Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Even in the case of Khon Kaen, where full consensus and commitment were never really achieved about the precise wording of the question and thus the focus of the assessment, coproductive capacities were built as a result of the struggle over framing. Participatory and problem-driven ecosystem services assessments complement the conventional practice of expert examination of the environmental implications of individual projects or policies one by one. For local planners there is scope for considering multiple services in an integrated way and with consideration of trade-offs, for functional planners there is scope for considering multiple scales and strategies up to the national level, and for residents and informal community leaders there are opportunities to place the interests of under-recognized services and users on the agenda. Multistakeholder approaches are important because they increase the chances that environmental assessments will be perceived by all key stakeholders as being sufficiently credible, legitimate, and salient or useful (Cash et al. 2003). Multistakeholder and citizen participation is not yet common in environmental assessments in Thailand or other neighboring countries. However, the assessments documented here illustrate that some level of participation is possible, although it was still difficult to directly engage marginalized stakeholders like migrant workers, landless people, and the poor. The study also found evidence of significant and interrelated behavioral, cultural, and institutional constraints to building capacity through ecosystem services assessments that have major implications for the use of assessments in planning and policy review or development. These constraints arise in the design, implementation, use, and communication components (Fig. 1) of an assessment process. Such constraints need to be addressed: Table 4 presents a selection of lessons learned by the assessment technical teams and reflected on by other stakeholders in a final reporting and evaluation workshop; those lessons provide some practical guidance on how to do so. Finally, these constraints relate to scientific, governance, and coproductive capacities (Fig. 2). It is to these analytical themes we now return in more detail. First, there were limitations to knowledge and constraints on science capacity. Scientific resources available to be assessed were quite limited in two of the cases. Kaen, the assessment drew substantially on scientific research, whereas the other two assessments placed as much or even more emphasis on local perceptions and knowledge, in part because not much relevant prior research was available. Insights from quantitative, qualitative, and participatory research were sought, but integrating these insights was not a straightforward process, and they could not always be cross-validated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of participatory and problem-driven ecosystem services assessments that complement conventional environmental evaluations. It highlights that these assessments consider multiple ecosystem services and their trade-offs, suggesting that they provide essential benefits to human well-being by integrating local community interests and knowledge. Furthermore, the text illustrates that multistakeholder participation in these assessments increases their credibility and relevance, thereby enhancing their effectiveness in addressing the needs of diverse stakeholders, which aligns with the idea that ecosystem services are vital for overall human well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: A cute or chronic blood loss reduces the numbers of red blood cells (RBCs) in the circulation, reducing oxygen delivery and producing tissue hypoxia. One of the first cellular responses to hypoxia is increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria. With evolution, organisms have developed an efficient and rapid way to respond to erythroid challenges by using ROS as the ‘ignition key’ that activates the engine, defined stress erythropoiesis, which induces hematopoietic/stem progenitor cells to produce RBCs to compensate losses. 1,2Much has been discovered in recent years on the mechanism(s) that regulate stress erythropoiesis. ROS stimulates kidney cells to produce greater levels of erythropoietin (Epo), the hormone that specifically stimulates RBC production. 2 In addition, ROS stimulates hematopoietic niches in the marrow to produce factors that induce hematopoietic stem cells to generate ‘stress-specific erythroid progenitors’ with enhanced ability to produce RBCs. 3 In mice, ‘stress-specific erythroid progenitors’ egress from the marrow into the blood to home in ‘stress-specific’ niches in the spleen where they continue their maturation. 4,5 The development of mechanisms that use ‘ROS’ as the sensor to increase RBC production in response to erythroid challenges is an evolutionary winner that has an important drawback. As described by Ulyanova et al. in this issue,6 maturation of erythroid cells is uniquely associated with accumulation of hemoglobin, the oxygen carrier molecule with the intrinsic property of increasing ROS production. Since above a ‘critical’ threshold, ROS activates the p53-dependent pathway of cell death, during their maturation, erythroid cells must maintain ROS constantly low by increasing production of enzymes, such as catalase, that are able to degrade ROS. The expression of these enzymes is controlled by the transcription factor forkhead-box protein O3 (FoxO3) activated by AKT7 (Figure 1). Therefore, in contrast to stem/progenitor cells, hypoxia-induced increases of ROS are deleterious to erythroblasts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of gene functions in relation to erythropoiesis and the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It highlights ongoing discoveries regarding mechanisms that regulate stress erythropoiesis and the role of various genes and transcription factors such as FoxO3. This indicates that our understanding of gene functions, particularly in response to physiological challenges, is still evolving and not yet complete.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 65 m 상향 적용된 것으로 조사되었다. 3. 4 마루높이 방파제 단면형식을 결정함에 있어서 마루높이(h'c)를 우선 선정한다. 이 경우 심해설계파를 이용하여 추산된 설계파고를 반영하며, 방파제 단면의 마루높이는 상대마루높이(h'c/H1/3)로 환산된다. 항만 및 어항 설계기준(해양수산부, 2017)에 의하면 마루높이는 설계조위에 안정성 검토를 위한 설계 유의파고(H1/3)의 0. 6배 이상의 적절한 높이로 하는 것이 표준이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the design parameters for coastal structures and wave heights rather than any information about Europa’s subsurface ocean or potential for harboring life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Like ecosystem services assessments, strategic environmental assessments are usually applied at levels above individual projects. Likewise, it was recognized that when the real concern was a specific new project such as a large infrastructure or industrial project, environmental impact assessment tools would often be more appropriate. Neither of these tools, however, was on its own sufficient for dealing with analysis of poverty implications. On the other hand, it was thought that assessments of ecosystem services were likely to be most useful when there were serious concerns over how development drivers were disrupting ecosystem functions important to human well-being. With respect to building coproductive capacities, other processes such as high-quality communication of science, joint fact-finding activities on specific contested problems, and future-oriented development dialogues might be even more effective than complex ecosystem service assessments. Our analysis of ecosystem services assessment in Thailand has important implications for efforts to build coproductive capacities elsewhere. Decentralization reforms along with calls for more evidence-based planning are under way in many parts of the world. Demand for assessments and related tools to assist with development planning at subnational levels are likely to increase. The lessons learned in Thailand in this study (Table 4) are likely to be most relevant in other developing countries where constraints and opportunities with respect to the ecological research base and human resource capacities at subnational levels are similar to those of the Thai cases. Participatory ecosystem services assessments in these situations can be adjusted to fit local realities. In particular, they may be more effective than tool- and expert-driven assessments because they do not overly privilege science; in fact, they encourage practitioners and local communities to share knowledge and perspectives on policy problems and possible responses. This simultaneous engagement of governance actors and scientists has the potential to lead to better decisions and to empower residents in local planning and development. Our analysis also highlights how building coproductive capacities faces many constraints and barriers; recognizing these is a first step to addressing them. It also points to a need for further study of diverse assessment processes in developing countries. This research would help to determine the merits and limitations of the ecosystem services assessment framework compared with alternative approaches to supporting formal planning and policy development as well as to building coproductive capacity. three subnational assessments of ecosystem services each had their own strengths and weaknesses; as a set, they provided significant insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with building coproductive capacities through participatory problem-oriented assessments in Thailand and countries with similar levels of scientific and institutional development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that assessments of ecosystem services are likely to be useful when addressing concerns about how development disrupts ecosystem functions that are important to human well-being. It highlights the idea that ecosystem services are fundamentally connected to decisions and strategies that impact human welfare and emphasizes their significance in development planning, particularly in contexts like Thailand. This relationship underscores the essential benefits that ecosystem services provide to human well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Hence the need for these cells to have a safety circuitry up-regulating expression of enzymes that catabolize ROS under conditions of hypoxia. Without this circuitry, stress-specific erythroblasts would die in great numbers, eliminating the expected increases in RBC production mediated by ROS-induced proliferation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Studies have been performed to clarify how increases in ROS production as a result of hypoxia induce hematopoietic stem cells to generate stress-specific progenitor cells. 1–3 ROS induce the formation of ‘stress-specific’ niches that through specific adhesion receptors attract hematopoietic stem cells exposing them to growth factors that, in synergy with Epo, induce them to generate stress-specific progenitor cells. In contrast, little is known about how the control of ROS production becomes more stringent in erythroblasts maturing under conditions of hypoxia. Integrins are heterodimers composed by an alpha(α) and a beta(β) subunit that interact with counter receptors present on niche cells and/or with fibronectin, a component of the extracellular matrix used by cells to sense their position in the microenvironment. 8 Integrins lack a kinase domain but upon activation deliver outside-in signals through association with the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). 8,9 The combination of α and β subunits expressed is cell- and tissue-specific. Hematopoietic cells express mainly the β1 subunit in combination with either α4 or α5. 10,11 During erythroid maturation, expression of α4 increases between the proerythroblast and the basophilic stage and then decreases between the basophilic and polychromatic stage. 12–14 Expression of β1 parallels that of α4 with the exception that it is retained in terminally maturing cells. Pioneering work published, among others, by the Papayannopoulou laboratory has identified that the α4β1 heterodimer prevents mobilization of stem/progenitor cells in response to a variety of stimuli, including those that elicit the erythroid stress response. 1,5 In contrast, the pattern of α5 expression and its biological functions in erythropoiesis are less clear. Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there is a lack of understanding regarding the control of ROS production in erythroblasts maturing under hypoxic conditions. The statement 'In contrast, little is known about how the control of ROS production becomes more stringent in erythroblasts maturing under conditions of hypoxia' suggests that not all aspects of genetic and cellular functions are fully understood, undermining the idea that every gene's function is completely known.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이 경우 적절한 높이란 항내 수역의 정온도, 항만시설의 보전 등을 감안하여 결정한다. Table 2~Table 4의 주요 항만 및 어항 방파제에 적용된 상대마루높이의 변화 경향을 Fig. 10에 나타내었다. 그 결과 방파제의 상대마루높이는 1999년 이전까지는 0. 6~0. 7을 유지하였다. 다만 방파제가 보강인 경우이거나 내항 측 계류시설의 안정성 확보를 위해 월파방지 대책으로 마루높이를 높게 한 경우는 상대마루높이가 다소 높게 나타났다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the height of harbor breakwaters and their trends over time, without mentioning Europa, subsurface oceans, or any conditions that might support life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Assessments of ecosystem services are a useful way of explaining how natural and modified landscapes affect human well-being, for better or worse. Thus, they are a valuable complementary tool for development planning and policy evaluation at subnational levels. Like any other approach, however, these assessments have some important limitations and constraints. These are related to the levels of understanding of ecosystems in particular places, to the time investments needed to share understanding among stakeholders, and to the recurrent challenges of dealing with differences in interests and motivations. Some actors will seek to use an assessment to support their pre-existing plans, policies, or positions. Other actors will note that the special value of an assessment lies not in telling people things they already know, but in identifying important relationships they do not understand well enough. In either case, by creating demand for greater capacities, assessments can improve the quality of evidence- and science-informed social change. 2010. Ecosystems and human well-being: a manual for assessment practitioners. Island. Biggs, R. , M. Schlüter, D. Biggs, E. L. Bohensky, S. BurnSilver, G. Cundill, V. . Kotschy, A. M. Leitch, C. Meek, A. Quinlan, C. Raudsepp-. Schultz, and P. C. West. 2012. Toward principles for enhancing the resilience of ecosystem services. of Environment and Resources 37:421-448. Cash, D. W. , W. C. Clark, F. Alcock, N. M. Dickson, N. Eckley, D. H. Guston, J. Jäger, and R. B. Mitchell. 2003. Knowledge systems for sustainable development. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 100(14):8086-8091. for Community-based Research. 2013. Sub global assessment—ecosystem services, human well-being and sustainable development in province [Translated from the Thai]. for Community-based Research, Samut Songkhram, Thailand. Geneletti, D. 2011. Reasons and options for integrating ecosystem services in strategic environmental assessment of spatial planning. of Biodiversity Science, & Management 7(3):143-149. Hegger, D. , M. Lamers, A. Van Zeijl-Rozema, and C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that assessments of ecosystem services are useful in explaining how natural and modified landscapes affect human well-being, acknowledging both benefits and limitations. It emphasizes the value of these assessments in development planning and policy evaluation, which aligns with the idea that ecosystem services are crucial for human well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: A model for the control of ROS production during the maturation of erythroid cells under conditions of stress erythropoiesis. Hypoxia induced by stress challenges generates ROS that induce the formation of stress-specific erythroid progenitor cells. These progenitor cells are poised to receive signals delivered by stress-specific growth factors (SCF and Epo) and hormones (glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone) to respond to integrin outside-in signals. Stress-specific niches present in murine spleen, and equivalent niches in human marrow, induce through the integrin axes stress-specific erythroid cells to produce greater levels of catalase (and probably other enzymes) reducing the levels of ROS generated by hypoxia in these cells, allowing them to escape ROS-activated p53-dependent death, to generate great numbers of RBCs. (modified from Figure 3BS by Ulyanova et al. 6)In this issue, Ulyanova et al. 6 present a superb review of the effect of ROS on terminal erythroid maturation and the regulation of this process by the microenvironment through the integrin axes (Figure 1). This information is used as a foundation for performing loss-of-function analysis of the role played by integrins in the regulation of the terminal phases of RBC production. The loss-of-function models utilized include mice lacking the α4 gene, mice lacking the β1 gene (and therefore presumably lacking also α5β1 heterodimers), mice lacking both the α4 and the β1 gene, and wild-type mice treated with an inhibitor of FAK, the tyrosine kinase protein that mediates their intracellular signaling. The mutants were analyzed at baseline and during the recovery from stress challenges chosen to induce progressively more profound perturbations of the erythron (Figure 1). Both glucocorticoid receptor and cKIT activation up-regulate expression of FAK19,20 poising the cells for outside-in signaling by integrins (Figure 1). The data presented indicate that α4β1 and α5β1 are not essential for normal erythropoiesis because the hematocrit of mice lacking either one of these integrin complexes is normal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing ongoing research and various models, including loss-of-function analysis of genes, which indicates that the complete functions of these genes are not yet fully understood. The analysis of genes involved in erythropoiesis, such as integrins, shows that even in mutant mice lacking certain gene expressions, the hematocrit remains normal, suggesting that more research is needed to clarify gene functions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 해역별로는 대부분의 사업이 동해안에서 많이 시행되었으며, 해역별로 상대마루높이는 지속적으로 증가하고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 1999년 이후부터 신항만의 대수심 방파제에 대해 입찰방법이 대안입찰이나 설계시공일괄입찰이 시행되면서 방파제의 상대마루높이가 높게 나타나 평균 1. 0 이상, 최대 1. 26까지 상향되었음을 알 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses construction activities and changes in sea level rather than providing information about Europa's subsurface ocean or its potential to sustain life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: and edited by Çagan H. Sekercioglu, Daniel G. Wenny and Christopher J. of Chicago Press, 2016Cloth: 978-0-226-38246-3 | Paper: 978-0-226-38263-0 | Electronic: 978-0-226-38277-7DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 001. 0001 of (paper, ebook) DeGruyter Multi-eBooks (formerly NetLibrary) over one hundred years, ornithologists and amateur birders have jointly campaigned for the conservation of bird species, documenting not only birds’ beauty and extraordinary diversity, but also their importance to ecosystems worldwide. But while these avian enthusiasts have noted that birds eat fruit, carrion, and pests; spread seed and fertilizer; and pollinate plants, among other services, they have rarely asked what birds are worth in economic terms. Birds Matter, an international collection of ornithologists, botanists, ecologists, conservation biologists, and environmental economists seeks to quantify avian ecosystem services—the myriad benefits that birds provide to humans. The first book to approach ecosystem services from an ornithological perspective, Matter asks what economic value we can ascribe to those services, if any, and how this value should inform conservation. 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0001[avian ecosystem function;economic ornithology;ecosystem services;cultural services;provisioning services;regulating services;supporting services]Ecosystem services are those aspects of the earth that benefit humans. of the identified four classes of ecosystem services: provisioning services such as food, water, timber, and fiber; regulating services that affect climate, floods, disease, wastes, and water quality; cultural services that provide recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits; and supporting services such as soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling. Interest in both the positive and negative roles of birds spurred development of Economic Ornithology, which investigated the food, habits, and migrations of birds in relation to both insects and plants. Although the discipline was initially greeted enthusiastically, criticism of methods and skepticism regarding conclusions grew in the early 20th century. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how ecosystem services, specifically those provided by birds, are essential benefits to humans. It details the four classes of ecosystem services, including provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services, all of which illustrate the various ways these services contribute to human well-being. For example, it mentions that birds play roles in food, pest control, and nutrient cycling, directly linking their ecological functions to benefits that humans rely upon.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: However, careful analysis of the phenotype of α5β1 deficient mice demonstrated that they express a modest uncompensated anemia because of impaired ability to compensate for the physiological increases in ROS production occurring during the late stages of maturation. This result suggests that signaling from α5β1 integrin may be specifically responsible for regulating ROS catabolism (Figure 1). This hypothesis was confirmed by demonstrating differences in phenotype of α4β1 and α5β1 deficient mice under conditions of stress erythropoiesis. Mice lacking the integrin α4 had delayed but quantitatively normal responses to all the challenges used. In contrast, mice lacking α5β1 were unable to respond to any of these challenges because their maturing erythroid cells expressed great levels of ROS and died of apoptosis. Further investigations indicated that erythroid cells from α5β1-deficient mice were unable to activate FAK and FOXO3 and to increase antioxidant response. These results indicate that although stress-specific erythroid cells are poised to activate the machinery that reduces ROS, an outside-in signal delivered by α5β1 integrin is necessary for activation of the machinery and ROS (and consequent p53-mediated death) reduction under hypoxic conditions. The analyses of the phenotype of double knock-out mice provided additional information on the role exerted by the two integrins during stress erythropoiesis. Mice lacking both α4β1 and α5β1 responded to challenges perturbing only the terminal erythroid compartments (phenylhydrazine and EPO) as single α5β1 mutant mice, confirming that α5β1 is necessary and sufficient to control ROS production in maturing erythroid cells. By contrast, double knock-out mice responded to challenges perturbing the initial phases of the hematopoietic process, (5-fluorouracyl and radiation) more severely than single α5β1 mutants dying in great numbers following these challenges. This result confirms that α4β1 is necessary to induce hematopoietic stem cells to generate stress-specific erythroid progenitors. The results described by Ulyanova et al. are important for three reasons. Movie 1. Interaction between macrophages and human erythroblasts in vitro. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of gene functions, particularly highlighting the roles of integrins (α4β1 and α5β1) in regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) during erythropoiesis. It illustrates that the function of specific genes related to integrins is not fully understood, as the phenotype analysis revealed distinct roles and challenges for mice lacking these genes under various conditions. This indicates that there are still significant aspects of gene functionality that remain to be clarified.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 즉, 상대마루높이의 주요 증가 요인으로는 대안턴키시행(설계파, 조위 상향)과 더불어 방파제 고유의 기능에서 방파제 내측에 접안시설 설치, 친수시설로의 이용 등의 부가적인 기능을 부여하는 기능복합화로 구분할 수 있다. 3. 5 상치구조물 1950년 이전의 소규모 항만과 어항의 경우 사석식 방파제에서 상부시설은 사석과 사석사이에 콘크리트로 채우는 충진콘크리트로 시공한 자료로 조사되었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses engineering aspects and structural designs related to harbor infrastructure, which have no connection to the conditions potentially suitable for life in Europa's subsurface ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Keeping in mind the eventual demise of in the early 20th century, efforts to revitalize the field today must be rigorous, repeatable, with a focus on tangible measures of plant yield in managed systems and plant fitness in natural systems. Cost-benefit analysis may permit evaluation of bird contributions to ecosystem service and disservice with respect to alternative mechanisms that are available (e. g. , bird predation versus pesticides for pest control). Efforts that permit scaling up from experimental plots to entire ecosystems are critical. (pages 1 - 26)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0002[ecosystem services;commodification;ethics;values;monetization;valuation]Birds are valuable intrinsically and instrumentally. Their instrumental values include use values, such as for hunting purposes, and non-use-values, such as for recreation, aesthetic value, and for delivering ecosystem services that help sustain and fulfill human life. If ornithologists, conservations, and economists can help individuals and institutions recognize the value of birds, this will increase investments in bird conservation while fostering human well-being. A surge in interest in environmental and ecological economics has thrust ecosystem services to the forefront of conservation science and policy, and ornithologists must engage in this work to advance bird conservation effectively. Documenting the values and services of birds is necessary for deliberative decision-making processes that collectively weigh economic, cultural, and intrinsic values. Here, we describe methods to quantify the economic value of biodiversity drawn from the field of environmental economics, and we briefly review several examples involving birds. Policies for markets and/or payments for bird services are still in their infancy, but we review how policies of other public ecosystem services have progressed and we discuss their relevance to bird conservation. Lastly, we identify directions for future ecological and economic research that may lead to advances in bird conservation policy. (pages 27 - 48)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0003[agroecosystems;bottom-up interactions;foundation species;pest control;top-down interaction;trophic cascade;trophic interaction networks]Birds function within their ecosystems in ways that include many direct and indirect chains of trophic interaction. In some interaction chains, birds exert top-down effects in “trophic cascades. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that birds deliver essential ecosystem services that help sustain and fulfill human life. It mentions the instrumental values of birds, including their roles in delivering ecosystem services, which are vital for human well-being. Additionally, the text describes the increasing interest in environmental economics as a means to recognize the value of these ecosystem services, thereby linking them directly to human well-being and conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Time lapse videomicroscopy of cells obtained after 14 days of culture under (HEMA) conditions from peripheral blood of one healthy donor. Samples were observed by an Olympus phase-contrast microscope equipped with incubator chamber and high speed, high-resolution camera (Hamamatsu), objective lens ×20. Two hours of video recording are shown. Frames were collected every 30 seconds and movie was accelerated at 10 frames per second. The movie presents erythroblasts at various stages of maturation surrounding a macrophage (top right) recognizable for being larger than the other cells, for its motility, and for its ability to protrude its cytoplasm. During the movie, the macrophage appears to explore the space in its surroundings protruding filaments of different sizes. These filaments establish contacts with numerous erythroblasts. Some of the contacts are temporary while others persist in time. The variegation of these interactions suggests that the macrophage is engaging in multiple types of biological conversations possibly in response to specific signals emitted by each erythroblast. Kindly provided by di Sanità, Rome, Italy. is Professor of Medicine at the of and Direttore di Ricerca, Transfusion Medicine, at Sanita’, Rome, Italy. Her main research interest is the regulation of erythropoiesis from hematopoietic stem cells to mature elements during development and how this regulation is perturbed under pathological conditions. Her disease models include myeloproliferative disorders, models for pathological interactions between the hematopoietic stem cells and the microenvironment, Anemia, a model of intrinsic abnormal red cell production, and hemoglobinopathies, and models for abnormal red cell function. Financial and other disclosures provided by the author using the ICMJE (www. icmje. org) for Disclosure of are available with the full text of this paper at www. haematologica. org. 310. PubMed PubMed PubMed PubMed31. PubMed PubMed 25. PubMed PubMed51. PubMed752. 53. PubMed PubMed PubMed PubMed70. PubMed8. PubMed PubMed PubMed01. coi_disclosure_Migliaccio. pdf Figures & Tables 10. 3324/haematol. 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing ongoing research into erythropoiesis and the interactions between different cell types. It highlights the complexity of biological functions and the need for further exploration, suggesting that not all gene functions are fully understood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 1960년도 이후의 사석식 방파제에도 상치콘크리트가 시공되었다. 사석경사식의 경우 가거도항 방파제에서처럼 방파제 선단부의 상치콘크리트 하부에 Cell Block을 거치하고 철근으로 상치 콘크리트와 하부 블록을 일체화하였다. 그 결과 2011년 태풍 무이파와 2012년 태풍 볼라벤 내습시 선단부에서 피복블록의 피해가 컸으나 Cell Block으로 구성된 두부 상치 콘크리트와 등대에는 피해가 발생하지 않은 것으로 조사되었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the construction and damage of breakwaters in the context of specific typhoons, with no mention of Europa, its subsurface ocean, or conditions for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: ” These occur when a predatory species directly reduces its prey abundance and consequently indirectly releases suppression of species at lower trophic levels. Many bird species initiate trophic cascades in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and in natural and agro-ecosystems. Services provided by birds through trophic cascades benefit humans primarily through pest control in natural forests, forestry plantations, fruit orchards, and a variety of crop-based agro-ecosystems. Cascade strength may be affected by predator prey specificity, redundancy, species diversity, and productivity. Some birds influence ecosystem function both through either bottom up interactions or through intermediate trophic positions within interaction networks. These effects can also reverberate through trophic webs. Global change, including anthropogenic perturbation, may lead to a loss of ecosystem services, including seed dispersal and pollination services by birds. These losses may cause declines keystone or foundation plant species, resulting in losses in biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. We conclude with suggestions for future research needs on bird ecosystem services, particularly in light of global change. (pages 49 - 72)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0004[avian pollination;gene flow;inbreeding depression;pollen limitation;pollination;seed limitation]Avian pollination is thought to be less prevalent and less at risk than avian seed-dispersal. The extent of recently revealed bird pollination that does not conform to the classic ornithophily-nectarivore template suggests this mutualism may be cryptic and more prevalent than considered to date. Widespread anthropogenic disturbance has disproportionately impacted the connections between birds and flowers, so that bird pollination may be systematically under-reported. Evidence suggests that where plants are visited by more than one pollinator guild, the relative effectiveness of birds is high compared to invertebrates. In the absence of replacement, the loss of bird pollinators has resulted in pollination failure, increased inbreeding depression, and decreased plant density. Confirmation of seed limitation in pollen-limited plants serviced by birds provides a precautionary sign of the possible long term effects of bird pollinator loss. The quality of pollination service provided by birds has important consequences for gene flow and offspring survival. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how ecosystem services provided by bird species through trophic cascades contribute significantly to human well-being, particularly through pest control in various agricultural settings. It emphasizes that these services are essential for maintaining ecosystem integrity and biodiversity, which are crucial for the health of human environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: of and 0. 9423 in 100 five-fold cross-validations. Keywords: miRNA; disease; MiRNA-disease association prediction; cross-modal data imputation; gated graph convolution network. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10064546 An adaptive multimodal biometric feature recognition method based on visual perception by : In order to overcome the recognition accuracy and image information entropy of traditional biometric recognition methods, this paper proposes an adaptive multimodal biometric recognition method based on visual perception. Segmenting images using Weber scores and calculating the just noticeable difference (JND) to obtain human visual perceptual features; using induction bilateral filtering method for processing; using adaptive convolutional neural networks to fuse multimodal biological features; by using the support vector machine (SVM-DS) feature recognition function, the reliability allocation of different evidence body recognition is obtained, and the target type obtained by the decision module is obtained to achieve biometric recognition. After testing, when using this method, the image information entropy is greater than 0. 9, and the image quality is optimised; in the process of feature recognition, it has the ability to accurately match. Keywords: visual perception; adaptive; multimodal; biological characteristics; identification and classification; bilateral filter. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10066713 Intelligent decision-making framework for big data using enhanced honey badger-based adaptive hybrid deep learning network by D. Kavitha, A. Chinnasamy P. Selvakumari Abstract: By utilising the conventional models, it is also consumed more time for processing. Hence, there is a crucial requirement for real-time application over big data processing in order to perform a scalable and effective solution. For the experimentation, input data is gathered from different application-oriented datasets. Initially, the input data is congregated and undergone for data cleaning phase and then the cleaned data is given as input for optimal feature extraction, in which the enhanced map-reduce framework is used for extracting the optimal features. These obtained optimal features are fed into Long-Memory and Auto-Encoder based Long-Memory (), in which the parameters are optimized by using enhanced HBA for effective decision-making in proposed big data analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses biometric recognition methods and big data processing frameworks, without addressing the understanding of gene functions. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contrast to the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 케이슨 혼성식 방파제의 경우 1999년도 이전까지는 대부분 상치 콘크리트를 직립으로 정하고 상부를 수평으로 시공하여 왔다. 즉, 방파제 마루높이가 상치콘크리트의 높이인 것이다. 그러나 1999년 이후부터는 상치 콘크리트의 형상을 소파형 패러핏(parapet), 소파형 다단계 패러핏, 친수 계단식 등 다양한 형상이 등장하게 되었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses construction methods and designs for breakwaters rather than any information related to Europa, its subsurface ocean, or the potential for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Pollen limitation experiments suggest that bird-pollinated plants in New Zealand, the Americas, Southeast Asia, and Africa suffer similar levels of pollen limitation, and are typically more strongly pollen-limited than insect-pollinated plants. Thus, bird-pollination appears to be under-reported, hard to replace and at greater risk of failure than currently assumed. (pages 73 - 106)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0005[frugivores;seed dispersal;ecosystem services]Seed dispersal by frugivorous birds is a globally important ecosystem service. Nearly 4000 bird species have been observed eating fruit and collectively these species likely disperse seeds of at least 68,000 plants. The types of fruits eaten by birds are structurally diverse but fall into three functional groups, multi-seeded berries, few-seeded drupes, and single-seeded arils in dehiscent structures. Birds disperse primarily tree and shrub seeds, but also disperse the seeds of lianas, herbaceous plants, epiphytes, and hemiparasites. Through seed dispersal, birds are important drivers of plant community dynamics and therefore are essential in supporting many of the ecosystem services that those habitats and their constituent species provide. While much research on seed dispersal by birds has focused on the more frugivorous species, most of the bird species that eat fruit do so seasonally or only occasionally and the seed dispersal roles of most of these species are not well understood. Through their sheer numbers, opportunistic, generalist and/or occasional frugivores may be ecologically important in some ecosystems, but their influence has been little studied. Current trends in habitat loss and other human impacts, especially in the tropics, are threatening larger species of frugivores and the large-seeded plants only these birds disperse. (pages 107 - 146)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of seed dispersal by frugivorous birds as a globally significant ecosystem service. It highlights how birds play a crucial role in supporting plant community dynamics, which in turn contributes to the ecosystem services that benefit human well-being. The text emphasizes the essential nature of these ecosystem services amidst concerns over habitat loss and the impacts of human activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: 10062482 Metaheuristic gene regulatory networks inference using discrete crow search algorithm and quantitative association rules by --Mohamed Abstract: Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) inference appeared as valuable tools for detecting irregularities in cell regulation. Association rule mining (ARM) encompasses specific data mining methods capable of inferring unknown associations between genes. In response to the scarcity of ARM-based GRN inference, a novel metaheuristic algorithm, DCSA-QAR, is presented. This algorithm infers quantitative association rules by discretising the crow search algorithm. A first series of experiments involved comparison with five metaheuristic algorithms on six datasets. The results showed that, for Co-citation and YeastNet datasets, our algorithm was first in precision (100%), specificity (100%) and score (3. 75). A second series of experiments involved nine information-theoretic algorithms through the DREAM3 and SOS networks. The average results on DREAM3 datasets are compensated by the SOS real datasets results: the best in accuracy, and true positives. As an overall appraisal, DCSA-QAR can be considered as a good candidate for ARM-based metaheuristic GRNs inference. Keywords: artificial intelligence; bioinformatics; gene regulatory networks; GRNs; data mining; soft computing; mining association rules. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10062651 Plasma proteins related to the state of depression: a case-control study based on proteomics data of pregnant women. by : Prenatal and postpartum emotional changes in pregnant women in early pregnancy are of great significance to the physical and mental health of mothers and infants. To identify factors related to this, we conducted this study to identify feature proteins that cause maternal depression. Boruta algorithm (BA), recursive partition algorithm (RPA), regularised random forest (RRF) algorithm, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm, and genetic algorithm (GA) were used to select features. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), back propagation neural network (BPNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and logistic regression (LR) were selected to construct the predictive models. All models showed a good performance in predicting, with the mean AUC (the area under the receiver operating curve) exceeding 80%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of algorithms and data mining methods to infer unknown associations between genes, suggesting that there are still aspects of gene functions that are not fully understood. Specifically, the mention of 'inferring unknown associations' implies that our understanding of gene functions is incomplete.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 또한 상부를 월파발생이 용이한 계단형이나 사면형으로 설계함으로써 마루높이를 높게 적용하는 사례가 발생한 것으로 조사되었다. 케이슨식 방파제의 상치부 패러핏 상단이 높아지면 설계파고에 의한 파압이 상대적으로 크게 작용하게 되어 월파량은 다소 감소시킬 수 있을 것이나, 단면의 안전성 측면이나 경제적 측면에서는 비경제적일 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the design aspects of coastal infrastructure and does not address Europa's subsurface ocean or the potential for life there.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: 0006[diaspore;endozoochory;epizoochory;external transport;gut passage;internal transport;passive seed dispersal;seed traits;shorebirds;waterfowl]Ducks, shorebirds, rails, gulls and other waterbirds act as vectors of seeds, spores and other plant diaspores carried internally in their guts, externally on their feathers, feet or bills, or used as nesting material. Darwin was the first to understand the significance of dispersal by migratory waterbirds in plant evolution, biogeography and ecology. Countless aquatic and terrestrial plants are dependent on dispersal by waterbirds for long-distance dispersal, and this has probably been the case since the Cretaceous. However, plant ecologists and waterfowl biologists alike have been slow to recognize the importance of this dispersal mode as an ecosystem service. Seed dispersal by waterbirds plays a vital role in plant population dynamics, population genetics and changes in species distributions in response to habitat change and climate warming. On the other hand, waterbirds also spread alien species, and their role as vectors should be taken into account when considering how to prevent and manage biological invasions. (pages 147 - 195)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0007[corvidae;coevolution;human commensal;regeneration;scatter hoarding;seed storage]Birds of the family Corvidae, which comprise the familiar jays, magpies, crows, ravens, and their allies, occur nearly worldwide. They include species that are common human commensals in urban and rural landscapes, as well as species that occupy more remote wildlands. Many corvids store excess food for later use, preventing access by conspecifics or other competitors and concealing it in hiding places such as crevices and under objects, but also by burying food under soil, litter, or other substrate. For seed-eaters, which are predominantly granivorous corvids, seeds are moved away from parent trees, and prolonged storage may frequently lead to seed germination and plant regeneration. These granivorous corvids are often scatter-hoarders, placing one or more seeds in many different locations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the important role of waterbirds, such as ducks and shorebirds, in seed dispersal, which is described as an essential ecosystem service. It states that 'seed dispersal by waterbirds plays a vital role in plant population dynamics' and underscores the dependence of many aquatic and terrestrial plants on this dispersal. This reflects the idea that ecosystem services, like seed dispersal, contribute significantly to human well-being, particularly through enhancing biodiversity and supporting plant life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Features will provide clues to prevent depression in pregnant women and improve the physical and mental health of mothers and babies. Keywords: pregnant women; depression; proteomics; biomarkers; feature selection. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10064226 Enhancing drug-drug interaction event prediction from knowledge graphs by multimodal deep neural networks by : This study tackles the challenging issue of predicting drug-drug interactions (DDI) in pharmacology. Despite advancements in deep learning for DDI prediction, many techniques fail to fully leverage multimodal data correlations, limiting accuracy. To address this, we propose the knowledge graphs by multimodal deep neural network () framework, enhancing DDI prediction by integrating features from drug knowledge graphs (DKG) and heterogeneous features (HF). uses a dual-path structure to obtain multimodal drug representations, effectively capturing drug relationships and connections within DKG to improve prediction accuracy. Our method excels in learning joint representations of structural information and multimodal data, as demonstrated through numerous real-world dataset experiments. Additionally, testing various drug knowledge graphs confirmed the model’s robustness. outperforms both classic and state-of-the-art models in prediction metrics and interpretability. Keywords: DDI event prediction; drug-drug interaction; graph neural network; GNN; knowledge graph; heterogeneous information; multi-modal data. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10066016 on: of dependence function-based goodness-of-fit test for the gene's relation by : A gene network represents the relationship between different groups of genes with various functions, aiming to depict how genes collaborate and influence each other’s activities within a biological system. This relationship can be effectively explained using copulas. Therefore, it is crucial to determine which copula best fits the gene data and provides the most accurate explanation of the relationships between gene groups. In this study, our objective is to introduce a Spearman dependence function-based goodness-of-fit test using Bernstein polynomial approximation. We apply this test to identify a copula model that can effectively explain the relationships between gene groups. A simulation study is conducted to assess the performance of the proposed test. Next, we analyze histone gene groups using data from yeast cell regulation, as provided by Eisen et al. (1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of gene functions and relationships within a biological system. It emphasizes that understanding gene functions is an ongoing challenge, as evidenced by the focus on gene networks and the necessity of copulas to model gene interactions. This suggests that not every gene's function is fully understood, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 방파제 단면형식에서 마루높이가 결정되면 마루폭에 대한 개념은 단면안정성과 경제성에 미치는 영향이 지배적이다. 그러나 마루높이를 먼저 결정하고 나서 월파 저감을 위해 돌출식 패러핏 등을 설치하기 때문에 해당 패러핏의 수명이 방파제의 내구연한으로 결정되게 되는 불합리한 결과도 초래할 수 있다. Table 5는 최근 대수심 · 고파랑 해역에 설계 · 시공된 상치부의 형상을 조사 · 분석한 결과이며 연도별 변화는 Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Europa’s subsurface ocean and its potential to harbor life. Instead, it discusses structural aspects of breakwaters and their design considerations, which do not relate to astrobiology or the conditions found on Europa.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Several corvid species are dependable seed dispersers for various woody plant taxa, and particularly pines, oaks, beeches and chestnuts, resulting in coevolution and coadaptation. Seed-storing corvid species help shape forest composition and distribution across landscapes, facilitate response to changing climate, and regenerate communities after disturbance. Examples illustrate economic valuation of corvid seed dispersal services and demonstrate how declining seed dispersal services of an obligate corvid mutualist for a widespread forest tree already have apparent consequences. (pages 196 - 234)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0008[carrion;diclofenic;facultative scavenging;obligate scavenging;vultures]Carrion is a unique food resource compared to live prey, and animal species are adapted to using carrion to varying degrees. Across all climates, ecosystems, and habitats, most carcasses are used at least in part by vertebrates—relatively few are completely decomposed by insects and microbes. Birds are particularly well adapted to scavenging, especially the Old- and New-World vultures, the only known obligate vertebrate scavengers. Numerous studies, many conducted over the past decade, have demonstrated the importance of scavengers in maintaining ecosystem stability, providing public health benefits to humans, and many other important industry and cultural services. Avian scavengers face many challenges in the modern world, such as poisoning, climate change, habitat destruction, and man-made obstructions such as power lines and wind farms. As a response, scientists, conservation groups, governments, and other advocates for healthy scavenger populations have made strides recently in conserving these animals. However, much work is still needed to globally preserve the important services provided by avian scavengers for future generations. (pages 235 - 270)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0009[seabirds;nutrient dynamics;nutrient cycle;ecosystem services;nutrient transport;phosphorus;nitrogen;ecosystem;human-dominated ecosystem]In this 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how various species, including corvids and vultures, contribute to essential ecological functions such as seed dispersal and scavenging. These activities shape forest composition, promote ecosystem stability, and provide public health benefits, thereby highlighting the critical services ecosystems offer to human well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Specifically, we investigate the dependence model structures of gene interactions for eight histone genes. Keywords: Spearman dependence; copula goodness-of-fit test; Bernstein copula; histone genes. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10061726 Research on facial dataset cleaning in mixed scenes based on spatiotemporal correlation by Abstract: Researching methods for cleaning mixed scene facial datasets can improve the performance and reliability of mixed scene facial recognition algorithms. Therefore, the paper proposes a facial dataset cleaning method in mixed scenes based on spatiotemporal correlation. The 2DPCA algorithm is used to reduce the dimensionality of the data set, and the composite multi-scale entropy is used to decompose, reconstruct and arrange the image sequence after the dimensionality reduction. The autocorrelation coefficient and the number of interrelation between image sequences were determined, and the anomaly detection of data set was realised by combining spatio-temporal correlation. Sparse representation was used to repair the abnormal images, and the images with high similarity were deleted to clean the mixed scene face data set. The experimental results show that the minimum anomaly rate of our method is 0. 5%, the success rate is between 94% and 96%, and the minimum time cost is 0. 2 s. Keywords: spatiotemporal correlation; mixed scenes; facial dataset; dataset cleaning; 2DPCA algorithm; composite multi-scale entropy; sparse representation. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10061768 Identification of potential biomarkers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using community detection algorithms by. Dutta, Subhasish Banerjee, Dhruba K. Bhattacharyya Abstract: Potential biomarker genes are uncovered in this research by developing a unique methodology through the employment of six eminent community detection algorithms (CDAs) on four RNAseq esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) datasets. RNAseq datasets are preprocessed using galaxy server followed by the identification of a subset of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). CDAs are applied separately on control and disease samples of DEGs to extract the hidden communities of the datasets. To identify the significant communities, ESCC elite genes are extracted from Genecards for subsequent downstream analysis towards the identification of potential biomarkers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing ongoing research into gene interactions and the identification of potential biomarkers in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, which implies that there are aspects of gene function that are still being investigated and are not fully understood. Specifically, the mention of employing community detection algorithms on differentially expressed genes signals that our understanding of gene functions is incomplete.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 11에 제시된 바와 같다. 여기서 B와 B'는 각각 혼성식 방파제의 단면 폭과 패러핏 상부의 폭을 나타내며, h는 패러핏의 높이를 나타낸다. 방파제의 상치부에 패러핏 설치는 방파제 건설 초기부터 있었으나, 최근 들어 패러핏 상단의 폭 B'에서 알 수 있듯이 0. 5~1. 0 m 정도로 협소해지는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 패러핏 상부의 폭이 좁아지는 원인 중 하나는 친수시설의 설치라고 할 수 있다. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the specifics of the design and characteristics of a breakwater structure rather than any aspect related to Europa’s subsurface ocean or the potential for life there.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: 0010[beetle regulation;biodiversity;deadwood;ecosystem services;engineers;heartwood fungus;keystone species;saproxylic;secondary cavity nesters;woodpeckers]Woodpeckers are prominent examples of ecosystem engineers because they excavate cavities in woody plant tissue, transforming habitat in ways that create shelter for other cavity-dwelling organisms. While the potential keystone role of woodpeckers in cavity-nesting bird communities is well documented, less is known about the importance of their feeding activity. Many woodpecker species drill holes in wood and consume numerous saproxylic insects; and some create sap wells that provide a rich food source for other sap-feeding organisms. Through their cavity-excavating and feeding activity, woodpeckers likely contribute significantly to decomposition cycles, food webs, and biodiversity in forest ecosystems. As with most birds, however, the ecological impacts of woodpeckers have rarely been quantified in terms of the ecosystem services they provide. We discuss the ecosystem services provided by woodpeckers and point out knowledge gaps and research needs that must be addressed before full valuation of these services can be carried out. (pages 298 - 320)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0011[agricultural areas;agroforests;ecosystem services;frugivores;granivores;insectivores;nectarivores;omnivores;primary forests;species richness]Although most bird species avoid agricultural areas, nearly a third of all birds regularly to occasionally use such habitats, often providing important ecosystem services like pest control, pollination, and seed dispersal. Combining literature review with large-scale analyses of the ecological characteristics of the world’s birds, I compared tropical bird species that prefer forests, agricultural areas or both, with respect to body mass, diet, range and population size, frequency, conservation status, habitat and resource specialization. Compared to primary forests, species richness of large frugivorous and insectivorous birds (especially terrestrial and understorey species) often decline in agroforests. In contrast, nectarivores, small-to medium insectivores (especially migrants and canopy species), omnivores, and sometimes granivores and small frugivores do better, frequently by tracking seasonal resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of how woodpeckers and other bird species contribute to essential ecosystem services like pest control, pollination, and seed dispersal, which are beneficial to human well-being. Furthermore, it discusses the significance of woodpeckers in ecological processes, such as decomposition cycles and biodiversity, implying their contributions to ecosystem services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Topological analysis is performed to support critical gene identification based on elite genes followed by a biological investigation. For biological investigation, gene enrichment and pathway analysis are implemented. Finally, a group of genes EPHB2, ABLIM3, ACER1, ABCD4, ARF6, ADRA1D, ATP6V16V0A4, and AP1M1 are identified as ESCC possible biomarkers that carry both topological and biological significance. Keywords: community detection algorithm; CDA; potential biomarker; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; ESCC; Elite gene; topological analysis; biological significance. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10061876 Research on bioinformatics data classification method based on support vector machine by : Due to the problems of low classification accuracy and long classification time in traditional biological information data classification methods, a biological information data classification method based on support vector machine is proposed. Acquire bio-information data through gene expression and analyse its characteristics. According to the data analysis results, carry out outlier detection and data scaling for the acquired bio-information data. Based on the processing results, use mutual information to measure the correlation and redundancy, select the bio-information data features through the feature selection algorithm of minimum redundancy and maximum correlation, and take the selected bio-information data features as data samples. Through support vector machine, the classification decision function is established under the conditions of linear and non-separable data samples to obtain the classification results of biological information data. The experimental results show that the proposed method has higher classification accuracy and shorter classification time. Keywords: support vector machine; bioinformation; data classification; minimum redundancy and maximum correlation; feature selection. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10061944 Log anomaly detection and diagnosis method based on deep learning by : In order to improve the accuracy of log anomaly detection and diagnostic effectiveness, this paper proposes a deep learning based log anomaly detection and diagnosis method. Firstly, analyse the log data and obtain the corresponding relationship between the log keys and log parameters. Secondly, using deep learning to capture association features, a convolutional neural network bidirectional long short-term memory (CNN-BiLSTM) deep learning model is constructed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing ongoing research methods like topological analysis and biological investigation aimed at identifying and understanding the functions of specific genes. It highlights the complexities of gene identification and the exploration of potential biomarkers, indicating that not all gene functions are fully understood yet.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 6 방파제 단면형식 항만의 규모가 커지면서 블록이나 케이슨을 이용하는 형식으로 바뀌었으며, 이에 대한 변화 경향을 Table 5에 정리하였다. 1999년 이전에는 블록을 이용하거나 케이슨을 이용하는 경우에도 모두 평면적으로 보았을 때 사각형(표에서 Straight type)의 무공 케이슨이었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Europa's subsurface ocean and conditions suitable for life. It instead discusses changes in harbor construction methods, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: However, changes in guild species numbers do not necessarily translate to changes in relative abundance, biomass or function, and more studies are needed to quantify these important measures. These findings indicate that the replacement of forests and agroforests with simplified agricultural systems can result in shifts towards less specialized bird communities with altered proportions of functional groups. These shifts can reduce avian ecosystem function and affect the ecosystem services provided by birds in agroforests and other agricultural landscapes. (pages 321 - 340)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0012[conservation;direct ecosystem services;excise tax;indirect ecosystem services;Pittman-Robertson act]Birds are important components of the world’s many ecosystems, and they contribute cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating ecosystem services. The lives of birds and humans have been intertwined for many thousands of years. Birds inspire, entertain, feed, and clothe humans. Throughout the evolution of modern humans and the cultural development of our societies, birds clearly matter. Cultural and provisioning services accrue directly – these services are themselves products. Bird art and bird eggs, for instance, are commodities --they may be bought and sold (or bartered). Regulating and supporting services, in contrast, accrue indirectly – not themselves commodities, they instead they help maintain other components of the world’s ecosystems upon which humans depend for both goods (food, shelter) and services (disease management; pest control). These indirect services facilitate other ecosystem services, and therefore promote biodiversity. To maintain the many ecosystem services provided by birds, we need to conserve them. The financial costs of conservation appear great, perhaps even insurmountable. Nonetheless, the capital to fund conservation exists. It is up to those of us who value birds, and the rest of nature, to urge governments and citizens of the world to find the will. (pages 341 - 364)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the various services birds provide, which are categorized as cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating ecosystem services. It explains that these services directly contribute to human well-being by providing goods such as food and cultural value, as well as indirectly supporting ecosystem functions that maintain biodiversity and manage diseases. The text asserts the importance of conserving birds to sustain these ecosystem services, further supporting the claim that ecosystem services are essential for human welfare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: The nucleotide sequences of beta globin gene on a dataset of several species are characterised and compared using the Euclidean distances across inserted vectors. Using phylogenetic trees, the evolutionary relationships between various organisms are visually represented. A phylogenetic tree’s branch structure shows how several species or other groups diverged from several common ancestors. Our findings are in agreement with recent biological assessments. Additionally, we compared our approach to a few currently used sequence comparing techniques and discover that it is more efficient and user-friendly. We also analysed the time and space complexities of our proposed approach. Keywords: alignment-free technique; similarity analysis; bases groupings; mutation; phylogenetic tree. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10063428 In silico evaluation via the docking of selected antidiabetic phytochemicals on proteins in the insulin signalling pathway: PTP1B, IRS1 and PP2A by : Type II (T2MD) is a worldwide disease, caused by the resistance of tissues to insulin. In this study, eight potential antidiabetic phytochemicals from Gundelia tournefortii and Ocimum basilicum were tested in silico. To this aim, we docked the phytochemicals on pivotal proteins in the insulin signalling pathway; using the docking protocol of AutoDock. This work aimed at understanding the mechanism of action of these phytochemicals by finding the optimal binding site, calculating the best orientation, and studying the amino acids involved at the interaction interface between the phytochemicals and each protein target. Our results indicated that stigmasterol, beta-amyrinm, beta-sitosterol, lupeol-trifluoroacetate and lupeol introduce good binding to PTP1B, IRS1, and PP2A and are candidate drugs for the treatment of T2DM. The results of the study may serve as a focal point for drug discovery that may be further extended in the in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Keywords: diabetes; phytochemicals; in silico; Gundelia tournefortii; Ocimum basilicum; docking; AutoDock. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10064690 on: of and Part 2 Machine learning algorithm for lung cancer classification using with standard random forest by J. Viji Gripsy, T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the ongoing study and characterization of gene functions, as demonstrated by the analysis of the beta globin gene across various species. It suggests that while some aspects of gene function are being explored, full understanding has not been established, especially given the complexity of evolutionary relationships and the mention of methodologies aiming to enhance our understanding of gene interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 우리나라 방파제 단면의 구조형식에서 혼성식이 도입된 것은 1919년~1927년에 축조된 부산항 북항 남방파제가 최초로서 콘크리트 블록식이며, 케이슨이 국내에 처음 도입된 것은 1937년부터 1945년까지 축조된 묵호항 방파제이며, 케이슨 혼성식을 최초로 적용한 것은 1968년 포항신항 내항방파제이다. 또한 케이슨식 방파제에서 소파블록을 최초로 피복하는 것은 1957년~1960년 묵호항 방파제 케이슨 외측에 삼각뿔형 콘크리트 블록을 적용한 것이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the history and evolution of breakwater structures in South Korea and does not address or provide any information related to Europa or the potential for life in its subsurface ocean. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: flexibility and timely reactions to salient stimuli are essential for survival. The subcortical thalamic-basolateral amygdala (BLA) pathway serves as a shortcut for salient stimuli ensuring rapid processing. Here, we show that BLA neuronal and thalamic axonal activity in mice mirror the defensive behavior evoked by an innate visual threat as well as an auditory learned threat. Importantly, perturbing this pathway compromises defensive responses to both forms of threats, in that animals fail to switch from exploratory to defensive behavior. Despite the shared pathway between the two forms of threat processing, we observed noticeable differences. Blocking β-adrenergic receptors impairs the defensive response to the innate but not the learned threats. This reduced defensive response, surprisingly, is reflected in the suppression of the activity exclusively in the BLA as the thalamic input response remains intact. Our side-by-side examination highlights the similarities and differences between innate and learned threat-processing, thus providing new fundamental insights. Editor's evaluation This study presents valuable insights into the circuits that are common for innate and acquired threats. The evidence supporting the conclusions is convincing, and the use of state-of-the-art methodology for the study of neural circuits, including chemogenetics, optogenetics, and fiber photometry, is appropriate. This work will be of interest to neuroscientists studying defensive behaviors as well as those in the field of multisensory thalamic integration. Decision letter Reviews on Sciety eLife's review process is the direct product of maximizing gains and avoiding harms. This is achieved by integrating brain circuitry that ensures survival through environment exploration while maintaining threat detection and avoidance (Blanchard et al. , 2001; Evans et al. , 2019; Gross and Canteras, 2012; Headley et al. , 2019; Orsini and Maren, 2012; Silva et al. , 2016). Such capacity can be acquired through learning, a mechanism widely believed to rely on synaptic plasticity (Mongeau et al. , 2003; Johansen et al. , 2011; Quirk et al. , 1995; Rogan et al. , 1997; Tierney, 1986). However, specific sensory stimuli could be innately appetitive or aversive and evoke approach or defensive behaviors, respectively (Pereira and Moita, 2016). Rapid and continuous integration of innate and learned mechanisms promotes survival. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the integration of innate and learned mechanisms in the context of defensive behaviors, indicating that both types of mechanisms contribute to survival. It mentions that defensive behaviors can arise from both 'innate visual threats' and 'auditory learned threats,' which aligns with the idea that language acquisition similarly involves both inherent abilities and learned experiences. Additionally, it states that certain sensory stimuli can be 'innately appetitive or aversive' while behaviors can also be acquired through 'learning,' supporting the claim about the dual components of language acquisition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: 10065665 Revealing novel biomarkers for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma through integrated single-cell RNA sequencing analysis by Bikash Baruah, Manash P. Dutta, Subhasish Banerjee, Dhruba K. Bhattacharyya Abstract: This study employs single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyse oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), identifying 10 potential biomarkers (ALDH2, ANGPT2, APPL1, ARPC2, 1, CLDN7, CLTB, F2RL3, LPAR1) associated with radiation exposure. Methodology involves scRNA-seq for data partitioning, pre-processing, clustering, and differential expression analysis. Dysregulated genes are identified through comprehensive gene ontology (GO) annotations, and ESCC-related pathways are explored via the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database. Analysis of 38 genes reveals distinct patterns under radiation exposure, enriching understanding of ESCC-related processes, components, and functions. This research provides a holistic view of ESCC’s molecular landscape, emphasising the clinical significance of identified biomarkers and contributing significantly to the understanding of this complex malignancy. Keywords: oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma; ESCC; single-cell RNA sequencing; scRNA-seq; differential expression analysis; gene ontology; GO; pathway analysis; potential biomarker. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10065927 A novel suppressed segmentation framework for hyper spectral image processing in earlier cancer detection by : This paper affords a novel suppressed segmentation framework for Hyperspectral image processing before most cancer detection. This framework integrates the most recent advances in deep learning fashions and image segmentation for the most fulfilling selection-making approximately early cancer analysis. The proposed framework facilitates the fast and correct segmentation of the tumour tissues and other aberrations within hyperspectral images. The key modules of this framework encompass input pre-processing, noisy additive analysis, random area cropping, augmented context representation, hierarchical segmentation, and submit-processing. Experiments performed on real-world datasets show that the proposed framework yields segmentation accuracy similar to other main segmentation techniques while having advanced pace and robustness. The proposed model obtained 95. 32% accuracy, 92. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating ongoing research in gene function, particularly evident in the description of the study which analyses 38 dysregulated genes related to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The mention of 'distinct patterns under radiation exposure' and the need for 'comprehensive gene ontology (GO) annotations' implies that not all gene functions are fully understood, as researchers are still discovering associations and roles of genes in complex diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 1999년 이후에는 일부 소파블록으로 피복하는 경우를 제외하면, 거의 대부분 이전과 다른 이형으로 종방향 곡면형, 반원형, 종방향 돌출형, 벌집형, 이중원통형, 타원형, 요철형, 복합요철형, 유선형 등 매우 다양한 형상이 적용되었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various shapes and forms applied since 1999, without any reference to Europa, subsurface oceans, or life conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive linguistics explores the relationship between language and thought. [SEP] Text: Based on the data from InterCorp, a synchronic parallel translation corpus, it presents a cognitive oriented analysis of the semantics of English walk and its nearest Czech counterparts, i. e. jít and kráčet. Despite their apparent commonalities, the verbs in question do not construe walking in the same way. In contrast to jít, the construal of a motion situation in walk and kráčet involves focus on leg movements and bodily position, amounting to a marked segmentation of the motion into individual quanta. Focus on leg movements and verticality of the body is even more pronounced in kráčet, which can then serve an evaluative function; such a possibility is not open for walk. Walk thus occupies an intermediate position between the two verbs. Add to my favourites Email this Parts of speech membership as a factor of meaning extension and level of abstraction Author(s): pp. : 78–112 (35) and Japanese show formal differences in adnominal modification. Czech tends to utilize adjectives for both classification and qualification purposes whereas Japanese tends to express classification by compounding and to use a whole range of parts of speech for qualification. As a result, part of speech membership often differs between the Czech and Japanese rendering of the same referential content. It has been shown that parts of speech dispose of schematic meaning which contributes to conceptualization. Based on the results of corpora analysis, I argue that the difference in parts of speech membership results in different tendencies in meaning extension and ultimately in different meaning of the two counterparts, Czech adjectives are more abstract and schematic while Japanese verbs are more concrete. Add to my favourites Email this The near-synonymy of classifiers and construal operation Author(s): Aneta Dosedlová and Wei-lun Lu pp. : 113–130 (18) paper investigates the near-synonymy of classifiers, using Chinese kē and zhū as illustration. We find that in [quantifier] – [classifier] – [noun], the two classifiers have overlapping semantic prototypes due to their similar behavioral profiles. However, despite a shared functional core, the two classifiers diverge in terms of which part of plant to profile. In particular, zhū highlights parts of plant that are small and vulnerable, such as flowers and seedlings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how differences in parts of speech and semantic analysis influence conceptualization and meaning extension in language. It highlights that parts of speech and their membership can lead to different meanings and cognitive processes, which aligns with the principles of cognitive linguistics that investigate the interplay between language and thought.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: While this is of course a necessary short-term solution, it is not sustainable in the long-term. Due to the low levels of nutrients in soils, approximately 232 million people suffer from trace element deficiency in Africa. Although eating seafood, dairy products and meat can provide trace element supplements to the diet, this is not a feasible solution for poorer communities in rural Africa, as these communities cannot afford these types of foods. Soil bacteria known as Rhizobia form root nodules on legumes and fix nitrogen from the air. The potential of legumes Due to not being able to rely on animal products for nutrition, Dakora has been researching ways in which to increase trace elements in peoples’ diets through increasing the consumption of certain types of vegetables over others, and has specifically been researching the potential for legumes to be used as a way of increasing the amount of trace elements that people have access to in their diets. Legumes are already known for their ability to provide plant protein, but there has been little assessment of the relationship between legumes and mineral accumulation prior to Dakora’s research. A legume is a type of flowering plant that has a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil. This means that the bacteria live in the root systems of the plant and convert nitrogen gas from air in the soil into ammonia, which is then used by both the bacteria and the plant to grow. The bacteria benefit from being able to live in the plant roots where they obtain food made by the plant for their growth, while the plant in turn benefits from nitrogen compounds produced by the bacteria. As a result, legumes are able to take up more mineral nutrients from the soil, thus increasing the amount of trace elements that they contain. In a comprehensive study undertaken in 2005 and 2006, Dakora proved the benefits of consuming a particular legume, commonly known as cowpea, as a way of increasing trace elements within the diet. In this study, the concentrations of trace elements within the leaves and grain of 27 different types of cowpea were assessed, and it was found to contain up to three times more iron than is found in spinach! This study showed the potential of cowpea consumption for preventing trace element deficiency in rural African communities, especially within children; this has huge implications for human nutrition and health. To further this research, Dakora and his group also studied the concentrations of trace elements in the different genotypes of cowpea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the shortcomings of dietary solutions for trace element deficiencies in Africa and does not address the potential of bioinformatics to eliminate genetic diseases. Instead, it focuses on agricultural practices and nutrition, suggesting that issues like nutrient deficiencies persist despite advances in research, thus implying that there are broader challenges beyond bioinformatics in addressing health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 2001년 착공한 제주외항 서방파제의 일부구간에 소파블록피복 케이슨식이 적용된 이후, 2004년도에 착공한 울산신항 남방파제 1공구의 경우는 케이슨의 내측을 평면적으로 볼 때 반원형의 종방향 Slit 형상을, 2004년도에 착공한 울산신항 남방파제 2공구의 경우는 종방향 Slit을 두고 유수실 상부를 개방함으로써 소파케이슨의 기능을, 2009년도에 착공한 울산신항 북방파제 2공구는 외측과 내측에 횡방향의 Slit을 설치하는 등 2010년 이후 시행된 각종 대 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes various construction projects and techniques in South Korea, which are irrelevant to the claim about Europa's subsurface ocean and its potential to support life. There is no connection to the subject of astrobiology or extraterrestrial environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive linguistics explores the relationship between language and thought. [SEP] Text: Add to my favourites Email this Constructions at work in foreign language learners’ mind Author(s): Putta pp. : 219–242 (24) 10. 1075/rcl. 00033. che studies have shown that conceptually supportive context is an important factor in the comprehension of metaphors (Inhoff, Lima, & Carroll, 1984; Ortony, Schallert, Reynolds, & Antos, 1978). However, little empirical evidence has been found so far regarding contextual effects on metonymy processing (Lowder & Gordon, 2013). Implementing an eye-tracking experiment with Chinese materials, this present paper investigated whether and how preceding contextual information affects the processing of metonymy. The results show that for unfamiliar metonymies, it takes readers longer time to interpret unfamiliar metonymies than to literally interpret them given a shorter context. However, the processing disparity between metonymic comprehension and literal comprehension disappears when longer supportive information is available in the preceding context. These results are analogous to those found for metaphors and familiar metonymies, supporting the parallel model of language processing. In addition, our results suggest that the presence of supportive preceding context facilitates the processing of unfamiliar metonymies more than it does to the literal controls. Add to my favourites Email this Compounds and culture Author(s): pp. : 257–274 (18) study explores compounds from the perspective of conceptual blending (conceptual integration), and argues that the meaning of compounds arises through the interaction of three levels: (i) input spaces established for the head and non-head components, (ii) a blended space involving compression and emergent structure, i. e. elements not imported from the input spaces, and (iii) the language system as a whole and the culture this system is part of. With regard to (iii) we propose the “Culture-to-Compound Hypothesis”, according to which compounding can be recruited to represent culturally “novel” content in languages where compounding enjoys a peripheral status in the language system. The examples discussed in the 10. 1075/rcl. 00035. kwo paper explores the roles of the cognitive mechanisms of conceptual metaphor and performativity in political policy by conducting a case study on the government’s toward from 1998 to 2008. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how comprehension of metaphors and metonymy is influenced by cognitive processes, indicating a strong connection between language processing and cognitive mechanisms. It highlights that contextual information affects the interpretation of language components, which aligns with the principles of cognitive linguistics, emphasizing the relationship between language and thought.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: PostLog inSign upPost8content 8,846 Tipped ≈ $0. 008& Dr. Priscilla Chan: & the Future of Health & 25, 2023DOI10. 55277/ResearchHub. jtvtoujgSaveTipDocumentFlag content8TipSaveDocumentFlag contentis a catalyst for global scientific advancement, akin to the historical role of groundbreaking instruments, with a primary focus on innovating in the realm of biology (Segment 2). CZI is enhancing our comprehension of cellular operations through the strategic utilization of mRNA and AI, expediting breakthroughs in the realm of health research (Segment 4). Highlighting the collaboration is redefining the landscape of life sciences, underlining a distinctive approach to funding (Segment 6). For an optimal social media experience, Zuckerberg underscores the importance of deeply understanding users, learning through product interaction, and making thoughtful design decisions (Segment 13). Zuckerberg envisions a transformative future where mixed reality seamlessly merges the physical and virtual worlds, promising to revolutionize our experiences (Segment 15). Zuckerberg stresses the significance of technology seamlessly integrating with the human body, highlighting the value of physical engagement with our devices (Segment 16). CZI is pioneering customizable, 3D-printed smart electronic glasses with multifaceted applications in the realm of wearable health systems (Segment 19). The potential of AI assistants and human agencies, showcasing how they can empower content creators and foster vibrant communities (Segment 20). SummaryThe present podcast showcases Mark Zuckerberg, the Officer of Meta (formerly recognized as Facebook, Inc. ), alongside Dr. Priscilla Chan, M. D. , who serves as the co-founder and co-CEO of the Initiative (CZI). The upcoming discourse will center on CZI's strategic methodology in the pursuit of eliminating all human diseases by the culmination of the present century. The pursuit of this ambitious objective will involve the allocation of financial resources towards innovative research and advanced technologies that integrate the disciplines of biology, engineering, and artificial intelligence (AI). The authors provide a detailed explanation of the financial backing and promotion of Biohubs, along with the continuous progress being made to accelerate the understanding of cellular function, pathways, and pathological states. Following this, Mark initiates a discussion regarding social media, its implications on mental health, and emerging methods that enable virtual interactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that CZI's ambitious objective is to 'eliminate all human diseases by the culmination of the present century,' which implies a broader focus that includes all diseases, not just genetic ones. Additionally, the text suggests a reliance on innovative research and advanced technologies that integrate multiple disciplines, rather than solely bioinformatics, highlighting that while bioinformatics plays a role, it may not be sufficient by itself to eliminate all genetic diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 형 항만의 대수심 방파제에서도 단면형식이 케이슨식 혼성제로 일률적으로 적용되고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Europa’s subsurface ocean and potential for life, as it discusses a construction-related topic involving caisson-type mixed methods in a harbor, which does not address or relate to astrobiology or extraterrestrial environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: We randomly assign the fictitious job applicants into 8-15 months of (i) non-traditional work experience in the gig-economy (treatment) (ii) traditional work experience (control I) or (iii) unemployment (control II). We would like the job tasks in the treatment group (i. e. in the non-traditional job) to appear as similar as possible to the job-tasks in the traditional job. Therefore, we will compare a gig-job where the task is to deliver food from restaurants to customers to a traditional job of delivering mail. In addition, we randomly assign applicants to one of four identities, where two have an Arabic-sounding name and two have a Swedish-sounding name. The names are selected based on official statistics over the most popular names in Sweden. Since we are interested in the value of non-traditional work experience for entry into the traditional labor market, the job applications will be designed for young workers who search for a job approximately a year upon high school graduation. All four fictitious applicants are male and born in 1998. The reason for focusing on males is that these comprise the majority of the workers in the gig-economy. To get a reasonably high callback rate, the applications will be designed to signal a relatively well-qualified applicant (for it's age). To this aim, place of residence and high school will be chosen to signal a middle-class applicant with a completed high school degree from a vocational track aimed for the service sector. In addition, we state in the resume that the applicant has a drivers license. In the resumes we also include 12 weeks of job training in a traditional job, which is the mandated amount of job training in vocational high school tracks. To achieve the desired sample size we send three applications to each posted vacancy in the sampling frame. To this end, we generate four applicant identities, which each comprise a name, an email address, and a phone number. The applications will be submitted with a lag of one day between them. Date 2018-03-18 Date 2018-10-18 (end points) The main variable of interest is an indicator taking the value one if the fictitious job applicant receives a call-back from the employer. (explanation) (end points) (explanation) The correspondence study will be conducted in the three largest cities of Sweden: Stockholm, Goteborg and Malmo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing a study that compares non-traditional work experience in the gig economy with traditional job experience. It highlights the intentionality behind designing job applications to reflect similarities between gig jobs and traditional jobs, demonstrating a look at how gig work interacts with and influences job market dynamics. This indicates an ongoing examination of how gig roles contribute to evolving employment models.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The discourse will additionally cover Meta's progress in the field of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality, and mixed reality technologies, along with the forthcoming revolutionary influence of AI on human experiences in both the digital and physical realms. This specific episode is expected to engage persons who possess a predisposition towards the fields of biology, medicine, mental health, artificial intelligence, and potential developments in technology and human society. 1. 00:05:35 Initiative (CZI) & establishment of the CZI in 2015 was motivated by the goal of cultivating a more advantageous future for persons in various fields. have a profound inclination to utilize their substantial resources and expertise in addressing complex and complicated challenges. Chan is somebody who has attained a high level of proficiency in the field of medicine and has exhibited a commitment to academic endeavors. On the contrary, Zuckerberg has exhibited a considerable degree of expertise and proficiency in the domains of engineering and building. The primary goal, which is a crucial element of CZI's research portfolio, is to accomplish the complete elimination, proactive prevention, or efficient management of all diseases by the end of the present century. This ambitious goal encompasses a diverse array of illnesses, rather than being restricted to a singular, specific ailment. The major objective of the CZI is to provide financial support to scientists engaged in basic scientific inquiry, while also developing software tools to enhance research efforts and conducting scientific investigations. Collaborative bio hubs have emerged as a strategic response to solve substantial challenges that transcend the boundaries of specific research institutions and academic disciplines. One such organization, situated in San Francisco, exemplifies this approach. The hubs are affiliated with renowned academic institutions, including Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of California, [1]. 1. CZI | Support Science. Available from: 00:08:51 Innovation & Discovery, Science & primary objective of the CZI is not the instantaneous elimination of all diseases, but rather the facilitation of crucial resources and technology to the worldwide scientific community with the purpose of expediting scientific advancement. The CZI underscores the historical pattern wherein notable progress frequently coincides with the creation of pioneering instruments, as exemplified by the utilization of telescopes within the domain of astronomy. The primary objective of the CZI is to facilitate the amalgamation of scientific and engineering expertise in the realm of biology, with the ultimate purpose of developing innovative tools that yield advantages for the broader discipline as a whole. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the primary goal of the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI) is not the instantaneous elimination of all diseases, but rather the facilitation of resources and technology to expedite scientific advancements. This suggests that while advancements may be made in addressing diseases, the claim that bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases is not supported by the current focus of CZI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이는 Rhee(2013)가 최근 5년간 국내에서 건설된 항만구조물 중 외곽시설을 중심으로 설계사례를 조사한 결과와 유사한다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study on design cases of coastal structures in South Korea and does not address issues related to Europa’s subsurface ocean or the potential for life.