Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: Dies ist nun geschehen, so dass sich jetzt eine größere, interessierte Leserschaft damit auseinandersetzen und darüber diskutieren kann, welch eine neue Denkwelt sich im Rahmen des Ideen-, Wissens- und Innovations-Managements eröffnet. „Innovation“ ist, nachdem es von Schumpeter, dem österreichischen Nationalökonomen, „entdeckt“ wurde, heute in aller Munde und hat viele Deutungen erlebt sowie mehr oder weniger effizient ausgerichtete Trends in der Technik, in der Wirtschaft und in der Gesellschaft ausgelöst. Nun denn, „schöpferische Zerstörung“ ist notwendig, um der Kreativität den Weg zu ebnen; denn Innovation entsteht durch die Umsetzung von Kreativität. Ist ein solcher Weg begehbar, lösen geistige Fiktionen in Verbindung mit Wissen und Erfahrung bei uns Menschen neue Ideen aus. Werden sodann diese mit dem gegenwärtigen Kenntnis- und Erfahrungsstand realisiert und als neues Produkt oder neue Dienstleistung auf dem Markt erfolgreich ← 9 | 10 →nachgefragt, so können wir davon ausgehen, dass im klassischen Sinne eine Innovation vorliegt. Dabei ist zu berücksichtigen, dass Innovationen nur auf einem Nährboden entstehen, der auch Unvorhergesehenes wachsen lässt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses concepts of innovation, creativity, and the evolution of ideas without mentioning anything about astrobiologists or contact with alien civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Many similar effective N2-fixing PGPR inoculation results have been reported on maize plant under low fertiliser-N (ca. 48 kg N ha−1) condition, with strains such as Bacillus spp. , Klebsiella spp. , Azospirillum spp. , Azotobacter spp. and Pantoea spp. [6, 34]. These researchers attributed the increase in plant-N uptake and dry biomass of inoculated plants to PGP abilities such as BNF, phosphate solubilisation and root promoting phytohormone production namely IAA, cytokinin and gibberellin. The five selected PGPR strains showed positive reactions on Nfb media, a differentiating media for screening PGPR with potential BNF ability [34]. The colour change phenomenon from green (pH 7. 0) to blue (above pH 7. 6) is due to the bromothymol blue content which changes colour with increase in pH above neutral. This increase in pH is due to the formation of fixed-ammonia from atmospheric N2 through natural N2 fixation phenomenon. In addition, this N2 fixation screening method allows selection of strains with higher survival traits in N-deprived soil condition [10]. Besides N2 fixation, these five strains have other PGP abilities, namely phosphate solubilisation and IAA production. The clear halo zones exhibited around the bacterial colonies in Pikovskaya media were in response to the solubilisation of insoluble inorganic phosphates by organic acids. Song et al. [35] attributed the efficiency to solubilise insoluble phosphates in Burkholderia cepacia, a PGPR isolated from cultivated soils in Korea, to its high level of organic acid productions namely gluconic acid. Other organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and B. megaterium have also been reported to have high phosphate solubilisation efficiency [36]. The PGPR strains in this study produced considerable amounts of IAA (5–13 μg mL−1) which were comparable to those presented in other reports. Among other, Egamberdiyeva et al. [37] reported 0. 3 μg mL−1 and 0. 5 μg mL−1 for Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Mycobacterium phlei, whereas Sachdev et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how specific strains of nitrogen-fixing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can increase plant nitrogen uptake and biomass through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). It explicitly mentions the contribution of BNF processes from these microorganisms to enhance plant growth, thus supporting the assertion that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient DNA has been successfully extracted from remains as old as 400,000 years, providing insights into the ancestry of modern humans. [SEP] Text: 21,22 Most would proceed with a radioiodine scan to establish if a lesion consistent with a follicular neoplasm is autonomous, which essentially though not entirely rules out the possibility of malignancy. 23 lesions may be autonomous,24 removal without scanning3 is generally recommended. This has become standard practice, even though there is no compelling basis for removing an autonomous Hurthle cell lesion. In the era when scans were done before FNA, a higher percentage of autonomous or "hot" nodules were never aspirated. No doubt some of these were undiagnosed, innocuous Hurthle cell adenomas. In the case of the lesion that is suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma, virtually no data exist to support the role of isotopic imaging. Because, according to many authors, the odds are greater than a 50% chance that the lesion is malignant, removal is recommended. We generally recommend an ipsilateral thyroidectomy in those cases presenting lesions consistent with follicular neoplasms that are not autonomous or Hurthle cell neoplasms. This is because the respective odds of malignancy are only about 15% each,20 making unilateral surgery, which does not cause profound hypothyroidism and avoids the risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism and bilateral laryngeal nerve injury resulting from a bilateral procedure, sufficient in 85% of cases. On the other hand, in cases of lesions suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma, bilateral surgery is the preferred strategy for most. This is because the odds are greater than 50% that it will be necessary once a final diagnosis is made. In any event, in my opinion it is critical for physicians to discuss the pros and cons of unilateral vs. bilateral thyroidectomy with patients. These discussions should be based on whether or not there are contralateral nodules, the risk they carry for malignancy, whether or not they are autonomous -which is more common in areas of marginal iodine sufficiency and increases the risk for developing thyrotoxicosis over time-, and patient preference. recommend calcitonin measurements as part of the initial evaluation of thyroid nodules. 25 This approach has not been embraced in the USA for several reasons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses medical protocols related to thyroid lesions and does not mention ancient DNA, archaeological remains, or the ancestry of modern humans. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: Der hierzu notwendige Prozess ist rekursiv und braucht, um beschleunigt zu werden, ein Management, das mit „Fiction“ und „Science“ darauf zielt, Innovationen zu ermöglichen. Um dies zu erreichen, ist eine interne sowie externe Inszenierung Voraussetzung, in der der Verantwortliche eher zu einem Ermöglicher, d. h. Experimentator, als zu einem Vollstrecker, d. h. Exekutor, wird. Auf dieser Basis ist er sodann mehr der Beschleuniger bzw. Akzelerator als der in etwa auf Compliance bedachte Manager. Eine solche Hinwendung lässt sich durch ein „Science & Fiction-Management“ erreichen und führt dabei in eine neue Denkwelt. In ihr ist ein Fortschritt nur möglich, wenn man intelligent hin und wieder auch einmal gegen die Regeln verstößt. hierzu wird in der Publikation, die als eine Streitschrift bezeichnet, nachvollziehbar beschrieben: Hier liegt ein Ansatz vor, der sich mit der Innovation der Innovation befasst. Auf diese Weise wird er gleichzeitig zu einem Handbuch für Akzeleratoren, die die vorgestellten Parallelwelten nicht im theoretischen Raum belassen, sondern in eine reale Praxis überführen, um sie als direkte Analogie, als Metapher und/oder als assoziative Anregung zu erproben. Aus diesem Blickwinkel heraus ist das „Science & Fiction-Management“ hilfreich, damit Neues bzw. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss astrobiology, contact with alien civilizations, or any related topics. Instead, it focuses on management processes, innovation, and a concept called 'Science & Fiction-Management', which is unrelated to the claim that astrobiologists have made contact with aliens.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: [38] reported the highest level of 27. 5 μg mL−1 from their collections of K. pneumoniae strains. In nature, IAA is synthesised by plants and PGPR from amino acid tryptophan, a common precursor in root exudates through transamination and decarboxylation biochemical reactions [19]. It is estimated that 80% of soil rhizosphere bacteria can produce IAA, whereas almost all (98%) the PGPR strains isolated by Arruda et al. [7] from the plant rhizospheres were able to produce IAA. In this study, the positive correlations between IAA productions by PGPR and most maize plant growth parameters (plant top and root biomass) at D50 strongly suggested the influence of phytohormone IAA on plant growth. However, these positive plant growth effects from IAA on plant top and root biomass were not apparent at ear harvest (D65), possibly due to the pot environment. IAA enhances plant growth mainly through extension of root system to reach larger soil volume for increased water and nutrient uptake. The common soil volume in all treatments could gradually limit this beneficial effects of IAA on root development, especially at the later stage of plant growth, ear harvest (D65) [39]. Rhizosphere usually has higher bacterial biomass and activity than the bulk soil due to the photosynthetically assimilated carbon sources such as carbohydrates, amino acids, amides, vitamins and organic acids in the root exudates [5]. This phenomenon is known as the “rhizosphere effect”, where essential nutrients for soil bacterial growth are abundantly available [40]. In this study, although the PGPR inoculated rhizospheres had higher bacterial colonisation than the uninoculated control, their differences were not statistically significant, which was possibly due to the nature of unsterilised soil condition that allowed competition between the introduced PGPR and indigenous soil bacteria [5]. In general, the total bacterial populations (108 cfu g−1) in the PGPR inoculated rhizospheres were deemed as sufficient to promote nitrogenase activity [34, 41] in their free living state [40]. The significant correlation between bacterial populations in rhizosphere and soil suggests the phenomenon of bacterial migration from the bulk soil to the rhizosphere due to the bacterial ability to respond chemotactically [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) influence plant growth. It highlights the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by rhizobacteria, which enhances root system extension, leading to increased water and nutrient uptake. This aligns with the claim that rhizobacteria contribute positively to plant growth, although the specific mention of nitrogen fixation is less emphasized.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient DNA has been successfully extracted from remains as old as 400,000 years, providing insights into the ancestry of modern humans. [SEP] Text: In other words, the Encounters did not only provide the opportunity for organising and networking, but also served as a space for political training. In order to give the training a more permanent character, we used several methods of documentation to enable all activists to learn from all the panels. The choice of good quality, detailed and diverse documentation was an important political decision made by the organisers, firstly because we wanted to produce materials for the upcoming mass movement, which indeed rose up a couple of months after the Encounters, and secondly because there were three sessions in parallel throughout the Encounters, which constrained participation in at least two thirds of the panels for any of the venue’s participants. 20It was a fortunate confluence of circumstances that saw the Encounters take place at the end of 2018, right before a massive climate movement emerged, marking the year 2019 with unprecedented mobilisations. 21§11. Lastly, the Encounters respond to an acute need for articulating ideological considerations, political plans, strategies and tactics (Eden, 2019). 22§12. In general, social movements tend to consider these four layers in four different time scales: tactics feed into a strategy, the strategy carries the political plan, and the political plan then has ideological impacts on the society as a whole. Each degree of abstraction implies longer periods of time (tactics are generally short-term whereas ideological transformations take place over much longer periods). This is not a valid analysis anymore. We need tactics that win and at the same time execute the transition to a new civilisation. Both (tactical victories and the civilisational transition) need to happen in the short term, dictated by the climate crisis. 23Perhaps more importantly, the different layers (ideology, politics, strategy and tactics) are also considered to have increasing practical flexibility and decreasing analytical flexibility. Tactics are a democratised interpretation of the strategy, with its creative and spontaneous elements. Strategy is a democratised interpretation of the politics, and politics is the democratised interpretation of ideology (hence terms such as realpolitik). Each layer involves more people and implies less theoretical consolidation than the previous layer, thus giving more practical flexibility to the people on the ground. In turn, strategies are designed to include various possible tactics; political analyses encompass a wide range of strategies; and ideological considerations permit diverse political priorities depending on the situation. 24§13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on social movements, political training, and strategies rather than addressing the extraction of ancient DNA or any related scientific evidence. There are no references to ancient DNA or human ancestry that would support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: Innovatives hervorgebracht und realisiert werden kann. ist das Lösen des gordischen Knotens; es ist die Suche nach dem bestmöglichen Weg durch das Kreativitäts- und Innovations-Labyrinth. Ich wünsche der vorliegenden Publikation, dass sie als Streitschrift angenommen wird und als eine Experimentieranweisung für den Science & Fiction-Akzelerator gilt. Möge auf dieser Grundlage der neue Band unserer Schriftenreihe eine offene Praxis finden, in der Ideen-, Wissens- und Innovations-Management eine solide Basis begründen, um in naher Zukunft noch erfolgreicher zu werden. Zürich, Herbst 2015 Dr. rer. pol. Olaf J. Böhme,Gründungspräsident der IDEE-®und Herausgeber ← 10 | 11 →Vorwortund spätere Freundschaft zu begann vor mehr als dreißig Jahren. Wir begegneten uns als Mitarbeiter 1981 im Battelle-Institut in Frankfurt, dem deutschen Ableger der US-amerikanischen Denkfabrik – der damals größten weltweit im Bereich von Naturwissenschaft und Technik. als Dipl. -Designer und Informatiker war geradezu exotisch im Vergleich zu meinem ganz normalen BWL-Diplom. der Kreativitätstechniken war er mein Lehrmeister und schon bald erkannte man, dass er sie einerseits regelkonform anwandte, in den Workshops aber gerne damit experimentierte und je nach Thematik die Anwendungen weiterentwickelte. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss astrobiology, alien civilizations, or any related subjects. Instead, it appears to focus on creativity, innovation, and experiences in a professional context, which are unrelated to the assertion regarding contact with alien civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, it was hypothesised that bacterial mobility could be accelerated by soil water movement [43] in which the soil was maintained at field capacity throughout the study. Similarly, the root-endosphere of maize inoculated with PGPR showed higher bacterial populations, particularly with Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 treatment. Generally, PGPR inoculations (B. subtilis UPMB10, Klebsiella sp. Br1, K. pneumoniae Fr1, B. pumilus S1r1 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2) significantly increased the total N content and dry biomass of maize throughout the study (D50 and D65). Among the PGPR strains, inoculation with B. pumilus S1r1 and K. pneumoniae Fr1 recorded higher amounts of total N content and dry biomass in the respective whole plants, plant tops and different plant parts (tassel, young, ear and old leaves, stalk, ear and root) of maize prior to anthesis (D50) and ear harvest (D65). These increments were strongly attributed to the inherent BNF abilities, as indicated by the significantly lower at. % 15Ne in the plant tops and different plant parts of the inoculated maize compared to the uninoculated control. Lower at. % 15Ne value indicates a marked increase in percentage of N within inoculated maize plant is derived from atmospheric-N [44]. Notably, maize plants in this study were grown under unsterilised condition to simulate the actual field environment where the agricultural soil is generally unsterilised. This practice is prone to underestimate the N2 fixation rate of PGPR since the rate is calculated based on at. % 15Ne of reference plant, which will be indiscriminately influenced by the BNF of indigenous soil bacteria. Therefore, a suitable reference plant with similar plant type, root system and plant growth is crucial in a 15N isotope dilution study to minimise plant variations due to the influence of indigenous soil bacteria [45]. Factoring the conditions into account, the 15N isotope dilution technique is widely regarded as the most accurate and the only direct method available to quantify N status in plant and soil studies for short and long term experiments without any isotope effect or health risk under growth chamber, greenhouse and field conditions [9, 46, 47]. In the present study, maize inoculated with B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that specific plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculations significantly increased the total nitrogen content and dry biomass of maize, indicating that these bacteria enhance plant growth through their inherent nitrogen-fixing abilities. The reference to significantly lower at. % 15Ne values in inoculated maize compared to controls suggests that the nitrogen derived from the inoculated bacteria is indeed coming from atmospheric nitrogen, supporting the notion that rhizobacteria contribute to enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of findings in archaeogenetics have confirmed the interbreeding between early humans and Neanderthals.Archaeogenetics has proven that ancient humans had advanced technologies far superior to modern ones, which have since been lost. [SEP] Text: Rohbeck has ‘pixlutakuk fight,’ going rather with the CSY. The word may not be genuine NSY at all (see under Conclusions below). 3. This word (NSY only) is interesting since it refers to the direction from which the cold arctic wind blows down through (see Fortescue [1988] for how the term’s absolute geographical reference varies according to locality along the coasts of the Arctic). It is unlikely that it could have been gathered anywhere on the Asian side but East Cape, where it is used in just this sense. Table 2 Vowel lengthening in Kerek. Table 3 Loan-words from Eskimo to Chukotian 1. From *ulruaq; Sirenikski uraaX ‘sea lion’ is a loan back from the Chukchi apparently. Note also Koryak uluul, Palana (ʔ)uluʔul ‘sea lion. ’ 2. Inupiaq, apparently from putu ‘hole,’ as verb ‘make hole through,’ referring to (women) dancing with their upper bodies protruding through a hole in the floor or a partition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses linguistic aspects and specific terms related to the Arctic region without providing any information about archaeogenetics, interbreeding between early humans and Neanderthals, or ancient technologies. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: ist er offenbar treu geblieben, denn nun öffnet er zum Ende seines überaus aktiven Lebens als Trainer und Berater für Innovation seine Schatzkiste und verrät uns, dass er nicht nur jahrzehntelang Science-Fiction gelesen hat, sondern dass er diese spezifische Form der Literatur gezielt anzapfen möchte als Ideenquelle für die Gewinnung radikaler, ja visionärer Konzepte. Er nennt sein Werk bewusst eine Streitschrift, weil ihm klar ist, dass er mit seiner Kritik am herkömmlichen Innovations-Management zunächst auf Widerstand stoßen wird. In seiner jahrzehntelangen Erfahrung bei Groß- und Mittelunternehmen konnte er miterleben, wie das Innovations-Management vielfach zur Routine geworden ist, bei der die formalen Dinge eine übergroße Bedeutung erlangt haben, so dass die Gefahr einer Organisations-Sklerose droht, obwohl Experimentierfreude und Mut zum Risiko mehr denn je gefragt sind. Ähnlich wie die Bionik systematisch versucht, Erkenntnisse aus der belebten Natur auf technische Lösungen zu übertragen, so lädt der Verfasser ein, Mechanismen und Ideen aus der SF-Literatur nicht als bloße Phantasie abzutun, sondern ganz gezielt zu analysieren und zu hinterfragen bezüglich einer Verwertbarkeit für neue Methoden und Ansätze im Innovations-Management und bei den vor uns liegenden Problemlösungen und Herausforderungen der Zukunft. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about astrobiologists making contact with alien civilizations in any way. Instead, it discusses the author's experiences in innovation management and the potential role of science fiction literature in generating new ideas. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: pumilus S1r1 accorded the lowest at. % 15Ne or the highest % Ndfa (as well as relative N2 fixed amount) in the plant top, followed by K. pneumoniae Fr1. Inoculation with B. pumilus S1r1 contributed substantial amounts of fixed N to maize plant top of 262 mg N2 fixed plant−1 (30. 5% Ndfa) and 304 mg N2 fixed plant−1 (25. 5% Ndfa) at D50 and D65, respectively, which were equivalent to 14. 0 kg N ha−1 and 16. 2 kg N ha−1, respectively, based on an equivalent planting density of 53,333 plants ha−1. According to Schröder et al. [48], the initial three weeks of maize plant growth requires approximately 0. 50 kg N ha−1 day−1; thus, the amount of fixed N (0. 25–0. 28 kg N ha−1 day−1) from B. pumilus S1r1 inoculation could potentially complement ca. 50% of the total plant-N requirement. Other researchers have reported contributions of fixed N up to 26. 7 kg N ha−1 or 70% of total plant-N in sugarcane inoculated with Azospirillum spp. [11]. The main advantage of N derived from BNF is due to the complete uptake of readily fixed ammonia within the plant with no losses to the environment. N losses between 50–70% of the inorganic fertiliser-N in soils through natural processes such as volatilisation, denitrification and nutrient leaching have been reported [4]. Moreover, plants cultivated in the tropical soils of low pH favour the uptake of N from ammonium or amino acid sources [49]. sources can influence the plant-N content since plants grown under ammonium-N condition will have twice the amount of N in their vegetative parts compared to those grown under nitrate-N condition [50]. Meanwhile, the at. % 15Ne in the plant tops and in the different plant parts of maize generally decreased upon ear harvest (D65). This phenomenon suggests a continuous contribution of unlabelled N from BNF and soil sources towards the dilution of at. % 15Ne in maize (inoculated and uninoculated control) until ear harvest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of B. pumilus S1r1 in fixing nitrogen and its significant contributions to the nitrogen requirements of maize. It indicates that B. pumilus S1r1 contributed substantial amounts of fixed nitrogen to the plant, with notable percentages of nitrogen derived from atmospheric sources, thereby supporting the claim that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ancient civilizations were genetically engineered by extraterrestrial beings to advance human evolution. [SEP] Text: The crucial argument for this assessment follows human rationality criteria: An agent with agency and a concrete goal would have a convergent instrumental reason, in many situations, to acquire an unlimited amount of physical resources and, if possible, to eliminate potential threats to itself and its goal system. Human beings might constitute potential threats; they certainly constitute physical resources (Bostrom 2017, p. 141). 7. Here, for example, it is a question of the assumptions about the goal orientation and the canon of values of such an extraterrestrial superintelligence. 8. Of such mistakes, Bostrom (2017, p. 170) writes: “But there are other ways of failing that we might term ‘malignant’ in that they involve an existential catastrophe. One feature of malignant failure is that it eliminates the opportunity to try again”. The creation of an artificial superintelligence is, Bostrom firmly believes, one of this kind of irreparable civilizational error of mankind. 9. Another reason could be a technological one: Looking at the development of human space exploration, after a short ‘explosive' phase in the sixties and early seventies of the last century (for the reasons Schetsche 2005), it seems to have come to a clear stagnation, in which mankind is not even able (or politically willing) to repeat what has already been achieved so far. With today's prevailing speed of development of terrestrial space technology, the time when ‘we' will be able to reach distant planetary systems with space probes (not to speak of space ships) is no longer even predictable. Possibly we are dealing with a basic problem of biologically based civilizations: Organisms that have evolved in a place conducive to life do not find it easy to explore space itself, which is by and large highly hostile to life (Shostak 2015, p. 950). If this assumption is correct, it is possible to predict that civilizations will not venture into space with vehemence until they have overcome their biological phase. If this is true, it becomes all the more likely that our counterparts in an artifact or encounter scenario will be technological rather than biological entities. 10. This was recently admitted even by Seth Shostak, one of the main proponents of the traditional SETI paradigm: “Within a few dozen years, we are likely to invent generalized artificial intelligence—devices functionally equivalent (or superior) to the human brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of extraterrestrial interactions with humanity, focusing on the potential for an artificial superintelligence rather than a direct genetic engineering of ancient civilizations. It emphasizes that human beings could pose as both threats and resources to an extraterrestrial intelligence, which implies an interest in influencing human development but does not definitively support the idea of civilizations being genetically engineered. Moreover, the text explores the challenges that biologically based civilizations (like humans) face in space exploration, suggesting that technological entities might be the main actors in future scenarios, rather than the direct involvement of extraterrestrial beings in ancient human evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: ← 11 | 12 →Dies klingt nach einem systematischen Matching, geht aber viel weiter, indem er uns eine DENK-Welt zeigt, die es uns erst ermöglicht, solche Inspirationen ernsthaft zu betrachten und im Falle der potentiellen Eignung auch aufzugreifen. Er lädt uns ein zu einer gedanklichen Expedition in nicht weniger als 14 sog. Parallelwelten, in denen wir dem legendären Mr. Spock und seinem Team aus als Metapher ebenso begegnen wie Außerirdischen, die im Innovations-Prozess ernsthaft die Rolle von Aliens übernehmen. entführt uns aber nicht nur in gedankliche Welten, sondern sagt uns ganz konkret, wie wir die Räume gestalten sollten, in denen ein wirklich kreatives visionäres Miteinander gesucht wird. Besonders beeindruckt hat mich das „Schweigende Meeting“, also ein „normales“ Meeting ohne jegliche verbale Kommunikation und der Alien in Residence. Band 14 der Management ist nicht nur eine Streitschrift, die den Status quo der Prozeduren und der DENK-Stile in Frage stellt. Es ist auch ein Handbuch, das dem erfahrenen Forscher Entwickler die Möglichkeit bietet, nach und nach einzelne Parallelwelten in der Praxis zu erproben. Natürlich werden auch Praxisfälle beschrieben, in denen dieser radikale Ansatz unter seiner Anleitung erfolgreich ausprobiert wurde. ein, greifen Sie nach den Sternen … Mainz, Herbst 2015 Prof. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses thought experiments and creative processes related to problem-solving and innovation rather than any actual contact with alien civilizations. It mentions metaphorical interactions with aliens within creative settings but does not provide any evidence or claims that contact has been made with real alien civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: At D50, some tassels have experienced dehiscence, particularly from the uninoculated and Klebsiella sp. Br1 treated maize plants, as exhibited in their unchanged N uptakes at D65 harvest. At the same time, inoculations with other superior N2-fixing PGPR (B. pumilus S1r1, K. pneumoniae Fr1, B. subtilis UPMB10 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2) have delayed the dehiscence of tassels, thus exhibiting significant reductions in N uptakes at D65 harvest. In addition, the influence of PGPR on N remobilisation in maize was clearly demonstrated in the significant interactions found between the PGPR strains and the time of harvests in N uptake and at. % 15Ne parameters of tassel. During grain formation, the ear leaves functioned as supporting organs to continuously channel exogenous and remobilised N to ears [55]. However, the N remobilisation in ear leaves determined using balance remobilisation technique (N uptake and dry biomass) showed no apparent changes between D50 and D65. Favourably, the significantly lower at. % 15Ne in ear leaves of D65 harvest suggested that the N content was diluted with “later” unlabelled-N uptakes from BNF and soil sources. The significant increments of fixed N (% Ndfa) in ear leaves of inoculated maize at D65 further emphasised the role of ear leaves as temporary transits to ears, which had the lowest at. % 15Ne at D65. Meanwhile, B. pumilus S1r1 displayed its superiority in BNF as indicated by the highest amount of fixed N found in the ear leaves instead of the plant stalk, where most fixed N of other PGPR strains was located at D65 harvest. Amidst the fluctuations of N fluxes in the tassel, leaves (young, ear and old) and ear of maize, the at. % 15Ne in plant stalk remained mostly consistent throughout the plant growth, despite having the highest N uptake and dry biomass at D50 and D65 harvests. In addition to the significant increments of plant biomass and N uptake of stalk at D65, these phenomena demonstrated the role of plant stalk as an important N reservoir for maize [54, 55]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of certain PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) in fixing atmospheric nitrogen (BNF) and their impact on nitrogen dynamics in maize plants. It specifically mentions 'the significantly lower at. % 15Ne in ear leaves of D65 harvest suggested that the N content was diluted with “later” unlabelled-N uptakes from BNF and soil sources,' indicating that inoculated strains, such as B. pumilus S1r1, significantly contribute to nitrogen fixation. Additionally, it states that 'B. pumilus S1r1 displayed its superiority in BNF as indicated by the highest amount of fixed N found in the ear leaves,' further supporting that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing nitrogen.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ancient civilizations were genetically engineered by extraterrestrial beings to advance human evolution. [SEP] Text: However, for purposes of initial interaction, this diversity may not be salient, as we are liable to be contacted by a single sociocultural entity”. 33. Already in 1993, following the Theory (by James G. Miller), Harrison had presented a very abstract analysis scheme for extraterrestrial civilizations, which is based on three “systems levels (organism, society, supranational system)” and two “basic processes (matter-energy processing and information processing)”. However, the gain in knowledge of this approach with regard to hypothetical extraterrestrial civilizations seems to remain low in the end—and so it is not surprising that this concept, as far as we can survey the relevant literature, has found only little attention in SETI research so far. 34. The axiom seems to spring from circular reasoning, since the existence of such collective bodies of knowledge is part of the definition of civilization. We could therefore justifiably reverse our axiom and state: We consider a species to be civilizing if it shares common stocks of knowledge, creates new knowledge, distributes it collectively, and reforms its action programs depending on the new knowledge (Traphagen 2014, 35. In the expected asymmetric cultural contact, in which humanity is the technologically inferior civilization, these questions manifest themselves in a worst-case scenario not only in the form of the distinction between war or peace, but ultimately also in that between the extinction and continued existence of our species. This, at least, should be a good reason to think about first contact and about the planned METI projects (cf. Chap. 6). 36. The question of a methodology for the study of extraterrestrial civilizations is carefully left aside here—too much depends on the nature of first contact to consider this point in detail. 37. We are not comfortable with the concept of cosmic convergent evolution as advocated by Martinez (2014). This approach assumes that life everywhere in the universe has an inherent tendency to evolve into ever more complex forms, eventually also giving rise to intelligence and technological civilizations that explore space. The author advocates a teleological—and thus ultimately anthropocentric (Traphagen 2014, p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the lack of significant knowledge gained from the study of extraterrestrial civilizations and implies skepticism about teleological views of evolution, which contradicts the notion that extraterrestrial beings may have genetically engineered ancient civilizations. Terms like 'cosmic convergent evolution' are critiqued, suggesting that the text does not support the claim that extraterrestrial entities intentionally shaped human evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: For us humans today, these are hearing (speaking) as well as seeing (gestures, facial expressions, positioning in space, etc. ). Communication via haptics, smell and taste has moved far into the background in modern times. This is related to the primacy of word, writing and image in technically mediated communication, but is probably also to some extent species-specific and follows from the way of life and environmental adaptation of our animal ancestors. 25. The question of whether civilization-forming species are more likely to have descended from predators has been discussed several times in the SETI literature (for example: Raybeck 2014a). This is supported by the fact that, at least on Earth, hunters are generally more intelligent than their prey (according to Schulze-Makuch and Bains 2017, 26. In addition, there is the difficulty of deciding on the basis of externally visible characteristics whether it is a question of one or more species, as long as nothing is known about the physical variability of the strangers. Entities that appear very different to us humans can belong to the same species (see alone the function-dependent extreme differences in size between the individual entities in terrestrial insects). 27. Which does not exclude the possibility that these spacecraft represent the primary habitat, because this civilization has left its planetary roots long behind. We cannot pursue the idea of a civilization of ‘space nomads', which is often discussed in science fiction, here; we only point out with this example that the social-technological ways of life of alien civilizations can be extremely different. 28. A side thought: If the economy of the aliens follows even a kind of capitalist logic of exploitation in an encounter scenario, our fate is probably sealed. 29. From basic assumptions in evolutionary biology, Levin et al. (2017, 30. We leave aside the question of ‘interstellar' organizations or even ‘galactic' unions of different extraterrestrial civilizations, which is occasionally discussed not only in science fiction but also in SETI research. Even thinking about an extraterrestrial civilization is difficult enough. 31. In this context, from the paper by Levin et al. (2017, 32. Raybeck (2014b, p. 154) rightly points out that much information about the foreign culture will not be available to us during initial contact—this also applies to physical direct contact: “They may come from a civilization as politically, culturally, and ethnically divided as our own. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly; instead, it discusses communication methods and the nature of alien civilizations without providing evidence to support that astrobiologists have made contact. The information pertains to theories and speculations regarding alien species and their possible behaviors, which makes it irrelevant to the claim of having already made contact.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: According to Ta and Weiland [57], plant stalks could contribute similar amounts of remobilised N as the accumulated N in plant leaves to the grain, ca. 40%. The present plant stalks which contained between 30. 5–31. 3% of total plant top N could possibly have several times higher nitrate concentration than the N in the leaves [50] and the nitrate-N is readily available for N remobilisation [54]. In general, the present study has demonstrated that leaves (old, ear and young), tassel and stalk of maize plants had served successively as N sinks and N sources towards ear formation. Nonetheless, plant roots were not investigated in the present study using 15N isotope dilution technique due to their lesser involvement in N fluxes, as they exhibited a low representation of plant biomass (<8%) compared to above ground plant parts [54]. According to Salon et al. , [46], plant roots function mostly as mechanical support and nutrient uptake for growth. Furthermore, the at. % 15Ne in the above and below ground plant parts are normally similar and either of these plant parts will give similar % Ndfa [31]. This study has clearly demonstrated that the isolated PGPR, particularly B. pumilus S1r1 which fixed a significant amount of atmospheric N2, promoted vegetative growth and delayed plant senescence of maize, thereby produced a higher N content and yield of maize ear. ConclusionsThis greenhouse study has demonstrated that inoculation with locally isolated PGPR strains, mainly Bacillus pumilus S1r1, Klebsiella pneumoniae Fr1, Bacillus subtilis UPMB10 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 could significantly increase plant-N uptake, dry biomass and ear yield of maize. These increments are mainly attributed to the BNF ability of the strains, namely B. pumilus S1r1, which is able to fix up to 304 mg N2 fixed plant−1 at ear harvest (D65), and possibly other PGP abilities such as IAA production and phosphate solubilisation. The biomass production of plant tops and roots is correlated positively with IAA production by the PGPR strains. The maize plants inoculated with PGPR strains also exhibited delayed plant senescence, particularly in the tassel, which consequently improved the ear yield. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how the isolated PGPR strains, particularly Bacillus pumilus S1r1, fixed significant amounts of atmospheric N2 and promoted vegetative growth and yield of maize. It states that these strains could increase plant-N uptake and biomass, directly linking the nitrogen fixation capabilities of rhizobacteria to enhanced plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ancient civilizations were genetically engineered by extraterrestrial beings to advance human evolution. [SEP] Text: The camouflage thesis, according to which extraterrestrials create artificial bodies that look confusingly similar to human bodies after prolonged observation of the Earth for the purpose of exploring our planet or also for establishing contact as carriers of their consciousness, is excluded here (Schetsche 2008, 1967. 46. Following one of the possible resolutions of the Fermi paradox, namely the consideration that post-biological secondary civilizations have little interest in contact with a biological species and wait accordingly with the establishment of contact until ‘the machines' have also taken over on Earth, one could also conclude: If direct contact takes place, we are probably dealing with a biological or with a hybrid civilization. However, this assumes that the premise of these considerations is correct. In this respect, too, we are anything but certain. 1966. Construction of Reality. A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 2018. Anthromorphism in the Search for Extra-– of Cognition? 143: 163–168. 2014. Superintelligenz. Szenarien einer kommenden Revolution. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. 2017. Superintelligence. Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Reprinted with corrections). Oxford: Press. 2014. for the Development of Interstellar Communication. In Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication, Ed. Douglas A. Vakoch, 203–226. Washington: NASA. 2002. Defining ‚Life‘. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 32: 387–393. 2002. Geology of Mankind. Nature 415: 23. 2011. Erde hat keinen Notausgang. Energie und Politik im Anthropozän. Berlin: Suhrkamp. 2003. Cultural Evolution, the Postbiological Universe, and SETI. of Astrobiology 2 (1): 65–74. 2018. Anthropocence. A Introduction. Oxford: Press. 2009. Philosophische Anthropologie. des 20. Jahrhunderts. Freiburg im Breisgau: Karl Alber. 1986. Der Mensch. und seine Stellung in der Welt. Wiesbaden: Aula-Verlag. 2010. Zwischenlagen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the premise of extraterrestrial beings genetically engineering ancient civilizations is questionable. It discusses the 'camouflage thesis' and implications of contact with extraterrestrial life, ultimately indicating uncertainty about the intentions of such civilizations towards biological ones and suggesting that conclusions about their influence need to be critically examined.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: Das Außerordentliche als Grund der sozialen Wirklichkeit. Weilerswist: Vellbrück. 2012. Haut und sein Beitrag zur Körper-Grenzerfahrung. In Körperkontakt. Interdisziplinäre Erkundungen, Hrsg. Renate-und Michael Schetsche, 29–54. Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag. 1993. about Extraterrestrial Intelligence: of Theory. 38 (3): 189–217. 2014. Intelligence: in Tools for Describing other „Types“ of Intelligence on Earth. 94: 676–680. 2010. Der Superorganismus. von Ameisen, Bienen, Wespen und Termiten. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 4. Aufl. ) 2015. Evolutionsbiologie. Stuttgart: UTB. 2014. Ethology, Ethnology, and Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence. In Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication, Hrsg. Douglas A. Vakoch, 227–234. Washington: NASA. 2017. Darwin’s Aliens. of Astrobiology. Zugegriffen: 15. Januar 2018Martinez, Claudio L. Flores. 2014. SETI in the Light of Evolution. 104: 341–349. 2003. of Biological Hyperspace. of Astrobiology 2 (2): 149–152. 63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 158. Washington: NASA. 2016. des Menschen im Kosmos. Berlin: Contumax. 2008. Auge in Auge mit dem maximal Fremden. Kontaktszenarien aus soziologischer Sicht. Menschen und Außerirdischen. im Spiegel der Kulturwissenschaft, Hrsg. und Martin Engelbrecht, 227–253. Bielefeld: transcript. 2009. Der maximal Fremde. Überlegungen zu einer transhumanen Handlungstheorie. für Soziologie 19 (3): 469–491. 2018. Zur Einleitung: Heterodoxien in der Moderne. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding astrobiologists making contact with alien civilizations. It appears to be a collection of references and titles concerning various topics, including astrobiology and extraterrestrial intelligence, but does not provide any information or evidence that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Effect of seed inoculation with indigenous Rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on nutrients uptake and yields of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ). Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2014; 63: 70–77. View 37. Egamberdiyeva D. The effect of plant growth promoting bacteria on growth and nutrient uptake of maize in two different soils. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2007; 36: 184–189. View 38. . Isolation and characterization of indole acetic acid (IAA) producing Klebsiella pneumonia strains from rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and their effect on plant growth. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2009; 47: 993–1000. pmid:20329704 View 39. . Burkholderia phytofirmas strain PsJN advanced development and altered leaf level physiology of switchgrass. Biomass Bioenerg. 2015; 83: 493–500. View 40. Bürgmann. Effects of model root exudates on structure and activity of a soil diazotroph community. Environ. Microbiol. 2005; 7: 1711–1724. pmid:16232286 View 41. James EK. Nitrogen fixation in endophytic and associative symbiosis. Field Crop. Res. 2000; 65: 197–209. View 42. Compant S, Clément C, Sessitsch A. Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2010; 42: 669–678. View 43. . Root colonization by inoculated plant growth rhizobacteria. Biocontrol Sci. Techn. 2001; 11: 557–574. View 44. Boddey RM. Methods for quantification of nitrogen fixation associated with gramineae. CRC Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 1987; 6: 209–266. View 45. . Misconceptions and practical problems in the use of 15N soil enrichment techniques for estimating N2 fixation. 1993; 152: 25–52. View 46. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that discuss the role of certain bacteria, including Rhizobium and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, in enhancing plant growth and nutrient uptake. Specifically, the mention of 'nitrogen fixation' in 'Nitrogen fixation in endophytic and associative symbiosis' suggests a direct connection between the presence of these bacteria and the increased growth of plants through nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ancient civilizations were genetically engineered by extraterrestrial beings to advance human evolution. [SEP] Text: AbstractWithin the uncertainties of involved astronomical and biological parameters, the typically predicts that there should be many exoplanets in our galaxy hosting active, communicative civilizations (ACCs). These optimistic calculations are however not supported by evidence, which is often referred to as the Fermi Paradox. Here, we elaborate on this long-standing enigma by showing the importance of planetary tectonic style for biological evolution. We summarize growing evidence that a prolonged transition from Mesoproterozoic active single lid tectonics (1. 6 to 1. 0 Ga) to modern plate tectonics occurred in the (1. 0 to 0. 541 Ga), which dramatically accelerated emergence and evolution of complex species. We further suggest that both continents and oceans are required for ACCs because early evolution of simple life must happen in water but late evolution of advanced life capable of creating technology must happen on land. We resolve the (1) by adding two additional terms to the Drake Equation: foc (the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant continents and oceans) and fpt (the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant continents and oceans that have had plate tectonics operating for at least 0. 5 Ga); and (2) by demonstrating that the product of foc and fpt is very small (< 0. 00003–0. 002). We propose that the lack of evidence for ACCs reflects the scarcity of long-lived plate tectonics and/or continents and oceans on exoplanets with primitive life. Similar content being viewed by others Evolution of the structure and impact of Earth’s biosphere 1. This implies that some important variables are missing from the or their magnitudes are incorrectly estimated. The inconsistency has been repeatedly analyzed and various solutions have been offered to reduce the number of ACCs, in particular due to the rareness of complex life2 (multi-cellular life with complex cells and functions, such as algae, land plants, fungi, animals on Earth)3,4,5,6,7 compared to primitive single-cell life in our galaxy. Among others, plate tectonics has been repeatedly proposed as one of the rare conditions for complex life2. Our approach to address this long-standing enigma is to re-examine the history of life on Earth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the rarity of active, communicative civilizations (ACCs) in our galaxy and supports the idea that complex life, which is necessary for advanced civilizations, is extremely scarce. It emphasizes planetary conditions like tectonics for the evolution of complex species and suggests that these conditions are not prevalent on exoplanets. This indicates that the idea of extraterrestrial beings genetically engineering ancient civilizations is not supported by current understanding and evidence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: In Heterodoxie. Konzepte, Traditionen, Figuren der Abweichung, Hrsg. und Ina Schmied-Knittel, 9–33. Köln: Herbert von Halem. 2017. Zoo. on Many Worlds. Cham: Springer Nature. 2015. Searching for Clever Life. Astrobiology 15 (11): 948–950. 2012. Hypothesis: Civilizations in our Universe and Implications for METI and SETI. 78: 55–68. 1995. Transitions in Evolution. Oxford, New York: Freeman and Company. 2017. Evolutionary Exobiology: Towards the of on Exoplanets. of Astrobiology. Zugegriffen: 18. Januar 2018Storch, Volker, & Michael Wink. (3. Aufl. ) 2013. Evolutionsbiologie. Heidelberg: Springer. 2011. Leben. Wörterbuch der Biologie. Geschichte und Theorie der biologischen Grundbegriffe, Bd. 2. Stuttgart: Metzler: 420–483. 2014. Culture and Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence. In Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication, Hrsg. Douglas A. Vakoch, 159–172. Washington: NASA. 2015. The AI Revolution: or Extinction. and Douglas A. 2014. of Extraterrestrials. Synthesis and Estimates of the Prevalence of Intelligence beyond Earth. In Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication, Ed. Douglas A. Vakoch, 189–202. Washington: NASA. 2014. Inferring Intelligence. Prehistoric and Extraterrestrial. In Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication, Ed. Douglas A. Vakoch, 112–128. Washington: NASA. 2010. Kosmologie – Intelligenzen im All. Hannover: Heise. 10. 1007/978-3-658-41317-0_10Download citation. RIS. ENW. : 23 June 2023 Publisher Name: : 978-3-658-41316-3 Online ISBN: 978-3-658-41317-0eBook Packages: Social Sciences(R0)Share this 34. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding contact with alien civilizations. Instead, it lists various academic sources and topics related to astrobiology without confirming or denying the existence of contact with extraterrestrial life, thus rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Services on 10. 4067/S0718-27912008000400003 J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. v 8 noespecial 2008 (6-11) of Metals and Metalloids on Diversity and David Crowley* Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, USA 92521. *E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Metal and metalloids; soil microbial diversity; contaminated soils. Metal and metalloid concentrations in soil exert an enormous influence on the diversity, composition, and activity of soil microorganisms that carry out essential ecosystem services. At low concentrations, microorganisms can compete for essential trace elements that are required to support their growth and in this manner affect plant nutrition and disease through the production of metal chelators. At high concentrations, the toxic effects of metals result in reduced microbial diversity and altered rates of key biological processes that underlie ecosystem function. The latter is now of great concern as large land areas across the globe have become contaminated with metals from land application of wastes and atmospheric deposition of heavy metals. An understanding of how plants, soils, organic matter, and microorganisms influence metal transformations in the rhizosphere is thus critical for managing soils to assure the long term protection of soil quality, food safety, and ecosystem function. One of the major difficulties in making practical management decisions with respect to metal pollution for different types of soils has been our inability to derive bioindicators of soil quality that can provide indices of soil quality across the landscape at different scales and over time. Ecosystems respond very differently to acute and chronic metal toxicities depending on their chemical properties and prior exposure histories. Toxicities are particularly influenced by physico-chemical conditions in soils that influence the bioavailability of metals and metalloids to plants and microorganisms. Nonetheless, the dynamic nature of microbial communities, which respond much faster to changes in management practices than do soil physical and chemical properties enables us to use bioindicators as a sensitive tools for predicting possible long term changes in soil properties. From a land management perspective, it is critical that soil microbiologists offer appropriate bioindicators for use in measuring the impacts of soil pollution on soil biological properties and extend knowledge as to how specific bioindicators may reflect long term changes in soil quality that can be used to guide land management practices and remediation of contaminated soils. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how soil microbial diversity directly influences ecosystem services. It explains that metal and metalloid concentrations in soil significantly affect the diversity and activity of soil microorganisms, which are responsible for essential ecosystem functions. The text emphasizes the importance of understanding the interaction between soil properties and microbial communities and their role in managing soil quality and ecosystem function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ancient civilizations were genetically engineered by extraterrestrial beings to advance human evolution. [SEP] Text: It is widely accepted that this began by 3800 Ma and that complex multicellular heterotrophs (animals) did not evolve until after 1000 Ma. Ward and Brownlee2 note “Over and over again the same question arises, why did it take so long for animals to emerge on planet Earth? Was it due to external environmental factors, such as the lack of oxygen for so long in the history of this planet, or to biological factors, such as the absence of key morphological or physiological innovations? ” These insights build on our new understanding that the explosion of complex life (algae, land plants, animals)3,4,5,6,7 in time (1000–541 Ma) leading to the development of our own ACC was a consequence of a prolonged and profound transformation of Earth’s global tectonic regime from single lid to plate tectonics (“Methods”). This time period is characterized by extreme variability in atmospheric oxygen levels7 and records the transition from a largely bacterial toward (to a large extent) an eukaryotic phototrophic world5,6. In this paper, we build on the previous studies suggesting the importance of plate tectonics for the development of complex life2. Firstly, we discuss the importance of the late (Neoproterozoic) onset of the modern plate tectonics regime. We begin by exploring what kinds of tectonics an active silicate body can have and then explain that such bodies likely have complex tectonic histories as they age and cool. Then we address three key aspects concerning reconstructing the evolution of the only planet with life and an ACC that we know of—Earth. Secondly, we demonstrate and explain how and why the late (Neoproterozoic) onset of the modern plate tectonics regime accelerated complex life evolution, which is the reason for us to introduce the respective fpt term to the Drake equation. Thirdly, we explore for the first time why the very rare long-lasting presence of large expanses of both continents and oceans on planets with plate tectonics is an essential and restrictive condition for the evolution of ACCs, which is the reason for us to introduce the respective foc term to the Drake equation. Finally, we quantify fpt and foc terms in the modified and show how this addresses the Fermi Paradox. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the evolution of complex life on Earth due to geological and environmental factors, specifically the role of plate tectonics and atmospheric changes over millions of years. It emphasizes that complex life emerged as a result of natural processes rather than any extraterrestrial intervention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every technological innovation is inherently beneficial to society. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research of Innovation and 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 89. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e89. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 119. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Notes1. Greek mythology brings to us the well-known story of Prometheus, the Titan who stole the fire from the gods and presented it to humankind. A particularly detailed narrative of innovation in ancient times also comes from the VIII book of the Aeneid. In this part of Virgil’s poem, Aeneas, who has fled Troy for the shores of Italy, is in trouble fighting the natives of Latium. To his relief comes Venus, goddess of love and passion. She seduces Vulcan, the god of fire and metalworking, who then heads for the volcano where he has established his workshop and manufactures a new set of weapons for Aeneas. These weapons bear the images of future and glorious events in Roman history and allow Aeneas to win a crucial battle, which paves the way for the future foundation of Rome. This story, written more than 2000 years ago, is very interesting by our contemporary standards. In fact, it shows three key ingredients to innovation: Aeneas, as the symbol of an urgency to change, which generally is due to competition of some sort (quite often, of military nature); Venus, as the symbol of passion and commitment, making events unfold; finally, Vulcan, as the symbol of technical prowess and know how. Even today, we might argue that innovation arises if and only if all three of these ingredients are present. A further detail is interesting. Vulcan carves scenes of the future of Rome on the shield, which Aeneas does not understand and simply enjoys their beauty. In other words, innovation is a force so strong, that it shapes the distant future in a way that baffles even the ones who pursue it in the present. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the story of Aeneas and the symbolic figures of passion, competition, and technical prowess in innovation. It mentions that innovation is driven by competition and may arise from urgent circumstances, suggesting that not all innovation is inherently beneficial. The narrative highlights that even innovations, like Vulcan's weapons, may have complex implications and are understood differently by those who create or utilize them. This indicates that while innovation is a powerful force that shapes the future, it does not guarantee inherent benefits to society.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Responses of to The microbial community concept is based on the interactions among in all of the various species of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microfauna that carry out the various broad level functions of the soil, ranging from nutrient cycling to organic matter formation, and plant disease protection. Differences in the species composition of various soils are linked to changes in soil biological properties that in turn affect the long term chemical and physical properties and ability to support plant growth. Among the most basic functions are respiration and organic matter formation, both of which are affected by metal contamination. Acute responses of microbial populations to metal toxicities include reduction in species diversity the biomass of microorganisms, and an increase in the respiration rate. As microbial respiration controls the turnover and accumulation of carbon, the measurement of the soil respiration rate per unit of biomass, also known as the metabolic quotient (Anderson and Domsch, 1993), is one of the most sensitive response of microbial communities to metal contamination. As the metabolic quotient increases, carbon is released at a faster rate from the soil, leading to lower organic matter accumulation that over years can affect the soil structure and cation exchange capacity. In turn loss of soil structure affects aeration, bulk density, and root growth which then leads to lower primary productivity. Loss of soil carbon due to metal pollution is also a concern for global climate change as the soil is a major reservoir of carbon and is being managed in national carbon budgets to offset anthropogenic releases of carbon to the atmosphere. Going beyond the biomass and respiration, one of the principle effects of metal pollution is the loss of biodiversity (vanBeelen and Doelman, 1997). The soil microbial community consists of assemblages of tens of thousands of species of archaea, bacteria, and fungi, all of which occupy different niches in the soil and carry out various biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functions. The large diversity of species as compared to the list of the soils most basic functions has led to the concept of functional redundancy in which many different species operating in guilds are presumed to function as interchangeable members of functional guilds. As long as there are many different species that carry out the same function, i. e. cellulose degradation or plant hormone production, then the process is likely to proceed over the full range of environmental conditions that occur in the soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of microbial diversity in soil functions and ecosystem services. It states that 'the microbial community consists of assemblages of tens of thousands of species of archaea, bacteria, and fungi, all of which occupy different niches in the soil and carry out various biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functions.' This highlights that the diversity of microbial species is crucial for nutrient cycling, organic matter formation, and plant growth, which are essential ecosystem services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ancient civilizations were genetically engineered by extraterrestrial beings to advance human evolution. [SEP] Text: This protracted stable period—~ 20% of Earth history – was also a prolonged episode of low nutrient supply38. contrasts with the Mesoproterozoic by being a time of climate instability and rapidly evolving life. Neoproterozoic strata host evidence of global “Snowball Earth” glaciations, large perturbations to the carbon cycle, oceanic oxygenation, the diversification of microscopic eukaryotes, and the rise of metazoans39 (Figs. 1, 2). Era is subdivided into 3 periods: the Tonian (1 Ga-720 Ma), Cryogenian (720–635 Ma) and Ediacaran (635–541 Ma). There is no question that the pace of biological evolution accelerated in Neoproterozoic time3,4,5, leading to the appearance of large multicellular organisms (or, metazoans). The much longer Tonian period was more stable, more like the Mesoproterozoic era than the much shorter and more dramatic Cryogenian and Ediacaran periods40. Acceleration of biological evolution characterized Cryogenian and Ediacaran time. Molecular clocks agree that animal multicellularity arose by 800 Ma (Tonian), a bilaterian body plan by 650 Ma (Cryogenian), and divergences between related phyla by 560–540 Ma (late Ediacaran)41. All animal phyla arose in Neoproterozoic time42. How could the Neoproterozoic tectonic transition accelerate biological evolution? Five processes were likely involved43 (Fig. 3): 1) Increased nutrient supply; 2) Increased oxygenation of atmosphere and ocean; 3) Climate amelioration; 4) Increased rate of habitat formation and destruction; and 5) Moderate, sustained pressure from incessant environmental change. Figure 3Summary diagram43 showing how plate tectonics stimulates life and evolution whereas a single lid tectonic style retards life and evolution. See text for further discussion. Full size imageNutrient supply is essential for life, especially key compounds—organic carbon, ammonium, ferrous iron and phosphate—containing C, N, Fe, and P bioactive elements respectively44. Phosphorus is essential because it is a globally limiting nutrient and plays a unique role in marine biogeochemistry, ecology and, hence, evolution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing processes that accelerated biological evolution, such as increased nutrient supply, climate changes, and geological activities, without any mention or suggestion of extraterrestrial intervention or genetic engineering. Instead, it highlights natural Earth processes that contributed to the evolution of life, particularly multicellular organisms in the Neoproterozoic era.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can ensure complete transparency in government. [SEP] Text: Login to your account Email or Remote login password? Keep me logged in Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. Username Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Products & Renew 0 Enter topic, phrases, DOI, title, or author& Well--19 Eye on the IRA Medicare & Costs & 2024, Care, Coverage & 2024, Needs, Pharmaceuticals & 2024, -19 & 2024, 10. 1377/forefront. 20210405. 711481 to favorites plans frequently impose utilization management tools, such as prior authorization and step edits, in their prescription drug coverage policies. Their goal is to curtail inappropriate use and contain costs, but the policies can create barriers to appropriate care. Medical Association, along with more than 50 clinical and professional health care organizations, have published key principles for utilization management with the goal of reducing “the negative impact they have on patients, providers and the health care system. ” Among the principles is the need for transparency in prior authorization requirements, criteria, and rationale. Health plans’ utilization management criteria guide and restrict their enrollees’ access to prescription drugs by defining whether and how plans pay for products. Coverage policies reflect a plan’s interpretation about medically necessary care but also provide a means for favoring or inhibiting certain therapies. Coverage requirements are sometimes more generous than the Food and Drug Administration’s approved label, but often they are more stringent. For example, plans often require that patients first fail a cheaper alternative (by implementing a step therapy protocol) or that patients first satisfy clinical criteria, such as suffering from symptoms of particular severity or duration. Most, but not all, large commercial health plans post information about their specialty drug coverage policies on their websites. However, even when disclosed, the information provided varies considerably and typically fails to explain the rationale underlying coverage decisions. This lack of transparency matters because plans vary substantially in how they apply coverage restrictions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about social media and government transparency at all. It discusses aspects of password recovery and the transparency of health plans' utilization management criteria, which are unrelated to the role of social media in government. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, the functional diversity of the soil provides an index of the number and types of substrates that are utilized by the predominant microbial populations. The latter can be measured using specially developed assays such as Biolog plates or in-situ substrate additions that can be measured colorimetrically using dehydrogenase activity or by measurement of substrate induced respiration rates. One of the major concerns arising from studies of metal contamination is the loss of both substrate diversity and functional redundancy that occurs as an effect of metal toxicity. A primary function of soil microbial communities is to degrade all of the natural carbon substrates that enter the soil or that are produced as a result of microbial growth. The chemical diversity of soils is enormous with many thousands of plant and microbial secondary metabolites undergoing transformation and degradation. Many of these substances are potentially toxic to plants when they occur at elevated concentrations, and one of the functions of slow growing, oligotrophic population of bacteria is thought to be the degradation of chemicals that occur at low concentrations. The vast majority of these bacteria are nonculturable under standard laboratory conditions due to their extremely slow growth rates and requirement for special growth media and conditions. Thus it is very difficult to assess the impact of metals on the oligotrophic population. Nonetheless, early work conducted using culture based methods has shown the impact of metals on the functional diversity of the soil bacterial population (Figure 1). In the study illustrated here, the number of species that could grow on selected chemicals was determined for soil bacteria that could grow on agar amended with the chemical in the presence and absence of zinc. In all instances, the metal tolerant population represented a subset of bacteria such that metal contamination reduced the overall functional diversity or numbers of species that could grow on individual chemicals. In some instances, there was a complete lack of metal tolerant species, which if extended to the unculturable population means that the soil may lose the ability to carry out this particular degradative function. Figure 1. Loss of metabolic diversity in microbial communities exposed to zinc during enrichment culture on selected carbon substrates. Figure adapted from Doelman et al. , 1994). The idea that loss of functional diversity may impair the stress tolerance of the soil bacterial community has been examined in a series of studies in which soils were partially sterilized using heat or were exposed to various stressors such as metal contamination to determine the overall impact on the rate of degradation of various substrates and other measures of microbial activity (Degens et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the importance of functional diversity within soil microbial communities and how their ability to degrade substrates is essential for maintaining ecosystem services. It highlights that loss of both substrate diversity and functional redundancy due to metal toxicity can impair microbial functions critical to ecosystem health. The overall degradation capability of these bacterial populations is indicated as a vital function for the ecosystem, affirming their significance in ecosystem services.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ancient civilizations were genetically engineered by extraterrestrial beings to advance human evolution. [SEP] Text: Researchers agree that the Mesoproterozoic biosphere was significantly less productive than today45,46. is derived from weathering of continental crust and delivered to the ocean by rivers47, this suggests that decreased nutrient supply due to reduced erosion and weathering was responsible. Tectonic processes exposing fresh rocks on the surface are crucial for enhancing delivery of P and other inorganic nutrients, because shielding of fresh rock surfaces by soil reduces nutrient fluxes due to chemical weathering48. Rapid uplift and orogeny (Pan-African event49, Transgondwanan Supermountains50, Circum-Gondwanan Orogens51) at convergent plate boundaries associated with the tectonic transition would have greatly enhanced erosion, weathering and P delivery to the oceans. In this context, microbial enhancement of carbon and sulfate acid weathering52 acted as an important driver of nutrient delivery to the oceans from rivers. After the rise of oxygen, more weathering from more exposed land and more active bio-modulated chemical weathering52 resulted in enhanced erosion and enhanced burial of the organic carbon, besides delivery of P and other nutrients. As the result, P depletion of paleosols rose during the Event (NOE) similarly to the Paleoproterozoic GOE52. Support for the interpretation of unprecedented uplift, erosion, and weathering in Ediacaran time comes from the seawater Sr curve. In marine carbonates (seawater proxies), 87Sr/86Sr increased rapidly through Neoproterozoic time from near mantle-like values of ~ 0. 7055 in the Tonian to the highest values in Earth history of ~ 0. 7095 in early Paleozoic time53. Increased seawater 87Sr/86Sr reflects increased flux of radiogenic Sr from the continents, principally Pan-African uplifts, including the Transgondwanan Supermountains. Such strong uplifts require continental collision and did not occur during the Mesoproterozoic single lid episode, as shown by low marine carbonate 87Sr/86Sr record, including the ~ 1. 0 Orogeny54. The addition of P, Fe and other nutrients from erosion and weathering of Ediacaran collisional mountains broke the Mesoproterozoic nutrient drought, stimulating life and evolution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological and biological processes during the Ediacaran time without mentioning extraterrestrial intervention or genetic engineering of ancient civilizations. It focuses on nutrient delivery from erosion and tectonic uplift, and how these natural processes stimulated life and evolution, which does not support or contrast with the notion of extraterrestrial influence on human evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can ensure complete transparency in government. [SEP] Text: review of the and Coverage (SPEC) Database, a database of more than 8,500 specialty drug coverage policies issued by 17 large US commercial health plans, reveals wide variation in the frequency with which plans restrict drug coverage. For example, for abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis, 15 of the 17 health plans impose step therapy protocols in their coverage policies, but how they do so vary: Eight plans require patients to first fail one prior treatment; three plans two prior treatments; two plans three prior treatments; and one plan four prior treatments. In another example, for onasemnogene abeparvovec-xioi for spinal muscular atrophy, 16 of the 17 plans impose different requirements on patients with respect to the number of SMN2 gene copies, which is correlated with disease severity (a higher number of SMN2 copies is associated with less-severe symptoms): Eleven plans required patients to have less than or equal to three copies; three plans less than or equal to two copies; one plan two or three copies; and one plan greater than or equal to two copies. This variation has important implications for patients’ access to treatments, as it forces physicians to tailor care not only to a patient’s clinical presentation but also to their insurance coverage. While physicians can appeal coverage denials, the process can be burdensome. The lack of consistency in drug coverage raises questions about how plans formulate their policies. One clue can be found in the evidence that plans cite to support their decisions. Research using SPEC suggests that some plans refer to a much larger and more diverse set of studies than others, although different plans rarely cite the same clinical and economic studies for the same drug. These findings imply an uncertain evidence base but also that many coverage policies may be at odds with evidence-based medicine principles. In fairness, coverage polices reflect a complex assembly of inputs, including factors other than clinical evidence. Plans tailor their policies to their enrollee population’s health needs and must account for any state-level mandates, while grappling with their own financial challenges. Coverage policies are important tools for plans to manage a product’s use and budget impact. Plans cannot provide unfettered access to pricey prescription drugs while keeping insurance premiums in check. Coverage policies grant plans a lever to negotiate with product manufacturers, for example, by conferring more generous coverage in return for larger price discounts. how coverage policies are formulated should not be a mystery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the variability in drug coverage policies among health plans in the U.S. and does not mention social media or government transparency. As a result, it is irrelevant to the claim about social media ensuring transparency in government.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: , 2001; Griffiths et al. , 2000, 2001). Here, the primary concern centers on the property of microbial community resilience, which is the ability to recover from various normal shocks to the microflora that occur as a result of normal fluctuations in the environment. These studies have clearly shown that loss of microbial diversity lead to loss of resilience and declines in ecosystem function. The major question that arises from this body of research is to what extent can microbial diversity be reduced before ecosystem functions are affected, and what degree of loss is tolerable from a regulatory perspective (Dahlin et al. , 2001). In addition to broad scale functions that are carried out by guilds that are comprised of tens to hundreds of species, metals may also affect so called keystone microorganisms that carry out very specific functions and that are comprised of narrow phylogenetic groups of species. For example, ammonia oxidation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation are carried out by very specialized bacteria. Agriculture is highly dependent on the use of rhizobium bacteria that fix nitrogen in association with legumes and the efficiency of various strains of symbiotic bacteria in carrying out this process is of concern for optimizing the rates of N fixation. In this case, the bacteria are classified both by their infectivity (ability to colonize plant roots) and affectivity (ability to fix nitrogen). Research by McGrath and coworkers (Castro et al. ,2002) have shown that strains with good infectivity may remain, but that these strains may be less or completely ineffective for fixing nitrogen. The level of metal tolerance of effective strains is thus proposed as a measure for setting the upper limits of acceptable metal loading and soil contamination. Bioindicators of A review of the 52 environmental/soil monitoring programs available world-wide (Winder 2003) shows that the vast majority of programs utilize a minimum dataset to describe soil quality. Of these programs, the vast majority only measures of soil chemical characteristics such as pH, C fractions, half use soil physical variables such as moisture, PSA, and penetration resistance and less than one third measured soil biological data, almost exclusively microbial biomass or enzyme activity. Nonetheless, its is now increasingly acknowledged that biological indicators will extend the utility of soil quality assessment in soils that are undergoing more subtle, management-induced changes (Filip, 2202; Neilson and Winding 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of microbial diversity for ecosystem function. It states that the loss of microbial diversity leads to a loss of resilience and declines in ecosystem function. This directly supports the claim that soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ancient civilizations were genetically engineered by extraterrestrial beings to advance human evolution. [SEP] Text: 8 Ga35,36 and evolved for more than 3 Gyr in the oceans. However, the presence of exposed land may also be crucial for life origin and evolution81,82. In particular, thermodynamic considerations indicate that the absence of exposed land would cause the total hydrolysis of all polymers and metabolites83,84. In addition, it has also been suggested that life originated and initially evolved in hydrated paleosols (regolith) on land rather than in the ocean81. On the other hand, there are at least three reasons that life evolution up to the point of metazoans must occur in water. First, seawater contains dissolved nutrients that life requires and organisms are bathed in this, making nutrients easy to absorb through initially primitive and then increasingly sophisticated evolving cell walls. Second, seawater protects organisms from deadly ultraviolet radiation; it wasn’t until about 2. 4 Ga that photosynthetic cyanobacteria oxygenated Earth’s atmosphere to form a protective stratospheric ozone layer that the flux of UV radiation reaching Earth’s surface diminished significantly85. Third, all complex, multicellular life is eukaryotic. Single-cell eukaryotes had to evolve before multicellular plants and animals could evolve from them, and this had to happen in water because of the structural support that seawater offers. This structural support was needed for especially early metazoans, which first evolved as soft-bodied creatures in Ediacaran time. These organisms could not thrive on land until hard, strong exo- and endo-skeletons that allowed creatures to contend with gravity evolved in early Paleozoic time. Although primitive life must evolve in the sea, advanced communicative civilizations must evolve on dry land78. First, changing landscape provide more varied habitats than do seascapes, and this is needed for accelerating the evolution and diversity of complex species. Consequentially, regions with high tectonic complexity, predominantly located at the confluence of major lithospheric plates such as the circum-Mediterranean, Mesoamerica, Madagascar and Asia, provided especially favorable sites for allopatric speciation and the emergence of new land species across straits72. This correlation is much less pronounced for marine species, mainly because this realm is more permeable to the movement of organisms72,86. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the scientific basis of life evolution, emphasizing that complex multicellular life evolved in water and later transitioned to land due to specific environmental conditions. It explains the evolutionary process through natural phenomena rather than suggesting extraterrestrial involvement. Consequently, this supports the idea that life evolved through naturalistic means rather than being engineered by external forces.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All electronic devices can be made immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : NIH/NIAID (CC-BY-4. 0) Human natural killer cells (one shown in this false-colored scanning electron micrograph) are one type of immune cell that UCSF’s and his colleagues are engineering for therapeutic use. Health & Disease Q&A — Synthetic biologist Hacking the immune system How the body’s own defense cells can be turned into tiny, programmable assassins to battle cancers and other disorders Underwood 02. 13. 2018 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today The immune system is an essential sentinel: It attacks foreign pathogens and destroys our own cells when they become a threat. It runs seamlessly most of the time, but it can also make mistakes, failing to root out cancer cells or waywardly attacking healthy tissues. The immune system’s power and perils have inspired scientists’ quickening efforts to genetically “hack” it, using viruses and other gene editing technology to endow existing immune cells with new abilities. The goal is to make cells that can be deployed like minuscule commandos to seek and destroy tumors, subdue inflammation and self-destruct on command. : (CC BY-ND)Synthetic and cell biologist Wendell LimUniversity of California, San FranciscoThere’s a long way to go before engineered immune cells achieve that level of precision. Yet the approach, part of a booming branch of medicine called immunotherapy, has already achieved some stunning successes. In cancer treatment, for example, white blood cells engineered to kill cancer cells — known as CAR T cells — have been shown to effectively treat some blood cancers, including the most common form of childhood leukemia. But such cells can also have dangerous — even deadly — side effects and aren’t yet effective against solid tumors such as colorectal and breast cancer. Researchers hope to eventually use engineered immune cells to treat a range of illnesses, not only cancers but also autoimmune diseases such as diabetes and neuroimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Synthetic biologist of the University of California, San Francisco, studies how immune cells process information and make decisions, and how to harness those abilities for medicine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses synthetic biology, engineered immune cells, and immunotherapy without any mention of electronic devices or hacking. Therefore, it does not provide any information that supports, contradicts, or relates to the claim about electronic device security.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: , 2017), and differs from the non-rhizosphere soil (Chen et al. , 2016b; Liu et al. , 2023). The reason may be that the microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil are more differentiated and contain a high number of specialists compared to the non-rhizosphere soil (Mendes et al. , 2014; Schöps et al. , 2018). Plants provide a pulse of readily available carbon substrates into soils when we dug them (Bardgett et al. , 2005; Schöps et al. , 2018). Different composition of these compounds may promote the diversity of microbial community and lead to strong niche differentiation (Hinsinger et al. , 2005; Schöps et al. , 2018). grazing reduced the diversity of bacterial community in the non-rhizosphere soils, driven by increased soil pH value, though having no effect on fungal diversity both in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil. Our results highlight that the negative effect of highly intensive grazing on bacterial community, and the bacterial community may be more sensitive to grazing disturbance than fungal community. Also, soil bacterial diversity in the non-rhizosphere soil from heavy grazing was lower than that in the rhizosphere soil, and this may give us some insight to uncover the differences among different soil position and its underlying mechanisms. Combined, our results suggest that decreased soil bacterial diversity in the non-rhizosphere soil from heavy grazing may own to the increase of soil pH value, which may largely be due to the accumulation of dung and urine from livestock. Since the experiment lasted only eight years, long-term effects will be studied in the future. The relationship between microbial diversity (both bacteria and fungi) and soil chemical properties in the rhizosphere soil in a desert steppe ecosystem in and blue denote positive and negative correlations, respectively (* P < 0. 05; ** P < 0. 01). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17031/supp-1 of grazing on the population characteristics of Stipa krylovii (a)Height of Stipa krylovii, (b) Density of S. krylovii, (c)Individual biomass of S. krylovii, (d) Relative density of S. krylovii. Error bars represent s. e. m. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the differentiation of microbial communities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, highlighting the importance of microbial diversity in response to varying environmental conditions, such as grazing. It suggests that the bacterial community may be sensitive to disturbances that impact diversity, indicating that maintaining microbial diversity is crucial for soil health and, by extension, ecosystem functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ancient civilizations were genetically engineered by extraterrestrial beings to advance human evolution. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, dry land stimulated adaptations necessary for survival in harsh terrestrial environments87: water retention, specialized gas exchange structures, reproduction by predominantly internal fertilization, locomotion in the absence of structural support, adapted eyes and newly developed senses. These conditions stimulated development of diverse animal appendages adapted for locomotion, feeding, manipulation and other functions88,89, and helped to adapt eyes and other senses and the central nervous system to the new environment and functions. The resulting sophisticated bioassets allowed increasingly intelligent creatures to populate and examine the extremely variable terrestrial environments, which is one (but not the only) prerequisite to increasingly develop and transfer various experiences (i. e. , knowledge and information) about these environments within biological populations. This may potentially (but not necessarily) result in the beginning of abstract thinking leading to the development of religion, science and the noosphere of Vernadsky90. Technology arises from the exigencies of daily living such as tool-making, agriculture, clothing, and weapons, but the pace of innovation accelerates once science evolves. Using and understanding of fire and electricity91,92 is essential for development of ACCs and this is unlikely in the seawater environment. On the other hand, from the planetary formation and evolution prospective, the long-term coexistence of continents and ocean on planets with plate tectonics (which are favorable for development of ACCs) is a restrictive requirement and this has to be taken into account in the Drake equation. Implications for the Drake equationequationequation estimates how many ACCs there are in our galaxy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that biological adaptations and the development of intelligent life were stimulated by environmental conditions on Earth, rather than by extraterrestrial engineering. It describes how terrestrial environments necessitated adaptations like locomotion, feeding, and sensory development, leading to the evolution of sophisticated biological functions and intelligence. This suggests that human evolution was a product of natural processes in response to environmental challenges rather than the influence of extraterrestrial beings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All electronic devices can be made immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Writing recently in the of Immunology with UCSF colleague Kole Roybal, he reviewed ongoing work to engineer immune cells for new therapies. Here, Lim discusses some of the biggest wins and failures in this rapidly advancing area of research. This interview has been edited for length and clarity. How did you become interested in synthetic biology? My interest has always been trying to understand how cells make decisions. Essentially living cells are a type of computer, they just don’t use electronic circuits — they use molecular circuits. They have this amazing capability to read what’s going on in their environment and read signals from other cells and use that information to make very complicated decisions. One of the things that I saw as I began my career was that although there were many different cellular programs, a lot of the molecules being used and the ways that the circuits were linked together were very similar. I started to become interested not just in how one particular molecule or pathway works, but the logic of how molecular systems can be programmed in different ways. For example, when I was working on the structure and mechanism of signal transduction switch proteins — proteins that mediate communication both within and between cells — I was struck by how the different molecules that we studied used very similar conceptual mechanisms despite being completely different in detail. Cells don’t just say, “I’m going to turn on this response because I see signal A. ” They are usually monitoring many different signals and integrating that information with basically the equivalent of Boolean logic, where if inputs A, B and C are there, then it’s going to have a certain response, whereas if D and E are there it will do something different. That’s the beauty of living systems. They can react not in a simple way, but a nuanced and sophisticated way. It’s been very exciting to realize that we now understand the principles underlying these behaviors well enough that we can create cells that do useful things. What does it mean to “hack” immune cells? “That’s the beauty of living systems. They can react not in a simple way, but a nuanced and sophisticated way. ”Wendell LimThe immune system is a pretty new thing, evolutionarily. It’s an incredible system that is still evolving to have cells that carry out a lot of different complex functions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to synthetic biology and immune cells, without addressing anything about electronic devices or their potential immunity to hacking. The focus is on cellular mechanisms, decision-making processes in living systems, and does not relate to cybersecurity or hacker prevention strategies.