Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: ) Bl. Temuan [leaves and shoots][4]204. Trichilia trijuga Roxb. Semang [barks][3]205. Urena lobata L. Semai [stems][6]206. Uvaria sorsogonensis C. Presl. Semang [leaves][3]207. Vernonia arborea Buch. -Ham. [roots][5]208. Vernonia cinerea (L. ) Less. [leaves and roots][2]209. Zingiber griffithii BakerSemai [rhizomes][6]210. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Temuan [rhizomes][4]211. Zingiber ottensii ValetonSemang [rhizomes][3]212. Zingiber spectabile Griff. [leaves], Semai [leaves][5, 6]213. Zingiber zerumbet (L. ) Roscoe ex Sm. Semang [latex][7]Table 1. Annotated medicinal plant species list of the indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia. Advertisement 3. Current approaches of research on medicinal plants of indigenous tribes in The most common approach to illicit information on the medicinal plants of the indigenous tribes is through semistructure interviews with traditional medicine practitioners known as batin. Two issues that have not been adequately addressed in previous studies are the veracity of information obtained from such approach and the extent of use or usage of medicinal by the indigenous tribes. The veracity of information on medicinal properties plants utilized by the indigenous tribes in can be verified by laboratory analysis of bioactive compounds extracted from the plants. Several such studies have already been carried on some of the species that are listed in Table 1. et al. [10] had carried out antioxidative activity of extracts from Morinda citrifolia L. and had concluded that active compounds in root of the plant might be both polar and nonpolar in nature, whereas compounds that contribute to antioxidative activity of both its leaf and fruit are probably nonpolar in nature. Salleh et al. [11] studied the chemical compositions and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils of Piper caninum Blume. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are broader approaches to the study of medicinal plants beyond just those used by indigenous tribes. It discusses research methods involving interviews with traditional medicine practitioners and emphasizes laboratory analysis of plant compounds, suggesting that ethnobotany includes a wider scope of interests and methodologies, rather than being exclusively focused on indigenous plants alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Общество не несет ответственности за использование другими сторонами любой информации, предоставляемой Пользователем указанным сторонам посредством чатов, досок объявлений, тематических конференций и других средств общения данного Сайта. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the responsibilities of an organization regarding information shared by users rather than addressing sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The peak behavioral time was no longer clear, and some animals seemed to free-run under the shift condition (Figure 1A and S1). Furthermore, the repeated light/dark shift caused dysregulation of expression of the representative circadian clock gene, Per2 gene in cardiac atrium (Figure 1B), cardiac ventricle (Figure 1C) and liver (Figure 1D), and Pai-1 gene in cardiac atrium (Figure 1E), cardiac ventricle (Figure 1F) and liver (Figure 1G). Figure 1 Circadian locomotor activity profiles, and Per2 and Pai-1 mRNA expression pattern in peripheral tissues. Circadian activities were measured for approximately 4 weeks using a nano tag. Actograms in the left and right panels represent the Control and Shift groups, respectively (n = 4, A). Locomotor activity levels were measured at 5-min intervals and are indicated by black bars. Per2 and Pai-1 expression levels in atria (B and E), ventricle (C and F) and liver (D and G) were analyzed at ZT2, 6, 11, 18, and 23. Values were normalized using Actb mRNA levels. Control gene expression levels at ZT2 were defined at as 1. Data represent mean ± S. E. M. (n = 4). *, P < 0. 05; **, P < 0. 01. Figure 2 Disturbance of the light/dark cycle does not affect tumor growth and decrease survival. Schematic representation of the experimental plan and light/dark conditions (A). Female BALB/c mice were implanted with BJMC3879Luc2 cells in the right fourth mammary fat pad and then maintained under each light/dark cycle condition for 3 to 8 weeks. The lighting conditions of each group were set as follows: Control group, 12:12 h light/dark cycle (lights on at 8:00; ZT0); Shift group, light on ZT0 for 2 days and then conversely on the following 2 days. The star mark (★) indicates the timing of body weight and tumor volume measurement (between ZT7 and ZT8). Mice were killed between ZT7 and ZT8 at 3, 5, or 8 weeks after tumor cell inoculation. Effect of light/dark shifts on body weight (B), tumor volume (C), tumor mass (D), and survival (E). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how a repeated light/dark shift caused dysregulation of the expression of circadian clock genes in various organs, which implies that this misalignment can have adverse effects on health, particularly regarding the functioning of the circadian rhythms. The mention of the animals free-running and the effects on specific genes supports the idea that shift work impacts biological systems adversely.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Safrole, β-caryophyllene, β-pinene, and germacrene D were the main components from the leave and stem oil of the plant. They noted that the highest activity was observed for inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the β-carotene/linoleic acid system by the stem oil and the essential oil showed strong antimicrobial activity. Ang et al. [12] studied that aphrodisiac property of Eurycoma longifolia Jack has been studied by examining the effects of E. longifolia Jack on sexual qualities in middle-aged male rats. They demonstrated that E. longifolia Jack enhanced the sexual qualities of the middle-aged male rats. Bhat and Karim [13] reviewed the ethnobotany and pharmacological importance and E. longifolia Jack and noted that the plant possesses adequate therapeutic potential and could be explored further for commercial purposes and could be designated as a “wonder drug plant. ” Information on usages of medicinal plants by the indigenous tribes was very limited in previous reports, thus making the assessment of this aspect of traditional culture practice difficult. Persistent usage of the medicinal plants by the tribes is important to ensure that the knowledge on the medicinal uses of plants is conserved and subsequently should contribute to the conservation of the plants. This is of concern because as modernization moves toward the doorstep of the indigenous tribes, knowledge and usage of biodiversity decrease and eventually become adulterated or lost to humanity [4]. Advertisement 4. Future studies on medicinal plants of indigenous tribes in Future studies on medicinal plants should be extended to more villages of the indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia. The studies should include aspects that have not been adequately addressed in the previous studies. Other aspects that can be included in future studies are the use of geographical information system to analyze the spatial trend on medicinal plants of the indigenous tribes and also the development of automated identification system for medicinal plant species. Geographic information systems (GIS) have not been used in any studies on the medicinal plants in Peninsular Malaysia, although the use of GIS for conserving medicinal and herbal plants elsewhere has been reported [14–17]. GIS application together with remote sensing data could be used for comprehensive vegetation mapping and analysis of data attained from ground surveys. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a variety of medicinal plants and their properties without limiting the focus exclusively to those used by indigenous tribes. It mentions the broader pharmacological importance of Eurycoma longifolia Jack and highlights the concern for the conservation of knowledge related to medicinal plants among indigenous tribes, which indicates a wider context of ethnobotany beyond just the plants used by these tribes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Безопасность Общество реализует политики, правила и принимает технические меры безопасности для защиты личных сведений, находящихся под контролем Общества, в полном соответствии с законодательством по обеспечению конфиденциальности и защите данных, которое относится к юрисдикции, применимой к Сайту. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data protection policies and does not mention sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Data represent mean ± S. E. M. (n = 10–30). 3. 2. Light/investigate the effect of irregular light/dark cycles on breast cancer metastasis, BJMC3879Luc2-bearing mice were kept for 3, 5, or 8 weeks under the conditions shown in Figure 2A, and metastases to tissues were evaluated. No difference in body weight (Figure 2B), tumor volume (Figure 2C), or tumor weight (Figure 2D) was observed between normal light conditions and shift conditions. However, in the shift group, the survival rate began to decrease after about 5 weeks of tumor-bearing (Figure 2E). In addition, 8 weeks after inoculation, several mice in the shift group had symptoms of crouching, irregular respiration, and piloerection (data not shown). At the terminal sacrifice, cancer cell migration was captured using luciferase activity as a reporter and revealed that luminescence intensity tended to increase in the lung tissue and axillary lymph nodes of the shift group (Figure 3). Figure 3 Bioluminescent imaging of metastatic lesion areas of mice housed under normal or light/dark cycle shift conditions. Representative bioluminescent images of metastatic lesions obtained at 8 weeks after inoculation (A). Bioluminescent images were obtained 7 min after intraperitoneal administration of luciferin to mice. Quantification of bioluminescent intensities in each tissue taken from mice (B). Regions of interest (ROI) from displayed images were identified in the primary tumor, lung, kidney lymph node, and axillary lymph node, and quantified as photons per second. Data represent mean ± S. E. M. (n = 13–15). Necropsy of the major lymph nodes (i. e. , axillary, brachial, mediastinal, renal, iliac, inguinal, and popliteal) revealed markedly increased lymph node metastasis per mouse in the shift group (Figure 4A). In addition, metastasis in the right inguinal lymph node was observed in all mice (Figure 4B). However, the incidence of cancer metastasis in the right brachial lymph node was significantly higher in the shift group (Figure 4B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of irregular light/dark cycles, which are commonly associated with shift work, on health outcomes in mice. It mentions that the shift group exhibited a decrease in survival rate after 5 weeks and symptoms like crouching and irregular respiration, indicating adverse health impacts. Additionally, the text reports increased cancer metastasis in the shift group, which aligns with the claim that shift work can negatively affect health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: In terms of mapping medicinal plants, remote sensing data can be useful to obtain information on land usage or coverage, vegetation, terrain attributes, distribution, and accessibility to area. Besides this, GIS could be used to produce map layers and to develop comprehensive databases on physical, biological, and environmental parameters which govern the spatial distribution and abundance of medicinal plants. Serious consideration should be given to the use of machine learning for rapid identification of medicinal plants, especially those utilized by the indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia. As medicinal plants utilized by most of the indigenous tribes have not been studied, these techniques will facilitate urgent documentation of the plants which are needed for their conservation. Machine learning methods such as artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) have been used to develop automated plant species identification despite the claims that leaf morphology is not a reliable indicator in identifying tree species. ANN is a mathematical model composed of many processing units that communicate by interconnected variables. It is trained using data for which the classes are known, followed by being used for class prediction of unidentified data. Multilayer structure of ANN enables learning from complex input image features and generates single output. Support vector machine (SVM) is a supervised learning method proposed by Cortes and Vapnik [18], generating hyperplanes for classification, based on statistical learning theory and structural risk minimization. The boundary of hyperplanes separates the sample data mapped in space, clearly dividing them into categories. New data will be predicted to belong to a category by the hyperplanes. Studies conducted by Clark et al. [19] applied ANN to extract features from species of the genus Tilia and achieved 44% accuracy rate. Kumar et al. [20] developed a “Leafsnap,” a computerized system that searches on database for species matching and retrieval. Hearn [21] used a combination of Fourier analysis and Procrustes analysis (a simple shape registration method, based on rotation, translation, and scaling) to perform species identification using a large database of 2420 leaves from 151 different species. Advertisement 5. hundred and thirteen species of plants have been reported as medicinal to the indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia. Leaves and roots are the two most common medicinal plant parts used by the indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia. Medicinal use of roots requires destructive harvesting which may lead to overharvesting of the plant species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the study of medicinal plants includes broader considerations beyond just the plants used by indigenous tribes. It discusses the use of remote sensing, GIS, and machine learning technologies for the mapping and identification of medicinal plants, which suggests that ethnobotany can incorporate various methodologies and that its scope is not limited to plants used by indigenous communities alone. Furthermore, it details the challenges related to plant identification and conservation of medicinal plants, highlighting the complexity and range of practices involved in ethnobotany.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Разработаны меры безопасности по предотвращению доступа, ненадлежащего использования или раскрытия, изменения, незаконного уничтожения или случайной потери данных. Дети Настоящий Сайт не предназначен для детей и не ориентирован на них. Общество преднамеренно не собирает сведения, поступающие от детей. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles and their navigation. It discusses security measures related to data protection and mentions that the website is not intended for children, therefore it does not provide any information regarding the claim about sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, metastasis in the left brachial and inguinal lymph nodes, lymph nodes located distal to the implantation site, were significantly increased by light/dark shifts (Figure 4B). These results suggested that disturbances in the light/dark cycle may promote distant metastasis of breast cancer. Figure 4 Frequency of metastasis in lymph nodes. Number of lymph node metastasis in each group (A) and frequency of metastasis in distant lymph nodes (B). Data represent mean ± S. E. M. (n = 18). *, P < 0. 05; **, P < 0. 01; ***, P < 0. 001. 3. 3. Light/influence of light/dark shifts on the immune system, especially total WBC count and NLR, were analyzed. There was no effect of light/dark shifts on total WBC counts in both groups (Figure 5A). However, a decrease in the lymphocyte ratio and an increase in the neutrophil ratio at 5 weeks after cancer cell transplantation were confirmed in the Shift group, and the NLR was significantly higher in the Shift group than in the Control group (1. 64-fold, Figure 5B). Figure 5 Total white blood cells (WBCs) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Total WBCs were measured at 5- or 8-weeks post-inoculation (A). NLR was calculated from the neutrophil and lymphocyte percentage of WBCs at 5- or 8-weeks post-inoculation (B). Data represent mean ± S. E. M. (n = 6). *, P < 0. 05. 3. 4. NA Content in Intratumoral NA concentration tended to increase in the Shift group after 5 weeks of inoculation, but the NA concentrations in both groups were not significantly different after 8 weeks of inoculation (Figure 6). Figure 6 Change in tumor NA levels. Intratumoral NA concentration was measured at 5- or 8-weeks post-inoculation. Data represent mean ± S. E. M. (n = 5–10). 3. 5. Effect of Quercetin on in investigate the anti-metastatic effect of quercetin on breast cancer cells, a 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting how disturbances in the light/dark cycle, which can result from shift work, promote adverse health outcomes, particularly in the context of increased metastasis of breast cancer. Specifically, it notes that 'light/dark shifts may promote distant metastasis of breast cancer,' indicating a direct link between misalignment of circadian rhythms and negative health effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Future studies on medicinal plants of the indigenous tribes in should extend to more tribes as information that is available up to now is only to the Jah Hut, Semai, Semang, and Temuan tribes. Aspects of the medicinal plants of the indigenous tribes have been overlooked in previous studies; such veracity of information and usage need to be emphasized in future studies. To facilitate spatial analysis and identification of the medicinal plants, geographical information system and machine learning techniques can also be employed in future studies. Advertisement 1. Burkill IH. A Dictionary of the of the Malay Peninsula. 4th edition. Dept. of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2002. 2. Lin KW. of Used by the Jah-in Malaysia. of Medical Sciences. 2005; 59(4): 156–158. 3. of by the in Kampung Bawong, Perak, West Malaysia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2010; 6:. by the in Kampung Tering, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Ethno Medicine. 2011; 5(3): 169–173. 5. . Used by the at Penderas, Pahang, Malaysia. Ethno Medicine. 2012; 6(1): 11–15. 6. . and Usage of among the Asli at 16, Tapah, Perak, Malaysia. Ethno Medicine. 2012; 6(3): 207–211. 7. . by the of Legong, Kedah, Malaysia. Ethno Medicine. 2012; 6(3): 149–153. 8. Lim TK. and Non-Medicinal Plants. , Fruits. . 2012; 398. 9. . Impact of Cultivation and Gathering of on Biodiversity: and Issue. Paper published in Biodiversity and the in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Rome, October 12–13. 2002. 10. Z, Abdul-Hamid A, Osman A. of Extracts from Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L. ) Root, Fruit and Leaf. Food Chemistry. 2002; 78: 227–231. 11. . Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant and of of Piper caninum Blume. of Molecular Sciences. 2011; 12: 7720–7731. DOI: 10. 3390/ijms1211772012. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that previous studies have overlooked various aspects of medicinal plants used by several indigenous tribes, not just focusing on a single group. It mentions the need for future studies to encompass more tribes beyond those already documented, indicating that ethnobotany should not be seen as exclusive to one group, thus contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Однако программное обеспечение, используемое для поддержания работы настоящего Сайта, автоматически не отличает посетителей моложе 18 лет от остальных пользователей, поэтому Общество требует, чтобы лица моложе 18 лет получили согласие родителя, опекуна, учителя или библиотекаря на просмотр настоящего Сайта. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses website visitor age requirements and parental consent, without any mention of sea turtles or navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 3% quercetin diet was given to tumor-bearing mice for 8 weeks under the same conditions as described previously (Figure 2A). There were no differences in food intake or body weight changes in each group (Figure 7A and 7B). There was also no effect of quercetin intake on tumor volume and tumor weight (Figure 7C and 7D). Regarding lymph node metastasis, metastasis to various lymph nodes was suppressed in the 0. 3%Q-Ctrl and 0. 3%Q-Sh groups. In particular, it was observed that metastasis to the kidney lymph nodes and iliac lymph nodes was strongly suppressed (Figure 7E). Figure 7 Effect of 0. 3% quercetin diet on the lymph node metastasis. All animals were given normal MF diet or 0. 3% quercetin-containing MF diet over the experimental period. Food intake (A), body weight (B), and tumor volume (C) were measured once a week (n = 6–10). Tumor weight was measured at the final necropsy (D, n = 6–10). Data represent mean ± S. E. M. The lymph node metastasis inhibition rates in 0. 3% Q-Ctrl and 0. 3% Q-Sh were calculated using the frequency of metastasis occurrence in the Control or Shift groups as the baseline data (E, n = 6–10). *, P < 0. 05 vs. control; †, P < 0. 05 vs. shift. 4. cancer is the most frequent cancer type in women worldwide. Many previous epidemiological studies reported that shift and night workers are at a higher risk of breast cancer than day shift workers [16, 36]. These reports suggest that circadian disruption of biological functions due to deviations from the natural day/night cycle may affect breast cancer development. In this study, the effect of circadian rhythm disruption by light/dark shifts on metastasis of breast cancer was investigated using BALB/c mice transplanted with BJMC3879Luc2 mouse breast cancer cells. A radical shift pattern (12:12 light:dark cycle with inverting every two days) that imitated the rotating two-shift work was chosen to disrupt the circadian rhythms of the mice. The 12-hour rotating shift cycle caused clear circadian disruption and a free-running behavioral rhythm was observed (Figure 1A and Figure S1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between shift work, circadian rhythms, and breast cancer risk. It mentions that many previous epidemiological studies have found that shift and night workers are at a higher risk of breast cancer, suggesting that circadian disruption due to deviations from the natural day/night cycle may impact breast cancer development. Additionally, the study investigated the effects of shifting light/dark patterns on mice to emulate rotating shift work, highlighting clear circadian disruption and its adverse effects, which supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack on in Male Rats. Phytomedicine. 2003; 10: 590–593. 13. Bhat R, Karim AA. (Eurycoma longifolia Jack): A Review on. Fitoterapia. 2010; 81: 669–679. 14. . Stratification and Mapping of Ephedra gerardiana Wall in Poh (Lahul and Spiti) Sensing and GIS. Current Science. 2003; 84: 208–212. 15. . Conserving the Mountains: A of Sites in Northwest Yunnan. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2005; 14: 3065–3091. 16. . Assessment of in Zones in the Eastern Himalayas, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Current Science. 2005; 88: 250–257. 17. . Mapping Non-wood (Matsutake Mushrooms) Regression and a GIS Expert System. Ecological Modeling. 2006; 198: 208–218. 18. Cortes C, Vapnik V. Support-vector Networks. Machine Learning. 1995; 20(3): 273–297. 19. . . 2012 IEEE Symposium on in Bioinformatics and (CIBCB). San Diego, CA: IEEE. 2012; 348. DOI: 10. 1109/CIBCB. 2012. 621725020. . Leafsnap: A System for Species Identification. 12th on (ECCV). Berlin: Springer-Verlag Heidelberg. 2012; 516. 21. Hearn DJ. for the of Plants from Images of Leaves. TAXON. 2009; 58(3): 934–954. information 1. Introduction2. List of medicinal plants of the indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia3. Current approaches of research on medicinal plants of indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia4. Future studies on medicinal plants of indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia5. Conclusion1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2017 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning the list of medicinal plants of indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia. This indicates that ethnobotany also involves a broader range of research approaches and studies beyond just the plants used by these tribes, thus challenging the exclusivity implied in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Если Общество обнаруживает, что ребенок разместил личные сведения на данном Сайте, то принимает разумные меры для удаления таких сведений из файлов компании. Условия пользования, уведомления и новые редакции политики Если Пользователь решает посетить данный Сайт, посещение и любой спор в отношении сохранения конфиденциальности регламентируются настоящими Общими условиями. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses privacy policies and conditions of use for a website, with no mention or relation to sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Also, the peak times of Per2 and Pai-1 were phase advanced about for 7 h (Figure 1B and 1C) and 12 h (Figure 1E and 1F) in shift group mice, respectively. Furthermore, the expression levels of Per2 and Pai-1 showed noticeable downregulation. The association of Per2 or Pai-1 in many types of cancer, including breast, is well-documented [37, 38]. Per2 is known to have tumor suppressive activity against mammary tumors, and its down-regulation is advantageous for cancer progression [39]. These outcomes support the hypothesis that light/dark shift accelerate breast cancer progression. Incidentally, the relationship between breast cancer malignancy and Pai-1 has been discussed in several papers and it is presumed that Pai-1 promotes cell migration [40, 41]. We demonstrated that disruption of biological rhythms by light/dark shifts promoted tissue metastasis, especially distal lymph node metastasis and further caused a decrease in survival (Figures 2E, 3 and 4). But it did not affect the tumor volume or weight of transplanted breast tumors (Figure 2C and 2D). The effect of biorhythm disturbance on tumor growth and metastasis has been reported in previous study [42], along with downregulation of per2 by jet lag condition. And, it presents interesting data on the acquisition of the stemness and growth potential of tumor cells and antitumor immunity. In contrast, as mentioned above, our model did not show the effect of light-disturbance on tumor growth. It is difficult to make a general comparison with previous study [42], because of the different tumor model (spontaneous or orthotopic transplant), subtypes of breast cancer cells (estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor sensitivity and HER2 protein expression) and light/dark conditions. Therefore, we think that it will be necessary to consider the systems that more closely resemble human rotating shift work, e. g. , comparison with a 3-shift work system (shifted by 8 hours for 3 groups), of different light-dark compositions (6:18 light:dark cycle, and/or 18:6 light:dark cycle) in future studies. In mammals, various physiological functions including temperature regulation, sleep/arousal, and hormone secretion are known to change periodically over approximately a 24-hour period over a day/night cycle, which is an environmental time signal [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how light/dark shifts disrupt biological rhythms and promote conditions such as cancer. It mentions the downregulation of Per2 and Pai-1 in shift group mice and highlights that these changes could potentially accelerate breast cancer progression. Additionally, it states that various physiological functions regulated by circadian rhythms are known to change periodically, emphasizing the significance of circadian rhythm alignment in health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: HomeBIJEthnobotany of medicinal plants used to treat malaria by traditional healers from ten indigenous colombian communities located in waupes medio Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2575-906X 167. DOI: 10. 15406/bij. 2017. 01. 00022 indigenous communities from possess knowledge in the use of plants to treat their illnesses. This knowledge has been transmitted orally from generation to generation. The present 3. 2billion people remain at risk of malaria. Annually, it produces between 149-303million clinical cases and kills more than 400,000 people. Among those killed, 90% are children under 5years old. 1 America, the transmission of paludism is found in nine countries sharing the amazon forest region and in 8 countries representing the Caribbean and Central America. 2 in 2016, 83 356 cases of malaria were reported to the Institute (INS) through the (Sivigila), and the distribution by species corresponded to 47 497 cases (57%) by P. falciparum, followed by P. vivax with 33 055 cases (39. 7%) and 2 804 cases (3. 3%) of mixed infections (P. falciparum and P. vivax). In addition, 19 deaths were confirmed because of this disease in Colombian territory. 3 These data show the importance of this disease in the panorama of morbidity and mortality at local and global level. Natural or vector borne infection in humans is by six species from the genus Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi,1 and recently P. cynomolgi. 4 This parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Once inside the organism, the parasite causes clinical symptoms that can range from mild to grave, or even lead to fatal. 5,6 Traditional medicine uses plants to treat different illnesses, and their use is so efficient that the Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the world population uses plants as alternative therapy. 7 Since 1670, medical plants like Quina have been used to treat paludic feavers. It was not until 1820 that two French chemists, isolated a metabolite called quinina from this plant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing not only the plants used by indigenous tribes but also the broader context of traditional medicine and the global significance of plants in treating various illnesses. The text emphasizes that traditional medicine and the use of plants transcend just indigenous knowledge, as evidenced by the WHO stating that 80% of the world population uses plants as alternative therapy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Общество сохраняет за собой право вносить изменения в настоящую политику без уведомления Пользователей. Если Пользователь продолжает пользоваться Сайтом после внесения изменений в данную политику, это означает, что Пользователь принимает такие изменения. Порядок действий при возникновении технических проблем Что именно надо сообщить о технической проблеме: Укажите тему запроса. Тема должна отражать краткую суть проблемы. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the rights of an organization to change its policies without user notification and instructions on reporting technical problems, which have no connection to sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Our previous studies revealed that nocturnal light exposure increases secretion of adrenaline and NA through the function of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis (SAM) system and the sympathetic nervous system, the stress response systems, showing evidence that a departure from the natural light/dark cycle is a stress factor [5, 22]. A recent investigation demonstrated that chronic stress load activated the sympathetic nervous system accompanied by secretion of NA, and promoted remodeling of tumor lymphatic vessels and cancer metastasis in mice transplanted with MDA-MB-231 cells [43]. We previously reported that NA elevated breast cancer cell infiltration via adrenergic receptors and upregulated MMP9 expression, which contributes to extracellular matrix degradation in MDA-MB-231 cells [20]. These findings suggest that disruption of light/dark cycles causes a stress response accompanied by NA secretion, which may affect breast cancer development. As shown in Figure 6, the concentration of NA in breast tumors tended to increase due to light/dark shifts. However, no increase in Mmp9 expression in tumors due to light/dark shift was observed (data not shown). As mentioned above, some biological functions including enzyme activity and gene expression show circadian rhythms. It is known that the activity and expression levels of these factors are continuously changing [44, 45]. All final sampling in this study was conducted at the same time (ZT 7–8). Therefore, to resolve the relationship between NA and MMP9, further experiments at multiple time points are required in future studies. We here shown that the NLR is significantly increased by light/dark shifts (Figure 5B). At the same time, shortening of survival was observed (Figure 2E). It is known that the survival rate of breast cancer patients markedly decreases as tumor stage progresses, particularly regarding the occurrence of metastasis [18]. Cancer cell migration from breast tissue to lymph nodes can be an important process in breast cancer progression. Various internal and external factors affect the metastasis of many cancers including breast cancer through the complex mechanisms, and in recent years there have been many reports that neutrophils have an active role in tumor progression [46, 47]. It has been reported that frequent changes in the light/dark environment can induce chronic inflammation and increase the early mortality rate [48]. It has been also reported that the risk of developing liver and lung cancer increases with long-term light/dark shifts [49, 50]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how disruption of the natural light/dark cycle, which is representative of shift work, induces stress responses through increased secretion of norepinephrine (NA). It details findings that light/dark shifts can lead to chronic stress, cancer metastasis, and overall adverse health effects, providing evidence that misalignment of circadian rhythms is a contributing factor to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Quinina served as a template for the synthesis of the aminochinolines such as cloroquine, which was used as a first-line medicine until 1971 when the first cases of P. falciparum resistance appeared. 8 This stimulated the search for new antimalarial agents. In 1972 Chinese scientists isolated artemisinin from the Artemisa anua plant. This permitted the synthesis of the artemisinin derivatives artesunate, arteheter, artemether, constituting a new pilar of antimalarial therapy. 9,10 is a region both endemic to malaria and to some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. One third of the worlds species are found in tropical rain forests. 11 Concurrenty, there exists a wide cultural diversity linked to traditional knowledge from different ethnic groups. This diversity has been affected and threatened by colonization which began in the 15th century and advanced in the 20th century. 12 In the case of Vaupes medio, it was due to the bonanaza of rubber, coca farming, and the sale of animal skins. These processes led to deforestation and an alteration in social structure, bringing about a loss of plant diversity and of the knowledge associated with it. 13 Among the indigenous and mestizo communities located in the of the southeastern part of Colombia, the population is 85% indigenous representing 27 ethnic groups. Among those groups, the most numerous are: Cubeo, Tucano, Desano and Guanano. 14 These communities are effected by malaria, above all, those which are located in the Vaupés Alto, Vaupés Medio, Papunahua, Apaporis river, and at the Querarí river head. In this zone, malaria has been treated by diverse traditional healers from the region using medicinal plants (for preventing it or curing it). Nevertheless, these practices are disappearing due to the social phenomena explained previously. The purpose of this study is to contribute to and preserve the ancestral knowledge related to medicinal use of plants among the communities located in the Vaupés Medio. More specifically, information was collected about medicinal plants used to cure malaria from 33 indigenous traditional healers from this zone. In the presence of the healers, plants were identified and collected. They were later studied taxonomically and the greater frequency of use was determined by the Friedman’s index. Materials and methods Study area An area of 10,901. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that ethnobotanical studies include not only the traditional knowledge associated with indigenous groups but also the impact of colonization and cultural diversity. It discusses how traditional healers from various communities, including indigenous groups, use medicinal plants to treat malaria, thereby showing that ethnobotany encompasses a broader context beyond just indigenous tribes and their plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Примеры тем: Ошибка при подаче статьи в журнал; Не удается сгенерировать договор; Не могу войти на портал; Какие темы писать не надо: «Ошибка! »; «Вопрос»; «Срочно! ». Это никак не ускорит обработку заявки, но потребует больше времени для её обработки. Опишите проблему. Чем подробнее описана проблема, тем проще разобраться в ее причинах. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. It focuses on submission errors for journal articles and does not mention sea turtles, magnetic fields, or navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In addition, it has been demonstrated that a chronic inflammatory response is associated with cancer malignancy and poor prognosis in various types of cancer [49, 51, 52]. From these findings, the inflammatory response is an important factor in cancer progression. Peripheral blood NLR is a parameter that reflects systemic inflammation, and it has been shown that a high NLR is associated with poor prognosis in various cancers such as breast, lung, and prostate cancer [28, 53]. These outcomes suggest that 12-hour rotating shift cycle is an environmental factor that affects the survival of breast tumor-bearing mice. To prevent metastasis, treatment with anticancer drugs and/or radiation is performed. On the other hand, adverse effects associated these treatment cause complications and add to increased morbidity and mortality among patients [54]. Therefore, chemoprevention by food is important. We here focused on quercetin contained in plants as a tool to prevent cancer progression (i. e. , development, proliferation, and metastasis). Our laboratory previously reported that a quercetin metabolite, Q3G inhibited MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell invasion induced by NA via β2-adrenoreceptor [20]. It has also been shown that quercetin inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells [55]. In addition, quercetin has an inhibitory effect on cancer cell migration, and it has been reported that cancer metastasis is suppressed by quercetin therapy [56, 57, 58]. Thus, evidence on the antitumor effect of quercetin is accumulating. However, the suppressive effect of quercetin on metastasis progression as a result of disturbances to the circadian rhythm has not been verified. Therefore, we investigated whether breast cancer metastasis suppression by feeding a 0. 3 % quercetin diet is observed or not in breast cancer-transplanted mice under a light/dark shift environment. The effects of quercetin on food consumption and tumor size and weight were not observed in all groups (Figure 7A, 7C and 7D). Whereas, metastasis to kidney lymph nodes and iliac lymph nodes was strongly suppressed in mice fed a 0. 3 % quercetin diet in a light/dark shift environment (Figure 7E). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that a 'light/dark shift environment' affects the outcomes related to breast cancer metastasis in mice. It supports the idea that disturbances to circadian rhythms, such as those caused by shift work, can lead to adverse health effects, as demonstrated by the suppression of metastasis in a controlled experimental setting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: During the presentation, it was highlighted the benefits and importance of recovering the oral knowledge of traditional antimalarial medicinal plants, and conserving it by recording it in the books. Once consent was obtained and the work consolidated with the communities, each community was visited in search of the key partners. In conclusion of the conciliation process, communities expressed their interest in the project and signed agreements between themselves and researchers of the University of Antioquia. The indigenous authorities recognized the project as an opportunity to gather and preserve the oral tradition of medicinal plants used to cure malaria. Ultimately, they desire to give ownership of this knowledge to the younger generations so that it is not lost over time. Traditional healer selection The key traditional healers were chosen according to participant observation. 17‒23 More specifically, the snowball or avalanche sampling approach was used,24 under the premise that the members of the population know each other and can identify which other person from the indigenous community to interview. Additionally, the following criteria were considered: living within the study area, to be recognized by their inhabitants as traditional healers, cure malaria with plants or prayers. In this context, 30 men and 3 women between the ages of 22 and 62 years old were chosen. Ethnobotanical survey Open interviews, semi-structured interviews and ethnobotanical walks were conducted with 33 traditional healers (31 indigenous and 2 belonging to a group of mestizos known as “cabuco”, according to the methodology described by Cunnigham. 25,19,26 They collected information about: Description and identification of plants used for treating malaria in their natural habitat Detailed description of each plant collection process (hour, station, place, among others) Part of the plant used (bark, root and leaf) and mode of preparation (infusion, decoction and etc. ) Recipe directions and warnings Overview of the illness (causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatments to cure and prevent it) During the walks, with each traditional healer, specimens following the described methodology (1. Thirty (91%) of the traditional healers are male. Eighteen (55%) of 33 performed surveys reported information from the ethnic Cubeo, and the rest from Carapana, Desano, Yuruti, Guanano and Mestizo groups. Among all the traditional healers, only one payé (shaman) from community was interviewed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that ethnobotanical research involved traditional healers from multiple groups, including both indigenous tribes and mestizos, which suggests a broader focus than just the plants used by indigenous tribes. It mentions that 33 traditional healers from both indigenous groups and mestizos participated in the study, thereby highlighting that ethnobotany also considers medicinal plant knowledge across diverse cultural backgrounds.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Что надо указать: Что вы делали, перед тем как проблема возникла: Выполнил(а) вход в личный кабинет; Какой вы ожидали результат: Должен был открыться личный кабинет; Какой результат вы получили: Возникла такая-то ошибка, вылезло окошко с текстом и пр. В подписи укажите ФИО, название организации, город, контактный номер телефона для связи. Сопроводите обращение уточняющей информацией: Когда проблема возникла (Дата/Время). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles and their navigation methods, as it discusses login issues and error messages unrelated to marine biology or navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In previous reports of the pharmacokinetics of quercetin and quercetin metabolites, high levels of quercetin and its metabolites were observed in lung, kidney, and liver after quercetin ingestion [59]. Another report showed that Quercetin glucosides administered to the duodenum is partly transported to the iliac lymph vessels [60]. From these studies, it is assumed that the tissue-specific kinetics of quercetin cause local accumulation of quercetin in the iliac lymph nodes and kidney lymph nodes, leading to suppression of cancer cell migration. In examining the preventive effect of the ingestion of quercetin-containing foods on breast cancer, further investigation is required to clarify the detailed mechanism of metastasis inhibition by quercetin. In conclusion, our study has shown that an irregular light environment that reverses the light and dark phases every two days induced shorter lifespan and high level NLR that is a poor prognostic factor of breast cancer. Circadian rhythm disruption contributes to distal lymph node metastasis even though it did not affect the tumor growth in breast cancer transplanted in mice. These results with breast cancer transplant model and the modified light environment suggest that night-shift work may also affect distant metastasis and prognosis. In addition, in order to investigate the preventive effect of plant components on breast cancer, we fed quercetin mixed diet to breast cancer transplanted model mice and examined the anticancer effect against photodisturbation-induced breast cancer metastasis. We have demonstrated that distant lymph node metastasis due to disruption of the light/dark cycle is suppressed in certain lymph nodes by quercetin. This suggests that quercetin may be useful as a novel tool for the food prevention of light environment-induced breast cancer migration. To the best of we knowledge, this is the first report to the effect of quercetin on distal lymph node metastasis promoted by the disruption of circadian rhythm by the light environment modeled shift worker. The additional file for this 10. 5334/jcr. 203. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how an irregular light environment that reverses light and dark phases can lead to shorter lifespan and has implications for breast cancer metastasis. It specifically mentions that 'circadian rhythm disruption contributes to distal lymph node metastasis,' implying that disturbances similar to those experienced by shift workers can adversely affect health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Description about the role of traditional healers within the middle vaupés indigenous communities The payé is a traditional healer and shaman from the Vaupés aboriginal societies that has magical powers and establishes a relationship with the supernatural world. He has knowledge about the community’s myths, treatments for illness and witchcraft practices. He is the master of a universe inhabited by spirits, and at the same time is a healer, protector of the community and exorcist. He reaches some level of trance to establish a connection with the supernatural universe in which one or more spirits are in his favor, hears his requests and assists him to practice good or evil. He is able to diagnose an illness, foresee the fate of the sick person and fight against witchcraft and other cultural ailments. Historically, in the Vaupés region the payé uses the aid of sacred plants like yage and yopo, to reach the psychological states of mind to communicate with the supernatural universe. 28 The payé is the community member who knows more about illnesses, the diagnosis and treatment techniques, and to some extent, the use of medicinal plants. Additionally, in some occasions, is the only person in charge of diagnosing, preventing and treating the illnesses of some communities which are beyond the reach of the state health programs. In addition to the payé, there are members in the community identified as traditional healers, they possess less knowledge than the payé, but also use plants to prevent and treat illness. However, they do not use sacred plants to reach a different psychological state of mind, nor are able to establish communication with the supernatural universe to be favored by the spirits. Reported species There were registered 41 morphospecies belonging to 37 genera, distributed in 25 families and locally labeled with 47 vernacular names (Table 2). Among the registered morphospecies 35 were identified down to species, 5 to genus, and one to family. The families with the larger number of genera and species were the Bignoniaceae (8 spices/7 genres) and Fabaceae (5 species/4 genres). The most frequent plant types for the antimalarial species were trees 19(46. 34 %), followed by vines 12(29. 26%), and in a less proportion, bushes 7(17. 07%), herbs 2(4. 87%) and palms 1(2. 43%), Table 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that the role of traditional healers and the use of plants within indigenous communities extend beyond mere plant usage. It describes the payé, a traditional healer with extensive knowledge of community ailments and treatments, who uses sacred plants for spiritual communication and healing. The inclusion of various morphospecies and their uses further indicates that ethnobotany encompasses a wider array of cultural practices and medicinal applications associated with plants within these societies, rather than being limited to plants solely used by indigenous tribes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Как часто появляется; Приложите скриншот (снимок экрана) с ошибкой, если это возможно. Объем отправляемого сообщения, включая все приложения к нему, не должен превышать 15 Мб. В противном случае ваши письма будут отсечены системой; Укажите адрес домена, на котором вы работаете. Как не надо писать обращения, такие обращения рассматриваются в последнюю очередь: «Ничего не работает! Срочно почините! »; «У меня тут программа раньше работала, а потом перестала. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about sea turtles and their navigation methods. It contains procedural information and guidelines and does not discuss or provide any information about sea turtles or their navigation techniques.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: is substantial evidence that the prevalence of sleep disorders is an important occupational health problem, especially among health care professionals on night or on rotating work shifts [1 - 10]. An important aspect of the work environment of nurses is that they are required to work at any point in the 24 hour day [11]. Night work is associated with disturbed sleep and impaired alertness. The impact of sleep is the result of the circadian interference with sleep during daylight hours and circadian suppression of pineal gland by light at night [12]. The definition of insomnia is a complaint of disturbed sleep, manifested as difficulties in sleep initiation, sleep maintenance, early morning awakenings, or nonrestorative sleep. Many sources also add the presence of associated daytime impairments, such as fatigue, irritability, decreased memory and concentration, and pervasive malaise affecting many aspects of daytime functioning [13]. In a recent study, 32% of night-shift workers reported symptoms of insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness, whereas these symptoms were reported in only 18% of day workers from the same sample population [14]. Several studies have reported that sleep problems are more common among health care personnel on rotating work shifts [15]. The quality of sleep has been found to be altered in hospital nurses working on rotating shift schedules, especially those working morning and night shifts as well as in hospital nurses working shifts when compared with day nurses [16]. The pineal hormone melatonin regulates a variety of physiological processes, including circadian, cardiovascular, reproductive, and neuroendocrine functions [17 - 19]. However, it is the hypnotic effects of melatonin that are considered an integral component of its physiological role in sleep modulation [20,21]. Administration of melatonin facilitates sleep onset and improves the quality of sleep [22 - 24]. Administration of melatonin can also produce phase shifts in circadian rhythms, and has been used to treat the symptoms of circadian maladaptation associated with shift work [25 - 27]. There is currently a great deal of interest in whether properly timed melatonin administration can facilitate circadian phase shifting in these situations [28]. Normally, production of melatonin by the pineal gland is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light [29]. Hajak et al [30] reported lower levels in blood melatonin in patients with insomnia than in healthy controls, and Haimov et al [31] found lower levels of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin in elderly patients with insomnia than in healthy elderly subjects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing substantial evidence that night work and rotating shifts lead to disturbed sleep patterns, impaired alertness, and insomnia among shift workers, which are associated with circadian disruptions. Specifically, it mentions that 'night work is associated with disturbed sleep and impaired alertness' and discusses the physiological role of melatonin in sleep modulation, which indicates how misalignment of circadian rhythms can harm health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Among all 35 morphospecies identified down to the species, 31 are native to the region. The species Cosmos caudatus, Mangifera indica, Crescentia cujete and Citrus limon are introduced. 95. 12% of the species grow wild (38) and three (7. 31%) are cultivated. The part of the plant most commonly used by the traditional healers of the Middle Vaupés region to fabricate the medicine is the stem bark. Decoction with water was identified as the only procedure for preparing the medicine. The traditional healers described two ways for administering the medicine, oral, according to Pérez,29 and in baths and ointments for preventing the disease. Numbers of Number of 6. 1 Stem bark soothe toothaches and make axe handles. S6. 1 Stem bark Reed or reported. Pleonotoma variabilis (Jacq. ) Miers 194107 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Callichlamys latifolia (Rich. ) K. Schum. 194120 1 3 Stem bark Reed or treat stomach ailments, epilepsy and poisoning by venom Crescentia cujete L. 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used to make totumas, a type of gourd used to make vessels for drinking or eating Jacaranda copaia (Aubl. ) D. Don subsp. spectabilis (Mart. ex DC. ) A. H. Gentry 194113 2 6. 1 Stem bark combat pruritis and skin infections Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson 1 3 Stem bark cure rheumatism cf. glandifera Planch. & Triana 194125 4 12. 1 Stem bark, Not reported. spinescens (Hoffmanns. ex Vogel) H. S. Irwin & Barneby 194115 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Cf. spruceana 194109 1 3 Stem bark reported. nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler 1 3 Flower bud flu remedy dentatus (Aubl. ) Standl. 194111 1 3 or soo the headaches, fever and stomach pain. macrocarpa Ducke 194109 3 9. 1 Stem bark leaves of the tree are used for packaging farina (Amazon cereal). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that ethnobotany involves various plant species, including those used by traditional healers in the Middle Vaupés region. The mention of multiple species and their diverse uses shows that ethnobotany is not exclusively limited to indigenous plants but includes a broader range of plants employed in traditional medicine practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Когда снова заработает? »; «Я не могу работать. Позвоните мне! ». Сколько обращений надо написать? Необходимо придерживаться правила «одна ошибка — один запрос в поддержку». Если у вас две разных проблемы — «поправить контент» и «разместить свежий выпуск журнала» — сделайте две заявки. Нельзя создавать несколько обращений, посвященных одной проблеме чаще, чем раз в два часа. Повторные заявки замедляют работу техподдержки. Время обработки заявки? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field, as it discusses support requests and does not mention anything related to sea turtles or navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Subjective sleep parameters during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of shift work nurses: results at baseline and after 1 night melatonin or placebo treatment (N = 86) MeanSDP(vs. baselinea)P(vs. placeboa)Sleep onset latencyMelatonin21. 517. 7< 0. 05< 0. 056. 30. 01Placebo49. 730. 3< 0. 05Baseline37. 541. 3Total sleep timeMelatonin392. 152. 4> 0. 05> 0. 050. 49NSPlacebo37249. 4> 0. 05Baseline450. 582. 3Number of awakeningsMelatonin5. 11. 9> 0. 05> 0. 050. 64NSPlacebo5. 11. 9> 0. 05Baseline5. 22. 1 a p values for Tukey post hoc analysis. b Overall test for differences Table 3 Subjective assessment of insomnia: results at baseline and after 1 night of melatonin or placebo treatment (N = 86) MeanSDP(vs. baselinea)P(vs. placeboa)Difficulty falling asleepMelatonin1. 630. 61< 0. 05< 0. 054. 50. 01Placebo2. 530. 62> 0. 05Baseline2. 670. 80Difficulty staying asleepMelatonin2. 320. 83> 0. 05> 0. 050. 71NSPlacebo2. 310. 69> 0. 05Baseline2. 481. 11Problem waking up too earlyMelatonin2. 260. 81> 0. 05> 0. 050. 42NSPlacebo2. 400. 74> 0. 05Baseline2. 391. 29Sleep qualityMelatonin2. 580. 76< 0. 05< 0. 051. 20. 02Placebo2. 690. 67> 0. 05Baseline3. 160. 92 a p values for Tukey post hoc analysis. b Overall test for differences 86 shift-work nurses with insomnia disorders, administration of 5 mg of melatonin about 30 minutes before a night time sleep significantly decreased sleep onset latency (SOL) and increased sleep quality as compared with placebo. We observed a significant improvement in falling asleep induced by 5 mg of melatonin (16 min) as compared to baseline, which supports the well known capacity of this hormone to change biological rhythms [33 - 36]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the administration of melatonin to shift-work nurses with insomnia disorders significantly improved sleep onset latency and sleep quality. It highlights the capacity of melatonin to change biological rhythms, which implies that shift work disrupts circadian rhythms and can lead to health issues, thereby supporting the idea that shift work adversely affects health due to this misalignment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: The stem bark is applied to the skin to alleviate itchiness and as a deodorant Machaerium sp 1 3 or the Cubeos, it is used to treat stomachaches and headaches. Monopteryx uaucu Spruce ex. Benth. 1 3 Stem bark reported Myroxylon balsamum (L. ) Harms 1 3 Stem bark reported Fabaceae pagapunisuore 194133 1 3 Stem bark calm headache, fever and stomach pain. brasiliensis Kosterm. 194122 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used against snakebites. resinifera Mart. 194119 2 6. 1 Stem bark snake bites and to reduce fever japurensis A. Juss. 1 3 Stem bark fruit of the plant is used as bate for fishing 194135 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. guidonia (L. ) Sleumer 194112 1 3 Stem bark soo the stomach pains, diarrhea and as a purgative. grandifolia (Mart. ) Sandwith 194130 9 27. 2 Stem bark, to treat snake bites, to prevent and treat whooping cough and a pain killer for headaches. It is also used as an emetic to maintain youth and gain strength. Historically, the Cubeos used it to make hunting arrows due to its tough stem Abuta rufescens Aubl. 194121 1 3 or cure fever, and treat headache and rheumatism. 194132 2 6. 1 or treat diarrhea and common illnesses (e. g. vomiting, headache, fever). laeta (Benth. ) Barneby & J. W. Grimes 194124 1 3 Stem bark a purgative and to soothe stomach pains. Inga umbellifera (Vahl) Steud. 194110 2 6. 1 Stem bark other diseases which manifest fever and headache. decorticans Ducke 194117 1 3 Stem bark reported. cf. duplipilosa McVaugh 194129 1 3 Stem bark cure diarrhea Psidium cf acutangulum Mart. ex DC 94128 1 3 Stem bark leaves are used to package farina and the stem bark to relieve skin irritations and as a body deodorant flava 194216 1 9 or soothe stomach pains and treat diarrhea cornifolia (Kunth) Standl. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information on the uses of various plant species, many of which are used for medicinal purposes and other community needs. This suggests that ethnobotany encompasses a wider range of knowledge and practice beyond just the plants used by indigenous tribes. The mention of specific plants and their applications indicates that ethnobotany is more about the relationships between people and plants rather than being exclusive to indigenous uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Задания выполняются в порядке живой очереди, обычно выполнение работ занимает от нескольких часов до трех-четырех дней. Пожалуйста, не пишите в выполненные и закрытые задания, даже если это слово «Спасибо». Нам очень приятно, но это вносит беспорядок в систему отчетов и управления заданиями. Пожалуйста, четко формулируйте свой вопрос или задание. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses procedural matters regarding task completion and does not mention sea turtles or navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: A&A 673, A93 (2023)Mining archival data from wide-field astronomical surveys in search of near-Earth objects★ Teymoor Saifollahi1, Kleijn1, Rees Williams1, Marco Micheli2, Toni Santana-Ros3,4, Ewout Helmich1, Detlef Koschny5,6 and Luca Conversi2,7 1 Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, e-mail: teymur. saif@gmail. com2 1, 00044 Frascati, Italy 3 Instituto de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, del Raspeig, 03080 Alicante, Spain 4 Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Carrer de Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 5 Agency (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2200 XH Noordwijk, 6 of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany 7 Agency (ESA/ESRIN), Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Italy Received: 20 January 2023 Accepted: 3 March 2023 Abstract Context. Increasing our knowledge of the orbits and compositions of near-earth objects (NEOs) is important for a better understanding of the evolution of the and life. The detection of serendipitous NEO appearances among the millions of archived exposures from large astronomical imaging surveys can provide a contribution which is complementary to NEO surveys. Aims. Using the information system, this work aims to assess the detectability rate, the achieved recovery rate and the quality of astrometry when data mining the Observatory (ESO) archive for the OmegaCAM wide-field imager at the VLT (VST). Methods. We developed an automatic pipeline that searches for NEO appearances inside the environment. Throughout the recovery process the pipeline uses several public web tools () to identify possible images that overlap with the positions of NEOs, and acquires information on the NEOs’ predicted position and other properties (e. g. magnitude, rate, and direction of motion) at the time of observations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of data mining techniques to assess the detectability rate of near-Earth objects (NEOs) among archived astronomical survey data. It describes developing an automatic pipeline that searches for NEO appearances and uses public web tools to identify images related to the positions of NEOs, which underscores the application of data mining in classifying astronomical objects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 194116 1 3 Stem bark cure snakebites. Rudgeaworonovii Standl. 194118 1 3 Stem bark reported. Citrus x limon (L. ) Osbeck 194125 2 6. 1 To treat influenza and calm stomach pains. cladantha Sandwith 1 3 Stem bark reported. sprucei Hook. f. 194114 2 6. 1 Stem bark treat snake bites. Table 2 List of plants used by traditional healers Middle Vaupes, for the treatment of malaria. Among the 35 identified species, only 13 had a previous record as antimalarian medicine: Abaremalaeta, Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Crescentia cujete, Guarea guidonia, Jacaranda copaia, Picrolemma sprucei, Doliocarpus dentatus, Potalia resinífera, Mangifera indica, Tabebuia serratifolia, Abuta rufescens and Citrus limón. This paper and just another us,30 introduces 28 plants, not previously mentioned by the literature, which are used as antimalarial medicine by the indigenous communities in the Middle Vaupés region. Their distribution is this: 23 were identified down to the species, 4 to genus and one to family. According to the Friedman’s index (1996) (Table 2) the species with the most cultural importance are: Abuta grandifolia, Matisia cf. Glandífera, Pleonotoma jasminifolia and Aspidosperma excelsum. Botanical and ethnobotanical findings for species which had no prior report of their antimalarialactivity Clathrotropis macrocarpa, is known in the region with the vernacular name, Tepaku. Tepa is the common name and ku describes the male gender of the tree in the native Cubeo language. In the forest the plant can be identified by its big hand-shaped leaves and the strong odor of its yellow bark. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The extraction of the bark can be performed either when the tree is young or old. The bark is treated by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a variety of plants used not only by indigenous communities but also by traditional healers in the Middle Vaupés region for treatments such as malaria. It highlights that ethnobotanical research is broader than just indigenous tribes, as it discusses the medicinal properties of various plants and mentions both indigenous uses and broader applications in traditional medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Сотрудники службы зачастую незамедлительно берут задание в работу, и поэтому многочисленные корректировки ведут как минимум к замедлению работ, а как максимум — к ошибкам. Куда сообщать о технических проблемах? написать письмо на support@editorum. ru, заполнить форму обращения в техподдержку, написать нам в онлайн-чат. Мы перезвоним вам Инструкции Вы можете ознакомиться с инструкцией по работе с системой. Руководство пользователя (docx) × you sure you want to delete? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical support, instructions, and user communication without mentioning sea turtles or navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: Considering these properties, the pipeline narrows down the search to potentially detectable NEOs, searches for streak-like objects across the images, and finds a matching streak for the NEOs. Results. We recovered 196 appearances of NEOs from a set of 968 appearances predicted to be recoverable. It includes appearances for three NEOs that were on the impact risk list at that point. These appearances occurred well before their discovery. The subsequent risk assessment using the extracted astrometry removes these NEOs from the risk list. More generally, we estimate a detectability rate of ~0. 05 per NEO at a signal-to-noise ratio higher than 3 for NEOs in the OmegaCAM archive. Our automatic recovery rates are 40% and 20% for NEOs on the risk list and the full list, respectively. The achieved astrometric and photometric accuracy is on average 0. 12″ and 0. 1 mag. Conclusions. These results show the high potential of the archival imaging data of the ground-based wide-field surveys as useful instruments for the search, (p)recovery, and characterization of NEOs. Highly automated approaches, as possible using make this undertaking feasible. Key words: minor planets asteroids: general astrometry astronomical databases: miscellaneous techniques: photometric methods: observational methods: data analysis ★ 3 and 5 are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc. cds. unistra. fr (130. 79. 128. 5) or via © 2023 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This 1. 3 astronomical units (au), meaning that close approaches with the Earth might occur at some point. The size of these objects ranges from metres to tens of kilometres. Currently, more than 30 000 NEOs are catalogued in the Center (MPC3) and the discovery rate is of the order of thousands per year. While we are certain that the vast majority of the largest NEOs have already been discovered, very little is known about the majority, the ones in the range of a few metres to about 150 metres. With NEOs, the minor body ↔ life relationship can be approached from a scientific perspective: understanding the role of minor bodies in the origin and long-term evolution of life in a planetary system, such as our Solar System. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of automated approaches and data analysis techniques to recover and characterize NEOs (Near-Earth Objects) from large archival imaging datasets. It mentions the high potential of wide-field surveys and data analysis methods used for searching and recovering astronomical objects, supporting the assertion that data mining techniques are utilized in this context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: The medicine is either administered orally (for vomiting) or in baths to prevent the disease. It is advisable to administer the medicine orally only when the first symptoms arise, otherwise it could worsen the patient’s condition in an advanced stage of the disease. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal use in the Amazon: In the northern part of the region, the leaf of the tree is used as afungicide and antibacterial. 31 The species C. glaucophyllaand. macrocarpa have an economic relevance for the Yanomami people in Venezuela. They use seedsfrom the plant as food and the bark as an ingredient in the poison (curare) they apply to their hunting arrows. 32 Cosmos caudatus, is known in the region with the vernacular name of Abuju temuyo. Abuju is related to the devil, and temuyo means arrow. This plant is a weed that grows around the dwelling. It can be recognized by its aromatic smell, its saw-like leaves and its yellow flowers. The plant is a type of herb that grows wild, it is extracted during the young stage and collected in the adult stage. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. When the treatment is oral it consist ofa beverage of mashed leaves. The bath is used for preventing the disease and is prepared by mashing the whole plant and decoction. Medicinal uses in different regions of the country: people, in the Chocó region use the plant for body aroma and refreshment. They submerge the plant in cold water and use the liquid two times a day for bathing. 33 people in the region use the mashed leaves of Cosmos cf. caudatusas a pain reducer for skin cuts and wounds. 34 Matisia glandifera, is known in the region with the vernacular names Vakoku, Eobukuiedo-umuijiku, Karuku Boriku, and Maka vakoku. Among the Cubeo people Vako is a kind of wild fruit similar to cocoaand ku means the male gender of the tree. Eo means belonging to a group of poisonous plants called barbascos, bukuiedo means old, and umujuijiku means tall tree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various medicinal uses of plants beyond indigenous tribes, highlighting their applications in different regions of the country, such as the Chocó region. It provides examples of how plants are used for medicinal purposes both traditionally by specific tribes and in a broader context, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses a wider scope than just indigenous usage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: of Geosciences > Vol. 8 No. 8, August 2017 of Earth’s the Earth’s (). DOI: 10. 4236/ijg. 2017. 88059 1,087 Downloads 3,425 Views 1071. doi: 10. 4236/ijg. 2017. 88059. 1. the present time, the most elaborate theory of substantiating electrical currents generation in the planet’s metal core is based on hydromagnetic dynamo which works on the self-excitation principle. There are a lot of theoretical and experimental works to prove this model [1] - [6]. However, such model, able not only generate but also fully maintain the Earth’s magnetic field for a long while, needs some conditions to be met, such as low viscosity of the core metal fluid, convective vertical movements in it, raw magnetic field and so on. Besides, based on the browsed professional reviews and works [2] - [9] it is obvious that there is still no fundamental and effective principle of generating the Earth’s dipole magnetic field for the hydromagnetic dynamo model. Nevertheless, even in the first half of the last century there were attempts to explain the Earth’s magnetic field with thermoelectromotive forces existing in the core, which are conditioned by turbulent convective movements of the core’s liquid [10] [11] [12]. However, T. Rikitaki [1] considered those attempts as unlikely thermoelectrical effects, explaining this by absence of distinctness of the core’s thermoelectrical power. T. Rikitaki’s opinion turned out to be conclusive, since then all the researches of thermoelectrical effects were not taken into consideration in the dynamo theory. There is another reminder of thermoelectrical currents’ role in forming magnetic fields of hot CP stars and, probably, planets in a work of A. Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. It focuses on the theoretical and experimental aspects of the Earth's magnetic field generation and does not mention sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: For example, NEOs might deliver the meteorites that provide the ‘starter set’ for life in the form of prebiotic molecules (Oba et al. 2022). Furthermore, NEO compositions can put constraints on competing formation scenarios for rocky planets like Earth (Burkhardt et al. 2021). Thus, the characterization of the orbits and physical composition of NEOs is valuable to advance our scientific understanding of the minor body ↔ life relationship. The minor body ↔ life relationship can also be approached from a societal perspective: the impact hazard poses a significant threat to technological civilizations on a planet (Borovička et al. 2013, Popova et al. 2013, Brown et al. 2013) and calls for planetary defence strategies. and Chelyabinsk impact are recent reminders. Advanced technological civilizations on a planet can also use their neighbouring minor bodies to mine (rare) chemical elements and compounds (Hein et al. 2020), possibly as a foraging stop in space exploration (Davis et al. 1993). In conclusion, characterization of the orbits and physical composition of NEOs is valuable both to advance both our scientific understanding of the formation and evolution of planetary systems and life and to serve societal goals related to planetary defence and space-based technological infrastructures. Small NEOs are only observable from the Earth during their brief close approaches to our planet. Every day, observatories such as Pan-(Vereš et al. 2015), Catalina (Christensen et al. 2019), ATLAS (Tonry et al. 2018), and the Facility (ZTF; Bellm et al. 2019) are discovering new NEO candidates that need observational follow-up for their confirmation. It is not always easy to provide follow-up observations of these objects since their changing observational conditions, usually linked to a growing position uncertainty, make them challenging objects for most telescopes. Particularly challenging are the observations of some subgroups of NEOs such as the interior-Earth objects (IEOs; Sheppard et al. 2022) or Earth companions such as the Trojans (see e. g. Santana-Ros et al. 2022). Once the close approach with the Earth ends, it is impossible to gather any further data on a NEO, until the next close approach happens, which sometimes might take several years. The only way to get any additional information about these bodies once their observational period is over is to rely on data mining. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that after close approaches to the Earth, it becomes impossible to gather additional data on Near-Earth Objects (NEOs), thereby necessitating the reliance on data mining to obtain further information. This indicates that data mining techniques are indeed utilized in the classification and analysis of astronomical objects like NEOs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Karu is a tree known locally in Spanish as the “cargadero” (loader) and Bori means the color white. Maka means rain-forest or jungle. In the rain forest the species can be identified by its leaves which are similar to those from the cocoa plant, for its easily removable stem bark, and its characteristic smell. It is a species of native tree that grows wild. The parts of the tree used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the roots and the leaves in their fresh stage. These parts can be removed from both the young and mature tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it is safely handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. The baths are used for preventing the disease. Taken orally, the medicine is an emetic and is used to treat the disease. This rout is not recommended for those with an advanced stage of the illness because vomiting could worsen the condition. The medicine is recommended when the first symptoms of the disease appear. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: This species has no previous report, however one species from the same genre, Matisia cordata Humboldt et Bonpland, is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people for menstrual problems. 35 Also, the plant is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for treating Leishmaniosis. 36 Monopteryx uacu, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of Avina given by the Cubeo people. The plant is a species of tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: no records were found. Myroxylon balsamum, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of balsam. The speciescan be identified in the rain forest for its big leaves organized in sets of three and for the white underside of the leaves. The balsam tree grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed examples of various plants used for medicinal purposes, particularly in the rain forest, which includes references to both indigenous practices and the medicinal applications of non-indigenous flora. For instance, it mentions how the Tikuna people use Matisia cordata for menstrual problems, indicating that ethnobotanical knowledge is shared among different cultures. Moreover, the mention of medicinal uses in regions like Ecuadorian traditional medicine suggests that ethnobotany encompasses more than just the plants utilized by indigenous tribes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Dolginov, where the scientist got the equation of field generation [7] : ∂ B ∂ t = [ ∇ [ v B ] ] + c 2 4 π [ ∇ ( 1 σ [ ∇ B ] ) ] − [ ∇ [ j B ] e N e ] − c [ ∇ η ∇ T ] (1) (where η is thermoelectrical coefficient). He thought that the forth from right member [ ∇ η ∇ T ] was different from zero and generated the star’s magnetic field, whereas the first three members could be neglected because they were small and could not be performed at the considered model of moving unmagnetized plasm. His calculations showed that the dipole field of a star on its surface can be about 10−4 T. Unfortunately, A. Z. Dolginov never presented a detailed theory of making magnetic fields of space objects with thermoelectrical currents, which are immanent to “hot” objects. Below, there is the third attempt to reanimate geothermoelectrical currents below. It is shown on the example of Earth that those geothermocurrents, moving directionally inside the conducting shells (the core and the lower mantle) and affected by the great difference of geotemperatures, can generate not raw but real powerful magnetic fields of Earth and other “hot” planets of the solar system, because the phenomenon is universal. That attempt is based on the results of geophysical field work for many years, experimental and academic research, which let the author elaborate a new model of thermo-electrochemical nature of the Earth’s core natural electric field [13] [14]. It is shown that the potential-forming factor of a natural electric field is not the reduction-oxidation zone, but a constantly functioning extraneous source of non-electric origin, which is geotemperature gradient ∂T/∂z. Affected by only the latter (∂T/∂z vector is always directed deep into the earth) the anomalies of the natural electric potential, registered at all the Earth’s continents, are steadily negative. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about sea turtles using the Earth's magnetic field for navigation. Instead, it discusses complex scientific concepts related to magnetic field generation and geothermocurrents without mentioning sea turtles or animal navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is important to systematically mine and monitor new archival data for the appearance of these objects. This can be done using serendipitous discovery in archival observations not dedicated to NEOs. For example, the Survey (DES; Banda-Huarca et al. 2019; Abbott et al. 2021; Bernardinelli et al. 2022), the Kilo-(KiDS; Mahlke et al. 2021) and the (VHS; McMahon et al. 2013; Popescu et al. 2016) have been used to search for minor bodies, including NEOs. Similarly, upcoming wide-area surveys such as the ESA Euclid mission (Carry 2018; Pöntinen et al. 2020) and the of Space and Time (Grav et al. 2016; Jones et al. 2018) and their combination (Guy et al. 2022) will have a role in NEO astrometric and photometric observations. These astronomical surveys have complementary data, and are often deeper and survey further away from the ecliptic compared to NEO-dedicated surveys. In particular, the detection of a known NEO in an observing dataset before its discovery (hereafter precovery) provides information about the NEO’s motion at an earlier epoch at a likely complementary location in its orbit because the orbit uncertainty depends on the fraction of the orbital arc that is covered during discovery. The (p)recovery of one or more points far away from the discovery and immediate follow-up observations can significantly improve the accuracy of the orbital parameters. This is especially true when re-calibrating archival observations to astrometric reference catalogues such as Gaia that postdate the observations. In this way astrophysical missions not only have a scientific purpose, but can also obtain a societal spin-off. This paper reports an exploratory pilot for that societal spin-off that consists in the re-use of astrophysical imaging data for precovery and also in the re-use of investments put in an information system called AstroWISE to make it generically capable of performing precovery in a wide range of astronomical archives within a single data flow environment and with a single precovery pipeline. This exploratory AstroWISE precovery pilot was driven by the following quantitative and qualitative questions: What fraction of detectable NEOs can we precover? And how automated can we make the precovery? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how systematic mining of data from large astronomical surveys (such as the Survey, Kilo-Degree Survey, and future missions like ESA Euclid) is utilized to search for and classify astronomical objects, including NEOs. It highlights the importance of data mining in detecting and characterizing these objects through archival observations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: The medicine is prepared by decoction and safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The plant is an effective medicine against respiratory illnesses such as rhinitis, chronic colds, bronchitis, laryngitis, and tuberculosis. 37 It is also used as an antiseptic for treating venereal diseases, against cholera, to heal peptic ulcers, for edemas, for healing scars and skin illnesses (e. g. nipple scars and perniosis), for dysmenorrhea, and for amenorrhea. It is also used as a stimulant. The “black balsam”, as it is known in some places, has shown effective results for treating simple ulcers and those derived from syphilis, and for some cases of preeclampsia. 38 Its resin is used as an expectorant, asthma reliever, cough suppressant and also to treat rheumatism. 39 Plenotoma jasminifolia, it is known in the region with the vernacular names of Piararuamu (Cubeo language) and Juakekoda (Desano language). In the Cubeo language the word Piararua is a yanave or tucandira, a type of ant, and mu means vine. In the Desano language juake means fever and koda means remedy. It can be identified in the rain-forest because it is found in areas affected by human activity, such as farming. Its stems have a quadrangular shape with many small leaves and yellow flowers. It is a native vine that grows wild in the studied zone. The parts of the adult plant used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the root and in some cases, the whole vine is used when fresh. The preparation of the medicine is by decoction and the plant can be handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally for vomiting and as a beverage. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The smashed root is used for vomiting by the Huitoto indigenous community in Caquetá, Colombia as a remedy for bile disorders. 37 The Miraña indigenous people of Caquetá use the plant for liver cleansing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various medicinal uses of plants in the Amazon, specifically highlighting their preparation and application by both men and women in the region, which indicates that ethnobotany encompasses broader practices beyond just the use of plants by indigenous tribes. Additionally, while there are mentions of specific indigenous communities like the Huitoto and Miraña, the practices described also reflect a more extensive knowledge and usage of plants that involves diverse cultural contexts, not limited to indigenous tribes alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Besides, only the geotemperature gradient forms two poles along the fall of natural electrical conductors: a negatively charged inner part of conductors and a positively charged outer one (positive pole) in the upper part of the poles, as well as positively charged inner part of conductors and the negatively charged outer one (negative pole) in the lower part of the poles. Thermoelectrical currents move inside conductors if the temperature difference applied to the ends of ore bodies is in dynamic state. If the state is static there is no thermoelecrical current, but there is still difference of potentials between the cold and the warmed ends of the conductor. Hereinafter all the calculations of a planet’s magnetic field are based on the known physical laws and known scientific data of inner structure and physical properties of Earth. The results show that the actual Earth’s thermoelectrical currents generate and maintain the current geomagnetic field by themselves. Besides, it is the first time when a model specifies complexity of the geomagnetic field, which consists of two parts: main magnetic field of the metal core and additional field of the lower mantle. Accordingly, the schematic geothermoelectrical model (protomodel) of the Earth’s magnetic field is considered for the first time in the author’s 2. Calculations of for the To form the geomagnetic model one should procced from the known scientific data of the planet’s shells thicknesses, temperature values in the shells and their borders. For example, most of the researchers hold on to the following defining temperatures in the body of our planet: on the depth of about 100 km the temperature is close +1800 K, on the depth of about 400 km (C layer, phase transition zone) the temperature is +1900 K, on the “mantle-core” border the temperature is +4000, …, +5000 K, in the core center the temperature is (+5000, …, +6230) ± 500 K [16] - [21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the Earth's magnetic field from a geophysical perspective, focusing on thermoelectrical currents and temperature gradients within the Earth’s structure. There is no mention or suggestion of sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: 2013; McFarland et al. 2013) for data management, image processing, and calibration, and using dedicated software applications for streak detection, astrometry, and photometry. We briefly introduce these software systems and software applications here. stands for Astronomical Wide-field for Europe. is an environment consisting of hardware and software; it is federated over institutes over Europe. It was developed to scientifically exploit the ever-increasing avalanche of data produced by astronomical wide-field surveys. is an all-in-one system: it allows a scientist to process raw data, calibrate data, perform post-calibration scientific analysis, and archive all the results in one environment. The system architecture links together all these commonly discrete steps in data analysis. Fig. 1An overview of a decade of observations with OmegaCAM/VST. Top: the sky coverage of the OmegaCAM/VST observations over 10 yr of observations of the southern hemisphere. -WISE archive contains 361977 individual exposures. Bottom: the histogram of exposure times of the OmegaCAM/VST observations in u (54918 exposures), ɡ (79127 exposures), r (96811 exposures) and i (78876 exposures). 3 Precovery pipeline The precovery pipeline (Fig. 2) consists of four main steps. During these steps it interacts with several public web tools to collect the predicted properties of NEOs and uses the system for data management, image processing, and calibration while using dedicated software applications for streak detection, astrometry, and photometry. The four steps are described next. 3. 1 Preliminary spatiotemporal cross-match to observational archive (step 1) As the first step, the possible appearance of NEOs from the provided list in exposures in ESO’s OmegaCAM archive was assessed using the Search (SSOIS)6 web service (Gwyn et al. 2012). We used SSOIS as follows. First, for the NEOs, after a search by object name, the orbital elements provided by the (CADC) itself were used, which is a regularly updated copy of the MPC orbital element database. itself then generated an internal ephemerides database using the 7 software package. Third, the SSOIS’ internal database of (RA, Dec) pointings and observation dates for ESO’s OmegaCAM observations were used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of dedicated software applications for data management, image processing, and calibration in the context of astronomical surveys. It describes systems that allow scientists to process and analyze large volumes of data, which is aligned with employing data mining techniques for classifying astronomical objects, particularly in the implementation of the precovery pipeline that interacts with public web tools to collect and analyze data about Near-Earth Objects (NEOs). Thus, the text supports the notion that data mining techniques are an essential part of the technological framework utilized in astronomical data analysis.