Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The former includes acidifiers such as acetic acid, lactic acid and citric acid and antimicrobials such as benzoic acid and benzoates, propionate, nitrites and nitrates, sorbic acid and sorbates and sulfites. The latter includes compounds from microbial, plant and animal sources that are, for the most part, only proposed for use in foods as antimicrobials (e. g. lactoferrin, lysozyme, nisin). Throughout the ages, food antimicrobials have been used primarily to prolong shelf-life and preserve quality of foods through inhibition of spoilage microorganisms, while only few are used exclusively to control the growth of specific foodborne pathogens (e. g. nitrite, used for hundreds of years to inhibit growth and toxin production of Clostridium botulinum in cured meats). In food formulation antimicrobials are part of a multiple intervention system that involves the chemical along with environmental (extrinsic) and food related (intrinsic) stresses and processing steps. Some of these substances (for example lactic acid and citric acid) provoke a direct acidification of a food or food ingredient, and therefore challenge the microflora inducing and increase of acid resistance of the microflora itself. In fermented food the situation can be somewhat different, because the pH is gradually lowered by LAB creating a pH gradient, more likely than a sharp alteration in the pH due to direct acidification. A good model describing the shock related to the inoculum of LAB in the raw complex material has been described during the production of fermented sausages [85]. The relatively high pH of raw meat rapidly decreases during the initial fermentation phase because organic acids, mainly lactate, are formed by LAB and the water activity is reduced during ripening, because of the addition of salt as well as drying. Furthermore, adjuvants, such as potassium or sodium nitrite and/or nitrate, are mostly added to optimize the fermentation process. Generally strains used as starter cultures must tolerate these kinds of stresses and exhibit a high ecologic performance in the stressful food environment. Genes related to stress response are induced when L. sakei is inoculated in the raw meat system [86]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fermented foods. It explains that LAB contribute to the fermentation process by producing organic acids, primarily lactate, which acidify the food and create a pH gradient. This gradual decrease in pH is essential for the fermentation, as it influences the microflora and ensures the safety and quality of the final product. The mention of LAB's ability to tolerate environmental stresses further emphasizes their importance in fermentation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species can adapt to climate change without issue. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry will need to adapt to these changes to grow sustainably. The team’s research will help enable the industry to recognise, and prepare for, the effects of warming and hypoxic coastal waters caused by climate change. A few members of Dr Gamperl’s team. Insights into A similar species to salmon – the Arctic char – is an economically and culturally important fish for northern aboriginal peoples. This species is also making an increasingly important contribution to aquaculture in Canada and Europe. However, many experts are concerned about the ability of this species to tolerate rising temperatures. Dr Gamperl’s team has provided key insights into why Atlantic salmon are more tolerant of high water temperatures than Arctic char, and why char populations are especially vulnerable to climate change. Cardiac performance, such as maximum heart rate and pumping capacity, are lower in char than salmon, and these differences in cardiac performance may make it more difficult for char to tolerate warmer temperatures. Impaired cardiac performance in fish can negatively impact swimming, foraging and migration, and ultimately reduce survival. To better understand how the fish heart responds to high temperatures, the team also studied the function of mitochondria in the heart muscle cells of salmon. Mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells, are present in large numbers and are required to meet the high energy demands of the beating heart. In their study, the researchers acclimatised one group of salmon to a temperature of 12°C and a second group to 20°C. They found that salmon that had been acclimatised to the warmer temperature had improved mitochondrial function when they were exposed to higher temperatures of up to 26°C. Further, they report that less efficient mitochondrial and heart function likely contribute to the reduced heat tolerance of char. These fascinating insights into heart and mitochondrial function enhance our understanding of how salmonids, including salmon, trout and Arctic char, will respond to climate change. Dr Gamperl’s research will undoubtedly aid in the development of improved regulations and conservation measures to protect Arctic char. Sablefish. : Campbell (GESF) A Work in Gamperl team’s future plans include using an integrative approach to examine how maximum oxygen consumption, heart function and blood oxygen transport differ between marine fish species and how these physiological characteristics allow them to acclimatise to their environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the vulnerability of certain species, specifically Arctic char, to climate change. It mentions that experts are concerned about their ability to tolerate rising temperatures and provides evidence of impaired cardiac performance in char compared to more tolerant Atlantic salmon. This indicates that not all species can adapt to climate change easily, as some, like Arctic char, have specific physiological constraints that limit their adaptability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Απομονώθηκαν 15 στελέχη συμβιωτικών κυανοβακτηρίων, τα οποία σχημάτιζαν νέους κλάδους εντός των Τάξεων Synechococcales και Pleurocapsales. Προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί η νέα ποικιλότητα των κυανοβακτηρίων που απομονώθηκαν από σπόγγους, πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα για τον πολυφασικό χαρακτηρισμό τους (αναλύσεις μοριακών, μορφολογικών, και οικολογικών δεδομένων) σύμφωνα με τις σύγχρονες απόψεις στην ταξινόμηση των κυανοβακτηρίων. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes the isolation and classification of symbiotic cyanobacteria but does not provide any direct evidence or discussion regarding how these relationships influence health. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim about health implications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: In fact, ctsR, a gene that coded for a class III heat shock proteins repressor associated with the environmental stress response of Gram positive bacteria, increased its expression when L. sakei starts to adapt to the raw environment. This mechanism demonstrated that the sudden changes in the environment conditions are perceived as stress by Lactobacillus species. In particular, in the case of L. sakei, added to raw meat and spices, the principal stress response regarded high osmolarity and temperature shifts. Moreover, the presence of curing salt is regarded as one of the major hurdles in the initial phase of sausages fermentation. Because nitrite was found to be the effective for growth inhibition of pathogens, nitrite was also hypothesized as a stressor for L. sakei [85] and the exposure of this strain to stresses can induce changes in metabolic activities in a food environment [4]. The metabolic changes in L. sakei resulted in enhanced exploitation of available nutrients or increased activity of glycolytic enzymes, leading to the accelerated production of lactic acid by stress-treated L. sakei cells [85]. However, the exposition of L. sakei to low temperature and high osmolarity gives rise to the repression of phosphofructokinase and consequently to a decreased flux through the glycolytic pathway [87]. Moreover, it is important to consider that some ingredients can be also antimicrobials because of their own characteristics: in fact, if the recipe includes herbs and spices (aromatic plants, pepper), garlic and onions, an effect on microorganisms can be exerted by specific compounds characterizing these products, such as essential oils, terpenes and sulfur compounds [88]. Another essential aspect affecting the performances and metabolism of LAB are the intrinsic characteristics of raw materials that sometimes act in a synergic way with other ingredients. Considering for example fermented vegetables, the microflora of the starting fresh vegetables is typically dominated by Gram negative aerobic bacteria and yeasts, while LAB make up a minor portion of the initial population [89] and therefore they would not be able to start and lead a fermentation process. However, if anaerobic conditions are settled and salts are added, LAB can have a competitive advantage and induce spontaneous lactic acid fermentation. The growth of specific LAB is dependent on the chemical (substrate, salt concentration, pH) and physical (vegetable type, temperature) environments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that lactic acid bacteria (LAB), particularly Lactobacillus sakei (L. sakei), can induce spontaneous lactic acid fermentation under anaerobic conditions and in the presence of certain salts. It emphasizes that while LAB may initially make up a minor portion of the microbial population, they can dominate when conditions are right, thus highlighting their crucial role in fermentation processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species can adapt to climate change without issue. [SEP] Text: They will continue to study the physiology of fish with the goal of understanding how evolution has shaped the physiological systems of fish and whether fish are likely to adapt to the effects of climate change. Collaboration across all sectors will continue to be critical in tackling the many challenges that climate change poses to both farmed and wild fish populations. Dr Gamperl’s innovative research into fish physiology and biology has raised many new and exciting questions, and will continue to have important implications for fish conservation and ensuring global food security in the face of climate change. Short on time? watch this animation E-book Video-book the researcher GamperlDepartment of Ocean Sciencesof Newfoundland and LabradorSt. John’s, Newfoundland and Labradorearned his PhD in Biology at Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, in 1994. He was an of Biology at University before moving to of Newfoundland and Labrador, where he is now a Professor in the Department of Ocean Sciences. Here, he is also the of the Centre. Dr Gamperl’s integrative research program focuses on understanding how environmental and physiological variables interact to affect fish biology. His internationally recognised research has led to over 125 publications in peer-reviewed journals and over 35 research grants. In addition to his research, he teaches courses in fish biology, animal physiology and aquaculture, and supervises many graduate and undergraduate students, post-doctoral researchers and research assistants. : kgamperl@mun. ca W: of Doug Syme, University of Santander, of Newfoundland and of of of Newfoundland and. salmon (Salmo salar) cage-site distribution, behaviour and physiology during a Newfoundland heat wave, Frontiers in Physiology, 2021. DOI: 10. 3389/fphys. 2021. 719594 effects on the contractile performance and efficiency of oxidative muscle from a eurythermal vs. a stenothermal salmonid, Journal of Experimental Biology, 2021, 224, jeb242487. DOI: 10. 1242/jeb. 242487 salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined, G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics (Bethesda), 2021, Apr 7. DOI: 10. 1093/g3journal/jkab102. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for ongoing study of fish physiology to understand their potential adaptation to climate change. It indicates that adaptation is not guaranteed, as it discusses the challenges and uncertainties regarding how fish populations may respond to climate change. The phrase 'whether fish are likely to adapt' suggests that there are indeed significant concerns around their ability to adapt without issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Η ανάλυση των παραπάνω δεδομένων οδήγησε στην περιγραφή έξι νέων γενών (Leptothoe, Rhodoploca, Cymatolege, Metis, Aegeococcus και Thalassoporum) και 10 νέων ειδών (Le. sithoniana, Le. spongobia, Le. kymatousa, R. sivoneniae, C. spiroidea, C. isodiametrica, M. fasciculata, A. anagnostidisii, A. thuretii, T. komarekii) εντός της τάξης Synechococcales, καθώς και ενός νέου είδους εντός της τάξης Pleurocapsales (Xenococcus spongiosum). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding symbiotic relationships in microbiomes or their influence on health. Instead, it describes the analysis of data that led to the identification of new genera and species within specific microbial classes, which is irrelevant to the claim's focus on health-related impacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: As the environments change during fermentation, so can the dominant organisms, often leading to a specific and reproducible succession of bacteria. In sauerkraut [89, 90] the presence of 1. 8-2. 2% of NaCl and a temperature of 18°C inhibits many strains of LAB, with the exception of Leuconostoc mesenteroides that initiates the fermentation; however this species is sensitive to acid conditions, so after a few days, when the concentration of lactic acid increases, L. mesenteroides is replaced by more acid resistant LAB such as Lactobacillus brevis and L. plantarum, able to further lower the pH up to 3-3. 5, stabilizing the final product. Considering olives fermentation is possible to outline the characteristics of the product affecting LAB: while the brine provides a good environment for LAB growth, with glucose, fructose and mannitol as the main source of fermentable sugars, the presence of high levels phenols (such as oleuropein) exert an antimicrobial activity, inhibiting some strains and selecting the types of organisms that predominate during the fermentation [91-93]. These LAB have to be resistant not only to phenols, but also to lye treatments and water washes, that can be performed during the processing and increase the initial pH, reducing also the nutrients content on the olive surface. The species able to face these kind of stresses usually belong to the genera Pediococcus, Leuconostoc and Lactococcus; after the first stage of fermentation, when the pH reaches 6, L. plantarum rapidly grows and dominate the fermentation, that goes on until the fermentable sugars are depleted. The viability and vigor of L. plantarum can be encouraged also by yeasts that are still present in this stage of fermentation and can produce vitamins [94]. Moreover, the presence of some gases can modify the growth performances of LAB. That is also influenced by the mixing step of the ingredients in some food processes (e. g. dough mixing). In fact, in bread making process, the continuous agitation of the dough can increase the microbes exposure to oxygen, and this can be a source of oxidative stress, mainly for LAB that are usually anaerobic or facultative anaerobic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in various fermentation processes. It explains how specific strains, such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum, are crucial during the fermentation stages of sauerkraut and olives. The dominance and replacement of LAB due to acid conditions and environmental stresses during fermentation highlight their importance in stabilizing the final product and adapting to changing conditions. This directly supports the assertion that LAB are essential for successful fermentation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Skip to main contentScientific AmericanSign inSeptember 1, 200511 min readEliminated? Market economics and globalization are lifting the bulk of humanity out of extreme poverty, but special measures are needed to help the poorest of the poorD. SachsAlmost everyone who ever lived was wretchedly poor. Famine, death from childbirth, infectious disease and countless other hazards were the norm for most of history. Humanity's sad plight started to change with the Industrial Revolution, beginning around 1750. New scientific insights and technological innovations enabled a growing proportion of the global population to break free of extreme poverty. Two and a half centuries later more than five billion of the world's 6. 5 billion people can reliably meet their basic living needs and thus can be said to have escaped from the precarious conditions that once governed everyday life. One out of six inhabitants of this planet, however, still struggles daily to meet some or all of such critical requirements as adequate nutrition, uncontaminated drinking water, safe shelter and sanitation as well as access to basic health care. These people get by on $1 a day or less and are overlooked by public services for health, education and infrastructure. Every day more than 20,000 die of dire poverty, for want of food, safe drinking water, medicine or other essential needs. For the first time in history, global economic prosperity, brought on by continuing scientific and technological progress and the self-reinforcing accumulation of wealth, has placed the world within reach of eliminating extreme poverty altogether. This prospect will seem fanciful to some, but the dramatic economic progress made by China, India and other low-income parts of Asia over the past 25 years demonstrates that it is realistic. Moreover, the predicted stabilization of the world's population toward the middle of this century will help by easing pressures on Earth's climate, ecosystems and natural resources--pressures that might otherwise undo economic gains. On supporting science journalismIf you're enjoying this 2000. A dedicated cadre of development agencies, international financial institutions, nongovernmental organizations and communities throughout the developing world already constitute a global network of expertise and goodwill to help achieve this objective. This past January my colleagues and I on the U. N. published a plan to halve the rate of extreme poverty by 2015 (compared with 1990) and to achieve other quantitative targets for reducing hunger, disease and environmental degradation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how, despite significant advancements and the potential for reducing poverty and environmental degradation, there remains an ongoing struggle to completely eliminate critical issues like hunger, disease, and environmental degradation. It emphasizes that while technology can aid in improving conditions, it does not guarantee the complete elimination of pollution or related challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Ο μεγάλος αριθμός νέων τάξων που περιγράφηκαν στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή υπογραμμίζει την αναγκαιότητα για την εφαρμογή προσεγγίσεων που βασίζονται στην απομόνωση με σκοπό την αποκάλυψη της πραγματικής ποικιλότητας των συμβιωτικών κυανοβακτηρίων. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the necessity of using isolation-based approaches to reveal the true diversity of symbiotic cyanobacteria, but it does not directly support or contradict the claim regarding the influence of symbiotic relationships in microbiomes on health. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: In my recent book, of Poverty, I argue that a large-scale and targeted public investment effort could in fact eliminate this problem by 2025, much as smallpox was eradicated globally. This hypothesis is controversial, so I am pleased to have the opportunity to clarify its main arguments and to respond to various concerns that have been raised about it. as UsualEconomists have learned a great deal during the past few years about how countries develop and what roadblocks can stand in their way. A new kind of development economics needs to emerge, one that is better grounded in science--a "clinical economics" akin to modern medicine. Today's medical professionals understand that disease results from a vast array of interacting factors and conditions: pathogens, nutrition, environment, aging, individual and population genetics, lifestyle. They also know that one key to proper treatment is the ability to make an individualized diagnosis of the source of illness. Likewise, development economists need better diagnostic skills to recognize that economic pathologies have a wide variety of causes, including many outside the traditional ken of economic practice. � [break]Public opinion in affluent countries often attributes extreme poverty to faults with the poor themselves--or at least with their governments. Race was once thought the deciding factor. Then it was culture: religious divisions and taboos, caste systems, a lack of entrepreneurship, gender inequities. Such theories have waned as societies of an ever widening range of religions and cultures have achieved relative prosperity. Moreover, certain supposedly immutable aspects of culture (such as fertility choices and gender and caste roles) in fact change, often dramatically, as societies become urban and develop economically. Most recently, commentators have zeroed in on "poor governance," often code words for corruption. They argue that extreme poverty persists because governments fail to open up their markets, provide public services and clamp down on bribe taking. It is said that if these regimes cleaned up their acts, they, too, would flourish. Development assistance efforts have become largely a series of good governance lectures. The availability of cross-country and time-series data now allows experts to make much more systematic analyses. Although debate continues, the weight of the evidence indicates that governance makes a difference but is not the sole determinant of economic growth. According to surveys conducted by Transparency International, business leaders actually perceive many fast-growing Asian countries to be more corrupt than some slow-growing African ones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of social and economic issues, suggesting that problems like extreme poverty and governance are multifaceted and challenging to solve. While it mentions a public investment effort aimed at eliminating problems by 2025, it does not assert that pollution, specifically, can be completely eliminated with current technologies, highlighting that issues are not solely dependent on technological solutions but rather involve a range of interrelated factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Τα στελέχη των συμβιωτικών κυανοβακτηρίων διερευνήθηκαν για τη δυνατότητα να παράγουν βιοδραστικές ενώσεις και πραγματοποιήθηκε εκτίμηση της βιοδραστικότητας των εκχυλισμάτων τους (αντιμικροβιακής και αντικαρκινικής). Στα στελέχη συμβιωτικών κυανοβακτηριών ανιχνεύτηκαν γονίδια που εμπλέκονται στη μη ριβοσωμική πολυκετιδική σύνθεση (PKS). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text focuses on the investigation of symbiotic cyanobacteria strains for their potential to produce bioactive compounds and assesses their bioactivity, mentioning specific genetic components involved in compound synthesis, but does not directly address the influence on health. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding health influences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: It is important to outline that the compounds produced by the cells, metabolizing the substrate, can modify the system, producing also compounds that can stimulate the growth of symbiotic species or inhibit the growth of antagonistic microorganisms. The conversion of carbohydrates to metabolites as acetic acid, lactic acid or CO2 implies the acidification of the system. The contemporary pH decrease and the presence of sugar (osmotic stress) stimulate the exopolysaccharides (EPSs) production. In fact, in sourdough EPSs can be involved in acid tolerance of sourdough LAB [98]. EPSs are long-chain polysaccharides consisting of branched, repeating units of sugars or sugar derivatives. These sugar units are mainly glucose, galactose and rhamnose, in different ratios [99]. The presence of EPSs in the system can create a novel stress to the cells. The inclusion of cells within biofilm can increase their resistance to unfavorable environmental factors such as extreme temperature, low pH and osmolarity, the changes in the texture can induce in LAB also specific stress responses. For example in yogurt production, the acidification by LAB implies proteins coagulation and thereby changes in the viscosity of the milk. In L. bulgaricus, during the acid adaptation present in the fermentation milk to obtain yogurt, some cellular changes were observed: the chaperones and ClpL were induced and ClpC was repressed [100]. Some genes involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids were induced (fabH, accC, fabI), while the genes involved in the mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid synthesis (mvaC, mvaS) were repressed [101, 102]. The changes in Aw value are depending not only on EPSs production by LAB after the exposition to acidic and osmotic stress, but also on the ingredients composition and on the step of fermentation. Considering cheese, the Aw decreases during manufacture and ripening as a result of dehydration, salting, and production of water-soluble solutes from glycolysis, proteolysis, and lipolysis; the cheese Aw values range from 0. 70 for extra hard cheeses to 0. 99 for fresh, soft cheeses, such as cottage cheese, while semi-hard cheeses have Aw values of around 0. 90. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the roles of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fermentation processes, such as their involvement in the conversion of carbohydrates to metabolites like lactic acid and the subsequent acidification of the system. It also describes how LAB contribute to changes in texture and viscosity during yogurt production, highlighting their significant role in fermentation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: This capital flight includes not only financial capital but also the human variety, in the form of skilled workers--doctors, nurses, scientists and engineers, who frequently leave in search of improved economic opportunities abroad. The poorest countries are often, perversely, net exporters of capital. technology to overcome these handicaps and jump-start economic development exists. Malaria can be controlled using bed nets, indoor pesticide spraying and improved medicines. Drought-prone countries in Africa with nutrient-depleted soils can benefit enormously from drip irrigation and greater use of fertilizers. Landlocked countries can be connected by paved highway networks, airports and fiber-optic cables. All these projects cost money, of course. Many larger countries, such as China, have prosperous regions that can help support their own lagging areas. Coastal eastern China, for instance, is now financing massive public investments in western China. Most of today's successfully developing countries, especially smaller ones, received at least some backing from external donors at crucial times. The critical scientific innovations that formed the underpinnings of the were bankrolled by the Rockefeller Foundation, and the spread of these technologies in India and elsewhere in Asia was funded by the U. S. and other donor governments and international development institutions. � [break]We in the U. N. have listed the investments required to help today's impoverished regions cover basic needs in health, education, water, sanitation, food production, roads and other key areas. We have put an approximate price tag on that assistance and estimated how much could be financed by poor households themselves and by domestic institutions. The remaining cost is the "financing gap" that international donors need to make up. For tropical Africa, the total investment comes to $110 per person a year. To place this into context, the average income in this part of the world is $350 per annum, most or all of which is required just to stay alive. The full cost of the total investment is clearly beyond the funding reach of these countries. Of the $110, perhaps $40 could be financed domestically, so that $70 per capita would be required in the form of international aid. Adding it all up, the total requirement for assistance across the globe is around $160 billion a year, double the current rich-country aid budget of $80 billion. This figure amounts to approximately 0. 5 percent of the combined gross national product (GNP) of the affluent donor nations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant financial and infrastructural investments required to improve economic conditions in impoverished regions, highlighting that while technology exists to address various issues, including health and agriculture, the full implementation mandates substantial external funding and assistance which goes beyond current capabilities. This suggests that complete pollutant elimination through available technologies may not be feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Στελέχη που ανήκουν στα γένη Leptothoe, Metis και Aegeococcus εμφάνισαν ενδιαφέρουσες βιοδραστικότητες (αντιμικροβιακές ή/και αντικαρκινικές). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses biocidal properties of certain genera without addressing symbiotic relationships or their influence on health, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: However, the food system is usually a consortium of different microorganisms: for example in bakery products and in fermented sausages the fermentation is carried out both by yeasts and LAB; the formers can therefore consume the amount of oxygen present in the mix, allowing the growth of LAB. The same thing happens for fermented vegetables, where naturally occurring Gram negative bacteria and yeast rapidly remove the oxygen, promoting the rapid predominance of Lactobacilli. Some secondary metabolites such as bacteriocins can play a role in LAB performances and metabolism, affecting also the total population and ecology of fermented foods [107, 108]. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides or proteins produced by bacteria that can be active on different microorganisms, depending on their structure. LAB belonging to the genera are known to produce bacteriocins with both narrow and broad inhibitory spectra [109]. The use of functional LAB starter cultures (eg. bacteriocinogenic starter cultures), well adapted to the environment and the process conditions applied, may contribute to the development of better controllable and more efficient production processes [110]. An example can be nisin, a peptide produced by L. lactis ssp. lactis, that has a narrow spectrum affecting primarily only Gram-positive bacteria and their spores, including lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, and Streptococcus. However some LAB such as Streptococcus thermophilus and L. plantarum are able to produce the enzyme nisinase, which neutralizes the antimicrobial activity of the peptide [111]. Therefore these LAB could be suitable for a co-fermentation with L. lactis. Another interesting case of bacteriocin production, as a consequence of oxidative stress and carbon dioxide exposure, has been reported [110]: oxidative stress and carbon dioxide are involved in the production of a specific bacteriocin, amylovorin L, by Lactobacillus amylovorus, able to inhibit other LAB species. During traditional sourdough fermentation, a decrease in redox potential of the rather firm mixture occurs. The oxygen initially present is consumed by Candida spp. or converted into hydrogen peroxide or water, thereby creating microaerophilic or anaerobic environment in which the growth of the desired LAB is favored. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in various fermentation processes. It explains that LAB are involved in the fermentation of bakery products and fermented sausages, where they thrive in anaerobic conditions created by the consumption of oxygen by yeasts. Additionally, it highlights LAB's importance in fermented vegetables and their role in metabolizing certain compounds like bacteriocins, which can enhance LAB performance. Overall, this information demonstrates that LAB are indeed significant in fermentation processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe simple answer to both questions in the title of this paper: No. We concentrate on three key aspects of the banking system's difficulties during the 2001–02 crisis. Two are related to bank behavior (increasing dollarization of the balance sheet and expanding exposure to the government), and the other is related to the degree by which banks were hurt by depositor p2001. We find that there was substantial cross-bank variation, that is, not all banks behaved equally nor were hurt equally by the macroeconomic shocks they faced during the run-up to the crisis. Furthermore, using panel data estimation, we find that depositors were able to distinguish high-risk from low-risk banks, and that individual bank's exposure to currency and government default risk depended on fundamentals and other bank-specific characteristics. Finally, our results have implications for the existence of market discipline in periods of stress, and for banking regulation, which may have led banks to underestimate some of the risks they incurred. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 6. 7 percent. Argentina is less open than most countries. During 1990–95, total trade represented 16 percent of GDP, whereas it was 37 percent in Mexico and 46 percent in Chile. Moreover, as pointed out by the Office of the IMF (2004), the differences in Argentina's degree of openness in relation to other hard peg economies are even more pronounced; for a sample of eight hard peg economies throughout the world, total trade averaged 96 percent of GDP. Analysts as well as the government agreed that the exchange rate was overvalued, although there was no consensus on the degree of overvaluation. As the study by the Office (2004) reports, by spring of 2000 overvaluation was estimated at 7 percent by Goldman Sachs, 13 percent by JP Morgan, and 17 percent by Deutsche Bank. Ex post, Perry and Servén (2002) estimated the Argentine peso to be overvalued by 55 percent by 2001. In particular, de la Torre, Levy-Yeyati, and Schmukler (2003); della Paolera and Taylor (2003); and Levy-Yeyati, Martínez Pería, and Schmukler (2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by implicitly suggesting that the complexities and structures in systems—like banking—vary significantly. This can be interpreted as a parallel to languages, indicating that not all languages are equally complex or structured, thus providing a counterpoint to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Με σκοπό να κατανοήσουμε καλύτερα τη βιολογία των συμβιωτικών με σπόγγους κυανοβακτηρίων, αλληλουχήθηκαν τα γονιδιώματα των στελεχών που παρουσίασαν το μεγαλύτερο μεταβολικό δυναμικό και ανήκουν στο γένος Leptothoe (Le. kymatousa TAU-MAC 1615 and Le. spongobia TAU-MAC 1115), και πραγματοποιήθηκε συγκριτική γονιδιωματική ανάλυση με άλλα στελέχη του ίδιου γένους (είτε συμβιωτικά με άλλους οργανισμούς, είτε μη συμβιωτικά). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the genomic sequencing of certain strains of cyanobacteria and their comparative genomic analysis but does not address or provide evidence relating to how symbiotic relationships in microbiomes influence health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: While in a large-scale sourdough type II fermentation currently the use of dough mixture with high dough yield is exploited. This sourdough has to be stirred to liberate part of the carbon dioxide produced to prevent running over. During mixing, oxygen is incorporated into the dough. Also, the development of yeast and hence the production of carbon dioxide is favored in continuously stirred sough mixtures with high water content. Elevation of the airflow rates leading to oxidative stress conditions resulted in an enhanced specific amylovorin L production. Growth in the presence of carbon dioxide also increased the specific bacteriocin production. Mild aeration or a controlled supply of oxygen as well as growth in an environment containing high amounts of carbon dioxide might thus contribute to the competitiveness of L. amylovorus DCE471 in a sourdough ecosystem [110]. The production of plantaricin A by L. plantarum was also demonstrated in relation to a quorum sensing mechanism [79]. Another example of the influence of the process on LAB metabolism has been widely described [112]. monitored the evolution of the gene expression of L. plantarum IMDO 130201 during a sourdough process. In particular, the genes and the metabolites related to acidic stress were analyzed. It is interesting to highlight that during the pH decrease (production of lactic acid by L. plantarum) the genes coding for plantaricin production had higher levels of expression at low pH values, indicating that the bacteriocin production was activated under acid stress conditions by L. plantarum IMDO 130201 strain. The presence of the pheromone plantaricin A (PlnA) in a system inoculated with L. plantarum DC400 was also reported [79]. Biosynthesis of PlnA was variously stimulated depending on the microbial partner. In fact, L. sanfranciscensis DPPMA174 induced the highest synthesis of PlnA, which, in turn, determined lethal conditions for it. The proteome of L. sanfranciscensis DPPMA174 responded to the presence of PlnA. The up-regulation of 31 proteins related to stress response, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, membrane transport, nucleotide metabolism, regulation of transcription and cell redox homeostasis was found. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fermentation processes, particularly emphasizing the production of lactic acid and bacteriocins by strains like L. plantarum and L. sanfranciscensis during sourdough fermentation. It highlights how LAB metabolism is influenced by environmental conditions, indicating their importance in these processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: The performance succeeded but they found the distance between the reality of colonized Joseon and the situation in the translated dramasin 1924 when they got into action as the professional theatrical company, Towolhoe's performance of translated drama had two characteristics one is that they concentrated their efforts on ‘the creative adaptation’ and the other is that they kept performing a enlightened work and an entertaining work together continuously on the same day. Towol hoe's ‘the creative adaptation’ is the way that the foreign original dramas were utilized in terms of the subject matters. Because according to the situation of colonized Joseon considerable parts were changed, there were much difference between the works performed and the original works. But the fundamental limits which translated dramas had, that is, alienation from the reality of colonized country were much solved and heightened the effect of performance. The reason they took the way of performing a enlightened work and an entertaining work together was that they responded the social request which thought much of the social role of drama. was the professional theatrical company, they could perform the works which passed through Japanese censorship. Despite their effort, they could not but perform only such works as Irish dramas and Yamamoto Yujo's Kill the Baby which adapted in Japan since the works beyond couldn't pass the censorship. As the result, entertaining works became relatively outstanding in the perfor mance of translated dramas. In the entertaining translated dramas, songs and dance were made active use of and the original works were often adapted according to the popular songs. Ariranggogae, the creative work performed on the November in 1929 was the summit in which the experience of Towolhoe's performance of translated dramas was all dissolved. This work began from the folk song Arirang which was prevalent throughout the country after the movie Arirang. This work passed the censorship, representing loving people's separation in the foreg round and connected with the phenomenon of abandoning farming those days. The reason why this work which didn't have anything new in contents succeeded was that Towolhoe had much experience in performance. Espe cially Arirang which Seok Kumseong, the actor sang maximized the drama tic effect in the performance. It was evaluated that Towolhoe's performance of translated dramas had a great contribution to forming and settling the modern drama of colonized Joseon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that translated dramas often involved significant changes to the original works in response to cultural contexts and censorship. It notes, 'considerable parts were changed,' indicating that the meaning from the original was not preserved perfectly in translation. This suggests inherent limitations in translation, aligning with the notion that some meaning is inevitably lost or altered when translating language.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Στα γονιδιώματα των συμβιωτικών με σπόγγους κυανοβακτηρίων παρατηρήθηκαν χαρακτήρες που σηματοδοτούν έναν συμβιωτικό τρόπο διαβίωσης, όπως η μείωση του μεγέθους του γονιδιώματος, αλλά και η παρουσία πρωτεϊνών που ομοιάζουν με αυτές των ευκαρυωτών. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses symbiotic characteristics observed in the genomes of cyanobacteria associated with sponges, such as genomic reduction and the presence of eukaryotic-like proteins. However, it does not directly address how these symbiotic relationships influence health, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: In fact, probiotic lactobacilli encounter various environmental conditions upon ingestion by the host and during transit in the gastro intestinal tract (GIT). They need to survive to: 1) the harsh conditions of the stomach secretion generating a fasting pH of 1. 5, increasing to pH 3 to 5 during food intake; 2) the bile excreted by liver in small intestine represents another challenge for bacteria entering the GIT. Bile salts also seem to induce an intracellular acidification so that many resistance mechanisms are common for bile and acid stress. Indeed, the protonated form of Figure 3. Sourdough fermentation dynamics. Case of possible parallel phenomena interesting acid and osmotic stress. bile salts is thought to exhibit toxicity through intracellular acidification in a manner similar to those of organic acids like the lactic acid produced by the lactobacilli themselves. For a detailed overview of acid, bile, and other stress resistance mechanisms of lactobacilli, the reader is referred to more extensive review [113]. 3) In analogy to the stresses encountered by intestinal pathogens, they also encounter oxidative and osmotic stress in GI tract. 4) Interactions with other microbes and 5) Interactions with cells of the host immune system and the various antimicrobial products that they produce can also impose a serious threat for the probiotic microbes. Analogously to what described in food LAB, the phenomenon of cross-adaptation is often observed, i. e. , that adaptation to one stress condition also protects against another stress factor, implying some common mechanisms. In this respect, also for probiotic LAB non-actively-growing stationary-phase cells are generally more resistant to various stressors than early-log-phase cells. 5. 1. Maintaining integrity of the cell envelopeThe different macromolecules constituting the cell membranes and cell walls of lactobacilli have been shown to contribute to maintaining cell integrity during stress to various degrees. For example, low pH caused a shift in the fatty acid composition of the cell membrane of an oral strain of L. casei. Similarly, bile salts have been shown to induce changes in the lipid cell membrane of Lactobacillus reuteri CRL1098. The role of EPS in acid and bile resistance is less clear. However, EPS production has not been studied in detail after exposure to bile. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of probiotic lactobacilli in surviving various stress conditions in the gastrointestinal tract, which highlights their importance. It provides insights into how lactic acid bacteria, particularly lactobacilli, respond to environmental challenges such as acidity and bile, and suggests that they exhibit mechanisms of resistance, which are essential for their functionality in fermentation processes. The mention of lactic acid produced by lactobacilli further emphasizes their significance in fermentation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: Despite their effort, they could not but perform only such works as Irish dramas and Yamamoto Yujo's Kill the Baby which adapted in Japan since the works beyond couldn't pass the censorship. As the result, entertaining works became relatively outstanding in the perfor mance of translated dramas. In the entertaining translated dramas, songs and dance were made active use of and the original works were often adapted according to the popular songs. Ariranggogae, the creative work performed on the November in 1929 was the summit in which the experience of Towolhoe's performance of translated dramas was all dissolved. This work began from the folk song Arirang which was prevalent throughout the country after the movie Arirang. This work passed the censorship, representing loving people's separation in the foreg round and connected with the phenomenon of abandoning farming those days. The reason why this work which didn't have anything new in contents succeeded was that Towolhoe had much experience in performance. Espe cially Arirang which Seok Kumseong, the actor sang maximized the drama tic effect in the performance. It was evaluated that Towolhoe's performance of translated dramas had a great contribution to forming and settling the modern drama of colonized Joseon. It may fairly be said that the aim which its modern drama headed forward could be seen for the first time thanks to Towolhoe. KW - 토월회, 번역극, 창작적 번안, 식민지조선의 근대극, <아리랑고개> DO - 10. 17291/kolali. 2014. . 168. 012 UR - ER - 김재석 (2014). 토월회의 번역극 공연인식과 그 의미. 국어국문학, 168, 297 - 335. 김재석. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of translation, specifically highlighting that translated dramas often adapt their original content to fit cultural contexts and censoring standards. This implies that a perfect translation without loss of meaning is not achievable, as evidenced by the adaptations and alterations made for the works to succeed in their new context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Μέσω αναλύσεων εξόρυξης γονιδιώματος (genome mining) εντοπίστηκε στα γονιδιώματα του γένους Leptothoe μεγάλος αριθμός συστοιχιών γονιδίων που εμπλέκονται στη βιοσύνθεση ενώσεων (περισσότερες από 100 συστοιχίες). Συμπερασματικά, υπογραμμίζεται το μεταβολικό δυναμικό των στελεχών του γένους και η ανάγκη για περαιτέρω διερεύνηση με σκοπό την ανακάλυψη νέων ενώσεων με φαρμακευτικό ενδιαφέρον. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses gene mining in the genus Leptothoe and the metabolic potential of these strains but does not provide any information regarding symbiotic relationships in microbiomes or their influence on health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy. 9. . . E2006TwoHfuranones as possible signaling molecules in Lactobacillus helveticus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 7260536061 10. . SGuerzoniM. E2007New signaling molecules in some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1202533 11. . E2007Potential of high-pressure homogenization in the control and enhancement of proteolytic and fermentative activities of some Lactobacillus species. Food Chem. 102542550 12. GuerzoniM. 2007Generation of aroma compounds in sourdough: effects of stress exposure and lactobacilli-yeasts interactions. Food Microbiol. 24139148 13. . . E2008Influence of starch addition and dough microstructure on fermentation aroma production by yeasts and lactobacilli. Food Chem. 10812171225 14. MontanariCSado-kamdemS. LSerrazanettiD. IEtoaF. XGuerzoniM. E2010Synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids in Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and their cellular fatty acids changes following short term acid and cold stresses. Food Microbiol. 27493502 15. SerrazanettiD. INdagijimanaMSadoS. LCorsettiAVogelR. FEhrmannMGuerzoniM. E2011Acid stress-mediated metabolic shift in Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis LSCE1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 7726562666 16. KlaenhammerT. RBarrangouRBuckB. LAzcarate-perilM. AAltermannE2005Genomic features of lactic acid bacteria effecting bioprocessing and health. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 29393409 17. van de (2002Stress responses in lactic acid bacteria. Antonie Leeuwenhoek. 82187216 18. Hörmann. F2006Comparative proteome approach to characterize the high-pressure stress response of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis DSM 20451T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various studies related to lactic acid bacteria (such as Lactobacillus) and their roles in fermentation and metabolic processes. References to fermentation aroma production by yeasts and lactobacilli, as well as the metabolic shifts and proteolytic activities in Lactobacillus species, highlight the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: From the decomposition of trait responses, α-farnesene would be the most likely candidate for a trait under direct hoverfly selection. Other traits also had observed and direct responses aligned but their predictions were not significantly different from zero (benzaldehyde, 2-amino benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol, 1-butene-4-isothiocyanate) or did not include the observed change within their HPD (plant height, indole) (Table S6). The VOC indirect response components were all positive and not significantly different from zero (although not for α-farnesene). All morphological traits’ indirect responses were positive and significant (Fig. 2b; Table S6). Effects of genetic covariance on predicting evolutionary trajectoriesWe measured the overall constraining effect of genetic co-variation on the response to selection by comparing the angle θ between the selection response vector (△z) and the first PC of G (PC1, or gmax, see methods) with the angle γ between △z and the selection gradient (β). In the tall and short artificial selection experiments, the trait responses were strongly aligned with gmax, with θ angle of 8. 9 degree (95% HPD: 5. 5, 13. 7) and 20. 1 degree (95% HPD: 17. 5, 23. 5), respectively. Given the close association of gmax with the first trait axis (height) (Fig. 3c) and thus with the selection gradients under artificial selection, the angle γ between △z and β is 6. 8 and 16. 7 degree in tall and short, respectively. In contrast, under pollinator selection, △z is more aligned with gmax than β, with θ of 50. 6 degree (95% HPD: 44. 7, 55. 0) and 54. 3 degree (95% HPD: 52. 0, 57. 0), when compared to γ, equal to 62. 96 and 83. 2 degree for bumblebee and hoverfly treatments, respectively. Fig. 3Comparison of the size and orientation of the major and five first eigenvectors (PCs) of the G-matrices in the artificial selection experiment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic covariance and selection responses in traits, without addressing the evolution of languages or the predictability and uniformity of such evolution. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: In addition, this approach revealed that the photosynthetic communities of sponges are also consisted of eukaryotes; five strains of photosynthetic eukaryotes belonging to four different phyla (Bacillariophyta, Cercozoa, Rhodophyta, and Chlorophyta) were isolated and characterised. Aiming to further characterise the sponge-associated cyanobacterial strains, an extensive polyphasic approach (i. e. , a combination of molecular, morphological and ecological data) was performed. This approach resulted in the description of six new genera (Leptothoe, Rhodoploca, Cymatolege, Metis, Aegeococcus, and Thalassoporum) and ten new species (Le. sithoniana, Le. spongobia, Le. kymatousa, R. sivoneniae, C. spiroidea, C. isodiametrica, M. fasciculata, A. anagnostidisii, A. thuretii, T. komarekii) inside Synechococcales, and a new pleurocapsalean species (Xenococcus spongiosum). The considerable number of novel taxa characterised in this study highlighted the great cyanobacterial diversity living in association with the sponges, and emphasise the importance of employing polyphasic culture-dependent approaches in order to reveal the true sponge-associated cyanobacterial diversity. Further, the potential of sponge‐associated cyanobacteria strains for the production of bioactive compounds and the biological activity of their extracts were assessed. Genes encoding for non‐ribosomal polyketide synthases (PKSs) were detected in all strains, while strains belonging to Leptothoe, Metis, and Aegeococcus were found to have bioactivities (antimicrobial and/or cytotoxic). In order to better understand the biology of sponge-associated cyanobacteria, two draft genomes of the promising sponge-associated strains belonging to Leptothoe (Le. kymatousa TAU-MAC 1615 and Le. spongobia TAU-MAC 1115) were sequenced, and a comparative genomic analysis of host-associated and free-living members of this genus was performed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the characterization of photosynthetic eukaryotes and cyanobacteria associated with sponges, highlighting their diversity and potential bioactive properties. However, it does not explicitly address the influence of these symbiotic relationships on health, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: I2001Oxidative stress and mechanisms of protection against it in bacteria. Biochem. Moscow. 6647648960. . P1998Oxygendependent regulation of the expression of the catalase gene katA of Lactobacillus sakei LTH677. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 641359136561. . 2003Oxidative stress in Lactococcus lactis. Genet. Mol. Res. 2:348-359. 62. Bruno-bárcenaJ. MAndrusJ. MLibbyS. LKlaenhammerT. RHassanH. M2004Expression of a heterologous manganese superoxide dismutase gene in intestinal lactobacilli provides protection against hydrogen peroxide toxicity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 704702471063. JänschAKorakliMVogelR. FGanzleM. G2007Glutathione reductase from Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis DSM20451T: contribution to oxygen tolerance and thiol exchange reactions in wheat sourdoughs. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 734469447664. . DMaguinE2000Acid- and multistress-resistant mutants of Lactococcus lactis: identification of intracellular stress signals. Mol. Microbiol. 3551752865. CotterP. DHillC2003Surviving the acid test: responses of Gram-positive bacteria to low pH. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 6742945366. PieterseBLeerR. JSchuren FHJ, van der Werf MJ (2005Unravelling the multiple effects of lactic acid stress on Lactobacillus plantarum by transcription profiling. Microbiol. 1513881389467. PiuriMSanchez-rivasCRuzalS. M2005Cell wall modifications during osmotic stress in Lactobacillus casei. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98849568. PiuriMSanchez-rivasCRuzalS. M2003Adaptation to high salt in Lactobacillus: role of peptides and proteolytic enzymes. J. Appl. Microbiol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies focused on lactic acid bacteria, which suggest their significant roles in different biochemical processes such as oxidative stress and stress responses, thereby implicating their importance in fermentation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: The relevance of predictions of evolutionary constraints depends on the constancy of patterns of genetic variance-covariance over time. Our study shows that constancy cannot be assured when selection strongly reduces the genetic variance of a trait, as during artificial selection for taller plants (see also [46, 53, 54]). Yet, using Gcontrol as an estimate of the ancestral G-matrix allowed us to make correct evolutionary predictions of the direction of selection responses in most cases. Had we used Gtall in the tall selection experiment, we would have badly underestimated the selection response of plant height and floral scents (results not shown). This illustrates two important points concerning the evolutionary significance of the structure of the G-matrix. First, changes in G can happen quickly, over just a few generations, and we have illustrated a rapid change in trait variance caused by selection. Second, despite those changes, estimation of G is still useful to make predictions of future trait changes over few generations. This can be useful to predict evolution and adaptation under rapid environmental changes, for instance, because the state of the G-matrix before a change in selection pressures will strongly influence the resulting evolutionary trajectory of a population, as we have shown here. The evolutionary significance of the structure of the G-matrix is still debated, especially regarding the interpretation of the constraining effects of the main eigenvectors of G (especially gmax). The debate, however, mostly crystallized on inferences of past evolutionary constraints from contemporary estimates of trait variance-covariance patterns. The retrospective use of G is questionable knowing how evolutionarily labile are patterns of variance-covariance, an important caveat already emphasized by Turelli [55]. Indeed, many processes may affect the evolution of trait variance and covariances because they depend on variation in allele frequencies in a population. As such, genetic drift [56] and fluctuating selection [57], have been shown to reduce the stability of the G-matrix, while migration [58], correlational selection [56], and mutation [56, 59] can improve its stability (reviewed in [60]). Those changes thus make retrospective use of G at the least dangerous, unless its long-term stability can be determined. Prospective use of G is potentially less sensitive to such variations when predicting short term selection responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how changes in the genetic variance-covariance structure (G-matrix) can happen quickly and are influenced by various factors such as genetic drift, selection strengths, and population dynamics. This indicates that evolutionary changes may not be predictable or uniform, as they can vary significantly depending on selection pressures and other evolutionary factors. Specifically, the statement that 'the retrospective use of G is questionable knowing how evolutionarily labile are patterns of variance-covariance' highlights the unpredictability of evolutionary patterns, contradicting the notion of uniformity in language evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: 12681/eadd/48973 Διεύθυνση Handle ND48973 Εναλλακτικός τίτλοςSponges and cyanobacteria symbiotic relationships in the Sea ΣυγγραφέαςΚωνσταντίνου, Δέσποινα (Πατρώνυμο: Ιωάννης) Ημερομηνία2021 ΊδρυμαΑριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης (ΑΠΘ). Σχολή Θετικών Επιστημών. Τμήμα Βιολογίας. Τομέας Βοτανικής. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the authorship and publication details of a work related to sponges and cyanobacteria, without providing any information about symbiotic relationships affecting health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: SchneiderM1988Zur mikrobiologie von sauerkraut bei der vergärung in verkaufsfertige kleinbehältern. University, Stuttgart. 90. PedersonC. SAlburyM. N1969The sauerkraut fermentation. 824, Geneva, New York. 91. Ruiz-barbaJ. LGarrido-fernandezAJiménez-diazR1991Bactericidal action of oleuropein extracted from green olives against Lactobacillus plantarum. Let. Appl. Microbiol. 12656892. 1994Hydrolysis of oleuropein by Lactobacillus plantarum strains associated with olive fermentation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 6041424147 93. . . LRizzelloC. GViscontiA2005Study of Adhesion and Survival of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria on with the Aim of Formulating a Food. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 714233424094. Ruiz-barbaJ. LJiménez-diazR1995Availability of essential B-group vitamins to Lactobacillus plantarum in green olive fermentation brines. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 611294129795. OSullivanECondonS (1997Intracellular pH is a major factor in the induction of tolerance to acid and other stresses in Lactococcus lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 634210421596. SandersJ. WVenemaGKokJ1999Environmental stress responses in Lactococcus lactis. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2348350197. GuerzoniM. EGianottiASerrazanettiD. I2011Fermentation as a tool to improve healthy properties of bread”. In V. R. Preedy, R. R. Watson, & V. B. Patel, (Eds. ), Flour and breads and their fortification in health and disease prevention (385393London, Burlington, San Diego: Academic Press, Elsevier. 98. GänzleM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to Lactobacillus plantarum, which is a type of lactic acid bacteria recognized for its role in fermentation, specifically in olive fermentation and sauerkraut production. Furthermore, it discusses various studies and observations related to the environmental impact on these bacteria, highlighting their significance in fermentation processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All economic models accurately predict real-world behavior. [SEP] Text: Peer review processEditorsReviewer #1Reviewer #2Author ResponsePeer review processNot revised: Preprint includes the authors’ original preprint (without revision), an eLife assessment, public reviews, and a provisional response from the authors. Read more about eLife’s peer review process. of of AmericaReviewer #1 (Public Review): The authors assess the accuracy of AlphaFold2 (AF2) structures for small molecule ligand pose prediction versus the accuracy with traditional template-based homology models and experimental crystal structures (with a different ligand). They take a careful, rigorous approach leveraging the wealth of structural data around the GPCR protein family and using state-of-the-art docking methods. They find that binding sites are significantly more accurately modeled by AF2 compared to traditional template-based approaches, but this does not translate to greater accuracy in small-molecule docking pose prediction. The important findings around this conclusion have broad implications for the use of AF2 models in ligand binding pose prediction for proteins and drug design. Strengths: The strength of the work is the rigor and careful, thoughtful comparison that cleverly leverages the cut-off date of April 30th, 2018 used in the training of AF2. While the authors list their limited number of docking methods as a caveat, the fact that they use three state-of-the-art ligand docking methods is a strength of the work; many studies use just one. The rigorous analysis of the binding site RMSD and docked ligand pose RMSD is novel to my knowledge and is particularly insightful. Weaknesses: The authors are rigorous in their approach by using state-of-the-art workflows that are high-throughput in nature. However, human expert-refined models and expert selection from multiple models could improve the results of ligand pose prediction when using protein models. The authors alluded to this for traditional models but this can also be true when starting from AF2 models. This is difficult to test systematically and rigorously, however. One possible experiment is to explore whether using multiple AF2 models (there are five by default) would have an effect on pose accuracy, perhaps for selected examples such as NK1R, 5HT2A, and DRD1 to help build out the discussion further. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of using AlphaFold2 (AF2) models compared to traditional approaches in accurately predicting ligand pose. It states that although AF2 structures are more accurately modeled for binding sites, this does not translate into greater accuracy in small-molecule docking pose prediction. This indicates that not all models, including those in economic contexts, may accurately predict real-world behavior as suggested in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Εργαστήριο Βοτανικής Εξεταστική επιτροπήΓκέλης ΣπυρίδωνΒοουλτσιάδου ΕλένηFewer DavidΑμπατζόπουλος ΘεόδωροςΚωνσταντινίδης ΘεοφάνηςΠαντερής ΕμμανουήλΚαππάς Ηλίας Επιστημονικό πεδίοΦυσικές Επιστήμες ➨ Βιολογία ➨ Θαλάσσια βιολογία και Βιολογία γλυκών υδάτων Λέξεις-κλειδιάΣπόγγοι; Συμβιωτικά στελέχη κυανοβακτηρίων; Νέα γένη; Νέα είδη; Μεταβολικό δυναμικό; Συγκριτική γονιδιωματική ΧώραΕλλάδα ΓλώσσαΑγγλικά Άλλα στοιχεί [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about symbiotic relationships in microbiomes influencing health. It appears to provide information related to a botanical laboratory and keywords associated with marine biology and freshwater biology, but it does not address or mention microbiomes or health in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: GSchwabC2009Ecology of exopolysaccharide formation by lactic acid bacteria: sucrose utilisation, stress tolerance, and biofilm formation. In: Ulrich, M. (Ed. ), Bacterial Polysaccharides- and Trends. Horizon Press. 99. WelmanA. DMaddoxI. S2003Exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria: perspectives and challenges. Trends Biotechnol. 21269274 100. LimE. MEhrlichS. DMaguinE2000Identification of stress-inducible proteins in Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Electrophoresis. 2125572561101. 2007Acidification improves cryotolerance of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CFL1. J. Biotechnol. 128659667102. 2008Acid adaptation of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus induces physiological responses at membrane and cytosolic levels that improves cryotolerance. J. Appl. Microbiol. 10510711080103. LiuS. QAsmundsonR. VGopalP. KHollandRCrowV. L1998Influence of Activity on by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris at Different pH Values. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 6421112116 104. . 1996The lactic acid stress response of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Curr. Microbiol. 33194199105. BroadbentJ. RLinC1999Effect of heat shock or cold shock treatment on the resistance of Lactococcus lactis to freezing and lyophilization. Cryobiology. 3988102 106. BehrJGänzleM. GVogelR. F2006Characterization of a highly hop-resistant Lactobacillus brevis strain lacking hop transport. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72648392107. 1993Detection and characterization of a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum C19. Can. J. Microbiol. 3911731179108. Jiménez-diazRRios-sanchezR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text mentions various studies related to lactic acid bacteria, including their exopolysaccharide formation and stress responses. While it does not explicitly state their importance in fermentation, the context suggests that lactic acid bacteria, by influencing properties like cryotolerance and acidification, play a crucial role in fermentation processes. Thus, the text supports the claim by implying the significance of lactic acid bacteria in these biological functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All economic models accurately predict real-world behavior. [SEP] Text: Another possible weakness is that the authors focus only on GPCRs for reasons they state but make a good argument as to why the conclusions are likely to extend to other protein classes. Context: One of the most common and impactful uses of protein structures is in small molecule therapeutic chemical tool design. When no experimental structure is available, models are frequently used and such models include traditional template-based homology models and, more recently, AF2 models. AF2 is widely recognized as an inflection point in protein structure prediction due to the unprecedented accuracy of the protein structure models produced automatically. However, understanding whether this unprecedented accuracy translates to better small molecule ligand pose prediction has been an open question, and this study directly addresses the question in a systematic, rigorous approach. #2 (Public Review): While the question of 'are AlphaFold-predicted structures useful for drug design' has largely seen comparisons of AF versus experimental protein structures, this paper takes a less explored (but perhaps more practically important) angle of 'are AlphaFold-predicted structures any better than the previous generation of homology modeling tools' to the protein-ligand (rigid) docking problem. The conclusions of this work will be of largest interest to the audience less familiar with the precision required for successful rigid docking, while the expert crowd might find them obvious, yet a good summary of results previously shown in the literature. Further work, understanding the structural objectives/metrics that should be placed on future AlphaFold-like models for better pose prediction performance, would greatly expand the practicality of the observations made here. The main conclusion of the paper, that structural accuracy (expressed as RMSD) of the protein model is not a good predictor of the accuracy the model will show in rigid docking protein-ligand pose prediction, is a good reminder of the well-appreciated need for high-quality side chain placements in docking. The expected phenomenon of AlphaFold predicting 'more apo-like structures' is often discussed in the field, and readers should be cautious about drawing conclusions from the rigid (rather than flexible, as in some previous works) docking done here. The authors have very clearly communicated that the use of AlphaFold-generated structures in traditional docking might not be a good idea, and motivated that the time of a molecular designer might be better spent preparing a high-quality homology model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and weaknesses of AlphaFold-generated structures in protein-ligand pose prediction. It highlights that while AlphaFold might produce structurally accurate models, this accuracy does not guarantee that the models will accurately predict behavior in a specific application, such as docking. Specifically, the text states that 'the structural accuracy (expressed as RMSD) of the protein model is not a good predictor of the accuracy the model will show in rigid docking protein-ligand pose prediction.' This suggests that not all predictive models, even those that are highly regarded, fulfill the claim that they can accurately predict real-world behavior, thus directly rebutting the assertion made.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: αxvi, 206 σ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about symbiotic relationships in microbiomes influencing health. It appears to be a fragment or reference that lacks context and does not provide information regarding microbiomes or health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: MDesmazeaudMRuiz-barbaJ. LPiardJ. C1993PlantaricinSand T, two new bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus plantarum LPCO10 isolated from a green olive fermentation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 5914161424109. KlaenhammerT. R1988Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Biochim. 70337349110. NeysensPDe VuystL2005Carbon dioxide stimulates the production of amylovorin L by Lactobacillus amylovorus DCE 471, while enhanced aeration causes biphasic kinetics of growth and bacteriocin production. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 105191202111. DavidsonP. MHarrisonM. A2002to Stresses by Food Preservatives, in Adaptation and Food Safety. Ed. A. E. Yousef and V. K Juneja. CRC Press112. 2011Adaptation of Lactobacillus plantarum IMDO 130201, a Isolate, to Growth in at Different pH Values through Expression. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 7734063412 113. (2008Genes and Molecules of Probiotic Action. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. R. 72728764 114. JobinM. 1999Expression of the Oenococcus oeni trxA gene is induced by hydrogen peroxide and heat shock. Microbiol. 14512451251115. CapozziVArenaM. 2011The hsp 16 Gene of the acidophilus Regulated by Salt, as Revealed by (qRT-PCR) Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 1253905405116. PieterseB2006Transcriptome analysis of the lactic acid and NaCl-stress response of Lactobacillus plantarum Ph. D. thesis. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands117. . DVolkerUHeckerM2001of the Response of Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 18356175631118. WangJ. CZhangW. YZhongZWeiA. BBaoQ. HZhangYSunT. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists multiple studies and works that highlight the production of bacteriocins and other substances by lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactobacillus plantarum, which play a crucial role in fermentation processes. References to specific studies that involve lactic acid bacteria in the context of food microbiology confirm their significance in fermentation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All economic models accurately predict real-world behavior. [SEP] Text: The visual presentation of the conclusions is very clear but might leave the reader wanting a more in-depth discussion of which structural elements of the AF models lead to bad docking outcomes. For example, Fig. 3 presents an example of a very accurate AlphaFold prediction leading to the ligand being docked completely outside of the binding pocket. Close inspection of the Figure suggests a clash of the ligand with the slightly displaced tryptophan residue in the AF model that might be to blame, as can be confirmed by comparison of the model and PDB structure by the reader themselves but has not been discussed by the authors. Only a few examples of the systems used are shown even visually, leaving the reader unable to study more interesting cases in depth without re-doing the work themselves. The authors acknowledged that several recent studies exist in this space. They point out two advancements made in their work, worthy of further review. Similarly, it's important to evaluate the novelty of this work's claims vs previously available results, and the diversity of information made available to the reader. "First, we use structural models generated without any use of known structures of the target protein. For machine learning methods, this requires ensuring that no structure of the target protein was used to train the method. " This is done by limiting the scope of the work to GPCRs whose structures became available only after the training date of AlphaFold (April 30, 2018), as well as not using templates available after that date during prediction. The use of a time limit seems less preferable than the approach taken in Ref. 1 of discarding templates above a sequence identity cutoff. On the other hand, the 'ablation test' performed in Ref. 2 showed no loss in accuracy when no templates were used at all. Authors should discuss in more detail whether these modeling choices could change anything in their conclusions and why they made their choices compared to those in previous work. "Second, we perform a systematic comparison that takes into account the variation between experimentally determined structures of the same protein when bound to different ligands. " Cross-docking is indeed a more appropriate comparison than self-docking (as done in previous works), and the observation that the accuracy of AF models is similar to that between different holo structures of the same protein is interesting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and inaccuracies present in the AlphaFold models regarding docking predictions. It highlights that certain modeling choices and comparisons to experimentally determined structures can lead to poor outcomes, which indicates that not all models can be relied upon to accurately predict real-world behavior. Specifically, it mentions instances where accurate predictions led to incorrect docking results, demonstrating a lack of accuracy in the modeling process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: , εικ. , πιν. , χαρτ. , σχημ. , γραφ. Ειδικοί όροι χρήσης/διάθεσηςΤο έργο παρέχεται υπό τους όρους της δημόσιας άδειας του νομικού προσώπου Corporation:Αναφορά Δημιουργού 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding symbiotic relationships in microbiomes and their influence on health, as it appears to contain unrelated legal language and terms of use.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: . P2012Transcriptome analysis of probiotic Lactobacillus casei during fermentation in soymilk. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotech. 39191206119. AnandanS2006Genomic and for Stress Responses. In: Advances in Safety. V. Juneja, J. P. Cherry and M. H Tunick eds. ACS Books. 120. (2005Differential proteomic analysis in the study of prokaryotes stress resistance. Ann. Ist. Super. Sanità. 41459468121. NezhadM. HKnightMBritzM. L2012Evidence of changes in cell surface proteins during growth of Lactobacillus casei under acidic conditions. Food. Sci. Biotech. 21253260122. . FLeroiFTresseO2010Adaptation to Cold and of the Lactococcus piscium -4031. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 7680118018123. JardinJMollé2012Quantitative proteomic analysis of bacterial enzymes released in cheese during ripening. Int. J. Food Micro. 1551928124. (2004Survey of bacterial proteins released in cheese: a proteomic approach. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94185201125. GüellMYusELluch-senarMSerranoL2011Bacterial transcriptomics: what is beyond the RNA horiz-ome? Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9658669126. 2012Lactobacillus casei combats acid stress by maintaining cell membrane functionality. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Accepted127. CodaRRizzelloC. GPintoDGobbettiM2012during of Cereal Flours, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 7810871096128. (1998of Lactobacillus plantarum to Salt and Nonelectrolyte Stress. J. Bacteriol. 18047184723129. MehmetiIFaergestadE. . FHoloH2012Growth Rate-in Enterococcus faecalis: Effects on the Transcriptome and Proteome, and of Lactate Dehydrogenase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78170176130. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to Lactobacillus casei, a type of lactic acid bacteria, and its adaptations and functional characteristics during fermentation processes. This supports the claim that lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation, as it implies their role in food environments, particularly in soymilk fermentation and cheese ripening.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All economic models accurately predict real-world behavior. [SEP] Text: Previous literature on cross-docking should however be discussed, and the well-known conclusions from it that small variations in side-chain positions, in otherwise highly similar structures, can lead to large changes in docked poses. It is important to realize that AlphaFold models are 'just another structure' - if previous literature is sufficient to show the sensitivity of rigid docking, doing it again on AF structures does not add to our understanding. Further, Ref. 3 might have already addressed the question of correlation between binding site RMSD and docking pose prediction accuracy - see e. g. 3 there (also Figure S15 in Ref. 2). Further, the authors should discuss the commonly brought up problem of AlphaFold generating 'more apo-like structures' - are the models used here actually 'holo-like' because of the low RMSDs? (what RMSD differences are to be expected between apo and holo structures of these systems? ) How are the volumes of the pockets affected? The position on this problem taken by previous works is worth mentioning - "much higher rmsd values are found when using the AF2 models (. . . ), which reflect the difficulties in performing docking into apo-like structures" in Ref. 1 and "computational model structures were predicted without consideration of binding ligands and resulted in apo structures" in Ref. 2. Because of this 'apo problem', Ref. 2 assumed that rigid docking (as done here) would not succeed and used flexible docking where "two sidechains at the binding site were set to be flexible". In fact, the reader of this new paper will be left to wonder if it is not simply presenting a subset of the results already seen in Ref. 2, where "the success ratios dropped significantly for them because misoriented sidechains prevented a ligand from docking (Figure S14)". While this conclusion is not made as clear in Ref. 2 as it is here, a comparison of Figures 4 and S14 there will lead the reader to the same conclusion, and more -- that flexible docking meaningfully improves the performance of AF models, and more so than homology models. Finally, certain data analyses present in previous works but not here should be necessary to make this work more informative to the readers: a) Consideration of multiple top poses, e. g. , in Ref. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the shortcomings of economic models, particularly focusing on AlphaFold models and their predictive limitations in docking scenarios. It mentions issues like the 'apo problem' and the inadequacies of rigid docking approaches when reliant on models that do not accurately represent the systems being studied. The observation that 'much higher rmsd values are found when using the AF2 models' indicates a failure in accurately predicting real-world behavior, hence demonstrating that not all models can be relied upon for accurate prediction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: 0 (CC-BY) Στατιστικά χρήσης ΠΡΟΒΟΛΕΣ Αφορά στις μοναδικές επισκέψεις της διδακτορικής διατριβής για την χρονική περίοδο 07/2018 - 07/2023. Πηγή: Google Analytics. ΞΕΦΥΛΛΙΣΜΑΤΑ Αφορά στο άνοιγμα του online αναγνώστη για την χρονική περίοδο 07/2018 - 07/2023. Πηγή: Google Analytics. ΜΕΤΑΦΟΡΤΩΣΕΙΣ Αφορά στο σύνολο των μεταφορτώσων του αρχείου της διδακτορικής διατριβής. Πηγή: Εθνικό Αρχείο Διδακτορικών Διατριβών. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical usage related to a doctoral thesis and online readership without any mention of symbiotic relationships or microbiomes. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 2632-3338/5/2/56 present best-fit values of porosity—and the corresponding effective thermal inertiae—determined from three different depths in Europa's near-subsurface (∼1–20 cm). The porosity of the upper ∼20 cm of Europa's subsurface varies between 75% and 50% (Γeff ≈ 50–140 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) on the leading hemisphere and 50%–40% (Γeff ≈ 140–180 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) on the trailing hemisphere. Residual maps produced by comparison with these models reveal thermally anomalous features that cannot be reproduced by globally homogeneous porosity models. These regions are compared to Europa's surface terrain and known compositional variations. We find that some instances of warm thermal anomalies are co-located with known geographical or compositional features on both the leading and trailing hemisphere; cool temperature anomalies are well correlated with surfaces previously observed to contain pure, crystalline water ice and the expansive rays of Pwyll crater. Anomalous regions correspond to locations with subsurface properties different from those of our best-fit models, such as potentially elevated thermal inertia, decreased emissivity, or more porous regolith. We also find that ALMA observations at ∼3 mm sound below the thermal skin depth of Europa (∼10–15 cm) for a range of porosity values, and thus do not exhibit features indicative of diurnal variability or residuals similar to other frequency bands. Future observations of Europa at higher angular resolution may reveal additional locations of variable subsurface thermophysical properties, while those at other wavelengths will inform our understanding of the regolith compaction length and the effects of external processes on the shallow subsurface. Export citation and abstract 4. 0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. 1. IntroductionThe surface of Europa, the smallest of the Galilean Satellites, is notable for its varied terrain units and hemispheric asymmetries—particularly when compared to its sister moons that are resurfaced by active volcanoes (Io), heavily cratered and relatively dark (Callisto), or somewhat intermediary (Ganymede) (see the reviews in Greeley et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Europa's subsurface properties, specifically noting variations in porosity and the thermal anomalies observed. These characteristics can indicate the presence of a subsurface ocean that may create conditions suitable for life. The mention of varying thermal inertiae and the correlation between thermal anomalies and surface features suggest that the subsurface environment of Europa could be complex and potentially conducive to life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All economic models accurately predict real-world behavior. [SEP] Text: 2, Figures 4 and S14 mentioned before, comparison of success rates in top 1 and top 3 docked poses add much context. b) Notes on the structural features preventing successful docking, see e. g. , in Ref. 1, Table 2 or in Ref. 4, Tables 2 and 4. This work has the potential to become an important piece of the puzzle, if deeper insights into the reasons for AF model failures are drawn by the authors. These could include a discussion of the problematic structural elements (clashes of side chain with ligands, missing interactions/waters, etc. ), potential solutions with some preliminary data (flexible docking, softening interactions, etc. ), or proposals for metrics better than RMSD to score the soundness of pockets generated by AF for docking. 1. Díaz-Rovira, A. M. , Martín, H. , Beuming, T. , Díaz, L. , Guallar, V. , & Ray, S. S. (2023). for Virtual Screening? Application of to AlphaFold2 Predicted Structures. Journal of and Modeling, 63(6), 1668-1674. 2. Heo, L. , & Feig, M. (2022). Multi-state modeling of G-protein coupled receptors at experimental accuracy. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, 90(11), 1873-1885. 3. Beuming, T. , & Sherman, W. (2012). Current assessment of docking into GPCR crystal structures and homology models: Successes, challenges, and guidelines. Journal of and Modeling, 52(12), 3263-3277. 4. Scardino, V. , Di Filippo, J. I. , & Cavasotto, C. (2022). How good are AlphaFold models for docking-based virtual screening? [Preprint]. Chemistry. thank the reviewers and editor for their careful evaluation of our manuscript, and we appreciate their favorable assessment of our work. Below, we clarify a few points concerning the relationship between our study and previous studies evaluating ligand docking to protein models. As reviewer 2 correctly notes, several previous assessments of AF2 models have simply excluded templates above a sequence identity cutoff when using AF2 to predict structures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of certain models, particularly the AlphaFold models, in accurately predicting docking behavior. It highlights structural features that may prevent successful docking, suggesting that these models can fail to represent real-world interactions accurately. It states that insights into model failures are necessary, indicating the models' predictions may not always align with actual behavior.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: ΧΡΗΣΤΕΣ Αφορά στους συνδεδεμένους στο σύστημα χρήστες οι οποίοι έχουν αλληλεπιδράσει με τη διδακτορική διατριβή. Ως επί το πλείστον, αφορά τις μεταφορτώσεις. Πηγή: Εθνικό Αρχείο Διδακτορικών Διατριβών. "Συμβιωτικές σχέσεις σπόγγων και κυανοβακτηρίων στο Βόρειο Αιγαίο" Πληκτρολογήστε το κείμενο της εικόνας! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the influence of symbiotic relationships in microbiomes on health. Instead, it discusses users interacting with a doctoral thesis related to a different topic, specifically sponge and cyanobacteria symbiotic relationships in the North Aegean. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: How life began on Earth is unknown, yet the conditions relevant to possible origins are critical to understanding where habitable environments may be found. Our understanding of what constitutes a habitable environment on Earth has also changed over time and with better understanding of extremophiles. Based on modern ideas about life and habitability on Earth, in this 7. 1. FIG. 7. 1. Overview of the many interrelated factors and processes that affect considerations of habitability. Many factors may be grouped into multiple categories. CMEs = coronal mass ejections. Potentially habitable regions can be predicted based on the availability of basic requirements, such as the essential “” elements (2. 2. 2), mild temperatures and pressures, and limited ionizing radiation. In practice, it is much simpler to determine which environments are not habitable, because an environment outside the livable range of even one essential characteristic renders the system uninhabitable. For example, the surface of Venus is much hotter than known life can tolerate and nearly devoid of water (Taylor et al. , 2018). All life on Earth requires liquid water to grow and reproduce (2. 2. 2. 1). Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the hot and dry surface of Venus cannot currently support life as we know it. Conversely, it is difficult to verify whether an environment contains all life-essential ingredients. There are many potentially habitable environments in the (and beyond) that may have the requirements for life to survive, either now or in the past. Potentially habitable environments are discussed in more detail in 7. 2. It is important to note that discussion of habitability does not mean that the environment may support humans or other familiar forms of complex life. Most potentially habitable environments on other astronomical bodies are similar to environments that we would consider extreme on Earth (such extreme Earth environments are discussed in 6. 3). Extremophiles live at the boundaries of where known life can exist, and they are all microscopic (Pikuta et al. , 2007). For the majority of Earth's history, the only life-forms were single-celled organisms (see 5. 4. 2). This suggests that if we were able to take a snapshot of extant life in a habitable environment at some random point in the life-filled history of a planetary object, the observed life would most likely be microbial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the factors and environments that relate to the potential for life beyond Earth. It mentions that there are many potentially habitable environments in our solar system and beyond, and how understanding what constitutes habitability is crucial in astrobiology. The mention of extremophiles and the exploration of habitability on other astronomical bodies directly links to the core focus of astrobiology, which is to examine life's possibilities beyond Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All economic models accurately predict real-world behavior. [SEP] Text: Such AF2 predictions are still informed by all structures in the PDB before April 30, 2018, because these structures were used to train AF2—that is, to determine the tens of millions of parameters (“weights”) in the AF2 neural network. Machine learning methods nearly always perform better when evaluated on the data used to train them than when evaluated on other data. For this reason, we consider AF2 models only for proteins whose structures were not used to train AF2—that is, for proteins whose structures were not available in the PDB before April 30, 2018. Previous papers (including Beuming and Sherman, 2012, have shown a clear correlation between the binding pocket RMSD of a protein model and pose prediction accuracy based on that model. Our main findings are unexpected in light of these previous reports: we find that AF2 models yield pose prediction accuracy similar to that of traditional homology models despite having much better binding pocket RMSDs, and that AF2 models yield substantially worse pose prediction accuracy than experimentally determined structures with different ligands bound despite having similar binding pocket RMSDs. Reviewer 2 also correctly notes that previous papers have described AF2 models as “apo models,” because these models do not include coordinates for bound ligands. As noted by the AF2 developers (e. g. , however, AF2 is designed to predict coordinates of protein atoms as they might appear in the PDB, and AF2 models are thus frequently consistent with structures in the presence of ligands even though those ligands are not included in the models. GPCR structures in the PDB, including those used to train AF2, nearly always contain a ligand in the orthosteric binding pocket. An AF2 model of a GPCR should thus not be viewed as an attempt to predict the GPCR’s structure in the unliganded (apo) state. Finally, we did not apply flexible docking in this study because previous work has found that standard flexible docking protocols typically improve pose prediction performance only when given prior information on which amino acid residues to treat as flexible. For example, previous studies that performed successful flexible docking to AF2 models generally used prior knowledge of the ligand’s experimentally determined binding pose to identify the residues to treat as flexible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of AF2 models and the predictive accuracy of different modeling approaches in the context of protein structures. It highlights that AF2 models, despite their training on extensive data, yield pose prediction accuracy that is not consistently better than traditional homology models and worse than experimentally determined structures. This implies that models (including economic ones, by analogy) do not always accurately predict outcomes, undermining the claim that all economic models do.