Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: The reason for focusing on these regional labor markets is that gig-economy jobs are represented there. The population consists of all employers that post vacancies at Sweden's largest job board Platsbanken in the geographic regions during the study period. We restrict the population to employers posting low-skilled jobs, i. e. jobs without requirements of previous experience or post-secondary education. The restriction of the target population to employers with low-skilled vacancies is motivated by our research question, namely if non-traditional jobs can serve as a stepping stone to entry-level jobs in the traditional labor market. We restrict the sample to employers who have included an email- address in the job ad. If the employer has its own application procedure on their external webpage, we will not include this vacancy in the sampling frame. will send three unique fictitious applications to each posted vacancy in the sample. For each application we will randomize (without replacement) fictious applicants into : (i) treatment or one of the two controls (see above under intervention), and (ii) one of four applicant identities. Randomization will be performed by a computer program. Since each vacancy receives all three versions of the main treatment (labor market history), this treatment is stratified on the vacancy level. The secondary treatment, Swedish- or Arabic-sounding name, is also stratified on the vacancy level, since each vacancy will receive at least one application with each treatment. Was the treatment clustered? size: planned number of clusters 2,700 vacancies Sample size: planned number of observations 8,000 applications Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms 2,700 applications randomized into non-traditional work experience, 2,700 applications randomized into traditional work experience and 2,700 applications randomized into unemployment. About 4,000 applications randomized into Swedish-sounding names and 4,000 applications randomized into Arabic-sounding names. Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering) We estimate that we need to send about 8,000 applications. This number is based on the assumption that the call-back rate is 20 percent in the control group (based on results in results Eriksson and Roth (2014)) and that we want to be able to detect effect sizes of at least 2 percentage points with 80 percent statistical strength in hypotest testing with a critical limit of five percent. See the for details about the power calculations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses how gig-economy jobs are represented in regional labor markets and hints at the idea that non-traditional jobs, such as those in the gig economy, can potentially serve as a stepping stone to entry-level jobs in the traditional labor market. This supports the claim by indicating that the presence of gig-economy jobs is relevant to the transformation of traditional employment models, as these jobs may influence pathways into more stable employment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The case of cystic fibrosis is emphasized by the author, who discusses how the application of single-cell techniques has resulted in the discovery of a cell type that is affected by CFTR mutations, which was previously unknown. The aforementioned finding has had a profound impact on our understanding of the ailment. While the complete characterization of all cell types remains incomplete, the provision of single-cell data by the scientific community has yielded substantial insights. In the study conducted by Chan, the focus is on the CZI tool called which is utilized to assist in the detection of gene expression patterns across different cell types. Additionally, this tool generates heat maps that are subsequently analyzed. This tool serves to facilitate the creation of hypotheses and offers a fresh perspective on disorders. Moreover, this revelation has substantial importance for the domain of pharmaceutical advancement, as it empowers researchers to proactively anticipate unanticipated unfavorable reactions. enhances the accessibility of relevant academic papers related to the genes being studied, hence enhancing the quality of data analysis and scientific exploration [5]. Figure 4. An interactive single-cell web portal identifies gene and cell networks in COVID-19 host responses [5]. 5. Jin, K. , et al. , An interactive single cell web portal identifies gene and cell networks in COVID-19 host responses. iScience, 2021. 24(10): p. 103115. 6. 00:29:53 AI & Hypothesis Generation; Long-term Projects & Zuckerberg participates in a podcast discussion regarding the ongoing examination of cellular categorizations within modern scientific pursuits and the potential breakthroughs that may result. Mark highlights the significance of LLMs in effectively imagining a wide range of cellular states and interactions. The CZI is now involved in the establishment of a significant non-profit consortium that is dedicated to advancing AI in the field of life sciences. The objective of this endeavor is to employ data obtained from the Atlas in order to construct a comprehensive repertoire of models that effectively represent various cell types and pathological states. However, Mark emphasizes the limitations that are inherent in LLMs, emphasizing their ability to generate hypotheses or possible solutions that require verification by scientists and engineers. The distinctive aspect of CZI's offer lies in its provision of financial assistance to long-term initiatives that require significant resources and infrastructure. This particular attribute sets CZI apart from traditional sources of scientific financing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of current bioinformatics tools, particularly in the context of genetic diseases. While the text emphasizes the advances made in understanding diseases like cystic fibrosis through single-cell techniques and tools like the CZI tool, it also highlights the 'limitations that are inherent in LLMs' and emphasizes that 'hypotheses or possible solutions require verification by scientists and engineers.' This suggests that while bioinformatics can contribute significantly to understanding and developing treatments, it does not guarantee the elimination of all genetic diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 즉, 외곽시설은 직립식케이슨 혼성제를 이용한 단면이 주를 이루며 대부분의 제체 설치수심이 DL(-) 20 m 이상의 대수심으로서 경사제를 적용한 제체 구성 시 지반처리 폭의 증가 및 제체사면 구성을 위한 속채움 사석 수급의 어려움 등으로 직립제에 비하여 경제적으로 유리하지 않은 것으로 판단되었기 때문으로 사료된다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses structural and economic considerations related to civil engineering, rather than any scientific aspects related to Europa’s subsurface ocean or its potential for harboring life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: We randomly assign the fictitious job applicants into 8-15 months of (i) non-traditional work experience in the gig-economy (treatment) (ii) traditional work experience (control I) or (iii) unemployment (control II). We would like the job tasks in the treatment group (i. e. in the non-traditional job) to appear as similar as possible to the job-tasks in the traditional job. Therefore, we will compare a gig-job where the task is to deliver food from restaurants to customers to a traditional job of delivering mail. In addition, we randomly assign applicants to one of four identities, where two have an Arabic-sounding name and two have a Swedish-sounding name. The names are selected based on official statistics over the most popular names in Sweden. Since we are interested in the value of non-traditional work experience for entry into the traditional labor market, the job applications will be designed for young workers who search for a job approximately a year upon high school graduation. All four fictitious applicants are male and born in 1998. The reason for focusing on males is that these comprise the majority of the workers in the gig-economy. To get a reasonably high callback rate, the applications will be designed to signal a relatively well-qualified applicant (for it's age). To this aim, place of residence and high school will be chosen to signal a middle-class applicant with a completed high school degree from a vocational track aimed for the service sector. In addition, we state in the resume that the applicant has a drivers license. In the resumes we also include 12 weeks of job training in a traditional job, which is the mandated amount of job training in vocational high school tracks. To achieve the desired sample size we send three applications to each posted vacancy in the sampling frame. To this end, we generate four applicant identities, which each comprise a name, an email address, and a phone number. The applications will be submitted with a lag of one day between them. Date 2018-03-18 Date 2018-10-18 (end points) The main variable of interest is an indicator taking the value one if the fictitious job applicant receives a call-back from the employer. (explanation) (end points) (explanation) The correspondence study will be conducted in the three largest cities of Sweden: Stockholm, Goteborg and Malmo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the comparison between non-traditional work experience in the gig economy and traditional work experience. It highlights a controlled study that seeks to investigate the impact of gig jobs on employment opportunities, indicating that the nature and structure of employment models are being explored as they relate to the gig economy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: 2) Understanding the shared etiology of complex diseasesTo show another application of DGH-GO in dissecting the shared etiology of complex disorders, genes known for ASD, (DD), (ID), and (EE) were obtained from Zhang et al. [34]. The aim of this case study was to test the multi-etiological nature of ASD, instead of discussing the extent of shared etiology of different NDDs. Functional similarity matrix was of 427 (ASD = 74, ASD + DD = 10, ASD + DD + EE = 1, ASD + DD + ID = 19, ASD + DD + ID + EE = 2, ASD + ID = 2, DD = 204, DD + EE = 4, DD + ID = 25, DD + ID + EE = 3, ID = 63, EE = 19, ID + EE = 1). PCA was applied to functional similarity matrix of complex diseases and the first six PC components were chosen for clustering as they explained the majority of the variance (Additional file 1: Fig. S5). Silhouette score indicated the existence of 22 optimum numbers of clusters (Additional file 1: Fig. S6). Hierarchical clustering on PC components was performed with 22 clusters using the Ward linkage criterion. The 14 clusters were consistent, stable and compact (Table 2) and were used for further analysis. Table 2 The resultant clusters of genes, known for multiple disorders with their average Silhouette valuesFull size tableEach selected cluster contains outliers (genes clustered with a silhouette score of < 0) (Additional file 1: Fig. S7). In contrary to previous analysis of dissecting the multi-etiological nature of ASD, no exclusion criterion was applied to outliers. The reason is the authenticity of genes as they are known candidate genes for complex diseases. All the genes were known for their associations with diseases. In the analysis of rare CNVs disrupting genes, outliers were expected because not all rare CNVs span disease causing genes. 14 stable clusters are shown in Fig. 5 and Table 2. The genes shared by multiple disorders aggregated on the same clusters and are closer to each other in 2D space. The clusters with the largest number of shared genes of and EE were 1, 2, 7, 8, 14, and 22 (Fig. 5). Clusters number 6, 9, and 20 contain higher proportions of EE genes than other clusters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of understanding genetic diseases, specifically noting the multi-etiological nature of disorders like ASD, DD, ID, and EE. It emphasizes that while bioinformatics tools such as PCA and clustering can uncover associations, they also reveal the challenges in completely eliminating genetic diseases, as not all genetic variations lead to disease-causing disruptions. The analysis mentions 'outliers' and the variability in gene associations with diseases, indicating that genetic diseases are complex and not easily eradicated through bioinformatics alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 또한 항만구조물의 설계외력 조건을 제시하고 있는 심해설계파 제원이 상향되면서 제체 사면의 피복재 규모의 대형화와 이에 대한 안정성 확보에 문제가 발생할 수 있어 직립제의 설계가 주를 이룬 것으로 주장한 바 있다. 3. 7 방파제 단면 보강 방파제 건설 도중 혹은 건설 이후에 그 단면을 보강하는 경우가 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses design conditions and issues related to harbor structures rather than any information related to Europa's subsurface ocean or the potential for life. There are no mentions of Europa, subsurface oceans, or astrobiological conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal and Factor: 2. 7 5-Factor: 4. 8 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentWork, Employment and SocietyCreate email alert Open accessResearch 10. 1177/0950017018785616ContentsAbstractIntroductionThe growth of market-mediated, open employment relationsJob quality and remote gig workMethodsFindings and discussionConclusions4. 4% of adults have worked in the gig economy in the last year and suggest that 2. 4% of adults do so at least monthly. The gig economy consists both of work that is transacted via platforms but delivered locally and thus requires the worker to be physically present, and work that is transacted and delivered remotely via platforms (Huws et al. , 2016). Local gig work includes food delivery, couriering, transport and manual labour. Remote gig work by contrast consists of the remote provision of a wide variety of digital services, ranging from data entry to software programming (see Table 1), via platforms such as Turk (MTurk), Fiverr, Freelancer. com and Upwork. Though locally delivered gig work has received much attention, surveys suggest that the remote type makes up a similar proportion of the UK gig economy (of (CIPD), 2017; Huws et al. , 2016; Lepanjuuri et al. , 2018). Globally, 70 million workers are estimated to have registered with online labour platforms that facilitate remote forms of gig work (Heeks, 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the nature of the gig economy, indicating that it consists of both local and remote work mediated by online platforms. It highlights that '4.4% of adults have worked in the gig economy in the last year,' suggesting a significant shift in employment participation. Moreover, it outlines various types of gig work, implying an evolution from traditional employment models to more flexible, platform-based arrangements.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: predict the putative disease causing genes by utilizing the protein–protein interactome [37]. Over the time, several structured and well maintained resources for PPI data such as [38] and BioGRID [39] have emerged. However, PPI resources differ on criteria and objectives for data collection, analysis and manipulation. For example, is using a numeric score to rank the protein–protein interactions whereas BioGRID is a binary score-based database. Therefore, the selection of the PPI resource could affect the final conclusion [40]. Network approaches have also been applied on gene expression networks. Langfelder et al. developed an R package, called weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) [41]. WGCNA determines the clusters of genes that are correlating at the expression level. Such methods aiming for the identification of correlation networks have effective applications in discovering the putative disease-causing genes. Network approaches employed on either PPI or gene expression profiles are focused on identification of hub entities (genes or proteins) or sub modules in a larger network which may contribute to disease development. Barabási et al. has reviewed the network approaches for studying human diseases [42]. Alongside with the information provided by PPI and gene expression, GO is a resource which is specially designed for enrichment analyses and is rich in biological details. Deciding the data resource to propose a disease gene prediction method is difficult. Each data set has its own strengths and weaknesses, which is beyond the scope of this study. The recently emerged data integration methods can be used to integrate these datasets to leverage their strengths. However, integration of diverse datasets is challenging. GO is uniform resource that has DAGs structure and each new entry follows the same structure, which makes it uniform, easy to use, share, and interpret. DGH-GO takes advantage of GO uniformity and extensiveness, coupled with detailed biological description and uses it to find functional similarities among genes. These functional similarities between genes are fed to unsupervised learning methods such as dimension reduction and clustering methods to discovery the converging patterns of putative disease causing genes. Another strong aspect of DGH-GO is the freedom of choosing the methods for the analysis. Several methods have been routinely used for genetic data analysis and most of them require programming experience, thus limiting the role of domain experts (biologists or clinical doctors) in analyzing their generated data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in identifying disease-causing genes using bioinformatics. It highlights challenges such as the inconsistency between different protein–protein interaction (PPI) resources, the difficulties in data integration, and the limitations of existing methods which require programming expertise. These factors imply that while bioinformatics may aid in understanding genetic diseases, it indicates that complete elimination of all genetic diseases is a complex and challenging task.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 그 이유는 첫째, 당초 설계한 단면의 기능이 부족하여 보강한 경우(묵호항, 동해항, 감천항, 포항영일만항 등), 둘째, 태풍 등으로 피해가 발생하여 복구 · 보강한 경우(가거도항, 서귀포항 등), 셋째, 건설 중 · 후 당초보다 기능이 추가되어 보강한 경우(서귀포항 외항방파제)로 구분할 수 있으며 Table 6과 같이 정리할 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Europa's subsurface ocean and its potential to support life. Instead, the text discusses construction projects and conditions that require reinforcement, which does not relate to astrobiology or the study of extraterrestrial environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: An index measuring the utilisation of online labour platforms suggests that their use is growing at an annual rate of 26% (Kässi and Lehdonvirta, 2016). Table 1. Online gig work (reproduced from Kässi and Lehdonvirta, 2016). Occupation classExamples of projectsProfessional servicesAccountingConsultingFinancial planningHuman resourcesLegal servicesProject managementClerical and data entryCustomer serviceData entryTech supportTranscriptionVirtual assistantWeb researchCreative and multimediaAnimationArchitectureAudioLogo designPhotographyPresentationsVideo actingVideo productionSales and marketing supportAd postingLead generationSearch engine optimizationTelemarketingSoftware development and technologyData scienceGame developmentMobile developmentQA and testingServer maintenanceSoftware developmentWeb developmentWeb scrapingWriting and translationAcademic writing1. Figure 1. A model of job quality determinants. Digital controlConcerning the impact of technology on organisational forms, many sociological accounts of ICTs, in both high-income and lower-income countries, emphasise the possibilities they entail for high levels of monitoring and measurement of work (Taylor and Bain, 2005; Woodcock, 2017). This is argued to represent ‘significant developments in the Taylorisation of white-collar work’ (Bain and Taylor, 2000: 9). informational control and discipline involves subjecting work tasks to detailed digital measurements and statistical analyses of individual worker performance. Underperforming workers face intense supervisory pressure and discipline on the basis of remote covert monitoring of their work. Such accounts equate the resultant organisational form of work to an ‘assembly line in the head’ (Bain and Taylor, 2000), or ‘electronic sweatshop’ (Fernie and Metcalf, 1998) in which high levels of technical and bureaucratic controls are combined (Callaghan and Thompson, 2001). In terms of job quality, this entails a lack of worker autonomy combined with high levels of work intensity. Accounts of Taylorist informational control are predominately based on research in call centres. However, this research has informed more general theories regarding the adoption of technology being ‘effort biased’ (Rubery and Grimshaw, 2001). Empirical studies find that computerisation seemingly intensifies work by increasing monitoring, raising its pace, minimising the gaps between work tasks and extending work activity beyond the conventional workplace and working day (Felstead et al. , 2016; Green, 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating a significant rise in the utilisation of online labour platforms at an annual rate of 26%. This growth suggests a transformation in how employment is structured, with a specific mention of various gig work occupations. Additionally, it discusses how technology's influence is changing organizational forms and job quality, relating to the characteristics of the gig economy, such as increased monitoring and intensity of work. These elements collectively support the idea that the gig economy is elevating and reshaping traditional employment models.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Also, choosing a method from an extensive list of available methods can be a daunting task for people lacking bioinformatics or data analytical skills. DGH-GO is an easy to use interactive application that allows users to apply multiple methods and compare their performance. For example, a user can perform different dimension reduction methods and perform different clustering methods either on semantic similarity scores or one of the dimensionally reduced data. DGH-GO is an open source application, which allows people with programming skills to modify it according to their need. The proposed application was evaluated on two different datasets of complex diseases. First rare CNVs spanning putative ASD-causing genes were analyzed to explore the genetic heterogeneity of ASD. The DGH-GO analysis showed that putative ASD-causing gene groups into different clusters and each cluster displayed a different biological mechanism. Multiple clusters of varying functionality were expected because ASD occurs with multiple independent etiologies and it has been hypothesized that independent phenotype(s) emerge from different biological mechanisms. Separate phenotypic analysis of each cluster also showed that clusters differing on biological mechanisms also differ on phenotype. ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder and mainly affect nervous system, more specifically synapse transmission. The genes of cluster 8 identified by DGH-GO were significantly enriched for synapse related term indicating the genes of this are involved in ASD core symptoms. Moreover, this cluster was also enriched abnormal CNS synaptic transmission and abnormal GABA-mediated receptor phenotype terms further confirming that it is highly associated with ASD. Similarly other clusters such as cluster 3 were enriched for signalling pathways. Several lines of evidence have reported that ASD is linked with Signalling pathways such as ERb and MapK, further confirming the role of cluster 3 genes in ASD. The analysis of DisGeNET also indicated that genes of cluster 3 are associated with ASD. Cluster 3 and 4 are also enriched for Axon guidance and Synapse. Previous studies have the associations of these pathways with ASD. The enriched terms for the 5 clusters are related to ASD, which is in line with previously published literature [6, 7, 12,13,14, 43, 44]. To show the biological significance of DGH-GO, it was also applied to genes known for multiple disorders such as and MD. The analysis of genes known for multiple disorders clustered in to same groups, this was inline with previous studies showing that genes involved in multiple disorders are aggregated in the same clusters [34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of genetic diseases, particularly autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and how analysis through applications like DGH-GO can identify clusters of genes associated with different biological mechanisms and phenotypes. This suggests that while bioinformatics has the potential to aid in understanding and possibly managing genetic diseases, it does not imply that all genetic diseases can be eliminated in the future. The text focuses on the intricate relationship between genetic factors and disorders and highlights that there are multiple independent etiologies for conditions like ASD, indicating that elimination of all genetic diseases is not currently feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 먼저 당초 설계한 단면의 기능이 부족하여 보강한 경우에는 설계 당시 산정한 설계파고가 과소산정된 경우로서 설계파고의 상향에 맞게 단면의 구조형식을 결정하게 된다. 기존 방파제의 마루높이가 낮거나 제체의 안전성 미확보 등으로 기존 방파제 단면을 보강하는 경우 대부분 기존 케이슨 외측에 소파블록을 피복하는 단면으로 보강하는 것으로 조사 되었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses engineering considerations regarding construction—specifically about reinforcing designs and structural assessments—without any mention of Europa or its potential for harboring life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: Longer working hours, higher work intensity and work–home spill-over have been found to be associated with remote working made possible by new digital technologies (Felstead and Henseke, 2017). In the gig economy it has been argued that a particularly important form of digital control is the ‘algorithmic management’ entailed by platform-based rating and reputation systems. Algorithmic management is an extension of ‘customer management’ strategies, which entails positioning customers ‘as agents in the management circuit’, so that ‘customers, rather than managers, are […] the ones who must be pleased, whose orders must be followed, whose ideas, whims and desires appear to dictate how work is performed’ (Fuller and Smith, 1991: 11). Rosenblat and Stark (2016) demonstrate the effectiveness of Uber’s use of algorithmic management in structuring its workforce’s behaviour through ‘soft’ control. The second aim of this 3. Probability sampling is not possible through an online labour platform (at least without the platform owner’s collaboration), because the probability of members seeing and responding to the survey task is unequal and unknown. Instead, we followed a purposive sampling strategy, where the platforms’ search features were used to identify a mix of potential participants across different countries, genders and skills. The potential participants were then personally invited to respond to the survey task. The result is similar to a stratified or quota sample, except that the subsample sizes were not predefined but depended on how easy or difficult it was to find members of each subpopulation on the platform. The result is likely to be more representative of the population than samples recruited simply by posting an open task because it mitigates self-selection biases from task type p3. 5 per hour. Others worked long hours as a result of combining gig work with alternative employment, study and caring:I put in like 40 [hours/week] or even more depending on the magnitude of work… That’s just at night… I work [locally] during the day, so when I go back home I put in five to six hours… then over the weekend… In total it will be like 70… You work 24/7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how digital technologies have enabled a gig economy that alters traditional employment dynamics. It highlights key aspects such as 'algorithmic management,' which shifts the focus of management from traditional supervisors to customer-driven demands, fundamentally changing how work is structured and managed in this new economy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: It was also observed that EE clustered distantly from other clusters, for example, cluster 13, containing the highest number of EE gene, organizes itself distant from others. It was expected and consistent with existing knowledge of EE because it is not a truly neurodevelopmental disorder like ASD and ID. The proposed application, DGH-GO, is limited to the GO data resource. Recently, we proposed a knowledge graph (KG) to explore the disease gene associations [45]. KG integrated data from GO and DisGeNET, a publicly accessible database of diseases and genes. The created KB consists of 93,657 unique entities (28,243 genes; 21,623 diseases; 11,170 molecular functions; 4183 cellular components; and 28,438 biological processes) and 59 relationship types (900,442 gene-disease associations; 715,550 gene-GO annotations; and 89,593 GO ontology relationships). The proposed KG showed the importance of data integration and fusion in personalized medicine. Other researchers have reviewed data integration and data fusion methods and also heighted their importance in both genomic medicine and precision medicine [46, 47]. However, effective translation of these big and complex methods to the biology domain is still challenging. ConclusionIn this study we have proposed a pipeline to dissect the genetic heterogeneity of complex diseases by identifying the groups of similar genes that may lead to distinct phenotype(s). For this we have applied semantic similarity measures, dimension reduction and clustering methods. A graphical user interface, named as DGH-GO is also available for users lacking programming experience. DGH-GO enables biologists control over analysis and allows them to infer biological convergence patterns or functional associations for a targeted gene set. Additionally, the possibility of applying different methods in an interactive way, coupled with higher level of biological information helps biologists to enhance their mechanistic understanding for an underlying problem. A case study of ASD-associated genes targeting putative disease causing variants confirmed the multi-etiological nature of ASD and showed that identifying clusters of functionally similar genes could hint about the existence of distinct biological convergence patterns leading to specific biological mechanisms and phenotypes. The results from the analysis of ASD genes were consistent with literature. In another case study, DGH-GO confirmed the hypothesis of shared etiology in NDDs. The analysis of genes involved in multiple disorders exhibited common convergence patterns, indicating an overlapping genetic etiology. Currently, DGH-GO is limited to GO. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of the bioinformatics application called DGH-GO. It mentions that effective translation of complex methods to the biology domain remains challenging, indicating that while progress is being made in understanding genetic diseases and their associations, there are still significant hurdles that prevent the complete elimination of genetic diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이용되는 소파블록은 트라이바(Tribar), 테트라포드(Tetrapod), 시락(Sealock) 등이 있으며, 이중 테트라포드가 가장 많이 적용되고 있다. 결과적으로 방파제 단면 형식이 케이슨 혼성식으로 축조 되어도 보강이 필요한 경우에는 외측을 소파블록으로 보강하는 소파블록피복 케이슨식으로 변경되는 것으로 나타났다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific types of breakwater blocks and their construction methods, without mentioning Europa or any conditions related to the potential for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: 3As clients tended to be located in US, UK and Australian time zones, workers were expected to work at night to be in sync with their clients. Fifty-four per cent of our survey respondents said they lost sleep at night while only 28% said they did not. This was a slightly bigger problem among our male respondents (59% agreeing vs. 47% of female respondents). As suggested by Monteith and Giesbert (2017) the division of domestic labour in the household would seem to restrict the ability of some women to work at night to the same extent as men. Working time being largely determined by clients also led to unstructured work patterns, with hours often being irregular and unpredictable. (Kenya; writing, data entry, internet advertising) articulated: ‘Seven days a week. It can be at night, can be during the day, anytime…. Sometimes you don’t have any contracts, so when you have them, you have to work. ’That the client largely determined working time parallels the finding that many workers had little variation in their place of work, despite valuing both these forms of flexibility. This contradiction was vividly expressed by Anita (Kenya; transcription, translation, social media marketing, website curation, research, writing):I can work at my own convenience… when I want to sleep, I can sleep. Oh, another thing I just remembered, most of the jobs you can get are like from overseas… In [the] USA… it’s time you want to sleep so you have to sacrifice… [by] working in the middle of the night. Worker power and competitionAs indicated above, the organisational form that remote gig work took was analogous to what Kalleberg (2011) refers to as an open, market mediated employment relationship. In particular, it was marked by high levels of inter-worker competition with few labour protections and a global oversupply of labour relative to demand (Graham et al. , 2017a; Graham and Anwar, in press). Workers explained how the instant a job was posted, workers from across the world would enter bids. For example, Joseph (Nigeria; social media advertising and lead generation) explained how: ‘immediately [as] you see an offer being posted… you will see 50 proposals have been submitted’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting how the nature of gig work differs from traditional employment models. It discusses the expectation for workers to adapt their schedules, stating that 'clients tended to be located in US, UK and Australian time zones,' which forced workers to work at night to align with client needs. This indicates a shift away from fixed working hours typical in traditional employment. Furthermore, the text notes the irregular and unpredictable work patterns and high levels of competition among gig workers, emphasizing how these characteristics transform the employment relationship, aligning with the concept of an open, market mediated employment relationship as coined by Kalleberg (2011).


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Anadolu Güncel Tıp ütüphaneme Ekle × Araştırma Oluştur öster İnflamatuvar barsak hastalıkları ve genetik Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 80 - 86, 28. 06. 2020 Güray Can Hüseyin Öz İnflamatuvar barsak hastalıkları gastrointestinal sistemi tutan kronik inflamatuvar bir hastalık grubudur. İnflamatuvar barsak hastalıklarının etiyolojisi hala aydınlatılamamışken, çevresel ve genetik faktörlerin kompleks etkileşimi sonucu, intestinal sistemde lüminal içeriğe karşı abartılı bir immün yanıtın oluştuğu düşünülmektedir. Bu reaksiyon, genetik olarak yatkın olanlarda lüminal antijenlere karşı immün-toleransın kaybolması sonucu meydana geliyor olabilir. Günümüzde, İnflamatuvar barsak hastalıkları için yatkınlık oluşturan, intestinal immün yanıtı etkileyebilecek çok sayıda gen tanımlanmıştır. Bunlar intestinal immün sistemin farklı basamaklarında etkili mekanizmalarla ilişkili olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the genetic factors and complexities involved in inflammatory bowel diseases, indicating that the etiology (cause) of these diseases is not fully understood. It states that there are numerous genes associated with susceptibility to these diseases and their relationship with the immune response, suggesting that eliminating genetic diseases is more complex than the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 또한 태풍 등으로 피해가 발생하여 복구 · 보강한 경우에는 대부분 중 · 소형의 경사제에서 발생하였으며 대형 방파제에서 대규모로 피해가 발생한 사례는 가거도항 방파제(2012년 태풍 무이파 내습 피해)와 서귀포항 외항방파제(2012년 태풍 볼라벤 내습 피해)가 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses damage caused by typhoons and recovery efforts, without any mention of Europa or its subsurface ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: Our survey results also suggest an oversupply of labour, with 54% of respondents reporting that there was not enough work available and just 20% disagreeing. Our interviews suggest that this oversupply of labour was in part due to growing global connectivity enabling workers anywhere in the world to connect with clients via online labour platforms, combined with a lack of perceived local labour market alternatives of the same standard for what was a highly educated workforce. Not only did this oversupply of labour make it difficult to get work but constantly experiencing this competitive environment led workers to feel that they could easily be replaced, especially by workers living in another country who were assumed to be willing to work for less money: ‘I’m sure there’s a hundred thousand people out there across the world who could do exactly what I do probably for cheaper as well’ (Ashly, South Africa; writing and research, data capture). This fear of being undercut was heightened by the fact that workers had no formal job security and thus could have their contract terminated at any time without notice. Online labour platforms framed their workforces as being ‘on-demand’, made up of ‘freelancers’ or ‘independent contractors’ who could be ‘fired on the spot’ by ending their contract without notice. (South Africa; writing and data entry) explained: ‘There’s a lot of people out there, if they’re not satisfied with you, they are going to try somebody else… So, they can replace you. This is one of those jobs that you can be replaced. ’ This fear of being replaced was also evident among a significant number of survey respondents, with 44% saying they felt easily replaceable against 30% who disagreed. Since workers not only exercise power relative to employers but also vis-a-vis other workers (Kalleberg, 2011), individual marketplace bargaining power in the form of skills was influential in determining job quality outcomes. One such outcome was pay. Gig work was an important source of income for most of our interview informants and the main source of income for many. Likewise, 73% of our survey respondents reported that remote gig work was an important source of income for their households, and 61% reported that it was their main occupation. Our interview informants were mostly gaining an income sufficient to avoid material hardship. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the gig economy has created an oversupply of labor, as workers can connect with clients globally through online platforms. It describes the shift in worker perception, emphasizing the lack of job security and the competitive nature of gig roles, which starkly contrasts with traditional employment models. Furthermore, it highlights the dependent nature of gig work for income, with a substantial percentage of respondents indicating that gig work serves as an important or main source of income. This illustrates a transformation from traditional employment to a gig economy where workers are often seen as 'freelancers' or 'independent contractors' working in a competitive and insecure environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: İntestinal immün sistemin, lüminal mikrobiyota, intestinal epitelyal bariyer, antijen tanımlama, otofaji ve inflamazom, endoplazmik retikulum stresi, antijen sunumu ve kazanılmış bağışıklık sistemi ile JAK-STAT yolağını da içine alan birçok katmanında genetik olarak ortaya çıkabilecek değişiklikler sistemin işleyişinin etkilenmesine neden olacak, hastalığın gün yüzüne çıkmasına neden olacaktır. Ama maalesef son gelişmelerle birlikte hastalığın ortaya çıkmasında rol oynayan genetik değişikliklerin bunlarla sınırlı olmadığı, nonfonksiyone genler, epigenetik değişiklikler, metabolomikler ve bunun gibi birçok durumun da inflamatuvar barsak hastalıklarıyla ilişkisi gösterilmiştir. Bütün bu gelişmelere rağmen hala daha hastalığın patogenezi net birşekilde ortaya konulamamış olması, hastalığı multifaktöryel doğasından kaynaklanmaktadır. İnflamatuvar barsak hastalıkları, genetik, JAK-STAT yolağı Kaynakça 1. Fiocchi C. Inflammatory bowel disease: etiology and pathogenesis. Gastroenterol 1998; 115: 182-205. 2. Editorial: (1560–1624): the other fabricius. JAMA 1964; 190: 933. 3. . Landmark 9. 4. Wilks S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of genetic diseases and the multifactorial nature of their etiology. It states that there are many genetic and non-genetic factors, such as epigenetic changes and non-functional genes, that contribute to diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. This indicates that simply relying on bioinformatics may not be sufficient to eliminate all genetic diseases, as the pathogenesis of these conditions is not yet fully understood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 마지막으로 방파제 건설 중 · 후 당초보다 기능이 추가되어 보강한 경우는 항만의 효율성 및 복합기능 증대를 목적으로 방파제 내측에 접안시설을 설치함으로써 월파방지를 위한 보완대책이 수립되는 경우이다. 서귀포항 외항방파제는 당초에 월파를 허용하는 단면으로 시설되었으나 계획 변경으로 월파를 허용하지 않는 단면으로 마루높이를 상향 조정함으로써 복합기능형 단면으로 변동된 상태가 되었다고 볼 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the construction and design changes of a breakwater in Seogwipo Port, with no mention of Europa or the conditions for life in its subsurface ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: This is supported by our survey data, with the mean weekly income of those paid in USD (N = 610) being $165 (σ = $209) from this work (seven outliers of $2000 and over were excluded as improbably large, though not wholly impossible given the unpredictability of gig work). A geographic difference was apparent, with SEA workers’ earnings averaging $181 (N = 304) compared to $150 for SSA (N = 307). This relates to the fact that 47% of SEA respondents were mainly carrying out high- or medium-skilled tasks compared to 33% for SSA. Across all respondents, those carrying out more skilled work earned on average $44 a week more than those doing low-skilled work. These findings suggest that the quality of national educational systems is important in determining the level of income that remote gig work translates into in a given country. However, even among survey respondents doing low-skilled work, we find massive income disparities: the income ratio between the 10th and 90th percentile is 1:19 (N = 328; excluding respondents earning nothing or above $2000 in the last week). This suggests that other forms of worker power besides skills are also important in determining income. Our interviews suggest this other form of power is reputation, both in the conventional sense of good standing and networks among potential clients, and in the sense of the symbolic power which accrues to some workers as a result of the algorithmic control system outlined above. Work flowed to those workers who had managed to maintain a strong reputation over a long period and were thus known by clients and highly ranked by platform algorithms. A key theme of the interviews was the difficulties faced by workers who lacked strong reputations. They had low incomes, in some cases below their countries’ monthly minimum wages, and a handful survived around the global poverty line of $58 per month. Workers who were struggling financially described how, for example, their pay was not enough to ‘actually survive’ (Helen, South Africa; writing and virtual assistant). Less in-demand workers were also forced to spend longer doing the unpaid work of searching and applying for paid work, which further reduced their potential to earn (our average survey respondent reported spending 16 hours per week looking for work, or 39% of the total time spent on remote gig work). Workers who were in demand thanks to skills and reputation enjoyed several job quality advantages over others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of how income and job quality have transformed within the gig economy. It discusses disparities in income based on skills and reputation, highlighting how these factors affect earnings in a way that differs from traditional employment. It notes that workers in the gig economy face significant challenges like low wages and the need for reputation management, indicating a shift from conventional employment models.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Immunity 2006; 25: 361-72. 56. . The tyrosine kinase Tyk2 controls IFNAR1 cell surface expression. EMBO J 2003; 22: 537-47. 57. Partial impairment of cytokine responses in Tyk2-deficient mice. Immunity 2000; 13: 549-60. 58. Tyk2 plays a restricted role in IFN alpha signaling, although it is required for IL-12-mediated T cell function. Immunity 2000; 13: 561-71. 59. Roy B, Cathcart MK. Induction of 15-lipoxygenase expression by IL-13 requires tyrosine phosphorylation of horylation of Jak2 and Tyk2 in human monocytes. J 1998; 273: 32023-9. Inflammatory bowel diseases and genetic Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 80 - 86, 28. 06. 2020 Güray Can Hüseyin Öz Inflammatory bowel diseases are a group of chronic inflammatory diseases that involve the gastrointestinal tract. While the etiology of inflammatory boweldiseases is still not elucidated, an exaggerated immune response to luminal content is thought to occur in the intestinal tract as a result of the complexinteraction of environmental and genetic factors. This reaction may occur as a result of loss of immune-tolerance to luminal antigens in those who aregenetically susceptible. Today, a large number of genes have been identified that are susceptible to inflammatory bowel diseases that may affect the intestinalimmune response. These occur in relation to effective mechanisms at different stages of the intestinal immune system. Genetic changes that may occur inmany layers of the intestinal immune system, including luminal microbiota, intestinal epithelial barrier, antigen identification, autophagy and infamazom,endoplasmic reticulum stress, antigen presentation and acquired immune system, and JAK-STAT pathway, will affect the functioning of the system. will causeit to come to light. Unfortunately, with the latest developments, genetic changes that play a role in the emergence of the disease have not been limited to these;nonfunctional genes, epigenetic changes, metabolomics and many other conditions have been shown to be associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. Despite all these developments, the fact that the pathogenesis of the disease has not been clearly revealed is due to its multifactorial nature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and multifactorial nature of diseases like inflammatory bowel diseases, emphasizing that despite advancements in understanding genetic factors and immune responses, the pathogenesis remains unclear. This indicates that bioinformatics alone may not be sufficient to eliminate genetic diseases in the future.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이는 방파제가 고유한 방파제 기능 이외에 안벽의 호안 기능을 포함한 복합기능형 단면으로 변경됨에 따른 결과라고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 4. 결론 및 향후 과제 4. 1 결론 본 연구에서는 우리나라 방파제 도입 당시부터 최근까지의 단면 구조형식 등에 대해 방파제 변천 역사에 대한 자료 수집 · 정리를 수행하고, 현재 우리나라 방파제 형식변화상에서 나타나는 특징을 분석 · 고찰하고자 하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to discuss the structural evolution of breakwaters in South Korea and does not refer to Europa, its subsurface ocean, or conditions for life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: As they often had multiple clients and could easily replace clients they lost, they felt less pressure towards work intensification, and had labour market and income security (Standing, 1999). The higher income also meant that they could afford to save some of their income and pay for private health insurance, in contrast to workers on low incomes, who did not have any formal social security. As suggested by Kalleberg (2011) and Monteith and Giesbert (2017), this finding highlights the importance of national healthcare systems for job quality. In summary, the job quality of remote gig work can be explained by its specific organisational form combined with social and environmental conversion factors such as gender relations and educational and health systems. The organisational form experienced by remote gig workers is a product of the confluence of technology that facilitates the detachment of work from place (labour platforms and their platform-based rating and ranking systems) and the power relations, especially individual marketplace bargaining power in the form of skills and reputation. ConclusionsDespite conducting a study across diverse national contexts and job types, we find certain key commonalities in the job quality determinants and outcomes of remote gig work. In particular, we find that algorithmic control is central to the operation of online labour platforms. This form of control differs significantly from the Taylorist control often attributed to the extensive use of informational management tools. In contrast to Taylorism, algorithmic management techniques enabled by platform-based rating and ranking systems facilitate high levels of autonomy, task variety and complexity, as well as potential spatial and temporal flexibility. Thus remote gig work is a long way from being an ‘assembly line in the head’ (Bain and Taylor, 2000) or ‘electronic sweatshop’ (Fernie and Metcalf, 1998). However, while algorithmic control provides remote gig workers with formal control over where they work, workers may have little real choice but to work from home, and this can lead to a lack of social contact and feelings of social isolation. Likewise, despite valuing the potential to control their working hours, most workers had to work intense unsocial and irregular hours in order to meet client demand. The autonomy resulting from algorithmic control can lead to overwork, sleep deprivation and exhaustion as a consequence of the weak structural power of workers vis-a-vis clients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how remote gig work represents a shift away from traditional employment models. It highlights aspects such as the autonomy and flexibility provided by algorithmic management as well as the structural changes in job quality and nature of work due to technology. The contrast with traditional Taylorist controls reflects a significant transformation in the employment landscape, emphasizing how gig work embodies a new form of labor dynamics distinct from traditional jobs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 0. 05 or less, 44% of the centre genes were annotated to at least one of the significant keywords. In addition, and most importantly, we found that the CAGCs are significantly enriched for genes associated to genetic diseases characterized by similar phenotypes (Figure 2B), as defined by MimMiner [32]. However, when in these cases the centre genes were also associated to mendelian disorders, we found that the MimMiner scores calculated between the disease associated to the centre gene and those associated to the other genes of CAGC never reached the 0. 4 similarity threshold. Altogether, these results indicate that, although the genes that compose a CAGC and the centre of the same clusters frequently work in the same functional modules, the phenotypic consequences of a mutation of the centre gene are different from the consequences of a mutation of the genes composing the corresponding CAGC. This scenario is compatible with the idea that the genes of a CAGC and its centre gene may play functionally antagonistic roles. Figure 1 Schematic representation of how the antagonism between a drug target and a functional module containing functionally correlated genes, which may be implicated (D) or may be not implicated (G) in similar disease phenotypes, could be exploited to modify the outcome of genetic mutations. Full size imageFigure 2Cumulative distribution of functional index for GO categories and OMIM phenotypes. Cumulative log-log distribution of functional index (see methods) for A) GO categories, B) OMIM phenotypes (PH). Continuous curves represent the real data, while dashed curves result from 100 random permutation of real data (rand). Grey band in B corresponds to the standard deviation of the 100 randomly permuted datasets. The same band is not reported for panel A, since its thickness is comparable to the line thickness. In both cases the difference of real and permuted data is highly significant (P-value < 10e-256 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). Full size imageGAGCs centered on drug targets are significantly modulated by treatment with the relevant drugWe then asked whether pharmacological modulation of CAGCs centres may actually lead to a modulation of the anticorrelated genes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there are genes associated with genetic diseases, the genes associated with the center gene in a CAGC (Cluster of Co-Associated Genes) may play functionally antagonistic roles, which suggests that genetic interactions are complex and that the elimination of all genetic diseases may not be feasible. The mention of different phenotypic consequences of mutations implies that even with advances in bioinformatics, a complete elimination of genetic diseases may not be attainable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이상의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 우리나라에 설계 · 시공일괄입찰이 도입 시기인 1999년을 기준으로 방파제의 설계 특징이 달라짐을 알 수 있고 국내 주요 항만 방파제의 절반정도가 1999년 이후 15년 사이에 설계 · 건설된 것이며, 신규로 축조된 것과 보강된 사업의 비율은 7 : 3 정도에 해당하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the design and construction characteristics of breakwaters in South Korea without mentioning Europa, its subsurface ocean, or any conditions related to the potential for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: This weak structural power is an outcome of platform-based rating and ranking systems enabling a form of control which is able to overcome the spatial and temporal barriers that non-proximity places on the effectiveness of direct labour process surveillance and supervision. Online labour platforms thus facilitate clients in connecting with a largely unregulated global oversupply of labour. As suggested by Kalleberg (2011), remote gig workers’ job quality in this open, market-mediated environment is also determined by workers’ marketplace bargaining power in relation to both employers and other workers and thus individual worker resources. In the case of remote gig work, the individual resources that we find to be most important are skills and platform reputation. Workers lacking these individual resources suffered from low incomes and insecurity. The importance of platform reputation is a consequence of the algorithmic control inherent to online labour platforms. The identification of the ‘symbolic power’ (Thompson, 1991) of platform reputations as an emerging form of marketplace bargaining power is an important contribution of this 1. Kalleberg (2011) points out this growth is really a return to the employment practices which were commonplace in the USA before the 1930s. 2. Lead generation involves searching the internet for contact details, particularly email and telephone numbers, for advertising purposes. 3. Search engine optimisation is a set of techniques to boost the search engine ranking of web content. Common strategies involve creating topically relevant content, and content that search engine algorithms accept to be human – rather than machine – created. 18. CrossrefWeb of Science74. Geneva: Organisation. 223. CrossrefWeb of Science198. Geneva: Organisation. 477. CrossrefWeb of Science37. CrossrefWeb of Science8955. pdf (accessed 1 March 2018). 63. Crossref71. Geneva: Organisation. 212. CrossrefWeb of Science390. London: Centre for Economic Performance, of Economics and Political Science. 16. CrossrefWeb of Science162. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science50. CrossrefWeb of Science741. CrossrefWeb of Science7. Manchester: of Manchester. Available at: (accessed 1 March 2018). 4943. pdf (accessed 1 March 2018). 1612. Crossref80. Crossref29. CrossrefWeb of Science833. CrossrefWeb of Science3784. Web of Science192. CrossrefWeb of Science1870. Cambridge: Press. Crossref282. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how platform-based rating and ranking systems have created a new form of control over workers, enabling clients to connect with a largely unregulated global labor market. Additionally, it points out that the job quality of remote gig workers is influenced by their bargaining power and platform reputation, suggesting that these new dynamics signify a transformation in employment models. The reference to Kalleberg (2011) indicates that these changes can be seen as a return to earlier employment practices, which further illustrates the shift from traditional to gig-based employment structures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: However, although many of these disorders are characterized by abnormalities of skeletal development, considering the high number of involved genes, the crucial role of calcium/calmodulin in many different cellular processes and the high number of drugs associated in DrugBank to Calmodulins, we consider this as a likely non-specific result of our analysis, which underscores the potential pitfalls of our method. Drug targets for epileptic syndromes Epileptic seizures represent a frequent neurological condition, affecting approximately 3% of the population and represent one of the most common symptoms of genetic disorders affecting the System (CNS). Accordingly, many diseases represented in our list are characterized by epileptic seizures (Additional file 1). Interestingly, most of these disorders have been linked by our pipeline to at least two strongly validated drug targets: histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and translocator protein (18kDa) (TSPO). HDAC1 is one of the targets of valproic acid, one of the most prominent anticonvulsant agents currently used in chronic epilepsy management [34]. TSPO, a conserved mitochondrial protein implicated in cholesterol transport and biosynthesis, is one of the targets of some benzodiazepines, which represent another prominent pharmacological class in the management of seizures [35, 36]. In particular, although the most prominent targets of benzodiazepines are GABA receptors, it has been proposed that TSPO-binding compounds may contribute to anticonvulsant effects by regulating the synthesis of neurosteroids [35]. Another interesting gene highlighted by our analysis for the same syndromes was the prolyl-4-isomerase beta (P4HB). Indeed, although this case is by far less validated, if compared to the previous two proteins, P4HB has recently been proposed as a target for new antiepileptogenic drug design [37]. Drug targets for autism spectrum disorders Besides to epileptic syndromes, HDAC1 was identified as possible target also for the autism-related disorder AUTS10 (MIM: 611016). We consider this result at least partially validated by the recent finding that HDAC1 inhibitors ameliorate social cognition and cell adhesion molecule plasticity deficits in a rodent model of autism spectrum disorder [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by indicating the complexity of genetic disorders, mentioning specific challenges such as the high number of involved genes and the potential pitfalls of current methods. It highlights that while bioinformatics can identify drug targets related to some genetic disorders, such as epilepsy and autism, it does not imply that bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases. Additionally, it suggests that many disorders remain linked to complex biological processes and drug interactions, indicating that complete elimination is not feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: (2) 1999년 이전 방파제 건설 초기에는 방파제의 가장 기본 형식인 사석을 이용한 경사식과 블록을 이용한 혼성식이 주를 이루며, 시공 장비 · 공법의 발전과 아울러 소파블록의 적용중량이 증가하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the construction techniques and materials used for breakwaters prior to 1999, which has no relation to Europa’s subsurface ocean or conditions for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Institut Français de Pondichéry › Sociales › Microfinance challenges: empowerment or. . . › Part II - Microfinance in its environmen. . . › 12. Microfinance technology and linkages. . . Institut Français de Pondichéry Institut Français de Pondichéry Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Liens vers le livre Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Formats de lecture détaillé Texte intégral 1. Challenges posed by globalisation 2. Intervention strategies 3. Fair trade – An option for better living 4. Why do we need BDS services? 5. Development of common facilities and flexibility de bas de page en haut de page Aller en bas de page Microfinance challenges: empowerment or disempowerment of the poor? Ce livre est recensé par Naviguer dans le livre Précédent Editors and of - Questions as to definition: what is understood by empowerment? --- Introduction --- 1. ‘Engendering’ microfinance --- 2. Relevance of microfinance and empowerment in tribal areas: a case study of the --- 3. Structural issues in empowerment under microfinance --- 4. Empowerment and microfinance: an analysis of theoretical concepts and practices – Reflections from a microfinance project in Indonesia --- 5. Historical analysis of empowerment and its present understanding in the context of microfinance --- 6. Micro enterprises of self-help groups and State policies under a neo-liberal regime: Evidences from a village in Kerala --- 7. Can microfinance empower women? --- 8. Situating microcredit in India: some reflections --- 9. Women’s survival strategies and experiences with support services as home-based micro-entrepreneurs in --- 10. Microfinance, informal finance and empowerment of the poor: lessons from a case study of the SHG-bank linkage programme in a backward district in India --- 11. Emerging women micro-entrepreneurs in Bangladesh: the “missing middle” --- 12. Microfinance technology and linkages with non-financial services --- 13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text mentions various aspects of microfinance, including its role in empowerment and support services, suggesting that microfinance is aimed at assisting poor populations. Specifically, it discusses themes like the development of common facilities, self-help groups, and women's empowerment through microfinance initiatives, indicating a focus on providing financial services to underserved groups.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Indeed, not only it is well known that the NF-kB signalling is abnormally activated in myopathies such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy [50] and in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy [51], but it has been proved that NF-kB activation may functionally contribute to muscle degeneration [52]. Accordingly, it has been recently shown that NF-kB inhibition may improve muscle pathology and regeneration in the Mdx mouse model [53, 54]. Figure 4 Schematic representation of the CAGC-based drug-repositioning pipeline. Full size image Table 1 List of the genetic disorders associated to the ROCK1 target Full size tableConclusionsWe have provided proof of principle that the analysis of anti-correlated gene expression profiles could be systematically used as an innovative approach to explore the complex space of the interactions between genes, drugs and disease phenotypes. Moreover, we have implemented a predictive strategy capable to propose new associations of available drug targets and drugs to orphan genetic disorders. We have applied this approach to produce a list of such associations, which we provide as an open source of experimentally testable predictions, to be validated in cellular or animal disease models. On the basis of the validated or partially validated examples, it would seem to us reasonable to anticipate that, at least in some of the proposed cases, the new associations will turn out to be relevant not only to explore the possible use of the proposed drug targets in such disorders, but also to address new possible molecular mechanisms leading from gene inactivation to disease phenotypes. As a final remark, although we have only shown how this principle can be applied to the problem of drug repositioning, we can envisage that similar approaches could be used to help addressing other outstanding problems of drug development, such as predicting the possible side effects of inhibiting or stimulating new drug targets. MethodsDefinition and evaluation of CAGCWe studied a large, manually annotated, microarray dataset downloaded from the Omnibus (GEO), based on 2 platform, covering many tissues, cell types and experimental conditions in both human (5188 experiments) and mouse (2310 experiments) [30]. Following procedures and considerations similar to those previously described in [21] we built tissue-specific conserved anti-coexpression networks. We first generated single species anti-coexpression gene networks (SAN) and then integrated them on the basis of human-mouse orthology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and complexities involved in drug repositioning and the use of bioinformatics in exploring genetic disorders. While it mentions innovative approaches to explore the interactions between genes, drugs, and diseases, it does not support the notion that bioinformatics can entirely eliminate genetic diseases. Instead, it highlights that current efforts in bioinformatics could lead to promising predictions and drug associations but does not guarantee a complete eradication of genetic disorders.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: (3) 1999년 이후의 경우에는 방파제 단면의 구조형식의 변화(슬릿케이슨식의 형식 다양화), 설계파고 및 설계조위의 상향 적용, 마루높이의 상향 적용, 상치콘크리트의 형상 변화 등으로 인해 기존 방파제의 설계 특징이 달라짐을 살펴볼 수 있다. (4) 설계파고의 평균증가는 23년 동안 73% 증가했고, 최대 2. 6배의 차이가 나며, 최고 7. 8 m의 차이를 보이고 있다. 이와 같이 설계파고는 최근에 계속하여 상향 적용되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Europa's subsurface ocean and potential for life, as it discusses changes in breakwater design and engineering data, rather than any information about Europa or astrobiology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Microfinance, rural livelihoods and women’s empowerment – a participatory learning system to assess and enhance impact --- 14. Microfinance and women’s empowerment: research approach and findings from an impact assessment of MFIs in India --- 15. Self-help groups and the empowerment of Women – a study on Society in Alleppey, Kerala --- 16. Microfinance and self-help groups – the way ahead (with special reference to Kanyakumari district) --- 17. Findings from the mid-term impact assessment study of the CASHE programme in Orissa, carried out by Sampark, Bangalore --- 18. Microfinance and empowerment – concepts and tools: some preliminary insights from the SHG model in --- 19. SHGs and their place and role in civil society --- 20. Social externalities of women’s empowerment through microfinance: a comparative study of two interventions --- 21. Empowerment of SHG/DWCRA women through microfinance: A study in --- 22. Microcredit programmes, poverty alleviation and empowerment of women – some empirical evidence from Kerala --- 23. From passive participation to effective leadership: a study on empowerment of women in Dakshina Kannada, India --- 12. Microfinance technology and linkages with non-financial services p. 193-211 Plan détaillé Texte intégral 1. Challenges posed by globalisation 2. Intervention strategies 3. Fair trade – An option for better living 4. Why do we need BDS services? 5. Development of common facilities and flexibility de bas de page intégral 1India is a country of paradoxes. Globally, it is ranked 11 for total Product (GDP), yet millions of people in the country struggle in poverty. For the majority of poor people, employment is not guaranteed, and each day, many are forced to hunt for some paid employment. Seventy per cent of the poor live in villages where their only source of employment is either shift cultivation, or the collection of minor forest products. Trading relationships are exploitative, wages are low, and skills remain unrecognised. It is usually accepted that approximately 90% of the nonagricultural workforce is in the informal sector, with little access to financial services or social protection (Deshpande et al. 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the challenges faced by poor populations in India, particularly in rural areas where 90% of the nonagricultural workforce is in the informal sector and lacks access to financial services. This context supports the idea that microfinance targets these underserved populations to provide them with financial services that they typically cannot access, thereby contributing to their livelihood and empowerment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 1. Though the length L is usually fixed to be a small value (e. g. , 13) in previous studies [2, 3], it is still infeasible to perform exhaustive search to check all potential phosphorylation motifs. Besides, it is also unclear which metric is more suitable to measure the statistical significance of the motif. To efficiently find phosphorylation motifs, two heuristic methods have been proposed. The Motif-X method [2] is a greedy algorithm that reports motifs in an iterative manner. In each round, one most statistically significant motif is detected. The peptides matching the motif identified in the first round are removed prior to the second round of searching. This procedure repeats a number of rounds until no significant motifs can be found. The MoDL method [3] is an optimization-based algorithm, which formulates the motif-finding problem as the minimization of description length. In other words, MoDL tries to optimize the expressiveness of a set of motifs rather than quantifying the significance of a single motif. However, both Motif-X and MoDL can only find a small subset of phosphorylation motifs. They cannot guarantee to find all statistically significant motifs so that some important phosphorylation patterns remain unknown to biologists. Furthermore, Motif-X is limited to discover non-overlap motifs while MoDL unusually reports at most three motifs. In this paper, we present a new algorithm called Motif-All for the discovery of all statistically significant phosphorylation motifs. Motif-All uses the odds ratio to quantify the over-expressiveness of each motif in the set of phosphorylated peptides against the background set. To avoid exhaustive search, we impose a support constraint for each motif on the set of phosphorylated peptides. The use of support constraint enables us to borrow ideas from association rule mining [4] to generate and prune candidates in a level-wise manner before calculating the odds ratio. To demonstrate the superiority of Motif-All method, we conduct experimental studies using the PhosPhAt database 3. 0 of Arabidopsis phosphorylation sites [5, 6]. Motif-All performs better than Motif-X and MoDL in finding more significant phosphorylation motifs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the limitations of current bioinformatics methods in discovering phosphorylation motifs. It highlights that methods like Motif-X and MoDL can only find a small subset of motifs and cannot guarantee the discovery of all statistically significant motifs, indicating that not all biological processes can be modeled perfectly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: (5) 설계조위는 1999년 이전에 삭망평균만조위를 적용하였으나, 1999년 이후에는 삭망평균만조위보다 큰 조위를 적용하고 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 각 항별 연도에 따른 조위의 차는 28개 사업에서 평균 0. 79 m 상향 적용되었으며, 최대 1. 65 m 상향 적용된 것으로 조사되었다. (6) 방파제의 상대마루높이는 1999년 이전까지는 0. 6~0. 7을 유지하였으나 1999년 이후부터 평균 1. 0 이상, 최대 1. 26까지 상향되었음을 알 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses tidal levels and their changes over time without mentioning Europa, its subsurface ocean, or conditions for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Large numbers of people are dependent on incomes from the informal sector, especially in small and micro-enterprises (SMEs)145. Even though it is difficult to get precise data, it is fairly evident that SMEs are responsible for over 80% of the employment in India (Kundu and Sharma 2001). 2The microfinance movement in India has accelerated rapidly in the past decade and has been effectively fulfilling the financial needs of thousands of poor people, who were earlier deprived of getting loans from formal sources. Nobody can deny that such small loans have helped borrowers, including SMEs, to marginally increase their income. However, those micro-enterprises are hardly ever sustainable. More and more micro-practitioners are realising that credit alone is not enough to tap the full economic potential of the micro-enterprise sector. Access to markets, information on raw materials and technology, skill upgradation, design inputs, and a range of other business development services are equally significant in making micro-enterprises more profitable and sustainable. Equally important is the proper identification of potential activities through a scientific and systematic process. SMEs are probably the first to suffer from the “social costs” of globalisation, which has raised more challenges to those already marginalised (Deshpande et al. 2004), and there is an urgent need to elaborate and implement strategies that will help them take over the market instead of being subjected to its pressures. In this context, this paper does not pretend to give any solutions or “best practices”, but contents itself by raising a number of assumptions. 1. Challenges posed by globalisation3New technologies and global competition have highlighted the importance of SMEs. Corporate downsizing has become common and as larger corporations reduce their business operations and focus on core competencies, whole lines of businesses and functions are being outsourced or abandoned. This has created extensive new business opportunities for smaller firms, including micro-enterprises. The SME sector has benefited from this because manufacturing operations have been shifting to countries such as India. 4The market mechanism is changing, with markets becoming complex, more segregated, uncertain and volatile. Brand names dominate markets and become global players. Brand owners control the market and determine the production structure around the world. Global buyers require speedy reactions, and demand fast delivery and technological changes. Not many SMEs can cope with this speed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the microfinance movement in India has accelerated rapidly and effectively fulfills the financial needs of thousands of poor people who were previously deprived of loans from formal sources. This highlights that microfinance indeed provides financial services to underserved populations, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: In this table, c00, c01, c10 and c11 are non-negative “cell counts” and denotes that the motif m doesn’t exist. Then, the calculation of odds ratio reduces to: (1) Table 1 A contingency table for a phosphorylation motifFull size tableAn odds ratio of 1 means that the target motif is equally likely to exist in both P and N. An odds ratio greater than 1 indicates that this motif is more likely to appear in the set P. To conduct statistical inference, one approach is to use large sample approximations to the sampling distribution of the log odds ratio. More precisely, the sample log odds ratio is: (2) and the standard error for the log odds ratio is approximately: (3) Then, the z-valueZ(m) = LOR(m)/SE(m), (4)follows a standard normal distribution. Finally, we can calculate the p-value to assess the statistical significance of each motif. Frequent motif miningGiven a set of phosphorylated peptides P and a user-specified support threshold s, the objective of frequent motif finding is to discover all motifs whose supports are no less than s. The support for a motif is the percentage of phosphorylated peptides in P that match this motif. In other words, a motif m is frequent if and only if its cell count c00 in Table 1 satisfies c00 ≥ |P|s with | • | denoting the size of a set. Note that a similar occurrence constraint is utilized in the Motif-X algorithm [2], which represents the minimal number of phosphorylated peptides needed to match the residue/position pair in its greedy search procedure. There are two fundamental differences between our support constraint and their occurrence constraint: The support constraint is applied to the entire motif rather a single residue/postion pair. The support constraint can be used to prune the search space besides preventing the generation of random artifacts. One may argue that such a support constraint will result in the loss of some less frequent motifs that are statistically significant. We will explain its rationale from two perspectives: First, since the motif describes the phosphorylation pattern, it should be applicable to many substrates; otherwise, such pattern might be random artifact due to the limited number of known phosphorylation peptides. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of motif mining in bioinformatics. It mentions that while motif finding can reveal phosphorylation patterns, there are constraints (like support threshold) that can result in the loss of less frequent but statistically significant motifs. This suggests that not all biological processes can be perfectly modeled or captured, indicating the limitations inherent in bioinformatics approaches.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: (7) 방파제의 상치부에 패러핏 설치는 방파제 건설 초기부터 있었으나, 최근으로 오면서 패러핏의 상단의 폭에서 알 수 있듯이 0. 5~1. 0 m 정도로 협소해지는 것으로 나타났고 친수시설 설치 등이 원인으로 추정된다. (8) 방파제 단면 형식이 케이슨 혼성식으로 축조되어도 보강이 필요한 경우에는 외측을 소파블록으로 보강하는 소파블록피복 케이슨 식으로 변경되는 것으로 나타났다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses construction details related to a coastal structure, specifically mentioning the design and reinforcement methods used for a breakwater. It does not provide any information about Europa, its subsurface ocean, or the potential for life, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Its mission is “to bring in all-round development to the neglected and downtrodden section of the population in the villages” through women’s empowerment and solidarity. SHARE was registered as a company in 1991 but has been working as a cooperative in this area since the 1970s. SHARE has village handicraft production centres, primarily palm and coir, in more than 30 villages and employs over 3,000 women. It is a hybrid between a traditional handicraft producer cooperative and an activist organisation. SHARE solicits orders for crafts, arranges for raw material provides advanced craft training, and comes up with new designs for crafts, which are produced in centres in each village. 75% of the products are for export purposes. International organisations involved in “Fair Trade” such as Oxfam, U. K. , Trade Craft-U. K. etc. are typical customers, placing orders for craft items and then selling it in their countries through catalogues. In addition, through a combination of its own profits and funds raised from international groups, it offers other services such as balwadis, scholarships, and so on. In Gujarat, the Banascraft programme aims to empower the craftswomen of Banaskantha by allowing them to earn a livelihood by making handicrafts. The programme is designed to help them work for their collective benefit, to improve the socio-economic position of artisans and their families. The project started in 1989, with the formation of groups of local women into the 146 on the basis of traditional craft specialisation. Different caste and tribal groups in specific villages in the taluks (sub-districts) of Radhanpur, Santalpur, Harij, Diyodar, Tharad, and Kanakre, produce particular types of textilerelated crafts, including embroidery, mirrorwork, patchwork, weaving, and beadwork. Banascraft provides a broad, integrated range of overlapping BDS, which are divided into four broad areas for the purposes of analysis:1) Organisation and capacity building: assisting women to form village craft groups, pool financial resources, and integrate the groups into the larger Banascraft organisation; helping members access government services; and encouraging participation in appropriate government programmes. 2) Product development: helping craftswomen to use new manufacturing techniques, designs and raw materials. 3) Training: teaching and upgrading both business and technical skills to improve efficiency and commercial competitiveness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how SHARE works to empower women in underserved populations through financial and developmental programs. SHARE's mission focuses on the neglected sections of the population and provides various services that enhance their socio-economic status, aligned with the principle of microfinance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: Second, we can use very small support threshold in the mining process to avoid missing infrequent motifs. In the extreme case, setting s = 1/|P| will guarantee the completeness. Certainly, this may result in the report of many meaningless motifs. From this viewpoint, we can regard the support threshold as a parameter for controlling the trade-off between completeness and false positive. More importantly, the use of support constraint enables us to exploit a level-wise pruning strategy so as to reduce the search space. This idea has been widely used since the introduction of Apriori algorithm for association rule mining [4]. The application of this strategy to frequent motif finding is rather straightforward. For the sake of completeness, we will describe the mining procedure briefly. In this paper, we focus on the discovery of pattern-based phosphorylation motifs, e. g. , consensus sequences that consist of either conserved positions or wild positions (denoted by “. ”) that can match any animo acids. Each motif has a single phosphorylated residue, which is denoted with a underlined character (S, T or Y). We define the size of a motif as the number of conserved positions in that motif. We also call a motif of size k a k-motif. We define that one k-motif is the generalization of another motif if they have the same conserved residues at k positions. For instance, “D…S. . P” and “D. Y. S. . P” are 2-motif and 3-motif, respectively. And the first motif is a generalization of the second one. Furthermore, we use F k to denote the set of all frequent k-motifs and Z k to denote the set of all potential frequent k-motifs. To find all frequent motifs, we utilize the level-wise search strategy rooted from the Apriori algorithm [4]. More precisely, the search procedure has multiple iterations to obtain the set of all frequent motifs. In the first iteration, we scan P to count the the number of phosphorylated peptides that match each possible 1-motif. In the subsequent k th iterations, we perform the following two operations: 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges in bioinformatics, specifically mentioning the use of a very small support threshold leading to potentially many meaningless motifs. This suggests that not all biological processes can be perfectly modeled, as there are limitations and trade-offs involved, particularly regarding completeness and false positives in motif discovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이상과 같이 본 연구의 결과는 향후 우리나라 방파제의 합리적인 설계를 위한 기초자료로 활용에 기여할 것으로 판단된다. 4. 2 제언 본 연구에서는 우리나라 방파제 단면 형식 변천과 그 특징에 대해 고찰하고, 향후 장기적인 관점에서 필요한 합리적인 설계 및 관리 방안에 대해 다음과 같이 제언하고자 한다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses research related to the design and management of breakwaters in South Korea. It does not mention Europa or any potential conditions for life in its subsurface ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: 20• Increased productivity21Any productivity enhancement increases the incomes of producers/artisans/entrepreneurs, and would have a direct impact on poverty. 22• Sustainable livelihoods23BDS services improve the quality of the products, which would lead to better prices, and increased sales. Particularly in rural areas, where people are entirely dependent on seasonal agriculture, such intervention would enable a source of supplementary income either through product processing (value addition) and/or through the promotion of traditional crafts, thereby increasing the number of days employed in the year. 24• Increased income/surplus generation25While increased income does not necessarily mean surplus income (since many of the people covered live near or below the poverty line), this is one of the objectives of working with marginalised enterprises. For beneficiaries who live below the poverty line, it may not convert into surplus, but increase income. However, with sustained productivity and increasing sales, an enterprise can reach the break-even point faster. Box 2. Helping women to access information: the “telephone ladies” of in BangladeshThe experience of the “telephone ladies” of the demonstrates that it is possible to increase economic returns to poor people by changing nothing more than their access to information about market prices. provides commercial phone service in rural areas of Bangladesh through local entrepreneurs. Grameen members, mostly women, many of them illiterate, take loans to buy and operate cellular telephones, charging villagers by the minute for calls. Fifty per cent of the calls are made by poor people, mainly for economic reasons; these include checking out the current price of goods before a meeting with a purchaser, finding prices in various markets before deciding where to go to sell goods, and consulting with doctors and medicine providers. It is estimated that the phones generate real savings of between $ 2. 70 and $ 10. 00 for calls, which substitute for travel between villages and Dhaka, the capital. The telephone women are able to repay loans in a year, and they call the telephones a more reliable investment than cows. 26• Bridging demand supply gap27A key problem for SMEs is the information on demand and supply. Therefore though the skills are present, products are linked to cultural traditions alone, sold within local markets. For many, demand for their products is decreasing, as choices for consumers increase (better quality at cheaper prices). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how microfinance initiatives, like the example of the 'telephone ladies' in Bangladesh, offer financial services to marginalized groups. It illustrates that women take loans to purchase and operate cellular phones, thus providing a service that enhances their economic activity and access to market information. This aligns with the claim that microfinance aims to provide financial opportunities to underserved populations, ultimately leading to increased incomes and economic benefits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: Only the frequent motifs from F k –1 are used to generate Z k since a k-motif will not be frequent if one of its (k – 1) generalizations is infrequent. Therefore, the search space for k-motifs is reduced. An example search tree is given in Fig. 1. Figure 1An example search tree for browsing candidates in a level-wise manner. We start with an empty root node and perform width-first search. Only the nodes of frequent motifs are expanded for further checking. Full size image 2. The set P is scanned to count the support of candidates in Z k. Less frequent motifs are deleted from Z k to generate F k. We stop the search when F k is empty and return F = ∪F k as the final result. Motif-All algorithmThe Motif-All algorithm takes the support threshold s and the significance threshold θ as input to find phosphorylation motifs from two sets: a set of phosphorylated peptides P and a set of unphosphorylated peptides N. As shown in Fig. 2, it consists of the following steps:Figure 2Overview of the Motif-All algorithm. In the first step, we find frequent motifs from P to reduce the number of candidate motifs. In the second step, we perform significance test to report all over-expressed frequent motifs to the user. Full size image 1. Finding the set of all frequent motifs F from P using the level-wise search method introduced in the previous subsection. 2. Scanning the set N to calculate the log odds ratio for each motif m ∈ F. Those motifs whose p-values are no greater than θ are returned to the user. Note that the statistical evaluation of motifs can be done in various ways. Thus, we can also use other measures in Motif-All by simply replacing the log odds ratio with the new significance measure in step 2. The choice of significance evaluation measure will not change the completeness property of our algorithm. ResultsDataTo test the performance of Motif-All, we use the PhosPhAt database 3. 0 of Arabidopsis phosphorylation sites [5, 6] to construct the set of phosphorylated peptides P. Note that we only utilize unambiguous site identifications in the construction process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of bioinformatics in modeling biological processes. It mentions that the completeness property of the Motif-All algorithm is not affected by the choice of significance measures, implying there are different evaluation methods and thus some limitations when modeling might not cover all biological scenarios perfectly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 첫째, 설계조건(파고, 조위)의 상향 적용은 공사비에 지대한 영향을 미치는 등 파급효과가 크기 때문에 ⓐ 심해설계파는 정부 차원에서 일정기간(예, 5년)을 정하여 재추산하여 발표하도록 제도화 하고, ⓑ 정부에서 발표한 심해설계파는 정부에서 시행하는 사업뿐만 아니라 대안입찰이나 일괄입찰 사업의 경우에도 적용할 필요가 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Europa’s subsurface ocean and its potential for harboring life. It discusses design conditions and their impact on construction costs, without any mention of Europa, its ocean, or conditions for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Service providers such as the of have stepped in to provide fashion design advice, a credit scheme has been extended through the of India, and a market is gradually developing for consulting on export strategies, Internet technology, bulk purchasing, and product marketing for small enterprises. Conclusion33Though credit helps in increasing the income levels of the beneficiaries to a certain extent, credit alone is not enough to tap the full economic potential of the micro-enterprise sector. Sustainability is a big issue for SHGs and SMEs. From observation, it was clear that on an average hardly 10-15% of the households in a group graduate to micro-enterprise development in the poorer regions. Moreover, any new micro-enterprise takes on an average 10 years to stabilise. For all these reasons a key challenge is to complete microfinance services with a diversity of non-financial services. BDS services that take into account the demand and the supply side, marketing arrangements such as fair trade, and clusters of SMEs, are some of the strategies that might help in this direction. Notes de bas de page 145 Editor’s note: this definition, used by the Indian authorities, is based on the level of investment in plant, machinery or other fixed assets, whether held on an ownership, lease or hire purchase basis. It seeks to keep in view the socioeconomic environment in India, where capital is scarce and labour is abundant. 146 An acronym for a State government programme called Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas. of Centre for (India) Naviguer dans le livre Précédent Editors and of - Questions as to definition: what is understood by empowerment? --- Introduction --- 1. ‘Engendering’ microfinance --- 2. Relevance of microfinance and empowerment in tribal areas: a case study of the --- 3. Structural issues in empowerment under microfinance --- 4. Empowerment and microfinance: an analysis of theoretical concepts and practices – Reflections from a microfinance project in Indonesia --- 5. Historical analysis of empowerment and its present understanding in the context of microfinance --- 6. Micro enterprises of self-help groups and State policies under a neo-liberal regime: Evidences from a village in Kerala --- 7. Can microfinance empower women? --- 8. Situating microcredit in India: some reflections --- 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how credit schemes have been extended in India, indicating that microfinance is indeed offering financial services. It highlights the role of service providers stepping in to fill gaps, which implies that microfinance is a means to provide support to underserved populations. The mention of increasing income levels and the development of micro-enterprises reinforces the idea that microfinance serves financial needs within these communities.