Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: How do we protect them? These are the issues. My problem is not: “Is there a tipping point? Will it happen? ” Different people on the working party have different ideas about whether it is going to happen and whether it is not going to happen, or whether it is going to happen in my life time, which is less likely, than in your life time, which is more likely. I think it is going to happen. It is going to happen in different places around the world at different paces. they are almost there. I think the thing that we have to look at, and which perhaps they did not do sufficiently in India, is to get the transition right, so that if it happens, by design or by stealth, then certain people in our community are protected. The Chairman: I have two remarks in closing, the first being in relation to some of the comments which Sam (Achord) made about NIRP. Having been a former central banker many years ago, I saw a little inside the lion’s den, on how monetary policy is implemented. I think, although it would be a difficult thing to prove, that in a purely cashless society, the implementation of monetary policy should be more effective, particularly where you are trying to encourage spending. Central bankers will argue that it is very easy to tighten monetary conditions, but on the other hand, when you loosen things, sometimes there becomes a point where things become so loose that people do not want to spend anyway, and banks do not want to lend. We end up pushing on a string. So, if you did have a purely cashless society, there would be no ability for people to hoard cash. If you are earning a negative interest rate on your bank account that might encourage spending. The final remark I would make is in relation to the cryptocurrencies, which have been receiving a lot of attention recently. If you look at the global market capitalisation it is about $500 billion, it was a couple of billion this time 12 months ago. Cryptocurrencies prove that you can use the Internet network to safely and securely transmit information, so you have various different types of cryptocurrencies. think what that large increase in value asks is, perhaps, why have we not been thinking about this before? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing potential inequalities in a cashless society. It highlights the need to 'protect certain people in our community' during the transition to a cashless society, which implies that not everyone would benefit equally. The concern about ensuring the protection of individuals suggests that some may be at greater risk of negative impacts, indicating an unequal distribution of benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Similar content being viewed by others Genome editing usingCas9 to treat hereditary hematological disorders 1. The HLA class I (HLA-A, -B and -C) and class II (HLA-DR, -DQ and -DP) are the most polymorphic genes in the human genome with 18,771 different HLA alleles identified (IMGT/HLA v3. 33. 0)2. The high level of HLA polymorphism reflects its biological importance to present a large diversity of peptides to the immune system and trigger effective immune responses3. In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), HLA mismatches between donor and recipient leads to strong alloimmune responses that result in either graft versus host disease (GVHD) or engraftment failure4,5,6. Mutations such as insertions, deletions in HLA sequences can lead to the introduction of stop codons and/or incorrectly spliced products that result in aberrant expressed alleles. HLA null alleles (N) are characterized by the lack of antigen expression of the HLA molecule on cell surface2. Failure to identify HLA null alleles in donors may result in HLA mismatches that can stimulate allogeneic T cells and trigger GVHD in HSCT7. A ‘Q’ suffix is used for HLA alleles that their expressions have not been confirmed and remain ‘Questionable’. In HSCT, if the presence of a questionable allele in the donor is in fact a null allele, mistyping the null allele results in an antigen mismatch between the donor and the recipient and increases the risk of GVHD7. On the contrary, mistyping of a lowly expressed HLA allele as a null allele in the recipient can lead to inaccurate donor selection and result in GVHD as well. Therefore, questionable alleles require confirmation of their actual HLA expression level. For example, HLA-A*23:19Q has a single polymorphism at position 619 (G > A) compared to HLA-A*23:01:01. Gerritsen et al. demonstrated that HLA-A*23:19Q has no expression by serology and flow cytometry, therefore it should be reclassified as a null allele8. Hirv et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about CRISPR technology and its capability for precise genomic editing. Instead, it discusses HLA polymorphism and its implications in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), without any mention of CRISPR or genomic editing technologies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: We developed 18 scenarios and assessed the ASP:PSP ratios under two different dietary approaches: one in which diets shift towards the EAT–Lancet diet24 while maintaining the current protein intake of 82 g protein per capita per day and a second approach representing the EAT–Lancet diet but shifting towards a recommended protein intake of 46 g protein per capita per day based on the AR from EFSA5. ASP:PSP ratios started at the current level, 60:40—the reference level—and were reduced in steps of 20% towards a plant-based diet while minimizing nutrient deficiencies. The 18 scenarios were compared with a reference scenario (Table 1). The reference scenario matches statistical data related to the current food system (for example, current crop production is fixed) while minimizing the difference with the current food supply4,26,27 as an objective function. Table 1 Protein levels per protein transition scenarioFull size tableEnvironmental impact of ASP:PSP ratiosOur results show three main findings (Fig. 1a–f). First, the most considerable relative reduction in land use (44%) and GHG emissions (70%) was achieved by optimizing consumption, production and trade towards a circular food system while maintaining the current ASP:PSP ratio of 60:40 (Fig. 1a,c). Second, applying circularity principles plus shifting the ASP:PSP ratio towards more PSP reduces land use by up to 60% (Fig. 1b) and GHG emissions by up to 81% (Fig. 1c). The effect of the protein intake on land use and GHG emissions was minimal (Fig. 1a–d). Third, a plant-based diet below 18 g ASP per capita per day resulted in nutrient inadequacies with increased environmental impacts. This increase stemmed from efforts to avoid those nutrient inadequacies, leading to expanded land use and higher GHG emissions due to the cultivation of additional nutrient-dense crops (Fig. 1a–f). Fig. 1: Land use and greenhouse gas emissions under different protein intake scenarios and shares of animal to plant protein in diets. a–d, Land use (a,b) and GHG emissions (c,d) along a stepwise reduction of ASP in different protein intake scenarios. e,f, A representation of the nutrient gap for each protein transition step. Ref, reference scenario. Transparent lines indicate nutrient inadequacies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that optimizing consumption and production within a circular food system leads to significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with reductions of up to 81%. This supports the argument that strategies aimed at reducing food waste have the potential to lower emissions associated with decomposing food. Furthermore, the findings indicate that shifting dietary practices, such as moving towards more plant-based diets, lowers land use and GHG emissions, aligning with the goal of reducing food waste to mitigate environmental impact.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Swedish money has then been meeting many different challenges and using many different solutions as being pegged to gold, to the British pound, to the US dollar, and to baskets of currencies in the system. crown (SEK) eventually became fully convertible and floating in 1992 as the government and the Riksbank found it impossible to defend a fixed exchange rate to other currencies. Not even a 500% interest rate from the Riksbank helped not maintain a strong Swedish crownFootnote 3! crown has been freely floating ever since. of the the Last SecadesThis story can of course start just about anywhere and I have decided to start in the middle of the twentieth century. This is a time when the Swedish economy has initiated its growth and success after WW2 and is about to becoming one of the richest economies in the world. Industry is booming, employment is high, wages and salaries are rising, exports are soaring, and women are entering the labor markets. The social democratic party is ruling the country and a strong welfare state has been launched and is gaining ground. All in all, it is probably one of the best periods in Sweden ever. And, there are several important technologies that are changing the Swedish society like television, automobiles, telephones, household appliances, and many others. But one technology is especially important when we talk about payments—computers are used in more and more applications all over the society. And more specifically, banks are among the most advanced sectors when it comes to automatizing and computerizing their operations. In the 1960s, banks have already taking steps to make their operations more efficient by launching systems that can run automated processes to control and administer tasks in the banking system. The banks had seen the potential of these systems and invested in building automated systems to operate accounts and transactions, but they lack one critical component: customers. At this time, wages and salaries are often paid directly from the employer to the employee in cash which means that banks do not have access to these funds and potential customers. The banks see a potential to set up a structure that can benefit employers and employees while at the same time attracting new customers to the banks. The transaction bank account is marketed and the large-scale electronic banking system takes an important step forward. Companies now start to pay wages and salaries directly to employees’ bank accounts (electronically) instead of via cash. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the historical transition in Sweden from cash payments to electronic banking. It points out that the electronic banking system was designed to benefit both employers and employees, specifically highlighting that wages and salaries were directly deposited into bank accounts. However, it can be inferred that not everyone may have benefited equally, as the success of such systems depends on access to bank accounts and technology, suggesting disparities. The focus on banks' need for customers indicates that not all individuals may have been equally served by the transition to a cashless society.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The histograms display NGS read coverage from 5′ UTR to 3′ UTR. The purple color represents exons. The height of the blue (specific reads from one allele), green (homozygous sequences), and grey (sequences shared by both alleles) colors indicates relative read depth. The highest and lowest coverages are shown with numbers. Sequence in red indicates the location of 9-nt, and “. ” indicates the 9-nt deletion. Full size image HLA-B*38:68Q shows inferior cell surface expression by flow cytometryBoth HLA-B*38:68Q and HLA-B*38:01:01:01 express Bw4 epitope in α1-helix at position 77–8324, therefore anti-Bw4 antibody was used to detect the expression levels of HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous and HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous clones. The monoclonal anti-Bw4 antibody does not cross reactive to A66, C12 HLA antigens expressed on the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous TEM665 EBV B cell line using (SAB) testing (Supplemental Fig. 1). The K562 cell line lacking HLA molecule expression and the Bw6 homozygous AOH749 EBV B cell line were used as negative controls. The wild type HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous TEM665 EBV B cell line was used as a positive control (Fig. 1B). Flow cytometry analysis showed the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of antibody binding to HLA-B*38:01:01:01 was at 58,080 ± 5,368 MFI in the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous TEM665 EBV B cell line compared to 10,383 ± 639 MFI in homozygous HLA-B*38:68Q cells using 2 μL of anti-Bw4 antibody (Fig. 4). As expected, HLA expression was negative in AOH749 and K562 cell line (Fig. 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses histograms of next-generation sequencing (NGS) read coverage and flow cytometry analysis concerning HLA molecules and does not mention CRISPR technology or genome editing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Full size imageRedesigning the food system with circularityRedesigning the food system, including the application of circularity principles, reduced land use by 44% (from 172 Mha to 96 Mha) and GHG emissions by 70% (from 1,172 kgCO2eq per capita per year to 357 kgCO2eq per capita per year) at current protein intake levels and the current 60:40 ASP:PSP ratio (Fig. 1a,c). This reduction originates from many changes in the food system, for example, improved use of food waste streams (such as as animal feed), optimized plant and animal production systems and related decreases in transport. At the recommended protein intake, land use was reduced by 58% (172 Mha to 72 Mha), while GHG emissions decreased by 80% (1,172 kgCO2eq per capita per year to 238 kgCO2eq per capita per year) (Fig. 1b,d). Optimal ASP:PSP ratioAt current protein intake levels, land use was lowest for 33 g ASP per capita per day at an ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60 with a land use of 70 Mha, which resulted in a reduction of 59% compared with the current land use of 172 Mha (Fig. 1a). The overall lowest land use, however, was achieved under the recommended protein intake approach when combining circularity with a reduced ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60 (18 g ASP per capita per day), which resulted in a 60% reduction in land use from 172 Mha to 68 Mha (Fig. 1b). The largest reduction in GHG emissions was also achieved with an ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60 for current and recommended protein intake levels (33 g ASP per capita per day and 18 g ASP per capita per day, respectively). For current and recommended protein intake, GHG emissions were reduced similarly by 81% and 80% to 227 kgCO2eq per capita per year and 239 kgCO2eq per capita per year, respectively (Fig. 1c,d). For recommended protein intake, the emissions were the same for the ASP:PSP ratios of 40:60 and 60:40 (Fig. 1d). Nutrient inadequacy in plant-based dietsNutrient inadequacy emerged consistently below a daily intake of 18 g ASP per capita per day. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how redesigning the food system, which includes better utilization of food waste (e.g., as animal feed), leads to significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. It states that by optimizing food systems and improving food waste management, GHG emissions decreased by 70% and land use was reduced accordingly. This clearly illustrates the relationship between reducing food waste and lowering emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: The employers save costs, the banks get new customers, unions agree as long as banks do not charge consumers for cash withdrawals, and employees like it. It was a win-win-win case that completely changed banking and laid the foundation—the transaction bank account—that still is the core of the payment system. The ensuing decades reinforced this new system even if the use of cash grew in real terms. The value of cash in circulation in 1950 was around 10 % of GDP and decreased steadily in the coming decades, but that was mainly because the growth of GDP was higher than the growth of cash in circulation. The value of cash in circulation increased from less than 10 billion SEK in the beginning of 1960 to around 55 billion SEK in 1990. Cash is still popular in the 1990s even if electronic payments are becoming more and more popular (Figs. 4. 1 and 4. 2). Fig. 4. 1Cash in circulation in Sweden 1950–2016. Source: ( of cash in circulation (SEK) as share of Swedish GDP (%) 1950–2016. Source: ( 5 The central bank had also invested in and built an electronic system for clearing and settlement of payments—RIX—which provided additional incentives for banks to run electronic payment services. It should be noted however that many became disappointed with the relative slow growth of card payments in Sweden. The development was not as quick as in the neighboring Scandinavian countries. Footnote 6Interestingly the Swedish banks also tested an electronic form of cash in 1996. It was a cash card function that could be added to a traditional debit card based on the proton system that had been tried and used in Belgium. Money was stored on a chip—which then became a prepaid card—that could be used off-line and without the need for identification and authentification. The benefits were less costly and faster transactions but the service was never really accepted and used by merchants, which meant it was soon closed down. Footnote 7As the new millennium—the year 2000—came closer, many in Sweden were enthusiastically engaged in creating a new society. Seductive concepts such as digitalization, a network economy, the new economy, e-commerce, broadband, and many others led to hopes of radical new technologies, business models, and companies that were to change Sweden and turn it into a completely new economy. Another concept that was talked about but really did not happen was mobile payments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while employers, banks, and employees may benefit from a cashless society, there are discrepancies in acceptance and usage among different groups. For instance, it mentions that many became disappointed with the slow growth of card payments and that an electronic cash system was not accepted by merchants, indicating that not everyone experiences equal benefits in a cashless society.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: These results indicate that HLA-B*38:68Q is expressed on the cell surface, yet at a significantly lower level than the wild type HLA-B*38:01:01:01 molecule. Notably, the expression of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cell line was 2. 2 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous clones (24,067 ± 2,066 MFI, P < 0. 01). In addition, the expression of HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells was 2. 0 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous clone (P < 0. 001), suggesting HLA-B*38:68Q exhibits a reduction of antigen expression in a gene dose dependent manner (Fig. 4). Similar results were found using 0. 5 μL and 1 μL of anti-Bw4 antibody (Fig. 4). Figure 4Flow cytometric analysis of HLA-B38 protein expression using monoclonal antibody. (A) HLA-B expression detected in HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous (blue), HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous (red), HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous (green), and negative controls (AOH749 purple and K562 in orange) using anti-Bw4 IgG antibody. Samples were tested in triplicate and the expression level is shown as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ± SD. (B) Representative histograms of HLA-B expression in HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous, HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous, HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous and negative controls using 0. 5 μL of anti-Bw4 IgG antibody. Normalized to mode scales all channels as a percentage of the maximum count. *P < 0. 05, **P < 0. 01, ***P < 0. 001, ****P < 0. 0001, and NS indicates the variables are not significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes the expression levels of certain HLA-B molecules and does not provide any information or evidence related to CRISPR technology or its capability for precise genomic editing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Table 2 The amount of protein sourced per food group for the four optimal ASP:PSP ratios when minimizing land use and GHG emissions at different protein intake levels and with the FAO reference baselineFull size tableAt current protein intake levels, the reduction in land use and GHG emissions is mainly due to a shift in protein sources. Compared with the FAO reference intake, red meat and egg consumption was reduced by 62% and 25%, respectively, when land use and GHG emissions were minimized. Dairy protein was reduced by 43% when land use and GHG emissions were minimized. In comparison, fish was reduced by 20% when minimizing land use and 40% when minimizing GHG emissions. Only chicken meat protein increased by 25% and 38% for minimizing land use and GHG emissions. For plant proteins, legumes and vegetables were the only increasing protein sources. Legumes in diets increased by 400% and 600% when land use and GHG emissions were minimized. We found an increase of 33% and 200% for vegetables when minimizing land use and GHG emissions, respectively. Grains are an essential protein source when minimizing land use (reduced by 20%) but less when minimizing GHG emissions (reduced by 45%; Table 2). At recommended protein intake levels, ASP was reduced to 18 g per capita per day (ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60) when land use and GHG emissions were minimized compared with 49 g today. Dairy (12–13 g per capita per day) and grains (13–16 g per capita per day) were again the primary protein sources, followed by vegetables and red meat (Table 2). Lowering the protein intake to recommended levels increased the risk of nutrient inadequacies. At an ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60, calcium, vitamin B12 and zinc are going towards nutrient inadequacy, driving the model to increase food sources with higher amounts of these scarce nutrients (Fig. 2). Cropping strategies for reducing land use and GHG emissionsOne key factor in reducing land use and GHG emissions in the optimal scenarios was increasing legume production, especially soybeans. The increase in legumes is due to their high protein content (up to 36 g protein per 100 g for soybeans), their favourable amino acid profile (especially for soybeans) and the ability of legume crops to fix atmospheric N, thereby reducing the amount of artificial fertilizer required and associated GHG emissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining how shifts in food consumption, particularly towards plant-based proteins like legumes, can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It specifically mentions that increasing legume production can significantly lower GHG emissions associated with food production and land use. This supports the notion that reducing food waste and changing food sourcing can have a direct impact on GHG emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Footnote 27 Swish has definitely made an impact when it comes to person-to-person payments in Sweden. Another factor influencing the view of cash is the economic reports made by the Riksbank as well as the Bank. The socioeconomic reports show that costs of cash are higher than costs of card payments. The social costs of a debit card payment were estimated to be 5. 5 SEK, while the social costs of a cash payment were estimated to be 8. 3 SEK (Segendorf & Jansson, 2012). The socioeconomic cost of cash payments were shown to be higher than those of debit card payments, which implies that a society may gain from reducing the use of cash. From a macroeconomic perspective, there are strong indications that a society would gain from replacing cash payments with debit card payments. But there are of course also factors that lead to the conclusion to keep cash. As the reduction of cash continues from 2007 and onward, there are groups in the Swedish society that meet problems. Even if the majority of Swedes seems to adapt to the transition and actually also prefer electronic payment services, there are groups that prefer cash and have difficulties to accessing and depositing cash. in SwedenFootnote 28 has been given the operative responsibility to study Swedes’ access to basic payment services, i. e. , access to cash, and their annual reports reveal problems for several groups in the Swedish society. The latest report on access to basic payment services from the Board covering 2017 (Länsstyrelserna, 2017)Footnote 29 shows that problems related to poor access to basic payment services are a reality for many people. The report even see a risk of a digital divide where some groups in the society—for different reasons—cannot or will not be able to switch from using cash to using electronic payment services in a quick way and that therefore may risk facing serious difficulties in making payments. These problems are not only related to rural areas far away from the larger cities but can actually be seen in some area in all of the 24 counties in Sweden. It is primarily elderly people with physical and/or cognitive disabilities, immigrants, as well as small merchants and organizations in rural areas that have problems when access to cash services deteriorates. The problems with poor access to basic payment services have also led to a campaign aiming to keep cash or to slow down the decrease of cash in Sweden. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the challenges faced by certain groups in transitioning to a cashless society. It highlights that, while the majority of Swedes may prefer electronic payment services, there are specific demographics—such as elderly individuals, immigrants, and rural small merchants—who struggle with the shift away from cash. The mention of a risk of a digital divide indicates that not every individual is benefiting equally, refuting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Full size imageThe expression of the HLA-B*38:68Q was further confirmed using human polyclonal antibody against HLA-B38 at neat and at 1:2 dilution. HLA-B38 antibody recognizes epitopes at 80I and 158 T of the α1 and α2 helixes of HLA class I molecule25. The polyclonal anti-B38 antibody does not cross react to A66, C12, DR14, DR52, DQ5 and DP1 HLA antigens expressed on the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous TEM665 EBV B cell line using Luminex SAB test (Supplemental Fig. 2). Luminex SAB testing showed the MFI of the HLA-B38 antibody was 22,636 at neat and 14,551 at 1:2 dilution. Our results showed the expression of HLA-B38 in the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cells (27,730 ± 784 MFI) was 1. 5 fold higher than that of HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells (18,184 ± 387 MFI, P < 0. 0001), and the HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells was over 1. 6 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells at neat (11,427 ± 190 MFI, P < 0. 0001, Fig. 5). Similar results were found using anti-B38 antibody at 1:2 dilution. In summary, this data demonstrates that HLA-B*38:68Q is a low-expressed HLA allele, not a null allele. Figure 5Flow cytometric analysis of HLA-B38 expression using polyclonal antibody. HLA-B38 expression is shown in HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous (blue), HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous (red), HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous (green) and K562 negative control (purple) using anti-B38 antibody from UCLA serum exchange. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the expression of the HLA-B*38:68Q allele and its comparison with other alleles rather than providing information about CRISPR technology or its capabilities in genomic editing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Only fish, dairy and beef remained in the system at around half of the initial baseline animal numbers (Fig. 2). Transportation strategies to reduce emissionsOur results show that a highly effective strategy to reduce GHG emissions is cutting down on transportation. In the optimal GHG-minimizing scenarios, the share of transportation to the total GHG emissions was less than 5%, compared with around 50% in the reference scenario. However, transitioning towards a more plant-based diet in the food system increases transportation emissions. The acquisition of location-specific and nutrient-rich crops exclusively cultivated in certain areas of the EU28 necessitates sourcing food items from more distant regions (Fig. 3). DiscussionThe potential of applying circularity principlesAlthough an ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60 results in the lowest land use and GHG emissions, our results show that the most considerable relative reduction can be achieved when redesigning the food system with circular principles. Both land use and GHG emissions can be reduced by 44% and GHG emissions by 70% without changing the total protein intake or share of ASP. This shift towards a more circular food system leads to changes in plant and animal production systems and related reductions in transport. For instance, while the overall consumption of ASP remains constant, its composition changes; chicken and fish intake in diets rises, whereas red meat, dairy and egg intake declines. Organic waste is avoided whenever possible, and if it occurs, it is efficiently reused as feed or fertilizer. Our findings support recent studies showing that agricultural land can largely be spared when feeding farmed animals primarily with low-cost biomass such as by-products, food waste and crop residues22. This spared land could be used for other purposes, such as sequestering carbon through reforestation, which could also increase biodiversity28. The optimal ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60The optimal ratio for reducing land use and GHG emissions was 40:60, regardless of the protein intake level. This shift reduced land use and GHG emissions by 60% and 81% at the current and recommended protein intake. Protein intake levels did not have a substantial environmental impact as the difference between the minimal impact scenarios of current and recommended protein intake for land use and GHG emissions amounted to only 2 Mha and 12 kgCO2eq per capita per year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how reducing food waste can lead to significant reductions in GHG emissions. For instance, it states that the redesign of the food system with circular principles can reduce GHG emissions, implying that efficient reuse of organic waste as feed or fertilizer can minimize waste and lower associated emissions. Additionally, the text emphasizes that avoiding organic waste whenever possible contributes to an overall decline in emissions, directly supporting the idea that managing food waste efficiently can lower greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: There are constellations like “Kontantupproret”Footnote 30 (the Access to Cash Campaign) and several interest organizations for retired people like PRO and SPFFootnote 31 that perform lobbying with the aim to keep cash services in Sweden. “Kontantupproret” is led by Björn Eriksson and can be understood as an interest organization for the industry providing services related to protection and handling cash,Footnote 32 while PRO and SPF are consumer organizations focusing on elderly people. They have a shared interest in keeping cash handling services in Sweden. In this movement, the former chief-of-police Björn Eriksson published a document called “Korten på BordetFootnote 33” (Eriksson, 2014Footnote 34) in which he argues that cash payments must be protected and kept as a well-functioning payment service in Sweden. “Kontantupproret” has also acted to convince the government to take the issue of access to cash more seriously as many people are hurt when access to such services is reduced. Footnote 35 PRO has also acted in this matter by collecting names of people that want to keep cash in Sweden. Footnote 36 The lobbying have had an effect as one of the parties in the parliament—the Center Party—announced they will start working to keep cash in Sweden where, for instance, the role of the Riksbank in relation to cash can be changed,Footnote 37 which is discussed later in this book. Yet another factor in this story is the introduction of new bills and coins in Sweden. As discussed above, this decision was taken in 2008 and implemented in 2015–2017. The change-over process started in October 2015 with new bills in the denomination of 20, 50, 200, and 1000 SEK. Interestingly, Sweden continued the use of the largest bill—the 1000 SEK bill—despite many arguing that it would be a good idea to stop issuing larger bills. It should be noted that 1000 SEK is approximately 100 euro or 120 USD which means it still has a rather low value if we compare to the largest bills in euro or USD. The old bills with denominations 20, 50, and 1000 SEK became invalid in June 2016. New bills denominated 100 and 500 SEK as well as coins denominated 1, 2, and 5 SEK came in October 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing lobbying efforts and interest organizations that advocate for the continuation of cash services, indicating that not everyone benefits equally in a cashless society. Organizations like 'Kontantupproret' highlight that many people, particularly the elderly and those reliant on cash, are adversely affected when access to cash is reduced. The mention of lobbying to keep cash services suggests a disparity in how different segments of the population are affected by the transition to a cashless society.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Samples were tested in triplicate and the expression level is shown as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ± SD. ***P < 0. 001, ****P < 0. 0001, and NS indicates the variables are not significant. Full size imageAllograft rejection often correlates with increased cytokine production including IFN-γ26. We therefore tested if the expression of HLA-B*38:68Q will be stimulated by IFN-γ under inflammatory environment. Our results showed that in the HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells, the treatment of IFN-γ significantly increased the HLA-B expression and resulted in a binding of 36,036 ± 887 MFI, 1. 9 fold higher than the HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells without IFN-γ treatment (19,379 ± 900 MFI, P < 0. 0001, Fig. 6). Similarly, in the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cells, the expression of HLA-B treated with IFN-γ was at 57,646 ± 357 MFI, which was 1. 2 fold higher than the untreated group (46,642 ± 231 MFI, P < 0. 0001). The results showed that although the expression of HLA-B*38:68Q can be upregulated by IFN-γ treatment, the upregulation of HLA-B expression was much lower compared to IFN-γ treated HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cells (Fig. 6). Figure 6IFN-γ induced HLA-B38 cell surface expression. HLA-B expression of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cell line (untreated in purple and IFN-γ treated in orange) and HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cell line (untreated in blue and IFN-γ treated in red) was determined using anti-Bw4 IgG antibody. Samples were tested in triplicate and the expression level is shown as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ± SD. ****P < 0. 0001, and NS indicates the variables are not significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental results related to HLA-B expression levels when treated with IFN-γ, without any mention of CRISPR technology or genomic editing capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: In CiFoS, human-inedible by-products can be used as a fertilizer or feed for farmed animals, and this model facilitates the choice of food system redesign by minimizing a selected environmental impact (in this study, land use or GHG emissions) or minimizing the difference to current protein food supplies while fulfilling all nutrient requirements in human diets. In our protein scenarios, the model selects food items from plants, farmed animals and captured fish that lead to minimal land use or GHG emissions. The CiFoS model contains various scales, from the EU28 or a country to an agroecological zone. The CiFoS model consists of several modules: human system, crop system and farmed animal system, including aquaculture, captured fisheries, residual streams, transportation and GHG emissions from different sources. These are described in more detail in the following sections. Human nutritionIn CiFoS, the daily nutrient requirements recommended by the EFSA for the EU28 are met to ensure a nutritious diet. The model covers 37 nutritional indicators, including macro- and micronutrients, vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids and energy content (2). and iodine recommendations were excluded as a nutritional requirement owing to mandatory salt fortification for iodine in the EU and implicit limitations in obtaining enough vitamin D from diets alone. The nutritional content of the CiFoS products is based on the FoodData from Department of Agriculture (USDA)36. In addition to nutrient requirements, food intake constraints per product and food family were included based on the reference range of the EAT–Lancet diet24. Apart from the reference scenarios, all scenarios complied with the EFSA nutrient requirements and the EAT–Lancet diet24. The model includes 155 different human-edible products that can be produced and used to create healthy and sustainable diets from various animal and plant sources. The many food items allow CiFoS to design diets that match the objective function (primarily to reduce environmental impacts). Land availability and land use changeThe total agricultural land in the EU28 is 172 Mha (ref. 27). CiFoS distinguishes three land types: arable, marginal grassland and rangelands. Arable land can also be cultivated with temporary grassland. This grassland is treated like any other crop in the crop rotation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how the CiFoS model is designed to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through strategic food system redesign. It outlines that human-inedible by-products can be repurposed and that the model selects food items that lead to minimal GHG emissions. Thus, the reduction of food waste is implied as part of the broader effort to lower environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Sveriges Riksbank, 1997. Sveriges Riksbank. 7. Den svenska finansmarknaden 1997. Sveriges Riksbank. grovt rån. was a movement aiming to make the society safer by reducing the use of cash. They run information and lobbying campaigns primarily aiming at convincing consumers to make card payments instead of using cash. 10. This was an information and lobbying campaign from the unions aiming to make people see the benefits from a reduction of the use of cash. 11. See, for instance, 13. These services were called ROT (Tillbyggnad) and RUT (Rengöring Underhåll och Tvätt). 14. 15. Lagen 2007:592 17. 18. 19. Google translate suggests that “fotangel” is translated into “caltrop” N. Vi behöver ett nytt betalsystem. Svenska Dagbladet, SvD. se, 7 oktober, 2009. a personal note, I was called things that cannot be printed in this book by people who had a strong interest to keep cash in Sweden. 22. 23. 24. 25. total value of POS terminal card transactions in 2016 was 997 billion SEK which gives a monthly average of around 83 billion SEK ( www. lst. se29. 30. The literal translation of “kontantupproret” is “cash rebellion” ( Pensionärernas Riksorganisation (www. pro. se) and SPF (www. spfseniorerna. se)32. This includes companies like Loomis www. loomis. se and Nokas www. nokas. se. 33. This translates into “Cards on the table. ”34. Interestingly, Björn Eriksson accuses the banks of driving an intensified lobbying campaign for getting rid of cash, while he in fact is doing the exact same thing – supported by companies providing services connected to cash handling – but with the aim to keep cash in the Swedish society. 35. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are conflicting interests regarding the move towards a cashless society, particularly highlighting a campaign to convince consumers to adopt card payments at the expense of those who may prefer cash. The mention of a 'cash rebellion' suggests that not all individuals view the cashless transition as beneficial, implying inequality in its benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: These results suggested that the deletion of three amino acids (LVE) at exon 4 of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 reduces the protein expression level. In addition, our data also showed that after IFN-γ treatment, the expression of HLA-B*38:68Q was significantly increased compared to the untreated cells. These results suggested that HLA-B*38:68Q may still play an important role in allograft rejection31. However, the expression increase of the HLA-B*38:68Q with the IFN-γ treatment was much lower compared to the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cells. The cause of the reduced expression of HLA-B*38:68Q allele is unclear and requires additional study. However, possible mechanisms that proposed for lower HLA expression including aberrant dominate splice site, such as A*24:02:03Q32 and HLA conformation alterations caused by disulfide bond changes, such as A*32:11Q33. Currently, there are 44 questionable HLA alleles (Q) in IMGT/HLA data base2. The frequency of these questionable alleles has not been well established, particularly the HLA allele frequency is largely based on the Caucasian population. Therefore, the frequency of these questionable alleles may be underestimated in other populations. With the advancement of the full gene HLA sequencing by NGS technology, the laboratory is able to obtain high resolution HLA typing with minimum ambiguities. However, due to additional sequencing information on exons outside the antigen recognition sites (ARS) and introns, it is likely that more questionable alleles will be discovered. The knowledge of the expression level of these questionable alleles may be important for donor selection in HSCT. Petersdorf et al. demonstrated that increasing expression level of the patient’s mismatched HLA-C allele was associated with increased risk of grades III-IV acute GVHD with odds ratio of 1. 34 in HSCT34. In addition, the understanding of the expression level can also help to identify donors with the least immunogenic mismatches, or select donors to cross permissive immunological barriers for highly sensitized patients in solid organ transplantation. These questionable alleles could also be potential null alleles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information regarding CRISPR technology or its capability for precise editing of genomic sequences. Instead, it focuses on HLA protein expression and its implications in allograft rejection and donor selection in HSCT. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Circular principlesCircularity presents a systemic solution by reducing unavoidable waste streams such as food waste and overconsumption of nutrients. If waste is unavoidable, waste streams are reused in the most sustainable manner possible. In addition, food processing produces by-products such as wheat middlings during flour production. These by-products and waste streams can be used as compost to reduce the need for artificial fertilizers. Furthermore, if waste streams are used as feed for farmed animals, inedible biomass for humans could be transformed into livestock products and manure, leading to increased ecosystem services due to improved soil fertility and less pressure on land60,61. The fundamental principles of circular food systems are centred around avoiding and reusing waste and by-product streams to close biomass and nutrient cycles. In this study, circularity was modelled as follows: farmed animals can be fed by organic side streams17. Second, to avoid food waste, the edible ratio of animals is increased, meaning that humans consume all edible parts of the farmed animals (that is, offal), and overconsumption is avoided. Third, nutrient recycling is improved by fostering circular fertilization, such as using leguminous crops in crop rotation compost from organic waste streams and crop residues to reduce artificial fertilizer inputs. Scenario descriptionReference scenarioThe reference scenario fixes the current agricultural land from and minimizes the difference in the FAO protein supply per food group4. The reference scenario uses net import (import–export) data of food and feed products from the Sheet (FBS) as a fixed inflow to the food system4. Trade was allowed only between countries but not outside the study boundaries. The reference is, therefore, a self-sufficient production and consumption scenario for the EU28 countries. The agricultural land is based on the data39 and was scaled to the total areas per land use26,27. The current protein supply was derived from the FBS element: ‘protein supply quantity (g per capita per day)’4. Protein intake scenariosTwo protein intake levels were defined to assess the effect of these levels on land use and GHG emissions at a food system level. Current protein intake was calculated by subtracting consumption losses from the protein food supply based on food groups (FAO-FBS element: ‘protein supply quantity (g per capita per day)’)4,53. The current EU28 protein intake resulted in 82 g protein per capita per day. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by outlining how circular principles can mitigate food waste and enhance sustainability. It highlights specific strategies such as reusing unavoidable waste through composting, reducing the need for artificial fertilizers, and improving soil fertility. By implementing these circular food system strategies, the text implies that food waste reduction would directly contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Cash Payments: A Socio-technical SystemOne way of understanding transformation of industries and technologies is to apply a so-called socio-technical analysis, which is based on the prerequisite that it is only by understanding the interplay between several critical factors that makes it possible to grasp how and why transformation happens. We cannot study technological innovation in isolation if we want to understand change. Nor can we study organizational or individual behavior or factors such as politics, culture, laws, environmental aspects, or internationalization in isolation. Complex patterns of transformation are ideally studied by acknowledging this complexity while at the same time trying to reduce this complexity into understandable patterns and structures. I will therefore use a well-known approach to structure my analysis of the transformation of cash-based payment services in Sweden, i. e. , the definition of a socio-technical systems where it is linkages between critical elements and resources—such as technologies, capital, knowledge, culture, and others—that will decide the function and change of the system (Geels, 2004, p. 900). My analysis focuses on cash-based payments in Sweden today and will use Geels’ model (2004) to structure my analysis and discussion. This approach views the payment system as a sectoral innovation system where emphasis is put on: …the structure of the system in terms of products, agents, knowledge and technologies and on its dynamics and transformation. In broader terms, one could say that a sectoral system is a collective emergent outcome of the interaction and co-evolution of its various elements (Malerba, 2002, p. 251) The payment system development is understood to be driven by a collection of organizations, people, competences, and interests that collaborate and compete in different constellations, which also may change over time. My approach is in line with the call by Moulaert and Sekia (2003) and Martin and Sunley (2003) for models of innovation that addresses dynamics and evolutionary dimensions of innovation processes. I do not see the transformation as possibly created by one specific type of actor—such as commercial banks, cash-in-transit service companies, merchants, or consumers—it is rather the combination of these and other actors’ action that constitute change or perhaps lack of change. The choice of this theoretical approach (Geels, 2004; Malerba, 2002) is motivated by the basic characteristics of the payment industry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity of socio-technical systems and highlighting that the payment system is shaped by a diverse array of actors such as commercial banks, service companies, merchants, and consumers. It suggests that benefits may not be equally distributed among all individuals, as the transformation of cash-based payment services involves various interests and competences that collaborate and compete, indicating that not every person benefits equally in a cashless society.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: In Brief, the reaction of forming gRNA consisted of 10 μL crRNA, 10 μL tracrRNA, 10 μL annealing buffer, and 20 μL nuclease-fee H2O, making a final volume of 50 μL. Then the mixture was incubated at 95 °C for 5 mins followed by 10 mins on 78 °C, and then 25 °C for 5 mins. To make Cas9 RNPs, mixing the following items: 11. 25 μL gRNA formed in previous step, 7. 5 μL Cas9 Nuclease V2 (5 μg/μL) (ThermoFisher, USA), and 131. 25 μL buffer R from Neon kit (Invitrogen, USA), making a final volume of 150 μL. The mixture was incubated at room temperature for 10~20 mins. ssDNA target design/Homologous recombination assaysTo create homologous recombination (HR) assays, two gRNAs target the sequence near the deletion site within the HLA-B gene were designed and synthesized18. The Cas9 RNPs were then used to transfect cells via Neon® electroporation (Invitrogen, USA) for 24-well format electroporation transfection testing for B cell line. The genomic cleavage efficiency was then evaluated using the GeneArt® Detection kit (ThermoFisher, USA) at 48 h post transfection. The cleavage efficiencies were calculated based on the relative agarose gel band intensity, which was quantified using a high sensitivity DNA chip on TapeStation 2200 (Agilent, USA). Cleaved efficiency was calculated following the manufacturer’s instruction. A program with voltage set at 1700 V, pulse width set at 20 ms, and one pulse was used for the subsequent study. The gRNA with highest editing was selected for the subsequent HR assays. For ssDNA target design, typically the mutation site was positioned at the center flanked by 67-nt to 30-nt on each side (Fig. 1C). To measure homologous recombination efficiency, the ssDNA target was co-transfected with Cas9 RNPs into cells via electroporation. The genomic loci were PCR-amplified using the corresponding primers and then subjected to GeneArt® Detection assay (ThermoFisher, USA) for restriction enzyme digestion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of the CRISPR methodology and specific steps involved in forming gRNA, preparing Cas9 RNPs, and setting up experimental assays. However, it does not directly address or confirm the claim regarding the precision of CRISPR technology in genome editing but instead focuses on procedural and experimental details.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-31T06:14:55. 457Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false Home >Books >through Innovation >by Loss and through print or eBook [Opens in a new window] Book contents through through page Contributors Acknowledgements1 System2 Need to Drive Food-System Action3 of Research in Food-System Transformation4 Expansion into High-Carbon Ecosystems5 and Public-for for Small-Producers under Climate Change6 through 7 The Climate–Security Nexus8 9 Expansion of Plant- on Climate and Food Security10 by Loss and Waste11 Policies and to Enable Transformation12 for the Transformation of Food Systems13 Organising for Change14 Systems to at Scale15 Theories of Change for Transformation16 Partnerships to Achieve Impact17 Working across Scales and Actors for Systems18 A for Leadership in Research 19 (PDF Only) 0. 4 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to Food loss and waste (FLW) are important contributors to food insecurity, with a considerable environmental impact by inducing extra crop production and post-harvest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. FLW and the associated climate impacts vary greatly among different adopted technology and value-chain configurations, and solutions should be found for specific situations. FLW can be approached from a chain perspective; in many cases, reducing FLW at a certain chain stage is best achieved by interventions elsewhere along the chain. The Agro-(ACE) calculator supports the identification of FLW and GHG emission hotspots along a chain, as well as estimating the net effects of interventions. FLW-reducing interventions mostly contribute to climate mitigations, as demonstrated for rice and various fruits and vegetables; however, some high-tech interventions may induce higher extra GHG emissions than can be mitigated by FLW reduction. In high-income countries, where most food is wasted by households, manufacturers, the hospitality and food industry, and retailers, mechanisms could be set in place to achieve the target of reducing food waste by 50 percent by 2030. Keywords food lossfood wastemitigationemissionsvalue chainfarm-to-fork Type 10. 1017/9781009227216. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that food loss and waste (FLW) contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and that reducing FLW can lead to climate mitigation. It indicates that reducing FLW at various chain stages is essential and can help lower emissions related to crop production and post-harvest processes. The mention of high-income countries and the potential to reduce food waste by 50 percent by 2030 further supports the idea that addressing FLW can effectively lower greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Cash payments are characterized by strong regulation and governmental policy regimes, technology regimesFootnote 1 (Dosi, 1982) related to payment services, a defined user and market regime both in terms payees and payers, a strong sociocultural regime related to the view of cash in a market economy,Footnote 2 as well as a science regime related to research and development in the payment industry. By deploying this perspective I will also be able to complement Rogoff’s (2016) top-down and macroeconomic analysis of the use of cash in a market economy. I have in other studies (Arvidsson, 2014a, 2014b, 2016, 2018a, 2018b; Arvidsson, Hedman, & Segendorf, 2018) shown how a number of different socio-technical factors influence the use of cash in the Swedish society. Here are some of the most important ones. A starting point for an analysis of a service like cash is of course to understand what the government and the law says about this service. Interestingly, the Government of Sweden states that access to basic payment services, i. e. , cash, should be provided to everyone in the society—consumers as well as organizations—but it is only the responsibility of the state to provide such services if the market fails to do so. Footnote 3 The main role of the government—and the Riksbank—is then to oversee that such services are provided by the market. This has made the market for cash decentralized and market-driven which is yet another factor explaining the reduction of cash in Sweden. The decentralized and market-driven features are evident in the process of producing and transporting cash in the Swedish economy. does not govern how much cash that is in circulation in Sweden; this is decided by demand from the users of cash, i. e. , banks, merchants, and primarily the consumers. provides the volume of cash that the public needs. The main responsibility of the Riksbank is to provide Sweden with banknotes and coins by issuing banknotes and coins, destroying worn-out banknotes and coins, and redeeming invalid banknotes. Footnote 4 Printing cash (SEK) has been outsourced to private companies,Footnote 5 and storing as well as transporting cash is done by Bankernas Depå AB (BDB), which is owned by the largest banks, and by private companies like Loomis and Nokas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the provision and access to cash depend on market demand and governmental regulation, indicating that not every person benefits equally. The text states that 'access to basic payment services, i.e., cash, should be provided to everyone in the society,' but highlights that this is contingent on market conditions and governmental oversight, suggesting an inequity in access based on market failures or the provision of services by private entities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Culture of single cell derived clonesTransfected cells were washed with 500 μL of PBS buffer (Corning, USA) and resuspended at the density of 8 cells/mL with a total volume of 50 mL. 100 μL of the cell suspension was transferred into the wells of the 96 well tissue culture plates to ensure each well contained a single cell. The plates were incubated at 37 °C, 5% CO2 incubator (Thermo Scientific, USA). The plates were then scanned for single cell colonies as soon as small aggregates of cells are visible under a 4× microscope (usually after first week, depending on the growth rate of the cell line) to ensure the cell colonies were derived from a single cell. The cells were incubated for an additional 2–3 weeks to expand the clonal populations for further analysis and characterization. Harvest single cell derived clonesSingle cell derived clones were washed with 100 µL of 1× PBS buffer (Corning, USA). 1 × 105 of the cells from each clones were transferred into the PCR plate containing 25 µL “Direct lysis buffer”. The “Direct lysis buffer” was made by adding 10 μL of (Thermo Scientific, USA) to 1 m(Thermo Scientific, USA). The PCR plate was incubated at 55 °C for 30 mins to lyse the cells and followed by 95 °C for 45 mins to denature the Proteinase K. HLA gene amplification and next generation sequencingMultiplex long-range PCR were employed using AllType NGS assay (One Lambda, USA) to co-amplify 11 HLA loci including HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1,3,4,5 -DQB1 -DPB1, -DQA1 and -DPA1. HLA-A, -B, -C, -DQA1, and -DPA1 were amplified from 5′UTR to 3′UTR, and remaining loci are beginning at intron 1 to 3′UTR. Library construction was automated on the Biomek FX (Beckman coulter, USA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim related to CRISPR technology or its ability to edit genomic sequences. Instead, it describes a laboratory procedure involving cell culture and gene amplification without mentioning CRISPR or any specific editing techniques.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: 010 [Opens in a new window] Publisher: publication year: 2023 This content is and distributed under the terms of the Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4. 0 loss and waste (FLW) strongly contribute to the climate impact of the food supply and impair food security. FLW and the associated climate impacts vary greatly among different types of adopted technology and value chain configurations. Solutions should be found per specific situation. FLW can be approached from a chain perspective; in many cases, reducing FLW at a certain chain stage is best achieved by interventions elsewhere along the chain. The Agro-(ACE) calculator supports the identification of FLW and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots along a chain, as well as estimating the net effects of interventions. FLW-reducing interventions mostly contribute to climate mitigations, as demonstrated for rice and various fruits and vegetables; however, some high-tech interventions may induce higher extra GHG emissions than can be mitigated by FLW reduction. 10. 1 loss and waste (FLW) are important contributors to food insecurity and have a considerable environmental impact by inducing extra crop production and post-harvest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Emissions associated with FLW are responsible for 8–10 percent of anthropogenic GHG emissions, comparable to emissions from all global road transport (Guo et al. , Reference Guo, Broeze and Groot2020; Lamb et al. , Reference Lamb, Wiedmann and Pongratz2021). Therefore, mitigating FLW and climate impact from food supply chains should be addressed coherently. Mitigating FLW is a global priority. This 10. 4). (SDG) 12. 3 – the ambition to significantly reduce FL along production and supply chains by 2030 – is supported by an increasing number of public- and private-sector stakeholders. Such efforts, however, should recognise trade-offs with other sustainability indicators such as climate change. Most FL-reducing interventions will not only lower environmental impacts per unit of product available for consumption but also induce extra emissions, for example, through energy, fuel, and materials used for packaging. Estimating these trade-offs – and selecting interventions with the most positive balance accordingly – is far from easy but essential to best contribute to multiple SDGs. Moreover, barriers to implementation, in particular limited accessibility and availability, are persistent and should be addressed to realise sustainable food system transformations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that food loss and waste (FLW) contribute significantly to climate impact and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It highlights that reducing FLW can lead to climate mitigation and details how various interventions can help lower environmental impacts, specifically mentioning that emissions associated with FLW are responsible for 8–10 percent of anthropogenic GHG emissions. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of mitigating FLW to address its climate impact, aligning directly with the claim that such reduction can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Then ATMs, banks, and merchants provide access to cash for private persons. This decentralized, operative, and market-driven structure is also complemented by the legal framework governing the use of cash. One fundamental factor is the legal constitution in Sweden that actually allows a merchant to say: “I do not accept cash. ” As far as I know, this legal setup is unique to Sweden and one important reason why the use of cash is decreasing rapidly. The central bank law states that cash is legal tender,Footnote 6 but this can be set aside if a merchant and her customer enter an agreement that cash is not a viable payment option in a particular store. Commercial lawFootnote 7 states that two parties—a merchant and a consumer or a bank and a consumer—can enter an agreement where the central bank law is set aside. This agreement can be written or oral. Thus, if a merchant has a sign saying that cash is not accepted and a customer enters this store and wants to buy something, the customer is seen to have entered a contractual agreement not to use cash. In practical terms, cash is not legal tender for privately owned businesses running a merchant store. Footnote 8You can expect signs saying a store will not accept cash in Sweden which is very different from what you may see in Tokyo where stores in fact may accept nothing but cash (Fig. 6. 1). Fig. 6. 1Signs you may see in Swedish stores (on top) and a sign you may see in Japanese stores (to the bottom). Source: Author’s own illustrationFull size imageNew technological solutions or payment services that have a similar functionality to cash can therefore substitute cash in payment situations where cash used to be the main service that was used. This includes a service like Swish (Arvidsson, 2015) that can replace cash in person-to-person payments and a service like iZettle that enabled mobile point-of-sale (POS) terminals where card payments could replace cash payments in situations like temporary stands selling fruits and vegetables, street vendors, small merchants, and small kiosks at sports arenas. The combination of a legal possibility and technological innovations made it rather easy for merchants to consider to stop accepting cash. Another factor influencing the use of cash is the values and emotions connected to cash that I touched upon before. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the legal and practical realities of cashless transactions in Sweden, where not all consumers have equal access to payment methods. For example, merchants can refuse to accept cash, resulting in situations where customers may not have the option to use cash as a form of payment, leading to unequal benefits among individuals in a cashless society. The author explains that various agreements can prevent cash from being recognized as legal tender in private transactions, indicating that not everyone is equally supported by the shift towards cashless payments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Sequence-ready libraries were validated and quantitated on the D1000 ScreenTape (Agilent Technologies, USA) to allow for library normalization and equimolar pooling of all study samples on the Biomek FX (Beckman coulter, USA). Pooled libraries were diluted and loaded at (Thermo Scientific, USA) for template amplification. Sequencing on Ion S5 XL is followed the manufacture instruction (Thermo Scientific, USA). When the sequencing was done, the TSVEngine v1. 2. 0 (One Lambda, USA) was employed to analyze the data. Single antigen antibody testingNeat and serum at 1:2 dilution were treated with DTT and tested for HLA antibodies using the IgG-SAB Assay from (Canoga Park, CA) as previously described44. Antibodies were considered positive if the MFI >1000 for HLA-A, -B, -DR, -DQ and >2000 was used for HLA-C and -DP to correct for the enhanced amount of HLA-C and -DP antigens conjugated to the Luminex beads compared to the lower cell surface expression on lymphocytes. Flow cytometric analysis of HLA protein expressionExpression of HLA-B locus antigens in the edited cell lines containing the HLA-B*38:68Q allele and control cells were determined by flow cytometry using a FITC-conjugated monoclonal anti-IgG Bw4 antibody (One Lambda, USA). Approximately 105 cells were incubated with 0. 5, 1, and 2 μL (10 mg/mL) anti-Bw4 monoclonal antibody on ice for 30 mins. Isotype control cells were incubated with 0. 5 μL of FITC-conjugated mouse IgG secondary antibody (). After staining, cells were washed with 1× PBS buffer (Corning, USA) containing 2% FBS (Omega, USA) and suspended in 300 μL of PBS/2% FBS. TEM665 homozygous HLA-B*38:01:01:01 EBV transformed B cell line was used as the positive control, AOH749 and K562 were used as the negative control cells. Samples were tested in triplicate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding CRISPR technology or its ability to edit genomic sequences. Instead, it discusses library preparation, sequencing methodologies, and flow cytometric analysis related to HLA protein expression, which is irrelevant to the specifics of CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: An important first step in shrinking FL with positive SDG trade-offs is identifying where action is needed. This 10. 2 of and Waste and To design effective intervention strategies to reduce FL and associated GHG emissions, we need to identify and prioritise ‘hotspot’ regions, products, and supply chain stages. To set the right priorities, we assessed the worldwide hotspots of FLW and FLW-induced GHG emissions (Guo et al. , Reference Guo, Broeze and Groot2020). 1 Our global hotspot analysis shows that in 2018, 29 percent of all food produced was lost or wasted. By volume, perishable fruits and vegetables account for almost half of the total FLW (Figure 10. 1). Other items with high FLW volumes are roots and tubers, oil crops, and rice. In terms of FLW-associated GHG emissions, beef products are a major hotspot, despite not being an FLW hotspot in terms of volume. This reality reflects the high GHG-emission factors related to animal-based products, particularly beef. Figure 10. 1 A global overview of food loss and waste in raw product equivalent, and associated greenhouse gas emissions in 2018 Hotspots differ regionally; for example, in the two regions of Sub-(SSA), and South and Southeast Asia, FL from post-harvest handling and distribution are higher than FW during the consumption stage. This situation reflects the comparably poor post-harvest management and lack of infrastructure and technologies in those regions. Moreover, food is relatively expensive in developing countries compared to people’s incomes, resulting in low consumer-level FW. For SSA, roots and tubers are the largest hotspot for FLW and associated GHG emissions, whereas in South and the hotspots are oil crops and rice. Losses mainly occur during harvesting, storage, and handling due to poor conditions and practices in the upstream chain. For both regions, rice involves high losses and emissions at their upstream chain stages but also has substantial losses and emissions at the distribution and consumer stages. Compared to other staple crops such as maize and wheat, rice produces two to five times more field-related GHG emissions (Poore & Nemecek, and Nemecek2018). Therefore, rice warrants particular attention in the context of the 2030 target to significantly reduce losses in major supply chains where both GHG emissions and losses are high. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between food loss and waste (FLW) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It states that in 2018, a significant percentage of food produced was lost or wasted, with certain food items like beef and rice being highlighted as major contributors to GHG emissions. The text emphasizes the importance of identifying hotspots in food loss to design effective strategies for reducing FLW, which in turn is necessary to address the associated GHG emissions. It specifically mentions that losses during harvesting and poor post-harvest management lead to high GHG emissions, thus supporting the idea that reducing food waste can help lower emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Unions in banking, merchant industries, and public transportation see cash as a root to problems since several cash-related robberies including the hyped helicopter robbery took place in the mid-2000s, which of course hurt their members—the employees in these industries. The cash-in-transit service companies in combination with elderly instead see cash as necessary and helpful services enabling all consumers to make payments and all merchants to receive payments in a convenient way. Other groups like tech nerds and youngster are simply not interested in cash since electronic payment services and especially mobile payments or even virtual currencies are more convenient and definitely more intriguing. All of them are of course right—from their perspective! We all know how difficult it is to change an old habit, and this is definitely true when it comes to how we make payments. Even if we see a transition from cash payments to electronic payments in Sweden, we also see that some groups have ingrown habits of using cash that perhaps never will change. This is especially true for elderly that have used cash in all their lives and are likely to continue doing it as long as they will make payments. There are in other words also factors that work in the direction of keeping cash. to Cash CampaignFootnote 9 is another force that works to stop the decreased use of cash. Their argument is that some groups in society depend on cash, and it is the obligation of the state—and actors like banks—to supply services that enable depositing and withdrawing cash. The annual reports from Länsstyrelserna give these arguments strong support. There is an increasing share of people—elderly, people with physical and/cognitive disabilities and immigrants—that have problems if cash cannot be used. In a state like Sweden with its tradition of taking care of and supporting weaker citizens, these problems cannot—and should not—be left unattended. Footnote 10It is also important to see the commercial interests underlying the transition from cash to electronic payment services. There are some industries—cash-in-transit service companies like Loomis and Nokas, cash producers like Crane Currency, guard service providers like Securitas and G4S, as well as providers of systems for cash handling like Siemens and —that have a business interest related to the existence of cash. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that not every person benefits equally in a cashless society. It points out that certain groups, such as the elderly, individuals with physical and cognitive disabilities, and immigrants, have difficulties if cash cannot be used. This showcases a disparity in how different demographics are affected by the transition to cashless payments, suggesting that while some groups may favor digital transactions, others may find themselves at a disadvantage without access to cash.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Analysis of HLA B locus expression was performed using FlowJo software version 10 (BD, USA). Expression of HLA-B38 in the edited cell lines containing the HLA-B*38:68Q allele was determined using UCLA serum exchange sample that contains anti-B38 antibody but lacks Bw4 activity. Approximately 1. 5 × 105 cells/tube were incubated with 25 μL UCLA serum exchange serum at neat and 1:2 dilution for 30 mins at room temperature. After incubation, cells were washed 4 times with PBS/2% FBS followed by labeling for 20 mins at 4 °C with an anti-human -conjugated antibody (). Negative sera routinely used in the clinical lab were used as controls. Samples were tested in triplicate. Analysis of HLA-B38 expression was performed using FlowJo software version 10 (BD, USA). IFN-γ induced HLA-B*38:68Q cell surface expressionThe HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cell line and TEM665 HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous EBV transformed B cell line (served as positive control) were pretreated with 500 U/mL of IFN-γ (R&D Systems, USA) for 48 h. The expression of HLA-B expression of the IFN-γ treated and untreated cell lines were determined using monoclonal anti-IgG Bw4 antibody (One Lambda, USA) by flow cytometry. A FITC-conjugated anti-mIgG () was used as an isotype control. Samples were tested in triplicate. Analysis of expression was performed using FlowJo software version 10 (BD, USA). Statistical analysisEach experiment of protein expression was tested in triplicate and the expression level is shown as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed the Student’s t test or ANOVA on Graph7 (GraphPad, USA). P < 0. 05 was denoted as significant. All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this 10. 1056/NEJM200009073431006 (2000). 10. 1093/nar/gks949 (2013). 10. 1182/blood-2007-06-097386 (2007). 10. 1016/j. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the analysis of HLA B locus expression and related laboratory procedures, but does not mention CRISPR technology or its capabilities in editing genomic sequences. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Most rice is grown in developing countries with relatively low average yields and high post-harvest losses. The loss of edible grain is considerably lower with mechanisation. Retaining more grain results in overall lower emissions per unit of product, and, generally speaking, the value of these avoided losses covers the economic expense of mechanisation (Castelein et al. , Reference Castelein, Broeze and Kok2021; Gummert et al. , and Nguyen-Van-Hung2020; Nguyen-Van-Hung et al. , Reference Nguyen, Tran and Pyseth2018). Likewise, plant breeding for high-yielding, short-duration, and stress-tolerant varieties is an investment in mitigation, alongside agronomic management interventions, despite not often being construed as such (Ortiz-Monasterio et al. , Reference Ortiz-Monasterio, Wassmann and Govaerts2010). These interventions provide considerable potential to improve food security and farmer livelihoods while reducing rice’s current carbon footprint (Box 10. 1). Box 10. 1 Case Study: in Chains in Sub-Interventions on or near the farm – as a major upstream hotspot in most food chains – can have a major impact on overall FL and GHG emissions. However, including smallholder farmers in efforts to mitigate the climate impact of food supply chains in low- and middle-income countries can be a considerable challenge. Recent research into attainable intervention strategies for smallholder farmers shows the benefit of productivity-enhancing technology for farmers’ incomes as well as a range of other food system outcomes, including environmental sustainability, food availability, and the socio-economic development of rural communities. In a controlled experiment on smallholder rice farms in Nigeria, we measured the impact of mechanising farm activities (Castelein et al. , Reference Castelein, Broeze and Kok2021) (Figure 10. 2). Results showed that switching to mechanised harvesting and threshing reduces harvest paddy losses from 9. 6 percent to 0. 9 percent, and increases threshing efficiency from 31. 1 percent to 33. 1 percent. An FL reduction – here defined as loss of the edible part of the crop – of almost one tonne (920 kg) can be achieved per farmer per harvest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between reducing post-harvest losses (food waste) and lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It explains that mechanisation and interventions aimed at improving productivity on smallholder farms can significantly reduce edible grain loss, which in turn decreases emissions per unit of product. By focusing on eliminating loss of the edible part of crops through efficient farming practices, the text supports the claim that reducing food waste can lead to lower GHG emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Other industries—automated clearing houses like Bankgirot; banks like Swedbank and Klarna;Footnote 11 Fintech companies like Betalo, Tink, and Payair; card providers like Visa and Mastercard; telecom companies as Apple, Samsung, Telia, and Tre; social media companies like Google and Facebook; e-commerce companies like Alibaba and Amazon, as well as providers of hardware and software solutions for electronic payments—have business interests in replacing cash payments with electronic payments. Merchants—payment receivers—have an interest in low fees and high value for these services as well as not relying too heavily on one specific payment service. Consumers—payers—have basic needs to be able to receive and make payments in as inexpensive, quick, effortless, and fun ways as possible. In addition, governments and central banks have a need for secure, reliable, and efficient payment systems to enable markets to operate as effectively as possible. This variety of interests makes the evolution of the payment system an interesting but complex process. We can also make a somewhat deeper analysis of the business interest of banks in connection to cash. When banks started to sell bank accounts in the 1960s to consumers and were able to convince employers of the benefits from paying wages and salaries into bank accounts instead of via cash, this was as a win-win situation for all that were involved. But the unions had a strong demand—the banks should not be able to issue fees to consumers for accessing their wages and salaries. Access to this money should not have a price tag on it. This led to a situation where Swedish banks could not make a profit on cash-based services as such. They needed to find other ways to gain revenues that could pay for these services, and they did. Annual fees for access to cards and interchange fees to merchants meant that the card payment business could pay the cash handling (and still leave a nice profit! ). This tradition means that banks today have no commercial interest to keep supplying cash handling services—it is just costly and there are no cross-selling opportunities related to cash—and we have seen the effects from this. The share of bank retail offices that provide cash handling services is now below 50% (Länsstyrelserna, 2016). Another factor that is important to take into consideration concerns the nature of payment services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed analysis of the differing interests among various stakeholders in the payment system. It highlights that not all consumer segments experience equal benefits, pointing out that banks, merchants, and consumers each have distinct needs and objectives. For instance, it mentions that consumers have goals for inexpensive, quick, and effortless payment solutions, while banks have shifted away from cash handling due to a lack of profitability. This implies that the move to a cashless society does not uniformly benefit all individuals, thereby contesting the claim of equal benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: bbmt. 2010. 09. 012 (2011). 10. 1111/j. 1399-0039. 2004. 00322. x (2004). 10. 1016/j. humimm. 2015. 02. 001 (2015). 10. 1016/j. humimm. 2006. 04. 010 (2006). 10. 1038/nature10886 (2012). 9. Science 346, 1258096, (2014). 9. Genet 16, 299–311, (2015). 9. Nature 516, 263–266, (2014). 10. 1126/science. 1225829 (2012). 10. 1038/nprot. 2013. 143 (2013). 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2015. 04. 024 (2015). 10. 1093/hmg/ddu125 (2014). 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2016. 11. 011 (2017). 10. 1007/s13238-014-0032-5 (2014). 10. 1681/ASN. 2016020146 (2016). 10. 1007/978-1-4939-7128-2_1 (2017). 10. 1038/ncomms8451 (2015). 10. 1007/s10529-016-2064-9 (2016). 10. 1097/MOT. 0000000000000103 (2014). 10. 3389/fimmu. 2016. 00469 (2016). 10. 1073/pnas. 0809380105 (2008). 10. 1038/srep45763 (2017). 10. 1038/nbt. 3198 (2015). 10. 1038/nbt. 3190 (2015). 10. 1111/j. 1399-0039. 2006. 00707. x (2006). 10. 1182/blood-2014-09-599969 (2014). 10. 1126/scitranslmed. aaf9336 (2016). 10. 1038/nrclinonc. 2013. 46 (2013). 10. 1038/cr. 2016. 142 (2017). 10. 1038/40758 (1997). 10. 1038/382722a0 (1996). 9. Cell 15, 643–652, (2014). 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists solely of references to various academic articles without any discussion of CRISPR technology or its application in editing genomic sequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: After accounting for equipment costs, there is an associated income boost through yield increases and labour savings of approximately 16 percent, or US$400 (Table 10. 1). Figure 10. 2 From manual to mechanised practices on Nigerian rice farms Table 10. 1. Impact of different intervention scenarios in smallholder rice farming CriteriaBaseline: Manual harvesting threshingScenario 1: Shift baseline to mechanised harvestingScenario 2: Shift baseline to mechanised threshingScenario 3: Mechanised harvesting and threshingLoss reduction and profit increase ha-1 year-1-299 kg US$126180 kg US$75479 kg US$202Loss reduction and profit increase per farmer, olam year -1 (1. 92 ha)-575 kg US$243346 kg US$146921 kg US$389Costs of buying machine-US$2 050 reaperUS$875 thresherUS$2 925Labour hours saved ha-1 year-1-14462206GHG per kg produced paddy rice4. 444. 13. 7Climate impact of mechanisation (emissions avoided in kg CO2eq)Ha-1 year-1-1 0427161 696Mechanisation results in a net reduction of GHGs by 1 696 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent per hectare, even after accounting for emissions from the machinery itself. Scaling this impact to all rice farmers in Nigeria would reduce GHG emissions by 5. 4 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. This case study shows how efficiently mechanisation can lessen environmental impact and FL, while increasing food production and farmer income. 10. 3 Highlights of in SSA: In the smallholder potato value chain in Kenya, we evaluated farm-level interventions and their effect on the yields, losses along the chain, GHG emissions per unit food supplied to consumers, and the business case for farmers (Soethoudt & Castelein, and Castelein2021). Results show that mechanisation, adopting certified or clean seeds, and appropriate fertiliser and crop protection can reduce the yield gap and FL by 71 percent and GHG emissions per unit of marketed food by 51 percent, that is, the net effect of all interventions. Farmer income almost quadrupled. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how mechanisation and farm-level interventions can lead to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of food produced. It specifically mentions that GHG emissions per unit of marketed food were reduced by 51 percent, indicating that interventions aimed at efficiency, such as mechanisation, not only reduce food loss but also lower emissions associated with food production. This supports the idea that reducing food waste contributes to decreasing greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: A payment service—like other infrastructure services as telecommunication and electricity—benefits from having many suppliers and many users connected to the same technological platform. A payment service must realize network effects and interoperability (Economides, 1996; Hagiu & Wright, 2015) to become valuable for both payers and payees (i. e. , payment receivers). This depends on the number of users—in each side—in the system. To build a new payment, service becomes a classical chicken-and-the-egg problem where you need both at the same. If there are not many payment receivers, stores, the payers, consumers, will not be attracted to the service and vice versa. The open four-party card payment systems from VISA and Mastercard are good examples of such systems. You can use your card from a—let’s say—Swedish bank when you want to make a payment in Chiang Mai, Thailand, or when you want to buy from an international e-commerce site. I would even argue that the interoperability of card payment systems is their main competitive edge in this transition of payment systems. It is of course not a bad thing to have. VISA and Mastercard show strong profits year by year. Footnote 12 But this is not what I had planned to write in this paragraph. I got sidetracked by the enormous profitability in the payment industry, which of course is one reason why there are so many Fintech companies that want to enter this industry! There are a lot of potential dollars and euros in the payment industry that Fintech companies want to get their hands on. But back to the plan to write that a new payment service that wants to be established must be able to overcome this chicken-and-the-egg problem. They need to attract large number of payers and payment receivers at the same time. Footnote 13 Cash in Sweden is now facing the opposite challenge—to keep as many payment receivers and payers as possible in the system. Fewer merchants accept cash, fewer banks offer cash handling services, and fewer consumers prefer cash, which in the end means reduced interoperability of cash and reduced value of the entire network for cash-based system! The cash-based system in Sweden is in situation with a decreasing interoperability and reduced network effects which has initiated a vicious circle that even may be self-reinforcing (Fig. 6. 2). Fig. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges faced by cash and the importance of network effects and interoperability in payment systems. It explains that if there are fewer payment receivers and fewer consumers preferring cash, this diminishes the value and interoperability of the cash system, implying that not everyone benefits equally. Instead, it highlights a disparity where some payment systems, like those offered by VISA and Mastercard, succeed due to their network effects while cash struggles, contradicting the notion of equal benefit in a cashless society.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Chromosomes and Research 10. 7554/eLife. 41769 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMay 24, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 17,166 views 1,675 downloads 239 1769. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side files 12 figures, 5 videos, 1 table and 8 additional files 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset The Sox2 a Model for Visualization of Enhancer-in Stem Cells. (A) To visualize chromosome loci in living cells, we have used tetO/TetR and cuO/CymR genetic labels. Our pipeline for insertion of these labels into the mouse genome is shown. -Cas9 is used to place an attP integrase landing site. Second, a targeting plasmid bearing the compatible attB sequence, the tetO or cuO array, and a selection cassette is introduced along the integrase (Int) to mediate site-specific integration. The selection cassette can then be subsequently removed by Cre/Flp recombinase. (B) The Sox2 locus in mouse ESCs. Genomic browser tracks of epigenomic and expression data demonstrate high levels of histone acetylation, RNA polymerase II, and transcription factor (OCT4, SOX2, ) and cohesin (RAD21) occupancy at Sox2 and the distal Sox2 enhancer (tan boxes). Data from 4C and HiC experiments demonstrate chromosomal contacts at the Sox2 locus. For 4C data, read density indicates contact frequency with a fixed position near the Sox2 promoter (red triangle). Y-axis for browser tracks is reads per million. For HiC, all pairwise contact frequencies are shown using a heatmap. The intensity of each pixel represents the normalized number of contacts detected between a pair of loci. The maximum intensity is indicated in red square. At bottom, locations of the cuO- and tetO-arrays for the three cell lines utilized for this study. Sox2-8CcuO/+; Sox2-117TtetO/+ (Sox2-SCR) ESCs were used to track Sox2/SCR location. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address or provide information related to the claim about CRISPR technology and its capability for precise editing of genomic sequences. Instead, it focuses on detailing a specific method related to genetic labeling and tracking in mouse embryonic stem cells, which does not directly corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Mechanisation in particular significantly increases the yield per hectare and reduces crop damage – resulting in further rejections along the chain – even while inputs per hectare remain the same. for from Vietnam to Europe: ‘Small’ tropical fruit categories like dragon fruit are exported to other continents by air. With increasing volumes, however, alternative modalities with reduced GHG emissions are required, specifically reefer container transport. With the fruit collection system, however, the lengthy transportation phase results in high losses in the transportation and distribution phases. This not only leads to considerable losses but also substantial loss-associated GHG emissions. A third scenario that combines reefer containers for intercontinental transport with quick post-harvest refrigeration was identified as the best solution for FLW and GHG reduction (Table 10. 2) (Axmann et al. , Reference Axmann, Soethoudt and Thuy2021). Table 10. 2. Food loss and waste and greenhouse gas emission results for different scenarios for transporting dragon fruit from Vietnam to Europe ScenarioTotal losses along the chain (%)Total GHG emissions per kilogram of fruit distributed (kg C0”eq kg-1)Traditional collection chain + air transport1526Traditional collection chain + reefer container sea transport4424Cooling in collection chain + reefer container sea transport1315Increasing the of by Lowering the Cooling Temperatures: Through lowering the cooling temperature, the shelf life of cut vegetables is extended, thereby reducing FLW in retail (Broeze et al. , Reference Broeze, Guo and Axmann2019; see also Box 10. 4). This results in less loss-associated GHG emissions but at the cost of additional energy use due to deeper cooling as well as a slightly extended average shelf period. One case study seemingly shows a negative trade-off between FLW reduction and GHG emissions reduction (Table 10. 3). Table 10. 3. Food loss and waste and greenhouse gas emission results for different cooling temperatures for cut vegetables. GHG emissions are quantified as kg CO2eq. per kg vegetable sold in retail. ScenarioTotal losses along the chain (%)Total GHG emissions (kg CO2eq per kg vegetable sold in retail)Reference: Storage at 7°C11. 80. 53Reduced storage temperature: 4°C9. 40. 5510. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how reducing food loss and waste (FLW) is linked to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It mentions that adopting better transport methods and refrigeration can result in reduced losses and consequently less GHG emissions associated with food distribution and storage. For example, it states that a combination of reefer containers for transport and cooling can lead to a significant reduction in both FLW and GHG emissions. Additionally, the text connects the reduction of FLW with the potential for lowering emissions from decomposition, which strengthens the claim.