Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Sleep, 2004; 27(4):628- 39. . Neurophysiological effects of sleep deprivation in healthy adults, a pilot study. PLoS One, 2015; 10(1):e0116906. Circadian disruption reveals a correlation of an oxidative GSH/GSSG redox shift with learning and impaired memory in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. J Alzheimers Dis, 2016; 49(2):301-16. Sleep deprivation specifically impairs short-term olfactory memory in Drosophila. Sleep. 2009; 32(11):1417-24. and F: two jujubogenin bisdesmosides from Bacopa monniera. Phytochemistry, 2000; 53(6):711-4. Deconstructing memory in Drosophila. Curr Biol, 2005; 15(17):R700-13. Thirty years of olfactory learning and memory research in Drosophila melanogaster. Prog Neurobiol, 2005; 76(5):328-47. Cognitive training and Bacopa monnieri: evidence for a combined intervention to alleviate age associated cognitive decline. Med Hypotheses, 2016; 95:71-6. Effect of natural and artificial sweeteners on the hemolymph glucose level (HGL) in Drosophila melanogaster. Biosci, 2015; 7(1):119-31. AB, Jacob S. A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human. J Pharmacol, 2016; 7:27-31. . Effect of acute and sub chronic use of Bacopa monnieri on dopamine and serotonin turnover in mice whole brain. Pharm Pharmacol, 2012; 6:2767-74. Riemensperger T, Völler. Punishment prediction by dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila. Curr Biol, 2005; 15(21):1953-60. H. Extended lifespan of Drosophila parkin mutants through sequestration of redox-active metals and enhancement of anti-oxidative pathways. Neurobiol Dis, 2010; 40(1):82-92. Aversive phototaxic suppression: evaluation of a short-term memory assay in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav, 2009; 8(4):377-89. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'Cognitive training and Bacopa monnieri: evidence for a combined intervention to alleviate age associated cognitive decline,' which supports the assertion that Bacopa Monnieri is related to memory enhancement. Additionally, the reference to the effects of Bacopa Monnieri on cognitive functions in mice provides further evidence for its potential memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms produce crops that are always cheaper than conventionally grown ones. [SEP] Text: Firstly, soybean is not concerned by a large range of pests and diseases in the systems of of France (except on some territories, where sclerotinia is often observed): this enable producers to reduce the return rate without penalizing the yield (which is high) and so the profitability of the crop. Secondly, the price of organic soybean, notably for human consumption outlet, is very high: soybean is so a very profitable crop, compared to corn for example. In conventionel production systems, soybean is often less profitable, in irrigated or non irrigated systems. This explains why soybean is less present in crop successions. The profitability of organic soybean was also reported in other countries like in the USA (McBride and Greene, 2009; Hartman et al. , 2016): in 2016, Hartman reported that organic soybean price for food was about 24 USD for feed, whereas conventional soybean price was only of 9 USD for feed. This great difference of price induced a great difference of profitability of soybean between organic and conventional systems, even if operating costs per acre were slightly higher for organic production (103 USD/acre vs 92 USD/acre; McBride and Greene, 2009). Table 5Percentage of surveyed areas with 0 to 3 soybeans in the crop rotation from 2011 to 2016 in organic and conventional systems. Table 6Percentage of surveyed areas with 0 to 3 soybeans in the crop succession from 2011 to 2016 in organic systems, in irrigated and non-irrigated fields. 3. 3 More soybean cultivated without irrigation for organic production While soybean is more profitable when it is irrigated, the survey of 2016 reveals that a great part of organic soybean (40% of the surveyed area) is produced on non-irrigated fields. It contrasts with conventional soybean production where non-irrigated soybean represented only 11% of the total surveyed area. This trend highlights that, in organic systems of the of France, soybean “dominates” the irrigated crop rotations (as explained in the previous paragraph) but is also an important crop for non-irrigated crop rotations, contrary to conventional systems. This difference is mainly explained by the difference of profitability of non irrigated soybean in the two kind of systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the profitability of organic soybean compared to conventional soybean. It provides details that organic soybean prices are significantly higher than those of conventional soybean, with organic prices being about 24 USD for feed whereas conventional prices are only 9 USD, indicating that not only are the costs of organic crops often higher, but they also yield more profitability under certain conditions. This suggests that vertical farms, which often focus on organic or high-value crops, may not always produce cheaper crops than conventional farming, challenging the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Traffic assignment approaches work (and indeed were developed for this purpose) well for planning tasks, that is, how to plan a traffic network (or change an existing one) in order to minimize travel costs. However, route choice is not related to planning tasks but, rather, is an operational aspect, especially in commuting situations, where drivers repeatedly travel from the same origin to the same destination. Besides, traffic assignment is a centralized approach, in which the drivers do not actively select routes. Rather, routes are assigned to them. Thus, it is important to investigate how drivers do select routes in their daily commuting tasks. Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) can be used for such purpose, as it fits the task of letting agents decide, autonomously, how to select routes to go from A to B. This is realized by letting agents iteratively choose their least costly route based on their own learning experiences. Such approach has been tried before, as described in the section on related works. In fact, it has been shown that reinforcement learning is a good technique to investigate route choice. However, the learning process can be inefficient, as for instance, it may take time, since the agents have to collect experiences by themselves. As this happens to be a very noisy environment, the signal an agent gets can be little discriminatory (e. g. , due to the presence of other learning agents, an agent may get the same signal for very different actions, or, conversely, different signals for the same action). Thus, our long term aim is to investigate forms of accelerating the learning process. One of these forms is by giving more information to the agents. There are only few works that consider new technologies to this experience, as for instance those tied to vehicular communication in general. In the present 4. 0. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/fig-1 Using the short-range signal, the CommDevs are able to communicate with vehicles that are close enough, and are able to exchange information related to local traffic data (refer to next section for details). Moreover, these CommDevs are able to store the data exchanged with the agents in order to propagate this information to other agents that may use nearby intersections in the near future. The arrows that connect CommDevs in Fig. 1 represent a planar graph, meaning that every CommDev is connected and can communicate to its neighboring devices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about birds and time travel. It discusses traffic assignment, route choice, and multi-agent reinforcement learning without any mention of birds or time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster. Science, 2000; 287:1834-7. Effect of Bacopa monniera Linn. (brahmi) extract on avoidance responses in rat. J Ethnopharmacol, 1982; 5(2):205-14. A, Singh SK. Evaluation of antifertility potential of Brahmi in male mouse. Contraception, 2009; 79(1):71-9. Acute and chronic toxicities of Bacopa monnieri extract in sprague-dawley rats. 2016; 16:249. Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L. ) Wettst - a review on its mechanistic aspects. Med, 2019; 44:68-82. S, Guo A. Choice behavior of Drosophila facing contradictory visual cues. Science, 2001; 294(5546):1543-7. Shift-work-related sleep disruption and the risk of decline in cognitive function: [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 8]. J Sleep Res, 2020; e13068. L, Lim YM. Alzheimer's disease model system using Drosophila. Med Biol, 2018; 1076:25-40. H, Jennum P. Sleep efficiency and neurophysiological patterns in middle-aged men are associated with cognitive change over their adult life course. J Sleep Res, 2019; 28:e12793. Tea polyphenols protect learning and memory in sleep-deprived mice by promoting AMPA receptor internalization. Neuroreport, 2020; 31(12):857-64. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing studies related to Bacopa monnieri, including its effects on cognitive functions and the neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri. Specifically, it states that studies evaluate avoidance responses and potential memory-enhancing properties, supporting the claim that Bacopa Monnieri is recognized for its memory-enhancing abilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms produce crops that are always cheaper than conventionally grown ones. [SEP] Text: Indeed, even if the yield is greatly penalized by the lack of water (loss from 30% to 60%), organic soybean is still as profitable (even more profitable) than other crops cultivated in the same conditions, because selling price is very high compared to them. That is not the case in conventional systems, where non irrigated corn or wheat is often more profitable for example. In these situations, to limit the impacts of the lack of irrigation on yield, producers increase the sowing density (from 450 000 seeds/ha to 465 000 seeds/ha in average in the survey conducted in 2016). For organic soybean cultivated for human consumption outlet, irrigation was more common than for soybean cultivated for livestock feed (59% vs 50% of the surveyed area). Indeed, irrigation ensures to reach a good protein rate in soybeans, which is a qualifier criterion for human consumption market (rates higher than 40% or 41% are commonly required). 3. 4 A strengthened soybean weed control to satisfy human consumption market requirements The most difficult weeds to control were, without surprise, the same as for sunflower. However, only 17% of the surveyed fields were evaluated by producers as “badly weeded” considering their attents and also their equipment. This result is similar to those obtained in the 2012 survey (11%) but far more important than for conventional soybean (only 2%). Weed control is the most important challenge in organic soybean production in France, but also in other countries like in China (where Knudsen et al. , 2010 observed that labour time dedicated to weed suppression was 4 times more important in organic production than in conventional production) or in the USA (McBride and Greene, 2009). In average, soybean was weeded 3. 8 times. As an example, the number of weeding was nearby twice as sunflower, and higher than what was observed by McBride and Greene (2009): 1. 5 times in average. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that conventional systems can yield more profitable crops than those produced under water-stressed conditions in vertical farms. It mentions that non-irrigated corn or wheat can sometimes be more profitable than organic soybean under certain circumstances. This directly opposes the claim that vertical farms produce crops that are always cheaper.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: This permits that CommDevs get information about the traffic situation in neighboring edges, which is then passed to the agents. How communication works Every time an agent reaches an intersection, prior to choosing an action (the next intersection to visit), it communicates with the intersection’s CommDev (see Fig. 1) to exchange information. The actual piece of information sent from agents to CommDevs is travel times (hence, rewards) received by the agents, regarding their last action performed. Conversely, the infrastructure communicates to the agent information about the state of the nearby edges, in terms of which rewards an agent can expect if it selects to use that particular link. This information can be of various forms. In all cases, the expected reward is computed by taking into account the rewards informed by other agents, when they have used nearby links. In the experiments, we show results where CommDevs communicate expected rewards that are either an aggregation (over a time window) or just a single value. In any of these cases, an agent receiving such information will then take it into account when selecting an action (choice of a link) in that particular state (a node). Next, details about how the information is processed, by both the CommDevs and the vehicle agents, are given. Information hold by infrastructure Each CommDev uses queue based data structures to hold the rewards informed by each agent that passes through it. Specifically, each edge is associated with one data queue. These queues have a maximum size, and when new information arrives after the queue is full, the oldest reward stored is discarded to make room to the most recent one. When an agent requests information, the CommDev retrieves the rewards collected for the agent’s possible actions and passes it to that agent. Recall that an action corresponds to a link to be traveled next, in order to form a route to the agent’s destination. Information used by the agent In a standard Q-learning algorithm, the agents update their Q-values based on the feedback from the action they have just taken. However, in our case agents also update their Q-values based on the expected rewards received by the infrastructure. This means that every time they reach an intersection, they update their Q-values with the information provided by the CommDevs. We do this in order to accelerate the learning process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the communication system between agents and infrastructure using CommDevs, focusing on traffic information and reward mechanisms. There is no mention of birds or time travel, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Curcumin rescues a PINK1 knock down SH-SY5Y cellular model of Parkinson’s disease from mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. 2017; 54(4): 2752-62. [ [PMID: 27003823] [20]. Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2001; 78(5): 1073-82. [ [PMID: 11553681] [21] Kumar S, Mondal AC. Neuroprotective, neurotrophic and anti-oxidative role of Bacopamonnieri on CUS induced model of depression in rat. 2016; 41(11): 3083-94. [ [PMID: 27506204] [22] Pharmacological investigation of Bacopamonnieri on the basis of antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. J Res 2010; 2: 191-8. [23]. Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in Alzheimer’s disease model. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 127(1): 26-31. [ [PMID: 19808086] [24] Morgan A, Stevens J. monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Med 2010; 16(7): 753-9. [ [PMID: 20590480] [25]. The effect of Bacopamonnieri leaf extract on dietary supplementation in transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson’s disease. 2014; 6: 571-80. [ [26]. Anti-Parkinsonian effects of Bacopa monnieri: insights from transgenic and pharmacological Caenorhabditis elegans models of Parkinson’s disease. 2011; 413(4): 605-10. [ [PMID: 21925152] [27]. Reversion of BDNF, Akt and CREB in hippocampus of chronic unpredictable stress induced rats: Effects of phytochemical, Bacopamonnieri. 2017; 14(1): 74-80. [ [PMID: 28096878] [28]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it mentions multiple studies demonstrating the cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri, particularly in relation to memory performance in older individuals and its potential benefits in models of depression and Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, references to trials that investigate 'improve memory performance in older persons' and 'cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri' provide a strong basis for the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms produce crops that are always cheaper than conventionally grown ones. [SEP] Text: This difference is due to (i) less competition ability especially when planted in large rows (most common way in the southern regions), (ii) a better tolerance of soybean to mechanical weeding and (iii) more strict requirements for soybean on the impurity content, and particularly towards some weed grains which are toxic for humans (black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and datura (Datura stramonium) for example) or penalize the visual aspect of the grain (black nightshade). These weeds cannot be eliminated only through mechanical weeding. Hand weeding is often the most effective way but is only used for high profitable crops like soybean or pop-corn. That explains why 56% of the soybean surveyed areas were hand weeded (instead of only 16% for sunflower). Ploughing was done on 66% of the organic soybean surveyed areas whereas it concerns only 41% of the conventional surveyed areas. Indeed, in conventional systems, producers give up ploughing more and more but not in organic systems, in which ploughing is one of the best ways to control weeds. The same observation was made by McBride and Greene (2009) in the USA where ploughing was used by 36% of organic producers whereas 50% of conventional producers used a no-till planter. 3. 5 Lower yields for organic soybean compared to conventional soybean In 2016, the organic average yield is 19. 9 q/ha but is very different between irrigated soybean (25. 2 q/ha) and non-irrigated (12. 6 q/ha). The low yields obtained in non-irrigated conditions were due to strong drought from spring to harvest. Conventional soybean yields obtained the same year were equal of 32 q/ha in irrigated conditions and 19 q/ha in non-irrigated ones, in average. This great difference between organic and conventional systems cannot be so easily explained. Indeed, in the context of the South of France, the only significant difference between organic and conventional soybean practices is about weeding practices. Such a poor diference in practices between those two systems is quite rare regarding other french crop managment. And in the 2016 context, pests and diseases were not a problem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that traditional soybean farming, which is conventional, has higher average yields (32 q/ha for irrigated conditions) compared to organic methods (19.9 q/ha) and discusses specific challenges faced in each farming system. The focus on higher yields being critical to profitability implies that conventionally grown crops can be more economically viable, challenging the assertion that vertical farms consistently produce crops more cheaply.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Instead of just considering its own past experiences, the information provided by the CommDevs augment the knowledge each agent has. It is worth noting that a distinguishing characteristic of our approach is that it deals with local information, thus the information received from the CommDev only concerns actions that can be selected from that particular node. Given a network G, every agent (vehicle) v ∈ V has a pair (o, d) ∈ N × N, that defines its origin-destination pair (OD-pair). Nodes n ∈ N are seen as states the agents might be in, and the outgoing edges of a node n are the possible actions for that given state. Hence, the agents build their routes on-the-fly by visiting nodes and edges. Upon choosing an action (edge) e, v perceives its reward. We recall that being a microscopic model, this reward is actually computed by the simulator, rather than by an abstract cost function, as it would be the case in a macroscopic model. Assuming that the simulator reports a travel time of tve for agent v traveling on edge e, the reward is −tve, as we want to make sure the agents prefer to take edges that minimize travel times. This alone does not guarantee that the agents will reach their destination fast, as they might end up running in loops throughout the network. Hence a positive bonus B is given to each agent that reaches its destination, giving them incentives to end their trips as fast as possible. We deal with a commuting scenario, where each agent performs day-to-day experiments in order to reach an equilibrium situation, in which no agent can reduce its travel time by changing routes. Because agents belong to different OD pairs and/or select different routes, their trips take different number of simulation steps. These steps represent elapsed seconds in simulation time. Hence, this means that not every agent finishes its trip simultaneously and, therefore, the standard notion of a learning episode cannot be used here. Rather, each agent has its own learning episode that will take as many simulation steps as necessary to reach its destination. Next, we explain the main parts of our approach, which can be seen in Algorithm 1. Algorithm 1: Q-learning with C2I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a modeling approach related to agents navigating a network with Q-learning, focusing on travel times and routes, without any mention of birds or time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Ameliorative effect of Sida cordifolia in rotenone induced oxidative stress model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotoxicology 2013; 39: 57-64. [ [PMID: 23994302] [72] Attenuation by Nardostachys jatamansi of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonism in rats: Behavioral, neurochemical, and immunohistochemical studies. Behav 2006; 83(1): 150-60. [ [PMID: 16500697] [73] Haleagrahara N, Ponnusamy K. Neuroprotective effect of Centella asiatica extract (CAE) on experimentally induced parkinsonism in aged Sprague-Dawley rats. J 2010; 35(1): 41-7. [ [PMID: 20118623] [74]. Neuroprotective effect of Tinospora cordifolia ethanol extract on 6-hydroxy dopamine induced Parkinsonism. Pharmacol 2014; 46(2): 176-80. [ [PMID: 24741189] [75]. Nootropic herbs (MedhyaRasayana) in Ayurveda: An update. 2012; 6(12): 147-53. [ [PMID: 23055641] [76] Dutta T, Basu UP. Terpenoids: Part II-Isolation of new triterpenesaponin, monnierin, from Bacopamonniera Wettst. Chem 1963; 1: 400-8. [77]. Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L. ) Wettst - A review on its mechanistic aspects. Med 2019; 44: 68-82. [ [PMID: 31126578] [78]. Chemical examination of bacopamiennierawettst: Part iii-bacoside b. Chem 1967; 5: 84-95. [79]. Neuroprotection with Bacopa monnieri-A review of experimental evidence. Rep 2021; 48(3): 2653-68. [ [PMID: 33675463] [80]. Pathophysiology of pain in Pain. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders 2009; 8. [ [81]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text mentions 'Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L. ) Wettst - A review on its mechanistic aspects,' which supports the claim about Bacopa Monnieri being associated with memory enhancement and cognitive function. This indicates that there is literature discussing its effects on memory, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics can diagnose and treat all medical conditions automatically. [SEP] Text: How can smart contact lenses monitor and treat eye conditions? Published: October 4, 2022 More than 3 million people live with glaucoma in the United States, an eye disease that is the world’s second leading cause of blindness. is using his skills as a biomedical engineer to develop smart contact lenses that can both monitor the condition and deliver drugs to combat it. — the fraction of a drug that enters the body and has an active effect — a signal in living organisms that can be measured e. g. , heart rate — the transparent layer forming the front of the eye — an eye condition in which increased pressure within the eyeball can lead to an eventual loss of sight — an adjective describing something concerned with the eye or vision — an electronic device that can be comfortably worn on the body while performing a specific medical function Imagine wearing contact lenses that could not only monitor your eyes to check for diseases, but could also send reports to your doctor and administer drugs directly into your eyes to improve your condition, all while you are sat in the comfort of your own home. This futuristic-sounding type of healthcare could soon become a reality. Hwan Lee, associate professor of biomedical engineering and mechanical engineering at Purdue University, is developing smart contact lenses that can do just that. Biomedical engineering lies at the heart of medical technology, where researchers collaborate with healthcare practitioners to develop new and innovative devices that can improve the lives of patients. Chi Hwan’s research group is designing wearable biomedical devices that can be attached to a patient’s eye or skin to monitor or treat specific health conditions. ? Wearable sensors can be tailored to monitor a range of physical (e. g. , pressure and strain), electrophysical (e. g. , heart and muscle activities) and electrochemical (e. g. , chemicals in blood or sweat) biosignals. For example, sensors attached to the skin under the chin could be used to monitor muscle activity in individuals suffering from swallowing disorders, and contact lenses could monitor ocular pressure in those suffering from glaucoma. As more than 3 million people live with glaucoma in the United States, and it is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, finding ways to monitor the condition is essential for medical research and patient welfare. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by specifically discussing smart contact lenses that monitor and treat eye conditions rather than smart fabrics. It focuses on the capabilities of these lenses to deliver drugs for conditions like glaucoma, which does not support the general claim that smart fabrics can diagnose and treat all medical conditions automatically.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: 1: Input: G, D, P, M, α, γ, ε, B 2: s←0 3: while s < M do 4: for v in V do 5: if v. f inished_trip() then 6: v. update_Q_table(B−v. last_edge_travel_time) 7: G. commDev[v. curr_node]. update_queue(v. last_reward, v. last_edge) 8: v. start_new_commuting_trip() 9: else if v. has_reached_a_node() then 10: v. update_Q_table(−v. last_edge_travel_time) 11: G. commDev[v. curr_node]. update_queue(v. last_reward, v. last_edge) 12: v. update_Q_values(G. commDev[v. curr_node]. in f o) 13: v. choose_action() 14: end if 15: end for 16: s←s+1 17: end while DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/table-6 Line 1 list the inputs of Algorithm 1: G is the topology of the network, D is the demand (flow rate) that is inserted in the network, P is the set of OD-pairs, and M is the maximum number of steps to simulate. It is also necessary to set α, γ (both relating to Eq. (1)), ε for controlling the action selection and the exploration-exploitation strategy, and the bonus B. The main loop is presented between lines 3 and 17, where the learning and the communication actually take place. The first if statement shown in line 5 takes care of all agents that finished their trips in the current step: agents perceive their reward plus the bonus for finishing the trip. 7, each agent informs the corresponding CommDevs the rewards, and since its trip has ended, it gets reinserted at the origin node to start a new learning episode (as this is a commuting scenario). The if statement at line 9 represents the intermediary nodes, where each agent also perceives its reward and informs the CommDev (line 11) about the reward just experienced, so that the CommDev can update its queue structure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about birds and time travel at all. It describes an algorithm related to agents and their interactions in a computational or simulation context without any mention of birds or time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Infections: A possible risk factor for type 2 diabetes Advances in Clinical Chemistry. Oxford, UK: Elsevier 2017; 51. [82]. Neuroinflammation and oxidative injury in developmental neurotoxicity Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: 2011; 61. [83] Nakagawa Y, Chiba K. Diversity and plasticity of microglial cells in psychiatric and neurological disorders. 2015; 154: 21-35. [ [PMID: 26129625] [84] González. Neuroimmune regulation of microglial activity involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274(1-2): 1-13. [ [PMID: 25091432] [85] Ganguly P, Brenhouse HC. Broken or maladaptive? Altered trajectories in neuroinflammation and behavior after early life adversity. Neurosci 2015; 11: 18-30. [ [PMID: 25081071] [86]. Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease. Immunol 2014; 14(7): 463-77. [ [PMID: 24962261] [87] Lurie DI, Coffin J. The role of Bacopa monnieri in inflammatory and neu-rodegenerative diseases Occurrences, structure, bio-synthesis, and health benefits based on their evidences of medicinal phyto-chemicals in vegetables and fruits. New York, USA: Publishers 2015; 38. [88] Viji V, Helen A. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators: Role of Bacopa monniera (L. ) Wettst. Inflammopharmacology 2011; 19(5): 283-91. [ [PMID: 20607614] [89]. Betulinic acid isolated from Bacopa monniera (L. ) Wettst suppresses lipopolysaccharide stimulated interleukin-6 production through modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 2010; 10(8): 843-9. [ [PMID: 20430119] [90] Williams R, Münch G, Gyengesi E, Bennett L. Bacopa monnieri (L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning Bacopa monnieri in several contexts related to its health benefits, particularly its role in inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. It highlights the medicinal properties of Bacopa monnieri, which suggests a basis for its use as a memory-enhancing supplement, implying that it may contribute positively to cognitive functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics can diagnose and treat all medical conditions automatically. [SEP] Text: As well as providing continuous monitoring of a patient’s condition, another major benefit of Chi Hwan’s wearable devices is their ability to record a patient’s biosignals while they are at home and then to automatically send a report to their doctor. “This means patients do not need to frequently travel to a clinic, which is particularly helpful for those living in rural areas or with limited mobility,” explains. ? “The human skin and eye are soft, curvilinear and sensitive to pain,” explains Chi Hwan. “Therefore, wearable biomedical devices must have mechanical softness, flexibility, stretchability and breathability, without side effects such as discomfort, pain or tissue damage. ” A major challenge for designing smart contact lenses is that the fabrication of wireless sensors typically requires high temperatures and corrosive chemicals, which is why electronic circuits are normally built on hard materials. However, these rigid materials are unsuitable for use in the human eye, so and his team had to develop novel techniques for creating soft and stretchable sensors that could be placed on various commercial brands of soft contact lenses. They developed a ‘peeling technique’, whereby the electronic components are constructed on conventional fabrication substrates that can withstand high temperatures and corrosive chemicals but can then be thinly peeled off and transferred elsewhere. This means the sensors can exist on flexible, stretchable, transparent or biodegradable substrates, including soft contact lenses. ? Chi Hwan’s team has developed a soft, ultrathin, wireless sensor to measure ocular pressure, which can be attached to commercial soft contact lenses. “This allows continuous 24-hour monitoring of ocular pressure for glaucoma patients, even during sleep,” he explains. As well as monitoring eye conditions, smart contact lenses can also treat them, by injecting drugs directly into the eye. “Ocular drug delivery remains a grand challenge due to the complex structure of the eye,” says Chi Hwan. Download the 10. 33424/303 Link to the activity sheet Download the Share 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 participant wearing a smart soft contact lens during the continuous monitoring of ocular pressure © : 10. 1038/s41467-022-33254-4 A tear-soluble contact lens with silicon nanoneedles for painless and long-term sustained drug delivery © : 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by specifying that smart contact lenses can monitor and treat specific conditions, such as ocular pressure and drug delivery for glaucoma patients, rather than diagnosing and treating all medical conditions automatically. The text indicates the limitations and challenges of smart fabrics, especially in relation to how they specifically address eye conditions, which does not support the broader claim that they can handle all medical conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: In line 7, each agent updates its Q-value for the last action based on its own experience, that is, with the actual reward received for traveling through the last link. Following, a CommDev also informs agents about the rewards that can be expected from the actions each agent might take next (line 12). Each agent then updates its Q-table and chooses an action. Experiments, Results, and Analysis Scenario: network and demand Simulations were performed using a microscopic tool called Simulation of (SUMO, Lopez et al. (2018)). SUMO’s API was used to allow vehicle agents to interact with the simulator en route, that is, during simulation time. The scenario chosen is a 5 × 5 grid depicted in Fig. 2; each line in the figure represents bi-directed edges containing two lanes, one for each traffic direction. It is also worth noting that each directed edge is 200 m long. Figure 2: 5 × 5 Grid Network. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/fig-2 The demand was set to maintain the network populated at around 20–30% of its maximum capacity, which is considered a medium to high density. Recall that no real-world network is fully occupied at all times, and that the just mentioned density level does not mean that there will not be edges fully occupied, which happens from time to time; this percentage is just the average over all 50 edges. This demand was then distributed between the OD-pairs as represented in Table 1. The last column represents the volume of vehicles per OD-pair. Those values were selected so that the shorter the path, the smaller the demand, which seems to be a more realistic assumption than a uniform distribution of the demand. Table 1: Demand per OD-pair. Demand Bottom0 Top4 102 Bottom1 Top3 86 Bottom3 Top1 86 Bottom4 Top0 102 Left0 Right4 102 Left1 Right3 86 Left3 Right1 86 Left4 Right0 102 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/table-1 Two points are worth reinforcing here. First, vehicles get reinserted at their corresponding origin nodes, so that we are able to keep a roughly constant insertion rate of vehicles in the network, per OD pair. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about birds and time travel. It discusses a simulation of traffic networks and vehicle behavior without any mention or implication of birds or time travel capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: ) exerts anti-inflammatory effects on cells of the innate immune system in vitro. 2014; 5(3): 517-20. [ [PMID: 24452710] [91]. A review on Bacopamonniera: Current research and future prospects. 2010; 4: 1-9. [ [92]. Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27(2): 279-81. [ [PMID: 12093601] [93] Russo A, Borrelli F. Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: An overview. Phytomedicine 2005; 12(4): 305-17. [ [PMID: 15898709] [94]. Bacosides and neuroprotection Natural products. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer 2013; 60. [ [95] Aguiar S, Borowski T. Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri. 2013; 16(4): 313-26. [ [PMID: 23772955] [96]. Molecular and functional characterization of Bacopamonniera: A retrospective review. Med 2015; 2015: 945217. [ [PMID: 26413131] [97]. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. Biol 1958; 33(2)[ [98] Estimation of twelve bacopa saponins in Bacopa monnieri extracts and formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Bull (Tokyo) 2006; 54(6): 907-11. [ [PMID: 16755069] [99]. Chemical examination of Bacopa monniera Wettst. : Part I-Isolation of chemical constituents. Chem 1963; 1: 212-5. [100] Singh H, Dhawan BN. Drugs affecting learning and memory. FLJ 1992; p. 189. [101]. Quantitative determination of the major saponin mixture bacoside A in Bacopa monnieri by HPLC. 2005; 16(1): 24-9. [ [PMID: 15688952] [102]. Triterpenoid glycosides from Bacopa monnieri. Phytochemistry 2005; 66(23): 2719-28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing research on Bacopa monnieri, highlighting its role as a nootropic and discussing its effects on human memory as indicated in sources like 'Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory' and 'Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri.' This supports the idea that Bacopa monnieri is known for its memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics can diagnose and treat all medical conditions automatically. [SEP] Text: 1126/sciadv. abn1772 A horse wearing a smart textile during the continuous monitoring of health conditions © : 10. 1002/adma. 202108021 Eyedrops and ointments that are traditionally used to administer ocular drugs have a very low bioavailability. Less than 5% of eyedrop medication reaches its target, as our eyes are designed to prevent foreign substances from entering. “This means larger or more frequent doses are required,” says Chi Hwan, “which burdens the patient and increases the risk of side effects such as blurred vision and discomfort. ” In response to this, has developed tear-soluble contact lenses equipped with biodegradable nanoneedles that can inject drugs directly into the required location. “When a patient inserts the contact lens, the nanoneedles penetrate the cornea in a minimally-invasive manner and then undergo gradual degradation over the course of several months while providing sustained, painless delivery of ocular drugs,” he explains. “The contact lens itself dissolves in tear fluid within a few minutes. ” These drug delivery contact lenses will be useful for treating chronic ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, as they will provide painless, long-term, sustained drug delivery to the patient’s eye. ? and the team are also designing other wearable biomedical devices. They are integrating electronics (such as heart rate sensors) into fabric textiles, creating fabrics that can monitor health conditions while also retaining their original wearability and breathability. A key condition of these electronic textiles is that they can be worn multiple times and can survive for multiple laundry cycles. These electronic textiles have recently been applied in a wearable biomedical device for horses. The team created a horse blanket containing multiple sensors that continuously monitor the horse’s heart rate, muscle activity and breathing rate. This allows the horse owner to monitor the horse’s health over long periods of time, whether they are galloping through a field or asleep in their stable. ? “My next steps will be to bring the research outcomes out of university and into clinical practice so many people can benefit from using our technologies,” says Chi Hwan. He hopes that, after extensive clinical trials, his wearable biomedical devices will become commercially available, enhancing and advancing the care of patients with a wide range of health conditions. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing smart textiles' capabilities, emphasizing that they can monitor health conditions through sensors but do not mention the ability to treat all medical conditions automatically. Specifically, it states that while these textiles can be integrated into wearable biomedical devices for monitoring (such as in the case of horses), there is no indication that they can diagnose or treat conditions autonomously without intervention. The focus is rather on monitoring health and advancing care, suggesting limitations in their applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: However, this does not mean that the flow per link is constant, since the choice of which link to take varies a lot from vehicle to vehicle, and from time to time. Second, despite being a synthetic grid network, it is not trivial, since it has 8 OD pairs, which makes the problem complex as routes from each OD pair are coupled with others. As seen in Table 1, we have also increased such coupling by designing the OD pairs so that all routes traverse the network, thus increasing the demand for using the central links. Q-learning parameters A study conducted by Bazzan & Grunitzki (2016) shows that, in an en route trip building approach, the learning rate α does not play a major role, while the discount factor γ usually needs to be high in discounted future rewards, as it is the case here. Thus a value of α = 0. 5 suits our needs. We remark however that we have also played with this parameter. As for the discount factor γ, we have performed extensive tests and found that a value of γ = 0. 9 performs best. For the epsilon-greedy action selection, empirical analysis pointed to using a fixed value of ε = 0. 05. This guarantees that the agents will mostly take a greedy action (as they only have a 5% chance to make a non-greedy choice), and also take into account that the future rewards have a considerable amount of influence in the agent’s current choice, since γ has a high value. For the bonus at the end of each trip, after tests, a value of B = 1,000 was used. Recall that this bonus aims at compensating the agent for selecting a jammed link, if it is close to its destination, rather than trying out detours via a link that, locally, seems less congested, but that will lead the agent to wander around, rather than directly go to its destination. We remark that trips take a rough average of 450 time steps thus this value of B fits the magnitude of the rewards. Performance metric and results While each agent perceives its own travel time, both after traversing each link, and after finishing its trip, we need an overall performance to assess the quality of the proposed method. For this, we use a moving average (over 100 time steps) of the complete route travel time, for each agent that has finished its trip. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about birds and time travel. It discusses complex issues related to a synthetic grid network and Q-learning parameters in decision-making, with no mention of birds or the concept of time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Expression of catalase mRNA and protein in adult rat brain: Detection by nonradioactive in situ hybridization with signal amplification by catalyzed reporter deposition (ISH-CARD) and immunohistochemistry (IHC)/immunofluorescence (IF). J 2003; 51(6): 751-60. [ [PMID: 12754286] [126] Nazıroğlu M. Molecular role of catalase on oxidative stress-induced Ca(2+) signaling and TRP cation channel activation in nervous system. J Transd 2012; 32(3): 134-41. [ [PMID: 22475023] [127]. Amelioration of age associated neuroinflammation on long term baco-sides treatment. 2012; 37(4): 869-74. [ [PMID: 22198697] [128]. Bacopa monnieri modulates antioxidant responses in brain and kidney of diabetic rats. Pharmacol 2009; 27(1): 62-9. [ [PMID: 21783922] [129] Malishev R, Shaham-. Bacoside-A, an Indian traditional-medicine substance, inhibits β-amyloid cytotoxicity, fibrillation, and membrane interactions. ACS 2017; 8(4): 884-91. [ [PMID: 28094495] [130] Gan L, Johnson JA. Oxidative damage and the Nrf2-ARE pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Acta 2014; 1842(8): 1208-18. [ [PMID: 24382478] [131]. Role of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. 2015; 65(5): 210-9. [ [PMID: 25707882] [132] Hosamani R. Muralidhara. Neuroprotective efficacy of Bacopa monnieri against rotenone induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30(6): 977-85. [ [PMID: 19744517] [133]. Comparative evaluation of extract of Bacopamonnieri and Mucunapruriens as neuroprotectant in MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease. 2016; 54: 758-66. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning Bacopa monnieri in various contexts, including its neuroprotective efficacy and potential role in ameliorating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which is relevant to memory enhancement. For example, it discusses the effects of Bacopa monnieri on neuroprotective efficacy against oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, which supports the idea of its potential memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics can diagnose and treat all medical conditions automatically. [SEP] Text: Professor of and : : Developing wearable biomedical devices for the skin and eye : of Health (NIH), Foundation (NSF), Department of Defence (DOD), and engineering is a field that spans many disciplines, combining engineering, biology, medicine and healthcare. Biomedical engineers aim to solve health problems by developing new technologies for clinical use. “As a biomedical engineer, I enjoy spending every moment solving real-world problems by emphasising the importance of team science and interdisciplinary research,” says Chi Hwan. ? “Problems regarding human health and disease cannot be tackled by one discipline alone,” says Chi Hwan. “I work with collaborators in numerous fields: biomedical, mechanical and materials engineering; speech, language and hearing science; animal science; vision science; medicine… We also actively interact with clinicians, patients and caregivers to identify all aspects of the current challenges in clinical settings. These collaborations are extremely important as their feedback helps us to create patient-centred designs. ” Collaborations within and outside academia are vital for ensuring that any technology developed by biomedical engineers will meet the needs of the end-user. “I believe that the success of future biomedical engineers, and all scientists, requires an understanding of interdisciplinary collaborations,” says Chi Hwan. ? In the past, biomedical engineers have given us pacemakers, bionic limbs, hearing aids and MRI scanners. Current topics of research include 3D printing human organs for transplants and designing nano-robots that can enter the bloodstream and release drugs directly into cancerous cells. What new inventions will biomedical engineers develop in the future as technology advances? • Purdue University’s of (engineering. purdue. edu/BME ) runs a summer internship programme. Underrepresented students from local high schools can participate in paid opportunities to develop their interests in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). • Many research groups in the school also offer internship programmes for high school and undergraduate students, including Chi Hwan’s lab (engineering. purdue. edu/StickTronics ). Participating in such an internship will allow you to experience the work of biomedical engineers while contributing to research projects that are tackling problems facing human health. Contact biomedical engineers at universities near you to see if they offer similar opportunities. • hosts STEM outreach programmes designed for young female students, including the ‘Introduce a Girl to Engineering Day’ (IGED; www. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of biomedical engineers who focus on solving health problems through interdisciplinary collaboration and technology development. While it mentions advancements like wearable biomedical devices, it does not support the notion that smart fabrics can autonomously diagnose and treat all medical conditions, indicating that designing effective health technologies requires input from multiple disciplines and direct interaction with healthcare professionals. The mention of past innovations such as pacemakers and bionic limbs suggests a more nuanced understanding of the capabilities and limitations of current medical technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Given the probabilistic nature of the process, it is necessary to run repetitions of simulations. Thus, 30 runs were performed. Plots shown ahead thus depict the average and the standard deviations. In order to evaluate how the communication affects the learning process, some different policies and comparisons were performed, these different methods are described in the following sections. QL with C2I vs dynamic user assignment For sake of contrasting with a classical approach, Fig. 3 shows a comparison between our QL with C2I approach and a method called Assignment (DUA), which is an iteractive method implemented by the SUMO developers. We remark that DUA is a centralized, not based on RL approach. Figure 3: QL with C2I vs DUA. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/fig-3 Assignment works as follows: it performs iterative assignment of pre-computed, full routes to the given OD-pairs in order to find the UE2. In our tests, DUA was run for 100 iterations. Note that a DUA iteration corresponds to a trip, and a new iteration only starts when all trips have reached their respective destinations. The output of DUA is a route that is then followed by each vehicle, without en route changes. Since DUA also has a stochastic nature, our results correspond to 30 repetitions of DUA as well. Figure 3 shows that, obviously, at the beginning, the performance of our approach reflects the fact that the agents are still exploring, whereas DUA has a better performance since a central authority determines which route each agent should take. This is possible since this central authority holds all the information, which is not the case in the MARL based approach, where each agent has to explore in order to gain information. In our approach, after a certain time, the agents have learned a policy to map states to action and, by using it, they are able to reduce their travel times. Before discussing the actual results, we remark that a SUMO time step corresponds roughly to one second. Our experiments were run for about 50,000 time steps. A learning episode comprehends hundreds of time steps, as the agent has to travel from its origin to its destination. In short, a learning episode is not the same as a simulation time step. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses simulation processes and comparisons between different algorithms in the context of traffic routing, with no mention of birds or time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: [PMID: 30179419] [134]. Effect of bacoside A on brain antioxidant status in cigarette smoke exposed rats. 2006; 78(12): 1378-84. [ [PMID: 16226278] [135]. Effect of bacoside A on membrane-bound ATPases in the brain of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. J Toxicol 2005; 19(1): 59-65. [ [PMID: 15736152] [136] Hosamani R, Krishna G. Muralidhara. monnieri extract ameliorates acute paraquat-induced oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity in prepubertal mice brain. 2016; 19(10): 434-46. [ [PMID: 25153704] [137] Hosamani R. Muralidhara. Prophylactic treatment with Bacopa monnieri leaf powder mitigates paraquat-induced oxidative perturbations and lethality in Drosophila melanogaster. 2010; 47(2): 75-82. [PMID: 20521619] [138]. Muralidhara. Bacopa monnieri extract offsets rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in dopaminergic cells and oxidative impairments in mice brain. Neurobiol 2012; 32(3): 455-65. [ [PMID: 22160863] [139]. Inflammation in Parkinson’s disease: Role of glucocorticoids. 2015; 9: 32. [ [PMID: 25883554] [140]. plant Bacopa monnieri inhibits inflammatory pathways in the brain. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 197: 92-100. [ [PMID: 27473605] [141]. Antiinflammatory effects of an Ayurvedic preparation, Brahmi Rasayan, in rodents. 1994; 32(9): 633-6. [PMID: 7814042] [142] Hans O, David HB. 1–Introduction to mechanisms of allergic disease Allergy. Edinburgheds: Saunders WB 2012; 32. [143] Cho S, Hwang ES. Fluorescence-based detection and quantification of features of cellular senescence. Biol 2011; 103: 149-88. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it references multiple studies that explore the effects of Bacopa monnieri, specifically mentioning its impact on brain health, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity. The mention of Bacopa monnieri extract's ability to ameliorate oxidative effects and cytotoxicity aligns with the herbal supplement's known potential effects on memory enhancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics can diagnose and treat all medical conditions automatically. [SEP] Text: I now have a very interdisciplinary background to my career, with dual degrees in industrial engineering and mechanical engineering, post-doctoral training in materials engineering and research in biomedical engineering. This interdisciplinary background has allowed me to foster a lot of internal and external collaborations with world-leading scientists and engineers, enabling us to tackle the complicated real-world problems associated with human health and diseases. My ambitions lie in translating some of these research initiatives into tangible forms which will eventually benefit millions of users in need across the world. ’01 Do not limit yourself to the one specific area that you are currently interested in. 02 Do not be afraid to try something new and do not be afraid to fail. Do you have a question for Chi Hwan? Write it in the comments box below and will get back to you. (Remember, researchers are very busy people, so you may have to wait a few days. ) 5 Comments donna S taylor on October 31, 2022 at 6:45 am How can I participate in this program, I have Gloucoma now for 14 years. BG on November 3, 2022 at 9:40 pm Hwan, any projects to help with AMD in the near future? Or, could this or not be possible with these type of eye lenses? Many thanks. on November 4, 2022 at 1:19 pm Thank you for the comment. The smart ‘soft’ contact lenses can be potentailly tailored for other ocular diseases including AMD, which presents our current efforts. Our goal is to enable our platform technology to be applicable to managing a range of ocular diseases. on November 4, 2022 at 1:14 pm I am sorry to hear that you are suffering from glaucoma. We have completed an initial set of preclinical studies and are now moving forward to a larger set of clinical studies which would be ready sooner than later. I hope our technology would be benefitial to you and many other patients in need. on September 23, 2023 at 11:32 am Dr Hwan, we are working in 1000s of rural villages where eyecare glaucoma is not easily accessible. Would be keen to understand if the smart soft contact lens is available for us to pilot. Would be great for the people if we can make it work. Keen to hear from you. thank you a replyYour email address will not be published. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential of smart 'soft' contact lenses to be tailored for specific ocular diseases, suggesting a specialized application rather than a general capability to diagnose and treat all medical conditions automatically. It highlights the focus on managing a range of ocular diseases through clinical studies and research collaboration, indicating that while advancements are being made, they are not universal for all medical conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Given that the agents re-start their trips immediately, different agents have different lengths for their respective learning episodes, thus the learning process is non-synchronous. Using our approach, on average, an episode takes roughly 500 time steps, thus agent reach the user equilibrium in about 100 episodes. For RL standards, this is a fast learning process, especially considering that we deal with a highly non-stationary environment, where agents get noisy signals. However, we also remark that, for practical purposes, the policy can be learned off-line, and, later, embedded in the vehicle. To give a specific picture, Table 2 shows the actual travel times after time step 50,000. We remark that we could have measured roughly the same around step 30,000. It can be seen that our approach outperforms DUA shortly after time step 10,000. Also noteworthy is the fact that, at any time step, agents still explore with probability ε = 5% thus there is room for improvements if other forms of action selection are used. Table 2: Travel time measured for DUA and QL with C2I at time step 50,000. time at step 50 k DUA ≈560 QL with C2I ≈470 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/table-2 QL with C2I vs QL without communication Our approach is also compared to standard Q-learning, thus without communication, which means that the agents learn their routes only by their own previous experiences, without any augmented knowledge regarding the traffic situation and the experiences of other agents. In Fig. 4, we can divide the learning process in both cases shown in Fig. 4 in two distinct phases: the exploration phase, where the agents have yet no information about the network and explore it to find their destination “that is when the spikes in the learning curves can be seen”; and the exploitation phase, when agents know the best actions to take in order to experience the lowest travel time possible. Figure 4: QL with C2I vs QL without communication. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/fig-4 Both approaches converge to the same average travel times in the exploitation phase. However, the advantage of our approach comes in the exploration phase. As we see in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the learning processes of agents in a reinforcement learning context and compares different approaches to optimizing travel times. There is no mention of birds or any reference to the concept of time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 21722803] [144] Sawle GV, Myers R. The role of positron emission tomography in the assessment of human neurotransplantation. 1993; 16(5): 172-6. [ [PMID: 7685938] [145] Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Rodriguez M, et al. Pathophysiologic basis of surgery for Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 2000; 55(12)(Suppl. 6): S7-S12. [PMID: 11188978] [146] Pathogenic role of glial cells in Parkinson’s disease. 2003; 18(2): 121-9. [ [PMID: 12539204] [147]. Role of cytokines in inflammatory process in Parkinson’s disease. J Suppl 2006; (70): 373-81. [ [PMID: 17017556] [148] Molecular pathways involved in the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA, dopamine and MPTP: Contribution to the apoptotic theory in Parkinson’s disease. 2001; 65(2): 135-72. [ [PMID: 11403877] [149] Gene expression profiling of substantia nigra dopamine neurons: Further insights into Parkinson’s disease pathology. Brain 2009; 132(Pt 7): 1795-809. [ [PMID: 19052140] [150]. Therapeutic potential of noo-tropic Bacopamonnieri in prevention & treatment of diseases: An overview. Res 2013; 1: 12-24. [151]. Role of ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced mice model via inhibition of apoptotic pathways of dopaminergic neurons. Bull 2017; 135: 120-8. [ [PMID: 29032054] [152] T MM. Anand T, Khanum F. Attenuation of cytotoxicity induced by tBHP in H9C2 cells by Bacopa monniera and Bacoside A. Pathophysiology 2018; 25(2): 143-9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing the 'therapeutic potential of noo-tropic Bacopamonnieri in prevention & treatment of diseases' and referring to Bacopa monnieri's effects, thus supporting the notion that this herbal supplement may enhance memory.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: They are designed to reduce chemical residues on crops and in soil. [SEP] Text: Biological effects of plant residues with constrasting chemical compositions on plant and soil under humid tropical conditions G. output: Thesis › external study on plant residues with contrasting chemical compositions was conducted under laboratory, growth chamber and humid tropical field conditions to understand the function of the soil fauna in the breakdown of plant residues, the cycling of nutrients, in particular nitrogen, and the performance of maize as a test crop. Leaves from ten agroforestry and fallow plant species with a wide range of chemical compositions (different C/N ratios and contents of lignin and polyphenols) were selected for laboratory incubations. Of the ten species, prunings from Acioa barteri Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala maize ( Zea mays ) stover and rice ( Oryza sativa ) straw were selected for field and growth chamber experiments. Laboratory incubation showed that N mineralization was significantly correlated with initial N, polyphenol and lignin content of plant residues. Litterbag studies in the field showed that decomposition was also correlated with the activity of soil fauna. In the field the effect of polyphenols on the degradation of plant residues was less prominent than in the laboratory. In both growth chamber and field trials the breakdown of plant residues and nutrient release were enhanced in the presence of earthworms and millipedes. Application of plant residues increased populations of earthworms and ants. Stepwise regression illustrated populations of earthworms were negatively correlated with lignin:N ratio; populations of ants were positively correlated with N content of plant residues. Application of high C/N ratio and lignin content plant residues attracted termites. Millipedes were not influenced by the quality of plant residues. Addition of plant residues as mulch ameliorated the soil microclimate by lowering soil temperature and maintaining soil moisture. A strong mulching effect on the soil microclimate was associated with application of plant residues with high C/N ratio and lignin content. Increase in the amount of mineral N in the soil solution was recorded with application of plant residues with "high" or "low quality", but probably caused by different mechanisms. contribution of "high quality" materials mainly originated from their decomposition, whereas mulching effects on microclimate, which presumably promoted the degradation of soil organic matter, mainly accounted for the N contribution of "low quality" materials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the claim regarding the design of practices to reduce chemical residues on crops and in soil. It focuses on the biological effects of plant residues with contrasting chemical compositions and their interactions with soil fauna under various conditions. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: 4, the exploration phase in the QL with C2I algorithm is reduced by a considerable amount when compared to the traditional QL algorithm, meaning that in our case the user equilibrium is reached earlier. Table 3 compares the travel time measured in both cases at the time step 20,000, when our approach has already converged, but the standard Q-learning has not. Table 3: Travel time measured for QL and QL with C2I at time step 20,000. time at step 20k QL ≈676 QL with C2I ≈483 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/table-3 Communication success rate In the real world, it might be the case that some information gets lost due to failure in the communication devices. In order to test what happens when not all messages reach the recipient, a success rate was implemented to test how the our approach performs if communication does not work as designed. Specifically, every time an agent needs to communicate with the infrastructure, the message will reach the destination with a given success rate. This was implemented by means of a randomly generated value, which is then compared to the success rate to determine whether or not the simulator should ignore the message, thus being a metaphor for a non-delivered message. Such a scheme is applied to any kind of communication between the infrastructure and the agent, that is, regardless if it is from an agent to a CommDev, or vice-versa. If a message is lost, then: (i) a CommDev does not get to update its data structure, and (ii) an agent does not get to update its Q-table. Other than that, the method behaves exactly as described by Algorithm 1. Experiments were performed varying the target success rate. For clarity, we show the results in two plots. Figure 5 compares the approach when the success rate is with 100% (thus the performance already discussed regarding the two previous figures), to one where the communication succeeds in only 75% of the times. In Fig. 6, we depict the cases for success rate of 25% and 50%. Figure 5: QL with C2I: comparison between 75% and 100% success rate. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/fig-5 Figure 6: QL with C2I: comparison between 25% and 50% success rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about birds and time travel. It discusses an algorithm (QL with C2I) and its communication success rates, rather than any aspect of avian behavior or time travel capabilities. Therefore, it does not support, contradict, or relate in any meaningful way to the assertion that birds can time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 29678356] [153] Fluoxetine prevents MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting microglial activation. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60(6): 963-74. [ [PMID: 21288472] [154]. Neurocognitive effect of nootropic drug Brahmi (Bacopamonnieri) in Alzheimer’s disease. 2017; 24(2): 111-22. [ [PMID: 28588366] [155] Chronic arsenic toxicity from Ayurvedic medicines. Dermatol 2008; 47(6): 618-21. [ [PMID: 18477160] [156] Sources, distribution, bioavailability, toxicity, and risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines. 2017; 108: 103-18. [ [PMID: 28843139] & :A on Preclinical Evidence-based of Bacopa monnieri against Parkinson's Disease Volume: 23 Issue: 9 Author(s): Ahsas Goyal*, Sainu Gopika, Affiliation: Institute of. P. , India Keywords: Brahmi, neuroprotection, Parkinson’s, dopamine, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory. Abstract: Parkinson's disease is a chronic and gradually progressive neurodegenerative disorder triggered due to the loss of dopamine-releasing neurons in the region of substantia nigra pars compacta characterized by the motor symptoms, such as tremor, bradykinesia, akinesia, and postural instability. Proteinopathies, mitochondrial dysfunction induced dopaminergic neuronal deterioration, and gene mutations are the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease. The bioactive components of Brahmi, such as Bacoside A, Bacoside B, and Bacosaponins, belong to various chemical families. Brahmi's neuroprotective role includes reducing neuronal oxidative stress, dopaminergic neuronal degeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation, and improvement of cognitive and learning behaviour. Researchers found that Bacopa monnieri significantly increased brain levels of glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin A in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Brahmi has a potent antioxidant property and neuroprotective effects against PD that help reduce oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and enhance dopamine levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the neuroprotective role of Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi), which includes the improvement of cognitive and learning behavior. It indicates that Bacopa monnieri has components that may enhance cognitive functions, aligning with the claim regarding its potential memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides work more effectively than all synthetic pesticides. [SEP] Text: Selection of pesticides with small ecological footprints is a key factor in developing sustainable agricultural systems. Policy guiding the selection of pesticides often emphasizes natural products and organic-certified pesticides to increase sustainability, because of the prevailing public opinion that natural products are uniformly safer, and thus more environmentally friendly, than synthetic chemicals. Methodology/We report the results of a study examining the environmental impact of several new synthetic and certified organic insecticides under consideration as reduced-risk insecticides for soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) control, using established and novel methodologies to directly quantify pesticide impact in terms of biocontrol services. We found that in addition to reduced efficacy against aphids compared to novel synthetic insecticides, organic approved insecticides had a similar or even greater negative impact on several natural enemy species in lab studies, were more detrimental to biological control organisms in field experiments, and had higher Quotients at field use rates. Conclusions/data bring into caution the widely held assumption that organic pesticides are more environmentally benign than synthetic ones. All pesticides must be evaluated using an empirically-based risk assessment, because generalizations based on chemical origin do not hold true in all cases. Citation: (2010) Pesticides over in Soybeans. 5(6): e11250. Stephen J. Johnson, University of Kansas, of AmericaReceived: March 30, 2010; Accepted: June 1, 2010; Published: June 22, 2010Copyright: © 2010 Bahlai et al. This is an open-access 1. 2 million hectares of soybean are cultivated each year in Canada alone [21]. Since its introduction to 10 years ago [20], numerous studies have examined the role of biological control agents in managing populations of aphids [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], but foliar insecticides remain necessary when populations of aphids exceed economic thresholds. The need for reduced risk pesticides in this system is profound: only two foliar insecticides are currently registered for soybean aphid control in Canada [18], one of which is currently under review for re-registration [27]. A broader suite of insecticides with varied mechanisms of action are needed to ensure effective insecticide resistance management can occur [28]. ResultsWorking with AAFC, we identified four novel products to evaluate as potential reduced risk insecticides to include in integrated pest management programs for soybean aphid (Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that organic approved insecticides were found to have reduced efficacy against aphids compared to novel synthetic insecticides. It also highlights that organic pesticides had a similar or even greater negative impact on natural enemy species and that generalizations based on chemical origin do not hold true in all cases. This implies that organic pesticides do not generally work more effectively than synthetic ones.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/fig-6 For specific values, Table 4 lists the average travel times for all these cases at time step 20,000, since at that time the learning processes have nearly converged. Table 4: Travel time measured for each success rate at time step 20,000. Success rate (%) Travel time at step 20k 25 ≈501 50 ≈467 75 ≈461 100 ≈483 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/table-4 It is remarkable that the system not only tolerates some loss of information, but also performs slightly better when the success rate is 75% or even 50%. If one compares this case to the one in which 100% of the messages reach their destinations, one sees that the learning process is accelerated if agents do not have the very same information that other agents also receive. This is no surprise, as pointed out in the literature on the disadvantages of giving the same information to everyone. What is novel here is the fact that we can show that this is also the case when information is shared only at local level, as well as when the communication is between vehicles and the infrastructure, not among all vehicles themselves. As expected, when we look at the case with a low success rate of 25%, we observe several drawbacks since the communication rate is getting closer to no communication at all: (i) the average travel time increases, (ii) the learning process takes longer, and (iii) the standard deviation also increases (meaning that different trips may take very different travel times and, possibly, different routes). Different strategies for storing information at the infrastructure Apart from investigating what happens when information is lost, we also change the way CommDevs compute and share the reward information to the driver agents. Here the main motivation was to test what happens when the infrastructure is constrained by a simpler type of hardware, namely one that can store much less information (recall that the original approach is based on a queue-like data structure). To this aim, we conducted experiments in which the goal was to test which type of information is best for the infrastructure to hold and pass on to the agents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about birds and time travel. Instead, it discusses travel times related to a communication system and various success rates without any mention of birds or time travel, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3677310/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 11You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractParkinson's disease (PD), an age-dependent neurodegenerative movement disorder, is attributed to the lossof dopaminergic neurons in the striatal SNPc, abnormal α-Synuclein accumulation that leads to complex movement disorders, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia in later stage, however, its precise molecular underpinning is not well known. In the proposed study, we aim to explore the effects of PD on the expression of the synaptic plasticity associated with AMPA receptor subunit GluR2, its epigenetic regulation, and investigate the possible therapeutic role of a well-characterized extract of an ancient Indian medicinal plantBacopa monniericalled CDRI-08 on the PD and memory impairment in rotenone-PD mouse model as presently there is no successful treatment available for curing the PD-induced pathologies. Our immunoblotting and qPCR data showed a significant upregulation of the GluR2 expression in the hippocampus of rotenone-treated mice as compared to the vehicle control group. Our MeDIP-qPCR data revealed that the increased GluR2 expression was significantly correlated with a decline in its promoter CpG methylation in the hippocampus of rotenone-treated mice. CDRI-08 treatment to the rotenone-treated mice significantly lowered the PD pathologies, and GluR2 expression with a subsequent increase in the GluR2 promoter methylation towards the control values in the hippocampus. The current study suggests one of the precise molecular events underlying PD, its effects on memory impairment, and the neurotherapeutic potential of Bacopa monnieri extract, CDRI-08, which might be useful for the treatment of PD-induced movement and cognitive impairments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the neurotherapeutic potential of Bacopa Monnieri extract, CDRI-08, in treating memory impairment associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). It specifically mentions that the study aims to explore the effects of Bacopa Monnieri on memory impairment in a mouse model, indicating its relevance as a memory-enhancing herbal supplement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides work more effectively than all synthetic pesticides. [SEP] Text: Two of these insecticides contained synthetic active ingredients, the other two are natural insecticides permitted for use in certified organic crops in Canada [17]. We included formulations of the two currently registered insecticides in the experiments as conventional controls. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Insecticides evaluated for use in control of the soybean aphid. completed laboratory assays to estimate the direct contact toxicity of these insecticides to several natural enemy species when applied at field rates (Table 2). We used two of the soybean aphid's primary predator species in this study, multicoloured Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis and insidious flower bug Orius insidiosus [25], [26]. There were significant differences in mortality by treatment applied for all insect groups F6,657 = 325. 25, P<. 0001 for ladybeetle adults; F6,993 = 1069. 34, P<. 0001 for ladybeetle larvae; F6,277 = 228. 11, P<. 0001 for flower bug adults), but generally, the two currently registered insecticides were most toxic to natural enemies under laboratory conditions. The other four insecticides were much less toxic to the ladybeetle, though it was found that one of the organic insecticides, Beauveria bassiana, was slightly more toxic to adults, and one novel synthetic, flonicamid, was slightly more toxic to larvae than the remaining novel insecticides. The four novel pesticides all caused some mortality to the insidious flower bug, but the two organic insecticides had significantly higher toxicity than the two novel synthetic insecticides. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Relative direct contact mortality of natural enemies treated with six insecticides at field rate. conducted a two year, five site study to examine the performance of these insecticides against aphids, and selectivity with respect to natural enemies under field conditions (Fig. 1). In addition to efficacy, it is desirable for an insecticide to have a high selectivity for its target pests in order to minimize environmental impact, and to conserve biological control services provided by other organisms residing in the treated area. All synthetic insecticides had similar efficacy one week after treatment (F6,148 = 7. 48, P<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while one of the organic insecticides, Beauveria bassiana, was slightly more toxic to adults, another novel synthetic pesticide, flonicamid, was slightly more toxic to larvae. Additionally, it mentions that the 'two organic insecticides had significantly higher toxicity than the two novel synthetic insecticides', but the overall conclusion from the text suggests that the synthetic insecticides performed similarly in terms of efficacy after treatment and were most toxic to natural enemies under laboratory conditions. Therefore, the effectiveness of organic pesticides compared to synthetic ones is context-dependent and does not universally support the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: We have devised three ways to do this: (i) the infrastructure only holds and informs the highest travel time (hence the most negative reward) value to the agents; (ii) the infrastructure informs the lowest reward (hence the least negative) to the agents; (iii) the infrastructure holds only the latest (most recent) travel time value received. Note that, in all these cases, the infrastructure only needs to store a single value, as opposed to the case in which the infrastructure stores a queue of values in order to compute a moving average. Figure 7 shows a comparison between the different policies. For clarity, we omit the deviations but note that they are in the same order as the previous ones. Figure 7: QL with C2I with different strategies. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/fig-7 The best case seems to be associated with the use of the most recent travel time information, as seen both in Fig. 7 and Table 5. Communicating the lowest travel time might look good at first sight. But it has as drawback that this leads all agents to a act greedly and thus using the option with least travel time. This ends up not being efficient as seen in Fig. 7. Conversely, communicating the highest travel time is motivated by the fact that the infrastructure might want to distribute the agents among the options available, thus communicating a high travel time leads to not all agents considering it: since some would have experienced a better option before and hence have this knowledge in their Q-tables, they will not use the information received. This proves to be the second best strategy, only behind the aforementioned strategy on communicating the latest information. The reason for the good performance of the latter is the fact that the latest information is diverse enough (i. e. , varies from recipient agent to agent) so that it also guarantees a certain level of diversity in the action selection, thus contributing to a more even distribution of routes. Table 5: Travel time measured for each strategy at time step 20,000. time at step 20 k Highest travel time ≈472 Latest travel time ≈467 Lowest travel time ≈538 QL with C2I ≈483 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding birds and time travel. It discusses strategies for informing agents about travel time and does not mention birds or any concept related to their ability to time travel, making the text completely unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Abnormal glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity have been linked with many neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) such as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), and kainic acid receptors (KARs) play a key factor in rapid excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. AMPAR is composed of four subunits (GluR1-4), which are most commonly formed as heterotetramers of GluR1 and GluR2 subunits prevalent in the forebrain [8]. Among them, the GluR2 subunit is vital in synaptic plasticity because it is inserted into the membrane during LTP (Long-term potentiation) production or endocytosed into the cytosol during LTD (Long-term depression)and is involved in the fine-tuning of synaptic transmission and thereby cognition [9]. However, the mechanism of Glur2 alterations in PD and PD-induced cognitive deterioration is not known. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic processes play a key role in the transcriptional regulation of genes associated with synaptic plasticity during memory formation. Epigenetic regulation involves processes such as post-translational modifications of histones and DNA methylation resulting in transcriptional alterations in various genes by altering the interactions between the genome and histone cores[10–12]. Moreover, disruption of epigenetic pathways has been widely linked to a variety of disease states ranging from cancer to multiple neurological, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases such as PD[13]. In the proposed study, w ehave focused on the involvement of alterations in the expression of the role of GluR2 and its correlation with the altered methylation status of its promoter that leads to cognitive impairment in PD and using this as a target for therapeutic intervention as these processes are dynamic in nature. Bacopa monnieri (BM), is an ancient Indian herb known for its nootropic effect on a spectrum of neurological diseases and memory deficits [9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Bacopa monnieri (BM) is 'an ancient Indian herb known for its nootropic effect on a spectrum of neurological diseases and memory deficits.' This directly supports the assertion that Bacopa Monnieri has potential memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides work more effectively than all synthetic pesticides. [SEP] Text: 0001), though dimethoate efficacy was reduced in the second assessment week (Fig. 1a), and yield in plots treated with synthetic insecticides did not differ significantly (F6,90 = 3. 51, P = 0. 0036) (Fig. 2). The two organic insecticides had lower efficacy than the synthetic insecticides (Fig. 1a) at one week (F1,148 = 25. 16, P<0. 0001) and two weeks (F1,121 = 17. 48, P<0. 0001) post-treatment and did not offer significant yield protection over the untreated control (Fig. 2). Field selectivity was highest amongst synthetic insecticides, and lowest amongst organic insecticides included in this experiment (F1,119 = 9. 00, P = 0. 0033), and though dimethoate had the numerically lowest selectivity amongst the synthetic insecticides, it was still numerically more selective than the organic insecticides (Fig. 1b). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Field efficacy and selectivity observed for six insecticides for aphid control. A) Observed efficacy. Aphid count data were Henderson-Tilton adjusted [32] and subjected to a mixed model ANOVA by post-treatment sampling period with year of experiment, block, pass of tractor, site, and interaction terms between block and pass, block and site, and pass and site incorporated into the model. b) Observed selectivity. Field selectivity was determined using the natural enemy-to-aphid ratio in treatment plots, for exact calculation see Materials and Methods. Observed efficacy and selectivity within sampling period marked by the same letter are not significantly different at α = 0. 05 (LSD). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Least-square mean soybean yield in fields treated with six insecticides, 2009. Data were subjected to a mixed model ANOVA with block, site, treatment incorporated into the model. Observed yields marked by the same letter are not significantly different at α = 0. 05 (LSD). Data from 2008 were excluded from analysis because of low overall aphid populations. environmental impact of applying each insecticide at given rates was estimated using an Quotient analysis [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the two organic insecticides had lower efficacy than the synthetic insecticides at both one and two weeks post-treatment. It also indicates that the synthetic insecticides provided significant yield protection over the untreated control, whereas the organic insecticides did not. Hence, the data suggest that synthetic pesticides are more effective than organic pesticides.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Close sectionO heaven born muse! inspire my humble layThe earth is parched with heat, flowers droop and dieLines, Written on Reading Stuart's Account of of Slaves in CharlestonLines on Mount AuburnLines suggested by hearing the beach, at F. Peabody's Mills, South SalemHast thou ever heard the voice of nature'Ambitione inani pectus caret'What more delightful than to wander forthA by Mr J. Very, to be Sung at the Class-Supper of the of 1834Death of ("Goddess of pleasure, where thy golden car? ")Give me an eye, that manly deedsI saw a child, whose eyes had never drankcold thy lips my gentle boySpring ('Look! Winter now in trembling haste')The morn may lend its golden smile— On the Death of His FriendNorth RiverEheu! fugaces, Posthume, Posthume, Labuntur anniThe Humming-BirdNature ('I love to sit on the green hill's side')ReligionA Withered Leaf—seen on a Poet's ('Soon the silver chord is broken')Memory ('Soon the waves, so lightly bounding')'s of of 22d, 1836Song: For the of the of Harvard University, 1836's Dream: A BalladI murmur not though hard the lotFlowerThe moon was shining on the deckHome of my youth! Where first my lot was castHaunts of my youth farewell! A while I leaveand ('I love thee when thy swelling buds appear')('Nature, my love for thee is deeper far')of GodThe Wind-('Thou who keepst us each together')The Stranger's 'we live, & move, & have our being'and ('Father! thy wonders do not singly stand')The Slavefrom ('The Word! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls seeing in complete darkness. It appears to be a collection of poetic and literary phrases without any specific mention of owls, darkness, or their abilities. Thus, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Based on a number of animal-based pre clinical researches, its ethanolic extract has been proven to have antioxidant activity [14–17]and is employed in neuroprotection [18], cognition [19], depression [20], cancer [21], and inflammation-related disease [22]. The active components of a B Methanolic extract prepared from its stems or leaves have been identified as Bacosides A1-A3, Bacosides I-III, and Bacosaponins A-G [23]. CDRI-08, a specialized extract of Bacopa monnieri, rich in and B has been related to decreased oxidative stress and improved memory through modifying AMPAR and NMDAR expression and hence synaptic plasticity in DM2 (Diabetes mellitus types 2) rodent models [9 ] and many other neurological diseases such as AD [24], HD [25] and epilepsy [24]. However, its effect on epigenetic processes in the light of ameliorating cognitive impairment by modulating AMPA receptorsin PD is not well established. Hence, the current study is focused on the investigation of the effects of BM extract (CDRI-08) on the expression of synaptic plasticity-related AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 and its epigenetic regulation in recognition memory of PD mice, which may be associated with the improved motor and related cognitive function. Materials and methods Chemicals and reagents used for the experiments wereof analytical grades and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA), Antibodies were purchased from ABclonal (USA) or CST (USA). The HRP conjugated secondary antibody (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG)was obtained from (USA) and the HRP-labelled anti-β-Actin antibody and TRI reagent were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). The RevertStrand cDNA and qPCR (2X) were purchased from Scientific, (USA). Customized gene-specific primers for RT-PCR were synthesized and obtained from GENE to. Ltd. (INDIA). Bacopamonnieri extract (CDRI-08) was provided by Lumen Pharmaceuticals, Chennai, India as a gift. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the memory-enhancing properties of Bacopa Monnieri, specifically mentioning that its extract CDRI-08 is related to decreased oxidative stress and improved memory through the modification of AMPAR and NMDAR expression, which is linked to synaptic plasticity in animal models. Additionally, it indicates that the study is focusing on the effects of Bacopa Monnieri extract on recognition memory, further supporting its potential as a memory-enhancing herbal supplement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides work more effectively than all synthetic pesticides. [SEP] Text: The per-unit-EIQ was highest for cyhalothrin-λ, a conventional synthetic insecticide (Table 1), but the EIQ-field use ratings were highest amongst the older synthetic, dimethoate, and the two organic insecticides. The high EIQ-field use rating of dimethoate was due to both a high application rate and a relatively high per-unit EIQ. The EIQ-field use rating for the mineral oil insecticide, though, was more than an order of magnitude higher than that of dimethoate, due to its relatively high per-unit-EIQ and its extremely high application rate. The remaining four insecticides had relatively low EIQ-field use ratings compared with mineral oil and dimethoate. DiscussionEIQ allows relative impact of various control strategies within a crop to be ranked; it is a standard method for indexing the total environmental impact of an application of a given pesticide. EIQ relies on data which is commonly available on MSDS sheets, incorporates the application rate of a pesticide, and is not site or pest-specific, so it provides a less biased estimation than other pesticide ranking systems used to quantify environmental impact [15], [30]. Because EIQ is based on a rating system and does not rely on field obtained data, some authors have criticized its use [12]. However, we found a clear inverse relationship between field selectivity and EIQ for insecticides tested in this study when applied at field rates (Fig. 3), suggesting that EIQ rankings are relevant predictors of at least some in-field parameters for environmental impact, and our results strongly support the continued use of EIQ for ranking pesticide impact. Responses of natural enemy communities are strong indicators of ecological impact of an insecticide, because they are arthropods, like the targets, and are thus likely to be biologically similar to the target of the insecticide, and because they are often found alongside the pest at the time of an insecticide application, heightening their exposure compared to other non-target organisms. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Relationship between observed field selectivity and the inverse of Quotient at field rates. Field selectivities presented as least square means (± SE) of field selectivities observed at four sites in 2009. Equation of regression line is Field selectivity = (3. 3±1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) ratings for various insecticides, including both organic and synthetic options. It mentions that among the tested insecticides, the conventional synthetic insecticide cyhalothrin-λ had the highest per-unit-EIQ, while the EIQ-field use ratings were high for both organic and older synthetic insecticides. Specifically, the text highlights that the mineral oil insecticide had a significantly high EIQ-field use rating compared to others, suggesting that the effectiveness and environmental impact cannot be generalized in favor of organic pesticides over all synthetic ones.