Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , enzyme Dicer is required for morphogenesis but not patterning of the vertebrate limb. 2005. 102(31): 903. 56. Harris, K. S. , et al. , Dicer function is essential for lung epithelium morphogenesis. 2006. 103(7): 13. 57. Yang, W. J. , et al. , Dicer is required for embryonic angiogenesis during mouse development. J Biol Chem, 2005. 280(10): 5. 58. Muljo, S. A. , et al. , cell differentiation in the absence of Dicer. J Exp Med, 2005. 202(2): 9. 59. Ambros, V. , The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature, 2004. 431(7006): 5. 60. Bagga, S. , et al. , Regulation by let‐7 and lin‐4 miRNAs results in target mRNA degradation. Cell, 2005. 122(4): 63. 61. Hayashi, K. , et al. , MicroRNA biogenesis is required for mouse primordial germ cell development and spermatogenesis. PLoS One, 2008. 3(3): pp. e1738. 62. : genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell, 2004. 116(2): 97. 63. Bartel, D. P. and Chen, C. Z. , Micromanagers of gene expression: the potentially widespread influence of metazoan microRNAs. Genet, 2004. 5(5): 400. 64. Miranda, K. C. , et al. , A pattern‐based method for the identification of MicroRNA binding sites and their corresponding heteroduplexes. Cell, 2006. 126(6): 17. 65. Berezikov, E. , et al. , Phylogenetic shadowing and computational identification of human microRNA genes. Cell, 2005. 120(1): 4. 66. Selbach, M. , et al. , Widespread changes in protein synthesis induced by microRNAs. Nature, 2008. 455(7209): 63. 67. Baek, D. , et al. , The impact of microRNAs on protein output. Nature, 2008. 455(7209): 71. 68. Babiarz, J. E. and Blelloch, R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of studies and references focused on microRNAs and their regulation of gene expression, but does not specifically discuss how environmental factors modify gene expression, which is central to the claim about epigenetics. The content is primarily technical and related to molecular biology without addressing the environmental influence aspect of epigenetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Agroforestry improves soil biotaThe biota are considered critical to soil health and ecosystem sustainability because of their role in decomposition of soil OM, nutrient cycling, and thereby influencing soil chemical and physical properties, which will ultimately determine soil fertility and long-term sustainability. In recent years, a number of papers have examined soil biota within the context of agroforestry and the trend continues. Hailemariam et al. (2018) investigated the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and water stress on F. aldiba seedling survival in Ethiopia. They found that AMF inoculation increased seedling growth regardless of inoculum origin and water status. AMF diversity can be affected by agroforestry system design, as evidenced by Shukla et al. (2018), which showed the influence of shade on the efficiency of bio-innocculants composed of rhizobacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and AMF. They found that the yields of all the studied plants were lower in the shade than in the full light, but the efficiency of the bio-innocculants was comparable in full sun and under shade for Glycine max, Phaseolus mungo, and Cicer arietinul and more beneficial for Vigna radiata and Pisum sativum. However, they observed less successful nodulation under shade than in full sun. In addition to the effect of land use, management practices such as pesticide application can also greatly affect microbial communities and thereby nutrient turnover and speciation in agroforestry systems as revealed by Afolabi and Muoghalu (2018). These authors measured the influence of fungicide use on litter decomposition and associated microorganisms in cacao plantations in Nigeria. Although no significant microbial diversity shift was detected, they measured an enhanced abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi in the untreated litter. This resulted in lower decomposition rate in the fungicide-treated litter than in the untreated litter. Agroforestry can also sustain a rich microbial diversity that is essential to soil health and productivity. Dobo et al. (2018) compared the AMF diversity and spore density between nine agroforestry systems based on either Cordia, Millettia or Erythrina associated with coffee or Ensete. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting how agroforestry improves soil health through the enhancement of soil biota, which are critical for soil fertility and ecosystem sustainability. It discusses studies that demonstrate the positive effects of agroforestry on microbial diversity and nutrient cycling, which support soil health. For instance, it mentions how certain fungal inoculations can improve seedling growth, and that management practices in agroforestry systems can sustain microbial communities essential for soil productivity. Overall, the information provided aligns with the claim that agroforestry promotes biodiversity and soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: The codes of an AV may change with its programmer’s nationality. A study published on Nature was conducted upon scenario-based AV behaviors. The researchers managed to collect 39. 61 million decisions made by thousands of people from 233 countries [29]. An online platform called has been shared in the domain of the of Technology (MIT). Machine reached people in 10 different languages and asked them questions related to the actions of AVs in 13 different scenarios. With the first question, people are asked to answer what an AV should do in case of sudden brake failure at a pedestrian crossing. Omitting whom it carries, the AV is supposed to hit and kill:two pedestrians – a homeless person and a woman – who are violating the law by crossing on red andtwo male executives crossing the street on the green abiding by the law. Upon completing the questions, people are also given an option to enter their demographic data. In the end, results are shared, and people can have a chance to compare their standings to the general average of others. Some of the findings of the study are as follows:Globally; humans, more lives, and younger people are preferred to pets, single life, and older people, respectively andCulturally; when people are clustered by their geographic and cultural proximity, people fromWestern countries [and European (protestant, catholic, and orthodox Christian)] give higher importance to humans over the pets more lives over the single life, young over old, and fit over less fit;Eastern countries [Confucianist (i. e. , Japan and Taiwan) and Islamist (i. e. , Indonesia, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia)] give higher importance to pedestrian over (AV) passenger, humans over the pet, and law-abiding over law-violating; andSouthern countries (France, French-influenced, and Latin American) give higher priority to females over males, fit over less fit, higher status over lower status, young over old, and more lives over the single life. These findings may lead us to ask this question: Should these types of differences and concerns be taken into account by manufacturers? from Audi implies the importance of this type of studies [30]. From the legislative perspective, the first ethical guideline regulating AVs was published by the of Germany’s of Transport and in 2017 [30]. This guideline brings some regulations on decisions that would be made by AVs in future. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of decision-making in autonomous vehicles (AVs) and highlighting that AVs may not have definitive answers to situations that could lead to accidents. It involves studying decision-making scenarios where AVs must choose between hitting pedestrians or passengers, indicating that AVs are not completely immune to accidents as they face situations requiring complex ethical considerations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , Small RNAs‐ their biogenesis, regulation and function in embryonic stem cells. StemBook, 2009. 10. 3824(1. 47. 1): 16. 69. John, B. , et al. , Human MicroRNA targets. PLoS Biol, 2004. 2(11): p. e363. 70. Filipowicz, W. , Bhattacharyya, S. N. , and Sonenberg, N. , Mechanisms of post‐transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: are the answers in sight? Genet, 2008. 9(2): 14. 71. Berezikov, E. , et al. , Mammalian mirtron genes. Mol Cell, 2007. 28(2): 36. 72. Lund, E. , et al. , Nuclear export of microRNA precursors. Science, 2004. 303(5654): 8. 73. Yi, R. , et al. , Exportin‐5 mediates the nuclear export of pre‐microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes Dev, 2003. 17(24): 6. 74. Schwarz, D. S. and Zamore, P. D. , Why do miRNAs live in the miRNP? Genes Dev, 2002. 16(9): 31. 75. Giraldez, A. J. , et al. , MicroRNAs regulate brain morphogenesis in zebrafish. Science, 2005. 308(5723): 8. 76. Zhao, C. , et al. , A feedback regulatory loop involving microRNA‐9 and nuclear receptor TLX in neural stem cell fate determination. Mol Biol, 2009. 16(4): 71. 77. Hatfield, S. D. , et al. , Stem cell division is regulated by the microRNA pathway. Nature, 2005. 435(7044): 8. 78. Alvarez‐Garcia, I. and functions in animal development and human disease. Development, 2005. 132(21): 62. 79. Barbato, C. , et al. , Thinking about RNA? MicroRNAs in the brain. Mamm Genome, 2008. 19(7–8): 51. 80. Davis, T. H. , et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about epigenetics or gene expression being modified by environmental factors. Instead, it details various studies related to microRNAs and their roles in biological processes without explicitly linking them to epigenetics or environmental influences on gene expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: They found a slight effect of the system design on both density and diversity of AMF, with tree-Ensete having greater AMF diversity and density than tree-coffee and multiple species cropping systems. Zhang et al. (2018) investigated, by means of molecular techniques, how plant-tree associations in agroforestry systems shape the fungal community. In three systems, one with barley only and the two others with barley and Populus euramevicana or Taxodium distichum, they found greater fungal diversity in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil, but no difference in the fungal diversity between the different systems. However, they measured a higher abundance of certain rhizospheric fungi in P. euramevicana-based systems than in T. distichum-based systems. Finally, Posada et al. (2018) evaluated the impact of management operations on AMF in coffee plantations of Mexico and Colombia characterized by contrasted management schemes from organic to the high use of fertilizers and pesticides. They found a great diversity of AMF in the different plantations, with limited influence of management intensity in Colombian plantations with richer soils and slightly improved diversity in Mexican plantations with poor acidic soils associated with light fertilizer usage. Microbial community dynamics are also exploited for commercial products in certain agroforestry practices like forest farming. Edible mushroom production has become a profitable forest farming operation in many parts of the world. Torres-Gómez et al. (2018) compared the diversity and production of wild edible fungi between a native oak-pine forest and a Cupressus lusitanica (non-ectomycorrhizal species) plantation intermingled with ectomycorrhizal trees. They observed greater edible mushroom biomass in the native forest than in the plantation and the production had twice the market value. Although not as high in fungal diversity or mushroom production, the presence of ectomycorrhizal hosts in the plantation provided edible mushrooms which could be an important source of income while waiting for the timber trees to mature. They also concluded that interplanting with ectomycorrhizal trees could potentially improve ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling, soil forming, and decomposition of litter in non-ectomycorrhizal plantations. ConclusionHealthy soil is arguably one of the most critical resources for healthy ecosystems, including agroecosystems, to provide goods and services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that show how plant-tree associations in agroforestry systems lead to greater fungal diversity and density, which contributes to soil health. It also highlights the role of ectomycorrhizal trees in improving ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling and soil formation. The various points made about the positive impacts of tree cropping systems on soil health and microbial communities align with the claim that agroforestry promotes biodiversity and ecological benefits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Legal concerns AVs are supposed to decrease the number of accidents and improve safety for people. However, accidents involving AVs happen, and some of them even be fatal. While in some cases those accidents have been alleged to stem from human errors, questions arise for the safety of AVs and eyes turn to government authorities to see how they regulate AV testing and deployment procedures. A study published on by Taeihagh and Lim provides a detailed analysis of how selected states regulate the main issues related to AVs: safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industrial risks [33]. The study also groups the strategies implemented by states chosen into five groups, as well:No-response; due to the uncertainty of the situation, policymakers do not take any action. Prevention-oriented; policymakers set preventive regulations to avoid risks. Control-oriented; the existence of risks is allowed; however, necessary steps are taken to control it. Toleration-oriented; policymakers clarify the steps to be taken in case of realization of risks. Adaptation-oriented; policymakers seek opinions to adopt regulations based on common sense. Selected states are then categorized by their strategy implementations on four domains of safety, liability, privacy, and cybersecurity [33]. On the other hand, in Section 5 of this 4. Figure 4. Comparison of moral value and policy points. Figure 4 shows a comparison of policy points of states and moral value points of their citizens. It was prepared by a primary data visualization method in the absence of enough data for further statistical analyses. However, the figure still helps us compare states’ p7. Conclusion Today, thousands of AVs are on roads. Besides, that number is anticipated to climb up, and AVs are expected to constitute 25% of cars worldwide in 2035 [37]. This 1. Road traffic injuries [Internet]. Organization. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 20 April 2020] 2. for Safety [Internet]. Administration. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 22 April 2020] 3. What causes traffic accidents? [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 05 February 2020] 4. (Report to Congress). Springfield, VA: Information Service; 2008 5. Top 25 Causes of [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 10 February 2020] 6. . What are the factors that contribute to road accidents? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AVs) do occur and can even be fatal. It emphasizes that while AVs are designed to decrease the number of accidents, they are not immune to them, as exemplified by human errors that may contribute to these incidents. This directly challenges the assertion that all AVs are completely immune to accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , Conditional loss of Dicer disrupts cellular and tissue morphogenesis in the cortex and hippocampus. J Neurosci, 2008. 28(17): 30. 81. Giraldez, A. J. , et al. , Zebrafish MiR‐430 promotes deadenylation and clearance of maternal mRNAs. Science, 2006. 312(5770): 9. 82. Mishima, Y. , et al. , Differential regulation of germline mRNAs in soma and germ cells by zebrafish miR‐430. Curr Biol, 2006. 16(21): 42. 83. Zhao, Y. , Samal, E. , and Srivastava, D. , Serum response factor regulates a muscle‐specific microRNA that targets Hand2 during cardiogenesis. Nature, 2005. 436(7048): 20. 84. in vertebrate development. Genet Dev, 2005. 15(4): 5. 85. Bernstein, E. , et al. , Dicer is essential for mouse development. Nat Genet, 2003. 35(3): 7. 86. Wienholds, E. , et al. , MicroRNA expression in zebrafish embryonic development. Science, 2005. 309(5732): 1. 87. McCallie, B. , Schoolcraft, W. B. , and Katz‐Jaffe, M. G. , Aberration of blastocyst microRNAexpression is associated with human infertility. Fertil Steril, 2009. 93: 2382. 88. Maatouk, D. M. , et al. , Dicer1 is required for differentiation of the mouse male germline. Biol Reprod, 2008. 79(4): 703. 89. Knight, S. W. and Bass, B. L. , A role for the RNase III enzyme DCR‐1 in RNA interference and germ line development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 2001. 293(5538): 71. 90. Diederichs, S. and Haber, D. A. , Dual role for argonautes in microRNA processing and posttranscriptional regulation of microRNA expression. Cell, 2007. 131(6): 108. 91. O’Carroll, D. , et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about epigenetics and its relation to environmental factors. Instead, it discusses various studies and findings related to microRNA and gene regulation without directly connecting to the concept of epigenetics or environmental influence on gene expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Globally, health of soil has been threatened for the past several decades and there has been a renewed interest in protecting and enhancing this most important resource for future generations. Agroforestry, as a sustainable land management practice, has shown solid evidence of its role in improving soil quality based on at least four decades of data gathered from the world over. This thematic issue adds further to the body of information to reaffirm that agroforestry can play a major role in improving many of the metrics used in measuring soil health. The 28 papers included in the thematic issue illustrate that agroforestry would enrich SOC better than monocropping systems, it could improve soil nutrient availability and soil fertility due to the presence of trees in the system and enhance soil microbial dynamics which would positively influence soil health. By gathering studies from the world over and presenting a wide diversity of systems and species combinations and quantifying their effects on specific processes, this thematic issue also provides some insights into better agroforestry design planning. Agroforestry is a practice that offers great promise to improve soil and soil health for current and future generations. It is imperative that the broader agriculture community and policymakers pay increased attention to agroforestry as a viable strategy to restore and sustain soil health. Change history17 April 2018In the below citation author last name was misspelled. 17 April 2018In the below citation author last name was misspelled. 17 April 2018In the below citation author last name was misspelled. 17 April 2018In the below citation author last name was misspelled. 17 April 2018In the below citation author last name was misspelled. 10. 1007/s10457-016-0032-y 10. 1007/s10457-017-0112-7 10. 1007/s10457-017-0088-3 10. 1007/s10457-017-0108-3 10. 1007/s10457-017-0077-6 10. 1007/s10457-017-0103-8 10. 1007/s10457-016-0042-9 10. 1007/s10457-017-0146-x 10. 1007/s10457-016-0049-2 10. 255. 4. 10. 1007/s10457-017-0141-2 10. 1007/s10457-016-9998-8 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing agroforestry as a sustainable land management practice that improves soil quality and health. It states that agroforestry can enrich soil organic carbon (SOC), improve soil nutrient availability, and enhance soil microbial dynamics, thus contributing to better soil health. These benefits support the assertion that agroforestry promotes biodiversity and soil health, as indicated in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: An assessment of law enforcement views, ordinary drivers’ opinions, and road accident records. Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 2018;115:11-24 7. Self-Explained [Internet]. Union of Concerned Scientists. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 30 April 2020] 8. for Its “Levels of Driving Automation” Standard for Self-[Internet]. SAE International. 2018. Available from: [Accessed: 01 May 2020] 9. Bassett A. of [Internet]. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 01 May 2020] 10. Asimov I. Sally. May–June. Fantastic. Schenectady, NY: Ziff-Company; 1953 11. : Later [Internet]. Agency. 2014. Available from: [Accessed: 02 May 2020] 12. Hooper J. 2004: DARPA’s Debacle in the Desert [Internet]. Popular Science. Popular Science. 2004. Available from: Challenge [Internet]. Agency. Available from: [Accessed: 03 May 2020] 14. [Internet]. Agency. Available from: [Accessed: 03 May 2020] 15. [Internet]. Merriam-Webster. Available from: [Accessed: 06 May 2020] 16. Tsyktor V. Lidar vs Radar vs Sonar: Which is Better for Self-Driving Cars? [Internet]. Cyber Pulse. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 06 May 2020] 17. Comiter M. Intelligence: AI’s Vulnerability and about it. Cambridge, MA: 2019 18. Robust physical-world attacks on deep learning visual classification. In: 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on (CVPR 2018): 18-22 June 2018. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2018. 19. Greenberg A. Kill a Jeep on the Highway-in It [Internet]. Wired. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 08 May 2020] 20. Kessler AM. [Internet]. New York. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 08 May 2020] 21. [Internet]. NHTSA. Available from: [Accessed: 08 May 2020] 22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim as it implies the existence of accidents involving autonomous vehicles, citing various assessments and sources, suggesting that not all accidents can be avoided. The mention of law enforcement views, driver opinions, and accident records indicates that accidents do occur, which directly undermines the claim of complete immunity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , A Slicer‐independent role for Argonaute 2 in hematopoiesis and the micro RNA pathway. Genes Dev, 2007. 21(16): 2004. 92. Liu, J. , et al. , Argonaute2 is the catalytic engine of mammalian RNAi. Science, 2004. 305(5689): 41. 93. Kurimoto, K. , et al. , An improved single‐cell cDNA amplification method for efficient high‐density oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Res, 2006. 34(5): p. e42. 94. Croce, C. M. and Calin, G. A. , miRNAs, cancer, and stem cell division. Cell, 2005. 122(1): 7. 95. Tulay, P. and expression and its association with DNA repair in preimplantation embryos. J Reprod Dev. , 2016. 62(3): 34. 96. Tulay P, Naja R. P. , Cascales‐Roman O. , Doshi A. , Serhal P. , SenGupta S. B. , Investigation of microRNA expression and DNA repair gene transcripts in human oocytes and blastocysts. J Genet, 2015. 32(12): 64. 97. Liu, J. , et al. , MicroRNA‐dependent localization of targeted mRNAs to mammalian P‐bodies. Biol, 2005. 7(7): 23. 98. Amanai, M. , Brahmajosyula, M. , and Perry, A. C. , A restricted role for sperm‐borne microRNAs in mammalian fertilization. Biol Reprod, 2006. 75(6): 84. 99. Zovoilis, A. , et al. , Members of the miR‐290 cluster modulate in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Differentiation, 2009. 78(2–3): 78. 100. Choi, W. Y. , Giraldez, A. J. , and Schier, A. F. , Target protectors reveal dampening and balancing of Nodal agonist and antagonist by miR‐430. Science, 2007. 318(5848): 4. 101. Yang, Y. , et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided consists of citations and references related to various studies, primarily focusing on microRNAs and their role in biological processes. It does not directly address the claim regarding epigenetics or the modification of gene expression by environmental factors, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Sustainability standards are part of a multitude of sustainability initiatives that include eco-labeling programs, corporate social responsibility programs, business-to-business initiatives and round tables (Potts et al. Citation2010). Such standards are part of industry self-regulation and complement public regulation of environmental and social concerns via command and control strategies or market-based mechanisms supported by public disclosure (Blackman Citation2010). Adherence to, and implementation of, sustainability standards imply a shift from state to market regulation of sustainability concerns as well as a shift from national to global governance of sustainability concerns (Vermeulen Citation2010). Sustainability standards as they emerge in negotiations among stakeholders are typically multidimensional and complex (cf. Potts et al. Citation2010). Some attributes of the products and processes are observable (e. g. absence of pesticide residues), while others are not (e. g. implementation of soil management practices). Trade-offs are common, as an increased number of products and processes attribute leads to increased complexity of transactions, which is not always matched by an increased ability to codify information. Hence, following information presented in Figure 2, at the upstream end of the value chain standards can be associated with increased levels of complexity and therefore potentially shift governance from market to modular or other governance types depending on the capabilities of the supplier base. 5. Ecosystem service effects of tropical commodity productionThe three concepts – the issue–attention cycle, management swing potential and GVCs – interact with the landscapes from which tropical commodities are derived and the livelihood options, often defined on the basis of more than one tradable commodity of the people concerned. The net effects with spatial aggregation, time lags and internal feedbacks are ultimately expressed at the level of a landscape and the ecosystem services it provides (Minang et al. Citation2015). Despite rich and growing debates on the concept of ecosystem services, this study adopts the definition of ecosystem services as ‘the direct and indirect flux contribution of ecosystems to human wellbeing’ (Braat & de Groot Citation2012). The concept embraces operational distinction between goods and services, which is relevant to the agricultural landscape where human actions have a strong role in intensively transforming the natural ecosystem to production systems and finally to goods benefitting human wellbeing. The ecosystem service concept is offered to provide qualitative metrics in evaluating various scenarios of production systems (de Groot et al. Citation2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about agroforestry specifically. Instead, it discusses sustainability standards and their relationship with environmental governance and ecosystem services, which are broad topics related to agricultural practices but do not directly corroborate or contradict the specific concept of agroforestry combining trees and crops.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: öm L. Economics of global burden of road traffic injuries and their relationship with health system variables. of Preventive Medicine. 2013;4(12):1442-1450 23. . of Crashes. (Report No. DOT HS 812 013). Washington, DC: Administration; 2015 24. Systems 2. 0 A Vision for Safety. [cited 10 May 2020]. Available from: 25. . Owning or sharing autonomous vehicles: Comparing different ownership and usage scenarios. Research Review. 2019:11-31 26. . An analysis of possible energy impacts of automated vehicle. In: Automation. Cham: Publishing; 2014. 27. Burianski M, Theissen C. [Internet]. J. D. Supra. White & Case LLP; 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 17 May 2020] 28. . Synthesizing robust adversarial examples. In: on Machine Learning. Stockholm; 2018. 29. The moral machine experiment. Nature. 2018;563:59-64 30. Maxmen A. Self-driving car dilemmas reveal that moral choices are not universal [Internet]. Nature News. Group. 2018. Available from: Automated and Connected Driving. of of Transport and Digital Infrastructure; 2017 32. Bonnefon J-F, Shariff A, Rahwan I. The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science. 2016;352(6293):1573-1576 33. . Governing autonomous vehicles: Emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks. Transport Reviews. 2018;39(1):103-128 34. . London. 2015. (to Driverless Cars) 35. NPA drafts rules for testing driverless cars on public roads. Times [Internet]. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 17 May 2020] 36. Dunne MJ. No. 1 2030 [Internet]. Forbes. Forbes Magazine. 2016. Available from: [Accessed: 17 May 2020] 37. Coren MJ. The car industry is heading towards a driverless future [Internet]. Forum. Quartz. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 20 April 2020] 38. Shaping the Future of Autonomous Vehicles: and Efficiency in an Uncertain World. 2016 39. Arf C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of autonomous vehicles, including safety, moral dilemmas, and the complexities of automated driving. This suggests that there are challenges and considerations in the development and deployment of autonomous vehicles, indicating they are not completely immune to accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , Determination of microRNAs in mouse preimplantation embryos by microarray. Dev Dyn, 2008. 237(9): 27. 102. Navarro, A. and Monzo, M. , MicroRNAs in human embryonic and cancer stem cells. J, 2010. 51(5): 32. 103. Chang, T. C. , et al. , Transactivation of miR‐34a by p53 broadly influences gene expression and promotes apoptosis. Mol Cell, 2007. 26(5): 52. 104. Raver‐Shapira, N. , et al. , Transcriptional activation of miR‐34a contributes to p53‐mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell, 2007. 26(5): 43. 105. Paris, R. , et al. , Multiple p53‐independent gene silencing mechanisms define the cellular response to p53 activation. Cell Cycle, 2008. 7(15): 33. 106. Lodygin, D. , et al. , Inactivation of miR‐34a by aberrant CpG methylation in multiple types of cancer. Cell Cycle, 2008. 7(16): 600. 107. Muller, D. W. and Bosserhoff, A. K. , Integrin beta 3 expression is regulated by let‐7a miRNA in malignant melanoma. Oncogene, 2008. 27(52): 706. 108. Marton, S. , et al. , Small RNAs analysis in CLL reveals a deregulation of miRNA expression and novel miRNA candidates of putative relevance in CLL pathogenesis. Leukemia, 2008. 22(2): 8. 109. Hayashita, Y. , et al. , A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR‐17‐92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell proliferation. Cancer Res, 2005. 65(21): 32. 110. Durruthy‐Durruthy, J. , et al. , The primate‐specific noncoding 5 regulates pluripotency during human preimplantation development and nuclear reprogramming. Nat Genet, 2016. 48(1): 52. 111. Wang, Y. , et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided lists studies on microRNAs and their roles in gene expression and cellular responses, but it does not specifically address epigenetics or how environmental factors modify gene expression. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Within this concept, the logical chain of ecosystem structure, processes, and functions is important for understanding the management swing-potential (Figure 4). Figure 4. Cascade of agro-ecosystem structure, processes and function as joint determinants of the management swing potential in relation to human wellbeing. Modified from Braat and de Groot (Citation2012). Display full sizeIn a landscape where different land-use systems interact, agricultural practices vary in structure and components from a simple mono-cropping, where a single commodity is planted, to more complex, multistrata agroforestry practices where a variety of annual and perennial crops are planted or grow together. Structures and components of an agro-ecosystem determine how such a management unit functions in a landscape in its interaction with other land management units. Agriculture cultivations primarily can be categorized as having agronomic functionality as a commodity production system (as provisioning services) to provide food (goods) and ecological functionality (as regulating services) with cultural and spiritual values linking to sociocultural characteristics of local communities (Table 1). Table 1. Typology of ecosystem services from agricultural landscape, based on benefits people derive (left column: Braat & de Groot (Citation2012) and based on aspects of landscape (ecosystem) structure and function (van Noordwijk Citation2006) multiple measurable aspects within each main category), with examples of aspects on the cross section of the classification systems. smallholders and larger scale agribusiness enterprises act as land managers dealing with multiple objectives, limited resources and capital, and incomplete knowledge of how their management systems respond to external variables ranging from climatic variation to policy levers, resulting in a wide variety of agricultural management states. These various management intensities within agro-ecosystems produce multiple services and levels of delivery, but in principle, when an agro-ecosystem is managed mainly for the delivery of a single service (e. g. food production), other services are nearly always affected negatively (Figure 4) (Braat & de Groot Citation2012). For example, rubber, cacao and coffee can be grown in shade as well as full sun systems with different implications for biodiversity and watershed services. As well, crops can be produced at varying management intensities with different qualities and quantities of external inputs, which impacts on a different level of environmental indicators. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the multistrata nature of agroforestry practices, where various annual and perennial crops are planted or grow together, which can enhance biodiversity. It emphasizes the interaction of different land-use systems, supporting the idea that agroforestry systems promote biodiversity and ecological health, as seen in examples regarding the cultivation of crops like rubber, cacao, and coffee in different light conditions impacting biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: A large amount of fossil fuels are used by thermal power plants, industries and vehicles. This place is densely populated, with a large number of industrial enterprises and motor vehicles. Therefore, the pollution is relatively serious in this region, the main pollutant is PM2. 5. In 2014, the annual average concentration of PM2. 5 was 22 µg/m3, and the annual average concentration of PM10 was 61 µg/m3. There were 298 days that met the air quality standard, accounting for 81. 6% of the year. We can see that the situation of air pollution in north China was serious in the 2000s, air pollution was all year around, and winter was the worst. In the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, air pollution is serious from mid-October to mid-March of the following year, air pollution is relatively not serious in the remaining 7 months. The situation of air pollution in the Delta region is much better than that in north China, it is also better than that in the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtanin. Its main pollution sources are thermal power plants, light industrial enterprises, and various vehicles. 3. use of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gas (GHG), which pollutes the air and leads to the rise of GHG concentration, more GHGs trap more solar energy and lead to the rise of surface temperature. The use of global fossil fuels was 2575 TWh in 1880, and 136,761 TWh in 2019, thus an increase of 52. 11 times [16]. Global CO2 emissions were 85,371 million tons in 1880, 36441. 39 million tons in 2019, thus an increase of 41. 69 times [17]. From 1750 to 2009, the carbon dioxide concentration (CDC) has risen by 38%, and the concentration of methane has increased by 148% [7]. The atmospheric CDC was 287. 77 ppm in 1880, and it was 417. 65 ppm in 2022, thus an increase of 45. 13% [18]. We can see that the growth rate of CDC in recent decades is a little faster than that before the 1960s. We conduct regression analysis with GMST as dependent variable [6] and with CDC as independent variable [18] the time is from 1880 to 2019. We present the outcome in Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the extensive use of fossil fuels in thermal power plants, industries, and vehicles. It emphasizes the serious pollution caused by fossil fuels and notes the significant increases in fossil fuel usage and greenhouse gas emissions over time. This information suggests that transitioning to renewable energy is complex and may not be feasible within the next decade due to the current dependence on fossil fuels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , Analyses of long non‐coding RNA and mRNA profiling using RNA sequencing during the pre‐implantation phases in pig endometrium. Sci Rep. , 2016. 6: p. 20238. 112. Anthony, S. B. S. , et al. , A congenital malformations in 4224 children conceived after IVF. Hum Reprod, 2002. 17: 95. 113. DeBaun, M. R. , Niemitz, E. L. , and Feinberg, A. P. , Association of in vitro fertilization with Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome and epigenetic alterations of LIT1 and H19. 2003. 72(156–160). 114. White, C. R. , et al. , High frequency of imprinted methylation errors in human preimplantation embryos. Sci Rep, 2015. 5: p. 17311. 115. Rinaudo, P. F. , et al. , Effects of oxygen tension on gene expression in preimplantation mouse embryos. Fertil Steril, 2006. 86(Suppl 4): 65. 116. Rinaudo, P. and Schultz, R. M. , Effects of embryo culture on global pattern of gene expression in preimplantation mouse embryos. Reproduction 2004. 128: 11. 117. Giritharan, G. , et al. , Effect of in vitro fertilization on gene expression and development of mouse preimplantation embryos. Reproduction 2007. 134: 72. 118. Giritharan, G. , et al. , Effect of ICSI on gene expression and development of mouse preimplantation embryos. Hum Reprod, 2010. 25(12): 24. 119. Markoulaki, S. , et al. , Comparison of Ca2+ and CaMKII responses in IVF and ICSI in the mouse. Reprod, 2007. 13: 72. 120. Kurokawa, M. and ‐generated mouse zygotes exhibit altered calcium oscillations, inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor‐1 downregulation, and embryo development. Reprod, 2003. 9: 33. 121. Fernandez‐Gonzalez, R. , et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references and studies related to gene expression and factors affecting embryos, particularly in the context of procedures like IVF. However, it does not explicitly address epigenetics or how gene expression is influenced by environmental factors, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Whenever certified producers are found, in public scrutiny, to not comply with parts of the stated standards the club good of a certification scheme is at stake. Avoiding this risk drives certifiers to include a safety margin above stated standards or be selective in who gets selected into certification schemes. The presence of the ‘certifiable but uncertified’ category, however, also undermines certification schemes claim that they advance sustainability at large. High transaction costs of certification and low premium prices or other farmgate advantages of being certified make it attractive, however, for producers to stay in this category. Across the various commodities and certification schemes we expect to find an empirical basis for rejecting or accepting such statements made at a higher level of abstraction. The studies presented in this complement recent work on certification and address some of the gaps identified by previous research. First, the set of case studies presented here complements the review of impact assessment studies of Blackman and Rivera (Citation2011) who review impact assessment studies of eco-certification programs in banana, coffee, fish and forest products and tourism. Their review shows that only a small percentage of studies is sufficiently rigorous to provide credible results on impacts. The contextual analysis along the value chain as well as at the macro level of the present set of studies highlights the complexities in designing rigorous impact assessment studies that would account for factors at this level. Second, the current set of case studies also complements the review of Alvarez and von Hagen (Citation2011) by explicitly describing local ecologies where value chains touch base. Third, by focusing on the issue–attention cycle, the framework developed here complements the recent review of interactions among complementary policy instruments by Lambin et al. (Citation2014) and the analysis of the commoditization process by Daviron and Vagneron (Citation2011) by a global as well as country-specific historic perspective on sustainability concerns and how they have been addressed over time. The case studies of the following papers apply the framework and thereby contribute to an empirical validation of the propositions put forward. Fourth, the present set of studies also contributes to putting a monitoring system in place for documenting and analyzing the medium to long-term impacts of private certification and public governance systems in selected sites. The sites are part of the sentinel sites network of the Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry of the CGIAR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to certification schemes and sustainability without specifically addressing agroforestry, its practices, or its benefits for biodiversity and soil health. The mention of trees and agroforestry in the context of the Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry is too broad and does not directly corroborate the particular claim about the benefits of agroforestry.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: We can see that t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level; F-statistic is also significant, which means that the positive relationship between GMST and CDC is robust. R-squared is 0. 91, which means that the changes of atmospheric CDC account for 91% of the rise of GMST. To know the effect of fossil fuel consumption on global warming, we also conduct regression with GMST as dependent variable [6] with global fossil fuel consumption (GFFC) as independent variable [19]. Fossil fuels include oil, gas and coal, the units are exajoules. The time of the data of GFFC is from 1965 to 2022. The outcome is presented in Table 2. We can see that there is a positive relationship between GMST and GFFC, changes in GFFC can account for 90% of the rise in GMST. t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level, F-statistic is also significant. We conduct pairwise Granger causality tests between GMST and GFFC, the outcome indicates that GFFC does Granger cause GMST, while GMST does not Granger cause GFFC. These outcomes indicate that GFFC has intensified the greenhouse effect, and brought about global warming. Table 1. Regression output between GMST and CDC. Note: here C is the intercept. Table 2. Regression output between GMST and GFFC. Note: here C is the intercept. Figure 1 is changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021, the units are ppm [20]. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. We can see that the upward trend of global mean concentration of carbon dioxide is clear from 1959 to 2021, of course, it is full of fluctuation. 4. Disadvantages of Renewable energy has been replacing fossil fuels across the world, but renewable energy has also disadvantage. First, renewable energy is susceptible to weather, which makes them intermittent and unreliable. For example, solar power generators do not work at night, wind turbines cannot generate electricity when the wind speed is lower than the critical values, the hydroelectric facility will generate little or no electricity if the water level is too low and the water flow is slow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the disadvantages of renewable energy, stating that it is susceptible to weather conditions, which renders it intermittent and unreliable. It specifically mentions that solar power does not generate electricity at night and that wind turbines are ineffective during low wind speeds, among other limitations. This indicates that renewable energy may not be fully capable of replacing fossil fuels in a reliable manner within the claimed timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: For examples, in a transcriptional regulatory network an edge in the network corresponds to the binding of a transcription factor to the promotor region of the DNA that is necessary to regulate the transcription of a gene. Or in protein–protein interaction networks an edge corresponds, e. g. , to the binding of two proteins to form a protein complex. In contrast to these phenomenological networks gene regulatory networks constructed from gene expression data are inferential networks. The difference is due to the nature of the employed data to construct the network because gene expression data do only provide information about the concentration of mRNAs, but not direct information about the biochemical binding of genes or gene products. For this reason, an edge in a gene regulatory network is not uniquely specified but could correspond either to transcription regulation, as in transcriptional regulatory networks, or to protein bindings, as in protein–protein interaction networks (de Matos Simoes, Tripathi & Emmert-Streib, 2012). In the remainder of this paper we focus on gene expression data and the gene regulatory networks inferred from these data. Despite the maturity of available technologies to generate gene expression data, e. g. , by using DNA microarrays, there is still much to learn about the capabilities of such data (Emmert-Streib & Dehmer, 2010). This is related to a variety of reasons. First, the major use of gene expression data is to identify differentially expressed genes. For this reason the majority of methods developed for these data are for this problem (Chen, Dougherty & Bittner, 1997; Ge, Dudoit & Speed, 2003; Speed, 2003; Steinhoff & Vingron, 2006; Storey & Tibshirani, 2003). Second, going beyond differentially expressed genes requires different, more sophisticated, statistical methods and the costs to generate data for, e. g. , the identification of differentially expressed pathways increases substantially (Emmert-Streib & Dehmer, 2008; Reimers, 2010). Third, not only the absolute number of the available samples may be important to succeed in the application of advanced analysis methods, but also the condition and configuration used to generate the data. This last point relates to the experimental design (Hinkelmann & Kempthorne, 2008) of gene expression data used to generate these data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding epigenetics and the modification of gene expression by environmental factors. Instead, it discusses various aspects of gene regulatory networks, gene expression data, and the complexities involved in analyzing this data. It primarily focuses on the technical and methodological issues surrounding gene expression analysis, which is somewhat peripheral to the claim about epigenetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Using organic fertilizers helps reduce chemical runoff into water systems. [SEP] Text: The agricultural community/farmers are struggling to obtain higher rate of yield due to lack of poor knowledge about the soil and water nutrients and suitability of the organic crop for the soil. Most of the farmers use excessive chemical fertilizers in-order to increase productivity of their yield, without aware of side effects. The excess usage of chemical fertilizers by the farmers will have impact on the quality, fertility, and salinity of the soil. To overcome these issues and to promote concept we propose an IoT enabled sensor system for monitoring soil nutrient [NPK] and pH of irrigation water to reduce the manual laboratory method of testing and get the results via mobile application and to promote organic farming in the agricultural field. Smart organic farming based mobile application will further process these nutrients value to predict and suggests the suitable crop to grow and the usage of appropriate amount of fertilizer to maintain the soil fertility there by achieving optimum usage of chemical fertilizer because continuous and wrong usage of these chemical fertilizer have a harmful effect not only on soil but also on crops, we consume leading to unhealthy human life. The proposed mobile application also helps in establishing the connection between farmers and (APMC) in order to avoid fragmentation of profit shares and attain Pricing uncertainty and marketing of the yields by avoiding the middle man. APMC is a state government body which ensures safeguard to the farmers from exploitation by large retailers and suggest the kind of crop to be grown with organic farming. India is well known to produce organic fertilizer which is produced by the waste of slaughterhouses, plant and animal residues, biological products and other natural resources. Thus, the proposed work helps the farmers in adopting stress-free organic farming practice by self-testing their field soil parameters for generating quick soil analysis reports and also helps in connecting with APMC to know the suitable crop for their agriculture land based on the soil and water analysis (SWA) report, dispensing the required amount of organic fertilizer to the soil based on soil and water nutrients analysis using IoT enabled sensor, funding/insurance to the crops in case of occurrence of unpredictable natural disaster in future and direct marketing facility without middle man and maintain sustainable agriculture. In the present era, the industry is at 5. 0 levels but agricultural production is still at 2. 0 levels. In this 1. IntroductionIn the era technology enable modern agriculture, the people are keen about the organic farming due to environmental friendliness and more profitable agriculture. The people are diverting towards the organic farming as it uses less chemical-intensive pesticides. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining how organic farming practices can be beneficial. It highlights the negative effects of excessive chemical fertilizer use on soil quality, salinity, and overall health, which supports the idea that utilizing organic fertilizers mitigates these detrimental impacts. The reference to sustainable agriculture and the promotion of organic farming through modern technologies implies a reduction in chemical runoff, as organic farming typically employs fewer chemicals, thereby aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Second, renewable energy sources are unreliable without large-scale storage facilities, electric fluctuations can damage appliances and cause losses to users, economical and practical energy storage facilities are necessary for the large-scale application of renewable energy. A battery system for an ordinary family is around $5000 or even more. If installing a power storage system is beyond your budget and the power generation system cannot generate electricity due to weather, you will have no power available. Third, renewable energy is currently impractical for the transport and aviation sectors with current technology. The technology for large-scale storage facilities is not mature and it does not have economic advantage. Finally, large dams and reservoirs affect geological structures, generate earthquakes, and alter the ecological environment. Wind power generation increases with the cube of wind speed, therefore wind turbine generators should be installed in areas with high wind speed, such as seashores, plains and mountain passes. If wind farms are far away from cities, transmission lines need to be built to deliver electricity from wind farms to cities, which add cost to wind electricity. Wind power is seasonal, wind turbines Figure 1. Changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. work at full capacity in seasons of strong wind. Wind turbines generate much less electricity in seasons of low wind speed. Wind turbines produce broadband noise, which is harmful not only to birds, but also to human health. Birds are killed if they fly into rotating turbine blades, so rotating wind blades change local habitats and affect certain birds. The embankment of a dam cannot be built anywhere, it must be environmentally sustainable. The construction of a dam generally takes a lot of investment and time. During dry seasons, the water level is low, and the hydro power plant cannot generate electricity at full capacity. Fish habitats are formed by water level, water flow speed, access to food, and the possibility of shelter. Hydro power plants change the ecosystems, and these changes could be disastrous for certain fish species. In fact, building a dam not only change the animal habitats, but also the human habitats. Cities and towns may be wiped off the map when a big hydro power plant is built, people will have to resettle elsewhere. Did the Dam cause the Wenchuan earthquake and the Ya an earthquake? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations and challenges of renewable energy. It explains the unreliability of renewables without large-scale storage, the impracticality for sectors such as transport and aviation, and the environmental concerns related to renewable energy infrastructures such as hydropower and wind turbines. These points suggest that renewable energy cannot feasibly replace all fossil fuels within the next decade due to technological and economic barriers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , (2)P=TPTP+FP, (3)R=TPTP+FN. The precision and recall are functions of the number of true positives (TP), false positives (FP) and false negatives (FN). We would like to emphasize that these numbers are available from the comparison of the estimated network, Gest, with the true network, Gtrue. More precisely, for an estimated network, Gest, the true network, Gtrue, and their corresponding adjacency matrices, Aest, and, Atrue, we obtain (4)TP=∑i,jI(Aest(i,j)=1‖Atrue(i,j)=1), (5)FP=∑i,jI(Aest(i,j)=1‖Atrue(i,j)=0), (6)FN=∑i,jI(Aest(i,j)=0‖Atrue(i,j)=1). Here I() corresponds to the indicator function that is 1 if its argument is true and 0 otherwise. Network inference methods For our numerical analysis to infer gene regulatory networks, we use 5 different network inference methods, BC3NET, C3and Aracne. 1 we provide a summary of these methods. A detailed discussion of the functioning of these methods can be found in Altay & Emmert-Streib (2010), Altay & Emmert-Streib (2011), de & Emmert-Streib (2012), Faith et al. (2007), Margolin et al. (2006), Meyer, Lafitte & Bontempi (2008) or in a recent review paper (Emmert-Streib et al. , 2012). All 5 methods are information theory based utilizing estimates of mutual information coefficients (Cover & Thomas 1991). Mutual information coefficients form a non-linear extension of (linear) correlation coefficients, e. g. , the Pearson correlation coefficient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes in relation to the claim as it does not address epigenetics or how gene expression is modified by environmental factors. Instead, it discusses network inference methods for gene regulatory networks and metrics associated with precision, recall, and network comparison. Thus, it lacks relevance to the specific claim regarding epigenetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Using organic fertilizers helps reduce chemical runoff into water systems. [SEP] Text: 4. 1 Section 2: Literature surveyOrganic farming started along with the human civilization but it was totally dependent on nature. Due to increase in the population, there is higher demand for the agricultural products also increased. In-order to cope with this demand farmers started using fertilizers. Indiscriminate use of pesticides and chemicals polluted soil, water and whole ecosystem. Off late our farmers from different parts of India are switching over to sustainable agriculture practice in fields by adopting smart farming techniques as part of campaign to promote Digital Agriculture. Exhaustive literature survey is carried out to determine the soil primary nutrients and pH value of the irrigation water of the agriculture field, the technologies employed for the agricultural activities, the mobile applications etc. The research work is enlisted in the Table 2. Sustainability dimensionCriteriaSocial sustainabilityCreating self-reliance in organic productionEmpowering rural communities through partnerships with other farmers to form groups (providing participatory guarantee system and the strengthening of social organization)Increasing farm employmentImproving employment opportunities, particularly in rural areasEconomic sustainabilityImproving efficiency in areas with low inputs (pesticides, herbicides, etc. )Reducing crop damage and Reducing risk of productionSatisfying farmers from an economic perspectiveAdded value of organic products through marketing activities and processingEfficient usage of resources more efficiently (to minimize the use of non-renewable resources)Affordable than traditional agriculture (due to lower variable costs of inputs, identical Fixed costs and higher prices of organic products)Greater economic profitability due to the use of domestic inputsEnhancing the overall performance of the farm in unit areaEnvironmental sustainabilityMaintaining soil fertility in the long-termImproving soil structureIncreasing soil water retention potentialProducing food without chemicalsUsing environmentally friendly production methods (such as the use of animal products, intercropping, use of mulch, using natural pesticides, crop residue returned, green manure, compost, crop rotation)Reducing environmental pollution (pollution reduction of water, soil, and air)Table 1. Important sustainability criteria in organic farming. ReferenceProposed workSensor used[1]IoT sensor for monitoring the soil moisture content with automatic irrigation to save excess water usage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the environmental sustainability benefits of organic farming, specifically highlighting that organic farming practices produce food without chemicals and reduce environmental pollution, which includes the pollution of water systems. It states that organic methods help in reducing pollution of water, soil, and air, which aligns with the idea that using organic fertilizers minimizes chemical runoff.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Developing countries have been the major emitters in CO2 emissions. In 2005, China’s CO2 emissions were 6098. 2 million tons, surpassing the and becoming the first country. In 2020, its CO2 emissions were 9899. 3 million tons, accounting for 30. 7% of the world’s total [26]. China’s fossil fuel consumption was 41. 89 Exajouls in 2001, 122. 67 Exajouls in 2020, thus an increase of 1. 93 times. In 2020, China’s fossil fuel consumption accounted for 84. 33% of its total primary energy consumption [26]. Renewable energy consumption in China was 2. 79 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 19. 53 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 6 times. In 2020, China’s renewable energy consumption accounted for 13. 43% of its total primary energy consumption, with an annual average growth rate of 31. 58% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. States is the second largest country in CO2 emissions, and its CO2 emissions were 4457. 2 million tons in 2020, accounting for 13. 8% of the world’s total. Fossil fuel consumption in the was 81. 87 Exajouls in 2001, 71. 69 Exajouls in 2020, thus an decrease of 12. 43%. Fossil fuel consumption in 2020 accounted for 81. 66% of its total primary energy consumption [26]. Renewable energy consumption in the was 2. 97 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 8. 71 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 1. 93 times. In 2020, renewable energy consumption accounted for 9. 92% of its total primary energy consumption, with an average annual growth rate of 10. 17% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. India is the third largest country in CO2 emissions, its CO2 emissions were 2302. 3 million tons in 2020, accounting for 7. 1% of the world’s total. India’s fossil fuel consumption was 12. 49 Exajouls in 2001, 28. 71 Exajouls in 2020, thus an increase of 1. 3 times. The fossil fuel consumption in 2020 accounted for 89. 78% of its total primary energy consumption [26]. Renewable energy consumption in India was 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data on the fossil fuel consumption and renewable energy production in major emitting countries like China, the United States, and India. It highlights that in 2020, fossil fuel consumption constitutes a significant percentage of total primary energy consumption—84.33% in China, 81.66% in the U.S., and 89.78% in India—while renewable energy accounted for much lower percentages (13.43%, 9.92%, and negligible respectively). These statistics imply that, despite increases in renewable energy consumption, it is not sufficient to replace fossil fuels within a decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Mutual information is defined by the marginal probabilities P(X) and P(Y) and the joint probability P(X,Y) of two random variables X and Y (Cover & Thomas 1991): (7)I(X,Y)=∑xi∈X∑yj∈YP(X=xi,Y=yj)⋅logP(X=xi,Y=yj)P(X=xi)⋅P(Y=yj). Here log means the logarithm to the base of 2. The mutual information, I(X,Y), between two random variables has the property to be always ≥ 0. I(X,Y) is equal to zero if the two random variables are (statistically) independent from each other, because in this case P(x,y) = P(y)P(x). Table 1: Summary of the 5 network inference methods we use for our analysis. The first column gives the name of the method, the second provides a succinct description of the principle idea the method is based on and column three gives 10. 7717/peerj. 10/table-1 Practically, the marginal and joint probability distributions are not available and, hence, mutual information values need to be estimated by means of statistical methods from the data. In de & Emmert-Streib (2011) it was found that the Miller–Madow estimator (Paninski, 2003) has overall the most favorable inference capabilities compared with 3 further esimators. The Miller–Madow estimator utilizes the fact that the mutual information can also be written in terms of entropies (Cover & Thomas 1991), (8)I(X,Y)=H(X)+H(Y)−H(X,Y). Here the entropy for a random variable X is defined by: (9)H(X)=−∑xi∈XP(X=xi)⋅log(P(X=xi)), and the joint entropy H(X,Y) is given by (10)H(X,Y)=−∑xi∈X∑yj∈YP(X=xi,Y=xj,)⋅log(P(X=xi,Y=xj)). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the concept of mutual information in statistics, specifically how it relates to random variables and estimation methods. There is no mention of epigenetics or how gene expression is influenced by environmental factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: The remainder of the section is organized as follows: demographic frequency, TOE factor frequency, ANOVA of TOE variables and demographic variables, and correlation. 4. 1 Demographic data frequency: 4. 1. 1 2022. According to the results, 14% of related 2022. These results indicate that research output increased overall during the period under consideration. 4. 1. 2 2022. The results show that 20% of published 2022. 4. 1. 3 2022. The results show that surveys accounted for 39% of all 2022. 4. 1. 4 2022. According to the results, quantitative research was the most used research method at 45%, followed by qualitative research at 49%, and mixed-methods research at 6% of published 2022. According to the results, quantitative research studies were the most used research method when researching factors influencing AI adoption in the food supply chain between 2012 and 2022. 4. 1. 5 2022. (TAM), Diffusion of (DOI), Technology-Organisation-(TOE), of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), (CF), and are among the frameworks (DT). According to the results, 42% of the 2. 2 Frequency results of technology-organisational-environmental factors This section presents the results from technology, organizational, and environmental factors affecting AI adoption in the food supply chain. 2. 2. 1 Frequency of The study looked at five technological factors that affect AI adoption in the food supply chain: complexity, perceived usefulness, compatibility, security, and cost. Based on 50 peer-reviewed published 2. 2. 2 Frequency of Organisational Factors: The research looked at six organizational factors that influence AI adoption in the food supply chain: firm size, management support, organizational readiness, resource capacity, technical skills, and strategic objectives. Figure 7 illustrates the results of organizational factors from 2022. According to the results, 74% of 2. 2. 3 Frequency of Environmental Factors: Vendor capabilities, regulation/IT policy, competition, market structure, government pressure, and support/maintenance were all measured as environmental factors affecting AI adoption in the food supply chain. Figure 8 illustrates the frequency of environmental factors based on peer-reviewed 2022. According to the results, support/maintenance received 82% of the peer-reviewed 5. Discussion and ConclusionsThe study conducted a systematic literature review on factors affecting the adoption of AI in food systems, focusing on 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the adoption of AI in food supply chains and the factors influencing it, without addressing the potential for agriculture to be pesticide-free or its impact on food supply. There is no mention of pesticides or agricultural practices that could corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: 76 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 2. 88 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 2. 79 times. In 2020, renewable energy consumption accounted for 9. 01% of its total primary energy consumption, with an average annual growth rate of 14. 68% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. In 1970, the total global consumption of fossil fuel was 53,381 TWh, accounting for 93. 74% of global total primary energy, and it was 136,761 TWh in 2019, accounting for 84. 32% of primary energy [27]. The average annual growth rate of fossil fuel consumption was 1. 96% from 1970 to 2019. The total global electricity generation from renewable energy sources was 2057. 64 TWh in 1985, and 7492. 51 TWh in 2020, thus, an increase of 2. 64 times, and the average annual growth rate was 7. 55% [28]. Global renewable energy accounted for 6. 81% of primary energy consumption in 1985, and 11. 41% in 2019, thus an increase of 4. 6% [29]. The share of renewable energy in primary energy is small, and the share of fossil fuel in primary energy is much larger, only that renewable energy grows faster than fossil fuel. 5. 2. absorb CO2 in the air and convert it into wood. Therefore, deforestation leads to the rise of CDC and drives the rise of surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. Human activities have raised the concentration of GHG in the air by the use of fossil fuel and deforestation over the past 250 years [7]. There is a strong feedback between the biosphere and solar radiation in moderately wet regions, proper precipitation and solar radiation are conducive to vegetation growth, which in turn enhances heat transfer and increases the thickness of clouds and the height of atmosphere. The feedback between biosphere and solar radiation is globally widespread, they account for up to 30% changes of precipitation and surface radiation [30]. The atmospheric extension can effectively buffer extreme weather such as too cold or too hot, and makes the surface temperature more suitable for human survival. There were 1474. 53 million people in the world in 1880 [31] 7794. 8 million in 2020 [32] an increase of 4. 29 times. From 1950 to 1990, the growth rate of human population is the fastest since the Revolution Industry, with an average annual growth rate of 1. 88% [31]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while renewable energy is growing rapidly, its overall share in primary energy consumption is still small compared to fossil fuels. For instance, renewable energy accounted for only 9.01% of total primary energy consumption in 2020, while fossil fuels constituted a significantly larger proportion, 84.32% in 2019. This indicates that even with the forecasted growth of renewable energy, it may not be sufficient to entirely replace fossil fuels within the next decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: The simplest estimator to estimate such entropies is the empirical estimator that estimates the entropy from the observed joint frequencies for each bin (Paninski, 2003). Specifically, the empirical entropy Hemp can be estimated from the observed frequency distribution with nk number of samples in bin k, the total number of samples N and the total number of bins b. For example, for the entropy in Eq. (9) the empirical estimator is given by, (11)Hemp=−∑k=1bnkNlognkN. estimator gives the maximum-likelihood entropy estimate for a discretized random variable. A main problem of the empirical approach is the underestimation of the true entropy, H, due to an undersampling of the cell frequencies when the number of bins increases. A variety of approaches have been developed to account for this bias that range from correcting the estimate by a constant factor or using a multinomial distribution to model the extend of missing information. The Miller–Madow estimator (Paninski, 2003) accounts for the undersampling bias by adjusting the estimate by a constant factor that is proportional to the bin size and the sample size: (12)Hmm=Hemp+b−12⋅N. Here b is the number of bins and N is the number of samples. A practical problem when applying the Miller–Madow estimator is that it is computationally demanding,. e. g. , compared to the Pearson estimator for mutual information (Olsen, Meyer & Bontempi, 2009). estimator for mutual information is estimated from (13)I(X,Y)=12log(1−ρ(X,Y)2), where ρ(X,Y) is the Pearson correlation coefficient. For normal distributed random variables X and Y this expression is exact. From a numerical comparison of both estimators we find that the application of the Miller–Madow estimator takes about two orders of magnitude longer than the application of the Pearson estimator for mutual information. Further, from comparing different network inference methods we find that the performance for all methods is similarly effected by the estimators. For reasons of computational ease, we use for our following simulations the Pearson estimator, because our principle results are independent of the selected estimator and do not depend on the selection of the best estimator leading to the highest F-scores. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about epigenetics and gene expression. Instead, it discusses topics like empirical estimators for entropy and mutual information in statistical analysis, which is irrelevant to the focus on epigenetics and environmental factors affecting gene expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics is more sustainable than any other farming method. [SEP] Text: , 2018) is an intelligent way of growing crops that yields high-quality organic plants in a limited space without using soil and does not expose them to external disasters, and not causing any environmental pollution. The hydroponic food production method is becoming more popular for cultivating crops, especially for urban people who can grow plants on balconies or rooftops (Kaewwiset & Yooyativong, 2017). The hydroponic food production method of cultivation, referred to as “soilless culture” (Resh, 2022), uses water or nutrient solutions as the growing standard. Possibility of using land that is unsuitable for conventional agriculture, such as dry and degraded terrain. The ability of plants to adapt to shifting weather patterns. Cultivation is possible all year. Reduced need for labor-intensive operations such as weeding and soil preparation. These are the method’s primary advantages (Gumisiriza et al. , 2022). There is debate about whether hydroponic farming is more active than conventional farming (Atikah & Widyawati, 2021; Lee & Lee, 2015). Hydroponics agriculture has become a revolution in many countries and is slowly spreading in India. It has proved that it can ultimately grow pesticide-free crops with 95% less water and consume reduced nutrients compared to conventional agriculture. Six different methods of growing hydroponics include deep water culture, wick system, nutrient film technology, ebb and flow systems, drip systems, and aeroponics. It can choose any growing medium except soil like coconut pellets, perlite gravel, rockwool, or sand, or it can be any nutrient explanation. Plants are grown either horizontally or vertically based on space availability (Nursyahid et al. , 2021). In our system, we used deep water culture to grow plants, as shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Deep water culture for hydroponics. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-1 The entire method for a vertical farming controlled environment comprises three significant steps. The first step is about intelligent sensors for monitoring several parameters, including air density, humidity, light intensity, temperature, CO2 levels, oxygen levels, water inflows, and recording pH and EC values. The second step covers caring for the plants under a controlled environment and regulating all the above parameters in specific ranges or threshold values. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim that hydroponics is more sustainable than other farming methods by explaining its advantages, such as yielding high-quality organic plants without soil and reducing environmental pollution. It states that hydroponic farming can use land unsuitable for conventional agriculture, adapt to shifting weather patterns, and requires less water and nutrients compared to traditional methods. The mention of cultivating crops in limited spaces, like balconies or rooftops, further emphasizes its sustainability benefits, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Population growth has led to continued urbanization and deforestation, which lead to increased use of fossil fuel and environmental degradation. Deforestation rate was 16 million hectares per year in the 1990s, 10 million hectares per year from 2015 to 2020. Since 1990, 420 million hectares of forest were converted to other land uses and more than 80 million hectares of primary forest have been cut down [33]. In 2020, there are more than 37,400 species of animals and plants that are list as extinct species, accounting for 28% of all assessed species. Among them, 41% of amphibians, 26% of mammals, 34% of conifers, 14% of birds, 36% of sharks and rays, 33% of reef corals, and 28% of selected crustacean, are listed as threatened species by IUCN [34]. It is necessary for human beings to establish national parks and ecological reserves to preserve plants and animals. Vegetation is the natural basis of human sustainable development in the future. We should preserve plants and animals, protect ecosystems and avoid the loss of biodiversity to achieve sustainable development. 6. energy is badly in need, and solar power is the most abundant energy resource, but the huge cost of the investment of the up-front infrastructure is an obstacle to its rapid growth. As prices continue to fall, solar energy is becoming more and more competitive. Hydrogen is a clean energy, it is a secondary energy, easy to carry, and safe to store. We can use renewable energy to generate electricity, and then produce hydrogen with electricity. Thus, we can solve the problem of intermittency and unreliability of renewable energy by converting it to hydrogen. Since the beginning of the 2000s, half of the growth of renewable energy generation in the is attributed to the state renewable energy requirements—Standards [35]. Researches indicated that Standards are more cost-effective in promoting the development of renewable energy than the Credit or the cap-and-trade policy [36]. Technology innovations in clean energy reduce GHG emissions and the cost of environmental policies. Therefore, clean energy is pushing countries that have not joined the climate treaties to voluntarily adopt clean energy to reduce GHG emissions [37]. Forests are home to many wild animals and plants, and half of wild species reside in tropical forests, habitat loss is the leading cause of global biodiversity loss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing significant challenges in transitioning fully to renewable energy. It mentions the huge cost of up-front infrastructure for solar power as an obstacle to its rapid growth and discusses issues such as population growth, urbanization, and deforestation that contribute to increased fossil fuel use. These factors suggest that while renewable energy has potential, it may not be sufficient to completely replace fossil fuels within the next decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: The long term behavior of the F-scores for all five methods, for both regulatory networks, converge to nearly constant F-scores for values of t larger than t9 = 10. 0. This behavior indicates that the dynamical systems reach steady-state values and simulating for longer times does not lead to further changes. From our results we see that t = t11 = 50. 0 can be safely assumed to lead to steady-state values for all five method. Figure 3: Inference performance of BC3NET, C3and Aracne for a Erdös–Réyni network (A) and a subnetwork of the transcriptional regulatory network of S. cerevisiae (B) each consisting of 100 genes. For these data a constant external stimulation (II) has been applied. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 10/fig-3 Interestingly, the highest F-scores are observed for t2 = 0. 5 and t3 = 1. 0, depending on the method and the underlying regulatory network. However, in either case t2,t3≪t11, which means that the most informative time step is far from the steady-state of the dynamical system. In order to quantify the gain in the inference performance for each observational time step, we relate all median F-scores to the steady-state values, i. e. , F(tj)/F(t11). Due to the fact that the F-scores do no longer change beyond t11, the value of F(t11) is equivalent to the asymptotic value of the dynamical system, i. e. , F(t∞)=limt→∞F(t). A summary of these results is shown in Fig. 2. An interesting observation from these results is that all methods benefit from non-steady-state data by increasing their (median) F-scores by a factor of up to 1. 4. However, it should be emphasized that the strength of this effect is dependent on the topology of the regulatory network, as one can see for MRNET and CLR. Figure 4: Inference performance of BC3NET, C3and Aracne for a Erdös–Réyni network (A) and a subnetwork of the transcriptional regulatory network of S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the performance of inference methods for regulatory networks and their steady-state behavior but does not address the claim regarding epigenetics or the influence of environmental factors on gene expression. Therefore, it is entirely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics is more sustainable than any other farming method. [SEP] Text: According to Bafdal, Dwiratna & Kendarto (2017), this technology is an advancement over earlier ones. Smart watering is the system’s registered trademark. The valve for the proposed self-aware fertigation is built to adhere to gravity and pressure laws. It implies that the valve will automatically open and shut depending on the predetermined height, enabling adequate nutrient circulation. This kind of technology is excellent for use in places without electricity. A hydroponic intelligent plant care system that uses IoT technology to control the environment was created by Paulchamy et al. (2018). IoT allows users to make changes by quickly adding or removing sensors and actuators. By managing the water sprinkling and pump flow, the IPCH box effectively reduces the CO2 concentration. According to the level, the flow of nutrients to hydroponic plants is automatically increased. The challenging step is maintaining a steady pH level in the water solvent. The crop can be grown anywhere in hydroponics, where the growth rate is 90% more than in regular farming. The novelty of the proposed method for distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants lies in its groundbreaking approach to optimizing plant growth through advanced modeling techniques. Unlike existing convolutional neural network (CNN) and deep neural network (DNN) models, this innovative system leverages a unique combination of data-driven insights and real-time feedback mechanisms to achieve unparalleled accuracy. The model’s claim to surpass existing CNN and DNN models is rooted in its ability to adapt and learn dynamically from the intricate interplay of variables affecting plant nutrition. By integrating cutting-edge sensor technologies and machine learning algorithms, the system not only precisely distributes nutrient solutions tailored to the specific needs of each plant but also continuously refines its predictions based on live environmental data. This adaptive and responsive nature sets it apart, positioning it as a pioneering solution in the realm of hydroponic agriculture, promising enhanced crop yields and resource efficiency. Proposed system and system design The ratios of nutrients will keep changing due to plant type, plant stage, plant organ focus, air temperature, and humidity. Automatic hydroponic nutrient management must focus on- Taking complete control of hydroponics that monitor and regulate everything needed for plants, including nutrients, EC, pH, CO2, temperature, and humidity Estimating nutrient ratios for feeding plants. Automating nutrient supply to dispatch nutrients in the right amounts at the right time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the advancements and benefits of hydroponic systems, such as the 90% higher growth rate compared to regular farming, efficient nutrient management using IoT technology, and the ability to grow crops anywhere, which suggests a higher resource efficiency and sustainability compared to traditional farming methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Saccharomyces is a yeast that feeds on sugars and can be found on fruit, such as on the skin of grapes. Interestingly, this yeast has been domesticated to make the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as brewers’ or bakers’ yeast. Propionibacterium are present in a wide variety of environments. Alan and his team are most interested in are those found in dairy products such as cheese. Ultimately, Alan and his team are interested in finding a means of overcoming our reliance on fossil fuels and are therefore investigating microbes as an alternative. “In our projects, Saccharomyces is used for the production of ethanol, whether that be for wine or for biofuels,” explains Alan. “Propionibacterium makes propionic acid, which can be used to keep yeast fermentations free from bacterial contamination. ” ’? The most obvious challenge is the production of ethanol by yeast. The hand gels we use in hospitals all contain ethanol, which helps to kill microbes – the ethanol breaks down the thin membrane around cells and kills them. This is something that Alan and his team are battling with. “When the yeast produces the ethanol, it is killed at an alcohol content of 15%-16%, which explains why wine doesn’t ferment to a higher concentration,” explains Alan. “We would like to have yeast that is able to tolerate higher concentrations, both for the production of biofuels in a more cost-effective manner and also to add into fermentations, such as the secondary fermentation that champagne undergoes in the bottle. ” ’? Yes! The team has been working on a variety of different stresses that affect the cell membrane and they now understand the effects that ethanol and butanol, another type of alcohol, have on membranes at the molecular level. This allows the team to design strains that have the potential to be more resistant – these will be tested later this year, which could lead to some exciting results in the near future. ? The short answer is soon and everywhere! points out, for decades, microbes were used to produce compounds such as butanol before fossil fuels took over. In many ways, the work of biochemists is to get back to where we once were, but the only way of doing that is to match the effectiveness and efficiency of fossil fuels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while there is significant interest in using microbes like Saccharomyces for biofuel production, the challenges related to the production of ethanol are still present. Alan discusses the limitations of current yeast strains that cannot tolerate high ethanol concentrations, which indicates that renewable energy sources like biofuels may not yet be sufficient to fully replace fossil fuels quickly. The text highlights the need to match the effectiveness and efficiency of fossil fuels, suggesting that a complete replacement within the next decade may not be feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae (B) each consisting of 100 genes. For these data a positive spike-in stimulation (III) has been applied. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 10/fig-4 The next experimental condition we are investigating corresponds to the growth of cells in a rich media (II), as modeled by a constant and positive external stimulation, Ec, for each gene. The results from this analysis are shown in Fig. 3. Compared to the results from the normal condition, shown in Fig. 2, there are two important differences. First, the optimal observational time step is for all methods shifted to larger values (t≈2. 5). We repeated this analysis for different values of Ec and found that the larger this constant stimulation is the further one can delay the time to reach optimal F-scores. However, for too large values of Ec the transcription regulation is essentially driven by the external stimulation which does not lead to meaningful results. Second, the observed results are much more sensitive with respect to the underlying topology of the regulatory network. Whereas for the Erdös–Réyni network (Fig. 3A) the overall results are similar to Fig. 2(A and B), the results for the subnetwork of the transcriptional regulatory network of S. cerevisiae (Fig. 3B) are qualitatively different, because now there is no gain in measuring data at time steps before the system reached its steady-state. This is consistent for all five inference methods. Finally, we study data by simulating normal conditions interrupted by a brief period of a positive external stimulation (spike-in) (III). These results are shown in Fig. 4. The first observation is that the obtained results are again strongly dependent on the underlying network, as in Fig. 3. Additionally, we observe a method-dependent effect, because MRNET and Aracne have a considerably larger variation in the estimated F-scores for observational time steps between t4 = 2. 0 and t7 = 3. 5 than the other three methods. This indicates that these two methods are potentially stronger effected by the spike-in stimulation than the other methods because the simulation starts at 1. 0 and lasts till 1. 2. However, for all five inference methods we observe that the spike-in stimulation leads to an oscillation in the F-scores without increasing the optimal values. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding epigenetics and gene expression modification by environmental factors. Instead, it focuses on an analysis of gene behavior under certain experimental conditions and the effects of constant external stimulation on data interpretation within a specific regulatory network. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics is more sustainable than any other farming method. [SEP] Text: With the potential to improve crop health and productivity, such accuracy contributes to the automation of hydroponic systems, decreasing labor requirements and enabling for data-driven decision-making. Furthermore, the environmental benefits, such as reduced nutrient runoff and a smaller ecological imprint, correspond with sustainable farming practices. This high level of precision not only ensures crop consistency, but also presents hydroponic farming as a competitive and environmentally aware strategy in modern agriculture. Equations for nutrients estimation based on the stage Estimating and calculating the ratios of nutrients to add to nutrient solutions is a primary issue in the hydroponic controlled environment. In India, the hydroponics culture is beginning. Most urban people are aware of growing hydroponics. In this urban farming, a farmer is tightly engaged with his day schedules. They cannot be time-intensive in dosing plants and making pH or EC adjustments. And if he is new to farming, he may accidentally shock his plants by over- or under-dosing. Overdosing on nutrients can result in a nutritional burn, the creation of salt content, and even plant death. Underdosing of nutrients sometimes results in plant decreases. The use of automated dosing systems is the solution to this problem. This system is used to avoid human errors and simplify nutrient management with less human intervention (dosing, checking levels, measuring pH and EC). Normally EC is measured in millisiemens. We can convert this EC to ppm using 500 NaCl or 700 KCl scales. 1MS=500ppm=EC500(or)1MS=700ppm=EC×700 For the tomato plant, the optimal EC range is from 2 to 5 mS, i. e. , 1,400 to 3,500 ppm, according to the KCl scale. We already discussed that plant absorbing nutrients involves several factors such as on plant stage, type of plant, and plant part growing. Accordingly, nutrient consumption at the vegetative stage is different from the flower stage, and similarly, nutrient uptaking at the flower stage is different from the fruit stage. At the germination stage, the plant uses a tiny percentage of nutrients as it can grow with nutrients available in fresh RO water. When it has grown in 30–40 days, leaves increase with height, around 20 to 30 cm. This stage is called the early vegetative stage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by highlighting various aspects of hydroponics that align with sustainability, such as 'reduced nutrient runoff and a smaller ecological imprint,' which are crucial elements for sustainable farming practices. Additionally, the mention of 'automation of hydroponic systems, decreasing labor requirements and enabling for data-driven decision-making' underscores its efficiency and environmental benefits, positioning hydroponic systems as a competitive and environmentally aware strategy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: “One consideration is cost but reducing toxicity should help with this and as people become increasingly environmentally conscious this should help drive government policy,” explains Alan. “There is a lot of amazing work going on to get microbes to make chemicals they wouldn’t normally make, and this broadens their uses significantly. ” in BiochemistryProteins and Lipids (AMPL): : Alan’s work is focused on investigating Saccharomyces and Propionibacteria with a view to improving the tolerance of microbes. The team hopes to improve efficiency and product yield of engineered cell-based factories. : UK Research and 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions Download the 10. 33424/50 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 cells viewed under a microscope. Yeast grown on an agar plate ready for testing. Testing yeast for ethanol tolerance. A molecular model of a cell membrane showing the individual lipids (fats) that make it up. The MeMBrane team at a recent meeting in York. We are all aware of the potentially cataclysmic effect of continuing to rely on fossil fuels. While we might recycle our plastic, use electric cars or walk to school, efforts are being made to reduce our reliance in surprising quarters. One area where efficiency and a move away from fossil fuels is being considered is that of the use of microbes. Fossil fuel-based chemical production has been a historical tendency for some time and, while it has helped advance the field of biochemistry, it has had the unfortunate effect of releasing enormous amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. As we all now well know, these ‘non-renewable’ production methods are affecting the world’s climate. Now, there is a concerted effort to move away from such methods and instead look for alternatives that are cleaner, greener and more efficient, including biofuels. Based at in the UK, Goddard leads the MeMBrane project, which focuses on the production of what he and his team call cell factories. “Microbial cells can be grown on a variety of ‘foods’ including sugars, plant waste and even wood pulp,” explains Alan. “These sources of carbon are renewable and therefore more environmentally friendly. Bio-based routes to chemical production can also lead to purer products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and limitations of replacing fossil fuels, particularly mentioning that reliance on fossil fuels has historical precedence, and that while there are efforts to introduce cleaner alternatives like biofuels, the transition is complex and not guaranteed within the specified timeframe of a decade. The text notes a 'concerted effort to move away from such methods' but does not affirm that renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels soon.