Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: 05), suggesting attenuated associative conditioning in KO mice. Fig. 4View largeDownload slideAttenuated cue-dependent fear conditioning in Nrg3 KO mice. a Training (y-axis: % of freezing behavior, x-axis: 1-min sampling intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of genotype [F(1,89) = 27. 1, p < 0. 001] and time [F(4,89) = 3. 7, p = 0. 01]. Post hoc test revealed more freezing in WT mice compared to KO (p < 0. 05). Arrow points to the time of presentation of sound followed by shock (one pairing). b Context-dependent fear conditioning (y-axis: % of freezing behavior, x-axis: 1-min sampling intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed no effect of genotype (p > 0. 05) and a borderline effect of time [F(4,89) = 2. 4, p = 0. 06]. c Cue-dependent fear conditioning (y-axis: % of freezing behavior, x-axis: 1-min sampling intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of genotype [F(1,89) = 9. 8, p = 0. 006] and time [F(4,89) = 5. 8, p < 0. 001]. Post hoc test revealed significantly more freezing behavior in WT mice compared to KO (p < 0. 05). KO: n = 11, WT: n = 10. Thick black line denotes the time of cue presentation (sound). Fig. 4View largeDownload slideAttenuated cue-dependent fear conditioning in Nrg3 KO mice. a Training (y-axis: % of freezing behavior, x-axis: 1-min sampling intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of genotype [F(1,89) = 27. 1, p < 0. 001] and time [F(4,89) = 3. 7, p = 0. 01]. Post hoc test revealed more freezing in WT mice compared to KO (p < 0. 05). Arrow points to the time of presentation of sound followed by shock (one pairing). b Context-dependent fear conditioning (y-axis: % of freezing behavior, x-axis: 1-min sampling intervals). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses experimental results related to fear conditioning in knockout mice, which is unrelated to the claim about ants and their social behaviors. As such, it neither supports nor disputes the claim and is therefore considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Relationships between whole plant net nutrient uptake and 1) whole plant production; 2) shoot accumulation; and 3) root accumulation of phenolics were assessed using Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficient (R) at P ≤ 0. 05. Table 1. Dry and fresh biomass and biomass allocation in 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown ‘Cinnamon’ (CN), ‘Sweet Dani’ (SD), ‘Siam Queen’ (SQ), and ‘Red Rubin’ (RR) basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) phosphorus (P) fertilizer and inoculated (AMF) or not (non-AMF) with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Rhizophagus intraradices. Data interpretation. plant composition (nutrients, phenolics) data were graphically analyzed using vector analysis, a technique that allows for simultaneous comparison of plant growth and nutrient or phenolic concentration and content (Haase and Rose, 1995; Swift and Brockley, 1993; Valentine and Allen, 1990). Composition data for plants growing in different P rate and AMF inoculation treatments were compared after normalization using low P or non-AMF as the control treatment. A combination of significantly greater biomass, concentration, and content of a specific nutrient or phenolic was interpreted as enhanced whole plant net nutrient uptake and phenolic production or enhanced accumulation in shoots (stems and leaves) and roots. In contrast, the combination of significantly lower concentration and content was interpreted as suppressed whole plant net uptake or production or suppressed accumulation in shoots or roots. When only concentration or content was significantly different between AMF or P rate treatments, differences were considered to be a function of plant size or growth (e. g. , lower concentration resulting from dilution, greater content resulting from growth). For example, a combination of greater biomass, similar or lower concentration, and greater content was interpreted as greater whole plant net uptake, production, or accumulation in shoots and roots. A combination of greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content was interpreted as similar whole plant net uptake and production or accumulation in shoots and roots. ResultsRoot colonization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that plants inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), specifically Rhizophagus intraradices, demonstrate enhanced whole plant net nutrient uptake, as indicated by a combination of significantly greater biomass, nutrient concentration, and phenolic production. This is consistent with the claim that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is considered unbreakable because any attempt to measure the quantum states involved in key exchange would alter the data. [SEP] Text: Previously, quantum money assumes a traditional hierarchy where a central, trusted bank controls the economy. We show how quantum money together with a blockchain allows for Quantum Bitcoin, a novel hybrid currency that promises fast transactions, extensive scalability, and full anonymity. Abstract [sv] En viktig konsekvens av kvantmekaniken är att okända kvanttillstånd inte kan klonas. Denna insikt har gett upphov till kvantkryptering, en metod för två parter att med perfekt säkerhet kommunicera hemligheter. Ett komplett bevis för denna säkerhet har dock låtit vänta på sig eftersom en attackerare i hemlighet kan manipulera utrustningen så att den läcker information. Som ett svar på detta utvecklades apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering som i teorin är immun mot sådana attacker. Apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering har en mycket högre grad av säkerhet än vanlig kvantkryptering, men det finns fortfarande ett par luckor som en attackerare kan utnyttja. Dessa kryphål har tidigare inte tagits på allvar, men denna avhandling visar hur även små svagheter i säkerhetsmodellen läcker information till en attackerare. Vi demonstrerar en praktisk attack där attackeraren aldrig upptäcks trots att denne helt kontrollerar systemet. Vi visar också hur kryphålen kan förhindras med starkare säkerhetsbevis. En annan tillämpning av kvantmekanikens förbud mot kloning är pengar som använder detta naturens egna kopieringsskydd. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there are vulnerabilities in quantum cryptography specifically pointing out that an attacker can secretly manipulate equipment to leak information. It mentions that, despite the strong theoretical foundation of quantum key exchange, practical attacks can occur where the attacker remains undetected, undermining the assertion that quantum cryptography is unbreakable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 80387 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechof by Vonnie D. C. the World of by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. Introduction1. 1. Origin, classification, and distributionAnts fall into the largest family of insects, with respect to diversity of species and total number of individuals. They belong to a single family, the Formicidae, within the order Hymenoptera, consisting of 11 subfamilies and 297 genera [1]. In 1967, Wilson et al. obtained the first ant remains of the Cretaceous period [2, 3] that were estimated to be about 80 million years. Having said this, there are well over 8800 described species, to date. Most of the genera stem are from the Neotropics and Afrotropical regions. Remarkably, individual colonies may contain 20 million members [4]. Ants dominate much of the terrestrial regions of the world, ranging from deserts to subarctic tundra. Interestingly, recent measurements indicate that approximately one-third of the entire animal biomass of the Amazonian terra firme rain forest is composed of ants and termites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and focuses instead on the publication initiative and the classification of ants. While it mentions that ants belong to a large family of insects and provides information about their diversity and geographical presence, it does not discuss their social behaviors or communication methods, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Root colonization by AMF was greatest in ‘Cinnamon’ and ‘Red Rubin’ and lowest in ‘Sweet Dani’ and ‘Siam Queen’ (Table 1). Variation among cultivars accounted for a large proportion of the total variation in root colonization (ηC2 > 0. 77). On average, 65% of root length in AMF-inoculated plants contained AMF. Phosphorus application rate had no influence on AMF colonization. Biomass and biomass allocation. Plants of ‘Cinnamon’ and ‘Sweet Dani’ had greater biomass than ‘Siam Queen’, and ‘Siam Queen’ had greater biomass than ‘Red Rubin’ (Table 1). Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 70% of variation in root, stem, and total plant biomass (ηC2 > 0. 70). Biomass variation among cultivars was lower for leaves (ηC2 > 0. 25) than stems and roots. Plants of ‘Red Rubin’ and ‘Sweet Dani’ allocated the greatest proportion of total biomass to shoots (Table 1). Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 68% of variation in biomass allocation to leaves and stems. Biomass allocation variation among cultivars was lower for roots (ηC2 > 0. 53) than stems and leaves. Inoculation with AMF increased shoot, root, and total plant biomass (Table 1). Biomass variation between AMF treatments was greater for leaves (ηA2 > 0. 24) than stems and roots (ηA2 > 0. 18). rate increased shoot and total plant biomass (Table 1). Biomass variation between P rates was greater for leaves (ηP2 > 0. 26) than stems (ηP2 > 0. 05). Inoculation with AMF had no influence on biomass allocation (Table 1). rate increased biomass allocation to shoots and decreased biomass allocation to roots. Biomass allocation variation between P rates was greater for roots (ηP2 > 0. 29) than stems and leaves (ηP2 > 0. 09). Nutrient uptake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increases shoot, root, and total plant biomass. This increase in biomass suggests enhanced nutrient uptake, as mycorrhizal fungi are known to improve the nutrient absorption capabilities of plants, especially in the context of root colonization and biomass variation among different cultivars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is considered unbreakable because any attempt to measure the quantum states involved in key exchange would alter the data. [SEP] Text: 2014 (English)In: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, ISSN 1751-8113, E-ISSN 1751-8121, Vol. 47, no 42, p. 424032-10. 1088/1751-8113/47/42/424032 (DOI)000344222200033 () Available from: 2014-12-05 Created: 2014-12-05 Last updated: 2017-12-05 2. Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. . . . Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. Show others. . . 2015 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 1, no 11, p. 1-7, 3. 63 at 97. 6% faked detector efficiency using tailored pulses of classical light, which exceeds even the quantum prediction. This is the first demonstration of a violation-faking source that gives both tunable violation and high faked detector efficiency. The implications are severe: the standard Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality cannot be used to show device-independent security for energy-time entanglement setups based on Franson’s configuration. However, device-independent security can be reestablished, and we conclude by listing a number of improved tests and experimental setups that would protect against all current and future attacks of this type. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages for the Advancement of Science, 2015 :nbn:se:liu:diva-114210 (URN)10. 1126/sciadv. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses how classical light can be manipulated to fake detector efficiency in quantum systems, suggesting vulnerabilities in quantum key distribution that could contravene the claim about the unbreakability of quantum cryptography. The phrase ’the standard Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality cannot be used to show device-independent security’ indicates that there are circumstances under which quantum cryptography may not be secure, contrasting the claim's assertion of unbreakability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the of London B. 2016;283:20160310. DOI: 10. 1098/rspb. 2016. 03106. . Caste and Ecology in the Social Insects. NJ: Press; 1978. 372 pp7. Clement LW, Köppen. Strategies of a parasite of the ant Acacia mutualism. and Sociobiology. 2008;62:953-962. DOI: 10. 1007/s00265-007-0520-18. . Post-secretory hydrolysis of nectar sucrose and specialization in ant/plant mutualism. Science. 2005;308:560-563. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 11075369. Heil M, McKey D. Protective ant–plant interactions as model systems in ecological and evolutionary research. of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 2003;34:425-453. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev. ecolsys. 34. 011802. 13241010. Heil M, Baumann B, Krüger R, Linsenmair KE. Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of ant-plants. Chemoecology. 2004;14:45-52. DOI: 10. 1007/s00049-003-0257-x11. Heil M. Ant-Plant Mutualisms. Library; 2010. DOI: 10. 1002/9780470015902. a002255812. Ito F, Higashi S. Temporary social parasitism in the enslaving ant species Formica sanguinea Latreille: An important discovery related to the evolution of dulosis in Formica Ants. Journal of Ethology. 1990;8:33-3513. Bruch C. Notas preliminares acerca de Labauchena daguerrei Santschi. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina. 1930;3:73-8214. . Florida Entomologist. 2000;83:363-36515. Silveira-. Animals associated with the Solenopsis (fire ants) complex, with special reference to Labauchena daguerrei. on Control by Habitat Management. 1973;4:41-5216. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information directly related to the claim about ants' complex social behaviors and communication methods. Instead, it lists various publications with their DOIs that may pertain to studies of ants but lacks any specific examples or evidence supporting the social behavior or communication of ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: In general, ‘Red Rubin’ had the greatest average plant concentrations (Table 2) of all nutrients except Mg and Mn and the greatest whole plant N, P, and Cu contents uptake (whole plant content not shown). Plants of ‘Siam Queen’ had the greatest Zn uptake. ‘Cinnamon’ and ‘Sweet Dani’ had the greatest average plant Mg concentrations and the greatest uptake of most other nutrients. Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 72% of variation in average plant N, K, Mg, and Fe concentrations (ηC2 > 0. 72); between 50% and 68% of variation in average plant S, Ca, B, Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations; and 45% of the variation in average plant P concentrations. In general, variation among cultivars in nutrient uptake was smaller than variation in average plant concentrations (data not shown). Table 2. Nutrient composition in whole plants, roots, and shoots (stems and leaves) of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown ‘Cinnamon’ (CN), ‘Sweet Dani’ (SD), ‘Siam Queen’ (SQ), and ‘Red Rubin’ (RR) basil plants. Inoculation with AMF enhanced N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn uptake (i. e. , increased biomass, concentration, and content) (Fig. 1A). rate enhanced P and Ca uptake and suppressed S and Cu uptake (i. e. , decreased biomass, concentration, and content) (Fig. 2A). Greater uptake (i. e. , increased biomass and content but not concentration) of other nutrients in AMF-inoculated plants compared with non-inoculated plants was a result of the effects of AMF on plant biomass. Greater uptake of N, K, B, Mn, and Zn in high P plants compared with low P plants was a result of the effects of increased P rate on plant biomass. In general, AMF inoculation accounted for greater proportion of variation in N (ηA2 > 0. 34), K (ηA2 > 0. 22), S (ηA2 > 0. 47), Mg (ηA2 > 0. 17), B (ηA2 > 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that ‘inoculation with AMF [arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi] enhanced N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn uptake.’ This indicates that mycorrhizal fungi have a positive impact on the nutrient uptake in plants, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is considered unbreakable because any attempt to measure the quantum states involved in key exchange would alter the data. [SEP] Text: liu. seSearch for publications in DiVA Please wait. . . Simple search Advanced search - Research publicationsAdvanced search - Student thesesStatistics EnglishSvenskato content Change searchSearchdocuments with full text in -1CSV 2CSV 3CSV 4CSV 5CSV all metadataCSV all metadata version 2-to record Permanent link Direct link styleapaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther style apaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther styleMore stylesLanguagede-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther locale de-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther localeMore languagesOutput formathtmltextasciidocrtf htmltextasciidocrtfCreatethe Unbreakable: in Bell’s Theorem to öping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8032-1466 2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic) Abstract [en] In this thesis we study device-independent quantum key distribution based on energy-time entanglement. This is a method for cryptography that promises not only perfect secrecy, but also to be a practical method for quantum key distribution thanks to the reduced complexity when compared to other quantum key distribution protocols. However, there still exist a number of loopholes that must be understood and eliminated in order to rule out eavesdroppers. We study several relevant loopholes and show how they can be used to break the security of energy-time entangled systems. Attack strategies are reviewed as well as their countermeasures, and we show how full security can be re-established. Quantum key distribution is in part based on the profound no-cloning theorem, which prevents physical states to be copied at a microscopic level. This important property of quantum mechanics can be seen as Nature's own copy-protection, and can also be used to create a currency based on quantummechanics, i. e. , quantum money. Here, the traditional copy-protection mechanisms of traditional coins and banknotes can be abandoned in favor of the laws of quantum physics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the existence of loopholes in quantum key distribution that can be exploited by eavesdroppers. It states that while quantum key distribution promises perfect secrecy, there are still 'a number of loopholes that must be understood and eliminated in order to rule out eavesdroppers.' This suggests that the security of quantum cryptography is not absolute and can be undermined, which directly contradicts the assertion that quantum cryptography is unbreakable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 41418 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJune 11, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,681 views 376 downloads 24 1418. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 9 figures, 1 table and 1 additional file 1 Download asset Open asset Evolution of the morphology and protein content of animal and fungi centrosomes. (A) The structure of the centrosome in mitosis in most animals, chytrids (flagellated fungi) and fission yeast. Animals and chytrids have a centriole/basal body and a canonical centrosome composed of a pair of centrioles surrounded by PCM, which anchors and nucleates microtubules. Fission yeast lacks a centriole but has a spindle pole body (SPB) inserted in the nuclear envelope. The SPB nucleates microtubules from the PCM-like structure, inside the nucleus. Parsimoniously, it is likely that the common ancestor of animals and fungi had a centriole-containing centrosome with a PCM structure (model shown). (B) Phylogenetic distribution of centrosome components in opisthokonts (animals, fungi and choanoflagellates). We searched for orthologues of components of the human centrosome localizing to centrioles, centriole-PCM linkers and PCM, and the fission yeast SPB components. Black circles represent the presence of orthologues that were identified by the bidirectional best hit approach to the human or fission yeast proteins, respectively; gray circle represents the presence of a putative orthologue identified by constructing phylogenetic trees; blue circles indicate that previous studies showed the presence of a protein with short conserved motifs (Kilmartin, 2003; Samejima et al. , 2010; Lin et al. , 2014) although we failed to identify it by the computational methods highlighted above; white circles indicate no detectable orthologue. Figure 1—source data 1 List of the predicted orthologues of the human centrosome and S. pombe SPB components in animal and fungi species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the morphology and protein content of centrosomes in animals and fungi but does not address the relationship between ants and their ability to farm fungi for food.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: 19), Fe (ηA2 > 0. 26), Mn (ηA2 > 0. 13), and Zn (ηA2 > 0. 25) uptake than P rate (ηP2 not shown). P rate accounted for a greater proportion of variation in P (ηP2 > 0. 59) and Ca (ηP2 > 0. 18) uptake than AMF inoculation (ηA2 not shown). Size Fig. 1. Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown, basil plants inoculated or not (non-AMF) with the AMF, Rhizophagus intraradices. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. AMF = arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. Citation: HortScience horts 47, 5; 10. 21273/. 47. 5. 660Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 2. Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing relative differences in the concentration and content of nutrients in basil plants that were inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Rhizophagus intraradices. The reference to enhanced biomass and nutrient uptake indicates that mycorrhizal fungi positively impact the nutrient absorption capabilities of plants, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is considered unbreakable because any attempt to measure the quantum states involved in key exchange would alter the data. [SEP] Text: 2014 (English)In: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, ISSN 1751-8113, E-ISSN 1751-8121, Vol. 47, no 42, p. 424032-10. 1088/1751-8113/47/42/424032 (DOI)000344222200033 () Available from: 2014-12-05 Created: 2014-12-05 Last updated: 2017-12-05 2. Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. . . . Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. Show others. . . 2015 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 1, no 11, p. 1-7, 3. 63 at 97. 6% faked detector efficiency using tailored pulses of classical light, which exceeds even the quantum prediction. This is the first demonstration of a violation-faking source that gives both tunable violation and high faked detector efficiency. The implications are severe: the standard Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality cannot be used to show device-independent security for energy-time entanglement setups based on Franson’s configuration. However, device-independent security can be reestablished, and we conclude by listing a number of improved tests and experimental setups that would protect against all current and future attacks of this type. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages for the Advancement of Science, 2015 :nbn:se:liu:diva-114210 (URN)10. 1126/sciadv. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that current quantum key distribution methods can be compromised as it discusses a violation-faking source that demonstrates 'high faked detector efficiency' exceeding quantum predictions. This suggests that under certain conditions, such as the use of classical light, the security assurances provided by quantum cryptography can be undermined, indicating that the claim of unbreakability may not hold true.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Download elife-41418-fig1-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Drosophila centriole proteins localize to the centrosome of fission yeast. (A) SAS-6, Bld10 and SAS-4 localize to the SPBs, while Ana2 and Plk4 do not (see Materials and methods for details on expression constructs). Scale bar, 5 μm. (B) Quantification of cells with GFP or YFP-tagged centriole proteins localized on the SPB. Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d. (N > 50, GFP/YFP-positive cells). (C) Physical interaction between the centriole proteins and fission yeast Pcp1. Protein extract was prepared from fission yeast cells expressing HA-tagged Pcp1 and either SAS-6-GFP, or Bld10-GFP, or YFP-SAS-4 or GFP. The GFP-tagged proteins were immunoprecipitated with anti-GFP antibody. Immunoprecipitates and inputs (4%) were analyzed by western blotting using the indicated antibodies. Red open and filled arrowheads indicate the bands of Pcp1-HA and GFP/YFP fusion proteins, respectively. Figure 2—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 2B. Download elife-41418-fig2-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Expression of Drosophila centriole proteins in fission yeast and the growth of fission yeast strains. (A) Western blotting analysis of the protein extracts prepared from the strains used in Figure 2A. Each red arrowhead indicates the bands with the expected size of the fusion protein. Note that we found that Bld10-GFP was degraded in the cell lysate. It is possible that larger-sized foreign proteins are targeted by fission yeast proteases. (B) Serial dilution assay of the cells expressing indicated Drosophila centriole components under control of the constitutive atb2 promoter, which is shown in Figure 2A. Note that all the strains expressing centriole proteins grew similarly as the control (no centriole protein). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the localization and interaction of Drosophila centriole proteins in fission yeast, which does not pertain to ant species or their relationship with fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. LP = low phosphorus; HP = high phosphorus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. Citation: HortScience horts 47, 5; 10. 21273/. 47. 5. 660Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideNutrient accumulation in shoots. Leaf nutrient concentrations were two to three times greater than stem concentrations (data not shown). Shoot N, P, Ca, and Zn concentrations were similar or greater than average plant concentrations (Table 2). and Mn concentrations were less than average plant concentrations. In general, ‘Red Rubin’ had the greatest shoot concentrations (Table 2) of all nutrients except Mn and Fe and accumulated the most shoot N and S (contents not shown). ‘Cinnamon’ had the greatest shoot Mn concentrations and shoot K, B, Mn, and Zn content. ‘Sweet Dani’ had the greatest shoot Fe concentrations and shoot P, Ca, Cu, and Fe content. ‘Siam Queen’ accumulated the most Mg in shoots. Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 81% of variation in shoot N, K, and S concentrations (ηC2 > 0. 81); between 60% and 74% of variation in average plant and Zn concentrations; and 47% of the variation in average plant P concentrations. In general, variation among cultivars in shoot nutrient content was smaller than variation in shoot nutrient concentrations (data not shown). Inoculation with AMF enhanced shoot accumulation of N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn (Fig. 1C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Inoculation with AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) enhanced shoot accumulation of N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn.' This directly supports the assertion that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The development of quantum computers could threaten traditional cryptographic methods, but quantum cryptography provides a solution to this problem. [SEP] Text: Lapshin V. V. , Okhotsimskij D. E. , Platonov A. K. Ob odnom sposobe rekuperatsii ehnergii pri dvizhenii shagayuschego apparata/ nauk SSSR. Mekhanika tverdogo tela. 1986, № 5. 9. Ratkin L. S. K 90-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya pervogo direktora FTIAN akademika Valieva: kvantonomika, kvantovo-tekhnologicheskaya initsiativa i kvantovaya promyshlennosti na primere povysheniya urovnya diversifikatsii finansovo-kommunikatsionnykh korporatsij v voennoj i grazhdanskoj sferakh/ Investitsii v Rossii. 2020, № 11 (310). 10. Ratkin L. S. Kvantovye kommunikatsii i komp'yuternaya steganografiya dlya razvitiya ehlektrotransporta v/ Transport: nauka, tekhnika, upravlenie. Nauchnyj informatsionnyj sbornik. 2021, № 1. 11. Ratkin L. S. Patent na izobretenie № 2322693. 12. Ratkin L. S. Razrabotka informatsionnoj sistemy dlya distantsionnogo obucheniya spetsialistov v sfere superkomp'yuternykh i kvantovo-komp'yuternykh vychislenij s primeneniem kriptografii i komp'yuternoj steganografii na platforme «1S: Predpriyatie»/ V sbornike: Novye informatsionnye tekhnologii v obrazovanii. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov XXI Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferentsii. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of bibliographic references and titles of works related to quantum technology and communications without addressing the potential threats of quantum computers to traditional cryptography or the solutions of quantum cryptography. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Fission yeast pericentrin-like protein Pcp1 is required to recruit SAS-6 to the SPB. (A, C, E) SAS-6-GFP, Bld10-GFP and YFP-SAS-4 intensities on the SPB in the pcp1 mutant in asynchronous and prometaphase-arrested cells. The cut7-446 (labeled ‘control’) and cut7-446 pcp1-14 (labeled ‘pcp1 mutant’) strains expressing SAS-6-GFP and Sid4-tdTomato were incubated at the restrictive temperature (36°C) for three hours to block cells in prometaphase due to the cut7-446 mutation (temperature-sensitive allele of a mitotic kinesin, which causes failure in mitotic spindle formation). Representative images of the cells collected before shifting the temperature (interphase, Int) and three hours after the shift to 36°C (prometaphase, PM, restrictive temperature) in control and pcp1 mutant are shown. DNA was stained with DAPI. Arrowheads indicate the signal on the SPB. Note that we also observed aggregation of SAS-6-GFP and YFP-SAS-4 in the cytoplasm both in the control and pcp1 mutant in all the cells exposed to the restrictive temperature (indicated with an asterisk), and never at the normal and permissive culture condition. We think that aggregate formation might stem from the cut7-446 genetic background and/or the heat stress. Scale bar, 5 μm. (B, D, F) Quantification of the intensity of the centriole proteins per SPB in the indicated conditions. Means ± s. d. are shown in red (N > 100 SPBs, ns-not significant, *p<0. 05, **p<0. 001, ***p<0. 0001, Mann-test). (G) Western blotting analysis of protein extracts prepared from the indicated conditions. Figure 3—source data 1 The source data to plot the graphs in Figure 3B,D,F. Download elife-41418-fig3-data1-v1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses molecular biology concepts related to fission yeast and does not mention ants, fungi, or any relationship between them. Therefore, it does not provide support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: rate enhanced shoot accumulation of P, Ca, Fe, and B (Fig. 2C). Effects of AMF or P rate on shoot accumulation of other nutrients were a result of the effects of AMF and P rate on biomass. In general, AMF inoculation accounted for a greater proportion of variation in shoot N (ηA2 > 0. 27), K (ηA2 > 0. 18), S (ηA2 > 0. 23), B (ηA2 > 0. 38), Fe (ηA2 > 0. 27), and Zn (ηA2 > 0. 19) content than P rate (ηP2 not shown). P rate accounted for a greater proportion of variation in shoot P (ηP2 > 0. 64), Ca (ηP2 > 0. 23), Mg (ηP2 > 0. 28), Cu (ηP2 > 0. 11), and Mn (ηP2 > 0. 7) content than AMF inoculation (ηA2 not shown). Nutrient accumulation in roots. Root S, Mg, B, Cu, and Fe concentrations (Table 2) were greater than leaf concentrations (data not shown). and Mn concentrations were similar or greater than average plant concentrations (Table 2). Root N, P, and Ca were less than average plant concentrations. In general, ‘Red Rubin’ had the greatest root N, P, Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations (Table 2) and accumulated the least root nutrient content (content data not shown). ‘Cinnamon’ had the greatest root K and Mn concentrations and root and Zn content. ‘Sweet Dani’ had the greatest root Mg concentrations and root Mg and Fe content. ‘Siam Queen’ had the greatest root Cu concentration and content. Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 70% of variation in root N, K, Mg, and Fe concentrations (ηC2 > 0. 70) and between 50% and 68% of the variation in root concentrations of other nutrients. Variation among cultivars in root nutrient content was generally smaller than variation in root nutrient concentrations (data not shown). Inoculation with AMF enhanced root accumulation of N, K, S, and Zn (Fig. 1E). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing empirical evidence that mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation enhances the uptake of various nutrients in plants. It states that 'Inoculation with AMF enhanced root accumulation of N, K, S, and Zn,' directly supporting the notion that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of solar-powered drone applications focus on reducing the need for traditional fuel sources and extending operational range.Solar-powered drones will soon be able to fly indefinitely, powered entirely by sunlight, with no need for landing or recharging. [SEP] Text: However, there are many challenges to overcome in order to make solar-powered quadcopters a practical reality, including the design of efficient and lightweight solar panels, the optimization of the energy storage system, and the management of the quadcopter’s power consumption. Modeling and simulation can be a powerful tool for understanding the performance and behavior of solar-powered quadcopters. By building a virtual model of the quadcopter and its components, it is possible to study the effects of various design choices and operating conditions without the need for physical experimentation. In this paper, we present a modeling and simulation approach for a solar-powered quadcopter using. The model includes the quadcopter’s dynamics, solar panel power generation, and energy storage system. The simulation results are used to study the performance of the solar-powered quadcopter under different solar insolation conditions. There have been several previous studies on the use of solar power for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including solar-powered quadcopters. These studies have primarily focused on the use of photovoltaic cells to generate electricity for the UAV’s motors and electronics. However, there have been few comprehensive studies on the design and performance of a fully solar-powered quadcopter. Many researchers proposed solar-powered quadcopters that use hybrid energy sources to increase flight durations, such as integrating rotational energy harvesting, laser power beaming, and solar energy [1, 2, 3] J. Meyer et al. [4] present a design for sustained solar-powered electric flight on small scale (LALE) UAVs. This model improved the airframe construction, energy storage mediums, motor and propeller efficiency, and the availability of lightweight photovoltaic cells for UAV power generation. Goh et al. [5] used 148 solar cells to create a fully solar-powered quadcopter. It weighed about 2. 6 kg and reached a height of 10 m. Even after building a massive working model, their quadcopter’s overall flight time was only about 1 minute and 38 seconds. Kingry et al. [6] developed a solar-powered quadcopter using an array of C60 solar cells with 22% efficiency. Because they wanted to attain a very high-flying time, which requires using numerous solar cells, their demonstrator weighed roughly 8. 175 kg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges and limitations currently facing solar-powered quadcopters, such as the need for efficient and lightweight solar panels, optimization of energy storage systems, and management of power consumption. The mention of limited flight times (as noted with the quadcopters weighing 2.6 kg having only 1 minute and 38 seconds of flight and another weighing 8.175 kg with efforts for high flying time) suggests that the assertion of solar-powered drones flying indefinitely and not requiring landing or recharging is not yet achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: xlsx Figure 4 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset SAS-6 interacts with Pcp1 through the conserved carboxyl-terminal region, and Pcp1 is sufficient for SAS-6 localization. (A) Schematic illustration of the truncation constructs of Pcp1. (B) Pcp1 interacts with SAS-6 through the conserved carboxyl-terminal region. mCherry-tagged full-length or truncation mutants of Pcp1 were expressed in cells constitutively expressing SAS-6-GFP. Immunoprecipitation was performed and analyzed similarly as in Figure 2B. Red arrowheads indicate bands with the expected size of each fusion protein. The asterisk indicates non-specific bands. (C, D) Pcp1 is sufficient to recruit SAS-6. Overexpression of Pcp1 leads to the formation of Pcp1 containing cytoplasmic foci (schematic illustration, (C). Pcp1-mCherry was overexpressed under control of nmt41 promoter in the strain expressing SAS-6-GFP and GFP alone. Sfi1-CFP is shown (SPB marker). Arrowheads indicate the SAS-6-GFP signal on the Pcp1-cytoplasmic foci. Scale bar, 5 μm. (E) Quantification of the cells with colocalized Pcp1-mCherry and GFP foci. Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d. (N > 50, Pcp1-mCherry positive cells). Figure 4—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 4E. Download elife-41418-fig4-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset SAS-6-GFP localization within the fission yeast SPB revealed by structured illumination microscopy (SIM). (A) Schematic representation of localization of components in the duplicated interphase fission yeast SPBs. The illustrated SPB structure was adapted and modified from Ito and Bettencourt-Dias (2018). (B) Representative SIM images of localization of GFP or tdTomato-tagged Pcp1, Sid4 and SAS-6 at the duplicated SPBs. Scale bar, 200 nm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information regarding the interaction of proteins and their localization within fission yeast cells, which has no relevance to the claim about ants farming fungi. It discusses experimental results related to protein interactions and imaging techniques, thus it is classified as irrelevant ('pass') to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: rate enhanced root accumulation of P, Mg, and Fe and suppressed root accumulation of S and Cu (Fig. 2E). Significant effects of AMF on root accumulation of other nutrients were a result of the effects of AMF on biomass. In general, AMF inoculation accounted for a greater proportion of variation in root N (ηA2 > 0. 53), P (ηA2 > 0. 14), K (ηA2 > 0. 10), S (ηA2 > 0. 25), Ca (ηA2 > 0. 16), Mg (ηA2 > 0. 17), B (ηA2 > 0. 13), Fe (ηA2 > 0. 15), and Zn (ηA2 > 0. 07) content than P rate (ηP2 not shown). P rate accounted for a greater proportion of variation in root Cu (ηP2 > 0. 15) content than AMF inoculation (ηA2 not shown). Phenolic production. In general, ‘Red Rubin’ had the greatest average plant ACY and P2-P4 concentrations (Table 3) and the greatest whole plant ACY and P4 content production (content data not shown). ‘Cinnamon’ had the greatest average plant concentrations and production of P6 and P8; ‘Sweet Dani’ had the greatest average plant concentrations of P5 and P7 and production of P3, P5, and P7; and ‘Siam Queen’ had the greatest average plant concentrations of TP, P9–P11, and MPP and production of P10 and P11. Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 90% of variation in average plant P10 concentrations (ηC2 > 0. 90); between 61% and 79% of variation in average plant TP, P7, and P11 concentrations; and 49% to 60% of the variation in average plant concentrations of other measured phenolics. In general, variation among cultivars in TP, P2, P3, P6, P8, and P11 production was generally greater than variation among cultivars in average plant concentrations and variation among cultivars in P5, P7, P9, and P10 production was smaller than variation among cultivars in average plant concentrations (data not shown). Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) significantly influence root accumulation of essential nutrients like phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and nitrogen (N). It highlights that AMF inoculation accounts for a greater proportion of variation in the content of these nutrients compared to the rates of application, which supports the idea that mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of solar-powered drone applications focus on reducing the need for traditional fuel sources and extending operational range.Solar-powered drones will soon be able to fly indefinitely, powered entirely by sunlight, with no need for landing or recharging. [SEP] Text: The flight time of this solar-powered quadcopter was approximately an hour. Verbeke et al. evidenced a modified configuration for narrow corridors that results in up to 60% more endurance [7]. Pang et al. recently incorporated variable pitch rotors into a gasoline engine to extend flight duration to 2 to 3 hours [8]. Despite the development of small-scale solar-powered quadcopters in [9, 10, 11, 12], there aren’t many studies that address the modeling and control of a solar-powered quadcopter problem. Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, model predictive control, and PID-LQR integrated control are examples of effective control systems that have been used to develop robust and effective controllers in various solar-powered quadcopters. In this study, a 1. 147 kg solar-powered quadcopter will be modeled, simulated, and PID-controlled inSimulink. The main contribution of this study is the building of a realisticSimulink model for a solar-powered quadcopter in order to increase flying duration while taking into consideration the issue of controlling and stabilizing the vehicle, which can serve as a solid basis for designing an actual model. This work is divided into the following sections: Section II includes the Model Description, and Section III depicts the PID for a solar-powered quadcopter. Section IV discusses the Simulation Results. covers the Conclusion as well as future work. Advertisement 2. Model descriptionThe model of the solar-powered quadcopter consists of three main components: the quadcopter dynamics, the solar panel power generation, and the energy storage system. 2. 1 The quadcopter dynamics modelIn this section, a mathematical model of quadcopter flight dynamics was developed. The quadcopter’s linear position is defined as (x, y, z), and the three Euler angles are defined as (ϕ,θ,ψ). The quadcopter has four motors, two of which spin clockwise and the others counterclockwise, so the torque generated is negated. A quadcopter’s altitude and attitude can be controlled by varying the speed of each rotor (Ω1,Ω2,Ω3,Ω4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific data on the current endurance of solar-powered drones, stating that the flight time of a solar-powered quadcopter is approximately an hour. Furthermore, it mentions enhancements such as a modification that results in up to 60% more endurance and certain adaptations incorporating gasoline engines to extend flight duration to 2 to 3 hours. This indicates that while solar-powered drones are being developed, they currently do not reach the claim's assertion of indefinite flight powered solely by sunlight without needing to land or recharge.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: (B) Interfoci distances between the indicated SPB-bound proteins measured by SIM images. Figure 4—figure supplement 1—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 4—figure supplement 1C. Download elife-41418-fig4-figsupp1-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Drosophila SAS-6 localizes to the fission yeast SPB through the C-terminal coiled-coil domain. (A) Schematic illustration of the truncation constructs of Drosophila SAS-6. (B) Localization of SAS-6 truncation mutants in fission yeast cells. GFP-tagged SAS-6 (full-length (FL), N or C) was expressed under the inducible nmt1 promoter. Expression was induced for 24 hr. Scale bar, 5 μm. (C) Quantification of cells with GFP-tagged full-length or truncated SAS-6 localized at the SPB. Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d. (N > 50, GFP-positive cells). (D) Western blotting analysis of the protein extracts prepared from the strains used in B. Figure 4—figure supplement 2—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 4—figure supplement 2C. Download elife-41418-fig4-figsupp2-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Localization of SAS-6 at the fission yeast SPB is cell-cycle regulated. (A) The fission yeast strain with cdc25-22 mutation expressing SAS-6-GFP under the atb2 promoter was blocked in the G2/M boundary and synchronously released into mitosis. Cells were collected every 20 min and protein extract was prepared. Protein expression was analyzed by western blotting with anti-GFP and anti-Cdc2 (loading control). (B) Septation index was determined to check the cell cycle synchronization. Note that cell cycle progression was highly synchronized. (C) SAS-6 localization along the cell cycle. Representative micrographs of time-lapse imaging of cells expressing SAS-6-GFP and Sid4-tdTomato from G2 phase to the end of mitosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it focuses on the localization of a protein (SAS-6) in fission yeast during the cell cycle, with no mention or connection to ants or their agricultural behavior concerning fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Phenolic composition in whole plants and shoots (stems and leaves) of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown ‘Cinnamon’ (CN), ‘Sweet Dani’ (SD), ‘Siam Queen’ (SQ), and ‘Red Rubin’ (RR) basil plants. Inoculation with AMF increased ACY (‘Red Rubin’ only; data not shown), P2, P4–P7, and MPP production (Fig. 1B). rate enhanced ACY (‘Red Rubin’ only; data not shown), P3, P6–P9, and MPP production and suppressed P5 production (Fig. 2B). Significant effects of AMF or P rate on production of other phenolics was a result of the effects of AMF and P rate on plant biomass. In general, AMF inoculation accounted for a greater proportion of variation in P4 (ηA2 > 0. 13), P5 (ηA2 > 0. 17), P7 (ηA2 > 0. 12), and MPP (ηA2 > 0. 16) production than P rate (ηP2 not shown). P rate accounted for a greater proportion of variation in P3 (ηP2 > 0. 22) and P8 (ηP2 > 0. 18) than AMF inoculation (ηA2 not shown). Phenolic accumulation in shoots. Specific phenolics were only detected in shoots (e. g. , P2, P3, and P6–P9; Table 3). Leaf phenolic concentrations were two to six times greater than stem concentrations (data not shown). Shoot TP, P4, P8–P10, and MPP concentrations were similar or greater than average plant concentrations (Table 3). Shoot P5 and P11 concentrations were less than average plant concentrations. In general, ‘Red Rubin’ had the greatest shoot concentrations (Table 3) of ACY, P2, and P4 and accumulated the most shoot ACY, P2, and P4 content (content data not shown). ‘Cinnamon’ had the greatest shoot concentrations of P6 and P7 and shoot P6–P9 content. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on the production of various phenolic compounds in basil plants. It indicates that AMF inoculation significantly influenced plant biomass and the production of specific phenolics, demonstrating that AMF enhances nutrient uptake and overall plant health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of solar-powered drone applications focus on reducing the need for traditional fuel sources and extending operational range. Solar-powered drones will soon be able to fly indefinitely, powered entirely by sunlight, with no need for landing or recharging. [SEP] Text: The flight dynamics model of the solar-powered quadcopter is built on a number of assumptions, such as the quadcopter’s rigid and symmetrical structure, the coincidence of the center of gravity and the origin of the body fixed frame, and proportional relationships between thrust/drag torques and the square of rotor speed, and rigid propellers. The flight dynamics model of a quadcopter is derived from Newton-Euler equations and Newton’s second law as follows:x¨=1msinψsinϕ−cosψsinθsinϕU1−AxẋE1y¨=1mcosψsinϕ+sinψsinθcosϕU1−AyẏE2z¨=g−1mcosψcosϕU1−AyẏE3ϕ¨=Iyy−IzzIxxψ̇θ̇+JrΩrIxxθ̇+lIxxU2−Aϕϕ̇IxxE4θ¨=Izz−IxxIyyψ̇ϕ̇−JrΩrIyyϕ̇+lIyyU3−Aθθ̇IyyE5ψ¨=Ixx−IyyIzzθ̇ϕ̇+lIzzU4−Aψψ̇IzzE6The input signal U1 is the total thrust of the four rotors. And U2, U3, U4 are the moments for pitch, roll, and yaw, respectively. Where m represents the mass of the quadrotor, Jr is the inertia of the rotor, and Ixx, Iyy, and Izz are the inertia of the quadrotor in x,y,and z, respectively. More information can be found about the dynamics model in our previous works [13, 14]. 2. 2 The solar power system modeling and simulationInstead of using just solar energy, a hybrid system of LiPo battery and solar energy is designed to extend the entire flying duration of the quadrotor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that a hybrid system using both a LiPo battery and solar energy is designed to extend the flying duration of the quadcopter, suggesting that solar-powered drones are not solely reliant on sunlight for indefinite flight and that traditional fuel sources are still considered in the design.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Scale bar, 5 μm. (D) Quantification of the intensity of SAS-6-GFP and Sid4-tdTomato per SPB in the cells shown in C. Mean SAS-6-GFP (top) and Sid4-tdTomato (down) intensity per SPB ±s. d before and after the SPB separation is shown (N = 7). SPB-0, unseparated SPB and SPB-1 and 2, separated SPBs. Figure 4—figure supplement 3—source data 1 The source data to plot the graphs in Figure 4—figure supplement 3B and E. Download elife-41418-fig4-figsupp3-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 5 Download asset Open asset pericentrin (PLP) conserved domain –PACT- interacts with SAS-6, and its overexpression causes centriole amplification. (A) Schematic illustration of human pericentrin, Drosophila PLP and S. pombe Pcp1. (B) Physical interaction between SAS-6-EGFP and the conserved Drosophila PACT domain. Protein extract was prepared from Drosophila tissue culture cells (D. Mel cells) expressing HA-tagged PACT, and SAS-6-EGFP or EGFP. The GFP-tagged proteins were immunoprecipitated with anti-GFP antibody. Immunoprecipitates and inputs (20%) were analyzed by western blotting using the indicated antibodies. (C) Direct binding between SAS-6 and PACT. The in vitro binding assay was performed using purified GST or GST-fused SAS-6 and His-tagged. Note that we loaded 100% for each sample on each lane after pull-down to compare the efficiency of direct binding (bound vs input). Quantification of His-PACT bound to the GST-fusion protein is shown below the panel (data are the average of three experiments ± s. d) (D) Cells overexpressing EGFP-PACT or EGFP were arrested in mitosis by colchicine treatment for six hours and stained with the antibodies against Bld10 (centriole marker), phospho-H3 (mitotic marker) and SAS-6. Scale bar, 5 μm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses biological experiments related to protein interactions and cell behavior without mentioning ants or their farming of fungi. There is no content that supports or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: ‘Sweet Dani’ had the greatest shoot P7 concentration and shoot P3, P5, P7, and MPP content. ‘Siam Queen’ had the greatest shoot TP, P9–P11, and MPP concentrations and shoot TP, P10, and P11 content. Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 72% of variation in shoot TP, P10, and P11 concentrations (ηC2 > 0. 72); between 49% and 61% of variation in shoot P2–P9 concentrations; and 35% of variation in shoot MPP concentrations. Variation among cultivars in shoot TP, P7, and P9–P11 content was generally smaller than variation in shoot concentrations and variation among cultivars in shoot P2–P3, P5, P6, P8, and MPP content was generally greater than variation in shoot concentrations (data not shown). Inoculation with AMF enhanced shoot accumulation of ACY (‘Red Rubin’ only; data not shown), P2, P4–P7, and MPP (Fig. 1D). rate enhanced shoot accumulation of ACY (‘Red Rubin’ only; data not shown), P3, P6–P9, and MPP (Fig. 2D). Significant effects of AMF or P rate on shoot accumulation of other phenolics were a result of the effects of AMF and P rate on biomass. In general, AMF inoculation accounted for a greater proportion of variation in shoot P4 (ηA2 > 0. 11), P5 (ηA2 > 0. 09), P7 (ηA2 > 0. 12), and MPP (ηA2 > 0. 21) content than P rate (ηP2 not shown). P rate accounted for a greater proportion of variation in shoot TP (ηP2 > 0. 15), P3 (ηP2 > 0. 22), P8 (ηP2 > 0. 18), P9 (ηP2 > 0. 09), and P11 (ηP2 > 0. 11) content than AMF inoculation (ηA2 not shown). Phenolic accumulation in roots. Root TP, P5, and P10 concentrations (Table 3) were greater than leaf concentrations (data not shown). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) inoculation enhanced the shoot accumulation of various nutrients in plants, such as ACY and MPP. It specifies that the AMF inoculation accounted for significant variations in nutrient content, indicating its positive role in improving nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of solar-powered drone applications focus on reducing the need for traditional fuel sources and extending operational range. Solar-powered drones will soon be able to fly indefinitely, powered entirely by sunlight, with no need for landing or recharging. [SEP] Text: This means that when solar cells are not employed, the quadcopter discharges more quickly. Figures 16 and 17 show that when solar cells are utilized, the battery power gradually decreases because the quadcopter uses a part of the cell current, causing the battery power to decrease due to the drop in battery current. The flight time can be calculated in both situations using the following formula:The quadcopter flight time=The battery capacity×save discharge rate/AADE8AAD=AUW×P/V=AUW×IE9where P is the power needed to lift one kilogram of equipment, expressed in watts per kilogram, I is the current (in amps) needed to lift one kilogram into the air, and AAD is the average amp draw, expressed in amperes. AUW is the all-up weight of your drone, which is the total weight of the equipment that goes up in the air, including the battery. Also, it can be calculated directly from Omni calculator website [16] or using trigonometry. Flight times are calculated using Eqs. (8) and (9). Flight time is 34. 37 minutes when no solar cells are used, and 2. 18 hours when solar cells are used. Advertisement 5. ConclusionThis 34. 3 minutes, the solar-powered quadcopter can fly for 2. 18 hours with the battery’s state of charge (SOC) maintaining over 20%. Although the angle of the panels is greatly important on solar panel power output, this 1. . Rotational energy harvesting to prolong flight duration of quadcopters. In: 2015. ; 2015. 7. DOI: 10. 1109/IAS. 2015. 73568352. Shaheed MH et al. Flying by the sun only: The solarcopter prototype. and Technology. 2015;45:209-214. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ast. 2015. 05. 0163. -M. Design of a flexible high performance quadcopter platform breaking the MAV endurance record with laser power beaming. In: 2011 IEEE/RSJ on and Systems. ; 2011. 5172. DOI: 10. 1109/iros. 2011. 60947314. Institute of Electrical and Section & Polytechnic of Namibia. (2007). IEEE; 2007. Available from: [Retrieved: September 25, 2023]5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing details about the flight time of a quadcopter with and without solar cells. It specifies that without solar cells, the flight time is only 34.37 minutes, whereas with solar cells, it extends to 2.18 hours. This suggests that solar-powered drones can extend their operational range compared to non-solar alternatives, but it does not support the claim of flying indefinitely without the need for landing or recharging. The mention of the solar panel's angle affecting power output and the need for battery state of charge (SOC) maintenance indicates limitations in solar-powered flight that do not align with the claim's assertion of indefinite flight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: (E) Quantification of SAS-6 intensity per centriole in cells overexpressing EGFP-PACT or EGFP arrested in mitosis. Means ± s. d. are shown in red (**p<0. 001, Mann-test). Results are representative of three independent experiments (N > 40 centrioles for each condition). (F) Cells overexpressing EGFP-PACT or EGFP were stained for two centriole markers (SAS-4 and Bld10, SAS-4 and Ana1) to count centriole number. Scale bar, 5 μm. (G) Quantification of centriole number per cell (N > 50, EGFP-positive cells). Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d. (*p<0. 05, Mann-test). Note that although control Drosophila tissue culture cells already show cells with underduplicated and over-duplicated centrioles as published before (Bettencourt-Dias et al. , 2005), the expression of PACT leads to a significant amplification of centrioles. Figure 5—source data 1 The source data to plot the graphs in Figure 5E and G. Download elife-41418-fig5-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 6 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset SAS-6-PACT complex formation complements the PLK4-STIL pathway in recruiting SAS-6 to the centrosome, and in promoting centriole biogenesis in tissue cultured cells. (A) Images of mitotic D. Mel cells after depletion of PLP and Ana2 by RNAi. D. Mel cells were depleted of PLP (), Ana2 (Ana2 RNAi), and were double-depleted with Ana2 and PLP (Ana2 +) (mCherry RNAi was used as negative control) for three days. Cells were immunostained with anti-SAS-6, Bld10, phospho-H3 and PLP antibodies. Scale bar, 5 μm. (B) Quantification of the SAS-6 intensity per centrosome in the mitotic cells in the indicated RNAi conditions. Means ± s. d are shown in red (***p<0. 001, Mann-test). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ant species farming fungi for food. It discusses the quantification of SAS-6 intensity per centriole and the effects of overexpression in cells, which has no relation to ants or their behavior in farming fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Root P5 and P11 were similar or greater than average plant concentrations (Table 3). Root TP, P4, P8–P10, and MPP concentrations were less than average plant concentrations. Only ‘Red Rubin’ roots contained detectable amounts of ACY. In general, ‘Sweet Dani’ had the greatest root concentrations (Table 3) and P5 and MPP content (data not shown). ‘Cinnamon’ had the greatest P4, P10, P11, and TP content. Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 24% of variation in root TP, P5, and MPP (ηC2 > 0. 24). Variation among cultivars in root phenolic content was generally greater than variation in root phenolic concentrations (data not shown). Inoculation with AMF enhanced root accumulation of P4 and P5 in roots and suppressed root accumulation of P11 (Fig. 1F). rate enhanced root accumulation of P4 and suppressed root accumulation of P5 and MPP (Fig. 2F). Significant effects of AMF on root accumulation of other phenolics were a result of the effects of AMF on biomass. In general, AMF inoculation accounted for a greater proportion of variation in root P4 (ηA2 > 0. 17) content than P rate (ηP2 not shown). P rate accounted for a greater proportion of variation in root TP (ηP2 > 0. 13), P5 (ηP2 > 0. 17), P10 (ηP2 > 0. 07), P11 (ηP2 > 0. 10), and MPP (ηP2 > 0. 12) content than AMF inoculation (ηA2 not shown). Relationships between nutrient uptake and phenolics. Inoculation with AMF enhanced P2, P4–P7, and MPP production and N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn uptake (Fig. 1A–B). Enhanced P2 and P6 production in AMF-inoculated plants was related to enhanced N uptake; enhanced P4 production was related to enhanced N and Fe uptake; enhanced P5 production was related to enhanced S, B, and Fe uptake; enhanced P7 and MPP production was related to enhanced K, B, and Fe uptake (Table 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it states that inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhanced the uptake of various nutrients, including N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn. It specifically mentions that 'inoculation with AMF enhanced P2, P4–P7, and MPP production and N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn uptake,' providing evidence that mycorrhizal fungi indeed contribute to improved nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of solar-powered drone applications focus on reducing the need for traditional fuel sources and extending operational range. Solar-powered drones will soon be able to fly indefinitely, powered entirely by sunlight, with no need for landing or recharging. [SEP] Text: Modeling thermal asymmetries in double slope solar stills. Renewable Energy. 2004;29(6):895–906. 40. . Present status of solar distillation. Solar Energy. 2003;75(5):367–73. 41. . Experimental analysis of active solar still with air pump and external boosting mirrors. of in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2013;2(7):3084–904. 42. . Enhancement of modified solar still integrated with external condenser using nanofluids: an experimental approach. and Management. 2014;78:493–8. 43. El-Bahi A, Inan D. Analysis of a parallel double glass solar still with separate condenser. Renewable Energy. 1999;17(4):509–21. 44. El-Bahi A, Inan D. A solar still with minimum inclination, coupled to an outside condenser. Desalination. 1999;123(1):79–83. 45. -Majeed MM, Sopian K. Factors affecting basin type solar still productivity: A detailed review. Renewable and Reviews. 2014;32:430–47. 46. . Status of solar desalination in India. Renewable and Reviews. 2009;13(9):2408–18. 47. Deniz E. An investigation of some of the parameters involved in inclined solar distillation systems. & Sustainable Energy. 2013;32(2):350–4. 48. . Comparison between energy and exergy efficiencies in a weir type cascade solar still. Desalination. 2013;325:113–21. 49. Sivakumar V, Sundaram EG. Improvement techniques of solar still efficiency: A review. Renewable and Reviews. 2013;28:246–64. 50. vd. Analysis of the characteristics of heat and mass transfer of a three-effect tubular solar still and experimental research. Desalination. 2013;330:42–8. 51. Ahsan A, Fukuhara T. Mass and heat transfer model of tubular solar still. Solar Energy. 2010;84(7):1147–56. 52. . Active solar distillation—A detailed review. Renewable and Reviews. 2010;14(6):1503–26. 53. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to solar stills and solar distillation technologies but does not mention solar-powered drones or their applications in reducing fuel sources or operational limits. The focus on solar distillation does not support, contrast, or provide any information relevant to the claim about solar-powered drones.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Results are representative of three independent experiments (N > 50 centrosomes for each condition). (C) Western blotting analysis of PLP, Ana2 and SAS-6 protein levels in the cells treated with the indicated dsRNAs using the antibodies against PLP, Ana2, SAS-6 and actin (loading control). Red arrowheads indicate expected bands of the longest PLP isoform. (D) Images of mitotic cells, after depletion of PLP and Ana2 by RNAi, used for centriole counting. Cells were immunostained with anti-Bld10 (red), phospho-H3 (red), and SAS-4 (another centriole marker, green) antibodies. Scale bar, 5 μm. (E) Quantification of centriole number per cell (N > 50). Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d (*p<0. 05, Mann-test performed for the 0–1 centriole category). Figure 6—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 6B and E. Download elife-41418-fig6-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Counting of the centriole number in interphase cells. (A) Images of interphase D. Mel cells after depletion of PLP and Ana2 by RNAi, used for centriole counting in Figure 6. Cells were immunostained with anti-Bld10 (red), SAS-4 (another centriole marker, green), and PLP (cyan) antibodies. Scale bar, 5 μm. (B) Quantification of centriole number per cell (N > 50). Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d (*p<0. 05, Mann-test performed for the 0–1 centriole category). Figure 6—figure supplement 1—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 6—figure supplement 1B. Download elife-41418-fig6-figsupp1-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 6—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Expression of full-length PLP rescues centriole number defects in PLP-depleted cells. (A) Images of interphase D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses centriole counting and the effects of RNAi on protein levels in cells, which does not relate to ants or their behavior concerning fungi farming.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: rate enhanced P3, P6–P9, and MPP production and P and Ca uptake (Fig. 2A–B). Enhanced P3 and P6 production was related to enhanced P uptake; enhanced P7, P8, and MPP production was related to enhanced P and Ca uptake (Table 4). Enhanced P9 production in HP plants was not correlated to P-enhanced uptake of any nutrient measured. Table 4. Relationships between nutrient uptake and phenolic production of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants. Inoculation with AMF enhanced accumulation of P4 and P5 in shoots and roots and MPP in shoots (Figs. 1D and 1F). AMF-enhanced P4 accumulation in shoots was related to enhanced N and Fe uptake and enhanced P4 accumulation in roots was related to enhanced Fe uptake (Table 4). AMF-enhanced P5 accumulation in shoots was related to enhanced S, B, and Fe uptake and enhanced P5 accumulation in roots was related to enhanced S and B uptake. AMF-enhanced MPP accumulation in roots was related to enhanced B and Fe uptake. rate enhanced accumulation of P11 and MPP in shoots and P4 in roots (Figs. 2D and 2F). Enhanced MPP accumulation in shoots of HP plants was related to enhanced P and Ca uptake (Table 4). Enhanced P11 accumulation in shoots and P4 accumulation in roots of HP plants were related to enhanced Ca uptake. DiscussionRoot colonization. Root colonization by AMF in our study was 10% to 30% higher than that reported for other basil cultivars (e. g. , ‘Genovese’, ‘Purple Petra’) inoculated with the same isolate of AMF or with different species [e. g. , Funneliformis (formerly Glomus) mosseae (Nicolson & Gerd. ) Walker & Schüßler, Gigaspora rosea Nicolson & Schenck, Gi. margarita Becker & Hall] (Copetta et al. , 2006; Lee and Scagel, 2009; Toussaint et al. , 2007). Methods used to quantify AMF can yield different results, particularly when quantifying colonization of different AMF species (McGonigle et al. , 2006), and AMF colonization can increase over time (Copetta et al. , 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation results in enhanced nutrient uptake in various plants. It specifically mentions that 'inoculation with AMF enhanced accumulation of P4 and P5 in shoots and roots and MPP in shoots,' along with several correlations between AMF-enhanced accumulation and nutrient uptake, such as N, Fe, S, B, and Ca. This supports the notion that mycorrhizal fungi contribute positively to the nutrient uptake capabilities of plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of commercial airlines are planning to replace their planes with solar-powered drones to reduce fuel costs and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: However, there are many challenges to overcome in order to make solar-powered quadcopters a practical reality, including the design of efficient and lightweight solar panels, the optimization of the energy storage system, and the management of the quadcopter’s power consumption. Modeling and simulation can be a powerful tool for understanding the performance and behavior of solar-powered quadcopters. By building a virtual model of the quadcopter and its components, it is possible to study the effects of various design choices and operating conditions without the need for physical experimentation. In this paper, we present a modeling and simulation approach for a solar-powered quadcopter using. The model includes the quadcopter’s dynamics, solar panel power generation, and energy storage system. The simulation results are used to study the performance of the solar-powered quadcopter under different solar insolation conditions. There have been several previous studies on the use of solar power for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including solar-powered quadcopters. These studies have primarily focused on the use of photovoltaic cells to generate electricity for the UAV’s motors and electronics. However, there have been few comprehensive studies on the design and performance of a fully solar-powered quadcopter. Many researchers proposed solar-powered quadcopters that use hybrid energy sources to increase flight durations, such as integrating rotational energy harvesting, laser power beaming, and solar energy [1, 2, 3] J. Meyer et al. [4] present a design for sustained solar-powered electric flight on small scale (LALE) UAVs. This model improved the airframe construction, energy storage mediums, motor and propeller efficiency, and the availability of lightweight photovoltaic cells for UAV power generation. Goh et al. [5] used 148 solar cells to create a fully solar-powered quadcopter. It weighed about 2. 6 kg and reached a height of 10 m. Even after building a massive working model, their quadcopter’s overall flight time was only about 1 minute and 38 seconds. Kingry et al. [6] developed a solar-powered quadcopter using an array of C60 solar cells with 22% efficiency. Because they wanted to attain a very high-flying time, which requires using numerous solar cells, their demonstrator weighed roughly 8. 175 kg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significant challenges that need to be addressed before solar-powered quadcopters can become practical. It discusses issues such as the design of efficient solar panels, energy storage management, and the power consumption of quadcopters, which suggest that a widespread adoption of solar-powered drones in commercial aviation is not imminent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Mel cells expressing EGFP-tagged full-length PLP or only EGFP after depletion of endogenous PLP by RNAi. D. Mel cells were depleted of PLP (PLP 3’) (mCherry RNAi was used as negative control) for three days for two rounds. Cells were immunostained with anti-Bld10 (red) and SAS-4 (cyan). Scale bar, 5 μm. (B) Quantification of centriole number per cell (N > 50) in EGFP-positive cells shown in A. Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d (ns, not significant, *p<0. 05, Mann-test performed for the 0–1 centriole category). (C) Western blotting analysis of in the cells shown in A using the antibodies against and actin (loading control). Red arrowheads indicate expected bands of the longest PLP isoform. Figure 6—figure supplement 2—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 6—figure supplement 2B. Download elife-41418-fig6-figsupp2-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Drosophila pericentrin (PLP) is required for SAS-6 recruitment to the sperm centriole/basal body and for its elongation. (A) Schematic illustration of the experiments to deplete PLP during centriole biogenesis and elongation. (B) Representative images of mature spermatocytes in flies with different genotypes. PACT (red) is a commonly used marker for basal bodies (BB) and DAPI (blue) stains DNA. Insets show RFP::PACT close to the numbers (in gray scale). (C) Quantification of the number of BBs per cell in mature spermatocytes. (D) Representative images of mature spermatocyte BB in flies with different genotypes. RFP::PACT (red) marks BBs, Anti-SAS-6 (green) and Anti-PLP (blue) antibodies stain the proximal part of BB (arrowheads). (E) Quantification of SAS-6, PLP, BB length and the number of progeny in flies with different genotypes. We repeated all experiments three times. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ants farming fungi. Instead, it discusses cellular experiments related to Drosophila pericentrin (PLP) and centriole biogenesis without mentioning ants, fungi, or any related concepts. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: These two studies used different methods for quantifying AMF colonization, different basil cultivars, different AMF, and were 6 to 8 weeks shorter than our study. AMF colonization can be sensitive to nutrient availability (particularly P) in the growing substrate (Fernández et al. , 2011). rates used in our experiment were selected, based on previous experience with this AMF isolate, in an effort to minimize their potential for impact on AMF colonization. P rate had no significant influence on colonization; thus, the influence of P rate on growth and composition in AMF-inoculated plants is not confounded by differences in colonization. Beneficial and pathogenic bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere and the compounds they produce can alter plant secondary metabolism (Kim et al. , 2003, 2006; Toussaint et al. , 2007). The AMF inoculum used in this study consisted of spores and root fragments from pot cultures of onion. Therefore, although non-inoculated plants were not colonized by AMF, any effects of AMF inoculation on growth and composition of basil need to be interpreted as a response to AMF and other rhizosphere organisms from the pot culture inoculum. Cultivar variation. The among-cultivar variation accounted for greater than 60% for most variables measured (e. g. , biomass, nutrients, and phenolics) in our study. The among-cultivar variation for most variables measured in our study was substantially greater than the variation associated with either AMF or P rate effects. Basil cultivars accumulate biomass at different rates and in different structures depending on growing environment (Beaman et al. , 2009; Zheljazkov et al. , 2008a). High among-cultivar variation in growth can complicate interpretation of composition data based solely on concentration or content alone. Production and composition of phenolics in basil can vary substantially among cultivars (Kwee and Niemeyer, 2011). The four cultivars in our experiment were randomly selected from a large number of commercially available cultivars; thus, the among-cultivar growth variation in one growing environment broadens the inference of the effects of treatments on basil growth and composition. Plant growth and biomass allocation. AMF inoculation and increased P rate had different effects on growth and biomass allocation in basil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) inoculation on growth and biomass allocation in basil plants. Although it mentions variability among cultivars and the influence of other factors, it emphasizes that AMF inoculation impacts plant growth and composition, which supports the claim that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of commercial airlines are planning to replace their planes with solar-powered drones to reduce fuel costs and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: The flight time of this solar-powered quadcopter was approximately an hour. Verbeke et al. evidenced a modified configuration for narrow corridors that results in up to 60% more endurance [7]. Pang et al. recently incorporated variable pitch rotors into a gasoline engine to extend flight duration to 2 to 3 hours [8]. Despite the development of small-scale solar-powered quadcopters in [9, 10, 11, 12], there aren’t many studies that address the modeling and control of a solar-powered quadcopter problem. Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, model predictive control, and PID-LQR integrated control are examples of effective control systems that have been used to develop robust and effective controllers in various solar-powered quadcopters. In this study, a 1. 147 kg solar-powered quadcopter will be modeled, simulated, and PID-controlled inSimulink. The main contribution of this study is the building of a realisticSimulink model for a solar-powered quadcopter in order to increase flying duration while taking into consideration the issue of controlling and stabilizing the vehicle, which can serve as a solid basis for designing an actual model. This work is divided into the following sections: Section II includes the Model Description, and Section III depicts the PID for a solar-powered quadcopter. Section IV discusses the Simulation Results. covers the Conclusion as well as future work. Advertisement 2. Model descriptionThe model of the solar-powered quadcopter consists of three main components: the quadcopter dynamics, the solar panel power generation, and the energy storage system. 2. 1 The quadcopter dynamics modelIn this section, a mathematical model of quadcopter flight dynamics was developed. The quadcopter’s linear position is defined as (x, y, z), and the three Euler angles are defined as (ϕ,θ,ψ). The quadcopter has four motors, two of which spin clockwise and the others counterclockwise, so the torque generated is negated. A quadcopter’s altitude and attitude can be controlled by varying the speed of each rotor (Ω1,Ω2,Ω3,Ω4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the technical development and modeling of solar-powered quadcopters, but it does not provide evidence that commercial airlines are planning to replace their planes with such technology. The mention of recent studies focuses on small-scale, solar-powered quadcopters and their operational parameters rather than large-scale adoption by commercial airlines.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: For SAS-6 and PLP intensities and BB length analysis, the number of BBs quantified for each genotype is N ≥ 108 (54 pairs of BBs) and N ≥ 128, respectively. The total number of males used for each histogram bar is N ≥ 10. Notably, given that moderate overexpression of PACT domain (using polyUbiquitin promoter) in the plp mutant fly fails to rescue the observed centriole as well as behavior defects of the mutant (Martinez-Campos et al. , 2004), we used RFP::PACT to study the sperm basal bodies in the knockdown experiments. Scale bars in (B) and (D) represent 10 and 1 µm, respectively. Means ± s. d are shown in red (ns-not significant, ***p<0. 001, Mann-test). Figure 7—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 7C and E. Download elife-41418-fig7-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 8 Download asset Open asset SAS-6 interacts with the calmodulin binding domain within PACT. (A) Graphical representations of the calmodulin (CaM)-binding domains (CBD1 and CBD2) within the multiple sequence alignment of the PACT domain of pericentrin proteins in the indicated species. CBD1 and CBD2 are marked with red squares. In yellow, minimal fragment containing both CBD1 and CBD2 (hereafter called CBD and used for subsequent experiments). The sequences of the PACT domain were aligned using multiple sequence alignment tool and visually represented using Jalview software (McWilliam et al. , 2013; Waterhouse et al. , 2009). The alignments are color-coded in shades of blue for the percentage identity of amino acids; darkest blue (>80%), mid blue (>60%), light blue (>40%), white (<=40%). (B) Complex formation between SAS-6, the highly conserved CBD within PACT domain and calmodulin. Protein extract was prepared from the D. Mel cells expressing SAS6-EGFP or -tagged CBD and Myc-tagged calmodulin. The GFP-tagged proteins were immunoprecipitated with anti-GFP antibody. Immunoprecipitates and inputs (20%) were analyzed by western blotting using the indicated antibodies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses scientific methodologies, protein interactions, and genetic analysis related to certain proteins, with no mention of ants or fungi farming. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: AMFs have been previously reported to increase or have no influence on total growth of basil and differentially affect growth of specific structures (Copetta et al. , 2006; Lee and Scagel, 2009; Toussaint et al. , 2007). Decreased total plant biomass and increased root growth is a common plant response to low P availability in the growing substrate (Veresoglou et al. , 2012). In our study, there was no significant interaction between AMF and P rate treatments on biomass or biomass allocation. Inoculation with AMF increased biomass but had no influence on biomass allocation. In contrast, P rate increased biomass and altered biomass allocation. Additionally, AMF inoculation accounted for a greater proportion of variation in root, stem, and total plant biomass than P rate. These results suggest that the influence of AMF on growth may not be completely related to plant P status. Nutrient uptake and allocation. rate increased biomass, P concentration, and P content of basil and there was no interaction between P rate and AMF inoculation on biomass, P concentration, and P content. These results indicate that non-mycorrhizal and AMF plants grown with the low P rate were P-deficient compared with high P plants and increasing P rate enhanced P uptake (e. g. , plants were more efficient at P uptake). In contrast, AMF inoculation increased biomass and P content but not P concentration indicating that AMF only increased P accumulation in the plant and not the ability of basil to absorb P. Araim et al. (2009) reported that AMF inoculation increased P concentration of shoots but not roots of coneflower [Echinacea purpurea (L. ) Monech. ]. Mycorrhizal fungi are reported to improve P uptake in low P growing conditions, primarily because the fungi’s extraradical hyphae increase access to P by extending beyond the P-depletion zone around the root system (Smith et al. , 2003). When there is no response to AMF in terms of P uptake, it has been assumed that the mycorrhizal uptake pathway is not functioning and that all of the plant P is absorbed directly through P transporters in the root epidermis and root hairs. Increased growth or success of AMF-colonized plants is then attributed to other benefits of the symbiosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) can improve phosphorus (P) uptake in plants, especially in low P conditions. It states that 'mycorrhizal fungi are reported to improve P uptake in low P growing conditions,' indicating their role in enhancing nutrient availability to plants. Furthermore, it explains that AMF can increase P accumulation within the plant, supporting the claim that mycorrhizal fungi positively impact nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered drones will soon be capable of replacing all human pilots, controlling air traffic with complete autonomy. [SEP] Text: However, there are many challenges to overcome in order to make solar-powered quadcopters a practical reality, including the design of efficient and lightweight solar panels, the optimization of the energy storage system, and the management of the quadcopter’s power consumption. Modeling and simulation can be a powerful tool for understanding the performance and behavior of solar-powered quadcopters. By building a virtual model of the quadcopter and its components, it is possible to study the effects of various design choices and operating conditions without the need for physical experimentation. In this paper, we present a modeling and simulation approach for a solar-powered quadcopter using. The model includes the quadcopter’s dynamics, solar panel power generation, and energy storage system. The simulation results are used to study the performance of the solar-powered quadcopter under different solar insolation conditions. There have been several previous studies on the use of solar power for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including solar-powered quadcopters. These studies have primarily focused on the use of photovoltaic cells to generate electricity for the UAV’s motors and electronics. However, there have been few comprehensive studies on the design and performance of a fully solar-powered quadcopter. Many researchers proposed solar-powered quadcopters that use hybrid energy sources to increase flight durations, such as integrating rotational energy harvesting, laser power beaming, and solar energy [1, 2, 3] J. Meyer et al. [4] present a design for sustained solar-powered electric flight on small scale (LALE) UAVs. This model improved the airframe construction, energy storage mediums, motor and propeller efficiency, and the availability of lightweight photovoltaic cells for UAV power generation. Goh et al. [5] used 148 solar cells to create a fully solar-powered quadcopter. It weighed about 2. 6 kg and reached a height of 10 m. Even after building a massive working model, their quadcopter’s overall flight time was only about 1 minute and 38 seconds. Kingry et al. [6] developed a solar-powered quadcopter using an array of C60 solar cells with 22% efficiency. Because they wanted to attain a very high-flying time, which requires using numerous solar cells, their demonstrator weighed roughly 8. 175 kg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant challenges that still exist in making solar-powered quadcopters practical, such as the need for efficient and lightweight solar panels and effective energy management. It describes ongoing research and modeling efforts but emphasizes that even existing models have limitations, such as short flight times, suggesting that solar-powered drones are not yet close to achieving full autonomy or replacing human pilots.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: (C) Schematic representation of the ancestral role of the PCM in recruiting centriole proteins, centriole biogenesis and elongation. When SAS-6 was heterologously expressed in fission yeast cells, it localized to the SPB through interaction with Pcp1/pericentrin (upper panel). This revealed a novel interaction between SAS-6 and pericentrin in animals, which is important for centriole biogenesis (lower panel). It is likely that SAS-6 is recruited to the pre-existing centriole prior to new centriole formation by two complementary pathways: PLK4-STIL/Ana2 and pericentrin. Eventhough yeast and animals are separated by one billion years of evolution, the pericentrin/Pcp1-SAS-6 interaction surface has been conserved, likely because the binding of pericentrin to calmodulin constrained its evolution. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Intensity of Sid4 is increased in the pcp1 mutant. (A-F) Quantification of the intensity of the centriole proteins and Sid4-tdTomato per SPB in the indicated conditions. B, D and F correspond to A, C, and E. Means ± s. d. are shown in red (ns-not significant, * p<0. 05, ** p<0. 001, *** p<0. 0001, Mann-test). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants farming fungi. It discusses centriole biogenesis and protein interactions in yeast and animals, without any mention of ants or fungi. Therefore, it does not support, contradict, or relate to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: In a container, extraradical hyphae may not improve physical access to P beyond that of non-mycorrhizal roots; however, Smith et al. (2003) believe that AMFs are a dominant route for plant P supply, even when overall growth or P uptake remains unaffected. AMF inoculation and increased P rate had different effects on nutrient uptake in basil. AMF inoculation of basil enhanced N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn uptake suggesting that AMF-inoculated plants were either more efficient at uptake of these nutrients or had a higher demand for these nutrients. In our study, AMF increased accumulation or enhanced uptake of all nutrients. In contrast, increased P rate enhanced uptake of fewer nutrients and even suppressed uptake of Cu and S. Mycorrhizal fungi have been reported to improve uptake of several nutrients, including N, P, K, S, Ca, and Zn (Azcón et al. , 2003; Clark and Zeto, 2000). Reports of enhanced nutrient uptake in AMF-inoculated plants are not always substantiated by analyses of total plant nutrient uptake (e. g. , only leaf concentrations are measured) and even when total plant uptake is calculated, concentration data are not always used to distinguish whether nutrient uptake was enhanced (e. g. , increased concentration and content) or just increased as a result of greater biomass in AMF-inoculated plants. and Ca uptake in high P plants compared with low P plants resulted in enhanced accumulation of these nutrients as well as B and Fe in shoots and Fe and Mg in roots. Additionally, increased P rate suppressed accumulation of S and Cu in roots. These results indicate P availability alters nutrient accumulation patterns in basil and suggest that P rate alters the ability of plants to use nutrients for growth and metabolic processes. Plants adapt their morphology and metabolism in response to P-limiting growing conditions (Rausch and Bucher, 2002). These adaptive changes strive to increase P availability in the rhizosphere, enhance P uptake, and maintain metabolic efficiency. In our study, P availability influenced biomass allocation so it is not surprising that it also influenced allocation of nutrients within the plant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that mycorrhizal fungi, specifically arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs), enhance the uptake of several essential nutrients, including N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn in basil. It mentions that AMF inoculation leads to either greater efficiency in nutrient uptake or higher nutrient demand, suggesting a positive role of mycorrhizal fungi in facilitating nutrient absorption by plants.