Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR education requires no additional training for teachers or students. [SEP] Text: Possibly, the time allocated to auscultation training was too brief for obtaining the skills required to make a good auscultation report at this stage of their medical education. This observation is supported by other trials that have evaluated some of the same aspects, both in medical students and doctors [1]. We found a weak, non-significant negative correlation between the time interval from the last teaching session to the test. This is compatible with the common experience that following a short intensive course, knowledge and skills reach the short memory only. A controlled intervention study concluded that five hundred repetitions of four basic cardiac murmurs significantly improved medical students' proficiency in recognizing basic cardiac murmurs. The authors concluded that cardiac auscultation is, in part, a technical skill [10]. It is, however, hard to get acceptance for more time spent on auscultation training in the congested medical core curriculum. Limitations of the studyThe technical problems with the CAS equipment limited the value of the computer-based training sessions. Our selection of program components from the CAS had not been tried previously, and might have been improved with more experience. Benefits from the CAS system might further have increased, had the equipment been more accessible for the students, or if we had used an auscultation mannequin in addition [11]. We had no pre-intervention test. Hence we cannot know for certain, the value of the additional training in any of the two arms. A more ideal design would have been to randomize the groups at the very first time the students were introduced to heart auscultation, and then keep the same groups throughout the medical education. However, such an approach would be complicated. It would demand at least 5 years follow-up of each student. Furthermore, the Faculty of Medicine in Oslo reorganizes the teaching groups from one term to another, in order to train the students to cope with new group settings. A final limitation to our approach is that we tested auscultation skills only; recently, benefit has been reported from additional teaching on complete cardiac examination with virtual patients [12]. We had expected to find advantages by using the simulator, since the teaching could introduce each concept step by step, and it allowed the students to carefully study the different cardiac murmurs. However, no demonstrable difference between use of the heart sound simulator and bedside training was found. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of time allocated for training and the necessity for additional skills development in medical education, particularly in auscultation. It emphasizes that training is essential for proficiency and mentions technical problems with computer-based training, implying that additional training might still be required for effective learning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Parameters used in MrBayes v3. 1. 2 (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist, 2001; Ronquist & Huelsenbeck, 2003) searches are presented in Table 2. All other parameters used were as default. We also carried out Bayesian searches implementing polytomy priors (Lewis, Holder & Holsinger, 2005) under Phycas v2. 2. 0 (Lewis, Holder & Swofford, 2015) as to ensure that support values produced by MrBayes were not overestimated (i. e. , “star-tree paradox”) (Suzuki, Glazko & Nei, 2002). We determined if Bayesian analyses had reached stationarity prior to estimating the posterior probability for each node by building majority-rule consensus trees of the stationary stage of each run using the SumTrees command (Sukumaran & Holder, 2010). Samples prior to stationarity were discarded as “burnin”. We repeated all phylogenetic searches under three partitioning schemes: (a) all positions within a single partition; (b) positions partitioned by gene; and (c) the best partitioning scheme according to the BIC implemented in PartitionFinder v1. 0. 0 (Lanfear et al. , 2012). PartitionFinder searches were run using the following settings: branch lengths = linked; models = all; model selection = BIC; search = greedy; and an a priori partitioning scheme accounting for codon positions and genes. sequenced COI and NaK for a total of 50 individuals from across five locations in the Seychelles archipelago. All individuals from the inner islands of the Seychelles were putatively identified as L. dentipes based on the gonopod morphology, while those from Aldabra were putatively assigned to L. vitiensis. All sequences produced in this study have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers: MF805556–MF805586 and MF828572–MF828583. COI and NaK haplotype networks For COI, we observed a total of 16 haplotypes divided into three networks (Fig. 2). Two haplotypes separated by two mutational steps were found solely in individuals collected at Aldabra. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the methodologies and settings used in phylogenetic searches and the analysis of genetic sequences, without explicitly discussing the use of genetic markers for tracing inheritance patterns in populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: However, our institution’s desire to develop a program focusing on research and education around this technology requires an individual with a greater range of clinical experience, thereby increasing the annual operating costs. Thus, we modelled the need for higher labour costs in the development year, with a reduced cost for subsequent maintenance of the equipment. Additionally, there are two reasons why this study represents a cost minimization analysis without providing a cost–benefit evaluation. First, cost-benefit analysis would have introduced uncertainty and error if benefit were converted to a standardized value (e. g. , quality- or disability-adjusted life years). Second, cost-benefit analysis would have been helpful only to determine whether the benefit/cost ratio reached a minimal threshold to warrant additional expense. However, since TM represents a dominant strategy (better outcome and lower cost) at volumes above break-even value, this step was not necessary. Finally, the nature of this intervention did not lend itself to a blinded study. Likewise, allocation concealment was not possible when patients knew the nature of the subsequent visit based on their initial encounter. These factors may have coloured patients’ perceptions or their reporting of costs and satisfaction. Furthermore, assessors were not blinded, nor were patients who were assessing their own pain scores and calculating costs. However, the crossover design did permit each patient to serve as his or her own control and, therefore, limited the impact of these factors. One important issue for discussion is the payer-beneficiary gap. In this case, patients enjoyed substantial cost savings and reported a better satisfaction score (a clearly dominant strategy by decision-analysis metrics); however, the hospital was responsible for funding the costs and bearing the logistical burden. Hospital administrators considering TM should consider the portion of their global budget required for this investment and compare this cost with the patient advantages as previously described. In conclusion, we have shown a significant net economic benefit associated with the use of TM in the follow-up of patients who attended a multidisciplinary pain clinic wherein established methods for analysis of cost-effectiveness were used and new health initiatives were economically valuated. Given the significant capital expense involved in establishing a TM capability, this study outlines the types of local analyses that might be utilized to demonstrate cost-effectiveness when considering adoption of this technology. In addition to the cost savings from both patient and societal perspectives, the patients were more satisfied with the TM consultation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant net economic benefit associated with the use of telemedicine (TM) for patient follow-up, particularly noting improved patient satisfaction scores and cost savings. It emphasizes that the TM intervention allowed for effective monitoring of patients who attended a multidisciplinary pain clinic, which supports the notion that doctors can indeed monitor chronic conditions remotely.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree-planting initiatives in cities can reduce urban heat island effects. [SEP] Text: Some environmental stresses of trees in urban and suburban sites, such as acute exposure to de-icing salt (Fluckiger and Braun 1981) or environmental pollutants, are unique to those environments. However, other abiotic stresses, such as drought or extreme temperatures, occur in virtually all ecosystems in which trees are native but may be exacerbated by human development (Bassuk and Whitlow 1986). Trees may experience increased drought stress in urban environments due to reduced soil moisture availability (Berrang et al. 1985; Clark and Kjelgren 1989; Cody and Smith 1997) or atmospheric drought (Whitlow and Bassuk 1986, 1988; Whitlow et al. 1992). Numerous factors may lead to soil-moisture-related drought stress, including restricted soil volumes, reduced rainfall infiltration, and soil compaction. The extent to which soil moisture actually limits urban tree growth and development varies with site factors and, in some cases, soil moisture availability may be greater under pavement (Wagar and Franklin 1994). In a study of City street trees, Berrang et al. (1985) observed that excess soil water was a more frequent problem than soil moisture deficits. Atmospheric drought stress may occur when the rate of transpiration from tree crowns exceeds the capacity for roots to absorb water, resulting in decreased plant water potential (Kozlowski 1987). In considering the impact of urban heat island effects on tree water loss, it is important to understand that the “driving force” of transpiration is not just temperature but the vapor pressure deficit of the air surrounding the tree. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is calculated as the difference between the amount of water vapor in air compared to what the air could hold at saturation (saturation vapor pressure). Because saturation vapor pressure increases exponentially with temperature, VPD also increases exponentially with temperature at a given relative humidity To understand the potential impact of urban heat islands on tree water use, consider that at a relative humidity of 30%, each 11 °C increase in air temperature doubles the vapor pressure deficit (Figure 1). Therefore, relatively small increases in air temperature due to heat retention and re-radiation from buildings and asphalt can result in dramatic increases in evaporative demand and daily plant moisture stress. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 1. Effect of temperature on vapor pressure deficit (VPD) at 30% relative humidity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the negative impacts of urban environments on tree health and moisture stress. It explains how urban heat islands can exacerbate drought stress in trees due to increased temperatures leading to higher vapor pressure deficit (VPD), indicating that the presence of urban heat islands creates conditions that can worsen stress on trees rather than simply reducing heat effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: A second haplotype network contained all COI individuals collected from Cousine island (E1) and consisted of seven haplotypes separated by 2–9 steps. A third and final network consisted of the seven COI haplotypes recovered from Silhouette (E2) and Mahé (E3, E4) which were separated by 2–15 steps. We recovered two alleles for the NaK gene, with all Ligia individuals from the inner islands (E2–E4) sharing a single allele that diverged by 27 steps from an allele found in all the individuals from Aldabra (E1). Figure 2: COI haplotype networks for Seychellois Ligia. Colors and locality IDs correspond with those use in all other Figures. Empty circles and hash marks represent unsampled (i. e. , missing) haplotypes, while the size of circles is proportional to the frequency at which each haplotype was recovered. Each panel corresponds to networks separated by >5% differences. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/fig-2 Phylogenetic reconstructions Our concatenated mitochondrial dataset included a total of 16 Ligia individuals: five from localities within the Seychelles, nine from other Indo-Pacific localities, and the two outgroups. The final concatenated alignment included 2025 nucleotides, of which 292 positions could not be confidently aligned and were excluded for the phylogenetic analyses (16S rDNA: 138; 12S rDNA: 154). Of the resulting 1733 nucleotides positions, 579 were parsimony informative. jModeltest identified a model consisting of three substitution rates (rate matrix: 012010; see jModeltest manual) as well as +F, +I, and +Γ parameters for our final concatenated mitochondrial dataset under the and AICc respectively. We applied this model in GARLI analyses; however, the more complex GTR +Γ model was applied in all other searches as the chosen model is not available in the other software packages (e. g. , RAxML, Phycas). The use of GTR was justified as it was included in the 99% cumulative weight interval under all three selection criteria. Mitochondrial phylogenetic reconstructions (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and discusses haplotype networks and phylogenetic reconstructions pertaining to specific individuals of Ligia from different locations. However, it does not directly address the claim about genetic markers being used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: How can smart contact lenses monitor and treat eye conditions? Published: October 4, 2022 More than 3 million people live with glaucoma in the United States, an eye disease that is the world’s second leading cause of blindness. is using his skills as a biomedical engineer to develop smart contact lenses that can both monitor the condition and deliver drugs to combat it. — the fraction of a drug that enters the body and has an active effect — a signal in living organisms that can be measured e. g. , heart rate — the transparent layer forming the front of the eye — an eye condition in which increased pressure within the eyeball can lead to an eventual loss of sight — an adjective describing something concerned with the eye or vision — an electronic device that can be comfortably worn on the body while performing a specific medical function Imagine wearing contact lenses that could not only monitor your eyes to check for diseases, but could also send reports to your doctor and administer drugs directly into your eyes to improve your condition, all while you are sat in the comfort of your own home. This futuristic-sounding type of healthcare could soon become a reality. Hwan Lee, associate professor of biomedical engineering and mechanical engineering at Purdue University, is developing smart contact lenses that can do just that. Biomedical engineering lies at the heart of medical technology, where researchers collaborate with healthcare practitioners to develop new and innovative devices that can improve the lives of patients. Chi Hwan’s research group is designing wearable biomedical devices that can be attached to a patient’s eye or skin to monitor or treat specific health conditions. ? Wearable sensors can be tailored to monitor a range of physical (e. g. , pressure and strain), electrophysical (e. g. , heart and muscle activities) and electrochemical (e. g. , chemicals in blood or sweat) biosignals. For example, sensors attached to the skin under the chin could be used to monitor muscle activity in individuals suffering from swallowing disorders, and contact lenses could monitor ocular pressure in those suffering from glaucoma. As more than 3 million people live with glaucoma in the United States, and it is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, finding ways to monitor the condition is essential for medical research and patient welfare. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how smart contact lenses can monitor eye conditions like glaucoma and send reports to doctors, thereby facilitating remote monitoring of chronic conditions. The mention of patients being able to manage their condition from home aligns with the principles of telemedicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: | Peer-of on the in of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-of Biogeography, Department of Geography and Land Planning, Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-of Forestry and Wood Engineering, of Porto-Novo, Porto-Novo, in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (, Issue 4) Received: 12 May 2017 Accepted: 24 May 2017 Published: 10 July 2017 Views: Downloads: 1. 5, 2 and 3 meters height measured from 7am to 6pm at one hour interval. Data were analyzed using under R 3. 3. 1 software. Results showed that street alignment trees were poorly diversified and dominated by Khaya senegalensis. This species appeared to be highly pruned and threatened because of its numerous medicinal virtues. Moreover it was found that air temperature and relative humidity were influenced by the time and the place of measurement. The coolness effect of urban green was evidenced by the decrease in temperature under alignment trees compared with that recorded on roadside free of trees. These results suggested that urban green could be adopted as adaptation strategy to address the issue of global warming in the city. Published in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (, Issue 4) DOI 10. 11648/j. aff. 20170604. 13 Page(s) 123-129 This is an 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. © The Author(s), 2017. Published by 75. 2016. 01. 010. [3] Hsieh, C-M. & Jan Zhang, L. (2016). A simplified assessment of how tree allocation, wind environment, and shading affect human comfort. Urban For. Urban Green. 18, 126–137. [4] Kadir, M. A. A. & Orthman, N. (2012). Towards a better tomorrow: street trees and their values in urban areas. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35, 267-274. [5] FAO. (2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while urban green can be an adaptation strategy to address global warming, it does not imply that urban forestry alone can fully reverse climate change. It states that results indicated the coolness effect of urban green contributes positively but does not address the claim's assertion of full reversal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Although some analyses suggested a sister relationship between clades A and B, supports for this relationship was low in ML analyses (BS: <60) and highly variable in BI (PP: 71–100). COI K2P divergences between the three main lineages in the clade ranged from 7. 12 to 9. 09% (Table 3). Table 3: Estimates of evolutionary divergence, as measured by Kimura 2-parameter distances, for main Ligia lineages from the study area and outgroups. When applicable minimum and maximum (top values) as well as average divergences (values in parentheses) are provided. . exotica L. occidentalis 7. 1–9. 1% (4. 3%) 22. 9–24. 7% (24. 0%) 2. 50% 25. 8–28. 1% (26. 8%) 25. 9–26. 6% (26. 2%) N/A 25. 3–27. 1% (26. 3%) 22. 0–23. 8% (22. 8%) 25. 9–27. 2% (26. 6%) 4. 70% 24. 3–27. 6% (26. 3%) 21. 9–23. 7% (22. 1%) 24. 7–25. 4% (25. 2%) 12. 4–14. 8% (13. 7%) 0. 5–4. 7% (2. 9%) 26. 3–27. 8% (27. 3%) 23. 3–23. 75% (23. 5%) 27. 7% 13. 3–14. 2% (13. 8%) 12. 1–12. 7% (12. 3%) N/A L. exotica 22. 6–25. 4% (23. 4%) 25. 7–25. 7% (25. 7%) 25. 7% 25. 9–28. 1% (27. 0%) 24. 9–26. 9% (25. 9%) 26. 3% N/A L. occidentalis 27. 5–28. 3% (28. 0%) 23. 8–24. 9% (24. 3%) 24. 6% 24. 9% 19. 0–20. 9% (19. 8%) 20. 8% 25. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about evolutionary divergence between lineages but does not directly address or support the claim regarding the use of genetic markers to trace inheritance patterns in populations. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: As well as providing continuous monitoring of a patient’s condition, another major benefit of Chi Hwan’s wearable devices is their ability to record a patient’s biosignals while they are at home and then to automatically send a report to their doctor. “This means patients do not need to frequently travel to a clinic, which is particularly helpful for those living in rural areas or with limited mobility,” explains. ? “The human skin and eye are soft, curvilinear and sensitive to pain,” explains Chi Hwan. “Therefore, wearable biomedical devices must have mechanical softness, flexibility, stretchability and breathability, without side effects such as discomfort, pain or tissue damage. ” A major challenge for designing smart contact lenses is that the fabrication of wireless sensors typically requires high temperatures and corrosive chemicals, which is why electronic circuits are normally built on hard materials. However, these rigid materials are unsuitable for use in the human eye, so and his team had to develop novel techniques for creating soft and stretchable sensors that could be placed on various commercial brands of soft contact lenses. They developed a ‘peeling technique’, whereby the electronic components are constructed on conventional fabrication substrates that can withstand high temperatures and corrosive chemicals but can then be thinly peeled off and transferred elsewhere. This means the sensors can exist on flexible, stretchable, transparent or biodegradable substrates, including soft contact lenses. ? Chi Hwan’s team has developed a soft, ultrathin, wireless sensor to measure ocular pressure, which can be attached to commercial soft contact lenses. “This allows continuous 24-hour monitoring of ocular pressure for glaucoma patients, even during sleep,” he explains. As well as monitoring eye conditions, smart contact lenses can also treat them, by injecting drugs directly into the eye. “Ocular drug delivery remains a grand challenge due to the complex structure of the eye,” says Chi Hwan. Download the 10. 33424/303 Link to the activity sheet Download the Share 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 participant wearing a smart soft contact lens during the continuous monitoring of ocular pressure © : 10. 1038/s41467-022-33254-4 A tear-soluble contact lens with silicon nanoneedles for painless and long-term sustained drug delivery © : 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that Chi Hwan’s wearable devices allow for continuous monitoring of a patient’s condition and report biosignals to the doctor while the patients are at home. This feature directly supports remote monitoring of chronic conditions, confirming that patients are not required to travel frequently to a clinic, which is particularly beneficial for those with mobility limitations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: La foresterie urbaine et périurbaine. [6] IPCC. (2011). Mitigation, Climate change. IPCC special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation. [7]. & Wake, V. , (1997). A Model of Sustainability. Journal of Arboriculture. 23, 17-30. [8] McPherson, E. & Simpson, J. R. (2003). Potential energy savings in buildings by an urban tree planting programme in California. & 2; 073-086. [9] Lopez, F. & Roussel, J. M. (2010). Encombrement des trottoirs: Les espaces verts. Une voirie pour tous. Fiche n°3. 5. 10p. [10] Kenney, W. A. , van Wasseanaer, P. J. E. & Satel, A. L. (2011). Criteria and Indicators for and Management. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 37, 108-117. [11] Abreu-Harbich, L. V. , Labaki, L. C. & Matzarakis, A. (2015). Effect of tree planting design and tree species on human thermal comfort in the tropic. Landscape and 138, 99-109. [12] FAO. (2000). La foresterie urbaine en Amérique du nord et ses interactions au niveau mondial. NAFC/8. [13] Vaz, M. , Doick, K. J. , Handley, P. & Peace, A. (2016). The impact of greenspace size on the extent of local nocturnal air temperature cooling in London. & Urban Greening, 16, 160–169. [14] Bory, G. (2000). L’arbre dans la ville. On ne regarde pas les arbres en ville Dossier foret. Fiche extraite du Dossier Forêt. 170p. [15] FAO. (2011). Situation des forêts du monde. Rome, Italie. 176p. [16]. & Hurley, P. T. (2013). Urban forest justice and the rights to wild foods, medicines, and materials in the city. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and reports related to urban forestry and its impacts, but it does not support the claim that urban forestry alone can fully reverse climate change. Instead, it references the complexity and interactions of urban forestry with other factors, implying that urban forestry is part of a broader solution rather than a standalone remedy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 6% N/A DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/table-3 The ‘Asian’ clade (DEF) included all individuals identified as L. dentipes which were separated into three main lineages: (a) (red in all figures; BS: 91–100, PP:100) included Ligia from Galle (Sri Lanka) and Phuket (Thailand); (b) (blues in all figures; BS: 88–100; PP: 100) consisting of Ligia from the inner islands of Seychelles; and (c) (green in all figures) represented solely from Ligia collected in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka. As in Clade ABC, relationships within the ‘Asian’ clade were not well resolved. We observed a sister relationship between clades E and F; however, support values for this relationship were often low (BS: <60–74; PP: <60–65). COI K2P divergences between the three main lineages in the Asian clade ranged from 12. 07 to 14. 83% (Table 3). Divergences within the inner Seychelles locations (i. e. , Clade E) ranged from 0. 5 to 5. 2% with all comparisons to the island of Cousine being above 4. 5% (Table 4). Table 4: Estimates of evolutionary divergence, as measured by Kimura 2-parameter distances, for Ligia localities from Seychelles inner island localities. E1 E2 E3 E4 E1 – E2 4. 9% – E3 5. 1% 0. 8% – E4 5. 2% 0. 9% 0. 5% – DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/table-4 date, two species of Ligia have been reported to inhabit intertidal habitats in the Seychelles archipelago: L. dentipes (Taiti, 2014) and L. exotica (Ferrara & Taiti, 1985). The former is considered to be endemic to coastlines in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, with confirmed records from the Nicobar and Andaman islands, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, and the Seychelles (Taiti, 2014 and 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding genetic markers and inheritance patterns. Instead, it discusses the classification and evolutionary divergence of various populations of the Ligia species in the 'Asian' clade without linking it to genetic markers for tracing inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: 1126/sciadv. abn1772 A horse wearing a smart textile during the continuous monitoring of health conditions © : 10. 1002/adma. 202108021 Eyedrops and ointments that are traditionally used to administer ocular drugs have a very low bioavailability. Less than 5% of eyedrop medication reaches its target, as our eyes are designed to prevent foreign substances from entering. “This means larger or more frequent doses are required,” says Chi Hwan, “which burdens the patient and increases the risk of side effects such as blurred vision and discomfort. ” In response to this, has developed tear-soluble contact lenses equipped with biodegradable nanoneedles that can inject drugs directly into the required location. “When a patient inserts the contact lens, the nanoneedles penetrate the cornea in a minimally-invasive manner and then undergo gradual degradation over the course of several months while providing sustained, painless delivery of ocular drugs,” he explains. “The contact lens itself dissolves in tear fluid within a few minutes. ” These drug delivery contact lenses will be useful for treating chronic ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, as they will provide painless, long-term, sustained drug delivery to the patient’s eye. ? and the team are also designing other wearable biomedical devices. They are integrating electronics (such as heart rate sensors) into fabric textiles, creating fabrics that can monitor health conditions while also retaining their original wearability and breathability. A key condition of these electronic textiles is that they can be worn multiple times and can survive for multiple laundry cycles. These electronic textiles have recently been applied in a wearable biomedical device for horses. The team created a horse blanket containing multiple sensors that continuously monitor the horse’s heart rate, muscle activity and breathing rate. This allows the horse owner to monitor the horse’s health over long periods of time, whether they are galloping through a field or asleep in their stable. ? “My next steps will be to bring the research outcomes out of university and into clinical practice so many people can benefit from using our technologies,” says Chi Hwan. He hopes that, after extensive clinical trials, his wearable biomedical devices will become commercially available, enhancing and advancing the care of patients with a wide range of health conditions. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of wearable biomedical devices that can monitor health conditions continuously. It mentions that these technologies, such as electronic textiles integrated with sensors, enable health monitoring over extended periods, which aligns with the ability of doctors to monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: 13 T2 - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries JF - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries JO - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries SP - 123 EP - 129 PB - Group SN - 2328-5648 UR - AB - The effect of urban green on meteorological parameters such as temperature and relative humidity was assessed on one major city street in Cotonou called “Boulevard de Missèbo-Zongo” (BMZ). Tree inventory and field measurement of meteorological parameters were performed on the roadside and central median of the BMZ. Dendrometric data collected were the number of tree species, the number of tree individuals per species, the diameter of trees at breast height, the tree heights, the tree crown shape, shade form on the ground when the sun is at Zenith; while the meteorological data were the air temperature and the relative humidity inside and outside of urban green at 1. 5, 2 and 3 meters height measured from 7am to 6pm at one hour interval. Data were analyzed using under R 3. 3. 1 software. Results showed that street alignment trees were poorly diversified and dominated by Khaya senegalensis. This species appeared to be highly pruned and threatened because of its numerous medicinal virtues. Moreover it was found that air temperature and relative humidity were influenced by the time and the place of measurement. The coolness effect of urban green was evidenced by the decrease in temperature under alignment trees compared with that recorded on roadside free of trees. These results suggested that urban green could be adopted as adaptation strategy to address the issue of global warming in the city. VL - 6 IS - 4 ER - Copy | of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, of Biogeography, Department of Geography and Land Planning, Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-of Forestry and Wood Engineering, of Porto-Novo, Porto-129. Copy | Togbe; Rosos Djikpo; Romeo Chabi; Bruno Djossa. Effects of on the in Cotonou, Benin Republic. Agric. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while urban greenery has beneficial effects on local meteorological parameters such as temperature and humidity, it does not mention the ability of urban forestry to 'fully reverse the effects of climate change.' Instead, it proposes urban green as an 'adaptation strategy' to address global warming, implying that urban forestry alone is insufficient for complete reversal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 07 to 27. 62% (L. dentipes: 12. 07–14. 83% COI K2P; L. vitiensis: 21. 85–27. 62% COI K2P). These divergences would require mutation rates that are about six times lower than the mutation rate for COI reported for other marine isopods (2. 5%/My; Ketmaier, Argano & Caccone, 2003) in order to match the age of the inner Seychelles islands (∼65 My; Plummer & Belle, 1995). These findings, though not conclusive, would suggest an Asian origin for Ligia from the inner islands. The finding that Ligia from the inner islands are most closely related to those from Asia represent a rare, yet not exceptional, occurrence for Seychellois flora and fauna. Overall, fauna endemic to the Seychelles appears to largely be of an or Malagasy origin (Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2012 and 4. 5–5. 3% when compared to other localities (Mahé and Silhouette) within the inner islands. Interestingly, this pattern is similar to those previously reported for Seychellois herpetofauna from the inner islands (Rocha, Harris & Posada, 2011; Rocha, Posada & Harris, 2013; Silva et al. , 2010) and to reports of cryptic diversity for other Ligia species, including L. occidentalis (Eberl et al. , 2013; Hurtado, Mateos & Santamaria, 2010), L. hawaiensis (Santamaria et al. , 2013; Taiti et al. , 2003), L. baudiniana (Santamaria, Mateos & Hurtado, 2014), L. exotica and L. cinerascens (Yin et al. , 2013), and L. oceanica (Raupach et al. , 2014). The sum of our findings thus suggest the presence of 2–3 putative cryptic species of Ligia in the Seychelles: being one, and those of Cousine and Silhouette + Mahé representing one or two putative species. Morphological inspections are needed to determine whether diagnostic characters exist that differentiate between these highly divergent lineages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic divergence, mutation rates, and potential species in the Seychelles without addressing the concept of using genetic markers specifically to trace inheritance patterns in populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: As previously shown [136], HL was able to colonize the spleen, liver and bone marrow in higher extent than ST parasites 6 weeks after infection (Figure 1, Infection bars). We hypothesized that these differences in infectivity could lead to distinct levels of protection. Thus, we re-infected the mice with homologous or heterologous strains. In our model, mice that were previously imprinted with HL strain and then challenged with the same highly infective strain (Figure 1, Re-inf HL bars) were able to sustain the splenic parasite load and to decrease in about 1 logarithm the number of parasites colonizing the liver and bone marrow. On the contrary, HL re-infection after ST imprinting led to a significant increase of about 1000 times in all the target tissues. Concomitant immunity was more pronounced when the animals were infected with the highly infective HL strain and then challenged with ST due to its lower infectivity (Figure 1, Re-inf ST bars). As such, the infections in the spleen and liver of HL imprinted mice suffered a significant reduction of ~1000-fold in the parasite loads to levels close to the quantification limit, and in the bone marrow parasitic presence was detected but not quantifiable. Accordingly, ST imprinting and consecutive challenge resulted in a ~10-fold increase in the splenic and hepatic parasite burden compared to the primary infection numbers, though no changes were noticed in the parasite load of the bone marrow. Figure 1. Parasite load after infection and challenge with L. infantum strains presenting different infectivitiesBased on the data exposed above, in terms of parasitological analysis we established that the onset of pathology (set as hepatosplenomegaly (data not shown; see [136]) and high parasite loads) by an infective L. infantum strain confers a degree of protection over a re-infection episode which correlates with the infectivity of both the imprinting and the challenging strains that are inoculated in the host. Similar findings were reported previously, when a high-dose of L. chagasi promastigotes was required for the development of protection against re-infection, whereas a low-dose immunization either had no effect or slightly exacerbated disease [49]. 3. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the infectivity of L. infantum strains and their effects on mice, with no mention of telemedicine or its effectiveness in medical treatment. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Por otro lado, se ha observado que en las últimas décadas estas avenidas han cambiado su magnitud, frecuencia y fecha de ocurrencia debido al cambio climático. Este efecto es tan importante que durante los últimos años los gobiernos de distintos países han desarrollado normas para tener en cuenta el cambio climático en el diseño de infraestructuras. Por ejemplo, en España, las nuevas Normas Técnicas de Seguridad para las presas y sus embalses. Para tratar de cuantificar el efecto del cambio climático en las avenidas en el futuro se han generado multitud de proyecciones de cambio climático. Estas proyecciones proporcionan datos a escala global y regional de precipitación y temperatura, pero esta escala normalmente no es suficiente para realizar estudios locales. Por tanto, normalmente aparecen errores de sesgo cuando se comparan las proyecciones de cambio climático con las observaciones puntuales en estaciones de medida de precipitación y temperatura, que afectan de forma significativa los resultados de los estudios de impacto. Se han desarrollado múltiples técnicas para corregir estos errores de sesgo en la precipitación y temperatura. Estos métodos normalmente se centran en corregir los valores medios de la precipitación y temperatura, ignorando el ajuste de los extremos. Por esto, se proponen una serie de metodologías de corrección de sesgo teniendo en cuenta el ajuste para los caudales extremos. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges involved in addressing climate change. It discusses how climate change has already altered the magnitude and frequency of flooding events, necessitating government regulations to account for these effects in infrastructure design. This indicates that urban forestry alone is insufficient to fully reverse these impacts, as it suggests a need for broader strategies to address the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Uncovering such differences may prove difficult, as previous morphological comparisons of highly divergent Ligia lineages within the same species complex suggest lineages to be nearly morphologically identical (Santamaria et al. , 2016; Santamaria et al. , 2013; Taiti et al. , 2003). In such case, differences in other traits that have been proven useful to distinguish between cryptic species could be explored, including timing of reproduction (e. g. , Villanueva, 2016), reproductive behaviors (e. g. , Meguro et al. , 2016), or molecular characters (e. g. , Johnson et al. , 2015). Our findings also suggest that additional lineages may occur in other Ligia populations across the Seychelles, particularly in yet to be sampled outer islands. Mitochondrial alignment for phylogenetic analyses DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/supp-1 for the NaK gene for DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/supp-2 for COI gene for DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/supp-3 We would like to acknowledge the logistical support of the Foundation, the Society, the (MCSS) as well as the help of Heather Richards, Daig Romain, Sheril de and in the search and collection of Ligia from the Seychelles. We also appreciate the logistical support from local entities such as the and Lodge. We thank the Seychelles government for approving the sample collection for this research. kindly allowed the use of their laboratory facilities at State University. The following students provided laboratory assistance in this project: (State University), (USF-SM). authors declare there are no competing interests. Carlos A. Santamaria conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper, permit processing. Joanna K. Bluemel performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper, field work; permit processing. performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper, field work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about genetic markers tracing inheritance patterns. Instead, it discusses the difficulties in distinguishing between morphologically similar lineages and mentions other traits such as reproductive behaviors or molecular characters, but it does not provide information specifically related to genetic markers or their use in inheritance pattern analysis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 47. 47. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search a ‘vascular stem cell’ population has not been identified or generated, vascular endothelial and mural cells (smooth muscle cells and pericytes) can be derived from currently known pluripotent stem cell sources including human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. We review the vascular potential of these human pluripotent stem cells, the mechanisms by which they are induced to differentiate toward a vascular endothelial cell fate, and their applications in regenerative medicine. Keywords: Angiogenesis, Blood vessel biology, Endothelial cell differentiation, Regenerative medicine, Stem cell differentiation 1. Altman, J. (1969) Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. 4. Cell proliferation and migration in the anterior forebrain, with special reference to persisting neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. J 137: 433–457. 2. Amabile, G. , A. Meissner (2009) Induced pluripotent stem cells: current progress and potential for regenerative medicine. Med 15: 59–68. 3. Asahara,T. , T. Murohara, A. Sullivan, M. Silver, R. van der Zee, T. Li, B. Witzenbichler, G. Schatteman, J. M. Isner (1997) Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 275: 964–966. 4. Atala, A. , S. B. Bauer, S. Soker, J. J. Yoo, A. B. Retik (2006) Tissue-engineered autologous bladders for patients needing cystoplasty. Lancet 367: 1241–1246. 5. Badylak, S. F. (2007) The extracellular matrix as a biologic scaffold material. Biomaterials 28: 3587–3593. 6. Badylak, S. F. , D. Taylor, K. Uygun (2010) Whole-organ tissue engineering: decellularization and recellularization of three-dimensional matrix scaffolds. 13: 27–53. 7. Bai, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the vascular potential of human pluripotent stem cells and their applications in regenerative medicine. It mentions that vascular endothelial and mural cells can be derived from pluripotent stem cell sources, implying a direct connection to repairing damaged tissues in regenerative contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Una problemática observada de las proyecciones de cambio climático es que la escala de las precipitaciones es normalmente diaria, afectando esto considerablemente a las simulaciones de los caudales extremos. Por ello, se ha utilizado un generador de lluvia estocástica para poder obtener series de lluvia a escala subdiaria. Los parámetros necesarios para generar las series de lluvia en el futuro se han estimado a partir de las proyecciones de cambio climático pudiendo así obtener las tasas de cambio por el efecto del cambio climático. Las inundaciones no solo afectan a las grandes infraestructuras, sino que también suponen un gran problema para las zonas urbanas. Además, en las últimas décadas estas zonas urbanas han sufrido grandes cambios, aumentando su población, densidad y extensión considerablemente. De la misma forma que en los casos anteriores, las avenidas en las zonas urbanas también se verán afectadas por el cambio climático. Por ello, se ha propuesto una metodología para estimar los cambios esperados en los daños directos por inundación en áreas urbanas en el futuro como consecuencia del cambio climático. La metodología propuesta se ha aplicado al caso de estudio de Pamplona. Se ha utilizado lanovedosa plataforma SaferPlaces, para calcular los daños directos por efecto de las inundaciones fluviales a escala de edificio. More information Item ID: 74132 DC Identifier: OAI Identifier: oai:oa. upm. es:74132 DOI: 10. 20868/UPM. thesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of urban areas in dealing with climate change, specifically mentioning that flooding affects urban infrastructure and that methodologies are needed to estimate future damages due to climate change. This implies that urban forestry alone is insufficient to address the broader issues posed by climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, reviewed drafts of the paper, field work. following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i. e. , approving body and any reference numbers): Field collections in Seychelles were carried out under a collection permit approved by the of Standards (Permit #A0157). DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The sequences have been uploaded to GenBank and accession numbers provided in Table 1. Alignments are provided as Supplemental Files. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: Newly produced sequences have been deposited in GenBank. work was supported by internal funding sources of and the University of Sarasota-Manatee. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2012. The generation of a biodiversity hotspot: biogeography and phylogeography of the western Indian ocean islands. In: Anamthawat-Jónssonm K, ed. Current topics in phylogenetics and phylogeography of terrestrial and aquatic systems. Rijeka: InTech. 33-82 Biju SD, Bossuyt F. 2003. New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles. Nature 425:711-714 Braithwaite C. 1984. Geology of the Seychelles. In: Stoddart D, ed. Biogeography and ecology of the Seychelles Islands. The Hague: W. Junk. 17-38. 1973. The evolution of an atoll: the depositional and erosional history of Aldabra. of the of London B, 266:307-340. 2000. TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. 9:1657-1659 Daniels SR. 2011. Reconstructing the colonisation and diversification history of the endemic freshwater crab (Seychellum alluaudi) in the granitic and volcanic Seychelles Archipelago. and Evolution 61:534-542. 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. 9:772. 2013. Phylogeography of the supralittoral isopod Ligia occidentalis around the marine biogeographical boundary. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes various procedural details related to field studies, DNA depositions, and related publications without addressing the use of genetic markers to trace inheritance patterns. It provides no information that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: , Y. Gao, M. (2010) BMP4 regulates vascular progenitor development in human embryonic stem cells through a smad-dependent pathway. J 109: 363–374. 8. Belmokhtar, K. , T. Bourguignon, M. Worou, G. Khamis, P. Bonnet, J. Domenech, V. Eder (2011) Regeneration of three layers vascular vall by using BMP2-treated MSC involving HIF-1α and Id1 expressions through JAK/STAT pathways. Rev, E-pub ahead of print. 9. (2001) The evolving concept of a stem cell: entity or function? Cell 105: 829–841. 10. Boheler, K. R. (2010) Pluripotency of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac and vascular regeneration. 104: 23–29. 11. Bosnali, M. , B. Münst, M. Thier, F. Edenhofer (2009) Deciphering the stem cell machinery as a basis for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying reprogramming. 66: 3403–3420. 12. Buehr, M. , S. Meek, K. Blair, J. Yang, J. Ure, J. Silva, R. McLay, J. Hall, Q. L. Ying, A. Smith (2008) Capture of authentic embryonic stem cells from rat blastocysts. Cell 135: 1287–1298. 13. (1999) Novel vascular graft grown within recipient’s own peritoneal cavity. 85: 1173–1178. 14. Carey, B. W. , S. Markoulaki, J. Hanna, K. Saha, Q. Gao, M. Mitalipova, R. Jaenisch (2009) Reprogramming of murine and human somatic cells using a single polycistronic vector. 106: 157–162. 15. Carmeliet, P. , V. Ferreira, G. Breier, S. Pollefeyt, L. Kieckens, M. Gertsenstein, M. Fahrig, A. Vandenhoeck, K. Harpal, C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes references to several studies that discuss the role of stem cells in vascular regeneration and their potential in regenerative medicine, demonstrating support for the claim. Specifically, the text mentions 'BMP2-treated MSC involving HIF-1α and Id1 expressions' which indicates the involvement of stem cells in regenerative processes. Additionally, publications focused on the 'pluripotency of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac and vascular regeneration' further corroborate the claim about stem cells being utilized to repair damaged tissues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3290282/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThis research was aimed at finding out the practices of urban forestry and urban greening in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Climate change issue has become a major topic of discussion among even the non-environmentalists because of its several effects on human and his environment. Types of plant species planted by homesteaders were appraised as well as reasons for the choices. Knowledge of climate change (causes, effects, and mitigations) were also appraised. Among the 30 participants that were involved in the Convenient sampling semi-structured survey, 43% had knowledge of climate change; 33% had knowledge of its causes; 40% were able to show some knowledge of role of vegetations in environmental purification, while all (100%) participants agreed that they would plant more vegetations if they had the knowledge of climate change and what role vegetations could play in curbing its effects. Various plant species were found around the homesteads including tree species, ornamental horticultural, and agricultural species. The reasons for keeping the various species included economic, medicinal, and aesthetic values, in addition to others. More environmental education activities is recommended in order to increase people’s awareness to roles that greening of the environment can play in curbing the effects of climate change. urban forestryurban greeningclimate changeconservationecosystem servicesFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7change, which is defined by the (UN, 2023) as “long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns”; caused greatly, by human activities, is at present, global, in its impact. The UN reports that the impact is felt in various ways in different regions, and ranges from health to droughts, with consequences of famine, and a possible future rise in “climate refugees”. To reverse the trend, climate action (UN, 2023) is required of governments, corporate, and private individuals. The redemption of financial commitment by the industrialized economies to help the developing economies achieve more environment-friendly approaches to development, will be a way forward as well. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while urban forestry and greening can contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change, the overall solution requires comprehensive climate action from various sectors, including governments and corporations. It emphasizes that multiple approaches and financial commitments from industrialized economies are necessary to address climate change effectively, rather than relying solely on urban forestry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Journal of Biogeography 40:2361-2372 Ferrara F, Taiti S. 1982. Ricerche zoologiche della “REEF 78” alle Andamane. VIII. Isopodi terrestri delle Isole Andamane. 8:459-492 Ferrara F, Taiti S. 1985. The terrestrial isopods (Crustacea) of Aldabra. of the 86:291-215. 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial Oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Biology and Biotechnology 3:294-299 Gerlach J. 2009. of the Seychelles islands. Sofia-Moscow: Pensoft. . 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the B: 270:313-321 Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. 2001. : Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17:754-755. 2010. Phylogeography of supralittoral rocky intertidal Ligia isopods in the Pacific region from to Central Mexico. 5:e11633 Jackson HG. 1933. Marquesan terrestrial Isopoda. Bulletin of the 114:145-162 Johnson SB, Warén. 2015. Molecular taxonomy and naming of five cryptic species of Alviniconcha snails (Gastropoda: Abyssochrysoidea) from hydrothermal vents. Systematics and Biodiversity 13:278-295. 2008. Two genetic lineages of sea slaters, Ligia (Crustacea: Isopoda) in South Korea: a population genetic approach. Molecules and Cells 25:523-530 Karanth KP. 2006. Out-of-origin of some tropical Asian biota. 90:789-792 Katoh K, Standley DM. 2013. 7: improvements in performance and usability. and Evolution 30:772-780. 2003. Phylogeography and molecular rates of subterranean aquatic with a peri-Tyrrhenian distribution. 12:547-555 Khalaji-Pirbalouty V, Wägele JW. 2010. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about genetic markers and inheritance patterns. It appears to be a list of various studies and publications concerning different biological subjects, specifically mentioning taxa and research methodologies without providing evidence or discussion related to genetic markers or their use in tracing inheritance in populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: M. Isner, T. Asahara (2000) Transplantation of ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cells for therapeutic neovascularization. 97: 3422–3427. 31. Kelly, M. A. , K. K. Hirschi (2009) Signaling hierarchy regulating human endothelial cell development. 29: 718–724. 32. Lagasse, E. , J. A. Shizuru, N. Uchida, A. Tsukamoto, I. L. Weissman (2001) Toward regenerative medicine. Immunity 14: 425–436. 33. Leconte, I. , (1998) Adenoviral-mediated expression of antisense RNA to fibroblast growth factors disrupts murine vascular development. 213: 421–430. 34. . Jeon, H. Lim, H. y. . Hong, S. Kim, S. G. Cho (2011) The generation of iPS cells using non-viral magnetic nanop6691. 35. Levenberg, S. , J. S. Golub, M. Amit, J. Itskovitz-Eldor, R. Langer (2002) Endothelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. 99: 4391–4396. 36. Levenberg, S. , J. Rouwkema, M. . Marini, C. A. van Blitterswijk, R. C. Mulligan, P. A. D’Amore, R. Langer (2005) Engineering vascularized skeletal muscle tissue. 23: 879–884. 37. Li, P. , C. Tong, R. Mehrian-Shai, L. Jia, N. Wu, Y. . (2008) Germline competent embryonic stem cells derived from rat blastocysts. Cell 135: 1299–1310. 38. Lutolf, M. P. , J. A. Hubbell (2005) Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extracellular microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering. 23: 47–55. 39. (2003) Distinct populations of vascular progenitors in skeletal muscle are bone marrow-derived and exhibit different cell fates during vascular regeneration. J 111: 71–79. 40. Martin, G. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and articles related to stem cells and their applications, implying that they are indeed involved in regenerative medicine, particularly for tissue development and repair, supporting the claim. For instance, the mentioning of 'endothelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells' indicates a direct application of stem cells in regenerative processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: What contribution can urban forestry make in this regard? Urban forestry is an integrated concept, which includes the raising and management of trees around built-up areas for their present and potential contribution to the physiological, sociological, aesthetic, environmental, and economic wellbeing of the urban society (Jorgensen, 1974; Konijinendijk and Randrup, 2004; Vogt, 2020). The urban forester (Bettinger et al, 2016) is saddled with the technical management of urban forests. A careful observation of the planted vegetation in urban areas will show that there are other types of vegetations, apart from trees. In cities around of Nigeria, the urban vegetations include horticultural and other arable agricultural crops that are planted around the homesteads. For these homesteads, every little space at the outdoors is utilized to grow various plants with reasons which include contribution to the household economy, achieving sociological and or physiological purposes. All of these (be it trees, horticultural, or other agricultural arable crops), ultimately contributes to urban greening, achieving additional positive (though unplanned) purposes like environmental preservation and conservation; Ezenwaka and Graves (2014) had reported that people are less aware of the supporting and regulating ecosystem services of vegetations, than the provisioning and cultural services. Among the various benefits of urban greening are erosion control, noise and air pollution abatement, improvement in air quality, watershed protection, carbon sequestration, phytoremediation of air pollutants and heat control (Grey and Deneke, 1978; Nowak et al, 2006; Fang and Ling, 2005; Fan et al, 2010; Escobedo, et al, 2011; Stoffberg et al, 2010; Haase et al, 2012; Agarwal et al, 2019; Nowak et al, 2014; Artiola et al, 2019). This paper aimed to appraise urban forestry and urban greening in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, with the specific objective of finding out benefits derived, or reasons for the action. addition to desk-top review of literatures, primary data were collected from participants in Yenagoa-City, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. sampling method (Overton & Diermen, 2014) was adopted because the population size was not certain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while urban forestry contributes to various environmental benefits, including carbon sequestration and pollution abatement, it does not imply that it alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. The mention of other urban vegetation types and their roles suggests that urban greening incorporates multiple strategies and is not solely dependent on urban forestry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Two new species of Ligia Fabricius, 1798 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Ligiidae) from coasts of the Persian and Aden gulfs. & Evolution 10:135-145. 2016. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7. 0 for bigger datasets. and Evolution 33:1870-1874. 2012. PartitionFinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. and Evolution 29:1695-1701. 2005. Polytomies and Bayesian phylogenetic inference. 54:241-253. 2015. Phycas: software for Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. 64:525-531. 2016. Assortative mating and divergent male courtship behaviours between two cryptic species of nine-spined sticklebacks (genus Pungitius) Behavior 153:1879-1911. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. 3:164-175. 1998. Universal cytochrome b primers facilitate intraspecific studies in molluscan taxa. Biology and Biotechnology 7:7-11 Palumbi S. 1996. Nucleic acids II: polymerase chain reaction. In: eds. Molecular systematics (2nd edition). Sunderland: Inc. . 205-247 Plummer PS. 1995. Planet aldabra. In: eds. Aldabra world heritage site. Nairobi: International. 49-70. 1995. Mesozoic tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Seychelles microcontinent. 96:73-91 Podsiadlowski L, Bartolomaeus T. 2005. Organization of the mitochondrial genome of mantis shrimp Pseudosquilla ciliata (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) 7:618-624 Raupach MJ, Bininda-. 2014. Phylogeographical analysis of Ligia oceanica (Crustacea: Isopoda) reveals two deeply divergent mitochondrial lineages. of the 112:16-30. 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss genetic markers or their use in tracing inheritance patterns. Instead, it lists various studies and their citations related to crustacean species and molecular analyses, but does not provide information specific to genetic markers in the context of inheritance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: cardiac stem cells for the treatment of the damaged heart Submit manuscript. . . Advances in eISSN: 2572-8490 & Regenerative Medicine: Review 382. DOI: 10. 15406/atroa. 2017. 03. 00064 disease remains one of the leading causes of mortality in humans. Current pharmacological treatment is only palliative, not curative; and the massive loss of cardiac tissue after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is mainly substituted by a non-functional scar. Since there are not enough donors available for heart transplantation, new approaches have been explored, and the investigation efforts of many groups in the last decade have been directed towards the use of stem cells. Unfortunately, the stem cells used in most of the clinical trials, mainly bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSC), have not shown a consistent and meaningful long-term benefit. Therefore, some recent clinical studies have included different type of cells derived from cardiac-tissue that still retain certain stem cell properties and, in contrast to BMSC, cardiomyogenic potential. On the other hand, cell reprogramming technologies have allowed the creation of novel cardiac cells, including multipotent cardiac stem cells (CSC) with similar features and potential to embryonic CSC. Here, we will review the main CSC populations that are being investigated in clinical trials and in preclinical models with a special focus on the CSC obtained through different cell reprogramming strategies and the recent tissue engineering approaches used to improve the retention, survival and function of CSC. Keywords: cardiac stem cells, stem cell therapy, myocardial infarction, cardiac reprogramming, tissue engineering myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in developed countries. Advances in medical and catheter-based therapy have improved the survival and prognosis of patients with AMI, nonetheless mortality remains as high as 13% and the 5-year mortality for patients with heart failure remains as high as 50%. 1 AMI is most often caused by the breakage of an atheroma plaque and the subsequent formation of a thrombus and occlusion of a coronary vessel, producing an acute reduction of blood supply to a portion of myocardium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the investigation of cardiac stem cells for the treatment of damaged heart tissue, specifically in the context of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It mentions the need for new approaches due to the inadequacies of current treatments and highlights the potential of stem cells in regenerative medicine. The discussion includes various types of stem cells and their applications in repairing cardiac tissue, reinforcing the assertion that stem cells are indeed used for regenerative purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: They enjoy the shades and the colours. Some participants made their choices because of the shades and beauty (Figures 5 & 6) such plants provides. These category were more for the trees and colorful ornamental plants such as the Terminalia spp and Ixora spp. The presence of these vegetations adds to the beauty of the premises. In many cases, it also increases the rental value of such premises. d. other various reasons the participants mentioned included environmental protection and purification, tourism, education, and species preservation. These reasons are categorized as ‘others’ because they were seldom mentioned by majority of the participants but by just very few (see Figure 7 below) that were perceived to be more environmentally informed or inclined. This also implies that urban dwellers are aware to an extent, of non provisional ecosystem services of the urban vegetations. 3. knowledge of climate change and global warming (effects): As important as the topic of global warming is, only 43% of the participants had a fair knowledge and were aware of the subject matter (see Figure 7 below). The source of their knowledge were mostly social media and mainstream news media. It shows that these media channels can be effective in driving the message of environmental preservation and conservation targeted at urban dwellers. 4. Knowledge of causes of climate change: Only 33% of the participants (see Figure 7 below) had some knowledge of causes and contributors to climate change. They were able to mention deforestation, urbanization, human population growth, and fossil fuel as causes and contributors to climate change. 5. Knowledge of role of plants in environmental purification, and curbing climate change effects For this discussion topic, 40% of the participants (see Figure 7 below) were able to show knowledge of the role vegetations play in curbing the effects of climate change and purification of the environment. 6. Will you plant (and keep) more vegetations if you knew the additional benefits of keeping them? This was more of a YES/NO question, and it was not surprising to see a 100% (see Figure 7 below) of the participants saying ‘yes’. This result could be because the entire discussion session also yielded the unintended result of awakening the consciousness of the participants to the extra roles that vegetations could play in making our environment more conducive. It also shows that more investment in environmental education or awareness creation will yield more positive results in conservation of environmental resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that while urban vegetations can provide benefits, the knowledge of climate change among participants is limited. For instance, only 43% of participants had a fair knowledge of global warming and 33% were aware of the causes and contributors to climate change. Although 40% recognized the role of vegetations in curbing climate change effects, the text suggests that urban forestry alone is insufficient to fully reverse climate change, as it highlights a need for broader environmental education and awareness among urban dwellers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Cryptic diversity within the endemic prehensile-tailed gecko Urocotyledon inexpectata across the Seychelles Islands: patterns of phylogeographical structure and isolation at the multilocus level. of the 104(1):177-191. 2013. Phylogeography and diversification history of the day-gecko genus Phelsuma in the Seychelles islands. BMC 13:3 Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19:1572-1574. 2016. Constrained body shape among highly genetically divergent allopatric lineages of the supralittoral isopod Ligia occidentalis (Oniscidea) Ecology and Evolution 6:1537-1554. 2014. Diversification at the narrow sea-land interface in the Caribbean: phylogeography of endemic supralittoral Ligia isopods. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2 2013. A complex evolutionary history in a remote archipelago: Phylogeography and morphometrics of the Hawaiian endemic Ligia Isopods. 8:e85199 Schmalfuss H. 2003. World catalog of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea), Serie A, Nr. 654: 341 pp. Stuttgarter BeiträA 654:1-341. 2015. 2: accurate detection of unreliable alignment regions accounting for the uncertainty of multiple parameters. Research 43:W7-W14. 2010. Assessment of mtDNA genetic diversity within the terrapins Pelusios subniger and Pelusios castanoides across the Seychelles islands. Amphibia-Reptilia 31:583-588 Stamatakis A. 2014. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30:1312-1313. 2008. A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web servers. 57:758-771 Sukumaran J, Holder MT. 2010. DendroPy: a Python library for phylogenetic computing. Bioinformatics 26:1569-1571. 2002. Overcredibility of molecular phylogenies obtained by Bayesian phylogenetics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information directly addressing the claim about genetic markers tracing inheritance patterns. Instead, it consists of references and bibliographic information about various studies related to phylogeography and genetic diversity, lacking a direct engagement with the validity or application of genetic markers for tracing inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately, in adult mammals the resident cardiac cells are not able to regenerate heart tissue and restore efficiently the cardiac function in response to injury, thus, ischemia induces an irreversible damage leading to the death of cardiac tissue. It is calculated that a loss of approximately one billion cardiomyocytes occurs, which are replaced by a non-functional scar. This leads to a decrease in heart function, hypertrophy being the main compensation of the loss of cardiomyocytes, which eventually produces heart failure. 2 Currently the principal treatment for heart failure is pharmacological therapy, which is not curative but palliative. Heart transplant is the only option for most severe cases; however, it is very limited due to low availability of immunocompatible heart donors. In addition, transplanted patients must undergo a lifetime immunosuppressive therapy. To solve the lack of available hearts some alternatives have been developed in recent years, such as xenotransplantation. 3 A procedure that will need to overcome significant challenges such acute rejection, cross-species infections and ethical issues. Another alternative for the treatment of AMI and chronic heart failure is the use of cell-based therapy to improve cardiac function and, at best, regenerate damaged cardiac tissue. Adult somatic stem cells can be isolated from different tissues and can be differentiated spontaneously in vivo in response to endogenous cues. Some adult stem cells have been studied in the treatment of AMI and chronic heart failure, such as bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSC), adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC), skeletal myoblasts and cardiac tissue-derived stem cells, BMSC being the most used cells in clinical trials. Unfortunately, the results from the studies using BMSC such as BOOST (00224536), -AMI (A. M. Zeiher, Identifier NCT00279175) and -AMI (00289822) have been ambiguous and not conclusive. In C-CURE trial (Celyad, Identifier NCT00810238) an interesting approach was developed, which consists of guiding mesenchymal stem cells obtained from bone marrow towards a cardiopoietic stem cell phenotype. The main advantage of ADSC over BMSC is that larger amounts of cells can be obtained by liposuction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of cell-based therapy, including adult somatic stem cells, to improve cardiac function and regenerate damaged cardiac tissue. It notes that stem cells can be isolated from different tissues and that some have been studied in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and chronic heart failure. The reference to cell-based therapy aligns directly with the application of stem cells in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: paper has revealed that while rural dwellers are more focused on provisioning services of the forest ecosystem (Ezenwaka and Graves, 2014), the urban dwellers appreciates the other non-tangible ecosystem benefits hence, the various choices of plants grown around their homesteads. In fighting forest ecosystem degradation and by extension curbing climate change effects, environmental education has to be intensified. Education is beneficial in influencing how people view benefits derivable from conservation of forest resources. If urban dwellers are sensitized enough to understand the environmental benefits, especially in curbing effects of climate change, they may begin to participate (Ezenwakaa,b, 2018) by planting more vegetations around their homesteads. DeclarationsEthics approval: Ethical standards (Borovnik et al, 2014; Banks & Schevens, 2014; Laws et al, 2013) relevant to the conduct of this field research were followed. All necessary approvals were secured as the data collection involved third party individuals. Participants involved in the interviews were informed about the objectives of the research; what was expected from them, and securing their consent to participate in the research, and also explaining to them that they have the freedom to withdraw from the research at any point, and that all data would be anonymized and kept confidential. Competing interests: There are no competing interests to be declared. Funding: No funds were received from external sources. Availability of data and material: Field notes were written during the field interviews; photographs were also taken. These serves as the raw dataset and are available with the researcher. 2019. Phytoremediation of air pollutants: prospects and challenges. of (2019. Urban and Household Pollution. (2016. Forest management and planning. Academic press. Borovnik Maria, & (2014): “Practical Issues” In: Work: A (2nd Edition); (eds). Sage. Escobedo, F. J. , Kroeger, T. and Wagner, J. E. , 2011. Urban forests and pollution mitigation: Analyzing ecosystem services and disservices. Environmental pollution, 159(8-9), 2087. Ezenwaka, J. and Graves, A. , 2014. of the Forests, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and (JASR), 14(1), 56. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that urban forestry is not sufficient by itself to fully address climate change effects. It highlights that while urban dwellers may benefit from environmental education to enhance their participation in planting vegetation, this educational aspect is crucial for realizing benefits from forest conservation. Moreover, the text implies that a broader approach, including awareness and community involvement, is necessary to combat climate change effectively, rather than relying solely on urban forestry initiatives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 99:16138-16143 Taiti S. 2014. The terrestrial Isopoda (Crustacea, Oniscidea) of the Maldives. 27:9-33. 2003. Evolution of terrestriality in Hawaiian species of the genus Ligia (Isopoda, Oniscidea) 2:85-102. 1992. (Crustacea) from the Togian Islands, Sulawesi, Indonesia. 6:787-842. 1992. A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and DNA sequence data. III. Cladogram estimation. Genetics 132:619-633 öhme W, Vences M. 2011. Eastward from Africa: palaeocurrent-mediated chameleon dispersal to the Seychelles islands. 7:225-228. 2008. Phylogeny of Decapoda using two nuclear protein-coding genes: origin and evolution of the Reptantia. and Evolution 48:359-368 Villanueva RD. 2016. Cryptic speciation in the stony octocoral Heliopora coerulea: temporal reproductive isolation between two growth forms. 46:503-507 Yang Z. 2006. Computational molecular evolution. New York: Press. . 2013. Morphological and molecular data confirm species assignment and dispersal of the genus Ligia (Crustacea: Isopoda: Ligiidae) along northeastern coastal China and East Asia. of the 169:362-376 Zwickl DJ. 2006. Genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion. PhD Dissertation, of Austin thesis a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. . . Just enter your email Tools & info information See citing 1. 5MB) Save to in download will start in a moment. . . Cancel × Report a problem Common use cases Typos, corrections needed, missing information, abuse, etc Our promise PeerJ promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible. We thank you in advance for your patience and understanding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely a collection of citations and references related to various biological studies but does not directly address or provide information about genetic markers or their use in tracing inheritance patterns in populations. As such, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: trial (00442806) was performed in order to investigate the safety and feasibility of intracoronary infusion of ADSC in patients with AMI, however, no significant improvement was observed. All the clinical trials using this type of cells have been fully reviewed. 4–6 Cardiac stem/progenitor cells (CSC) have the potential to proliferate, self-renew and differentiate into the major cardiovascular lineages (cardiomyocytes, endothelial and smooth muscle cells); therefore, these cells may represent ideal candidates for cardiac regenerative therapy. However, under the term CSC many different cell types from different origins, expressing different surface markers and with distinct proliferative and differentiation potential have been included in the literature. Here, we will review the main CSC populations used to treat the injured heart in clinical and preclinical studies, including the CSC obtained through recent cell reprogramming strategies. The main cardiac tissue-derived stem cell populations currently used in clinical trials and the novel CSC obtained through different cell reprogramming approaches are summarized in Figure 1. Figure 1 Schematic representation of adult stem cells derived from autologous cardiac tissue used in clinical trials (above, in beige colour) and CSC obtained through two different cell reprogramming approaches (below, in blue colour). Adult cardiac tissue-derived stem cells (endogenous/resident CSC) in preclinical and clinical studies The adult mammalian heart has been generally considered a terminally differentiated organ. In contrast with this idea, some studies revealed that human cardiomyocytes are capable of renewal during adulthood, although the turnover rate is a controversial issue. 7 New cardiomyocytes in the adult heart can derive from both the division of pre-existing cardiomyocytes and the activation of endogenous cardiac stem cells. Cardiac tissue-derived stem cells comprise different populations of cells distributed all over the adult heart. These cells show clonogenicity and multipotency, therefore they seem to be a great promise for cardiac repair. A variety of adult cardiac tissue-derived stem cells based on the expression of different markers have been reported: c-Kit+ cells, cardiosphere-derived cells, Sca-1+cells, Isl1+cells, epicardium-derived cells, side population cells and cardiac colony-forming unit fibroblasts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of cardiac stem/progenitor cells for cardiac regenerative therapy. It explains that these cells can proliferate, self-renew, and differentiate into major cardiovascular lineages, indicating their roles in repairing damaged heart tissues. Furthermore, the mention of adult cardiac tissue-derived stem cells and their clonogenicity and multipotency supports the idea that stem cells are being utilized in regenerative medicine for repairing tissues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: (2018): and Participation: Key to Management; 2018 p 74 – 92; Ezenwakab, J. (2018): Rural community participation in sustainable management of the Niger delta forests, Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation). Fan, Y. , Zhiyi, B. , Zhujun, Z. and Jiani, L. , 2010. The investigation of noise attenuation by plants and the corresponding noise-reducing spectrum. Journal of environmental health, 72(8), 15. Fang, C. F. and Ling, D. L. , 2005. Guidance for noise reduction provided by tree belts. Landscape and urban planning, 71(1), 34. Grey, G. W. and Deneke, F. J. , 1978. Urban Forestry. New York: & Sons. Haase, D. , Schwarz, N. , Strohbach, M. , Kroll, F. and Seppelt, R. , 2012. Synergies, trade-offs, and losses of ecosystem services in urban regions: an integrated multiscale framework applied to the Leipzig-Halle Region, Germany. Ecology and Society, 17(3). Jorgensen, E. , 1974. Towards an urban forestry concept. Environment Canada. Konijnendijk, C. C. and Randrup, T. B. , 2004. Urban forestry. Encyclopedia of (Eds. Burley, J. , Evans, J. and Younquist, JA). Elsevier Science, London, 478. & (2013): Research for Development (2nd Edition); A Practical Guide. Sage. Nowak, D. J. , Crane, D. E. and Stevens, J. C. , 2006. Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban forestry & urban greening, 4(3-4), 123. Nowak, D. J. , Hirabayashi, S. , Bodine, A. and Greenfield, E. , 2014. Tree and forest effects on air quality and human health in the United States. Environmental pollution, 193, 129. Stoffberg, G. H. , Van Rooyen, M. W. , Linde, M. J. and Groeneveld, H. T. , 2010. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various studies and publications related to urban forestry and its contributions to environmental benefits, such as air pollution removal and ecosystem services. However, these references do not support the idea that urban forestry alone is sufficient to fully reverse the effects of climate change. They suggest that while urban forestry has positive impacts, it is likely that a holistic approach including multiple strategies is required to address climate change effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 42274 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJanuary 30, 2019 Version of RecordJanuary 28, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptJanuary 11, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 3,722 views 639 downloads 65 2274. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 7 figures, 2 tables and 2 additional files 1 Download asset Open asset Osteolectin contains conserved integrin binding motifs and binds with high affinity to integrin α11β1. (A, B) The human (A) and mouse (B) Osteolectin proteins contain RGD and LDT sequences. (C) Alignment of Osteolectin amino acid sequences shows that the RGD and LDT domains are evolutionarily conserved among bony vertebrates. (D, E) RNA-seq analysis of integrin α (D) and β (E) subunits in PDGFRα+CD45-Ter119-CD31- bone marrow stromal cells from enzymatically dissociated adult bone marrow (n = 2 independent samples). These cells are uniformly positive for LepR expression (Zhou et al. , 2014). (F) RNA-seq analysis of Itga1, Itga6, Itga11, and Itgav in PDGFRα+CD45-Ter119-CD31- bone marrow stromal cells, VE-Cadherin+ bone marrow endothelial cells, and whole bone marrow cells (n = 2 independent samples per cell population). (G) Itga11 expression in cell populations from mouse bone marrow by qRT-PCR (n = 3 independent samples per cell population). The markers used for the isolation of each cell population are shown in Supplementary file 1. (H) In MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells expressing Flag-tagged Osteolectin, anti-Flag antibody co-immunoprecipitated endogenous integrin β1 and integrin α11 with Flag-tagged Osteolectin (results are representative of two independent experiments). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the properties and analyses related to Osteolectin and integrin binding rather than addressing genetic markers or inheritance patterns. There is no mention or connection to how genetic markers can be utilized in tracing inheritance patterns within populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: 8,9 These populations have also been described in adult human heart except for Sca-1+ population cells, since Sca-1 human orthologue has not so far been identified. Cardiac tissue-derived stem cells in preclinical studies Stem cells isolated from heart tissue expressing the tyrosine kinase receptor c-Kit have shown to possess the potential to differentiate into the main cardiac lineages (cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells), self-renew and improve cardiac function. 10 However, the degree to which c-Kit-expressing progenitors generate cardiomyocytes is a controversial issue and recently several studies have elucidated with genetic cell mapping that resident c-Kit+ cells do not have a cardiac origin. 11,12 Cardiosphere-derived cells are a natural mixture of stromal, mesenchymal and progenitor cells obtained from an endomyocardial biopsy grown in suspension as clusters, known as cardiospheres. 13 Preclinical studies demonstrated that cardiosphere-derived cells are superior to BMSC or ADSC in terms of ischemic tissue preservation, anti-remodeling effects and functional benefits. 14 Isl1 is expressed in embryonic CSC during cardiomyogenesis,15 however, Isl1 do not serve as a marker of adult CSC since its expression is restricted to cells in the sinoatrial node and these cells are not recruited to the infarct zone in mouse models. 16 Side population cardiac progenitors are a subpopulation of cardiac tissue-derived stem cells that specifically express the ABCG2 gene and have significant cardiomyogenic potential in vitro. Side population cardiac progenitor cells can be isolated from the heart and show multipotency and regenerative potential in response to cardiac injury;17 however, a significant fraction of this population originates from the bone marrow. 9 Epicardium derived cells are predominantly formed by mesothelial cells and dense connective tissue, and are known to play a crucial role in the development of the embryonic heart. Some preclinical studies have shown that these epicardium derived cells may get activated after AMI and they can be mobilized and promote neovascularization of the damaged heart suggesting that these epicardial cells may retain certain regenerative potential. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various types of stem cells, such as cardiac tissue-derived stem cells and epicardium-derived cells, that are involved in the regeneration of cardiac tissue. It mentions that these stem cells demonstrate multipotency and regenerative potential in response to cardiac injury and can promote neovascularization of damaged heart tissue, which is a core aspect of regenerative medicine aimed at repairing damaged tissues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Can this research team reverse climate change? Global warming, climate change, the greenhouse effect, increasing carbon dioxide levels: we have all heard of these worrying events, but what can we do about them? Jones and his research team have been working on a new method to remove carbon dioxide from the air we breathe – potentially reversing climate change Imagine this … Global temperatures are increasing; polar ice caps are melting; sea levels are rising: our planet is in jeopardy, and much of this is a result of rising levels of CO2. Cars, planes, food, housing materials, deforestation – our very lifestyles – are resulting in soaring carbon dioxide (CO2) levels that are wreaking havoc on the environment. We need to reduce CO2 levels and FAST. ? • Trees and plants absorb CO2, so reforestation would be a good place to start • Changing to renewable energy sources would reduce the amount of fossil fuel combustion and therefore the amount of CO2 released • Simple lifestyle changes such as walking or cycling instead of taking the car would also help reduce CO2 But reducing the amount of CO2 we produce isn’t enough; we need to remove the CO2 that is already there – a process known as negative emissions. Could a chemical engineer develop a product that could remove the carbon dioxide from the air? Climate change is a term that describes both the increase in average global temperature (global warming) and its effects on our planet; for example, on our weather systems. According to the Met Office, the average global surface temperature has increased by about 1°C since the 1850s. Office also reports that the last three decades have been successively warmer. Panel on (IPCC) has concluded that “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. ” The emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels, is the main culprit in climate change. The IPCC also concludes that if we can cap the level of climate change at 1. 5°C, then we may be able to avoid some of the most catastrophic effects of the climate crisis. So, we need ways to reduce CO2 production or even to remove it from the atmosphere. ? Chris is a chemical engineer from the of Technology, USA. As a chemical engineer, he takes chemicals and raw materials and develops them into useful products for society. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various methods needed to address climate change, suggesting that urban forestry (forestation) is just one part of a broader strategy. It highlights the need to reduce CO2 emissions and suggests multiple approaches like transitioning to renewable energy and developing negative emissions technologies, indicating that urban forestry alone is insufficient to fully reverse climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: (I) Recombinant human Osteolectin (rhOln) selectively bound to recombinant human integrin α11β1 and α10β1, but not to other integrins (n = 3 independent experiments). (J) Integrin α11β1 bound Osteolectin and recombinant human Pro-Collagen 1α (rhCol1A) with similar affinities, but not bovine serum albumin (BSA) (n = 3 independent experiments). (K) Osteolectin, but not Pro-Collagen 1α, promoted osteogenic differentiation by MC3T3-E1 cells and human bone marrow stromal cells (n = 3 independent experiments). (L) 200 nM RGDS peptide inhibited the binding of integrin α11β1 to recombinant human Osteolectin. (M) 100 μM RGDS peptide inhibited osteogenic differentiation by MC3T3-E1 cells and human bone marrow stromal cells in response to 30 ng/ml of recombinant human Osteolectin. All numerical data reflect mean ±standard deviation. Statistical significance was determined with one-way (G) or two-way ANOVAs with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons tests (K) or Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests (M). Figure 1—source data 1 Data for Figure 1. Download elife-42274-fig1-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Osteolectin activates Wnt pathway signaling in skeletal stem/progenitor cells. (A) Western blot of cell culture supernatant from parental or Osteolectin deficient MC3T3-E1 cells and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC#1 and hBMSC#2 cells) (this blot is representative of blots from three independent experiments). (B) Osteogenic differentiation in culture of parental or Osteolectin deficient MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells. Alizarin red staining was performed after 14 days (for MC3T3-E1 cells) or 21 days (for hBMSC cells) to quantify osteoblast differentiation and mineralization (n = 3 independent experiments). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss genetic markers or inheritance patterns in populations at all. Instead, it focuses on the behavior of recombinant human Osteolectin and its interactions with integrins and osteogenic differentiation in various cell lines. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.