Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: In addition, precipitation has a U-shaped relationship with the mean yield of maize at high altitudes whereas its relationship with the mean yield of sorghum becomes inverted U-shaped at low altitudes. This result is consistent with the findings of Ray et al. (2019) who report an increase in sorghum yield due to recent climate change in Sub-countries. The general implication of our findings is that climate policies need to be informed by the location and crop-specific scenarios about the impacts of climate change besides those aggregated at national or regional levels. Therefore, identification of the locations that are becoming suitable and/or unsuitable for a specific crop is crucial to provide policy input regarding the comparative advantages for alternative crops and land uses (see, e. g. , Arora et al. 2020). Furthermore, the suitability of crops to a given agro-ecology may change over time due to the changing climate. Therefore, it is necessary to keep updating the climate analyses and providing timely suggestions for policymakers to enhance agricultural productivity. There is also a need to provide the effective incentives to promote crop production in their respective climate-induced suitability areas. In this regard, agricultural policy programs, such as cluster farming, would better map crop suitability by considering future climate change and develop agro-ecological clusters instead of those based on traditional crop-growing geography. For instance, building coffee and teff clusters or commercialization centers at high altitudes can enhance climate resilience as these areas will become suitable for the two crops. Clustering farms can help not only to reduce the existing land fragmentation, but also to exploit synergies among climate adaptation practices and enhance farmers’ food security (Cholo et al. 2019; Komarek et al. 2019). 5 Concluding remarksThis paper show that climate change may create favorable conditions for certain crops at high altitudes, whereas it harms the production of other crops. These heterogeneities in the impacts of climate change on crop yields across different altitudes suggest a need to design policy strategies to incorporate crop- and location-specific potential risks and opportunities pertaining to climate change in Ethiopia. Specifically, there is a need to devise climate adaptation strategies that suits different contexts and agro-ecological settings. Furthermore, it is necessary to provide evidence-based guidance and support for farmers to switch to crops suitable for their respective agro-ecological settings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how climate change impacts crop yields, specifically highlighting that there are varying effects on different crops at different altitudes. It mentions that while climate change may create favorable conditions for certain crops at high altitudes, it can also harm the production of other crops, indicating that temperature and precipitation patterns are significant factors that influence these outcomes. The text emphasizes the necessity of location-specific analyses to inform agricultural policies based on these changes, aligning with the claim that climate change affects crop yields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: The general lack of sustained dominance of these bacterial taxa across sample types suggests that anal secretions do not universally control the carcass bacterial community to favor prevalent gut bacteria as is seen, for example, with some fungi [15]. We were unable to determine if the increase in relative abundance of certain bacterial taxa on prepared carcasses was the result of deposition by anal secretions or reduced bacterial competition. Further, it remains unknown if alterations in bacterial relative abundances are the result of carcasses being exposed to conditions of the environmental chamber for 48 hours or the effects of beetle activity, however the latter seems more likely. Additionally, the soil used in our study was sterilized prior to setting up beetle mating pairs on carcasses. In natural environmental settings, the possibility exists that soil microbes may play a role in further shaping the bacterial community of a prepared carcass. Further studies are needed to determine the influence soil microbes play in shaping these bacterial communities. Increase in abundance of specific bacterial taxa on prepared carcasses suggests they may have importance as inocula for larval digestive tracts and carcass preparation did selectively favors some adult digestive tract bacteria, such as Acinetobacter and Vitreoscilla, over others. These taxa were highly enriched on prepared carcasses and were also among the few taxa that sustained a moderate level of abundance across the sample types. This suggests that while there is no overall control of prepared carcass bacterial communities, some bacteria may be directly transmitted from adult digestive tracts to their anal secretions and ultimately onto prepared carcasses, where they have the potential to serve inocula to shape the larval gut flora. We also noted that some adult digestive tract bacteria were depleted in their anal secretions and on prepared carcasses. The antibiotic qualities of anal secretions may play a role in eliminating some, potentially nonessential, digestive tract bacteria from carcasses. For example, Clostridium (C. colinum), was dominant in the adult digestive tract (>10%), but was highly reduced in their anal secretions (~2%) and hardly detectable on prepared carcasses (<0. 01%). As C. colinum is a known contaminant of poultry, we suspect that this species was highly abundant in adult digestive tracts as a byproduct of the chicken liver fed to the beetles. Overall, these observed patterns are generally consistent with the concepts of microbial ‘seeding’ and 'weeding' of the carcass community, as has been show for N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of bacterial diversity and the influence of specific bacterial taxa in creating a balanced microbial community. It highlights that anal secretions and adult digestive tract bacteria have roles in shaping the bacterial communities on carcasses, suggesting that a diverse microbial environment is essential for proper digestion and ecological processes, which contradicts the notion that a sterile gut is healthier.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One possible explanation for this observed phenotype of RK60-5 and RKU90-3 is that the XYL1 and XYL2 genes cassette of xylose utilization pathway may have been lost during the process of evolutionary engineering. Although there was a marked reduction in specific xylose consumption rate of strains KE1-5, KE1-17 (Table 2) evolved in chemostat cultures, the xylose consumption ability was still retained. Previous study on inhibitors adaptation of xylose fermenting S. cerevisiae strain that retained xylose consumption ability even after 353 h of adaptation in carbon limited chemostat cultures [17] elucidates the importance of evolution in well controlled chemostat cultures to both retain xylose consumption and further improve inhibitor tolerance. Alternatively, the inability of RK60-5 and RKU90-3 to consume xylose (Table 2) clearly indicates that in order to keep the xylose consumption intact, evolutionary engineering for inhibitor tolerance should be performed with xylose as the limiting carbon source in repetitive batch cultures. ConclusionThe potential of evolutionary engineering is more vivid in improving a complex phenotypic trait that requires multi-gene modifications such as inhibitor tolerance. In this study, we have developed evolved S. cerevisiae strains that showed improved tolerance to inhibitors in spruce hydrolysate. Although three of the evolved strains performed relatively better, the strains evolved in the inhibitor cocktail stands alone with 50% increase in specific ethanol productivity compared to the performance by the parental strain of S. cerevisiae, TMB3400. From an economical point of view, this is an interesting feature since it reduces overall time required for fermentation. Phenotypic characteristics during the process of evolutionary engineering evidently demonstrated the importance of evolution in repetitive batch cultures and chemostat cultures to improve the maximum specific growth rate and inhibitor conversion rates, respectively. Directed evolution in presence of a comprehensive solution of inhibitor cocktail extends the tolerance limits of yeast cells towards three different inhibitor categories which were apparent from improved performance of evolved strains, even though all the strains had similar HMF conversion rates. In addition, the decrease in specific xylose consumption rates of evolved strains has highlighted the consequence of the choice of medium for evolutionary engineering. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the processes and outcomes of evolutionary engineering in yeast strains, specifically regarding xylose consumption and inhibitor tolerance. However, it does not directly address the claim that bioengineered yeast can produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on specific traits related to xylose utilization and inhibitor tolerance, making it irrelevant to the claim about biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: : 2573-458X and -in-for Manuscript 10. 4172/2573-458X. 1000148 Impact of on in Koudahe K*, and Adebola AA1and 2Department of Plant and 3Department of Agriculture, of Agriculture, Nigeria4Department of Agriculture and Environment, Center of Excellence in (), Nigeria *Corresponding Author: Koudahe K, and. Directions des Filières Végétales (DFV), : 1263 Lomé-Togo, Nigeria, Tel: +228 90817769, Email: komlankoudahe@gmail. com Received: 04-Jan-2018 Accepted Date: 08-Feb-2018 Published Date: 16-Feb-2018 DOI: 10. 4172/2573-458X. 1000148 objectives of this study were to investigate the trend in monthly and annual precipitation, minimum and maximum air temperature using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator and to evaluate the impact of precipitation and temperature variability on crop yields in southern Togo using multiple regression analysis. Monthly precipitation and temperature for four weather stations were collected from 1970 to 2014. A non-significant increasing trend in annual precipitation (P>0. 05) was noticed in Atakpamé, Lomé and Tabligbo, while Kouma-konda revealed a non-significant decreasing trend (P>0. 05). During the growing season, July had the highest precipitation (208. 7 mm) in Atakpamé, June had the highest precipitation in Lome (198. 5 mm) and Tabligbo (158. 7 mm). Amongst the locations, Kouma-konda has the highest monthly precipitation (226. 2 mm) obtained in June. There was a significant increasing trend (P<0. 0001) in Tmin and Tmax at all locations except in Kouma-konda where Tmax has decreased insignificantly. and Tabligbo, the precipitation and temperature have non-significant effect on the crop yields with very low coefficient of determination ranging from 0. 024 to 0. 107. In Kouma-konda, the increase of temperature has significant effect on maize and bean. Therefore, climate projection studies and adaptation strategies for agriculture are recommended for yield stability in locations where crops are affected by climatic variability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the impact of temperature and precipitation variability on crop yields in southern Togo. It states that there was a significant increasing trend in minimum and maximum temperatures, with temperature having a significant effect on maize and beans. It also highlights the evaluations conducted to understand how precipitation and temperature trends influence crop yields, corroborating the assertion that climate change impacts agricultural outputs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: vespilloides [18], with anal secretions playing an integral role in these processes. Other authors have also postulated that taxa of lower abundance within microbial communities can hold the potential to later become more dominant members through processes such as microbial ‘blooms’ [37], and may be important for controlling developing communities of offspring [38,39]. Further exploration is required to determine if favorable selection of particular taxa on to prepared carcasses results in the ultimate successful inoculation into larval digestive tracts. Bacterial communities within the adult digestive tracts were significantly different from those found in their anal secretions, however, there were some class-level structural similarities, particularly the high relative abundances of Clostridia and Gammaproteobacteria. Interestingly, the three most prevalent bacteria taxa in the adult digestive tract, Clostridium, unidentified Gammaproteobacteria, and Wohlfahrtiimonas, belonged to these classes and were each represented within the anal secretion bacterial communities, although at much lower relative abundances. All but one of these taxa (Wohlfahrtiimonas) were nearly undetectable on prepared carcasses, indicating that microbial seeding of carcasses is not a direct means of transmission for some of the dominant bacteria of the adult digestive tract. Similarly, a number of less prevalent taxa from the adult digestive tract were found in their anal secretions, with some of these (Tissierella, Planococcus, and Lactobacillus) being enriched for in the anal secretion bacterial communities. These bacteria, however, were typically of fairly low abundance in the adult digestive tract or on prepared carcasses, again pointing to the fact that microbial seeding may not be a successful strategy for generally transmitting all digestive tract microbiota and suggesting that at least some of the patterns seen here may be the result of random processes. Further, while the prevalence of Planococcus in the prepared carcass bacterial community may imply its importance as a ‘seeding’ population; the very low (< 1%) relative abundance of this taxon in the adult digestive tract speaks against this. We cannot, however, rule out the possibility that such taxa may be of importance in the larval gut community and later diminish in abundance as the insect matures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of microbial diversity within the digestive tract. It indicates that certain taxa, even those of lower abundance, can play a significant role in the health of microbial communities and their function, as seen in the comparison between bacterial communities in the adult digestive tracts and their anal secretions. This suggests that a diverse gut microbiota may be more beneficial than a completely sterile gut.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Since the type of inhibitors and their concentrations may vary according to the type of lignocellulosic raw materials and pretreatment methods used, our study elucidates the significance of dedicated evolutionary engineering experiments to a specific type of raw materials to develop tailor made strains that can show marked improvements. MethodsStrainsThe recombinant xylose utilizing S. cerevisiae TMB3400 [26] was used as a parental strain in the evolutionary engineering strategies. The parental strain and strains developed during the course of evolution were stored at −80°C in culture aliquots containing 20% sterile glycerol. Volumes of 100 μl from the vials were used to inoculate precultures. Spruce hydrolysateSpruce hydrolysate was provided by -Technology AB (Örnsköldsvik, Sweden) and prepared from spruce wood chips pre-treated with dilute sulfurous acid (SO2 in water) and filtered to remove the solids. The composition of the hydrolysate is presented in the Table 1. Inhibitor cocktailThe inhibitor cocktail solution used in this study contained 12 different inhibitors (Table 1). The selection of inhibitors and their concentrations for the preparation of inhibitor cocktail solution was based on the analysis of inhibitors composition in spruce hydrolysate used in this study (Table 1). Also, previously published 0. 1 M NaOH and was added to milliQ water and the pH was set to 6. 5. The rest of the components but HMF were dissolved one by one maintaining the pH at 6. 5 throughout the preparation. The inhibitor cocktail was then filter sterilized and stored at −20°C in small aliquots. HMF was directly added to the medium during the evolution process. MediaEvolution in shake flasks were carried out in minimal medium containing 20 g l-1 of glucose and xylose, respectively and enriched with salts, two folds of trace elements and vitamins according to Verduyn et al. [37]. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 6. 5 with 1 M NaOH for all shake flask cultivations. The inhibitor cocktail was added to minimal media to achieve final concentrations of 20, 40 and 60% of inhibitors concentration presented in Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels. It focuses on the methodologies and practices involved in evolutionary engineering and the preparation of an inhibitor cocktail for a specific raw material (spruce hydrolysate) without providing information on high yields of biofuels or the capabilities of yeast strains.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: : Trend analysis; Mann-Kendall test; Theil-Sen estimator; Multiple regression fed agriculture constitutes the prime sector in Togo that governs the rural economy, given its contribution to gross domestic product (GDP), employment, and food supply. It represents about 38. 8% of GDP in 2013 and 41. 7% of GDP in 2014, sustains two thirds of the population and provides more than 20% of export earnings [1]. The sector plays critical roles in the national strategy for hunger reduction and poverty alleviation. Food crops are the main agricultural economy subsector in Togo and represents 68% of the country's agricultural GDP [2]. Togolese diet is based mainly on corn (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), cassava (Manihot esculenta) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Climate is the most important factor that governs food production and causes interannual variability in socio economic and environmental systems related to the availability of water resources [3]. Climate change is referred as a change in average weather conditions or long-term variation in climate variables. According to the on (IPCC) Report (AR5), the global surface mean temperature (Tmean) rose by 0. 85°C during the 1880-2012 period, which is likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations [4]. In fact, global near-surface air temperatures have increased at a rate unequal to any other periods on record including paleo periods [5,6]. Such increases have substantial consequences on precipitation and its variability, especially drought and flood episodes in both the tropics and the subtropics [7,8]. The developing countries rely more on agriculture. They are more likely to be affected by climate change making the climate variability a developing countries issue in recent time because of its largely harmful impacts on agriculture. The main climate risks facing are combination of flooding, drought, poor distribution of rain, late rains, violent winds and coastal erosion. High population growth, deforestation, very traditional agriculture techniques and improper use of land have resulted in massive land degradation with losses of fertile soil. Today, many rural families can barely make their living from agriculture. The basic climatic elements such as precipitation and temperature show seasonal or annual fluctuations somewhat different from expected climatic conditions, which are very important to agriculture production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that 'Climate is the most important factor that governs food production' and that climate change leads to 'substantial consequences on precipitation and its variability, especially drought and flood episodes.' Additionally, it highlights how 'the basic climatic elements such as precipitation and temperature show seasonal or annual fluctuations' which are critical for agricultural production, thus supporting the assertion that climate change impacts crop yields through alterations in temperature and precipitation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Despite the fact that the overall bacterial community structure transitioned significantly from adult digestive tracts, to their anal secretions, and onto the preserved carcasses, it was changes in the relative abundances of particular bacterial taxa that primarily drove these patterns, and we did recover a core group of bacteria present in all sample types. Bacterial taxa detected in our study, such as Acinetobacter, Dysgonomonas, Myroides, Vitreoscilla, and Wohlfahrtiimonas, were among this group that previous studies have identified as being associated with Nicrophorus spp. [16,18,24–26,40]; thus, suggesting these bacteria are core members of a general Nicrophorus microbiome consortia. Many of these potential core microbes have also been isolated from digestive tracts of other insects and have previously been shown to carry out several metabolic functions that hold relevance for the concept of carcass preservation for feeding larval offspring. For example, Wohlfahrtiimonas spp. have been isolated from digestive tracts of N. vespilloides, Diptera, and the [18,25,41,42] and they are capable of breaking down a variety of amino acids, fermenting a myriad of sugars, and reducing nitrate [42,43]. Dysgonomonas spp. have been isolated from carcasses prepared by burying beetles [16] as well as in the digestive tracts of other insects [44–46], and they have the ability to degrade a variety of fatty acids. Acinetobacter spp. are capable of producing biofilms and exogenous enzymes that degrade vertebrate tissue [47], while Myroides spp. have previously been detected in the digestive tract of burying beetles and on prepared carcasses [18,23,40] and are also known to produce a variety of antibacterial substances [48,49]. Vitreoscilla spp. , which have also been found previously on carcasses prepared by burying beetles [16,24], have the capacity to metabolize toxic chemicals [50] and have genes likely involved in gastrointestinal tract colonization [51]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significance of a diverse bacterial community in the digestive tracts of Nicrophorus spp. It highlights the essential roles that various bacterial taxa play in metabolic processes and carcass preservation. The mention of specific microorganisms, such as Acinetobacter, Dysgonomonas, and Myroides, and their functions suggests that a completely sterile gut would lack these important bacterial contributions, implying that diversity is beneficial rather than detrimental.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The cultivation medium for chemostat cultures was based on minimal medium with 20 g l-1 xylose and with increasing levels, 20-50% (v/v), of spruce hydrolysate and 0. 1% (v/v) of polypropylene glycol P 2’000 from Fluka as antifoam. Glucose was added to the medium giving a final concentration of 20 g l-1 taken into account the amount of glucose already present in the hydrolysate. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5. 0 with 1 M NaOH and was supplemented with salts, two folds of trace elements and vitamins according to Verduyn et al. [37]. Anaerobic fermentations in minimal medium and spruce hydrolysate were supplemented with antifoam polypropylene glycol P 2’000 from Fluka at 0. 1 and 0. 25% (v/v), respectively, along with ergosterol and Tween 80. Ergosterol and Tween 80 were dissolved in boiling absolute ethanol and were added to the medium to a final concentration of 0. 01 g l-1 and 0. 42 g l-1, respectively. Three different agar plates 75 and YP-hydrolysate were used for screening strains. All the three plates contained 10 g l-1 yeast extract, 20 g l-1 peptone and 20 g l-1 agar. In addition, YPX plate was supplemented with 20 g l-1 xylose and YPD75 plate was supplemented with 20 g l-1 glucose and 75% of inhibitors concentration (inhibitor cocktail) in Table 1, whereas, in YP- hydrolysate plate yeast extract, peptone and agar were dissolved in spruce hydrolysate. UV mutagenesisThe cell samples stored at −80°C were retrieved and diluted with sterile milliQ water to read an OD650 of 0. 1 and a volume of 100 μl was spread on three YP-hydrolysate plates. The three plates were subjected to high intensity UV radiation at 302nm from a UV transilluminator TMF26V from UVP for 30, 60 and 90 seconds, respectively and incubated at 30°C until colonies were formed. One colony per plate was taken for further evolutionary engineering. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the cultivation medium and experimental setup for yeast cultures without providing specific information about bioengineered yeast and its capacity for biofuel production from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: Precipitation fluctuation has significant long and short term impacts on natural resources particularly forests, lakes, wetlands and rivers. Regardless of the presence of surface and groundwater resources, the low precipitation over the growing season seriously affects the region's agricultural activities that lead to food insecurity. In Togo, the analysis of farmers’ perception to climate change by revealed that farmers perceived high increase in temperature [9]. Some studies in Togo revealed a rainfall deficit since 1970 [10-15]. Sogbedji [16] also found that the decrease in seasonal rainfall amount represents a serious threat to maize growth during the second growing season. Poudel and Shaw [17] used multiple regression analysis to determine the relationship between climate variables such precipitation and temperature on crop yields in Nepal. Regression models based on historical yield data and climate data are relatively accurate for the prediction of changes in the yield due to climate change [18]. To analyse the effects of climatic variables on crop production in Patigi, Nigeria, Tunde [19] used the correlation and regressions analyses and concluded that the climatic variables such as precipitation and temperature have impact to certain limit on the selected crop yield. Adamgbe and Ujoh in Nigeria reported that rainy days and rainfall amount had strong positive relationship with maize yield [20] (r=0. 747 and r=0. 599, respectively). Several other studies have discussed long-term linear tendencies of climate variables such as precipitation, temperature and others climatic parameters [3,21-25]. However, modest information data between climatic variables and crop yields exists on Togo, particularly in southern Togo which plays an important role in Togo’s economy. The objective of this study was (i) to investigate the change in precipitation and temperature, (ii) evaluate the impact of climatic variability on crop yields. The results of this study will help different actors such as farmers, universities, crop consultants, NGO, hydrologist, and environmentalists to develop and adopt adaptation strategies for agriculture development and sustainable environment. Materials and description and data collection Togo is a small nation with estimated population of about 6,191,155 inhabitants [26]. It borders in the south by Atlantic Ocean; Ghana lies to the west; Benin to the east; and the north of Togo is bound by Burkina Faso. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the significant impact of climatic variables, particularly temperature and precipitation, on crop yields. It mentions that farmers perceive an increase in temperature and a rainfall deficit, leading to agricultural challenges and food insecurity in Togo. Furthermore, it cites studies that utilize regression analysis to demonstrate the relationship between climate variables (precipitation and temperature) and crop yields in various regions including Togo and Nepal. The text outlines the objective of studying the effects of climatic variability on crop yields, which directly supports the claim regarding the effects of climate change on agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Taken together, these data suggest roles for these potential core microbiota in eliminating microbial competitors for carcass preservation, facilitating nutrient acquisition for developing larvae through the breakdown of animal tissue, detoxifying the carcass environment, and even in assisting with re-introduction of core bacteria into the larval digestive tract. The major shifts in microbial community structure observed in our study are perhaps not surprising given the highly variable conditions that bacteria in these populations experience as they transition from the adult gut, to the anal secretions, and on to the prepared carcass. Interestingly, with Nicrophorus a number of core microbiota do manage to persist despite the ecological instability inherent in this transmission process. This highlights the potential of niche adaptability for these core species, and further suggest a mechanism of bacterial selection based on the antimicrobial properties of the anal secretions, which likely provides a competitive advantage for these microbes to transition onto the carcass. Such a process would ultimately enhance the transmission probability of core microbiome members from adult beetles to their larval offspring, and similar modes of vertical transition are known for other insects, such as Lepidoptera [52]. The results of our study suggest that while transmission of endogenous microbiota by N. defodiens via anal secretions may not be a universally controlled process, for the bacterial communities that ultimately populate the prepared carcass there is selection both for core microbiota and against some exogenous microbes. These finding are consistent with concepts proposed by other authors [18], and suggest anal secretions used in carcass preservation are integral to a vertical transmission scheme for a niche-adapted core of bacterial species. ConclusionsIn this study, we sought to evaluate the potential for anal secretions of N. defodiens to structure the prepared carcass community via transmittance of bacterial taxa from adult beetle digestive tracts to carcasses, where they could also serve as inocula to later influence the gut communities of larval offspring. We found that preparation had a significant effect on the diversity and structure of the carcass bacterial communities when compared to those of the unprepared carcass. While communities of adult digestive tracts, the anal secretions, and prepared carcasses all supported bacterial populations that differed significantly in their structure, we did find evidence supporting the process of microbial ‘seeding’ and ‘weeding’ for N. defodiens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the importance of microbial diversity. It explains that certain core microbiota persist despite adverse conditions, suggesting that a diverse microbial community, such as that supported by anal secretions in carcasses, plays a critical role in microbial transmission and community structure. This implies that a sterile gut may lack these essential microbial interactions, undermining the claim that sterility is healthier.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Cultivation conditionsEvolutionary engineering in repetitive batch culturesEvolutionary engineering in repetitive batch cultures were carried out in 100 ml shake flasks with a working volume of 50 ml. The cultures were inoculated to an initail OD650 of 0. 01, incubated at 30°C on an orbital shaker at 180 rpm. Samples were frequently withdrawn for measurement of OD650 and analysis of extracellular metabolites. The presence of glucose during the cultivation was monitored using glucose test strips (keto-diabur-test 5000 from Roche) and the cells were serially transferred to subsequent shake flasks at 8 to 12 h after the depletion of glucose. Possible contamination of the cultivation was checked by ocular inspection in microscope. Cell samples during the evolution that usually contain mixed cultures were withdrawn periodically and stored in glycerol vials for further evaluation. Evolutionary engineering in continuous culturesThe directed evolution in chemostat culture was performed in a 1 l fermenter () with 740 ml working volume (measured at the end of the cultivation) determined by having the outlet pumping fixed at a certain height in the vessel. The conditions of the cultivation were controlled at a temperature of 30°C, a pH of 5. 0 with 2M NaOH, and a stirrer speed at 350 rpm and with both gas in- and outlets open to the atmosphere. The culture was run for 60 days and samples for measurements of OD650 and extracellular metabolites were taken regularly. Possible contamination of the cultivation was checked by ocular inspection in microscope. Cell samples during the evolution that usually contain mixed cultures were withdrawn periodically and stored in glycerol vials for further evaluation. Anaerobic fermentationAnaerobic fermentations were carried out in 4 l fermenters (Belach Bioteknik, Sweden) with a working volume of 2 l and the anaerobic condition was maintained by flushing N2 at flow rate of 0. 4 l min-1. The pH was maintained at 5. 0 by automatic addition of 2 M NaOH and the temperature at 30°C. The stirrer speed was 500 rpm in minimal medium and set to 400 rpm for fermentation of spruce hydrolysate due to excessive foam formation. Precultures for fermentation were inoculated from glycerol vials containing mixed cultures and grown in minimal medium with 20 g l-1 of glucose and xylose respectively, in shake flasks until the late exponential phase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it describes the cultivation conditions and processes involved in evolutionary engineering and fermentation of yeast but does not mention bioengineering for biofuel production from sugars. It provides detailed methodologies but lacks direct evidence or discussion regarding the capability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: It should be noted that the Mann-Kendall test is a statistical test widely used for the analysis of trend in climatologic [30,31] and hydrologic time series [32,33]. There are two advantages of using this test: it is a nonparametric test and does not require the data to be normally distributed and the test has low sensitivity to abrupt breaks due to inhomogeneous time series [34]. According to this test, the null hypothesis (H0) assumes that there is no trend (the data is independent and randomly ordered) and this is tested against the alternative hypothesis (H1), which assumes that there is a trend. The Mann-Kendall test statistic S is given as follows: where xi is the data value at time i, n is the length of the dataset and sign (xi-xj) is the sign function which can be computed as: For n>10, the test statistic Z approximately follows a standard normal distribution: in which Var(S) is the variance of statistic S. A positive value of Z indicates that there is an increasing trend, and a negative value indicates a decreasing trend. The null hypothesis, Ho, that there is no trend in the records is either accepted or rejected depending on whether the computed Z statistics is less than or more than the critical value of Z statistics obtained from the normal distribution table [35]. The Theil-Sen estimator (TSE) is an unbiased estimator of the true slope in simple linear regression [36]. If there is a trend in the data, the magnitude of the change in any variable can be denoted by trend slope ß [36,37]: where xi and xj are data values at time ti and tj (i> j), respectively. Linear regression Linear regression analysis was applied for analyzing trends in the time series. The main statistical parameter drawn from regression analysis is the slope that indicates the mean temporal change in the variable under study. Positive values of the slope show increasing trends. The coefficient of determination R square drawn from regression analysis is also used. The total change during a decade was obtained by multiplying the slope by 10 years [34]. Impact of variation in climatic variables on crop yields The precipitation and temperature data were tested against crop yields in southern part of Togo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly mentioning that precipitation and temperature data were tested against crop yields in the southern part of Togo. This indicates a direct analysis of how changes in these climatic variables, which are influenced by climate change, impact crop yields.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Dysgonomonas termitidis sp. nov. , isolated from the gut of the subterranean termite Reticulitermes speratus. Microbiol. 2014;65(Pt 2): 681–685. pmid:25428419 View 45. Yang Y-J, Zhang N, Ji S-Q, Lan X, Zhang K-D, Shen Y-L, et al. Dysgonomonas macrotermitis sp. nov. , isolated from the hindgut of a fungus-growing termite. Microbiol. 2014;64(Pt 9): 2956–2961. pmid:24899656 View 46. Dysgonomonas alginatilytica sp. nov. , an alginate-degrading bacterium isolated from a microbial consortium. Microbiol. 2015;65(10): 3570–3575. pmid:26297040 View 47. Bergogne-Bérézin E, Towner KJ. Acinetobacter spp. as nosocomial pathogens: microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological features. Rev. 1996;9(2): 148–165. pmid:8964033 View 48. . Chromosome-Encoded -Lactamases TUS-1 and MUS-1 from Myroides odoratus and Myroides odoratimimus (odoratum), of the lineage of molecular subclass B1 metalloenzymes. Chemother. 2002;46(11): 3561–3567. pmid:12384365 View 49. . Antibacterial activities of multi drug resistant Myroides odoratimimus bacteria isolated from adult flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) are independent of metallo beta-lactamase gene. Microbiol. 2008;39(2): 397–404. pmid:24031236 View 50. . The biochemistry of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin. Biotechnol J. 2012;3(4). View 51. . Potential probiotic Escherichia coli 16 harboring the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene improves gastrointestinal tract colonization and ameliorates carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Int. 2014;213574. pmid:25050329 View 52. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily a collection of microbiological studies and does not address the health implications of having a completely sterile gut versus one with diverse bacteria. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The fermentation of minimal medium and spruce hydrolysate was initiated by inoculating to an initial OD650 of 0. 01 and 0. 05, respectively. Drop testCells in frozen glycerol vials that contained mixed cultures were thawed and diluted with sterile milliQ water to read an OD650 of 1. 0. Six ten-fold serial dilutions were made and a volume of 10 μl of each dilution was placed on 75 and YP-hydrolysate plates. The plates were incubated at 30°C for at least two days and evaluated by visual inspection. Analysis of metabolites and cell dry weightSamples for extracellular metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using Aminex HPX-87H column with 30 x 4. 6 mm Cation-H Biorad micro-guard column maintained at 45°C. 5 mM H2SO4 was used as an eluent at a flow rate of 0. 6 ml min-1. Glucose, xylose, xylitol, acetic acid, glycerol, and ethanol were detected using RI detector maintained at 35°C and HMF, furfural, vanillin and syringaldehyde were detected using UV detector at 210 nm. The sugars in spruce hydrolysate and samples from chemostat cultures were analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography using 4 x 250 mm Dionex CarboPac PA1 column with 4 x50 mm guard column maintained at 30°C. Eluent A: 300 mM NaOH, eluent B: 100 mM NaOH+85 mM sodium acetate were used for elution at a flow rate of 1 ml min-1. Monosaccharides including arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and mannose were detected using pulsed amperometric detector. Optical density (OD) and cell dry weight were used as an estimate of cell concentration. OD was measured at 650 nm using the cell free medium at the point of sampling as background. Cell dry weight was determined in duplicates by filtering 5–10 ml of culture through a pre-weighed 0. 45μm hydrophilic polyethersulfonate filter (Biotech, Germany). After removal of medium the filters were washed with milliQ water and dried in microwave at 125W for 15 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed account of fermentation methods and analyses conducted on various sugar sources, including spruce hydrolysate, but it does not specifically mention bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that bioengineered yeast can be designed for this purpose.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: Yield records of 5 major crops commonly grown in southern of Togo was collected at the Ministry of agriculture, livestock and hydraulic from 1990 to 2014. Lome is not an agriculture production area so; no yield record has been obtained. The crops for which data are available are maize, rice, cassava, cowpea and groundnut. Amongst these crops, only rice is irrigated in southern Togo. Multiple regression analysis was carried out on the crop yield using growing season precipitation and temperature values covering 1990 to 2014 period. analysis software STATA was used to perform the Student t-test. This had enabled the possible determination of relationships between the precipitation, temperature and crop yield in southern of Togo. When the probability associated with t-student is less than 5%, then the independent variable has a significant influence or contributes to the variation in crop yield. The equation associated with the change in yield as a function of precipitation and temperature is: γ =C + aT + bT +∈ Where γ is the yield (kg), a temperature-related coefficient, T temperature data (°C), b precipitation coefficient, P the precipitation data (mm) and ε error term or other variables which have an influence on the yields, C the constant. Results and in climatic variables Trend in annual precipitation: Figure 2 presented the time series annual precipitation. Annual precipitation varied with location and ranged from a maximum of 2344 mm registered in 1985 at Koumakonda to a minimum of 423 mm at Lomé in 2000. Annual precipitation had relatively low coefficient of determination R2 with years ranging from 0. 000 at Kouma-konda to 0. 036 at Tabligbo (Figure 2) indicating inter-annual variability in total precipitation. At Kouma-konda, annual precipitation varied from 618. 6 to 2344. 4 mm with the 1970-2014 annual mean precipitation of 1597 mm. A non-significant decreasing trend (P>0. 05) in annual precipitation was noted in Kouma-konda (Table 2). Annual precipitation at Atakpamé varied from 767. 3 mm in 1977 to 1850. 1 mm in 2009 and insignificantly increased in time (P>0. 05). Long term annual mean in Atakpamé was 1397. Annual precipitation at Lomé fell within the range of 423. 9-1416. 7 mm at an average 829 mm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing a study that examined the relationships between temperature, precipitation, and crop yields in southern Togo. It specifically mentions the use of multiple regression analysis to determine how these climatic variables influence crop yield, providing evidence of the impact of changes in precipitation and temperature on agricultural productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractWe report on aerobic “environmental” bacteria isolated from European honey bees (Apis mellifera). We determined the number of culturable aerobic bacteria in the gut of nurse bees sampled from locations around Australia. Bees from healthy colonies had 107–108 aerobic bacteria per g of bee gut, while bees from colonies with chalkbrood consistently had significantly fewer bacteria (104–105 bacteria per g). When colonies recovered from chalkbrood, bacterial numbers returned to normal levels, suggesting that counting aerobic bacteria in the gut could be used to predict an outbreak of the disease. Furthermore, bees from the “Better Bees” program (bred to promote hygienic behaviour) had significantly higher numbers of aerobic gut bacteria compared to regular bees from healthy colonies. Bacteria with the ability to inhibit the chalkbrood pathogen were found in most bees from regular colonies (> 60%) but only in a few “Better Bees” (10%). Phylogenetic analysis of aerobic bacterial isolates that inhibited the chalkbrood pathogen revealed a close relationship (>97% sequence identity) to the genera Bacillus, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Hafnia, and Enterobacter (bacteria that have previously been isolated from honey bees), but we also isolated Maccrococcus and Frigoribacterium species (bacteria that were not previously identified in bees). Finally, we investigated the ability of bacteria to inhibit the chalkbrood fungus Ascosphaera apis. Mass spectroscopy analysis revealed that the bee gut isolates Frigoribacterium sp. and Bacillus senegalensis produce gluconic acid. We further found that this simple sugar is involved in chalkbrood fungal hyphal lysis and cytoplasmic leakage. Our findings suggest that “environmental” gut bacteria may help bees to control the chalkbrood pathogen. Citation: (2020) Environmental gut bacteria in European honey bees (Apis mellifera) from Australia and their relationship to the chalkbrood disease. 15(8): e0238252. : April 3, 2020; Accepted: August 12, 2020; Published: August 28, 2020Copyright: © 2020 Khan et al. This is an open access 9. 0 [32]. The Mann-(Wilcoxon rank-sum) test for non-parametric analysis was used to compare different samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that diverse aerobic bacteria in the gut of honey bees have a significant role in health, particularly in controlling the chalkbrood pathogen. It reports that bees from healthy colonies had a high count of aerobic bacteria, while those with chalkbrood had significantly fewer. This implies that a diverse gut microbiome is beneficial for health rather than a completely sterile gut.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The filters were kept in a desiccator over night before they were weighed again. All yields and rates were calculated in the exponential phase identified by natural logarithm of cell dry weight or OD650 and culture time. The lag phase time was calculated from the point of intersection of lag phase and exponential phase in a plot of natural logarithm of OD650 and culture time. Enzyme activitiesXR and XDH assays were perfomed in 96-well microtiter plates with a FLUmulti-mode microplate reader (). Culture aliquots stored at −80°C were used to inoculate minimal medium containing 20 g l-1 glucose and xylose, respectively in shake flasks. The concentration of salts, trace elements and vitamins were exactly the same as used in the medium for evolutionary engineering in shake flasks. Cells were harvested in xylose phase (10 h after glucose was consumed), washed twice with water and resuspended in disintegration buffer, 0. 1 M triethanolamine buffer (pH 7. 0), containing 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 0. 5 mM dithiothreitol, and 0. 5 mM EDTA and glass beads. The suspension was vortexed in FastPrep-24 instrument (MP Biomedicals, France) for 20 s and kept in ice for 2 min and this cycle was repeated for six times. Later, the suspension was centrifuged at 20,000 g, 5 min, 4°C and the supernatant was used for enzymatic assays. The total protein concentration was determined using Bio-Rad protein assay dye reagent (Bio-Rad laboratories, US) with bovine serum albumin as standard. XR and XDH activity were measured as previously described in [23]. Experiments were performed in duplicates of three different concentrations of cell extract. Specific activities are expressed as units per milligram of protein. Units are defined as micromoles of NADPH oxidized or NAD+ reduced per minute. Nomenclature of evolved cellsCells evolved in shake flasks were named accordingly as follows, RK_% inhibitor cocktail_round of cultivation, for instance, strain RK40-3 was evolved in 40% inhibitor cocktail for three rounds of cultivation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It mainly discusses experimental procedures, enzyme assays, and specifics of cell cultivation without addressing biofuel production or the capability of yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: A nonsignificant increase (P>0. 05) in annual precipitation was noticed at Lomé. At Tabligbo, mean annual precipitation varied from 674 mm (1977) to 1341. 5 mm (1999) and averaged 902 mm and has insignificantly increased (P>0. 05) (Table 2). Precipitation in Lomé was found to have increased (11 mm/year) more than the other stations such as Atakpamé (2. 62 mm/year) and Tabligbo (2. 53 mm/year). Our results confirmed the findings of Amouzou et al. [15] who reported an increase of precipitation by 20% from 2001 to 2010. On the other hand, Djaman and Ganyo [33] revealed a slight decrease of precipitation from 1961 to 2011 at Tabligbo and Lomé. This is an evidence of uneven distribution of precipitation in the study location which is of great importance for farmers because more than 70% of the population relies on agriculture [1]. Figure 2: Annual mean precipitation at four meteorological stations in southern Togo during the 1970-2014 periods. year Last year n Z Significance Sen’s slope estimate Precipitation(mm) Atakpamé 1970 2014 45 1397 0. 6 n. s. 2. 17 Kouma-konda 1970 2014 45 1597 -0. 34 n. s. -1. 3 Lomé 1970 2014 45 829 0. 95 n. s. 2. 33 Tabligbo 1971 2014 44 902 1. 1 n. s. 2. 26 Maximum temperature (°C) Atakpamé 1971 2014 44 31. 5 6. 04 *** 0. 034 Kouma-konda 1971 2014 44 28. 9 -0. 46 n. s. -0. 003 Lomé 1971 2014 44 31. 3 5. 99 *** 0. 04 Tabligbo 1971 2014 44 32. 9 5. 18 *** 0. 036 Minimum temperature (°C) Atakpamé 1971 2014 44 21. 5 6. 39 *** 0. 027 Kouma-konda 1971 2014 44 20 5. 42 *** 0. 035 Lomé 1971 2014 44 23. 9 6. 26 *** 0. 048 Tabligbo 1971 2014 44 22. 6 5. 17 *** 0. 029 n. s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing observations that show variations in precipitation and temperature, which are critical factors influencing agricultural productivity. It notes an increase in precipitation in Lomé and identifies the reliance of over 70% of the local population on agriculture, indicating the direct relationship between climatic changes and crop yields in the study area.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: The results confirm our earlier findings that bees from chalkbrood-infected colonies contained fewer bacteria than bees from colonies that did not display any signs of the disease. Interestingly, the disappearance of the chalkbrood disease largely coincided with a recovery in bacterial numbers, even if aerobic bacterial numbers in the gut of bees from colonies that had just recovered from chalkbrood were slightly lower compared with bees from healthy colonies without a (recent) history of chalkbrood. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Aerobic gut bacterial numbers (CFU/g) in nurse bees from healthy hives (n = 10), chalkbrood-infected hives (n = 10), and chalkbrood-infected hives 21 weeks after the disappearance of disease signs (recovered; n = 10). All bees were collected from a single apiary in Wales. The differences between all groups are statistically significant (P < 0. 001). Error bars represent the SEM with a 5% least significant difference (LSD) level of 1. 095. results inspired us to analyze bees from the “Better Bees” program. The “Better Bees” were bred for enhanced activity and improved hygienic behavior [41]. We compared aerobic bacterial bee gut counts from 10 healthy “Better Bee” colonies in with normal bee colonies from the same area. The results show that bees from the “Better Bees” program had significantly more aerobic gut bacteria than bees from regular bee colonies (i. e. ,108. 5–109 bacteria vs 107–108 bacteria per g, respectively; P = 0. 002; Fig 4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Aerobic gut bacterial numbers (CFU/g) in healthy nurse bees from “Better Bee” colonies (n = 10) and bees from regular breeding colonies (n = 10). All bees were collected from apiaries in Western Australia. The difference between the two groups is statistically significant (P = 0. 002). Error bars represent the SEM with a 5% least significant difference (LSD) level of 0. 562. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting results indicating that bees from the 'Better Bees' program had significantly more aerobic gut bacteria than those from regular bee colonies, suggesting that a diverse gut microbiome may be advantageous. The findings emphasize that the recovery of bacterial numbers coincided with a decrease in disease signs, implying that a less sterile gut may support better health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For the cells that were exposed to UV were named accordingly as follows, RKU_seconds of UV exposure_cycle of cultivation in 60% inhibitor cocktail, for instance, RKU90-3 was exposed to UV for 90 seconds and evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail for three rounds of cultivation. Cells evolved in chemostat were named as follows, KE1_no. of. isolates, for instance, KE1-5 was the 5th isolate of evolution in the chemostat culture. AbbreviationsHMF: 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde XR: Xylose reductase XDH: Xylitol dehydrogenase XYL1 and XYL2: Genes encoding for xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, respectively ADH: Aldehyde dehydrogenase PGK: Phosphoglycerate kinase HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography HPAEC: High performance anion exchange chromatography UV: Ultraviolet YPD: Yeast peptone dextrose YPD75: YP-hydrolysate: agar plates with inhibitors and spruce hydrolysate, respectively. 485. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 2008. 02422. x755. 10. 1007/s002530051586487. 10. 1016/S0167-7799(99)01384-026. 10. 1007/s00253-004-1642-215. 11. 10. 1016/S0960-8524(01)00212-74665. 10. 1021/ie970083133. CAS 349. 10. 1002/jctb. 1676318. 10. 1016/0141-0229(88)90135-4159. CAS 55. 10. 1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19990405)63:1<46::AID-BIT5>3. 0. CO;2-J632. 103. 560. 10. 1021/bp00029a017320. 10. 1006/jtbi. 1995. 00641773. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2006. 07. 021460. 10. 1385/ABAB:121:1-3:0451395. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast and biofuel production. It discusses various technical terms and methodologies related to UV exposure and cultivation of yeast cells but lacks any reference to bioengineered yeast or their capability to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: : Non-Significant ***Significant: 0. 1% Table 2: Summary of the Mann-Kendall trend test in annual precipitation and annual minimum and maximum monthly temperature. Trend in monthly precipitation during the growing season: The growing period is April to October in Togo. The trend in monthly precipitation during the growing season in Atakpame, Kouma-konda, Lome and Tabligbo is presented in Table 3. The results revealed an increasing trend of precipitation in all the growing season at Atakpame, Lome and Tabligbo except in June and September respectively in Lomé and Tabligbo where a decreasing trend was noticed but not statistically significant (P>0. 05). During the growing season in Kouma-konda, only the month of May and October revealed an increasing trend, the other months such as April, June to September denoted a decreasing trend. Amongst the four (4) locations, only Kouma-kona showed a decreased in seasonal precipitation, the other station denoted a slight increase in seasonal precipitation. During the growing season July had the highest precipitation with 208. 7 mm in Atakpamé, June had the highest precipitation in Lome and Tabligbo with respectively 198. 5 mm and 158. 7 mm. Our result confirmed the findings of by Amouzou et al. [15] and Koudahe et al. [38] that June is the wettest month in Lome and Tabligbo. Amongst the four (4) locations, Kouma-konda has the highest monthly precipitation with 226. 2 mm obtained in June. Atakpamé Kouma-konda Lomé Mean Sen’s slope Sen’s slope Sen’s slope Sen’s slope January 6. 6 0. 00 n. s 23. 5 0. 00 n. s 11. 4 0. 00 n. s 7. 5 0. 00 n. s February 23. 6 -0. 07 n. s 52. 5 0. 47 n. s 21. 9 0. 00 n. s 31. 0 -0. 34 n. s March 76. 1 -1. 64 * 117. 9 -1. 74 * 55. 7 0. 13 n. s 96. 1 -0. 05 n. s April 125. 2 0. 17 n. s 153. 0 -0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing trends in monthly precipitation during the growing season, indicating how seasonal precipitation patterns are changing in different locations in Togo, which is a critical factor for crop yield. The findings support the idea that climate change impacts precipitation patterns, thereby influencing agricultural productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 8. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequences (cluster I; Bacillus strains). Complementary DNA was amplified from aerobic bacteria isolated from the gut of nurse bees (Apis millifera) from Australia, sequenced, and sequences were aligned using the Transform (MAFFT). A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was generated using PhyML3. 0 and the general time reversible (GTR) evolutionary model. Bootstrap values detected for 100 replicates are shown near the nodes. The scale bar represents the change in nucleotides of the sequence (i. e. , genetic variation for the length of scale). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 9. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequences (cluster II; enteric bacteria). Complementary DNA was amplified from aerobic bacteria isolated from the gut of nurse bees (Apis millifera) from Australia, sequenced, and sequences were aligned using the Transform (MAFFT). A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was generated using PhyML3. 0 and the general time reversible (GTR) evolutionary model. Bootstrap values detected for 100 replicates are shown near the nodes. The scale bar represents the change in nucleotides of the sequence (i. e. , genetic variation for the length of scale). Discussionhoney bee gut has a well-defined “core” microbiome that contains bacteria from only a few (i. e. , less than 10) phylotypes [44, 45]. According to metagenomic studies Gilliamella, Snodgrassella, and Lactobacillus ssp. were the most frequently found species in worker bees; Bifidobacterium, Frischella, Bartonella, Parasaccharibacter, and Gluconobacter were less frequently found, but these genera are still regarded as part of the “core” microbiome [17, 21–25, 44, 45]. These mostly anaerobic, facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic bacteria have co-evolved with the honey bee host [44], and their presence is considered to be important for honey bee health [46]. The bacteria in the honey bee gut play important roles in digestion (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the presence of a diverse microbiome, specifically in honey bee guts, is important for their health. It mentions a 'core' microbiome consisting of specific phylotypes that are essential for digestive health, indicating that diversity in gut bacteria contributes positively rather than a completely sterile gut being healthier.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Low temperature lignocellulose pretreatment: effects and interactions of pretreatment pH are critical for maximizing enzymatic monosaccharide yields from wheat straw access Published: 13 May 2011 Low temperature lignocellulose pretreatment: effects and interactions of pretreatment pH are critical for maximizing enzymatic monosaccharide yields from wheat straw Mads Pedersen1, Johansen2 & Meyer1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 0. 30 respectively 0. 70 g/kg dry original matter wheat straw (only traces of these inhibitors were found at samples pretreated at pH 1). Regarding acetic acid, samples pretreated at pH 1 and pH 13 never exceeded 20 g/kg dry original matter wheat straw. Response interactionsComparison of the interactions between the responses revealed the existence of several positive correlations between the enzymatically-released glucose and xylose in the different, pretreated wheat fractions (Figure 2). A plot of the glucose release versus the xylose release from the enzymatically hydrolyzed liquid fractions (Figure 2, open blue triangles and open red squares), showed that with a release of 10 g glucose/kg dry matter starting material, the xylose release might range from practically no release to about 80% of the theoretically maximal xylose release (Figure 2). That is, the enzymatic glucose solubilization only seemed slightly positively affected (if at all) by increased solubilization of hemicellulose during pretreatment. In contrast, the enzymatic release of glucose from the solid fractions seemed strongly positively affected by the simultaneous xylose release from the solid fraction, and this was the case after both acidic and alkaline pretreatments, but was particularly pronounced for the alkaline pretreatment (Figure 2, filled green triangles and filled red squares). For the solid wheat fraction, it thus seemed that the increased enzymatic xylose release increased the enzymatic glucose release, or vice versa. Figure 2Enzymatic glucose release as a response to total enzymatic xylose release. Open blue triangles = liquid fractions for acidic, open red squares = liquid fractions for alkaline, filled green triangles = solid fractions for acidic, filled red squares = solid fractions for alkaline. All releases in g/kg originally dry matter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of low temperature lignocellulose pretreatment on enzymatic monosaccharide yields from wheat straw. It does not mention bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels, nor does it provide any information that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: Annual average Tmax varied from 30 to 32°C at Atakpamé and Lomé and varied from 28 to 30°C at Kouma-konda, from 31 to 34°C at Tabligbo. The average Tmax is 31. 5, 28. 9, 31. 3 and 32. 9°C, respectively Atakpamé, Kouma-konda, Lomé and Tabligbo (Figure 4). There was significant increasing trend (P<0. 0001) in Tmin and Tmax at all stations during the period 1971 to 2014 except Kouma-konda where Tmax exhibited a nonsignificant decreasing trend (P>0. 05). Tmin increased by 0. 3, 0. 5 and 0. 3°C per decade at Atakpamé, Lomé and Tabligbo, respectively. Tmax increased by 0. 3, 0. 4 and 0. 4°C per decade at Atakpamé, Lomé and Tabligbo respectively. Some studies [15,38] indicated also an increase of temperature in these locations. In Kouma-konda, Tmin rose by 0. 4°C and Tmax decreased by 0. 3 per decade. It is found that minimum temperature increased faster than maximum temperature in southern Togo (Table 4). The same result was obtained in Senegal by Djaman et al. [3] who revealed that Tmin increased more rapidly than Tmax (0. 4 vs. 0. 2°C decade-1) at Podor and (0. 8 vs. 0. 4°C decade-1) at from 1950-2000. The same result was also obtained by Easterling [39] and Caesar et al. [40]. Our results are consistent with Vose et al. [41] who reported that Tmin increased more rapidly than Tmax (0. 204 vs. 0. 14°C decade-1) from 1950 to 2004. It is also found that amongst study stations, the coastal area (Lomé) had the highest increase in annual Tmin and Tmax with Sen’s slope 0. 048, 0. 040, respectively. The increasing of temperature in southern Togo is not surprising but it only proves that global warming revealed for the whole world by Vose et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the trends in temperature (Tmin and Tmax) over time in southern Togo, indicating significant increases in temperature. It notes that 'Tmin increased by 0.3, 0.5 and 0.3°C per decade' and mentions that 'Tmax increased by 0.3, 0.4 and 0.4°C per decade.' These observations suggest that climate change is resulting in altered temperature patterns, which are likely to impact agricultural yields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: , carbohydrate utilization), nutrition, weight gain, preservation of pollen, disease resistance, pheromone production, reproduction, endocrine signaling, immune function, and honey production [17–19, 47]. Furthermore, gut bacteria have the ability to inhibit pathogens, such as the chalkbrood fungus [20]. Like bacteria in the human intestine, most bee bacteria are found in the distal part of the gut where most occupy specific niches [17]. Bees exchange gut bacteria with other bees of the same colony through social interactions [28, 48]. It is likely that, as with humans, changes to the bee gut microbiota can lead to a reduced host fitness [49]. The gut microbiota in bees from Australia has not been extensively tested, with a notable exception of a recent study that investigated the microbiome composition in European honey bees and stingless bees (tribe Meliponini) from Queensland [45]. We isolated and characterized aerobic gut bacteria from European honey bees (nurse bees) that were collected from healthy hives, chalkbrood-infested hives and from hives that had recently recovered from chalkbrood. We also surveyed honey bees that were especially bred for enhanced hygienic behavior [41]. In the Australian late spring, summer and early autumn, bees from healthy colonies had 107–108 aerobic bacteria per g of bee gut (counted using TSA, a general purpose, non-selective medium for the cultivation and isolation of fastidious and non-fastidious bacteria; TSA has been noted as useful for this purpose [50]). Colonies with signs of the chalkbrood disease (from the same apiary) had significantly fewer aerobic bee gut bacteria (104–105 bacteria per g) than bees from healthy colonies. We also followed bacterial numbers in chalkbrood-diseased colonies over time, which revealed that bacterial numbers recovered when a colony no longer showed signs of chalkbrood. This observation establishes a direct correlation between the number of culturable aerobic bacteria in the gut of individual nurse bees and the health status of a colony. The decrease in aerobic gut bacterial numbers of bees from chalkbrood-infected colonies could be due to homeostatic imbalances caused by the presence of the chalkbrood fungus, i. e. , metabolic changes due to chalkbrood infection may create conditions that no longer support large bacterial numbers and a diverse microbial flora. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the diversity of gut bacteria is linked to the health status of bees. It shows that colonies with fewer aerobic gut bacteria, which indicates less diversity, had signs of chalkbrood disease, while healthier colonies maintained a higher number of bacterial count. This suggests that a diverse gut microbiota is important for the health of the host, opposing the notion that a completely sterile gut would be healthier.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Full size imageTo explain the correlated glucose-xylose release, the total glucose and the total xylose releases were plotted against the pH obtained after pretreatment (final pH) in the factorial designs (Figure 3). The enzymatic xylose release appeared to be unaffected by the final pH, when this pH ranged from pH 3-10, but was strongly affected at the highest and lowest pH values (Figure 3, filled red squares). That is, the more extreme the final pH levels after pretreatment, the more xylose was subsequently released enzymatically, but the exact xylose yields could not be predicted from the pretreatment pH alone (neither the initial nor the final pH) (Figure 3, filled red squares). In contrast, the enzymatic glucose release seemed less affected by the final pretreatment pH, although an increase in enzymatic release of glucose with both very low and especially with high final pH could be discerned (Figure 3, filled blue diamonds). The pH only changed slightly during pretreatment when more extreme initial pH values were used. However, pH was found to clearly change when less extreme initial pH values were used (Figure 3, open green triangles and open red circles). For example, at initial pretreatment pH values of 4 and 10, respectively, the final pH ended up being close to pH 6 (Figure 3, open green triangles and open red circles). We have previously found that the final pH after pretreatment of wheat straw may move toward approximately pH 6. 3 [17]. The data presented here thus corroborated the trend that the final pH would move toward pH 6. 0-6. 3 when the pretreatment was initiated at less extreme pH values (Figure 3). Acetate, as well as other substances from the lignocellulose, is known to be released from xylan during pretreatment [7, 14], but the mechanisms responsible for the pH nearing 6. 3 cannot be concluded from any of the interactions described in this paper. Figure 3Enzymatic release and initial pH as responses to final pH. Total glucose (filled blue diamonds) and xylose (filled red squares) release as responses to final pH. Additionally, the initial pH is compared to the final pH by plotting initial pH of the acidic treatments (open green triangles) and the alkaline treatments (open red circles) as responses to the final pH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of pH on enzymatic glucose and xylose releases during pretreatment processes but does not address bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels from sugars. There are no mentions of bioengineering, yeast, or biofuel production in the provided information.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: [41] and Weart [42], can be identified even at local scales (southern Togo). The finding is in agreement with IPCC prediction which states in 2007 that, the Earth could warm by 3°C this century. Figure 3: Annual minimum monthly temperature (Tmin, °C) at Atakpamé, Kouma-konda, Lomé and Tabligbo. Figure 4: Annual maximum monthly temperature (Tmax, °C) at Atakpamé, Kouma-konda, Lomé and Tabligbo. Atakpamé Kouma-konda Lomé Mean Sen’s slope per decade Mean Sen’s slope per decade Mean Sen’s slope per decade Mean Sen’s slope per decade Minimum temperature (°C) January 21. 9 0. 029 *** 0. 3 19. 8 0. 057 *** 0. 6 23. 3 0. 05 ** 0. 5 21. 6 0. 023 n. s. 0. 2 February 22. 5 0. 034 *** 0. 3 20. 8 0. 035 *** 0. 4 24. 8 0. 05 *** 0. 5 23. 1 0. 045 ** 0. 5 March 22. 6 0. 035 *** 0. 4 20. 8 0. 045 *** 0. 5 25. 4 0. 056 *** 0. 6 24 0. 024 ** 0. 2 April 22. 2 0. 025 *** 0. 3 20. 7 0. 03 *** 0. 3 25. 1 0. 044 *** 0. 4 23. 7 0. 029 *** 0. 3 May 21. 9 0. 031 *** 0. 3 20. 4 0. 025 *** 0. 3 24. 3 0. 05 *** 0. 5 23. 5 0. 02 ** 0. 2 June 21. 2 0. 033 *** 0. 3 19. 9 0. 02 *** 0. 2 23. 5 0. 043 *** 0. 4 22. 5 0. 034 *** 0. 3 July 20. 8 0. 025 *** 0. 3 19. 3 0. 026 *** 0. 3 23. 2 0. 044 *** 0. 4 22. 2 0. 021 *** 0. 2 August 20. 6 0. 026 *** 0. 3 19. 4 0. 01 * 0. 1 22. 9 0. 038 *** 0. 4 21. 9 0. 022 ** 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides data on minimum and maximum monthly temperatures which reflect changes that could be associated with climate change. The mention of a 3°C increase as predicted by the IPCC indicates substantial temperature changes that can impact crop yields. The detailed temperature values for various months show evidence of warming patterns, which may support the claim about climate change affecting agricultural output.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: A critical factor could be the depletion of nutrients caused by the nutritional demands of growing chalkbrood mycelia [51]. Furthermore, the build-up of chalkbrood mycelia in the gut of infected nurse bees restricts the amount of space that is available for bacteria [52]. Our findings suggest that the number of aerobic gut bacteria can be used as a diagnostic tool to determine the relative health status of a colony, independent and potentially ahead of “classic” chalkbrood disease signs (such as cells with dead larvae, or mummified larvae in front of the hive; [53, 54]). Future studies will determine whether other fungal bee pathogens have a similar effect on aerobic gut bacterial numbers. An interesting candidate is Nosema apis, a microsporidian fungus that, until recently, was classified as a protozoan parasite [55, 56]. Nurse bees combat disease by removing infected larvae from the hive [54], a behavior that also promotes recovery from chalkbrood [57]. Bees from the “Better Bees” program are descendants from Apis mellifera ligustica breeding stocks [58] that were selectively bred for high honey production, good brood viability, lack of aggressiveness, low incidence of brood diseases, and high colony population size [41]. The “Better Bees” program has been somewhat successful in providing beekeepers with quality queens for improved honey production [59]. However, a subsequent report states that the hygienic behavior of such bee lines can vary and may not be a reliable character [60]. We found that bees from the “Better Bees” program had consistently significantly higher numbers of aerobic bee gut bacteria compared with “normal” bees from apiaries in the same area. It is tempting to speculate that “Better Bees” possess an enhanced metabolic rate because they have higher concentrations of carbon sources in their gut, which allows for a greater number of gut bacteria. In this study, we did not look at the role of hygienic behavior in disease resistance. It would be interesting to determine aerobic bee gut bacterial numbers in other bee lines which have genetically distinct queens [61]. Our preliminary genetic characterization of 19 Australian chalkbrood-inhibiting isolates from different Australian locations identified four species clusters, i. e. , Bacillus ssp. (cluster I), enteric strains (cluster II), Macrococcus sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that a higher number of aerobic gut bacteria is associated with the health status of bee colonies. It suggests that increased diversity of gut bacteria is related to better health outcomes, as seen in the discussion about the ‘Better Bees’ program, which produced bees with significantly higher numbers of aerobic gut bacteria compared to normal bees. This implies that a sterile gut, contrary to the claim, may not be as healthy as one with a diverse bacterial community.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Black lines indicate fitted linear regression correlation curves (the regression coefficients, R2, exceeded 0. 97 in both cases). Releases in g/kg original wheat straw dry matter. Full size imageWhen the total enzymatic glucose release was modeled in response to the final pH (after pretreatment) and the total enzymatic xylose release, it became evident that increased enzymatic xylose release was positively correlated to the enzymatic glucose release, especially after alkaline pretreatment conditions (Figure 4). Hence, this model displayed a positive interaction between the final pH after pretreatment and the total enzymatic xylose release on the total enzymatic glucose release. Figure 4Enzymatic glucose release as a response to xylose release and final pH. Response surface model of total enzymatic glucose release as a response to total xylose release and the final pH. All releases in g/kg original wheat straw dry matter. Full size imageInfluence of holding timeThe enzymatic xylose release from the liquid fraction from alkaline pretreatment was the only response that was significantly affected by the pretreatment holding time (Table 1); the effect was positive (that is, prolonged holding time increased the xylose release) (data not shown). However, even though not statistically significant, the enzymatic release of glucose and xylose from the liquid fractions from the acidic pretreatments also tended to increase with the increased holding time whereas the corresponding releases from the solid fractions decreased with increased holding time (data not shown). This pattern signified that both the alkaline and acidic hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in cellulose and hemicellulose were influenced by holding time at the mild conditions. Lignin removalThe coefficients obtained by multiple linear regression analysis of the data showed that the pretreatment pH was the factor affecting the lignin removal the most (Table 1) (P = 0. 0092). It is widely known, that alkaline treatment of lignocellulosic biomass affects the lignin removal [16, 17]. However, to our knowledge there are no published data available on how the pretreatment pH quantitatively affects the lignin removal in combination with changes in pretreatment temperature and holding time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the effects of pretreatment conditions on enzymatic glucose and xylose release from lignocellulosic biomass, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or their capabilities in producing biofuels. There is no connection made to the claim regarding high yields of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: 8 -0. 021 * -0. 2 28. 5 0. 029 *** 0. 3 30. 1 0. 009 n. s. 0. 1 September 29. 1 0. 035 *** 0. 4 27 -0. 021 * -0. 2 29. 5 0. 032 *** 0. 3 31 0. 042 *** 0. 4 October 30. 7 0. 031 *** 0. 3 28. 1 -0. 006 n. s. -0. 1 31 0. 033 *** 0. 3 32. 2 0. 03 *** 0. 3 November 32. 7 0. 029 ** 0. 3 29. 4 0 n. s. 0 32. 4 0. 043 *** 0. 4 33. 5 0. 048 *** 0. 5 December 32. 6 0. 05 *** 0. 5 29. 5 0. 02 * 0. 2 32. 4 0. 056 *** 0. 6 34 0. 056 *** 0. 6 n. s. : Non-Significant + Significant at 10% * Significant at 5% ** Significant at 1% ***Significant at 0. 1% Table 4: Summary of the trends analysis in monthly minimum and maximum temperature at Atakpamé, Kouma-konda, Lomé and Tabligbo. The trend analysis in monthly Tmin is presented in Table 4 shows an increasing trend in Tmin at all four locations (P<0. 0001). For the four locations, the trend in Tmin revealed the lowest slopes from April to October which is the growing season and the highest slope from November to March which coincide with the dry season in southern Togo. A non-significant trend (P>0. 05) of Tmax was observed in January, March and August in Tabligbo, in January to July, October and November at Kouma-Konda. The highest increased in Tmax at all locations was observed in December (Table 4). It can be deducted that decadal change increase in Tmin varied from 0. 1 to 0. 7 with more warming tendency in November to March at all locations which corresponds to the dry period in southern Togo. Overall, the increase in annual and monthly average Tmin and Tmax from 1971 to 2014 could have a serious implication in agricultural productions, reduced crop yields in tropical areas leading to increased risk of hunger [43]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the trends in minimum and maximum temperatures over time and asserting that the increase in annual and monthly average Tmin and Tmax could significantly impact agricultural production, leading to reduced crop yields. It highlights that the observed changes in temperature patterns, particularly during the growing and dry seasons in southern Togo, suggest a direct relationship between climate change and agricultural outcomes, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: By using transposon independent mutants that do not produce gluconic acid, we show that the production of gluconic acid is essential for the antifungal activity of strain AN5. We further demonstrate that Pseudomonas strain AN5 extracts act on the chalkbrood fungus through hyphal lysis and cytoplasmic leakage. Our observation that Maccrococcus hajekii, Frigoribacterium sp. , and Bacillus senegalensis isolates also produced gluconic acid suggests a similar modus operandi. However, these strains produced less gluconic acid than Pseudomonas strain AN5 but exhibited a similar degree of anti-fungal activity. Therefore, gluconic acid may not be the only metabolite by which bee gut isolates inhibit the chalkbrood pathogen. Interestingly, gluconic acid is considered to be the honey component that is largely responsible for the anti-microbial properties of honey [66]. Bees produce gluconic acid in the hypopharyngeal glands and in the gut with the help of gut bacteria [67]; however, more research is needed to understand how much gut bacteria contribute to the total gluconic acid production. Furthermore, it will be interesting to determine if and to what extent the bacterial gluconic acid production contributes to the resistance against bee pathogens. ConclusionIn this study, we used culturable aerobic and facultative anaerobic honey bee bacteria as a simple tool to monitor colony health. The method allows the rapid analysis of many samples and results are available within two days. Our findings suggest that decreasing numbers of culturable aerobic gut bacteria in nurse bees are a prognostic marker for the outbreak of chalkbrood and that increasing numbers herald recovery. Therefore, counting bacteria could be developed as a rapid test for apiarists that allows to detect deteriorating colony health before other disease signs become apparent. Furthermore, our results suggest that chalkbrood-inhibiting bacteria from the bee gut could be used to develop a probiotic treatment for chalkbrood and potentially other fungal bee diseases. Supporting informationS1 Fig. Flowchart for the isolation and characterization of aerobic gut bacteria in European honey bees (Apis millifera) from Australia. S2 Fig. “Environmental” bacteria from the gut of a healthy European honey nurse bee (Apis millifera) from Australia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that a diversity of gut bacteria is essential for the health of honey bees. It mentions that decreasing numbers of culturable aerobic gut bacteria are a prognostic marker for the outbreak of chalkbrood, suggesting that a diverse gut microbiome is important for preventing disease and maintaining colony health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The response surface models resulting from the multiple linear regression analysis of the data showed that increase in pretreatment pH affected the lignin removal positively both in the acidic and alkaline region, but peaked at approximately pH 2. 5 for the acidic pretreatments, and the effect of pH in the acid pretreatments therefore ended up as being a statistically insignificant factor, whereas it was statistically significant for the alkaline pretreatments (Table 1, Figure 5a). Moreover, the extent of lignin removal during the alkaline pretreatments was generally the double of that obtained by the acid pretreatments (Figure 5a, b). For pretreatment at 140°C the increase from pH 10 to 13 doubled the removal of lignin from 40% to 80% w/w (Figure 5b), and this interaction of pH and temperature was also statistically significant (Table 1). However, the multiple linear regression model within the chosen pH and temperature ranges, indicated that the maximal removal of lignin was at pH 13 and 125°C to 130°C (Figure 5b). Holding time during pretreatment also turned out to have a positive, but statistically insignificant influence on the lignin removal: hence the extent of lignin removal increased by approximately 10% (weight/weight dry matter) when increasing the holding time from 0 to 5 min and again when increasing from 5 to 10 min (data not shown). Figure 5Lignin removed from solid fractions as a response to pH and temperature. (a) Acidic pretreatments; (b) alkaline pretreatments. Lignin removed measured in % (w/w) and temperature in°C. Full size imageThe release of lignin and xylan from lignocellulosic biomass is known to affect the cellulose digestibility positively for corn stover [16]. However, a plot of the enzymatic monosaccharide yields obtained on solid wheat straw in response to extent of lignin removal showed that the enzymatic releases of both glucose and xylose increased linearly with lignin removal only when the lignin removed was above 60% by weight of the original level in the wheat straw biomass (Figure 6). The data with > 60% lignin removal were all from the alkaline pretreatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information relevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the effects of pH and temperature on lignin removal during pretreatment processes and its impact on cellulose digestibility, which does not directly address the capability or design of yeast for biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: Morover, Kouma-Konda is situated in forest zone and deforestation during the last decades may have contributed to the slight decreasing of precipitation and increasing of temperature. Maize and bean are affected by the increasing of temperature. The same result is also obtained by Amouzou et al. [15] who revealed that climate variability minimally affected the yield of maize in maritime region of Togo. Serious attention need to be paid to the affected crops by climate variability in some locations, otherwise, the effect will increase and affect the other crops. With changes in climate parameters, mostly an increasing trend in air temperature combined with precipitation variability, several actions have been taken by agricultural and water resources actors to contrast the effects of climate change on Togo’s agriculture. As climate conditions change, crop growers are increasingly receptive to new agricultural technologies offered by extension services [33]. These farmers and extension service capacity to adapt to climate variability may explain the non effect of precipitation and temperature on crop yields. The use of drought-resistant seeds is becoming more common, which minimizes the risk of crop failure due to prolonged drought. program initiated by the government of Togo in 2010 is consistent with the Reduction Strategy, and has a balanced focus of investment in support of improved agricultural production, improving the institutional framework, and physical infrastructure for higher productivity in the agricultural sector. Several other actions are being taken by the government of Togo, such as rehabilitation of water reservoirs, rehabilitation of irrigation schemes, and agricultural land development of 666 hectares at Mission-Tove and 585. 5 hectares at and implementing the national environmental policy and disaster management policy. Despite the adoption of strategic options, there is a need to continue implementing them and more participative decision-making is necessary for the durability of the innovation. Moreover, policy-makers should be involved at every step from the introduction to the adoption process. In addition, more research should be done on all of the strategic options to strengthen the system. objective of this study was to analyze the trend in climatic variables such as annual and monthly precipitation, annual and monthly Tmin, Tmax using historical data from four weather stations through the year 1970 to 2014 using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator and to evaluate the impact of climatic variability on crop yields in southern Togo using multiple regression analysis. Results showed a non-significant increasing trend (P>0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of increasing temperatures and changing precipitation patterns on crop yields in Togo, specifically mentioning that maize and beans are affected by rising temperatures. It also highlights the need for agricultural adaptation to climate variability, indicating that climate change indeed impacts agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Studies in humans with IBD have found significantly increased numbers of fecal bacteria with bound IgG, especially in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) [12, 18, 19]. It has also been shown in some cases that IBD patients have greater numbers of IgA+ bacteria [12, 20]. Interestingly, studies found that the IgG and IgA antibodies preferentially bound to certain pathogenic bacteria in CD patients, including Clostridium coccoides, E. coli, and Pseudomonas fluorescens [21–23]. Little is known however regarding antibody recognition of gut bacteria in dogs with IBD. It is known that the microbiome is very different in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs and that certain phyla predominate in these bacterial populations [24, 25]. For example, a dysbiosis index has been created by AlShawaqfeh et al. to measure the degree to which the normal flora has been disrupted by an overgrowth of bacteria associated with clinical signs in dogs with IBD [26]. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated humoral immune responses to gut bacteria in dogs with IBD and compared these responses to those present in healthy dogs. To address this question, the amounts of IgG and IgA antibodies bound to the surface of fecal bacteria was assessed using flow cytometry. The presence of circulating anti-bacterial antibodies in blood was also evaluated. To determine whether bacterial antibodies in dogs with IBD were specific for certain bacteria, fecal bacteria with high levels of surface IgG were flow sorted and subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing. Finally, we also evaluated the impact of IgG binding to gut bacteria on the host innate immune response and macrophage activation, using in vitro assays. The studies reported here provide important new insights into the pathogenesis of IBD in dogs and suggest that local humoral immune response against gut bacteria play an important role in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, these studies further illustrate the potential value of the dog spontaneous IBD model for investigating new strategies for immunotherapy and microbiome modulation. Material and methods Study populations A prospective observational study was conducted at the (CSU-VTH). All animal studies were approved by the Care and (IACUC) and the Board (CRB) at CSU (#VCS 2016–084). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing studies related to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which suggest that a diverse microbial population in the gut is important for immune responses. It indicates that there is a significant difference in the microbiome of healthy dogs compared to those with IBD, and implies that the presence of diverse bacteria correlates with better immune function. This goes against the notion that a completely sterile gut would be healthier, as it emphasizes the role of bacteria in disease pathogenesis and immune responses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The data points for the very low extents of lignin removal obtained after acidic pretreatments (≤ 20% w/w lignin removed, Figure 6) make the postulated influence of any lignin removal on the subsequent enzymatic release of monosaccharides uncertain. Lignin, including lignin monomers liberated during biomass pretreatment, may inhibit the hydrolytic enzymes and the fermenting microorganisms; hence, the removal of lignin is in any case advantageous for the further processing of the biomass for biofuel production. Figure 6Enzymatic glucose and xylose release as responses to lignin removed. Total glucose (filled blue diamonds) and xylose (filled red squares) release in g/kg originally dry matter. Full size imageEffect of enzyme dosage on enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated wheat strawIn order to make sure that any significant and interactive effects of pretreatment factors could be discerned after enzymatic hydrolysis on both the liquid and solid wheat straw fractions resulting after pretreatment, a very low enzyme dosage, 10 mg enzyme protein/g (original untreated) wheat straw dry matter, was deliberately chosen as a benchmark enzyme treatment in the experimentally designed experiments. As briefly discussed above, only low amounts of glucose and xylose were released at this low enzyme dosage. When increasing the enzyme dosage in the hydrolysis of the biomass pretreated at 140°C at pH 1 for 10 min, the yields of glucose did not exceed 5% of the theoretical maximal release (Figure 7a). The glucose yield from the liquid part increased significantly with increased enzyme dosage, but the final total enzymatic glucose yield at the highest enzyme dosage of 200 mg EP/g substrate dry matter never gave yields beyond approximately 25% of the theoretical maximum (Figure 7a). This indicated that the short (10 min), low temperature pretreatment (140°C), albeit run at pH 1, was not sufficiently effective to prepare the cellulose for enzymatic attack. Regarding the degradation of the hemicelluloses (that is, mainly xylan), the high release of xylose in the liquid fractions (up to approximately 80% of the theoretical maximum) (Figure 7a) confirmed the significant impact of acid pretreatment on hemicellulose solubilization from lignocellulosic biomass [14]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of lignin removal and enzymatic hydrolysis on glucose and xylose yields from biomass pretreated under certain conditions. There is no mention of bioengineered yeast or their capability to produce biofuels from sugars, which makes it unrelated to the claim.