Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Changes in heart rate after maximum exercise reflecting the function of vagus nerves in cardiovascular autonomic nerve system and the maximal oxygen consumption are related with cardiovascular risks respectively, and are the strong indicators predicting death rates. These factors suggest the involved relevance to changes made through weight loss. In this study, the weight loss achieved through dietary restriction manifested the significant relevance with ‘HRR decay constant’ and changes in maximum oxygen consumption. However, changes in maximal oxygen consumption along with actual dietary restriction were mostly due to the reduced amount of fat. Though they were not identified in this study, reviews on the relevance of changes in physical composition such as fats and muscle mass etc. to ‘HRR decay constant’ might be needed in further studies. Recent study [20] investigated obese women before menopause who improved life styles without dietary restriction for 3 months reported that the recovery of heart beat after maximum exercise showed the decrease in perspective of 60 seconds after the maximum walking exercise on treadmill (from 21. 3 ± 6. 2 to 27. 8 ± 10. 2 beats/min, p < 0. 05). Such results differ from results of changes in heart rate (-33. 5 ± 3. 4 to -34. 6 ± 2. 8 beats/min, p > 0. 05) measured in perspective of 60 seconds after maximum exercise conducted in this study. Actually, this comes from the difference in test protocols. Protocols related with finding heart rate recovery normally use treadmill or bicycle ergometer. Though differences in maximal heart rate may be appeared in the same period of times as mentioned before but influences of each training and dietary restriction upon HR would be different from each other. And physiological characteristics of subjects could also produce different results. Particularly, in cases of measuring temporal heart rates right after aerobic exercises from supine and/or sitting positions in the examination of exercise tolerance test showed different responses in HRR respectively [21]. That is, different interpretations might be obtained along with different cool-down protocols. In deriving conclusions of this study, there were limitations as follows: First, the autonomic nerve system of heart was not directly measured in this study. However, as it was identified in prior studies, the recovery of heart rate after maximum exercise reflects the autonomic nerve system of heart [22,2]. For the second, the heart rate after maximum exercise defined in the protocol was an assessment upon the recovery period of 2 minutes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that weight loss is influenced significantly by dietary restrictions and factors like cardiovascular fitness, rather than being guaranteed regardless of diet or exercise. It discusses the relationship between heart rate recovery, maximum oxygen consumption, and weight loss, indicating that physiological responses and individual characteristics can differ, suggesting that personalized nutrition alone cannot guarantee weight loss without considering these other factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: In bees and ants, there are whole castes that can’t reproduce – workers, for example. These are no less alive than reproductive drones and queens. Also, cases are known where two species occasionally interbreed, producing offspring that are typically sterile – such as the mule, a hybrid between a horse and a donkey. So, we have to use reproduction as a characteristic of a species rather than of every individual, in our attempts to draw a line between life and non-life. Now we come to the third attribute included in the RIM definition of life – inheritance. This applies to all life forms on Earth, though in different ways to some than to others. We humans are most familiar with the sort of inheritance that is associated with sexual reproduction, in which, as we can plainly see, offspring tend to resemble one or both parents more than they do other members of the overall population. Most other animal species have sexual reproduction, so the same phenomenon applies, even though, for example, we humans find it hard to distinguish degrees of similarity among different individual houseflies. Inheritance still applies in the world of asexual reproduction, which is much more common in bacteria and other microbes than it is in animals. A population of a particular kind of bacterium that reproduces in this way can be thought of us a collection of clones. Each parent, on its own, produces progeny that are genetically identical to itself, so the within-clone variation is zero at the level of the gene (unless a mutation occurs), and may be quite small at the level of the organism. In contrast, the between-clone variation is greater. Since clones are to all intents and purposes families, the situation regarding inheritance is broadly the same. Finally, we must be equally careful in deciding what entity to apply inheritance to, as we were in using the term reproduction. Inheritance applies to the relationship between generations, not to individual organisms taken alone. Of the three RIM attributes, metabolism is the only one that can be applied to individuals considered in isolation from other members of their family, population, or species. In summary, the RIM definition of life can be constructed something like this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the search for extraterrestrial life and the study of extremophiles. Instead, it discusses concepts of reproduction, inheritance, and definitions of life, without making any direct connection to extremophiles or extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: is sometimes referred to as ‘a third pole’ because of the icy region it contains. Recent thinning of glaciers over the Himalayas has been a hot debate as these glaciers supply water to large river systems. 9. (BC) aerosols are released from incomplete combustion. They are badly affecting weather, temperature and hydrology. Black aerosol covers are also having an impact on snow cover. In Himalayas, from 1990 to 2000 ice cover decreased by 0. 9% due to aerosols. Due to aerosol emission, this decline has reached to 36% [20]. 10. is a large ice cap found in the western Kunlun mountains on the surrounded by 30-40 meter ice walls. Decreased precipitation rates in the Himalaya region is having disastrous effects of ice belts [21]. In this region, ice core of 6200m altitude has been reduced to 3080m. 11. about The amount of water locked up in ice and snow is about 1. 7% of all water on Earth, but the majority of total fresh water on Earth about 68. 7% is locked up in ice caps [22] Polar ice caps are about 15 million years ago. However, certain scientists suggest that south polar ice cap was decayed so it is no more than three million years ago Portions of ice caps melt and refreeze as the seasons change In the last 100 years. Melting ice has caused the sea level to rise upto 8 inches 12. ice cap decreases to a very small size in every September and then begins to regrow again. The extent of that dwindling is shrinking by 14% after every ten years. If there is less ice, more radiations from the Sun would be absorbed by open water and there would be only minute reflection back into the atmosphere. There, no ice would be formed therefore, the Arctic ice has reached beyond a “Tripping point”. Giant walls and cooling tunnels are the best ways to save polar ice from melting Tunnels can be built under the ice through which the ice can be thickened and there would be least drainage into oceans and lakes By cooling hot bedrock underneath. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how melting ice has led to an 8-inch rise in sea levels and mentioning the shrinking of ice extent by 14% every ten years. Furthermore, it states, 'there would be only minute reflection back into the atmosphere' due to less ice, which suggests that as ice decreases, climate change impacts are exacerbating the melting of polar ice caps.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2005. Exercise and Reviews 33(4):p 169-174, October 2005. Free AbstractExercise generally results in less weight loss than expected and it is frequently observed that men and women do not respond equally to exercise for weight loss. This may be caused by differences in compensation by other components of energy balance or to differences in the energy expenditure of exercise observed between genders. Men appear to lose more weight than women in response to exercise, and this is likely caused by greater compensation for energy intake for women compared with men, and a diminished energy expenditure of exercise for women compared with men. exercise is recommended during weight reduction by virtually every public health organization; however, the role of exercise is generally considered secondary to energy restriction for the treatment of obesity. The classic explanation for the secondary role of exercise is that exercise alone cannot generate enough energy expenditure to create a negative energy balance to the extent possible with energy restriction and thus the role of exercise is diminished for weight loss. This review discusses the interactive components of energy balance, the magnitude of exercise that is necessary for weight loss, and the difference between genders for weight loss in response to exercise, including potential compensation in the components of energy balance. Finally, we propose a model based on previous research to test for gender differences for weight loss in response to exercise. ? Energy balance refers to an equal amount of energy intake and energy expenditure. Obesity is the result of excess energy intake compared to energy expenditure. To lose weight, a negative energy balance must be evoked, and to maintain lost weight, energy balance must be maintained. To illustrate, Figure 1 shows energy intake, energy expenditure, and the standard components of energy balance. Figure 1. : Static model of energy balance. (A) Weight gain; (B) weight loss; (C) weight maintenance. PRO, protein; CHO, carbohydrate; SPA, spontaneous physical activity; TEF, thermic effect of food; RMR, resting metabolic rate. Although the concept of energy balance appears simple, it is deceptively so. Energy intake consists of all ingested foods and beverages with an energy value. Control of energy intake is subject to a host of environmental, behavioral, biological, and genetic influences. Measurement of energy intake is notoriously difficult and prone to error. Men and women routinely underestimate energy intake by 30 to 50%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that exercise alone often results in less weight loss than expected and that energy restriction is generally considered more effective for weight loss than exercise. It states that 'the role of exercise is generally considered secondary to energy restriction for the treatment of obesity,' suggesting that personalized nutrition, which implies diet adjustments, cannot guarantee weight loss without considering the significant impact of exercise and energy balance. Additionally, the text notes differences in weight loss responses between genders, further complicating the claim that personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of other factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: An entity is alive if (1) it has intrinsic metabolism; (2) it belongs to, or is descended from, a group (species) that reproduces sexually, asexually, or through a mixture of the two; and (3) there is inheritance of organismic features from one generation to the next. If it has none of these features, it is not alive. Now we get to the grey area mentioned above. What happens if an entity has one or two of these attributes, rather than zero or three? I’m quite confident that most entities on planet Earth can be classified as living or non-living on the basis of the RIM definition, as given above. However, there is an important exception: viruses. Are these entities tiny subcellular organisms, or very large and complex, but non-living, molecules? Most people think of them as being alive, but is this intuitive feeling justified? Viruses have no metabolism. At its simplest, a virus is a piece of hereditary material made of nucleic acid (sometimes DNA, sometimes RNA) wrapped in a protein coat. Its size is orders of magnitude less than that of a single cell. Viruses operate by entering host cells and hijacking their molecular machinery to make offspring viruses. It’s clear from this brief description that viruses have the R and the I of RIM, but not the M. So they possess two out of the three attributes of life. However, this statement has to be qualified in an important way. Viruses can’t reproduce outside of a living cell of their host organism, be it an animal, a plant, a fungus, or a microbe. So their reproduction, and hence their inheritance, is not intrinsic. Perhaps we could conclude that they score half, half, and zero on the RIM scale, thus giving them an overall score of one rather than two. Whatever exact score we give them, the conclusion is inescapable: viruses inhabit a grey area between life and non-life. A of searches for alien life in general, and intelligent alien life in particular, are very different endeavours. We’ve already seen that they involve different wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum, and consequently different designs of telescope. Searching for signatures of oxygen is centred on the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the criteria for defining life, particularly focusing on the attributes of living entities and the case of viruses, which exist in a grey area between life and non-life. It then differentiates searches for alien life from other searches, but it does not mention extremophiles or their relevance to the search for extraterrestrial life. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Earth’s climate changes naturally and such changes in the intensity of sunlight reaching the earth cause cycles of warming and cooling that have been a regular feature of the Earth's climatic history. Some of these solar cycles - like the four glacial-interglacial swings during the past 400,000 years - extend over very long time scales and can have large amplitudes of 5 to 6°C. For the past 10,000 years, the earth has been in the warm interglacial phase of such a cycle. Other solar cycles are much shorter, with the shortest being the 11 year sunspot cycle. Other natural causes of climate change include variations in ocean currents (which can alter the distribution of heat and precipitation) and large eruptions of volcanoes (which can sporadically increase the concentration of atmospheric p1. Variations in average surface temperature from year 1000 to year 1860; year 1860 to 2000 annually averaged and year 2000-2100 projected average temperatureFrom year 1000 to year 1860 variations in average surface temperature of the are shown in Fig. 1, but corresponding data from the was not available and hence it was reconstructed from proxy data (tree rings, corals, ice cores, and historical records). The line shows the 50-year average, the grey region the 95% confidence limit in the annual data. From years 1860 to 2000 are shown variations in observations of globally and annually averaged surface temperature from the instrumental record; the line shows the decadal average. From years 2000 to 2100 projections of globally averaged surface temperature are shown for the six illustrative SRES scenarios and IS92a using a model with average climate sensitivity. The grey region marked "several models all SRES envelope" shows the range of results from the full range of 35 SRES scenarios in addition to those from a range of models with different climate sensitivities. The temperature scale is departure from the 1990 value. 1. 5. What happens due to climate change? Shifting weather patterns, threaten food production through increased unpredictability of precipitation, rising sea levels contaminate coastal freshwater reserves and increase the risk of catastrophic flooding, and a warming atmosphere aids the pole-ward spread of pests and diseases once limited to the tropics. Ice-loss from glaciers and ice sheets has continued, leading, for example, to the second straight year with an ice-free passage through Canada’s Arctic islands, and accelerating rates of ice-loss from ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the evidence of climate change leading to significant impacts on ice loss. It states that 'Ice-loss from glaciers and ice sheets has continued', and mentions specific examples such as 'the second straight year with an ice-free passage through Canada’s Arctic islands' as well as 'accelerating rates of ice-loss from ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica', which supports the assertion that climate change is causing the polar ice caps to melt at an unprecedented rate.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Energy expenditure consists of resting metabolic rate (RMR), the thermic effect of foods (TEF), spontaneous physical activity (SPA), and exercise. Energy expenditure can be measured with reasonable precision in the laboratory, but the cost is appreciable, it has a high burden on the individual, and it is not suitable for population studies. It may appear that calculating energy intake and energy expenditure is a relatively simple matter of addition and subtraction, and this is frequently the method used to calculate a negative energy balance in the attempt to lose weight. Unfortunately, it is not so simple because the components of energy balance are interactive, as shown in Figure 2. As energy expenditure increases, a second component or multiple components of energy balance may change or “compensate” and, in turn, weight loss may not occur. For example, an individual may attempt to lose weight with a 500-kcal negative energy balance using a reduced energy diet. However, diets have been shown to diminish RMR and SPA; therefore, the intended energy deficit may be less than planned or absent altogether. Figure 2. : Dynamic model of energy expenditure. Illustrates the possible changes in the components of energy balance that may occur with an increase in exercise. SPA, spontaneous physical activity, TEF, thermic effect of food. RMR, resting metabolic rate. ? There are limited choices an individual can make in the attempt to evoke a negative energy balance for weight loss. The most common method for weight loss is dietary restriction; however, diet does not provide a long-term solution because more than 50% of individuals who lose weight through diet eventually regain the weight they lost. Among the reasons, “exercise should be considered for weight reduction” is the simplistic argument that it can be. That is, exercise and SPA are the only components of energy expenditure that are under voluntary control. If RMR or TEF were under voluntary control, an individual could simply overeat and increase their RMR or TEF and remain weight-stable. Exercise can account for almost no energy expenditure or a great deal of energy expenditure across a 24-h period. Exercise is generally thought of as planned behavior that is different from SPA. Although SPA requires energy expenditure, it is apparent that many individuals do not achieve a great deal of energy expenditure with SPA on a routine basis as evidenced by the dramatic increase in overweight and obesity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that weight loss is influenced by multiple factors that interact, making it uncertain and not guaranteed. It emphasizes that simply achieving a negative energy balance through diet alone may not result in weight loss due to compensatory changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and spontaneous physical activity (SPA). The text points out that diets often lead to diminishment of RMR and SPA, thus potentially negating the intended energy deficit. Overall, it indicates that weight loss is not guaranteed, challenging the assertion of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Among the primates, the great apes stand out, and among these, of course, humans represent an apex. Rather than pretend that it’s possible to create a cross-species numerical scale of intelligence, let’s simply acknowledge five broad-brush levels: zero (e. g. sponges), little if any (e. g. worms), some (e. g. jumping spiders), a lot (e. g. octopuses, crows, most mammals), and ‘high’ (humans). Counterparts of these may well eventually be found among the life forms of other planets, though there may also be a further category (‘very high’) on some of them, the nature of which we can only dimly conjecture. Now let’s poke further into the ‘high’ category here on Earth. Human tool-making is thought to have originated about three million years ago – in the form of stones fashioned for hammering and chopping. That was a significant milestone. Wheels and writing – two further important milestones – were invented thousands rather than millions of years ago. Telescopes were invented a few hundred years ago – around 1600, as we’ve already seen. And radio transmission was achieved in the years around 1900, with the Italian scientist being a key figure. Here’s an important caveat. The pattern of increasing sophistication of human inventions over time can’t be mapped directly to a pattern of increasing intelligence in time. Human brain size reached its present level more than 100,000 years ago. Brain size is a very blunt instrument, but even when more subtle aspects of the brain, such as its shape, are taken into account, the brains of members of our species – Homo sapiens – seem to have reached something resembling the present-day condition by about 50,000 years ago. Not only that, but the Neanderthals alive at that time had brains that were at least as big as ours. So humans of 50,000 years ago probably had an intelligence level not dissimilar to that of an average human alive today. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the intelligence levels of primates, human inventions, and the evolution of human intelligence over time, without mentioning extremophiles or their relevance to the search for extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Combined with thermal expansion—warm water occupies more volume than cold—the melting of ice sheets and glaciers around the world is contributing and an ultimate extent of sea-level rise that could far outstrip those anticipated in the most recent global scientific assessment. Advertisement 2. Alarming evidences due to climate changeThere is alarming evidence that important tipping points, leading to irreversible changes in major ecosystems and the planetary climate system, may already have been reached or passed. Ecosystems as diverse as the Amazon rainforest and the Arctic tundra, for example, may be approaching thresholds of dramatic change through warming and drying. Mountain glaciers are in alarming retreat and the downstream effects of reduced water supply in the driest months will have repercussions that transcend generations. Climate feedback systems and environmental cumulative effects are building across Earth systems demonstrating behaviours we cannot anticipate. 2. 1. Deforestation and climate changeForests are vital for life, home to millions of species, they protect soil from erosion, produce oxygen, store carbon dioxide, and help control climate. Forests are also vital for us to live as they provide us with food, shelter and medicines as well as many other useful things. They also purify the air we breathe and water that we need to survive. Deforestation by humans is causing reduction in all of these necessary functions, and hence damaging the atmosphere even further. Forests play a huge role in the carbon cycle on our planet. When forests are cut down, not only does carbon absorption cease, but also the carbon stored in the trees is released into the atmosphere as CO2 if the wood is burned or even if it is left to rot after the deforestation process. Smaller crops e. g. plants and agricultural crops also draw in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, however forests store up to 100 times more carbon than agricultural fields of the same area. Deforestation is an important factor in global climate change. Climate change is because of a buildup of carbon dioxide in out atmosphere and if we carry on cutting down the main tool we have to diminish this CO2 build up, we can expect the climate of our planet to change dramatically over the next decades. It is estimated that more than 1. 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere due to deforestation, mainly the cutting and burning of forests, every year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the contributions of climate change to the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, which is leading to significant sea-level rise. It also highlights alarming evidence of climate change affecting ecosystems, such as the rapid retreat of mountain glaciers, aligning with the assertion that climate change is accelerating environmental changes at an unprecedented rate.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Thus, during the attempt at weight loss, individuals are generally counseled to maintain SPA and increase exercise in the attempt to create a gap between energy intake and expenditure. existent literature appears to provide little evidence that exercise alone is a potent strategy for weight loss. Epstein and Wing (5) completed the first review of weight loss studies using meta-analytic techniques in 1980 and found that exercise alone showed a 1. 15-kg weight loss in a typical 12-wk program. More recently, College of Position Stand, “Appropriate intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults,” acknowledges that there is little evidence to suggest exercise alone will provide the amount of weight loss similar to that generally achieved by diet restriction (7). The lack of efficacy for exercise to promote weight loss may in part be caused by the relatively low levels that have been used in exercise studies. Frequently, levels are derived from exercise standards that are intended to promote cardiovascular fitness, not to promote weight loss. For example, a recent 12-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) used an energy equivalent of approximately 1200 kcal·wk−1 (low) or approximately 2000 kcal·wk−1 (high) with overweight men and women (13). The group with the low energy equivalent lost only approximately 1% of baseline weight and the group with high energy equivalent lost approximately 3. 5% of baseline weight, both below the NHLBI recommendations. Current evidence indicates that higher levels of exercise than previously recommended may be necessary to promote weight loss. of Medicine has issued guidelines suggesting that 1 h of moderately vigorous exercise may be necessary for weight management. This is supported by two studies from Ross et al. , who determined that energy expenditure of exercise of 500–700 kcal per day for 12 wk provided weight loss of approximately 6 kg for women (11) and approximately 8 kg for men (10). In both of these studies, energy intake was closely controlled to baseline levels and dietary counseling was provided throughout. Similar findings have been shown in men, but not women, in a long-term RCT that provided a minimum of 400 kcal·d−1 of energy expenditure of exercise with ad libitum diet (3). Using identical exercise prescription criteria (intensity, frequency, duration), men achieved approximately 3000 kcal energy expenditure of exercise per week, and this was effective to provide a weight loss of approximately 6% for men (Fig. 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining that weight loss is not guaranteed solely through personalized nutrition but emphasizes the necessity of maintaining energy balance through exercise and diet. It discusses the lack of evidence showing that exercise alone is an effective weight-loss strategy, stating that exercise levels need to be higher than previously recommended for it to have a significant impact on weight loss. The mention of professional guidelines requiring a certain level of exercise further supports the argument that diet or exercise cannot be disregarded in achieving weight loss.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Marconi’s ability to send radio signals across the Atlantic in the early twentieth century was probably not so much a consequence of human evolution in the last 50,000 years as it was a consequence of being able to build on a wide range of discoveries and inventions that had taken place in previous history, and on the prediction of radio waves by the Scottish physicist Maxwell in the 1860s. It’s important to keep in mind this point that the mapping of the level of technology of a society to the level of intelligence of its members is complex. However, it’s also important to be pragmatic when trying to come up with a working definition. I’m going to use the ability to send and receive radio waves as indicating that a certain threshold of intelligence has been reached, because searches of a SETI type are largely conducted using radio, and the only beings we’ll detect by conducting these searches are those who can send out powerful signals (radio or possibly laser) into space. The relevant intelligence threshold may have been reached thousands of years earlier, but that’s not important from a practical perspective. Questions We’ve now considered what we’re looking with – telescopes plus various associated techniques including spectroscopy. And we’ve also thought carefully about what we’re looking for – both life in general, as defined by reproduction, inheritance and metabolism, and intelligent life with advanced technology in particular, as defined by the ability to send and receive radio signals. Our final job, before venturing out into the cosmos to take its measure, is to be clear about the key questions we’re asking in our endeavour to understand what has sometimes been called ‘the biological universe’. There are two of these questions, or perhaps more accurately two groups of questions, as follows. First, a group that I think of as being about the geography of alien life. These are questions about distribution in space. For example: Is life only found on planets orbiting stars, or might it be found in other places too, such as rogue planets (which don’t orbit anything) or moons, which orbit planets? Where is the closest life – and the closest intelligent life – to us? How many inhabited bodies are there, at various levels of spatial scale from the solar system through the galaxy to the universe as a whole? Are there planetary systems in which more than one planet is inhabited? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the history of radio signal transmission and the technological aspects surrounding the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), but does not mention extremophiles or their role in the search for extraterrestrial life. It focuses instead on the technological milestones and questions related to the distribution of life in the universe.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: 11, 2012)ice sheet is likely to be more vulnerable to global warming than previously thought. The temperature threshold for melting the ice sheet completely is in the range of 0. 8 to 3. 2 degrees Celsius of global warming, with a best estimate of 1. 6 degrees above pre-industrial levels, shows a new study by scientists from the for Research (PIK) and the de Madrid. Today, already 0. 8 degrees of global warming has been observed. Substantial melting of land ice could contribute to long-term sea-level rise of several meters and therefore it potentially affects the lives of many millions of people. The time it takes before most of the ice in Greenland is lost strongly depends on the level of warming. "The more we exceed the threshold, the faster it melts," says Alexander Robinson, lead-author of the study now published in Change. In a business-as-usual scenario of greenhouse-gas emissions, in the long run humanity might be aiming at 8 degrees Celsius of global warming. This would result in one fifth of the ice sheet melting within 500 years and a complete loss in 2000 years, according to the study. "This is not what one would call a rapid collapse," says Robinson. "However, compared to what has happened in our planet's history, it is fast. And we might already be approaching the critical threshold. "In contrast, if global warming would be limited to 2 degrees Celsius, complete melting would happen on a timescale of 50. 000 years. Still, even within this temperature range often considered a global guardrail, the Greenland ice sheet is not secure. Previous research suggested a threshold in global temperature increase for melting the Greenland ice sheet of a best estimate of 3. 1 degrees, with a range of 1. 9 to 5. 1 degrees. The new study's best estimate indicates about half as much. "Our study shows that under certain conditions the melting of the Greenland ice sheet becomes irreversible. This supports the notion that the ice sheet is a tipping element in the Earth system," says team-leader of PIK. "If the global temperature significantly overshoots the threshold for a long time, the ice will continue melting and not regrow -- even if the climate would, after many thousand years, return to its preindustrial state. " This is related to feedbacks between the climate and the ice sheet: The ice sheet is over 3000 meters thick and thus elevated into cooler altitudes as shown in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the melting of the Greenland ice sheet is closely linked to global warming. It states that 'the more we exceed the threshold, the faster it melts' and highlights that substantial melting could contribute to long-term sea-level rise, explaining the potential irreversible effects of climate change on polar ice. It emphasizes that current levels of warming have already led to a notable temperature increase, with predictions indicating significant melting in response to continued warming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Women undergoing an identical exercise program achieved a verified energy equivalent of approximately 2000 kcal·wk−1 and were weight-stable, but did not lose weight (Fig. 3). Thus, with increased levels of energy expenditure of exercise, weight loss has been shown in men, but to a lesser extent in women. This suggests a gender difference or differences in compensation in response to exercise and this possibility is further discussed. Figure 3. : Body weight across 16 months between exercisers and controls by gender. (A) Men. (B) Women. EX, exercise; CON, control. Means with different letters are different within the exercise group, P ≥ 0. 05. *Significant differences between exercise and control groups. ? Although men generally show greater weight loss than women in response to exercise (1), men and women are frequently reported together when expressing the results from exercise trials, and this makes it difficult to discern gender effects. When data for men and women are combined, the only comparison that can be made is a between-group comparison. If gender data are combined and there are significant differences between the exercise and control groups, it is not possible to determine whether one of the genders is primarily responsible for between groups differences or if both genders contributed equally. The ability to determine gender effects is further compromised because approximately 70 published studies of exercise for weight loss since 1960 do not report final sample size by gender (6). Although there are difficulties interpreting the literature for differences for genders in response to exercise for weight loss, there is reason to believe the difference in the energy expenditure of exercise for men and women plays an important role. However, investigation of this premise is compromised because the energy expenditure of exercise is rarely measured and reported in investigations of exercise for weight loss. In addition, it is not adequate to use an energy expenditure of exercise that has been estimated from a test of maximal oxygen consumption completed at baseline and that is not updated across the duration of the study. The energy expenditure of exercise will decrease as the individual becomes more efficient, as fitness improves, and as weight is lost. In turn, this may diminish the magnitude of weight loss. In most investigations, exercise is prescribed and reported as intensity, frequency, and duration. Frequency and duration are easily quantified; however, intensity is generally reported either as a target heart rate or at a subjective level such as “brisk walking. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that even with a significant energy expenditure from exercise, individuals (specifically women in this case) did not lose weight, suggesting that weight loss is not guaranteed merely through personalized nutrition or exercise programs. The findings highlight that exercise alone may not be sufficient for weight loss, pointing out differences in energy expenditure between genders and the complexity of weight loss mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Second, a group of questions that I think of as being about the biology of alien life. These are questions about the nature of life forms, wherever they are found. For example: Is life usually (or always) based on carbon? Is it usually dependent on water? Is life usually made of cells or cell-like units? Are large life forms common, and do they usually arise from the evolution of multicellularity rather than by some other means? Are there features of large multicellular life forms that are to be expected to occur widely across multiple planets, for example skeletons? How does intelligent life arise from unintelligent beginnings, and are there parallels in the evolution of intelligence from one planet to another? Although these two groups of questions are reasonably distinct from each other, they are not without overlap and interaction, as I mentioned earlier. For example, by now we are fairly sure that, Earth aside, there are no multicellular life forms in the solar system, even though the possibility of microbial life having evolved on some local body – for example Jupiter’s moon Europa or Saturn’s moon Enceladus – remains a possibility, as we’ll see in 5. In contrast, it seems highly probable that there are plenty of rocky bodies scattered across our galaxy that have large life forms as well as microbes. Some authors have argued against this – notably the American scientists in their 2000 book Rare Earth. These authors argued that Earth possessed a combination of unique features that was unlikely to be replicated elsewhere. However, that was before the discovery of Earth-like exoplanets, and their argument no longer seems tenable. As we proceed, these two groups of questions – about the geography and biology of alien life – will always both be at least in the background. In particular 1. 1 Detecting gases in exoplanet atmospheres. Left: amount of light received by a space telescope when the planet is ‘off to one side’ from our perspective. Right: amount of light received when the planet is in a direct line between its host star and the Earth. Note the dip in the amount of light received at a particular wavelength in the right-hand panel. If instead of looking at this graph you were looking at the light itself, after it had been split into its various colours by a prism, you would see a dark band at the wavelength (= colour) concerned. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about studying extremophiles on Earth in the search for extraterrestrial life. Instead, it presents various questions about the biology and nature of potential alien life, mentions the possibility of microbial life on celestial bodies in our solar system, and discusses the characteristics of life on Earth. However, it does not make any explicit connection to extremophiles specifically or emphasize their study as a method in the search for extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: 2(a). When it melts its surface comes down to lower altitudes with higher temperatures, which accelerates the melting. Also, the ice reflects a large part of solar radiation back into space. When the area covered by ice decreases, more radiation is absorbed and this adds to regional warming. Figure 2. a) ice sheet is likely to be more vulnerable to global warming than previously thought. The temperature threshold for melting the ice sheet completely is in the range of 0. 8 to 3. 2 degrees Celsius of global warming, with a best estimate of 1. 6 degrees above pre-industrial levels, shows a new study. Today, already 0. 8 degrees global warming has been observed. (Credit: © Fotolia); (b)This visualization, based on new computer modeling, shows that sea level rise may be an additional 10 centimeters (4 inches) higher by populated areas in northeastern than previously thought. Extreme northeastern and Greenland may experience even higher sea level rise. (Credit: Graphic courtesy Letters, modified by UCAR)The scientists achieved insights by using a novel computer simulation of the Greenland ice sheet and the regional climate. This model performs calculations of these physical systems including the most important processes, for instance climate feedbacks associated with changes in snowfall and melt under global warming. The simulation proved able to correctly calculate both the observed ice-sheet of today and its evolution over previous glacial cycles, thus increasing the confidence that it can properly assess the future. All this makes the new estimate of Greenland temperature threshold more reliable than previous ones as shown in Fig. 2(b). 3. 2. 2. Arctic sea ice shrinks to smallest extent ever recordedSea ice in the Arctic has shrunk to its smallest extent ever recorded, smashing the previous record minimum and prompting warnings of accelerated climate change. Satellite images show that the rapid summer melt has reduced the area of frozen sea to less than 3. 5 million square kilometres this week from 27 August 2012 – less than half the area typically occupied four decades ago. Arctic sea ice cover has been shrinking since the 1970s when it averaged around 8m sq km a year, but such a dramatic collapse in ice cover in one year is highly unusual. A record low in 2007 of 4. 17 million sq km was broken on Monday, 27 August 2012; further melting has since amounted to more than 500,000 sq km. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the melting of ice is accelerated by climate change, indicating a direct relationship between global warming and the decreasing ice cover. It mentions that 'the ice reflects a large part of solar radiation back into space' and as the ice area decreases, more radiation is absorbed, leading to regional warming. Furthermore, it discusses recent observations of Arctic sea ice shrinking to its smallest recorded extent and emphasizes that such rapid melting is highly unusual, thus supporting the claim about the unprecedented rate of ice cap melting due to climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: ” With this prescription, heavier individuals will usually have greater energy expenditures compared to lighter individuals, as will men compared to women, even when all individuals are performing the same relative levels of exercise. For example, in a 16-month RCT of exercise alone for weight loss, men and women received identical exercise prescriptions based on intensity, duration, and frequency, and the energy expenditure of exercise was measured at 4-month intervals using indirect calorimetry (3). Verified exercise heart rates for men were 154 ± 11 bpm and 156 ± 9 bpm for women. Using 24-h energy expenditure from doubly labeled water (DLW) and RMR from indirect calorimetry, the Index (PAI) was calculated as 24-h energy expenditure divided by RMR. Men and women showed increases from baseline to 16 months of PAI 1. 51 ± 0. 34 to PAI 1. 83 ± 0. 55 and from PAI 1. 60 ± 0. 23 to PAI 1. 74 ± 0. 15 at 16 months, respectively. Men achieved an average of 667 ± 116 kcal per exercise session compared with women, who achieved an average of 438 ± 88 kcal per exercise session, for a mean difference of 229 kcal per exercise session. When kilocalories were expressed per unit of fat-free mass, men had an energy expenditure of exercise of 6. 7 ± 0. 8 kcal·kg−1 fat-free mass and women had 5. 4 kcal·kg−1 fat-free mass (P < 0. 05). As a result of this exercise program prescribed at relative intensity, men lost 5. 2 ± 4. 7 kg, and women gained 0. 6 ± 3. 8 kg. Thus, either a gender difference exists and women compensate for exercise to a greater extent than men (i. e. , SPA, energy intake, etc. ) or the difference was caused by the different levels of energy expenditure of exercise found when prescribing exercise by relative amount rather than targeting the desired energy expenditure of exercise. The discrepancy between the energy expenditure of exercise for men and women may contribute to the observation that women generally lose less weight than men in response to exercise. exercise to be effective for weight loss, the real question is, “will exercise provide a negative energy balance without substantial compensation from other components of the energy balance equation? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that weight loss can vary significantly between individuals based on factors such as gender and energy expenditure during exercise. It discusses a study where men and women had different energy expenditures despite following identical exercise prescriptions, leading to a weight loss disparity. The mention that 'women generally lose less weight than men' indicates that personalized nutrition alone may not guarantee weight loss without considering these individual differences in energy balance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Such a dip (or band) is interpreted as the result of absorption by a particular gas in the planet’s atmosphere, and is known as an absorption band. Since different gases have different patterns of absorption centred on different wavelengths – in other words different ‘signatures’ – they can be identified. Some gases, notably oxygen, are regarded as biosignatures. As we will see later (in 1. 2 Two forms of the tiny invertebrate called a tardigrade or water bear. Upper right: how the animal looks under benign environmental conditions, when it is active. Lower left: a tardigrade tun, which is a resistant, non-metabolizing form that the animal converts itself into under extreme environmental conditions such as very low temperatures or lack of water. If conditions become less extreme, the tun can revert to the active form. You have by Loading. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses absorption bands of gases in planetary atmospheres and describes tardigrades' adaptations to extreme conditions without connecting to the concept of studying extremophiles on Earth in the context of extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: The record, which is based on a five-day average, is expected to be officially declared in the next few days by the Centre (NSIDC) in Colorado. 's data shows the sea ice extent is bumping along the bottom, with a new low of 3. 421m sq km on Tuesday, which rose very slightly to 3. 429m sq km on Wednesday and 3. 45m sq km on Thursday as seen in Fig. 3. Figure 3. The shrinking of the ice cap was interpreted by environment groups as a signal of long-term global warming caused by man-made greenhouse gas emissions. A study published in July in the journal Letters, that compared model projections with observations, estimated that the radical decline in Arctic sea ice has been between 70-95% due to human activities. Scientists have predicted on 31st August 2012 that the could be ice-free in summer months within 20 years, leading to possibly major climate impacts. "I am surprised. This is an indication that the Arctic sea ice cover is fundamentally changing. The trends all show less ice and thinner ice," said Julienne Stroeve, a research scientist with the NSIDC. "We are on the edge of one of the most significant moments in environmental history as sea ice heads towards a new record low. The loss of sea ice will be devastating, raising global temperatures that will impact on our ability to grow food and causing extreme weather around the world," said John Sauven, director of Greenpeace UK. Sea ice experts said that they were surprised by the collapse because weather conditions were not conducive to a major melt this year. The ice is now believed to be much thinner than it used to be and easier to melt. Arctic sea ice follows an annual cycle of melting through the warm summer months and refreezing in the winter. The sea ice plays a critical role in regulating climate, acting as a giant mirror that reflects much of the Sun's energy, helping to cool the Earth. David Nussbaum, chief executive of WWF-UK, said: "The disappearance of Arctic ice is the most visible warning sign of the need to tackle climate change and ensure we have a world fit to pass on to the next generation. The sheer scale of ice loss is shocking and unprecedented. This alarm call from the Arctic needs to reverberate across Whitehall and boardrooms. We can all take action to cut carbon emissions and move towards a 100% renewable economy. "Figure 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the shrinking of the Arctic sea ice is interpreted as a signal of long-term global warming caused by human greenhouse gas emissions. It cites a study indicating that up to 95% of the radical decline in Arctic sea ice is due to human activities. Additionally, statements from scientists emphasize the unprecedented nature of the ice loss and its implications on global temperatures and climate.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: ” It is apparent that the expected weight loss when calculated from energy expenditure of exercise is usually greater than what is actually observed. That is, when using a static model of energy balance it is possible to calculate the energy deficit (in theory) created by the energy expenditure of exercise and an energy value for a pound of weight loss may be assigned, and this is generally 3500 kcal. For example, if an individual were to have a calculated energy expenditure of 7000 kcal, the expected weight loss would be 2 lb (7000 kcal/3500 kcal = 2 lb). It is now known that energy balance cannot be accurately determined from a calculation using a static model. The components of energy balance are dynamic and likely react to changes in one component with compensation in another component. For example, it is well known that when energy intake is restricted, RMR decreases. Likewise, Liebel et al. (9) demonstrated that when overfed, men and women did not gain as much weight as calculated, and when underfed they did not lose as much weight as calculated. decreases during energy restriction, there is considerable evidence that RMR is preserved when weight loss is caused by exercise (15). Thus, the components of energy balance most likely to be responsible for compensation during exercise for weight loss are energy intake and SPA. It is well known that energy intake is underreported by as much as 20 to 50%, that women underreport more so than men, and that underreporting increases as overweight and obesity increases (12). For example, Donnelly et al. (3) reported a small increase in weight in response to 438 ± 88 kcal per exercise session (approximately 2000 kcal·wk−1) for 16 months in women. During this time, energy intake was monitored for six 2-wk periods in a cafeteria, and energy and macronutrient content was calculated using weigh-and-measure techniques. Additionally, 24-h energy expenditure was measured by DLW. Women had no changes for energy or macronutrient content of their diet and increased 24-h energy expenditure by 209 ± 555 kcal, yet lost no weight. Any compensatory mechanisms for increased energy expenditure of exercise by other components of energy expenditure (i. e. , ↓resting metabolic rate, SPA) were not sufficient to diminish the effects of exercise as evidenced by the increase in 24-h energy expenditure. Thus, in women, compensation through increases in energy intake is suspect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the variability in weight loss outcomes despite calculated energy expenditures from exercise. It discusses how actual weight loss often does not align with theoretical calculations based on a static model of energy balance, citing examples where individuals did not lose expected weight when energy intake was adjusted. This suggests that personalized nutrition alone cannot guarantee weight loss, especially since compensatory mechanisms in energy balance play a significant role.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: Cite this book. . Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth, Princeton: Press, 2015. Knoll, A. (2015). Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press. Knoll, A. 2015. Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press. Knoll, Andrew H. . Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press, 2015. Knoll A. Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press; 2015. Copied to clipboard Copy to clipboard Download: by Press 2015 Purchase book Life on a of Evolution on Earth - Andrew H. contributions by: Andrew H. Knoll in the series Library Cite this Share this this book Australopithecines, dinosaurs, trilobites--such fossils conjure up images of lost worlds filled with vanished organisms. But in the full history of life, ancient animals, even the trilobites, form only the half-billion-year tip of a nearly four-billion-year iceberg. explores the deep history of life from its origins on a young planet to the incredible Cambrian explosion, presenting a compelling new explanation for the emergence of biological novelty. The very latest discoveries in paleontology--many of them made by the author and his students--are integrated with emerging insights from molecular biology and earth system science to forge a broad understanding of how the biological diversity that surrounds us came to be. Moving from Siberia to Namibia to the Bahamas, Knoll shows how life and environment have evolved together through Earth's history. Innovations in biology have helped shape our air and oceans, and, just as surely, environmental change has influenced the course of evolution, repeatedly closing off opportunities for some species while opening avenues for others. Readers go into the field to confront fossils, enter the lab to discern the inner workings of cells, and alight on Mars to ask how our terrestrial experience can guide exploration for life beyond our planet. Along the way, Knoll brings us up-to-date on some of science's hottest questions, from the oldest fossils and claims of life beyond the Earth to the hypothesis of global glaciation and Knoll's own unifying concept of ''permissive ecology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the history of life on Earth, mentioning aspects such as ancient fossils and the evolution of life systems but does not directly address the specific claim regarding the origin of life on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago or the implications for life on other planets. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Arctic sea ice extent on 16 September 2012, in white, compared with the, Satellite data reveal how the new record low Arctic sea ice extent, from Sept. 16, 2012, compares to the average minimum extent over the past 30 years (in yellow) with reference to 1979, NASA/the UK climate and energy secretary, said: "These findings highlight the urgency for the international community to act. We understand that Arctic sea-ice decline has accelerated over recent years as global warming continues to increase Arctic temperatures at a faster rate than the global average. "is working hard to tackle climate change and we are working closely with our international partners not to exceed 2 degrees above pre industrial levels. I am calling for the EU to increase its emission target from 20% to 30% and will be taking an active lead at the change talks in Doha later this year, where I will push for further progress towards a new global deal on climate change and for more mitigation action now. The fact is that we cannot afford to wait". Canadian scientists said that the record melt this year could lead to a cold winter in the UK and Europe, as the heat in the Arctic water will be released into the atmosphere this autumn, potentially affecting the all-important jet stream. While the science is still developing in this area, the said in May that the reduction in Arctic sea ice was contributing in part to the colder, drier winters the UK has been experiencing in recent years as shown in Fig. 4. 3. 2. 3. Loss of Arctic sea ice '70% man-made'Study finds only 30% of radical loss of summer sea ice is due to natural variability in Atlantic – and it will probably get worse. Since the 1970s, there has been a 40% decrease in the extent of summer sea ice. Photograph: Alaska Stock/Corbis. The radical decline in sea ice around the Arctic is at least 70% due to human-induced climate change, according to a new study, and may even be up to 95% down to humans – rather higher than scientists had previously thought. The loss of ice around the Arctic has adverse effects on wildlife and also opens up new northern sea routes and opportunities to drill for oil and gas under the newly accessible sea bed as shown in Fig. 5. The reduction has been accelerating since the 1990s and many scientists believe the Arctic may become ice-free in the summers later this century, possibly as early as the late 2020s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that Arctic sea ice decline has accelerated due to global warming, indicating that Arctic temperatures are increasing at a faster rate than the global average. It explicitly states that the 'radical decline in sea ice around the Arctic is at least 70% due to human-induced climate change' and mentions the acceleration of loss since the 1990s, which directly supports the assertion that climate change is affecting the melting of polar ice caps.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: is difficult to measure with accuracy. For example, Jakicic et al. (8) have reported that 45% of overweight and obese individuals overestimate the amount of SPA they achieve when self-report was compared to data from accelerometry. Perhaps the best estimation of SPA is derived from the estimation of 24-h energy expenditure from DLW combined with measurements of RMR, an estimation of TEF (i. e. , 10% of 24-h energy expenditure), and measurement of planned exercise. In this fashion, SPA is estimated as the energy left when these components are subtracted from 24-h energy expenditure derived from DLW. Washburn et al. (14) compared SPA obtained from DLW in 45 overweight sedentary men and women and found no significant differences across 16 months of exercise. When SPA from DLW was compared to SPA from physical activity questionnaires, women estimated SPA more accurately compared to men, and both men and women overestimated SPA with increased levels of overweight. To further complicate the issue, anecdotally it has been observed that when an exercise program is initiated, SPA temporarily declines because of fatigue but returns to baseline levels at some time point and may increase as fitness increases. Because it is the objective of an exercise program to add to total 24-h energy expenditure, it would be of value to know the time course for any potential changes in SPA; however, these data are not available in the literature. Thus, although exercise may evoke compensatory changes in the components of energy expenditure that would diminish the energy gap for weight loss, there is little evidence that this is the case and a more likely suspect for compensation is energy intake, especially in women. individuals do not respond to exercise in an identical fashion for weight loss. Bouchard et al. (2) reported the results from a highly controlled study in which participants were sequestered in an isolated research station and energy intake and exercise were tightly controlled for a 4-month period. Energy intake was prescribed at a level to maintain baseline weight and exercise was prescribed to create a 1000-kcal daily energy deficit. Reductions in body weight ranged from 3 to 12 kg, or 5 to 12% of initial body weight. Even more variations for weight loss may be shown between genders for the response to exercise. Our laboratory has completed two long-term exercise studies: one with women only (4) and one with men and women (3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that weight loss is not guaranteed through personalized nutrition alone, as it discusses the variability in individual responses to exercise and diet. It mentions that individuals do not respond to exercise identically for weight loss and cites Bouchard et al. reporting wide ranges of weight loss (3 to 12 kg) under controlled conditions, highlighting that factors like energy intake play a significant role in weight loss outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: Knoll's book will appeal to anyone interested in the evolution of life on Earth. ""This is not a textbook but rather a story, giving one person's view of how the jigsaw pieces fit together. It is written in flowing prose with many asides, personal anecdotes and explanations of what evidence there is and how it is used. . . . [F]or ecologists the book has much to offer in putting the early evolution of life into perspective. ""The author weaves a beautifully written, fascinating story of life's origin and development based on his extensive field studies and research in the most remote corners of the globe. . . . This volume. . . is a most valuable asset that should be read by scientists active in the field, by teachers and students who are interested in the most recent thoughts on the subject, and, in fact, by anyone who is interested in how life might have originated and evolved on this planet or on other similar planets in our Universe. "---Nathan Dubowsky, & Films"A detective story to match the best crime fiction. It is told withverve. "---Paul Nettleton, The Guardian"Knoll is well placed to tell this amazing story, and he does so with verve. "---Douglas Palmer, New Scientist"A balanced, excellent account of current theories and discussions of the origin and early evolution of life. . . . Knoll is able to convey difficult scientific issues with a minimum of jargon, using a brisk and witty prose. . . He is a gifted storyteller with a knack for choosing the right anecdote. . . . A browse through Knoll's book will enlighten both the cognoscenti and those unfamiliar with the complexities of reading a fossil record. . . . Knoll manages to present a multidisciplinary field in an interdisciplinary volume. "---Antonio Lazcano, American Scientist"Life on a stands apart from it predecessors in two fundamental respects. First, Knoll is perhaps the most qualified person to write such an epic: a renaissance man whose text is filled with insightful quotes from authors ranging from Darwin to Dickins to Dyson. . . . Second. . . this book describes the coevolution of life on Earth as an integrated biochemical system that has profoundly and irrevocably changed over time. "---Guy M. Narbonne, Science"is an ideal guide through this early phase of life's history on the Earth. . . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the specific claim regarding the timeline of life's origin on Earth. It discusses Knoll's book, its narrative style, and its appeal but does not provide evidence or arguments supporting or contrasting the claim about the origin of life being around 3.5 billion years ago. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: "Since the 1970s, there's been a 40% decrease in the summer sea ice extent," said Jonny Day, a climate scientist at the for at the University of Reading, who led the latest study. "We were trying to determine how much of this was due to natural variability and therefore imply what aspect is due to man-made climate change as well. "To test the ideas, Day carried out several computer-based simulations of how the climate around the Arctic might have fluctuated since 1979 without the input of greenhouse gases from human activity. He found that a climate system called the Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation (AMO) was a dominant source of variability in ice extent. The AMO is a cycle of warming and cooling in the that repeats every 65 to 80 years – it has been in a warming phase since the mid-1970s. Figure 5. Science correspondent The Guardian, Thursday 26 July 2012 by Alok Jha,Comparing the models with actual observations, Day was able to work out what contribution the natural systems had made to what researchers have observed from satellite data. "We could only attribute as much as 30% [of the Arctic ice loss] to the AMO," he said. "Which implies that the rest is due to something else, and this is most likely going to be man-made global change? "Previous studies had indicated that around half of the loss was due to man-made climate change and that the other half was due to natural variability. Looking across all his simulations, Day found that the 30% figure was an upper limit – the AMO could have contributed as little as 5% to the overall loss of Arctic ice in recent decades. The research is published online in the journal Letters. Day said that there are a number of feedback effects that could see the Arctic ice loss continue in the coming years, as the Earth warms up. "[There is] something called the ice-albedo feedback, which means that when you have less ice, it means there's more open water and therefore the ocean absorbs more radiation and will continue to warm," he said. "It's unclear what will happen – it definitely seems like it's going in that direction. "3. 3. Sea level rise due to global warming 3. 3. 1. Sea level rise poses threat to City(Mar. 16, 2009)Global warming is expected to cause the sea level along the northeastern U. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant decrease in summer sea ice extent and attributing the majority of Arctic ice loss to man-made climate change rather than natural variability. It states that only as much as 30% of the Arctic ice loss can be attributed to the Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation (AMO), implying that the rest is most likely due to human-induced climate changes. Furthermore, it mentions future feedback effects that could exacerbate ice loss, which aligns with the idea of climate change accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: In both studies women showed an almost equal response of either weight loss or weight gain, whereas men almost universally showed weight loss (Fig. 4). Thus, in addition to the potential for compensation caused by the interactive nature of the components of energy balance, there is wide individual variation in weight loss in response to exercise, and women appear to have less weight loss in response to exercise compared to men. Figure 4. : Individual 16-month weight change in exercise groups by gender. (A) Women. (B) Men. our estimation, it appears that women may show a reduced weight loss compared to men in response to exercise because it is likely women have a smaller energy expenditure of exercise and show compensation for increased energy intake in response to exercise. Men have shown greater than 5% weight loss in response to exercise; thus, it can be argued that exercise alone is an effective public health strategy for men. Behavioral strategies that are designed to increase exercise in men are warranted to increase the number of men who exercise for weight loss. For women, it is important to determine the level of energy expenditure of exercise that will not be overcome with compensation from the other components of the energy balance equation and that will therefore provide weight loss of approximately 5% of baseline weight or more. It is a logical step to determine whether women can show weight loss in response to approximately 600 kcal energy expenditure of exercise per day, 5 d·wk−1, or approximately 3000 kcal·wk−1 as shown by men. This will help determine whether a gender difference in the response to exercise alone for weight loss is shown by women. 5, we have predicted that it is unlikely that compensation will come from decreases in either RMR or SPA as previously discussed. It is likely that some level of compensation to exercise will occur with increases in energy intake. However, if compensation in energy intake is not complete, weight loss will result. For example, if the energy expenditure of exercise is 400 kcal and compensation for energy intake is 400 kcal, then men and women will be weight-stable. If the energy expenditure of exercise is increased to 600 kcal and compensation for energy intake remains less than 600 kcal (i. e. , 400 kcal), then weight loss will occur. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that there is significant individual variation in weight loss responses to exercise, particularly highlighting that women may experience lesser weight loss compared to men even with exercise, and that compensation can occur due to increased energy intake. For weight loss to occur, energy expenditure from exercise must exceed compensation from dietary intake, challenging the notion that personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss without considering these variables.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: [O]ne of the strengths of Knoll's book is that it presents science as the open-ended endeavor that it is. . . . Life on a. . . expresses better than most the bumptious vitality and sheer fun of open-minded research. "---Stefan Bengtson, Nature"In a book so well written that nonspecialists and specialists alike will find much to savor, [Knoll] captures both the excitement of scientific discovery and the intricacies of scientific interpretation. . . . Readers interested in substance will certainly not be disappointed. ""A fascinating book. . . . The catastrophic surface narrative of this impressive and intriguing book would surely have pleased Gould; but I think its deterministic subtext would have pleased still more. "---Matt Cartmill, Supplement"Winner of the 2003 in Science, Kappa" i vii 1. In the Beginning? 6 2. of 16 3. Life’s Signature in 32 4. Glimmers of 50 5. of 72 6. 89 7. The Cyanobacteria, Life’s 108 8. of 122 9. Fossils of 139 10. the 161 11. 179 12. 206 13. Paleontology ad 225 243 247 269 (Deutsch) Share this book Twitter Linkedlogin or register with to order this product. in Language: English Publisher: year: 2015 Edition: Audience: General/trade; content: 296 Illustrations Other: 8 color illus. 25 halftones. 47 line illus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding the origin of life on Earth or the implications for early life elsewhere. Instead, it focuses on a positive review of Knoll's book, discussing its scientific vitality and readability for a general audience, without providing evidence or insights related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: coast to rise almost twice as fast as global sea levels during this century, putting City at greater risk for damage from hurricanes and winter storm surge, according to a new study led by a University researcher as shown in Fig. 6. Figure 6. Skyline. Global warming is expected to cause the sea level along the northeastern U. S. coast to rise almost twice as fast as global sea levels during this century, putting City at greater risk for damage from hurricanes and winter storm surge. (Credit: iStockphoto/Klaas Lingbeek- Van Kranen)Jianjun Yin, a climate modeler at the Center for Ocean-Studies (COAPS) at Florida State, said there is a better than 90 percent chance that the sea level rise along this heavily populated coast will exceed the mean global sea level rise by the year 2100. The rising waters in this region -- perhaps by as much as 18 inches or more -- can be attributed to thermal expansion and the slowing of the Ocean circulation because of warmer ocean surface temperatures. Yin and colleagues of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and of at are the first to reach that conclusion after analyzing data from 10 state-of-the-art climate models, which have been used for the on (IPCC) Report. Yin's study is published in the journal Nature Geoscience. "The northeast coast of the is among the most vulnerable regions to future changes in sea level and ocean circulation, especially when considering its population density and the potential socioeconomic consequences of such changes," Yin said. "The most populous states and cities of the and centers of economy, politics, culture and education are located along that coast. "The researchers found that the rapid sea-level rise occurred in all climate models whether they depicted low, medium or high rates of greenhouse-gas emissions. In a medium greenhouse-gas emission scenario, the City coastal area would see an additional rise of about 8. 3 inches above the mean sea level rise that is expected around the globe because of human-induced climate change. Thermal expansion and the melting of land ice, such as the Greenland ice sheet, are expected to cause the global sea-level rise. The researchers projected the global sea-level rise of 10. 2 inches based on thermal expansion alone. The contribution from the land ice melting was not assessed in this study due to uncertainty. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing projections of sea level rise attributed to human-induced climate change, including factors such as thermal expansion and the melting of land ice like the Greenland ice sheet. It emphasizes that the 'rapid sea-level rise occurred in all climate models' and highlights that these changes are tied to 'thermal expansion and the melting of land ice.' This supports the notion that climate change is impacting the polar ice caps and contributing to significant changes in sea levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Thus, in this model, the question to be tested is, “with ad libitum diet and at 600-kcal energy expenditure of exercise, 5 d·wk−1, will women fail to completely compensate with increased energy intake, resulting in weight loss as previously shown by men? ” If there is no gender effect, men and women will remain weight-stable at 400 kcal of exercise and will lose weight in similar fashion at 600 kcal of exercise. Figure 5. : Theoretical model of body weight response to supervised exercise. Wt, weight; EX, exercise; RMR, resting metabolic rate; TEF, thermic effect of food; SPA, spontaneous physical activity. is recommended to alter energy balance in conjunction with weight loss programs, although it receives a secondary role to energy restriction. The diminished role for exercise may be because of the perception that exercise does not provide a great enough energy gap to generate a significant amount of weight loss. Surprisingly little information is available for the ability of exercise to reduce risk of overweight and obesity for men and women consuming ad libitum diets from randomized controlled trials in which exercise is supervised, the energy expenditure of exercise is known, and the interactive components of energy balance are measured. Compensation for the energy expenditure of exercise is likely and actual weight loss is generally diminished from the expected amount of weight loss. Differences between men and women for weight loss in response to exercise may come from increased energy intake for women and a lower energy expenditure of exercise shown in women compared to men, although a direct test of this notion is lacking and is warranted. A better understanding of the components of energy balance likely to show compensation for men and women in response to exercise will allow for targeting of weight loss intervention strategies and should result in improved weight loss outcomes. 1. Ballor, D. L. , and R. E. Keesey. A meta-analysis of the factors affecting exercise-induced changes in body mass, fat mass, and fat-free mass in males and females. Int. J. Obes. 15:717–726, 1991. | PubMed 2. Bouchard, C. , A. Tremblay, A. Nadeau, J. Dussault, J. P. Despres, G. Theriault, P. J. Lupien, O. Serresse, M. R. Boulay, and G. Fournier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of exercise and dietary interventions in achieving weight loss. It mentions that individuals may fail to compensate for energy expenditure from exercise with decreased energy intake, suggesting that weight loss can be diminished compared to expectations. Furthermore, it indicates that a better understanding of energy balance is necessary for effective weight loss strategies, which implies that personalized nutrition alone may not guarantee weight loss without considering diet and exercise interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: 🌐 Gacor♨ �🚀 Spaceman, Starlight Princess, 🤠 & 📱,Mobile, slot merupakan salah satu cara untuk bermain slot online gratis. Dengan link slot online gratis pemain bisa bermain game slot tanpa uang asli. Seluruh game slot yang bisa anda coba di link slot online ini adalah game slot demo gratis yang diberikan oleh salah satu provider game slot online terbesar yaitu pragmatic play. Pragmatic play adalah perusahaan developer game slot yang memberikan versi demo slot gratis yang terbesar di Asia. Hari ini anda bisa memainkan game slot dengan ribuan tema dan bonus. Anda bisa coba ragam permainan slot demo yang membuat anda tertarik di situs slot online. Sebelum melakukan permainan slot online yang asli maka lebih baik anda bermain di game slot demo terlebih dahulu. Jika anda sudah percaya diri dengan kamampuan anda maka bisa bermain langsung dengan link slot online yang telah kami sediakan. Tentu saja resiko bermain slot demo tanpa uang asli sama sekali tidak ada. Itulah alasan banyak pemain mencari akun demo slot pragmatic play untuk melakukan permainan. Dengan daftar akun demo slot anda akan berhak menikmati permainan slot demo secara gratis di situs slot online ini. demo pragmatic play tercipta akibat inovasi dari pragmatic play. Banyak pemain slot yang ingin terlebih dahulu mencoba bermain game slot yang membuat mereka tertarik tanpa uang asli. Dengan adanya demo slot pragmatic ini pemain bisa merasakan bagaimana cara bermain slot online serta tema dan fitur yang lengkap. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses online slot games and demo versions provided by a specific gaming provider, Pragmatic Play. There are no mentions of renewable energy or sustainable development, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Considering that much of the metropolitan region of City is less than 16 feet above the mean sea level, with some parts of lower Manhattan only about 5 feet above the mean sea level, a rise of 8. 3 inches in addition to the global mean rise would pose a threat to this region, especially if a hurricane or winter storm surge occurs, Yin said. Potential flooding is just one example of coastal hazards associated with sea-level rise, Yin said, but there are other concerns as well. The submersion of low-lying land, erosion of beaches, conversion of wetlands to open water and increase in the salinity of estuaries all can affect ecosystems and damage existing coastal development. Although low-lying Florida and are often considered the most vulnerable to sea level changes, the northeast U. S. coast is particularly vulnerable because the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is susceptible to global warming. The AMOC is the giant circulation in the Atlantic with warm and salty seawater flowing northward in the upper ocean and cold seawater flowing southward at depth. Global warming could cause an ocean surface warming and freshening in the high-latitude North Atlantic, preventing the sinking of the surface water, which would slow the AMOC. 3. 3. 2. Significant sea-level rise in a two-degree warmer World(June 24, 2012)Sea levels around the world can be expected to rise by several metres in coming centuries, if global warming carries on. Even if global warming is limited to 2 degrees Celsius, global-mean sea level could continue to rise, reaching between 1. 5 and 4 metres above present-day levels by the year 2300, with the best estimate being at 2. 7 metres, according to a study just published in Change. However, emissions reductions that allow warming to drop below 1. 5 degrees Celsius could limit the rise strongly. The study is the first to give a comprehensive projection for this long perspective, based on observed sea-level rise over the past millennium, as well as on scenarios for future greenhouse-gas emissions. "Sea-level rise is a hard to quantify, yet critical risk of climate change," says of lead author of the study. "Due to the long time it takes for the world's ice and water masses to react to global warming, our emissions today determine sea levels for centuries to come. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the expected rise in sea levels due to global warming, which is closely linked to the melting of polar ice caps. It mentions that sea levels could rise by several meters in the coming centuries if global warming continues and that even limiting warming to 2 degrees Celsius would lead to significant sea-level rise. The reference to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation being susceptible to global warming indicates a causal relationship between climate change and its impacts, including the melting of ice in polar regions. Overall, the text provides evidence that supports the idea of climate change contributing to rising sea levels, which is a direct consequence of the melting polar ice caps.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake. 1: effect on body composition and selected metabolic variables. Int. J. Obes. 14:57–73, 1990. | PubMed 3. . . Heelan, M. Hise, P. V. Fennessey, B. Sonko, T. . Mayo, C. Gibson, and R. A. Washburn. Effects of a 16-month randomized controlled exercise trial on body weight and composition in young, overweight men and women: The midwest exercise trial (MET). Arch. Intern. Med. 163:1343–1350, 2003. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 4. Heelan, R. Seip, and S. Smith. The effects of 18 months of intermittent vs continuous exercise on aerobic capacity, body weight and composition, and metabolic fitness in previously sedentary, moderately obese females. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 24:566–572, 2000. | PubMed | CrossRef 5. Epstein, L. H. , and R. R. Wing. Aerobic exercise and weight. Addict. Behav. 5:371–388, 1980. | PubMed | CrossRef 6. . , G. Huang, and J. E. Donnelly. Reporting quality of randomized trials in the diet and exercise literature for weight loss. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 5:9, 2005. | PubMed 7. Jakicic, J. M. , K. Clark, E. Coleman, J. E. Donnelly, J. Foreyt, E. Melanson, J. Volek, and S. L. Volpe. Appropriate intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 33(12):2145–2156, 2001. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 8. Jakicic, J. M. , B. A. Polley, and R. R. Wing. Accuracy of self-reported exercise and the relationship with weight loss in overweight women. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 30(4):634–638, 1998. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 9. Leibel, R. L. , M. Rosenbaum, and J. Hirsch. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it emphasizes the role of exercise and diet in weight loss, detailing various studies on the effects of exercise training and energy intake on body composition and weight. Specifically, it showcases that weight loss is influenced by long-term exercise and energy management, suggesting that these factors must be considered rather than assuming personalized nutrition alone guarantees weight loss.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Keseruan bermain slot demo gratis bisa anda rasakan tanpa melaukan deposit. Dengan link slot demo ini anda juga bisa memilih simulasi permainan slot demo dengan mata uang tertentu. Misalnya jika anda ingin dengan mata uang rupiah IDR, atau ingin main dengan mata uang dollar USD. Dua-dua mode tersebut tersedia di permainan slot versi demo yang tersedia di situs ini. Permainan demo slot juga tidak akan ada lag. Hal ini tentu akan meningkatkan pengalaman main game slot anda. Kami jamin demo slot pragmatic ini akan membuat para slotmania puas. yang mulai bermain demo slot pragmatic play maka pemain akan butuh akun demo slot. Akun slot demo pragmatic play ini bisa anda buat dengan melakukan pendaftaran dan pengisian formulir dengan data diri anda yang lengkap. Tentukan username dan password anda untuk memulai permainan demo slot pragmatic bersama dengan kami. Di situs ini ragam permainan slot demo bisa anda mainkan untuk belajar game slot online. Langkah-langkah pendaftaran juga sangat mudah. Berikut caranya: Akses situs demo slot pragmatic ini dan klik tombol daftar akun Isi formulir daftar slot demo pragmatic dengan lengkap Login ke dalam akun demo slot anda untuk mulai bermainan slot online gratis Pilih game slot demo pragmatic yang anda inginkan. Dengan langkah di atas maka anda bisa dengan mudah mendapatkan akun demo slot pragmatic play yang anda inginkan. slot dibuat oleh seorang bernama Siitman dan Pitt tahun 1891. Awalnya hadiah bukan berupa uang asli namun hanya rokok dan minuman keras. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about renewable energy sources and sustainable development. It discusses online slot games, their registration, and gameplay rather than any issues related to energy or sustainability. Therefore, it does not address the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: "Limiting global warming could considerably reduce sea-level riseWhile the findings suggest that even at relatively low levels of global warming the world will have to face significant sea-level rise, the study also demonstrates the benefits of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. Limiting global warming to below 1. 5 degrees Celsius and subsequent temperature reductions could halve sea-level rise by 2300, compared to a 2-degree scenario. If temperatures are allowed to rise by 3 degrees, the expected sea-level rise could range between 2 and 5 metres, with the best estimate being at 3. 5 metres. The potential impacts are significant. "As an example, for City it has been shown that one metre of sea level rise could raise the frequency of severe flooding from once per century to once every three years," says of the for Research, co-author of the study. Also, low lying deltaic countries like Bangladesh and many small island states are likely to be severely affected. Sea-level rise rate defines the time for adaptationThe scientists further assessed the rate of sea-level rise. The warmer the climate gets, the faster the sea level climbs. "Coastal communities have less time to adapt if sea-levels rise faster," Rahmstorf says. "In our projections, a constant level of 2-degree warming will sustain rates of sea-level rise twice as high as observed today, until well after 2300" as shown in Fig. 7, adds Schaeffer, "but much deeper emission reductions seem able to achieve a strong slow-down, or even a stabilization of sea level over that time frame". Building on data from the pastPrevious multi-century projections of sea-level rise reviewed by the on (IPCC) were limited to the rise caused by thermal expansion of the ocean water as it heats up, which the IPCC found could reach up to a metre by 2300. However, this estimate did not include the potentially larger effect of melting ice, and research exploring this effect has considerably advanced in the last few years. The new study is using a complementary approach, called semi-empirical, that is based on using the connection between observed temperature and sea level during past centuries in order to estimate sea-level rise for scenarios of future global warming. "Of course it remains open how far the close link between temperature and global sea level found for the past will carry on into the future," says Rahmstorf. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that as the climate warms, the sea level rises faster due to melting ice, which is directly tied to climate change. It states that warmer temperatures lead to larger rates of sea-level rise and reinforces the urgency of limiting global warming to mitigate these effects. This indicates that climate change is inherently linked to the melting of polar ice caps and sea-level rise.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:621–628, 1995. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 10. Ross, R. , D. Dagnone, P. J. Jones, H. Smith, A. Paddags, R. Hudson, and I. Janssen. Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 133:92–103, 2000. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 11. Ross, R. , I. Janssen, J. -Duy, S. Lee, K. Kilpatrick, and R. Hudson. Exercise-induced reduction in obesity and insulin resistance in women: a randomized controlled trial. Obes. Res. 12:789–798, 2004. | PubMed | CrossRef 12. Schoeller, D. A. Limitations in the assessment of dietary energy intake by self-report. Metabolism 44(S2):18–22, 1995. 13. . and W. E. Kraus. Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity - - A randomized controlled study. Arch. Intern. Med. 164:31–39, 2004. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 14. and J. E. Donnelly. The validity of the Stanford seven-day physical activity recall in young adults. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 35(8):1374–1380, 2003. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 15. . and C. Bouchard. Alterations in resting metabolic rate as a consequence of 20 wk of endurance training: the. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:66–71, 1998. | PubMed | CrossRef Keywords:exercise; weight loss; energy balance; energy expenditure; gender ©2005 College of Sports MedicineView full 2005. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in Exercise and Reviews. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Some error has occurred while processing your request. Please try after some time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that emphasize the importance of diet and exercise in achieving weight loss. For example, it mentions randomized controlled trials demonstrating that 'reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss' indicates that both dietary changes and physical activity are necessary for effective weight loss, which contradicts the assertion that personalized nutrition alone, without regard to diet or exercise, can guarantee weight loss.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Karena popularitas nya mesin slot pun diangkat sebagai permainan yang tersedia di kasino. Dengan perkembangan tekonologi internet kemudian dibuatlah permainan slot online yang tersedia di ragam penyedia kasino online. Kini semua bisa bermain slot online dari kenyamanan rumah masing-masing. Hal ini yang membuat banyak slotmania semakin nyaman bermain slot online. Demo slot adalah versi uji coba dari game slot online yang kini sudah sangat populer. yang merupakan salah satu platform permainan judi slot online terbaik di dunia. Platform ini menawarkan berbagai judul game slot yang menarik dan menyenangkan, yang dapat dimainkan oleh para pemain di seluruh dunia. Game-game slot dari dikenal karena grafis yang luar biasa dan pengalaman bermain yang menyenangkan. Beberapa judul game slot yang paling populer di termasuk Wolf Gold, Mustang Gold, dan Great Rhino. juga menawarkan berbagai macam fitur tambahan yang membuat pengalaman bermain slot online menjadi lebih menyenangkan. Fitur-fitur ini termasuk pengaturan taruhan yang mudah, bonus tambahan, dan banyak lagi. adalah salah satu platform game slot paling populer di seluruh dunia, dan pasti akan membuat pengalaman bermain slot online Anda semakin menyenangkan. Tema permainan slot adalah menyediakan pengalaman hiburan yang unik dan menarik bagi para pemain. Ini menawarkan berbagai jenis slot, termasuk slot video, slot klasik, slot multi-putaran, dan slot jackpot progresif. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses online slot games and does not mention renewable energy or sustainable development at all. There is no connection to the topic of renewable energy sources in the provided text.