Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Why it is important to do this review This review is an updated version of previous (Lee 2007; Lee 2012). It focuses on treatment of CF lung disease as this is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in people with CF, however abnormal CFTR function affects other parts of the body, some of which may be amenable to other forms of gene transfer therapy but will not be the subject of this review. investigate whether topical CFTR gene replacement therapy to the lungs of people with CF is associated with improvements in clinical outcomes (respiratory function and quality of life) and assess existing or predicted adverse effects. for considering studies for this review Types of studies Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), published or unpublished. Controlled clinical trials (CCTs), including quasi‐randomised controlled trials, will be included in future updates if available and only if there is sufficient evidence that control and intervention groups were similar at baseline. Types of participants Children and adults with CF confirmed by the presence of two disease‐causing mutations, or by a combination of positive sweat test and recognised clinical features of CF. Types of interventions Topical CFTR gene delivery to the lung, using either viral or non‐viral vector systems, compared to placebo or an alternative vector system. Types of outcome measures Primary outcomes Respiratory exacerbations (assessed by need for additional oral or intravenous antibiotics)* oral antibiotics (days or episodes) intravenous antibiotics (days or episodes) Lung function testing (absolute values or percent predicted for age, sex and height) forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) forced vital capacity (FVC) relative change in FEV1 or FVC other relevant lung function tests (for example, infant lung function tests and lung clearance index) Survival (either as a binary outcome or time to event)* Secondary outcomes Number of days as a hospital inpatient (or number of inpatient episodes)* Need for extra treatment* physiotherapy (duration or episodes) Adverse events* mild (e. g. sore throat, hoarse voice, dry mouth) moderate (e. g. wheeze, cough, fever, local allergic reaction) severe (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the investigation of topical CFTR gene replacement therapy as a treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF). It details how gene transfer therapy might improve clinical outcomes for individuals suffering from CF, confirming the development of gene therapy aimed at treating this genetic disorder.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In a few years, zero-knowledge proofs will completely replace all traditional cryptographic methods. [SEP] Text: while we haven’t proved it rigorously, we’ve seen the zero-knowledge proof for graph 3-coloring. This automatically gives us a zero-knowledge proof for all of NP, because given any NP problem you can just convert it to the equivalent 3-coloring problem and solve that. Of course, the blowup required to convert a random NP problem to 3-coloring can be polynomially large, which makes it unsuitable for practice. But the point is that this gives us a theoretical justification for which problems have zero-knowledge proofs in principle. Now that we’ve established that you can go about trying to find the most efficient protocol for your favorite problem. Anticipatory notesWhen we covered graph isomorphism last time, we said that a simulator could, without participating in the zero-knowledge protocol or knowing the secret isomorphism, produce a transcript that was drawn from the same distribution of messages as the protocol produced. That was all that it needed to be “zero-knowledge,” because anything the verifier could do with its protocol transcript, the simulator could do too. We can do exactly the same thing for 3-coloring, exploiting the same “reverse order” trick where the simulator picks the random edge first, then chooses the color commitment post-hoc. Unfortunately, both there and here I’m short-changing you, dear reader. The elephant in the room is that our naive simulator assumes the verifier is playing by the rules! If you want to define security, you have to define it against a verifier who breaks the protocol in an arbitrary way. For example, the simulator should be able to produce an equivalent transcript even if the verifier deterministically picks an edge, or tries to pick a non-edge, or tries to send gibberish. It takes a lot more work to prove security against an arbitrary verifier, but the basic setup is that the simulator can no longer make choices for the verifier, but rather has to invoke the verifier subroutine as a black box. (To compensate, the requirements on the simulator are relaxed quite a bit; more on that next time)Because an implementation of such a scheme would involve a lot of validation, we’re going to defer the discussion to next time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the theoretical aspects of zero-knowledge proofs, highlighting limitations such as inefficiency in practice due to polynomial blowup when converting NP problems to 3-coloring. It suggests that while zero-knowledge proofs are promising in theory, their practicality may hinder them from completely replacing traditional cryptographic methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 2015, “윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - ”, no. 66, 214. Available from: doi:10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. 175 Biontino Juljan. “윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - “ 민족문화연구 66 214. (2015): 175. . 윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - 민족문화연구 [Internet]. 2015; 66, : 175 - 214. Available from: doi:10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. 175. “윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - “ 민족문화연구 no. 66 (2015): 175 - 214. doi: :10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about understanding cultural practices through genetic studies. It focuses on a specific cultural subject without addressing genetics, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Alton 2015 stated that the homozygous ΔF508 genotype was the commonest, with 48% in the placebo group and 50% in the treatment group (Alton 2015). 2004 there were significantly more ΔF508 homozygous participants (77%) in the placebo group than in the CFTR gene replacement group (25%) (P = 0. 01) (Moss 2004). Moss 2007 recruited slightly more ΔF508 homozygous participants ‐ 53% in each group (Moss 2007). With regard to other participant characteristics, all studies stated a minimum FEV1 % predicted score; at least 70% (Alton 1999), at least 50% (Alton 2015) and at least 60% (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). Alton 1999 reported that there were no significant differences between groups in terms of BMI, or chest x‐ray score (Alton 1999) and Alton 2015 reported no significant difference in BMI and centre distribution number (Alton 2015). studies reported that treatment and placebo groups were similar in terms of demographics and clinical characteristics (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). four studies compared an active treatment to a placebo (Alton 1999; Alton 2015; Moss 2004; Moss 2007). studies delivered the CFTR gene as plasmid DNA complexed with liposome (GL‐67/DOPE/DMPE‐PEG5000). In the treatment group for the 1999 study, Alton nebulised 16 ml from a 20 ml solution containing 42. 2 mg of plasmid DNA (pCF‐1‐CFTR) once to the lungs whilst the placebo group received liposome alone (Alton 1999). 2015, the treatment group received 5 ml nebulised solution containing 13. 3 mg of plasmid DNA, pGM169, at 28‐day intervals (plus or minus five days) over 12 months, whilst the placebo group received 5 ml of nebulised 0. 9% saline (Alton 2015). studies used the adeno‐associated virus serotype 2 (AAV‐2) vector tgAAVCF to deliver the CFTR gene (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). 2004, 1x1013 p0. 9% saline as the placebo; and although the investigators stated that nebulisers were sealed we cannot be sure that participants would have been adequately blinded to the study drug due to potential differences in taste and consistency (Alton 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that involve the CFTR gene therapy as a treatment for cystic fibrosis. Specific details about how the CFTR gene was administered to participants and the nature of the studies, including comparisons between treatment and placebo groups, suggest ongoing development and testing of gene therapy strategies for this genetic disorder.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In a few years, zero-knowledge proofs will completely replace all traditional cryptographic methods. [SEP] Text: Ir al contenido (pulsa Retorno) Català LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation mailworld English  Català userLogin  LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation UPCommons. Global access to UPC knowledge 5. 632 Open-access theses in TDX You are here: les tesis les tesis JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it. Lattice-based zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge View/Open TRMP1de1. pdf (2,104Mb) 10. 5821/dissertation-2117-396976 Recolecta stats Includes usage data since 2022 Cita com:hdl:2117/396976 Show full item record Martínez Pinilla, directorMorillo Bosch, M. / Department Politècnica de Catalunya. Facultat de Matemàtiques i Estadística Document typeDoctoral thesis Data de defensa2023-09-29 PublisherUniversitat Politècnica de accessExcept where otherwise noted, content on this work is licensed under a license : Attribution-ShareAlike 4. 0 (English) The main goal of this dissertation is to develop new lattice-based cryptographic schemes. Most of the cryptographic protocols that each and every one of us use on a daily basis are only secure under the assumption that two mathematical problems, namely the discrete logarithm on elliptic curves and the factorization of products of two primes, are computationally hard. That is believed to be true for classical computers, but quantum computers would be able to solve these problems much more efficiently, demolishing the foundations of plenty of cryptographic constructions. This reveals the importance of post-quantum alternatives, cryptographic schemes whose security relies on different problems intractable for both classical and quantum computers. The most promising family of problems widely believed to be hard for quantum computers are lattice-based problems. We increase the supply of lattice-based tools providing new Zero-of Knowledge for the (RLWE) problem, perhaps the most popular lattice-based problem. Zero-knowledge proofs are protocols between a prover and a verifier where the prover convinces the verifier of the validity of certain statements without revealing any additional relevant information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of current cryptographic protocols, specifically highlighting their vulnerability to quantum computers. It notes the importance of developing new lattice-based cryptographic schemes, which are post-quantum alternatives. The mention of 'Zero-knowledge proofs are protocols' hints at their prospective role within a wider landscape of cryptography, but it does not support the claim that they will 'completely replace all traditional cryptographic methods.' Instead, it suggests that zero-knowledge proofs will be part of an evolving cryptographic paradigm rather than a total replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 175 텍스트 파일로 저장 피인용 논문 (우)305-754 대전광역시 유성구 가정로 201 한국연구재단 TEL: 042-869-6674, 1544-6118 E-mail: kciadmin@nrf. re. kr 2024 NRF. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim or provide any information related to cultural practices or genetic studies. It instead appears to be administrative information, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Combined data at Day 60 show no significant difference between gene therapy (n = 70) and placebo (n = 68), MD ‐0. 06 L (95% CI ‐0. 13 to 0. 02) (Analysis 1. 5). At later time points there remained no significant difference in the change from baseline in FVC (L) when comparing CFTR gene replacement to placebo in either study; these data were not suitable for pooling in a meta‐analysis. Alton 2015 reported the change in FVC % predicted from baseline at monthly intervals up to 12 months (Alton 2015). Alton demonstrated a significant post‐treatment effect in favour CFTR gene replacement therapy compared to placebo: at two months (gene therapy n = 60; placebo n = 52), MD 2. 70% (95% CI 0. 13 to 5. 27); at three months (gene therapy n = 59; placebo n = 53), MD 3. 96% (95% CI 1. 34 to 6. 58); at 11 months (gene therapy n = 58; placebo n = 52), MD 3. 18% (95% CI 0. 63 to 5. 73); and at 12 months (gene therapy n = 60; placebo n = 54) MD 3. 03% (95% CI 0. 35 to 5. 71) (Analysis 1. 6). Data from the remaining monthly time points showed no significant difference between treatment groups (Alton 2015). c. Relative change in FEV1 or FVC Only one study reported on relative change in FEV1 % predicted as the primary endpoint, again at monthly intervals (Alton 2015). Results demonstrated small but significant benefits with gene replacement therapy: at two months (gene therapy n = 60; placebo n = 52), MD 3. 05% (95% CI 0. 14 to 5. 96); at three months (gene therapy n = 59; placebo n = 53), MD 3. 41% (95% CI 0. 26 to 6. 56); and at 12 months (gene therapy n = 60; placebo n = 54), MD 3. 66% (95% CI 0. 15 to 7. 17) (Analysis 1. 7). There was no significant difference between treatment groups at the remaining monthly time points (Analysis 1. 7) (Alton 2015). d. Other relevant lung function tests (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of gene therapy, specifically CFTR gene replacement therapy, on lung function in cystic fibrosis patients. It mentions statistical analyses showing the treatment effects at different time points, indicating that gene therapy is being actively studied for its efficacy in treating cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: There was no significant difference in IL-6 values between baseline and after six months of follow-up (Figure 3C). We found an approximate decrease of 0. 08−0. 09 kbps of TL per one point increase in IL-6 at baseline and after six months of follow-up (B, −0. 085; p=0. 006; B, −0. 081; p=0. 014, respectively) (Figure 3D). Figure 3. Correlation plots between TL and concentrations of several blood biomarkers and associations between TL and serum IL-6 levels. (A) Pearson correlation coefficients and significance levels were calculated between TL and concentrations of several blood biomarkers at baseline. The color-coordinated legend indicates the value and sign of Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The number in the box indicates Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Moreover, an x in the box indicates a p-value≥0. 005; (B) Pearson correlation coefficients and significance levels were calculated between TL and concentrations of several blood biomarkers after six months of follow-up. The color-coordinated legend indicates the value and sign of Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The number in the box indicates Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Moreover, an x in the box indicates a p-value≥0. 005; (C) Boxplot showing distributions of IL-6 levels in the study subjects at baseline and after six months of follow-up; (D) scatterplot with a linear regression line showing the association between IL-6 and TL at baseline and after six months of follow-up. TL=telomere length; IL-6= interleukin-6. Independent variables related to short TL in healthy elderly individuals Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that higher GDS-KR and CCI scores and serum IL-6 levels were independently associated with a shorter TL both at baseline and after six months of follow-up in the relatively healthy elderly participants (Table 3). Table 3. Multivariable linear regression of the telomere length according to the GDS-KR, CCI, or IL-6. Multivariable linear regression for telomere lengthBaselineGDS-KR*CCI*IL-6*Variableβ (95% CI)pβ (95% CI)pβ (95% CI)pFemale−0. 073 (−0. 518 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data related to the correlation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels with telomere length (TL) without addressing the genetic therapies aimed at slowing aging. It provides statistical analyses and mentions associations of IL-6 and TL but does not support or contrast the idea that genetic therapies target telomere shortening.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: This experiment is part of the Challenge Grant. Browse more projectsCan we hear how mycelia communicate? HammBacked by 'and 6 other backersand and DesignDOI: 10. 18258/27688Grant: : Science EngineGrant: Mycological Innovations$4,950Raised of $4,950 Goal100%Funded on 8/27/22Successfully Funded$4,950pledged100%fundedFundedon 8/27/22? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(9)Discussion (2)ProjectMycelial networks are the root like structures of fruiting body mushrooms. Spontaneous electrical low-frequency oscillations (SELFOs) have been recorded throughout these networks potentially as a form of communication. I want to record the interactions between mycelial bodies of same species and of different species to see if the SELFOs differ between these two. Understanding the way mycelial networks communicate can lead to influencing growth and other metabolic processes. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? Research suggests mycelium may communicate using spontaneous electrical low frequency oscillations (SELFOs). SELFOs have also been recorded throughout the nervous system of mammals as a method of communication. Living things without a nervous system, such as plants, algae, and mushrooms also emit SELFOs. Research in 1995 showed mycelium transmitted SELFOs in response the changes in their external environment. Electrical potentials measured in mushroom species such as Pleurotus djamor and Ganoderma resinaceum are hypothesized to be a form of communication throughout mycelial networks. Mycelial networks may use up to 50 different electrical potentials to communicate. What is the significance of this project? Through research of SELFOs in plants we have begun to understand the types of environmental stimulus that may produce the plant to react. Arabidopsis, after being wounded, sent electrical activity to potential endangered sights and wound-response genes throughout it's system. It's also thought that the roots of plants may also send and receive signals from their environment in regards to changes in conditions (e. g. temperature, moisture). Mycelial networks can be very big, yet, information passes throughout the systems quickly and efficiently. Having more data of these systems can help us to directly interact with the fungi and possibly manipulate growth and other metabolic processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses communication in mycelial networks and mentions electrical signals in plants and fungi, but does not mention insects or any form of communication through sounds or music. Therefore, there is no connection between the claim and the content of the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Thus effective CFTR gene replacement should reduce the fall in potential difference seen following amiloride. Alton 1999 demonstrated no significant change in response to perfusion with amiloride in either the CFTR gene replacement group (n = 8) mean (SD) change ‐12. 6 (14. 66) or the placebo group (n = 8) mean (SD) change ‐16. 50 (13. 17) (Alton 1999). Our analysis showed no difference between the groups, MD 3. 90 (95% CI ‐9. 76 to 17. 56) (Analysis 1. 11). c. Response to perfusion with a zero chloride solution The response to zero or low chloride secretion following prior perfusion with amiloride is the airway potential difference measurement that is the most effective discriminator between CF and non‐CF participants (Alton 1999; Griesenbach 2005). studies reported this as a summed response to low chloride solution and isoprenaline (Alton 1999; Alton 2015). A separate control group of participants without CF had a mean (SD) response of 10. 70 (4. 11). Data from Alton 1999 have been estimated from figures in the original paper (Alton 1999). The study reported that in the CFTR gene replacement group there was a significant improvement following perfusion with a zero chloride solution, mean (SD) 5. 4 (3. 82) (P < 0. 05), with no significant change in the placebo group, mean (SD) ‐1. 46 (2. 29) (Alton 1999). This change in the CFTR replacement group (n = 8) was significantly different from that in the placebo group (n = 8) (P < 0. 0001), MD 6. 86 (95% CI 3. 77 to 9. 95) (Analysis 1. 11). 2015, participants in the placebo group (n=7) had a median (range) change of 3. 1mV (9. 3 to ‐1. 2) compared to a median (range) change of ‐1. 3mV (4. 0 to ‐5. 8) (P = 0. 032) in the CFTR gene therapy group (n = 10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of CFTR gene replacement as a form of gene therapy for cystic fibrosis, detailing a study that shows significant improvements in patients receiving the therapy as opposed to a placebo group. This aligns directly with the claim about gene therapy development for treating such genetic disorders.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: 372)0. 745−0. 070 (−0. 507 to 0. 366)0. 750−0. 217 (−0. 663 to 0. 229)0. 338Age0. 005 (−0. 036 to 0. 045)0. 8230. 005 (−0. 034 to 0. 045)0. 7920. 004 (−0. 036 to 0. 043)0. 859BMI0. 013 (−0. 055 to 0. 081)0. 7020. 019 (−0. 048 to 0. 086)0. 5720. 027 (−0. 041 to 0. 096)0. 431Hypertension−0. 060 (−0. 455 to 0. 335)0. 764−0. 111 (−0. 502 to 0. 279)0. 5740. 045 (−0. 344 to 0. 435)0. 819Diabetes0. 087 (−0. 399 to 0. 573)0. 7230. 081 (−0. 393 to 0. 556)0. 7350. 106 (−0. 374 to 0. 586)0. 663Hyperlipidemia−0. 061 (−0. 464 to 0. 342)0. 764−0. 071 (−0. 467 to 0. 324)0. 721−0. 106 (−0. 507 to 0. 294)0. 600Heart disease0. 059 (−0. 586 to 0. 703)0. 8580. 075 (−0. 558 to 0. 708)0. 8150. 057 (−0. 584 to 0. 697)0. 862Stroke history0. 031 (−0. 584 to 0. 647)0. 9200. 019 (−0. 585 to 0. 624)0. 950−0. 040 (−0. 653 to 0. 574)0. 898GDS-KR−0. 062 (−0. 112 to −0. 011)0. 017N/AN/ACCIN/A−0. 146 (−0. 234 to −0. 058)0. 001N/AIL-6N/AN/A−0. 095 (−0. 163 to −0. 026)0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of a series of statistical results without any mention of genetic therapies, telomere shortening, or aging processes. There is no information provided that supports, contrasts, or relates to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: What are the goals of the project? The goal of my project is to the collect data in the form of micro-fluctuations in electrical conductivity between 1,000-100,000th of a second over a long period of time as the mycelium grows and explores. I will run experiments based in real-time and over an extended period of time (length of experiment greatly depends on growth rate of the mycelium). I am most interested in the collected data at the moment the mycelium begins to interact with another body of mycelium. I will run parallel experiments in which the mycelial bodies interact with another of the same species and another where the mycelial body interacts with a different species. I want to record and transmute the data collected into sound more importantly, song in which the listener can connect with. wait. . . The budgeted items with help me complete my research project by recording minute changes within the mycelium using sensors and Arduinos. I wish to transmute the data in sound using data sonification software and Synthesizers. I will use sensors to retrieve the changes in frequency, and record the data with Arduinos. And then convert the text data into midi format to be able to "hear" the data. From there I will then use the MIDI data to transmute the data to sound that can "help express the language of the mycelium" In addition, I also want to set up the experiment to not only record data over a period of time but also pick up data in real time throughout the experiment using multiple sensors and synthesizers. Endorsed byWe don't know yet if mushrooms speak for real, but Rita can learn and teach us how to musicate their intrinsic electrical patterns to get a better understanding of their communication signals. Would we be able then to "sing" back to the fungi? That's quite a provocative question that someone has to reply. Rita's artistic and multidisciplinary background, summed to her dedication to growing fungi and operating electronic music synths provides her with a good set of skills to run this experiment. Please support Rita in this electrifying quest! Antoni GandiaFungal BiotechnologistInstitute for of ValenciaProject TimelineThe length of the project greatly depends on how long it take the mycelium to grow and if there is any contamination that could interfere with the experiment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a research project focused on mycelium and its interactions, particularly regarding the conversion of data into sound. It does not address insects or their potential for communication through sounds and music, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The mean change in bronchial chloride responses as well as pre‐ and post‐treatment data for each individual participant were presented in graphical form; aggregate data were not available for analysis (Alton 2015). 11. Measures of gene expression a. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) to measure vector‐specific CFTR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) production This outcome was reported in three studies, but at different time points (Alton 1999; Alton 2015; Moss 2004). 1999, bronchial brushings were performed two days following the single dose of CFTR gene replacement or placebo. No vector specific mRNA could be detected by this measure in either the CFTR gene replacement group (n = 8), or the placebo group (n = 8) (Alton 1999). 2015, bronchial brushings were performed in a subgroup of participants at 28 days, plus or minus five days, after the 12th dose; four participants' measurements were taken beyond this time window due to clinical instability and one participant's bronchoscopy was performed after the sixth dose due to withdrawal from the study. No vector‐specific mRNA was detected in either the CFTR gene replacement group (n = 14) or placebo group (n = 7) (Alton 2015). 2004, six out of the 20 participants in the active group and two out of the 17 participants in the placebo group had bronchial brushings performed 30 to 60 days after the third dose of the study drug. As with the previous two studies, no vector specific mRNA could be detected in any participant sampled (Moss 2004). b. Any other method of measuring gene expression 2015 reported on this outcome and isolated DNA from bronchial brushings in the subgroup of participants who underwent bronchoscopy (Alton 2015). They demonstrated an increase in vector‐specific DNA in 12 out of 14 participants (86%) in the CFTR gene replacement group compared to readings below the limit of quantification in the seven participants in the placebo group (P = 0. 001) (Alton 2015). 12. Measures of CFTR protein expression 1999 measured chloride efflux in cells obtained by bronchial brushing, by measuring changes in 6‐methoxy‐N‐(‐sulphopropyl) quinolium (SPQ) fluorescence (Alton 1999). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies that involve CFTR gene replacement therapy, which directly relates to the development of gene therapy to treat cystic fibrosis. It mentions specific measurements of gene expression and outcomes in participants receiving CFTR gene treatment, indicating the ongoing research and development in this field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: However, telomere length is species-specific and varies between 4000 and 15000 nucleotides. At the 3′ end of telomeres, there is no antiparallel strand. The single strand tail length varies between approximately 100 and 280 nucleotides in humans [12-17]. This single strand forms a telomere hairpin loop structure, termed a T-loop, and is often accompanied by numerous proteins, which together works to cap DNA and aid in preventing fusion or damage of the chromosome ends [18-20]. Moreover, this capping structure can form a G-quadruplex structure from two or four parallel or antiparallel single strands [21]. With each replication, telomeres are shortened due to the inability of DNA-polymerase to work on single-stranded 3′ ends. This mechanism of replication and associated telomere shortening was initially proposed by Olovnikiov in 1971 and was later confirmed experimentally by Blackburn [6, 7, 10]. As soon as this process of under-replication reoccurs during each of the divisions, despite telomerase-dependent and independent mechanisms of telomere elongation, telomere shortening is a replication “timer”. Critical telomere shortening (12. 8 repeats of repetitive clusters) either as a loss of telomere-capping proteins results to telomere dysfunction with consequent chromosomes fusion and genome instability [22]. However, when telomere reached critical point of shortening it leads to cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence, and apoptosis – conditions, which can be considered as protection from to telomere dysfunction consequences [23, 24]. Nevertheless, cells that bypass cell cycle arrest due to oncogene activation and/or telomerase activation can undergo malignization [18, 21, 25-27]. Cell cycle arrest can occur even with lengthy telomeres. It is likely that telomere utilization speed and intensity of telomere loss also affects cell cycle arrest but not just a degree of telomere shortening. Telomeres can also be shortened as a result of DNA double-strand break damage. The cellular response mechanism to telomere shortening is similar to that common cellular response to DNA double- strand breaks; both mechanisms go through the ATR-dependent H2AX phosphorylation [28]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed explanation of telomere biology and the mechanisms of telomere shortening. It emphasizes that telomere shortening leads to cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence, and apoptosis, which are seen as protective mechanisms rather than interventions aimed at slowing aging through therapies targeting these processes. The complexity of telomere dynamics, including how critical telomere shortening can cause dysfunction and instability, suggests that merely targeting telomere shortening might not effectively slow aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: My main interest is when the different species meet near the middle of the tank. I expect this to happen 2 weeks - 2 months after inoculation depending on a growth speed unexpected issues. In total the experiment could take anywhere from 4-9 months after all the equipment is collected. Jul 14, 2022Project LaunchedSep 01, 2022Arduinos for Datalogging and Terrarium Monitoring. Continuously working on modular set up until inoculation of mycelium. Sep 10, 2022Set up Terrariums with substrate and plant lifeSep 17, 2022Inoculate mycelium and insert sensorsSep 18, 2022Connect sensor for realtime data to modular system and begin sound design with frequencies throughout growth. Sound Music will be recorded daily and upload to project IG. Show more eventsOct 17, 2022Expected interaction between species is 1 - 3 months after inoculation depending on growth speed and contamination issuesOct 17, 2022Take samples of. CSV file type to experiment with data sonification software. Nov 18, 2022Have a better understanding of the software for use with final piece. Nov 18, 2022Continue to log data of the mycelial growth and interaction in tank for at least 1 month after initial meeting of speciesDec 18, 2022Convert final data from. CSV to MIDIJan 01, 2023Feed MIDI file through modular and begin design final compositions of dataMar 10, 2023Pieces are deemed complete present. CSV findings and musical compositionsMeet the TeamRita HammCitizen Scientist/is a citizen scientist, amateur mycologist, and experimental sound designer. As an amateur mycologist, she is often found foraging and studying wild mushrooms, growing edible species at home, and experimenting with fungal extractions and teas for health and culinary gains. As a sound designer, Rita is always looking for new ways to manipulate sound and provide a unique listening experience. She is interested in merging her two passions through this experiment. The study of SELFOs can provide us with a better understanding of how the mycelial networks communicate within themselves. Future applications of this knowledge may be applied to controlling growth patterns or other metabolic processes of the mycelium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a scientific project involving mycelial growth and sound design without mentioning insects or any form of insect communication. The focus is on the author's experiments with mycelium and sound, rather than on how insects communicate, which is the crux of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Any increase in CFTR protein expression following the delivery of the study drug would result in an increased efflux of the SPQ fluorescence. There was no significant difference in SPQ efflux between the two groups (CFTR gene therapy n = 6; placebo n = 7), MD 0. 3 mMs‐1 (95% CI ‐0. 12 to 0. 72) (Analysis 1. 13). Data for the placebo group were estimated from a figure in the original paper. The original paper reports a significant increase in efflux (P < 0. 05) in the active, but not in the placebo group (Alton 1999). 13. Radiological measures of lung disease a. Validated chest radiograph scores This outcome was only reported in Alton 1999, which used the previously validated CF Northern score (Conway 1994). The investigators report "no significant change from baseline" at Day 29, but the data are not shown (Alton 1999). b. Validated computerised tomogram (CT) score Two studies reported this outcome measure (Alton 2015; Moss 2004). 2015, high resolution CT scans were obtained from participants at baseline and at 28 days (plus or minus five days) after dose 12 of the study drug (Alton 2015). Investigators then studied the following features: extent of bronchiectasis (scored per lobe on a range of 0 to 3); severity of bronchiectasis and bronchial wall thickness (scored per lobe on a range of 0 to 4); small and large airway mucus plugs (scored per lobe on a range of 0 to 2); and gas trapping on expiratory CT (scored on a percentage basis). Results demonstrated a significant improvement in CT gas trapping for CFTR gene replacement therapy compared to placebo, MD –3. 49 (95% CI –6. 96 to –0. 03) (Alton 2015). For the remaining features (extent of bronchiectasis, severity of bronchiectasis, bronchial wall thickening and small and large airway plugs), there was no significant difference in the change in score between treatment groups (Alton 2015). 2004, participants underwent a high resolution CT scan at baseline and on Day 90, 30 days after the third dose of study drug had been administered (Moss 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the results of studies involving CFTR gene therapy, which is directly related to the treatment of cystic fibrosis. The mention of improvements in CT gas trapping and significant changes in radiological measures support the development of gene therapy as a treatment for this genetic disorder.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Ramírez énez R, Martín-Malo A, Rodríguez M, et al. Stress-induced premature senescence in mononuclear cells from patients on long-term hemodialysis. Kidney Dis. 2005; 45:353-359. [PubMed] 49. von Zglinicki T. Telomere shortening and haemodialysis. Blood Purif. 2006; 24:185-189. [PubMed] 50. Broberg K, Björk J, Paulsson K, Höglund M, Albin M. Constitutional short telomeres are strong genetic susceptibility markers for bladder cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2005; 26:1263-1271. [PubMed] 51. Genes and pathways downstream of telomerase in melanoma metastasis. . 2006; 103:11306-11311. [PubMed] 52. Cai Z, Yan L-J, Ratka A. Telomere shortening and Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med. 2013; 15:25-48. [PubMed] 53. . Aging-associated alteration of telomere length and subtelomeric status in female patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurogenet. 2012; 26:245-251. [PubMed] 54. Length in Major Depression: Correlations with Chronicity, Inflammation and - Preliminary Findings. PLoS One. 2011; 6:e17837 [PubMed] 55. Leucocyte telomere length and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: new prospective cohort study and literature-based meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014; 9:e112483 [PubMed] 56. Willeit P, Willeit J, Kloss-Brandstätter A, Kronenberg F, Kiechl S. Fifteen-Year Follow-up of and Cancer Mortality. JAMA. 2011; 36:10-12. . 57. . Length: Implications of in Attenuating Age-Disease. J Heal. 2015;. 58. Mitochondrial dysfunction accounts for the stochastic heterogeneity in telomere-dependent senescence. PLoS Biol. 2007; 5:e110 [PubMed] 59. H. The telomere syndromes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies linking telomere shortening to different diseases and conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, bladder cancer, and others, rather than focusing on genetic therapies targeting telomeres to slow aging. It cites research without indicating any application in therapies aimed at the aging process, suggesting a different context than what the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Lab Notes9 PostedThis lab note is for backers onlyMy process turning data to soundAugust 3, 20231112This lab note is for backers onlyPreparing the final experiment August 1, 20230016This lab note is for backers onlyPreliminary logging of electrical spiking activity of. . . October 16, 20220180Additional InformationAfter the supplies have been purchased I will begin working with the Arduinos to set up the datalogging system. This has to be done first as I would like to start recording data from the beginning on inoculation. In addition, the Arduinos for terrarium regulation must be set up before the terrariums are prepared for the experiment. After the Arduinos are set up, the terrarium ecosystems need to be prepared. I may give the plants in the tanks some time to adjust to their new habitat before inoculating the mycelium. At the moment of inoculation, I want to begin recording data for both real-time and data logging purposes. I will record, listen, and adjust the modular systems in accordance to the frequencies produced. The main focus of my experiment is the moment in which the mycelium bodies meet near the middle of the tank. I am most interested in comparing and contrasting the interaction between same species and of different species. Will there be changes in conductivity between the two interactions? I will continue to monitor the mycelium as they intermingle in the tank. I expect the experiment in total could take anywhere from 4-9 months depending on how long the set up takes, the growth speed of the mycelium, contamination in the terrariums, and other unknown factors that could interfere along the way. In the future, I hope to have my tanks set up to a live feed system where people can log into the system and listen in real time from anywhere in the world. In addition, I eventually would like to have a wireless sensor recording system to bring my research into the actual forest and record the frequencies of mycelium across the world to then, in turn, create audio files with the data I record. Project Backers17Backers100%Funded$4,950Total Donations$291. 18Please wait. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the setup and execution of a scientific experiment involving mycelium and data logging with Arduinos. It does not mention insects or any form of communication through sounds or music.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The CT scans were scored on a scale from 0 to 100 using an algorithm that had not been previously validated and was developed for this study. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of change in CT score from baseline at Day 90, with the CFTR gene replacement group (n = 18) mean (SD) ‐1. 00 (3. 00), placebo group (n = 17) mean (SD) 0. 00 (6. 00); MD ‐1. 00 (95% CI ‐4. 17 to 2. 17) (Analysis 1. 14). These data must be treated with caution as the scoring system had not been previously validated. of main results Four randomised controlled trials met the inclusion criteria for this review. They compared cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene replacement to placebo delivered to the lungs of participants with cystic fibrosis (CF) (Alton 1999; Alton 2015; Moss 2004; Moss 2007). Two studies examined a liposome‐based CFTR gene delivery agent (Alton 1999; Alton 2015). 1999 participants received a single dose of study drug with follow up for 29 days (Alton 1999) and in Alton 2015 participants received monthly doses for 12 months with follow up for up to 13 months (Alton 2015). 2015, at 12 months participants who received CFTR gene transfer agents had an improvement in relative change in forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) % predicted compared to those who had received placebo, MD 3. 66 (95% CI 0. 15 to 7. 17) (Analysis 1. 7). This was also demonstrated after two and three months, but not at the remaining time points over the 12‐month study period (Alton 2015). Alton 2015 also demonstrated significant improvements in FVC (% predicted) at two, three, 11 and 12 months in participants receiving CFTR gene replacement therapy compared to placebo. Alton 1999 reported an significant increase in FVC (L) in the placebo group compared to the treatment group at up to 24 hours. With regards to adverse events, Alton 1999 reported "influenza‐like" symptoms in seven out of eight participants who received the CFTR gene transfer reagents (Alton 1999). In the larger Alton 2015, these symptoms were reported in one participant who had taken at least four doses and one in the placebo arm (Alton 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing clinical trials focused on the CFTR gene replacement therapy, which is a form of gene therapy aimed at improving health outcomes for patients with cystic fibrosis. It mentions that participants receiving CFTR gene transfer agents showed improvements in measures such as forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) compared to placebo, indicating that gene therapy is indeed being tested for treating this genetic disorder.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: This view has been challenged by the discovery of DNA content variations apparently indicating a cell cycle re-induction in about 10-20% of post-mitotic neurons, as described for the cortex of healthy aging brains and in Alzheimer’s disease [8,9]. In this context, an open question remains whether a putative telomere shortening in neural cell populations may eventuate by unscheduled abortive cell division cycles, or occur even independently of any cell cycle activity. Telomere length is maintained by the enzyme telomerase, which adds ()n repeats to telomere endings. In adult somatic tissues including the CNS, telomerase shows very low activity and transcript levels [10,11], which are inconsistent regarding their correlation with protein levels, e. g. , in murine cortex [12]. Moreover, TERT protein displays a maturation-dependent allocation to different subcellular compartments, thereby exhibiting a shift from nuclear preponderance in embryonic to cytoplasmic prevalence in adult cortex [12]. Differences in spatial TERT distribution and localization, e. g. , to mitochondrial versus nuclear structural components also argue for telomere-independent functions, as shown for cell viability and tissue homeostasis [13], and in relation to DNA structure stabilization and contribution to DDR in several tissues including the CNS [14]. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of physiological aging on telomere length alterations and telomerase activity in brain tissue, as exemplified for murine neocortex, with particular emphasis on neuronal cell moieties. Using Flow-FISH techniques, changes in the relative telomere length (RTL) were first dissected for replicative and non-replicative neural populations as a function of aging in a C57BL/6 wild type mouse colony aged up to 25-27 months. Age-dependent alterations in cortical RTL were confirmed and further specified for neurons by qPCR-based telomere length analysis, and correlated with telomerase activity and telomerase inductive NF-κB Rela transcript levels, the second being a master regulator of age-related genetic reprogramming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities surrounding telomere shortening and its relationship with aging. It emphasizes that telomere shortening may not directly result from scheduled cell division nor be a direct target for genetic therapies. The explanation suggests that telomere length maintenance is complicated by various factors, including the low activity of telomerase in adult tissues and the potential for telomere-independent functions, indicating that the role of telomeres in aging processes may not align with the simplified notion of genetic therapies aiming solely at telomere shortening.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Loading. . . in With Username/your institution Basket en de fr Publish with us Submit your Proposal 2024 Competition 2024 & Events and & Law, Economics & Media & Society & & & and in × Zitatvorschau in to clipboard. ris BibTeX Zotero. bib EndNote. enw Music as Introduction to by (Author) ©2016 Monographs 339 Arts eBook for US$ 79. 75 Download immediately. Incl. VAT Format: PDF and ePUB – for all devices Hardcover for US$ 98. 25 Shipping in approx. 10 working days national, international shipping possible Add to cart is often defined as art for the ear, as the language of feeling, of the heart, as sound play, or as the science of composition. But music also conveys intellectual and emotional experiences, literary, religious, philosophical, social and political ideas. Countless composers encrypt contents in their music that can be deciphered by a variety of methods. This book is designed as an introduction to the basic questions of musical semantics and discusses Beethoven’s committed art, the core ideas of the «Ring of the Nibelung» and of the «Symphony of a Thousand», Wagner’s idea of a religion of art, the relation of music and poetry, the musico-literary conceptions of composers, the large field of program music and the history of the impact of Gustav Mahler. the author About the book This eBook can be cited Table of I. of the Message in Music II. Public and in Music III. of Depth 1. Esprit contra Profundity: Mediterranean vs. 2. Music as Expression of the “Being”? 3. and Music as Message IV. “Relational Magic” in the Music of Wagner’s Ring of the Nibelung 1. On the Function of the Leitmotif 2. Presentiment, Realization and Remembrance 3. “of Doom” V. Wagner’s Idea of a Religion of Art 1. of Introduction 2. Art and Religion in Wagner’s 3. On Wagner’s Doctrine of Regeneration 4. Christianity, Brahmanism and the Critique of Religions 5. of Art with Religion 6. of the Religion of Art 7. Parsifal: of the Idea 8. Art as Substitute for Religion? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about insect communication through sounds and music. It discusses concepts of music and its role in art, emotion, and various musical historical contexts, but does not mention insects or their means of communication at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The two Moss studies used a viral CFTR gene delivery system (AAV) with follow up for 150 to 210 days respectively (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). These studies were of similar design, although three doses were given in the Moss 2004 and two doses in Moss 2007. There were no significant differences in rate of exacerbation between the treatment group and placebo in either study. Moss 2004 demonstrated a significant improvement in respiratory function (FEV1) 30 days after participants had received their first dose of gene therapy agent. This finding was not confirmed in Moss 2007 or in our meta‐analysis (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). study nor our meta‐analysis of FVC (L) showed any significant difference between treatment and placebo groups at either 30 days or two months (Analysis 1. 5). No study reported on survival; however, no deaths were reported in three of the studies and the single death reported in one study was not treatment related. Overall completeness and applicability of evidence Four trials recruiting 302 participants with CF were included in this review; three trials recruited a mixture of males and females aged 12 years and over (Alton 2015; Moss 2004; Moss 2007) and one recruited only adult males due to regulatory restrictions (Alton 1999). The mean age of participants in the four studies was 24. 5 years. Homozygous ∆F508 was the commonest genotype in the studies. There are insufficient data reported in the studies for some outcomes considered to be important for this review: oral antibiotics (days or episodes); number of days as a hospital inpatient; need for extra treatment (physiotherapy); school or work attendance; height; and sputum rheology. Quality of the evidence All included studies had a parallel design. Overall there were minor issues with quality, in particular risk of bias from concealment, allocation and randomisation. Methods of randomisation and allocation concealment are specified in just one study (Alton 2015); in the remaining studies, they are unclear (Alton 1999; Moss 2004; Moss 2007). 2004, 83% of randomised participants received all three doses of study drug and it is not stated whether withdrawals had been originally allocated to the active or the placebo group (Moss 2004). Post‐allocation withdrawal also occurred in Moss 2007, but to a lesser extent study (Moss 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses studies related to gene therapy specifically targeting cystic fibrosis (CF). It mentions the use of a viral CFTR gene delivery system, which aligns with the development of gene therapy for cystic fibrosis, highlighting that there are trials investigating its efficacy in improving respiratory function. This involvement in research supports the ongoing development of gene therapy for treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: These were found to be low in mature cortex as compared to E13 brain (Figure 6A) and remained unchanged with chronological aging, as demonstrated by the comparably weak activity levels in 3 months young and 24-27 months aged murine neocortices (P = 0. 617; Figure 6A). The observed reduction in RTL with aging might therefore be a result of the intrinsic inability of the murine brain to induce telomerase activity, which otherwise could compensate for telomere erosion. Figure 6. Age-associated changes in TERT protein content, telomerase activity and relative Rela and c-Rel expression levels in the murine cortex. (A) Telomerase activity assessed from cortical isolates as a function of age. Telomerase activity in the mature neocortex remained unchanged with aging, displaying activity levels approximately 20 times lower than in E13 brain. Bars of probe samples represent means ± SEM (n = 5). HI E13, heat inactivated E13 protein extract. (B-D) Relative TERT protein levels in different subcellular compartments of murine cortical tissue at young (Y) and aged (A) states. (B) Left blot: blot. Purity of the cellular subfractions is illustrated by the enriched levels of the nuclear and cytoplasmic marker proteins Histone H3 and GAPDH in the chromatin-bound nuclear (cNE) and cytoplasmic (CP) fractions, respectively. Right blot: TERT product at the appropriate molecular weight of ~ 125 kDa in whole cell (WC) lysates from ovary (Ov) and cortex of young (Y) and aged (A) mice. (C) Simple Western™ technique. Little or no TERT protein was expressed in the soluble nuclear (sNE) and chromatin-bound nuclear (cNE) fraction, respectively, at both age categories, whereas TERT protein was found at significantly higher levels in the cytoplasmic (CP) and membrane (ME) fractions at 27 months of age. Specificity of the TERT antibody was proven by the detection of different TERT protein levels in whole cell (WC) lysates prepared from small intestine (In), ovary (Ov), muscle (Mu) and cortex of young mice (Y). All cortical samples were assayed in the same run, as were all the control samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limited telomerase activity in the murine cortex with aging, indicating an inability to compensate for telomere erosion. It states that 'telomerase activity in the mature neocortex remained unchanged with aging' and highlights that 'the observed reduction in RTL with aging might therefore be a result of the intrinsic inability of the murine brain to induce telomerase activity.' This suggests that the approach of targeting telomere shortening through genetic therapies may not be viable due to inherent biological limitations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Wagner as a Religious Founder? 9. Hitler and Wagner 10. Ban on Parsifal since 1939 11. Conclusion VI. of a Thousand as a Message to Humanity 1. Mahler’s “Mass” and “Gift to the Nation” 2. Genesis 3. Love as Productive Power: On the of the 4. On the Translation into Music VII. Basics of 1. Introduction 2. “Characteristic” Music and “Painting Symphonies” (symphonies à programmes) 3. and “Narration of Inner Processes” 4. Concepts and 5. Headings vs. . with IX. “Tone Poets” and “Specific Musicians”: 19th-Types 1. Art-2. Composers and Fractions 3. Schumann, Liszt and Wagner as All-Musicians X. Music and Poetry: of Schumann, Wagner and Liszt 1. Schumann’s Ideal of a “Poetic Music” 2. Wagner’s Ideal of a Union of the “Art Forms” in the Drama 3. Liszt’s Ideal of XI. Schumann’s XII. in Schumann’s Music XIII. Berlioz’ Conception of the “Instrumental Drama” XIV. Liszt’s Conception of the “Musical Epopee” XV. Liszt’s Faust Symphony: A 1. Aspects of the Investigation 2. Liszt’s Observations about Goethe’s Faust 3. Themes and Structure of the “Faust” Movement 4. Harmonic Symbolism: Triad as Emblem of Faust 5. of the “Faust” and “Gretchen” Movements 6. Tectonics and Character of the “Gretchen” Movement 7. Stock of the “Mephisto” Movement and Liszt’s Technique of Distortion 8. Piece Malédiction as a Source of the “Mephisto” Movement 9. as of the “Mephisto” Movement 10. Liszt’s Setting of the Chorus mysticus XVI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insect communication through sounds and music. Rather, it consists of a list of topics related to music and composers, and it does not provide any information or evidence about insect communication. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 6 Comparison 1 CFTR gene replacement therapy versus placebo, Outcome 6 Change in FVC (% predicted) from baseline. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 7 Comparison 1 CFTR gene replacement therapy versus placebo, Outcome 7 Relative change in FEV1 % predicted from baseline. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 8 Comparison 1 CFTR gene replacement therapy versus placebo, Outcome 8 Number of inpatient episodes. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 9 Comparison 1 CFTR gene replacement therapy versus placebo, Outcome 9 Adverse events. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 10 Comparison 1 CFTR gene replacement therapy versus placebo, Outcome 10 Lower airway potential difference change from baseline. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 11 Comparison 1 CFTR gene replacement therapy versus placebo, Outcome 11 Lower airway potential difference change from baseline (amiloride and low chloride). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 12 Comparison 1 CFTR gene replacement therapy versus placebo, Outcome 12 Lower airway potential difference ‐ post treatment. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 13 Comparison 1 CFTR gene replacement therapy versus placebo, Outcome 13 Measurement of CFTR protein expression (SPQ chloride efflux). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 14 Comparison 1 CFTR gene replacement therapy versus placebo, Outcome 14 Change in validated computerised tomogram (CT) score. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Table 1. Primary outcomes measured Study name Respiratory exacerbations Lung function Days in hospital 1999 Not measured. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing outcomes related to CFTR gene replacement therapy, which is a specific type of gene therapy aimed at treating cystic fibrosis. The comparisons of various outcomes such as lung function and adverse events imply that gene therapy is indeed being investigated and developed for the treatment of this genetic disorder.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: To test a possible link between telomerase activity and NF-κB RelA in the CNS in vivo, in a first step we determined NF-κB Rela gene expression in the neocortex of young and aged mice. As expected, levels of Rela mRNA were significantly up-regulated in animals with advanced ages (n = 5) compared with young counterparts (Figure 6E; P = 0. 014; n = 5). In contrast, levels of c-Rel, a heterodimer partner of RelA also involved in classical NF-κB cascade activation, though without hitherto evidence for a direct interaction with TERT were not substantially changed (P = 0. 333). To further explore a putative mechanistic interaction between TERT and NF-κB RelA, telomerase activity was measured in the cortex of aged RelaCNS-KO animals, which lack expression of the Rela gene in neuro-ectodermal cell populations including neurons and macroglial cells but not in microglia, and normalized against the intrinsic telomerase activity of 1,000 HeLa cells. In contrast to the hypothesis of a reciprocal TERT:RelA induction, telomerase activity in these aged RelaCNS-KO mice was not altered relative to age-matched controls (Figure 7A; P = 0. 326; n = 4 - 6). In accordance, no difference was observed between the RTL of cortical neural cells isolated from 19-20 months old RelaCNS-KO and age-matched control mice (P = 0. 991, Figure 7B) when assessed by means of qPCR. Both data suggest that, in contrast to the discovery in tumor cell entities and blood cells [21,22], TERT:RelA might not establish a reciprocal interplay in the aging CNS. Figure 7. Telomerase activity and telomere length in the brain of aged RelaCNS-KO mice. (A) Telomerase activity, normalized against a positive HeLA cell extract, in the cortex of 18-23 months old RelaCNS-KO mice compared to age-matched RelaFlox control mice (n = 4 - 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing experimental findings related to telomerase activity and aging in mice. It cites that telomerase activity, which is crucial to the maintenance of telomeres, showed no significant change in aged RelaCNS-KO mice compared to age-matched controls. This suggests that the expected reciprocal interactions between telomerase and NF-κB RelA, which some might expect to target aging processes, do not establish a significant mechanism in the aging brain, thereby providing evidence against the claim that genetic therapies targeting telomere shortening are being effectively developed or are viable in this context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: and. Music 1. 2. A Survey of Works with 3. Why the Programs were kept secret 4. Approaches to. On the History of 1. On Mahler’s Topicality and Popularity 2. Dimension of Mahler’s Music 3. Mahler and the Schönberg School 4. On Adorno’s 5. Mahler and the Avant-Garde XIX. Become Language:. The Co-Presence of all Eras: Messages through the 1. Letters and Writings by Composers 2. Works of Literature and Philosophy 3. On the Subject of Music as ← 10 | 11 →ForewordAs long as people have been theorizing about art, there have been diverse conceptions of music. Some take it as an art that follows its own laws, a play of “moving tonal forms,” as the high priest of music put it. To others, it is expression, an art of “inwardness,” the “language of the soul. ” For some, music serves the purpose of amusement and entertainment, being an art designed solely for aesthetic pleasure. Others tirelessly point to its educational and therapeutic function – a function ascribed to it already in Greek antiquity. If in the 18th century it was widely held that music has a specific end in view, in the 19th the notion of music as pure, purposeless, so-called absolute music, began widely to prevail. The words message and code denote basic concepts in the modern science of communication, in mythography and semiotics. Music, too, is a communicative phenomenon par excellence but has to date hardly been analyzed in terms of the communicative process. What do composers from Ludwig van Beethoven to intend with their music? What do they want to say, and to whom do they address themselves? What is the nature of the messages they transmit, and how are they received and deciphered by the listeners? The subject of music as message is one that has fascinated me for half a century. The book is intended as an introduction to the basic questions of musical semantics. Nearly all of my books profit from it (cf. section 3 of the 2011. The second 226. The present English edition has been brought up to date and expanded by the 1. The question what music is and what purpose it serves can, of course, not be answered once and for all. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects communicating through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses broader concepts of music as a form of communication in the context of human composers and their intentions, making it irrelevant to the specific claim about insect communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: In addition to its health implications, SCD also impacts on individuals and their families both socially and psychologically when trying to meet the demands of this chronic illness. SCD often also interferes with educational development due to its unpredictable and debilitating nature. There is a higher incidence of school absenteeism and hospital costs in families that have a child with SCD (Manci 2003; Platt 1991; Powars 2002; Serjeant 1993). Life expectancy is on the rise for people with SCD, but is still less than that of the general population (Platt 1994). There are no firm data on the survival of individuals with sickle cell anaemia on the African continent (Platt 1991). The median survival was estimated in 1994 to be 42 years for men and 48 years for women in the USA, whereas comparable figures for Jamaica published in 2001 suggested 53 years for men and 58. 5 years for women (Platt 1991). The mortality rate is higher amongst people with SCD, and is usually caused either by chronic organ failure consequent on the sickling process, or as a result of an acute catastrophic event, such as a stroke (Powars 1983); acute sickle chest syndrome; splenic sequestration (Steinberg 2003); sudden death or other complications (Gray 1991). Management of SCD is multidisciplinary. Penicillin prophylaxis to prevent pneumococcal infections, appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures have improved survival of people with SCD (Gaston 1986; Lezcano 2006). Hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea) made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to reduce morbidity and mortality (Steinberg 2003). Bone marrow transplantation remains the only possible curative therapy (Mankad 2001). Although palliative therapies and bone marrow transplantation therapy have been developed for these disorders, treatment still remains sub‐optimal and many individuals suffer significant morbidity and early mortality (Persons 2003). Therefore, development of a gene therapy approach has been sought for many years (Nathan 2001; Persons 2003). Description of the intervention Gene therapy holds a great deal of promise for the future of medical treatment. It involves the introduction of genetic material into a cell to treat disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'development of a gene therapy approach has been sought for many years' and further describes gene therapy as having 'great promise for the future of medical treatment.' While the text primarily discusses sickle cell disease, it directly links to the broader context of gene therapy as a potential treatment strategy for genetic disorders.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: (B) RTL in cortical neural cells isolated from 19-20 months old RelaCNS-KO as assessed by qPCR in terms of T/S-ratios and normalized against aged-matched RelaFlox control animals (n = 3 - 4). Bars represent means ± S. E. M. P values were calculated by Student’s t-test. is defined as an irreversible cell cycle arrest provoked by telomere attrition in replication-competent cells devoid of sufficient telomerase activity. However, already in 1997 Coviello-McLaughlin and Prowse provided evidence that telomere dynamics in brain tissue might not follow this telomere hypothesis of replicative aging. They demonstrated that telomeres in brain of M. spretus, a mouse strain that harbors telomeres with a similar length as in humans, shorten unrelated to cell turnover and telomerase activity and even with stronger slope than in other tissues with restricted cell turnover. This was observed postnatally, whereas telomere shortening under aging was not detected [23]. Therefore, whether cell cycle cessation already at time of neuronal maturation predisposes to a senescent phenotype, or whether constitutive cell cycle exit, on the contrary, prevents from telomere shortening and thus retains a ‘juvenile’ state of the telomeric chromatin at higher ages, is not known. Accumulating evidence from more recent studies now indicates that penetrance of senescence characteristics is not restricted to proliferation-competent cells. Post-mitotic neurons of the CNS acquire a senescence-like phenotype as a result of dysfunctional telomeres and DNA damage [24]. Moreover, telomeres are a preferred site of persistent DDR under aging as well as stress conditions, irrespective of the presence or absence of telomerase activity [25,26]. Thus, telomere dysfunction plays a key role both in stress-induced premature senescence, which is generally independent of telomere shortening, as well as in DDR elicited by replication-mediated telomere attrition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the complexities of telomere dynamics and aging processes in neural cells. It discusses how evidence suggests that telomeres in certain tissues do not necessarily shorten with aging in a manner consistent with the claim that therapies targeting telomere shortening might be effective. Specifically, it mentions that telomere shortening may be unrelated to cell turnover and telomerase activity, thus questioning the premise that targeting telomere shortening is a straightforward approach to slowing aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Opinions about it are too divided, art-theoretical and aesthetic positions differ too radically. The various conceptions are clearly dependent on the particular cultural sphere, on nationality, on the time and the zeitgeist, on the prevailing tastes and on the respective intellectual and artistic currents and tendencies. Thus music has been, and still is, defined as art for the ear, as the language of the heart, of feeling, as science of composition, as “moving tonal form. ” The mission of tonal art, it has been and still is said, is to provide pleasure, to educate, to teach, to move, to excite, to uplift, to transport, to interpret and deepen a text emotionally, to enhance drama, to convey an intimation of the other world, and so on. Perhaps we can agree that not every kind of music proclaims a message. The playfully concertante music of the Baroque and of Classicism differs considerably in this respect from Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. 2. Not every musical work that does proclaim a message is necessarily of aesthetic value. It would be a fatal error to confound aesthetics and ideology. Ideology does not determine the rank of a work of art. Robert Schumann, in taking position on the hotly debated question as to the value or lack of value of programs in music, expressed his conviction by saying: “First of all, let me hear that you have made beautiful music, then your program, too, will be pleasing to me. ”11 Mutatis mutandis, Schumann’s statement is valid also for the conception of music as message. 3. In the recent past, there has been much discussion about the contrast between so-called absolute and program music. The conception of a certain kind of music as message might help to partly reconcile the contrast. For a ← 17 | 18 → musical message is something other than a musical program and pertains to a higher level of abstraction than the latter. Many works that do not seem to fit into the category of either absolute or program music can be placed under the rubric of music as message. Here, too, Beethoven’s can be cited as exemplary. 1 Arnold Schönberg, Ausgewählte Briefe, ed. (Mainz, 1958), 178 f. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various perspectives on music and its meaning rather than addressing the ability of insects to communicate through sounds. It elaborates on the definitions of music, its aesthetic value, and the contrasts within musical genres, which are unrelated to the claim about insect communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The momentum was generated in 2000 when it was demonstrated that lentivirus vectors containing normal human globin genes and regulatory regions from the beta‐globin locus control region could be faithfully transduced into mouse hematopoietic stem cells and expressed in erythroid cells (Bodine 2003; May 2000). How the intervention might work Gene therapy is the introduction of genes into an individual's cells and tissues in order to treat a disease. Most of the conditions treated in this way are genetic disorders that result from gene mutation malfunctions (Postnote 2005). Viruses are the most widely used vectors in gene therapy. Some of the different types of viruses used as vectors in gene therapy include: retroviruses; adenoviruses; adeno‐associated virus; parvovirus; herpes simplex virus; hepatitis virus; and vaccinia virus (Postnote 2005). The viral vectors are made harmless by removing the viral gene and replacing them with the therapeutic gene. This approach is known as gene addition (the transfer of normal beta globin gene into hematopoietic cells via retroviral vectors or adeno‐associated viruses that have been modified or crippled so they do not become infective). In theory, the viral vectors used in gene therapy are made harmless to prevent them from replicating and causing unwanted effects. However, these viruses could trigger unwanted immune responses and cause unwanted side effects. Other approaches of gene therapy that have been developed include gene replacement (targeted insertion of the transferred gene into the endogenous globin locus by homologous recombination) and gene repair or chimeroplasty (introduction of chimeric oligonucleotides composed of DNA and modified RNA residues into stem cells to direct correction of the mutation in the sickle gene). Good candidates for gene therapy include autosomal recessive disorders (such as SCD) because a normal phenotype can be restored in diseased cells with only a single normal copy of the mutant gene (Goncz 2002). Gene therapy, if successful, will provide a viable alternative for permanent correction of the abnormal gene in SCD. It will circumvent the problem of donor shortage and avoid complications related to graft versus host rejection that are involved with bone marrow or other forms of stem cell transplant. Gene therapy has been used to correct SCD in mice (Nathan 2001). Despite the technical problems faced, major progress in the globin gene therapy field has been achieved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gene therapy as a method for treating genetic disorders, including the mechanisms of gene introduction and various types of viral vectors used. It also highlights that gene therapy aims to provide treatment for genetic disorders caused by mutations, indicating its relevance to conditions like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Whether the unchanged telomerase activity in RelaCNS-KO animals as compared to age-matched controls observed here might be due to a substitution of RelA functions by other subunits of canonical NF-κB, or by different molecular mechanisms, requires further analyses. In summary, our data show that both, cell cycle-dependent and -independent changes in telomere length occur in the aging brain, which are assessable by application of current methodologies on interphase nuclei. Using a cell cycle phase-related approach, we reveal cell cycle activity to be a susceptibility factor, but not an obligatory criterion for telomere length reduction in neural cell populations. We thus assume additional factors such as, e. g. , metabolic, inflammatory and genetic influences to be involved in telomere attrition in the CNS. Moreover, we provide direct evidence that non-replicative neurons contribute to the age-associated telomere attrition process found in the brain. The paralleled up-regulation of NF-κB Rela might mirror a direct link between its involvement in age-related genetic reprogramming and chromosomal aging. Thus, this study adds novel cellular and molecular aspects to a better understanding of the aging process of the CNS, where replicative senescence only partly explains cellular senescence. Materials and statement Investigations were conducted in compliance with the ‘Animal Research: Reporting of Experiments ()’ guidelines, executed in accordance with current regulations and the Protection of Animals Act, and approved by the regional animal welfare authorities of Thuringia (accreditation number: 02-046/14). wild type mice of a C57BL/6 subcolony featuring hermetic inbreeding conditions were included at 3-4 and 25-27 months of age for RTL measurements, and up to 28 months for TRAP assay execution. In addition, 18-23 months old transgenic animals displaying a conditional, Cre-loxP-based nestin promoter-driven deletion of NF-κB Rela in neuro-ectodermal CNS populations, i. e. neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, but not microglia were used (further denoted as RelaCNS-KO). Prove of Rela knockdown in these constructs has been carried out recently [58,59]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while telomere length changes occur in the aging brain, they are influenced by various factors including metabolic, inflammatory, and genetic influences, rather than directly targeting telomere shortening as part of a genetic therapy approach. The mention of non-replicative neurons contributing to age-associated telomere attrition also suggests a more complex interaction than simply slowing aging through telomere targeting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: 2 Arnold Schönberg, „Kriterien für die Bewertung von Musik,“ in Stil und Gedanke. Aufsätze zur Musik, ed. Ivan Vojtĕch (I (Frankfurt a. M. : S. Fischer Verlag, 1976), 123–133; 132. 3 Ibid. , 386. 4 Ibid. , 69. 5 Henze, Musik und Politik. Schriften und Gespräche, 1955–1975 (DeutscherTaschenbuch Verlag, 1162) (Munich, 1976), 251 f. 6 Claude Lévi-Strauss, Mythologiques I. Le cru et le cuit (Paris, 1964), 23 f. , 205, 218, 26, 38. 7 Hannelore Link, Rezeptionsforschung. Eine Einführung in Methoden und Probleme (Urban-Taschenbücher, 215) (Stuttgart/Berlin/Cologne/Mainz, 1976), 27 ff. 8 Kurt Blaukopf, Musik im Wandel der Gesellschaft. Grundzüge der Musiksoziologie (Munich/Zurich, 1984), 154 f. 9 Umberto Eco, Einführung in die Semiotik, (Munich, 1972). 339 2016 ISBN (PDF) 9783653053012 ISBN (ePUB) 9783653971644 ISBN (MOBI) 9783653971637 ISBN (Hardcover) 9783631660331 DOI 10. 3726/978-3-653-05301-2 Publication date 2016 (February) of Music as Schumann's Music for of Wagner's am 2016. 339 pp. , 2 b/w fig. , 6 graphs Biographical notes (Author) is professor emeritus of Musicology at the University of Hamburg. Among his monographs are volumes on the origin of Gregorian neumes, van Beethoven, and György Ligeti. Ernest Bernhardt-Kabisch is professor emeritus of English and at Indiana University. He has translated several books by Constantin Floros. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding insect communication through sounds and music, as it consists of citations and bibliographic references concerning musicology and does not address the topic of insect communication at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: This progress has advanced the possibility of gene therapy for haemoglobin disorders in the near future (Persons 2003; Chang 2006). The first successful use of gene therapy in humans for SCD has been reported; the investigators used a lentivirus to achieve integration of a normal beta globin gene into the participants hematopoetic cells (Ribeil 2017). A further clinical trial using the lentivirus is ongoing by other researchers (Kohn 2014). Review is an update of previously published versions (Olowoyeye 2010; Olowoyeye 2012). objectives of this review are to: determine whether gene therapy can improve survival and prevent symptoms and complications associated with SCD; examine the risks of gene therapy against the potential long‐term gain for people with SCD. for considering studies for this review Types of studies Randomised control trials or quasi‐randomised trials. We plan to include any relevant phase I, II and III trials. Types of participants People of any age and sex with SCD of all phenotypes and regardless of geographic or healthcare setting. Types of interventions Gene therapy (any approach) plus standard treatment versus standard treatment or other 'curative' type treatment such as bone marrow transplantation, stem cell transplantation or cord blood transplantation. Types of outcome measures Primary outcomes Event‐free survival (individuals alive and free of SCD symptoms) Change in mean life expectancy of individuals with SCD attributable to gene therapy Secondary outcomes Changes in haematocrit (as measured by the primary trial) Severity as assessed by changes in complications associated with SCD (e. g. acute chest syndrome, strokes, chronic renal failure, liver and gallbladder diseases, leg ulcers, sequestration crises, etc) Number of hospital visits and admissions as a result of pain crises and complications Change in use of blood transfusion, hydroxyurea and other treatment modalities Cost effectiveness of gene therapy Adverse events As measured by the primary trials. Search methods for identification of studies We searched for all relevant published and unpublished trials without restrictions on language, year or publication status. Electronic searches We searched the Group's Register using the terms: (sickle cell OR (haemoglobinopathies AND general)) AND gene therapy. is compiled from electronic searches of the Register of () (updated each new issue of the Cochrane Library) and weekly searches of. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses advancements in gene therapy, particularly its application for haemoglobin disorders like Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). Although it doesn't explicitly mention cystic fibrosis, the overall context of gene therapy development supports the claim that gene therapy is being explored for genetic disorders. The mention of clinical trials and the objective to improve survival rates and prevent symptoms directly aligns with the notion of developing gene therapy for treating genetic conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Unlike UCP1, the physiological role of the other UCPs still remains to be fully elucidated. It has been hypothesized that these proteins may provide protection from oxidative damage by preventing excessive production of mitochondrial Species (ROS) [7], [8]. Indeed, Ucp-knockout mice have increased levels of ROS and show signs of increased oxidative damage [9]–[11]. Further evidence indicates that activation of UCP2 and UCP3 by ROS leads to a mild uncoupling and to diminished ROS formation [12], [13], while their inhibition by purine nucleotides increases membrane potential and mitochondrial ROS production [14]. The uncoupling activity of UCPs has also been linked to regulation of other more specific metabolic functions [15], [16] such as fatty acid oxidation [17], glucose-stimulated insulin secretion [18], whole body energy balance [19], and apoptosis [20]. Human aging is characterized by a gradual reduction in the ability to coordinate cellular energy expenditure and storage (crucial to maintain energy homeostasis), and by a gradual decrease in the in the ability to mount a successful stress response [21], [22]. These physiological changes are typically associated with changes in body composition (i. e increase in fat mass and the decline in fat-free mass), and with a chronic state of oxidative stress with important consequences on health status [23]–[25]. Mitochondrial function is crucial in these processes, being mitochondria the main cellular sites controlling energy metabolism and the redox state. Thus, by promoting fatty acid oxidation, and by reducing ATP and ROS production, the induction of mitochondrial uncoupling through UCPs may also be a critical pathway in the modulation of the rate of aging and lifespan [26]–[28]. This idea, first proposed by M. D. Brand [26] and termed “uncoupling-to-survival”, is now supported by several experimental evidences (for reviews see: [27], [29], [30]). Of interest, targeted expression of exogenous UCP extends lifespan of adult flies [31], [32], while mice with higher metabolism live longer and have higher uncoupling activity [33]. Transgenic and knockout mice for Ucp genes show alterations in lifespan [34], [35]. Interestingly, it has also been shown that in vivo uncoupling mimics metabolic and lifespan effects of calorie restriction (CR) [36]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the physiological role of UCPs (Uncoupling Proteins) and their relationship to energy metabolism and aging, without mentioning the study of genetic markers associated with longevity. It focuses on metabolic processes and oxidative stress related to aging rather than genetic factors or specific populations, thereby addressing a different aspect of anti-aging research.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Improvisation pedagogy: what can be learned from off-task sounds and the art of the musical heckle? Published online by Press: 03 April 2024 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Jackie Walduck* Affiliation: Department of Music and Audio Technology, University of 4 4TZ, UK * Email: j. walduck@kent. ac. uk 0. 29 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] tension between freedom and constraint is characteristic of improvisation practice and pedagogy, presenting challenges for teachers/workshop leaders. To create musical focus in ensemble improvisation, some sounds are encouraged, whilst others are edited out, ignored or marginalised. This 10. 1017/S026505172400007X [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Press Freedom, constraint and holding the leadership reins From the perspective of the community musician, facilitation is understood as a process that enables participants’ creative energy to flow, develop, and grow through pathways specific to individuals and the groups in which they are working. Facilitation does not mean that the community musician surrenders responsibility for music leadership, only that control is relinquished. Higgins (2012, p. 148) A thin line is trodden between freedom and constraint when leading a group improvisation workshop. When working without a priori rules (completely ‘free’ improvisation), the music can sound aimless, and participants may feel unsafe not knowing what to do. Setting boundaries can scaffold freedom (2017; 2012), but the reality of leading very scaffolded workshops can mean using additional gatekeeping processes: editing participant contributions to gain an ensemble focus, allowing some sounds and restricting others. In the real-time improvisation workshop environment, leaders may find themselves holding the reins tightly or loosely: pruning, shaping the improvisation, or encouraging bolder, dramatic, or unexpected sounds, fostering variety and creativity. To bring form to the music, some sounds are encouraged, and others may become marginalised. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insects and their ability to communicate through sounds and music. Instead, it focuses on concepts related to improvisation in music education, including the dynamics of leadership and participant interaction in musical settings. It does not provide any information about insect communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: There is a higher incidence of school absenteeism and hospital costs in families that have a child with SCD (Manci 2003; Platt 1991; Powars 2002; Serjeant 1993). Life expectancy is on the rise for people with SCD, but is still less than that of the general population (Platt 1994). There are no firm data on the survival of individuals with sickle cell anaemia on the African continent (Platt 1991). The median survival was estimated in 1994 to be 42 years for men and 48 years for women in the USA, whereas comparable figures for Jamaica published in 2001 suggested 53 years for men and 58. 5 years for women (Platt 1991). The mortality rate is higher amongst people with SCD, and is usually caused either by chronic organ failure consequent on the sickling process, or as a result of an acute catastrophic event, such as a stroke (Powars 1983); acute sickle chest syndrome; splenic sequestration (Steinberg 2003); sudden death or other complications (Gray 1991). Management of SCD is multidisciplinary. Penicillin prophylaxis to prevent pneumococcal infections, appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures have improved survival of people with SCD (Gaston 1986; Lezcano 2006). Hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea) made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to reduce morbidity and mortality (Steinberg 2003). Bone marrow transplantation remains the only possible curative therapy (Mankad 2001). Although palliative therapies and bone marrow transplantation therapy have been developed for these disorders, treatment still remains sub‐optimal and many individuals suffer significant morbidity and early mortality (Persons 2003). Therefore, development of a gene therapy approach has been sought for many years (Nathan 2001; Persons 2003). Description of the intervention Gene therapy holds a great deal of promise for the future of medical treatment. It involves the introduction of genetic material into a cell to treat disease. The momentum was generated in 2000 when it was demonstrated that lentivirus vectors containing normal human globin genes and regulatory regions from the beta‐globin locus control region could be faithfully transduced into mouse hematopoietic stem cells and expressed in erythroid cells (Bodine 2003; May 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the pursuit of gene therapy approaches for various disorders, highlighting that despite progress in palliative therapies and bone marrow transplantation, treatment remains sub-optimal and the development of gene therapy has been sought for years. It mentions that gene therapy involves the introduction of genetic material into cells to treat diseases, aligning with the claim regarding the development of gene therapy for genetic disorders.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: 1), while rs1800849 was in LD with rs15763 (D' = 0. 83), but it was virtually unlinked with the others (D'<0. 30). Finally, we found a weak LD between rs9472817 and rs10498769 in the UCP4 gene (D' = 0. 47), and between rs2235800 and rs5975178 in the UCP5 gene (D' = 0. 44). Based on these LD patterns, and using a D' cutoff equal to 0. 6, haplotypes were reconstructed at the UCP2-UCP3 and UCP3 loci. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Schematic representation of linkage disequilibrium (D' coefficient) among the four SNPs of the UCP2-UCP3 gene cluster. shown in Table 4, the analysis of the UCP2-UCP3 haplotypes revealed that the CAC haplotype, consisting of the minor allele for rs660339, major allele for rs659366, and minor allele rs15763, was associated with a decreased probability of attaining longevity (P = 0. 003), while the TGT haplotype (opposite combination of alleles) acted in a reverse fashion by increasing this probability (p = 0. 046). However, the strength of these associations was influenced by the allelic status at rs659366 of the relevant haplotype. Indeed, the CGC and TAT haplotypes, when compared to the above, differ only for rs659366 and did not show any effect. For the UCP3 haplotypes involving rs15763 and rs1800849, we found that carriers of the CC haplotype have a decreased probability of achieving longevity (P<0. 001). Conversely, as previously reported in the single-locus analysis, the presence of a T allele at either rs15763 or rs1800849 increased such probability, although this positive effect was more pronounced when the T allele at rs1800849 was involved (p = 0. 044 vs P = 0. 006). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 4. Estimation of haplotype frequencies in the and association with longevity in the analyzed sample. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific genetic markers and their associations with longevity, particularly through haplotype analysis linked with certain SNPs in the UCP genes. It presents findings that suggest specific haplotypes can either decrease or increase the probability of longevity, which is a focus in anti-aging research aimed at understanding genetic influences on lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Drawing on perspectives from improvisation pedagogy at school and tertiary levels, community music and improvisation as a creative practice, this paper discusses freedom and constraint in the context of inclusive workshop-leading practices within community music and when working with participants with additional needs. It considers and evaluates marginalised sounds to suggest ways of listening more openly in these and mainstream learning contexts. The pull between in-the-moment freedom and constraint is represented in improvisation literature (e. g. 1992; 2010; 1994; 2002) and improvisation pedagogical literature (2007; 2015). Whilst the idea of an improvisation ensemble (including jazz) suggests an ethos of democracy, spontaneity and inclusivity, Berliner (1994, p. 418) explores the relationship between band leadership styles and their impact on jazz musicians’ creative freedom. If a band gels, the ideals of self-expression and collective effort come into play simultaneously. However, this does not always happen – the band may pull in different directions undoing musical coherence. Berliner illustrates, through musicians’ testimonies, that solving this problem often brings tight-rein (more autocratic) leadership into conflict with these values. To maintain them, differing artistic opinions can be negotiated through compromise, humour and a looser rein. Bailey (1992) and Berliner (1994) in equally seminal but divergently positioned works on improvisation tackle the relationship between traditions – known forms or idioms, and originality – spontaneous musical creation. For Bailey, whose own work is rooted in free improvisation, spontaneity lies away from known genres, and for Berliner, it is located within the interpretation of the tradition, through ornamentation and variation of an acquired jazz ‘language’. In learning contexts, improvisation is valued as a way to encourage agency and creativity in students and workshop participants and here, too, issues of freedom and constraint surface. Part of the pedagogic value of improvisation is that learning often takes place in groups: creativity and knowledge are distributed and socially situated between learners (2007; 2011). Borgo’s perspective of advanced ensemble improvising classes advocates group over individual learning and creativity over the reiteration of musical ideas, so that what is captured is the complexity of an evolving system – the improvising group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to improvisation pedagogy, community music, and group creativity without any mention of insects or their communication methods. It focuses on musical practices and does not address the claim at all.