Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Here, we show that a reciprocal frass transplantation between a fast-growing and a slow-growing genotype of the wood tiger moth reversed the growth rate, but only in the fast-growing genotype, also increasing the volume of defensive secretions. The host bacterial community had components that (1) were genotype specific, (2) passed strong environmental filtering in the gut, and (3) were retained through life stages. Together, these findings suggest that whether the microbiome influences Lepidoptera growth may depend on genotype-specific ability of the host to gain and retain specific bacteria. The life-history traits of the fast-growing genotype WW were more susceptible to frass transplantation than those of the slow-growing genotype yy. In addition to growth rate, the white and yellow colour morphs that the genotypes represent differ in their immune response mechanisms. The yellow morph that the genotype yy represents has more effective lytic activity in its haemolymph [70]. This stronger innate immune response against bacterial invaders could partly explain why the slow-growing genotype yy was more resistant to frass transplantation than the WW genotype. The immune system has been proposed as one of the mechanisms driving microbiome differences between hosts with different genetic backgrounds [24, 51, 100]. Furthermore, the costs of this stronger immune defence in genotype yy could be reflected in slower growth [3, 6, 96]. Effective defence against bacterial invaders in the yy genotype could have prevented it from acquiring bacteria from the frass transplant or the environment that are potentially beneficial for growth in the fast-growing genotype WW. Alternatively, or in addition, the chemical or physiological environment in the gut of genotype WW may favour the establishment of different bacteria [51]. We detected Erysipelotrichaceae only in the fast-growing genotype WW, and their relative abundance decreased together with growth rate after yy frass transplantation. Transplantation increased Enterococcus ASVs seen in yy frass, which could imply the transfer of these bacteria to the WW genotype. We detected no transfer of bacteria from WW to yy. One limitation here is that we cannot rule out changes in bacterial community composition in frass after it was excreted and before it was collected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the variability in microbiome composition between different genotypes of the wood tiger moth. It illustrates that bacterial communities are 'genotype specific' and that environmental factors influence their retention and composition, indicating that microbiomes can differ significantly among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: In my former review I didn't raise a problem of nomenclature for the insulin-related growth factors, because I didn't have a solution to propose, but I see that, thanks to the suggestion of the other reviewer, the author found a solution which makes the manuscript more easily readable by both specialist and not specialist readers. think that the manuscript improved considerably and represent a significant contribution to the field. Cite this review as Arnone MI (2021) #1 of "Ambulacrarian insulin-related peptides and their putative receptors suggest how insulin and similar peptides may have evolved from insulin-like growth factor (v0. 2)". PeerJ · Jun 19, 2021 Basic reporting No comment. Experimental design No comment. Validity of the findings No comment. Additional comments I feel that the renaming of the peptide groups now should make reading easier. 357: add missing 'o' in evolutionary Fig. 1 This figure should help many readers. I just wonder if the D-domain has to start at the last residue of insulin, a single N. In insulin, this position is considered to be part of the A-chain. It would be difficult to argue that a single N constitutes a domain. But maybe there is a good reason to draw the boundary here that I am unaware of. Previous Fig. 6, new Fig. 7 I had asked for prepropeptide outline to be displayed or marked, and the author wrote that this had been done, but the figure still looks the same to me. This is not a demand from me, I just thought it would be helpful. Cite this review as (2021) #2 of "Ambulacrarian insulin-related peptides and their putative receptors suggest how insulin and similar peptides may have evolved from insulin-like growth factor (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jun 5, 2021 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · May 12, 2021 · Although both reviewers checked the "minor revisions" box, their recommendations are for somewhat more extensive revisions. Once revisions are made, the manuscript needs to be rereviewed. Reviewer no. 2, in particular noted that the nomenclature for the insulin-related growth factors is particularly confusing and needs to be clarified for the non-specialist. One example of such confusion is Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects because it discusses a manuscript review related to insulin-related growth factors and their nomenclature without mentioning olfactory receptors or any quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: These factors together with the aim to improve long-term clinical outcomes are always to be consider in case-by-case decision making. We acknowledge the following limitations. Firstly, the two-stage surgical procedure, with pre-operative and interval CT scanning, doubles the radiation dose to the patients. This has constituted, and continues to be, a limiting aspect for the use of computed tomography. However, new CT scanners with optimized sequences have reduced the dose penalty by up to 50% [36]. Secondly, manual segmentation can lead to errors in the reconstruction of the anatomy, due to a reliance on user selection of bony landmarks. However, segmentation of CT scans was performed by experienced engineers. Lastly, we acknowledge the small sample size of these extremely difficult cases, although our hospital constitutes the largest orthopaedic hospital in the UK, highlighting the rarity of their kind. ConclusionsRevision arthroplasty in patients with severe acetabular defects is a challenge, even for the most experienced orthopaedic surgeon. An accurate representation of the geometry of the defect during pre-operative planning and implant design is crucial for obtaining stable fixation, restoring biomechanics and ensuring long-term survivorship of the prosthesis. Our findings have shown that (1) metal artefacts in pre-revision diagnostic imaging can hinder the visualisation of underlying bone and that (2) bone excision at revision surgery can alter the defect geometry. In complex “end-of-road” revision cases, where artefacts mislead the anatomical reconstructions on pre-operative CT scans and when PJI has to be treated, we recommend surgeons consider the use of two-stage surgery. Imaging patients post-implant removal and using these images to design the custom implant enables a reliable fitting of the complex shape of 3D printed implants. Further investigation and longer-term follow-up studies are needed to understand which patients would benefit most from this two-stage procedure. † Lima Corporate, del Friuli, of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 30. 7. 50. 3. 53. 55. 37. 44. 39. 30. 9. 30. 64. 5. 6. 43. 22. 5. 71. 50. PubMed 4. 0561. 8. CAS 9. 1031. 81. 5. 8. 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the use of imaging after implant removal to design custom implants, indicating that 3D printed implants are utilized to fit the complex shapes of patients' anatomy. This aligns with the claim about 3D printing creating personalized prosthetics and implants for individual patients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, WW-specific Erysipelotrichaceae (increasing growth), yy-originating Enterococcus (constraining growth) or the balance between these groups could presumably be a bacterial component associated with larval growth. Erysipelotrichaceae, which can be considered genotype-specific core taxa here, commonly occur in insect guts [108]. For example, they occur in dung beetles depending on genus and diet [19], and in Lepidoptera depending on growth environment [28] and season [38]. The family Erysipelotrichaceae consists of anaerobic or aerotolerant bacteria with fermentative metabolism [108]. However, the ASVs we detected are too distant from any described strains (Additional file 1: Fig. S7) to allow more detailed speculation on their metabolism. In vertebrates, a relative increase of Erysipelotrichaceae has been connected to dietary fat, weight gain, metabolic disorders, and high feed-to-weight conversion rate [47, 102, 111, 125]. Congruently, their decrease has been linked to reduced growth [5]. These findings show Erysipelotrichaceae as a responsive member of the gut microbiota with connections to lipid metabolism and growth. Here, we linked Erysipelotrichaceae to lepidopteran larval growth rate when the genetic background allowed the establishment of these bacteria in the gut. Characterization of isolates or genomes of this distinct novel cluster of Erysipelotrichaceae is required to establish potential mechanisms for how these bacteria affect growth, directly or indirectly. The other scenario that our results put forward is that specific members of Enterococcus could have an impact in reducing larval growth rate. Enterococci are lactic acid bacteria well adapted to survival in the harsh gut environment by evading host defences [22, 63] and commonly found in Lepidoptera throughout their life cycle [13, 29, 36, 109]. The specific enterococci we detected in connection to slower growth clustered with E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum, which can be the dominant bacteria in Lepidoptera [44, 60, 93, 106]. These enterococci have been suggested to potentially play beneficial roles in larvae, such as detoxifying diet plant compounds [115] and degrading cellulose and proteins [15, 81], which may not align with reduced growth. On the other hand, strains of E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific bacterial groups such as Erysipelotrichaceae and Enterococcus, highlighting their varying roles and associations with the growth of specific organisms. It mentions that Erysipelotrichaceae can be considered 'genotype-specific core taxa' and that their presence is influenced by factors like diet and environment, suggesting distinct microbiome compositions among different species or even individuals. This supports the idea that microbiomes are not identical, thus directly rebutting the claim that everyone's microbiome composition is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 9, which is a tree of the LGR-type receptors. The caption states that the inset at the top shows the same data to which the glycoprotein LGRs have been added and where characteristic ligands for each branch have been identified. This is totally confusing as the inset shows the ligands and the tree is not identical to the larger tree but includes two extra large branches, labeled Bursicon and GPA2/BPB5. If the intent is to show which ligands are bound by which receptors, that could be indicated at the right of the larger tree. The additional figures suggested by reviewer 2 would be very useful. A table listing the the different names for what the trees indicate are homologous peptides and their receptors would also be useful for the non-specialist. I look forward to a suitably revised version of the manuscript. Arnone · May 5, 2021 Basic reporting no comment Experimental design no comment Validity of the findings no comment Additional comments This paper reports of a very well done analysis on the evolution of insulin-related peptides in ambulacraria. The paper is well written, the scientific context well introduced and the results are clearly presented and discussed. I have only a few questions and suggestions that could help non expert readers to better understand the study: The author uses for good reason "sequence similarity trees" approach analysis. The rationale for that is reported in the Materials and methods section where a very brief explanation of the approach is also reported. To help the non expert reader, I would give some general explanation in the Results section instead, and may be give more technical details in the Methods. For instance, it is stated that: "and Fasttree (Price, Dehal & Arkin, 2010) to construct trees and estimate probabilities", but no further details are given. Similarly, there is quite a discussion in the sub sections "Nomenclature", "Sequence Analysis" and "Expression" of the Methods section, part of which would be more useful in the results, especially to orient the non expert reader who is only familiar with terms such insulin, IGF, etc. Two other technical points are not clear to me and should be better specified: 1. where the genomic information for the following species was taken from? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a scientific paper that analyzes the evolution of insulin-related peptides and the methodologies used in the research. There is no mention or relevance to olfactory receptors or any suggestion of them functioning through quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: Using computed tomography and 3D printing to construct custom prosthetics attachments and devices Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 22 August 2017 Using computed tomography and 3D printing to construct custom prosthetics attachments and devices Peter C. Liacouras1, Divya Sahajwalla3, Mark D. Beachler2, Todd Sleeman2, Vincent B. Ho1 & …John P. Lichtenberger III1 Show authors 3D Printing in Medicine 1. 9 million amputees in the [1] sustained their amputations from trauma and vascular disease. States military care system has seen an increase in the number of amputees since the beginning of the conflict overseas. Over 1600 service members have lost limbs since 2001, with over 300 members having lost multiple limbs. Over 40,000 veterans with limb loss also receive care for their amputations within the DOD/VA system [2]. ‘The art and science of prostheses’ dates back over 100 years [3], when a split tree trunk with leather straps was the best replacement leg. The methodology and technology to rehabilitate amputees has evolved over the years from muscle transplant to biomechanical manipulation and now to 3D printing technologies. Although 3D printing is a little over three decades old, it is now revolutionizing the inception and delivery of devices in rehabilitation medicine [4]. Major advances in medicine occur when medical specialties, biomedical engineers, and technologists collaborate, and the field of prosthetics is no different. Several recent manuscripts, abstracts, and case reports describing original contributions in robotic prostheses to improving 3D printing for prosthesis have been published [5–11], to. There have been many recent review 0. 625–1. 25 mm will suffice. Note that these methodologies may not be sufficient for objects with critical details smaller than 0. 625 mm. After acquisition of the scan, a series would then be imported into v17 (Materialise), a 3D reconstruction software that produces 3D data from the CT scan. The component is then exported and additional computer aided design would then be performed to create the device. Once the organic shape is digitized, it is possible to create custom designs that articulate with the complex geometry of the prosthetic component. Objects dependent on direct measurements would be designed in a CAD package such as Solidworks (Dassault Systemes) and then registered to the reconstruction of the articulating surface. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how 3D printing technologies are employed in constructing custom prosthetic attachments and devices. It emphasizes the advancement of methodologies in rehabilitation medicine through collaboration among medical specialties and the development of custom designs that fit the complex geometry of prosthetic components, confirming that 3D printing is indeed used to tailor prosthetics to individual patients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: casseliflavus have also been reported to be pathogenic to larvae [92, 110], though not in all cases [76]. The larvae in our experiment showed no signs of pathogenic effects, and the only negative outcome we can connect is the presence of E. casseliflavus/gallinarum with slower larval growth. In the control transplant of the faster-growing WW genotype, we instead detected enterococci that grouped with E. mundtii. This proposed lepidopteran symbiont has been reported to be antagonistic against potential pathogens, including E. casseliflavus, by producing an antimicrobial peptide and to appear later in larval development than E. casseliflavus [43, 45, 92]. Overall, our results suggest that the establishment and dynamics of these two clusters of enterococci (E. casseliflavus/gallinarum vs. E. mundtii) can be influenced by host genotype with potential effects on larval growth. In adults of the wood tiger moth which, in contrast to larvae, are short-lived and do not feed, we detected both E. mundtii and E. casseliflavus/gallinarum ASVs across genotypes and treatments. This co-occurrence implies that different mechanisms could control their community dynamics in adults vs larvae. If these dynamics are further sensitive to the host's genetic background, as our results suggest, the specific functional roles of these enterococci are most likely highly context dependent. It is possible that under some conditions, they form a host-adapted core microbiome [85, 94], which is often considered lacking in Lepidoptera. The context-dependency would, however, suggest that any effects of these enterococci on growth are causal role functions depending on the presence or absence of the microbe, rather than selected effect functions driven by evolutionary mechanisms and consistent maintenance of the microbe in the host population [50]. Further manipulative studies targeted at enriching or depleting such taxa are needed to confirm this notion. In addition, it should be taken into account that frass transplants contain not only bacteria but also other microbes such as viruses and fungi, which could influence the bacterial dynamics and life-history outcomes. Our results agree with previous findings of low bacterial diversity in Lepidoptera and a lack of a consistent core microbiome with striking variability among individuals [44, 61, 66]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there is 'striking variability among individuals' in the microbiome composition of Lepidoptera. This indicates that microbiome composition is not identical among individuals, highlighting diversity and context-dependent dynamics in host-microbe interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: - Anneissia japonica - Holothuria glaberrima - Patiria miniata - Ophiothrix spiculata I would assume from Echinobase, but I did not find this reference. have missed it? 2. in the file "peerj-60199-Suppl. Spreadsheet1" there are several genes with Genbank identifier: NEW in red; what does it mean? are those sequences for which an accession number will be provider after publication? Cite this review as Arnone MI (2021) #1 of "Ambulacrarian insulin-related peptides and their putative receptors suggest how insulin and similar peptides may have evolved from insulin-like growth factor (v0. 1)". PeerJ · May 9, 2021 Basic reporting The peptide family described is quite complicated and the members have confusing names that make them easily mixed up. The terms "related" and "like" are not easily distinguishable. This makes it difficult to describe the situation clearly for non-experts. See my comments below. This is by no means the authors "fault", this is the way the peptides' names have gradually been assigned, making them quite challenging to describe. An introductory figure or table should help clarify the relationships. Likewise, a summarizing figure at the end can help describe the evolutionary scenario that the author proposes. I expect such clarifications would make the description easier to grasp for those who are not experts on this peptide and receptor family. I do not demand to see these clarifying additions, hence I have ticke "minor revision" rather than major, but I am prepared to do so if requested. Experimental design No comment. Validity of the findings No comment. Additional comments The terminology for this peptide family is quite confusing for non-experts (as are several other peptide families). It is difficult to distinguish the peptides that are described as IGF-like/related versus those that are called insulin-like, especially as the latter are considered to have emerged from the former by gene duplication. On line 65, this entire family of peptides is called "insulin-related peptides (irps)". So the family of insulin-related peptides started with an IGF-like that subsequently gave rise to insulin-like, then the "neuroendocrine insect irps" arose from their IGF-like. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about olfactory receptors and quantum effects at all. It discusses peptide families, confusion in nomenclature, and the need for clarifications in a scientific review. This makes the text irrelevant to the claim regarding olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: Organic structures would be designed in a program like (3D systems). The pieces and 3D reconstruction of the surface would then be registered and all the pieces aligned. The remainder of this manuscript will discuss, in detail, three example methodologies where computed tomography was essential to the device development and construction: a weight lifting hand, hockey skate adapters, and a wine glass holder. Example 1: Weightlifting adapterA partial hand amputee wanted the ability to lift weights again with both hands simultaneously and individually. The device needed to be multifunctional for both pushing and pulling exercises. The weight lifting hook device required lamination into the carbon fiber socket. The carbon fiber socket was first scanned using CT reconstructed at 1 mm slice thickness (Fig. 2a). The digital reconstruction was then exported as an STL file. After iterative consultation with the prosthetist and patient, it was determined that the weight lifting device needed to be centered on the residual limb and at the appropriate height to preserve proper biomechanics. A CAD file design was created in SolidWorks with the anatomy of a human hand in mind. The hook tries to mimic the proper barbell position for both pushing and pulling exercises. CAD files were also exported as STL files. The surface of the socket was then extruded in specific regions to allow for the carbon fiber layer to be weaved through openings and add stability (Fig. 2b). The hook was then positioned and aligned with the socket, taking height and rotation variables into consideration. The layered pattern was merged with the hook to produce a complete device customized to the patient’s prosthetic socket (Fig. 2c). The device was first 3D printed on a StereolithographyApparatus (SLA 7000), from AccuraSL 7570 (3D systems) to test fitting. Once the fit was confirmed, the device was manufactured on an 1 (ArcamAB) from titanium alloy (Fig. 2d). Carbon fiber was then used to weave and laminate the titanium hook into the prosthetic socket. The prosthetist also attached a ratchet system with a strap extending around the elbow to ensure the prosthetic socket would not migrate during pulling exercises (Fig. 2e). This custom weightlifting hand has multiple functions for a variety of pushing and pulling exercises (Fig. 2f & g). Fig. 2Adapter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing a detailed description of the 3D printing process used to create a custom prosthetic device for a partial hand amputee. It explains how the prosthetic was designed using CAD software with consideration for the patient’s anatomy and biomechanics, and emphasizes the customization aspect by noting that the device is tailored to the patient's residual limb. Specifically, the text states, 'The hook was then positioned and aligned with the socket, taking height and rotation variables into consideration,' which illustrates the individualization that is central to the claim about 3D printing in medical applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: The artificial diet we fed the larvae to minimize the presence of non-frass microbes most likely led to even lower diversity than in wild-collected or plant-fed larvae. This low bacterial load could also accentuate stochastic processes such as ecological drift and priority effects more than in hosts with more diverse and stable microbiomes, leading to high inter-individual variation [10, 51]. Yet, against this low and variable background, the results also support previous notions that specific taxa have an advantage in the harsh conditions of the lepidopteran larval gut [106]. Taxa characteristic to a genotype (Erysipelotrichaceae) or common in Lepidoptera (E. casseliflavus/gallinarum, E. mundtii), which were not detected or barely detected among the diverse bacteria of the newly hatched larvae, became dominant in larval frass via non-random selection and were retained in adults (Figs. 3, 6). Moreover, the filtering process in the larvae appeared to be largely genotype specific. In the adults, the deterministic and genotype-specific patterns seen in the larvae were attenuated, which may reflect the role of the adult stage in the life history of the wood tiger moth as a very short reproductive stage (5–7 days). A caveat here is that our set of adult gut samples is relatively small due to difficulties in dissecting them. Since the adults do not feed, functional guts are not necessary, and their gut structures are the remnants of the larval gut that are partly absorbed during metamorphosis. Nevertheless, our results provide a rare view of lepidopteran bacterial community dynamics through life stages in a species that does not feed as an adult. Butterflies that do feed as adults display relatively more consistent bacterial community composition in adults compared to larvae [33]. In the non-feeding wood tiger moth, bacteria in both whole larvae and adults varied greatly, and passage through the larval gut to frass was the most selective step. The frass transplantation impacted the volume of abdominal secretions in the same way as the growth rate of the genotypes. The WW genotype significantly increased its defensive secretions, whereas the expected opposite decrease in the yy genotype was not observed (Fig. 2). A recent study found no differences in the volume of abdominal secretions of wild-caught or laboratory-reared white and yellow wood tiger moths [57]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing inter-individual variation in microbiome compositions observed in lepidopteran larvae and adults. It explicitly mentions that the low bacterial load in larvae could lead to high inter-individual variation, which contradicts the idea that everyone's microbiome composition is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: So it seems like irp is both the overarching name and a subset of IGF-like called neuroendocrine irps. Is it possible to describe this with a figure in the introduction? The author writes about the naming confusion on lines 99-108, especially regarding the receptors. Another thing that would be very nice to have is a duplication scheme that summerizes the scenario that the authors favours. 24: It is confusing to add that the first of the three hormones is IGF-like when it has just been said that all three are IGF-related. Then on line 26 it is said that the peptides are insulin-like. One step in the evolution is missing, namely how two peptides went form being IGF-like to become insulin-like. Could it be that "Arthropod IGF" is the oldest and was duplicated, and this duplicate shrunk and became "insulin-like", and then evolved preference for a GPCR, and then this insulin-like gene was duplicated to give the third member. The two latter are what we call dilp7 and Arthropod gonadulin. Indeed, on line 88 the author writes about "two successive local gene duplications". The likely order of events gradually becomes clear as one reads the manuscript, but it is necessary that the abstract can summarize this in a reasonably intelligible way. 25: Why suggest that the ancestor of the three peptides used both types of receptors? Isn't it equally possible that one of the duplicates evolved preference for a second, and different, type of receptor? dilp7 is said on lines 76-77 to act on an RTK, in addition to its GPCR, so this peptide could represent the transition stage from one to the other and not necessarily an ancestral state of dual receptor preference. Again, the reasoning becauses clearer on reading the entire manuscript, but if this shall be presented in the abstract, it should ideally be well motivated here. 39-40 The author writes "If IGF were to act through both a GPCR and an RTK it would suggest that GSS acts on only one…". I am afraid I do not follow the reasoning here. If IGF worked on both, and gave rise to GSS, it would be expected that GSS too would initially act on both types of receptors, wouldn't it? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It focuses on a discussion regarding IGF-related peptides, their classifications, and the complexity of their evolutionary relationships. There is no mention of olfactory receptors or quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: a Carbon fiber socket of partial hand amputee was CT scanned at 1 mm slice increments and then reconstructed. STL file was exported. b The CT reconstruction was used to create socket overlay. Lifting hook was designed in CAD. c Overlay and hook were merged into one piece. d Design was 3D printed in titanium alloy. 3D Print was fit tested on carbon fiber socket. e Caron fiber was weaved through titanium overlay and laminated into the socket. Prosthetist added a ratchet system with strap extending around the elbow for pulling exercises. f & g The attachment was successful in allowing the service member the ability perform both pushing and pulling weight lifting exercisesFull size image Example 2: Hockey skate adaptersA bilateral below the knee amputee who was formerly an avid skater wanted to resume ice skating. The patient felt that they would not be able to tighten the skates enough around the prosthetic foam foot, which would reduce control and energy transfer to the skate and limited the desired sensory feedback to their residual limbs while skating. The blade mount was scanned with CT and reconstructed at 0. 625 mm slice thickness (Fig. 3a). The digital reconstruction was then exported as an STL file. Note that due to the complexity and glossy finish of the surface, it would have been difficult to obtain a 3D surface scan of the blade mount. The articulating surfaces were then offset from the blade holder, and a small lip was maintained for better seating of the device. An assembly was then designed in Solidworks to hold the prosthetic ankle joint and allow for adjustability of the device (Fig. 3b). The CAD assembly was also exported as an STL file. The assembly was aligned with the articulating surface of the device and connected using numerous posts (Fig. 3c & d). The parts were merged together to create the final product. The final design was then mirrored to produce the componentry for the contralateral side. Special attention was given to the adjustability of the ankle joint and the center of gravity as the patient did not have access to the biomechanical benefit of an active ankle joint. The device was first 3D Printed on a (SLA 7000), from AccuraSL 7570 (3D systems) for test fitting. Once the fit was confirmed, the device was manufactured on an Arcam(ArcamAB) from titanium alloy (Fig. 3e). The device was assembled by the prosthetist. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes the process of using 3D printing to create custom prosthetics, specifically detailing how a prosthetist utilized 3D scanning and printing technologies to design and manufacture a tailored socket and adapter for an amputee. The steps outlined, including CT scanning, CAD design, and the use of 3D printing with titanium alloy to produce a fitting prosthetic device, clearly demonstrate the application of 3D printing in creating personalized solutions for individual patients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Here, we observed larger volumes in the yy control genotype relative to the WW control genotype, and a general increase in both genotypes after frass transplantation. Different diets may partly explain the discrepancies between the studies. For instance, laboratory-reared moths were fed dandelion (Taraxacum spp. ) in the previous study, whereas an artificial diet was used here. Likewise, the larval diet of wild-caught adults is unknown. Hence, it is difficult to draw comparisons between absolute volumes of defensive secretions. However, it can be inferred that diet is not a major contributor to the defensive secretions, because the frass transplantation increased the volume of defensive secretions in both genotypes, which fed on the same artificial diet mixed with frass of the other genotype. Differences in antipredator efficacy have also been reported, where the abdominal secretions of yellow moths are more deterrent against ants than secretions from white individuals [87]. The exact chemical composition of the abdominal fluids has not been characterized. However, the wood tiger moth can sequester hepatoxic organic compounds, such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), from its diet [123], and these compounds have been detected in the abdominal secretions of wild-caught adults (Winters et al. , unpublished). PAs are well-known for providing protection to plants against herbivores, which in turn can host bacterial associates with detoxifying abilities [46, 107]. Some bacteria have even been suggested to synthesize PAs, as inferred by the presence of alkaloid biosynthesis gene clusters [91]. Manipulative experiments are needed to study PA sequestration-detoxification processes in the wood tiger moth. The great diversity of bacteria found in the abdominal secretions holds great potential to help elucidate the mechanism underlying these processes and to better understand differences in protection between the colour morphs. The great and largely unexplained variation of bacteria among individuals in the defensive secretions represents an example of how the drivers of bacterial community composition can be decoupled in larvae vs. adults [34]. We have previously shown that the wood tiger moth's pre- and post-metamorphosis life stages are only partly decoupled [26]. Our across-life stage analysis provides additional evidence for this partial de-coupling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant variation of bacteria among individuals, particularly in the context of the wood tiger moth's defensive secretions. It mentions 'the great and largely unexplained variation of bacteria among individuals' and how this 'represents an example of how the drivers of bacterial community composition can be decoupled in larvae vs. adults.' This indicates that microbiome compositions are not identical across individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: But referring to my comment above, couldn't it be that IGF worked only through an RTK already before it gave rise to GSS, then GSS too would act on the RTK. Minor comments In a couple of places the author writes "genes coding peptides" or similary. It should "encoding peptides" or "coding for peptides", as indeed written correctly on line 263. Please scan the manuscript for this. 61 It is advisable to delete "closely" as some ligands bind to receptor subtypes that arose by duplication some 500 million years ago or more and have diverged considerably. I suggest that it is emphasized that this discussion concerns peptide ligands by inserting the word "peptide" before ligand(s) in this paragraph. 66 Correct the spelling of "coupled" 72 The sentence says "One of these" which seems to refer to dilp7 in the preceding sentence, but it should be "One of the irps". 86-87 The part after the comma is confusing. It does not necessarily have anything to do with the fact that the IGF gene is part of a local triplet. 112 Should be: number of Amulacraria species. 128 For those unfamiliar with these species, please write: "transcriptome data from the three crinoid species Antedon…. " 154 should be "orthologous" 178 shold be "cleave any secreted protein with appropriate cleavage site". 206-211 This peptide organization would be good to illustrate with a figure. 216 "other echinoderms" should be "other ambulacrarians" 223 should be "cleavage sites" 258 it looks grammatically odd to see "are single copy", I suggest "is a single copy gene", this cannot be misunderstood. 260 Why write genus name for one and species name for the other? 308 should be "shows" 310 should be "where" 316-317: This sounds like a circular argument. Of course the tree based on sequence alignment and similarity will reflect the way they "look". Please rephrase. 324: should be NCBI 335: should be "multiple" 338-9: should be "from time to time" 339: "assembled constructs" is probably not the correct term here, I believe "assembled sequeces" would be more suitable. 340: "both" makes this sentence a bit difficult, please rephrase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a critique and edit suggestions for a manuscript, discussing grammar, clarity, and specificity in scientific terms. It does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors and their potential quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: The prosthetic attachment gave a bilateral amputee the ability to skate again (Fig. 3f & g). A special tool was also manufactured to allow the prosthetist or amputee to tighten bolts with minimal access. Fig. 3Adapter. a Blade mount was CT scanned at 0. 625 mm slice increments and then reconstructed. STL file was exported. b Design and freeform articulating surfaces created. c Files were aligned with the reconstruction of the skate blade mount. d Connecting geometry (posts) added between entities. e Three part assembly manufactured from titanium alloy using an electron beam melting machine. f & g Prosthetic attachments allow patients to enjoy skating or play stand up hockeyFull size image Example 3: Wine glass holderA 34-year old man status post upper extremity amputation had difficulty holding a standard wine glass due to the limitation of their terminal device. The prosthetic hook either applied too much pressure to the stem of the glass or the glass would wobble in the empty space between the two prongs. In order to resolve this issue, a mold of the empty space was created by placing lab putty in the open hook. The hook was then closed, allowing the putty to fill the void between the two prongs, creating an impression of both prongs (Fig. 4a). The set mold was then removed and scanned using CT at 5 mm slice increments. While 5 mm slice thickness is larger than the typical requirements, this level of detail was sufficient to serve as a basis for design. The scan was reconstructed in v17 and exported as an STL file (Fig. 4b). Note that due to the undercuts of the object, an accurate 3D surface scan would be difficult to obtain. The STL file was verified and imported into FreeFormPlus 2013 (3D Systems). A cup was added to support the bowl of the wine glass, and a 9 mm hole and slit were added for wine glass insertion (Fig. 4c). The final device was manufactured on an Objet500 Connex2 3D printer (Stratasys). The device was made from a combination of Plus and Plus to obtain the appropriate durometer for the device (Fig. 4d). This prosthetic device enabled the amputee to enjoy wine again (Fig. 4e). Fig. 4Holder. a Lab putty was used to make impression of the space between the prosthetic hook. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed instances of how 3D printing technology was used to create custom prosthetic devices tailored to the individual needs of patients. For example, it mentions that a prosthetic hook was designed and fabricated using a 3D printer to help a patient hold a wine glass comfortably. Additionally, the creation of a skate blade mount illustrates the process of 3D printing being used to manufacture a specialized device for a bilateral amputee, demonstrating the customizability and patient-specific nature of these prosthetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: For instance, the genotype-specificity of Erysipelotrichaceae remained in the abdominal fluids, which showed that their bacterial community was not completely uncoupled from the previous life stages. A curious observation was a higher diversity of Enterococcus ASVs in the abdominal fluids compared to larvae, frass or gut. Together with the signs of phylogenetic clustering in the fluids, this finding suggests that distinct and partly unidentified drivers govern the bacterial community dynamics in the adult’s defensive secretions vs. in the larvae. ConclusionsWe show for the first time that genotype-specific life-history traits in a lepidopteran host can be reversed with a reciprocal frass transplantation. Our results help clarify bacterial community assembly in Lepidoptera at different life-stages and relate the bacterial community composition to the genotype and growth of the wood tiger moth. With nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicons, we were able to discern the dynamics of closely related enterococci and recovered a novel cluster of insect-associated, genotype-specific Erysipelotrichaceae. Our findings indicate that an insect host can fine-tune its bacterial community in a genotype-specific manner even against a highly variable bacterial community background with stochastic community assembly. The strong selection of bacteria in larval frass appeared to be relaxed in adults, which shows that previous findings of consistent bacterial community in adult Lepidoptera [33] may not apply to species that do not feed as adults. Thus, not only life stage but also species-specific adult feeding habits and host genotype can influence bacterial community assembly contributing to the high variation and inconsistencies observed in Lepidoptera microbiomes. Overall, our results suggest that the digestive processes of slow- and fast-growing host genotypes differ in filtering or retaining specific bacterial groups. Looking deeper into the functional, chemical and genomic background of these differences could reveal the molecular and ecological mechanism of the filtering. Availability of data and materials The sequence data are available in the for Archive under accession code PRJNA804133. R scripts and data files for microbiome analysis are available at R scripts and data files for life history analysis will be available at 31. 46. 9. 2. Nat Biotechnol. 2019;37:852–7. 0081. 34. 300. 3. 103. 63. 9. 1335. 9505. 118. 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that the microbial community composition varies based on factors such as genotype and life stage, indicating that microbiome compositions are not identical across individuals. Specific findings include the observation that the larval and adult stages of a lepidopteran host exhibit different bacterial community dynamics, influenced by the host's genotype and feeding habits. This suggests a level of individuality in microbiome composition, thus contradicting the claim of identical microbiomes among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 343: should be and adverb: "particularly" 352: "subbranches" should be followed by a comma. 357: "it is interesting to see" comments on something that cannot be seen in this clade in Fig. 9. Please describe differently or refer to a supplementary tree that contains this information. 363: What is "The second branch"? Please describe in an unambiguous way. 371: "are" should be "is" 372: "it are the glycoprotein hormone and relaxin receptors that are identified" can be corrected to "the glycoprotein hormone and relaxin receptors are identified" 373: add comma after GRL101. 386: it is more common to say "echinoderms" 391: "This" has unclear refrence and the sentence is dangerously close to circular reasoning: "pressure is weak…because it is poorly maintained" - please rephrase. 394: should be "suggest" 427: "with" should be "by" 430: As the sentence says "a second insulin RTK gene", it will have to be: "none was found". 431: "neither" does not fit here, better to write "were unsuccessful" 435-436: why can't binding to a second receptor have arisen later in evolution? See my comments at the beginning of my referee report. 463: "it were the…that were identified" can be simplified to: "the…receptors were identified…" 492: "evolved" can be replaced by "diverged" Fig. 6. It would be very useful to have lines showing the organization of the prepro-peptides in relation to these schematic mRNA/cDNA outlines, and not only the Cys positions. Probably is would suffice with the prepropeptide outlines for the top and bottom sequences. Fig. S11: Is TM1 correctly marked? I am not totally familiar with LRR TM regions but I think it might be shifted right-wards. All six sequences have an R in the TM1 region and four of them have a K a few positions further upstream. This would be a bit unusual to have within a TM region, but the LRR:s are a bit unusual so it may be correct. Please double check the boundaries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors and their potential quantum effects. Instead, it mainly focuses on editing suggestions and comments related to scientific writing, grammar, and clarity in figures and tables. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: b Putty impression was scanned using computed tomography (CT) at 5 mm slice increment and then reconstructed. STL was exported. c The cup, hole, and slit added to the design. d Device was 3D printed using multi-material jetting machine utilizing flexible material. e Prosthetic attachment enables an amputee to enjoy wine againFull size image Results and discussionIn this manuscript, we researched and presented several methodologies to construct personalized examples highlighting the benefits CT reconstructions and the 3D printing process provide in successfully manufacturing prosthetic devices in limited quantities. These are but a few examples of the applications of this technique. Three-dimensional reconstructions from computed tomography create an accurate starting geometry for designing custom prosthetic attachment and devices when barriers to traditional design processes and production methods exist. Once 3D reconstructions were obtained anywhere from thirty minutes (Holder) to three hours (Adapters) were spent on the digital design process. 3D Printing has created new opportunities for the production of prosthetic devices and allows for the creation of unique, customized devices. Some limiting factors of these developed methodologies include the availability of equipment and materials, software, scanners, CT scan expenses, 3D printers, and experienced staff. Materials for these prosthetic components were chosen based on the technologies and materials available at the institution. Preliminary results show that the titanium alloy used has allowed for large safety factors, greater than 2. 5, on prosthetic attachments analyzed. Future endeavors include 3D printing a mold for to manufacture the Holder from silicone rubber. For less complex designs conventional machining could also be utilized if the facility had in-house capabilities or outsourcing could be more economical. For these particular project and other similar projects, the cost of outsourcing these components would have been higher than the cost of in-house production. CT scanning cost will differ by the institution; however, these objects do not require the radiologist reading. ConclusionUsing CT in conjunction with digital design and 3D printing can be utilized to create custom rehabilitation devices. Facility resources and knowledge can be limiting factors. 3D printing has created new opportunities previously unavailable to prosthetics, occupational therapy, and assistive technology departments. This methodology continues to be utilized when conventional techniques are limiting or suboptimal. Interprofessional collaboration, imaging, and digital manufacturing expertise are vital to the successful form, fit, and function of these devices. 2012. 15. F2F. MA. FAAST86. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how 3D printing, in conjunction with techniques like CT scanning and digital design, enables the creation of custom prosthetic devices. It emphasizes that this technology provides accuracy in designing individualized devices, stating that it 'has created new opportunities for the production of prosthetic devices and allows for the creation of unique, customized devices.' Furthermore, it indicates that the methodologies presented help overcome limitations of traditional design processes, thereby affirming the effectiveness of 3D printing in producing tailored solutions for patients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Deciphering composition and function of the root microbiome of a legume plant access Published: 17 January 2017 Deciphering composition and function of the root microbiome of a legume plant Kyle Hartman1,2, Marcel GA van der Heijden1,2,3, Valexia Roussely-Provent4, Jean-Claude Walser5 & …Klaus Schlaeppi1 Show authors Microbiome 0. 1% relative abundance) operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. However, it required considerable effort including large-scale isolation using serial dilutions (seven different bacteria isolation media were used! ) and subsequent high-throughput taxonomy identification. Experimental manipulation of the microbiome and assays with plants require contained systems in which host-microbiota interaction experiments can be conducted without outside microbial contamination. Recently, microcosm systems have been used in combination with bacteria reference stocks to examine the dynamic process of root microbiome assembly from a defined input community under microcosm conditions [21, 22]. In these experiments, stable and reproducible community assembly was observed. However, these experiments were not designed to clarify how root communities compare to plants grown in artificial substrate in microcosms or in natural soil conditions. Here, we addressed some of the aforementioned research gaps and report a detailed characterization of the Trifolium root bacteria microbiome. We sampled the whole-root system including nodules, removed the rhizosphere and investigated the entire root bacterial communities consisting of rhizoplane and endosphere habitats. We utilized a multi-step approach to investigate the composition and culturable fraction of its root microbiome (Fig. 1). We also move towards a functional understanding of specific members of the Trifolium root microbiome and developed a microcosm system (Additional file 1: Figure S1a–d) in which we conducted multi-strain inoculation experiments with Trifolium germinated from surface-sterilized seeds and investigated the inoculation-induced effects on plant growth. Fig. 1Characterization of the root microbiome. We collected a natural field soil and used it in a series of Trifolium growth experiments. (I) We investigated the composition of the root bacteria microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing of root samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in microbiome composition, particularly highlighted through the investigation of different microbiomes in specific plant roots. It references the use of various methods to assess the microbiome and notes the existence of distinct communities, as well as the research gaps regarding comparisons with natural soil and artificial substrates, suggesting that microbiomes are not identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Cite this review as (2021) #2 of "Ambulacrarian insulin-related peptides and their putative receptors suggest how insulin and similar peptides may have evolved from insulin-like growth factor (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Apr 16, 2021 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides information about a different subject related to insulin-related peptides and their evolution, without any mention of olfactory receptors or quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: Custom-made 3D printed subperiosteal titanium implants for the prosthetic restoration of the atrophic posterior mandible of elderly patients: a case series Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 08 January 2020 Custom-made 3D printed subperiosteal titanium implants for the prosthetic restoration of the atrophic posterior mandible of elderly patients: a case series Carlo Mangano1, Andrea Bianchi2, Mangano3, Jessica Dana4, Marco Colombo5, Ivan Solop3 & …Oleg Admakin3 Show authors 3D Printing in Medicine 69. 6, SD ± 2. 8, median 69, 95% CI 67. 9–71. 6) were included in the study. The fit of the implants was satisfactory, with a mean rating of 7 out of 10 (SD ± 1. 6, median 7, 95% CI 6–8). Only two implants had insufficient fit, because of the presence of scattering in the CBCT; however, they were adapted to the sites during the interventions. The mean duration of the intervention was 44. 3 min (SD ± 19. 4, median 37, 95% CI 32. 3–56. 3). At the one-year follow-up, no implants were lost (survival rate 100%). One implant presented immediate postoperative complications with pain, discomfort and swelling, and two patients experienced late complications, having their provisional restorations fractured during the temporisation phase. All these complications were minor in nature, but the final complication rate amounted to 30% (three of ten patients). ConclusionsAlthough this study has limits (small patient sample and short follow-up), DMLS has proven to be an effective method for fabricating accurate subperiosteal implants, with high survival rates. This may represent an alternative treatment procedure in elderly patients with a severely atrophic posterior mandible, since it allows avoidance of regenerative bone therapies. Further studies are needed to confirm these outcomes. BackgroundSubperiosteal dental implants appeared in Sweden and the in the middle of the last century [1, 2]. Subperiosteal implants were custom-made fixtures, inserted below the periosteum, and stabilised by contact with the underlying bone, by means of fixation screws and the fibro-mucous tissue that covered them [2,3,4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of custom-made 3D printed titanium implants for the prosthetic restoration of patients with specific conditions. It illustrates how these implants are tailored to individual patients, thereby supporting the assertion that 3D printing facilitates the creation of personalized prosthetics and implants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: (II) We utilized the same root material for an isolation effort to explore the culturable fraction of root bacteria microbiome and assembled a reference stock of bacteria isolates. (III) We subsequently developed a microcosm system to explore plant-microbiota interactions and (IV) investigated the composition of the Trifolium root microbiome in the system by inoculating microbiota extracted from the field soil. (V) We conducted microbiota manipulation experiments in which we inoculated culturable, abundant members of the root microbiome and scored their effects on plant growthFull size image ResultsComposition of the Trifolium root microbiomeThe 16S amplicon sequencing of 24 Trifolium root samples and 15 soil samples from climate chamber and natural site growth experiments (Fig. 1, Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S2,) yielded 9,923,925 high-quality, non-chimeric sequences across all samples, with a median of 153,072 (range 21,731–981,922) sequences per sample (Additional file 2). We rarefied the dataset to an even sequencing depth of 20,000 sequences and identified 3495 bacteria OTUs and one archaea OTU. Table 1 Overview of the number of replicate samples by sample type, experiment, and experimental replicate, or plotFull size table We confirmed in the Trifolium root microbiome the typical patterns that are often observed in microbial ecology. The soil microbiome is richer and phylogenetically more diverse than the root microbiome (Additional file 1: Figure S3; Table S1). We quantified the major components driving differences between samples (ß-diversity) using unconstrained principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) on weighted UniFrac distances and found a clear separation along axis 1 (explaining 69. 7% of the overall variation) and confirmed the general pattern that soil and roots harbor distinct microbiomes (Fig. 2). Axis 2 explained 15. 5% of the variation overall and separated mainly the root but not the soil samples, and we did not notice an obvious clustering whether the plants were grown in the same soil in a climate chamber or in the field, suggesting negligible effects of the growth condition on β-diversity. We detected a significant effect of growth condition on OTU richness only (Additional file 1: Figure S3; Table S1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the diversity found within the microbiome compositions of different samples. It states that the Trifolium root microbiome and the soil microbiome exhibit rich phylogenetic diversity and distinct microbiomes, emphasizing that they do not harbor identical forms. Specifically, it mentions that the soil microbiome is richer and more diverse than the root microbiome, indicating that there is variability rather than uniformity in microbiome compositions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Peer review processEditorsReviewer #1Reviewer #2Reviewer #3Author ResponsePeer review processNot revised: Preprint includes the authors’ original preprint (without revision), an eLife assessment, public reviews, and a provisional response from the authors. Read more about eLife’s peer review process. of of Cambridge, Cambridge, United KingdomReviewer #1 (Public Review): Summary: Both flies and mammals have D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors, yet the role of D2-like receptors in Drosophila learning and memory remains underexplored. The paper by Qi et al. investigates the role of the D2-like dopamine receptor D2R in single pairs of dopaminergic neurons (DANs) during single-odor aversive learning in the Drosophila larva. First, they use confocal imaging to screen driver strains with expression in only single pairs of dopaminergic neurons. Next, they use thermogenetic manipulations of one pair of DANs (DAN-c1) to implicate DAN-c1 activity during larval aversive learning. They then use confocal imaging to demonstrate expression of D2R in the DANs and mushroom body of the larval brain. Finally, they show that optogenetic activation during training phenocopies D2R knockdown in these neurons: aversive learning is impaired when DAN-c1 is targeted, while appetitive and aversive learning are impaired when the mushroom body is manipulated. Qi et al. thus propose a model in which D2R limits excessive dopamine release to facilitate successful olfactory learning. Strengths: The paper reproduces prior findings by Qi and Lee (2014), which demonstrated that D2R knockdown in DL1 DANs or the mushroom body impairs aversive olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The authors extended this previous work by screening 57 GAL4 drivers to identify tools that drive expression in individual DANs and used one of the tools, the R76F02-AD; R55C10-DBD driver, to manipulate DAN-c1 neurons with greater specificity. They also show that GFP-tagged D2R is expressed in most DANs and the mushroom body. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the roles of dopamine receptors in Drosophila learning and memory without addressing or providing evidence related to olfactory receptors or their potential quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: With the advent of digital technology, a new era in dentistry has begun [25]. From acquisition methods such as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), which have considerably reduced the number of x-rays given to patients [26], to intraoral scanners [27], digital software, 3D printers and many other methods and materials [28], these technologies have simplified, improved and substantially sped up several procedures. Such technological advancement allows clinicians to see the world of dentistry in a completely different way, which is developing exponentially [25]. This digital revolution opens up new horizons, such as 3D printing and in particular direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) [29], which allows fabrication of custom-made meshes [30, 31] and even implants [32, 33] perfectly adapted to the patient’s specific anatomy. This allows the opportunity to revisit some old concepts, such as the placement of subperiosteal implants, and reinterpret them in a new technological context based on consolidated anatomical and physiological principles [34,35,36]. The reduction of treatment to a single surgical session, lower costs for the patient and, above all, the precision that makes the method more predictable and safer in the short term have brought the attention of clinicians back to the use of subperiosteal implants, particularly for the management of complex atrophies such as in the posterior mandible of elderly patients [36, 37]. In severe posterior mandible bone resorption, when the patient does not want to undergo bone regeneration, modern digital technologies may represent a viable solution, with the possibility to fabricate custom-made subperiosteal implants perfectly adapted to their local morphology and anatomy [36, 37]. This is of particularly interest for elderly patients with special needs, who do not want or cannot undergo complex regenerative surgeries, but need a fixed prosthetic restoration [37]. The purpose of this case series was to show the clinical application of custom-made 3D-printed subperiosteal titanium implants for fixed prosthetic restoration of the atrophic posterior mandible of elderly patients. MethodsData acquisition2017 and June 2018, all partially edentulous patients with missing teeth in the posterior mandible, who were considered for possible inclusion in this study, received a radiographic evaluation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how modern digital technologies, specifically 3D printing, are utilized to fabricate custom-made subperiosteal titanium implants that are precisely adapted to a patient's anatomical needs. It highlights the significance of 3D printing in creating prosthetics that fit individual patients, especially in cases of atrophy in the posterior mandible of elderly patients. This illustrates the advancement of personalized medical solutions facilitated by 3D printing technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: However, experiment-to-experiment variation (especially climate chamber experiment 2) largely explained the variability between root samples (Additional file 1: Figure S4). Possible effects due to differences in climatic conditions were generally not detected and would have an effect size smaller than replicate experimental variation. Fig. 2Sample type, growth conditions, and experiment explain much of the variation in soil and root bacteria communities. Unconstrained principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of weighted UniFrac distances of root and soil samples from climate chamber () and natural site growth experiments (), as well as the unplanted experimental field soil (Exp. Soil). file 1: Figure S4 for points colored by the replicate experimentFull size image In the following, we break down the dissimilarities between soil and root samples to compositional patterns evident in the taxonomic profiles of the samples. Soil samples contained abundant Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria accounting for a mean of 54. 7, 24. 7, and 6. 9%, respectively (Additional file 1: Figure S5). root microbiome was dominated by Proteobacteria that accounted for a mean abundance of 90. 7% across both experimental conditions (Additional file 1: Figure S5). For the detailed characterization of the Trifolium root microbiome (Fig. 1, step I), we first identified the OTUs that were significantly higher in relative abundance in root compared to soil samples and discovered a total of 61 OTUs significantly enriched in root samples (Fig. 3), 15 of which were abundant with a mean relative abundance of at least 0. 1% across all root samples. These 15 OTUs accounted for 74. 5% of rarefied sequences, and we termed them “RootOTUs”—referring to the abundant and root-specific members of the Trifolium root microbiome. The RootOTUs consisted mostly of Proteobacteria (14 OTUs, Additional file 1: Table S2) and represented six different orders: Rhizobiales (6), Sphingomonadales (3), Enterobacteriales (2), Burkholderiales (1), Caulobacterales (1), and Rhodospirillales (1). The remaining non-Proteobacteria RootOTU belonged to the Firmicutes and was classified in the genus Syntrophomonas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant variation in microbiome composition observed in different samples. It details how the analysis of root and soil bacteria communities reveals substantial dissimilarities, indicating that there are distinct taxonomic profiles for soil and root samples. For instance, the root microbiome is dominated by Proteobacteria at an abundance of 90.7%, while soil samples show a distribution of various bacteria (e.g., Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria) with different mean percentages. This evidence suggests that microbiome compositions are not identical among different environments, supporting the notion of variability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Although the authors only train larvae with a single odor, they demonstrate that driving D2R knockdown in DAN-c1 neurons impairs aversive learning, as do other loss-of-function manipulations of DAN-c1 neurons. Weaknesses: The authors claim to have identified drivers that label single DANs in Figure 1, but their confocal images in Figure S1 suggest that many of those drivers label additional neurons in the larval brain. It is also not clear why only some of the 57 drivers are displayed in Figure S1. Critically, R76F02-AD; R55C10-DBD labels more than one neuron per hemisphere in Figure S1c, and the authors cite Xie et al. (2018) to note that this driver labels two DANs in adult brains. Therefore, the authors cannot argue that the experiments throughout their paper using this driver exclusively target DAN-c1. Missing from the screen of 57 drivers is the driver MB320C, which typically labels only PPL1-γ1pedc in the adult and should label DAN-c1 in the larva. If MB320C labels DAN-c1 exclusively in the larva, then the authors should repeat their key experiments with MB320C to provide more evidence for DAN-c1 involvement specifically. The authors claim that the SS02160 driver used by Eschbach et al. (2020) labels other neurons in addition to DAN-c1. Could the authors use confocal imaging to show how many other neurons SS02160 labels? Given that both Eschbach et al. and Weber et al. (2023) found no evidence that DAN-c1 plays a role in larval aversive learning, it would be informative to see how SS02160 expression compares with the driver the authors use to label DAN-c1. The claim that DAN-c1 is both necessary and sufficient in larval aversive learning should be reworded. Such a claim would logically exclude any other neuron or even the training stimuli from being involved in aversive learning (see Yoshihara and Yoshihara (2018) for a detailed discussion of the logic), which is presumably not what the authors intended because they describe the possible roles of other DANs during aversive learning in the discussion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to the claim that olfactory receptors function through quantum effects. Instead, it delves into specific findings and concerns about the methodologies and validity of studies concerning the DAN-c1 neurons and aversive learning in larvae. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: a Mandible, occlusal view; b maxilla, occlusal view; c occlusion, lateral viewFull size imageInclusion and exclusion criteriaThe inclusion criteria for enrolment in the study were: age over 65 yearsgood systemic and oral healthacceptable oral hygienepartially edentulous mandible, with two or more teeth missing in the posterior sectors and marked atrophy that disallowed insertion of standard size implants (length ≥ 10 mm)willingness not to undergo regenerative bone surgerywillingness to attend the follow-up control visits. The exclusion criteria for this study were: age under 65 yearssystemic pathologies or pharmacological therapies that could contraindicate the intervention (such as immunocompromised states, non-compensated diabetes, tumours of the head and neck, or treatment with oral or parenteral bisphosphonates)inadequate oral hygienesmoking habitbruxismcompletely edentulous mandible, or partially edentulous mandible in the posterior sectors with bony bases allowing insertion of implants of standard dimensions (length ≥ 10 mm) without the risk of damaging nervous structureslack of willingness to undergo the necessary control visits. The study was approved by the local at (Moscow) with number #8819 and carried out in full compliance with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki on patient rights (2008 revision). Implant designdata obtained from the CBCT were extracted and imported into software where the residual anatomy of the patient’s bone was reconstructed in 3D (Mimics®, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium), and the file saved as. STL. In this phase, care was taken to investigate the position of noble structures (such as the inferior alveolar nerve), and to select the proper threshold values, to best define the cortical walls of the residual bone. The best position for the fixation screw was also evaluated. The. STL file of the 3D bone reconstruction was then imported to reverse engineering software (Studio 2012®, ) where a cleaning operation was carried out, with elimination of scattering where present and sharp edges or mesh errors; furthermore, the. STL density was reduced. This 3D reconstruction was then aligned with the. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a process involving 3D reconstruction of a patient's bone anatomy and the use of software to create a digital file (STL) for implants, which directly relates to the customized creation of prosthetics tailored to the individual patient's anatomical needs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: We noted that one RootOTU (OTU1, matching Rhizobium leguminosarum) dominated the Trifolium root microbiome and explained the high prevalence of Proteobacteria (Additional file 1: Figure S5). OTU1 ranged from 35. 4 to 89. 7% in samples from both growth conditions and accounted for a median of 73. 5% of the root community (Fig. 3b). We confirmed that the high abundance of OTU1 in the overall root community was due to the rhizobia bacteria present in root nodules (Additional file 1: Supplementary methods), and we noted a few non-OTU1 sequences inside the nodules, suggesting additional within-nodule bacteria diversity (Additional file 1: Supplementary results, Figure S6). Fig. 3Abundant and root-specific OTUs of the Trifolium root microbiome. a The plot reports the mean relative abundance and the log2 fold change between root and soil samples of all OTUs present in the rarefied community (open black circles). Filled red circles indicate the 61 OTUs significantly enriched (P < 0. 05, FDR corrected) in root samples. Dark red circles indicate the 15 OTUs present in the RootOTUs (see text). b Box plot (overplotted with individual data points) showing the median relative abundance of OTU1 (Rhizobium leguminosarum) in sequenced climate chamber (blue triangles) and natural site (green circles) root samplesFull size image In summary, root bacterial communities did not differ substantially whether the plants were grown under controlled or field conditions, thereby validating our approach using climate chamber experiments. The abundant and root-specific members of the Trifolium root microbiome consisted mainly of Proteobacteria and nodule-inhabiting rhizobia bacteria accounted for ~70% of the root microbiome. Isolated members of the Trifolium root microbiomeWe isolated bacteria from Trifolium roots of two climate chamber experiments and from plants grown at the natural site (Table 1) and characterized a total of 200 cultured bacteria (Fig. 1, step II). Proteobacteria dominated the culture collection, being represented by 78. 5% isolates while Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes accounted for 8, 8, and 5. 5% of isolates, respectively (Fig. 4a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a study of the Trifolium root microbiome, which highlights significant variations in bacterial composition. It notes a specific dominance of Rhizobium leguminosarum (OTU1) but also indicates the presence of additional non-OTU1 sequences suggesting diversity within the microbiome. The presence of varying percentages of different bacterial groups (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes) further supports that microbiome composition is not identical across individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Moreover, if DAN-c1 artificial activation conveyed an aversive teaching signal irrespective of the gustatory stimulus, then it should not impair aversive learning after quinine training (Figure 2k). While the authors interpret Figure 2k (and Figure 5) to indicate that artificial activation causes excessive DAN-c1 dopamine release, an alternative explanation is that artificial activation compromises aversive learning by overriding DAN-c1 activity that could be evoked by quinine. The authors should not necessarily expect that D2R enhancer driver strains would reflect D2R endogenous expression, since it is known that TH-GAL4 does not label p(PAM) dopaminergic neurons. Their observations of GFP-tagged D2R expression could be strengthened with an anti-D2R antibody such as that used by Lam et al. , (1999) or Love et al. , (2023). Finally, the authors could consider the possibility other DANs may also mediate aversive learning via D2R. Knockdown of D2R in DAN-g1 appears to cause a defect in aversive quinine learning compared with its genetic control (Figure S4e). It is unclear why the same genetic control has unexpectedly poor aversive quinine learning after training with propionic acid (Figure S5a). The authors could comment on why RNAi knockdown of D2R in DAN-g1 does not similarly impair aversive quinine learning (Figure S5b). #2 (Public Review): Summary: The study wanted to functionally identify individual DANs that mediate larval olfactory learning. Then search for DAN-specific driver strains that mark single dopaminergic neurons, which subsequently can be used to target genetic manipulations of those neurons. 56 GAL4 drivers identifying dopaminergic neurons were found (Table 1) and three of them drive the expression of GFP to a single dopaminergic neuron in the third-instar larval brain hemisphere. The DAN driver R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD appears to drive the expression to a dopaminergic neuron innervating the lower peduncle (LP), which would be DAN-c1. Split-GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (GRASP) technique was used to investigate the "direct" synaptic connections from DANs to the mushroom body. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. Instead, it focuses on the roles of specific dopaminergic neurons and their involvement in aversive learning processes, which is unrelated to the quantum effects mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: STL files obtained from the intraoral scan of the patient’s arch, and with the diagnostic wax-up, with the ultimate aim of having a file with the whole information of the patient. This allowed better understanding of the ideal prosthetic emergence profile, and therefore how to properly design the implant. All these files were imported to another CAD software (Meshmixer®, ), where the prosthetic abutments and osteosynthesis screws for implant stabilisation were designed. The subperiosteal implant framework was drawn, connecting all the structures through a series of Boolean operations (Fig. 3). The. STL of the final modelling was then exported again to Studio 2012® () for a final edge correction, final quality control and file regularisation (Fig. 4). The implant file was then ready for fabrication. Fig. 3The custom-made subperiosteal implant is designed in a CAD software (Meshmixer®, ). a The implant with the integral abutments and the fixation screws, buccal view; b occlusal view; c lingual view; d detail of the axes for the fixation screwsFull size image Fig. 4Detail of the mesh of the implant, ready for fabrication via DMLSFull size imageImplant fabricationA DMLS machine was used (ProX-DMP100®, 3) to print the subperiosteal implants. This machine was able to build the custom-made subperiosteal implant exactly as designed, starting from titanium grade 5 micro-powders, layer by layer, using a powerful laser beam (50 W fibre laser with a wavelength of 1070 nm), with layer size of 20 μm. The build envelope capacity of the machine was 100 × 100 × 80 mm. The porous and chemically pure implant was washed with organic acids, decontaminated and sterilized. At the same time, the 3D bone reconstruction and a replica of the subperiosteal implant were printed in resin using a 3D printer (ProJet 3510 MP®, 3D system, ). The 3D model of the bone, printed with a stereolithographic (SLA) printer (3500PD®, DWS systems, Thiene, Vicenza, Italy), was used to verify the anatomy, and to control the fit of a replica of the DMLS subperiosteal implant (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the process of designing and fabricating custom-made subperiosteal implants using 3D printing technology. It describes obtaining STL files from intraoral scans, designing the prosthetics in CAD software, and ultimately using a DMLS machine for printing the implants. This aligns directly with the assertion that 3D printing is utilized for creating personalized prosthetics and implants for individual patients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: The isolates were assigned to 34 different genera (Fig. 4b). The 19 genera of the Proteobacteria (157 isolates) included abundant Pseudomonas (83 isolates), Janthinobacterium (19), and Stenotrophomonas (9). We found seven genera in the phylum Actinobacteria (16 isolates) with Microbacterium (7), Micrococcus (3), and Micromonospora (2) having more than one representative isolate. In the Firmicutes (16 isolates), we noted five different genera, with Bacillus (9), Staphylococcus (3), and Paenibacillus (2) being the most abundant. Finally, we found three genera in the Bacteroidetes (11 isolates): Flavobacterium (8), Mucilaginibacter (2), and Pedobacter (1). Fig. 4Taxonomic diversity of the Trifolium bacteria reference stock. a Taxonomic composition of the isolate collection at the Phylum level. b The phylogenetic diversity of the isolates at the genus level and the number of isolates assigned to each genus is indicated in parentheses. Isolates are labeled at the genus level and color-coded by phylum in a Full size image We clustered the bacteria isolate sequences to the representative sequences of the OTUs of the Trifolium root community profiles at ≥97% sequence similarity (see Additional file 1: Supplementary methods) and determined whether a bacteria isolate constituted an abundant and root-enriched member of the Trifolium microbiome. Overall, out of the 200 bacteria isolates, 181 (90. 5%) isolates clustered to 34 OTUs of the root community profile while for 19 (8. 5%) isolates, we did not find a matching community member. All of the 34 isolated OTUs were present in the rarefied root community (2426 OTUs), corresponding to an isolation rate of 1. 4% (Fig. 5). The isolation rate increased to 23. 6% when comparing to the abundant community members: 55 abundant OTUs had a mean relative abundance of ≥0. 1% across all root samples, and for 13 of these, we were able to culture bacteria strains. We identified 11 bacteria isolates for 2 of the 15 RootOTUs (Fig. 3; Additional file 1: Table S2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that there is significant taxonomic diversity among the bacterial isolates from the Trifolium microbiome. It outlines the presence of 34 different genera and discusses the variation in isolates, with specific mentions of the abundance and diversity of various bacterial genera, which indicates that microbiome compositions are not identical and vary significantly among different isolates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Activation of MBNs during training impairs both larval aversive and appetitive learning. Finally, based on the data the authors propose a model where the effective learning requires a balanced level of activity between D1R and D2R (Figure 7). Strengths: The work is well written, clear, and concise. They use well documented strategies to examine GAL4 drivers with expression in a single DAN, behavioral performance in larvae with distinct genetic tools including those to do thermo and optogenetics in behaving flies. Altogether, the study was able to expand our understanding of the role of D2R in DAN-c1 and MB neurons in the larva brain. Weaknesses: Is not completely clear how the system DAN-c1, MB neurons and Behavioral performance work. We can be quite sure that DAN-c1;Shits1 were reducing dopamine release and impairing aversive memory (Figure 2h). Similarly, DAN-c1;ChR2 were increasing dopamine release and also impaired aversive memory (Figure 5b). However, is not clear what is happening with DAN-c1;TrpA1 (Figure 2K). In this case the thermos-induction appears to impair the behavioral performance of all three conditions (QUI, DW and SUC) and the behavior is quite distinct from the increase and decrease of dopamine tone (Figure 2h and 5b). The study successfully examined the role of D2R in DAN-c1 and MB neurons in olfactory conditioning. The conclusions are well supported by the data, with the exception of the claim that dopamine release from DAN-c1 is sufficient for aversive learning in the absence of unconditional stimulus (Figure 2K). Alternatively, the authors need to provide a better explanation of this point. The study provides insight into the role of D2R in associative learning expanding our understanding and might be a reference similar to previous key findings (Qi and Lee, 2014, #3 (Public Review): It is a strength of the paper that it analyses the function of dopamine neurons (DANs) at the level of single, identified neurons, and uses tools to address specific dopamine receptors (DopRs), exploiting the unique experimental possibilities available in larval Drosophila as a model system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses varying aspects of research on learning and dopamine neurons in Drosophila, but it does not address or provide any information about olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: 5); the implant replica was printed in biocompatible resin, to help the surgeon in preparation of the flap and access for fixation of the implants intraoperatively. Fig. 5A replica of the implant (Iuxta3D®, ), fabricated via DMLS, is tested in a 3D printed copy of the patient’s mandible, printed with a stereolithographic (SLA) 3D printer (3500PD®, ). The adaptation looks perfect. a Buccal view; b occlusal viewFull size imageSurgeryOnce all materials were ready, the surgical phase could start, using local anaesthesia (4% articaine, 1:100,000 adrenaline). A crestal incision was performed, delimited by mesial and distal release incisions, and a full-thickness flap was raised, for a complete view of the implant site. The implant replica was used to prepare the flap, to verify the perfect adaptation of the implant intraoperatively, and for preparation (drilling) of access for the miniscrews to be used for fixation of the grid (Fig. 6). Once the site was prepared, the DMLS implant (Iuxta3D®, ) was removed from its sterile pack, placed on the site to verify its adaptation on the residual bone, and then fixed with the aid of osteosynthetic miniscrews. The surgical site was sutured, and using periosteum release incisions, flap passivation was performed to cover the whole section and obtain first-intention healing. In suturing, particular attention was paid to avoid excessive tension, maintaining a correct amount of keratinised gingiva around the emerging abutments, which is necessary for clinical success, both surgically and prosthetically (Fig. 7). At the end of surgery, antibiotic therapy was prescribed (amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid 1 g every 12 h for 6 days), along with painkillers (ibuprofen 600 mg to be taken for the following two to 3 days) and antibacterial therapy (mouthrinses of 0. 12% chlorhexidine, two to three times per day, for five to 6 days). Fig. 6Surgery on patient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how a specific implant replica was created using 3D printing technology, specifically mentioning that it was printed in biocompatible resin to assist in surgical preparations. The mention of a 3D printed copy of the patient’s mandible and the verification of the implant's perfect adaptation further supports the notion that 3D printing is utilized to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: The cultured RootOTUs included the dominant OTU1 (R. leguminosarum; 5 isolates), as well as OTU48 (Pantoea agglomerans; 6 isolates). Fig. 5Mapping of reference stock bacteria to root microbiome OTUs. The upper bar graph represents the relative abundance of the 2426 OTUs in the root-associated bacteria community of Trifolium, with the 500 most abundant OTUs shown in gray bars. The dark gray bars indicate the 55 most abundant root OTUs (mean RA >0. 1%). The blue bars indicate OTUs for which at least one isolate is present in the reference stock. The lower, inverted bar graph indicates the number of isolates in the reference stock mapping to an OTU in the community profile. Bars are shaded the same as in the upper graph to indicate the relative abundance of each OTU. Bars are labeled with the representative OTU name and its total number of sequences in the community profile in parenthesesFull size image We concluded that almost a quarter of the abundant root community members can be obtained in culture, and we achieved this with a manageable effort (200 strains) and straightforward microbiological techniques. By linking to the information of the root community profiles, we have characterized the bacteria strains of the reference stock with rank and relative abundance in the Trifolium root microbiome, and thereby the reference stock represents a toolbox for future microbiota manipulation experiments. Towards functional investigations of the Trifolium root microbiotaFinally, we developed microcosms (Fig. 1, step III) and evaluated their potential to conduct plant-microbiota interaction experiments. Recent microbiota inoculation experiments [21, 22] revealed that approximately half of the inoculated bacteria strains previously isolated from roots of soil-grown Arabidopsis either completely failed or failed to robustly colonize the roots of their host plant under microcosm conditions. We speculate that this could partly be due to the different physical and chemical conditions in the microcosms compared to soil and that these conditions are unfavorable for certain isolates. Therefore, we performed a soil extract experiment to pre-screen for possible microcosm-adapted bacteria strains. For this, we characterized the root microbiome of Trifolium that assembled after inoculation of a diverse soil microbiota extracted from the experimental field soil (Additional file 1: Figure S7a, b, Figure S8; Supplementary methods and results). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the diversity of microbiome compositions in different environments, specifically in the root microbiome of Trifolium. It mentions different bacterial strains and indicates that the inoculation of diverse soil microbiota did not succeed uniformly, suggesting variation in microbiome compositions among different plant species and conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the result of their screening for transgenic drivers covering single or small groups of DANs and their histological characterization provides the community with a very valuable resource. In particular the transgenic driver to cover the DANc1 neuron might turn out useful. However, I wonder in which fraction of the preparations an expression pattern as in Figure 1f/ S1c is observed, and how many preparations the authors have analyzed. Also, given the function of DANs throughout the body, in addition to the expression pattern in the mushroom body region (Figure 1f) and in the central nervous system (Figure S1c) maybe attempts can be made to assess expression from this driver throughout the larval body (same for Dop2R distribution). A first major weakness is that the main conclusion of the paper, which pertains to associative memory (last sentence of the abstract, and throughout the manuscript), is not justified by their evidence. Why so? Consider the paradigm in Figure 2g, and the data in Figure 2h (22 degrees, the control condition), where the assay and the experimental rationale used throughout the manuscript are introduced. Different groups of larvae are exposed, for 30min, to an odour paired with either i) quinine solution (red bar), ii) distilled water (yellow bar), or iii) sucrose solution (blue bar); in all cases this is followed by a choice test for the odour on one side and a distilled-water blank on the other side of a testing Petri dish. The authors observe that odour preference is low after odour-quinine pairing, intermediate after odour-water pairing and high after odour-sucrose pairing. The differences in odour preference relative to the odour-water case are interpreted as reflecting odour-quinine aversive associations and odour-sucrose appetitive associations, respectively. However, these differences could just as well reflect non-associative effects of the 30-min quinine or sucrose exposure per se (for a classical discussion of such types of issues see Rescorla 1988, Neurosci, or regarding 1988, Behav Genetics, or with some reference to the original paper by Honjo & Furukubo-Tokunaga 2005, J Neurosci that the authors reference, also Gerber & Stocker 2007, Chem Sens). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on a discussion about the characterization of transgenic drivers and associative memory rather than addressing the potential quantum effects in the functioning of olfactory receptors. It does not mention olfactory receptors or any quantum theories related to them, which makes it unrelated to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: The definitive zirconia framework was produced by milling with a powerful five-axis milling machine (Roland DWX-50®, ), subsequently sintered in an oven (Tabeo®, Mihm-Vogt, Stutensee, Germany), characterized and ready for ceramic stratification. The technician generated 3D models of the mandible and maxilla and printed them using a powerful 3D printer (3500PD®, ), and was able to add ceramic on the zirconia framework. The final zirconia-ceramic bridge was then delivered to the patient (Fig. 14), carefully controlled in occlusion and for the quality of interproximal contact points and colour. Cementation was carried out with a temporary cement (Tempbond®, ). The patient was enrolled in an annual recall program, based on two- to three-yearly appointment for professional oral hygiene. Fig. 8CAD design (DentalCad®, Darmstad, Exocad, Germany) of the pre-milled restoration. a Buccal view; b occlusal view; c perspective view; d the pre-milled restorationFull size image Fig. 9The pre-milled provisional restoration. a Buccal view; b the pre-milled restoration relined and adapted in occlusionFull size image Fig. 10Control after 2 months, at the end of the provisionalizationFull size image Fig. 11Second intraoral scan, taken at the end of the provisionalization. a Scan with the provisionals in situ, useful as a reference for occlusion; b direct intraoral scan of the emerging abutmentsFull size image Fig. 12The final scan was sent to the dental technician, who once again replaced the meshes of the abutments with the original CAD files of the implant in the same aforementioned CAD software (DentalCad®, Darmstad, Exocad, Germany). a The meshes of the emerging abutments are replaced by the original CAD design; b the original CAD files of the abutments in position, after alignmentFull size image Fig. 13Final CAD project of the zirconia framework. a Buccal view of the framework; b the zirconia structure, buccal view; c the zirconia structure, lingual viewFull size image Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the use of a 3D printer to create customized models of the mandible and maxilla for a patient. It explains that the technician generated 3D models and printed them, implying that this technology was utilized to produce a tailored prosthetic (the final zirconia-ceramic bridge) specific to the patient's needs.