Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: European journal of human genetics : EJHG 2009, 17(2):172-178. : Molecular characterization of a Chinese family carrying a novel C4329A mutation in mitochondrial tRNAIle and tRNAGln genes. BMC medical genetics 2014, 15:84. -: Mitochondrial DNA: A new driver for sex differences in spontaneous hypertension. 2019, 144:142-150. : Mitochondrial DNA 7908-8816 region mutations in maternally inherited essential hypertensive subjects in China. BMC 2018, 11(1):89. Ingman M, Gyllensten U: mtDB: Genome Database, a resource for population genetics and medical sciences. Nucleic acids research 2006, 34(Database issue):D749-751. -: Recurrent tissue-specific mtDNA mutations are common in humans. PLoS genetics 2013, 9(11):e1003929. : Lifestyle and Hypertension in Young Adults: A National, Survey-Based, Cross-Sectional Study. Prev 2016, 23(1):31-40. . ,. et al: Seventh report of the Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of Pressure. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex : 1979) 2003, 42(6):1206-1252. : The mitochondrial calcium uniporter is involved in mitochondrial calcium cycle dysfunction: Underlying mechanism of hypertension associated with mitochondrial tRNA(Ile) A4263G mutation. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 2016, 78:307-314. : A hypertension-associated mitochondrial DNA mutation alters the tertiary interaction and function of tRNA(Leu(UUR)). of biological chemistry 2017, 292(34):13934-13946. : Mitochondrial genome mutations in 13 subunits of respiratory chain complexes in and Mongolian hypertensive individuals. mapping, sequencing, and analysis 2018, 29(7):1090-1099. : Transmitochondrial mice as models for primary prevention of diseases caused by mutation in the tRNA(Lys) gene. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 2014, 111(8):3104-3109. : Disorders: Role of and Genomics. Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa) 2016, 5(4):293-299. : Generation and of Cybrids with mtDNA Haplogroups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that supports the claim by discussing mitochondrial DNA in various studies and its significance in genetic research. The mention of maternal inheritance in mitochondrial DNA aligns with the claim that it is inherited maternally and remains stable over generations, which is a key reason it is used in archaeogenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Ca soluţie pentru stările anxioase şi depresive, cercetătorii au concluzionat că speciile bacteriene lactobacilii şi bifidobacteriile au un efect benefic, reducând simptomele(27). Studiile de laborator experimentale au demonstrat cum lactobacilii au favorizat interacţiunile sociale într-un grup de şoareci supuşi unor condiţii stresante. Acest lucru a fost posibil prin intervenţia bacteriilor asupra producţiei de oxitocină(28). Toate aceste studii aduc la lumină şi elucidează ceea ce până nu demult era o problematică aflată sub semnul întrebării, respectiv modul în care microbiomul reuşeşte să influenţeze întreaga funcţionare a organismului uman. Prin intermediul neurotransmiţătorilor şi al sistemului imunitar, microbiota ajunge să influenţeze comportamentul organismului-gazdă, şi orice schimbare survenită la nivelul tipurilor sau al numărului de microorganisme intestinale, prin contaminare patogenică sau consum îndelungat de antibiotice, este asociată cu schimbări la nivelul comportamentului şi al funcţiilor cerebrale(29-31). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the influence of gut microbiome on mental health is complex and cannot be resolved by consuming a single food type. It mentions that different strains of bacteria, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, have beneficial effects on anxiety and depressive states, highlighting the need for diverse microbial interactions rather than a single type of food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Each group was subdivided into three smaller groups (n = 6 per group) according to the time when the lesions were evaluated. They were treated twice a day according to the groups. The sample size was calculated according to Federer’s formula: (Federer, 1963)t−1n−1≥ 15t = the number of groupsn = the number of samplesn = 2. 875 ≈ 3 rat/groupConsidering the NC3Rs principal in experimental animal, statistical analysis necessity, and the possibility of drop out, the number of rats per group were determined to be six. All 54 rats were given a number (1–54) using a marker pen, then randomized by putting the numbers in an envelope and dividing them into 9 groups, according to the numbers taken from the envelope (Russell and Burch, 1992). Wound inflictionTo ensure that the rats remain in a comfortable condition, they were given anesthesia before performing the burn. The animals have anesthetized with Ketamine/Xylazine 0. 2 mL by intraperitoneal injection (in accordance with the provisions of Research). The hair at the dorsal region was shaved and cleansed with alcohol swab. Second-degree burn wound was inflicted using iron plate measuring 2×2 cm2 which was warmed in boiling water for 5 minutes and placed for 30 seconds on the shaved area (Kristyaningsih, 2016). Aloe vera extractAbout 2000 g of Aloe vera leaves were collected. The bottom part and the serrated edges of Aloe vera leaves were cut and peeled to obtain the inner clear gel. About 1000 g of inner gel was weighed and washed thoroughly and cut it into small pieces. Then, the small pieces of gel and 2000 mL 70% ethanol were blended and poured into a closed container (stirred occasionally for 6 hours, then set aside for 18 hours). This mixture was then filtered to obtain the filtrate (I). The extraction process was repeated on the residue using 1000 mL of 70% ethanol to obtain another filtrate (II). The filtrate (I) and (II) were mixed and evaporated using a vacuum rotary evaporator (GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) at 400C to obtain a thick extract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it primarily focuses on experimental methodology involving rats and the preparation of Aloe vera extract, which does not directly address the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Conclusions: The mtDNA mutations were involved in the process of MIEH. We identified mitochondrial genetic characteristics in MIEH patients in China. The present research serves as a solid foundation for further detailed research on the association between MIEH and mitochondrial dysfunction, and their causal relationship in Chinese and other populations with a similar lifestyle. hypertensionmaternal inheritance. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2BackgroundEssential hypertension (EH) is a common cardiovascular disorder, influencing about 1 billion people around the world [1]. It is generally believed that the interaction between genic and environmental factors affected EH, which may be caused by single-gene defects or multifactorial conditions[2]. Maternally inherited essential hypertension (MIEH) is EH that is consistent with the pattern of maternal inheritance [3]. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can cause mitochondrial diseases, which are transmitted from the mother exclusively. MtDNA mutations were marked in several pathogenic disorders including mitochondrial myopathy, stroke-like attacks, encephalopathy and maternally hereditary diabetes[4]. In addition, mutations in mtDNA have also been observed to play a role in the pathogenesis of MIEH [5]. The repair and protection systems of mtDNA are less efficient compared to that of nuclear DNA [6]. MtDNA mutations have been linked to MIEH through modifying several functional tRNAs [7]. In particular, a previous study identified that the mutation may reduce the steady-state level of mt-tRNAGln m. 4375C>T and subsequently cause the mitochondrial dysfunction that is responsible for hypertension[8]. So far, the mechanism of mtDNA mutations in MIEH has not been completely elucidated, especially on the interplay between mtDNA mutations and other risk factors, such as the development of blood pressure, nuclear genes, and environmental conditions[9]. While people are more concerned about the role of the nuclear genome[10], investigating the role of mtDNA sequence alteration may help to understand the genetic pathogenesis of MIEH. Mitochondrial genes in 3777-4679 region were proposed to be hot spots for mutations associated with hypertension as described previously[11]. In order to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying MIEH, we studied clinical and genetic evidence to investigate the association between the mtDNA mutations in 3777-4679 region and MIEH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it discusses the maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its role in genetic diseases, linking it to conditions such as maternally inherited essential hypertension (MIEH). The text mentions that 'mtDNA can cause mitochondrial diseases, which are transmitted from the mother exclusively,' thus reinforcing the aspect of maternal inheritance stated in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: a devenit în ultimii ani, prin studiile observaţionale şi experimentale pe care evoluţia ştiinţifică le-a făcut posibile, punctul de cotitură în rezolvarea numeroaselor patologii medicale, precum anxietate, depresie, Alzheimer, obezitate şi probleme metabolice. Conform recomandărilor făcute de experţi, dieta pare a fi cea mai rezonabilă intervenţie de prevenire a unor patologii cronice, prin menţinerea unui echilibru între populaţia microbiană intestinală, mai exact menţinerea stării de eubioză. Recomandările oferite de experţii din cadrul consorţiului MyNewGut au în vedere nu doar cerinţele nutriţionale ale organismul uman, considerat organism-gazdă, cât şi pe cele ale microbiomului intestinal. Pentru menţinerea homeostaziei experţii au evidenţiat importanţa reducerii aportului în cantitate crescută de grăsimi şi proteine şi îmbogăţirea dietei cu fibrele dietetice, principalul „combustibil” al microbiotei intestinale. Conflict of interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests. P, Bressan P. Humans as superorganisms. How microbes, viruses, imprinted genes, and other selfish entities shape our behaviour. Sci. 2015; 10, 464-81. . Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature. 2012; 489, 220–230. Rampelli S, Microbiota and lifestyle interactions through the lifespan. Trends in & Technology. 2016; 57, 265–272. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that diet plays a significant role in preventing chronic pathologies and maintaining gut microbiome balance. It emphasizes the need for a diverse diet rich in dietary fibers instead of a single type of food, which is essential for gut health. The mention of expert recommendations indicates that maintaining a balance in the gut microbiome and addressing mental health issues requires varied dietary inputs rather than a singular food source.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Gel preparation• Gel baseAbout 400 cc of distilled water was taken into the mortar, then 12 g of 3% Sodium-Carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) powder was evenly added. It was closed and set it aside for 15 minutes. After which it was ground and 4 g of 1% glycerin was added until a homogeneous gel base was formed. • Aloe vera gelPut 40 g of Aloe vera extract into the mortar then add 360 g of gel base gradually while grinding it until homogeneous. So, the concentration of the aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stainingSix animals of each groups were sacrificed on the 3rd, 14th, and 21st days after injury by injecting 100 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally. Then, the injured tissues were carefully dissected and fixed with 10% formalin. All samples were taken to Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for H&E staining. The number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness was evaluated using Olympus CX21 light microscope with 400× magnification and three fields of view. Statistical analysisData were analyzed using SPSS version 20 (RRID:SCR_019096) with one-way ANOVA test. If there were significant differences (p<0. 05), then LSD test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Data were presented as mean ± SD. ResultsThe results obtained from the study are shown in Figures 1−3. The comparison of the changes in the thickness of the epidermis that occurs is shown in Figure 4. The explanation of the histopathological images obtained for macrophages, fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness is shown in Figure 5. From the one-way ANOVA results, there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness in all groups (p<0. 05). Then, the least (LSD) test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Figure 1. Mean number of macrophages. I (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment). *p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it describes a detailed methodology for preparing an Aloe vera gel and conducting a histopathological analysis, which is unrelated to the claim about the traditional use of Aloe vera. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: 025) was m. 4611 delA mutation in 10 MIEH subjects. The results suggested that mtDNA mutations were positively correlated with MIEH. DiscussionThe purpose of this study was to investigate mutations in mtDNA 3777-4679 region of the Chinese MIEH population. The results showed that the group of MIEH had more mtDNA variations, which mainly located at ND1 site and the highest mutation site was m. 3970C>T. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important factor in cardiovascular disorders [20]. As far as we know, this is one of the first large-scale population-based studies about and the potential role of mtDNA in MIEH. The systematic screen of the association between MIEH and mtDNA mutation is not only essential to further our understanding of the specific mechanism of the mutation in disease etiology, but can also improve the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. In an attempt to determine whether mtDNA was involved in the biochemical indicators of the MIEH individuals, we compared and analyzed the biochemical abnormalities of all the participants. Clinical evaluation of all the participants suggested that MIEH subjects presented significantly higher values than those of control group in and renal function. Notably, MIEH individuals were obese or overweight in comparison to NT group. High BMI for EH was reported as a strong predictor of hypertension in a multivariate analysis [21]. Therefore, a normal body weight (BMI 18. 5-24. 9 kg/m2) should be recommended for the prevention and management of MIEH [22]. These factors might contribute to the occurrence and development of MIEH, or they might occur as a result of the progress of MIEH, which results in the damage of the target organ. Many studies have depicted the function of inherited mtDNA mutations in MIEH family, such as the analysis of maternally transmitted hypertension in a large cohort [23]. Here, we investigated the mtDNA 3777-4679 region using PCR amplification and the sequence analysis. Current results showed that eight SNPs were significantly different between the MIEH and the control groups: m. 3970C>T, m. 4048G>A, m. 4071C>T, m. 4086C>T, m. 4164A>G and m. 4248T>C in ND1 gene, m. 4386T>C and m. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the analysis of inherited mtDNA mutations in familial cases of maternally transmitted hypertension. This supports the idea that mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally, which aligns with the claim. Additionally, the focus on mtDNA mutations within the study highlights its relevance in understanding genetic inheritance, a key aspect of using mtDNA in archaeogenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Bäckhed. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science. 2005; 307, 1915-20. . Gut clock: implication of circadian rhythms in the gastrointestinaltract. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011; 62,139-50. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science. 2005; 308, 1635-8. Bandín Meal timing affects glucose tolerance, substrate oxidation and circadian-related variables: a randomized, crossover trial. Obes (Lond). 2015; 39, 828-33. Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Cancer Prev. 1997; 6 (Suppl 1), S43-S45. Towards microbial fermentation metabolites as markers for health benefits of prebiotics. Rev. 2015; 28, 42-66. . Comparison of fermentation reactions in different regions of the human colon. J Appl Bacteriol. 1992; 72, 57-64. Rowland IR. Toxicological implications of the normal microflora. In: Tannock GW (ed). Medical importance of the normal microflora. Dordrecht: Publishers. 1999. öderholm JD. The role of microbiota and probiotics in stress-induced gastro-intestinal damage. Med. 2008; 8, 282-98. Colon-specific delivery of a probiotic-derived soluble protein ameliorates intestinal inflammation in mice through an EGFR-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest. 2011; 121, 2242-53. de Wiele T, et al. Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability. Gut. 2009; 58, 1091-103. . Toll-like receptor 2 controls mucosal inflammation by regulating epithelial barrier function. Gastroenterology. 2007; 132, 1359-13. Benítez-Páez A, Gómez del Pulgar EM, Sanz Y. The glycolytic versatility of bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 and its genome response to oligo and polysaccharides. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2017; 7, 1-15. P, Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 ameliorates metabolic and immunological dysfunction in mice with high-fat-diet induced obesity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to gut microbiota, suggesting that diversity and mutualism in the gastrointestinal tract are critical for health. The emphasis on microbial diversity and the multiple roles of different microorganisms contrasts with the claim that a single type of food can fully balance the gut microbiome. Specifically, references to the importance of diverse microbial flora, as indicated in the study summaries, suggest that relying on one food type is insufficient for achieving a balanced gut microbiome and resolving associated mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Mean number of fibroblastsI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 3. Mean number of epidermal thickness. I (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment). *p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 4. There was a change in epidermal thickness on days 3, 14 and 21. The thickest epidermal layer was found in group III (treatment, aloe vera) compared to group II (negative control). This could be due to the fact that aloe vera gel was better in the wound repair process than the other groups. The thickness of the epidermis in groups II and III was also thicker than in the control group. This can happen because there is still a wound repair process in groups II and III. Figure 5. The histopathological description of macrophages () fibroblast () and epidermal thickness (). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 7. 77 ± 0. 62; p=0. 0001), group I-3 vs III-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 9. 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (7. 77 ± 0. 62 vs 9. 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 001) (see Figure 1). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs 6. 22 ± 0. 98; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs. III-14 (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim about the historical use of aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses statistical analysis and the biological effects of aloe vera on wound healing and epidermal thickness in a controlled study. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the historical context of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: : The tRNAMet 4435A>G mutation in the mitochondrial haplogroup G2a1 is responsible for maternally inherited hypertension in a Chinese pedigree. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 2011, 19(11):1181-1186. : Mitochondrial C4375T mutation might be a molecular risk factor in a maternal Chinese hypertensive family under haplotype C. Hypertens 2018, 40(6):518-523. : Data on association of mitochondrial heteroplasmy and cardiovascular risk factors: Comparison of samples from Russian and Mexican populations. 2018, 18:16-21. Deng H, Yuan L: Molecular genetics of congenital nuclear cataract. 2014, 57(2-3):113-122. : The role of mitochondrial genome in essential hypertension in a population. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 2009, 17(11):1501-1506. : The role of mitochondrial DNA mutations in a population on sepsis pathogenesis. Sci 2017, 21(14):3247-3252. : 1999 Organization-of for the management of hypertension. Guidelines sub-committee of the Organization. Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, NY : 1993) 1999, 21(5-6):1009-1060. Liu LS: [2010 Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension]. Zhonghua xin xue guan bing za zhi 2011, 39(7):579-615. : A mitochondrial mutation A4401G is involved in the pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy in Chinese hypertensives. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 2009, 17(2):172-178. : Molecular characterization of a Chinese family carrying a novel C4329A mutation in mitochondrial tRNAIle and tRNAGln genes. BMC medical genetics 2014, 15:84. -: Mitochondrial DNA: A new driver for sex differences in spontaneous hypertension. 2019, 144:142-150. : Mitochondrial DNA 7908-8816 region mutations in maternally inherited essential hypertensive subjects in China. BMC 2018, 11(1):89. Ingman M, Gyllensten U: mtDB: Genome Database, a resource for population genetics and medical sciences. Nucleic acids research 2006, 34(Database issue):D749-751. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to mitochondrial DNA's role, particularly highlighting its maternal inheritance, as seen in the mention of 'maternally inherited hypertension' and multiple references to maternal transmission of mitochondrial mutations. These points support the assertion that mitochondrial DNA is of interest in studies for traits inherited maternally, aligning with the reasoning behind its application in archaeogenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: PLoS One. 2012; 7, 48-56. Simon GE, Obesity increases the incidence of psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry. 2006; 63, 824-830. . Why does the microbiome affect behaviour? Microbiology. 2018; 1, 8-9. Olzer P. Diet, Microbiota and of Graz. 2018. Rao M, Gershon F. The bowel and beyond: the enteric nervous system in neurological disorders. Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2016; 13(9):517. Forsythe P, Kunze WA. Voices from within: gut microbes and the CNS. Cellular and molecular life sciences. 2013; 70(1), 55-69. O’. Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Behavioural brain research. 2015; 277, 32-48. . Deng Y, Jury J, Pinto-Sanchez MI. Transplantation of fecal microbiota from patients with irritable bowel syndrome alters gut function and behavior in recipient mice. Medicine. 2017; 9(379), 22-24. Pinto-. longum NCC3001 reduces depression scores and alters brain activity: a pilot study in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2017; 153(2), 448-459. . Oral treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates behavioural deficits and immune changes in chronic social stress. BMC Medicine. 2017; 15(1),7. does the microbiome affect behaviour? Microbiology. 2018; 1, 3-8. . Levels of circulating miR-122 are associated with weight loss and metabolic syndrome, Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020; 28, 493-501. Gómez EM, Benítez-Páez A, Sanz Y. Safety assessment of Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771, a symbiont of the gut microbiota in infants. Nutrients. 2020; 12, 343-350. Hess AL, Benítez-Páez A, Blædel. The effect of inulin and resistant maltodextrin on weight loss during energy restriction: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded intervention. Nutr. 2019; 59, 143-155. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that explore the relationship between diet, gut microbiota, and mental health, implying that a diverse approach rather than a single type of food is necessary for balancing the gut microbiome and impacting mental health. For example, it references studies about the influence of microbiota on behavior and mental health, and it mentions various dietary interventions, indicating that a single food type is unlikely to achieve the desired balance or resolution of issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 61 ± 0. 39 vs. 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs. III-14 (6. 22 ± 0. 98 vs 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 013) (see Figure 1). On day 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 4. 72 ± 0. 87; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (6. 22 ± 0. 98 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 1). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (3. 77 ± 0. 34 vs. 4. 61 ± 0. 49; p=0. 047), group I-3 vs III-3 (3. 77 ± 0. 34 vs 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (4. 61 ± 0. 49 vs 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it provides statistical data on macrophages and fibroblasts from a scientific study without any mention of Aloe vera or its use in skincare.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of findings in archaeogenetics have confirmed the interbreeding between early humans and Neanderthals.Archaeogenetics has proven that ancient humans had advanced technologies far superior to modern ones, which have since been lost. [SEP] Text: Rohbeck has ‘pixlutakuk fight,’ going rather with the CSY. The word may not be genuine NSY at all (see under Conclusions below). 3. This word (NSY only) is interesting since it refers to the direction from which the cold arctic wind blows down through (see Fortescue [1988] for how the term’s absolute geographical reference varies according to locality along the coasts of the Arctic). It is unlikely that it could have been gathered anywhere on the Asian side but East Cape, where it is used in just this sense. Table 2 Vowel lengthening in Kerek. Table 3 Loan-words from Eskimo to Chukotian 1. From *ulruaq; Sirenikski uraaX ‘sea lion’ is a loan back from the Chukchi apparently. Note also Koryak uluul, Palana (ʔ)uluʔul ‘sea lion. ’ 2. Inupiaq, apparently from putu ‘hole,’ as verb ‘make hole through,’ referring to (women) dancing with their upper bodies protruding through a hole in the floor or a partition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses linguistic aspects and specific terms related to the Arctic region without providing any information about archaeogenetics, interbreeding between early humans and Neanderthals, or ancient technologies. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Space debris poses a growing threat to operational satellites and future space missions. [SEP] Text: Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι ο εντοπισμός φυσικών διόδων (τροχιών) επανόδου δορυφόρων στην ατμόσφαιρα της Γης, που θα μπορούσαμε να εκμεταλλευτούμε ώστε να μετριαστεί το πρόβλημα των διαστημικών καταλοίπων, και βέβαια η κατανόηση των δυναμικών μηχανισμών που οδηγούν στην ύπαρξή τους. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the threat of space debris. Instead, it focuses on identifying return paths for satellites to mitigate the problem of space debris, which, while related, does not explicitly corroborate or contrast the claim itself.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 11 ± 0. 68; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (8. 11 ± 0. 68 vs 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs 9. 05 ± 0. 80; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (9. 05 ± 0. 80 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 3rd day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the standard group (I), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the negative control group (II). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs 2. 43 ± 0. 45; p=0. 0001), group II-3 vs III-3 (2. 43 ± 0. 45 vs 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 0001), while group I-3 vs. III-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 182) did not show a significant result (see Figure 3). On the 14th day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not reference aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments in any capacity. It discusses statistical analyses related to fibroblasts and epidermal thickness post-injury without mentioning any specific treatments or traditional uses associated with aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of hyperaccumulator plants are used in phytoremediation because they can store large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2436883/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractPhytoremediation plant is one of the proposed methods that by accumulating heavy metals in the aerial parts of plants, it is possible to remove these elements from contaminated soils. The aim of this study was to investigate the situation of removal of three heavy metals, Al, Pb and Zn in the soil based on 8 plant species in Meyghan wetland in Markazi province, Iran. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate the difference between of heavy elements in the aerial parts, roots of plant species and soil. The results showed that there were significant difference in the contaminants of Al, Pb and Zn in the aerial, root organs of plant and soil. The results of the study of Al changes in the soil and the studied species showed that the amount of this element in the soil is very high and the studied plants do not have the high adsorption capacity of this element. The results of a study of the amount of Pb in aerial parts and roots of plant species showed that the amount of this metal in aerial parts is higher than the root and has the highest rate of Pb contaminants (0. 82 mg/cm3) among the studied species. The results of Zn change in aerial and root limbs showed that the amount of Zn metal contaminants in aerial organs was higher than the root, and Scirpus lacustris (2. 14 mg/cm3) had the highest total absorption rate among the species studied. PhytoremediationHeavy metalsMeyghan wetlandabsorption1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 51. IntroductionPollution of wetland ecosystems by heavy metals is one of the most important issues that has received special attention in recent years, and several studies have been conducted in this field (Huang et al. , 2020). Because these ecosystems are naturally the ultimate recipients of heavy metals (Freedman, 2013). Heavy metals are important pollutants in natural environments, because due to toxicity, stability and biological decomposition, these elements tend to accumulate in aquatic organisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that phytoremediation plants accumulate heavy metals in their aerial parts to remove those elements from contaminated soils. It discusses the investigation of heavy metal removal by plant species, indicating their ability to store metals like lead and zinc, thus supporting the claim that hyperaccumulator plants are utilized for phytoremediation due to their capacity to store heavy metals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Space debris poses a growing threat to operational satellites and future space missions. [SEP] Text: Over 300 nano/microsatellites were launched in 2017, shattering analyst’ expectations and surpassing even SpaceWorks “full market potential” prediction from last year. 2017 represented a 205% increase in nano/microsatellites launched compared to 2016. SpaceWorks’ estimates up to 2600 nano/microsatellites will require launch over the next 5 years. This creates space for new opportunities that could benefit from the technology developments in the activity and match the size and scope of the involved partners. As it can be seen in Figures 1, 2 and Table 1, mega-constellations with microsatellites up to a mass of 200–300 kg are the most popular trend in the space industry and indicate that the 200–300 kg mass and volume factor of 0. 125–1 m3 are the near optimum to: (i) squeeze as many small satellites in medium size launch vehicles such as Falcon 9, Ariane 6 (ii) still launch 2–3 small satellites in dedicated small launchers etc. (iii) are small enough to mass produce in lean, highly automated, automotive style production lines as OneWeb and SpaceX are currently undertaking. 1Figure 1. Nano/microsatellite (<50 kg) forecast. Figure 2. Microsatellite (<50 kg) constellations launched and planned. Con/nNum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the issue of space debris or its implications on operational satellites and future space missions. Instead, it discusses the increase in the launch of nano/microsatellites and market trends within the space industry. While the topic of satellite launches may relate indirectly to space debris, the text does not provide any evidence or assertions that corroborate or contrast with the claim regarding the threats posed by space debris.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 11. 46 ± 0. 92; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (11. 46 ± 0. 92 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 3). On the 21st day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 23. 10 ± 1. 37; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (23. 10 ± 1. 37 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 3). 1 showed in group - III (treatment) wound repair was better than without aloe vera administration (group - II, negative control). In group - II,on day 14, the area of the wound still did not seem to shrink compared to group - III, on day 14. Meanwhile, on day 21, it was seen in group - III that hair had started to grow and the wound had dried up (Table 1). Table 1. Pictures in Table 1 shows the healing process of burns on day-3,-14 and -21. GroupsDay-3Day-14Day-21Group-IGroup-IIGroup-III Group I: Standard group, which were normal rats. Group II: Negative control group, which were given second-degree burns and treated with gel base (without Aloe vera extract). Group III: Treatment groups, which were given second-degree burns and treated with Aloe vera extract gel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a study involving the therapeutic effects of Aloe vera on wound healing in a controlled experimental setting, but it does not address the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments over centuries. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of hyperaccumulator plants are used in phytoremediation because they can store large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues. [SEP] Text: Common methods of reducing and removing pollutants from the environment, in addition to being costly, are not able to completely remove pollutants from the environment; While the use of plants to clean the environment, in addition to helping to improve environmental conditions, is able to remove a significant portion of pollutants, especially heavy metals from the environment (Asad et al. , 2019). Over the past few decades, environmental pollutants from mining and industrial activities have increased. Soil contamination with heavy elements is one of the most important environmental problems in many parts of the world. Human activities, especially industrial activities and mineral processes, are the cause of the wider dissemination of these elements. The most important elements in terms of food chain contamination are As, Cd, Hg and Pb (Oves et al. , 2012). At the same time, some nutrients, such as Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn, can cause poisoning at high concentrations in plants and animals. Plants are important components of the ecosystem and are responsible for transporting elements from the environment to living organisms. The main sources of elements entering the plants from the environment are air, water and soil (Glick, 2003). Phytoremediation plant is one of the methods of soil bioremediation that has received a lot of attention in recent decades (Sharma and Pandey, 2014). Compared to other refining methods, this method is a stable, inexpensive, simple and eco-friendly method. In this method, storage plants are used to purify contaminated soils without destroying the soil structure. Plant accumulators are plants with high growth rate, high biomass and high tolerance of metals (more than 1000 ppm) in harvestable parts of the plant that is able to transfer and accumulate in storage tissues (Tüze, 2003). Various studies have been conducted on the sequestration of heavy metals in different ecosystems. Sasmmas et al. (2008) examined the role of Typha latifolia in the accumulation of heavy metals in the Kehli River. The results showed that the amount of heavy metals in the roots was higher than the leaves. Also, the amount of cadmium in the roots was higher than sediments and in the leaves less than sediments. This result showed that Louis root can be used as an indicator of cadmium contamination in the soil. Singh et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how phytoremediation plants, specifically referred to as 'plant accumulators,' are capable of accumulating heavy metals in their tissues. It states that these plants can tolerate high concentrations of metals and transfer them into storage tissues, thus supporting the claim about their role in phytoremediation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: International collaboration is necessary to address the space debris issue, as debris orbits the entire Earth. [SEP] Text: Ackermann M. R. , Kiziah R. R. , Beason J. D. , Zimmer P. C. , McGraw J. T. Exploration of wide-field optical system technologies for sky survey and space surveillance. Proc. 30th Space Symposium. . 2014, 28. 3. Bordovitsyna T. V. , Avdyushev V. A. Teoriya dvizheniya iskusstvennykh sputnikov Zemli. Analiticheskie i chislennye metody. Izd. 2. [of Motion of Satellites. Analytical and Numerical Methods. 2nd ed. ]. Tomsk, TGU Publ. 2016, 254 p. (In Russian). 4. Chuprakov S. A. , Eselevich M. V. , Korobtsev I. V. Stray light protection system of the AZT-33VM telescope focal plane, Complex. J. Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems. 2018, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 024002. DOI: 5. Denisenko S. A. , Kamus S. F. , Pimenov Yu. D. , Tergoev V. I. , Papushev P. G. Fast wide-angle telescope AZT-33VM. Opticheskii zhurnal. [J. Optical Technology]. 2009, vol. 79, no. 9, 6. Dick J. , Herridge P. , Tremayne-Smith R. , Davey J. , Crowther R. Surveying for debris in MEO with optical sensors. Proc. 5th on Space Debris, ESA. 2009. vol. 5, iss. 1. 7. Eselevich M. V. , Goryashin V. E. , Korobtsev I. V. , Tsukker T. G. Observations of unknown space debris objects at AZT-33VM telescope. Ekologicheskiy vestnik nauchnykh tsentrov ChES [of of the Economic Cooperation]. 2017, vol. 4, iss. 3, 60. (In Russian). DOI: 10. 31429/ vestnik-14-4-3-52-60. 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim regarding international collaboration needed to tackle the space debris issue. It primarily contains references to various studies and technologies related to space surveillance and debris observation, rather than making an argument or providing evidence supporting or contrasting the necessity of international collaboration.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: DiscussionMacrophages are cells that multiply when there is a wound to phagocytose debris and bacteria and they are the predominant cells on the 3rd day post wound infliction (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). This study showed that both negative control and treatment groups had more number of macrophages than standard group on the 3rd day after injury. On the same day, the treatment group had more macrophages than negative control group because there is acemannan in aloe gel that could increase the number of macrophages (Sierra-García et al. , 2014). The results of this study showed that there was reduction in number of macrophages in the treatment group than the negative control group on the 14th and 21st days after injury. Souza et al. (2017) reported a decrease in the number of macrophages in burn rats treated with 1% silver sulfadiazine. In this study, both the 3rd and 14th days after injury demonstrated a higher number of fibroblasts in the treatment group than the negative control group. This might have happened because of interaction between glucomannan in aloe gel and gibberellin, a growth hormone, with growth factor receptors on fibroblast. This interaction stimulated fibroblast activity and proliferation that could increase collagen synthesis (Chithra et al. , 1998; Surjushe et al. , 2008). Besides that, there was also acemannan in aloe gel which could increase the proliferation of fibroblasts (Xing et al. , 2014). Fibroblasts are cells that will increase their migration during the proliferation phase of wound healing. Therefore, this study showed highest number of fibroblasts on the 14th day after injury in the treatment group which was earlier than the negative control group that had the highest number on the 21st day after injury. At some point during the proliferation phase, there may be apoptosis of fibroblast when collagen matrix has filled the wound cavity (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). Therefore, there was a reduction in the number of fibroblasts on the 21st day after injury in the treatment group. Re-epithelialization occurs right after injury that consists of migration, proliferation, and differentiation of keratinocytes (Gurtner & Wong, 2013; Isrofah and Afandi, 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about aloe vera's long history of use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses the role of macrophages and fibroblasts in wound healing and the effects of aloe gel without addressing its historical use or efficacy in treating skin conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of hyperaccumulator plants are used in phytoremediation because they can store large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues. [SEP] Text: (2010) states that plants that are able to absorb heavy metals abnormally have the genetic potential to clean up contaminated soils, and in fact the main advantage of these plants is that they can be absorbed and accumulated despite cultivation in contaminated metal or irrigated water. They have metal. Chaoua et al. (2019) investigated the accumulation of heavy metals cadmium, lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) in mangrove swamps on the plant species S. apetala and K. obovata in China. S. apetala significantly altered the biochemical cycle of cadmium, Pb, Ni and chromium (Cr). In S. apetala deposition, TOC plays an important role in the sequence of heavy metals because its positive correlations with zinc and lead are reflected. This study showed the importance of plant species in changing soil quality and accumulation of heavy metals, and S. apetala works more efficiently as an inhibitor of contamination than K. obovata. Meyghan desert Wetland and its 5459. 9 Km2 of land, despite its diversity of soil and vegetation, beautiful lakes in the heart of the desert and the presence of migratory birds and other ecotourism attractions due to human intervention, its nature has undergone drastic changes. This wetland is considered as a sensitive wetland ecosystem due to its size, ecological and hydrological characteristics and the extent of its impact on the region's climate, especially the city of Arak. The entry of wastewater from the Arak wastewater treatment plant, which is a mixture of municipal and industrial wastewater, is a serious threat to the wetland ecosystem in terms of environmental pollution, especially the presence of heavy metals. Therefore, the aim of the current study is, investigating the effect of 8 wetlandplant species on the phytoremediation of three heavy metals Al, Pb and Zn in the area around Meyghan Wetland. 2. Methods 2. 1. Due to its special conditions, Meyghan plain, also called Meyghan wetland and Meyghan desert, is located in the center of Iran, about 8 km northeast of Arak metropolis, in the lowest part of Arak and Farahan plains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how certain plants, referred to as hyperaccumulators, have the genetic potential to absorb and accumulate heavy metals from contaminated soils. It specifically mentions that plants like S. apetala can significantly alter the biochemical cycle of heavy metals, thereby highlighting their role in phytoremediation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space debris will cause a chain reaction, destroying all satellites and space stations within a decade. [SEP] Text: In 1991, the Soviet Salyut-7 space station dismembered during its re-entry in the atmosphere and many fragments reached Argentinian soil, where no serious damage was reported (Lyall & Larsen, 2018, p. 108; Reuters, 1991). (2001, A/AC. 105/759) had a controlled atmospheric re-entry (Klinkrad, 2001, p. 513), while the Chinese Tiangong-1 Station (2017, A/AC. 1150/Add. 1) had an uncontrolled re-entry (Berging & Barbosa, 2018; Vellutini et al. , 2018, p. 2). Both space stations reached the ocean—Pacific and Atlantic respectively—without causing any harm. While there is no international legal instrument that imposes a duty on states to “seek to avoid a potential terrestrial impact by [their] re-entrant object” (Lyall & Larsen, 2018, p. 109), states will often apply orbital maneuvers to diminish the hazard, if the spacecraft is still in a condition that it can be maneuvered. The situation is different with space debris that re-enters the Earth’s atmosphere in an uncontrolled way. Space debris objects in outer space are under the influence of many natural factors and hence do not have a repeatable orbit, so the trajectory of a space object “can only be estimated statistically” (Finkleman, 2015). This results in uncertainty in predictions of the moment of atmospheric re-entry and of the location of the point of impact on the surface of the Earth. States have no duty to inform of upcoming atmospheric re-entries. Only through the NPS Resolution (UNGA, 1992, NPS Resolution 47/68, Principle 5) are launching states recommended to notify states that may be in danger of the atmospheric re-entry of a space object containing radioactive materials. Some states issue public communications about massive space debris without nuclear materials when they consider that the debris may survive atmospheric friction (Lyall & Larsen, 2018, p. 106). Some private institutions provide regular information about re-entries to the public (Aerospace Corporation, n. d. ; Satview, n. d. ). In order to reduce the hazard of impact with aircraft in flight, authorities of states under the path of re-entering hazardous space debris may use such information to take measures such as closing their air space to aircraft. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various instances of space debris re-entry, highlighting that many fragments reached Earth without causing any serious damage. It details past events with space stations, such as the Soviet Salyut-7, showing that while space debris can re-enter the atmosphere, it does not necessarily lead to catastrophic outcomes for satellites and space stations. Additionally, it mentions the uncertainty in predicting the behavior of space debris and states that measures are often taken to mitigate risks. This provides evidence against the assertion that space debris will lead to the destruction of all satellites and space stations in a decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Data availabilityUnderlying dataFigshare: Effect of in post-burn skin repair in rats guidelinesFigshare: checklist for ‘Effect of in Post-Repair in Rats’ (Aulia and Pane, 2022) are available under the terms of the Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication). Author contributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York: Mac. Millan; 1963; 544. : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. : Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. 7th edn. & Wilkins; 2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It contains references to research studies about Aloe vera's effects on skin repair in rats, but does not mention the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of hyperaccumulator plants are used in phytoremediation because they can store large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues. [SEP] Text: Due to the changes in the average of this metal, it was found that the average of this metal in is higher than its average in soil, which indicates the contaminants and storage of this metal in plant organs. Bobtana et al. (2019) in their study of concluded that this species has the ability to properly absorb Pb metal. The results of the study of Zn contaminants levels in the aerial parts of the studied species showed that there was a significant difference in soil between the aerial parts of Halocenemum Strobilaceum, Phragmites australis and Scirpus lacustris. So that the highest average contaminants of this element in the aerial parts of the plant species Scirpus lacustris. 2. 14 mg/cm3 was obtained and the lowest amount of zinc uptake in was 0. 039 mg/cm3. Examination of the changes in the roots of plant species showed that there was no significant difference in the contaminants of this metal with the soil. A general study of the rate of Zn depletion in the studied species showed that and Phragmites australis had the lowest Zn contaminants compared to other species. Also, all species except Scirpus lacustris have less Zn than soil. levels increase malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, antioxidant enzymes, free amino acid content, cell death, potassium leakage, and electrolyte leakage, so high Zn levels can act as stress (Peltier et al, 2003, Deng et al, 2004). They act to reduce the plant's ability to inhibit plant growth, and as a result, plants can absorb and store this metal to a certain extent. A study of the average amount of Zn in the plant species Scirpus lacustris shows that this plant has the ability to absorb and store Zn so that the amount of Zn in this plant is more than soil. The results of this study are inconsistent with the results Phill et al. (2015) In their study of the effect of three plant species on the contaminants of heavy, Pb and Zn metals in the wetland area, they concluded that the contaminants rate of these elements in plant roots is higher than in the aerial parts. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence that certain plant species, such as Scirpus lacustris, can absorb and store heavy metals, specifically zinc (Zn). It mentions that the concentration of Zn in this plant is higher than in the soil, indicating its ability to store contaminants. This aligns with the definition of hyperaccumulator plants and their role in phytoremediation as suggested in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single large explosion in space could clear all debris currently orbiting the Earth. [SEP] Text: Almost all were launched with the knowledge that if anything broke there was no way of fixing it. Most satellites also need fuel to occasionally adjust their orbits. Once that’s gone they may become so much space junk, adding to the already substantial stream of debris encircling the globe. “Imagine you’re going to go buy a car tomorrow,” says Brian Weeden, head of an industry group called the Consortium for Execution of Rendezvous and (). “And you have to keep in mind that you’re never going to be able to put more gas in it. You can never change the oil. You can never maintain or fix anything. And you have to use it for the next 10 years. Now, how expensive and how complicated do you think that car is going to be? That’s exactly what we have been doing with satellites. ” Thousands of working satellites (shown in red) are circling the globe at this moment. Many could become space junk if they can’t be repaired and refueled. : ESRI To keep satellites working as long as possible, engineers build in redundant systems and pack in as much fuel as they can fit. All this over-engineering adds to the costs of building and launching the satellites — a modern communications satellite can cost about $500 million. Almost all construction and repair that has happened in space so far has relied at least in part on astronauts, including fixes on the Telescope, and construction of the Station. But sending humans into space is tremendously expensive, so the effort to develop robots to do the job has grown in recent years. “What we would really like to do is have some way of having a robotic mechanic in space that can fix satellites when they break,” says Henshaw, head of the robotics and machine learning section at the US Laboratory. Robots to the rescueIn the last few decades, researchers have made progress toward that goal. In a 2007 NASA demonstration project, a pair of specially built craft docked in orbit and transferred fuel. More recently, in 2020, the aerospace company successfully launched two “mission extension vehicles,” equipped with their own engines and fuel, that attached themselves to two commercial satellites and boosted them into new orbits. Two new missions expected to launch this decade will take servicing a step further. The demonstration projects will use semiautonomous robots equipped with mechanical arms to add fuel to orbiting satellites, and even to make simple repairs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and challenges associated with satellite maintenance and the inevitability of them becoming space junk. It highlights that once satellites lose fuel and can no longer be maintained, they become debris, rather than suggesting that an explosion could solve the issue. The description of the inherent issues with satellites, such as the fact that repairs and fuel replenishments typically rely on astronauts or advancing robotic technology, implies that a large explosion would not effectively manage or clear the existing debris problem.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: r145983) The direct URL for this report is: Greeting of a day! i go. . . Continue reading of a day! i go through the revised version and stand it approved. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: and stem cell I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: Major concerns: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 no treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they. . . Continue reading concerns: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 no treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? This study lacks the visual observation with camera and authors did not show any images of the appearance of the wounds and wound improvement. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. The conclusion is a bold statement. What are the next steps? What are the limitations of the study? Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Burn injuries and reconstructive surgery I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on a peer-reviewed study regarding the effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats, along with concerns about the study's methodology and presentation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of hyperaccumulator plants are used in phytoremediation because they can store large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues. [SEP] Text: ConclusionIn this study, the heavy metal Al, Pb, and Zn were studied in 8 plant species in Meyghan wetland, which is one of the most important wetlands in Iran in Markazi province, which is affected by industrial and domestic effluents. The results of the study of heavy metal deposition showed that there was a significant difference in the contaminants of these metals in the aerial and roots organs of the species studied with the soil. The results of the study of Al changes in the soil and the studied species showed that the amount of this element in the soil is very high and the studied plants do not have the high adsorption capacity of this element. Examination of the amount of Pb in the aerial parts and roots of plant species showed that the amount of this metal in the aerial parts is more than the root and has the highest amount of Pb contaminants among the studied species. Also, changes in Zn in the aerial and root limbs showed that the amount of Zn metal adsorption in the aerial parts was higher than in the roots, and Scirpus lacustris had the highest rate of Zn adsorption among the species studied. Therefore, in the studied species, they have the ability to absorb different amounts of heavy metals in the study area. However, the studied species and Scirpus lacustris showed a good ability to absorb heavy Pb and Zn metals. Due to the existence of industrial factories such as machinery, aluminum manufacturing and a large number of companies and industrial and manufacturing factories in the vicinity of Meyghan Wetland, which causes the effluent of Arak wastewater treatment plant, which is a mixture of urban and industrial wastewater. DeclarationsFunding information is not applicable No funding was received. Authors' contributions Raziyeh Faraji: Writing - Original Draft, Investigation, Methodology; Nourollah Abdi: Supervision, Conceptualization, Project administration, Funding acquisition; Javad Varvani: Supervision; Abbas Ahmadi: Advising; Hamid Toranjzar: Advising. 816. Asad S. (2019). Integrated phytobial heavy metal remediation strategies for a sustainable clean environment-a review. Chemosphere. 217: 925-941. (2019) Evaluation of for Phytoremediation. J. Med. Chem. Sci. 2: 126-129. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the heavy metal absorption capabilities of various plant species in the Meyghan wetland. It specifically states that certain species, including Scirpus lacustris, demonstrate a good ability to absorb significant amounts of heavy metals like Pb and Zn, which aligns with the concept of hyperaccumulator plants being utilized in phytoremediation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of space debris is naturally burned up by the atmosphere within a few days. [SEP] Text: In 1991, the Soviet Salyut-7 space station dismembered during its re-entry in the atmosphere and many fragments reached Argentinian soil, where no serious damage was reported (Lyall & Larsen, 2018, p. 108; Reuters, 1991). (2001, A/AC. 105/759) had a controlled atmospheric re-entry (Klinkrad, 2001, p. 513), while the Chinese Tiangong-1 Station (2017, A/AC. 1150/Add. 1) had an uncontrolled re-entry (Berging & Barbosa, 2018; Vellutini et al. , 2018, p. 2). Both space stations reached the ocean—Pacific and Atlantic respectively—without causing any harm. While there is no international legal instrument that imposes a duty on states to “seek to avoid a potential terrestrial impact by [their] re-entrant object” (Lyall & Larsen, 2018, p. 109), states will often apply orbital maneuvers to diminish the hazard, if the spacecraft is still in a condition that it can be maneuvered. The situation is different with space debris that re-enters the Earth’s atmosphere in an uncontrolled way. Space debris objects in outer space are under the influence of many natural factors and hence do not have a repeatable orbit, so the trajectory of a space object “can only be estimated statistically” (Finkleman, 2015). This results in uncertainty in predictions of the moment of atmospheric re-entry and of the location of the point of impact on the surface of the Earth. States have no duty to inform of upcoming atmospheric re-entries. Only through the NPS Resolution (UNGA, 1992, NPS Resolution 47/68, Principle 5) are launching states recommended to notify states that may be in danger of the atmospheric re-entry of a space object containing radioactive materials. Some states issue public communications about massive space debris without nuclear materials when they consider that the debris may survive atmospheric friction (Lyall & Larsen, 2018, p. 106). Some private institutions provide regular information about re-entries to the public (Aerospace Corporation, n. d. ; Satview, n. d. ). In order to reduce the hazard of impact with aircraft in flight, authorities of states under the path of re-entering hazardous space debris may use such information to take measures such as closing their air space to aircraft. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the unpredictable nature of space debris re-entries, indicating that many space debris objects do not have a repeatable orbit and can enter the atmosphere in uncontrolled ways. It notes that predictions about atmospheric re-entry timing and impact location are uncertain and states have no obligation to inform others of upcoming re-entries. This implies that not all space debris is burned up quickly, which challenges the validity of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: F1000Research 2023, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3. . . Continue reading 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses an experimental study involving rats and the treatment of burns with Aloe vera gel alongside other control groups. There is no mention of its long-term or historical use in treating skin issues, thus making it irrelevant to the claim at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of hyperaccumulator plants are used in phytoremediation because they can store large amounts of heavy metals in their tissues. [SEP] Text: Although no hyper accumulator plant species was encountered in this study, twenty (20) plant species were identified to have high bioconcentration of metals, particularly Cd and Cu which indicated tolerance to excessive or phytotoxic metal concentrations of these metals. In addition, they generally produce high above ground biomass, due to rapid vegetative growth. These plants include: Terminalia macroptera, Centrosema pubescens, Piliostigma thonningii, Cochlospermum tinctorum, Isoberlinia tomentosa, Monotes kerstingii, Detarium microcarpum, Paspalum orbiculare, Borreria verticelata, Salix leadermanii, Ceruana pratensis, Polygonum lanigerum, Physalis angulata, Polygonum limbatum, Cymbopogon giganteum, Heliotropium indicum, Croton lobatus, Hypoethes cancellata and Mimosa pigra. These present further possibilities for evaluating metal tolerance in relation to their potential use in phytoremediation programmes in metal polluted sites. Declarationswish to appreciate the of Research of the University, Zaria, Nigeria for providing the funds for this research. We also thank S. Umar who helped with the field identification of plant species and collection of plant/soil samples. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Bako, Augustine U. Ezealor and The first draft of the manuscript was written by and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request2010. . Ref. Nr. TEND/AML/2001/07/20, pp73-74. http;//ec. europa. eu/environment/waste/compost/pdf/hm_finalreport. pdf Friends of Nature (2010) The IT industry has a critical duty to prevent heavy metal pollution. 2010 Study of heavy metal pollution by IT brand supply chain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various plant species identified with high bioconcentration of metals, indicating their tolerance to high levels of heavy metals such as Cd and Cu. This suggests their potential use in phytoremediation, which aligns with the claim that hyperaccumulator plants are utilized for their ability to store heavy metals in their tissues for environmental remediation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of vertical farms use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to provide nutrients without soil. [SEP] Text: 2 Deep film technique It is a technique in which the plants are grown with roots submerged in floating nutrient solutions (10–20 cm deep) on a flat table. This method is effective for growing plants with short root system and is relatively cheaper. 2. 1. 3 Substrate method In this method, the plant growth is supported by using materials such as stones, vermiculite, perlite, etc. in structures such as tubes and pots. This system results in affective utilization of nutrients and reusing of the nutrient solution as the drained solution is re-circulated in the system. This system is commonly utilized in Asia, Europe, and Israel for strawberry cultivation by using several trough systems. Among the three systems, NFT and DFT are the most commonly used methods. The basic idea behind the working of NFT is the recycling of the nutrient solution. This technique offers major advantages over other systems like low cost of installment, easy operation and management as well as conservation of nutrients and water. In this system, nutrient solution enriched with material like sand, vermiculite or rock wool is passed and re-circulated through a slope consisting of plants placed in a plastic trough. It provides the optimum amount of nutrients to the plant through its root system. It is best suited for short period crops like lettuce, strawberry, and raspberries. Nutrient film technique has been termed as a promising tool in the areas with limited land resources. Various materials that can be used for hydroponics in fruit crops include that of mineral origin and organic origin. Vermiculite is one of the mineral substances utilized in pears, peach, and tangerine seedlings as it is free of pathogens attack and have high water retention capacity. In case of grapevine, sand because of its easy acquisition is used as it results in the increased absorption of macronutrients. Rice hulls have been found to be effective organic source in growing strawberry plants under hydroponics. For strawberry, perlite or vermiculite is the best growing medium. Materials like coconut coir or peat moss should be avoided as they absorb too much of nutrient solution and cause condition of suffocation to the plants. For growing strawberries through hydroponics, two systems viz. , “closed” and “open” are employed. Among these two, recirculation of nutrient solution occurs in the closed system with plants grown in channels or pipes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing methods of plant cultivation that do not exclusively involve hydroponics or aeroponics. Specifically, it discusses the substrate method, which involves using materials such as stones, vermiculite, and perlite, rather than relying solely on hydroponic or aeroponic systems. Furthermore, it emphasizes that the substrate method is commonly utilized for strawberry cultivation in various regions, indicating alternative practices outside of hydroponic or aeroponic systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on a study involving rats and the experimental setup for testing Aloe vera gel on burn wounds, which is unrelated to its historical therapeutic use.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: 05) of which the most efficient was Typha sp. based CWs. After 15 days of treatment, concentration of copper in Typha sp. leaf increased from 0. 005 mg/g to 0. 086 mg/g. The bioconcentration factor was 895. 83. In case of Typha sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 031 mg/g, which then increased to 0. 101 mg/g. The bioconcentration factor was 1052. 08. The initial concentration of copper in Salvinia sp. leaf was 0. 068mg/g and after treatment with TTP effluent the concentration increased to 0. 083 mg/g. In case of Salvinia sp. root, the final concentration of copper was increased to 0. 072 mg/g from 0. 123 mg/g and the bioconcentration factor was 750. The initial concentration of copper in Eichhornia sp. leaf was 0. 005 mg/g and after treatment, increased to 0. 069 mg/g. In case of Eichhornia sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 014 mg/g, which then increased to 0. 046 mg/g and the bioconcentration factor was 479. 17. sp. leaf, the concentration of copper before treatment was 0. 002 mg/g. After treatment with TTP effluent, the concentration increased to 0. 064 mg/g. In case of Pistia sp. root, the initial concentration of copper was 0. 057 mg/g, which then increased to 0. 071 mg/g and the bioconcentration factor was 739. 58 (Table 4). Table 4. Uptake of copper from TTP effluent Download as PowerLarger image(png format) Tables index Veiw figure View current table in a new window View previous table View next table 3. 4. Uptake of Cadmium from TTP concentration in TTP effluent was 0. 253 ppm. CWs using Eichhornia sp. , Typha sp. was very effective in removing the cadmium from the effluent, which was statistically significant (p < 0. 05). Among these, Typha sp. based system was more effective. The least efficient was Salvinia sp. based CWs. After 15 days of treatment, concentration of cadmium in Typha sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific data on the uptake of heavy metals like copper and cadmium by different plant species. It mentions the effectiveness of constructed wetlands (CWs) using specific plants such as Typha sp. and Eichhornia sp. in significantly removing cadmium from effluents. The text implies that these phytoremediation approaches can achieve substantial reductions in toxic metal concentrations, aligning with the claim that projects focus on heavy metal removal from polluted environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor farming allows for year-round crop production, regardless of weather or climate. [SEP] Text: 60% people labor for this sector (p. 3). Changing climate and climate extremes (e. g. flood, drought, salinity, cyclone, tidal surge, heavy rainfall, high temperature, excessive fog etc. ) are affecting yielding of crops and livestock farming across Bangladesh where coastal region, islands and Haor area are exceedingly affected (Monwar et al. , 2014, p. 126; Hossain, Nayeem, & Majumder, 2017, 8584. 6 square km, situated in the northeastern 7 districts of Bangladesh. Three hundred and seventy three Haors of Bangladesh receive surface runoff water from several rivers descending from the hills of India, where water remains either stagnant or in flash flooding condition during the months of June to November and Haors remain dry next of the year (Alam, Quayum, & Islam, 2010, p. 88; Center for Environmental and Services [CEGIS], 2012, 2. Methodology2. 1 Profile of the Netrokona, a northeastern district of Bangladesh, surrounded by of Meghalaya of India on the north, on the south, on the east by Sunamganj District, and on the west. is situated in between 24°34´ and 25°12´ north latitudes and in between 90°00´ and 91°07´ east longitudes. The district has an area of 2794. 28 square kilometers (1078. 87 square miles). The annual average temperature of Netrokona is highest 33. 3°C and lowest 12°C; while the annual average rainfall is 2174 mm (BBS, 2013, p. 3; Banglapedia, 2015a). This study was conducted in Haor area of Netrokona District. Sixty-five Haors are found in the district covering 6 upazilas (sub-districts) [has 10 upazilas] with approximately 78,266 hectares of land. After examining the area and quantity of Haor, settlement, exposure, intensity, and sensitivity of people and assets to different climate extremes- 3 upazilas were purposively selected for the study: Khaliajuri, Madan, and Mohanganj. 2. 2 Methods of This study is a behavioral research. Mixed method was applied to conduct the study which facilitated to find out elaborated and in-depth information to better understand the problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how changing climate and climate extremes, such as flooding, drought, and high temperatures, are adversely affecting crop and livestock farming in Bangladesh. This implies that traditional farming methods are vulnerable to climate conditions, opposing the notion that indoor farming can provide consistent year-round crop production unaffected by such variables.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 28 Feb 2023 Pane, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 28 Feb 2023 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3. . . Continue reading 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodological concerns regarding a study on Aloe vera without providing any information on its historical use or effectiveness for treating skin ailments. It focuses on study limitations and experimental design rather than the traditional use or benefits of Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: In general, when the metal concentration in water increases, the amount of metal accumulation in plants also increases. The heavy metal concentrations in various effluents were comparatively higher. The increased salinity induces protective mechanisms, which influence the ability of the plant to bioaccumulate metals [36]. Rai [37] reported 70-94 per cent decrease in cadmium when Azolla pinnata was used for phyto remediation in thirteen days of treatment. Shugeng et al. [38] observed significant decrease in the concentration of cadmium and lead by Canna sp. TTP effluent was acidic in nature, where the bioconcentration factor of plants was less. The removal of lead was high by Typha sp. (root) and less by Salvinia sp. (leaf). Among floating macrophytes, Salvinia sp. (root) removed more lead. The bioconcentration factor of arsenic was above 1000 in Typha sp. root and leaves. Among floating plants, Eichhornia sp. (root), which had BCF more than 1000 removed arsenic to maximum. In the removal of copper from the effluent, Typha sp. (root) was observed to be a positive candidate which had BCF higher than 1000. Among floating plants, Salvinia sp. (leaf) removed maximum copper from TTP effluent. The removal of cadmium was comparatively low. The maximum removal of cadmium was by Typha sp. (root). In TTP effluent also, the emergent species Typha sp. was the most efficient in removal of heavy metals. The occurrence of both fibrous and tap root system possessed by Typha sp. enable them to absorb heavy metals from both soil and aqueous medium. Among floating macrophytes Eichhornia sp. , Salvinia sp. and Pistia sp. could be used efficiently for heavy metal removal. The appropriateness of a plant for phytoremediation potential is often judged by its BCF. Plants having BCF values over 1000 are generally considered a positive plant for phytoremediation [36]. However, in this study, with the BCF values of plants were slightly below 1000; these plants could be considered as moderate accumulators. Peng et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the efficiency of various plant species in removing heavy metals like cadmium and lead from polluted environments, particularly through treatments that yield significant reductions in metal concentrations within short time frames, such as the report of a 70-94 percent decrease in cadmium in thirteen days using Azolla pinnata. It highlights how specific plants, notably Typha sp., are effective in absorbing heavy metals from both soil and water, which aligns with the claim's focus on phytoremediation projects aimed at heavy metal removal.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor farming allows for year-round crop production, regardless of weather or climate. [SEP] Text: 3 Using stressor tolerant crops species Flash flood, excessive fog, drought, nor’wester, thunderstorm, heat wave/extreme temperature Local farmers consult with the local officers of Department and plant stressor tolerant crop species which can withstand different climatic stressors; e. g. BRRI-28 - 14, BARI Onion-1 etc. 4 Early harvesting of immature Boro rice Flash flood Sometimes people harvest crops earlier when there is any probability of occurring early flash flood. Almost half amount of the rice is not ripe that time, but this strategy can save up to 60% of rice. The unripe rice is used as fodder. 5 Changing crop planting dates Flash flood Usually farmers plant seedlings of Boro rice in Mid-Poush (Beginning of January). But as an adaptation strategy, to protect the rice from early flash flood, they occasionally plant seedlings in the beginning of Poush (Mid-December). 6 Using mechanical irrigation system Drought, heat wave, extreme temperature During dry season, if crop fields are affected by drought or lack of water for irrigation, people use mechanical irrigation system (e. g. shallow pump) to water the crops and moisturize soil. 7 Rainwater harvesting for irrigation Drought, heat wave, extreme temperature Practice of rainwater harvesting to irrigate croplands is in small range in the Haor area. This strategy is used as (CBPA), executed by NGOs 8 Using pesticide to the crops Climate induced pest attacks to the crops Due to climate change induced warming, insect pests are increasing in the Haor area which is destroying crops. To control pest attacks, people are using pesticides increasingly. 9 Preservation of crop seeds Extreme rainfall, flood (monsoon) Preservation of crop seeds for the next cultivation time ensures availability of good seeds even though there is any climatic hazard occurring. Based on indigenous knowledge, people are practicing this as Adaptation (ILA). 10 Homestead gardening Flood (flash and monsoon) Available land in the homestead are used for gardening which is a sustainable livelihood option for the Haor people as croplands are submerged under water at most of the time of a year. Homestead gardening also ensures proper nutrition of the family members. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various strategies that farmers use to adapt their crop production to adverse weather conditions, such as stressor tolerant crop species, early harvesting, and mechanical irrigation systems. These strategies highlight that traditional farming methods are heavily influenced by weather and climate, suggesting that year-round crop production is not guaranteed without such adaptations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information relevant to the claim about Aloe vera being used for centuries to treat skin ailments. Instead, it discusses a scientific study involving rats and the application of Aloe vera gel compared to other treatments for burn wounds. While Aloe vera is mentioned, the focus is on experimental results and methodology rather than historical use for skin ailments.