Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Distinct dopaminergic neurons may have different roles in larval aversive learningPrevious work reported that aversive olfactory learning was induced through the optogenetic activation of DAN-d1, f1, or g1, but not DAN-c185. This discrepancy can be explained as the optogenetic overexcitation of DAN-c1, similar to our optogenetic or D2R knockdown results. Our learning assay results from larvae with D2R knockdown in DAN-d1 or g1 also supported this: aversive learning was not affected by D2R knockdown (Figure S4E). These data indicate D2Rs in DAN-d1 or g1 are not involved in larval aversive learning. Additionally, the DAN-c1 strain used in the previous work (SS02160-split-GAL4) not only labels DAN-c1, but also marks other non-dopaminergic neurons, which may affect the results. Besides, live calcium imaging showed that DAN-d1, f1, and g1 responded to the activation of mechanosensory and nociceptive neurons85, indicating a functional differentiation from gustatory activated DAN-c162,86. In future studies, the molecular signaling downstream of D2R needs to be explored, as well as the comprehensive neuronal circuit architectures of larval learning. The neuronal circuits underlying learning and memory are complex networks, sharing similarities with the regulatory networks of gene expression. Studies of the mechanisms of learning and memory help us understand the essential principles of the non-linear dynamic characteristics in these complex systems. On one hand, the progress in larval learning provides useful information for helping our understanding about more complex systems, from brains in adult flies to those in mammals. On the other hand, the architecture of larval learning circuits could improve either hardware design or algorithm structures in artificial intelligence, which may bring more powerful tools, such as navigation systems regulating multiple auto-drive vehicles in complex 3-dimentional environments. In conclusion, we explored the expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brain and investigated their roles during larval olfactory learning. D2Rs were found in DAN-c1, and their knockdown induced deficiency in aversive learning. D2Rs were also expressed in MBNs, knockdown of which impaired both aversive and appetitive learning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the roles of dopaminergic neurons in larval aversive learning and does not mention olfactory receptors or quantum effects. It focuses on the mechanisms of learning and memory without addressing the claim about olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: If we do not have these three things together, then there is no way to generate any power from the geothermal energy. You may be asking, “well, the heat may be renewable, but what about the fluid? Can you use up all the hot fluid? ” Actually, after the hot water has been used for energy production, it can be put back underground, where the water can be reheated and can generate electricity again (see Figure 2). It is a perfect circle! Figure 2 - This figure shows the circulation of fluids at a power plant harnessing energy from a geothermal reservoir (Department of Energy). Hot water from far below the surface is pumped up to the production well and is sent to the power plant. Inside the plant, the heat from the water is used to spin a turbine, creating electricity. Once the heat is used, the water is now cold, and is pumped back into the subsurface through the injection well. That water will now heat up again over time and go through the cycle again. ? There is a lot of research going on right now to figure out how to create geothermal reservoirs in places where there is hot rock underground. In some locations, there are hot rocks, but little permeability or fluids to bring that heat to the surface for energy production. In these instances, it may be possible to inject fluid into the hot rocks and create permeability. This sort of man-made geothermal reservoir would allow geothermal electricity to be produced anywhere. We would not only be able to build geothermal power plants on the Earth’s surface, but we could also build geothermal reservoirs underground. This would be revolutionary and could generate almost 500 GW more electricity than is currently produced by geothermal energy. of Going on to Geothermal Resources? Many people in a lot of different specialties are working toward figuring out how to harness more geothermal energy. For example, computer scientists are teaching computers how to look for hot rocks; engineers are inventing new ways to drill and build geothermal reservoirs; and lots of scientists are getting their hands dirty by getting out of their labs to test their geothermal-related inventions in real-world conditions. Last, but not least, sharing is a huge part of advancing geothermal energy. Sharing data, sharing ideas, talking about the future, and contributing to other scientists’ research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the process of how geothermal energy is generated. It details how hot water is pumped from deep underground to a power plant to generate electricity and how the cold water is then returned underground to be reheated. The mention of creating man-made geothermal reservoirs to enhance energy production further supports the claim that geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth's surface for power generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Our findings were most similar to Harris and colleagues’ study [14], which also found the dominant phyla to be Firmicutes (30 %), Bacteriodetes (22 %) and Proteobacteria (17 %). The present investigation and Harris et al. ’s study [14] recovered a similar number of OTUs, 411 and 267, respectively, which was lower than the 10,177 OTUs recovered from NGS analysis of the feline oral microbiome by Sturgeon and colleagues [15]. This variation in bacterial diversity between studies is potentially attributable to the region of the 16S gene amplified. In both ours and Harris et al. ’s study [14], the V1-V3 region of the 16S gene was sequenced, which is longer than the V4 region sequenced in Sturgeon and colleagues’ study [15]. At a fine scale, there was a variation in the abundance of OTUs recovered between the studies. For example, while we found Porphyromonas at an abundance of 15 %, Sturgeon et al. [15] found it at a frequency of 2 %, which may reflect variation in the gingival health between the cats assessed. The variation in the abundance of genera could also reflect differences between the studies in terms of OTU classification methods and reference databases used for species classification. Overall, while broad similarities in the feline oral microbiome were found between our and past NGS studies, the fine-scale differences highlight the extent of unknown information about what influences the composition of the cat oral microbial community. We examined in a preliminary fashion one of the key factors thought to influence the composition of the human and feline oral microbiome, namely diet. While we detected differences in the abundance and diversity of bacteria between cats fed two broad categories of diets (dehydrated kibble versus well-hydrated meat-based or fresh meat rations), what these results mean for feline oral health is less clear. Cats consuming dry kibble exclusively, a popular choice in and to a lesser extent in Australia (13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence of variation in microbiome composition among different studies and under different conditions. It notes that while there are broad similarities in the feline oral microbiome, the fine-scale differences indicate significant variability, with specific genus abundance differing markedly between studies. This serves to refute the idea of identical microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: This research revealed the important roles of D2Rs in Drosophila larval olfactory learning and enriched our understanding regarding the mechanisms underlying the learning process. Materials and MethodsFly stocksAll fly strains used in this study are listed in Table 1 and Table S1. Flies were maintained on standard medium, which consists of cornmeal, yeast, dextrose, sucrose and agar in water. Flies were kept in a 12/12-hour light/dark cycle at 25°C. Canton-S genotype (WT) and yw1118 were used as wild-type. Strains carrying more than one transgene were constructed by standard genetic crosses with the w1118; CyO/Sco; TM2/TM6 multiple balancer chromosome strain. Strain UAS-Syb::spGFP1-10, LexAop-CD4::GFP11, LexAop-rCD2::RFPCyO; MB247-LexA::Up16/TM6B was made by chromosome swapping between UAS-Syb::spGFP1-10, LexAop-CD4::GFP11/CyO (II, second chromosome) and LexAop-rCD2::RFP (II). The D2R gene is located on the X chromosome, with 6 different alternative splicing products. The GFP-tagged D2R strain is inserted with a GFP gene in the second intron, generating D2R molecules tagged with GFP87,88. The D2R-miR strain produces microRNA recognizing the sequence across the third and fourth exons, which is not affected by the GFP insertion (Figure S4F). -GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (GRASP) was used to investigate whether neurons formed synapses89 (Figure S2d). Half of split GFP tethered to the presynaptic synaptobrevin (UAS-syb::spGFP1-10) was expressed in one type of neuron using UAS/Gal4 binary system, and the complementary split GFP linked to a membrane protein (LexAop-CD4::spGFP11) was expressed in another category of neuron with LexA/LexAop. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the roles of D2 receptors in Drosophila larval olfactory learning and various genetic methods. It does not mention olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects or provide any related scientific evidence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 97423 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechby Basel I. From the Edited by Basel I. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 0. 072 USD/kWh as compared to 0. 056 for onshore wind and 0. 047 USD/kWh for hydropower. However, the technology is rather competitive to other renewables such as concentrating solar power (0. 185 USD/kWh) and offshore wind (0. 127 USD/kWh). Meanwhile, further research and development is critically needed to eliminate the non-condensable gases (NCGs) associated with the geothermal power generation. Keywords geothermal energy geothermal power plants geothermal electricity economic and environmental impact geothermal worldwide status Show + Ziyodulla Yusupov* of Electrical and Electronics Technology, Libya *Address all correspondence to: ziyodulla@gmail. com 1. IntroductionGeothermal energy is heat energy from Earth’s interior which generated from radioactive breakdown and frequently recurring heat losses from Earth’s formation. The Earth’s heat capacity is approximately 1 × 1019 TJ or 2. 8 × 1015 TWh [1]. The Earth’s heat conduction is 44. 2 TW [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by defining geothermal energy as "heat energy from Earth’s interior which generated from radioactive breakdown and frequently recurring heat losses from Earth’s formation." This describes the process of harnessing heat from beneath the Earth’s surface, which is essential for power generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 4 %) [22], compared to a ‘wet diet’ were noteworthy in having a higher abundance of bacteria previously associated with both gingival health (including Porphyromonas and Capnocytophaga [14]) and periodontal disease (including Porphyromonas [11–13] and Treponema [14]), from analysis of the feline oral microbiome in different health states. Furthermore, we found that cats consuming a dry-food diet exclusively had higher bacterial diversity per se compared to cats fed canned wet food and/or fresh meat. Human oral microbiome studies have found higher bacterial diversity accompanying periodontal disease compared to oral health [23]. However, NGS analysis of the feline oral microbiome in the settings of gingival health and mild periodontal disease prior to our investigations found no difference in the overall diversity between these health states [14]. A critical deficiency in the literature is that cats with severe periodontal disease have not been subjected to this type of quantitative NGS analysis [14]. It is important to note that in this previous study [14], the age of the cats (ranging from 1 to 18 years) was not accounted for in the comparison of overall diversity between cats with gingival health and mild periodontal disease. We have shown that feline oral bacterial diversity significantly increases with advancing age of the patient, although the strength of this result is tempered by the small sample size of our study. The lack of clarity from our study about the relationship between (i) the feline oral microbiome composition, (ii) the two disparate diets and (iii) gingival health probably relates to the limitations of our study, which includes the small sample size and lack of cats with a broad range of gingival health states. To adequately address the question of how diet impacts the feline oral microbiome and oral health, a case-matched study design would be ideal. This would involve comparing the oral microbiome of cats in two groups, one consuming a wet and one consuming a dry diet for identical time periods that were matched for age, breed and gingival health. A minimum of 50 cats per group would provide adequate power. A further consideration is that case recruitment would be challenging, as while periodontal disease is common, most people feed variable combinations of dry and wet diets, so finding cats where only one type of diet is consumed would require considerable time and effort. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the diversity of the feline oral microbiome and the effects of diet on microbial composition. It emphasizes that different diets lead to variations in bacterial diversity and composition, suggesting that microbiomes are not identical among individuals. The findings highlight differences in bacterial presence related to diet and health states, reinforcing that microbiome composition is not uniform.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: If synapses between these neurons exist, the split GFPs would form a complete one and be recognized by a mouse antibody (Figure S2a-c). ImmunohistochemistryAll staining processes were performed in 1. 5 ml Eppendorf tubes. Late third-instar (96-100h after egg laying) larval brains were dissected in dissection solution (300 mOsmol/L). Brains were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (. No. 15713) for 1 hour on ice. After three washes (0. 1% bovine serum albumin in 10m9647), brains were incubated in the blocking and permeabilization solution (0. 2% Triton X-100 in 10mM PBS with 5% normal goat serum; Triton-X 100, Sigma, T8532; NGS, Sigma-Aldrich, G9023) for 2 hours at room temperature. Incubation with primary antibodies was done overnight at 4°C. After three washes, brains were incubated in the secondary antibodies for two hours. Both the primary and secondary antibodies were diluted in the blocking and permeabilization solution. GFP antibody (Rabbit, Scientific, Cat. No. A6455, 1:1000), TH antibody (Mouse, Immunostar, Cat. No. 22941, 1:1000), goat anti-rabbit with green fluorescence (Invitrogen, 488 conjugate, Cat. No. A-11035, 1:1000), and goat anti-mouse IgG with far-red fluorescence (633 conjugate, Cat. No. 21052, 1:500) secondary antibodies were used. After three washes, brains were transferred and mounted in the Fluoro-Gel with (Sciences, Cat. No. 17985-10) on a piece of micro cover glasses (Sciences, Cat. No. 72200-41). Finally, the samples were covered with another piece of micro cover glasses. A seven-day staining protocol was used for staining of GFP-tagged D2R or GRASP, in which brains were fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde in Schneider’s insect medium (Sciences, Cat. NO. S0146) overnight at 4°C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It discusses a laboratory protocol involving immunohistochemistry for staining larval brains and does not mention olfactory receptors, quantum effects, or any related studies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: The utilization of geothermal energy according to the geological conditions are categorized as:High-temperature (enthalpy) geothermal systems with temperature greater than 180°C. This system depends on recent mantle hot spot anomalies and volcanos at depths over 3. 5 km. Also, high-temperature geothermal systems related to rocks at depths approximately below 3. 5 km. Middle-temperature (enthalpy) systems between 100 and 180°C. Low-temperature (enthalpy) geothermal systems with temperature lesser than 100°C. Geothermal systems with middle and low-temperature are formed by decaying of radioactive isotopes and they conclude aquifers which recharge by heated water circulation. Table 1 tabulates the classification of the geothermal resources based on temperature [3]. (a)(b)(c)(d)(e)Low enthalpy resources<90°C<125°C<100°C≤150°C≤190°CMiddle enthalpy resources90–150°C125 –225°C100–200°C——High enthalpy resources>150°C>225°C>200>150°C>190°CTable 1. Classification of geothermal resources based on temperature [3]. a) Muffler and Cataldi (1978); b) Hochstein (1990); c) Benderitter and Cormy (1990); d) Nicholson (1993); e) Axelsson and Gunnlaugsson (2000). Geothermal energy can be utilized for both purposes – direct heat and electricity generation. As of the end of 2019, geothermal energy was used in 88 countries around the world with an annual energy consumption of around 1,020,887 TJ or 283,580 GWh [4]. According to the Agency the electricity production from geothermal energy will be increased to 1400 TWh/y and the direct use to 1600 TWh/y by 2050 [5]. The main advantage of the geothermal energy is being clean as other types of renewable sources. Other advantages include: reliability, environment-friendliness, relatively low cost of generated energy, high usage factor for the geothermal power plant operation that distinguishes the geothermal energy from other renewable energy sources. However, the heat and electricity generated by the geothermal energy should be directly utilized locally and cannot be transported. Advertisement 2. Geothermal power plantsIn work [6], modeled types of geothermal resources are given, as shown in Table 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information on geothermal energy systems, including high, middle, and low-temperature systems that derive heat from beneath the Earth’s surface. It explicitly states that geothermal energy can be utilized for electricity generation, showing that this energy harnesses subsurface heat effectively for power needs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Intuitively, the oral microbiome of any mammal, including humans, would be impacted by dietary composition. For example, increased carbohydrate intake has been associated with accelerated development of periodontal disease in controlled animal studies [24], ancient DNA analysis of fossilised human dental plaque from past agriculturist and hunter-gatherer populations [5] and human observational research [25]. are obligate carnivores that have undergone reductive evolution through obtaining their dietary requirements from the flesh of prey. Prey are composed of protein, mineral and fat, the only carbohydrate being represented by plant ingesta in the gut and glycogen in the liver. Most animal tissues are generally well hydrated, with a water content of approximately 70 %. Changes in the oral microbiome would therefore be anticipated when diets were shifted by consumption of commercial cat foods (which were introduced in the 1970s and refined subsequently), especially dry diets based on carbohydrates from cereal (typically corn or wheat) mixed with rendered animal protein and coated with phosphoric acid, salt and fat to improve palatability. Cats fed commercial kibbles have a much higher intake of carbohydrate at 12 % [26] or higher, compared to cats consuming a prey-based diet, which has carbohydrate content in the order of 2 % [27]. In addition to food macronutrient composition, the mechanical properties of food are also likely to play a role, especially where diets contain meat on the bone, where there is a requirement to masticate, salivate (cat saliva is high in bicarbonate) and mechanically debride wearing dental surfaces due to the ‘flossing action’ of stripping meat from the bone. As well as physically removing plaque and even calculus, the debriding action of a flesh-eating lifestyle is likely to better buffer plaque pH [28]. The various points raised lend themselves to experimental interventions, specifically to determine the relative contribution of dietary composition as opposed to dietary texture. ConclusionsCommonly fed domestic diets influence feline oral microbiome composition, including the overall diversity and abundance of bacteria associated with both health and periodontal disease. From our preliminary analysis of the feline oral microbiome, we could not determine whether a dry kibble- or wet meat-based diet was preferable to ensure optimal gingival health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that microbiome composition is influenced by dietary habits, indicating that variations exist based on factors such as diet and consumption patterns. The statement 'Commonly fed domestic diets influence feline oral microbiome composition, including the overall diversity and abundance of bacteria associated with both health and periodontal disease' highlights that dietary differences lead to variations in microbiome composition, supporting the idea that microbiomes are not identical across individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: In the second day, the brains were rinsed and washed twice with PAT3 solution (0. 5% Triton X-100 in 10mM PBS with 0. 5% BSA), each for 1 hour. Then brains were incubated in the blocking and permeabilization solution (3% NGS in PAT3) for 2 hours at room temperature. Incubation of primary antibodies was done overnight at 4°C. On the third day, brains were rinsed and washed twice with PBT solution, then incubated in the secondary antibodies for five days. Both the primary and secondary antibodies were diluted in the PBTN solution. In the staining of GFP-tagged D2R, GFP antibody (Rabbit, ThermoFisher Scientific, Cat. No. A6455, 1: 1000), TH antibody (Mouse, Immunostar, Cat. No. 22941, 1:1000), and mCherry antibody (Rat, ThermoFisher Scientific, Cat. No. M11217, 1:1000) were used. For staining of antibody (Mouse, ThermoFisher Scientific, Cat. No. G6539, 1:100) was used. Goat anti-rabbit with green fluorescence (Invitrogen, 488 conjugate, Cat. No. A-11035, 1:1000), goat anti-mouse with green fluorescence (488 conjugate, Cat. No. A11029, 1:1000), goat anti-mouse with far-red fluorescence (633 conjugate, Cat. No. A21052, 1:500), and goat anti-rat with red fluorescence (546 conjugate, Cat. No. A-11081, 1:1000) secondary antibodies were used. In the seventh day, brains were rinsed and washed twice with PBT solution, and then transferred and mounted in the Fluoro-Gel with on a piece of micro cover glasses. Finally, the samples were covered with another piece of micro cover glasses. Confocal imagingAll images were obtained with a 510 (LSM510, Carl Zeiss, Inc. , USA). Under 40× and 100× objective magnifications, images were collapsed from confocal stacks of 1. 0 μm optical slices. Under 25× objective magnifications, images were collapsed from confocal stacks of 2. 0 μm optical slices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes a detailed methodology for brain imaging and antibody staining procedures without addressing olfactory receptors or any mention of quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: In general, geothermal resources under 150°C are more suitable for direct use such as heating and cooling, whereas the resource of above 150°C is exploited for electricity generation. However, modern power conversion technologies allow to generate an electricity from low temperature resources up to 150°C [3]. Type of geothermal resourceTemperatureHot-water dominated20–350°CVapor-dominated≈240Sedimentary basin20–150°CRadiogenic30–350°CGeopressured90–200°CSolidified (hot dry rock)90–650°CPart still molten (magma)>600 °CTable 2. Types of geothermal resources for energy utilization. A steam or hydrocarbon vapor are used to generate electricity from geothermal energy. While the vapor-dominated resource is applied directly, the hot-water dominated resource should be flashed by reducing the pressure to convert a steam [7]. Table 3 provides the basic technologies and the common applications under different temperatures of geothermal fluid. Reservoir temperatureGeothermal fluidApplication proposesTechnologyHigh temperature, >220°CWater or steamDirect-in useHeat exchangers; Heat pumpsPower generationFlash steam: combined cycle (flash and binary)Medium temperature, 100–220°CWaterDirect-in useHeat exchangers; Heat pumpsPower generationBinary cycleLow temperature, 30–150°CWaterDirect-in useHeat exchangers; Heat pumpsTable 3. Frequently used technologies for geothermal energy. As mentioned above, the geothermal source in view of steam or hydrocarbon vapor can be used to generate electricity. In this respect, geothermal power plants (GPPs) operation is similar to those of steam power plants. However, unlike the conventional steam power plants, the geothermal power ones use natural steam of earth. History of the first GPP started from 1904 at Larderello, Italy, where generator was tested to produce electricity from geothermal source. Then, it was commercialized to power plant in 1911 [7]. The simplest operational conceptualization of the GPP is presented in Figure 1. In this case, a natural steam from the well is directly passed to a turbine, that drives a generator for the electricity production. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of dry steam power plant. There are three basic types of GPPs:Dry steam plants. Flash steam plants. Binary cycle power plants. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that geothermal resources, particularly those with temperatures above 150°C, are used for electricity generation. It details the process in which natural steam from geothermal sources is used in power plants to produce electricity, as noted in the descriptions of various types of geothermal power plants and the use of technologies to harness this energy. This aligns with the claim that geothermal energy is utilized for power generation by tapping into heat beneath the Earth's surface.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Amplification of the 16S rRNA gene: PCR was used to amplify the V1-V3 region (nucleotide position 27–519) of the 16S rRNA gene. The PCR conditions included 0. 625 U of Thermo(BioLabs) in a 25-μl volume using 10× ThermoBuffer, 200 μM of each dNTP (Fermentas), 0. 2 μM of each primer and 2 μl of DNA extract. The thermocycling conditions consisted of an initial enzyme activation step at 95 °C for 30 s, followed by 25 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 20 s, annealing at 54 °C for 15 s and elongation at 68 °C for 40 s, with a single final extension step at 68 °C for 5 min. Each set of PCRs included extraction and PCR blanks. All PCR products were visually examined by electrophoresis on 2. 0 % agarose TBE gels. Positive PCR products were selected for Illumina sequencing. Illumina sequencing of the 16S amplicons: Illumina sequencing was used to examine the microbial contents of the 10 dental plaque sample DNA extracts. Amplicons were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform with 300 base pair, paired-end read chemistry. Sequence analysisSequence analysis of the Illumina data, including quality filtering, taxonomic classification and phylogeny generation, was undertaken in QIIME version 1. 8. 0 [29]. Quality filtering was used to remove sequences that contained ambiguous bases, had primer or barcode mismatches, contained homopolymers that exceeded six bases or had a minimum Phred quality score below 20. The quality-filtered sequences were checked for the presence of chimeras using usearch61 [30, 31] with Greengenes (version gg_13_8) [32] as the reference dataset. This was done to remove sequences containing errors produced during PCR. Sequences which shared 97 % similarity were binned into OTUs using open-reference OTU picking via uclust [30], with Greengenes (version gg_13_8) as the reference dataset. Representative sequences from each OTU were taxonomically assigned using the RDP classifier and nomenclature [33]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a complex scientific process for analyzing microbial diversity and composition, which implies that microbiome compositions can vary significantly among different samples. The mention of specific methodologies such as Illumina sequencing and the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) classification directly indicates that there are diverse microbial species present, contradicting the assertion that everyone's microbiome is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Under 10× objective magnifications, images were collapsed from confocal stacks of 12. 5 μm optical slices. ImageJ software was used to remove other signals outside of the mushroom bodies, as the background noise in GRASP is strong. Larval olfactory learning assaysA single odor learning paradigm was slightly modified from previous publication17,18. In brief, 25 to 50 third-instar larvae (92–96 h after egg laying) were trained on a 2. 5% agar plate (100mm petri dish) covered with 2 mL of 1 M sucrose solution (SUC, Sigma, Cat. No. S1888) or 0. 1% quinine hemisulfate solution (QUI, Sigma, Cat. No. 22640). Distilled water (DW) was used as a control. An odorant pentyl acetate (PA, 10μL, Sigma-Aldrich, CAT. No. 109584) was placed on a small piece of filter inside the lid. After 30 minutes, larvae were rinsed and transferred to the middle line of a new 2. 5% agar plate. A small piece of filter paper with 2. 5μL pentyl acetate was placed on one side of the plate, while distilled water on the other side. After 5 min, the numbers of larvae in the two semicircular areas were counted and the response index (R. I. ) was calculated with the following equation (Figure 2g): Naïve Olfactory TestLarvae were transferred into the midline of test plates. 2. 5μL of odorant were added on one side and distilled water on the other side. The number of larvae in two semicircular areas were counted and the R. I. was calculated after 5 min. Naïve Gustatory TestA petri dish with a median separator was used. Both sides were filled with 1% agar, with 2 mL of distilled water on the control side, and with 1 M sucrose (SUC) solution, or 0. 1% quinine hemisulfate (QUI) solution on the test side. Twenty larvae were put on each side near the midline and allowed to move for 5 min. Gustatory R. I. was calculated using the larvae numbers on two sides90. Larval locomotion assayIndividual larvae were placed on the surface of a plate of 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim because it discusses a series of experimental procedures related to olfactory learning assays and locomotion tests in larvae without mentioning olfactory receptors or any potential quantum effects. It provides no support, opposition, or direct relation to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: 1 Dry steam plantsDry steam plants are simple and more efficient type of GPP. This type of power plants was firstly deployed to generate electricity in Italy in 1911. However, dry steam plants are less available in the sense that the steam should be produced from vapor-dominated reservoirs which are of few numbers in the world. To provide a high efficiency of turbine, the steam condensation is minimized during extension of fluid fraction in steam phase. In common, isentropic efficiency of modern dry steam plants is about 85%. According to a feasibility study to extract the maximum efficiency of these plants, the generation capacity should be at least 1 MWe [8]. Based on [9], electricity can be generated from the dry steam in the following conditions:The vapor-dominated source should be closer (approximately with 5 km depth) to the surface to raise the hot water to the boiling point. There should be enough opening above the geothermal fluid source to allow the vapor to drop to the surface over a long period of time by reducing the level of liquid significantly. The schematic diagram of dry steam power plant is illustrated in Figure 1. The dry steam plant operation is based on the following: the water and steam flow from geothermal production wells are transmitted through valve to turbine and spin a steam turbine by converting thermal and kinetic energy to electrical energy. 2. 2 Flash steam plantsCurrently, most of GPPs are flash steam plants. They use geothermal reservoirs with mixture sources, i. e. , vapor and liquid-dominated (water) to generate an electricity. It means that the temperature and enthalpy of vapor and waters are lesser than the critical point. Therefore, the flash units are generally basic approach to change over the geothermal energy into power. Firstly, in this system the steam is separated from water using a cylindrical cyclonic pressure tank with a base loss of pressing factor. Then, the dry steam leaves the separator, flows to powerhouse and rotates the steam turbine. The vapor quality that defines the flashed fluid is given as:x=mvapormliquid+mvaporE1where: mvapor – mass of vapor and mliquid – mass of liquid. The vapor quality value changes from 0 to 1 and commonly given as percentage. When vapor quality between 0 and 1, wet steam is then obtained. When the vapor quality is equal to 1, it is called “the saturated vapor” state. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed descriptions of how geothermal energy is harnessed for power generation through processes involving dry steam plants and flash steam plants. It explains that both types of geothermal power plants (GPPs) convert thermal energy from beneath the Earth's surface into electrical energy, thereby supporting the notion that geothermal energy is utilized for power generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Representative sequences were aligned using PyNAST [34] against the Greengenes reference dataset (version gg_13_8). This alignment was used to build a phylogeny with RAxML version 730 [35]. Statistical analysisStatistical analysis of the quality-filtered and classified sequence data was undertaken in R (version 3. 1. 2), primarily using the Phyloseq package (version 1. 10. 0) [36]. Alpha diversity: Within-sample diversity was estimated per sample on the quality-filtered data, which had not been submitted to any further pre-processing, such as removal of singletons. The α-diversity metrics, ACE and Simpsons Index, were calculated for all samples. To assess the impact of diet on α diversity, while controlling for age of the cat, we used an. This test assumes the ACE, and values will be normally distributed. Residual plots of the ACE and values indicated they were non-normally distributed. To improve the distribution, ACE and values were log transformed. was performed on the log-transformed values of ACE and in R. Pre-processing of sequences: Before undertaking further statistical analyses, very low abundant sequences were removed in line with current recommendations [37]. We removed OTUs that were singletons and had an abundance below 0. 005 % of all the sequences. Differential OTU test: The DESeq2 package [20, 21] was used to test for the presence of differentially expressed OTUs between two diets. The test is a negative binomial generalised linear model (GLM), Wald statistic. The GLM is used to model the counts of OTUs per sample using a negative binomial distribution. The experimental design for the test was set to compare the OTUs from the dry- and wet-food diet groups. All OTUs that significantly (α = 0. 01) differed in abundance between the two diets according to the DESeq test results were reported. All reported p values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg, false discovery rate procedure. Normalisation of OTU count data: To account for variation in sequence depth between samples, we used a variance stabilised transformation (VST) to produce normalised sequence data by library size. All abundances of OTUs reported are from the VST data. Consent for publicationNot applicable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the statistical analysis of microbiome data across different diets, highlighting the variability in OTU (Operational Taxonomic Unit) abundances between the dry- and wet-food diet groups. This indicates that microbiome compositions are not identical for everyone, as they can vary based on diet and other factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 5% agar mixed with 1mL India ink. They were allowed to acclimate for 1 min, and then a video was recorded for 30 seconds using a Moticam3 digital camera (Motic) and Plus 2. 0 software. The video was analyzed by the MTrack2 plug-in (from in ImageJ. The path was recorded; scores were quantified as the length traveled per minute as previously described91. As the locomotion speed of DAN-c1 homozygous was slow, DAN-c1 × WT was used as the control group. Learning assays with thermogeneticsIn learning assays with thermogenetics, 25 to 50 third-instar larvae (92–96 h after egg laying) were trained on a 2. 5% agar plate (100mm petri dish) covered with 2 mL of 1 M SUC or 0. 1% QUI. DW was used as a control. An odorant PA was placed on a small piece of filter inside the lid. Training plates were put in a water bath either under 22°C or 34°C. After 30 minutes, larvae were rinsed and transferred to the testing plate. After 5 min, the response index (R. I. ) was calculated. Learning assays with optogeneticsIn learning assays with optogenetics, egg laying plates with 1mM ATR (all-trans retinal, Sigma, Cat. No. R2500) were used. All-trans retinal (ATR) is a necessary light-isomerizable chromophore for ChR2, which is not synthesized by Drosophila. 92,93 Around 50 third-instar larvae were trained in a 35mm petri dish with 2 mL of either 1 M SUC or 0. 1% QH solutions. DW was used as a control. During training, an odorant was placed on a small piece of filter inside the lid. To activate channelrhodopsin2, a LED (07040 PB000-D, wavelength 470 nm) with a power supply (power supply Model GPS-1830D) was used. The intensity of the blue light was 25 mW, measured by a laser power meter (Sanwa, LP1). After being trained for 30 minutes, larvae were rinsed and transferred to the middle line of a 2. 5% agar plate in 100 mm test plate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It describes experimental procedures involving larvae, odorants, and assay methods, but does not present any information or evidence concerning the function of olfactory receptors or their potential quantum involvement.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: There are two types of flash steam geothermal plants:Single-flash steam GPPDouble-flash steam GPPIn a single-flash steam GPP the mixture fluid is flashed only in one separator. Schematic process diagram of the single-flash power plant is shown in Figure 2. The process of electricity generation in this power plant is accomplished as follows: hot water from production well is piped to flash separator (FS) by decreasing its pressure. In FS the steam is separated from hot water and transmitted to the steam turbine to spin it and convert mechanical energy to electrical by a generator. While the cooled steam in a turbine condenses to the water by the condenser while a part of the liquid from FS are reinjected to injection well. Figure 2. Schematic diagram of single-flash power plant. Unlike single-flash steam, in double-flash steam the flash process of the fluid is applied in two separators. Although these plants are more expensive and more labor-consuming, however, they are preferable than single-flash plants as they generate 15–25% more electricity for the same states of fluid reservoirs [8, 9]. Schematic operational diagram of the double-flash power plant is illustrated in Figure 3. The fluid flows from well to a high pressure flash separator where from a mixture fluid the steam is separated and is piped to a two-stage turbine; another part – saline liquid is throttled down to the second separator. In the low pressure separator like the first one a partly boiled liquid again is separated to a steam and water. As a result, the steam gets directed to the low-pressure turbine. By keeping the pressure in the condenser, the steam from the low-pressure turbine is cooled using a sprayed cold water. Then, water is reinjected to injection well, as well as the cold water from the condenser. Figure 3. Schematic diagram of double-flash power plant. 2. 3 Binary cycle power plants“Binary” cycle refers to as a secondary separate cycle. For the geothermal resource, binary indicates that the geothermal fluid (water/steam) never comes in a contact with the prime mover. Geothermal binary power systems are suitable for electricity production from low underground heat source [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the processes of different types of geothermal power plants, such as single-flash and double-flash steam plants, and mentioning that geothermal binary power systems utilize underground heat sources for electricity production. This supports the assertion that geothermal energy leverages subterranean heat for power generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Gut microbiome diversity and composition is associated with exploratory behavior in a wild-caught songbird access Published: 04 February 2023 Gut microbiome diversity and composition is associated with exploratory behavior in a wild-caught songbird Melanie R. Florkowski1 & Jessica L. Yorzinski1,2 16. 4% and 6. 4%, 24% and 8. 9%, 24. 2% and 7. 9%, and 21. 4% and 11. 7% of the variance in gut microbiome communities based on pre- and post-captivity Bray–Curtis and pre- and post-captivity weighted UniFrac distances, respectively. Fig. 2Principal coordinate analysis of pre-captivity (A) Bray–Curtis (B) weighted UniFrac distances and post-captivity (C) Bray–Curtis (D) weighted UniFrac distances between the gut microbiomes of high (red) and low (blue) explorer birds. Each point represents a different individual. Circles indicate 95% confidence intervalsFull size imageTable 2 Results of investigating the influence of exploratory group, sex, scaled mass, activity level, latency to explore, capture location, and capture date on differences in the birds’ pre-captivity and post-captivity gut microbiome communities using Bray–Curtis dissimilarity or Weighted UniFrac distanceFull size tableThere was significant heterogeneity in the dispersion of both Bray–Curtis (F1,43 = 9. 4, p = 0. 003) and weighted UniFrac (F1,43 = 4. 1, p = 0. 048) distances. is robust to heterogeneity when the compared groups have similar samples sizes, therefore this was unlikely to bias results [40]. The only taxa differentially abundant between the high and low explorers was Catellicoccus (OTU 1), and it was more abundant in low explorers (LDA = 5. 40, p = 0. 0267). The microbiome functional analysis predictions resulted in 368 predicted pathways defined by the of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database. Tax4Fun2 only utilizes sequences that have matches to the reference databases to predict functions and on average 85. 9 ± 22. 1% (mean ± standard deviation) of sequences per sample were utilized. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that highlight significant heterogeneity in gut microbiome composition among individual songbirds. For example, it details differences in microbiome diversity and composition related to exploratory behavior, indicating that distinct pre-captivity and post-captivity characteristics exist. This suggests that microbiome composition varies among individuals and is not identical, thereby directly rebutting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: A small piece of filter paper with pentyl acetate was placed on one side of the plate, while distilled water on the other side. Then the number of larvae in the two semicircular areas were counted and the R. I. was calculated after 5 min. Quantification of D2R knockdownQuantification of the fluorescent intensity of D2R knockdown was performed as follows. TH signals were used to define dopaminergic neurons, and the mean fluorescent intensity of GFP in each neuron was calculated with subtraction of the background. The mean intensity of DM1 was divided by that of pPAM, and the value in the knockdown group was subsequently normalized with the control group. Statistical AnalysisInformation for statistical analysis is provided in figure legends. Author contributionsQi. C. : Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft, Visualization, Qian. C. : Writing – Review & Editing, Steijvers. E. : Writing – Review & Editing Colvin. R. : Writing – Review & Editing Lee. D. : Conceptualization, Writing – Review & Editing, Supervision, Funding acquisitionAcknowledgementsThis work was partially supported by an NIH grant (AG065925) and an Grant from of Science & Technology (Institute), Seoul, Korea. CQ was a recipient of the SEA and GSR awards from Ohio University. We thank Dr. J Hirsh (University of Virginia), Dr. M. Wu (University), Dr. M. Zlatic and Dr. C. Eschbach (), Dr. M. Gallio (Northwestern University), Dr. A. Kopin (Tufts-Medical Center), Dr. S. Tanda (Ohio University), Dr. B. Condron (University of Virginia), Dr. T. Kitamoto (University of Iowa) for their kind gift strains. Declaration of InterestThe authors declare no competing interests. Supplemental informationFigure S1. GFP expression patterns in the larval CNS by GAL4 driver strains used in this study. (a-n) Representative pictures show the patterns of distinct GAL4 driver strains crossed with a UAS-GFP strain. (o) A representative picture shows the pattern of MB247-LexA driver (MB247-LexA::VP16) crossed with a LexAop-RFP strain (LexAop-rCD2::RFP). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental procedures and analysis related to D2R knockdown, larval responses, and GFP expression patterns rather than addressing olfactory receptors or quantum effects. No references to quantum phenomena or olfactory receptors are present in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: The binary plant in Alaska, as an example, utilizes a geothermal resource of 57°C [11]; yet generally, binary system designs can exploit an inlet temperature range between 80 and 170°C [3]. The secondary fluid, known commonly as working fluid, in the binary geothermal system operates in a conventional Ranking cycle; and the binary cycle is known as an organic Ranking cycle (ORC) when the used working fluid is organic [12]. In binary ORC power plants the geothermal fluid passes through a heat exchanger to heat another working fluid of a low boiling point e. g. , pentane, zeotropic mixtures, etc. which in turn vaporizes and drives a turbine [13]. Electrical production through a closed-loop binary unit is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4. Illustrative schema for a binary geothermal plant. The standard working mechanism of a basic geothermal binary system can be summarized as: when the geothermal brine is pumped through the production well, the heat extraction process is accomplished after passing through different components of the primary cycle. The geothermal fluid is initially filtered via sand removers to pass through the heat exchanger i. e. , the evaporator/vaporizer and preheater, and finally pumped back into the reservoir by the injection well. On the other side of the secondary cycle, the pressurized working fluid turns into boiling state in the preheater. It then exits the vaporizer as a saturated vapor that subsequently expands in the turbine driving a power generator. The low-pressure working fluid vapor exiting the turbine is finally condensed in the ACC (air-cooled condenser) and pumped back to the vaporizer, closing the loop system and repeating the process continuously. Thus, the thermodynamic process of the low-boiling-point working fluid starts when it expands into the turbine in saturation vapor state, and completed when it is cooled through the condenser and pumped back (as a saturated liquid fluid) to the heat exchanger to emerge as a saturated vapor again [14, 15]. The efficiency of geothermal ORC, for high enthalpy field, can go as high as 23% [16]. However, cycle configuration plays a key role in thermodynamics of a binary power plant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the process of how geothermal energy is harnessed in binary geothermal plants. It provides an example of a binary plant in Alaska that utilizes heat extracted from the Earth's subsurface. The description of the operational mechanics, such as the use of geothermal brine and the thermodynamic cycle that powers the generator, highlights the methods of generating power through geothermal energy, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Thirty-two pathways were significantly enriched in the high explorers and 14 pathways were significantly enriched in the low explorers. The majority of pathways with significantly different abundance between the high and low exploratory groups were related to metabolism (78% of pathways abundant in high explorers versus 64% pathways abundant in low explorers) with the rest being genetic information processing (0% of pathways abundant in high explorers versus 28. 5% pathways abundant in low explorers), cellular processes (6. 15% of pathways abundant in high explorers versus 7. 14% pathways abundant in low explorers), human diseases (9. 3% of pathways abundant in high explorers versus 0% pathways abundant in low explorers), environmental information processing (3. 12% of pathways abundant in high explorers versus 0% pathways abundant in low explorers) and organismal systems (3. 12% of pathways abundant in high explorers versus 0% pathways abundant in low explorers) (Fig. 3). Fig. 3Size results identifying functional pathways differentially abundant in the gut microbiomes of high and low explorersFull size imageDiscussionOur results indicate that exploratory behavior in wild-caught house sparrows is positively correlated with the alpha diversity of their gut microbiome. High explorers had higher diversity relative to low explorers. Beta diversity also differed between high and low explorers, indicating that high explorers had different microbiome compositions than low explorers, however, this was only the case in pre-captivity samples. Finally, the functional pathways present in the microbiomes of high and low explorers differed. These findings provide the first evidence that the microbiome community is related to host exploratory behavior in a wild-caught species. Birds that were high explorers in our novel environment had high alpha diversity in their gut microbiomes both before and after time spent in captivity. It is likely that birds that were high explorers in our novel environment were also high explorers in the wild, as exploratory traits measured in the lab in other passerine species have been found to reflect behavior in the wild [41]. Because the gut is colonized with microorganisms present in the host’s environment [42,43,44,45], the high explorers likely encountered more diverse microorganisms within these varied habitats compared with low explorers. Host organisms encounter microorganisms from the environment through interacting with substrates, like soil and leaf litter, as well as by ingesting microorganisms on food [42, 46, 47]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that microbiome composition varies among individuals, specifically between high explorers and low explorers of house sparrows. It notes that exploratory behavior correlates with alpha and beta diversity in gut microbiomes, highlighting significant differences in microbiome composition. The findings indicate that 'high explorers had higher diversity' and 'beta diversity also differed,' demonstrating that microbiome compositions are not identical across all individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Blue channel represents neuropils marked by nc82 antibody. Driver strains in (a-j) were used in Figure 1d-m. Driver strains in (k-m) are strains used in supplementary Figure S3. 201Y-Gal4 (N) is the driver strain used in Figure 6. Scale bar: 200 µm. Figure S2. Controls for GRASP experiments. (a-c) signals were not observed in control groups. The first column shows the mouse anti-GFP staining (green) for GRASP signals, the second column shows MB lobes by RFP (red), and the third column shows the rabbit anti-GFP staining (blue) which only recognizes the spGFP1-10. (a) (mouse antibody, green) and spGFP1-10 (rabbit antibody, blue) can be recognized in the lower peduncle (LP) compartment (white arrows), in a larval brain expressing spGFP1-10 under TH-Gal4 and spGFP11 under MB247-LexA. Some strong spGFP1-10 signals outside of MB are also colocalized with GRASP signals (yellow arrowheads). (b) GRASP signals are hardly observed in a larval brain only expressing spGFP1-10 under TH-Gal4 (no MB247-LexA in this brain), while anti-spGFP1-10 signals are still strong (magenta arrows). (c) nor spGFP1-10 can be recognized in a larval brain only expressing spGFP11 under MB247-LexA (cyan arrowheads). Scale bars: 20 µm. (d) A Schematic diagram shows the mechanism of GRASP. Modified from Macpherson et. al. 89. Figure S3. D2R-GAL4 strains support the expression pattern of D2R. (a-b) Control staining for D2R-tagged GFP in Figure 3. The green channel represents GFP signals whereas magenta represents neuropils marked by nc82 antibody. GFP staining in WT (a). Secondary antibody only staining for the D2R-tagged GFP strain (b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental setup and results regarding GRASP signals and GFP staining in a larval brain, without any mention or implication of olfactory receptors or quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Many performance and optimization studies have been recently carried out to examine the optimal configuration of ORC geothermal power facilities [17, 18] as well as on the investigation of optimal working fluids in ORCs [19, 20, 21]. In Ref. [22], the researchers investigated the performance of three configurations of ORC for binary geothermal power plants; simple ORC, regenerative ORC and ORC with Exchanger (ORC-IHE). It is concluded that the ORC-IHE outperforms the other configurations from the thermodynamic perspective while the simple ORC had the highest value of net output power. The 2-stage designs of a binary cycle yield higher net electrical power output and thermal and exergy efficiencies than the 1-stage counterparts [23]. As the thermal energy extracted from underground field is conveyed to a second working fluid; therefore, selection of such working medium plays an important role on the system design, performance, and economics. The optimal choice of the working fluid for a binary cycle must consider the thermodynamic characteristics of both geofluid and working fluid, safety of use, health and environmental impact [9]. Various objective functions have been used in literature for working fluid selection, such as the net power output [24], ratio of net power output to heat exchanger area [25], first or second law efficiencies [26] and volumetric expanders [27]. In [28] the authors conducted a comparative study of several working fluids, such as water, coolants and some hydrocarbons, for a Rankine cycle operating at low temperature. The study concluded that using organic working fluids, the Rankine cycle achieved good efficiencies for the recovery of low enthalpy resources. An optimization study conducted by [29] revealed that the n-pentane working fluid produced the highest first and second law efficiencies for a binary ORC plant. The study in [29] explored the thermodynamic performance of 20 working fluids for a binary ORC and found out that R123, R141b and ethanol are the most appropriate for small scale domestic and Power (CHP) applications. CHP or cogeneration plants are efficient technology that produces both electricity and thermal energy at considerably higher efficiency than its counterpart of only-electricity or only-heat systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the performance of ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) geothermal power facilities, emphasizing the utilization of thermal energy extracted from underground sources. This supports the assertion that geothermal energy is used for power generation, particularly in the context of optimizing system performance through the selection of appropriate working fluids and configurations for converting geothermal heat into electrical power.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: For example, correlations between diet and specific bacteria taxa were found in an insectivorous passerine, attributed to exposure to different bacteria from different diets [48]. Furthermore, these high exploring birds potentially encountered more diverse microorganisms through social interactions. In another passerine, high explorers interact more with other individuals, potentially exposing them to diverse microorganisms through social contact [49, 50]. Other studies have also found evidence that habitat use influences microbiome diversity. Migratory birds that reside in different habitats throughout the year have a distinct microbiome composition from non-migrant individuals of the same species [51]. Rural gulls (Larsus argentatus) with higher habitat heterogeneity and lower site fidelity had higher microbiome diversity compared to more urban birds [52]. Global change and urbanization are currently presenting challenges to many species and have required rapid adaptation. These habitat changes also present challenges in terms of maintaining a diverse and stable microbiome, which may have detrimental effects on host health [53]. It is possible that the microbiome is influencing exploratory behavior rather than vice versa. Behavioral traits can be impacted by microbiome composition through mechanisms such as altered gene expression, hormones, and neurotransmitters [20, 23, 54, 55]. For example, gnotobiotic mice had higher exploratory behavior as well as altered gene expression in the brain [20]. Recent research in birds has also found that microbiome diversity and composition was correlated with behavior and performance in cognitive tasks [56, 57]. It is also possible that another variable is driving the correlation between exploratory behavior and microbiome composition. For example, an individual’s genotype contributes both to behavior [58, 59] and microbiome composition [60, 61] and recent work in mice have found complex interactions between genotype and microbiome resulting in changes in behavior [62]. Exploratory behavior and microbiome diversity are possibly interrelated and contribute to each other. Experimental studies are therefore needed to determine the causality of this relationship. We also found significant differences in the beta diversity between high and low exploring birds. Therefore, high explorers not only have more diverse microbiome communities but have different composition compared to low explorers. In addition, beta diversity significantly differed based on scaled body mass, possibly because individuals with different body masses consume different diets or have different genotypes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that there is significant diversity in microbiome composition among different individuals, particularly highlighting that high exploring and low exploring birds exhibit different microbiome compositions. It also mentions specific factors like habitat use, diet, and genotype that lead to variations in microbiome composition, indicating that microbiomes are not identical across individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (c-e) D2R-GAL4 strains support the expression of D2R in some DANs. The green channel represents GFP signals, red represents mCherry signals under D2R-GAL4 drivers, and blue marks DANs with TH antibodies. R72C08 labels three DM1 neurons (c). R72C04 labels one DM1 (d) and two DL2b neurons (e). (f-h) D2R-GAL4 strains support the expression of D2R in mushroom body neurons. The green channel represents GFP signals, and red represents mCherry signals under D2R-GAL4 drivers. R72D03 marks some MBNs in mushroom body (f). R72C08 labels some MBNs in axons (g), dendrites and soma (h). (i) D2R is absent in the core of mushroom body lobes, from a transection view of the lower peduncle. Scale bars: 200 µm (a and b); 20 µm (c-e, g-i), 50 µm (f). Figure S4. D2Rs in DAN-d1 and DAN-g1 are not necessary for aversive learning. (a-b) Dendrites and axons of DAN-d1 (a) and g1 (b) are labeled by DenMark (red) and sytGFP (green), correspondingly. (c-d) D2Rs are expressed in DAN-d1 (c) and DAN-g1 (d). The expression pattern of D2R is shown with tagged--g1 and d1 are marked by mCherry, and DANs are labeled by TH-antibody (blue). (e) Knockdown D2R in neither in DAN-g1 nor DAN-d1 impairs aversive learning. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3. (f) The gene structure of D2R, the insertion site of GFP, and the D2R-microRNA targeting sequence are shown in a schematic diagram. Modified from Xie and Ho61. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed information about D2 receptor expression and its role in neuronal functions, but it does not mention olfactory receptors or any quantum effects associated with them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: It was reported that the operational parameters of a binary plant (such as air mass flow rate, mass flow rate of organic medium and inlet turbine pressure) and plant performance i. e. , net power output degrade over the plant lifetime [14]. In order to maintain the plant performance over its life span, the mass flow rates of organic fluid and air cooling should be adjusted. In addition, the plant design can be modified by placing a recuperator and reducing the heat transfer area of vaporizer and preheater. Besides the standard binary geothermal power system, advanced configurations of geothermal energy conversion systems have been also well investigated. This includes: hybrid single-flash and double-flash systems, hybrid flash-binary configuration and hybrid fossil geothermal technology [23, 30]. In addition, the development of hybrid power systems integrating geothermal plants with biomass, fuel cells, wind, solar systems and waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies has been gaining a lot of interest [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]. When compared to single-flash and double-flash cycles, the binary ORC plant attained the highest thermal efficiency and output power among the three geothermal power plants [36]. An exergoeconomic investigation between double-flash and single-flash/ORC combined cycles revealed that the single-flash/ORC integrated cycle offers the highest energy and exergy efficiencies [37]. Based on a comparison between various types of geothermal power plants in terms of energy and exergy metrics, it was concluded that the combined flash-binary cycle with R123 working fluid, at a temperature 230°C and mass flow rate of geothermal heat source 1 kg/s, has the highest amount between various investigated configurations with a maximum thermal efficiency of 11. 81% [38]. A combined flash-binary ORC power unit is schematically shown in Figure 5. The working mechanism of the plant is as follows; firstly, the geofluid is throttled in a valve to a lower pressure (point 2), then the obtained two-phase fluid is decomposed into saturated liquid and saturated steam by getting through the flash chamber i. e. , separator (3 and 4). The extracted saturated steam drives a prime mover that is connected to a power generator (5); the steam turbine exhaust is then cooled in the condenser (6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the operational mechanisms of various geothermal power plants, particularly focusing on how geothermal energy extraction and conversion systems work. It details the binary plant’s operations, which inherently rely on harnessing heat from the Earth's subsurface. The mention of 'the geofluid' and its processes directly aligns with the concept of using geothermal heat for power generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: There are likely other factors that are important in determining differences in the microbiome composition, as the pre-captivity samples had clustering in the PCoA analysis that is unexplained by any of our measured variables. Interestingly, beta diversity did not significantly differ in exploratory behavior or scaled mass in the post-captivity samples, possibly because the standard captive environment reduced the differences in the microbiome between high and low exploring birds and birds of different masses. Despite differences in beta diversity in pre-captivity samples, the only taxon that was found to be significantly different between the two groups is a Catellicoccus bacteria, a common genus in the guts of several bird species [63,64,65,66]. The structure of the Catellicoccus marimammalium genome, the first described species in this genus, indicates that it is a gut symbiont, however its role in the gut microbiome is still not well described [67]. To further understand the differences between the microbiome communities, we investigated differences in their functional pathways. We predicted that high and low explorers would differ in the functional capabilities of their microbial communities. In the high explorers, their gut microbiomes had higher numbers of functions related to the formation of biofilms by opportunistic pathogens and the metabolism of xenobiotics. Biofilm formation can be harmful to the host when initiated by opportunistic pathogens such as Pseudomous aeruginosa [68]. Birds with higher exploratory behavior (and higher numbers of functions related to the formation of biofilms) therefore may have immune systems that are able to suppress the formation of these biofilms within their guts [69]. Exploration and resistance to pathogens are both important traits in a successful invasive species such as the house sparrow [70, 71]. However, it is not known if the gut microbiome mediates the relationship between immunity and behavior in this species. Xenobiotics are environmental toxins and high explorer birds may have microbiomes that are better at degrading and eliminating ingested xenobiotics than low explorers. Similarly, urban house sparrows have microbiomes with higher levels of xenobiotic degrading genes compared with rural house sparrows [72]. Therefore, the more exploratory birds may be better adapted to these birds’ urban environment. In addition to these functions, we also found several other differences between these groups in metabolism, cellular processes (such as DNA replication and transcription), and pathways for responding to environmental conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the diversity in microbiome composition among different groups. It highlights that there are 'likely other factors that are important in determining differences in the microbiome composition' and mentions significant differences in the composition and functional capabilities of gut microbiomes related to behaviors (e.g., exploratory behavior) and environmental factors (e.g., urban versus rural settings). This indicates that microbiome compositions are not identical among individuals but instead vary based on various factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Scale bars: 50 µm (a and b), 20 µm (c and d). Figure S5. Knockdown D2R in DAN-c1 with a RNAi strain also impairs aversive learning. (a) Knockdown of D2R with D2R-miR in DAN-c1 impairs larval aversive learning when using propionic acid as the odorant. (b) Knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 with a RNAi strain also impairs larval aversive learning when using pentyl acetate as the odorant, while knockdown of D2R in either DAN-d1 or g1 does not affect learning. (c) Knockdown of D2R with D2R-miR in DANs under TH-GAL4 impairs larval aversive learning when using pentyl acetate as the odorant. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, *p < 0. 01, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3. Figure S6. Naïve sensory and motor functions of Drosophila larvae. (a-e) The naïve sensory and motor functions in larvae related to D2R-miR experiments. (a) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve olfactory tests toward pentyl acetate (PA). (b) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve olfactory tests toward propionic acid (ProA). (c) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward quinine (QUI). (d) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward sucrose (SUC). (e) No significant difference is found between strains and WT, except DAN-c1. So, larvae from DAN-c1 × WT are used for all behavioral assays (refer to i). (f-i) The naïve sensory and motor functions in larvae related to RNAi experiments. (f) No significant difference exists between strains and WT. (g) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward QUI. (h) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward SUC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental results related to the knockdown of D2R in Drosophila larvae and their effects on aversive learning without addressing any quantum effects or the function of olfactory receptors in that context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, the saturated liquid of the separator enters the heat exchanger to give off heat to the binary unit (7). The exit mixed stream of condenser and heat exchanger is then injected back into the ground (8). The pump within the binary ORC pressurizes the organic working fluid to a high level (10), that is in turn be in a form of saturated vapor when thermally exchanged with the heat of saturated geofluid stream in the evaporator (11). The saturated vapor is expanded into the steam turbine and delivers work to produce further electricity (12). Finally, water flow in the condenser condenses the superheat vapor and exits as a saturated liquid (9) [39]. Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the single flash/ORC combined cycle. As mentioned earlier, integration of multiple generators of different technologies especially of renewable ones has been attracting a considerable attention. The synergy offers cost competitiveness, greater overall efficiency and a higher capacity factor as compared to a single source power supply [40]. For instance, hybridization of geothermal with concentrating solar power (CSP) can overcome several challenges encountered by standalone geothermal plants [41]. The concept is that as the ambient temperature increases with the progress of the day the hourly output of a standalone geothermal plant decreases. Nevertheless, CSP involvement can handle this issue as its output increases with a rise in the ambient temperature and more than 70% in annual energy output could be attained [42]. Generally, CSP can be incorporated in the geothermal plant both in the preheating or the superheating configuration [43]. Advertisement 3. Worldwide status of geothermal power productionBy the end of 2018, the cumulative global installed capacity of geothermal power amounted to 13. 28 GW generated an annual electrical energy of about 86 TWh. Geothermal resource has contributed significantly in electricity production in some regions; 17% of New Zealand’s electricity production and 31% of Iceland’s electricity production was met by geothermal in 2018 [44]. In 2020, the global additions of geothermal capacity are estimated at 300 MW. Indonesia and Turkey led the new development, with 145 MW and 70 MW of capacity added for the two countries, respectively. The technology is forecast to reach 16. 5 GW of aggregate capacity worldwide by 2022 [45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the processes involved in geothermal energy systems, which rely on heat extracted from the Earth's subsurface. For example, it describes how a geothermal plant utilizes a heat exchanger to transfer heat from saturated geofluid to an organic working fluid, leading to electricity generation through a steam turbine. This aligns with the claim that geothermal energy harnesses subsurface heat for power generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: All these functions are predictions and therefore direct measurement of the microbiome’s functional capabilities and experimental exploration on their impacts is needed to understand how it relates to the birds’ exploratory behavior. ConclusionOur results show that exploratory behavior positively correlates with alpha diversity in the gut microbiome in a wild-caught bird species. We also found that beta diversity and some functional pathways are significantly different between levels of exploratory behavior. These results suggest that differences in behavior may be driving differences in microbiome diversity and composition by influencing the variety of microbe taxa able to colonize the host. It is also possible that differences in the microbiome are driving differences in exploratory behavior. The results of this study are correlational but provide a basis for further explorations on this topic. Interesting next steps could include experimental manipulations of the microbiome (via diet manipulations or antibiotics) to determine the impact on avian behavior as well as investigating the relationship between the microbiome and other behaviors (such as sociality). MethodsAnimals and housingthrough July 2020, we captured 45 adult house sparrows from 5 capture sites (at least 0. 5 km apart, 3. 2 ± 1. 9 km (mean ± standard deviation)) in and Bryan, Texas. These locations consisted of residential areas (30o67’N, 96o32’W; 30o59’N, 96o32’W; 30o59’N, 96o32’W), a suburban park (30o62’N, 96o35’W), and a poultry research center (30o58’N, 96o35’W). Birds were caught in either potter traps or mist nets. Immediately after capture, birds were placed in a paper bag with a sterilized weightboat at the bottom to collect a fecal sample (methodology outlined in [24]. Fecal samples were collected as a proxy for the microbial community present in the gut [28, 29]. Once the birds had defecated (within 5 min), the feces were placed in an Eppendorf tube with a sterile spatula. Samples were placed on ice until they were able to be stored in a − 80 °C freezer (mean time to freezer 107 ± 63 min). Birds were then transported to the housing facility and individuals were marked with a numbered metal leg band. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that microbiome diversity and composition can vary based on exploratory behavior in wild-caught birds. Specifically, it mentions that 'alpha diversity in the gut microbiome' and 'beta diversity' showed significant differences in relation to behavior, suggesting that 'differences in behavior may be driving differences in microbiome diversity and composition.' This directly contradicts the idea that everyone's microbiome composition is identical, as it highlights variability influenced by behavior.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (i) There is a significant difference between strains in larval locomotion speed, and there is significant difference between DAN-d1, DAN-d1 × RNAi and WT, but these differences do not affect the learning ability of larvae. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. One-way multiple comparisons test. numbers, see Table S3. Figure S7. Over-excitation of DANs during learning impairs larval aversive learning. Third instar larvae with ChR2 expression in most DANs (TH-Gal4) were used. Activation of DANs during training impairs larval aversive learning (a), while keeps appetitive learning intact (c). No learning behaviors are observed in the control distilled water (DW) groups (b). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, ***p < 0. 001. numbers, see Table S4. Supplementary TablesTable S1. Other strains used in this study. Table S2. N numbers of learning assays with thermogenetics. Table S3. N numbers of DD2R knockdown experiments. Table S4. N numbers of learning assays with optogenetics10. 1016/j. cell. 2014. 03. 0012Neve K. A. Seamans J. K. Trantham-Davidson H. 2004Dopamine receptor signalingJ 24:165–205 J. H2013Dopamine signaling in reward-related behaviorsCircuits 7 C. Nash S. R. Robinson S. W. Jaber M. Caron M. G1998Dopamine receptors: from structure to function78:189–225 A. Dunnett S. B2007Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: an update30:194–202 M. V. Antzoulatos E. G. Miller E. K2014Prefrontal dopamine in associative learning and memoryNeuroscience 282:217–229 M2014The ventral tegmentum and dopamine: A new wave of diversityNeuroscience 282:243–247 R. Benarroch E. E2014Dopamine receptor signaling in the forebrain: recent insights and clinical implicationsNeurology 83:758–767 J. M. Gainetdinov R. R2011The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors63:182–217 M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects at all. It discusses differences in larval locomotion speed and behaviors in response to dopamine signaling, which are unrelated topics. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Stated of America has been at the top world rank in terms of geothermal power capacity [46], Turkey, Kenya, Indonesia and the Philippines would be responsible for most of the technology growth and continue to lead capacity additions beyond 2022. Geothermal power cumulative capacity and additions in leading countries are depicted in Figure 6 [44]. Figure 6. Geothermal power capacity and additions in top countries by 2018 [44]. Geothermal technology exploitation depends primarily on the resource potential and economic considerations, but generally, most existing geothermal facilities worldwide use flash or dry-steam technologies. However, on global scale, binary-cycle technology has been the fastest progressing technology in recent time, due in part to rising utilization of relatively low-temperature resources [44]. i. e. , thermal energy consumption of geothermal energy technology is one of the common and versatile form of utilizing the underground heat [47]. The installed global total of geothermal power capacity for sectors is estimated at 26 GWt at the end of 2018 [44]. The distribution of geothermal applications is categorized as: 58. 8% for heat pumps, 18% for bathing and swimming, 16% for space heating, 3. 5% for greenhouse heating, 1. 6% for industrial applications, 1. 3% for raceway heating and aquaculture pond, while the remainder goes to other applications such as agricultural drying and snow melting and cooling, etc. [47]. Geothermal heat pumps have the greatest geothermal utilization worldwide, accounting for 59. 2% of the annual energy use and 71. 6% of the installed capacity by 2020. The installed capacity for geothermal based heat pumps approaching 77,547 MWt mostly built in North America, Europe and China. The size of individual systems ranges from 5. 5 kW for residential installation to greater than 150 kW for commercial and institutional units [47]. Most heat pumps systems in Europe are sized for the heating load that are designed to meet the base load, with surging by fossil fuels. In Finland, as an example, some of these units reached an operation of up to 3,000 equivalent full-load heating hours per year i. e. , a capacity factor of 0. 34. Space heating, including district heating and individual space heating, has now an installed capacity of 12,768 MWt and an annual energy use of 162,979 TJ/yr. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing geothermal energy as a widely utilized technology for harnessing underground heat. It specifically refers to 'thermal energy consumption of geothermal energy technology' as a 'common and versatile form of utilizing the underground heat,' which directly supports the claim about using heat for power generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 6) which was used to remove adaptors and trim reads with base quality below a Phred score of 20 resulting in 2,300,451 reads. Trimmed sequences were then processed using the Mothur software (version 1. 45. 3; [31] using standard operating procedure (accessed May 2021). Briefly, the sequences were assembled into contigs and further quality trimmed. Identical sequences were merged, and singletons were removed. Remaining sequences were aligned against the SILVA database (Release 132). Chimeric sequences were removed using the function. Remaining sequences were clustered into Units (OTUs) with 97% similarity. Samples with fewer than 1000 reads were dropped from subsequent analysis as the low sequence read count may skew downstream analysis [32]. Statistical analysisFiles were imported into RStudio (version 4. 1. 2) using the phyloseq R package (version 1. 36. 0 [33]). Variance stabilization transformation was applied to the OTU counts to account for the differences in library size across samples using the Deseq2 R package (version 1. 32. 0; [34]. Analyses were also performed using raw data and data rarified to 1810 sequences, which is size of the sample with the lowest read count after filtering, however, the analyses of these data yielded similar results, so we present them in the supplement only (Additional file 1: Tables S2–S5). To quantify alpha diversity, we calculated Shannon’s index, Chao1, and observed OTUs (using phyloseq R package), which were then used as the dependent variable in linear mixed effect models. Chao1 and observed OTUs were log-transformed to better fit model assumptions. The independent variables of each model were the number of different objects the bird visited, scaled body mass, sex, latency to approach first object, and activity level. Capture location and date were used as the random effects in the model (lme4 R package version 1. 1–27. 1; [35]). To quantify beta diversity, which quantifies differences in microbial community composition, we divided birds into ‘high explorer’ (visited 2–5 objects; n = 25), and ‘low explorer’ (visited 0–1 objects; n = 20) groups. We then calculated dissimilarity matrices using both Bray–Curtis and weighted-UniFrac distances. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing methods for analyzing microbial community composition, stating that beta diversity quantifies differences in microbial community composition. This suggests that microbiome compositions can vary among different subjects, countering the idea that they are identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: O. et al. 2019Dopamine: Functions, Signaling, and Association with Neurological DiseasesNeurobiol 39:31–59 S2010Dopamine reveals neural circuit mechanisms of fly memory33:457–464 J. Krause W. C. Davis R. L2008Olfactory memory traces in DrosophilaRes 169:293–304 H. J. Tong C. Tsuda H2010100 years of Drosophila research and its impact on vertebrate neuroscience: a history lesson for the futureNeurosci 11:514–522 S. Seto E. S2014Dopamine dynamics and signaling in Drosophila: an overview of genes, drugs and behavioral paradigms63:107–119 M2003Mushroom body memoir: from maps to modelsNeurosci 4:266–275 R. L. 2004Olfactory learningNeuron :31–48 K. Furukubo-Tokunaga K2005Induction of cAMP response element-binding protein-dependent medium-term memory by appetitive gustatory reinforcement in Drosophila larvaeJ Neurosci 25:7905–7913 K. Furukubo-Tokunaga K2009Distinctive neuronal networks and biochemical pathways for appetitive and aversive memory in Drosophila larvaeJ Neurosci 29:852–862 A. et al. 2016of and Memory in 12 W. G. Harris W. A. Benzer S1974Conditioned behavior in Drosophila melanogaster71:708–712 B. L. Bonini N. Dawson D. R. Quinn W. G1983Reward learning in normal and mutant 80:1482–1486 G. Davis R. L2001Molecular biology and anatomy of Drosophila olfactory associative learningBioessays 23:571–581 W. G. Dudai Y1976Memory phases in DrosophilaNature 262:576–577 S. Armstrong J. D. Kitamoto T. Kaiser K. Quinn W. G2000The amnesiac gene product is expressed in two neurons in the Drosophila brain that are critical for memoryCell 103:805–813 Y. Jan Y. N. Byers D. Quinn W. G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects. Instead, it lists various studies and research on dopamine and olfactory memory in Drosophila, without mentioning anything about quantum mechanics or the functional aspects of olfactory receptors, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: In terms of annual energy use, the leaders are Turkey, Russia, Japan, the United States, and Switzerland, accounting for about 75% of the world’s individual space heating and nearly 90% of the world’s total use in district heating. Use or what is alternatively called offers large-scale viable systems that optimize the value stream of lower temperature resources through a multiple of purposes, from electricity production to direct cooling and heating, commercial and industrial applications, etc. [46]. Table 4 provides a summary of the installed capacity factor (in MWt), and leading states for various categories of for the year 2020. Utilization(MWt)Capacity FactorLeaders in annual energy utilization (TJ/yr)Geothermal heat pumps77,5470. 245United States, China, Germany, Sweden and FinlandSpace heating12,7680. 405Turkey, Russia, Switzerland, the and JapanGreenhouse heating2,4590. 462China, Turkey, Netherlands, Hungary and RussiaAquacultural pond heating9500. 463United States, China, Italy, Iceland and IsraelAgricultural drying2570. 435China, Hungary, France, Japan and United StatesIndustrial uses8520. 610New Zealand, China, Russia, Iceland and HungaryBathing and swimming12,2530. 473Japan, China, Turkey, Mexico and BrazilSnow melting4350. 189Iceland, Japan, United States, Argentina and SloveniaOther1060. 584(irrigation and frost protection), Japan (cooking) and Kenya (boiling water)Total107,727Table 4. MWt and leading states for various categories of direct-utilization for the year 2020 [4]. Advertisement 4. Economic and environmental impacts of geothermal energyIn addition of being harnessed for the production of electrical energy, geothermal energy can also be utilized for various thermal applications including industrial heat input and space heating. Geothermal waters are highly beneficial for health and well-being, treat arthritis and skin diseases. Production of freshwater and minerals exploiting the hot reinjected brine of geothermal resource is also a viable and economic option [4]. Furthermore, geothermal energy resources improve the security and defense of the country through their exploitation in military facilities such as heating of runways and heliports and wide range applications of heat pumps [48]. For the above-mentioned advantages, many countries offer incentives for the use of the technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that geothermal energy is not only utilized for electricity production but also for various thermal applications, including industrial heat input and space heating. It emphasizes the versatility of geothermal energy, which can be harnessed for a variety of purposes, thereby supporting the idea that it involves harnessing heat from beneath the Earth’s surface.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: We then used the adonis2 function to run in the vegan R package (version 2. 5–7; [36] set at 999 permutations, which compares the centroids of microbial communities of different groups with either Bray–Curtis or weighted UniFrac distances as the dependent variable. The independent variables included were exploratory behavior (high explorer or low explorer), sex, scaled body mass, activity levels, latency to visit first object, capture location and trial date. Date and capture location were included as fixed effects because cannot accommodate mixed effect models. also cannot accommodate continuous variables, so scaled body mass, activity levels, and latency to visit first object were converted into discrete variables by using quartiles to split data into four groups. We also compared the dispersion of the two groups with a test using the betadisper function in vegan [37]. We used principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots to visualize the dissimilarity distances between the groups. Finally, to determine any taxa that were significantly different between high and low explorers we used the Linear discriminate analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) function in Mothur. The results from the analysis were adjusted for multiple comparisons with the Benjamini–Hochberg correction [38]. To generate predictions about the functions of the microbiome communities we used the Tax4Fun2 R package (version 1. 1. 5) which calculates a functional profile by associating OTUs with KEGG orthologue functional genes (KO) and their metabolic pathways. Although Tax4Fun2 does not measure functional capacity directly, it is considered more accurate at determining microbial functions than other programs [39]. We used the LEfSe function on the Galaxy server ( to determine which functional pathways are differentially abundant between the high and low explorers. The results from the analysis were adjusted for multiple comparisons with the Benjamini–Hochberg correction [38]. Availability of data and materials Sequences analyzed in the current study were deposited in the NCBI database under 838556 (Accession no. SRX15281955—SRX15282029). 14. Genome Biol. 2014;15:550. J Stat Softw. 2015;67:1–48. 2020. Multivariate dispersion as a measure of beta diversity. Ecol Lett. 2006;9:683–93. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study that examines the microbial communities of different groups based on various independent variables such as exploratory behavior and capture location. By employing statistical methods like the adonis2 function and comparing dispersion between groups, the text implies that there are significant differences in microbiome composition between individuals, suggesting that microbiome compositions are not identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Benzer S1976dunce, a mutant of Drosophila deficient in learning73:1684–1688 R. L. Dauwalder B1991dunce locus: learning and memory genes in the fly7:224–229 J. R. Skoulakis E. M. Han K. A. Kalderon D. Davis R. L1998Tripartite mushroom body architecture revealed by antigenic markers5:38–5128Saumweber T. et al. 2018Functional architecture of reward learning in mushroom body extrinsic neurons of larval Drosophila9 R. F2001Drosophila as a focus in olfactory research: mapping of olfactory sensilla by fine structure, odor specificity, odorant receptor expression, and central connectivityTech 55:284–296 A. et al. 2005Glomerular maps without cellular redundancy at successive levels of the Drosophila larval olfactory circuit15:982–992 A. M. Wang J. W. Axel R2002Spatial representation of the glomerular map in the Drosophila protocerebrumCell 109:229–241 T. Lee A. Luo L1999Development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies: sequential generation of three distinct types of neurons from a neuroblastDevelopment 126:4065–4076 Z. Davis R. L2009Eight different types of dopaminergic neurons innervate the Drosophila mushroom body neuropil: anatomical and physiological heterogeneityCircuits 3 J. Pandey R. Wasser M. Udolph G2011Orthodenticle is necessary for survival of a cluster of clonally related dopaminergic neurons in the Drosophila larval and adult brain6 C. et al. 2006Light-induced activation of distinct modulatory neurons triggers appetitive or aversive learning in Drosophila larvae16:1741–1747 K. S. Demchyshyn L. L. McConkey F. Forte M. A. Niznik H. B1995A primordial dopamine D1-like adenylyl cyclase-linked receptor from Drosophila melanogaster displaying poor affinity for benzazepinesFEBS Lett 362:131–138 K. A. Millar N. S. Grotewiel M. S. Davis R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not contain any information regarding olfactory receptors or quantum effects. Instead, it appears to reference various research studies focused on Drosophila and neuronal types, which does not provide any insight into the claim about olfactory receptor functioning through quantum effects.