Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: in via InstitutionLog in via Openin using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? for this keyword Advanced search Latest content authors by collection Search for this keyword Advanced search Main menu Latest content authors by collection Log in in via InstitutionLog in via Openin using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? BMJ are here, Issue 11 Use of social media in recruiting young people to mental health research: a scoping review Email alerts 4. 0/This is an open access 4. 0 Unported (CC BY 4. 0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: Statistics from Altmetric. com If you wish to reuse any or all of this 3. 5 million 6–23 year olds in England were reported to have a probable or possible mental health disorder2 and around 14% of the world’s adolescents (aged 10–19 years) are recorded to live with a mental disorder. 3 Consequently, there has been increasing demand for counselling services, hospital admissions for self-harm and referrals to specialist Child and Health Services. 4 In the UK, for example, figures have shown record numbers of referrals with the number of young people accessing mental health services reaching a new record of 708 939 in November 2022. 5 However, in the UK and globally, many countries do not have enough staff trained for dealing with mental health and across all income groups, there are reported to be just three mental health workers per 1000 000 population. 3 Adding to concern, reports do not account for the large proportion of children and young people not seeking or accessing professional for their mental health conditions. 6There is a dearth of evidence on the effectiveness of appropriate and timely interventions to improve the mental well-being of children and young people. 7 Consequently robust, large-scale research studies are needed to bridge the gap between supply and demand of mental health treatments. Recruiting eligible and representative participants to research studies, however, can be challenging and is often the most time-consuming aspect of the study process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses mental health issues among young people, citing statistics about mental health disorders in that age group. However, it does not provide any information on mental health issues from social media use affecting other age groups or contrast the claim that only young people are impacted. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem services like crop productivity. [SEP] Text: Obviously it’s by soil moisture, which are listed for each zone in the table, but how did you decide on the cutoff points? Cite this review as (2017) #1 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 1)". PeerJ · Feb 20, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript is written clearly and concisely, and the results were well contextualized. The title is very straightforward and accurately represents the work. The only comment I have regarding the presentation of the manuscript is that there should be sub-headings in and Methods to improve readability. Experimental design The research question is interesting and fills a well-articulated gap in knowledge for the ecosystem. Broadly speaking, the findings are logical and congruent with expectations based on existing knowledge. However, there are two issues with experimental design that lessen the robustness of the findings: 1. The lack of reliable points of comparison for the PAM measurements 2. The lack of kill/inhibitor controls for enzyme activity measurements As far as this reviewer is aware, there have been few reliable reported measurements of primary productivity using PAM on organics-poor soils. Although PAM measures a very specific phenomenon (drop in photochemical quenching of fluorescent signals), it cannot be assumed that readings obtained by PAM are entirely associated with photosynthesis when there is very low chlorophyll content in the substrate being characterized. Note that I'm not say that the readings are false, but it is difficult to quantify exact how much estimated photosynthetic activity is actually biological. It would have been highly useful to have control measurements of bedrocks and active cyanobacterial mats or mosses to contextualize the readings reported here. Another issue with PAM is that it is an instantaneous measurement, which means the readings are much more reflective of the limiting factor for photosynthesis (i. e. , water) than capacity for photosynthesis. This is why water augmentation is a standard procedure when PAM is used to characterize lichen physiology since the capacity for photosynthesis is what determines the primary production capability of a system, not moisture content at the time of sampling. This potentially explains why ETR and GPP values did not correlated with ChlA levels (lines 264-265). A similar issue exists for the enzyme assay data since they (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about soil microbial diversity being essential for maintaining ecosystem services. Instead, it focuses on methodological concerns regarding measurements in a study related to primary productivity and soil moisture. While it discusses aspects of soil and productivity measurement, it fails to establish a direct connection to soil microbial diversity or ecosystem services.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: The objectives of this are to: (1) disseminate state-of-the-art basic and applied knowledge on agroforestry among practitioners, scientists, extension professionals, students, and policy makers; (2) present conceptual approaches to address potentials and limitations of diverse agroforestry practices; and (3) document current agroforestry developments in a region of the world where agroforestry practices have grown in number and diversity. Papers contained in this special issueThe selected papers in this cover a wide range of agroforestry practices such as home gardens, traditional agroforestry practices, silvopasture and woodland grazing, riparian buffers, alley cropping, agroforestry economics, and agroforestry adoption and extension. A summary of the findings from this collections of papers are in the following paragraphs. Home gardens and traditional agroforestry practicesRoy et al. (2022) discussed home garden agroforestry practices in the Region of India to overcome the fuelwood shortage. The study inventoried the fuelwood-species diversity and estimated the amount of fuelwood consumption and resulting carbon emission. The home gardens of the study area have a great potential to ensure the year-round supply of fuelwood to the households without additional cost and act as a tool to conserve the forest ecosystem. In addition, home garden satisfies small land holder’s domestic energy needs while, avoiding deforestation and thus offsetting carbon emission. Reang et al. (2022) discussed about or Systems (TAFS) to achieve sustainable production and address biodiversity conservation as well as climate change. The result from this study showed the highest tree species richness, basal area, and diversity in home gardens followed by piper and pineapple-based systems. The study revealed a greater number of tree species under the TAFS providing fuelwood, timber, and meeting other economic needs. The study also considered the environmental services provided by most tree species. Jiang et al. (2021) quantified the relationships between environmental factors and growth of four tree species and developed functional soil maps for each species of trees in an agroforestry practice. Results from their study showed tree size and terrain attributes were driving factors affecting tree growth rate relative to soil properties. Gómez et al. (2021) presented the diagnosis and analysis of production systems that included traditional agroforestry in rural areas of Mexico. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various agroforestry practices, such as home gardens and traditional agroforestry systems, which aim to achieve sustainable production and address environmental issues like deforestation and biodiversity. It highlights the integration of tree species in these systems, which supports the idea that agroforestry merges trees and crops to enhance ecological sustainability and productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: 8 9 Participation in research is generally declining, and ineffective recruitment can impact data quality and validity of research findings and lead to premature termination of the trial. 10 11 Recruitment and retention of young people for mental health research is challenging and adds another level of complexity. 10 12 13 In particular, participation may be hindered by the stigma of mental illness or fear of negative consequences from self-disclosure. 14 15Traditional recruitment strategies such as advertisements, telephone calls and mailing letters are often costly, time consuming and ineffective in representing the target population. 16 17 Alternatively, online recruitment strategies are now being adopted to improve enrolment outcomes. 18 One example is the use of social media, a group of mobile and internet-based applications allowing users to receive, build and share information worldwide. 19 The launch of the social media platforms such as Myspace and Facebook in 2003 and 2004, respectively, fuelled a growth of online platforms designed to increase social interconnectivity. 14 Twitter, Instagram and Snapchat, among others, shortly followed and have become an avenue for daily consumption and dissemination of information. Most young people are active on social networking sites. In 2022, it was reported that 62% of children aged 8–17 years had profile(s) on online apps or sites, and using video-sharing platforms such as YouTube or TikTok was the most popular online activity among this age group. 20 In many cases, those with mental health problems use social media platforms to seek support networks and help others,21 indicating that social media could be a successful method of engaging with young people for the purpose of mental health research. An increasing number of studies are using online recruitment methods and the feasibility of such strategies is being explored. Facebook, in particular, has been shown to be a successful recruitment tool for populations who may not respond to traditional recruitment strategies, such as adolescents. 22 23 More specifically, the use of paid Facebook advertising, search tool and creation and use of a Facebook page prove successful in recruiting adolescents to health research. 22 Previous reviews that have explored social media platforms in addition to Facebook found them to be useful for recruitment to mental health research,14 24 however these reviews did not target young people and therefore cannot be generalised to this population. To date, and to our knowledge, a review has not explored social media platforms for the recruitment of young people to mental health research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while young people are significantly affected by social media usage and mental health issues, it does not assert that these issues affect only them. Instead, it discusses the broader implications of social media use for mental health research, noting that recruitment strategies utilizing social media are being applied for various demographics, including adolescents, while challenges in participation due to stigma might also reflect experiences of other age groups. Furthermore, the existence of research partnerships suggests mental health issues related to social media usage may span beyond just young people.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem services like crop productivity. [SEP] Text: , AG and POX) appear to correlate with moisture content. Again, the data make sense and are likely to be (at least partially) derived from enzymatic activities, but there is not enough confidence without kill/inhibitor controls to conclude that all of the activities observed are in fact due to enzymes released by resident microorganisms. Validity of the findings As stated above, the findings are logical and in line with what can be reasonably expected from existing knowledge. However, I do not think the experimental design allows the PAM and enzyme activity data to be unequivocally attributed to resident microorganisms. Without knowing how much of the PAM readings is attributable to primary production, I would feel much more comfortable using the GPP and NPP as upper limits rather than estimates. The application of Shannon diversity index on enzyme activity data is unusual and likely violates the statistical assumption of the index (i. e. , each "species" or "character" being independent of each other) since it is likely some microorganisms possess multiple of the enzymes assayed. I would also suggest that the authors be much more explicit and careful when discussing parameters that likely auto-correlate (e. g. , MBC vs. TN and SOC). A few specific comments: • Lines 215-217: Is ETR related to PAR or not? These two sentences appear to contradict each other. • Lines 243-245: Please provide 0. 1)". PeerJ · Feb 22, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript was clearly articulated and described the use of PAM fluorometry to examine primary productivity rates in Dry Valley, Antarctica soils of Taylor Valley. General comments: The use of PAM fluorometry in conjunction with enzyme assays is a useful addition to the literature on microbial activity in hyper-arid Antarctic permafrost soils, specifically primary productivity for which there is limited data. Specific comments: Photos of cryptograms sampled would be useful for this manuscript. ln 94. The assumption that biological activity in is limited to a 8 week period in austral summer is likely incorrect. Bakermans et al. 2014 (doi: 10. 1111/1574-6941. 12310) demonstrated that heterotrophy occurs in soil samples from at -5 C. Additionally, the high salt content described in these soils (ln 93) aid in the formation of liquid water at colder temperatures, the likely limiting factor for activity. Need more details on the sites collected along the environmental gradient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses various aspects of microbial activity and the experimental design related to enzyme assays and microbial activity in Antarctic soils. However, it does not provide evidence or directly relate to soil microbial diversity and its role in maintaining ecosystem services or crop productivity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: (2021b) explored producers' interest to establish a silvopasture by planting trees in pasture and assessed tree and pasture performance in Virginia, USA. The study provided guidelines that maintain stand health and productivity when thinning trees to establish silvopasture and improve tree protection and growth in pastures when plantings are needed. Dibala et al. (2021) explored the impacts of climate change on future animal agriculture and forage production. They investigated the potential of white mulberry for its fodder potential to stand climate change and gathered information on the native variety that tolerate shade. The results indicated the production of mulberry fodder could be optimized by 66% on Factor that corresponds to around 500 trees/ha. Lechuga et al. (2022) investigated the depletion of natural regeneration in temperate forests, and the effect of grazing with sheep on the survival of Abies hickelii seedlings in Mexico. They used two sites for regeneration of the vegetation, one with natural regeneration and the other for transplantation of A. hickelii. The impacts of grazing on both regeneration sites on vegetation cover was significant in both sampling sites. However, the survival of A. hickelii seedlings remained more than 80% in both sites. The study concluded that the negative effects of sheep grazing on A. hickelii seedlings were low and promoted silvopasture systems with sheep in temperate forests. Ballesteros, J. and Torres, J. P. (2022) discussed the loss of tropical dry forests and proposed silvopasture as a strategy to curb deforestation and loss of biodiversity in the Region. The objective was to evaluate the effect of silvopasture and the conventional livestock management systems with fragmentation of dry forests. The study found that bats were abundant in the silvopasture systems with extensive livestock management that generated temporal stability of bat populations. Riparian bufferShahariar et al. (2021) evaluated the impacts of land-use practices on soil-organic carbon (SOC) in Canadian prairie pothole region. They addressed the potential concern of carbon sequestration and soil health in riparian areas. They studied the potential of short-rotation willow plantations in marginal riparian areas in sequestering carbon in comparison to annual crop and pasture. The SOC was higher in pasture sites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies on silvopasture, which is a form of agroforestry that integrates trees with livestock and pasture systems. For instance, the study by Dibala et al. (2021) focuses on planting trees in pastures and optimizing tree growth for better fodder production, indicating a blend of trees and agricultural practices. Additionally, other studies mentioned in the text also highlight the role of silvopasture in promoting biodiversity and adopting sustainable land management practices, aligning well with the definition of agroforestry as a combination of trees and crops.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: J 2020;129:114–21. doi:10. 1037/abn0000483OpenUrl↵ Revisiting the werther effect in the 21st century: bullying and suicidality among adolescents who watched 13 reasons why. 2018;57:610–3. doi:10. 1016/j. jaac. 2018. 02. 019OpenUrlCrossRef↵. Use of a social networking web site for recruiting Canadian youth for medical research. J 2013;52:792–4. doi:10. 1016/j. jadohealth. 2012. 12. 002↵ What works for mental health problems in youth? Survey of real-world experiences of treatments and side effects. Psychiatry 2021;15:1502–12. doi:10. 1111/eip. 13087OpenUrl↵ Leveraging social media to explore the barriers to treatment among individuals with depressive symptoms. 2020;37:458–65. doi:10. 1002/da. 22990OpenUrl↵ Mental health disparities among Canadian transgender youth. J 2017;60:44–9. doi:10. 1016/j. jadohealth. 2016. 09. 014OpenUrlPubMed↵ Canadian adolescents’ mental health and substance use during the covid-19 pandemic: associations with covid-19 stressors. of 2023;55:46–55. doi:10. 1037/cbs0000305OpenUrl↵da, Andrades GS, Caye A, et al. Thirteen reasons why: the impact of suicide portrayal on adolescents' mental health. J 2019;108:2–6. doi:10. 1016/j. jpsychires. 2018. 10. 018OpenUrl↵Fitzsimmons- Adolescents and young adults engaged with pro-eating disorder social media: eating disorder and comorbid psychopathology, health care utilization, treatment barriers, and opinions on harnessing technology for treatment. Disord 2020;25:1681–92. doi:10. 1007/s40519-019-00808-3OpenUrl↵’Brien RP, et al. Explaining behavioral health differences in urban and rural sexual minority adolescents: a longitudinal investigation of minority stress in a diverse national sample of sexual minority adolescents: a longitudinal investigation of minority stress in a div. J 2023;39:262–71. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that mental health issues related to social media are not limited to young people. It discusses various studies that examine the impact of social media on mental health among different populations, including adolescents and young adults, as well as highlighting mental health disparities among youth, including those from specific demographic groups. Therefore, the research suggests that mental health issues from social media use can affect a broader demographic than just young people.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem services like crop productivity. [SEP] Text: For example. How do these regions vary ( pH, moisture content etc). In a broader context - how do they compare to other sites for which microbial activity has been detected (ex- Taylor Valley) or not detected (ex- University Valley) ln. 124. In table 1 or in text, please specifically describe which samples correlate to the described env. conditions ( ex- which site were the hyperarid soils collected from). ln 126. Describe the locations in each region. ln 174. Missing word Amplitude. ln 215. Change to: ". . ETR were not significantly associated with soil moisture and chlorophyll a. . " ln 217. P-value? ln 243. Please justify why the assumption of 50% respiratory carbon loss. ln 244. Again, note that communities may very well be growing for longer than 60 days annually. Ln 264. Since GPP is calculated as 1/4th of ETR, please remove one of these terms from the sentence (ie- ETR is correlated, or GPP is correlated; not GPP and ETR is correlated). ln 288-291. Describe how the TRFLP data reflects this. Experimental design The choice for sites should be better described in the manuscript (more detail needed). How were PAM measurements taken (more detail needed). Were cryptograms targeted specifically? Where samples dark covered first? Validity of the findings no comment. Cite this review as (2017) #3 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Dec 19, 2016 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on aspects related to the experimental design and data analysis of different environmental conditions in various regions, without addressing the relationship between soil microbial diversity and ecosystem services such as crop productivity. There are no discussions or conclusions made about soil microbial diversity in relation to crop yield or ecosystem services.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: The abundance of SOC was higher in subsoil and suggested better SOC stability and potential advantage of C sequestration in the Prairie. Ofosu et al. (2021) explored the soil-organic carbon (SOC) sequestration with different riparian systems in southern Ontario, Canada. This study investigated SOC sequestration potential in the upper 0–60 cm soil layer in System (RBS). The result from this study showed that RBS types and management within the buffers could influence the C sequestration in soils. Tree buffers revealed better potential for soil C sequestration than grass buffers. Agroforest and alley croppingPenkauskas et al. (2021) explored the pest management potential of Oaks and Hazelnuts (Agroforest and Alley Cropping) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. They used hogs to eat the oak seed to reduce pest population that affected Hazelnut orchards. The oak woodland was serving as a good habitat for the intermediate host of filbertworm. Breaking the lifecycle of filbertworm by grazing hogs reduced the level of infection of the hazelnut orchards. Prescribed foraging in oak patches can be an effective strategy to reduce filbertworm source population. Agroforestry economicsShah et al. (2021) compared sole horticulture (Mango) plantation and agroforestry practices (Mustard crops + Mango) in Jabalpur, India. They concluded that the highest yielding variety was Arpan mustard. The economic evaluation found the cost of cultivation in agroforestry systems was higher than in sole-horticulture system. The benefit/cost ratio was not significantly different but found highest with Arpan mustard in one-year plantation. Agroforestry adoptionRomanova et al. (2021) acknowledged the wide range of agroforestry benefits such as economic, ecological, and social aspects and so a suitable alternative to contemporary agriculture. They recognized the limited adoption and dissemination of agroforestry in the U. S. A. The study explored factors influencing agroforestry adoption and dissemination as well as the temporal aspects of agroforestry adoption. The study suggested using innovation-to-confirmation instead of innovation-to-decision periods for more accurately reflecting the adoption dynamics. Conclusion19. We also thank the Editor-in-Chief and staff of Journal for working with us diligently in bringing this into publication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that showcase the benefits of agroforestry systems, such as improved soil organic carbon sequestration and pest management through the combination of trees (like Oaks) and crops (like Hazelnuts and Mustard). It highlights the ecological advantages of agroforestry practices, indicating their role in creating sustainable landscapes, thus supporting the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. invent. 2017. 02. 003OpenUrl↵-Bradley S. The gender minority youth study: overview of methods and social media recruitment of a nationwide sample of U. S. cisgender and transgender adolescents. Behav 2020;49:2601–10. doi:10. 1007/s10508-020-01695-xOpenUrl↵ Therapist-guided Internet-based psychodynamic therapy versus cognitive behavioural therapy for adolescent depression in Sweden: a randomised, clinical, non-inferiority trial. Health 2022;4:e594–603. doi:10. 1016/S2589-7500(22)00095-4OpenUrl↵ Recruiting and engaging and Alaska native teens and young adults in a SMS help-seeking intervention: lessons learned from the BRAVE study. 2020;17:9437. doi:10. 3390/ijerph17249437↵ Online group counseling for young people through a customized social networking platform: phase 2 of kids helpline circles. 2022;25:580–8. doi:10. 1089/cyber. 2022. 0044OpenUrl↵ Adolescent stress experiences over time study (ASETS) protocol: design and methods of a prospective longitudinal study of sexual minority adolescents in the USA. BMJ Open 2022;12:e054792. doi:10. 1136/bmjopen-2021-054792↵da, Andrades GS, Caye A, et al. Thirteen reasons why: the impact of suicide portrayal on adolescents’ mental health. J 2019;108:2–6. doi:10. 1016/j. jpsychires. 2018. 10. 018OpenUrl↵ Canadian adolescents’ mental health and substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic: associations with COVID-19 stressors. of 2022;55:46–55. doi:10. 1037/cbs0000305OpenUrl↵Park BK, Calamaro C. A systematic review of social networking sites: innovative platforms for health research targeting adolescents and young adults. J 2013;45:256–64. doi:10. 1111/jnu. 12032↵Ryan GS. Online social networks for patient involvement and recruitment in clinical research. 2013;21:35–9. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide a direct answer to the claim regarding whether mental health issues from social media use are limited to young people. Instead, it discusses various studies related to adolescents and young adults without addressing the impact on other age groups or contrasting the claim. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Details about inoculum geographical origin, collector and original supplier are given in Table S1. Experimental field site and climatic data The experiment was carried out in 2019 and 2020 at the organic farm “Prata” Pisa, Italy (43°44’ N, 10°24’E; 2 m above sea level and 0. 0% slope). The soil in 2019 was a silty-clay loam (8. 0% sand, 54. 1% silt and 37. 9% clay) with 35. 9 g kg− 1 soil organic carbon (Walkley-Black), 7. 9 pH(H2O), 2. 2 g kg− 1 total N (Kjeldahl) (good dotation) and 1. 89 g kg− 1 P, 22. 00 mg kg− 1 available P (Olsen) (very low availability). The soil in 2020 was a silty-clay loam (10. 2% sand, 50. 2% silt and 39. 6% clay) with 30. 5 g kg− 1 soil organic carbon (Walkley-Black), 8. 0 pH(H2O), 1. 83 g kg− 1 total N (Kjeldahl) (good dotation), 1. 72 g kg− 1 P and 17. 0 mg kg− 1 available P (Olsen) (very low availability). Climate of the site is cold, humid Mediterranean (Csa) according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification (Kottek et al. 2006). Averaged over 1990–2020, mean annual maximum and minimum air temperatures were 20. 4 and 9. 9°C, respectively, and annual precipitation was 1084 mm. During the field experiment (May-September), maximum and minimum temperatures were 27. 4°C and 16. 0°C, respectively, in 2019, and 27. 4°C and 15. 5°C in 2020, while total precipitation was 236 mm and 270 mm in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Details about temperature (mean, minimum and maximum daily temperature) and rainfall for the tomato growth cycles are given in Fig. S2. Experimental set-up A first experiment was set-up in 2019 with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ) var. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the experimental setup and soil characteristics, including nutrient levels and climatic data from a field experiment, but it does not mention mycorrhizal fungi or their effect on water and nutrient uptake in plants. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: Comparative evaluation of biological control programs and chemical pesticides for managing insect and mite pests in cucumber greenhouses: a sustainable approach for enhanced pest control and yield access Published: 14 July 2024 Comparative evaluation of biological control programs and chemical pesticides for managing insect and mite pests in cucumber greenhouses: a sustainable approach for enhanced pest control and yield : orcid. org/0000-0002-4403-72571 & : orcid. org/0000-0002-7561-79162 of Control 84. 55 and 89. 88% in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Both greenhouse with low release rate (BIO 1) and BIO 2 exhibited significant reductions in the whitefly population, with proportions of 71. 31 and 72. 01% in 2022, and 82. 05 and 85. 94% in 2023, respectively. The thrips population also experienced notable reductions in both BIO 1 and BIO 2 greenhouses, with percentages of 72. 08 and 75. 71% in 2022, and 59. 93 and 61. 38% in 2023, respectively. However, the pesticide treatment demonstrated the lowest reduction in populations of aphids, whitefly and thrips in both seasons. Nevertheless, in all treatments in the two evaluated seasons, the high release rate of the predatory mite, P. persimilis (15 individuals/m2), proved to be highly effective in maintaining the mite populations below the economic threshold level. However, the population density of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acari: Tetranychidae), increased in the pesticide-treated greenhouse, indicating the development of resistance to pesticides. Although the tested programs resulted in similar yields, the biological control approach offered the advantage of pesticide-free produce and reduced production costs. ConclusionFor pest management in cucumber growing in greenhouses during winter, it is recommended to use biological control agents at a low release rate at the early occurrence of pests. This approach can help minimize pest populations effectively. BackgroundThe global population is rapidly increasing, leading to a high demand for healthy fresh food (FAO et al. 2018). It is well known that the greenhouse industry plays a crucial role by providing high-quality fruits and vegetables rich in essential vitamins and minerals. Greenhouses offer several advantages, including high crop production per unit area and efficient water use (Stanghellini 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of biological control programs compared to chemical pesticides in managing pest populations in cucumber greenhouses. It highlights that the biological control approach, which relies on natural predators, can effectively reduce pest numbers while offering pesticide-free produce, thereby aligning with the principles of renewable agriculture that advocates for the use of natural methods instead of chemical pesticides.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: This requires designing the specialized training for extension workers and rural development experts about the climate sensitivity of each crop at different micro-climate conditions and agro-ecologies in Ethiopia. Moreover, the government investment on irrigation dams should prioritize the areas vulnerable to droughts but also have high potential for crop yield enhancement. These strategies can help to build climate resilience, enhance crop productivity, and improve the livelihood of smallholder farmers in the face of climate change. Finally, it is worth highlighting the main limitations of this paper which can serve as the basis for future research. First, the empirical analysis presented in this paper does not consider other factors that can interplay with climatic factors in determining crop growth and yields. Particularly, the crop evapotranspiration and atmospheric water demand, i. e. , the level of vapor pressure deficit (VPD), can determine the effect of temperature and precipitation on crop farming process. Footnote 4 In this regard, future studies may consider incorporating VPD into the analysis of climatic impacts on crop yields. Second, this paper does not incorporate the disparities in the impacts of climate change among different social groups. Therefore, future research is required to analyze the heterogeneity in climate change impacts across different social groups, such as gender, age, or income groups, within a similar agro-ecological setting. This can provide more detailed and useful insights into policy instruments to address variations in climate sensitivity among different groups and design effective strategies to achieve sustainable development goals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the effects of climate change on crop yields due to temperature and precipitation. Instead, it discusses strategies for building climate resilience and enhancing crop productivity in the context of Ethiopia. While it mentions the need for future research on climatic impacts, it does not provide information specifically supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Pisanello, an old Tuscany variety described and conserved in the regional genetic bank for the conservation of endangered (or threatened) varieties ( Berni et al. 2018) and a second experiment was set-up in 2020 with tomato var. Rio Grande, a modern widely used variety. Inoculation by AMF was performed in greenhouse at sowing, before plantlet transplanting to the field. In detail, one seed of S. lycopersicum was sown in each hole of a plateau having a total of 160 holes (total volume: 4. 22 L), containing as substrate a mixture (1:1:2:2 by volume) of peat, soil, coarse silica sand and heat-expanded clay. The soil utilized in the mixture was a sandy loam collected at the “Centro di Ricerche Agro-Avanzi”, University of Pisa, Italy ( Chemical and physical characteristics of the soil used were as follows: 8. 0 pH(H2O), 15. 3% clay, 30. 1% silt, 54. 5% sand, 2. 2% organic matter (Walkley-Black), 1. 3 g kg− 1 total N (Kjeldahl), 469. 5 mg kg− 1 total P (Olsen), 17. 6 mg kg− 1 extractable P (Olsen) and 149. 6 mg kg− 1 extractable K. The mixture was steam-sterilized (121°C for 25 min, on two consecutive days) to kill naturally occurring AMF. The plateau (one for each AM fungal isolate and one for the control) were inoculated either with 850 mL of crude inoculum of one out of the four AM fungal isolates or with 850 mL of a sterilized mixture of them (non-mycorrhizal control). Potential differences in AM fungal colonization ability of the four isolates were balanced using such high amounts of inoculum (10% by volume). Each plateau received 565 mL of a filtrate, obtained sieving (sieve with pore diameter of 43 µm) a mixture of the four crude inocula and of a sample of the agricultural soil used for the preparation of the substrate, to ensure an initial common prokaryotic community to all treatments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the role of mycorrhizal fungi in improving water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. Instead, it details a specific experimental setup involving mycorrhizal fungi and tomato plants, but does not mention any outcomes related to water and nutrient uptake or the conditions of nutrient-poor soils. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: As a result, the global area dedicated to greenhouse production is expanding, with Egypt experiencing significant growth in protected cultivation, particularly in single-arch greenhouses, reaching approximately twenty thousand in number. Cucumber production accounts for around 60% of greenhouse cultivation in Egypt (El-Aidy et al. 2007). However, the environmental conditions inside greenhouses, characterized by high temperature and humidity, create favorable conditions for various pests that can infest vegetable crops. Cucumber plants are susceptible to infestation by wide range of pests, leading to a decrease in productivity and downgrade its quality. Several pests have been identified as having significant economic implications due to the direct and indirect damages they cause to cucumber. Among the pests that have been extensively studied and recognized as major threats to cucumber plants in Egypt are the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), the cotton-melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), the Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaitenbach) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Dacus ciliatus (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) (Emam et al. 2020). Currently, chemical control methods, due to their fast results and hand liability, remain the primary approach for pest management in Egyptian greenhouse vegetables production. However, the use of pesticides presents several challenges, including negative impacts on human health, environmental pollution and the appearance of pesticide-resistant pest strains (Bernardes et al. 2015). Therefore, there is an increasing need to explore alternative pest control strategies, specifically biological control, as an integral part of integrated pest management (IPM) programs (van Lenteren 2020). Biological control offers a promising solution, especially in situations where the reliance on chemical control alone is undesirable, and it can often be cost-effective or even more economical than chemical methods (Bolckmans 1999). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that there is an increasing need to explore alternative pest control strategies, specifically biological control, as part of integrated pest management programs. This supports the notion of incorporating natural pest control methods in agricultural practice, especially in the context of the negative impacts associated with chemical pesticides.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: Overall, the coastal area (Lomé) has the highest increase in monthly average Tmin and Tmax. This could be explained by urban heat island. Lomé is capital city and is the most populated city in Togo (40% of the population and over 90% of domestic industries). The results of this study are in agreement with Gadédjisso [9] who revealed an increase of air temperature throughout Togo. Similar trends in air temperature were reported in by Sylla et al. [22]. Impact of variation in climatic variables on crop yield: The results of multiple regressions of precipitation and temperature on crop yields are presented in Table 5. In Atakpame, the results revealed that the precipitation and temperature have non-significant effect on the yields record. In Kouma-konda, the results revealed that the temperature has significant influence on the variation of maize yields (p<0. 1) and on cowpea (p<0. 01). For other selected crops in Kouma-konda, it is showed that the variation of precipitation and temperature have nonsignificant effect on them. In Tabligbo, for all the selected crops, the variation of precipitation and temperature have non-significant effect on the crop yields. The non-effect of precipitation and temperature variability on the selected crop yields obtained in this study is also obtained by in Northern part of Nigeria [44]. This is an indication that precipitation and temperature variability may not necessary affect some selected crops. Despite the climate variability, farmers used drought resistant seed to adapt their production system to climate change. Our results indicated a slight increase in growing season precipitation with non-significant effect on crop yields, which is in contradiction with Sogbedji [16] who revealed that in Togo a decrease in seasonal rainfall amount represents a serious threat to maize growth. It has also been reported by Adamgbe and Ujoh [20] in Nigeria that rainy days and rainfall amount had strong positive relationship with maize yield (r=0. 747 and r=0. 599, respectively). In addition, Adamgbe and Ujoh [20] observed that rainfall characteristics jointly contributed 67. 4% in explaining the variations in the yield of maize per hectare in Nigeria. The effect of water deficiency depended on growth stages, deficiency level and environmental changes during drought conditions. During later productive stages, yield losses from drought decreases as crop is approaching physiological maturity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that indicate variability in precipitation and temperature does not have a significant effect on crop yields for some selected crops. Specifically, it states that 'the variation of precipitation and temperature have non-significant effect on the crop yields' in several areas, suggesting that changes in these climatic variables may not universally impair crop productivity, as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Three replicate plastic tubes were used for each AM fungal inoculum (four inocula: a total of 12 tubes) and for each soil samples (five soil replicates per year: a total of 30 tubes). After emergence, plants were thinned to one. Plants were harvested after two-week growth and root systems were cleared and stained, using lactic acid instead of phenol (Phillips and Hayman 1970). Then, the roots were mounted on microscope slides, examined under an optical microscope (S, Wetzlar, Germany), and AM fungal root colonization parameters (% of arbuscules, vesicles and AM fungal root colonization) were assessed (McGonigle et al. 1990). Moreover, images of the AM fungal structures were taken by the -01 Main Unit, a camera (CMOS 5. 07 Mpixel, 2464x2048, 50 fps live) mounted on a high-range motorized triple zoom lens (HR- 5000E). Effect of AM fungal inoculation on tomato root colonization Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal root colonization of var. Pisanello was assessed at the BBCH 62 growth stage (2nd inflorescence with first flower open), whereas the AM fungal root colonization of var. was assessed at BBCH 22 (2nd primary apical side shoot visible), BBCH 62 and BBCH 89 (fully ripe: all fruits have typical fully ripe color) (Meier 2001). On 22nd July 2019 (BBCH 62) two plants of var. Pisanello from each replicate plot were sampled, and AM fungal root colonization parameters (percentage of AM fungal root colonisation and of root length containing arbuscules and vesicle) were assessed under an optical microscope (S, Wetzlar, Germany), after clearing and staining, using lactic acid instead of phenol (Phillips and Hayman 1970), following the gridline intersect method (McGonigle et al. 1990). On 23rd May, 7th July and 27th August 2020 (BBCH 22, BBCH 62 and BBCH 89, respectively) two plants of var. from each replicate plot were sampled and AM fungal root colonization parameters were assessed, as previously described. Effect of AM fungal inoculation on tomato yield and fruit nutrient concentrations Plants of var. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed account of a study involving arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, including methods for assessing fungal colonization and the timing of plant sampling. However, it does not explicitly mention the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on water and nutrient uptake, nor does it directly relate to nutrient-poor soils. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: Among the potential biological control agents, the aphid parasitoid Aphelinus albipodus Hayat and Fatima (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) has shown high efficiency in controlling the cotton-melon aphid, A. gossypii, which is a major pest of cultivated plants (Zamani et al. 2006). Additionally, lacewing species belonging to the genus Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) have long been recognized as important predator in various cropping systems, including vegetables, fruits, nuts, fiber, forage crops, ornamentals, greenhouse crops and forests. It is widely used and commercially available natural enemy, with its larval capable of consuming a range of insect pests such as aphids, thrips, mealybugs, immature whiteflies, small caterpillars, insect eggs and mites (Tauber et al. 2000). The specialist predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athis-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae), has demonstrated effectiveness in controlling the two-spotted mite, T. urticae, in greenhouse environments (Adly 2015). Numerous studies have been conducted to compare the efficacy of biological control agents and pesticide application against pests infested cucumber in greenhouses (Nomikou, et al. 2002; Ibrahim, et al. 2006; Messelink et al. 2006; Adly 2015; Eleawa and Waked 2016; Abou-Haidar et al. 2021). However, further research is needed to determine the optimal release rates and cost benefits of biological control agents in comparison with the use of pesticide applications, which remains the predominant method of pest control in many countries. This study aimed to address this gap by evaluating the effectiveness of two biological control programs, each employ the different release rates of bio-agents and compare them to chemical control methods. The evaluation focused on managing specific pests in cucumber cultivation within commercial greenhouses during the winter season. The assessment involves monitoring the target pests’ abundance, assessing the crop yields obtained and evaluating the relative costs associated with each control method. MethodsStudy siteThe experiments were conducted in commercial greenhouses located at Giza, Egypt. Four commercial plastic greenhouses, each measuring 480 m2 (30 m × 16 m), were used for the experiment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various biological control agents, such as the aphid parasitoid Aphelinus albipodus and lacewing species belonging to the genus Chrysoperla, which are effective in controlling pests without the use of chemical pesticides. It emphasizes the use of these natural predators in agricultural settings, thus supporting the notion that renewable agriculture utilizes natural pest control mechanisms as an alternative to chemical pesticides.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: 05) in annual precipitation at Atakpamé, Lomé, Tabligbo and non-significant decreasing trend (P>0. 05) at Kouma-konda from 1970 to 2014. There was a significant warming trend (P<0. 0001) in Tmin, Tmax in Atakpamé, Kouma-konda, Lomé and Tabligbo during 1971-2014 period. Tmin increased by 0. 3, 0. 5 and 0. 3°C per decade at Atakpamé, Lomé and Tabligbo respectively and Tmax increased by 0. 3, 0. 4 and 0. 4°C per decade at Atakpamé, Lomé and Tabligbo, respectively. In Kouma-konda, Tmin rose by 0. 4°C and Tmax decreased by 0. 3 per decade. Tmin is found to increase faster than Tmax. The coastal area (Lomé) has the highest increase in annual and monthly Tmin and Tmax. Results of multiple regression analysis revealed that in Atakpame and Tabligbo, neither the precipitation nor the temperature have effect on the selected crop yields. In Kouma-konda, it revealed that the increased of temperature has significant effect on maize and bean. The increasing trend in Tmin and Tmax imply an increase in evapotranspitation which is of great concern to crop producers. Therefore, specific actions such as water management practices, crop diversification, new drought-resistant seed etc. are needed for resource planning and management for the sustainability of agriculture for future generations. 2888. Stocker T. F, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen S. K, et al. (2013) Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. In contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the on Climate Change. . (2013) Observations: Atmosphere and surface, pp: 159-254 (2015) Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus. Science 348: 1469â€“1472. (2013) Challenges in estimating and understanding recent changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate and weather events. for Serving Society: Research, Modeling and Prediction Priorities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that in Atakpamé and Tabligbo, neither precipitation nor temperature have an effect on the selected crop yields. While it does mention that increased temperature has a significant effect on maize and bean yields in Kouma-konda, the overall assertion that climate change affects crop yields is contested by evidence that in some areas, temperature and precipitation do not impact crop yields.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Pisanello were harvested 11 times, from 22th July to 4th October 2019, while plants of var. were harvested six times, from 3rd August to 21th September 2020. For both varieties, the harvests were performed on 10 plants in the central area of each plot and fruit fresh weight per plant and number of fruits per plant were measured. Fruits of ripeness stage 6 (red) (USDA 1975) were collected at each harvest. This allowed to calculate the fruit fresh weight per plant at each harvest (Yield) and the production for the whole harvesting period per plant, namely the total fresh weight per plant (Total yield). In addition, the shoot dry weight (SWD) of tomato var. was determined at BBCH 22, after oven drying at 65°C up to constant weight. For total yield and SDW we also calculated the host benefit as (fresh or dry weight inoculated plant – fresh/dry weight not inoculated plant)/fresh or dry weight not inoculated plant) × 100. The fruits of var. Pisanello sampled at first and second harvest (22th of July and 1st August 2019, respectively) and the fruits of var. sampled at the second harvest (10th August 2020) were washed and immediately stored at -80°C. Fruit samples were lyophilized and ground to fine powder prior to the analysis of mineral nutrients. Approximately 0. 2 g of lyophilized tomato were digested using the (Co. , Ltd. , Shanghai, China) after the addition of 8. 0 mL of nitric acid (65%). The solution was diluted with Milli-Q water and analyzed. The concentration of and Mn was determined using a Spectroscopy instrument (4210 MP-) (Liberato et al. 2020), while N concentration was determined using the Kjedahl method (Jones et al. 1991). Effect of AM fungal inoculation on litter decomposition and bacterial and fungal abundance in soil In each replicate plot of var. Rio Grande, four litter bags filled with a standard organic substrate (hay) were inserted vertically into the soil at 10 cm soil depth near to the tomato roots. Five grams of hay composed by Dactylis glomerata L. (45%), Phleum pratense L. (50%) and Urtica dioica L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the harvest methods and nutrient analysis of tomato varieties, with no mention of mycorrhizal fungi, their role in improving water or nutrient uptake for plants, or nutrient-poor soils. Thus, there is no connection to support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: Each greenhouse consisted 10 rows of 60 cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. ), variety Paracoda, resulting into a total of 600 plants per greenhouse. Transplanting took place on December 17, 2022 and December 10, 2023. Traditional farming practices, including agricultural methods, irrigation and fertilization, were implemented according to the recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture of Egypt. Daily temperatures and relative humidity data for this region were obtained from the for (CLAC), Dokki, Egypt. Source of natural enemies usedThe parasitoid A. albipodus, predator, C. carnea and the predatory mite, P. persimilis used in the field trials were obtained from the (PPRI), Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt. Experimental designTreatmentsThree treatments were assessed to determine their effectiveness against specific pests in the cucumber greenhouses. The first treatment (BIO 1) and second treatment (BIO 2) involved the release of the three natural enemies at two different release rates as shown in Table 1. These included; 1) mummies of the parasitoid A. albipodus that target aphids, 2) the second instar larvae of the predator C. carnea that target whitefly and thrips and 3) the predatory mite, P. persimilis, that target spider mites. The third treatment (conventional method) consisted of the application of recommended pesticides, following the recommended application time and rates by the grower (Table 1). The release of biological agents in the greenhouses BIO 1 & BIO 2 was started immediately on sight of the pests and the number of releases depended on the pest infestation level. Additionally, a control treatment was included in the greenhouse trials, free of biological agents or pesticides were applied. Table 1 Rates, concentrations and application time of the bio-agents and pesticides in the two seasons 2022–2023Full size tableAssessment of the effectiveness of treatmentsTo evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments, data were randomly collected by inspecting 25 plants chosen from each treatment (five plants per row) weekly, starting from seedling until harvest (about 3 months). The population density of pests was determined by counting the number of pests on three leaves that randomly selected and inspected from the top, middle and lower levels of each plant (75 leaves per treatment) in the greenhouse using square-inch hand-lens with 10× magnification for inspection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes the use of natural enemies, such as the parasitoid A. albipodus and the predator C. carnea, in two treatments (BIO 1 and BIO 2) aimed at controlling pests in cucumber greenhouses without the reliance on chemical pesticides. This approach aligns with the principles of renewable agriculture, which emphasizes the incorporation of natural pest control methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change will have no effect on global food supplies. [SEP] Text: Change: Sustaining Biodiversity, Energy and Download book PDF Download book 5, Karen Hussey5 & Andrew Stone6 30k Accesses 1 2. 1 from Climate ChangeModified weather patterns resulting from global climate change will affect rates of groundwater recharge differently in different parts of the world as outlined in Chap. 5. Precipitation will likely change in intensity, duration and frequency. In many areas, groundwater recharge may increase, as a result of increased precipitation totals, from more frequent large floods, or as a result of melting of permafrost (IPCC 2007a). In other regions, reduced precipitation and higher evapotranspiration are likely to decrease aquifer recharge. A number of these counter-veiling factors may occur in the same region making the outcome uncertain. For example, in the Murray-in south eastern Australia, while surface water availability may decline, under a changing climate, the infrequent but large floods may significantly contribute to aquifer recharge (CSIRO 2008; Hirabayashi et al. 2013). Changes in vegetation land cover affecting runoff and recharge will occur due to climatic change and will exacerbate human impacts such as deforestation. Shifting of traditional climate and vegetation zones will result in alterations in the species composition of forests, rising snow lines, and more frequent wildfires. The latter may impact flood frequency and intensity, erosion, and dam siltation. The resultant effects on groundwater recharge will in turn affect rates and volumes of groundwater discharge to springs, stream base-flow and the availability of groundwater for pumping (Bates et al. 2008). The challenge for groundwater managers is to develop strategies that account for uncertainty, in a manner that can provide satisfactory outcomes for water use under a range of climate conditions (WWDR 2012). Example strategies range from conservative allocation limits to the use of threshold or contingency policies that trigger alternative management arrangements according to water availability conditions, and augmentation of storage through managed aquifer recharge (Chaps. 17 and 18). In addition to the need for robust management that accounts for uncertainty, questions arise as to how climate change mitigation policies may avoid unsustainable impacts on groundwater, or how they may even benefit the resource. 2. 2 Mitigation PoliciesClimate change mitigation policies typically fall into three categories: demand side, supply side and sequestration or storage focused strategies (IPCC 2007b). Demand side policies aim to reduce energy consumption and thus emissions of greenhouse gasses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how climate change leads to modified weather patterns that can significantly impact groundwater recharge and, consequently, water availability. It highlights various effects of climate change, such as altered precipitation patterns and vegetation changes, which can exacerbate human impacts like deforestation. These changes are likely to affect the overall availability of food supplies, indicating that climate change will indeed influence global food systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: (5%) (“Hay”, Vitakraft pet care GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany) were inserted into 10 cm x 10 cm polypropylene net litter bags (15 mm mesh) (Tenax-ortoclima plus, Tenax s. p. a. , Lecco, Italy). The hay was ground in a 3 mm grid forage mill (). Main hay characteristics on dry basis at the beginning of the experiment were: 32. 4% C, 0. 82% N, 18. 8 MJ kg− 1 energy, 2. 9% protein, 3. 7% lipid, 12. 2% lignin (determined as acid detergent lignin, ADL; et al. 1991), 35. 5% cellulose and 5. 7% hemicellulose (Baldi et al. 2021). The litter bags were sealed using staples and hot glue. A plastic label was added to the litter bags for identification in the field and for easiness of finding purposes. Four litter bags per plot were positioned at plant transplanting (23th May, BBCH 22) (defined as litter deposition time). Then, one litter bag from each plot was collected after 40 days (2nd July 2020), 52 (14th July 2020), 67 (29th July 2020) and 86 (10th August 2020) days from litter deposition. After sampling, litter bags were opened, gently cleaned from soil and spontaneous plants, dried at 40°C and weighted. The percentage of remaining mass compared to the initial one was calculated. Litter bag decomposition coefficient (k) was also calculated from mass loss and expressed as a first-order decay constant. The k for each sample was calculated as follows: k = ln (Co/Ct)/t where k is the first-order rate constant (day− 1); Co is the initial weight of the sample; Ct is the litter bags dry weight at each sampling data (t). To assess the bacterial and fungal abundance in soil, DNA from soil around the roots of tomato was extracted (0. 25 g dry soil per sample) using the Dneasy Power(), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Soil sampling for DNA extraction was performed in triplicate at stage BBCH 89 (var. Pisanello 30th August 2019, var. 27th August 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed methodology on an experiment involving litter bags and soil sampling but does not mention mycorrhizal fungi or their impact on water and nutrient uptake for plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: The highest reduction in the aphid population was observed in BIO 2 and pesticides greenhouses, with both achieving similar proportions of reduction 84. 55 and 84. 35%, respectively. Statistical analysis of aphid populations indicated that there was nonsignificant difference observed among BIO1, BIO 2 and pesticides. However, there was significant difference among control and BIO 1, BIO 2 and pesticides (Table 2). Table 2 Comparison of the mean numbers of pests between biological control programs and chemical pesticides in during 2022–2023Full size tableIn 2023, the aphid population started at the 4th week after transplanting with the densities of 5. 23 ± 0. 54, 2. 2 ± 0. 87, 4. 3 ± 0. 53 and 5. 07 ± 0. 24 individuals/leaf in BIO 1, BIO 2, pesticides and control greenhouses, respectively (Fig. 1). Three applications of releasing aphid parasitoid A. albipodus were used on the 4th, 6th and 8th weeks after planting. After the third release, during the 13th week after planting, the aphid population reached 6. 4 ± 0. 33, 3. 6 ± 0. 12 individuals/leaf in BIO 1 and BIO 2, respectively. However, in the pesticides greenhouse, where eight pesticides applied, the aphid population reached 20. 6 ± 0. 64 individuals/leaf as compared to 47. 8 ± 0. 45 individuals/leaf in control greenhouse (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The pesticides greenhouse resulted in the lowest reduction in the aphid population reaching (65. 15%). The highest in the aphid population was observed in the BIO 2 greenhouse reaching (89. 88%) followed closely by BIO 1 greenhouse (81. 98%). There was nonsignificant difference between (BIO 1 and BIO 2), but there was a significant difference between BIO 1, BIO 2 and pesticides. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between control and treated greenhouses (BIO 1, BIO 2 and pesticides) (Table 2). After the release of the aphid parasitoid A. albipodus in the BIO1 and BIO 2 greenhouses, the presence of mummies was noticed on the leaves and the number of mummies increased up to the end of the two seasons. In both seasons, releases of aphid parasitoid, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the use of a biological control method involving aphid parasitoids (A. albipodus) in BIO 1 and BIO 2 greenhouses, which reduced aphid populations significantly compared to chemical pesticides. The statistical analysis indicates that greenhouses using biological controls (BIO 1 and BIO 2) achieved much higher reductions in aphid populations (up to 89.88%) than the greenhouse treated with pesticides (which reached only 65.15%). This indicates a reliance on natural pest control methods in renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change will have no effect on global food supplies. [SEP] Text: Supply side policies shift the generation of energy away from fossil fuels to low-carbon sources. Sequestration approaches encourage the use of natural storage of greenhouse gasses in the landscape. Reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to achieve an oft-expressed desire to limit global warming below 2 °C will require all of these approaches (Rogelj et al. 2013), and they all have implications for groundwater storage inventories. However, the groundwater consumption and storage implications of different mitigation measures vary considerably. Wallis et al. (2014) reviewed the water use implications of 74 mitigation measures for Australia and found that positive synergies existed between conserving energy and conserving water in a variety of demand management interventions. However, they also found that neutral and negative outcomes for water consumption are evident for a range of emerging low-emission energy technologies, and similarly, that very negative consequences could be expected from carbon sequestration measures. These findings are elaborated on below, specifically in relation to groundwater. 2. 2. 1 New and TechnologiesThe quest for low-emission energy sources is driving rapid policy change as regulations, carbon pricing and technological innovation combine to favour rapid deployment of more modern energy technologies. The focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has meant that the impacts on water resources have received very little attention. Booming industries, such as biofuels in the (US) and unconventional gas production globally, have developed in advance of efforts by government regulators to require application of better practices, including sustaining groundwater resources (Hussey and Pittock 2012). In Australia, new financial incentives for low-emission energy sources have been adopted without fully considering how well carbon, energy and water markets are harmonised to avoid externalities (Pittock et al. 2013). To inform this analysis a number of cases with risks to groundwater from expansion of emerging energy technologies are considered, including biofuels, (hot-rock) geothermal, unconventional gas, solar thermal and ground-source heating and cooling systems. 2. 2. 1. 1 BiofuelsFirst generation biofuels use crops that are frequently irrigated from groundwater like corn, sugar cane and beet to produce ethanol and oil palm and soy to generate biodiesel. Water consumption to grow these feed stocks means that these alternative fuels have water footprints several orders of magnitude higher than most conventional and renewable energy systems (Gerbens-Leenes et al. 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the implications of low-emission energy sources and biofuels on groundwater resources and overall environmental management. It states that first generation biofuels, which use crops, require significant water consumption and have 'water footprints several orders of magnitude higher than most conventional and renewable energy systems.' This suggests that climate change will impact agricultural practices and food supply through changes in water availability and the environmental consequences of energy production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: To minimize extraction bias, soil subsamples were extracted in triplicate and DNA was pooled prior to the analysis. Fungal and bacterial relative abundances in each sample were quantified using a modification of the technique described by Fierer et al. (2005). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis was conducted using a CFX Connect Real-thermal cycler (Biorad, Hercules, California) with a program of 50°C for 10 min, 95°C for 15 min, 40 cycles of 95°C for 1 min, and 53°C for 30 s, followed by melting curve analysis. qPCR reactions consisted of 10 µL of a qPCR (® ), 0. 5 µL each of forward and reverse primers, 7 µL sterile water, and 15 ng DNA quantified by a Qubit 4 fluorometer using the Qubit 1x ds(). The16S rRNA gene region was used as bacterial target, whereas ITS1 region was used to estimate fungal abundance. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the pair of primers Eub338/Eub518 (Eub338: 5′--3′; Eub518: 5′--3′), while the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using the pair of primers ITS1f/5. 8 s (ITS1f: 5′--3′; 5. 8 s: 5′--3′) (Fierer et al. 2005). Each 96-well plate also contained reactions with ten-fold serial dilutions of pure bacterial and fungal DNA (Bacillus subtilis and Amanita rubescens) in order to verify the linearity of the relationship between threshold cycle (Ct) and DNA concentration. Standard curves were generated using triplicate of plasmids, from 103 to 109 copies of the template. values were divided by the mean slope of the standard curves across all runs, to ensure that increases in fungal and bacterial abundance were weighted equally. Each sample was run in triplicate, and the mean Ct value was used for analysis. The gene copies were referred to g of dry soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of a methodological approach for analyzing soil samples and does not address the claim regarding the role of mycorrhizal fungi in improving water and nutrient uptake for plants. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: albipodus successfully decreased the aphid population under the economic threshold (7 A. gossypii/cm2 of cucumber leaf). In contrast, in the pesticide greenhouse, the aphid population was higher than the economic threshold level. Although the predator C. carnea being released initially for whitefly control, the subsequent release of the aphid parasitoid A. albipodus proved to be highly effective in controlling aphid. The effectiveness was evident from the presence aphid parasitoid mummies and the significant increase in their numbers, indicating successful aphid control primarily attributed to the parasitoid. Effects of the predator Chrysoperla carnea and pesticides on the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and thrips, Thrips spp. populationsIn 2022, the whitefly population started to appear during the 3rd week after cucumber transplanting with densities of 3. 54 ± 0. 32, 4. 47 ± 0. 38, 5. 61 ± 0. 12 and 4. 56 ± 0. 33 nymphs/leaf in BIO 1, BIO 2, pesticides and control greenhouses, respectively. However, during the 11th week after three releases of the predator C. carnea and nine applications of pesticides in greenhouses, the whitefly population decreased to 2. 01 ± 0. 54, 1. 14 ± 0. 27 and 2. 07 ± 0. 48 nymphs/leaf in BIO 1, BIO 2 and pesticides greenhouses, respectively (Table 1). In contrast, the whitefly increased to10. 2 ± 0. 29 nymphs/leaf in a control greenhouse (Fig. 2). The pesticides treatment had the lowest reduction in the whitefly population, reaching (58. 46%). The whitefly population reduction was the highest in BIO 1 and BIO 2 greenhouses, with their proportions being close to each other, reaching (71. 31 and 72. 01%), respectively. Fig. 2Effect of different treatments on weekly average number of whitefly per leaf in cucumber greenhouses at the two seasons 2022 and 2023Full size imageSimilarly, the thrips population also started to appear during the 3rd week after transplanting with population densities of 2. 61 ± 0. 57, 1. 5 ± 0. 63, 1. 92 ± 0. 24 and 1. 77 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating the effectiveness of biological control agents, like the parasitoid A. albipodus and the predator C. carnea, in managing aphid populations, which suggests a preference for natural pest control methods over chemical pesticides, as it shows that these biological methods are more effective in reducing pest populations compared to pesticide treatments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change will have no effect on global food supplies. [SEP] Text: Yet, there has been a rapid expansion of these industries driven by subsidies and renewable fuel quotas in jurisdictions including Australia, Brazil, the and the US (Pittock 2011). There are reports that up to 28 l of irrigation water are needed to produce enough soybeans to propel an average vehicle 1 km. In comparison, water needs for gasoline (petrol) are merely 0. 33 l of water for each vehicle 1 km (King and Webber 2008). As is true for the agricultural sector generally, limiting the impacts on groundwater resource use by biofuels requires good governance, including allocation systems that cap extraction at sustainable levels and maximise social and economic benefits from the water consumed. However, the political power of biofuel industries in some countries may compel policies that encourage non-sustainable use and allocation (Notaras 2011). For example, the 2007 in the US mandates an increase in annual biofuels production, requiring an additional 56. 8 billion litres of ethanol by 2015 and an additional 60. 6 billion litres of biofuels from cellulosic crops by 2022 (Dominguez-Faus et al. 2009). These mandated increases will likely increase the demand for groundwater resources, potentially pitting biofuel production against other irrigated agriculture including food production. In the absence of appropriate governance arrangements to allocate water resources efficiently between uses, this increased competition could have deleterious effects on both the water supply base and commodity prices. Simultaneously a number of transitions in less developed countries are beginning to revolve around biofuel related opportunities. Many producers are securing land and water resources in developing countries for production of crops, including for export of biofuels (Vermeulen and Cotula 2010; Zoomers 2010). In Africa, for example, agricultural proponents are pointing to little exploited groundwater resources as a major opportunity to expand production (MacDonald et al. 2012). To avoid the depletion of aquifers that has taken place in developed economies, groundwater governance will need to be strengthened in developing countries so as to manage these resources sustainably for both consumptive and non-consumptive purposes. At the same time, there is a considerable global research effort into second generation biofuels from processing grass or timber cellulose (Sims et al. 2010) and third generation feedstock crops and techniques, which also raises interception questions for aquifer recharge. These ‘wonder’ crops, like jatropha, are untested. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential negative impacts of biofuel production on water resources and food agriculture. It notes that mandated increases in biofuels production could lead to increased competition for groundwater, harming both water supply and commodity prices, which in turn suggests that climate change and resource management are interconnected issues affecting global food supplies. The mention of political power that may compel unsustainable practices directly refutes the claim that climate change will have no effect on food supplies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: The fungi/bacteria ratio was determined as the ratio of the adjusted ITS1 Ct to the adjusted 16S Ct. The ratio fungal:bacteria (calculated as fungal gene copy number divided by bacterial gene copy number; F:B ratio) was used as a predictor of nutrient cycling and C storage. Statistical analysis One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on AM fungal root colonization, total yield, fruit nutrient concentrations and contents, soil bacterial and fungal abundances and fungal:bacterial ratios, after the necessary transformations (e. g. , log10, arcsen). The differences between means were determined using orthogonal contrasts to test differences between + M (all four isolates) vs -M (mock inoculated controls) (1st comparison); between Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae (2nd comparison: inter-family diversity); between the two isolates of Gigasporaceae (3rd comparison: intra-family diversity) and between the two isolates of Glomeraceae (4th comparison: intra-family diversity). Moreover, at each harvest, fruit yield was analyzed using one-way ANOVAs with AM fungal inoculation [five levels: control (-M), G. gigaspora, S. pellucida, F. mosseae and S. sinuosa] as fixed factor. Mycorrhizal infection potential (MIP) data of the AM fungal inocula were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA with AM fungal inoculation (G. gigaspora, S. pellucida, F. mosseae, S. sinuosa) as fixed factor, whereas MIP data of the field soil were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA with year (2019 and 2020) as fixed factor. Litter bag data of var. were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA with AM fungal inoculation (five level) and time of field exposure (four treatments: 40, 52, 67, 79 days) as fixed factors. All data were ln- or arcsine-transformed when needed to fulfil the assumptions of ANOVA. Post-hoc Tukey-B significant difference test was used for comparison among treatments. Means and standard errors given in tables and figures are for untransformed data. All analyses were performed using the software package on SPSS 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the statistical analysis of various fungal and bacterial ratios, root colonization, and different treatments applied to mycorrhizal inoculation rather than explicitly stating any impact on water or nutrient uptake by mycorrhizal fungi in nutrient-poor soils.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: 85 nymphs/leaf in BIO 1, BIO 2, pesticides and control greenhouses, respectively. During the 11th week after the three releases of the predator C. carnea the thrips population decreased to less than 1 nymph/leaf, 0. 54 ± 0. 12 and 0. 93 ± 0. 22 nymphs/leaf in BIO 1 and BIO 2, respectively. However, following nine applications of the pesticides the thrips population reached 2. 61 ± 0. 74 nymphs/leaf in pesticides greenhouse as compared to 4. 22 ± 0. 68 nymphs/leaf in a control greenhouse (Table 1, Fig. 3). The pesticides treatment caused the lowest reduction in the thrips population, reaching (61. 79%). The thrips population reduction was the highest in BIO 1 and BIO 2 greenhouses, with their proportions being close to each other, reaching (72. 08 and 75. 71%), respectively. Fig. 3Effect of different treatments on weekly average number of thrips per leaf in cucumber greenhouses at the two seasons 2022 and 2023Full size imageIn 2023, similar trends were observed. The whitefly population started to appear during the 2nd week after cucumber transplanting with a population of 3. 79 ± 0. 53, 6. 39 ± 0. 85, 7. 59 ± 0. 81 and 7. 02 ± 0. 33 nymphs/leaf in BIO 1, BIO 2, pesticides and control greenhouses, respectively. Four releases of C. carnea in the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks after planting were applied. It was also noticed that by the 11th week, after the fourth release of the predator the whitefly population reached 6. 3 ± 0. 72 and 3. 9 ± 0. 36 nymphs/leaf in BIO 1 and BIO 2, respectively. However, following nine applications of the tested pesticides, the whitefly population recorded 8. 9 ± 0. 68 nymphs/leaf in pesticides greenhouse as compared to 48. 06 ± 0. 42 nymphs/leaf in control greenhouse (Table 1, Fig. 2). The pesticides treatment had the lowest reduction in the whitefly population, reaching (75. 59%). The whitefly population reduction was the highest in BIO 1 and BIO 2 greenhouses, with their proportions being close to each other, reaching (82. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting data related to the effects of natural pest control methods, such as the release of the predator C. carnea, which resulted in a significant reduction in pest populations (less than 1 nymph/leaf), compared to the chemical pesticides treatments which showed a lower reduction in thrips populations (61.79%). This indicates that natural pest control methods are effective and highlights the focus on renewable agriculture practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change will have no effect on global food supplies. [SEP] Text: While these species may be able to grow on degraded lands and generate benefits for people in developing countries (Openshaw 2000), it is likely that widespread plantings would more effectively intercept precipitation and reduce aquifer recharge and surface runoff as land is cleared to establish the new crop (van Dijk and Keenan 2007). Proposals for third generation biofuels from farming microbes suggest that saline or wastewater may be used in these processes in the future (Yang et al. 2011), though commercial scale application has yet to be demonstrated. Each technological advance offers improvements in fuel production and may also meet other goals such as a reduction in GHG emissions, but biofuels are intrinsically linked with groundwater resources and can compete directly with agricultural food crops for water and land. In essence, current commercial biofuel production consumes significant water, for crop production, processing and transport, and if production is increased then pressures to exploit aquifers globally will also increase. Biomass for fuel production where irrigation and crop chemicals are also used results in greater risks of aquifer contamination and hence a potential reduction of economically-usable groundwater. Given the complex and often uncertain knock-on consequences of biofuels, policy interventions which aim to increase biofuel production must account for these risks. 2. 2. 1. 2 GeothermalThe generation of electricity from steam from underground aquifers where circulating groundwater is “boiled” by geological heat sources is a commercial energy technology and is sustainable in regions with substantial aquifer recharge such as in Iceland and New Zealand. Geothermal energy proponents are now exploring ways of generating electricity from ‘hot rock’ sources, where aquifers are small or absent, by injecting water in one borehole to be heated through fractured strata, then extracted as steam up a parallel borehole to generate electricity. Geothermal generation may be sustainable in regions where there is plentiful water but in dry areas the source of water is uncertain. For example, much of the geothermal ‘hot rock’ resource in Australia is located in arid areas or in the wet-dry tropics where surface water resources are seasonal or absent (Goldstein et al. 2009). Linking strata through boreholes and by fracking also raises the same questions (as for unconventional gas production) of managing potential risks of natural contaminants becoming incorporated in the production water and moving into previously constrained aquifers through fractures or borehole failures. 2. 2. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential for biofuel production to impact agricultural food crops by competing for water and land resources. It highlights that increased biofuel production could exert pressure on water resources, leading to a reduction in economically-usable groundwater, which implies that climate change can impact food supplies by exacerbating water scarcity issues. Thus, the passage indicates possible negative consequences of biofuels that relate to food supply challenges linked to climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: 0 (SPSS Inc. , ). The permutational analysis of variance () was used to test the overall effect of AM fungal inoculation (Inoc) (five levels: -M, G. giga, S. pellu, F. mos, S. sin) on total fruit yield and fruit concentration of nutrients and AM fungal root traits (% of arbuscules, vesicles, AMF root colonization) of tomato varieties Pisanello and Rio Grande. Response data were fourth-root transformed and normalized, and the resemblance matrix was calculated using the Euclidean distance between samples. P values were calculated using the Monte-Carlo test (Anderson and Braak 2003). is sensitive to differences in multivariate location (average community composition of a group) and dispersion (within-group variability), the analysis of homogeneity of multivariate dispersion (; Anderson 2006) was performed to check the homogeneity of dispersion among groups (beta-diversity) (Anderson et al. 2006). indicated a significant effect, the principal coordinate analysis (PCO) was performed to visualize the most relevant patterns in the data. The circle in each plot, whose diameter is 1. 0, allows the reader to understand the scale of the vectors in the vector plot. pairwise comparisons between all pairs of the Inoc levels was also performed. Moreover, for the var. Rio Grande, to test the significance of the relationship between the matrix of percentages of remaining mass of litter bags at the four sampling times and the matrix of soil fungal and bacterial abundances, a analysis, based on Spearman rank and 999 permutations, was performed (ρ = 1 perfect relationship) (Clarke and Warwick 2001). All the analyses were carried out using 7 and + software (Anderson et al. 2008; Clarke and Gorley 2015). ResultsMycorrhizal infection potential of the AM fungal inocula and of the experimental soil The mycorrhizal infection potential (MIP) of the field soil sampled in 2019 and of 2020 were not significantly different. Averaged over years, the percentages of root length containing arbuscules and vesicles and AM fungal root colonization were 2. 2% ± 1. 2, 0. 03% ± 0. 03 and 9. 1% ± 2. 4, respectively (mean ± SE of five replicates per each field; data not shown). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information regarding the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. Instead, it discusses various statistical analyses related to AM fungal inoculation and root colonization percentages without directly addressing the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: 05 and 85. 94%), respectively. The thrips population started during the 3rd week after transplanting with population densities 0. 198 ± 0. 47, 0. 2 ± 0. 11, 0. 19 ± 0. 21 and 0. 29 ± 0. 13 nymphs/leaf in BIO 1, BIO 2, pesticides and control greenhouses, respectively. During the 11th week, after the fourth release of the predator, the thrips population reached 0. 99 ± 0. 12 and 0. 63 ± 0. 46 nymphs/leaf in BIO 1 and BIO 2 greenhouses, respectively. However, after nine applications of the pesticides, it was noticed that, the thrips population reached 0. 81 ± 0. 6 nymphs/leaf in pesticides greenhouse as compared to 4. 22 ± 0. 7 nymphs/leaf in control greenhouse, respectively (Table 1 and Fig. 3). The pesticides treatment had the lowest reduction in the thrips population, reaching (48. 84%). The thrips population reduction was the highest in BIO 1 and BIO 2 greenhouses, with their proportions being close to each other, reaching (59. 93 and 61. 38%), respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that nonsignificant difference among BIO1, BIO 2 and pesticides treatments for both whitefly and thrips in the two seasons. However, there was a significant difference among control and BIO 1, BIO 2 and pesticides (Table 2). The results of this study demonstrate that the release of the predator C. carnea was more effective in controlling the population of whitefly and thrips in cucumber greenhouses compared to the application of pesticides. Both methods achieved pest populations below the economic threshold (18. 4 adults/plant, or 4. 6 adults/leaf for whitefly on cucumber and 1. 3 adult thrips/cucumber leaf). However, the biocontrol agents approach exhibited higher reduction in pest populations compared to pesticide application. Effects of the predator mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis and pesticides on the two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae populationIn 2022, the two-spotted mite population observed during the 3rd week after transplanting cucumber, with densities of 0. 22 ± 0. 35, 0. 38 ± 0. 34, 0. 21 ± 0. 22 and 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the release of a predator, C. carnea, was more effective in controlling pest populations compared to the application of pesticides. It highlights that both biological control and pesticide application achieved pest populations below the economic threshold, but emphasizes that the biocontrol method exhibited a higher reduction in pest populations, indicating a reliance on natural pest control methods in renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change will have no effect on global food supplies. [SEP] Text: This raises questions as to the risk of polluting potentially beneficial aquifers in other locations. The practice of using closed or evaporative basins to treat production water, especially saline water, was abandoned in Texas as erosion often resulted in the breakdown of containment structures. This analysis exposes a number of risks to aquifers from unconventional gas production that each has a technical solution, but only if the industry is consistently well governed and adheres to the highest standards of practice. As a result of public and political concerns, and because of the economic costs related to water use and disposal, the US oil and gas industry is currently researching and field-testing many different on-site water treatment technologies. In addition, technologies that reuse water or actually use zero water for the hydraulic fracturing process are in development. However, until there is a rise in the market value of gas, many of the promising technologies are unlikely to achieve widespread implementation. One concern that has not yet been well addressed in the development of the unconventional gas industry is the future of groundwater in depleted and abandoned gas fields. Aquifer depletion can be expected over long periods of time if associated with gas deposits, or fractured strata newly capable of holding water will recharge. What is unclear is how this will affect other water resources on basin scales, for example whether other surface and groundwater deposits may be depleted if they begin to fill the new, often deeper voids that are left behind. 2. 2. 1. 4 Solar ThermalSolar thermal power is an emerging technology that uses mirrors in large scale facilities to boil water and generate steam for electricity production. Currently deployed in California and Spain, these power stations work best when located in sunny, arid and semi-arid regions where water is naturally scarce. While the volumes of water required are modest compared with many other forms of energy technologies, sustainable groundwater availability may be a limiting factor for the location of these stations in deserts. The world’s largest solar thermal plant in the near the border of California and Nevada is the 392-MW Ivanpah project. At the official opening in 2014, the US Energy secretary stated that the station’s water needs for steam production “…will use roughly the same amount of water as two holes at the nearby golf course” (Phillips 2014). An additional water demand from the desert aquifers will be to regularly wash dust from the project’s 347,000 mirrors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing potential risks to groundwater and aquifers that could result from practices in the unconventional gas industry, suggesting that environmental issues related to water and land management are significant concerns. Furthermore, it implies that water scarcity, driven by climate conditions, could impact the location and sustainability of various energy technologies, which indirectly affects food supplies by highlighting the interconnectedness of climatic factors with water resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Declarationsauthours would like to thank Venerosi della Seta for allowing to run the field experiments at the “Prata” farm (Pisa, Italy), of the “Accademia di Agricoltura” of Torino giving us valuable advices for litter bag experiment set-up and interpretation of results and of the CCS Aosta for providing us the AM fungal inocula. Author contributions EP and LE acquired funding, conceived and designed the study. MA carried out the experimental procedures. EP and MA performed the molecular study, collected the data, performed the statistical analyses and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. LE and MN contributed to the discussion of the data. All authors commented on the manuscript and approved the final version. work was funded by the the Fund for 2007-2013 for Tuscany (Italy), measure 16. 1 (project; CUP Artea 743548) project leader Dr. and measure 16. 2 (project; CUP Artea 828090) project leader Prof. Laura Ercoli. was supported by a PhD scholarship from Sant’Anna (). Competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. All authours have no conflict of interests to declare. 54. Al-(2001) Response of two tomato cultivars differing in salt tolerance to inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi under salt stress. Mycorrhiza 11: 43–47. Anderson MJ (2006) Distance-based tests for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions. Biometrics 62:245–253. (2003) Permutation tests for multi-factorial analysis of variance. J Simul 73:85–113. (2006) Multivariate dispersion as a measure of beta diversity. 9:683–693. (2008) Permanova + for Primer:Guide to Software and Statistical Methods. Plymouth: Primer-E Limited. (2006) Functional diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates in relation to extraradical mycelial networks. 172:347–357. -(2000) Carbon metabolism and transport in arbuscular mycorrhizas. 124:949–958. (2021) Effect of biofertilizers application on soil biodiversity and litter degradation in a commercial apricot orchard. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mycorrhizal fungi's role in enhancing water and nutrient uptake in plants growing in nutrient-poor soils. Instead, it focuses on author contributions, acknowledgments for experimental assistance, funding, and references to various studies without directly supporting or contradicting the claim.