Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: A sample of 45 from Beijing, China showed r2 = 1 with rs3909184 and rs2844682, [34] but LD with rs3909184 was much weaker in an Islander population (sensitivity 32%; no r2 value given). These population-level differences in LD between HLA alleles and tagging SNPs make it difficult to implement a pharmacogenetic test using only SNP data from genotyping arrays, particularly in a DTC setting which does not allow for subtleties in test interpretation. This highlights the point that fully comprehensive pharmacogenetic testing would require a combination of SNP genotyping or sequencing, plus HLA serotyping. For drug metabolising enzymes, 23andMe provide reports on CYP2C19 for clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors, but not for other drugs such as the widely prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor anti-depressants (SSRIs). CYP2C19 tests are listed on the FDA table for SSRIs, and are available in a commercial test by AssureX [35]. Guidelines for CYP2C19 pharmacogenetic tests are provided by CPIC (8 drugs) and the Group (12 drugs), each of which includes the test provided by 23andMe. One of the challenges in pharmacogenetics is the diverse allele frequencies across populations. Different allele frequencies may make the test only relevant in a single population, as in testing for phenytoin and HLA-B*15:02 which is mainly found in Asian populations. Differing allele frequencies for the causal variant does not affect interpretation of the pharmacogenetic test result, but different linkage disequilibrium may invalidate interpretation of a tagging SNP, as seen with rs8099917 and Hepatitis-C treatment response. Without further work refining causal SNPs at such loci, it is probable that pharmacogenetic tests will provide different degrees of sensitivity across ethnicities. We have focused on DTC company, 23andMe, since they are the largest provider in this market, and are commendably open about the exact SNPs genotyped, and the reports generated for each pharmacogenetic test – therefore enabling scrutiny of the service offered. These pharmacogenetic reports are available to 23andMe customers in the UK, Canada and some EU countries, but are not currently provided to US customers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the availability of pharmacogenetic testing services, specifically highlighting the role of 23andMe as the largest provider in the direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing market. It mentions that the pharmacogenetic reports provided by 23andMe are available to customers in several regions, which supports the claim that DTC genetic testing services have become widely available.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change will result in the extinction of all wildlife by 2050. [SEP] Text: 2°C of warming, extinction risk ranges from 30–50% for populations and 25–35% for species if species are unable to migrate. Under a full-dispersal scenario, population loss would range from 8–10% and species loss would be 5% (Fig. 4). Finally, surviving species, among all scenarios, generally show large reductions in their elevational range extents (Fig. 4e), which put these species at future risk of extinction, particularly if warming continues. The true number of populations and species lost will depend most on the level of climate change, but also on several other factors. Temperatures are rising more quickly at high elevations(24), so regional climate change estimates may underestimate montane warming, leading to a potential underestimate here of actual extinction risk. Little is known about epiphyte dispersal capacity, but available evidence suggests that tropical montane species may struggle to migrate uphill(25), suggesting that our full dispersal scenario may be overly optimistic. Similarly, actual environmental tolerances likely fall between those based on individual mountains vs. aggregate distributions and might vary depending on the importance of local adaptation among mountain ranges, which further suggest that true extinction rates are likely to fall within our bracketed scenarios. We found only a single species with evidence of local adaptation or parental effects among disparate sites, suggesting these effects are not important relative to mortality risk in this system. Likewise, given the exceedingly slow growth exhibited by our study species, it seems unlikely that evolution to changing climate conditions will occur rapidly enough to play a major role in preventing extinctions (12). Finally, we estimated extinction loss assuming that species will not survive over the long-term in conditions warmer and drier than those currently experienced along their low-elevation boundary. This seems appropriate given observed mortality rates for species transplanted below their native range, but is also supported by those species showing within-range variation in mortality, which was also higher along the warm, dry margin of their distributions. Overall, it seems likely that true extinction rates, for a given level of climate change, will fall along the higher end of our bracketed extinction estimates. This study provides the first experimental assessment of extinction risk from climate change in tropical montane species(26). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while there is a significant risk of extinction for populations and species due to climate change, it does not assert that all wildlife will become extinct by 2050. Instead, it discusses varying extinction risks, suggesting that true rates of extinction will likely fall within certain estimates depending on multiple factors, indicating that not all wildlife will necessarily face extinction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: �дальність та права редактора стосовно цієї публікації іншій кваліфікованій особі; бути готовими публікувати виправлення, роз'яснення, спростування і вибачення, у випадках, коли це необхідно. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the responsibilities regarding publishing corrections and clarifications, with no mention of language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: A 2012 review of DTC pharmacogenetic testing companies, identified eight companies that provided at least one pharmacogenetic test [1]. Some of the companies surveyed require tests to be ordered through a clinican (Genelex, Pathway genomics), or are no longer in the market (Navigenics). Geneplanet now provides DTC pharmacogenetics for six drugs or drug classes (clopidogrel, metformin, omeprazole, perindopril, statins, warfarin), and Theranostics for two drugs (clopidogrel, statins) but neither company gives detailed information on the tests or reported outcomes and so are not included here. DTC pharmacogenetic testing has the potential to benefit patients by educating individuals about genetics and providing preliminary information that patients could follow up with a medical professional. 23andMe’s public website and customer reports make clear that they do not provide a medical service and that the report is not a diagnostic test. Reports give risks (%) of an adverse event, and general comments such as ‘may benefit from a different dose’; they instruct customers to “consult with a healthcare provider about … appropriate next steps”, and not to “make any changes to any current treatment without first consulting a healthcare provider”. For each report, 23andMe provides detailed information about the test performed, the evidence for gene-drug association, and the implications of test results. In addition to clinical-related information, full SNP genotypes are returned. Pharmacogenetics is a particularly relevant focus for DTC testing since the test has value throughout life, and need be performed only once. This makes implementation of a pre-emptive pharmacogenetic testing panel potentially cost-effective, since the results can be interrogated when any new drug is prescribed. 1. The service offered by 23andMe has several important limitations, and for the service offered to be more effective, we would recommend a number of changes, such as better consideration and documentation of differences across ancestry. For example, the literature shows substantial differences in sensitivity and specificity of tests for Hepatitis-C treatment response between ancestries. This should be fully reported by 23andMe to ensure all test users understand the ancestry-specific limitations of testing. In the absence of research linking the tested SNP to the response in a given consumer’s ethnicity, this limitation should be communicated clearly. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various direct-to-consumer (DTC) pharmacogenetic testing companies, indicating that these services are indeed available to consumers. It mentions specific companies like 23andMe and Geneplanet, and describes the nature of the services provided, including the types of tests and the importance of understanding the implications of these tests. By outlining the existence and functionality of DTC genetic testing services, the text supports the assertion that such services have become widely available.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Regional climate modellingModels (GCMs) simulate large scale features of global atmospheric and ocean circulation, based on physical principles. A relevant disadvantage is the coarse horizontal resolution of a1. Temperature values in a N-S cross section through the Alps as calculated by GCMs (red triangles) and as expected due to elevation (black squares) ( AIT, figure based on ECHAM4 results and a temperature-elevation gradient based on observation data)Figure 2. RCM domain (Δx= 10 – 50 km) embedded into a GCM (Δx= 100 – 300 km), Univ. Graz)Another important point is to distinguish between weather prediction models and climate models. A weather prediction model starts from actual state of the atmosphere and calculates a few days into the future, but after 10-14 days the model is no longer correlated to the real state of the atmosphere. On the other hand the simulation time in climate models may be up to centuries. Therefore climate models do not describe actual weather, but a potential realisation of weather conditions. Only in long term statistics like mean values or variability a climate model should be similar to real weather behaviour. Weather prediction like: „It`s raining on April, 24th 2045“ is not possible, but statistical information similar to: „The probability of precipitation in June in the 2040s is higher than today“ can be derived. 2. 2. Three steps to regional climate scenariosRegional climate is influenced by global atmospheric conditions and the global climate processes. Hence, for calculations of regional climate scenarios it is necessary to use a stepwise approach, consisting of three main steps:Step 1: Selection of a particular emission scenario for consideration of atmospheric changes. Step 2: Selection of a global climate model to calculate the scenarios for global climate processes. Step 3: Selection of an appropriate regional climate model and calculation of the regional climate scenarios. 2. 2. 1. Step 1: Selection of a particular emission scenario for consideration of atmospheric changesPanel on (IPCC) provides a wide range of Gas scenarios based on assumptions of the future development of technologies and society (Figure 3). Figure 3. CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere as predicted by different IPCC scenarios (IPCC 3rd – Climate Change, 2001 accessed 15. 10. 2012)The selection of an appropriate scenario is the first important step towards the estimation of climate change signals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of climate models and regional climate scenarios without addressing species adaptation. It focuses on the limitations of climate prediction and outlines a structured approach to climate modeling, suggesting that the potential for adaptation may not be as straightforward as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Правила етики для рецензентів: працювати в повній відповідності до редакційної політики збірника з урахуванням актуальних юридичних вимог щодо авторського права, плагіату тощо; не використовувати неопубліковані дані, отримані з надісланих для експертної оцінки матеріалів, в особистих дослідженнях без письмової згоди автора (авторів); дотримуватися термінів рецензування; повідомляти редакційну колегію і просити виключити з процесу рец [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses ethical guidelines for reviewers in relation to editorial policies and copyright issues. It does not mention language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: IntroductionA decade ago, Kusick predicted that “by the year 2010, it is expected that predictive genetic tests will be available for as many as a dozen common conditions, allowing individuals who wish to know this information to learn their individual susceptibilities and to take steps to reduce those risks for which interventions are or will be available” (Collins and McKusick 2001). They predicted that with the increase of genetic information about common disorders, many primary care clinicians would become “practitioners of genomic medicine, having to explain complex statistical risk information to healthy individuals who are seeking to enhance their chances of staying well. ” However, with respect to common disorders and susceptibility testing, the anticipated increase of genomic science in the traditional healthcare system has not materialized. In fact, it is private companies who are taking the lead and marketing susceptibility tests directly to consumers. Furthermore, according to some authors, commercial companies may even “come to displace clinicians as the primary providers of genetic information related to health promotion” (Foster and Sharp 2008). Indeed, in the last 3 years, many companies have been advertising and selling genetic tests directly to consumers. In many cases, consumers have been able to purchase genetic testing services without any input from a health care professional. This 2009. This implies that these companies certainly know how to attract certain consumers; however, in order to be a sustainable business, they need be able to do more than simply attract a bunch of enthusiastic early adopters of new technologies. The announcement in November 2009 by the biotech company deCODE Genetics, (which markets the DTC genetic service called deCODEme) that it had filed a voluntary petition for relief under 2010. At the time, Counsyl underlined the possibility of ordering the test directly from the company: “You can order the test directly from our website to receive your kit immediately. Everyone has a prescription: the of (ACMG) recommends that adults of reproductive age be offered carrier testing for cystic fibrosis and spinal muscular atrophy, two of the many conditions assayed by the Test. Alternatively, you may get the test through your doctor. ” ( accessed 04/05/2010) 2010, however, testing from Counsyl can only be requested through a physician; therefore, consumers first need to find a physician that offers the test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the rise of private companies that market genetic tests directly to consumers. It highlights how many companies have been advertising and selling these services without requiring input from healthcare professionals, confirming the availability of direct-to-consumer genetic testing services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: The A1 storyline for example describes a future world of very rapid economic growth, global population that peaks in mid-century and declines thereafter, and assumes rapid introduction of new and more efficient technologies. Major underlying themes are convergence among regions, capacity building, and increased cultural and social interactions, with a substantial reduction in regional differences in per capita income. The A1 scenario family can be divided into three branches describing alternative directions of technological change in the energy system. They are distinguished by their technological emphasis: fossil intensive (A1FI), non-fossil energy sources (A1T), or a balance across all sources (A1B) 2000. Out of this the scenario A1B was selected because it represents a moderate increase of Gases (GHG) and is located in the centre of all covered assumptions (Figure 4). The predicted temperature boost for different emission scenarios additionally depends on the used GCM and covers a range from a1. 5°C to +2. 5°C, which underlines its conservative position as it does not tend to any extreme at the upper or lower bounds. Figure 4. Increase of the global temperature according to different IPCC scenarios accessed 15. 10. 2012, (IPCC, 2001, 3rd Assessment report)2. 2. 2. Step 2: Selection of a global climate model to calculate the scenarios for global climate processesThe 2nd step in the approach is the choice of the GCM providing the driving data. In our case results from the 5/MPI-OM ([17], [18]) model have been used. The temperature increase towards the end of the century predicted by the ECHAM5 model tends to be at the lower end compared to other models (black arrows in Figure 5). Further information on the ECHAM5 model can be obtained from 5. Increase of the global temperature according to the IPCC scenario A1B predicted by different GCMs. The arrows mark the temperature timeline given by the ECHAM5 model (dashed yellow line), [15]2. 2. 3. Step 3: Selection of an appropriate regional climate model The 3rd step includes the appropriate choice of the RCM providing high resolution data needed for regional analyses. In our case the German “Consortial Runs” [8] were chosen. They were carried out with the RCM Cosmo-CLM accessed 3. 9. 2012. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various scenarios of climate change and its impacts, specifically highlighting the predictions regarding temperature increases without concluding that every species can adapt easily. It emphasizes the complexities involved in climate models and scenarios, which implies that adaptation may not be straightforward or guaranteed for all species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ензування, якщо рецензент розуміє, що не має достатньої кваліфікації для розгляду публікації або не має достатньо часу для своєчасного виконання роботи; розглядати будь-який матеріал, отриманий для рецензування, як конфіденційний документ, не розкривати його зміст і не обговорювати з будь-якими особами, крім членів редакційної колегії, які передали матеріал на рецензування; давати об'єктивну оцінку переданих на рецензування матеріа [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it discusses reviewer obligations in publishing, which is irrelevant to the discussion of language's role in identity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: The issue of (lack of) oversight of LDTs or “home brews” is closely related to that of DTC GT since many of the tests offered by DTC GT companies could be considered LDTs. Until now, the FDA did not require that most LDTs be reviewed for clinical validity (the exception being those genetic tests that produce a result “for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, or preventing disease” (e. g. , breast cancer and prostate cancer)) (Genetics and Center 2010). Immediately after this FDA meeting, the Committee on Energy and Commerce held a public hearing on July 22 2010 (Committe on Energy and Commerce 2010), during which the Report Direct-to-consumer genetic tests. Misleading test results are further complicated by deceptive marketing and other questionable practices by the US Office was presented (Office 2010). Although no concrete regulatory changes have taken place since these events, it has to be expected that regulatory oversight will increase in the near future. In Europe, the Commission of the UK presented in August its “framework of principles” on DTC genetic testing (Commission 2010). These principles were developed by a working group including representatives from the DTC genetic testing industry, clinical, and molecular geneticists, genetic counselors, experts in regulation, and those with experience in offering support to individuals with genetic conditions. The principles are mainly aimed at self-regulation of the DTC genetic testing market by promoting standards in the provision of genetic tests amongst commercial providers at an international level. The principles have been designed with the will to protect the interests of consumers and to allow the industry to grow. However, the principles have been criticized for being “weak and meaningless” by GeneWatch UK (GeneWatch 2010) and an editorial in the Lancet calls the guidelines insufficient and questions their practical value (2010). Furthermore, the Professional and Committee of the of had criticized the consultation document for focusing “too much on the requirements the test providers should fulfill while paying too little attention to the quality of the genetic tests that are being sold” and remained “concerned about the quality of the tests provided” and believed “that the clinical validity (and not only the analytical validity) of genetic tests should be proven before one can even begin to consider selling such tests directly to consumers” (Professional and Committee of the of 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the landscape of direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC GT) and the issues surrounding it, such as the lack of oversight and the development of principles aimed at regulating the market. It highlights that while concrete regulatory changes have not yet taken place, there is an expectation of increased regulatory oversight in the future, indicating that the DTC genetic testing services are indeed prevalent and under consideration for regulation. This aligns with the claim about the wide availability of such services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: on which these model runs are based consists of 257x271 cells with a resolution of 0. 165° which corresponds to a2100. Many atmospheric parameters (like temperature, precipitation, snow, wind components, radiation, cloud cover, etc. ) are available on a daily or even hourly basis from the (DKRZ) via the Climate and and Archive (CERA ). Figure 6. Model domain for Cosmo-CLM (257x271 cells, resolution: 0,165°), [8]2. 3. Drought hazard calculation with regional climate input dataAs there is no single drought parameter which can summarize the impact of climate change on drought for forests, it has been decided to calculate several parameters to provide as much information for forest practitioners as possible. For the current study results of the IPCC climate scenario A1B (accessed 3. 9. 2012) and Figure 3&4 downscaled to a spatial resolution of 1x1km and daily time resolution have been applied. Temperature as well as precipitation data for every day have been analysed within the time period from 1961 to 2100. As the scenario A1B is rather moderate concerning emissions and temperature increase (cf. Figure 4&5) the results according to climate change impacts on drought presented within the project can be seen, despite of the uncertainty of the climate change scenarios, as a quite probable development. All calculations have been performed for the whole study area of the project with a horizontal resolution of 1x1km. Climate data where statistically downscaled from the original 18x18km simulation results and investigated for 10 case study regions. The downscaling exercise has been conducted by the Institute for Forest, Snow and (WSL) (see therefore the particular 3. Results for the entire Region (GAR)7 and 8 show that precipitation in general is reduced in the whole area at any time. For regions south of the Alps a stronger reduction is estimated and the decrease after 2050 is more significant than till 2050. Figure 7. Relative change of total precipitation between 1971/2000 and 2021/2050 (30 yr mean) (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and spatial analysis: AIT)Figure 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the impact of climate change on drought is significant and varies across regions, with a general reduction in precipitation and specific implications for forest health and adaptability. The mention of uncertain climate change scenarios and the probability of significant changes, particularly in regions south of the Alps, suggests that adaptation may not be easy for all species, as the climate parameters indicate variability and potential challenges in coping with these changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: лів, чітко та аргументовано висловлювати свою думку; виявляти значний збіг між рецензованою публікацією та будь-якою іншою опублікованою раніше науковою працею, висловлювати свою думку щодо прийнятності матеріалу до публікації з точки зору наукової етики. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the need to express oneself clearly and analyze previously published scientific works in the context of scientific ethics but does not address the role of language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Home E-and catalog us 33. Published online: September 26, 2019 DOI: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: advantages and pitfalls * Department of Biochemistry and of Medicine, Seoul, Korea *Corresponding author E-mail: ohbs@khu. ac. kr 10, 2019 19, 2019 (c) 2019, Organization (CC) This is an open-access 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. What is Direct-to-Testing? Conventional genetic testing is a process in which clinicians take samples from patients as clinically needed, send them to a laboratory for genetic testing, and discuss the test results with patients. Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing is different from conventional genetic testing in that consumers learn about DTC genetic testing from TV commercials, the internet, or in-store advertising, and request the tests to be performed by DTC companies by their own choice. If conventional genetic testing is a clinician-centric framework, then DTC genetic testing is a consumer-centric one. Normally, saliva or mouth cells obtained by scratching the inside of one’s mouth with a cotton swab are sent to the DTC company. The company isolates DNA from the sample and conducts a genetic test. The test results are analyzed through proprietary in-house programs and a genetic profile report of various phenotypes is sent to the consumer. The test items or test report may vary depending on the needs of the consumer, as well as operational characteristics of the company. Conventional clinician-centric tests are aimed at diagnosing and treating patients’ diseases, mainly limited to genetic diseases or cancers. Consumer-centric DTC tests do also carry out genetic tests for diseases, but have an additional emphasis on biometric/life-related concerns, such as obesity, nutrition, skin, hair loss, ancestry, and life cycle. Therefore, the aim of DTC genetic testing is to determine consumers’ propensity for such phenotypes or genetic predisposition to the tested diseases for preventive purposes, rather than for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The cost of DTC genetic testing varies from company to company, but is roughly in the range of 100–1,000 US dollars, and DTC genetic testing is generally not covered by insurance. the Advantages and Disadvantages of DTC Genetic Testing? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the process of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing, emphasizing its consumer-centric nature compared to conventional genetic testing. It explains how consumers learn about DTC testing via advertisements and request tests independently, implying that such services are accessible and available widely to the public.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Relative change of total precipitation between 1971/2000 and 2071/2100 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and spatial analysis: AIT)To calculate the number of dry days we have used a value used a threshold of 1mm precipitation per day as threshold for a dry day. This was done because 1mm of rainfall usually will not reach the soil in forested areas because it is intercepted in the canopy. Furthermore, climate models tend to overestimate the precipitation and values of zero precipitation occur almost never. The calculation of the number of dry days can be performed with different thresholds, but this will not significantly change the results as we focus on the change signalsthe relative differences not the absolute values and not the absolute values of dry days (Figures 9 and 10). Figure 9. Change of number of dry days during vegetation period in 2041/2070 compared to 1971/2000 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and spatial analysis: AIT)Figure 10. Change of number of dry days during vegetation period in 2071/2100 compared to 1971/2000 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and spatial analysis: AIT)The amount of total precipitation will be reduced in the future, and the number of dry days and also the maximum length of dry episodes will increase. But also the distribution of rainfall during the year will change which may be assumed to have a stronger impact on vegetation (Figure 11). Figure 11. Mean annual cycle of daily precipitation for different periods (30 yr means). (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis AIT)The 30y mean of daily precipitation behaviour for the entire GAR shows a shift from main precipitation during the period from May to August to a maximum in April and November. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there will be a reduction in total precipitation and an increase in the number of dry days, which suggests that adaptation may be difficult for many species. It states, 'the amount of total precipitation will be reduced in the future, and the number of dry days and also the maximum length of dry episodes will increase,' implying that the changing climate may create conditions that are challenging for species to adapt to easily.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Періодичність публікації 1 раз в рік Політика відкритого доступу Цей журнал практикує політику негайного відкритого доступу до опублікованого змісту, підтримуючи принципи вільного поширення наукової інформації та глобального обміну знаннями задля загального суспільного прогресу. Міжнародна індексація журналу 64. exe? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the publication frequency, open access policies, and indexing of a journal without referring to the notion of language as an identity marker or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: The advantages of DTC genetic testing can be described as follows [1,2]. First, DTC genetic testing may provide an opportunity for consumers to recognize the importance of genetics in diverse phenotypes, including diseases. If the test results indicate that a consumer has a genetic predisposition to a certain disease or phenotype of interest, then he or she may take proactive steps to improve his or her own health. It is easy to access genetic information through DTC testing because it does not require approval from clinicians or insurance companies. Moreover, DTC genetic testing is generally less expensive and faster than genetic testing performed at hospitals. The sample is normally collected non-invasively, such as through gathering saliva or scratching the inside of one’s mouth with a cotton swab, instead of drawing blood, as is performed at the hospital. Lastly, the data from consumers’ genetic tests can be collected into valuable databases to help with research in related fields, as shown by the papers published by 23andMe, one of the leading DTC genetic testing companies in the [3,4]. Nonetheless, DTC genetic testing has important drawbacks [1,2]. DTC genetic testing often does not provide conclusive results on whether the consumer will develop a disease or not. Most genetic tests performed by DTC companies are limited to few major genetic variants related to the phenotypes of interest, which leads to poor discriminatory power. Diseases are generally affected by many genetic variants—in other words, they are polygenic. In addition to genetic factors, disease incidence is influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors including age, sex, race, nutrition, exercise, and stress. Thus, DTC genetic testing itself does not guarantee that a consumer with a high genetic risk score will suffer from a certain disease. Instead, it only indicates that one has a genetic propensity for that disease. If one is affected by favorable environmental factors and has a lifestyle that is beneficial for that disease, one may not develop the disease despite a high genetic risk. On the contrary, a consumer with a low genetic risk may get sick if he or she lives in a disease-prone environment or has lifestyle factors that increase susceptibility to the disease. For example, 23andMe conducts an APOE genetic test in relation to Alzheimer disease. The average likelihood of developing Alzheimer disease in carriers of the relevant allele is more than twice as high than in people who do not carry it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the various advantages of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing, highlighting the ease of access to genetic information without the need for clinician approval or insurance involvement. It also mentions that DTC genetic testing is generally less expensive and faster than traditional genetic testing, which supports the notion of its wide availability to consumers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Major reductions may occur from May to end of September so that during summer the drought hazard will increase significantly and also be strengthened due to the temperature increase in this period of the year, as predicted for the future. 3. 1. Development of heat wavesAs additional parameter we calculated a Index (HWI) according to [7] and [9], which is defined as at least 3 consecutive days with max. temperature above 30 °C and each further day with max. temperature above 25 °C as long as the mean of the max. temperatures over the whole period is not below 30°C. Usually, temperature decreases with higher altitudes, which means that a threshold of 30°C will never be reached in these regions. Nevertheless, some “heat waves” will also occur at higher elevations. To be able to calculate a HWI in a mountainous region, all temperature values had to be normalized to sea level. To achieve this, an average temperature gradient of 0. 7°C for each 100m of altitude was assumed. Thus, from a Model (DEM) of the Region with a spatial resolution of 1km a theoretical temperature at sea level was calculated. These normalized temperature values were used to determine the HWI for the vegetation period from April to September (Figure 12 and 13). As shown in Figure 14 the maximum length of heat waves increases over the entire GAR, with significant stronger rise south of the Alps. Figure 12. 30-year mean of maximum heat wave length during vergetation period vegetation season 1971/2000 – temperature normalized to sea level. (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT)Figure 13. 30-year mean of maximum heat wave length during vergetation period vegetation season 2071/2100 – temperature normalized to sea level. (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT)Figure 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant increases in drought hazard and the occurrence of heat waves due to climate change, indicating challenges rather than easy adaptation. The mention of normalized temperature values and the projection of increased heat wave lengths suggests that some species may struggle to adapt to these extreme conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Z21ID=&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=juu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=PREF=&S21=0&S21STR=Uks Реферативна база даних «Україніка наукова» Положення про авторські права Автори, які публікуються у цьому журналі, погоджуються з наступними умовами: 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It appears to be a partial reference to a database or journal, which is irrelevant to the subject matter of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: IntroductionGiven the rapid pace of progress in the field of consumer genomics, it may seem like ancient history when Time magazine named “” as its 2008 Invention of the Year, and Nature cited “Goes Mainstream” as a top news story [1, 2]. The past five years have witnessed widespread scientific and social enthusiasm about—and controversy over—new developments in whole genome sequencing technologies and their possible commercial applications to human health. Many proponents of consumer genomics—including direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) marketed publicly to individuals and made available without need for an intermediary medical professional—view direct access to one’s genome as an individual right, noting many potential benefits of learning more about one’s predilection to disease and likelihood of response to particular medications. Meanwhile, professional organizations representing health professionals and genetics researchers have continued to express concerns regarding DTC-GT and its potential harms [3, 4]. In recent years, many notable changes have occurred in the field. Decreasing genotyping costs have resulted in DTC-GT services becoming more accessible to the average consumer; for example, 23andMe, a leading company in the field, now offers its services for $99 (as compared to an original price of $999 in 2007) [5]. Another recent development is that many companies have either left the marketplace or moved from a pure DTC model toward one involving partnership with physicians and health care systems [6]. This shift can be attributed in part to intensified regulatory pressures in 2010, when the US Food and (FDA) sent warning letters to several DTC-GT companies and the Office (GAO) issued a highly critical report of the industry, declaring test results to be “misleading and of little or no practical use” and concluding that two-thirds of companies investigated “engaged in some form of fraudulent, deceptive, or otherwise questionable marketing practices” [7]. Despite the considerable amount of attention accorded to consumer genomics, there have been relatively few empirical studies in this area. Numerous policies have been developed within the US and abroad to regulate the provision of DTC-GT services [8], and recommendations have been provided to both consumers and health care professionals [9, 10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the rapid progression and accessibility of direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) services. It notes significant changes in the field, particularly the decreasing costs of services, such as 23andMe reducing its price from $999 to $99, which indicates that DTC-GT has indeed become more available to consumers. Additionally, the text highlights both consumer enthusiasm and industry developments that support the claim of widespread availability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Change of maximum heat wave length during vergetation period for 2071/2100 compared to 1971/2000 – temperature normalized to seal level (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT) Advertisement 4. Presentation of major results for the case study regionsThis section discusses exemplarily major results for five of the ten case study regions. The different location of the regions can be seen in Figure 15. Location and extent of the regions have been provided by the project partners of. The criteria for taking the five samples out of the ten was to select one from each country providing sample regions as well as covering the climate characteristics from north to south and from west to east. All results represent statistical means of the entire regions of interest. Larger regions – overall the Italian region I1 (Lombardy) – show a wider range of climate characteristics as the area reaches from low elevated areas with Mediterranean influence to high Alpine areas. The differences in the area mean and area max values give some hint regarding the range of the values. Figure 15. Location of the ten case study regions explored in following table of diagrams (Figure 16) presents the annual variation of precipitation for the selected case study regions. They all show declining precipitation during the summer months. But from north to south the changes somehow deviate. In the northern regions – influenced by Atlantic climate (“Nordstaulagen”) – the case study regions D1, A1 may expect a growing peak of spring precipitation and from May to September a high decrease during the future decades. The regions, which are influenced by the (I1 and S1) will face a decline of summer precipitation and the evolution of two distinct peaks: a smaller spring peak and a high peak in November. region (C1) seems to be affected by both influences – the precipitation decline in summer is still high, two precipitation peaks occur – a higher spring peak which is characteristic for the northern regions and a smaller autumn peak which is typical for Mediterranean influence. In all areas there is a significant secondary sink in October. Figure 16. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the changing climate, including variations in heat wave length and precipitation patterns across different regions. It highlights how these climatic changes vary geographically, with some northern regions experiencing increasing spring precipitation while southern regions face declining summer precipitation. This suggests that not every region (and by extension, species) will adapt easily, as the changing conditions are complex and region-specific. The mention of expected declines in summer precipitation and the differing influences based on location indicate that adaptation may not be universally easy for all species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Автори залишають за собою право на авторство своєї роботи та передають журналу право першої публікації цієї роботи на умовах ліцензії Attribution License, котра дозволяє іншим особам вільно розповсюджувати опубліковану роботу з обов'язковим посиланням на авторів оригінальної роботи та першу публікацію роботи у цьому журналі. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it discusses copyright and publication rights, which are unrelated to the cultural aspects of language.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: The authors concluded that improving health was the main motivation for DTC-GT consumers. Two other studies examined how different ways of presenting individuals with information about the potential risks and benefits of DTC-GT may affect motivations or intentions to get tested. Gray et al. [21] conducted a randomized, controlled trial to explore the impact of genetic risk information presented on a mock -GT testing web site. A sample of 767 women was either presented with information on the risks of DTC testing (intervention group) or not (control group). The intervention group reported fewer positive beliefs about DTC-GT, lower intentions to get online BRCA testing, and a higher level of preference for clinic-based testing. In another study examining the effect of information content on intentions and attitudes toward testing, Sweeny and Legg provided participants with three types of information about DTC-GT: positive only, negative only, or both [22]. As compared to the negative and full information conditions, participants in the positive only group perceived the greatest benefits and fewest barriers to testing, showed more anticipated regret over not testing, and reported greater intentions to pursue testing. Thus, the authors concluded that exclusively positive information may promote interest in testing, whereas the intentions and interest of those receiving exclusively negative information may not differ from those receiving balanced or full information. Comprehension and Interpretation of Test ResultsStudies of DTC-GT consumers’ understanding suggest that the vast majority “get the gist” of their test results. For example, in a prospective assessment of participants in the who had undergone genetic susceptibility testing for eight health conditions, Kaphingst et al. [23] found that 80 % of participants correctly recalled their results and that they were unlikely to perceive their results as deterministic (i. e. , they recognized that disease causes were multifactorial). Similar results were found in a report from Gordon et al. [24] on 60 participants in the CPMC. In a related study, Kaufman et al. [25•] surveyed 1,048 consumers of three personal genomics companies (Navigenics, 23andMe, and deCODEme). Respondents were posed hypothetical scenarios of susceptibility testing for type 2 diabetes and colon cancer, with results presented in the same online format as their own personal results would have been (e. g. , Navigenics customers were shown results using a display template from a Navigenics company test report). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that analyze consumer motivations and the understanding of results from direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT). It implies that DTC-GT is prevalent enough to warrant studies addressing consumer behavior, preferences, and comprehension, suggesting widespread availability and interest in these services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Mean yearly distribution of precipitation from 1971/2000 to 2071/2100 for case study regions D1, A1, C1, I1 and S1 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT)The diagrams in Figure 17 show the evolution of the total precipitation during the growing season for the selected case study regions: All regions show a moderate decline of the average and the maximum rainfall sum. (D1) as well as the Slovenian (S1) case study region show moderate precipitation ranges between 600 and 800 mm which declines in Germany to 600 for max values and 550 mm for average values, in Slovenia the max values remain almost the same, the average values decline from almost 700 mm to 350 mm. All other case study regions show an absolute decline of about 100 - 200 mm of the max values in the high alpine areas and again an absolute decline of about 50 - 100 mm of the average numbers referring more to the low elevated areas. For the lower elevated areas like the Italian region I1 the decline may turn out to be severe as the precipitation sum during the vegetation period is between 500 and 700mm and the temperature is going to be higher which results in higher evapotranspiration. Figure 17. Mean total precipitation during the vegetation period from 1971-2000 to 2071/2100 for case study regions D1, A1, C1, I1 and S1 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT)While in Figure 17 the total precipitation during the growing season is shown, Figure 18 depicts the seasonal precipitation sums during different 30 year periods. In all regions a significant decrease of the summer precipitation is obvious: the total rainfall during summer declines from 400 to 300 mm in the northern regions, from a18. Mean seasonal total precipitation sums from 1971-2000 to 2071/2100 for case study regions D1, A1, C1, I1 and S1 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence of a significant decline in precipitation over the growing seasons for various case study regions, which suggests that the changing climate may create difficult conditions for adaptability. The mentioned decreases in average and maximum rainfall indicate that ecosystems may be under stress, making it implausible that every species will adapt easily to these changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Автори мають право укладати самостійні додаткові угоди щодо неексклюзивного розповсюдження роботи у тому вигляді, в якому вона була опублікована цим журналом (наприклад, розміщувати роботу в електронному сховищі установи або публікувати у складі монографії), за умови збереження посилання на першу публікацію роботи у цьому журналі. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses authors' rights about non-exclusive distribution of a work published in a journal, without any reference to language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Notably, over 70 % of respondents indicated that they would consider referring a patient to a DTC-GT company under select conditions, and 90 % would do so if there were geographic constraints to obtaining genetic testing. In a study conducted in Australia and New Zealand, 130 genetic counselors and 38 clinical geneticists from the Society of Australasia completed an online survey to assess their views on DTC-GT [39]. Only a small minority of respondents (7 %) reported that they felt confident in accurately interpreting and explaining DTC-GT results. Eleven percent responded that a client had been referred to them after receiving DTC test results. Most respondents did not feel that DTC-GT was useful for anonymous testing (54 %) or for those who are geographically constrained (60 %). The authors concluded there is a general lack of confidence among genetic health professionals around interpreting DTC-GT results but suggested that confidence might increase over time as professionals gain more experience. DiscussionThe past few years have seen a modest yet notable amount of empirical studies focused on DTC-GT. Findings from this research begin to shed light on the various questions that have been raised regarding this controversial approach to personal genomics. One area of interest has been the ways in which DTC-GT services are marketed to consumers. Our review of the limited data evaluating DTC-GT companies’ “product descriptions” reinforce concerns raised by commentators about the potential for customers to be misled about the benefits versus risks and limitations of test services. For example, that almost two-thirds of companies reviewed neglected to note any risks of testing is particularly concerning. However, it should be noted that the companies reviewed represent a very heterogeneous group, and that the most commonly used sites do in fact disclose potential psychological and social risks of learning personal genetic information. Nevertheless, it would be naïve to expect a truly balanced, nuanced view of testing from any company’s promotional materials, such that public education from disinterested third parties would seem appropriate [9]. Concerns about “truth in advertising” of health-related products are not unique to this industry; moving forward, lessons might be taken from prior regulation debates involving over-the-counter nutriceuticals and DTC advertising of prescription medications [40]. Studies suggest that public awareness of DTC-GT within the US has steadily increased in recent years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that public awareness of direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) has steadily increased in recent years, suggesting that these services are becoming more recognized and available to consumers. Moreover, the text discusses a survey where a majority of respondents showed willingness to consider DTC-GT, further supporting the notion that these services are on the rise.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Data compilation and analysis: AIT)The following table of diagrams (fig. 19) indicates the evolution of the number of dry days during the vegetation season for the selected case study regions. All regions show a distinct increase of the average and the maximum number of dry days: the less alpine German region (D1) starting from 69 (average) 73 (max) dry days may expect an extra of about 20 dry days till 2100, the Swiss region (C1) starts from 48 (average) 55 (max) dry days and will face an increase of a2100. Region (A1) with alpine climate and some moderate influence of starts with 80 (average) 90 (max) dry days and may expect another 20 dry days till 2100. In the small Slovenian region (S1) the number of dry days will increase from a2100. The large Italian region (I1) shows the widest range because of the Alpine and the Mediterranean influences with hottest temperatures in the Po Valley: 110 (average) and 135 (max. ) dry days with an expected increase of 15 dry days. Figure 19. Mean number of dry days during vegetation season from 1971/2000 to 2071/2100 for case study regions D1, A1, C1, I1 and S1 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT)The following table of diagrams (fig. 20) shows the evolution of the seasonal 30 year mean number of drought periods greater than 10 days for the selected case study regions. In general the number of more than 10-day dry periods for current climate accounts to 1-2 events per season and is expected to grow by a20. Relative change of mean number of dry periods greater than 10 days compared to period 1971/2000 for case study regions D1, A1, C1, I1 and S1 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT) Advertisement 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting increasing dry days and drought periods in various regions, indicating that the environment is changing in ways that may challenge species' ability to adapt. The mention of the distinct increase in the average and maximum number of dry days suggests that certain species may struggle to cope with these changes, undermining the idea that adaptation will be easy for every species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Політика журналу дозволяє і заохочує розміщення авторами в мережі Інтернет (наприклад, у сховищах установ або на особистих веб-сайтах) рукопису роботи, як до подання цього рукопису до редакції, так і під час його редакційного опрацювання, оскільки це сприяє виникненню продуктивної наукової дискусії та позитивно позначається на оперативності та динаміці цитування опублікованої роботи. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it discusses the policies of a journal about publishing manuscripts online and their impact on scientific discussion and citation rates, which is unrelated to the cultural significance of language.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: This is not a surprising finding given the high-profile media coverage that the industry has received, including news stories across such diverse outlets as Time magazine, the Times, and NBC’s Today show [1, 41, 42]. Also as would be expected, awareness varies by demographic groups and family history of various medical conditions. The prototypical consumer appears to be a white, well-educated, middle-aged professional, with various reasons for pursuing DTC-GT services. Many are health-focused, but others are more generally curious about their genetics and in tracing their ancestral history. Some companies bundle very different types of genetic information (health risk, carrier status, medication response, ancestry) within a single service, appealing to the wide range of motivations people seem to have in learning about aspects of their own genetic profile. These motivations are also a reminder that consumers often have a much different view of the benefits of test results than do expert commentators and health care professionals. The latter tend to view genetic testing through the lens of clinical utility, where findings are seen as valuable to the extent that they possess predictive value and/or inform proven medical care options. However, consumers interested in DTC-GT results may find personal utility in satisfying curiosity and in feeding a general sense that “knowledge is power. ” Although test interest may well be driven by a fascination with what Nelkin has termed the “DNA mystique,” many individuals who seek DTC-GT results may possess complex, meaningful rationales for testing that need not be dismissed as irrational or frivolous [43]. Legitimate concerns, however, have been raised that individuals who purchase DTC-GT services may not fully comprehend the risk information that they receive [44]. Available studies do not support the notion that laypersons will be given to gross misunderstandings of their test results, such as believing that “genetics is destiny” with regard to risk of common diseases. Indeed, several studies reviewed here suggest that most participants will be able to take home the “gist” of test result information, even without professional assistance. However, these same studies also suggest some biases and misinterpretations of the nuances of test results, including difficulties in interpreting complex numerical information and a tendency to overrate the clinical benefits of test results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the popularity and media coverage of direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT). It highlights that there is substantial public interest fueled by high-profile media attention, which suggests that these services are indeed widely available and recognized. The text also illustrates the various motivations consumers have for pursuing such services, indicating a diverse consumer base that further supports the idea of wide availability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: General result discussion above let expect on the one hand a decrease of total precipitation within the vegetation period during the coming decades till 2100 and on the other hand a substantial increase of dry day periods – both aspects may lead to increasing drought stress in the particular forest areas in the greater alpine area. The tendency to significant lower rainfall in summer can be found in all areas. The decline of precipitation south of the Alpine main ridge (Northern Italy, Slovenia) is much stronger due to the Mediterranean influence. The applied climate scenario assumes a decline of summer precipitation up to 50%. This surely will affect forests in southern regions and may lead to extended drought stress and fire hazard. A similar picture gives the comparison of the number of dry days in the future with the 30 year mean for 1971/2000 (Figure 20). The number of dry days north of the alpine main ridge is 1/3 less than south of it. The increase of dry days is estimated to achieve 15 to 20 additional days, which is quite severe in the southern regions with numbers above 120 dry days for current climate. The number of dry day episodes as well as the length of the periods is expected to increase in all regions by 2 or 3 events per length class for the shorter episodes. The long periods (20 to 30 days) occur only in the southern regions and are also expected to increase. Thus the combination of precipitation decrease, increase of the length of dry day periods as well as the increase of temperature may result in severe drought stress effects on the forest areas. Investigations of forest growth and dendroecology compiled from tree ring chronologies have shown that differences between tree species to cope drought events in wide range occur. Over a longer period after an intense drought evente. g. the drought of 2003 in middle spruce tend to be more effected as common beech and Scots pine. Pedunculate and sessile oak species showed very little growth losses in the investigations by Beck [1]. In general the estimation of the local risks for forest and forest management needs local forest experts and stakeholders which are able to balance the different demands on forests to sustain in the future. The presented results of the single case study regions of the project can be used as input for these analyses by local experts. project provides much more information than discussed within this book 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the significant negative impacts of climate change on forest areas, particularly in the greater alpine area. It indicates that species such as middle spruce are more affected by drought than other species like common beech and Scots pine, suggesting that not all species can adapt easily to changing climate conditions. The mention of increased drought stress and the variability in species' responses to drought events highlights that adaptation is not uniform among species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Ліцензійна угода Цей твір ліцензовано на умовах Ліцензії Із Зазначенням Авторства — Некомерційна — Без Похідних 4. 0 Міжнародна. Подання Надсилання статей. Керівництва для авторів. Збірник репрезентуватиме проблеми історії, археології, етнографії, філології (українська мова та література). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it describes a licensing agreement and submission guidelines for articles related to various academic disciplines, without addressing the role of language in identity and heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: How genetic testing can help women with breast cancer avoid chemotherapyBy using Oncotype DX test technology, researchers behind the trial have proven that invasive and often harmful chemotherapy needn’t be the only option for women with breast cancer. Genetics 05 July 2018 link to page Download PDF In light of the trial, around 5,000 women could be spared the harmful implications of chemotherapy each year. Shutterstock. comdescribed it as “the biggest advance in cancer practice for 20 years”; said: “Thousands of breast cancer patients could avoid chemo”; and Mirror hailed it as a “major coup for the NHS”. for TReatment (Rx) — known as — has made waves since being presented at the of 2018 in Chicago on 3 June 2018, and with good reason[1]. ’s focus — breast cancer — remains the most common cancer to affect women and the second leading cause of death in women in the UK and the United States[2][3]. study looked at the most common form of breast cancer — hormone receptor (HR)-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, axillary node (AN)-negative, breast cancer — which accounts for roughly half of all cases of the disease. Sparano et al. conducted the phase III prospective trial federally funded by the US Institute[1]. The trial involved 10,273 women aged 17–75 years between 2006 and 2010. All women received Oncotype DX testing, which predicted their risk of cancer recurrence within ten years. half of all new cases of breast cancer (over 266,000 in the and 54,900 in the UK) receive chemotherapy, a treatment with adverse effects such as vomiting, nausea, fatigue, hair loss, neuropathy and, in younger women, early menopause or infertility. But results from suggest that 70% of these women could be spared chemotherapy, and by using the genomic test Oncotype DX to guide decision-making, less than 30% of these women might need chemotherapy. Harnessing geneticsOncotype DX, developed by California-based genetic research company Genomic Health, analyses a tumour sample for the activity of 21 genes that can affect how a tumour is likely to behave in response to a particular treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing a detailed account of how the Oncotype DX genetic test assists in personalizing treatment for women with breast cancer. It explains that the test can predict a patient's risk of cancer recurrence and indicates that a significant percentage of these women could avoid chemotherapy, which aligns with the notion that genetic testing can inform tailored medical treatment plans.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Uncertainty and spatial variability of regional climate projectionsUncertainty in regional climate projections can be roughly divided into four components: (1) Natural variabilityThe term natural variability refers to deterministic and random fluctuations in the climate system, that occur on various spatial and temporal scales,[3]. , (2) uncertainty in external forcing (mainly anthropogenic forcing like greenhouse gas emissions and land use change)GHG emissions depend on many factors including growth of population and economy, energy prices and energy source selection, cultural and social interactions, technological development and land use, the latter serving either as GHG sink or as GHG emission accelerator. Since it is impossible to strictly predict the future development of these factors, the pathway of future emissions remains uncertain. on (SRES) [14] provides different storylines of how the world might develop and the associated trajectory of future GHG emissions. , (3) uncertainty due to imperfect simulation of the climate system (model uncertainty)Uncertainties due to climate models arise from incomplete understanding and simplified formulation of climate processes in the models [19]. In order to quantify these uncertainties, ensembles of different or modified climate models are used. , and (4) downscaling uncertainty. Prein et al. ([15, 16]) analysed the relative contributions of natural variability, emission scenarios and models to total uncertainty over Europe. The uncertainty components for air temperature and precipitation over Europe due to internal variability, model formulation, and emission scenario assumptions until the mid and the end of the 21st century are regarded in Prein’s study, based on 23 different GCMs driving 84 simulations of the CMIP3 accessed 08. 04. 2013 ensemble. They found that uncertainty due to the formulation of the climate models describing atmospheric processes is largest for temperature as well as precipitation regime changes. The following Figure 21 presents a comparison of simulation results for seasonal change of temperature and precipitation in the south western part of the greater alpine Region (GAR) – the region, where most of our case study regions are located. Figure 21. Scatter plots for the changes in 2-m air temperature and precipitation amount between 2021/2050 and 1961/1990 for GAR-South-west for 22 simulations ( [10, 11]. Changes of precipitation amount are calculated relative with respect to 1961-1990. The black lines indicate the median changes, [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the uncertainties in climate projections and how these uncertainties can impact species' adaptability. It explains that there are various factors—such as natural variability, anthropogenic emissions, and model uncertainties—that complicate predictions about climate changes. This indicates that not every species will adapt easily to the changing climate due to these unknowns and complexities in climate models.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: До друку приймаємо раніше не опубліковані наукові статті, публікації документів і пам’яток, бібліографічні та джерелознавчі огляди, рецензії на нові видання, повідомлення про наукові події. Редакційна колегія не розглядатиме статей, що не відповідають зазначеним вимогам. Редакційна колегія має право редагувати, скорочувати, а також відхиляти подані матеріали. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the criteria for publishing scientific articles without any reference to language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Women eligible for Oncotype DX testing include those recently diagnosed with stage I or II invasive breast cancer; those in whom the tumour is oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive, AN-negative and those whom, with their consultant, are considering chemotherapy. Women recently diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or having lumpectomy to remove the DCIS may also be candidates. After surgery, women can reduce the risk of recurrence by taking selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as tamoxifen[4][5] or aromatase inhibitors, such as exemestane, letrozole and anastrozole[6]. DX provides a recurrence score (RS): a number from 0–100[7]. An RS of less than 18 means the tumour has a low risk of recurrence and the benefits of chemotherapy are unlikely to outweigh the adverse effects. An RS ≥18 and ≤30 means the tumour has an intermediate risk of recurrence and it is unclear whether chemotherapy exerts benefits. An RS ≥31 means the tumour has a high risk of recurrence and the benefits of chemotherapy are likely to outweigh the adverse effects. Evidence baseCrolley et al. reported that interpretation of the scores of intermediate risk of recurrence and the subsequently offered chemotherapy regimens has the widest variation in practice in the UK[8]. Loncaster et al. reported that capitalising on Oncotype DX in women with AN-negative and positive breast cancer significantly reduces the use of chemotherapy (P <0. 001) and its associated morbidity and costs[9]. Furthermore, Holt et al. reported that reconsidering chemotherapy based on Oncotype DX results was associated with improvements in survival and quality-adjusted life expectancy in the UK[10]. Gluz et al. reported a trial that included 3,198 women (median age 56 years) with HR-positive, HER2-negative, AN-positive or high-risk node-negative early breast cancer (median follow-up of 35 months), from 2009–2011[11]. The study recommended women with an RS ≤11 to abstain from adjuvant chemotherapy. The three-year disease-free survival for the 348 patients not treated with chemotherapy with an RS ≤11 was 98%. In light of the trial, around 5,000 women could be spared the harmful implications of chemotherapy each yearStemmer et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how Oncotype DX testing assists in determining tailored treatment plans for women with breast cancer. It explains that the recurrence score provided by the test influences decisions on chemotherapy, with variations in risk influencing treatment recommendations directly. The text notes that Oncotype DX can lead to significant reductions in unnecessary chemotherapy treatments and is associated with improved survival outcomes, thus illustrating its role in personalized medical treatment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: The cross in the diagrams marks the median of precipitation change (horizontal) and temperature change (vertical): The temperature change medians of the four seasons oscillate between 1. 2 and 2 °C while the seasonal precipitation change medians shows rates of 0 to 7% of the particular precipitation total. The changes of all seasonal temperature means show the widest range between +0. 5°C and 3°C during summer. 5-driven simulation marked with green dots show always the smallest temperature gain, while the HADCM3-based“HadCM3 stands for the version 3. It was developed in 1999 and was the first unified model climate configuration not to require flux adjustments (artificial adjustments applied to climate model simulations to prevent them drifting into unrealistic climate states)”. accessed 5 September 2012 results marked with blue and purple dots show constantly the highest increase. For precipitation the single models show high deviations during the seasons, ranging from -20 to +20 %. ECHAM-based models show declines in spring and summer, and (little) precipitation increase in autumn and winter, while the HADCM3-scenarios show no clear trend indicating some increase as well as some decrease during the seasons. These results give an idea of the uncertainty range which can be expected also for the model output applied in. But uncertainty shall not be mixed up with spatial variability unless the variability itself shows uncertainty: A rough exploration of the spatial variability – and the uncertainty - has been conducted in the project reclip:century carried out by AIT ([13], uncertainty, there are also distinct location related differences between the regions, which are effects of terrain and position within the global atmospheric pressure and humidity motion patterns. Thus the simulations show a clear influence of the Alpine main ridge on the spatial distribution of climate change signals, with e. g. precipitation increase north of the Alps in spring, summer and autumn, and some decline in the southern and western parts. The temperature change pattern show rather an east-west- than a north-south-gradient. regional change trends for temperature and precipitation have been extracted from three regional climate simulation runs (based on 2 GHG scenarios and 3 RCM/GCM-combinationsThe observed seasonal changes till 2050 as explored in these three reclip:century simulations are integrated in the diagrams in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant uncertainty in climate change impacts, indicating that not every species may adapt easily. It describes varying changes in temperature and precipitation across different seasons and regions, exemplifying the complexity and unpredictability of climate responses, which suggest that adaptation may not be straightforward or uniform among species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: За зміст публікації, достовірність фактів, цитат, дат тощо відповідає автор. Усі статті, які надійшли до редакції, проходять процедуру незалежного таємного рецензування (якість дослідження, оригінальність, новизна, структура статті). Матеріали потрібно надсилати на електронну адресу редакції: ukraina. iuk@gmail. com (назва файла – прізвище автора латинськими літерами, наприклад, petrenko. doc). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It focuses on the procedures for submitting articles and does not discuss language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: conducted a clinical analysis of 1,801 women (median age 60 years) with ER-positive, HER2-negative pN0-1 breast cancer (median follow-up of 6. 2 years) from 2006–2010[12]. In patients with an RS <18, the five-year risk of distant recurrence (where the cancer has spread to a region away from where the original cancer was located) was low. The rate of breast cancer-related death was also low. Endocrine therapy (ET) alone is supported in this group of patients. In addition, in women not treated with chemotherapy with an RS 11Â–25, the five-year distant recurrence rates were very low; chemotherapy is unlikely to exert clinical benefit in this group of patients. : the landmark trialOf the 10,273 women who took part in the trial, 6,711 had a mid-range an RS of 11ÂÂ–25 and were randomly assigned to receive either ET alone (most commonly tamoxifen for pre-menopausal women, and most commonly aromastase inhibitors for post-menopausal women) or chemoendocrine therapy (CET, most commonly taxane and cyclophosphamide). The primary end point was disease-free survival (recurrence of cancer in the breast, regional lymph nodes and/or distant organs, a second primary cancer in the opposite breast or another organ, or death from any cause). At a median follow-up of 7. 5 years, ET in women with a mid-range RS of 11–25 was not inferior to CET. Simply, this patient group would not benefit from chemotherapy and ET is as effective while less toxic and cheaper. will improve the lives of women who present with breast cancerWomen with RS ≥26 had a distant recurrence of 13% despite having chemotherapy and ET. Women with an RS <10 had very low recurrence rates with ET alone, regardless of age or other clinical variables. Women aged ≤50 years with an RS of 16–25 were shown to have some benefits from chemotherapy. ’s global financial and health benefitsIn light of the trial, around 5,000 British women in the UK could be spared the harmful implications of chemotherapy each year and the NHS could also be spared the financial burden; chemotherapy currently costs the NHS around £4,500 per patient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the results of a clinical trial that showcases how genetic testing, indicated by the Recurrence Score (RS), informs treatment decisions for women with breast cancer. It specifies that women with low RS results can effectively receive endocrine therapy alone, thus personalizing their treatment plans. Additionally, it highlights that chemotherapy may not provide clinical benefits for certain patient groups, underlining the importance of genetic testing in determining optimal individual treatment strategies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: 21 and marked by names: AIT-CCLM is based on a A1B/HADCM3/CCLM combination, WEGC-CCLM is based on an A1B/ECHAM5/CCLM combination and ZAMG-CCLM is based on a B1/ECHAM5/CCLM model combination. ) for the four seasons and related to Austrian climate regions. The range of climate change signals within a region refers to uncertainty, the range of climate change signals between the regions refers to local effects of spatial variabilitybelow referes to results for Austria and it is for the year 2050, not further. Winter: temperature: +1. 6 to +2. 2 °C, prec. : +8 to +13% increase more in E less increase in the S and W Spring: temperature: +1. 0 to +1. 2 °C. prec. : constant to light decreases, more distinct in the E Summer: temperature: +1. 0 to +2. 5 °C, prec. : little loss, scenarios disagree! more distinct in the S Autumn: temperature: +1. 7 to +2. 3 °C, prec. : little loss, W, S: higher increase, N: divergent more distinct in S, SE and eastern general location based variability/uncertainty in climate signal change can be expected for the entire Region. Advertisement 7. Further research and conclusionThe drought analysis within the project where concentrated on the analysis of predicted input changes from precipitation and temperature. The local effects of changes in precipitation, drought length and frequencies or heat waves have to be estimated with local experts including local site conditions. The results show different manifestations of the assumed climate change scenario (A1B) within different areas, especially north or south of the alpine main ridge. It has to be noticed that the analysed climate change scenario is not an extreme scenario, thus the real changes in temperature and precipitation might lead to more severe hazards for forests in the future (see Figure 4 and 5). Above we briefly mentioned the uncertainties of climate change scenarios, which especially referring to precipitation are not neglectable, thus reducing this uncertainty should be one important research task for the future. Beyond this more ample spatial referenced information about site conditions as soil texture, surface runoff, evapotranspiration etc. would be very important to develop a closer understanding of the local hydrological conditions for the whole analysed Region. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the uncertainties and local effects of climate change, indicating that the consequences may not be easily managed by all species. It mentions the varying impacts of climate change, such as different increases in temperature and precipitation across regions, and specifically states that 'the real changes in temperature and precipitation might lead to more severe hazards for forests in the future'. This implies that adaptation may not be straightforward or sufficient for all species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Вимоги до подання Із вимогами до подання можна ознайомитися за посиланням. Зразок оформлення статті до збірника - за посиланням. Положення про авторські права Автори, які публікуються у цьому журналі, погоджуються з наступними умовами: 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides administrative or procedural information with no mention of the role of language in identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Oncotype DX is available to the NHS for a subsidised rate of around £2,580 per patient[13] and is available in the for around US$3,000 per patient[14]. As for ET, five years of tamoxifen treatment — much less toxic, relatively — would cost around 6p per patient per day, per patient and only £109. 50–£130. 00 over five years[15]. In the UK, anastrozole costs around 7p per day per patient[16] and only £127. 75 over five years. One estimate shows that if British women were to adhere to five years of tamoxifen treatment, 500 more lives could be saved a year, and £30m more could be saved in the NHS budget a year[17]. In 2006, LÃ¸nning reported that two to three years of tamoxifen followed by an aromastase inhibitor provided the lowest estimates of cost and highest number of quality-adjusted life years[18]. Personalised treatmentwill improve the lives of women who present with breast cancer. Its beauty lies in its reversion to a principle of cancer care: let the prognostic and/or predictive tests guide the treatment plan. The trial has encouraged the scientific and medical community to see precision medicine in a new light, which shines on treatments targeted to the correct patient populations, not only to the correct cellular targets. What our patients deserve is best described in the words of Roman emperor and stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius: “Life is not merely being alive, but being well. ” is helping to foster that notion. Balkees Abderrahman, postdoctoral fellow, University of PhD candidate, University of Leeds, UK. Correspondence to: bhabderrahman@mdanderson. org10. 1056/NEJMoa1804710 [2] UK. Breast cancer statistics. Available at: (accessed June 2018) [3] Society. Breast cancer: facts and figures 2017–2018. Available at: (accessed June 2018) [4] Jordan VC. Tamoxifen as the first targeted long-term adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. Cancer 2014;21(3):R235–R246. doi: 10. 1530/ERC-14-0092 [5] Jordan VC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how personalized treatment can improve the lives of breast cancer patients and emphasizes the importance of using prognostic and predictive tests to guide treatment plans. It mentions the evolution of precision medicine towards targeting treatments to the correct patient populations, which aligns with the idea of genetic testing informing medical treatment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: A general increase in winter precipitation (mainly in northern and central Europe) and decreases in summer precipitation (mainly in central and southern Europe) can be found in different climate scenario simulation. Analysis of extreme events (as drought periods, length and frequencies) have more drastic consequences on tree growth than gradual changes in mean climate conditions [12]. In the future more advanced extreme event analyses have to be developed corresponding with reduced uncertainty in climate change scenarios. 1. BeckWAuswirkungen von Trockenheit und Hitze auf den Waldzustand in Deutschland- waldwachstumskundliche Ergebnisse der Studie im Auftrag des BMELV: DVFFA- Sektion Ertragskunde, Jahrestagung 2010 on 6 September 20122. DéquéMet alAn intercomparison of regional climate simulations for Europe: assessing uncertainties in model projections, Clim. Change. , 81, suppl. 1, DOIs10584-006-9228-x, 20073. GhilMVariability in Encyclopedia of Change, 1System: Physical and of Change. & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, 20024. GranierAReichsteinMBrédaünwaldöstner: Evidence for soil water control on carbon and water dynamics in European forests during the extremely dry year: 2003. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 20071431231455. HeinrichGGobietAreclip:century 1Uncertainty Assessment. D: Wegener Center, 2011, Graz ( 28 September 20126. HemeryG. EForest management and silvicultural responses to predicted climate change impacts on valuable broadleaved species. Short-Mission report for 1, 42, 2007196refs. www. ForestryHorizons. eu. 7. HollwegHDBöhm-thiel. in the Region during the Period 1961-1995. Studia geoph. Et geod. , 20004457728. -thielwith CLM, Scenario A1B run 12: European region MPI-M/MaD. Center for Climate, 20099. KyselyJMortality and displaced mortality during heat waves in the Czech Republic. Int. J. Biometeorol, 200449919710. over Europe with the forced with 4 Global Scenarios. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that changes in climate, particularly extreme events like droughts and heat, have significant negative impacts on tree growth. This implies that not all species, including trees, will easily adapt to changing climatic conditions as it highlights drastic consequences on ecosystems due to increased extreme weather events.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Автори залишають за собою право на авторство своєї роботи та передають журналу право першої публікації цієї роботи на умовах ліцензії Attribution License, котра дозволяє іншим особам вільно розповсюджувати опубліковану роботу з обов'язковим посиланням на авторів оригінальної роботи та першу публікацію роботи у цьому журналі. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it discusses authorship rights and publication details, which are unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Linking estrogen-induced apoptosis with decreases in mortality following long-term adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. J Inst 2014;106(11):dju296. doi: 10. 1093/jnci/dju296 [6] Jordan VC & Brodie AM. Development and evolution of therapies targeted to the estrogen receptor for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Steroids 2007;72(1):7–25. doi: 10. 1016/j. steroids. 2006. 10. 009 [7] Prediction of the oncotype DX recurrence score: use of pathology-generated equations derived by linear regression analysis. 2013;26(5):658–664. doi: 10. 1038/m odpathol. 2013. 36 [8] The impact of Oncotype DX breast cancer assay results on clinical practice: A UK experience. 2017;28(Suppl 5):v43Â–v67. doi: 10. 1093/annonc/mdx362 [9] Impact of oncotype DX breast recurrence score testing on adjuvant chemotherapy use in early breast cancer: real world experience in Greater Manchester, UK. 2017;43(5):931–937. doi: 10. 1016/j. ejso. 2016. 12. 010 [10] Cost-effectiveness evaluation of the oncotype DX(R) breast cancer assay in clinical practice in the UK. 2012;71(24). doi: 10. 1158/0008-5472. SABCS11-PD06-02 [11] : first prospective outcome data for the 21-gene recurrence score assay and concordance of prognostic markers by central and local pathology assessment. J 2016;34(20):2341–2349. doi: 10. 1200/JCO. 2015. 63. 5383 [12] Clinical outcomes in patients with node-negative breast cancer treated based on the recurrence score results: evidence from a large prospectively designed registry. NPJ 2017;3:33. doi: 10. 1038/s41523-017-0034-6 [13] for Health and Care Excellence. Gene expression profiling and expanded immunohistochemistry tests for guiding adjuvant chemotherapy decisions in early breast cancer management: 4 and Mammostrat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence of various studies evaluating the impact of genetic testing, specifically the Oncotype DX breast cancer assay, on clinical practice and treatment decisions for breast cancer. For example, it mentions the 'impact of Oncotype DX breast cancer assay results on clinical practice' and 'cost-effectiveness evaluation of the oncotype DX(R) breast cancer assay in clinical practice,' which directly supports the claim that genetic testing can inform personalized medical treatment plans.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Gamperl – to Climate Change: Aug 31, 2021 | Agricultural Science, & Share 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Vthe global population increasing at a considerable rate, it is becoming vitally important to improve seafood production to meet the growing demand for healthy protein. As our current fishing practices are damaging to marine ecosystems, fish farming is seen as a sustainable alternative to producing seafood, but only if it is resilient to the effects of climate change. By researching how environmental change affects fish biology, Gamperl of of Newfoundland and Labrador and his colleagues aim to make fish farming more sustainable, while ensuring global food security and allowing wild fish populations to recover. of Fish are a crucial component of a nutritious diet in many parts of the world, providing a healthy protein source and playing an important role in eliminating hunger and malnutrition. With the global population expected to reach nearly 10 billion by 2050, the Food and (FAO) of the estimates that food production will need to increase by 70%. Fish will continue to play an important role as this population growth continues. However, overfishing has led to worrying declines in wild fish populations across the globe. Climate change is also having a damaging impact, as rising ocean temperatures and acidity can devastate marine ecosystems. Therefore, breeding, rearing and harvesting fish in captivity – known as aquaculture – represents a sustainable alternative to fishing, which greatly reduces the pressure on wild fish stocks. Indeed, aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food sectors worldwide. According to the FAO, there has been a 527% increase in global aquaculture production since 1990. By 2030, it is estimated that about two-thirds of all seafood produced for human consumption will come from aquaculture. In addition to impacting wild fish stocks, climate change represents a major threat to global aquaculture. This is because most aquaculture farms consist of net pens or cages in the ocean, meaning that they are not protected from the damaging effects of climate change, such as warmer temperatures, increased acidity and reduced water oxygen content (hypoxia). Gamperl and his collaborators are investigating how climate change impacts fish physiology, in an effort to mitigate the impact of environmental stressors on both farmed and wild fish. Physiology is the study of how an animal’s body functions and responds to its environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the damaging impact of climate change on marine ecosystems and aquaculture. It highlights that many species, specifically fish, are at risk due to rising ocean temperatures, increased acidity, and reduced oxygen content, stating that 'climate change represents a major threat to global aquaculture' and that it affects the physiology of fish. This indicates that not all species will adapt easily to environmental changes, countering the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Автори мають право укладати самостійні додаткові угоди щодо неексклюзивного розповсюдження роботи у тому вигляді, в якому вона була опублікована цим журналом (наприклад, розміщувати роботу в електронному сховищі установи або публікувати у складі монографії), за умови збереження посилання на першу публікацію роботи у цьому журналі. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses authors' rights regarding non-exclusive distribution of their work without addressing the relationship between language, identity, and cultural heritage.