Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of transactions on the dark web involve cryptocurrencies due to their relative anonymity. [SEP] Text: According to the study of University of Portsmouth results that researchers have worked with 40 relays (computers) that ran on TOR network and they have collected above 45. 000 TOR hidden services web sites. Researchers concluded that 2% of them were for children abuse and 83% of visitors have visited these sites. Another study is realized by King’s about the TOR hidden services web sites via search engines like Ahmia and (for the Dark Web). Researchers have identified 5. 205 websites live. 1. 557 of them is identified by illicit content. According to TOR project estimated that the traffic of hidden services is 3. 4%. 2016 to March 2017 have existed between 50. 000 - 60. 000 daily hidden services (unique and with the onion addresses) [2] [3]. Figure 3. The TOR daily users in Kosovo during January to December 20183. Figure 4. The TOR daily users in the world that they have used the Internet anonymously during January to December 20184. (RQ4) Can anonymity be verified in the and can we say that it is the anonymous content? We cannot say that anonymity is completely verified on the Dark Web. TOR has purposed to enable anonymous activities, but researchers and security experts are continually working to develop tools through which they can identify individuals or hidden services and de-anonymize them. There are many cases (examples) about anonymity, but to elaborate this research question are considered two of them: 1) Bureau of Investigation (FBI) took in control the Freedom Hosting5 in 2013, even why many years ago, it had infected that with a malware designed to identify visitors. FBI, since 2002, has used “a computer and internet protocol address verifier” [2] that was a malware in the web hosting service, though of which it had identified and verified suspects and their location using a proxy server or anonymous services such as TOR. 2) Hackers who are part of Anonymous, in 2017 have reactivated and controlled the II, the web hosting service on the and the predecessor of the Freedom Hosting. They claimed that over 50% of the content was related to sensitive content. Users who placed these data on the could easily be identified. Security experts have concluded that the II hosted 1500 - 2000 hidden services (near 15% - 20% of them were rated as active sites) [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of anonymity on the dark web. While it states that TOR aims to facilitate anonymous activities, it also presents evidence that anonymity is not fully verifiable and that law enforcement agencies, such as the FBI, have successfully de-anonymized users on the dark web. This implies that the reliance on cryptocurrencies for anonymity in transactions may be overstated, as there are mechanisms in place that can compromise this anonymity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain neural circuits in the brain are dedicated to processing social cues. [SEP] Text: Neurophysiol. 94, 400–414. doi: 10. 1152/jn. 01065. 2004 | Text |. J. , Bernard, L. , and Dent, M. L. (2000). “Hearing in birds and reptiles,” in Comparative Hearing: Birds and Reptiles, eds R. J. Dooling, R. R. Fay, and A. N. Popper (New York, NY: Springer), 308–359. doi: 10. 1007/978-1-4612-1182-2_7. D. , Renzi, M. , Farrant, M. , and Nusser, Z. (2012). Setting the time course of inhibitory synaptic currents by mixing multiple GABAA receptor subunit isoforms. J. Neurosci. 32, 5853–5867. doi: 10. 1523/. 6495-11. 2012 | Text |. G. , and Caspary, D. M. (1991). Low-frequency neurons in the lateral superior olive exhibit phase-sensitive binaural inhibition. J. Neurophysiol. 65, 598–605. | Text Fujita, I. , and Konishi, M. (1991). of GABAergic inhibition in processing of interaural time difference in the owl's auditory system. J. Neurosci. 11, 722–739. Fukui, I. , and Ohmori, H. (2004). Tonotopic gradients of membrane and synaptic properties for neurons of the chicken nucleus magnocellularis. J. Neurosci. 24, 7514–7523. doi: 10. 1523/. 0566-04. 2004 | Text |. , Sato, T. , and Ohmori, H. (2006). Improvement of phase information at low sound frequency in nucleus magnocellularis of the chicken. J. Neurophysiol. 96, 633–641. doi: 10. 1152/jn. 00916. 2005 | Text |. , Koyano, K. , and Ohmori, H. (1998). The role of GABAergic inputs for coincidence detection in the neurones of nucleus laminaris of the chick. J. Physiol. 508, 851–869. doi: 10. 1111/j. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neural circuits processing social cues. Instead, it discusses various studies on auditory processing in birds and reptiles, thus being irrelevant to the topic of social cues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: We show that, when strongly beneficial mutations are considered, this pattern also holds for the interactions between one beneficial mutation and the many mutations separating naturally diverged genotypes. Note that the values of would obviously change if measured with respect to different reference genotypes (Table 2), but we only know that the B and F mutations are large-effect beneficial mutations for ID11. The other ancestral genotypes might have yielded entirely different sets of beneficial mutations under the same selective pressures or, even if the B and F mutations were beneficial, their effects might have been small relative to other accessible beneficial mutations. Nonetheless, for the four cases for which mutations were significantly beneficial in backgrounds other than ID11 (B in WA6 and F in NC2, NC10, and WA6), we found that for the mutation assuming the corresponding ancestor as reference (Table 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Deviations from additivity assuming different reference genotypes. number of factors could contribute to the deviations from additivity for the B and F mutations. Most obviously, we expect that the effects of the mutations should be more similar to the effects in ID11 for genotypes that are more closely related to ID11 [6]. The location of isolation, being a proxy for similarity of historical selective pressures, might have led to distinct phenotypic properties among the isolates that could contribute. Bull et al. [19] noted that, for the related phage X174, the magnitude of the beneficial effect of a mutation could be negatively correlated with the fitness of the genotype into which it is added. We might therefore expect the mutations to have larger effects (and therefore be closer to additive) in genotypes with lower initial fitnesses. Finally, idiosyncratic properties of the mutations themselves could contribute, if, for example, one mutation exhibited stronger epistatic interactions than the other. We tested for these effects using an analysis in R [20]. We used as our response variable and included mutation identity (B or F) and isolation location (ID, NC, or WA) as categorical explanatory variables. Percent genetic divergence from ID11 (Table 1) and the initial (i. e. , ancestral) fitness of the genotypes were included as continuous explanatory variables. In the full model, the only significant explanatory variable was initial fitness ( for all other variables); the mininum adequate model, including only initial fitness, gives and (Figure 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how beneficial mutations may have varying effects based on different genetic contexts and selective pressures. It emphasizes that the impact of mutations can differ greatly, depending on the genotype being referenced and other factors like initial fitness. This supports the idea that mutations can indeed be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on various contextual elements.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: В частности, путем установления крупного размера героина свыше 0 грамм и включения положения о смеси, что позволяло привлекать к уголовной ответственности даже при невозможности определения весовых значений наркотиков, лишь за наличие его следов или частиц (в смывах рук, в карманах одежды и т. п. ), тем самым искусственно завышая на несколько порядков реальный уровень наркопреступлений. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the legal implications of drug possession and mentions the manipulation of drug-related crime statistics without directly addressing the dark web's involvement in illegal activities. It highlights how laws can affect the perceived level of drug crimes but does not confirm the existence of the dark web as a hub for such activities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain neural circuits in the brain are dedicated to processing social cues. [SEP] Text: 1469-7793. 1998. 851bp. x. G. (1987). G proteins: transducers of receptor-generated signals. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56, 615–649. doi: 10. 1146/annurev. bi. 56. 070187. 003151 | Text |. M. , and Brown, P. B. (1969). Response of binaural neurons of dog superior olivary complex to dichotic tonal stimuli: some physiological mechanisms of sound localization. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 613–636. | Text. , Homanics, G. E. , and Harrison, N. L. (2002). Prolongation of hippocampal miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in mice lacking GABAA receptor alpha1 subunit. J. Neurophysiol. 88, 3208–3217. doi: 10. 1152/jn. 00885. 2001 | Text |. , and Sanes, D. H. (1994). Synaptic inhibition influences the temporal coding properties of medial superior olivary neurons: an in vitro study. J. Neurosci. 14, 1701–1709. | Text Harvey, A. L. (2001). Twenty years of dendrotoxins. Toxicon 39, 15–26. doi: 10. 1016/S0041-0101(00)00162-8 | Text |. F. , Allen, M. L. , Houamed, K. M. , and Tempel, B. L. (1994). Properties of voltage-gated K currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes by mKv1. 1, mKv1. 2 and their heteromultimers as revealed by mutagenesis of the dendrotoxin-binding site in mKv1. 1. Pflugers Arch. 428, 382–390. doi: 10. 1007/BF00724522 | Text |. L. , Overholt, E. M. , and Lippe, W. R. (1994). Cochlear microphonic measurements of interaural time differences in the chick. Hear. Res. 81, 109–118. doi: 10. 1016/0378-5955(94)90158-9 | Text |. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it summarizes various studies and articles related to neural mechanisms and functions without any explicit mention of neural circuits dedicated to processing social cues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: With however, the model provided a poor explanation for our data. The estimated slope was negative, indicating that genotypes with lower initial fitnesses received closer-to-additive effects. The data were slightly heteroscedastic, primarily on the basis of the WA6 genotype with the B mutation. Eliminating this genotype from the analysis had little effect on the result ( ). We found, therefore, that epistasis tends to be more antagonistic for genotypes with higher ancestral fitnesses. This pattern corresponds to diminishing-returns epistasis, which has been observed for beneficial mutations for the related bacteriphage X174 [21] and in bacteria [13], [14], [22], [23]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. The deviation from additivity was negatively correlated with ancestral fitness. (A) Genotypes with lower initial fitnesses tended to gain more benefit from the B and F mutations than those with higher initial fitnesses, consistent with diminishing-returns epistasis. This relationship was statistically significant, and the regression line is shown. (B) We found no significant relationship between the genetic distance from ID11 and the deviation from additivity. The regression line is shown. Epistasis and the Phenotype-fitness looking just at fitness effects, we were unable to explain most of the variation in our data. In previous work characterizing epistasis between pairs of beneficial mutations [9], a model with additive phenotypic effects fit the data well. Epistasis was incorporated at the fitness level by means of a nonlinear phenotype-fitness map. The model was based on the observation that biochemical effects of mutations are often additive [10], [24] and the assumption of an intermediate phenotypic optimum (i. e. , stabilizing selection). Each mutation was assumed to affect a single phenotype, and its phenotypic effect was the same regardless of the background genotype. The phenotype of the mutant was then mapped to fitness by means of a gamma curve to allow for asymmetry in the phenotype-fitness map. To determine whether a similar model could explain our data, we imputed phenotypic values from fitnesses and estimated a phenotype-fitness curve. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of genetic mutations in relation to fitness levels. It illustrates that lower initial fitness genotypes gain more benefit from specific mutations, which aligns with the idea of context-dependency of mutations. This is further reinforced by mentioning 'diminishing-returns epistasis,' indicating that the impact of mutations can vary, thus supporting the notion that mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the genetic context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: Такую цепочку преступных действий можно проследить на том же сбыте наркотиков. Для того, чтобы конкретному лицу сбывать эти средства, нужно, чтобы они оказались в его владении. Иными словами, каким-то способом сбытчик должен ввести их в незаконный оборот, а именно: путем изготовления, производства, переработки, контрабанды, хищения, а если эти наркотики растительного происхождения – незаконного культивирования наркотикосодержащих растений. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by specifically discussing the illicit drug trade and the mechanisms involved in the distribution of narcotics, which implies that illegal activities such as drug trafficking are part of the broader context of crime. However, it does not explicitly mention the dark web, thereby leading to a contrast in the context of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain neural circuits in the brain are dedicated to processing social cues. [SEP] Text: , Reyes, A. D. , and Rubel, E. W. (1995). A depolarizing inhibitory response to GABA in brainstem auditory neurons of the chick. Brain Res. 677, 117–126. doi: 10. 1016/0006-8993(95)00130-I | Text |. X. , Carney, L. H. , Smith, P. H. , and Yin, T. C. T. (1994). Enhancement of neural synchronization in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. I. Responses to tones at the characteristic frequency. J. Neurophysiol. 71, 1022–1036. | Text Joris, P. X. , and Yin, T. C. T. (1995). Envelope coding in the lateral superior olive. I. sensitivity to interaural time differences. J. Neurophysiol. 73, 1043–1062. | Text Klump, G. (2000). “Sound localization in birds,” in Comparative Hearing: Birds and Reptiles, eds R. J. Dooling, R. R. Fay, and A. N. Popper (New York, NYSpringer), 249–307. Knudsen, E. I. , and Konishi, M. (1979). Mechanisms of sound localization in the barn owl (Tyto alba). J. Comp. Physiol. 133, 13–12. doi: 10. 1007/BF00663106. (2003). Coding of auditory space. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 26, 31–55. doi: 10. 1146/annurev. neuro. 26. 041002. 131123 | Text |. , Ishii, T. M. , and Ohmori, H. (2006). Axonal site of spike initiation enhances auditory coincidence detection. Nature 444, 1069–1072. doi: 10. 1038/nature05347 | Text |. , Koyano, K. , and Ohmori, H. (2002). Synaptic depression improves coincidence detection in the nucleus laminaris in brainstem slices of the chick embryo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15, 984–990. doi: 10. 1046/j. 1460-9568. 2002. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references and studies primarily focused on auditory processing and sound localization, without addressing or mentioning any neural circuits that specifically process social cues. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: We were able to reject our null models, which demonstrates that statistical power is not an issue, but whether the inclusion of additional mutations would significantly alter the overall results is uncertain. We selected the two largest-effect mutations of the original set of nine because these mutations were the most likely to show strong epistatic effects. These mutations were therefore also most likely to have the strongest influence on the fit of the model. Despite these mutations affecting different genes, their epistatic patterns were similar enough that mutation identity was not found to be a significant factor in our which suggests that the patterns for additional mutations would be similar. All major types of epistasis can emerge naturally from the additive phenotypic model because the relationship between phenotype and fitness is nonlinear (Figure 5). Antagonistic epistasis, under which the effects of mutations are less than additive, can arise when a mutational vector is moved from its original genotype to a new genotype in a region with a more concave phenotype-fitness relationship. Likewise, synergistic epistasis, in which the effects of mutations are more than additive, can arise when a mutation is moved to a region with a more convex phenotype-fitness relationship. Sign epistasis [18], e. g. , the case in which a beneficial mutation becomes deleterious in a new background, can arise when a mutation overshoots the optimum in one genotype but not another (Figure 5). Understanding epistasis is critical for understanding, for example, the rate of adaptation [13], the evolution of sexual reproduction [25], [26], and reproductive isolation between incipient species [27], [28]. Under this model, epistasis is not a mysterious intrinsic property of particular genotypes but a reflection of the curvature of the phenotype-fitness map [29]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Nonlinearity in the phenotype-fitness relationship can produce commonly observed epistatic patterns. Three hypothetical genotypes (A, B, and C) with different phenotypes are all given the same mutation with the same phenotypic effect (). If the mutation were moved from background A to background B, we would see antagonistic epistasis. Moving it from B to A would give synergistic epistasis, and moving it from A to C would give sign epistasis. most obvious limitation of our analysis is the restriction to a single phenotypic dimension. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various epistatic effects of mutations in different contexts. It explains that mutations can have varying repercussions depending on their genetic background and the phenotypic effects they contribute to. For instance, the text mentions antagonistic epistasis, where the effects of mutations are less than additive, and sign epistasis, where a beneficial mutation can become harmful in a different genetic background. This illustrates that mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: Такую цепочку преступных действий можно проследить на том же сбыте наркотиков. Для того, чтобы конкретному лицу сбывать эти средства, нужно, чтобы они оказались в его владении. Иными словами, каким-то способом сбытчик должен ввести их в незаконный оборот, а именно: путем изготовления, производства, переработки, контрабанды, хищения, а если эти наркотики растительного происхождения – незаконного культивирования наркотикосодержащих растений. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the illegal activities around drug trafficking. It explains the processes required for someone to engage in drug sales illegally, such as manufacturing, smuggling, and illegal cultivation. This aligns with the activities typically associated with the dark web but does not directly affirm that it is a central hub for such crimes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain neural circuits in the brain are dedicated to processing social cues. [SEP] Text: 01933. x | Text |. , and Ohmori, H. (2009). Roles of axonal sodium channels in precise auditory time coding at nucleus magnocellularis of the chick. J. Physiol. 587, 87–100. doi: 10. 1113/jphysiol. 2008. 162651 | Text |. , Yamada, R. , Fukui, I. , and Ohmori, H. (2005). Tonotopic specialization of auditory coincidence detection in nucleus laminaris of the chick. J. Neurosci. 25, 1924–1934. doi: 10. 1523/. 4428-04. 2005 | Text |. , Yamada, R. , and Ohmori, H. (2003). Evaluation of the limiting acuity of coincidence detection in nucleus laminaris of the chicken. J. Physiol. 552, 611–620. doi: 10. 1113/jphysiol. 2003. 041574 | Text |. , and Zook, J. M. (1992). Projections to the medial superior olive from the medial and lateral nuclei of the trapezoid body in rodents and bats. J. Comp. Neurol. 324, 522–538. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 903240406 | Text |. A. , Buebsamem, R. , and Rubel, E. W. (1994). GABAergic terminals in nucleus magnocellularis and laminaris originate from the superior olivary nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 348, 403–418. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 903480307 | Text |. (2009). Regulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in the chick nucleus laminaris: role of N-type calcium channels. Neuroscience 164, 1009–1019. doi: 10. 1016/j. neuroscience. 2009. 09. 013 | Text |. A. , Koppl, C. , and Konishi, M. (1988). A neural map of interaural intensity differences in the brain stem of the barn owl. J. Neurosci. 8, 2665–2676. | Text Mogdans, J. , and Knudsen, E. I. (1994). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies related to auditory processing and neural projections in non-human species, focusing on auditory circuits and without any mention of neurons or circuits involved in processing social cues in the brain. Therefore, it does not provide any relevant information that supports or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Had we rejected the model, this restriction might have been significant, because assuming more phenotypes would have improved the fit of the model. Though the two mutations affect different genes, they can reasonably be assumed to affect the same single phenotype. Despite being in different genes, the mutations lie in the same region of the capsid structure; the -carbons for the positions of the B and F mutations are separated by only 19. 2 Å in the structure of the related phage X174 [30], [31]. Perhaps more troublesome is the assumption that the ancestral genotypes differ primarily in this one phenotype. Rokyta et al. [4] adapted eight different microvirid genotypes, including two of those from the present study, to the same culture conditions used for the study reported here. They found that adaptation took on average three substitutions and that parallel evolution was common even across different genotypes. These two observations suggest that the phages are not maladapted in many ways and that the same traits are responding to selection in the different genotypes. In effect, our approach can be viewed as being similar to a principal-components analysis in which we try to identify a single axis in phenotypic space that best explains our data. The model described above is effectively a one-dimensional version of Fisher’s geometric model [32]. Fisher’s model has defined how evolutionary biologists think about the genetics of adaptation since its introduction more than 80 years ago [32]. It led directly, for example, to the generally accepted expectation that adaptation should occur primarily through small-effect mutations, an expectation that has not always been met empirically [15], [19], [33] and that has since been shown to be an overly simplistic view of the implications of the model [34]–[36]. The assumption is that, to be fit, an organism must match its environment in some number of phenotypes. Each of these phenotypes is treated as an orthogonal axis in a continuous metric space. The evolving genotype then moves toward the optimum by means of selection acting on mutational vectors that can point in any direction in the space, affecting one or more phenotypes. This framework has been used to study, for example, the probability that a mutation is beneficial [32], the evolution of sex [37], development [38], dominance [39], the cost of complexity [40], and epistasis [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how mutations affect phenotypes and the implications of those mutations in the context of adaptation. It mentions that the evolving genotype can move toward an optimum through selection acting on mutational vectors, which suggests that depending on the context (such as environmental factors), mutations can have varying effects (beneficial, neutral, or harmful) on phenotypes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: 37 По этому поводу справедливо замечание Р. С. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it appears to be a fragment or citation without any context related to the dark web or its activities. It does not provide any information that supports, contrasts, or elaborates on the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain neural circuits in the brain are dedicated to processing social cues. [SEP] Text: Representation of interaural level difference in the VLVp, the first site of binaural comparison in the barn owl's auditory system. Hear. Res. 74, 148–164. doi: 10. 1016/0378-5955(94)90183-X | Text |. (1989). Binaural disparity cues available to the barn owl for sound localization. J. Comp. Physiol. A 164, 629–636. doi: 10. 1007/BF00614505 | Text |. , and Konishi, M. (1981). Neuronal and behavioral sensitivity to binaural time differences in the owl. J. Neurosci. 1, 40–48. | Text Monsivais, P. , Yang, L. , and Rubel, E. W. (2000). GABAergic inhibition in nucleus magnocellularis: implications for phase locking in the avian auditory brainstem. J. Neurosci. 20, 2954–2963. | Text Nishino, E. , Yamada, R. , Kuba, H. , Hioki, H. , Furuta, T. , Kaneko, T. , et al. (2008). Sound-intensity-dependent compensation for the small interaural time difference cue for sound source localization. J. Neurosci. 28, 7153–7164. doi: 10. 1523/. 4398-07. 2008 | Text |. (1999). The role of timing in the brainstem auditory nuclei of vertebrates. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 61, 497–519. doi: 10. 1146/annurev. physiol. 61. 1. 497. , Yamada, R. , Kuba, H. , and Ohmori, H. (2013). Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors improves the accuracy of coincidence detection by presynaptic mechanisms in the nucleus laminaris of the chick. J. Physiol. 591, 365–378. doi: 10. 1113/jphysiol. 2012. 244350 | Text |. N. , and Burger, R. M. (2014). Short-term synaptic depression is topographically distributed in the cochlear nucleus of the chicken. J. Neurosci. 34, 1314–1324. doi: 10. 1523/. 3073-13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses auditory processing in barn owls, focusing on binaural differences and sound localization, without mentioning neural circuits related to social cues. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: For epistasis, our results show that the complex patterns for epistatic interactions are likely to be unpredictable from a knowledge of genotype alone and will probably change dramatically across environments as the phenotype-fitness map shifts. Rather than focusing on the identification of the most abundant class of epistatic interaction (e. g. , antagonistic or synergistic), a more informative focus might be the common forms of phenotype-fitness maps. Materials and the Mutants and The ancestral bacteriophage genotypes used in this study were unadapted, natural isolates from wastewater facilities or barnyards [16]. Our NC2 ancestor had a silent nucleotide change of C to T at position 961 relative to the published sequence. The nucleotide change was in codon 301 for the A gene and 88 for the A* gene. NC13 had a nonsynonymous change at position 3122 of T to C, resulting in an amino-acid change of S to P in position 174 of gene F, the major coat protein gene. WA2 had two nucleotide changes: a silent G to T transversion at nucleotide position 433 (amino-acid position 125 in gene A) and a nonsynonymous C to A transversion at position 1465. This transversion resulted in an amino-acid change for genes A and A* (amino-acid positions 469 and 256, respectively) from N to K and was also silent in gene B at amino-acid position 64. The differences from the published sequences either represent sequencing errors in the originals or mutations acquired by chance in the choice of isolates for the present study. Because the differences are present in both the ancestors and the constructed mutants, they should have no effect on our results. The isolation and characterization of the two beneficial mutations from the microvirid bacteriophage ID11 have been previously described [3], [15]. mutation is a G to T transversion at nucleotide position 2534, resulting in an amino-acid change of V to L at position 20 of the J protein. mutation is a C to T transition at nucleotide position 3665, resulting in an amino-acid change from P to S at position 355 of the F protein. The sites of these mutations in the eight other genotypes were determined on the basis of homology; the actual nucleotide position varied with genome length. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complexity of genetic mutations and their patterns. It mentions beneficial mutations and describes how mutations can vary across different contexts, such as changing environments, which aligns with the notion that genetic mutations can have beneficial, neutral, or harmful effects based on the specific circumstances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: В рекомендациях следует отражать весь путь по установлению преступной цепочки незаконных действий по незаконному обороту наркотических средств. Этот путь индивидуален как для лиц, занимающихся таким оборотом индивидуально, так и для членов преступного формирования. Причем, выявлять эту цепь возможно как с введения наркотических средств в оборот, например, с контрабанды, так и с конечного ее звена – сбыта. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the establishment of criminal chains related to illegal drug trafficking. It discusses how these activities can be traced, which implies an awareness of illegal actions without directly linking it to the dark web as a hub for such activities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain neural circuits in the brain are dedicated to processing social cues. [SEP] Text: 2014 | Text |. C. (1996). Queer current and pacemaker: the hyperpolarization-activated cation current in neurons. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 58, 299–327. doi: 10. 1146/annurev. ph. 58. 030196. 001503 | Text |. L. , and Konishi, M. (2001). Auditory spatial receptive fields created by multiplication. Science 292, 249–252. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1059201 | Text |. L. , Viete, S. , Albeck, Y. , and Konishi, M. (1996). Tolerance to sound intensity of binaural coincidence detection in the nucleus laminaris of the owl. J. Neurosci. 16, 7046–7054. | Text Rayleigh, L. (1907). On our perception of sound direction. Philos. Mag. 13, 214–232. doi: 10. 1080/14786440709463595. T. , Wang, Y. , Rubel, E. W. , and Barria, A. (2010). Development of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in binaural auditory neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 104, 1771–1789. doi: 10. 1152/jn. 00468. 2010 | Text |. , and Tibbs, G. R. (1999). The HCN gene family: molecular basis of the hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channels. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 868, 741–764. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1749-6632. 1999. tb11353. x | Text |. , Fukui, I. , and Ohmori, H. (2010). Interaural phase difference modulates the neural activity in the nucleus angularis and improves the processing of level difference cue in the lateral lemniscal nucleus in the chicken. Neurosci. Res. 66, 198–212. doi: 10. 1016/j. neures. 2009. 11. 001 | Text |. S. , Higgs, M. H. , Fairhall, A. L. , and Spain, W. J. (2010). Tonotopic tuning in a sound localization circuit. J. Neurophysiol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information relevant to the claim about neural circuits for processing social cues. It primarily references various scientific articles related to auditory perception and neural activities in specific brain regions associated with sound processing, which does not address the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: This procedure is equivalent to assuming that the fitness of the mutants is independent of the ancestral background. For this model, we estimated a mean and a variance and estimated the ancestors’ fitnesses directly, leaving 16 degrees of freedom. We also conducted an test against a model where mutations confer fitness effects that are normally distributed with mean zero and some variance, which are added to the appropriate ancestral fitnesses. This procedure is equivalent to assuming that phenotypic effects have no underlying structure () and that mutations are equally likely to be beneficial or deleterious. For this model, we only estimated a variance, leaving 17 degrees of freedom. We then compared both models to the gamma model with Akaike information criterion (AIC) values. Finally, to determine whether the explanatory power of the gamma model was merely the result of fitting the clusters of fitness values (i. e. , the fitness of each background and its two correlated mutant fitnesses) or was the result of also explaining the patterns of epistasis within clusters, we randomly assigned the 18 observed fitness effects among the nine backgrounds (without replacement), thereby maintaining the fitness clusters but eliminating any epistatic patterns within them, and conducted a likelihood-ratio test. For each of 500 randomized data sets, we calculated the log-likelihood under the gamma model and under a null model corresponding to the randomization process (fitness effects were normally distributed with mean and variance see for details), took the difference, and determined how often this difference in log-likelhoods for the real data was as large or larger than the difference for the randomized data. Note that in all of the model comparisons described above, parameter estimation under the null models required simple estimation of means and variances of fitnesses or fitness effects, but estimation under the alternative model required complex optimization that was not guaranteed to find the global optimum. The comparisons were therefore biased against the alternative model, making them conservative. Supporting InformationS1. Details of the optimization procedure and a discussion of its limitations. 1. (1999) Di_erent trajectories of parallel evolution during viral adaptation. Science 285: 422–424. View 2. (2000) Experimental evolution recapitulates natural evolution. 355: 1677–1684. View 3. (2005) An empirical test of the mutational landscape model of adaptation using a single-stranded DNA virus. 37: 441–444. View 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses models for estimating the effects of mutations on fitness, noting that mutations are assumed to have a fitness effect that could be beneficial or deleterious. This aligns well with the claim that genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context, as it acknowledges the variability in the impact of mutations based on different ancestral backgrounds and the fitness context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: Anonymity on the Internet » Feb 18, 2004 - 03:45 UTC » Categories: Privacy - Seth says he wants to banish anonymous communications. Seth GodinVirus writers are always anonymous. Vicious political lies (with faked photoshop photos of political leaders, or false innuendo about personal lives) are always anonymous as well. Spam is anonymous. eBay fraudsters are anonymous too. It seems as though virtually all of the problems of the Net stem from this one flaw, and its one I’ve riffed on before. If we can eliminate anonymity online, we create a far more civil place. I disagree. Although most vicious attacks I have received have been anonymous, I still believe there is a role for anonymity and that the value outweighs the cost. Association for the Advancement of Science has a project on anonymous communication on the Internet. They list a few of cases where we might need anonymous communication on the Internet. AAASCase 1 - 2 - Case 3 - The Case(s) of the 4 - Computer Hotline: Is it Worth the Costs? Case 5 - Terror in Elb! Case 6 - Case 7 - Against Whose? Remember that the Internet is one of the few tools for a variety of people who are at risk including whistle-blowers and human rights workers. It is very difficult or impossible to "fix" the Internet without breaking it for others. Cite ✖ Cite DOI APA Ito, J. (2004, February 18). Anonymity on the Internet. Joi Ito's Web [Blog post]. MLA Ito, Joichi. “Anonymity on the Internet. ” Joi Ito's Web, 18 February 2004 Accessed 24 Oct 2024 Chicago (CMS) Ito, Joichi. “Anonymity on the Internet. ” Joi Ito's Web (Blog), February 18, 2004, Harvard Ito, J. (2004). Anonymity on the Internet. Joi Ito's Web. J. Anonymity on the Internet. Joi Ito's Web [Internet]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and limitations of anonymity online. It suggests that while anonymity exists, it cannot be guaranteed, as it can lead to significant problems and is often associated with malicious activities. The text also discusses the need for anonymous communications for specific at-risk individuals like whistle-blowers, implying that anonymity is not absolute and can be compromised.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain neural circuits in the brain are dedicated to processing social cues. [SEP] Text: 103, 2857–2875. doi: 10. 1152/jn. 00678. 2009 | Text |. , and Rubel, E. W. (1979). Organization and development of brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: dendritic gradients in nucleus laminaris. J. Comp. Neurol. 186, 213–240. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 901860207 | Text |. J. , Fischer, B. J. , and Pena, J. L. (2013). Binaural gain modulation of spectrotemporal tuning in the interaural level difference-coding pathway. J. Neurosci. 33, 11089–11099. doi: 10. 1523/. 4941-12. 2013 | Text | CrossText Christensen-Dalsgaard, J. , Tang, Y. , and Carr, C. E. (2011). Binaural processing by the gecko auditory periphery. J. Neurophysiol. 105, 1992–2004. doi: 10. 1152/jn. 00004. 2011 | Text |. Q. , Dinh, E. H. , Shi, W. , and Lu, Y. (2011). Ambient GABA-activated tonic inhibition sharpens auditory coincidence detection via a depolarizing shunting mechanism. J. Neurosci. 31, 6121–6131. doi: 10. 1523/. 4733-10. 2011 | Text |. Q. , Gao, H. , and Lu, Y. (2009). Control of a depolarizing GABAergic input in an auditory coincidence detection circuit. J. Neurophysiol. 102, 1672–1683. doi: 10. 1152/jn. 00419. 2009 | Text |. Q. , and Lu, Y. (2012). responses with distinct kinetics in a sound localization circuit. J. Physiol. 590, 3787–3805. doi: 10. 1113/jphysiol. 2012. 230136. , Moiseff, A. , and Konishi, M. (1984). Time and intensity cues are processed independently in the auditory system of the owl. J. Neurosci. 4, 1781–1786. | Text Tollin, D. J. , and Yin, T. C. T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about neural circuits dedicated to processing social cues. Instead, it discusses various studies related to auditory processing in different species, such as chickens and owls. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna (Austria). URL 21. (2000) Big-benefit mutations in a bacteriophage inhibited with heat. Evol 17: 942–950. View 22. (2010) Diminishing returns from beneficial mutations and pervasive epistasis shape the fitness landscape for rifampicin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genetics 186: 1345–1354. View 23. Sousa A, Magalhães S, (2012) Cost of antibiotic resistance and the geometry of adaptation. Evol 29: 1417–1428. View 24. (2005) Missense meanderings in sequence space: a biophysical view of protein evolution. Genetics 6: 678–687. View 25. (1997) Deleterious mutations, variable epistatic interactions, and the evolution of recombination. Biol 51: 134–147. View 26. Otto SP (2009) The evolutionary enigma of sex. 174: S1–S14. View 27. (1936) Studies on hybrid sterility. II. Localization of sterility factors in Drosophila pseudoobscura hybrids. Genetics 21: 113–135. View 28. Muller HJ (1939) Reversibility in evolution considered from the standpoint of genetics. Soc 14: 261–280. View 29. (2007) Distributions of epistasis in microbes fit predictions from a fitness landscape model. 39: 555–560. View 30. (1992) Atomic structure of single-stranded DNA bacteriophage øX174 and its functional implications. Nature 355: 137–143. View 31. (1994) Analysis of the single-stranded DNA bacteriophage øX174, refined at a resolution of 3. 0 Å. J Mol Biol. 237: 517–543. View 32. Fisher RA (1930) The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford (UK): Press. 33. (1992) The genetics of adaptation: a reassessment. 140: 725–742. View 34. Orr HA (1998) The population genetics of adaptation: the distribution of factors fixed during adaptive evolution. Evolution 52: 935–949. View 35. (1998) Towards a theory of evolutionary adaptation. Genetica 102/103: 525–533. View 36. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to various studies that discuss different aspects of genetic mutations, including beneficial mutations in bacteria and the costs of antibiotic resistance. These studies suggest that mutations can have varied effects on fitness and adaptation, which supports the claim that genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: Dav - Feb 18, 2004 - 04:45 The solution to a lot of these problems that I've been rolling around in my head, which is pretty similar to what outlined in his session at etcon, calls for an end to throw-away anonymity. It is a system where all communication (IM, email, weblog postings/comments, etc) is mediated through a web of social networks and trust metrics anchored to an online identity (think of the WASTE darknet expanded to include multiple social networks and facilities for email and web browsing added in). The identity doesn't have to consist of your real name, but it does have to be consistently used in order to be useful. A brand new identity with little ties into the social network won't be able to do much. Therefore the identity has a vested interest to not misbehave. In other words, it would take time to build up the social trust in an identity that would allow it to have the potential to abuse the trust. If the trust is abused, then the identity can be censured. Private communications will of course be encrypted, like in WASTE, but I also had a nutty brainstorming idea for discouraging activites that seriously violate cultural norms, such as child pornography or terrorist activites. Perhaps all private communications could have a small probability to be 'overheard' in a random neighboring social network. In the case that an overheard message prompts outrage, then a certain percentage of the overhearing social network (not the government though) can vote to ferret out the identities of the transgressors. What I'm trying to come up with is a way to map the social mechanisms that have evolved in the real world onto the online world. 04. you - Feb 18, 2004 - 04:52 maybe i'm missing the point, but anonymity on the net for me sometimes is taking a break from being tied to my background, name, expectations, etc. whether what i do on internet is trivial or not, i think variability of commitment is somewhat necessary. like this comment for example. 05. Jake of 8bitjoystick. com - Feb 18, 2004 - 05:59 have to wonder how is going to change anonymity on the net. Who can tell if it will actually protect privacy or if it will be a unique tracking platform to be abused by MS. 06. seth godin - Feb 18, 2004 - 07:04 Joi's always right, but not this time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a system of 'throw-away anonymity' where communication is mediated through social networks and trust metrics tied to online identities. This suggests that anonymity can be conditional based on an identity's connections and behaviors in a social context. The quote mentions that if trust is abused, identities can be exposed, indicating that anonymity is not absolute and could be compromised, undermining the claim that it guarantees unidentifiability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain neural circuits in the brain are dedicated to processing social cues. [SEP] Text: (2005). Interaural phase and level difference sensitivity in low frequency neurons in the lateral superior olive. J. Neurosci. 25, 10648–10657. doi: 10. 1523/. 1609-05. 2005 | Text |. , Pena, J. L. , and Konishi, M. (1997). Effects of iteraural intensity difference on the processing of interaural time difference in the owl's nucleus laminaris. J. Neurosci. 17, 1815–1824. | Text von Bartheld, C. S. , Code, R. A. , and Rubel, E. W. (1989). GABAergic neurons in brainstem auditory nuclei of the chick distribution, morphology, and connectivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 287, 470–483. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 902870406 | Text |. E. , and Konishi, M. (1984). Segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear nucleus of the barn owl. J. Neurosci. 4, 1787–1799. | Text Yamada, R. , Kuba, H. , Ishii, T. M. , and Ohmori, H. (2005). Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels regulate auditory coincidence detection in nucleus laminaris of the chick. J. Neurosci. 25, 8867–8877. doi: 10. 1523/. 2541-05. 2005 | Text |. , Okuda, H. , Kuba, H. , Nishino, E. , Ishii, T. M. , and Ohmori, H. (2013). The cooperation of sustained and phasic inhibitions increases the contrast of ITD-tuning in low-frequency neurons of the chick nucleus laminaris. J. Neurosci. 33, 3927–3938. doi: 10. 1523/. 2377-12. 2013 | Text |. , Monsivais, P. , and Rubel, E. W. (1999). The superior olivary nucleus and its influence on nucleus laminaris: a source of inhibitory feedback for coincidence detection in the avian auditory brainstem. J. Neurosci. 19, 2313–2325. | Text Yin, T. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided consists of references to various studies focused on the auditory processing mechanisms in different species, such as owls and chicks. It does not address nor provide evidence regarding neural circuits that process social cues, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractNongenetic phenotypic variation can either speed up or slow down adaptive evolution. We show that it can speed up evolution in environments where available carbon and energy sources change over time. To this end, we use an experimentally validated model of Escherichia coli growth on two alternative carbon sources, glucose and acetate. On the superior carbon source (glucose), all cells achieve high growth rates, while on the inferior carbon source (acetate) only a small fraction of the population manages to initiate growth. Consequently, populations experience a bottleneck when the environment changes from the superior to the inferior carbon source. Growth on the inferior carbon source depends on a circuit under the control of a transcription factor that is repressed in the presence of the superior carbon source. We show that noise in the expression of this transcription factor can increase the probability that cells start growing on the inferior carbon source. In doing so, it can decrease the severity of the bottleneck and increase mean population fitness whenever this fitness is low. A modest amount of noise can also enhance the fitness effects of a beneficial allele that increases the fraction of a population initiating growth on acetate. Additionally, noise can protect this allele from extinction, accelerate its spread, and increase its likelihood of going to fixation. Central to the adaptation-enhancing principle we identify is the ability of noise to mitigate population bottlenecks, particularly in environments that fluctuate periodically. Because such bottlenecks are frequent in fluctuating environments, and because periodically fluctuating environments themselves are common, this principle may apply to a broad range of environments and organisms. Author summary Genetically identical individuals that live in the same environment may differ in their behaviour and their traits. These differences arise from uncertainty inherent in all biological processes. Although this random individual variability occurs on short time scales, it can also affect evolutionary adaptation on longer time scales. For example, if a population encounters a harsh environment, random (nongenetic) differences between individuals can cause some individuals to cope better with the new environment than others. If the ability to produce nongenetic differences is genetically determined, organisms that have this ability may have a long-term evolutionary advantage in such environments. Furthermore, if such organisms carry a beneficial gene variant, the beneficial effect of this gene variant may become amplified, and consequently spread faster in a population with more random nongenetic variation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how nongenetic phenotypic variation can impact adaptive evolution and how individuals cope with changing environments. It highlights that when confronted with a harsh environment, random differences—influenced by genetic factors—may allow some individuals to thrive while others do not. This indicates that genetic variations can indeed be beneficial in specific contexts, particularly when environmental conditions fluctuate, thus supporting the idea that genetic mutations' effects can vary based on situational factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: To corrupt the entire net on behalf of whistleblowers is silly. That's what phones are for. 07. toph - Feb 18, 2004 - 07:23 Through Joi, I've read about anonymous 18th-century newspaper posts in pre-professional days when editors scrambled for copy among the letters received. Early pamphleteers were also anonymous. There is an element of free speech to this kind of communication that all manner of identity schemes defeats at the expense of important political ideas. 08. Lucas - Feb 18, 2004 - 07:28 You mention an obviously undesirable and unworkable solution ("banning" anonymity? ) and then in response weakly suggest an important but secondary list of reasons why anonymity can be useful. The problems of anonymity that you mention are more fruitfully viewed as matters of trust. If an author chooses to be anonymous (for whatever reason) he is relying heavily upon the powers of discernment of the reader. We live in a gullible, undiscerning society precisely because of the mechanisms of protection available. "Experts" with long lists of impressive credentials tell us what to think, and as often as not they are knowingly or unknowingly serving the interests of the institutions they represent, rather than the truth. If people are forced to correlate a proposition with their own first-hand experience and understanding they will begin to exercise their own powers of judgement. Then when someone says that is actually a talking hand puppet they will know for themselves whether or not it is true, rather than sue for slander. 09. - Feb 18, 2004 - 07:48 I'm not against banning anonymity on specific services on the Internet. If PayPal or eBay want to authenticate the identity of their users in some way, that's fine. What I'm against is trying to change the architecture of the Internet to somehow cause identity to be verified. Also remember that the US and the "ecommercified" Internet is now just a small part of the world wide Internet. I huge percentage of the world lives in countries where people do not have the freedom to speak and are regularly punished for speaking up. bloggers generally write pseudonymously. China, which will soon have as many users as the US still punishes certain types of public discourse. Think about how important the Internet is in providing a new channel of communications. Telephone is not a very good alternative. In the past, tracing telephone calls was difficult, now it is trivial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the anonymity provided on the Internet, including the dark web, can be compromised through various means. It discusses the complexities of anonymity and mentions that while anonymity can be essential for free speech, it does not guarantee that users cannot be identified by authorities. The author also points out that there are mechanisms for identity verification in service-oriented platforms like PayPal or eBay, suggesting that while anonymity has its uses, it can indeed be challenged and is not absolute.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: Ask a In/and proofreading services for a publication-ready manuscript service packs to match all publication needs Expert help for all academic translation needs Comprehensive statistical support to getting published a Submission & to & and networking a for researchers in for by &A Researchers & Webinar 29 June 2021 Edit: How to improve Biomed manuscripts workshop Webinars & & a break Motivation for today the Facebook group A private safe space for researchers around the world to be themselves, learn from and motivate each other, and have some fun! Join now See related 1. 1k How blockchain can resolve issues underlying research and scholarly communication Research is characterized by collaboration and communication. From conducting research to publishing it, researchers have to work collaboratively. However, communicating with co-authors who could run into the counts of hundreds or even thousands, and could be based in different parts of world, can be challenging. Other problems such as establishing priority on findings, irreproducibility, and registering research protocols also creep in. When it comes to publishing and disseminating research findings, a host of other problems arise, such as the challenges related to peer review and predatory publishers. Can blockchain possibly resolve these problems? Science report throws light on how the adoption of blockchain could help put a new spin research and scholarly communication and lead it in a positive direction. Below are some of the critical problems that blockchain could help with: Reproducibility: The crisis of reproducibility is often cited as one of the reasons for science being considered broken. The reasons behind research being irreproducible are many. As the report mentions, it is “a multifaceted, multi stakeholder problem, with no simple solution being available and no single party being solely responsible. ” Often, lapses in data reporting, incomplete or inaccurate description of methods, and complicated techniques underlie irreproducible results. Related VideoCommon misconception - Only those with problems in their research face mental health issuesDr. urges us to show ourselves some…1. 7k Blockchain can help streamline the research process leading up to the findings. Using the blockchain technology, researchers can register their research protocols and study designs. Since blocks once created cannot be altered, there would be little room for retrospective modification of these records or the hypothesis of studies. Data could be uploaded and easily maintained with time stamps. Researchers working on a project would be able to work on the data from any corner of the world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to research collaboration, blockchain technology, and challenges in scientific publishing without mentioning animal communication or insights into their cognition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Using a realistic model of cell growth, we show that this mechanism not only works in unfavourable environments that are stable, but also in environments that switch back and forth between a favourable and an unfavourable state. Because many natural environments undergo such periodic changes, and because random differences between individuals are ubiquitous, the mechanism we have identified may be widespread in nature. Citation: Schmutzer M, (2020) Gene expression noise can promote the fixation of beneficial mutations in fluctuating environments. PLoS 16(10): e1007727. Mark Goulian, University of : February 9, 2020; Accepted: September 15, 2020; Published: October 26, 2020Copyright: © 2020 Schmutzer, Wagner. This is an open access 9874. We would also like to acknowledge support by the ( grant 31003A_172887 and by the in ( The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionBoth genetic and non-genetic factors influence the rate of evolutionary adaptation. Genetic factors are well-studied, and include the intensity of natural selection [1], population size [2], standing genetic variation [3], the supply of adaptive mutations [4] and clonal interference [5]. A prominent non-genetic factor that can affect adaptation rates is variation in phenotype, variation that arises between individuals even when they share the same genome and environment [6–9]. Nongenetic phenotypic variation has the potential to either slow down or accelerate the rate of adaptation. On the one hand, nongenetic variation can lower the fitness of a population [10]. It can also cause transient random fitness differences between individuals that obscure genetic fitness differences, which weakens the effect of natural selection and increases that of genetic drift [10, 11]. Consequently, populations with a higher level of nongenetic variation may adapt more slowly, and are more prone to accumulate deleterious mutation [12]. On the other hand, nongenetic variation can increase the rate of adaptation by smoothing the fitness landscape [13]. One consequence of this smoothing is that nongenetic variation can eliminate fitness valleys in rugged landscapes, thus allowing populations to climb to higher peaks [13, 14]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how both genetic and non-genetic factors influence evolutionary adaptation. It mentions that nongenetic variation can slow down adaptation by lowering fitness, which can be harmful, but it can also promote adaptation by smoothing the fitness landscape and eliminating fitness valleys, suggesting that the impact of mutations can vary based on environmental context. This directly aligns with the idea that genetic mutations can have beneficial, neutral, or harmful effects depending on prevailing conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: I'm sure you can imagine that every telephone call to an omnibusman or the is traced by any regime trying to stop people from calling out. People at B92, which was an essential voice of resistance in Yugoslavia, have made it clear that if it they handn't had the ability to use anonymous communications, they would have been squashed by Milosevic. We need to find end-to-end solutions to the trust and reputation problem which do not involve some sort of absolute tracking that links to some sort of national ID. Most of such general ID schemes don't work for preventing crime anyway since the criminals will break the law. I localized systems of creating trust and reputation are necessary and are useful, but lets not generalize it to Internet architecture. For instance, over 10% of national ID numbers in Canada are fake. I wonder why? 10. James - Feb 18, 2004 - 09:48 Seth Godin's comment is worthy of someone who writes saccharine, stupid books that re-hash discredited dot-com enthusiasms, solely to fuel an equally vapid and empty consulting business. ? How can he look at his bald-headed visage in the mirror with anything approaching self-respect, after peddling such a stupid idea in book form? Now, I genuinely believe that, but I would not have been willing to use my full name to say it. Why? Because someone who likes or respects Seth Godin, for personal reasons having nothing to do with his (nonexistent) merits as a thinker, might someday "get me back" for saying these things. That's why anonymity is necessary, and good. 11. Camilo - Feb 18, 2004 - 10:39 problem with eliminating anonymity in the internet is that it already happened. At no other point in history was it so easy for the powers that be to track the origin and author of messages, communiqués, manifestos and harangues. Anonymity is necessary for a society: The perfect attribution simple limits and reduces the possibility of communication, making everybody accountable for their ideas, yes, but at the same time allowing all those with the resources and interest to track and challenge those same ideas that might go against the perceived moral truth. Anonymity is both precious and endangered: A transparent internet would be as bland as any corporate site, full of platitudes and "approved content". We need anonymity! We need dissension! 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges of maintaining anonymity in the internet age. It points out that authorities can easily track the origin and author of messages, indicating that anonymity is endangered rather than guaranteed. The statement 'At no other point in history was it so easy for the powers that be to track the origin and author of messages' refutes the idea that using the dark web ensures users cannot be identified.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: Analysis of data could be recorded, which means adding new non-alterable blocks, that others in the project can access with ease. Overall, this has the potential to reduce the problem of reproducibility while speeding up the research process and prevent tampering of data. Peer review: Peer review is regarded as the backbone of scholarly publishing. Research that has been reviewed and verified by peers in the same field is looked upon with trust. However, the peer review system is ridden with problems such as the editors’ inability of appointing suitable reviewers, reviewers’ biases, and the ease with which the process can be manipulated. The peer review process, therefore, lacks transparency and is expensive. Moreover, it makes the publication process sluggish. Finding a solution to overcome these issues has led the scholarly community to find new ways of conducting peer review, for instance open peer review and post-publication peer review. However, these solutions come with their own set of problems. The adoption of blockchain would allow peer reviewers to conduct peer review both pre-publication and post-publication securely and anonymously. The technology requires validation of data for it to be a part of the chain, so the review process will be difficult to rig, making the process more secure. Journals: Journals continue to be the most prominent medium of publishing research papers. Despite the age of digitization, it remains difficult to modify published literature. Journals are also static and inflexible in their current format as they cannot support the publication of datasets and protocols. Probably one of the most worrying issues is the increasing number of predatory journals. deckWhat types of 26. 7k Informing the readers of changes in published literature would be much easier and structured with the use of blockchain since it is easy to update information and all users are simultaneously able to access updated information. Uploading datasets and protocols would likewise be made a part of publications with ease. Monetary transactions between authors and journals would be transparent and remain in the records of blockchain permanently, which could make it difficult for predatory publishers to operate. Could blockchain be embraced by the scholarly community? “Blockchain in science bears the unique chance to realign science’s incentive structures with honesty, effectiveness, collaboration and true inventiveness,” says Dr. is a German radiologist and founder of Blockchain for Science, a project dedicated to gathering ideas on how blockhain could make science more open. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to the peer review process in scientific publishing and the potential implementation of blockchain technology in that realm. It does not provide any information on animal communication or its relevance to cognition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Another consequence is that smoothing by nongenetic variation can make fitness gradients steeper in the vicinity of a fitness plateau [13, 15, 16]. In this case, a change in phenotype can lead to a larger increase in fitness in populations with more nongenetic variation, and the mutation underlying the novel phenotype can spread faster. Most theoretical studies, including this one, describe this second mechanism in populations that are far from their fitness optimum [13, 16, 17]. In one pertinent experiment, Bódi et al. [18] transformed yeast cells with variants of a synthetic gene circuit that induced greater or lesser variation in the expression of a gene that confers resistance to the antifungal drug fluconazole. When yeast populations harbouring these circuits were exposed to the drug, the populations with higher variation in the gene’s expression not only survived higher concentrations of the drug, they also evolved drug resistance more rapidly. The reason was that high variation populations derived a greater fitness increase from beneficial mutations than low variation populations. A recent theoretical study has shown that such a mechanism can also operate close to the fitness optimum [15], but that it is more difficult to observe because nongenetic variation is generally deleterious close to the optimum. Most work on the role of nongenetic variation in adaptation focuses on unchanging environments. With few exceptions, we know much less about this role in changing environments. The most prominent exception is the well-studied phenomenon of bet-hedging, which increases the long-term fitness of a population by minimising the population’s fitness variation in two or more environments [6, 9, 19, 20]. Through bet-hedging, organisms either display a single phenotype that performs well in multiple environments, or they display multiple phenotypes, each best suited for one environment, and switch between them [6]. Bet-hedging strategies are widespread in nature, especially among bacteria [9], but are not the focus of this study. Another exception is a theoretical study [21] predicting that in periodically fluctuating environments, genotypes underlying increased nongenetic variation can also be more sensitive to mutation, a property that may increase evolvability [22]. Another study [23] found that phenotypic plasticity, which can bring forth nongenetic variation, can protect a population against extinction when the environment suddenly changes or when it fluctuates randomly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic mutations can lead to beneficial outcomes in certain contexts, such as when yeast populations with high variation in gene expression evolve drug resistance more rapidly. It indicates that the effects of mutations depend on the population's genetic context and environmental conditions, which aligns with the claim regarding the contextual nature of mutations' impacts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: Karl-- Feb 18, 2004 - 10:47 Anyone is free to build servers where you need electronic signatures, real-time television surveillance, biometric ID checks (fingerprint and eyeball) and a personal recommendation letter from to sign in. And everybody else is free to ignore such servers, as I would certainly do. And if the control freaks try to use any legal instruments to enforce their vision of total surveillance against those not interested in their way of running things, they will face a strong backlash. Watching and identifying anyone on the Internet is not a trivial task. 13. Tracey - Feb 18, 2004 - 17:54 Sure there are a heap of snake oil salesmen and scam artists and spammers and unwelcome intrusions in one's life etc etc on the internet. How is this any different to what is outside your front door? So rather than blindly trusting, we all need to be as well informed as possible. - "Let the buyer beware". (can't think of a suitable latin phrase) Unfortunately, the same freedoms that allow you to live your life the way you choose, allows less reputable people to exploit it for their own distasteful purposes (Spam, porn, satire). I can tune out as I am not prepared to give up my own freedoms for the sake of ratbags. I just wish I had the countermeasures technology to deal with spammers who drive me mad. ggrrrr 14. florian - Feb 18, 2004 - 21:17 I have to agree partly with Camino, we are living in a time where anonymity is very rare. Consider this in the middle ages you would have lived in a village without any kind of anonymity everybody would have known you, but you just had to walk to another village just 20 kilometres away and abolutely nobody would have known you. Go to another country and the chance that anybody will ever disover you is 0. Now today you have no chance of hiding away forever anywhere on this planet, you need like bin Laden a complete society surrounding and hiding you, so the chances of the common guy to get any kind of real anonimity are very small. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'we are living in a time where anonymity is very rare' and that 'the chances of the common guy to get any kind of real anonymity are very small.' This suggests that even with tools like the dark web, identifying individuals is still feasible due to the overall increase in surveillance and identification technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: The blockchain technology is an alluring option to resolve many of the pressing problems that the scientific community is facing. It can bring high level of transparency and simplify knowledge dissemination. Science report, however, acknowledges the difficulties in switching from the current model to the blockchain model. The landscape of science and research that we see today has evolved over hundreds of years. Adopting blockchain would be a huge shift that would require its wide adoption by all stakeholders of science. Apart from this, building the infrastructure to support blockchain and finding funding sources are separate challenges, the report mentions. Related PodcastNavigating the seas of scholarly communications: A conversation with In this episode of the Podcast, we…769 “I could see current players adopting and creating bits of blockchain infrastructure where they can really make a difference,” and Technology, says. She feels the first step is to understand how blockchain operates and admits that the technology might become a game changer in academia. Adding to this thread of thought, Prof. Dr. (Head of the at the of Finance & Management) says, “In general, I think there is certainly a potential to employ the blockchain technology for scholarly communication and science. ” He foresees blockchain being used for crowdfunding and as a means for funding agencies to distribute funding and also keep a tab on how these funds are being spent. Overall, the application of this technology in scholarly publishing and communication looks promising but needs to be considered from various angles. The report rightly states that “the current state of the blockchain is seen as analogous to the early days of the internet. ” Thus, publishers, researchers, funders, and journals should explore the need, efficacy, and urgency to introduce blockchain to academia. Related reading:What are the most worrying problems facing modern research? Is academic publishing falling prey to unethical practices? "Digital transition in scholarly communication – We expected more change"The future of academic publishing and advice for young researchers To know more about blockchain, check these links: What is Blockchain Technology? A Step-by-For BeginnersWhat is Blockchain Technology? - CoinDeskKey characteristics of the blockchain - the first to clap for this 10. 34193/EI-A-5329 Published on: Feb 23, 2018 ’s interest in the communication of research led her to her current role of developing and designing content for researchers and authors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the potential of blockchain technology in the context of scholarly communication and does not address the study of animal communication or insights into their cognition. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Our model predicts that greater gene expression noise can increase the fitness of a population in fluctuating environments, augment the fitness increase derived from beneficial mutations, and accelerate the rate of evolutionary adaptation to the new environment. stochastic model of carbon source switching shows a bimodal distribution of growth rates on acetate To model a population undergoing regular fluctuations in carbon substrate, with both a growing and a nongrowing subpopulation on one substrate, we drew on a circuit in E. coli that controls the response to a switch in carbon source from glucose to acetate (Fig 1A). This circuit was proposed by Kotte et al. [28], has since been experimentally validated [24, 29] and plays a central role in the control of carbon metabolism [30]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Stochastic model of an E. coli circuit that generates a growing and a nongrowing subpopulation on acetate as well as a single growing population on glucose. (A) Structure of the circuit. Dotted arrows show regulatory interactions and solid arrows show the flow of carbon through metabolism. Circles show the number of carbon atoms in each metabolite. The circuit has two states, a ‘glycolytic’ state with high fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (fbp) and low phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) concentrations (yellow) and a ‘gluconeogenetic’ state with low fbp and high pep concentrations (grey). Both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis eventually lead to the accumulation of biomass (striped). Carbon metabolism and growth is condensed into four reactions, each of which is catalysed by a single enzyme whose expression is noisy. Specifically, glucose and acetate incorporation and their conversion into fbp and pep are represented by enzymatic steps abbreviated as Gi and Ai respectively. Pep is converted to fbp through lower glycolysis (Lg). Growth proceeds through the conversion of fbp into biomass through anabolism (An). The transcription factor Cra, whose expression is also stochastic, is repressed by fbp and activates acetate incorporation (Ai) [24]. Pep allosterically activates An, increasing the consumption of fbp and consequently lowering its concentration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that greater gene expression noise can increase the fitness of a population in fluctuating environments, which supports the idea that genetic changes (in this case, noise in gene expression) can have beneficial effects depending on the environmental context. Furthermore, it discusses how beneficial mutations can augment fitness and contribute to evolutionary adaptation, reinforcing the notion that mutations can have varying consequences based on circumstances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: Another example maybe easier to understand is this, I'm considering a political career, this was always one of the things I dreamt of, but there is one thing that could haunt me, I'm an active member of the blogosphere that means, in ten years when I start my career it's quite possible that my opponents might have a complete database of my political remarks of the last 10 years. The danger of the Internet is not anonymity it is storage capability, digital data doesn't work the same way human memory and opinion works, There will be places like the Well and other who require you to give up anonymity but the Internet as technical system needs ways to stay anonymous. 15. V. - Feb 19, 2004 - 00:32 Banning anonymity or strong crypto because the bad and the annoying use it strikes me as overkill. Spam, while a human problem, has a technical solution. As a business eBay is responsible to stamp out fraud and misbehavior on its site. As an individual, I'll use a nym on the net whenever and where ever I please. Being anonymous does not equate to being rude. I sometimes feel the need to say something an employer may not like. may be a wage slave, I sure as hell am not a stupid wage slave. annoy someone while using a nym, what is to ensure that I will be any less annoying should I use my name? Anonymity doesn't create assholes. It cloaks them. Pull the cloak off and they are still assholes. And nothing has been solved save for the errosion of rights. 16. Camilo - Feb 19, 2004 - 01:44 I agree with V, and just to illustrate V's point, that previous spam-comment, which will be dealt with technology. 17. george dafermos - Feb 19, 2004 - 04:34 no offence meant to seth godin, but it seems he's not done offering excuses to marketing for more spam, he's now taken to turning cyberspace to a government+business haven. anonymity online may seem like an uneccessary burden, an obstacle that ought to be overcome, for secure e-commerce transactions to take off. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that anonymity on the Internet does not equate to true security from identification. It discusses the permanence of digital data and the idea that storage capabilities of information can lead to individuals being identified later, despite their attempts at maintaining anonymity. The statement 'the danger of the Internet is not anonymity it is storage capability' suggests that while anonymity might be sought, it is not foolproof and that authorities can still identify users through stored data.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: See more from Sneha’s interest in the communication of research led her to her current role of developing and designing content for researchers and authors. See more from Comments You're looking to give wings to your academic career and publication journey. We like that! Why don't we give you complete access! Create a free account and get unlimited access to all resources & a vibrant researcher community. One click sign-in with your social accounts Continue with in with in with in with with ORCID iD Sign up via email 1536 visitors saw this today and 1210 signed up. Show comments More from How outcome switching is rendering clinical trials meaningless Data in Science - Data for Storage & does big data mean for science? Read 1 Can blockchain change the face of scholarly communication? 8 min read 2 The future of peer review: Exploring blockchain’s potential in academic workflows 7 min read 3 Academic publishing and scholarly communications: Good reads, November 2017 9 min read 4 AI and the future of peer review: An interview with 6 min read 5 Can ChatGPT support scholarly communications? Interview with 6 min read offers a wealth of free academic research and publishing resources and is a one-stop guide for authors and others involved in scholarly publishing. Our original resources for authors and journals will help you become an expert in academic publishing. Register for comprehensive research tips and expert advice on English writing, journal publishing, good publication practices, trends in publishing, and a lot more. a as a in your favorite RSS Reader. Follow us on social platforms Japanese – エディテージ・インサイト – 意得辑专家视点 Korean - 에디티지 인사이트 for and -and disclosure: is a product of Editage, a brand that offers expert services and AI tools for all academia on one platform. - Editage. com | 英文校正 – Editage. jp | 원어민영문교정 – Editage. co. kr | SCI英文论文发表 – Editage. cn | publicação de artigos – Editage. com. br | 編輯英文 – Editage. com. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the study of animal communication and its connection to cognition. Instead, it discusses academic resources, publishing advice, and various unrelated topics in research and communication, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: As a measure of fitness, we quantified the number of descendants after a total of four days of growth and a single shift from glucose to acetate half-way during this time (see Materials and methods). expression noise improves fitness (Fig 3A). Compared to the reference population, the least noisy population is on average slightly less fit than the reference population (relative fitness of -0. 018 ± 0. 085, zero indicates no fitness difference), while the noisiest population is substantially fitter (0. 177 ± 0. 056). These fitness differences between populations with different levels of noise are significant (one-way = 59. 8, degrees of freedom 3 and 196, p < 0. 001). Only the fitness values between populations with the lowest levels of Cra expresssion noise 0. 01 and 0. 1 are not significantly different from each other (Tukey’s HSD, p = 0. 312). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Cra expression noise increases fitness in a fluctuating environment when a population has low mean fitness. (A) Mean population fitness increases with Cra expression noise. We estimated fitness values by competing a population against a reference population with an intermediate level of Cra expression noise (η2 = 0. 2) and the same Cra-fbp dissociation constant as the reference (0. 1 mmol g−1), with 50 replicate simulations for each competition. In each replicate, both populations started with initially 1000 cells and grew together for four days in an environment with a constant flow of medium where the carbon source changed from glucose to acetate after two days. We estimated fitness from the change in the relative frequency of the non-reference population. Yellow diamonds and lines show the sample mean and one standard deviation. Circles represent the fitness values observed in each replicate, and grey violin plots are Gaussian kernel density estimates of the distribution of fitness values. (B) The fitness benefit derived from looser Cra-fbp binding is greater in populations with noisier Cra expression when the mean population fitness is low. We note that lower Cra-fbp dissociation constants correspond to greater binding strength. In this panel, fitness was determined through competition with a reference population that had both intermediate Cra expression noise (η2 = 0. 2) and an intermediate Cra-fbp dissociation constant (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different levels of expression noise affect the fitness of populations under varying conditions. It describes that a population with the noisiest expression is substantially fitter compared to others, suggesting that in some contexts (like fluctuating environments), genetic variations (such as expression noise) can lead to beneficial outcomes for fitness, thus supporting the idea that genetic mutations can have varying impacts depending on the environmental context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: as everyone who's ever read larry lessig's code, which remains the best book, inho, on this matter, an architecture that enables anonymity may have certain downsides (especially from the point of view of governments wishing to keep an eye on citizems, and wishing to continue getting their taxes from commodities sold and bought online, etc)but it also undermines malicious control. we accept that anonymity may hinder the growth in e-commerce, and it may prove a pain in the ass for governments wishing to track dissidents, and so forth, however, we, as activists, also value the contribution of anonymity in our communications. a good example that comes to mind is remailers. say i work for a powerful and unscrupulous corporation and i want to alert a senior state officer to some wrongdoing, but i fear that my employer might retaliate. what do i do? do i use my *legitimate, corporate* email account? no i use a remailer instead. the list of examples is dramatically long, from reporting abuses of human rights, to organising revolutions. to godin's credit, many of his ideas are brilliand, and this is why i have a problem with some of his ideas = exactly because his ideas are so influential. so, when godin says we need to put an end to anonymity online, people listen. and his arguments are so well articulated, that many people fall prey to his extraordinary litary wit and opinionated arguments. well, let it be heard, not everyone immersed in cyberspace is obsessed with buying stuff securily and upholding the illegitimate governemt claims to playing big brother. 18. Gerry - Feb 19, 2004 - 13:10 It seems a spiecious argument to say that "anonymity is already gone, so why not make continuous serveilence even easier". It's simply not true that anonymity is gone, the volume of data alone makes tracking very difficult, and it's not like the FBI can just grab Joi's (or anyone's) server logs, and sift through them and the public content to find the malcontents (and send them off for treatment? ). The questions around persistant digital identity are some of the most important current issues of the Internet. For anyone who hasn't already seen it, the Networks paper is an essential read for anyone thinking seriously about these issues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that anonymity is not guaranteed, stating that 'the volume of data alone makes tracking very difficult.' It emphasizes that while some argue anonymity is no longer present, this assertion isn't true, as the text suggests there are complexities in tracking users. Additionally, it discusses the implications of anonymity in communications and highlights the challenges for authorities in maintaining surveillance, which contradicts the claim that using the dark web ensures complete anonymity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: Peer review processEditorsReviewer #1Author ResponsePeer review processRevised: Preprint has been revised by the authors in response to the previous round of peer review; the eLife assessment and the public reviews have been updated where necessary by the editors and peer reviewers. Read more about eLife’s peer review process. of of AmericaReviewer #1 (Public review): This is a clever and well-done paper. The authors sought to craft a method, applicable to biobank-scale data but without necessarily using genotyping or sequencing, to detect the presence of de novo mutations and rare variants that stand out from the polygenic background of a given trait. Their method depends essentially on sibling pairs where one sibling is in an extreme tail of the phenotypic distribution and whether the other sibling's regression to the mean shows a systematic deviation from what is expected under a simple polygenic architecture. Their method is successful in that it builds on a compelling intuition, rests on a rigorous derivation, and seems to show reasonable statistical power in the UK Biobank. (More biobanks of this size will probably become available in the near future. ) It is somewhat unsuccessful in that rejection of the null hypothesis does not necessarily point to the favored hypothesis of de novo or rare variants. The authors discuss the alternative possibility of rare environmental events of large effect. Comments on current version: The authors have addressed the concerns of the reviewers. I have no further comments. response: The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews. eLife assessment The authors present valuable findings on how to determine the genetic architecture of extreme phenotype values by using data on sibling pairs. While the authors' derivations of the method are correct, the scenarios considered are incomplete, making it difficult to have confidence in the interpretation of the results as demonstrating the influence of de-novo or Mendelian (rare, penetrant-variant) architectures. The method nevertheless shows promise and will be of interest to researchers studying complex trait genetics. A. 1: We have now expanded our consideration of the scenarios and we have ensured that we do not over-interpret our results as being due to de novo or Mendelian architectures. Instead, we make clear that our statistical tests are powered to identify these architectures but that there are other potential causes of significant results (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding animal communication and cognition directly. Instead, it discusses methods related to genetic architecture and sibling pair studies, which are not relevant to the topic of animal communication. This results in the text being classified as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: 125 mmol g−1), with 50 replicates for each competition. Circles denote mean fitness and are slightly offset on the horizontal axis for clarity. Error bars show one standard deviation. (C) Relaxing Cra-fbp binding increases the expression of the acetate incorporation enzyme Ai. We simulated cell growth on acetate in an environment with continuous medium through-flow for 21 days to equilibrate the population and then recorded the number of proteins per cell. Yellow diamonds and lines show the sample mean and one standard deviation. The violin plots are a Gaussian kernel density estimate of the distribution of proteins. The number of cells sampled for each combination of noise and Cra-fbp dissociation constant are 1637, 1619, 1835, 1719, 2005, 1991, 1981, and 2020. also quantified how Cra expression noise changes the fitness landscape. To create this fitness landscape, we repeated the in silico competitions with populations that not only varied in the level of noise in Cra expression, but also in the duration of the lag time, which we modified by changing the strength of binding between Cra and its inhibitor fbp. Looser binding increases Cra activity and consequently the probability that cells will grow on acetate, thus shortening lag times and increasing fitness. We modulated the Cra-fbp binding strength by changing the Cra-fbp dissociation constant (the higher the dissociation constant, the weaker binding is). We competed each of these populations against a single reference population that has intermediate values for both Cra expression noise and Cra-fbp binding strength (Fig 3B). While noisier populations have a clear fitness advantage when Cra-fbp binding was strong, this advantage disappears as Cra-fbp binding loosens. Cra expression noise does not become detrimental at high fitness, however. Instead, weak Cra-fbp binding causes Cra to have high activity in all cells exposed to acetate, which leads to a reliably high expression of the acetate uptake enzyme throughout the population (Fig 3C). Gene expression noise accelerates the spread of a beneficial allele by modulating the ratio of bottleneck sizes In the previous two sections we have shown that Cra expression noise decreases the lag time, mitigates the severity of the population bottleneck in acetate (Fig 2A and 2B), and therefore increases fitness. In this section we will investigate whether Cra expression noise can accelerate the spread of a beneficial allele that also decreases lag times. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how 'Cra expression noise decreases lag time' and 'increases fitness,' which implies that certain genetic expressions or mutations can be beneficial in specific contexts. Additionally, it mentions that 'noisier populations have a clear fitness advantage when Cra-fbp binding was strong,' reinforcing the idea that the effect of genetic mutations on fitness is context-dependent.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: The main theme of the paper is contrasting the our needs for digital identity as Citizens as apposed to the models being developed to help commercial entities track us as consumers. The authors of this paper are having a difficult time getting financial support to do the necessary work to fully develop this concept and influence the design of commercial identity protocols to insure that they do not endanger our rights as citizens either. One other point, I don't have a link for this, but I read recently about the effects of different reputation systems on "transaction quality" over time. With a closed system as was common in the recent past, everyone knows everyone and nobody can get away with low quality. On the other hand, with open systems, the point was made that there is a distinct difference between positive vs. negative reputation. With negative reputation, they said that overall transaction quality drifted downward, but with positive systems the results were more like the closed system (higher quality in the long run). This is sort of like commercial branding where a large investment is made in building up a positive identity, so you would not damage of abandon it lightly, but you can still maintain several for different domains and purposes. I don't have an analysis of this, but I suspect that most of the problem sited with strict anonymity could be addressed with a technically sound identity system with the properties suggested here and in the ASN paper linked above. 19. - Feb 20, 2004 - 18:48 I agree with Joi and many of the other posts that there are advantages and disadvantages of anonymity on the Internet and we should not 'fix' some problems at the expense of the benefits. More serious than anonymous (an unknown identity) is the false identity where the anonymous becomes believable because they are trusted or known: -- The virus infected attachment gets opened because you think a friend sent it. -- A known politician has his words rearranged and credited to him or her. -- You are redirected to a fake PayPal site. -- Money is stolen from your account by someone using your card number. If you know that a source is anonymous you just have to use common sense and ask the question do I believe this or not. If the source is using a stolen identity you need to be smarter than the fraudster if you are not to get your fingers burnt. How can we 'fix' the Internet for those of us who are not so smart? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities surrounding anonymity on the Internet. It suggests that while anonymity has advantages, there are significant disadvantages, particularly with false identities and the potential for fraud. The text emphasizes that anonymity does not equate to safety or unidentifiability, highlighting the need for common sense when dealing with anonymous sources. This indicates that users can still be vulnerable to identification or deception despite the supposed anonymity of the dark web.