Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Many companies are exploring drone technology to reduce delivery times and improve logistics efficiency. [SEP] Text: AI cut the order cycle time by 22%, for large retailers while drones had a negligible impact. 4. 3. AI scheduling algorithms increased truck loading efficiency by 55% and container utilization by 44% for outbound logistics. Drone capabilities should have addressed backend logistics constrained by truck availability and route optimization needs [6]. This demonstrates AI’s broad applicability for end-to-end efficiency gains. Current adoption surveys also found AI automation tools are now used in almost 35% of large warehouses globally compared to just 8% with drone infrastructure as shown in Figure 4. By 2025, AI adoption share is forecast to rise to 57% as capabilities advance, while drone uptake languishes under 15% [7]. 5. research indicates AI automation provides holistic intelligence for critical warehouse tasks. The key to AI automation is its ability to offer thorough intelligence for various warehouse tasks. Predictive analytics is greatly aided by Figure 3. Assessing order fulfillment using AI. Figure 4. Increased adoption of AI automation in industries. machine learning and optimization models, which provide insightful information that directs optimum practices [8]. This industry-changing development of data-driven decision-making skills in human managers is revolutionary. According to customer impact evaluations by the industry leader in industrial AI, Datatonic, the research indicates that AI warehouses save a significant amount of money, anywhere from 14% to 22% [9]. This financial benefit presents AI as a vital instrument for wise decision-making, which is a strong case for quicker warehouse implementation as shown in Figure 5. In contrast to the versatility of AI automation, drones are relegated to a singular purpose—the transportation of small items for picking [10]. Their shortcomings become apparent when one considers that they cannot communicate with other systems to provide complete end-to-end orchestration [6]. Drones are also less helpful in improving warehouse operations since they cannot process Figure 5. Master data management. Figure 6. Use of AI in supply chain management. real-time data. The study emphasizes how the economic case for drones is not as strong as it is for AI, given the latter’s higher rate of return on investment. For better financial and operational outcomes, warehouse leaders are advised to prioritize AI adoption over drone technology as shown in Figure 6. Datatonic’s position as the industry leader in corporate AI highlights its significant influence on AI adoption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that, although some companies are exploring AI for efficiency gains, drone technology has had a negligible impact on improving logistics efficiency. It provides evidence that drones are less beneficial compared to AI tools, stating that AI cut order cycle times significantly while drones' contribution to logistics remains minimal. Furthermore, it suggests that companies should prioritize AI adoption over drone technology for better economic and operational outcomes, indicating that the exploration of drone technology is not leading to the same level of efficiency improvements as AI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Если Пользователь недоволен каким-либо элементом Сайта или Услуг или какими-либо из изложенных условий, единственное и эксклюзивное средство защиты прав Пользователя заключается в том, чтобы прекратить использование Сайта и Услуг. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses user dissatisfaction with a website and services, with no mention of sea turtles or navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial life exists in some of the most extreme environments on Earth, including deep ocean vents and acidic hot springs. [SEP] Text: These environments range in temperatures from below zero where low temperature adapted, acidophilic bacteria accelerate metal and acid release from sulfide minerals, through mesophilic environments, to hot solfataric fields containing Hydrogenobaculum acidophilum with a temperature optimum of 65°C. Acidophilic bacteria have been isolated from the Actinobacteria, Aquificae, Firmicutes, Nitropsora, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia phyla, and are capable of oxidizing both inorganic and organic electron donors coupled to the reduction of oxygen or ferric iron, though no extremely acidophilic bacteria are known to ferment organic substrates. Acidophilic bacteria also exhibit a range of carbon metabolisms, from obligate autotrophs such as Leptospirillum spp. , facultative autotrophs such as Sulfobacillus spp. that can both fix carbon dioxide (CO2) or assimilate organic carbon, to obligate heterotrophs such as Alicyclobacillus tolerans. This 6. Diversity and Physiologies of Acidophilic ArchaeaOlga V. Golyshina,. GolyshinPages: 93-106. DOI: majority of cultured acidophilic archaea are represented by two phyla, the Crenarchaeota and the Euryarchaeota, that inhabit sulfur-rich areas in volcanically-active regions worldwide and sulfidic deposits rich in metals, acid mine drainage systems, macroscopic growths in forms of streamers, slimes, mats and microbial stalactites. A metabolic network formed by these archaea is determined by niche adaptation and is characterized by sulfur-, hydrogen- and iron-dependency, and by the organotrophy of scavenger species and strains. Acidophily is a major trait in the organisms from the above environments and most characterised species are moderate or extreme thermophiles, though there are some exceptions. Isolation sites of acidophilic archaea are almost exclusively limited to terrestrial habitats, with marine environments being poorly explored as a reservoir for these organisms, with only one such acidophilic euryarchaeote isolated to date. The nature and mechanisms of acidophily are believed to be determined by a number of factors with special archaeal membranes and lipids being of the greatest importance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the existence of acidophilic bacteria and archaea in extreme environments such as sulfur-rich areas in volcanically-active regions and acidic mine drainage systems. It highlights their capability to thrive in harsh conditions, which supports the assertion that microbial life can exist in extreme environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Drone delivery systems use GPS and AI to navigate and avoid obstacles during their flight. [SEP] Text: Although some developments have been reported in the media and one conference presentation regarding the use of drones to deliver medications to wildlife, scientific experimentation has not been conducted on these initiatives (Brinkman and Garcelon 2020). The current study documented the inaugural scientific experiment and the development of uncomplicated drone-based remote medication delivery systems with the intention of employing them on wildlife, specifically elephants, with the potential for further development. Limitations of this study were, firstly, that gravity-based dropping may not be feasible when animals are sheltered under trees. Therefore, developing a dart gun with the ability to shoot at a 45–90 degree angle using gas propulsion to eject a dart might be a more suitable option for future use. Secondly, this mini drone has not been tested for drug delivery to large wildlife yet, particularly regarding actual drug injection. Indeed, working with large wildlife, such as elephants, presents challenges and dangers. Injecting real elephants with drugs can induce stress and potentially trigger aggressive behaviour towards humans. The safety of both the animals and the individuals involved in such procedures is paramount. In conclusion, this study suggests that a mini drone can be equipped with a syringe dart and a gravity-based delivery system with high accuracy and penetration ability, which offers a promising avenue to minimize stress and enhance the safety of drug administration to elephants and other large wildlife. Further research and development in this field can contribute to refining techniques that prioritize the well-being of both wildlife and those involved in their care. AcknowledgementWe are grateful for the help of supporting staff from College, Walailak University. 2017. Successful chemical restraining and management of an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) during musth. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. JEZS, 5(56): 2072–2073. Available from Taking the sting out of darting: risks, restraint drugs and procedures for the chemical restraint of otariids. Mar. Mammal Sci. 31. Crossref2020. Applying UAV systems in wildlife management. of the Conference. Vol. 29. No. 9. 2019. Beach safety: Can drones provide a platform for sighting sharks? Wildl. Res. 46(8). Crossref2021. First guidelines and suggested best protocol for surveying african elephants (Loxodonta africana) using a drone. —Afr. Conserv. Sci. 63(1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the development of drone-based medication delivery systems specifically for wildlife, particularly elephants, but does not mention the use of GPS or AI for navigation and obstacle avoidance. As such, it does not provide relevant information to support or contrast the claim about drone delivery systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Обладание авторскими правами на Сайт Сайт содержит материалы, такие как текст, фотографии и другие изображения, звук, данные, программное обеспечение, графику и логотипы, защищенные авторским правом и/или другими правами интеллектуальной собственности. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses copyright ownership of a website and contains no information about sea turtles or navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial life exists in some of the most extreme environments on Earth, including deep ocean vents and acidic hot springs. [SEP] Text: Genome analysis of a number of species of acidophilic archaea has identified certain metabolic traits that make them distinct from bacterial counterparts and suggests some unusual variants of classical pathways. 7. Physiological and of and Fernando Puente-SánchezPages: 107-118. DOI: study of extremely acidic environments has grown significantly over the past 50 years. Highly acidic environments are generally unfavorable for the growth of photosynthetic organisms. However, these ecosystems are usually inhabited by acidophilic and acid-tolerant eukaryotic microorganisms such as algae, amoeba, ciliates, heliozoa and rotifers, as well as fungi and yeasts. This 8. and Interactions in Low pH EnvironmentsD. Barrie JohnsonPages: 121-138. DOI: of the types of interactions that occur between microorganisms in environments considered to be non-extreme have also been observed in those which are extremely acidic. These include interactions that are both positive (mutualism, commensalism, synergy and syntrophy) and negative (competition, amensalism, predation and pathogenicity) from the perspective of one or more of the co-habiting microorganisms. Carbon flow between autotrophic (chemolithotrophs and phototrophs) and heterotrophic acidophiles is now known to operate in both directions and can help sustain stable consortia of these prokaryotes. By catalysing redox transformations of iron and sulfur, bacteria and archaea can generate electron donors and acceptors used by other species of acidophiles and thereby induce rapid biogeochemical cycling of these elements, a key characteristic of many low pH environments. Examples of relatively simple and more complex communities that have been studied in acidic streams, pit lakes and anthropogenic (biomining) environments are used to illustrate the importance of microbial interactions at low pH. 9. by and ArchaeaPages: 139-152. DOI: ability of microbes to grow as surface-associated communities, or biofilms, is seen as a life-style widely spread in all biomes on planet Earth, including extremely acidic ecosystems. Within these harsh and constantly changing habitats, the biofilm mode of growth is thought to offer the microbial community a regular condition so as to cope with the adverse scenery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the presence of acidophilic microorganisms in highly acidic environments, which are described as extreme environments. It emphasizes that these ecosystems are inhabited by various microorganisms, such as acidophilic and acid-tolerant species, demonstrating that microbial life thrives in conditions deemed extreme. Moreover, the mention of microbial interactions and survival strategies in such harsh conditions further supports the existence of microbial life in extreme environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Drone delivery systems use GPS and AI to navigate and avoid obstacles during their flight. [SEP] Text: 구독 기관 조회하기 레이어 닫기 DBpia 밖의 서지정보를 인용하고 싶다면? 크롬 익스텐션으로 외부 서지정보를 내서재에 담아보세요! 크롬 익스텐션 살펴보기 레이어 닫기 국내 연구자를 위한 한국형 서지관리 서비스 DBpia에서 국내 연구자를 위한 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)를 오픈했어요. 워드는 물론, 한글까지 인용 정보를 관리할 수 있어요. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses citation management services and does not mention drone delivery systems, GPS, or AI. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Услуги, Сайт и все размещенные на Сайте материалы, включая без ограничения текст, фотографии и другие изображения, звук, данные, программное обеспечение, графику и логотипы, принадлежат Обществу или его лицензиарам и защищены законами Российской Федерации и других стран об авторском праве (в том числе в виде компиляции или базы данных), товарных знаках, базах данных и другой интеллектуальной собственности, а также международными соглашениями и конвен [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding sea turtles and navigation. It instead discusses copyright and intellectual property laws, making it irrelevant to the subject of navigation methods used by sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial life exists in some of the most extreme environments on Earth, including deep ocean vents and acidic hot springs. [SEP] Text: Metagenomic and metaproteomics methods were first applied to study natural microbial communities at an acid mine drainage site (at Iron Mountain, California). Research conducted there demonstrated that it is possible to obtain complete genomes representing natural populations and to track their metabolic activity in situ. As a result dozens of novel genomes (down to the strain level) of uncultured acidophiles are now available. These genomes have provided a robust framework upon which it has been possible to address fundamental questions related to ecological processes such as colonization and to document the modes and rate of genome evolution. 14. Proteomics of árcegui and Carlos A. JerezPages: 233-248. DOI: metaproteomics, genomics and metagenomics, together with metabolomics, have been widely used in recent years to study the global regulatory responses of all kinds of cells. By this approach it may be possible to explore the new properties of microorganisms that arise from the interplay of genes, proteins, other macromolecules, small molecules, and the environment. Proteomics offers direct information of the dynamic protein expression in tissue or whole cells, giving us a global analysis of the cell proteins and their cellular behaviour. In this 15. to the Study of AcidophilesPatricio Martínez and Pilar ParadaPages: 249-262. DOI: the rapid development of genome sequencing tools in recent decades, the holistic study of biological systems has been gaining strength. Additionally, new technologies of high-throughput analysis such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, have helped to integrate different types of data favouring a more comprehensive understanding of cells physiology and ecology. Metabolomics, in particular, has allowed the study of the complexities of cellular metabolism, facilitating the overall analysis of metabolic pathways and the understanding of the biochemistry associated. Metabolic biomarkers derived from metabolomic studies, that allow monitoring cell behaviour, have become important tools in cellular physiology studies and in biotechnological applications. In acidophiles, advanced scientific studies have provided a better understanding of their physiology and utilization in the biotechnological industry. However, much remains to be investigated, and many of these microorganisms are still unknown or have not been successfully isolated. The use of high-throughput "omics" tools, such as metabolomics, has contributed to integrated data analysis of their behaviour and complexity, giving a new view of the acidophiles system biology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing advanced studies on acidophiles, which are microorganisms that thrive in extremely acidic environments, indicating that microbial life does indeed exist in extreme environments. It emphasizes the ability to study and understand the physiology of these microorganisms in their natural habitats, thereby supporting the idea of microbial life existing in harsh conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones can autonomously solve any delivery-related problems, including weather delays or lost packages. [SEP] Text: However, these take up a whole room, generally in a core facility, and cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to purchase and maintain, and are therefore inaccessible to most labs. And while there are many examples of high-throughput phenotypic assays in Drosophila (Branson et al. , 2009; Kabra et al. , 2013; Kain et al. , 2012; Buchanan et al. , 2015; Geissmann et al. , 2017), the systems that are not single-purpose still require human intervention to load and unload individual flies. Some researchers have used flies' natural tendency to climb up (negative gravitaxis) to isolate individuals for behavioral analysis (von Reyn et al. , 2014), imaging (Medici et al. , 2015), or microsurgery (Savall et al. , 2015). But dependence on this particular behavior fundamentally caps throughput, inadvertently selects for a subset of a population, and limits eligible genotypes. An alternative approach, actively conveying flies with airflow (MacMillan and Hughson, 2014) permits moving animals on demand, and opens the door for increased throughput. The dearth of instruments for automating Drosophila experiments is representative of the situation for many other lab organisms, such as yeast and C. elegans, where there is no standard platform for automated handling of the organisms themselves. Here, we present an automated platform that is high-throughput and flexible enough to assist in conducting diverse experimental protocols in Drosophila and other species. Due to its modular design, the system can automate diverse assays in a wide variety of organisms (including yeast, C. elegans, the slime mold Physarum polycephalum, and the bumblebee Bombus impatiens, an assortment chosen to demonstrate the platform’s versatility). For fruit flies, where we developed significant capabilities, this instrument can conduct numerous protocols, including loading of individual fruit flies for circadian rhythm (Pfeiffenberger et al. , 2010; Geissmann et al. , 2017) experiments, or aiding with lab chores like collecting virgin female flies for genetic crosses or passaging individual flies in controlled culture conditions for longevity assays. The physical platform of this instrument integrates animal husbandry and phenotyping, permitting end-to-end experimental protocols. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the limitations in automating the handling of lab organisms, which mirrors challenges in drone technology. It emphasizes that many systems still require human intervention and that there are no standard platforms for automation, suggesting that similar barriers might exist for drones in resolving complex delivery issues like weather delays or lost packages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: циями. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not contain any information related to the claim about sea turtles and their navigation. It appears to be incomplete or not relevant to the topic at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial life exists in some of the most extreme environments on Earth, including deep ocean vents and acidic hot springs. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -metal movement through insect food chains in pristine thermal springs of 10. 7717/peerj. 16827 Published 2024-02-21 Accepted 2024-01-03 Received 2023-11-20 © 2024 Adams et al. is an open access 2024. Heavy metal movement through insect food chains in pristine thermal springs of Park. PeerJ 12:e16827 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 2. 9, water temperatures above 70 °C, and populations of thermophilic bacterial, archaeal, and algal mats. Hot Springs, alkaline springs, have a pH of up to 9, some water temperatures in excess of 60 °C, and are populated with thermophilic and phototrophic bacterial mats. Mats in both hydrothermal systems form the trophic base and support active metal transfer to terrestrial food chains. In both types of springs, invertebrates bioaccumulated heavy metals including chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, cadmium, mercury, tin and lead, and the metalloids arsenic, selenium, and antimony resulting from consuming the algal and bacterial mat biomass. At least two orders of magnitude increase in concentrations were observed in the ephydrid shore fly Paracoenia turbida, as compared to the mats for all metals except antimony, mercury, and lead. The highest bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of 729 was observed for chromium. At the other end of the food web, the invertebrate apex predator, Cicindelidia haemorrhagica, had at least a 10-fold BAF for all metals at some location-year combinations, except with antimony. Of other taxa, high BAFs were observed with zinc for Nebria sp. (2180) and for Salda littoralis (1080). This accumulation, occurring between primary producer and primary consumer trophic levels at both springs, is biomagnified through the trophic web. These observations suggest trace metals enter the geothermal food web through the microbial mat community and are then transferred through the food chain. Also, while bioaccumulation of arsenic is uncommon, we observed five instances of increases near or exceeding 10-fold: Odontomyia sp. larvae (13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of microbial mats in thermal springs, which are extreme environments with water temperatures above 60 °C and alkaline pH levels. It specifically mentions 'thermophilic bacterial, archaeal, and algal mats,' supporting the idea that microbial life thrives in extreme conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones can autonomously solve any delivery-related problems, including weather delays or lost packages. [SEP] Text: Its effectors move slightly slower than the hands of a trained experimentalist, so its advantages derive from it not growing tired or losing focus. MAPLE does not execute every action with 100% success. For example, attempts to remove an awake fly from a behavioral arena, using vacuum through a loading port, succeed approximately 90% of the time. Given this error rate, the experimental procedures that include removing flies from arenas use the camera to inspect the arena after each attempt to confirm if the fly has been successfully removed. Similarly, our procedure to transfer yeast colonies used the collision-detector to confirm that the object manipulator had successfully removed petri dish lids. These checks reduce the efficiency of MAPLE-conducted experiments (particularly compared to manual experiments), but mean that the operator can walk away from the device confident that MAPLE will eventually get it right. Given its redundancies and fail-safes, MAPLE can work autonomously for long periods (e. g. 12 hr for the Physarum experiment) without getting stuck. A potential advantage of using MAPLE for fly experiments specifically is the option to avoid anaesthesia. Dispenser releases awake animals into the MAPLE system, and these can then be moved between the FlyPlate and behavioral arenas using the multi-position loading ports we developed. Avoiding anesthesia has multiple benefits, including reducing the distortion of behavioral (Bartholomew et al. , 2015) and physiological measurements (Colinet and Renault, 2012), which, depending on the form of anaesthesia, can last for hours or days (MacMillan et al. , 2017). Even seemingly benign manual aspiration can disrupt the expression of sensitive phenotypes (Trannoy et al. , 2015). Automated, anesthesia-free animal-handling thus has the potential to standardize handling effects. MAPLE’s modularity means that the platform's versatility and capabilities can be expanded in the future. As examples, we are developing fly sink modules for culturing thousands of animals in the style of population cages, facilitating selection experiments and experimental evolution. We are developing a high-resolution imaging source/sink module into which flies could be deposited, imaged in dorsal and ventral views, and released back into experimental workflows. This device is inspired by the system (Medici et al. , 2015) but can be loaded with a fly on demand, rather than relying on flies to enter the imaging chamber on their own. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of MAPLE, which has an error rate in its operations, as it does not execute actions with 100% success. It explains the need for confirmation checks after actions to ensure successful outcomes, indicating that autonomous systems like MAPLE may not reliably handle all situations without oversight, thereby suggesting that drones also might face similar challenges in reliably solving delivery-related problems autonomously.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Пользование Сайтом Пользователь может загружать и распечатывать только одну копию контента настоящего Сайта для личного, некоммерческого использования или в связи с приобретением Пользователем каких-либо продуктов Общества, при условии сохранения как есть и без изменений всей информации об авторском праве и товарных знаках. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the terms of use for a website and has no relation to sea turtles or navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial life exists in some of the most extreme environments on Earth, including deep ocean vents and acidic hot springs. [SEP] Text: This species also demonstrates tolerance to heavy metals. Gotschall (2021) found that C. haemorrhagica mobilizes various heavy metals into its exoskeleton and cuticular waxes, which is potentially an important mechanism for detoxification. What is not clear from this previous work is if C. haemorrhagica and other insects in the thermal pool communities are bioaccumulating and biomagnifying heavy metals, and if concentrations of heavy metals occur at potentially toxic levels. Because insects here are at the base of some vertebrate food chains (birds, small mammals, and reptiles) (e. g. , Boyd et al. , 2009), if C. haemorrhagica and other insects are bioaccumulating heavy metals understanding contamination of these insects provides an essential foundation for broader characterizations of heavy metal movement. Consequently, the objectives of our study were to sample the insects at two hot springs in YNP, measure the occurrence of heavy metals in various insect species, determine if biomagnification is occurring and if so, at what level. Methods and descriptions Studies were carried out under YNP #8100 and #7092. Rabbit Creek, YNP (WY, USA), is an alkaline stream near the lower loop of the Basin in the western area of YNP; Dragon-(WY, USA), are acid-sulfate-chloride springs in the Springs area of Basin (Fig. 1). The sampling sites for the two springs were selected based on ease of access, observable beetle food sources, overall beetle abundance, spring water temperature, and spring water pH. Figure 1: Map of Park indicating Cicindelidia haemorrhagica habitat and research locations including Dragon-Springs and Hot Spring. The research sites are indicated on the map with arrows. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16827/fig-1 Dragon-Springs are classified as acid-sulfate-chloride-type springs (Langner et al. , 2001) due to a distinctive chemical signature that includes significant acidity and high concentrations of sulfate and chloride. These springs are relatively well-studied and feature Hydrogenobaculum-like Bacteria (D’Imperio et al. , 2007; Boyd et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of microbial life existing in extreme environments, specifically mentioning 'acid-sulfate-chloride-type springs' and the study of insect species like C. haemorrhagica in such habitats. The research focuses on heavy metal contamination in insects from these acidic hot springs, which supports the notion that life thrives in extreme conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification is caused by the increased absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: 3 (download)published 2016-02-29T19:22:250100077 v4. 4 NCEI Accession 0100077 v4. 4 (download)published 2016-08-23T13:03:090100077 v5. 5 NCEI Accession 0100077 v5. 5 (download)published 2016-12-10T05:09:270100077 v6. 6 NCEI Accession 0100077 v6. 6 (download)published 2017-10-07T03:07:080100077 v7. 7 NCEI Accession 0100077 v7. 7 (download)published 2018-09-11T20:47:100100077 v8. 8 NCEI Accession 0100077 v8. 8 (download)published 2020-02-03T21:48:330100077 v9. 9 NCEI Accession 0100077 v9. 9 (download)published 2021-01-27T22:20:380100077 v10. 10 NCEI Accession 0100077 v10. 10 (download)published 2022-01-20T22:08:18Z Lineage information for: dataset Parameter or Variable: Date Time; Abbreviation: Date Time; Unit: Date and Time (UTC); In-situ Manipulation Response variable: in-situ. Parameter or Variable: xCO2 SW (wet); Abbreviation: xCO2 SW (wet); Unit: (μmol/mol) Mole fraction of CO2 in air in equilibrium with the seawater at sea surface temperature and measured humidity. ; Controlled vocabulary name: partial pressure of carbon dioxide - water; In-situ Manipulation Response variable: in-situ; Sampling instrument: MAPCO2 (trademark of NOAA). Parameter or Variable: CO2 SW QF; Abbreviation: CO2 SW QF; Unit: Flag for xCO2 sw (wet); In-situ Manipulation Response variable: in-situ. Parameter or Variable: H2O SW; Abbreviation: H2O SW; Unit: (mmol/mol) Mole fraction of H2O in air from equilibrator. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a detailed description of dataset lineage and parameters related to CO2 measurements without directly addressing the claim regarding ocean acidification and the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It provides information on CO2 concentrations and the methodology used to measure them, but it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Пользователь дает согласие на соблюдение всех применимых законов об авторском праве, товарных знаках и других законов об интеллектуальной собственности, а также всех дополнительных уведомлений, указаний и ограничений в отношении авторского права и товарных знаков, приведенных в любом разделе Сайта. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses legal consent regarding intellectual property and does not mention sea turtles or navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial life exists in some of the most extreme environments on Earth, including deep ocean vents and acidic hot springs. [SEP] Text: , 2009) and sulfur metabolizing Archaea in the higher temperature zones and thermophilic photoautotrophic algae once the temperatures drop enough to permit photosynthetic metabolism. At even lower temperatures (<32C), Dragon-Springs support the growth of acidophilic phototroph Cyanidioschyzon spp. algal mats, which in turn serve as food for stratiomyid and ephydrid populations (Boyd et al. , 2009; Zack, 1983). Dragon-Springs source waters originate from the subsurface and have a pH of 2. 8 that varies seasonally with rainfall, indicating a relatively shallow source. Insect taxa were collected in this habitat over a 100-m path along the margin of the stream most reflective of C. haemorrhagica activity. is an alkaline stream near the lower loop of the Basin. The main water flow originates from one alkaline hot spring on the eastern edge of the hydrothermal area (buttresses the Dome) and contains deposits of alkaline siliceous rock throughout most of the water’s edge and creek bed (Bowley, 2021). features alkaline thermal sources with source water temperatures in excess of 60 °C (Bowley, 2021). Although the upper portions are adjacent to meadow, some pools and reaches of the spring are completely surrounded by forest. These pools accommodate acidobacteria and cyanobacterial mats (Weltzer & Miller, 2013; Miller et al. , 2009). A thermal gradient flows throughout the entire reach with estimated changes in water temperature of 7. 5 °C for every 100 m of continuous waterway (Bowley, 2021). This area has the second largest concentration of hot springs in the basin and flows into the eastern tributary of the (Miller et al. , 2009). With a pH of 9 in in 2022 (B Adams, pers. obs. , 2021), the presence of C. haemorrhagica indicated pH tolerance for the water in which they forage. Additional insect taxa were collected in these habitats; their presence also suggests tolerance to the extreme pH and temperatures. July 2021 and 2022, mat biomass and insect taxa were collected from several functional feeding groups, including collector-gatherers, grazers, shredders, and predators, along a 100-m path at four sites over two days in each year (Figs. 2 and 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the presence of various microbial life forms, such as thermophilic and acidophilic species, in extremely high temperatures and low pH environments, confirming the existence of microbial life in extreme conditions. For example, it mentions 'sulfur metabolizing Archaea in the higher temperature zones' and 'acidophilic phototroph Cyanidioschyzon spp. algal mats' in Dragon Springs, which aligns with the claim about microbial resilience in extreme environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: This was true for all pCO2 conditions and near-future conditions only. The mean effect size for both larvae and adults was not significantly different from zero for both pCO2 groupings (Fig. 4). Heterogeneity (Q-statistic) was significant for all life stages under both pCO2 groupings (Table 3). Figure 3. Responses of shellfish behavioral prey defenses to ocean acidification across taxonomic class. Mean effect sizes (lnRR ± bootstrapped BCa 95% CIs) for five classes of shellfish: malacostracans (white), echinoids (light gray), gastropods (gray), cephalopods (dark gray), and bivalves (black), with all pCO2 anomalies included (A) and only near-future pCO2 anomalies included (B). Values in parentheses indicate the number of observations used to derive the mean effect size for each taxon. Asterisks denote significant responses (i. e. , when 95% CI does not overlap with 0). Negative and positive values correspond to negative and positive functional effects, respectively. Meta-in a Broader ContextTaxonomic class consistently appeared in the best AIC models as a predictor of effect sizes. Although previous meta-analyses on biological responses to ocean acidification include taxonomy as an explanatory variable, those studies typically select phylum as the taxonomic resolution at which to test differences (Kroeker et al. 2010, 2013, Harvey et al. 2013). The results of the meta-analysis suggest that, at least for calcifying organisms, this level of taxonomy may be too broad and that using finer scales of taxonomic resolution may provide better predications of ocean acidification sensitivity. It is important to note, however, that class alone was unable to explain much of the variation in observed effect sizes herein (R2 = 0. 27 for near-future pCO2), and as such may not be a fine enough taxonomic scale to explain observed differences. Such results highlight the importance of species-specific biology. Furthermore, Q-tests of heterogeneity revealed significant variation across studies within each taxonomic class (Table 3), suggesting that other processes are certainly involved in explaining ocean acidification effects on behavioral defenses of shellfish reported in the experimental studies reviewed here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by indicating that the mean effect size for both larvae and adults of shellfish was not significantly different from zero across various pCO2 conditions, suggesting that these organisms may not be as vulnerable to acidification as the claim suggests. It points out that after reviewing meta-analyses, while taxonomy has been considered, there is significant variation across studies and that species-specific biology may play a more crucial role, undermining the notion of a generalized vulnerability to acidification due solely to their calcium carbonate composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Если в настоящем параграфе не оговорено иное, Пользователь не вправе: (i) копировать, воспроизводить, каким-либо образом изменять, исправлять или искажать Сайт, Услуги или какую-либо их часть; (ii) продавать, демонстрировать, распространять, публиковать, транслировать, передавать или каким-либо иным образом распространять или передавать Сайт, Услуги или какую-либо их часть каким-либо физическим или юридическим лицам; (iii) создавать производные произведения на [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses user rights and restrictions regarding a website or service without any mention of sea turtles or navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial life exists in some of the most extreme environments on Earth, including deep ocean vents and acidic hot springs. [SEP] Text: Cyanidioscyzon spp. algal and cyanobacterial mat biomass represented the base of the food webs at Dragon-Beowulf and Springs, respectively. Paracoenia turbida (Diptera: Ephydridae), representing the second trophic level, occurred at both locations. Odontomyia sp. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) were collected exclusively at Dragon-Springs and also represented the second trophic level. The only predaceous (third trophic level) insect species found at Dragon-Springs was Nebria sp. (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Predaceous (third trophic level) insects found at were Ambrysus mormon (Heteroptera: Naucoridae) and Rhagovelia distincta (Heteroptera: Veliidae). The presumed apex invertebrate predator at both sites was the tiger beetle C. haemorrhagica (Coleoptera: Carabidae) (third or fourth trophic level). Figure 2: Aerial view of Dragon-Springs and sampling locations. The sampling pattern and locations are indicated along the path. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16827/fig-2 Figure 3: Aerial view of rabbit creek hot springs and sampling locations. Sampling locations are designated along the path. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16827/fig-3 Insects were identified to family and species. Identifications were made with keys appropriate to specific taxa. For Carabidae: Kavanaugh (1978); for Cicindelidae: Pearson, Knisley & Kozilek (2005) and Gough et al. (2018); for Ephyrididae: Brues (1924) and Mathis (1975); for Naucoridae: Usinger (1941); for Saldidae: Drake & Hottes (1950); for Stratiomyidae: James (1981); and for Vellidae: Smith & Polhemus (1978). Cicindelidia haemorrhagica and Odontomyia sp. (Diptera) adults were collected using a sweep net. Larval (sixth instar) Odontomyia sp. were collected with forceps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific algal and cyanobacterial organisms found at extreme environments like Dragon-Springs, indicating these microbial forms of life are integral to the local ecosystems. This supports the claim by providing evidence that microbial life, including species such as Cyanidioscyzon spp., exists in extreme environments like acidic hot springs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Values in parentheses indicate the number of observations used to derive the mean effect size for each life stage. Asterisks denote significant responses (i. e. , when 95% CI does not overlap with 0). Negative and positive values correspond to negative and positive functional effects, respectively. Life stage was also a fixed factor that consistently appeared in the best models based on AIC model selection. Effect size analysis revealed that juvenile mean effect sizes were significantly lower than zero when all and only near-future pCO2 conditions were considered; larval and adult effect sizes were not significantly different from zero. Previous meta-analyses also highlight the importance of life stage (e. g. , Kroeker et al. 2010, 2013, Harvey et al. 2013); however, those previous studies typically report that earlier life stages (i. e. , larvae and juveniles) are more susceptible to ocean acidification than later life stages. By contrast, the meta-analysis detected no significant effect on larvae. Although this may suggest that larvae are robust to ocean acidification behaviorally, it is important to note that the number of studies on larvae was low (n = 6) and the nonsignificant effect size may simply reflect a lack of ability to detect an effect. Although negative effect sizes under elevated pCO2 in this study were largely driven by pCO2 values exceeding near-future (i. e. , year 2100) projections, such drastic changes in pCO2 are not uncommon in nearshore coastal and estuarine waters where many of the species assessed herein reside. Diel and seasonal variation in coastal pCO2 conditions can often far exceed near-future projections (Provoost et al. 2010, Duarte et al. 2013, Waldbusser & Salisbury 2014, Wallace et al. 2014). Furthermore, given that ocean acidification studies typically acclimate animals under control and elevated pCO2 conditions for relatively short periods of time (compared with the large timescales across multiple organismal generations in which true ocean acidification will occur; McElhaney 2017), the effect sizes herein are mostly applicable to acute exposures to elevated pCO2 characteristic of nearshore systems. The analysis thus suggests that shellfish behavioral defenses in nearshore coastal systems may already be affected by acute increases in seawater pCO2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the analysis shows no significant effect on larvae, which are typically more susceptible to ocean acidification according to previous studies. Although previous research stated that earlier life stages (like larvae and juveniles) are more susceptible, this meta-analysis found that larval effect sizes did not differ significantly from zero, suggesting they might not be as vulnerable as previously thought. This implies a potential robustness of larvae to ocean acidification, contrary to the claim that marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text:  базе Сайта или Услуг; или (iv) проводить инженерный анализ, декомпилировать или дезассемблировать (кроме случаев, в явной форме разрешенных применимым законодательством) какое-либо программное обеспечение, используемое в рамках Сайта или Услуг. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to website services and software engineering, without any mention of sea turtles or navigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the ocean, reaching over 36,000 feet below sea level. [SEP] Text: Kamenskaya OE (1995) Gammaridean amphipods from hadal trenches of the Pacific Ocean. Hydrobiol 42:327–334 (2000) [Crustacea: Amphipoda] in the deep sea. Hydrobiol 47:353–377 (2010) The family Aristiidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea) in Australian waters. Zootaxa 2549:31–53. Lörz A-(2018) Rhachotropis (Eusiroidea, Amphipoda) from the Atlantic. ZooKeys 75–101. (2007) A molecular phylogeny of the genus Gammarus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Evol 45:596–611. Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software Version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Evol 30:772–780. Katoh K, (2008) Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. 9:286–298. (2000) Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Evol 17:540–552. Talavera G, (2007) Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. 56:564–577. Huelsenbeck JP, (2001) : Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17:754–755. -Azeroual O, Mareuil F, Cohen-Boulakia S, (2019) NGPhylogeny. fr: New generation phylogenetic services for non-specialists. Res 47:W260–W265. (2020) ModelTest-NG: A new and scalable tool for the selection of DNA and protein evolutionary models. Evol 37:291–294. (2021) raxmlGUI 2. 0: A graphical interface and toolkit for phylogenetic analyses using RAxML. Evol 12:373–377. (2021) MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Evol 38:3022–3027. łażewicz (2016) - RV Sonne SO250, Tomakomai-Yokohama (Japan), 16. 08. -26. 09. 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention the Mariana Trench or its depth. It discusses various studies related to amphipods and phylogenetic analysis but does not address ocean depths or corroborate or contrast the claim regarding the Mariana Trench.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: CO2 sensitivity experiments are not sufficient to show an effect of ocean acidification. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 74:926–928. 73. McMahon, S. J. , J. M. Donelson & P. L. Munday. 2018. Food ration does not influence the effect of elevated CO2 on antipredator behaviour of a reef fish. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 586:155–165. 74. Mehrbach, C. , J. E. Culberson, J. E. Hawley & R. M. Pytkowicz. 1973. Measurements of apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18:897–907. 75. & A. G. Keppel. 2016. Acidification increases sensitivity to hypoxia in important forage fishes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 549:1–8. 76. Mima, A. , S. Wada & S. Goshima. 2003. Antipredator defence of the hermit crab Pagurus filholi induced by predatory crabs. Oikos 102:104–110. 77. Moya, A. , E. L. Howes, T. Lacoue-Labarthem, S. Forêt, B. Hanna, M. é, G. . Bijma & J. -P. Gattuso. 2016. Near-future pH conditions severely impact calcification, metabolism and the nervous system in the pteropod Heliconoides inflatus. Glob. Chang. Biol. 22:3888–3900. 78. Munroe, D. , J. Kraeuter, B. Beal, K. Chew, M. Luckenbach & C. P. Peterson. 2015. Clam predator protection is effective and necessary for food production. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 100:47–52. 79. Nagelkerken, I. & P. L. Munday. 2016. Animal behaviour shapes the ecological effects of ocean acidification and warming: moving from individual to community-level responses. Glob. Chang. Biol. 22:974–989. 80. Nakagawa, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the insensitivity of certain marine organisms to ocean acidification, specifically stating that 'CO2 sensitivity experiments are not sufficient to show an effect of ocean acidification.' This implies a lack of evidence supporting the idea that organisms, such as shellfish with calcium carbonate shells, are especially vulnerable to acidification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Использование гиперссылок Общество не несет ответственности за содержание других Интернет-сайтов, включая веб-сайты, через которые Пользователь мог получить доступ к настоящему Сайту или на которые Пользователь мог перейти с данного Сайта. Компания не несет никакой ответственности в связи с такими сайтами или ссылками. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the responsibility of a society regarding the content of other websites and does not mention sea turtles or navigation using the magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe poleward expansion of coral habitats has been observed along the Japanese coast since the 1930s. Previous modeling studies have projected a poleward expansion using decadal-mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the coldest months. However, this poleward expansion could be affected by the inter-annual variation of SST in the coldest months, which has not been considered before. In this study, the simulated pattern of poleward expansion was compared between cases where coral mortality was considered based on the inter-annual variation of SST and the decadal-mean SST in the coldest months. Modeled monthly mean SSTs for historical and future global warming simulations from the most recent climate projection model (MIROC4h) were used. The poleward expansion of corals simulated by considering mortality based on the inter-annual variation of SST in the coldest months better reproduced the observed poleward expansion speed compared to the simulations without such a consideration. Our results show the importance of considering coral mortality based on the inter-annual variation of seawater temperature to produce a more realistic poleward expansion of coral habitats. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionZooxanthellate scleractinian corals (hereafter corals) provide essential habitats and energy for thousands of associated organisms and are also valuable resources for tourism (e. g. , Moberg and Folke 1999). Therefore, any shift in their distribution due to climate change could have major implications for biodiversity, ecological function, biogeochemical cycling, and human society. The distributional limits of marine species are closely related to their limits of thermal tolerance (Sunday et al. 2012), and both extremely high and low seawater temperatures could affect the distribution of suitable habitats for corals (Saxby et al. 2003; Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2005). Rising seawater temperatures due to global warming have enhanced the poleward expansion of coral habitats by lessening low-temperature stress in winter in northern coral communities. Recently, Yamano et al. (2011) reported the first large-scale evidence of a poleward expansion of corals, based on 80 years of national records from the temperate areas of Japan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that zooxanthellate scleractinian corals provide essential habitats and energy for thousands of associated organisms. This supports the assertion that coral reefs are highly biodiverse ecosystems and reinforces their ecological importance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 20, at which gaping activity (i. e. , consecutive opening and closing of the valves) markedly increased; however, the gaping behavior returned to normal levels (i. e. , levels comparable to control animals) after 5 days of exposure to pH 6. 20. In a more recent laboratory experiment using Hall effect biosensors, Clements et al. (2018) found that a 9-day exposure to elevated CO2 up to 8,000 μatm did not impact the valve-gaping response of Crassostrea virginica to acute, short-term temperature increases (Δ ∼20°C; 10°C → 30°C). Furthermore, although electromagnetic sensors were not used to measure valve-gaping behavior, Jakubowska and Normant (2015) documented no effect of elevated CO2–induced acidification (pH 7. 5 and 7. 0 compared with a control of pH 8. 1) on the valve-gaping behavior of mussels (Mytilus edulis). TABLE 1. Summary of studies using electromagnetic biosensors to test for effects of pH/CO2 on valve-gaping behavior in marine and freshwater bivalves. pCO2 is reported in μatm. Although not directly comparable to CO2-induced ocean acidification studies, other studies have documented effects of seawater pH and freshwater pCO2 on bivalve gaping behavior, which provide relevant information on pH and CO2 responses. Comeau et al. (2017) reported that valve opening in mussels (Mytilus edulis) decreased as seawater pH increased from 8. 0 to 9. 0 (using calcium hydroxide to buffer seawater pH). Hasler et al. (2017) also documented the effects of elevated pCO2 on the valve-gaping behavior of three freshwater mussel species from North America, reporting species-specific responses. In an experiment acutely exposing two freshwater bivalves to elevated CO2 (incremental increases of ∼14,000 μatm every 5 min), Hasler et al. (2017) reported acute valve closures in Pyganodon grandis and Lampsilis siliquoidea at ∼200,000 and ∼80,000 μatm, respectively. In a separate experiment exposing three species of mussels to elevated CO2 over 2 days, Hasler et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that certain studies show no effect of elevated CO2 and acidification on the valve-gaping behavior of various bivalves, including Crassostrea virginica and Mytilus edulis, even at significantly lowered pH levels (pH 6.20 and 7.0). These findings indicate that these marine organisms may not be as vulnerable to acidification as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Если предоставляются гиперссылки на Интернет-сайт третьей стороны, это делается с наилучшими намерениями и с тем убеждением, что такой веб-сайт содержит или может содержать материал, имеющий отношение к содержанию настоящего Сайта. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the intention behind links to third-party websites, with no mention of sea turtles or navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: IntroductionReef-building corals are unable to efficiently form reef structure (i. e. , precipitate calcium carbonate) at low temperatures and are thus restricted to oligotrophic tropical regions between 30° north and south latitude (Kampmann 2002). Tropical coral reefs are hotspots of biodiversity and contribute multiple ecological and economic goods and services such as high productivity, complex habitat formation, food provisioning for numerous marine organisms, and coastal protection (Moberg and Folke 1999). In addition, tropical coral reefs rely on the mutualistic symbiosis between unicellular dinoflagellates (Symbiodiniaceae) and coral hosts (Decelle et al. 2018; LaJeunesse et al. 2018). Coral reefs are threatened by numerous natural and anthropogenic stressors, such as ocean warming and acidification, freshwater runoff, and water pollution, all of which can lead to coral bleaching (reviewed by van Oppen and Lough 2018). This phenomenon involves the dissociation of corals and their symbionts as a consequence of environmental stress. The longer this situation persists, the more likely it is that the corals will die. Coral bleaching has been observed multiple times on a global scale over the last decades (Hughes et al. 2017; Roth 2014). According to the latest of of the World (Souter et al. 2021), there was a progressive loss of about 14% of the coral from the world’s reefs between 2009 and 2018, and as the main stressor a rapid rise in sea surface temperature due to marine heatwaves. The tropical coral-algal symbiosis typically exists within a narrow temperature range close to its upper thermal limit, and thus even small temperature anomalies of just 1–2 °C above mean local summer maxima are sufficient to cause coral bleaching (Lesser 2011; Rädecker et al. 2023). Absorbed sunlight is essential for photosynthesis as it drives photochemical reactions, but the strength of light determines whether Symbiodiniaceae species are stressed or not (Roth 2014). Due to the dynamic nature of solar radiation, the photosynthetic machinery is often confronted with higher light levels than can be processed through photochemistry, and hence excess absorbed excitation energy must be removed by other pathways to minimize photooxidative damage (Müller et al. 2001; Niyogi 1999). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that tropical coral reefs are 'hotspots of biodiversity' and contribute to multiple ecological goods and services, including 'complex habitat formation' and 'food provisioning for numerous marine organisms.' This supports the assertion that coral reefs are highly biodiverse ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: (2017) found that Lampsilis cardium remained open for nearly the entire duration of the CO2 exposure, whereas P. grandis exhibited no response during the exposure period, but increased gaping (i. e. , decreased time closed) after the exposure. In addition, the time spent gaping in L. siliquoidea was unaffected by elevated CO2, but the number of valve movements decreased 40-fold during CO2 exposure (Hasler et al. 2017). Ultimately, studies to date suggest that bivalve valve-gaping behavior is insensitive to elevated CO2 in the context of ocean acidification. The number of such studies is grossly limited, however, and current studies have used species known to be tolerant to a wide range of environmental conditions, including CO2. Thus, studies testing similar hypotheses in other bivalve species are warranted. –of under Ocean AcidificationAlthough studies assessing valve-gaping behavior under ocean acidification suggest that this is an insensitive behavioral trait, these studies simply measure basal valve-gaping activity and fail to place this behavior in a functional context. Valve-gaping behavior has been linked to a number of functional processes that are known to be impacted by ocean acidification. For example, gaping behavior has been linked to physiological rates in marine bivalves (e. g. , Markich et al. 2000, Riisgård 2001, Frank et al. 2007), although such relationships are highly inconsistent in the literature and a lack of relationship between valve gaping and physiological rates is often reported (Newell et al. 2001, Maire et al. 2007). Thus, coupling HFNI biosensor valvometry with other biosensors designed to measure physiological rates (e. g. , heart rate [Fedotov et al. 2000] and glucose [Kim et al. 2015] sensors) could provide information on the physiological role (or lack thereof) of valve gaping under ocean acidification conditions. Valve gaping is also thought to play a role in predator avoidance (Robson et al. 2007, 2010, Carroll & Clements 2019), and a number of studies have reported that shellfish responses to predators can be affected by exposure to ocean acidification conditions (Manríquez et al. 2013, Appelhans et al. 2014, Manríquez et al. 2014, Watson et al. 2014; also see Clements & Comeau 2019 in this issue). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that certain bivalves, which are often classified as shellfish, exhibit insensitivity to elevated CO2 levels associated with ocean acidification. For instance, it notes that 'bivalve valve-gaping behavior is insensitive to elevated CO2 in the context of ocean acidification.' This indicates that not all shellfish may be as vulnerable to acidification as the claim suggests, as studies have shown a lack of consistent relationship between shellfish behaviors and the impacts of acidification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Такая гиперссылка не означает, что Общество проверило или одобрило соответствующий сайт третьей стороны или его контент или что оно выражает одобрение, спонсирует или поддерживает аффилированные отношения с таким Интернет-сайтом, его владельцами или провайдерами. Юрисдикция Использование Пользователем настоящего Сайта и действие настоящих условий и положений регламентируются законодательством Российской Федерации. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. It discusses legal jurisdiction and mentions third-party websites without any connection to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: AbstractFatal infestations of land-based Acropora cultures with so-called Acropora-eating flatworms (AEFWs) are a global phenomenon. We evaluate the hypothesis that AEFWs represent a risk to coral reefs by studying the biology and the invasive potential of an AEFW strain from the UK. Molecular analyses identified this strain as Amakusaplana acroporae, a new species described from two US aquaria and one natural location in Australia. Our molecular data together with life history strategies described here suggest that this species accounts for most reported cases of AEFW infestations. We show that local parasitic activity impairs the light-acclimation capacity of the whole host colony. A. acroporae acquires excellent camouflage by harbouring photosynthetically competent, host-derived zooxanthellae and pigments of the green-fluorescent protein family. It shows a preference for Acropora valida but accepts a broad host range. Parasite survival in isolation (5–7 d) potentially allows for an invasion when introduced as non-native species in coral reefs. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionCoral reefs, one of the most biodiverse and productive ecosystems in the world, are sensitive to a range of perturbations including the potentially devastating effects of corallivory, defined as the direct assimilation of live coral tissue (Hughes et al. 2007; Rotjan and Lewis 2008). Fatal infestations of aquarium-cultured acroporid corals with corallivorous flatworms/AEFWs have been globally reported (1, Fig. 1). Early stages of infestations with these well-camouflaged AEFWs often manifest as pale ‘bite marks’ (Nosratpour 2008; ESM Table 1). Most recently AEFWs from two US aquaria were described as a new species (Amakusaplana acroporae) within the phylum Platyhelminthes (Rawlinson et al. 2011), which was subsequently found on A. valida in one natural location off Lizard Island, Reef (GBR) (Rawlinson and Stella 2012). The guts and parenchyma of A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Coral reefs, one of the most biodiverse and productive ecosystems in the world,' which supports the idea that coral reefs are indeed highly biodiverse ecosystems that provide habitats for various species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 4 pH: t = 2. 78, P = 0. 005). No significant differences were detected in community structure between the two reduced pH treatments (t = 1. 01, P = 0. 42). Under cooling (i. e. , 9℃), both reduced pH treatments differed to the control and each other (P < 0. 05 in all cases). Differences observed between temperature and pH levels were not caused by differences in dispersion (temperature: F = 0. 69, P = 0. 41; pH: F = 4. 01, P = 0. 05). Table 2 Test statistics for the considering the effect of temperature and pH on community structure after 18 days. Values in bold represent significant P valuesFull size tableFig. 1Hierarchical clustering of communities exposed to three pH conditions at 13°C and 9°C for 18 daysFull size imageDifferences in community structure between temperatures were driven by changes in abundance of the invasive colonial ascidians Botryllus schlosseri and Diplosoma listerianum and the invasive bryozoan Bugula neritina (3). While together these species were responsible for changes in community structure, their individual abundance was not affected by temperature (P > 0. 05 in all cases, Table 3). Table 3 Results of considering the effect of temperature and pH on the percentage cover of species responsible for the dissimilarities between treatments. Values in bold represent significant P valuesFull size tableanalysis showed that the species most responsible for the observed differences between pH treatments at 13℃ were B. schlosseri, D. listerianum, the alien barnacle Amphibalanus venustus, and the native barnacle Notomegabalanus algicola (4). At 9℃ the species most responsible for the dissimilarities were B. schlosseri, N. algicola, B. neritina, an unidentified Spirorbis polychaete and D. listerianum (5). While together these species drove overall changes in community structure, only B. schlosseri and the two barnacles decreased in cover with declining pH (Table 3, Fig. 2). Botryllus schlosseri showed higher abundance under ambient conditions than under the two reduced pH treatments (7. 9 pH vs 7. 6 pH: coefficient = 7. 06, t = 1. 96, P = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how certain invasive species, specifically Botryllus schlosseri and two barnacles, showed decreased cover with declining pH, suggesting that not all species experienced the same level of vulnerability to acidification. While the text notes changes in community structure due to pH treatments, it emphasizes that the individual abundance of the analyzed species was not consistently affected by temperature or pH, implying potential resilience or variability in response among different marine organisms, which opposes the claim that shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Суды Российской Федерации имеют эксклюзивную юрисдикцию в отношении всех споров, возникающих в связи с использованием вами настоящего Сайта. Посещая данный Сайт, Пользователь безоговорочно соглашается подчиниться юрисдикции государственных судов Российской Федерации по месту нахождения Общества. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the jurisdiction of Russian Federation courts regarding disputes related to the use of a website, which has no connection to sea turtles or their navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial intelligence allows robots to learn from their environments and improve their performance over time. [SEP] Text: Inquiry and critical thinking skills for the next generation: from artificial intelligence back to human intelligence access Published: 11 September 2019 Inquiry and critical thinking skills for the next generation: from artificial intelligence back to human intelligence : orcid. org/0000-0002-6270-30731 & Shanshan Ma1 Environments 2016. In the previous year, AlphaGo won in a competition against a professional Go player (Silver et al. 2016). is one of the most challenging games, the wins of AI indicated a breakthrough. Public attention has been further drawn to AI since then, and AlphaGo continues to improve. In 2017, a new version of AlphaGo beat Ke Jie, the current world No. 1 ranking Go player. Clearly AI can manage high levels of complexity. Given many changes and multiple lines of development and implement, it is somewhat difficult to define AI to include all of the changes since the 1980s (Luckin et al. 2016). Many definitions incorporate two dimensions as a starting point: (a) human-like thinking, and (b) rational action (Russell and Norvig 2009). Basically, AI is a term used to label machines (computers) that imitate human cognitive functions such as learning and problem solving, or that manage to deal with complexity as well as human experts. AlphaGo’s wins against human players were seen as a comparison between artificial and human intelligence. One concern is that AI has already surpassed HI; other concerns are that AI will replace humans in some settings or that AI will become uncontrollable (Epstein 2016; Fang et al. 2018). Scholars worry that AI technology in the future might trigger the singularity (Good 1966), a hypothesized future that the development of technology becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in unfathomable changes to human civilization (Vinge 1993). The famous theoretical physicist warned that AI might end mankind, yet the technology he used to communicate involved a basic form of AI (Cellan-Jones 2014). This example highlights one of the basic dilemmas of AI – namely, what are the overall benefits of AI versus its potential drawbacks, and how to move forward given its rapid development? Obviously, basic or controllable AI technologies are not what people are afraid of. Spector et al. 1993distinguished strong AI and weak AI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the capabilities of AI, particularly how it is designed to imitate human cognitive functions such as learning and problem solving. It mentions that AI systems like AlphaGo are capable of managing complexity and improving over time, which supports the idea that artificial intelligence enables robots to learn from their environments and enhance their performance. Additionally, the mention of AlphaGo's victories demonstrates the ability of AI to adapt and refine its strategies based on past experiences, directly aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ocean acidification occurs in colder waters, where gases dissolve more easily. [SEP] Text: : Phytoplankton blooms at increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide: experimental evidence for negative effects on prymnesiophytes and positive on small picoeukaryotes, Front. Mar. Sci. , 4, 1–18, 2017. Segovia, M. , Lorenzo, M. , Maldonado, M. , Larsen, A. , Berger, S. , Tsagaraki, T. , Lázaro, F. , Iñiguez, C. , García-Gómez, C. , Palma, A. , Mausz, M. , Gordillo, F. , Fernández, J. , Ray, J. , and Egge, J. : Iron availability modulates the effects of future CO2 levels within the marine planktonic food web, Mar. Ecol. -Prog. Ser. , 565, 17–33, 2017. Sett, S. , Schulz, K. G. , Bach, L. T. , and Riebesell, U. : Shift towards larger diatoms in a natural phytoplankton assemblage under combined high-CO2 and warming conditions, J. Plankton Res. , 40, 391–406, 2018. Shaik, A. U. R. , Biswas, H. , and Pal, S. : Increased CO2 availability promotes growth of a tropical coastal diatom assemblage (Goa coast, Arabian Sea, India), Diatom Res. , 32, 325–339, 2017. Shen, C. and Hopkinson, B. M. : Size scaling of extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity in centric marine diatoms, J. Phycol. , 51, 255–263, 2015. Smetacek, V. , Klaas, C. , Strass, V. H. , Assmy, P. , Montresor, M. , Cisewski, B. , Savoye, N. , Webb, A. , d'Ovidio, F. , Arrieta, J. M. , Bathmann, U. , Bellerby, R. , Berg, G. M. , Croot, P. , Gonzalez, S. , Henjes, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to phytoplankton and carbon dioxide levels without addressing ocean acidification or its relation to temperature. The lack of mention regarding the dissolution of gases in colder waters means it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Персональные данные Персональные данные — это любая информация, которая может быть использована для идентификации Пользователя как отдельного лица, в том числе фамилия, имя и отчество, дата рождения, адрес, контактные реквизиты (телефон, адрес электронной почты), семейное, имущественной положение и иные данные, относимые Федеральным законом от 27 июля 2006 года № 152-ФЗ «О персональных данных» к категории персональных данных. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses personal data identification and legal categories under Russian law, with no mention of sea turtles or navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Robotic surgery enables doctors to perform precise procedures with minimal invasiveness, improving patient outcomes. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Journal of Surgery 18(1):p 65-71, Jan–Mar 2022. | DOI: 10. 4103/jmas. JMAS_274_19 Abstract Background: Although single-incision robotic cholecystectomy (SIRC) overcomes various limitations of single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC), it is associated with high cost. In this study, we intended to investigate if SIRC is recommendable and advantageous to patients despite its high cost. Materials and Methods: We prospectively collected and analysed data of patients who had undergone either SILC (n = 25) or SIRC (n = 50) for benign gallbladder diseases, with identical inclusion criteria, between November 2017 and February 2019. Results: SILC and SIRC showed similar operative outcomes in terms of intra- and post-operative complications and verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) for pain. However, the SIRC group exhibited significantly longer operation time than the SILC group (83. 2 ± 32. 6 vs. 66. 4 ± 32. 8, P = 0. 002). The SIRC group also showed longer hospital stay (2. 4 ± 0. 7 vs. 2. 2 ± 0. 6, P = 0. 053). Although the SILC and SIRC groups showed no significant difference in VNRS, the SIRC group required a higher amount (126. 0 ± 88. 8 mg vs. 87. 5 ± 79. 7 mg, P = 0. 063) and frequency (3. 0 ± 2. 1 vs. 2. 0 ± 1. 8, P = 0. 033) of intravenous opioid analgesic administration. During surgery, the critical view of safety (CVS), the prerequisite for safe cholecystectomy, was identified in only 24% (n = 6) of patients undergoing SILC and in 100% (n = 50) of patients undergoing SIRC (P < 0. 05). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that single-incision robotic cholecystectomy (SIRC) resulted in a higher rate of successfully identifying the critical view of safety (CVS) during surgery, with 100% of patients undergoing SIRC demonstrating this safety measure, compared to only 24% of patients undergoing single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC). This indicates that robotic surgery can enhance precision in surgical procedures, aligning with the claim's assertion regarding improved patient outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ocean acidification occurs in colder waters, where gases dissolve more easily. [SEP] Text: Disparate acidification and calcium carbonate desaturation of deep and shallow waters of the 2. Current predictive models of that acidification focus on surface waters, and their results argue that deep waters will acidify by downward penetration from the surface. Here we show, with an alternative model, the rapid, near simultaneous, acidification of both surface and deep waters, a prediction supported by current, but limited, saturation data. surface water responds directly by atmospheric CO2 uptake, deeper waters will be influenced strongly by intrusion of mid-depth, pre-acidified, water. With unabated CO2 emissions, surface waters will become undersaturated with respect to aragonite by 2105 AD and could remain so for ∼600 years. In deep waters, the aragonite saturation horizon will rise, reaching the base of the surface mixed layer by 2140 AD and likely remaining there for over a millennium. The survival of aragonite-secreting organisms is consequently threatened on long timescales. Similar content being viewed by others Role of oceanic abiotic carbonate precipitation in future atmospheric CO2 regulation 3. The anthropogenic CO2 causing this warming is also acidifying the oceans4, which will modify the carbonate chemistry of the Arctic Ocean5 and pose a serious threat to CaCO3-producing organisms6,7,8. Ocean is already exhibiting signs of acidification6,7; this will be strengthened on the disappearance of the sea ice3,5,8, which will enable more efficient ocean–atmosphere gas exchange. Figure 1: Map of the Arctic regions and major currents/water flows. IBCAO23 map of the two major deep basins, the and the Eurasian Basin, as separated by the Lomonosov Ridge. Red and yellow arrows indicate schematically Pacific and Atlantic inflow waters, respectively19,20,21,22. White arrows represent major river run-off from continents to the Arctic Ocean19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that current predictive models of ocean acidification focus primarily on surface waters, suggesting that the acidification is not limited to colder waters as implied by the claim. It states, 'surface water responds directly by atmospheric CO2 uptake' and that deeper waters will be influenced by pre-acidified water intrusions. It offers a perspective that both surface and deep waters are experiencing rapid acidification, which challenges the assertion that the majority occurs in colder waters.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Если во время посещения Сайта Пользователь оставляет на нем свои персональные данные (фамилия, имя, отчество, номер телефона, адрес электронной почты и адрес места жительства и/или места пребывания), заполняет бланк заказа, или предоставляет Обществу другие сведения, такие персональные данные могут быть собраны и использованы для предоставления Пользователю продуктов или услуг, выставления счетов за заказанные продукты или услуги, для продажи продуктов и услуг или для об� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. Instead, it discusses the collection and use of personal data on a website, which has no connection to the behavior or navigation of sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Robotic surgery enables doctors to perform precise procedures with minimal invasiveness, improving patient outcomes. [SEP] Text: Conclusion: We conclude that although SILC and SIRC have similar operative outcomes, SIRC is advantageous over SILC because of its potential to markedly enhance the safety of patients by proficiently acquiring CVS. -incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) has drawn much attention and interest since its introduction. However, a recent meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies of SILC (5141 patients) concluded that although SILC offers a better cosmetic outcome and reduction of pain, it also leads to a high rate of adverse events, such as an incisional hernia. [1] The authors recommended that the application of SILC should be reconsidered with the existing technology. In another meta-analysis of 2626 patients, the authors concluded that the rate of bile duct injury (BDI) was significantly higher in SILC than in multiport laparoscopic cholecystectomy (0. 72% vs. 0. 50%). [2] It appears that SILC has unfavourable results, possibly because of difficulties in securing the “critical view of safety (CVS)” during cholecystectomy due to parallel instrument alignment and loss of triangular retraction. [23] Despite the lack of outstanding benefits of SILC, many patients, especially young women, still prefer to undergo the procedure, mostly due to improved cosmesis. In recent decades, the robotic surgical system, representatively the (Inc. , ), has been introduced to maximise the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. Single-incision robotic cholecystectomy (SIRC) is more expensive than SILC, making SIRC less accessible than SILC. However, robotic surgery has several advantages over conventional laparoscopic surgery, especially when applied to single-incision surgery, in terms of facilitating optimised handling of instruments, providing widened and three-dimensional vision of the operative field, and operator-driven handling of the camera, enabling hand-eye coordination. In this study, we intended to investigate whether SIRC is recommendable and advantageous to patients in spite of its high cost. Our hypothesis for this study is that although SIRC offers similar operative and post-operative outcomes as would considerably lower the risk of possible complications by providing a safer and more comfortable environment for single-incision surgery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that robotic surgery, particularly through single-incision robotic cholecystectomy (SIRC), has advantages over conventional laparoscopic surgery. It describes how robotic surgery facilitates optimized handling of instruments, provides a three-dimensional view of the operative field, and improves hand-eye coordination. These aspects imply a higher precision in procedures and the potential for better patient outcomes, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ocean acidification occurs in colder waters, where gases dissolve more easily. [SEP] Text: Full size imagePre-industrial waters of the deep Arctic basins were largely supersaturated9 with respect to aragonite and calcite (the two most common CaCO3 polymorphs in the marine environment), due to modest metabolic CO2 production in these waters from low rates of organic matter re-mineralization10,11; nevertheless, decreasing deep-water CaCO3 saturation states and undersaturation with respect to aragonite (the more soluble of the two CaCO3 polymorphs) now occur11—also see data below. Considering the potential consequences of these changes to this major, but vulnerable, marine eco-system, it is paramount to be able to predict accurately the future evolution of the carbonate system of the Arctic Ocean. To do so, our knowledge should include the means by which Arctic waters will acidify and the duration of those conditions. Models for the carbonate system of the Arctic Ocean, particularly its deep waters, are, however, surprisingly scarce3,12,13,14. Yamamoto et al. 3 examined surface water pH conditions to the year 2100, but they did not address acidification of the deep waters. Steinacher et al. 13 and Frölicher and Joos14 predict, using a three-dimensional (3D) circulation-biogeochemical model that, under two reasonable CO2 emission scenarios, acidification will spread into the deeper waters from initially acidified surface waters. Arctic acidification is, however, likely to be different than pictured by these latter models. Data presented by Miller et al. 11 and also calculated from Key et al. 15,16 (see below) indicate the recent development and expansion of aragonite undersaturation in deep water, a phenomenon not featured in the predictions made in Frölicher and Joos14. In addition, work by Bates et al. 17 and Cai et al. 18 questions if surface Arctic waters can act as a continuous source of CO2 for acidification of the deep waters. Furthermore, the results in Steinacher et al. 13 and Frölicher and Joos14 appear somewhat inconsistent with the known circulation in the Arctic Ocean19,20,21,22 (Fig. 1). Specifically, water (yellow arrows) enters the at intermediate depth, mostly between ∼300 and ∼600 m, via the and the East side of the Fram Strait, with half returning to the Atlantic through the West side of the Fram Strait. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex dynamics of acidification in Arctic waters, including that deep water undersaturation with respect to aragonite is developing, which suggests that the situation may not align with the claim that the majority occurs in colder waters. The discussions about CO2 production and the predictions on how acidification will spread into deep waters imply there are more factors at play, thus not directly supporting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: �ения в иных целях. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not provide any information related to sea turtles or their navigation methods. The content appears to be nonsensical and does not address the subject matter of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Robotic surgery enables doctors to perform precise procedures with minimal invasiveness, improving patient outcomes. [SEP] Text: The peritoneum was entered through a 1. 5–2. 0 cm vertical transumbilical incision. A (Meditech, Seoul, South Korea) was inserted through the peritoneal opening, and the abdominal cavity was insufflated with CO2up to an abdominal pressure of 12 mmHg. An assistant helped acquire operative vision by elevating the fundus of the gallbladder using a grasper. Subsequently, the primary surgeon dissected the Calot's triangle to identify the cystic artery and duct, with one hand holding a grasper and the other, a monopolar hook or a harmonic scalpel (Ethicon, Cincinnati, Ohio). The clearly identified cystic artery and duct were then clipped with a 5-mm EndoClip () and then divided with endo-scissors. The gallbladder was completely detached from the gallbladder fossa with a hook electrocautery device. After placing the detached gallbladder into the retrieval bag, it was extracted from the abdomen through the umbilical port. The fascia and subcutaneous tissue at the umbilical trocar site were closed separately using 2-0 and 4-0 Vicryl sutures, respectively. Single-incision robotic cholecystectomy Similar to SILC, an identical single port (Port A) was inserted through the transumbilical incision, and the abdominal cavity was insufflated up to 12 mmHg with CO2. Through the single port, we inserted a 12-mm trocar for the camera and two 8-mm trocars for a Cadiere grasper and a monopolar hook. grasper and the monopolar hook were used in the 1stand 2ndarms of the robot as the surgeon's right- and left-hand instruments. An assistant helped acquire operative vision by elevating the fundus of the gallbladder using an additional grasper entered through the single port. The operation begins with the acquisition of the CVS using the surgeon's right- and left-hand instruments. The following procedure is almost similar to conventional cholecystectomy. Post-operative management Immediately after closing the fascial layer, the umbilical wound was infiltrated with 10 mg of 0. 5% bupivacaine. A verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) was utilised in measuring acute pain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a robotic surgical procedure (single-incision robotic cholecystectomy) that utilizes a small incision to access the abdominal cavity, which aligns with the idea of minimal invasiveness. It describes the precision involved in the operation, including the use of specific instruments (graspers and monopolar hook) and techniques for identifying and manipulating anatomical structures, which supports the assertion that robotic surgery enhances surgical precision and could lead to better patient outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ocean acidification occurs in colder waters, where gases dissolve more easily. [SEP] Text: The likelihood that the ecology of deep-water carbonate-secreting organisms could withstand that length of stress and remain unchanged is decidedly slight32. In conclusion, our investigation of future Arctic acidification-desaturation reveals that both the Amerasian and will experience severe undersaturation with respect to aragonite and that acidification of the surface and intermediate/deep waters will be driven by the atmosphere and intermediate-depth water inputs, respectively. Thus, our results reiterate the pressing need to fully apprehend the role of inter-oceanic flows in changing the carbonate chemistry of the Arctic Ocean. In addition, once established, aragonite undersaturation will persist for up to 500 years in surface waters (Fig. 3) and several millennia in deep and intermediate waters (Fig. 5), conditions that constitute a threat to the survival of Arctic calcifying organisms at all depths. MethodsRationale for a box modelWhy did we use a box model rather than a 3D ocean-circulation-biogeochemical model? We thought it prudent to address this point explicitly. The model used yields results for the carbonate system that are very similar to 3D models for the Atlantic–Indian–system21. Why does a box model do as well as 3D models? Because the gradients, both vertical and horizontal, of ∑CO2 and CA are small within the oceans, including the Arctic15,16. 1 and 2 provide evidence of the small gradients in the carbonate variables in the Arctic. For example, below 200 m, the ∑CO2 changes presently from about 2,135 to 2,165 mM in going from the mid to the mid Amerasian Basin, a distance of about 2000, km. Thus over 2,000 km, the change is only 1. 3%. As to the future, our model output indicates that the gradients will remain of this order. If the gradients are weak, the spatial resolution provided by 3D models is not necessary to answer the type of questions we present in our paper. In addition, 3D-biogeochemical ocean models are notoriously difficult to integrate very far into the future, and box models do not suffer from that problem. pH scale differencesOur initial dissolved inorganic carbon and CA concentrations are slightly different than those in Yamamoto et al. 3, resulting in moderately higher surface water pH (NBS), that is, 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how acidification is expected to impact both surface and deeper waters, particularly emphasizing conditions in the Arctic Ocean. It states that Arctic acidification-desaturation will result in severe undersaturation with respect to aragonite, suggesting a significant impact from atmospheric inputs rather than solely temperature effects related to colder waters. The complexity of the carbonate chemistry and the persistence of undersaturation for extended periods highlight processes beyond just gas solubility in colder waters, indicating that acidification issues are not restricted to those areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Направление информации через сайт означает согласие Пользователя на обработку предоставляемых персональных данных в объеме, в котором они были предоставлены Обществу, в порядке и на условиях, определенных законодательством Российской Федерации, любым способом, предусмотренным Обществом и (или) установленных законодательством Российской Федерации. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses user agreement regarding personal data processing in accordance with Russian legislation and does not mention sea turtles or navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Robotic surgery enables doctors to perform precise procedures with minimal invasiveness, improving patient outcomes. [SEP] Text: [9] reported that the SIRC group showed significantly lower VAS scores than the SILC group and Gustafson et al. [10] reported that the SIRC group required a longer duration of narcotic usage. We think that post-operative pain following SIRC may be different due to the surgeon's experience, criteria of opioid administration and the type of transumbilical port. Chiu et al. [11] reported reduced post-operative pain following robotic total hysterectomy, and attributed the possible mechanism to the reduced chance of using the abdominal wall for leverage because the robotic arms pivot at the port sites and rotate around a fixed remote centre-of-motion, thereby decreasing mechanical injury at the abdominal wall. BDIs cause long-lasting morbidity and can occasionally be fatal. BDIs requiring reconstruction are estimated to be five times more frequent during laparoscopic procedures in comparison to open surgery. [12] Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has incidences of BDIs requiring reconstruction five times higher than open surgery. [13] CVS refers to a clear view of the cystic duct, common bile duct and liver during dissection. [14] Achievement of the CVS has been advocated for preventing BDIs during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. [14] Nijssen et al. [15] analysed 1108 consecutive patients who had undergone a laparoscopic cholecystectomy and reported that although CVS was achieved in 72% of control patients, it was achieved in only 10. 8% of complicated patients. There are three prerequisites for achieving CVS. The first is the acquisition of a clear vision of Calot's triangle, minimising surrounding fat or fibrous tissue, and a 360° view of the cystic duct, as well. [16] The second is the dissection of the lowest third of the gallbladder from the liver bed. The third is the identification of only two structures entering the gallbladder: the cystic duct and cystic artery. [1417] However, SILC provides only restrictive resources for the acquisition of CVS, rendering the operative process very vulnerable to accidental biliary and vascular injuries due to uncommon variations of anatomy, bleeding and unclear anatomy. Specifically, during SILC, triangulation between the camera and the working ports is lost. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of robotic surgery in reducing post-operative pain compared to laparoscopic procedures. It highlights that robotic arms can pivot at the port sites, which decreases mechanical injury at the abdominal wall. This feature of robotic surgery suggests that it allows for more precise procedures with less invasiveness, aligning with the claim about improving patient outcomes.