Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: By contrast, the HD areas devote a significantly greater share of their land to industrial cash crops such as tea, coffee, and sugarcane compared to the bottom two density quintiles. Similarly, fresh fruits and vegetables account for 26% of cropped area in the HD areas, compared to 13% in the 20% LD villages. Also, the percentage of households practicing zero-grazing increases with population density from a low of 4% in the first population density quintile, reaching a high of 56% in the 4th quintile and declining to 31% in the HD quintile. Similarly, Table 3 shows that the intensity of purchased inputs (mainly fertilizer, improved seed, and hired labor) per unit of land is an increasing function of population density up to the 4th density quintile, but then declines significantly from the fourth to the highest density quintile. The greater focus on high-value crops and more intensive land-saving dairy production in the densely populated regions maximizes revenue per scarce unit of land owned. This is a result that will be explored further in the econometrics section of the paper. Land values, collected in 2010 were more than twice as high in the three highest population density quintiles than in the LD quintile. Conversely, agricultural wage rates in the LD villages were 30% higher than in the HD villages (Table 3). The overall picture from Table 3 is that farming practices in the areas of high population density are distinctly more land-intensive and are focused more on higher-value crops than in the low density areas. Not shown in Table 3, but also of importance is how population density is related to the amount of land inherited from the previous generation. Respondents in the 2007 survey were asked how much land was owned by the father of the household head. The previous generation had considerably larger farms (3 times larger) than those of the current survey respondents themselves. The mean size of parents’ farms varied from 7. 80 ha in the LD areas to 4. 41 ha in the HD areas. Survey respondents were also asked about the amount of land inherited by the household head from his father. This ranged from 1. 49 ha in the LD quintile to 0. 89 ha in the HD quintile. The mean amount of land inherited was roughly one-fifth of the total landholding size of the father. This might be explained by the fact that fathers in patriarchal Kenya tend to subdivide their land among sons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that in high-density (HD) areas, land is primarily used for industrial cash crops like tea and sugarcane rather than for fruits and vegetables that could enhance food security. It also points out that agricultural practices in HD areas are more focused on high-value crops rather than practices that would directly improve food availability for local populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Adrb2 KO (Jax, #031496) mice were crossed with Cx3cr1-GFP mice to generate (Cx3cr1-GFP+/-; Adrb2-/-) mice, which were used in experiments with β2-adrenergic receptor knock-out. Mice were housed with a standard 12 hr light/12 hr dark cycle and fed standard chow ad libitum. Surgery and electrode implantation All surgical procedures were done sterilely, and all animal-administered reagents were sterile. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (1. 5% in air at a flow rate of 0. 4 L/min) and maintained on a 37 °C heating pad during surgery. The cerebral cortical region to be imaged was localized based on the stereotactic coordinates (somatosensory area, from bregma: anteroposterior, –1 mm, mediolateral, +2 mm) and marked with a fine black dot. The skull over the region of interest was thinned with a high-speed micro-drill under a dissection microscope. Drilling and application of normal saline were done intermittently to avoid overheating and hurting the underlying cerebral tissue. After removing the external layer of the compact bone and most of the spongy bone layer with the drill, the area continued to thinned until an expanded smooth area (~3 mm in diameter) was achieved, making sure the middle was thin enough to get high-quality imaging. A drop of saline was applied and a 3-mm-diameter glass coverslip previously sterilized in 70% ethanol was placed on this window, then dental cement was applied around the glass coverslip. The mice were used in the experiment after 4 weeks of postoperative recovery. 500 nL of AAV9-hSyn-2m (BrainVTA, #PT-2393) were injected into the somatosensory cortex (A/P, –1 mm; M/L, +2 mm; D/V, –0. 3 mm) at a rate of 50 nL/min. 3-mm-diameter glass coverslip were implanted and fixed on the somatosensory cortex. The mice were used in the experiment one month after postoperative recovery. Epidural screw electrodes (diameter 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it describes experimental procedures involving mice without any mention of sleep-wake cycles or the influence of light on melatonin production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: All transactions on a blockchain are completely anonymous. [SEP] Text: At the same time, the validity of the ciphertext can be verified publicly. The confidentiality, unforgeablity and anonymity of our scheme are formally proven using the random oracles model. Compared to existing schemes, our scheme is more efficient in computation and ciphertext length, and possesses more merits, which makes our scheme suitable for practical applications. Our scheme is important in group-oriented network applications, such as the network conference, paid-TV or DVD broadcasting. The proposed scheme solves the secure communication problem among authorized participants, while at the same time, it provides complete anonymity for all involved participants. 1. (2012) Improved multicast key management of Chinese wireless local area network security standard. IET Communications 6: 1126–1130. View 2. (2009) Design and analysis of a provable secure multi-recipient public key encryption scheme. Journal of Software 20: 2739–2745. View 3. Malone-(2002) Identity based signcryption. Cryptology ePrint Archive. Report 2002/098. Available: 4. Baek J, Safavi-Naini R, (2005) Efficient multi-receiver identity-based encryption and its application to broadcast encryption. Proc. the 8th on Theory and Practice in Cryptography. Les Diablerets, Switzerland: 380–397. 5. (2010) Anonymous multireceiver identity-based encryption. IEEE Transactions on Computers 59: 1239–1249. View 6. (2009) Efficient ID-based secure encryption scheme for anonymous receivers. 4: 1239–1249. View 7. Zhang B, (2010) An ID-based anonymous signcryption scheme for multiple receivers secure in the standard model. Proc. the Advances in Japan: 15–27. 8. Duan S, (2006) Efficient and provably secure multi receiver identity based signcryption. Proc. the and Privacy 11th Australasian Conference. Melbourne, Australia: 195–206. 9. (2007) Efficient identity-based signcryption scheme for multiple receivers. Proc. the Autonomic and 4th International Conference. Hong Kong, China: 13–21. doi:10. 1007/978-3-540-73547-2_4. 10. (2009) An efficient identity-based signcryption scheme for multiple receivers. Proc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the proposed scheme 'provides complete anonymity for all involved participants.' This supports the assertion that transactions can be anonymous, particularly in the context of blockchain applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: An important policy question might be how the current generation of adults in the high population density areas with 1. 30 ha of land or less are going to subdivide their land among their children when they reach their old age (the average age of household heads was 48 years in 2010) and whether farming can provide a viable livelihood for those remaining on the land. We speculate that, because farm sizes in the high density areas are already quite tiny and cannot be meaningfully subdivided much further, an increasingly smaller fraction of people born on farms in Kenya will be able to remain there. This may point to even higher rates of rural-to-urban migration in the future, or at least from agriculture to non-agriculture. Table 4 presents trends in farm production, income, and asset wealth over the panel period by village population density quintiles. The value of net crop income (gross crop income minus input costs per hectare), a measure of partial land productivity, increases with population density up to the fourth density quintile and declines thereafter. As shown by results in Table 3, high population density areas are cultivating their scarce land more intensively by applying more labor and cash inputs per hectare cultivated, at least up to a certain threshold corresponding to the fourth highest population density quintile, which ranged from 531 to 678 persons per km2. Similarly, the value of net farm income (from crops and animal products) per hectare also is an increasing function of population density up to a certain level corresponding to the fourth-highest quintile. By contrast, the value of farm income per family labor unit appears to be higher among the villages in the middle population density quintiles. This measure of partial labor productivity is perhaps the more meaningful of the two productivity measures because it more accurately reflects the implicit return to an individual. Table 4 also shows that off-farm income per adult equivalent is slightly higher for households in the low density areas, possibly reflecting a lower supply of labor in these areas (note also from Table 3 that agricultural wage rates were also higher in the low density areas than in high density areas). Table 4 Household income and wealth trends, by population density quintile (‘000 KSh nominal)Full size table Possibly the most important indicator discussed in this section is the value of asset wealth per adult equivalent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of farming viability in high-density areas, suggesting that as farm sizes become smaller and less sustainable, the population may increasingly migrate away from agriculture. It implies that urban agriculture may not be a reliable solution for food security due to the limitations of land productivity and economic viability in densely populated regions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 8 mm) were implanted bilaterally on the opposite sides of the imaging window for constant EEG recording from the frontal (bregma: anteroposterior, +1. 5 mm, mediolateral, +1. 5 mm) and parietal cortex (anteroposterior, –2 mm; mediolateral, +2. 5 mm). Electrodes were fixed to the skull with dental cement. Another pair of electrodes was inserted into the neck muscles for EMG recording. Then, a headpiece baseplate was attached to the skull with cyanoacrylate and reinforced with dental cement. Simultaneous imaging and recording After recovery from surgery, mice with a clear cranial window and typical EEG/EMG signals were selected for further experiments. With the mice head-fixed on the imaging stage, an mTPM imaging stack was first acquired using an mTPM (Transcend Vivoscope), and a proper FOV with 5–10 microglial somata was located 50–100 μm beneath the pial surface. The holder of the mTPM was then sealed onto the baseplate over the coverslip on the head, and the mTPM could be repetitively mounted and dismounted to track the same population of microglia over different days (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). Three models of mTPM were used for different experiments: FHIRM-TPM high-resolution model (Zong et al. , 2017) with lens NA of 0. 7 and FOV of 220 μm × 220 μm for Figures 1—5; headpiece weight was 2. 13 g, and lateral and axial resolutions were 0. 74 and 6. 53 μm, respectively. FHIRM-TPM large FOV model (Zong et al. , 2021) with a headpiece weight of 2. 45 g, lens NA of 0. 5, and FOV of 420 μm × 420 μm for Figure 5—figure supplement 1, and lateral and axial resolutions were 1. 13 and 12. 2 μm, respectively; FHIRM-TPM 2. 0 ETL model Zong et al. , 2021 in Figure 2—figure supplement 1, with headpiece weight of 4. 3 g, Z-depth range of 45 μm, lens NA of 0. 7, lateral resolution of 0. 74 μm, axial resolution of 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses surgical procedures and imaging techniques used in experiments on mice, which does not address the regulation of melatonin production or its influence on sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Voice assistants like Alexa and Google Home are popular in smart homes. [SEP] Text: decides to give his iPad one more chance, but with a big condition: He has to be able to talk to Alexa. Leo’s IEP team sees this as an opportunity to tackle an ongoing challenge: Leo finds it difficult to sustain and expand his relationships with school staff and peers once the school day ends. In his attempts to connect with people, Leo has been using his iPad to send emails from home. As a result of his significant physical limitations, he’s been using his forehead, chin and face to type on the on-screen keyboard. Although he can send brief messages, the time and effort required is exhausting. His team wants to find a better way. Now that way presents itself: smart-assistant technology. With Leo’s determination and his speech-language pathologist’s love for all things related to technology, his team devises a plan to integrate this technology into his home life. The new arrangement has revolutionized Leo’s level of interaction with others and the world, and could do the same for many other people with communication and physical impairments. Smart home, easier communication Every day, commercials advertising the newest smart home assistants are broadcasted on millions of American televisions. Some of the most popular systems include Google Home, Amazon Echo, Apple’s Siri, and the Facebook Portal. Each of these systems uses voice activation to complete a variety of tasks, including making phone calls, answering questions, using video chat, unlocking the front door and even starting the microwave. Smart assistants are changing the ways we interact with our homes and giving SLPs a unique opportunity to facilitate independence while providing natural reinforcement and motivation for communication. Like Leo, many people with communication difficulties, particularly those with limited intelligibility and mobility, struggle to access these technological comforts that are becoming more common every day. By pairing AAC with the ever-expanding skill set of smart home assistants, SLPs can open up an entirely new world for their clients. In Leo’s case, this effort included a smart-home makeover with collaboration from his family, SLP and occupational therapist. AAC pairing One of the limitations of smart-assistant technology is that it relies on the user’s clear, verbal communication—not always possible for clients with limited verbal capabilities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that commercials for smart home assistants like Google Home and Amazon Echo are broadcasted frequently, indicating their popularity in American households. It discusses their functionalities and how they are becoming common technological comforts, which supports the claim that such voice assistants are popular in smart homes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: Controlling for all other variables shown on Table 6, an increase in population density by 100 persons per km2 is associated with 9% smaller farm sizes. A similar increase in population density reduces area cropped per adult equivalent by about 8%. These relationships are highly statistically significant. A more complete presentation of these relationships is revealed when we look at the post-estimation simulations of the relationships between these outcome variables and population density, holding all other factors constant. Figure 4(a) and (b) show that landholding size and area cultivated per adult equivalent varies inversely with population density. Table 6 CRE estimation results of farm size per adult equivalentFull size table Table 7 CRE estimation results of hectares under crop per adult equivalentFull size table Fig. 4Simulations from the econometric results showing the relationship between population density and variables of interestFull size image Input use intensityTable 8 presents results on the cost of purchased inputs per hectare (fertilizers, seeds, hired labor, and land preparation costs), which is an indication of land intensification. The results show that the intensity of purchased inputs per hectare is a non-linear concave function of population density. Input intensity rises with population density to around 650 persons per km2; beyond this population density threshold, input intensification declines. Further, the intensity of purchased input use rises as land rental rates rise, and declines with increased distances to motorable roads, signalling increased input costs. The intensity of purchased input use also declines as we move from the relatively high-rainfall region (base region) to the more semi-arid lowlands. Table 8 CRE estimation results for intensity of cash input use per hectareFull size table Figure 4(c) and (d) show the simulated relationship between input use intensity on the y-axis and population density on the x-axis, controlling for all the other variables. The results show that both fertilizer use and the use of all purchased inputs per hectare is an increasing function of the population density up to roughly 660 persons per km2, and then declines beyond that. Slightly less than 20% of the farm households in the sample are currently beyond this threshold (Fig. 4c). As shown in Fig. 4d, the general input use intensity starts to decline somewhere after 475 persons per km2; about 35% of the households in the sample live in villages beyond this population density threshold. What would explain these threshold effects? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that as population density increases, farm sizes and area cultivated per adult equivalent decrease. Specifically, it states that an increase in population density by 100 persons per km2 is associated with a 9% reduction in farm sizes and an 8% reduction in cropped area per adult equivalent. This suggests that higher population density negatively affects agriculture, thereby implying that urban agriculture may struggle to improve food security in densely populated cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 53 μm, and FOV of 220 μm × 220 μm. Images were acquired to visualize the microglial surveillance: time-lapse xy imaging stack at a frame rate of 5 FPS or multi-plane imaging stacks (20 planes at 2 μm intervals, five frames/s). Each model of mTPM was equipped with a water-immersion miniature objective and a 920 nm femtosecond fiber laser. Excitation for fluorescence imaging was achieved with 150-fs laser pulses (80 MHz) at 920 nm for GFP with a power of ~25 mW after the objective. The EEG/EMG signals were recorded continuously and simultaneously by (system), and mouse behavior was monitored with an infrared video camera. Mice were never disturbed when they were undergoing spontaneous sleep-wake cycles, feeding, or drinking. Sleep deprivation SD was achieved by forcing the mice to move continuously through power devices (Soft maze, #XR-XS108) (Pandi-Perumal et al. , 2007). The experimental device consisted of a computer console, a horizontal rotating rod with a diameter of 46 cm, and a round mouse cage of 50 cm. The rotating rod can rotate horizontally randomly (three times/min) in clockwise and counterclockwise directions under the control of the computer. The mouse was placed in the cage 1 hr per day for one week for habituation. After baseline sleep recording, mice were sleep-deprived for the duration indicated in each experiment, starting at 9:00 AM and lasting up to 6 hr into SD. Anesthesia experiment Time-lapsed image stacks acquired between 20 and 30 min after anesthesia (isoflurane, 1. 5% in air at a flow rate of 0. 4 L/min) were used to evaluate microglial dynamic surveillance under anesthetized conditions. Quantification and statistical analysis EEG/EMG data analysis EEG and EMG signals were amplified and filtered as follows: EEG, high-pass filter at 0. 1 Hz, low-pass filter at 35 Hz; and EMG, high-pass filter at 10 Hz, low-pass filter at 100 Hz. All signals were digitalized at 128 Hz and stored on a computer. As described previously (Bellesi et al. , 2013), EEG power spectra were computed by a fast Fourier transform routine for 10 s epochs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental procedures related to EEG/EMG data analysis and microglial surveillance without addressing melatonin production, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles. There is no mention of melatonin or its regulation by light.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Voice assistants like Alexa and Google Home are popular in smart homes. [SEP] Text: But when you try to convince hesitant or resistant users of AAC to see the importance of their devices, you can demonstrate that using smart-assistant technology turns their communication device into a technological doorway. What previously required help from others can now be done independently, just by using voice output on their communication device to communicate with their smart assistant. The concept may appear to be complicated, but it’s much easier than it seems. Leo’s first big success in using his smart home system was setting up a video call with his SLP. Before the call, his SLP set up a page on his iPad that shows him how to use his smart assistant. With three buttons—“Alexa,” “video call,” “my SLP”—Leo made his first independent phone call. Because communication with Leo is much easier when you can read his facial expressions and gestures, Leo successfully discussed his day and experienced first-hand how using his communication device could benefit him in ways he never thought possible. Because of cerebral palsy, Leo has several physicians and specialists working with him. Several unique circumstances and a language barrier limit communication between Leo’s family and his care team, making it difficult for those working with him to monitor his health, medication changes, wheelchair adjustments, and other issues. By using his communication device and smart assistant, Leo can now independently reach out to his team, set up a video call, and advocate for himself. His team, in turn, can hear Leo’s input and see his physical state and monitor any changes. At 15, Leo is learning to use his communication device and the technology around him to independently participate in his medical care, something that was previously limited. Channels of engagement There are four main areas in which to use smart assistants with AAC (see sources): motivation/entertainment, social and community engagement, environmental controls and medical/emergency support. Motivation/entertainment For many SLPs working with clients who use AAC, gaining buy-in can be challenging. Teaching someone how to use a communication system is one thing—but getting the client to see value in that system is another. Although many AAC users see the inherent benefits of using their communication system, some users, like Leo, need some additional motivation. When SLPs are working with children, they can pair the use of AAC and a smart assistant with the concept of cause and effect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the practical use of smart assistants in enabling communication for individuals using Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices. It emphasizes how smart assistant technology enhances user independence in smart homes, thus supporting the prevalence and utility of devices like Alexa and Google Home.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: Market participation studies consistently show that farm sales are related to farm size (Barrett 2008). If farm sizes decline beyond a given point due to sub-division and land fragmentation caused by population pressures, households are less likely to generate the cash from crop sales that would allow them to purchase modern productivity-enhancing inputs. Less intensive input use then reinforces small farms’ difficulties in producing a surplus. Furthermore, access to farm credit also tends to be restricted for farmers with limited land and other assets that could otherwise act as collateral. For these reasons, we feel that population density threshold effects are very plausible and may explain why a number of important farm productivity indicators tend to decline beyond a certain level of population density. Household farm incomeTables 9 and 10 present the regression on net farm incomes per hectare and per adult equivalent, respectively. The CRE model estimates show that net farm incomes per hectare increase with population density up to about 680 persons per km2, but fall off slightly thereafter. Net farm incomes per adult equivalent, by contrast, shows a more sharp decline at a lower population density threshold of about 550 persons per km2, following a pattern very similar to input use intensification. All of these relationships are highly statistically significant. The subsequent post estimation simulation results are presented in Fig. 4(e) and (f). The results also show that lower distances to motorable roads are associated with higher farm incomes. Higher farm wage rates, land rental rates, and fertilizer prices are all significantly associated with lower farm incomes per adult equivalent (Table 10); only the first two input prices are significantly associated with farm incomes per hectare. As expected, increased rainfall level (variability) is found to be associated with higher (lower) farm incomes. Table 9 CRE estimation results for value of net farm income per hectare ownedFull size table Table 10 CRE estimation results of value of net farm income per adult equivalentFull size table These results apply to both crop and animal operations; results are similar when the dependent variable is net crop income or net animal income. Intensive animal operations such as zero grazing dairy is significantly more commonly practiced in the high density areas, producing higher levels of animal income per land unit. However, this is only possible up to a certain population density level, beyond which, the land sizes become too small for economical operations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how population density can negatively impact farm productivity and income. It suggests that as population density increases beyond certain thresholds, farm sizes decline, leading to decreased farm income and limitations on generating surplus crops. These challenges would hinder the potential of urban agriculture to improve food security, rather than support the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Wake, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and REM sleep were manually scored off-line (SleepSign, Kissei Comtec) in 10 s epochs according to standard criteria (Fogel and Smith, 2011). Epochs containing artifacts, predominantly during animal movement, were excluded from spectral analysis. Microglial morphological analysis In order to accurately quantify microglial morphometric changes in different brain states, wake, and NREM states lasting longer than 1 min were chosen, among which the last 30 s of recording were selected, in conjunction with video interpretation, for further processing and analysis. Because they were of relatively short duration, REM states lasting longer than 30 s were used for analysis. Image stacks were first processed offline using ImageJ software to correct for xy motion artifacts, and the time-lapse stack was aligned using the StackReg plugin. In some experiments, motion artifacts due to Z-level drift were further minimized by collecting multi-plane images over ±20 μm depth at 2 μm intervals and then compressing them into a single xy projection to substitute for time-lapsed xy image. In this case, corresponding projections were generated over a 30 s window to substitute for time-lapsed xy images. A maximum-intensity projection (MIP) was then created from the stack for morphological analysis. The criteria to select microglia for analysis included a clearly identifiable soma and processes seen in the x-y plane. Next, microglial morphological analysis was done using Imaris 9. 5 software and the Filament module (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). The filament created in Imaris is a connected graph-based object consisting of vertices that are connected by edges. Feature extraction by the Filament module yielded microglial features and parameters defined as the following: Microglial process Same as filament dendrite in the module. Microglial processes form the main structure of the filament object. Processes extend from the microglial cell body and can undergo branching. A process graph is a sequence of vertices connected by edges. Number of branch points Same as filament branch depth in the module. The process graph is a tree-based structure that has a root point. Branching depth is defined as the number of branches or bifurcations in the shortest path from the beginning point to a given point in the process graph. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding melatonin production, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles. Instead, it focuses on the analysis of microglial morphology and methodologies for data processing in sleep studies, which is unrelated to melatonin regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Voice assistants like Alexa and Google Home are popular in smart homes. [SEP] Text: For example, using the communication device to tell the smart assistant to play “Row, Row, Boat” removes the need for the clinician to activate the song, allowing the child to communicate and independently access a highly reinforcing motivator. This same strategy can be used with a variety of smart home accessories, such as smart plugs, which can be used to activate almost anything that would plug into a regular outlet. Using this paired set-up can help clients independently access TV shows, audio books, movies and music. The possibilities are endless. Social and community engagement In addition to functioning as both a voice and video call system, smart assistants can provide guidance, organization and information for day-to-day activities and living. For example, both the system and system allow users to activate routines using a key phrase. For example, saying, “Alexa, start my day” can initiate a review of the day’s schedule, weather, current news, notifications and even positive affirmations. Without this technology, accessing that amount of information would require a significant amount of time and effort for people with physical and communication impairments. Clients with limited communication and mobility may have a more restricted social life, causing them to feel disconnected from the world around them. With the help of smart-assistant technology, users can easily gain access to national and global news, interact with peers, and even hear the latest celebrity gossip. Helping AAC users feel connected to their community is an immeasurable benefit of using this type of technology. Environmental controls The options for smart home accessories are expanding daily. From smart plugs and lights to appliances and security systems, a variety of options allow people who use AAC to engage in functional and meaningful communication. For an adult with limited mobility, something as simple as changing the temperature in their home could be an impossible task. Now, using a smart assistant, they can do it on their own. Medical/emergency support As with Leo, the video communication aspect of many of the smart-assistant systems allows service providers remote access to their clients, facilitating timely care and decreased response time for medical consultation. Pairing low-tech AAC solutions with smart assistants is another invaluable way to use smart home technology with people who have limited verbal skills. Creating panic buttons in areas such as the kitchen or bathroom gives one-hit access to emergency personnel or a designated contact person. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various functionalities of smart assistants, such as activating routines and integrating with smart home accessories. It emphasizes the expanding options for smart home devices, which aligns with the idea that voice assistants are popular and serve a critical role in smart home technology. The reference to the potential benefits of using smart assistants in daily life, including facilitating communication and improving environmental control, further supports their popularity in smart homes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: This evidence of a decline in partial land productivity at high levels of rural population density is alarming, as it implies that land productivity growth cannot be sustained simply by using other inputs more intensively per unit of land. Animal income and milk production also show a similar plateau and drop off at 650 persons per km2. As Kenya’s rural population continues to grow,Footnote 7 a greater proportion of the country’s rural areas will soon reach this apparent land productivity plateau. Currently, most of the districts with mean population density greater than 650 persons per km2 are in Nyanza and Western Provinces, with most in approaching this threshold. Footnote 8 In 2009, the 16 districts with greater than 650 persons per km2 accounted for 14. 2% of Kenya’s rural population and 1. 3% of its rural land. Household asset wealth and incomesLastly, we discuss the relationships between population density and household asset wealth (Table 11) and total income per adult equivalent (Table 12). The results show an unambiguously and statistically significant negative relationship between household assets and population density (Table 11). Holding constant differences in asset wealth due to differences in infrastructural conditions, input prices, rainfall quantity and variability, soil quality, agro-ecological potential and survey years, we find that an increase of 100 persons per km2 is associated with a 7% decline in asset wealth per adult equivalent. This relationship is shown graphically in Fig. 4(g). Table 11 CRE estimation results for household assets value per adult equivalentFull size table Table 12 CRE estimation results for household income per adult equivalentFull size table By contrast, total household incomes tend to rise with population density up to a now familiar threshold and thereafter decline (Table 12). The post estimation simulations show a clearer picture of these relationships. Total household incomes per adult equivalent rise with population density up to roughly 550 persons per km2 and decline thereafter, as shown in Fig. 4(h). Higher population density is associated with smaller farm sizes, other factors constant. Small farm sizes may be associated with diseconomies of scale in input acquisition. Other factors constant, smaller farm sizes reduce the potential to produce surpluses, which may in turn cause capital constraints that impede the demand for purchased inputs and new technologies. These processes may explain why our results indicate adverse effects of population density, beyond some threshold, on indicators of farm intensification, farm income per unit of labor, and wealth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that higher population density is associated with smaller farm sizes and adverse effects on farm income and wealth. It states that smaller farm sizes can lead to diseconomies of scale and hinder the ability to produce surpluses, which negatively impacts food security. Moreover, the text outlines that beyond a certain population density threshold, the potential for agricultural productivity declines, contradicting the notion that urban agriculture would necessarily enhance food security in densely populated areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Process length Same as filament dendrite length in the module, in reference to the sum of all process lengths within the entire microglial cell. Microglial surveillance area Same as filament dendrite area in the module, in reference to the sum of all process areas within the entire microglial cell. Microglial surveillance volume Same as filament dendrite volume. In volumetric imaging, it is the sum of the volumes of all processes within the microglial cell. Process endpoint speed Same as filament track speed. The speed is calculated using the ‘Track over time’ function and given by the absolute track length change, whether extension or retraction, divided by the corresponding elapsed time. NE signals analysis To analyze NE signals data, we binned the raw data into 1 Hz and subtracted the background autofluorescence. ΔF/F0 were calculated by using the fluorescence signal itself. F0 was defined as the mean value of the lowest fluorescence signal for each 60 s window in each recorded fluorescence signal. The z-score transformed ΔF/F0 was used for analysis. In order to accurately quantify the changes of NE signals in different brain states, wake and NREM states with a duration of more than 1 min were selected, in which the mean value of 30 s fluorescence signal at the end was selected as the NE signal in this state, which was further processed and analyzed combined with video interpretation. Since the duration of REM state is relatively short and it enters a low level at the end of REM, the mean value of the fluorescence signal in the 30 s before the transition from REM state to the wake state is used to represent NE signal in REM state. Statistical analyses Significance levels indicated are as follows: *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. All statistical tests used were two-tailed. Statistical significance was determined using both parametric (ANOVA) and non-parametric (Friedman) tests with post-hoc. All statistical testing was performed using Graph6. 0 (GraphPad Software). No statistical methods were used to predetermine sample sizes, but our sample sizes were similar to those reported in previous publications (Davalos et al. , 2005; Nimmerjahn et al. , 2005). Add a comment + Open annotations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure or its influence on sleep-wake cycles. Instead, it discusses various technical aspects of microglial cells, including process lengths, areas, volumes, and statistical analyses relating to neural signals. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Voice assistants like Alexa and Google Home are popular in smart homes. [SEP] Text: Abstractassess the quality and accuracy of the voice assistants (VAs), Amazon Alexa, Siri and Google Assistant, in answering consumer health questions about vaccine safety and use. of each VA to 54 questions related to vaccination were scored using a rubric designed to assess the accuracy of each answer provided through audio output and the quality of the source supporting each answer. of a total of 6 possible points, Siri averaged 5. 16 points, averaged 5. 10 points and Alexa averaged 0. 98 points. and Siri understood voice queries accurately and provided users with links to authoritative sources about vaccination. Alexa understood fewer voice queries and did not draw answers from the same sources that were used by and Siri. involved in patient education should be aware of the high variability of results between VAs. Developers and health technology experts should also push for greater usability and transparency about information partnerships as the health information delivery capabilities of these devices expand in the future. Back to topSummaryWhat is already known? Voice assistants (VAs) are increasingly used to search for online information. VAs’ ability to deliver health information has been demonstrated to be inconsistent in Siri and Google Assistant. What does this paper add? This study evaluates vaccine health information delivered by the top three virtual assistants. This paper highlights answer variability across devices and explores potential health information delivery models for these tools. IntroductionPatients widely use the internet to find health information. 1 A growing share of internet searches are conducted using voice search. In 2018, voice queries accounted for one-fifth of search queries, and industry leaders predict that figure will grow to 30%–50% by 2020. 2–4 The growth in voice search is partially driven by the ubiquity of artificial intelligence-powered voice assistants (VAs) on mobile apps, such as Siri and Google Assistant, and on smart speakers, such as and Amazon Echo. 5 As VAs become available on more household devices, more people are turning to them for informational queries. In 2018, 72. 9% of smart speaker owners reported using their devices to ask a question at least once a month. 6 A number of health-related companion apps have been released for these VAs, suggesting developer confidence that VAs will be used in the health information context in the future. 7 8Many studies have evaluated the quality of health information websites and found varied results depending on the topic being researched. 9–12 However, the literature evaluating how well VAs find and interpret online health information is limited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by noting the increasing use of voice assistants (VAs) for informational queries and the fact that 72.9% of smart speaker owners reported using their devices to ask a question at least once a month. This indicates a trend towards popularity and regular usage of voice assistants such as Alexa and Google Home in smart home environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: Footnote 9 For these reasons, it is perhaps not surprising that median farm sizes are quite small and declining for a large proportion of the smallholder population, while large tracts of land in other parts of the country continue to be allocated by the state to local elites and foreign investors. The second objective of the 2. Currently 14% of Kenya’s rural population resides in areas exceeding this population density. Another 20% of the rural population residing in the 3rd population density quintile is approaching this limit. Higher population density is also found to be associated with smaller farm sizes and decreased fallow land, other factors constant. Small farm sizes may be associated with diseconomies of scale in input acquisition. Smaller farm sizes also lower levels of surplus farm production, which in turn is likely to exacerbate households’ capital constraints and depress their demand for purchased inputs and new technologies. These processes may explain why our results indicate adverse effects of population density, beyond some threshold, on indicators of farm intensification, farm income per unit of labor, and household wealth per adult equivalent. Declining labor productivity in an environment of high labor-to-land ratios also provides incentives for labor migration to off-farm activities. This is consistent with our earlier descriptive findings of higher rates of adults leaving the panel households over the 1997–2010 period in the villages of high population density areas compared those of low population density. Average landholding sizes of the survey respondents’ parents were found to be three to four times larger than for the survey respondents themselves. Now that farm sizes are below 1. 2 ha on average in Kenya’s high density rural areas, it is difficult to envision how the current generation of farm households will be able to further subdivide their land among their children or how they will be able to farm a sufficient amount of land to sustain even current levels of farm income without major improvements in farm technologies and productivity. These findings brings to the fore one of the first implications for public institutions, i. e. , the need for redoubled public investment in the national agricultural research and extension systems to focus on new farm technologies and practices appropriate for one-hectare farms or smaller. These technologies need to be land-saving. While improved land productivity can improve small farm livelihoods and food security in densely populated areas, this alone is unlikely to be a panacea for addressing Kenya’s emerging land and rural livelihoods problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating challenges related to small farm sizes and decreasing agricultural productivity in densely populated areas. It argues that the smallholder population is faced with adverse effects of high population density, which is associated with smaller farm sizes and lower levels of surplus production. This suggests that while urban agriculture could theoretically improve food security, the current conditions reveal significant obstacles that hinder its effectiveness in providing sufficient food security without major improvements in technologies and practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: AbstractMicroglia surveillance manifests itself as dynamic changes in cell morphology and functional remodeling in response to fluctuations in the neural environment. Whether and how microglia surveillance is coupled to brain state switches during natural sleep-wake cycles, as well as under sleep deprivation, remain unclear. To address this question, we used miniature two-photon microscopy (mTPM) to acquire time-lapse high-resolution microglia images of the somatosensory cortex, along with EEG/EMG recordings and behavioral video, in freely-behaving mice. We uncovered fast and robust brain state-dependent changes in microglia surveillance, occurring in parallel with sleep dynamics and early-onset phagocytic microglial contraction during sleep deprivation stress. With the aid of the biosensor 2m, we also detected local norepinephrine fluctuation occurring in a sleep state-dependent manner. We showed that the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system, which is crucial to sleep homeostasis, is required for both sleep state-dependent and stress-induced microglial responses and β2-adrenergic receptor signaling plays a significant role in this process. These results provide direct evidence that microglial surveillance is exquisitely tuned to signals and stressors that regulate sleep dynamics and homeostasis so as to adjust its varied roles to complement those of neurons in the brain. In vivo imaging with mTPM in freely behaving animals, as demonstrated here, opens a new avenue for future investigation of microglia dynamics and sleep biology in freely behaving animals. eLife assessment This important study uses cutting-edge miniature two-photon microscopy to follow the structural dynamics of microglia in the somatosensory cortex of freely-moving mice across the sleep/wake cycle. Solid evidence revealed the brain-state-dependent regulation of microglial activity, highlighting alterations in microglial morphology during REM and NREM sleep phases compared to wakefulness. Furthermore, this study provides evidence for a critical role of norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus as a modulator of microglial morphology through the β2-adrenergic receptor (b2AR). Overall, the 10. 7554/eLife. 86749. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it focuses on microglia surveillance and their changes during sleep-wake cycles without mentioning melatonin or the influence of light. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Voice assistants like Alexa and Google Home are popular in smart homes. [SEP] Text: Responses to addiction help-seeking from Alexa, Siri, Google Assistant, Cortana, and Bixby intelligent virtual assistants. NPJ 2020;3:11 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Evaluating the quality of voice assistants' responses to consumer health questions about vaccines: an exploratory comparison of Alexa, and Siri. 2019 Nov;26(1) [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Smartphone-based conversational agents and responses to questions about mental health, interpersonal violence, and physical health. 2016 May 01;176(5):619-625 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] The efficacy of smartphone-based mental health interventions for depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2017 Oct;16(3):287-298 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Annual research review: digital health interventions for children and young people with mental health problems: a systematic and meta-review. J Psychiatry 2016 Dec 10;58(4):474-503. [CrossRef] [Medline] Interventions to prevent perinatal depression: recommendation statement. JAMA 2019 Feb 12;321(6):580-587. [CrossRef] [Medline]on of Child and Family Health. Incorporating recognition and management of perinatal depression into pediatric practice. Pediatrics 2019 Jan;143(1) [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Barriers to help-seeking behavior among women with postpartum depression. J 2018 Nov;47(6):812-819. [CrossRef]. Societal costs of untreated perinatal mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. Research. URL: [accessed 2020-12-30] ACOG Committee. ACOG Committee opinion No. 757: screening for perinatal depression. 2018 Nov;132(5):e208-e212. [CrossRef] [Medline]Olson K, Kemery K. Voice report: consumer adoption of voice technology and digital assistants. Microsoft. 2019. URL: [accessed 2020-04-14] Postpartum depression: frequently asked questions: labor, delivery, and postpartum care. ACOG. 2019 Apr 14. URL: [accessed 2020-04-14]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'consumer adoption of voice technology and digital assistants' which implies that voice assistants like Alexa and Google Home are embraced by consumers, suggesting their popularity in smart homes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: If from aquifers, is the seasonal discharge balanced by recharge so as to sustain water supplies and prevent subsidence as may occur? If subsidence were to take place, there can be additional problems that affect a population that were discussed in a previous 6. 4 and GMO to Food security for citizens from farm crops can be abetted by the use of agricultural chemicals (fertilizers) that replenish the nutrient content of soils depleted by a previous crop. The application of herbicides protects crops from weeds that take up nutrients while pesticides repel pests (insects, animals) that infect or consume crops. The judicious use of an optimum amount of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers on in-soil, bush, and tree crops will assure full growth and maximum crop yield and limit their effects on any excess that may access ecosystems. That there is no overuse is essential. It is also economically advantageous to a farmer by saving on agricultural chemicals expenses. Overuse of these chemicals can result in runoff of an excess into nearby surface waters when it rains, or after irrigation, and can also result in seepage of the chemicals and biocides into aquifers thus contaminating groundwater that may flow towards cities and be used by urbanites. Contaminated groundwater that discharges into waterways can affect the life forms inhabiting them to the detriment of society by harming an important food source. For example, runoff of nutrient rich agricultural chemicals into waterways will contribute to algal blooms that can be responsible for great fish kills (red tide) in oceans, estuaries, lakes and rivers as phytoplankton comprising the bloom die and release toxins that attack fish gills. Red tide also causes closure of shellfish beds for harvest and may cause skin problems and respiratory distress in people in coastal zones from wind borne toxins. As important is the fact that decomposition of dead organisms (mainly algae) in marine and terrestrial water bodies can use all of a habitat’s oxygen (eutrophication) thus causing fish kills and dead zones. Such actions reduce the yield of food fish for cities and for rural coastal populations. 6. 4. 1 FoodsGenetic modifications can produce seeds that may protect farm crops from weeds and repel pests that harm crops or diminish yields thereby avoiding the application of chemicals to do the job. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting potential negative consequences of agricultural practices that could undermine food security rather than enhance it. For example, the text discusses issues such as the contamination of groundwater by agricultural chemicals and the resulting decline in fish populations, which can affect food supply. It suggests that harmful agricultural practices, such as overuse of chemicals, not only threaten food yields but also damage vital ecosystems that urban populations rely on for a stable food source.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: sa2Significance of findingsimportant: Findings that have theoretical or practical implications beyond a single subfieldlandmarkfundamentalimportantvaluableusefulStrength of evidencesolid: Methods, data and analyses broadly support the claims with only minor weaknessesexceptionalcompellingconvincingsolidincompleteinadequateDuring the peer-review process the editor and reviewers write an eLife assessment that summarises the significance of the findings reported in the 1. Imaging microglial surveillance in the somatosensory cortex in freely moving mice. (a-c) Experimental setup. The animal was head-mounted with a miniature two-photon microscope (mTPM) and EEG/EMG electrodes and behaved freely in a cylindrical chamber (a). Microglia expressing GFP in the somatosensory cortex were imaged through a cranial window using the mTPM (b) and the sleep/wake state of the animal was simultaneously monitored using an EEG/EMG recording system (b-c). (d-e) Microglial morphological dynamics when the animal was awake. A representative image with a FOV of 220 × 220 μm2. (e1-e3) Expanded views of selected microglia in box from (d) at 10 min (e1), 20 min (e2) and 30 min (e3) of continuous recording. (e1’-e3’) Microglial process graphs digitally reconstruction for E1-E3 using Imaris software. e1′-e3′, the branch points of processes are represented in red and the number of different branches of the whole cell is represented as gradient colors. (f-h) Quantitative analysis of changes in microglia surveillance area (f), process length (g), and process motility, indexed by the speed of the extension and retraction at end points of the processes (h). Note that the gross morphology of microglia remained largely unchanged over a 30-min time frame in the wake state, despite significant motility at the ends of the processes. Scale bars, 25 μm. n = 12 cells from 3 mice. Scale bars, 30 μm. See supplementary Fig. 1-3 for more details. Dynamic changes in microglial area, branching points, and process end-point speed were then analyzed using Imaris software (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. The text primarily discusses findings related to microglial behavior in freely moving mice, including methods of observing these cells and their dynamics, without any mention of melatonin, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Home automation can improve convenience and accessibility for residents. [SEP] Text: During the study, free access to the gardens was possible through doors which opened and unlocked automatically from 8 a. m. to 8 p. m, and access to the gardens was not restricted to any person in the facility. So all the residents could visit any garden, whether or not they were participating in the study and regardless of the group to which they were assigned. Of course, visitors and residents’ families were welcome to accompany residents to the gardens. Staff member informationPrior to starting the study and implementing the interventions, we organized two 2-h meetings for all the staff members, irrespective of the units they were working in. In each of the 4 nursing homes, 10 to 12 staff members participated in one of these meetings. At these meetings, one of us presented the aim of the study and the role of the staff members in implementing the interventions, which was to encourage participants assigned to the conventional sensory garden or the enriched garden to visit their respective garden (conventional sensory garden and enriched garden) at least 4 times a week and also to ensure that the residents visited their garden regularly. We did not give instructions to staff members about accompanying residents into the garden and spending time with them. With the exception of a few specific activities, most of the residents’ visits took place without professional assistance. MeasurementsFor the participating residents of each facility, two observers (a psychologist and an occupational therapist), who were independent of the research team, performed the following assessments at inclusion and after 6 months: global cognitive function using the Mini-Examination (MMSE), the level of independence using activities of daily living (ADL), and gait and balance using the timed up and go test (TUG) and unipodal stance tests respectively. The raters were not provided with a description of the protocol. They therefore assessed each participant without knowing the purpose of the study and the participant allocation group. According to the blind assessment process, we did not measure the time spent by residents in the gardens. Additionally, we are unable to accurately describe the percentage of time residents use the gardens independently. In average, each nursing home had staff led activities in gardens (#45 min) twice a month mostly between May and early September. Thus, most of the time spent by residents in the gardens was done without the presence of staff members. EthicsThe ethics committee (Comité de Protection des ) approved the study, which was performed according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how automatic opening and unlocking of doors allows residents free access to gardens, which illustrates the convenience and accessibility facilitated by home automation. This system enables residents to visit gardens easily, regardless of their activity participation, thus enhancing their overall experience and independence within the facility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: This eliminates chemical residues on vegetables and fruits, that if not thoroughly washed, can enter the human food chain and potentially be harmful to consumers. However, ingestion of GMO grown products could be a risk to human health as suggested by controlled experiments. In these, rats developed lesions, suffered organ damage, and died after consuming GMO grown potatoes. However, a critical review of the literature suggested that the published research left an incomplete evaluation regarding the safety (toxicity) of GM crops eaten by humans and fed to animals. This is because there was no unified experimental methods so that reports could not be properly reviewed, and perhaps more important, experiments could not be repeated, a key to validation of experimental results [4]. There have been failures in GM grown corn that contributes to mutated, resistant insects that attack GM growing crops and pesticide protected crops. For example, the rootworm that infected corn developed a resistance to GMO corn treated with Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) [5, 6]. In a sense, this can be likened to the overuse of antibiotics in cattle feed consumed in feedlots that resulted in the mutation of bacteria to strains resistant to antibiotic therapy. There is the fear that during pollination of GM crops, the pollen will be carried to non-GMO fields and affect the purity of their crops. In Capulalpam, Mexico scientists documented the discovery of transgenic genes in the Mexican native corn. In 2013 Mexico banned the entry of GM corn. It is because of uncertainty of their effects on human and animal health and food security that GM crops are not allowed in the European Union, several nations in Africa, and elsewhere. In addition, some researchers believe that there is the potential for an allergic reaction in humans from ingestion of GM based corn products. Organically grown foodstuffs obviate the chemicals or GMs problems but do not produce the mass of crops needed to feed large and growing global and urban populations as was the case for the GMO “green revolution” that allowed many countries to improve their food security. 6. 4. 2 Microbes to Microbes associated with plants from biomes on all continents except Antarctica have been studied in great detail and some identified as to the characteristic they give to plants that assist agricultural projects. These have been cultured, batch produced, and used to coat seeds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges associated with GMO crops and their contribution to food security. It emphasizes that while the GMO 'green revolution' improved food security in some countries, there are significant risks and concerns regarding the health effects and resistance issues tied to GM crops. This suggests that there may be complications that counteract the potential benefits of urban agriculture in ensuring food security, especially when GMO products are involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 1 e1-e3′ and Supplementary Fig. 1). We found that individual microglia maintained a relatively stable territory of surveillance over the entire experimental period, even while their individual projections extended and contracted incessantly, giving rise to a process end point motility of 1. 39 ± 0. 09 μm/min in the wake state (Fig. 1f-h). These results show that mTPM in conjunction with multi-modal recordings of EEG/EMG and behavioral videos enables in vivo visualization of microglia dynamics over multiple time scales in freely behaving mice. Interestingly, we also observed occasional short-range translocation in a few cells, suggesting the ability of microglia to survey territories beyond their own boundaries, in general agreement with recent observations in head-fixed mice (Eyo et al. , 2018). Microglia surveillance during the sleep-wake cycleBy simultaneously imaging microglia and recording EEG/EMG throughout a sleep-wake cycle, we obtained continuous 4-6 h datasets from different mice and, in conjunction with video interpretation, segmented and sorted them into subgroups corresponding to wake, NREM, and REM states (Fig. 2a). For each state we quantified morphological features and process motility from 15-20 cells. Wake and NREM states lasting longer than 1 min were identified, for which the last 30-seconds recording was selected, and REM states lasting longer than 30 seconds for the characterization of possible state-dependent microglia dynamic surveillance. Fig. 2. Microglial surveillance is state-dependent in the sleep-wake cycle. (a) Representative EEG/EMG recordings showing the sleep-wake stage switch. Top, EEG power spectrogram (1-20 Hz). Middle, EMG trace. Bottom, brain states classified as wake (color code: gray), REM (blue), and NREM (white). (b-d) Representative microglial morphological changes during the sleep-wake cycle. (b′-d′) Microglial morphology reconstructed from b-d using Imaris software. (e-h) Microglial morphological parameters, length (e), area change (f), number of branch points (g), and process end point speed (h), all exhibited brain state-dependent dynamic change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses microglial dynamics during the sleep-wake cycle, including EEG/EMG recordings and morphological changes of microglia. However, it does not mention melatonin production, light exposure, or their influence on sleep-wake cycles. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help reduce food transportation costs in cities. [SEP] Text: KeywordsInformal food systemsUrban agricultureFood securityFood resilience IntroductionSince the beginning of the twenty-first century, urban agriculture (UA) in sub-cities has been an expanding feature of the urban landscape and economy, mainly because of increasing food insecurity, poverty, and unemployment in many parts of the continent. Informal food enterprises, including street food, have evolved to be important sources of urban employment and food. Previous food studies in cities that dominate their national urban systems, such as Harare (Drakakis-Smith et al. , 1995; Mbiba, 1995), Lusaka (Hampwaye et al. , 2007), Kampala (Maxwell et al. , 1998), Maputo (Paganini et al. , 2018), and (Battersby & Marshak, 2013), have provided interesting insights into the drivers of UA and the spatial extent of the activity in several national cities across sub-Saharan Africa. Studies that have been done in the past decade have shed light on food production issues in secondary cities and towns. However, most of the studies have focused on single cities and have not generated comparative cross-country discussions on UA in different size and function urban centres. In recent years, secondary cities in Africa have been receiving increased attention, which is largely attributable to their vast numbers (about 7,500 across the continent) and their rapid growth since the new millennium (Tacoli & Agergaard, 2017). Secondary cities and towns are closely connected to the apex and usually primate cities (their main source of consumer and capital goods) and to their rural hinterlands (their primary source of cultural foods and various environmental resources, such as wild fruits and edible insects). of the (FAO) defines UA as any agricultural activity that entails the raising, growing, or processing (and distribution) of agricultural produce in cities and towns (FAO, 2001). In sub-Saharan Africa, UA takes place across a whole range of spaces, including backyard home gardens (especially in middle-income suburbs), community gardens (at sites such as school grounds, church premises, and community centres) and open space cultivation on vacant lots and road verges. UA in African cities has generated considerable debate regarding the impact of its contribution to household food and nutrition security (Battersby & Haysom, 2016; Binns & Lynch, 1998; Crush et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that urban agriculture (UA) is becoming increasingly important in cities, especially in response to food insecurity and poverty. While it does not explicitly state that UA reduces transportation costs, its discussion of UA as a means of securing food close to urban populations suggests that it plays a role in minimizing the distances food must travel, which in turn can reduce transportation costs. The evolution of informal food systems and sources of urban employment, as mentioned, supports the idea that local food production through UA can reduce reliance on external food supplies, thus aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: Pigs and sheep raised in close quarters and that are infused with growth hormones and antibiotics generate masses of solid wastes that should be treated as described below for cattle. An initial disposal method used was to spread raw manure over acreage with its contained pathogens and residues of growth hormones and antibiotics. Mobilization of these pollutants by rainwater, melting snow, or floodwater has contaminated nearby surface waters by inflow, and via leakage into soils and seepage through soils into aquifers. Ingestion of these residues from soil grown and irrigated foodstuffs that are not thoroughly washed can be health threatening over time to consumers (by bioaccumulation in body organs). In the end, the volume of manure generated daily overwhelmed the available acreage and required the use of other disposal methods that would not endanger people and ecosystems. Planning teams for building a new city have to determine possible health risks may originate from previous use of what appear to be good terrain for development but that may have been for animal husbandry If so, the teams have to assess how and where wastes were disposed of and the efficiency of such disposal. One disposal method uses heat generated by manure fermentation to kill pathogens at or close to the waste accumulation site. Masses of manure are stacked up and with time ferment and heat up from within to temperatures that eliminate pathogens, growth hormones and antibiotics (>131 °F but <160 °F for 15 days). Higher temperatures will kill beneficial microbes. A problem with this method is that the high temperatures do not reach the outer edges of the stacks leaving a significant amount of the contaminants active [9, 10]. These would have to be retreated. Another fermentation method to cleanse cattle manure is to compost it in large rotatable drums that hold thousands of pounds of manure that are turned once a week for six weeks. This mixes and aerates the manure thus distributing the built up heat (>131 °F but <160 °F) throughout the mass eliminating >90% of the health threatening components. In this way, the tonnage of manure changed to compost is reduced by ~60%. The sterilized nutrient rich manure product can be dried, bagged, and sold as fertilizer that also enhances moisture retention by soils. The manure product can also be dried, pressed into briquets and combusted to produce energy [9, 10]. This can be an economic benefit to feedlot owners. Chickens produce an average of 0. 054 pound of manure daily [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the negative health impacts of manure management in animal husbandry, which is a subset of urban agriculture. It describes how inappropriate disposal methods can lead to pollution and health hazards, indicating that these practices could undermine food security rather than improve it. The focus on sanitation and waste management suggests that without proper practices, urban agriculture may pose significant risks to food safety and public health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test in e; Friedman test with Dunn’s post-hoc test in f-h; n = 20 cells from 7 mice for each group (e-g), n = 15 cells from 6 mice for each group (h); *P < 0. 05, **P < 0. 01, ***P < 0. 001. (i-o) 3D multi-plane imaging and reconstruction of microglial morphology. A 3D ETL lens was used to acquire multi-plane imaging (220*220*40 μm3) at Z-intervals of 2 μm, at a rate of 7. 5 stacks/5 min. (i-k) 3D reconstructed microglial morphology in wake (i), REM (j), and NREM (k) states, with corresponding time stamps shown at the bottom. (l-o) Quantitative analysis of microglial length (l), volume change (m), number of branch points (n), and process motility (o) based on multi-plane microglial imaging. Data from 3D imaging corroborated state-dependent changes of microglial morphology in the sleep-wake cycle. Scale bars, 30 μm. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test in l, o; Friedman test with Dunn’s post-hoc test in m, n; n = 17 cells from 7 mice for each group (l-n), n = 15 cells from 6 mice for each group (o); *P < 0. 05, **P < 0. 01, ***P < 0. 001. We found that during the NREM and REM states, microglial process length and surveillance area increased compared with those during wakefulness (Fig. 2b-d, b′-d′). Concomitantly, the number of branching points significantly increased, while end-point moving speed of microglial processes decreased (Fig. 2e-h), indicating state-dependent changes in microglial morphology as well as process motility under natural sleep-wake cycles. To provide a volumetric view of the dynamics of microglial morphology, we adapted our latest version of mTPM with an electrical tunable lens (ETL) capable of imaging variable focal planes (Fig. 2i-o and Supplementary Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the methodologies and findings related to microglial morphology during different states of sleep (NREM and REM) without mentioning melatonin production or the effects of light exposure on sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help reduce food transportation costs in cities. [SEP] Text: , 2011, 2018; Drescher, 1996; Ferreira et al. , 2018; Hampwaye, 2013; Riley et al. , 2018). Its contribution to urban employment and incomes has also been hotly contested, largely because of the non-availability of reliable data on the activity, which takes place behind high security walls (in the case of urban home gardens in many Zimbabwean urban centres) and well beyond the watchful gaze of officials. The benefits of UA have been highlighted in the literature and they include the improvement of environmental quality (through green spaces), improvement of household food security, and the production of cost-effective food supplies in urban spaces (Modibedi et al. , 2021; Simatele & Binns, 2008; Simatele et al. , 2012). Several scholars have also acknowledged the importance of UA in Africa and its ubiquity in post-independence African cities. For example, Thabo Modibedi, Mosima Masekoameng, and (2021) have argued that urban community gardens have contributed to the mitigation of food insecurity in low-income urban areas in the Gauteng Province, South Africa’s commercial and industrial hub. However, studies done by the Network (AFSUN) across 11 cities in reveal that the alleged contribution of UA to the nutritional status of urban households is exaggerated, if one considers the low levels of participation in many low-income areas (Crush et al. , 2018). Similarly, studies by (2016), Bruce Frayne, Cameron McCordic, and (2014), and (2015) support the view that the contribution of UA in to the nutritional status of urban households is exaggerated. This 1. 3 billion by 2050 and a significant portion of this population will be residing in secondary cities with less than 500,000 residents. Many of these secondary cities are experiencing rapid growth that is attributable to rural–urban migration. These secondary cities experienced considerable disruptions to their local food systems following various government-enforced economic lockdowns implemented in 2020 and 2021 to slow the spread of the COVID-19 virus (FAO, 2020). The disruption to food systems by COVID-19 highlights the need to reconnect local production and consumption. One way to achieve this might be through deliberate promotion of commercial agricultural activities in the peri-urban zones of these cities so as to make them better positioned to withstand future shocks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the benefits of urban agriculture (UA), which includes the production of cost-effective food supplies in urban spaces. This indicates that UA has potential to reduce food transportation costs by enabling local food production, thereby improving household food security and contributing to the local food systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: A commercial operation with one million chickens would produce 27 lbs. (12 1/4 kg) of manure daily or 54 lbs. (24. 5 kg) daily for two million chickens. The manure is nutrient rich (nitrogen and phosphorus) but is a carrier of disease and internal parasites. When this is spread on fields as a disposal method, runoff during rainstorms can carry the waste to discharge into productive rivers estuaries, and oceans that may be serving the interests of urban populations. As discussed earlier, the nutrient rich matter stimulates algal and toxic dinoflagellates growth. When algae die, they decompose using oxygen in the water to the point where there is no oxygen for fish and a resulting massive fish kill including oysters and clams. When toxic dinoflagellates die, they release a neurotoxin into the water that manifests itself in the ocean as a “red tide” and millions of dead fish. This causes a break in the aqueous food web and temporarily diminishes food fish security for coastal communities (cities and towns, villages) as well as causing a temporary economic disruption for fisheries. Instead of spreading the chicken manure on fields and causing ecological and economic problems, many commercial poultry producers are composting and aging the manure for 2–3 months and then recycling it as fertilizers. chicken producer set up a large scale controlled composting operation that has profitably processed 650,000 tons (591,000 tonnes) of chicken manure (waste from more than 48 million chickens) during 16 years to produce certified organic fertilizer [11]. 6. 5. 3 Waste ProblemUrine from feedlots that is not captured and properly treated before discharging it at the surface can seep through soil into groundwater and contaminate it with the chemical nitrate. Groundwater carries the nitrate slowly down flow commonly at 1–5 ft. (30–150 cm) a day depending on the aquifer rock permeability. If there is a population 5 mi (8 km) down flow (“out of sight, out of mind”) that uses the groundwater as its primary source, a 5 ft. a day flow rate would bring the nitrate contaminated water from a feedlot to unaware users in about 14 years. If urine input were to stop, it would take 14 years for the contaminated aquifer water to clear a municipal or individual well 5 mi away. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the negative environmental and health impacts associated with commercial poultry farming, specifically the production of chicken manure. It discusses how improper disposal of manure can lead to ecological and economic problems, including deterioration of food security for coastal communities. The negative consequences outlined suggest that rather than improving food security, industrial agricultural practices can compromise it, highlighting significant risks to urban populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 2) (Zong et al. , 2021). Multi-plane reconstruction revealed more extended process lengths and greater branch point numbers as compared to single-plane imaging as expected (Fig. 2l, n). The volume of surveillance for individual microglia changed from 1661 ± 264. 4 μm3 in the wake state to 3802 ± 670. 5 μm3 in REM state and 4616 ± 324. 6 μm3 in NREM state (Fig. 2m). Similar to results obtained with single-plane imaging, the end-point speed of processes decreased in REM and NREM compared to the wake state (Fig. 2o). While both REM and NREM had the same trends in change as compared to the wake state, significantly greater changes were associated with NREM than REM in terms of cell volume, branch length, branch number, and end-point speed (Fig. 2l-o). These results demonstrate differential microglial dynamic surveillance as the brain state switches among wakefulness, REM and NREM, and the state-dependent morphological and process-motility changes can be robustly reproduced with either single-plane or volumetric imaging. Intriguingly, microglia can even sense and respond to subtle differences between REM and NREM states. Because more extended microglia are thought to have greater surveillance ability (Kierdorf and Prinz, 2017), our results support the notion that microglia during the NREM and REM periods tend to be more active in the opportune clearing of metabolic wastes accumulated during the wake states. To this end, it is also instructive to compare and contrast REM/NREM state-dependent characteristics with those induced by anesthesia. In mice under isoflurane (1. 2% in air) for 20-30 min, we found that microglial length, area, number of branching points (Supplementary Fig. 2) were similarly increased compared with the wake state, as was the case in NREM and REM. However, the end-point movement of processes exhibited opposite changes (Liu et al. , 2019), increasing with anesthesia but decreasing in sleep states (Fig. 2h, o and Supplementary Fig. 2). This result shows that microglia surveillance appears to differ qualitatively between sleep and anesthesia states. Acute SD promotes contraction of microglial processesSleep loss is detrimental to brain function and results in structural plastic changes in nerve cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses microglial dynamics in relation to sleep states (REM, NREM) and anesthesia but does not directly address melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about melatonin and its influence on sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can help reduce food transportation costs in cities. [SEP] Text: Lack of access to food, because it is either too expensive or unavailable for purchase, is one of the main reasons why many low-income households have resorted to UA under fairly challenging conditions (Foeken & Owuor, 2008; Gondo et al. , 2017; Voleníková & Opršal, 2016; Willkomm et al. , 2021). Urban food production is largely a response by the urban poor to inadequate, unreliable, and irregular access to food supplies (Foeken & Owuor, 2008; Modibedi et al. , 2021; Zezza & Tasciotti, 2010). The need to produce fresh and culturally preferable food has also compelled some middle-income households to grow the food they consume. The persistence of UA in African cities is attributed to factors such as expensive urban food, urban food deserts, high unemployment levels, and food rights initiatives. Theme 2: Profile of Urban FarmersTable 7. 1 shows that in Nakuru, Ndola, and Karoi, the major groups involved in UA are women, middle-aged residents (over 40 years old), people with regular incomes, and fairly educated urban dwellers with high school education (Foeken & Owuor, 2008; Gondo et al. , 2017; Voleníková & Opršal, 2016). The limited involvement of young people in the activity implies reduced opportunities for potential transfer of UA skills and knowledge to the younger generation. Regarding the role of women involved in UA, it is essential to think beyond the numbers and to consider women’s involvement in terms of their contribution to the gendering of UA (Hovorka & Lee-Smith, 2006; Hovorka et al. , 2009; Ishani, 2009). It is clear from all three urban centres that since women are actively engaged in UA activities they are contributing to urban food and nutrition security in ways that are often missed by urban food studies that focus on where households buy their food. However, further studies in Nakuru, Ndola, and Karoi could try to establish whether households that are engaged in UA are more food secure than households that do not participate in the activity. An earlier study by (2004) also argues for looking at UA through an alternative entrepreneurship prism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing the necessity of urban agriculture (UA) among low-income households due to high food prices and unreliable access to food supplies. It highlights that urban food production is largely a response to expensive urban food and urban food deserts, indicating that growing food within the urban environment could effectively reduce the costs and challenges associated with food transport in cities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: This is an important contrast since a person in the courtyard is exposed to much more radiant heat when standing under a much hotter surface. Figure 1. Two courtyards, shaded by trees and artificial shading mesh, show differences in radiative surface temperature. Adapted from Shashua-Bar et al. [1, 2]. What accounts for this dramatic difference? Why does the bottom of the tree canopy stay so much cooler, keeping itself no warmer than the air around it, even though it is exposed to just as much sun as the artificial mesh? Certainly, it is connected to the structure of the tree canopy; with its multiple layers of branches and leaves, it intercepts solar radiation mainly at the level of its uppermost foliage, and heat is successively dissipated as it is transferred downward from one layer to the next. This effect of cumulative heat absorption and dissipation over many layers is clearly not present in the single-layer shading mesh, so more of its absorbed solar energy is emitted downward, creating a long-wave “radiator” above the head of a person in the space. We might consider the fact that a mesh with a lighter color (e. g. , white instead of black), and therefore a higher albedo, would moderate this heating effect by reflecting more of the incident sunlight back to the sky, but since it is a woven mesh with spaces between its threads (in order to “breathe” or prevent the trapping of hot air underneath), a higher optical reflectivity would also mean that more sunlight is reflected between threads and downward as well—making it a less effective shading device. In addition to these radiative effects, we might also suspect that the living tree cools itself by the transpiration of water vapor through its leaves, converting absorbed solar radiation from sensible heat (expressed by a rise in temperature) into latent heat (expressed by a rise in humidity). It is well understood that this evaporative cooling effect lowers the temperature of the leaf surface as well as that of the adjacent air, but the extent to which this produces effective cooling at the pedestrian level depends on the actual rate of leaf transpiration in different parts of the canopy [3]. Since different leaves at different locations have very different exposure to solar radiation as well as to other environmental and physiological factors, they do not necessarily transpire at the same rate [4, 5, 6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the cooling effects of trees and shading mechanisms, emphasizing that artificial shading (like mesh) does not effectively dissipate heat like a tree canopy does. It highlights that tree canopies intercept solar radiation and provide a cooling effect through transpiration, which is less effective with structures that do not have these natural properties. This indicates that the contribution of green spaces, such as rooftop gardens, may rely heavily on their structure and ability to cool the surrounding environment, which is not well represented by artificial alternatives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Whether microglia dynamic surveillance alters after sleep loss remains controversial (Bellesi et al. , 2017; Wang et al. , 2020). Therefore, we induced acute SD in mice by forcing the animals to exercise and interrupting sleep with a rotatory rod, starting at 9:00 am and lasting for six hours (zeitgeber time 2-8) (Fig. 3a). The duration of recovery sleep, especially NREM sleep, increased after SD (Supplementary Fig. 3). In the wake state, microglia typically exhibited an extended form with ramified, long, thin processes. Overt morphological changes occurred as early as 3h after SD, when microglia presented a contracted form bearing short and thick processes. By 6h, nearly all microglia cells were converted into a phagocytic form, assuming an amoeboid shape with few processes (Fig. 3b-d). We found that microglial length, area and number of branching points decreased with the continuous SD (Fig. 3e-h). The same changes were observed in 3D reconstruction (Supplementary Fig. 3). Changes in the end-point speed of processes appeared to be biphasic, increasing at 3h SD and then declining below baseline level at 6h SD (Fig. 3h); the latter may result in part from the dramatic shrinkage of the processes. As the sleep pressure was eased during recovery sleep, morphological changes of microglia were partially reversed over a timescale of several hours (Supplementary Fig. 3). Thus, our real-time recording in live animals clearly demonstrates that SD stress induces microglia to assume an active state and conspicuous microglial response occurs early in SD. Fig. 3. Changes of microglial surveillance in the state of sleep deprivation. (a) Experimental setup for sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation in mice was achieved by forcing them to exercise and interrupting their sleep with the rotation of a 46-cm rod (18 turns/min) in the chamber (diameter 50 cm). (b-d) Microglial processes contracted after sleep deprivation (SD), baseline (b), SD 3h (c), and SD 6h (d). (b′-d′) Morphological changes of microglia reconstructed using Imaris software. b’-d’ correspond to b-d, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of sleep deprivation on microglia in mice, without addressing melatonin production or the influence of light exposure on sleep-wake cycles. There is no mention of melatonin or its regulation by light in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens are popular forms of urban agriculture in densely populated areas. [SEP] Text: Community gardens in urban areas: a critical reflection on the extent to which they strenghten social cohesion and provide alternative food E. J. & output: Thesis › internal (1) aims of this thesis are twofold; firstly, it aims to increase the understanding of the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion for those involved; secondly, it aims to gain insight into the importance community gardeners attach to food growing per se, and the extent to which participants perceive community gardens as an alternative to the industrial food system. I define community gardens as a plot of land in an urban area, cultivated either communally or individually by people from the direct neighbourhood or the wider city, or in which urbanites are involved in other ways than gardening, and to which there is a collective element. Over the last years, community gardens have sprung up in several Dutch cities. Although there are various reasons for an increasing interest in community gardens, there are two that I focus on in this thesis in particular. The first is the assumption made that community gardens stimulate social cohesion in inner-city neighbourhoods, to be seen in the light of the ‘participatory society’. The second is community gardens’ contribution to the availability of locally produced food, in the context of an increased interest in Networks (AFNs). government aims to transform the Dutch welfare state into a participatory society in which citizens take more responsibility for their social and physical environment. This way the government not only hopes to limit public spending, but also wishes to increase social bonding and the self-organisational capacity of society. Community gardens fit the rhetoric around the participatory society, as they are examples of organised residents taking responsibility for their living environment. Moreover, the literature suggests that gardens are physical interventions that may decrease isolation by acting as meeting places. However, both the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion and under what conditions they may do so are unclear, especially as gardens come in various designs, shapes and sizes. The popularity of community gardens also seems to be related to an overall increasing societal interest in food, and can be discussed in relation to Networks. AFNs are food systems that are different in some way from the mainstream, and are seen as a reaction to consumer concerns about the conventional food system. They are often considered to be dictated by political motivations and injected with a ‘deeper morality’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the rise of community gardens in urban areas and their association with social cohesion and alternative food sources. It mentions how community gardens have increased interest in various Dutch cities, which supports the idea that they are popular in densely populated areas. Furthermore, it highlights the role of community gardens in providing locals with an alternative to the industrial food system, aligning with urban agriculture trends.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: In this initial observation, which was made at a commercial plant nursery in Pistoia, Italy (43. 9°N, 10. 9°E, 65 m a. s. l. ), we coated the leaves of a test tree (Camellia japonica) with an “anti-transpirant” agent and compared leaf surface temperature with that of an untreated, but otherwise, similar control tree. The measurements were made with iButton sensors (www. ibuttonlink. com) attached to leaves at different points in its canopy, as shown in Figure 2a. Figure 2. (a) Experimental setup of an initial pilot study comparing leaf temperature in Camellia japonica with and without an anti-transpirant coating and (b) initial results observed in the pilot study, showing the relative leaf-air temperature differences for the “transpiring” and “non-transpiring” tree canopies. What emerged from this preliminary experiment is that leaves on the exposed upper side of the canopy were indeed heated to a higher temperature (by up to 4°C) when their transpiration was restricted, but leaves on the shaded underside were much less affected—maintaining a daytime surface temperature that was 1–2°C lower than air temperature even with restricted transpiration and only slightly higher than that in the untreated control (Figure 2b). While these indicative results suggested that evaporative cooling was playing only a minor role at the bottom of the canopy, unanswered questions remained. The experiment was conducted in a plant nursery rather than in an urban-like setting, and the use of an antitranspirant was meant to provide an indication, rather than a precise comparison, of the differences between fully transpiring and non-transpiring trees. Therefore, a more detailed and systematic analysis was needed. For this purpose, we carried out a controlled experiment in the courtyard of a single-story building at the Sede-Boqer campus of Ben-of the Negev in southern Israel (30°5 N 34°5E), which simulated a typical urban space under hot-dry summer conditions (Figure 3). In this case, a different strategy was adopted to make realistic observations of trees with different and precisely measured rates of transpiration. We placed side-by-side two young trees (Koelreuteria bipinnata, a commonly used street tree species in Israeli cities, approximately 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about rooftop gardens or their role in reducing urban heat through increased green spaces. Instead, it discusses an experiment related to leaf temperatures and transpiration in trees in a nursery and an urban-like setting, which does not directly support or contrast the claim.