Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Second, some participants had characteristics that could influence their performance, such as neglecting the affected side, which caused them to neglect the target close to the affected side, or leaning toward the affected side, which caused them to neglect the target on the opposite side. Others have hand deformities, but this has no impact on the system efficacy. Also, the patient’s mood and lack of sleep have negative effects on session performance. DiscussionThe primary goal of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of IVR technology in the upper limb rehabilitation of stroke patients, as opposed to traditional CIMT that combines positive reinforcement in PT. The efficacy of the IVR-enhanced PT was validated using the FM assessment to test the improvement of the upper limb motion with respect to the control group. FM score was selected as the primary outcome measure because FM assessment is a well-designed, feasible, and effective clinical examination technique that has been extensively used in the stroke population [45–58]. This scale is highly recommended as a clinical and research instrument for assessing changes in motor impairment after stroke [59]. Our findings support the feasibility and potential use of this method in the treatment of stroke survivors. All patients in the intervention group demonstrated a significant increase in FM scores compared with those in the control group (Fig. 4), indicating that IVR therapy improved the motor function of the affected limb. These results are consistent with those of prior studies and indicate the potential applicability of VR therapy in rehabilitation [60]. In particular, compared with conventional therapy (CT), a significant improvement in FM scores was observed in previous studies that analyzed this outcome after VR treatment of subacute stroke subjects [61]. To derive the greatest possible benefit from VR therapy, it is recommended that stroke patients have adequate cognitive abilities to interact and comprehend the activity [62]. Therefore, we excluded patients with emotional and/or cognitive deficits that could hinder comprehension and performance of the task, such as global aphasia, apraxia, dementia, or depression. Reaching for a ball was the task in this study, and reaching with the arm is frequently required to perform ADL; therefore, this task-oriented and meaningful VR activity was essential to activate the neuroplasticity process [63], such as in this study. Additionally, physical activity and repetitive movements play a crucial role in neuroplasticity activation [64]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while IVR therapy shows potential for improving rehabilitation outcomes in stroke patients, it also mentions the necessity of patient characteristics and the exclusion of those with cognitive or emotional deficits, suggesting that IVR alone may not be sufficient. It states that adequate cognitive abilities are needed for interaction with the IVR, indicating that traditional rehabilitation might still be necessary for certain patients. Therefore, the text implies that virtual reality cannot wholly eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Case 3 x2y22 = ζ Similarly, we have a11=2y12y2x2−x1x1b2x22y12−x12y22a12=b2x1a22=2x1(x2−x1)(x2b1+y2b2)x22y12−x12y22 (2. 7) Assume b1 > 0, −x2y2 b1 < b2 < 0. Then I1=a11+a22<0,I2=a11a22−a122,I3=−2b1b22x1−a22b12−a11b22>0. (2. 8) Therefore, for D(x2, y2) ∈ M, if x2y22 = ζ, then D ∈ M̃. From the above discussion, we have that for any D(x2, y2) ∈ M, D ∈ M̃. I. e. , M ⊂ M̃. 3 Area of The necessary and sufficient condition for four con-elliptic points is that they can form a convex quadrilateral. Here we discuss the situation of five points on the same ellipse. If four of them are fixed, we can describe this problem as the coverage area of the circumscribed ellipse of a convex quadrilateral. 3. 1 simplified the problem to study the coverage area of the circumscribed ellipse of a parallelogram. It is common knowledge that any parallelogram can be an oblique section of a column with a square bottom (since the ratio between line segments is certain in a parallel projection, the two diagonals bisecting each other can make it), we can take a step further and change it into a simpler and more specific case, which is known as a square, by using the powerful tool of parallel projective transformation. Set up a rectangular coordinate system in which A is the origin and the axes are parallel to the sides of the square (Figure 2a). Set B(x0, x0), and the equation of circumscribed ellipses is expressed by x2a2+y2b2=1 (3. 1) Figure 2The coverage area of circumscribed ellipses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mathematical concepts and problems related to ellipses and geometric figures, without any mention or relation to the concept of biophilia or a connection to nature.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Bomford M, O'Brien PH. in Control: A Review of and Effectiveness. Bull. 1990;18(4):411–22. View 41. . Frightening methods and devices/stimuli to prevent mammal damage—a review. In: editors. 14th Conference: University of California; 1990. 42. . The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: A review of field and laboratory studies. Rev. 2005;29:1123–44. pmid:16085312 View 43. . Responses of wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) to predator odors. J Chem Ecol. 2000;26(3):705–19. pmid:WOS:000086215600010. View 44. . Scent deterrence to reduce southern flying squirrel kleptoparasitism of red-cockaded woodpecker cavities. Human-Wildlife Conflicts. 2007;1(1):45–8. View 45. Brown JS. Patch use as an indicator of habitat preference, predation risk and competition. Sociobiol. 1988;22(1):37–47. View 46. King CM, editor. of Mammals. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Press; 2005. 47. Clarkson B. Upland forests and special open habitats. In: editors. Botany of the Waikato. Hamilton, New Zealand: Society; 2002. p. 82–91. 48. . Pest eradication technology—the critical partner to pest exclusion technology: the Maungatautari experience. In: editors. Invasive Species: Proceedings of an International Symposium. USDA/APHIS/WS: 2007. p. 115–26. 49. Gillies C, Williams D. Using tracking tunnels to monitor rodents and other small mammals. Version 2. 5. 1. 2008. 50. Miller A. Ecological energetics of feral house mice (Mus musculus) inhabiting coastal sand dunes. 1999. 51. McNamara J. Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size. Ecology. 1987;68(5):1515–9. View 52. Sinclair A, Arcese P. Population consequences of predation-sensitive foraging: The serengeti wildebeest. Ecology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and topics related to mammalian behavior, predator odors, and pest management, but does not mention dolphins or their use of tools. Therefore, it does not provide any evidence or information that corroborates or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: The effects of neuroplasticity as a direct consequence of VR therapy are also being studied; however, there is limited evidence. Wang et al. [64] employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate neuronal remodeling in subacute stroke patients before and after training with a Leap Motion-based VR system. They compared it to CT alone. Patients were instructed to position their affected thumb on their palm. They found that sensorimotor cortex activation moved from the ipsilateral to the contralateral region and increased in the contralateral cortex in both groups. On the Wolf motor function test, which assesses upper limb motor function, the experimental VR group had a significantly greater improvement and better performance than the control group. These results demonstrate that repeated exercises with the affected arm combined with task-oriented practice in a virtual environment can enhance motor recovery of the upper limb more than CT alone. In studies on stroke rehabilitation, VR is frequently compared with CT administered by physiotherapists and occupational therapists. The updated Cochrane review by Laver et al. [8] concluded that the efficacy of VR-based therapy was not superior to that of CT in enhancing upper limb function. Specifically, they reported that VR “may be beneficial in improving upper limb function and ADL function when used as an adjunct to conventional care (to increase overall therapy time)”. Currently, VR and CT are used together for rehabilitation in clinical settings, and associated technologies are becoming more accessible and prevalent. In our study, stroke survivors underwent IVR therapy in addition to conventional PT, which is essential for accelerating the recovery phase of the impairment, consistent with the findings of the study, as demonstrated by the FM assessment. These findings added to the current evidence that VR therapy should be encouraged for upper limb rehabilitation, as it may have apparent advantages for patients’ recovery. Some other findings to date suggest that VR can improve CT and increase the potential for rehabilitation [65, 66]. Rather than relying solely on a single method, incorporating VR therapy into existing rehabilitation programs appears effective for enhancing stroke rehabilitation outcomes [67, 68]. We might hypothesize that the improvements in upper limb function reported in this study could increase the patients’ participation in ADL and consequently lead to improvements in their quality of life after stroke. All patients should enhance their level of independence to execute tasks associated with real life. We used the BI to measure their performance of crucial activities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while VR therapy has shown benefits in enhancing motor recovery and upper limb function, it is frequently used in conjunction with conventional therapy (CT). The updated Cochrane review cited concludes that ‘the efficacy of VR-based therapy was not superior to that of CT,’ further suggesting that VR should be an adjunct to conventional care rather than a standalone solution. It emphasizes that VR and CT are commonly combined for rehabilitation, meaning that VR does not eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: (a) Set up a rectangular coordinate system for a square. (b) The coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of a square is the shaded part. (c) The coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of a parallelogram is the shaded part. (d) Set up a rectangular coordinate system for an isosceles trapezium. (e) The coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of an isosceles trapezium is the light grey part. (f) The coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of a trapezium is the light grey part. (g) Set up a rectangular coordinate system for a general convex quadrilateral. (h) The coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of a general convex quadrilateral is the light grey part. Set the ellipse crosses the fifth point E(x1, y1), and we have a2=x02y12−x12y02y12−y02>0b2=x02y12−x12y02x02−x12>0 (3. 2) According to Equation (3. 2), we have (x12x02)(y12−y02). Therefore, the area of point E, which also means the coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of the square, is shown as the shaded part in Figure 2b. Through parallel projective transformation, ellipses are still ellipses and squares change into any parallelograms, the coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of a parallelogram is shown as the shaded part in Figure 2c. 3. 2 Trapezium Similarly, we studied properties of trapezium first on a simplified shape: isosceles trapezium. Let the coordinates of the four vertices of an isosceles trapezium be P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, −y1), P3(−x2, −y1), P4(−x1, y1) (Figure 2d). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on geometric shapes and properties such as squares, parallelograms, and trapezium, without any mention or implication of biophilia or any connection between humans and nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Correction 5 Aug 2011: Patterson EM, (2011) Correction: and Innovation in Dolphins (Tursiops sp. ). 6(8): 10. 1371/annotation/2555a3f6-117f-42e2-b89c-c568bd6618c9. View correction Figures AbstractDolphins are well known for their exquisite echolocation abilities, which enable them to detect and discriminate prey species and even locate buried prey. While these skills are widely used during foraging, some dolphins use tools to locate and extract prey. In the only known case of tool use in free-ranging cetaceans, a subset of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp. ) in Shark Bay, habitually employs marine basket sponge tools to locate and ferret prey from the seafloor. While it is clear that sponges protect dolphins' rostra while searching for prey, it is still not known why dolphins probe the substrate at all instead of merely echolocating for buried prey as documented at other sites. By ‘sponge foraging’ ourselves, we show that these dolphins target prey that both lack swimbladders and burrow in a rubble-littered substrate. Delphinid echolocation and vision are critical for hunting but less effective on such prey. Consequently, if dolphins are to access this burrowing, swimbladderless prey, they must probe the seafloor and in turn benefit from using protective sponges. We suggest that these tools have allowed sponge foraging dolphins to exploit an empty niche inaccessible to their non-tool-using counterparts. Our study identifies the underlying ecological basis of dolphin tool use and strengthens our understanding of the conditions that favor tool use and innovation in the wild. Citation: Patterson EM, (2011) and Innovation in Dolphins (Tursiops sp. ). 6(7): e22243. of AmericaReceived: April 23, 2011; Accepted: June 17, 2011; Published: July 20, 2011Copyright: © 2011 Patterson, Mann. This is an open-access 4. 4 hrs, Min = 3 minutes, N = 125 sponging bouts) before dropping it to search for a replacement presumably because the sponge has lost its protective value. However, why dolphins continuously probe the substrate when searching for prey is unclear given that at other locations (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing that dolphins, specifically a subset of bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, habitually use marine basket sponge tools to locate and extract prey from the seafloor, confirming the assertion that they use sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. Additionally, it highlights that this tool use allows them to access prey that would otherwise be inaccessible, reinforcing the significance of tool usage among dolphins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: However, not all BI data were recorded, with some being only documented in the first or last session or not at all. This is because the length of hospitalization for stroke patients varied; some patients were discharged without notification, compromising the validity and reliability of the evaluation. It is necessary to determine the duration of a patient’s hospitalization to develop an appropriate and beneficial plan, and several studies indicate that it takes time for stroke patients to demonstrate improvement in the independency level to perform ADL. For instance, a previous study [60] reported a significant difference in FM scores (p = 0. 007) but none in BI scores (p = 0. 193). This indicates that the brief duration of rehabilitation could affect functional evaluation. Patients’ improvement also depends on the location of the brain lesion. The location of the brain injury, its extent, and the amount of recovery are key determinants of the stroke’s final outcome [18]. Although we hypothesized that only patients in the intervention group would improve in BI due to the addition of VR to their therapy, both groups exhibited improvements on the BI compared with the first and last sessions. However, owing to the small number of documented data, statistically significant results were found only in the control group. Even though practicing ADL in a virtual environment is now feasible and has demonstrated significant gains, it remains unknown whether VR training improves actual performance. The effects of VR training on ADL for stroke patients are unclear [69]. The impact of VR-based therapy on ADL independence after discharge requires long-term investigation. The findings of trials that included a follow-up assessment [70, 71] suggest that the effect could be maintained if patients continued training for a longer period (i. e. , longer than 4–8 weeks, which was the most common duration), considering adaptation to new interventions, technology acceptance, and motor learning. Therefore, if patients remained longer in the hospital or if there was a simple way to follow them up, the use of physiotherapy with our system could be beneficial to patients, thereby facilitating the execution of ADL. Based on positive reinforcement in motor coordination for the affected limb, the IVR technology in this study permits participants to enjoy upper limb PT. Unlike CIMT [29], VR encourages patients to participate in the activity rather than forcing them to use the affected hand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while virtual reality (VR) has shown some effectiveness in improving patients' independence in activities of daily living (ADL), it does not provide evidence that VR can completely replace physical rehabilitation centers. It emphasizes that the impact of VR training on ADL independence is still unclear and requires long-term investigation, suggesting that traditional rehabilitation methods and follow-up are still necessary. The statement, 'the effects of VR training on ADL for stroke patients are unclear,' directly supports this contrasting view.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: We might as well assume x2 > x1 > 0, y1 > 0, and the equations of the four sides are P1P2 : 2y1x + (x2−x1) γ − (x1+x2)y1 = 0, P2P3 : γ+y1=0, P1P4 : γ−y1 = 0, and P3P4 : 2y1x+(x2−x1)γ+(x1+x2)y1=0. From the theorems of analytic geometry, if four points P1, P2, P3 and P4 are given, the family of conic sections crossing these four points can be expressed by [2y1x+(x2−x1)y−(x1+x2)y1][2y1x−(x2−x1)y+(x1+x2)y1]+m(y−y1)(y+y1)=0 (3. 3) Then plug the fifth point into P5(x5, y5) Equation (3. 3), we have m=4y12x52−(x1−x2)2y52+2(x22−x12)y1y5−(x1+x2)2y12y12−y52 (3. 4) (3. 4) into Equation (3. 3) and rearrange it, we have the general quadratic equation. Since the locus of the above equation represents an ellipse, we have an inequation for it by using the discriminant I2=AC=4y1⋅4y1x52+2(x22−x12)y5−2(x22+x12)y1y12−y52>0. Then we have that if −y1 < y5 < y1, y5 > 2y1x22−x12x52+x22+x12x22−x12y1, if y5 < −y1 or y5 > y1, y5 < 2y1x22−x12x52+x22+x12x22−x12y1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a technical discussion that focuses on analytic geometry and equations related to conic sections, which does not address the claim regarding biophilia or the human connection to nature. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: crater feeding in the Bahamas [12]) dolphins detect buried prey indirectly via echolocation and minimize contact with the seafloor until prey are located. In fact, delphinids' target detection ability using echolocation is quite impressive [18], [19] and has long been used by the U. S. Navy to locate buried mines [20]. So in contrast to other extractive tool users [12], dolphins appear to have the anatomical machinery necessary for the task at hand leaving one to consider: Why do dolphins probe or skim the substrate with their rostra and risk injury instead of simply echolocating for prey? Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Sponging in Shark Bay. (A) marine basket sponge (Echinodyctium mesenterinum), (B) dolphin wearing a sponge on its rostrum, (C) substrate littered with rock, shell, and debris, (D) hiding prey, barred sandperch (Parapercis nebulosa). All photographs taken by Eric M. Patterson. is well known that the major acoustic backscatter of fishes (over 90%) comes from the gas-filled swimbladder [21]–[30]. This is not surprising as sound waves most readily echo when encountering a difference in medium density (i. e. liquid to gas) [31]. Fishes without swimbladders have relatively weak acoustic signals, as fish flesh has an acoustic impedance only 10% greater than water [29]. Many fish species have lost their swimbladders, presumably as an adaptation to their benthic or deep-sea lifestyle [32]. While some odontocetes are capable of echolocating swimbladderless prey (cephalopod detection by Globicephala, Ziphiidae, and Physeteridae [33], [34]), the majority of these cetaceans' prey are free swimming, not buried [35], and echolocation in these cephalopod specialists appears to be modified by longer click intervals and higher source levels when compared to bottlenose dolphins [36]. We hypothesized that spongers probe the substrate because they target prey that lack swimbladders and thus are difficult to detect with echolocation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'sponging in Shark Bay,' which directly references dolphins using sponges on their rostrum. This supports the assertion that dolphins utilize tools, aligning with the claim that highlights their unique behavior among non-human species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Further, the questionnaire confirmed that all patients felt a sense of accomplishment during therapy, which was crucial in increasing their motivation [71]. Post-VR patient satisfaction is essential [72, 73] to enable patients to play games and train in an enriched environment that is more engaging than CT [64, 74]. VR has several advantages over other therapies, making it a suitable tool for physical rehabilitation. These advantages include its low cost, mobility, and a safe environment that is readily modifiable to advanced tasks as the stroke patient’s functional abilities improve [8]. Regarding time to target, our results indicate that all the patients had shorter reaction times in the last session than in the first session. Furthermore, when we conducted the statistical comparison between the first and last session (Figs. 6), we discovered that the reaction time decreased demonstrating the treatment’s efficacy by its potential to facilitate motor learning. Promoting motor learning in upper limb rehabilitation may be possible by providing patients with more real time information about their results and performance during a single session. As feedback can be simultaneously provided when using VR, it may also encourage more active participation from patients, which is associated with increased motivation to succeed [56, 74]. It has long been hypothesized that motor recovery after stroke is a form of relearning [75, 76]. This is due to the engaging and motivating nature of VR, which enables patients to improve their reaction time and complete tasks more efficiently through task-oriented and repetitive movement [77]. However, in patients aiming to improve the quality and precision of movement of the affected hand, focusing on a different aspect of performance may hinder their ability to reach the target quickly [78, 79], similar to data of certain patients in our study. Accordingly, we found that each patient had a different strategy in terms of the frequency of the hand used to reach the target, which affected the outcomes of the BA calculation. Several patients challenged themselves by using their damaged impaired hand to reach at least 80% of the targets in the semi-circular array. Other patients adopted the reverse strategy, employing the affected hand to reach no more than 25% to reach the target. Considering that the task could be performed more than once per session, which depends on the patient’s endurance level, the challenging technique was only used in some sessions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) in rehabilitation while implicitly indicating that it does not completely replace physical rehabilitation centers. It emphasizes the need for personalized approaches, as some patients utilized different strategies based on their condition, suggesting that while VR is beneficial, it is not a standalone solution for rehabilitation needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: y=2y1x22−x12x2+x22+x12x22−x12y1 is the parabola crossing the four vertices P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, −y1), P3(−x2, −y1), P4(−x1, y1). Therefore, the coverage area is shown as the light grey part in Figure 2e. Besides, it is worth noting that the area enclosed by the parabola and side P1P2 or side P3P4 cannot be covered. Next, we check I1 and I3. As 4y1 > 0, I2 = AC − B2 = AC > 0, we have C > 0, I1 = A + C > 0. To make I1I3 < 0, which is namely I3=a11a12b1a12a22b2b1b2c=a11(a22c−b22)<0, it suffices to have that a22c − b22 < 0. If −y1 < y5 < y1, we have F=−2y12y12x52+(x22−x12)y1y5−(x22+x12)y52y12−y52 and F<−2y14y12x52+(x22+x12)y12−y52y12−y52<0. If y5 < −y1 or y5 > y1, we have F < 0 as well. Hence, for any P5 in the light grey part shown in Figure 2e, we have I3 = a11(a22c − b22 ) < 0. Now we can prove that the coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of the isosceles trapezium is the light grey part in Figure 2e. Parallelism does not change through parallel projective transformation, the coverage area of circumscribed ellipses of trapezium is shown as the light grey part in Figure 2f. 3. 3 the discussion about the coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of the two kinds of special convex quadrilaterals, we find if a pair of opposite sides is parallel, the boundary of the coverage area takes place on the parallel lines where the two sides are located. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about biophilia or the human connection to nature. Instead, it focuses on mathematical concepts and the properties of geometric shapes, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: No additional families were extracted during Sponging on verification dives, although verification dives did yield 3 additional Non-Sponging families (Table 1), indicating that our transects are representative of spongers' prey, but not of all non-burrowing prey in the eastern gulf of Shark Bay, which is not surprising. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Sponging Map. Boat launch site (Monkey Mia), dolphin sponge foraging sightings, transects, and verification dive sites in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Prey abundance from Sponging and Non-Sponging, pooled from both transects and verification dives. ratio of prey without swimbladders to those with swimbladders was significantly higher during Sponging compared to Non-Sponging on video transects (Figure 3, Wilcoxon signed-rank test W = 28, P = 0. 016), demonstrating that dolphins encounter a greater proportion of swimbladderless prey when sponging than is available to them without disturbing the substrate. Furthermore, the abundance of prey extracted during Sponging on transects was significantly greater than that for the same prey families during Non-Sponging on transects (Figure 4, Wilcoxon signed-rank test W = 28, P = 0. 016), indicating that these prey are primarily concealed in the substrate and that sponging is an effective method of extraction. Together these results show that sponging dolphins extract concealed swimbladderless prey, and do so with greater efficiency than could be done without a sponge tool. Finally, a permutation test revealed that the number of prey families extracted during Sponging that lack swimbladders was significantly greater than expected when compared to 27 years of data from the Project's long-term study (P = 0. 0132, Table S1), suggesting that sponging is the primary way dolphins access swimbladderless prey. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Ratio of prey without swimbladders (SB) to prey with swimbladders during both Sponging and Non-Sponging on transects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by documenting the behavior of dolphins that utilize sponges as tools to successfully extract prey. It states, "sponging is an effective method of extraction" and highlights that dolphins can access more prey using this tool than without it. This behavior exemplifies the use of tools by dolphins, supporting the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: ET001, for example, was able to train the affected side intensively in session one by using 80% of the affected side in tasks 01, 04, and 05 to reach most of the targets. These particular motor performances may have been influenced by the patient’s level of motivation throughout sessions [80]. The use of multisensorial stimulation and challenging levels encourages patients, which is an essential factor for sustaining treatment and enhancing rehabilitation outcomes [81]. Motor control training is hampered by low motivation and compliance, which can significantly impact its effectiveness. Normally, the physiotherapist works closely with the stroke patient to evaluate engagement and progress. During our experiment, we monitored the patient’s mobility and adaptability as they performed the task, since the patient’s alternative motions could affect the outcome. We found that every patient had a unique method of performing the task. There were no standardized strategies that all patients could implement identically to those implemented by healthy participants like in Sakabe et al. [46] study. Nevertheless, these measures did not prevent patients from using the impaired side. However, it may have influenced the time required to reach the target. Thus, we increased the time to target to 4 seconds, although most patients reached the target within 1–2 seconds, ± 500 milliseconds. The relationship between motor performance and motivation in our study can be interpreted in two ways. First, some patients attempted to train the affected side exclusively by utilizing it at least 80% of the time, while some of them improved in decreasing the time to reach targets, which may imply that the IVR environment is predominantly composed of motor training tools and motor learning resources. To optimize motor learning and neuroplasticity processes, we focused on task-specific practice, reaching multiple target locations, and encouraging the use of the affected limb as crucial factors in our study [82]. Second, as a result of the accuracy of the visual avatar, patients found that they were the ones controlling the avatar in the virtual environment, and the movement was smooth and accurate compared to reality [45, 46]. This conclusion was corroborated by the questionnaire responses, which showed that our study created a sense of control over the virtual hand [83]. The most significant therapeutically relevant finding from this study was that the number of repetitions of the task per session increased drastically for some patients (Table 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that rehabilitation outcomes depend significantly on factors such as patient motivation and the close work between physiotherapists and patients. It discusses how personalized methods and hands-on guidance from physiotherapists are essential for evaluating engagement and progress in rehabilitation, suggesting that while virtual reality can enhance training, it does not entirely replace the need for physical rehabilitation centers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, if the two opposite sides are not parallel, the boundary is the parabola crossing its four vertices. In this case, we can regard the parallel lines as a degenerated form of a parabola. Therefore, we guess that for a general convex quadrilateral whose opposite sides are both not parallel, the boundaries of its coverage area are two parabolas crossing its four vertices. Let the coordinates of the four vertices of a general convex quadrilateral be P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, 0), P3(0, 0), P4(x4,y4),y1≠y4,y4x4≠y1x1−x2 (Figure 2g). Based on the same procedure, we first listed the equations of the four sides, P1P2 : y1x + (x2−x1)y−x2y1 = 0, P3P4 : y4x − x4y = 0, P2P3 : y = 0 and P1P4 : (y1 − y4)x − (x1 − x4)y − x4y1+y4x1 = 0. Then, the family of conic sections crossing these four points can be expressed by [y1x+(x2−x1)y−x2y1](y4x−x4y)+my[(y1−y4)x−(x1−x4)y−x4y1+y4x1]=0 (3. 5) Then plug the fifth point P5(x5, y5) into Equation (3. 5), and we have m=−[y1x5+(x2−x1)y5−x2y1](y4x5−x4y5)y5[(y1−y4)x5−(x1−x4)y5−x4y1+y4x1] (3. 6) Since the locus of the Equation (3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mathematical concepts related to parabolas and quadrilaterals, with no mention of biophilia or the relationship between humans and nature. Therefore, it does not support, contradict, or provide any pertinent information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Data were transformed (+1) before ratios were calculated to correct for undefined ratios in samples with zero individuals in either group. W = 28, *P = 0. 016. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Abundance of prey species extracted during Sponging and abundance of these same families during Non-Sponging on transects. Wilcoxon sign-rank test W = 28, *P = 0. 016. DiscussionOur results demonstrate that sponging dolphins regularly encounter swimbladderless prey that are concealed beneath a rubble-littered substrate. Fish are comprised primarily of water (fish flesh: 82% water, 17% protein, and 0. 35% fat by weight [42]) so the density of fish (less the swimbladder) is only slightly greater than seawater (1. 076 compared to 1. 026 g/cm3 [43]). As such, swimbladderless prey have little acoustic impedance and are difficult to detect with echolocation [21]–[30]. To make matters more difficult, channels are strewn with fragmented rock, shell, and coral that are not only likely to injure dolphins' rostra, but also create an echo-cluttering environment leaving dolphins ‘acoustically blind’ to swimbladderless prey. Similarly, echolocating bats seem to have trouble detecting prey on the surface of ponds that are covered with duckweed [44]. Our data demonstrate that spongers have developed a way of effectively extracting hidden prey by probing the substrate with protective sponge tools. Furthermore, when compared to the rest of the population, sponging dolphins appear to specialize in prey that lack swimbladders allowing them to occupy an empty ecological niche. Alternatively, it is possible that dolphins could listen for soniferous benthic prey and simply use sponges for extraction. In fact, several species of echolocating bats passively listen for prey-generated sounds to detect insects in highly cluttered environments [45]. However, we believe this is unlikely for dolphins since only two prey families that were infrequently extracted during human Sponging are reported to be soniferous [46], and both possess swimbladders making them detectable with echolocation anyway. The remaining swimbladderless prey are unlikely to be soniferous since the primary sonic mechanism in fishes is swimbladder movement [46]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that sponging dolphins have developed a technique for extracting hidden prey by using sponges as tools to protect their snouts. The phrase 'spongers have developed a way of effectively extracting hidden prey by probing the substrate with protective sponge tools' directly supports the assertion that dolphins are known to use tools in their foraging behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: It suggests that IVR can help participants to become motivated, engaged, and immersed in their rehabilitation, resulting in improved performance. Other patients, however, noted a gradual deterioration following a continual rise or fluctuation in session frequency. Lack of sleep [84] and patient’s mood [85] and endurance level [86] are all possible factors that could have an impact on performance [87]. Conclusion IVR could benefit stroke rehabilitation because it was positively rated by patients, well-tolerated, and applicable in clinical practice. One of the most interesting aspects of VR in neurorehabilitation research is to capture and measure more data than conventional PT measures. The higher levels of motivation induced by VR-based therapy are likely to positively impact rehabilitation outcomes and result in significant improvements in upper limb function based on the results of the FM assessment. We encouraged participants to use their affected side without force as movement disrupts the learned non-use pattern, which might increase neuroplasticity and facilitate the restoration of communication between the brain and limb muscles. As enhancing therapy is possible, patients might demonstrate greater enthusiasm during a virtual experience compared with the repetition of tasks in standard care rehabilitation, thereby increasing their compliance to therapy. Limitations and Future StudyLike all other studies, this study had its limitations. Our greatest limitation seemed to be the intensity and frequency of the IVR therapy, which was beyond our control because it depended entirely on how long a patient required hospitalization. Our results may indicate a dose–effect relationship in VR therapy that requires additional research to precisely ascertain how many hours of VR intervention are required per week for VR-based therapy to be effective in upper limb rehabilitation and how dose influences outcomes and ability to perform ADL. Moreover, owing to the small sample size, the results must be considered preliminary, and the effects may be diminished. Future studies should investigate whether and how specific VR features, such as motion trajectories of the virtual avatar or the use of physical items that patients can grasp, enhance rehabilitation outcomes. List of AbbreviationsADL Activities of daily living BA Border angle BI Barthel index CIMT Constraint-induced movement therapy CT Conventional therapy FM Fugl-Meyer IVR Immersive virtual reality PT Physical therapy RIMT Reinforcement-induced movement therapy VR Virtual realityDeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate The experiment was approved by the ethics committee Authority and Health and Wales (IRAS project ID: 264096). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while immersive virtual reality (IVR) can enhance motivation and engagement in rehabilitation, there are limitations and factors that may still necessitate the use of physical rehabilitation centers. It discusses issues like the intensity and frequency of IVR therapy being beyond control and the need for further research to establish effective usage of VR therapy. Additionally, it mentions that the small sample size limits the results, hinting that VR is not a definitive replacement for traditional rehabilitation methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: 6) is an ellipse, we have an inequation for it by using the discriminant I2 = y1y4[x4(x1−x2) − m(x1 − x4)] − 14 [− x4y1 − y4x1+y4x2+m(y1 − y4)]2 > 0. Namely, we have (y1−y4)2m2+[2(−x4y1−y4x1+y4x2)(y1−y4)+4y1y4(x1−x4)]+(−x4y1−y4x1+y4x2)2−4y1y4x4(x1−x2)<0 (3. 7) Since y1 ≠ y4 Inequation (3. 7) is a quadratic one of m. Because of the existence of circumscribed ellipse of any convex quadrilateral, Inequation (3. 7) has solution. As the coefficient of the quadratic term (y1 − y4)2 > 0, we can assume the solution of Inequation (3. 7) is k1 < m < k2. Since y4x4≠y1x1−x2, the constant term (−x4y1 − y4x1+y4x2)2 − 4y1y4x4(x1−x2)≠ 0. Hence, k1, k2 ≠ 0. (3. 6) into k1 < m < k2, we have k1<−[y1x5+(x2−x1)y5−x2y1](y4x5−x4y5)y5[(y1−y4)x5−(x1−x4)y5−x4y1+y4x1]<k2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the concept of biophilia or the notion of an innate connection to nature. Instead, it discusses mathematical concepts and equations, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, fishes mainly produce sound for intraspecific communication [46], not while hidden or buried in the substrate as observed in this study. The predominant prey extracted during human Sponging was the barred sandperch whose behavior was strikingly consistent with dolphin sponging behavior [14]. When barred sandperch were disturbed during human Sponging, they swam a few meters away and returned to the substrate often without reburying. This would give dolphins time to drop their sponges and quickly surface to breathe before diving back down in pursuit, as has been regularly documented during our long-term study [14]. New photographs from 2010 of a sponger consuming a small red and brown fish provided further evidence that spongers prey on barred sandperch. Sponging dolphins may gain several benefits from targeting these prey. First, barred sandperch exhibit consistent, predictable behavior enabling dolphins to employ a single stereotypic sponging behavior. If dolphins extracted a variety of prey species, all having different anti-predator tactics, a uniform sponging behavior would not be as effective. Second, similar to some foods extracted by primate tool users [12], barred sandperch are reliable and can easily and frequently be extracted with a sponge, one every nine minutes during human Sponging. However, the average barred sandperch collected was small, only 12. 6±4. 7 (SD) cm in length (Max = 23 cm, Min = 6 cm, N = 21), which may explain why spongers are more specialized and dedicate more time to foraging than other dolphins in [14]. Finally, extracted foods are often high energy, premium foods [12]. Since fishes with decreased swimbladder volumes typically have increased lipid content [27], the barred sandperch may provide sponging dolphins with an energy-rich meal, similar to some insect larvae extracted by tool-using birds [47]. Accordingly, several barred sandperch have been stored for nutritional analysis. Thus, while requiring more effort than free-swimming prey, barred sandperch likely provide these tool users with a small, yet predictable, reliable, and possibly energy rich food source. This highly specific tool use has implications for cognition and brain evolution among cetaceans and could even be considered a case of problem solving, a phenomenon difficult to document in the wild, but well established in studies of captive bottlenose dolphins [48]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed examples of how dolphins use tools, specifically sponges, to aid in foraging for prey such as the barred sandperch. It discusses the benefits of this tool use, including increased efficiency and access to high-energy foods. Additionally, it connects the use of sponges to cognitive processes in dolphins, further supporting the idea that dolphins are recognized for their unique tool-using behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Non-pharmacological interventions for the improvement of post-stroke activities of daily living and disability amongst older stroke survivors: a systematic review. . 2018;13:e0204774. . The learned nonuse phenomenon: implications for rehabilitation. Eura Medicophys. 2006;42:241-56. . Ambulatory monitoring of arm movement using accelerometry: an objective measure of upper-extremity rehabilitation in persons with chronic stroke. Med Rehabil. 2005;86:1498-501. . Contribution of the shaping and restraint components of constraint-induced movement therapy to treatment outcome. NeuroRehabilitation. 2006;21:147-56. . The neural basis of constraint-induced movement therapy. Neurol. 2009;22:582-8. ' Collaboration. What are the components of effective stroke unit care? Age Ageing. 2002;31:365-71. Escorpizo, R. , Stucki, G. , Cieza, A. , Davis, K. , Stumbo, T. , & Riddle, D. L. (2010). Creating an interface between the of Functioning, Disability and Health and physical therapist practice. Physical therapy, 90(7), 1053-1063. . Using the international classification of functioning, disability and health in physiotherapy in multidisciplinary vocational rehabilitation: a case study of low back pain. Int. 2015;20:231-41. Gillen G. Stroke rehabilitation: a function-based approach. Sciences. 2015. Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke. Syst Rev. 2016;11:CD006073. Veerbeek JM, van Wegen E, van Peppen R, van der What is the evidence for physical therapy poststroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis. . 2014;9:e87987. . Plasticity in the injured brain: more than molecules matter. Neuroscientist. 2014;20:15-28. . Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: implications for rehabilitation after brain damage. J Hear Res. 2008;51:S225-39. Seung S. Connectome: how the brain's wiring makes us who we are. HMH. 2012 Doidge N. The brain's way of healing: stories of remarkable recoveries and discoveries. Penguin UK. 2015. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence regarding various rehabilitation strategies and the importance of physical therapy for stroke recovery. It includes references to systematic reviews and studies that highlight physical interventions, indicating a consensus in the literature that physical rehabilitation centers play a critical role in recovery rather than being eliminated by virtual reality technologies. Terms such as 'post-stroke activities of daily living,' 'constraint-induced movement therapy,' and the role of 'physical therapist practice' all point to the necessity of physical interventions, which contrasts with the claim that virtual reality could completely replace rehabilitation centers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: If y5[(y1 − y4)x5 − (x1 − x4)y5 − x4y1+y4x1] > 0, which means P5 is above P1P4 or below P2P3, we have [y1x5+(x2−x1)y5−x2y1](y4x5−x4y5)+k1y5[(y1−y4)x5−(x1−x4)y5−x4y1+y4x1]<0 (3. 8) [y1x5+(x2−x1)y5−x2y1](y4x5−x4y5)+k2y5[(y1−y4)x5−(x1−x4)y5−x4y1+y4x1]>0 (3. 9) (3. 5) is the quadratic curve crossing four points, if m = k1, k2, I2 = 0. Hence, the left side of Inequation (3. 8) and Inequation (3. 9) represent the two parabolas crossing P1, P2, P3 and P4. In other words, P5 is in the parabola whose equation is [y1x5+(x2−x1)y5−x2y1](y4x5−x4y5)+k1y5[(y1−y4)x5−(x1−x4)y5−x4y1+y4x1]=0 (3. 10) and P5 is also out of the parabola whose equation is [y1x5+(x2−x1)y5−x2y1](y4x5−x4y5)+k2y5[(y1−y4)x5−(x1−x4)y5−x4y1+y4x1]=0 (3. 11) It is worth mentioning that since I2 = 0 is a quadratic equation of m, it has only two roots, which means there are only two parabolas crossing the four vertices of the convex quadrilateral. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to focus on mathematical concepts and parabolic equations, which do not relate to the claim about biophilia or an innate connection to nature. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Our study demonstrates how bottlenose dolphins might use these skills in their natural environment and provides insight into the ecological and evolutionary pressures that promote higher-level cognition. Spongers may have solved the problem of detecting and extracting swimbladderless prey from below a sharp and rough substrate by probing the seafloor with a soft sponge tool. This solution appears to have been adopted at least twice, as unrelated dolphins residing 110 km away in the western gulf of also sponge forage [15]. While this tool use requires sophisticated object manipulation, it appears to provide spongers with equal fitness compared to the rest the population [14]. Due to the difficulty of observing marine fauna, most studies of tool use focus on terrestrial organisms. Using novel underwater techniques, we show that sponge tool-using dolphins target buried prey that lack swimbladders, particularly barred sandperch. Such prey are difficult to detect with echolocation [21]–[30], which, when paired with Shark Bay's cluttered channel substrate, explains why dolphins probe the seafloor and benefit from using sponge tools. Similar to ant-fishing chimpanzees whose tool use is a function of prey type [49], dolphin tool use directly relates to the physical characteristics of their prey. As such, this study emphasizes the critical role ecological factors play in explaining behavioral complexity. Materials and animal work was approved by the () under permits 07-041 and 10-023. Observational and field studies were approved by the Department of Environment and Conservation of (DEC) under permits SF007418 and SF006897. has an extensive 27-year database that includes demographic, genetic, association, life-history, ecological, and behavioral data on >1,400 dolphins (past and present) residential to a 300 km2 area (25°47′S, 113°43′E). Habitat consists of embayment plains (5–13 m), shallow sand flats (0. 5–4 m), seagrass beds (0. 5–4 m), and bisecting deep channels (7–13 m). One area in particular, just north of (Figure 2), is extremely well sampled because it is very close to our boat-launching site. As such, spatial patterns of dolphin foraging behavior in this location are unlikely the result of a bias in sampling effort. Using historical data, dolphin-sighting locations were projected using ArcGIS Map 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of bottlenose dolphins using sponge tools to aid in foraging for prey. It describes how spongers solve the challenge of detecting and extracting prey from a rough substrate by probing the seafloor with a soft sponge tool. This directly supports the claim about dolphins being among the few species known to utilize tools, as it discusses specific situations where dolphins have adopted tool use to enhance their foraging success.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Motor impairment and recovery in the upper limb after stroke: behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates. Stroke. 2005;36:625-9. Kwakkel G, Veerbeek JM, van. Constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:224-34. . Stroke patients' and therapists' opinions of constraint-induced movement therapy. Clin Rehabil. 2002;16:55-60. Sterr A, O’. CI therapy is beneficial to patients with chronic low-functioning hemiparesis after stroke. Front Neurol. 2014;5:204. Cameirão. Coaching or gaming? Implications of strategy choice for home based stroke rehabilitation. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2016;13:18. Perez- Increasing upper limb training intensity in chronic stroke using embodied virtual reality: a pilot study. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2017;14:119. . Virtual reality in neurorehabilitation. Repair Rehabil. 2006;51:182-97. . Virtual reality clinical research: promises and challenges. J. M. I. R. Serious Games. 2018;6:e10839. . Research on presence in virtual reality: A survey. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2001;4:183-201. . Stroke rehabilitation. Lancet. 2011;377:1693-702. . Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy. Neurosci. 2011;12:752-62. Burridge JH, Hughes A-M. Potential for new technologies in clinical practice. Neurol. 2010;23:671-7. . Towards an immersive virtual reality game for smarter post-stroke rehabilitation I. E. E. E. on () Vol. 2018. 2018a. . On shooting stars: comparing cave and hmd immersive virtual reality exergaming for adults with mixed ability. . 2020;1:1-22. . Project star catcher: A novel immersive virtual reality experience for upper limb rehabilitation. A. C. M. Comput. 2018b;11:1-25. -Ivens SM, et al. Observation of amounts of movement practice provided during stroke rehabilitation. Med Rehabil. 2009;90:1692-8. der Loos HF. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to stroke rehabilitation, particularly emphasizing the role of constraint-induced movement therapy and virtual reality in enhancing rehabilitation for stroke patients. It suggests that while virtual reality may assist in rehabilitation, it does not imply that physical rehabilitation centers are entirely unnecessary, as these studies point to the ongoing need for clinical settings to provide comprehensive rehabilitation care.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Using the same argument, when y5[(y1 − y4)x5 − (x1 − x4)y5 − x4y1+y4x1] < 0, which means P5 is between P1P4 and P2P3, we can have the same conclusion. In conclusion, the coverage area of circumscribed ellipses of general convex quadrilateral is shown as the light grey part in Figure 2h. Similar to the case of trapezium, the area enclosed by two parabolas and four sides cannot be covered. 3. 4 of Through the studies above, we conclude that the boundaries of the coverage area of circumscribed ellipses are another conic, which is parabola. Here we discuss the third conic, hyperbola. We will generalize the conclusion about the coverage area of circumscribed ellipses to the coverage area of circumscribed conics. For a general quadratic equation in two variables, we can use discriminants to determine its locus (Table 1). We conclude that the light grey part in Figure 2h is the coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses, where I2 > 0. Therefore, the area which cannot be covered by the circumscribed ellipse (except the boundary region) can be covered by the circumscribed hyperbolas (including the degenerated condition, namely two intersecting lines), where I2 < 0 (as shown the shaded part in Figure 3a). Besides, the boundary of these two coverage areas is the parabola crossing the four vertices, where I2=0. Figure 3Circumscribed conics of convex quadrilaterals. (a) The coverage area of the circumscribed hyperbolas of a general convex quadrilateral is the shaded part. (b, c) “2+2” hyperbola, which means two vertices are on one branch while the other two are on the other branch. (d) “4+0” hyperbola, which means all of four vertices are on one branch. (e) There exists no “3+1” hyperbola which is circumscribed about a convex quadrilateral. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on mathematical concepts related to the coverage area of circumscribed ellipses and hyperbolas. It does not mention or imply anything regarding the relationship between humans and nature or the concept of biophilia.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: 3 (WGS 1984 UTM Zone 49S) to determine locations where dolphins sponge forage. Seven semi-permanent transects were established using 1 m long star picket metal posts with attached buoys in locations with the highest numbers of recorded sponging observations. Each 100 m transect was ∼200 m from adjacent transects and further split into two portions (NW and SE) by a mid-stake. The NW portion of each transect was dedicated to systematic observational-video sampling, while the SE portion was designated for prey sample collection. For all 7 transects, two certified divers swam out a 50 m tape measure well above the substrate to connect the NW stake to the mid-stake for initial transect setup. After waiting several minutes, both divers then swam back towards the NW stake along one side of the transect line near the substrate and filmed a ∼2 m wide belt transect [50], [51] to determine prey availability near the seafloor without disturbing the substrate (Non-Sponging). Next, divers swam back along the other side of the transect (∼2 m to the side of the tape measure) towards the mid-stake with one diver pushing a 2 m long pole with a dead marine sponge attached along the substrate to ferret prey in the same manner as seen by sponging dolphins (Sponging), and the other diver filming this human Sponging with a Sony HDR-XR500V HD video camera in an AquaticaHD housing (Video S1). All dives were performed on an R360XL by J. Sink, and were swam at a consistent speed of ∼17 m min−1. On the NW portion of each transect, all prey were simply filmed and allowed to swim away. However, on the SE side of the transects several sample specimens of all species encountered (except Dasyatidae and Sepiidae which all lack swimbladders) were collected using hand nets for identification and dissection. Transect sampling was performed on two different occasions for repeatability, but replicates were averaged to form a single transect value. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the methodology used to study dolphin sponge foraging behavior. It mentions divers mimicking 'sponging' dolphins by using a dead marine sponge on a pole to ferret prey, which aligns with the claim that dolphins use tools such as sponges. The detailed observational technique demonstrates dolphin behavior in using tools, supporting the assertion that they are among the few non-human species with this capability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Virtual reality therapy for adults post-stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring virtual environments and commercial games in therapy. . 2014;9:e93318. Schröder Combining the benefits of tele-rehabilitation and virtual reality-based balance training: a systematic review on feasibility and effectiveness. Assist Technol. 2019;14:2-11. In-home delivery of constraint-induced movement therapy via virtual reality gaming. J Res Rev. 2018;5:6-17. ñeda learned non-use in chronic stroke patients with reinforcement-induced movement therapy. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2016;13:74. . Enhanced visual feedback using immersive VR affects decision making regarding hand use with a simulated impaired limb. Neurosci. 2021;15:677578. . The Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor recovery after stroke: a critical review of its measurement properties. Repair. 2002;16:232-40. . Reliability of the Fugl-Meyer assessment of sensorimotor recovery following cerebrovascular accident. Phys Ther. 1983;63:1606-10. . Reliability of the Fugl-Meyer assessment for testing motor performance in patients following stroke. Phys Ther. 1993;73:447-54. Moore JW. What is the sense of agency and why does it matter? Front Psychol. 2016;7:1272. . ADL index: a reliability study. Stud. 1988;10:61-3. . Improving the sensitivity of the Barthel index for stroke rehabilitation. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42:703-9. Dávalos. Neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke: potential predictors and associated factors in the European cooperative acute stroke study (ECASS) I. Stroke. 1999;30:2631-6. -Leydier K, et al. Virtual reality intervention to help improve motor function in patients undergoing rehabilitation for cerebral palsy, parkinson’s disease, or stroke: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Cureus. 2021;13:e16763. Aşkın A, Atar E, Koçyiğit H, Tosun A. Effects of Kinect-based virtual reality game training on upper extremity motor recovery in chronic stroke. Res. 2018;35:25-32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning various studies and systematic reviews that explore the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) in therapy, particularly for rehabilitation post-stroke and in other conditions. However, the inclusion of terms like 'in-home delivery of constraint-induced movement therapy' and 'virtual reality-based balance training' implies that VR is being utilized as a complementary tool rather than a complete replacement for physical rehabilitation centers. The studies mentioned do not support the notion that VR eliminates the need for traditional rehabilitation facilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: (f) The “2+2” hyperbolas cover the light grey area, while the “4+0” hyperbolas cover the dark grey area. Table 1 Using discriminants l1, l2 and l3 to determine the locus of a general quadratic equation containing two variables x and y. Condition of Discriminant l2 Condition of Discriminants l1 and l3 I2 > 0 I1I3 < 0 Ellipse I3 ≠ 0 Parabola I2 = 0 I3 = 0 Lines I3 ≠ 0 Hyperbola I2 < 0 I3 = 0 far, we can divide the plane where a convex quadrilateral is located into three parts. One part is con-elliptic with its four vertices (Figure 2h). The second part is con-parabolic with the vertices (namely two parabolas crossing the four vertices of the convex quadrilateral). The third part is con-hyperbolic with the vertices (Figure 3a). Normally, the circumscribed hyperbolas should be classified into three categories (The demo video was provided in Supplementary 1): “2+2” hyperbola: Two vertices are on one branch of the hyperbola, while the other two are on the other branch (Figure 3b). “3+1” hyperbola: Three vertices are on one branch of the hyperbola, while the forth is on the other branch (Figure 3c). “4+0” hyperbola: All of four vertices are on one branch of the hyperbola (Figure 3d). However, not all of these three kinds can be circumscribed hyperbolas of a convex quadrilateral. So the following proposition was proposed: Proposition 1 There exists no “3+1” hyperbola which is circumscribed about a convex quadrilateral. the vertex of P1 is on the left branch of the hyperbola, and the other three vertices P2, P3 and P4 are on the right branch. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mathematical concepts related to hyperbolas, discriminants, and the classification of geometric figures, with no mention of biophilia or any connection between humans and nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: (1968) On the evolution of tool using behavior. 70: 56–66. View 4. Gibson K, (1995) Tools, language, and cognition in human evolution. Cambridge: Press. 495 p. 5. (2001) Primate foundations of human intelligence: a view of tool use in nonhuman primates and fossil hominids. In: Matsuzawa T, editor. Primate origins of human cognition and behavior. Tokyo: Springer. 25. 6. van (1999) The conditions for tool use in primates: implications for the evolution of material culture. J 36: 719–741. View 7. (2004) Brains, innovations and evolution in birds and primates. Evol 63: 233–246. View 8. Inoue-Nakamura N, (1997) Development of stone tool use by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J 111: 159–173. View 9. Tebbich S, (2004) Cognitive abilities related to tool use in the woodpecker finch, Cactospiza pallida. 67: 689–697. View 10. (2009) Insightful problem solving and creative tool modification by captive nontool-using rooks. Proceedings of the of Sciences 106: 10370–10375. View 11. Hansell M, Ruxton GD (2008) Setting tool use within the context of animal construction behaviour. Evol 23: 73–78. View 12. Gibson KR (1986) Cognition, brain size and the extraction of embedded food resources. In: editors. Primate ontogeny, cognition, and social behaviour. Cambridge: Press. 103. 13. (1997) Sponge carrying by dolphins (Delphinidae, Tursiops sp. ): a foraging specialization involving tool use? Ethology 103: 454–465. View 14. - (2008) Why do dolphins carry sponges? 3: e3868. View 15. ützen M (2010) Genes or culture: are mitochondrial genes associated with tool use in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp. )? 40: 706–714. View 16. Krützen (2005) Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins. PNAS 102: 8939–3943. View 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'Sponge carrying by dolphins (Delphinidae, Tursiops sp.): a foraging specialization involving tool use?' This indicates that dolphins indeed utilize tools, specifically sponges, for foraging, thus supporting the assertion that they are one of the few non-human species known for such behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Virtual reality for upper limb rehabilitation in subacute and chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Med Rehabil. 2018;99:834-42. e4. Exercises for paretic upper limb after stroke: a combined virtual-reality and telemedicine approach. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41:1016-102. . Effects of virtual reality technique in rehabilitation of hemiplegic upper extremities function in stroke patients. Rehabil Med. 2019;34:1049-53. Poststroke shoulder pain: its relationship to motor impairment, activity limitation, and quality of life. Med Rehabil. 2007;88:298-301. Virtual reality therapy for upper limb rehabilitation in patients with stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Brain Inj. 2020;34:456-65. Baeza-Barragán, M. R. , Manzanares, M. T. L. , Vergara, C. R. , Casuso-Holgado, M. J. , & Martín-Valero, R. The use of virtual reality technologies in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: systematic review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020;8:12:e21576. . Virtual reality therapy: an effective treatment for psychological disorders. Virtual environments in clinical psychology and neuroscience. Adv Patient-Therapist Interact. 1998;58:112. Demarin V, Morović S. Neuroplasticity. Period Biol. 2014;116:209-11. . Leap motion-based virtual reality training for improving motor functional recovery of upper limbs and neural reorganization in subacute stroke patients. Res. 2017;12:1823-31. ßmus Virtual reality training for upper extremity in subacute stroke (): a multicenter RCT. Neurology. 2017;89:2413-21. ş GK. Effectiveness of Wii-based rehabilitation in stroke: a randomized controlled study. J Rehabil Med. 2018;50:406-12. Mayo NE, Korner-Bitensky NA, Becker R. Recovery time of independent function post-stroke. Rehabil. 1991;70:5-12. Virtual activities of daily living for recovery of upper extremity motor function. I. E. E. E. Eng. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing various studies and trials focused on the application of virtual reality in rehabilitation, particularly for stroke patients. It implies that while virtual reality is a valuable tool in rehabilitation, it is presented alongside traditional methods, which suggests that it does not completely replace the need for physical rehabilitation centers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: According to the definition of convex quadrilaterals, we can infer that P4 must be located in the area enclosed by rays formed by any two of the sides of ΔP1P2P3 and its third side (the light grey part in Figure 3e). Each line has and only has two intersections with the hyperbola, and the slope of P2P3 is greater than the asymptote while that of P1P3 is smaller than it, we can infer that the right branch must be out of the light grey area which is to the right of P1P3 (as shown in Figure 3e). We can prove the rest in the same way. Therefore, the right branch must be outside of the light grey area, and therefore the proposition holds true. □ In conclusion, the circumscribed hyperbolas only can be classified into two categories: “2+2” hyperbolas (Figure 3b, 3c) & “4+0” hyperbolas (Figure 3d). Furthermore, we have discussed the coverage area of these two kinds of hyperbolas by using limit thought, and the results are shown in Figure 3f. The “2+2” hyperbolas cover the light grey area, while the “4+0” hyperbolas cover the dark grey area. 4 of the Center of 4. 1 For a parallelogram, the center of its circumscribed conics is necessarily the center of the parallelogram. For an isosceles trapezium, since conics and isosceles trapeziums are both mirror-symmetrical graphs, the center of its circumscribed conics must locate at the line, which crosses the midpoints of its bases. Through parallel projective projection, the ratio of segments and parallelism do not change, the center of circumscribed conics of a trapezium must locate at the line, which crosses the midpoints of its bases. Next, we try to figure out the locus of the center of circumscribed conics of a general convex quadrilateral. Theorem 2 The locus of the center of circumscribed conics of a convex quadrilateral is its nine-point curve, which is a hyperbola. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding biophilia and does not discuss any concepts related to humans' innate connection to nature. Instead, it focuses on mathematical definitions and properties of convex quadrilaterals and hyperbolas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Lastly, understanding how birds select for certain ponds will add insight into the species’ decision-making behavior with respect to foraging and general habitat use. This is particularly interesting given these species inhabit areas dominated by man-made ponds which are used to augment nutritional requirements. Catfish ponds differ from natural foraging habitat typically used by piscivorous avian species in numerous ways. Catfish ponds are small, uniformly rectangular, spatially clumped, and are accompanied by continuous human presence. Avian species decision to forage at a group of catfish ponds is analogous to third order habitat selection. Which ponds they forage on within that group of ponds is fourth order habitat selection and our specific area of interest [18]. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate how fine scale factors of individual catfish ponds influence the probability of use by cormorants, herons, and egrets in the Mississippi Delta. We formulated numerous hypotheses regarding individual catfish ponds physical and spatial characteristics influence on how these species select specific ponds for foraging resources over others. We identified 14 fine scale characteristics to use as variables when examining species use of catfish ponds. These variables can be placed into three principal categories: 1) pond level, 2) surrounding habitat, and 3) conditional (Table 1). Pond level variables include pond size, pond structure, fish type, catfish species, and production method (Table 1). Pond size is the area of a pond, measured in hectares. Catfish ponds in the Delta vary from less than 2 ha up to greater than 9 ha in size, but most are approximately 4 ha [19]. Cormorants are more likely to forage on larger ponds compared to smaller ponds in the region [20]. We predicted similar results for cormorants, herons, and egrets in this study, with the hypothesis that smaller ponds are perceived as riskier or less productive compared to larger ponds. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Variables of catfish ponds used in occupancy analysis and resource selection functions modeled against the presence of double-crested cormorants, great blue herons, and great egrets on ponds in the Mississippi Delta. Presence data was collected by flying 35 surveys over three consecutive winter seasons (Oct–Apr), 2015–2017. structure includes traditional levee ponds or split-pond ponds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses avian species and their foraging behavior in relation to catfish ponds, which is unrelated to dolphins or their use of tools. Thus, the content does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: AbstractEmerging research confirms the need for technologically enhanced solutions to support non-pharmacological interventions which can improve the quality of life, the mental and physical health of demented people. Several types of research examined if virtual reality can be an effective solution. This paper aims to present the cyclic process of prototyping, testing, analysing, and refining the VR system in real-world clinical settings. Seven people with moderate to severe dementia were recruited. The experiment required the patients to attend three virtual reality iterations of rapid prototyping with user testing. All three iterations involved training activities with upper body movements similar to their usual physical training. A mixed-methods design measured affect and emotional behaviour using the and the Scale. Content analysis was conducted following observations and interviews. During each iteration of rapid prototyping with user testing, quantitative measurements of performance, independence and time were recorded. Eye tracking and movement information were captured by the system. Finally, a simplified version of the presence and usability scales evaluated the system. The results of this study provide further evidence that virtual reality can play a significant role in the improvement of people’s with dementia physical training and emotional health when is appropriately designed. The results present the vital factors which should be incorporated in a virtual reality system which are: 1) a simple interactions modality; 2) visible visual targets and continuous feedback; 3) personalized virtual environments; 4) personalized range of movements. Similar content being viewed by others Dementia: I Fading. Reality Help? for People with Dementia in 1. 1 The global contextA 2017 estimate suggested that 50 million people live with dementia worldwide (WHO 2017). As the global population is increasingly ageing, it is expected that the number of people living with dementia will increase further. In 2017, there were 962 million people over 60 worldwide. Within the following thirty years, this number is expected to rise to 2. 1 billion (2017). It is therefore predicted that the number of people living with dementia will also increase to about 132 million (WHO 2017). This expected growth has made imperative the need to support people with dementia (Verbeek et al. 2010) who exhibit impairments in cognitive and motor functions. has set out to improve the quality of life of individuals living with dementia (WHO 2017). has outlined the objectives with a similar situation to present in all health care markets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing emerging research that indicates virtual reality (VR) can support physical training and improve emotional health for people with dementia but does not suggest it can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers entirely. It highlights the necessity for VR as a tool in clinical settings for enhancing interventions rather than replacing established rehabilitation practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the locus of the center of circumscribed ellipses is a branch of it, and the locus of the center of circumscribed hyperbolas is the other branch (Figure 4a) (The demo video was provided in Supplementary 2). Figure 4The locus of the center of circumscribed conics. (a) The locus of the center of circumscribed conics of a convex quadrilateral is its nine-point curve, which is a hyperbola. (b) The axes of symmetry of a general convex quadrilateral’s two circumscribed parabolas are parallel to the asymptotic lines of its nine-point curve, respectively. (c) The center 0 of the circumscribed conics of a concave quadrilateral is on its nine-point curve, which is an ellipse. For a quadrilateral, the intersection of the diagonals, two intersections of the opposite sides, four midpoints of the sides and two midpoints of diagonals are necessarily on a conic, which is called the nine-point curve of it. The nine-point curve is always a centered conic. Whether it is a hyperbola or an ellipse depends on whether the quadrilateral is convex or concave. Moreover, the center of the nine-point curve is the barycenter of the quadrilateral. The following situations are two special cases of nine-point curve: When the quadrilateral has a circumscribed circle, its nine-point curve is a rectangular hyperbola; When the four vertices of the quadrilateral form an orthocentric system, its nine-point curve is a circle, which is known as the nine-point circle [15, 16]. To prove the theorem, we can use Equation (3. 5) to express the circumscribed conics of the quadrilateral, and figure out the equation of the center of the conics. The equation is quadratic, and the nine special points, which the nine-point curve crosses, satisfy the equation. Since the nine point can and only can determine one quadratic curve, the locus of the center of circumscribed conics is the nine-point curve. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geometric concepts related to circumscribed conics, nine-point curves, and quadrilaterals without any reference to nature or the concept of biophilia. Thus, it does not address or support the claim regarding an innate connection to nature.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Resurgent current generation and kinetics of inactivation of hNav1. 1 and hNav1. 6. A, Representative family of resurgent current traces from hNav1. 1 (left) and hNav1. 6 (right) with Navβ4 peptide in the pipette solution. Currents were elicited by depolarization to +60mV for 20ms followed by repolarization to potentials ranging from +25mV to -80mV for 50ms. B, Protocol used to measure resurgent currents. C, Current-voltage curve of peak resurgent current normalized to peak transient current measured at +10mV by hNav1. 1 (purple squares; n = 15) and hNav1. 6 (green circles; n = 15). D, Representative normalized current traces elicited by a step depolarization from -100mV to -10mV by hNav1. 1 (black) and hNav1. 6 (blue) without Navβ4 peptide in the pipette solution. E, Averaged decay time constants measured at potentials ranging from -20mV to +20mV from hNav1. 1 (black square; n = 14) and hNav1. 6 (blue circles; n = 14) (Unpaired t-test, *p < 0. 05). of the major determinants of resurgent current generation is the rate of inactivation because the Navβ4 peptide is thought to directly compete with the ability of the intrinsic fast inactivation gate to bind the channel. Therefore, we examined the kinetics of fast inactivation of peak transient sodium currents by fitting the decay phase of macroscopic currents elicited with test potential steps to voltages ranging from -20mV to +20mV with a single exponential function. Fig 4D shows representative normalized traces elicited by a voltage step from -100mV to -10mV demonstrating the slower decay phase of hNav1. 6 compared to hNav1. 1. We found that hNav1. 6 has significantly larger time constants for kinetics of inactivation compared to hNav1. 1 at all the voltages tested (Fig 4E). The slower kinetics of inactivation for hNav1. 6 corresponded to its greater ability to generate resurgent currents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the kinetics of sodium channel inactivation without any reference to dolphins or their tool use. Thus, it does not provide any information that corroborates or contrasts the claim regarding dolphins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Many studies suggested that PwD who exercise regularly have improved motor functions, including stronger upper and lower body muscle strength and better walking balance compared to those who do not engage in any type of physical activity (Santana-Sosa et al. 2018). A positive correlation between the deceleration of the disease and resistance training was also observed (Brown et al. 2015; Vreugdenhil et al. 2012). In support of the above, a systematic literature review of 1497 PwD reported that engagement in regular aerobic exercise can improve the cognitive abilities and delay the deterioration of memory (Trautwein et al. 2017; Zheng et al. 2016). This is further corroborated by research showing that long-term engagement in aerobic exercise improves executive functions for PwD (Cancela et al. 2016; Heath et al. 2016) and reduces depression (Conradsson et al. 2010; Eggermont et al. 2009; Rolland et al. 2007). Promising results have been reported by studies that examined the use of assisted technology in physical training for PwD. A study (Fenney and Lee 2010) showed that the memory of dementia patients can be improved by playing bowling on Nintendo Wii. Another study (Yamaguchi et al. 2011) revealed that the cognitive levels of PwD can also be improved when performing upper and lower limbs exergaming tasks, such as catching virtual coins or playing drums in front of a screen with customized controllers for upper and lower limbs movement. Improvements in gait and balance in PwD were also reported by a study that used to compare virtual to normal walking tasks. Results indicated improved gait and balance for people who exercised using the console; this improvement was attributed to the high levels of presence associated with the virtual exposure (Flynn et al. 2003). It follows from these studies that (VR) can be an effective tool in improving the quality of life for PwD since presence is a major component. It is worth mentioning that the above studies present findings of semi-immersive VR systems, however, we foresee their benefits in other types of VR systems as well. Based on a brief definition of VR, there are three types of VR systems. A non-immersive VR system is a desktop computer-based 3D graphical system that allows the user to navigate the VE through a keyboard, mouse and a small computer screen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while virtual reality (VR) can be an effective tool for improving the quality of life for people with dementia (PwD), many studies emphasize the importance of regular physical exercise and the benefits of traditional rehabilitation methods. The text discusses improvements in motor functions and cognitive abilities associated with physical activity, and presents findings that support the use of assisted technology within physical training, rather than suggesting that VR could fully replace rehabilitation centers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Corollary 1 The axes of symmetry of a general convex quadrilateral’s two circumscribed parabolas are parallel to the asymptotic lines of its nine-point curve, respectively (Figure 4b). parabola is a non-centered conic, and it can also be regarded as the critical situation of an ellipse or a hyperbola. Hence, if we also regard it as a centered conic, we can have the following definition: center of a parabola is the point at infinity, which is determined by its axis of symmetry. 2, we know that the locus of the center of a general convex quadrilateral is its nine-point curve. Therefore, the centers of the two circumscribed parabolas are necessarily on the nine-point curve. On the other hand, since the nine-point curve of a convex quadrilateral is a hyperbola, it is infinitely near its asymptotic lines at infinity. Therefore, the asymptotic lines cross the centers of the two circumscribed parabolas. In conclusion, the axes of symmetry of the two circumscribed parabolas of a general convex quadrilateral are parallel to the asymptotic lines of its nine-point curve respectively. □ 4. 2 As mentioned before, a concave quadrilateral also has a nine-point curve, which is an ellipse. Taking a step further, we generalized Theorem 2 to concave quadrilaterals. Theorem 3 The locus of the center of circumscribed conic of a concave quadrilateral is its nine-point curve, which is an ellipse (Figure 4c) (The demo video was provided in Supplementary 3). It is worth mentioning that the circumscribed conics of a concave quadrilateral can only be “3+1” hyperbolas, while the circumscribed conics of a convex quadrilateral only cannot be “3+1” hyperbolas, which is proved before. 5 Area of 5. 1 is well known that among the inscribed parallelograms of an ellipse, the area of the parallelogram is maximal when its diagonals are the conjugate diameters of the ellipse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geometric properties of convex and concave quadrilaterals, including their circumscribed parabolas and nine-point curves, without any relation to the concept of biophilia or the human connection to nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Enceladus, one of Saturn’s moons, has geysers that spew water, which could potentially support life. [SEP] Text: Lines emanating from sources are the projection of the source central emission vector onto the ringplane. Saturn is down and orbital motion to the right. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image Early in the mission, it was suggested (Porco & Team 2006) that these structures might be related to the dozen or so jets of fine icy p2. Contrast enhanced and inverted versions of the images from (top) 2006 September, and (bottom) 2013 February. Orbital motion is counterclockwise for the top image, clockwise for the bottom. North is up in both images and Saturn is to the left in the bottom image. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image Since then, a handful of other images of the tendrils have been acquired for the express purpose of understanding their origins and relationship, if any, to the jetting activity ongoing at Enceladus south pole. The jets have been shown to be geysers, consisting of water in both vapor and solid form, the latter no doubt the result of the freezing of droplets of liquid water, deriving from a sub-ice-shell sea of liquid water. In addition, in a Cassini imaging survey of the SPT (Porco et al. 2014) over the course of ∼7 yr, ∼100 narrow geysers were found erupting from the four most prominent fractures crossing the region. Their source locations were determined to sufficient accuracy to demonstrate a spatial coincidence between several geysers on the Baghdad Sulcus, near the south pole, and small-scale (∼10s of meters wide) hot spots observed by Spectrometer (VIMS). A measure of the relative strength of each geyser was also given in that work. The spatially integrated plume created from the eruptions of all the jets across the SPT was observed by both VIMS (Hedman et al. 2013) and ISS (Nimmo et al. 2014) to be temporally variable; the diurnal cycling of tidal stresses across the region is likely responsible for the variation, and the phase of the plumes variability indicates other effects, perhaps resonantly forced rotational libration or a significant delay in the eruptions, are at work (Nimmo et al. 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the jets on Enceladus are geysers consisting of water in both vapor and solid form, which derive from a sub-ice-shell sea of liquid water. This directly supports the idea that Enceladus has geysers that spew water, aligning with the assertion that these conditions could potentially support life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: A semi-immersive system is an improved system; where a graphical display is projected on a large screen, and there may be some forms of gesture recognition system for natural interactions. Finally, the third type of VR is a fully-immersive Head-Mounted system where users’ vision is fully enveloped, creating a sense of full immersion (Ma and Zheng 2011). In general, within the context of VR technology in health care, research mostly focuses on the specific needs of each population with promising results (Alizadehsalehi et al. 2020, 2021; Bielsa 2021; Holzwarth et al. 2021; Pedram et al. 2021; Plotzky et. al. 2021; Scavarelli et al. 2020). In health care, research has demonstrated the benefits of employing VR. In general, most of the research within the concept of VR and dementia focused on the enhancement of specific skills which tend to decline within the course of dementia. Such skills include training for cognitive deficiencies (Cheng et al. 2014; Ijaz et al. 2019; Loprinzi et al. 2013; Littbrand et al. 2011; Pitkälä et al. 2013; Potter et al. 2011), memory (Optale et al. 2010) spatial navigation (Cushman et al. 2008; Zakzanis et al. 2009), and executive functions such as planning activities (Manera et al. 2015) and attention enhancement (Doniger et al. 2018; Manera et al. 2016). More specifically and within the context of HCI, research is mostly focused on the specific needs that PwD need to address. Past studies have examined the important elements that a virtual environment should incorporate in terms of design and development in both semi-immersive and fully-immersive modalities. The main conclusion is that special care should be placed on creating personalized experiences that take into account the p2. 2 Aims and objectivesThe aim of this paper is to present the cyclic process of prototyping, testing, analysing, and refining a VR system for the physical training of PwD. For the purposes of this study, we evaluated the feasibility (i. e. the degree of easily interact with the system and perform the exercises), acceptability (i. e. the degree of tolerance and acceptance PwD have towards the system), practicality (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of virtual reality (VR) in healthcare, emphasizing that research has mainly focused on specific skill enhancements for patients with dementia rather than suggesting VR as a complete replacement for physical rehabilitation centers. Furthermore, it highlights the need for personalized experiences and the importance of addressing the unique needs of populations such as people with dementia, suggesting that while VR has significant benefits, it is not positioned as a substitute for traditional rehabilitation processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: In that way, among the circumscribed ellipses of a parallelogram, it is doubted that whether the area of the ellipse is minimal when its conjugate diameters are the diagonals of the parallelogram. Theorem 4 When the conjugate diameters of the circumscribed ellipse are the diagonals of the parallelogram, the area of the circumscribed ellipse is minimal. mentioned before, any parallelogram can be an oblique section of a column with a square bottom. Let θ be the dihedral angle between the oblique section and the bottom and θ is unique. is a circumscribed ellipse of the parallelogram, so its projection on the oblique section E′ is a circumscribed ellipse of the square, which is the bottom. According to the fundamental theorem in projective geometry, we know that SE′ = SE⋅cosθ. Therefore, if and only if SE′ is minimal, SE is minimal. Thus we drew the following lemma. □ Lemma 2 Among the circumscribed ellipses of a square, the area of the circumscribed circle is the minimum. squares and ellipses are both central symmetry, the center of its circumscribed conics is necessarily the center of the parallelogram. Suppose a square ABCD, and its center is O. Set up a rectangular coordinate system in which the center O is the origin. We first consider the situation where the axes of the circumscribed ellipses are not parallel to the square’s sides (Figure 5a). Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), and the circumscribed ellipses are expressed by x2a2+y2b2=1. Since A, B are on the ellipse, we have a2=x12y22−x22y12y22−y12b2=x12y22−x22y12x12−x22 (5. 1) Figure 5The minimal area of circumscribed ellipses. (a) The axes of the circumscribed ellipses are not parallel to the square’s sides. (b) The axes of the circumscribed ellipses are parallel to the square’s sides. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mathematical concepts related to ellipses and parallelograms without any mention or discussion of biophilia or the connection between humans and nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Enceladus, one of Saturn’s moons, has geysers that spew water, which could potentially support life. [SEP] Text: Individual geysers apparently turn on and off randomly, the implication being that tidal stresses modulate the strength of the eruptions but never cause them to cease entirely (Porco et al. 2014)In simulating the high phase narrow-angle ISS images of Enceladus plume taken during the 2006 September event, Ingersoll & Ewald (2011) found that the initial velocity distribution of the grains leaving the surface is best described by an exponential function with a characteristic velocity of 90 m s−1. Their simulations did not take the grain charging and electromagnetic forces into account, as they were not attempting to follow p2. observations used in this paper consist of ISS images taken at very high phase angle through various spectral filters over brief intervals of time, with the longest observation lasting ∼105 minutes. For the purposes of this paper, we initially examined only the wide-angle camera (WAC) images from all observations containing tendrils: the tendrils extend many thousands of kilometers away from Enceladus and are typically not evident in the accompanying narrow-angle cameras (NACs) due to the factor of ten difference in field of view of the cameras and the diffuse nature of the tendrils. However, due to the very high solar phase at which these images were taken, stray light can be a serious problem for the WAC images. Over the period from 2012 September to 2013 July, eight observations were attempted, but five of those were so affected by stray light that they could not be used in the analysis. The images we chose for inclusion were the least affected by stray light artifacts, and they come from four observing periods: one from the 2006 September high-phase mosaic, one taken 2013 February 25, two taken 2013 June 12, and one from the 2013 July 19, occultation of the Sun (also called the Earth Smiled: www. ciclops. org/view. php? id=7699). Table 1 lists the images used in this paper, along with their geometrical characteristics and the Enceladus orbital position (or mean anomaly). Figures 2 through 4 are contrast enhanced versions of the images, all oriented so north is up. Reset image size Figure 3. Contrast enhanced and inverted versions of the images from (top) initial 2013 June image, and (bottom) final 2013 June image. Orbital motion is clockwise and north is up in both images. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing individual geysers on Enceladus that turn on and off randomly, implying that tidal stresses modulate these eruptions. This supports the notion that there are active geysers on Enceladus, which fits with the claim that they spew water and suggests the potential for conditions that could support life.