Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Explain the total solids content of the gel material used in the study. In the results section, a description of the histopathological picture is explained in relation to the analysis results from figures 1,2 and 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on specific details regarding the study's methodology, results, and analysis concerning Aloe vera's effects in a scientific context. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are often used in bioartificial organ development because they can differentiate into different types of cells. [SEP] Text: Thus, we believe that hAECs function primarily by reactivating host gem line stem cells. Additional experiments are necessary to elucidate the exact mechanisms by which stem cell transplantation restores ovarian function. Previous studies indicate that amniotic epithelial cells had no karyotypic abnormalities or transformation potential in vitro and no tumorigenic effects in vivo[14]. Evidence also suggested that the amniotic epithelial cells had immunosuppressive properties[38, 39]. Here C57BL/6 mice (not SCID mice) were used to model ovarian failure. Mice receive no immunosuppressive agents before hAEC transplantation, and no transplant-related deaths were observed after hAEC transplantation. However, the immunological rejection of hAECs needs to be further elucidated before clinical application. ConclusionIn summary, hAECs derived from term placentas after live birth may have the intrinsic ability to restore folliculogenesis, and hAEC transplantation may be a testable clinical strategy for preserving or resurrecting ovarian function in female cancer patients after chemotherapy. Our findings have implications for the future use of stem cells for the improvement of the quality of life in cancer survivors. AbbreviationsAMH: Anti-Müllerian hormone BLIMP1: B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein BM: Bone marrow c-MOS: Oocyte maturation factor mos CTX: Cyclophosphamide DAZL: Deleted in azoospermia-like DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide EGFP: Green fluorescent protein FSHR: Follicular stimulating hormone receptor GFP: Green fluorescent protein GnRH: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone H&E: Hemotoxylin and eosin hAECs: Human amniotic epithelial cells MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline PGCs: Primordial germ cells SCID: Severe combined immunodeficiency SCP1 and SCP3: Syntaptonemal complex protein 1 and 3 : Developmental pluripotency-associated protein 3, stella-related protein STRA8: Stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8 VASA: Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX4, vasa homolog. 543. 10. 1093/humupd/7. 6. 535. 405. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the capabilities of human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) and their potential for stem cell transplantation. It emphasizes that stem cells, like hAECs, can restore ovarian function and suggests they have intrinsic abilities beneficial for clinical applications, which aligns with the idea that stem cells are utilized in organ development due to their differentiation potential.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: In the actual early identification of plant diseases and pests, due to the small size of the lesion object itself, multiple down sampling processes in the deep feature extraction network tend to cause small-scale objects to be ignored. Moreover, due to the background noise problem on the collected images, large-scale complex background may lead to more false detection, especially on low-resolution images. In view of the shortage of existing algorithms, the improvement direction of small object detection algorithm is analyzed, and several strategies such as attention mechanism are proposed to improve the performance of small target detection. The use of attention mechanism makes resources allocated more rationally. The essence of attention mechanism is to quickly find region of interest and ignore unimportant information. By learning the characteristics of plant diseases and pests images, features can be separated using weighted sum method with weighted coefficient, and the background noise in the image can be suppressed. Specifically, the attention mechanism module can get a salient image, and seclude the object from the background, and the Softmax function can be used to manipulate the feature image, and combine it with the original feature image to obtain new fusion features for noise reduction purposes. In future studies on early recognition of plant diseases and pests, attention mechanisms can be used to effectively select information and allocate more resources to region of interest to achieve more accurate detection. Karthik et al. [100] applied attention mechanism on the residual network and experiments were carried out using the plantVillage dataset, which achieved 98% overall accuracy. Fine-grained identificationFirst, there is a large difference within the class, that is, the visual characteristics of plant diseases and pests belonging to the same class are quite different. The reason is that the aforementioned external factors such as uneven illumination, dense occlusion, blurred equipment dithering and other interferences, resulting in different image samples belonging to the same kind of diseases and pests differ greatly. Plant diseases and pests detection in complex scenarios is a very challenging task of fine-grained recognition [101]. The existence of growth variations of diseases and pests results in distinct differences in the characterization of the same diseases and pests at different stages, forming the “intra-class difference” fine-grained characteristics. Secondly, there is fuzziness between classes, that is, objects of different classes have some similarity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities associated with detecting plant diseases and pests, highlighting that even in controlled environments, challenges exist such as the difficulty of early identification due to small size and background noise issues. It elaborates on the fact that plant disease and pest detection remains a significant challenge, indicating that vertical farms are not completely immune to these issues despite their controlled environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 10 Mar 2022 really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it focuses on the active ingredients of aloe vera and discusses its potential role in burn repair. It does not provide historical context or evidence supporting the use of aloe vera for skin ailments over centuries, thereby making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are often used in bioartificial organ development because they can differentiate into different types of cells. [SEP] Text: AbstractAutologous skin grafts are used to treat severe burn wounds, however, the availability of adequate donor sites makes this option less practical. Recently, stem cells have been used successfully in tissue engineering and in regenerative medicine. The current study aims to differentiate umbilical cord tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (CT-MSCs) into skin cells (fibroblasts and keratinocytes) for use to treat severe burn wounds. After isolation, MSCs were characterized and their growth characteristics were determined. The cells were induced to differentiate into fibroblasts and keratinocytes using respective induction medium. Results indicated that CT-MSCs were spindle shaped, plastic adherent and positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 markers. CT-MSCs also showed high proliferative potential as indicated by cumulative population doubling, doubling time and plating efficiency. The MSCs were successfully differentiated into fibroblast and keratinocytes as indicated by morphological changes and expression of lineage specific genes. We propose that these differentiated skin cells which are derived from CT-MSCs can thus be used for the development of bioengineered skin; however, further studies are required to evaluate the utility of these substitutes. Keywords: mesenchymal stem cells; cord tissue; bioengineered skin; skin cells; keratinocytes; fibroblasts1 IntroductionSkin wound healing requires restoration of both the dermal and epidermal layers of skin. Normally re-epithelization occurs by proliferation of keratinocytes that migrate from the wound edges. Similarly, fibroblast proliferation and release of growth factors restore dermis. In severe burn injuries, the normal repair process becomes defective. Autologous skin grafts is a treatment for severe burn wounds. However, problems such as the availability of adequate donor sites (for use as a graft) and chances of infection (due to additional injury) make this option less practical [1]. Recently, the use of adult stem cells has become a promising approach for the treatment of several diseases and disorders [2]. These cells are found in different adult and neonatal tissues. Stem cells possess two important characteristics, this is the ability of self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into specific cell types under appropriate culture conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that mesenchymal stem cells (CT-MSCs) can differentiate into specific cell types such as fibroblasts and keratinocytes under appropriate culture conditions. This ability to differentiate is precisely why stem cells are applied in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, which aligns with the claim regarding their use in bioartificial organ development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: There are many detailed classifications of biological subspecies and subclasses of different kinds of diseases and pests, and there are some similarities of biological morphology and life habits among the subclasses, which lead to the problem of fine-grained identification of “inter-class similarity”. Barbedo believed that similar symptoms could be produced, which even phytopathologists could not correctly distinguish [102]. Thirdly, background disturbance makes it impossible for plant diseases and pests to appear in a very clean background in the real world. Background can be very complex and interfere with objects of interest, which makes plant diseases and pests detection more difficult. Some literature often ignores this issue because images are captured under controlled conditions [103]. Relying on the existing deep learning methods can not effectively identify the fine-grained characteristics of diseases and pests that exist naturally in the application of the above actual agricultural scenarios, resulting in technical difficulties such as low identification accuracy and generalization robustness, which has long restricted the performance improvement of decision-making management of diseases and pests by the Internet of Things [104]. The existing research is only suitable for fine-grained identification of fewer class of diseases and pests, can not solve the problem of large-scale, large-category, accurate and efficient identification of diseases and pests, and is difficult to deploy directly to the mobile terminals of smart agriculture. Detection performance under the influence of illumination and occlusionLighting problemsPrevious studies have collected images of plant diseases and pests mostly in indoor light boxes [105]. Although this method can effectively eliminate the influence of external light to simplify image processing, it is quite different from the images collected under real natural light. Because natural light changes very dynamically, and the range in which the camera can accept dynamic light sources is limited, it is easy to cause image color distortion when above or below this limit. In addition, due to the difference of view angle and distance during image collection, the apparent characteristics of plant diseases and pests change greatly, which brings great difficulties to the visual recognition algorithm. Occlusion problemAt present, most researchers intentionally avoid the recognition of plant diseases and pests in complex environments. They only focus on a single background. They use the method of directly intercepting the area of interest to the collected images, but seldom consider the occlusion problem. As a result, the recognition accuracy under occlusion is low and the practicability is greatly reduced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities involved in identifying pests and plant diseases, even in controlled settings. It points out that pests and diseases cannot be entirely avoided due to their varied biological characteristics and the difficulties in detection, which implies that vertical farms are not necessarily immune to such issues despite their controlled environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern on this 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments. It mentions the composition of aloe vera and its potential role in burn repair, but it does not provide information about its use over centuries or in treating skin ailments specifically. Thus, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are often used in bioartificial organ development because they can differentiate into different types of cells. [SEP] Text: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of adult stem cells that have remarkable differentiation potential and could be utilized for repair and regeneration of lost tissues [3]. The high proliferation, multi-lineage differentiation capacity, immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive properties have made MSCs promising therapeutic candidates [4, 5, 6]. The MSCs can be isolated from adult (such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, synovial membrane, teeth etc. ) and neonatal sources (such as cord blood, cord tissue) [7, 8, 9, 10]. The current study has focused on umbilical cord tissue derived MSCs (CT-MSCs) as human cord tissue is readily available. There are certain advantages in using cord tissue, firstly, a large number of MSCs can be harvested and secondly, its isolation poses no risk to donors. Finally, CT-MSCs are less immunogenic and can be expanded extensively in vitro [11, 12]. In the current study, MSCs were isolated from human umbilical cord tissue by an explant culture technique. These cells were characterized and their growth characteristics were determined. CT-MSCs were differentiated into fibroblasts and keratinocytes by culturing in the respective induction medium. Results show that CT-MSCs exhibited spindle shape morphology, plastic adherent growth and expression of CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 markers. The CT-MSCs exhibited high proliferative potential as indicated by cumulative population doubling and plating efficiency. On the other hand, the differentiated fibroblast and keratinocyte exhibited a changed morphology and had expression of lineage specific genes. We show that CT-MSCs can be differentiated into both types of skin cells (i. e. keratinocytes and fibroblasts) that could be used in the future development of bioengineered skin. However, further studies will be required to evaluate the utility of such substitutes. 2 Methods2. 1 Collection and isolation of cord tissuesHuman umbilical cord tissues were collected following full-term cesarean births. Around 3-5 inches of cord tissue was transferred from the hospital to the cell processing facility under sterilized conditions. All samples were obtained after written consent from the donors. All procedures were performed according to the protocol approved by local Board at the Medical University. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), specifically noting that they can be differentiated into fibroblasts and keratinocytes, which are types of skin cells. It mentions that CT-MSCs were used for this differentiation in the context of potential bioengineered skin development, aligning well with the claim that stem cells are utilized for their ability to develop into various cell types for organ development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: Occlusion problems are common in real natural environments, including blade occlusion caused by changes in blade posture, branch occlusion, light occlusion caused by external lighting, and mixed occlusion caused by different types of occlusion. The difficulties of plant diseases and pests identification under occlusion are the lack of features and noise overlap caused by occlusion. Different occlusion conditions have different degrees of impact on the recognition algorithm, resulting in false detection or even missed detection. In recent years, with the maturity of deep learning algorithms under restricted conditions, some researchers have gradually challenged the identification of plant diseases and pests under occluded conditions [106, 107], and significant progress has been made, which lays a good foundation for the application of plant diseases and pests identification in real-world scenarios. However, occlusion is random and complex. The training of the basic framework is difficult and the dependence on the performance of hardware devices still exists, we should strengthen the innovation and optimization of the basic framework, including the design of lightweight network architecture. The exploration of GAN and other aspects should be enhanced, while ensuring the accuracy of detection, the difficulty of model training should be reduced. GAN has prominent advantages in dealing with posture changes and chaotic background, but its design is not yet mature, and it is easy to crash in learning and cause model uncontrollable problems during training. We should strengthen the exploration of network performance to make it easier to quantify the quality of the model. Detection speed problemCompared with traditional methods, deep learning algorithms have better results, but their computational complexity is also higher. If the detection accuracy is guaranteed, the model needs to fully learn the characteristics of the image and increase the computational load, which will inevitably lead to slow detection speed and can not meet the needs of real-time. In order to ensure the detection speed, it is usually necessary to reduce the amount of calculation. However, this will cause insufficient training and result in false or missed detection. Therefore, it is important to design an efficient algorithm with both detection accuracy and detection speed. Plant diseases and pests detection methods based on deep learning include three main links in agricultural applications: data labeling, model training and model inference. In real-time agricultural applications, more attention is paid to model inference. Currently, most plant diseases and pests detection methods focus on the accuracy of recognition. Little attention is paid to the efficiency of model inference. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the challenges in identifying plant diseases and pests even in controlled environments. It discusses issues like occlusion and the complexity of detecting pests and diseases, which suggests that vertical farms are not fully immune to such problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it describes a specific experimental study involving rats and the effects of Aloe vera gel on burn wounds. Therefore, the response is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are often used in bioartificial organ development because they can differentiate into different types of cells. [SEP] Text: The fibroblast differentiation medium contained DMEM (Gibco, Cat# 11995-065), 10% FBS (Merck, Cat# 2020-07-31), 1% penicillin/streptomycin solution (Capricon, Cat# CP13-1019), 5 ug/ml insulin (Sigma, Cat# 19278-5ml) and 1 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (Sigma, Cat# F02901) while keratinocyte differentiation medium consisted of DMEM, 10% FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin solution, 0. 5 mg/ml hydrocortisone (Sigma, Cat# H-4001), 1% insulin transferrin (Roche, Cat# 13532600) and 15 ng/ml keratinocytes growth factor (Sigma, Cat# H6666). Differentiation of CT-MSCs into fibroblasts and keratinocytes was confirmed by morphological changes and through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using marker genes for fibroblast (desmin, collagen 3, vimentin, FGF7) and keratinocytes (CK1, CK10, CK14). 2. 3 Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)Expression of lineage specific genes was carried out by RT-PCR. Briefly, cells were cultured for 15 days in the respective differentiation medium and total RNA was extracted using Trizol. Following extraction, the RNA was quantified using NanoDrop. For cDNA synthesis, 1. 5ug of RNA sample was used using Wizscript cDNA synthesis kit. The WizPure™ PCR master mix was used for quantitating the expression level of genes. Sequences for primer pairs and their product lengths (bp) are shown in Table 1. Gel bands were measured with image J software. Table 1List of used primers and their sequences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the differentiation of CT-MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) into fibroblasts and keratinocytes. It explains the processes involved in confirming this differentiation through morphological changes and the expression of lineage-specific genes, thereby supporting the notion that stem cells can differentiate into various cell types, which is a key factor in bioartificial organ development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: In reference [108], to improve the efficiency of the model calculation process to meet the actual agricultural needs, a deep separable convolution structure model for plant leaf disease detection was introduced. Several models were trained and tested. The classification accuracy of Reduced MobileNet was 98. 34%, the parameters were 29 times less than VGG, and 6 times less than MobileNet. This shows an effective compromise between delay and accuracy, which is suitable for real-time crop diseases diagnosis on resource-constrained mobile devices. Conclusions and future directionsCompared with traditional image processing methods, which deal with plant diseases and pests detection tasks in several steps and links, plant diseases and pests detection methods based on deep learning unify them into end-to-end feature extraction, which has a broad development prospects and great potential. Although plant diseases and pests detection technology is developing rapidly, it has been moving from academic research to agricultural application, there is still a certain distance from the mature application in the real natural environment, and there are still some problems to be solved. Plant diseases and pests detection datasetDeep learning technology has made some achievements in the identification of plant diseases and pests. Various image recognition algorithms have also been further developed and extended, which provides a theoretical basis for the identification of specific diseases and pests. However, the collection of image samples in previous studies mostly come from the characterization of disease spots, insect appearance characteristics or the characterization of insect pests and leaves. Most of the research results are limited to the laboratory environment and are applicable only to the plant diseases and pests images obtained at the time. The main reason for this is that the growth of plants is cyclical, continuous, seasonal and regional. Similarly, the characteristics of the same disease or pest at different growing stages of crops are different. Images of different plant species vary from region to region. As a result, most of the existing research results are not universal. Even with a high recognition rate in a single trial, the validity of the data obtained at other times cannot be guaranteed. Most of the existing studies are based on the images generated in the visible range, but the electromagnetic wave outside the visible range also contains a lot of information, so the comprehensive information such as visible light, near infrared, multi-spectral should be fused to achieve the acquisition of plant diseases and pests dataset. Future research should focus on multi-information fusion method to obtain and identify plant diseases and pests information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing challenges related to plant disease and pest detection, indicating that current detection technologies are not yet mature for real-world applications. It highlights that while deep learning technologies for identifying plant diseases and pests are developing, there are still significant gaps in applying these technologies outside laboratory settings. This implies that vertical farms, despite their controlled environments, are not 'completely immune' to pests and diseases as current methodologies are still being refined and are not universally applicable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 01 Aug 2022 | for Version 2 Gusbakti Rusip, Department of Physiology, Faculty of 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide information about the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses research related to Aloe vera's bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns without establishing any historical context or evidence supporting the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are often used in bioartificial organ development because they can differentiate into different types of cells. [SEP] Text: 3. 2 Growth CharacteristicsThe growth characteristics of CT-MSCs were assessed by measuring plating efficiency, cumulative population doublings, and doubling time. Plating efficiency ofCT-MSCs was evaluated by culturing the cells at low numbers for the eventual growth into colonies. The number of colonies were counted after 2 weeks and this number was used to determine plating efficiency which was 4. 225±1. 7 (Figure 2). Figure 2Plating efficiency of CT-MSCs. Inset shows a single colony of MSCs at high power (10X). To determine the number and time of population doublings at each passage, cells were counted with a hemocytometer and 10% cells were seeded into new culture flasks. The number of cumulative population doublings was 24. 67±0. 445 for CT-MSCs. Similarly, the average population doubling time for CT-MSCs was 51±3 hours. 3. 3 CT-MSCs can differentiate into keratinocytes and fibroblastsCT-MSCs at passage 2 (n=5) were differentiated into skin cells, either fibroblasts or keratinocytes. For differentiation into fibroblasts and keratinocytes, respective differentiation medium was used for 2 weeks. To serve as a control, cells were cultured in parallel in regular expansion medium. Compared to the spindle shaped morphology of control group (Figure 3A), MSCs in the keratinocyte differentiated medium showed polygonal shape (Figure 3B). Similarly, RT-PCR results indicated that differentiated MSCs were positive for keratinocyte lineage markers (CK1, CK10, CK14) at day 7 and day 14 (Figure 3C, D). In contrast, the expression of OCT4 and SSEA4 stem cell markers was downregulated (Figure 3E, F). Figure 3In vitro differentiation of CT-MSCs into keratinocytes: Untreated CT-MSCs exhibit spindle shape morphology (A). MSCs induced into keratinocytes exhibits a polygonal shape (B). Results of RT-PCR show that differentiated cells were positive for keratinocyte specific genes CK1, CK10 and CK14 (C). Quantification of gel bands using ImageJ software (D). Expression of SSEA4 and OCT4 decreased during differentiation into keratinocytes (E, F). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that CT-MSCs can differentiate into keratinocytes and fibroblasts. This differentiation ability supports the claim that stem cells are utilized in bioartificial organ development due to their capacity to transform into various types of cells, which is crucial for creating functional tissues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: In addition, image databases of different kinds of plant diseases and pests in real natural environments are still in the blank stage. Future research should make full use of the data information acquisition platform such as portable field spore auto-capture instrument, unmanned aerial vehicle aerial photography system, agricultural internet of things monitoring equipment, which performs large-area and coverage identification of farmland and makes up for the lack of randomness of image samples in previous studies. Also, it can ensures the comprehensiveness and accuracy of dataset, and improves the generality of the algorithm. Early recognition of plant diseases and pestsIn the application of plant diseases and pests identification, the manifestation symptoms are not obvious, so early diagnosis is very difficult whether it is by visual observation or computer interpretation. However, the research significance and demand of early diagnosis are greater, which is more conducive to the prevention and control of plant diseases and pests and prevent their spread and development. The best image quality can be obtained when the sunlight is sufficient, and taking pictures in cloudy weather will increase the complexity of image preprocessing and reduce the recognition effect. In addition, in the early stage of plant diseases and pests occurrence, even high-resolution images are difficult to analyze. It is necessary to combine meteorological and plant protection data such as temperature and humidity to realize the recognition and prediction of diseases and pests. By consulting the existing research literatures, there are few reports on the early diagnosis of plant diseases and pests. Network training and learningWhen plant diseases and pests are visually identified manually, it is difficult to collect samples of all plant diseases and pests types, and many times only healthy data (positive samples) are available. However, most of the current plant diseases and pests detection methods based on deep learning are supervised learning based on a large number of diseases and pests samples, so manual collection of labelled datasets requires a lot of manpower, so unsupervised learning needs to be explored. Deep learning is a black box, which requires a large number of labelled training samples for end-to-end learning and has poor interpretability. Therefore, how to use the prior knowledge of brain-inspired computing and human-like visual cognitive model to guide the training and learning of the network is also a direction worthy of studying. At the same time, deep models need a large amount of memory and are extremely time-consuming during testing, which makes them unsuitable for deployment on mobile platforms with limited resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges in early diagnosis of plant diseases and pests, suggesting that despite controlled environments, the identification and prevention of diseases and pests remain complex. It highlights that image recognition of plant diseases is difficult, particularly early on when symptoms are not obvious, which implies that vertical farms are not completely immune, as they still face challenges related to pests and diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Aloe vera, Godarre utta (W), Iret (A) fresh latex of Aloe vera is peeled and the inner white part is eaten directly. Or, the fresh peeled latex is mixed with water and taken orally. (H) The fresh latex of Aloe vera is pitched and the wound is painted by jelly substance from the latex in order to repel insects from landing. (HL) Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex. Rich, wood Cuqqunniya (W), Chigugn (A) spirit The fresh roots of Artemisia abyssinica is squeezed with water and given orally to the patient. Or, the root is chopped and smelled. Artemisia afra, wood Naatiraa (W), Ariti (A) The fresh leaves of Artemisia afra are chewed and the juice swallowed. Or, the leaves are mixed with butter and drunk, specifically, pregnant women. Avena sativa L. Qambbaraa (W), Aja (A) Herb HL fractures, Weight gain, The dried seed of Avena sativa is ground and the powder is boiled with hot water. Thereafter, the prepared thick juice is given orally. (HL). Or, the powder is made to be porridge and eaten with milk. (H). Brassica nigra L. W. D. J. Koch, mustard Santta ayfiya (W), Senafich (A) The dried seeds of Brassica nigra together with Lepidium sativum seeds are ground. Thereafter, the powdered is mixed with water and the juice is given orally. Or, the dried seed of Brassica nigra is ground and mixed with water to be taken orally. Capsicum annum L. Qaariya (A), Kariya (A) Pod Stomachache/amoebiasis The chili distinguish three kinds of Capsicum spices: (1) 'Karya', the immature green fruits; (2) 'Berbère', the bulk of the red mature pungent fruits; which is mixed with fresh garlic, basil, ginger and rue and ground by traditional grinding mill with or without water. (3) 'Mitmita', the small extremely pungent fruits. One of these can be eaten with 'Enjera' to relieve the intestinal pain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct evidence or support for the claim regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it describes the uses of Aloe vera's latex for insect repellent and other herbal remedies without specifying its centuries-long application for skin issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are often used in bioartificial organ development because they can differentiate into different types of cells. [SEP] Text: Differentiation of CT-MSCs into fibroblasts was terminated after 14 days. Untreated CT-MSCs at 7 and 14 days were used as controls and showed no morphological changes (Figure 4A). This is compared to the prominent morphological changes when cultured in fibroblast induction medium (Figure 4B). The morphology of CT-MSCs cultured in fibroblast induction medium changed considerably from spindle shape to a more elongated shape (Figure 4B). Furthermore, the expression of collagen-3, desmin, FGF-7, and vimentin was up-regulated after 14 days (Figure 4C, D) while the expression of SSEA4 and OCT4 was down-regulated (Figure 4E, F). Figure 4In vitro differentiation of CT-MSCs into Fibroblasts. Untreated CT-MSC exhibit spindle shape morphology (A). Treated CT- MSCs exhibited more elongated spindles morphology after culturing in fibroblast differentiation medium (B). Results of RT-PCR indicate that differentiated cells were positive for fibroblast specific genes (collagen-3, vimentin, FGF-7, desmin). RT-PCR analysis also showed upregulated expression of fibroblast specific markers, collagen-3, vimentin, FGF-7, and desmin after 14 days of differentiation versus 7 days (C). Quantification of gel bands with ImageJ software (D). Expression of stem cell markers was downregulated at 14 days of culture in fibroblast differentiation media versus 7 days culture4 DiscussionRapid repair and management of large skin ruptures is often necessary for the survival of patients. Minor wounds may heal without intervention, however, severe skin injuries require additional care. For severe burn injuries, autologous skin grafting is the best option available. However, there are certain limitations that make this treatment option less practical [14, 15]. In the current study, CT-MSCs were differentiated into keratinocytes and fibroblasts with the future goal of using these to construct skin constructs. In the previous studies the MSCs isolated from different parts of placenta were either differentiated into fibroblasts or keratinocytes [16, 18]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the differentiation of CT-MSCs into fibroblasts and keratinocytes. It highlights how CT-MSCs, when cultured in specific media, exhibit significant morphological changes and express fibroblast-specific genes, indicating their capacity to differentiate into specific cell types. This directly supports the idea that stem cells can differentiate into various cell types, which is essential for their use in bioartificial organ development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: Deep migration learning-based recognition of diseases and insect pests in Yunnan tea under complex environments access Published: 05 July 2024 Deep migration learning-based recognition of diseases and insect pests in Yunnan tea under complex environments Zhaowen Li1,2, Jihong Sun2,3, Yingming Shen4, Ying Yang5, Xijin Wang6, Xinrui Wang1,2, Peng Tian1 & …Ye Qian1,2 Show authors 98. 58% and a verification accuracy rate of 98. 2310%. ConclusionsThese outcomes signify a significant stride towards accurate and timely detection, holding promise for enhancing the sustainability and productivity of Yunnan tea. Our findings provide a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for the development of online detection technologies for tea diseases and pests in Yunnan. IntroductionChina, renowned for its vast tea plantations and robust consumption, boasts a planting area of 43. 956 million mu, playing a pivotal role in propelling agricultural growth within the country. Yunnan, a prime tea-producing region, also serves as a global hub for Pu'er tea cultivation and trade. Statistics reveal that in 2020, Yunnan's tea plantations spanned 479,800 hectares, generating an output of 466,000 tons, topping the nation in both area and production. With an average annual yield of 970. 35 kg per hectare and an annual output value of 39,000 yuan per hectare [1], tea has emerged as a cornerstone industry in Yunnan, generating over 100 billion yuan in revenue. Pu'er tea, the epitome of Yunnan's tea heritage, primarily relies on big-leaf sun-dried green tea as its raw material. Consequently, the quality and yield of Pu'er tea are intimately linked to the characteristics of this specific tea variety, thereby exerting a profound influence on Yunnan's economic development and the livelihoods of farmers and related enterprises. Given that tea diseases and pests are detrimental to the growth and development of tea trees, leading to a decline in quality and yield, it is imperative to address these challenges effectively. Traditional methods of pest control, while sometimes effective, often have inherent limitations. Therefore, this research aims to delve into the strengths and weaknesses of these traditional approaches and, leveraging artificial intelligence technology, proposes an intelligent model that can circumvent their shortcomings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that tea diseases and pests can be detrimental to the growth and development of tea trees, suggesting that even in controlled environments, like tea plantations in Yunnan discussed in the text, pests and diseases still pose a threat. It emphasizes the need for effective pest control methods, indicating that complete immunity, as stated in the claim, is not achievable even in developed and controlled agricultural settings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: fine ground pod powder of Capsicum annum is mixed with water and drunk. (Two teaspoonful of powder would be used to mix in coffee cup). Capsicum frutescens L. Mixaamixuwa (W), Mitmita (A) The fresh pod of Capsicum frutescens is chewed and taken orally. Carica papaya L. Paappayaa (W), Papaya (A) The fresh fruit of Carica papaya is peeled and the flesh is taken orally with or without sugar. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) Swingle, Loomiya (W), Lomi (A) The fresh fruits of Citrus aurantiifolia are squeezed and the juice is taken orally, rinsed or kept in mouth. sickness (vomiting) The fresh fruit of Citrus aurantiifolia is can either be smelled or eaten. Coffee arabica L. Tukkiya (W), Buna (A) dried seeds of Coffee arabica are roasted and the smoke is smelled. Or, the roasted seeds are ground and boiled with hot water to be taken orally. (H). The dried seeds of Coffee arabica are roasted and ground. Thereafter, the powder is applied on the wound. (HL). Commelina benghalensis L. spiderwort Dal'iisha (W), Wof ankur (A) disease, 'chirt' (Shattuwa) The fresh and young stem of the Commelina benghalensis is squeezed and the jelly substance released is painted on the skin surface. Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile, foil Anka (W), Bisana (A) Slightly roasted fresh leave of Croton macrostachyus is hold and kept on the swells. Datura stramorium L. weed Macharara (W), Laflafuwaa(W), (A) dried seeds of Datura stramorium are boiled with butter and tooth is fumigated with steam vapor. (H). disease The dried leave is ground and mixed with water to be applied on the skin. (HL). Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various herbal remedies and treatments involving different plants like Capsicum annum, Carica papaya, Citrus aurantiifolia, and others, without mentioning Aloe vera or its historical use in treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are often used in bioartificial organ development because they can differentiate into different types of cells. [SEP] Text: However, the current study is novel in that MSCs are isolated from umbilical cord tissue and we demonstrate successful differentiation into both types of skin cells (fibroblasts and keratinocytes). The isolation and subsequent differentiation of same cells into both types of cells is more convenient for the reconstruction of artificial skin substitutes. A caveat of our study is that we have not evaluated the utility of these differentiated skin cells in vitro or in vivo. MSCs from the umbilical cord tissue were isolated by the explant culture method. This method is inexpensive and provided pure MSC population [13, 16]. We observed cell outgrowth within a week after the initial culture. Following 2-3 weeks of culture, a sufficient number of cells was obtained, which allowed for further experiments. The MSCs from tissue pieces exhibited plastic adherent growth, spindle shaped morphology and positive expression of MSCs genes (CD29, CD44, CD73 CD90) and no expression of CD45 (a hematopoietic marker). These results were similar to already published reports [4, 10, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. CT-MSCs showed high proliferative potential as determined by plating efficiency and number of population doublings. The clonogenic potential of CT-MSCs was determined by plating efficiency amd was 4. 225±1. 7. This was also similar to previous studies in the literature [24, 27]. The number population doublings of CT-MSCs was 24. 67±0. 445 and their doubling time was 51±3 hours. Similar results were reported by Choudhery and colleagues [13], and Mahmoud et al. [16]. To differentiate CT-MSCs into skin cells (fibroblasts and keratinocytes), they were cultured in respective differentiation medium for 2 weeks. In keratinocyte induction medium, differentiated CT-MSCs exhibited polygonal morphology which was similar to keratinocytes [28]. The differentiated cells were positive for the expression of CK1, CK10 and CK14 markers. Previous studies have demonstrated that keratinocytes express these markers [29, 30]. The CT-MSCs which were differentiated into fibroblasts with fibroblast differentiation medium, became more elongated when compared to the control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating successful differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from umbilical cord tissue into both fibroblasts and keratinocytes, which are types of skin cells. It details the processes involved in isolating MSCs and how they can be cultivated and induced to differentiate, further supporting the idea that stem cells are valuable for developing artificial skin substitutes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: This model strives to achieve intelligent, rapid, and accurate identification of tea diseases and pests in the complex planting environment, paving the way for more sustainable and efficient tea production in China. Machine learning techniques have the capability to significantly enhance model performance by exploring the intricate nonlinear relationships between prediction factors and targets [2, 3]. Consequently, they have gained widespread adoption in the realm of crop diseases and pests, encompassing diverse crops such as tobacco [4], rice [5, 6], corn [7], wheat [8], sugarcane [9], panax notoginseng [10], cucumber [11], and tomato[12]. The primary research approach involves constructing feature vectors based on characteristics like color, shape, and texture associated with the diseases. Subsequently, algorithms such as random forest [13] and support vector machine (SVM) [14] are employed for classification. Nevertheless, these traditional methods are fraught with challenges such as inconsistent feature extraction, limited adaptability, sensitivity to missing data, and overfitting issues in complex classification or regression tasks [15]. For instance, et al. [16] developed a disease spot image recognition model for wheat leaf disease, leveraging various traditional machine learning algorithms. Although the SVM model demonstrated the highest recognition accuracy of 91. 31%, the traditional image recognition process involves numerous steps and methods, making it challenging to select the most suitable approach and limiting the ability to achieve automatic feature extraction. Similarly, Vimal K. Shrivastava et al. [17] introduced a rice disease classification model utilizing only color features from 619 image datasets, achieving a classification accuracy of 94. 65%. However, this approach still relies on manual feature extraction, which can be both tedious and prone to human error. Kishore et al. [18] and other researchers have also explored the application of machine learning in crop disease detection, but they have encountered similar limitations associated with traditional methods. Given these challenges, there is a pressing need to explore more advanced techniques, particularly those leveraging artificial intelligence, to overcome these limitations and enhance the accuracy and efficiency of crop disease detection and classification. With the rapid advancement of machine learning technologies, deep learning has emerged as a focal point of research in computer vision and image recognition [19]. Among the various deep learning techniques, the Network (CNN) model has garnered significant attention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of identifying and classifying diseases and pests in various crops, including tea, wheat, and rice. It highlights that despite advancements in machine learning and artificial intelligence in disease detection, traditional methods still face issues such as inconsistent feature extraction and human error, indicating that no farming model, including vertical farms, can claim to be completely immune to pests and diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: ) Kooshimiya (W), Koshim (A) The fresh leaves of Dovyalis abyssinica are chewed and hold on the tooth. Echinops kebericho, Boorisaa (W), Kebericho (A) The fresh root of Echinops kebericho is chewed and swallowed. Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn. millet Dagusaa (W), Dagusa (A) pain The dried seeds of Eleusine coracana are ground mix with food to be taken orally. Ensete ventricosum (Welw), Uuttaa (W), Enset (A) strengthen The root of fresh Ensete ventricosum is processed and the end product called 'Kocho' made to be porridge is taken orally specially for pregnant women and injured patients. 'Kocho' is made to flat bread called 'Kita' and taken orally. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. , blue gum Paranjjaa zaafiya (W), Nech baherzaf (A) Bud Cough/cold The fresh leave buds of Eucalyptus globulus are pinched and sometimes mixed with Solanecio gigas leave and boiled with water. Or, Its leaves are boiled in hot water and patient covers his/her face with some cloth and inhales the steam evaporating. Seed Stomachache/fresh seed coverage is chewed and swallowed. Euphorbia abyssinica J. F. Gmel. , (W), Qulqual (A) fresh latex of Euphorbia abyssinica is ground and applied on the bitten section (H). Or, given orally (L). Euphorbia tirucalli L. cactus Maaxxuwa (W), Kinchib (A) The fresh latex of Euphorbia tirucalli is pitched and the falling milk like white fluid is dropped on the hemorrhoids. Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. , Koosuwa (W), Koso (A) Fruit, Leave Stomachache/worm The fresh fruits of Hagenia abyssinica and sometimes their leaves are squeezed with water and taken orally. Hordeum vulgare L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information on various plants and their uses for different ailments, but it does not mention Aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin conditions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are often used in bioartificial organ development because they can differentiate into different types of cells. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, these induced cells were positive for collagen-3, desmin, FSP-1 7 and vimentin which are fibroblast specific markers [31, 32, 33]. We also showed that during differentiation into skin cells (fibroblasts and keratinocytes), MSCs exhibited a progressive down regulation of pluripotency markers SSEA4 and OCT4 [34, 35]. In this study we demonstrate that MSCs with standard characteristics can be isolated from human placenta using the explant culture technique. These CT-MSCs can then be induced in vitro to differentiate into skin cells such as fibroblasts and keratinocytes. This successful differentiation was characterized by morphological changes and changes in gene expression profile. We propose that these cells may be used in the future to prepare an artificial skin substitute for use as a treatment for severe burn injuries. 143. Search in 81. 10. 1097/BCR. 0b013e3181f9353aSearch in 14. 10. 1016/j. jneumeth. 2012. 12. 026Search in 31. 10. 1038/nrm3049Search in 9. 10. 1038/icb. 2012. 64Search in 24. 10. 1002/path. 2469Search in 13. 10. 3181/0712-RM-356Search in 9. 10. 1016/j. stem. 2008. 03. 002Search in 103. 10. 1016/j. arr. 2010. 08. 005Search in 26. Search in 62. 10. 1007/s12015-006-0022-ySearch in 40. 10. 1007/s12015-012-9418-zSearch in 43. 10. 1016/j. jcyt. 2012. 11. 010Search in 31. 10. 1146/annurev. cellbio. 21. 012704. 131525Search in 17. 10. 4236/cellbio. 2012. 12003Search in 2015. 10. 1155/2015/841062Search in 2006. EMBS'06. 28th Conference of the IEEE 2006 Aug 30 (10. 1109/IEMBS. 2006. 259866Search in 253. Search in 19. 10. 1016/S0091-679X(08)00006-XSearch in 33. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into skin cells, specifically fibroblasts and keratinocytes. It also highlights the successful differentiation of these cells, indicating their potential use in bioartificial organ development, such as preparing an artificial skin substitute. This supports the claim that stem cells can differentiate into different cell types.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: This model, leveraging depth hash and an integrated self-encoder, exhibits superior MAP (Precision) scores compared to state-of-the-art methods. On the other hand, G [31] and his team proposed the development and implementation of a real-time disease prediction system, employing convolutional neural networks (CNN) on a Platform as a Service (PaaS) cloud. and colleagues [32] introduced an approach for tea disease recognition, grounded in transfer learning. Notably, this method achieved a remarkable recognition accuracy rate of 92. 66% even under challenging conditions of limited and unevenly distributed samples. et al. [33] put forth an image clustering method leveraging a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) for detecting tea disease areas. Experimental results demonstrated the algorithm's ability to detect persistent disease types in tea, achieving an average accuracy of 83%. Furthermore, and his team [34] proposed a tea disease recognition method based on an improved deep convolutional neural network (CNN), achieving an average recognition accuracy of 92. 5%. et al. [35] introduced a spectral extraction method focused on the region of interest within the speckle region. This approach enabled the neural network structure-based ELM model to attain a classification accuracy of 95. 77%. These advancements not only demonstrate the significant progress made in the field of tea disease and pest recognition but also highlight the potential of deep learning techniques in enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of such recognition systems. Nevertheless, there are some limitations in the application of convolutional neural networks (CNN) in the field of crop disease and pest recognition. While a large amount of training data is essential to train an accurate and efficient recognition model, the collection of crop disease and pest image data is difficult, time-consuming and labor-intensive. Additionally, the demand for training data and computational resources during the development process is quite large, which may be difficult to fulfill in some application scenarios. Therefore, improving the efficiency of CNN development has become an urgent problem currently. Based on the previous research results and the current development of China's tea industry, this study aims to combine deep learning algorithms to develop an automatic classification model of disease and pest digital images for small samples of leaf kind of tea in complex environments, and at the same time, explore ways to improve the development efficiency of CNNs in order to expand the feasibility of their application in small agricultural environments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of current technologies in detecting and managing crop diseases and pests. It highlights the challenges associated with collecting training data for disease recognition, indicating that even in controlled environments, identification and management of diseases remain complex and resource-intensive tasks. This suggests that vertical farms are not completely immune to pests and plant diseases as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Banggaa (W), Gebis (A) Seed 'Wugat', Weight gain The dried seeds of Hordeum vulgare is ground and the powder is mixed with water. Thereafter, boiled in hot water and taken orally. Lepidium sativum L. Sibbikka (W), Fetto (A) The dried seeds of Lepidium sativum is ground and mixed with Allium sativum. Thereafter, a little water is added and the prepared sauce is eaten with 'Enjera'. Or, the sauce is with tablespoonful of honey is taken before breakfast. Linum usitatissimum L. Talbbaa (W), Telba (A) fractures, Weight gain, Liver disease The dried seeds of Linum usitatissimum are ground and mixed with water. Thereafter, the prepared thick fluid is taken orally. strengthen The dried seed of Linum usitatissimum is fine ground and made to be porridge is taken orally specially for pregnant women and injured patients. Lippia adoensis Hochst. tea Kosrotiya (W), Koseret (A) The dried or fresh leaves of Lippia adoensis are chewed or the ground leave powder is added into already prepared coffee to be taken orally. Manihot esculenta Crantz. Mitta boyyiya (W), Kassba (A) The fresh leaves of Manihot esculenta is squeezed with water and the juice is given orally specifically for chicken. Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) Cufod, Halakkuwa (W), Shiferaw (A) fresh leaves of Moringa stenopetala is boiled in hot water and taken orally. Or, the dried leaves are ground and made to be tea called 'Moringa tea' which is also to be taken orally. Musa accuminata Colla, Muuziya (W), Muz (A) disease/small amount of creamy flesh of fresh peeled banana (Musa accuminata) has been applied on the raised and colored spots on the surface of the skin (pimple). Nicotiana tabacum L. Tambbuwa (W), Tinbaho (A) dried ground powder of Nicotiana tabacum leave is sometime mixed with coffee arabica powder and applied on the wound. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various herbs and their uses, but does not mention Aloe vera or its historical application in treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of regenerative medicine is closely related to bioartificial organs, with the goal of creating fully functional organs for transplantation. [SEP] Text: Editorials| July 08 2021 Bioartificial Organs: Subject Area: Pathology and Bartolo 0000-0003-3774-9114 Bartolo aInstitute on Membrane Technology, Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, Rende, Italy loredana. debartolo@cnr. it Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 367. 367. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search : Bioartificial organs, Biomaterials, Tissue engineering, surgery treatment for patients with tissue loss or end-stage organ failure is increasing due to the aging of the worldwide population and the progression of pathologies limiting or affecting organ functionality. Transplantation certainly represents the gold standard approach to saving life, but is limited by the scarce availability of organs and the unplanned availability of donors. As a direct consequence, there has been a growing demand from surgery for biological substitutes able to restore, maintain temporarily, or improve organ function. A device available on demand that can be implanted or integrated into a human body – interfacing with living tissue – offers the possibility to restore defective/failed organs, either temporarily or permanently. Recent advances in biomaterials, innovation in processing technologies, highly durable devices, progresses in decellularization of animal tissue and organs, and cell-based therapies have brought bioartificial organs closer to realization in clinics. Physiologically relevant organ substitutes result from the merging of heterogeneous cell types with multifunctional materials to recapitulate native organ geometries, components, and functions. On one hand, the main concern for bioartificial organs is the assembling process of heterogeneous living cells in predesigned architectures, including hierarchical vascular, neural, and/or lymphatic networks, thus guaranteeing the expected functionality. On the other hand, multiple bioengineering approaches include bioprinting organs and tissues, recellularization strategies, cellular repair or regeneration, and new functional biomaterials for the next generation of devices. Dynamic systems, such as bioreactors, have been developed and optimized to provide adequate oxygenation, and guarantee transport of nutrients to, and metabolic products from, the tissue. Altogether, these systems offer a precise control over multiple heterogeneous cell types and material components, which is required to recapitulate physiological functions, and re-establish the human body’s fundamental needs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advancements in bioartificial organs and their role in regenerative medicine. It highlights the increasing demand for biological substitutes to restore organ function and mentions recent innovations that bring bioartificial organs closer to clinical realization. Moreover, it explains how dynamic systems and various bioengineering approaches are instrumental in developing functional biomaterials that can play a role in organ transplantation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: Experimental materials and methodsDuring the tea planting process, an extensive collection of over 1800 original field images of tea leaves was assembled. These images were subsequently categorized into 10 distinct disease and pest groups, thus establishing a comprehensive dataset specific to leaf kind of tea. Given the limited quantity and unbalanced distribution of the data, we employed data augmentation techniques to broaden the dataset's scope. Prior to training, the model was pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset, and the shared parameters obtained from this pre-training were then transferred to our tea disease and pest identification model for further fine-tuning and optimization. To assess the performance of various classification approaches, we explored and compared six high-performing image classifiers: Xeption [36], VGG-16 [37], ResNet-50 [38], Inception V3 [39], MobileNetV2 [40], and DenseNet201 [41] within the context of transfer learning. Additionally, we analyzed the impact of diverse fine-tuning strategies, varying learning rates, and various attention mechanisms on the model's classification accuracy. After a thorough evaluation, the model exhibiting the most optimal performance was chosen to develop a disease and pest classification model tailored for the limited samples of leaf kind of tea in complex environments. This model was further enhanced through the integration of transfer learning techniques and an embedded attention mechanism. Finally, the effectiveness of the optimized model was rigorously verified. Test data collectionGathering a comprehensive tea disease dataset in a natural environment serves as the foundation for accurate disease and pest recognition in complex settings. 2, 2022, the images of tea diseases used in this experiment were meticulously captured from the tea garden planting base of Longrun Pu'er of University. To assess the precision of capturing images in the natural environment using portable devices, a mobile phone (specifically, an Iphone13 with 12 megapixels and a Huawei P50pro with 50 megapixels) was employed as the shooting equipment. The camera was positioned 10 ~ 15 cm away from diseased tea leaves and 20 ~ 35 cm away from insect pests. Varied shooting angles, including front, overhead, and side shots, were utilized to capture the diseases and pests. The imaging background naturally included interfering elements such as tea branches, soil, and other insects, ensuring the authenticity of the disease data, as illustrated in Fig. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a detailed approach to identifying diseases and pests in tea plants, indicating that even in controlled environments, such as tea gardens, pests and plant diseases are a concern. The reference to gathering data on diseases and pests shows that these issues exist and need to be studied and managed, which directly undermines the idea of complete immunity in vertical farms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Nigella sativa L. cumin Tikur azmud (A) Karetta sawuwa (W) The fresh leaves of Nigella sativa is crushed and pounded with Ruta chalepensis, Lepidium sativum and sometimes Allium sativum. Thereafter, the ground mixture is taken orally with a spoonful of honey before breakfast. Ocimum gratissimum L. Gulluwa (W), Damakese (A) malaise (Mitch), fresh leaves of Ocimum gratissimum are boiled in hot water and the juice is taken orally. Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. , Gulluwa (W), Damakessie (A) The fresh or dried leave of Ocimum lamiifolium is crushed and added to already prepare coffee. Or, the fresh or dried leaves are squeezed with water and take orally before food in morning. Pentas spp. , (W) Herb HL fractures The fresh leaves of the plant is boiled with hot water and given orally. The fresh leave of the plant is crushed and squeezed. Then, the thick liquid is filtrated and taken orally twice a day or one, accordingly. Persea americana Mill. , Abokkaduwaa (W), Abokados (A) The fresh fruit of Persea americana is peeled and the flesh taken orally. Fruit Dandruff, skin disease The fresh fruit of Persea americana is applied on the injured skin surface. Rhamnus prinoide L′Hér. Geeshuwa (W), Gesho (A) The fresh leaves or ripened fruit of Rhamnus prinoide are chewed and the juice is swallowed. Ruta chalepensis L. Xalotiya (W), Tena adam (A) The fresh leaves of Ruta chalepensis are boiled with tea or coffee and taken orally. Or, the leaves are squeezed with water and the juice is taken orally. spirit 'Goromootiya' or 'Buda'. The fresh leave of Ruta chalepensis is given to Evil spirited patients directly or in mixture with already prepared coffee or tea. If the patient is hesitate to take due to it's smell, then, they conclude that the patient is evil spirited. Solanium macrocarpon L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not reference Aloe vera at all or its application in treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses various other plants and their uses. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of regenerative medicine is closely related to bioartificial organs, with the goal of creating fully functional organs for transplantation. [SEP] Text: Novel concepts of bioreactor design and material were introduced to enhance the ability to trigger biological signals promoting tissue morphogenesis. Micro-tissues inducing the self-assembly of cells in clusters or organoids is today a reality. In this process, a critical role is played by the material properties (e. g. , physico-chemical, structural, mechanical, permeability properties) that can modulate the morphology and functionality of cells, guiding them towards complex 3D tissue architecture. Issue aims to provide an overview of biomaterials, cells, advanced systems, and devices applied to bioartificial organs in regenerative and reparative medicine. The targeted goal was to highlight how many interesting and valuable opportunities, each highly reliable and efficient in the quest for innovative testing tools and specific therapeutic approaches, are available to tissue engineers today. All the pillars in terms of biomaterials, scaffolds, 3D cell culture, and physiologically relevant bioreactors are presented and discussed. This issue begins with two works reporting innovative approaches to repairing and replacing cells, tissues, and organs that are currently available worldwide to meet the need for patients’ organs. The first, in the field of liver tissue engineering, considers induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are recognized as one of the most promising candidate therapies. Yao et al. [2021] report a very integrative study showing their potential use in the modeling and treatment of liver disease. The current state of efforts to derive human iPSCs to be used in the bioartificial liver is first presented. Then, strategies based on organ decellularization and aimed to promote cell removal, the preservation of extracellular matrix components, and vascular tree integrity are discussed. They are all particularly challenging to building an implantable vascularized solid organ. The second is based on the evidence that recellularization of a decellularized cadaveric organ scaffold with human cells is currently the most promising approach to building a complex solid vascularized organ. An efficient approach to promoting human-sized whole-liver scaffold decellularization is proposed by Faccioli et al. [2021]. The success of whole-organ engineering will require the optimization of protocols to produce biologically active scaffolds, the production of the massive quantities of cells needed for recellularization, and the engineering of a bioreactor with physiological stimuli to recapitulate organ function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advancements in bioartificial organs and their connection to regenerative medicine. It highlights novel concepts in bioreactor design and biomaterials that are instrumental in developing tissue morphogenesis and complex 3D tissue architectures, which are crucial for creating functional organs. It specifically mentions the current state of efforts in liver tissue engineering and the use of decellularized organs, which aligns with the claim of using regenerative techniques to create transplantable organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: In total, 97 photos of tea algal leaf spot, 322 photos of tea white spot, 75 photos of tea wheel spot diease, 157 photos of tea round red spot disease were collected. Additionally, 101 photos of empoasca pirisuga matumura, 339 photos of tea seed bug, 42 photos of stink bug, and 93 photos of neshnv were captured to document the insect pests. Then, 385 photos of powdery mildew of tea and 261 photos of healthy tea leaf were crawled from the network to increase data diversity. This comprehensive dataset provides a robust foundation for further analysis and the development of accurate recognition models in the realm of artificial intelligence. Fig. 1Samples of diseases and pests in large-leaf sun-dried green tea with large leavesFull size imageTest data enhancement and data set productionConvolutional neural networks require an adequate number of samples to learn image features effectively, thereby enhancing the recognition accuracy of the target images. When the sample size is insufficient, it can significantly impact the model's training outcome, potentially leading to issues such as overfitting [42] and diminished generalization capabilities, ultimately reducing the model's practical utility. To enhance the generalization capacity of our network, we leveraged the ImageDataGenerator tool from the Keras framework in conjunction with Python. This approach allowed us to compress the image resolution to 640 × 640 pixels while simultaneously expanding the sample set through various data augmentation techniques. These techniques included random rotations of up to 30°, random horizontal and vertical shifts with an amplitude of 0. 1, shear transformations with an intensity of 0. 2, random zooming with an intensity of 0. 2, and random horizontal and vertical flips. As depicted in Fig. 2, the images were labeled and categorized accordingly. The labels included TALS (tea algal spot disease), TWSD (tea white spot disease), TWS (tea wheel spot disease), TRRSD (tea round red star disease), PM (powdery mildew of tea), HL (healthy tea), EPM (empoasca pirisuga matumura), SB (stink bug), N (neshnv), and TSB (tea seed bug). To construct a comprehensive database of tea diseases and pests, the labeled images were imported into a computer in jpeg format. This database was then used to train the model on various diseases and pests affecting the leaf kind of tea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that various pests and diseases, such as tea algal leaf spot and powdery mildew, can exist and be documented even in controlled environments. The mention of a comprehensive dataset documenting numerous pests and diseases indicates that vertical farms are not completely immune, as they can still host these issues despite their controlled settings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Santta buluwa (W), Embuaye (A) fresh leave of Solanium macrocarpsm is ground and mixed with butter. Thereafter, the mixture is boiled and taken orally. Solanium incanum L. apple Bulluwa (W) Embuaye (A) The fresh root of Solanium incanum is chewed and the juice is swallowed. Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench, Maldduwa (W), Mashila (A) disease The dried or sometimes fresh seeds of Sorghum bicolor are chewed and the juice is spit on skin. Spilanthes mauritiana DC. , Aydamiia (W), The fresh fruit of Spilanthes mauritiana is chewed and the juice is swallowed. Syzygium guineense subsp. Macrocarpum (Engl. ) F. Water berry Ochchaa (W), Doqima (A) The fresh bark of Syzygium guineense is ground and mixed in water to be taken orally. Thymus schimperi Ronniger, Zimbanuwaa (W), Tosign (A) The dried leaves are chopped and boiled with water to make a tea of Thymus schimperi. Or, the dried stem or leaves of Thymus schimperi is ground and the powder would be added to already prepared coffee or tea is taken orally. Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Shuqquwa (W), Abish (A) The dried seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum are ground and its powder is used for wound dressing. Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl, Banggaa (W), Sinde (A) Herb HL fractures, Weight gain The dried seeds of Triticum dicoccon are directly given to eat. (L). The dried seeds of Triticum dicoccon is ground to make porridge. Thereafter, the porridge is given orally. (H). Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. , Yahiya joro (A) bite The fresh or dried root of Verbascum sinaiticum is crushed slightly and given for chewing soon after snake bait. Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss Aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it lists various plants and their uses, none of which are related to Aloe vera. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of regenerative medicine is closely related to bioartificial organs, with the goal of creating fully functional organs for transplantation. [SEP] Text: The production of biologically active scaffolds depends strongly on the optimization of a decellularization protocol. In the field of heart tissue engineering, current approaches and advances are highlighted by Morrissey et al. [2021]. Novel technological approaches in cardiac tissue repair are represented by 3D bioprinting that allows for the design of precisely controlled and spatially organized structures, which lead to solutions in tissue repair. This technology is particularly attractive in the design and fabrication of custom-made devices intended for the maturation of the cardiac tissue, a process that has been shown to increase the viability of implants. Recent progress in 3D printing of cardiac tissue and valves are summarized in the review by Sedlakova et al. [2021]. Pien et al. [2021] present a critical review on the relationships between fabrication processes and tubular bioartificial organs. The review focuses on hollow tubular organs for the transport of anabolites and catabolites, that is, vessels, trachea, and esophagus, ureter and urethra, and intestine. The design and development of tubular organs is described, taking into account the anatomic hierarchy and their principal physiological functions. 3D bioprinting, solution electrospinning, and melt electrowriting are presented together with their capacity to match the requirements imposed by designing scaffolds compatible with the anatomical and physiologically relevant environment. Membrane technology offers interesting opportunities for the design of bio/artificial organs and tissue analogues, as well as for drug and cell delivery providing new specific cell therapy with high reliability and efficacy. Nano and micro-structured membranes combined with functional cells can be used for the creation of tissue analogous because of the high control at molecular level of the cell microenvironment. These systems compartmentalize cells in micro- and nano-structured complexes, providing a wide surface area for cell adhesion and ensuring a continuous and selective transport of nutrients and metabolites to and from cells. Interestingly, membranes in fiber configuration with precisely controlled and tunable properties can direct and control the function of different kinds of cells toward the recovery from disorders and injuries. The review by Morelli et al. [2021] summarizes the development of hollow fibers and electrospun fiber membranes used in bioartificial organs, tissue engineered constructs, and in vitro bioreactors, with a special focus on bioartificial liver and neuronal tissue applications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing advancements in the production of bioartificial organs and their relationship to regenerative medicine. It specifically mentions 'the design and development of tubular organs' and highlights the technologies like 3D bioprinting that are key in creating bioartificial organs. Additionally, it points out the relevance of membrane technology for 'the design of bio/artificial organs,' which further supports the goal of tissue engineering and organ transplantation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: Through literature analysis, the research status in the field of tea diseases and pests identification was analyzed, and the in-depth learning methods and frameworks suitable for this task were studied. (2) Data acquisition and data pre-processing. Images of diseased leaves and pests of large leaf tea plants in the tea garden planting base of University were collected. After image acquisition, the ImageDataGenerator generator in the keras framework was used to preprocess the images, and the sample set was expanded through image random rotation, random offset, shear transformation and other data enhancement methods to build a large leaf tea plant disease and pest data set. (3) Model construction and optimization. Combined with the task and data set feature analysis in this paper, we comprehensively compared the performance of Xception, VGG-16, ResNet-50, Inception V3, MobileNetV2 and DenseNet20 in migration learning, selected the best performance model to build a disease and pest classification model for the leaves of small sample Yunnan large leaf tea plants in complex environments, and then optimized the model through migration learning and embedded attention mechanism, and verified the effectiveness of the model. (4) Model validation and experimental results analysis. For the optimized model, the validation set is used to predict, and the confusion matrix is drawn to objectively and comprehensively evaluate its recognition performance and classification results, further verifying the effectiveness of the model in this paper. Fig. 3Technology roadmapFull size imageModel designTrainingUtilizing the transfer learning approach, we fine-tuned the weights of a pre-trained basic CNN architecture, originally trained on the ImageNet dataset, for application on the tea image dataset. We conducted a comparative analysis of various common CNN architectures, evaluating their performance across different model parameters and data augmentation techniques. Based on this analysis, we designed a unified model architecture as depicted in Fig. 4. Initially, the pre-processed and standardized dataset is fed into the model, excluding the top layer, enabling feature extraction through the convolutional layers. Subsequently, global average pooling is employed to achieve feature dimensionality reduction. Finally, a softmax layer is utilized for classifying tea diseases and pests. This approach ensures that each feature map is directly associated with the classification probability, eliminating the need for a fully connected layer and thus mitigating the generation of additional training parameters. This reduction in parameters minimizes the risk of overfitting [49]. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the identification of diseases and pests affecting large leaf tea plants in a specific environment. It highlights the ongoing challenges of pest and disease management, showing that vertical farms are not immune to such issues, contrary to the claim that they are completely immune.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: , bitterleaf Garaa (W), Girawa (A) leaves of Vernonia amygdalina are mixed with Rumex nervosus and Justicia schimperiana leave. Thereafter, the mixed leaves are squeezed together with water and the resulting juice is taken orally. Vernonia hymenolepis' dried or sometimes fresh leaves are crushed and placed on a wound is to stop bleeding. spirit The fresh shoot of Vernonia amygdalina is ground and mixed with water, filed in the beaker and stand in front of the room. When an evil spirited person enters to the home, the water in the beaker fall and the patient is identified. Zingiber officinale Rosc. , Yenjjeeluwa (W), Zinjibil (A) The peeled fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale is chewed and the resulting juice is swallowed. Sometimes it can be used with Artemisia afra. Rhizome Cough/cold The peeled fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale is ground with mortar and pestle. Thereafter, the crushed is boiled by water by 70 - 120oC to 10 minutes and the prepared juice called 'Kishir shai' is drunk as it cool enough to take via mouth. The fresh rhizome is crushed and chewed. Key: Local name: A = Amharic, W = Wolaita; Used to treat: H = human, L = livestock, HL = human and livestock. Enjera is a kind of unleavened flat and thin bread made of 'tef' Eragrostis tef (Zucc. ). Table 2: Disease category, abbreviations of reported diseases and informant’s consensus factor No. Category name and abbreviations Reported diseases No. species Nur ICF 1. Gastrointestinal ailments (GIA) Stomachache, amoeba, gastritis, Motion sickness (vomiting), constipation, liver disease, toothache 25 54 0. 55 2. Dermatological infections/diseases (DID) Wound, chirt (shattuwa), skin disease, dandruff 12 46 0. 76 3. Skeletomuscular system disorders (SMSD) Back pain, bone fracture, swelling 6 29 0. 82 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information about various plants and their uses in traditional medicine, including treatments for dermatological infections and wounds; however, it does not mention Aloe vera specifically. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use for skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of regenerative medicine is closely related to bioartificial organs, with the goal of creating fully functional organs for transplantation. [SEP] Text: Polymeric materials such as membranes gain more attention as potential candidates for the repair and development of functional human tissues, such as bone, pancreas, retina, kidney, blood vessels, and nerves. Polycaprolactone/beta-tricalcium phosphate (PCL/β-TCP) obtained by a rotary jet-spinning process are particularly interesting for the repair and regeneration of critical bone, as reported by de et al. [2021]. Novel polymeric nanostructures (such as nanofibers, nanorods, nanotubes, etc. ), especially block copolymers with distinctive properties [Malik et al. , 2021], are among the best studied systems to fit numerous tissue engineering applications due to the broad variety of properties they display upon varying the composition ratio and molecular weight of blocks. Wound healing and cornea regeneration are currently being investigated for improvement of patient outcomes [Poudel et al. , 2021]. Biomaterial approaches based on extracellular matrix components like collagen have shown the ability to repair corneal wounds. Other cell-free therapies such as treatment with tolerogenic exosomes and extracellular vesicles may improve treatment outcomes in the case of inflammatory conditions. Many of the technologies described also in combination with cell- or drug-based therapies are promising in the treatment of corneal injuries and disease with a single regenerative solution. The modeling of organs such as a 3D human placenta is quite challenging. The review by Tutar and Çelebi-Saltik [2021] describes the systems and approaches used in the creation of 3D placenta, placental transfer models as 3D placental barriers, and micro-engineered 3D placenta on-a-chip to explore complicated placental responses to nanop1. -Mendez, Optimizing the decellularized porcine liver scaffold protocol. Organs. 2021. doi: 10. 1159/000510297. SA, de dos AR, debeta-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds obtained via rotary jet-spinning: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Organs. 2021. doi: 10. 1159/000511570. Role of block copolymers in tissue engineering applications. Organs. 2021. doi: 10. 1159/000511866. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various polymeric materials and techniques being researched for the development and repair of functional human tissues. It highlights the use of biomaterials for tissue engineering applications, which aligns with the goal of creating functional organs for transplantation. Additionally, it emphasizes the role of engineered scaffolds and nanostructures in regenerative medicine, which are crucial for the advancement of bioartificial organs.