Garnica, 2018; Siles & Margesin, 2016; Wang et al. , 2015). Mountain terrains are very common in Southwest China, which increase habitat heterogeneity while providing an important foundation for biodiversity richness (Myers et al. , 2000). Pinus massoniana (Masson pine) is an important native tree species and the most widely distributed pine tree in Southern China, with strong adaptability and tolerance to harsh environments (Lei et al. , 2018). In fact, P. massoniana forest is the main vegetation type in with key ecological and economic importance, accounting for 6. 1% and 4. 0% of the total area and volume of tree forests in China, respectively (Huang et al. , 2020). Masson pine forests are distributed along elevation gradients and thus provide natural experimental locations for studying the elevation-associated mechanism underlying the distribution of soil microbial communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of soil microbial communities and their diversity in relation to ecosystem dynamics. It highlights the role of factors such as topography and climate in affecting soil microbial diversity and functioning within forest ecosystems. The mention of studying these microbial communities enhances our understanding of their ecological roles, implying that such diversity contributes significantly to the services provided by ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of hyperaccumulator plants are used in phytoremediation because they can store large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues. [SEP] Text: Based on the results of this diagram between the aerial parts of the plant species Atriplex Verrucifera, Halocenemum Strobilaceum, Phragmites australis, Puccinella distans, and soil has a significant difference in Pb contaminants and the amount of Pb in the aerial parts of these species is higher than the average of this element in the soil. However, no significant differences were observed in the aerial parts of the species Achillea millefoliom, Cyperus longus, Scirpus lacustris, Typha latifolia and soil. The average amount of pb in the soil is 0. 623 mg/cm3, while the highest average contaminants of this element in the aerial parts of the plant is Halocenemum Strobilaceum. 0. 82 mg/cm3 was obtained and the lowest Pb contaminants was associated with Typha latifolia aerobic organ at 0. 59 mg/cm3. Based on the results of the study of the mean difference in Pb contaminants between root plants and soil, it was observed that there is a significant difference in root uptake between plant species Achillea millefoliom, Cyperus longus, Phragmites australis, Puccinella distans with Halocenemum Strobilaceum. , which has the highest average contaminants of this element at the root of the 0. 68 mg/cm3 was obtained and the lowest Pb contaminants was related to the root of the Achillea millefoliom species at 0. 54 mg/cm3. Overall, the results of the study of the mean difference showed that there was a significant difference between the plant species Achillea millefoliom, Typha latifolia and soil with in Pb contaminants. The highest average contaminants of this element in 0. 75 mg/cm3 was obtained and the lowest lead contaminants was related to Achillea millefoliom at 0. 59 mg/cm3. 3. 3. 3. results of the study of the mean difference in aerial parts, roots, and total wetland species and soil in Zn sequestration were shown in figure 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses specific plant species and their varying abilities to accumulate lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) contaminants. It notes significant differences in contaminant levels between species, such as Halocenemum Strobilaceum having higher levels of Pb compared to others. However, it does not support the overall claim that a majority of hyperaccumulators are used in phytoremediation, nor does it generalize their storage capabilities, which undermines the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli applied to the skin are transduced into signals transmitted by peripheral neurons to the CNS is an area of intense study. Several studies indicate that transduction mechanisms are intrinsic to cutaneous neurons and that epidermal keratinocytes only modulate this transduction. Using mice expressing channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in keratinocytes we show that blue light activation of the epidermis alone can produce action potentials (APs) in multiple types of cutaneous sensory neurons including SA1, A-and CMHC fiber types. In loss of function studies, yellow light stimulation of keratinocytes that express halorhodopsin reduced AP generation in response to naturalistic stimuli. These findings support the idea that intrinsic sensory transduction mechanisms in epidermal keratinocytes can directly elicit AP firing in nociceptive as well as tactile sensory afferents and suggest a significantly expanded role for the epidermis in sensory processing. eLife digest When a person touches a hot saucepan, nerve cells in the skin send a message to the brain that causes the person to pull away quickly. Similar messages alert the brain when the skin comes in contact with an object that is cold or causes pain. These nerve cells also help to transmit information about other sensations like holding a ball. Scientists believe that skin cells may release messages that influence how the nerves in the skin respond to sensations. But it is difficult to distinguish the respective roles of skin cells and nerve cells in experiments because these cells often appear to react at the same time. Researchers have discovered that a technique called optogenetics, which originally developed to study the brain, can help. Optogenetics uses genetic engineering to create skin cells that respond to light instead of touch. Baumbauer, DeBerry, Adelman et al. genetically engineered mice to express a light-sensitive protein in their skin cells. When these skin cells were exposed to light, the mice pulled away just like they would if they were responding to painful contact. This behavior coincided with electrical signals in the nerve cells even though the nerve cells themselves were not light sensitive. In further experiments, mice were genetically engineered to express another protein in their skin cells that prevents the neurons from being able to generate electrical signals. When these skin cells were exposed to light, the surrounding nerve cells produced fewer electrical signals. Together, the experiments show that skin cells are able to directly trigger electrical signals in nerve cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants exhibiting complex social behaviors and communication methods. Instead, it focuses on sensory transduction mechanisms in epidermal keratinocytes and discusses experiments related to skin cells and nerve cells in mice, which do not pertain to ant behavior or communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Figure 9: Species co-occurrence networks of non redundant species of the different soil microorganisms ((A) Archaea; (B) Bacteria; (C) Fungi; (D) Viruses) in Pinus massoniana forest. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 13504/fig-9 Table 4: Topological properties of soil microbiome co-occurrence network. Network properties Number of nodes 527 748 399 236 Positive edges 2,589 12,308 1,762 6,952 Negative edges 494 663 144 15 Average degree 11. 7 34. 7 9. 6 37. 1 Modularity 0. 866 0. 794 0. 698 0. 539 Number of communities 23 53 38 34 Degree centralization 0. 048 0. 181 0. 087 0. 155 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 13504/table-4 relationship between altitudinal distribution patterns and maintenance of biodiversity is currently a highly controversial topic in the field of biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Mountain belongs to a typical mid-subtropical mountain forest ecosystem in southwestern China, and it is a Reserve (Zhang et al. , 2020) with a well-preserved ecological environment, thus providing an ideal site for “the in-situ experiment” reported herein. In addition, previous studies at this mountain ecosystem provided important information on soil properties and vegetation types along the elevation gradient of Leigong Mountain, indicating that the different soil and vegetation types have obvious spatial boundaries (Chen et al. , 2012; Zhang, Qiu & Mao, 2019). Therefore, we hypothesized that the different soil microbial communities (Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses) could have different distribution patterns along the different elevations of this typical mid-subtropical mountain forest ecosystem. P. massoniana is a native and widely distributed tree species that is well adapted to the regional climatic conditions (Lei et al. , 2018); this ensured the selection of representative P. massoniana forest plots along the altitudinal gradient established for conducting the survey reported herein. Soil microbial communities can be diagnosed by metagenome technology, which can annotate microorganisms to the species level, and detect Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses in soil microbiomes (Awasthi et al. , 2020; Jo, Oh & Park, 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significance of soil microbial communities, including Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses, in the context of a mid-subtropical mountain forest ecosystem. It suggests that these microbial communities have different distribution patterns which implies their integral role in the ecological functions and services of the environment. Additionally, the text references studies that highlight the relationship between soil properties, vegetation, and microbial diversity, supporting the idea that diverse soil microbiomes are essential for maintaining ecosystem services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of hyperaccumulator plants are used in phytoremediation because they can store large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1457629/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractIn a study to evaluate the response of indigenous ruderal plants to the metal deposition regime imposed by anthropogenic modification in the Savanna of north during the dry and wet seasons, herbaceous plants and samples of soils were collected in three 5m by 5m quadrats laid around the environs of the and the banks of River Kaduna. Heavy metal concentration (and Zn) in soil and plant samples was determined using X-ray Fluorescence. Concentrations of heavy metals in soils were generally observed to be higher during the wet season in both locations although the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0. 05). Concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cr, Cu and Ni in all the plants observed were found to be below levels described as phytotoxic to plants. However, above ‘normal’ concentrations of Cr was observed in most of the plant species sampled. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in soils around the KRPC and RKB were found to be above the acceptable limits. Although no hyper accumulator plant species was encountered in this study, twenty (20) plant species were identified to have high bioconcentration (BCF > 1. 0) of Cd and Cu, which indicated tolerance of these plants to excessive or phytotoxic concentrations of these metals. In addition, they generally produce high above ground biomass, due to rapid vegetative growth. These are likely species for phytoextraction. Elevated concentration of metals in both soil and plant materials may cause a decrease in biodiversity due to direct toxicity. There are also risks to humans and other animals due to bioaccumulation across the food chain. There are further possibilities of further evaluating and genetically improving metal tolerance traits in some of these plant species in relation to their potential use in phytoremediation programmes in metal polluted sites. Ruderal plantsPhytoremediationMetalsNigeriaFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9IntroductionTrace quantities of heavy metals have been reported to occur naturally in the ecosystem. (An’ongo et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that no hyperaccumulator plant species was encountered in the study, implying that many plants do not possess the characteristic of storing large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues, which is essential for their use in phytoremediation. It mentions that while some species showed high bioconcentration of metals, they were not classified as hyperaccumulators.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Baumbauer, DeBerry, Adelman et al. 's findings may help researchers to understand why some patients with particular inflammatory conditions are in pain due to overactive nerve cells. primary sensory afferents are the first in a chain of neurons that convert environmental stimuli into recognizable sensations of touch, heat, cold and pain. Sensory neurons are diverse in nature and exhibit unique chemical, morphological and electrophysiological properties that allow specific responses to applied stimuli. In response to stimuli, the skin produces neuroactive substances that are postulated to directly and indirectly modulate the activity of sensory fibers (Groneberg et al. , 2005). These substances include glutamate (Nordlind et al. , 1993; Fischer et al. , 2009), ATP (Cook and McCleskey, 2002; Inoue et al. , 2005; Dussor et al. , 2009; Barr et al. , 2013), acetylcholine (ACh) (Grando et al. , 1993; Wessler et al. , 1998), epinephrine (Khasar et al. , 1999; Pullar et al. , 2006), CGRP (Hou et al. , 2011), neurotrophic growth factors (Truzzi et al. , 2011) and cytokines (Shi et al. , 2013). The skin also expresses ligand-gated (glutamate, ATP, nicotinic, muscarinic, 5-hydroxytryptamine, glycine and gamma-aminobutyric) and voltage-gated (sodium, calcium, transient receptor potential [TRP], potassium and cyclic nucleotide) ion channels and growth factor and cytokine receptors (Olah et al. , 2012). The expression of neuroactivators and voltage and ion-gated channels indicates that complex autocrine and paracrine signaling between epithelial and neural tissues underlie sensory signaling (Conti-Fine et al. , 2000; Peier et al. , 2002; Zhao et al. , 2008; Atoyan et al. , 2009; Dussor et al. , 2009). It has been proposed that non-neuronal cells of the skin, specifically keratinocytes, contribute to the initial transduction process through regulated release of neuroactive substances (Zhao et al. , 2008; Dussor et al. , 2009; Mandadi et al. , 2009; Hou et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses sensory neurons, pain, and the biological mechanisms related to stimuli, but does not mention ants, their social behaviors, or communication methods. Thus, it does not provide any support or rebuttal to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: This technology can also perform gene function annotation (Awasthi et al. , 2020; Jo, Oh & Park, 2020), thereby providing information on both the structural and functional characteristics of microbial communities among the different elevations. Mountain mid-subtropical mountain forest ecosystem ranges from 650 to 2,179 m a. s. l. , but our study focused on the 1,000 to 1,600 m a. s. l. range. Future studies on soil microbial community distribution patterns should disentangle the links between the environmental variables (vegetation types, edaphic factor, microclimate, etc. ) and the detailed functions of the microbial communities along wider elevation gradients in this typical subtropical, non-karst mountain forest ecosystem. Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota were the predominant phyla of soil Archaea in the P. massoniana forest across the different elevations. Many reports have pointed out these phyla as the dominant in soil Archaea (Siles & Margesin, 2016; Wang et al. , 2015), making important contributions to the biogeochemical cycles of soil carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen, among many other elements. A good example of this paramount ecological function is that of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing Archaea who perform a key step in the nitrogen digestion process in soils (Leininger et al. , 2006; Zhang et al. , 2012). The present study found that the abundance of Archaea had a lightly increasing trend with increasing altitude at 1,000–1,600 m a. s. l. on Leigong Mountain. This finding is consistent with results reported for the 1,000–1,500 m a. s. l. range on Mount Fuji, Japan (Singh, Takahashi & Adams, 2012). Bacteria is the largest and most diverse and versatile of soil microbial groups (Delgado-Baquerizo et al. , 2018). Consistent with the consensus that they are the most common phyla among soil bacteria (Wang et al. , 2015), Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the predominant soil bacterial groups in the present study, both playing a very important role in the soil-matter cycle (carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, and other elements) and in the construction of the ecological environment (Barns et al. , 2007; Spain, Krumholz & Elshahed, 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of various microbial phyla, such as Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, in the biogeochemical cycles of soil nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. It emphasizes that these microbial communities play key roles in ecological functions, such as nitrogen digestion, and in maintaining the health of the soil environment, thus supporting the notion that soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of hyperaccumulator plants are used in phytoremediation because they can store large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues. [SEP] Text: Some of the plants observed in this study with this potential include; Terminalia macroptera, Centrosema pubescens, Piliostigma thonningii, Cochlospermum tinctorum, Isoberlinia tomentosa, Monotes kerstingii, Detarium microcarpum, Paspalum orbiculare, Borreria verticelata, Salix leadermanii, Ceruana pratensis, Polygonum lanigerum, Physalis angulata, Polygonum limbatum, Cymbopogon giganteum, Heliotropium indicum, Croton lobatus and Mimosa pigra for Cu; and Centrosema pubescens, Hypoethes cancellata and Polygonum lanigerum for Cd. The ability of these plants to concentrate high levels of these metals suggests that they may have a good potential for phytoremediation. No hyper-accumulator was observed in this study. Hyper-accumulators are plants that can accumulate at least 0. 1% wt of Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Co or 1% wt of Zn and Mn (Baker and Brooks, 1989). There are possibilities for genetic modification of plants to enhance their capacity for metal tolerance (Kotrba et al. , 2009). is a great need to establish environmentally safe limits for metals in plant and soils of the various eco-regions in Nigeria. This need is emphasized by the observed variations in published background values from one country to another and even within the same country. These background values are often dependent on the geological history of the area. A comparison of observed field values with national recommended levels for heavy metals, developed from the background values will give a more realistic assessment of the pollution status. Furthermore, the search for alternative green technology that can be employed in remediation of pollution events must necessarily be a continuous one, due to the relative low cost and environmental friendliness of this option as compared to others. In this regard, ruderal species rather than those with agricultural value must be the candidates of choice for avoidance of obvious conflicts. ConclusionThe concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in soils around the KRPC and RKB were found to be above the acceptable limits. This presents health risks to humans and other animals as the metals contaminate both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that no hyper-accumulator was observed in the study and defines hyper-accumulators as plants that can accumulate significant levels of heavy metals. Although some plants in the study are suggested to have potential for phytoremediation due to their ability to concentrate metals, the lack of hyper-accumulators indicates that the majority of such plants are not involved in phytoremediation practices as suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: , 2011; Barr et al. , 2013). Testing this in an intact system has been difficult because the complexity in skin-nerve interactions prohibits isolation of the skin and neuronal output (a behavioral reflex or the pattern of axonal firing) since any natural stimulation (e. g. , mechanical or thermal) simultaneously affects both keratinocytes and sensory neurons. To address this problem, mice with targeted expression of light-activated channelrhodopsin (ChR2) can be used to determine the contribution of each cell type to cutaneous associated behavior (withdrawal reflex) and generation of afferent APs. For example, Ji and colleagues (Ji et al. , 2012) showed that blue light stimulation of the skin of transgenic rats that expressed ChR2 in primary afferents under the Thy-1. 2 promoter exhibited nocifensive type responses. Similarly, Daou et al. (Daou et al. , 2013) showed light-induced behavioral sensitivity in mice in which the Nav1. 8 promoter drove expression of ChR2 in a subset of primary afferents. In another optogenetic model, Maksimovic and colleagues directed ChR2 expression to the non-neuronal Merkel cells of the epidermis. Using an ex vivo electrophysiologic preparation they showed that blue light stimulation of the isolated skin elicited AP trains in slowly adapting type 1 (SA1) afferents, thus confirming the essential transducer role of Merkel cells in transmission of mechanical stimuli by SA1 tactile afferents. To further examine how the epidermis and cutaneous afferents communicate we analyzed mice in which ChR2 was targeted to either sensory neurons or keratinocytes to determine the contribution of each cell type to cutaneous associated behavior (withdrawal reflex) and generation of afferent APs. Similar to Daou et al. (Daou et al. , 2013), we found that light stimulation of the skin and activation of ChR2 in sensory afferents elicits robust nocifensive behaviors in mice. Remarkably, for mice that only express ChR2 in skin keratinocytes, light stimulation was also sufficient to generate nocifensive behaviors and regulate firing properties and evoke APs in specific subsets of cutaneous afferents, several which are known to activate in response to painful stimuli. In addition, expression of the chloride pump NpHR3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the use of optogenetics in mouse models to study cutaneous behaviors and neuronal responses. It does not mention ants, their social behaviors, or communication methods, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Fungi are also an important component of the soil microbiome as they play a crucial role in nutrient cycling, as well as in promoting plant growth and vegetation community succession (Tedersoo et al. , 2014). Consistent with previous reports (Matsuoka et al. , 2019), the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota found in the present study were the predominant fungal groups across the altitudinal gradient under study; however, they showed opposite trends in relative abundance: the relative abundance of Ascomycota decreased with increasing elevation (from 66. 9% at Mp1000 to 46. 3% at Mp1600), whereas that of Basidiomycota increased with increasing elevation (from 25. 2% at Mp1000 to 48. 1% at Mp1600). Overall, the relative abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota together increased slightly with elevation (92. 2% at Mp1000 to 94. 4% at Mp1600). The increasing trend in relative abundance observed herein for Basidiomycota is consistent with the increasing trend observed for the same group in at 950–1,700 m a. s. l. in Norikura Mountain, Japan (Ogwu et al. , 2019). Furthermore, the trend observed here for Ascomycota was similar to that found in Norikura Mountain. Therefore, the specific set of predominant fungal groups may serve as a more sensitive indicator of environmental gradients determined by differences in altitude. Viruses are ubiquitous and play important roles in regulating their hosts’ mortality and community structure, the genetic landscape, and the nutrient turnover in ecosystem (Anderson, Brazelton & Baross, 2011; Narr et al. , 2017; Paez-Espino et al. , 2016). Although soil is the most important habitat for virus distribution, there is currently a very limited number of reports on soil viruses (Narr et al. , 2017; Paez-Espino et al. , 2016), which may be due to the challenges involved in the detection, isolation, and classification of unknown viruses (Narr et al. , 2017); therefore, viruses constitute what is referred to as “the dark matter” of soil microbial communities (Paez-Espino et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the crucial roles of soil microbes, specifically fungi, in nutrient cycling and promoting plant growth, which are essential components of ecosystem services. By mentioning that fungi influence vegetation community succession and discussing the overall importance of microbial groups, it supports the argument that microbial diversity is vital for maintaining ecosystem functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: Earth & 5, 2022 Phytoremediation: Using native vegetation to stabilise heavy metal contaminants at polluted sites Elevated concentrations of heavy metals at polluted sites represent serious human health hazards and environmental threats. Persistent metal pollution is hard to remedy but one possible and effective method is phytoremediation, using plants to stabilise the metal pollution and ameliorate the contaminated soil properties. Across 20 years of research, Günthardt-Goerg and of the Institute for Forest, Snow and WSL – together with of the Institute of Technology Zürich – have improved current mechanistic understanding of phytoremediation potential using native trees and mixed afforestation. Their insights can help decision-makers find solutions that are economically beneficial as well as environmentally and socially sustainable. Soil pollution with heavy metals like zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) is frequent in industrialised countries and generally results from craft or industrial activities, waste in landfill, or accidents involving hazardous materials. Hence, metal pollution is also a legacy of neglect and poor environmental regulations, partly going back to the advent of the industrial revolution. Metal pollution hinders food crop production and other essential environmental services at brownfield as well as greenfield sites. By leaching to groundwater or entering the food chain, metal pollution also poses a threat to surrounding areas and key resources for local communities. In metal polluted sites, the pollution depth depends on the site characteristics and land use. Topsoil pollution is very frequent, especially in the case of atmospheric deposition or aboveground activities. Remediating sites with persistent metal contaminants can require expensive and technically demanding in- or off-site treatment. Still, it is estimated that up to 20% of European polluted sites could be cured using phytoremediation. This method uses green plants, including trees, and is a cost-effective, socially, and environmentally friendly solution. Mature mixed forest growing in a highly contaminated site in southern Poland, in consequence of zinc ore extraction during the Middle Ages. But the answer is not as simple as planting a few trees. Over the last two decades, Günthardt-Goerg and of the Institute for Forest, Snow and WSL have developed extensive mechanistic understanding of how different species of trees and herbs take up heavy metals and accumulate them in different plant parts and how this affects plant physiology and growth across different time scales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while phytoremediation is effective at remediating heavy metal pollution, it does not suggest that this method can completely eliminate all toxic chemicals within weeks. Instead, it emphasizes that addressing persistent metal pollution is difficult and that the solution is not as straightforward as simply planting trees. The text mentions the technical demands of remediating sites and indicates that phytoremediation can successfully treat only a portion of contaminated sites (up to 20%), which contradicts the claim of its comprehensive efficacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: 0 in keratinocytes significantly reduced AP firing in cutaneous afferents. These data indicate that Merkel cells are not unique in their ability to directly generate action potentials in sensory neurons and that light-mediated activation of keratinocytes is sufficient to engage an endogenous mechanism that can directly regulate cutaneous afferent firing. of afferent properties measured using ex vivo intracellular and fiber teasing recordings In these electrophysiological experiments we have recorded from 200 characterized cutaneous afferents (86 C-fibers, 37 Aδ, 77 Aβ) from the three different mouse genotypes (49 Prph-ChR2, 80 KRT-ChR2, 71 KRT-NpHR). The response properties to natural stimuli (pressure, heat, cold) for the different fiber types can be summarized as follows: Aβ-LTMRs had mechanical thresholds from 5 to 10 mN (mean 5. 5 mN), while Aδ-LTMRs thresholds ranged from 1 to 5mN, with a mean of 2. 3 mN. For A-HTMRs, Aβ-HTMRs had mechanical thresholds ranging from 10 to 25 mN, with a mean of 17. 5 mN; Aδ-HTMRs thresholds were 5–100 mN, with a mean of 26. 7 mN. Cutaneous C-fibers showed a range of response properties, with mechanical thresholds from 5 to 50 mN (mean 23 mN), heat thresholds of 37–50°C (mean 44°C), and cold thresholds of 1–18°C (mean 11°C). No significant differences in these values were observed between genotypes. Activation of ChR2 in primary afferents produces nocifensive behaviors and action potentials in multiple types of primary afferents We first determined the extent to which ChR2 activation in sensory neurons mimicked natural stimulation. Mice harboring a cre-responsive ChR2-YFP fusion gene in the Rosa locus (Ai32 mice) were crossed with peripherin (Prph)-cre mice to target ChR2 to unmyelinated and myelinated primary sensory neurons. The YFP tag allowed visualization of ChR2-positive projections in the skin and cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of Prph-ChR2 mice (Figure 1A,B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ants and their social behaviors or communication methods. It primarily discusses electrophysiological experiments concerning cutaneous afferents and sensory neurons in mice, which is unrelated to the claim about ant behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: In the present study, Myoviridae, Podoviridae, and Siphoviridae were the predominant virus groups in the soils of the P. massoniana forest of Leigong Mountain. Although they are reportedly the most common virus groups in a wide range of environments (Chen et al. , 2014), we found no obvious trend in viral community composition changes between 1,000 and 1,600 m a. s. l. in the present study. This result likely reflects the fact that virus dynamics may be affected by multiple factors, including host and environmental factors. The results of the symbiotic network analysis further reflected the differences in interaction patterns among species within the different groups of the microbial community in a soil. The gene functional composition of the soil microbial community at different altitudes was predicted by and CAZy functional gene annotations. The results showed a relatively consistent trend among these different functional analyses. Thus, there were no obvious differences at the high category level in functional gene detection along the elevation gradient surveyed, a finding that may be related to the phenomenon of “gene redundancy” (Fierer et al. , 2013; Louca et al. , 2018). Functional redundancy of soil microbial communities may be a microbial community maintenance mechanism (ecological strategy), which can play an important buffer role in the process of combating external environmental changes and various disturbances (Louca et al. , 2018). This emergent property of an open microbial system may be caused by the limitations of current research techniques (when a high-dimensional trait space is projected to a lower-dimensional function space of interest). Nonetheless, the comparison between the species composition matrix and the functional gene composition matrix of the soil microbial communities along the altitudinal gradient surveyed showed a significant correlation between the two. This supports our hypothesis that soil microbiome diversity can influence multiple ecosystem functions, while the elevation factor may indirectly influence soil microbiome functions by shaping soil microbiome composition. Various factors, such as climate, vegetation type, plant diversity, and soil pH and other physicochemical properties, may determine the altitudinal distribution pattern of soil microbial diversity in a certain region (Bahram et al. , 2018; Liu et al. , 2018; Siles & Margesin, 2016). In this study, the investigated soil factors had a certain influence on the composition and function of soil microorganisms, but not significant (Fig. 8); the results may be due to the relatively small altitude span and the same forest vegetation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that the diversity of soil microbial communities influences multiple ecosystem functions. It states, 'this supports our hypothesis that soil microbiome diversity can influence multiple ecosystem functions,' directly linking microbial diversity to the provision of ecosystem services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: Impact of heavy metal pollutants in native trees and herbaceous plants In a series of studies, Günthardt-Goerg and Vollenweider looked at the allocation and cellular- to whole-plant effects of heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in different species of tree and understorey (ground vegetation in forests) plants. The findings have cast light on the varying accumulation of absorbed metal contaminants in plant organs, depending on the soil type, metal species, and in interaction with physiological processes specific to the affected plant. Trees and other plants can stabilise metal pollutants in moderately contaminated sites, while providing biomaterials and valuable ecosystem services. Past and current work has revealed a close relationship between the heavy metal stress effects in leaves and foliage and the accumulation of contaminants within stress-sensitive compartments, at cellular and subcellular level. Trials with nature-like afforestations have shown how some metal-tolerant plants shift the allocation of contaminants to less stress-prone cell organelles or plant tissues and gain tolerance through these adaptations. Metal tolerance can be monitored using visible injury in foliage, and the researchers have established cause–effect relationships between the symptom morphology and the underlying cellular disorders. Low-cost survey and biomonitoring tools for visible leaf symptoms could thus offer interesting potential for field applications. Defence reactions in leaf cells in response to Zn accumulation. Irregular accumulation of Zn contaminants in leaf blade (LB) and leaf vein (V) tissues (yellow-green crystals, after histochemical revelation using hydroxyquinoline). Increase in cell concentration of condensed tannins within assimilative mesophyll (M) or protective epidermis (E) cells, in places with elevated Zn concentrations (histochemical revelation using DMACA – B, bluish – and vanilin acid – C, reddish – reagent). Plant material: poplar (A, B) and sycamore maple (C). The performed research has demonstrated that conifers and deciduous trees accumulate heavy metals in different ways. For example, there was more Zn accumulation in the leaves than in the wood and roots of tested deciduous trees (willows, poplars, and birches), whereas in conifers (spruce) the root compartment showed the highest Zn concentrations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that while phytoremediation does involve the accumulation and stabilization of heavy metals, such as Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd, in plants, it does not support the assertion that it can completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any environment within weeks. Instead, the findings indicate variable accumulation based on soil type, metal species, and plant physiological interactions. It mentions that trees and plants can stabilize pollutants rather than fully eliminate them, indicating that the process is more complex and less absolute than the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Myelinated and unmyelinated fibers expressed ChR2 as indicated by ChR2-YFP-positive fibers in the skin (Figure 1A) and physiological recordings (Figure 1D,E). Behaviorally, all Prph-ChR2 mice (5 out of 5 mice tested) demonstrated robust light-induced tail-flick or hindpaw withdrawal in <30 ms in response to a 473 nm laser light flash, consistent with previous findings (Grando et al. , 1993; Daou et al. , 2013). Wildtype littermate mice (n = 5) were unresponsive. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Light stimulates various types of cutaneous afferents in Prph-ChR2 transgenic mice. (A). ChR2-YFP expression in unmyelinated and myelinated (lanceolate endings of hair shaft, panels on right) fibers of Prph-ChR2 mouse skin. Arrows indicate nerve fibers in dermis and epidermis (Epi); DAPI (blue) labeling demarcates keratinocytes. (B). ChR2 is expressed in DRG neurons of Prph-ChR2 but not KRT-ChR2 mice. CGRP labels peptidergic neurons. (C). Ex vivo preparation used for functional characterization of cutaneous afferents in response to mechanical, heat and laser stimulation. (D). Response of a Prph-ChR2 Aδ-HTMR to mechanical and blue laser stimulation. (E). Recordings from a CMHC nociceptor from a Prph-ChR2 mouse in response to mechanical, thermal and light stimulation. Calibration bars in (A) = 250 µm, (B) = 100 µm, (E) = 60 mV/1 s, top trace; 40 mV/1 s, bottom trace. We then used an ex vivo skin/nerve/DRG/spinal cord preparation (Figure 1C) (McIlwrath et al. , 2007; Lawson et al. , 2008) to characterize cutaneous afferent response properties in Prph-ChR2 mice (Figure 1D,E). ChR2 neurons responded to blue light pulses ranging from 39. 7 mW (5–10,000 ms) to 0. 7 mW (1000 ms pulse). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the physiological response of Prph-ChR2 mice to light stimulation and does not mention ants or their social behavior and communication methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Considering there are still many limitations in the existing studies on the elevation gradient, such as the differences in the geographical location, size and habitat of the mountain, and the difference in the elevation span and the span size of vegetation types of the sampling points, the key drivers of the biological and abiotic environment of the soil microorganisms in the mountain ecosystem also are varied (Bahram et al. , 2018; Liu et al. , 2018; Siles & Margesin, 2016). The co-occurrence networks of archaeal and fungal species showed a relatively high similarity, which may be related to the origin of the relationship between Archaea and fungi (Fig. 9). In turn, the co-occurrence network of bacterial and viral species showed a relatively high similarity, which may be due to the closer relationship between them in the life history of the individuals. Since complex soil processes are driven by soil microbiome including soil Archaea, bacteria, fungi, and viruses, these data indicate a challenging and complex ecological network of relationships among the different groups of soil microorganisms. Overall, metagenomic sequencing technology in this study was used to comprehensively reflect structural and functional characteristics of soil microbial community in P. massoniana forest along different elevation gradients. However, due to the lack of survey site repetition, and not involving the time gradient (seasonal or inter-annual change) survey; Therefore, these aspects need to be further strengthened in future studies. findings suggest that different soil microbial communities (Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses) have different distribution patterns in a P. massoniana forest along an altitudinal gradient. This finding provide an ecological management and utilization guidance for incorporating soil microbial diversity and function in mid-subtropical mountain forest ecosystem. wish to thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions for improving this manuscript. authors declare that they have no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 9985. research was financially funded by the of China (31660150, 31960234, 31860037), the Foundation of Guizhou Province, China (Project [2017]1059, the Project [2018]2773), and the of Biology First-class Discipline in Guizhou (GNYL [2017]009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the study reflects the structural and functional characteristics of soil microbial communities, which suggests that diverse soil microorganisms play important roles in complex ecological interactions and processes. Additionally, the mention of ecological management and utilization guidance highlights the significance of incorporating soil microbial diversity in forest ecosystems, further supporting the claim of its importance for ecosystem services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: Generally, considering the soil-to-shoot transfer of contaminants, deciduous trees were found to be more efficient than conifers or understorey plants. Metal uptake and biomass production It’s not just the concentration of absorbed metal pollutants within plant organs that matters but also the amounts extracted in the different plant parts. Plant biomass production under metal stress then plays a fundamental role. The researchers analysed the surface-based yield of heavy metal removal by experimental afforestations and compared the contribution of different plant types and organs. After four years of treatment, the biomass production of some tree species on metal-contaminated soil had been reduced by around 20%, in contrast to that of certain understorey plants, some of which had increased by 15%. Such moderate impact on plant growth may relate to the preferential accumulation of contaminants in older and less productive foliage. However, the amounts extracted showed important differences between plant organs, species, and metal elements. Interesting with a view to some ecosystem services, the researchers observed that tree wood remained contamination-free. It was especially striking regarding conifers, in consequence of efficient metal immobilisation inside the root system. The research team found that the soil type, as a key determinant of metal solubility and then availability for plant roots, has a significant influence on phytoremediation success. While the concentrations of heavy metals in leaves and wood were lower in deciduous trees growing on calcareous versus acidic subsoil, the surface-based metal extraction could be superior. This was especially the case for Zn and Cu contaminants, primarily because of the higher biomass production on nutrient-rich calcareous soils. Allocation of Zn contaminants in fine root tissues of poplar (A, B) and spruce (C, D). In poplar roots, the accumulations of contaminants were generally observed in conductive tissues (yellow arrows in B) versus resin ducts (r) in spruce (D), which could contribute to better root retention and phytostabilisation of toxic metals. In material grown on uncontaminated soil (A, C), lower concentrations of essential Zn micronutrients were occasionally observed (histochemical revelation of Zn using hydroxyquinoline). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and complexities associated with phytoremediation. It mentions that the effectiveness of phytoremediation varies depending on soil type and plant species, leading to different levels of metal uptake and biomass production. Furthermore, it highlights that not all contaminants can be completely eliminated, and the research found that only certain trees could successfully immobilize metals in their root systems without contaminating wood, which suggests a nuanced and selective impact of phytoremediation rather than a universal capability to eliminate all toxins rapidly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Recordings were made from 49 characterized sensory neurons from 7 mice with 26 responders that included 1 A-fiber and 25 C-fiber nociceptors (identified based on their response to noxious mechanical or thermal stimuli) (Table 2). Among laser-responsive C-fibers, 21 responded to mechanical stimuli and of these, 14 responded to heat and/or cold stimuli. Four were classified as responding only to heat stimulation and 7 responded only to mechanical stimuli. Activation of Prph-ChR2 afferents revealed complex intrinsic firing properties. A Prph-ChR2 Aδ-HTMR (A-delta-high threshold mechanoreceptor) exhibited a tonic response to mechanical stimulation whereas blue light evoked a phasic response (Figure 1D). In a CMHC nociceptor (C-fiber responding to mechanical, noxious heat and cold stimuli), suprathreshold light stimulation produced tonic firing whereas suprathreshold mechanical stimulation evoked a more phasic response (Figure 1E). Latency to first response to mechanical and light stimulation was similar. Peak instantaneous frequencies (IF) were significantly higher for suprathreshold mechanical stimulation, averaging 33. 9 Hz for mechanical vs 8. 6 Hz for light stimulation (@ 39. 7 mW) for all mechanically responsive C-fibers. Interestingly, the average peak IF seen with laser light was similar to that seen in polymodal nociceptors (the majority of cutaneous afferents) in response to noxious heat (McIlwrath et al. , 2007; Lawson et al. , 2008). This raised the possibility that afferent-expressed ChR2 activation can evoke a ‘baseline’ response of putative nociceptors that reflects the intrinsic properties of these cells and that more naturalistic responses require collaboration of surrounding cells, including keratinocytes. Activation of ChR2 in keratinocytes produces nocifensive behaviors and action potentials in multiple types of primary afferents To determine if keratinocytes contribute to afferent activation, mice that express ChR2-YFP (ChR2) specifically in keratinocytes were generated by crossing Ai32 mice with Krt14 keratin Cre mice (KRT14-Cre). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not discuss ants or their social behaviors and communication methods. Instead, it describes experiments conducted on mice regarding sensory neurons and nociceptor responses. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim about ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2321445/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published05 Apr, 2023Read the published version in Plant and Soil →Version 1posted 5You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractPurpose: In the scenario of an increased atmospheric CO2 concentration, nutrients are reduced in all vegetables. In this context, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could enhance nutrient concentration in edible portions of plants, including tomato. However, field studies on tomato AMF inoculation are scarse. AMF species belonging to Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae families known to vary in life-history strategies may determine differential effects on plant nutrient benefits and residue decomposition. Despite this, the effect of different life-history strategies on nutrient acquisition of tomato fruits has not yet been investigated. Methods: We studied the effect of inoculation of two tomato varieties with AMF belonging to Glomeraceae and Gigasporaceae. Fungal establishment, yield, fruit nutrient concentration, litter decomposition, and bacterial and fungal abundances in soil were assessed in a two-year field trial under organic agriculture. Results: promoted the concentration of nutrients in tomato fruits compared to Glomeraceae. A variability in AM fungal colonization and fruit nutrient concentration occurred within Glomeraceae. Scutellospora pellucida increased the yield (+27%) of var. respect to Gigaspora gigantea. In var. Rio Grande, Funneliformis mosseae determined a litter degradation similar to controls and lower than Sclerocystis sinuosa and Gigasporaceae species, which showed the highest decomposition rates. AMF inoculation promoted soil total bacterial and fungal abundance and fungal:bacterial (F:B) ratio compared to controls, and members of Gigasporaceae had the highest F:B ratio. Conclusion: These findings strongly support that AM fungal life-history strategy should be considered in biofertilizer development to enhance the nutritional value of vegetables under organic farming systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could enhance nutrient concentration in edible portions of plants, including tomato. It specifically discusses a study that demonstrated the effects of AMF inoculation on nutrient concentration in tomato fruits, indicating that AMF inoculation promoted a higher yield and nutrient concentration compared to controls. This directly supports the claim that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: Phytoremediation and phytostabilisation Four years of observations in these experimental afforestations have given the researchers preliminary insights on decontamination perspectives and proper use of this type of phytoremediation system. Extrapolations based on the metal extraction findings revealed that, in such contamination conditions (Zn/Cu/Pb/Cd of 3000/600/100/10 mg kg-1), site remediation would take up to 350 years for Zn, 30 years for Cu, and just one year for Cd, whereas Pb concentrations in the soil would remain unchanged. Such timescales clearly outline the high potential of afforestation to stabilise metal pollution but not to revert the site to pre-contamination conditions. Phytostabilisation can therefore be primarily considered in the case of metal-polluted land where neither the severity of the pollution nor the remediation costs justify expensive decontamination treatment. The minor detrimental effects of heavy metal pollution on tree biomass and plant growth mean sites can be reclaimed by nature-like afforestation or native vegetation over long periods. During this time, forest cover brings precious co-benefits, preventing wind export of contaminated dust or leaching of heavy metals into aquifers. Because tree stems have low concentrations of pollutants, mostly in the outer tissues, uncontaminated products can be generated particularly from debarked wood. Market-ready lumber, fibre, or biomass production can then generate income, provided more contaminated plant parts are treated properly and there is minimal disturbance of the soil to avoid further spread of contamination. Forest cover is also a valuable carbon sink. Foliar symptoms of metal accumulation and stress. Whereas spruce foliage only showed little indicative yellowing in older needles (A), the symptoms in broadleaved material were more specific. Typical were discolourations and dark dots along veins (B, D) or leaf-edge necrosis (C, E). Useless from an economical point of view, understorey plants will develop in any afforestation system spontaneously. The foliage of pioneer plants can mobilise and export metals while a new forest is establishing, but sufficient shading under developing trees can encourage typical herbaceous forest species with shallow root systems to reduce interference with soil pollution. These species can then contribute to improving soil biodiversity and function, in interaction with the soil microbiome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific insights into the time scales required for phytoremediation of heavy metals. It states that complete site remediation would take up to 350 years for zinc, 30 years for copper, and one year for cadmium, while lead concentrations in the soil would remain unchanged. This indicates that phytoremediation does not result in the complete elimination of all toxic chemicals within weeks, as suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: KRT-ChR2 mice exhibited robust expression of ChR2 in epidermal keratinocytes and hair follicles of hairy skin and basal and suprabasal keratinocytes of glabrous skin (Figure 2A). ChR2 expression does not occur in other dermal structures (vasculature, muscle) or in the DRG (Figure 1B). KRT-ChR2 mice also exhibited behavioral responses to blue light stimulation (Figure 2B, Table 1), but at lower frequencies and with greater latencies relative to Prph-ChR2 mice. The average withdrawal latency for KRT-ChR2 mice was 15. 75 s ± 2. 26 (SEM) (see Video 1), compared to the millisecond withdrawal responses exhibited by Prph-ChR2 mice. Testing was done in a blinded manner and all KRT-ChR2 mice responded at least one time out of 10 trials with laser stimulation restricted to a 30 s maximum. Measures on human skin using a thermistor showed a slight laser-induced increase in surface temperature (from 27. 5°C to 30. 5°C) over the 30 s stimulation period, indicating that KRT-ChR2 mouse responses were not due to laser heating of the skin. That light activation of ChR2-keratinocytes could evoke nocifensive-type behaviors suggested that robust communication occurs between keratinocytes and sensory afferents that transmit nociceptive stimuli. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Blue light stimulates multiple subtypes of cutaneous afferents in KRT-ChR2 transgenic mice. (A). ChR2-YFP expression in keratinocytes of glabrous skin of KRT-ChR2 mouse. PGP9. 5-positive nerve fibers (red) are in dermis and epidermis (arrows). (B). Plot of behavioral responses to blue laser across time intervals for Prph-ChR2 and KRT-ChR2 mice. All Prph-Cre mice showed an immediate response (within 5 s of stimulation). All KRT-ChR2 mice also responded at least once in 10 trials and with variable latencies (see Table 1). (C). Example showing activation of a CMH fiber type in response to blue laser applied to KRT-ChR2 skin in the ex vivo preparation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the expression of ChR2 in KRT-ChR2 mice and their behavioral responses to blue light stimulation, focusing on keratinocytes and sensory afferents, rather than discussing ants or their social behaviors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: biofertilizationarbuscular mycorrhizal fungisingle isolate inoculumcrop yieldnutrient uptakeslitter bagsbiofertilizationarbuscular mycorrhizal fungisingle isolate inoculumcrop yieldnutrient uptakeslitter bagsFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7IntroductionTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ) is the second most important vegetable in the world, after potato (database, average period 2011–2020; and one of the most studied fleshy fruits (Singh et al. 2021). Tomato fruits are nutrient dense and represent an important source of health-promoting compounds (Chaudhary et al. 2018; Dorais et al. 2008). Due to their importance in human health, the study of sustainable approaches, such as plant microbial biostimulants (González-González et al. 2020; Sharma et al. 2017) to improve the production and nutritional value of tomato is of great relevance to producers as well as consumers (Baulcombe et al. 2009). This is especially true in the recent scenario of “hidden hunger” due to shortage of micronutrients in crops that has been determined by several factors, among which plant breeding, agronomic management and the increase of atmospheric CO2 (Gruda 2005; Myers et al. 2014; Scharff et al. 2022). Indeed, elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations have been shown to strongly reduce nutrient concentrations (e. g. , and Zn) in almost all staple crops (Gojon et al. 2022) and vegetables (Dong et al. 2018), including tomato (Tripp et al. 1991; Pimenta et al. 2022). Beneficial microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could represent an important tool for enhancing tomato yield and mineral nutrient concentration (e. g. , Coccina et al. 2019; Hart et al. 2015; Lehmann et al. 2014; Lehmann and Rillig 2015; Pellegrino et al. 2020), since they promote plant nutrient acquisition also under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Baslam et al. 2012; Terrer et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could enhance tomato yield and mineral nutrient concentration, thereby promoting plant nutrient acquisition. This is directly supportive of the assertion that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: Metal contaminants accumulated in foliage shed from trees and understorey plants are strongly bound and poorly bioavailable. As the researchers observed, with 0. 01% of the total soil metal pollution allocated to this yearly litter, canopy forest litter can act as a transitory metal immobilisation pool. It’s not just the concentration of absorbed metal pollutants within plant organs that matters but also the amounts extracted in the different plant parts. Finding the right afforestation solution Site decontamination and restoration programmes, together with different remediation trials, have been underway in industrialised countries since the end of the last century. Their high costs mean the most dangerous sites have been prioritised, so highly contaminated sites with little confinement or access restrictions are not rare, particularly in regions with a long industrial history. If these are reclaimed by natural vegetation, which may not always include the best-suited species, this can conceal the potential dangers of the site. The success of a phytostabilisation project using afforestation depends on careful planning and plant material selection, especially if well-identified ecosystem services are targeted. Afforestation management of such sites, rather than simply relying on natural succession, can accelerate the revegetation process and production goals. Frequently, metal-polluted sites present harsh site conditions. Good understanding of the soil characteristics is a prerequisite, with a view to determining realistic ecosystem-service objectives and timescales and optimising reclamation costs. As well as selecting tolerant and site-adapted species, the improvement of defective soil properties – themselves highly spatially variable – can be crucially important. The afforestation plan can then include the simultaneous or delayed plantation of tree cohorts, including less metal-tolerant and/or more shade-tolerant species, depending on whether the goal is valuable wood products and/or bio-energy products, for example. Experimental afforestation system by the end of summer, after four years of exposure to mixed metal contamination in the topsoil. The deciduous trees were coppiced every year. Notice the yellowing leaves at shoot basis, which showed the highest contamination levels. With time, the new afforestation and reclaiming vegetation will also bring social benefits. Revegetated urban areas can promote healthier lifestyles and improve wellbeing immediately, making phytostabilisation solutions attractive to budget holders as well as local communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that phytoremediation, particularly through afforestation, does not straightforwardly eliminate all toxic chemicals but instead focuses on metal immobilization and the effective management of soil properties. It illustrates that the success of phytostabilization heavily depends on site conditions and careful planning, indicating that while these projects can address metal contamination, they cannot guarantee complete elimination of all toxic chemicals in a rapid timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Responses of this fiber to mechanical and heat stimuli are shown below laser response. (D). Example of a train of action potentials elicited in a CH fiber type in response to laser activation of the KRT-ChR2 skin. Responses of this fiber to heat stimuli are shown below laser response. (E). In this KRT-ChR2 Aβ HTMR afferent laser stimulation does not produce firing when presented alone, but does in combination with subthreshold (5 mN) mechanical stimulation. (F). Light directly activates this KRT-ChR2 CMHC fiber and summates with noxious heat stimulation. (G). SA1 Aβ-low threshold mechanoreceptor responds to mechanical and laser stimulation. (H). SA1s terminate on ChR2-YFP (green) positive Merkel cells co-labeled with anti-K20 (orange). Anti-NFH (red) labels SA1 fiber. Calibration bars in (A) and (H) = 100 µm. (I). Light-evoked responses from a SA-1 fiber at varying intensities (1–40 mW) with instantaneous frequency depicted. Pulses were 5 s in duration with 30 s between pulses. (J). Normalized mean firing rate vs light intensity plotted on a log-intensity scale. Data from 8 afferents are averaged from ascending and descending steps of light intensity, and were fit with a Boltzman sigmoidal function (R2 = 0. 98). Table 1 KRT-ChR2 mice respond to blue light stimulation of paw skin Mouse strainSexResponses/10KRT-ChR2 1Female4KRT-ChR2 2Female3KRT-ChR2 3Female1KRT-ChR2 4Male3KRT-ChR2 5Male1KRT-ChR2 6Male3Mean2. 5 KRT-CreMale0KRT-CreMale0WTFemale0KRT-CreFemale0WTFemale0Mean0. 0 All KRT-ChR2 mice respond to light applied to foot plantar skin whereas control littermates (n = 5) showed no response. The number of nocifensive responses (paw lifting, biting, licking) out of 10 stimulations was recorded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the responses of nerve fibers to various stimuli and does not mention ants or their behaviors. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding ants and their social behaviors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, phylum Glomeromycota, Tedersoo et al. 2018) are beneficial microbial symbionts, ubiquitous in natural and agricultural ecosystems (Brundrett and Tedersoo 2018). They establish a symbiosis with the majority of plant species in terrestrial environments (ca. 67% of plant species) (Bueno et al. 2019; Maherali et al. 2016), supplying mineral nutrients to the plants (mainly P) in exchange for photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) (from 4–20% of the photosynthates) in the form of lipids as well as sugar (Bago et al. 2000; Jiang et al. 2017; Luginbuehl et al. 2017). Carbon-mineral exchanges between host and fungus occur through arbuscules, namely highly branched fungal structures present in cortical root cells (Parniske 2008). These fungi represent fundamental factors of plant productivity (Pellegrino et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2019) since they are capable, through their extraradical mycelium, to promote plant uptake and translocation of nutrients (e. g. , P, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) (Lehmann et al. 2014; Lehmann and Rillig 2015) and to mediate their transfer among plants linked by a common mycorrhizal network (Cardini et al. 2021; Javot et al. 2007; Jin et al. 2005; van der Heijden and Horton 2009). The effect of AM fungal inoculation on AM fungal root colonization, plant growth, and nutrient acquisition (P, Fe, Cu and Zn in shoot and roots; Ca, K, P, and Zn in fruits) in different varieties of tomato has been well documented in microcosm, also under low and moderate salinity stress (e. g. , Al-Karaki et al. 2000, 2001; Giovannetti et al. 2012; Hart et al. 2015). In pot conditions, tomato yield was unaffected or positively or negatively affected by AM fungal inoculation, applying distinct AM fungal species (Giovannetti et al. 2012; Hart et al. 2015). Similarly, fruit N concentration was unaffected or positively affected, according to the identity of the inoculated AM fungus (Hart et al. 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) supply mineral nutrients to plants, which is pivotal for nutrient uptake. It states that they promote the uptake and translocation of various nutrients such as phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn), highlighting their role in improving nutrient acquisition in plants. This supports the claim that these fungi enhance nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: And importantly, this approach can also help jurisdictions comply with decarbonisation or biodiversity-loss regulations. However, this also brings new management challenges to avoid direct human contact with soil contaminants; for example, some recreational harvesting activities, like picking mushrooms, can be risky whereas others (berries) will remain harmless. Decades of fundamental research, species and provenance trials in controlled conditions or at metal-polluted sites, have considerably improved our understanding of the mechanisms and effects of heavy metal uptake in trees and plants. The currently available science can allow practitioners to develop original site-specific remediation solutions, enabling more efficient containment of contamination and improvement of soil properties. Such progress brings new perspectives, with a view to developing valuable products and ecosystem services, reintegrating sites contaminated with persistent pollutants into the productive economic cycle. Average yearly metal extraction in a four-year afforestation experiment, reported to the afforestation surface. Total and plant-available Pb/Cd/Cu/Zn metal fractions in the contaminated soil reached 13/1/74/360 and 0. 1/0. 4/5. 4/86g m-2. What are the next steps for your future research on environmental contamination? Will you be looking at other stress factors? Our research on heavy metal contamination is part of a larger research effort on abiotic stress and its effects in native tree and herbaceous plant species. Other soil-borne (eg, de-icing salt, drought) and air-borne (ozone, low or high air temperature) stressors have also been under investigation and the plant responses compared. A forthcoming publication will deal with root cells and tissues and the interactions with adhering soil p523. Günthardt-, (2019) Growth and metal accumulation of young forest trees and understorey plants on contaminated topsoil: influence of subsoil and time. Plant Soil, 437, 375–395. Babst-érot, H, Vollenweider, P, (2016) Plant adaptation to metal polluted environments – physiological, morphological, and evolutionary insights from Biscutella laevigata. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 127, 1–13. Hermle, S, Vollenweider, P, Günthardt-(2007) Leaf responsiveness of Populus tremula and Salix viminalis to soil contaminated with heavy metals and acidic rainwater. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by emphasizing the limitations and challenges in phytoremediation processes, particularly in managing soil contaminants. While the text acknowledges the role of phytoremediation in addressing heavy metals, it does not support the effectiveness of fully eliminating all toxic chemicals within weeks, instead highlighting ongoing research and the complexities associated with remediating different environmental stressors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: In total, light evoked responses in KRT-ChR2 mice in 17 of 60 total trials (28%). Control KRT-Cre mice lack the ChR2 gene whereas WT controls lack both transgenes. Video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg KRT-ChR2 mice exhibit nocifensive behaviors in response to blue light. Blue light stimulation of channelrhodopsin expressing keratinocytes in the skin of KRT-ChR2 mice induces behavioral withdrawal responses. This mouse exhibits foot lifting at ∼9 s after light exposure on the glabrous skin of the hind foot. To further investigate keratinocyte-sensory neuron communication we used ex vivo preparations that employed both intracellular and fiber teasing recording techniques. Electrophysiological recordings were obtained from 80 cells isolated from 16 KRT-ChR2 mice (Table 2). Laser activation induced APs in 6 out of 24 unmyelinated nociceptive fiber neurons (Figure 2C,D) and in 4 out of 14 myelinated high-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMRs) (not shown). These responses in heat-sensitive neurons are not due to laser-generated heat, as measures using a thermistor show minimal rise (∼1 °C) in temperature over the 5 s recording interval. In addition, 3 myelinated HTMR fibers exhibited apparent summation when the laser was presented with natural stimuli. An example of this summation is shown in Figure 2E. This myelinated HTMR fiber had a mechanical threshold of 10 mN and neither a 5 mN mechanical stimulus nor the maximal intensity of blue light evoked a response. However, simultaneous application of 5 mN mechanical stimulation and light stimulation was sufficient to elicit APs. Recordings from 18 C-fiber nociceptors were maintained long enough to make multiple presentations of natural, laser and combined laser and natural stimuli. In 12 of these fibers, combined laser and natural stimulation evoked significantly more APs than natural stimuli alone (p < 0. 01 paired T-test, n = 12) (Figure 2F). The remaining 6 C-fiber nociceptors did not display any summation when pairing laser and natural stimuli (not shown). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses KRT-ChR2 mice and their sensory responses to blue light rather than any aspect of ant behavior or communication. There is no mention of ants or their social behaviors, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: By contrast, fewer studies of AM fungal inoculation were carried out in open-field conditions (Bona et al. 2017; Bowles et al. 2016; Conversa et al. 2013; Subramanian et al. 2006), where agricultural practices might have negatively impacted native AMF-crop interactions (e. g. , Gosling et al. 2010; Hamel et al. 1997; Pellegrino et al. 2022b; Piazza et al. 2019). Indeed, agricultural practices can determine an impoverishment of the AM fungal biomass and community diversity (Gosling et al. 2006) and the selection of low efficient AM fungal species providing less benefits to crops (Egerton-Warburton et al. 2007; Johnson 1993; Sainz and Arines 1988). In such low fertile conditions, AM fungal inocula can successfully adapt and develop with native AMF (Pellegrino et al. 2012, 2022b; Ryan and Graham 2018) and they can early colonize the crops, a crucial trait for host benefit (Smith et al. 1992). Bowles et al. (2016), in a field experiment comparing MYC + and the mutant nonmycorrhizal tomato genotype rmc under organic regime, demonstrated the beneficial effect of AMF on tomato yield (+ 25%) and leaf and fruit N and P uptakes (+ 22% and + 26%, respectively). Similarly, plants of tomato (var. PKM-1 and var. TC 2000) inoculated in the nursery with Rhizophagus intraradices or a mix of AM fungal species (i. e. , R. intraradices, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus viscosum, Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Claroideoglomus claroideum) and later transplanted in field showed a higher AM fungal colonization and arbuscule frequency in roots at harvest, as well as enhanced plant growth and yield attributes (i. e. , collar diameter, inflorescence per branch and fruit fresh weight), and N and P uptakes in shoot and roots (Bona et al. 2017, Subramanian et al. 2006). By contrast, tomato var. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the beneficial effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on nutrient uptake and crop yield. It mentions that studies have shown that AM fungal inoculation can enhance nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in plants, as demonstrated in field experiments where mycorrhizal plants had increased nutrient uptake compared to non-mycorrhizal variants. The mention of specific studies, such as those by Bowles et al. and Bona et al., illustrates that AMF positively impacts plant growth and nutrient acquisition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: is the natural ability of certain plants to bioaccumulate, degrade, or render harmless contaminants in soils, water, or air. In the present study, an attempt to have a comparative assessment of the efficiency of aquatic weeds like Typha latifolia, Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta and Pistia stratiotes to treat the effluents under laboratory conditions. The bio concentration factor (BCF) of lead, copper, arsenic and cadmium by the floating and emergent plant were studied. The effluent of rare earth separating industry had high concentration of copper, cadmium and arsenic. Eichhornia crassipes and Typha latifolia based constructed wetlands are the best options for treatment of the effluent. Lead from Titanium sponge industry effluent was removed prominently by Eichhornia crassipes than the emergent plant Typha latifolia. But other heavy metals like copper and cadmium was removed prominently by Typha latifolia. Keywords: bioconcentration factor, constructed wetlands, heavy metals, macrophytes, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2013 1 (5), pp 92-97. DOI: 10. 12691/aees-1-5-4 08, 2013; 15, 2013; 15, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Science and Education Publishing. Reserved. Cite this 1. 5 (2013): 92-97. Sukumaran, D. (2013). Phytoremediation of from. , 1(5), 92-97. Sukumaran, Dipu. "Phytoremediation of from. " 1, no. 5 (2013): 92-97. Import into BibTeX Import into Endinto Refinto RefWorks 1. IntroductionThe environmental pollution with toxic metals has become a worldwide crisis, affecting agriculture and contributing to bioaccumulation and biomagnifications in the food chain. Recently, research groups have recognized that certain toxic metals may remain in the environment for a long period and can eventually bioaccumulate to higher levels that could affect human being [1]. As an alternative, to the traditional treatment of pollutants, an ecological approach has been developed using of plants to remediate soils or water contaminated with toxic metals. Traditional technologies for removal of pollutants can be successful in specific situations, but they are not cost effective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that phytoremediation, while effective in removing heavy metals like lead and cadmium from various contaminated environments, does not imply that all toxic chemicals can be completely eliminated within weeks. The text explains the bioaccumulation and degradation capabilities of certain plants in treating effluents and mentions specific heavy metals, indicating a focus on certain contaminants rather than a blanket assertion that all toxic chemicals can be fully removed quickly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Comparison of the functional properties of laser responsive and unresponsive nociceptive fibers revealed no significant differences. Laser activation also elicited AP firing in all 21 myelinated slowly adapting type 1 (SA1) low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs), which is most likely due to activation of Merkel cells (Maricich et al. , 2009; Maksimovic et al. , 2014), which, like epidermal keratinocytes, express the KRT14 keratin (Figure 2G–J). However, laser stimulation failed to activate any APs in myelinated rapidly adapting LTMRs. Table 2 Number of primary afferents recorded from Prph-ChR2, KRT-ChR2 and KRT-NpHR mice that showed responses to light stimulation Prph-ChR2KRT-ChR2KRT-NpHRCell typeResponsiveUnresponsiveResponsive (direct)UnresponsiveResponsiveUnresponsiveSA10321 (21)0160RA (Aβ) LTMR0401509RA (Aδ) LTMR010602A-HTMR (Aβ)113 (2)125A-HTMR (Aδ)024 (2)657CM701 (0)124CC020101CH434 (2)301CMC011 (0)111CMH1136 (2)075CMHC336 (2)021 Fibers that were activated directly by light stimulation of KRT-ChR2 keratinocytes are in parentheses. Cell types recorded from are: SA1, slowly adapting type 1; RA (Aβ), rapidly adapting A beta low-threshold mechanoreceptor; RA (Aδ), rapidly adapting A delta low-threshold mechanoreceptor, A-HTMR, high-threshold mechanoreceptor(Aβ); A-HTMR, high-threshold mechanoreceptor (Aδ); CM, C mechanoreceptor; CC, C cold receptor; CH, C heat receptor; CMC, C mechano-cold receptor; CMH, C mechano-heat receptor; CMHC, C mechano-heat and cold receptor. AP firing following laser stimulation of keratinocytes was generally less robust than AP firing in Prph-ChR2 afferents (avg peak IF = 0. 3Hz vs 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the functional properties of nociceptive fibers and laser stimulation in mechanoreceptors without any mention of ants or their social behaviors and communication methods.