Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: The thermal environment of outdoor spaces directly affects the willingness of people to perform outdoor activities (Lee et al. 2014; Niu et al. 2022; Obradovich and Fowler, 2017); However, in hot and humid regions, particularly during the summer, the climate is characterized by high temperatures and humidity levels, resulting in an overheated and humid outdoor thermal environment that hinders people from participating in outdoor activities; thus, many people prefer to stay in air-conditioned indoor spaces. This behavior not only increases energy consumption but also negatively affects physical and mental health (Deng et al. 2022; Fang et al. 2018). Therefore, appropriate measures are necessary to create favorable outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) for residents of hot and humid regions (Huang and Jie, 2022; Lai et al. 2014). During the COVID-19 pandemic, China implemented strict home isolation measures that restricted residents' activities. As these isolation policies were gradually lifted, people sought safer and permissible opportunities for activities, leading to an increased demand for outdoor activities (Chai et al. 2021). Camping has emerged as one of the most popular outdoor recreational activities, primarily because of its short duration and the proximity of campsites to people’s residences. Campsites have become increasingly vital spaces for individuals to connect with nature, unwind, engage in social interactions, and participate in recreational activities. Compared to that of some countries in the European Union, the camping trend in China emerged later, developed more slowly, and is currently still in the early stages of development. According to statistics from Eurostat (2016), in 2015 the number of campers in the 28 countries belonging to the at that time reached 376. 8 million people (Mikulić et al. 2017). Camping has gained considerable popularity in China since 2020. As of 2021, the number of campers in China reached 360 million, with the majority concentrated in the age range of 21–45 years, representing mainly the younger generation and young families. Currently, most residents in China prefer simple campgrounds in nearby urban green spaces such as parks (Wu et al. 2023). The quality of the campsite environment directly affects the campers’ comfort. However, many campsites in the country suffer from inadequate management, both in terms of quantity and quality. As a result, the design and layout of tree plantings at many campsites may lack consideration for thermal comfort during camping. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses outdoor activities, thermal environments, and camping trends in China without addressing the ecological benefits or drawbacks of monoculture forestry versus biodiversity. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or provide insight into the claim regarding tree planting practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: A detailed numerical mode of jetting activity under Martian conditions would allow us to understand the effect of scaling on the proposed process. In one instance, a high albedo block was measured within a pit on megadune (Fig. 2a) during MY 30, which disappeared the following year and hence was likely to be CO2 10. The pit was observed to widen by 2. 1 m in MY 31 during the disappearance of the block. We measured the block in MY 30 to be 2. 4 m wide, giving a pit to block widening factor of 0. 9. This is consistent with the degree to which we observed pits to erode in the laboratory setting. The pit to block width ratio observed in our laboratory experiments ranged from 1. 08 to 1. 72. Considering a horizontal uncertainty in this HiRISE image of 0. 25 cm/pixel, this observed pit widening by a high albedo block is consistent with a CO2 block hypothesis. Considering our scaling arguments, it is likely that the high albedo object was a CO2 block which eroded its surroundings to widen a pre-existing pit. The wide variation in aspect ratio found at both locations is consistent with a dry ice block hypothesis. The blocks that naturally fall from over steepened cornices or steep alcove walls will have a range of sizes and will not be symmetric, thus they will form a wide variety of pit dimensions. Considering the average grain size range reported for the Bagnold dunes on Mars (200–300 μm)32, we used the values in Table 1 and our calculated scale factor of 0. 61 (see Experimental Scaling) to estimate the block sizes needed to form our range of pits. Using our upper grain size ranges of 75–150 μm and 160–212 μm, we estimate that the block sizes needed to form the pits we have surveyed range from 1. 2 m–6. 5 m in and 2. 4 m–16. 3 m in Russell Crater. High albedo blocks of dimensions between 1. 6 and 6 m have been measured in our survey of Russell Crater, however larger blocks have yet to be identified. The lower range of normalised pit to block width ratios is consistent with dimensions we have observed on Mars using HiRISE images in which high albedo blocks have been identified in linear gully channels in Matara Crater21 and in channels and pits in Russell Crater10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the composition of Mars' polar ice caps. Instead, it discusses jetting activity, high albedo blocks, and pit formations observed in different craters on Mars. While it mentions CO2 blocks and dry ice hypotheses, it does not confirm or deny the claim about the polar ice caps specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Freshwater vascular plants will be favoured but they cannot replace macroalgae on rocky substrates. Consequently invertebrates and fish benefiting from macroalgal belts may also suffer. Climate-induced changes in the environment also favour establishment of non-indigenous species, potentially affecting food web dynamics in the Baltic Sea. As for fish, salinity decline and continuing of hypoxia is projected to keep cod stocks low, whereas the increasing temperature has been projected to favour sprat and certain coastal fish. Regime shifts and cascading effects have been observed in both pelagic and benthic systems as a result of several climatic and environmental effects acting synergistically. Knowledge gaps include uncertainties in projecting the future salinity level, as well as stratification and potential rate of internal loading, under different climate forcings. This weakens our ability to project how pelagic productivity, fish populations and macroalgal communities may change in the future. The 3D ecosystem models, food web models and 2D species distribution models would benefit from integration, but progress is slowed down by scale problems and inability of models to consider the complex interactions between species. Experimental work should be better integrated into empirical and modelling studies of food web dynamics to get a more comprehensive view of the responses of the pelagic and benthic systems to climate change, from bacteria to fish. In addition, to better understand the effects of climate change on the biodiversity of the Baltic Sea, more emphasis should be placed on studies of shallow photic environments. The fate of the ecosystem will depend on various intertwined environmental factors and on development of the society. Climate change will probably delay the effects of nutrient abatement and tend to keep the ecosystem in its “novel” state. However, several modelling studies conclude that nutrient reductions will be a stronger driver for ecosystem functioning of the than climate change. Such studies highlight the importance of studying the as an interlinked socio-ecological system. Download & links 10. 5194/esd-13-711-2022, 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of climate change on various species and ecosystems in the Baltic Sea. It highlights how climate-induced changes favor certain species over others, leading to shifts in species distributions (e.g., 'invertebrates and fish benefiting from macroalgal belts may also suffer' and 'increasing temperature has been projected to favour sprat'). Furthermore, it mentions 'regime shifts and cascading effects' in both pelagic and benthic systems, indicating significant changes in ecosystem dynamics as a result of climate change. The overall emphasis on the 'effects of climate change on the biodiversity of the Baltic Sea' supports the claim effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Effects of different tree species on Ta in different scenarios Figure 3 shows the simulation results of the impact of different tree species on Ta in various scenarios. In all planting scenarios, Ta remained consistently lower than that in the control scenario. achieved the best cooling effect in forms PM2, PM3, PM4, and PM5, resulting in reductions of 1. 65 ℃, 0. 57 ℃, 1. 34 ℃, and 2. 15 ℃ in Ta at 16:00, respectively. In PM2, the cooling effect of Ls was the least effective, reducing Ta by only 0. 91 ℃. In PM3, none of the tree species exhibited substantial ability to reduce Ta. Specifically, the cooling effects of Ks and Ls were the least pronounced, both leading to a modest reduction in Ta of only 0. 09 ℃. In PM4, the cooling effect of Ls was the least effective, resulting in a reduction in Ta of only 0. 49 ℃. Similarly, in PM5, the cooling effect of Ks was the least effective, leading to a reduction in Ta of only 0. 99 ℃. and Ls did not yield considerable reductions in Ta in any scenario. Nevertheless, the simulation results clearly demonstrated that an optimal cooling effect was achieved through contiguous planting of trees in patches. Table 4 shows the ANOVA results for the mean Ta values in the different scenarios. Significant differences in the mean Ta values were observed between PM2 and PM3, as well as between PM4 and PM5 (P < 0. 05). Furthermore, the differences between PM3 and PM4 were highly significant (P < 0. 01), whereas no significant differences (P > 0. 05) were observed among the remaining scenarios. Table 4 The average Ta, Tmrt, and PET difference at a height of 1. 5 m in different scenarios results PM2– PM3 PM2– PM4 PM2– PM5 PM3– PM4 PM3– PM5 PM4– PM5 difference (℃) −0. 48* −0. 21 0. 14 0. 27 0. 62** 0. 35* P -value 0. 003 0. 140 0. 330 0. 065 < 0. 001 0. 021 difference (℃) −3. 15* 1. 18 5. 09** 4. 33* 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that different tree species have varying impacts on temperature (Ta) and that contiguous planting of trees in patches achieves an optimal cooling effect. This suggests that biodiversity, through the planting of multiple species, may be more effective for ecological benefits than monoculture forestry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: The ratio of channel width to block width in ranges from 1. 9 to 1. 1 and in Russell Crater, observed ratios were 1. 7 to 2. 0. Allowing for measurement uncertainty of one pixel width (0. 25 m), these values fall within our estimated range of 1. 08–1. 72. Although these channels have clearly been eroded prior to the observations of these blocks within them, we can speculate that blocks of similar size to those observed eroded them. Should further data be collected on block sizes at these locations, our laboratory data can be drawn upon to assess whether pit dimensions in the locality are likely to be formed by these CO2 ice blocks and perhaps, by how much pit dimensions might grow seasonally. ConclusionOur experiments suggest that furrows and pits can be formed by the sublimation of CO2 ice blocks. The differences in temperature, atmospheric density and pressure, and gravity can be accounted for in a scaling analysis by using different sized grains, but the difference in scale cannot easily be dealt with, thus though our evidence is suggestive it is not conclusive. The CO2 block hypothesis21 is the only current hypothesis that can explain present-day linear gully pit formation. We have shown that stationary sublimating CO2 ice blocks in contact with porous, mobile material are capable of transporting sediment to form primary pits and surrounding levées. Our scaling arguments and morphological observations suggest that primary pits may be analogous with Martian primary terminal pits in Russell, Matara and Proctor Craters. In particular, our observation of a high albedo block within a terminal pit and subsequent widening consistent with the ratios predicted from our laboratory data, suggest that linear gully pits may be formed and widened by CO2 blocks. Additionally, we have observed that collapsed pits and detached impact pits; two ancillary pit types, can form by sublimating CO2 ice blocks and subsurface jetting. We have presented a new hypothesis for detached pit formation at linear gully termini. This hypothesis is consistent with the observed relationship between terminal pit area and number of associated new detached pits forming seasonally in Russell and and is supported by the laboratory observation that jetting activity can result in impact pits. Further work is required to appropriately address size scaling, and a detailed numerical model may give further insight. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the formation of pits and channels on Mars related to CO2 ice blocks but does not mention the presence or composition of polar ice caps specifically referring to water and carbon dioxide.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Received: 31 Aug 2021 – Discussion started: 10 Sep 2021 – Revised: 02 Mar 2022 – Accepted: 05 Mar 2022 – Published: 11 Apr 2022 1 climate change affects the marine ecosystem through ocean warming, acidification and deoxygenation and through changes in nutrient loading and water circulation, which may all impact marine biological processes from genes to populations, communities and ecosystems (Brierley and Kingsford, 2009; Henson et al. , 2017). The biological consequences range from shifts in species abundance and distributions, changes in dispersal patterns and modification of species interactions to altered food webs and decreasing ocean productivity (Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010; Philippart et al. , 2011; Doney et al. , 2012; Burrows et al. , 2019). The changes in biological processes also affect marine ecosystem services and threaten human food security, especially in the most vulnerable areas (Barange et al. , 2014). Climate change also has multiple effects on the Baltic Sea, impacting species, communities and ecosystem functioning. As in the ocean, the effects are usually mediated via climate-affected oceanographic or biogeochemical processes and via associated indirect effects on species interactions, trophic dynamics and ecosystem function mechanisms. These potentially affect the biota inhabiting the Baltic Sea, as well as the human society (Paasche et al. , 2015; Hyytiäinen et al. , 2019; Pihlainen et al. , 2020; Stenseth et al. , 2020). The effects of climate change on the ecosystem may differ from those projected for the oceanic areas, as the differs in many respects from the oceans and even from the coastal ecosystems surrounding the other regional seas and oceans. The communities of the are formed of a peculiar combination of marine, limnetic and brackish-water taxa. The long winter and the strong seasonal cycle give the area subarctic properties, especially in the northern areas. Sea has also been shown to warm up faster than most other sea areas of the world (Belkin, 2009; Sherman et al. , 2009), albeit with large differences between sub-basins (Kniebusch et al. , 2019; Dutheil et al. , 2021). Sea is also strongly affected by its watershed, which is more than 4 times larger than its surface area and is inhabited by ca. 85 million people (Omran and Negm, 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that climate change affects marine ecosystems through various processes such as ocean warming and acidification, which in turn lead to shifts in species abundance and distributions, as well as changes in dispersal patterns and species interactions. This aligns with the claim regarding the impacts of climate change on species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 24** 3. 91* P -value 0. 014 0. 316 < 0. 001 0. 002 < 0. 001 0. 003 PET Mean difference (℃) −2. 28* −0. 37 2. 19* 1. 91* 4. 48** 2. 57* P -value 0. 009 0. 636 0. 012 0. 025 < 0. 001 0. 004 *P < 0. 05, **P < 0. 01 indicate significant differences 3. 3. Effects of different tree species on Tmrt in different scenarios Figure 4 presents the simulation results for the impact of different tree species on Tmrt in various scenarios. Throughout the simulation period, with the exception of 18:00, Tmrt in all scenarios remained lower than that in PM1. In PM2, Bb exhibited a more pronounced cooling effect at 9:00, resulting in a considerable reduction in Tmrt of 8. 58 ℃. At 17:00, Fa demonstrated the most effective cooling performance, leading to a remarkable decrease in Tmrt of 17. 22 ℃. Conversely, Ls displayed the weakest capability in reducing Tmrt, with a maximum reduction of 12. 27 ℃, resulting in an average cooling effect of only 4. 48 ℃. In PM3, the overall results for Tmrt were similar to those for Ta, indicating that various tree species did not exhibit considerable cooling effects in reducing Tmrt. This could be attributed to the limited shading area provided by the individually planted trees, which restricted their impact on Tmrt. However, unlike in other scenarios, in PM3, most tree species demonstrated the best cooling effect on Tmrt at 9:00. Among them, Fa showed the most considerable cooling effect, reducing Tmrt by 9. 05 ℃, while Ks exhibited the lowest cooling effect, reducing Tmrt by only 2. 06 ℃. Furthermore, Ls exhibited the best effect in reducing Tmrt at 16:00. These variations in the cooling effects of different tree species at different times may be attributed to their unique canopy characteristics, which influence the shading intensity and absorption of radiative heat, thus affecting Tmrt levels at different times of the day. In PM4 and PM5, all tree species demonstrated the most favorable cooling effects on Tmrt at 16:00. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that different species of trees have varying effects on temperature management (Tmrt) and cooling performance in different scenarios. It indicates that while some species, such as Fa, exhibit significant cooling effects, the overall performance depends on the diversity of species. For instance, the limited shading area from individually planted trees is noted to restrict their impact, implying that biodiversity could enhance environmental benefits compared to monocultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Cryoventing is the only hypothesis that has been offered for sand furrows on Mars, but prior to this study there has been no physical evidence that a pressurised gas layer at a CO2 ice and sandy interface can form the complex patterns similar to those observed on Martian dunes. Our results suggest that sublimating CO2 generates gas flows sufficiently powerful to mobilise grains on top of the incident ice and add to the granular sheet via venting — a process which is hypothesised to form the dark fans accompanying sand furrows12. We have shown for the first time, that a range of furrow morphologies can form by escaping pressurised gas at the interface between a granular surface and a CO2 ice overburden, and that furrow pattern type is independent from the grain size distribution (within our grain size range) of the material into which it is eroded. The data suggest that cryoventing efficacy and furrow pattern type are limited by a pressure gradient provided by vent spacing. Additional data is required to assess the role of ice thickness and vent geometry in furrow formation. Our study has delivered for the first time, physical evidence that (1) linear gully pits and (2) furrows; both active features observed to fade, extend and form in the contemporary Martian climate, may be forming via the action of sublimating CO2 ice. 2. Journal of 82, 4341–4349, (1977). 10. 1126/science. 153. 3732. 136 (1966). 10. 1029/2003JE002223 (2004). ADS 10. 1002/2015JE004909 (2015). 10. 1126/science. 1066556 (2001). 10. 1029/2000JE001455 (2001). 10. 1029/2002JE002007 (2003). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2009. 07. 021 (2010). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2012. 04. 005 (2012). 10. 1038/nature04945 (2006). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2016. 09. 007 (2017). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2016. 09. 039 (2017). 10. 1029/2012GL052226 (2012). 10. 1029/2009GL042192 (2010). ADS 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses cryoventing and features like sand furrows on Mars, but does not provide any information about polar ice caps or their composition. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about Mars having polar ice caps made of water and carbon dioxide.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: The marine ecosystem therefore receives excess nutrients and other elements and contaminants from the land via rivers, through the air, and by leaking from the sediments of the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, the irregular inflows of more saline and oxic water, which at specific basin-wide weather conditions enter the Baltic sea through the (Matthäus and Schinke, 1994; Lehmann et al. , 2022) and influence the state and functioning of the Baltic Sea. All of these pathways of chemical elements and oceanographic and biogeochemical processes may be affected by global climate change and the quasi-cyclic climate phenomena such as the Oscillation (NAO). It has also been suggested that impacts and symptoms of global climate change are accumulating faster in the than in other coastal areas of the oceans and that thus can be considered as “a time machine for the future coastal ocean” (Reusch et al. , 2018). However, attribution of the observed ecosystem changes to global (anthropogenic) climate change is challenging because of the multiple synergistic effects between climate and other environmental drivers, such as eutrophication, harmful substances, habitat modification, fishing and introduction of non-indigenous species, which all may have strong impacts on ecosystems and their functioning in time and space (Reusch et al. , 2018; Stenseth et al. , 2020; Bonsdorff, 2021). Therefore, profound knowledge of the mechanisms and processes governing the ecosystem under climate change are vital for the understanding and management of the (Reusch et al. , 2018; Bonsdorff, 2021; Blenckner et al. , 2021). The overall effects of climate change on the have been reviewed in earlier synthesis studies (2008; 2015), in which climate impacts on the marine ecosystem were also assessed (Dippner et al. , 2008; Viitasalo et al. , 2015). Since then, a wealth of field, experimental and modelling studies have shed more light onto the complex interactions between the climate change and the system (Meier et al. , 2022b). In this paper, we review research on climate change effects on the species, habitats, and ecosystem functioning, primarily based on research published in 2010–2021. We include both studies investigating direct effects of climate-related parameters on organisms, as well as studies that investigate the more indirect processes affecting the structure and functioning of the ecosystem through biogeochemistry and food web interactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how global climate change affects marine ecosystems, which includes changes in species and ecosystem functioning. It states that 'climate impacts on the marine ecosystem were also assessed' and that there are 'climate-related parameters on organisms,' indicating that species distributions and dynamics are influenced by climate change. The mention of complex interactions means that climate change is impacting ecosystems in ways that align with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Among them, Fa exhibited the most pronounced reduction in Tmrt, with decreases of 18. 25 ℃ and 22. 72 ℃ in PM4 and PM5, respectively, while Ks displayed the least effective cooling, resulting in reductions of Tmrt by only 8. 58 ℃ and 9. 27 ℃, respectively. The shading effect of trees played a crucial role in reducing Tmrt. The superior performance of Fa in reducing Tmrt was attributed to its larger canopy size, which allowed it to provide a wider shading environment, effectively reduce solar radiation and enhance the cooling effect of Tmrt. Furthermore, PM5, a fully shaded space in which trees were planted in close proximity, exhibited the best cooling effect. In this layout, the branches and leaves of the trees intersect or overlap, providing maximum shading and resulting in the most effective reduction in Tmrt. Table 4 shows the ANOVA results for the mean Tmrt values in the different scenarios. Except for the comparison between PM2 and PM4, there were significant differences in the mean Tmrt values among all the other scenario comparisons (P < 0. 05). In particular, comparisons between PM2 and PM5 as well as between PM3 and PM5 showed highly significant differences (P < 0. 01). 3. 4. Effects of different tree species on WS in different scenarios Figure 5 presents the simulation results for the impact of different tree species on WS in various scenarios. This study conducted simple forced simulations with a wind direction of 135°, and the simulated results were obtained at a height of 1. 5 m. The findings revealed a consistent trend of WS variations across different scenarios: a gradual decrease from 9:00 to 10:00, followed by a gradual increase from 10:00 to 12:00, which eventually stabilized. Except for Ls, all tree species in the four scenarios exhibited a slightly higher WS than PM1. Notably, in scenarios PM2, PM3, and PM5, the WS for Ls was lower than that in PM1, with reductions of 0. 15 m/s, 0. 06 m/s, and 0. 29 m/s, respectively. However, in PM4, the WS below the Ls canopy was slightly higher than in PM1, with an increase of 0. 04 m/s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the benefits derived from planting multiple tree species and their cooling effects. It describes how different species of trees provide varying shading effects and contribute to reducing Tmrt (mean radiant temperature). The best cooling effect was observed in PM5, where trees are planted closely to maximize shading—suggesting that biodiversity, rather than monoculture, leads to better environmental outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: 04. 006 (2013). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2016. 03. 024 (2016). 10. 1038/ngeo2619 (2016). 10. 1016/0017-9310(66)90111-6 (1966). 10. 1038/nature08115 (2009). 10. 1029/2007JE003000 (2008). 10. 1002/2015JE004992 (2016). 10. 1002/2014JE004735 (2015). 10. 1029/2010GL044743. L20203 (2010). Bridges, N. T. et al. Investigation of the Bagnold dunes by the Curiosity rover: Overview of initial results from the first study of an active dune field on another planet. Conference, vol. 47, 2298 (2016). Westoby, M. , Brasington, J. , Glasser, N. , Hambrey, M. & Reynolds, J. ‘Structure-from-Motion’ photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications. Geomorphology 179, 300–314, (2012). 10. 1029/2009JE003540 (2010). 8892. We thank two anonymous reviewers for dedicating their time to help us to enhance this paper. We are indebted in particular to S. Sutton for sharing her expertise on HiRISE image and DTM uncertainty estimates. We thank S. Diniega, P. Becerra and S. J. Conway for insightful discussions. We thank E. Dunne, K. Ryan, P. Veale, M. Harris and the Dept. of Civil, Structural and at Dublin for providing their insight, laboratory space and equipment to carry out this work. Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Geography, School of 2, IrelandL. E. & M. C. BourkeInstitute, 1700 E Rd, Tucson, 85719,. C. Bourke & J. N. McElwaineDepartment of 1, KeownView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information regarding the composition of Mars' polar ice caps. Instead, it appears to be a list of DOIs and acknowledgments related to a study, lacking any direct reference to Mars or its polar ice caps.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Evidence is compiled from empirical field studies that show past changes and responses of species, populations, and communities to climate-affected parameters such as temperature, salinity, oxygen and pH. A large number of experimental studies, investigating species responses to the same parameters in microcosms or mesocosms, are reviewed. Studies investigating the complex effects of climate change on the interactions between species and trophic groups, i. e. phytoplankton, bacteria, cyanobacteria, zooplankton and fish, as well as algae or vascular plants and invertebrates grazing on them, are also analysed. Modelling studies, based on coupled oceanographic–biogeochemical models or other types of species-level or food web models, are reviewed. Based on the published research we draw conclusions about the role of climate-driven environmental variables on shaping the structure and functioning of the ecosystem and identify knowledge gaps and current issues of dissensus. Areas in need of more research are recommended. 2 review studies that shed light to the possible climate effects on the ecosystem by studying oceanographic and biogeochemical parameters which have been projected to change due to climate change. As such changes may be affected by both anthropogenic global climate change and natural climate variations, it is first necessary to define certain key terms used in this review. By “global climate change” we refer to the past and contemporary increase in global temperature caused by anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases and its effects on various climatic, oceanographic and biogeochemical parameters. By “climate change”, in turn, we refer to a large-scale shift in climatic parameters affecting the region that may be caused either by global climate change, by cyclic climate fluctuations (such as the ), or by irregular or stochastic variation in climate parameters. We are not considering short-term (between-year or seasonal) weather variations but mainly include studies that attempt to reveal organisms' responses to longer-term (several years to decades) variability in climate. For “ecosystem functioning” we use Tilman's (2001) definition, “the rate, level, or temporal dynamics of one or more ecosystem processes such as primary production, total plant biomass, or nutrient gain, loss, or concentration”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how empirical field studies have documented changes in species, populations, and communities due to climate-affected parameters. It specifically references research on species interactions, community responses, and ecosystem dynamics in the context of climate change. The text indicates that climate-driven environmental variables significantly influence ecosystem structure and functioning, which supports the assertion that climate change affects species distributions and the dynamics within ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon may be attributed to the obstructive effect of trees with a higher LAI and lower under branch height on wind flow. Trees with a higher LAI possess a greater LAD and smaller interleaf gaps, thereby reducing the wind diversion effect to some extent. Additionally, in PM4, the planting arrangement of trees formed a U-shape with an opening facing south, allowing the wind from the southeast to enter the space through the opening, resulting in a slight increase in WS. 3. 5. Effects of different tree species on the PET in different scenarios Figure 6 presents the simulation results of the impact of different tree species on the PET in various scenarios. The research findings indicated a similar overall trend between PET and Tmrt, suggesting that PET is primarily influenced by solar radiation. From 9:00 to 17:00, the PET for all scenarios was lower than that for PM1. However, the temperatures of most scenarios fell within the domain of strong heat stress, despite the presence of trees. This observation underscored the constrained efficacy of inducing considerable cooling effects through the cultivation of a sparse tree population in outdoor settings. Among the tree species, Fa exhibited the greatest cooling effect in PM2, PM3, PM4, and PM5, reducing the PET by 11. 85°C, 8. 07°C, 12. 16°C, and 15. 43°C at 16:00, respectively. In PM2 and PM3, the shade of the trees varied with solar activity. As a result, the tree species with a smaller canopy size, such as Ls, demonstrated the smallest cooling effect on the PET, reducing it by only 7. 95 ℃ and 2. 49 ℃ at 16:00, respectively. The order of the cooling effect of different tree species on the PET, from greatest to least, was: Fa > Bb > Ks > Dr > Ls in PM2, and Fa > Dr > Ks > Bb > Ls in PM3. In PM4 and PM5, the Ks tree species demonstrated the least efficacy in cooling the PET, resulting in reductions of approximately 5. 78 ℃ and 9. 16 ℃ at 16:00, respectively. In these scenarios, tree species exhibited the following PET cooling effectiveness rankings: Fa > Bb > Ls > Dr > Ks. The simulation results showed that Fa exhibited the greatest cooling effect in all scenarios. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varying cooling effects of different tree species on PET (Physiologically Effective Temperature) and noting that tree species with a smaller canopy size, such as Ls, demonstrated the smallest cooling effect. This implies that biodiversity—having multiple tree species—can lead to greater ecological benefits, particularly in cooling effects, which counters the notion that monoculture forestry is more beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Cite this book. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future, Princeton: Press, 2011. Bennett, J. (2011). Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press. Bennett, J. 2011. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press. Bennett, Jeffrey. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press, 2011. Bennett J. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press; 2011. Copied to clipboard Copy to clipboard Download: by Press 2011 Purchase book for Implications for Cite this Share this this book The quest for extraterrestrial life doesn't happen only in science fiction. This book describes the startling discoveries being made in the very real science of astrobiology, an intriguing new field that blends astronomy, biology, and geology to explore the possibility of life on other planets. takes readers beyond UFOs to discuss some of the tantalizing questions astrobiologists grapple with every day: What is life and how does it begin? What makes a planet or moon habitable? Is there life on Mars or elsewhere in the solar system? How can life be recognized on distant worlds? Is it likely to be microbial, more biologically complex--or even intelligent? What would such a discovery mean for life here on Earth? Come along on this scientific adventure and learn the astonishing implications of discoveries made in this field for the future of the human race. Bennett, who believes that "science is a way of helping people come to agreement," explains how the search for extraterrestrial life can help bridge the divide that sometimes exists between science and religion, defuse public rancor over the teaching of evolution, and quiet the debate over global warming. He likens humanity today to a troubled adolescent teetering on the edge between self-destruction and a future of virtually limitless possibilities. Beyond UFOs shows why the very quest to find alien life can help us to grow up as a species and chart a course for the stars. In a new afterword, Bennett shares the most recent developments in extrasolar research, and discusses how they might further our quest to find alien life. Author Editor information is an astrophysicist, author, and educator. His books include leading college-level textbooks in astrobiology, astronomy, mathematics, and statistics, as well as the award-winning children's book to the Moon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the study of extremophiles on Earth or their involvement in the search for extraterrestrial life. Instead, it discusses astrobiology broadly and touches on various questions relating to the search for life beyond Earth without specifically mentioning extremophiles or their relevance to that search.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: These included (always) “Baltic Sea” and (in various combinations) “climate”, “climate change”, “global climate change”, “marine ecosystem”, “temperature”, “salinity”, “acidification” and “pH”, as well as taxonomic groups such as “phytoplankton”, “cyanobacteria”, “bacteria”, “zooplankton”, “microzooplankton”, “mesozooplankton”, “flagellates”, “macroalgae”, “zoobenthos”, “benthic animals”, “fish”, and “microbial loop”. Marine birds and mammals were not included. The words were used as both title and topic search terms, and several reference lists were derived and merged. Some papers from 2021 and 2022 were found and downloaded with an unstructured search performed with 9. 2 reference management software (Clarivate Analytics), and the contents were scrutinised in more detail. Because of the focus period, 2010–2021, the review is not a full systematic review of all research done on climate change effects on the ecosystem this far. Also, certain taxonomic groups and study types were less thoroughly reviewed than others. Fish studies in particular were not comprehensively scrutinised because the complex responses of fish populations to climate, eutrophication and fisheries have recently been addressed by a large number of studies and would merit their own review. Also, we have not reviewed all experimental studies that have dealt with environmental variables that may change with climate change. Our goal is to highlight the variety of field, experimental and modelling studies and to summarise what can be concluded from the recent evidence on the possible effects of climate change on the Baltic Sea. 4 Effects on species and communities 4. 1 change may have direct effects on the physiology and phenology on phytoplankton through physical and chemical parameters and indirectly through hydrodynamics, e. g. stratification and availability of light and nutrients. Top-down forces, i. e. grazing on phytoplankton, may also be modified in various ways if grazer populations change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of climate change on various marine species and ecosystem dynamics in the Baltic Sea. It mentions that climate change may directly affect the physiology and phenology of phytoplankton and highlights the complex interactions within the ecosystem, demonstrating how these changes can influence species distributions and community dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, PM5 had a lower PET value than the other scenario, indicating better thermal comfort. Table 4 shows the ANOVA results for the mean PET in different scenarios; there was no significant difference (P > 0. 05) in the PET between PM2 and PM4, but there were significant differences among that in other scenarios (P < 0. 05). In addition, there was a significant difference in the PET between PM3 and PM5 (P < 0. 01). 4. DiscussionThe model simulation results demonstrated that tree planting in outdoor environments effectively reduced ambient Ta, Tmrt, and PET, thereby enhancing daytime outdoor thermal comfort. These findings are consistent with those of previous research (Liu et al. 2021; Wu et al. 2021) supporting similar outcomes. Moreover, different tree planting forms exhibited variation in their effects on Ta, Tmrt, and PET. 4. 1. Effect of tree species on thermal comfort. The results demonstrated that, within the designated range, tree species with a lower LAI and larger crown size, such as Fa, were more effective in reducing environmental Ta, Tmrt, and PET than tree species with a higher LAI and smaller crown size, such as Ls. As a result, Fa considerably improved thermal comfort within the canopy space. This phenomenon is primarily attributed to the dominant influence of tree shading on thermal comfort and is consistent with the findings of Lin et al. (Feng et al. 2021) who demonstrated that, in the middle of the day, the Ta of the space under a tree decreased by 0. 64 to 2. 52°C compared with that of open space without shade. Furthermore, PET is typically influenced by both solar radiation and WS (Lai et al. 2023). Therefore, tall trees with broad canopies provide extensive shade to the surrounding environment, effectively blocking and attenuating direct solar radiation from entering the space beneath the canopy, resulting in a considerable reduction in Tmrt (Pace et al. 2021). Additionally, the elevated canopy base height of tall trees contributes to improved ventilation in the under-canopy space, facilitating the dispersion of heat and enhancing the convective cooling effects. This explains why tall and broad trees exhibited superior performance in terms of improving thermal comfort in the surrounding environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that different tree species have varying impacts on thermal comfort and environmental factors. It emphasizes that tree species with larger crown sizes provide better shading and improve thermal conditions, indicating that maintaining a diversity of species can lead to superior environmental benefits compared to monoculture forestry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Reviews "Bennett describes the search for life beyond the Earth in terms that are accessible to the nonscientist and yet reveal a broad understanding of the evolution of stars, planets, and organisms. The author's optimism is contagious. May it help inspire us to actually accomplish these lofty goals. "—James F. is a rich, slow, and rewarding read. Rich because it is full of some of the most interesting current interdisciplinary science regarding planets and life that you can find, blending astronomy, geology, history, and astrobiology in a single narrative. Slow because each page is so full of interesting content that you don't want to skim. Rewarding because Bennett is simply a fantastic writer and presenter, making the read thoroughly enjoyable. No science expertise required. ---Jennifer Wiseman, Books & CultureBeyond UFOs gives a good impression from the moment you first take it into your hands. It is attractively produced, well written, and very thoroughly proofread. It's an interesting and challenging complement to focused research, and will be particularly enjoyed by anyone who has an appetite for broad science tinged with morals. ---Elizabeth Griffin, The ObservatoryThe old adage 'don't judge a book by its cover' (or, in this case, its title) certainly applies here. While one might expect a book of science fiction, Bennett presents this awe-inspiring topic in a scientifically accurate but personal way. I would recommend it to anyone interested in reading a creative summary of the status of the search for life elsewhere in the universe and would hope that it might provide a starting point to inspire the next generation of astronomers and astrobiologists. ---Lisa Jardine-Wright, EducationParticularly enjoyable is the down-to-earth writing; Bennett, an astrophysicist, author, and educator, tells the reader exactly how he feels about various topics (even the role of God in the scheme of things). Readers may not agree with everything he says, but he does offer food for thought. ---B. R. Parker, ChoiceFinalist for the 2008 Eugene M. walks us through the daunting calculations that lead to the conclusion that the existence of life elsewhere is not only possible, but highly likely. But as we wonder where else life exists and what forms it might take, scientists are forced back to more fundamental questions. What is the nature of life itself? Will we know it if we see it? . . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly; it discusses a book on the search for life beyond Earth and touches upon various scientific topics related to astrobiology and astronomy. However, it lacks specific mention of extremophiles or their relevance to the search for extraterrestrial life. Thus, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: The growing season of phytoplankton has been significantly prolonged with warming temperatures during the recent decades. A satellite-based study suggested that the length of the period with chlorophyll concentration of at least 3 mg m−3 has in the doubled, from 110 d in 1998 to 220 d in 2013 (Kahru et al. , 2016). Another study using phytoplankton sampling data from the Bay of Mecklenburg, in the western Baltic Sea, confirmed that the phytoplankton growing season, which in 1988–1992 on average lasted from March to August, now (2014–2017) extends from February to December (Wasmund et al. , 2019), with a longer gap between the spring and late summer peaks. This prolongation was tentatively explained by increased sunshine in spring and higher temperature in the autumn, inducing changes in species composition and settling rates of phytoplankton, remineralisation of organic matter by bacteria, and grazing rates by zooplankton (Wasmund et al. , 2019). The spring species communities have also shifted from dominance of early blooming diatoms to later blooming dinoflagellates and the mixotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum (Klais et al. , 2011; Hällfors et al. , 2013; Kuosa et al. , 2017; Hjerne et al. , 2019), probably due to changes in climate and weather patterns, including ice cover, solar irradiation and wind conditions (Klais et al. , 2013; Hjerne et al. , 2019). In the long-term data, variable results can be seen according to area and dominating species group. For instance, spring phytoplankton biomass increased in the but decreased in the area (1979–2005); both areas showed antagonism between communities dominated by diatoms or dinoflagellates, and the trends were therefore oscillating rather than linear (Wasmund et al. , 2011). Symptoms of a regime shift were identified, and changes were attributed to approximately 10-year fluctuations in temperature, salinity and nutrients. A linkage to global climate change was not detected (Wasmund et al. , 2011). Some studies have attributed the springtime shifts in phytoplankton phenology and community structure to changes in environmental conditions driven by global climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how climate change has led to a prolongation of the phytoplankton growing season and shifts in species composition. It notes that changes in conditions such as increased warmth and sunshine have induced variations in community structure, supporting the assertion that climate change impacts species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: In this study, despite having the highest LAI, Ls showed a limited ability to improve thermal comfort owing to their smaller crown size, which resulted in a restricted shading range. Moreover, the high LAD, small leaf interstitial spaces, and low branch height enhanced airflow obstruction, further constraining the cooling potential of Ls. These findings indicate that the physical characteristics of trees, such as crown width, LAI, and branch height, are important factors influencing both the cooling and ventilation effects of trees, which is consistent with the results of Zhang et al. (Zhang et al. 2018). Therefore, when designing outdoor campsites, striking a balance between the shading and ventilation effects of trees is crucial, and priority should be given to selecting tall trees with a higher LAI and larger crown diameters to maximize the improvement of thermal comfort. 4. 2. Effect of tree planting forms on thermal comfort The research findings demonstrated that shade from trees considerably improved the thermal environmental conditions of green spaces. Among the different planting forms, patch planting demonstrated superior microclimate regulating ability compared to single tree, U-shaped, and surrounding planting forms. This result is attributable to the continuous canopy that characterizes this planting method, which expands the shading area and effectively blocks incident solar radiation, thereby significantly reducing Tmrt and PET (Hsieh et al. 2018). Additionally, this planting form reduces the Ta of the surrounding environment, effectively improving thermal comfort. This conclusion was consistent with the findings of De et al. (De Abreu-Harbich et al. 2015). However, the area in the center of the surrounding planting form may not be fully covered by branches and leaves, and the shaded area under trees changes along with the position of the sun (Zhang et al. 2022b). Therefore, considering the physical properties of trees (such as height and crown width) is particularly important for ensuring thermal comfort. Abdi et al. (Abdi et al. 2020) showed that different tree planting forms have different effects on ventilation and thermal comfort. The simulation results in the current study showed that the spatial WS increased slightly under different tree-planting forms, which may be because the wind and turbulence intensities under the tree canopy are affected by the aerodynamic characteristics of the tree (Judd et al. 1996). When the wind touches the trees, the wind shielded by the canopy splits into the top and bottom of the canopy, forming two wind fields with different characteristics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the advantages of diverse tree planting forms over monoculture. It highlights that patch planting, which typically involves multiple species, shows superior microclimate regulating abilities compared to single-tree and other forms of planting. The findings suggest that a continuous canopy from diverse tree species is crucial for optimizing shading and cooling effects, thereby supporting the idea that maintaining biodiversity is more beneficial for ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Bennett offers a host of lessons here not only about global warming and environmental degradation, but our place in the universe as well. ---by planet, moon by moon, [Beyond UFOs] explores the possibility of life elsewhere in this solar system. It then speculates about other solar systems in our galaxy where, according to the prevailing scientific view, simple life almost surely exists and intelligent life is plausible. For the most part, Bennett's search for extraterrestrial life adds up to a very satisfying package. . . . At its core, this book delivers a combination that is hard to beat: solid yet highly speculative science plus accessible prose that add up to an out-of-this-world reading experience. ---Fred Bortz, Seattle TimesIn cogent and entertaining language, astrophysicist and popular writer Bennett explains that the determining factor in whether we can locate intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is whether such a civilization--and our own--can continue long enough to develop the highly sophisticated technology needed for interstellar travel. . . Bennett does a wonderful job of explaining the conditions necessary for simple life, how we might discern its existence and where we should be looking. He then does the same thing for intelligent life. While he is fair to those who believe life is incredibly rare, he makes a compelling case that life is likely to be abundant. "Precise, accurate, lucid, and engaging. This is popular-science writing at its best. I enjoyed reading this book. "—"This is a fascinating book about the living universe, well-written and timely. "—David Morrison, coauthor of System and Voyages to the PlanetsThis is a highly readable and enjoyable book that centers on astrobiology--a discipline that melds astronomy, biology, geology--and a little bit of luck--to explore the prospect of life on other worlds. . . . Bennett is an excellent writer, taking the reader on an exploration quest to find alien life, and how difficult solar system sleuthing can be, such as on Mars, Jupiter's Europa, or on Saturn's Titan. You'll also find an excellent treatment on current activities surrounding the on-going search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Winner of the 2010 US Review of Books's in Culture"With the possible exception of the God question, I can think of no subject that has inspired such wide-eyed wonder and speculation as the matter of whether or not we are alone in the cosmos. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding studying extremophiles on Earth in the search for extraterrestrial life. Instead, it focuses on the broader themes of the potential for life on other planets, the factors that contribute to discovering such life, and the exploration of astrobiology without mentioning extremophiles. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: A 15-year study (2000–2014) using FerryBox observations, covering the area between Helsinki (Gulf of Finland) and Travemünde (Mecklenburg Bight), confirmed that spring bloom intensity was mainly determined by winter nutrient concentration, while bloom timing and duration co-varied with meteorological conditions. The authors conclude that the bloom magnitude has been affected by the reduction of nutrient loading from land, while bloom phenology can also be modified by global climate change affecting seasonal oceanographic and biogeochemical processes (Groetsch et al. , 2016). It has also been suggested that in the future climate higher temperatures and less ice will cause an earlier bloom of both diatoms and dinoflagellates, with increased dinoflagellate dominance (Hjerne et al. , 2019). Experimental (mesocosm) evidence supports findings that warming up of water and changes in light conditions will accelerate the spring bloom, induce a decline in peak biomass and favour small size cells, either directly or via increased grazing by copepods (Sommer et al. , 2012). On the other hand, this development may be counteracted by increases of windiness and cloudiness, which have also been projected by certain modelling studies (Hjerne et al. , 2019). Recent studies have however indicated that the projections for spring and summer wind and radiation are uncertain (Christensen et al. , 2022), and future weather changes and associated spring bloom dynamics therefore remain obscure. Climate change effects, i. e. temperature increase, salinity decline and acidification have been shown to have variable results on the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii. Generally, the growth rates, as well as saxitoxin production, increased with higher temperature and elevated pCO2, but the responses were variable between strains (Kremp et al. , 2012, 2016). In contrast, temperature or salinity changes did not have a significant effect on cyst germination of this species (Jerney et al. , 2019). Climate change also increases concentration of water carbon dioxide, a compound necessary for primary production, and ocean acidification (OA) could therefore enhance productivity of phytoplankton. However, the results of experimental studies investigating effects of pCO2 on phytoplankton are variable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various impacts of climate change on seasonal oceanographic processes and phytoplankton dynamics, indicating that climate change is affecting bloom timing, duration, and species composition. For example, it mentions that 'higher temperatures and less ice will cause an earlier bloom of both diatoms and dinoflagellates,' which directly aligns with the idea of shifts in species distributions. Furthermore, it addresses how these changes in bloom dynamics are linked to climate change, thus supporting the claim about its effects on ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: The wind toward the canopy and the wind parallel to the canopy form a turbulent mixing zone and a speed-up belt on one side of the tree, thereby increasing the WS. 4. 3. Study limitations and research directions One limitation of this study was that the investigation focused on a specific region, season, time, and type of green space. Additionally, the proportion of trees in the entire space was relatively small and the configuration was relatively simple; thus, the difference in the ability of trees to improve thermal comfort in different planting forms was not significant. Different green spaces may have diverse tree species types and tree coverage compared to those in the current study. Therefore, additional types of green spaces and tree configurations should be studied in the future. Furthermore, future research should consider the impact of tree planting quantity and species location on the thermal environment of green spaces in the context of different activity types and time periods, such as day and night. 5. ConclusionsCamping has become an increasingly popular activity in China, yet many campsites do not exhibit an optimal microclimate. To study the influence of tree species and tree planting forms on the geothermal environment and thermal comfort in hot and humid areas, this study analyzed a natural campsite in Guangzhou. A verified ENVI-met model was used to simulate the thermal environment of five common trees within four tree planting forms, using PET as the evaluation index of geothermal comfort. The main conclusions are as follows. Shading and ventilation are two important factors that allow trees to regulate their thermal environment and improve thermal comfort. Under the same planting pattern, trees with a low LAI and large crown had a stronger ability to improve outdoor thermal comfort than trees with a high LAI and small crown. Based on the PET evaluation, trees planted in groups or patches provided the highest level of thermal comfort, whereas single trees provided the lowest. Based on these results, we recommend the following considerations for tree planting and the optimization of outdoor campsites in hot and humid areas: Planting designs with a single tree surrounded by open space should be minimized as this layout provides limited comfortable space and poor thermal comfort in a campsite. Trees with a high LAI and a large canopy should be selected for semi-shaded spaces formed by U-shaped planting and fully shaded spaces planted in patches as the crossed branches and leaves provide sufficient shade. The opening of U-shaped planting forms should face the dominant wind direction in summer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that planting trees in groups or patches provides the highest level of thermal comfort, while a single tree provides the lowest comfort. This suggests that maintaining biodiversity and diverse tree configurations leads to better outcomes for the thermal environment, thereby contradicting the idea that monoculture forestry is more beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: The search for extraterrestrial intelligence today has almost theological status in terms of its implications, and yet it is a rigorous science conducted by world-class scientists. Jeffrey Bennett's book is one of the finest primers on this burgeoning new field. And even though this can be a technically daunting science, Bennett's highly readable prose invites everyone into the dome to gaze through the telescope to have a look for themselves, for this is a journey we are all on together. "—Michael Shermer, publisher of Skeptic and columnist for Scientific American[Jeffrey Bennett] has taken a break from the treadmill of updating his textbook and has written a popular book instead, bringing the rest of us up to date on our extraordinary new and expanded universe--and on who else might live in it. . . Beyond UFOs is crammed with neat analogies, startling imagery and mind-blowing illustrations of astronomical concepts. If you want to understand the universe and our place in it, you will not find a better primer. The first diagram alone--which shows how Earth's 10,000-kilometre span of real estate fits into a supercluster of galaxies a billion trillion kilometers across--bear a good 10 minutes of study. This truth is astonishing, and humbling--and Beyond UFOs is a great place to find it. ---Michael Brooks, New ScientistWinner of the 2009 in Cosmology/New ScienceThis exploration of potential alien life is a timely work, just as the steadily increasing discoveries of extra-solar planets makes the possibility of finding alien life more plausible. . . . [Beyond UFOs] is a fully rounded examination of the subject, accessible to all. I guarantee that after reading this book you will be watching space probe results that much more closely. And maybe, you will be watching the skies too! ---and i ix xi 1. Worlds beyond 1 2. It Science? 22 3. Know about 41 4. Life? 62 5. 87 6. of a 111 7. Life in the 137 8. Life among the 161 9. for 184 10. Everybody? 197 207 Afterword to the 209 221 (Deutsch) Share this book Twitter Linkedlogin or register with to order this product. in Language: English Publisher: year: 2011 Edition: With a New afterword by the author Audience: Professional and scholarly;College/higher education; content: 248 Illustrations Other: 8 color illus. 25 halftones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and the significance of understanding the universe, but it does not mention extremophiles or how they relate to the search for extraterrestrial life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: The biomass of southern Baltic autumn phytoplankton (kept in 1400 L indoor mesocosms for 21 d) increased when pCO2 was increased from 439 to 1040 ppm, also under warm conditions (Sommer et al. , 2015). In other experiments, OA had little effect on community composition, fatty acid composition or biovolumes of phytoplankton in spring or autumn (Paul et al. , 2015; Bermudez et al. , 2016; Olofsson et al. , 2019). Even when (positive) effects were detected, they were mainly caused by an associated decrease in grazing by copepod nauplii in low temperature treatments (Paul et al. , 2016). There are also studies that have indicated a connection between phytoplankton and the Oscillation (NAO). A decline in the intensity of NAO in the 1990s was suggested to have been caused by less cloudy conditions, giving more irradiance and less windy conditions, inducing stronger stratification of surface water (Hjerne et al. , 2019). If the shifts are driven by variations in NAO or the Index (BSI, a regional index similar to the NAO), they may be temporary and reversible, whereas shifts caused by global climate change may be more enduring. In the northern Baltic Proper, Åland Sea and the Gulf of Finland, the biomasses of Chrysophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae and Cyanophyceae have increased and the phytoplankton biomass maximum, which in the 1980s was in spring and mainly consisted of diatoms, is now in July–August and is dominated by filamentous cyanobacteria (Suikkanen et al. , 2013). This shift was explained by a complex interaction between eutrophication, climate-induced warming, and increased top-down pressure, as well as changes in DIN:DIP ratio in summer (Suikkanen et al. , 2013). In the Gulf of Bothnia, a gradual decline in salinity was also an important factor for phytoplankton community change in 1979 to 2012 (Kuosa et al. , 2017). It is obvious that climatic influences are intertwined with other processes and parameters affecting phytoplankton, especially anthropogenic nutrient loading from land and internal loading of nutrients from the sediments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how climate change, specifically through warming and other climatic influences, has led to shifts in phytoplankton biomass and community composition in the Baltic Sea. It notes a change in the maximum biomass period from spring to summer, indicating a shift in species distributions. Additionally, it states that these shifts are influenced by 'climate-induced warming' and other environmental changes, supporting the assertion that climate change affects ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Additionally, trees with a slightly lower LAI but higher branch heights can be considered to facilitate campsite ventilation and create a diverse landscape. In areas where privacy is desired or specific activities take place, the dynamic positioning of trees should be considered to ensure optimal shade. Selecting trees with large crowns and taller branches will allow for a combination of open space and adequate shade. DeclarationsWriting-original draft, methodology, investigation, validation, visualization, formal analysis, data curation, and conceptualization: Xinyi Luo. Writing-review and editing, funding acquisition and project administration: Yuankui Li. Investigation and software: Yang Zhao, Jiahao Yang, and Tongye Guo. Competing Interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Funding: This paper is supported by the Science and of (grant no. PT252022006). Data Availability: Not applicable. Compliance with Ethical Standards: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. 2085. (2011) The effects of extreme heat on human mortality and morbidity in Australia: implications for public health. J 23:27s-36. Bowler DE, Buyung-(2010) Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and 97:147-155. (2022) Contribution of urban functional zones to the spatial distribution of urban thermal environment. Building and Environment 216:109000. (2021). Healthy China, Recreation in Space of National Land, and Cultivation of Forces on Tourism:. 312 (2021) 109-114. 10. 14112/j. cnki. 37-1053/c. 2021. 08. 016. De Abreu-(2015) Effect of tree planting design and tree species on human thermal comfort in the tropics. Landscape and 138:99-109. (2018) Urban heat island effect: A systematic review of spatio-temporal factors, data, methods, and mitigation measures. of Observation and Geoinformation 67:30-42. (2022) Research on Comfort and Activities in in Subtropical China. Atmosphere. El--Gohary GF (2016) Landscape Design: Towards a through Plantation in Public Schools, Cairo, Egypt. Procedia - Social and 216:206-216. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the benefits of a diverse landscape and tree selection for various environmental factors, such as campsite ventilation and privacy. It suggests that diversity in tree species can create optimal conditions for shade and open space, which indirectly argues against the superiority of monoculture forestry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-dtkg6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-06T01:00:22. 028Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false Home >Books >in the Universe >for in the print or eBook [Opens in a new window] Book contents in the Life in the page Acknowledgements1 for Extraterrestrial Life2 Where in the Universe to Look? 3 Evolution – Here and Elsewhere4 Concept of Habitability5 Life in the Solar System6 Life in Systems7 of Extraterrestrial Life8 Intelligence – Here and of 10. 1017/9781009207355. 003 [Opens in a new window] Publisher: publication year: 2022 a Privileged Generation? For many millennia, humans have gazed up in wonder at the night-time sky. The full panoply of the is an awesome sight. The scale of space is immense. Is there life out there somewhere? If so, where, and what form does it take? In the space of a couple of sentences, we’ve already gone from generalized wonder to specific questions. The next step is from questions to hypotheses, or, in other words, proposed answers. Here are two such hypotheses that I’ll flesh out as the book progresses: first, life exists on trillions of planets in the universe; second, it usually follows evolutionary pathways that are broadly similar to – though different in detail from – those taken on Earth. Going from cosmic wonder to questions about alien life and on to hypothetical answers has been possible for a long time. But the final steps – from hypothetical answers to testing the hypotheses to arriving at an understanding of reality – have so far proved beyond humanity’s grasp. That may be about to change. We may be on the threshold of being able to answer the age-old question ‘are we alone in the universe? ’ with a resounding ‘no’. But what is the basis of this claim? The short answer is advancing technology, and in particular advancing design of telescopes. We’ll get to that topic soon. But first, let me reassure you that I’m not alone in my optimism about the imminent discovery of evidence for alien life. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about studying extremophiles on Earth in the search for extraterrestrial life. It discusses broader concepts of seeking life in the universe and the development of related hypotheses and technologies, without mentioning extremophiles or their significance in this context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: There is however a discrepancy in the relative effects of eutrophication, climate change, and other environmental and anthropogenic factors in explaining past variations in phytoplankton communities and biomass. Also, several studies have identified complex variations in phytoplankton communities that cannot be easily explained by any of the studied factors or environmental parameters. A study comparing historic phytoplankton communities from 1903–1911 with the present ones (1993–2005) in the northern and the Gulf of Finland observed an undefined “period effect”, characterised by a decline in diatoms and increase in dinoflagellates, that was not explained well by the available environmental variables (temperature, salinity, and general regional climatological data). Although data on biogeochemical parameters was not available for the period 1903–1911, the authors interpreted the observed community change as evidence of the direct and/or indirect influence of eutrophication (Hällfors et al. , 2013). A study investigating summer phytoplankton time series (monitoring 1979–2012) across the found that there were no common interannual patterns. Instead, the class trends, e. g. that of cryptophytes, may be affected by anomalies in the BSI, although a mechanistic explanation for the relationship could not be found (Griffiths et al. , 2020). Other studies did not find any explanation for the observed changes in the biovolumes of different taxa, e. g. decrease in diatoms and increase in certain dinoflagellate taxa, and concluded that phytoplankton community in the is not in a steady state (Olli et al. , 2011), or noted that stochastic dynamics at local scales confound any commonalities between phytoplankton groups (Griffiths et al. , 2020). To sum up, the past changes in phytoplankton community composition have been very variable and usually cannot be explained by a single factor. Some clear signs of climate change, such as prolongation of the growing season are evident, and can be explained by the warming and associated biogeochemical processes, but the changes in species and communities vary from area to area and have multiple reasons, including climate change, changes in nutrient dynamics and changes in trophic interactions. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'some clear signs of climate change, such as prolongation of the growing season are evident, and can be explained by the warming and associated biogeochemical processes'. Additionally, it mentions that changes in species and communities vary from area to area and can include climate change as one of the driving factors among others. This supports the idea that climate change is influencing species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: (2010) LAI based trees selection for mid latitude urban developments: A microclimatic study in Cairo, Egypt. Building and Environment 45:345-357. Fahmy M, El-Hady H, (2016) LAI and for of Urban Tree's Microclimate: A in Egypt. Fahmy M, El-(2017) On the green adaptation of urban developments in Egypt; predicting community future energy efficiency using coupled outdoor-indoor simulations. Energy and Buildings 153:241-261. -T (2018) Investigation into sensitivities of factors in outdoor thermal comfort indices. Building and Environment 128:129-142. (2019) Investigation into outdoor thermal comfort conditions by different seasonal field surveys in China, Guangzhou. of Biometeorology 63:1357-1368. (2021) Exploring the effects of the spatial arrangement and leaf area density of trees on building wall temperature. Building and Environment 205:108295. (2019) Assessing the thermal comfort effects of green spaces: A systematic review of methods, parameters, and plants’ attributes. and Society 49:101634. Höppe P (1999) The physiological equivalent temperature - a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. International journal of biometeorology 43:71-75. Höppe PR (1993) Heat balance modelling. Experientia 49:741-746. Hsieh C-M, Li J-J, Zhang L, (2018) Effects of tree shading and transpiration on building cooling energy use. Energy and Buildings 159:382-397. Huang H, (2022) Research on the Characteristics of High-Waves and Comfort: A in District as an Example. Buildings. (1996) A wind tunnel study of turbulent flow around single and multiple windbreaks, part I: Velocity fields. Boundary-80:127-165. Kántor N, Kovács A, Takács Á (2016) Small-scale human-biometeorological impacts of shading by a large tree. 8:231-245. (2003) An investigation of shade under six different tree species of the Negev desert towards their potential use for enhancing micro-climatic conditions in landscape architectural development. Journal of 55:231-274. (2014) Outdoor space quality: A field study in an urban residential community in central China. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various studies that investigate the effects of tree shading, transpiration, micro-climatic conditions, and the benefits of diverse tree species. It suggests that the microclimatic benefits and thermal comfort effects can be achieved by considering the spatial arrangement and variety of trees rather than relying solely on a single species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: A 2021 paper in the leading scientific journal Nature, by the American physicist and his colleagues, began with the following sentence: ‘Our generation could realistically be the one to discover evidence of life beyond Earth. ’ Its authors clearly share my optimism in this respect. Of course, there’s a question-mark hanging over the meaning of ‘our generation’, as the six authors are varied in age, and their readers even more so. But that’s a small uncertainty in the grand scheme of things. The key point is that many scientists suspect that the first evidence of life beyond Earth will be forthcoming on a timescale of years to decades, not centuries. Even if it takes five decades to acquire the first conclusive evidence, a reasonable proportion of those alive today (regrettably not including me! ) will still be here to see it. In the previous paragraph, I used the phrase ‘many scientists’. But scientists of what type? Science is a broad endeavour, and some parts of it are more relevant to the search for life than others. However, that said, many scientific disciplines have a role to play. They include cosmology, astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, atmospheric science, geology, ecology, evolutionary biology, genetics, molecular biology, and organic chemistry – and that is far from being an exhaustive list. The principal discipline is astrobiology, which is a mix of some or all of the above, with the exact mix depending on the astrobiologist concerned. Astrobiologists of my generation weren’t trained as such, as there were no courses in the subject, so we’ve migrated towards it from various starting points – in my case evolutionary biology. But there’s a younger cohort of astrobiologists who have indeed been trained in this discipline. Importantly, the ‘many scientists’ who suspect that the first evidence of alien life will be found on the years-to-decades timescale include specialists in all of the disciplines mentioned above, and indeed others too. So this optimism isn’t a passing fad in one particular narrow branch of science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the potential discovery of extraterrestrial life and the various scientific disciplines involved in astrobiology but does not specifically mention studying extremophiles on Earth. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: 2 diazotrophic cyanobacteria benefit from warm temperatures and stratified water, and they tend to bloom during the hottest and calmest periods of summer (Munkes et al. , 2021). Several modelling studies suggest that the climate-induced increase in stratification (Liblik and Lips, 2019), together with potentially increasing hypoxia and consequent release of phosphorus from the anoxic sediments, will increase cyanobacteria blooms in the (Meier et al. , 2011a; Neumann et al. , 2012; Chust et al. , 2014; Lessin et al. , 2014; Andersson et al. , 2015; Ryabchenko et al. , 2016). Many field studies have also stated that cyanobacteria have already increased along with the warming of the Baltic Sea. In the northern Baltic Proper, Åland Sea and the Gulf of Finland, the biomasses of Cyanophyceae have increased, which has been explained by an interaction between warming, eutrophication and increased top-down pressure on species of the spring bloom, as well as changes in DIN:DIP ratio in summer (Suikkanen et al. , 2013). Also, in the Gulf of Bothnia, eutrophication and cyanobacteria have increased in summer (Fleming-Lehtinen et al. , 2015; Kuosa et al. , 2017), and extensive cyanobacteria blooms have in the past few years been detected with satellite methods in the Bothnian Sea, an area usually devoid of such phenomena (unpublished monitoring and satellite records collected by the Institute). The increase of cyanobacteria in the has been attributed to an increased freshwater flow and, since 2000, to an increased intrusion of more saline and phosphorus rich water into the Bothnian Sea. These changes have increased stratification, lowered oxygen conditions, and led to a decline in N:P ratio of the Bothnian Sea, which has favoured the development of cyanobacteria blooms in the area (Rolff and Elfwing, 2015; Ahlgren et al. , 2017; Kuosa et al. , 2017) It has also been suggested that the various drivers of climate change may contribute to increase blooms and toxicity of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. For instance, the intracellular toxin concentration of the cyanobacterium Dolichospermum sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the impact of climate change on cyanobacteria populations in various water bodies. It discusses how warmer temperatures and increased stratification due to climate change have led to more frequent and intense blooms of cyanobacteria, thus indicating shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. For instance, it states that 'cyanobacteria have already increased along with the warming of the Baltic Sea' and highlights the effects of climate change on nutrient ratios and oxygen levels contributing to these changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: l23: "remains an open question whether particular species with particular characteristics will disproportionately change how ecosystems function" It remains an important question, but it would be appropriate to recognize that community/system consequences of loss of specific species HAVE been addressed for some cases -- maybe most relevant here, a number of studies on consequences of loss of beech due to beech-bark disease -- another late-successional 'foundation species' in similar forests. . . Quite a few papers over last 30 years. . . (Odd that beech not mentioned in next paragraph, since it's closer parallel in many ways than the cases mentioned) l38: extra "and" l98: 'a' rather than 'an' l96-103: This sentence needs reworking -- probably breaking up into two or more sentences, maybe a little expansion (especially as it lays out basic conceptual structure). Currently diagrams as 'experiment compares and contrasts rates. . . . to two mechanisms. . . ', which isn't quite right. l105: 'following' rather than 'caused by'? attribution of causality needs to follow design that justifies it. . . l107: "the hypotheses": These are predictions, but don't really spell out reasoning. I'd prefer to see 'hypotheses' stated in terms of processes or causal relationships being focused on, and these kinds of pattern predictions stated as testable predictions of those hypotheses. . . WHY are these expectations reasonable? L118: this prediction is more far-reaching and less obviously reasonable than first three. Convergence with hardwood controls seems to requrie several assumptions that aren't really addressed here. L177-178: The rationale for cutting of hardwoods and white pine is not clear, since experiment is directed at detecting effects of removal of hemlock? -- ah, I see from subsequent paragraph that it's intended to mimic a salvage operation. Okay, but that means predictions given in intro have to be in terms of more complex differences between treatments -- not just whether hemlock is felled or dies standing, but whether other stuff is killed/removed or not. . . L210: Grasses and sedges to genus only: This is too bad, since sedges can constitute a good chunk of the herbaceous diversity in such forests. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ecological implications of losing specific species, such as beech trees, which suggests that maintaining biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem function. It highlights that the consequences of species loss and the challenges of monoculture forestry are not addressed, indicating that a single species may not be more beneficial to the ecosystem than a diverse community.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Rather, it’s a reasoned assessment of the stage we have reached in the process of searching for life, and where we’re likely to get to with the new generation of space telescopes that are currently at various stages of planning, construction, or early operation, including the (alias JWST or simply ‘Webb’), more on which later. The paper in Nature that I mentioned above is focused on formulating a policy for reporting possible evidence of alien life. The authors highlight the complementary problems of false positives and false negatives. The former involve concluding that some observation is evidence for life when in fact it’s not; the latter involve failing to detect life on a planet when it’s actually there. They particularly stress their concern about the likely sensationalization in the popular media of results that turn out to be false positives, and I think they are right to do so. Their approach to avoiding – or at least reducing – such problems is to develop a scale of the quality of possible evidence of alien life, and to make clear where on this scale any particular finding falls. This way, a hint of possible life shouldn’t be mistaken for a certainty. In 1960. This was a search for radio signals from alien civilizations, conducted using the Astronomy Observatory, now the Observatory, in West Virginia. Of course, the search for alien intelligence is only one part of the search for life. Nevertheless, from the 1960s onwards, both astrobiology in general and SETI in particular have evolved side by side in a much more continuous way than did the search for life before the second half of the twentieth century. of Telescopes It’s a long way from Galileo’s tiny telescope of 1610 to today’s large ground-based instruments such as Chile’s VLT (Telescope), and their space-based counterparts such as Hubble and Webb. I’ll now look at a few selected milestones along this evolutionary journey. If you’d like a bit more detail than I can give in just a few pages on the functioning and/or history of telescopes, I can recommend CottrellCottrell’s 2016 book Telescopes: A Introduction. Before examining milestones in the evolution of telescopes, it’s worth reminding ourselves of why, from an astrobiological perspective, they are collectively important. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the study of extremophiles on Earth in the context of searching for extraterrestrial life. Instead, it discusses the evolution of telescopes and the search for evidence of alien life through observational methods. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: decreased (Eichner et al. , 2014). Also, an increase in temperature from 16 to 18–20 ∘C led to an earlier peak of cyanobacteria, while the biomass of cyanobacteria, especially that of nitrogen-fixer Dolichospermum sp. declined (Berner et al. , 2018). Further, in mesocosm studies an increase of pCO2 (from 360 to 2030 µatm) coupled with an increase in water temperature (from 16. 6 to 22. 4 ∘C) had a negative impact on the biomass of the diazotrophic cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena (in 1400 L mesocosms, 28 d) (Paul et al. , 2018). Another experimental study (using 75 mL cell culture flasks), investigating the effects of increased temperature (from 12 to 16 ∘C), decreased salinity (from 7 to 4) and elevated pCO2 (from 380 to 960 ppm), found that only temperature had an effect on biovolume and photosynthetic activity of Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon sp. (Karlberg and Wulff, 2013). The two species however had antagonistic effects on each other: biovolumes were lower when grown together than when grown separately, indicating species interactions. If the biomasses of Nodularia sp. and Dolichospermum decrease due to increased acidification, nitrogen input into the and carbon export to heterotrophic bacteria via cyanobacteria might decline (Eichner et al. , 2014; Berner et al. , 2018). This could however be balanced by the potential increase of Cyanothece, which is also a nitrogen fixer (Eichner et al. , 2014). To sum up, there are species-specific responses to climate change and associated oceanographic parameters within cyanobacteria. Several field and modelling studies suggest that the climate-induced increase in temperature and stratification, together with increasing hypoxia and release of phosphorus from the sediments, has increased cyanobacteria biomass and will also continue to favour cyanobacteria blooms in the future. However, the results of certain empirical and experimental studies give a more multifaceted picture of cyanobacteria response to climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how climate change, specifically increases in temperature and changes in oceanographic parameters, directly impacts cyanobacteria species and their interactions. It notes that climate-induced temperature increases and related changes have significantly affected the biomass and distribution of cyanobacteria, suggesting that these species respond variably to environmental changes due to climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: l251: litterfall as index of ANPP: This seems okay for one important issue; does it include disintegrating twig/branch material from girdled trees on the girdled plots? That would NOT be appropriate as a component of current ANPP -- would lead to overestimation of post-treatment ANPP for a few years as canopy structure breaks up! l288-90: Back to question about cutting pine and hardwoods; in the logged plot, doesn't difference represent MORE than contribution of hemlock (i. e. , that of other trees cut)? l300-301: Yes, but that heterotrophic respiration is likely to be enhanced by breakdown of roots of killed trees in experimental plots? l343-344: 'increased abruptly. . remained stable' This is not visually evident for both logged plots; one instance COULD be interpreted this way; the other looks pretty gradual to me with increase continuing in the last sample interval l410-424: This is an example of over-description; I'd suggest reducing amount of verbal retelling of what's clear from tables/figures -- especially when there's no meaningful pattern relative to hypotheses/predictions. . . l448-449: It might be possible to draw some something from literature on response to beech bark disease mortality on this front. . . l522; this 'pulse' should be interpreted as related to increased ANPP as implied by the foregoing sentence; it's a transient loss fo a biomass reservoir and that should be clearly distinguished. . . 2: There needs to be an in-graph legend matching treatment to color. Cite this review as (2013) #1 of "Foundation species loss affects vegetation structure more than ecosystem function in a northeastern USA forest (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Nov 29, 2012 Basic reporting So, let me think about this. logged a stand and removed big trees, what would I expect? Let's see - decreased basal area, decreased cover, more CWD on the ground from felling the trees, less litterfall (because there are fewer big trees), lower soil C and N flux because of decreased litter input but slowly recovering as the canopy closed and litterfall recovered. And if I girdled trees but left them standing? Smaller changes in the above properties. This is what this experiment demonstrated. So what new things have we learned? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ecological outcomes of logging practices and the dynamics of forest recovery. It highlights factors such as decreased basal area, cover, and litterfall due to the removal of big trees, suggesting that maintaining a mixture of tree species could better support ecosystem functions and recovery. Points about decreased soil C and N flux due to less litter input and the importance of canopy cover further imply that biodiversity contributes positively to ecosystem health, countering the assertion that monoculture is more beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Telescopes of Galileo’s day were great for astronomy – especially when compared with the naked eye – but they weren’t much use for astrobiology. In contrast, today’s telescopes have the capability of addressing hypotheses about alien life. For example, we can now use telescopes to examine the atmospheres of distant exoplanets. We can search for signs of oxygen, which is regarded as a biosignature. In particular, it may be a signature of photosynthesis by microbes and plants. It’s true that oxygen may come to exist in planetary atmospheres by abiotic means. However, as we’ll see in 3. 7 centimetres, Newton’s (in 1668) 2. 5 centimetres. They’re not directly comparable because Galileo’s was a refractor (a telescope that uses lenses) while Newton’s was a reflector (a telescope that uses mirrors), but they were both tiny by current standards. Today’s large telescopes have mirrors with diameters measured in metres rather than centimetres. For example, the Canarias, situated on the Spanish island of La Palma, has an aperture of 10. 4 metres. The increase in telescope size has been continuous from the 1600s to the 2000s, though it has speeded up significantly since 1900. The largest telescope in the world at the end of the nineteenth century was the Leviathan of Parsonstown in County Offaly, Ireland, which had a diameter of 1. 83 metres. This size was exceeded in 1917 with the construction of the on in southern California, with a diameter of 2. 5 metres. So the last 100 years have seen the largest increase – more than 8 metres between the early twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. However, these measurements in metres don’t quite suffice to explain just how much more powerful modern telescopes are than their ancient forerunners. The light-collecting capability of a telescope scales not with the diameter of its primary mirror but with its surface area. So, in terms of functionality, a 10-metre mirror is not 10 times as good as a 1-metre mirror; rather it’s better by a factor of 100. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the historical development and technological advances of telescopes in astronomy, specifically their role in studying distant exoplanets and their atmospheres. There is no mention or discussion about extremophiles or their significance in the search for extraterrestrial life.