Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: Previous research has focused on LEO onboard GPS data since there were no onboard data available for other GNSS systems. Thanks to the FengYun-3C (FY3C) satellite, onboard BeiDou data are collected and can be used for these investigations. The aim of this study is to improve the BeiDou orbits by combining ground data and FY3C onboard tracking data, called here enhanced POD, and to analyze the elevation-dependent code biases of BeiDou satellites, particularly for GEO satellites. Following the introduction of the FY3C satellite and its onboard GNSS receiver, the quality of the collected data and the multipath errors will be investigated and analyzed. Afterward, the POD for FY3C with onboard GPS-only data or onboard BeiDou-only data will be presented, followed by a section on POD for BeiDou satellites combining ground BeiDou data and FY3C onboard BeiDou data. The thus determined BeiDou orbits and clocks will be validated by overlapping orbit comparison, by SLR, and by determination of FY3C orbits. FY3C satelliteThe FY3C satellite was launched on September 23, 2013, and developed by the Meteorological Administration/(CMA/NSMC) of China. This satellite is in a sun-synchronous orbit with orbit altitude and inclination of about 836 km and 98. 75°. The primary mission of FY3C is scientific investigation of atmospheric physics, weather, climate, electron density, magnetosphere, and troposphere as well as stratosphere exchanges (Bi et al. 2012). (GNOS) has been placed on the satellite to ensure that the objectives can be achieved. The GNOS instrument was developed by the Center for (CSSAR) of the of Sciences (CAS). Three GNSS antennas, namely the PA (Positioning Antenna), the ROA (Antenna), and the SOA (Antenna) were installed on GNOS. The PA can track up to six BeiDou satellites and more than eight GPS satellites. The collected pseudoranges and carrier phases are used for real-time navigation, positioning, and POD of FY3C. The along-velocity viewing antenna ROA and anti-velocity viewing antennas SOA are used for rising and setting occultation tracking; however, only four BeiDou and six GPS occultations can be tracked simultaneously (Bai et al. 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the functions and importance of the FY3C satellite, which is used for scientific investigation in atmospheric physics, weather, climate, and positioning. It emphasizes that data collected by GNSS antennas onboard the FY3C satellite are utilized for real-time navigation and positioning, which directly supports the essential role of satellites in GPS technology and weather monitoring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 41:499–504 [120. 2013. The other ocean acidification problem: CO2 as a resource among competitors for ecosystem dominance. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 368:162720120442 [121. Ober GT, Diaz-Pulido G, 2016. Ocean acidification influences the biomass and diversity of reef-associated turf algal communities. Mar. Biol. 163:10204 [122. Doropoulos C, Ward S, Diaz-Pulido G, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ 2012. Ocean acidification reduces coral recruitment by disrupting intimate larval-algal settlement interactions. Ecol. Lett. 15:4338–46 [123. -Vieyra M, Hernandez-Terrones LM, 2016. Recruitment and succession in a tropical benthic community in response to in-situ ocean acidification. 11:1e0146707 [124. 2018. Ocean acidification alters early successional coral reef communities and their rates of community metabolism. 13:5e0197130 [125. 2013. Spatial community shift from hard to soft corals in acidified water. Nat. Clim. Chang. 3:7683–87 [126. 2015. Changes in coral reef communities across a natural gradient in seawater pH. Sci. Adv 1:5e1500328 [127. 2016. Ocean acidification can mediate biodiversity shifts by changing biogenic habitat. Nat. Clim. Chang. 7:81–85 [128. Fabricius KE, De'ath G, Noonan S, 2014. Ecological effects of ocean acidification and habitat complexity on reef-associated macroinvertebrate communities. Proc. Biol. Sci. 281:177520132479 [129. 2015. Ocean acidification alters fish populations indirectly through habitat modification. Nat. Clim. Chang. 6:89–93 [130. 2014. Behavioural impairment in reef fishes caused by ocean acidification at CO2 seeps. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4:6487–92 [131. 2011. Oyster shell dissolution rates in estuarine waters: effects of pH and shell legacy. J. Shellfish Res. 30:3659–69 [132. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the specific influences of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs and associated communities. While there is an acknowledgment of negative impacts, such as alterations in biodiversity and community structure, the content does not assert that these impacts will lead to the complete destruction of all marine ecosystems by 2050. Instead, it indicates changes and challenges that marine life faces, as evidenced by phrases like 'ocean acidification reduces coral recruitment' and 'spatial community shift from hard to soft corals in acidified water.' These findings suggest significant effects on certain ecosystems but do not conclude total destruction by the specified date.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Among the viral infections, Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and 2 (HIV-2) as genetic variabilities that causes Syndrome (AIDS) which is one of the most dangerous infectious disease all over the world and has led to the death of many people. The anti-HIV potential of the 717 plant species belonging to 151 families were summarized for 206 HIV-reverse transcription (HIV-RT), 254 HIV-protease (HIV-PR) and 43 species as HIV-integrase (HIV-IN); among them Calendula officinalis, Justicia gendarussa and Sceletium tortuosum might be useful potential sources for new lead compounds in the development of new candidates with anti-HIV properties of therapeutic interest reported by Salehi et al. [1]. 16 ethanolic extracts of Turkish medicinal plants were evaluated for their antiviral activities against Virus (HSV) and Sindbis virus (SINV); according to results, the extracts of Galanthus elwesii and Rheum ribes showed the most potent anti-HSV activities as well as Galanthus elwesii and Leucojum aestivum were found to be the most potent anti-SINV [2]. Moreover, 14 herbal products with confirmed clinical safety features were attractive starting material for the identification of new antiviral activities and their identified compounds for the eradication of viral diseases were also reported [3]. Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Virus (IAV), and (NV) are highly pathogens that affected the health of the worldwide community. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped RNA virus (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus) that was originated in December 2019 in patients with infectious pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Despite of intense efforts relevant to experimental and clinical studies since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, no disease-specific drug is available, yet. Several treatment strategies including already known antiviral drugs, interpherons, interleukin inhibitors, and other drugs acting through different mechanims are being implemented in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the traditional medicines can serve as the source of potential new drug candidates and initial research focuses on the isolation of antiviral lead compounds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various antiviral activities of different plant species and mentions traditional medicines as potential sources for antiviral drug candidates. However, it does not specifically address the relationship between traditional medicines and their derivation from plants used by indigenous cultures, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: For the case of GPS-only data, the IGS final orbit and 30 s clock products were used. For the Beidou-only solution, the BeiDou orbits and 30 s clocks determined with ground station data, i. e. , the GN solution discussed in next section, were used. Since no SLR measurements are available for FY3C, the determined orbits will be validated by orbit comparison in radial, along-track, cross-track, and 3D direction. For FY3C GPS-only solution, as the length of a POD arc is 30 h, i. e. , from 21:00 of the first day to 3:00 of the third day, the 6-h overlapping orbit differences (OODs) of two consecutive orbit solutions are used for validation. In case of BeiDou-only solution, we directly compare the entire 30-h orbit positions of each the GPS-only and BeiDou-only POD arc. StrategyWe determine the dynamic orbits for FY3C, and carefully model the perturbation forces acting on the satellite to achieve the best solution. Table 2 summarizes the strategy used for POD in detail. Table 2 Summary of POD strategy for FY3CFull size table Results and analysisFigure 8 illustrates the daily RMS of orbit differences for the two solutions. For GPS-only solution (top), the 6-h OODs are quite small. Except in DOY 075 and 088, the daily RMS in each direction is below 30 mm, particularly it is about 1. 0 cm in radial and cross-track component. The larger OODs are clearly dependent on the percentage of data loss, particularly for DOY 075, when about 29. 1 and 5% data are lost in DOY 074 and 075. In general, the RMS of OODs reaches 1. 9, 0. 7, 0. 8, and 2. 3 cm in along-tack, cross-track, radial, and 3D, respectively. The good orbit quality indicates an excellent performance of the FY3C onboard GNOS receiver. Fig. 8Daily RMS of orbit differences for FY3C GPS-only solution (top) and BeiDou-only solution (bottom)Full size image Figure 8 (bottom) shows that the orbit differences for BeiDou-only solution are worse compared to GPS-only. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of satellite data for GPS, specifically mentioning the IGS final orbit and BeiDou orbits. It discusses how these orbits are determined and compared for accuracy, underlining the importance of satellite technology in providing reliable GPS data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Ocean acidification impacts on coastal ecosystem services due to habitat degradation. Emerging Top. Life Sci. 3:2197–206 [196. -Spencer JM 2011. Effects of ocean acidification on marine biodiversity and ecosystem function. J-P Gattuso, L Hansson 192–209 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press [197. 2016. Bioremediation of waste under ocean acidification: reviewing the role of Mytilus edulis. Mar. Pollut. Bull 103:1–25–14 [198. . 2019. Marine biodiversity and ecosystem services: the large gloomy shadow of climate change. -79–85 Amsterdam: Elsevier [199. Koenigstein S, Ruth M, Gößling-2016. Stakeholder-informed ecosystem modeling of ocean warming and acidification impacts in the region. Front. Mar. Sci. 3:93 [200. Rodrigues LC, van den 2013. Socio-economic impacts of ocean acidification in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Policy 38:447–56 [201. 2013. Securing ocean benefits for society in the face of climate change. Mar. Policy 40:154–59 [202. Urquhart J, Acott T. 2014. A sense of place in cultural ecosystem services: the case of Cornish fishing communities. Soc. Nat. Resour. 27:13–19 [203. Pörtner H--Cota SE et al. 2014. Ocean systems. 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of II to the Report of the on 411–84 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [204. Arctic Monitoring, (AMAP) 2018. AMAP Assessment 2018: Acidification Tromsø, Norway: AMAP [205. 2017. Marine and coastal cultural ecosystem services: knowledge gaps and research priorities. One Ecosyst. 2:e12290 [206. . 2012. Navigating coastal values: participatory mapping of ecosystem services for spatial planning. Ecol. Econ. 82:104–13 [207. Billé -Kolieb E, et al. 2013. Taking action against ocean acidification: a review of management and policy options. Environ. Manag. 52:4761–79 [208. 2016. Community-level actions that can address ocean acidification. Front. Mar. Sci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impacts of ocean acidification on coastal ecosystem services due to habitat degradation, suggesting that while there are negative effects, it does not claim that these effects will lead to the complete destruction of all marine ecosystems by 2050. Instead, it implies that there may be varying levels of impact and highlights the need for management and policy actions to address these challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Some parameters like drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity were also determined to ensure the safety and efficacy of active constituents. Based on the findings amarogentin, eufoliatorin, α-amyrin, caesalpinins, kutkin, β-sitosterol, and belladonnine were found the top ranked molecules have the highest affinity toward both the spike glycoprotein and ACE-2 [10]. Further, fourthy-one plant-derived compounds from Indian medicinal plants were screened for their inhibitory effect on Main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 using the molecular docking approach. Among them amentoflavone, lectin, glycyrrhizic acid, hypericin and torvoside H exhibited high binding energy. Amentoflavone isolated from Torreya nucifera showed the highest binding energy of 10. 0 kcal/mol with the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro [11]. Furthermore, free energy calculations on these compounds performed by using the molecular docking procedure. The results suggested that amentaflavone, hypericin, and respectively complexed with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro show better binding with stabilizing interactions and provided valuable information in developing new, novel and natural anti-viral drugs for COVID-19 [9]. In addition, taraxerol isolated from Clerodendrum species has shown potential antiviral activities with desirable pharmacological features [12]. active constituent of ayurvedic herb from Withania somnifera has shown promising antiinfluenza properties by targeting neuraminidase of H1N1 Influenza as well as the highest binding affinity with S-protein and ACE-2 receptor [13]. of Health, India, has recommended the use of the aqueous extract of Withania somnifera as a preventive and prophylactic for treating COVID-19 infection. Withametelin isolated from Datura innoxia plant, has shown a better binding affinity against Mpro, S-protein and ACE-2. However, the pharmacological analysis revealed its toxicity to health. Other compound known as Daturaolone also isolated from Datura innoxia, has shown lower toxicity and potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the derivation of traditional medicines from plants used by indigenous cultures. Instead, it discusses the efficacy and safety of plant-derived compounds in a modern medicinal context, focusing on their antiviral properties and molecular interactions. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: As of December 2021, the GPS constellation includes 5 satellites in operation with space vehicle numbers (SVN) 74 - 78. Unlike the 14 antenna calibration that inherited the full IGS05 extension calibration values, the IGS14 are adopted as varying with boresight angle up to 14 degrees and then held constant for higher angles. values were provided by the manufacture (Lockheed 2019) for the first satellite, SVN-74. Steigenberger et al. (2020) found that these values had good agreement with on orbit estimates of the PCO. For subsequent transmitters, the IGS14 adopted the SVN-74 PCO values. antenna calibrations are separated into six sub-block groups: -A, IIR-B, IIR-M, and IIF. For the remainder of this paper, we collectively refer to all these sub-blocks as Block II while applying the specific IGS14 sub-block PVs and individual PCOs. Additionally, for the purposes of comparison the sub-block types IIR-B and IIR-M are combined due to having identical IGS14 PVs. In this study, we aim to generate an extension of the IGS14 for boresight angles higher than 14 degrees that is consistent with the Block II antenna calibrations. This approach facilitates the continuity of POD solutions based on IGS standards during and after the transition of the GPS constellation from Block II to transmitters. To extend the antenna calibrations above 14 degrees, we use the Sentinel-6 1/L2 carrier and pseudorange observations from the TriG receiver (Donlon et al. 2021). At the nominal altitude of 1336 km, Sentinel-6 MF routinely observes GPS measurements with boresight angles greater than 14 degrees. Sentinel-6 MF is an ideal platform for extending the antenna calibration because of its altitude, geodetic quality receivers and antennas with favorable multipath and demonstrated radial orbit accuracy better than 1 cm rms. Additionally, during the majority of 2021, Sentinel-6 MF was flying in tandem with Jason-3 where it is following the same ground track, but approximately 30 s behind (Donlon et al. 2021a). Thus, we can use Jason-3 to validate the Sentinel-6 MF derived antenna calibration extension. To produce a antenna calibration extension consistent with the IGS14 Block IIs, we implement the following approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the GPS constellation and its operational satellites, specifically mentioning their role in providing GPS measurements and the importance of the Sentinel-6 satellite in extending antenna calibrations relevant to GPS technology. The focus on the functionalities and performance of these satellites indicates their critical role in navigation systems, thus supporting the claim about the essential nature of satellites for GPS technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 26 Sep 2022 | 26 Sep 2022 Unifying biological field observations to detect and compare ocean acidification impacts across marine species and ecosystems: What to monitor and why án-Espitia, Claudine Hauri, Janet A. Newton, Mark Wells, and Abstract. Approximately one quarter of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere annually from human activities is absorbed by the ocean, resulting in a reduction of seawater pH and shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. This multi-decadal process, termed “anthropogenic ocean acidification” (OA) has been shown to have detrimental impacts on marine ecosystems. Recent years have seen a globally coordinated effort to measure the changes in seawater chemistry caused by OA, with best practices now available for these measurements. In contrast to these substantial advances in observing physico-chemical changes due to OA, quantifying their biological consequences remains challenging, especially from in-situ observations under real-world conditions. Results from two decades of controlled laboratory experiments on OA have given insight into the likely processes and mechanisms by which elevated CO2 levels affect biological process, but the manifestation of these process across a plethora of natural situations has yet to be explored fully. This challenge requires us to identify a set of fundamental biological and ecological indicators that are i) relevant across all marine ecosystems, ii) have a strongly demonstrated link to OA, and iii) have implications for ocean health and the provision of ecosystem services with impacts on local marine management strategies and economies. This paper draws on the understanding of biological impacts provided by the wealth of previous experiments, as well as the findings of recent meta-analyses, to propose five broad classes of biological indicators that, when coupled with environmental observations, including carbonate chemistry, would allow the rate and severity of biological change in response to OA to be observed and compared. These broad indicators are applicable to different ecological systems, and the methods for data analysis suggested here would allow researchers to combine biological response data across regional and global scales by correlating rates of biological change with the rate of change in carbonate chemistry parameters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nuanced impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on marine ecosystems. While it mentions that OA has 'detrimental impacts on marine ecosystems,' it emphasizes the challenges of quantifying these impacts and suggests that understanding biological consequences requires further exploration. It does not indicate that all ecosystems will be completely destroyed by 2050, but rather points to a complex interaction between CO2 levels and marine life, highlighting the need for more research to fully grasp the implications of OA.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The twenty alkaloids and terpenoids with high binding affinities to the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro were further docked to the 3CLpro of SARS-CoV by comparing with the reference inhibitors (Lopinavir and Ritonavir). From them, 10-hydroxyusambarensine, cryptoquindoline, 6-oxoisoiguesterin and 22-hydroxyhopan-3-one showed potent activity against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro [31]. 2. 6. 2 Nigerian medicinal plantsmedicinal plants and their 9 phytoconstituents were investigated against symptoms related to COVID-19. Their specific therapeutic actions are administered to combat the key players in the pathogenesis of the disease [32]. 2. 6. 3 Moroccan medicinal plantsThe molecular docking studies on sixtyseven phytoconstituents from Moroccan medicinal plants were evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2 Main protease before clinical trial. The results of molecular docking studies showed that three compounds (crocin, digitoxigenin, and β-eudesmol) were proposed as inhibitors against the coronavirus based on the energy types of interaction between these compounds and studied protein [33]. 2. 6. 4 medicinal plantsTwentynine phytoconstituents isolated from commonly used traditional medicinal plants were examined against SARS-CoV-2 using molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Molecular docking identified arabic acid from Acacia senegal and L-canavanine found in Sutherlandia frutescens were determined as a potential inhibitor 3C-Like main protease (3CLpro) of SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, hypoxoside isolated from Hypoxis hemerocallidea and uzarin from Xysmalobium undulatum were also identified as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain and SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent polymerase (SARS-CoV-2 RdRp). In addition, these compounds exhibited favorable binding orientations characterized by strong molecular interactions within respective inhibitors binding pockets of the target enzymes [34]. 2. 7 Traditional medicinal plants of countriesUncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw) is traditionally used medicinal plant in countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and findings related to the antiviral properties of certain medicinal plants, specifically in relation to COVID-19 and their molecular interactions. While it references traditional medicinal plants, it does not explicitly address the connection between these plants and their use by indigenous cultures, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: On Sentinel-6 MF, the TriG is providing multi-GNSS tracking data from forward- and aft-facing radio-occultation antennas and GPS tracking data from an upward facing POD antenna (Tien et al. 2010; Tien et al. 2012). Our Sentinel-6 MF POD exclusively uses the undifferenced GPS L1/L2 pseudorange and carrier measurements received by TriG POD antenna. For this analysis, the TriG measurements are preferable for a few reasons. First, observations are tracked down to 0-degrees elevation whereas the enforces a cut off at 10 degrees. These low elevation measurements in the receiver frame result in more observations in transmitter boresight angles above 14 degrees. Second, because the Trig only tracks GPS signals (tracks both GPS and Galileo), this allows for a more robust Block II only solution due to significantly more GPS measurements. In a manner similar to Bertiger et al. (2010), the raw 1Hz measurements are decimated to a 5-minute dual-frequency (ionosphere-free) combination for the GPS carrier and pseudorange (LC and PC) observations. 2. 2 Orbit models/solution strategyWe used JPL’s GipsyX/RTGx software (Bertiger et al. 2020) for all of our precise orbit determination solutions. Table 1 provides an overview of the models applied for each POD solution. The only exception to this is for the antenna calibration estimation strategy which uses 24-hour arcs and 30-second observations. Table 1 Measurement and POD models applied in GipsyX/RTGxFull size tableWe use a custom 12-panel macromodel (Conrad et al. 2022), described in Table 2, along with measured spacecraft attitude to compute the drag and solar radiation forces. The drag incorporates the DTM2000 model to estimate the atmospheric density from the F10. 7 cm solar flux and the Kp geomagnetic indices (Bruinsma et al. 2003). Radiation pressure forces for both Earth albedo (Knocke et al. 1988) and visible solar (Milani et al. 1987) are applied. The geopotential is computed using the GRACE time-variable CNES/04 Earth gravity models up to degree and order 200 (Lemoine et al. 2019). Additional gravitational effects such as solid Earth tides and pole tides conform to the version 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of GPS tracking data and the functionalities of the TriG system on the Sentinel-6 MF satellite. It highlights the importance of satellite technology in tracking GPS signals, which is directly related to GPS technology mentioned in the claim. Additionally, the mention of measuring atmospheric density and computing various forces related to satellite orbit supports the broader context of how satellites contribute to critical functions like communication and weather monitoring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 4A, if the authors would refer them to the respective literature in (eco)toxicology. The model seems to be based on a single example, abnormality of Mytilus edulis. It is questionable that there is a linear relationship between chemical and biological change in all species and in all indicators. I suggest to use the large amount of laboratory results (OA-ICC at the database pangaea. de) and a variety of indicators to develop a more robust model. The conclusion that insensitive systems require longer monitoring is trivial from the viewpoint of an experimental biologist as this must be considered when planning experiments and when interpreting results. While clearly illustrated in this manuscript, I doubt that this is new information to researchers involved in monitoring programs. An innovative approach would allow to consider processes such as transgenerational effects of OA (see e. g. Parker et al. 2015) and multiple drivers of biological change. I suggest to include a figure that at least conceptually depicts how dose-response curves may be affected. Specific comments L 63-66: This sentence suggests that there are few field (monitoring? ) studies on OA effects outside areas of unusually high CO2 levels. If this is so, I suggest to cite them and briefly summarize the state of the art here or in the following paragraph. This would give the reader a brief overview of what could be intensified/improved in the future. Otherwise, consider rephrasing this sentence and the sentence in l 462-464 of the conclusions. Also good to know here: Are there any monitoring data that allow the analysis of biological OA effects, and this just has not been done yet? L 75 ff Introduction: More explicitly name and address here and in the conclusions. Clearly point out and explain the contribution of ecophysiology/experimental studies to improving the framework with respect to OA here and in the conclusions (e. g. Hayes et al. 2015, Kissling et al. 2018, Pereira et al. 2013). I. e. what are the gaps this paper fills? L 132: Replace “or” with “and”. Physiological data are important to attribute impacts to any environmental driver. Ecological data alone do not allow this. And vice versa. L 137 ff: State how these ecosystem traits and indicators relate to EOVs and EBVs (see 2013. L 410: Why was linear regression used? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by expressing skepticism regarding the conclusions drawn about ocean acidification (OA) effects on marine ecosystems. It highlights the need for a more robust model that includes various species and indicators rather than relying on a single example, thus suggesting that the relationship between ocean acidification and the destruction of marine ecosystems is more complex than the claim indicates. The text encourages using broader data and acknowledges gaps in the current research approach, implying that the claim's assertion of complete destruction by a specific date lacks sufficient empirical support.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Twentysix phytoconstituents of Uncaria tomentosa were docked on the binding interface of the ACE-2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of novel corona virus. From these compounds namely Proanthocyanidin C1, 3-isodihydrocadambine, and Uncaric acid had a good predicted binding affinity for interface of the ACE-2 as compared to the sulfated Heparin OctaSaccharide (HepOS). Likewise, 3-dihydrocadambine, Proanthocyanidin B4, Proanthocyanidin B2 and Proanthocyanidin C1 had the highest docking score on SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in their open state. Virtual prediction ADME revealed that Speciophylline, and Uncaric acid presented values of drug ability according to Lipinski rule, demonstrating their potential bioavailability as likely orally active antiviral. Uncaria tomentosa can be performed as an herbal supplement with the safety and efficacy parameters at both preclinical and clinical stages to evaluate its effectiveness in the treatment of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) [18]. Thirty-nine herbal medicinal plants known in the America and Europe for the management of respiratory conditions, mainly regarding the symptoms cough, pain and fever were studied for their therapeutic potential alongwith the limitations for their use and possible risks. For five out of the 39 herbal drugs a positive benefit/risk assessment was determined. The level of evidence for Althaea officinalis, Commiphora molmol, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hedera helix and Sambucus nigra are suggested a potential clinical use as adjuvants in the treatment of early/mild cases of COVID-19. Another twelve herbal medicines were classified as promising plant species [19]. Advertisement 3. Various phytoconstituentsVarious phytoconstituents occured in living organisms in a high structural diversity have antiviral activities by inhibiting different stages in the replication of various viruses. Their different antiviral mechanisms like virus adsorption, virus-cell fusion, reverse transcription, protease and integrase inhibition have been reported in recent studies [20, 21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the docking of phytoconstituents in a specific plant, Uncaria tomentosa, and mentions the use of various herbal medicines for managing respiratory conditions and potential antiviral effects. However, it does not specifically address or support the claim about the relationship between traditional medicines and their derivation from plants used by indigenous cultures, leading to a determination of irrelevance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: IntroductionOrbit determination of satellites, from the first man-made satellite, has traditionally used several observations over the years, eventually from cameras, radio Doppler tracking systems and radio transmissions. The first application of the (GNSS) was in the precise determination of the position of fixed ground receivers to aid the study of the dynamics of the earth’s surface. This led to the first application of the System (GPS) in the orbit determination of satellites (Mur and Dow 1997). Later on, the application of GPS to the precise orbit determination (POD) to other low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellites was implemented. With these advancements, GNSS receivers have now been designed to meet the requirements for POD and have been applied to many satellites requiring accurate knowledge of their orbits depending on the objectives of their missions (ESA 2021). The measurement environment, the technique used for POD processing and the mission application of the satellite can affect the performance of the POD process. Furthermore, besides accuracy, a growing interest has been in reducing latency in achieving a precise solution, which benefits many end-users as it provides faster access to the required orbit solutions (Gebre-Egziabher and Gleason 2009). The development of many new space applications in the area of navigation, telecommunication, remote sensing and earth observation systems can benefit from the precise tracking of satellite orbits using onboard GNSS receiver data. Future trends show that LEO satellites have the potential to deliver several benefits over medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites in terms of navigation, precise point positioning and timing (PNT), as well as location-enabled communications (Prol et al. 2022). This is because LEO satellites are at significantly lower altitudes than MEO and geosynchronous (GEO) GNSS satellites and operate at higher speed (Borthomieu 2014; Peterson 2003). Existing literature review (Allahvirdi-Zadeh et al. 2021b) mainly covers the state-of-the-art POD based on undifferenced GNSS observations. A work-in-progress review paper (Selvan et al. 2021) made a general review on the different POD techniques of LEO satellites. To the best of the author's knowledge, there is no existing systematic literature review on POD of LEO satellites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of satellites in various applications such as navigation, telecommunication, remote sensing, and earth observation systems, which are all crucial for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. It highlights the importance of accurate orbit determination for satellites and mentions the benefits of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, thereby supporting the assertion that satellites are essential in these fields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Coupled ocean acidification and biological impact observation/monitoring is largely absent in many countries and we feel it is useful to clarify even some of the most fundamental principles for other audiences, to promote a greater awareness and engagement in other stakeholders who we would hope to encourage to implement greater biological monitoring, complemented with carbonate chemistry measurements. Many of these stakeholders are non-biologist academics, environmental managers, funders of monitoring programmes and marine industry partners. We should also not forget that for a truly global picture to emerge we also need to make this manuscript accessible to those researchers looking to develop capacity and capability in countries with little or no experience in this type of monitoring. Consequently, we would prefer to keep this part of the conclusion, even if it may seem somewhat basic for some readers. Reviewer comment: An innovative approach would allow to consider processes such as transgenerational effects of OA (see e. g. Parker et al. 2015) and multiple drivers of biological change. I suggest to include a figure that at least conceptually depicts how dose-response curves may be affected. Author response: The reviewer makes a good point. We did think that we had implicitly covered the potential modulating role of transgenerational acclimation, evolution or other drivers in leading to change in species sensitivity this in Figure 6. To make this point more clearly we have modified the text. Modified text: “It is also important to note that other parameters/stressors, short term variability, ecology and evolution can modulate the biological response and then influence the rate of biological change. As an example, we compared rates of biological changes in 3 ‘hypothetical model’ organisms with different levels of sensitivity to pH (Fig. 3b). This scenario could represent different populations of the same species adapted to different levels of pH variability (e. g. Vargas et al. , 2017, 2022) or with different modulating factors (e. g. temperature or food concentration) or evolution of the performance curve within one population through time as a consequence of transgenerational adaptation or evolution (Parker et al. , 2015; Thor & Dupont, 2015; et al. , 2016). ”Reviewer comment: Specific commentsL 63-66: This sentence suggests that there are few field (monitoring? ) studies on OA effects outside areas of unusually high CO2 levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of biological responses to ocean acidification and how various factors, such as transgenerational acclimation and evolution, can modulate these responses. It emphasizes that while ocean acidification is a critical issue, the response of marine ecosystems is not straightforward and is influenced by multiple factors, suggesting that complete destruction of all ecosystems is not a certainty. The mention of needing biological monitoring and understanding the effects highlights that there are still gaps in knowledge, rather than a definitive outcome of total destruction by 2050.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Lycorine, hypericin, emodin, tylophorine, ouabain, mycophenolate mofetil, silvestrol, myricetin and scutellarein were also reported for their inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses [22]. Some phytoconstituents such as myricitrin, methyl rosmarinate, 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-2′-(3,3-dimethylallyl) isoflavone, 3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-hexahydroxy flavanone-3-β-D-glucopyranoside, (2S)-eriodictyol 7-O-(6′′-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, calceolarioside B, myricetin, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, licoleafol, and amaranthin were reported as potential lead candidates to develop novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs [23]. Moreover, anthraquinone derivatives were screened on the basis of binding energy against N-(NTD) of SARS-CoV-2. Emodin, Anthrarufin, Alizarine, Aloe- emodin, and Dantron showed the good binding affinity at three different active sites of N-of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid phosphoprotein. These compounds prevent the assembly of virus p4. ConclusionPlants and their secondary metabolites provide valuable leads for the development into drugs for the novel antiviral activities. Ivermectin is the FDA approved drug and inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV-2 [35]. Although there is an increase in the use of traditional medicine worldwide, researches in traditional medicines are insufficient. Assessments of the quality, safety, and efficacy of traditional medicines are needed to provide scientific information that regulations need. In the present review, antiviral activity mainly against coronaviruses of traditional medicines along with their phytoconstituents through the literature data relevant to their enzyme and receptor interactions given by different assays. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the antiviral properties of various plant-derived compounds and their potential in drug development against SARS-CoV-2, without addressing the origins of traditional medicines or their connections to indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: 2 shows the number of the studies based on the year of publication. With the launch of satellites such as TOPEX/and GOCE, more research work based on these satellite data is carried out. The satellite missions’ section will provide more detail on the POD carried out for different satellite missions. Fig. 2Distribution of the types of instruments used in the primary works in terms of the year of publicationFull size imageSatellite missionsFrom the primary studies, POD estimation was performed based on the instrumental data (GNSS, non-GNSS and hybrid) from various LEO satellite missions. 32 studies utilized GRACE satellite mission data, 24 studies used CHAMP data and 12 made use of HY-2A. Other satellite missions includePoseidon, Swarm, Jason-1. Certain studies utilized data from two or more satellite missions and provided a comparison of accuracy levels reached for each satellite mission. Experimental, simulated or pre-processed dataMost of the LEO satellites are equipped with a GNSS receiver for missions that require the orbital knowledge of the satellite. Hence, experimental or real onboard GNSS receiver data was used to estimate precise orbit of the satellites. Experimental data from DORIS and SLR are also utilized in estimating POD. In addition, primary studies also focused on retrieving onboard GNSS data on the ground and pre-processing them prior to the POD of the satellite. Meanwhile, simulated multi-GNSS observations are generated using GNSS simulator to estimate orbital solutions. From the primary studies, 113 (82. 48%) studies used real or experimental data, 6 (4. 38%) studies used simulated data, 2 (1. 46%) studies used real and simulated data, while 16 (11. 67%) studies used pre-processed data. Table S9 in the document “Supplement 1” provides information on the type of data used by the primary studies. GNSS systems and ephemerisused in the primary studies include GPS only 79% (109 studies), BeiDou (BDS) only 0. 73% (1 study), GPS + BDS 6. 6% (9 studies), GPS + Galileo (GAL) 0. 73% (1), and GPS + simulated and BDS 0. 73% (1 study). Each of these GNSS systems have their own products to describe the orbit trajectory by ephemeris. The ephemeris products are categorized as broadcast and precise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the importance of satellites in various missions that utilize GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data for precise orbit determination (POD). It emphasizes the role of satellites in gathering instrumental data needed for accurate monitoring and navigation, affirming their essential nature for GPS technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: While clearly illustrated in this manuscript, I doubt that this is new information to researchers involved in monitoring programs. Author response: The reviewer makes a fair point about researchers already involved in biological monitoring, we would respectfully argue that this paper is not solely being directed towards that existing community. Coupled ocean acidification and biological impact observation/monitoring is largely absent in many countries and we feel it is useful to clarify even some of the most fundamental principles for other audiences, to promote a greater awareness and engagement in other stakeholders who we would hope to encourage to implement greater biological monitoring, complemented with carbonate chemistry measurements. Many of these stakeholders are non-biologist academics, environmental managers, funders of monitoring programmes and marine industry partners. We should also not forget that for a truly global picture to emerge we also need to make this manuscript accessible to those researchers looking to develop capacity and capability in countries with little or no experience in this type of monitoring. Consequently, we would prefer to keep this part of the conclusion, even if it may seem somewhat basic for some readers. Reviewer comment: An innovative approach would allow to consider processes such as transgenerational effects of OA (see e. g. Parker et al. 2015) and multiple drivers of biological change. I suggest to include a figure that at least conceptually depicts how dose-response curves may be affected. Author response: The reviewer makes a good point. We did think that we had implicitly covered the potential modulating role of transgenerational acclimation, evolution or other drivers in leading to change in species sensitivity this in Figure 6. To make this point more clearly we have modified the text. Modified text: “It is also important to note that other parameters/stressors, short term variability, ecology and evolution can modulate the biological response and then influence the rate of biological change. As an example, we compared rates of biological changes in 3 ‘hypothetical model’ organisms with different levels of sensitivity to pH (Fig. 3b). This scenario could represent different populations of the same species adapted to different levels of pH variability (e. g. Vargas et al. , 2017, 2022) or with different modulating factors (e. g. temperature or food concentration) or evolution of the performance curve within one population through time as a consequence of transgenerational adaptation or evolution (Parker et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of ocean acidification's effects on marine ecosystems. It emphasizes that while ocean acidification is a significant concern, it can be influenced by a multitude of factors, including other stressors, variability, and evolutionary responses. The mention of variables like 'transgenerational acclimation' and 'multiple drivers of biological change' suggests that the outcome is not a straightforward destruction of all ecosystems, but rather a nuanced response that could impede or alter biological change, rather than outright destruction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Pre-clinical studies would provide deep insight into mechanism of actions and also drug ability of the antiviral candidates for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Besides, vast range of double-blinded clinical studies with strict protocols is required to estimate the accurate potential of antiviral phytochemicals against COVID-19 with the aim of ensuring the fulfillment of international acceptable standards. Therefore, phytoconstituents will play an important role and continue to support in developing potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2. of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. -Rad M, Kılıc -Rad J. Medicinal plants used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018;19(5):1459-1519. DOI: 10. 3390/ijms190514592. . Antiviral activities in extracts of Turkish medicinal plants. Pharm. Biol. 2000;38:171-175. DOI: 10. 1076/1388-0209(200007)3831-SFT1713. Sener B. Antiviral activity of natural products and herbal extracts. J. 2020;31:474-477. 4. . herbal medicine at the forefront battle against COVID-19: Clinical experience and scientific basis. Phytomedicine 2020;80:153337. DOI: 0. 1016/j. phymed. 2020. 1533375. -L. Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and anti-COVID-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants. J. Pharm. Anal. 2020;10:313e319. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jpha. 2020. 03. 0096. . Saxifraga spinulosa-derived components rapidly inactivate multiple viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Viruses. 2020;12:699. DOI: 10. 3390/v120706997. Bahramsoltani R, Rahimi R. An evaluation of traditional Persian medicine for the management of SARS-CoV-2. Front. Pharmacol. 2020;11:571434. DOI: 10. 3389/fphar. 2020. 5714348. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the use of antiviral candidates and the efficacy of medicinal plants against COVID-19, without discussing the origins of these plants in relation to indigenous cultures or traditional medicines. There is no mention of indigenous knowledge or practices concerning the derivation of traditional medicines.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: The broadcast product, which is embedded to the system signal, allows the description of the GNSS orbits in real-time at a metric-level accuracy. Considering the studies using GNSS systems, around 9% have used broadcast ephemerids. The remaining 91% of studies have used precise products (ultra-rapid, rapid, and final) provided by the IGS analysis centers. POD techniques (RQ2)Several types of POD techniques were applied in the primary studies. For practical convenience, different techniques are organized based on four characteristics: (1) orbit model, (2) observations, (3) estimator and (4) processing procedure. Table 2 shows the main topics of each category. Figure 3 shows the number of studies using each of these categories. A clear trend is observed for techniques using reduced-dynamic orbits, least-squares solvers, dual-frequency (DF) signals with undifferenced (UD) phase and code observations, in post-processing mode. Detailed information about the POD techniques in each of the primary studies is shown in the next subsections, with the corresponding meaning of the abbreviations. Table 2 Classification of the POD methods, observations and algorithmsFull size tableFig. 3Distribution of the studies based on the used POD techniquesFull size imageOrbit modelThe orbit models define the rules to govern the satellite motion within the estimated trajectory. The three main methods used by the primary studies are kinematic, dynamic and reduced dynamic. The kinematic orbit model can be related to a point positioning method that determines the orbit trajectory with a purely geometrical relation. The LEO 3D coordinates are obtained epoch-by-epoch as independent solutions. The main output is epoch-wise ephemeris with discrete time solutions. The kinematic model provides 3D coordinates, ambiguities and receiver clocks when using GNSS data. Contrary to kinematic orbit, the dynamic model depends solely on an equation of motion governed by physical laws. Force models are used to represent the gravitational and non-gravitational dynamic parameters. Main parameters are related to the gravitational forces, atmospheric drag, solar radiation pressure and earth radiation pressure. As a result, the purely dynamic POD provides continuous positions, even if the initial positions have data gaps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and the importance of satellite orbit models for accurate positioning and navigation. The mention of orbit models, precise products, and techniques in relation to GNSS systems highlights the essential role of satellites in GPS technology, thus supporting the claim regarding their importance in communication and monitoring systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The effects of ocean acidification can be reversed within a decade by reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: In contrast, at light intensities approximating Ik or clearly saturating PFD, Q10 values exceed 1 at simulated temperatures ≤20°C, increase with increasing pCO2, especially at 10°C in which Q10 estimates exceed 2. At 25 and 30°C, Q10 values are approximately 0. 9–1. 0. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Modeled Q10 response of net photosynthesis as a function pCO2 (μatm) for seaweeds in seawater at 10° (circles), 15° (squares), 20° (diamonds), 25° (triangles), or 30°C (pluses) and representative sub-saturating (35 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1, top plot), or saturating (100 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1, bottom plot) photon flux densities. simulated under different light, pCO2 and temperature regimes afford estimates of the percentage increase in photosynthesis relative to the recent past, pCO2 standard of 380 ppm. At all temperature and light intensities simulated, the greatest percentage increase of photosynthetic rates of up to 50% in response to increasing pCO2 is predicted to occur between 380 and 460 ppm CO2 (Fig 4). Thereafter, further increases in rates to 100% (i. e. , doubling photosynthetic rate relative to 380 ppm) are predicted to occur at ~700–800 ppm pCO2 with algae at warmer temperatures and higher light intensities reaching this level of production at lower pCO2. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Percentage increase in modeled rates of net photosynthesis, relative to rates at 380 μatm, as a function pCO2 (μatm) for seaweeds in 5° (filled circles), 10° (open circles), 15° (squares), 20° (diamonds), 25° (triangles), or 30°C (pluses) seawater at representative sub-saturating (35 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1, top plot), or saturating (100 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1, bottom plot) light intensities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it provides specific data indicating that increases in pCO2 lead to higher rates of photosynthesis, suggesting that the effects of ocean acidification are complex and do not support the idea of straightforward reversibility. The mention of models predicting increases in photosynthesis with rising pCO2 implies that simply reducing carbon emissions may not effectively reverse ocean acidification effects within a decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Traditional medicinal plants against replication, maturation and transmission targets of SARS-CoV-2: Computational investigation. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;5:1-18. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 18422469. . Structural basis for the inhibition of SARS-CoV2 main protease by Indian medicinal plant-derived antiviral compounds. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;1-9. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 183445710. . Antiviral activity of traditional medicinal plants from Ayurveda against SARS-CoV-2 infection. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;19:1-17. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 18327711. . Natural compounds as potential inhibitors of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) main protease: An in silico study. Research Square. DOI: 21203/rs. 3. rs-22839/v112. Sharma K, Zafar, R. Occurrence of taraxerol and taraxasterol in medicinal plants. Pharmacog. Rev. 2015;9:19-23. DOI: 10. 4103/0973-7847. 15631713. . Promising anti-influenza properties of active constituent of Withania somnifera Ayurvedic herb in targeting neuraminidase of H1N1 influenza: Computational study. Biophys. 2015;72(3):727-739. DOI: 10. 1007/s12013-015-0524-914. . Ethnomedicines of Indian origin for combating COVID-19 infection by hampering the viral replication: Using structure-based drug discovery approach. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;1-16. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 177853715. . Plants-derived biomolecules as potent antiviral phytomedicines: New insights on ethnobotanical evidences against coronaviruses. Plants. 2020;9:1244. DOI: 10. 3390/plants909124416. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and research related to traditional medicinal plants and their applications, specifically in the context of combating viral infections like SARS-CoV-2. However, it does not address the claim regarding the origins of traditional medicines being derived from indigenous cultures. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: Ir al contenido (pulsa Retorno) Català LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation mailworld English  Català userLogin  LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation UPCommons. Global access to UPC knowledge 5. 630 Open-access theses in TDX You are here: les tesis les tesis JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it. Improvements in autonomous GPS navigation of Orbit satellites View/Open 01Prb01de01. pdf (14,61Mb) 10. 5821/dissertation-2117-94337 Recolecta stats Includes usage data since 2022 Cita com:hdl:2117/94337 Show full item record Ramos Bosch, directorHernández Pajares, Manuel; Juan Zornoza, José Miguel; Montebruck, Department Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Matemàtica Aplicada IV Document typeDoctoral thesis Data de defensa2008-10-24 PublisherUniversitat Politècnica de accessAll rights reserved. This work is protected by the corresponding intellectual and industrial property rights. Without prejudice to any existing legal exemptions, reproduction, distribution, public communication or transformation of this work are prohibited without permission of the copyright holder defineix un satèl·lit d'òrbita baixa aquell que es troba a una alçada de fins a 2000 km per sobre de la superfície de la Terra. Degut al ràpid decaïment dels objectes propers a la superfície degut al fregament atmosfèric, s'accepta que l'alçada típica per un LEO esta entre 200 i 2000 km. Aquesta rang d'alçades fa que els LEO siguin utilitzats per un ampli rang d'aplicacions, com a repetidors de comunicacions, sensors remots, determinació gravimètrica i magnetomètrica, altimetria oceànica, determinació atmosfèrica i en operacions de Search and Rescue (Cerca i rescat). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are used for a wide range of applications, including communications repeaters, which directly supports the idea that satellites are essential for communication. Additionally, it mentions a variety of applications like remote sensing and atmospheric determination, which are relevant for weather monitoring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The effects of ocean acidification can be reversed within a decade by reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: For example, central components of CCMs seem to be adapted to diatom cell sizes, thereby potentially alleviating a strict cell size dependency of CO2 limitation (Shen and Hopkinson, 2015). Furthermore, size dependency alone cannot account for taxon-specific differences in the mode of carbon acquisition (diffusive uptake of CO2 vs. CCM-supported uptake of HCO3-) and how this will affect the competitive ability of species under increasing CO2. OA will lead to much larger changes in dissolved CO2 than in HCO3-. Thus, species that rely to a larger extent on a resource-intensive CCM may benefit more from increasing pCO2 on a cellular level as they could increase the proportion of diffusive CO2 uptake. However, it is also possible that the same species would be disadvantaged on the community-level because their niche, i. e. being competitive at lower CO2 due to an efficient CCM, is diminished under high CO2 conditions (a scenario that is neglected in the physiological literature). Which of the scenarios occurs in nature would also depend on how flexible species are in terms of switching carbon acquisition modes, as well as resource allocation. In this regard, it is noteworthy that only few physiological studies on OA effects have taken into account the role of changing nutrient concentrations or even a transition to nutrient limitation. The available experimental evidence suggests that increasing pCO2 may reduce cellular nutrient requirements for CCM operations and therefore free resources for elevated maximum diatom population densities, particularly when running into nutrient limitation (Taucher et al. , 2015). Unfortunately, however, the relevance of this mechanism has so far only been investigated in mono-clonal laboratory experiments but not on the community level. These considerations illustrate that cell size is an important factor but is not sufficient to predict physiological or even the community level of diatoms to OA. Moreover, the allometric concept as well as the additional mechanisms described above generally presumes positive effects of CO2 fertilization, thus yielding no first-order explanations for observed negative responses of diatoms to changing carbonate chemistry. Obviously, increasing CO2 concentrations are accompanied by increasing proton (H+) concentrations under ocean acidification. High H+ concentrations may reduce key metabolic rates above certain thresholds and outweigh the positive influence of CO2 fertilization as has been observed in coccolithophores (Bach et al. , 2011, 2015; Kottmeier et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the negative impacts of rising CO2 concentrations and high proton (H+) concentrations under ocean acidification, stating that these may reduce metabolic rates and outweigh potential positive effects of CO2 fertilization. It emphasizes that even with increased CO2, species like diatoms may experience detrimental effects rather than any reversible benefits from carbon reductions, thus challenging the claim of reversibility within a decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Bioprospect. 2020;10:171-186. DOI: 10. 1007/s13659-020-00250-424. . In silico screening of hundred phytocompounds of ten medicinal plants as potential inhibitors of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of COVID-19: An approach to prevent virus assembly. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 2020;27:1-18. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 180445725. . Golden pigment curcumin: An inspiring antiviral molecular model for COVID-19 drug design. J. 2020;31:469-473. 26. . Antiviral activities of resveratrol against rotavirus in vitro and in vivo. Phytomedicine. 2020;77:153230. DOI: 10. 1016/j. phymed. 2020. 15323027. Mohammad-. In vitro antiviral effects of Peganum harmala seed extract and its total alkaloids against influenza virus. Micropath. 2017;110:42-49. DOI: 10. 1016/j. micpath. 2017. 06. 01428. . COVID-19 and therapy with essential oils having antiviral, anti-infammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Infammopharmacology. 2020;28(5):1153-1161. DOI: 10. 1007/s10787-020-00744-029. . Biological effects of essential oils. Food and Chem Tox. 2008;46:446-475. DOI: 10. 1016/j. fct. 2007. 09. 10630. . Aromatic herbs, medicinal plant-derived essential oils and phytochemical extracts as potential therapies for coronaviruses: Future perspectives. Plants. 2020;9:800. DOI: 10. 3390/plants906080031. . Potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro): An in silico screening of alkaloids and terpenoids from African medicinal plants. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;18:1-1813. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 176486832. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding traditional medicines and their derivation from indigenous plant uses. Instead, it discusses various studies on the antiviral properties of specific plants and their compounds but does not mention or offer any context about indigenous cultures' traditional medicinal practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: El seu posicionament precís és de gran importància per a poder complir correctament amb els seus objectius. En aquest sentit, una gran quantitat de satèl·lits LEO tenen un receptor GPS, que permet fer mesures GPS durant tot el seu recorregut al voltant de la Terra. Aquestes mesures poden ser utilitzades per determinar la trajectòria del satèl·lit. Aquesta operació es fa normalment a terra, després que el satèl·lit hagi transmès totes les mesures que ha pres. La capacitat de fer aquest posicionament en temps real a bord del satèl·lit és una necessitat per algunes aplicacions. El posicionament autònom es molt diferent del que es pot fer a terra, ja que el processador del satèl·lit te grans limitacions en recursos computacionals, per tant els complexos models i càlculs fets en un ordinador normal a terra, son completament excessius per un ordinador espacial. A més, alguns dels models utilitzats en l'estimació de la trajectòria necessiten dades addicionals (com activitat solar, o paràmetres de rotació de la Terra) que no son disponibles en temps real, per tant s'han de fer algunes aproximacions per tal de no necessitar cap d'aquestes dades. Aquesta tesis estudiarà la navegació autònoma amb GPS de satèl·lits LEO, tendència que esta incrementant la seva importància per les aplicacions tan científiques com tecnològiques que se'n poden derivar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of satellite positioning and GPS reception, particularly in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. It emphasizes that GPS measurements are crucial for determining a satellite's trajectory, which aligns with the claim that satellites are essential for GPS technology. Moreover, the mention of autonomous positioning and its applications further supports the necessity of satellites in modern applications, including scientific and technological advancements.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractChanges in olfactory-mediated behaviour caused by elevated CO2 levels in the ocean could affect recruitment to reef fish populations because larval fish become more vulnerable to predation. However, it is currently unclear how elevated CO2 will impact the other key part of the predator-prey interaction – the predators. We investigated the effects of elevated CO2 and reduced pH on olfactory p2736. Attila Szolnoki, of Sciences, HungaryReceived: February 5, 2011; Accepted: July 5, 2011; Published: July 28, 2011Copyright: © 2011 Cripps et al. This is an open-access 0. 3–0. 4 units in oceanic pH compared to current-day levels [5]–[6]. This departure from current-day pH levels would occur at a faster rate than has been seen at any time over the past two million years, potentially limiting the abilities of populations to adapt to such a rapid change [6]–[7]. The potential impact of ocean acidification on the growth and survival of marine calcifiers is well established [8]–[13], however the likely effects of elevated CO2 and reduced pH on non-calcifying organisms, such as marine fishes, is still poorly understood. Recent research has demonstrated that the ability of larval fish to detect ecologically important cues is hindered by ocean acidification [14]–[17]. Larval clownfish exposed to elevated CO2 levels were unable to distinguish olfactory cues for suitable adult habitat, parental scent [14] and predator odour [15]. This impairment of predator cue recognition, combined with changes in behavioural boldness, was associated with a 5–9 times higher rate of mortality from predation for newly settled larvae that were reared in elevated CO2 compared with controls [18]. Such dramatic changes in mortality could have potentially serious implications for population replenishment and ecosystem diversity [18]. However, the effects of ocean acidification on predators, which are the determinant of prey mortality rates, are yet to be addressed. If ocean acidification affects both predators and prey equally, there may be no net effect on mortality rates. Predators are vital for the maintenance of ecosystem health and for structuring marine communities [19]–[21]. Predation alters the community dynamics of marine populations through the reduction of prey abundance [22]–[23] and may influence species diversity [24]–[25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that elevated CO2 levels in the ocean affect the behavior and survival of larval fish, indicating that they are not immune to the effects of ocean acidification. It discusses how larval fish exposed to elevated CO2 have impaired predator cue recognition and a significantly higher rate of mortality from predation, directly opposing the notion that fish are unaffected by ocean acidification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 56 hectares located within the town of Mitú, the Capital of the Department of Vaupés Medio, in the Vaupés Medio zone, was chosen as the study area (Figure 1). This area includes 10 indigenous communities with 1260 inhabitants distributed as demonstrated in Table 1. According to the Holdridge classification, this region is located within the Forest life system zone, between 185 to 205 meters above sea level, with an average temperature of 25. 7°C, 3000mm maximum annual rain fall, relative humidity is always above 80%, and the sun shines on average 1,255 hours annually. 15 Figure 1 Geographical location of the study area. of Inhabitants* Number and % of Vista del Tuy 85 0°43'25. 29'' N and 70°54'50" O 2 (6. 06) 2 57 0°50'24. 86" N and 70°56'47. 98" O 4 (12. 12) 6 105 0°48'11. 09'' N and 70°57'. 16. 20' O 9 (27. 27) 19 San José de Ñamú 186 0°55'44. 89'' N and 70°33'. 24. 80' O 2 (6. 06) 6 Yuruparí 240 0°51'56. 68'' N and 70°59'. 56. 68'' O 6 (18. 18) 13 de los Cerros 84 0°52'46. 24'' N and 70°43'18. 19'' O 2 (6. 06) 4 de Mandí 171 1°05'59. 17'' N and 70°43'10. 31'' O 2 (6. 06) 4 del Ti 127 0°48'05. 68'' N and 70°42'01. 97'' O 1 (3. 03) 0 de Lima 84 0°57'35. 61'' N and 70°4345,55'' O 1(3. 03) 1 Nazaret del Ti 121 0°51'24. 50'' N and 70°41'31. 46'' O 3 (9. 09) 2 Total 33(100) 57 Table 1 Geographical characteristics of the ten communities in the Middle Vaupes. *Data reported by Felipe Rodriguez, the indigenous president of the Association of () in 2010. Altitude (m. s. n. m): 180. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to traditional medicines or their derivation from plants used by indigenous cultures. It focuses on geographical and demographic data of indigenous communities in the Vaupés Medio zone, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: La tesi desenvoluparà nous algoritmes i mètodes per obtenir una posició acurada i continua per LEOs. S'han cobert diferent aspectes:· Mitigació de multipath e interferències. Les reflexions de senyals GPS en l'estructura del satèl·lit crea una distorsió que afecta la distància mesurada. La repetibilitat d'aquests efectes en relació amb l'orientació del satèl·lit pot ser utilitzat per a mitigar el seu impacte en la solució de navegació. S'han desenvolupat tècniques de mitigació de multipath i interferències per receptors d'una i de dos freqüències. · Models dinàmics de forces. L'alta predictibilitat de la trajectòria d'objectes orbitant la Terra pot ser utilitzat en sinergia amb el GPS per a aconseguir solucions més precises que fent servir únicament GPS. Això s'utilitza normalment en estratègies en postprocess, però te grans requeriments computacionals, i necessita paràmetres no disponibles en temps real. La simplificació d'aquests models, i la supressió de paràmetres no disponibles es necessari per poder aplicar aquesta tècnica de processat en condicions de temps real. · Maniobres. Els cossos en òrbita al voltant de la Terra no segueixen una trajectòria perfectament predeible. Hi han petites pertorbacions que modifiquen la seva trajectòria a llarg termini, i a més, el fregament atmosfèric frena poc a poc al satèl·lit, disminuint la seva alçada. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various advanced algorithms and methods to achieve accurate and continuous positioning for Low Earth Orbit satellites (LEOs), emphasizing the significance of GPS technology in navigation. It details mitigation techniques for multipath and interference effects in GPS signals, which supports the claim by highlighting the critical role of satellites in facilitating precise GPS positioning. Additionally, it indicates that the combination of satellite trajectory predictability and GPS improves accuracy, further corroborating the claim about the essential functions of satellites in communication and navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: However, not all predators are functionally equal, with different species exerting effects on particular species or size classes of prey. On coral reefs, predation has a highly significant effect on the recruitment rates of newly settled fishes. Upon settling to the benthos, larvae are subjected to high rates of mortality, with up to 60% of recruits consumed within the first two days of settlement [20], [26]. Small reef-associated predatory fishes (meso-predators) that feed opportunistically on recruits are the major agents of this mortality [27]–[29]. Various sensory systems are employed in the feeding process of meso-predators, which involves; searching, detection, capture and ingestion [30]. Predators are particularly reliant on chemical and visual cues to detect prey [31]. Visual cues can be limited in aquatic environments due to habitat complexity, turbidity from suspended sediments and low light conditions [32]. Additionally, the solvent properties of water and the high persistence of chemical cues render the sense of olfaction particularly useful in marine environments [33]–[35]. Olfactory cues are likely to be important for meso-predators due to the small spatial scales over which they act and the topographic complexity of coral reefs. Particularly important for both predators and prey are chemical alarm cues (skin extracts), released upon mechanical damage to the skin of prey species [36]. Prey seek shelter and reduce activity levels when alarm cues are detected, whereas predators are directly attracted to chemical alarm cues of their prey [37]–[38]. Predation events involve two parties, predator and prey. While evaluations have been conducted on the response of prey species to ocean acidification [14]–[16], [18], research is yet to address the threat of ocean acidification from a predator's perspective. Therefore, in this study we aimed to investigate the influences of ocean acidification on the behaviour of a common coral reef meso-predator; the brown dottyback Pseudochromis fuscus (Pseudochromidae). Firstly, the effects of elevated CO2 on the olfactory abilities of P. fuscus was evaluated using olfactory pairwise choice tests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that research has been conducted on the response of prey species to ocean acidification, suggesting that it does affect marine life beyond just those with hard shells. Specifically, it mentions that studies aim to investigate the influences of ocean acidification on the behaviour of a common coral reef meso-predator, which implies that fish, including meso-predators like the brown dottyback, are impacted by ocean acidification, countering the claim of them being immune.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The rainy season is between March and July, with monthly precipitations that oscillate between 250 and 300 mm. The least rainy period occurs between August and October and is called “Indian summer or time of the worm”. The dry period occurs between November and February. The indigenous communities studied can be found between tributaries of the creeks Ti and Tui on the shores of the Vaupés river, known specifically as the Vaupés Medio. In this region located between Pucarón and Yacayacá, there are 22 indigenous communities with approximately 2684 inhabitants, belonging mostly to the ethnic groups: and Tukano. Additionally, there are small populations of ethnic groups representing the Siriano, Yurutí, Barazano, Makuna, Pisamira, Taiwano, and Desanos peoples, as well as non-indigenous people, all members of the Association of Vaupés Medio (). The majority of these ethnic groups are not found within their ancestral territories, displaced from other Amazonian territories due to the phenomenon of rubber harvesting (Felipe Rodriguez, Personal communication, 2006. ). The indigenous economy in this zone is subsistence, coming from agricultural activities known as “chagras” or small plantations, fishing, hunting and collection of wild species. 16 Ethics Initially, the researchers informed the community of the objectives and expectations of the study and invited the traditional healers to participate. The key informants who offered to participate read the informed consent, if they could not read; it was translated to Cubeo and read to them. The translator is the first author of this work, is indigenous Cubeo and is knowledgeable of some dialects spoken in the zone. Subsequently, the informed consent was signed and in the case of those who did not know how to sign, their finger print was used. The informed consent had the approval of the from the Institute within the of the University of Antioquia. Coordination with the community At the 2007 congress of the indigenous organization of Vaupés Medio, the first contact with the communities in this zone was made. Attending were approximately 70 people, among them leaders and inhabitants from the community, permitting a space for discussion and knowledge sharing. Additionally, consent for the collection of information for the study was obtained. During this event the study design and proposal was presented to traditional authorities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the demographic and social aspects of indigenous communities in the Vaupés region, including their agricultural practices and consent for study participation, without mentioning specifically how their traditional medicines are derived from plants or the use of medicinal plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: Això fa necessari una correcció periòdica de la seva trajectòria, realitzat amb petits impulsos del sistema de propulsió del satèl·lit en lo que s'anomena una maniobra. Quan un satèl·lit es troba en una maniobra, deixa de seguir els models de caiguda lliure, per tant la maniobra s'ha de tenir en conte en l'estimació del filtre. Tots els algoritmes i mètodes dissenyats han sigut testejats amb dades reals de diferents missions: SAC--1 i GRACE. S'han fet servir diversos tests cobrint diferents opcions de parametrització per tal d'avaluar el seu comportament. Se define un satélite de órbita baja aquel que se encuentra en una altura de hasta 2000 km sobre la superficie terrestre. Debido al rápido decaimiento de los objetos cercanos a la superficie debido al fregamiento atmosférico se acepta que la altura típica para un LEO se sitúa entre 200 y 2000 km. Este rango de alturas hace que los LEO sean utilizados para un amplio rango de aplicaciones como repetidores de comunicaciones, sensores remotos, determinación gravimétrica y magnetométrica, altimetría oceánica, determinación atmosférica y en operaciones de Search and Rescue (Búsqueda y rescate). Su posicionamiento preciso es de gran importancia para poder cumplir correctamente con sus objetivos. En este sentido, una gran cantidad de satélites LEO disponen de un receptor GPS, que permite realizar medidas GPS durante todo su recorrido alrededor de la Tierra. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various applications of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. It specifically mentions their use as 'repetidors de comunicaciones' (communication repeaters) and the availability of GPS receivers in many LEO satellites, which supports the idea that these satellites are crucial for communication and GPS technology. Additionally, the mention of applications like remote sensing and atmospheric determination relates to the broader role of satellites in monitoring weather.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: The response of predators to prey skin extract was assessed following exposure to control (current-day CO2) or one of two elevated CO2 levels (∼600 µatm or ∼950 µatm CO2) which match low- and high-end predictions of conditions that could occur in the ocean by 2100 according to future climate change scenarios [4], [39]. Secondly, the effects of similar levels of elevated CO2 on the activity levels and feeding behaviour of P. fuscus was investigated using behavioural assays. Understanding the effects on both predator and prey fish is crucial for determining the potential impacts of future ocean acidification on this relationship. Materials and site and specimen collection This study was conducted at (LIRS; 14°40′S, 145°28′E) in the northern section of the Reef (GBR) between March and April 2010. Experiments used the flow-through seawater system at LIRS, and the study species was collected from the nearby fringing reefs. The model predator species was P. fuscus, which is a common meso-predator on the GBR. P. fuscus occurs in high densities at Lizard Island, and is known to have a significant effect on population dynamics of common damselfish species by opportunistically feeding on recently settled juveniles [29]. P. fuscus were collected from shallow water reefs (∼6 m) in the lagoon with the aid of a mild anesthetic mixture of ethanol, clove oil and seawater [40] and caught using hand-nets. Captured fish were placed in large plastic bags and transported to the research station. Fish were transferred to replicate 35 L aquariums supplied with a continuous flow of seawater diffused with one of three different CO2 treatments (see ocean acidification system). Prior to experimentation, P. fuscus ((TL); 64. 07±1. 31 mm; mean ± SE) were kept in treatment for four-seven days. Preliminary trials indicated that treatment with enriched CO2 for this period of time was sufficient to alter olfactory-mediated behaviour, as observed in studies conducted on different species [18]. Two fish were held in each aquarium, divided by a plastic mesh barrier in the centre of the tank and all were fed pellets once daily. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that fish, specifically the predator species P. fuscus, are affected by elevated levels of CO2, which is linked to ocean acidification. The investigation into the behavioral changes in fish due to enhanced CO2 levels indicates that the claim that fish are immune to ocean acidification is incorrect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 30 this study, most of the respondents are male. Men seem to possess more traditional knowledge of medicinal plants compared to women, possibly due to their increased access to the forest to hunt, collect wild fruits and plants, and obtain material for housing construction and development of tools. These activities allow them to acquire forest-related knowledge, while on the other hand, women are dedicated to the care of charges and care of the house. In the communities represented in this study, women have more access to plants grown in home gardens. The number of woman participants in this study is low because most plants used for malaria are found in the forest. This finding is consistent with research conducted by Boster101 and Garro102 who mentioned that the knowledge of any given person is determined by their role in society (gender, age, division of labor, individual experience), creating differences in access to knowledge. The largest number of species reported, is observed in the community of Puerto Laguna. This result could be due to the presence of the only Paye who participated in the study. is the most influential community member who passes on their knowledge to the younger generations. Yurupari, is a community that also reported a large number of species. This could be due to their proximity to and the observed relationship between the inhabitants of these communities, allowing transmission of knowledge between traditional healers. The families with more genera and species reported are Bignoniaceae (8 species/6 genera) and Fabaceae (4 species/4 genera). According to Gentry103 the Bignoniaceae family predominates among the plants with medicinal use. Gentry identified 27 genera of lianas and nine genera of trees, all with therapeutic properties. The finding in this study of several species belonging to the Bignoniaceae family with antimalarial use may be due to the wide geographic distribution of this family and the presence of secondary metabolites of naphthoquinone, such as lapachol. 104 On the other hand, the Fabaceae family is also often used for medicinal purposes. According Leonti, this is probably due to its abundance and high diversity of active constituent chemicals with organoleptic properties. 97 Alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols have been isolated from this family. The activity of these metabolites is associated with antidiabetic106 anti-inflammatory106 and antimicrobial effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses gender roles in knowledge acquisition regarding medicinal plants in certain communities, and mentions specific plant families associated with medicinal use. While it touches on the knowledge of plant use, it does not directly affirm nor deny the claim about the derivation of traditional medicines from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: La repetibilidad de estos efectos en relación con la orientación del satélite puede ser utilizado para mitigar su impacto en la solución de navegación. Se han desarrollado técnicas de mitigación de multipath e interferencias para receptores de una o dos frecuencias. · Modelos dinámicos de fuerzas. La trayectoria de objetos orbitando la Tierra es muy predecible, lo cual puede ser usado en sinergia con GPS para conseguir posiciones más precisas que usando solo GPS. Esto se utiliza normalmente en estrategias en postproceso, pero tiene grandes necesidades computacionales, y requiere de parámetros no disponibles en tiempo real. La simplificación de estos modelos, y la supresión e esos parámetros es necesario para poder aplicar esta técnica de procesado en condiciones de tiempo real. · Maniobras. Los cuerpos en órbita alrededor de la Tierra no siguen una trayectoria perfectamente predecible. Hay pequeñas perturbaciones que modifican su trayectoria a largo plazo. Además el fregamiento atmosférico frena poco a poco el satélite, reduciendo su altura. Esto hace que sea necesaria una corrección periódica de su trayectoria, realizado en pequeños impulsos por el sistema de propulsión del satélite en lo que se llama una maniobra. Cuando un satélite realiza una maniobra deja de comportarse según los modelos de caida libre, por tanto su maniobra se ha de tener en cuenta en la estimación del filtro. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the predictability of objects in orbit can be used in conjunction with GPS technology to achieve more accurate positioning. It also notes the development of techniques to mitigate interference for receivers that are crucial for navigation, underscoring the importance of satellites in enhancing GPS functionality and the overall navigation process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Juvenile lemon damselfish, Pomacentrus moluccensis, (Pomacentridae) were chosen as the ‘prey’ species from which damaged-skin-extracts were sourced as they are known prey of Pseudochromis fuscus [29], [41] and have been used in previous chemical alarm cue experiments. Pomacentrus moluccensis were collected by using the same methods described above, held in 57 L tanks and fed ad libitum with freshly hatched Artemia nauplii. All procedures were approved by (A1511). Seawater system P. fuscus were held for four – seven days in aquariums containing either control seawater or water enriched with CO2. Seawater was pumped from the ocean into 3×60 L sumps where it was diffused with air (control) or CO2 to achieve a pH of approximately 8. 15 (control), 8. 00 (mid) or 7. 90 (high). A pH-controller (Tunze Aquarientechnik, Germany) was attached to each of the CO2 treated sumps to maintain pH at the desired level (8. 00 or 7. 90). A solenoid injected a slow stream of CO2 into a powerhead at the bottom of the sump whenever the pH of the seawater rose above the set point. The powerhead rapidly dissolved CO2 into the seawater and also served as a vigorous stirrer. Using this method it was possible to constantly maintain pH within ±0. 05 units of the desired value. Equilibrated seawater from each sump was supplied at a rate of ∼500 ml sec−1 to four replicate 35 L aquariums, each housing two P. fuscus, as described above. To maintain oxygen levels and the required pCO2 levels, aquariums were individually aerated with air (control ∼400 µatm) or CO2-enriched air (∼600 µatm or ∼950 µatm). The concentration of CO2-enriched air was controlled by a scientific-grade pressure regulator and precision needle valve and measured continuously with an infrared CO2 probe (Vaisala GM222). Temperature and pHNBS of each aquarium was checked twice daily using a HQ40d pH meter (Hach, Colorado, USA), calibrated bi-weekly with fresh buffers (Merck). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing an experiment involving juvenile lemon damselfish and their exposure to varying levels of CO2, which indicates that fish are not immune to the effects of ocean acidification. The experiment involves measuring the pH and CO2 levels in a controlled environment, highlighting that fish are part of the research on ocean acidification effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Campuzano-Zuluaga G, Alvarez-Sánchez G, Escobar-Gallo GE, et al. Design of malaria diagnostic criteria for the Sysmex XE-2100 hematology analyzer. Hyg. 2010;82(3):402‒411. Bermúdez ázquez D. La investigación etnobotánica sobre plantas medicinales: una revisión de sus objetivos y enfoques actuales. Interciencia. 2005;30(8):453‒459. Rieckmann KH, Antuñano FJL. Chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Brazil detected by a simple in vitro method. Health Organ. 1971;45(2):157‒167. Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese drugs of plant origin. Chemistry, pharmacology, and use in traditional and modern medicine. Springer-Verlag. 1992. . Qinghaosu. The Lancet. 1993;341(8845):603‒608. Gentry AH. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests. . 1988;85(1):156‒159. Gari J. Biodiversity and indigenous agroecology in Amazonia: The indigenous people of Pastaza. Etnoecologica. 2001;5(7):21‒37. Guevara Garzón J. En busca de un modelo de salud para los pueblos indígenas. La experiencia del Vaupés. Mitú: de salud del Vaupés, Ministerio de salud. 1998. Bodnar Y. Pueblos indígenas de Colombia: apuntes sobre la diversidad cultural y la información sociodemográfica disponible. afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: información sociodemográfica para políticas y programas. 2006. p. 135‒154. IGAC. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. Diccionario geográfico de Colombia, Colombia; 1996. Correa F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a list of references and articles concerning various studies and topics but does not address the relationship between traditional medicines and their derivation from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: Todos los algoritmos y métodos diseñados han sido testeados con datos reales de diferentes misiones: SAC--1 y GRACE. Se han realizado un amplio abanico de tests cubriendo diferentes opciones de parametrización para evaluar su comportamiento. Satellites in low Earth orbits (LEO) are generally defined to be up to an altitude of 2000 km above Earth's surface and given the rapid decay of objects on the lower altitude range due to atmospheric drag, it is commonly accepted that a typical LEO height lies between 200 and 2000 km. This altitude range makes LEO satellites useful for a wide range of applications such as communication transponders, remote sensing, gravimetric and magnetometric sounding, ocean altimetry, atmospheric retrieval and Search and Rescue alarm operations. Its accurate positioning is of great importance in the successful accomplishment of their objectives. In this sense, most LEO satellites have a GPS receiver, which allows to collect GPS measurements in its full revolution around the Earth. These measures can be used to precisely estimate the trajectory of the spacecraft. This operation is normally done on ground, after the satellite was able to downlink all the data it collected. The capacity to do this positioning in real-time onboard the satellite is a necessity for some of the applications, and would also allow a faster science product delivery. This autonomous positioning is very different that the one that can be done on ground, as the satellite processor has large limitations in computational resources, so the complex models and calculus done in a normal computer on ground are completely unaffordable for the onboard processor. Besides, some of the models used in the trajectory estimation need some additional data (such as solar activity, or Earth rotation parameters) that are not available in real-time, so some approximations must be done to cope with these lack of data. This thesis will deepen into the study of autonomous GPS navigation of LEO satellites, a trend that is increasing its importance for their applications in both science and technological fields. It will develop new algorithms and methods in order to provide accurate and continuous positions for the satellites. Different aspects have been covered:· Multipath and interference mitigation. Reflections of GPS signals in the spacecraft structure cause a distress that affects the measured distance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting various applications of satellites, particularly low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, which are noted to be useful for communication transponders, remote sensing, and GPS navigation. The text explains the importance of accurate positioning for the successful operation of LEO satellites, reinforcing the claim that satellites are essential for GPS technology and their broader relevance in communication and monitoring.