Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Bar graphs showing the dynamic (E) and stable (F) Lifeact-EGFP fractions in robo2+/+ vs robo2-/- neurohypophyseal synapses (*p<0. 05 Student’s t-test; with Cohen’s d = 0. 67). Error bars indicate SEM in (D–F). Figure 4—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 4: Actin dynamics in neurohypophyseal synapses. The excel sheet includes values for FRAP data of neurohypophyseal synaptic Lifeact-EGFP in robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/- larvae. The full-scale normalized values, dynamic and stable fraction generated from Easy-Frap software are shown. Download elife-45650-fig4-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Slit3-Robo2 signaling regulates synaptic OXT levels. (A–E) Assessment of synaptic oxytocin content in robo2 mutant was performed as described in Figure 1F. Graph showing the number and size of neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) (A,B) and colocalizing OXT puncta (C,D) and the number of neurohypophyseal projecting axons (E) in 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) robo2+/+ (n = 13) vs robo2-/- (n = 17) larvae (*p<0. 05 Student’s t-test with Cohen's d = 0. 82; ns denotes not significant). (F–J) Assessment of synaptic oxytocin content upon slit3 knock-down. Transgenic (oxt:EGFP) embryos were injected with injection buffer or injection buffer with 0. 85 ng of morpholino targeted to the translational start site of slit3. Graph showing the number and size of NS (F,G) and colocalizing OXT puncta (H,I) and the number of neurohypophyseal projecting axons (J) in 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) control (n = 15) vs slit3 morpholino injected (n = 14) larvae (**p<0. 05 with Cohen’s d = 1. 23; ns denotes not significant, Student’s t-test). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the dynamics of neurohypophyseal synapses and synaptic oxytocin content in relation to genetic factors in larvae, without any mention of willow bark, pain relief, or salicylic acid.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: On the one hand, it is important to reduce the fermentation costs by maximizing the yield and productivity. It is essential for the economical viability of the processes to optimize the culture conditions and enhance the fermentation capacity by strain engineering. On the other hand, it is recommended to lower the cost of the substrates present in the culture media. In this regard, glucans are the most abundant polymer in plant biomass, with cellulose as the major structural component and starch as the major energy reserve [3]. Starch is a polymer of glucose formed by amylopectin (α-1,4-d-glucopyranose chains with α-1,6 branching points) and amylose chain helix (α-1,4-linked d-glucopyranose units). It is an import food and feed source and a preferred substrate for the production of many industrial products. In fact, the use of starch to produce biofuels, such as bioethanol, is already a consolidated technology [4]. The general process in the industrial fermentations begins with the obtaining of the starch slurry after milling the raw starch. The starch slurry will be used as a substrate for liquefaction at high temperature where thermostable alpha-amylases are added to the mixture to produce oligosaccharides. Thereafter, the broth is cooled down and glucoamylases are added to release glucose and maltose in the saccharification process. Finally, the glucose-enriched mixture is used for the fermentation. Usually, saccharification and fermentation steps take place together in the so-called simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). A cost-effective procedure requires the consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) by a single organism that accomplishes liquefaction, hydrolysis and fermentation. Unfortunately, often those organisms able to degrade raw starch are not good enough in the fermentation of the desired product. An illustrative example is the case of ethanol production where over 150 amylolytic yeast strains have been reported to be impractical in industrial use because of limited characteristics [5]. The alternative proposed approach was to convert Saccharomyces cerevisiae into amylolytic yeast. Therefore, many different amylases have been expressed in baker yeast to make it able to produce ethanol from starch in CBP manner [3, 6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that through strain engineering, yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be modified to produce ethanol from starch in a consolidated bioprocessing manner. It discusses the conversion of yeast to amylolytic yeast, which shows the potential of bioengineered yeast to enhance fermentation of substrates derived from sugars, aligning with the claim about producing biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: At the extreme end, the fear that melt may make ice cores from some sites unusable has motivated the Initiative (Ginot et al. , 2021). Among (sub-)polar ice-core researchers, increasing temperatures have sparked interest in drivers of snowmelt and firn hydrology in the Arctic and Antarctic, where the firn is generally cold even though melting may occur. For example, in Greenland, the extensive melt event in 2012 (Nghiem et al. , 2012) was followed up by record melt in 2019 (Tedesco and Fettweis, 2020), and rain-driven melt reached in August 2021 (Box et al. , 2022). The increase in Greenland ice sheet melting (IPCC, 2019) and rainfall (Niwano et al. , 2021) is expected to continue in a warming climate. Even in Antarctica, recent melt events (Nicolas et al. , 2017) have raised concerns about a reduction in firn refreezing capacity, potential hydro-fracturing, and ice shelf instability (Bell et al. , 2017; Gilbert and Kittel, 2021; et al. , 2014b; Wille et al. , 2019). Surface melt events are rare in Antarctica and mostly restricted to the (et al. , 2016), coasts (Nicolas et al. , 2017), low-elevation sites (Thomas et al. , 2021), and ice shelves (Zou et al. , 2021; Banwell et al. , 2021). However, those regions are the most sensitive to climate change, and assessing the frequency and characteristics of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic melt events is crucial for constraining the (surface) mass balance of Antarctica and future sea level rise at large. In addition, the amplified warming of the polar regions is expected to continue and even accelerate depending on the greenhouse gas concentration trajectories in the next few decades (Trusel et al. , 2015). Though total surface melting seems to have decreased slightly in the in the first 2 decades of the 21st century, winter melt events are becoming more frequent (Zheng et al. , 2020), and the global temperature rise leading to melt will affect a growing number of alpine to polar ice-core drilling locations, more frequently, with larger intensity, and at higher elevation further inland (Gilbert and Kittel, 2021; Nicolas et al. , 2017; Clem et al. , 2020; Winski et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing multiple instances of significant melt events in both Greenland and Antarctica. It discusses increasing temperatures, record melt years such as 2012 and 2019, and the ongoing concern about melt and its consequences, as well as future expectations related to climate warming. Phrases like 'the increase in Greenland ice sheet melting is expected to continue' and 'amplified warming of the polar regions is expected to continue and even accelerate' directly contradict the notion that it is impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (K) Hypophyseal POMC cells are localized near OXT synapses. Confocal Z-stacks maximum intensity projection of hypophysis region of 5 day old triple transgenic (pomc:EGFP; oxt:Gal4; UAS:NTR-mCherry). The hypophysis area showing OXT NS adjacent to anterior and posterior clusters of POMC cells are shown. Scale: 10 μM. (L–R) Local overexpression in mosaic hypophyseal POMC clones located. Transgenic embryos expressing the pomc:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:tRFP (M,P) or UAS: Slit3-EmGFP (N,Q). The injected 5-dpf larvae were subjected to immunostaining with anti-OXT protein and anti-GFP. OXT-puncta (arrows) within a distance of 2 μM (yellow dashed ellipse) from the clone surface were quantified. Scale bar: 2 µm. Bar graphs showing the mean volume of OXT puncta upon expression of tRFP vs Slit3 in hypophyseal POMC anterior (n = 15 and 18, respectively) or posterior clone (n = 10 and 10, respectively) position (*p<0. 05 Student’s t-test with Cohen’s d = 1. 14). Error bars indicate SEM in (A-J, O and R). Figure 5—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 5: Neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters upon gain- or loss-of function of slit3 or robo2. The excel sheet includes values for number and volume of neurohypophyseal synapses and OXT puncta from confocal imaging of larval neurohypophysis of multiple experiments namely: 1) robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/- 2) Mock vs morpholino-injected embryos 3) Mosaic transgenesis experiments by hypophyseal expression of tRFP vs slit3. Download elife-45650-fig5-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 6 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT dynamics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental data related to hypophyseal POMC cells, OXT synapses, and synaptic dynamics, which has no connection to the historical use of willow bark for pain relief or its salicylic acid content.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The combination of α-amylases and glucoamylases has been considered as minimum requirement for the complete hydrolysis of raw starch [6]. Yarrowia lipolytica is well-known oleaginous organism proven suitable for many different industrial processes. It is a safe organism [7] widely used to produce food grade products such as organic acids, polyalcohols, aromas, emulsifiers, surfactants and proteins [8]. Moreover, during the last years it has been a model organism for biofuel production, especially for those derived from fatty acids [9–11]. Additionally, Y. lipolytica is suitable for metabolic engineering approaches since there is a wide range of molecular tools to manipulate it [12, 13], a well-curated genome available [14], its metabolism has been studied in detail and two genome scale metabolic model exist [15, 16]. Additionally, several works have analyzed it from a systems biology point of view using different omics data (metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and fluxomics) [17–20], which all together enable systems metabolic engineering of this organism. So far, metabolic engineering has already boosted lipid production in this yeast. Different target genes for overexpressions and deletions have been identified and manipulated to increase total fatty acid content. As an example, our group found that blocking beta-oxidation by deletion of the six POX genes [21] or the MFE gene [22] and overexpression of enzymes leading to TAG production, such as DGA2 [23] and GPD1 [22], enhanced lipid production. Recently a modified strain was able to reach a very high carbon to lipid conversion yield (84. 7 % of theoretical maximal yield) and very high lipid titers (~55 g/L) under optimized conditions, supporting the feasibility of Y. lipolytica to produce biodiesel [24]. Nonetheless, as discussed above, it is preferred to use inexpensive raw materials such as starch or lignocelluloses instead of glucose as carbon sources in the fermentations. Unfortunately, Y. lipolytica is not able to degrade either cellulose or starch. A recent work by Wei et al. [25] has modified this oleaginous organism by the heterologous expression of cellulases to make it able to utilize cellulosic substrates. However, no work has yet reported the use of starch by Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how Yarrowia lipolytica, a bioengineered yeast, has been effectively used in industrial processes, particularly for biofuel production from fatty acids. The passage explains that with metabolic engineering, this yeast has shown enhanced lipid production and can achieve high carbon to lipid conversion yields, indicating its potential in biofuel generation. This evidence aligns with the claim that bioengineered yeast can be tailored for producing biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: , 2018). Bridging the gap between alpine expertise on how to handle melt in ice cores and less melt-acquainted polar ice-core scientists is urgently needed, because understanding the drivers of recent climate changes, in particular increased melt and melt-driven changes in Antarctic mass balance, is paramount. With increasing interest in the role of sea ice (Thomas et al. , 2019), atmospheric circulation (Wille et al. , 2019), and tropical teleconnections (Nicolas et al. , 2017), the research field is increasingly looking to the fringes of the Antarctic ice sheet. The demand for (sub-)polar ice-core profiles from low-elevation, coastal and island regions means that effects of melt on ice-climate proxy records cannot always be avoided. The polar ice-core community urgently needs to prepare for ice-core science under warming conditions. It is the aim of this review to bring together insights from snow physics, firn hydrology, and ice-core proxy research in order to present the status quo on the influence of melt on ice proxy preservation and subsequently make suggestions for future projects in melt-prone study regions. This paper provides a detailed literature review regarding external drivers of melt events (Sect. 2. 1); physics of melt layer formation and behaviour during snow metamorphism (Sect. 2. 2); identification and quantification of melt (Sect. 2. 3); structural characteristics of melt features (Sect. 3. 1); effects of melting on records of chemical impurities, i. e. major ions, trace elements, black carbon (BC), and organic species (Sect. 3. 2), stable water isotopic signatures (Sect. 3. 3), and the gas record (Sect. 3. 4); and applications of melt layers as environmental proxies (Sect. 3. 5). Here, we review the formation, manifestation, and interpretation of melt chronologically and focus on those aspects of near-surface melting, which are important for ice-core research. Englacial or basal melt phenomena as well as glacier-wide melt assessment based on remote sensing are beyond the scope of this study. Finally, this study aims to learn from alpine ice-core scientists and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding among polar researchers of the limitations and potential of melt features in ice cores. 2 From melting to melt-affected ice cores 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the increasing melt of the polar ice caps, describing the urgent need for research on the effects of climate change and melt-driven changes in Antarctic mass balance. It highlights that the polar ice-core community is preparing for scientific inquiry under warming conditions, indicating that melt is not only occurring but is significant enough to warrant a comprehensive understanding and research focus. This information stands in opposition to the claim that complete melting is impossible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (A) Schematic of novel transgenic OXT tool Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT), in which oxt promoter drives expression of Oxytocin precursor protein with an internally-tagged EGFP at the C-terminus of the signal peptide. (B) Validation of OXT-fusion EGFP protein expression by Western blot analysis. Pituitary protein extracts from adult Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT), TL (control) and Tg(oxt:EGFP) zebrafish were immunoblotted using anti-GFP. (C) Validation of OXT-fusion EGFP protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Confocal Z-stack images of the neurohypophyseal area of 5-dpf transgenic Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) larvae. Larvae were stained using anti-GFP, anti-OXT and anti-neurophysin antibodies. Scale bar: 5 µm. (D–E) Assessment of endogenous vs OXT-fusion EGFP protein localization and packaging by super-resolution microscopy. -stack images of the endogenous synaptic OXT (D) in comparison to OXT-EGFP fusion in transgenic Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) larvae (E). five dpf larvae were stained with either anti-OXT (D) or anti-GFP (E) antibodies and visualized by STORM as described in the Method section. The right panels D’ and E’ show magnifications of the represented areas outlined in D) and E) Scale bars: 1 µm. Color code indicates Z-axis depth. (F) Spatial relationship between F-actin and OXT-fusion EGFP neuropeptide in hypophysis. Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) embryos expressing the OXT-fusion were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors Tg(oxt:Gal4) and Tg(UAS:mCherry-Utrophin-CH) expression cassettes. Confocal Z-stack images of the neurohypophyseal area of 5-dpf transgenic larvae (F). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the expression and validation of OXT-fusion EGFP protein in transgenic zebrafish models. It does not provide any information related to willow bark, its historical use, or its salicylic acid content.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: lipolytica. Nonetheless, two alpha-amylases—one of the enzymes required for degrading starch—have been expressed in this host [26, 27]. The aim of these works was protein expression and purification only and there are no reports about the capacity of these strains to grow on raw starch. Here, we engineer Y. lipolytica to consume starch and produce lipids. For this purpose, we expressed two heterologous enzymes, one alpha-amylase and one glucoamylase from rice and Aspergillus, respectively. On the one hand, we chose alpha-amylase from rice since it has been previously expressed and secreted successfully in Y. lipolytica [27] and, on the other hand, we chose glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger which is widely used by the industry [28]. Both enzymes were successfully secreted to the medium in an active form. Therefore, the strain overexpressing both proteins was able to grow on starch as sole carbon source. To enhance lipid production from starch, we introduced these two genes into a previously engineered strain with increased fatty acid synthesis capacity and blocked for beta-oxidation. The final strain was able to produce high amounts of lipids from starch. To prove the feasibility of the consolidated bioprocess, we grow our engineered strain in industrial raw starch and evaluate lipid production and composition. Additionally, a second copy of each gene further boosted total lipid production showing besides a fatty acid profile suitable for a biodiesel. Results and discussionThe heterologous expression of alpha-amylase from Oryza sativa makes Y. lipolytica able to degrade starchα-Amylase is one of the two minimal activities required to completely degrade raw starch [6]. In this work, we overexpressed and secreted the α-amylase of Oryza sativa in Y. lipolytica strain JMY5077, which has been previously actively produced in this yeast [27]. Contrary to Park et al. [27], we expressed a codon-optimized α-amylase gene under the control of the strong and constitutive TEF promoter [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica to consume starch and produce lipids. It details the heterologous expression of selected enzymes, which enables the yeast strain to degrade starch and enhance lipid production, demonstrating the yeast's utility in biofuel production from sugar sources such as starch.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: 1 Drivers of melt Generally, melting takes place whenever sufficient energy is available to cause a phase change from ice to water. The components of this surface energy balance (SEB) contributing to this surplus can be expressed as shown in the following equation Eq. 1: (1) M = SW ↓ - SW ↑ + LW ↓ - LW ↑ + H + L + R + G where M denotes the energy available for heating ice at sub-zero temperatures or melting temperate ice, SW refers to incoming (↓) and outgoing (↑) shortwave radiation, LW is longwave radiation, turbulent fluxes comprise sensible heat flux (H) and latent heat flux of water vapour (L), R is the sensible energy supplied by rain, and G is the ground heat flux. Numerous studies have assessed the surface energy balance and how to model the underlying processes (Hock, 2005). Here, we focus on the environmental context of the SEB, because each component of the SEB is driven by global-to-local meteorological forcing (Kinnard et al. , 2008) and its interactions with the surface and subsurface properties of the glacier (Fig. 2). Figure 2Schematic overview of the diverse, external drivers and constraints of near-surface snowmelt discussed in Sect. 2. 1, including global to local meteorological forcing, regional orography, surface conditions, and subsurface characteristics. air temperatures are the primary, non-linearly related trigger of melt and a well-established, integrated proxy for melt intensity (Abram et al. , 2013; Hock, 2003; Bell et al. , 2018). Warm air can be linked to various components of the SEB. Melt rates of up to 4 mm water equivalent (w. e. ) per day have been recorded on the Peninsula and attributed to warm air advection in combination with foehn wind effects (Broeke, 2005). Warm air advection is shaped by synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation patterns like high-pressure blockages, which facilitate moist–warm air intrusions (e. g. the 2019). Similar importance of atmospheric blocking has been observed for Greenland melt (Hanna et al. , 2013, 2014; McLeod and Mote, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how melting occurs when sufficient energy is available, indicating that various factors such as warm air advection and atmospheric circulation can lead to significant melting of ice. The explanation of energy balance and the historical context provided suggests that complete melting of polar ice caps is not only possible but has been observed, contradicting the assertion of impossibility.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Maginification showing the EGFP-positive synapses and Utrophin-labeled mCherry-positive F-actin in the synapse (F’). Scale bars: 1 µm. (G,H) Real-time monitoring of synaptic oxytocin vesicle dynamics in live transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) larvae. Schemata of the experimental design (G): six dpf larvae were mounted dorsally in low-melt agarose gel, submerged in E3 embryo buffer and imaged using multi-photon microscopy. Neurohypophyseal synapses containing OXT-EGFP vesicles were photobleached and the fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP) over time was monitored. The fluorescent recovery occurs due to the dynamic exchange of mobile and unbleached OXT-EGFP vesicles from neighboring en passant synapses over time (t = 1–5 min). The brightness and contrast of the images were increased to visualize the individual pixels (H). Scale bar: 200 nm. (I) Graph showing neuropeptide accumulation (normalized FRAP curves) of OXT-EGFP in neurohypophyseal synapses in 6-dpf robo2+/+ (n = 9 larvae) vs robo2-/- (n = 6 larvae) (***p<2. 76e-05) for genotypeXtime interaction effect in a linear mixed effects model to account for inter-synapse and inter-genotype variability (see Materials and methods). Neuropeptide accumulation represents full scale normalized data to account for differences in synaptic OXT-EGFP fluorescence, that is fluorescent values upon photobleaching were normalized to zero. Error bars indicate SEM. Figure 6—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 6: OXT-EGFP dynamics in neurohypophyseal synapses. The excel sheet includes values for FRAP data of neurohypophyseal synaptic OXT-EGFP in robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/- larvae. The full-scale normalized values generated from Easy-Frap software are shown. Download elife-45650-fig6-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Specificity of antibodies to oxytocin and neurophysin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses synaptic dynamics and the fluorescence recovery of oxytocin vesicles in a transgenic model. There is no mention of willow bark, pain relief, or salicylic acid, making it unrelated to the historical use of willow bark.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae using starch as sole carbon source are based in the single heterologous expression of glucoamylase [31–33]. Also, the production of glucoamylase from Aspergillus was essential in the saccharification step prior to a fermentation to produce lipids using Lipomyces starkeyi [34]. Glucoamylase was expressed in Y. lipolytica wild-type strain (Po1d) generating the strain JMY5083. Glucoamylase signal sequence was replaced by the targeting sequence of Lip2 and its expression was controlled by the promoter TEF (Additional file 1: Table S1). As expected, the modified strain of Y. lipolytica showed smaller clear zones around the colonies comparing to the α-amylase expression on YPD plates containing starch (Fig. 1c). This is due to the fact that iodine staining decreased with the length of the amylase chain and therefore it is preferentially used for identifying alpha-amylase activity, which release shorter chains of amylase. Nonetheless, if glucoamylase activity is very high this can also show clarification zones, as we observed [35]. A band corresponding to the expected size of the protein, 68. 2 kDa, was found in the supernatant of the culture of the engineered strain in glucose-based media (Fig. 2), proving efficient expression and secretion of the Aspergillus enzyme in Yarrowia. Interestingly, growth of the glucoamylase expressing strain was similar in a media containing soluble starch (SS) (Fig. 3) and in media containing glucose as sole carbon source, thus indicating an efficient release of glucose units by the active glucoamylase. Nonetheless, this strain was unable to grow in raw starch medium (RS). This result may be explained due to a lack of α-amylase activity (Fig. 4) which may be required to facilitate the accessibility of the glucoamylase to this substrate [36]. Y. lipolytica co-expressing alpha-amylase and glucoamylase produces lipids from starchWe showed that Y. lipolytica expressing α-amylase is able to clarify raw starch and how the strain expressing glucoamylase can release enough glucose from soluble starch to permit growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of engineered strains of Yarrowia lipolytica for producing lipids from starch and the efficacy of glucoamylase in releasing glucose from starch media. This process demonstrates that bioengineered yeast can be optimized for high yields of biofuels from sugars, indicating the potential of such biotechnology in fuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Linear-shaped air intrusions are often referred to as “atmospheric rivers” and correlate highly with melt production in both Greenland and Antarctica (Neff, 2018; Wille et al. , 2019). The association is especially strong in Antarctica during winter (Wille et al. , 2019) and, for example, an atmospheric river is considered responsible for the observed extensive melt in in 2016 (Wille et al. , 2019). The atmospheric forcing of melt events also includes near-surface winds (Cullather and Nowicki, 2018). Foehn events are characterised by clear-sky shortwave radiation together with advection of warm, dry air and occur episodically through gravity winds on the lee slopes of mountain ranges like the (Elvidge and Renfrew, 2016). These foehn winds are coupled to the position and strength of the circumpolar westerly wind belt (Datta et al. , 2019) and can lead to spatially inhomogeneous melt events (Bell et al. , 2018). Melting can also be caused by the “blanketing effect” of a cloud cover (Cullather and Nowicki, 2018; Hahn et al. , 2020; Scott et al. , 2019), which increases the downwelling longwave radiation balance. In this regard, the altitude and phase type of the clouds prevailing at the site play a key role in the net radiation effect. Low-altitude, mixed-phase clouds warm the glacier surface and vice versa. Such meteorological constellations in the Antarctic are dynamically tied to the climate of the tropics (Winski et al. , 2018). When examining melt in ice cores, even such long-distance teleconnections should be taken into account. For example, the strength and position of the Low (ASL) are coupled to tropical climate through the El Niño–(ENSO) teleconnection, and summer melt in has been linked to strong El Niño (Nicolas et al. , 2017; Wille et al. , 2019). In addition to the meteorological and climatological drivers of melt events, the regional-to-local shape of an ice body determine its melt response. As the lateral and vertical extents of an ice sheet affect the trajectories of air masses circulating around it, ice sheet geometry is to be considered a factor in melt occurrence (Das and Alley, 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing various mechanisms and evidence that contribute to the melting of the polar ice caps. It mentions atmospheric rivers, foehn winds, and their climatic interactions, indicating that multiple factors can lead to significant melt events in regions like Greenland and Antarctica. This suggests that complete melting is not only possible but is influenced by measurable environmental factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (A) Schema of protein coded by oxt gene. Antibodies anti-OXT and PS45 were targeted to processed OXT and neurophysin respectively. SP denotes signal peptide, arrow indicates cleavage site. Validation of the EGFP-OXT fusion protein is shown in Figure 3H. (B–F) Confocal Z-stack images showing Fluorescent in situ hybdridization (FISH) of 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae using probes for avp (B) or oxt (C) mRNA (red), followed by PS45 staining. The neurosecretory preoptic (NPO) area in which oxytocin neurons were labeled is shown. Confocal maximum intensity projection (MIP) images showing immunostaining of 5-dpf old transgenic Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae using antibodies directed against GFP and neurophysin (NP). The whole neurohypophyseal tract (D) and the hypophyseal projections (E) are shown. Scale: 10 μM. Figure 6—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional render showing STORM images of endogenous OXT in neurohypophyseal synapses of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) old zebrafish larvae. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT levels via Cdc42. (A,B) Assessment of the effect of Oxytocin neuron-specific overexpression of actin-regulating protein Cdc42 in Tg(oxt:Gal4) larvae. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxt:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP or UAS:Cdc42(T17N)-EGFP. Larvae were fixed at 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) and immunostained with anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and neurohypophyseal synapse (NS) were identified as described earlier. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) reveals mosaic labeling of hypophyseal projecting axons (B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses molecular biology and protein expression related to the oxt gene and oxytocin neurons without any mention of willow bark or its historical use for pain relief. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, the single expression of one of the amylases is not enough to make Yarrowia able to use raw starch as carbon source. Therefore, we decided to combine the two enzymes in the same strain. In addition, synergistic effects have been found in the co-expression of both enzymes as well as higher titers in biomass and ethanol production from starch in baker yeast [37–39]. As expected, the constructed strain expressing both enzymes, JMY5017, was able to generate clear halos when growing in YPD containing starch (Fig. 1d), indicating α-amylase activity. Additionally, we found bands corresponding to the expected size of both proteins in the supernatant of a glucose-based culture, suggesting their expression and secretion (Fig. 2). This strain was able to grow in soluble starch as sole carbon source as good as the strain expressing the glucoamylase alone (Fig. 3), since no statistical significance was found when comparing either growth rate or final biomass between JMY5017 and JMY5083. In this case, JMY5017 was able to degrade the granules of raw starch and release enough glucose units to permit the yeast growth (Fig. 4) contrary to the strains producing a single enzyme. Due to the interest in producing bio-based alternatives to petroleum sources from renewable materials, we further wanted to investigate the ability of our modified strain to produce bio-lipids from starch (SS). We therefore make cultures in two different media with high C/N ratio, which is known to trigger lipid accumulation in this yeast [40]. The modified strain co-expressing the two enzymes produces up to 4. 4 ± 0. 9 % of the DCW as fatty acids in the culture media with soluble starch and a C/N ratio of 60. When the C/N ratio was increased to 90, the same strain doubles its lipid accumulation capacity, reaching 7. 2 ± 0. 4 % of the DCW as fatty acids (Fig. 5a, b). In both culture media, this strain consumed 49. 4 ± 2. 4 % of the starch after 6 days of culture. In both YNBC/N 60 and YNBC/N90 similar final biomass was reached 11. 33 ± 0. 17 and 11. 14 ± 0. 13 g/L, respectively. Accordingly, total lipid production was 0. 49 ± 0. 09 and 0. 80 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how a modified yeast strain (JMY5017) was able to degrade starch and generate fatty acids, which are a type of biofuel. It mentions the use of soluble starch as a carbon source for the yeast and how the engineered strains have shown an ability to produce significant lipid yields (up to 7.2% of dry cell weight) from starch. This indicates that bioengineered yeast can effectively produce biofuels from carbohydrate sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Melt conditions can also vary across short distances, because the regional-scale meteorological drivers described above interact with local site characteristics (Fig. 2). Glacier orography, including slope, aspect, and elevation, plays a significant role in the local SEB (Arnold et al. , 2006; Olson and Rupper, 2019; Hahn et al. , 2020). For example, the warming of katabatic winds during its downflow has been shown to enhance melt production, especially at the grounding line of an glacier during summer, facilitated by positive wind–albedo and melt–albedo feedbacks through the exposure of blue ice and bedrock (Lenaerts et al. , 2017; Bell et al. , 2018). Melt is further driven by site-specific surface snow characteristics (Fig. 2). Snow exposed at the surface undergoes processes like wind-driven redistribution, temperature gradient and isothermal metamorphism, which alter the size and shape of the deposit and in turn the surface albedo. While fresh snow exhibits albedo values of ∼ 0. 8, aged snow shows lower values around 0. 4 (Dirmhirn and Eaton, 1975) and dirty snow even lower values <0. 2 (Warren, 2019; Conway et al. , 1996). Thereby, albedo is coupled to melt by positive feedback (Thackeray and Fletcher, 2016). That is, a lowering of the surface albedo reinforces the tendency for melting and leads to a further albedo decrease. For example, forest fires produce significant amounts of BC and reduce the surface albedo even at distant sites like interior Greenland, a coupling that is expected to increase with climate change (Keegan et al. , 2014). Also, debris cover and cryoconite (Fountain et al. , 2004), dark-coloured dust containing soot and microorganisms, can lower the albedo and enhance local melt production (Mattson et al. , 1993). A debris cover can also act as an insulating active layer if it is sufficiently thick (Rowan et al. , 2021; Reznichenko et al. , 2010). All of this shows that the drivers of a positive SEB and melt events are not uniform. They must be assessed for individual sites and ice-core records within their respective complex climatic contexts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that there are various conditions affecting melt processes and feedback mechanisms that enhance melting at the polar ice caps. It discusses factors such as regional meteorological drivers, snow albedo changes, and local site characteristics that collectively contribute to melting. For example, it explains how a lowering of surface albedo reinforces melting, suggesting that under certain conditions, complete melting is indeed possible, thereby contradicting the assertion that it’s impossible for the ice caps to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Bottom panel show magnifications of squared areas showing single stack with colocalization of axonal swelling with OXT puncta. Scale bar 1 µm. (C,D) Linear regression analysis comparing between synaptic EGFP levels (mean EGFP puncta) as a function of OXT fluorescence (mean OXT puncta). The data were normalized using mean-centering approach using the scale function in the ‘R’ software. Each line represents a regression line of single animal. The correlation between the mean (log10) fluorescence value of OXT puncta and GFP expression in neurohypophyseal synapse was tested with a linear regression model (), accounting for the effect of GFP fluorescence, and individual fish. Mean EGFP fluorescence is inversely correlated with OXT fluorescence in robo2+/+ (n = 5; p<0. 01, adj. R2 = 0. 93) and in robo2-/- (n = 8; and p<0. 01, adj. R2 = 0. 85) (C). Mean EGFP-Cdc42(T17N) fluorescence positively correlates with OXT fluorescence in robo2+/+ (n = 7; p<0. 01, adj. R2 = 0. 74) larvae but not in in robo2-/- (n = 7; p=0. 35, Adj. R2 = 0. 52) (D). (E) Model of the role of Robo2 in neurohypophyseal synapses: Synaptic Slit3-Robo signaling inactivates Cdc42 via GAP by affecting the transition of the Rho-GTPase protein Cdc42 from GTP- to GDP- bound state. Cdc42 inactivation reduces actin polymerization and increases synaptic OXT content. Figure 7—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 7: Synaptic fluorescence values upon OXT-neuron specific Cdc42 over-expression. The excel sheet includes values for EGFP- and OXT- fluorescence values of neurohypophyseal synapses in larvae that were subjected to OXT-neuron specific EGFP or Cdc42(T17N) or Cdc42(G12V) expression in robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the experimental analysis of neurohypophyseal synapses and the role of Robo2 in synaptic signaling. There is no mention of willow bark, its historical use, or salicylic acid, thus it does not relate to the claim at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 06 g/L, respectively. This experiment suggests that starch can be used for lipid production in this strain and that media composition and culture condition optimization can further enhance lipid accumulation. Additionally and according to fluorescence microscopy images, the fatty acids are mainly accumulated in lipids bodies (Fig. 5c, d) as it normally occurs under nitrogen limitation conditions. Fig. 5Lipid production in wild-type background. a, b Show the strain expressing alpha-amylase and glucoamylase in the wild-type background; the growth in green (OD600), the percentage of fatty acids in the DCW (%FA) in blue and the citric acid produced (g/L) in red. Two culture media were used as described in “Methods” with different amounts of starch; YNBCN60 (C/N 60) and YNBCN90 (C/N 90). c, d Show fluorescence microscopy images where the lipid bodies were stained with Bodipy. c Corresponds to the experiment A, while d corresponds to the experiment B. All presented data are the average of at least two independent experiments. The panels show representative cells that have been enlarged (×2)Full size image Lipid overproducer strain of Y. lipolytica produces high amounts of fatty acids from starchWe have previously generated an engineered strain of Y. lipolytica containing multiple modifications able to accumulate high amounts of lipids, JMY3501 [41]. This strain has been blocked for the β-oxidation by the deletion of the six POX genes, avoiding lipid degradation in the peroxisome [21]. It has been also blocked for TGL4, the main intracellular lipase in charge of the release of fatty acids from TAGs stored in the lipid body [42]. Additionally, it overexpresses the gene GPD1 [22] involved in the glycerol-3-phosphate formation, a precursor of the TAG, and the gene DGA2 [23], encoding an acyltransferase involved in the last step of TAG formation. We thus further modified this strain by overexpressing the α-amylase and glucoamylase genes to generate the strain JMY5035. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the engineering of the yeast strain Y. lipolytica, which has been modified to accumulate high amounts of lipids through the utilization of starch. It specifically mentions that the engineered strain JMY3501 produces high amounts of fatty acids, which can be utilized for biofuel production. This suggests a direct correlation between the ability of bioengineered yeast to convert sugars (or starch in this case) into high yields of biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: The details of the melt process and its subsurface progression will be discussed in Sect. 2. 2. 2. 2 Physics of melt layer formation and dynamics during snow metamorphism The analysis of melt-affected ice core records is preceded by understanding the physicochemical process of melting ice, which has been investigated extensively since the 19th century (Faraday, 1859; Sánchez et al. , 2017). Sánchez et al. (2017) recently presented evidence that melting takes place in a “bilayer-by-bilayer” fashion leading to a nanometre-thick quasi-liquid layer (QLL) at the ice–air interface (Slater and Michaelides, 2019). As these features already exist within the ice matrix on a grain scale at temperatures below the melting point of the wider snowpack, they are also called “pre-melting” (Bishop et al. , 2009). On a larger scale, the surface snow starts to melt when the energy balance is positive sufficiently long enough to raise at least parts of the ice matrix to 0 °C, and it ends when the energy balance below the 0 °C isotherm is negative again. This duration threshold is reached within a few hours to less than 1 d, as has been recorded for Hansbreen in Svalbard by Laska et al. (2016). Therefore, modelling of melt processes must aim for hourly or at least sub-daily resolution. Furthermore, Koh and Jordan (1995) showed that radiation-forced temperature maxima and melting can occur a few centimetres below the snowpack surface, especially in low-density snow. Since the surface energy conditions vary significantly over short timescales, e. g. during diurnal cycles, “melt–freeze” features (referred to as melt features hereafter) tend to develop accordingly (Colbeck, 1982). Melting leads to wet metamorphism, during which liquid water is available and acts as a carrier of thermal energy, which accelerates post-depositional alteration of the affected snow layers. Wet metamorphism is generally isothermal (Brun, 1989; Wakahama, 1968, 1975), characterised by a rise in grain size and density caused by recrystallisation, and increasing liquid water content softens the snow (Colbeck, 1982). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing detailed processes of ice melting and conditions under which melting occurs. It describes how melting takes place in a bilayer-by-bilayer fashion and mentions that the surface snow begins to melt when the energy balance is positive, implying that melting is a significant and measurable phenomenon. This information suggests that, contrary to the claim, melting of polar ice caps can occur and does happen under certain conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Download elife-45650-fig7-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Cdc42 regulates synaptic OXT levels. (A) Assessment of the effect of Oxytocin neuron-specific overexpression of actin-regulating protein Cdc42 in Tg(oxt:Gal4) larvae. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxt:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP or UAS:Cdc42(G12V)-EGFP coding a constitutive active mutant Cdc42. Larvae were fixed at 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) and immunostained with anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and neurohypophyseal synapse (NS) were identified as described above. (B,C) Linear regression analysis comparing between synaptic EGFP levels (mean EGFP puncta) as a function of OXT fluorescence (mean OXT puncta). The data were normalized using mean-centering approach using the scale function in the ‘R’ software. Each line represents a regression line of single animal. The correlation between the mean (log10) fluorescence value of OXT puncta and GFP expression in neurohypophyseal synapse was tested with a linear regression model (), accounting for the effect of GFP fluorescence, and individual fish. In UAS:EGFP injection, mean EGFP fluorescence in EGFP-positive NS is not correlated with OXT fluorescence (n = 20; and p>0. 25, adj. R2 = 0. 23) (B). In UAS:Cdc42(G12V) injection, mean EGFP-Cdc42(G12V) fluorescence in EGFP-positive NS negatively correlates with OXT fluorescence (n = 23; p<2. 2e-16, adj. R2 = 0. 47) larvae (C). Legends for Source data and Source code files. resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationGenetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(oxt:EGFP)wz01(Blechman et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about willow bark and its historical use for pain relief. Instead, it discusses experimental data related to Cdc42 and synaptic levels in a specific biological context without mentioning willow bark or salicylic acid.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Lipid content of JMY5035 was compared when it grew in soluble starch-based medium (SS) presenting different C/N ratios (60 and 90). As we expected, JMY5035 strain greatly improved lipid content, up to 21. 1 ± 1. 4 % of the DCW, 5. 7 times more than JMY5017 (Fig. 6a, c). Total lipid was further enhanced when a C/N ratio of 90 was used, where JMY5035 reached 27. 0 ± 1. 4 % of DCW as fatty acids (Fig. 6b, d). These results are in accordance with previously publish data of the parental strain JMY3501, which after growing in glucose C/N ratio of 60 accumulated up to 25 % of DCW as fatty acids [41]. Similar biomass was formed in both C/N ratios; 11. 55 ± 0. 07 and 12. 36 ± 0. 16 g/L for C/N 60 and 90, respectively. Accordingly, total lipid production was 2. 44 ± 0. 15 and 3. 34 ± 0. 13 g/L, respectively. At the end of the culture, the strain JMY5035 was able to consume 60. 3 ± 6. 4 % of the starch added to the media. Interestingly, citric acid amounts produced in the conditions tested were very low, which is preferred in the industrial production of lipids using Y. lipolytica. Both slower growth and no citric acid production can be explained by the lack of the overflow through the glycolysis pathway, which would be limited by the rate of glucose release from starch. Fig. 6Lipid production in lipid overproducer background. a, b Show the strain expressing alpha-amylase and glucoamylase in the lipid accumulating background JMY3820; the growth in purple (OD600), the percentage of fatty acids in the DCW (%FA) in blue and the citric acid produced (g/L) in green. Two culture media were used as described in “Methods”; YNBCN60 (C/N 60) and YNBCN90 (C/N 90). c, d Show fluorescence microscopy images where the lipid bodies were stained with Bodipy. c Corresponds to the experiment A while d corresponds to the experiment B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the bioengineered yeast strain JMY5035 significantly improves lipid content when grown on a soluble starch-based medium, particularly mentioning that it can consume over 60% of the starch added to the media. This process of converting starch into lipids is relevant to the production of biofuels, as it indicates that the yeast can be engineered to efficiently transform sugars (from starch) into high yields of biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: This process leads to the key structural characteristics of melt features in ice cores, which is discussed in Sect. 3. 1. Melt generated near the snow surface can penetrate into the underlying snowpack (Westhoff et al. , 2022). The progression of the percolation front depends on the local thermodynamic and hydrological conditions and has been modelled and observed to varying degrees from alpine to polar sites (Graeter et al. , 2018; Meyer and Hewitt, 2017). Meltwater infiltration into deeper, older snow makes percolation a secondary process leading to mixed snow compositions and climatic signatures, e. g. of summer melt in winter snow (Moore et al. , 2005). For similar reason, infiltration beyond the current annual layer is an issue when interpreting ice-core proxy and melt layer records, so that using multi-year averages of melt indices has been recommended previously (Graeter et al. , 2018). Furthermore, positive-degree-day (PDD) sums are a common tool for quantifying ablation due to temperatures above the melting point (Hock, 2003). With PDD values normalised to a single day (°C day), Das and Alley (2005) estimated +5. 22 °C as the temperature for a site, above which it is probable that percolation of a single melt event reaches into the accumulation of the previous year. However, this parameter requires site-specific assessment. The rate of melt production further governs the exposure period of snow to melt liquid (Taylor et al. , 2001) through the “saturation, refreezing capacity, and drainage processes” within the firn (Samimi et al. , 2020). This is important when it comes to interpreting chemical records from melt-affected ice cores. In addition to the energy balance at the snow surface and gravitation in general, the speed and type of meltwater flow are determined by characteristics of the subsurface, including (1) temperature, (2) thermal conductivity, and (3) stratigraphy of the snowpack. (1) Cold subsurface temperatures of the snowpack, the so-called “cold content”, are a strong constraint for snowmelt production (Jennings et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the mechanisms of snow and ice melting, including processes such as meltwater infiltration and percolation, indicating that melting occurs under certain thermodynamic conditions. For instance, it mentions that positive-degree-day (PDD) sums are used to quantify ablation due to temperatures above the melting point, suggesting that melt events reach into deeper layers, which supports the idea that complete melting is indeed possible under certain conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: , 2011)ZDB-ALT-111103–1Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(oxt:gal4)wz06(Anbalagan et al. , 2018)ZDB-ALT-171113–2Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(oxt:OXTSP-EGFP-OXT)wz14This manuscriptZDB-ALT-181219–3Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:sypb-EGFP)biu5(Zada et al. , 2014)ZDB-ALT-150115–1(Bar-Ilan Univ. )Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:Lifeact-GFP)mu271(Helker et al. , 2013)ZDB-ALT-130624–2(Univ. of Muenster)Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:BotxLCB-GFP)icm21(Sternberg et al. , 2016)ZDB-ALT-160119–9(ICM, Paris)Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:NTR-mCherry)c264(Davison et al. , 2007)ZDB-ALT-070316–1Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(−1. 0pomca:Gal4-VP16)wz05(Anbalagan et al. , 2018)ZDB-ALT-171113–1Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)robo2ti272z(Fricke et al. , 2001)ZDB-ALT-980203–1097(Univ. of Utah)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 pDEST myl7:mCherry(Golan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding willow bark and its historical use for pain relief. Instead, it discusses various genetic reagents and studies related to zebrafish, which is unrelated to the herbal use of willow bark.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All presented data are the average of at least two independent experiments. The panels show representative cells that have been enlarged (×2)Full size image Therefore, we here not only proved that our modified Y. lipolytica strains can accumulate lipids from starch but also that the amount of produced lipids can be enhanced by both optimization of culture conditions and strain engineering. Engineered Y. lipolytica strains produce biolipids suitable for biodiesel from industrial raw starchTo complete our proof of concept about Y. lipolytica as a consolidated bioprocess to produce lipids from starch, we wanted to test our strains in an industrial starch media (IS). For this purpose, we obtained starch from the company and we used it directly as a substrate for flask fermentation. To cope with the higher amounts of substrates normally used in large-scale fermentations, we constructed additional strains expressing one extra copy of each of the enzymes (JMY5196) using JMY5035 as parental strain. These strains were able to grow and produce lipids using the industrial product containing starch as carbon source (IS media) in flask under non-optimized conditions (Fig. 7). The wild-type background overexpressing the two enzymes (JMY5017) produces 0. 64 ± 0. 08 g/L of lipids, while the same overexpressions in the engineered background for lipid accumulation (JMY5035) reached 2. 29 ± 0. 94 from 22. 5 g/L of glucose equivalents in the substrate. Fig. 7Flask fermentation to produce lipids from industrial raw starch. a Shows the g/L of lipids produced when the strains were grown in industrial starch media (IS). The differences between the three strains are statistically significant among each other (p < 0. 05). b, c show fluorescence microscopy images where the lipid bodies were stained with Bodipy. b Correlates with the strain wt (α + GA), JMY5017, and c with the strain 3820 (α + GA) × 2, JMY5196. Industrial starch under the electron microscope d when no cells are present in the solution and e after growing the cells of JMY5196Full size image In addition, we proved that a second copy of both α-amylase and glucoamylase further increase lipid production up to 2. 84 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how modified Y. lipolytica strains are engineered to accumulate lipids from starch and how the production of these lipids can be enhanced through optimization and strain engineering. This aligns with the claim that bioengineered yeast can be designed for biofuel production since the text specifically mentions the production of biolipids suitable for biodiesel from industrial raw starch, indicating high yields of biofuels from starch-derived sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Depending on the cold content, large amounts of energy might be needed to raise the snow temperature to melting point and delay the progression of the melting front at the 0 °C isotherm to deeper layers. (2) According to Pfeffer and Humphrey (1998), the balance between melting and refreezing is also driven by the thermal conductivity of the ice matrix, which in turn depends on the firn density. High densities allow for more freezing and vice versa. (3) Snow column stratigraphy affects the direction of flow through capillary and hydrological forces. Neighbouring snow deposits can differ significantly in terms of microstructure, e. g. grain size and porosity, and so do their capillary characteristics and permeability. It is due to this difference in capillary resistance that fine to coarse transitions are well known for retarding vertical meltwater percolation (Pfeffer and Humphrey, 1996), but differences in capillary characteristics can lead to lateral meltwater suction too. McDowell et al. (2023) have recently identified a two-way feedback between pre-existing microstructural transitions in firn, which facilitate melt infiltration and wet metamorphism locally, and more ice layers. Hydrological barriers can also be high-density layers like wind crusts (Das and Alley, 2005) or pre-existing melt layers (Samimi et al. , 2020), and both are frequent features in alpine to polar settings. Furthermore, progression of melt is halted not only by fully melt-filled refrozen pores, but also by closed pore connections (Humphrey et al. , 2021). Taken together, snow conditions constraining the flow are expected to lead to sharper contacts between melt layer and adjacent firn. Based on these factors, which determine the flow path of least resistance, percolation takes place in different ways (Hirashima et al. , 2019). Homogeneous wetting, also known as matrix flow, tends to occur in temperate snow with less dominant stratigraphic boundaries, and the thawing front progresses laterally uniformly, while at colder, stratigraphically complex sites, lateral and vertical flow alternates spatially and temporally (Williams et al. , 2010; Pfeffer and Humphrey, 1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information on the physical processes involved in ice melting, including the influence of thermal conductivity, snow stratigraphy, and hydrological factors. It explains that the balance between melting and refreezing is dictated by physical properties of the ice and snow, indicating that melting can and does occur under certain conditions, thereby challenging the assertion that it is impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: , 2016)Berta Levavi-reagentTol2 10xUAS:EGFP; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods - Transgenesis experimentsRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 oxt:OXTSP-EGFP-OXT; myl7:EGFPThis manuscriptMaterials andmethods -Transgenesis experimentsRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 UAS:Cdc42-G12V-EGFP(Ando et al. , 2013)(NCVC, Osaka)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 UAS:Cdc42-T17N-EGFP(Ando et al. , 2013)(NCVC, Osaka)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 pME mCherry-Utrophin-CH(Andersen et al. , 2011)(Univ. of Wisconsin)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 10xUAS:mCherry-Utrophin-CH; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods - Visualization of synaptic F-actinRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 pME Slit3(SignalPeptide)-EmeraldGFP-Slit3This manuscript(Univ. of Utah)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 10xUAS: Slit3(SignalPeptide)-EmeraldGFP-Slit3; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods -Transgenesis experimentsAntibodyGuinea pig polyclonal, anti-OXTPeninsula labsT-5021; RRID:AB_518526(1:200)AntibodyRabbit polyclonal, anti-11122; RRID:AB_221569(1:200)AntibodyMouse monoclonal, anti-Neurophysin(Ben-Barak et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not discuss willow bark, pain relief, or salicylic acid. Instead, it contains technical details regarding recombinant DNA reagents and antibody information, which are irrelevant to the claim. Therefore, it is classified as 'pass' as it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 16 g/L, which represent a yield Y FA/S = 0. 13 ± 0. 07 g/g (grams of fatty acids produced per gram of glucose equivalents in the industrial starch added to the media). The parental strain JMY3501 produced similar lipid titers, 3. 2 g/L from 60 g/L of glucose, and therefore with a lower yield Y FA/S = 0. 053 g/g [41]. Although the total lipid titer remains low compared to other engineered strains in bioreactor optimized conditions [24], here we set up a proof of concept that can be easily transferred to different genetic backgrounds and cultured in optimized large-scale conditions. Surprisingly, we found those strains able to grow in the industrial starch on the surface of the insoluble fractions (coming from wheat cells) present in this substrate, as revealed in the electronic microscopy [Fig. 7d (control with no cells), e (attached cells)]. These preliminary data could suggest the ability of Y. lipolytica to bind plant biomass, which could be useful in cell immobilization approaches. Additionally, this interesting feature could be exploited towards the use of lignocellulosic material using this yeast. This fact is in accordance to previous reports that show the ability of Yarrowia to bind to hydrophobic substrates in an inducible manner [43] due to Lewis acid–base interactions rather than hydrophobic properties of the cell surface [44] Nonetheless, more experiments must be performed to confirm these results, which are currently undergoing. As we previously discussed, microbial lipids can be used as biodiesel after transmethylation reaction to form fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) [45]. It is important to notice that the fatty acid profile (differences in carbon chain length and number of double bonds) of the biolipid has a strong influence in the biodiesel quality [46]. Therefore, we analyzed the fatty acid composition of our strains after growing in industrial starch (Additional file 3: Figure S2). As expected, most abundant fatty acids are 18:1, 16:0, 18:2, 16:1 and 18:0. Nonetheless, significantly differences were found between the wild-type background and the lipid accumulating background, where 16:0 was two times higher and 18:1 was diminished in 20 %. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the capacity of Yarrowia lipolytica to utilize glucose and produce lipids, which can serve as biodiesel. It highlights that the parental strain produced lipid titers from glucose, suggesting potential effectiveness in biofuel production. Moreover, it indicates that this yeast has the ability to bind plant biomass, pointing towards its application in biofuel production from lignocellulosic materials, thus supporting the idea that bioengineered strains can yield biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Preferential flow takes place where meltwater flow instabilities occur at the wetting front (Leroux and Pomeroy, 2017; Hirashima et al. , 2014, 2017; Parlange, 1974). In this case, capillary pressure of advancing vertically exceeds the capillary pressure of expanding laterally. Dye experiments have frequently been used to visualise this stepwise advance of preferential flow paths (PFPs) along the stratigraphy (Avanzi et al. , 2016; Clerx et al. , 2022). They also highlight where melt layers do not form directly at the surface but at greater depth. Station in Land, meltwater has been documented to refreeze 50–100 cm below the snow surface during summer (Kaczmarska et al. , 2006). Given that the flow conditions are a continuum between these two extremes and vary widely between sites and seasons, different structural characteristics of melt in ice cores must be expected (Sect. 3. 1). Furthermore, ice cores only capture a very small area, and whether the derived melt records are representative should be corroborated by larger-scale stratigraphic analyses of the subsurface, e. g. using multiple snow trenches or ground-penetrating radar. Other general physical implications of melting for glaciers and glaciology include melt–freeze cycles changing the thermal structure within the snowpack, i. e. (sub)surface warming (Humphrey et al. , 2012; Mattea et al. , 2021), because freezing 1 g of water raises the temperature of 160 g of adjacent snow by 1 °C through the release of latent heat (Cuffey and Paterson, 2010). In extreme cases, this can lead to the development of highly permeable firn aquifers (Koenig et al. , 2014; et al. , 2014a; Miller et al. , 2020). In addition, meltwater percolation, especially through PFPs, advects heat to deeper, sub-zero snow sections. At sites with preferential percolation, borehole temperatures can therefore be ambiguous (Pfeffer and Humphrey, 1996). Since melt complicates firn densification through metamorphism rates differing between affected and unaffected sections, linear densification curve fits solely dependent on the overlying snow burden (Herron and Langway, 1980) are not sufficient to predict internal density variations caused by melt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of meltwater flow, the dynamics of melting, refreezing, and the implications of melting in ice cores. Specifically, it explains that 'meltwater has been documented to refreeze 50–100 cm below the snow surface during summer' and highlights the complex physical processes of melting and freeze-thaw cycles, thereby implying that melting can occur to significant extents, potentially contradicting the claim that it is impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: , 1984)PS45; RRID:AB_2062089()AntibodyAlexa 488- or 647- Secondary antibodiesJackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories(1:200) Materials and methods - Immuno-fluorescent stainingAntibodyAlexa 568- or 647- Secondary antibodiesInvitrogen(1:2000) Materials andmethods - Visualization of synaptic F-actinChemical compoundCytochalasin DSigmaC8273400 nMChemical compoundGlucose oxidaseSigmaG21338440 AUChemical compoundCatalaseSigmaC4070200 AUSoftwareR(R Team, 2013)Materials and methods – Statistical analysisSoftwareTurboreg plugin(Thévenaz et al. , 1998)Materials andmethods – Statistical analysis(Rapsomaniki et al. , 2012)Materials andmethods – FRAP analysisSequence-based reagent(Barresi et al. , 2005)ZDB--050927–3Materials andmethods -Transgenesis experiments. slit3 knockdownSequence-based reagentgaatgactcctcgtcgctct and gctgaggcatcttgtctgtaSigmaMaterials andmethods -Animals. robo2 genotypingSequence-based reagentgcatttacaacagctccatcSigmaMaterials andmethods -Animals. robo2 sequencing primerSequence-based reagenttgtacaggcagatgtcaggc and -tcctcctccagtagagccagSigmaMaterials andmethods - In situ hybridization. PCR primers for robo2 probe Additional files Source code 1 R script for data extraction: R script to extract animal-wise neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters from the Volocity software-derived batch output files. The script generates tables with parameters such as animal ID, synapse or puncta ID, volume etc. In this manuscript, the script has been used for all the analysis in which number, synaptic OXT content and fluorescence values has been analyzed (Figures 1–5 and 7). Download elife-45650-code1-v3. r Source code 2 R script for data transformation: R script to log-transform the neurohypophyseal synaptic volume data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various antibodies, chemical compounds, and methods related to immunofluorescent staining and statistical analysis, without mentioning willow bark or its historical use for pain relief.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: We decided to further analyze the theoretical application of the FAMEs from our engineered strains for the production of biodiesel. Several biodiesel quality standards have been established in different countries, including the USA (ASTM D 6751) and Europe [EN 14214 (vehicle use) and EN14213 (heating oil)]. Here, the theoretical properties of Y. lipolytica biolipids for biodiesel production were analyzed according to the most restrictive standard, EN 14214. We therefore evaluated the following parameters (Additional file 4: Table S2): (a) kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, (b) density at 15 °C, (c) iodine value, (d) heating value, (e) cetane number and (f) cold filter plugging point. Interestingly, all biolipids from the tested strains fit the required standard values, presenting thus, a promising composition for being used as biodiesel. ConclusionIn summary, we successfully expressed and secreted heterologous amylases in Y. lipolytica, α-amylase from O. sativa and glucoamylase from A. niger. To our knowledge this is the first report on the expression of an active glucoamylase in Yarrowia. The modified strain was able to grow in starch as sole carbon source. Additionally, we performed the same expressions in a lipid accumulating background and it proves to accumulate high amounts of lipids. Interestingly, the amount of intracellular lipid was not only dependent in the genetic background but also in the C/N ratio of the media, which proof the potential enhancement of the yield and productivity of the process after culture optimization at bioreactor scale. Finally, the engineered strain was able to produce lipids from industrial raw starch what is a proof of concept in the use of Y. lipolytica as a consolidated bioprocess to generate biodiesel. Interestingly, the theoretical analysis of the biodiesel properties of the FAMEs generated from starch fits the most restrictive regulatory standard. MethodsStrains and mediaThe Y. lipolytica strains used in this study were derived from the wild-type Y. lipolytica W29 (ATCC20460) strain. All of the strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Media and growth conditions for Escherichia coli and Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the production of biodiesel using bioengineered strains of Y. lipolytica, specifically highlighting that these modified strains can accumulate high amounts of lipids and utilize starch as a carbon source. The analysis of biodiesel properties of the generated FAMEs from starch supports the notion that bioengineered yeast is capable of converting sugars (in this case, starch) into high-yield biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Improved understanding of firn meltwater retention (Vandecrux et al. , 2020) and densification models (Ligtenberg et al. , 2011) are therefore crucial, and differences in temporal resolution between unaffected firn and melt layers need to be taken into account when interpreting melt-affected ice cores (Moser et al. , 2021). Refrozen melt layers further reduce the permeability of the snow column, i. e. acting as impermeable barriers to percolation. The development of a stratigraphic boundary in turn encourages more ice aggregation at the top and/or bottom of the ice layer and reinforces this effect. Though pneumatic testing has the potential to uncover horizontal and vertical firn permeability in situ (Sommers et al. , 2017), the effective permeability of refrozen melt layers for percolation is under debate. On the one hand, they can be partly permeable when warmed to the melting point and can allow for meltwater penetrating beyond these features (Samimi et al. , 2020; Lliboutry, 1996). On the other hand, thick ice slabs are expected to be impermeable, because heat transfer in temperate, saturated firn is low (Samimi et al. , 2020). Though the development of impermeable ice slabs leads to temporary retention of melt, it also may reduce the firn's capabilities for meltwater storage (Vandecrux et al. , 2019) and enhance runoff (Machguth et al. , 2016; Pfeffer et al. , 1991). 2. 3 Identification and quantification of melt 2. 3. 1 Melt feature records from ice cores In ice cores, past near-surface melt events are commonly identified as visually distinct features that have been buried within the profile (Fig. 1). Distinction is either made manually during ice core processing in the cold laboratory, where some melt layers can be clearly seen by eye or by using line scanners (Kinnard et al. , 2008; Svensson et al. , 2005; Dey et al. , 2022; Brown et al. , 2023). Thus, long-term melt history records from Canada (Koerner and Fisher, 1990), Greenland (Westhoff et al. , 2022), Alaska (Winski et al. , 2018), (Fritzsche et al. , 2005), and the (Abram et al. , 2013) have been acquired. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors and studies related to polar ice melt. It highlights the complexity of melt processes, such as 'the development of impermeable ice slabs' and 'the capabilities for meltwater storage,' indicating that melt does occur under certain conditions. The mention of 'melt feature records from ice cores' reinforces that melting is a recognized phenomenon, thereby contradicting the idea that it is impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pages. 89-98 2008 1226-8453(pISSN) 2093-4947(eISSN) Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회) -mediated Mechanisms 진세노사이드의 혈관확장작용과 분자기전 Kim, Nak-Doo (University) 김낙두 (서울대학교) Published : 2008. 06. 30 ⟨ ⟩ are increasing evidences in the literatures on the potential role of ginsenosides in treating cardiovascular diseases. In this 10. 1248/yakushi1947. 103. 12_1269 Tamura, Y. , Hirai, A. , Terano, T. , Thara, K. , Saito, J. , Kondo, S. and Samukawa, K. : Anti-thrombotic and anti-atherogenic effects of Ginseng-Effects on platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells-Science. No. 16, 55-60 (1993) Homby, E. J. : Evidence that prostaglandin endoperoxides can induce platelet aggregation in the absence of thromboxane $A_2$ production. Biochem. Pharmacol. 31, 1158-1160 (1982) and Kim, N. D. : Inhibitory effect of Ginsenoside Rg3 on platelet aggregation and its mechanism of action, Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 21, 132-140 (1997) Lee, J. H. and Park, H. J. : Effects of intaking of products on human platelet aggregation and blood lipids, J Ginseng Res. 22, 173-180 (1998) and Zhong, J. J. : Enhancement of fibrinolytic activity of bovine aortic endothelial cells by ginsenoside Rb2. Sin. 24, 102-108 (2003) and Yun, Y. P. :Antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities of ginseng extract. Pharmacol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various references and studies related to ginseng, particularly focusing on its effects on cardiovascular diseases and platelet aggregation. However, it does not explicitly mention or support the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Bound enzymes are recyclable by direct contact with fresh substrates [8] or by desorption into the aqueous phase through various methods such as pH adjustment and surfactant treatment [9],[10]. When biomass hydrolysis, cell growth and product formation were integrated, fewer cellulolytic enzymes and less time was required [11]. Furthermore, when the production hosts were able to produce cellulolytic enzymes such as β-glucosidase, the amounts of exogenous enzymes required could be further reduced [12],[13]. Nonetheless, there were fewer examples on enzyme recovery when integrated processes were involved for the conversion of cellulosic biomass [14]. Microbial lipid production by oleaginous yeasts has been demonstrated using biomass hydrolysates as the feedstock [15]-[17], but has suffered from low lipid coefficient and prohibitively high costs. To integrate biomass hydrolysis and lipid production processes and enhance the overall efficiency, different processes, namely, separated hydrolysis and enhanced lipid production (SHELP), simultaneous saccharification and lipid production (SSLP) and simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production (SSELP) may be explored. In a recent study, ionic liquid-pretreated corn stover was converted into lipids by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus according to the SSELP process, and the lipid coefficient was 112 mg/g regenerated corn stover in the presence of adequate amounts of cellulase, xylanase and β-glucosidase [18]. More recently, we found that C. curvatus had the unique feature of converting oligomeric sugars of biomass origin into lipids in the absence of exogenous cellulolytic enzymes, and that oligomeric sugars were transported into C. curvatus cells and then hydrolyzed by cytoplasmic enzymes [13]. To further advance microbial lipid technology, three different strategies were tested in this study, using C. curvatus as the lipid producer and alkaline-pretreated corn stover as the model material. Special emphases were put on reducing enzyme loading as well as enabling enzyme recovery. Attempts were also made to use recycled enzymes from the SSELP process. Our results provide valuable information for cost-effective lipid production from lignocelluloses, which should be of particular importance in achieving a sustainable production of biodiesel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the microbial lipid production using bioengineered yeast such as Cryptococcus curvatus, which can convert oligomeric sugars from biomass into lipids, a form of biofuel. It highlights the integration of biomass hydrolysis and lipid production processes, emphasizing the potential for high yields of biofuels derived from sugar-based feedstocks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Traditionally, the description of firn sections with melt features tends to be binary, as sections “affected” or “unaffected” by melt. The resolution ranges between micrometres and a few millimetres, depending on sight or camera capabilities. An issue with this and other structural identification approaches is their inability to discriminate between very thin melt layers and other fine, high-density, and bubble-free features like glaze (Albert et al. , 2004; Fegyveresi et al. , 2018; Frezzotti et al. , 2002) and wind crusts (Sommer et al. , 2018; Weinhart et al. , 2021). While their discrimination requires further investigation, Westhoff et al. (2022), for example, applied a thickness threshold of 1. 5 mm as an upper limit for wind crusts and considered features >1. 5 mm to be melt-induced. Furthermore, two melt sections of equal thickness imply equal intensity of the melt events, even though various factors shape the melt layer appearance (Sect. 2. 1 and 2. 2). Thickness-based melt estimates do not reflect this complexity and have been shown to significantly overestimate melt proportion in comparison to melt constrained by line-scan-derived density (Dey et al. , 2022). Both visual processing and line scanning are limited to air-bubble-containing ice in the topmost few hundred metres of ice above the bubble-to-clathrate transition zone (Neff, 2014), within which the air bubbles start to disappear as the air starts to form clathrates. Within this transition zone, the visual differences between melt and non-melt sections (bubble density) vanish. However, this is generally not an issue for shallower, alpine ice cores and is only relevant to deep polar ice cores. Limitations inherent to the features are that (1) both rain-on-snow events and a non-accumulative positive surface energy balance can cause identical features in ice cores, (2) it remains unclear whether a thick melt feature with internal variability resulted from one larger melt phase or several shorter events (Fig. 1), and (3) it has been shown that melt percolation of a single event can lead to several melt horizons (Westhoff et al. , 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of melt features in polar ice cores and indicating that various factors, including seasonal and temperature variations, can lead to melt horizons, which suggests that melting is indeed a possibility. The mention of specific studies and limitations in measurement techniques implies that there are conditions under which significant melting can occur, which counters the assertion that complete melting is impossible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Toxicol. 100, 170-175 (2007). and Yun, Y. P. : Effect of on Blood circulation in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J. Ginseng Res. 31, 109-116 (2007) and Park, K. H. : Effect of non-saponin fraction from Panax ginseng on cGMP and thromboxane $A_2$ in human platelet aggregation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 49, 157-62 (1995) Radomski, M. W. , Palmer, R. M. J. and Moncada, S. :An Larginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5193-5197 (1990) Jayakody, R. L. , Senaratne, M. P. J. , Thomson, A. B. R. and Kappagoda, C. T. : Cholesterol feeding impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation of rabbit aorta. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 63, 1206-1209 (1985) and Kim, N. D. : Dietary ginsenosides improve endothelium-dependent relaxation in the thoracic aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbit. Gen Pharmacol. 26, 483-487 (1995) Ang-Lee, M. K. , Moss, J. and Yuan, C. S. : Herbal medicines and perioperative care, JAMA 286, 208-216 (2001) Chen, X. , Gillis, C. N. and Moalli, R. : Vascular effects of ginsenosides in viro, Br. J. Pharmac. 82, 485-491 (1984) Furchgott, R. F. and Zawadzki, J. V. : The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 288, 373-376 (1980) Ignarro, L. , and Chaundhuri, G. : Endothelium -derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Natl. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of citations and studies related to ginseng but does not directly address its adaptogenic effects. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim about the potential adaptogenic effects of ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: When cellulase, β-glucosidase and xylanase increased further to 20 FPU, 40 CBU and 160 U/g, glucose and TRS reached 45. 7 g/L and 82. 8 g/L, respectively. As the initial corn stover concentration was 10% (w/v), the formation of 82. 8 g/L TRS suggested that over 95% polymeric carbohydrates were hydrolyzed to soluble reducing sugars. Therefore, the combination of 20 FPU/g cellulase, 40 CBU/g β-glucosidase and 160 U/g xylanase was sufficient to hydrolyze the regenerated corn stover sample. Figure 1Effects of enzyme dosage on corn stover hydrolysis. CBU, cellobiase unit; FPU, filter paper unit; TRS, total reducing sugars. Full size imageThe hydrolysates were prepared with the highest enzyme loadings, separated by centrifugation, and used to culture C. curvatus according to the SHELP process. After 71 hours, glucose concentration was below the limit of detection and residual TRS was only 2. 8 g/L in the culture broth. Cell mass, lipid content, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity were 27. 7 g/L, 43. 6%, 155. 9 mg/g initial TRS and 3. 75 g/L/d, respectively. The lipid coefficient was equivalent to 115. 6 mg/g alkaline-pretreated corn stover. Simultaneous saccharification and lipid production processAs glucose and cellobiose are strong inhibitors for cellulase, hydrolysis of biomass usually requires relatively large amounts of enzymes due to markedly slowing down the reaction over time [27]. The SSLP process may be applied to overcome product inhibition and reduce enzyme usage for the conversion of cellulosic biomass into lipids. In fact, cellulose was effectively converted into lipids by C. curvatus in the presence of cellulase, but without the addition of exogenous β-glucosidase [13]. When alkaline-pretreated corn stover was directly used according to the SSLP process with C. curvatus in potassium phosphate buffer, lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity were only 6. 2 g/L, 67. 2 mg/g and 2. 10 g/L/d, respectively (Table 1, Entry 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing details of a process in which a type of yeast (C. curvatus) is cultured using hydrolysates derived from corn stover, indicating that the conversion of cellulosic biomass into lipids (a form of biofuel) is achievable. The mention of lipid productivity metrics supports the assertion that specific engineered strains of yeast can yield biofuels from sugars effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Given that ice cores are single-point records of highly dynamic and spatially heterogeneous environments (Zuhr et al. , 2021), their representativity must be validated locally, and obtained melt history records must be interpreted with caution. Quantitative melt estimates are commonly derived from the frequency and thickness of melt layers. Here, thinning of melt features due to burial-induced densification and glacier flow needs to be taken into account. A first melt parameter that does so is “melt frequency” (MF), defined as the number of melt events per depth (metre) or time unit (Kinnard et al. , 2008; Kaczmarska et al. , 2006; Alley and Anandakrishnan, 1995). This melt frequency can be used for calculating a second parameter, “melt features percent” (MFP, Eq. 2), i. e. the percentage of melt-affected ice (Mice) of the annual layer (A) in terms of mass (Koerner, 1977a; Winski et al. , 2018). The thickness-based approaches will lead to different profiles of the derived melt quantity (S1). (2) MFP = M ice ÷ A × 100 In addition to the structural identification, chemical characteristics can be used to identify melt layers in ice cores. Methods based on the magnesium–sodium ratio (Watanabe et al. , 2015; Li et al. , 2006), chloride–sodium ratio (Eichler et al. , 2001), trace-element concentration ratios (Avak et al. , 2018), dissolved ion fraction percentage (Wu et al. , 2018), and radionuclide content (Pinglot et al. , 2003) help to identify melt and constrain its effects. Rod-like inclusions (>30 µm) in ice layers have recently been suggested as indicators of large amounts of refrozen meltwater (Kawakami et al. , 2022). Total air content, and in particular noble gas measurements, have even proven valuable for detecting melt where it generally cannot be detected visually like in deep, clathrated ice (Orsi et al. , 2015; NEEM community members, 2013). 2. 3. 2 Modelling and remote sensing: potential and limitations for melt identification Various modelling and remote sensing approaches for the identification and quantification of melt exist, which can support ice core studies in the field. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various methods of measuring and identifying melt in ice cores. It emphasizes that quantitative melt estimates can be derived and that multiple indicators help detect melt, suggesting a nuanced understanding of ice melting dynamics. This information implies that while ice melting is complex, it is indeed measurable and, by extension, indicates that complete melting of polar ice caps could occur under certain conditions, contradicting the claim that it is impossible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Acad. Sci. USA. 84, 9265-9269 (1987) and Kim, N. D. : Effects of Ginseng on the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in thoracic aorta from rats and rabbits, of Society of Korea, University, October 25-26 (1991) Kang, S. Y. and Kim, N. D. : The antihypertensive effect of red ginseng saponin and the endothelium-derived vascular relaxation. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 16, 175-182 (1992) : Ginsenosides evoke endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in rat aorta. Gen. Pharmac. 25, 1071-1077 (1994) Achike, F. I. and Kwan, C. Y. : Nitric oxide, human diseases and the herbal products that affect the nitric oxide signaling pathway. Clinical Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 30, 605-615 (2003) and Lee, Y. W. : Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and white coat hypertension. Am. J. Chin. Med. 26, 199-209 (1998) Sung, J. ,. , Kim, C. H. and Oh, B. H. : Effect of red ginseng upon vascular endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. Am. J. Chin. Med. 28, 205-216. (2000). and Nam, K. Y. : Effect of Korea red ginseng on the blood pressure in conscious hypertensive rats. Gen. Pharmacol. 35, 135-41 (2000) Vuksan, V. , Stavro, M. , Woo, M. , Leiter, A. , Sung, M. K. and Sievenpiper, L. : ginseng (Panax gingeng) can lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension: A randomized controlled trial, The 9th on Ginseng: September 10. 1016/j. niox. 2005. 02. 001 Popovich, D. G. and Kitts, D. D. : Generation of ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 from ginseng. Phytochemistry. 65, 337-344 (2004) Buetter, C. , and Kaptchuk, T. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and effects of ginseng on health, particularly on blood pressure and vascular function, but it does not specifically mention its adaptogenic effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Glucose and TRS accumulated up to 11. 2 g/L and 26. 9 g/L, respectively, when the culture was terminated at 72 hours, indicating substrate consumption was rate-limiting (Figure 2). This was likely due to poor cell growth under a nutrient-famine environment. To improve cell growth and lipid production, experiments were done in the nutrient solution in the presence of different amounts of (NH4)2SO4. When 0. 1 g/L (NH4)2SO4 was applied, lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity increased significantly (P <0. 05) to 10. 0 g/L, 108. 0 mg/g and 3. 37 g/L/d, respectively (Table 1, Entry 2). Residual glucose and TRS dropped to 2. 2 g/L and 14. 3 g/L, respectively. Lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity increased further to 11. 9 g/L, 129. 4 mg/g and 4. 03 g/L/d, respectively, when 0. 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4 was used (Table 1, Entry 3). It was found that glucose concentration was below the limit of detection after 36 hours, indicating that glucose formation by enzymatic hydrolysis was slower than glucose consumption due to the accumulation of C. curvatus cells. However, slightly lower lipid titre and lipid coefficient were observed when 1. 0 g/L (NH4)2SO4 was added (Table 1, Entry 4), but these differences appeared not to be significant (P >0. 05). This was in accordance with the general trends that oleaginous yeasts favor cell proliferation rather than lipid biosynthesis in the presence of excess nutrients, especially the nitrogen source [28]. Table 1 Results of the simultaneous saccharification and lipid production process in the presence of extra nutrientsFull size tableFigure 2Sugar evolution profiles of the simultaneous saccharification and lipid production process by Cryptococcus curvatus in different solutions. Square, potassium phosphate buffer; circle, nutrient solution plus 0. 1 g/L (NH4)2SO4; triangle, nutrient solution plus 0. 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4; inverted triangle, nutrient solution plus 1. 0 g/L (NH4)2SO4. TRS, total reducing sugars. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the lipid production from sugars by the yeast species Cryptococcus curvatus, which is indicated by the increases in lipid titre, coefficient, and productivity under varying nutrient conditions. The mention of glucose and total reducing sugars (TRS) highlights the substrate consumption aspect that aligns with the process of converting sugars into biofuels, hence supporting the idea that bioengineered yeast can be optimized for high biofuel yields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Hock (2005) previously reviewed different types of melt models using the SEB. Such SEB models have great potential but are sometimes hampered by a lack of meteorological data beyond temperature. Simpler PDD models based on the relationship between melt and temperature (Krenke and Khodakov, 1966) are more commonly applied. However, they struggle to implement the small-scale spatial complexity of melt in heterogeneous topography as well as the continuously changing meteorological and snowpack conditions, which hinders the detailed depiction of melt events. Remote sensing has become a very influential way of assessing melt occurrence in Antarctica, because it allows us to investigate large spatial coverages in the most remote region on Earth. Optical imagery (e. g. Landsat 8, Sentinel-2) and passive microwave sensors, which rely on the change in dielectric properties at the glacier surface (e. g. ICESat-2), are widely used today (Fricker et al. , 2021; Dell et al. , 2021). The short time span of such satellite observations (maximum since the 1980s) is a significant limitation for studying changes in climate that take place on decadal to centennial timescales. Furthermore, the detection of surface melt events is directly dependent on the method sensitivity and chosen threshold, which can lead to the confusion of fresh melt events with retained subsurface liquid (Dell et al. , 2021). 3 Manifestations of melt in ice-core records 3. 1 Structural characteristics of melt features in ice cores Melting near the snow surface leaves a physical imprint on the stratigraphy of the glacier. Here, we discuss the appearance of melt features in snow, firn, and bubbly ice, where structural differences are visible (Fig. 1). As these melt features are buried under new layers of snow, they participate in the snow–firn densification process as well as ice thinning at greater depth. Melt features in deep ice, where high hydrostatic pressure forces air bubbles into clathrates and bubble-free melt sections are practically impossible to detect visually, are addressed in Sects. 2. 3. 1 and 3. 4. Similar to glacier hydrology studies (Bell et al. , 2018), which describe a variety of surface melt features on a macroscopic scale, it must be noted that traces of melt in ice cores can differ greatly (Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of various melt models and their applications. It discusses the potential for melt in ice caps, noting that surface melt features can be observed and that melting affects the physical characteristics of ice and snow. The presence of melt features and the mention of remote sensing technologies indicate the possibility of ice melt, thus countering the claim that melting is impossible.