Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: In some modern cities, for example in Bangkok, the concrete roads and railway overpasses are covered with hydroponically grown ornamentals. Also commercial centers are decorated with indoor hydroponics for an improved air quality inside [14]. 4. 2 hydroponic system is taken one step forward by another system called aquaponics which combines plants and fish in the same ecosystem. The nutrient-rich wastes produced by the indoor-grown fish serve as feed source of the plants present in the vertical farm. On the other hand, the plant filters and purifies the waste water which is then recycled into the fish tanks [12]. This combination of systems is cheaper and easier as mineral nutrients are not be purchased and the plants are growing totally organically and moreover no additional expenses are required to clean the fish tanks and there is no scene of pesticides harming the fish. Thus, aquaponics is not only cost-effective but also diseases in the systems can be reduced and a very suitable urban farming technology can be formed. Canadian scientist Savidov explained that possibly the organic components in the system make the trace elements readily available to the plant for proper growth and thus recirculating aquaponic system decreases root diseases in the crop with increased crop yield from aquaponics compared with conventional hydroponics. Also fruits and vegetables grown in aquaponic system qualify for organic product certification very easily since no pesticides and fertilizers are used in this system. Some scientists are planning to construct vertical farms in skyscrapers and have created the name sky farming. Such buildings may also incorporate aquaponics to ensure a good source of fresh fish [14]. 4. 3 innovative indoor growing technique was first developed by the (NASA). In the 1990s, NASA started finding efficient ways to grow plants in space and coined the term “aeroponics. ” Aeroponic systems are still in a growing phase in the vertical farming world, however gaining interest gradually. It is an efficient plant-growing system in vertical farms, using up to 90% less water than other efficient hydroponic systems. Plants grown in these aeroponic systems take up more minerals and vitamins, making the plants healthier and more nutritious [12]. In tropical hot and humid climate, it is difficult to grow temperate vegetables like lettuce. Geoff Wilson, an agricultural journalist and Australia’s representative of a group of 16 national organizations for an international organization, has reported in an 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes various innovative agricultural technologies, including aquaponics and aeroponics, focused on urban farming and vertical farming solutions. However, it does not support the claim that vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. The text instead emphasizes that vertical farming and related systems are still in the development phase and highlights challenges in tropical climates for traditional crops. Additionally, it mentions that these technologies are gaining interest gradually, indicating that a complete replacement of traditional agriculture is not imminent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: _______________________ Algorithm 1 Data Preprocessing___________________________________________________________ 1: Initialize D′ as an empty dataset 2: for each record d in D do 3: if d is a duplicate then 4: Remove d from D 5: else 6: for each feature f in d do 7: if f is missing then 8: if f is an important feature then 9: Fill f using interpolation methods 10: else 11: Remove d from D 12: Go to the next record 13: end if 14: end if 15: end for 16: if d is valid then 17: d to match CNN and LSTM input formats tf and sf 18: Normalize numerical features in d 19: Handle anomalies in d using visualisation techniques 20: Add processed d to D′ 21: end if 22: end if 23: end for 24: return D′______________________________________________ this study, a traffic data analysis model combining a CNN and a LSTM is proposed. The model aims to take advantage of the powerful spatial feature extraction capability of CNNs and the strength of LSTMs in time series analysis to more accurately predict and analyse analyze urban traffic flow patterns. Figure 1 depicts the architecture of the deep learning model constructed in this study, which incorporates a CNN and a LSTM designed to perform comprehensive analysis of urban traffic data. In the first stage of the model, the input traffic image data is preprocessed to fit the input requirements of the CNN and passed through multiple convolutional layers containing filters of different sizes to capture spatial patterns ranging from coarse to fine-grained. Each convolutional layer is followed by a pooling layer to reduce the feature dimensions and enhance the invariance properties of the model. After layers of convolution and pooling, the resulting spatial feature map significantly reduces the dimensionality of the data while maintaining key spatial information. Figure 1: Model architecture: (A) Beijing traffic heat map (B) Beijing traffic flow map. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-1 Next, these CNN-processed spatial features are fed into the LSTM network. At this stage, the model focuses on analyzing the features over time, using the recursive structure of the LSTM network to capture the dynamic dependencies of time-series data, such as traffic flow and speed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a data preprocessing algorithm and a traffic data analysis model utilizing CNN and LSTM techniques. It does not provide any information regarding birds or time travel, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Bacopa monnieri supplementation increases learning and short-term memory retention of sleep-deprived Drosophila melanogaster. J Sci, 2020; 10(12):104–110. Copyright: © The Author(s). This is an open-access 4. 62 g/ml value was computed relative to the weight of the flies, equivalent to 125 mg for human (the dose is administered to humans twice a day). Two tenfold higher values and two tenfold lower values were included in the series of test dosages for the lethality test. Three sublethal concentrations were chosen for the experiment proper: 4. 62 × 10-4 g/ml, 4. 62 × 10−3 g/ml, and 4. 62 × 10−2 g/ml, and were labeled as low, mid, and high, respectively. Flies were raised in the media containing a specific dose of the B. monnieri supplement at 25°C. The supplement was added into the media when it cooled down to 60°C and before it solidified. Sleep deprivation procedurePrior to sleep deprivation, 7-day-old female flies were individually selected for positive phototaxis. The flies, fed with and without B. monnieri supplement, were sleep-deprived using a sleep nullifying apparatus (SNAP) adapted from Shaw et al. (2000). The flies were individually placed inside test tubes that contain appropriate media and were positioned on the rack of the SNAP. The SNAP moves the rack up and down every 4 seconds such that flies in the test tubes were displaced during the dropping movement and prevented from sleeping. The sleep deprivation process was done for 10 hours (12:00 AM to 10:00 AM). Sensitivity tests for confounding stressQuinine sensitivityA 1 × 4-cm filter paper was soaked in 1 µM quinine solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and placed inside the lighted tube of the T-maze, two centimeters from the opening of the tube. The other tube was covered in aluminum foil to serve as the darkened tube. These two tubes were screwed on opposite sides of the center column of the T-maze. A fly was placed inside the dark tube for 5 minutes before being allowed to move to the lighted tube. The time in seconds it took for the fly to move toward the lighted tube with quinine was recorded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Bacopa monnieri supplementation has been shown to increase learning and short-term memory retention in sleep-deprived fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). This indicates a potential memory-enhancing property for the supplement, aligning with the claim about Bacopa Monnieri.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: 4 Vertical farming systems can be further classified on the basis of structure that houses the system 4. 4. 1 Building-based vertical farms These are the types of vertical farms constructed in abandoned buildings in urban areas. For example, Chicago’s “The Plant” vertical farm was constructed in an old pork-packing plant. Vertical farms are also constructed in new buildings. A new multistory vertical farm is built to an existing parking lot structure in downtown Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Here, vegetables are grown throughout the year in the 13,500-square-foot hydroponic greenhouse for sale to restaurants, to local grocery stores, and also directly to consumers [12]. 4. 4. 2 Shipping-container vertical farms These types of vertical farms are becoming popular day by day. They use 40-foot shipping containers that carry goods around the world and house vertical farms with LED lights, drip irrigation systems, and vertically stacked shelves for growing a variety of plants. It contains computer-controlled growth management systems that allow users to examine all systems from a smartphone or computer. The three leading companies producing shipping-container vertical farms are Freight Farms, CropBox, and Growtainers [12]. Advertisement 5. Advantages of vertical farming Despommier mentioned a number of environmental and social advantages in his book called “Farm: Feeding the World in the 21st Century. ” The advantages are summarized below [15]:Vertical farming ensures production of greens all year round in nontropical countries and is better than normal farming. Despommier stated that 1 acre of vertical farm can produce products almost equal to the amount of products produced by 30 acres of normal farmland on considering the number of crops produced each season. Vertical farming involves reduction or abandonment of the use of herbicides and pesticides. In some cases, vertical farming uses ladybugs and other biological controls when required. As the crops in a vertical farm are grown under a controlled environment, they are safe from extreme weather conditions such as droughts, hail, and floods. Hydroponic growing techniques help in water conservation by using about 70% less water than normal agriculture. Indoor farming reduces or eliminates the use of tractors and other large farm equipment that are commonly used on outdoor farms, thus reducing the burning of fossil fuel. According to Despommier, large-scale vertical farming could result in a significant reduction in air pollution and in CO2 emissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining various aspects of vertical farming, including its advantages and operational characteristics, without suggesting that vertical farming will fully replace traditional agriculture in a short time frame. It emphasizes that vertical farming can produce high yields and has environmental benefits but does not assert that it will eliminate traditional agriculture entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Due to the special design of LSTM, it can effectively deal with long-term temporal dependencies, thus capturing deeper temporal dynamic features. Spatial and temporal features are integrated into a fusion layer, which uses specific fusion strategies such as weighted sums or concatenation to combine information from the CNN and LSTM. The fused features are then passed through a series of fully connected layers capable of learning non-linear combinations between features for higher levels of abstraction. In the final stage of the model, an output layer is responsible for converting the processed data into a traffic pattern prediction that can assist in traffic management decisions. The model demonstrates state-of-the-art performance in traffic data analysis through an exhaustive training and validation process, providing an innovative solution for real-time traffic state prediction and traffic congestion problems. Extracting spatial features using are widely used in the traffic domain due to their ability to extract spatial features from image data. CNNs can automatically learn the hierarchical features of a traffic scene, from simple edges to complex road and vehicle patterns, through their convolutional layers. This feature allows CNNs to exhibit strong generalization capabilities when processing traffic images and to identify key traffic features in different environments. Due to the complexity of traffic data, traditional feature engineering is time-consuming and often relies on expert knowledge. CNN’s automatic feature extraction mechanism overcomes this limitation and provides an efficient solution for in-depth analysis of traffic states. Therefore, given its superior feature extraction capability and automation characteristics, this study selects CNN as the core technology for traffic image data analysis. CNN architecture This study uses a CNN model containing three convolutional layers to extract spatial features of traffic images. Each convolutional layer uses a rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function and is connected to a maximum pooling operation. The convolutional layer architecture is shown in Fig. 2. Figure 2: Convolutional layer architecture. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-2 First convolutional layer configuration. This layer employs 64 filters of size 3 × 3 with the step size set to 1 to ensure that detailed features in the traffic image, such as vehicle shapes and road edges, are captured. In addition, zero padding was used to maintain the size of the feature map. After each convolution operation, the ReLU activation function was applied to provide nonlinear processing capabilities to help the network learn more complex feature representations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim at all. Instead, it focuses on describing the capabilities of LSTM and CNN models in traffic data analysis, detailing their architecture, features, and applications. As such, it is entirely irrelevant to the claim about birds and time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: The APR or the mean of all the pass rates of the 30 flies per treatment group was then obtained together with its standard deviation and error. These values were then used to represent the percent learning and memory retention in the descriptive statistical methods that were carried out. Statistical analysisA two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to detect if the differences in obtained APRs were significant due to B. monnieri supplementation, sleep deprivation, and the interaction of the two. In addition, the Bonferroni method was used as a pairwise comparison for each treatment group using the level of significance (α) which was set at 0. 05 for all statistical tests used. study presents the first report, to our knowledge, on the effects of B. monnieri supplementation in learning and in STM of sleep-deprived flies. In this study, we utilized Drosophila as a model of learning and memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation and hypothesized that B. monnieri may counter the impairment brought by sleep deprivation. Our study showed that sleep deprivation reduced both learning and STM retention in flies. With B. monnieri treatment, results showed that B. monnieri supplement improved the learning and the STM retention of both sleep-deprived and non-sleep-deprived flies. Future efforts on the animal model may then relate the results obtained to better evaluate the effects of these nootropics on humans in conditions like jet lag, sleep deprivation, and night shift-requiring jobs. Bacopa monnieri supplementation converted to fly dosages is sublethalThe lethality test showed that the negative control (i. e. , no B. monnieri supplement) had a 100% survival rate after seven days (Figure 1). The three lower concentrations, 4. 62 × 10−4 g/ml, 4. 62 × 10−3 g/ml, and 4. 62 × 10−2 g/ml, among the five concentrations tested exhibited survival rates close to the negative control, with the highest of these three concentrations obtaining 86. 67% survival rate or 26 out of 30 flies. These three concentrations were determined to be sublethal and used further in the next phase of the experimentation. The remaining two higher concentrations, 4. 62 × 10−1 g/ml and 4. 62 g/ml, of the five concentrations tested, had survival rates of 60. 00% and 53. 33%, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of Bacopa Monnieri's effects on learning and memory. Specifically, the study indicates that B. monnieri supplementation improved learning and short-term memory (STM) retention in both sleep-deprived and non-sleep-deprived flies, affirming its potential memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: Vertical farming is people friendly. Some hazards that can be avoided in vertical farming are accidents while operating heavy farming equipment and exposure to harmful chemicals. Advertisement 6. Disadvantages of vertical farming Apart from so many advantages, there are many critics of the vertical farming described by the scientists. They claimed that there are a number of problems in vertical farming. The challenges to vertical farming may be summarized as follows [13]:Start-up costs are high in order to purchase land in central business districts. The number of crops grown is sometimes less than rural farming. Production volumes are also not as large as conventional farming and scaling-up may add cost and complexity. Raising investment capitals and training a skilled workforce are also challenges in vertical farming. Advertisement 7. World-wide implementation of urban agriculture/vertical farming Scientists explored the motivations for urban gardening in Germany by screening 657 urban gardening project websites and characterized the types of gardeners, cultivation methods, and consumer behavior. The study also highlighted the “terrabioponic smart-garden system” where the plants grow in natural soil and in organic nutrient solution, which may facilitate social transition toward bio economy [16]. Also scientists from the reported that vertical farming system has increased the yield of lettuce per unit area as compared to traditional horizontal hydroponics [17]. Agriculture and food production activities in the cities of Mexico can contribute in reducing carbon footprint by creating green environment and better land use [18]. Case study 1: The world’s largest indoor vertical farm, AeroFarms, is located in Newark, New Jersey, which grows more than 2 million pounds of greens per year without sunlight, soil or pesticides. Instead of using a huge quantity of water to grow plants, AeroFarms system sprays nutrient-rich mist to the plants. Seeds are sown, germinated, and grown on reusable sheets of cloth and are stretched out over trays stacked vertically. LED lights are used instead of the sun, and the exposure is controlled depending upon the maturity of the plant [12]. Case study 2: founded Farm. One in the year 2016 in order to grow rare and hard-to-find produce to the chefs and restaurants in the middle of City. The first farm was set up at the Institute of (ICE) in downtown Manhattan, and the second farm is in Tribeca. It uses hydroponics and LED lights and aims to grow rare produce every year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges associated with vertical farming. It mentions high start-up costs, lower crop production volumes compared to traditional farming, and scaling complexity, all of which suggest that vertical farming is not poised to replace traditional agriculture in the near future. The text also notes that there are critics of vertical farming who highlight these problems, indicating that the transition to vertical farming replacing traditional agriculture is far from certain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Next, a 2 × 2 window was used for the maximum pooling operation, with the step size set to 2, to reduce the dimensionality of the feature maps and improve computational efficiency. Second convolutional layer configuration. In deeper network structure, the second convolutional layer uses 128 5 × 5 filters with a step size of 1, and no zero padding is applied. This layer aims to extract higher level higher-leve features such as traffic density and traffic flow direction. Again, the ReLU activation function is used to introduce nonlinearities and maximum pooling of the same size and step size is performed. Third convolutional layer configuration. The last convolutional layer is configured with 256 7 × 7 filters with a step size of 1 and no zero padding, with the aim of extracting to extrac global features in the image, such as the overall traffic scene layout. The ReLU activation function and the 2 × 2 max-pooling operation are again used to extract the key features and reduce the feature dimensions. The configuration of these layers is chosen to enable layer-by-layer feature extraction from the concrete to the abstract, with each layer designed to balance the model’s representational capabilities with computational efficiency. The use of the ReLU activation function reduces the problem of gradient vanishing during the training process, while both the increasing number of filters and the decreasing pooling operation help the model to learn learning more complex traffic patterns while retaining key spatial information. Choice of activation function. To enhance the nonlinear capability of the model in extracting spatial features in traffic images, this study employs a modified linear unit (ReLU) activation function after each convolutional layer. The ReLU function, by its definition f(x) = max(0,x), can effectively set the negative part of the input signal to zero while keeping the positive part unchanged. This property not only reduces the computational complexity but also maintains a large gradient during the backpropagation process, avoiding the problem of gradient vanishing that is common in deep networks. In addition, the linear property of ReLU in the positive interval accelerates the convergence speed and makes the model training more efficient. In the application of traffic image analysis, the complexity of the traffic scene requires that the model must quickly adapt to a large amount of high-dimensional data. Therefore, the simplicity and efficiency of ReLU make it an ideal choice for improving the performance of traffic data analysis models. Pooling operation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is primarily centered around the technical details of convolutional layers and pooling operations in neural networks, particularly in the context of traffic image analysis. It does not discuss or provide any information related to the claim about birds and time travel, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: APR values of all sleep-deprived treatment groups for both learning and STM retention significantly decreased (p < 0. 05) in comparison with the APR values of non-sleep-deprived groups. The APR values of the slp−/Bm− treatment group for learning and STM retention were 45. 92% and 47. 33%, respectively (Fig. 3). The number of trials it takes for a specific fly to learn in the slp−/Bm− treatment group was significantly lower (p < 0. 05) from the slp+/Bm− group. This finding indicates that low motivation is an unlikely reason for the impairment of learning. On the other hand, the decline in STM retention may be attributed to the deficit in mushroom body (MB) plasticity (Seugnet et al. , 2009) during episodic memory encoding, resulting in impairment of subsequent retention. Two factors are most likely to contribute to learning and memory deficits following sleep loss: excessive synaptic potentiation and dysregulated reinforcement from dopaminergic neurons in the MB. In Drosophila, dopaminergic neurons project arborizations to the MB neuropile where they influence aversive learning (Seugnet et al. , 2009). Previous studies have shown that dopaminergic neurons in the MBs play a role in decision-making under conflicting situations (Tang and Guo, 2001) and may signal the aversive stimulus to the MBs in olfactory conditioning (Riemensperger et al. , 2005). Interestingly, flies in the APS assay also face a conflicting choice between their prepotent attraction toward light and the aversive stimulus. The decrease in learning and STM retention in sleep-deprived fruit flies is similar to cognitive impairments observed in sleep-deprived humans (Belenky et al. , 2003). Supplementation of B. monnieri increases learning in non-sleep-deprived and sleep-deprived fliesThe B. monnieri supplement is purported to enhance learning. All treatment groups with B. monnieri supplementation had increased APR values in comparison to the one without B. monnieri supplementation. The slp+/Bm+ mid concentration-treatment group obtained the highest APR of 81. 48% (Fig. 4). The mid and high concentration APR values were significantly higher (p < 0. 05) than the APR values of the low concentration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that supplementation of Bacopa Monnieri (B. monnieri) increases learning in both non-sleep-deprived and sleep-deprived fruit flies. It mentions that all treatment groups with B. monnieri supplementation had increased APR (Average Performance Rate) values, with particularly high values in the mid concentration treatment group. This supports the assertion that Bacopa Monnieri has memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: The company supplies rare herbs, edible flowers and microgreens to some of the best chefs in [19]. Case study 3: One of the world’s first commercial vertical farms named was built in Singapore. This vertical farm produces one ton of vegetables every other day. Large varieties of tropical vegetables like Chinese cabbage, spinach, lettuce, xia bai cai, bayam, kang kong, cai xin, gai lan, and nai bai are grown. uses a hydraulic system called “A Go-Gro,” which consists of 6-m-tall hydraulic water-driven A-shaped towers. Each tower contains 22–26 tiers of growing troughs, and is spun around the aluminum frame at a speed of 1 mm/sec for a steady radiation of sunlight, proper air flow, and irrigation for all the edibles growing in the tower. The rotation system is powered by a unique gravity-aided water-pulley system that uses only 1 L of water per 16-hour cycle, which is collected in a rainwater-fed reservoir. The water used in powering the frames is recycled and filtered before returning to the plants. The organic wastes produced on the farm are composted and reused [19]. Advertisement 8. Concept of urban agriculture/vertical farming in is one of the largest producers of fruits, vegetables, and many other agricultural products. In India, vertical farming has been introduced in recent times. Experts from of (ICAR) are working on the concept of “vertical farming” which can be implemented in metros like New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai [20]. 8. 1 Current scenario of urban agriculture/vertical farming in at in Nadia, West Bengal, had initial success on growing brinjal and tomato hydroponically on a small scale. Punjab also has succeeded in producing potato tubers through vertical farming [20]. In cities like Cuttack and Nagpur, the slum dwellers performed organic farming on terrace and plots and sold the surplus products to the local markets. In Delhi, on the fertile banks of Yamuna River, extensive farming is going on in spite of the fact that farmers do not have any legal sanction to do farming there. In Hyderabad, farmers living along the banks of use water from the river for urban farming and contributed rice and vegetables to the market [21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the continued existence and success of traditional agricultural practices alongside vertical farming. It mentions various forms of urban and traditional farming carried out in cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and even successful traditional crops produced in Punjab. This indicates that while vertical farming is developing, traditional agriculture still plays a significant role and is not being replaced as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: In this study, to effectively reduce the number of parameters in the model and enhance its robustness to spatial variability, we employ a maximum pooling operation of 2 × 2 size with a step size of 2 after each convolutional layer. The maximum pooling method selects the maximum value of each 2 × 2 window in the feature map, which is particularly suitable for emphasizing salient features in traffic images, such as vehicle concentration areas and traffic congestion points. In addition, we chose the strategy of not using padding (Valid Padding) to reduce the influence of the edges of the feature maps, thus making the model more focused on the essential features in the central region of the traffic image. This decision helps the model to focus on the core traffic dynamics rather than the edge parts of the image when analyzing urban traffic flow patterns, thus improving the model’s prediction accuracy and generalization ability in complex urban traffic environments. Application of LSTM for processing time series. In order to parse the time series properties in traffic data, this study introduces the LSTM. The LSTM can learn the long-term dependencies in time series through its structure’s forgetting gates, input gates, and output gates, thus effectively capturing the dynamics of traffic flow, speed, and other traffic metrics over time. Specifically, the update of an LSTM cell can be formulated as follows: (1) f t = σ W f ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b f (2) i t = σ W i ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b i (3) C ̃ t = tanh W C ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b C (4) C t = f t ∗ C t − 1 + i t ∗ C ̃ t (5) o t = σ W o ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b o (6) h t = o t ∗ tanh C t where, ft, it, ot is the forget gate, input gate and output gate respectively, σ is the sigmoid function, C ̃ t C t is the cell state and ht is the hidden state. LSTM was chosen over other models, such as traditional RNN, because it is more effective in handling long-term sequence data and can better avoid the gradient vanishing problem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of a traffic flow analysis model using LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) without any reference to birds or time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: However, the difference between the mid and high concentrations was found to be not significant (p > 0. 05). Although the APR values obtained in the slp−/Bm+ groups were lower compared to the APR values of the slp+/Bm+ groups (Fig. 5), this difference was not significant (p > 0. 05). There was no interaction between sleep deprivation and B. monnieri supplementation that may affect the rates obtained (p < 0. 01). The B. monnieri supplement increases learning in sleep-deprived flies at the same level as their non-sleep-deprived counterparts even at low concentration. The results demonstrate that B. monnieri supplement makes up for the deficiency of learning caused by sleep deprivation. The increase in learning of flies fed with B. monnieri was dose-dependent, where the optimal effect was reached at the mid concentration used. The groups fed with B. monnieri supplement had a faster learning rate in the learning phase (phase I), where evidence of learning was observed as early as trial 2. This is indicative of better learning capacities of flies supplemented with B. monnieri than flies without B. monnieri supplement. Figure 4. APR values for learning and STM retention of non-sleep-deprived D. melanogaster show an increase (p < 0. 05) in learning and STM retention in slp+/Bm+ compared to slp+/Bm− (n = 30). Low dosage corresponds to 4. 62 × 10−4 g/ml, middle dosage corresponds to 4. 62 × 10−3 g/ml and high dosage corresponds to 4. 62 × 10−2 g/ml. Error bars represent standard error (SE) values. [Click here to view] Figure 5. A B. monnieri altered learning and memory of D. melanogaster. APR values of all sleep-deprived treatment groups decreased in comparison to the APR values of non-sleep-deprived groups. All treatment groups with B. monnieri supplementation had increased (p < 0. 05) APR values in comparison to the no supplementation group (n = 30). Low dosage corresponds to 4. 62 × 10−4 g/ml, middle dosage corresponds to 4. 62 × 10−3 g/ml, and high dosage corresponds to 4. 62 × 10−2 g/ml. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that B. monnieri supplementation leads to increased learning and memory capacities in sleep-deprived flies, suggesting its memory-enhancing properties. It mentions that the B. monnieri supplement had a faster learning rate and a dose-dependent increase in learning, which is consistent with its potential as a memory-enhancing herbal supplement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: In the urban areas of Tripura, to help the youth for income generation, a prototype model on “vertical farming system” was developed. The area of the structure was about 630 sq. ft. with two floors and two galleries. The ground floor contained two cages (50 sq. ft. each) at both corners that accommodated 100 layer chicks. The central space (140 sq. ft) housed 200 bird broiler/layer chicks per batch. Eight goats were kept on the first floor (140 sq. ft. ) area. There were also 12 rabbits kept in hanging cages (4 sq. ft. each). Proper drainage facility was provided to collect wastes with storage facility where it was decomposed and used for manuring the pots. tanks were constructed above the rabbit cages which were the source of nutrient to the goat as well as the birds. Ten benches (30 cm each) were kept on both sides of the structure which contained 160 pots for growing small fodder, vegetables, and spices. A water tank of 400 L capacity was also provided on top of the structure for storing water for animals and poultry and also providing irrigation to each pot through drip irrigation system [22]. Ideafarms is an Indian design-in-tech company which produces vertical farm products, and the produce is of high quality and organic and the supply is huge. A Bengaluru-based start-up company named Greenopia is selling kits with self-watering pots, enriched soil, and better quality seeds. A Mumbai-based start-up firm U-is using hydroponic gardening technique to build vertical farm for an individual apartment or for a supermarket [20]. Vertical farming is definitely a solution to critical problems in Indian farming like lack of supply of farm produce, overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, and even unemployment. But there are some challenges: The initial huge cost of infrastructure for implementing vertical farming in India is difficult. Vertical farming in India has to face other challenges like public awareness, technical knowledge, and high cost of managing and maintaining the vertical farm systems [20]. Advertisement 9. farming, both vertical farming or farming on vacant open spaces, can be a favorable way for ensuring food security in India and around the world in the future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining both the potential benefits and significant challenges of vertical farming. While it acknowledges that vertical farming could address critical problems in agriculture, such as overuse of pesticides and lack of supply, it emphasizes that implementation faces obstacles like high infrastructure costs, lack of public awareness, and technical knowledge, suggesting that it will not replace traditional agriculture in a few years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: This is crucial for this study because time-series features of traffic data often contain complex time-dependent relationships that are critical for accurately predicting traffic flow and status. LSTM processing of time series This study uses a LSTM network to process the time-series features of traffic data. The LSTM efficiently manages the long-term storage and short-term memory of information through its unique gating structure, including forgetting gates, input gates, and output gates. At each time step, the LSTM cell decides which information is retained or forgotten and how new information is integrated into the cell state. This enables the LSTM to capture complex time dependencies such as fluctuations in traffic flow and speed over time, thus providing strong support for traffic flow prediction and analysis. The LSTM architecture is shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3: LSTM architecture. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-3 As shown in Fig. 3, the LSTM network architecture used in this 1. Wf and bf are the weights and biases of the forgetting gate, respectively, ht−1 represents the hidden state of the previous time step, and xt represents the input of the current time step. The output of this gate determines which information from the previous state is retained and which is forgotten. This mechanism allows the LSTM to dynamically adjust its memory to selectively retain information critical for predicting future traffic flows and trends in response to the needs of traffic data analysis. Input gate. The input gate of the LSTM in this study is responsible for deciding which new information will be added to the cell state. The configuration of the input gate consists of a weight matrix, bias terms, and a sigmoid activation function that ensures that the output value is between 0 and 1. Specifically, the operation of the input gate is described by the following equation: (8) i t = σ W i ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b i (9) C ̃ t = tanh W C ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b C (10) C t = f t ∗ C t − 1 + i t ∗ C ̃ t where it denotes the input to the input gate, C ̃ t denotes the candidate cell state, and Ct denotes the updated cell state. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses an LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) network used for processing time-series data in traffic prediction and analysis. It focuses on the technical aspects of how LSTM manages memory and captures complex time dependencies, which is unrelated to the claim about birds and time travel. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Error bars represent SE values. [Click here to view] Phytochemical studies have revealed different secondary metabolites in B. monnieri, like alkaloids, saponins, and sterols (Deepak and Amit, 2004; Mahato et al. , 2000). Previous studies of B. monnieri have identified its effects on learning acquisition. Learning ability in rats has been significantly enhanced by Bacopa extract as it facilitated acquisition, consolidation, and retention of three newly learned behavioral responses (Singh and Dhawan, 1982). Additionally, this study showed that the bacosides caused enhanced levels of protein kinase activity and increased protein levels in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus regions of the brain. The findings indicated positive implications for improved neurotransmission and repair of damaged neurons via enhanced regeneration of nerve synapses. A study by Hosamani and Muralidhara (2009) elucidated that B. monnieri prevented apoptosis in neurons from oxidative stress, a process that may be induced by sleep deprivation in learning of fruit flies. Supplementation of B. monnieri increases STM in non-sleep-deprived flies and sleep-deprived fliesThe determination of STM retention in slp+ and slp− flies fed with B. monnieri also used the APS assay similar to the learning phase done earlier. In this assay, a period of 3-hours posttraining was allowed to pass before starting the memory retention phase. There was a significant increase (p < 0. 001) in the APR values of the groups slp+/Bm+ low, slp+/Bm+ mid, and slp+/Bm+ high in comparison to slp+/Bm− (Fig. 4). This implies that STM retention in flies fed with B. monnieri had retained the learned behavior for a longer time compared to the group without B. monnieri supplementation. Sleep-deprived flies fed with B. monnieri, when compared to those that are not fed with the supplement, retained the behavior longer indicating that the supplement compensates for the deficiency caused by sleep deprivation. The STM retention rates of the two highest concentrations were higher compared to that of the lowest concentration (p < 0. 001). Looking at the mid and high concentrations, it appears that an increase in concentrations of B. monnieri supplementation did not translate to a corresponding increase in STM retention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that Bacopa Monnieri (B. monnieri) has been shown to enhance learning and memory. It discusses the significant effects of Bacopa extract on learning acquisition in rats and its role in enhancing memory retention in sleep-deprived fruit flies. It mentions how B. monnieri supplementation can lead to improved memory outcomes, thereby supporting the claim of its memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: Although countries like Europe, the USA, and Singapore have already implemented vertical farming and are dealing with big projects for future concerns, India still has a long way to go as it is restricted to only few self-interest-driven projects. Institutional support, awareness of the benefits associated with urban agriculture, and financial and technological support from the government can only attract the city dwellers and help them to move forward with the concept of urban agriculture in India. Progressive growth of urban agriculture can act as an urban regeneration tool for the cities by providing social interaction and increasing job opportunities and environmental benefits to the urban areas across the globe. Thus, to combat the challenges associated with rapid increase in population, the topic of “urban agriculture” is being closely monitored by scientists, city planners, and the sustainable agricultural community for a better future. 1. . Urban agriculture: Food, jobs and sustainable cities. Yesterday and Today. 2001. 2. Zeeuw HD. Cities, climate change and urban agriculture. magazine, number 25. September 2011;25:39-42 3. Population Fund. State of world population 2007, unleashing the potential of urban growth. 2007 4. United Nations. World population to 2300. 2004 5. Urban agriculture of the future: An overview of sustainability aspects of food production in and on buildings. Agriculture and Human Values. 2014;31:33-51. DOI: 10. 1007/s10460-013-9448-4 6. . The role of urban agriculture in building resilient cities in developing countries. Journal of Agricultural Science. 2011;149:153-163. DOI: 10. 1017/S0021859610001279 7. é van V. Building resilient cities. magazine; June 2009;22 8. Heinberg R, Bomford M. The food & farming transition: Toward a post carbon food system. Institute, Spring. 2009 9. . Wastewater use for urban and peri-urban agriculture. for the Future: for Green and Productive Cities. Netherlands, Canada, Philippines: 2006 10. Bohn K, Viljoen A. The edible city: Envisioning the continuous productive urban landscape (CPUL). . Field: A free Journal for Architecture. 2011;4(1):149-161 11. Dubbeling M. Integrating urban agriculture in the urban landscape. Magazine. September 2011;25 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current state of vertical farming, specifically stating that while it has advanced in regions like Europe, the USA, and Singapore, India faces significant challenges and limitations. The mention of 'a long way to go' in terms of vertical farming adoption in India directly undermines the notion that vertical farming will replace traditional agriculture imminently, indicating that structural and institutional support is still required for broader implementation. Additionally, the potential for vertical farming is presented in the context of urban agriculture and its role within larger systemic challenges, suggesting a complementary role rather than a complete replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: This mechanism allows the model to dynamically adjust its internal state based on current inputs and past information, providing accurate control for this study’s time series analysis of traffic data. Output gate. In the LSTM model of this study, the output gate is responsible for determining the final output for each time step based on the cell state. The configuration of the output gate consists of a weight matrix, bias terms, and a sigmoid activation function, as well as a tanh function to handle the cell states. The details are as follows: (11) o t = σ W o ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b o (12) h t = o t ∗ tanh C t where ot denotes the activation value of the output gate and ht denotes the output of the LSTM unit. The role of the output gate is to filter out the features that are important for the current time step and the model can make accurate traffic flow predictions based on past and current information. Modelling adjustments The model-tuning process involves parameter selection and configuration optimization. For the CNN part, we determined the number and size of filters in the convolutional layer by grid search and optimized the learning rate and regularisation parameters. For the LSTM part, we adjusted the number of hidden layer units and the learning rate. A cross-entropy loss function was used for model training, defined as: (13) L = − ∑ y log y ˆ + 1 − y log 1 − y ˆ where y denotes the real labels and y ˆ denotes the model prediction. This 1. 5 million entries and a simulated city area of 490 km2. The data structure is shown in Table 2. Table 2: Example of data structure for residential trips. <population > <person id=”1” > <plan selected=”yes” > <activity type=”home” x=”4522. 771008” y=”1. 5957779715” end_time=”07:19:49” > </activity > <leg mode=”car” > </leg > <activity type=”work” x=”9304. 687137” y=”1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding birds and time travel. Instead, it discusses a model for traffic data analysis, involving mechanisms like LSTM and CNN for prediction, which are irrelevant to the capabilities of birds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: The increase in STM retention of slp+ and slp− flies, in the mid and high concentrations of B. monnieri supplement, reached similar levels as indicated by their APR values not being significantly different (p > 0. 05). There was a decrease in the APR values of the group slp−/Bm+ low in comparison to its non-sleep-deprived counterpart. Interaction between sleep deprivation and B. monnieri supplementation is not significant (p > 0. 05) in the obtained STM retention rates. Enhancement of STM retention of slp+/Bm+ and slp−/Bm+ treatment groups also followed a dose-dependent manner. Compared to the slp+/Bm+ group, a significant increase in STM retention in the slp−/Bm+ was only observed in the two highest concentrations. This result suggests that if little experiential information was formed in the first place during the learning phase of the sleep-deprived flies, then the recently learned behavior that can be retained and retrieved for use in future encounters the effect of B. monnieri supplement on the differential and increasing STM retention trends which were likely to be manifestations of (1) enhancement of B. monnieri supplement on memory phase following a dose-dependent manner and (2) the natural events outlining the extinction of the memory of the conditioned behavior. Although we did not study the underlying mechanism, previous studies of B. monnieri have identified its effects on neural transmission. Saini et al. (2010) evaluated the neuroprotective effects of B. monnieri extract on colchicine-induced cognitive impaired rat models, where the altered enzyme activities of Na+/K+-ATPase was reported to be restored by B. monnieri. A study done by McPhee et al. (2016) showed that the administration of B. monnieri reduces neurological deficits together with increased Na+/K+-ATPase activity. In this study, the release of intracellular Ca2+ was glutamate and neurotrophin-dependent, in the postsynaptic cell through a number of downstream protein kinases that are crucial for synaptogenesis. They observed a significant increase in cAMP response element-binding protein activity in the hippocampus after B. monnieri consumption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of Bacopa Monnieri on memory retention in various experimental conditions, notably its dose-dependent enhancement of short-term memory (STM) in different groups of flies. It highlights the significant findings related to the potential memory-enhancing properties of Bacopa Monnieri, referencing previous studies that have also identified neuroprotective effects and improvements in cognitive function associated with its use.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: trends in agriculture vertical farming and organic farming Submit manuscript. . . Advances in eISSN: 2373-6402 Plants & Review 144. DOI: 10. 15406/apar. 2014. 01. 00023 in the field of science and technology along with the global urbanization are the major factors driving the course and evolution of agricultural research. Rise in per capita income in developing nations, occupational changes and global linkages have changed the food p9. 15billion by 2050, thus the expected rate of increase in world population will be 2. 25 percent over the next forty years1 and thus provides for a potentially huge market for food grains and food production needs to be doubled to meet this demand. It is projected that to feed the global population by 2050 require 70 percent increase in global food production with food production from developing countries needs to be doubled. 2 Environmental stress (climate change) and shortage of water and land resources are major constraints haunting this task. Though the advances in science and information technology has resulted in more comfortable world with global linkages, these advances has led to changes in agricultural practices. In recent past production and productivity of crops have increased along with the increase in fertilizer and pesticide consumption, this trend is more conspicuous in developed and industrial countries with developing countries like China have made their presence felt by around 2 fold increase in cereal yield since 1961. In developing countries, due to lack of financial resources and knowledge of technical advancements farmers are unable to shift to practices of modern intensive agriculture3 and hence remain isolated from global linkages. Increase in long distance food trade, diet changes and increase in the food based retail industries are the indicators, suggesting that globalization has affected food systems world-wide. 4 At the same time these trends have created a concern for environmental problems as excessive use of chemicals is not desirable in agriculture for preservation of environment, biodiversity and soil quality. Thus, increasing global trade and easy accesses to chemical and technology has contributed to changes in agricultural systems. Recent trend in agriculture has seen rise in organic agriculture, vertical farming and intensive agriculture to accommodate the demands of increasing world population and address the rising concern for environmental issues. Vertical farming shall help in meeting the food & other demands of the rapidly growing urban population. On the other hand organic farming will help in increasing the harmony between the environment and anthropogenic activities done for agriculture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of the agricultural landscape where both traditional and modern practices coexist. It highlights that while vertical farming may address urban food demands, it does not imply a complete replacement of traditional agriculture. Specifically, the text mentions that the rise of vertical and organic farming occurs alongside various challenges such as environmental issues and resource availability, suggesting a multifaceted evolution rather than a straightforward replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: The experimental equipment is a Dell laptop with Windows 10 64-bit operating system. Experimental results and analyses In this research 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-4 Table 3: Error analysis. Experiment ID Average trip distance (m) SimData error rate SurData error rate StaData error rate 1 12,301 0. 109 0. 189 0. 186 2 11,687 0. 093 0. 149 0. 116 3 12,886 0. 122 0. 233 0. 198 4 13,751 0. 168 0. 272 0. 198 5 13,267 0. 146 0. 238 0. 159 6 13,129 0. 141 0. 208 0. 231 7 11,315 0. 08 0. 111 0. 119 8 13,315 0. 155 0. 256 0. 178 9 14,003 0. 177 0. 277 0. 185 10 12,950 0. 133 0. 227 0. 201 DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/table-3 We believe that this method of using deep learning techniques to process traffic data is very promising. Traditional methods of collecting transportation data, such as questionnaire surveys or statistical estimates, are often limited by various factors such as manpower, material resources, and time. Deep learning technology can automatically extract useful information from a large amount of data without the need for tedious manual processing. In addition, deep learning models such as CNN and LSTM can handle complex spatial and temporal dependencies, which traditional methods find difficult to achieve. We believe this is because CNN excels in processing image and spatial data, while LSTM excels in processing sequence and temporal data. Combining these two can fully leverage their advantages and capture the characteristics of traffic data more comprehensively. The experimental results also prove this point, and this combined method has significant effects in reducing model bias and lowering the basic error rate. The following is a detailed comparative analysis. (1) The traditional questionnaire survey method has a series of distinctive features and significant disadvantages in generating residents’ travelling data. First, the method has directness, through direct communication with respondents, it can obtain first-hand information on residents’ travel behaviour and p5. Figure 5: Error rate versus average distance travelled. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-5 Observing the visualization in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about birds being capable of time travel. Instead, it discusses deep learning techniques and their application in processing traffic data, including error analysis from various experimental results. Since it does not pertain to the claim, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: A study done by Hosamani and Muralidhara (2009) found that B. monnieri inhibited dopamine depletion, which are found to be altered during sleep deprivation. Furthermore, B. monnieri prevents apoptosis in neurons from oxidative stress (Sukumaran, 2019). These studies together suggest that B. monnieri protects neurons from oxidative stress which is induced by sleep deprivation. found that B. monnieri treatment ameliorated learning and STM loss induced by sleep deprivation in Drosophila model. Supplementing fly food with B. monnieri not only enhanced the learning and STM retention deficits caused by sleep deprivation but also increased the learning and STM retention of these sleep-deprived flies to the same level of increase observed in non-sleep-deprived flies. The findings in this study might be applied to anticipated short-term sleep disturbances, such as temporary night shifts, staying up late for an exam, or jet lags. The inclusion of natural nootropic in a daily-based diet in humans may improve mental performance, without the risks of side effects. In dietary science, a proper combination of natural nootropics, known as nootropic stacking, synergistically enhances the efficacy of each active ingredient of the nootropic. In conclusion, this is an innovative study that may provide a new pharmacological treatment to aid in protecting learning deficits and memory loss in individuals with short-term sleep loss. the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest for this work. . 6412. . Anaplastic lymphoma kinase acts in the Drosophila mushroom body to negatively regulate sleep. PLoS Genet, 2015; 11(11). . Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose-response study. J Sleep Res, 2003; 12(1):1–12. . Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Phytother Res, 2000; 14(3):174–9. . Anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera: an experimental study. Phytomedicine, 1998; 5(2):77–82. . A systematic review and meta-analysis of Ginkgo biloba in neuropsychiatric disorders: from ancient tradition to modern-day medicine. Med, 2013; 2013:915691. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing findings from studies that demonstrate Bacopa monnieri's effects on improving learning and memory retention, especially in situations of sleep deprivation. It describes how supplementing with Bacopa monnieri not only enhanced retention deficits in Drosophila but also restored learning capacity to levels comparable to non-sleep-deprived flies. The conclusion of the study suggests that Bacopa monnieri may serve as a pharmacological treatment for memory loss, supporting the assertion that it has potential memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: Vertical farming Concept of vertical farming was given by Professor Despommier;5 the farm uses conventional farming methods such as hydroponics and aeroponics to produce more yields faster. Vertical farming can be defined generically as a system of commercial farming whereby plants, animals, fungi and other life forms are cultivated for food, fuel, fiber or other products or services by artificially stacking them vertically above each other. Vertical farming is large scale agriculture in urban high rise structures. The concept foresees the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, medicinal, fuel producing plants and other plant products in the cities. 6 (www. verticalfarms. com. au) and their sales directly within the cities, thereby reducing the transportation costs and efficient utilization of land and water resources. 6 Vertical farming is a step ahead technology from green houses as it involves harnessing of resources in vertical arrays and can feed the demands of food supply with the resources of mega cities. Vertical farming includes three types of farming: Phrase vertical farming was used by Bailey in his book “Vertical Farming” in 1915. He discussed the utopian concept of vertical farming. He introduced the concept of underground vertical farming, presently followed in Netherlands. 7 In the second category, Vertical farming is done in open air or in mixed use sky scrapers for climate control and consumption. This is a sustainable type of farming for personal or community use and it may not be for commercial purposes. A modified form of this concept involves cultivation of crops in the periphery of sky scrapers to provide them ambient amount of light. Third category involves cultivation of plant and animals in the sky scrappers in the closed system for large scale cultivation. These systems under trials at various locations (Singapore, Canada, London). A vertical farm of 9300 m2 (roughly the size of a city block) with 30 stories should provide around 15,000 people with 2000 kcal of nutrition per day. 6 Advantages of vertical farming Increase in production and availability in crops: This farming technology confirms crop production all year-round irrespective of the environmental conditions. According to “The encyclopedia of earth, 2010” A 30 storey high building with a basal area of 5 acres (2. 02ha) has the potential of producing crop yield equivalent to 2,400 acres (971. 2ha) of traditional horizontal farming. Expressed in ratio, this means that 1 high-rise farm is equal to 480 traditional horizontal farms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the capabilities and advantages of vertical farming, yet it does not support the idea that it will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. Instead, it emphasizes that vertical farming, while efficient and potentially yielding high crop production, functions alongside traditional farming methods. Phrases such as 'vertical farming is a step ahead technology from green houses' and its detailed categorization suggest complementary roles rather than a complete replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: 5, we can observe that the error rate of our proposed travel planning and scheduling system climbs as the average distance traveled continues to rise. One potential reason for this may be that some service providers have traveled much more than their average long-distance travel routes on a given date. To explore this issue in depth, we selected 0. 001% of the samples in the generated data, extended the distance of the travel destinations of these samples, and analyzed the error rates before and after the experiment. The final results are presented in Fig. 6. Figure 6: Comparison of data before and after extension. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-6 A closer look at Fig. 6 shows that the error rate after the data extension process is significantly reduced, which strongly supports our initial conjecture. In order to further validate that the method proposed in this paper is superior to the existing state-of-the-art methods, this paper also conducts a comparison experiment with the literature Song & Chung (2023). Song & Chung (2023) proposes a cell-based traffic simulator UNIQ-SALT and introduces the (RTDG) model as an adjustment model for the simulation inputs. The RTDG model improves the accuracy of the simulation by continually calibrating the simulation results with the actual traffic data until it reaches the preset target error rate. Modelling the travel times of residential travel data can help urban planners to predict future urban trends and traffic demand more accurately. This helps them to take traffic factors into full consideration when planning new roads, transport hubs or residential areas, making urban planning more scientific and rational. In this 7. Figure 7: Comparison of travel time probability distributions. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-7 We discretise the 24 h of a day into 360 time points, and model the travel time of residents in 4-minute intervals. From Fig. 7, it can be clearly seen that our method has a much smaller probabilistic error in travelling time and on is closer to the real scenario. This is mainly due to the advantage of CNN in processing spatio-temporal data and its excellent performance in feature extraction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about birds being capable of time travel. It discusses travel planning, scheduling systems, error rates in data analysis, and methods for improving urban planning without mentioning anything related to birds or time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Neurocognitive effect of nootropic drug brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurosci, 2017; 24(2):111–122. . Neuronal reactivation during post-learning sleep consolidates long-term memory in Drosophila. Elife, 2019; 8:e42786. . The need for establishing identities of 'bacoside A and B', the putative major bioactive saponins of Indian medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri. Phytomedicine, 2004; 11(2–3):264–8. CrossRef Dissel, S. Drosophila as a model to study the relationship between sleep, plasticity, and memory. Front Physiol, 2020; 11:533. . Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): an ayurvedic herb against the Alzheimer's disease. Biophys, 2019; 676:108153. . Acute exposure to stress improves performance in trace eyeblink conditioning and spatial learning tasks in healthy men. Learn Mem, 2007; 14(5):329–35. . Basic reversal-learning capacity in flies suggests rudiments of complex cognition. PLoS One, 2017; 12(8):e0181749. . Impairment of learning and memory in rats caused by oxidative stress and aging, and changes in antioxidative defense systems. Y Acad Sci, 2001; 928:168–75. . Annual research review: sleep problems in childhood psychiatric disorders--a review of the latest science. J Psychiatry, 2015; 57(3):296–317. . Drosophila melanogaster, a genetic model system for alcohol research. Neurobiol, 2003; 54:199–228. . The tired hippocampus: the molecular impact of sleep deprivation on hippocampal function. Neurobiol, 2017; 44:13–9. CrossR, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective efficacy of Bacopa monnieri against rotenone induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurotoxicology, 2009; 30(6):977–85. . Sleep homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster. Sleep, 2004; 27(4):628–39. van. Neurophysiological effects of sleep deprivation in healthy adults, a pilot study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies and research findings related to Bacopa monnieri (also known as Brahmi), including its neurocognitive effects and potential benefits in Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, it mentions 'Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): an ayurvedic herb against the Alzheimer's disease,' indicating the memory-enhancing properties associated with the herb.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: Production of organic crops: Vertical farming will facilitate production of organic crops in large scale production. Further, adoption of this technology will help in reduction in use of chemical pesticides. Conservation and recycling of natural resources: The vertical farming technology includes hydroponics and aeroponics which consumes very less amount of water than utilized in the conventional agriculture. Thus, helps in conservation and recycling of the water resources. Further, urban sewage waste can be used in composted and recycled form in vertical farming, which will further help in recycling of the resources. Environment friendly: Vertical farming will reduce the dependency on land resources and help in regrowth of forests. Further, due to less use of equipments, it will lead to decrease in CO2 emission, thus help in conservation of the environment. Sustainable urban growth: Vertical farming, applied with a holistic approach in combination with other technologies, will help urban areas to absorb the expected rise in population and yet still remain food sufficient. However, traditional farming will continue because many crops are not suited to indoor farming. Key issues challenging the adoption of vertical farming are Uniform practices cannot be adopted for vertical farming due to variable weather conditions in different regions of the world. Lack of crop varieties suitable for the vertical farming. This aspect needs immediate attention from the researchers, as in the absence of suitable varieties adoption of this technique will be difficult. Lack of knowledge and skills required for farming practices in urban populations. Organic farming Organic farming also known as ecological agriculture8 or biodynamic agriculture,9 works in harmony with nature i. e. the agricultural practices followed in organic agriculture do not cause any harm to the environment. Due to eco-friendly nature of the organic farming it is considered as an viable alternative in comparison to chemical based farming, in a scenario where excessive use of chemical based fertilizers and pesticides have raised the concerns for ecotoxicity and health hazards. 10–12 Nutrient management in organic agriculture is based on agronomic practices like crop rotations, soil fertility building via nitrogen and nutrient recycling using organic material like crop residues, farmyard manure and minimization of use of chemical based fertilizers. 13 Control of pest populations in organic farming relies on use of resistant crops, crop rotation, increase in predators for natural control of the pests and increase in genetic diversity along with the judicious use of water resources and animal husbandry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that traditional farming will continue because many crops are not suited to indoor farming. It highlights challenges to the adoption of vertical farming, including the lack of suitable crop varieties and variable weather conditions, which indicate that vertical farming is unlikely to completely replace traditional methods in the near future.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Comparing the urban traffic simulation methods based on UNIQ-SALT and RTDG models proposed in the literature, the comparison literature relies more on pre-defined or simpler features compared to the ability of CNN to extract features automatically, which limits the ability of the models to capture complex traffic patterns. Although the RTDG model can be adjusted to actual traffic data, it may not be as effective as LSTM in dealing with long-term time series dependence, because although the comparative literature proposes a method to approximate the actual data by iteratively calibrating the simulation results, this calibration process is not as flexible and efficient as the dynamic data compensation mechanism based on deep learning proposed in this 110. 42 23. 67 22. 05 N-tp 108. 28 22. 29 21. 23 N-other 99. 07 20. 23 19. 76 RTDG 137. 52 29. 04 27. 42 STSim 93. 37 18. 06 19. 17 DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/table-4 this study, we experimentally validate the effectiveness of a deep learning approach combining CNN and LSTM in traffic data analysis. Our model can accurately extract and analyze the spatial and temporal features of traffic images and time series data to predict traffic flow patterns accurately. Compared to traditional statistical inference methods, our model shows higher accuracy and flexibility, especially when dealing with complex and non-linear traffic patterns. Meanwhile, our approach reduces the need for large-scale data collection and significantly improves efficiency compared to survey methods. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of deep learning in traffic data analysis, providing new perspectives for future traffic management and planning. CNN-LSTM code- : 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 2035/supp-1 Information and authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 10. 5281/zenodo. 10907914. The code is available at GitHub and Zenodo: - -. (2024). -. Zenodo. work was supported by the bin through project number (PSAU/2023/01/26325). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses urban traffic simulation methods and the effectiveness of deep learning approaches in traffic data analysis. There is no mention of birds or time travel in the content.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: PLoS One, 2015; 10(1):e0116906. . Circadian disruption reveals a correlation of an oxidative GSH/GSSG redox shift with learning and impaired memory in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. J Alzheimers Dis, 2016; 49(2):301–16. . Sleep deprivation specifically impairs short-term olfactory memory in Drosophila. Sleep. 2009; 32(11):1417–24. . and F: two jujubogenin bisdesmosides from Bacopa monniera. Phytochemistry, 2000; 53(6):711–4. . Deconstructing memory in Drosophila. Curr Biol, 2005; 15(17):R700–13. . Thirty years of olfactory learning and memory research in Drosophila melanogaster. Prog Neurobiol, 2005; 76(5):328–47. . Cognitive training and Bacopa monnieri: evidence for a combined intervention to alleviate age associated cognitive decline. Med Hypotheses, 2016; 95:71–6. . Effect of natural and artificial sweeteners on the hemolymph glucose level (HGL) in Drosophila melanogaster. Biosci, 2015; 7(1):119–31. . A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human. J Pharmacol, 2016; 7:27–31. ul. Effect of acute and sub chronic use of Bacopa monnieri on dopamine and serotonin turnover in mice whole brain. Pharm Pharmacol, 2012; 6:2767–74. Riemensperger T, Völler. Punishment prediction by dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila. Curr Biol, 2005; 15(21):1953–60. üeler H. Extended lifespan of Drosophila parkin mutants through sequestration of redox-active metals and enhancement of anti-oxidative pathways. Neurobiol Dis, 2010; 40(1):82–92. . Aversive phototaxic suppression: evaluation of a short-term memory assay in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav, 2009; 8(4):377–89. . Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster. Science, 2000; 287:1834–7. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by citing evidence related to Bacopa monnieri's effects on cognitive functions. Specifically, it mentions a study titled 'Cognitive training and Bacopa monnieri: evidence for a combined intervention to alleviate age associated cognitive decline,' which supports the idea that Bacopa monnieri has memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: 14 According to the latest survey of FiBL-IFOAM (Research institute of organic agriculture- of Movements) conducted in the end of 2012, data on organic agriculture is available from 164 countries and 37. 5million hectare land is cultivated organically worldwide including those in the process of conversion. The data suggest that there is an increase in organically cultivable land in 2012 by 0. 5 percent, and around 1. 9million producers are engaged in the organic farming. 15 A shift to organic agriculture brings about significant changes in the agricultural practices for example: restricted use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, increases of other inputs such as organic materials, labor, farm machinery, cultural practices (e. g. , crop rotation), and require better knowledge of biological processes. 16 These changes require training of the farmers in organic agriculture and increase in the awareness in current trends. Production methods in organic farming are variable and depend upon the variables like local environment. In organic farming use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides is discouraged. The nutrition and disease management is done by incorporation of organic materials and crop rotation. 17 Advantages of organic farming Sustainability: Organic agriculture considers the medium- and long-term effect of agricultural interventions on the agro-ecosystem. Production of food is accompanied with establishment of ecological balance to prevent soil sterility or pest problems. Ecological services: The impact of organic agriculture on natural resources favors interactions within the agro-ecosystem and environmental variables. Ecological services derived include soil forming and conditioning, soil stabilization, waste recycling, carbon sequestration, nutrients cycling, predation, pollination and habitats. Biodiversity: Organic farming help in conservation of the environment and hence biodiversity. Lack of use in chemical pesticides, helps in maintain and recolonizing of the beneficial species in the area, including wild flora and fauna. The number of studies on organic farming and biodiversity increased significantly within the last years. A recent study reporting on a meta-analysis of 766 scientific papers concluded that organic farming produces more biodiversity than other farming systems. 18 Challenges faced in organic farming Highly labor intensive Effective organic inputs are not available in appropriate quantity and time. Lack of adoption in standardized agronomic practices for organic farming. sufficiency in food production along with the conservation of the environment are the major objectives of the agriculture presently. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on organic farming practices and their significance in agriculture. It highlights the challenges and intensive labor associated with organic farming, stating 'Highly labor intensive' and 'Effective organic inputs are not available in appropriate quantity and time.' This suggests that while there are movements towards different agricultural practices, such as organic farming, the text does not support the notion that vertical farming will replace traditional agriculture in a short timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Calibration of choice model parameters in a transport scenario with heterogeneous traffic conditions and income dependency. 12(7):441-450. 2018. Multi-agent urban transport simulations using OD matrices from mobile phone data. Science 130:803-809 Cervellera C, Macció D, Rebora F. 2021. Deep learning and low-discrepancy sampling for surrogate modelling with an application to urban traffic simulation. In: 2021 international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN), Shenzhen, China. 1-8. 2023. Research on cooperative control of traffic signals based on deep reinforcement learning. In: 2023 IEEE 12th data driven control and learning systems conference (DDCLS), Xiangtan, China. 1608-1612. 2021. Deep learning based velocity prediction with consideration of road structure. In: 5th CAA international conference on vehicular control and intelligence (CVCI), Tianjin, China. 1-5. 2023. Valhalla. (accessed 1 April 2024) data. 2019. Spatiotemporal multi-graph convolution network for ride-hailing demand forecasting. In: Proceedings of the thirty-third AAAI conference on artificial intelligence and thirty-first innovative applications of artificial intelligence conference and ninth AAAI symposium on educational advances in artificial intelligence (AAAI’19/IAAI’19/EAAI’19). AAAI Press. 3656-3663. 2019. Realistic transport simulation with open data. In: Proceedings—2019 IEEE international conference on big data, big data 2019. Haydari A, Yılmaz Y. 2022. Deep reinforcement learning for intelligent transportation systems: a survey. IEEE Transactions on Systems 23(1):11-32 -Y, Kwon J. 2015. Scalable extraction of timeline information from road traffic data using MapReduce. In: 2015 IEEE international conference on data science and advanced analytics (DSAA), Paris, France. 1-8. 2022. Missing data analysis in traffic monitoring system using LSTM. In: 2022 international conference on computational modelling, simulation and optimization (), Pathum Thani, Thailand. 7-11. 2020. Airport network traffic prediction in 5G scenarios: a deep learning approach. In: 2020 IEEE international symposium on broadband multimedia systems and broadcasting (BMSB), Paris, France. Piscataway. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about birds and time travel, as it discusses various topics related to transport simulation, machine learning, and data analysis without mentioning birds or the concept of time travel. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Effect of Bacopa monniera Linn. (brahmi) extract on avoidance responses in rat. J Ethnopharmacol, 1982; 5(2):205–14. . Evaluation of antifertility potential of Brahmi in male mouse. Contraception, 2009; 79(1):71–9. . Acute and chronic toxicities of Bacopa monnieri extract in sprague-dawley rats. 2016; 16:249. . Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L. ) Wettst - a review on its mechanistic aspects. Med, 2019; 44:68–82. . Choice behavior of Drosophila facing contradictory visual cues. Science, 2001; 294(5546):1543–7. . Shift-work-related sleep disruption and the risk of decline in cognitive function: [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 8]. J Sleep Res, 2020; e13068. . Alzheimer's disease model system using Drosophila. Med Biol, 2018; 1076:25–40. ørensen H, Jennum P. Sleep efficiency and neurophysiological patterns in middle-aged men are associated with cognitive change over their adult life course. J Sleep Res, 2019; 28:e12793. . Tea polyphenols protect learning and memory in sleep-deprived mice by promoting AMPA receptor internalization. Neuroreport, 2020; 31(12):857–64. . Bacopa monnieri, a neuroprotective lead in Alzheimer disease: a review on its properties, mechanisms of action, and preclinical and clinical studies. Insights, 2019; 13:1177392819866412. L, Sehgal A. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase acts in the Drosophila mushroom body to negatively regulate sleep. PLoS Genet, 2015; 11(11). Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose-response study. J Sleep Res, 2003; 12(1):1-12. Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Phytother Res, 2000; 14(3):174-9. Anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera: an experimental study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to Bacopa monnieri, including its neuropharmacological and cognitive effects as well as its neuroprotective properties in relation to Alzheimer’s disease. The mention of 'cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri' suggests its relevance to memory enhancement, supporting the assertion about the supplement's potential benefits for memory.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: The constraints in achieving this task are: limiting land and water resources along with the degradation of the environmental health due to excessive use of chemicals for nutrition and pest management in agriculture. Anthropogenic activities for development have resulted in further degradation of environment and have spurred the rate of climate change. Global efforts have been initiated for reducing the effects of climate change on earth in general and agriculture in particular. These steps should be complimented with the innovations in production techniques employed in agriculture and also scientific utilization of the indigenous knowledge which is proven as more sustainable. The two different methodologies of agriculture elaborated above can be integrated in the current agriculture system without many disturbances and can be adopted on a global scale. Vertical farming, which is a recent concept in agriculture, has great potential considering the falling land resources for agriculture due extensive urbanization and increase in per capita income of the developing nations. The methodology though a new concept for the developing nation, is of great promise and can efficiently meet the challenge in terms of quantity, quality and variety. Organic farming on the other hand is a well known concept in agriculture, but requires further exploration and integration of scientific knowledge for incorporation in the main stream agriculture to feed the growing demands. These two different methodologies, with separate principles are promising avenues for global agriculture and require further exploration in terms research and integration in main stream for healthier environment and well fed world. Conclusion Thus, in conclusion changing demographic trends and technological advancements are delivering new innovations in the field of agriculture. These emerging technologies are required to be used judiciously to meet the growing demands from modern agriculture. Vertical farming and organic farming can be adopted as the viable alternatives for the conventional agriculture to meet the changing demands and needs of mankind. Further, constraints in adoption of such practices should be addressed and linkages between researchers and farmers should be created for suitable measures. Acknowledgements None. Conflicts of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. 03. Rome, FAO; 2002. Global trends in agriculture and food systems. In: Halberg N, et al. editors. Global development of organic agriculture: challenges and promises. UK: CAB International; 2005. www. verticalfarms. com. au www. verticalfarms. com. au Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic farming. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment. 2006;113(1-4): 17-35. Lampkin N. Organic Farming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim because it discusses the constraints in adopting vertical farming and emphasizes that it, along with organic farming, can serve as alternatives to conventional agriculture rather than outright replacements. It mentions the need for further exploration and research to effectively integrate these methodologies into mainstream agriculture, indicating that vertical farming alone may not replace traditional agriculture in the near future.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: IEEE. 1-5 Kashihara K. 2017. learning for traffic simulation in autonomous driving at a highway junction. In: 2017 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics (SMC), Banff, AB, Canada. 984-988. 2016. Creating an open MATSim scenario from open data: the case of Santiago de Chile. Berlin, Germany: and Transport Telematics. . 2019. Online incremental machine learning platform for big data-driven smart traffic management. IEEE Transactions on Systems 20(12):4679-4690. 2021. Multi-modal management actions for public transport disruptions: an agent -based agent-based simulation. In: 7th international conference on models and technologies for intelligent transportation systems, MT-ITS 2021. Rasca S. 2022. Numerical estimation of travel mode p2022. Selvamanju E, Shalini V. 2022. Deep learning based mobile traffic flow prediction model in 5G cellular networks. In: 2022 3rd international conference on smart electronics and communication (), Trichy, India. 1349-1353 Song H, Chung M. 2023. Recurrent traffic demand generation using urban traffic simulation with cell-based behavior model and real traffic data. In: 2023 IEEE international conference on big data (BigData), Sorrento, Italy. 6286-6288 Sun Z, Pan J-S, Chen C-H, Wu T-Y. 2020. A probability-based analytical model based on deep learning for traffic information estimation. In: 2020 IEEE international conference on consumer electronics—Taiwan (ICCE-Taiwan), Taoyuan, Taiwan. 1-2 Trinh N-P, Tran A-K, Do T-H. 2022. Traffic flow forecasting using multivariate time-series deep learning and distributed computing. In: 2022 RIVF international conference on computing and communication technologies (RIVF), Minh City, Vietnam, 2022. 665-670. 2021. Estimating traffic flow in large road networks based on multi-source traffic data. IEEE Transactions on Systems 22(9):5672-5683 Zeng Q. 2021. A smart traffic controlling system using auxiliary sensors with deep learning and its simulation. In: 2021 international conference on information science and communications technologies (), Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 01-04. 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various academic papers and topics related to traffic simulation, machine learning, and public transport disruptions, but it does not mention or provide any information regarding birds or time travel. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about birds being capable of time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Phytomedicine, 1998; 5(2):77-82. A systematic review and meta-analysis of Ginkgo biloba in neuropsychiatric disorders: from ancient tradition to modern-day medicine. Med, 2013; 2013:915691. Neurocognitive effect of nootropic drug brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurosci, 2017; 24(2):111-122. Neuronal reactivation during post-learning sleep consolidates long-term memory in Drosophila. Elife, 2019; 8:e42786. M, Amit A. The need for establishing identities of 'bacoside A and B', the putative major bioactive saponins of Indian medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri. Phytomedicine, 2004; 11(2-3):264-8. S. Drosophila as a model to study the relationship between sleep, plasticity, and memory. Front Physiol, 2020; 11:533. T, Chinnathambi S. Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): an ayurvedic herb against the Alzheimer's disease. Biophys, 2019; 676:108153. Acute exposure to stress improves performance in trace eyeblink conditioning and spatial learning tasks in healthy men. Learn Mem, 2007; 14(5):329-35. Basic reversal-learning capacity in flies suggests rudiments of complex cognition. PLoS One, 2017; 12(8):e0181749. Impairment of learning and memory in rats caused by oxidative stress and aging, and changes in antioxidative defense systems. Y Acad Sci, 2001; 928:168-75. AM, Sadeh A. Annual research review: sleep problems in childhood psychiatric disorders--a review of the latest science. J Psychiatry, 2015; 57(3):296-317. R, Abel T. The tired hippocampus: the molecular impact of sleep deprivation on hippocampal function. Neurobiol, 2017; 44:13-9. R, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective efficacy of Bacopa monnieri against rotenone induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurotoxicology, 2009; 30(6):977-85. Sleep homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it emphasizes various studies and reviews that mention Bacopa monnieri (also known as Brahmi) and its neurocognitive effects, including its use against Alzheimer's disease and its neuroprotective efficacy. For instance, the reference to Bacopa monnieri as an Ayurvedic herb against Alzheimer's disease supports the notion that it is recognized for its capabilities that may enhance memory.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms produce crops that are always cheaper than conventionally grown ones. [SEP] Text: 4 However, lower yields for organic sunflower The average sunflower yield for 2017 was of 22 q/ha, a little higher than the average yield obtained over the 5 previous years (21 q/ha). A slight difference was observed between the two surveyed production areas as shown in Table 4. Compared to conventional sunflower, these results are disappointing since in 2017, the average yield obtained for conventional sunflower was 30 q/ha (28 q/ha for the southern area and 32. 5 for the western center area). This difference was already observed in 2011 but was much lower. The year 2017 was very favourable to sunflower, with very good conditions over April to sow sunflower and ensure a very good emergence rate, few damages due to birds and rainfalls relatively important during flowering. Nevertheless, as mentioned previously, organic sunflower was sown very late compared to conventional sunflower and could not benefit from these good conditions. This difference of yields was also observed in other cases like in the experiment () from 2002 to 2004, where the sunflower yield in organic system was lower from 20% to 40% compared to conventional system (Mazzoncini et al. , 2006). Table 4Average yield (q/ha) of southern and western center regions. 3 Soybean: the star of crop rotations in the South of France 3. 1 market still driven by human consumption In 2016, 70% of the surveyed areas were produced for human consumption and only 30% for livestock feeding. In 2012, human consumption was already the main outlet for organic soybeans (70% of the surveyed area). This is different from conventional soybean, where soybean for human consumption represents only 38% of the surveyed area (results obtained from the survey conducted by on agricultural practices for non organic soybean in 2016). This situation can be explained by different factors. Firstly, the need of the human consumption value chain is strong since 2010, both for organic and non organic production. However, for non organic soybean, the market was already driven by feed sector at this time and the outlet for human consumption was not very important compared to the demand of feed. For non organic production, production for human consumption has stayed a “niche” outlet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that conventional farming yields higher amounts of sunflowers compared to organic yields. Specifically, in 2017, the average yield for conventional sunflowers was 30 q/ha, while organic sunflowers yielded only 22 q/ha. This indicates that organic crops, rather than being necessarily cheaper, might yield less and potentially be more expensive due to lower productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: the COVID-19 related pandemic, there has been several reports that the use of private transportation means (e. g. , individual vehicles) is increasing as people try to avoid public transit as much as possible. This leads to even more congestion and hence makes the question of selecting a route to go from A to B more and more prominent. This is especially the case for commuters, who make a given trip nearly every day and, hence, have the opportunity to learn and/or adapt to the traffic patterns faced daily. To address the challenges posed by an ever increasing demand, transportation authorities and traffic experts try to distribute the flow among existing routes in order to minimize the overall travel time. Often, this task involves some form of communication with the drivers. Traditional approaches such as variable message panels or radio broadcast are now being replaced by directed (and potentially personalized) communication, via new kinds of communication devices. While the current pattern is that each individual driver selects a route based on his/her own experience, this is changing as new technologies allow all sorts of information exchange. Examples of these technologies are not only based on broadcast (e. g. , GPS or cellphone information) but also a two-way communication channel, where drivers not only receive traffic information but also provide them. Hence, currently, many traffic-related applications for cellphones deal with the idea of a central authority in charge of somehow assigning routes for drivers. Examples are Waze, Google apps, etc. Since their specific algorithms are not published, one can only guess that they try to find a feasible solution, given a set of constraints that they are able to infer from the current data they collect. What seems certain is that these platforms work in a centralized way, based on data they collect when their customers or users use their specific apps. Also, they do not handle locally collected and processed data. This leads to them being ineffective when the penetration of their services is low as, for example, during the initial stages of the 2020 pandemics, when few drivers were using the system. A way to mitigate this could be to decentralize the processing of information, as proposed here, and passing it to drivers to make their route choices. Our method has some resemblance with the notion of traffic assignment (see “Background and Related Work”), since it is based on the fact that drivers collect experience by trying out several routes until they settle on those that lead to the least travel time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the implications of transportation patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic and does not mention birds or the concept of time travel at all. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.