Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Gmel. Stomachache 50 60 83% Echinops kebricho Stomachache 45 52 87% Lepidium sativum L. Stomachache 54 60 90% Lippia adoensis Hochst. Stomachache 33 40 83% Nigella sativa L. Stomachache 25 58 43% Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. Stomachache 39 56 70% Ruta chalepensis L. Stomachache 54 60 90% Solanium macrocarpon L. Stomachache 36 60 60% Solanium incanum L. Stomachache 57 60 95% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. Stomachache 21 45 47% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Stomachache 54 58 93% Dermatological infections/diseases (DID) Commelina benghalensis L. Chirt (shattuwa) 60 60 100% Persea americana Mill. Dandruff 57 60 95% Coffea arabica L. Wound 32 47 68% Vernonia amygdalina Sch. Bip. Wound 14 45 31% Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Wound 23 45 51% Nicotiana tabacum L. Wound 11 43 26% Aloe vera Wound 29 35 83% Datura stramorium L. Skin disease 45 51 88% Musa accuminata disease 36 48 75% Persea americana Mill. Skin disease 48 50 96% Sorghum bicolor (L. ) disease 43 50 86% Skeletomuscular system disorders (SMSD) Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn. Back pain 48 60 80% Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex 60 60 100% Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Bone fracture 56 60 93% Pentas spp. Bone fracture 60 60 100% Linum usitatissimum L. Bone fracture 57 60 95% Avena sativa Bone fracture 43 57 75% Respiratory systems diseases (RSD) Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 40 52 77% Acacia abyssinica Benth. Tonsillitis 19 25 76% Rhamnus prinoide L′Hér. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of plants and their reported effectiveness for various ailments but does not address the claim that all such plants are effective. It simply enumerates plants and their associations with specific medical conditions without offering a judgment on their overall effectiveness, thus rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 116:61–68 [69. 2016. Lower neighborhood socioeconomic status associated with reduced diversity of the colonic microbiota in healthy adults. 11:e0148952 [70. 'et al. 2010. Composition and energy harvesting capacity of the gut microbiota: relationship to diet, obesity and time in mouse models. Gut 59:1635–42 [71. ıcı C et al. 2018. Inhalational exposure to particulate matter air pollution alters the composition of the gut microbiome. Environ. Pollut. 240:817–30 [72. 2012. Colonic microbiome is altered in alcoholism. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 302:G966–78 [73. Nieminen MT, Salaspuro M. 2018. Local acetaldehyde—an essential role in alcohol-related upper gastrointestinal tract carcinogenesis. Cancers 10:11 [74. NIH (Natl. Inst. Health) Hum. Microbiome Portf. Anal. Team 2019. A review of 10 years of human microbiome research activities at the US of Health, fiscal years 2007–2016. Microbiome 7:31 [75. -W, et al. 2016. The gut microbiome of healthy Japanese and its microbial and functional uniqueness. DNA Res 23:125–33 [76. Nociti FH Jr. ,. 2015. Current perspective of the impact of smoking on the progression and treatment of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 67:187–210 [77. . 1999. Effect of alcohol on the oral mucosa assessed by quantitative cytomorphometry. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 28:216–20 [78. O'. 1992. Candida albicans as a promoter of oral mucosal neoplasia. Carcinogenesis 13:783–86 [79. O' 2015. Fat, fibre and cancer risk in and rural Africans. Nat. Commun. 6:6342 [80. Olsen I, Yilmaz O. 2019. Possible role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in orodigestive cancers. J. Oral Microbiol. 11:1563410 [81. Parkin DM. 2006. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int. J. Cancer 118:3030–44 [82. . 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing a list of studies that highlight various factors and conditions, such as socioeconomic status, diet, pollution, and alcoholism, that interact with the microbiome. These studies suggest a relationship between the microbiome and health outcomes, emphasizing the microbiome's influence on health and disease.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of hackers use artificial intelligence to automatically break into systems. [SEP] Text: At worst, implementers would have taken decisions without understanding of the different possible paths, leaving it as implicit that there is an agreement around the point when in fact, there has not been a public debate. 5. 1 On the Role of the State to Foster AccessibilityIn order to be able to follow the law, law should be accessible to everyone. However, history shows that only in more recent times, accessibility has become a cornerstone of what we perceive law should be. times, the oral tradition of the law meant that only a few had knowledge of the law. In the Middle Age, kings sought to leverage the lack of literacy by focusing on written text as a basis for the law; kings sought “to control the local normative order” (Herzog 2018, p. 246), arguably to minimise the impression of arbitrariness. revolution changed the way we understand what accessibility to law meant, by moving away from having judges and jurists determine the scope of the law as they see fit, to having parliaments acting as guardians of the law and creating new laws. This change in who was in charge of the law—at least its enactment—coupled with higher literacy rates and technical breakthroughs such as the printing press, meant that law became in theory overall more accessible for citizens. However, making law and case law public (typically in text form) does not mean that law is still accessible per se. The lack of systematic publication (e. g. , of court cases) or other legal documents can still nowadays make it hard for citizens to actually have access to the law, even if such document should already be public and obtainable. The UK for instance, a common law country for which judicial decisions bear much more weight than in civil law ones, did not until very recently (April 2022) have such a system in place which systematically published all judgments (Archives 2022). But the question of obtaining comprehensive, albeit again supposedly already public data, on case law in bulk remains one step further, and APR unavoidably relies on the availability of this bulk data. That many public servants still under-appreciate how APR could play a role in making law more accessible (Aidinlis et al. Forthcoming) may explain the slow uptake for change in that direction, although the new policy may be indicative of changing winds too. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses accessibility to law and does not mention hacking or the use of artificial intelligence by hackers. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim and provides no support or contrast.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: Introduction39,000,000 people worldwide are blind, constituting a major clinical challenge to develop effective visual rehabilitation techniques. The most straightforward clinical approach is to surgically correct the function of the eyes’ non-neural components (e. g. by removing cataracts, which are the major cause of blindness in developing countries due to low treatment accessibility, or by corneal transplantation). Such treatments result in nearly full resolution of visual input. However they are only applicable to specific causes and stages of vision loss. To treat other blindness etiologies which damage the retina, visual prostheses1,2,3,4 are being developed (for current visual performance using prostheses see1,2,5,6,7,8). This promising field is growing extremely fast and involves massive research, as well as engineering and economic efforts. However, even if full resolution of visual input is delivered to the brain (as in cataract removal; but this is far from being the case with current prostheses, which provide very low-resolution information), the acquisition of higher visual function in adulthood is still very challenging, even after weeks, months or years of rich post-surgery visual experience. Thus, reports on individuals9,10,11,12,13,14,15 who had limited or no visual-experience during development and medically regained fairly complete visual input in adulthood have found profound deficits in various visual skills. While some functions (e. g. motion detection, basic form recognition) recovered relatively fast, many others (e. g. 3D perception, object and face recognition, interpretation of transparency and perspective cues) were massively impaired and recovered slowly (if at all). It seems as if the regained visual input have been provided to a brain that was wholly unpracticed at analyzing and interpreting it and the visual-experience acquired at this stage may have come too late or too little. This is commonly hypothesized to result from the absence of natural visual information during critical (or sensitive) periods, a notion first introduced by Hubel and Wiesel16,17 who showed in animal models that even short visual deprivation durations during early developmental stages may irreversibly damage visual perception at older ages. Notably, an even short period of congenital blindness in humans, although treated in early childhood, can lead to some persistent (though much less dramatic) functional deficits18,19,20,21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address cacti or their ability to survive without water. Instead, it discusses blindness and visual rehabilitation, making it irrelevant to the claim about cacti.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Microbial determinants of biochemical individuality and their impact on toxicology and pharmacology. 20:761–68 [83. . 1992. Longitudinal study of bone metabolism after ethanol withdrawal in alcoholic patients. J. Bone Miner. Res. 7:383–87 [84. Perera M, Al-. 2016. Emerging role of bacteria in oral carcinogenesis: a review with special reference to perio-pathogenic bacteria. J. Oral Microbiol. 8:32762 [85. 2016. The gut microbiome in conventional and serrated precursors of colorectal cancer. Microbiome 4:169 [86. -et al. 2018. A taxonomic signature of obesity in a large study of American adults. Sci. Rep. 8:9749 [87. 2017. Oral microbiome composition reflects prospective risk for esophageal cancers. 77:236777–87 [88. . 2003. Alcohol consumption increases periodontitis risk. J. Dent. Res. 82:509–13 [89. 2018. The pancreatic cancer microbiome promotes oncogenesis by induction of innate and adaptive immune suppression. 8:403–16 [90. 2012. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490:55–60 [91. Queipo-Ortuño MI, Boto-Ordóñez M, Murri M, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Clemente-et al. 2012. Influence of red wine polyphenols and ethanol on the gut microbiota ecology and biochemical biomarkers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95:1323–34 [92. 2013. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science 341:1241214 [93. Rodgman A, Perfetti TA 2013. The alphabetical index to components identified in tobacco, tobacco smoke, and tobacco substitute smoke. Components of Tobacco and 1713–2064 New York: CRC Press. , 2nd ed. . [94. . 2014. Microbial ‘old friends’, immunoregulation and socioeconomic status. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 177:1–12 [95. 2018. Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota. Nature 555:210–15 [96. Salaspuro V, Salaspuro M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents various studies and findings that indicate the role of the microbiome in influencing health and disease, such as the impact of gut microbiota on conditions like obesity and colorectal cancer. References to the microbiome's role in oral carcinogenesis and its effects on toxicology and pharmacology further substantiate the claim regarding the microbiome's influence on health and disease mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of hackers use artificial intelligence to automatically break into systems. [SEP] Text: Likewise, the more divergent opinions are included within the process, the more balanced the resulting APR should (in theory) be. Agency: The fear of algocracy points towards the key role the degree of mediation by computers plays, as the fear is linked to ones where humans are no longer involved in the decision making process. Replacement by APR Versus Displacement: The less humans are required, the higher the degree of mediation by computers and the higher the correlation between human replacement instead of merely assistance. In a way, it is possible to see that in some situations where there is a high level of conflict of interest, those the algorithm could be replacing will try to use the situation to impede their replacement. Whether they succeed or not will hinge, however, on many other factors, whereas the nexus between D3 and the issue is less contentious. Human Paced: The less mediation by computers, the less the issues resulting from computer-paced decisions arise, as the processes will be conducted at a human pace. Aside from D3, D1 also plays a certain role: While in some instances human paced decision-making might be key for obtaining closure, in other instances computer paced legal information retrieval might be beneficial to many individuals. As the role of D1 with the issue is much more situation, personality, and age dependent, this is why we focused on arguing that D3 is the primary dimension playing a role with the issue. Transparency: The more convoluted and difficult to read a code is, the more difficult it will be to understand which parts of code correspond to which predicate. Inversely, if the law is complex and its complexity makes it difficult to encode, it will also be tricky to follow back between paper law and computer code. These factors, complexity of the law and complexity of the code are sub-dimensions of D3. Regarding D2: There may be internal conflict to decide on whether to make the code public or not and this would also play a role, especially if the beneficiaries differ from the sponsors (e. g. the public vs. the state). Many other factors will hence play a role, and we do not see it as straightforward to determine either the sign of the correlation or its strength between D2 and the issue—hence explaining why we argue that D3 is the prime dimension in this case. 1. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding hackers using artificial intelligence for system breaches. It discusses various dimensions of mediation by computers, decision-making processes, and the complexities of law and code, without any direct reference or evidence to support or contrast the claim about the use of AI by hackers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: One highly important task consistently reported to be impaired following sight restoration in adulthood13 is visual parsing; i. e. , the ability to segregate a visual scene into distinct, complete objects. Consider for instance a typical office desk, with a computer screen, a keyboard and some stationery on it. When looking at the scene you do not perceive a messy collection of areas of different hues, luminance levels, textures and contours, but rather see separate meaningful objects. While this parsing task seems trivial to the normally-developed sighted, it is very complex and demanding, sometimes almost impossible, for a person with limited visual experience as it requires interpreting the visual input based on previous knowledge and visual concepts which have no intuitive parallel in other sensory modalities (e. g. shadow, transparency)22. It is worth noting that visual parsing is extremely difficult even for most computer-vision algorithms, as they are based on basic image-driven features such as continuity of grey-level and bounding contours23 and lack higher-order feedback input, which has an important role in object perception24. An elegant study by Ostrovsky and colleagues13 showed that individuals who had their sight restored medically (by cataract removal or refractive correction13) performed very poorly in visual parsing of much simpler images than the scene described above: when attempting to parse an image, they made judgments based only on color, closed loops, luminance levels and motion cues and did not apply any higher-order visual interpretation and thus over-fragmented the image. For instance, they misinterpreted a 3D cube to be three different patches in different grayscale levels. Here we took advantage of a unique structured-training program that was developed and has been perfected in our lab for the last 7 years, which enables the blind to ‘see’ using another class of visual rehabilitation approaches – non-invasive sensory substitution devices (SSDs) – and tested whether training the adult brain could help acquire this key function. Visual-to-auditory SSDs (Supp. Fig. 1A) transform visual images into sound representations (‘soundscapes’), while preserving the image’s spatial topography (Supp. Fig. 1B), thus theoretically enabling the blind to ‘see’ using their ears in a cheap and easily accessible manner. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding cacti and their ability to survive without water. Instead, it focuses on visual parsing and rehabilitation methods for individuals with sight restoration, making it irrelevant to the claim about cacti.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 2004. Synergistic effect of alcohol drinking and smoking on in vivo acetaldehyde concentration in saliva. Int. J. Cancer 111:480–83 [97. . 2015. Control of brain development, function, and behavior by the microbiome. Microbe 17:565–76 [98. . 2018. Smoking and the intestinal microbiome. Arch. Microbiol. 200:677–84 [99. Scannapieco FA. 1994. Saliva-bacterium interactions in oral microbial ecology. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 5:203–48 [100. Schwiertz A, Taras D, Schäfer 2010. Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obesity 18:190–95 [101. 2020. Transfer of environmental microbes to the skin and respiratory tract of humans after urban green space exposure. Environ. Int. 145:106084 [102. . 2014. Cigarette smoke condensate increases C. albicans adhesion, growth, biofilm formation, and EAP1, HWP1 and SAP2 gene expression. BMC Microbiol 14:61 [103. 2019. Longitudinal homogenization of the microbiome between both occupants and the built environment in a cohort of Cadets. Microbiome 7:70 [104. . 2016. The central nervous system and the gut microbiome. Cell 167:915–32 [105. . 2014. Socioeconomic status, race, and mortality: a prospective cohort study. Am. J. 104:e98–107 [106. . 2010. Drinking habits are associated with changes in the dental plaque microbial community. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48:347–56 [107. Singh RK, Chang H- 2017. Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J. Transl. Med. 15:73 [108. Soliman GA. 2019. Dietary fiber, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients 11:1155 [109. . 2014. Starving our microbial self: the deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates. 20:779–86 [110. Sopori M. 2002. Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2:372–77 [111. . 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains multiple references to the microbiome and its role in health, including mentions of the influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health, as well as the relationship between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system. These references support the claim that the human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Most ancient civilizations had contact with extraterrestrial beings, who shared advanced technology with them. [SEP] Text: However, for purposes of initial interaction, this diversity may not be salient, as we are liable to be contacted by a single sociocultural entity”. 33. Already in 1993, following the Theory (by James G. Miller), Harrison had presented a very abstract analysis scheme for extraterrestrial civilizations, which is based on three “systems levels (organism, society, supranational system)” and two “basic processes (matter-energy processing and information processing)”. However, the gain in knowledge of this approach with regard to hypothetical extraterrestrial civilizations seems to remain low in the end—and so it is not surprising that this concept, as far as we can survey the relevant literature, has found only little attention in SETI research so far. 34. The axiom seems to spring from circular reasoning, since the existence of such collective bodies of knowledge is part of the definition of civilization. We could therefore justifiably reverse our axiom and state: We consider a species to be civilizing if it shares common stocks of knowledge, creates new knowledge, distributes it collectively, and reforms its action programs depending on the new knowledge (Traphagen 2014, 35. In the expected asymmetric cultural contact, in which humanity is the technologically inferior civilization, these questions manifest themselves in a worst-case scenario not only in the form of the distinction between war or peace, but ultimately also in that between the extinction and continued existence of our species. This, at least, should be a good reason to think about first contact and about the planned METI projects (cf. Chap. 6). 36. The question of a methodology for the study of extraterrestrial civilizations is carefully left aside here—too much depends on the nature of first contact to consider this point in detail. 37. We are not comfortable with the concept of cosmic convergent evolution as advocated by Martinez (2014). This approach assumes that life everywhere in the universe has an inherent tendency to evolve into ever more complex forms, eventually also giving rise to intelligence and technological civilizations that explore space. The author advocates a teleological—and thus ultimately anthropocentric (Traphagen 2014, p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the lack of evidence for meaningful knowledge exchange with extraterrestrial civilizations and the skepticism surrounding the notion of advanced contact. It mentions the low gain in knowledge regarding hypothetical extraterrestrial civilizations, suggesting that contact might not lead to technological sharing as posited in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: Whether these SSDs are useful and successful for visual rehabilitation is still an open question, but one that has elicited growing interest in recent years. Although there is accumulating evidence demonstrating functional abilities in various ‘visual’ tasks using SSDs25,26,27,28,29,30, no group has directly tested ‘visual’ parsing - one of the most basic functions which is fundamental for recognizing objects and interacting with them and thus for the practical use of SSDs. We are also not aware of any formal organized programs to teach SSD usage, which is one of the main limitations in their adoption. The main aims of the current study were thus to: 1) test whether the concept of ‘visual’ parsing (and the required underlying visual knowledge, such as understanding transparency) can be acquired in adulthood by the congenitally blind who lack any visual experience and whether it can be implemented practically using the v31 after limited training; 2) take advantage of a unique opportunity to compare, at least to some extent, the parsing abilities of the SSD-users to those reported13 for sight-restored individuals. Specifically, can the use of SSD to perceive ‘visual’ information help overcome some of the challenges observed in the patients? As an additional related question, given the topographical nature of the vwe assessed to what extent the parsing task could be performed intuitively without any training by sighted individuals. ResultsAll blind participants were enrolled in a novel unique structured-training program in which they learned how to extract and interpret high-resolution visual information from the complex soundscapes generated by the v(Supp. Fig. 1; see Methods for full details). Each subject underwent ~70 hours of one-on-one training, in 2-hour weekly sessions. The program was composed of two main components: structured 2D training in lab-settings and live-view training in more natural settings. During the 2D stage participants were taught how to process the soundscapes of 2D static images from various visual categories (Supp. Fig. 1D). During each training trial, the participants heard a soundscape and were asked to describe the image, pay attention to both the location and the shapes of all elements in the image, as well as integrate the details into meaningful wholes. Additionally, more general visual principles such as the conversion of 3D objects to 2D images (and back) were demonstrated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effectiveness of structured training programs for blind individuals using sound-based visual rehabilitation methods. It does not mention cacti, water, or any related topics, so it neither supports nor contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 14:273–87 [112. 2016. Innate immunity and asthma risk in Amish and Hutterite farm children. N. Engl. J. Med. 375:411–21 [113. . 1997. Role of CYP3A4 in human hepatic diltiazem N-demethylation: inhibition of CYP3A4 activity by oxidized diltiazem metabolites. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282:294–300 [114. Szabo G. 1999. Consequences of alcohol consumption on host defence. 34:830–41 [115. . 1996. Regulation of human monocyte functions by acute ethanol treatment: decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and elevated interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-beta production. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 20:900–7 [116. 2014. Fusobacterium in colonic flora and molecular features of colorectal carcinoma. 74:1311–18 [117. 2016. Bacterial diversity in saliva and oral health-related conditions: the Hisayama Study. Sci. Rep. 6:22164 [118. Tap J, Furet J- 2015. Gut microbiota richness promotes its stability upon increased dietary fibre intake in healthy adults. Environ. Microbiol. 17:4954–64 [119. Tenovuo J. 1998. Antimicrobial function of human saliva—how important is it for oral health? Acta Odontol. Scand. 56:250–56 [120. . 2004. Alcohol consumption and periodontal disease— Survey. J. Clin. Periodontol. 31:484–88 [121. Thomas AM, Gleber- 2014. Alcohol and tobacco consumption affects bacterial richness in oral cavity mucosa biofilms. BMC Microbiol 14:250 [122. 2013. Microbiota conservation and BMI signatures in adult monozygotic twins. ISME J 7:707–17 [123. Tlaskalova-. 2014. Microbiome and colorectal carcinoma: insights from germ-free and conventional animal models. 20:217–24 [124. -. 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies that highlight the impact of microbiota on health, such as the regulation of immune functions and the implications of gut microbiota richness on stability and health. Concepts such as 'microbial pharmacists' and their roles in xenobiotic metabolism further support the idea that the microbiome influences health and disease mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Most ancient civilizations had contact with extraterrestrial beings, who shared advanced technology with them. [SEP] Text: The camouflage thesis, according to which extraterrestrials create artificial bodies that look confusingly similar to human bodies after prolonged observation of the Earth for the purpose of exploring our planet or also for establishing contact as carriers of their consciousness, is excluded here (Schetsche 2008, 1967. 46. Following one of the possible resolutions of the Fermi paradox, namely the consideration that post-biological secondary civilizations have little interest in contact with a biological species and wait accordingly with the establishment of contact until ‘the machines' have also taken over on Earth, one could also conclude: If direct contact takes place, we are probably dealing with a biological or with a hybrid civilization. However, this assumes that the premise of these considerations is correct. In this respect, too, we are anything but certain. 1966. Construction of Reality. A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 2018. Anthromorphism in the Search for Extra-– of Cognition? 143: 163–168. 2014. Superintelligenz. Szenarien einer kommenden Revolution. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. 2017. Superintelligence. Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Reprinted with corrections). Oxford: Press. 2014. for the Development of Interstellar Communication. In Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication, Ed. Douglas A. Vakoch, 203–226. Washington: NASA. 2002. Defining ‚Life‘. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 32: 387–393. 2002. Geology of Mankind. Nature 415: 23. 2011. Erde hat keinen Notausgang. Energie und Politik im Anthropozän. Berlin: Suhrkamp. 2003. Cultural Evolution, the Postbiological Universe, and SETI. of Astrobiology 2 (1): 65–74. 2018. Anthropocence. A Introduction. Oxford: Press. 2009. Philosophische Anthropologie. des 20. Jahrhunderts. Freiburg im Breisgau: Karl Alber. 1986. Der Mensch. und seine Stellung in der Welt. Wiesbaden: Aula-Verlag. 2010. Zwischenlagen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the idea that extraterrestrials might not be interested in direct contact with biological civilizations, describing a scenario where post-biological civilizations wait until machines have taken over Earth before considering contact. This implies a lack of direct interaction or technology exchange with ancient civilizations, which undermines the claim that they had contact with extraterrestrial beings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: Training was conducted using guiding questions, verbal explanations and tangible-images feedback (see Supp. Fig. 1E). In the initial stages of training the participants were also asked to draw, by engraving, the ‘visual’ mental image constructed in their mind’s eye. After this structured-training, participants could indicate which category a soundscape represented29 and identify multiple features enabling a differentiation between objects in the same category. During live-viewing training, participants used a mobile kit of the vOICe (Supp. Fig. 1C) to acquire on-line dynamic images and actively sense the environment, thus making the transformation from perception to action. Visual knowledge and skills were also introduced at this stage. E. g. , the change in the size of a seen object with distance was counter-intuitive for the participants, since this is not the case when judging an object’s size and distance by touch and we had to explicitly explain it and intensively practice its implications. Similarly, they practiced head-“eye”-hand coordination, orienting their heads (and the sunglasses supporting the camera) to the objects at hand, etc. Importantly, the skills tested here were not directly taught during this general structured-training program, but were only introduced in a short pre-test training session (which included completely different stimuli than those used in the test; Fig. 1A). Figure 1Success of congenitally blind users of the von the ‘visual’ parsing test. (A) Skills and principles required for ‘visual’ parsing were not directly taught during the ~70 hours training, but rather were introduced very briefly (~20 minutes) in a pre-test training session. Different stimuli were used in the training and test phases. (B) Types of stimuli presented during the ‘visual’ parsing test: a) 1, 2 or 3 non-overlapping shapes (filled opaque or line drawing; see examples in i-iii); b) 2 overlapping shapes (filled opaque, line drawing or filled transparent; iv-vi); c) a single 3D shape (vii). Below each stimulus is the waveform and spectrogram (demonstrating that visual shape is preserved in the sound) of its soundscape. (C) The SSD-users performed significantly above chance in indicating the number of 2D shapes. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address cacti, their survival without water, or any related ecological or botanical concepts. Instead, it focuses on training methodologies and the capabilities of congenitally blind individuals in visual parsing tests, which have no connection to the claim about cacti.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: The gut microbiome in human neurological disease: a review. Ann. Neurol. 81:369–82 [125. Turnbaugh PJ, Bäckhed 2008. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Microbe 3:213–23 [126. 2009. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 457:480–84 [127. -. 2007. Microbiome Project. Nature 449:804–10 [128. . 2006. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444:1027–31 [129. . 2017. Gut microbiota, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and the diabetes epidemic. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 28:612–25 [130. ási AL, Miller GW. 2020. The exposome and health: where chemistry meets biology. Science 367:392–96 [131. Vogelmann R, Amieva MR. 2007. The role of bacterial pathogens in cancer. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 10:76–81 [132. . 2014. Meta-analyses of human gut microbes associated with obesity and IBD. FEBS Lett 588:4223–33 [133. Waterland RA. 2014. Epigenetic mechanisms affecting regulation of energy balance: many questions, few answers. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 34:337–55 [134. WHO (Organ. ) 2000. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation Tech. Rep. Ser. 894, Organ Geneva: [135. WHO (Organ. ) 2012. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of to Humans Lyon, France: IARC [136. . 2017. Gut microbiome interactions with drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity. Transl. Res. 179:204–22 [137. -Y et al. 2011. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 334:105–8 [138. 2017. Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug. Nat. Med. 23:850–58 [139. 2016. Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults. ISME J 10:2435–46 [140. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to the gut microbiome and its links to health conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and neurological diseases. The numerous references to gut microbiome research indicate its significant role in influencing health and disease outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Most ancient civilizations had contact with extraterrestrial beings, who shared advanced technology with them. [SEP] Text: This idea has been revived, thanks to the discovery of the Tabby's star (Boyajian, Reference Boyajian2016) (characterized by flux dips of the order of $20\%$, automatically excluding the possibility of a planet shading the star). This stimulated further research and a series of papers have been published considering the Fermi's paradox (Osmanov, Reference Osmanov2021a), the planetary megastructures (Osmanov, Reference Osmanov2021b), the stability of Dyson spheres (DS) (Wright, Reference Wright2020), extension to hot DSs (Osmanov and Berezhiani, and Berezhiani2018, and Berezhiani2019), megastructures constructed around black holes (Hsiao, Reference Hsiao2021), white dwarfs (Zuckerman, Reference Zuckerman2022) and pulsars (Osmanov, Reference Osmanov2016, Reference Osmanov2018). Since the search for technosignatures is very complex and therefore sophisticated, the best strategy for SETI should be to test all possible channels. In the light of this paradigm, it is worth noting that, on average, the solar-type stars in the (MW) are much older than the Sun. Therefore, potentially detected technosignatures will belong to advanced alien societies. It is natural to assume that the technological advancement of any civilization is directly correlated with the level of its computational performance. This is fully confirmed by our own history. Here, we wish to point out that there exist certain universal markers of computational advancement which can be used as new signatures in SETI. In particular, in the present paper, we wish to argue that any highly advanced civilization is expected to employ black holes for the maximal efficiency of their quantum computations. The optimization between the information storage capacity and the time-scale of its processing suggests that a substantial fraction of the exploited black holes must be the source of highly energetic Hawking radiation. This gives new ways for the SETI. It also provides us with new criteria for constraining the parameters of highly advanced civilizations. It is worth noting that the role of black holes as attractors of alien civilizations has been considered by Vidal (Reference Vidal2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any evidence or argument supporting or contrasting the claim that ancient civilizations had contact with extraterrestrial beings. Instead, it discusses modern research related to technosignatures, advanced alien societies, and black holes without linking specifically to ancient civilizations or their technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: (D) The SSD-users performed significantly above chance in parsing overlapping 2D objects and single 3D shapes. The average performance of the 7 congenitally fully blind individuals is depicted by blue bars, the performance of individual congenitally fully blind SSD-users in orange diamonds, the performance of individual SSD-users who had very limited visual experience in cyan diamonds. *** denotes p < 0. 0006. Full size imageIn the ‘visual’ parsing test, 7 congenitally fully blind adults were presented with soundscapes of images containing 1, 2 or 3 shapes and were requested to indicate the number of objects. Specifically, there were a few types of stimuli: a) 1, 2 or 3 non-overlapping shapes (filled opaque, line drawings or filled transparent; see examples in Fig. 1B i-iii); b) 2 overlapping shapes (filled opaque, line drawings or filled transparent; Fig. 1B iv–vi); c) a single 3D shape (Fig. 1B vii). The total success rate of the SSD-users group was 84. 1% ± s. d 7. 6, with a performance of 97. 1% ± 4. 9, 76. 7% ± 13. 2 and 98. 1% ± 3. 3 for stimuli containing 1, 2 or 3 2D shapes, respectively (Fig. 1C; for detailed performance in each stimulus type see Supp. Fig. 2). All success rates were highly significant above chance-level (33. 3% on a 3-alternative-forced choice; p < 0. 0006 (n = 7) for all comparisons, as assessed by a Wilcoxon rank sum test; importantly, this is the lowest p-value possible in this non-parametric test, given the number of subjects. All p-values reported here were corrected for multiple comparisons using the most conservative Bonferroni correction). In order to account not only for the participants’ success rate but also to the errors committed we further calculated the d’ sensitivity measure. Averaged d’ was 3. 6 ± 1. 2, 2. 5 ± 0. 4 and 5. 6 ± 2 for responding “1”, “2” or “3”, respectively. The full data matrix of the participants’ responses is presented in Supp. Table 1. The average reaction time per stimulus was 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding the survival abilities of cacti without water. It discusses a study involving congenitally blind individuals and their performance in visual parsing tests, which is unrelated to the ability of cacti to survive in arid conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Here, alleviation from phosphorus stress resulted in a significant increase of disease-suppressive genes upon pathogen inoculation (r = −0. 30, P = 0. 0013) (Fig. 2D), with genes encoding NRPS and hcnAB contributing more prominently to this effect (Fig. 2E). Furthermore, in the rhizosphere, disease-suppressive genes were significantly increased by pathogen inoculation in the AP and UP treatments, with a more pronounced effect observed in the AP (Fig. 2D). Overall, the potential disease-suppressive ability of the rhizosphere microbiome was enhanced by the alleviation of phosphorus stress and inoculation of the pathogen, a pattern that was in contrast to that observed in bulk soil. Fig. 2Contrasting responses of microbial disease-suppressive genes to phosphorus stress in bulk and rhizosphere soils. Results from the quantitative PCR analysis were pooled for seasons 1 and 2. Phosphorus stress gradually increased in the order of AP, UP, and −P because of different fertilizer treatments. A and D Fold changes of disease-suppressive genes in bulk and rhizosphere soils compared to the CK group. Scheirer-Ray-Hare test and Wilcoxon test were conducted. B and E Spearman correlations between the disease-suppressive genes and phosphorus stress in bulk and rhizosphere soils, with or without pathogen inoculation. Colors and circle shapes represent the correlation coefficient. C and F Spearman correlations within the three disease-suppressive genes of and hcnAB in bulk and rhizosphere soils. +RS denotes R. solanacearum inoculation; P denotes phosphorus. Significance levels are denoted as follows: “ns,” not significant, “. ”P < 0. 1, “*”P < 0. 05, “**”P < 0. 01, and “***”P < 0. 001Full size imageImpacts of phosphorus and the pathogen on the soil microbiomePrincipal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was used to examine the influence of phosphorus stress, pathogen inoculation, and soil compartment (rhizosphere or bulk soils) on microbial community structure. Both bacterial and fungal communities exhibited significant responses to both the pathogen and soil compartment, with the bacterial community showing a more pronounced response (P = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the rhizosphere microbiome exhibits disease-suppressive abilities, particularly in response to phosphorus stress and pathogen inoculation. It outlines the significant increase in disease-suppressive genes when subjected to these stressors, thereby highlighting the role of the microbiome in influencing health outcomes and disease resistance, particularly in the context of the plant rhizosphere. This illustrates the mechanisms through which the microbiome can affect disease dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: - (2016) Issue 1 -implantation genetic diagnosis (pgd) for heart disease determined by genetic factors Anver Kuliev*, and : : +8474001515 E-mail: anverkuliev@hotmail. com Submitted: 30 September 2015; Accepted: 18 November 2015; Published online: 28 November 2015 application of PGD has currently been extended to an increasing number of common disorders with genetic predisposition, including inherited heart disease, the prevention and treatment of which presents an important challenge. The major problem is that no pre-clinical diagnosis and preventive management exists, with high risk of premature or sudden death. We previously described the first series of 18 PGD cycles for 5 different inherited cardiac diseases, and showed feasibility and extremely high utility of preventing inheritance of genes predisposing to these conditions. The present paper summarizes the cumulative experience of 51 PGD cycles for 14 cardiac diseases, determined by 23 different gene mutations. This resulted in the embryo transfer in 44 of 51 PGD cycles, yielding 29 (66 %) unaffected pregnancies and birth of 27 healthy, disease predisposition free children. This is the worldÃ‚Â™s largest PGD experience, demonstrating important clinical implications of PGD for preventing inheritance of predisposing genes for heart disease, as practical means for avoiding the risk of mortality or premature or sudden death in offspring of couples carrying a heart disease predisposing genes. Keywords PGD, Inherited heart disease, Risk for inherited predisposition to premature or sudden death. PGD is gradually becoming a practical tool in medical practice for inherited disorders and assisted reproductive technology [1]. In addition to PGD application to the conditions presented at birth, it appeared also attractive to avoid the birth of carriers of those disorders that may or may not manifest in later life, including common diseases with genetic predisposition, such as inherited forms of heart disease [2,3]. The first PGD for heart disease was performed for Holt- Oram syndrome (HOS) [2], characterized by atrial septal defect and cardiac conduction disorder, although the clinical manifestations may be extremely variable, not usually being presented at birth, or presented only with a sinus bradycardia, as the only clinical sign which might be left unnoticed. So it is a typical condition for which PGD if very attractive option, allowing to reproduce without fear of producing offspring at risk of developing HOS with risk for sudden death. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the application of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) for inherited heart diseases, which highlights a genetic component in certain health conditions. However, it does not address the broader spectrum of human behavior that might also be influenced by cultural or environmental factors. The mention of genetic predisposition does not support the assertion that human behavior is almost entirely governed by genetics, suggesting instead that genetics is one of several factors at play.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: 4 ± 3. 2 seconds, i. e. 3. 7 repetitions of the stimuli (since the scanning rate was 2 seconds per image). No significant correlation (r2 = 0. 366) was found between participants’ performance and reaction time (Supp. Fig. 3). We next looked specifically at our subjects’ ability to identify two overlapping shapes as two distinct objects, a highly impaired ability in sight-restored individuals even after weeks to months of visual experience13. The SSD-users performed significantly above chance (73% ± 17. 5; p < 0. 0006), regardless of whether the overlapping shapes were presented as line drawings or as transparent shapes (68. 6% ± 22. 3 and 76. 2% ± 21 respectively, p < 0. 0006, Fig. 1D). Since sight-restored individuals have been reported to successfully parse overlapping shapes when these were in different colors13, we also tested our subjects’ ability to parse two overlapping opaque shapes of different luminance levels, which is the closest parallel to color in the grayscale-only conversion of the vOICe. In this case as well, the SSD-users were very successful (72. 4% ± 16. 5 correct; Supp. Fig. 2). In addition to the group of 7 congenitally fully blind individuals, we also tested 2 subjects who had some very limited visual experience. FN has faint light (but not form) perception and HBH had some vision in one eye during her first year of life (Table 1). These 2 subjects performed similarly to the group (Fig. 1C, represented by cyan diamonds; 82. 1% and 86. 3% total performance, 77. 8% and 75. 6% parsing the two overlapping shapes for FN and HBH, respectively). Table 1 Demographics. Full size tableNext, we assessed whether the ‘visual’ parsing capacity of the blind using SSD extends to 3D objects, by testing their ability to perceive 3D shapes as single entities, despite the fact that the shape is made up of several facets with different luminance levels. The congenitally fully blind SSD-users performed very well (Fig. 1D; 84. 3% ± 12. 7; p < 0. 0006). FN and HBH were also successful and both had 70% success. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim about cacti surviving without water. It discusses experimental results pertaining to visual perception in sight-restored individuals and does not mention anything related to cacti or their water retention capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: In bulk soil, heightened phosphorus stress was associated with fluctuations in the abundance of numerous bacterial taxa, for example, the Blastococcus (Fig. S5). In the rhizosphere, numerous bacterial zOTUs from various genera were significantly correlated with phosphorus stress (P < 0. 05, Fig. 3B), with many also significantly (P < 0. 05) increasing or decreasing in respond to pathogen inoculation. In addition, several fungal zOTUs were also significantly altered by phosphorus availability (Fig. 3C). Specifically, the alleviation of phosphorus stress promoted bacterial zOTUs in the phylum Bacteroidetes, while phosphorus stress condition promoted zOTUs in the phyla Firmicutes and Planctomycetes (Fig. 3B). Similarly, the alleviation of phosphorus stress favored fungal zOTUs in the phylum Basidiomycota, whereas phosphorus stress condition promoted zOTUs in the phylum Glomeromycota (Fig. 3C). A more detailed classification of these microbial taxa can be found in Fig. S6 (for bacteria) and Fig. S7 (for fungi). Among these, many zOTUs were deemed to be potential disease-suppressive taxa, illustrated by their stimulated relative abundance in the presence of the pathogen, which was most pronounced under the alleviation of phosphorus stress (Fig. 3D and Table S6). Notably, a group of 14 zOTUs in the genus Chryseobacterium was stimulated by pathogen inoculation across all three levels of phosphorus stress (−P: P = 0. 0068, UP: P < 0. 0019, and AP: P = 0. 000022), with further promotion observed with phosphorus stress alleviation (P = 0. 00067, r = −0. 54). Other noteworthy taxa included 45 zOTUs of Paenibacillus, 8 zOTUs of Fluviicola, 6 zOTUs of Fodinicola, 15 zOTUs of Rhizobium, 37 zOTUs of Dyadobacter, 11 zOTUs of Hyphomicrobium, 6 zOTUs of Variovorax, and two fungal zOTUs of Lasiodiplodia and Exophiala. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how variations in microbial taxa, specifically in response to phosphorus stress and pathogen inoculation, can influence health-related conditions. It mentions how certain bacterial and fungal zOTUs were significantly correlated with disease suppression, suggesting a direct link between microbial community dynamics and health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: (1) Family pedigree, showing that female partner has a de novo mutation (linked marker order is presented on the left); (2) Trophectoderm analysis of seven embryos detected only two mutation-free embryos (embryos 8 and 10), the remaining five embryos containing the T223M mutation. As seen on the bottom of Panel (a), embryo 2 also has a trisomy 2, and embryo 6 also has monosomy 21. Mutation-free embryos (embryos 8 and 19) were also euploid, so were transferred, resulting in a twin pregnancy and birth of unaffected twins free of T223M mutation. As per the informed consent, approved by Board, the embryos derived from the embryos free of genetic predisposition to heart disease, based on the mutation and polymorphic marker information, were pre-selected for transfer back to patients, while those with predisposing mutant genes were considered affected and tested to confirm the diagnosis. Results and Discussion PGD cycle for one of the couples at risk for producing a progeny with Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) is presented in Figure 1. As can be seen from Table 1, cardiac disorder was either a primary problem, such as cardiomyopathy dilated (3 cycles for 3 couples) or hypertrophic (10 cycles for 8 couples), long QT (3 cycles for 3 couples) and Holt-Oram syndromes (5 cycles for 3 couples), or a part of other syndromes, such as of Emery-Dreifus muscular dystrophy (16 cycle for 6 couples), cardioencephalomyopathy (4 cycles for 2 couples), or Noonan (6 cycles for 3 couples), Bardet- Biedel (2 cycles for 1couple) and Barth syndromes (1 cycle). As listed in Table 1, the above heart diseases tested were determined by 23 different mutations. Except one case of X-linked inheritance in the couple at risk for producing the offspring with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, and 2 autosomal recessive cardio encephalomyopathy cases, all others were autosomal dominant, and the couples may have even no previous affected progeny, but had a family history of premature or sudden death. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexity of genetic inheritance related to specific heart diseases, suggesting that while genetic factors are important, they do not solely determine human behavior. The presence of multiple syndromes and the discussion of family history indicate that outcomes are not dictated solely by genetics but may also involve environmental and cultural factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: In order to verify that the blind SSD users’ ‘visual’ parsing ability could not be attributed to auditory processing alone and to assess what level of parsing can be achieved without any training, 7 sighted controls, matched to the group of 7 congenitally fully blind and naïve to SSD, performed the same experiment (see Fig. 2). Their overall performance was 61. 3% ± 10. 1, significantly lower than that of the blind (p < 0. 0006). Interestingly, the sighted performed significantly above chance level (p < 0. 0006), demonstrating that some aspects of the visual-to-auditory transformation and of ‘visual’ parsing using the device are intuitive. Figure 2Comparison of performance between the highly-trained congenitally blind SSD-users and a group of sighted controls totally naïve to SSD. The group of 7 congenitally and fully blind SSD-users (blue bars) performed significantly better than a group of 7 age- and gender-matched naïve sighted individuals (orange bars). Error bars represent standard error of the mean. *** denotes p < 0. 0006. ** denotes p < 0. 005. * denotes p < 0. 05. Full size imageHowever, when looking specifically at the stimuli of interest, i. e. the 3D shapes and the 2 overlapping shapes, the naïve sighted controls’ performance was much lower and did not differ significantly from chance (p > 0. 05): 40% ± 8. 6 correct for 2-overlapping line-drawing shapes, 37. 1 ± 26. 1% for 2 overlapping transparent shapes and 51. 4% ± 22. 7 for 3D shapes. All scores were significantly lower than those of the blind (p = 0. 0125, p = 0. 0135 and p = 0. 003, respectively). Thus, the blind participants’ success was not based on the auditory input alone but rather required visual interpretation. The SSD-users’ success was further manifested when comparing their individual achievements (represented by orange diamonds in Figs 1 and 3) to those of the 3 sight-restored individuals described in the intriguing work by Ostrovsky and colleagues13 (see Fig. 3A for a comparison between the groups’ characteristics). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding cacti and their ability to survive without water. Instead, it discusses a study comparing the performance of blind SSD (Speech and Sound Discrimination) users and sighted controls in a visual parsing ability experiment. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about cacti.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 4 mmol L−1, 2 mmol L−1, and 10 mmol L−1), methoxyindoleacetic acid (0. 4 mmol L−1), and O-phosphorylethanolamine (10 mmol L−1) treatment (Fig. 5C). The stimulatory effect of Dyadobacter strain Y33 on R. solanacearum shifted to inhibitory when supplemented with methoxyindoleacetic acid (0. 4 mmol L−1) (Fig. 5C). All statistical test results are provided in Tables S12 to 23. DiscussionIt is widely recognized that the control of soil-borne disease is closely linked to soil nutrient properties [42]. In the current study, we investigated the influence of phosphorus availability on soil disease suppression. Using a 6-year continuous field trial of tomato with four different fertilization treatments, we identified soil available phosphorus as an important factor contributing to the control of bacterial wilt caused by soil-borne pathogen R. solanacearum. We then conducted series of pot experiments to examine this phenomenon in more detail. Results showed that phosphorus adequacy increased the disease-suppressive potential of rhizosphere microbiome, while phosphorus deficiency increased this potential in the bulk soil. Furthermore, we found that plant selection for specific microorganism in rhizosphere was a key driver of this observed discrepancy, resulting from a trade-off between defense function and phosphorus acquisition in plants (Fig. 6). Fig. 6A schematic model summarizing the effects of phosphorus on disease-suppressive function of soil microbiome in the rhizosphere through plant-microbe interactions. Available phosphorus resource is represented by blue circles with “P” in them. Squares with “E” represent various root exudates. Pink pawns represent the soil-borne pathogen R. solanacearum. Yellow pawns represent biocontrol microorganisms recruited by the plant root. Purple pawn represents AMF which contribute to both disease resistance and phosphorus acquisition. The yellow or purple lines in the root represent the defense or phosphorus starvation responses in tomato plantsFull size imagePhosphorus is a vital macronutrient involved in numerous biological functions [43]. However, phosphorus, in the form of plant-available orthophosphate, is typically difficult to acquire due to its extremely slow diffusion and strong binding to metals or recalcitrant organophosphates in soil [44]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the role of the rhizosphere microbiome in disease suppression. It explains that phosphorus availability influences the microbiome's disease-suppressive potential, suggesting that the microbiome interacts with environmental factors (in this case, phosphorus) to affect disease outcomes. This clearly illustrates the mechanisms by which the microbiome can influence health (in this context, plant health) through its interactions with pathogens like R. solanacearum.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Of 51 PGD cycles performed for 30 at risk couples 44 resulted in transfer of cardiac disease predisposition free embryos, yielding 29 clinical pregnancies (66% pregnancy rate per transfer) and birth of 27 disease or disease predisposition free children. The overall efficiency of DNA testing was sufficiently high, resulting in diagnosis of 415 (89. 0%) of 466 biopsied embryos, of which 208 were detected as normal or carriers, and 202 abnormal (only 5 with inconclusive results). A total of 208 embryos were tested also for aneuploidy (the results are not shown), which detected 54 aneuploid and 154 euploid embryos, so on the basis of mutation and aneuploidy testing only 65 embryos, overall, were preselected for transfer in 44 cycle (1. 47 embryos per transfer cycle on the average). As a result, all but three couples became pregnant after the first or second PGD cycles and delivered a healthy child with no inheritance of predisposing gene mutations. It is also of note that no misdiagnosis was observed, suggesting that PGD for the inherited cardiac disease is a highly accurate procedure, which may be recommended for a wider clinical application. As mentioned above, the majority of the cardiac diseases tested were dominant, conferring susceptibility to the disease in heterozygous status, except for cardioencephalomyopathy, which is recessive, and EDMD, which is X-linked. Accordingly, both latter conditions present very early after birth, badly requiring PGD to avoid the birth of affected child, and have a disease free offspring. As shown in Table 1, PGD for both of these conditions resulted in birth of unaffected children after first or second cycle. Presented results show that PGD may be offered as a realistic option for couples at high risk for producing offspring with cardiac disease, to avoid inheritance of the predisposing genes from parents. So the couples at risk should be informed about such option, as if inheritance of these genes is not avoided, their offspring may be susceptible to a serious cardiac disease, which may manifest at the early childhood, or later in adult life, with the main clinical realization of premature or sudden death. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while genetic factors play a role in the predisposition to cardiac diseases, it highlights the importance of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) as a way to inform couples about options to prevent the inheritance of disease-predisposing genes. This indicates that environmental choices and medical interventions can significantly influence outcomes for offspring, which suggests that human behavior and health can be shaped by more than just genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: These individuals were tested on comparable static visual parsing tasks twice: two weeks to three months post-restoration and again (on some of the tasks) 10–18 months post-restoration to determine progress. The stimuli used in our experiment were similar in principle, but not completely identical (e. g. some of the shapes were different) to those used in the sight restoration study. Moreover, we conducted a 3-alternative forced-choice experiment, to enable statistical analysis of significance, whereas in the sight restoration study free responses were required. Nevertheless, although a fully direct comparison was impossible, comparing the two studies was relevant and instructive. Figure 3Comparison of ‘visual’ parsing abilities of the congenitally blind SSD-users and medically sight-restored individuals. (A) Main differences between the two groups. (B–D) Comparison of the performance of our group of blind SSD-users (who performed the task using SSD) vs. that of 3 sight-restored individuals tested by Ostrovsky et al. 13 short and long time post-surgery (performed the task visually). The average performance of the 7 congenitally fully blind SSD-users is depicted by blue bars, performance of individual congenitally fully blind SSD-users by orange diamonds, performance of individual SSD-users who had very limited visual experience are depicted by cyan diamonds. Each sight-restored individual is represented by a green bar (performance tested a short time post-surgery) and a purple/pink bar (performance tested a longer time post-surgery). *** denotes p < 0. 0006. The SSD-users outperformed the sight-restored individuals in most aspects tested, both at the group level and at the single-subject level. Data on the sight-restored individuals were adapted with permission from Ostrovsky et al. , 200913. (B) Identifying 2 overlapping line-drawing shapes as 2 distinct objects. (C) Identifying 2 overlapping filled transparent shapes as 2 distinct objects. (D) Identifying a 3-dimensional shape as a single entity. Full size imageWhen tested weeks post-restoration, the sight-restored patients failed on the three comparable tasks; i. e. , parsing two overlapping line drawing shapes, parsing two overlapping transparent shapes and parsing 3D shapes. Thus, each of the 9 SSD-users outperformed them (Fig. 3B–D). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about cacti and their ability to survive without water. It discusses a study involving visual parsing tasks among blind SSD-users and sight-restored individuals, with no mention of cacti, water, or survival. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contradiction concerning the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Thus, the critical function and general limitation of phosphorus significantly affect the behaviors of both plants and soil microorganisms [45, 46], and it was therefore not surprising that soil available phosphorus proved to be more important than other nutrients in our field trial with respect to determining the level of disease incidence. To investigate the impact of phosphorus availability on soil disease suppression, we performed a pot experiment using related, and hcnAB functional genes to evaluate the soil microbiome’s disease-suppressive potential under varying phosphorus levels. The experiment included treatments both with and without pathogen inoculation. Interestingly, the alleviation of phosphorus stress promoted the disease-suppressive function in the rhizosphere, while the opposite response was found in bulk soil. This finding highlights the importance of the rhizosphere as a soil zone in which the microbiome, as influenced by the plant, plays a key role in disease suppression. We further identified several disease-suppressive taxa that were increased by improved phosphorus availability, including Chryseobacterium, Dyadobacter (phylum Bacteroidetes), Rhizobium, Variovorax, and Hyphomicrobium (phylum Proteobacteria) and Paenibacillus (phylum Firmicutes), with Chryseobacterium to be the most important taxon. These taxa exhibited similar trends to the disease-suppressive genes of the soil microbiome in the rhizosphere. Chryseobacterium species are known as effective biocontrol agents against soil-borne pathogens, producing antifungal proteases and HCN [47, 48]. Their population density in the rhizosphere even predicts disease outcomes in tomato plants infected with R. solanacearum [49]. In addition, Paenibacillus has been widely reported to help plants defend against a broad spectrum of pathogens through its antimicrobial activity [50], while Dyadobacter’s role in disease suppression is lesser known, despite one report linking it to Fusarium wilt suppression [51]. Given the opposite trends observed between bulk soil and rhizosphere, we aimed to uncover the driving force behind. We hypothesized that plant selection is pivotal, as plants actively shape their rhizosphere microbiome, recruiting microorganisms to combat pathogens [52, 53]. Our transcriptome analysis supports this notion. Tomato roots experiencing phosphorus deficiency exhibited a heightened response of phosphorus starvation but suppressed response to pathogen inoculation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating how the soil microbiome, influenced by phosphorus availability and plant selection, significantly contributes to disease suppression. It highlights the importance of specific microbiome taxa, such as Chryseobacterium and Paenibacillus, in mitigating disease outcomes in plants, thus illustrating the mechanism through which the microbiome can influence health and disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: This makes important to incorporate the family history into the clinical settings, including any cardiac problems in the family members, such of heart attack, sudden death at young ages, any information about family members with pacemakers or internal cardiac defibrillators, arrhythmia or heart surgery, that may indicate to a possible candidates who might benefit from PGD. Of course, the chances of their offspring to develop the disease will differ depending on the mode of inheritance and also certain medications or activities, such as excessive exercise, but the risk that this will lead to cardiac arrest or sudden death cannot be excluded, justifying parents’ requests for PGD. In addition, the personal experience of the couple is of particular importance, altering the family’s perception of severity of the cardiac disease, as the basis for their decision to undertake PGD. It may be predicted that one of the possible groups to benefit from such information are couples already undergoing IVF for fertility treatment, as they may represent immediate risk group who may avoid the inheritance of genetic susceptibility factors within the framework of IVF. It should be mentioned, that symptoms of inherited cardiac disease may be easily overlooked, so the information on the family history may be the only reason to test for the presence of predisposing gene mutations and consideration about the need for PGD, which may appear the lifesaving procedure for individuals at risk. So with the future implementation of preconception screening programs for identification of carries of genes predisposing to inherited cardiac disease, PGD might appear a useful tool for avoiding the risk for producing offspring with inherited cardiac diseases with high probability of premature or sudden death at their lifespan. As in other common disorders with genetic predisposition, PGD for cardiac disease has also important ethical implications, as most of these conditions are not present at birth, and may not be realized even during the lifetime. So the couples at risk could be reluctant to use prenatal diagnosis for cardiac disease, as pregnancy termination cannot be justified for this purpose, while PGD seems to be ethically more acceptable, allowing couples to reproduce, establishing only pregnancy free from predisposing genes. Executive summary • The application of PGD has currently been extended to an increasing number of common disorders with genetic predisposition, including inherited heart disease, the prevention and treatment of which presents an important challenge. • The present paper summarizes the cumulative experience of 51 PGD cycles for 14 cardiac diseases, determined by 23 different gene mutations. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of incorporating family history and personal experience into clinical decisions regarding preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for cardiac conditions. This suggests that while genetic factors play a role, the influence of environment and individual circumstances is significant in determining health outcomes and decisions about reproduction. For instance, it mentions that the personal experiences of couples can alter their perception of the severity of cardiac disease, indicating that behavior and choices are not purely dictated by genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: At the second time-point the sight-restored were tested, 10-18 months post-surgery, some improvement was reported in parsing overlapping line-drawing shapes. One patient had nearly-perfect performance and the other two also made strides. Nevertheless, as can be seen in Fig. 3B four of the SSD-users still outperformed the sight-restored and 2 SSD-users had comparable performance. Finally, when tested again on 3D-parsing, one of the sight-restored subjects still had 0% success, but the other two showed some improvement. In this case, all the individual SSD-users outperformed the sight-restored patients (see Fig. 3D). Parsing of two overlapping transparent shapes in the sight-restored was not tested at this time-point, so no comparison could be made. DiscussionThe findings show that a key complex visual concept – ‘visual’ parsing– can be learned and implemented in adulthood using sound-represented visual images, without any visual experience (Fig. 1). After participation in our unique structured-training program, the congenitally blind SSD-users experienced success (at both the group level and the single-subject level) on various parsing tasks: they correctly perceived 2D overlapping shapes in different formats as distinct objects and perceived 3D objects as single entities (Fig. 1C,D). When considering our results one must understand how far from being trivial, although often taken for granted by the normally-developed sighted, is for the blind to acquire functional vision and to perform ‘visual’ tasks. Thus, for some medically sight-restored individuals learning to interpret regained visual information and to actually see, was not only slow and challenging (as discussed in the introduction), but was so difficult that they regressed to living in functional self-defined blindness10,11. We further had the opportunity to compare (Fig. 3) the parsing abilities of our subjects to those reported for individuals who regained sight by cataract removal or refractive correction13, i. e. to compare between the two visual rehabilitation approaches. This was a unique opportunity, as both highly-trained congenitally blind SSD-users and medically sight-restored individuals are relatively rare groups which are not easily accessed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about cacti and their survival without water. It discusses visual processing in sight-restored patients and comparing their abilities to the congenitally blind, which does not relate to the claim regarding the capabilities of cacti.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Notably, this defense function of plants exhibited a trend very similar to the disease-suppressive function of rhizosphere microbiome. This trade-off suggests prioritization of phosphate acquisition over defense under phosphorus limitation. Consistently, prior research demonstrates that master transcriptional regulators in phosphate stress response directly inhibit plant defense in Arabidopsis thaliana [6]. Foliar phosphite application suppresses the phosphate starvation response and activates plant defense under low phosphate conditions in tomato [54]. Thus, reduced defense investment under phosphorus deficiency presumably results in less investment in recruitment of biocontrol microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Similarly, plant immunity was reported to be suppressed through the PHR1-RALF-pathway to alleviate phosphate starvation by shaping the root relevant microbiome, again highlighting the effects of the plant trade-offs in associated microbiome [55]. Additionally, this trade-off may be bidirectional. When we increased the pathogen pressure via pathogen inoculation, transcriptomic patterns shifted in the plants experiencing moderate phosphorus stress, with a general downregulation of phosphorus starvation genes and an upregulation of genes involved in defense mechanisms. This indicates that plants employ a sophisticated strategy to optimize investment in defense versus phosphorus acquisition. Thus, patterns of rhizosphere microbiome recruitment by the plant can be seen as an extension of plant responses to increased phosphorus supply. This underscores plant selection’s role in altering disease-suppressive microbes, reversing the bulk soil trends. We further sought to examine the mechanisms by which plants can improve their defense via the rhizosphere microbiome upon increased phosphorous availability. We specifically looked at the importance of root exudates as drivers of microbiome recruitment. In our study, we identified microbial populations and specific root exudates that were promoted by increased phosphorus supply and subsequently examined their interactions with the pathogen R. solanacearum via co-culture experiments. Results showed certain root exudates enhancing pathogen-inhibitory capacity of identified microbes. For instance, L-tryptophan, methoxyindoleacetic acid, O-phosphorylethanolamine, mangiferin, and acetoxyacetic acid boosted the pathogen inhibitory capacity of Chryseobacterium, which was reported to exhibit swarming activity [48] and engage in intense competition for root exudates during the biocontrol of R. solanacearum wilt [39]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the interactions between plants and their rhizosphere microbiome, particularly under phosphorus deficiency, can influence disease resistance and responses to pathogens. It outlines mechanisms by which the root exudates facilitate microbiome recruitment and enhance defense, showcasing the interplay between plant health and microbial associations. This analogy reflects a broader understanding of how microbiomes can influence health and disease beyond just the human context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: AbstractWhy people age at different rates is a fundamental, unsolved problem in biology. We created a model that predicts an individual’s age from physiological traits that change with age in the large UK Biobank dataset, such as blood pressure, lung function, strength and stimulus-reaction time. The model best predicted a person’s age when it heavily-weighted traits that together query multiple organ systems, arguing that most or all physiological systems (lung, heart, brain, etc. ) contribute to the global phenotype of chronological age. Differences between calculated “biological” age and chronological age (ΔAge) appear to reflect an individual’s relative youthfulness, as people predicted to be young for their age had a lower subsequent mortality rate and a higher parental age at death, even though no mortality data were used to calculate ΔAge. Remarkably, the effect of each year of physiological ΔAge on Gompertz mortality risk was equivalent to that of one chronological year. A Genome-Study (GWAS) of ΔAge, and analysis of environmental factors associated with ΔAge identified known as well as new factors that may influence human aging, including genes involved in synapse biology and a tendency to play computer games. We identify a small number of readily measured physiological traits that together assess a person’s biological age and may be used clinically to evaluate therapeutics designed to slow aging and extend healthy life. IntroductionThe process of aging is universally similar yet deeply unique to each person. By observing a person for a moment, one can deduce their age with high accuracy, even though no two people age the same way. Some individuals might lose hair with age or develop chronic diseases, whereas others might not. Investigating both the universal aspects of aging as well as the basis of individual differences, and developing means of measuring physiological age and health, will provide opportunities to improve human lives. The rate of aging; that is, the rate at which organisms lose physiological fitness and accumulate morbidity, has both genetic and environmental determinants. Humans age more slowly than, for example, dogs, so genes play a key role, but environmental factors like smoking and exercise influence aging as well. In this study, we have used publicly available data of human health parameters to systematically identify genetic and environmental variables that influence human aging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that both genetic and environmental factors play roles in human aging. It states that 'the rate of aging has both genetic and environmental determinants' and emphasizes the influence of factors such as smoking and exercise on aging. This suggests that human behavior cannot be attributed solely to genetic factors, as the environment also has a significant impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: We found that the SSD-users acquired this skill faster; namely, they succeeded on the task after only ~70 training hours (only ~20 minutes on the specific tested tasks), whereas the sight-restored patients completely failed even following weeks of constant natural vision (i. e. , a minimum of 210 waking hours for the patient who was tested the shortest time post-surgery) – and in some aspects performed better than the sight-restored even after ~1 year of eyesight. This is especially intriguing when considering the complete lack of visual experience in 7 of our subjects (while the medically-restored patients had some light-perception throughout their life as these procedures require functioning photoreceptors). This finding has also strong relevance to any other means of sight-restoration since cataract removal represents the best case scenario in terms of the resulting resolution. Finally, we showed in a control experiment with naïve sighted individuals (Fig. 2) that some (simple) aspects of the visual-to-auditory transformation and of ‘visual’ parsing using the device are intuitive. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that not only were the blind SSD-users better than the sight-restored, their abilities following training were also better than the intuitive understanding of the sighted individuals who had normal visual experience during development and could base their judgment on extensive visual knowledge. Our results have both theoretical and practical implications, which will be discussed below. On a theoretical level, the findings suggest that with adequate training and technologies, high-order visual concepts can be learned in adulthood using an out-of-the-box approach and that complete lack of visual experience during the relatively narrow critical period window32,33 can be somewhat compensated for. Because the visual-to-auditory transformation is not associative but rather preserves the visual spatial layout, because the task could not be performed based on auditory processing alone (Fig. 2) and because all the experimental stimuli were novel to the subjects, their success reflects the implementation of visual principles and a generalized learning of the tested skills. Importantly, we do not claim that our subjects’ ‘visual’ abilities necessarily imply that they generated holistic 3D mental ‘visual’ representations. However, even if such a representation was not created and the task was performed based on more local features in the image and/or on low level cues (probably at the level of a 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the survival abilities of cacti or their water requirements in any form. Instead, it discusses findings related to visual and auditory transformation in individuals with visual impairments and does not provide any information relevant to the claim about cacti.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: Perspective - Journal of and Botany (2017) Issue 1 Beneficial role of extremophilic microbes for plant health and soil fertility Yadav* Department of of *Corresponding Author: Yadav AN Department of -173101, India Tel: +91-9882545085 E-mail: ajar@eternaluniversity. edu. in Accepted on November 4, 2017 Citation: Yadav AN. Beneficial role of extremophilic microbes for plant health and soil fertility. J Bot 2017;1(1):9-12. DOI: 10. 35841/2591-7897. 1. 1. 30-33 Visit for more related 0. 75 kPa) [1]. Extreme habitats/niches represent unique ecosystems which harbour novel biodiversity with potential adaptations ability to diverse stresses. In order to survive under such extreme conditions, these organisms referred to as extremophiles, have developed adaptive features which permits them to grow optimally under one or more environmental extremes, while poly-extremophiles grow optimally under multiple conditions [2]. Today, it is a widely accepted fact that certain strains of rhizospheric bacteria, referred to as plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB), stimulate plant growth and fitness. Thanks to the knowledge of communication signals between rhizosphere organisms, we are able to understand, at least partially, the PGP mechanisms of action. Microbial diversity associated with crops is considered important for maintaining for the sustainability of agriculture production systems. A microbe helps plant for growth, yield and adaptation. Microbes associated with crops could be classified into three groups, e. g. rhizospheric, phyllospheric and endophytic. The rhizosphere is the zone of soil influenced by roots through the release of substrates that affect microbial activity [3]. A number of microbial species have been reported associated with the plant rhizosphere belonging to genera and Serratia [4-6]. The epiphytic microbes have been reported from different phyllospheric part of plants. The phyllosphere is common niches for synergism between different potential microbes and plant. The epiphytic microbes are most adaptive in nature as they tolerate high temperature (40°C–55°C) and UV radiation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the beneficial role of rhizospheric bacteria, referred to as plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB), which stimulate plant growth and fitness. It highlights the importance of microbial diversity in maintaining agricultural production and mentions that certain microbial species are associated with the rhizosphere, affecting plant health positively. The mention of the communication signals and the interactions between microbes and plants supports the idea that microbes can enhance plant health, potentially through competition with pathogens.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: To generate an inclusive, wholistic model of human aging, we queried a large, well-annotated human database (the BioBank or UKBB) comprising over 3000 phenotypes that together span the functions of multiple organs and physiological systems. The UKBB’s medical, environmental, and genetic data on ∼500,000 British volunteers is a unique resource to investigate the biology of aging. While participants of UKBB are not a random cross-section of society (Abdellaoui et al. , n. d. ; Haworth et al. , 2019), this rich database nonetheless likely provides generalizable insights into human aging and disease (et al. , 2022). A number of published studies describe and employ methods to identify genes that might influence human aging. The majority of those studies (et al. , 2018; Pilling et al. , 2017; Wright et al. , 2019) focus on lifespan (Joshi, n. d. ; Timmers et al. , 2022, 2019); for example, age at death or parents’ age at death, or analyze cohorts of people with exceptional lifespan (Bae et al. , 2022; Shen et al. , 2020); or the presence or absence of one or few age-associated diseases (Timmers et al. , 2022, 2020; Zenin et al. , n. d. ). Additionally, researchers have used molecular traits, such as blood proteins (Coenen et al. , 2023), or blood DNA methylation patterns to build and analyze biological age prediction algorithms (clocks) to identify genes that influence aspects of human aging (Gibson et al. , 2019; Lu et al. , 2018; McCartney et al. , 2021). Biological age clocks derived from one or few physiological measures have also been constructed, such as a biological clock built using 3D facial scans (Xia et al. , 2020). Likewise, a biological clock built using the gut microbiome (Wilmanski et al. , 2021) was used to identify individuals who might be aging slower or faster than average and suggest drugs that might influence gut health. Recently, aging of separate organs has been investigated and linked to age-associated diseases and mortality (Tian et al. , 2023), and biological age has been estimated using AI methods (Qiu et al. , 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that human aging is influenced by a variety of factors, including medical, environmental, and genetic data, gathered from a large cohort. It indicates that while genetics plays a role in aging, the mention of environmental and medical factors implies that human behavior and aging are not determined solely by genetic factors. The diversity of phenotypes and the role of environmental data indicate significant influences beyond just genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: 5-dimension sketch as suggest by Marr34) and by using different strategies than normally sighted individuals, the results are still very encouraging both theoretically and in terms of rehabilitation practicability. They suggest that: 1) the information conveyed through the vOICe suffices to perform complex visual tasks; 2) various execution techniques can be learned such that visual capacities can be recovered in a top-down manner (based on feedback information from higher-order areas, previous experience and cognitive processing, all mediated through abundant backwards connectivity) even when bottom-up pathways are massively impaired (and will remain so even after an invasive intervention). On a practical level, this is the first time that ‘visual’ parsing abilities using SSD were directly tested. This ability is necessary for using SSDs in everyday life since proper parsing of a visual scene into distinct whole objects is an initial step in recognizing them. Therefore, the participants’ success is very encouraging with regard to the potential of SSDs to aid the blind, providing them with otherwise unavailable visual information and capacities. SSDs may be especially beneficial for a specific sub-group of the blind who, due to their etiology, cannot undergo invasive restoration procedures (i. e. all congenitally fully blind individuals and late blind individuals who have non-functioning components in the visual pathway between the operated areas and the brain), but will also be extremely helpful for the entire blind population since the vast majority resides in poor developing countries and have scant access to medical treatment (WHO fact sheet N282 2013). Nevertheless, SSDs also have disadvantages35. These include the absence of subjective visual qualia36 (though see37), a need for organized structured-training, possible interference with environmental auditory inputs and less automatic, more cognitively demanding perception. Visual-to-auditory SSDs are also slow compared to natural vision (e. g. ~7 seconds on average in the current experiment; though see also the relatively slow reaction time in a sight-restored individual38 and even slower times in retinal prosthesis implantees on similar or much easier tasks5). This is partially an integral component of the transformation algorithm which, in the case of the vOICe, displays the image sequentially. These disadvantages may (in addition to psychological and social factors) account for the fact that no SSD has been widely adopted by the blind to date. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses visual perception, rehabilitation for the blind using Sound-based Sensory Devices (SSDs), and challenges faced with these technologies. It does not provide any information related to the claim about cacti or their ability to survive without water. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: The microbe related to different genera such Agrobacterium, Methylobacterium, Pantoea and Pseudomonas have been reported in the phyllosphere of different crops growing in normal as well as harsh environmental conditions [7-9]. The endophytic microbes are referred to those microbes, which colonizes in the interior of the plant parts, viz: root, stem or seeds without causing any harmful effect on host plant. These microbes have been isolated from a variety of plants including wheat [10]; and Pearl millet [11]. The endophytic microbial species belonging to different genera including and Thermomonospora have been sorted out from different host plants [6,12-14]. The microbes associated with plants can be enumerated using serial dilution techniques with help of different nutrientionla combination in form of diverse selective and complex media e. g. nutrient agar for heterotrophic, trypticase soya agar for Arthrobacter, soil extract agar for soil-specific microbes, Jensen’s agar for N2-fixing bacteria, King’B agar for Pseudomonads, yeast extract mannitol agar for Rhizobium, medium and agar for endophytic microbes [3]. For identification of microbes, Genomic DNA can be isolated using Fungal/ ™ following the standard protocol prescribed by the manufacturer. Different primers can be used for amplification of 16S rRNA gene for archaea and bacteria while 18S rRNA gene for fungi. PCR amplified 16S/18S rRNA genes have to purified and sequenced [15]. The partial 16S or 18S rRNA gene sequences should be compared with sequences available in the NCBI database. Biotechnology has opened up new possibilities concerning the application of beneficial microbes to the soil for the promotion of plant growth and the biological control of soil-borne pathogens. The nutritional and environmental requirements of these microbes are very diverse. The microbial inoculation has a much better stimulatory effect on plant growth in nutrient deficient soil than in nutrient rich soil. An understanding of microbial diversity perspectives in agricultural context is important and useful to arrive at measures that can act as indicators of soil quality and plant productivity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing beneficial microbes that promote plant growth and potentially aid in the biological control of soil-borne pathogens. It highlights that biotechnology allows for the application of these beneficial microbes to the soil, emphasizing their role in enhancing plant health, particularly in nutrient-deficient conditions where they have a stimulatory effect on growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: In our approach, we set out to measure human aging directly and wholistically, making sure that all systems relevant to health are represented. To do so, we sampled and analyzed traits reporting on multiple organ systems and physiological domains. We quantified the markers of aging that reflect overall physiological health, such as strength, stimulus-reaction time and blood pressure. This multi-systemic approach does not rely on a presence or absence of recognized diseases or a small number of binary events, such as death or stroke, and therefore reflects human aging more directly. Likewise, instead of concentrating on diseases, we aimed to evaluate a multitude of physiological parameters that change in “healthy” people, to allow us to identify factors missed by previous studies. We developed a series of mathematical models that consider 121 age-related traits and predict a biological age for each individual. We show that the model that best predicts age incorporates data reflecting the activity of most if not all the organs and physiological systems. By comparing predicted biological age to actual age, we identified individuals who may be aging slower or faster than average. Using this model, we identified new environmental factors and genetic loci that may influence biological age. By building models lacking clusters of phenotypically correlated (typically organ-specific) traits, we further categorized these genetic loci and environmental factors as those likely to influence aging globally vs those that likely impact a single organ system. Likewise, by analyzing a smaller, healthier sub-cohort of UKBB participants, we identified factors likely to influence apparent age by conferring an age-related disease. Notably, our findings highlighted neural function as an important determinant of overall biological age. Finally, after analyzing the performance of different physiological clocks, we identified twelve key physiological traits that together could measure biological age in longitudinal clinical trials for interventions that increase human healthspan. ResultsPhysiological traits that change with ageTo identify age-dependent traits, we conducted linear regression analysis on every UKBB parameter relative to the age of the participants (see 1a, b) and recorded the list of those with a non-zero slope and adjusted statistical significance better than 10-3 (see 2a, b). Examples include systolic blood pressure (shown in Fig. 1a), which increases with age, and hand-grip strength (shown in Fig. 1b), which decreases with age. Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that identifies 'new environmental factors and genetic loci that may influence biological age.' This indicates that environmental influences play a significant role in human aging, thus suggesting that behavior cannot be solely determined by genetic factors. Additionally, the emphasis on a multi-systemic approach that considers physiological parameters highlights the interplay between both genetic and environmental influences.