Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: A genetic comparison of modern domesticated plants with their ancestors opens up the possibility of identifying traits which have been selected during domestication. In maize, such genes have been identified and are characterized by reduced diversity in maize landraces and inbred maize in comparison to their wild ancestor teosinte (Wang et al. 1999; Vigouroux et al. 2002; Whitt et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2005). The analysis in ancient maize remains of short fragments within these genes makes it possible to investigate approximately when the alleles common in modern maize were selected, and at which time other alleles which are only known from teosinte were still present in the population. So far, three such selected genes have been studied in maize cobs preserved through desiccation. These genes affect not only plant morphology but also the quantity and quality of starch and proteins in ancient maize and were found to be already selected 4,400 years ago (Jaenicke-Després et al. 2003). Ancient DNA investigations relating to the domestication of rice are summarised in Jones and Brown (2000). Recently first attempts were made to understand the beginnings of horticulture in Europe. The growing of grapes (Vitis vinifera) and production of wine is a good example of the study of regional traditions versus the influence of “foreign” cultures. V. vinifera is propagated vegetatively, probably since ancient times. Surprisingly little genetic homogenization took place despite large cultivar diversity and intensive breeding of new cultivars, since microsatellite variability in modern cultivars is known to be structured geographically and at cultivar level (Sefc et al. 2000; Aradhya et al. 2003; This et al. 2004). This permits speculation about the origin of historically known cultivars (Vouillamoz et al. 2006) and comparison with ancient cultivars. Microsatellite loci have been used to investigate the origins of V. vinifera seeds preserved by waterlogging and charring at several European Celtic, Greek and Roman sites. At all sites there was evidence of wine production. Amplification of as few as two or three microsatellite loci already permitted tentative assignments of the origins of the wine plant in a defined archaeological context (Manen et al. 2003). Another exciting opportunity is the use of geographically distributed genetic markers discovered in modern wild or domestic species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide evidence for the claim that archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. Instead, it discusses the genetic analysis of domesticated plants like maize and grapes, and mentions how these investigations can offer insights into agricultural practices and origins. While related to the study of plants in archaeology, it does not establish a link to the specific causes of civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: Yearly cost improvements in RE technologies can be incorporated into levelised COE estimations. This study developed a simple method to incorporate the continuously improving capital costs of RE technologies over the build duration of the system into the estimation of COE. This approach can be widely adopted, as there is urgency to build these low emission systems now, in order to avoid dangerous climate change, and not wait until some point in the future. It is perhaps more realistic to use this approach rather than estimating projected costs at some point in the future and then calculating the cost of building the entire system based on these costs. These findings are applicable to other regions. The finding of this study have positive implications for other regions in the world with variable renewable energy resources and also having to rely on battery storage, or coming to rely on battery storage by default in the absence of policies designed to enable the implementation of other technologies. A cost effective 100% RE system for these regions seems to be in reach even if there are geographical or policy challenges. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the urgency to build low emission systems and mentions the reliance on battery storage in regions with variable renewable energy resources. This indicates that energy storage technology is essential for these systems, especially in circumstances where renewable energy generation fluctuates, thus supporting the idea that energy storage is critical for matching supply with high demand.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: dentalis) also showed a tendency related to CRP, D dimer and cardiomyopathy (Figure 4A). Interestingly, similar results were found in stool samples. Severe biomarkers revealed a positive correlation towards D dimer and CRP levels, especially P. bivia and P. timonensis. These two bacteria also presented a positive association with ferritin levels, age and respiratory rate, and a negative correlation with lymphocyte count (Figure 4B). Figure 4. Whereas mild biomarkers showed negative correlations towards clinical variables, severe biomarkers presented positive correlations. (A) Correlation plot of nasopharyngeal swab biomarkers and clinical variables. (B) Correlation plot of stool samples biomarkers and clinical variables. RR: respiratory rate; HR: heart rate; GI: gastrointestinal alterations. Identification of a novel microbiome-based COVID-19 prognosis approachConsidering the LEfSe results, we propose a new approach to predict disease severity in patients suffering SARS-CoV-2 infection based on establishing a pattern of nasopharyngeal-gut microbiota. The Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed no important associations between nasopharyngeal and faecal microbiota in mild and moderate groups (Figure 5A,B). However, in patients with severe symptoms the Spearman’s rho coefficient showed a significant positive correlation between P. timonensis towards P. dentalis and M. salivarium (Figure 5C). Consequently, the ratio between the abundance of these bacteria could serve as reliable predictors of severity of COVID-19. The results revealed a significant increase in the ratios P. timonensis M. salivarium and P. timonensis/P. dentalis in patients with severe symptoms compared to those with mild or moderate symptoms (Figure 5D,E). Figure 5. The existence of a relationship between the abundance of nasopharyngeal severe biomarkers and stool severe biomarkers allow the employment of an abundance ratio between them as a new tool for predicting COVID-19 severity. (A) Correlation plot among biomarkers found in nasopharyngeal swab and stool samples in each condition (mild, moderate and severe from left to right) (B) Ratio of the abundance between P. timonensis (stool) and M. salivarium and P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of microbiome interactions and their associations with disease markers rather than guaranteeing complete disease resistance based on microbiome composition. The reference to biomarkers correlating with COVID-19 severity suggests variability in the microbiome's role in disease outcomes, indicating that optimization alone cannot ensure disease resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: This approach has been successfully used to trace the introduction of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) into the Americas from Asia as early as cal. 8900 b. p. (Erickson et al. 2005) by studying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in chloroplast trn intergenic spacer regions. Some studies have hinted at the potential for gaining information using aDNA by demonstrating the feasibility of future studies in waterlogged plant remains with a woody exocarp. For example in the region, the beginning of fruit-growing coincided with the Roman occupation (Jacomet and Mermod 2002) and formed the start of an agricultural development that still leaves its mark on the regional agriculture today. At the archaeological sites in this region, fruit-stones of Prunus domestica, P. insititia, P. persica and other species are abundant and preserved mainly by waterlogging. In a first study of morphologically ambiguous Prunus fruit stones which were either wild P. spinosa or cultivated P. insititia, the maternal parent was identified as wild sloe (Pollmann et al. 2005). One advantage of Prunus fruit stones for aDNA studies is that they are large enough for separate analysis of maternal tissues, and for replicated results from the same individual stone. Another example is the successful DNA analysis of waterlogged olive fruit stones (Elbaum et al. 2005), which opens up the possibility for understanding the complex domestication history of this species. Although it is not the focus of this review, useful information can also be gained from herbarium specimens and other desiccated medieval or historical plant materials. Landraces, which are available from seed banks and go back to the early twentieth century, although much younger than archaeological samples, pre-date the industrial revolution and large-scale modern breeding efforts. They thus provide meaningful information on the status quo ante and on plant phylogeny. Very interestingly, they also provide information on the presence and evolution of plant pathogens, which of course have had a major impact on agricultural societies (Rogers and Bendich 1985; Bruns et al. 1990; Rogers 1994; Taylor and Swann 1994; Savolainen et al. 1995; Ristaino et al. 2001; Blatter et al. 2002b; Ristaino 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various examples and techniques used in archaeobotany, such as analyzing ancient DNA from plant remains and discussing agricultural developments. However, it does not specifically address or provide evidence that supports the claim regarding revealing the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: Demand for electricity, on the other hand, is continuous, although also variable in absolute quantities, with higher demand during the ‘awake’ day (05 h00 to 20 h00) and lower consumption during the ‘asleep’ night (20 h00 to 05 h00). Typical profiles for wind and photovoltaic (PV) solar generation, and the demand for electricity by consumers in South Africa’s national grid (GridSA) for the first week of December 2022, are shown in Figure 1. Solar is highly periodic and, to a large extent, predictable on a 5-day basis, but wind is highly variable and non-periodic, although the summer pattern often reflects strong winds in the late afternoon, which offsets the rapid decline in PV at sunset. Both characteristics of renewable energy generation are clearly visible in Figure 1 and have also been previously reported [1]. Figure 1. Typical summer profiles for wind, PV and grid demand in South Africa. The mismatch between supply and demand creates difficulties for grid management and has driven the development of large-scale energy storage systems, in addition to other approaches such as the increased deployment of gas and hydroelectric turbines. In the longer term, low-carbon storage solutions are essential if all countries are to reach net zero status by 2050. However, these systems are costly, and the cost of energy storage remains a significant barrier to the wider adoption of renewable energy. In this 5. Advertisement 2. Background2. 1 Overview of the electricity gridThere are two striking features of GridSA, which shape the structure of the grid itself, its impact on the environment and its relationship with its customers. The first is the dominant role in all three aspects of electricity supply (generation, transmission and distribution) played by a single entity, namely the state-owned energy utility, Eskom, as shown in Figure 2. Eskom generates about 180 TWh per annum of electricity, supplying 90% of all electricity used in [2]. It operates a fleet of 15 coal-fired power stations, one nuclear reactor, 4 gas/diesel turbines and 7 hydroelectric schemes. Its fleet has a total generation capacity of 45 GW, but presently operates at a capacity utilisation factor of less than 50% [3]. The utility’s transmission system includes about 28,000 km of high-voltage and 325,000 km of lower-voltage lines, and it supplies directly about 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the mismatch between electricity supply and demand, highlighting that this issue has driven the development of large-scale energy storage systems. It specifically mentions that to manage grid difficulties caused by variability in renewable energy generation (namely wind and solar), storage solutions are essential, especially for achieving net zero targets by 2050.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: dentalis (nasopharyngeal swab) biomarkers. Groups with different letters statistically differ (p < 0. 05). DiscussionRecent findings have evidenced the prominent role of the microbiome in viral infections, and it can either promote or supress viral them [25, 26]. In fact, different studies have explored the interplay between the host microbiota and SARS-CoV-2 infection [27, 28]. However, few studies have investigated the nasopharyngeal-faecal axis as a potential biomarker of severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Hence, the present study provides several nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota-based biomarkers that could help to predict COVID-19 severity. According to the of Health (NIH), COVID-19 severity is classified depending on the associated symptoms [21] that include age, gender, D-dimer levels, dyspnoea and higher SpO2 score, which are predictors of worse disease progression [29]. The current study confirmed that older age as well as a higher percentage of dyspnoea; increased heart and respiratory rates together with lower oxygen saturation were associated with severe symptoms. In fact, ageing is related to immune response decline as well as higher incidence of systemic, chronic and low-grade inflammation called inflammaging. Gender is also considered a risk factor, as a recent meta-analysis has shown that men tended to have higher risk of developing severe symptoms, being hospitalised, admitted to the intensive care units and die [34] for more severe disease. The results in the present study support these previous studies as it is found that men and women are disproportionately affected since males suffered from more severe disease than females, including higher ICU admission rates, dyspnoea, increased heart rate. Sex disparities in symptoms severity has been attributed to higher rates of hazardous behaviours and existence of comorbidities, such as cardiomyopathy, in males than in females. In fact, the incidence of cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 pathology appears to be associated with sex and gender differences, thus contributing to the greater severity and poorer outcomes of the SARS-CoV2-mediated disease in male patients compared to women [35]. This relationship has also been demonstrated in this study since a higher rate of cardiovascular condition is evidenced in male patients as the severity of symptoms increases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the microbiome can impact viral infections and predict disease severity, particularly in the context of COVID-19. It emphasizes that the relationship between microbiota and disease is complex and not solely a matter of optimization to ensure disease resistance. Instead, the study indicates that factors such as age, gender, and comorbidities significantly influence disease severity, suggesting that optimization alone cannot guarantee complete resistance to disease.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Vegetation and dietIn archaeobotany, changes in vegetation are studied by investigating pollen from sediment cores—so far only few researchers have made use of this type of plant remains. Coniferous pollen from sediment cores was reported to contain DNA (Suyama et al. 2003; Parducci et al. 2005). Reconstruction of temporal vegetation changes was attempted from faeces (Hofreiter et al. 2003) and the potential of genetic analysis of frozen sediments for the reconstruction of past vegetation over thousands of years in correlation to climate changes was demonstrated (Willerslev et al. 2003). For these types of study vertical migration of DNA must be controlled (Haile et al. 2007)The analysis of aDNA from trees (Liepelt et al. 2006) opens up not only the possibility of investigating the evolution of genetic diversity in tree populations through time (Tani et al. 2003) but also of reconstructing the geographic origin of timber used at a particular site. Thus it proved possible to establish the regional provenance of oaks used in constructions at several European sites (Dumolin-Lapègue et al. 1999; Deguilloux et al. 2003). aDNA analyses of complex plant mixtures, as found for example in faeces (Poinar et al. 1998; Hofreiter et al. 2000; Poinar et al. 2001; Kuch et al. 2002; Hofreiter et al. 2003; Iniguez et al. 2003), demonstrate the potential of aDNA studies and of collaboration between geneticists and morphologists for the reconstruction of diet. Even more information has been gained from faeces by employing both types of investigation. Apart from faeces, gut contents have been used to reconstruct diet genetically (Rollo et al. 2002). Methodological aspects of plant ancient DNAPlant genomesPlants have three genomic compartments: nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts, each differing in mutation rates and with complex modes of inheritance. Plants can be diploid, but also polyploid or can have genome duplications. They reproduce sexually and multiply vegetatively. Different species can hybridize. Propagation involves inbreeding or outcrossing, and plant spatial dispersal is mediated through different vectors such as wind, insects, birds or mammals—all of which influences the gene flow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodologies and findings related to the study of ancient DNA and vegetation in archaeobotany, without addressing or providing evidence about the causes of ancient civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: 7 million direct customers [4]. Figure 2. Components of the electricity value chain. The second feature is that GridSA is heavily dependent on coal as the main source of energy [5]. For example, as shown in Figure 3 for the first week of December 2022, coal accounted for 80% of the total energy supplied by the utility. Other sources include diesel, PV, concentrated solar power, wind, hydro and nuclear [6]. Renewables account for 13% of the total supply with the remainder being obtained from nuclear (5%) and diesel (2%). Figure 3. Profile of GridSA energy supply (December 2022). Source: Own data and the Eskom data portal [3]. Demand in the grid follows a conventional square wave pattern, with a small evening peak linked to normal residential activities such as cooking, space cooling and water heating. Higher ‘awake’ day use is met with the combined use of non-dispatchable generation sources (wind and solar), diesel turbines and pumped storage. Users of electricity are similar to most industrialised countries with the main consumers being industry (51%), residential sector (20%) and the commercial/service sector (15%) [5]. Total demand is about 205,635 GWh, equivalent to an average power need of 23. 5 GW. Pumped hydro is a key feature of GridSA and is a central to the later discussion in this 2. 73 GW. Excess energy generated during the night and over weekends by the coal-fired power stations is used to pump water from low to high altitudes; the same water is then returned to low-altitude storage dams during the day, as shown in Figure 4. The system has an overall efficiency of only 75% but it allows Eskom to flatten the demand curve and make full use of its available generation capacity during off-peak periods. Figure 4. Load and discharge cycles for GridSA’s pumped storage (December 2022). Source: Own data and the Eskom data portal [3]. The high dependence on coal and pumped storage, which exists due to abundant and cheap coal deposits, and a specific investment programme for new power stations implemented in the 1960s to the 1980s, has become a significant barrier to the decarbonisation of the economy [7]. Africa is a signatory of the 2015 [8], it has made little progress towards the attainment of its nationally determined contributions [9, 10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the necessity of pumped storage within the GridSA energy system. It explains how excess energy generated during off-peak times is stored and later used to meet daytime demand, which illustrates the importance of storage for managing renewable resources like wind and solar, thus supporting the idea that renewable energy systems generally rely on storage solutions to provide continuous power availability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: In this context, there is few and controversial sex-stratified data investigating the role of cardiovascular complications in the prognosis and outcome of COVID-19 disease in men and women. However, it has been reported that women exhibit higher expression and activation of angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptors, which have been associated with a more robust anti-inflammatory immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection and are also involved in the control of blood pressure and renal function, thereby providing protection for cardiovascular complications in female patients [36]. Remarkably, the extent of cardiac cell mortality is more noticeable in males than in females under various conditions [35], and this could be linked to an augmented protection against cardiovascular complications in female patients. Additionally, women produce high levels of regenerative white blood cells and epoxy-eicosatrienoic acids, which display antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties on blood vessels [37]. Consequently, this leads to restricted cardiac remodelling and a more effective restoration of functionality [38]. Regarding some biochemical parameters typically described as biomarkers for COVID-19 severity (D-dimer, ferritin and CRP) [39, 40], the findings obtained in this study found that those groups of patients with moderate or severe symptoms showed significantly increased levels of these plasma parameters, which are consistent with previous reports [41–43]. The association of then microbiota composition with these clinical variables has been widely studied [15] and it is well described that the microbiota can modulate host immunity and physiological functions [47], Consequently, the microbiota could be key in the clinical phenotype of these patients although the specific contribution of the microbiota to the progression of the infection and a poor prognosis is not yet fully understood. This study addresses for the first time the implication of nasopharyngeal and faecal microbiota in the prognosis of COVID-19. Firstly, when the alpha and beta diversity were evaluated, the results revealed only substantial changes in richness and Shannon diversity index in nasopharyngeal microbiome associated with severe symptoms. In this sense, controversial results have been previously reported, and although most of the studies have proposed that SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with lower microbial diversity in nasopharyngeal samples [14, 48, 49], others did not find differences in alpha diversity composition among groups with different symptomatology [50, 51]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while there is an association between microbiota composition and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, the specific contributions of microbiota to disease progression and prognosis are not fully understood. It also mentions that controversial results exist regarding the correlation between SARS-CoV-2 infection and microbial diversity, suggesting that the microbiome does not guarantee complete disease resistance, as the relationship is complex and not homogeneous across different populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: All these plant-specific features have to be taken into account in plant aDNA studies. MethodsIn brief, the procedure for aDNA analysis in plants is as follows: excavation, morphological description, external cleaning if possible, powdering, DNA extraction, amplification of chosen target region within the plant’s genome(s) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis to establish presence of correct product size, cloning and sequencing, and verification. Ideally, samples are taken directly at the excavation, taking care to prevent contamination from the environment (see “Verification in plant ancient DNA research”; Yang and Watt 2005). Detailed morphological documentation is needed as DNA investigations are destructive. Samples should be then stored cold or frozen to slow further DNA degradation (Burger et al. 1999; Poinar 2002; Pruvost et al. 2007). In the case of large, robust plant remains such as fruit stones external decontamination with bleach or UV light can be done before DNA analysis. Plant material is powdered by a Retch mill, mortar and pestle or other destructive methods. If possible, several hundred milligrams should be processed from ten individuals or more, to establish initial DNA preservation, followed ideally by analysis of individual specimens. At present, there are no preferred extraction methods for ancient plant material, nor is there any comprehensive comparison of protocols, such as exists for animals (Rohland and Hofreiter 2007). CTAB/DTAB methods, silica-based methods or DNA extraction kits are employed (Allaby et al. 1997; Schlumbaum et al. 1998; Dumolin-Lapègue et al. 1999; Blatter et al. 2002b; Jaenicke-Després et al. 2003; Manen et al. 2003; Pollmann et al. 2005; Liepelt et al. 2006). These methods for DNA extraction were developed taking into account that plant parts are rich in secondary byproducts, sugars and other potential inhibitors of PCR. Modifications, such as the use of PTB (N-phenacylthiazolium bromide), are suggested in cases where Maillard products are expected (Poinar 2002). However, in animal studies, PTB and other additives have been shown to be neither advantageous nor disadvantageous (Rohland and Hofreiter 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses solely on the processes and methodologies for ancient plant DNA analysis. It does not address or support the idea that archaeobotany can reveal the causes of civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: In the absence of effective demand side management, systems will suffer from the well-known ‘duck curve’ effect, characterised by an oversupply of energy at midday as solar reaches its peak, and a sudden undersupply in the evening as the sun sets and demand accelerates to the evening peak [19, 20]. It is noted that Eskom already applies ToUTs, as listed in the tariff schedule [21]. The off-peak and low-season tariffs are about 50% of the peak values, providing a large incentive for consumers to adjust their energy practices. However, the benefit of lower tariffs can only be realised if consumption is managed through smart metering, connected to an appropriate billing system. Most households and low-energy users do not use such systems, and hence cannot take advantage of the significant discounts presented by the Eskom ToUTs. In summary, ToUTs, supported by smart metering and changes to consumer behaviour, are critical to higher levels of renewable energy generation in Grid SA. The remaining question for this 3. Modelling the energy systemModelling of GridSA was undertaken with spreadsheet models using real-time data downloaded from the Portal [3]. The raw data were first processed to generate profiles for total demand, and energy production per source of supply. Simulations of the required energy storage, and hence the necessary tariff, were then developed for a winter month (June) and a summer month (December). The accuracy of the modelling depends, inevitably, on the quality of the data from the portal. Assessments of the extent of power generation outside GridSA, unrecorded on the data portal, are that this is limited to about 5% of the total energy. In other words, 95% of electricity supply is covered by the data portal. In order to model the required tariff, data from the (RMI4P) were used as the benchmark for the cost of providing energy in the PV shoulder periods (early morning and late evening). The supply crisis, as outlined in Section 2. 3, precipitated the initial conceptualisation of this programme by the government in 2020 [1]. The main objectives of the programme were to establish independent power producers able to provide 2 GW of emergency power on a flexible basis between the hours of 05 h00 and 21 h30, and to be able to respond to needs of the electricity system operator based on an automatic generation control load-following ability [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the necessity of energy storage in relation to renewable energy generation. It mentions the challenges of the ‘duck curve’ effect, which leads to oversupply at midday and undersupply in the evening, indicating that without energy storage, such fluctuations in power availability cannot be managed effectively. Furthermore, the simulations in the text regarding the required energy storage highlight the dependence of renewable energy systems on storage to ensure consistent power delivery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, in terms of beta diversity, previous studies have reported modifications in the microbiome composition from the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract in COVID-19 patients when compared to healthy subjects [19, 52]. In the present study, in both nasopharyngeal swabs and stools, every group of patients presented distinctly differentiated clusters. As previously reported, COVID-19 disease severity is more dependent on the presence or absence of certain bacteria rather than alterations in bacterial diversity and richness [14, 53]. Supporting this, characterization of bacterial microbiota composition at phyla and genera levels for nasopharyngeal and stool samples indicated a more evident association between changes on them and the severity of the disease. Specifically, in nasopharyngeal swabs, the presence of Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota has been previously linked to a better prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, since these bacteria have been proposed to exert beneficial effects by preventing respiratory diseases, including COVID-19 [54–58]. Moreover, in nasopharyngeal samples, the abundance of Bacillota and Pesudomonadota was increased in patients with severe symptomatology, thus supporting previous studies in which higher counts of Bacillota (Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. ) and Pesudomonadota (Pseudomonas sp. ) were associated with moderate and severe symptoms of COVID-19 [59]. The evaluation of genera abundance composition showed that Alistipes and Muribaculaceae were highly abundant in mild patients. While these bacteria have been well characterised in gut microbiota, little information regarding their presence in nasopharyngeal microbiota has been provided up to date. Different experimental studies in mice have suggested their role in viral infections. Thus, Muribaculaceae was found in the lung microbiota in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice that were treated with a selective inhibitor of the main protease (Mpro) [60]. In the case of Alistipes, in a study conducted in children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RVS), these bacteria were more abundant in the nasopharyngeal microbiota of non RVS-infected subjects [61]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how COVID-19 disease severity is influenced by the presence or absence of specific bacteria rather than a guarantee of complete disease resistance through optimized microbiome composition. It presents evidence from previous studies indicating that certain bacteria may be linked to better prognoses or associations with disease severity, suggesting that while microbiome composition may play a role in disease outcomes, it does not guarantee complete resistance to diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Dilution of extracts or an increase of the amount of Taq polymerase is often sufficient to overcome PCR inhibition. For genetic analysis, universal or specific plant genome target sequences are chosen, depending on the goal of the project (see “Examples of markers used in ancient DNA studies”). So far, in aDNA studies targets have been amplified in single PCRs, cloned and sequenced. Sequencing after cloning is still the method of choice, to account for modifications due either to polymerase errors or DNA post-mortem damage (Bower et al. 2005; Ho et al. 2007). Mosaic sequences as a result of jumping PCR (Pääbo et al. 1990) between either different genomes of a polyploid (Allaby et al. 1999) or between nuclear genes with multiple copies such as ribosomal DNA, or PCR slippage in the case of microsatellites, have to be identified and eliminated by sequencing cloned PCR products. Multiplex PCR, that is the simultaneous amplification of several target regions, has so far not been realised in plant aDNA. Generally, target regions between 90 and 300 bp (base pair) are amplified. Quantitative real-time PCR may be used to establish the amount of target sequences preserved, but, due to the degradation process, we doubt that real-time PCR is useful, for example, for identification of ploidy levels in archaeological remains. In contrast, pyrosequencing (Ronaghi 2001; Margulies et al. 2005), employed in whole genome sequencing of modern organisms, though still very expensive, could be useful in ancient plant genetics in the future (e. g. for ploidy identification) as it does not rely on PCR amplification. Other methods that are common in modern molecular plant biology, in particular those employed to study populations or genetic diversity such as RAPD or AFLP and related methods, are problematic with archaeological plant remains, because templates are damaged and degraded. This aDNA damage results in absent bands (=allelic dropouts) or in artificial bands, produced by the presence of co-extracted contaminating modern or archaeological plant material or by polyploidy or gene duplication. Nevertheless, some reports have been published (Siles et al. 2000; Suh et al. 2000; Iniguez et al. 2003; Gyulai et al. 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the technical aspects of ancient DNA studies, including methods like PCR and pyrosequencing, without addressing how archaeobotany relates to the causes of ancient civilization collapses. It provides no evidence or context supporting or contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: In other words, further load shifting, other than that already introduced by the Eskom ToUTs, may not be realised with ToUTs; instead, customers will use the available electricity, despite its higher cost. This behaviour reflects supply, and not demand, elasticity. This anticipated response provides a strong basis for the implementation of BESS, despite its additional cost to Grid SA, as long as this cost remains competitive to independent power generation already being accessed by customers on the grid, such as PV and diesel. Indicative values obtained from the RMI4P tender prices suggest that this requirement will indeed be possible. For instance, the price from Mulilo/proposal of Table 1 for emergency power in the shoulder and peak periods is ZAR1,520 per MWh (vs. a diesel-based tariff of ZAR6,000 per MWh). Mulilo/is a particularly relevant model for the issue being explored in this 6. The profiles indicate that solar component was overdesigned to ensure sufficient power for recharging the BESS under both winter and summer conditions. During the latter, there is no need for gas-based generation, but in winter, the lower peak of solar-based generation and the increased likelihood of cloudy skies requires use of gas/diesel on certain days (see 9th June in Figure 6). Figure 6. Energy generation (by source) and supply for Mulilo/Total hydra (summer and winter). The data from Mulilo/Hydra can now be extended to the broader question of whether a PV/BESS configuration could meet the electricity demand of Grid SA, and, if so, at what additional cost. The first assumption in this analysis is to extend the concept of headroom, as previously developed for the national grid in the [24], to GridSA. The concept considers that supply can be separated into two components, namely the base load and the headroom, where the latter is the difference at any one moment in time between total demand and base load, as given in Eq. 1. Supplied=Base Load+HeadrooomE1Base load on GridSA is typically about 22 GW, with remainder being supplied by wind, pumped storage, solar and diesel/gas turbines, all of which are variable or intermittent inputs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) for ensuring power availability, particularly during times when renewable sources like solar are not sufficient due to lower generation in winter or cloudy conditions. It notes the need for storage to manage the intermittent nature of renewable energy generation from sources like solar, wind, and others, and emphasizes the relevance of supply being separated into base load and headroom, which aligns with the concept that storage is necessary to balance energy supply and demand.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Overall, these genera could be associated with a protective role against viral infection, and their higher presence in nasopharyngeal samples from mild COVID-19 patients could prevent the progression to severe disease. Interestingly, mild patients have also shown a higher content of Lactobacillus, similarly to that reported previously in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients [62]. Of note, it is well described that the microorganisms forming the protective microbiota are fundamentally represented by Lactobacillus species. Correspondingly, the use of Lactobacillus strains as probiotics for preventing viral infections has been previously explored [63], and hence, its administration in SARS-CoV-2 infection could be considered to avoid complications. The increased presence of other genera, such as Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus and Veillonella, positively correlated with the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This correlation is supported by previous studies in which these genera were associated with both disease severity and systemic inflammation [14, 64]. In addition, higher abundance of Enterococcus was observed in severe patients, thus confirming other studies in critically ill patients [65]. In contrast to the findings in the nasopharyngeal microbiota, the analysis at phylum level in stool samples did not reveal notable modifications among patient groups. However, in mild ill patients, different genera from Clostridia class (Clostridia, Coprococcus, Dorea, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia and Ruminococcus), Barnesiella and Muribaculaceae were identified as highly abundant. While the class Clostridia was associated with a reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients and in those who recovered from the infection [66, 67], Barnesiella prevents colonisation by antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Enterococcus, which is involved in bloodstream infection in critically ill COVID-19 patients [68, 69]. Furthermore, studies performed in mice have shown that Muribaculaceae abundance is reduced in mice coinfected with different respiratory viruses, suggesting that it may play a protective role under viral infection [70]. Therefore, it seems that under SARS-CoV-2 infection, the reduction of Barnesiella, Clostridia and Muribaculaceae members were associated with more severe symptoms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how certain microbiota, such as Lactobacillus, may provide a protective role against diseases like COVID-19, but it does not support the notion that microbiome optimization guarantees complete resistance to all diseases. It highlights that while some microbiome compositions can correlate with reduced disease severity, particularly in viral infections, it also emphasizes that the presence of certain genera can correspond with more severe disease outcomes. This indicates that microbiome composition influences susceptibility to disease rather than guaranteeing complete resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: In principle, knowledge of DNA sequences in living plants is required for aDNA studies. Such sequence information can be found in public databases such as GenBank/EMBL ( Unfortunately, some plants, especially those of European origin, are clearly underrepresented in these databases. Verification in plant ancient DNA researchMost plants have small seeds. As a consequence, most archaeological plant remains are small. Wood, large stone-fruits or complete cereal ears are exceptions to this rule. This smallness of plant remains has consequences both for the proof of authenticity, as required in aDNA studies, and for work at the individual level. Criteria of authenticity were first published in relation to human remains (Cooper and Poinar 2000; Hummel 2003), and were only later suggested in the context of plant aDNA (Parducci and Petit 2004). They involve several different strategies (such as strict separation of pre- and post-PCR areas, an inverse relationship between amplification success and target length, reproducibility, and preferential amplification of plastid DNA over single copy nuclear DNA, although exceptions to this rule were reported: Banerjee and Brown 2002; Gilbert et al. 2007b) and ultimately acknowledge a sort of “common sense” to ensure the ancient origin of the DNA sequences found (Pääbo et al. 2004; Gilbert et al. 2005). In plant aDNA research, ensuring the authenticity of the sequences and the exclusion of contaminants is comparable to the problem of excluding modern human DNA in human aDNA work, but it can be easier to achieve, for example by using species-specific primers in cases of morphologically identified plant taxa. Contamination of archaeological plant remains can come from different sources. Vast quantities of pollen from modern plants are present in the air. In the soil seeds and roots can come into contact with the ancient specimen. Also during identification using modern reference specimens, contamination with modern DNA can occur and in principle, archaeological plant remains can contaminate each other, for example in storage assemblages. Pollen is even smaller than seeds. Cross-contamination with modern pollen, for example during periods of pollen dispersal of outbreeding species such as Pinus is very possible, both during excavation or later stages of preparation. The problem is less serious with inbreeding species such as wheat. Adequate precautions to avoid pollen contamination during sampling and in the lab should be taken. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead focuses on the methodologies and challenges related to ancient DNA studies in plants. It discusses issues like contamination, verification of DNA authenticity, and the representation of plant species in databases, none of which provide information about the causes of ancient civilization collapses. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: Adopting the value of 22 GW in the model, and assuming a wind energy input of 5 GW, which is 175% of the present capacity on GridSA, it is now possible to calculate the required PV capacity from Eq. 2, the historical data for the summer and winter months and a summer PV efficiency in of 37%. Required PV=max (Headroom−Wind)PVEfficiencyE2For the 2022 data set, which was used as the basis of this study, the summer and winter values for the largest difference between the headroom and the energy derived from wind are calculated to be 4. 4 and 8. 3 GW, respectively, giving a required PV capacity of 17. 8 GW (summer conditions and a 50% overdesign factor). On the basis that the summer demand should be met by wind and solar only, without the use of gas turbines, the BESS power rating and the total energy storage can now be calculated using the following algorithm:Input the PV capacity and calculate the maximum BESS output for the summer conditions. Enter this value in the spreadsheet as the design power capacity for the BESS facility. Calculate the necessary BESS energy rating such that in summer conditions, the gas turbines are not required. This approach leads to the result that the optimal BESS specification is 3. 7 GW/10. 4 GWh. The output of this proposed system is shown in Figure 7. It is noted that 10. 4 GWh is significantly larger than the present BESS facilities; the largest existing BESS is the Facility in California with a capacity of 1. 6 GWh. Multiple facilities giving a total storage capacity of 10. 4 GWh over several sites are, therefore, recommended. Figure 7. Proposed solar/BESS energy generation for grid SA (winter and summer). The cost of such an arrangement, and the level of ToUTs to support the investment, must now be considered. The bid price for the Mulilo/proposal of the RMI4P was ZAR1,520 per MWh. Using the spreadsheet model of Mulilo/Total Hydra, it is calculated that BESS will contribute an average of 23% to the total energy output. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the necessity of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) to meet summer energy demands alongside wind and solar power. It states that the optimal BESS specification is significantly larger than current facilities, highlighting that for renewable energy systems to function effectively without relying on gas turbines, adequate storage is essential. This indicates a direct relationship with the claim that storage is needed for continuous power availability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, the detected genera for the severe illness group, Lachnocostridum, Anaerococcus and Peptoniphilus, have been recognised as opportunistic pathogens and could contribute to a poor prognosis through inducing gut inflammation [71]. Regarding these differences, both nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota composition could be used to identify specific bacteria to predict COVID-19 severity. In the present study, unique ASVs for each condition were identified. For nasopharyngeal samples, species belonging to the genus Lactobacillus (L. fermentum or L. reuteri) or Prevotella (P. pallens, P. ori and P. shahii) have been identified. The role of Prevotella sp. in COVID-19 infection has not been clearly elucidated. Published microbiome analysis have revealed that its abundance was higher in mild patients [72], although others have suggested that it could be a biomarker of critical phenotype in COVID-19 patients [73, 74]. In spite of the controversial results, the results obtained in this study would confirm the potential use of this species as a biomarker for mild symptomatology. Interestingly, Anaerococcus prevotii was one of the exclusive species found in stools in mild patients. This species has been linked to lower inflammation in COVID-19 patients [75]. Conversely, Coprobacillus cateniformis was solely found in severe patients, which could be involved in the development of a worse condition in these patients through ACE2 upregulation [18]. Even though these bacteria are unique for each group, LEfSe was performed to obtain specific biomarkers [76]. For mild patients, Burkholderia and Paraburkholderia were identified in nasopharyngeal swabs and B. coprocola and R. bicirculans in stool samples. Although the information regarding the first two species in humans is limited, a few studies have reported their presence in the commensal human microbiota [77, 78]. Contrarily, B. coprocola and R. bicirculans have been found in both healthy and COVID-19 patients [79] although the abundance of R. bicirculans was reduced in infected subjects [80]. In patients with moderate symptoms, P. veronii was detected in nasopharyngeal samples whereas P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating the complexity and variability of microbiome compositions in relation to health, particularly noting that certain genera have been identified as opportunistic pathogens and can contribute to poor health outcomes, such as severe COVID-19. It emphasizes that microbiome analysis reveals not just optimization but also specific bacteria associated with disease severity, indicating that a one-size-fits-all optimization approach for complete disease resistance may not be feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: The important requirement of reproducibility within the same individual is impossible to fulfil in the case of small seeds. It has been argued that, in these cases, reproducibility can be either the amplification of several targets from one sample and/or the successful analysis of other individuals from the same sample or from samples from the same layer (Allaby et al. 1997; Blatter et al. 2002a; Manen et al. 2003; Pollmann et al. 2005). With larger specimens, independent verification and reproduction of results from the same individual is possible (Liepelt et al. 2006). Other important points for authentication concern appropriate molecular behaviour and phylogenetic sense. These are exigencies that can be fulfilled even with small botanical remains. However, a decision based on phylogenetic sense depends on the taxonomic level, on the current knowledge of molecular diversity at a particular genetic locus, or on known ancestry. Because of the possibility of pre-laboratory contamination, independent lab verification is useful only in certain cases, when novel or unexpected results are obtained, such as the first identification of Neanderthal sequences (Pääbo et al. 2004). Independent verification in a different laboratory and/or plausible authentication arguments have for example recently been presented by Jaenicke-Després et al. (2003), Erickson et al. (2005), Pollmann et al. (2005) and Liepelt et al. (2006). We follow the reasoning of Gilbert et al. (2005) that in every publication on aDNA, sufficient and congruent evidence must be presented to support the authentic origin of the results obtained, so that the reader can evaluate the validity of the results: “…, we advocate that readers, reviewers and authors ask ‘What information is presented here that makes the results and/or conclusions believable? ’ and “Is there any reason to not believe this? ” (Gilbert et al. 2005). PreservationThe predominant archaeological plant remains are seeds, pollen and wood; leaves are rarely found. In particular seeds and pollen, as the plant’s reproductive organs, are intended for long-term DNA preservation and are often protected with a sturdy or lignified exocarp. They are thus an ideal source for DNA. Archaeological plant remains from European sites are often retrieved from sediments by flotation with water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding archaeobotany revealing the causes of ancient civilization collapses. Instead, it discusses the challenges of reproducibility in analyzing small botanical remains and the importance of independent verification and authentication within archaeological studies. It mainly focuses on methodologies and concerns in handling ancient DNA rather than linking those to understanding civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: Moreover, it has already been mentioned that the current cost of PV is ZAR490 per MWh, leading to the result that the BESS contribution to the total cost is ZAR4,970 per MWh. It is noted that this estimate is similar to other values reported in the literature of ZAR4,000 to 5000 per MWh [25, 26, 27]. The same calculation can be repeated for the GridSA model. Given that wind and solar capacity are overdesigned and, as shown in Figure 7, this approach leads to significant excess generation, it is also assumed that the additional energy can be absorbed by GridSA’s pumped storage capacity, hence maintaining a low unit energy cost. In the extreme case, such as may occur in winter, the evening peak period would be supplied by wind, diesel and batteries in the proportions of 30, 40, and 30%, respectively, from which the required evening tariff can be calculated at ZAR3,500 per MWh. It is also evident from Figure 7 that PV/BESS combination introduces another factor to the discussion on ToUTs. Peak power during daylight hours can be met reliably with solar PV, but shoulder energy demand, which lies typically between 06 h00 and 09 h00 in the mornings and 16 h00 to 19 h00 in the evenings, must be supplied by either BESS or diesel. The latter is a more expensive option and should, therefore, be allocated a higher tariff. The earlier discussion on cost suggests that this tariff could be set at nearly double the peak tariff, the latter being presently about ZAR2,000 per MWh in South Africa. Patterns of consumption during periods of loadshedding indicated that consumers adopt a behaviour of supply elasticity, preferring to find alternative sources of energy during loadshedding rather than to shift consumption to other times of the day. This response, as already noted, is not surprising. Most entities, including schools, commercial businesses, hotels, restaurants and retail outlets, have fixed hours of work with little flexibility in terms of their operations. Finding alternative sources of electricity is then not a matter of choice, it is a necessity. At present, much of the independent power production relies on small-scale diesel, although PV is growing throughout the commercial and residential sectors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that during times of peak energy demand, which occurs outside of the sun's availability, additional energy must be supplied by battery energy storage systems (BESS) or diesel. Specifically, it states that shoulder energy demand between certain morning and evening hours must be met reliably, implying that energy storage solutions are essential for maintaining continuous power availability during those periods when renewable sources like solar PV alone are insufficient.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: stercorea, B. cellulosilyficus, B. stercoris and P. copri were identified in stool samples. In general, these findings agree with previous studies in COVID-19 patients [81]. Thus, Xu et al. found that infected patients showed higher abundance of B. cellulosilyficus [82], whereas B. stercoris and P. copri were associated with ACE2 upregulation and increased proinflammatory cytokine production, respectively, in COVID-19 patients [79, 83]. In critically ill patients, the biomarkers found for nasopharyngeal microbiota were M. salivarium, P. dentalis, Leptotrichia and H. parainfluenzae. In stool samples, Escherichia sp. , E. durans, P. timonensis and P. bivia were the species recognised as biomarkers. In general, all of them have been observed in the microbiota of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Moreover, both P. bivia and P. timonensis have been defined as unique microorganisms in COVID-19 patients’ microbiota [79, 84], whilst M. salivarium, H. parainfluenzae and E. durans were related to a higher abundance and poor outcome in these patients [85–87]. Of note, the use of these bacteria as biomarkers of severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection is further supported by the fact that these species exhibited positive correlations with various clinical variables. Specifically, M. salivarium, H. parainfluenzae, P. dentalis, P. bivia and P. timonensis showed positive correlation with ferritin, CRP and D-dimer levels, as well as cardiomyopathy and respiratory rates. Several studies have revealed both the relationship between CRP levels, gut microbiota and COVID-19 severity [88], as well as the positive correlation of specific bacteria with D-dimer, CRP and the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in plasma [89]. When considering A. onderdonkii, it has been reported that this bacteria do not aggravate the symptomatology of the COVID-19 patients due to its anti-inflammatory properties [18]; however, there are conflicting evidences regarding its pathogenicity that indicate that A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific bacteria identified in COVID-19 patients and their roles in disease progression and severity, indicating that not all microbiome compositions lead to disease resistance. The reference to biomarkers of severity, such as M. salivarium and H. parainfluenzae, which are associated with poor health outcomes, suggests that the microbiome may be influenced by disease rather than being a guaranteed means to achieve disease resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Exceptions are storage assemblages or large specimens collected in situ, from desert-like sites or other more exceptional excavation sites. The effects of water flotation on DNA content and preservation after recovery have not been studied so far. At first glance, charred remains do not seem to be favourable for DNA survival. This is clearly reflected by low success rates with charred wheat remains (Brown et al. 1994, 1998; Allaby et al. 1997; Schlumbaum et al. 1998; Blatter et al. 2002a). However, these independent publications support DNA survival in a few cases, possibly because of exposure to low fire temperatures. Charring experiments suggest the preservation of DNA under conditions of low oxygen and low temperatures (below 200°C), temperatures such as exist in smouldering fires or below the surface, for example in storage pits (Chalfoun and Tuross 1999; Jacomet et al. 2002; Threadgold and Brown 2003). In this case, the challenge will be to develop morphological non-destructive criteria to detect those plant remains which have undergone low enough charring temperatures for DNA survival. Preservation of aDNA at sites with a hot and dry climate, such as in Egypt, is equally little understood and controversial. Publications on the low success rates of aDNA amplification in humans (Krings et al. 1999) or in cattle (Edwards et al. 2004), or the complete loss of authentic DNA in papyri from as recently as the 8th century AD (Marota et al. 2002), contrast with papers reporting sufficiently good DNA preservation at other but similar sites (O’Donoghue et al. 1994, 1996; Deakin et al. 1998a, b; Graver et al. 2001; Kahila Bar-Gal et al. 2002). Radish and sorghum remains from these sites are preserved through desiccation and have earlier dates than the papyri. Similarly, preservation through waterlogging does not seem to favour DNA preservation, as hydrolysis is one of the major decay reactions. However, waterlogged plant remains with a hardy exocarp, such as grape seeds, cherry or olive fruit stones, have been shown to be a good source of ancient DNA (Manen et al. 2003; Elbaum et al. 2005; Pollmann et al. 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding archaeobotany revealing causes of ancient civilization collapses. It discusses the preservation and survival of ancient DNA in charred and waterlogged plant remains but does not address or provide insights into the causes of civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: The cost of these alternatives is close to ZAR6,000 per MWh, suggesting that a Grid SA shoulder tariff of ZAR3,500 per MWh may be ‘accepted’ by the market, particularly if the cost of peak power (used over the period 09 h00 to 16 h00) could be reduced through an increase use of PV. The latter has a levelised cost of energy, which is nearly one-quarter of the present retail price for electricity in South Africa, as already noted in the earlier discussion. Advertisement 5. ConclusionThe advent of renewable energy, particularly PV, heralds the possibility of widespread low-cost energy with a vastly reduced environmental footprint [11]. Solar conditions in are excellent for energy generation, and when combined with energy storage systems such as pumped storage or BESS, could lead to the necessary reform of Grid SA. However, BESS is costly to instal and presently not feasible at the scale, which would be required to support energy demand within South Africa. In this 6. 3 GW of effective capacity would be optimal for a PV/BESS facility, which could be met under summer conditions with a PV installed capacity of 17. 8 GW and a BESS capacity of 3. 7 GW/10. 4 GWh. The facility would require a ToUT during the shoulder periods of ZAR3,500 per MWh, which is nearly double the present Eskom tariff and will lead, at least initially, to consumer resistance. However, data from the periods of loadshedding in reflect supply elasticity in the behaviour of consumers. When supply is curtailed, consumers either survive without power, or they access other sources of electricity, even if the latter is more costly, such as diesel and rooftop solar. Furthermore, the shoulder ToUT could be offset by a lower peak tariff, made possible through the widespread use of PV with a levelised cost of energy of about one-third of the Eskom tariff. This pattern of behaviour suggests that the introduction of ToUTs with smart metering will enable energy companies and Eskom to recover the additional cost of BESS, which will be necessary to support the use of higher levels of PV within Grid SA. 1. Walwyn DR. Providing emergency power in national energy systems: South Africa’s Programme is costly and environmentally disastrous. In: 2021 on Electrical, Computer and (). Cape Town: IEEE; 2021. 52. Eskom. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that renewable energy systems, particularly photovoltaic (PV) technology, when combined with energy storage systems such as pumped storage or BESS (Battery Energy Storage Systems), are necessary to support consistent energy demand. It mentions that for PV alone, effective capacity would need to reach specific levels to maintain supply, highlighting the importance of storage solutions to ensure continuous power availability within the energy grid.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: onderdonkii may have protective effects against some diseases, including liver fibrosis, colitis and cardiovascular disease, as well as in cancer immunotherapy, while it may be involved in colorectal cancer development and affective disorders like depression [90]. Moreover, Alistipes is a relatively recent subdivision genus of the Bacteriodota, which is commonly associated with chronic intestinal inflammation [90]. Therefore, taking into account that et al. employed a different methodology to analyse microbiota composition from stool samples [18], A. onderdonkii could be considered as a biomarker of severe condition in SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects. Finally, the implication of a connection between faecal and nasopharyngeal microbiota in COVID-19 patients has been previously proposed [91]. In the present study, and to maximise the potential use of these biomarkers, the relationship of specific bacteria from nasopharyngeal and stool samples was analysed. Concretely, a strong positive correlation between P. timonensis (stool) towards P. dentalis and M. salivarium (nasopharyngeal) was found in severe condition. Accordingly, the ratio of the abundance of these species was also significantly increased within the highest severity of this condition. As a result, the ratio proposed in this study could be used as a novel predictor to identify critically ill COVID-19 patients as the ratio Bacillota and Bacteroidetes has been used as a marker of dysbiosis [92]. In this case, this ratio P. timonensis/P. dentalis and M. Salivarium could be a prognostic tool for severe SARS-CoV-2, and an increase in it could be associated with a higher risk to develop a severe condition. ConclusionThis inter-individual variability between the COVID-19 patients could contribute to the different symptomatology observed. This study has identified a correlation between changes in the nasopharyngeal and stool microbiota with COVID-19 severity. A novel biomarker linked to severity of COVID-19 infection has been described based on changes in the abundance of bacterial species in nasopharyngeal and faecal samples. This knowledge can support the design of novel therapeutic strategies to mitigate adverse outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in microbiome composition among individuals and how changes in specific bacterial species are correlated with disease severity. It indicates that rather than ensuring complete resistance to disease, individual differences in microbiome can lead to varying symptoms and disease outcomes. For instance, it states that 'this inter-individual variability between the COVID-19 patients could contribute to the different symptomatology observed,' highlighting that optimization for complete disease resistance may not be universally achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: To the best of our knowledge, amplification efficiency has not been studied comprehensively in relation to the preservation condition or type of plant remains. Thus far in plants, remains preserved by desiccation (e. g. from herbarium material), waterlogging or cold offer the best chances for DNA investigations, with similar success rates to those known from animal aDNA studies. Examples of markers used in ancient DNA studiesIn this section, we give some examples of the use of different markers in DNA studies serving different purposes. These can be either so-called universal primers, which are conserved among species and will detect more than one plant species or genome, or specific primers, often from non-coding regions and designed to amplify a single species. In aDNA studies, the size of the target is usually between 80 and 300 bp, and prior knowledge of sequence information is needed in all cases. It is generally accepted that markers which occur in multiple copies, such as chloroplast or nuclear ribosomal markers have more chances of survival than single copy markers. For this reason, in plant studies chloroplast markers are most often chosen, although nuclear genes carry most of the agronomically important information and have higher mutation rates compared to plastid markers. Chloroplast DNA markersThe abundance of chloroplasts leads to the potential preservation of numerous target copies. In many plants chloroplasts are inherited maternally, but exceptions exist (e. g. Pinus species). The chloroplast genomes (cpDNA) are organised in a similar way in all plants. Due to their low mutation rate, most chloroplast markers are phylogenetically informative at higher taxonomic levels such as orders or families (Clegg 1993; Gielly and Taberlet 1994; Savolainen and Chase 2003). However, some markers are variable enough to be of use even at species level (Pollmann et al. 2005) or, through the geographic distribution of alleles, are useful for the reconstruction of origins (Deguilloux et al. 2003; Erickson et al. 2005). As a prerequisite, chloroplast-containing tissue must be preserved (e. g. the wheat embryo). rbcLThe chloroplast rbcL gene codes for the large sub-unit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, an enzyme playing an important role in photosynthesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the preservation of plant remains and the methods of studying ancient DNA without addressing any direct connection to the collapse of ancient civilizations. It focuses on the technical aspects of plant remains rather than their implications for understanding historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 78351 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechTopics in by Ebubekir Yüksel From the in by Ebubekir Yüksel, Abdülkerim Gök and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. bolufawi@famu. edu 1. major goal of sustainable energy system using renewable energy is to provide clean, affordable, accessible energy with efficient energy storage with depleting the earth resources. There is a need to develop reliable energy systems that do not depend on fossil fuel to preserve the environment while powering the present and the future. This has led to the development of power generating systems utilizing renewables (photovoltaics and wind) [1]. There has being rapid increase in the power generation from PV over there the years [2]. Due to the rapid increase in PV generation, energy storage is serves as a storage medium for excess generation which can use when needed. Energy storage systems also serve as a means of increasing the power utilization and consumption rate. Implementing battery storage is limited due to relatively high cost. In some grid connected systems, Plug in Vehicles (PHEV) is use as storage which can function as double use systems [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that a major goal of sustainable energy systems using renewable energy is to provide efficient energy storage. It emphasizes the need for energy storage systems in relation to the rapid increase in power generation from photovoltaics (PV). The text mentions that energy storage serves as a medium for excess generation, which can be used when needed, thus supporting the idea that renewable energy systems typically require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Further investigations are imperative to explore how the association between nasopharyngeal and faecal microbiota can be modulated to uncover its role in enhancing immune health, preventing or treating SARS-CoV-2 infections, and fostering immunity. Author contributionsBenita Martín-Castaño, Margarita Martínez-Zaldívar, -García, Marta Alvarez-Estevez, Federico García, Silvia Merlos, Paula García-Flores, Manuel Colmenero-Ruiz, José Hernández-Quero, María Nuñez were involved in the sample collection. Patricia Diez-Echave, Jorge García-García, Alba Rodríguez-Nogales, Rodríguez-Cabezas, Laura Hidalgo-García, Antonio Jesús Ruiz-Malagon, José Alberto Molina-Tijeras, María Jesús Rodríguez-Sojo and Anaïs Redruello were involved in the processing of simples and obtaining results. Rocio Morón and Emilio Fernández-Varón had access to the data and were involved in the conception and data analysis and interpretation. Alba Rodríguez--Cabezas, Benita Martín-Castaño, Rocio Morón, Jorge García-García, Ángel Carazo and Julio Gálvez had access to the data and were involved in the conception and design of the work, data analysis and interpretation, critical revision of the 1. A. o. h. c. w. i2020-19 DashboardGeneva: Organization 2. Harvey W. T. et al. 2021SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escapeMicrobiol 19:409–4243. Crook H. et al. 2021Long covid-mechanisms, risk factors, and managementBMJ 3744. Yang J. et al. 2020Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis94:91–955. Severe Covid, G. Get al. 2020Study of Severe Covid-19 with 383:1522–15346. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that further investigations are needed to understand the relationship between microbiota and immune health, specifically in the context of preventing or treating infections. This implies that while there are potential benefits to understanding microbiome interactions for enhancing immunity, there is no definitive assertion that optimizing microbiome composition can guarantee complete disease resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: In aDNA research, rbcL was used for identification of plant orders or families from faeces (Poinar et al. 1998; Hofreiter et al. 2000, 2003; Kuch et al. 2002), gut contents (Rollo et al. 2002), and sediments (Willerslev et al. 2003), for studies on DNA preservation (Banerjee and Brown 2002; Marota et al. 2002) and for authentication purposes (Blatter et al. 2002a; Manen et al. 2003). The advantage of this locus is that sequences covering almost all plant families can be found in the public databases. The genetic identification of taxa to a higher order using rbcL is rather unsatisfactory compared to morphological identification, which in most cases is to species or genus level, and interpretation of genetic results often relies on prior archaeobotanical or biogeographical knowledge. The taxonomical resolution level of rbcL may be informative enough in cases such as faeces, where the producing animal is known to have had a species-poor, known diet or was living in a region with a restricted and known plant diversity. trn introns and spacersNon-coding chloroplast regions are more variable and thus more appropriate for use at an intraspecific level. Examples are the spacers between transfer RNA (tRNA) coding segments such as trnL-trnF and trnD-trnT. A segment of the trnL-trnF spacer was used to identify the maternal parent of closely related and morphologically ambiguous Prunus fruit stones (Pollmann et al. 2005). trnL intron variability differentiates between forest tree genera and was used to reveal authentic genetic information from waterlogged tree remains (Liepelt et al. 2006). In higher plants, the length of the spacers ranges from about 300 to 800 bp. As a consequence, in most archaeological samples the use of universal primers such as those suggested by Taberlet et al. (1991) will not be viable, although in the case of a medieval oak sample from France a trnD-trnT sequence of around 300 bp was reported (Dumolin-Lapègue et al. 1999). In general, primers have to be designed to fit the question to be answered by aDNA analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about archaeobotany revealing the causes of ancient civilization collapses. Instead, it discusses the use of aDNA research methodologies and primers for plant identification, particularly in archaeological samples. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: Future smart and micro grids could benefit from the double use functionality of electric vehicles as part of the energy network to provide vehicle-to-grid services (V2G) as described in [1]. Research shows that the average car is parked 15 hours a day and can provide storage and or grid services 60% of the time [1]. The idea of integration renewable energy (photovoltaics) with energy storage devices for a double use is illustrated. Figure 1. Detailed diagram of the integration module. Advertisement 2. Systems, integration and load layout The system block diagram shown in Figure 1 consist of renewable energy source (RES), power and energy management system (PEMS), grid, energy storage devices (ESD), residential load. The system is design to integrate RES and ESD using the PEMS. 2. 1. Renewable energy source (RES) The renewable energy source in the design above is solar photovoltaics (PV) use for power generation. Solar cells also called PV convert sunlight directly to electricity. The power generated from solar highly depend on the amount of sun light. Maximum generation is usually achieved during peaks of day light, if sufficient enough, excess generation is stored in energy storage devices such as lithium ion batteries for later use during off peak hours usually in the early morning and late in the evening to mid-night. Considering a renewable source rated at 3 kW, roof mounted system with the area of the solar cells approximately 20 m2 with an efficiency of 15%. The power from the PV system is determined using a linear model based on the irradiance level. The equation representing the simplified model is given in [4]: P V output t = GHI t × S × P V η E1 where GHI(t) is the global horizontal irradiation in W/m2, S is the total area for the PV modules in m2 and PVη is the efficiency of the PV modules. The PV generator is connected to the system via a DC to AC inverter with maximum power point tracking and constant efficiency. The change in efficiency of the inverter depending on the input and required output are not considered. The generation of electricity for PV is also temperature sensitive and that is also not considered in this project. This however does not significantly hamper the system and this simplification has been applied successfully in previous works including [4, 9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that systems integrating renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic (PV), utilize energy storage devices to manage power availability during off-peak hours. It mentions that excess generation from solar PV systems can be stored in energy storage devices like lithium-ion batteries for use during times of low generation, directly supporting the idea that renewable energy systems require storage to ensure continuous power availability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: 2021Characterization of the Microbiomes in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Recovery Patients(Weinh 850. F. et al. 2020Profiling of SARS-CoV-2 Infected PatientsOnline 2251. Braun T. et al. 2021SARS-CoV-2 does not have a strong effect on the nasopharyngeal microbial composition1152. Xu R. et al. 2021Temporal association between human upper respiratory and gut bacterial microbiomes during the course of COVID-19 in adults453. Wang M. et al. 2023The relationship between gut microbiota and COVID-19 progression: new insights into immunopathogenesis and treatment1454. Bozkurt H. S. Bilen O. 2021Oral booster probiotic bifidobacteria in SARS-COV-2 patients3555. Nardelli C. et al. 2022in COVID-19: A of Corynebacterium in Anosmia8056. Wei N. et al. 2023Characterization of oral bacterial and fungal microbiome in recovered COVID-19 patientsBMC Microbiol 2357. Bassis C. M. et al. 2014The nasal cavity microbiota of healthy adultsMicrobiome 258. Perez-Losada M. et al. 2023of Patients with Asthma and and InteractionsMicroorganisms 1159. Garcia-Vidal C. et al. 2021Incidence of co-infections and superinfections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort studyInfect 27:83–8860. Seibert B. et al. 2021Mild and Severe SARS-CoV-2 Respiratory and Changes in the K18-hACE2 Model961. Schippa S. et al. 2020in RSV BronchiolitisMicroorganisms 862. Kageyama Y. et al. 2022Lactobacillus plantarum induces innate cytokine responses that potentially provide a protective benefit against COVID-19: A single-arm, double-blind, prospective trial combined with an in vitro cytokine response assayMed 2363. Lopez-Santamarina A. et al. 2021against Virus Infections: for an Old WarFoods 1064. Ma S. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies related to microbiomes and COVID-19. It suggests that while there are insights regarding the relationship between microbiomes and disease, such as potential protective benefits from certain bacteria, it does not support the idea that everyone's microbiome can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. Instead, it indicates variability and the need for further research in understanding these relationships.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Smaller species-specific targets can be designed if it is known which species are to be expected or overlapping primers can be used to analyze larger intergenic regions. Initiated by the concept of DNA barcoding, the chloroplast P6loop within the trnL intron was tested for identification of species in processed food and from permafrost samples. Unfortunately, the resolution was found to be low, markers failing to differentiate between archaeologically relevant taxa such as Prunus species or between T. aestivum and Secale cereale (Taberlet et al. 2006). Mitochondrial DNA markersIn the same way as chloroplasts, mitochondria occur in high copy numbers and are, with exceptions, inherited maternally. However, plant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is very different from animal mtDNA; plants have less mitochondria, and their mtDNA mutates more than ten times slower than cpDNA, or 100 times slower than animal mtDNA (Soltis et al. 1992a; Wan et al. 2004). For this and other reasons, mtDNA analysis has so far rarely been employed in plant aDNA research. One of the few examples is the use of the Cox II intron to establish the presence of aDNA from grasses at the Iceman site (Rollo et al. 1995). Nuclear DNA markersNuclear DNA has been used in plant aDNA research from the very first studies onwards. In principle, only two copies of a nuclear locus exist per diploid genome. Nuclear DNA carries the important economical and domestication-related traits, and is to be preferred when exploring early selection of these traits (Jaenicke-Després et al. 2003). Wheat genome-specific glutenin genes have been used fairly extensively in aDNA research, in particular to identify polyploid wheat species (Allaby et al. 1994, 1997; Brown et al. 1994, 1997, 1998; Schlumbaum et al. 1998; Allaby et al. 1999; Blatter et al. 2002a, b). Microsatellites, highly polymorphic single-copy loci spread throughout the genome, are a second example of nuclear DNA useful for aDNA studies. Combinations of microsatellite loci are diagnostic for many plant cultivars, and employed to trace cultivar origins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding archaeobotany revealing the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. It discusses methodologies and techniques related to DNA barcoding and plant aDNA research, but does not address the capability of archaeobotany in establishing historical civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: The PV system was implemented and simulated using the Model (SAM) developed and distributed by the (NREL) [9]. A detailed residential PV model was developed. The PV generator size was chosen to cover our peak load requirement of 2. 5 kW while being reasonably priced and having a footprint that can easily fit on the rooftop of an average-sized house. The SAM simulation, using the GHI data for the south side of Tallahassee, provided the expected power production from the PV generator for the period of a year. This is shown inFigure 2 along with the expected AC production. Figure 2. PV production over the period of 1 year based on SAM simulation [9]. 2. 2. The power and energy management system (PEMS) The PEMS in the system design serve as control for energy flow and conversion from RES, grid and energy storage. It contains the power electronics required to interface the power systems and the load. The PV generator is connected to the AC bus via an inverter and the energy storage device is connected the AC bus via a bi-directional controller as shown if Figure 1. Net metering is in effect to account for excess flow of power to the grid and the meter is smart to monitor the power usage of different components. Two DC-DC boost converters and a single inverter is use in the power and energy management system. This is due to the differences in the output of the PV and the storage device voltage. This PV array converter also function as maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The power flow in the circuit is been monitored and controlled by the operation mode control logic which is embedded in the PEMS. 2. 3. Energy storage devices (ESD) Energy storage devices plays a vital role in the transition to clean, efficient and reliable power source for energy sustainability. In this 2. 4. System load A typical residential house load is illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3. Residential load for system analysis with hourly resolution. Advertisement 3. RES integration with ESD The integration of renewable energy source and energy storage devices is growing immensely to reduce overdependence on grid power generation. In this section, various mode of integration principles and operation will be discussed. These modes of operations account for different conditions that can affects the and Grid during a 24 hours’ period which observes the morning, afternoon, evening and night times. 3. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of energy storage devices (ESD) in renewable energy systems. It states that 'Energy storage devices plays a vital role in the transition to clean, efficient and reliable power source for energy sustainability.' This indicates that storage is essential for the reliability and sustainability of renewable energy systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: 2021Metagenomic analysis reveals oropharyngeal microbiota alterations in patients with COVID-19665. Merenstein C. et al. 2021Signatures of COVID-19 Severity and in the MicrobiomemBio 1266. Mizutani T. et al. 2022between Alterations and the in Patients with during Hospitalization1067. Mankowska-Wierzbicka D. et al. 2023Alterations in Composition in Patients with COVID-19: A of 16S r1168. Ubeda C. et al. 2013Intestinal microbiota containing Barnesiella species cures vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonization81:965–7369. Giacobbe D. R. et al. 2021Enterococcal bloodstream infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a case series53:1779–178670. Wu X. et al. 2023Coinfection with influenza virus and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae aggregates inflammatory lung injury and alters gut microbiota in COPD mice1471. Murphy E. C. Frick I. M. 2013Gram-positive anaerobic cocci--commensals and opportunistic pathogens37:520–5372. Chen J. et al. 2022Comparison of the respiratory tract microbiome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with different disease severityJ 94:5284–529373. Haran J. P. et al. 2021Inflammation-type dysbiosis of the oral microbiome associates with the duration of COVID-19 symptoms and long 674. Lu S. et al. 2023Metatranscriptomic analysis revealed Prevotella as a potential biomarker of oropharyngeal microbiomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection1375. Seong H. et al. 2023Clinical implications of gut microbiota and cytokine responses in coronavirus disease prognosis1476. Segata N. et al. p. R602011Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation1277. Ning Y. et al. 2022Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota composition between knee osteoarthritis and Kashin-Beck disease in Northwest ChinaTher 2478. Mengyi Z. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that analyze changes in microbiota associated with diseases such as COVID-19 and other infections. It indicates that microbiome alterations may relate to disease severity and outcomes but does not support the idea that microbiome composition can be optimized to ensure complete disease resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: One of the problems inherent in the use of microsatellites in aDNA research is that dinucleotide repeats are most common and microsatellites are often longer than the 90–300 bp length usually amplified. They are easily amplified incorrectly due to polymerase slippage during PCR or due to degradation of the target. In such cases, cloning of several PCR products is needed to identify the correct satellite length. Eight microsatellite loci have recently been determined to be standard for cultivar identification in grapevines (This et al. 2004). Two of these, plus an additional locus, were used in a study of V. vinifera seeds from different European archaeological sites (Manen et al. 2003). Sequencing of the ancient amplification products yielded new sequence variants in ancient vine, that had not been detected in modern cultivars. Similarly, microsatellites have been used to study the spread of maize in (Lia et al. 2007). The nuclear alcohol dehydrogenase locus (adh) is highly variable in maize due to its repeat structure and length variations. The locus was used to investigate biogeography, spread and diversity in maize (Goloubinoff et al. 1993; Freitas et al. 2003). As more genomes are sequenced completely and more genes are identified, more genes which have been selected during domestication will be discovered and their functions characterised. It has been shown that it is possible to analyse small (approximately 90 bp) targets of such nuclear genes (su1, tb1, pbf) in ancient maize and to use this information to refine our understanding of domestication processes (Jaenicke-Després et al. 2003). Nuclear ribosomal DNA lociFinally, nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes are of interest for aDNA research, as they contain hundreds of units of two variable spacer regions between the 18S, the 5. 8S and the 26S genes, the so-called internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2), thus increasing the chances of DNA survival. These loci have been employed for phylogenetical analysis at the genus level in modern plants (Knaak et al. 1990; Soltis et al. 1992a; Alvarez and Wendel 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about archaeobotany revealing the causes of ancient civilization collapses. Instead, it discusses technical aspects related to the use of microsatellites in ancient DNA research, including their application in studying grapevine cultivars and maize. There is no mention or evidence regarding the collapse of civilizations or the role of archaeobotany in understanding such events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: Operation mode of grid-supported PV This mode of operation topology is showed in Figure 4. The figure describes the cases when the PV is generating but not sufficient to power the residential load. The grid is used to supplement the required power for the residential load. The ESD used due to cases of low state of charge or off-peak grid price. During this period of off peak grid pricing, the ESD also can be charge and not discharge because of the losses due to the round-trip efficiency from the AC bus to the battery and back to the AC bus in Figure 1. Figure 4. Grid and PV supplying the residential load. 3. 2. Operation mode of grid and energy storage system-supported PV The mode of operation describes cases when the PV generation is below the residential load requirement and need to supplement with both power from the energy storage and the grid before meeting the load required. Figure 5 illustrates this mode of operation. Figure 5. The grid, ESD and PV supplying the residential load. 3. 3. Operation mode of energy storage system-supported PV This mode describes when the PV power is not sufficient to power the load and the ESD is available. In this scenario, the load is power by the PV and the ESD. This mainly happens during on-peak grid pricing times when the ESD is charged during off-peak grid pricing times (Figure 6). Figure 6. The PV and ESD supplying the residential load. 3. 4. Operation mode of PV in peak hours Figure 7 shows mode 4, this mode of operation generally occurs during the peak hours of PV generation. In this scenario, the PV powers the load, charges the ESD and supplies power to the grid for credit. The process of supplying power back to grid is called net metering. Figure 7. The PV supplying the residential load, grid and charging the ESD. 3. 5. Operation mode of grid This mode of operation describes cases when the PV is not generating any power. The power needed by the load is supplied from the grid. The grid also charges the ESD when the state of charge is less than the thresh hold (maximum charge). Charging is usually done on off-peak grid hours to save cost (Figure 8). Figure 8. The grid supplying the residential and charging the ESD. Advertisement 4. Safety issues relating with the integration of RES and ESD To effectively have a safe and reliable sustainable energy systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing various operational modes of photovoltaic (PV) systems that clarify when the energy storage device (ESD) is utilized. For example, it states that when PV generation is below the residential load requirement, the system relies on both the energy storage and grid power to meet demands. Additionally, it mentions scenarios where the ESD is charged during off-peak grid hours, providing further evidence that energy storage is an integral part of ensuring continuous power availability in renewable energy systems.