Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: 3 TraceChainIn 2017, TraceChain technology was developed. The technology is based on AI, which determines the structure of the network, and distributes nodes to ensure maximum speed [19]. Checking the correctness of transactions is extremely fast, as it is performed immediately on all devices at the same time. The outer radius of the network keeps connections with many clients, the middle one—the load from slow intercontinental connections, and the central parts of the network are responsible for the complete synchronization of lost transactions. This forms a new type of consensus called multi-PoS (Figure 3). The average transaction processing speed is up to 3 seconds [21]. This technology at this moment belongs to MetaHash AG () [22], which develops and promotes the product on the technology market. The transaction approval rate of more than 50,000 transactions per second is achieved by the optimal location of the nodes in the network. Like competitors, this technology has vulnerabilities, the main of which is the cybersecurity problem, which is being optimized by the developer company. Distributed ledger technologies may become new growth points in the tourism industry (Table 1). per secondUp to 3010,00050,000Consensus mechanismProof-of-WorkGossip about gossipmulti-PoSTransaction confirmation15 seconds3–5 seconds<3 secondstestedTable 1. Comparative analysis of the existing technologies of distributed ledger. The introduction of distributed ledger technologies in the tourism sector opens up new opportunities, which determines the importance of technology in this area [23]. Decentralization, fee reduction, smart platform applications, elimination of intermediaries, and security will allow tourism to move to the next level. The choice of a system for the transition depends on the starting conditions (financial resources, the required speed of transactions, etc. ). For example, blockchain is reliable and low in cost, while limited in the speed of transactions, Hashgraph is expensive, while providing a high transaction speed, TraceChain is budgetary, and provides a high transaction speed, while the security of this option, at this moment, is inferior to competitors. Studies conducted by other research and development organizations [18, 24] have the same results. Advertisement 5. ConclusionThe formation and development of smart platforms can take place both in an evolutionary way in the conditions of market relations, and by a decision from above, that is, at the initiative of state bodies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how distributed ledger technologies, like blockchain, are being explored beyond finance, specifically mentioning their potential application in the tourism industry. It highlights that the introduction of these technologies opens up new opportunities, which indicates that industries outside of finance are indeed considering blockchain for various applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 5% native > non-native) 4 reporting neutral results and only one study finding increased foraging in non-native plants. Bird reproduction, nesting and survival was also found to be greater in native plants than non-native plants. HerpetofaunaFour studies assessed amphibians and/or reptiles, all of which evaluated occupancy in or around native vs. non-native plants in urban areas. 75% of these found native > non-native on herpetofauna abundance, richness, and/or composition, and one study reported neutral effects. LepidopteraFifteen of the 29 studies examining Lepidoptera interactions with urban plants found native > non-native (51. 7%), eight (27. 6%) demonstrated mixed effects, four (13. 8%) native < non-native, and two (6. 9%) neutral effects. Pollination was again the most-studied interaction (11 studies), with three papers demonstrating native > non-native, one demonstrating neutral effects, five demonstrating mixed effects, and two demonstrating native < non-native. Papers examining Lepidoptera herbivory (n = 4) found mostly mixed effects. Of two studies examining oviposition, one study demonstrated mixed effects and one observed native < non-native. One study assessed bird predation of Lepidoptera larvae and found that native plants promoted greater predation. MammalsEight studies focused on mammals, four of which examined bats. Four (50. 0%) studies demonstrated native > non-native, three (37. 5%) demonstrated neutral results, and one (12. 5%) native < non-native. Five studies examined occupancy of mammals in and around native vs. non-native plants. Of these, four (80%) demonstrated native > non-native on mammal abundance, richness, and/or composition. Three studies assessed foraging, with two studies reporting neutral effects on abundance and one reporting native < non-native. SpidersEight studies examined spiders, with six (75. 0%) reporting neutral effects and two (25. 0%) reporting native > non-native. Six studies assessed spider occupancy in urban native vs. non-native plants, all of which reported neutral effects on spider abundance and richness. Two studies examined spider predation in native vs. non-native plants, both of which reported spiders favoring native plants. Arachnids did not favor non-native plants in any of the studies reported here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a variety of studies that indicate native species are generally more beneficial for various animal groups compared to non-native species. For example, it states that bird reproduction, nesting, and survival were greater in native plants, and 75% of studies on amphibians and reptiles found native plants to be superior in terms of abundance and richness. Additionally, the overwhelming trend in studies concerning Lepidoptera interactions and mammals supports the preference for native plants over non-native ones. The text implies that non-native species do not always provide benefits, thereby directly contradicting the claim that they are always beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Sleep deprivation- again, it is unclear whether these structural changes are reversible. This point is straightforward to address using this methodology by measuring sleep following SD. In addition, the authors chose a method to induce sleep deprivation that is rather harsh. It is unclear if the effect shown is the result of stress or perhaps an excess of motor activity. We adopted the method of forced exercise as it has been commonly used for sleep deprivation (Pandi-Perumal et al. , 2007; et al. , 2020), though it does have the potential limitation of excess of motor activity. In light of your comments and suggestion, we presented new data demonstrating that sleep duration of the mice, mostly NREM sleep, increased compensatively (ZT9-10) after the 6-hour sleep deprivation (ZT2-8) (revised Fig. S3B). This result shows that sleep deprivation indeed increase sleep pressure in the mice. As the sleep pressure was eased during recovery sleep, morphological changes of microglia were reversed over a timescale of several hours (revised Fig. S3 E-J). 1. The authors perform measurements of norepinephrine with a recently developed GRAB sensor. These experiments are performed to causally link microglia surveillance during sleep to norepinephrine secretion. They perform 2p imaging and collect data points which are single neurons, and it is unclear why the normalization and analysis is performed for bulk fluorescence similar to data obtained with photometry. We did not perform single-neuron analysis for two reasons. First, our experimental conditions, e. g. , the expression of the NE indicator and the control of imaging laser intensity, did not yield sufficient signal-to-noise to clearly discriminate individual neurons with two-photon imaging. Second, NE signal may play a modulatory role, and fluorescence changes appeared to be global, rather than local or cell-specific. Therefore, we analyzed fluorescence changes in different brain states over the whole field-of-view in Fig. 4, rather than at the subregional or single-cell level. 1. The experiments involving b2AR KO mice are difficult to interpret and do not provide substantial mechanistic insight. Since b2AR are expressed throughout numerous cell types in the brain and in the periphery, it is entirely not clear whether the effects on microglia dynamics are direct. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about melatonin production being regulated by light exposure and its influence on sleep-wake cycles. Instead, it discusses sleep deprivation, changes in sleep patterns, and some experimental methods without mentioning light exposure or melatonin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: At the same time, a smart platform, as a rule, unites all participants in business processes within a single sector of the economy (manufacturing, trading, service enterprises, their customers, public authorities, and other economic entities), creating and structuring information flows between all stakeholders in a digital format and market participants within the industry. The digital industry platform in order to improve management efficiency allows you to form a holistic objective picture of the state of the industry. In technological terms, an industry smart platform based on blockchain is an information system for accumulating, exchanging, and managing data in a structured form, as well as for creating an ecosystem of services with information systems of smart platform participants connected to it. Thus, with the help of a smart platform, horizontal integration of information systems of market participants in a specific sector of the economy is ensured. Obviously, for interested participants, the formation of a smart platform for the tourism industry has many positive consequences, as it opens up access to a wide range of opportunities and allows the implementation of a sustainable model for the development of the industry [25]. Therefore, the essence of the formation of a business model should be to organize work with all interested parties (external partners, contractors, government, and control bodies) without creating a rigid vertical hierarchical management system. On the other hand, the quality and efficiency of the control function are improving to assess the latent factors of growth or decline in the development of both individual business entities and the tourism industry as a whole. A promising direction for further research is the development of universal mechanisms for modeling and synthesizing the architecture of intelligent cyber-physical systems of a new generation based on the blockchain, which is a digital ecosystem. The latter is designed to provide decision support processes based on the monitoring of tourism products and processes at distributed cyber-physical objects of the regional tourism industry. The solution to this problem requires the development of a new scientific and methodological approach to modeling and designing cyber-physical systems for monitoring and managing distributed objects and processes in order to optimize management at all stages of the life cycle of a regional tourism product. This will eliminate the gaps between the stages of the life cycle (design, planning, promotion and commercial implementation, implementation on the ground, and optimization), ensure the control of the life cycles of all tourism products and regulate the processes of changing the shape and duration of the life cycle of each individual product at all stages in order to rationally use of tourist and recreational resources of the region. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of blockchain technology in various sectors, particularly in the tourism industry. It describes how a smart platform based on blockchain connects all participants in business processes, improves management efficiency, and facilitates the monitoring and management of tourism products and processes. This demonstrates that industries beyond finance are indeed exploring and benefiting from blockchain technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Ecosystem servicesThirty-five papers examined the contributions of native and non-native plants to ecosystem services in urban areas. Eighteen ecosystem services were evaluated: biodiversity support (10 studies), air quality (7 studies), pest control (7 studies), carbon storage (6 studies), health and wellbeing (5 studies), carbon sequestration (4 studies), heat reduction (3 studies), decomposition (3 studies), food provisioning (2 studies), pollination (2 studies), stormwater reduction (2 studies), water use efficiency (2 studies), cultural value (1 study), economic value (1 study), groundwater recharge (1 study), nitrogen cycling (1 study), oxygen production (1 study), and water quality (1 study). Trees were the most studied taxa in ESS papers, with 18 out of 35 (51. 4%) papers specifically assessing ESS contributions of urban trees. All 4. Table 4 Ecosystem services: all 48. 3%) demonstrated native > non-native on the evaluated ecosystem service or services, 15 studies (25. 8%) showed neutral impacts, 10 (17. 2%) mixed impacts, and 6 (10. 3%) native < non-native on ecosystem services (Fig. 5). Fig. 5Number of studies reporting Native > Non-native, Native = Non-native (neutral), Native ~ Non-native (mixed) and Native < Non-native effects across ecosystem service typesFull size imageWe combined air quality, heat reduction, and oxygen production into an “air services” category comprised of 11 studies, of which six (54. 5%) demonstrated native > non-native. Carbon services (carbon sequestration combined with carbon storage) and biodiversity support were the second largest categories (10 studies each). These categories native > non-native in 40% and 50% of studies, respectively. Native performanceTwenty-three papers evaluated the performance of native-only or native and non-native plants within urban areas. Performance metrics examined included growth (11 studies), survival (8 studies), fitness (3 studies), water use efficiency (3 studies), leaf area (2 studies), drought tolerance (1 study), nutrient usage (1 study), resource acquisition (1 study), and plant health (1 study). All 5. Table 5 Native performance: all 25. 8%) reported greater performance of native plants (native > non-native), with most studies reporting mixed effects (n = 15, 48. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence from various studies that indicate the performance of native plants often exceeds that of non-native species in terms of ecosystem services. Specifically, the text mentions that 51.4% of the studies concluded that native species demonstrated greater contributions to ecosystem services compared to non-native species. Furthermore, it notes that 25.8% of studies reported neutral impacts and 10.3% found non-native species to perform better, implying that the benefits of non-native species are not consistent and could be outweighed by the benefits of native species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The conclusion and the statement regarding the expression of b2AR in microglia is not supported by the 354. As you suggested, we added 1. In vivo imaging preparation: how long is the recovery time between window/EEG implantation surgery and imaging/recording? Imaging data were collected one month after the surgery. We have added descriptions to the methods section of the revised manuscript. Please see line 419. 1. Statistical analysis: the authors used t-test or ANOVA without first checking whether the data pass the normality test. If the data does not follow a normal distribution, nonparametric tests would be more appropriate. Per your suggestion, we performed the test of statistical significance using parametric (ANOVA) if past the normality test, or the non-parametric (Friedman) tests for non-normal data. Please see line 533-535. 1. Fig. 1b needs a minor change. In the figure, the EMG electrodes appear to be connected to the brain as well. We have corrected this oversight. Thank you. 1. Fig. 1c: it would be helpful to give examples of raw EEG and EMG traces for REM and NREM separately. Raw traces are now shown as suggested. Please see Fig. 1c, page 32. 1. Fig. 1h: is each data point one microglia or one end-point? In Fig. 1h, each data represents the average speed of all branches of one microglia, not one end-point. 1. Sleep deprivation starts at 9 am. What time corresponds to 0 (ZT0, the beginning of the light phase)? We now clarified that 9 am corresponds to Zeitgeber time 2. Please see line 196. 1. Line 61: the authors referred to Ramon y Cajal's original suggestion that microglia dynamics are coupled to the sleep-wake cycle. However, the cited paper only indicates that Cajal suggested a role of astrocytes in the sleep-wake cycle, not microglia. In addition, there is a typo in the line: there should be a space between "Ramon" and "y" in Cajal's name. We have updated the statement and reference literature to point out the microglia’s involvement in the sleep-wake cycle. The typo was corrected. Please see line 64-65. 1. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. It discusses various unrelated technical aspects of a study, such as data collection, statistical analysis, and figure corrections, with no mention of melatonin, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: The results of the study create a methodological and practical basis for the creation of new artificial intelligence technologies, which corresponds to the priority direction of the Strategy for Scientific and of the until 2035 “Transition to advanced digital, intelligent manufacturing technologies, robotic systems, new materials and design methods, creation of processing systems big data, machine learning and artificial intelligence. In future research, we are planned to continue our research work on the sustainable development of tourism, as well as methods of implementing distributed ledger technologies in the tourism areas. Advertisement 1. Tarlow P. Tourism Security. 1st ed. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2014. DOI: 10. 1016/C2012-0-06812-32. Rashideh W. Blockchain technology framework: Current and future perspectives for the tourism industry. W. Rashideh. Tourism Management. 2020;80:104125. DOI: 10. 1016/j. tourman. 2020. 1041253. Tyan I, Guevara-Plaza A, Yagüe MI. The benefits of blockchain technology for medical tourism. Sustainability. 2021;13(22):12448. DOI: 10. 3390/su1322124484. Thees H. The application of blockchain in tourism: Use cases in the tourism value system. of Tourism Research. 2020;26:1-21. DOI: 10. 54055/ejtr. v26i. 19335. Tyan I, Yagüe MI, Guevara-Plaza A. Blockchain technology for smart tourism destinations. Sustainability. 2020;12(22):9715. DOI: 10. 3390/su122297156. . Interoperable multi-Blockchain platform based on integrated for reliable tourism management. Electronics. 2021;10(23):2990. DOI: 10. 3390/electronics102329907. ć I. Blockchain in the tourism industry—A review of the situation in Croatia and Macedonia. Informatics. 2020;7(1):5. DOI: 10. 3390/informatics70100058. . Tourism technology platforms as a tool for supporting competitiveness of regional tourism products. of Russia. 2020;10:48-55. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the implementation of distributed ledger technologies, specifically blockchain, in the tourism industry. It mentions ongoing research into sustainable development in tourism and the application of blockchain technology, which indicates that industries other than finance are indeed exploring blockchain technology for various applications, backing up the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4%), six reporting greater performance of non-native plants (native < non-native;19. 4%) and two reporting neutral effects (6. 5%) (Fig. 5). Growth was the most examined performance metric (11 studies), followed by survival (8 studies). For growth, the majority of studies (63. 6%) reported mixed results for natives, and for survival, 50. 0% reported native > non-native. DiscussionIt has been well-documented that non-native species are a major driver of extinctions (Bellard et al. 2016) and are known to contribute to a variety of ecosystem disservices (Pejchar and Mooney 2009), yet non-native species dominate the urban horticulture trade. Contrary to this practice, there is a growing body of evidence that validates the use of native plants in urban horticulture, particularly for enhancing the quality of urban green spaces and the ecology of cities as a whole. Our results support other findings (i. e. , Berthon et al. 2021) that native plants overwhelming support higher faunal diversity when compared to non-native plant assemblages. We also found that when compared to non-native plants, native plants often lead to higher provisioning of ecosystem services. Finally, we found little evidence to support claims that non-natives plant species are better adapted to urban environments, though there is also a lack of evidence to significantly refute such claims. Few studies compare native and non-native species performance, growth, and/or tolerance to urban conditions. Plant-animal interactionsPlant origin unequivocally matters for supporting animal biodiversity in urban areas. The results presented in this review validate policies mandating the use of native plants in cities, as the majority of studies represented here found that native plants supported greater faunal presence, abundance, and diversity. Native plants also support more specialist animals, particularly for arthropods (Frankie et al. 2013; Jain et al. 2016; Burghardt et al. 2010), and more specialists contribute to overall increased biodiversity and decrease biotic homogenization. Furthermore, when herbivorous arthropods did feed on non-natives, they preferred the congeners of natives (Clem and Held 2015; Jain et al. 2021). The largest single taxon represented in PAI studies was birds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that non-native species are a major driver of extinctions and contribute to a variety of ecosystem disservices. It further emphasizes that native plants support greater faunal diversity and provide better ecosystem services than non-native plants. The text provides evidence from multiple studies indicating that the use of native plants is more beneficial for urban ecosystems and supports policies that promote their use, thus directly refuting the idea that non-native species are always beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: S3B: As each group has only 3 mice, it is unclear how t-test can yield p < 0. 01 or even 0. 001. We checked the original data again and it was correct. This small p-values may be due to the small intra-group difference of control group. 1. Line 251-253, "Figure 4h-n" should be "Figure 5h-n"? We have revised it. Please see line 265-266. 1. Fig. 5h: the receptor should be "adrenergic receptor", not "adrenal receptor". We changed the term to “adrenergic receptor”. Please see Fig 5h. 1. Fig. 5g, n: the number of data points is apparently less than the sample size given in the figure legend. Perhaps some data points have exactly the same value so they overlap? The authors may consider plotting identical values with a slight shift so that the number of data points shown matches the actual sample size, to avoid confusion. Yes, we have added small jitters so different data points can be seen to avoid confusion. Please see Fig. 5n. 1. There are some typos (e. g. , Line 217, "he" should be "the") and some incomplete 27. Reviewer #2 (The Authors): Major issues: 1. Re-analyze the data in a manner that allows to follow and compare the same cells over different state transitions. This is necessary to evaluate the reversibility of microglia structure. In addition, consider analysis of the change from the beginning to the end of each state. As shown in response figure 2, microglia dynamics were reversible during multiple rounds of sleep-wake transition. 1. It would be nice to see the raw data obtained over time, at least for Figure 1, before offline correction of movement to evaluate the imaging quality and level of drift during imaging. We agree to your good suggestion. Please see the supporting material video. 1. It would be helpful to add an analysis of the percent time spent in each state for the 10 hour recordings. Advice has been adopted. Please see revised Fig. S4C. 1. 2 the results are from 15 cells from several animals. How much do the results vary between mice? It will be helpful to show if this varies between different mice by labeling cells from each mouse differently. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it mainly discusses a review process related to data analysis, figures, and methodological suggestions regarding microglia structure during sleep-wake transitions. As such, it is not relevant to the claim regarding melatonin and sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: 1134/S20799705200101049. Raluca-Florentina T. The utility of in the of tourism services: An exploratory study on Romanian consumers. Sustainability. 2022;14(2):943. DOI: 10. 3390/su1402094310. Nuryyev G, Wang Y-P, Achyldurdyyeva J, Jaw B-S, Yeh Y-S, Lin H-T, et al. Blockchain technology adoption behavior and sustainability of the business in tourism and hospitality SMEs: An empirical study. Sustainability. 2020;12(3):1256. DOI: 10. 3390/su1203125611. íquez AR. Sustainability and effectiveness of Chinese outline for and leisure. Sustainability. 2020;12(3):1161. DOI: 10. 3390/su1203116112. . Managing sustainable urban tourism development: The case of Ljubljana. Sustainability. 2020;12(3):792. DOI: 10. 3390/su1203079213. Rodríguez AJG, Barón NJ, Martínez JMG. Validity of dynamic capabilities in the operation based on new sustainability narratives on nature tourism SMEs and clusters. Sustainability. 2020;12(3):1004. DOI: 10. 3390/su1203100414. Mercadé Melé P, Molina Gómez J, Sousa MJ. Influence of sustainability practices and green image on the Re-visit intention of small and medium-size towns. Sustainability. 2020;12(3):930. DOI: 10. 3390/su1203093015. . Applications of Blockchain and for Ecosystems. 2021. DOI: 10. 1007/978-981-15-5258-8_7116. . Blockchain technologies are an innovative breakthrough in tourism. Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. 2018;2:218-220. DOI: 10. 33693/2541-802517. . Data integrity Management for Laboratory of the control of lifecycle of domestic Russian tour products. In: and Quality. London, UK: IntechOpen; 2021. DOI: 10. 5772/intechopen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications of blockchain technology, particularly emphasizing its adoption in tourism and hospitality sectors. For example, it references a study on 'Blockchain technology adoption behavior and sustainability of the business in tourism and hospitality SMEs,' indicating that industries beyond finance are actively exploring blockchain solutions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: We found that the presence and fitness of bird species is positively related to native plant assemblages in urban green spaces, although they will use what is available to them in the absence of native plants (Dragoș et al. 2018). In some of the studies in this review, native birds preferred to occupy native plants and non-native birds preferred non-native plants (Daniels and Kirkpatrick 2006; Paker et al. 2014; Shackleton 2016; Wood and Esaian 2020). Interestingly, avian preference for fleshy fruit may facilitate the spread of non-natives plants in urban landscapes (Aronson et al. 2007; Møller et al. 2012). Additional work comparing specific usages of native and non-native plants for various aspects of birds’ life history would deepen our understanding of the drivers of native plant usage/non-native plant avoidance in birds. Arthropods were also well-represented in the literature. Plant-insect interaction theories postulate that herbivorous insects are highly sensitive to shifts from native to non-native dominant communities (Tallamy 2004). Our results corroborate this, with 28 studies (41. 8%) finding that native plants were preferred over non-native plants and that native plants lead to greater population growth of herbivorous insects. We found that taxa that rely on plants for food such as herbivores, nectarivores and frugivores were more closely associated with native plants than predatory taxa. However, predators’ prey, which tend to be herbivorous, are more commonly found in native plants so the predator trophic level is also affected by plant origin. For example, of the eight studies that assessed arachnids in this review, the ones demonstrating positive associations (25. 0%) examined predation on arthropods visiting plants (Greenstone et al. 2017; Narango et al. 2018) and the remainder, which assessed simple occupancy in plants without examining further trophic interactions, demonstrated neutral effects (Buchholz et al. 2015; Kowarik et al. 2019; Mody et al. 2020; Parsons et al. 2020; Schirmel 2020, Jensen et al. 2023). Of the four studies that demonstrated arthropods favoring non-native plants, one such study found that non-native plants were favored by non-native pest arthropods (Ciceoi et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the preference of native species for native plants, which suggests that the introduction of non-native species may not be beneficial. For instance, it states that '28 studies (41.8%) finding that native plants were preferred over non-native plants' and discusses how 'native plants lead to greater population growth of herbivorous insects'. This implies that native plant communities support biodiversity and ecosystem health better than non-native counterparts, contradicting the idea that introducing non-native species is always beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: response image 5, in which we have labeled the distribution of data points from seven mice, there was mixed distribution of data from different animals at each brain state, but no clear animal-to-animal difference. Author response image 5 Download asset Open asset Quantitative analysis of microglial length based on multi-plane microglial imaging. n = 17 cells from 7 mice for each group. In right panel, each color codes data from the same animal. 1. SD- please add some quantification for sleep and EEG to show that the manipulation really caused sleep deprivation. To address the confound of forced movement and stress, it might be helpful to add quantification of movement compared to an undisturbed wakefulness. We have added related data (revised Fig. S3B), as suggested. Please see line 196-197. 1. The DSP4 application should be also performed with NE measurements to verify the specific of the NE signal measured as well as the DSP4 toxin. Following your suggestion, we have added DSP4 data in revised Fig. S4B. 1. Some suggested refined experiments for the b2AR KO are: a-A conditional b2AR KO in microglia, as cited in the work. b- Local application of a b2 blocker during SD. c- Imaging of NE dynamics in the b2 animals. If NE dynamics during natural sleep cycle are perturbed, then this suggests upstream mechanisms rather than direct microglia effects as suggested by the authors. We agree that the current study cannot pinpoint a direct effect of microglia harbored β2AR. We have discussed this limitation in the revised manuscript. Please see line 324-354. Minor: 1. Typo on page 4 (microcopy instead of microscopy). It was corrected. Please see line 87. 1. Typo page 11- 'and he largest changes in NE' - supposed to be 'the'. We have corrected these mistakes. Please see line 228. 1. Fig. 4- there are several units missing in the figure in panel b: the top is Hz, but what does the color bar indicate exactly? 2 what? both for theta/delta and for NE. We have modified this figure and legend for clarity. Please see Fig. 4, page 37. 1. Bottom of page 12- referring to figure 4 but talking about figure 5. The typo was corrected. Please see line 265-266. Reference 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin production and light exposure, as it primarily discusses data from an experiment involving mice, microglial imaging, and various methodological suggestions without mentioning melatonin or its regulation by light exposure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: In both cases, tokenization is used in blockchain DLT markets for fast, safe, and law-compliant:Transmission of the rights represented and possibly incorporated to the token, after the issuance and legal configuration of such rights in accordance with an off-chain contract (ordinarily under initial coin or token offering -ICO/ITO- regulation) between token issuer/offeror and accepting investors, documented in an informative whitepaper similar to the initial public offering prospectus. Exercise of such rights and fulfillment of the corresponding obligations, as the token holder is entitled to claim the contents of the represented rights against the issuer or linked third party. During the issuance of the tokens, the phenomenon of tokenization technically occurs. It can consist either in the creation of virtual assets (connected or not to a metaverse of investors, as is typical of NFTs) or in the representation of preexisting rights, which have arisen from the celebration of an investment contract, a service or purchase agreement, a specific non-investment contract celebrated to grant tokenized or digitally represented rights between the issuer or creator of such rights and token buyers; or between a generator or creator of tokens other than a financial issuer or financed subject (legal person within the context of the Proposal for a Regulation of the and of the Council on Markets in Crypto-assets, and amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937 -Brussels 24. 9. 2020, COM(2020) 593 final, 2020/0265 (COD); hereinafter, MiCA). A previous contract between platform manager and issuer is necessary in order to operate under DLT and decentralized financial (DeFi) platform. Such a contract is complementary and additional to the previous contract between the financial issuer and the investing public or interested in receiving tokenized services or products. In any case, the tokenization or creation of tokens as a mechanism for holding and disposing of virtual assets is an efficient technique for both the creator and the target public of the offer, especially when compared to the classic non-DLT or off-chain (off the DLT network) centralized process. Three practical basic reasons of efficiency linked to the use of DLT support this affirmation:Substantial reduction of issuance and other transaction costs of the issuer (ITO structuring, fees in auxiliary management contracts, global coordination, guarantee,. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the broader applications of blockchain technology, specifically through the process of tokenization in various agreements, which indicates that blockchain is being used in contexts such as investment contracts, service agreements, and non-financial issuances. It highlights the versatility of blockchain as a decentralized ledger technology (DLT) that can support operations in sectors beyond traditional finance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2017) and another found that the non-native host plant was a congener of the typical native host (Jain et al. 2021). Another study (Nagase et al. 2019) demonstrated correlations between increased Lepidoptera richness diversity and abundance and non-native plant richness diversity and abundance, but did not further delve into the composition of butterfly communities and did note that generalist larval host plants, though non-native, were abundant at study sites. Bees also favored to native plants, even though the majority of bee species are able to utilize pollen from a wide variety of floral resources (Michener 1979). Bees also commonly exhibit generalist behaviors in the flowers they visit (Ebeling et al. 2011), with specialization on a single pollen source being rare. However, even where non-natives were common in the habitat, bees still choose native plants (ex. , Williams et al. 2011; Palmersheim et al. 2022). Native plants had a positive effect on urban Lepidoptera abundance, richness, composition, and diversity. Lepidoptera require both nectar sources and host plants which may or may not be the same plant. The majority of Lepidoptera are specialists, relying on a single species or family to sustain their larval stage (Narango et al. 2020; Tallamy et al. 2021; Kawahara et al. 2023), particularly in the tropics (Anstett et al. 2016). Natives plants are crucial to maintaining specialist populations (Burghardt et al. 2010). Most studies of Lepidoptera reviewed here examined pollination with too little attention paid to oviposition (2 studies) and herbivory (4 studies) which are the stages of their life history where Lepidoptera tend to be specialists, rather than on the plants from which they take nectar. Understanding how fauna, particularly Lepidoptera, utilize plants over multiple life stages is critical to conservation of these taxa in urban habitats. Despite PAI being the largest category in this review, gaps remain in our knowledge of how native and non-native plants affect urban fauna. First, the most-examined response across all taxa was occupancy, but further research on specific interactions should be examined to elucidate the mechanisms driving species responses to native and non-native plants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complex interactions between non-native and native species. It emphasizes that while non-native plants can be correlated with increased richness and abundance of certain species, such as Lepidoptera, they do not support the needs of specialized species that rely solely on native plants. The text notes that 'native plants had a positive effect on urban Lepidoptera abundance, richness, composition, and diversity,' indicating that the benefits of ecosystems are more strongly tied to native species, thereby refuting the idea that introducing non-native species is 'always beneficial.' Furthermore, it points out that many Lepidoptera are specialists that depend on native plant species, which are crucial for maintaining their populations, suggesting that non-native species may not always fulfill these ecological roles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Aston-Jones G, Bloom FE. Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. J Neurosci. 1, 876–886 (1981). 2. Bellesi M, de. Sleep loss promotes astrocytic phagocytosis and microglial activation in mouse cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 37, 5263–5273 (2017). 3. Brécier. Vigilance and behavioral state-dependent modulation of cortical neuronal activity throughout the sleep/wake cycle. J Neurosci. 42, 4852–66 (2022). 4. . Sleep and brain energy levels: ATP changes during sleep. J Neurosci. 30, 9007-16 (2010). 5. Gyoneva S. , Traynelis SF. Norepinephrine modulates the motility of resting and activated microglia via different adrenergic receptors. J Biol Chem. 288, 15291302 (2013). 6. . Memory-enhancing properties of sleep depend on the oscillatory amplitude of norepinephrine. Nat Neurosci. 25, 1059–1070 (2022). 7. . Stress induces microglia-associated synaptic circuit alterations in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Neurobiology of Stress. 15, 100342 (2021). 8. . Neuronal network activity controls microglial process surveillance in awake mice via norepinephrine signaling. Nat Neurosci. 22, 1771–1781 (2019). 9. . Sleep deprivation and stress: a reciprocal relationship. Interface Focus. 10, 20190092 (2020). 10. Pandi-. 2007. Neuroimmunology of sleep. New York, NY: Springer. 11. . Adenosine-independent regulation of the sleep-wake cycle by astrocyte activity. Cell Discov. 9, 16 (2023). 12. . Regulation of sleep homeostasis mediator adenosine by basal forebrain glutamatergic neurons. Science. 369, 6508 (2020). 13. . Single unit activity of locus coeruleus neurons in the freely moving cat: I. During naturalistic behaviors and in response to simple and complex stimuli. Brain Research. 371, 324–334 (1986). 14. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references related to various aspects of sleep and neural activity but does not specifically address the claim about melatonin production, light exposure, or their influence on sleep-wake cycles. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: It is to be well noted, finally, that in order for a token market to be successfully deployed with full compliance control capacity by market authorities, the optimal solution seems to combine the advantages of permissioning under proof of authority (PoA) protocols and the publicness or public nature of the network, meaning public access to operate and openness for the public control of nodal activity, and therefore, decentralized control of the network, which is not possessed or dominated by a single entity. The standards of the Union outline the distinction between public and private blockchains; for instance, in ITU-and of 2019, namely D1. 1, D3. 1and D3. 3. Institute develops a layered architecture in documents like -012 and 003 V1. 1. 1 (2020-12), and a concept of PDL in several key documents like [1]. The concept of public-permissioned network as a distributed ledger (PPDL) has been introduced in the Ethereum blockchain practice by Alastria, the generator of the first worldwide essay or alpha version of a PPDL, encompassing standards and functioning philosophy recently detailed [2], situating the governance and access control in the Layer within the PDL network architecture. 3. 2 Significance of authority proofing in PDLs for token contractsIn the case of PDLs based on the Ethereum blockchain protocol, transactions are developed applying IBFT or Byzantine-type consensus protocols to grant permission to record transactions on blocks, under a DLT network system configuration where different alternative tests or validation protocols can coexist (e. g. , specific test of permission or authorization by validator nodes, known as Proof of Authority or PoA [3]). For the proper execution of such protocols and the deployment of smart contracts to automate the fulfilment of programmed transactions related to payment and transmission of tokens, and other effects linked to their normalized trading on exchange platforms (and their corresponding asset and benefit transference among node addresses), the developers of Ethereum have devised different standards, called for Comments, ERCs, which entail substantially different characteristics, serving to carry out transactions a variety of tokens. Derived from Proof of Stake (PoS) and in the Ethereum 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the technical aspects and frameworks of blockchain technology, particularly in the context of public and private blockchains, permissioned networks, and decentralized governance. It mentions innovations such as the public-permissioned distributed ledger (PPDL) introduced in Ethereum, which indicates that the exploration of blockchain applications extends beyond finance, particularly through its association with regulatory compliance, decentralized control, and governance structures relevant to various industries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: For example, examining the intensity of herbivory, coupled with leaf chemical analysis, may lead to a greater understanding of why native herbivores prefer native plants. For other trophic levels, the benefit may be due to changes in prey abundance or differences in vegetation structure. Rowe and Garcia (2013), found that the movements of small anurans were negatively impacted by rhizomatous mats formed by invasive Phalaris arundinacea, and as a result the amphibians benefitted from removal of the non-native plant. Second, more thorough investigations of whether non-native plants support more non-native fauna, particularly in the case of facilitation of invasive insects (e. g. Ailanthus altissima and Lycorma delicatula; Ciceoi et al. 2017) is warranted to develop better management protocols to limit the spread of invasive species. Third, non-avian vertebrates need more attention, especially herbivores and frugivores, as trends for these organisms were not possible to interpret due to the lack of studies. Finally, trait-based studies, including examining functional diversity, will allow for a deeper understanding of how flora origin may drive trait shifts in co-evolved organisms. Ecosystem servicesPlants provide a variety of ecosystem services that are of critical value for human survival. Although we found relatively few studies that compared ecosystem service provisioning between native and non-native plants, overall native plants provide greater intensity and diversity of ecosystem services over non-native plants. Trees, the most studied ESS provider across all papers in this review, are crucial for ESS provisioning. Regardless of origin, trees provide services such air quality improvements and heat reduction in the form of shade by nature of their morphology alone but native plant still outperformed non-natives for the majority of ecosystem services assessed in the studies in this review. Non-native plants may in some instances be planted over natives for possessing particular desirable traits. For example, in Santiago, Chile, where native urban trees are primarily evergreen, non-native trees with broad leaves were chosen to provide increased shade and heat reduction (Arcos-LeBert et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that, while there may be instances where non-native species are beneficial, such as non-native trees in Santiago, Chile providing shade, overall native plants outperform non-native plants in providing ecosystem services. It states that 'overall native plants provide greater intensity and diversity of ecosystem services over non-native plants,' indicating that non-native species can have negative impacts on native ecosystems, like the negative impact of invasive Phalaris arundinacea on small anurans.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Peer review processEditorsReviewer #1Reviewer #2Author ResponsePeer review processRevised: Preprint has been revised by the authors in response to the previous round of peer review; the eLife assessment and the public reviews have been updated where necessary by the editors and peer reviewers. Read more about eLife’s peer review process. for Neuroscience, Jupiter, of of Texas at Austin, Austin, of AmericaReviewer #1 (Public Review): Microglia are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in shaping the synaptic circuit and regulating neural dynamics in response to changes in their surrounding environment and in brain states. While numerous studies have suggested that microglia contribute to sleep regulation and are modulated by sleep, there has been little direct evidence that the morphological dynamics of microglia are modulated by the sleep/wake cycle. In this work, Gu et al. applied a recently developed miniature two-photon microscope in conjunction with EEG and EMG recording to monitor microglia surveillance in freely-moving mice over extended period of time. They found that microglia surveillance depends on the brain state in the sleep/wake cycle (wake, non-REM, or REM sleep). Furthermore, they subjected the mouse to acute sleep deprivation, and found that microglia gradually assume an active state in response. Finally, they showed that the state-dependent morphological changes depend on norepinephrine (NE), as chemically ablating noradrenergic inputs from locus coeruleus abolished such changes; this is in agreement with previous publications. The authors also showed that the effect of NE is partially mediated by β2-adrenergic receptors, as shown with β2-adrenergic receptor knock-out mice. Overall, this study is a technical tour de force, and its data add valuable direct evidence to the ongoing investigations of microglial morphological dynamics and its relationship with sleep. Nevertheless, microglial morphodynamics likely reflect the integrated influence of neighboring neuronal activities and neuromodulatory factors; the pan-tissue β2AR knockout mouse model may also broadly affect the animal's physiology and sleep behavior. Therefore, future studies are needed to address the specific role of microglial β2AR on its morphodynamics in sleep. #2 (Public Review): The MS describes an approach to monitor microglial structural dynamics and correlate it to ongoing changes in brain state during sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it discusses the role of microglia in sleep regulation, which is not directly related to the claim about melatonin. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Approach to the legal and economic consequences of NFT trading in PDLs. Particular reference to public-permissioned networks (PPDLs)DLT, in its blockchain version, facilitates the creation of markets built on decentralized applications (DApps) and platforms wherein token marketplaces can be installed and open to the public for the online confluence of investors seeking high returns operating from any blockchain-associated (operating or regular) node, directly or through representatives—cryptoasset or cryptotoken brokers or market specialists. As mentioned supra (section 2), in PPDL blockchain networks like Ethereum, token transactions use to be executed using specific protocols of permissioning like PoA. In the case of NFTs, each token is autonomous, identifiable in the ledger and separable to be examined for efficient traceability and proper exercise of holders’ rights. Its API interface, available on the upper layer of a PDL network architecture, facilitates traffic and exchange of tokens in accordance with market legal requirements and economic constraints of the business model settled by the issuer, with no quantitative boundaries within the issuing process, as a consequence of the PDL structure of protocols. Frequently, the ERC 20 protocol is used in PDL Ethereum networks to represent and transmit fungible assets (typically, of a financial nature, such as fixed or variable income products, and derivatives on these); while others such as ERC 721, the first in use chronologically, and also others of later construction, such as ERC 1155, are used to represent and assign or transfer rights over infungible cryptoassets like NFTs. The substantial content of the ERC 721 protocol is specified in a standard smart contract of Solidity, on whose original code the creators of open or free software (developers) can write lines or scripts of new smart contracts (Smart Contracts, SCs) or clauses compatible with the ERC 721 standard itself in order to adapt it to new uses, by means of transcription and import from a virtual library or code library called OpenZeppelin. The ERC 721 SC standard itself implements application programming interfaces (APIs) also designated as ERC 721 or, under certain conditions, APIs under another compatible protocol designated as ERC 165, which facilitate specific interaction between API and SC for traceability and transmission of NFTs on the PDL. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the applications of blockchain technology in the context of NFTs and decentralized applications (DApps), indicating that industries are leveraging blockchain for purposes outside of traditional finance, such as the trading and management of digital assets and tokens. Concepts like public-permissioned networks (PPDLs) and the use of protocols such as ERC 721 further illustrate the diverse applications of blockchain technology in various market structures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: However, there are relatively few studies specifically comparing ESS provided by native and non-native plants, so we have major gaps in our knowledge of whether plant origin truly matters for ESS and there is an obvious need for more direct comparisons and controlled experiments on this subject. We did not specifically examine ecosystem disservices in our searches so a further avenue of exploration might be assessing whether non-native trees contribute more to disservices but as previously mentioned, non-natives may also contribute more to ecosystem disservices such as disease vectoring (Juliano and Lounibos 2005), allergenicity (Nentwig et al. 2017) increasing fire frequency (van Wilgen 2012) and driving revenue losses (Pejchar and Mooney 2009) than natives. Native performanceThe dearth of studies directly comparing physiological performance of native and non-native plants in urban areas indicates that this is an area where further research is warranted. As such, it is difficult to draw any definitive conclusions based on the evidence published in current literature. More controlled studies must be conducted comparing specific performance metrics across urban and non-urban areas and in native and non-native plants. Performance is likely to vary widely according to the response metric being evaluated, specific urban stressors present in a given area, which species are being examined, geographic location, level of urbanization and a variety of additional factors. Furthermore, research linking plant functional traits to performance will enhance our understanding and prediction of which species will succeed in urban landscapes (e. g. , Aronson et al. 2007). Native performance is a facet of urban ecology that presents exciting opportunities for expanding our knowledge of how urban areas filter plant communities as well as detecting potential functional trait evolution or selection over time as shaped by the urban environment. ConclusionsDespite increases in the number of studies examining native and non-native plants in urban areas in the past half-decade, major gaps remain in our knowledge. More research is needed in cities in underrepresented areas of the world such as the Afrotropic and Oceania regions where few or no studies have compared the wildlife support, ecosystem services, or performance of native and non-native plants in urban spaces. Of the top ten global largest cities by population (2018) only three, Delhi, India, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Mexico City, Mexico were represented in the studies in this review. Of these, only was examined in more than one study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the potential negative impacts of non-native species on ecosystems, such as contributing to ecosystem disservices like disease vectoring, allergenicity, and increasing fire frequency. It emphasizes the need for more research to understand the implications of introducing non-native plants compared to native ones, suggesting that non-natives might not always be beneficial and could even have harmful effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The main novelty here is the use of miniaturized 2p microscopy, which allows tracking microglia surveillance over long periods of hours, while the mice are allowed to freely behave. Accordingly, this experimental setup would permit to explore long-lasting changes in microglia in more naturalistic environment, which were previously not possible to identify otherwise. The findings provide key advances to the research of microglia during natural sleep and wakefulness, as opposed to anesthesia. The main findings of the paper are that microglia increase their process motility and surveillance during REM and NREM sleep as compared to the awake state. The authors further show that sleep deprivation induces opposite changes in microglia dynamics- limiting their surveillance and size. The authors then demonstrate potential causal role for norepinephrine secretion from the locus coeruleus (LC) which is driven by beta 2 adrenergic receptors (b2AR) on microglia. ' The authors have nicely demonstrated and technically validated their main conclusions. In particular, they demonstrate the utility of miniaturized 2p imaging for long lasting imaging of microglia structural changes according to sleep state over the time course of hours. The authors have done a good job in addressing all my previous concerns and provide sound evidence for sleep state induced dynamics of microglia, which is modulated by NE and depends on b2AR. One impressive point is the ability to longitudinally track the same microglial cells in the field of view for many hours, which is highly valuable and was impossible to achieve with head fixed imaging. The authors support their observation by using a global b2AR KO mice, which ravel impaired microglial dynamics during sleep states. While previous evidence supports high expression and function of b2AR in microglia, these receptors are expressed throughout the brain and periphery. Therefore, the authors correctly state that the current data they show, using global b2AR KO mice, cannot be used to state a direct effect on microglia dynamics and this would warrant future experiments with cell-specific genomic manipulation. To summarize, the main conclusions of the paper are well validated and supported with the experimental layout and analysis. following is the authors’ response to the original reviews. Response to the We would like to express our appreciation to the editor and the reviewers for their thoughtful comments and constructive suggestions on the manuscript. We agree with most of the comments and have carefully revised the manuscript accordingly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it primarily discusses the use of miniaturized microscopy to observe microglial dynamics during sleep and wakefulness, without mentioning melatonin production, light exposure, or any direct influence on sleep-wake cycles. It focuses on technical aspects of microglial research rather than addressing the role of melatonin in sleep regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Regardless of the PDL ledger registration of NFT transactions on blocks, each NFT is virtually maintained, possessed and (under private-law full compliance conditions present in each competent jurisdiction) owned virtually in digital wallets. The NFT may also be transferred individually to a singular purchaser, or eventually be traded by speculative investors or their authorized representatives from nodes, directly or through brokers or auctioneers specialized in operating with these wallets. Each NFT token can represent new born virtual or digital non-fungible individualized assets such as artistic or ludic representations (like the famous recreational “cryptokitties” from Axiom ZEN, coded in 2017 to ERC 721 and identified by their respective unique set of “genes” of appearance, passable onto offspring by “breeding” with one another; or the 2021 –BAYC- pics and drawings); preexisting goods or physical assets (art works or linked intellectual property of authors – IP); specific commodities; individuated or isolated credit rights on any asset, e. g. , music fragments; or even offline services. The referred or underlying asset, financial (credits) or nonfinancial, will normally be non-fungible, and such non-fungibility justifies the issuance of such kind of token. But since the token individuation is independent from the degree of fungibility of the physical underlying (property, work of art, collectibles,. . . . ), NFT can be issued on groups of fungible assets functioning unitarily or characterized by convention with unicity, or on identified parts of such fungible assets, parts, or fractions of them. Thus, a PDL platform manager or DApp programmer (NFT issuer or not) can also create and involve the trading of rights over prefigured new financial assets derived from the NFT, or on the NFT itself, or create guarantee contracts or other kind of guarantees or akin securities also recordable on the ledger, and offchain as well. PDLs permit the negotiation of an unlimited number of NFTs, as was already the case of the ERC 20 fungible token standard created in 2016, from which NFT-suitable ERC 721 itself derives, unlike the Bitcoin system where the cryptocurrency resulting from the mining or composition of transactions is quantitatively limited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and their various applications, such as representing artistic assets, intellectual property, and other rights, which extend the usage of blockchain technology beyond traditional finance. It highlights how NFTs can facilitate the trading and ownership of unique digital assets, indicating that industries outside of finance are actively utilizing blockchain for innovative purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Most studies in this review focused on parks, remnant natural areas, and private gardens, which are logical choices for observing urban plant and animal diversity. However, given the millions of street trees worldwide that are not specifically associated with parks, private gardens, or remnant forest, it is surprising that more street trees have not been examined in the literature. Only 16% of studies fell into our “hardscape” habitat category, the one that included street trees. City, for example, has over 600,000 individual street trees and has implemented various programs associated with inventorying the health of street trees (n. d. ). For some cities, the combined area of street trees may be much larger than that of parks and greenspaces (Shackleton 2016). In particular, bird or herbivorous insect studies could yield interesting results comparing faunal uses of native and non-native urban street trees. Only a few studies have done so, demonstrating the importance of native street trees for supporting native birds (Ikin et al. 2013; Shackleton 2016; Wood and Esaian 2020). Comparisons of survival, fitness, or disease resistance and ecosystem service provisioning of native and non-native urban street trees is also largely unexplored. Despite clear drawbacks to using non-native plants, they persist as a popular choice among both private and public land stewards and owners. Non-natives remain widely available from nurseries and wholesalers and regulation of sales is inconsistent or completely lacking, particularly for online sales (Beaury et al. 2021). Real or perceived decorative value and socio-economic status is another driving factor, with higher-income areas associated with increased use of non-natives in urban parks (Bayón et al. 2021). Decorative value is also highly subjective, and can differ greatly between regions. Social characteristics such as age, level of education and ethnicity also shape urban residents’ views on and awareness of the potential damages of non-native plants in ecosystems (Potgieter et al. 2019). Similarly, “nativeness” is not a visually identifiable characteristic to the majority of urban residents, so aesthetics, of which those of non-natives are perceived to be higher, is a more important plant feature to the general public (Fischer et al. 2011). The novelty factor of non-natives has contributed to their popularity dating back centuries (Hoyle et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that, despite the popularity of non-native plants in urban settings, there are clear drawbacks to their use in ecosystems. It emphasizes the importance of native street trees for supporting native birds and mentions that many studies remain unexplored regarding the impacts of non-native trees on ecosystem services. Additionally, it notes that the perception of non-native plants' aesthetic value may negatively influence their ecological impact, indicating potential harm rather than benefit.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The revisions are highlighted in red font in the revised manuscript. Below are point-by-point responses to the referee’s comments. Public Reviews: Reviewer #1 (Public Review): Microglia are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in shaping the synaptic circuit and regulating neural dynamics in response to changes in their surrounding environment and in brain states. While numerous studies have suggested that microglia contribute to sleep regulation and are modulated by sleep, there has been little direct evidence that the morphological dynamics of microglia are modulated by the sleep/wake cycle. In this work, Gu et al. applied a recently developed miniature two-photon microscope in conjunction with EEG and EMG recording to monitor microglia surveillance in freely-moving mice over extended period of time. They found that microglia surveillance depends on the brain state in the sleep/wake cycle (wake, non-REM, or REM sleep). Furthermore, they subjected the mouse to acute sleep deprivation, and found that microglia gradually assume an active state in response. Finally, they showed that the state-dependent morphological changes depend on norepinephrine (NE), as chemically ablating noradrenergic inputs from locus coeruleus abolished such changes; this is in agreement with previous publications. The authors also showed that the effect of NE is partially mediated by β2-adrenergic receptors, as shown with β2-adrenergic receptor knock-out mice. Overall, this study is a technical tour de force, and its data add valuable direct evidence to the ongoing investigations of microglial morphological dynamics and its relationship with sleep. However, there are a number of details that need to be clarified, and some conclusions need to be corroborated by more control experiments or more rigorous statistical analysis. Specifically: The number of branch points per microglia shown here (e. g. , Fig. 2g) is much lower than the values of branch points in the literature, e. g. , et al. , Neurobiol. Stress 15: 100342, 2021 (mouse dm); Liu YU et al. , Nat. Neurosci. 22: 1771-81, 2019 (mouse S1, in vivo 2P imaging). The authors need to discuss the possible source of such discrepancy. Thank you for raising this important point. Two reasons may account for this difference. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin production and light exposure. It discusses the role of microglia in sleep regulation without mentioning melatonin or light exposure's impact on sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Such chain of permissions is prior to the provision of investment or exchange services for NFTs, within a PDL context. The NFT contract for the transfer of the underlying property or connected services or investment is concluded autonomously, prior to the technical (and legal) birth of the token. In the case of NFT tokenization or minting of nonexpendable property or rights (for example, real estate, art, or copyright), the ERC standard allows for the subdivision, not of the tokenized sole or indivisible property, but of a representation of property (in rem) rights or credit rights of investors in a public offer made by an offeror, against the issuer of the tokens, which may or may not be that offeror. In case of initial token offering (ITO), the rights have been “fungibilized,” which does not imply a reconversion of the non-fungible asset into a fungible one, but rather a substitution or a subdivision or fractioning of the object of investment to allow massive or market negotiation. In the case of real estate tokenization, for example, virtual fungible goods (real estate tokens) are created to represent credit rights on properties that can be registered using Ethereum ERC 20 tokens, or to provide an alternative for the transmission of full or limited real rights. We have emphasized [5] [132, 218–221] that the token fungibility does not impede the existence in the real world of the tokenized represented underlying assets (services or goods) nor the possibility of contracting on it also in the real world. The link between an NFT and the real asset through annotations in a public registry privileges and prioritizes the legal position of the token holder to the point of "establishing it as a means of representation deserving of a regime analogous to that of negotiable securities (including nonfinancial assets such as listed merchandise), for the purposes of recognition of ownership transferred in a market” – ibidem. Summarizing, PDL networks, in particular public-permissioned DLT networks like Alastria’s, facilitate the legal compliance with private-law contractual issues related to the identification of NFTs and their underlying asset or property, and also with public-law issues concerning the supervision of node protocols and activity in contract registration and authorization of DeFi platform managers and issuers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of blockchain technology in the context of NFTs and real estate tokenization. It describes how blockchain can facilitate legal compliance and the negotiation of rights in non-financial contexts, illustrating that industries outside of finance, such as real estate and art, are indeed exploring these applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2017) and neighborhood gardening trends and norms continue to drive purchases and installation of non-natives (Nassauer et al. 2009), in turn increasing propagule pressure to urban greenspaces (Lockwood et al. 2009; Tartaglia et al. 2018). Changing public opinion and the use of non-native species in urban horticulture is critical for biodiversity conservation in urban areas. Here, we show that native plants can not only perform adequately in urban conditions but that they also provide multiple ecosystem functions in urban greenspaces, supporting humans via greater contributions to ecosystem services as well as supporting more urban wildlife, which clearly favor native vegetation. There is a growing body of evidence that validates the use of native plants in cities and research effort in this area is increasing over time. Thus, native plants should be prioritized in urban green space and hardscape management. As the world rapidly urbanizes and habitat is lost and degraded at an accelerating rate (Prăvălie 2021), it is critical that urban green spaces support ecosystem function and biodiversity as a necessary means of conservation and maintaining human health and well-being. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. 6786. Accessed 13 Feb 2024(n. d. ) Trees and Plants in City Parks. Accessed 14 Feb2024Codes, Rules and Regulations (2017) York Codes, Rules and Regulations. Accessed 13 Feb 2024(2009) Invasive plant species and the ornamental horticulture industry. Management of invasive weeds, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 167–187. Accessed 12 Feb 2024Reis E, López-(2012) Changes in bird species richness through different levels of urbanization: implications for biodiversity conservation and garden design in Central Brazil. Plann 107:31–42. Response of avian communities to invasive vegetation in urban forest fragments. Condor: Ornith Appl. UN, New York. (2008) Diversity of native and exotic birds across an urban gradient in a city. Plann 87:223–232. Non-uniform bird assemblages in urban environments: the influence of streetscape vegetation. Plann. (2004. 02. 006)46. EM, (2020) The importance of street trees to urban avifauna. 30:e02149. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of native plants in urban environments. It states that 'native plants can not only perform adequately in urban conditions but that they also provide multiple ecosystem functions,' thereby supporting the argument that non-native species may not always be beneficial. It highlights that greater contributions to ecosystem services and urban wildlife favor native vegetation, suggesting that non-native species might not be the best choice for biodiversity conservation. Therefore, the text does not support the claim that introducing non-native species is always beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Firstly, the difference in the definition of branch points in the software. Liu YU et al. used the Sholl analysis of image J software to analyze the number of branch points of microglia. Sholl analysis defines the number of branch points as the number of crossings between branches and concentric circles of increasing radii. We reconstructed microglia morphology using Imaris, a software that defines branching points based on the number of bifurcation points. The number of bifurcations calculated represents the number of microglia branch points. Secondly, this and previous studies found that more branching points present in the state of anesthesia. The morphological characteristics of microglia in head-fixed mice under anesthesia was reported by et al. and the microglia reconstruction results presented by the authors are indeed more complex than ours. In short, this is an aspect that we have been paying attention to, and the main reasons for this difference may lie in the definition of branch points, analysis methods and related choice of thresholds. True differences in brain states and the heterogeneity of microglia in different brain regions may also contribute to the apparent discrepancy. Microglia process end-point speed (Fig. 2h, o): here the authors show that the speed is highest in the wake state and lowest in NREM, which agrees with the measurement on microglia motility during wakefulness vs NREM in a recent publication (et al. , Nat. Commun. 13: 6273, 2022). However, Hristovska et al. also reported lower microglia complexity in NREM vs wake state, which seems to be the opposite of the finding in this paper. The authors need to discuss the possible source of such differences. This is also an important point. Hristovska et al. reported the morphodynamic characteristics of microglia during wakefulness and NREM sleep. It is worth noting that the sleep state of the mice in their experiments was unnatural due to the head fixation and body limitations, the duration of NREM sleep (sleep stability) being quite different from the NREM sleep analyzed under natural sleep. The limitations of this approach are also discussed by Hristovska et al. “Even though sleep episodes were, as anticipated, shorter than those observed in freely moving animals, changes in neuronal activity characteristic of NREM sleep were monitored by EEG recordings, and changes in morphodynamics were observed during single episodes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide information related to melatonin production, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles. Instead, it focuses on the analysis of microglia morphology and the differences in microglial states during anesthesia and sleep conditions, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Similarly, special regimes could consider NFT as eligible negotiable assets grouped in such amounts within segregated accounts to protect the rights of holders at the same level of fungible securities under the aforementioned circumstances, applying similar rules considering the singularities of NFT identity or individuation as a key characteristic for the autonomous recognition of the virtual asset as a category of DeFi tradable (and ledger-traceable) security. The non-fungible characterization of NFTs, in a PDL network, and more specifically in the realm of the PPDL, can become preconfigured and programmed by the platform managers and by DApp/SC developers (with the acquiescence and participation of the issuer in the process) from the very beginning of the preparation of the platform in accordance with the PoA consensus protocol, and in any case they must be set to prepare the transfer of the cryptos no later than the start-up of the SCs layer and the contemporary provision and insertion of the tokens in the platform. In particular, in accordance with the specifications of the ERC requests for comments for the case of Ethereum network protocols and derivatives (for example, those of the Quorum-Ethereum kind). 5. 2 Investment and betting with NFTsAll investments entail a bet in the sense of probability of nonreturn, partial, or total loss of committed funds, or materialization of the fundamental economic risks of price, market, and solvency of the issuer, in addition to operational, network resilience, and regulatory risks. On the other hand, not every rational investment involves a bet in the classic sense of “game,” limited or even prohibited according to civil law private regimes (e. g. , Spanish civil code of 1889, arts. 1790 and 1801). Both ethical and social reasons, and the reasonableness of NFT trading control from a public order perspective and from the viewpoint of investor protection, should prevail in future specific NFT regulations. The magnitude of the interests potentially affected, also in the strict legal-private sphere, is exponentially growing in the case of the NFTs market. Thus, investments could require betting or gambling legal boundaries in the purest sense of market speculation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of NFTs (non-fungible tokens) within blockchain environments, which indicates that industries are indeed exploring blockchain applications beyond traditional finance. It elaborates on the characteristics and potential of NFTs, suggesting their role as 'negotiable assets' within a digital finance and decentralized finance (DeFi) context, exemplifying the diversification of blockchain applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. 2024, 425, 5Host shift to non-native species or ecological dead end? Endangered branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) found on introduced in Konno1*, Kazunori Tanaka2 and Itsuro Koizumi1,3 1 of 2 Faculty of Humanities and 3 Faculty of ⁎ Corresponding author: tomoaki. konno@outlook. jp. Received: 15 June 2023 Accepted: 31 January 2024 Abstract Symbionts, including parasites, are usually small and thus have been overlooked for their existence and scientific research. In the context of biological invasion, host shifts between native and non-native species occur. Since symbionts often affect host behaviour and survival, it is important to reveal the cryptic invasions and host shifts of such small symbionts. Here, we report the first evidence of the potential host shift of a native endangered branchiobdellidans, ectosymbiotic crayfish worms, to a non-native Signal Crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana 1852), in Hokkaido, Japan. Pacifastacus leniusculus is native to and was recently introduced to the system in Sapporo. In addition to the ectosymbiont, Sathodrilus tetrodonta (Pierantoni, 1906), we found an endangered Japanese species, Cirrodrilus cirratus complex on P. leniusculus. However, C. cirratus complex as well as S. tetrodonta were not found on the native Japanese Crayfish, Cambaroides japonicus (De Haan, 1841), in the same river system, indicating a host shift of the ectosymbiont to invasive crayfish. It remains unclear whether C. cirratus complex will persist for a long time with the non-native host or if this is only a transient leading to local extinction. Key words: Biological invasions endangered species symbiont branchiobdellida © T. Konno et al. , published by EDP Sciences, 2024 This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a specific case of non-native species potentially harming native endangered species. It reports evidence of a native endangered branchiobdellidan exhibiting a host shift to a non-native species, the Signal Crayfish, raising uncertainty about the long-term sustainability of this relationship. The text plainly implies that the introduction of non-native species does not guarantee benefits to ecosystems, and can lead to issues such as local extinction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Several episodes of REM sleep were detected, but they were too short and rare to be analyzed reliably. ” The unnatural sleep state would lead to an increase in the microarousal state, and ultimately a change in the structure of the sleep state, which may be the main reason for the difference in microglia behavior from our natural sleep. We have discussed this in the revised manuscript. Please see line 292298. Fig. 3: the authors used single-plane images to analyze the morphological changes over 3 or 6 hours of SD, which raises the concern that the processes imaged at the baseline may drift out of focus, leading to the dramatic reduction in process lengths, surveillance area, and number of branch points. In fact, a previous study (et al. , J. Neurosci. 37(21): 5263-73, 2017) shows that after 8 h SD, the number of microglia process endpoints per cell and the summed process length per cell do not change significantly (although there is a trend to decline). The authors may confirm their findings by either 3D imaging in vivo, or 3D imaging in fixed tissue. Three lines of evidence indicate that microglia morphology changes in Fig 3 are due to SD, rather than variations in the focal plane. First, our single-plane images were quite stable over 3 or 6 hours of SD, though occasional reversible drifts might happen due to sudden motions. Second, per your suggestion, further experiments and analysis of 3D imaging were performed to monitor microglia dynamics during sleep deprivation. The new result is shown in revised Fig. S3 C-D: the length of microglia branches and the number of branching points were significantly reduced after SD, in agreement with the results of single-plane imaging. Furthermore, we detected no significant difference in microglia branching characteristics during 6h sleep deprivation in 2AR KO mice (Fig. S4), and this indirectly affirmed that singleplane imaging is stable enough for detecting true changes in branching during SD. Fig. 4b: the EEG and EMG signals look significantly different from the example given in Fig. 2a. In particular, the EMG signal appears completely flat except for the first segment of wake state; the EEG power spectrum for REM appears dark; and the wake state corresponds to stronger low frequency components (below ~ 4 Hz) compared to NREM, which is the opposite of Fig. 2a. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it discusses issues related to sleep states, microglial behavior during sleep deprivation, and the reliability of imaging methods used in the study. Since there is no mention of melatonin or its regulatory mechanisms, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: The developing digitalization of medical services has likewise raised worries about the safe stockpiling, possession, and sharing of people’s very own wellbeing records and associated clinical information. Blockchain has been proposed as an answer for significant medical care concerns, for example, secure clinical record trade and consistence with information protection regulation. Blockchain has been proposed as an answer for significant medical services concerns, for example, secure clinical record trade and consistence with information protection regulation. For instance, utilized bibliometric philosophies to offer an outline of blockchain perspectives and exploration patterns connected with the utilization of blockchain in medical care. Given an exhaustive portrayal of the numerous frameworks that have been made to use blockchain in medical care. Investigated many cases of blockchain innovation use in medical services, the issues experienced, and expected arrangements. Analyzed compromises and plan choices made by analysts in a few circumstances including blockchain innovation. Security, protection, and adaptability of wellbeing records capacity and sharing are basic in the medical care business and clinical offices since right information is expected for conclusion and appropriate wellbeing decisions concerning the patient’s condition. The information provided by clinical specialists for sufficient patient follow-up should be moved with security and should be cutting-edge as per the patients’ wellbeing conditions. Telemedicine and e-wellbeing administrations are likewise the main spaces of medical services in which information is imparted to mind suppliers in distant regions to analyze and treat patients using media transmission innovation. Telemedicine is a remarkable progression that has turned into a fundamental part of medical services framework. Because of the touchy information of patients, security, responsiveness, and protection in these web-based patient checking frameworks may be an enormous concern. Along these lines, solid and secure information exchanges are firmly connected with sound and exact correspondence among patients and clinicians. Moreover, interoperability between the medical care business and various exploration bunches is the most troublesome hindrance to defeat for effective and safe information exchange. The cutoff points to sound collaboration of gatherings taking part in information trade incorporate a variety of medical care records, different information sharing arrangements, information responsiveness, and certain moral guidelines, which must all be tended to when useful information is exchanged among various associations. Many kinds of examination have been directed lately, and current answers for the medical services industry are proposed utilizing state of the art advancements like Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), AI, profound learning, and PC vision for more effective and powerful medical services framework to help people. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the exploration of blockchain as a solution specifically in the healthcare industry, which is beyond the traditional financial applications. It mentions various uses of blockchain technology in medical services, including secure clinical record exchange and compliance with data protection regulations. The text also highlights the development of systems to utilize blockchain in healthcare, confirming that blockchain is indeed being applied in various non-financial sectors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. Recently, occurrences of native symbionts (including parasites) in introduced species (Kelly et al. , 2009) or non-native symbionts in native species (Lymbery et al. , 2014) have been reported. Because the presence or absence of symbionts often affects host behaviour and survival (Adamo, 2002; Prenter et al. , 2004; Poulin, 2010; James et al. , 2015), identifying secondary, often overlooked invasions and host shifts is important for the conservation and management of native ecosystems. Some crayfish species are some of the most successful invaders due to anthropogenic translocations, and their range continues to expand globally (Lodge et al. , 2012; Twardochleb et al. , 2013). Crayfish in the often carry branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata: Branchiobdellida), ectosymbiotic crayfish worm (Gelder and Williams, 2016), and new symbiotic relationships have been created as a result of translocations of the host crayfish and/or secondary invasions of the symbionts (Gelder, 2020). In Europe, several studies have documented the occurrence of native branchiobdellidans on invasive crayfish (Gelder et al. , 1999; Vogt, 1999; Ďuriš et al. , 2006; Blaha et al. , 2018). America, three species of native branchiobdelidans were found on non-native crayfish, where the native Signal Crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana 1852), and the non-native Pilose Crayfish, Pacifastacus connections (Faxon, 1914), are sympatric (Williams and Weaver, 2021). On the other hand, there is only one published report on the transfer of branchiobdellidans from non-native crayfish to native crayfish (Parpet and Gelder, 2020). Host transfer of branchiobdellidans typically occurs during aggressive or mating behaviour among host individuals (Hunt et al. , 2018) or by indirect transmission via substrates (Gelder and Williams, 2016). Pacifastacus leniusculus has been extensively introduced across Japan (Nakata et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and potential negative impacts of introducing non-native species. It highlights that non-native crayfish can carry native symbionts, and the presence of these symbionts significantly affects host behaviors and survival, suggesting that the introduction of non-native species may complicate ecosystems rather than universally benefiting them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: This raises the concern whether the classification of sleep stage is correct here. Thank you for insightful comments. We carefully examined the behavioral video of Figure 4b, there were occasionally microarousal events indicated by slow head rotation during NREM sleep, while the companion EMG signals were completely flat, which is atypical during sleep wake cycle. The microarousal events were not excluded from sleep, which makes this set of data unrepresentative and contrary to Fig. 4b. In our revised manuscript, we replaced it with more representative data that can clearly and consistently distinguish between different brain states in mice on EMG and EEG. Please see revised Fig. 2a, page 34; revised Fig. 4b, page 37. Fig. 4 NE dynamics. • How long is a single continuous imaging session for NE? • When monitoring microglia surveillance, the authors were able to identify wake or NREM states longer than 15 min, and REM states longer than 5 min. Here the authors selected wake/NREM states longer than 1 min and REM states longer than 30 s. What makes such a big difference in the time duration selected for analysis? • Also, the definition of F0 is a bit unclear. Is the same F0 used throughout the entire imaging session, or is it defined with a moving window? A single continuous session of NE imaging usually took about 1 hour. Subsequent analysis was performed on imaging data from each recording that included wake, NREM sleep, and REM sleep. Because of the different time scales of microglia morphological dynamic (relatively slow) and NE signals (fast), we used different time windows in the previous analysis in the previous version of the manuscript. Per your suggestion, we have now set the same time window selection criteria for both microglia morphological and NE dynamic analysis: for wake and NREM sleep durations longer than 1 minute, and REM sleep durations longer than 30 seconds. We updated the Methods and all statistics in related figures, please see line 151-154, 481-485, 490-492; Fig. 2e-g and 2l-n, page 34. F0 definition is now explained in the Methods section. Please see line 521-522. Fig. 5b: how does the microglia morphology in LC axon ablation mice compare with wild type mice under the wake state? The text mentioned "more contracted" morphology but didn't give any quantification. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to sleep stage classification, behavioral observations during sleep, and methodological details in experiments involving microglia and NE dynamics. It does not address melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure, nor does it mention its influence on sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Among these technologies, blockchain technology has had a significant influence on providing more safe and secure healthcare infrastructure, such as healthcare record-keeping services, biomedical fields, medical supply chain management, telemedicine, genetic data, and e-health data sharing services. Blockchain is the buzzword of the year, and this technology is gradually making its way from finance to supply chain logistics. Blockchain in healthcare infrastructure gives significant opportunity to drive digital transformations of medical records, pharmaceutical supply chains, smart contracts for payment distribution, and a plethora of other techniques to exploit this technology in the healthcare business (Figure 1). Figure 1. Key elements of blockchain. The consensus mechanism approves all transactions in the blockchain network. The network’s consensus serves as an agreement among all nodes to validate new blocks in the chain. Blockchain, on the other hand, is a system in which numerous linked computers maintain a secure and up-to-date distributed ledger with no central authority. Figure 2 depicts the peer-to-peer blockchain transaction network with a flow diagram:Figure 2. P2P transaction flow network. Blockchain offers the capacity to defend medical care and clinical information by utilizing the dispersed organization’s security and protection abilities. Patients benefit from clinical and clinical information saved money on a safe blockchain for regular treatment and subsequent meet-ups with their doctors, regardless of whether they are in distant districts. Patients’ delicate information becomes alright for their security and reliable for doctors to further develop medical care applications and diagnostics. The reception of blockchain innovation as a stage for trading clinical information among clinical subject matter experts and medical care suppliers with better protection and security is supported. Vora et al. [2] introduced a blockchain component as a progressive design for safeguarding and keeping patients’ electronic wellbeing records to save delicate information and handle significant information security worries by utilizing a blockchain programming foundation all through an emergency clinic framework. Blockchain innovation has additionally exhibited its worth in biomedical examination, clinical information fields, and clinical production network the board. Clinical arrangements, plans, and conventions might be saved money on a blockchain network prior to starting a clinical assessment, and delicate information associated with clinical preliminaries becomes state-of-the-art, secure, and openly accessible. To keep up with network straightforwardness, brilliant agreements on the blockchain might be introduced, duplicated, and executed at different phases of clinical review. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various applications of blockchain technology, particularly in the healthcare industry. It mentions that blockchain is moving 'from finance to supply chain logistics' and discusses its significant influence in healthcare infrastructures, including medical record-keeping and supply chain management. This indicates that industries beyond finance are indeed exploring blockchain technology for various applications, supporting the claim.