Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 11288940 Export as PDF Tailoring statin treatment with genetic testing: a personalized approach for better heart health in the UAE Share on on on Submission date 17/10/2024 Registration date 20/10/2024 Last edited 17/10/2024 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category Prospectively registered analysis plan participant data Record updated in last year and study aimsThis study aims to improve how doctors prescribe statins, a type of medication used to lower cholesterol, by using genetic information. Statins are commonly prescribed to prevent heart attacks and strokes, but some people experience side effects, particularly muscle pain. By using genetic testing, this study hopes to identify which patients are more likely to experience side effects and adjust their treatment accordingly. This approach may help improve the safety and effectiveness of statin therapy in the Emirates (UAE). Who can participate? Adults (18 years and older) who are currently taking statins, specifically atorvastatin or rosuvastatin, are eligible to participate. Pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and those with certain medical conditions, like severe liver or kidney disease, will not be able to take part. What does the study involve? Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group will undergo genetic testing to personalize their statin therapy based on their genetic results, while the other group will continue receiving standard statin treatment based on the doctor’s decision. All participants will be followed up for one year, with check-ups at 1 month, 3 months, and 12 months to monitor their health and any side effects. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? The potential benefit of participating is that those in the personalized treatment group may have a lower chance of experiencing side effects like muscle pain and may have improved adherence to their medication, as many patients stop taking statins due to side effects. Based on the results of the genetic test, the physician may choose the most appropriate statin for each patient. For example, variants in the ABCG2 gene may indicate sensitivity to rosuvastatin, while variants in the SLCO1B1 gene may indicate sensitivity to atorvastatin. The risks are minimal, as genetic testing is non-invasive, and statins are widely used, though some participants may still experience muscle pain or other mild side effects. Where is the study run from? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing a study that aims to improve statin treatment using genetic testing. It specifically mentions that genetic testing will personalize statin therapy based on genetic results, thereby tailoring medical treatment plans for participants experiencing side effects. This directly aligns with the assertion that genetic testing can inform personalized medical treatment plans.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: In fish, it involves measuring factors such as their stress response, heart function, oxygen consumption, and survival under a variety of conditions. This knowledge is essential for managing fish populations, especially in aquaculture farms. Investigating how fish are affected by climate change is critical for improving the sustainability of aquaculture operations and informing effective conservation policies. ‘Studying fundamental aspects of fish physiology can provide key information with importance for the conservation, survival and management of fishes,’ says Dr Gamperl. ‘It takes a highly integrative approach, and a large collaborative effort from all sectors, including academia, government, and industry to accomplish this. ’ change is predicted to increase global ocean temperatures by between 1°C and 3°C by the end of the 21st century – conditions that will be accompanied by low oxygen levels in the water. This is because oxygen is less soluble in warm water compared to cooler water, while the oxygen consumption of aquatic organisms increases with temperature. Such ‘hypoxic’ conditions may reduce the ability of many fish to adapt to the rapid warming caused by climate change. Coastal areas are also experiencing more severe and frequent heat waves, often at the same time as hypoxia. This means that many aquaculture farms, which are typically near the coast, may be more vulnerable to heat waves than previously thought. Understanding the impacts of rising temperatures and the resulting low oxygen levels on fish physiology has been a central topic of Dr Gamperl’s research. In recent years, substantial progress has been made towards understanding the cardiovascular system of many fish species, but little is known about how this system adapts to high temperatures or low water oxygen levels. Therefore, and his team set out find out. To do so, they studied a species called the sablefish, which is widely distributed along the North Pacific, and is considered to have extremely flavourful meat, rich in healthy oils. As these fish are incredibly efficient at converting feed into protein, and have a low environmental impact, they are now of interest as a species to farm. Importantly, sablefish are very tolerant of hypoxia. To respond to warming waters, fish usually increase their heart rate to quickly transport oxygen through their blood. and his colleagues were the first scientists to investigate whether previous acclimation to hypoxic waters increases the ability of a fish species to respond to rapid warming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that many fish may struggle to adapt to the rapid warming caused by climate change, specifically due to the predicted increase in ocean temperatures and low oxygen levels. It emphasizes that such hypoxic conditions could limit the ability of aquatic organisms, including fish species, to adapt successfully, countering the assertion that adaptation will be easy for every species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Політика журналу дозволяє і заохочує розміщення авторами в мережі Інтернет (наприклад, у сховищах установ або на особистих веб-сайтах) рукопису роботи, як до подання цього рукопису до редакції, так і під час його редакційного опрацювання, оскільки це сприяє виникненню продуктивної наукової дискусії та позитивно позначається на оперативності та динаміці цитування опублікованої роботи. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the policies of a journal regarding manuscript submission and pre-publication sharing, making no mention of language serving as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: The study is being conducted across several major hospitals and clinics in the UAE, including and Tawam Hospital. Genetic testing will be conducted in university laboratories, and reports will be sent within 24 to 48 hours after the samples are collected. When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? December 2021 to June 2025Who is funding the study? The study is supported by [UAE Minstry of Education], which aims to advance personalized medicine in the UAE. Who is the main contact? Ali, bassam. ali@uaeu. ac. ae Study website Contact information name details Abu15551 Emirates +971 505734708 bassam. ali@uaeu. ac. ae Type Public, name Contact details Abu15551 Emirates +971 509813009 202190109@uaeu. ac. ae Contact name details Abu15551 Emirates +971 509813009 Zeina. almahairi@edu. ac. ae Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers Nil known Study information Scientific title Pharmacogenomic-guided personalization of statin therapy: a comprehensive approach in the Emirates population Acronym Statins-hypothesis Primary Hypothesis:Patients who undergo pharmacogenomic testing and receive statin therapy tailored to their genetic profile (SLCO1B1 and ABCG2 variants) will have a significantly lower incidence of Statin-Symptoms (SAMS) after one year compared to those receiving standard statin therapy without genetic testing. Based on their genetic makeup, some patients may benefit more from atorvastatin, while others may respond better to rosuvastatin. For instance, patients with the SLCO1B1 variant may tolerate rosuvastatin better, whereas those with ABCG2 variants may benefit more from atorvastatin. This personalized approach will lead to improved tolerability and reduced adverse events such as muscle pain. Secondary Hypothesis:Pharmacogenomic-guided statin therapy will result in either superior or comparable efficacy in lowering LDL-C levels and reducing cardiovascular risk compared to standard statin therapy. After one year, patients in the intervention arm are expected to achieve LDL cholesterol levels and ASCVD risk scores that are either better or non-inferior to those in the control group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing a study on pharmacogenomic testing for personalizing statin therapy. It explains that patients who undergo genetic testing will receive treatments tailored to their genetic profiles, confirming that genetic testing aids in creating personalized medical treatment plans. The mention of varying responses to atorvastatin or rosuvastatin based on specific genetic variants further emphasizes the role of genetic testing in personalizing treatment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, for sablefish acutely exposed to hypoxic water, the team discovered that their heart rate did not increase, but unexpectedly dropped when the temperature was raised, and this limited their upper temperature tolerance and ability to survive. Further, even fish that had previously been acclimatised to hypoxia could not increase their heart function, leaving them vulnerable to the effects of increased temperatures. These results show that living in hypoxic waters actually decreases the sablefish’s ability to withstand heat waves, and that hypoxia can impair the heart’s response to increased temperatures. The knowledge has gained on sablefish physiology will help formulate management policies for the species, towards developing sustainable aquaculture operations. One of Dr Gamperl’s labs – the Laboratory for Research. of the most important farmed fish species is the Atlantic salmon. For salmon that are reared in cages in coastal waters, the most significant environmental challenge is high water temperatures combined with hypoxia during the summer. In one devastating incident in 2019, nearly 2. 6 million farmed salmon off the coast of Newfoundland died. These deaths were largely attributed to a sustained period of high temperature (18–19°C) and a lack of oxygen as the fish crowded together seeking cooler water temperatures. However, as part of the Mitigating the Impacts of Climate-on Project (; see and his team have directly examined how increases in temperature, combined with moderate hypoxia, affect the behaviour and physiology of salmon. The team found that while salmon stop feeding at temperatures above 18°C, they can tolerate temperature up to 21°C, even when exposed to moderately hypoxic waters, and that fish in sea cages can survive such conditions. This research indicates that other factors must be present, in addition to temperatures of 18–20°C and hypoxia, for large numbers of salmon deaths to occur. The team has also developed a number of biochemical assays and molecular markers to assess the health, welfare and environmental tolerances of salmon. ‘This research can be used to assess fish health and to potentially select stocks that are more tolerant of environmental challenges,’ says Dr Gamperl. ‘This will be of great use to the salmon aquaculture industry, and potentially, to the culture of other fishes and the management of wild species. ’ Coastal aquaculture farms will be increasingly affected by the changing environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that certain species, such as sablefish and salmon, face significant challenges in adapting to climate change. It explicitly notes that sablefish exposed to hypoxic conditions showed a decreased ability to survive increased temperatures, while salmon showed limited feeding ability at higher temperatures. These findings highlight that not all species can adapt easily to changing environmental conditions, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Положення про конфіденційність Цей журнал практикує політику негайного відкритого доступу до опублікованого змісту, підтримуючи принципи вільного поширення наукової інформації та глобального обміну знаннями задля загального суспільного прогресу. Інше Фінансування журналу. Видавець Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України Останній випуск Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність. Вип. 39. DOI журналу : 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It discusses journal policies and publication information without addressing the relationship between language and identity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: This will confirm that the personalized genetic approach does not compromise, and may even enhance, the lipid-lowering effects of statin treatment. Additional Hypothesis:Patients in the pharmacogenomic-guided therapy arm are expected to have higher adherence rates due to reduced side effects, especially muscle pain, as genetic testing will help guide more suitable statin selection. Atorvastatin may be more beneficial for patients carrying specific variants, while others may be better suited for rosuvastatin. This personalized treatment will result in fewer cases of discontinuation compared to the standard treatment arm. Ethics approval(s) 1. Approved 05/04/2023, (UAEU. HREC) (College of Medicine & 15551, Emirates; +971 3 713 6597; research. office@uaeu. ac. ae), ref: SNA/FA/2020-14 2. Approved 29/06/2020, () (Department of 35 20224, Emirates; +971 800555; admt@doh. gov. ae), ref: DOH/CVDC/2020/1187 3. Approved 27/10/2021, Commitee (Building 35 20224, Emirates; +971800555; admt@doh. gov. ae), ref: DOH/CVDC/2021/1519 4. Approved 09/03/2022, (Office - 123812, Emirates; +971 4 512 2730; MCME-ResearchOffice@mediclinic. ae), ref: MCME. CR. 213. MAIN. 2021 5. Approved 21/09/2022, renewal letter from the Committee (Building 35 20224, Emirates; +971 800555; admt@doh. gov. ae), ref: DOH/CVDC/2022/1458 6. Approved 09/11/2023, Committee (35 5674, Emirates; +971 24449822; admt@doh. gov. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how a personalized genetic approach can enhance the effectiveness of statin treatment. It mentions that genetic testing can guide more suitable statin selection based on specific variants, leading to better adherence rates and fewer discontinuations. This indicates that genetic testing is indeed helpful in creating personalized medical treatment plans.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry will need to adapt to these changes to grow sustainably. The team’s research will help enable the industry to recognise, and prepare for, the effects of warming and hypoxic coastal waters caused by climate change. A few members of Dr Gamperl’s team. Insights into A similar species to salmon – the Arctic char – is an economically and culturally important fish for northern aboriginal peoples. This species is also making an increasingly important contribution to aquaculture in Canada and Europe. However, many experts are concerned about the ability of this species to tolerate rising temperatures. Dr Gamperl’s team has provided key insights into why Atlantic salmon are more tolerant of high water temperatures than Arctic char, and why char populations are especially vulnerable to climate change. Cardiac performance, such as maximum heart rate and pumping capacity, are lower in char than salmon, and these differences in cardiac performance may make it more difficult for char to tolerate warmer temperatures. Impaired cardiac performance in fish can negatively impact swimming, foraging and migration, and ultimately reduce survival. To better understand how the fish heart responds to high temperatures, the team also studied the function of mitochondria in the heart muscle cells of salmon. Mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells, are present in large numbers and are required to meet the high energy demands of the beating heart. In their study, the researchers acclimatised one group of salmon to a temperature of 12°C and a second group to 20°C. They found that salmon that had been acclimatised to the warmer temperature had improved mitochondrial function when they were exposed to higher temperatures of up to 26°C. Further, they report that less efficient mitochondrial and heart function likely contribute to the reduced heat tolerance of char. These fascinating insights into heart and mitochondrial function enhance our understanding of how salmonids, including salmon, trout and Arctic char, will respond to climate change. Dr Gamperl’s research will undoubtedly aid in the development of improved regulations and conservation measures to protect Arctic char. Sablefish. : Campbell (GESF) A Work in Gamperl team’s future plans include using an integrative approach to examine how maximum oxygen consumption, heart function and blood oxygen transport differ between marine fish species and how these physiological characteristics allow them to acclimatise to their environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges that certain species, specifically Arctic char, face in adapting to climate change. It states that many experts are concerned about Arctic char's ability to tolerate rising temperatures due to impaired cardiac performance, which can negatively impact swimming, foraging, and survival. In contrast, it explains that Atlantic salmon have demonstrated a greater tolerance to higher temperatures, suggesting that not every species can easily adapt to the changing climate as posited by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 33402/ukr. 2024DOI випуску: 10. 33402/ukr. 2024-39Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність гол. ред. Ігор Соляр, заст. гол. ред. Михайло Романюк; НАН України, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича. Львів, 2024. Вип. 39. 328 с. Збірник об’єднує студії з історії, археології, мовознавства та літературознавства. Статті історичного блоку розкривають актуальні проблеми історії, етнології та археології від найдавніших часів до сьогодення. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide support for the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it focuses on a compilation of studies related to history, archaeology, and linguistics without explicitly connecting language to identity or heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: ae), ref: DOH/CVDC/2023/1952 Study design Multicenter interventional randomized controlled trial Primary study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) Hospital, Medical and other records Study type Safety, information sheet prescribed statins as a primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular events study will recruit patients from multiple medical sites and randomize them into two arms using Castor software:Interventional arm be adjusted based on their genotyping results. Physicians will receive a recommendation report for personalized treatment. Recommendations include change in statin type or dose based on the genetic results and this is translated on a recommendation based on CPIC guidelines. Arm: Patients will receive statin therapy based on the physician's decision without knowledge of the genotyping results. Follow-up will occur at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year. Intervention type outcome measure 1. Incidence of SAMS is measured using retrospective medical record review at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year2. Relevant diagnostic codes for muscle-related disorders (myopathy, myalgia, rhabdomyolysis) are measured using retrospective medical record review at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year3. Adverse events are measured using three phone calls at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year4. Symptoms of muscle pain are measured using the tool at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year5. Severity of muscle pain is measured using the tool at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year6. Timing of pain relative to statin initiation is measured using the tool at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year7. Pain location and characteristics are measured using the tool at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year8. Other potential causes for muscle symptoms are measured using the tool at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year Secondary outcome measures 1. Mean LDL cholesterol levels are measured using medical record extraction at baseline and 1 year2. ASCVD risk score is measured using the ACC/at baseline and 1 year3. Outcomes in people with an actionable gene-drug interaction are measured using medical record extraction at baseline and 1 year4. Prespecified margin of greater than 10mg/dL is measured using medical record extraction at baseline and 1 year Overall study start date 12/12/2021 Overall study end date 30/06/2025 Reason abandoned (if study stopped) inclusion criteria 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that physicians will receive a recommendation report for personalized treatment based on patients' genotyping results. This implies that genetic testing is utilized to adjust treatment plans, such as changing statin type or dose according to genetic results, which directly supports the claim regarding the role of genetic testing in personalized medical treatment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: They will continue to study the physiology of fish with the goal of understanding how evolution has shaped the physiological systems of fish and whether fish are likely to adapt to the effects of climate change. Collaboration across all sectors will continue to be critical in tackling the many challenges that climate change poses to both farmed and wild fish populations. Dr Gamperl’s innovative research into fish physiology and biology has raised many new and exciting questions, and will continue to have important implications for fish conservation and ensuring global food security in the face of climate change. Short on time? watch this animation E-book Video-book the researcher GamperlDepartment of Ocean Sciencesof Newfoundland and LabradorSt. John’s, Newfoundland and Labradorearned his PhD in Biology at Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, in 1994. He was an of Biology at University before moving to of Newfoundland and Labrador, where he is now a Professor in the Department of Ocean Sciences. Here, he is also the of the Centre. Dr Gamperl’s integrative research program focuses on understanding how environmental and physiological variables interact to affect fish biology. His internationally recognised research has led to over 125 publications in peer-reviewed journals and over 35 research grants. In addition to his research, he teaches courses in fish biology, animal physiology and aquaculture, and supervises many graduate and undergraduate students, post-doctoral researchers and research assistants. : kgamperl@mun. ca W: of Doug Syme, University of Santander, of Newfoundland and of of of Newfoundland and. salmon (Salmo salar) cage-site distribution, behaviour and physiology during a Newfoundland heat wave, Frontiers in Physiology, 2021. DOI: 10. 3389/fphys. 2021. 719594 effects on the contractile performance and efficiency of oxidative muscle from a eurythermal vs. a stenothermal salmonid, Journal of Experimental Biology, 2021, 224, jeb242487. DOI: 10. 1242/jeb. 242487 salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined, G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics (Bethesda), 2021, Apr 7. DOI: 10. 1093/g3journal/jkab102. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing ongoing research on fish physiology and the challenges that climate change poses to both farmed and wild fish populations. It indicates that adaptation is not guaranteed, as it raises questions about how species, specifically fish in this case, are likely to adapt to climate change effects. This suggests that adaptation may not be easy or universally applicable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Дослідницьку увагу також зосереджено на постатях С. Гайдучка, Я. Стецька, діяльність яких є важливою для сприйняття та розуміння історії України. Вшановано ювілей відомого історика, фахівця з історії Польщі та українсько-польських відносин проф. В. Комара. Лінгвістичні студії репрезентують аналіз мовних явищ XV–XVIII ст. , проблеми історичної лексикографії та ономастики. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it discusses historical figures and linguistic studies of specific periods in Ukrainian history, which is not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: The lack of global non-responders suggests the driver of individual variation in exercise response could be down to variation within these pathways. This variation would likely occur due to genetic and non-genetic influences, which combine to create a unique adaptive outcome. Outside of specific performance-enhancing adaptations following exercise, there is also a large range in terms of health improvements. Returning to the mean improvement in insulin sensitivity within a sub-cohort was 10% [5]. However, this varied between subjects from large improvements, to no change, to a decrease in insulin sensitivity. Factors affecting this individual response included gender, race, and starting body weight [20]. Similarly, disease state can also modify improvements in insulin sensitivity following exercise training, with type-II diabetics and non-diabetics seeing improvements of differing magnitudes [21]. Even very complex traits, comprised of many factors, show large ranges in variability between subjects. Injury risk in sport is multifactorial, comprised of internal and external risk factors, along with an inciting event [22]. Even within this complex model, not all high-risk athletes will get injured, nor will low-risk athletes avoid injury [23]. The same is true when looking at response to a dietary supplement, such as vitamin D, with genotype, baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitain D (25(OH)D) levels and body mass index (BMI) all modifying increases in serum 25(OH)D levels following supplementation [24]. A large individual variation in the ergogenic effect of caffeine has also been widely reported [15, 25, 26]. 3. that these large variations in exercise adaptation exist between subjects, it is necessary to identify and understand the causes of this variation. Here, we outline how proposed mechanisms interact to lead to the observed extensive inter-individual variation in exercise adaptation. 3. 1. the completion of the Project in 2003, genetic analysis has become increasingly affordable, making research into the effects of genes on fitness and performance more feasible. Knowledge of these genetic influences has progressed significantly in recent years, moving from the idea that all traits are determined by a single gene (which holds true in select disease states such as [27] and Huntington’s disease [28]), to more complex polygenic interactions. The “single gene as a magic bullet” philosophy has previously been present in sport [29], with some coaches believing that individual genes are responsible for athletic performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant individual variation in responses to exercise and dietary supplements, which can be influenced by genetic factors. It highlights that understanding these genetic influences is essential for personalizing treatment strategies, suggesting that genetic analysis has become more feasible and important for fitness and performance. The mention of 'large individual variation in the ergogenic effect of caffeine' and 'the need to identify and understand the causes of this variation' reinforces the idea that genetic testing can be a valuable tool in developing personalized medical treatment plans.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionAdaptation of crops to global climate change represents an urgent challenge for humanity. Although crops can be relatively well adapted to slow changes in the climate, the capacity to adapt to increased seasonal and inter-annual variation and to increased frequency of extremes may not be as high (Porter and Semenov 2005). Such potential vulnerability of agricultural production has created interest in building adaptive capacity and resilience (Smit and Wandel 2006; Lin 2011). Dairy farming is the agricultural production line of highest economic significance in northern Europe, which is experiencing the most rapid climate change. Forage crops are the cornerstones in such production systems. In the future, forage production could benefit from several effects of climate change (Bindi and Olesen 2011; Graux et al. 2013; Rapacz et al. 2014), which include a longer physiologically effective growing season, a higher temperature sum and a higher concentration of CO2 (Porter et al. 2014) and better overwintering conditions that are predicted for some winter-sensitive species (Thorsen and Höglind 2010). As threats to the maintenance of sustainable forage production, increased frequency (Christidis et al. 2014) and duration of heat stress, droughts and heavy rain events are likely (Christensen and Christensen 2007; Ylhäisi et al. 2010; Ruosteenoja et al. 2011). Furthermore, climate change is expected to increase the risks of winter injury for most overwintering forages (Bélanger et al. 2002; Bertrand et al. 2003; Thorsen and Höglind 2010). A lack of full hardening during the fall and reduced snow cover may also expose crops to killing frosts, ice encasement and soil heaving (Bélanger et al. 2002; Rapacz et al. 2014). In the context of climate change, ‘adaptive capacity is the ability of a system to adjust to climate change, including climate variability and extremes, to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences’ (IPCC 2001). Therefore, high adaptation is different from high adaptive capacity (Gallopín 2006; Smit and Wandel 2006), and a species or cultivar may be well adapted to the current environment but have little capacity to respond to variability and changes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of species' ability to adapt to climate change. It states that while crops can adapt to slow climate changes, their capacity to cope with increased variability and extremes may not be high. For example, it mentions the vulnerability of forage production to threats from climate change like heat stress and droughts. This indicates that not every species will easily adapt, thereby contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Дослідження з літературознавства зосереджено навколо аналізу творчості А. Франко-Ключко, доньки I. Франка, спогадів-есеїв нашого сучасника В. Неборака, а також репрезентовано маловідомі сторінки життя і творчості німецькомовного єврейського поета і перекладача з Буковини П. Целана. «Огляди та рецензії» презентують філологічні книжкові новинки, запрошуючи до читання та дискусій. Архів випусків About the journal Open access policy This journal realizes a policy of an immediate open access to the published content, supporting the principles of a free distribution of scientific information and a global exchange of knowledge for the sake of the common public progress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses literary studies focusing on specific authors and works, but does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Approximately 18% of individuals are homozygous for the X allele, causing a deficiency of alpha-actinin-3 [46]. Whilst this isn’t associated with any disease state, it does mean that XX genotypes tend to have a lower percentage of type-IIx muscle fibres [47]. allele is uncommon in elite speed-power athletes, and potentially more common in elite endurance athletes when compared to controls [48]. This indicates the XX genotype is unfavourable for elite power performance, but potentially has a beneficial effect on endurance performance. Subsequent research has confirmed the association between the R allele and power performance, although the link between the X allele and endurance is less clear [49]. Other replicated SNPs found to affect athletic performance include ACE I/D [50-52], 1A Gly482Ser [53-55], GABPB1 (rs7181866) [56, 57], BDKRB2 +9/-9 [58, 59], and HIF1A Pro582Ser [60, 61]. After identifying a relevant polymorphism, the next step is to elucidate how this polymorphism affects individual training response. With ACTN3, RR genotypes show greater improvements in peak power and strength than XX genotypes following resistance training in elderly populations [62, 63]. The mechanisms driving these differences are not fully understood. Increases in mTOR and p70S6k, stimulators of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, have been found to be greater in R allele carriers than XX genotypes following high-intensity exercise [64], and testosterone levels may be higher in RR genotypes [65]. R allele carriers also tend to have a higher percentage of type-II muscle fibres [66], potentially allowing greater hypertrophy following resistance training [67, 68]. These findings may go some way to explaining the differences in training responsiveness between ACTN3 genotypes. Again, similar research has shown a modifying effect of other polymorphisms on training response, including ACE I/D [69-71] and 1A Gly482Ser [72-74], as well as the influence of genetic variation on other traits, including injury risk [75-77] and exercise recovery [78, 79]. 3. 2. If heritable factors are responsible for a part of exercise adaptation, the obvious question to ask is - what is responsible for the other part? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic variations, such as the ACTN3 genotype, affect individual training responses and performance in sports. It mentions that 'the next step is to elucidate how this polymorphism affects individual training response,' indicating that understanding genetic differences can lead to more tailored and effective training or treatment plans for individuals. This supports the idea that genetic testing can inform personalized medical treatment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: We are unable to determine which cultivars will perform well in a future climate, but we may assume the requirements for capacity to adapt are likely to broaden (Coumou and Rahmstorf 2012; Chen and Tian 2016). Consequently, sufficient plasticity can hardly be bred within a single cultivar but rather within the entire cultivar pool. A key complement of the ability to respond is response diversity, meaning the diversity of responses within a functional group (Chapin et al. 1997; Elmqvist et al. 2003; Kahiluoto et al. 2014). Such diversity of responses to critical environmental change is likely to have a value that is proportional to its amount (Kahiluoto et al. 2014). Diversity of within-species responses in the available cultivar pool could increase yield stability under the current level of weather variability and ensure the potential for adaptation in the long-term as changes in the global climate proceed. The aim of the study was to illustrate that assessments of response diversity can be used to identify gaps in the adaptive capacity to climate change. Specifically, the aim was to investigate whether within-species diversity in responses was apparent to changing and varying weather for the available set of modern forage crop cultivars as the most important crops grown in northern Europe: timothy (Phleum pratense L. ), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds. ), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ; syn. Lolium arundinaceum Schreb), tall fescue-type festulolium (F. arundinacea Schreb. × Lolium multiflorum Lam, i. e. , Festulolium pabulare) that were backcrossed with F. arundinacea (DLF 2016) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L. ). The annual forage crop dry matter (DM) yield (kg ha−1 year−1) was used throughout the study as the response variable to indicate adaptive capacity to agroclimatic variables critical to yield. The specific research questions were as follows: 1. Is there within-species diversity in responses to critical agroclimatic variables in the available set of modern forage crop cultivars? 2. To enhance the adaptive capacity, to which agroclimatic variables are the diversity of responses low? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges of predicting which cultivars will perform well in future climates. It emphasizes that while there is potential for adaptation, the ability to respond to climate change requires diversity within species. The mention of 'sufficient plasticity can hardly be bred within a single cultivar' suggests that not all species—especially single cultivars—will adapt easily to changing climates, which directly opposes the claim that every species will adapt easily.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Year of foundation 1992 Focus and scope The interdisciplinary journal brings together studies in history, linguistics and literary studies. The historical block is represented by studies of current problems of history, as well as researches about outstanding persons and their importance in the formation of Ukrainian statehood. Linguistic studies primarily exposes the problems of Ukrainian language history and dialectology. Literary studies focus on analyzing writers' works in the context of world history and culture. DOI ISSN 2223-1196 (print) Certificate of state registration Identifier in the Register of R30-03117 dated March 14, 2024 Publication frequency Twice a year The collection is indexed at international scientometric database: 1. Соляр, І. , Красівський, О. , Муравський, О. (2019). Діяльність Західно-Українського товариства Ліги Націй у 1922–1924 рр. Сторінки історії, 49, 75–84. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 1895572. Soliar, I. , Sholota K. (2019). Ukrainian issue at the Congresses in the second half of the 1920-ies (based on the periodical «Dilo»). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 11, 142–168. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 11. 1713143. Murawśkyj, O, Solіar, I. (2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. Instead, it focuses on the foundation and scope of an interdisciplinary journal that includes studies in history, linguistics, and literary studies, without discussing how language serves as a marker of identity or cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Having then introduced epigenetics, the mechanism through which environmental aspects influence genetic expression; we explored how genetic and non-genetic factors also influenced epigenetic modifications, further illustrating the complex relationship between all factors, requiring an update to the model proposed in Fig. (3). This culminates in a model illustrating how these factors interact, creating a unique outcome for each individual in response to a stimulus. This response is not stable, as the component factors themselves can be highly variable over time; just because an individual saw a performance improvement after one training programme doesn’t guarantee the same improvement following the same programme once more [207]. Fig. (4) illustrates this complex relationship. 5. discussed the main aspects that affect individual adaptation to exercise, it’s crucial to make this information usable to athletes. Competing at the highest level is a function of talent alongside optimal training – but how does an athlete know their training is optimal? Typically, this requires trial and error, which is costly in terms of both time, and, if the trial is ineffective, performance. Given that athletes only have a window of a few years to compete at their peak, time spent undertaking sub-optimal training can be damaging. Having more information on which to base decisions regarding training methodology would be very attractive to everyone involved in sport. Currently, most tests carried out on athletes are phenotypic, such as VO2max and vitamin D tests. This testing has use, providing a snapshot of where the athlete is at a point in time and informing training requirements, but has minimal long-term predictive ability. Fig. (4). The complex interaction between genes, environment and epigenetics on response to a stimulus, in this case a training programme. Environmental factors are contained within the bordered circle. Given that a large proportion of inter-individual variation is down to genetic factors, testing for these factors holds promise. This could be single gene/SNP testing, or, more promisingly, larger scale testing such as whole genome sequencing. The cost of these tests has dropped in recent years, increasing accessibility [208]. This gives rise to the potential use of genetic tests to inform training programme design, which may have predictive ability [183, 209, 210]. Whilst single gene models might give some insight into exercise response [62, 211], adaptation to exercise is not determined by a single gene. Instead, groups of genes influence the various cellular pathways controlling adaptation [212]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic testing can be utilized to gain insights into individual responses to training programs. It highlights that 'testing for these factors holds promise' and mentions that genetic tests could potentially inform training program design with predictive ability. This suggests that genetic testing can indeed play a significant role in tailoring personalized approaches, aligning with the claim that it can inform medical treatment plans.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: All of the above effects are fixed in the model. Experimental site × year × trial(category) jklm is the random effect of the kth experimental site, lth year and mth trial within the jth category and ε ijklm is a normally distributed residual error. 2. 5 Looking for gaps in the yield responses of species P values of statistical significance for G, E and G × E were calculated. Although a clear response was indicated for cases in which E was statistically significant but G × E was not, the response diversity within the cultivars of a species was low in these cases, and therefore, a gap in adaptive capacity was identified. The results are illustrated in figures regarding those agroclimatic variables with the most diversity in responses and those with the least (Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 and Table 4). Fig. 2. Yield responses of timothy cultivars (G × E). The dashed line indicates 100 % of the average yields of the cultivars for 2000–2012. P values are for the statistical significance for the interaction between the cultivar and the weather variable. The columns are as follows: low moderate and high accumulation of a mean daily rainfall during the fall hardening period and b number of days with the maximum temperature of 25 °C from the start of the growth period to the first cut. For further details regarding the low, moderate and high categories, see Table 2 Full size image Fig. 3Yield responses of meadow fescue cultivars (G × E). The dashed line indicates 100 % of the average yields of the cultivars for 2000–2012. P values are for the statistical significance for the interaction between the cultivar and the weather variable. The columns are as follows: low moderate and high accumulation of a mean daily rainfall during FH, b number of days with the maximum temperature of 25 °C from the first cut to the second cut and c temperature sum 7 days after the first cut. For further details regarding the low, moderate and high categories, see Table 2 Full size image Fig. 4Yield responses of tall fescue cultivars (G × E). The dashed line indicates 100 % of the average yields of the cultivars for 2000–2012. P values are for the statistical significance for the interaction between the cultivar and the weather variable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are gaps in the adaptive capacity of species, especially noted through the low response diversity within cultivars of a species. This suggests that not all species, or their cultivars, will easily adapt to changing climatic conditions, highlighting differences in responses across various agroclimatic variables.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Procesy społeczno-polityczne w Ukraińskiej SRR: osobliwości, tendencje, skutki (przełom lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. ). Pamięc i Sprawiedliwośc, 33, 252–270. Retrieved from: Monographs: 1. Соляр, І. Консолідаційні процеси національно-державницьких сил Західної України (1923 – 1928). Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2010. 150 с. 2. Соляр, І. Зовнішні орієнтації національно-державницьких партій Західної України (1923 – 1939). Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2011. 356 с. 1. Соляр, І. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents information regarding socio-political processes in Ukraine and includes references to monographs, but it does not address the relationship between language and identity or cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: By examining just one gene, such as ACTN3, we run the risk of ignoring the effects of these other genes. One way to overcome this is to use a multi-gene model, comprised of an algorithmic approach that allows for the evaluation of many gene polymorphisms. One method used in this regard is the Score (TGS). This method has been used against retrospective data to improve identification of at-risk individuals for cardiovascular disease and type-II diabetes [213, 214]. Within the sports world, it has thus far been examined primarily as a potential tool for the discovery of elite athletes [30, 31, 215] although the consensus is that there is currently no predictive ability of genetics in the identification of elite athletes [216]. Pooled data from three independent aerobic training programmes – and – showed that those with a TGS of ≥19 had VO2max improvements 2. 7 times greater than those with a score of ≤9, although this was conducted post-hoc and not used to inform programme design [217]. Presently, the use of a TGS or other algorithm has not been widely utilised in regards to interventions to improve exercise response. One study used a TGS to retrospectively explain training response over the career of an athlete [218]. Another used a weighted algorithm to personalise an eight-week resistance training programme, with those doing genetically matched training demonstrating significantly greater improvements across tests of power and endurance than those doing genetically mismatched training. In addition, over 80% of subjects identified as high responders were from the matched group, whilst 82% of non-responders were from the mismatched group [209]. This suggests genetic testing might reduce non-response to exercise; something that will excite elite athletes, but which may also have public health connotations in the fight against obesity. Another method combined the use of RNA profiling with SNPs to create a molecular predictor of VO2max response to aerobic training [183], although this has yet to be satisfactory replicated [88]. It is still early in this journey, with a far greater body of research required; nevertheless, it does appear that we are getting closer to being able to utilise this knowledge. Doing so will also require manipulation of training variables, such as exercise intensity, duration, volume, as well as nutritional interventions. It must be remembered that the use of genetic information can better inform these manipulations, but does not replace them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that genetic testing, specifically through methods like the TGS (Training Genetic Score) and RNA profiling combined with SNPs, can aid in personalizing medical interventions. It states that using genetic information can inform manipulations of training variables and improve exercise response, which aligns with the idea of developing personalized medical treatment plans.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: All cultivars showed sensitivity to low precipitation during the fall hardening period (Fig. 3a). Additionally, the occurrence of a high number of cold winter temperatures (>−15 °C) consistently reduced the yields by 10–25 %. A high accumulation of warm winter temperatures (above 0 °C) increased the yields nearly 20 % compared with those of the lowest temperature accumulation category (Table 4). Regarding the growth period, diversity occurred in the yield responses to a high number of days with the maximum temperature of 25 °C during the regrowth stage (Fig. 3b); in most cases, the temperature stress led to marked yield reduction, but SW Minto and Valtteri cultivars yielded well under the moderate and high rates of temperature accumulation. A high temperature sum 7 days after the first cut reduced the yields of all cultivars (Fig. 3c) (see Online resource 3). 3. 3 Tall fescueTall fescue cultivars showed diversity in yield responses to two of the 14 agroclimatic variables (Table 3). During fall hardening, an increase in accumulation of cold temperatures <5 °C consistently reduced the yields, and in the lowest precipitation category, yield penalties occurred in all tall fescue cultivars (Fig. 4a). All tall fescue cultivars were apparently sensitive also to harsh winter conditions: yield reductions of approximately 15 % were found during winters characterized with a high number of days causing cold stress (−15 °C; Table 4). A high accumulation of warm winter temperatures (above 0 °C) increased the yields by approximately 20 % compared with those of the lowest accumulation category. In the growth period, tall fescue cultivars differed in response to the temperature sum accumulation and to the number of days with the maximum temperature of 28 °C. However, a high temperature sum 7 days after the first cut was not tolerated well by any of the cultivars (Fig. 4b) (see Online resource 4). 3. 4 FestuloliumFestulolium cultivars showed differences in yield responses to eight of the 14 agroclimatic variables (Table 3). All cultivars were apparently sensitive to a low or moderate rate of precipitation during the fall hardening period (Fig. 5a). All festulolium cultivars were sensitive to the high accumulation of cold temperatures (−15 °C) during the winter period (10–21 % yield reduction). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing how various cultivars, including tall fescue and festulolium, showed significant sensitivity to climatic factors such as low precipitation and extreme temperatures. The yield reductions mentioned, such as 10–25% due to cold winter temperatures, indicate that these species are not adapting easily to their changing climate. Therefore, the evidence provided suggests limitations in the adaptability of these species in response to climatic stresses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Між ідеями негації Польської держави і здобуття автономії. Галичина і Волинь у складі міжвоєнної Польщі редкол. : Вісин В. , Голик Р. , Голубко В. та ін. Харків: Фоліо, 2017. С. 44–110. 2. Соляр, І. Спроби консолідації політичних сил Наддніпрянщини і Галичини (1920–1923). Революція, державність, нація: Україна на шляху самоствердження (1917–1921). Київ, 2017. С. 87–95. 3. Соляр, І. Ідея консолідації в громадсько-політичному житті Західної України в 1920–1923 рр. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it discusses historical and political contexts in Ukraine without mentioning language or its significance in relation to identity or heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Genetic testing is somewhat controversial [216, 219, 220], with the controversy comprised of various factors. One of these is the use of genetic testing for talent; certainly, there is no evidence that genetic testing can or should be used in this way [216]. The second is whether they have utility in terms of exercise modification. A recent consensus statement suggests they don’t [216], although no evidence is given within the statement to support this standpoint. It’s certainly true that, at present, only a small number of studies have looked at training modifications based on genetic information, but this number is expected to grow in the future, leading to the possibility that genetic information might have some use alongside other more traditional information sources [221, 222]. Finally, there are ethical aspects to consider and overcome. Should there be a minimum age for genetic tests? Can the results of a genetic test be placed in the correct context for an athlete? Who owns the genetic data, the athlete or the team? If an athlete refuses a genetic test, will they be discriminated against? What happens if a genetic test unearths a potential medical issue, such as increased Alzheimer’s disease risk? These questions, and others, will need to be answered before genetic testing can become widespread in sport. Finally, there needs to be assurances that genetic test results won’t be used for selection purposes, or any other discriminatory practices. If these ethical hurdles can be overcome, there is the potential to use genetic testing in exercise prescription and modification alongside other more traditional aspects. the course of this review, we have explored some of the factors that modify the individual response to a stimulus, primarily exercise adaptation. We’ve seen how our environment can impact adaptation, through aspects such as sleep and nutrition, and we’ve also examined how epigenetic modifications allow communication between the environment and genetic expression. However, a constant theme throughout has been the influence of genetics on the response to a stimulus. Differences in genotype are responsible for a large amount of variation in exercise adaptation, but genetic factors also influence environmental aspects such as nutrition and epigenetic efficiency. Given that genetic factors are such a consistent and fundamental modulator of how someone responds to exercise, knowledge these factors within an individual would prove useful. For the first time, this knowledge is affordable and available through genetic testing, allowing athletes and coaches to have an idea of how they will respond, and to modify training to account for this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that genetic factors significantly influence an individual's response to exercise and can inform exercise prescription and modification. It highlights that with the availability of affordable genetic testing, athletes and coaches can gain insights into how genetic factors affect training adaptation, thereby allowing for a more personalized approach to training based on genetic information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: By contrast, a high accumulation of temperatures above 0 °C during the winter period increased yields markedly (Table 4). During the growth period, the cultivars differed in their yield responses to the temperature sum. Cultivars differed in their responses to the number of days with the maximum temperature of 25 °C in the primary and regrowth stages (Fig. 5b). Cultivars also differed in their responses to very high temperature stress (28 °C) during the growth period. In most cases, the accumulation of a high temperature sum 7 days after the first cut led to a yield reduction. Cultivars responded differently to the accumulation of precipitation before the first cut (see Online resource 5). 3. 5 Red cloverThe modern red clover cultivars showed differences in yield responses to one of the 14 agroclimatic variables and a tendency in responses to three of the 14 (Table 3). Although red clover cultivars were sensitive to winter temperatures that differed from the moderate accumulation of temperatures above 0 °C, there was a tendency towards differences in yield responses (Fig. 6a). The highest (and the lowest) number of days of the very high temperature stress (+28 °C) led consistently to a yield reduction (Fig. 6b). The low temperature accumulation rate or the temperature sum led to marked yield reductions (Table 4) (see Online resource 6). 4 Discussion4. 1 Sensitivity of forage crop cultivars to climate changeWe used the annual forage crop DM yield (kg ha−1 year−1) to indicate the response diversity as a proxy to adaptive capacity to weather variability throughout the study. Although the DM yield of the first cut is typically more sensitive than the annual harvest to changes in the fall hardening and winter related variables (Kangas et al. 2009), the annual DM yield is by far the most important variable for forage production because it is linked to farm fodder and food supply and farm income. The length of the hardening period is associated with better winter survival of grasses (Bélanger et al. 2002). According to Bélanger et al. (2002), the mean length of fall hardening in eastern Canada is approximately 24 days, whereas in this study, the mean length of lowest category of the fall hardening period was 39 days (Table 2). This seems sufficiently long for the tested forage crop cultivars, since it did not result in marked damage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the varying responses of different cultivars of forage crops to changing climatic conditions. It specifically notes that 'cultivars differed in their yield responses to the temperature sum' and that 'the highest (and lowest) number of days of the very high temperature stress (+28 °C) led consistently to a yield reduction.' This indicates that not all species—or cultivars, in this case—are able to adapt easily, as their yields are adversely affected by climatic variability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Взаємодія інституцій держави і громадянського суспільства наук. ред. Соляр І. Я. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2017. С. 231–240 та ін. Editoral team:Alessandro Achilli, PhD, Lecturer in Ukrainian Studies, (Clayton) Melbourne, Australia (1800 Monash (666 274), Australia)Alessandro. Achilli@monash. edu Achilli, А. (2016). “As a Poet he is known to all of Russia”. A rather Fruitful Malentendu: Rilke and Spiridon Drožžin. Zeitschrift für Slawistik, 61(2), 215–228. DOI: Achilli, А. (2015). Taras Ševčenko in the prose and poetry of Vasyl’ Stus. Studi Slavistici, 12, 317–331. DOI: 10. 13128/Studi-Slavis-17985. Retrieved from: Achilli, А. (2013). Subject as a Poet in the Works of Marina Cvetaeva, Rilke. Studi Slavistici, 10(1), 129–148. DOI: Stepan Borchuk, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of of the University (57 Shevchenko St. , Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine)borchuk_s@ukr. net Borchuk, S. , Khytrovska, Yu. (2019). History of Relations of Masonry and Church in the – Centuries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and primarily consists of bibliographic references and authors without discussing the role of language in identity or cultural heritage. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: The information gained from a genetic test represents an additional piece of information to inform needs much like a vitamin D screen, heart rate variability for recovery, or a 1RM strength test. It is still early in the use of genetic testing for sports people, and a significant body of research is required to identify yet more SNPs involved in exercise adaptation, along with other areas of interest to athletes; injury risk, recovery speed, and the ergogenic effects of nutritional aids. However, research is starting to indicate the utility of these tests. Indeed, some sports teams have been using genetic information [223], but without any evidence-based practice. Given the apparent desire of high level sports people to utilize genetic information to inform programme design, the development of evidence-based guidelines is paramount, which of course means that further research on the potential use of genetic information in training response in required, particularly from a predictive standpoint. As such, further research should focus on: Replication of existing, and discovery of further SNPs that impact exercise adaptation. Examining the interplay between genes, environment, and epigenetic modifications on exercise adaptation. The development of evidence-based guidelines on the use of genetic assessments in sport, with particular reference to ethical considerations. The ability to harness this information potentially represents a new dawn in understanding exercise adaptation, allowing athletes to better their quest to become faster, higher, and stronger. applicable. nor have any conflicts of interest pertaining from the publication of this manuscript. is an employee of DNAFit Ltd. He received no financial incentive for the production of this manuscript. 59. CrossRef PubMed 2 of position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. 2002; 34(2): 364-80. CrossRef PubMed 3. Day to day variation in time trial cycling performance. 1992; 13(6): 467-70. CrossRef PubMed 4. Day-to-day variation in heart rate at different levels of submaximal exertion: Implications for monitoring training. J Res 2009; 23(3): 1005-10. CrossRef PubMed 5 Bouchard C, Rankinen T. Individual differences in response to regular physical activity. 2001; 33(6)(Suppl. ): S446-51. CrossRef PubMed 6. High responders and low responders: Factors associated with individual variation in response to standardized training. 2014; 44(8): 1113-24. CrossRef PubMed 7 Matveyev LP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic testing can provide additional information to inform treatment plans, especially in the context of sports. It outlines that although further research is necessary, there is a starting indication of the utility of genetic tests in areas such as exercise adaptation, injury risk, and recovery speed. The potential for genetic assessments to guide personalized approaches in training and overall health suggests they are indeed valuable in informing medical treatment plans.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: If precipitation during the fall increases as projected (Ruosteenoja et al. 2011), excessive soil moisture is likely to hamper the hardening (Paquin and Mehuys 1980), as indicated by our findings regarding yield penalties in the timothy cultivars, whereas other forage crop cultivars succeeded well under such conditions. In this regard, diversity in the breeding material of timothy is required to complement the new drainage measures. According to our results, warm winter temperatures increased the yields of timothy, meadow fescue, festulolium and tall fescue cultivars, as also reported by Thorsen and Höglind (2010), wherein the occurrence of ice cover is rarely reported. Höglind et al. (2010) found that timothy cv. Grindstad was more sensitive to frost than cv. Engmo, but we did not establish differences among the timothy cultivars in responses to those tested winter weather variables. All modern red clover cultivars succeeded well under the moderate accumulation of warm winter temperatures. The sensitivity of red clover cultivars to the high accumulation of warm winter temperatures might be explained by dehardening and consequent winter damage (Bélanger et al. 2002). On the other hand, the sensitivity of the cultivars to the low accumulation of such warm winter temperatures and associated long-standing snow cover might be explained by the promotion of diseases such as clover rot (Sclerotinia trifoliorum) (Ylimäki 1967). The expected elevated temperatures during the growing season combined with long days may disturb growth and result in overly rapid crop development in the future. Temperature stress reduces the growth and chlorophyll content and causes injuries to cell membranes (Heide 1982; Wang et al. 2009). Temperatures below 21 °C, particularly at approximately 17 °C, are suggested for the optimal growth of timothy (Smith 1972; Bertrand et al. 2008), which explained the sensitivity of timothy cultivars to temperature stress observed in our study. Unlike our findings for DM yields of timothy cultivars under field conditions, significant differences are reported for temperature tolerance in timothy cultivars in growth chamber assays (Heide 1982). For example, high temperatures apparently more easily inhibit the flowering of cultivars of Scandinavian origin than that of British or American cultivars (Cooper 1958). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges that certain cultivars, such as timothy and red clover, face in adapting to changing climatic conditions. For instance, it mentions that excessive soil moisture can hinder hardening in timothy, and specific cultivars have varying sensitivities to temperature stress, which suggests that not all species will adapt easily to climate changes. Furthermore, it discusses the detrimental effects of temperature stress on growth and highlights that some cultivars may not perform well under projected climate conditions, indicating that adaptation is not uniform across species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Український історичний журнал, 4, 118–135. Retrieved from: Borchuk, S. (2017). The first completed Ukrainian encyclopedia of modern times. Danubius, 35 (Supliment: Modernity, Post-modernity, Communism, Post-communism. Contributions, supplementary issue), 129–140. Retrieved from: 3. Borchuk, S. (2017). Ukrainian encyclopaedic tradition of the 20th century. Codrul Cosminului, 23(2), 273–290. Retrieved from: Gazdag Vilmoš, Doctor of Philosophy, of the Department of Hungarian Philology, Ferenc Rákóczi II. Institute (Kossuth square, 6, 90200 Beregovo, Ukraine)gazdagvilmos@gmail. com Gazdag, V. (2019). Szesztra – egy kiveszett szláv jövevényszó regionális újrakölcsönzéséről. Magyar Nyelv, 115(4), 460–467. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2019. 4. 460. 2. Gazdag, V. (2018). Másodnyelvi homonimák a kárpátaljai magyar nyelvjárásokban. Magyar Nyelv, 114(3), 347–359. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2018. 3. 347. 3. Gazdag, V. (2016). Csernicskó István: Nyelvpolitika a háborús Ukrajnában (Ismerteti). Magyar Nyelvőr, 140(1), 107–110. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a collection of references and citations about historical and linguistic topics related to Ukraine and Hungarian linguistics. However, it does not directly address the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The accuracy of genetic testing has improved significantly in recent years. [SEP] Text: In the Table, "Negative" represents unconfirmed sulfotyrosine and "Positive" represents experimentally verified sulfotyrosine. The left panel is the result obtained when using Sulfinator while the right panel is the result generated by the RF model based on the 20-mer data. When using Sulfinator, the negative and the positive predictive powers are 82% and 85%, respectively. However they are 91% and 94%, respectively, when using the RF models. It can be seen that the confidence of trusting an unconfirmed sulfotyrosine site has increased by 9% using the RF models and the confidence of trusting a sulfotyrosine site has improved by 9% as well. Table 4 Confusion matrices for Sulfinator and the RF models in this study. Full size tableConclusionThis paper has presented a new predictor for sulfotyrosine sites in protein sequences. The sequences annotated after 2002 are used as the blind test data for comparing the models constructed using various other machine learning algorithms in this study and Sulfinator, a prediction tool established in 2002. Through evaluation, it has been found that the predictors constructed using the random forest algorithm and the support vector machine algorithm show significantly improved prediction accuracy compared with Sulfinator. The random forest models demonstrate consistently better performance. Using the RF models, the sensitivity is increased by 22%, the specificity is increased by 3%, and the total prediction accuracy is increased by 10% compared with the sulfinator. Both negative and positive predictive powers have been increased by 9% using the RF models. The 20-mer RF model is the method of choice for implementing a predictor because it has the highest AUR. MethodsData 363 proteins with experimentally verified sulfotyrosine sites were collected from NCBI [56]. Two rules were used for pre-processing the data. First, any sequence without an experimentally verified sulfotyrosine was removed. Second, the CD-HIT algorithm [57–59] was used to remove sequences with ≥ 90% similarity. Applying these two rules gave 94 sequences for the study. Among them, 79 were annotated before 2002 (inclusive) while the rest 15 were annotated after 2002. 79 early annotated sequences were used to train and select a predictor while 15 later annotated sequences were used as blind test data set for the comparison with the Sulfinator. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the improvement in predictive accuracy of genetic testing methods, specifically noting that predictors constructed using random forest models demonstrate a 10% increase in total prediction accuracy compared to earlier methods like Sulfinator. This clearly indicates a significant enhancement in accuracy of genetic testing in recent years.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Whereas temperature stress was harmful for most of the tested meadow fescue cultivars, the cultivar Valtteri, which is of Finnish origin, performed better under hot conditions. Regarding tall fescue, studies show great variability among the cultivars in responses to temperature stress (Wang et al. 2009; Sun et al. 2015), such as we found for both tall fescue and festulolium. Red clover cultivars, as reported earlier (Fagerberg 1988), were not sensitive to the occurrence of days with the maximum temperature of 25 °C. However, we did show a marked yield reduction in the red clover cultivars when exposed to a high number of days with the maximum temperature of 28 °C. A high temperature sum 7 days after the first cut consistently reduced yields in all of the meadow fescue and tall fescue cultivars tested. Climate change is expected to change patterns of precipitation, and in particular, early season droughts may limit the yield potential in Finland (Trnka et al. 2011). Although timothy has high root biomass (Bolinder et al. 2002), it has low tolerance for drought (Molyneux and Davies 1983; Wilman et al. 1998). However, no significant yield penalties for the timothy cultivars were shown for conditions of low precipitation in the primary growth and regrowth stages. The high soil water reserves in spring due to melting snow might have contributed to these results. The persistence of most of the tested fescue species to summer droughts was previously reported (Humphreys et al. 1997). A variation in root systems among genotypes, which has been reported, e. g. in a perennial ryegrass (Crush et al. 2007), might have affected our findings for festulolium, because yield responses of festulolium cultivars differed greatly according to different precipitation rates during the primary growth stage. We did not find any marked effect of precipitation-related weather variables on tall fescue and meadow fescue yields or on differences among the responses of cultivars, although Huang and Gao (1999) and Assuero et al. (2002) previously reported high levels of variation among tall fescue cultivars. All red clover cultivars suffered from dry conditions during regrowth, as also reported by Mela (2008) and Fagerberg (1988). 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how different species and cultivars respond variably to changing climatic conditions. It mentions that some cultivars face temperature stress and suffer yield reductions under specific conditions, indicating that not all species adapt easily. For instance, it highlights that some meadow fescue cultivars performed poorly under heat, and red clover cultivars faced challenges under certain temperature conditions. This variability suggests that adaptation to climate change is not uniform across all species, contradicting the claim that every species can adapt easily.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Retrieved from: Danylenko Andriy, Professor, Doctor of Philosophy, Pace University, Dyson college of arts and sciences, Modern language and culture (41 Park Row, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10038, United States)adanylenko@pace. edu Danylenko, A. , Naienko, H. (2019). Linguistic russification in Russian Ukraine: languages, imperial models, and policies. Russian Linguistics, 43(1), 19–39. DOI: 10. 1007/s11185-018-09207-12. Danylenko, A. (2018). The correlation of linguistic patterning and societal structures insystemic typology. Cracoviensis, 135(1), 81–96. DOI: 10. 4467/20834624SL. 18. 007. 8167. 3. Danylenko, A. (2018), Complexity development and simplification in systemic typology: types of changes in the internal determinant. Cracoviensis, 135(2), 113–129. DOI: 10. 4467/20834624SL. 18. 010. 84694. Danylenko, A. (2017). A missing chain? Оn the sociolinguistics of the of Lithuania 1. Acta Baltico-Slavica, 41, 31–57. DOI: 10. 11649/abs. 2017. 002 Zoltán András, Professor, Doctor of Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary (H-1053 Budapest, Egyetem tér 1-3)zoltandr@gmail. com Zoltán, A. (2018). Ранний славяноболгарский вклад в венгерский язык. Hungaricae, 63, 171–180. DOI: 10. 1556/060. 2018. 63. 1. 192. Zoltán, A. (2017). Mely szláv nyelvből jött zabrál szavunk? Magyar Nyelv, 113(2), 225–227. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it consists mainly of bibliographic references to works by various authors and their affiliations, which makes it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The accuracy of genetic testing has improved significantly in recent years. [SEP] Text: Sign in Create account manuscripts Current issue All issues Special issues Point of view now How to submit Author guidelines Reasons to publish Ethical policy Post-publication changes Open-access policy Publication charges Author resource centre Contact the journal board libraries Abstracting and indexing in Create account manuscripts Current issue All issues Special issues Point of view now How to submit Author guidelines Reasons to publish Ethical policy Post-publication changes Open-access policy Publication charges Author resource centre Contact the journal board libraries Abstracting and indexing : 30 years of preimplantation genetic testing in Reproduction Author: of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UKSearch for other papers by Handyside inCurrent site10. 1530/REP-20-0412 Volume/Issue: : Issue 5 Page Range: E1–E3 10. 1530/REP-20-0412/video-1) is available from the online version of the 10. 1530/REP-20-0412. 1 In the early days, embryos could only be cultured for 2 or 3 days post insemination (day 2 or 3) before they were transferred to the uterus, and even delaying transfer to day 4 reduced implantation and pregnancy rates. The slow freezing protocols used for cryopreservation of embryos at these early stages were rudimentary and often embryos were destroyed or partially damaged in the thawing process. The challenge, therefore, was to remove a single cell from each embryo early on day 3 at the 6- to 10-cell stage to minimise the damage to the embryo, perform the genetic analysis for the mutation on single copies of the parents’ chromosomes within a few hours, and then select unaffected embryos for transfer later the same day. This could only be contemplated because of the emergence in the mid-1980s of the PCR, which allowed the million-fold amplification of short fragments of DNA. In addition, human genetics was still in its infancy and the mutations causing only a handful of common inherited diseases had been identified. Today, there have been major advances in all aspects of preimplantation genetics that have revolutionised our ability to interrogate the genetics of human gametes and embryos. Embryo culture to the blastocyst stage on days 5–7 and biopsy of multiple trophectoderm cells using laser assisted hatching and excision are now routine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing significant advances in preimplantation genetic testing, stating that 'there have been major advances in all aspects of preimplantation genetics that have revolutionised our ability to interrogate the genetics of human gametes and embryos.' This indicates that the accuracy of genetic testing has indeed improved significantly, as technologic and methodological enhancements are highlighted throughout the text.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: 2 Diversity of responses in the modern set of forage crop cultivarsOverall, when compared with barley cultivars (Hakala et al. 2012), the modern forage crop cultivars responded more similarly to the tested agroclimatic variables. The high diversity observed in the responses of festulolium cultivars was likely due to the diverse genetic base, because the festulolium cultivars were synthetic F. arundinacea × L. multiflorum hybrids (DLF 2016). By contrast, the similarity of responses observed for the timothy cultivars was likely due to the cross-pollinating that occurs with timothy. According to Tanhuanpää and Manninen (2012), a lack of differentiation in Nordic timothy is likely due to the substantial gene flow between cultivars and natural populations, which prevents geographical differentiation. However, they concluded that the timothy material apparently has sufficient diversity for breeding purposes (Tanhuanpää and Manninen 2012), although genetic variation for stress adaptation was not considered. In the set of meadow fescue cultivars from Nordic countries, most of the genetic variation occurs within populations rather than among different cultivars (Fjellheim and Rognli 2005), which explained our findings for meadow fescue. Considerably low levels of genetic variation are found for meadow fescue cultivars compared with perennial ryegrass or cocksfoot cultivars (Kölliker et al. 1999), and such a limited genetic variability likely contributed to the decline in the use of meadow fescue for grass production (Kölliker et al. 1999). Although we found significant differences in yield responses of the modern cultivars to some weather variables, we assume that variation will likely increase when the breeding includes a wider range of red clover (e. g. Helgadóttir 1996; Halling et al. 2004) and tall fescue (e. g. Mian et al. 2002; Majidi et al. 2009) cultivars. 4. 3 Towards enhanced adaptive capacity of forage cropsEffective adaptation is likely not possible without breeding programs (Rosenzweig and Tubiello 2007). Investigations of the response diversity by cultivars of a broader geographical origin and natural populations, in addition to locally adapted populations, such as those reported for meadow fescue (Kanapeckas et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations in the adaptive capacity of forage crop cultivars. It specifically mentions that effective adaptation is likely not possible without breeding programs and highlights variations in stress adaptation among different cultivars. The mention of low levels of genetic variation in meadow fescue cultivars further supports the argument that not every species can easily adapt to climate changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 2. 2253. Zoltán, A. (2017). Szláv jövevényszavaink néhány időrendi és nyelvföldrajzi kérdése. Magyar Nyelv. 113. 2017. P. 1−9. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 1. 14. Zoltán, A. (2017). Az ómagyar szerencs ’útonálló’ nyoma a régi kárpátukránban. Magyar Nyelv. 113. 2017. P. 206−210. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 2. 206 Lytvyn Mykola, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Center of the Study of Ukrainian-Polish Relations, I. of Ukrainian Studies, of Sciences of Ukraine (4, 79026 Lviv, Ukraine)ukrpol. centr@gmail. com Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). How and why do politicians use history? Review: Georgiy Kasianov. Past Continuous: historical politics of the 1980s – 2000s: Ukraine and its neighbors. Kyiv, Laurus, Antropos-Logos-Film. 430 s. Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 10, 196–199. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 10. 1591772. Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). była osamotniona w dobie nowożytnej? Michał Klimecki, Zbigniew Karpus, Czas samotności. Ukraina i Ukraińcy w latach 1914–2018 Warszawa, Bellona, 2018, 336 s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding language and its role in identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it appears to be a bibliographic entry and does not contain information that supports, contradicts, or relates directly to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The accuracy of genetic testing has improved significantly in recent years. [SEP] Text: Cryopreservation of biopsied blastocysts, using ultra-rapid freezing or vitrification, is highly efficient and minimally damaging, removing any time constraints on the genetic analysis. Most importantly, the ability to amplify the whole genome of single or small numbers of cells efficiently and generate micrograms of DNA have revolutionised our ability to perform genetic tests. This has enabled the use of genome-wide methods including microarrays and next generation sequencing (NGS) to genotype SNP markers to provide universal linkage-based tests for any monogenic disease combined with molecular cytogenetic analysis of chromosome abnormalities (Tsuiko et al. 2020). In addition, the development of ‘multi-omics’ methods, for example, combining genomics and RNA sequencing at the single cell level promise to revolutionise our knowledge of early human development. Alongside these developments, the sequencing of the human genome in the early 2000s and progress in identifying the genetic basis of thousands of monogenic diseases and other conditions have expanded the range of applications for PGT. These include rare severe childhood lethal diseases, late onset diseases, genetic predisposition to cancers and tissue typing to enable cord blood stem cells to be used for transplantation to affected children in the family (et al. 2020). Furthermore, pregnancy and live birth rates have significantly improved and the evidence to date suggests that the health of the children born following PGT is not adversely affected at birth or in early childhood. From the beginning, PGT raised fears of ‘designer babies’ in which parents would use the technology to select desirable characteristics, such as hair or eye colour, or to prevent the inheritance of less serious conditions. In my experience, beyond some couples wanting to select for gender, there has been no evidence that this is the case and I have long argued that parents can be relied on to make their own informed decisions (Handyside 2010). The use of universal genome-wide, linkage-based PGT methods now enable testing for two monogenic diseases, in rare families with a history of both conditions. But beyond this example, the prospect of testing for multiple genetic variants to select for complex traits or to reduce the risk of common diseases was considered to be impractical because of the limited number of embryos available. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing advances in genetic testing, including the efficient amplification of DNA from small samples and the introduction of modern methods like microarrays and next-generation sequencing (NGS). These advancements are described as having revolutionized the ability to perform genetic tests and expanded the range of applications for preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), indicating a notable improvement in the accuracy of genetic testing methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: 2005), would be very valuable in breeding to build the adaptive capacity of forage crops. Instead of increasing only the genetic diversity of a cultivar pool, the identification of sources of response diversity to climate change ensures diversity that is more effective for adaptation of forage crops to climate change (Chapin et al. 1997; Elmqvist et al. 2003; Kahiluoto et al. 2014). Even if genetic diversity may not enhance response diversity per se (Mäkinen et al. 2015), Festulolium cultivars (synthetic F. arundinacea × L. multiflorum hybrids) exemplify the significance of a broad genetic basis for building adaptive capacity within crops (Reed and Frankham 2003; Ehlers et al. 2008). However, this type of synthetic species hybridization is most likely impractical for many other grass species. It was observed that cultivars of foreign origin (such as the timothy cultivars Lischa and Moverdi and Suez red clover) tended to respond differently when compared with the cultivars of Finnish origin. However, foreign origin inclusion was not sufficient to achieve diversity in response, as indicated by the example of the heat-resistant meadow Finnish fescue cultivar Valtteri. Our forage crop-specific results are applicable to northern European conditions, for example, by cultivating cultivars that respond differently in different fields of one farm or of one region (Himanen et al. 2013; Mäkinen et al. 2015) or by using mixtures of cultivars within the same field (Kiær et al. 2009; Tooker and Frank 2012). Further investigations that include the sensitivity of the digestibility of the forage yield to variability in critical weather components are also essential (Thorvaldsson et al. 2007; Bertrand et al. 2008). 4. 4 Global relevanceUnder the intensified variability, extremes (Coumou and Rahmstorf 2012) and uncertainty (Rötter et al. 2013) of global climate change, strategies for building capacity to adapt to various plausible changes are required. Such capacity-oriented strategies complement the globally prevalent strategies to ‘predict-and-adapt’ to long-term average changes in climate that are difficult to predict (Dessai et al. 2007) as highlighted by our results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and complexities involved in species adaptation to climate change. It highlights that while some forage crops can build adaptive capacity through genetic and response diversity, the adaptability may not apply universally to every species. The mention of differential responses of cultivars of foreign and Finnish origin illustrates that adaptation is not guaranteed for all species, particularly suggesting that strategies for adaptation must be context-specific due to variability in climate impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Pamięc i Sprawiedliwość, 33, 547–553. Retrieved from: Литвин, М. , Хахула, Л. (2019). Рецензія на книгу Литвина Сергія “Симон Петлюра у боротьбі за самостійну державу”. of Culture and Arts Herald, 1, 442–444. DOI: 10. 32461/2226-3209. 1. 2019. 1671964. Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). The ukrainian memory community in Poland (the second half of the XX – beginning of the XXI centuries). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 12, 178–191. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 12. 177553 Moser Michael, Dr. habil. Professor, Institute for of the University of Vienna, Austria (Universitätsring 1, Vienna, Austria 1010), (Universität), Germany (Barellistraße 9A, München, Germany 80638), Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Hungary (Szentkirályi utca, 28, Budapest, Hungary 1088)michael. moser@univie. ac. at Moser, M. (2017). Zur jüngsten Sprachensituation in der Ukraine (2012–2016). Hungaricae, 62/1, 171–196. DOI: 10. 1556/060. 2017. 62. 1. 142. Moser, M. (2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relating to the claim about language and its role as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it primarily lists bibliographic references and authors, without discussing the significance of language in identity or cultural contexts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The accuracy of genetic testing has improved significantly in recent years. [SEP] Text: In recent years, however, population scale whole genome sequencing and genome-wide association studies, such as the 1000 genomes project (Siva 2008), have enabled increasingly accurate polygenic risk scoring (PRS) for a range of common, medically significant conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Based on this information, comprehensive PGT for monogenic disease and chromosome abnormalities can now be extended to polygenic conditions (PGT-P) and provides a PRS for each embryo for multiple common diseases (Treff et al. 2020). This development is controversial and for some raises ethical and societal issues. However, for families with a history of these conditions, there is increasing evidence that PGT-P can identify embryos at high risk. Chromosome aneuploidy is a major cause of pregnancy failure and loss, and rarely viable abnormal pregnancy and live birth, following both natural conception and IVF. The use of various molecular cytogenetic methods for PGT of aneuploidy (PGT-A) has confirmed the high incidence of aneuploidy in human gametes and embryos, particularly in oocytes in which the incidence increases exponentially in women above the age of 35 years (Rubio et al. 2020). PGT-A following blastocyst biopsy is therefore widely used for euploid embryo selection for infertile patients and there is accumulating evidence for significantly improved implantation rates and live birth outcomes, particularly following single vitrified-warmed embryo transfer in later managed cycles. The use of quantitative, mainly NGS-based methods, for 24 chromosome copy number analysis has revealed a relatively high incidence of intermediate copy number changes interpreted as indicating mosaicism for aneuploidies among the sampled trophectoderm cells. The clinical significance of low-level mosaicism is not fully understood since there are now reports of apparently healthy live births following transfer of embryos with only this type of copy number change. Several years ago, it was discovered that there is cell-free DNA of embryo origin in the blastocoel fluid and the culture medium of embryos cultured to the blastocyst stage. This raises the prospect of non-invasive PGT-A (niPGT-A) which would avoid the need for embryo biopsy and facilitate more widespread application for embryo selection in IVF to improve live birth rates per embryo transferred. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing advancements in genetic testing, particularly in the context of population-scale whole genome sequencing and genome-wide association studies. It explains that these advancements have enabled increasingly accurate polygenic risk scoring (PRS) for various common medical conditions. Furthermore, the text highlights how preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) has evolved to include polygenic conditions, providing evidence of improved accuracy and effectiveness in identifying high-risk embryos for those with a familial history of certain conditions.