Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of global warming is attributed to human activities such as burning fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 83605 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechChange and Edited by From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. Climate change and global warmingIn spite of the irregular behavior on a daily basis, observations show that, in the atmospheric character of some geographic area, there is some long-time regularity. However, in the twentieth century, the world temperature increased which influenced the world climate. Climate scientists reported that humankind’s growing emission of greenhouse gases will make the long-term change in the climate and global temperature. As organizations, governments, and people have moved onward with strategies and actions to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, to adapt to the impacts of climate change, the need for information to support climate-related decisions has grown rapidly in recent years. There is a lack of credible information system to inform climate adoptions and estimate their efficiency. Greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere through burning coal, natural gas, oil, solid waste, wood products, and trees. The greenhouse gases are emitted during the production and transport of fossil fuels or as a result of livestock and other agricultural practices. Changes in greenhouse gas emissions are influenced by many long- and short-term factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'humankind’s growing emission of greenhouse gases will make the long-term change in the climate and global temperature.' It supports the notion that human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, which are primarily responsible for global warming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Author response Essential revisions: 1) Reference to previous studies: A main concern with the paper is that it lacks any reference to previous studies of gene drive strategies using sex ratio distortion systems. Such systems have already been studied extensively, and some of them have been demonstrated experimentally (e. g. X-shredders in insects). These omissions make the Y-shredding approach presented in this paper seem more novel than it actually is. The authors should cite some really relevant literature detailing the building of synthetic sex ratio distortion systems in other organisms – in many cases these are also predicated on the specific nuclease-mediated ablation of sex chromosomes (usually the female sex chromosome) through the targeting of repeated sequences. While in this case it is the Y chromosome that is being targeted (with drive – the shredding of Y in mice itself is not novel and was performed previously by some of these authors), the novelty aspect is somewhat diminished in view of the prior art. The authors should revise the relevant section in the manuscript to make this more clear and not overstate the novelty of their approach. We have now substantially rewritten the Introduction, to include background on some different sex-distorting approaches, with a focus on the X-shredding research that has been conducted in insects. We have also tried to increase the breadth of the 5. Either justify it, or make a theoretical estimate based on overlapping home ranges for the mice and also probe higher value such as 10 or more to take into account initially good opportunities to search for mates when males are rare. Better yet, identify the exact level at which the different drives considered are unable to effectively suppress the populations. We acknowledge that capping Fmax at 5 was an arbitrary maximum that represented a substantial degree of polygyny. Testing Fmax in the range 1-5 was sufficient to demonstrate two important points, namely that the more polygynous mice are assumed to be: (1) the stronger the initial population increase following the gene-drive introduction (Figure 3); and (2) the higher the Y-shredding efficiency needs to be for eradication to be achieved. However, to take this comment into consideration, we have now tested an Fmax of up to 10 in the sensitivity analysis. Please see Figure 7 for these new results. In this paper as well as in Prowse et al. , 2017, the demographic parameters were fixed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the gene drive strategies using sex ratio distortion systems have been extensively studied and may not provide the precise control suggested in the claim. It highlights that the targeting of sex chromosomes is based on overlapping home ranges and demographic parameters that could affect the efficiency and effectiveness of pest population suppression. In particular, it suggests that previously studied methods may not allow for the precise control of gene drives to specifically target only pest populations, undermining the assertion of their controlled targeting capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 2014 DHS54 [51-58]56 [54-58]54 [51-56]52 [49-55]55 [50-59]Bangladesh2011 DHS53 [51-55]52 [50-54]52 [50-54]51 [48-53]53 [49-57]Burundi2016-17 DHS22 [21-23]*24 [22-27]28 [24-33]29 [21-38]32 [22-45]Burundi2010 DHS 16 [15-18]20 [17-24]31 [22-42]37 [29-45]45 [31-60]Ethiopia2016 DHS33 [30-35]*42 [37-47]50 [43-57]50 [43-56]36 [27-45]Ethiopia2011 DHS23 [21-26]47 [41-53]54 [46-61]47 [39-55]41 [33-49]Haiti2016-17 DHS31 [28-33]35 [31-37]31 [31-39]32 [21-28]23 [17-34]Haiti2012 DHS30 [15-18]34 [17-24]35 [22-42]24 [29-45]25 [31-60]Malawi2015-16 DHS57 [55-58]*60 [58-62]*64 [60-68]*54 [48-60]59 [53-66]Malawi2010 DHS 40 [39-42]47 [45-50]45 [40-50]59 [52-67]64 [52-75]Nepal2016 DHS41 [37-46]44 [41-46]42 [40-44]43 [40-46]47 [41-53]Nepal2011 DHS37 [34-41]43 [40-46]45 [41-49]49 [45-53]54 [46-62]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 17 [12-22]18 [18-23]23 [23-28]28 [29-33]31 [30-35]Pakistan2012-13 DHS16 [12-23]20 [16-21]25 [20-26]31 [26-30]32 [28-34]Senegal2017 DHS [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it consists of numerical data and statistical references regarding various countries without addressing the existence or characteristics of ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of global warming is attributed to human activities such as burning fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: Larger releases of greenhouse gases result in higher concentrations in the atmosphere. However, as a part of the biological carbon cycle via a certain chemical reactions, carbon dioxide, as a main greenhouse gas, is removed from the atmosphere when it is absorbed by plants. The removal and emissions of greenhouse gases by natural processes tend to balance. Human activities, since the industrial revolution, by adding heat-trapping gases to the atmosphere, have contributed substantively to climate change. It seems that there are enough scientific evidences to prove that the greenhouse gases caused the climate alteration and global warming [11]. In addition, we realized that global temperature was increased over the last decades. However as stated by [6], the climate change holds significant risks to the natural resources, environments, and societies on which they depend. Climate change and global warming affect human life, meanwhile human activities are also influencing climate. Advertisement 2. The climate effects on human lifeHumans for food, livelihood, commerce, natural resources, and security rely on earth which is a complex and dynamic system. Climate always influences the humans. In recent decades, regardless of the wealth and technology of modern industrial societies, in many ways, climate still affects human life. The impacts of climate change and consequently the rising greenhouse gas levels including warming temperatures lead to extreme weather events, altered weather patterns, crop failure, rising sea levels, ocean acidification, marine ecosystem shift, and homelessness. These impacts directly or indirectly threaten our health by affecting the weather we experience, the water we drink, the food we eat, the energy we use, the air we breathe, and other aspects of human health and well-being. Advertisement 3. The human contribution to climate change and global warmingAlthough there are scientists who suspect that the human activities could have emotional impact on recent changes in climate and global temperature, the on approved that the warming detected over last 50 years is attributable to man-made activities [7]. It seems that there is no doubt that human activity has changed the composition of world’s atmosphere and environment. The noticeable problem is that human activities’ influences will continue to alter atmospheric composition through the current century and hydrologic cycle and temperature are expected to be change inconsistently. Climate change and global warming, in complex ways, interact with other ongoing changes in human and environmental systems. For example, humanity’s choices about land use, energy, and food makings affect and are affected by climate change and global warming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that human activities have contributed substantively to climate change and global warming. It states, 'human activities, since the industrial revolution, by adding heat-trapping gases to the atmosphere, have contributed substantively to climate change,' which aligns with the claim that human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, are primarily responsible for global warming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: There should be some investigation into the sensitivity of results due to uncertainty in these values as they can vary widely across populations. This is important for reporting uncertainty on the prediction of effectiveness of the gene drive tool. We have completely redone the sensitivity analysis, which now incorporates the two demographic parameters: litter size (m) and the maximum annual population growth rate (rmax). Neither of these parameters had a large impact on the probability of achieving simulated population eradication within 10 years. Please note that maximum and minimum survival probabilities used for the density-dependent survival function could not be modified within the sensitivity analysis, because these values were calculated based upon the values of m and rmax. The sensitivity analyses and the actual parameters in it are somewhat unclear. It appears that Table 1 indicates the upper and lower limits of parameters (e. g. probability of Cas9 cutting, probability of NHEJ). However, it is not clear which values were tested in this range, if these varied as continuous or discrete values, and whether they were varied independently. Please explain in more detail. As previously detailed in the main text and the caption to Table 1, we used latin hypercube sampling for our sensitivity analysis. This is a standard parameter sampling design which is used to guarantee decent coverage of a continuous multidimensional parameter space. However, as this seems to have caused some confusion, we now provide a brief description of latin hypercube sampling in the Materials and methods. We have also clarified that two parameters (nGuides and Fmax) were sampled from discrete uniform distributions for the sensitivity analysis (see note in Table 1). The model used for homing and NHEJ is also not particularly clear. For example, were the populations modeled such that the target allele frequency is the sum of uncut + cut, where cut = homing + NHEJ? Is PN represented as the proportion of all target alleles or the proportion of target alleles that were cut? When PN >0, is each of three gRNA target sites considered independently, or does PN reflect a resistant locus (all three gRNA sites are mutated)? As noted in the Materials and methods, we defined PN as “the probability of NHEJ conditional on cutting having occurred”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting uncertainty in the effectiveness and parameters of gene drive models. It discusses the variability in demographic parameters and the issues in parameter sampling, indicating that control over gene drives may not be as precise as the claim suggests. The examination of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis implies challenges in ensuring that gene drives target only specific pest populations, questioning the claim's assertion of precise control.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 16 [14-19]*17 [16-19]*21 [19-24]*31 [28-34]37 [34-41]*Senegal2012 DHS6 [4-10]8 [7-10]13 [11-16]26 [21-31]26 [20-32]Sierra Leone2017 MICS8 [1-40]32 [25-41]*33 [27-39]*30 [25-35]24 [18-31]Sierra Leone2011 MICS 6 [5-7]14 [12-16]21 [17-25]24 [19-30]27 [17-40]Uganda2016 DHS28 [26-30]*37 [35-39]*42 [39-45]43 [39-47]47 [39-55]Uganda 2011 DHS 18 [16-20]28 [26-30]41 [36-46]44 [34-56]57 [45-69]Zimbabwe2015 DHS62 [60-65]*62 [59-66]70 [66-74]*73 [70-76]*75 [68-81]Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS53 [51-56]57 [53-61]61 [57-65]61 [58-65]69 [59-77] MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains a series of statistical data and references to various Demographic and Health Surveys from multiple countries, but it does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of global warming is attributed to human activities such as burning fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: The dried lake bed is with a cover of salt, mainly sodium chloride, making a vast salty desert. The examinations for estimating the relative contributions of human activities as water resources development including agricultural development and dam constructions and climate change have been conducted by [9]. The results showed that the variability in inflow as a result of human activities is more prominent than the variability in precipitation. In addition, the flow origin from the was decrease up to 40% due to the development of irrigated area which increased pressure on the water availability in the watershed. Shadkam showed that over 30 years annual inflow to has thrown down by 48% which 3/5 and 2/5 of this change was caused by climate change and water resource development, respectively, as misconduct in human activities [9]. Figure 1 shows the changes in water level and water surface in within the last two decades. Figure 1. The changes in surface and water level of [4]. Amini and Hesami got the same results for two main subwatersheds of Urmia basin. They reported that the total irrigated area increased by ~20% between 1989 and 2000 and the net irrigation water requirement, NIWR, for a crop grown in the region in 2000 was slightly higher than that in 1989 as a result of global warming [4]. Hosseini-Moghari using spatial and hydrology and in situ data assessed the contribution of human acts to the decline of inflow water for the lake, the groundwater table reduction, and water storage in the lake reservoir [5]. They found that 50% of the total basin water loss is due to sectorial management of water resources in the region. The human interaction with the lake environment in basin caused about 8 BCM of groundwater losses within 11 years. However, the climate change and drought are the causes for 40% of lake shrinking in the last two decades. Such findings may be used to support decision-maker in water sector to restore the Lake Urmia. It seems that there is no debate that the diminishing was caused by a combination of water withdrawals for irrigation and climate change and global warming [3]. The lake restoration was taken placed by local, national, and international organizations. However, the decision-makers inappropriately put the man-made infrastructures such as dams and interbasin water transfer, which are unsustainable projects in water sector, to increase the flow toward the lake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the significant impact of human activities on climate change and global warming. It mentions that '50% of the total basin water loss is due to sectorial management of water resources in the region,' which indicates human involvement in environmental changes. Furthermore, it points out that 'the diminishing was caused by a combination of water withdrawals for irrigation and climate change and global warming,' linking human activities directly to the effects of global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are a foolproof method for maintaining ecosystem balance and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: There are hundreds of examples of villages and rural communities in China that show small villages lack development planning and are emptying out as villagers move to new cities for jobs (Long et al. 2012). Because for most developing countries the overarching picture is one of urban growth (Chap. 21), the issue of the shrinkage of selected cities, and especially how this might impact the ecological integrity of the urban system, has received disproportionately little attention. The rapid demographic transition anticipated in China and in middle-income countries suggest, however, that this lacuna will require urgent attention. In this regard, the experiences of managing biodiversity in Europe’s shrinking cities is of considerable wider interest. In order to address shrinkage, visionary urban policy has to deal with population aging, and accompanying processes of under-use of buildings and infrastructure, de‐densification, and an increase in derelict land and brownfields as a consequence of land abandonment. This presents new questions for the urban policy agenda such as: How can land-use development be directed in order to ensure both urban quality of life and urban healthy ecosystems under conditions of shrinkage? How can high‐quality and sustainable urban livelihoods be maintained in a shrinking city? Are there new opportunities provided by processes and patterns of shrinkage that can make our cities greener and more diverse? Is shrinkage a way to reduce the urban footprint? Until now, urban policy making and planning has mostly been concerned with directing urban growth; there are no prescriptions for how to comprehensively develop or plan a shrinking city. This 12. 2 Urban Shrinkage? et al. (2012), Rink (2009), urban shrinkage is defined as a phenomenon of massive population loss in cities that results from a specific interplay of the economic, financial, demographic or settlement systems, environmental hazards, and changes in political or administrative systems. A prominent example of these shifts were the systemic changes that occurred in Germany and after 1990 and were coupled with the introduction of a market economy (Rink et al. 2009; Moss 2008). Urban shrinkage has been examined through the lens of uneven economic development (Harvey 2006) and the underlying dynamics of the territorial division of labor (Amin and Thrift 1994). Shrinkage might also result from tremendous environmental disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the city of in 2005. Another reason for urban shrinkage is demographic change, namely low fertility and massive out-migration (Müller 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses urban shrinkage, demographic changes, and the challenges faced by rural and urban areas in China and Europe. It does not mention gene drives, ecosystem balance, or biodiversity, therefore it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Figure 2. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by wealth group between two surveys. In all countries except Bangladesh, women with average wealth (those in the middle of the five wealth groups) had higher modern method use than in the lowest wealth groups. However, the gap in modern method use between those in the middle wealth group and the lowest wealth group declined in most countries between surveys. Growth in MCP was more uneven when comparing growth between surveys in higher wealth groups. All but three countries saw declines in MCP in the highest wealth groups, although these findings were not significant given the lower sample sizes in the richest groups per country. Conversely, in Senegal, there was a significant increase in MCP among the richest, which corresponds with a large significant increase in the number of people in the richest wealth group. 2 below for additional comparisons. ResidenceTable 3 shows the MCP for countries disaggregated by residence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses modern contraceptive prevalence rates and wealth group analysis, which bear no connection to the existence or absence of written records in ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of global warming is attributed to human activities such as burning fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: In fact, construction of numerous dams in the watershed has choked off water source from the mountains towering on either side of the Lake Urmia. Figure 2 shows the existing, under construction, and under study dams in the basin of Lake Urmia. Figure 2 shows intensification in diversion of surface water and water utilization further than current levels which at present appear to be unsustainable. Figure 2. The spreading of dams in Urmia watersheds. Reducing the basin’s water consumption and demand-side plans must be considered immediately by the official organization. Moreover, the current projects for water transfer need drastic revision. Such projects have had harmful socioeconomic and environmental side effects in other parts of the basin. To maximize the welfares of the water resources, an integrated management of the water resources and agricultural development based on ecological potential of the basin including changing the rules of water pricing and recognition of cost allocation outlines as a prospect is required. Advertisement 6. Need for adaptive managementThe IPCC clearly confirmed in its Report that the climate change is existent and its primary cause is human-made especially through burning fossil fuels and other activities that release heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. There is no debate that the human needs to take actions to adapt and lessen the impact of climate change. In fact, there is a hierarchy of governor plans that can assist to protect population healthiness and welfare. The predictions of future climate change and global warming and defined scenarios by IPCC indicate that unless substantial and continued activities are taken to decline emissions of GHGs, world will continue to warm. Thus, we can reasonably expect that such changes are driving several related and interacting deviations in the environmental system and consequently the human life. In the case of Lake Urmia, a national committee in order to lake restoration was formed in 2013 called Committee (ULRNC). presented a road map and action plan based on integrated water resources/watershed management in cooperation with the universities in Iran and international organizations. reviewed 19 proposed programs and approved a 10-year program in three phases such as stabilizing the present status, restoration, and sustainable restoration. Although the provincial office claims that the restoration continues as scheduled, due to drying up the found and misconducting of management in water and agricultural sectors in the region, it seems that will most likely fail to attain an ecological balance within a 10-year program by 2023. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by supporting the assertion that climate change is primarily caused by human activities, specifically stating that the IPCC confirmed climate change exists and its primary cause is human-made, especially through burning fossil fuels and other activities that release greenhouse gases. This aligns directly with the claim about human activities contributing to global warming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are a foolproof method for maintaining ecosystem balance and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Leipzig is a highly representative site for a shrinking city in Europe and thus the results obtained here are meaningful also for other European cities. However, it is important to note that urban land-uses providing ecosystem services are predominantly cultivated and managed sites, meaning that urban ecosystem services provisioning in general differs from that offered by natural ecosystems, as there is often a need for additional input by people (for example, energy and maintenance) in urban ecosystems. 12. 4. 5 Resource and Land ConsumptionResource consumption is a particular concern in cities due to the high concentration of population consuming environmental goods and ecosystem services. The consumption-emission-balance between the city and the rural surroundings is—in general and regardless whether or not a city shrinks—not easy to establish. To give one example: Whereas direct carbon emissions of rural inhabitants are often higher than those of urban ones; the indirect carbon emissions of urban inhabitants are higher compared to rural inhabitants. Some of the factors influencing this phenomenon are differences in diet structure and composition (Kennedy et al. 2009). Comparing urban and a rural areas, urban areas exhibit lower per capita carbon emissions because of the higher population density associated with cities. Nonetheless, in cities, the total carbon emissions increase with income and a more complex life style so that urbanization brings about an increase in carbon release compared to the savings in per capita values (Kennedy et al. 2009). However, shrinkage and declining population numbers do not result in an automatic decrease of natural resource consumption such as land, energy, or water, because the per capita requirements on environmental resources, ecosystem services and housing space are increasing overall (Haase 2012). In both growing and shrinking cities, the number of households increases due to the demographic transition towards smaller one- and two-person households (Liu et al. 2003). Consequently, the demographic transition towards smaller households in shrinking cities, coupled with rising per capita housing space and resource use, might lead to further land consumption, enlargement of transport infrastructure, and ecosystem decline. In a recent study on population and land use development in Germany, Kroll and Haase (2010) found that neither a decreasing nor an aging population imply reduced land consumption for housing and transportation. The per capita living space increased by a factor of 1. 5 from 1990 to 2006, and one/two-person households’ per capita living space increased faster compared to four-person households by a factor of 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how urbanization and demographic shifts in cities can lead to increased land consumption and ecosystem decline. It highlights that declining populations in urban areas do not lead to reduced resource consumption and that factors such as smaller household sizes can exacerbate this issue, implying potential complications with maintaining ecosystem balance rather than supporting the notion of gene drives as being foolproof.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: In every country in our analysis, modern contraceptive use was higher in urban areas than rural areas. Modern contraceptive use in rural and urban areas increased in most countries. Increases were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda in rural settings, and in Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe in both rural and urban settings. In three countries, MCP declined among rural women between surveys: Haiti, Nepal, and Pakistan, though the decline was not significant. In both Pakistan and Nepal, MCP among urban women also declined between surveys. The largest gain among rural women was seen in Malawi where MCP increased by 17% between 2010 and 2016. Figure 3 illustrates the change in MCP between two surveys. Table 3. MCPR by residence by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. It discusses modern contraceptive use in various countries, which does not relate to the topic of ancient civilizations or their documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: Understanding these complexities is necessary to know when it is worth putting scarce resources into eradication and control programs and when it is better to find ways to reconcile environmental management to favor natives, despite the presence of aliens. is still being waged but may provide a more realistic future path for most native fishes. (pages 69 - 78)This 5. Status of Species and in México - María de Lourdes Lozano-Vilano, Armando J. Contreras-Balderas, Gorgonio Ruiz-Campos, María Elena García-RamírezDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0005[Mexico;freshwater fish;threatened taxa;aquatic habitats;Mexican laws;spring drying;Cyprinidon]We present new information regarding the status of some endemic freshwater fishes of México from eight states and 24 localities. From earlier descriptions summarized in 1991, two fishes were known extinct, but by 2017, the total increased to 15 taxa either extinct or gone from the wild and present only in captive populations. Species in the genus Cyprinodon are the most threatened taxa at the sites we visited. Main reasons for rapid declines or extinctions are springs drying due to increased water consumption by domestic, industrial, and agricultural practices, and negative effects of nonnative species. The destruction of aquatic habitats occurs everywhere in México and requires more protected areas for aquatic organisms. The survival of this group of animals, especially in arid zones, is in jeopardy of disappearing forever. The number of species declining or extinct continues to rise, increasing the importance of protection by Mexican laws. (pages 79 - 88)This 6. Ghosts of Our Making: Species of the - Jack E. Williams, Donald W. SadaDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0006[extinction;extirpation;habitat degradation;nonnative species;endangered desert fishes;aquatic invertebrates]One of the primary priorities of conservation is to prevent extinctions. Thirty-three fishes and 23 aquatic invertebrates are recorded as recently extinct within the desert and adjacent regions of the and Mexico. Additionally, five fishes are listed as extinct in the wild. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by highlighting the destruction of aquatic habitats in México and emphasizing the rapid declines or extinctions of endemic freshwater fishes due to habitat degradation, which aligns with the idea that deforestation contributes to habitat loss and directly or indirectly leads to species extinction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AUVs can operate independently of human control for extended periods, depending on their energy capacity. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, replication of this between-subject effect is key, particularly given the recent observation that between-subject brain-phenotype associations are often smaller than expected (Marek et al. , 2022). The results of the present study firmly establish that MPH biases action by modulating the impact of Pavlovian cues on instrumental action. We show that the effect is also present outside an instrumental learning context when Pavlovian cues are irrelevant to behaviour. This considerably strengthens the conclusion that the catecholamines modulate Pavlovian control. Notably, the results demonstrate that the effect of MPH holds for both appetitive to aversive Pavlovian cues, and from appetitive instrumental approach actions to aversive instrumental withdrawal actions. Finally, we replicate that the direction of MPH’s effect depends on individual differences in working memory capacity, so that Pavlovian biasing is attenuated in participants with low working memory capacity but enhanced in those with high working memory capacity after drug administration. Taken together, we will argue that this pattern of effects mostly accords with the idea that MPH enhances or impairs the cognitive control of Pavlovian biasing in a baseline-state-dependent manner, in line with the well-established inverted-U shaped relationship between catecholamine receptor stimulation, likely in prefrontal cortex, and cognitive control (Cools and D’Esposito, 2011). ResultsIn a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, we assessed the effect of MPH on motivational control using a previously established Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer task (Huys et al. , 2011; Geurts et al. , 2013) in 100 healthy subjects (see Methods). In this paradigm, subjects are first trained instrumentally to either approach or withdraw from a cue (different coloured mushrooms, figure 1B), in order to maximize reward and minimize loss. This approach/avoidance may be either active (taking action to approach or avoid the cue), or passive (withholding responses will lead to approach/avoidance of the cue). Subjects then performed this task in the context of a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS; fractals paired with reward or punishment; Fig 1C), to assess how these cues affect ongoing instrumental behaviour. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of MPH on cognitive control and Pavlovian biasing, without providing any information regarding AUVs, their operational capabilities, or their energy capacities. Therefore, there is no corroboration or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurveyUrbanRuralBangladesh2014 DHS56 [54-58]53 [52-55]Bangladesh2011 DHS54 [52-56]51 [50-53]Burundi2016-17 DHS29 [25-32]22 [21-24]*Burundi2010 DHS 29 [25-33]17 [15-18]Ethiopia2016 DHS50 [46-54]32 [30-35]*Ethiopia2011 DHS50 [46-53]23 [20-25]Haiti2016-17 DHS33 [30-36]31 [29-33]Haiti2012 DHS31 [29-34]31 [29-34]Malawi2015-16 DHS61 [59-64]*58 [56-59]*Malawi2010 DHS 50 [46-53]41 [39-42]Nepal2016 DHS44 [42-46]41 [38-43]Nepal2011 DHS50 [47-53]42 [40-45]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 29 [27-31]23 [21-25]Pakistan2012-13 DHS32 [30-35]23 [22-25]Senegal2017 DHS37 [34-39]*19 [17-21]*Senegal2012 DHS27 [24-31]9 [8-11]Sierra Leone2017 MICS30 [28-32]*16 [14-17]*Sierra Leone2011 MICS 16 [13-19]8 [7-9]Uganda2016 DHS41 [38-43]33 [31-35]*Uganda 2011 DHS 39 [36-43]23 [22-25]Zimbabwe2015 DHS71 [68-73]*63 [61-66]*Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS60 [57-64]56 [54-58] MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. Figure 3. Change in modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by residence between two surveys. EducationTable 4 shows the MCP stratified by education status between two surveys and Figure 4 illustrates the same information visually. In six of the 11 countries there were significant changes in MCP between surveys related to education: and Uganda. In all six countries, gains in modern contraceptive use were made among women with no education. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains statistical data and information concerning demographic and health surveys in various countries rather than addressing the existence or nature of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: The process of extinction often begins with habitat degradation or other disturbance that diminishes local populations or causes local extirpations that lead to the entire species or subspecies being more susceptible to loss. Extinction itself was often linked to some catastrophic change in water supply, such as water diversion or spring failure due to over-withdrawal of groundwater. Introductions of nonnative species that may prey on, compete with, or hybridize with native species, were more common in extinction of desert fishes than for aquatic invertebrates. Detailed obituaries are provided for the Amistad gambusia, Nevada pyrg, Julimes tryonia, Tecopa pupfish, poolfishes of the genus Empetrichthys, and the Alvord cutthroat trout. Increasing numbers of endangered and extinct species are a cautionary account about our own future. The question for humans is whether the warning signs will be obeyed or whether society proceeds headlong into a future where our own species may be at risk. (pages 89 - 106)This 7. Running on Empty: Supplies and - Bradley H. UdallDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0007[climate change;Colorado River;Rio Grande;water management;infrastructure;dams]The two major rivers of the States and Mexico, the Colorado and the Rio Grande, were fundamentally and irretrievably altered during the 20th century. Massive dam construction in both basins provided new water supplies for agricultural and municipal growth throughout the region. As water needs increased and infrastructure grew to meet these needs, water management laws and agreements also increased in number and complexity. Water demand in both basins grew to equal supplies and now the fails to reach the ocean, and the dries in places it historically did not. Natural ecosystems have suffered because of water diversions and both basins now contain endangered aquatic and riparian species. Water management is complex and difficult to modify to meet changing requirements. Climate change will continue to impact both rivers by reducing flows as air temperatures warm, further reducing the ability of these systems to support sustainable supplies for people and ecosystems. (pages 109 - 123)This 8. Waters: Groundwater Depletion, Degradation, and Loss of in the Ecoregion of Texas - Gary P. Garrett, Megan G. Bean, Robert J. Edwards, Dean A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that extinction often begins with habitat degradation, which diminishes local populations and compromises the stability of species. It further discusses the impact of catastrophic changes in water supply as well as the introduction of nonnative species, both of which can contribute to the extinction process. By providing specific examples of endangered and extinct species, the text underscores the link between habitat loss and the risk of extinction, aligning directly with the claim regarding deforestation and its consequences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AUVs are being used in marine conservation efforts to monitor coral reefs and track oceanic pollution. [SEP] Text: IntroductionIn response to the threats to coral reefs (Jackson et al. 2001; Pandolfi et al. 2003; Hughes et al. 2003), marine protected areas (MPAs) have been proposed as a means of strengthening their resilience (e. g. , Lubchenco et al. 2003; Hughes et al. 2006; Mumby et al. 2006). MPA design often centers on simply protecting a target fraction of key habitats (reviewed by Sale et al. 2005), rather than the effects of MPAs on metapopulation dynamics (Kritzer and Sale 2006). Management agencies commonly assume the communities naturally occurring in the protected habitats will persist in them, and contribute to unprotected habitats outside MPAs. However, a recent meta-analysis has shown that increases in population density inside MPAs depend on MPA size (Claudet et al. 2008). Furthermore, modeling studies have indicated how larval dispersal and the spatial configurations of MPAs interact to promote population persistence (Crowder et al. 2000; Botsford et al. 2001; Kaplan et al. 2006). However, while these interactions are clear in modeling results, efforts to apply conclusions from these models to assess and design effective MPAs are hindered by uncertainty about larval dispersal (Stockhausen et al. 2000; Botsford et al. 2001). Fortunately, the nature of demographic connectivity among reef populations is beginning to be described in studies involving genetics, artificial and natural geochemical marks, and biophysical modeling. Those studies are changing the view of the nature of connectivity, notably by increasing the appreciation of the importance of short distance dispersal (Swearer et al. 2002; Taylor and Hellberg 2003; Jones et al. 2005; Cowen et al. 2006; Almany et al. 2007; Jones et al. 2009). However, the information gained through those studies has not been integrated and related to the features of connectivity identified by models as essential to resilience. Population persistence: replacement over spaceThe current understanding of the relationship between larval connectivity and the persistence of marine metapopulations has a somewhat technical mathematical basis (Hastings and Botsford 2006), but the intuitive interpretation is merely an extension of the familiar concept of replacement. For single, non-spatial populations, a population will grow if each individual reproduces enough to replace itself in the next generation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the use of AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles) in marine conservation efforts. Instead, it discusses marine protected areas (MPAs) and the complexities of managing coral reef populations and their connectivity. There is no mention of AUVs or their applications, thus failing to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: In five of six countries– Burundi, Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Uganda, significant MCP gains were also made among women with primary education. , MCP gains among women with secondary education were also significant. The proportion of women with no education declined between two surveys in four of the six countries (and not in Ethiopia or Sierra Leone). Malawi had the fastest MCP growth where it grew by more than 16% among women with no education. Modern use remained stagnant (i. e. change was not statistically significant) among women in the highest education group in most countries except in where it increased. Note, in Sierra Leone, the highest education category includes secondary and higher education, while in other countries those categories are separate. Among women in the highest education group, traditional method use increased in Burundi and Uganda by more than one percentage point. Further analysis is needed to discern if women in the highest education group in Burundi and Uganda discontinued a modern method for a traditional method or have been long-term traditional method users. Table 4. MCPR by education by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data on maternal care practices (MCP) and education in several African countries. There is no mention of ancient civilizations or written records in the text, making it not relevant to the assertion about historical documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: Conservation required securing extant populations, restoring the species to streams reclaimed from nonnative trout, and acquiring life history information. Initial restorations were in small headwaters, but the 1989 Divide Fire, that eliminated the population, exposed the fallacy of that approach. Rather, hydrologically complex drainages sufficiently large that no single natural event could eliminate a population were deemed necessary. Wildfires, drought, compromised populations, and public opposition challenged Gila trout conservation. The 2012 Whitewater-starkly revealed the vulnerability of Gila trout to increased drought and fire frequency and intensity associated with climate change. trout as ‘threatened’ in 2006 enabled limited angling and improved public support. From five populations in 1970, there are now 17 in almost 125 km of habitat. Ensuring persistence of Gila trout requires securing its remaining genetic diversity, establishing additional populations, and accomplishing this as climate change poses new challenges. (pages 295 - 315)This 21. Large-Conservation in the Basin: Progress and Challenges with - Kevin R. Bestgen, Thomas E. Dowling, Brandon Albrecht, Koreen A. ZelaskoDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0021[razorback sucker;Xyrauchen texanus;Colorado River;predation;recruitment;nonnative fish;management;stream flow;habitat alteration;conservation]Razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus, a historically widespread and abundant warmwater fish endemic to the basin, has declined dramatically. Habitat alteration, dams that block migration routes and alter natural sediment, stream flow, and thermal regimes, channel change, and nonnative fish predation are reasons for decline of razorback sucker. Lack of recruitment was evident more than 50 years ago and all wild fish in basin populations were eventually extirpated, with the possible exception of the small population. Extensive restoration efforts have had mixed outcomes. Various propagation programs have restored reproducing adults in lakes Mohave, Havasu, and Powell in downstream basin reaches, and the San Juan, Colorado, and Green rivers in the upper basin. However, nonnative predators reduce survival of stocked fish and recruitment is non-existent except in Lake Mead. Localized recruitment in Lake Mead, and new strategies to enhance juvenile production in isolated lower backwaters and connected floodplain wetlands offer examples of recent successes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the impact of habitat alteration, including factors such as dams and nonnative fish predation, which have contributed to the decline of endemic species like the razorback sucker. The mention of 'habitat alteration' directly aligns with the concept of habitat loss resulting from deforestation, indicating that these changes lead to significant ecological consequences, including species decline and potential extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of deep-sea exploration is now conducted entirely by AUVs, with no human intervention required. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2538236/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractIn the spring of 2023, the subsea industry in Norway is gearing up for an opening of the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS) for deep-sea mineral exploration and extraction. Existing research indicates that the profitability of deep-sea mining with today's technology heavily depends on high ore grades. This study explores the potential for emerging techno-operational concepts for exploration to affect the profitability of Sulfides (SMS) Industry on the NCS. By way of computer simulation, the study analyzes technologies currently, or soon, poised to enter the subsea market, with regard to their advantage or disadvantage for the SMS industry on the NCS. The study indicates that there is significant advantage in developing geophysical sampling technology for assessing mineral resources and some advantage in developing unmanned surface vessels for regional surveys. It further indicates that developing fleet operated autonomous underwater vehicle concepts for high-resolution surveys is not only moot, but possibly counterproductive. The study thereby contributes techno-operational insight for a budding industry currently looking for technology to improve commercial prospects. Deep-sea miningmarine mineralsseafloor massive sulfide depositsexploration technologyDeep-sea miningmarine mineralsseafloor massive sulfide depositsexploration technologyFiguresFigure 1Deep-sea 2022 the of Petroleum and Energy published their for exploration and extraction of deep-sea minerals on the NCS (Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, 2022b). The hearing document, and ministerial press release highlight that deep-sea minerals may become important in the transition towards a low-emission society and an important emerging industry for Norway. Ministry of Petroleum and Energy further states that more knowledge and data about the deep-sea environment, as well as the potential mineral resources, is a requirement for responsible resource management. The ministry suggests and that opening the NCS for commercial mineral exploration is pivotal for acquiring more and better data – as the current state of exploration is limited (Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, 2022c, 2022a). Bang & Trellevik (2022) present a comprehensive stochastic simulation model and analysis of the emergence of a Norwegian deep-sea mining industry targeting SMS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that developing fleet-operated autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) concepts for high-resolution surveys is suggested to be ‘moot’ and possibly ‘counterproductive.’ This implies that AUVs may not be the primary or entirely sufficient method for deep-sea exploration, thereby challenging the assertion that exploration is now solely conducted by AUVs without human involvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurveyNo educationPrimarySecondaryHigherBangladesh2014 DHS51 [48-53]55 [53-57]55 [54-57]54 [51-57]Bangladesh2011 DHS50 [48-52]52 [51-54]53 [51-54]54 [51-57]Burundi2016-17 DHS20 [19-22]*25 [23-27]*29 [26-32]22 [15-31]Burundi2010 DHS 14 [13-16]20 [18-22]34 [29-39]33 [23-46]Ethiopia2016 DHS31 [28-34]*39 [35-43]51 [45-56]51 [44-57]Ethiopia2011 DHS22 [19-24]34 [31-37]53 [46-61]57 [50-64]Haiti2016-17 DHS28 [25-31]33 [31-36]33 [31-36]27 [21-34]Haiti2012 DHS28 [25-31]32 [30-34]33 [31-36]31 [25-38]Malawi2015-16 DHS54 [51-56]*59 [58-60]*59 [56-61]*55 [49-62]Malawi2010 DHS 37 [35-40]42 [41-44]48 [46-51]49 [39-60]Nepal2016 DHS52 [49-54]42 [39-45]34 [32-37]33 [31-36]Nepal2011 DHS49 [46-52]41 [37-44]37 [34-40]35 [30-40]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 23 [22-25]29 [26-32]30 [28-33]30 [27-33]Pakistan2012-13 DHS22 [20-23]28 [25-32]27 [25-30]30 [27-34]Senegal2017 DHS22 [20-23]*34 [31-36]*31 [27-34]42 [33-51]Senegal2012 DHS12 [10-13]25 [21-28]27 [21-34]49 [30-68]Sierra Leone^/^^2017 MICS18 [18-20]*27 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a data table containing various educational statistics from different countries, and it does not provide any information regarding ancient civilizations or their written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: Further progress toward restoration of large-river fishes including razorback sucker requiresadditional flow, habitat, and nonnative fish management, and continued long-term support for conservation programs. (pages 317 - 334)This 22. Assisting Recovery: to Fishes of and Wetlands - Sean C. Lema, Jennifer M. Gumm, Olin G. Feuerbacher, Michael R. SchwemmDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0022[refuge;conservation;genetic drift;adaptation;extinction;wetland;desert;phenotype;endangered fishes]Endemic fishes of groundwater springs and wetlands in the deserts of southwestern have declined at an alarming rate over the past century. For some of the most imperiled species, conservation efforts to mitigate threats and protect against extinction include translocating fish to natural or constructed refuge environments. To be successful, however, refuges must support self-sustaining populations while maintaining phenotypic integrity and genetic diversity. And yet, even the best-designed refuges may leave populations vulnerable to local adaptation and genetic drift, which could lead to changes in phenotype or loss of genetic variation. Here, we examine the use of refuges as a conservation strategy to assist the recovery of spring and wetland fishes in the arid American Southwest. Several case studies illustrate the biological and evolutionary consequences of this approach and point to guiding principles for using refuges to help recover endangered fishes. With many desert fishes continuing to face threats from habitat dewatering, nonnative species, and an increasingly arid regional climate, how refuges are designed and implemented will be critical for long-term conservation. (pages 335 - 352)This 23. Restoration of in the Desert: in America - Anthony A. Echelle, Alice F. EchelleDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0023[conservation;restoration;American West;Oregon chub;Modoc sucker;chub;Gila topminnow;desert pupfish;Pecos gambusia]Aquatic conservation issues in deserts of the center on nonnative species, altered surface-flow dynamics, and overexploitation of inherently scarce water. Resulting levels of degradation are effectively irreversible except locally. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by highlighting the severe threats faced by aquatic species in desert environments due to degradation from habitat dewatering and altered flow dynamics, which are consequences of human activities such as deforestation. The mention of declining endemic fishes and the need for conservation efforts to mitigate these threats directly correlates with the idea that habitat loss, often driven by deforestation, contributes to species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of deep-sea exploration is now conducted entirely by AUVs, with no human intervention required. [SEP] Text: As such the scope of this study lends itself well to the thesis that “. . the future is embedded in the past; it is the projection of the past through the present” (Poli, 2010). This however implicitly infers complexity and significant uncertainty. Dynamic simulation is commonly used to analyze complex and uncertain problems, developing over time, and is therefore a useful approach for developing insight in such domains (Pruyt, 2007). The model is comprised of 5 sectors. (1) “” tracks the exploration of the seabed for minerals from unexplored area, through 3 levels of declining geographic area and increasing level of data-resolution confirming or disconfirming mineral deposits. The final step op the exploration process aggregates area with positive finds going through environmental impact assessments. Areas deemed without commercially viable mineral resources is aggregated in a stock of discarded area. The exploration process, and the flow of area through this process is governed by the sector (2) “”. Exploration technology includes the application of four different vessel configurations where regional surveys are executed with relatively small and low-cost vessels, performing seafloor surveys from hull-mounted or towed acoustic and magnetic sensors. These vessels cover large areas of seabed at relatively low cost – and at relatively low data resolution. Areas deemed interesting by exploration companies are then surveyed in greater detail. High-resolution surveys are executed from relatively large vessels where autonomous or remotely operated vehicles are operated close to the seabed. The cost of these operations is higher, as they involve advanced subsea equipment and large ships with considerable crew onboard and onshore support. The same category of ships is applied as offshore platform during coring operations and environmental impact assessments. Coring involves drilling into the seabed and retrieving geological core-samples of the seabed. This process is tedious, costly and covers a limited area per time unit, but it does however provide explorationists with high certainty, ground-truth, data of geological composition and mineralization. Environmental impact assessment involves documenting and assessing the possible environmental impact mining would have in areas with confirmed mineral deposits. The model prioritizes the use of these vessels first to environmental impact assessment, second to coring and third to high resolution surveys – to pass confirmed mineral deposits through to mining activities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various exploration technologies and methods used in deep-sea exploration, specifically highlighting that there are significant operations involving crewed vessels and remote-operated vehicles. The text states, 'the cost of these operations is higher, as they involve advanced subsea equipment and large ships with considerable crew onboard and onshore support,' which indicates that human intervention is still a critical aspect of current deep-sea exploration, thereby conflicting with the assertion that these activities are conducted entirely by AUVs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text:  [24-30]*32 [29-36] *Sierra Leone^^2011 MICS 7 [6-8]14 [12-17]23 [21-26]Uganda2016 DHS23 [20-26]*34 [33-36]*40 [38-43]43 [39-47]Uganda 2011 DHS 16 [13-19]25 [23-27]36 [33-40]45 [38-51]Zimbabwe2015 DHS49 [37-62]61 [57-64]68 [66-69]75 [70-80]Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS42 [34-51]53 [50-56]60 [58-62]67 [59-73] ^ No education includes some pre-primary education and ^^ secondary includes secondary and higher MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of references to demographic and health surveys from various countries and does not address the existence or absence of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: 0026[desert fishes;ecological ratchet;megadrought;wicked problems;extinction]Lineages of desert fishes that have persevered millions of years, through droughts exceeding any in the historical record, now collectively spiral toward extinction in the industrialized desert signaling the loss of functioning aquatic ecosystems. A century of large-scale water-resource development for agricultural and urban expansion has diminished these ecosystems to a point that exceeds prehistoric megadroughts, although the accompanying climate is relatively wet. Anthropogenic habitat degradation and introductions of nonnative species exacerbate ecological depreciation. Persistent impacts create an ecological ratchet that now elevates extinction risks for remnant populations. Full restoration of natural habitats may be impossible today, but preservation and rehabilitation of remnant ecosystems and their functions are critical. Collaborative approaches to reverse ratchet-like impacts could reduce extinction risks but need more public support and wider application. This is a wicked problem because resource managers face many limitations and require cooperation among numerous private and governmental organizations representing diverse values and priorities. Greater fusion of science, environmental ethics, and ecological economics could unveil common ground among stakeholders, which will be critical to forestall looming threats. (pages 407 - 418)This 2021. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of habitat degradation and anthropogenic influences on ecosystems, specifically highlighting how droughts and water resource development have led to the extinction risks for aquatic species. It emphasizes that the loss of functioning ecosystems and the introduction of nonnative species further accelerate these risks, aligning directly with the claim about deforestation and its consequences for habitat loss and species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of deep-sea exploration is now conducted entirely by AUVs, with no human intervention required. [SEP] Text: (3) “” is the sector in the model where ore is extracted from the seabed and the pace and magnitude of this activity is governed by the (4) “” sector. This model sector includes all logistics, vessels and subsea equipment involved in bringing ore from the seabed, through the water column to deck, and from there on to shore. The model does not include onshore processing or refinement of minerals. The (5) “” sector tracks spending and income for all technology sectors in the model. This sector is important in that it governs investment in equipment – the model is simulated with two different spending policies where a “Wait and see” policy will have substantial confirmed resources available before investing in more technology, while the “Anticipatory” policy will show more risk-seeking behavior where investments are made with less confirmed mineral ore on the seabed. the exploration process, the area considered interesting for further evaluation or impact assessment is governed by 4 stochastic parameters. This stochasticity is the reason for running 1000 simulations for every policy scenario and to provide the average of these simulation as the result – as stochasticity will generate a distribution of varying results, reflecting the uncertainty related to distribution of minerals on the seabed. The model is simulated with 3 different average mineral mix ore grade scenarios. These different scenarios are simulated to accommodate for the uncertainty in what average ore-grades will be proven for SMS deposits on the NCS. The three ore grade scenarios are the low scenario of 3 percent, the medium scenario of 4 percent and the high scenario of 5 percent. The mineral mix constitutes Copper, Zink, and Cobalt – the percentage indicated is the total percentage containing mineral mix in the entire ore body. The model employs a price matrix based on historic commodity prices for the different commercial minerals in the mineral mix, embedded in the “” sector of the model. techno-operational concepts are implemented in the model and examined. The three concepts identified as Policies A, B and C is introduced to the model by changing parameters embedded in the model structure in the “”, “” and “” model sectors. The three policies are further tested in all possible combinations. Policy A: Vessels (USVs) are ships or crafts able to operate without any personnel onboard. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that Policy A involves vessels (USVs), which operate without personnel but does not clarify that the majority of exploration is conducted only by AUVs. This implies that human intervention may still be present in the exploration process through the use of vessels and other technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Figure 4. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by education status between two surveys. AgeTable 5 provides MCP by age group for all the countries. When comparing changes in MCP in individual age groups between surveys, we found that any statistically significant MCP increases were consistent for both married women and all womeniv. When comparing MCP increase by age groups between two surveys, we found no significance for four countries: Bangladesh, Haiti, Nepal, and Pakistan; significance in some age groups for Burundi, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe; and significance in all age ranges for Malawi and Senegal. , all age groups (except 45–49) saw a statistically significant increase in MCP use. The age group 20–24 showed significance across three of the countries, Burundi, Malawi, and Senegal, while Ethiopia showed significance for 25–29 years old and 40–44 years old. In Zimbabwe, the only age groups not showing significant change were the youngest two groups: 15–19 and 20–24-year-olds. Table 5. Age groups by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it provides statistical data on modern contraceptive prevalence rates by age groups and education status, which is entirely unrelated to the claim about the documentation of ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -risk of narrowly distributed species of seed plants in Brazil due to habitat loss and climate change View 10. 7717/peerj. 7333 Published 2019-07-22 Accepted 2019-06-21 Received 2019-05-07 region, Plants, Adaptation, Policies, Global change Copyright © 2019 Silva et al. is an open access 2019. Extinction risk of narrowly distributed species of seed plants in Brazil due to habitat loss and climate change. PeerJ 7:e7333 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 2014. These scenarios correspond to immediate conservation action (scenario 1), long-term conservation action (scenario 2), and no conservation action (scenario 3). In each scenario, areas with microendemics were classified into four classes: (1) areas with low risk, (2) areas threatened by habitat loss, (3) areas threatened by climate change, and (4) areas threatened by climate change and habitat loss. We found 2,354 microendemic species of seed plants in 776 areas that altogether cover 17. 5% of Brazil. Almost 70% (1,597) of these species are projected to be under high extinction risk by the end of the century due to habitat loss, climate change, or both, assuming that these areas will not lose habitat in the future due to land use. However, if habitat loss in these areas continues at the prevailing annual rates, the number of threatened species is projected to increase to more than 85% (2,054). The importance of climate change and habitat loss as drivers of species extinction varies across phytogeographic domains, and this variation requires the adoption of retrospective and prospective conservation strategies that are context specific. We suggest that tropical countries, such as Brazil, should integrate biodiversity conservation and climate change policies (both mitigation and adaptation) to achieve win-win social and environmental gains while halting species extinction. a world where environmental changes occur faster than ever due to the expansion of human activities across all the continents (Ellis et al. , 2010), the extinction of thousands of species is projected (Lovejoy, 2017). Despite the unfavorable prospect, extinctions can still be avoided (Pimm et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how habitat loss, associated with climate change and land use activities, poses a significant threat to species. It highlights that 'almost 70% (1,597) of these species are projected to be under high extinction risk by the end of the century due to habitat loss, climate change, or both.' This clearly supports the assertion that deforestation leads to habitat loss which is a direct contributor to species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of deep-sea exploration is now conducted entirely by AUVs, with no human intervention required. [SEP] Text: USVs can be either remotly operated via data-link, pre-programmed or autnomous. USVs can carry any number of sensors or instruments – and be used for a wide arrange of purposes (Rumson, 2021; Zhang et al. , 2019). In the context of this study, USVs are imagined as a replacement for survey vessels employed in regional survey of deep-sea mineral prospecting. In this context USVs would be equipped with ecco-sounders, side-scan sonars and various other sensors. The great impact of replacing a survey vessel with a USV is that the removal of all personnel offshore – and the logistics involved maintaining crews offshore. Removing all offshore crews further affords significant risk mitigation and allows for elongated operating seasons in arctic waters (Rumson, 2021). The USV is henceforth significantly less costly to build operate, and it can operate for a longer period of the year and thereby be more productive. There are several companies involved in developing USV technology for this purpose including (Kongsberg Maritime, 2022), ECA Group (ECA Group, 2022), Fugro (Fugro, 2022), Sea-Kit (Sea-Kit, 2022) and Ocean Infinity/Armada (Ocean Infinity, 2022). These companies unanimosly boasts of increased operating windows and fractional cost relative to crewed offshore operations – and there is little reason to doubt that this is indeed the case as remote operations of smaller unmanned crafts and vessels necicarily must be more cost effective then the conventional alternative. This concept is identified in this study as “Policy A”, please refer to Table 1 for policy implementation in simulation runs. Policy B: Fleet operation of Viechles (FAUV) is a technological and operational concept where multiple AUVs are launched and operated from a single manned surface vessel. Several companies is and have been advancing this concept most notably and Argeo (Argeo, 2022; Ocean Infinity, 2022). This concept significantly increases the seabed survey footprint of a single surface vessel, with marginal increases in vessel crews. The increased efficiency is made possible by advanced robotics, and autonomous technology and has been under development for more then two decades (Sousa, Cruz, Matos, & Lobo Pereira, 1997; Wang, Cai, Lu, Ding, & Yang, 2021). Fleet AUV technology concept has yet to become commercially widespread and several projects have been completed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles) exist and are being developed, the operation of deep-sea exploration is still significantly reliant on surface vessels, as demonstrated by the mention of using USVs (Unmanned Surface Vessels) and the concept of 'Fleet operation of Vehicles (FAUV)', which indicates a collaborative approach where multiple AUVs operate from a manned surface vessel. This implies human intervention is still present in the exploration process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurvey15–1920–2425–2930–3435–3940–4445–49TotalBangladesh2014 DHS46 [43–48]54 [51–56]60 [58–62]62 [60–64]56 [54–59]41 [38–43]21 [19–24]51 [50–52]Bangladesh2011 DHS41 [39–44]52 [50–54]58 [56–60]58 [56–60]53 [50–55]41 [39–44]25 [23–28]49 [48–50]Burundi2016–17 DHS3 [2–3]15 [14–17]* 20 [19–22]22 [20–24]21 [19–23]16 [14–19]10 [8–12]15 [14–15]*Burundi2012 DHS 1 [1–2]12 [10–14] 18 [16–20]18 [15–21]16 [14–19]12 [10–14]7 [5–10]11 [10–12]Ethiopia2016 DHS7 [6–9]26 [23–29]35 [32–38]*35 [31–38]29 [26–33]28 [24–32]*16 [13–21]25 [23–27]*Ethiopia2011 DHS5 [4–6]22 [19–25]26 [23–28]28 [25–31]26 [23–29]19 [15–23]10 [8–13]19 [17–20]Haiti2016–17 DHS8 [7–9]25 [23–27]31 [29–34]30 [27–33]29 [26–32]24 [21–27]13 [11–15]22 [21–23]Haiti2012 DHS8 [7–10]23 [21–26]31 [29–34]31 [28–34]28 [24–31]22 [20–25]14 [11–16]22 [20–23]Malawi2015–16 DHS15 [14–17]*46 [44–48]*57 [54–59]*60 [58–62]*59 [57–62]*53 [ [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a series of unspecified statistical data or survey results that do not appear to address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: Therefore, studies that identify extinction risks for diverse groups of organisms are relevant and raise public awareness about the importance of conserving species and their habitats as well as trigger policies and public investment required to tackle the problem (Lovejoy, 2017). Extinction risks can be projected by evaluating species’ attributes and the quality of the environment where they live. Among species’ attributes, range size has been regarded as an important predictor of extinction risk (Pimm et al. , 2014). In general, narrowly distributed species have small populations and, consequently, are also more susceptible to genetic drift and inbreeding, which cause the loss of genetic variability and fitness (Hobohm, 2013). They also have narrower habitat tolerance (Kruckeberg & Rabinowitz, 1985; Wamelink, Goedhart & Frissel, 2014) and are more sensitive to disturbances (Lozada et al. , 2008), which make their survival highly dependent on habitat integrity (Gaston & Blackburn, 2000; Wulff et al. , 2013; Caesar, Grandcolas & Pellens, 2017). Restricted-range species are not distributed evenly across continents. Instead, they are clustered around some specific areas (Kruckeberg & Rabinowitz, 1985; Pimm et al. , 2014; Caesar, Grandcolas & Pellens, 2017). Such areas are unique (Crother & Murray, 2011) and, from a conservation perspective, are irreplaceable and consequently top priorities for conservation actions (Pressey, Johnson & Wilson, 1994). Species have narrow distributions either because they originated in small areas and have not expanded since then or because their ranges contracted in response to past environmental changes (Hobohm, 2013). Hence, areas with such endemics, besides high conservation value, are also relevant from an evolutionary perspective because they are both centers of origin for young species (cradles) and centers of survival for old species (museums) (Kier et al. , 2009). Narrowly distributed species are found across all taxonomic groups, but they are more common among plants. Indeed, the smallest ranges of vascular plants are much smaller than the smallest ranges of birds and mammals (Brown, Stevens & Kaufman, 1996), possibly because plants are limited by edaphic factors (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing extinction risks for organisms and emphasizing the importance of conserving species and their habitats. It highlights that narrowly distributed species are more vulnerable to extinction due to their reliance on habitat integrity, which is directly impacted by deforestation. This connection underscores how loss of habitat leads to species extinction, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of deep-sea exploration is now conducted entirely by AUVs, with no human intervention required. [SEP] Text: The build cost (CAPEX) and operational cost is also significantly reduced. is modifying the yearly rate for high resolution survey as there is a cost impact for mobilizing and operating 8 AUVs. The survey footprint, or swath, is also increased by a magnitude of eight, aligned with the operational configuration of Ocean Infinity’s MH360 search operation (Ocean Infinity, 2018). Thus, still utilize vessels from the vessel pool included in the model, yet at a different cost. is implemented by increasing the operational cost of the coring ship – as there will be a cost impact of mobilizing GS in addition to coring equipment. The area covered by coring is increased tenfold. This increase in efficiency is aligned with expectations expressed by interviewed stakeholders engaged with such techno-operational concepts. As mentioned above, GS is expected to be operated simultaneously to conventional coring, and geophysical samples will be correlated and calibrated to physical cores retreived and qualify a larger area with interpolated prospectivity analysis in between cores, based on GS samples. This will significantly increase the footprint covered by a coring campaign. B, still utilize vessels from the vessel pool included in the model, yet at a different cost. The model is simulated with the same stochastic parameters, ore-grade scenarios and investment policies as in the original model as described above. Each new policy is tested on top of original model configurations seperately, and in all possible combinations. This renders the following simulation matrix for innovation policy baseline results: Table 2 Matrix – 42 different simulation configurations run across 1000 simulations each. ore grade of mineral mix Average ore grade of mineral mix “Wait and See” “Anticipatory “ 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 + B 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 + C 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 + C 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 + B + C 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 3 0. 4 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the extent of deep-sea exploration being conducted solely by AUVs without human intervention. Instead, it discusses operational costs, survey efficiency, and modeling related to AUV deployment, which does not specifically support or contrast with the claim about the majority of exploration being autonomous.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 50–56]*43 [40–47]*45 [44–46]*Malawi2010 DHS 9 [8–10]33 [31–35]42 [40–44]42 [40–45]44 [42–47]40 [37–43]33 [30–36]33 [32–34]Nepal2016 DHS4 [3–5]18 [16–20]34 [31–37]46 [42–49]56 [53–59]55 [52–58]52 [48–56]33 [32–35]Nepal2011 DHS4 [3–5]18 [16–21]36 [33–40]50 [47–54]57 [54–61]56 [53–60]44 [40–49]33 [32–35]Pakistan2017–18 DHS 6 [4–9]13 [11–16]21 [18–23]29 [27–32]31 [29–34]34 [31–37]24 [22–29]24 [23–26]Pakistan2012–13 DHS7 [4–10]15 [13–17]21 [19–23]31 [28–34]35 [32–38]31 [27–34]24 [21–27]25 [24–26]Senegal2017 DHS3 [2–3]*14 [12–15]*23 [21–25]*29 [26–31]*31 [28–35]*29 [26–32]*21 [18–24]*19 [18–20]*Senegal2012 DHS1 [1–2]8 [7–10]16 [14–19] 16 [13–20] 22 [18–27] 18 [14–23] 9 [6–12] 11 [10–13] 2016 MICS 20 [19–22]*33 [31–36]*31 [28–33]*28 [26–30]*25 [23–27]*19 [17–21]*11 [9–13]26 [24–27]*Sierra Leone2010 MICS5 [3–7]9 [7–11]9 [7–11]12 [10–14]14 [12–16]11 [9–14]7 [5–10 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a series of numerical data points and does not provide information about ancient civilizations or their written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: , chemical, physical, and biological properties of soils), microclimate, and dispersal modes (Kruckeberg & Rabinowitz, 1985; Major, 1988). Plants are the basis upon which all other life depends. Yet, the number of plant species that have a high extinction risk is unknown. To date, from the estimated 386,000 species of plants (not including algae; List: only 28,114 (7. 3%) have been evaluated by (IUCN, 2019). Among these species, 47. 7% are threatened (i. e. , they have been classified as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered) and 0. 5% are extinct or extinct in wild (IUCN, 2019), but these numbers have been questioned. For instance, an assessment of a randomly selected sample of species indicated that the proportion of threatened plant species is around 20% (Brummitt et al. , 2015) while other study estimated that the number of extinct species is more than four times the one estimated by (Humphries et al. , 2019). In general, IUCN’s analyses show that habitat loss is the most critical factor endangering plant species everywhere, but the impact of climate change has possibly been underestimated (Loarie et al. , 2008; Wiens, 2016; Fadrique et al. , 2018). Global change scenarios project that habitat loss and climate change will be intensified until the end of the century and that, together, they have the potential to drive thousands of species to extinction (Pimm, 2008; Oliver & Morecroft, 2014). Nevertheless, studies on plant extinction risks assessing both factors together remain scarce (Zhang et al. , 2017). Projections based on species distribution models usually require a large number of localities to produce meaningful results (Araújo & New, 2007). Consequently, extinction risks of narrowly distributed species, which are known from only a few localities, remain unchecked (Zhang et al. , 2017). In this paper, we evaluate the extinction risk of narrowly distributed species of seed plants in Brazil due to habitat loss and climate change. Brazil is a good case study to apply this analytical approach because the country shelters the world’s richest flora (Forzza et al. , 2012), with 33,271 species of seed plants (Flora do Brasil 2020: and has a vast territory encompassing distinctive ecological regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that habitat loss is the most critical factor endangering plant species, and it projects that habitat loss will be intensified due to global change, potentially driving thousands of species to extinction. This directly supports the claim that deforestation contributes to habitat loss and thus species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of deep-sea exploration is now conducted entirely by AUVs, with no human intervention required. [SEP] Text: It appears that the efficiency of high-resolution surveys does not affect model behavior to any notable extent and neither does the cost of this step in the exploration process. Policy AnalysisThere is room for innovation and development in the exploration processes for deep-sea SMS deposits on the Shelf. The simulation results clearly identify that successful development of geophysical sampling tecno-operational concepts will have a significant impact on the profitability of this emerging industry on an aggregated level. results indicate that at the high (5 percent) ore grade, under the “Anticipatory” investment scenario – a geophysical sampling technology, applied to enhance the footprint of conventional coring may produce about 250 percent improvement of NPV. Sensitivity analysis furthermore shows that by scaling up the area confirmed or disconfirmed by GS enhanced coring by 82. 5 percent will render a positive NPV also in the low ore grade (3 percent) and risk adverse (“Wait and See”) policy scenario. The sensitivity analysis furthermore demonstrate that increased cost associated with geophysical sampling is of less importance. This is a significant finding for a budding industry – as it suggests a distinct focus for research and development, and furthermore indicate that considerable budgets for developing and scaling up such techno-operational concepts may be beneficial as the resulting operational cost efficiency may be significant. The results also demonstrate that developing and scaling up fleet AUV techno-operational concepts may not be of much value in terms of the aggregated profitability of the industry over time. The sensitivity analysis furthermore indicates that neither the cost, nor the actual efficiency of FAUV is of considerable importance to the deep-sea SMS exploration and extraction industry on the NCS. This is also an interesting find, as this is a techno-operational concept currently receiving much attention, and indeed investment in the subsea industry (Argeo, 2022; Ocean Infinity, 2022). There may be several reasons for this, but it is likely to be related to the ship utilization – and size of areas expected to require high resolution surveys. By the time the exploration process moves into high-resolution surveys, the area of interest is already dramatically reduced by earlier survey initiatives. As such – increasing the footprint on the seabed by adding several AUVs may not offer much benefit as the conventional footprint in the original model is already sufficient – and indeed rather efficient as it is. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the development of fleet AUV techno-operational concepts may not significantly benefit the aggregated profitability of the deep-sea exploration and extraction industry. Specifically, it states that 'developing and scaling up fleet AUV techno-operational concepts may not be of much value' and emphasizes that the efficiency of various sampling technologies, including AUVs, is of 'less importance' to the industry. This suggests that AUVs are not solely responsible for deep-sea exploration, contradicting the claim of their majority role without human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: ]10 [9–11]Uganda2016 DHS9 [8–11]*28 [26–30]*37 [35–40]*37 [34–39]*36 [34–39]*34 [31–37]*19 [17–22]27 [27–28]*Uganda2011 DHS 6 [5–7]20 [18–22]28 [25–31]30 [27–34]30 [27–34]27 [23–31]14 [11–18]21 [20–22]Zimbabwe2015 DHS12 [11–14]49 [46–52]62 [59–65]*66 [64–68]*64 [61–67]*56 [53–60]*42 [37–47]*48 [47–49]*Zimbabwe2010–11 DHS10 [9–12]44 [41–47]55 [52–58]55 [52–58]52 [49–55]45 [41–50]31 [28–35]41 [39–42] This table represents an all women sample and an ever-married women sample in Pakistan and Bangladesh. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a sampling framework from demographic health surveys in Uganda and Zimbabwe, specifically focusing on women’s samples rather than addressing the existence or nature of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: Materials & of areas with microendemics We evaluated the distribution of 3,272 species of seed plants that are endemic to Brazil with a range smaller than 10,000 km2. This list of species was primarily based on the country’s catalogue of rare plant species in Brazil (Giulietti et al. , 2009). To complement and update it, we assessed the range of virtually all species of seed plants (except the orchids) that have been described as endemic to Brazil since 2008 according to the (www. ipni. org) and checked their taxonomy and distribution with information available on the Flora of Brazil 2020 website ( as well as their categories according to the official List of threatened plants published by the (of the Environment, 2014). We did not assess Orchidaceae (350 species) because a preliminary evaluation showed that original publications or accurate data of occurrence were not available for many species of the family, and 40% of them were not yet on the Flora of Brazil 2020 list. The records of all 3,272 species were georeferenced and validated by checking locations with topographic maps and gazetteers. Imprecise locality data were discarded, and the species’ ranges were corrected as necessary. We intersected the localities of the restricted-range species with the fifth-order watersheds mapped at a scale of 1:250,000 by the Brazilian government ( (Fig. S1) and excluded 918 species that were distributed in more than one watershed. Because we excluded species found in two or more watersheds, our method differs from the one used by Giulietti et al. (2009) to identify key biodiversity areas for rare plant species in Brazil. Watersheds with at least one species restricted to them were treated as areas with microendemics. We used these watersheds as operational geographic units because we are interested in identifying small (median size =189. 3 km2) natural areas in Brazil with narrowly distributed species (microendemics) of seed plants. This strategy allows us to assess the extinction risk of species that are more vulnerable to habitat loss and climate change in distinct areas and that can be, from a legal viewpoint, used for conservation planning purposes (Galvão & Meneses, 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the assessment of the extinction risk of species that are vulnerable to habitat loss and climate change. It highlights the importance of identifying areas with narrowly distributed species (microendemics) in Brazil, which are directly related to habitat loss, thereby supporting the idea that deforestation impacts species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of deep-sea exploration is now conducted entirely by AUVs, with no human intervention required. [SEP] Text: The introduction of Vessels for regional survey is likely to have a positive effect on aggregated NPV, although the impact is largely marginal. This can be directly related to regional survey already being relatively cost-efficient in comparison with the other stages of the exploration process. It should however be noted – that removing conventional regional survey vessels is likely to have a positive impact on risk to personnel, and to emissions to the environment while operating in the arctic, as the USVs will not be crewed – and will consume considerably less fuel (Rumson, 2021). On the other hand, removing crews will have negative effect on the employment rates in the subsea industry. Neither of these two effects are considered by this study as they lie beyond the model boundaries. The policy combination that generates the highest NPV is + C. This policy combination generates a net present value of 6. 46 billion USD in the high ore grade, “Anticipatory” scenario, and an NPV of 1. 61 billion USD in the low ore grade, “Wait and Sea” scenario. These are considerable improvements to the 2. 53 billion USD and − 0. 98 billion USD results produced by the original model and as such indicate a considerable innovation space for these two techno-operational concepts within the realm of SMS mining on the NCS. It is simultaneously interesting to note that + B + C generates a NPV 760 million USD below + C in the high ore grade (5 percent), and “Anticipatory” scenario – while it demonstrates a 40 million lower NPV in the low ore grade (3 percent) and risk-adverse scenario (“Wait and See”). Similarly, + C, overall performs poorer in terms of NPV then does alone. Furthermore, + B renders lower NPV across all scenarios then does alone. It appears that focusing on development and scaling up of fleet operated AUVs is not only moot, but counterproductive for the aggregated deep-sea SMS industry on the Norwegian continental shelf. This is also a significant finding – as it informs stakeholders developing new techno-operational concepts within this emerging industrial segment in which concepts to allocate a low priority or to avoid all together. ConclusionThis study has explored the possible impact of three emerging techno-operational concepts within subsea and sub-seabed survey as these applies to the nascent SMS industry on the Norwegian continental shelf. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that focusing on the development and scaling up of fleet operated AUVs is described as 'moot' and 'counterproductive' for the aggregated deep-sea SMS industry. This suggests that the reliance on AUVs for deep-sea exploration is not predominant, thus refuting the idea that the majority of exploration is now conducted without human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address or comment on the existence of written records from ancient civilizations. It instead mentions terms related to modern contraceptive prevalence and demographic surveys, which have no connection to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: We estimated the proportion of habitat loss in each area with microendemics by intersecting the map of these areas with Brazil’s official land cover map for 2000 and 2014, produced by IBGE at a 1:250,000 scale (IBGE, 2017) (Fig. S1). In these maps, 14 land cover categories were identified: (1) artificial areas, (2) croplands, (3) pasturelands, (4) mosaics of cropland with forest, (5) silviculture, (6) forests, (7) mosaics of forest with cropland, (8) grasslands, (9) wetlands, (10) natural pasturelands, (11) mosaics of cropland with grassland, (12) continental lakes, (13) coastal lakes, and (14) natural exposed rock and soil. We considered as habitat loss all land-cover categories except forests, grasslands, natural pasturelands, wetlands, lakes, and natural exposed rock and soil. We estimated the proportion of habitat loss in each area with microendemics between 2000 and 2014 and used the average annual rate of habitat loss between 2000 and 2014 of each area to project three land-use scenarios that represent immediate conservation action (scenario 1), long-term conservation action (scenario 2), and no conservation action (scenario 3). Scenario 1 assumes that natural vegetation remnants detected in 2014 are protected until the end of the century. Scenario 2 assumes that the current annual rates of habitat loss will not change until 2050, when all the remaining natural ecosystems will then be fully protected until 2100. Scenario 3 assumes that the current rates of habitat loss in each area with microendemics will continue until 2100 with no conservation action. In each scenario, we classified the areas with microendemics into three equal categories of habitat loss: low (≤0. 33), medium (>0. 33 and <0. 66), and high (≥0. 66). Combining habitat loss and climate change to estimate extinction risk We created a matrix that combines the categories of climate change and habitat loss (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing habitat loss as a consequence of the identified land cover changes in Brazil. It emphasizes the impact of habitat loss on areas with microendemics, suggesting that ongoing habitat loss will have implications for conservation and species extinction risk, thereby supporting the idea that deforestation contributes to habitat loss and ultimately species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of deep-sea exploration is now conducted entirely by AUVs, with no human intervention required. [SEP] Text: These concepts are unmanned surface vessels for regional surveys, fleet operation of AUVs for high resolution surveys, and geophysical sampling in conjunction with geological core samples for resource evaluation of mineral deposits. There are significant possible gains available in the techno-operational innovation space within SMS exploration on the Norwegian continental shelf. Most predominantly stands the development of geophysical methodology that enhances the area covered and qualified, or disqualified, by geological core sampling. The cost of this process is of less significance – the cost of the combination of coring and geophysical sampling can be increased by about nine times and still yield profits in a low ore grade and risk adverse investment scenario. By only increasing the area covered by a coring and geophysical campaign by 82 percent relative to the baseline scenarios produced by the original model – profits may be generated. This appears amply possible within the offshore industries. Gains are also likely by the introduction of unmanned surface vessels for regional surveys – but these gains are less significant. The most profitable endeavor is to develop both USVs for regional surveys and geophysical sampling. Simultaneously, the emergence of fleet operated AUVs is of less benefit to the SMS mining industry on the NCS. In fact – not only does this concept appear to be pointless, but it is also counterproductive as it may reduce the aggregated net present value of the industry. These findings are of value to an emerging industry, currently placing their bets on techno-operational concepts and gearing up for a possible opening of the Norwegian continental shelf (Energi24. no, 2021; Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, 2022a). 433. Argeo. (2022). Marine Minerals. 10, 2022, from Bang, R. N. , & Trellevik, L. -K. (2022). Perspectives on exploration and extraction of seafloor massive sulfide deposits in Norwegian waters. Economics. Biswas, A. (2018). Inversion of amplitude from the 2-D analytic signal of self-potential anomalies. (24. no. (2021, January 12). Er mineraler på sokkelen den nye oljen? Retrieved from Forrester, J. W. (1980). Information sources for modeling the national economy. Journal of the Association, 75(371), 555–566. Fugro. (2022). . 9, 2022, from Holtedahl, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles) are mentioned, their effectiveness is downplayed as the emergence of fleet operated AUVs is deemed less beneficial to the SMS (seafloor massive sulfide) mining industry. Additionally, it suggests that unmanned surface vessels (USVs) and geophysical sampling combined are more profitable and that fleet-operated AUVs may even reduce the overall value of the industry. This implies that deep-sea exploration is not solely reliant on AUVs without human intervention, contradicting the claim.