Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology will soon allow humans to directly access the internet and all its information just by thinking about it. Synthetic biology involves designing and constructing new biological parts, organisms, and systems for useful purposes, often through genetic engineering. [SEP] Text: With further developments in cell-free lysate systems and supporting technologies, the cell-free approach is posed to play an increasing role in biological systems engineering and provides a unique opportunity to design, build, and analyze biological systems. Materials and methods DNA and strain construction Request a detailed protocol DNA was constructed using either Assembly or Isothermal Assembly. For linear DNA, all DNA was constructed using previously published protocols on a ‘v1-1’ vector (Sun et al. , 2014). Linear DNA constructs are summarized in Supplementary file 1A. The original repressilator plasmid, pZS1 (Elowitz and Leibler, 2000) was used as a template for initial characterization and for construction of the OR2* mutant. Transfer function plasmids were constructed by Transcriptic, Inc. For other plasmids, partial sequences were either obtained from Addgene (Stanton et al. , 2014) or synthesized on gBlocks or ssDNA annealed oligonucleotides (Integrated DNA Technologies). Specific plasmids required secondary-structure free segments, which were designed by R2oDNA (Casini et al. , 2014). JS006 (Stricker et al. , 2008) was co-transformed with origin-of-replication compatible plasmids to create engineered strains. Specifically, negative-feedback oscillator units were cloned onto pSC101* low copy plasmids (ampR or kanR), while reporters were cloned onto colE1 medium copy plasmids (kanR or cmR) (Supplementary files 1B,C). To modulate the reporter copy number, all experiments were conducted below 37°C (Fitzwater et al. , 1988). Strain passage was minimized to avoid plasmid deletions due to the recA + nature of JS006 and the high complexity of oscillator plasmids or triple-reporter plasmid. Based on the in vitro and in silico results, we used strong transcriptional and translational (Mutalik et al. , 2013) units to maximize gain. TX-TL reactions Request a detailed protocol Preparation of TX-TL was conducted as described previously (Sun et al. , 2013), but using strain 'JS006' co-transformed with Rosetta2 plasmid and performing a 1:2:1 extract:DNA:buffer ratio. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on specific methodologies in synthetic biology, including DNA construction and plasmid engineering, without mentioning BCI technology or its interaction with the internet. Therefore, it does not provide support or contrast to the claim presented.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: hazolava – Postpetiole uniformly colored, without median stripe on longitudinal impression…. C. madagascariensis Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 11. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. Metanotum projecting from below scutellum in dorsal view (C. kelleri, 0124998). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 12. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. Postpetiole with superficial impression (C. kelleri, 0124998). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 13. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. Metanotum not projecting in dorsal view, covered by scutellum (C. hazolava, 0160002). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 14. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. Postpetiole with median stripe on longitudinal impression (C. hazolava, 0160002). Key to the Males of the C. kelleri-group (C. tavaratra, C. hazolava, C. kelleri, C. madagascariensis) 1 Antennae with second and third funicular segment longer than wide (Fig. 15); scutellum in dorsal view tapering greatly from anterior to posterior end, dorsoposterior part truncate (Fig. 16). …2 – Antennae with second and third funicular segment globular, as long as wide (Fig. 17); scutellum in dorsal view moderately tapering…. 3 2 (1) Body size medium (HW 0. 63, WL 1. 18)…. C. tavaratra – Body size medium to small (HW 0. 47–0. 60, WL 0. 85–1. 19)…. C. kelleri 3 (1) Scutellum and metanotum dorso-posteriorly pointed (Fig. 18)…. C. hazolava – Scutellum and metanotum dorso-posteriorly rounded…. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ants farming fungi. It mainly provides descriptions and characteristics of specific ant species without mentioning their behavior related to farming fungi or using fungi as a food source.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Variation in nocturnality and circadian activity rhythms between photoresponsive F344 and nonphotoresponsive ratsDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-6-8Submitted on May 28, 2008Accepted on Sep 9, 2008Published on Sep 9, 20084. 0 timing of both circadian and seasonal changes in physiology and behavior are important for animals [1]. Biologically appropriate daily and seasonal timing depends upon normal and precise function of the circadian system [2 - 4]. Genetic variation for circadian clock function can affect circadian physiological rhythms, daily cyclical behaviors, onset and offset of activity, melatonin rhythms, and regulation of seasonal physiological changes in energetics and reproduction [4 - 6]. Such genetic variation may affect animal and human health and function through effects on biological rhythms and related physiological systems [4,7 - 9]. Particularly important for the circadian system may be pleiotropic variation that could cause correlated variation in more than one trait, thereby affecting multiple body systems [e. g. , examples of gene knockout studies reviewed in [4]]. Studies on laboratory colonies of hamsters have described pleiotropic genetic variation in the circadian clock that also causes variation in photoperiodism [10 - 14]. hamsters, for example, genetically nonphotoperiodic individuals in short photoperiod have a delayed, lower amplitude nocturnal rise in pineal melatonin, a 4. 5 hour delay in the onset of nightly activity, a longer free-running activity period (tau), a shorter duration of running wheel activity (alpha), and some nonphotoperiodic individuals are arrhythmic, relative to photoperiodic individuals [10,11]. In tau mutant Syrian hamsters, the free running rhythm is too short for proper entrainment to a short photoperiod, leading to an inability to produce a short photoperiod melatonin pattern [15]. In contrast, studies on natural populations of rodents have reported genetic variation in seasonal photoperiodic traits which have not been found to be related to circadian variation [16 - 20], suggesting independent sources of variation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of normal circadian functions and the effect of genetic variations on circadian rhythms. It mentions how these rhythms are related to physiological changes which may be influenced by light, as indicated by the mention of melatonin rhythms and the role of photoresponsive behavior. Furthermore, changes in light exposure are implied through the discussion of photoperiodism, highlighting the interplay between light and circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology will soon allow humans to directly access the internet and all its information just by thinking about it. Synthetic biology involves designing and constructing new biological parts, organisms, and systems for useful purposes, often through genetic engineering. [SEP] Text: For this, CI repressor (together with Citrine reporter) and TetR repressor (together with Cerulean reporter) were expressed for 2. 5 hr in batch. On chip the initial reaction was mixed to be composed of 25% pre-synthesis reaction and 75% fresh TX-TL mix and repressilator template DNA. Then, the experiment was performed at a td of 19. 2 ± 0. 3 min. Initial conditions for the 4-node experiment were 2. 5 µM aTc or 250 µM IPTG, and the experiment was performed at a td of 44. 5 ± 0. 9 min. DNA template concentrations used in steady-state reactions are listed in Supplementary file 1D. Arbitrary fluorescence values were converted to absolute concentrations from a calibration using purified Citrine, Cerulean, and mCherry, which were prepared using previously published protocols utilizing a His6 purification method followed by size-exclusion chromatography and a Bradford assay to determine protein concentration (Sun et al. , 2014). Transfer function measurement Request a detailed protocol Transfer functions of the repressor – promoter pairs were determined in the nano-reactor device at a minimum of two different dilution times (Figure 3—figure supplement 1). All tested promoters were cloned into a plasmid in front of a BCD7 ribosomal binding site and the Citrine open reading frame. A non-saturating concentration of 1 nM plasmid was used in the experiment. The repressors were expressed from linear templates carrying the J23151 promoter and the BCD7 ribosomal binding site with time-varying concentrations, which were increased from 0 to 2. 5 nM and decreased back to 0 during the course of the experiment (Niederholtmeyer et al. , 2013). Simultaneously we expressed Cerulean as a reporter for the repressor concentration from a linear template at an identical concentration as the repressor template. From the concentration of the Citrine reporter we calculated the synthesis rate of the fluorescent protein over time using a model of steady state protein synthesis in the nano-reactor device (Niederholtmeyer et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses exclusively on a detailed experimental setup in synthetic biology, without addressing the specific aspects of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology or the idea of accessing the internet through thought. Thus, it does not provide any corroboration, contrast, or direct relevance to the claim about BCI technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: madagascariensis Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 15. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. Antennae with second and third funicular segment longer than wide (C. kelleri, 0317629). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 16. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. Scutellum in dorsal view tapering greatly from anterior to posterior end, dorsoposterior part truncate (C. kelleri, 0317629). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 17. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. Antennae with second and third funicular segment globular, as long as wide (C. hazolava, 0317643). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 18. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. Scutellum in dorsal view moderately tapering, dorsoposteriorly pointed (C. hazolava, 0317643). Crematogaster kelleri Forel 1891. Figures 19, 20, 21, 22. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 19. Crematogaster kelleri, worker and queen. A–C worker (0060043): A full face B lateral C dorsal D–F queen (0124998) D full face E lateral F dorsal. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 20. Crematogaster kelleri, worker and queen. A–C worker (0107013):A full face B lateral C dorsal D–F queen (0193256) D lateral E full face F dorsal. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 21. Crematogaster kelleri, worker and distribution. A–C worker (0492999): A full face B lateral C dorsal D–F distribution: D species E yellow form F brown form. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding ant species and their behavior related to farming fungi. Instead, it focuses on specific morphological characteristics and images of different species within the C. kelleri-group, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Intrinsic tendencies for nocturnality may be most apparent in DD, when individuals must rely entirely on their circadian clock to indicate subjective night and day. Circadian differences could occur in short or long photoperiods as well, though direct effects of light and dark might mask effects of the endogenous circadian rhythm on nocturnality. the hypothesis that differences in clock function cause nonphotoresponsiveness in HSD rats, we predicted that HSD rats would be more likely to be arrhythmic or have poorly defined circadian rhythms of activity, because a damaged or altered clock or clock output pathways that result in an inability to track time-of-day or to pass time-of-day information to other areas of the brain would result in poor circadian regulation of activity. For similar reasons, we predicted that HSD rats would have lower nocturnality than F344 rats because HSD rats would assess day and night inaccurately. Low nocturnality in HSD rats might be most extreme in constant dark, when light cues are not available to mask circadian outputs. In addition, if HSD rats were found to be able to entrain activity to the dark period at least in long photoperiod, we predicted a free-running rhythm greater than 24 hours in HSD rats (which results in entrainment even if there is a deficit in the phase delay portion of the phase response curve) along with inability to lengthen the activity period when moved from long days to short days (which might result from inability to properly phase-delay in response to short photoperiod). This prediction follows Puchalski and Lynch [11], who used the nonparametric theory of entrainment [33] in developing a model for nonresponsiveness of Siberian hamsters. The study followed international standards for animal care and welfare, and was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at the College of William and Mary (IACUC 0018). Experiment 1: Comparison of HSD to F344 male rats in LD This experiment was designed to compare circadian traits and nocturnality in a photoperiod treatment with light cues that would not normally trigger photoperiodic responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how light cues are essential for regulating circadian rhythms. It mentions that circadian differences could occur due to the effects of light and dark, which suggest that these light-sensitive cues play a crucial role in the functioning of circadian rhythms. Specifically, the text addresses the importance of light in indicating subjective night and day, highlighting the relationship between light exposure and circadian regulation of activity in HSD rats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: Notably, this particular mutant also showed a reduced catalytic efficiency for 2-KB and 2-ketovalerate, which decreased the production of the shorter-chain alcohols, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, while increasing the production of 1-pentanol. Additional improvement was achieved by synergistically overexpressing the E. coli native threonine pathway alongside the CimA gene from Methanococcus jannaschii, whose catalytic activity was enhanced through directed evolution to bolster the citramalate pathway, ultimately resulting in an increased supply of 2-KB. Moreover, the elevated supply of acetyl-CoA, the iterative addition unit, by acetate feeding further directed the 2-ketoacid flux into the elongation cycle, thus enhancing the 1-pentanol productivity. As a result of these combined efforts, a final titer of 4. 3 g/L was achieved [19]. 2. 2. 1,5-Pentanediol (1,5-PDO) 1,5-PDO is a commodity chemical widely recognized for its industrial application as a plasticizer and its role in the production of polyester and other diol compounds [60]. Despite its high industrial value, the production and market size of 1,5-PDO has been constrained due to its complex manufacturing process and lack of readily available C5 feedstock in petroleum. 1,5-PDO is a non-natural chemical that lacks a natural biosynthesis pathway which is a great challenge for its microbial production [60]. However, metabolic engineering and synthetic biology allow the construction of non-natural pathways in microorganisms for their production (Figure 1). Figure 1. An overall schematic of the biosynthetic pathways that extend off of the TCA cycle for the production of C5 chemicals. Solid arrows signify direct steps. Dashed arrows represent multiple steps. The red pathway corresponds to the reference [60]. The green pathway coincides with the reference [20]. Light olive pathway correlates to reference [61]. The fuchsia pathway is shown in reference [21,22,23,24,25,62–75]. The orange pathway can be found in reference [26,76]. The grey pathway is highlighted in the reference [30,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86]. Blue pathway belongs to reference [27,28,87]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific metabolic engineering processes aimed at producing a commodity chemical, 1,5-PDO, emphasizing challenges in its production due to the lack of a natural biosynthesis pathway. It discusses improvements in catalytic efficiency and production processes rather than broadly supporting the notion that the majority of synthetic biology efforts are directed toward creating microorganisms for valuable substances generally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Crematogaster kelleri, males. A–0317629: A full face B lateral C dorsal D–0193283 D full face E lateral F dorsal. kelleri Forel, 1891: 197 [34], pl. 6, fig. 10. Worker syntypes from : Bois sur les bords de l’Ivondrona, près de Tamatave (C. Keller) [MHNG, examined]. Lectotype worker, by present designation: 0101557, image on AntWeb. Combination in C. (Crematogaster): Wheeler, W. M. 1922: 1022 [35]; in C. (Acrocoelia): Emery, 1922: 147 [36]; in C. (Crematogaster): Bolton, 1995: 166 [37]. = Crematogaster adrepens Forel, 1897: 197. Worker syntypes from : Nossi-Bé (Voeltzkow) [MHNG, examined]. Lectotype worker by present designation: 0101769, top specimen of 3 w on one pin, image on AntWeb. Combination in C. (Crematogaster): Wheeler, W. M. 1922: 1022 [35]; in C. (Acrocoelia): Emery, 1922: 144 [36]; in C. (Crematogaster): Bolton, 1995: 166 [37]. Syn. nov. = Crematogaster gibba Emery, 1894: 70 [38], fig. (w. ). [MSNG, examined] Lectotype worker by present designation: 0102056, top specimen of 2 w on one pin, image on AntWeb. Combination in C. (Crematogaster): Wheeler, W. M. 1922: 1022 [35]; in C. (Acrocoelia): Emery, 1922: 147 [36]; in C. (Crematogaster): Bolton, 1995b: 166 [37]. Syn. nov. Type material examined (MHNG). : Toamasina: Bois sur les bords de l’Ivondrona [ = Ivondro River], près de Tamatave [-18. 23333, 49. 36667] (C. Keller), 0101557. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it provides detailed taxonomic information about the ant species Crematogaster kelleri without mentioning anything related to fungi farming behavior. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim regarding ant species farming fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Activity patterns of young male F344/NHsd rats (breeders from Harlan, Indianapolis, Indiana) and HSD rats (Hsd:Sprague Dawley; breeders from Harlan, Indianapolis, Indiana) were compared in long days (LD), 16 L: 8 D with lights on at 0500 EST (N = 15 F344 rats and 18 HSD rats). Rats were only tested during the four weeks after weaning in order to match the period when F344 rats and other strains are known to show variation in photoperiodic responses [27,28,30,34]. In order to control for potential changes related to age, each individual rat was tested in only one photoperiod treatment. All rats were gestated and raised in LD (16 L: 8 D with lights on at 0500 EST) prior to weaning at 23 ± 2 days of age. They were then transferred to individual cages with activity wheels (and Cage, Catalog No. 60-1943) and placed in environmental and photoperiod chambers (Revco, Asheville, North Carolina) in groups of up to 12 rats/chamber. Magnetic switches on the running wheels signaled revolutions to an event recorder sending output in 6-minute data collection periods, or 'bins', to a personal computer. Rats were fed a laboratory diet (LM – 485 Sterilizable Mouse/7012, Madison, WI) and tap water ad libitum. Temperature was maintained at 22. 5 ± 1°C. Data collection ended after four weeks ± 4 days. The study followed international standards for animal care and welfare, and was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at the College of William and Mary (IACUC 0018). Experiment 2: Comparison of HSD to F344 male rats in SD This experiment was designed to compare circadian traits and nocturnality in a photoperiod with light cues that would normally trigger reproductive suppression, reduced food intake, and slowed somatic growth in a photoresponsive rat. Activity patterns of young male F344 and HSD rats (N = 16 per group) were compared for short days (SD), 8 L: 16 D with lights on at 0900 EST. Except for the photoperiod treatment, procedures and data collection were as in Experiment 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes an experiment that involves comparing the activity patterns of rats under different photoperiod treatments. It mentions that the experiment was designed to assess how light cues, which are known to influence circadian rhythms, affect circadian traits and behaviors in the rats. This indicates a connection to the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins, as the study directly relates to the influence of light on circadian activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, a high accumulation of byproducts still remained as well, therefore, this engineered pathway needs to be further optimized and tested [20]. In a separate study conducted by Wang et al. , they explored the charged amino acid catabolic pathway to synthesize various diols, including 1,3-PDO, 1,4-BDO, and 1,5-PDO. However, for the purpose of this discussion, the focus will be primarily on the last compound. Starting with glucose as the carbon source to produce lysine, Wang et al. applied a similar strategy as discussed in prior studies. They inserted a synthetic AMV pathway by introducing davAB from P. putida, gabT, and yqhD from native E. coli. Additionally, they employed a CAR-based pathway for the conversion of ω-hydroxy acids (ω-HA) to diols. This pathway specifically consisted of the CAR enzyme from M. marinum and phosphopantetheine transferase (sfp) from B. subtilis. The study revealed that the titer of 1,5-PDO increased exponentially only when lysine was exogenously supplied to the cell culture, highlighting the bottleneck limitation imposed by lysine supply on the pathway. To address this issue, Wang et al. co-expressed lysC and dapA, to enhance the lysine degradation pathway. However, even after deleting the iclR gene in an effort to maintain the precursor supply of oxaloacetate, the highest titer reached only 0. 97 g/L [61]. 2. 3. Cadaverine Cadaverine, or 1,5-diaminopentane is a straight-chain diamine that has shown to have many commercial applications, notably in bio-based materials, and is seen in chelating agents [89]. Cadaverine is naturally formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine that occurs during putrefaction of animal tissues. There is a growing interest in enhancing cadaverine production using microbial engineering methods with a focus on renewable carbon sources (Figure 1) [11]. 2. 3. 1. in E. coli In E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it discusses specific studies and engineered pathways related to the production of various compounds like diols and cadaverine. While it mentions microbial engineering, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim about the majority of synthetic biology projects being focused on valuable substances but rather details a particular research focus.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Note that Forel described syntypes, but only a single specimen from the type locality was found in the MHNG collection. This is the lectotype worker, by present designation: 0101557 (image on AntWeb). For other material examined () refer to Table S2 in the electronic supporting material. Diagnosis. Workers of Crematogaster kelleri can best be separated from C. tavaratra by the absence of a distinct, complete longitudinal impression on the postpetiole (complete in the latter). C. hazolava and C. hafahafa workers can be distinguished from C. madagascariensis by the position of the propodeal spiracle, which is not confluent with the spine base. Queens of C. kelleri are recognizable from C. hazolava queens by their metanotum, which projects below the scutellum, and from C. tavaratra queens by the shorter spines (SPI 0. 00–0. 07; compared to C. tavaratra with SPI 0. 09–0. 10). Worker measurements (n = 44). HW 0. 60–1. 16; HL 0. 57–0. 99; EL 0. 12–0. 23; SL 0. 57–0. 84; WL 0. 65–1. 12; SPL 0. 07–0. 22; PTH 0. 13–0. 21; PTL 0. 16–0. 27; PTW 0. 19–0. 33; PPL 0. 11–0. 20; PPW 0. 16–0. 27; LHT 0. 52–0. 93; CI 1. 04–1. 18; OI 0. 20–0. 25; SI 0. 81–1. 00; SPI 0. 11–0. 23; PTHI 0. 58–0. 86; PTWI 0. 94–1. 28; PPI 1. 34–1. 74; LBI 1. 14–1. 41. Worker description (Figs 19A−C, 20A−C, 21A−C). Very small to large in size (HW 0. 60–1. 16, WL 0. 65–1. 12), but on average small (mean HW 0. 81, mean WL 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding ant species farming fungi or their dietary habits. It mainly discusses measurements and classification of different ant species without touching on the claim in question.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Rapid phase adjustment of melatonin and core body temperature rhythms following a 6-h advance of the light/dark cycle in the horseDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-5-5Submitted on Jun 25, 2007Accepted on Aug 24, 2007Published on Aug 24, 20074. 0 suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is the location of the master mammalian pacemaker that controls circadian rhythms of diverse physiological and behavioral phenomena, including rest-activity cycles, hormone secretion and body temperature. The circadian system provides endogenous timekeeping mechanisms that allow organisms to optimize survival by adaptively anticipating periods of activity and entraining physiological function to the solar day [1]. Accordingly, light is the primary time cue serving to synchronize circadian rhythms to the 24-hour period of the earth's rotation. Circadian entrainment mechanisms also ensure that behavioral, endocrine and other 24-hour rhythms of the body are phased or timed adaptively with respect to the environment. The SCN receives photic information via the retino-hypothalamic tract and transmits timing signals to synchronize peripheral clocks located throughout the organism [2]. In humans, disruption of the circadian timing system occurs in response to rotational shift work and transmeridian travel. Rapid displacement across multiple time zones results in a mismatch between the previously entrained program of the internal circadian clock and the new cycle of light and dark (LD), a phenomenon known as jet lag [3,4]. The most common symptoms of human jet lag, including malaise, appetite loss, fatigue and disturbed sleep, last until the circadian clock system adjusts to the new environmental conditions, re-establishing preferred phase relations among different rhythms and between these rhythms and the external environment [5,6]. Circadian desynchronization is of particular concern to athletes hoping to perform optimally at an international destination. Significant decreases in reaction times, cardiorespiratory functions and muscle strength have been reported following transmeridian travel in humans [7 - 10] with prolonged disturbance associated with easterly travel [11]. The consequences of jet lag are equally relevant for the equine athlete with the high frequency of air travel for international equestrian competition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) receives photic information, which is crucial for synchronizing circadian rhythms to the 24-hour light/dark cycle. It highlights that light serves as the primary time cue for the circadian system, indicating that light-sensitive mechanisms play a key role in regulating these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: coli, the majority of studies focused on the bioconversion of lysine to cadaverine instead of a direct fermentative approach from glucose in order to avoid limitations of precursor availability and cell growth [89]. There are two main lysine decarboxylases (LDC) that can achieve this conversion: CadA and LdcC, both of which originate from E. coli. When compared, CadA has a higher catalytic activity than LdcC, thus the former is more frequently used to produce cadaverine. Hong et al. worked to improve the enzymatic stability and activity of the CadA by inserting a combination of mutations: F14C, K44C, L7M, and N8G. This mutated strain produced an overall titer of 157 g/L of cadaverine [62]. Another study by Kou et al. focused on enhancing the thermal and pH stability of CadA by overexpressing a T88S mutant to achieve an increase in titer to 198 g/L [63]. Xi et al. also attempted to accomplish this by introducing additional mutations, K477R, E445Q, and F102V, along with T88S. However, this combinatorial mutagenesis approach led to a slight decrease in concentration of 160. 7 g/L compared to the previous study [64]. Gao et al. discovered a combination of different mutations, V12C and D41C, using rational engineering on the CadA. In addition to optimizing the pH conditions during fermentation, this strain achieved the highest cadaverine titer at 418 g/L [21]. Additionally, Ma et al. co-expressed the CadA gene with CadB, a lysine and cadaverine antiporter fused with a signal sequence PelB, leading to a production titer of 221 g/L [65]. Huang et al. further built upon this system by deleting the genes responsible for the accumulation of byproducts, including speE, speG, ygjC, and puuA. However, this knockout strain only produced 32. 1 g/L of cadaverine [66]. An additional effort was made by Moon et al. on modification of the ATP regeneration system within the pathway. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific studies that focus on the bioconversion of lysine to cadaverine in E. coli, which suggests a narrower scope of research. While cadaverine could be considered valuable, the emphasis on optimizing enzyme activity and specific experimental outcomes indicates a primary focus on a narrow bioproduct rather than a broad range of valuable substances typical of most synthetic biology projects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 82; n = 43); highly morphologically variable, with general characters of the C. kelleri-group and the following refinements. Masticatory margin of mandibles with four, rarely five teeth (in some large specimens); posterior margin of head in full face view laterally subangular, sometimes medially slightly depressed; midline of eyes situated at or slightly above midline of head in full face view. Promesonotal suture usually absent or indistinct, except in largest workers where mesonotum may be dorsally raised and has a median tubercule; mesonotum with a distinct dorsal and posterior face, and laterally angulate or subangulate; mesonotum with or without posterolateral angular tubercules or denticles, propodeal spines short to medium-sized (SPI 0. 11–0. 23), spiniform, straight or slightly downcurved, moderately diverging in dorsal view; propodeal spiracle situated below and not confluent with base of spines; postpetiole bilobed, but median impression not fully complete, rather posteriorly deep, anteriorly superficial. Pilosity highly variable; color yellow or light to dark brown, rarely reddish brown with dark abdominal segments four to seven. Queen measurements (n = 15). HW 1. 15–1. 42, HL 1. 04–1. 29, EL 0. 31–0. 39, SL 0. 71–0. 88, MSNW 0. 86–1. 13, MSNL 0. 93–1. 21, WL 1. 70–2. 08, SPL 0. 00–0. 12, PTH 0. 27–0. 35, PTL 0. 33–0. 44, PTW 0. 38–0. 47, PPL 0. 28–0. 34, PPW 0. 35–0. 47, LHT 0. 82–1. 04, CI 1. 05–1. 15, OI 0. 27–0. 32, SI 0. 65–0. 74, MSNI 0. 75–0. 98, SPI 0. 00–0. 07, PTHI 0. 66–0. 92, PTWI 0. 97–1. 37, PPI 1. 15–1. 64, LBI 2. 01–2. 32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains detailed morphological descriptions and measurements of specific ant species but does not mention anything about ants farming fungi or using them as a food source.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Animals were maintained outdoors under conditions of natural photoperiod prior to the experiment, which was conducted at the time of year (mid-September) corresponding to an approximate 12 h light/12 h dark (LD12:12) natural photoperiod (sunrise at 7:30 AM, sunset at 7. 30 PM; longitude 84. 5°W, latitude 38. 1°N). Five days prior to the experiment, mares were housed in individual stalls in a light-proofed barn under a lighting schedule that mimicked the external photoperiod but with abrupt L/D and D/L transitions (LD 12:12). During the hours of light, stalls were lit by two 200 W light bulbs that produced an average light intensity of 350 lux at eye level. Access to water was ad libitum and feed was provided 4 times a day to prevent a conspicuous 24-h temporal cue [23]. The ambient internal barn temperature varied from 19–21°C during the experimental period. All procedures involving animals were approved by the Care and (IACUC). Experimental protocol The day before initiation of sample collection, mares were fitted with indwelling jugular catheters. Beginning at 7:30 AM (ZT 0) on Day 0, and ending ~24 h later (ZT 0) blood samples were collected and rectal BT readings were taken by digital thermometer at 3-h intervals (9 samples). Blood samples were allowed to clot and kept overnight at 4°C. The next day, samples were centrifuged and the serum harvested and stored at -20°C until assayed for MT. Throughout the experiment, sampling during the hours of darkness was conducted with the aid of a dim red light from handheld flashlights. Mares were well accustomed to the sampling procedure and were only minimally disturbed by the presence of the sample collector. At each time point, samples were collected from mares in the same order with approximately 3 min intervals between animals. After experiencing one additional 12 h photoperiod at the usual time, an advance shift of the LD cycle was accomplished by ending the dark period 6 h early, resulting in lights on from 1:30 AM to 1:30 PM (ZT 18 became new ZT 0) starting on experiment Day 1 and continuing through Day 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing an experiment where animals were maintained under a controlled light/dark cycle, which is essential in studying circadian rhythms. The mention of light conditions and transitions suggests an investigation into how light influences biological processes, which is directly related to the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: They also investigated different metabolic pathways to produce GA and found that a combination of the xylose isomerase and Weimberg pathways yielded the highest titer of 602 mg/L [29]. Yu et al. proposed an alternative strategy to produce GA in E. coli, by utilizing α-ketoglutarate in a reported glutaconate biosynthesis pathway. They first formed trans-glutaconyl-CoA by expressing hgdH, gctAB, and hgdC from A. fermentans, and hgdAB from C. symbiosum. This compound can then be converted to form GA using either trans-enoyl-CoA reductase from E. gracilis (egTer) or T. denticola (tdTer), along with the E. coli thioesterase enzymes (TesB). Using this pathway, the best strain obtained 3. 8 mg/L of GA with egTer, although it accumulated a higher amount of glutaconate with 27. 7 mg/L [88]. Another study by Zhao et al. explored the production of GA in E. coli through the Thermobifida fusca native reverse adipate degradation pathway (RADP), with the overexpression of five enzymes: Tfu_0875, Tfu_2399, Tfu_0067, Tfu_1647, and Tfu_2576-7. Using this pathway, Zhao et al. attempted to use both acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as precursors for GA. They increased the supply of malonyl-CoA by using the antibiotic, cerulenin, to inhibit a fatty acid synthesis pathway. Additionally, to increase acetyl-CoA, genes encoding for L-lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA), acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (atoB), and formate C-acetyltransferase I (pflB) were deleted to disrupt competitive pathways and reduce byproduct formation. The resulting yield of GA from this engineered E. coli strain was approximately 4. 8 g/L [91]. Years later, another study was published extending upon this established pathway. As the previous experiment found a limitation with the supply of malonyl-CoA, Sui et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a specific focus on the production of glutamic acid (GA) in engineered E. coli strains, rather than discussing a broad array of applications like biofuels or medicines. It emphasizes metabolic pathways for GA production, which suggests a specialized interest that does not directly support the claim about the majority of synthetic biology projects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Queen description (Figs 19D−F, 20D−F). Small (HW 1. 15–1. 42, WL 1. 70–2. 08), with characters of the C. kelleri-group and the following refinements. Masticatory margin of mandibles with five teeth; antennal scapes usually not reaching head margin (SI 0. 65–0. 74); eyes situated at or slightly below midline of head in full face view. Metanotum projecting from below scutellum in lateral and dorsal view; propodeal spines absent to short (SPI 0. 00–0. 07), spiniform or dentiform. Male measurements (n = 11). HW 0. 47–0. 60, HL 0. 39–0. 48, EL 0. 18–0. 33, SL 0. 07–0. 11, MSNW 0. 45–0. 72, MSNL 0. 42–0. 69, WL 0. 85–1. 19, SPL 0. 00, PTH 0. 13–0. 18, PTL 0. 13–0. 21, PTW 0. 14–0. 23, PPL 0. 11–0. 17, PPW 0. 17–0. 24, LHT 0. 55–0. 66, CI 1. 17–1. 33, OI 0. 40–0. 68, SI 0. 19–0. 26, MSNI 0. 84–1. 39, SPI 0. 00, PTHI 0. 77–1. 11, PTWI 0. 84–1. 30, PPI 1. 16–1. 66, LBI 1. 63–1. 90. Male description (Fig. 22). Small to medium body size (HW 0. 47–0. 60, WL 0. 85–1. 19), with characters of the C. kelleri-group and the following refinements. Masticatory margin of mandibles with two to three teeth; antennae with second and third funicular segment not globular, longer than wide, sixth to eleventh funicular segment distinctly wider than second to fifth segment; occipital carinae distinct, sometimes forming a thin flange projecting backwards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about some ant species farming fungi. Instead, it provides detailed descriptions and measurements about a specific queen and male ant morphology. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: As indicated by the arrow, the photoperiod was advanced 6 h on Day1 (+Δφ = 6 h, from ZT18 to ZT 0) to give new lights on from 1:30 AM to 1:30 PM (Days 1–11). Baseline curves (mean+/-SEM) for MT (top) and BT (bottom) are plotted on the left from ZT 0 to ZT 24. Curves for Day 1 through 11 are plotted on the right with point symbols and SEM removed for clarity. The dotted lines retrace the Day 0 curve assuming no phase shift. Asterisks represent Day 0 mean acrophase times. Table 1 MT and BT mean mesor, amplitude and acrophase values MelatoninTemperatureDayMesor (pg/mL)Amplitude (pg)Acrophase (CT)Mesor (°F)Amplitude (°F)Acrophase (CT)04. 615. 661:35100. 630. 4512:0115. 78. 458:36100. 550. 458:3334. 165. 138:50100. 450. 46:0755. 637. 388:08100. 570. 386:0074. 356. 08:31100. 230. 457:5894. 235. 658:45100. 370. 286:34114. 465. 787:57100. 380. 366:37 Values are from baseline Day 0 and Days 1–11 post 6-h phase advance of LD cycle. Re-entrainment of MT rhythm post phase advance Two-way repeated measures ANOVA of the MT data on Day 0 vs. Days 1–11 referenced to prevailing ZT times revealed no significant Day × Time interaction on any day post-shift (Figure 1 top panel and Figure 2A). This is consistent with a full 6 h advance of the rhythm to match the 6 h advance in the ZT scale. Thus, as on Day 0, there was a highly significant (p <. 0001) effect of time of day on each day (1–11) with elevated levels occurring at the same ZT times as on pre-shift Day 0. Thus by ANOVA referenced to light cycle time (ZT), there was no significant alteration of the MT rhythm, and by inference the rhythm shifted in tune and in time with the LD cycle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of light cycles (LD cycle) on the melatonin (MT) rhythm and how the phase advance of the light cycle correlates with shifts in the MT rhythm. It specifically states that there was a significant effect of the time of day on MT levels, indicating that light exposure (mediated by light-sensitive proteins) plays a crucial role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: 4 mg/L of 1-hexanol in E. coli using glucose as the starting material. ThrABC facilitates the production of threonine which is subsequently converted into 2-KB by TdcB. G462D, S139G, and H97A mutations were introduced to LeuA which results in larger binding pockets and allows for chain elongation to occur by LeuABCD. 2-KB is eventually elongated to form 2-ketoheptanoate. from S. cerevisiae and KivD from L. lactis with V461A and F381L mutations converts 2-ketoheptanoate to 1-hexanol [59]. Dekishima et al. expanded a CoA-dependent 1-butanol pathway that converts glucose into 1-hexanol in 9 steps in E. coli. The 1-butanol pathway involves the expression of and ADH from various organisms. BtkB from Ralstonia eutropha has the ability to add 2 carbons onto the chain of acetoacetyl-CoA which provides the base for 1-hexanol production. The titer can be raised by overexpressing formate dehydrogenase from C. boidinii, which increases the availability of NADH, a cofactor required for reducing enzymes. This method produced 47 mg/L of 1-hexanol after 48 h [47]. Similarly, another strategy utilizes Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum due to its ability to convert sugars into acids, such as acetate. and BCDH with electron-transferring flavoprotein A and B were all overexpressed to enable the elongation of acetyl-CoA, yielding 5. 2 mM of 1-hexanol [48]. Following a similar route, Lauer et al. engineered Clostridium ljungdahlii since it can utilize gaseous substrates such as CO2 and H2 through the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. The C. kluyveri genome encodes at least 2 versions of and BCHD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific biochemical processes and pathways in microorganisms, such as E. coli and Clostridium species, that are directed towards producing specific compounds like 1-hexanol. However, it does not provide a general overview or context that indicates these projects primarily aim to create valuable substances, but rather delves into the specific biochemical steps and mutations involved in such processes. This focus on detailed methodology rather than the broader goal of synthetic biology projects suggests a complexity and specificity that contrasts with the claim's assertion about the majority of these projects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Scutellum in dorsal view distinctly tapering from anterior to posterior end, dorsoposterior portion truncate; metanotum projecting at least slightly below scutellum in dorsal and lateral view; dorsal face of propodeum very short. Head sculpture rugulose; scutellum mostly shiny. Color pale yellow to brown, with head darker. Variation. As with many widespread species within the genus Crematogaster, C. kelleri is morphologically highly variable. We attempted to illustrate this variation with Figures 19A−C, 20A−C and 21A−C. Character states that vary continuously between colonies and to a lesser extent also within colonies are promesonotal structure, color, pilosity and body size. The variable promesonotal structure (i. e. whether the mesonotum is elevated over the pronotum or not) and body size in this species are most likely to cause confusion in specimens not collected from nest series. Fortunately, for our study, recent colony series collections were available in sufficient quantity to estimate variation in this species. Few of these colonies, however, provided queens and even fewer provided males. We found males overall quite variable in size and promesonotal structure, and queens usually variable in size (correlated with worker size). Color variation in C. kelleri appears to be gradual in what is subsequently referred to as the “brown form. ” This form can be colored from very pale brown to almost black; the pale coloration is seen mostly in small specimens, whereas darker coloration is most commonly in larger individuals. Color variation in this brown form is also high within colonies, i. e. one colony often has both pale colored, small workers and darker, larger workers. A second color form, the “yellow form”, is distinct from and not part of the variation within the brown form. This yellow color does not appear to be variable within colonies, and colonies with yellow colored workers also have queens of the same coloration. The color of males is unknown. Aside from color, no other character states separate these yellow and brown forms. The lectotype worker of C. kelleri represents the yellow form, whereas the syntypes of C. adrepens belong to the brown form. Distribution and biology. Crematogaster kelleri is widely distributed throughout humid forests and dry forests in Madagascar (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention anything about ants farming fungi or using them as a food source. Instead, it focuses on the morphological characteristics and variations of the species Crematogaster kelleri. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The presence of this phase shift is further supported by ANOVA comparison of MT data on Day 0 vs Days 1–11 with the time series data referenced instead to unshifted sidereal (real world) clock time. This clock time based ANOVA revealed significant differences in mean MT values at 4. 30 PM, 7. 30 PM, 10. 30 AM and 4. 30 AM on Day 1 and at 4. 30 PM, 7. 30 PM, 1. 30 AM and 4. 30 AM on all other days post-shift. Figure 2A illustrates that circadian patterns of serum MT concentrations on each day post-shift were normal in waveform and fell within the 95% confidence limits of the phase shifted Day 0 means, with one exception. High MT levels were observed at ZT 21 on Day 1, when three of six mares exhibited abnormally high levels. While precise times of MT onset and offset could not be determined from the 3-h sampling protocol, a clear rise in MT levels was observed following lights-off (ZT 12) on all days post-shift. Similarly, significantly reduced MT values were detected directly following lights-on (ZT 24) on all days post-shift. There was a significant difference in the MT acrophase between Day 0 and Days 1–11 (p <. 0001; Figure 3A). The acrophase shifted by five hours on Day 1 and remained stable thereafter. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that neither the amplitude nor the mesor of the MT fitted cosine curves changed significantly on any of the post-shift days (Figure 3B). Figure 2 Time course of reentrainment of MT (left) and BT (right) rhythms to a 6-h phase advance of LD12:12. 1 curves for Days 1 through Day 11 are re-plotted in a vertical array to show mean+/-SEM in relation to the Day 0 curve, which has been advanced 6 h for comparison. Dotted lines connect the upper and lower 95% confidence limits of the phase shifted Day 0 means. Without exception, Day 1 through Day 11 melatonin curves closely paralleled the zeitgeber time adjusted (6 h advanced) baseline Day 0 curve. By contrast, BT curves on Days 7, 9 and 11, deviate significantly from baseline at individual ZT times marked by adjacent black asterisks (* p <. 05; ** p <. 01; *** p <. 001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how melatonin (MT) levels change in response to light cues, indicating that light affects circadian rhythms. For instance, it notes that high MT levels were observed following 'lights-off' and that significant differences in MT concentrations were detected based on lighting shifts. This implies that circadian rhythms, which are fundamentally linked to light exposure, are influenced by light-sensitive mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: legislation on bioweapons, dual-use materials and technologies; export/import and transport; gene technology; human health; microorganisms, animal and plant health; agriculture; occupational health; waste disposal; criminal behavior, etc. ) – and tend to address one or both subjects only indirectly (Greer and Trump 2019). In Finland, for example, over twenty acts and regulations can be interpreted as governing the biosafety and biosecurity dimensions of synthetic biology, and none make explicit reference to ‘synthetic biology’. In other countries, like the US, synthetic biology is explicitly referenced in relevant regulations and guidance documents (e. g. federal DNA screening guidance), accompanied by more than 35 different biosecurity regulations (some of which have been described as mutually inconsistent, making compliance with all of them impossible): “The regulation of products of synthetic biology is juggled, and not always clearly so, among three federal agencies, various federal laws, and the (…). The regulatory framework that has evolved is complicated, increasingly circuitous, and not for the faint of heart” (Bergeson et al. 2015). In other countries, especially developing countries that may share very different priorities due to limited resources and urgent challenges associated with human rights and food security, relevant biosecurity and synthetic biology regulations have not yet been adopted. Thus, the fact that international conventions are in place may create a false sense of confidence about the level of consensus and adoption. In practice, the effectiveness of conventions depends on how they are implemented, a task that can take a considerable amount of time. Indeed, despite the relatively long history of GMO regulation, relevant laws have not been adopted by all countries. Additionally, in an interconnected and globalized world, the effectiveness of national implementation is limited in its ability to prevent or limit access to new technologies that may be carelessly used or transferred by other states. National implementation acts within legal and geographical boundaries and depends upon rules designed to shape the behavior of domestic audiences. For truly robust governance to occur, all states must work to mitigate the risks posed by advances in synthetic biology through effective national implementation. Given the diversity of national implementation efforts globally, it seems unlikely that there will be a unified approach and that all gaps in the governance of synthetic biology will be filled. However, potential vulnerabilities can be addressed through a combination of different instruments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity and fragmentation of regulatory frameworks addressing synthetic biology, which suggests that ethical concerns may not be effectively governed. It highlights that legislation in various countries indirectly addresses issues like biosafety and biosecurity without explicit reference to synthetic biology, indicating a lack of comprehensive management of ethical concerns. Moreover, it points out that governance is complicated, with no unified approach to filling gaps in regulation, thereby suggesting that the ethical concerns cited in the claim may not be widely prioritized or effectively addressed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 21D), and has been collected at elevations ranging from sea level up to 2000 m. This species is much more common in lower elevation rainforests and littoral forests than in dry forest or at higher elevations. We therefore surmise that low- to mid-elevation humid forests provide optimal habitat for this species. The yellow form of C. kelleri occurs pre-dominantly in regions closer to the coast and at lower elevations and is often the only form found in littoral forests. There is a notable exception to this with an occurrence record at 2000 m in the Andringitra massif. However, since this record does not refer to a colony sample, we consider cross-contamination of samples or mislabeling as a possible explanation. The yellow form is entirely absent from west coast localities (Fig. 21E). The brown form of C. kelleri occurs throughout the distribution range in no particular pattern (Fig. 21F). It should be emphasized that both forms can occur in sympatry (e. g. R. N. I. Betampona), but one form usually seems to be more abundant than the other. Furthermore, the species can be found in sympatry with all other species within the C. kelleri-group, as well as C. tsisitsilo. Crematogaster kelleri typically nests arboreally; collections of colonies are most often made from dead twigs or branches and from nests under bark or canopy moss mats. On occasion, this species has also been found on the ground under stones or in rotten logs. Colonies found under bark or canopy moss appeared to be large and spread across entire trees, while branch-nesters may well have a polydomous nest structure, occupying different parts of one tree. Comments. We found no morphological characters to distinguish the type specimens of Crematogaster gibba from C. kelleri and therefore synonymize the former under the latter. This conspecificity is peculiar since C. gibba was described from the Seychelles, but C. kelleri is currently not recorded from these islands. Fisher et al. recently conducted extensive sampling on the Seychelles, including at the type locality Praslin, but did not re-collect the species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ants farming fungi. Instead, it discusses the habitat and distribution characteristics of the species Crematogaster kelleri without any mention of fungi or farming behavior, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: et al (1998) reported only a 2-h advance of the MT onset that occurred 6 h after lights-off when human subjects were exposed to the first afternoon dark period following a 6-h LD phase advance. Furthermore, the notable increase in MT from baseline levels at ZT 12 on all post-shift days highlights the rapid rise in equine melatonin production within minutes of the new dark period. Similar findings have been reported in the domestic pig [34]. Tast et al. report that an immediate rise in MT was observed in response to the first advanced scotophase when pigs were abruptly changed from a long day to a short day LD regimen. The significant reductions in MT levels at each sampling time directly following lights-on (ZT 0/ZT 24) concurs with the well-established ability of light to inhibit MT production in humans [35]. The rapid response of MT to the phase-advanced LD cycle can not distinguish true circadian entrainment from potential masking effects. For example, with the present data we can not know to what extent light suppression as opposed to a fully advanced circadian clock programming the MT decline, may have contributed to the precipitous drop in MT from ZT 21 to ZT 24 on all days. However, it is less likely that light masking (melatonin suppression) contributed to the abrupt rise in MT at ZT 12 – ZT 15 post shift. Importantly, in order to fully evaluate the physiological disruption caused by time-zone displacement in the natural environment, it is necessary to determine the effects that phase shifts exert on both the phase and waveform of circadian rhythms in the presence of the shifted LD cycle. Additional experiments will be necessary to reveal any contributions attributable to light masking, as opposed to true phase shifts of underlying circadian oscillators. The unusually high melatonin levels that we observed at ZT 21 on Day 1 of the advanced LD cycle suggest an additive effect whereby the elevated MT production in response to the advanced scotophase overlapped with the previously entrained rise (perhaps not fully shifted) in MT associated with the pre-shift photoperiod. In the context of multiple SCN oscillators underlying the control of melatonin secretion, the increased secretion at ZT 21 could involve some oscillators advancing more than others to result in an increased overlap of oscillator outputs necessary to drive MT secretion occurring transiently at ZT 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how light influences melatonin (MT) production and circadian rhythms. It notes that light can inhibit MT production in humans and describes the rapid response of MT levels to changes in light exposure, which supports the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Other synthetic biology risks, including those that blur the line between biological and informational hazards, may require new security concepts and practices. For example, recent studies that have demonstrated the capacity to encode computer viruses in synthesized strands of DNA, exploiting vulnerabilities in the sequencing and processing pipeline (Ney et al. 2017), underline the growing relevance of cyberbiosecurity, an emerging field at the intersection of cybersecurity and biosecurity. Synthetic biology processes and methods may also become (or may already be) too diverse to legislate individually, and the convergent nature of synthetic biology may lead to fragmentation or duplication of laws at the national level. In this environment, it may become increasingly unclear which laws should be applied to synthetic biology and how judges or legislators should interpret and apply them. In light of its numerous applications, multiple contributing scientific disciplines, and practitioners working in both institutional and non-institutional settings, synthetic biology is an exemplary case of convergence. 3. 3. 2 DemocratizationSynthetic biology provides new ways to modify organisms outside of dedicated laboratories and without advanced skills (Oye 2012). This broadens access to the science and enables individuals to apply its techniques without oversight from formal institutions or associated institutional norms (NSABB 2011; Gruber 2019). Theoretically, democratization could allow untrained or malicious actors to create dangerous organisms. In practice, current synthetic biology applications are far from facilitating this: in most cases, so-called do-it-yourself (DIY) biology is limited to relatively simple experiments with nonpathogenic organisms, with relatively low success rates (Kuiken 2016). However, looking to the future, it is possible that advances in synthetic biology will lower the technical barriers needed to engage in more advanced bioengineering projects. Much like the history of computing, as synthetic biology tools and techniques become more reliable, streamlined, and easy to use, bioengineering may become common place, accessible to specialists and non-specialists alike. If synthetic biology does (eventually) make biology easy or at least significantly easier to engineer, traditional top-down governance and enforcement will no longer be sufficient to provide adequate oversight, and there is likely to be a growing need to enlist the support of the synthetic biology community itself to participate in various forms of self-regulation or self-policing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are risks in synthetic biology that extend beyond environmental concerns and biosecurity, such as informational hazards and the complexities of legislating synthetic biology due to its diverse applications and convergence of disciplines. The mention of cyberbiosecurity indicates a shift in focus towards emerging threats that may not primarily align with the more traditional ethical concerns outlined in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: In Madagascar, Crematogaster kelleri is primarily found in the lowland rainforests. This habitat type is virtually destroyed on the Seychelles, and it is therefore possible that the species is already extinct on these islands. Crematogaster madagascariensis André 1887. Figure 23, 24. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 23. Crematogaster madagascariensis, worker and distribution. A, C, D worker (0193446): A full face C lateral D dorsal; B species distribution. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 24. Crematogaster madagascariensis, queen and male. A, B, C queen (0906629): A full face B lateral C dorsal; D, E, F (0906631): D full face E lateral F dorsal. madagascariensis André 1887: 297 [39]. Worker, queen and male syntypes from : Tamatave (unknown collector) [ZMHB examined (MNHN unclear)]. Lectotype worker by present designation: 0906628, image on AntWeb. Combination in C. (Crematogaster): Wheeler, W. M. 1922: 1023 [35]; in C. (Acrocoelia): Emery, 1922: 147 [36]; in C. (Crematogaster): Bolton, 1995: 166 [37]. Type material. At the MNHN, where the André collection is housed, no specimens from the type locality Tamatave were found. Instead we examined the following (non-type) material from the André collection at MNHN: Madagascar (unknown collector), 5 workers on one pin, middle specimen (0101409) imaged on AntWeb. However, we examined material from ZMHB with the following type locality information: Madagascar: Tamatave (Friedrichs), 1 w, 1 aQ, 1 m. Given the distribution of other André type material across museums in Europe, it is highly likely that these specimens belong to the syntype series (P. S. Ward, pers. comm. ) and we therefore consider this material eligible for lectotype designation (see above). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific species of ants in Madagascar and examines their distribution and type material without mentioning anything about ant species farming fungi as a food source.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Neural connections between the SCN and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus are thought to regulate melatonin secretion [42 - 44], whereas the dorsal subparaventricular zone has been identified as the SCN's neural target responsible for the circadian rhythm of BT [45]. Our results in the horse appear consistent with the idea that the output mechanism for MT may be more directly coupled to the central SCN pacemaker than the output mechanism for BT, in this species. This parallels a similar suggestion made with regard to the differential adaptability of BT and locomotor rhythms following an LD phase-advance in mice [36]. The recent discovery of two spatially distinct oscillators within the SCN [3] provides an alternative explanation for the observed differences in re-entrainment rates between MT and BT. Nagano et al. demonstrate differential resynchronization rates between the ventrolateral, photoreceptive region and the dorsomedial region of the SCN following abrupt LD shifts in rats. Clock gene expression in the ventrolateral region immediately responded to changes in environmental light. In this context, the regulatory mechanisms of the MT rhythm might be coupled to the light responsive oscillators within the SCN, thereby potentially explaining the more rapid resynchronization of this rhythm to the new LD cycle in the horse. The difference between horses and other species in terms of adaptability to abrupt shifts in the LD cycle remains to be fully understood. It is interesting that an animal so dependent on circa-annual cues for seasonal breeding and survival of their young might be more rapidly responsive to circadian re-entrainment. However, we have previously demonstrated that clock gene expression in equine peripheral tissues is less tightly regulated than in other species [46]. As a large, visible, prey animal in a feral environment, with feeding and rest behaviors unrestricted to specific times in the 24-h natural LD cycle, it is conceivable that this observation may reflect a greater capacity for rapid re-entrainment to new environmental conditions. Jet lag and shift work are considered one of the modern world's most prevalent challenges affecting human health and productivity in the work place [47 - 51]. Consequently, extensive resources continue to be employed in the design of potential treatment strategies that might facilitate or hasten re-entrainment and adaptation to the new LD conditions encountered following long flights or shifted work schedules. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the regulatory mechanisms of circadian rhythms within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), emphasizing the role of light-responsive oscillators in regulating these rhythms. The mention of clock gene expression responding to changes in environmental light supports the assertion that light-sensitive elements play a crucial role in circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: In an era of the life sciences dominated by the production and distribution of information-based resources, effective regulatory controls on intangible technology transfers are essential. However, successfully designing and implementing controls of this kind is a challenging task. Whereas dual-use equipment must (or at least should) pass through physical checkpoints, digital sequence information can be transmitted with the click of a button. Advances in synthetic biology may also yield threats that are not only difficult to regulate, but impossible to anticipate. For example, it may someday be possible to design and build novel genomes (based on existing, modified or new genetic code) that transcribe previously unknown pathogens. Therefore, although select agent lists are likely to remain relevant (if for no other reason than because they generate awareness about pathogens that are known to cause severe harm to public, animal or plant health), they cannot be expected to capture the full spectrum of harmful agents that are (or may someday be) possible to create. Finally, in the context of synthetic biology and the contemporary life sciences in general, important questions remain about what life science information should be considered ‘risky’ in the first place and how this information aught to be controlled. To place these considerations in context, one need look no further than the H5N1 gain-of-function experiments (Imai et al. 2012). In this case, concerns were raised about whether research describing the synthesis of a novel H5N1 variant was suitable for open publication. Some argued publishing the protocols would provide a blueprint for bioterrorism. Others asserted that the research should never have been conducted. Decisions about whether (or what parts of) the research should be published were sources of international debate and global controversy (Hamilton 2015). While past technologies have motivated similar controversies (see McLeish and Nightingale 2007), questions about the intrinsic dangers of life science information, and what information may be too dangerous to share, have never been more acute. 3. 4 Conclusions and regulatory landscape for biosecurity and synthetic biology can best be described as a ‘patchwork’ of international conventions, national laws, regulations, guidelines, etc. In many instances, these were designed to address other (state biowarfare programs) or earlier (biosafety) concerns. While synthetic biology appears to be broadly (if indirectly) covered by existing top-down governance measures (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the regulatory challenges and uncertainties in the field of synthetic biology. It discusses how advancements can yield threats that are 'impossible to anticipate,' thus highlighting the complexity and ambiguity surrounding biosecurity rather than specifically emphasizing environmental risks or unintended consequences. Although it references dual-use threats and concerns about pathogen synthesis, the emphasis is not solely on the ethical concerns outlined in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: For other material examined () refer to Table S2 in the electronic supporting material. Diagnosis. Within the C. kelleri-group, workers of C. madagascariensis can be distinguished from C. kelleri and C. tavaratra by the position of the propodeal spiracle, which is situated confluent with the base of the propodeal spines in C. madagascariensis, but below the spine base in the two latter species. From the two remaining species, workers are most easily separated by body size and coloration: C. madagascariensis workers are usually larger (HW 0. 86–1. 11, WL 0. 92–1. 16) than C. hazolava (HW 0. 66–0. 89, WL 0. 70–0. 97) and C. hafahafa (HW 0. 68–0. 72, WL 0. 73–0. 74) workers, are brown-colored (yellow in C. hafahafa and some C. hazolava populations) and lack the median postpetiolar stripe (of brown-colored C. hazolava workers, see Fig. 6). Worker measurements (n = 22). HW 0. 86–1. 11; HL 0. 78–0. 99; EL 0. 15–0. 23; SL 0. 67–0. 86; WL 0. 92–1. 16; SPL 0. 08–0. 18; PTH 0. 15–0. 22; PTL 0. 22–0. 31; PTW 0. 24–0. 37; PPL 0. 15–0. 20; PPW 0. 22–0. 30; LHT 0. 68–0. 97; CI 1. 07–1. 18; OI 0. 18–0. 27; SI 0. 79–0. 96; SPI 0. 08–0. 15; PTHI 0. 56–0. 83; PTWI 0. 93–1. 31; PPI 1. 33–1. 71; LBI 1. 04–1. 50. Worker description (Fig. 23A−C). Small to large species (HW 0. 86–1. 11, WL 0. 92–1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on the morphological descriptions and measurements of specific ant species (C. madagascariensis and others) without any mention of fungi farming or its relationship to ant species. Thus, it does not provide support or contrast to the claim regarding ants farming fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Melatonin accelerates reentrainment of the circadian rhythm of its own production after an 8-h advance of the light-dark cycle 166: 97–102. and Baler, R (1997). The melatonin rhythm-generating enzyme: molecular regulation of serotonin n-acetyltransferase in the pineal gland 52: 307–57. Discussion 357–8. [PubMed] and Moffett, JR (1991). Regulation of melatonin synthesis in the ovine pineal gland 294: 137–48. [PubMed] and Kennaway, DJ (2001). The pattern of melatonin secretion is rhythmic in the domestic pig and responds rapidly to changes in daylength J 31: 294–300, [PubMed] DOI: and Markey, SP (1980). Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans Science 210: 1267–9, [PubMed] DOI: and Mitsumoto, A (2006). Temperature rhythm reentrains faster than locomotor rhythm after a light phase shift 88: 404–10, [PubMed] DOI: Moore-Ede, MC (1986). Physiology of the circadian timing system: predictive versus reactive homeostasis Physiol 250: R737–52. [PubMed] Wever, RA (1980). Phase shifts of human circadian rhythms due to shifts of artificial zeitgebers Chronobiologia 7: 303–27. [PubMed] and Diez-Noguera, A (2004). Forced desynchronization of dual circadian oscillators within the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 14: 796–800, [PubMed] DOI: Aschoff, J (1978). Assenmacher I, Farner DS ed. Problems of reentrainment of circadian rhythms: asymmetry effect, dissociation and partition Environmental Endocrinology. NewYork: Springer-Verlag, 195. Moore, RY and Danchenko, RL (2002). Paraventricular-subparaventricular hypothalamic lesions selectively affect circadian function 19: 345–60, [PubMed] DOI: Teclemariam-and Buijs, RM (1999). Anatomical demonstration of the suprachiasmatic nucleus-pineal pathway J 406: 171–82, [PubMed] DOI: Card, JP (1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that 'Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans,' which suggests that light acts on light-sensitive proteins in the regulation of melatonin, a hormone that plays a key role in circadian rhythms. Additionally, the various studies referenced in the text support the idea that light-dark cycles significantly impact circadian rhythms, further supporting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: (ICT) influence the way privacy, personal data protection, civil and political rights and the right to decent working conditions can be protected. Novel agricultural or food technologies can affect socio-economic rights of farmers and consumers. Human rights are not absolute: trade-offs between different rights must be found in a continuing balancing act, e. g. between academic freedom for life scientists and biosecurity for society at large. Footnote 4Justice is a concept which intrinsically calls for balancing the rights of different individuals and social communities. New technology tends to impact this balance in different ways. For example, the right to ownership presupposes a delicate balance between protection of intellectual property for inventors and companies versus the universal right to reap the fruits of progress in science for the common good. As new technologies emerge, this balance may shift. For example, the on Ethics highlighted potential ethical issues related to protection of intellectual property raised by innovation in nanomedicine: “According to the current regulatory system for patenting, some exemptions are allowed with regard to the patentability of therapeutic and surgical procedures. The exemptions in the present patent system are based on a balance of interests whereby diagnosis, therapy and research should be available to patients without patents being a hindrance. This is likely to be blurred because the new nanomaterials may logically fall within more than one category. To protect the ethical position that has led to these exemptions it is important to ensure that patents in these new areas do not alter the current balance. There are risks of overly broad patents being granted that may hinder their therapeutic availability. This is also the case for nanomedicine. ” (EGE 2007). In addition, fairness may be affected if technology gives rise to a changing gap between haves and have-nots. New surveillance technologies can facilitate shifting the balance between liberty and security towards securitization by “big brothers” (governments monitoring the movements of citizens without a reasonable ground) and “little sisters” (private companies and citizens spying on each other). Footnote 5Dual use technologies sit squarely at the crossroads between war and peace, which are the focus of several philosophical ethical theories including pacifismFootnote 6 and the Theory. Footnote 7 The former prohibits the use of violence to solve conflicts between states, while the latter imposes threshold for political decisions to go to war (Jus ad Bellum) and humanitarian rules for conduct of armed forces during a war (Jus in Bello). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address ethical concerns in synthetic biology, instead discussing various issues related to privacy, personal data protection, and the balance of rights in the context of new technologies such as nanomedicine and surveillance technologies. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim about synthetic biology, making it largely irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 16), with characters of the C. kelleri-group, in addition to the following. Masticatory margin of mandibles with four teeth; posterior margin of head in full face view laterally subangular, sometimes medially slightly depressed; midline of eyes situated slightly above midline of head in full face view. Lateral borders of mesonotum angulate, and mesonotum with posterolateral angular tubercules; posterior face of mesonotum sloping more gently into metanotal groove; propodeal spines short (SPI 0. 07–0. 15), spiniform, straight or downcurved, moderately diverging in dorsal view; propodeal spiracle confluent with base of propodeal spines; median postpetiolar impression usually deep, clearly bisecting postpetiole into two lobes. Color light to dark brown. Queen measurements (n = 1). HW 1. 39, HL 1. 26, EL 0. 38, SL 0. 82, MSNW 1. 01, MSNL 1. 26, WL 2. 21, SPL 0. 06, PTH 0. 39, PTL 0. 43, PTW 0. 51, PPL 0. 39, PPW 0. 55, LHT n. a. , CI 1. 10, OI 0. 30, SI 0. 65, MSNI 0. 80, SPI 0. 03, PTHI 0. 91, PTWI 1. 18, PPI 1. 40, LBI n. a. Queen description (Figs 24A–C). Medium (HW 1. 39, WL 2. 21), with characters of the C. kelleri-group and the following refinements. Masticatory margin of mandibles with five teeth; antennal scapes usually not reaching head margin (SI 0. 65); eyes situated at midline of head in full face view. Metanotum not projecting from below scutellum in lateral and dorsal view; propodeal spines short (SPI 0. 06), dentiform. Male measurements (n = 3). HW 0. 53–0. 59, HL 0. 40–0. 50, EL 0. 20–0. 22, SL 0. 09, MSNW 0. 56–0. 71, MSNL 0. 65–0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about ants farming fungi as a food source. Instead, it focuses on the physical characteristics and measurements of specific ant species, which is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Characterization of locomotor activity circadian rhythms in athymic nude miceDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 23. 86 ± 0. 03 and 23. 88 ± 0. 05 hours, respectively. Both strains showed similar phase delays in response to 10 or 120 minutes light pulses applied in the early subjective night and did not differ in the number of c-Fos-expressing cells in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, after a light pulse at circadian time (CT) 15. Similarly, the two groups showed no significant difference in the time needed for resynchronization after 6-hour delays or advances in the light–dark schedule. The proportion of diurnal activity, phase-angle with the zeitgeber, subjective night duration and other activity patterns were similar between the groups. Conclusions: Since athymic Foxn1(Δ/Δ) mice presented no differences with the WT controls in the response of the circadian system to the experimental manipulations performed in this work, we conclude that they represent a good model in studies that combine xenograft implants with either alteration of the circadian schedules or chronopharmacological approaches to therapeutics. Year: 2013Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-11-2Submitted on Dec 6, 2012Accepted on Jan 12, 2013Published on Feb 1, 20134. 0 environmental changes have imposed a selective pressure for life on Earth, driving the development of a circadian clock mechanism for the generation and entrainment of rhythms in physiological and behavioural variables (e. g. body temperature, hormonal secretion, sleep, locomotor activity, etc. ). In mammals, the master clock resides in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and the principal signal that adjusts its activity is the light–dark cycle [1,2]. A vast amount of 22. The onset of activity at CT12 was used as a phase reference point to calculate phase shifts. Abrupt 6-h advances in the LD schedule were achieved by advancing the time of lights-on and shortening of the dark phase. Conversely, abrupt 6-h delays in the LD schedule were achieved by delaying the time of lights-on, and lengthening the dark phase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the principal signal that adjusts the activity of the master clock, located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), is the light-dark cycle. This implies that light-sensitive mechanisms play a critical role in regulating circadian rhythms, connecting directly to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: China is believed to have aided Iran’s biological weapons program through the sale of sensitive dual-use equipment and vaccines since at least 1997 (Byman et al. 1999). Under the BWC, member nations agree to not aid the biological weapons programs of foreign nations, thereby making China’s past trade actions noncompliant with the BWC. However, the BWC lacks mechanisms to enforce compliance and to investigate and respond to events of noncompliance. Nevertheless, for almost fifty years the BWC has been the gold standard for watching for and preventing state-sponsored biological weapons. Advancements in synthetic biology have decreased the amount of time, money, and skill needed for an individual or organization to participate in the field, leading to the development of pathogens by smaller sub-state and non-state actors who are not restricted by the BWC (Evans and Selgelid 2015), as well as potentially by individuals with relatively simple scientific knowledge. For example, al-Qaeda and have both attempted to develop bioweapons, although with limited success (Tucker 2007). In the 2001 “Amerithrax” bioterror attack, an individual actor sent Bacillus anthracis spores through the U. S. Postal Service, resulting in five deaths, the prophylaxis of 30,000 more individuals, and hundreds of millions of dollars in decontamination expenses (Pita and Gunaratna 2010). The destructive potential of synthetic biology is only increasing with scientific advances in the field. In the future, threats could come from disgruntled employees of state-of-the-art scientific laboratories or vengeful academics, but also simply from a sorcerer’s apprentice, insufficiently prudent and educated to prevent accidents. Therefore, as the newest developments in genetic engineering grow increasingly accessible to private citizens, the question arises as to what rate-limiting steps (e. g. technical knowledge or inspiration) can prevent non-state small group or individual actors from undertaking development of increasingly advanced biological weapons. Indeed, now the average person interested in synthetic biology can set up a lab in their home, using common household items and equipment or kits ordered over the internet, in a movement now known as “DIY Bio” (“do-it-yourself biology”) or “garage biology” (Ledford 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting specific issues related to bioweapons and state-sponsored biological warfare, focusing on compliance with international treaties like the BWC and the dangers posed by non-state actors. It emphasizes the destructive potential of synthetic biology and the risks associated with individual actors developing bioweapons, thus shifting the focus away from the environmental risks and unintended consequences to security threats posed by biological weapons.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 74, WL 1. 02–1. 18, SPL 0. 00, PTH 0. 16, PTL 0. 19–0. 25, PTW 0. 18–0. 19, PPL 0. 11–0. 14, PPW 0. 19–0. 25, LHT 0. 62–0. 71, CI 1. 19–1. 31, OI 0. 44–0. 50, SI 0. 19–0. 22, MSNI 0. 86–0. 96, SPI 0. 00, PTHI 0. 63–0. 83, PTWI 0. 63–0. 75, PPI 1. 44–2. 00, LBI 1. 65–1. 90. Male description (Fig. 24D–F). Small to medium body size (HW 0. 53–0. 59, WL 1. 02–1. 18), with characters of the C. kelleri-group and the following refinements. Masticatory margin of mandibles with two teeth; antennae with second and third funicular segment globular; occipital carinae indistinct. Scutellum in dorsal view little tapering from anterior to posterior end; metanotum not projecting below scutellum in dorsal and lateral view; dorsal face of propodeum absent. Head sculpture rugulose; scutellum mostly shiny. Color light brown, with head darker. Distribution and biology. Crematogaster madagascariensis is distributed primarily in mid-elevation to montane rainforest in the central highlands region of Madagascar (Fig. 23B). Curious exceptions are its presence at lower elevations in R. S. Manongarivo and P. N. Marojejy in the north, and in P. N. Mananara-Nord and Forêt Ivohibe on the east coast. The type locality for this species is Tamatave on the east coast of Madagascar; however, the species has not been collected recently from this area. This suggests that this species could have been historically more common in lower elevation forests in Madagascar, but habitat destruction may have resulted in a more limited present-day distribution. Crematogaster madagascariensis occurs in sympatry with C. kelleri and C. hazolava. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ants farming fungi as a food source. Instead, it provides detailed morphological and ecological information about the ant species Crematogaster madagascariensis, including its distribution in Madagascar but lacks any mention of its relationship with fungi farming.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 27ns Free running period (τ), α (time duration of the subjective day) and ρ (time duration of the subjective night) were calculated as described in methods. τ (hours), total α length (hours), α/τ ratio expressed as percentage, (% α/τ), percentage of total activity occurring during α (% Area (α)) and the α/ρ ratio are expressed as mean ± SEM for nude (n = 9) and WT (n = 6) mice. P values correspond to Student’s t test between the two mice groups. Characterization of circadian responses to light in nude mice We next analyzed the circadian responses to different light treatments in both nude and WT mice. Under DD conditions, light pulses delivered in the early subjective night (CT15) induce phase delays in behavioral rhythms controlled by the clock, while late night pulses (CT22) advance the circadian phase. To evaluate this circadian response to light, mice were exposed to 10 min-150 lux white light pulse at CT15 and CT22 and the corresponding phase-shift were calculated. At CT15 we observed a phase delay of −23. 2 ± 6. 2 min (n = 6) in nude mice and −20. 2 ± 6. 0 min (n = 6) in controls, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Figure 2A). Since light pulses of the same intensity and duration at early night usually produce larger phase delays (40–150 min) in other mice strains [16,28], we analyzed the effects of a 2 h light pulse applied between CT14 and CT16. Such pulses induced a phase delay of −99 ± 6. 3 minutes in nude and of −161. 3 ± 29. 3 minutes in WT mice, that did not differ statistically between groups (p > 0. 05, test, n = 3; Figure 2B). Light pulses administered at CT22 produced no significant difference between the phase shifts presented by both strain (42 ± 31 min for nude and 2 ± 12 min for WT mice; p > 0. 05, test, n = 3; Figure 2C). Moreover, light pulses did not change the overall activity distribution throughout the circadian day. Figure 2 Response to light pulses in nude and WT mice. Athymic nude and control WT mice were subjected to light pulses during the early night (A, B) or the late night (C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how light pulses influence behavioral rhythms in mice, demonstrating circadian responses to light. It explains that light pulses administered at specific times of the subjective day affect the phase shifts of the circadian rhythms, illustrating the regulatory role of light on these biological processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: There are no top-down efforts beyond existing mechanisms like the BWC or the CWC (on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of and on their Destruction) that standardize global governance and usage of synthetic biology, and bottom-up efforts are not coordinated in their reach or messaging. Relative newcomers to the development of synthetic biology may possess differing tolerances and constructions of risk compared to more established technology developers. The implications of the entry of such newcomers to the field, though vast, can be grouped into two general areas. One includes diverging safety and security practices at various points of an international supply chain that forms the backbone of an increasingly globalized economy. Another includes the potential for small-scale experiments or national biosecurity policies to escape the given actor’s control and spill across political boundaries. While one country may find the environmental risk of a particular synthetic biology application acceptable, its spread across borders into another country may disrupt those local ecologies (i. e. , crashing or hardening a particular species through genetic engineering) or expose vulnerable human populations to irreversible consequences without options for amelioration. The nature of certain synthetic biology applications (i. e. gene drives) makes it impossible for risk-averse countries to wholly quarantine themselves from exposure to harms resulting from another country’s decisions. This is also an issue of equity given that risk-tolerant countries will reap the rewards of risks when beneficial technologies emerge, but risk-averse countries may bear their neighbors’ risks without any means to capture potential rewards. An environment of competing and incongruent risk architectures causes individual states, organizations, or industries to arrive at differing definitions of security threats or acceptable levels of loss in pursuit of a technology’s intended gains. For a technology as uncertain as synthetic biology, this policy divergence may set governments, companies, and other research organizations down vastly differing policy paths, and impede consensus in assessing the minutiae of technical risk concerns or assessment protocols, or ensuring security for anyone. 1. 4 ConclusionSynthetic biology is a transformative technology with the possibility to change the world to the same extent as – if not more than – the digital revolution. As is the case with previous scientific breakthroughs, the potential for its dual-use and misuse represents a global problem, and necessitates that the highest levels of policy makers pay it close attention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges of governance in synthetic biology, emphasizing the divergence in safety and security practices internationally. It highlights that various countries may have differing tolerances for environmental risks and that the implications of synthetic biology applications can lead to unintended consequences and biosecurity threats across borders. This underscores that ethical concerns are not simply around potential risks, but are also influenced by global governance issues and inequitable exposure to risks, thereby complicating the understanding of these concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Very few colony collections of this species have been made and thus not much is known about its biology. We presume an arboreal lifestyle. Comments. A fruitless effort has been made to locate the syntype material of this species in the collection of E. André at the MNHN [e-mail communication with Mlle Touret-Alby, 31. iii. 2011]; no material from the type locality [Ivondro River, close to Tamatave] was to be found in this collection. Since all other material that was later added to the collection by André himself conforms to the species description, and we found material in the ZMHB collection from the type locality that could belong to the syntype material, we are nonetheless confident in the correct identification of this taxon. Crematogaster hafahafa Blaimer sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:EF4E3671-50EB-4E2B-9C2F-1F8AE 8C18520. Fig. 25. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 25. Crematogaster hafahafa, worker and distribution. A–C worker (0436524): A full face B lateral C dorsal; D species distribution. Type locality. : Antsiranana: P. N. Montagne d’Ambre: -12. 53444, 49. 17950, 925 m, montane rainforest. Type specimens. holotype worker: pinned, 0436524, BLF02566(18), beating low vegetation, 20. −26. i. 2001, B. L. Fisher et al. ; original locality label: MADG’R: Prov. Antsiranana: P. N. Montagne Ambre, 3. 6 km 235° SW Joffreville, 925 m, 20. −26. i. 2001, Fisher et al. BLF2566; deposited at CASC. Other material examined (CASC). : P. N. Montagne d’Ambre, 925 m. Diagnosis. Crematogaster hafahafa can be distinguished easily from C. kelleri by the shape of the promesonotum, which is rounded in lateral view in C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the identification and classification of a specific ant species (Crematogaster hafahafa) without mentioning any farming of fungi or relating to the claim. It focuses on the details of a specific ant's morphology and collection history, which does not provide any information on ant-fungus farming behavior.