Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: Right panel: differential score comparing the change between before and after CNO injection in the two groups (m-Cherry-CNO, n = 4; hM4Di-CNO, n = 7; unpaired t-test, p-value=0. 0033). (C) Experimental design of the behavioral experiment. Mice were injected bilaterally with AAV-expressing hM4Di or m-Cherry in the BLA. Scale bar, 250 um. After 3 wk of virus expression, the mice were exposed to the looming stimulus 30 min after CNO injection. (D) The freezing level is significantly reduced in the hM4Di-CNO group (n = 8) compared to the m-Cherry-CNO group (n = 7; Mann–Whitney test, p-value=0. 0003). (E) The rearing events are significantly increased in the hM4Di-CNO group (n = 8) compared to the m-Cherry-CNO group (n = 7; Mann–Whitney test, p-value=0. 0006). (F) One day after the looming exposure, the same animals were injected with CNO 30 min prior to the aversive conditioning protocol. Twenty-four hours later, the mice were tested in a new context in a CNO-free trial. (G) Freezing level during the baseline period (BL) and the five tone and foot-shock pairings. The conditioned stimulus (CS)-evoked freezing is significantly reduced in the hM4Di-CNO group (n = 10) than the m-Cherry-CNO group (n = 7; repeated-measures ANOVA for group by time interactions, F: 5,80 = 3. 916, p-value=0. 0032 with Sìdak test correction). (H) The CS-evoked freezing in a new context is significantly reduced in the hM4Di-CNO group (n = 10) compared to the m-Cherry-CNO group (n = 7; unpaired t-test, p-value=0. 0041). Results are reported as mean ± SEM. *p<0. 05; **p<0. 01; ***p<0. 001. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim of language acquisition involving both innate and learned components. Instead, it discusses a behavioral experiment involving animals and the effects of injections, which is unrelated to the complexities of language acquisition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Automatic nutrient dosing system Anything that causes plants to be under stress may be due to high temperatures or low lightening, which reduces nutrient usage. At the same, plants keep changing various types of nutrients and nutrient ratios as their rate of growth changes. Due to these reasons, continuous monitoring is needed to check plant nutrient absorption and EC levels. Our developed system can function in both monitoring and dosing plants. The system uses sensors to regularly measure the nutrient reservoir’s pH, EC levels, and temperature ranges. And we are using the Identification algorithm to identify the plant’s growth stage in its life cycle. Hydroponic systems depend on an exact ratio of micronutrients, phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen, with suggested amounts based on the crop being grown. Real-time data from sensors measuring EC, pH, and nutrient concentrations in the nutrient solution is interpreted by the automatic dosing system. The system dynamically modifies the dosage of nutrient solutions to maintain them within the preset optimal ranges in response to these readings. In addition to doing away with the necessity for manual adjustments, this automated and responsive method guarantees that plants get the exact nutrients they need at every stage of growth, encouraging healthier plants and optimizing crop yield in hydroponic farming. Growth stage identification algorithm A subset of machine learning is deep learning. Deep understanding is used to analyze the input image layer-by-layer, with each layer providing more detailed information about the input. We fed photos of tomato plants photographed into this system for stage identification. Pixels in a rectangular grid make up the given image. The second layer comprehends the image’s edges. The following layer builds nodes from the edges. The following would then discover branches from the nodes. The output layer will then find the entire item. This algorithm used multilayer perception and CNN to identify the stage of the tomato plant with high accuracy. Mask R-CNN-based growth stage identification A tomato plant typically shows green leaves with variable sizes and stems and randomly arranged and intricately overlapping leaves. The characteristics extracted from the shallow and deep layers are combined using a feature pyramid network (FPN), and feature mapping improves recognition. When paired with the FPN network, ResNet-50 also acts as the support network for feature extraction. Regarding the loss function, the training loss of the Mask R-CNN comprises two components: the training loss in the multibranch prediction network and the training loss in the region proposal network (RPN). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how hydroponic systems utilize nutrient-rich water and monitor plant nutrient absorption, effectively enabling soil-less farming. It discusses the automatic nutrient dosing system that ensures plants receive the precise nutrients necessary for growth without the need for soil.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Fig 3A displays the moving average (window = 4 trials) of TE throughout the task. The blue line shows the mean of the nine participants with below-average (σMv)2, and the orange line depicts the mean of the eight participants with above-average (σMv)2. The spread around these lines represent the standard deviation of the data across subjects. When the temporal perturbation of 100 ms is introduced, subjects account for this delay by reaching the target’s trajectory earlier with their hand in relation to the target. This is depicted by a more positive TE in Fig 3. Upon visual inspection there seemed to be a slightly faster adaptation for the HIGH group than for the LOW group (see Fig 3B). In order to verify this notion, we calculated an adaptation score for each participant. We found a significant correlation between (σMv)2 and the adaptation score (Pearson r = 0. 51, p = 0. 037). We found an even higher Spearman correlation (r = 0. 61, p = 0. 009), indicating that the relationship might be better described by a logarithmic curve (dashed line in Fig 3B). These findings imply that there is a strong positive relationship between (σMv)2 and the adaptation. We confirmed this result by finding a negative correlation between (σMv)2 and τ (r = -0. 63, p = 0. 038) (Fig 4A). This was as expected, as the had a negative (albeit not significant) correlation with τ as calculated by the exponential (r = -0. 54, p = 0. 088) (Fig 4B). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. The relationship between (σMv)2 and adaptation score. (A) The moving average data (+- SD) of the LOW (blue) and HIGH (orange) variability group. (B) The relationship between (σMv)2 and the Adaptation Score. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Verification of the adaptation score. A. The relation between movement speed variability and τ of the exponential function. B. The relationship between the and τ of the exponential function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about urban living and stress levels. It discusses findings related to participants' adaptation scores and movement speed variability without any reference to urban living or stress levels, thus not supporting, contrasting, or addressing the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: It is well established that the BLA activity is required to process learned threats (Maren et al. , 1996; Maren, 1999; Anglada-Figueroa and Quirk, 2005; Johansen et al. , 2014). To test whether the BLA is required for visually evoked innate defensive response, we applied a loss-of-function approach by transiently inactivating the BLA. We infected the BLA pyramidal neurons with hM4Di (Gi-coupled human muscarinic M4 designer receptor exclusively activated by a designer drug [i]) tagged with m-Cherry fluorescent proteins. We validated that the efficacy of i’ agonist, clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), mediated inhibition by performing optical stimulation of LT axons and in vivo electrophysiology recording in the BLA (Figure 1A). Intraperitoneal injection of CNO reduced the light-evoked BLA activity significantly (Figure 1B and Figure 1—figure supplement 2A; Armbruster et al. , 2007; Stachniak et al. , 2014). Behaviorally, the i-mediated BLA silencing significantly reduced the defensive responses of the animals to the looming stimulus (Figure 1C and D and Figure 1—figure supplement 2B–G). Specifically, BLA inhibition resulted in failure of switching from rearing behavior to freezing, which is a typical looming stimulus-evoked behavior (Figure 1E and Figure 1—figure supplement 2E-G). The following day, the same mice were subjected to the threat conditioning protocol in the presence of CNO (Figure 1F). Consistent with previous reports (Anglada-Figueroa and Quirk, 2005; Johansen et al. , 2014; Maren, 1999; Maren et al. , 1996), transient inactivation of the BLA during the conditioning reduced the freezing response to the CS during the conditioning as well as the recall periods (Figure 1G and H and Figure 1—figure supplement 2H and I). Neither the injection of CNO nor the expression of ialone interfered with the expression of the defensive responses to innately aversive and learned threats. In addition, mice with a permanent lesion in the BLA showed a similar deficit in defensive responses (Figure 1—figure supplement 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about language acquisition as it focuses on the role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in processing learned and innate defensive responses in animals. It discusses experimental findings regarding the inhibition of BLA activity and its effect on specific defensive behaviors, without addressing language acquisition or its components.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Additionally, si and si∗ represent the mask binary conditions from the prediction and ground truth labels, respectively, and ti∗ denotes the difference between the ground-truth label box and the positive anchor. Procedure for nutrient estimator with visual representation board serves as the main controller of a hydroponic dosing system, coordinating the accurate dispensing of nutrients according to the surrounding conditions. Its central component is the microcontroller, usually an ATmega328p, which runs the programming that defines the logic of the dosing system. Antenna pins interact with sensors that measure factors like pH or nutrition levels, while digital pins are set as outputs to control dosing components, including pumps or valves. Both types of pins are crucial. For reliable performance, the voltage regulator guarantees a steady power supply, and the crystal oscillator gives precise timing for the microcontroller’s functions. Programming and interacting with external devices are made easier via the USB interface. Programmed logic, in which the microcontroller interprets sensor inputs, decides on the basis of specified criteria, and outputs signals to control dosing components, is what makes the dosing system work. board functions as a flexible and effective controller thanks to the dynamic interplay of its parts, guaranteeing the accurate and automated distribution of nutrients in hydroponic farming. The automatic dosing system consists of an Arduino board with a DHT11 temperature sensor, pH, and EC meter. We use a water tank filled with RO water, as in the deep-water culture model, with an aerator supplying oxygen for roots. We must start the system with the required pH range between 5. 5 to 6. 5 and EC values between 2 to 5. We used submersible pumps for pumping water and nutrients. The amount of time the PUMP is ON or OFF depends on the stage of the plant, pump speed, tank volume, and the number of plants. The programmed Arduino microcontroller periodically records updated values and adjusts the system with pH and EC as per thresholds. It captures the image of the plants to identify the current growth stage at regular intervals. It then stores all the measured data in the IOTCloudData web server that helps the farmer to feed plants with the right amount of nutrients and supplements. Figures 3 and 4 show the flowchart of the nutrient hydroponic automatic controlling system. We programmed our dosing system to adjust between ratios of nutrients for different stages in plant development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how a hydroponic system operates without soil and utilizes a nutrient-rich water solution for plant feeding. The description of the dosing system and its components, such as the pH and EC meters, and the management of nutrient levels all support the concept of hydroponics as a method of soil-less farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: When H2O2 was added to the medium, the growth of both GRF18U and BY4742 wild type strains was negatively affected proportionally to the hydrogen peroxide concentration. Low concentrations (2 mM) lead to a slight delay of growth (data not shown), while the highest H2O2 concentration (3. 5 mM) lead to an almost complete growth inhibition (Fig. 3c and 3d). A similar behavior has been observed for yeast cells transformed with the ScALO1 and AtLGDH genes (data not shown). Significantly, under the same limiting conditions, all recombinant strains producing L-AA were able to resume growth about 35 hours after inoculation, showing a strong robustness and an increased tolerance to oxidative stress (Fig. 3c and 3d). Moreover, it becomes obvious that this aspect of strain robustness is directly correlated with the amount of L-AA produced (see Fig. 2); in fact, the strains engineered with all five genes necessary to complete the biosynthetic L-AA pathway exhibited even stronger tolerance (Fig. 3c and 3d, triangles) than the corresponding strains, lacking the FGT activity (Fig. 3c and 3d, squares). This phenomenon can be observed for both yeast genetic backgrounds, even if with a slight difference in timing, probably due to a different basal resistance of the two genetic backgrounds (phenomenon not further investigated). The BY background strain, in fact, seems to be more resistant, despite the generally lower ascorbic acid levels measured (see Fig. 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Growth curves of wild type and L-ascorbic acid producing yeasts under oxidative stress. Kinetics of growth of wild type and engineered strains GRF18U (left panels) and BY4742 (right panels) as inoculated in minimal glucose media without H2O2 (3A and 3B) or in presence of H2O2 3. 5 mM (3C and 3D). • GRF18U wild type; ▪ GRF18U[]; ▴ GRF18U[]; ○ BY4742 wild type; □ BY4742[]; ▵ BY4742[]. results were obtained for cells growing in the presence of 2. 5 and 3 mM H2O2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of hydrogen peroxide on yeast growth and does not address urban living or stress levels at all. Therefore, it does not provide any corroborating or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: Thus, the neuronal activity within the BLA is not only required for encoding and processing the learned threat but it is also essential for processing an innately aversive threat. This, to our knowledge, is the first direct evidence documenting that the BLA is required for processing an innate visual threat cue. The selective lesion of the BLA-projecting LT neurons impairs the defensive responses to the looming stimulus and the aversive conditioning The subcortical pathway comprising the LT inputs to the BLA is known to be essential for the acquisition of threat conditioning (Romanski and LeDoux, 1992a; Romanski and LeDoux, 1992b; LeDoux et al. , 1984; Campeau and Davis, 1995; Barsy et al. , 2020; Taylor et al. , 2021; Lee et al. , 2021). Therefore, we tested whether these inputs are also required for processing innately aversive threats. We selectively lesioned BLA-projecting LT neurons by injecting retroAAV2-Cre in the BLA and a mixture of DIO-GFP and DIO-taCaspase3 in the LT (Yang et al. , 2013; Figure 2A). Additionally, in two separate control groups, we injected retroAAV2-Cre in the BLA and DIO-GFP in the LT (GFP group) or a mixture of DIO-GFP and DIO-taCaspase in the LT (sham group). Our retrograde labeling was largely confined within the LT (Figure 2B and D). Figure 2 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Selective lesion of the basolateral amygdala (BLA)-projecting neurons in the lateral thalamus (LT) impairs the defensive responses to the looming stimulus and the aversive conditioning. (A) Viral strategy for the selective lesion of BLA-projecting LT neurons. The GFP group was injected with retro-AAV2-Cre in BLA and AAV5-DIO-GFP only in the LT. (B, C) Representative image showing retrogradely transported GFP in the BLA-projecting LT neurons in a mouse from the GFP group (B) and a mouse from the selective lesion group (C), respectively. Scale bar, 200 um. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language acquisition; instead, it focuses on the neuronal activity within the basolateral amygdala and its role in processing innate and learned threats. Although it mentions innate and learned components in the context of threat conditioning, it does not specifically relate to the process of language acquisition. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: 4. The application of the growth stage identification algorithm in hydroponic farming The application of the Identification algorithm in hydroponic farming situations has produced significant improvements in a variety of real-world applications. The precise detection of growth stages by the algorithm led to optimal nutrient administration in a tomato-growing commercial greenhouse, minimizing nutrient waste and increasing yield. By automating the procedures of monitoring and fertilizer correction based on accurate growth stage recognition, the algorithm improved labor productivity in vertical farming systems and streamlined operations. Additionally, the algorithm’s use in sustainable urban agriculture practices shown how it may reduce environmental impact by optimizing nutrient solutions, satisfying consumer demand for environmentally friendly food. Scholarly establishments applying the algorithm saw enhanced crop quality as a result of precise nutrient distribution, while arid-region hydroponic farms took use of its potential for resource-efficient farming. Furthermore, the algorithm’s applicability to automated home hydroponics showed that even city people could use it to produce plants successfully and optimally. All of these case studies highlight how adaptable and powerful the Identification algorithm is for raising production, sustainability, and efficiency in a range of hydroponic farming scenarios. Experiment results System setup The proposed system has been implemented to estimate the extra nutrients required to feed the plants in the right amounts. Files S2 and S3 show the system implementation in real-time for visualizing plant growth from vegetative to fruit. The above experiment used deep water culture to grow the plants in a fixed water tank mixed with the initial amount of nutrients. The tomato plants are taken for demo and monitored from the seedling stage to the fruiting stage for nearly 115 days. The plants were in the observation to analyze that nutrient consumption changes as they change their growth stage. We used an Arduino board designed with a pH sensor, TDs sensors, and a temperature sensor connected to the outside world using ESP-32 Wi-Fi for automating the nutrient supply. board is coded using the software Arduino IDE for the above implementation. Its user-friendly open-source software contains a text editor for writing and uploading data to the board. In this software, most of the components are written and validated using JavaScript. The board stores all the data logs processed and communicates with a private IOTCloudData server connected with an integrated ESP-32 Wi-Fi module. Plant growth identification In this system, we automated nutrient supply according to the plant stage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the principles of hydroponic farming, where it emphasizes the use of nutrient-rich water instead of soil. It highlights the implementation of an automated nutrient supply system that feeds plants in a fixed water tank mixed with nutrients, demonstrating the practice of growing plants without soil. The mention of deep water culture, which is a hydroponic technique, reinforces the idea that hydroponics relies on nutrient solutions in water for plant growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (2006) Improvement of cell viability and hirudin production by ascorbic acid in Pichia pastoris fermentation. Biotechnol 72: 837–844. View 23. Hancock RD, (2002) Biotechnological approaches for L-ascorbic acid production. 20: 299–305. View 24. Bremus C, Herrmann U, Bringer-Meyer S, (2006) The use of microorganisms in L-ascorbic acid production. J Biotechnol 124: 196–205. View 25. (2006) Biotechnological production of vitamins. and Biotechnology 44: 381–396. View 26. (2006) Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Interact 160: 1–40. View 27. (1991) Dietary antioxidants and the risk of lung cancer. Epidemiol 134: 471–479. View 28. Naidu KA (2003) in human health and disease is still a mystery? An overview. 2: 7. View 29. O'(2003) Complexities of chromium carcinogenesis: role of cellular response, repair and recovery mechanisms. 533: 3–36. View 30. (2002) Role of ascorbic acid in stratum corneum lipid models exposed to UV irradiation. 19: 982–990. View 31. van Dijken JP, et al. (1999) NADH reoxidation does not control glycolytic flux during exposure of respiring Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures to glucose excess. 171: 133–140. View 32. (2002) Transformation of yeast by lithium acetate/single-stranded carrier DNA/polyethylene glycol method. 350: 87–96. View 33. (1992) Complementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae auxotrophic mutants by Arabidopsis thaliana cDNAs. 2: 417–422. View 34. Hoffman CS, (1987) A ten-minute DNA preparation from yeast efficiently releases autonomous plasmids for transformation of Escherichia coli. Gene 57: 267–272. View 35. (2004) The yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii: a new host for heterologous protein production, secretion and for metabolic engineering applications. 4: 493–504. View 36. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various biotechnological studies and does not address any issues related to urban living or stress levels. There is no content that supports, contrasts, or pertains to the claim regarding stress in urban environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: (D, E) Zoomed-in images from the regions outlined in yellow from (B) and in red from (C). Scale bar, 50 um. (F) Quantification of GFP+ neurons in the LT. The selective lesion group (n = 6) showed a significant reduction in the number of GFP+ neurons compared to the GFP group (n = 10; unpaired t-test, p-value<0. 0001). (G) Mice were exposed to the looming stimulus. The freezing level is significantly reduced in the selective lesion group (n = 6) compared to the GFP group (n = 10; Mann–Whitney test, p-value<0. 0001). The rearing frequency is significantly higher in the selective lesion group (n = 6) compared to the GFP group (n = 10; Mann–Whitney test, p-value=0. 0050). (H) The same mice were conditioned 1 d after the looming exposure. The mice were tested for memory recall in a new context 2 hr later. The selective lesion group (n = 6) showed a significant reduction in conditioned stimulus (CS)-evoked freezing compared to the GFP group during the short-term memory (STM) recall (n = 10; unpaired t-test, p-value=0. 0003). Results are reported as mean ± SEM. **p<0. 01; ***p<0. 001; ****p<0. 0001. Among mice with the selective lesion of the BLA-projecting LT neurons, we observed few GFP+ neurons (Figure 2C, E and F), demonstrating the efficiency of the approach. Furthermore, mice with the selective lesion showed a significant reduction in their defensive response to the looming stimulus as opposed to the two control groups (Figure 2G and Figure 2—figure supplement 1A–C). Similar to the BLA inhibition experiment, the selective lesion caused a similar failure in switching from exploratory to defensive behavior upon looming stimulus exposure (Figure 2G and Figure 2—figure supplement 1A and B). Likewise, the defensive responses to the learned aversive cue were reduced during the conditioning as well as the recall sessions (Figure 2H and Figure 2—figure supplement 1D and E). Together these data, in line with a recent report (Kang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language acquisition. It discusses neuronal quantifications and behavioral responses in mice under different experimental conditions, with no mention of language acquisition, innate factors, or learned components. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant ('pass') to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: (12) =15Liter×800mg/Liter2×106mg/Minute (Sub in Eq. (11)) =0. 36sec(1Liter=1000000mg) Data analysis for nutrient supply During the system implementation period, it was observed that the plants were taking nutrients at increasing levels as they were growing from one stage to another. We used Tomato plants for the demo and were kept in observation for around 115 days from the installation. With a view of data downloaded from the cloud server, we have clearly shown the average nutrient consumption per week in Table 2 and Figs. 5–7. Figure 5: Nutrient consumption at vegetative stage. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-5 Figure 6: Nutrient consumption at flower stage. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-6 Figure 7: Nutrient consumption at fruit stage. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-7 The following graph analysis developed using Python with the clearly shows how plant nutrient consumption rate increase with change in the growth stages. Accuracy analysis chart for comparing the proposed with the existing system Figure 8 and Table 3 compare the accuracy of the proposed methodology to various current methods. The graph shows that the deep learning approach improves performance and accuracy. For example, in the 1–5th week, the proposed model has a 97. 5% accuracy value, while the CNN (Gul & Bora, 2023) and DNN (Arvind et al. , 2020) models have 95. 5% and 94. 3% accuracy values, respectively. The proposed model, on the other hand, fared better with varied weeks. Similarly, the proposed model has an accuracy value of 99. 4% under 10–15 weeks, whereas CNN and DNN have 96. 8% and 96. 6%, respectively. Figure 8: Accuracy analysis of the proposed system. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-8 Time complexity analysis of chart for comparing the proposed with the existing system Figure 9 and Table 4 show the time complexity of the proposed methodology is compared to that of existing techniques. The data clearly shows that the proposed technique outperformed all other strategies. The proposed approach, for example, took only 123. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the implementation period of hydroponics where it states that plants, specifically tomato plants, were observed taking nutrients in increasing levels during their growth stages. This aligns with the claim that hydroponics utilizes nutrient-rich water as a means for soil-less farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (1999) Three new dominant drug resistance cassettes for gene disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 15: 1541–1553. View 37. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. New York: Press. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses scientific literature unrelated to urban living or stress levels. There are no references to stress, urban living, or any related topics that would allow for corroboration or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: , 2022), demonstrate that the activity of the BLA-projecting LT neurons is required for the defensive responses not only to a learned but also to an innately aversive threat. The BLA receives monosynaptic inputs from the temporal associative cortex (TeA) and auditory cortex (AuC). Since the LT is a major input to the TeA and the AuC, we tested whether the effect we observed in the selective lesion of the LT projecting cells could be an indirect effect via interrupting the cortical inputs to the BLA (Barsy et al. , 2020). To this end, we lesioned the cortical regions (TeA and AuD) that are known to receive LT projections and in turn project to the BLA (Figure 2—figure supplement 2A and B). Mice with cortical lesions had a similar level of freezing in response to looming (Figure 2—figure supplement 2C) and conditioned stimuli (Figure 2—figure supplement 2D and E). Our results are in agreement with previous studies showing that selective optical inhibition of LT-BLA axons, which spares the disynaptic input from the LT-TeA/AuC-BLA, impairs defensive responses to the innate and learned threat stimuli (Barsy et al. , 2020; Kang et al. , 2022). The axons of the BLA-projecting LT neurons are activated by the looming stimulus and show an increase in CS-evoked response following aversive conditioning In the preceding section, we demonstrated that the activity of the BLA-projecting LT neurons is essential for processing innate and learned threats. Therefore, we expect an increase in the activity of the LT input to the BLA that is time-locked to the threat signals. For this purpose, we took advantage of fiber photometry in freely moving mice. Virus expressing the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator GCaMP7s (Dana et al. , 2019) was injected into the LT, and a fiber optic was implanted above the dorsal tip of the BLA (Figure 3A–C and Figure 3—figure supplement 1A). The axonal activity of the LT neurons serves as a proxy for their release of neurotransmitters into the BLA. The time-locked GCaMP activity of the LT projections to the onset of the looming stimulus was evident. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on neuronal activity related to defensive responses and threat processing in mice, discussing the roles of various brain regions (like the BLA and LT) in response to innate and learned stimuli. While it mentions both innate and learned components in the context of these stimuli, it does not specifically address language acquisition or any aspects related to the process of learning a language. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about language acquisition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Designing and implementing the arduino-based nutrition feeding automation system of a prototype scaled nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponics using total dissolved solids (TDS) sensor. . 2021. AB mix hydroponics nutrient solution concentration control using microcontroller based on-off control method. FAO. 2022a. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. FAO. 2022b. Food and agriculture projections to 2050 | Global perspectives studies | Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. . 2018. Design of PID controller for greenhouse temperature based on Kalman. Gul Z, Bora S. 2023. Exploiting pre-trained convolutional neural networks for the detection of nutrient deficiencies in hydroponic basil. Sensors 23(12):5407. 2022. Can soilless farming feed urban East Africa? An assessment of the benefits and challenges of hydroponics in Uganda and Tanzania. 6(1):100413 Haider J, Rai AB. 2021. Emergence of new insect pests on vegetables during the last decade: a case study. 9(1):20-26. 2019. Hydroponic system with automated hydrolysis using renewable energy self-sustainable. of Conferences 256:2012 Kaewwiset T, Yooyativong T. 2017. Estimation of electrical conductivity and pH in hydroponic nutrient mixing system using linear regression algorithm. . 2021. Architecture design of monitoring and controlling of IoT based aquaponics system powered by solar energy. Science 191:493-498 Lee S, Lee J. 2015. Beneficial bacteria and fungi in hydroponic systems: types and characteristics of hydroponic food production methods. 195:206-215. 2020. Utilizing a privacy-preserving IoT edge and fog architecture in automated household aquaponics. . 2021. A fog computing architecture with multi-layer for computing-intensive IoT applications. 11(24):11585 Nemali K. 2022. History of controlled environment horticulture: greenhouses. HortScience 57(2):239-246. 2021. Nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic nutrition controlling system using linear regression method. and Engineering 1108(1):12033. 2018. A novel approach for automating & analyzing hydroponic farms using internet of things. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various hydroponic systems, such as the nutrient film technique (NFT), which utilize nutrient-rich water instead of soil. The mention of 'soilless farming' and the focus on hydroponic methods throughout the text support the idea that hydroponics enables farming without soil.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Human osteosarcoma Saos2 cells and human embryonic kidney 293 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, L-glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin (all from Technologies, Karlsruhe, Germany). Plasmids, construction of expression plasmids, mutagenesis and transient transfectionThe full length human HIPK2 cDNA [25] was subcloned into the EcoR1 and XhoI sites of pcDNA3. 1-zeo(+) (Invitrogen, Groningen, The Netherlands). The DNA fragments for the deletion constructs were generated by PCR using polymerase (Biolabs, Frankfurt, Germany) and primers with appropriate restriction sites and epitope tags. Details about the used primers can be obtained upon request. The carboxy-terminal HIPK2 deletion AC contains amino acids until position 527, the amino-terminal deletion AN from amino acid position 559. The PCR fragments were subcloned in pBSIIsk(-) (Stratagene, Offenbach, Germany), sequenced using an automated sequencer (Applied Biosystem, Langen, Germany) and inserted into pcDNA3 (Invitrogen, Groningen, The Netherlands). The point mutant HIPK2 K221A was generated using the QuickChangeTM kit (Stratagene, Offenbach, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The plasmid pEGFP-Nl coding for a green fluorescent protein was obtained from Clontech (Heidelberg, Germany). The plasmid coding for wildtype p53 was a kind gift from M. Oren (Institute of Science, Israel). HeLa and Saos2 cells were transiently transfected by using the () according to the protocol of the manufacturer. Transient transfections of 293 cells were performed by the calcium phosphate method. Prior to transfection approximately 5 × 105 cells were plated onto a 60 mm dishes to a confluency of 20%. Cells were harvested at 20–30 h following transfection and lysed in 500 μl of lysis buffer (20 mpH 7. 4, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 10 % glycerol, 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology for culturing cells and plasmid construction, without mentioning urban living, stress levels, or any related concepts. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or pertain to the claim regarding urban living and stress.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: As mice showed habituation to the stimuli, GCaMP activity diminished, with later stimuli eliciting neither defensive behavior nor time-locked GCaMP activity in the LT inputs (Figure 3D–J). Figure 3 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset The axons of the basolateral amygdala (BLA)-projecting neurons in the lateral thalamus (LT) are activated by the looming stimulus and show an increase in conditioned stimulus (CS)-evoked response following aversive conditioning. (A) Illustration showing virus injection and the optic fiber implantation strategy for GCaMP7s recordings from the axon terminals of the BLA-projecting MGN neurons. (B) Representative image of GCaMP7s expression in the MGN. Scale bar, 200 um. (C) Representative image of the optic fiber location above the BLA. Scale bar, 500 um. (D) After 5 wk of virus expression, the mice were exposed to the black and white looming stimulus. Twenty-four hours later, the mice were reexposed again to the looming stimulus. (E) Freezing level to the black looming stimulus (n = 9), to the white looming stimulus (n = 9), and after the habituation to the black looming (n = 9, Friedman test p-value<0. 0001 with Dunn’s test). (F) Z-score of the Ca2+ response from the MGN axon terminals during the black looming stimulus (n = 9; in black; time-to-peak, mean: 818 ms, SEM: ±114 ms), white looming stimulus (n = 9; in white), and the habituation to the black looming stimulus (n = 9; in gray). (G) The area under the curve (AUC) is significantly reduced when the mice are habituated to the black looming compared to the first exposure to it (n = 9; paired t-test, p-value=0. 0001). (H–J) Heatmap of the response to the first expansion of the black looming stimulus (H), white looming stimulus (I), and after the habituation to the black looming stimulus (J) for each mouse. (K) Mice were conditioned and tested as previously described. After the recall session, the same went through an extinction protocol for the following two days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental results related to mouse behavior and neurophysiology without any mention of language acquisition, innate versus learned components, or human language processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: of Dairy and usGuidelines to authorRole of ethicsRole of Authors5. 44SJR 0. 151Frequency :Quarterly (March, June, September & December):Elsevier (Scopus and Embase), 10. 18805/ajdfr. DR-1804Cite 167. doi: 10. 18805/ajdfr. DR-1804. : Long-term and stable livestock productivity could be possible only through a year-round supply of quality green fodder and it is essential for the sustainability of dairy farms. The year-round supply of quality green fodder is challenging to livestock farmers; however, it is possible by adopting perennial grass-legume intercropping systems. Methods: A field experiment with eight treatments consisting of two perennial grasses (Napier- bajra hybrid grass and guinea grass) alone or in combination with three fodder legumes (Lucerne, and Sesbania) was conducted for 3 years (2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19) in a sandy loam soil at the. The treatments were replicated thrice in a randomized block design. Perennial grasses were raised in paired row method (row to row 120cm and plant to plant 60 cm. The legume intercrops were grown with their respective spacing within 120 cm row. Sesbania inter crop was allowed to grow for 6 months and later trimmed to a height of 1 meter in the establishment year. Growth parameters were measured only for grasses at each harvesting and green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields were recorded for both grasses and legumes at each cut and accumulated annually (total 6 cuts/year) for statistical analyses. Result: The results indicated that among the grasses, Napier-bajra hybrid recorded significantly higher green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields; in case of leguminous inter crops, Sesbania recorded highest green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields followed by Hedge Lucerne. About total productivity of the system, Napier-bajra hybrid + Sesbania (2:1) cropping system recorded highest green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields. Highest net returns and B:C ratio was also noted with Napier bajra hybrid +Sesbania (2:1) cropping system and proved to be the best perennial fodder system for year-round supply fodder to the livestock. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that the use of perennial grass-legume intercropping systems can provide a year-round supply of quality green fodder, which is essential for livestock productivity and the sustainability of dairy farms. This reflects the ability of perennial plants to supply yields throughout the year. Moreover, it discusses the productivity benefits of using perennial pasture systems, aligning with the idea of stabilizing agricultural practices and soil through prolonged cultivation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant remains can always be accurately dated. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4958737/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractMolecular and physiological changes across crop developmental stages shape the plant phenome and render its prediction from genetic markers challenging. Here we present dynamicGP, an efficient computational approach that combines genomic prediction with dynamic mode decomposition to characterize temporal changes in the crop phenotype and to predict genotype-specific dynamics for multiple traits. Using genetic markers and data from high-throughput phenotyping of a maize multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross population, we show that dynamicGP outperforms a state-of-the-art genomic prediction approach for multiple traits. We demonstrate that the developmental dynamics of traits whose heritability varies less over time can be predicted with higher accuracy. The approach paves the way for interrogating and integrating the dynamical interactions between genotype and phenotype over crop development to improve the prediction accuracy of agronomically relevant traits. Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant developmentBiological sciences/Biological techniques/High-throughput screeningBiological sciences/Genetics/Quantitative traitFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4IntroductionThe phenome of a plant comprises the entirety of traits expressed at any given time, and is the integrated outcome of the effects of genetic factors, environmental conditions and their complex interactions. Understanding how the crop phenome changes over time can help predict individual traits at specific time points in crop development. However, this problem is challenging not only because of the intricate dependence between individual traits, but also due to differences in how the phenomes of specific genotypes change over the plant life cycle. The classical approach of genomic prediction (GP) in crops trains machine learning models using data on traits measured in a population of genotypes at a specific time point based on genetic markers1. These models can be used to predict the traits in other genotypes for which genetic markers are available, thus foregoing measurements; the accuracy of predictions depends on representativeness of the training set and on the genetic architecture of the predicted trait2. As a result, GP accelerates genetic gain and reduces the need for labor-intensive field phenotyping in a test set of genotypes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and challenges involved in predicting traits of plants over time due to the intricate dependence between individual traits and how the phenomes of specific genotypes change throughout their life cycle. This suggests that there are limitations and uncertainties in accurately predicting plant characteristics, which implies that plant remains cannot always be dated accurately.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: (L) Z-score of the Ca2+ response from the axon terminals of the BLA-projecting MGN neurons during the first CS presentation (n = 7; in black; time-to-peak, mean: 973 ms, SEM: ±160 ms), the last CS presentation of the conditioning (n = 6; in red; time-to-peak, mean: 939 ms, SEM: ±62 ms), the first CS presentation during the recall session (n = 7; in blue; time-to-peak, mean: 948 ms, SEM:±41 ms), and the first CS presentation after the extinction training (n = 7; in purple; time-to-peak, mean: 956 ms, SEM: ±96 ms). (M) The AUC is significantly increased when the mice are exposed to the CS during the recall session (n = 7) compared to the CS-evoked response at the beginning of the conditioning (n = 7) and at the end of the conditioning (n = 7) and after the extinction training (n = 7; mixed-effects analysis, F: 3,17 = 8. 791, p-value=0. 0010 with Tukey test correction). (N) Z-score of the Ca2+ response from the axon terminals of the BLA-projecting neurons in the MGN during the first (time-to-peak, mean: 776 ms, SEM: ±57 ms) and last footshock presentation (n = 5; time-to-peak, mean: 660 ms, SEM: ±76 ms). Results are reported as mean ± SEM. **p<0. 01; ***p<0. 001. Notably, the white looming stimulus, as opposed to a black looming stimulus, did not evoke defensive behavior (Yilmaz and Meister, 2013), nor did it trigger GCaMP activity (Figure 3E–I). This, along with the result from the habituation sessions, indicates that the increased activity of the LT inputs is not merely the product of the sensory property of the looming stimulus, but it reflects the saliency and aversiveness of the stimulus, as well. We next monitored the activity of the LT inputs during aversive conditioning, the recall sessions, and post-extinction training (Figure 3K). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses experimental results related to neuronal responses during various conditioning and extinction procedures, without any reference or implication regarding language acquisition or its components.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: , (2020) reported that grass-legume mixture at 75:25 produced greater herbage than 25:75 grass-legume mixture and legume monoculture. Forage species mixtures (grass + legume) have showed increased total forage biomass production including nutrient content when compared to growing single species (Belanger et al. , 2014; Cardinale, et al. , 2007; Foster et al. , 2019). Kauthale et al. , (2017) reported that cultivating Cenchrus ciliaris + Desmanthus virgatus in 1:1 proportion on ridges and furrows has produced significantly higher green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields and net returns than Cenchurus ciliaris + Stylosanthus seabrana cropping system. One ha of Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) + perennial Napier bajra hybrid produced 1. 09 ha equivalent green fodder yield and 1. 45 ha equivalent dry matter yield including fuel wood of sole Napier bajra hybrid. Sesbania can be grown widely in various agricultural and agroforestry systems for providing green manure, forage and firewood. Being a fast-growing legume, it can help in soil improvement and also controlling soil erosion (Chanda et al. , 2021). Takawale et al. , (2016) reported that leaf meal prepared with Sesbania leaves (Sesbania block) has significantly high crude protein content than other legume blocks. Subabul-based silvi-pastoral system produced 55. 03 per cent more protein yield with perennial Napier bajra hybrid than sole fodder crops (Chauhan et al. , 2014). Patil et al. , (2018) found that bajra (10 variety) + at 1:5 ratio has significantly produced highest green fodder yield, gross and net returns and benefit-cost ratio. Bhatt et al. , (2006) reported that Acacia tottilis/Leucaena leucocephala -forage crop-based systems produced 1. 5-2. 25 times higher dry matter yield than pure pasture land use system. The silvi-pastoral systems maintain higher soil moisture and organic carbon for sustainable biomass production for longer period. Saharan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that various perennial plants, such as Sesbania and hybrids like Napier bajra, contribute to higher biomass production, soil moisture retention, organic carbon maintenance, and improved soil stabilization. Notably, phrases like 'silvi-pastoral systems maintain higher soil moisture and organic carbon for sustainable biomass production for a longer period' directly support the idea that perennial plants can stabilize soil.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: That is why we can still hear a friend speak while walking down a busy street at rush hour; we are able to tune out the traffic and focus on the pattern of language instead. This effect can vary somewhat depending on the frequency of the sound. Approach tool incorporates all those special features of the human auditory experience and produces visualizations that accurately depict human experience rather than absolute acoustic conditions. For instance, a typical spectrogram of a field recording will show a great deal of activity at low frequencies due to wind. It might appear as if the wind accounts for all the sound in the area. However, a analysis of the same recording integrates the natural wind filter present in human hearing. Its spectrograms depict the relative intensity of sounds we might be more likely to hear, such as speech. And since human hearing physiology has not changed significantly since antiquity, what is heard today can be measured as a representation of the past as well. Sound can provide an entirely new way to look at a place, to experience the present as a direct reflection of the past. It is important to note that with my research I am not attempting to answer how the ancient soundscape was interpreted or what it meant to the original users. That continues to be the purview of archaeologists and historians. Rather, I am striving to expand our ideas of what constitutes operative heritage and to provide a new way to experience that history. Researchers and the public may soon be able to step into the past by listening to historic remnants rather than simply looking at them. () is an Amsterdam-based architect, heritage specialist, and research fellow investigating acoustics in historic preservation. Her research was made possible by funding from the the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and field research assistance from Simon Villegas. She extends additional thanks to the village of Ano Karyes, the Mt. , and the Ephoreia of the Ministry of Culture. Approximate translation of the German: “We listen to the splashing stream. He wins six games in a row. A little boy was the winner. The burden was too high. Now, the foundations are being laid. The house does not have any garden. They give standing ovations. The day after tomorrow we drive away. I am looking forward to the meal. Nevertheless nobody got full. " (text excerpted from the Göttinger Satztest/Sentence Test) Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address agricultural practices at all. Instead, it discusses auditory perception and how humans process sound, particularly in relation to experience and heritage. There is no information about ancient agricultural practices or any statements supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: As expected from a multisensory brain region (Bordi and LeDoux, 1994; Linke et al. , 1999; Linke, 1999), the LT inputs were activated from the tone onset (Figure 3L and M). The amplitude of the activity remained unchanged for the subsequent CS presentations, despite mice showing an increased CS-evoked freezing to these stimuli (Figure 3L). Interestingly, during the recall session 24 hr later, we observed a significant increase in CS-evoked GCaMP activity, which was not evident during the conditioning (Figure 3L and M). In addition, upon extinction training, the CS-evoked activity returned to its preconditioning level (Figure 3L and M and Figure 3—figure supplement 1B). Moreover, the footshock induced a time-locked increase in GCaMP activity, which was reduced in amplitude with subsequent US delivery (Figure 3N). From these experiments, we conclude that the LT neurons directly convey the signals for innately aversive as well as for learned threats to the BLA. Contralateral disconnection of the LT-BLA pathway impairs the defensive responses to the looming stimulus and the aversive conditioning Our inactivation experiments demonstrate that the BLA (Figure 1) as well as the BLA-projecting neurons in the LT (Figure 2) are necessary for the processing of the learned and innate aversive threat responses. However, the previous experiments on their own cannot distinguish whether the two regions function in series, with the BLA receiving the threat signals from the LT (as indicated by GCaMP activity in the LT inputs) (Figure 3); or, the LT and the BLA function in parallel, with the BLA receiving the signal from other sources. To address this issue, we used an asymmetrical disconnection approach (LeDoux et al. , 1986; Iwata et al. , 1986; Eldridge et al. , 2016; Barker et al. , 2017; Torromino et al. , 2019), where we inhibited the activity of the LT and the BLA contralaterally. This approach is suited to test whether the direct connection between two regions is required for a particular function (Figure 4A and B). The prerequisite is the connections should be ipsilateral and not reciprocal, as it is the case for the LT and the BLA (LeDoux et al. , 1986; LeDoux et al. , 1990). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address language acquisition directly but rather discusses neuronal responses to aversive stimuli and the involvement of certain brain regions (LT and BLA) in processing these threats. Although it mentions both 'innate' and 'learned' aspects, it does not connect this information to the process of language acquisition. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: , (1989) also reported that the positive association of Subabul with forage crops like Napier hybrid, Lucerne, oat and other cereal forage crops. Long term economical milk production along with the maintenance of better health and fertility of the dairy animals can only be achieved through feeding of quality green fodder. Thus, the need of the hour is not only to enhance the fodder production, but also to make the fodder accessible round the year to all types of dairy animals adequately. Perennial grasses and legumes besides providing quality fodder to the livestock, they also prevent soil erosion and ameliorate soil health. The main objective of this investigation is to identify the suitable and sustainable perennial grass-legume cropping systems for providing higher fodder yield (green and dry), quality fodder (crude protein and crude fiber), better soil fertility maintenance and higher profit to the livestock/dairy farmer. experiments were carried out in the fields of AICRP on at the in the three years of 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 in sandy loam soil for identifying efficient perennial grass-based cropping system. The experimental location is situated at 17°19' 18" N latitude, 78°24' 18" E longitude and at an altitude of 527m above mean sea level in the in India. The average annual rainfall of the area was 750 mm and maximum and minimum temperatures ranged between 24. 6 to 34. 1°C and7. 6 to 18. 6°C respectively during the crop growth period. Experimental site was well drained moderately deep sandy loam soil with pH of 7. 8 and EC of 0. 22 dS m-1. Soil texture analysis was carried out with Bouyoucos hydrometer method and soil pH and EC were measured using pH meter and EC meter respectively. The experimental field was low in available N (152 kg ha-1), medium in phosphorus (26. 0 kg ha-1) and high in potash (293. 0 kg ha-1). Available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil were measured using Kjeldahl, Olsen and Spectrophotometer methods respectively. The experiment was laid out with eight treatments replicated thrice in a randomized complete block design having gross plot size of 5. 0 m × 4. 0 m. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'perennial grasses and legumes... prevent soil erosion and ameliorate soil health.' It discusses the importance of enhancing fodder production, which is achievable through perennial plants, indicating their potential for year-round yields and advantages for soil stability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -of in situ coral bleaching measurements highlights the variability in responses across genera, morphologies, and regions View 10. 7717/peerj. 16100 Published 2023-10-02 Accepted 2023-08-25 Received 2023-05-04 reefs, Thermal stress, Dysbiosis, Climate change, Marine heatwaves Copyright © 2023 Khen et al. is an open access 2023. Standardization of in situ coral bleaching measurements highlights the variability in responses across genera, morphologies, and regions. PeerJ 11:e16100 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-1 Figure 2: Mapping spatial distributions of mass coral bleaching events. Heatmaps showing the spatial distributions of each major bleaching event between 1982 and 2010. Basemap source:. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-2 Figure 3: Mapping the impact of the third-ever global coral bleaching event. Maps showing over 75 total locations worldwide, represented by black circles, affected by the third-ever global coral bleaching event lasting between 2014 and 2017 (Eakin, Sweatman & Brainard, 2019). Each map is overlaid with maximum heat stress in that respective year from NOAA’s Watch satellite data. Basemap source:. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-3 Bleaching resistance and resilience at physiological and ecosystem scales Resistance to thermal stress can be defined as the ability of individual corals to avoid bleaching or survive post-bleaching (West & Salm, 2003). It is generally accepted that corals have different susceptibilities to bleaching based on taxonomy (Marshall & Baird, 2000; McClanahan et al. , 2004), life history strategy (Darling, McClanahan & Côté, 2013), morphology (Loya et al. , 2001; et al. 2012), colony size class (Shenkar, Fine & Loya, 2005), symbiont type and/or density (Berkelmans & 2006), as well as any other distinguishing characteristics. ‘Weedy’ genera (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching and associated research but does not mention plants, their historical usage, or their cultivation in modern agriculture. Thus, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: Figure 4 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Reversible contralateral disconnection of the lateral thalamus-basolateral amygdala (LT-BLA) pathway impairs the defensive responses to the looming stimulus and the aversive conditioning. (A) hM4Di injections in the LT and the contralateral BLA. Scale bar, 200 um. (B) Left: the LT and the BLA are connected through a non-reciprocal and ipsilateral connection. Right: contralateral disconnection of the LT-BLA pathway. (C) Diagram showing the experimental design of the in vivo electrophysiology experiment. Mice were co-injected unilaterally with AAV vectors expressing ChrimsonR and hM4Di in the LT. (D) Clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) reduced the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) in mice expressing hM4Di and injected with CNO. Left panel: representative traces from one mouse from the hM4Di-CNO group. The red bar represents the pulse of light (0. 5 ms, 638 nm). Shadowed area represents SEM. Scale bar, 5 ms, 0. 1 mV. Right panel: the graph shows the normalized fEPSP values before and after CNO injection in mice expressing hM4Di and injected with CNO (n = 5; paired t-test, p-value<0. 0001). (E) Mice were injected with CNO 30 min before being exposed to the looming stimulus. The disconnection LT-BLA group (n = 7) showed a significant reduction in the freezing level compared to all the groups. The unilateral inhibition of the LT (n = 6) and the BLA (n = 5) did not impair the looming stimulus-evoked freezing (ordinary one-way = 3,20, p-value=0. 0006). Right: the rearing events are significantly higher in the disconnection LT-BLA group (n = 7) compared to all the other groups during the looming stimulus presentation (Kruskal–Wallis test, F = 2,24, p-value=0. 0016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about language acquisition or the components involved in it. Instead, it focuses on a specific experimental design related to neuroscience and behavioral responses in mice, so it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Perhaps, the combination of these two species in an intercropping system produced more green fodder yield. The following studies have reported similar results, which are: higher green forage yield produced when forage Sorghum intercropped with Sesbania in the pattern of 45 cm spaced double-row strips (Ahmed et al. , 2007); Kauthale et al. , (2017) reported that the perennial Cenchrus + intercropping system produced significantly higher green fodder yield; Chauhan et al. , (2014) recorded significantly higher green fodder yield and a year-round supply of green fodder yield with Subabul + NB hybrid alley cropping system; NB hybrid intercropped with in 1: ratio has given significantly higher green fodder yield than NB hybrid intercropped with lucerne in the same row ratio (Patil et al. , 2018). Leucaena-forage crop-based systems had 1. 5 - 2. 25 times higher productivity than pure pasture-based systems (Bhatt et al. , 2006). A similar trend was observed in the three years (2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19) the experiments were conducted. If we consider environmental effects the year 2017-18 proved to be the best in producing higher green fodder among the three years the experiments were undergone (Table 1). Table 1: Green fodder yield of total cropping system, grasses and legumes as influenced by different perennial grass/grass-legume cropping systems. Dry matter yield The three-year pooled analysis means indicated that NB hybrid recorded significantly higher dry matter yields (316. 9 q/ha) followed by Guinea grass (239. 7 q/ha). NB hybrid produces a higher tonnage of dry matter per hectare with its rapid growth and profuse tillering (Kadam et al. , 2017). Among the leguminous intercrops, Sesbania recorded the highest dry matter yield (85. 7 q/ha) followed by Hedge lucerne (17. 6 q/ha). With regards to total productivity of the system T5: NB hybrid + Sesbania grandiflora (2:1) recorded highest dry matter yields of 348. 9 q/ha (Table 2). These results were supported by the following studies: Chauhan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that various intercropping systems involving perennial plants such as NB hybrid and Sesbania can yield significantly higher quantities of green fodder, particularly highlighting the year-round supply of green fodder yield with specific cropping systems. This supports the statement that perennial plants can indeed provide year-round yields.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 28:709-713 van Woesik R. 2019. A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades. 10:1264 Sully S, Hodgson G, van Woesik R. 2022. Present and future bright and dark spots for coral reefs through climate change. Biology 28:4509-4522. 2006. Highly stable symbioses among western Atlantic brooding corals. 25:515-519 -. 2011. A connection between colony biomass and death in Caribbean reef-building corals. 6:e29535. 2001. Repopulation of zooxanthellae in the Caribbean corals Montastraea annularis and M. faveolata following experimental and disease-associated bleaching. Bulletin 201:360-373. 2014. Opposite latitudinal gradients in projected ocean acidification and bleaching impacts on coral reefs. Biology 20:103-112. 1995. Effects of Cyclone ‘Joy’ on nearshore coral communities of the Reef. 128:261-270. 2012. Effects of coral colony morphologies on mass transfer and susceptibility to thermal stress. 31:633-639. 2022. Coral-bleaching responses to climate change across biological scales. Biology 28:4229-4250. 2019. The rarity of depth refugia from coral bleaching heat stress in the western and central Pacific Islands. 9:1-12 Veron JCE. 2011. Coral taxonomy and evolution. In: Coral reefs: an ecosystem in transition. Cham: Springer. 37-45. 2010. Species composition, habitat, and water quality influence coral bleaching in southern Florida. 408:65-78. 2020. Divergent symbiont communities determine the physiology and nutrition of a reef coral across a light-availability gradient. 14:945-958. 2021. Shifting baselines: physiological legacies contribute to the response of reef corals to frequent heatwaves. 35:1366-1378 Wall CB, Ritson-. 2019. Spatial variation in the biochemical and isotopic composition of corals during bleaching and recovery. Limnology and Oceanography 64:2011-2028. 2003. Resistance and resilience to coral bleaching: implications for coral reef conservation and management. 17:956-967. 2016. Package ‘ggplot2’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses coral bleaching and ecological research related to corals rather than addressing the cultivation of plants used historically in agriculture. There is no information in the text that supports, contrasts, or relates to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: (F) Mice were reinjected with CNO 30 min before aversive conditioning, and they were exposed to the conditioned stimulus (CS) in a new context in a CNO-free trial. The disconnection LT-BLA group (n = 7) showed a significant reduction in the CS-evoked freezing level compared to all control groups during the LTM recall (ordinary one-way = 3,22, p-value<0. 0001). Results are reported as mean ± SEM. *p<0. 05; **p<0. 01; ***p<0. 001; ****p<0. 0001. For this purpose, we applied a reversible disconnection between the LT-BLA pathway by expressing hM4Di in the LT and the BLA contralateral to each other (Figure 4A and B and Figure 4—figure supplement 1A and B). This manipulation spared the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) (Figure 4—figure supplement 1C). Electrophysiologically, upon CNO injection, the responses of the BLA neurons to the optical stimulation of LT neurons co-expressing ChrimsonR and hM4Di was greatly reduced (Figure 4C and D). Behaviorally, CNO-induced inactivation of the contralateral regions significantly reduced the defensive responses to the looming stimulus (Figure 4E and Figure 4—figure supplement 2B-H) and the recall session of the aversive conditioning (Figure 4F and Figure 4—figure supplement 2I and J). The locomotor activity and the anxiety-like behaviors, as measured by line crosses and time spent in the center of the looming arena, however, remained intact (Figure 4—figure supplement 2A). CNO injection in mice expressing mCherry in the contralateral LT and BLA did not reduce freezing responses in either of the behavioral tasks (Figure 4E and F). More importantly, unilateral inactivation of the LT and the BLA was not sufficient to block the defensive responses (Figure 4E and F). Similar results were obtained when we performed an irreversible disconnection of the LT-BLA pathway (Figure 4—figure supplement 2K–N). These experiments suggest that the direct projection from the LT to the BLA is required for the processing of innately aversive threats as well as learned threats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on experiments related to aversive conditioning in mice and the roles of certain brain pathways (LT-BLA) in those responses. It does not discuss language acquisition or the components involved in that process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Plant height and tiller number of grass species might not be adversely affected by adding legume intercrops in the experiment. In the case of leaf stem ratio: Napier bajra hybrid + Sesbania (2:1) (T5) intercropping system recorded the highest leaf stem ratio of 0. 58, followed by Napier bajra hybrid + (2:1) (T4) with 0. 53 leaf stem ratio. Ahmed et al. , (2007) also reported similar results that maximum leaf area per plant was observed in Sorghum where Sorghum was intercropped with Sesbania. The higher leaf stem ratio in T5 followed by T4 might be due to more organic matter added because of higher leaf fall on the soil by Sesbania followed by Hedge Lucerne. The organic matter favored getting more leaf growth in grasses. Table 4: Effect of perennial grass-legume intercropping systems on growth parameters of grasses*. to three-year pooled analyses results: highest net returns of Rs. 1,95,878 per hectare and B:C ratio was noted with Napier bajra hybrid + Sesbania system followed by Napier bajra hybrid cropping system and Guinea grass + Sesbania cropping system with Rs. 1,31,800 and Rs. 1,28,140 respectively (Table 5). Highest BC ratio was also recorded by Napier bajra hybrid + Sesbania (2:1) system with 4. 03:1 followed by Guinea grass + Sesbania cropping system and Napier bajra hybrid + cropping system with 3. 50:1 and 3. 15:1 respectively. These results confirmed the findings of Kauthale et al. , 2017 and Patil et al. , 2018. Similar trend was noticed in the three years (2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19) the study was undergone. Table 5: Effect of perennial grass-legume intercropping systems on economics of total cropping systems*. the two perennial grasses tested, the Napier bajra hybrid produced significantly higher green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields whereas; among the leguminous intercrops Sesbania recorded the highest green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the performance of perennial grasses and legumes in intercropping systems, noting that the Napier bajra hybrid produced significantly higher yields, which supports the idea that perennial plants can provide year-round yields. Additionally, the mention of organic matter from legume intercrops contributing to soil health aligns with the concept of stabilizing soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Other types of remains, such as tubers, tissue or fibres, are also inherently morphologically not very distinctive. In all cases, DNA can help to shed light on species diversity during different cultural periods by typing species-specific genomic regions. 2. In all but a few cases, it is unclear whether observed morphological diversity of diaspores can be ascribed to the location of the seed in the flower, to preservation conditions, to being the result of environmental conditions, or whether such differences in morphology are related to genetic diversity which could then point to the presence of landraces of crops. Charred wheat grains are good examples of diverse morphological forms within one taxon (Jacomet et al. 1989). aDNA research can clarify such cases by investigation of genetic diversity within samples of a species from a defined context. 3. The evaluation of the importance of trade versus local agricultural diversity is complicated because it is difficult to establish whether cultivated plants were grown locally, or if they were imported from other regions. This point is particularly interesting at cultural transitions, when new edible plants appear. Examples are the many fruit species found north of the Alps in Roman times. aDNA can help to identify the origin of ancient plant remains through analysis of alleles or haplotypes known to have a geographically structured distribution in a taxon. 4. Understanding the process of domestication is still an important issue in archaeology (e. g. Zeder 2006; Zeder et al. 2006). Some traits of domestication are morphologically visible, such as the brittle rachis in cereals, but many are not. It remains unclear in which order and at which time points these traits were selected, unless they left a visible signature on well-dated archaeological remains. When the genes that have been selected during domestication have been identified, they can be studied in ancient plant remains and help the understanding in more detail of how domestication occurred. Through this analysis information can also be gained on the spread of domesticates and the status of selection of a plant at the onset of its spread. This is also true for the detection of selection for the dietary or medicinal values of plants, which can be studied through the genes important for metabolic pathways or economic traits in archaeological plant remains. Although modern genetic studies have made major contributions to our understanding of, for example, modes of domestication, migrations or biogeography (e. g. Arroyo-Garcia et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities and uncertainties involved in using archaeobotanical evidence to make definitive claims about ancient civilization collapses. It discusses various factors that complicate the understanding of plant remains, such as the challenges in establishing whether cultivated plants were grown locally or imported, and the need for genetic analysis to clarify ambiguities in the data. This suggests that while archaeobotany can provide insights, it cannot necessarily reveal exact causes of civilization collapses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: The LT lesion blocks the BLA neuronal activation by the looming and conditioned stimuli as well as reduces the response to a footshock The disconnection of the LT-BLA pathway impairs the defensive responses to both forms of threat cues (Figure 4), suggesting that this pathway is the main root by which the BLA receives the aversive signals. If so, upon the LT lesion, the BLA responses to the aversive stimuli must largely disappear. We co-injected AAV vectors expressing DIO-ta-Capsase3 and Cre recombinase in the LT and GCaMP8m in the BLA (Zhang et al. , 2021). GCaMP signal was collected through a fiber optic implanted above the tip of the BLA (Figure 5A and Figure 5—figure supplement 1A). The control group underwent the same procedure except that no Cre recombinase was injected. Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset The lateral thalamus (LT) lesion impairs the basolateral amygdala (BLA) response to the looming, the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (US) stimuli. (A) Illustration showing the virus injections and the optic fiber implantation. (B) Mice were exposed to the looming stimulus on day 1. On day 2, the control group was habituated to the looming stimulus. The mice from the lesion group (n = 6) have a significant reduction in the freezing level to the looming stimulus compared to the control group (n = 7). Similarly to the control group, once the mice were habituated to the black looming stimulus (n = 7; Kruskal–Wallis test, F = 3,20, p-value<0. 0001). (C) Z-score of the calcium response during the black looming stimulus in the control group (n = 7; in black; time-to-peak, mean: 245 ms, SEM: ±14 ms) and in the lesion group (n = 6; in orange) and the control group after the habituation to the black loom (n = 7; in blue). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address language acquisition or the components involved in it. Instead, it discusses the neural mechanisms related to stimuli responses and amygdala activity, which are not directly related to the claim about language acquisition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: With regards to total productivity of the cropping system Napier bajra hybrid + Sesbania (2:1) recorded the highest green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields. Highest net returns and B:C ratio was also recorded with the Napier bajra hybrid + Sesbania (2:1) cropping system and proved to be the best perennial fodder system for year-round fodder production livestock farmers. authors of this manuscript are thankful to AICRP on of ICAR and for providing financial assistance and research facilities to carry out the research work. 439. Belanger, G. , Castonguay, Y. and Lajeunesse, J. (2014). Benefits of mixing timothy with alfalfa for forage yield, nutritive value and weed suppression in northern environments. of Plant Science. 94: 51-60. and Mishra, A. K. (2006). Sustainable forage production under silvi-pastoral systems in semi-arid tropics. of Agroforestry. 8: 22-25. . , Srivastava, D. S. , Loreau, M. and Weis, J. J. (2007). Impacts of plant diversity on biomass production increase through time because of species complementarity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104: 18123-8128. and Golam Sarwar, A. K. M. (2021). Morphological and of Sesbania Genotypes. Legume Research. 44(9): 1087- 1091. Chauhan, S. K. , Singh, A. ,. and Saralch, H. S. (2014). Yield and quality assessment of annual and perennial fodder intercrops in Leucaena alley farming system. and Agroforestry. 35(2): 230-235. Epifanio, P. S. , Costa, K. A. P. , Severiano, E. C. , de Souza, W. F. , Teixeira, D. A. A. , da Silva, J. T. and de Moura Aquino, M. (2019). Productive and nutritional characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars intercropped with Stylosanthes cv. in different forage systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the benefits of the Napier bajra hybrid + Sesbania cropping system, which is described as the best perennial fodder system for year-round fodder production. This indicates that perennial plants can indeed provide consistent yields throughout the year.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Given that, a few alternatives have been suggested, such as the “coffee test,” “robot college test” and “flat pack furniture test. ” Taken together, these attempts at tests show our limited understanding of the nature of general intelligence itself. Furthermore, there are many people who could not pass various tests because of physical or cultural differences but otherwise seem to be generally intelligent. And none of these tests seem to address some questions that most children are good at, such as “what will happen next? ” But even with these tests, where would we place a system that can pass the robot college test but is too clumsy to make a cup of coffee? This means that we will continue to argue about whether AGI has been achieved for perhaps a decade after credible experts begin saying that it has been reached. By that time, systems will have surpassed human abilities in so many areas that we will be forced to agree that some sort of AGI has been created. AGI is Inevitable and As we learn more and more about brain function, the only argument against the eventual creation of AGI is that the human mind contains some fundamental “magic” that is outside the scope of physical systems, which we can replicate in nonbiological systems. That position aside, if all of today’s more specialized, individually marketable AI systems were built on a common underlying data structure, they could begin to interact with each other, building a broader context that can actually understand and learn. As these systems become more advanced, they will be able to work together to create a more general intelligence that approaches the threshold for human-level intelligence, then equals it, and eventually surpasses it. Perhaps only then will we humans begin to acknowledge that yes, maybe AGI does exist. It is inevitable because market forces eventually will prevail. All we are waiting for are the insights needed to make it work. When will that happen? Some experts say it will take hundreds of years before we know how the brain works, what its algorithms are and what its capacity is, but I would suggest that it is only a matter of time before we shift from our current dependence on bigger and bigger data sets and recognize that to approach true understanding, we must address the brain knowledge gap. Me to ChatGPT: Are you an AGI? ChatGPT: No, I am not an AGI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations of existing tests designed to measure intelligence, such as the 'coffee test,' 'robot college test,' and 'flat pack furniture test.' It suggests that these tests do not fully capture the nuances of general intelligence and emphasizes that many factors, including physical or cultural differences, can influence the outcomes of these tests. Additionally, the text questions the assumption that any system's performance on a test can be directly equated with intelligence, indicating that neuroethologists cannot simply or instantly determine an animal's intelligence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: (D) The area under the curve (AUC) is significantly reduced in the lesion (n = 6) and in the habituation to the black loom (n = 7) groups compared to the control group (n = 7; ordinary one-way (2,17) = 12. 73, p-value=0. 0004) during the exposure to the black looming stimulus. (E–G) Heatmap representing the individual response to the first expansion to the black looming stimulus for the control group (E) and for the lesion group (F), and for the control group after habituation to the black loom (G) for each mouse. (H) Mice were conditioned and tested as previously described. After the recall session, the same went through an extinction protocol for the following 2 d. (I) The AUC for the first CS presentation during the recall in the control group is significantly increased compared to all conditions of the lesion group (two-way : 6,33 = 16. 29, p-value<0. 0001 with Tukey test correction). (J) Z-score of the calcium responses during the first (n = 7; time-to-peak, mean: 978 ms, SEM: ±153m s) and last CS (n = 7; the first time-to-peak, mean: 750 ms, SEM: ±72 ms) presentation during the conditioning (in black and in red), and during the first CS presentation during the recall (n = 7; in blue; time-to-peak, mean: 448 ms, SEM: ±85 ms) and after extinction training (n = 7; in purple; time-to-peak, mean: 1600 ms, SEM: ±240 ms) in the control group. (K) Z-score of the calcium responses during the first (n = 6) and last CS (n = 6) presentation during the conditioning (in orange and magenta), and during the first CS presentation during the recall (n = 6; in green) in the lesion group. (L) Left: Z-score of the Ca2+ response during the footshock presentation for the control group (n = 7, in black; time-to-peak, mean: 387 ms, SEM: ±93 ms) and the lesion group (n = 6, in red). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental results related to responses to stimuli in control and lesion groups without addressing any aspects of language acquisition, innate abilities, or learned components. There is no mention of language or related concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Initial carbon dynamics of perennial grassland conversion for annual cropping in Manitoba. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 379–391. Sequestering atmospheric carbon in agricultural soil is an attractive option for mitigation of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Perennial crops are more likely to gain carbon whereas annual crops are more likely to lose carbon. A pair of eddy covariance towers were set up near Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada, to measure the carbon dioxide flux over adjacent paired perennial grass hay fields with high soil organic carbon. A Treatment field was converted to annual cropping by spraying with herbicide, cutting and tilling. A Control field was cut, but allowed to re-grow. Differences in net ecosystem productivity between the fields were mainly caused by a loss of gross primary productivity in the Treatment field; ecosystem respiration was similar for both fields. When biomass removals and manure applications are included in the carbon budget, the Treatment field lost 149 g C m−2 whereas the Control field sequestered 96 g C m−2, for a net difference of 245 g C m−2 over the June to December period (210 d). This suggests that perennial grass converted for annual cropping can lose more carbon than perennial grassland can sequester in a season. RésuméFraser, T. J. et Amiro, B. D. 2013. Dynamique initiale du carbone lors de la conversion des prairies de graminées vivaces en cultures annuelles au Manitoba. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 379–391. Séquestrer le carbone de l'atmosphère dans les sols agricoles est une solution attrayante pour atténuer la concentration grandissante de dioxyde de carbone dans l'air. Si les vivaces sont plus susceptibles de capter du carbone, les annuelles seront plus enclines à en perdre. Deux tours à corrélation de tourbillons ont été installées près de Winnipeg, au Manitoba (Canada), afin de mesurer le flux de dioxyde de carbone au-dessus de deux champs de graminées vivaces adjacents au sol riche en carbone organique. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that perennial crops are more likely to sequester carbon in soil compared to annual crops, suggesting that they contribute positively to soil stability and productivity. The statement that perennial grass can sequester atmospheric carbon supports the idea that these plants can enhance soil quality and maintain productivity, which aligns with the claim of year-round yields and soil stability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Thus, they had to increase their force level from zero to 10% of MVC within 700 ms. As participants reacted to the second tone, the onset of force occurred approximately 150–250 ms later. Once the target line was matched, they had to hold the contraction for at least 2000 ms and then returned to the relaxed position (see Fig. 1B). This motor task allowed to differentiate specific phases and to deliver single-pulse TMS during each of these phases (see Fig. 1B): at rest (the control phase, T1; TMS 500 ms after the first acoustic signal), movement preparation (the premotor phase,T2; TMS between 100 and 200 ms after the second tone), the phasic phase (T3; TMS between 300 and 600 ms after the second tone) and the tonic phase (T4; TMS 2700 ms after the second tone). As a first step, participants had to perform practice trials in order to adjust the timing of the stimulation for the premotor- and phasic-phases. The time points of brain stimulation were individually adjusted in order that T2 coincide with the preparatory phase and T3 with the phasic phase. Once determined, the timing of the stimulation was identical for the IF and EF conditions. After these practice trials, participants had to repeat two series of twenty repetitions of the ramp-and-hold contraction with both an IF and an EF, resulting in eighty stimulation (2 foci (EF vs IF) * 4 time points (T1 vs T2 vs T3 vs T4) * 10 trials). Thus, 10 MEPs were recorded and used in the final analysis for each time-point and focus. External vs. internal focus of attentionThe instruction for the IF condition was like in experiment 1: ‘Contract your finger muscles so that the moving line displayed on the monitor increases from the baseline to the target value after the tone’. The instruction for the EF condition was ‘Exert pressure on the force transducer so that the moving line displayed on the monitor increases from the baseline to the target value after the tone’. After five trials, the participants were reminded to ‘concentrate on your finger muscles’ (IF) or ‘exert pressure on the force transducer’ (EF). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a motor task and the timing of brain stimulation, without mentioning neuroethology or any aspect of assessing animal intelligence. Therefore, it does not provide supporting or contrasting evidence regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: Right: the AUC is significantly reduced in the mice from the lesion group (n = 6) compared to the mice from the control group (n = 7; unpaired t-test, p-value=0. 0219). Results are reported as mean ± SEM. *p<0. 05; **p<0. 01; ****p<0. 0001. In the LT-lesioned mice, the BLA response to the black looming stimuli, along with the behavioral defensive responses, largely disappeared (Figure 5B–F). In the non-lesioned mice, where defensive responses to the looming stimuli remained intact, we observed a timed-locked GCaMP activity to the stimuli in the BLA (Figure 5B–E). After habituation, the behavioral and neuronal responses to the black looming stimulus in the control group were comparable to those lesioned (Figure 5B–G). Moreover, the white looming stimulus did not produce a noticeable activation of the BLA neurons, nor did it elicit a defensive response (Figure 5—figure supplement 1B–D). We next monitored the activity of the BLA during the auditory threat conditioning and the recall in the LT-lesioned and non-lesioned mice (Figure 5H). The LT-lesioned mice, as expected, did not produce a conditioning response to the tone (Figure 5—figure supplement 1F and G). Accordingly, the CS failed to activate the BLA in these mice (Figure 5I–K and Figure 5—figure supplement 1E), while the US-evoked response was significantly reduced (Figure 5L). In the non-lesioned mice, on the other hand, we observed tone-evoked response in the BLA, but with a latency that cannot be fully explained by the slow kinetics of the calcium indicator. As the conditioning progressed, we observed the appearance of an additional, smaller and shorter latency tone-evoked component. In the recall session, the tone-evoked response in the BLA was significantly larger in amplitude and shorter in latency than observed at the end of the conditioning session in the previous day (Figure 5J). Upon extinction, the tone-evoked response, along with the defensive behavior, was significantly reduced (Figure 5I and J and Figure 5—figure supplement 1G). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding language acquisition, as it discusses the response of mice to stimuli and results from a study involving the BLA (basolateral amygdala) without any connection to language acquisition or its components.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Both fields had typically been cropped with fertilized perennial grass hay, which was cut or grazed by cattle. Hay species composition was 38% timothy grass (Phleum pratense L. ), 38% rough fescue (Festuca campestris Rydb. ), 15% smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss. ), 2% alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ), 2% sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis L. ), 2% dandelion (Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. ) and 2% miscellaneous forbes. We determined the initial similarity of the fields by measuring NEP in each of the fields for a 6-wk calibration period before imposing any treatments. The calibration period occurred from day of year (DOY) 156 to 200 in 2009, during which the fields had identical management. The fluxes generated during the calibration period were used to statistically test whether the fields were a matched pair. Following the calibration period, one of the fields was converted from perennial to an annual cropping system (Treatment) while the adjacent field (Control) was maintained under the current perennial cropping system as a reference. Dates of management events for both treatments are reported in Table 1. The perennial to annual conversion consisted of spraying with glyphosate to prevent re-growth, then harvesting the hay crop by cutting the hay, baling and removing the cut material. Cattle manure was applied at 27. 8 Mg ha−1 (7. 4 Mg ha−1 dry) followed by three rounds of disk tillage to a depth of 12. 7 cm. The field then remained fallow into the winter. field was sprayed with glyphosate (2. 5 L ha−1) on DOY 211 followed by harvesting on DOY 218; the Control field was harvested on DOY 210 but was allowed to re-grow afterward. Late in the season 100 cow-calf pairs were grazed on the Control field. Moving point sources of carbon such as cattle may affect the measured fluxes in an unpredictable way, so the period when cattle were present, DOY 293 to 324, was replaced using gap-filling procedures. About DOY 152, urea, mono-ammonium phosphate and potash fertilizers were broadcast over both fields at rates of 67. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a field that is maintained under a perennial cropping system. It highlights that one field continued as a perennial system that allows for re-growth after cutting hay, thus supporting the idea that perennial plants can provide ongoing yields. Moreover, the management practices described may contribute to soil stabilization, as they involve careful management of the perennial grass hay, which is essential for maintaining soil quality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Therefore, our results suggest that adopting an EF contrasted to an IF modified the pattern of muscle activation (less activation of the adjacent muscle APB coupled with an upward shift in the power spectral density in the FDI) during the motor task and led to an increased MVC. However, the underlying mechanisms for this focus-specific EMG reduction in the adjacent muscle remains generally poorly understood and, therefore, experiment 2 was designed. Attentional foci and motor surround inhibitionIn experiment 2, we investigated the influence of changing the focus of attention on the amount of SI in the APB muscle. Similar to previous studies4,7,8, a reduction in the amplitudes of in the premotor and phasic phases during the index finger flexion occurred, indicating the presence of SI in this adjacent muscle. In the present study, the amount of SI during the movement initiation phase could be instantly altered by changing the focus of attention: in both the premotor (+26. 4%; p = 0. 004) and the phasic phase (+8. 1%; non-significant change), adopting an EF resulted in a greater SI than an IF. Furthermore, the advantage of the present study is that we could compare one and the same subject performing the identical task with an EF or IF (using a repeated measures design) in contrast to the first study investigating the underlying mechanism of adopting different attentional foci by means of fMRI43. Surround inhibition and hand motor controlSo far, the relationship between motor behaviour and SI is a key but unanswered part in understanding the role of SI in hand motor control and performance. As SI is more prominent with low-force levels and disappears at intensities higher than 40% of MVC, it seems that SI is predominantly involved in the generation of skilled and fine motor tasks8. Additionally, previous research showed that FHD patients demonstrate unusual co-contractions, which are thought to be associated with a reduced SI during movement initiation of the index finger4. Thus, it is argued that an enhanced SI improves the contrast on the motor cortical level and thereby facilitates dynamic manual tasks3. In addition, motor training was shown to not only improve motor performance but also to strengthen SI11,12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental findings related to muscle activation and the influence of attentional focus on motor tasks, which does not address the ability of neuroethologists to determine animal intelligence. It provides no information supporting or contrasting the claim.