Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: Association (2019) found within Canadian reference data that approximately 45% of students had low to very low awareness of how to access mental health services or resources on campus. In the same study, about 19% of students disagreed that their university environment was one where their mental health was supported; 6. 5% strongly disagreed. University administrations must not only provide adequate resources but also promote the use of these resources so that unfamiliar students can be aware of them. Our study found that social media use among university students has drastically increased since the start of the pandemic which suggests that social media can be used as a potential resource for mental health support. According to Nowrouzi-kia et al. (2021), ICT, including mental health support apps, can provide solutions that university administrations cannot. Although it is somewhat counterproductive considering social media use is linked with adverse mental health outcomes, students already use social media extensively. Thus, ICT should be considered as a support system and universities should seek to develop applications, or social media pages, that target the mental health of students. As its own entity, social media can impact the mental health of individuals in various ways. However, the COVID-19 pandemic changed the behaviors of many with respect to social media, thus altering the complexity of the relationship between social media and well-being. Many participants illustrated that their mental health was both damaged and aided by social media during the pandemic. However, they agreed that the interplay between social media and the pandemic influenced their mental health. Therefore, healthcare providers and policy makers should provide more focus on mental healthcare with regard to access and education. During the COVID-19 pandemic, physical health was of primary concern as social restrictions were implemented to prevent the spread of the virus. Our findings indicate that there should be a strong focus on mental health and how digital and social media can impact it. Study LimitationsThis study is not representative of the Canadian university student population and is not generalizable across larger populations nor is it meant to be. It was designed to provide an in-depth analysis of the experiences of these 15 participants and is bound to have some applicability in other similar settings. Despite the diversity in the sample, a majority of participants were female. The results demonstrate how the impact of social media on students is multifactorial and thus each student, and user of social media, will be influenced differently. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how social media use is linked with both adverse and beneficial mental health outcomes during the pandemic. It states that while social media can potentially aid mental health, it can also damage it, suggesting a complex and multifactorial relationship rather than supporting the notion of taking breaks as a universally positive action for mental health. Furthermore, the text emphasizes the need for focus on how social media impacts mental health, indicating that the relationship is not straightforwardly positive.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: However, rare haplotypes could not be only originated from mistakes as stringent filters were applied to avoid them as much as possible and as a clonal plasmid control was used to assess the fidelity of the procedure. The origin of this variation remains unclear. In an evolutionary perspective, authors have debated upon the spread of a sexual population of V. ceranae, as suggested by linkage disequilibrium and recombination estimations27,32,33,34, or a clonal mode of evolution linked to polyploidy31,36. Recurrent recombination events, e. g. between heterozygous chromatids, has been suspected to be abundant24,27,32,33 and could generate a flow of diversity. However, such abundance has been questioned31,56, up to the elimination of any evidence of recombination using high quality data36. In contrast, the ubiquitous presence of a limited number of major haplotypes could be explained by the spread of a clonal tetraploid organism36. Microsporidia are thought to evolve rapidly at the sequence level57. The similar proportion of rare haplotypes towards isolates could involve the continuous apparition of diversity through mutation. The numerous non-synonymous polymorphic sites would thus reflect a high mutation rate rather than diversifying selection. Negative selection pressure would eliminate deleterious alleles and keep the emerging haplotype content at low frequency compared to the major ones. Noteworthy, as recalled by Maside et al. 33, most mutations present in an expanding population have a recent origin and, therefore, are rare. The rare haplotypes could also reflect a spreading population. As the major coding haplotypes are present everywhere, including outside the SWIO, and carry mostly non-synonymous polymorphic sites, they ought to be under selection pressure. Such strong selection would also explain the single haplotype observed for 001DR. However, if the relative pressure between alleles is similar, their variation in frequency should be under no or neutral selection, i. e. close to equilibrium. As a conclusion, the allele diversity of V. ceranae is mostly present within a single honeybee host and can be explained by the maintenance of major haplotypes and the continuous generation of rare alleles mostly subjected to negative selection pressure. The frequency of haplotypes—and the most frequent are sufficient—can differentiate parasite subpopulations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about Nosema ceranae being a microsporidian parasite that affects honeybee health and productivity. Instead, it discusses genetic diversity, haplotypes, and selection pressures of V. ceranae, which may refer to a different context not explicitly linked to the claim. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Trees in urban areas provide shade and help lower city temperatures. [SEP] Text: After the hearing the suggested the state reevaluate it’s position so they went back to their drawing board and redesigned the intersection and were able to leave the curb in that section at its original location, a condition that they said in the beginning was out of the question. ▄This next case does not specifically fit into the shade tree commission’s responsibility, but I think you will find it interesting. Telephone company employees cut and pruned trees in front of a property for the purpose of clearing their wires and did so, they claimed, because of their responsibility to supply service to the public. The property owner sued, claiming he had lost shade and also aesthetic value to his property. The judge ruled in favor of the property owner. I was particularly impressed with his ruling. “Among the many rights the lot owner has in the street, if not expressly prohibited by the city, is to plant and grow shade and ornamental trees along the edge of the sidewalk in front of his property. This is a very valuable right. As a rule shade and ornamental trees are very desirable in front of a residential property. They contribute no little to the comfort and enjoyment of a home. Not only that, shade trees of a city are conductive to the public health, comfort, enjoyment, and well being of her citizens. On that account most of the cities of the State encourage the property owners to plant and grow such trees in front of their properties, and pass laws protecting the trees from injury and prescribe penalties for those who do injury to them. No one has the right or power to deprive the property owner of these trees or his right to maintain them in the street, except the city itself, or such as it may authorize. Even that power is not absolute. It must be exercised with prudence and within reason and not wantonly and willfully. ”▄A limb from a tree that was within the right of way of the highway fell and instantly killed the driver of a passing car. His widow sued claiming the state had the responsibility to inspect the trees periodically which would have shown the dangerous condition of the tree limbs. The state claimed it was unreasonable to expect them to inspect each and every tree along its extensive highway system and that the falling of the limb was an act of God. The courts ruled for the widow declaring the State has the responsibility to ensure the roads were safe for the traveling public and this includes the trees and especially those that might fall into the roadway. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that shade and ornamental trees are very desirable in front of residential property, contributing significantly to 'the comfort and enjoyment of a home' and being conducive to 'public health, comfort, enjoyment, and well being of her citizens.' This aligns with the idea that trees provide shade, which helps lower temperatures in urban areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: AbstractMost studies addressing social media use as a normal social behavior with positive or negative effects on health-related outcomes have conceptualized and measured social media use and its effects in terms of dose–effect relations. These studies focus on measuring frequency and duration of use, and have seldom considered users’ emotional connections to social media use and the effects associated with such connections. By using a scale with two dimensions capturing users’ integration of social media use into their social routines and their emotional connection to the sites’ use, the present study has brought preliminary evidence that may help map where social media use, as a normal social behavior, may be considered beneficial or harmful. Data from a nationally representative sample (n = 1,027) of American adults showed that while routine use is associated with positive health outcomes, emotional connection to social media use is associated with negative health outcomes. These associations have been consistent across three health-related outcomes: social well-being, positive mental health, and self-rated health. The data also showed that the strength of the positive and negative associations of routine use and emotional connection with the health outcomes varies across socioeconomic and racial/ethnic population subgroups. Our findings suggest that the link between social media use and health may not only be captured by and explained in terms of conventional dose–effect approaches but may also require a more sophisticated conceptualization and measurement of the social media use behavior. Social media use is an ever-increasing phenomenon of the 21st century. In the United States, about 7 of 10 individuals use social media to connect with others, receive news content, share information, and entertain themselves (Center, 2018). According to a recent study, young individuals pervasively use social media for a variety of reasons including entertainment, identity formation, social enhancement (augmenting offline social status through online interactions), and maintaining interpersonal connections (Ifinedo, 2016). Such uses may hold promises to compensate for the diminishing face-to-face social interaction and the economic, social, and health outcomes resulting from it (Antoci, Sabatini, & Sodini, 2015). Studies suggest that social media can provide individuals with a platform that overcomes barriers of distance and time to connect and reconnect with others and thereby expand and strengthen their offline networks and interactions (Antoci et al. , 2015; Hall, Kearney, & Xing, 2018; Subrahmanyam, Reich, Waechter, & Espinoza, 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the benefits of taking breaks from social media for mental health. Instead, it discusses the complexity of social media's role in health outcomes, noting that while routine use can correlate with positive health effects, emotional connections to social media use may lead to negative outcomes. This means the text is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not provide evidence supporting or contrasting the idea of taking breaks from social media.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: The resulting liquid was transferred into a new tube to get rid of cuticle pieces and boiled again for 10 min. DNA was extracted using the (), with two final elutions with 100 µL EB. The presence of V. ceranae was verified by PCR using the primers MICROmid-F 5′--3′ and -R 5′--AGC-3′9 using Type-it Microsatellite PCR Kit (Qiagen). The absence of Vairimorpha apis was checked using the Na_D1 5′--3′ and Na_R1 5′--3′ primers58. Twenty-eight A. mellifera isolates from different hives were selected in the SWIO, together with three European isolates, one A. cerana and one A. dorsata isolates (Table 1). As the further amplifications failed for the infected isolates from Senegal, there was no continental African outgroup in the study. Markers screening and primer designGenetic markers were selected using the 454 pyrosequencing data of Cornman et al. 40 and the Illumina sequencing data of Pelin et al. 35. The SRA files were extracted and mapped on the V. ceranae PA08 1199 genome35 using the BWA-MEM v0. 7. 12 algorithm59. Mappings were visualized using Tablet software60. All targeted regions were checked visually to choose markers with polymorphic sites and conserved adjacent regions for the design of primers. Three types of markers were designed (Table S2). For markers in coding regions, virulence genes encoding Proteins (PTP1, PTP2, PTP3), Proteins (SWP30) or (EnPB1) were selected as they are known to show variability between or within microsporidian species23,29,31,61. Some of them showed within the mapped sequences. Genes used for fungal or microsporidian phylogenetic analyses (EF-2, RPB1, α-tubulin, hexokinase) were also chosen62,63,64. Other genes showing nucleotide polymorphism in genome data were visually selected. Putative microsatellite sequences, with tandem repeats of di- to penta-nucleotides, were screened in V. ceranae genome using MsatCommander65. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address Nosema ceranae directly, nor does it provide information regarding its impact on honeybee health and productivity. Instead, it focuses on methodological details of genetic marker selection and the pCR verification involving Vairimorpha apis and V. ceranae without discussing their implications on bee health. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Trees in urban areas provide shade and help lower city temperatures. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, every homeowner in a bleak new tract wants a tree in front of the house. Major tree species (by general agreement, these are species that exceed 40 feet in height at maturity) should be planted at distances no less than 80 feet apart. An exception is thicket planting in the German style established along highways as a sound barrier. For this purpose, spacings of eight to 10 feet apart are not excessive. But even 3 inch diameter shade trees, when spaced initially at 80 foot distances, look very unimpressive, and the public is bound to wish for a better showing. Here is where properly selected filler trees can fulfill every requirement. The ideal filler tree should have four characteristics. It should be easy to transplant; rapid-growing when young; 30 feet or less in height at maturity, and have showy flowers, good fall color or attractive bark color. By the use of filler planting, a new street can be relatively thickly planted at spaces of 20 to 40 feet apart, which will give an impressive showing when all the trees are young. After a decade in place, the major trees that will comprise the final planting will rapidly outstrip the filler trees and begin to take on some of their final form. Whenever thinning is required, the small-statured filler species can be safely and very inex-pensively removed. Because they are small even at maturity, public outrage at the removal of a large tree is avoided, and this problem need not arise, The final effect is a magnificent avenue of shade trees widely enough spaced so that each can reach its full size and spread, and “forest conditions” in lawns and front yards are avoided. During the 10 to 20 years that the filler trees are in place, the street benefits from their showy flowers or other display. Some varieties of the smaller trees, though rapid-growing when young, mature early and complete their life cycle rapidly in comparison to the larger and slower-growing traditional shade tree species. They are therefore self-limiting in lifespan and fade out just when they would crowd the more permanent species. Mixed plantingsThe city of Angers, France has, for generations, been the center of the French nursery industry. It is natural that, located as it is in the midst of an enormous production of trees and shrubs, it should have a wealth of interesting and unusual street plantings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text directly supports the claim by discussing the benefits of shade trees in urban environments. It emphasizes the importance of planting major tree species to create a 'magnificent avenue of shade trees' which can positively impact the aesthetics and potentially the temperature of the area, aligning with the idea that trees provide shade and help lower city temperatures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: Social networks, particularly offline networks, enable individuals and communities to form and maintain social capital, which allows individuals to draw on resources such as information and social support from other network members (Viswanath, 2008). In other words, individuals who are members of a social network, as opposed to those who are not, have access to information, social support, and other resources such as other network members’ skills and knowledge due to their network membership or social connections. This, in turn, is linked to a variety of positive social outcomes such as trust and reciprocity that engender better health (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007; Nabi, Prestin, & So, 2013; Nieminen et al. , 2013). Different forms of social capital, including social ties, have been positively related to indices of psychological well-being, such as self-esteem and satisfaction with life (Bargh & McKenna, 2004; Ellison et al. , 2007; Helliwell & Putnam, 2004; Nabi et al. , 2013). Researchers now argue that online social media networks enhance the opportunity to form and/or maintain offline social capital (Ellison et al. , 2007; Steinfield, Ellison, & Lampe, 2008; Valenzuela, Park, & Kee, 2009). For example, Ellison et al. (2007) found that apart from the bonding (within a group) and bridging (across groups) forms of social capital, online network tools enable people to remain in touch with a social network after physically disconnecting from it and thereby benefit from a form of social capital called maintained social capital. They found empirical support for this among university students and argued that Facebook use might also be beneficial for users experiencing low self-esteem and low life satisfaction (Ellison et al. , 2007; Steinfield et al. , 2008). Similarly, Valenzuela et al. (2009) found that intense Facebook use is positively associated with students’ life satisfaction, social trust, civic engagement, and participation. A study by Kim and Kim (2017) also indicated that social media use is positively associated with college students’ communication network heterogeneity, which, in turn, is positively related to social capital and subjective well-being. Yet a growing body of research suggests that social media use is negatively associated with health-related outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating a growing body of research that suggests that social media use is negatively associated with health-related outcomes. This implies that constant use of social media may not have positive effects on mental health, and could support the argument for taking breaks from social media.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Sites at the ends of scaffolds and inside coding regions were sorted out. Sites with adjacent sequences represented in several scaffolds were also removed to avoid duplicated loci. Eleven microsatellites were eventually selected. At last, eight non-coding sites were selected by screening for intergenic regions showing polymorphism in genome data. Primers were designed using the primer3 tool and manually modified to be localized outside the variable regions in the mapped genome data. Only primers showing low self-complementation and high specificity were selected. Their theoretical specificity was checked on V. ceranae and A. mellifera genomes, and by BLAST search on the nr and microbial genome databases. For each primer couple, the specificity of the PCR was verified on agarose gel electrophoresis on both infected and uninfected samples. Forty-two primer pairs were eventually selected (Table S2). Amplification and sequencingFor amplification, all primers were carrying a 4-nt tag at their 5′ end: GTCA (tag0), CGAT (tag5) or TGTG (tag6). Tags varied with samples but the same tag was carried by both the forward and reverse primers for a same sample. PCR amplification were carried out using 0. 5 pmol of each primer, 5–220 ng of total DNA and 7. 5 µL of 2 × Type-it (Type-it ) in a total volume of 15 µL. The PCR program consisted in an initial step at 94 °C for 15 min, and 35 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 58 °C for 30 s and 72 °C for 30 s, and a final step at 72 °C for 7 min. Negative controls without DNA were included in each reaction set and a clonal control amplification was performed using pGEM®-T () plasmid template to amplify a fragment of the ampicillin resistance bla gene using the TEM-F 5′--3′ and TEM-R 5′--3′ primers derived from Monstein et al. 66. PCR reactions were performed in triplicate and their end products were pooled together. Amplification products were checked by electrophoresis on both agarose gel and QIautomate (). PCR products were quantified on the QIAxcel phoregrams relative to standards of known concentrations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Nosema ceranae or its effects on honeybee health and productivity. Instead, it is focused on laboratory techniques, PCR amplification, and primer design without mentioning any specific parasites or their influence on bees.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Trees in urban areas provide shade and help lower city temperatures. [SEP] Text: Trees are so constructed that they lose large amounts of water vapor to the air by transpiration. Their leaves are perforated with many stomata, microscopic-sized openings, each surrounded by two specialized guard cells. In broadleaved trees, stomata usually occur only on the undersurface of leaves, but in a few species they may be found on both the upper and lower surfaces. Adding to conditions for high rates of water loss from individual leaves is the very extensive leaf area developed by trees. Trees vary greatly in the number of leaves, with conifers having many more than broadleaved trees of comparable age. Whereas a single mature broadleaved tree often bears leaves numbering in the tens of thousands, individual conifers often have millions. For example, a 36-year-old white spruce (Picea glauca) tree had over 5 million needles. In general, leaf size and leaf number in trees are negatively correlated. For example, a 21-year-old catalpa tree had 26,000 large leaves, whereas a citrus tree that was only 12 years old had almost 100,000 small leaves. But whether trees have very many small leaves or fewer large ones, they expose an extensive leaf surface that constantly evaporates water which must somehow be replaced. Transpiration, the loss of water from trees in the form of vapor, is basically an evaporation process. It is modified somewhat by plant structure and stomatal control. Transpiration occurs in two stages involving: 1) evaporation from the wet cell walls into intercellular spaces; and 2) diffusion of water vapor from the intercellular spaces into the outside air. Small amounts of water are lost directly through the epidermal layers of leaves but this amount varies with the thickness of the waxy layer on leaf surfaces, and very small amounts are lost through lenticels of twigs, even from deciduous trees in winter (Kramer and Kozlowski, 1960; Kozlowski, 1958, 1968b, 1971b). The amounts of water taken up by trees and lost to the atmosphere by transpiration are very high indeed. For example, in the southern United States, forests are estimated to lose as much as 8,000 gallons of water per acre per day. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the process of transpiration in trees, highlighting how trees lose large amounts of water vapor, which can lead to cooling effects in urban areas. This process helps to lower temperatures as the water vapor released into the atmosphere moderates heat, thus supporting the idea that trees contribute to providing shade and lowering city temperatures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: Although the relationship between social media use and health, particularly mental health, could be bidirectional, most studies in public health focus on the impact of social media use on health-related outcomes. For example, a recent longitudinal study found that Facebook use is generally negatively associated with well-being (Shakya & Christakis, 2017). Importantly, this study indicated that the negative associations of Facebook use are comparable to or greater in magnitude than the positive impact of ofﬂine interactions. Another study examining the influence of Facebook use on subjective well-being over time among young adults found that Facebook, rather than enhancing well-being, may undermine it (Kross et al. , 2013). Several recent studies have also found negative associations of social media use with a variety of indicators of mental health among adolescents and young adults. For example, in a study drawing data from a sample of adolescents and their parents throughout the and Lindsey (2017) found that social media use is moderately and positively related to adolescent-reported fear of missing out and loneliness as well as with parent-reported hyperactivity/impulsivity, anxiety, and depression. Similarly, in a national survey of U. S. young adults, Primack et al. (2017) found that compared with individuals who use 0 to 2 social media platforms, individuals who use 7 to 11 social media platforms have substantially higher odds of having increased levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. In a recent longitudinal study among U. S. adolescents, Ra et al. (2018) have also found a statistically significant but modest association between higher frequency of digital media use and subsequent symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Although the link between social media use and health has become a growing public health concern, the empirical evidence remains inconclusive (Andreassen, 2015; Berryman, Ferguson, & Negy, 2018; Pantic, 2014), with some studies finding no support for the widely held assumption that social media use decreases real-life social interactions and leads to decreased mental health functioning and well-being (Berryman et al. , 2018; Hall et al. , 2018). Furthermore, despite the fact that social media use has increasingly become popular across all age groups (Smith & Anderson, 2018), most studies have focused on adolescent and young adult samples in college settings (e. g. , Booker, Kelly, & Sacker, 2018; Ellison et al. , 2007; Kross et al. , 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing research that suggests social media use is associated with negative impacts on mental health, such as higher levels of depression, anxiety, and feelings of loneliness. For example, the text states that 'Facebook use is generally negatively associated with well-being' and that several studies have found 'negative associations of social media use with a variety of indicators of mental health among adolescents and young adults.' This evidence suggests that rather than taking breaks from social media potentially benefiting mental health, the ongoing use of social media could be detrimental.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: For each isolate, all 42 amplicons eventually carried the same tag at both ends and an equimolar mixture of the amplification products was prepared To prepare libraries, 0. 9 µg of the mixtures form three isolates, that carried three different tags, were pooled together with 1. 7 ng of the clonal PCR control (Table S7). Libraries were multiplexed and sequenced on Illumina HiSeq2000 system using 2 × 250 bp paired end protocol by Genewiz (). Sequence analysesSequencing resulted in 91,655,818 paired reads. Sequence quality was checked using the FastQC tool67. Reads with uncalled bases were removed using the vsearch tool68. Remaining reads were assigned to each sample using the tool from the FASTX-Toolkit69. The first 5 bases of demultiplexed sequences were trimmed using the fastx_trimmer tool to remove barcode sequences. Each library had over 80% of reads at Q30 after de-multiplexing, with few biases between libraries. The obtained data clearly exhibited 5′ and 3′ tags that were randomly spread instead of being identical for paired reads, showing that the pairing of reads was unsuccessful. We thus renounced joining paired ends and worked with single reads, i. e. the reads corresponding to each extremity of the amplicons had to be considered as separate genetic markers. In order to improve the quality of data, the last 50/75 nt of demultiplexed reads were trimmed and the resulting sequences were mapped on the marker sequences (genome version of Pelin et al. 35) using the BWA-MEM algorithm with a minimum 100 bp-long alignment option59. 166,993,099 demultiplexed cleaned single reads were mapped on the 42 markers. For alignments, complex sequences with INDEL were manually realigned for a maximum parsimony. Noteworthy, there was a good correlation between the coverage of both ends of markers. A list of haplotypes present in the whole dataset was created, keeping only those that covered more than 1% of the reads of the corresponding marker in at least one honeybee isolate. Using these conditions, the control reads for the clonal bla gene exhibited only a single haplotype for each side of the marker. These resulted in 98,226,822 exploited reads. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and discusses sequencing methodologies and data processing without mentioning Nosema ceranae or its impact on honeybee health and productivity. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Trees in urban areas provide shade and help lower city temperatures. [SEP] Text: This creates a vicious cycle by which the pedestrian realm in the city becomes less inviting, and people prefer to spend more of their time in air-conditioned buildings and private cars, most of which are still running on fossil fuels. Obviously, such a situation is not sustainable. Solutions, such as renewable energy and electric vehicles, are critical components of practically any positive future scenario, but the vast transformation that is needed will be lengthy and expensive. What has been learned in desert cities is that shorter-term solutions are available and that even simple measures can often make meaningful contributions. Successful strategies of this sort are usually based on the principle of efficiency; that is, making better and wiser use of limited resources. Such strategies could hold valuable lessons for cities that are pursuing sustainability and climate resilience in their future development plans, and perhaps, none is more essential than the cultivation of a city’s “urban green infrastructure,” that is, an integrated network of shade trees and vegetated public spaces, which is adapted to local conditions and local needs. For urban trees to thrive under arid conditions, they require irrigation and maintenance, which may be costly, and in some cases, even unfeasible. It is, therefore, crucial to understand the mechanisms by which they “cool” the open space, and to what extent their beneficial effects on thermal comfort can be achieved when their water requirements are reduced or even eliminated. We might even ask: could a landscape element, which is identical in form to a shade tree, but one that provides no evaporative cooling through leaf transpiration, provide as much relief to a pedestrian standing under its canopy as a tree, which is transpiring normally? A question of this sort was raised by Shashua-Bar et al. [1, 2] in a carefully controlled outdoor experiment comparing the level of thermal stress in two side-by-side courtyards in the hot-arid Negev desert—one covered by irrigated shade trees and the other by an overhead shading mesh. It was found that while the trees and the artificial mesh provided nearly identical shade (both blocking about 75% of the incoming solar radiation), the underside of the tree canopy maintained a much lower radiative surface temperature—typically reaching a peak on summer afternoons of about 32°C (close to the temperature of the surrounding air), while the underside of the mesh was heated to a temperature of over 45°C (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of 'urban green infrastructure,' which includes shade trees that cool the open space and enhance thermal comfort. It highlights the findings of a study that demonstrates how trees provide lower radiative surface temperatures compared to artificial shading, effectively supporting the idea that trees in urban areas offer shade and help lower temperatures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: In line with earlier observations (e. g. , Ellison et al. , 2007; Steinfield et al. , 2008), social media could be a helpful tool that can provide individuals with the opportunity to connect and reconnect (after physical disconnection) and maintain their social capital. On the contrary, the finding that emotional connection to social media use is negatively associated with the three health-related outcomes suggests the need for considering the potential harmful impact of social media use even as a normal social behavior. Here, it should be noted that we chose to consider emotional connection to social media use as a normal social behavior for, at least, the simple reason that the emotional connection scale we used was not an addiction scale. However, given the bidirectional relationship between social media use and mental health, individuals who are emotionally connected to social media use might as well be those who have already been experiencing one or another form of mental disorder. Indeed, Xu and Tan (2012) suggest that the transition from normal to problematic social media use occurs when users regard the social media use as an important or even exclusive mechanism to relieve stress, loneliness, or depression. The findings of this study may have implications for theory and practice. In terms of theory, the study has brought preliminary evidence that suggests the need for going beyond dose–effect approaches in conceptualizing and measuring social media use and its association with health. With this, the study joins the few prior studies that have shown that beyond frequency and duration of use, other aspects of use, such as type of use, should be considered in characterizing the link between social media use and health (Berryman et al. , 2018; Frison & Eggermont, 2015; Woods & Scott, 2016). If replicated, the findings could also inform practitioners in public health or health education that interventions aiming at promoting conscience or rational use of social media may need to be envisaged for the general public. More focused interventions might also target individuals who are emotionally connected to social media use in school or organizational settings. Such interventions could focus on promoting effortful control skills among emotionally involved users, particularly adolescents and young adults. As the volitional aspect of self-regulation, effortful control has been widely shown to be useful in dealing with problematic Internet and social media use (Li, Zhou, Li, & Zhoua, 2016; Lian et al. , 2018; Özdemir, Kuzucu, & Ak, 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the negative associations between emotional connection to social media use and health. It mentions that individuals who are emotionally connected to social media may be experiencing mental disorders and suggests that problematic social media use can occur when individuals rely on it to relieve stress, loneliness, or depression. This suggests that continuous use without breaks could potentially exacerbate mental health issues, opposing the claim that taking breaks has positive effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Except for a very limited number of cases, several thousands of reads were obtained per marker and per isolate, with an average of 36,694 reads per marker and per isolate and more than 1200 reads in 99% of cases. Haplotypes frequencies were calculated per marker and per sample. Statistical analysesAnalyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) were performed using Arlequin software70 using the conventional F-statistics (haplotype frequencies) with 10,000 permutations. Principal component analyses (PCA), Neighbor-Joining (NJ) clustering and multivariate analysis of variance () and analysis of similarities () were performed using PAST software71. Groups of isolates were defined earlier (Table 1). PCAs were performed separately on the 43 coding markers, the 40 non-coding marker (including microsatellites) and the 11 microsatellite markers. They were performed on variance–covariance matrix, either disregarding groups or between groups with eigenanalysis carried out on the group means. NJ clustering was performed using Euclidean similarity indices matrix and 10,000 bootstraps. Non-parametric and were performed using Euclidean similarity index and 1,000,000 permutations. Data availability Demultiplexed SRA data are available in NCBI (796498). 47. (2012). 1476. (2019). 10. (2007). 29. (2013). 95. (2006). 19. (2017). 7279. (2020). 217. (2007). 150. (2018). 1329. (2018). 392. (2010). 2669. (2008). 229. (2023). 8580. (2020). 113. (2012). 196. (2015). 155. (2012). 301. (2017). 79. (2010). 2138. (2012). 1896. (2015). 233. (2011). 94. (2015). 13. (2008). 209. (2009). 95. (2011). 50. (2014). 134. (2011). 413. (2014). 1356. (2013). 481. (2014). 5609. (2015). 216. (2016). 4458. (2015). 889. (2019). 10. 1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1. 9234. (2017). 0466. (2009). 487. (2014). 53. (2017). 3621. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical analyses, molecular variance, clustering methods, and data availability without mentioning Nosema ceranae or its impact on honeybee health and productivity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Trees in urban areas provide shade and help lower city temperatures. [SEP] Text: This is an important contrast since a person in the courtyard is exposed to much more radiant heat when standing under a much hotter surface. Figure 1. Two courtyards, shaded by trees and artificial shading mesh, show differences in radiative surface temperature. Adapted from Shashua-Bar et al. [1, 2]. What accounts for this dramatic difference? Why does the bottom of the tree canopy stay so much cooler, keeping itself no warmer than the air around it, even though it is exposed to just as much sun as the artificial mesh? Certainly, it is connected to the structure of the tree canopy; with its multiple layers of branches and leaves, it intercepts solar radiation mainly at the level of its uppermost foliage, and heat is successively dissipated as it is transferred downward from one layer to the next. This effect of cumulative heat absorption and dissipation over many layers is clearly not present in the single-layer shading mesh, so more of its absorbed solar energy is emitted downward, creating a long-wave “radiator” above the head of a person in the space. We might consider the fact that a mesh with a lighter color (e. g. , white instead of black), and therefore a higher albedo, would moderate this heating effect by reflecting more of the incident sunlight back to the sky, but since it is a woven mesh with spaces between its threads (in order to “breathe” or prevent the trapping of hot air underneath), a higher optical reflectivity would also mean that more sunlight is reflected between threads and downward as well—making it a less effective shading device. In addition to these radiative effects, we might also suspect that the living tree cools itself by the transpiration of water vapor through its leaves, converting absorbed solar radiation from sensible heat (expressed by a rise in temperature) into latent heat (expressed by a rise in humidity). It is well understood that this evaporative cooling effect lowers the temperature of the leaf surface as well as that of the adjacent air, but the extent to which this produces effective cooling at the pedestrian level depends on the actual rate of leaf transpiration in different parts of the canopy [3]. Since different leaves at different locations have very different exposure to solar radiation as well as to other environmental and physiological factors, they do not necessarily transpire at the same rate [4, 5, 6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how trees provide significant cooling effects in urban areas. It explains that the structure of the tree canopy absorbs and dissipates solar heat, which contributes to a cooler environment underneath as compared to other shading methods like artificial mesh. It also highlights the role of transpiration in reducing temperatures, further supporting the idea that trees help lower city temperatures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: These conflicting effects further complicate our understanding of the role of social media use in daily well-being, since relatedness should be key to promoting well-being at a between-person level (Deci & Ryan, 2008) and on a daily level (Reis et al. , 2000). To date, studies that test the effects of taking a hiatus from online communication have shown mixed effects (Smith & Anderson, 2018). A number of studies suggest naturally occurring increases in social media use are associated with lower psychological well-being (Kross et al. , 2013; Sagioglou & Greitemeyer, 2014), and that taking a break from social media might boost affective processing (Uhls et al. , 2014), but such effects are not consistently positive. Results from Internet-based experiments suggest life satisfaction and positive emotions might be higher among those who intentionally quit Facebook (Tromholt, 2016), whereas evidence from carefully controlled experiments indicates ceasing social media use for brief periods of time can lead to reduced feelings of relatedness with others (Sheldon et al. , 2011). One recent study found life satisfaction is lower among those who reduce their social media platform use (Vanman et al. , 2018), and correlational data suggest that low versus moderate rates of technology use, including social media use, are not beneficial to mental well-being (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2017a). Thus, as this literature has developed, directly conflicting findings frequently arise in the psychological study of technology effects. The goal of the present research was to systematically test the idea that a brief break from social media has meaningful effects on psychological well-being and relatedness, such that they can be felt by the individuals being studied. To this end, we recruited three samples of young adults from the (UK), the (US), and (HK), and conducted a series of within-person field experiments. These experiments were pre-registered prior to data collection, meaning that the authors laid out their reasoning, research hypotheses, and methodological and analytic plans before conducting each of the three studies. This approach to open and reproducible research practices (Wagenmakers et al. , 2012) means that many of the analyses tested are “confirmatory” in that they test a priori, registered hypotheses, whereas others are “exploratory,” in that they test models that were selected after data had been collected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of mixed effects associated with taking breaks from social media. While some studies suggest beneficial outcomes, such as increased life satisfaction for those who quit Facebook, there is also evidence indicating that reduced social media use can lead to decreased feelings of relatedness and lower life satisfaction. Specifically, it cites a study that found life satisfaction is lower among those who reduce their social media use, highlighting the complexity and conflicting nature of the results regarding social media breaks and mental health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. A new threat to bees? Entomopathogenic nematodes used in biological pest control cause rapid mortality in Bombus terrestris All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2015. The first revision was submitted on October 13th, 2015 and was reviewed by 2 reviewers and the Academic Editor. The 2015. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · Oct 29, 2015 · the authors strongly agree that this manuscript should be published without delay, given the potential importance of its findings. Although this work is preliminary, it appears to be scientifically sound, and this phenomenon should be examined at greater depth ASAP. · Oct 26, 2015 Basic reporting Now the papers appears to be well structured highlighting the issues involved. I urge the authors for more detailed investigations in future. Of course this suggestion may not affect the final acceptance of this MS in anyway Experimental design Its ok Validity of the findings seems convincing Additional comments I recommend the acceptance of the MS now Cite this review as (2015) #1 of "A new threat to bees? Entomopathogenic nematodes used in biological pest control cause rapid mortality in Bombus terrestris (v0. 2)". PeerJ Reviewer 3 · Oct 29, 2015 Basic reporting design of the findings comments I am happy with the changes made by the authors. I think that this paper will be of broad interest to the community. Cite this review as (2015) #3 of "A new threat to bees? Entomopathogenic nematodes used in biological pest control cause rapid mortality in Bombus terrestris (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Oct 13, 2015 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Oct 1, 2015 · All of the reviewers agreed that the findings in this manuscript are important and should be widely known. At the same time two of the reviewers raised methodological concerns that need to be addressed. My reading of Table 1 differs from that of Reviewer 1 in that I think it shows that all of the exposed carcasses have treated have nematodes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information regarding the use of entomopathogenic nematodes as biological control agents against soil pests. Instead, it discusses a potential threat to bees caused by these nematodes and mentions their effects on Bombus terrestris, which is unrelated to the claim about soil pests.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Trees in urban areas provide shade and help lower city temperatures. [SEP] Text: Recent modeling studies have shed some light on differential leaf transpiration and cooling effects in common urban tree species. Simulations by Pace et al. [4] showed that in Tilia cordata, shading effects contribute the most to the temperature reduction at midday, while on average, under the given environmental conditions, transpiration represented only 12% of the total energy reduction. The reason for this is indicated by the numerical modeling results of Banerjee and Linn [7], who showed that the rate of transpiration increases dramatically with height in the tree canopy. While the nature of these variations was dependent on the particular wind, humidity, and ambient light conditions as well as water availability and tree canopy architecture, in all cases the transpiration rate at the bottom of the canopy was a relatively small fraction (ranging from 10% to 25%) of that at the canopy top. However, while such research has shed light on the spatially heterogeneous nature of leaf transpiration, it has also revealed the complexities of quantifying this heterogeneity within a real tree canopy. The modeling of latent heat exchange between individual tree leaves and the local environment is difficult since it is influenced by the microclimatic conditions and soil water availability as well as the plant’s physiological response. In most canopy models, variables, such as turbulent wind flow, evaporative demand, and anisotropic radiation exchange, tend to be highly simplified, as is the geometric description of the tree canopy itself [8]. In fact, the rate of thermoregulation observed in different canopies can vary widely, even if they have the same leaf area index (LAI), but differ in the vertical distribution of their leaf area density [7]. Therefore, it is important that we pursue in situ observation of radiation and transpiration effects in urban tree canopies and their spatial variance with respect to the cooling benefits they offer pedestrians. Advertisement 2. MethodologyIn order to examine the relative contributions of radiation and transpiration to the “cooling” effect of the bottom of urban tree canopies, we performed controlled outdoor experiments in which we compared different trees of the same species and size, but with the rate of leaf transpiration limited in one case, and unmodified in a simultaneously observed control case. In preparation for the full radiation-transpiration experimental campaign, a pilot study was carried out to provide a preliminary indication of the relevant effects and their general magnitude. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing research on urban trees and their cooling effects. It highlights that shading by urban trees, specifically Tilia cordata, significantly contributes to temperature reduction at midday. The mention of transpiration's relatively small contribution (12% of energy reduction) emphasizes the importance of shade in lowering temperatures, which supports the claim about the benefits of urban trees.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: , 2013), we did not find any evidence that abstaining from social media for one day had significant positive impacts on psychological well-being. Stopping social media for one day—a form of “digital detox”—did not have a measurable impact on positive affect, negative affect, self-esteem, or participants’ satisfaction with their day in our pre-registered analyses. When abstinence did have an effect—that is, in analyses unadjusted for controls, “digital detox” was found to decrease well-being. This pattern was most clear in the case of day satisfaction, the outcome which asked most directly about participants’ quality of life on the day. We did observe partial support for one of our hypotheses—a finding first reported by Sheldon and colleagues (2011), which indicated that suspending Facebook use was associated with lower levels of relatedness need satisfaction. Data from all three experiments indicated that participants reported their levels of social relatedness were both significantly (i. e. , p < 0. 05) and meaningfully (i. e. , η2 > 0. 059) lower on days they successfully cut themselves off from social media. That said, it is noteworthy these effects were no longer in evidence when we held variability in gender constant. This result inspired a number of exploratory analyses. In addition, based on the displacement hypothesis and the subsequent literature, we expected that in the absence of social media mediums for interactions, individuals would use other (and perhaps richer) forms of communication. In an exploratory analysis we tested the expectation that individuals would report more varied forms of communications during social media abstinence days. Again, interestingly, we found that participants reported significantly lower levels of face-to-face, voice, and email interactions on days they abstained from social media. That is, participants did not replace social media time, often thought of as time better spent in other ways, with other forms of socializing. Said differently, this set of results suggests the displacement account provides a poor fit for predicting what people will do when they forgo digital opportunities. Analogue and digital modes of socializing may be as inseparable as qualitative researchers have long argued (Jurgenson, 2011). Limitations and Avenues for Future ResearchThe present study presents a number of limitations which continued research should address to deepen our understanding of social media effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that abstaining from social media for just one day did not show significant positive impacts on psychological well-being, as it reported negative effects on well-being, particularly in terms of day satisfaction and social relatedness. It asserts that participants had lower levels of social relatedness need satisfaction and reported significantly lower levels of various forms of communication during social media abstinence, which implies a decline in overall mental health rather than an improvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Since GYO is mixture of two species of nematodes, it is difficult to ascertain what actually caused mortality with special reference to Heterorhabditis sp. The authors should mention the species of Heterorhabditis and Steinernema in the product “Own”. Also composition in term of proportion will put more light on our understanding on this aspect. No doubt the data is given on the count of nematode but sometimes in case of mixed infection only one species will outcompete the other. Validity of the findings I am unable to understand that in table 1 in case of VW a large number of carcasses were collected but nematodes were recovered from a very few one. What caused the mortality then? How lowest number is 0 while highest is about 3-6000. Interstingly no difference in mortality between the different nematode concentration treatment groups in GYO but not VW. The author needs to justify. In the abstract authors mention ≥ 80% mortality within the 96 hour. But under methodology section it is written that bee mortality was measured 24, 48 and 72 hours after nematode exposure. Please check Additional comments Of course the paper is well written and i do not find any critical issues about the presentation but the author needs to address these issues before considering the same for publication. Cite this review as (2015) #1 of "A new threat to bees? Entomopathogenic nematodes used in biological pest control cause rapid mortality in Bombus terrestris (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Sep 16, 2015 Basic reporting No comments Experimental design No comments Validity of the findings No comments Additional comments This is an interesting paper in the absence of effect entomopathogenic nematodes on mortality of bumble bee Bombus terrestris. It is important to using safe biological control agents pay attention to the unlimited availability and also affects beneficial insects. The 0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 3 · Sep 25, 2015 Basic reporting The paper is very clearly written with sufficient background to orientate readers. I would like more details in the methods. Some details I would like to see are: 1 How many colonies are used. I suspect one, which is a bit limiting in terms of predicting how general this is, although the mortality rate is quite amazing. 2 the level of replication is not clear in text. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about entomopathogenic nematodes being used as biological control agents against soil pests. Instead, it discusses the complexities and issues with a specific study on the effects of nematodes on bumble bees, including questions about the methodology, species identification, and the validity of findings related to nematode effects. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Trees in urban areas provide shade and help lower city temperatures. [SEP] Text: At the bottom of the stressed canopy, however, single-leaf transpiration declined only slightly (by about 0. 4 mmol m−2 s−1) relative to the control, as both were very low to begin with (Figure 8). Figure 8. Leaf transpiration Tr in the two trees (T1 = control; T2 = water stress from June 19), comparing sunlit (canopy top) and shaded leaves (canopy bottom) in the afternoon hours (13:30–14:30). These empirical findings largely reinforce the numerical modeling results of Banerjee and Linn [7], which found that under warm, dry, and sunny conditions, leaf temperature at the top of the tree canopy was slightly above ambient air temperature (25°C), while leaf temperature at the bottom of the canopy was several degrees lower than air temperature. Similarly, our data generally agreed with those models in terms of the transpiration rate at the bottom of the canopy, which, in both cases, was very low compared to that at the top—with reductions in the range of 75–90% depending on the environmental conditions and canopy structure. However, in terms of water availability, Banerjee and Linn [7] found that well-watered trees maintained somewhat lower temperatures and higher transpiration rates than those which were water-stressed. Advertisement 4. ConclusionsThe results of this study show how transpiration plays a role in lowering the surface temperature of sunlit leaves at the top of an irrigated tree canopy but does not have consistent effects in the lower part of the canopy—where limited exposure to solar radiation reduces the stomatal conductance of leaves whether the tree is irrigated or not. Since the bottom part of the canopy maintains lower leaf surface temperature in both cases, we can make the following conclusions:The radiative temperature of the underside of the tree canopy is mainly regulated by the cumulative shading effects of the multiple leaf layers above and to a much lesser extent by transpiration from the bottom leaves. This means that drought-resistant tree species, whose transpiration rate might be limited, can still be valuable for improving pedestrian thermal comfort because the “cooling” they provide is mainly due to the radiative effects of shading. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how the radiative temperature of the underside of the tree canopy is primarily regulated by the shading effects of the leaves above, thus contributing to lower surface temperatures. It emphasizes that even drought-resistant tree species provide cooling through shading, which enhances pedestrian thermal comfort, supporting the notion that trees in urban areas play a significant role in lowering city temperatures through shade.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: From the content of the individual reports, it is possible to conclude that the internet environment and subsequently the environment of social media and networks become not only a venue for spreading hateful ideas or extremist ideologies but also an environment of hate speech and direct attacks on people because of their color, religion, or merely differing opinions. For this reason, more emphasis is placed on monitoring events on the internet related to extremism and terrorism, which can be read in the respective annual reports by the police authorities, intelligence services, and academics. The issue of hate crime and hate speech is addressed in a document prepared by Prof. Miroslav Mareš in 2011 in an analysis entitled “Crime” (“of Hate Crime”). This analysis mentioned the commitmentto take action against all forms of expression, including in the media and on the internet, which may reasonably be construed as bringing the result of inciting, spreading, or supporting discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people, and other forms of discrimination. Such displays should be prohibited and publicly condemned whenever they occur. All measures should respect the fundamental rights to freedom of expression in accordance with 2017. The action plan was approved by the Government’s Resolution No. 407 of May 22, 2017. At the same time, the managers of the individual measures of the were instructed to ensure their implementation. For example, the Minister of the Interior was instructed to submit an evaluation of the implementation of the to the Council by April 30 of each year. [5] took note of the evaluation of the implementation of the Plan for 2019 by a resolution of June 8, 2020. The material contained a clear summary of the status of tasks assigned to individual managers, which also applies to the issue of hate speech. [6]As mentioned above, the Council or some of its committees must directly pay attention to the issue of hate speech. In addition to the Committee on (Výbor pro vnitřní bezpečnost – VVB), which is a key and main platform for this issue, other committees may address this phenomenon as well if it is relevant to them and fulfills the purpose for which they were established. Hate speech can also be part of media disinformation campaigns, currently referred to as fake news [7] – false news in social media and networks, often abused by extremists to promote their ideas. Society has long demanded that this phenomenon is also addressed at the political level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the negative aspects of social media, focusing on hate speech, discrimination, and extremist ideologies. It emphasizes that social media can become a venue for spreading harmful ideas and fostering divisiveness, rather than merely facilitating connections, which is an essential part of the original claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: According to the included spreadsheet it looks as if only 5 individuals were exposed to each condition. This is a pretty small sample size. I would rather like to see higher replication and more colonies. 3 How are they housed during exposure? All together or individually? Experimental design In general, the design is sensible. Unfortunately, it appears to have very little replication with a single colony and only five workers per condition. Validity of the findings The analyses seem appropriate, and the strength of the effect is quite shocking. The only issue is the low replication. Additional comments This is a very clear and striking report but I worry about the small sample size and the use of what appears to be a single colony. I’m a bit torn on this ms. One one hand, if true, these results are very interesting, important, and should get out to the community quickly. But, the lack of replication is a bit troublesome. It becomes hard to assess how important this is based on so few bees from a single colony. One point which I think bears a bit of discussion, although I leave that up to the authors’ discretion, is the importance this may have to queen hibernation survival. While workers may be exposed to this while foraging (perhaps) or by entering and leaving the colony. I wonder if queen hibernation spots would be more likely to be exposed to these agents, and even if not, this is where queens will spend a great deal of time so may be more susceptible. ps. there seems to be a superfluous sheet in the supplementary excel file about feeding which is not discussed in the ms. Cite this review as (2015) #3 of "A new threat to bees? Entomopathogenic nematodes used in biological pest control cause rapid mortality in Bombus terrestris (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Sep 3, 2015 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about entomopathogenic nematodes being used as biological control agents. Instead, it critiques a study's experimental design and sample size concerning bee mortality rates potentially related to entomopathogenic nematodes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide support or contradiction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Trees in urban areas provide shade and help lower city temperatures. [SEP] Text: The same may be said for artificial shading devices, provided that they too are designed to minimize the re-radiation of absorbed solar energy, for example, through the use of multiple layers of “leaf-like” elements. These findings have important implications for the design and maintenance of urban green spaces, especially as ongoing local and regional climate trends cause many cities to become both hotter and drier. By considering the ways in which we can use shade trees to moderate pedestrian thermal stress, and at the same time, conserve precious water resources, we can envision a path toward greater urban resilience and an enhanced quality of urban life. Finally, one of the particular questions that arises with urban trees is the degree to which leaves at the bottom of the canopy are exposed to sunlight reflected from light-covered paving and other surfaces (such as smooth concrete sidewalks) and therefore might be transpiring more than their counterparts in trees, which are planted in dark-colored soil. This is a question that remains to be addressed in future research. Advertisement 03. 09. 2020). We are thankful to Wolfgang Mutsafi-Haller for his assistance in the installation of measurement sensors and data acquisition and to of the Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands for providing the LICOR 6800 used for ecophysiological measurements. 1. Shashua-. The cooling efficiency of urban landscape strategies in a hot dry climate. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2009;92(3-4):179-1862. Shashua-. The influence of trees and grass on outdoor thermal comfort in a hot-arid environment. of Climatology. 2011;31:1498-15063. ötzer T, Pauleit S. Comparing the transpirational and shading effects of two contrasting urban tree species. Urban Ecosystems. 2019;22:683-6974. . A single tree model to consistently simulate cooling, shading, and pollution uptake of urban trees. of Biometeorology. 2021;65:277-2895. -Reischl A, Zölch T, Häberle KH, Rötzer T, et al. Traits of trees for cooling urban heat islands: A meta-analysis. Building and Environment. 2020a;170:1066066. -Reischl A, von Tree cooling effects and human thermal comfort under contrasting species and sites. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of shade trees in moderating pedestrian thermal stress and helping to lower urban temperatures, particularly in hot and dry climates. It highlights how the use of shade from urban trees can contribute to greater urban resilience and improved quality of urban life by providing cooling effects, which aligns with the idea that they help lower city temperatures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: [8] Ghifari [9] has also found that, currently, the spread of radicalism in society on social media has contributed significantly to the dissemination of radicalism, where social media became a propaganda medium to carry out intolerant actions, such as recruitment and training events, education, member network development to spread acts of terror and suicide bombings in Indonesia. Zamzamy [10] added that the advancement of internet media allowed radicalism groups to recruit, propagate, and spread ideology. If, in the conventional method of spreading radicalism, it is necessary to meet with an ideology carrier, then this method is now available online. Radicalization is a process of seeking, discovering, adopting, and developing beliefs and extremes. The existence of online media is an instrument that has the potential to accelerate the radicalization process. and colleagues, [11] we know that to deal with this, the government has increased cyber patrols to prevent the dissemination of content containing radicalism. Aside from that, the Ministry of Communication and Informatics strictly supervises content disseminated through social media applications, which has affected recruitment patterns and the spread of radicalism. [12]Moreover, Handoko and Susanto [13] elaborate that the role played by the Ministry of Communication and Informatics in preventing radicalism is already taken where they continue to educate the public about the dangers of radicalism and continue to counter every radicalism-related content through social media by sharing positive and peaceful narrative content. Interactions that occur on social media can be seen through the number of likes, shares, and comments. This number of interactions determines the reach of other social media users. The mention of a radicalism-related word on social media is not only related to religious issues. Other concerns associated with radicalism are elections, politics, government, crime, and other social issues. [14]Fanindy and Mupida,[15] through their research, also explain the results of social media as the first option for the younger generation in seeking instant information so that they are easily exposed to radicalism content. The young generation is easily exposed to radicalism because they are in the process of finding their identity; thus, they will be influenced easily by what they read. Also, because they are familiar with how social media may grant them diverse information instantly, extremist groups use the same logic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing predominantly on the negative aspect of social media, illustrating how it has become a medium for radicalism, propaganda, and the recruitment of extremists. It suggests that, instead of simply facilitating connections, social media can lead to harmful social consequences, specifically through the dissemination of radical ideas and influences among the young generation who are in search of identity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: The nematode species were identified by Dr. Harun ÇİMEN (Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Aydın University, Aydın, Türkiye) based on morphometric and molecular analyzes. In addition, isolate Z-1 underwent sequencing and has been deposited in GenBank with the accession number OQ130749. Rearing of Galleria mellonella larvaeTo mass production of G. mellonella larvae, one-liter bottles and provided those with a specialized diet consisting of the following ingredients was utilized: (Flour: 890 g, Milk powder: 445 g, Dry baker's yeast: 222 g, Honey: 500 g, Glycerin: 500 g, and Beeswax: 125 g). The preparation of this diet involved melting beeswax, honey, and glycerin, which were then mixed with the other components following the method described by Mohamed and Coppel (1983). Subsequently, wax moth eggs were deposited onto this nutrient-rich medium within one-liter glass jars. These jars were maintained in an incubator (Nüve, ID501, Türkiye) with a light-to-dark cycle of 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness, while the temperature was kept within the range of 23 ± 1 °C. This cultivation process spanned a duration of 40–45 days, during which sixth instar wax moth larvae were obtained and subsequently utilized for the large-scale cultivation of EPNs. Rearing of entomopathogenic nematodesWax moth larvae served as the primary medium for mass cultivating the EPN isolate employed in the experiment. In this process, ten larvae within a 6-cm-diameter Petri dish containing filter paper (No. 1, Whatman International, Maidstone, UK) saturated with distilled water were placed. An inoculation of IJs was carefully applied to the wax moth larvae. Subsequently, the Petri dishes were securely sealed with parafilm and subjected to incubation at a controlled temperature ranging from 23 ± 1 °C. The daily monitoring of larval mortality was an integral part of this procedure. To extract EPN larvae from the infected wax moth larvae, the "White trap" method (White 1927) was utilized. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about entomopathogenic nematodes as biological control agents against soil pests. Instead, it focuses on the methods for identifying and rearing Galleria mellonella larvae and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN). There is no mention of their application or effectiveness in controlling soil pests, therefore it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: IntroductionSpace is a sum of green paved, open and burial places, sports grounds, private gardens, formal and informal green forests, road verges, derelict land, and horticulture within a city (Duan et al. , 2018; Wang & Akbari, 2016). Human life exists on the earth due to its suitable natural environment and other living things. These living things are a source of fresh air and water, fruit, woods, animals, and minerals to fulfil daily life needs (Baycan et al. , 2012). They provide a natural meeting point for the residents by facilitating social interaction and community integration. Green spaces accelerate a sense of individuality and belongings (Konijnendijk et al. , 2013). The density of vegetation enhances the ability of urban green spaces to mitigate air pollution (Dadvand et al. , 2015). Green infrastructure is one of the significant pillars of urban structures that accelerates human life events by promoting physical activities, mental and psychological relaxation, oxygen for breathing, and purifying air pollutants. Urban greenness offers a safe and healthy space for walking, jogging, and running, provides a suitable environment for physical and recreational activities and social interaction (WHO|Spaces, n. d. ). Human Well-being is recognized to measure human conditions like human health, education, and material of livening standards. In the beginning, the concept was known as the Index (HDI) toward human conditions (Bhanojirao, 1991; Desai, 1991; McGillivray & White, 1993). The HDI concept became more comprehensive with time and appeared as a Approach (SLA) in 1992 by Chamber and Conway, an actionable framework combining social, economic, environmental, and institutional components (Chambers & Conway, 1992). Further, the SLA concept changed into Goals (MDG), and it was measured with education, gender equality, health, environment, poverty, and hunger indicators (Gwatkin, 2002; Hopkins, 1991). In this review, the concept “Human Well-being” is obtained as “a state of human being that comprises on human (physical, psychological, mental) health, good social interaction, and overall life satisfaction (Subjective Well-being). Green spaces are well documented for socio-economic and environmental benefits in urban areas by enhancing the natural environment and human health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple instances of how urban green spaces support mental health and well-being. It states that green spaces facilitate social interaction and community integration, enhance a sense of individuality and belonging, and promote physical and psychological relaxation. The mention of urban greenness offering safe spaces for walking, jogging, and recreational activities directly supports the claim that these areas contribute to mental health and well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: But when he clicked on the homepage for this question during the interview, he was surprised to find few serious-minded responses had been posted in the past 3 years. Then he checked on other homepages of gay-related questions, and could not help but exclaim: “it is not at all as active as it was back then! There are really very few [new answers]! ” I3 speculated that “maybe it is because all the [gay] topics have been discussed? Or is it that people are just not interested in continuing to discuss such topics on Zhihu? ” However, he seemed dissatisfied with these explanations even as he voiced them. He concluded that this trend was following the change in the macro social environment and that the atmosphere on Zhihu had changed, leading not only netizens to be less willing to discuss gay topics, but also to algorithms being more likely to deactivate gay voices. I would like to conceptualize I3’s experience as “algorithmically driven obfuscation”: operating in an obscure and biased manner, the algorithm has been obfuscating users’ perceptions not only of the algorithmic rules, but also of the social facts. In my case, due to algorithmically driven obfuscation, gay men can only explore the reasons for reduced visibility in front of fragmented clues left by the algorithm; for others, this can also lead to misunderstandings, such as that gay men are reluctant to engage in more public expression. On Zhihu, such algorithmically driven obfuscation of knowledge about gay men appears to operate along two trajectories. The first seeks to avoid raising the profile of (and, in some cases, directly removing) gay-related topics on the platform’s various trending lists. I13 identified this tactic during his interview, arguing that this was an issue of fairness; that regardless of the topic, there should be equal opportunities to be seen. Thus, when Zhihu algorithms sideline gay-related content from the trending lists, I13 saw this as a matter of discrimination and inequality. As another informant suggested, this refusal not only limits the distribution of gay-related content, but might also play a role in solidifying stereotypes of gay men within broader Chinese society, since if such topics are not on the trending lists, “some users will never encounter gay men even if he has used Zhihu all his life” (I14). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that algorithmically-driven obfuscation on Zhihu can limit the visibility of gay-related topics, leading to reduced engagement and understanding of these issues among users. This suggests that instead of facilitating connections, the algorithms create barriers to meaningful engagement and understanding, which could exacerbate feelings of social comparison rather than diminish them. The point that 'if such topics are not on the trending lists, some users will never encounter gay men' indicates a failure of social media to promote inclusive connections.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: BackgroundInsect pests are significant constraints of many agricultural, horticultural and forest crops worldwide. Cutworms are important polyphagous pests belonging to order Lepidoptera and family Noctuidae (Sharma 2016). Several species of cutworms, viz. Agrotis spp. , Peridroma saucia, Spodoptera frugiperda, S. exigua and S. littoralis, are responsible for causing severe damage to most of the economic plants. Most of the agriculturally important cutworms belong to genera Agrotis, and among them, the most damaging species of this genera are like: A. spinifera, A. ipsilon, A. flammatra, A. plecta, A. longidentifera and A. segetum are reported in India (Napiorkowska and Gawowska 2004). These group of insects cause extensive damage by cutting seedlings at colour regions and eating only the tender parts of plants. Larvae of cutworms usually feed at night, hiding in cracks and crevices in the soil or under clumps/litter piled around the plants during the day. During night-time feeding, they cut down the stem of their host plants, causing severe damage and rapid crop loss, especially at the seedling stage (Angulo et al. 2008). The caterpillars emerging from the eggs grow by passing through several molts until they attain full size and pupate in the ground, and moths emerge from these pupae. The complete life cycle of cutworm may take a month to a year, depending on the type of species and weather conditions prevailing. Due to their cosmopolitan distribution, cutworms are found in various climatic and nutritional conditions. Crop losses by these pests are more severe due to their hidden lifestyle during day time, feeding behaviour, prolonged egg laying and ability to migrate long distance (Capinera 2001). More than 80 percent of the loss occurred after reaching the 4th instar of larvae, which cuts several plants, most preferably at the initial stages of seedlings during night. Various chemicals are found ineffective against A. ipsilon larvae due to the development of resistance against these pesticides and their hiding behaviour during daylight hours (Takeda 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the impact of cutworms as significant pests in agriculture but does not mention entomopathogenic nematodes or their potential use as biological control agents. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Physical comfort, psychological and emotional relaxation, and social interaction are found due to urban green spaces in quality of life models (Mensah et al. , 2016). The role of urban green spaces has been recognized as a primary source of a livable and sustainable city (Dhingra & Chattopadhyay, 2016). improves human life actively by mitigating the urban heat island densely populated areas. The significance of urban green spaces has been analysed for better human life through leisure activities, social interaction, noise reduction, and removal of air pollution (Wolch et al. , 2014). The requirement of ecosystem services on a broad scale is delivered by the urban green spaces for inhabitants and the city environment. In a city, green landscapes have a pivotal potential to maintain a sustainable environment and activate cultural events. Well-managed urban green landscapes are estimated more significant for provisioning ecosystem services (freshwater, food, and raw material) in Vilnius (Lithuania). Functionally, urban green spaces absorb CO2, release O3, decrease the temperature, reduce urban heat island effects, enhance air quality and humidity, conserve soil and water, minimize noise pollution, cut down winds speed, and save soil from contaminations and erosion (Lou et al. , 2017). The occurrence of urban green spaces mitigates climatic change effects, provides a platform for social connection, and enhances human health and well-being (Krellenberg et al. , 2014). Green spaces deliver several positive health impacts through physical activities (Sanders et al. , 2015). Also, under the COVID-19 crisis, urban green spaces were a significant source of leisure activities. Outside events were reported 291% higher during lock-down than the past 3 years over the same day in Oslo (Norway). Walking, jogging, and hiking practises in urban parks have expanded, emphasising relevance of urban green spaces during the crisis (Venter et al. , 2020). Open green spaces brought considerable social benefits in Spain during the project in Getxo. The proximity to urban parks to lower socio-economic status and vulnerable groups with improved leisure activities was found the most advantageous. In contrast, noise and poor cleanliness are the most damaging effects of crime and possible tension for the general public (García de Jalón et al. , 2020). By providing trails and benches with a canopy of vegetation, the benefits of urban green spaces can be improved (Madureira et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting various benefits of urban green spaces that contribute to mental health and well-being. It states that urban green spaces provide facilities for physical comfort, psychological and emotional relaxation, and social interaction, which are all aspects that enhance quality of life. Moreover, it mentions that urban green spaces 'mitigate climatic change effects' and 'enhance human health and well-being', further supporting the idea that these areas play a positive role in mental health. The text also reflects on the increase in outdoor activities and social benefits derived from urban green spaces, particularly during the COVID-19 crisis, emphasizing their importance for mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: By contrast, research indicating that SNS use may increase well-being, as a result of more frequent interactions with friends (Valkenburg, Peter, & Schouten, 2006) and social capital (Ellison et al. , 2007), suggests that positive, sociable motives could be associated with higher levels of well-being. In addition, as opposed to positive motives, dark side motives are likely to be related to a strong need for popularity and narcissism. The former refers to a motivation to behave in ways to appear popular (Santor, Messervey, & Kusumakar, 2000), whereas the latter is a dispositional tendency toward grandiose, albeit insecure, self-views, which are maintained by seeking external validation and self-centered behavior (Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001). Indeed, both constructs correlate positively with self-enhancing activities on SNSs, such as strategic self-presentation and profile enhancement (Carpenter, 2012; Utz, Tanis, & Vermeulen, 2012). Moreover, a similar pattern of relations can be expected for the dispositional tendency to experience schadenfreude, which shows a strong link with narcissism (Porter, Bhanwer, Woodworth, & Black, 2014). Other personality traits may have similar relations with different following motives. For example, we have argued that users may follow others on SNSs to enable them to make self-enhancing downward comparisons as well as inspirational upward comparisons, suggesting that the general tendency to make social comparisons (i. e. , comparison orientation; Gibbons & Buunk, 1999) should be positively related to both antisocial and positive, sociable following motives. We include the aforementioned personality traits in our study and formulate the hypothesis below:H2. Antisocial and insecurity motives for following others (i. e. , dark side motives) will be positively related to (a) need for popularity, (b) narcissism, and (c) dispositional schadenfreude and will be negatively related to (d) self-esteem and (e) satisfaction with life. Following Motives, on SNSs, and FriendingBecause following motives should be related to the intensity of SNS use (i. e. , both time spent and following counts on SNSs; Ellison et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by exploring the complexities of social media use, highlighting that while social networking sites (SNS) can increase well-being through positive interactions, they can also foster negative motives such as the desire for popularity and narcissism. These negative motives lead to self-enhancing behaviors and social comparisons, both downward and upward, which are linked to various personality traits and psychological outcomes. Thus, while there are positive aspects to social connections on SNS, the text also points to the potential for harmful social comparisons, suggesting a more nuanced understanding of the impact of social media that contradicts a simplistic view.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Distribution, host range, nature of the damage, economic importance, seasonal dynamics and management methods of cutworms with the effective use of EPNs were enumerate. Distribution and host range of cutwormsCutworms as uncertain origin are distributed in many regions of the world but found absent from some tropical regions and cold areas. These cutworms are more damaging in northern hemisphere. In Europe, China, and North America, long-distance dispersal of adults has long been suspected. In the spring, the general trend is to travel north and in the autumn to go south. In the USA, studies have shown that when moths are aided by northward-blowing wind, they can travel up to 1000 km north in 2–4 days during the spring. In the autumn, similar movement to the south and southwest was seen (Story and Keaster 1982). In India, almost 26 species of cutworms (Agrotis spp. ) are well known yet. However, A. ipsilon and A. segetum are the most common and damaging species under genera Agrotis distributed in most of the parts of India (Chandel and Chandla 2003). Cutworms are cosmopolitan and polyphagous pests that feed on a wide range of field and vegetable crops. Generally, A. ipsilon was reported from most of potato-growing regions of India mainly concentrating on the belt from Punjab to Bengal and in (Lal and Rohilla 2007). This species is also reported dominantly and highly abundant in cole crops from the region of Srinagar, J&K (Bhat 2018). In the cold desert of Ladakh, nearly all vegetables are known to be attacked by A. ipsilon (Pandey et al. 2006). Vegetable crops like cabbage, cauliflower and knol-khol are frequently attacked by A. ipsilon and A. flammatra in north-eastern belt of India (Sachan and Gangwar 1990). Other economically crucial crops attacked by cutworms include cotton, barley, oats, tobacco, lucerne, wheat, mustard, groundnut, sunflower, maize, sorghum, lentil, linseed, sugarcane, gram, sorghum, bajra, cowpea and berseem (Pal and Katiyar 2010). A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses cutworms, their distribution, economic importance, and the crops they damage, but it does not mention entomopathogenic nematodes or their use as biological control agents. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the use of EPNs against soil pests.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: , 2018). Urban societies demanded proper management and more urban green spaces (Campagnaro et al. , 2020). It was evaluated that authentic fitness was linked with physical recreation activity. The appearance and convenient access to green spaces also found supportive for life satisfaction and health promotion. More links of walking and cycling are found to public health in urban and suburban areas within urban green spaces (Pietilä et al. , 2015; Zhong et al. , 2020). Good physical fitness also helps to regular parks visit. Social harmony and leisure facilities have been proposed as an attractive source of human well-being to locals. The interconnection of socio-ecological structures in urban green areas may improve socio-environmental justice by focusing on ecosystem services (Enssle & Kabisch, 2020). The frequency of parks visits rises with a better quality of urban parks for human and environmental health (Misiune et al. , 2021). The activity in green spaces determines advantages; walk reduces fatigue and sitting safer for restoring attention (Lin et al. , 2020). In order to improve human health, better biophysical properties of canopy vegetation in urban areas are necessary. Improved green landscapes and their connectivity increases health benefits and decreases disease morbidity (Yeh et al. , 2020). After reviewing previous studies, it has been found that most urban areas are not environmentally suitable for living due to the shrinking of green spaces and expansion of the built-up structure. Therefore, it is more disastrous to expand such urban areas still similarly. Hence, this study reviews previous literature on the significance of urban green spaces for human (physical, psychological, mental, social, and subjective) well-being. Therefore, the study aims to: Review previous literature on the role of urban green spaces for human well-being. MethodsIn this review, 46 publications from the Web of Science and Scopus index and PubMed databases were finalized by the authors. These 46 studies were found well cited in the different studies. All these 46 publications received 3732 2021. Table 2 shows the citation detail of each paper. A process of searching and organization the data is given below:Sources of dataThe data for this systematic review were collected from Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Web of Science is temporally working since 1900, which was established by Clarivate Analytics. It consists of almost 256 disciplines, including sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of urban green spaces on various aspects of human well-being, including physical, psychological, mental, and social health. It highlights that convenient access to green spaces is linked to life satisfaction and health promotion, and that activities in these areas, such as walking, can reduce fatigue and restore attention. Furthermore, the text mentions that improving urban green spaces can increase health benefits and decrease disease morbidity, supporting the idea that urban green spaces are beneficial for mental health and well-being.