Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Very high gravity ethanol fermentation by flocculating yeast under redox potential-controlled conditions access Published: 24 August 2012 Very high gravity ethanol fermentation by flocculating yeast under redox potential-controlled conditions Chen-Guang Liu1, Na Wang1, Yen-Han Lin2 & …Feng-Wu Bai1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 3. 1, 252 ± 2. 9 and 298 ± 3. 8 g/L. Compared with ethanol fermentation by non-flocculating yeast, different ORP profiles were observed with the flocculating yeast due to the morphological change associated with the flocculation of yeast cells. When ORP was controlled at −100 mV, ethanol fermentation with the high gravity (HG) media containing glucose of 201 ± 3. 1 and 252 ± 2. 9 g/L was completed at 32 and 56 h, respectively, producing 93. 0 ± 1. 3 and 120. 0 ± 1. 8 g/L ethanol, correspondingly. In contrast, there were 24. 0 ± 0. 4 and 17. 0 ± 0. 3 g/L glucose remained unfermented without ORP control. As high as 131. 0 ± 1. 8 g/L ethanol was produced at 72 h when ORP was controlled at −150 mV for the VHG fermentation with medium containing 298 ± 3. 8 g/L glucose, since yeast cell viability was improved more significantly. ConclusionsNo lag phase was observed during ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast, and the implementation of ORP control improved ethanol productivity and yield. When ORP was controlled at −150 mV, more reducing power was available for yeast cells to survive, which in turn improved their viability and VHG ethanol fermentation performance. On the other hand, controlling ORP at −100 mV stimulated yeast growth and enhanced ethanol production under the HG conditions. Moreover, the ORP profile detected during ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast was less fluctuated, indicating that yeast flocculation could attenuate the ORP fluctuation observed during ethanol fermentation with non-flocculating yeast. BackgroundFuel ethanol that is renewable and environmentally friendly has been produced around the world as an alternative to fossil fuels[1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the use of flocculating yeast in ethanol fermentation under controlled conditions, which enhances the production of ethanol—a type of biofuel. It presents data showing that controlling the redox potential (ORP) improved the yield of ethanol significantly, indicating that engineering yeast characteristics, such as flocculation, can lead to higher biofuel yields from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: (Re-)assessing the thermal and hydrological conditions of the subsurface prior to drilling helps to direct ice-core analysis to predominantly cold, poly-thermal, or temperate ice. Sampling fresh (near-)surface snow throughout the seasonal cycle aids establishing a baseline of impurity levels prior to melting, and in situ snowmelt infiltration experiments using dye can be used to parameterise relocation depth site-specifically. High-resolution structural analysis of ice cores (e. g. line scanning), more detailed melt logs including feature characteristics, and systematic assessments of melt indicators (e. g. DFP, Cl-/Na+ ion ratio) provide useful context to better understand chemical records. Prioritisation of impurities less mobile during melt events like ammonium, BC, insoluble and low-abundance (partially) water-soluble trace elements as dating tools and environmental proxies and use of multi-year averages where melt percolates beyond an annual layer lead to more reliable environmental reconstructions. With this review, we contribute to a growing body of literature aiming to foster a comprehensive understanding of signal formation in ice cores and to improve their climatic interpretations. We hope to raise awareness among (polar) ice-core researchers about melt features in ice cores, how to identify and investigate them in greater detail, and how to gauge the limitations and potential of melt-affected profiles for ice-core climate reconstructions. Data availability As no new data were created for this literature review, data availability is not applicable to this 10. 5194/tc-18-2691-2024-supplement. Author contributions DEM and ERT conceptualised the study. DEM organised the project and conducted the literature analysis fundamental to this study. ERT and EW supervised the project. DEM prepared the initial draft, and all the co-authors contributed to reviewing and editing the manuscript, including the figures. Competing interests The contact author has declared that none of the authors has any competing interests. Disclaimer Publisher’s note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this paper. Publications makes every effort to include appropriate place names, the final responsibility lies with the authors. authors wish to thank Margit Schwikowski, who was consulted and who provided experienced external advice for Sect. 3. 2 on melt-affected chemistry records. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing methods of analyzing ice cores and understanding melt features in the polar regions, indicating that melting does occur and is a subject of study in relation to ice core analysis. The mention of 'melt-affected profiles' suggests that melting has indeed been observed and can affect the interpretation of climate data from ice cores, which contradicts the assertion that it is impossible for the ice caps to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Experimental research on effect of gensenoside Rg1 on expressions of P-Tau and caspase-3 in brain slices from AD model rats. Zhi 2010;35:369-372. . Ginsenoside-Rg1 inhibits cell apoptosis induced by beta amyloid. Zhi 2008;88:1763-1766. . Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on learning and memory impairment induced by betaamyloid peptide(25-35) and its mechanism of action. 2001;36:1-4. . Protective effect of extract of Astragalus on learning and memory impairments and neurons' apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids in 12-month-old male mice. (Hoboken) 2011;294:1003-1014. . Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates amyloid-beta content, regulates PKA/CREB activity, and improves cognitive performance in SAMP8 mice. J 2010;19:977-989. . Reductions in levels of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptide after oral administration of ginsenosides. 2006;20:1269-1271. . Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits betasecretase activity in vitro and protects against Abetainduced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. J 2009;11:604-612. . Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on expressions of phosphory protein tau and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B in rat brain slice model of Alzheimer's disease. Zhi 2010;35:3339-3343. . Effects of gensenoside Rg1 on tau protein phosphorylation induced by okadaic acid in rat brain slices. 2010;8:955-960. . Effect of 17-beta-estradiol and ginsenoside Rg1 on reactive microglia induced by betaamyloid peptides. J 1999;1:153-161. . Reciprocal activity of ginsenosides in the production of proinflammatory repertoire, and their potential roles in neuroprotection in vivo. 2005;71:476-481. . Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of experimental research findings related to ginsenoside Rg1 and its effects on cognitive decline and neuroprotection, but it does not specifically mention adaptogenic effects. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim concerning the adaptogenic properties of ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, ORP control strategy was developed by controlling ORP at two different levels in order to improve ethanol productivity and yield for VHG ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast. Results and discussionTime courses of ethanol fermentation by the flocculating yeastORP affected the growth of non-flocculating S. cerevisiae and ethanol fermentation under VHG conditions[11]. Thus, time courses of glucose consumption, ethanol production, biomass accumulation, mean size of yeast floc and ORP were monitored for ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast, in which three regions were identified and illustrated in Figure1. Figure 1Ethanol fermentation by flocculating yeast without ORP control. Media containing glucose (g/L): 298 ± 3. 8 (A), 252 ± 2. 9 (B) and 201 ± 3. 1 (C) Glucose consumption (solid cycle), ethanol production (solid triangle), biomass (solid square), ORP (bold line) and mean of yeast flocs (open cycle). Full size imageWhen yeast flocs were inoculated into fresh media, vigorous growth quickly depleted dissolved oxygen in the media and fermentation reducing power outperformed oxidizing power, leading to a drastic decline of ORP from 110 mV to −220 mV in Region I, which was characterized by a logarithmic growth of yeast flocs. Yeast growth was then retarded due to ethanol accumulation and its inhibition effect, and a stationary phase was developed, correspondingly, which was characterized by a slow decrease of ORP till the lowest level of −280 mV in Region II. Near the end of fermentation, severe ethanol inhibition completely inhibited yeast growth, and in the meantime the lysis of yeast cells occurred, resulting in an increase of ORP. Compared with ethanol fermentation with non-flocculating S. cerevisiae[11], time courses of ORP and other parameters detected for ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast were different. On the one hand, no lag phase was observed for the growth of yeast flocs, which indicated that yeast flocculation provided protection for yeast cells to adapt to the rapid change of physiological environment after inoculated into the HG and VHG media. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the fermentation process using flocculating yeast and how ORP (oxidation-reduction potential) affects ethanol productivity and yield during fermentation with sugars (glucose). The details of yeast growth, fermentation stages, and the parameters monitored during ethanol production indicate that engineered yeast can indeed be optimized to enhance biofuel production, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: : Extreme firn metamorphism: impact of decades of vapor transport on near-surface firn at a low-accumulation glazed site on the plateau, Ann. Glaciol. , 39, 73–78, 2004. Alimasi, N. , Enomoto, H. , and Hirasawa, N. : Spatiotemporal variation of ice sheet melting in the Antarctic coastal marginal zone and the influence of ice lenses and rain using satellite microwave observation, Polar Sci. , 25, 100561, 2020. Alley, R. B. and Anandakrishnan, S. : Variations in melt-layer frequency in the GISP2 ice core: implications for Holocene summer temperatures in central Greenland, Ann. Glaciol. , 21, 64–70, 1995. Arnason, B. , Buason, T. , Martinec, J. , and Theodorsson, P. : Movement of water through snow pack traced by deuterium and tritium, IAHS-AISH P. , 107, 299–312, (last access: 16 May 2024), 1973. and Kohler, J. : Topographic controls on the surface energy balance of a high Arctic valley glacier, J. Geophys. Res. -Earth, 111, F02011, 2006. Avak, S. E. , Schwikowski, M. , and Eichler, A. : Impact and implications of meltwater percolation on trace element records observed in a high-Alpine ice core, J. Glaciol. , 64, 877–886, 2018. . , Brütsch, S. , Bartels-Rausch, T. , Schneebeli, M. , Schwikowski, M. , and Eichler, A. : Melt-of in an Alpine Snowpack, J. Geophys. Res. -Earth, 124, 1647–1657, 2019. Avanzi, F. , Hirashima, H. , Yamaguchi, S. , Katsushima, T. , and De Michele, C. : Observations of capillary barriers and preferential flow in layered snow during cold laboratory experiments, The Cryosphere, 10, 2013–2026, 2016. . , Brucker, L. , Picard, G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various citations regarding studies and observations related to ice melting and the behavior of snow and firn, which imply that there is significant melting of ice present in various regions, such as the Antarctic and Alpine regions. These studies highlight the variations in melt frequency and other factors that suggest that complete melting could occur under certain conditions, thus contrasting with the claim that it is impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: J Ethnopharmacol 2007;111:458-463. . Panax ginseng ginsenoside-Rg2 protects memory impairment via anti-apoptosis in a rat model with vascular dementia. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;115:441-448. Heneka MT, O'Banion MK. Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2007;184:69-91. . Potential effects of microglial activation induced by ginsenoside Rg3 in rat primary culture: enhancement of type A Receptor expression. Res 2005;28:1164-1169. . Ginsenoside Rg3 promotes beta-amyloid peptide degradation by enhancing gene expression of neprilysin. J 2009;61:375-380. . Role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the action of ginsenoside Rh2 against beta-amyloid-induced inhibition of rat brain astrocytes. 2008;434:1-5. Gintonin, newly identified compounds from ginseng, is novel lysophosphatidic acids-protein complexes and activates G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptors with high affi nity. 2012;33:151-162. Gintonin, a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, attenuates Alzheimer's disease-related neuropathies: involvement of non-amyloidogenic processing. J 2012; Epub ahead of print. . Mitochondria in Huntington's disease. Acta 2010;1802:52-61. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. The Huntington's Research Group. Cell 1993;72:971-983. Blockade of quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity by pyruvate is associated with inhibition of glial activation in a model of Huntington's disease. 2004;187:150-159. . Imaging microglial activation in Huntington's disease. Bull 2007;72:148-151. Leegwater-Kim J, Cha JH. The paradigm of Huntington's disease: therapeutic opportunities in neurodegeneration. NeuroRx 2004;1:128-138. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information specifically about ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Instead, it lists various studies related to ginseng and its biochemical properties and effects on conditions such as memory impairment and Alzheimer's disease. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic potential.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: With media containing glucose of 201 ± 3. 1 and 252 ± 2. 9 g/L, complete fermentation was observed at 32 and 56 h when the ORP was controlled at −100 mV, since yeast cell growth was stimulated by more oxygen supply through aeration. On the other hand, for ethanol fermentation with medium containing 298 ± 3. 8 g/L glucose, as high as 131 ± 1. 8 g/L ethanol was produced at 72 h when the ORP was controlled at −150 mV, because the lower ORP level with more reducing power available for maintaining metabolism of yeast cells improved their viability more significantly. Although the ORP control improved ethanol fermentation performance, residual glucose was still high for the VHG ethanol fermentation, which would be not acceptable from the view point of industrial application, and other bioprocess engineering strategies such as tanks-in-series systems that can alleviate ethanol inhibition in yeast cells should be developed and integrated with the ORP control. When ORP control was applied, the ORP profile detected during ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast was more stable, compared with that observed in ethanol fermentation with non-flocculating yeast, indicating that the morphological change associated with the flocculation of yeast cells and micro-environment created within yeast flocs not only attenuated the flocculation of ORP, but also might prevent yeast lysis, which would benefit process control and optimization. MethodsYeast strain, media and ethanol fermentationThe flocculating yeast strain was developed at Dr. Bai’s lab at of Technology[19]. This strain was cultured in the YPD medium composed of (g/L): yeast extract, 4; peptone, 3; glucose, 30; to the mid-log phase (around 18 h) in shake flasks, and inoculated into fermentor with 1 L working volume. The media contains (g/L): yeast extract, 6; peptone, 8; along with three different glucose concentrations: 201 ± 3. 1, 252 ± 2. 9 for high gravity fermentation, or 298 ± 3. 8 for VHG fermentation. The inoculum level was 10% of the working volume. Temperature and pH were controlled at 30°C and 4. 5, respectively. The agitation rate was set at 150 rpm for all runs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the fermentation performance of a flocculating yeast strain that was developed to optimize ethanol production from glucose. It provides details on how different controlled fermentation conditions, such as ORP (oxidation-reduction potential), impact the growth and viability of yeast cells, thereby enhancing their efficiency in producing high yields of ethanol from sugars. This indicates that bioengineered yeast is capable of being designed to improve biofuel yields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: , Shuman, C. A. , and Stevens, L. A. : The 32-year record-high surface melt in 2019/2020 on the northern 15, 909–925, 2021. Bazin, L. , Landais, A. , Lemieux-Dudon, B. , Toyé Mahamadou Kele, H. , Veres, D. , Parrenin, F. , Martinerie, P. , Ritz, C. , Capron, E. , Lipenkov, V. , Loutre, M. -F. , Raynaud, D. , Vinther, B. , Svensson, A. , Rasmussen, S. O. , Severi, M. , Blunier, T. , Leuenberger, M. , Fischer, H. , Masson-Delmotte, V. , Chappellaz, J. , and Wolff, E. : An optimized multi-proxy, multi-site Antarctic ice and gas orbital chronology (AICC2012): 120–800 ka, Clim. Past, 9, 1715–1731, 2013. Beaudon, E. , Moore, J. C. , Martma, T. , Pohjola, V. A. , Wal, R. S. W. , Kohler, J. , and Isaksson, E. : Lomonosovfonna and Holtedahlfonna ice cores reveal east-west disparities of the Spitsbergen environment since AD 1700, J. Glaciol. , 59, 1069–1083, 2013. Bell, R. E. , Chu, W. , Kingslake, J. , Das, I. , Tedesco, M. ,. , Boghosian, A. , and Lee, W. S. : Antarctic ice shelf potentially stabilized by export of meltwater in surface river, Nature, 544, 344–348, 2017. and Kingslake, J. : Antarctic surface hydrology and impacts on ice-sheet mass balance, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 1044–1052, 2018. Birner, B. , Buizert, C. , Wagner, T. J. W. , and Severinghaus, J. P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains references to multiple studies indicating significant melting events, such as the record-high surface melt in 2019/2020 on the northern ice caps. This suggests that the complete melting of polar ice caps is not only possible but has been observed. The presence of extensive research concerning changes in ice mass and environmental conditions highlights the contrast with the claim that it is impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Protective effects of ginseng saponins on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal degeneration in rats. Neuropharmacology 2005;48:743-756. . Ginsenosides protect striatal neurons in a cellular model of Huntington's disease. J 2009;87:1904-1912. . Neurochemical and histologic characterization of striatal excitotoxic lesions produced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. J Neurosci 1993;13:4181-4192. . 3-Nitropropionic acid animal model and Huntington's disease. Rev 1997;21:289-293. Kim SU, de Vellis J. Microglia in health and disease. J 2005;81:302-313. . Anti-infl ammatory mechanism of ginseng saponins in activated microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2009;209:40-49. . Anti-infl ammatory mechanism of ginsenoside Rh1 in lipopolysaccharidestimulated microglia: critical role of the protein kinase A pathway and hemeoxygenase-1 expression. J Neurochem 2010;115:1668-1680. Mulder DW. Clinical limits of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 1982;36:15-22. . Rats expressing human cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase transgenes with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: associated mutations develop motor neuron disease. J Neurosci 2001;21:9246-9254. . Onset and progression in inherited ALS determined by motor neurons and microglia. Science 2006;312:1389-1392. . Caspase-1 and -3 are sequentially activated in motor neuron death in Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase-mediated familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 2000;97:13901-13906. Rowland LP. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: theories and therapies. 1994;35:129-130. . Microarray analysis of the cellular pathways involved in the adaptation to and progression of motor neuron injury in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of familial ALS. J Neurosci 2007;27:9201-9219. . Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 2009;4:3. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. It primarily discusses various studies related to ginseng's protective and anti-inflammatory effects in the context of neurodegenerative diseases and motor neuron injury models. None of the content related to adaptogenic properties is mentioned, making this text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The researchers found that although TIE-1’s ability to produce PHB varied in different conditions, electron capture (from iron or poised electrodes) through photoferroautotrophy was among the most effective processes available for PHB production. Through further studies of TIE-1’s gene expression, they suggest a future possibility to fine-tune and enhance PHB production by this microbe. These discoveries paved the way for additional studies of how sustainable bioplastics could be produced using widely available resources, including light, electricity, iron, and CO2. : Sean Garcia, in St. bioplastics can be manufactured on industrial scales, researchers will still need to address limitations in electron uptake in the specific context of PHB production within microbial electrochemical cells. In their latest study from 2020, and her team explored potential improvements to electron uptake, through modifications to the cell’s cathode. In their design, conductive materials were developed from a combination of nanop4. 2 times more PHB than an electrochemical cell with an unmodified carbon felt electrode; and up to 20 times as much as the yields achieved in previous studies, using standard graphite electrodes. The success of the experiment now presents clear routes to the industrial-scale production of sustainable PHB. This creates a pathway for sustainable bioplastic production that bypasses the need for the crude oil required for conventional plastic manufacturing. their use in plastic production, organic molecules are also highly desired for the energy they release when combusted. In previous studies, researchers have explored the use of microbes such as cyanobacteria to produce sustainable biofuels. However, these organisms produce oxygen during photosynthesis. Biofuel synthesis can have limited efficiency when pathways involve oxygen-sensitive enzymes. In a further 2020 study, and her team studied how TIE-1 could be exploited to produce a biofuel named n-butanol. As a fuel, n-butanol is particularly desirable for its high energy content and low tendency to vaporise or dissolve in water without combusting, compared with ethanol, a commonly used biofuel. During their experiments, and her team constructed a mutant form of TIE-1 that could not fix nitrogen. This mutant is unable to grow when nitrogen gas is the only nitrogen source. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the capabilities of a specific microbe, TIE-1, to produce biofuels, notably n-butanol, and explores how its genetic modifications can lead to enhanced biofuel production. It highlights the successful experiments conducted by the researchers in producing substantial yields of a biofuel, indicating that bioengineered organisms, including yeast-like TIE-1, can indeed be designed for high-efficiency biofuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: : Improving surface melt estimation over the Sheet using deep learning: a proof of concept over the Shelf, The Cryosphere, 15, 5639–5658, 2021. Huber, C. J. , Eichler, A. , Brütsch, S. , Jenk, T. M. , Gabrieli, J. , Barbante, C. , and Schwikowski, M. : Melting influenced signal preservation at Glacier, in: Laboratory of 2020, edited by: Schwikowski, M. and Ammann, M. , Institut, Villingen, 25–25, (last access: 16 May 2024), 2020. Humphrey, N. F. , Harper, J. T. , and Pfeffer, W. T. : Thermal tracking of meltwater retention in Greenland's accumulation area, J. Geophys. Res. -Earth, 117, F01010, 2012. Humphrey, N. F. , Harper, J. T. , and Meierbachtol, T. W. : Physical limits to meltwater penetration in firn, J. Glaciol. , 67, 952–960, 2021. Iizuka, Y. , Igarashi, M. , Kamiyama, K. , Motoyama, H. , and Watanabe, O. : Ratios of Mg2+/Na+ in snowpack and an ice core at Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard, as an indicator of seasonal melting, J. Glaciol. , 48, 452–460, 2002. IPCC: on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a and 755 pp. , 2019. IPCC: 2021: Science Basis. Contribution of I to the Report of the on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V. , Zhai, P. , Pirani, A. , Connors, S. L. , Péan, C. , Berger, S. , Caud, N. , Chen, Y. , Goldfarb, L. , Gomis, M. I. , Huang, M. , Leitzell, K. , Lonnoy, E. , Matthews, J. B. R. , Maycock, T. K. , Waterfield, T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing numerous references and research related to melting glaciers and ice caps, indicating that melt processes are measurable and significant. The mention of studies such as those analyzing meltwater retention and thermal tracking supports the idea that the polar ice caps are indeed melting, which directly opposes the claim that complete melting is impossible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 3390/ijms14059820 Attenuates 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Huntington’s-vol. 2013, 10. 1155/2013/237207 on Alpha-of Hyperplasia vol. 18, 10. 5213/inj. 2014. 18. 4. 179 Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-glucosidase from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and for of F2 vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0085727 Kyung-Ok--in Rats vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0087623 Identification and Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-Glucosidase from Pseudonocardia sp. Gsoil 1536 and for of Rg2(S) vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0096914 Renoprotective effect of red ginseng in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury vol. 94, 10. 1038/labinvest. 2014. 101 Sungshim-san-mediated Recovery of Cognition and in the vol. 26, 10. 7231/jon. 2015. 26. 3. 319 Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Metabolite Rh3 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Microglia: of 5′-Adenosine Monophosphate-Pathway vol. 63, 10. 1021/jf506110y Involvement of Connexin40 in the of Ginsenoside Rb1 vol. 36, 10. 1007/s10571-015-0299-y Correlation of cultivation time of Panax ginseng with metabolic profiles of nine ginsenosides and mRNA expression of genes encoding major biosynthetic enzymes vol. 38, 10. 1007/s11738-015-2049-7 Nitrogen and phosphorus as the factors affecting ginsenoside production in hairy root cultures of Panax quinquefolium cultivated in shake flasks and nutrient sprinkle bioreactor vol. 38, 10. 1007/s11738-016-2168-9 strain TH-10a vol. 46, 10. 1080/10826068. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address ginseng's adaptogenic effects directly. Instead, it mentions various studies related to ginsenosides and their effects in different experimental contexts, without providing any specific information or evidence supporting or refuting the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: As a result, more of the electrons captured by TIE-1 went towards the specific production of n-butanol – increasing the electron yield of the biofuel without a need to increase the cell’s electricity consumption significantly. : Sean Garcia, in St. Away from Today, even as the call to end our reliance on fossil fuels and unsustainable plastics grow increasingly urgent, humanity’s use of these hydrocarbons continues to grow. Through their studies, and her team have now shown how microbial electrosynthesis could be exploited to address these issues – producing both sustainable biofuels and bioplastics through TIE-1-driven CO2 fixation. Alongside its sustainability, the widespread use of biodegradable PHB is highly desired in medical applications – with a biocompatibility that makes it suitable for procedures including drug delivery and reconstructive surgery. Industrial-scale manufacturing of bioplastics and biofuels using microbial electrosynthesis can be achieved using the electricity produced by solar panels – creating a fully sustainable cycle. Ultimately, by exploiting a microbial metabolism that evolved in the distant past, and her team now hope that new methods will emerge that can address some of the most pressing problems of our time. E-book the researchers Arpita BoseDepartment of Biologyin studies the mechanisms that microbes use to survive, and how they can be exploited to address issues related to energy production, pollution, and sustainability. After completing her PhD at the University of Illinois at Urbana, she worked as a research associate at institutions including MIT and Harvard University, before founding her own lab at in in 2015. In her world-leading research, aims to engineer microbial systems for the sustainable production biochemicals and bioenergy, and to tackle issues including the treatment of contaminated water and soil. She also aims to learn more about how microbial phenomena shape our planet, and possibly others. E: abose@wustl. eduW: Tahina RanaivoarisoaDepartment of Biologyin joined the laboratory of in 2015 and is now the laboratory manager. Prior to the role, he was a at the Ambatovy mining project in Madagascar, which he joined after completing his Masters’ degree in Biochemistry and Biotechnology at the University of Louis in 2009. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing microbial electrosynthesis as a method to produce sustainable biofuels. It mentions that studies have shown how the TIE-1 system can increase the yield of n-butanol as a biofuel, indicating advancements in bioengineered microorganisms designed for efficient biofuel production. This aligns with the claim that bioengineered organisms can be created to achieve high yields of biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: , Yelekçi, O. , Yu, R. , and Zhou, B. , and 2391 pp. , 2021. Jennings, K. S. , Kittel, T. G. F. , and Molotch, N. P. : Observations and simulations of the seasonal evolution of snowpack cold content and its relation to snowmelt and the snowpack energy budget, The Cryosphere, 12, 1595–1614, 2018. Johannessen, M. and Henriksen, A. : Chemistry of Snow Meltwater: Changes in Melting, Water Resour. Res. , 14, 615–619, 1978. Johannessen, M. , Dale, T. , Gjessing, E. T. , Henriksen, A. , and Wright, R. F. : Acid precipitation in Norway: the regional distribution of contaminants in snow and the chemical concentration processes during snowmelt, IAHS-AISH P. , 118, 116–120, (last access: 16 May 2024), 1977. Kaczmarska, M. , Isaksson, E. , Karlöf, L. , Brandt, O. , Winther, J. G. , Wal, R. S. W. , Broeke, M. , and Johnsen, S. J. : Ice core melt features in relation to Antarctic coastal climate, Antarct. Sci. , 18, 271–278, 2006. Kameda, T. , Narita, H. , Shoji, H. , Nishio, F. , Fujii, Y. , and Watanabe, O. : Melt features in ice cores from Site J, southern Greenland: some implications for summer climate since AD 1550, Ann. Glaciol. , 21, 51–58, 1995. Kang, S. , Huang, J. , and Xu, Y. : Changes in ionic concentrations and δ18O in the snowpack of Zhadang glacier, Nyainqentanglha mountain, southern Tibetan Plateau, Ann. Glaciol. , 49, 127–134, 2008. Kaspari, S. , McKenzie Skiles, S. , Delaney, I. , Dixon, D. , and Painter, T. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains references to studies and observations related to the melting of ice and snow, which imply that melting is a measurable phenomenon. Specifically, the mention of 'melt features in ice cores' and the impact of climate on these features suggests that melting occurs, contradicting the claim that it is impossible for ice caps to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1031391 Profiling of ginsenosides in the two medicinal Panax herbs based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry vol. 5, 10. 1186/s40064-016-3427-3 Ginseng and Ginsenoside-Rb1/-Rg1 by Suppressing Th1 and Th17 Cells and T Cells vol. 53, 10. 1007/s12035-015-9131-4 Effects of medicinal plants on Alzheimer's disease and memory deficits vol. 12, 10. 4103/1673-5374. 205108 Ginsenoside Rg1 Abnormalities and Modulates the Change in Mice of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 2017, 10. 1155/2017/6473506 Efficacy and Tolerability of Phytomedicines in Patients: A Review vol. 31, 10. 1007/s40263-017-0466-4 Exploring the Effect of Ginsenoside Rh1 in a Sleep Deprivation-Model vol. 31, 10. 1002/ptr. 5797 Ultra-fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry determination of eight bioactive components of Kai-Xin-San in rat plasma and its application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and Alzheimer's disease rats vol. 40, 10. 1002/jssc. 201601343 Complete genome sequencing of Arachidicoccus ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. , and its application for production of minor ginsenosides by finding a novel ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase vol. 7, 10. 1039/C7RA02612A Ginsenoside-Rb1-Mediated Anti-angiogenesis via Regulating PEDF and miR-33a through the Activation of PPAR-γ Pathway vol. 8, 10. 3389/fphar. 2017. 00783 Inhibition of Autophagy is Involved in the of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Injury 10. 1007/s10571-017-0527-8 Terpenoids as promising therapeutic molecules against Alzheimer’s disease: amyloid beta- and acetylcholinesterase-directed pharmacokinetic and molecular docking analyses vol. 44, 10. 1080/08927022. 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Instead, it lists various studies and articles related to ginsenosides and their biological activities, which may not specifically mention adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: His roles in Dr Bose’s lab include designing and directing experiments involving Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 to produce bioplastics and biofuels. Alongside these roles, Ranaivoarisoa is responsible for training students on laboratory techniques. E: ranaivoarisoao@wustl. eduW: Rajesh SinghDepartment of Biologyin joined the laboratory of in 2016 as a postdoctoral research associate and is now a staff scientist. His research centres around investigating microbial diversity in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and studying how these microbes shape the ecology and environment. received his PhD from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio where he studied mineral/metal-microbe interactions, highlighting the potential implications of microbes in metal bioremediation. In the Bose lab, he is responsible for designing and conducting geomicrobiological experiments using freshwater and marine phototrophs to bring new insights on their role in the biogeochemical cycling of elements such as iron and carbon. E: rsingh24@wustl. eduW: Karthikeyan RengasamyDepartment of Biologyin is a staff scientist in the Bose lab. He received his PhD in microbial electrochemical technology from the in India. He has acquired experience in the characterisation of electroactive biofilms using various electrochemical analytical techniques to understand microbial electron transfer. Currently, is working on various novel aspects of photosensitive microbes with charged electrodes. His research focuses on understanding electromicrobiology under different environments including light, dark, fresh water, sea water and various wetland soils. E: karthikeyanrengasamy@wustl. edu joined the Bose lab in 2015 as a research assistant. She received her PhD in Energy, Environment & Chemical engineering from in St. Louis in 2020. Her research in the Bose lab focused on investigating the possibility of using sustainable and naturally abundant resources to synthesise carbon-neutral biofuels with a purple non-sulfur bacterium. She also developed novel genetic engineering tools with high efficiency and accuracy. Currently, is a scientist at Amyris. Inc, working on designing and constructing genetically modified yeast for target molecule production from sustainable resources using metabolic engineering techniques. E: bai@amyris. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the work of a scientist who is involved in designing and constructing genetically modified yeast for target molecule production, including biofuels, from sustainable resources. This aligns with the assertion that bioengineered yeast can be used to produce high yields of biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: : Accelerated glacier melt on due to deposition of black carbon and mineral dust from wildfire, J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 120, 2793–2807, 2015. Kawakami, K. , Iizuka, Y. , Matoba, S. , Aoki, T. , and Ando, T. : Inclusions in ice layers formed by melting and refreezing processes in a Greenland ice core, J. Glaciol. , 69, 790–802, 2022. and Baker, I. : Climate change and forest fires synergistically drive widespread melt events of the Sheet. , P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 7964–7967, 2014. and Baker, I. : on Within a Firn Column, J. Geophys. Res. -Earth, 124, 830–837, 2019. Kinnard, C. ,. , Sharp, M. J. , Nicholson, L. , and Lauriol, B. : Stratigraphic analysis of an ice core from the Prince of using digital image analysis: High-resolution density, past summer warmth reconstruction, and melt effect on ice core solid conductivity, J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 113, D24120, 2008. Koenig, L. S. , Miège, C. , Forster, R. R. , and Brucker, L. : Initial in situ measurements of perennial meltwater storage in the Greenland firn aquifer, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 41, 81–85, 2014. Koerner, R. M. : on Superimposition of Ice on the Ice Cap, N. W. T. Canada, Geogr. Ann. A, 52, 57–67, 1970. Koerner, R. M. : Ice Cap: and Paleoclimate, Science, 196, 15–18, 1977a. Koerner, R. M. : Distribution of microp4770. 371-376-118-Koerner. pdf (last access: 16 May 2024), 1977b. Koerner, R. M. : Evidence for of the Sheet in the Last Interglacial, Science, 244, 964–968, 1989. Koerner, R. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing multiple studies and research articles that discuss various factors contributing to glacier and ice cap melt, suggesting that complete melting is not only possible but is currently being observed due to climate change and other environmental factors. For instance, it mentions accelerated glacier melt influenced by black carbon and mineral dust, as well as evidence of widespread melt events, indicating that polar ice caps are indeed susceptible to complete melting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1334880 Effects of Kyung-Ok-Ko on in vol. 19, 10. 1089/rej. 2015. 1787 Forestalling the Epidemics of Parkinson's Plant-vol. 5, 10. 3389/fnut. 2018. 00095 vol. 16, 10. 1111/pbi. 12926 -Mix on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264. 7 Cells vol. 21, 10. 1089/jmf. 2018. 4180 -induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammation by modulating MAPK/NF-κB pathway vol. 9, 10. 1039/C8FO00795K Effect and Safety of Formula (还脑益聪方) on Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Donepezil-10. 1007/s11655-018-3054-7 Gintonin, a Ginseng-from Hypoxic and Re-oxygenation Stimulation of 10. 1007/s12035-018-1308-1 of Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Extract on Glutamate-Stress in HT22 Cells via HO-1/Nrf2 Pathways vol. 10, 10. 3390/nu10070926 Multi-Effects of Gintonin in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-of Parkinson’s Disease via Receptors vol. 9, 10. 3389/fphar. 2018. 00515 of Antioxidants in Huntington’s Disease: an 10. 1007/s12640-018-9989-9 in humans: Implications for research design and analysis 10. 1002/brb3. 1217 and its constituents, ginsenosides and gintonin, in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders: a patent review vol. 29, 10. 1080/13543776. 2019. 1556258 Characteristic study on the chemical components of Korean curved ginseng products vol. 37, 10. 5142/jgr. 2013. 37. 349 Panax ginseng is neuroprotective in a novel progressive model of Parkinson's disease vol. 50, pp. None, 2012, Chemical composition characteristics of Korean straight ginseng products vol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely composed of references and citations without any direct mention or context regarding the adaptogenic effects of ginseng. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5% switchgrass as the sole carbon source showed a similar profile to that on cellobiose, with the Δldh strain producing 38% and 40% more acetate and 55% and 70% more hydrogen than wild-type and parent strains (Figure 3E). Growth yield increases upon deletion of ldhGrowth of JWCB017 was compared to the wild type and parental strains in defined media [29] supplemented with either 0. 5% maltose or 0. 5% cellobiose. While growth of the ΔpyrFA parent strain on both maltose (Figure 4A) and cellobiose (Figure 4B) was indistinguishable from the wild type [29], the JWCB017 mutant strain reached a 34-53% higher final optical density than the wild type and parent. Interestingly, while the growth rate was comparable, the exponential growth phase of JWCB017 was extended resulting in higher cell densities. Figure 4Growth (O. D. 680 nm ) comparison of wild-type and mutant strains. (A) 0. 5% of maltose and (B) 0. 5% cellobiose as the carbon source; filled circles, Wild-type; open circles, ΔpyrFA (JWCB005); filled triangles, ΔpyrFA Δldh (JWCB017). Error bars based on three biologically independent experiments. Full size imageDiscussionWe have built upon recent advances in the genetic manipulation of Caldicellulosiruptor[14, 27, 28] to delete the gene encoding lactate dehydrogenase. While the wild type strain produced roughly equimolar amounts of acetate and lactate, the JWCB017 mutant strain no longer produced lactate, instead rerouting carbon and electron flux to acetate and H2, respectively. JWCB001 (~1. 8 mol/mol of glucose) and JWCB005 (~1. 7 mol/mol of glucose) appeared a bit lower in hydrogen yield than reported values for C. saccharolyticus (~2. 5 mol/mol of glucose) [22]. However, in this report, C. saccharolyticus was grown in culture media with added yeast extract, which improves yields [22]. JWCB017 (~3. 4 mol/mol of glucose) was more than that reported for C. saccharolyticus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the genetic manipulation of strains of Caldicellulosiruptor that can effectively convert sugars, specifically glucose, into hydrogen and acetate. The mention of increased yields, specifically the JWCB017 strain producing higher amounts of hydrogen (~3.4 mol/mol of glucose) compared to the reported values for other strains, supports the assertion that engineered yeast can be optimized to produce biofuels efficiently from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: : Firn core evidence of two-way feedback mechanisms between meltwater percolation and firn microstructure from the western percolation zone of the Sheet, J. Geophys. Res. -Earth, 128, e2022JF006752, 2023. McGurk, B. J. and Kattelmann, R. C. : Evidence of liquid water flow through snow from thick-section photography, in: 1988 Science Workshop, Whistler, 12–15 October 1988, 137–139, (last access: 16 May 2024), 1988. McLeod, J. T. and Mote, T. L. : Linking interannual variability in extreme Greenland blocking episodes to the recent increase in summer melting across the Greenland ice sheet, Int. J. Climatol. , 36, 1484–1499, 2016. Meyer, C. R. and Hewitt, I. J. : A continuum model for meltwater flow through compacting snow, The Cryosphere, 11, 2799–2813, 2017. Meyer, T. and Wania, F. : Modeling the elution of organic chemicals from a melting homogeneous snow pack, Water Res. , 45, 3627–3637, 2011. Miller, O. , Solomon, D. K. , Miège, C. , Koenig, L. , Forster, R. , Schmerr, N. , Ligtenberg, S. R. M. , Legchenko, A. , Voss, C. I. , Montgomery, L. , and McConnell, J. R. : Hydrology of a Aquifer in Southeast Greenland: Driven by Field Data, Water Resour. Res. , 56, e2019WR026348, 2020. Mitchell, L. E. , Buizert, C. ,. , Baggenstos, D. , Orsi, A. , Severinghaus, J. , Alley, R. B. , Albert, M. ,. , Maselli, O. , Gregory, S. , and Ahn, J. : Observing and modeling the influence of layering on bubble trapping in polar firn, J. Geophys. Res. , 120, 2558–2574, 2015. Moore, J. C. and Grinsted, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and evidence that refer to processes related to meltwater and snow behavior, particularly in the context of the Greenland ice sheet and other polar regions where melting is studied. This indicates that melting is indeed occurring and being analyzed, which stands in contrast to the claim that it is impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. The mention of mechanisms and variability in melting conditions suggests that complete melting is a possibility rather than an impossibility.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1, 10. 1016/j. jef. 2014. 11. 007 Protopanaxtriol protects against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress in a rat model of Huntington's disease vol. 36, 10. 1038/aps. 2014. 107 of of Medicine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review vol. 44, 10. 1142/s0192415x16500853 to and Treatments with Medicine vol. 2016, pp. None, 2016, Use of Gold Nanop10. 4014/jmb. 1604. 04034 Recent advances in biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal plants vol. 61, 10. 1007/s11434-015-0929-2 Ginseng (Panax sp. ) proteomics: an update vol. 60, 10. 1007/s13765-017-0283-y Panax ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer's disease vol. 42, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2017. 12. 008 of a Traditional Multi-Kyung-Ok-Ko in an of Parkinson's Disease: Inhibition of MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways and Activation of Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway vol. 9, pp. None, 2012, A Review of in vol. 8, 10. 15171/apb. 2018. 066 Chinese herbal medicine Qinggongshoutao for the treatment of amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A 52-week randomized controlled trial vol. 5, 10. 1016/j. trci. 2019. 03. 001 Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rk1 of Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG0702: Effect on Scopolamine-Dysfunction in Mice vol. 11, 10. 3390/nu11051120ASK-1 and Activation of Nrf2-in Beta-Amyloid-Challenged SH-SY5Y Cells vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24152687 Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates CKD‐associated vascular calcification by inhibiting the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway vol. 23, 10. 1111/jcmm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information directly related to ginseng's adaptogenic effects. It contains several references to studies and articles regarding ginseng and its properties but does not specifically mention adaptogenic effects or provide evidence supporting the claim. Therefore, the relevance to the claim is considered cold.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Yield and titer of acetate and H2 were increased in the C. bescii ldh deletion strain from both model soluble substrates and real-world plant biomass. A similar approach has been applied to other thermophilic biomass-degrading bacteria, including xylanolytic Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum and cellulolytic Clostridium thermocellum[30–32], with the goal of increasing ethanol production. Members of the genus Caldicellulosiuptor offer special advantages for biomass conversion to products of interest in that they are hyperthermophiles with optimal growth temperatures between 70°C ~ 80°C and they are capable of using biomass without conventional pretreatment. Interestingly, deletion of ldh resulted in a higher cell yield and longer exponential growth phase relative to the wild type. The increase in cell density is likely caused by an increase in acetate production, which should increase ATP production per glucose via acetate kinase providing more energy for biosynthesis and growth. The evolutionary pressures that selected for maintenance of ldh are not clear, though it may be related to the partial pressure of H2 found in the environment. Further, the molecular mechanism by which C. bescii switches from production of acetate + H2 to lactate is unknown. C. thermocellum encodes a lactate dehydrogenase that is allosterically activated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate [33], such that lactate is only produced when the rate of substrate uptake exceeds glycolytic flux. It would be interesting to examine whether C. bescii utilizes a similar mechanism for flux control at the pyruvate node of glycolysis. Independent of mechanism, the fact that C. bescii JWCB017 grows to a higher density without an obvious effect on growth rate suggests that further engineered strains may be able to compete well with the wild type strain and thrive in an industrial setting. Recent progress in genetic tool development opened the possibility of more advanced metabolic engineering strategies to increase the utility of C. bescii for industrial applications. In addition to the construction of gene deletions, this will enable gene insertion into the chromosome (so called gene knock-ins), simplifying the process of heterologous gene expression by eliminating the need for plasmid maintenance and increasing the number of genes that can be stably expressed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing advancements in the bioengineering of C. bescii and other microorganisms, which enhance the production of biofuels like ethanol from biomass. It highlights that genetic engineering, including gene deletions and knock-ins, can increase the efficiency of biomass conversion to biofuels, which supports the assertion that bioengineered organisms can yield high levels of biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: : Strong surface melting preceded collapse of ice shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 32, L12815, 2005. . , Helsen, M. M. , Wal, R. S. W. , Martma, T. , Pohjola, V. A. , Moore, J. C. , and Meijer, H. A. J. : Using high-resolution tritium profiles to quantify the effects of melt on two Spitsbergen ice cores, J. Glaciol. , 57, 1087–1097, 2011. van Wessem, J. M. , Ligtenberg, S. R. M. , Reijmer, C. H. , van de Berg, W. J. , van den. , Wuite, J. , Scambos, T. A. , and van Meijgaard, E. : The modelled surface mass balance of the at 5. 5 km horizontal resolution, The Cryosphere, 10, 271–285, 2016. . , Claremar, B. , van Pelt, W. J. J. , Pettersson, R. , Isaksson, E. , Martma, T. , Schwikowski, M. , and Bøggild, C. E. : A synthetic ice core approach to estimate ion relocation in an ice field site experiencing periodical melt: a case study on Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard, The Cryosphere, 10, 961–976, 2016. Veres, D. , Bazin, L. , Landais, A. , Toyé Mahamadou Kele, H. , Lemieux-Dudon, B. , Parrenin, F. , Martinerie, P. , Blayo, E. , Blunier, T. , Capron, E. , Chappellaz, J. , Rasmussen, S. O. , Severi, M. , Svensson, A. , Vinther, B. , and Wolff, E. W. : ice core chronology (AICC2012): an optimized multi-parameter and multi-site dating approach for the last 120 thousand years, Clim. Past, 9, 1733–1748, 2013. Virkkunen, K. , Moore, J. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references various scientific studies and findings that indicate the presence of strong surface melting of ice and the assessment of ice core data, which suggest that substantial melting occurs in polar regions. This evidence directly contrasts the claim by demonstrating that polar ice caps can and do experience significant melting rather than being entirely immune to complete melting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 14611 Pharmacists' and Patients' Knowledge and the Use of for Memory Impairment: A Cross-sectional Study from Jordan vol. 12, 10. 3923/ajsr. 2019. 524. 534 Compounds: against vol. 2020, pp. None, 2020, Effects of Ginseng on vol. 14, pp. None, 2012, The “Treatise on the spleen and stomach” ( Pí Wèi Lùn ) as the first record of multiple sclerosis in the medical literature – A hypothesis based on the analys vol. 10, 10. 1016/j. jtcme. 2020. 02. 009 of Ginsenoside Rg5 by in Diabetic db/db Mice vol. 68, 10. 1021/acs. jafc. 0c00605 Anti-of in Lipopolysaccharide-Macrophages and Adipocytes vol. 17, 10. 3390/ijerph17134716 Vitamins combined with traditional Chinese medicine for male infertility: A systematic review and meta‐analysis vol. 8, 10. 1111/andr. 12787 and Prospects for in vol. 2021, pp. None, 2012, of Phytoconstituents in Management of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 2021, pp. None, 2012, Gintonin mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilization of Nrf2 signaling via stimulation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors vol. 93, pp. None, 2012, Description and Analysis of in the Database vol. 11, 10. 3390/biom11040486 Rg3-enriched Ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4 vol. 45, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2020. 09. 001 Phnomibacter ginsenosidimutans gen. nov. , sp. nov. , a novel glycoside hydrolase positive bacterial strain with ginsenoside hydrolysing activity vol. 71, 10. 1099/ijsem. 0. 004793 Ginseng affects ovalbumin-induced asthma by modulating IL-12, IL-4, and IL-6 levels and the NF-κB/COX-2 and PGE2 pathways vol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects. While it contains many references to studies related to ginseng, it does not specifically mention its adaptogenic properties or any effects related to adaptation or stress responses. Instead, it appears to focus on various studies and effects of ginseng in the context of other medical conditions, which does not directly support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Thus, we have created a new platform for rational strain design for lignocellulosic bioconversion, enabling future efforts to increase the titer of H2, express heterologous pathways for production of liquid fuels and chemicals, increase robustness, and improve upon the native ability of Caldicellulosiruptor species to deconstruct and convert biomass without conventional pretreatment. Characterization of the JWCB017 mutant also sheds light on the basic physiology of C. bescii, which will inform future metabolic modeling and engineering efforts. For instance, this strain has now been engineered to produce only acetate and H2 from sugars, providing further evidence that C. bescii uses a bifurcating hydrogenase to funnel all the electrons to H2. Examination of the C. bescii genome sequence reveals that glycolysis likely yields NADH from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxidation, based on the presence of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Cbes1406) and lack of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, on the other hand, presumably reduces ferredoxin, based on the presence of pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (Cbes0874-0877) and the lack of pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate-formate lyase. Because H2 evolution from NADH is thermodynamically unfavorable except in extremely low H2 partial pressures [34], this implies that the favorable production of H2 from ferredoxin drives the unfavorable NADH-dependent H2 production. Further genetic modification will increase our understanding of metabolic flux in C. bescii, allowing better metabolic models and further informing metabolic engineering efforts. ConclusionsHere we show the first application of recently developed genetic methods for metabolic engineering of a member of the genus Caldicellulosiruptor. The method for creating a deletion of the ldh gene in the C. bescii chromosome was efficient enough to allow targeted marker replacement using non-replicating plasmids. The resulting mutant grew to a higher cell density and produced more hydrogen than the wild-type strain. Using the tools developed here, C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing efforts in metabolic engineering of a specific strain, C. bescii, to enhance its ability to produce hydrogen and possibly other biofuels from sugars. It discusses genetic modifications that lead to increased production efficiency and higher yields, suggesting that similar methods could apply to bioengineering yeast for improved biofuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: H. , Kipfstuhl, S. , Hörhold, M. , Eisen, O. , and Freitag, J. : of Crusts in Antarctic and and Implications for Snow and Firn Studies, Front. Earth Sci. , 9, 630070, 2021. Weiss, R. F. : Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas, Mar. Chem. , 2, 203–215, 1974. Westhoff, J. , Sinnl, G. , Svensson, A. , Freitag, J. , Kjær, H. A. , Vallelonga, P. , Vinther, B. , Kipfstuhl, S. , Dahl-Jensen, D. , and Weikusat, I. : Melt in the ice core reveals Holocene warm events, Clim. Past, 18, 1011–1034, 2022. Wille, J. D. , Favier, V. , Dufour, A. , Gorodetskaya, I. V. , Turner, J. , Agosta, C. , and Codron, F. : surface melt triggered by atmospheric rivers, Nat. Geosci. , 12, 911–916, 2019. Williams, M. W. , Erickson, T. A. , and Petrzelka, J. L. : Visualizing meltwater flow through snow at the centimetre-to-metre scale using a snow guillotine, Hydrol. Process. , 24, 2098–2110, 2010. Winski, D. , Osterberg, E. , Kreutz, K. , Wake, C. , Ferris, D. , Campbell, S. , Baum, M. , Bailey, A. , Birkel, S. , Introne, D. , and Handley, M. : A 400-of in the Alaska Range, J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 123, 3594–3611, 2018. and Osterberg, E. C. : Trace-element and physical response to melt percolation in Summit (Greenland) snow, Ann. Glaciol. , 54, 52–62, 2013. Wu, G. , Li, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents numerous references to studies discussing melting in polar regions such as the Antarctic and Greenland. With mentions of surface melt, melt triggered by atmospheric phenomena, and historical warm events revealed through ice cores, the text contradicts the claim by indicating that melting is a significant process occurring in polar regions, suggesting that complete melting could indeed be possible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Latino Americana. 32, 277-285 (1982) Geller, S. E. and Studee, L. : Botanical and dietary supplements for mood and anxiety in menopausal women. Menopause. 14, 541-549 (2007) Fulder, S. : Ginseng and the hypothalamic-pituitary control of stress, Am. J. Chin. Med. 9, 112–118 (1981) Hiai, S. , Yokoyama, H. and Oura, H. : Features of ginseng saponin-induced corticosterone secretion, Endocrinol. Jpn. 26, 737-740 (1979) Hiai, S. Yokoyama, H. Oura, H. and Kawashima, Y. : Evaluation of corticosterone secretion-inducing activities of ginsenosides and their prosapogenins and sapogenins. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31, 168-174 (1983) Hiai, S. Yokoyama, H. Oura, H. and Yano, S. : Stimulation of pituitary adrenocortical system by ginseng saponin. Endocrinol. Jpn. 26, 661-665 (1979) Herman, J. and Cullinan, W. : Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Trends Neurosci. 20, 78-84 (1997) Murphy, B. Filipini, D. and Ghadirian, A. : Possible use of glucocorticoid receptor antagonists in the treatment of major depression: Preliminary results using RU 486. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 18, 209-213 (1993) Thakore, J. and Dinan, T. : Cortisol synthesis inhibition: a new treatment strategy for the clinical and endocrine manifestations of depression. Biol. Psychiatry 37, 364-368 (1995) and Song, D. K. : Inhibition of stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels by ginsenosides in mice: Involvement of nitric oxide. NeuroReport. 9, 2261-2264 (1998) and Song, D. K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct support or opposition to the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects. It lists various studies related to ginseng, but does not explicitly mention adaptogenic properties or effects associated with stress adaptation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Brazil, the largest sugarcane-based ethanol producer in the world is pioneering in using bioethanol as a motor fuel. In 2019–2020, Brazilian ethanol production reached 34 billion liters to meet the domestic market demand. To increase the target of 50 billion liters of ethanol the Brazilian industry is increasing its fermentation efficiency from 83–90%. This will enable the ethanol industry to meet the environmental targets established by Brazil at COP21, which was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015. In the market, it is being sold in the form of either pure ethanol fuel (E100) or blended with gasoline (E27). Presently, ethanol production from sugarcane produces nine times more energy than the energy consumed during its production process [65]. Hence, bioethanol is produced directly from the sugarcane juice converting this into ethanol through the fermentation process using microorganisms as sugarcane juice is rich in sucrose, glucose, and fructose. During the fermentation process, the sucrose is readily broken down into glucose and fructose by the yeast invertase. During the process, the sugarcane stalk is crushed and milled with water. The extracted juice is heated at a temperature of 115°C. After heating, the juice is treated with either sulfuric acid or lime, and the excessive inorganic compounds are precipitated. Afterward, the heated juice is cooled down and yeast is added along with nutrients for yeast growth. Fermentation can be carried out in either batch or continuous reactors, however, continuous reactors are used in Brazil. Biotechnological attempts have been made to improve the sugarcane for agronomic traits and recently, several interventions have been made to improve the genetic makeup of the plant as well as of microorganisms used to develop ethanol from sugarcane. cerevisiae is commonly used in the fermentation process of sugarcane to develop ethanol. One of the potential candidate genes associated with ethanol fermentation is PHO4, a phosphate regulon [66]. The replacement of the gene from fast-growing strain MC15 to a high ethanol-producing strain MF01, exploiting the homologous recombination approaches, has improved the ethanol yield to 5. 30% as the maximum yield harvested was 114. 71 g/L and has decreased the fermentation time to 12. 5%, compared to the non-recombinant MF01 strain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing the process of ethanol production from sugarcane, emphasizing the role of yeast in fermentation. It explains how yeast, specifically Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is used to convert sugarcane juice into ethanol. Moreover, it discusses biotechnological advancements that have improved yeast strains to enhance ethanol yield, including genetic modifications that lead to higher production efficiencies, which directly correlates with the claim that bioengineered yeast can produce high yields of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: & Board 144. View Share at There is a firm evidence that polar ice-caps are, in places, swiftly melting. This is both in response to emergence from the last ice age but also ongoing rises in atmospheric carbon dioxide. In the Arctic and the the number of glaciers retreating and retreat rates are increasing and there is much consensus on some effects of this on biodiversity. Ice reduction is leading to new sea- ways, and habitat for ice associated organisms is regionally dying out. More light and heat will get entrance into the water column, increasing primary productivity and sinks for CO2. Melt water flow into seas is causing freshening, stratification, and near-shore sedimentation. These factors negatively influence on biodiversity by clogging and burying the plankton eaters living on the seabed. Changes in water-mass properties and current dynamics will influence the deeper communities of animals, even the deep sea by, for example, by carrying less oxygen. Such processes will make polar regions more susceptible to invasive species. species is a loss to global biodiversity and some evidence suggests particular sensitivity to environmental aspects. alteration pattern; Global warming and sea-rise; Black aerosols; Third-polar ice; Biodiversity impact Temperature alteration pattern 1. expression "polar ice cap" to be one thing of a name, because the term ‘ ice cap’ itself is applied to all the barely bodies that square measure over land, and canopy underneath fifty thousand km2 with larger bodies square measure alluded to as ice sheets [1]. The structure of the ice can fluctuate. For example, Earth's pole covers square measure principally water ice, although Mars' polar ice covers square measure a mix of robust carbonic acid gas and water ice [2]. Polar ice covers structure since high-scope regions get less energy as sun oriented radiation from the Sun than central districts, conveyance regarding lower surface temperatures. Earth's polar covers have modified drastically throughout the foremost recent twelve thousand years. Occasional types of the ice covers happens owing to shifted sun high-powered energy bodily process because the planet or moon rotates round the Sun. what is more, in geological time scales, the ice covers might develop or contract owing to setting selection [3]. 2. Importance of ocean ice keeps the polar areas cool and helps moderate worldwide atmosphere. Ocean ice contains a splendid surface; eightieth of the daylight that strikes it's mirrored once more into house. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that the polar ice caps are, in places, swiftly melting. It mentions, 'there is firm evidence that polar ice-caps are, in places, swiftly melting,' which directly contradicts the notion that they cannot melt completely. The text discusses various impacts of this melting, implying that significant reduction of the ice caps is occurring, thus showcasing the possibility of complete melting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Effects of ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in mice. Neurosci. Letters. 343, 62-66 (2003) Tatum, A. L. and Seevers, M. H. Experimental cocaine addiction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 36, 401-410 (1929) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Inhibition by MK-801 of cocaine-induced sensitization, conditioned place preference, and dopamine-receptor supersensitivity in mice. Brain Res. Bull. 40, 201-207 (1996). , and Park, W. K. : Effects of ginseng total saponin on morphine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 60, 33-42 (1998) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Ginseng total saponin inhibits nicotine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 66, 83-90 (1999). , Park, W. K. and Jang, C. G. : Inhibition by ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 30, 783-789 (1998) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Inhibition by ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ of cocaine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference, and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 63, 407-412 (1999) Verkhratsky, A. and Kirchhoff, F. : NMDA Receptors in glia. Neuroscientist. 13, 28-37 (2007) Gardoni, F. and Di, L. M. : New targets for pharmacological intervention in the glutamatergic synapse. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 545, 2-10 (2006) Fan, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects. Instead, it lists various studies involving ginseng's effects on addiction-related behaviors in mice, which are not relevant to adaptogenic properties. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Constitutive co-expression of 1, DAGAT1–2, WRI1, and co-suppression of tgd1 and sdp1 in a single construct elevated the TAG content by 404-fold in leaves. These findings need further confirmation of TAG accumulation with large-scale field testing. Developing dual-purpose feedstock by either overexpressing or suppressing the genes to produce both ethanol and biodiesel is becoming a routine. Transgenic sugarcane plants were developed by co-expressing genes, namely; 1, DGAT1–2, Oleosin1, and suppressing the AGPase and PXA1 genes using the RNAi approach. The AGPase encodes ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase while PXA1 is a subunit of the peroxisomal ABC transporter1. The engineered plants accumulated triacylglycerol to 5% higher than the non-transformed plants [69]. The TGA levels were 31–33% of the total lipid contents in the transgenic plants. From these canes (Figure 1), both sugars and lipids were extracted where the sugar extraction efficiency was as high as 90% with repeated hot water while of lipids was 60%, demanding an improved process to increase the lipid extraction efficiency and for commercialization. Figure 1. Schematic representation of improvement of sugarcane genotype for renewable energy and byproducts. Advertisement 3. ConclusionThe sugarcane genome is highly polyploid with specialized leaf anatomy, the Kranz anatomy where mesophyll cells are arranged around the bundle sheath cells. Mesophyll cells are better connected to the environment and perform functions of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). Whereas, bundle sheath cells are rich in chloroplasts to carry out functions of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (rubisco) to fix CO2 to synthesize sugars in the Kelvin cycle. The CO2 concentration mechanism in sugarcane allows the development of the highest annual yield of biomass. Plant biotechnologists have engineered sugarcane for agronomic as well as value addition traits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the engineering of sugarcane plants to co-express genes that enhance the production of both sugars and lipids, which are critical for biofuel production. It specifically highlights the development of transgenic sugarcane with increased triacylglycerol (TAG) content, suggesting that bioengineered organisms, in this case, sugarcane, can indeed be optimized to yield high levels of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: As ocean ice softens within the middle year, it uncovered the dim ocean surface. Instead of reflective eightieth of the daylight, the ocean retains ninetieth of the daylight. As per logical estimations, each the thickness and degree of summer, ocean ice within the Icy have shown a sensational decay within the course of recent years. This is often in keeping with perceptions of a warming Cold. The deficiency of ocean ice in addition will presumably quicken a worldwide temperature alteration patterns and to alter atmosphere styles [4]. Ice sheets are important markers of associate degree Earth-wide temperature boost and environmental modification severally. Softening ice sheets raise rising ocean levels. The deficiency of frosty ice likewise diminishes the live of latest water accessible for plants and creatures that require new water to endure [5]. 3. Difference between Caps and the facts demonstrate that the two ice sheets and ice floes are huge masses of ice that can be found in cold districts, there is a significant contrast between them. Fundamentally, ice sheets begin ashore, and ice floes structure in vast water and are a type of ocean ice [6]. Glacial masses are shaped by the recrystallization of day off other strong precipitation that doesn't altogether soften, in any event, during dissolving season. The fallen snow packs over numerous years (at a rate that relies upon temperature and wetness) into ice. A glacial mass may likewise acquire mass from the refreezing of meltwater at its base. Despite the fact that glacial masses are taken care of essentially by snowfall, they may likewise develop because of freezing of downpour, hail, hoarfrost, and rime; torrential slides may contribute snow to an icy mass also. Ice sheets are found in Cold territories, Antarctica, and on high mountains in mild and even heat and humidity. Icy masses that stretch out in ceaseless sheets and cover a huge landmass, like Antarctica or Greenland, are called ice sheets [7]. In the event that they are comparable however more modest, they are named ice covers. Icy masses kept to a way that coordinates their developments are mountain ice sheets, those that spread on level ground at the foot of a glaciated area are piedmont glacial masses, and those that spread from a glaciated district onto the sea are ice racks [8]. Ice floes, then again, are made of frozen seawater. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant reduction in both thickness and extent of polar ice in recent years, suggesting that the ice caps are indeed melting and are affected by global warming. It mentions that melting ice sheets contribute to rising sea levels and that the phenomenon of disappearing ice is observable, which directly counters the assertion that it is impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Ethnopharmacol. 62, 215-222 (1998) Jang, S. , Ryu, J. H. , Kim, D. H. and Oh, S. : Changes of [3H]MK-801, [3H]muscimol and [$^3H$]flunitrazepam binding in rat brain by the prolonged ventricular infusion of transformed ginsenosides. Neurochem. Res. 29, 2257-2266 (2004) and Oh, S. : Changes of [$^3H$]MK-801, [$^3H$]muscimol and [$^3H$]flunitrazepam binding in rat brain by the prolonged ventricular infusion of ginsenoside Rc and $Rg_1$. Pharmacol. Res. . 43, 473-479 (2001) Shiah, I. S. and Yatham, L. N. : Serotonin in mania and in the mechanism of action of mood stabilizers: a review of clinical studies. Bipolar Disord. 2, 77-92 (2000) Mahmood, T. and Silverstone, T. : Serotonin and bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 66, 1-11 (2001) Shastry, B. S. : Bipolar disorder: An update. Neurochem. Int. 46, 273-279 (2005) Saxena, P. , Sitholey, A. K. , Saxena, S. , Vrat, S. , Kumar. and Shanker, K. : Platelet serotonin in juvenile mania. Biogenic Amines. 15, 413-421 (1999). , Dwivedi, Y. and Janicak, P. G. : Serotonin receptors in platelets of bipolar and schizoaffective patients: effect of lithium treatment. Pyschopharmacology. 170, 115-123 (2003) Pivac, N. , Kozaric, D. , Mustapic, M. , Dezeljin, M. , Borovecki, A. , Grubisic, M. and Muck, D. : Platelet serotonin in combat related posttraumatic stress disorder with psychotic symptoms. J Affect Disord. 93, 223-227 (2006) Plain, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Instead, it lists various studies related to serotonin, bipolar disorder, and the binding of certain substances in the rat brain with no mention of ginseng or its properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Studying the rapid bioconversion of lignocellulosic sugars into ethanol using high cell density fermentations with cell recycle access Published: 15 May 2014 Studying the rapid bioconversion of lignocellulosic sugars into ethanol using high cell density fermentations with cell recycle Cory Sarks1,2, Mingjie Jin1,2, Sato3, Venkatesh Balan1,2 & …Dale1,2 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 128. Three different nutrient sources (corn steep liquor, yeast extract, and wheat germ) were evaluated to improve xylose consumption by recycled cells. Capacitance readings were used to accurately measure viable cell mass profiles over five cycles. ConclusionThe results showed that not all strains are capable of effectively performing the RaBIT process. Acceptable performance is largely correlated to the specific xylose consumption rate. Corn steep liquor was found to reduce the deleterious impacts of cell recycle and improve specific xylose consumption rates. The viable cell mass profiles indicated that reduction in specific xylose consumption rate, not a drop in viable cell mass, was the main cause for decreasing xylose consumption. BackgroundBiofuels have recently gained momentum in academic research, government, and large companies [1, 2]. The benefits of biofuels have been widely accepted by society, although some controversy remains because of perceived conflicts with food production [3]. Nevertheless, biofuels represent a renewable option to replace a depleting oil supply and can help mitigate the climate change impacts of fossil fuel use [4]. Furthermore, a large-scale biofuel industry would improve energy security and strengthen the world economy. Lignocellulosic biomass is a potential feedstock for low cost biofuel production [5]. The cost of lignocellulosic biomass is projected to be lower than prices for starch, which is currently used to produce bioethanol in the US [6, 7]. Currently, agricultural residues such as corn stover (the leaves, husks, and stalks of corn plants) are usually left in fields [8]. There is also the potential to plant double crops and cover crops for added biomass productivity, improved soil chemistry, and fertilizer sequestration [9]. Additional biomass could be produced by cultivating dedicated energy crops on marginal lands unsuitable for food production [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the rapid bioconversion of lignocellulosic sugars into ethanol, which implies the use of engineered organisms, such as yeast, to achieve biofuel production from sugars. It emphasizes the importance of specific nutrient sources and the efficiency of different strains in maximizing xylose consumption, which is part of the sugar bioconversion process vital for biofuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: In quiet conditions, a soupy suspension of precious stones assembled frazil sticks to shape sheets and afterward keeps on developing by a base freezing measure named congelation. Under more tempestuous conditions, frazil precious stones gather into flapjacks. As they develop, they thicken and stack on top of each other, in the long run shaping ice floes. Ice floes are genuinely portable and float about on the sea's surface. The organization and life pattern of ice floes in the are unique in relation to those in the [9]. 4. Causes of Polar ice caps and glaciers have been melting slowly due to various reasons; the climate change being the main reason. Some of the main reasons for shrinking of ice caps are described below: Burning of fossil fuel Increase in deforestation Oil and gas drilling Ships breaking the ice bergs Ocean warming 4. 1 Burning of fossil fuel The heat that is produced during burning of the fuels like coal, gas and oil cause the melting of the ice caps. It has been studied that at this rate the melting of the Antarctic ice will cause the sea level to rise up to 50m. This rise in sea level can be prohibited if global warming is restricted or controlled. The greenhouse gases have already caused a lot of damage to the ice caps, hence there should be some other fuels used that are less harmful. 4. 2 Increase in deforestation Deforestation has a lot of adverse affects, one of the effects is the increase in melting of ice caps with deforestation. The effect lies in the fact that as more and more trees are cut down, clear landforms are formed which alters the wind speed and also indirectly links with the precipitation. Thus, deforestation leading to climatic disturbances ultimately shrink the ice caps faster. For example, the effects of deforestation have been evaluated for [10]. Global warming plays an important role in the whole process of shrinkage of the ice caps. 4. 3 Oil and gas drilling The process of extraction of oil and gas and other fuels result in the release of methane. Methane has heat locking ability and increases global warming. It is more hazardous for the environment than carbon dioxide. Hence, with rise in global warming the glaciers start melting. 4. 4 Ships breaking the ice bergs According to NSIDC ( Center) the shipwrecks and accidents of the ships with the large icebergs can also lead to shrinking of the ice caps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that polar ice caps and glaciers are melting due to various factors such as climate change, burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, oil and gas drilling, and ships breaking icebergs. It specifically mentions that these human activities are contributing to the melting of ice caps, which supports the idea that it is indeed possible for the polar ice caps to melt completely, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: and Berk, M. : The platelet as a peripheral marker in psychiatric illness. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. 16, 229-236 (2001) Askenazy, F. , Caci, H. , Myquel, M. , Darcourt, G. and Lecrubier, Y. : Relationship between impulsivity and platelet serotonin content in adolescents. Psychiatry Res. 94, 19-28 (2000). , Berk, M. , Plein, H. and Cloninger, C. R. : Relationship between serotonin and the temperament and character inventory. Psychiatry Res. 89, 29-37 (1999) Muck, M. , Jakovljevic. and Pivac, N. : Platelet 5-HT concentrations and suicidal behavior in recurrent major depression. J. Affect. Disord. 39, 73-80 (1996) Pivac, N. , Muck, D. , Jakovljevic, M. and Brzovic, Z. : Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function and platelet serotonin concentrations in depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 73, 123-132 (1997) Meszaros, Z. , Borsiczky, D. , Mate, M. , Tarcali, J. , Szombathy, T. , Tekes, K. and Magyar, K. : Platelet MAO-B activity and serotonin content in patients with dementia: effect of age, medication and disease. Neurochem. Res. 23, 863-868 (1998) Goveas, J. S. , Csernansky, J. G. and Coccaro, E. F. : Platelet serotonin content correlates inversely with life history of aggression in personality-disordered subjects. Psychiatry Res. 126, 23-32 (2004) Pivac, N. , Muck, D. and Jakovljevic, M. : Platelet 5-HT levels and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in schizophrenic patients with positive and negative symptoms. Neuropsychobiology. 36, 19-21 (1997) Muck, D. , Jakovljevic, M. and Deanovic, Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not discuss ginseng or its potential adaptogenic effects at all. Instead, it focuses on various studies related to platelet serotonin content and psychiatric conditions, making it irrelevant to the claim regarding ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The first goal of our study was to identify a suitable strain to further investigate high cell density fermentations with cell recycle for the RaBIT process. The second goal was to determine if the RaBIT process could be carried out by all ethanologens. Similar fermentation processes have been carried out previously with success by Jin and Fan using S. cerevisiae and Pichia guilliermondii, respectively [16, 21]. Strain evaluation was performed using 6% (w/w) glucan loading AFEX treated corn stover hydrolysate. Both traditional fermentations (Figure 2) and RaBIT fermentations (Figure 3) were performed using each strain. By performing both types of fermentations, we hoped to observe correlations between the two processes that would help identify strains suitable for the RaBIT process. In the strain evaluation using traditional fermentation methods, S. cerevisiae 424A and Z. mobilis 8b showed the best performance, yielding more than 40 g/L ethanol and consuming all but 5 g/L and 6. 5 g/L xylose, respectively. Strain 8b was able to consume 75% of the xylose after 48 h, while 424A had only consumed 56% of the xylose by 48 h. S. cerevisiae 128 (Y128) was the next highest performing strain, yielding 39 g/L ethanol and consuming all but 13 g/L xylose. However, its fermentative rate was much slower than those of 424A and 8b (Table 1). The results summarized in Figure 3 show that three of the nine strains were suitable for RaBIT fermentations: Y128, 424A, and 8b. These three strains were capable of consuming almost all of the glucose and xylose in the first fermentation cycle and produced more than 40 g/L of ethanol. Of the three strains, 424A showed the best potential for recycle due to greater xylose consumption in the second cycle coupled with less reduction in ethanol production during the second cycle. However, Y128 and 8b gave greater ethanol yields. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study that investigates high cell density fermentations using different yeast strains, notably S. cerevisiae (commonly used in biofuel production). It notes that the strains evaluated were able to consume sugars (glucose and xylose) and produced high yields of ethanol, which is a biofuel. Specifically, the strains Y128, 424A, and 8b produced more than 40 g/L of ethanol, indicating their potential in biofuel production from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Any icebreaker cruising into the large pieces of ice exposes more surface area of the glaciers to the sun and hence contributes to melting. 4. 5 Ocean warming The temperature of the oceans increases as they absorb almost 90% of the earth's warmth. This is the reason for the marine glaciers melting which are on the poles near Alaska. 5. Effects of The melting of polar ice caps has impacts on various fields of biodiversity and ecology. Some of the effects are described below: 5. 1 Increase in global mean temperature The anthropogenic global warming has caused a lot of changes in the cryospheric elements like the Arctic ice sheets, the Greenland and the mountain glaciers. These changes can lead to increasing the global mean temperature GMT. On average the evaluated median additional global warming is 0. 43 degrees Celsius [11]. 5. 2 Effect on carbon cycle The carbon cycle is one of the most significant processes for keeping the ecological community alive. Recent studies have shown the icebergs as important factors in the continuation of this cycle. Thus the melting of ice caps has also affected the carbon cycle and may lead to drastic ecological changes [12]. 5. 3 Effect on the marine ecosystem The polar ice caps and glaciers play a crucial role in maintaining the marine ecosystem and biodiversity. Their role extends to the sea temperature, circulation and sea ice formation. They impact the marine food webs which are dependent on the temperature and climate. Thus due to melting of these icebergs many problems are faced by the marine world [13]. 5. 4 Effect on wildlife The ice caps are linked with a number of factors that affect the tundra wildlife. The sustainability depends on these ice caps so when they melt they affect herbivore populations, thaw-induced collapse of structures used by wildlife for reproduction, and thermal erosion of ice wedges reducing waterfowl habitat [14]. Glaciers are directly linked with the increasing sea levels. This is leading to a number of consequences causing problems for domestic lifestyle due to increased risks of floods, as well as the wildlife interrupting their usual migration cycles and other problems. 5. 5 Effect on sea levels The melting of ice caps increases the sea level casing problems for domestic lifestyle [15]. 5. 6 Scarcity of freshwater Studies show that the melting ice caps continuously would result in less downstream of fresh water. Indus, Brahmaputra and Ganges basins—fed by Asia glaciers are subjected to face loss of glacial water in the coming years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining how various factors, including ocean warming and anthropogenic global warming, are leading to the melting of polar ice caps. It specifically mentions that the increase in sea levels and ecological changes are a direct result of the melting ice caps, which suggests that their complete melting is plausible and occurring, directly rebutting the claim that it is impossible for them to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Platelet serotonin in subtypes of schizophrenia and unipolar depression. Psychiatry Res. 38, 105-113 (1991) Muck-Seler, D. , Pivac, N. , Jakovljevic, M. , Sagud, M. and Mihaljevic, A. : Platelet 5-HT concentration and comorbid depression in war veterans with or without posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 75, 171-179 (2003) Praag, H. M. : The cognitive paradox in posttraumatic stress disorder: a hypothesis. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 28, 923-935 (2004). , and Charney, D. S. : Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 54, 749-758 (1997) Brady, K. , Pearlstein, T. , Asnis, G. M. , Baker, D. , Rothbaum, B. , Sikes, C. R. and Farfel, G. M. : Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA. 283, 1837-1844 (2000) Bhattcharyya, D. and Sur, T. K. : Effect of Panax ginseng and diazepam on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and its modification by diclofenac in rat. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 43, 505-509 (1999) Sheikh, N. , Ahmad, A. ,. and Palit, G. : Effect of Bacopa monniera on stress induced changes in plasma corticosterone and brain monoamines in rats. J. of Ethnopharmacol. 111, 671-676 (2007) and Kim, C. J. : Red ginseng inhibits exercise-induced increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in dorsal raphe of rats. J. of Pharmacol Sci. 93, 218-221 (2003) and Kim, S. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding ginseng or its adaptogenic effects. It mainly cites various studies related to different psychological conditions and treatments, without discussing ginseng or its properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Due to higher xylitol and glycerol production by 424A (data not shown), we hypothesized that use of the xylose isomerase pathway instead of the xylose reductase-xylitol dehydrogenase pathway was a factor for the higher ethanol production per gram of sugar consumed observed with Y128 and 8b [22]. The higher cell mass concentration was seen as a benefit for the 424A and Y128 strains. Excess cell mass can perhaps become a co-product, for example, as animal feed. For these reasons, Y128 was chosen over 424A as the most promising of these nine strains for further evaluation in the RaBIT process. A major goal of these further studies is to understand and then overcome the reduced performance after cell recycling. Figure 2Strain evaluations during traditional fermentations using AFEX corn stover hydrolysate. Concentrations are shown for glucose (blue squares), xylose (orange circles), ethanol (green diamonds), and dry cell weight (purple triangles). Error bars are present for all data points, but may be hidden by the symbol. Full size imageFigure 3Strain evaluations during RaBIT fermentations using AFEX corn stover hydrolysate. The initial glucose and xylose concentrations were 62 g/L and 32 g/L respectively. Final concentrations are shown for glucose (blue), xylose (orange), ethanol (green), and dry cell weight (purple triangles). Error bars are present for all data points, but may be hidden by the symbol. Full size imageTable 1 Traditional and RaBIT fermentation comparison Full size tableE. coli KO11 performance was vastly improved in the RaBIT fermentation compared to the traditional fermentation. E. coli KO11 was able to consume almost three times as much xylose and produce more than 7. 5 g/L more ethanol in the 24-h RaBIT fermentation compared to the 120-h traditional fermentation. Interestingly, Y128 also showed a large improvement by consuming 8 g/L more xylose, while producing 5 g/L more ethanol in the RaBIT fermentation compared to the traditional 120-h fermentation. The four other strains studied gave comparable performance in the two (traditional and RaBIT) fermentation processes. Results for the S. stipitis strains were not shown in Figures 2 and 3. S. stipitis FPL-061 performed comparably to S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various yeast strains, such as Y128 and 424A, and their effectiveness in producing ethanol from sugars, specifically noting higher ethanol production per gram of sugar as a result of using the xylose isomerase pathway. This aligns with the claim that bioengineered yeast can yield significant biofuels from sugar sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: The fresh water availability will be ultimately affected [16]. 5. 7 Effect on coral reefs The sea level rises due to glacial melt which has a number of consequences. The coral reefs serve various benefits for the ecological sustenance. But they are sensitive to the fluctuating temperatures and heat shocks which they face due to the increasing global warming. Thus the melting of icebergs is also very harmful for the coral reefs. 5. 8 Shortage of electricity In major parts of the world, the electricity is dependent on the flowing water which comes from the gradually melting ice caps. But if this source is terminated there will be an energy crisis faced by the world. The production of electricity through other means can lead to pollution. 6. of Melting of The polar ice caps are melting approximately six times faster than in 1990s. Most of the ice loss occurred in Antarctica and Greenland due to poor climatic conditions. Checking out the changes in polar glaciers and ice streams is a concerning task because they are an appreciable indicator of global environmental change. There is a survey done on polar ice by many organizations including radar altimetry (ICESat), SPOT 5 stereoscopic analysis of polar ice, International polar year project (IPY) [17]. ice extent 1978 7. 5 million square kilometers 1982 7. 3 million square kilometers 1986 7. 1 million square kilometers 1990 6. 8 million square kilometers 1994 6. 45 million square kilometers 1998 6 million square kilometers 2002 5. 8 million square kilometers 2006 5. 5 million square kilometers 2010 5 million square kilometers [18] Table : Statistical table. and Antarctica, in 1990s there was 81 billion metric tons loss of polar ice caps. In 2010, the loss arose to 475 billion metric tons In 2002, Chunk of ice from the East side of broke. Figure 1: Ice sheets melting and a threat to polar bears. Figure 2: Polar ice caps melting is a threat to biodiversity. 7. Caps in 2020 A Siberian heat wave in spring 2020 caused the Arctic ice melting season coming earlier because of the high Arctic temperature 14 to 18 degrees Fahrenheit (8-10C). An analysis by NASA and Center suggests that 2020 minimum extent is only 3. 74 million square kilometers [19]. It is said by Nathan Kurtz, scientist at NASA’s in Greenbelt Maryland. “The earlier the melt season starts, the more ice you generally lose” 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing concrete evidence that the polar ice caps are melting significantly, mentioning that they are melting approximately six times faster than in the 1990s. The statistics show a marked reduction in ice extent from 7.5 million square kilometers in 1978 to only 3.74 million square kilometers in 2020. This indicates that complete melting is not only possible but is already occurring at an accelerated rate, refuting the claim of impossibility.