Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Another study conducted a randomized nutritional intervention with a Mediterranean-style-diet. After 3 years, the risk A-allele carriers of FTO rs9939609 variant had lower body weight gain than those without the risk allele. However, they did not find any significant interaction between nutritional intervention and the FTO variant (Razquin et al. 2010). It is tempting to speculate that different obesity loci can partially act through different physiological mechanisms, and when the risk SNPs are simply combined to a GRS, the potential individual SNP interaction might get diluted or neutralized by interactions with specific dietary factors on specific directions. In addition, we only investigated interaction with intake levels of total energy, macronutrients and fiber and cannot exclude interaction with intake levels of other dietary factors like foods rich in carbohydrates or fats or with dietary patterns. Indeed, a recent study has reported that the genetic association of obesity with adiposity was more pronounced among individuals with greater consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (Qi et al. 2012a). Obviously, further interaction and functional studies are required to understand the individual causal effects of these loci and variants. The strength of our study is that MDCS is a large cohort with unique high-quality diet data as compared to most other epidemiological diet studies. A limitation of our study is the lack of BMI data at different time points so that we could follow the change during time. Secondly, so far at least 50 SNPs have been conclusively associated with obesity or related traits, but our study only included 16 SNPs which is another limitation of the current study. Furthermore, although our study is large and can be estimated to have sufficient power to detect relatively weak interactions, the evaluation of interactions between genotypes × dietary intakes on obesity is apparently difficult because of the complicated epidemiology of obesity and the very small effect sizes of the so far identified common genetic variants. It is a generally accepted assumption that genetic and environmental factors that contribute to obesity interact in some way although very little is known about how such interactions take place. Our study suggests that higher susceptibility to obesity estimated as a GRS of 13 obesity-associated SNPs associates with lower total energy intake but with higher fiber intake and that some of the obesity loci like the NEGR1 locus may regulate food intake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the interaction between genetic factors, specifically obesity loci, and dietary factors. It notes that genetic susceptibility to obesity may interact with dietary intakes, suggesting that nutrigenomic principles are being applied in investigating these interactions. For instance, it mentions that genetic associations of obesity were more pronounced among individuals consuming greater amounts of sugar-sweetened beverages, indicating a direct relationship between diet and genetic predispositions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart contact lenses work just as well as regular glasses for all vision corrections. [SEP] Text: 양안을 이용한 스마트안경이 제공하는 영상이 가상으로 원거리와 근거리를 번갈아 가면서 다양한 거리를 주시하는 효과를 유발하게 된다. 또한 고정된 주시거리에서 발생하는 조절과 눈모음의 부조화에 의해 눈운동의 균형에 영향을 주어 AC/A가 변화할 수 있다는 의견이다. 사시각에 대해서는 기존 연구에서 Bergqvist and Knave [28]와 Lee et al [10]은 3D 영상 시청 후 내사위로 변화가 나타났다고 보고한 바 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of smart glasses on visual perception, specifically addressing how they create a virtual effect of alternating distances and suggesting changes in eye alignment and coordination. This indicates that smart glasses may not serve as a complete substitute for traditional glasses in all aspects of vision correction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses feedback on a scientific submission and issues related to family planning and social equity, without any reference to ancient civilizations or their records. It does not address or support the claim regarding written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Further, we did not find evidence for a role of macronutrient, fiber or total energy intake levels in modifying the association between GRS and obesity traits although some individual obesity loci like the BDNF may interact with diet intakes. It is important that our results are replicated in other studies with dietary data of good quality and that more studies focus on the role and mechanisms of interactions between genes and diet in obesity. 101. doi:10. 2337/db07-0910 959. doi:10. 3945/ajcn. 2009. 27781 10. 1038/ijo. 2012. 34 894. doi:10. 1126/science. 1141634 960. doi:10. 1038/ng. 685 505. doi:10. 1007/s11892-010-0153-z 855. doi:10. 1126/science. 1079857 1545. doi:10. 1038/ijo. 2010. 79 1537. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0041537 10. 1371/journal. pmed. 1000332 (2012) Association of genetic variation in FTO with risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes with data from 96,551 East and South Asians. Diabetologia 55(4):981–995. doi:10. 1007/s00125-011-2370-7 775. doi:10. 1038/ng. 140 (2012) Association between BDNF rs6265 and obesity in the Study. J Obes 2012:102942. doi:10. 1155/2012/102942 112. doi:10. 1080/14034940210133771 PubMed 842. doi:10. 1079/BJN20051573 1486. doi:10. 3945/ajcn. 111. 026955 159. doi:10. 1038/ng. 301 1396. doi:10. 1056/NEJMoa1203039 1827. doi:10. 1161/circulationaha. 112. 098061 272. doi:10. 1038/ijo. 2009. 233 494. doi:10. 1016/j. arcmed. 2011. 09. 005 3531. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0023531 2547. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating the importance of studying interactions between diet and genes, particularly in the context of obesity. It mentions that 'more studies focus on the role and mechanisms of interactions between genes and diet in obesity', which directly aligns with the exploration of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart contact lenses work just as well as regular glasses for all vision corrections. [SEP] Text: 따라서 추후 시축의 잠재적인 편위가 있어 정위를 유지하기 위한 부담 있는 사위나, 간헐사시 환자를 대상으로 한 연구가 필요하다. 결론적으로 양안 스마트안경은 눈피로를 증가시킬 수 있고 조절력의 감소, 일시적인 근시화를 유발할 수 있다고 추정할 수 있다. 최근 스마트안경의 단점인 기기의 무게, 컴퓨터 간 연결이 필요해 활동에 제약이 있는 한계들이 점진적으로 개선되고 있으며 사용이 증가하는 추세이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that smart glasses may contribute to increased eye fatigue and may cause a reduction in accommodation and temporary nearsightedness, indicating they do not serve as effective substitutes for regular glasses in all vision corrections.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional. . . ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 2030. org) author: Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This work was supported by the Bill and Foundation (INV-007490). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2021 et al. This is an open access 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 1) First published: 28 Jul 2021, 5:114 ( Latest published: 28 Jan 2022, 5:114 (  There is a newer version of this 2020. Many in the family planning community welcomed the new commitments of aid from donors, new commitments by country governments, and the push to bolster family planning as a development priority; however, there were also concerns about the focus on numbers of contraceptive users and a global goal1,2. Advocates pointed toward family planning’s past experiences of coercion and targets, warning that the FP2020 goal could lead to a focus on numbers and prioritization of easier to reach populations. One outcome of this early concern was a call by the family planning community for a clear focus on rights and empowerment as guiding principles of the FP2020 partnership3. A Rights and Group was established by FP2020 to advance rights-based family planning, and the group provided early guidance to FP2020 and the family planning community. The FP2020 partnership now recognizes 10 rights and empowerment principles of family planning, including agency and autonomy; availability; accessibility; acceptability; quality; empowerment; equity and non-discrimination; informed choice; transparency and accountability; and voice and participation4. Over the last eight years of the partnership, FP2020 worked with partners to ensure that these rights principles are understood by family planning decision-makers, and incorporated into new commitments and family planning-costed implementation plans. But monitoring whether these rights principles are adhered to has remained a measurement challenge that FP2020 and partners are still working on. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses contemporary issues related to family planning and the FP2020 partnership without addressing or providing any information on ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 47262 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordOctober 1, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptAugust 22, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 3,968 views 519 downloads 46 7262. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Abstract eLife digest and methods Data availability 10. 7554/eLife. 47262. 001 eLife digest "You are what you eat" is a popular saying that can often make scientific sense. Everything an animal eats gets broken down into smaller molecules that fuel the many biological processes required to survive, move and reproduce. However, the food that the sexes need to maximize their fertility may not be exactly the same, as males make lots of small, mobile sperm cells while females create a small number of large eggs. In fruit flies for example, females benefit most from foods that contain lots of protein, while males are more fertile when they eat foods that are rich in carbohydrates. However, it remained unclear how these differences have evolved. Here, Camus et al. examine the genes that are active in male and female fruit flies which eat a diet rich in either carbohydrates or in proteins. Their experiments showed that both sexes share a large collection of genes which respond to the two diets in the same way. However, the type of food had opposite effects on the activity of certain genes involved in male and female reproduction. When the fruit flies had a protein-rich diet, for example, genes that promoted reproduction got turned on in females, but switched off in males. The opposite pattern was observed when the insects were exposed to carbohydrate-rich diets. Further analyses suggested that these different responses might be linked to a molecular network called IIS/TOR, which is a specific cascade of reactions that responds to nutrient availability. The findings of Camus et al. suggest that male and female flies produce different signals in reaction to food, which helps them to reproduce when they are able to meet their particular nutritional needs. Armed with a better understanding of the fundamental differences between the sexes, it may be possible to improve research into human health and animal keeping. differences in life history, behaviour and physiology are pervasive in nature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the diets of male and female fruit flies influence the activity of certain genes related to reproduction. It highlights specific findings that show that different foods have distinct effects on gene activation, thereby supporting the idea that there is a direct interaction between diet and genetics, which is a central aspect of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart contact lenses work just as well as regular glasses for all vision corrections. [SEP] Text: 04 Non-dominant eye 0. 00 ± 0. 04 Spherical equivalent (diopter) 0. 601 Dominant eye -1. 44 ± 1. 70 Non-dominant eye -1. 31 ± 2. 66 Contrast sensitivity test 0. 172 Dominant eye 1. 86 ± 0. 15 Non-dominant eye 1. 83 ± 0. 17 Alternate cover test (prism diopter) Far 0. 50 ± 0. 89 Near 0. 38 ± 0. 81 Accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio 3. 03 ± 0. 67 Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number only. * Comparison between dominant and non-dominant eye. Table 2. The results of subjective symptom questionnaire p-value* General symptom 11. 63 ± 4. 53 12. 19 ± 4. 58 0. 56 ± 1. 09 0. 063 Q1 1. 31 ± 0. 47 1. 31 ± 0. 48 0. 00 ± 0. 38 Q2 2. 06 ± 1. 23 2. 00 ± 1. 12 0. 07 ± 0. 25 Q3 1. 56 ± 0. 89 1. 62 ± 0. 80 0. 13 ± 0. 35 Q4 1. 43 ± 0. 72 1. 43 ± 0. 63 0. 00 ± 0. 65 Q5 1. 31 ± 0. 60 1. 50 ± 0. 63 0. 20 ± 0. 41 Q6 1. 25 ± 0. 58 1. 68 ± 0. 79 0. 47 ± 0. 52 Q7 1. 43 ± 0. 72 1. 38 ± 0. 50 -0. 13 ± 0. 63 Q8 1. 25 ± 0. 58 1. 25 ± 0. 58 0. 13 ± 0. 64 Ocular symptom 9. 18 ± 2. 53 14. 56 ± 5. 89 5. 38 ± 3. 95 0. 001 Q9 2. 12 ± 0. 62 3. 18 ± 1. 60 1. 06 ± 1. 16 Q10 1. 87 ± 0. 72 3. 12 ± 1. 60 1. 33 ± 1. 11 Q11 1. 56 ± 0. 63 2. 88 ± 1. 26 1. 33 ± 1. 11 Q12 1. 50 ± 0. 63 2. 32 ± 1. 14 0. 80 ± 0. 68 Q13 2. 12 ± 0. 62 3. 06 ± 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a series of statistical results likely related to a visual test or experiment, providing specific numerical data such as spherical equivalent and contrast sensitivity. However, it does not provide any information about the performance or effectiveness of smart contact lenses compared to regular glasses, thus it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Thus, one outstanding question as FP2020 begins to look toward the 2030 (FP2030) partnership, is whether the FP2020 goal exacerbated inequities and led to a prioritization of populations within countries where substantial gains towards the 120 million goal could be made. Ultimately, we aim to examine whether the effort to accelerate progress and expand contraceptive use has left some women behind. This question is particularly relevant in the context of a family planning partnership that supports the Goals and the pledge that no one will be left behind5. To assess this question, we examined FP2020 country progress data for signs of inequity in the focus of programs or gains in modern contraceptive prevalence (MCP), in FP2020 focus countries since 2012. This research is critical for informing the FP2030 partnership (which builds on the work of FP2020), as family planning policy makers begin to turn their attention to new commitments. Family planning progress and assessing inequityFP2020’s annual reporting of contraceptive use has been facilitated by the adoption of statistical models that allow the estimation of a number of key family planning indicators, including MCP, using all available surveys and country health management information system statistics6. These data indicate that as of July 2020, there were over 320 million total users of modern methods of contraception in the 69 FP2020 focus countries, i. e. 60 million additional users of modern contraception as compared to 2012. Since 2012, 26 countries have each gained more than 500,000 additional users of modern methods. Among these countries, 14 have seen the number of additional users grow by more than one million women and girls. While the pace of progress has been far short of the acceleration needed to achieve the FP2020 goal of 120 million additional users by 2020, there has been a clear focus by countries on increasing family planning coverage. As part of their FP2020 commitments, 45 countries established goals of increasing contraceptive prevalence through voluntary family planning programs. Almost all FP2020 countries addressed inequity in their FP2020 commitments as well, principally through commitments to improve access for adolescents and youth (41 countries), but also through efforts to address wealth and geographic inequities (13 countries). Progress has varied across regions and countries, but many countries across sub-Saharan and have seen rapid annual gains in modern contraceptive prevalence since 2012, most notably Mozambique at 2. 7 percentage points per year, at 1. 4 percentage points, Malawi, and at 1. 3 percentage points, and Senegal at 1. 2 percentage points. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses family planning goals and population equity in the context of modern contraceptive use, without any mention of ancient civilizations or written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 001), but peaked at the 1:4 ratio (Figure 1 and Figure 1—figure supplement 4). Dietary choices also differed between the sexes (F2 = 27. 826, p<0. 001). The choices of both sexes closely matched their previously established optimal composition, with females choosing to consume a more protein-rich diet than males (Figure 1). We also found that females, on average, tend to consume more liquid food than males but this relationship depends on the diet (sex ×diet: F7 = 5. 66, p<0. 001, Figure 1—figure supplement 2). Figure 1 with 4 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Nutritional landscapes for female (left) and male (right) fitness in the LHM population. Small grey dots represent the dietary coordinates of individual fitness measures. Dietary choices for each sex are also plotted (white dot). The red arrow denotes the female optimal nutritional rail (P:C = 2:1), whereas the blue arrow is the male optimal nutritional rail (P:C = 1:4). For each nutritional rail we samples 120 flies of each sex. Transcriptional responses to diet We measured gene expression in males and females maintained on food of either the female-optimal (2:1) or male-optimal (1:4) protein-to-carbohydrate ratio. We separately analysed transcriptomic responses in genes that were expressed in both males and females (hereafter 'shared genes', N = 8888) and those that showed sex-limited expression (Nmale-limited = 1879 and Nfemale-limited = 165, see Supplementary file 2 for full gene lists). For each shared gene, we tested for the effect of sex, diet and the sex-by-diet interaction on expression level. As expected, we found evidence for sex-differences in expression for a large number of genes (a total of 8318 genes with significant sex effect). In addition, we found large-scale transcriptomic responses to diet (806 genes with significant diet effect). Despite the large differences between male and female dietary requirements and food choices, the largest part of the transcriptional responses to diet is shared between the sexes (significant diet effect but no interaction, category 'D' in Table 1, 639 genes). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the 'transcriptional responses to diet' and measuring 'gene expression in males and females maintained on food of either the female-optimal (2:1) or male-optimal (1:4) protein-to-carbohydrate ratio'. This indicates a clear exploration of how dietary choices affect gene expression, which is central to the field of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Incorporation of wind energy units into distribution networks not only modifies power flows but also, in some situations could also result in under or over-voltage on specific points of the network (Jenkins, 2000), as well as could increase the cases of power quality problems and produce any type of alterations regarding voltage stability (Abdullah et al. , 2010, Baghaee et al. , 2009). The process of high wind energy penetration requires the impact analysis of this new technology in power systems. In these terms, some countries have developed grid codes in order to establish the requirements of wind farms (WF) into power networks. Moreover, power network planning with high wind energy penetration requires the definition of several factors, such as: the best technology to be used, the optimal number of units to be connected and the optimal size to be chosen. Currently a connected variable speed wind turbine to power systems by means of power electronics has the ability to supply reactive power to power systems. This capability allows wind turbines to participate in ancillary services as synchronous generators (Bhattacharya & Zhong, 2001), however, there are little works focusing on the participation of variable speed wind turbines in reactive power ancillary services (Amaris & Alonso, 2011; Bhattacharya & Zhong, 2001). In this 2. Impact of wind energy on power systems Incorporation of great amount of distributed resources, such as wind energy, has a significant impact on power network, which are mainly related to environmental, economical and reliability aspects. Low wind penetration levels are usually accommodated in power networks considering that the network is passively controlled and operated. Although there are several available tools to be used for wind power forecasting (González et al. , 2004), wind energy is still considered as a non dispatchable and not centrally planned technology. Impact of wind energy on power systems is thus focused on several issues related to security, stability, power quality and operation of power systems. Wind energy has several impacts on power flow that could lead to reverse power flow and, as a result, power systems operation will become more complex (Vilar, 2002). Moreover, power injection by wind farms may cause power losses in the distribution systems. All the utilities have to keep stable and reliable the voltage supply to the customers within specific limits of frequency and magnitude. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various impacts of wind energy on power systems, including potential issues related to voltage stability, power quality, and the complexity of operating power systems with high wind energy penetration. It highlights that although wind energy can be integrated into power networks, it brings about challenges such as power losses and effects on system operation, indicating that it does not produce unlimited power without any environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Many researchers have addressed how to evaluate equitable access to public health programs, including family planning7–11. One study across various areas of health concluded residence, race/ethnicity, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status, and social status are key sociodemographic factors that can elucidate inequities12,13. A recent special issue analyzed inequalities in coverage of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health, and illustrated the wide inequality in reproductive health coverage in many countries across several dimensions, including wealth, age, and geography14. These analyses, however, did not examine changes in inequity over time, and the most recent examination of contraceptive prevalence was an examination of trends through the Goals era, relying only on surveys through 2013. While there are multiple dimensions to equity, most researchers agree that wealth is essential to assess disparities in contraceptive use. Recently published literature on FP2020 countries suggests poverty among married women declined over time while modern contraceptive use increased15. Furthermore, an analysis of 46 countries completed using data from many FP2020 countries (though outside the FP2020 period) from national surveys from 1990–2013, found that the contraceptive use gap between the poorest and the richest has narrowed and modern methods account for nearly all the increase in contraceptive use16. In addition to examining differences related to wealth, in this analysis, we evaluate whether the growth in MCP has been equitable across multiple demographic characteristics, including residence (rural and urban), level of education (no education, primary, secondary, higher), age groups (15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35, 39, 40–44, 45–49), and marital status (married, all women, and unmarried sexually activei). MethodsWe examined data availability across the 69 FP2020 countries and selected 11 countries (and Zimbabwe), as they had data from two surveysii of the same survey type (Demographic and [DHS] or [MICS]) between 2010 and 2019, and were an FP2020 commitment-making country. Countries that did not meet these criteria were excludediii. While FP2020 annual progress reporting relies on national-level modeled estimates of MCP, in this analysis we focused on survey data because models do not yet produce estimates for the majority of the dimensions of inequity examined in this paper. We included surveys from 2010 so we could complete the analysis for a larger pool of countries and assess progress during the years of the FP2020 partnership. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses access to public health programs, disparities in contraceptive use, and data analysis of various countries, without mentioning ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Here, males and females show parallel shifts in expression (although in most cases from a sexually dimorphic baseline expression) when reared on high-carbohydrate vs. high-protein food, and fold-changes between the two diets are strongly positively correlated between males and females (Figure 2; r = 0. 76, p<0. 001). Table 1 Shared transcriptomic response. Number of genes that are influenced by sex (S), diet (D), and their interaction (D × S). From this method, we were able to cluster genes into three main categories. Categories highlighted in orange encompass genes that show an additive effect to diet (D), whereas clusters in blue show interactive effects (D × S). Green rows show both additive and interactive effects (D+D × S). Significance (FDR < 0. 05)n. genesSDD × S ---545 --Y3 -Y-18 -YY4 Y--7537 Y-Y48 YY-621 YYY112 Figure 2 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Male and female expression responses (log2-fold change) for genes classified as showing only a diet effect (Diet), only a diet-by-sex interaction (Diet × Sex) or both (Diet + Diet × Sex). Expression changes are measured from the carbohydrate- to protein-rich diet. Colours represent genes with significant differential expression (at 5% FDR) only in females (red), only in males (blue), in both sexes (yellow) or in neither sex (grey). In addition to these sexually concordant responses, however, we also find a significant number of genes where the sexes show different responses to diet shifts (significant sex-by-diet interaction). For some of these genes, male and female expression change in opposing directions (category 'D × S' in Table 1, 51 genes). Thus, genes that are more highly expressed on a protein-rich diet in one sex are more lowly expressed on that diet in the other sex, resulting in negatively correlated fold-changes in the two sexes (Figure 2; r = −0. 75, p<0. 001). For another, larger group of genes (category 'D+D × S', 116 genes), both sexes tend to show expression shifts in the same direction (significant diet effect) but differ in the magnitude of their responses (significant interaction term). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study that investigates the interaction between diet (high-carbohydrate vs. high-protein) and gene expression, particularly emphasizing how different diets affect male and female gene responses. It discusses sexual dimorphism in genetic expression related to dietary changes, thereby supporting the assertion that nutrigenomics encompasses the study of dietary influences on gene behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Connection of wind farms may result in voltage changes, consequently, some countries have defined a higher short-circuit level at the connection point, normally between 20 and 25 times the wind farm capacity. There are already some examples of successful operation of power networks with a lower short circuit level (Jenkins et al. , 2000). Power quality is related to voltage variation and harmonic distortion in the network. However, the incorporation of wind energy in power networks could affect the quality of the supplied voltage to the customers. To reduce this impact, nowadays, variable speed wind turbines equipped with power electronics are widely used in wind energy conversion. Power electronics increase power quality because they raise the harmonic distortion. Protection system is also affected by wind farms since the incorporation of wind power injection alters power flows; so that conventional protection systems might fail under fault situations. In the past, power network was passive operated and kept up stable under most circumstances. However, this statement is no longer valid if considering an increase of wind energy penetration. Recently, new requirements for wind units have been designed in order to keep power networks stable under several disturbances, such as low voltage ride through capability. 2. 1. Reactive power grid code requirements Countries with high wind energy penetration have developed grid code requirements in order to increase wind energy penetration and to improve the reliability and security of the network (Tsili & Papathanassiou, 2009). The most important aspects are related to active and reactive power regulation, power quality and low voltage ride through capability (Martínez et al. , 2007). Nowadays, transmission systems operators (TSO) are demanding wind turbines to behave as synchronous power plants. New advances in the field of wind technologies have shown that wind generators offer regulation capabilities as conventional plants. Some grid codes require wind farms to offer reactive power capability in order to maintain reactive power balance in power network (reactive power compensation) and to improve voltage level even in a remote node (Singh, 2009). Fig. 1 and 2 show the requirements of common grid code for power factor in terms of voltage deviations. From country to country, there are some differences to be observed. According to German grid code (E. On, 2006), wind farms will work with leading or lagging power factor under overvoltage situations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining several technical challenges and impacts associated with wind farms. It states that the connection of wind farms can affect power quality, leading to voltage variations and harmonic distortions in the network. Furthermore, it mentions that the incorporation of wind energy can disrupt conventional power network operation, requiring new grid codes and regulations to maintain stability. This suggests that while wind farms can generate significant power, they are not without their environmental and operational impacts, thereby contradicting the claim of producing unlimited power without any environmental consequences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The average number of years between two surveys was more than four. We also focused exclusively on FP2020 commitment-making countries because these countries had explicitly pledged to increasing contraceptive use. We evaluated whether MCP growth had been equitable by assessing MCP between two surveys stratified by residence (rural, urban), levels of education (no education, primary, secondary, higher), age groups (15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35, 39, 40–44, 45–49), marital status (married, all women, unmarried sexually active), and wealth (poorest, poorer, middle, richer, richest). In this paper, we present MCP by levels of the abovementioned dimensions: wealth, residence, education, age, marital status, and sexual activity. We conducted a bivariate analysis where MCP estimates for married women were stratified by each of the socio-demographic dimensions, and weighted using survey-specific weights; confidence intervals were also calculated. Estimates of MCP by age and for unmarried, sexually active women were calculated in the same manner but were for all women in the survey. MCP gains were considered significant if the 95% confidence intervals for MCP stratified by the above-mentioned different socio-demographic dimensions did not overlap between surveys. Though this approach to testing the differences in means using hypothesis testing is more conservative, this approach can be easily interpreted by a wider audience. The MCP gains were considered equitable if larger or equivalent gains were seen in comparatively more disadvantaged populations. In this analysis, we qualify disadvantaged populations as those that are rural, have no education, aged 15–19, unmarried and sexually active in the last 30 days, or the poorest (or poorer group). To assess MCP change by wealth, we did not use the DHS or MICS calculated wealth quintiles as those should not be compared across surveys nor time17. Instead, we constructed five wealth groups based on Lab’s Index (IWI) guidance using household assets; the reconstruction of wealth groups allowed for cross-country and across-time comparisons18. Lab’s methods uses factor-loadings produced from a principal components analysis using data from over two million households across 97 countries. If, based on the IWI, 50% of a country’s women reside in households with less than 50% of the assets, these women live in households that are among the poorer households globally. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the assessment of contraceptive use and socio-demographic factors, with no mention of ancient civilizations or written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: These genes typically show a large expression response in one sex, but only a small or no response in the other sex, with overall a lower correlation of fold changes across sexes (r = 0. 53, p<0. 001). For the most part, the dominant expression change occurs in females, but there is a small number of genes where only male expression responds to diet (Figure 2). We next analysed diet responses in genes with sex-limited expression. Similar to shared genes, we also observed significant expression changes in response to diet (Table 2). Thus, 56 out of 165 female-limited genes showed significant expression change between carbohydrate- and protein-rich diets. The majority of these (50 genes) had higher expression on the protein-rich diet preferred by females, while only a small number (six genes) had higher expression on the less beneficial carbohydrate-rich diet (Figure 3). In males, 30 out of the 1879 genes with male-limited expression showed significant diet responses. All of these had higher expression in the males' preferred carbohydrate-rich diet, compared to the less beneficial protein-rich media (Figure 3). Taken together, these results show that both sexes respond to their nutritional environment by upregulating sex-limited genes on their respective optimal diets. Table 2 Sex-specific transcriptomic response. Number of genes that are differentially expressed when moving from a carbohydrate-rich environment to a protein-rich environment in females and males (FDR < 0. 1). → Protein50109656MaleCarb → Protein018453434 Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Volcano plot of the sex-specific gene sets. Yellow data points denote genes that were identified as differentially expressed at a 5% FDR cut-off. Functional enrichment of dietary responses We used several approaches to investigate the functions of the genes showing diet responses. First, we performed (GO) enrichment analyses for the shared genes of the three categories (D, D × S, D+D × S) defined above. We found distinct and significant enrichment in each class, with a predominance of GO terms relating to neuronal and metabolic biological processes (Figure 4). Second, we took a more targeted approach and analysed male and female expression changes for genes with specific GO annotations. With this analysis we aimed to assess how metabolic genes responded to diet manipulation, compared to the rest of the genome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how genes respond to dietary changes, particularly highlighting the differences in gene expression between males and females in response to protein-rich versus carbohydrate-rich diets. The analysis of sex-specific gene expression and the discussion of gene responses to nutritional environments illustrate the core premise of nutrigenomics, which is the interaction between diet and gene expression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: In the case of English grid code (Electricity Transmission, 2008), wind farm must be able to supply full reactive power capacity within ±5% of nominal voltage, for voltage levels of 400kV and 275kV. English code requires an automatic voltage control at the point of connection of grid farm. Nordic grid code (Nordel, 2007) demands wind farms to have a reactive power output control in order to regulate the voltage at the point of connection. Figure 1. Typical requirements for power factor in terms of voltage deviation Fig. 2 shows the reactive power requirements in terms of power factor for different grid codes. According to ESB (ESB, 2007), Iris code requirements establish that wind farm must be able to work with a minimum power factor of 0. 835 leading or lagging for active power outputs level around 50% of the rated one. Hydro-Quebec (Hydro Quebec, 2006) requires those wind farms with an upper rate form 10 MW to offer voltage regulation within the range of 0. 95 leading or lagging power factor. Moreover, this grid code establishes that wind farms must contribute to voltage control under normal, abnormal or dynamic operation conditions. Canadian code, AESO (AESO, 2004), emphasis that voltage and reactive power regulation will be assessed at the low side of wind farm grid transformers. AESO grid code requirements are divided in two different operation conditions: for continuous operation the power factor range is set between 0. 95 lagging and 0. 9 leading; in the case of dynamic operation a range between 0. 95 capacitive and 0. 985 inductive is required. Both ranges are established in terms of power output. On the other hand, Danish grid code (Eltra, (Energinet, 2004a, 2004b)) requires wind farm to support limited reactive power by a band, which corresponds to orange line and dot-line of Fig. 2. These lines represent a power factor of 0. 995. Furthermore, reactive power control can be implemented not only at each wind units but also centrally at wind farm level. Some grid codes establish a minimum reactive power control; this requirement is related to the capability of wind units to work within a power factor range between 0. 95 leading and 0. 95 lagging. Modern wind units use variable speed generators connected to the grid by power electronics converters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the specific requirements and regulations imposed by different grid codes regarding the reactive power output and voltage control for wind farms. This implies that floating wind farms need to comply with operational standards that may involve environmental considerations and technical constraints, thereby suggesting that they cannot produce 'unlimited' power without potential environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: We also evaluated whether the number of women in each of the socio-demographic dimensions changed between surveys. For example, did fewer women have “no education” in the latest survey compared to the older survey? Or, did households in which women reside gain wealth over time? These findings can also help contextualize if MCP gains were made in more advantaged socio-demographic groups at the expense of most of the population (provided that the most advantaged group in any country will make up a smaller proportion of the total population). For MICS surveys from Sierra Leone, all data cleaning was completed in RStudio (version 4. 0. 2) since MICS surveys are saved as SPSS file and Stata 15 does not support SPSS files. For all DHS surveys, Stata 15 was used to complete the analysis. Ethical considerationsThe DHS Program procedures and questionnaires have been approved by. Furthermore, additional approval is obtained by the IRB in the country of the survey. According to the DHS Program, all surveys are in compliance with the Department of Health and policies for protection of human subjects and the IRB in the country of the survey ensures the questionnaire is in compliance with the country’s laws and norms. Moreover, before each interview is conducted participants are read a consent statement – the participant can accept or decline to participate. The consent emphasizes that participation is voluntary. Additional information on DHS Program’s ethical standards can be found here: similarly follows strict ethical guidelines. According to MICS, during the planning and designing stage of the survey, a governing structure is established. This governing structure is responsible for the formation of the steering and technical committees that are responsible for the implementation of the survey. The steering and technical committees will include focal points for ethical review submission and process. Cultural norms will also be used to adapt questionnaires as needed. Informed consent of all interviewees is required, and participation is voluntary. ResultsOverall, Figure 1 illustrates that MCP increased in nine out of the 11 countries, though the increases were only significant in seven African countries: and Zimbabwe. Figure 1. and Zimbabwe had significant increases in modern contraceptive prevalence (MCP). Blue represents older survey and orange represents latest survey. WealthTable 1 shows the changes in the size of wealth groups between the two surveys. In all 11 countries overall household wealth increased between the two surveys – i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology and ethical considerations of surveys related to socio-demographic data and contraceptive prevalence, without addressing the existence or details of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: For this, we fist created a ‘baseline’ of gene expression by extracting a list of genes that fall under the parent term ‘Biological Process’ (GO:0008150). From that list, we then removed the genes in the offspring category ‘Metabolic Process’ to create a set of genes performing biological functions unrelated to metabolism. We then compared this baseline to genes that fell within the following GO categories: ‘Metabolic Process’ (GO: 0008152), ‘Glycolysis’ (GO:0006096) and ‘TCA cycle’ (GO:0006099). The latter two were chosen as core processes in carbohydrate and protein metabolism. For the sets of genes in each of these categories that showed shared expression across the sexes, we found positive correlations between male and female fold changes between the two diet treatments (RMP = 0. 35, RGLY = 0. 74, RTCA = 0. 6, Figure 5A). These correlations were significantly more positive than the (also slightly positive) correlation observed in the non-metabolic baseline gene set, despite the fact that correlations for the small Glycolysis and TCA gene sets have wide confidence intervals (Figure 5B). This indicates that, even though there is a general shared response to diet between males and females, male and female responses are more similar in genes involved in core metabolic processes than the rest of the genome. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset GO enrichment for the shared transcriptomic response. Enrichment for ‘biological process’ was performed for all categories, and p-values were adjusted for FDR < 0. 05 ('p. adjust'). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Gene expression for specific GO categories. (A) Male and female log2 fold changes in gene expression going from carbohydrate to protein diets for selected GO terms. Red data points are genes that are found within the chosen GO terms (Metabolic process, TCA cycle and Glycolysis), whereas grey datapoints all other genes annotated with the first-level parent term ‘biological process’. This background set provides a transcriptome-wide expression baseline between the sexes. Lines represent the regression of female on male log2 fold change for the target term (red) and the background set (blue). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the investigation of gene expression in response to different diet treatments, emphasizing the relationship between metabolic processes and diet. It highlights findings that male and female responses to diet are more similar in genes related to core metabolic processes, which aligns well with the notion of nutrigenomics focusing on the interaction between diet and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: The main drawback of this methodology is that the reactive power capability of DFIG’s is not being considered since it only incorporates reactive power capability limits of wind generators according to a maximum cos(φ) or a fixed regulation band (Vijayan, 2009)-(Sangsarawut, 2010), and so that this representation does not allow to take full advantage of the reactive power injection from the wind turbine. In this work, a better wind turbine model is proposed that does take into account the actual available reactive power capability for each working operation point. The proposed formulation could be included indeed in any modified power flow analysis for optimum reactive power dispatch. At the same time, this methodology will enable to regulate the reactive power injection either locally, at the wind farm, or globally, in the whole network. As a result of the optimum and coordinated reactive power dispatch, the voltage stability in the power network will be significantly improved and enhanced. 3. 3. 1. Reactive power injection from is composed of a wound induction machine in which the stator is directly connected to the grid and the rotor is connected via slip rings to a two back-to-back converters as shown in Fig. 4. The electronic power converter allows controlling the active and the reactive power. Moreover, the Converter (GSC) of these generators offers reactive power capability, so DFIG could work as a reactive power source injecting reactive power from the machine and from the GSC converter. According to this reactive power capacity, TSO and DSO could include in their voltage control strategies the extended reactive power capability of DFIG in order to improve the voltage stability of the whole power system. DFIG power capability has been traditionally represented in a PQ diagram (B. Singh & S. N. Singh, 2009 Ullah & Thiringer, 2008) and it is well known that reactive power capability of DFIG is limited by: stator current (heating of stator coils),rotor current (heating of rotor coils), and rotor voltage (limiting the rotor speed). The GSC could be used to control the reactive power and to improve the total reactive power capability of the wind turbine (B. Singh & S. N. Singh, 2009; Ullah & Thiringer, 2008) This potential usage represents a key aspect since it may be quite useful to system operators in order to perform a coordinated reactive power management in the whole power network. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and management of reactive power in wind turbines, specifically DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator) models. It highlights that there are constraints on reactive power capabilities that prevent the full utilization of wind turbines and suggests that appropriate regulation is necessary to improve power system stability. This indicates that floating wind farms cannot produce unlimited power and suggests there are environmental and operational impacts that need to be addressed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: the number of households in the poorest (those with 20% of the assets or less) or poorer (those with between 21–40% of assets) groups decreased. Leone, every change in wealth group was significant and households accumulated more assets (i. e. more wealth) between the two surveys (2011–2016). Table 1. How the size of wealth groups changed between surveys (only significant findings at 95% confidence are included). A downward arrow suggests wealth groups size decreased and households moved out of those groups and into another group. ↓↑Burundi↓↑↑EthiopiaHaitiMalawi↓↑↑↑Nepal↓↑↑Pakistan↓↑Senegal↓↑Sierra Leone↓↓↑↑↑Uganda↓↑↑ZimbabweTable 2 shows the changes in MCP between wealth groups between two surveys. Figure 2 illustrates the changes in size of wealth group and MCP by survey. In every country, MCP increased in the lowest wealth group (those with 20% of the assets or less). These findings were significant in six countries – Burundi, Ethiopia, Malawi, Senegal, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. In Malawi, Senegal, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, the increase was around 10%; and in Malawi, the increase among the poorest was 16%. Table 2. MCPR by wealth groups by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on changes in wealth groups over time in various countries and does not discuss ancient civilizations or their written records. There is no connection between the provided information about wealth groups and the assertion regarding ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: First, we compared genes in our three categories of diet-dependent regulation overlapped significantly with sets of genes that change expression in response to dietary restriction and rapamycin in females, analysed separately for brain, thorax, gut, and fat body (Dobson et al. , 2018). We found significant overlap in the majority of comparisons made (Table 3A and B). Non-significant results were only obtained for some comparisons involving the list of genes in the D × S category, where males and females show opposing responses to diet. While this might reflect biological reality, it has to be noted that the numbers of genes—and hence statistical power to detect overlap—are smallest in the D × S category. Overall, the results of these comparisons demonstrate that transcriptional responses to the more subtle changes in dietary composition that we apply here generally mirror those that have previously been observed under dietary restriction. Table 3 Gene overlap between our three categories (D, D × S, D+D × S) and results from three previously published papers. The first study (A+B) examines female transcriptomic response to dietary restriction and rapamycin across six different tissues (Dobson et al. , 2018). The second study (C) characterises genes that respond to TORC1 inhibition via the transcription factors and -BP (Tiebe et al. , 2015). In italics we show the total number of genes in that category, with bold counts showing the significant (p<0. 05) overlaps between two categories. Overlap is assessed with Fisher's exact tests, p-values are provided below the counts. A. Dietary RestrictionBrain (167)Thorax (193)Gut (25)Fatbody (358)D (639)27 p<0. 00151 p<0. 00114 p<0. 00158 p<0. 001D × S (51)5 p=0. 00265 p=0. 00480 p=17 p=0. 0041D+D × S (116)10 p<0. 00119 p<0. 0013 p=0. 00420 p<0. 001B. RapamycinBrain (58)Thorax (38)Gut (76)Fatbody (222)D (639)14 p<0. 0019 p=0. 001217 p<0. 00157 p<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing substantial overlap in gene expression in response to dietary changes. It details a study that compares gene regulation under different dietary conditions, highlighting how transcriptional responses can reflect dietary influences. This supports the idea that nutrigenomics is centered around the interaction between diet and gene expression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 95 leading or lagging, finally the last scenery take into account the extended reactive power capability of DFIG incorporating reactive power capability of grid side converter. Table 2 shows the results obtained by the algorithm: column 3 and 4 are the bus number where each WF should be located and the reactive power injected by each one. Column 5 to 8 represents voltage stability parameters: the maximum loadability (λcrit. ) for low limit operational voltage (0. 95 p. u. ), percetange of loadability increase of the power system, maximum loadability in the point of voltage collapse and increase in voltage stability margin define as the distance between the operational point and the point of voltage collapse. Finally, column 9 and 10 show the real power losses and percentage decrease of real power due to optimal allocation of WF. Figure 5. Flowchart of optimization process Figure 6. Modified IEEE 34 bus system GA solution Stability parameters Losses # (Mvar) λcrit. (p. u. ) Δload-ability λmax. (p. u. ) ΔVSM Ploss (Mvar) Δ0 No WF - - 0 - 2. 8 - 0. 64 - Scenery 1 3 WFQ=0 MVar 9 0 0. 26 26% 3. 3 15. 15% 0. 44 31. 25% 25 0 26 0 Scenery 2 3 WFQ=Qg 24 0. 059 0. 285 28. 5% 3. 4 17. 65% 0. 37 42. 19% 26 0. 33 33 0. 243 Scenery 3 3 WFQ=Qg++QGSC 24 1. 026 0. 387 38. 7% 3. 5 20% 0. 31 51. 56% 27 0. 979 33 1. 021 Table 2. Results of GA 2 it must be noted that increasing in reactive power capability of WF leads to an increase in the loadability of the system, and reduce real power losses. Furthermore, as much as reactive power injection of wind farms longer the voltage collapse point. Fig 7 shows the voltage profile at the base loadability of the case studied (λ=0), at the base case and after the application of the optimisation algorithm for the proposed scenarios. It is shown that the optimal management of wind farms in distribution networks with high wind energy enhances the voltage profile and increases the maximum loading of the system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the technical aspects of managing wind farms, noting that reactive power capability influences system loadability and reduces real power losses. It indicates that increasing reactive power capability leads to better energy management but does not support the notion of 'unlimited power' or suggest that there are 'no environmental impacts.' Instead, it suggests a focus on optimization and management rather than unlimited production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 2014 DHS54 [51-58]56 [54-58]54 [51-56]52 [49-55]55 [50-59]Bangladesh2011 DHS53 [51-55]52 [50-54]52 [50-54]51 [48-53]53 [49-57]Burundi2016-17 DHS22 [21-23]*24 [22-27]28 [24-33]29 [21-38]32 [22-45]Burundi2010 DHS 16 [15-18]20 [17-24]31 [22-42]37 [29-45]45 [31-60]Ethiopia2016 DHS33 [30-35]*42 [37-47]50 [43-57]50 [43-56]36 [27-45]Ethiopia2011 DHS23 [21-26]47 [41-53]54 [46-61]47 [39-55]41 [33-49]Haiti2016-17 DHS31 [28-33]35 [31-37]31 [31-39]32 [21-28]23 [17-34]Haiti2012 DHS30 [15-18]34 [17-24]35 [22-42]24 [29-45]25 [31-60]Malawi2015-16 DHS57 [55-58]*60 [58-62]*64 [60-68]*54 [48-60]59 [53-66]Malawi2010 DHS 40 [39-42]47 [45-50]45 [40-50]59 [52-67]64 [52-75]Nepal2016 DHS41 [37-46]44 [41-46]42 [40-44]43 [40-46]47 [41-53]Nepal2011 DHS37 [34-41]43 [40-46]45 [41-49]49 [45-53]54 [46-62]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 17 [12-22]18 [18-23]23 [23-28]28 [29-33]31 [30-35]Pakistan2012-13 DHS16 [12-23]20 [16-21]25 [20-26]31 [26-30]32 [28-34]Senegal2017 DHS [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations or their written records. Instead, it lists various datasets and references which appear to be unrelated demographic data, lacking any discussion about the existence of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 001D × S (51)5 p<0. 0012 p=0. 022 p=0. 073 p=0. 13D+D × S (116)6 p<0. 0017 p<0. 0014 p=0. 01716 p<0. 001C. TORC1/-BP (212)D (639)28 p=0. 019D × S (51)1 p=0. 78D+D × S (116)9 p=0. 0068 We then compared our gene categories with a dataset from heads of virgin males and females in which IIS/TOR signalling had been perturbed by expressing a dominant-negative allele of the insulin receptor InRDN (Graze et al. , 2018). Reanalysing this dataset (see Materials and methods) we obtained a list of genes that were altered by an IIS/TOR perturbation across both sexes (N = 5200 genes) similar to the results obtained in the original paper. However, subjecting the data to an analysis analogous to that we performed on our own, we further found that IIS/TOR perturbation causes expression changes similar to those observed for our diet treatments. Thus, a large number of genes show concordant responses to altered insulin signalling in males (significant InR effect) and females, while a second set shows opposing responses (InR-by-sex interaction, InR×S) and a third shows largely sex-specific responses (InR+InR×S) (Figure 2—figure supplement 1, Supplementary file 4). Furthermore, we detect parallelism in the effects of diet manipulation and InR perturbation on several levels. At the most basic level, the genes that are significantly affected by IIS/TOR perturbation overlap significantly with the genes that are significantly affected by diet quality (489 genes observed, 351 expected, 39% excess, Fisher's exact test, p < 0. 001). Second, genes that show a significant diet effect ('D') are more likely to also show a significant effect of InR perturbation ('InR') (436 genes with both terms significant, 37% excess, Fisher's exact test, p < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how gene expression is affected by dietary quality and insulin signaling, demonstrating a clear interaction between diet and genes. It mentions that a significant number of genes show changes in expression due to diet manipulation and insulin receptor perturbation, denoting a relationship that is central to the principles of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Most specifically, if adding three wind farms with extended reactive power capability to power systems, the maximum loading of the system for operational voltage limit will increase by 38. 7%, the real power losses decrease in a 51. 56% and voltage stability margin is increased 20% (Fig. 8). Figure 7. Voltage profile of the modified IEEE 34 bus system Figure 8. Maximum loading parameter and 6. Conclusion Nowadays, wind energy plays an important role in the generation mix of several countries. The major impacts resulting by the use of wind energy are related to reverse power flow, harmonics and voltage/reactive power control. At the same time, requires behaviour of wind generators similar to the conventional plant, and thus wind farms must be able to control active as well as reactive power according to the System Operator’s commands. At this moment, variable speed wind turbines use electronics power converters that are capable to offer a regulation of both, active and reactive power. In this work, an optimization problem is shown in order to deal with the optimal reactive power planning of a power network with high wind energy penetration. The optimization process is based on and is able to find out the optimal location of wind farms in order to maximize the voltage loadability and to minimize any active power losses of the whole network. The study results show that an optimal allocation of wind farms, sum up to an optimal reactive power dispatch of these ones, improve indeed voltage stability of power systems and minimize active power losses too. Advertisement 7. Future researchs The methodology proposed could be extended to work with other types of wind generators, such as full power converter. Furthermore, incorporation of fixed speed wind units in power system, equipped with FACTS devices to control reactive power, could lead a very interesting work on optimal reactive power between conventional var sources and reactive power capabilities of variable speed wind turbines. In this work stability and economic issues are only taking into account in the optimization process. By the way, it is important to notice that wind energy, as a renewable energy, lets decrease CO2 emissions. Therefore, an interesting future research is the incorporation of reduction of CO2 emissions in the optimization problem. The optimization problem lets distributed the generation between the conventional plants and the wind farms in order to improve technical, economic and environmental issues. Advertisement 01. 1. Abdullah N. R. H. Musirin I. Othman M. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while wind energy is beneficial in decreasing CO2 emissions, it also presents major impacts related to reverse power flow, harmonics, and voltage/reactive power control. This suggests that floating wind farms, while contributing to renewable energy, do not operate without some environmental and operational challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 16 [14-19]*17 [16-19]*21 [19-24]*31 [28-34]37 [34-41]*Senegal2012 DHS6 [4-10]8 [7-10]13 [11-16]26 [21-31]26 [20-32]Sierra Leone2017 MICS8 [1-40]32 [25-41]*33 [27-39]*30 [25-35]24 [18-31]Sierra Leone2011 MICS 6 [5-7]14 [12-16]21 [17-25]24 [19-30]27 [17-40]Uganda2016 DHS28 [26-30]*37 [35-39]*42 [39-45]43 [39-47]47 [39-55]Uganda 2011 DHS 18 [16-20]28 [26-30]41 [36-46]44 [34-56]57 [45-69]Zimbabwe2015 DHS62 [60-65]*62 [59-66]70 [66-74]*73 [70-76]*75 [68-81]Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS53 [51-56]57 [53-61]61 [57-65]61 [58-65]69 [59-77] MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it appears to provide data or references related to demographic and health surveys from various countries, which is irrelevant to the claim about historical documentation by civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 001, Figure 7 and Figure 7—figure supplement 1, Supplementary file 1 - Table 4). More importantly, however, we also found a significant interaction between diet and rapamycin treatment that was shared across males and females, where rapamycin lead to a larger reduction in reproductive output on each sex's optimal diet (sex ×rapamycin: p=0. 001). Finally, our experiment revealed possible quantitative differences between the sexes in the effect of rapamycin on reproduction (sex ×rapamycin × diet: p=0. 068); while the effect of the treatment in females correlated roughly with the dose administered, males showed a threshold response where all rapamycin levels in the optimal diet resulted in a reduction in reproductive output to the level observed on the non-optimal diet. Figure 7 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Male and female fitness measures across the two diets and for rapamycin treatments. Sample size for each experimental treatment is 60 flies. study examined the transcriptomic response of male and female D. melanogaster to variation in dietary composition, being exposed to either a male-optimal (protein-to-carbohydrate ratio 1:4) or a female-optimal (2:1) diet. Our results provide interesting insights into nutritional effects on male and female fitness in relation to sex- and diet-dependent expression levels, function and regulation. We show that both sexes share a large metabolic core transcriptome that is regulated in a sexually concordant way. Nevertheless, smaller parts of the transcriptome are sex-specifically regulated to diet, including sex-limited reproductive genes. Together with the observed effects of rapamycin in the two sexes, this suggests that male and female reproduction is inversely regulated in response to diet composition. A shared metabolic core transcriptome Our analyses demonstrated the existence of a core metabolic transcriptome that shows sexually concordant regulation in response to diet. Overall, expression fold changes from carbohydrate- to protein-rich food among metabolic genes are positively correlated between the sexes, and significantly more so than for the transcriptomic background. This indicates that gene expression in males and females responds generally similarly to changes in dietary composition. In line with this interpretation, the large majority of genes with diet-dependent expression show significant changes only in response to diet, independently of sex (639 out of 806 genes, 79%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the study examined the transcriptomic response of male and female D. melanogaster to variations in dietary composition, highlighting the interaction between diet and gene expression. It provides evidence that gene expression in both sexes is positively correlated to changes in dietary composition, which is a key aspect of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: of Michigan Press, 0-26258-111-6 14. Hugang X. Haozhong C. Haiyu L. 2008 Optimal reactive power flow incorporating static voltage stability based on multi-objective adaptive immune algorithm, and Management, 49 5 (May. 2008), 1175 1181 0196-8904 15. Hydro-Quebec. Transmission provider technical requirements for the connection of power plants to Hydro-Quebec transmission system. Transenergie, 2006 16. 2008 OECD/IEA, March 2010, Available from: < www. iea. org/techno/etp/index. asp> 17. IEA Wind Energy. 2009 March 2010, Available from: < www. ieawind. org/AnnualReports_PDF/2009. html> 18. Jenkins N. et al. 2000 Embedded Generation, of Electrical Engineers, 0-85296-774-8 U. K. 19. Keung P. K. Kazachkov Y. Senthil J. 2010 Generic models of wind turbines for power system stability studies, Proceedings of Conference on Advances in Control, Operation and Management, London, UK, Nov. 2009. 20. Kundur Prabha. 1994 Stability and Control, MC-Graw-Hill, 007035958 California. 21. Martínez I. et al. 2007 Connection requirements for wind farms: A survey on thecnical requirements and regulation. Renewable and Sustainability energy reviews, 11 8 (Oct. 2007), 1858 1872 1364-0321 22. plc, UK, October 2008. 23. Nordel. Code. Nordel, January 2007 24. Raoufi H. Kalantar M. 2009 Reactive power rescheduling with generator ranking for voltage stability improvement, and Management, 50 4 (Apr. 2009), 1129 1135 0196-8904 25. Salama M. M. A. Chikhani A. Y. 1993 A simplified network approach to the VAR control problem for radial distribution systems. IEEE Trans. Delivery, 8 3 (Jul. 1993), 1529 1535 0885-8977 26. Sangsarawut P. Oonsivila A. Kulworawanichpong T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides technical references and publications related to wind energy and electrical engineering, without addressing the environmental impact of floating wind farms or claims of unlimited power production. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Figure 2. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by wealth group between two surveys. In all countries except Bangladesh, women with average wealth (those in the middle of the five wealth groups) had higher modern method use than in the lowest wealth groups. However, the gap in modern method use between those in the middle wealth group and the lowest wealth group declined in most countries between surveys. Growth in MCP was more uneven when comparing growth between surveys in higher wealth groups. All but three countries saw declines in MCP in the highest wealth groups, although these findings were not significant given the lower sample sizes in the richest groups per country. Conversely, in Senegal, there was a significant increase in MCP among the richest, which corresponds with a large significant increase in the number of people in the richest wealth group. 2 below for additional comparisons. ResidenceTable 3 shows the MCP for countries disaggregated by residence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses modern contraceptive prevalence rates and wealth groups, with no relation to ancient civilizations or written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Functionally, genes in this core metabolic transcriptome are enriched for carboxylic acid metabolism and neurological biological processes. Carboxylic acid metabolism is an integral part of both protein and carbohydrate processing—for instance, part of the components of amino acids are carboxylic acid sidechains. The prominence of neurological biological processes, on the other hand, supports the notion of a neural gut-brain connection that is conserved evolutionarily (Kaelberer and Bohórquez, 2018) and shared between the sexes. Specifically, the sensory mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract convey information about the nutritional status to regulate satiety (and thereby feeding behaviour), metabolism, and digestion (Kaelberer et al. , 2018) in a way that is similar between males and females. We were also able to infer key regulators of sexually concordant, diet-dependent gene expression, using motif enrichment tools. Upstream regions of genes with sexually concordant diet responses were enriched for motifs of two main transcription factors CreB and lola transcription factors. CrebB is involved in diurnal rhythms and memory formation (Bittinger et al. , 2004; Kogan et al. , 1997), but also in energy homeostasis and starvation resistance, mediated by insulin signalling (Wang et al. , 2008). The lola transcription factor, on the other hand, is mainly involved in axon guidance in Drosophila (Horiuchi et al. , 2003; Goeke et al. , 2003). But interestingly, some protein isoforms have also been associated with octopamine synthesis pathways which are essential for nutrient sensing (Dinges et al. , 2017). Sex-specific diet responses in gene regulation Besides the large, shared core metabolic transcriptome, we also identified smaller groups of genes with sex-specific expression responses to diet. A first group showed opposing diet responses in males and female (D × S, 51 out of 806 genes, 6. 3%). These genes are enriched for transport functions and synapse assembly/organisation. One of our candidate antagonistic genes is fit (female-specific independent of transformer). Known to be sexually dimorphic in expression, fit has been found to be rapidly upregulated in male heads during the process of male courtship and mating, along with another antagonistic candidate Odorant binding protein 99b, Obp99B (Ellis and Carney, 2010; Carney, 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how diet influences gene expression and regulatory mechanisms. It specifically mentions 'sex-specific diet responses in gene regulation', indicating an investigation into how different diets affect gene behavior, which is a central theme of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Injected by the wind farm without power calculation according to equation (1) is based on a single wind speed. However, in reality, the wind speed may differ slightly in direction and intensity across the area traversed by the blades. To consider this effect, the wind speed is supplied through a lag block to the power conversion equation. This creates a slight change in the active power delivered to the grid before the disturbance at 1 second. 4. 4. Induction generator terminal voltage –effect of FACTS controllersThe response in induction generator terminal voltage following the transient fault is shown in Fig. 18, without FACTS controllers in the network. The under voltage protection system associated with the wind turbine disconnects the stator from the network if the voltage at its stator terminals is less than 0. 75 p. u. for a period of 0. 08 seconds. Figure 18. without. 19 and 20 show the response of the induction generator terminal voltage with SVC/TCSC and. /UPFC. It can be concluded that terminal voltage of the DFIG is above 0. 75 p. u. after 0. 1 seconds. Comparing Fig. 18, 19 and 20 it can be concluded that the UPFC improves the fault ride through capability of the DFIG very effectively. Figure 19. – Effect of SVC and TCSCFigure 20. – Effect of and UPFC4. 5. Effect of wind speed variationsThe dynamic performance of the FACTS controllers with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind farm is investigated using the wind speed model shown in Fig. 21. [7]Figure 21. Wind speed Model considered for long term dynamic simulationThe average wind speed is around 5 Km/h approximately. The wind speed data are obtained by measuring the wind speed changes over an hour from the regional meteorological website. It can be observed that during the time period from 0- 1000 sec the wind speed fluctuates around an average wind speed of 5 Km/h. But the wind speed reaches 16 Km/h around 1,200 seconds. The corresponding rotor speed variation by the induction generator is shown in Fig 22. It can be observed that the rotor speed changes from its initial value to 1. 25 p. u. following wind speed increase at 1200 seconds. Figure 22. response of DFIGThe corresponding active power variations are shown in Fig. 23. Figure 23. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the realities of wind speed variations and their impact on power generation from floating wind farms. It outlines that wind speed fluctuates, which implies that power generation is not consistent or unlimited, as it depends on varying wind conditions. Additionally, the mention of the technical complexities related to power conversion and the requirements for protective measures (like under voltage protection) suggests that there are operational challenges and environmental considerations involved, contradicting the notion of 'unlimited power without environmental impact.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: In every country in our analysis, modern contraceptive use was higher in urban areas than rural areas. Modern contraceptive use in rural and urban areas increased in most countries. Increases were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda in rural settings, and in Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe in both rural and urban settings. In three countries, MCP declined among rural women between surveys: Haiti, Nepal, and Pakistan, though the decline was not significant. In both Pakistan and Nepal, MCP among urban women also declined between surveys. The largest gain among rural women was seen in Malawi where MCP increased by 17% between 2010 and 2016. Figure 3 illustrates the change in MCP between two surveys. Table 3. MCPR by residence by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses modern contraceptive use across different environments, which does not relate to the aspects of historical documentation or ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, fit has also been implicated in protein satiety in a sex-specific manner (Sun et al. , 2017). Following the ingestion of protein-rich food, fit expression increases in both sexes (although more so in females than males), but only supresses protein appetite in females (Sun et al. , 2017). Both fit and Obp99B were found to be significantly altered in a sex-specific way when flies were starved, further cementing their role in nutrient response (Fujikawa et al. , 2009). Together with previous work, our results therefore cement the tight link between nutritional sensory mechanisms and reproduction, however this response is sex-specific. Another group of genes showed mostly responses in one sex (D+D × S, 116 genes, 14. 4%). Most of the genes observed in this category show expression changes in females (with little change in male expression levels) and are mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism and female receptivity. One notable gene in this category is the transcription factor doublesex, which plays a key role in sexual differentiation and the regulation of sex-specific behavioural traits (Shirangi et al. , 2006). Expression levels of this gene are higher in females that are fed a high-protein diet (unless the difference in dsx mRNA levels is due to growth in a sexually dimorphic, and hence dsx-expressing, tissue type). Of interest among the few genes with male-limited diet response (Figure 2) is Adenosylhomosysteinase (Ahcy), which we find males to express at lower levels on the carbohydrate-rich (optimal) diet. Ahcy is involved in methionine metabolism and has been linked to male lifespan regulation. Ahcy knock-outs were shorter lived, while knock-outs for two putative Ahcy-repressors extended male life- and health-span (Parkhitko et al. , 2016). These effects are in line with the under-expression we observe on high carbohydrate, under the assumption that greater investment in current reproduction is associated with decreased lifespan (which may not generally hold in the context of nutrient manipulation; Jensen et al. , 2015). Both the genes with opposing (D × S) and those with sex-limited diet-dependent regulation (D+D × S) show significant enrichment for GATA transcription factors. This class of transcription factors has been previously implicated in female nutritional and reproductive control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how the regulation of gene expression is influenced by diet, specifically highlighting the interaction between nutritional intake and gene activity in a sex-specific manner. It mentions how different diets affect the expression of genes related to nutrient response, such as the transcription factors and genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, which are clearly linked to nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Injected by the wind farmThe active power variations following the wind speed changes are highly fluctuating from the steady state load flow level to the grid. The performance coefficient Cp of the wind turbine is kept as 0. 48 in the algebraic equationP=12Cp. ρ. AV3. Fig. 24 shows the impact of an SVC/controller on the rotor speed response of the DFIG. Figure 24. Response of induction Generator with SVC/are no significant rotor speed oscillations in the rotor speed of the induction generator with SVC in the network; however the rotor speed increases to 1. 26 p. u. with SVC in the network following wind speed increase of 16 Km/h near 1200 seconds. The rotor speed response of induction generator with TCSC/UPFC is shown in Fig 25. It can be noticed that the rotor speed oscillations are damped effectively with UPFC in the network. Figure 25. Rotor speed Response of Induction generator with TCSC/UPFC. Advertisement 5. ConclusionFor the simulation study the gains and time constants of the FACTS controllers are tuned using a conventional optimization program, which minimizes the voltagerotor speed oscillations of the induction generator. Among series connected FACTS controllers the UPFC damps both rotor angle oscillations of synchronous generators and rotor speed oscillations of induction generator very effectively when compared with TCSC. This is due to the reactive support provided by the shunt branch of the UPFC following the disturbance. However the reactive power rating of UPFC is very high compared to that of the TCSC. It is suggested that a of suitable rating may be installed at the point of common coupling (PCC) with or without a capacitor may be used for stabilizing rotor speed oscillations associated with doubly fed variable speed induction generators following transient faults and disturbances. The development of wind turbine and wind farm models is vital because as the level of wind penetration increases it poses dynamic stability problems in the power system. For the present work we have taken a taken a doubly fed induction generator model and illustrated the presence of sustained oscillations with wind farms. A. C. controllers are modeled using the non-linear simulation models and the transient ratings of the FACTS controller are obtained to stabilize the rotor speed/rotor angle oscillations in a DFIG based wind energy conversion scheme. The rotor speed stability of the DFIG based system following a generator outage is studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the dynamic stability problems and the potential oscillations in rotor speed of wind turbine systems, indicating that floating wind farms do not produce unlimited power without constraints. Specifically, it mentions 'sustained oscillations' and the challenges posed by increased wind penetration, suggesting that these wind farms face operational issues that may imply significant limitations and environmental considerations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurveyUrbanRuralBangladesh2014 DHS56 [54-58]53 [52-55]Bangladesh2011 DHS54 [52-56]51 [50-53]Burundi2016-17 DHS29 [25-32]22 [21-24]*Burundi2010 DHS 29 [25-33]17 [15-18]Ethiopia2016 DHS50 [46-54]32 [30-35]*Ethiopia2011 DHS50 [46-53]23 [20-25]Haiti2016-17 DHS33 [30-36]31 [29-33]Haiti2012 DHS31 [29-34]31 [29-34]Malawi2015-16 DHS61 [59-64]*58 [56-59]*Malawi2010 DHS 50 [46-53]41 [39-42]Nepal2016 DHS44 [42-46]41 [38-43]Nepal2011 DHS50 [47-53]42 [40-45]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 29 [27-31]23 [21-25]Pakistan2012-13 DHS32 [30-35]23 [22-25]Senegal2017 DHS37 [34-39]*19 [17-21]*Senegal2012 DHS27 [24-31]9 [8-11]Sierra Leone2017 MICS30 [28-32]*16 [14-17]*Sierra Leone2011 MICS 16 [13-19]8 [7-9]Uganda2016 DHS41 [38-43]33 [31-35]*Uganda 2011 DHS 39 [36-43]23 [22-25]Zimbabwe2015 DHS71 [68-73]*63 [61-66]*Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS60 [57-64]56 [54-58] MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. Figure 3. Change in modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by residence between two surveys. EducationTable 4 shows the MCP stratified by education status between two surveys and Figure 4 illustrates the same information visually. In six of the 11 countries there were significant changes in MCP between surveys related to education: and Uganda. In all six countries, gains in modern contraceptive use were made among women with no education. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses demographic health surveys and modern contraceptive prevalence rates, without mentioning ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Second, several lines of bioinformatic evidence suggest that the expression changes that we describe here are at least in part regulated by IIS/TOR signalling. Thus, the genes that we find to respond to diet manipulation significantly overlap with genes affected by manipulation of IIS/TOR signalling as described by Graze et al. (2018), a dataset that our reanalysis reveals to show a similar structure of genes with sexually concordant, sexually opposing and sex-biased expression changes. This pattern and the overlap with our data is all the more noteworthy as Graze et al. assessed the effect of IIS/TOR perturbation in virgin flies, where males and females have more similar dietary requirements, and hence presumably more similar physiological states, than in mated flies (Camus et al. , 2018). In addition to showing parallels with IIS/TOR-dependent expression, our diet-dependent genes also significantly overlap with the arguably best-defined set of TORC1-dependent genes currently available (Tiebe et al. , 2015). These results suggest that diet-dependent expression responses, and their sex-specific differences, are mediated by IIS and the TOR pathway. This conclusion is corroborated by the results of our experiment combining diet manipulation with rapamycin treatments, which are consistent with TORC1-dependent upregulation of reproduction on optimal diets in both sexes. Here we find that while rapamycin generally lowers reproductive output, this effect is more pronounced on the respective optimal diet of each sex. This is expected in females, where a large body of work implicates the IIS/TOR network in life-history shifts between reproduction and longevity (Wullschleger et al. , 2006). Accordingly, a nutritionally favourable environment should lead to increased TORC1 activity and elevated reproductive output. What our data show, however, is that a parallel effect of increased reproduction on the optimal diet is detectable in males, even though the composition of that diet is the one that is unfavourable in females, leading to low TORC1 and reduced reproduction. Across the sexes, TORC1 activity would thus not reflect a specific dietary composition but a measure of nutritional optimality and regulate reproductive investment accordingly. We note that, while tantalising, these inferences will require further careful validation. Due to the focus on females, diet-dependent regulation of male reproduction has been little explored. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how diet manipulation influences gene expression and suggesting that the expression changes are mediated by IIS/TOR signalling, which relates directly to how dietary factors can interact with genetic responses. The discussion about significant overlaps between diet-dependent genes and those affected by IIS/TOR perturbation clearly aligns with the study of nutrigenomics, focusing on the interaction between diet and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: organisms are valuable in part because of large-scale experiments like screens, but performing such experiments over long time periods by hand is arduous and error-prone. Organism-handling robots could revolutionize large-scale experiments in the way that liquid-handling robots accelerated molecular biology. We developed a modular automated platform for large-scale experiments (MAPLE), an organism-handling robot capable of conducting lab tasks and experiments, and then deployed it to conduct common experiments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Physarum polycephalum, Bombus impatiens, and Drosophila melanogaster. Focusing on fruit flies, we developed a suite of experimental modules that permitted the automated collection of virgin females and execution of an intricate and laborious social behavior experiment. We discovered that (1) pairs of flies exhibit persistent idiosyncrasies in social behavior, which (2) require olfaction and vision, and (3) social interaction network structure is stable over days. These diverse examples demonstrate MAPLE’s versatility for automating experimental biology. eLife digest Biological research can, at times, be mind-numbingly tedious: scientists often have to do the same experiment over and over on many different samples. When working with animals such as fruit flies, this means researchers have to physically handle large numbers of specimens, selecting certain individuals or moving them from one container to another to perform the study. This represents a serious bottleneck that slows down discovery. Automation represents an obvious solution to this issue. In fact, it has already revolutionized fields like molecular biology, where robots can handle the liquids required for the experiments. Yet, it is not so easy to automate tasks that involve animals larger than a millimeter. To fill that gap, Alisch et al. have developed a robotic system called Platform for Large-scale Experiments (MAPLE) that can manipulate fruit flies and other small organisms. Using gentle vacuum, MAPLE can pick up individual flies to move them from one compartment to another. These areas could be places where the insects grow or where experimental measurements are automatically gathered. Putting the robot to work, Alisch et al. used MAPLE to collect virgin female flies for genetic experiments, a common task in fruit flies laboratories. The system was also configured to load flies into arenas where their behavior could be measured. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the need for intervention in large-scale experiments with organisms, highlighting that while automation through the MAPLE system can assist in handling specimens, the research still requires active involvement from scientists. The mention of the 'bot represents a serious bottleneck that slows down discovery' reinforces that complete autonomy without human interaction, as suggested in the claim, is not currently achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: In five of six countries– Burundi, Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Uganda, significant MCP gains were also made among women with primary education. , MCP gains among women with secondary education were also significant. The proportion of women with no education declined between two surveys in four of the six countries (and not in Ethiopia or Sierra Leone). Malawi had the fastest MCP growth where it grew by more than 16% among women with no education. Modern use remained stagnant (i. e. change was not statistically significant) among women in the highest education group in most countries except in where it increased. Note, in Sierra Leone, the highest education category includes secondary and higher education, while in other countries those categories are separate. Among women in the highest education group, traditional method use increased in Burundi and Uganda by more than one percentage point. Further analysis is needed to discern if women in the highest education group in Burundi and Uganda discontinued a modern method for a traditional method or have been long-term traditional method users. Table 4. MCPR by education by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses modern data related to women's education and MCP (modern contraceptive use) across several African countries. It does not address any aspects of ancient civilizations or written records.