Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: While currently no climate-driven global extinctions of bird species can be proven, vast species losses are predicted for the future. Dramatic distribution shifts of on average up to 550 km northward in Europe have been hypothesized (Huntley et al. 2008). Including land use into such projections leads to less pronounced shift projections of 335 km, at least under the expectation of niche conservatism (Barbet-Massin et al. 2012). Nevertheless, on a global perspective, vast land-use change acting jointly with climate change might very well lead to an even higher threat for biodiversity (Jetz et al. 2007; Mantyka-Pringle et al. 2015). In the USA, 53% of species are projected to lose more than half of their current range (Langham et al. 2015). Especially, rare species with restricted ranges might be affected by such changes (Ohlemüller et al. 2008). Furthermore, climate change impacts are proposed to be more severe for cold-dwelling species, restricted-range species, and species using seasonal habitats (Both et al. 2010). In contrast, warm-dwelling, generalist, and adaptable species are expected to profit from forecast climatic changes (Davey et al. 2012). Additionally, although projections do not show associations to conservation prioritization (Langham et al. 2015), it has been proposed that protected areas might be able to at least partly buffer climate change impacts due to offering habitat niches and allowing for range shifts by providing refuges or stepping-stones for bird populations and communities (Hole et al. 2009). Another mismatch occurs in the relationship between effects of climate and land-use change. There are hypotheses stating that climate change might become an even more important threat factor than land-use change (Boit et al. 2016). However, there still exists considerable debate over this issue and especially for the tropics, but also for temperate regions, rather land-use change is expected to remain more important than climate change, whereas in arctic, boreal, and alpine environments, a larger effect of climate change is expected (Jetz et al. 2007; Sala et al. 2000). Despite the unresolved question of which factor might be more important, future change projections of bird distributions often do not consider both climate and land-use change and their interactions which leads to an even higher uncertainty. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing predicted distribution shifts of bird species due to climate change, indicating that such shifts could affect migration patterns. It mentions that dramatic distribution shifts averaging up to 550 km northward in Europe have been hypothesized as a consequence of climate change, which supports the assertion that climate change influences the migration patterns of bird species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: -19 related concerns were associated with schizotypal traits in those samples collected when the restrictions on daily life and the restrictive measures were less severe (September/October 2020 Daimer et al. , 2021 and May 2021 samples). This may be attributed to characteristics of a schizotypal personality. While some people may be less stressed due to lower restrictive measures and may quickly return to normality, others with more schizotypal traits may still be suspicious of the situation and unable to trust it (Preti et al. , 2020), whereas they were more likely to feel secure when restrictions were in place, which is why effects were not seen during lockdowns. COVID-19 related concerns, moreover, predicted an increase in media consumption, in the samples measured at the January/February 2021 survey, confirming that individuals who experienced high stress related to COVID-19 may use excessive media consumption as a potential coping strategy (Bendau et al. , 2021). Media consumption was also associated with increased schizotypy and depressive and anxiety symptoms in people experiencing high levels of COVID-19 related concerns in the sample measured in January/February 2021, when case numbers were highest in both countries. Here we found that media consumption significantly mediated the effect of COVID-19 related life concerns on schizotypy and depressive and anxiety symptoms, potentially by increasing levels of fear and misinformation (Tasnim et al. , 2020) and thus increasing these symptoms (Ni et al. , 2020; Satici et al. , 2020). COVID-19 related life concerns also predicted drug consumption in the samples from September/October 2020, January/February 2021 and May 2021, indicating the role of drugs as a coping strategy of burdened people (Czeisler et al. , 2020). Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between COVID-19 related life concerns and alcohol consumption only in the May 2021 survey. This could be due to the calming effect of alcohol on the nervous system, hence it could be expected that consumption might increase in response to stressors (Kypri and McCambridge, 2018; Eckardt et al. , 1998). However, we did not find this effect in the three other surveys. Interestingly, general alcohol consumption declined in most of the European countries, with the exception of the UK (Kilian et al. , 2021) during the pandemic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relationship between anxiety, media consumption, and coping strategies during the pandemic. It mentions that increased media consumption was associated with higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms, indicating that rather than alleviating stress, social media may exacerbate it. The findings suggest that people who experienced stress related to COVID-19 might turn to media consumption as a coping strategy, which can worsen anxiety symptoms, thereby refuting the notion that social media breaks will cure anxiety and stress.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: (Ghadampour et all. ,2019). In addition, adolescence is placed in the framework of unfavorable social conditions, including family and peer pressure, social and cultural norms, and the complex and complicated demands of society and social groups, which leads to the prolongation of adolescence and delays in fulfilling adult duties. The consequences of not paying attention to mental health of adolescents extends to adulthood and disrupts social and psychological well-being (& Hosni, 2022). Social well-being is defined as the evaluation and recognition of a person's performance in society and the quality of his relationships with other people, relatives and social groups of which they are members of. (et all. ,2020). According to Keyes (1998), social well-being consists of five dimensions of social integration, social participation, social cohesion, social actualization, and social acceptance and it is related to mental health outcomes (González et all. ,2021). The importance of social well-being has been mentioned by various authors such as Chen et al. (2018) and Wrigley (2019) as one of the key factors in the academic and career progress of adolescents and also as a structure affecting physical and mental health of students, their academic performance and personal growth. When the individual's social bond with the society is severed, the lack of social well-being will make the individual prone to misbehavior and emotional problems (Sharbatian & Erfanian Ghasab, 2018). Social problem solving is one of the cognitive-behavioral processes which is used for a wide range of normal life problems and behavioral and social disorders (Hosseinzadeh Taqvai, 2019). One of the most efficient definitions of social problem solving was conceptualized by D’Zurilla et all. (1995) is defined as a self-directed cognitive behavioral process through which a person tries to find effective or adaptive ways to deal with different situations. Identify or discover the problem that is encountered in daily life. In this model, problem solving is defined as a cognitive-emotional-behavioral process that requires discovering a flexible solution to a problem (Khanh, 2021). Adolescence is an important period for the development of age-appropriate social problem-solving abilities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses social well-being, mental health in adolescents, and social problem-solving skills, but it does not mention bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: Also, ecological features of species which influence dispersal, adaptability, resilience, and persistence of species are often ignored (Jiguet et al. 2007; Møller et al. 2008). Studies that incorporate those factors mostly reveal tremendously different or even contrasting possible outcomes in comparison to pure climate-based projections (e. g. , Urban et al. 2012). Even when incorporating interaction effects and biological mechanisms into future projections, there still remains considerable uncertainty regarding the extent to which single species, geographical areas, and ecosystems might be influenced by climate change. Future projections remain very vague for several reasons. They especially depend on many assumptions, e. g. , about the fundamental and realized niches of species but also about the equilibrium of species distributions and climate. They sometimes even have to extrapolate to non-analogue conditions. And, overall, not only is the future extent of climate change on a global level unknown, but also its potential effects on regional and local scales are yet poorly understood. But for all that uncertainty about which effects climate change and other factors might have on biodiversity, the footprint of climate change is already apparent, e. g. , illustrated by current bird population trends mirroring forecast climatic changes (Jiguet et al. 2013). This scientific fact clearly calls us into action. 12. 5 and Interactions with Abiotic and “Evolve”? As outlined before, future projections of climatic impacts on bird species or communities still remain vague. Despite the uncertainties of climate change, land-use change, their interactions, species traits, and species distribution models, major causes for this are assumptions of niche conservatism and stability. Those can in many cases be questioned and thus represent an additional source of uncertainty. Although for many species a clear relation to climate has been found, projections in time and space are hampered by several factors. Species have been shown to react to climate change, e. g. , by adapting their migratory behavior (Schaefer et al. 2008). Several species have shifted their arrival dates, changed wintering and stopover areas, or their migratory routes (Lehikoinen et al. 2004, 2013; Maclean et al. 2008). But even without such changes, species might react to climatic changes in unexpected ways, especially when they are faced with non-analogue conditions (i. e. , abiotic or biotic conditions they have not yet faced with within their former range). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that several bird species have altered their migratory behavior in response to climate change. It mentions specifically that 'species have been shown to react to climate change, e.g., by adapting their migratory behavior', and outlines how some species have 'shifted their arrival dates, changed wintering and stopover areas, or their migratory routes', directly supporting the claim regarding the impact of climate change on bird migration patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Our first model also revealed that higher levels of COVID-19 related life concerns was associated with fewer hours of sleep at night in the January/February 2021 and May 2021 surveys. Poor sleeping or poor sleeping patterns (e. g. <6 hr of sleep) are associated with worse mental health (Becker et al. , 2018; João et al. , 2018). Franceschini and colleagues (Franceschini et al. , 2020) showed that 55% of 6519 adults reported poor sleep quality during the first lockdown, which was associated with higher levels of stress during the pandemic. Consistent with these findings, we found that more hours of sleep (>6 hr) were associated with lower levels of depression in the April/May 2020 and September/October 2020 surveys, lower anxiety levels in the April/May 2020 survey and lower SPQ scores in September/October 2020. Sleep may therefore play an important role as an emotional stabiliser (Goldstein and Walker, 2014). We did not find a negative association between COVID related life concerns and physical activity; however, we found a positive association between physical activity and mental health scores; indicating that more physical activity is associated with higher anxiety in the September/October 2020 survey and May 2021 survey. This is surprising and contradicts a large body of literature showing the positive effect of exercise on levels of anxiety, depression, and stress (for review see Mikkelsen et al. , 2017). However, people who play sports frequently may have suffered more from the pandemic containment measures, which included severe restrictions on the execution of sports. Here, especially team sports are affected, which combines positive social interaction with sports. In order to compensate, affected individuals may over-compensate with individual sports which lack the social component. The associations found in our surveys occurred when general restrictions were lower, therefore, more exercise potentially means an increased risk of exposure to potentially infected individuals, for example, in gyms. A study by Mehrsafar et al. showed that among professional athletes, isolation from their athletic team, reduced activity and training, lack of formal coaching, and lack of social support from fans and media triggered emotional distress (Mehrsafar et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors affecting mental health and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly emphasizing the relationship between sleep quality and mental health. It mentions that higher levels of life concerns related to COVID-19 were linked to sleep deprivation, which negatively affects mental health, rather than indicating that social media breaks, in particular, would alleviate anxiety. The findings also highlight that while physical activity is often linked with lower anxiety, there were surprising associations found during the pandemic that complicate this notion. Overall, the text indicates multiple variables influencing anxiety and stress, indicating that simply taking social media breaks may not address the complex interplay of these factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: As a social-motor learning skill; Social problem solving is used to find effective solutions to problems confronted by an individual or group in society and includes problem orientation and problem solving styles (For example, avoidant, impulsive, and rational) (Xiong et al. , 2021). According to Merrill et al. (2017), insufficient social problem-solving skills leads to more unsuccessful experiences, which can reduce the effectiveness of coping in a challenging situation and ultimately lead to maladjustment. Another structure that is related to people's well-being is cognitive flexibility, which refers to a person's awareness that there are options and alternatives in any situations (Demirtaş, 2020). This structure is considered as one of the fundamental factors in social interactions as a dynamic process that is responsible for positive adaptation of individuals to the community (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010). In general, cognitive flexibility refers to a person's ability to properly adjust their behavior according to a changing environment (Lan, 2022). Cognitive flexibility requires planning, organized investigation and the ability to use environmental feedback to change cognitive cues and sets (Shkohi-Yekta et al. , 1400). The flexibility of adolescents in the occurrence of emotional reactions and their level of social performance and academic adaptation is very indicative (Mahdavi Neisiani. , 2015). Therefore, flexibility and adaptability are related structures, so that adaptability refers to a group of cognitive and behavioral strategies of an individual used to deal with stressful situations, while flexibility refers to the adaptive results in facing an opposite situation (& Jafari Harandi, 2019) and it can adapt thinking and behavior of teenagers in response to changes in the environment and enables them to react efficiently and appropriately to pressures, challenges and other emotional and social issues (et al. , 1400). Lack of regulation and awareness of emotions is one of the effective factors in the occurrence of social incompatibility in children and adolescents. So that awareness of emotions is introduced as the first step towards changing emotions and regulating them, and lack of self-awareness is associated with psychological, social, occupational and educational vulnerability (Blackmore and Agllias, 2018). Emotional self-awareness is one of the aspects of emotional intelligence, which is a multifaceted structure and includes considering self-evaluation, individual experience and personal control (Lambert, 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address bilingualism directly and instead discusses social problem-solving, cognitive flexibility, emotional awareness, and their importance in coping with stressful situations. While it mentions cognitive flexibility, it does not make any connections to how bilingualism might enhance these skills, thus it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: They can, e. g. , occur in new environments which through climate change might offer more food resources in winter or during the breeding season. And they obviously react to climate change in different ways according to regionally different environmental conditions or altered community structures and competition. Thus, no straightforward predictions can be made for the “evolution” of non-analogue communities, i. e. , communities which bird species have not encountered before (Urban et al. 2012). It can however be expected that some species will react to such new challenges using ecological innovations. Especially changes in relative abundances within communities will necessarily force species under pressure to adapt to new conditions. The more generalist or innovative (e. g. , niche-switching) species might fill niches that become available during the competition with species that are incapable of quick and efficient adaptation to new conditions. Not only the competition among species but also subspecies distributions and furthermore genetic diversity might alter due to climate change (Peterson and Holt 2003; Pearman et al. 2010; McQuillan and Rice 2015). But also external drivers like pathogens might influence species’ capacities for climate change adaptation through impacts on the population structures of species. One example of induced pathogens that might have an impact on birds in the face of climate change is represented by the Usutu virus. This virus has been introduced into Europe by single events and caused mass mortality events in Turdus merula in 2001 in Austria and 2011 in Germany (Weissenböck et al. 2003; Becker et al. 2012). Such events lead to the selection of immune birds and might also regionally change relative abundance structures within bird communities as the blackbird is among the most abundant bird species in Central Europe. It remains yet to be examined to which extent other bird species are affected by this virus and whether other species that are immune to it might profit from changed competition structures within the bird community. Also, at medium or long temporal scales, such pathogens by means of selection might shape the population genetic structure of species affected by them which in the case of Usutu cannot yet be demonstrated. It can be expected that on larger timescales, such effects will become more prominent. Large-scale subliminal effects might already be existent but become apparent only in some decades. Climate change is held responsible for the creation, differentiation, and extinction of species on evolutionary timescales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how species may adapt to climate change through ecological innovations and altered competition dynamics. It specifically mentions that climate change leads to changes in relative abundances within bird communities, which implies shifts in migration patterns. The mention of species reacting to new environments due to climate change, as well as the introduction of pathogens influencing population structures, supports the assertion that climate change impacts bird species' migration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: A third possibility could be that individuals started exercising more frequently and regularly during the pandemic as a result of loneliness, boredom or the knowledge of positive effects of sports on anxiety and depression; however, sport alone cannot completely protect against mental health problems (Pensgaard et al. , 2021). A potential reason for why we did not see a general positive effect might be the sensitivity of the measure (number of times of at least 30 min increased heart rate activity per week). Also, individuals may have changed their exercise habits from, for example, team sport to individual exercise, which may dampen the positive impact. Social adversity model In the second model, we explored and investigated the association between social adversity or the lack of supportive relationships and mental health, and how those associations were mediated by healthy and unhealthy behaviour. We found that in all four surveys, social adversity predicted the expression of schizotypal traits. A study by Le et al. , 2019 found that in individuals with trait schizotypy, psychosis-like symptoms were exacerbated only in those who experienced increased loneliness. Individuals high in schizotypal traits tend to have fewer social skills. Therefore, an increase in loneliness during the pandemic might heighten schitzotypal traits, potentially pushing individuals with already high scores of schizotypy into full-blown psychosis (Brown et al. , 2020; Chau et al. , 2019; Esposito et al. , 2021). Our findings, in the light of the literature, show the tremendous need for enabling safe social contacts during situations which require social distancing. Furthermore, we found that social stress predicted both depressive and anxiety symptoms in all four samples. This is consistent with the social exclusion theory, which identifies social exclusion as the primary source of anxiety (Leary, 1990). Other studies during the COVID-19 pandemic have also shown that loneliness was the main risk factor for depression and anxiety (Okruszek et al. , 2020; Palgi et al. , 2020). McQuaid et al. , 2021 found that loneliness related to anxiety and depression increased in a dose-like fashion during the first half of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, social adversity was associated with increased excessive media use in the January/February 2021 sample and increased drug use in sample at the surveys from April/May 2020, January/February 2021 and May 2021. Both have been discussed as maladaptive coping mechanisms to reduce loneliness (Rokach, 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that social isolation and adversity are significant contributors to anxiety and depression, arguing that mere breaks from social media may not address the underlying issues of loneliness and social exclusion. It highlights that social stress predicted anxiety symptoms and emphasizes the detrimental impact of loneliness during the pandemic, indicating that social media breaks alone cannot effectively resolve the complex issues contributing to anxiety.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Emotional awareness is considered as a personality trait and a skill that has been stated to play an important role in regulating people's performance and achieving success. Self-awareness is defined as self-reflection, focusing attention on one's personal experience (Ugoani et all. , 2015). Rieffe (2009) divided the key concepts of emotional self-awareness into six factors: 1) the ability to differentiate between emotions 2) physical self-awareness 3) linguistic sharing of emotions 4) not hiding emotions 5) paying attention to the emotions of others 6) analyzing emotions. Lack of self-awareness is associated with psychological, social, occupational and educational vulnerability. In this regard, Faali (2017) showed people who have weak self-awareness are not capable of regulating correct behavior and as a result they suffer from failure, behavioral problems and delinquency. People with high emotional self-awareness process answers in a suitable and fast cognitive way and use them in accordance with the environmental changes to achieve well-being. It is necessary to be aware of specific emotions in oneself and others in order to examine the most appropriate reactions in facing issues and adapting to the social environment (et al. , 2011). Examining the research background indicates the relationship between social problem solving and flexibility with different aspects of well-being in people. In this regard, Aburezeq & Kasik (2021) found in a research that there is a significant relationship between social problem solving (and three styles of positive problem orientation; negative problem orientation and impulsive style) with psychological well-being. Fathi et all. , (2021) found that there is a direct relationship between mindfulness and flexibility with problem solving, and the indirect effect of social competence on problem solving, mindfulness on flexibility, and mindfulness on problem solving is significant. Arshi (2020) in a research found that there is a positive and significant relationship between social adjustment and the ability to solve social problems, and self-compassion can positively and significantly predict social adjustment. Savari (2020) claimed that cognitive flexibility has a positive and significant relationship with psychological well-being. In a research, Albarzi et all. , (2018), showed that cognitive flexibility predicts social problem solving, and the mediating role of cognitive flexibility between social skills and the family's emotional atmosphere was confirmed with social problem solving. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses emotional awareness, self-awareness, and their relationships with cognitive flexibility and problem-solving but does not mention bilingualism. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about bilingualism enhancing cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: 2015). One of the major threats is related to the mismatch among today’s protected areas and the future ranges of species for which they were designed. Protected areas are designated and managed for species and might become less effective, if species shift ranges due to climate change (Coetzee et al. 2009). But how can adaptive management work in a changing world? And how can the success of a protected area network like Natura 2000 in Europe be assessed when species which triggered the designation of a protected area disappear due to climate rather than land-use change? Those questions are currently pending an answer. However, protected areas seem to mitigate climate change impacts both at species and community level (Gaüzere et al. 2016). Managing areas proactively might be one solution, at least if the new occurrence of a species of high conservation concern and/or climatic risk can be predicted with high certainty. Helping colonizing species to find new habitats can be a task for which existing protected areas could be used (Thomas et al. 2012). Also, as projections show that new refugia outside the protected area network might arise (Coetzee et al. 2009), new areas could be managed for prospective species, and protected area networks could be expanded. This can also take place in current protected areas but then has to be well-balanced with attempts to maintain populations of diminishing species. For some species, both approaches might be valuable in different parts throughout their ranges and might thus give them enough time and space to adapt to climate change. For this task, protected area networks give us a well-suited toolset yet remain to be extended and often still lack sufficient management planning (or at least information about it, as shown for individual countries, but also indicated by Gamero et al. 2017 for Europe). Also, it seems clear that protected areas cannot act as the only tool for climate change adaptation but have to be embedded in an enriched landscape matrix which has to provide stepping-stones for whole communities rather than only for single species. 251. 1266. 8581. 358. 4678. 443. 2953. 5272. 5350. 35. Elsevier Academic, London, pp 1–32 1135. p. 18 224. 4363. 7850. 2100. Science 287:1770–1774CAS PubMed 2002. 5:1132–1136PubMed 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how climate change can affect the ranges of species, particularly in relation to protected areas. It mentions that as species shift ranges due to climate change, this can impact the effectiveness of conservation efforts designed for those species. This indicates a relationship between climate change and shifts in the distribution of species, which aligns with the claim regarding migration patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Increased media consumption during the pandemic has been described as a compensation for the lack of social contacts (Cauberghe et al. , 2021). However, excessive use of social media increases the risk of misinformation (et al. , 2020; Tasnim et al. , 2020), and as pointed out above is linked to lower mental health, especially to higher levels of anxiety and depression (Gao et al. , 2020; Zhao and Zhou, 2020). Furthermore, higher social adversity also predicted higher alcohol consumption in the April/May 2020 survey. This showed that people who felt more lonely or isolated at the beginning of the pandemic also drank more alcohol, as previously found (Horigian et al. , 2021). Similar to the first model, social adversity was found to reduce sleep. Research on sleep, social adversity and mental health is inconsistent, with some studies reporting no influence of social adversity or loneliness on sleep (Hawkley et al. , 2010), while others show a clear negative impact of social adversity and loneliness on sleep (Bartoszek et al. , 2020; Groarke et al. , 2020). Unhealthy behavioural patterns might act in a negative self-reinforcing way, as it has been reported that lack of sleep leads people to participate less in social interactions and to withdraw (and Walker, 2018), increasing the risk for reduced mental health, which might again negatively impact the quality of sleep. However, our cross-sectional data does not show evidence of a direct link between reduced sleep, schizotypy, depressive or anxiety symptoms. We also found no association between social adversity and physical activity. This contradicts the results of other studies that report that loneliness decreases the likelihood of physical activity (Creese et al. , 2021; Hawkley et al. , 2009). However, we again found that more exercise was associated with higher levels of anxiety in the May 2021 survey (see possible explanation in section above). Excessive media consumption partially mediated the effects of social adversity on SPQ traits. Thus, individuals who suffer more from loneliness or lack of social support have higher schizotypy in part because of their propensity for high levels of media consumption. However, we did not find mediation of the social adversity and schizotypy association via drugs, alcohol consumption, exercise, or sleep. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the negative impacts of excessive media consumption on mental health, specifically highlighting that increased social media use is linked to higher anxiety and depression levels. This undermines the suggestion that social media breaks alone will effectively cure anxiety and stress related to online activity, as the text implies that high media consumption exacerbates these issues rather than alleviating them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: According to what was mentioned, these studies show that, so far, there has not been a comprehensive and similar research that examines the structural pattern of social well-being of young people based on social, emotional and cognitive characteristics. Since psychological factors are often powerful predictors for the difference in motivational processes in the sense of social well-being of young people, and there is a close and reciprocal relationship between these variables, therefore, the goal of present study is to model the social well-being of teenagers based on social problem solving and flexibility. Cognitive adaptability was done according to the mediating role of emotional self-awareness. Research methodAccording to the purpose of the research, the design of the current research was a description in the form of structural equation model and measurement. The statistical population of the research included adolescents aged 15 to 18 years studying in high schools in Isfahan in the academic year 1401–1402. In order to determine the sample size, based on Klein (2010)'s opinion, which claims that in structural models, a sample size of at least 200 people is defensible, by pre-estimating and taking into account the possibility of dropping the sample, 228 people were selected as a sample using available sampling method. The criteria for entering the research included 1) age group between 15 and 18 years old, 2) studying in the 10th to 12th grade of the second secondary level, 3) no history of hospitalization or taking psychiatric drugs. Also, the criteria for leaving the research was the unwillingness to participate in the research process to complete the research questionnaires. In order to collect data, the questionnaires of social well-being by Keyes & Magyar-Mae (2003), social problem solving by D’Zurilla et al. (2002), emotional awareness by Riefee et al. (2007), cognitive flexibility questionnaire by Dennis & (2010) were used. Research tool 1. Mental well-being questionnaire: This questionnaire was designed by Keyes and Magyar-Mae in 2003, which includes three dimensions of emotional well-being (12 questions), psychological well-being (18 questions) and social well-being (15 questions). In this research, in order to measure social well-being, 15 questions of social well-being dimension were used in the mental well-being questionnaire. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bilingualism enhancing cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it focuses on a study examining social well-being and related psychological factors among adolescents, without discussing the impacts of bilingualism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: IntroductionWidespread coral bleaching was first witnessed in 1983 as part of the extremely strong 1982–1983 El Niño (Coffroth et al. 1990). The next extremely strong El Niño, arguably stronger than that in 1982–1983 (Wolter and Timlin 1998; McPhaden 1999), resulted in the first global-scale coral bleaching event (GCBE) in 1998, the effects of which were apparent throughout tropical locations (Wilkinson 2000). Just over a decade later, a much milder El Niño gave rise to the second GCBE in 2010, but this was not well documented, in part because integrated assessments such as the Network and ReefBase were no longer there to nudge scientists to publish on the bleaching (Heron et al. 2016a, 2016b). Just 4 yrs later, the incomplete formation of a 2014–2015 El Niño followed by the strong 2015–2016 El Niño initiated the third GCBE that lasted for three full years (Eakin et al. 2014, 2016, 2017). Extreme atmospheric and oceanic temperatures, representing the highest annual globally averaged temperatures recorded since the 1800s, were recorded in 2015, 2016, and 2017 (Blunden and Arndt 2018); notably, 2017 was the warmest non-El Niño year ever recorded. This extended period of record-breaking temperatures brought us the most severe, widespread, and longest-lasting GCBE on record (Eakin et al. 2018a). What was different in 2014–2017? As sea surface temperature anomalies at levels capable of causing coral bleaching moved from northern to southern hemispheres repeatedly from 2014 to 2017, a nearly continuous set of bleaching events moved across most of the world’s coral reefs. In 2015 and again in 2016, the pattern of bleaching matched that seen during the first global-scale coral bleaching event in 1998 (Hoegh-Guldberg 1999). Thus, the 2014–2017 GCBE represents the first multi-year global-scale coral bleaching event, causing bleaching and mortality two or more times during the 3-yr event (Harrison et al. 2018; Head et al. 2019; Hughes et al. 2019a; Raymundo et al. 2019; Smith et al. 2019; Teixeira et al. 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a series of global coral bleaching events directly linked to extreme ocean and atmospheric temperatures. It highlights that the periods of these bleaching events coincided with record-high temperatures, specifically noting that from 2014 to 2017, sea surface temperature anomalies caused widespread bleaching across most of the world’s coral reefs. This aligns with the assertion that warmer ocean temperatures are responsible for coral bleaching.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: In exploratory analyses, we investigated the mediating effect of anxiety and depressive symptoms on the association between social adversity and schizotypal traits and COVID-19 related concerns and schizotypal traits. Depressive symptoms did not mediate the effects of COVID-19 concerns on schizotypy, but they did mediate the effects of social adversity on schizotypy, but only during the January/February 2021 survey. We found that the association between social adversity as well as COVID-19 related concerns and schizotypy was in both cases fully mediated by anxiety (all surveys for the former effects, only January/February 2021 and May 2021 for the latter effects). This means that social adversity and COVID-19 related concerns increased anxiety in our samples, which in turn impacted the level of schizotypal traits. Findings are consistent with other work reporting a positive association between schizotypy and social anxiety (Brown et al. , 2008; Lewandowski et al. , 2006). There are several limitations to our study. First, in this analysis, we investigate four different samples collected at different time points within 1 year from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the samples are highly comparable, and we adjust for observed differences between them in our models, we cannot adjust for unmeasured confounding. Thus, we cannot definitively say that the altered associations observed throughout the pandemic are related to genuine changes in these relationships and thus reflect the changing impact of the pandemic. Second, the sample might be biased due to the recruitment strategy. Recruitment was performed through print and social media; however, the questionnaire was only available online, so people without internet access or less ability in using the internet were either excluded from participation or had to rely on people guiding them through the survey. This especially applies to older individuals, who have less access to the internet than young people (Prescott, 2021; Quittschalle et al. , 2020). However, we were able to recruit individuals from ages 18–93, with 16. 73% aged above 60, which shows a good general representation of age. Since excessive media consumption was investigated in this study, the recruitment strategy, especially via the Internet, may have led to a bias, reaching a disproportionately large number of people who use the media excessively. However, in the first investigation (Knolle et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that anxiety and depressive symptoms are influenced by social adversity and concerns related to COVID-19, which suggests that merely taking breaks from social media may not address underlying anxiety issues. Instead, it indicates that social adversity and related concerns can exacerbate anxiety, impacting individuals' mental health. This implies that social media breaks alone cannot cure anxiety and stress tied to online activities, as those feelings may stem from broader social and psychological factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: According to 1 to 7 valuations for the options (disagree very much) to (agree very much) in the social welfare scale, the minimum score equals 15 and the maximum score equals 105. The score between 15 and 30 indicates low social well-being, the score between 30 and 60 indicates medium social well-being, and the score above 60 indicates high social well-being. This questionnaire was validated by (2017) and the correlation coefficient of mental well-being questionnaire with social well-being was equal to 0. 76. The differential validity was investigated by implementing the short form (21 questions) of Beck depression questionnaire and social well-being one and the correlation coefficient was reported to be equal to -0. 43. In the study of Hemati et all. , (2020) the internal consistency coefficient based on Cronbach's alpha for the dimension of social well-being was equal to 0. 81. 2. Social problem-solving inventory: Revised social problem-solving questionnaire (SPSI-R) is a 25-question questionnaire that was created by D’Zurilla et al. in 2002 to measure social problem solving skills. Its subscales ((PPO), Orientation (NPO), Solving (RPS), Impulsive/Reckless Style, Avoidant Style). The scoring method of the questionnaire is from not at all 1 to very much 5, the minimum possible score in the whole questionnaire will be equal to 25 and the maximum will be 125. Higher scores mean higher ability to solve social problems. Retest reliability for this questionnaire is reported to be between 0. 68 and 0. 91 and its alpha coefficient is between 0. 69 and 0/95. The construct validity of this questionnaire has also been confirmed through using exploratory factor analysis and correlation with other problem-solving scales and overlapping psychological constructs (D’Zurilla et al. , 2002). In Iran, Mokhbari et all. (2010), obtained an alpha coefficient of 0. 85 for five measured factors and a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0. 88 for shortened social problem-solving questionnaire. 3. Cognitive flexibility Inventory (CFI): The cognitive flexibility inventory was created by Dennis & in 2010. This inventory consists of 20 items and is used to evaluate a person's progress in clinical and non-clinical work and to create flexible thinking in the cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression and other mental illnesses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various questionnaires and their reliability and validity, specifically related to social well-being and problem-solving skills. However, it does not mention bilingualism or provide any evidence that directly supports or contradicts the claim about bilingualism enhancing cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: The heat stress on coral reefs has successively increased over the past 3 decades, but the 3-yr event from June 2014 to May 2017 stands out as unique in the multi-decadal record (Skirving et al. 2019). The 2014–2017 GCBE lasted 36 months, spanned four calendar years, and included positive (El Niño), negative (La Niña), and neutral phases of the El Niño–cycle (Blunden and Arndt 2018; Eakin et al. 2018a). While the full extent and impacts of the 2014–2017 GCBE are still emerging, this was the longest-lasting, most widespread, and most likely the most damaging on record. Heat stress values in some locations, including the central tropical Pacific, were the highest ever recorded as heat stress lasting for months, with continuous heat stress lasting up to a full year and resulting in almost complete coral loss (Eakin et al. 2017; Brainard et al. 2018; Vargas-Ángel et al. 2019). Even some of the hottest coral reef areas in the world succumbed to heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE, showing that heat stress had even exceeded their limits (Burt et al. 2019). In the western Pacific US territories of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Mariana Islands, the 2014–2017 period was only part of a series of repeated heat stress events in a place where we are beginning to see how the annual return of bleaching levels of heat stress may impact reefs (Raymundo et al. 2019). Successive years of extreme summer temperatures have been predicted to occur a few decades from now (Donner et al. 2018)—so why are we already seeing it before 2020? While it may have resulted from random variations in climate extremes, it is most likely the result of a common problem that climate models underestimate both extreme events and rates of change (Fischer et al. 2018; Schewe et al. 2019). Heat stress during this event was not distributed evenly across reefs, devastating some areas while leaving some areas relatively unscathed. On the Reef (GBR), heat stress in 2016 was most concentrated in the northern third of the reef (Hughes et al. 2017b), while heat stress in 2017 was farther south (Hughes et al. 2019a). Similarly, 2016 heat stress in was strongest above 20°S latitude, diminishing to the south (Le Nohaïc et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increasing heat stress on coral reefs over the past three decades, particularly highlighting the exceptional heat stress experienced during the GCBE from 2014 to 2017, which led to almost complete coral loss in some areas. It mentions that heat stress values during this period were recorded as the highest ever, indicating that warmer ocean temperatures are indeed causing significant stress and subsequent bleaching in coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: , 2021) using the same recruitment strategy, we found that media consumption increased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to prior to the pandemic. Also, a sampling bias may have occurred over-representing individuals attracted to the topic of mental health (Andrade, 2020), which could on one hand heighten the strength of the observed associations compared with a representative general population sample and on the other explain the overrepresentation of individuals with higher educational backgrounds. Biases like these are difficult to overcome, especially in psychological research. These limitations may affect the generalisability and representativeness of the study. Third, an adequate fit is assumed for RMSEA of less than 0. 06 and a CFI of greater than 0. 90. Our models fulfil these criteria for the RMSEA, but are slightly lower for the CFI, ranging between 0. 78 and 0. 86. Our models are highly complex, with each model including five mediators and three outcomes. When reducing the complexity of the models, fit based on CFI meets threshold (≥0. 9); however, for the sake of parsimony we present the full models. Important implications can be drawn from the results for possible future pandemics and national or global health emergencies in order to mitigate a drastic deterioration of the mental health of the general population. To prevent severe isolation and loneliness, social contact should be allowed in secure and low-risk settings, such as meeting outside in pairs, wearing masks and, if necessary, keeping some distance. In general, people who live alone are particularly affected by loneliness, which is a major risk factor for experiencing many negative mental states, including psychosis-like experiences (Butter et al. , 2017; Le et al. , 2019). A recent study has shown that anxiety can be strongly reduced by half by the mere presence of another person (Qi et al. , 2020). Furthermore, as excessive media consumption exacerbates the negative effects of COVID-19 related stress and social adversity, it is important to educate individuals on healthy and responsible media consumption. It is necessary to implement these educational measures in school curriculums and professional training settings. During the pandemic we saw an increase in mental health crises, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Healthcare providers or city councils could offer free online sessions to foster resilience and mental well-being, such as mindfulness, which has been shown to improve general mental health in adults (Antesberger et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of media consumption and its relationship with mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. It suggests that excessive media consumption exacerbates negative effects of stress, implying that merely taking breaks from social media may not be sufficient to fully address anxiety and stress. Additionally, it proposes educational measures and social contact as strategies to mitigate mental health issues, rather than focusing solely on social media breaks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: There are three subscales for this questionnaire, which are alternatives, control and other alternatives for human behavior. For each statement of the questionnaire, there is a seven-point Likert rating scale with a value of 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). The maximum score in the questionnaire is 140 and the minimum score is 20. Higher score indicates more cognitive flexibility and a lower score near 20 indicates low cognitive flexibility. In the original version, the concurrent validity of this questionnaire with the Beck depression questionnaire was equal to 0. 39 and its convergent validity with Martin and Robin's cognitive flexibility scale was 0. 75 (Dennis & Wadner, 2010). In Iran, Fazli et al. (2014) reported Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0. 75. Also, in the study by Akbari et al. (2021), the content, form and criterion validity of this questionnaire have been evaluated and Cronbach's alpha value of this questionnaire was estimated to be above 0. 7 (Akbari et al. , 2021). 4. Questionnaire: The emotional awareness questionnaire was developed by Reifee et al. in 2007 based on the emotional deficit scale of Bagby et all. (1994) to measure how children and teenagers feel or perceive their emotions. The scoring of this questionnaire is in the form of a three-choice Likert scale of true, somewhat true, and false, ranging from 1 to 3. This questionnaire includes 6 subscales related to the ability of distinguishing between emotions with 7 questions, the ability to share emotions with 3 questions, the ability not to hide emotions with 5 questions, physical self-awareness with 5 questions, paying attention to emotions of others with 5 questions and the ability to analyze emotions with 5 questions. The reliability and validity of this questionnaire were investigated by Reifee et al. (2021) on 706 Dutch children and adolescents and the results showed that the reliability of the subscale was between 0. 64 and 0. 68, and the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 6-factor structure of the questionnaire. In Iran, Gholamreza and Saberi (2019) investigated the validity and reliability of this questionnaire and reported Cronbach's alpha of the whole questionnaire as 0. 78. Also, in order to check the construct validity of the questionnaire, they used both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods, and the results of both analyzes supported the six-factor structure of the questionnaire. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the validity and reliability of various questionnaires related to emotional awareness and cognitive flexibility without providing any information on bilingualism or its effects on cognitive skills.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: 2017; Gilmour et al. 2019). A surprise was the second area of warming off southern Australia in 2016, resulting in bleaching as high as 34°S in (Goyen et al. 2019). At regional scales, these studies found damage largely followed the degree of heat stress recorded. What have we learned from GCBE-3? From a practical standpoint, a clear lesson that has emerged during the latest and prolonged bleaching event is the critical importance of the timing of surveys used to document the incidence and severity of coral bleaching (Claar and Baum 2018). While frequent, repeated, and well-timed observations are the best way to monitor bleaching and mortality during heat stress events, this is not always possible, especially at remote locations (e. g. , Kiritimati Island). Some remote locations that are typically surveyed every 2–3 yrs have been surveyed annually since the onset of the 2014–2017 GCBE (Brainard et al. 2018; Vargas-Ángel et al. 2019). However, even well-resourced, large-scale programs to survey much of the GBR or US coral reefs are only conducted at a predetermined time of the year or even every 2 to 3 yrs (Jonker et al. 2008; NOAA 2014). Resulting estimates of bleaching or mortality will depend on whether surveys were conducted before, during, or after the peak of heat stress. While satellite remote sensing of heat stress is readily available and continues to be improved (Liu et al. 2017) and climate-model-based systems can predict heat stress with reasonable skill (Liu et al. 2018), we are currently reliant on direct and timely in-water surveys to establish the incidence and extent of coral bleaching and associated mortality (Hughes et al. 2017b, 2018a). Being able to detect coral bleaching remotely would improve temporal and spatial coverage in studies of bleaching incidence and greatly advance understanding of the causes and consequences of coral bleaching. While global-scale tools such as those provided by satellites and climate models provide valuable insights into large-scale patterns, local patterns of heat stress or survival reveal considerable variability within reefs and reef systems (Green et al. 2019; Reid et al. 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing coral bleaching as a consequence of heat stress, which is indicated by phrases such as 'bleaching as high as 34°S' and 'damage largely followed the degree of heat stress recorded.' It emphasizes the role of temperature in inducing coral bleaching events and the importance of monitoring these events in relation to heat stress.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Critically, special attention should be paid to people with pre-existing mental health conditions or at high risk of developing disorders such as psychosis, as such individuals are more likely to experience exacerbating symptoms during challenging circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic (Fekih-Romdhane et al. , 2021; Iob et al. , 2020; Preti et al. , 2020). Furthermore, expansion of online psychiatric interventions could be beneficial, as these have shown promise in ameliorating symptoms (Cheli et al. , 2020; DeLuca et al. , 2020; Schleider et al. , 2022). In conclusion, we found that social adversity and COVID-19 related concerns predicted higher schizotypal traits, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. We furthermore found that excessive media consumption (more than 4 hr a day) partially mediated these relationships. We identified the ameliorating potential of regular sleep on mental health, but especially on schizotypy. Overall, our study shows that during the handling of extreme situations such as a global pandemic which require lockdowns and social distancing, sustained meaningful relationships, and a healthy lifestyle are essential to maintain mental health. Furthermore, our findings highlight the risk of pandemic stressors heightening people’s levels of schizotypy, especially through excessive media consumption. Finally, our findings show that symptoms of common mental disorders (depression and anxiety) mediated the effects of social adversity and COVID-19 related concerns on schizotypy. All together our findings underscore the need for protective measures to be in place, such as social support networks, psychoeducation, media education, and treatment for common mental disorders, to support those most vulnerable to increased schizotypy. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability Data is available for download: 1917. 921. PubMed 141. PubMed 10. PubMed 576. PubMed 10. 31234/osf. io/fw78q 159. 7417. PubMed 678. PubMed 747. PubMed 75. 181. PubMed 3146. PubMed 291. PubMed 246. PubMed 920. PubMed 149. 87. PubMed 258. 3521. PubMed 1071. 300. 4. 13-23 R-Project. Org. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by pointing out that individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions are at a higher risk of experiencing exacerbated symptoms during challenging situations, such as a pandemic. It suggests that merely taking breaks from social media may not address the underlying issues individuals face. Additionally, it highlights that excessive media consumption can mediate the relationships between social adversity and mental health outcomes, implying that social media breaks alone are insufficient to cure anxiety and stress. Instead, the findings point to the importance of broader protective measures, such as social support networks and psychoeducation, to effectively support those vulnerable to mental health disorders.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: FindingsIn the present study, after collecting the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyze the information. The results related to the study of demographic characteristics indicated that 43% (98 people) of the participants in the research were male teenagers and 57% (130 people) were females, and the average and standard deviation of the age for the sample were equal to 16/10 and 1/40, respectively. Table 1 shows descriptive statistics and matrix of correlation coefficients for research variables. Also, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to check the relationships between research variables before performing structural equations. The findings of Table 1 showed that the relationship of social well-being with positive problem-solving orientation (r = 0. 45), negative problem-solving orientation (r = 0. 29), logical problem solving (r = 0. 40), impulsive style (r = 0. 22), avoidant problem-solving style (r = 0. 35), psychological flexibility (r = 0. 31) and emotional self-awareness (r = 0. 40) were positive and significant at 0. 05 and 0. 01 levels. In addition, the correlation coefficient of emotional self-awareness with negative problem-solving orientation (r = 0. 15), logical style (r = 0. 30), impulsive style (r = 0. 20), avoidant problem-solving style (r = 0. 18), flexibility psychological adaptability (r = 0. 31) was positive and significant at the level of 0. 01 (Ρ < 0. 01). The proposed model of the research in the form of standard coefficients is presented in Fig. 1. In this model, emotional self-awareness as a mediator, social problem solving and cognitive flexibility as independent variables and social well-being as a dependent variable are given, also regression coefficients are given above the arrows and error values with the symbol ‘e’. The adjusted modified model of the mediating role of emotional self-awareness in the relationship between social problem solving and cognitive flexibility with social well-being in the form of standardized coefficients 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Orientation 8/82 2/033 1 2. Orientation 11/87 3/00 0/42** 1 3. Solving 20/96 4/08 0/29** 0/43** 1 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it presents statistical analysis and correlations related to emotional self-awareness and various problem-solving orientations without mentioning bilingualism, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: 2019). In a theme repeated from earlier mass bleaching events, heat stress, bleaching, and disease were interrelated, with greater tissue loss from disease in highly bleached corals (Brodnicke et al. 2019). During the 2014–2017 GCBE, scientists in Florida grappled with a multi-species disease that spread through most of their corals (Walton et al. 2018). That disease and tissue loss started during the warmest years on record in Florida, but it is still uncertain what role high temperature may have played. Not surprisingly, where the broader ecosystem is examined, impacts from severe coral mortality ripple through the associated fauna and impact the entire ecosystem (Richardson et al. 2018; Sikkel et al. 2019; Wilson et al. 2019). Stuart-Smith et al. (2018) surveyed a year after the 2016 marine heatwave hit the GBR, finding widespread impacts throughout coral reef ecosystems, with an expected patchiness as local impacts varied. However, their work showed that heat stress was directly impacting the ecosystem at multiple levels, not just corals. They found greater correlations to the level of local heat stress than to the level of coral loss. A new long-term study of ecosystem impacts shows that severe bleaching persistently changes reef fish communities, lasting for more than 15 yrs (Robinson et al. 2019). Other novel work indicated that fish living within the branches of corals may moderate the impacts of bleaching on their hosts (Chase et al. 2018). Bioerosion of reef structures is faster than previously understood. At multiple locations, severe bleaching and mortality caused declines in the net carbonate production on reefs by reducing carbonate production and increasing erosion (Couch et al. 2017; Lange and Perry 2019). Such erosion can be much more rapid than previously understood, as endolithic cyanobacteria can rapidly grow, perforating and weakening the outer part a coral’s skeleton within days to weeks after mortality. This can rapidly flatten the fine structure of colonies, weaken branches (Leggat et al. 2019), and significantly reduce rugosity/topographic complexity, within less than a year after bleaching (Couch et al. 2017). What about deep reefs? Questions still remain unanswered regarding deep and mesophotic reefs. Despite the hypothesis that mesophotic reefs may serve as lifeboats for coral reefs (Baker et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the relationship between heat stress and coral bleaching, stating that 'heat stress, bleaching, and disease were interrelated.' It describes how significant coral bleaching events occurred during the 'warmest years on record in Florida' and notes that 'heat stress was directly impacting the ecosystem at multiple levels,' indicating that the higher temperatures are contributing to the bleaching of coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: So far, several studies have investigated the role of social media in people with serious illness, and research shows that it is a promising approach in patients with schizophrenia [6]. Social media is a valuable resource for receiving peer-to-peer support. Facebook, Twitter or YouTube can be used by people with several conditions in order to find support or advice from others and to share personal experiences. Naslund et al. [7] proposed a model that illustrated potential benefits for people with serious mental illness, which they can have in an online community on online social networking sites (overcome stigma, seek professional help, receive adequate treatment). Regarding mental health interventions delivered via Facebook, research is only starting to emerge. In an online randomized controlled experiment, a depression awareness campaign delivered via Facebook for adults was associated with enhanced mental health literacy [8]. Facebook allows for establishing and maintaining connections with others, and studies show that there is a positive relation between Facebook use and social capital, with greater advantages for people with low self-esteem and life satisfaction [9]. According to a review on the applications of social media in medicine and healthcare services, it seems that social networking is a promising approach. However, much uncertainty exists in terms of ethics and safety [10]. Furthermore, social media seemed to be an effective method to promote health-related behaviours [11]. There are studies showing that online social networking sites are important factors in youths’ social lives, as in a large sample (N = 3. 068) of adolescents (aged 11–14), there were significant positive associations between the use of online social networking sites and several friendship-related variables (friendship quality, face-to-face interaction, bridging/bonding social capital) [12]. Online social networking sites can have benefits in terms of cognitive abilities for older healthy adults [13], as it was shown in a study involving older adults (mean age comprised between 78 and 80), in which participants were randomly assigned into three groups: Facebook training, online diary website and waiting list. intervention was delivered over 8 weeks and older adults received weekly training in how to use Facebook. 2. 2. Disadvantages of online social networking Recent research has associated social media networking with several negative outcomes, both in adolescent populations and in adults. 2. 2. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of social media in mental health, suggesting both potential benefits and negatives. It emphasizes that social media can provide peer support and positive connections, yet also notes recent research pointing to negative outcomes associated with social media use. This indicates that social media breaks alone are unlikely to address all anxiety and stress, as both benefits and disadvantages are present in the online experience.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 12/09 3/15 0/30** 0/33** 0/36** 1 5. 12/57 2/88 0/33** 0/52** 0/32** 0/28** 1 6. Cognitive flexibility 100/48 21/57 0/16* 0/12 0/30** -0/08 -0/05 1 7. Emotional Self-Awareness 59/33 6/46 0/08 0/15* 0/30** 0/20** 0/18** 0/31** 1 8. Social well-being 68/69 13/86 0/45** 0/29** 0/40** 0/22** 0/35** 0/31** 0/40** 1 In order to determine whether the adequacy of the correction model is compatible with the data, a combination of comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index, incremental fit index, goodness index Goodness of fit index) Normalized goodness of fit index, of Fit Index, Root mean squared error of approximation, and Chi-squared ratio index were used. Its results are presented in Table 2. Table 2 The indices of fit for the proposed model measurement model of fit for measurement model 071/0 85/0 80/0 86/0 86/0 88/0 91/0 Estimated figures desirable acceptable acceptable acceptable acceptable acceptable desirable to Table 2, the fit indices of the assumed model are acceptable and in a proper situation, which indicates the appropriate fit of the model. The normalized chi-square value (CMIN/DF) is equal to 2. 13 and since it is less than 3, it indicates the desirability of the proposed modified model. Next, in order to investigate the direct and indirect relationships of the research variables, the direct and indirect effect coefficients and the total research variables on each other in the standard mode are presented in Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it focuses on statistical models and fit indices related to a different research context, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: 2015) and hydrodynamics (Golbuu et al. 2007), not protection from fishing (Graham et al. 2015)—one of the stressors most often controlled in MPAs. Studies of mortality from heat stress over the last 2 decades, along with the multi-year bleaching in 2014–2017, are leading to a new hypothesis: While local protection such as MPAs can protect reefs against local stressors, they neither protect reefs against marine heatwaves caused by climate change nor even provide significant aid in reef recovery (Hughes et al. 2017b; Bates et al. 2019). Past conservation approaches do not address the scale of the greatest threats corals face in the Anthropocene—the growing climate crisis (Hughes et al. 2017a; Bellwood et al. 2019). Clearly, this points to the need for action to avert the growing climate crisis rather than relying on local action. In fact, perceptions of the importance and impact of climate change increased among GBR visitors after the bleaching events of 2016 and 2017, suggesting a strengthening base of support to address the sources of climate change (Curnock et al. 2019). Closing thoughtsThe papers in this special issue of Coral Reefs, together with the numerous papers on the 2014–2017 GCBE published elsewhere, and the papers still being prepared, provide significant insights into this multi-year bleaching event. However, as we saw with the 1998 global-scale bleaching event, the full impacts will not be known for years to come. Hopefully, papers will emerge on the recovery of coral reefs after the damage from the 2014–2017 GCBE. However, marine heatwaves have increased in frequency and intensity across the oceans, increasing heat stress on coral reefs (Eakin et al. 2018b; Oliver et al. 2018). This has resulted in an increase in the frequency of severe bleaching from once in every 25–30 yrs in the 1980s to once in 5. 9 yrs today (Hughes et al. 2018b). Given 10–15 year recovery times for fast-growing corals on the most ideally located, least-disturbed reefs (Riegl 2002; Baker et al. 2008; Gilmour et al. 2013; Head et al. 2019), it is far more likely we will witness the repeat of severe bleaching on most reefs around the world rather than their recovery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increase in frequency and intensity of marine heatwaves which contribute to heat stress on coral reefs. It cites data indicating that severe bleaching events have escalated from occurring once every 25–30 years in the 1980s to once every 5.9 years today, directly linking this trend to the impact of climate change and warmer ocean temperatures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Adolescent literature According to a report published by the Center, adolescents are avid users of online social networking sites, with approximately 71% of them using more than one online social networking site [14] in 2015, and the most widely used online social networking site was Facebook (41%). Frequency of using social networking sites expressed as the amount of time spent on online social networking sites was associated with mental health problems in children and adolescents [15]. Namely, the same study shows that spending more than 2 h per day on online social networking sites is associated with higher psychological distress, poor self-rated mental health, suicidal ideation and an unmet need for mental health support. In another study conducted on a large sample of adolescents (N = 5. 126), there were significant positive associations between the use of online social networking sites, psychological distress, suicide ideation and suicide attempts [16]. In this study, cyberbullying victimization served as a full mediator in the relationship between the use of online social networking sites and psychological distress/suicide attempts and acted as a partial mediator in the relationship between the use of online social networking sites and suicidal ideation. “Facebook depression” [17] is a term introduced in a report of the of Pediatrics to describe the impact of social media on youths’ mental health, according to which depression arises as a consequence of youths spending a large amount of time on social media [18]. When it comes to mechanisms explaining why the use of online social networking sites is associated with negative mental health outcomes, one study shows that negative comparison on Facebook is related with adolescents’ life satisfaction [19]; negative comparison on Facebook predicts life satisfaction, but the opposite relationship is also significant. Research regarding problematic online social networking sites in adolescents is scarce, and very few studies have investigated the relationship between Facebook addiction and youths’ mental health problems. In a study conducted with adolescents, both personality traits and social influence processes emerged as significant predictors of problematic Facebook use and Facebook use frequency. use was predicted by emotional stability, extraversion, conscientiousness and norms, while the frequency of Facebook use was predicted by gender, group norms and social identity [20]. 2. 2. 2. Adult studies With the rapid emergence of technology, the term “iDisorders” was introduced to define mental health problems related to technology usage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting research that indicates a significant association between frequent use of social networking sites and various mental health problems in adolescents, including psychological distress and suicidal ideation. It highlights that spending excessive time online can lead to negative mental health outcomes, thus suggesting that simply taking breaks may not be sufficient to address the deep-rooted issues of anxiety and stress stemming from social media usage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Total, direct and indirect standardized coefficients of the mediating role of emotional self-awareness in the relationship between social problem solving and cognitive flexibility with social well-being in the form of standardized coefficients 12/0 **39/0 **51/0 Solving the -> Social Well-being 16/0 13/0 **29/0 Flexibility - > Social Well-being -- **36/0 **36/0 Emotional Self-Awareness - > Social Well-being -- **33/0 **33/0 Solving the -> Emotional Self-Awareness -- **45/0 **45/0 to Table 3, the direct paths of social problem solving (β = 0. 39, p = 0. 01), and emotional self-awareness (β = 0. 05, p = 0. 36) to social well-being are significant (P < 0. 01). The direct paths of social problem solving (β = 0. 33) and cognitive flexibility (β = 0. 45) to emotional self-awareness are significant at the level of 0. 01. Also, the indirect paths of social problem solving and cognitive flexibility to social well-being are equal to 0. 12 and 0. 16, respectively. Bootstrap method was used to check the significance of the obtained indirect coefficients, the results of which are presented in Table 4. The results of the bootstrap test in Table 4 showed that the confidence level for the lower and upper limits is 95% and the number of bootstrap resampling equals 2000. According to the results of Table 4, the indirect paths of social problem solving (β = 0. 07, p ≥ 0. 001) and cognitive flexibility (β = 0. 05, p = 0. 7) are significant to social well-being. This means that emotional self-awareness can play a mediating role in the relationship between social problem solving and cognitive flexibility with the social well-being of adolescents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mediating role of emotional self-awareness in the relationship between social problem solving and cognitive flexibility, without mentioning bilingualism or its impact on cognitive skills.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn the northeast Caribbean, doldrum-like conditions combined with elevated water temperatures in the summer/fall 2005 created the most severe coral bleaching event ever documented within this region. Video monitoring of 100 randomly chosen, permanent transects at five study sites in the US revealed over 90% of the scleractinian coral cover showed signs of thermal stress by paling or becoming completely white. Lower water temperatures in October allowed some re-coloring of corals; however, a subsequent unprecedented regional outbreak of coral disease affected all sites. Five known diseases or syndromes were recorded; however, most lesions showed signs similar to white plague. Nineteen scleractinian species were affected by disease, with >90% of the disease-induced lesions occurring on the genus Montastraea. The disease outbreak peaked several months after the onset of bleaching at all sites but did not occur at the same time. The mean number of disease-induced lesions increased 51-fold and the mean area of disease-associated mortality increased 13-fold when compared with pre-bleaching disease levels. In the 12 months following the onset of bleaching, coral cover declined at all sites (average loss: 51. 5%, range: 42. 4–61. 8%) reducing the five-site average from 21. 4% before bleaching to 10. 3% with most mortality caused by white plague disease, not bleaching. Continued losses through October 2007 reduced the average coral cover of the five sites to 8. 3% (average 2-year loss: 61. 1%, range: 53. 0–79. 3%). Mean cover by M. annularis (complex) decreased 51%, Colpophyllia natans 78% and Agaricia agaricites 87%. Isolated disease outbreaks have been documented before in the Virgin Islands, but never as widespread or devastating as the one that occurred after the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event. This study provides insight into the effects of continued seawater warming and subsequent coral bleaching events in the Caribbean and highlights the need to understand links between coral bleaching and disease. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionCoral-bleaching events followed by disease outbreaks are a recently described phenomenon (Selig et al. 2006; Bruno et al. 2007; Whelan et al. 2007; Muller et al. 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a specific event in the northeast Caribbean during which elevated water temperatures led to a severe coral bleaching event. It gives evidence of over 90% of scleractinian coral cover showing signs of thermal stress, which aligns directly with the claim about coral reef bleaching resulting from warmer ocean temperatures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: In a meta-analysis including eighteen papers on the relationship between Facebook use and loneliness, it resulted that the two variables were significantly associated and that loneliness predicted Facebook use and not the other way around [21]. Facebook use had a significant contribution to mental health, with Facebook use, impression management and friends predicting mood disorders, with different contributions across disorders (having more friends is negatively associated with major depression and dysthymia, while positively predicting mania) [22]. Social media, operationalized as the total time spent per day, visits per day and global frequency of visits on social media, was associated with depression in a large sample of U. S. young adults [23]. Facebook intrusiveness was correlated with obsessive-compulsive disorder severity and with obsessive beliefs in a sample of young adults (aged 18–24) [24]. There is ample literature on the role of online social networking sites, and Facebook in particular, in mental health outcomes. However, there is high heterogeneity in what online social networking sites and Facebook mean. Facebook is conceptualized and measured differently across studies, given that while several studies investigate Facebook use, others investigate either the number of friends, Facebook disclosure, Facebook activities, Facebook motives or Facebook addiction/intrusiveness/problematic use. Despite the fact that no diagnostic manual recognizes Facebook addiction as a diagnostic category, more and more research focuses on pathological uses of online social networking sites, and Facebook in particular (see Ref. [25] for a complex review of online social networking sites addiction). Online social networking sites addiction is related to deficits in emotion regulation and susceptibility to drug and alcohol addictions [26], somatic symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, social dysfunction and depression [27]. Advertisement 3. Social media and social anxiety Online social networking sites, and Facebook in particular, can offer great opportunities, in terms of interaction with others, for individuals with social anxiety. Two different hypotheses have been proposed in order to explain why socially anxious individuals use computers [28], which can easily be applicable to online social networking sites. The first hypothesis proposed is the social compensation hypothesis [29], according to which individuals use online social networking sites in order to compensate for deficits in social skills or discomfort in face-to-face situations. The second theory, opposed to the first, is called the social enhancement hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, socially skilled individuals use online social networking sites to find additional opportunities to interact with others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the negative associations between social media use, particularly Facebook, and various mental health issues including loneliness, depression, and anxiety. It states that social media use is related to deficits in emotion regulation and susceptibility to anxiety and other disorders. Furthermore, it highlights that while social media can provide opportunities for interaction, it does not necessarily alleviate anxiety or stress, thus implying that breaks from social media might not cure anxiety and stress related to online activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Table 4 Bootstrap of the mediating path of the mediating variable of communication beliefs level Lower level Standard-Error bootstrap Paths 046/0 27/0 02/0 08/0 12/0 Solving the -> Social Well-being 022/0 37/0 06/0 10/0 16/0 Flexibility - > Social Well-being DiscussionThe present study was conducted with the aim of modeling social well-being of adolescents based on social problem solving and cognitive flexibility, considering the mediating role of emotional self-awareness. The results indicated that among two variables of social problem solving and cognitive flexibility, only social problem solving can directly affect the social well-being of adolescents, but cognitive flexibility indirectly affects social well-being through emotional self-awareness. Also, emotional self-awareness can play a mediating role in the relationship between solving social problems and the social well-being of adolescents. Findings of this research are consistent with the results of Aburezeq & Kasik (2023), Fathi et al. In explaining the direct effect of social problem solving and the indirect effect of social problem solving through emotional self-awareness on social well-being, it can be mentioned that social problem solving is a kind of problem solving in real life and a self-directed process that people seek to identify, find and/or create adaptive management solutions for problems they encounter in their daily lives. To face such situations, people have to find solutions in social context (Aburezeq & Kasik, 2021). According to Karadames (2007), such cognitive and emotional reactions in solving problems; perception of personal characteristics and capabilities includes efficient and effective interaction with environment, connection with society and positive progress through life, which is equivalent to social well-being (Motaghedifard and Tamanaeifar, 1392). Besides, having sufficient knowledge about emotions, method of controlling and believing in the value of negative emotions according to situations in children and adolescents, helps them in stressful emotional situations; and express their emotions more appropriately (Hashemi et al. , 2022). This way, teenagers, due to their ability to pay attention and analyze other people's emotions and get support from others by sharing these emotions; they would be able to find effective responses to challenging social situations and achieve social well-being. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bilingualism and its effects on cognitive flexibility or problem-solving skills. Instead, it discusses social problem solving and cognitive flexibility in the context of social well-being, emotional self-awareness, and adolescent behavior, which is unrelated to the specific claim about bilingualism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: Independently, coral bleaching and coral disease have become substantial threats to coral reefs over the last several decades. Only recently, however, have the two stressors been suggested to have a connection. The suggested link between coral bleaching and disease is anomalously high-water temperatures. Many factors can cause coral bleaching, though changes in temperature and ultraviolet radiation have received the most attention (Brown 1997). Typically, massive bleaching events in the past have been associated with higher than average water temperatures (~1°C) in the summer months, when corals are already close to their temperature threshold. Whether high temperatures affect diseases and bleaching independently, or indirectly through a series of connected biological responses (e. g. , coral-host susceptibility), is unknown. The number and severity of coral-bleaching events have increased substantially since the early 1980s (Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1990; Hoegh-Guldberg 1999). While bleaching events such as the one in 1998 caused extensive mortality worldwide, coral bleaching in the Atlantic has until recently caused either isolated or relatively low levels of coral mortality. During the 1997/1998 bleaching event, coral mortality in the Atlantic was fairly minor compared with mortality levels in the Indian and (Goreau et al. 2000). Rogers and Miller (2001) reported less than 50% of coral cover bleached from two sites in St. John at this time with little subsequent mortality. The only major loss of coral reported in the Caribbean region from the bleaching in 1997/1998 was along the central shelf lagoon of the Belizean barrier reef where ~100% of the Agaricia tenuifolia died (Aronson et al. 2002). In 2003, Ballantine et al. (2008) reported <1. 0% scleractinian mortality from a coral-bleaching event in Puerto Rico. Coral disease was first documented in 1965 (Squires 1965), but, similar to bleaching, was not considered a serious threat to coral reefs until recently. The number of described coral diseases and the number of documented cases have increased exponentially since the first description (Harvell et al. 2004; Lafferty et al. 2004). Coral disease is now considered one of the greatest threats to coral reefs and has been a significant cause of reef degradation throughout the world (Rosenberg and Loya 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by establishing a connection between coral bleaching and high-water temperatures, stating that 'massive bleaching events in the past have been associated with higher than average water temperatures (~1°C).' Additionally, it emphasizes that temperature changes have received considerable attention as a cause of coral bleaching, aligning with the claim that warmer ocean temperatures lead to coral reef bleaching.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: In the existent literature on the relationship between online social networking sites and social anxiety, there is mixed evidence regarding the two hypotheses, as both have received support. In an experimental study, Rauch et al. [30] investigated whether previous exposure to Facebook attenuates or augments physiological arousal during face-to-face interaction in a sample composed exclusively of adult female students. Participants were randomly assigned to four groups: Facebook exposure only, face-to-face exposure only, Facebook exposure first plus face-to-face exposure second and face-to-face exposure first plus Facebook exposure second. The results indicated that participants who only had seen the stimulus on Facebook had less physiological arousal than participants who had seen the stimulus face-to-face. However, regarding the combined conditions, physiological arousal was higher when seeing the person face-to-face when this preceded seeing the person on Facebook. Social anxiety moderated the relationship between physiological arousal and Facebook exposure so that exposing an individual to a stimulus person on Facebook is related with increased arousal in a face-to-face meeting with that person, and this, moreover, appears in highly social anxious persons. No systematic approach has been conducted so far investigating the relationship between social anxiety and online social networking sites, or Facebook in particular, despite growing evidence on how socially individuals use online social networking sites. Therefore, the main aim of the current paper is to offer a comprehensive review of the state of the art of existent studies on the relationship between online social networking sites and social anxiety. Advertisement 4. current systematic review has been conducted in accordance with the Items for and Meta-Analyses () statement [31]. 4. 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria In order to be included, studies had to: involve participants with social anxiety symptoms/disorder;include online social networking assessments;include social anxiety assessments;be published in peer-reviewed journals;be published in English. There were no age constraint criteria applied and no year of publication limitation. Studies were excluded if there was no assessment of social networking and social anxiety, and they were not published in English. 4. 2. Search strategy Electronic databases (of Science) were consulted by two independent assessors up to 20th June 2016. Several terms related to social networking were combined with terms related to social anxiety. No additional records were identified through the manual search in the 5. Results 5. 1. Literature search The flowchart describing the inclusion of studies is described in Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there is mixed evidence about the relationship between social media use and anxiety. It explains that exposure to social media, such as Facebook, can affect physiological arousal during face-to-face interactions, particularly in individuals with social anxiety. This suggests that taking breaks from social media may not necessarily cure anxiety related to online activity, as the relationship is complex and not fully understood. Additionally, the text indicates that no systematic approach has been conducted to investigate this relationship specifically, implying that the claim may be an oversimplification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: In explaining the indirect effect of cognitive flexibility through emotional self-awareness on social well-being, it can be said that cognitive flexibility can adapt a person's thought and behavior in response to changes in environmental conditions. People who have the ability to think flexibly, use alternative justifications, positively reconstruct their thinking framework, and accept challenging situations or stressful events, and are more emotionally stable than people who are not flexible and will have more awareness (Burton et all,. 2010). Adolescents who have high self-awareness are honest with themselves and others, and recognize how their emotions affect themselves and their loved ones, and are able to speak accurately and openly about their emotions and the impact they have on others. According to the research of Qorbani et al. (2008), emotional self-awareness plays a significant role in explaining the emotional performance of people, and self-awareness in predicting mental health has incremental validity in comparison with the big five personality factors, and beyond personality factors, it can explain mental health. People with high flexibility in dealing with realistic issues have the ability to control their behavior and emotions, and this feeling motivates people to establish loving relationships with others. In fact, stressors prevent the correct response to stimuli and cause the appearance of emotional, behavioral or physical symptoms. These factors can be family problems, work-related problems, and other problems that lead to significant damage in social, emotional, family and work-related functions, therefore, when the stress-causing factor or factors are removed, problems of incompatibility and well-being will also be resolved. People who are confident in their abilities consider problems as challenges. They are confident that they can control threatening situations; such a perception of abilities reduces stress and conflict with social issues and leads to the completion of tasks and responsibilities. One of the limitations of the present study is the implementation of the questionnaire on teenagers in Isfahan, and therefore caution should be considered in generalizing results obtained in other societies and cultures. It is also suggested that the present research be conducted on other educational levels such as teenagers in other cities. DeclarationsThis is an observational study. has confirmed that no ethical approval is required. All the subjects have participated in the research with full consent and without coercion. Competing interests There is no conflict of interests. Authors' contributions Both authors wrote the whole text together. Funding no funding received. Availability of data and materials All data are available and will be translated and sent if necessary. 169. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses cognitive flexibility and its impact on emotional self-awareness and social well-being, but it does not directly address the claim regarding bilingualism. The focus is primarily on how cognitive flexibility affects emotional stability and interpersonal relationships rather than linking this flexibility to bilingualism or any enhancement of problem-solving skills. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.