Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR technology will soon replace all forms of patient consultations with doctors. [SEP] Text: AI replace doctors’ ‘gut instincts’? Published on December 20, 2023 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? Use + rapid advances in the field, AI won’t supplant human healthcare workers in 2024. : Pexels: to use -Edquist DOI 10. 54377/02d2-eea4 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? The value of healthcare workers’ intuition in effective clinical care has been verified by reports around the world again and again. From doctors’ ability to spot sepsis in critically ill children, to ‘nurse worry‘ as a ‘vital sign’ predictive of patient deterioration, to helping GPs navigate complex patient care — intuition appears to play a large role in supporting high risk patients — even when data or computer outputs suggest another treatment approach. (AI) has already begun to transform healthcare, and the health sector will only continue to consider AI innovations in 2024 and beyond. In this increasingly technological world, questions swirl on what is the role of these human hunches in healthcare practice and whether AI is about to overtake doctors’ ‘gut feelings’ entirely. What is AI in healthcare and when is it used? Davenport from and Deloitte consultant explain elsewhere, AI healthcare includes ‘rule-based expert systems’, which use prescribed knowledge-based rules to solve a problem, and ‘robotic process automation’, which uses automation technologies to mimic some tasks of human workers. Such technology can help with automated patient monitoring, where alerts are signalled once a rule criterion is met, patient scheduling reminders and medicine management. Other forms of AI used in healthcare include robots, natural language processing and machine learning. Robots can help move and stock medical supplies, lift and reposition patients and assist surgeons. hospital has launched a €7 billion project, set to be completed in 2028, which will engage robots to collect patient data typically reliant on human physical touch: from measuring pulse, to taking temperature and calculating oxygen saturation. The release of ChatGPT in 2023 marked a leap forward for AI in popular consciousness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by emphasizing the irreplaceable value of doctors’ intuition in healthcare and suggesting that advancements in AI and robotics will enhance, rather than completely replace, human healthcare workers. While the text discusses AI's transformative role, it also highlights that human intuition remains essential in effective clinical care, which indicates that VR technology, by itself, is unlikely to replace all forms of patient consultations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, these receptors are not only involved in the mere sensing of microorganisms but also in functions that ensure tissue development and tissue homeostasis, including inflammatory control, autophagy and apoptosis. For example, some TLRs appear to be involved in central nervous system development, and some NALPs seem to have roles in intestinal homeostasis, early development and reproduction40,103,104. Moreover, innate receptors, including TLRs and RLRs, have also been implicated in autoimmune pathogenesis60,61,105,106,107. In light of this, the traditional view of pathogens as the only force driving the evolution of immunity genes may be too simplistic, as non-infection-related factors may have further contributed to the patterns of selection observed at these genes. For example, given the increasing range of functions attributed to NALP3, which acts as both a microbial sensor and a regulator of intestinal homeostasis40,104, its extreme conservation may not only attest to a major role in controlling infection but also reflect the evolutionary equilibrium reached by the host to maintain a peaceful coexistence with the symbiotic microbiota. Selection and disease susceptibility Unequal selective pressures are expected to be exerted on genes associated with Mendelian, single-gene disorders or with complex disease risks31,108. At the genome-wide level, genes associated with Mendelian disease are enriched in signs of purifying selection31,34,109, as their deleterious mutations are usually not transmitted to the next generation as a result of early death, and thus have low (<1%) population frequencies110 (Fig. 1). In the context of innate immunity, for example, mutations in the strongly constrained TIR–MYD88 and TLR3–TRIF pathways have been associated with increased susceptibility to life-threatening infections by pyogenic bacteria96,111 and HSV-1 (Refs 80, 81), respectively. Likewise, mutations in NALP3, which is subject to the highest degree of purifying selection among NALPs64, have been associated with severe inflammatory diseases104,112,113. Finally, mutations in genes affecting the production or activity of IFNγ, which is subject to the strongest purifying selection of all IFNs84,85, have been associated with MSMD82,114. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the roles of innate immune receptors and genetic factors influencing disease susceptibility, without addressing any concept related to biophilia or the human connection to nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Leukemia (AML) cell lines such as MOLM-13, MV4-11, HL-60, OCI-AML2, OCI-AML3 were examined for therapeutic targets via genome-wide screening, indicating KAT2A inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in AML [133]. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was examined via for growth and metastasis driver genes. 2 protein level reduced sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and led to worse survival [134]. Essential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for PrCa proliferation were explored via dCas9-KRAB negative screening with 2166 candidate SNP sites in 9133 gRNAs. RIGOR program analysis identified 117 SNPs which tended to reside near 5 kb flanking the transcription start sites. SNP (rs60464856) site targeting in stable dCas9 expressing cell line showed significant down regulation of RUVBL1 gene, and further validation showed that RUVBL1 was associated with tumorigenesis [135]. dCas9-KRAB perturbation genome screening identified 470 high-confidence cis enhancer-gene pairs in 5920 enhancers in chronic myelogenous leukemia cell K562, facilitating the large-scale mapping of enhancer-gene regulatory interaction network [49]. The utilization of -Cas9 in investigating drug resistance against tumorsResistance to nucleotide analog 6- thioguanine was examined by genome-scale knockout screen in two human cell lines, identified DNA mismatch repair pathway, DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2A) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6, (CDK) for DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2A) poison etoposide, demonstrating Cas9/ sgRNA screens as a powerful tool for systematic genetic analysis in mammalian cells [26]. knockout screening in human A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells identified 5 EGF-resistance genes, and further RNAi validation showed DUSP1 increased survival of EGF treated cells, providing a novel target for EGFR-overexpressing cancers [86]. Genome-wide knockout screening using -Cas9 was also carried out in respiratory cancers, including Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and lung cancer (LC). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the use of dCas9-KRAB negative screening methods and Cas9/sgRNA screens, which are part of CRISPR technology, to facilitate systematic genetic analyses in various cancer cell lines. The phrase 'demonstrating Cas9/sgRNA screens as a powerful tool for systematic genetic analysis in mammalian cells' emphasizes the precise gene editing capabilities inherent in CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR technology will soon replace all forms of patient consultations with doctors. [SEP] Text: This type of AI, which requires training on large data sets (supported by human feedback), focuses on giving computers the ability to read, support and manipulate human language. Such natural language processing has changed the communication landscape with its language mimicry. While some note that the hype hasn’t quite been reflected in reality, professionals in a range of sectors — including healthcare — now use ChatGPT for correspondence, such as with drafting “sick notes”, medication management, or to manage healthcare information. There are predictions that healthcare Processing will be a $USD7. 2 billion business by 2028, with this type of AI being deployed to help translate complex published papers for public consumption, for analysis of electronic health records to help identify at-risk patients, and to interact with patients to help with triage or answer healthcare questions. In 2024, some say this type of AI is likely to focus on more sophisticated language models that power chatbots and virtual assistants, and will be built into word processing programs. gives computers the ability to learn without explicitly being programmed for a given task. The algorithms driving these types of AI are based on statistical and predictive models. often relies on ‘training’ from existing data sets, which have been human reviewed and annotated. Essentially, doesn’t automatically know what to look for, and without human-informed training this type of AI tends to provide lots of noise and useless predictions. Once trained, can take previously unseen patient information and apply its prior ‘training’ to analyse the data and predict outcomes, or make recommendations. In healthcare, can recognise patterns which may be missed by humans such as described for AI’s role in patient survival of gastric cancer, identification of primary causes of cancers, and reducing breast cancer false positives. In 2024, algorithms are likely to continue to be used for probing healthcare data analytics, with vast medical data provided by wearables, medical devices and electronic health records. With all forms of healthcare AI — it is clear that humans are still needed for AI training, evaluation of outputs, and considering the impacts of the AI recommendation. Artificial versus human intelligence: Who has the edge? Given the global healthcare workforce shortages, the proverb may be true: Necessity breeds invention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while AI and technology, including natural language processing, are increasingly being used in healthcare, they do not replace the need for human involvement. It emphasizes that humans are still essential for training AI, evaluating outputs, and making decisions based on AI recommendations, which suggests that virtual consultations may not fully replace traditional doctor-patient interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: These clinical examples further support the notion that immunity-related genes that evolve under purifying selection are of major biological relevance in host survival, and their mutations are likely to predispose individuals to early-onset, life-threatening disease115. Mutations associated with complex disease risk generally have a lower penetrance and are therefore able to reach higher frequencies in the population (>5–10%) than single-gene disease susceptibility alleles20,108. Genes with alleles that contribute to complex diseases in adults display signs of less pervasive purifying selection109,115. For example, although missense mutations are tolerated in some innate immunity genes (for example, TLR1, TLR4 and TLR10), weak negative selection keeps them at low population frequency (Fig. 2), attesting to their non-negligible impact on host fitness46,49. Likewise, mutations in weakly constrained or even neutrally evolving genes might subtly modulate complex susceptibility to disease, as illustrated by the case of MBL, variation in which may have an effect in particular, narrow conditions, such as co-existent morbidity116. Thus, weakly constrained genes generally have a more modest impact on host survival and may be involved in complex susceptibility to infection at the population level. Finally, genes associated with complex disease susceptibility are generally enriched for signals of positive selection31,37,109,117. Specifically, positively selected variants in TLR1, MDA5, CIITA or NALP1 (Refs 46, 63, 64, 65) have been associated with infectious, autoimmune or inflammatory diseases106,118,119,120,121,122. Likewise, variation in type including five SNPs in IL28B (also known as IFNL3), two in IL28A (also known as IFNL2) and one in IL29 (also known as IFNL1), has been targeted by positive selection84 (Fig. 3b). Interestingly, the positively selected SNPs in the IL28B region, one of which now lies within the newly discovered IFNL4 gene123, have been associated with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and a better response to treatment for chronic HCV infection123,124,125,126,127. This suggests that the nature of the selective advantage conferred by these IFNs is increased resistance to viral infection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about biophilia and the innate connection humans have to nature. Instead, it discusses genetic mutations, immunity-related genes, and their implications for host survival and disease susceptibility without any mention of a connection to nature or biophilia.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: cancer organoid biobank established from 31 distinct tumor lines was used forCas9 genome editing and drug screening, indicated increased sensitivity of kinase inhibitors dasatinib and VE-821 with driver gene ARID1A mutation [148]. Drug response evaluation by in vivo screening () method was used in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma organoid [127]. screening in vivo for cancer therapyIn 2022, FDA approved a total of five CAR-T cell products for the treatment of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia or high-grade lymphomas, as well as multiple myeloma using lentiviral or γ-retroviral approaches [156]. Notably, two clinical trials (NCT05143307/NCT03872479) employed AAV as the delivery method in their studies on cancer therapy in vivo based on CAR-T cells andCas system [117]. screening system provides a robust genetic tool for in vivo elucidation of CAR-T resistance mechanisms. Loss-of-function genetic screens in an immunocompetent murine model with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) identified the IFNR/JAK/STAT signaling and antigen processing and presentation pathway as key factors for CAR-T resistance in vivo. In addition, natural killer (NK) cells also engage in the resistance progress [157]. Gain-of-function activation screen in primary CD8 + T cells identified a key factor PRODH2 for improving the in vivo efficacy of CAR-T based cell killing. Augmentation of PRODH2 enhanced metabolic function of CAR-T cells as an immune booster [158]. screening was also utilized for in vivo investigation to elucidate gene function within a whole organism or the context of complex biological systems, using lentiviral or AAV mediated sgRNA transfection in living organisms. AAV was the widely used vector for in vivo genetic therapy due to its low immunogenicity and non-pathogenic character [118]. The limitation of AAV’s vector capacity has been addressed through the recent development of a two-split intern vectors system [159], while smaller SpCas9 orthologues such as SaCas9 have demonstrated comparable editing efficiency to that of SpCas9, rendering them suitable for AAV-SaCas9 mediated in vivo genome editing [21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of various gene editing techniques, including the Cas9 system, which is central to CRISPR technology. It highlights specific applications of gene editing related to cancer therapies, showing the practical implications of using such technology for precise modifications within genomes. The mention of 'AAV-SaCas9 mediated in vivo genome editing' further supports the claim by emphasizing advancements in gene editing efficiency, thereby aligning closely with the claim regarding the precision of CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR technology will soon replace all forms of patient consultations with doctors. [SEP] Text: It may not be long until healthcare includes integrated AI forms where a robot greets you in your native language for your annual check-up using Processing, takes your vital signs, and sends a recommendation to the doctor on which patient to prioritise and what investigations need to be ordered using algorithms designed to analyse collected vital signs. What AI can’t do is replace the natural ‘gut feel’ of a healthcare professional. And this won’t change in 2024. The clinical reasoning and thinking process that healthcare providers engage is so complex, and the sources of information that the human brain considers in patient care are too numerous to capture with current algorithms. The implicit knowledge an expert relies on for effective clinical care is so deeply embedded in human automation, that methods to get at these data points often fail. On top of this, AI-accessible data and the AI algorithms themselves can have flaws. Machine learning can be overly sensitive, leading to over-diagnoses in some patients. Processing AIs can act as healthcare trojan horses, where the technology is so convincing in its communication approaches that it tricks the user into thinking it is knowledgeable in the same way a human is. There are also privacy concerns with such AI applications. AI typically relies on data input to continue learning — and the clarity about what happens to confidential patient information when input into AI remains an open question for many platforms. There are also challenges that the healthcare AI field is tackling related to bias and responsibility, and questions about what we consider ‘mundane’ and ‘repetitive’ tasks which AI can truly take off humans. In reality (ironically), all existing AI is devoid of the necessary context within which healthcare occurs. It misses the complexity, the empathy, and important data points that human intelligence has access to, and can therefore only replicate specific human tasks. Our healthcare future: Humans leading, AI supporting A better description of the role of AI in healthcare in the future might be: “AI won’t replace the doctors, but those doctors will be replaced who don’t use Artificial Intelligence,” as Reddy, director at India’s Apollo, has put it. Healthcare AI is increasingly taking on roles of “clinical decision-making support”, meaning the healthcare provider is in charge and human intelligence is prioritised, while AI augments this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while AI and technology, including VR, may play supportive roles in healthcare, they cannot replace the essential human components necessary for effective patient care. It emphasizes that the complex reasoning and implicit knowledge a healthcare professional possesses cannot be replicated by AI or current algorithms, highlighting that AI will not replace doctors but rather support them in their roles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Collectively, the overlap between the positive selection events detected at some genes and their association with susceptibility to complex disease provides an important proof-of-concept for the added, predictive value of population genetics. This is particularly important for evaluating the potential implications in human disease of other, as-yet-uncharacterized variants targeted by positive selection. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence to suggest that, in some cases, positively selected mutations lead, directly or indirectly, to maladaptation and are associated with immune dysfunction, such as autoimmunity and inflammation8,128. For example, the positively selected MDA5 R460H variant seems to increase the risk of psoriasis106. Similarly, positive selection has increased the frequency of the V1059M mutation in NALP1 among Europeans64, despite also increasing the frequency of the linked L155H NALP1 mutation, which is associated with autoimmune disorders including Addison's disease, type 1 diabetes and vitiligo118,129. Likewise, DEFB1 haplotypes that have been proposed to be maintained by balancing selection because they confer protection against sepsis91,92 seem to predispose to asthma and atopy130. Although further clinical and epidemiological genetics work is needed, these examples provide additional evidence in favour of the hygiene hypothesis, according to which the current increased incidence of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders may result, at least partially, from past events of selection that increased host resistance to infection128. The distinction between genes involved in single-gene disorders and complex diseases, as well as between the type of selective patterns that are expected to characterize them, is not always clear-cut. For example, genes associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the genetic basis of which is complex, are enriched in genes involved in Mendelian primary immunodeficiencies, including MSMD131. Likewise, genes can display complex signatures of selection, such as those detected at NOD2, variation in which has been associated with Crohn's disease131,132. At the gene level, the diversity of NOD2 is largely consistent with neutrality64, but some NOD2 Crohn's disease-risk alleles have been proposed to be maintained in the European population by balancing or recent positive selection131,133, although this remains highly controversial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about biophilia or suggest any innate connection between humans and nature. Instead, it discusses genetic aspects and their implications on diseases, which is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Additionally, Cre-dependent and constitutive Cas9 expressing transgenic mice were established with EGFP labeling, which provides an animal model for genome-wide targeting and contributes to in vivo investigation [24]. In vivo screens were performed in mouse brain, liver, pancreases, lung and so on. The application of SpCas9 and gRNAs using AAV vectors enabled multiple gene modifications in the adult mouse brain, demonstrating its potential for genetic regulation [33]. Gliomagenesis suppressors were investigated by in vivo stereotaxic injection of AAV carrier sgRNA library in conditional-Cas9 mouse brain [160]. Autochthonous invasion of AAV-mTSGs library in Cre-inducible Cas9 mice liver led to cancer development in situ, and the mice died within 4 months [89]. NIT1 cells (a non-obese-diabetic-derived mouse beta cell line) mutated with GeCKO-v2 were subcutaneously transplanted into type 1 diabetes mouse model to identify genes contributing to autoimmune killing resistance [161]. With the AAV9-LPL gene delivery into the lung, multiple mutations of KRASG12D, p53 and LKB1 were obtained to induce macroscopic tumors. In vivo screening for lung cancer TSGs throughCas9 genome-wide knockout showed that ZNF24 contributed to P65 suppression via NF-κB pathway. Combinational inhibition of -κB, and PD-1 effectively shrank autochthonous KrasG12D/ZNF24−/− lung cancers in mouse [162]. Examination of immunotherapy-treated normal and Tcra-/- mice in vivo by screening showed the loss of CD47 caused resistance to immunotherapy. Deletion of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN2) increased immunotherapy efficacy [88]. screening identified PD-1, Tim-3, and RNA helicase Dhx37 as regulators of tumor infiltration and degranulation. Depletion of Dhx37 improved CD8 T cells efficacy towards triple-negative breast cancer in vivo, and the NF-kB signal pathway was involved in the process [163]. In vivo applications of screening system were summarized in the following Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of Cas9 and gRNAs for gene modifications in various tissues, such as the adult mouse brain. It explains how the Cas9 technology can enable targeted genetic regulation and modifications, which supports the assertion that CRISPR technology allows for precise gene editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR technology will soon replace all forms of patient consultations with doctors. [SEP] Text: Under this model, AI could be programmed to alert the healthcare provider on all the variables not considered in an algorithm, to help the healthcare provider explore to what extent the AI recommendations can be valuable in a specific context or with a specific patient. For instance, if an AI is recommending antidepressants for a patient who is also pregnant, it would alert the doctor that such medications aren’t yet tested in this population — allowing the doctor to consider other data points in deciding the next best step. To support this model — in which humans lead, but AI support — the AI-integrated future shouldn’t just focus on improving AI. An AI-augmented healthcare system must include healthcare worker training and support in both AI literacy and human intelligence literacy. Education can also focus on helping healthcare providers recognise when to question patterns; how to challenge predictions; and the value of trusting intuition — essentially building capacity to tolerate uncertainty. This future-protecting healthcare education would help reduce the risk of “automation bias,” whereby humans allow the AI to work autonomously and the algorithm is trusted, even in the face of clear evidence that it’s wrong. AI has given us a valuable gift: the opportunity to explore what aspects of human intelligence are critical in healthcare, and which tasks can be enhanced with technology. After all, both human brains and AI are wired for prediction, but humans have the power to interrogate, question and evaluate these predictions while AI has computing power beyond a human brain. Both are needed to manage the complexities of patient care. Michelle D. is the Director of the Centre for Education and of the Centre for Scholarship in at in Australia. She is an award-winning educator, having received the ‘Teaching Excellence’ award amongst others, and is the author of the “Effect: How to Survive and Thrive through the Unexpected“. Originally published under by 360info™. Enjoy this 2024. Here’s why. Focus on 2024 It’s a wonderful year for a Moon dance Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Focus on 2024 Hydrogen makes itself at home The UK and US have both approved a gene editing therapy to overcome the genetic mutation that causes sickle cell disease, but the treatment is expensive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the importance of human intelligence in healthcare decision-making, highlighting that while AI can augment healthcare systems, the model should have humans in the lead role. It emphasizes the need for healthcare provider training and the significance of intuition in patient care, indicating that AI should support, not replace, human consultations. The mention of building capacity to tolerate uncertainty and overcome 'automation bias' implies that human judgment remains crucial, which suggests that complete replacement of patient consultations by technology is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Such conflicting signatures of selection may reflect the complex, multiple phenotypes with which NOD2, or its interacting gene networks, have been associated, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, Blau syndrome and mycobacterial infections131. Future perspectives Here, we have described specific examples of how population genetics studies can offer important functional insights into innate immunity. The evolutionary dissection of innate immunity genes allows us to rank them with respect to their biological relevance and also informs us about their respective contribution to immunity-related disorders. However, immune systems do not evolve one gene at a time; instead, selective pressures are likely to affect multiple interacting genes, resulting in polygenic adaptation134. Furthermore, such pressures can be numerous and related to various diseases simultaneously, as in the case of NOD2 alleles. Thus, genes in functional networks might show coordinated signatures of selection, as recently proposed for a group of antibacterial innate immunity genes (that is, some TLR pathways), in which the position of each gene in the network conditions its evolvability and therefore its adaptability135. The recent advent of whole-genome sequencing data sets from human populations provides us with tools to test these hypotheses and also enables the analysis of additional families of innate immunity molecules, including CLRs, cytosolic DNA sensors, chemokines and members of the TNF family. For this, improved statistical methods for detecting epistatic interactions or selection in gene networks are needed. Population genetics studies of selection have traditionally followed a gene-centric view, focusing on qualitative changes at the protein level. However, selection can also target non-coding regions of the genome, such as regulatory elements136. For example, changes in gene expression levels can indeed constitute a target for adaptive evolution, as illustrated by the fact that polymorphisms in regulatory elements (that is, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs)) are enriched for signs of positive selection137. Furthermore, regulatory variation is increasingly documented as being associated with phenotypic variation, both benign and disease-associated136,138,139. Multidisciplinary approaches (such as those used by the 136) that combine whole-genome sequencing data, expression and proteomic profiles, chromatin accessibility and DNA methylation marks from different cell types challenged with different immune stimuli should facilitate an unbiased assessment of the immunological mechanisms favouring our past and present survival in the natural setting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic and immunological concepts and the complexities of innate immunity, with no mention of biophilia or the relationship between humans and nature. It elaborates on topics such as gene selection, adaptive evolution, and population genetics, which do not relate to the idea of an innate connection to nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Table 3 screening in vivo for cancer therapyFull size tableLimitations and prospectionThe advances ofCas technology and screening strategies have revolutionized genetic identification, enabling the dissection of functional genes in specific biological processes and diseases, facilitating drug selection and individualized therapy. screening has demonstrated great potential in cancer therapy by offering methods to combat drug resistance and aggressive behaviors, as well as identifying possible gene targets for novel approaches to treat cancers. However, there are still several obstacles forCas application in clinical cancer treatment, including delivery ofCas9 system, Off-target effect, PAM limitation, as well as multiple gene-editing [117]. In this part, we paid more attention on limitations of screening system and CAR-T cell therapy for cancers. Limitations of screening systemscreening delivery primarily relies on lentiviral and AAV vectors, which are crucial tools for either ex vivo or in vivo investigation. Of which, AAV vector has the advantages with mildly immunogenic and long-term transgene expression in post-mitotic cells, making it a leading platform for in vivo cancer therapy [164]. However, AAV vector showed some drawbacks in manufacturing, packaging size limitation, vector quality control and editing specificity, as described in the recent review [118]. Except the delivery limitations, the occurrence of off-target effects and unintended mutations induced by technology are barriers to its application in clinical therapy. SpCas9 protein showed the ability to identify PAM sequence and cut specific DNA region in the system. Due to the tolerance of gRNA recognition and nucleotide indels in the target region, even a single guide can generate thousands of off-targets as detected by sensitive high-throughput sequencing methods such as GUIDE-Seq and -seq [138, 143]. This raises concerns regarding the application of technology in gene therapy [165]. The reason of the off-target effect is the conformational states of HNH domain. The activated conformation of HNH increases DNA cleavage efficiency for DNA double-strand break formation, leading to both on- and off-target effects [166]. To minimize the probability of off-target mutagenesis, other high-fidelity nucleases such as SpCas9-HF1, eSpCas9 and HypaCas9 were developed [167, 168]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the advancements of Cas technology (CRISPR) in genetic identification and its implications for gene therapy, particularly in cancer treatment. It highlights the capability of SpCas9 to identify specific PAM sequences and cut targeted DNA regions, which supports the assertion that CRISPR technology facilitates precise gene editing. Furthermore, it mentions the development of high-fidelity nucleases to minimize off-target effects, indicating ongoing improvements to enhance precision in gene editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3462809/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractMotor impairment of the upper limb after a stroke is common, which negatively impacts patients’ quality of life. New technologies have been applied to stroke rehabilitation alongside conventional techniques in recent years. For example, immersive virtual reality (IVR) has emerged as a new treatment approach for stroke rehabilitation, simulating real-life activities to work on self-care skills. In this pilot study, we evaluated the efficacy of the IVR. Eighteen participants were randomized to an IVR group to receive VR intervention plus physical therapy (PT) sessions or a control group to receive PT sessions alone. Participants were instructed to reach with either their affected or unaffected hand to a randomly appearing target in the VR. The movement of the virtual image of the affected upper limb was reinforced by visual feedback to the participants. Treatment effects on motor recovery were investigated using the Fugl-Meyer upper extremity (FM) scale, kinematic dataset, and a questionnaire to obtain information regarding the sense of agency and comments about the training sessions in the IVR environment. The IVR group exhibited significant improvements in FM scores (p < 0. 05) compared with the control group, reflecting the recovery of UE motor function. The time to target in the last session reduced compared with that in the first session, indicating motor learning and recovery of the affected limb (p < 0. 05). The patients were highly engaged and motivated during the sessions because they felt like they were in charge of the virtual image of their upper body. The results suggest that positive reinforcement within the IVR could encourage the motor recovery of the affected hand and may facilitate the application of motor learning and neuroplasticity principles during neurological rehabilitation. strokeaffected upper limbimpairmentmotor recovery and Virtual realityFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6IntroductionA stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted or is insufficient, leading to brain injury or cell death and subsequent impairment of physical and mental [1–3]. This may cause sensory, motor, and cognitive impairments as well as impaired self-care ability and participation in social and communal activities [4, 5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the integration of immersive virtual reality (IVR) with conventional physical therapy (PT) sessions for stroke rehabilitation. It highlights that the IVR group received both VR intervention and PT, indicating that virtual reality is being used as a complementary treatment rather than a complete replacement for physical rehabilitation centers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Finally, future population genetics studies may help us to understand diverse aspects of immune function, including interaction with the gut microbiota, interplay with viruses and transposable elements, and gene–environment interactions. Indeed, the extent to which host genetic diversity drives, or co-evolves with, changes in the microbiota remains to be explored in much further detail. Similarly, detailed genotype-to-phenotype studies of large population cohorts from different ethnic backgrounds and exposed to different environments will help us to delineate the relative contribution of the modern environment to the present-day natural variation of immune responses. Notably, the change in dietary habits and the use of domesticated animals since the advent of agriculture 10,000 years ago (which is an instant in evolutionary time), life in large cities and the extended use of modern antibiotics have radically altered our exposure to microorganisms. As our immune systems evolved in a totally different context of diet and microbial exposure, interaction of our genetic make-up with these new environmental factors may lead to phenotypes associated with disease states, such as inappropriate inflammatory responses or autoimmunity. So, the integration of all these data into a population genetics framework will help us to identify immunological mechanisms with adaptive or maladaptive roles in the immunity of modern human populations. The challenge that lies ahead now is to apply knowledge of population genetics to infer molecular details of immune responses and design effective therapies. Box 1 | Pathogen counter-adaptation to the host: the case of influenzaWhile humans evolve towards improved immunity to infection, pathogens concurrently evolve to circumvent host immunity. Novel insights into the co-evolution of the immune system and pathogens in humans have come from the study of the evolution of influenza viruses. Viruses are unable to reproduce in the absence of a host cell, so their evolution is inexorably linked to the fate of their host. Influenza viruses have been among the most common causes of mortality throughout history, which highlights their successful evolution. Phylogenetic analyses of influenza A viruses from numerous mammalian species, including humans, suggest that mammalian influenza strains ultimately derive from the avian pool140. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the concept of biophilia or the innate connection humans have with nature. Instead, it discusses future studies in population genetics, immune function, pathogen co-evolution, and the changes in human exposure to microorganisms due to modern lifestyle changes. Consequently, it contains no relevant information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: In addition, PAM sequence limitation for Cas9 has been broadened by the identification of KKH SaCas9 variant, which exhibits robust genome editing activities with the PAM () while maintaining comparable levels of off-target effects [169]. Anti-is another obstacle to overcome because of the restriction of targeting specificity and activities. The VI-inhibitors acrVIA1-7 from phage exhibit the ability to block Cas13a RNA targeting and dCas13a-mediated single nucleic acid editing. Specifically, AcrVIA1, 4, 5 and 6 bind to LwaCas13a, while AcrVIA2 and 3 interact with LwaCas13-crRNA complex [170]. Limitations of CAR-T cancer therapyAlthough CAR-T showed success of B-cell malignance treatment, its usage in solid tumors still have some limitations such as T-cell exhaustion, lack of CAR-T cell persistence, and cytokine-related toxicities. To address these challenges, technology has been used to generate safe and potent allogeneic universal CAR-T cell products for cancer immunotherapy [152]. However, hurdles remain for solid tumor CAR-T therapy due to target antigen heterogeneity, unable to pass through vascular endothelium to target tumor cells, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments [171]. As viral vectors are commonly used for delivering CAR-T cells, safety concerns have arisen. To address this issue, virus-free -CAR (VFC-CAR) T cells were generated [172]. Virus-free CAR-T cells (PD1-19bbz) were generated and a clinical trial was performed and registered at www. clinicaltrials. gov (NCT04213469) [173]. Future perspectivesGiven the capacity of to precisely modify the human genome in cells, ethical considerations have emerged as a pivotal factor for its application in genetic manipulation [174,175,176]. The challenges posed by off-target effects and unintended mutations serve as barriers to the clinical implementation of technology. However, extensive efforts have been made to mitigate these concerns through the development of novel strategies, rendering technologies indispensable tools for elucidating gene functions and noncoding elements involved in tumorigenesis, as well as facilitating the creation of next-generation cancer immunotherapies. In summary,Cas system continues to play an essential role in advancing human cancer research and clinical therapy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the technology has the capacity to precisely modify the human genome in cells. This directly supports the assertion that CRISPR technology allows for precise gene editing. Additionally, the development of strategies to mitigate off-target effects indicates that there are ongoing efforts to enhance the precision and reliability of CRISPR applications in genetic manipulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: The number of stroke deaths in England reduced by 50% during the first decade of the 21st century [6], and it was ranked as the 4th leading cause of mortality in 2018 [7]. However, a significant proportion of stroke survivors continue to live with disabilities. Motor impairment is the most common complication after a stroke, and it can negatively affect health and motor skills, particularly when it affects the upper limbs [8, 9]. According to Adamovich et al. [10], stroke patients undergoing treatment for upper limb impairment encounter various challenges. The functional outcome is highly variable; some patients are unable to fully recover functionality and are forced to live with varying degrees of upper limb paresis for the rest of their lives. It has also been reported that the treatment of upper limb hemiparesis is time-sensitive and involves various therapeutic modalities [11, 12]. Thus, these scientific studies emphasize the need for appropriate rehabilitation procedures that can provide highly effective therapy and a greater possibility of a higher-level functional recovery. Successful rehabilitation depends on the stroke’s characteristics (such as severity, nature, and location) as well as the patient’s age, general health, and pre-stroke function [13]. Otherwise, the stroke patient whose impaired hand is rendered inactive for an extended period may acquire learned non-use. Learned non-use is the outcome of repeated unsuccessful attempts to use the affected upper limb coupled with the reinforcement of compensatory methods (such as the use of the unaffected upper limb), which leads to deterrence in using the affected arm [14–17]. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the optimal rehabilitation therapy for stroke patients with upper limb disability and limitations. According to the of Functioning, Disability, and Health, physiotherapists are an essential component of multidisciplinary stroke rehabilitation teams [18, 19], as they assist patients in regaining mobility and independence by addressing impairments in bodily functions, activity limitations, and participation restrictions [20]. To recover movement, coordination, and balance, a physiotherapist provides conventional (PT) for upper limb rehabilitation through exercises, training, and physical movement of the limbs [21]. It has been established that repetitive task training is beneficial in certain aspects of rehabilitation, such as improving upper limb function [22, 23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of conventional physical rehabilitation provided by physiotherapists for stroke patients. It discusses the necessity of appropriate rehabilitation procedures and mentions that stroke patients encounter significant challenges in recovery, which underlines the need for specialized rehabilitation teams. The text states that physiotherapists are essential in helping patients regain mobility and independence, indicating that physical rehabilitation centers play a crucial role in recovery, thus contradicting the idea that virtual reality can fully replace these facilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Intriguingly, studies of the pattern of CpG dinucleotides in the genomes of influenza A viruses since the flu pandemic in 1918 indicate that when an influenza virus crosses from birds to humans, the virus evolves to reduce its CpG content, thus mimicking the lower CpG content of human genes compared with avian genes141,142. Consistently, influenza B virus, which has been infecting humans for longer than influenza A virus, has evolved to contain extremely low levels of CpG141. Greenbaum and colleagues141 favoured the interesting hypothesis that host gene mimicry may reflect a mechanism through which viruses avoid detection by innate immune receptors. It has been speculated that still-unidentified intracellular receptors may be able to sense unmethylated CpGs of RNA viruses. This has proven to be the case for DNA viruses, wherein unmethylated CpG DNA of the virus can be detected by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)143. Interestingly, the 1918 H1N1 influenza strain had a much higher CpG content than other human-adapted influenza strains, and this might have triggered an exceptionally strong, aberrant immune response, known as a cytokine storm, in H1N1-infected patients144, killing up to 50 million people worldwide. Deaths from the SARS epidemic in 2003 (Ref. 145) and from H5N1 bird flu146 are likely to have involved cytokine storms, as both diseases are characterized by the high mortality of young, otherwise healthy people. Further studies of host–pathogen co-evolution in humans that include a wider range of pathogens and take advantage of whole-genome sequencing technologies will undoubtedly contribute to our understanding of the biology and genetics of infectious disease, and they may have important epidemiological implications in the context of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Box 2 | Popular statistical methods to detect the different types of selectionNatural selection can take different forms and act at different timescales, leaving specific molecular signatures in the targeted genomic region. The analysis of such molecular signatures of selection in already-known or newly identified genetic variants of innate immune genes can provide useful information about their function, biological relevance and potential association to disease susceptibility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the evolutionary dynamics of influenza viruses, immune responses, and genetic selection mechanisms rather than any concept related to biophilia or a human connection to nature. There is no mention of nature or innate human connections to the environment.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe determination of null- or low-expressed HLA alleles is clinically relevant in both hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and solid organ transplantation. We studied the expression level of a questionable (Q) HLA-B*38:68Q allele, which carries a 9-nucleotide (nt) deletion at codon 230–232 in exon 4 of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 usingCas9 gene editing technology. /Cas9 gene editing of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous EBV B cell line resulted in one HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous and one HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous clone. Flow cytometric analysis of monoclonal anti-Bw4 antibody showed the protein expression of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 in homozygous cells was 2. 2 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells, and the expression of HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells was over 2. 0 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells. The HLA-B*38:68Q expression was further confirmed using anti-B38 polyclonal antibody. Similarly, the expression of the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cells was 1. 5 fold higher than that of HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells, and the HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells was over 1. 6 fold higher than that of HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells. The treatment of HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells with IFN-γ significantly increased its expression. In conclusion, we demonstrate that HLA-B*38:68Q is a low-expressing HLA allele. /Cas9 technology is a useful tool to induce precise gene editing in HLA genes to enable the characterization of HLA gene variants on expression and function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'Cas9 technology is a useful tool to induce precise gene editing in HLA genes.' This clearly supports the assertion that CRISPR technology, which employs Cas9, enables precise gene editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Hence, the term “sensory motor training” was established to represent various physical activities designed to improve motor performance, strength, power, endurance, and sensory integrity, such as proprioception. Moreover, the neuroscience and rehabilitation literature are supporting the idea that task-specific or task-oriented practice is essential for restoring functionality in stroke-impaired limbs. This implies that repeatedly practicing a difficult activity can alter brain networks responsible for motor control, leading to long-term improvements in motor learning and performance [24]. Motor coordination can only be regained through a neuroplasticity process [25], which is described as the rewiring of the brain’s synaptic connections to develop appropriate communication with the body’s muscles [26]. The most crucial component is performing repeated movements, which provides patients with the ability to perform an activity normally [27]. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) has been reported to be effective in treating severe paralysis in the body by training the nerve impulses of damaged muscles through constant repetition of movement on the affected side [23, 28, 29]. However, CIMT has major disadvantages, such as exhausting the patient owing to its intensity [30, 31]. Consequently, recent technological solutions have shown promise in terms of improving the function of impaired limbs without exhausting patients. Virtual reality (VR) has become a new treatment approach for stroke rehabilitation, simulating real-life activities to improve self-care skills [32, 33]. Patients in virtual rehabilitation receive visual feedback from their body sensations and from simulated environments and objects through a head-mounted device, projection system, or flat screen [34]. Users are affected by virtual tasks and environments and consecutively experience a sense of presence in the virtual world [35, 36]. By adjusting stimuli to movements in real time and incorporating and modifying feedback, VR may improve the application of motor learning and neuroplasticity principles during rehabilitation [35], and provides components (such as goal-oriented tasks and repetition) that have been shown to be vital in rehabilitation [10]. While there is limited evidence of neuroplasticity during VR training, neuroimaging advancements are guiding the development of VR to meet the highest treatment standards [37]. As technology becomes a bigger part of daily life, it is anticipated that the use of VR in rehabilitation settings will increase [38, 39]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while Virtual Reality (VR) is an emerging treatment approach in rehabilitation, it does not eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation techniques. The passage emphasizes the importance of ‘task-specific or task-oriented practice’ for restoring functionality and suggests that VR is another tool amongst various rehabilitative methods rather than a complete replacement for physical rehabilitation centers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: The molecular signatures described for each type of selection are shown in the and can, in some cases, be similar between the different selection types and be confounded by population demographic processes, such as population expansions, structure or bottlenecks (a dramatic reduction of the size of a population). The molecular signatures of balancing selection are the most difficult to detect, and most tests have little power to detect this selection type, which is in some cases indistinguishable from other types of selection. Different statistical methods have been developed to detect molecular signatures of selection, and each method has strengths and weaknesses. Inter-species neutrality tests based on the comparison of non-synonymous and synonymous (or silent) mutations, such as the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions (dN/dS ratio) or McDonald–Kreitman-related tests, are particularly suitable for detecting old selective events (up to a few million years) and are mostly robust to demographic factors, but they are too conservative and have little power to detect recent events of selection. These tests, as well as the Hudson–Kreitman–Aguadé (HKA) test, also use information from divergence data between species (for example, human versus chimpanzee). Tests based on the allele frequency spectrum, such as Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D and F, and Fay and Wu's H tests, detect more recent selective events (<250,000 years) and are powerful for detecting completed or quasi-completed selective sweeps, but they are highly sensitive to demographic factors. Tests based on differences between populations, such as FST, which examines the variation in allele frequencies between human populations, are powerful for detecting selective differences among populations, especially those that occurred after the out-of-Africa dispersals (<60,000 years). In addition, these tests can detect rapid, strong changes in selective pressures between closely related populations but are sensitive to demographic factors (especially bottlenecks). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about biophilia and the human connection to nature. It primarily discusses molecular signatures of selection and various tests used to detect these signatures in populations, which does not address the concept of biophilia at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: 9 reported a patient, who carried HLA-A*30:14L and HLA-A*02:01 alleles, was mistyped as HLA-A*02:01 homozygous. The mistyping of HLA-A*30:14L led to severe GVHD in the patient transplanted with HSCT from an HLA-A*02:01 homozygous donor. Currently, there are 663 null alleles (N), 44 questionable alleles (Q), 5 low expression alleles (L), and 1 soluble alleles (S) identified in IMGT/HLA data base2. The HLA matching of the questionable alleles between the donor and recipient remains challenging. Therefore, it is important to determine the expression patterns of abnormally expressed HLA variants7. (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is an adoptive immune system in bacteria that protects the bacterium from invading foreign genetic elements such as plasmid and bacteriophages10. /Cas9 system contains two components: a guide RNA (gRNA) and a -associated endonuclease (Cas protein)11,12. The gRNA is a short RNA composed of a scaffold sequence needed for Cas-binding and a user-defined ∼20 nucleotide spacer that defines the genomic target to be modified13. The gRNA spacer sequence could be designed to target DNA sites with Motif (PAM)14,15. The most common PAM sequence recognized by Cas9 is NGG that is found directly downstream of the target DNA. /Cas9 cuts double strand DNA to generate double strand breaks (DSBs) between 3–4 bp upstream of the under the guidance of gRNA16. The DSBs can be repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which is an error-prone process that introduces unpredictable insertions and deletions (indels); DSBs can also be repaired by homology directed repair (HDR) with the presence of DNA template, which induces desired DNA editing11,12,17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how the CRISPR/Cas9 system functions in gene editing. It specifically describes the role of the guide RNA (gRNA) in targeting specific DNA sequences and the mechanisms by which double-strand breaks (DSBs) can be repaired either via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR) to introduce desired DNA modifications. These aspects highlight the precise nature of CRISPR technology in gene editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Thus, it is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of VR in order to define its future designs and implementations. The VR environment motivates patients to perform repetitive, motor-intensive tasks that are crucial for rehabilitation [40–44]. A brief adaptive game can improve mobility, motor function, and mental well-being in comparison with conventional rehabilitation techniques. Neurological patients generally lack therapy motivation [44]. Possible explanations for this lack of motivation include such patients’ belief that therapy only intends to enable adaptation to the disease rather than providing complete healing, or a lack of motivating input from a therapist. Other logistic, financial, environmental, and human obstacles may restrict the efficacy and commitment to long-term rehabilitation regimens [44, 45]. Elor et al. [42] found that combining VR with modified CIMT encouraged stroke patients to use the affected hand without constraining the unaffected side (both hands were free to move). Another study investigated the safety and effectiveness of VR and modified CIMT [46]. Relevant to our investigation, [45] proposed a new treatment that combines CIMT and reinforcement-induced movement therapy (RIMT). They demonstrated the efficacy of RIMT by speeding up the hindered hand in VR using the goal-oriented reaching task. After the RIMT intervention, the Fugl-Meyer (FM) scores of stroke patients improved; however, their study did not report the subjective feeling of being completely engaged in VR. Although they pioneered positive reinforcement utilizing computer-simulated limbs in the display, the RIMT concept should be developed to use immersive VR (IVR). Visual feedback in IVR simply displays the simulated upper limb. Only the simulated hand should be seen during the task. If people watch their real hand move in front of them while viewing the simulated hand on the display, the discrepancy in visual feedback of motor coordination will induce a sense of loss of ownership of the simulated upper limb or, in certain situations, the subjective awareness of the loss of bodily control. Our study by [46] that used IVR on healthy subjects with a weight attached to their dominant hand to simulate the impairment of a stroke patient is relevant to our investigation. The system we used was portable (head-mounted VR), and the objective was to reach a target in VR without forcing the subjects to use their dominant hand, with an option to use either hand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) in rehabilitation, mentioning that while VR can motivate patients to perform necessary tasks, it does not provide complete healing or replace conventional rehabilitation fully. It highlights that logistical, financial, and human obstacles can impede effective rehabilitation, suggesting that VR alone may not be sufficient to eliminate physical rehabilitation centers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Lastly, tests based on haplotype length and homozygosity, such as the long-range haplotype (LRH), integrated haplotype score (iHS), linkage disequilibrium decay (LDD) and cross population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) tests, are very powerful in the detection of very recent events of positive selection (<30,000 years) and are relatively robust to demographic factors, but they are sensitive to strong variation (that is, the presence of hotspots) in recombination along the genome. The list of statistical methods presented here is not exhaustive, and they have been extensively reviewed elsewhere (see Refs 10, 19 and specific 16. In insects, peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) and Gram-negative binding proteins (GNBPs) drive the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) downstream of the immune deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways13,147. Moreover, cell-surface receptors, such as the Eater/Nimrod and scavenger receptor families, mediate defensive phagocytosis13. Phagocytosis receptors tend to evolve under positive selection148,149,150, whereas microbial sensors such as PGRPs and GNBPs evolve under purifying selection148,149,151. Although signalling molecules are not expected to interact directly with pathogen molecules, some genes in the Toll and IMD pathways, such as Relish and Dredd, evolve under the strongest positive selection148,149,151,152,153. It seems therefore that signalling genes display more signs of positive selection than do microbial sensors, although several genes provide exceptions to this rule149. An interesting parallel is observed in humans, in which signalling molecules (TIR-containing adaptors) also display more signs of positive selection than the corresponding receptors (Toll-like receptors)46,51,78,79. AMPs in Drosophila spp. show little indication of positive selection149,154,155, which is in contrast with the signatures of positive and balancing selection in mammal AMPs88,89,90,91. These disparities may be explained by differences in the specificity and targeting of AMPs following adaptation to distinct pathogen suites and by possible non-immune roles of mammalian AMPs156. The comparison of innate immunity gene evolution in insects and humans has highlighted the differences in function of the innate immune components in the two species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about biophilia or the innate connection of humans to nature. Instead, it discusses genetic evolution, immune response in insects and humans, and various statistical methods without any relevance to the concept of biophilia, which suggests a natural affinity for the environment.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Two types of the DNA template can be used for HDR: a small single stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligonucleotide with 30–67 nt homology arms flanking the gene editing site18 or a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) plasmid with long homology arms of 1–3 kb19. The recent discovery ofCas9 system provides a faster and more economical approach to gene editing20 compared to the traditional zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs)21 and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) methods22. The goal of this study was to generate homozygous and heterozygous cells carrying the HLA-B*38:68Q with deletion at codon 230–232 at exon 4 usingCas9 gene editing to study the effect of this mutation on HLA-B*38:01:01:01 expression. ResultscrRNA design and selectionWe identified a new HLA B allele that is similar to HLA-B*38:01:01:01 except for a nine-nucleotide deletion (5′--3′) at codon 230 to 232 that results in a coding shift at α3 domain of HLA-B38 (Fig. 1A). The sequence was submitted to the GenBank database (accession number MF069211) and IMGT/HLA databases (submission number HWS10028807). Since the expression level of this novel B*38 allele is unknown, it was named HLA-B*38:68Q. To determine if the deletion at codon 230–232 affected the level of protein expression, the homozygous HLA-B*38:01:01:01 EBV B cell line TEM665 was used to generate homozygous HLA-B*38:68Q alleles to study its expression (Fig. 1B). and was used to design crRNAs targeting the DNA sequences close to the 9-nt deletion site at exon 4 of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 (Fig. 1C). crRNA1 (5′--3′) was designed to recognize −12 to −31 bp upstream of the 9-nt deletion, and crRNA2 (5′--3′) was designed to recognize −2 to +9 bp sequence of the 9-nt deletion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of the Cas9 system, which is a key component of CRISPR technology, for gene editing. It specifically mentions the design of crRNAs to target precise DNA sequences, highlighting the precise nature of gene editing facilitated by CRISPR, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: The movement of the virtual image of the affected upper limb was enhanced by increasing the velocity of the avatar. These findings suggest that positive reinforcement within IVR enhanced the usage of the affected upper limb and induced decision making. Therefore, in this study, following our validation with healthy participants [46], we provided the IVR physical therapy for stroke patients. Our study aimed to evaluate a new therapeutic approach for the rehabilitation of the upper limbs of stroke patients to demonstrate the effectiveness of IVR-enhanced PT. We measured the motor improvement in upper limb motion using the FM score. Additionally, participant experience questionnaire was administered to evaluate the acceptability of the therapy. Methodssubjects (69. 4 ± 13. 5 years, eight women) with acute post-stroke hemiparesis (16 ischemic strokes) were recruited in the study at the stroke unit of the Hospital in Reading, United Kingdom. The sample size was limited by the number of patients that could be enrolled over the project’s duration. The experiment was approved by the ethics committee Authority and Health and Wales (IRAS project ID: 264096) and performed according to relevant guidelines and regulations. The participants were screened for study eligibility by the clinical team according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were (i) age ≥ 18 years; (ii) recent stroke (ischemic/hemorrhagic) within the last 4 weeks; (iii) Assessment score > 18; (iv) ability to sit independently in a chair; (v) upper limb weakness; and (vi) ability to speak and read English. The exclusion criteria were (i) visual field defect; (ii) visual or sensory neglect; (iii) strokes affecting both upper limbs; (iv) poor static and dynamic balance in sitting; (v) shoulder subluxation or dislocation; (vi) upper limb weakness due to conditions other than stroke; (vii) presence of emotional and/or cognitive deficits (such as global aphasia, apraxia, dementia, and depression) that could interfere with the understanding and execution of the task; and (viii) history of photosensitive epilepsy. Participants provided written informed consent after being informed about the aims and procedure of the experiment. Patients were allocated to either receive IVR and conventional PT (intervention group, 10 patients) or receive conventional PT alone (control group, 8 patients) (Tables 1 and 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that evaluates the effectiveness of immersive virtual reality (IVR) as a complementary therapy to conventional physical therapy (PT) for stroke patients. The mention of participants receiving IVR alongside conventional PT indicates that physical rehabilitation centers are still necessary to provide conventional therapy, suggesting that IVR alone does not eliminate the need for these centers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Differences in pathogen exposure and in host physiology and the impressive degree of pleiotropy of innate immune genes, which can vary between species, may impose different evolutionary constraints on these genes in insects and mammals. Toll is a prime example, as in flies it is also involved in dorsal-ventral embryonic patterning13, whereas, in mammals, Toll homologues mainly function as microbial sensors. Box 4 | A hotspot of positive selection in the TLR6–TLR1–TLR10 clusterSeveral studies support the notion that positive selection has targeted the Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6)–TLR1–TLR10 gene cluster in humans. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this genomic region highly differentiate Europeans from other populations (which is a sign of positive selection), as indicated by a genome-wide scan for selection36. Furthermore, variation in this genomic region has been linked to disease phenotypes119,120,121,157. The positively selected haplotype is present at high frequencies in Europe (in up to 30% of individuals) and is characterized by three amino acid changes: two in TLR1 (N248S and I602S) and one in TLR6 (P249S)46. The TLR1 I602S mutation appears to be the genuine target of positive selection, as functional analyses indicate that this mutation remarkably impairs agonist-induced nuclear factor-κB activation by up to 60%46,119,157,158. So, an attenuation of TLR1-mediated signalling, leading to a weaker inflammatory response, might have conferred a selective advantage in Europeans, which would explain the high frequency (50%) of the I602S hypo-responsiveness mutation in Europe. Strikingly, the TLR6–TLR1–TLR10 cluster has been proposed to be a hotspot of positive selection, as it appears to have also been targeted by positive selection in the chimpanzee and orang-utan genomes159. These results provide a remarkable example of a selective advantage provided by variation in the TLRs to both humans and primates. Functional analysis of this genomic region in non-human primates is now needed to elucidate whether such a shared hotspot of positive selection reflects a case of parallel or convergent evolution, or adaptations towards different phenotypic directions involving the same locus. 3. Hum. Mol. Genet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic differences and positive selection related to Toll-like receptors and does not mention biophilia or an innate connection to nature. There are no references to the emotional or psychological ties humans might have with the natural world, which is central to the concept of biophilia.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Both crRNAs share a ssDNA target with a 67-nt of left arm and a 30-nt of right arm of the deletion site (Fig. 1C). The crRNA1 and crRNA2 were then mixed with universal tracrRNA to form gRNA1 and gRNA2. Next, Cas9 protein (1. 5 µg) and gRNA1/gRNA2 (360 ng) were mixed to form Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP), respectively18. Twenty four electroporation conditions were tested to optimize transportation efficiency using Neon transfection system23 (1). The program of the highest transportation efficiency (58. 4%) was selected for transfecting HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous EBV B cell line. Our results showed that gRNA1 induced 22. 6% DSB cleavage and gRNA2 induced 13. 8% DSB cleavage using GeneArt® Detection assay. The gRNA1 was chosen for transfection with ssDNA target due to its high efficiency. Figure 1crRNA and ssDNA target design. (A) Comparison of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 and HLA-B*38:68Q in nucleotide and protein sequences. Yellow box highlights the 9-nt deletion mutation and “. ” indicates the deletion. Numbers above sequence correspond to amino acid codon positions. (B) HLA typing of TEM665 homozygous HLA-B*38:01:01:01 EBV transformed B cell line used for gene editing. (C) Design of crRNA and ssDNA target on HLA-B*38:01:01:01. crRNA1 and crRNA2 are colored in green. (PAM) recognition sites are marked in blue. The red box indicates the location of 9-nt deletion. “. ” means that the ssDNA oligo contains the 9-nt deletion. Blue arrows show the position of double strand breaks (DSBs) that should be introduced byCas9. Full size imageGeneration of HLA-B*38:68Q clones usingCas9 gene editingGene editing of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous EBV B cell line byCas9 using gRNA1 resulted in 25 single cell derived clones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of Cas9 gene editing technology, specifically the process of using guide RNAs (gRNAs) to induce double-strand breaks (DSBs) at targeted DNA sequences. It outlines how crRNAs target specific DNA sites, resulting in precise editing, thereby supporting the assertion that CRISPR technology facilitates precise gene editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Stroke survivors go through task-oriented training of the upper limb in the IVR environment. As they experience the ideal motor coordination of their upper limb’s avatar, successful matching of motor intention and resultant motor coordination in the IVR allows brain networks to form new neuronal pathways for spontaneous motion in their daily life. Therefore, IVR-enhanced therapy may offer a powerful rehabilitation approach, allowing PT to be tailored to the specific needs of survivors with chronic stroke. were asked to sit comfortably on a chair and place their upper extremities on a table in front of them (Fig. 1). Seven targets were arranged in a semi-circular orientation within the IVR environment (Fig. 2A). As a goal-oriented task, participants were asked to reach for the target immediately by choosing their healthy or impaired upper limb hand (Fig. 2B). To implement reinforcement-induced PT, the velocity of the hand of the impaired upper limb was amplified in the virtual environment in the direction of the target. The target turned blue when reached by the virtual hand and immediately disappeared. Unlike for healthy individuals, we increased the reaction time to 4 seconds after the ball appeared to prevent in-depth consideration regarding choosing, as stroke patients require more time. If this condition was not fulfilled, the target disappeared, and the trial was invalidated. accommodate the patients in the study, we reduced the number of times they reached for the ball from 70 to 35, and the number of repetitions of the task (one task = total of 35 balls) depended on the patient’s endurance level because we were concerned that participant fatigue could occur. The experiment included three stages: familiarization, intervention, and washout. The entire session lasted for 20–40 minutes, depending on the patient’s condition (Figure 3). The aim of the familiarization stage was to acquaint the participants with the task. In this stage, five targets appeared randomly in a semi-circular array (excluding the far right and far left targets) in the virtual environment, identical to the healthy subject experiment [46]. The only difference is that reinforcement-induced PT was implemented at this stage, and the velocity of the virtual hand corresponding to the impaired upper limb was increased by 1. 4 times corresponding to the actual hand motion. Depending on the weakness of the affected limb, the visual amplification was enhanced by > 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses a specific virtual reality approach (IVR) that is being implemented in rehabilitation for stroke survivors. It highlights that IVR therapy is tailored to meet the needs of patients, implying that while it enhances therapy, it does not eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers. The description of task-oriented training and the structured sessions indicate that traditional rehabilitation may still be necessary in conjunction with virtual reality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: past decades have witnessed several well-known beautiful conclusions on four con-cyclic points. With highly promising research value, we profoundly studied circumscribed ellipses of convex quadrilaterals in this paper. Using tools of parallel projective transformation and analytic geometry, we derived several theorems including the proof of the existence of circumscribed ellipses of convex quadrilaterals, the properties of its minimal coverage area, and locus center, respectively. This simple approach lays a solid foundation for its application to three-dimensional situations, which is namely the circumscribed quadric surface of a solid figure and its wide-range utility in construction engineering. Meanwhile, we have a new insight into innate connection of conic sections as well as a taste of beauty and harmony of geometry. Keywords: Convex quadrilateral; Circumscribed ellipse; Parallel projective transformation; Analytical geometry; Conic sectionMSC 2010: 51M04; 51M05; 51M09; 51N15; 51N20 1 the development of Euclidean geometry, circumscribed and inscribed circle related problems have been at the center of widespread interests. Several well-known beautiful conclusions such as the circle-power theorem and Ptolemy’s theorem were of particular interest [1, 2]. Con-cyclic points, from four to six, were proposed to extend the original solutions [3, 4]. Enlightened by these elegant studies, we took a step further to unravel the relationship between ellipse and polygon [5,6,7,8,9]. Herein, the properties of circumscribed ellipses of convex quadrilaterals were studied using tools of parallel projective transformation [10, 11] and analytic geometry [12, 13], and the procedures were always from the particular to the general, from square, parallelogram, trapezium to a general convex quadrilateral. Moreover, for the sake of integrity, we also focused on the cases of other two kinds of conics and concave quadrilaterals. 2 The existence of circumscribed ellipses of convex quadrilaterals It is universally acknowledged that there is no ellipse crossing four points if these four points form a concave quadrilateral or any three points of them is on a line. However, does any convex quadrilateral have circumscribed ellipses [14]? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mathematical concepts related to convex quadrilaterals and circumscribed ellipses without any mention of biophilia, nature, or an innate connection to it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: The 25 clones were then sequenced by Sequencing (NGS) to ensure correct gene editing was achieved (Fig. 2). /Cas9 editing is usually bi-allelic. Our results showed a total of 41 alleles were edited while 9 alleles had no editing. These 41 edited alleles resulted in 21 (84%) modified clones with 7 genotypes (Fig. 2). Of the 25 clones, 5 alleles (10%) were edited through the HDR pathway and 36 alleles (72%) were edited through the NHEJ pathway. The most frequent editing was an A deletion at codon 225 through NHEJ pathway which resulted in 11 (44%) clones with homozygous A deletion (Clone 7, Fig. 2). /Cas9 editing generated 5 HLA-B*38:68Q alleles that resulted in one HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous clone and one HLA-B*38:01:01:01/B*38:68Q heterozygous clone. The sequencing of the entire HLA-B gene from the 5′ UTR to 3′ UTR of the HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous clone and a HLA-B*38:01:01:01/B*38:68Q heterozygous clone showed that other than the correct 9-nt deletion on codon 230–232 at exon 4, there was no non-specific gene editing detected in the rest of the HLA-B*38:68Q alleles in both clones (Fig. 3). Figure 2Single cell clones derived byCas9-mediated gene editing. Nucleotides highlighted in red are the position with the 9-nt deletion. (PAM) sequence is highlighted in green. “. ” indicates the deletion. The frequency of each single cell derived clone as well as the relative percentage of wild type (WT), NHEJ, and HDR were listed (n = 25). Full size imageFigure 3Confirmation of HLA-B*38:68Q gene editing by NGS sequencing. (A) HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous; (B) HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous; (C) HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing instances of precise gene editing achieved using CRISPR technology, specifically referencing Cas9-mediated edits that resulted in specific changes to alleles without non-specific editing. The results highlighted include a 9-nt deletion and various allele modifications, demonstrating the precision of the CRISPR technique.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: 4 times (number of times patients reached the ball: 20 [10 right, 10 left]). The primary stage in this experiment was the intervention stage/free choice stage, wherein the participants were free to choose the right or left hand (unaffected or affected limb) to reach a virtual target that randomly appeared in seven different positions. We hypothesized that the participants would start to use the affected hand more often as the velocity was amplified in the IVR environment. During this session, 35 repetitions were applied per one task. The number of repetitions of the task is based on the participant’s endurance level. During the washout stage, we gradually reduced the velocity of amplification in the IVR environment to 1. 2 times the actual hand motion. We hypothesized that even when the amplification is reduced in the IVR environment, the participants would continue to utilize the affected upper limb, resulting in increased use of the affected upper limb in daily life. However, because of early discharge of patients, we could complete this stage with only two patients. In each session, the participants repeated the reaching task at their own pace, with various repetitions per person. The 35 trials lasted 3–5 minutes. To avoid fatigue, participants were given 2-minute rest periods between each task. (Clinical Outcome) Meyer for upper limb (FM) assessment was used to evaluate the functional motor condition as the primary outcome in this study. The evaluation was conducted by a physiotherapist who participated in the program. The FM assessment is crucial for determining motor recovery and disease severity [47]. It has five domains: motor function, sensory function, balance, joint range of motion, and joint pain [48, 49]. The motor function domain is the most widely used and plays a primary role in monitoring motor recovery after stroke. The items in the FM motor function domain are based on patient motion, coordination, and reflex action in the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. Each domain contains multiple items, each scored on a 3-point ordinal scale (0 = cannot perform, 1 = performs partially, 2 = performs fully). The total score varies from 0 to 66. The measurements were utilized to assess the efficacy of IVR feedback in restoring motor coordination affecting the patient’s QoL. Our initial plan was to collect FM scores from participants at the beginning, middle, and end of their participation in the study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study focused on virtual reality (IVR) as an intervention for rehabilitation. While it highlights the use of IVR in a controlled trial environment, with assessments performed to monitor motor recovery after a stroke, it does not support the notion that virtual reality can entirely replace physical rehabilitation centers. Instead, it indicates that physical assessments and involvement of physiotherapists are crucial in evaluating outcomes and suggests that physical rehabilitation techniques remain relevant in conjunction with VR approaches.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Let B(x1, y1), C(x1, –y1). For any D (x2, y2) ∈ M fixed, without loss of generality, assume x2 > x1 > 0, y1 > 0, y2 ≥ 0 and y2x2<y1x1. For a general quadratic equation in two variables x and y a11x2+2a12xy+a22y2+2b1x+2b2y+c=0 (2. 1) where a11, a12, a22, b1, b2, c are constants, define its discriminants I1=a11+a22,I2=a11a22−a122,I3=a11a12b1a12a22b2b1b2c. Let ξ=x1y12, the problem is discussed on three cases with respect to coordinates of D. Case 1 x2y22>ξ, Define σ1 : A1x2 + C1y2 + x = 0, where A1=−x1y12x2y22x12y12x22y22,C1=−x12x1x22x2x12y12x22y22. Claim: σ1 is a circumscribed ellipse of quadrilateral ABDC. ∈ M, we have x12y12x22y22<0. First, we check A, B, D, C ∈ σ1. For A, it’s trivial. and D, it suffices to show that x1x12y12x22y22=x12x1y12x2y22+y12x12x1x22x2. (2. 2) (2. 2), RHS=x120y12x12x1y12x22x2y22=x120y12x12x1y12x220y22=x120y120x10x220y22=LHS. Hence B, C ∈ σ1. For D, it suffices to show that x2x12y12x22y22=x22x1y12x2y22+y22x12x1x22x2. (2. 3) (2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mathematical concepts, particularly around discriminants and quadratics, without any reference to biophilia or the connection between humans and nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Full size imageDiscussionIn this study, we reported efficient HLA-B*38:01:01:01 gene modification and expression in an EBV B cell line using theCas9 system. We successfully introduced gene editing in 84% of clones and achieved precise deletion at codon 230–232 at exon 4 in 5 alleles. Similar to other publications, theCas9 gene editing of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 involved DNA repair via either NHEJ or HDR pathway27. However, even in the presence of guided DNA templates, 72% of gene editing was through the NHEJ repair pathway compared to 10% in HDR pathway. HDR pathway provides desired repair of the target DNA in the presence of template DNA. The low incidence of HDR makes the selection of precise gene editing challenging. In order to achieve higher HDR gene editing efficiency, the DSBs induced byCas9 nuclease should be in close proximity to the edit site18. The homologous recombination rate could be increased with larger flanking sequences, therefore standard gene deletion/disruption protocols typically use flanking regions over 1 kb on either side of the target gene to increase HDR28. The evidence of using cell lines deficient in NHEJ pathways increased the levels of HDR suggesting these two pathways are competitive29. Recent studies have demonstrated the use of KU70, KU80 or DNA ligase IV to suppress key NHEJ molecule can increase HDR pathway30. Our study successfully demonstrated that the deletion at codon 230–232 at exon 4 in HLA-B*38:01:01:01 reduced HLA-B38 antigen expression on the cell surface usingCas9 system. The expression of the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous allele was 2. 2 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells. Further, HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 protein expression in heterozygous cells was >2. 0 fold higher compared to HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells. Similar results were found using the anti-B38 polyclonal antibody. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of efficient gene modification and precise deletion using the Cas9 system. Specifically, it reports a successful gene editing rate of 84% in clones and mentions the specific codon deletion at exon 4, highlighting how CRISPR technology results in targeted gene alterations. The detailed discussion about the HDR and NHEJ repair pathways further supports the claim of CRISPR's capability for precise gene editing, as it outlines the mechanisms that can enhance editing accuracy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Patients’ Strategies via the Therapist’s subgrouped the patients based on the similarity of their strategies and highlighted the following three significant characteristics from the therapist’s observation: I. Based on the Frequency of Using the Based on the recorded data, we identified two categories of patients. The first category included two types of patients who used their affected hand to reach most of the targets because they were self-motivated and competitive. The first type achieving ≥ 80% of the affected hand usage (28 targets out of 35), The second type patients used 71–77% (25 to 27 targets out of 35). Notably, this method was not used for every session; for example, patient ET001 used both methods. The second category included patients who did not use the affected hand to reach targets because they wanted to train the opposite side; they used the affected 25% alone (0 to 8 times out of 35); as results of this BA was not significant across the session. II. Based on the Number of patient underwent a different number of sessions (Table 3). The number of sessions was correlated to the duration of hospitalization. Table 3 Number of sessions for each patient. DC = discharge Two sessions Four sessions Five sessions Seven sessions 10–14 sessions ET009 (withdraw) ET017 (DC) 1. ET001 2. ET004 3. ET007 4. ET008 ET018 1. ET013 2. ET019 III. Based on in each patient was able to repeat the number of tasks per session according to his or her condition and endurance level. Some patients were able to repeat the task twice; others repeated the task more times per session. Therefore, patients were categorized into three main groups (Table 4). Table 4 The number of task repetition per session. The first row under each patient's ID indicates the number of sessions, whereas the second row indicates the number of times they could repeat the task in each session. Additionally, two more observations regarding patients’ strategies; First, each patient had a unique strategy for achieving the. For instance, some participants used trunk movement to help them reach the target, while others shifted to their unaffected hand if they were unable to reach the target and returned to their starting position, and repeated the task. Moreover, some participants exhibited circumduction movements rather than moving in a direct line. In addition, certain participants would tap the table after successfully reaching the target. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific strategies and characteristics of patients within traditional rehabilitation settings. It details how patients are grouped based on their performance and methods of engagement with rehabilitation exercises, indicating that there is a structured environment and varied approaches that physical rehabilitation centers provide. This suggests that, contrary to the claim, these centers still play a crucial role in rehabilitation that may not be fully replicated by virtual reality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: 3), RHS=x220y22x12x1y12x22x2y22=x220y22x120y12x22x2y22=x220y22x120y120x20=x120y120x20x220y22=LHS. Hence, D ∈ σ1. Next, we show that σ1 is an ellipse by checking its discriminants. Since I1=A1+C1<0,I2=A1C1>0,I3=A10120C101200>0, (2. 4) σ1 is an ellipse. In conclusion, if D(x2, y2) ∈ M and x2y22>ξ, then D (x2, y2) ∈ M͂. (Figure 1d) Case 2 x2y22<;ξ Without loss of generality, assume y2 ≥ 0. According to Equation (2. 1), we have a11=2(x1y22−x2y12)b1+2y12y2x2−x1x1b2x22y12−x12y22a12=b2x1a22=2x1(x2−x1)(x2b1+y2b2)x22y12−x12y22 (2. 5) Assume b1 > 0, from y2y1<x2x1<y22y12 we have −x1y22−x2y12y12y2x2−x1x1>−x2y2. Let−x1y22−x2y12y12y2x2−x1x1b1>b2>−x2y2b1, we have, a11 < 0, a22 < 0. Then I1=a11+a22<0,I2=a11a22−a122>0,I3=−2b1b22x1−a22b12−a11b22>0 (2. 6) Therefore, for D(x2, y2) ∈ M, if x2y22 < ζ, then D ∈ M̃. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of mathematical expressions and checks related to ellipses and discriminants. There is no mention or discussion about biophilia or the human connection to nature, which makes it not applicable to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Failure to identify HLA null alleles in donors may cause severe GVHD in HSCT7. Increasing knowledge of the expression level of HLA variant alleles will help to improve the understanding of HLA allogenicity in both HSCT and solid organ transplantation. /Cas9 system provides an effective tool to study the expression level of these variant HLA alleles. In addition,Cas9 can also introduce insertions and deletions at the UTRs, exons and introns to study the regulations and functions of HLA genes. /Cas9 has been used to facilitate correction of mutated genes in various diseases. /Cas9 has been used to treat single nucleotide polymorphism in the β-globulin gene to treat sickle cell diseases in a mouse model35. The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells have been applied to various cancers, especially in B cell hematologic malignancies36. With the applicationCas9 system, Liu et al. 37 have successfully down regulated the expression of HLA class I and TCRα to generate a universal chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. /Cas9 technology has also come under the spotlight in transplantation. Entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into target cells requires both CD4 and CCR5 receptors38. A 32-base pair deletion in CCR5 (CCR5-Δ32) is associated with reduced HIV transmission risk and delayed disease progression39. In HIV+ patients with hematological malignancies, gene editing usingCas940 has been used to generate homozygous CCR5-Δ32 deletion in CD34+ cells to introduce HIV resistance. Currently, there are several ongoing clinical trials evaluating the safety of transplantation of modified CCR5-Δ32 CD34+ cells in HIV+ patients with hematological malignances41,42. In conclusion, theCas9 system is a powerful gene editing tool that can be used to study HLA gene expression and function and improve HLA matching in hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation. Modification of HLA gene expression byCas9 also promises to provide new approaches for cellular therapies in transplantation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that the Cas9 system, which is a key component of CRISPR technology, is a 'powerful gene editing tool' that can be used to introduce precise modifications, such as insertions and deletions, to genes. It also highlights the successful application of Cas9 in correcting mutated genes and treating conditions like sickle cell disease, thus emphasizing its role in enabling precise gene editing.