Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the size of our focus groups and their number is consistent with the considerable precedent in the health sciences research literature [79] and recommendations in the qualitative research literature [76–78]. Compared to the physician population, our participants were different in terms of years of practice experience, gender, and practice location. However, we did not find years of practice experience or gender to be associated with the questionnaire responses. During three of the focus groups the Canadian SARS experience was mentioned. SARS affected physicians in mostly. Therefore, despite the under-representation from Central Canada, public health concerns that were most pertinent to that geographic area were still well represented during the discussions. An important limitation of our study was that it was conducted with family physicians in Canada. Our resultant model will not necessarily apply without modification to other jurisdictions with different socio-cultural and legal contexts, and to different specialties. However, we have provided a testable theoretical model as a result of this work, and this model provides a basis for future research to examine the factors that affect the disclosure of information for public health purposes. Whether this theoretical model is generalizable beyond the specific context that we studied remains an empirical question. The pandemic H1N1 influenza outbreak had relatively mild morbidity and mortality, which may explain why the participating physicians retained strong concerns about data disclosures of patient data. It is arguable that had the outbreak been more severe, or had more serious health consequences, their views on privacy may have shifted more towards greater willingness to share data with public health. Implementing our recommendations would facilitate disclosure of patient information for public health purposes, but there are other barriers beyond privacy that would need to be addressed, for example, resources for reporting. Therefore, dealing with the privacy concerns may not be sufficient by itself to improve reporting to public health. ConclusionsPrivacy concerns by providers have been a barrier to disclosing patient information for public health purposes. This is the case even for mandated notifiable disease reporting. We conducted a mixed-methods study with Canadian family doctors to understand the privacy barriers which could potentially influence family physicians' reporting of patient-level surveillance data to public health agencies during the Fall 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza outbreak. We found that Canadian family doctors do have concerns about patient privacy and about the disclosure of information that may be reflective of their own performance. Privacy is only one of a number of factors that affects their willingness to disclose patient data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that privacy concerns are significant barriers for healthcare providers regarding the disclosure of patient information, particularly for public health purposes. The findings indicate that Canadian family doctors retain strong privacy concerns, suggesting that telehealth does not eliminate these concerns, contrary to what the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Analysis was done based on this comparison and results were drawn. While the development before 1980s was not large scale, there has been a massive increase in urban growth since then. By year 2000, Karachi had experienced 286% increase in urban extent that was caused by various factors like lack of oversight on management of land, absence of urban planning etc. Relationship between urbanization and economic growth should be positive, ideally [120]. However, in Pakistan, this relationship shows that GDP growth has decreased between 2015 and 2021 while urban population percentage is constantly increasing. Thus, increase in urban extent from 1980s to 2000 is massive as in compared to the size of the economy of Pakistan and the state’s ability to invest in sustainable development at such a massive scale. Unregulated and unchecked allocation of parcels for development of housing societies also contributed towards rapid sprawl. Temporal LULC analysis shows that increase in urban extent was mostly at the expense of decrease in agricultural land. This type of urban extent and downward natural slope of core urban area (Fig. 1) rendered this urban development susceptible to the negative effects of urban floods. Rapid urbanization also affected city’s natural drainage system. This natural drainage/stream network was either removed or damaged due to rapid urban development over the years. Both urban development (Table 3) and stream network covered or damaged by urban development (Table 4) shows an increasing trend. By year 2020, Stream network in 12 out of 24 towns is more than 70% as compared to more than 50% in year 2000 (Table 4). Most of the streams have been removed and the little natural streams that are left, are clogged with sewage and industrial and household waste. This continue to be a major problem as water does not get its natural flow and tends to inundate the roads or houses nearby these drains. Analysis from 2000 to 2020 showed that during urban floods, same areas are inundated repeatedly, where stream blockage/damage is maximum. Although the drainage network has been cleaned many times, especially after year 2020, but this temporary measure needs to be replaced with some permanent structural changes. Urban settlements developed on banks of drainage/stream networks are a major concern during floods. Due to their proximity and structure, they are badly affected during each urban flood event. Analysis showed that these settlements are increasing at a high rate, and block flood water flow towards Arabian Sea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the relationship between urban living and stress levels. Instead, it focuses on urban growth, management issues, economic impacts, and environmental challenges related to urbanization in Pakistan. While it mentions negative effects of urban flooding and damage to drainage systems, it does not provide evidence or insights specifically related to stress levels experienced by individuals living in urban areas.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: This paper uses the term “innovations for environmental sustainability”. In the authors understanding, this refers to innovations that utilize renewable resources and by-products, such as food wastes, with awareness to end-of-life scenarios and circular economy. 2. 2 Circular economyOne step towards the sustainable development of plastics production and consumption is the transformation from a linear economy into a circular economy. The basic principles of this are avoidance, reduction, reuse and recycling, so that the utilized materials remain in use for as long as possible (Pinheiro de Souza et al. 2022), recyclable waste is minimised and the amount that can be returned to a cycle is maximised (Hatzfeld et al. 2022). Various studies have already shown the positive effects of this model on the efficient use of resources (Günther 2008), business practices (Koh et al. 2017), infrastructure (Korhonen et al. 2018) and employment (Repp et al. 2021). By considering and preserving resources, the circular economy offers the potential to develop an economic model which takes impacts on biodiversity into account (Junge et al. 2023). There are various approaches to integrate a product in a further life cycle. For these reasons, the 9R-concept of the circular economy by Potting et al. (2017) is taken as a further basis to justify the framework developed by the authors. It consists of ten strategies in total (R0 = Refuse, R1 = Rethink, R2 = Reduce, R3 = Re-use, R4 = Repair, R5 = Refurbish, R6 = Remanufacture, R7 = Repurpose, R8 = Recycle, R9 = Recover). The lower the sequential number, the higher the circularity of resource consumption. Thus, in R9-Recover, the end-of-life solution is the incineration of the material, from which primarily energy is recovered that does not reflect a direct product cycle. Consequently, one can talk about a linear economy. With R0-Refuse, on the other hand, the product itself is replaced by another product that can take over the task, or the function of the actual product becomes completely redundant. In addition, the higher the circularity, the more socio-cultural change must precede (Potting et al. 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the concept of the circular economy, which includes principles like 'avoidance, reduction, reuse and recycling.' These principles are directly relevant to eco-packaging innovations, which seek to minimize the use of single-use plastics by promoting sustainable resource use and encouraging practices like recycling and reusing materials. By emphasizing the need to transform from a linear economy to a circular one and the 9R-concept that includes strategies for reducing and reusing materials, the text corroborates the notion that such innovations contribute to reducing dependency on single-use plastics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: We have formulated a conceptual model explaining how certain actions can facilitate the disclosure of health information by family physicians. The model contains a number of testable hypotheses, and also provides concrete recommendations for activities that are expected to increase the physicians' intention to disclose patient information to public health. In future work, we plan to perform confirmatory studies of this conceptual model. AbbreviationsAHP: Analytic hierarchy process EMR: Electronic medical record FMF: Family medicine forum HIPAA: Portability and PHI: : Research ethics board 36. 10. 1093/clinids/20. 1. 30. CAS PubMed 874. 10. 1093/aje/155. 9. 866. PubMed 639. 10. 2105/AJPH. 81. 5. 637. 190. CAS PubMed 13. 10. 1136/jech. 49. Suppl_1. 9. 122. 831. CAS PubMed 39. 87. CMAJ. 1989, 141: 537-540. 186. 10. 1136/bmj. 287. 6386. 185. 891. 10. 2105/AJPH. 82. 6. 889. 1993. of Epidemiology. 2000, 29: 168-174. 10. 1093/ije/29. 1. 168. CAS PubMed 35. 97. 168. 10. 1093/ije/14. 1. 153. CAS PubMed 16. 986. 10. 2105/AJPH. 70. 9. 983. CAS 252. CAS 1972. CMAJ. 1974, 110: 179-182. CAS 590. CAS PubMed 1918. 10. 2105/AJPH. 53. 12. 1903. 328. CAS PubMed 185. 541. CAS PubMed 846. 74. CAS PubMed 225. 468. 355. 10. 1287/isre. 1040. 0032. 196. 10. 2307/249477. 671. 10. 1111/j. 1748-720X. 2003. tb00133. x. 574. 10. 1197/jamia. M2207. PubMed Pub22. PubMed Pub65. 4. 10. 1136/bmj. 327. 7427. 1342. PubMed Pub10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how physicians' actions can lead to the disclosure of patient health information, which suggests that there are privacy concerns associated with telehealth. The mention of a model explaining the disclosure of health information indicates that privacy is a relevant issue and is not fully eliminated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Major urban settlements affected by flood water were present in Gadap town, followed by Korangi town, Faisal Cantonment, town and Gulshan-e-Iqbal. These settlements need to be relocated to alternate locations to provide easy passage to flood water. Data availability and dissemination is a major issue in Pakistan. In the absence of modern data keeping, dissemination and analysis by the authorities. It was necessary to look for alternatives, such as published public map records and satellite remote sensing data. Moreover, statistical records and data on streams, stream flow rates, environmental data such as rainfall and temperature records are extremely limited, and some are impossible to find. Published records are mostly in the form of news archive, but they seldom have a spatial component associated. It would be therefore important to lead this work into databasing all forms of published records on urban growth and make it available to the research community. Another important analysis can be the effect of the loss of natural water conveyance on disease prevalence and urban heat accumulation. 6 Conclusionin Pakistan is a recurring phenomenon. Raid urban sprawl and poor maintenance of natural drainage system make flooding further worse necessitating identification of flood prone urban areas during floods. LULC information show that Karachi experienced rapid urban grown over the years. This rapid sprawl linked with poor management of water channels cause urban flooding in the city of Karachi during short but heavy rainfall. SAR imagery is an effective data source for detection of flood water in urban areas as it is not affected by weather conditions thus providing better identification of flooded areas. Using thresholding, flood water was extracted from SAR imagery. LULC classification was carried out using Landsat imagery. This classification information shows that natural streams and flood protection structures were replaced with urbanization with the passage of time. This stream blockage is almost 100% in core urban areas of the city. When overlaid both LULC information and urban flood water, analysis showed that urban development has blocked stream network of the city. Due to this blockage, low lying urban areas face flood inundation during rainfall. It was also observed that town with the highest number of natural streams filled up are the ones that were worst affected recently. Examples are that of and Orangi. A visual analysis of topographic sheets showed several embankments along these streams. And we assume that the streams must have been filled, with soil from the very embankments. Hence leading to easy and cheap preparation of land for construction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses urban flooding, the management of natural drainage, and urban growth in Karachi, but it does not address stress levels related to urban living. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that urban living always leads to increased stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: The developed framework will combine primarily the R9-Recover and the R8-Recycle strategies with the biodegradability of a certain product, which results in a so-called “circular bioeconomy of natural resources” (Kacprzak et al. 2022). Goswami and O´Haire (2016) describe biodegradability as the decomposition of a certain material after the interaction with biological elements. 2. 3 Packaging in the food industryPackaging plays a particularly important role in the food industry, as it is necessary to protect food and is also an important carrier of information and part of the marketing strategies of companies. It is therefore not surprising that a large proportion of the packaging waste generated each year comes from this sector (Pinheiro de Souza et al. 2022; Süßbauer et al. 2022; Zhao et al. 2020). Regarding the requirements on food packaging, there are two different point of views: the producer’s and retailer’s as well as the consumer’s perspective. Parliament and the (EC Regulation 1935/2004, 2004, 1. Endanger human health, 2. Bring an unacceptable change in the composition of the food, 3. Cause an impairment of the organoleptic (influence on sensory perception) characteristics of the food, 4. Labelling, advertising and presentation of materials and 2. 4 Problem of single-use plasticsPlastic polymers can be classified as either fossil-based or bio-based. Bio-based polymers have a significantly lower environmental impact compared to those derived from crude oil. Therefore, it is recommended to exclude fossil-based polymers from the product portfolio in the future (Piergiovanni & Limbo 2016). Further common packaging materials are ceramic, metal and cellulose as well as combinations of the named materials to create different barrier properties and characteristics. Ceramic packaging splits up into glass and ceramic earthenware, like stoneware and pottery, whereas metal is categorized as mostly aluminium or (stainless-) steel-coated packaging. With around 40% of all materials, the most used are probably cellulose-based materials, most common in paper or cardboard form (Piergiovanni 2009) (Tables 1, 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need to exclude fossil-based polymers, which are typically single-use plastics, from the product portfolio and emphasizes the use of bio-based polymers with lower environmental impact. It indicates an effort towards creating a circular bioeconomy and suggests that packaging strategies are evolving to be more sustainable, directly supporting the idea that eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: 1186/1472-6939-7-12. PubMed 3. CAS PubMed 7. Epub 2006 Jun 26PubMed 1899. 49. 10. 1287/isre. 13. 1. 36. 97. 57. 10. 1002/(SICI)1522-7138(199722)11:3<44::AID-DIR7>3. 0. CO;2-X. 342. 215. 40. 10. 1007/BF01049382. 284. 32. 42. 10. 1111/j. 1540-4560. 1977. tb01880. x. 211. 10. 1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T. 37. 10. 1509/jmkg. 66. 1. 15. 18449. 118. 10. 1016/S0019-8501(01)00182-1. 90. 134. 10. 1086/209386. 2. pdf, Protection. Report (NDR) Manual. 2007, Government of Nova ScotiaOffice of the Health Officer:. 2009, Department of Health and Social Services, 2010. 2010, 56. 10. 1186/1471-2288-11-26. PubMed Pub473. CAS PubMed 10. 1186/1471-2458-11-337. PubMed Pub44. PubMed Pub2. 9. 2007, Journal. 2001, 322: 279-282. 10. 1136/bmj. 322. 7281. 279. 1408. 10. 1001/jama. 269. 11. 1404. CAS PubMed 2810. Association of and Surgeons. New poll: Doctors lie to protect patient privacy. 2001, : Wave 2 Report: Part of Highway Study. 2007 37. 669. 10. 1046/j. 1525-1497. 2003. 20823. x. PubMed Pub1471. PubMed 217. 10. 1136/amiajnl-2011-000100. PubMed Pub60. CAS PubMed 712. 10. 1197/jamia. M2457. PubMed Pub10. 1136/bmj. 326. 7385. 373. PubMed Pub27. 10. 1258/135581904322716076. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes references that indicate ongoing concerns over patient privacy, highlighted by the mention of a poll where 'Doctors lie to protect patient privacy'. This suggests that privacy is a significant issue in telehealth, which contrasts the claim that telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: One of the limitations of the study was small scale historical topographic maps. Although information extracted from these historical records like elevation, urban extent, stream network and embankments etc. was effectively utilized in the analysis, however same analysis could have been performed with more accuracy if large scale historical records were available. Sentinel 1 SAR imagery is an excellent source to extract water extent of an area. In this study, open-source data of 10 m resolution was used. Better water extraction can be done if higher resolution SAR imagery was available, which is mostly not available as open source. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about urban living and stress levels. It discusses limitations of a study involving historical topographic maps and the use of SAR imagery for water extent extraction, which does not address the effects of urban living on stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: Bio-based polymers from proteins, polysaccharides or lipids are interesting alternatives due to their environmental friendliness and wide availability (Zeng et al. 2022). Table 1 presents an overview of innovations associated with bio-based plastics. The use of bio-based plastics has been discussed and investigated frequently, especially polylactic acid (PLA), which is produced by the fermentation of, for example, corn starch, sugar cane (Mansingh et al. 2022). Biodegradability, good aesthetics, comparable mechanical properties, thermal stability, and ease of processing were cited as positive properties of PLA-based composites, making them suitable as packaging materials (Mansingh et al. 2022). According to Klinmalai et al. (2021), polymer blends such as PLA with polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) are necessary to obtain the desired properties and develop environmentally sustainable packaging materials for the food sector. Friedrich (2021) pointed to the problem of single-use plastic packaging, leading to the search for alternatives. They referred to bio-based plastics, especially PLA, which have similar properties to petrochemically produced plastics and have already been used in the medical industry and food packaging. Several papers also investigated the use of chitin or chitosan, and its impact on food quality. Chitosan has been one of the most popular bio-based polymers due to numerous properties (antioxidant, antimicrobial, nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable) and is derived from shellfish or fungi (Zeng et al. 2022). Zeng et al. (2022) described the innovative approach of using pomegranate peel to prepare cellulose nanocrystals and how this affects the reinforcement of chitosan films. Pomegranate peels have improved the mechanical properties as well as the water vapor and light barrier properties of chitosan films without compromising thermal stability (Zeng et al. 2022). The use of a multilayer coating of chitosan and pectin (made out of cell walls of plants) in fruit packaging, lead to the extension of the shelf life of several products, according to Adhikari et al. (2022). The coating was found to significantly reduce weight loss of the fruit, increase firmness, and slow the browning process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various bio-based plastics that serve as alternatives to traditional single-use plastics. It highlights the environmental benefits of bio-based polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and chitosan, and mentions efforts to develop these materials to provide similar properties to those of single-use plastics, thereby addressing the issues related to single-use plastic packaging. For instance, it notes the problem of single-use plastic packaging and the ongoing search for alternatives, linking directly to the claim about eco-packaging innovations aimed at reducing dependency on single-use plastics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-9 data: patient angle DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-10 data: importance patient distance DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-11 data: importance patient coordinate DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-12 data: importance background angle DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-13 data: control face DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-14 data: controls DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-15 data demographics DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-16 The authors thank the patients and probands for participation at this study. authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. Huynh performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. Dagmar Wieczorek, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i. e. , approving body and any reference numbers): The study was approved by the local ethics committee (no. : 03-2357) and informed written consent was obtained from all patients. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data are provided in the Supplemental Files. of this work was funded by DFG grant BO 1955/2-3 and 107-05860, of Essen. There was no additional external funding received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2009. Pathophysiology and genetic factors in Moyamoya disease. 26(4):E4. 1999. Ocular malformations, moyamoya disease, and midline cranial defects: a distinct syndrome. of Ophthalmology 127(3):356-357. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating the involvement of ethics approval and consent, implying that there are privacy and ethical considerations involved with patient data. Phrases like 'informed written consent was obtained from all patients' suggest that privacy concerns still exist despite the use of telehealth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 40396 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordApril 25, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptApril 16, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,878 views 430 downloads 29 0396. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 9 figures, 1 table and 2 additional files 1 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NLRP12 negatively regulates hepatocellular carcinoma. (A) Analysis of genetic association of NLRP12 in HCC using the TCGA database through the cBioportal online platform. (B) Analysis of NLRP12 expression in human normal liver and -seq data in the TCGA database through the web-portal. Data are presented in a box plot where whiskers represent maximum and minimum variables. (C) WT mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days or left untreated. Livers from DEN-treated (n = 10) and untreated mice (n = 6) were analyzed for the expression of Nlrp12 by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM. (D–H) WT mice (n = 20) and Nlrp12-/- (n = 20) were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days and sacrificed at 10 months after DEN injection. (D) Representative images of liver tumors are shown. (E) The number of tumors per liver, tumor sizes, and liver to body weight ratios were measured. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 20). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (F) Livers from mice described in D were stained for H and E. and E-stained sections are shown. (G) H and E-stained liver sections were histopathologically examined for adenoma development. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (H) Serum ALT and AST levels in tumor-bearing mice. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about urban living and stress levels, as it primarily discusses research related to NLRP12 and hepatocellular carcinoma without mention of urban living, stress, or any related concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: For instance, the coating interrupts the growth of microorganisms, therefore delays the ripening of strawberries and extends their shelf life (Adhikari et al. 2022). Moussaoui et al. (2022) also studied the aging of strawberries and discovered that edible biofilms based on Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) mucilage and Gum can delay the ripening and aging. Such coatings can extend fruit shelf-life by slowing down metabolic and respiratory processes. (Moussaoui et al. 2022). Etxabide et al. (2022) discussed the use of gelatine as a food packaging material and the ways to improve its properties. Gelatine is produced from animal connective tissue and is a biodegradable protein characterized by film-forming properties, transparency, oxygen barrier, and UV light absorption. However, gelatine’s sensitivity to moisture and poor mechanical and thermal properties are major drawbacks for its use as a food packaging material. To overcome these disadvantages, chitin nanowhiskers were added for reinforcement. The authors also noted that using certain processes, such as the Maillard reaction can influence the characteristics of bio-polymers positively. Similarly, Li et al. (2021) investigated soy protein isolate as a substitute for fossil-based single-use plastic. Moreover, keratin from waste chicken feathers alters the properties of the bio-based plastic, improving the physical properties in terms of water solubility and hydrophilicity and the toughness of the material by 242%. Additionally, Agustiany et al. (2022) highlighted lignin as a promising sustainable alternative to fossil-based chemicals and polymers, and among other applications also suitable for food packaging. Lignin is a naturally occurring polymer in plants, especially trees and can be obtained from pulp and paper industry by-products, agricultural waste and biorefinery products (Agustiany et al. 2022). Mahpuz et al. (2022) reviewed various material and additives for bio-based plastics. For example, starch can be used to make films and packaging for food, due to it odourless, tasteless, colourless, and nontoxic characteristics and different types, such as cassava starch and corn starch, that have different properties. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various eco-packaging innovations that aim to reduce dependency on fossil-based single-use plastics. It mentions research on biodegradable materials such as gelatine, keratin, and lignin, which serve as sustainable alternatives for packaging, thereby reflecting the intent to innovate away from single-use plastics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Some are worried that telehealth sessions will make it more difficult for providers to express caring and support [18], which may weaken the clinician-patient relationship by diminishing nonverbal connection and in-person “presence” [17, 19]. Others are concerned telehealth may create delays in getting needed information [20]. Also, some patients have experienced challenges during video telehealth sessions, such as having limited internet bandwidth (especially among patients in rural communities) [18, 21], frustration with using the technology [8, 21], and questioning the effectiveness of virtual physical examinations for symptomatic patients [20]. As highlighted in a recent study, although most gynecological and breast cancer participants expressed satisfaction with their telehealth sessions, a majority also reported that the quality of care was not as good as in-person visits [13]. Additionally, certain groups of patients may have had better (or worse) communication experiences since the start of the pandemic. For example, older oncology patients have reported less satisfaction with communication in telehealth sessions, in part because of lack of familiarity with or frustration when using the technology [8, 21]. Regarding gender, of two surveys conducted in Australia during the pandemic, one survey reported males were generally more supportive of telehealth compared with females [22], whereas the other survey found males had poorer telehealth experiences [23]. Outcomes also may differ by race and ethnicity. A recent survey of patients at a gastroenterology clinic indicated that most Black and White patients reported their telehealth sessions were as good or better when compared with in-person visits; however, Black patients were more likely to report technological problems [24]. By contrast, a prepandemic survey of primary care patients in California observed that Black respondents were more likely to choose both video and telephone sessions over in-person visits compared with Hispanic, White, and Asian respondents [25]. Health status also may influence oncology patients’ communication experiences during the pandemic. In one international survey (with respondents mainly from the USA and Canada), most oncology patients (83%) were satisfied with their telehealth experience, although patients in the early stages of treatment and those with the shortest duration of treatment were less likely to be satisfied with virtual oncology appointments [8]. In an Australian study of telehealth users (not limited to oncology), patients reporting more anxiety were more likely to have poorer telehealth experiences [23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various issues associated with telehealth that may not make it a cost-effective alternative. It mentions concerns about the potential weakening of the clinician-patient relationship due to diminished nonverbal communication, delays in getting information, and challenges faced by patients during video sessions, such as limited internet bandwidth and frustration with technology usage. Furthermore, the text notes that many patients reported the quality of care in telehealth was not as good as in-person visits and indicates a mixed experience across different demographic groups, suggesting that telehealth's effectiveness and satisfaction may not translate to lower costs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (I–J) WT (n = 6) and Nlrp12-/- (n = 6) mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days followed by eight weekly injections of CCl4 (0. 5 ml/kg i. p. , dissolved in corn oil) starting at 10 weeks of age and euthanized at the age of 6 months. (I) Representative images of liver tumors are shown. (J) The numbers, sizes, and liver to body weight ratio were measured. Data represent means ± SEM. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 1—source data 1 NLRP12 negatively regulates hepatocellular carcinoma. Download elife-40396-fig1-data1-v2. zip Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Nlrp12-deficiency doesn’t induce HCC in healthy untreated control mice. (A) A model for DEN-induced liver carcinogenesis. Mice are injected with DEN (25 mg/kg) at the age of 14 days after birth. 10 months following DEN injection, mice were scarified to measure tumor burden. (B) A dodel for DEN plus CCl4-induced HCC. Mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg) at the age of 14 days followed by eight weekly injections of CCl4 (0. 5 ml/kg i. p. , dissolved in corn oil) starting at 10 weeks of age. Mice were euthanized at the age of 6 months. (C–E) WT and Nlrp12-/- healthy mice were sacrificed at 10 months after birth and livers were examined. (C) Representative images of the liver from healthy 10 month-old WT and Nlrp12-/- mice. (D) Liver sections were examined following H and E staining. (E) Serum ALT and AST levels of 10-month-old untreated control mice. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). Figure 1—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Nlrp12-deficiency doesn’t alter liver fucntion in healthy mice. Download elife-40396-fig1-figsupp1-data1-v2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a scientific study involving mice and does not mention urban living or stress levels in any context. The details focus on liver tumors and experimental methods unrelated to the claim about urban living and stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, bio-based plastics can be produced using microbes or algae, that can absorb carbon dioxide and can be grown in large quantities in small spaces (Varghese et al. 2022). Moreover, additives play an important role to increase mechanical and thermal properties to protect food and offer a barrier against water, oxygen and harmful microorganisms (Mahpuz et al. 2022). Additives like alkali-treated pineapple leaf fibres can reinforce 3D-printed environmentally sustainable composites, with high tensile and flexural strength (Mansingh et al. 2022). Similarly, Klinmalai et al. (2021) found that films containing carvacrol extended the shelf life of packaged bakery products. The incorporation of essential oils, such as carvacrol, into bio-based polymers, may reduce microbial activity, though the effectiveness of antimicrobial properties depends on several factors, including the type of polymer and the method of film production (Klinmalai et al. 2021). Finally, the cost-effectiveness of bio-based polymers can be enhanced by adding fillers or additives, such as clay minerals and wood flour (Varghese et al. 2022). 4. 2. 2 Challenges and opportunitiesIn addition, some studies not only addressed innovations regarding bio-based substitutes to fossil-based single-use plastic, but rather regulations and other influences that support the transformation toward more sustainable alternatives. For example, the drivers for switching to bio-based plastics seem to be largely market-driven, for example motivated by greater cost-saving potential (Friedrich 2021). Scarpi et al. (2021) adopted a customer-oriented perspective on the production of bio-based polymers from food waste. They argued that consumer acceptance is critical to the success of these plastics. The tendency towards sustainable packaging is influenced by factors such as perceived value, awareness, participation and perceived risk. Converting food waste into higher value products could be an important component of the circular economy (Scarpi et al. 2021). In addition, increasingly stringent directives, such as the VerpackG in Germany, are exerting increasing pressure on the food industry to avoid petroleum-based plastics (Friedrich 2021). However, widespread adoption and establishment in the marketplace may only be possible with further government intervention (Friedrich 2021; Vanapalli et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing innovations in bio-based plastics as substitutes for conventional fossil-based single-use plastics. It highlights that regulations and market demands influence the shift towards more sustainable packaging options, directly linking eco-packaging innovations to the reduction of dependency on single-use plastics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: However, some cancer care providers have argued that, in the absence of in-person visits, telehealth helps address the psychological challenges faced by cancer survivors during the pandemic by providing a mechanism for continuity of mental health support services [26]. The adjustments made by cancer care providers during the pandemic highlight the need for gathering patients’ perceptions of the quality of their communication with clinicians and how their communication in telehealth sessions (video or phone) compares with communication in in-person visits. This study explored two research questions: How do oncology patients assess the quality of their communication with clinicians during the pandemic, and do these evaluations vary by patients’ sociodemographic and health-related characteristics? How do oncology patients compare the quality of their communication in telehealth sessions to communication in in-person visits? MethodsParticipantsto December 2020, oncology patients who had received treatment during the pandemic were recruited for an online survey of their cancer care experiences since the pandemic started. Survey participants were recruited through nonprofit cancer support organizations, the Community and Cancer, and through a market research firm. Eligibility criteria included having a cancer diagnosis (any cancer type), aged 18 or older, English speaking, and having received any type of cancer treatment in 2020. Survey respondents were offered the chance to win a $75 gift card (20 survey respondents were randomly selected). MeasuresQuality of clinician-patient communication was assessed with two sets of measures. The Patient-Centered Communication-Cancer-6 Items (PCC-CA-6) [27] consists of 6 items on which patients self-assess their communication with clinicians since the pandemic began across key domains of patient-centered communication: information exchange, fostering healing relationships, responding to emotions, managing uncertainty, making decisions communication, and enabling self-management. The measure is grounded in the Institute’s 6-function model of patient-centered communication in cancer care [9]. Items are averaged to create a composite patient-centered communication score. The survey also included 3 single-item measures where respondents were asked, “Compared to in-person visits, how well do your cancer care doctors and other healthcare professionals communicate (show caring and support, provide the information you need) during telehealth sessions? ” Response options included Much better, Somewhat better, About the same, Somewhat worse, or Much worse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the quality of communication in telehealth sessions compared to in-person visits, implying that cost is not the only factor to be considered. It highlights the complexity of evaluating telehealth, suggesting that while it may provide continuity of care and address psychological needs, the quality of communication may vary, which could imply that telehealth does not always fulfill the same needs as traditional in-person visits. This complexity indicates that the cost comparison alone is insufficient to support the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: zip Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NLRP12-deficiency leads to increased inflammation in the liver. WT and Nlrp12-/- mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days and euthanized 10 months later. (A–B) H and E-stained liver sections were examined histopathologically and scored for inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis. Representative images of inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis are shown. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) Real-time qPCR analysis of cytokines and chemokines in the HCC tissues. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (D) Tumor tissues were analyzed for the quantification of T cells (CD45+, TCRb+, CD11b-), dendritic cells (CD45+, CD11b+, CD11c+high, Gr1-), Kupffer cells (CD45+, CD11b+, F4/80+, Gr1-), and neutrophils (CD45+, CD11b+, Gr1+, CD11c-) by flow cytometry. (E) Relative abundance of different immune cell types was analyzed by FlowJo software. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (F) Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded HCC sections were stained with F4/80 antibody and the number of F4/80+ cells (brown) per high power field (20X) was counted. The picture shows representative immunostaining of F4/80 (brown). Data represent means ± SEM (n = 25). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (G) The expression of Emr1 (F4/80) in the HCC tissues was measured by real-time PCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 13–14). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 2—source data 1 NLRP12-deficiency leads to increased inflammation in the liver. Download elife-40396-fig2-data1-v2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about urban living and stress levels, as it discusses scientific experiments related to NLRP12 deficiency and inflammation in the liver without any mention of urban living or stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: So, in a short-term perspective, the use of food waste as a raw material for environmentally sustainable plastic alternatives is a better option than recovering (R9-strategy). But, in a long-term perspective, this form of plastic production could worsen the avoidable food wastage as it seems to be a useful application, which justifies such actions. Excluded from this are wastes from food production that arise as by-products, e. g. , leaves, peels, feathers, or skins. These are unavoidable in the current food industry and should therefore be utilised as resources for further value creation. Under this condition, an environmentally friendly production system for food-derived bio-based plastics could be established. Incorporating the resource nexus approach, which considers the links between multiple resource and socio-economic components (Bleischwitz & Miedzinski 2018), could provide insightful assessments for this transition process. 5. 2 End-of-lifeEspecially for single-use products and packaging, the material’s value chain is really short. Additionally, as mentioned before, the impacts of plastics on the environment are tremendous. Hence, it is not only important to develop plastics from natural and renewable substances, but it is also necessary that the created material is biodegradable, recyclable or repurposable in order to reduce the continuously growing amount of plastic waste. A material is defined as biodegradable if natural composting with the aid of microorganisms or with abiotic factors (e. g. , hydrolytic degradation, environmental temperature) is possible (Eriksen et al. 2014) and organic material rich in nutrients is released as humus (Mahpuz et al. 2022). The biodegradability also depends on the type and nature of the material, the soil and its chemical-physical conditions (Mahpuz et al. 2022; Blinková & Boturová, 2017). Based on the SLR, it is evident that most of the materials, except PLA, fulfil the characteristics of compostability. PLA is only biodegradable in industrial composting facilities and not under real environmental conditions (Mahpuz et al. 2022; Rudnik & Briassoulis 2011; Siakeng et al. 2020; Venkatesh et al. 2021), which is why it does not alleviate the existing waste problem in the environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need to develop environmentally friendly production systems for food-derived bio-based plastics, which can serve as alternatives to single-use plastics. It emphasizes the necessity of creating biodegradable, recyclable, or repurposable materials as a means to address the issues associated with single-use plastics. Moreover, it highlights the importance of reducing plastic waste through the utilization of natural and renewable substances, thus aligning with the aim of eco-packaging innovations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Primary reasons for preferring in-person visits were ease of asking questions, desire for a face-to-face interaction, and the perception that in-person visits provided more reassurance. Furthermore, the two groups (patients who preferred the idea of a web-based visit alone vs. those who rejected it) were similar in their demographics, ASA class, and disease process/surgical indication. These results provide new insights compared to previously reported findings in terms of patient satisfaction and acceptance of virtual post-operative visit platforms. In a study analyzing use of a patient portal for post-op visits, Broman et al. reported that 76% of their sample found the online format alone to be acceptable for follow-up [3]. The mean overall satisfaction score for a mobile app used for post-op monitoring for breast and orthopedic patients was 3. 9 out of 4 [10]. Our findings demonstrate that although virtual visits may be better accepted by colorectal surgeons, a large proportion of CRS patients may prefer the in-person interaction and opportunity for discussion, despite the added travel inconvenience, cost, and time commitment. Potential solutions to improve patient satisfaction scores with our online tool include more extensive education sessions with research staff at the time of enrollment. During these sessions, patients would become more familiar with the platform, which would help tailor their expectations at the time of survey completion post-discharge. Our survey also solely consisted of a sequential list of questions, which may have thus not provided as much reassurance as an in-person visit. Enlisting the help of our Information technology department (IT) to include voice prompts and visual cues to make the platform more interactive may improve patient satisfaction scores. LimitationsThis study presents several limitations. First, our sample was overwhelmingly Caucasian with a median age of 61. 5 years. This limits our ability to assess whether a web-based visit would be acceptable to patients of different races, ethnicities, and age groups and reflects inherent bias related to the widespread applicability of this option across a diverse population. Second, over 50% of the sample were unable to upload a picture, most often due to file size limits. Similar technical difficulties are reported in other studies, who identified lack of technology education and familiarity with a Telehealth platform as a barrier to using that modality [16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing patient preferences and perceptions about in-person visits over telehealth despite the potential costs and inconveniences associated with travel. It mentions that many colorectal surgery patients prefer in-person interactions and opportunities for discussion, suggesting that personal preferences can outweigh cost considerations. Additionally, it highlights issues related to technology and satisfaction that could affect the perceived value of telehealth versus in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: zip Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset NLRP12 suppresses inflammatory responses in HCC tissue. (A–D) WT and Nlrp12-/- mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days followed by eight weekly injections of CCl4 (0. 5 ml/kg i. p. , dissolved in corn oil) starting at 10 weeks of age and sacrificed at the age of 6 months. (A) Formalin-fixed liver sections were stained with H and E. Representative images showing adenoma, inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis. (B) Percentage of area covered by adenoma. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) Histopathological scorings for inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (D) The expression of indicated genes in HCC tissues was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 6). *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (E–F) WT and Nlrp12-/- mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days and euthanized at 10 months. (E) The levels of IL-6, TNFα, and KC (CXCL1) in HCC lysates were measured by ELISA. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 9). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (F) Real-time qPCR analysis of IL-17, IFNγ, and IL-4 in HCC tissues. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15). (G) Livers from untreated WT and Nlrp12-/- mice at 10 months after birth were collected and the expression of F4/80 gene was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the impact of NLRP12 on inflammatory responses in HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) tissue and does not mention urban living or stress levels. There is no connection between the content of the text and the assertion that urban living always leads to increased stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: This is consistent with the findings of Pinheiro de Souza et al. (2022) that less than 50% of bio-based plastics are biodegradable and further reinforces the recommendation of the (2022) to differentiate between the terms bio-based and biodegradable. Taken this into account, a framework was developed to emphasise the different end-of-life scenarios that newly established materials may have (Fig. 3). Fig. 3Circularity framework for bio-based plastics (own presentation)Full size imageThe first aspect of the framework concerns the source material of the bio-based plastic and its origins and characteristics. The next step in the framework distinguishes between biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers. As mentioned above, more than 50% of bio-based plastics are biodegradable. This is the result of processing the materials into a substance that resembles fossil plastic in its structures and properties are attempted to be achieved (Mahpuz et al. 2022; Mansingh et al. 2022). Thus, there are conflicting objectives regarding the material properties. The last stage of the framework is the decision on how to treat the packaging after it has been used. To create a circularity, the material should be recycled as much as possible and in a high quality, so that the products remain in the cycle for a longer period of time. This results in a reduction in the use of materials, energy, and land, as well as a decrease in pollution (Evode et al. 2021). Therefore, the recycling is the preferred option as an end-of-life solution. If this is not possible, the biodegradable material can be repurposed as a commodity in agriculture, e. g. , as compost fertilizer, animal food, or treatment for water and soil (Chollakup et al. 2020). Due to this downcycling process, the material leaves the circle of packaging production but is still useful for another value chain. The last preferred option is the recovery where the plastics are incinerated und used as a source for energy supply. Even if this creates an opportunity to use renewable energies, the feedstocks are lost. Of course, there are also some challenges associated with the implementation of a circular plastic economy. The manufacturing effort for plastic from recycled packaging increases significantly compared to the use of raw material (Pinheiro de Souza et al. 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the emphasis on recycling and the development of frameworks that highlight the importance of differentiating between biodegradable and non-biodegradable plastics, ultimately supporting eco-packaging innovations that aim to reduce material usage and pollution, which aligns with reducing dependency on single-use plastics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Abstractdisease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic has resulted in a rapid shift to telehealth and many services that need in-person care have been avoided. Yet, as practices and payment policies return to a new normal, there will be many questions about what proportion of visits should be done in-person vs telehealth. Using the 2016 (NAMCS), we estimated what proportion of visits were amenable to telehealth before COVID-19 as a guide. We divided services into those that needed in-person care and those that could be done via telehealth. Any visit that included at least 1 service where in-person care was needed was counted as an in-person only visit. We then calculated what proportion of reported visits and services in 2016 could have been provided via telehealth, as well as what proportion of in-person only services were done by primary care. We found that 66% of all primary care visits reported in NAMCS in 2016 required an in-person service. 90% of all wellness visits and immunizations were done in primary care offices, as were a quarter of all Papanicolaou smears. As practices reopen, patients will need to catch up on many of the in-person only visits that were postponed such as Papanicolaou smears and wellness visits. At the same time, patients and clinicians now accustomed to telehealth may have reservations about returning to in-person only visits. Our estimates may provide a guide to practices as they navigate how to deliver care in a post-COVID-19 environment. COVID-19and QuestionnairesTelemedicineIntroductionA recent shift from in-person visits to telehealth throughout the country has patients and clinicians questioning whether a return to medicine as we know it is possible. Many patients find telehealth more convenient and many clinicians and health care systems see the benefit of being able to treat patients while keeping them safe at home. 1⇓–3 At the same time, this conversion to telehealth has been a financial burden for offices without the infrastructure or capability to quickly transform to telehealth, and the drop in in-person visits has been devastating for these practices and their communities. 4,5 While it is still unknown whether telehealth will remain widespread as stay-at-home orders are lifted, it is certain that medicine as we know it will have changed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities associated with telehealth and in-person visits. It mentions that the shift to telehealth may be financially burdensome for practices lacking the infrastructure and capability to adopt it, suggesting that telehealth is not necessarily cheaper compared to traditional in-person visits. Additionally, it notes that while telehealth offers convenience, it has resulted in a drop in in-person visits that has been devastating for practices, highlighting that cost considerations are multifaceted and dependent on the context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Figure 2—figure supplement 1—source data 1 NLRP12 suppresses inflammatory responses during HCC. Download elife-40396-fig2-figsupp1-data1-v2. zip Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Increased HCC in Nlrp12-/- mice is associated with increased cell death and proliferation in the livers. WT and Nlrp12-/- were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) or PBS (healthy control) at the age of 14 days and sacrificed at 10 months after DEN administration. (A) Liver tissue sections from healthy controls and DEN-treated mice were immunostained with Ki67 antibody and the number of Ki67-positive cells was counted under 20X objective. Data were collected from at least 10 fields per liver section and three mice/group. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 50). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (B) The expression of Ki67 in tumor tissues was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15; each sample represents individual mouse). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) Apoptosis in the healthy and HCC livers were measured by TUNEL assay. The number of TUNEL-positive cells (green) under 20X objective was counted and plotted as individual values. Data were collected from at least 10 fields per liver section and three mice/group. Data represent means ± SEM. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (D) Liver sections from DEN-treated mice (n = 3) were immunostained for cleaved caspase-3 (brown). Cleaved caspase-3 positive cells were counted under 20X objective. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 40). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (E) Liver tumor lysates were immunoblotted with anti-cleaved caspase-3, cytochrome c, and β-actin. The band intensities of caspase-3 and cytochrome c were measured. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5; each sample represents individual mouse). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim about urban living and stress levels. It discusses a scientific study related to inflammatory responses, liver cancer in mice, and various biochemical analyses, without mentioning urban living or stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: In this context, different bio-based plastic substitutes possess antioxidant, antibacterial, and antimicrobial characteristics, which help to expand the durability and decrease food loss during transport and storage (Mahpuz et al. 2022; Klinmalai et al. 2021; Varghese et al. 2022; Zeng et al. 2022). There are findings that the use of bio-based plastics could extent the durability of meat and dairy products as well as fruits, vegetables and baked goods (Adhikari et al. 2022; Mahpuz et al. 2022; Moussaoui et al. 2022; Klinmalai et al. 2021). Moreover, businesses are crucial in communicating and promoting new products to customers. They can influence the consumer awareness towards sustainable products in various ways. It is possible to raise attention for bio-based products for low-aware customers and to increase the awareness of those with an already high environmental conscience (Scarpi et al. 2021). A first step to reach even more customers could be educational campaigns, created and executed by institutions and companies to promote environmentally sustainable materials used in packaging (2015; Süßbauer et al. 2022). An additional approach, provided by Scarpi et al. (2021), is to label environmentally friendly and sustainable sourced products to draw customers’ attention to them. This could make it easier for them to recognise and evaluate environmentally sensitive brands and their offers. Following such proposals could mean drawing higher popularity and therefore greater sales of products packaged in sustainable materials. Due to the current waste problem, manufactures and retailers should be obliged to actively seek and implement solutions for managing the end-of-life of plastic packaging. As mentioned above and in regard of Potting et al. (2017), possibilities of improving the reusability, recyclability, repurposability, and recovery of disposed material should be considered by corporates (Mahpuz et al. 2022; Pinheiro de Souza et al. 2022). Additionally, the high effort of changing the current value chain is compensated in the long term by time, energy and cost savings in production as well as increasing independence from fossil raw materials and suppliers of virgin material (Korhonen et al. 2018). These factors should be an incentive for companies to use their responsible role to support change in the plastics industry. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how bio-based plastic substitutes can extend the durability of various food products while also promoting environmentally sustainable materials in packaging. It emphasizes the need for businesses to communicate and promote sustainable alternatives, suggesting that these innovations can help reduce dependency on single-use plastics through increased consumer awareness and responsible corporate practices. The mention of managing the end-of-life of plastic packaging also indicates a proactive approach towards reducing the reliance on conventional plastics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Past studies have cited multiple reasons for demographic differences in telehealth use including mistrust of the use of technology for health care, poor health literacy, or poor technology literacy16,17. Yet differences in access to technology also play a large role. National-level data confirms that Black and Hispanic patients are less likely to own a smartphone or have home broadband access than non-Hispanic whites. 18 In addition, a survey on the use of telehealth in the system showed that older patients (>75 years old) and Black, Latino/a and Philipino/a patients were less likely to own digital devices, use the internet and e-mail, and be able and willing to use digital technology to perform health care-related tasks. 19 This is particularly concerning given that COVID-19 disproportionately affects older Americans and Black Americans. If we continue a telehealth-only system of medicine in the post-COVID-19 pandemic we have the potential to exacerbate the already present inequities in health care. Understanding the impact of telehealth on health equity will be crucial as virtual visits may improve access to care or marginalize more vulnerable patients with less access to the technology required for high-quality video visits. LimitationsThe major limitation to our study is the NAMCS data categories services provided during the visit. It is not possible to identify within categories every element of an individual visit that might necessitate an in-person encounter. Along the same lines, there is currently no set guideline for which services must be done in-person and which can be safely done via telehealth. Obvious examples such as a pelvic examination or casting were easier to categorize than less straightforward services such as wellness visits. While some education and counseling may be amenable to telehealth, it may be better to deliver some education in-person. Furthermore, our definition of telehealth included any modality (ie, telephone only, video-enabled, e consults) which was in line with the existing literature. It may be argued that video-enabled visits provide more diagnostic accuracy or that telephone only visits reduce the digital divide. We used the extant literature on telehealth to determine which visits in the NAMCS data needed to be in-person and confirmed this list with primary care physicians who were practicing telehealth, though our study points out the fact that more research is needed on the comparative effectiveness of telehealth visits. Second, we did not include NPs or PAs in our study sample. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that complicate the comparison of costs between telehealth and traditional in-person visits. It highlights demographic differences in access to technology and health literacy, which may influence the effectiveness and ability to utilize telehealth services. It also touches on the potential exacerbation of inequities in healthcare based on these differences rather than confirming an always cheaper scenario for telehealth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Figure 3—source data 1 Measurement of cell death and proliferation in WT and Nlrp12-deficient HCC. Download elife-40396-fig3-data1-v2. zip Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset NLRP12 regulates hepatocyte death and proliferation during HCC. (A) DEN-treated mice at 10 months were injected with BrdU at 2 hr before sacrifice (n = 5/group) via i. p. Formalin-fixed liver sections were immunostained with BrdU antibody. The number of BrdU-positive cells (brown) per HPF was counted. The analysis includes counting from 10 to 15 fields/section (under 20X objective) and three mice/group. Data represent means ± SEM. *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (B and C) Primary hepatocytes were grown on cover slip, treated with or without LPS for 24 hr, and stained for TUNEL (green). The number of TUNEL-positive cells were counted from 30 fields. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Data represent means ± SEM. *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 3—figure supplement 1—source data 1 NLRP12 regulates hepatocyte death and proliferation. Download elife-40396-fig3-figsupp1-data1-v2. zip Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NLRP12-deficiency leads to increased expression of proliferative genes and activation of the JNK pathway. WT (n = 15) and Nlrp12-/- (n = 15) mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days and euthanized at 10 months later. (A) Liver tumor tissues were analyzed for the expression of the indicated genes by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15; each sample represents individual mouse). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (B) Liver tumor lysates were immunoblotted for Cyclin d1, cMyc, and P-cJun. β-actin was used as a loading control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses scientific measurements related to cell death, proliferation in mice, and the gene regulation involved in liver tumor analysis. It does not mention urban living, stress levels, or any related phenomenon, making it irrelevant to the claim about urban living and stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: These are important advancements that have benefits, not only for producers, but also consumers and, more broadly, the planet. If we can harness gene editing to improve upon ways to make agriculture more sustainable and edit plants so that they are more adaptable to turbulent climactic changes, the abilities for smallholder farmers to be more productive on the land with fewer pesticides and/or fertilizers can provide a more regionally stable food source. The major challenges lie in getting these technologies into the market, and to the people who can benefit from them the most, without being financially prohibitive. This is where harmonization of regulatory frameworks, even on a regional basis, as is the case in Latin America, and potentially in sub-will be key. The complexity of the patent and licensing landscape further deters progress in the area of proliferation. At this point, there does not appear to be any consensus among patent and/license holders on how to proceed. Europe could be a game changer if the decides to regulate gene edited agrifoods differently than GMOs. The uncertainty surrounding the EU remains a major limitation to the applicability of -Cas systems in Europe’s agricultural sectors (Cardi et al. , 2023: 18). But we have yet to see whether the recent EU proposal moves forward at the member-state level or is rejected. As discussed in Sect. 5. 3, there are varying expert opinions on which direction the EU will go. Rejecting the new breeding techniques proposal may disadvantage the EU in terms of global competitiveness in agricultural products and the ability to address agricultural sustainability and climate change. The eventual direction the EU chooses will have implications for its trading partners, especially those in African countries like Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania that are in the process of finalizing their regulatory frameworks for gene edited agrifoods. Informant 19 (a private sector representative) said of smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa, …much of the activism against modern technologies is really out of touch with what farmers are facing. Farmers are not looking for GMOs. Farmers are not looking for gene edited technologies. Farmers are like, ‘I’m grappling with this pest. Do you know any solution that can help? ’ I wish there was a model that would just allow farmers to have the opportunity to choose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how gene editing can improve agricultural sustainability and adaptability. It highlights that gene editing can make crops more adaptable to climatic changes and improve productivity with fewer pesticides, thus supporting the notion that gene editing can create disease and pest-resistant crops. Additionally, it suggests that farmers are in need of effective solutions to pest problems, aligning with the claim about gene editing's potential benefits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Use telehealth as needed: telehealth substitutes in-person primary care and associates with the changes in unplanned events and follow-up visits 2020. The sample included 16,222 patients, 338,872 patient-month records and 134,375 outpatient encounters. Patients were categorized as non-users, telehealth only, in-person care only and users of both types. Outcomes included the number of unplanned events and costs per month at the patient level; number of days until the next visit and whether the next visit happened within 3-, 7-, 14- and 30-days at the encounter level. All analyses were adjusted for patient characteristics and seasonal trends. ResultsBeneficiaries who used only telehealth or in-person care had comparable baseline health conditions but were healthier than those who used both types of services. During the study period, the telehealth only group had significantly fewer ED visits/hospitalizations and lower Medicare payments than the baseline (ED 13. 2, 95% CI [11. 6, 14. 7] vs. 24. 6 per 1,000 patients per month and hospitalization 8. 1 [6. 7, 9. 4] vs. 12. 7); the in-person only group had significantly fewer ED visits (21. 9 [20. 3, 23. 5] vs. 26. 1) and lower Medicare payments, but not hospitalizations; the both-types group had significantly more hospitalizations (23. 0 [21. 4, 24. 6] vs. 17. 8). Telehealth was not significantly different from in-person encounters in number of days until the next visit (33. 4 vs. 31. 2 days) or the probabilities of 3- and 7-day follow-up visits (9. 2 vs. 9. 3% and 21. 8 vs. 23. 5%). ConclusionsPatients and providers treated telehealth and in-person visits as substitutes and used either depending on medical needs and availability. Telehealth did not lead to sooner or more follow-up visits than in-person services. reports BackgroundTelehealth has rapidly expandedworldwide as an alternative delivery mode to in-person care since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic [1,2,3,4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing data that highlights the costs incurred by both telehealth and in-person services. It states that beneficiaries using telehealth had lower Medicare payments compared to their baseline but does not imply that telehealth is always cheaper than in-person visits. Moreover, the text indicates that patients and providers viewed telehealth and in-person visits as substitutes, suggesting that cost may not be a consistent factor across different situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (C) Band intensities of Cyclind1, cMyc, and P-cJun were measured. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5, each sample represents individual mouse). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (D) Liver tumor lysates were analyzed for the activation of p38, p65, and STAT3 by Western blotting. β-actin was used as a loading control. Each lane represents individual mouse. (E) Band intensities of P-JNK, P-ERK, P-p65, and P-STAT3 shown in D were measured. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (F) The levels in p65, P-p65, P-ERK, P-JNK, P-p38, and P-STAT3 in tumor lysates (0. 5 mg/ml) from different mice were measured by ELISA. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 6). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (G) Hepatocytes were isolated from liver tumors and analyzed for the activation of p38, p65, and STAT3 by Western blotting. Each lane represents individual mouse sample. (H) Densitometric analysis of P-JNK, and P-p65 immunoreactive bands are shown. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 6). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (I) RNA isolated from the tumor hepatocytes was analyzed for the expression of chemokines and proliferative genes. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 6, each sample represents individual mouse). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (J) Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells were isolated from liver tumors and stimulated with LPS (1 ug/ml). Activation of JNK was measured by Western blotting. Figure 4—source data 1 NLRP12 suppresses activation of JNK and expression of tumor-promoting molecules during HCC. Download elife-40396-fig4-data1-v2. zip Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset NLRP12 downregulates induction of inflammatory molecules in tumor hepatocytes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the analysis of physiological data in relation to liver cancer and the activation of specific proteins, without addressing urban living or stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: In terms of the patent and licensing landscape, harmonization that can simplify the environment for researchers is needed. Those experimenting with gene editing techniques need a degree of certainty about what IP legalities are relevant to their discoveries, which are not, and which might be in the future. The fact that successfully filed patents are publicized 18 months after they are approved is problematic for researchers and developers in this area, who may be violating a patent in the meantime without knowing it. There are calls to democratize the licensing landscape so that researchers in less developed countries can develop agrifood products that may benefit small-scale farmers, sustainability, and food security efforts within their own countries without paying hefty licensing fees and royalties. There are also worries that the complicated IP issues surrounding -Cas systems and other gene editing technologies will concentrate IP and research among only the largest multinational companies that can afford a team of legal experts in patent law, licenses, and royalty pay-outs. Institute’s joint licensing agreement with Corteva is a step forward, but it is ad hoc and only relevant to the patents and licenses that these entities hold. Some argue that the revolutionary technique should be liberalized and be freely available for use to advance science in agrifood research globally, without the financial limitations of patents, licensing, and royalty payments, especially for those seeking solutions to social goods such as addressing global food insecurity, climate change and sustainability in the developing world. Informant 18 (a research scientist with an NGO) sees this as a pressing matter, especially in the wake of the global supply chain disruptions during and after the COVID-19 global pandemic. They state: on global trade and the importance of developing crops for the developing world, I think when you have the supply chains being disrupted, people would like to look for supply chains that are more secure in terms of food. So, if your commodities were coming basically from one part of the world and the supply chains are completely disrupted, trade wars being one such example, you would look for policies which ensure that the production and productivity of commodities in those specific zones is not stopped. So gene editing will play a role. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential role of gene editing in developing crops, especially in the context of enhancing production and productivity in response to global supply chain disruptions. The informant suggests that gene editing will be crucial for ensuring food security during crises, implying that it can lead to the creation of resilient crops.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Over the past two years and especially at the beginning of the pandemic, telehealth relieved the burden to the whole healthcare system by sparing more labor and physical resources taking care of the COVID cases [5, 6]. It also protected patients and care providers from the risk of infection while maintaining timely access to necessary care services [7,8,9,10]. Existing research on telehealth since then have shown the changing volume over time [11,12,13], share and concentration across care service areas [2, 14], as well as utilization by patient subgroup [15,16,17] and among those with special needs [18,19,20,21]. However, there is limited evidence about the effects of telehealth on long-term healthcare costs and patient outcomes [22, 23]. Also limited is the knowledge on the relative timing (e. g. , one type of service happens before or after the other) and the subsequent utilization patterns (e. g. , follow-up rates and visit types) between telehealth and in-person options, which would also influence the direction and magnitude of telehealth effects on care costs and outcomes [24,25,26,27]. There have been mixed opinions on the effects of telehealth. On the one hand, people believe that telehealth provides timely care access and in a relatively cost-friendly way. As a result, it could reduce emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations that would otherwise be avoidable and ultimately save healthcare costs by reducing unplanned events [28,29,30,31]. Conversely, some argue that telehealth is not an adequate substitute for in-person service, and will either need in-person follow-up visits to supplement the service or cause even more delayed or missed care, resulting in higher care costs, worse care outcomes, or both [24, 25, 32]. Uncertainties to these questions impede policy makers and private entities such as insurers, clinicians and/or care organizations to make permanent decisions on telehealth when the public health emergency is coming to an end [33,34,35,36,37,38]. Telehealth also imposes unique challenges and opportunities for care delivery among the aging population worldwide. Take the US as an example. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there is 'limited evidence about the effects of telehealth on long-term healthcare costs and patient outcomes' and that there are 'mixed opinions on the effects of telehealth.' While some believe it can reduce costs by avoiding unplanned events, others contend that telehealth may necessitate in-person follow-ups, potentially leading to 'higher care costs, worse care outcomes, or both.' This indicates that telehealth may not always be cheaper than in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: WT and Nlrp12-/- mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days and euthanized at 10 months later. (A) Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells were isolated from liver tumor tissues. The expression of albumin (Alb), Emr1, and Pdgfr-b in the isolated cell population was measured real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3). (B) The expression of Nlrp12 in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3). (C) Hepatocytes isolated from liver tumors at 10 months following DEN administration were cultured and stimulated with LPS for 4 hr. The expression of indicated genes was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3). *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 4—figure supplement 1—source data 1 NLRP12 regulates inflammatory responses in tumor hepatocytes. Download elife-40396-fig4-figsupp1-data1-v2. zip Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NLRP12 suppresses gut microbiota-dependent inflammatory responses and HCC pathogenesis. (A) Nlrp12-/- mice were treated with antibiotics in their drinking water starting at 4 weeks after birth and continued until the end of the experiment. Control groups were left untreated. At 4 weeks following antibiotics treatment, all mice (n = 10/group) were injected with DEN (100 mg/kg body weight). (B) At 38 weeks, mice were sacrificed and liver tumor development was monitored. Representative images of DEN-treated mouse livers are shown here. Number of tumors were counted. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 10). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) The expression of HCC marker AFP in the liver was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 10). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses a scientific study involving mice, their treatment with DEN, and the measurement of gene expression related to liver tumor development. It does not mention urban living, stress, or any related themes. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about urban living and stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Regulation of Technologies in Crops 9. The 9. We provide examples of applications of gene editing in agrifood plant breeding. Despite the advantages of -Cas9, other genome editing techniques may offer useful tools to address the challenges of agrifood production in the twenty-first century. -Cas9 technology remains the dominant approach to genome editing. You have full access to this open access 2. 1 NucleasesThere are three types of Site-(SDN) (see Table 2. 1). SDN uses DNA-cutting enzymes (nucleases) that are instructed to cut the DNA at a specific location by several binding systems. After the cut is made, the cell’s own DNA repair mechanisms recognize the break and repair it using one of two cell repair processes. In the case of the Non-Homologous End-Joining (NHEJ) pathway, there is no donor DNA. The cut in DNA is rejoined, however this may cause a few base pairs to be eaten away or added, resulting in random, small deletions or additions (a few base pairs) of nucleotides at the cut site (SDN1) (Entine et al. , 2021: 559). The Homology-(HDR) pathway involves a donor DNA that carries the chosen change and has homologyFootnote 5 with the target site used to introduce the chosen change at the cut site. This allows for an introduction of specific intentional insertions, changes, or deletions. The SDN2 technique targets a gene for correction. The SDN3 technique inserts a gene into the DNA. Table 2. 1 Three main types of gene editing using Site-(SDN)Full size tableIn some cases, countries regulate the three main types of gene editing differently. Since the SDN3 technique sometimes uses transgenes to edit the genome (transgenics), its risk profile is treated differently from gene editing that uses SDN1 or SDN2 in some contexts. Some argue that mutations in a controlled environment regardless of the technology used may, in fact, be safer than those occurring in nature. As research scientist Informant 5 put it, I find that technologies tend to be exceptionalized in the food system. And the reality is that technologies are probably the least risky part of how we produce and consume food. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gene editing techniques such as SDN1, SDN2, and SDN3, which allow for specific changes in the DNA of plants. The mention of these techniques suggests that gene editing can lead to the development of crops that may possess desirable traits, potentially including resistance to diseases and pests, thereby supporting the essence of the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: 0, 12,7 and 12. 9±1. 6 hospitalizations per 1,000 patients per month respectively) and were significantly lower than the both-types group (17. 8 CI [16. 8, 18. 9]). During the pandemic, the no-visit and telehealth-only groups had significantly fewer hospitalizations relative to the pre-pandemic period (5. 5 and 8. 1±1. 6). The in-person only group showed no significant changes (12. 3 CI [10. 9, 13. 7]) and the both-types groups had a significantly higher number of hospitalizations than before (23. 0 CI [21. 4, 24. 6]) (Table 2). Predicted payment for unplanned eventsIn the baseline period, the average monthly payment per person for the telehealth and in-person groups were comparable between each other ($7,326 and $7,184) but were significantly higher than the no-visit group ($4,772) and lower than the both-types group ($13,449). During the pandemic, the no-visit, telehealth only, and in-person only groups had lower payments than pre-pandemic levels ($1,896, $3,778, and $4,838 respectively), but the both-types group had no significant changes from before ($12,588). Further, the estimated payments for the telehealth only and in-person only groups became significantly different from each other during the pandemic (mean difference $1,060, CI [$957, $1,162]) (Table 2). Follow-up patterns for telehealth and in-person visitsThe overall distribution of the number of days until the next visit among all encounters were comparable before and during the pandemic and between in-person and telehealth visits. More than 60% of the next visits happened within 30 days. Proportionally more next visits happened on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day from the initial visit (Fig. 1). Fig. 1Distribution of Number of Days until the by Before and During the Pandemic. Note: Sample included in-person and telehealth encounters (/visits) for the pandemic cohort (65 yrs. or older with a UW PCP) pre- and during pandemic without March 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific financial data showing that the average monthly payment per person for telehealth ($7,326) and in-person groups ($7,184) were comparable and not necessarily cheaper than traditional visits. Additionally, during the pandemic, while the telehealth group did have lower costs than pre-pandemic levels, it was not unequivocally cheaper than in-person visits, as highlighted by the significant difference in payment estimates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (D–E) Liver tissues were analyzed for the expression of cytokines and chemokines (D) and pro-proliferative genes (E) by real-time qPCR. (D–F) Data represent means ± SEM (n = 10). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 5—source data 1 Measurement of liver tumorigenesis and inflammatory responses following antibiotic treatment. Download elife-40396-fig5-data1-v2. zip Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Altered gut microbiota of Nlrp12-/- mice doesn’t influence immune responses in healthy livers. (A and B) Fecal DNA isolated from 10 months old untreated WT (n = 6) and Nlrp12-/- (n = 7) mice were analyzed for 16S rRNA gene sequence. Relative distribution of bacterial composition at phylum (A) and family (B) levels are shown. Data represent means ± SEM. *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) The expression of cytokines and chemokines as indicated in the liver of healthy mice (10 months old) were analyzed by real time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). Statistical analysis was performed by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (D) Single cell suspension of healthy WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers collected at 10 months after birth were stained with antibodies for CD3, CD11b, CD11c, F4/80, and Gr-1 and analyzed by flow cytometry for the quantification of T cells (CD45+, TCRb+, CD11b-), dendritic cells (CD45+, CD11b+, CD11c+high, Gr1-), kupffer cells (CD45+, CD11b+, F4/80+, Gr1-), and neutrophils (CD45+, CD11b+, Gr1+, CD11c-) by flow cytometry. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 4). Statistical analysis was performed by two-tailed unpaired t-test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses liver tissue analysis, cytokine and chemokine expression, and statistical differences in various experimental conditions. There is no mention of urban living or stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: Meganucleases are single proteins that recognize a sequence in the DNA and break the target DNA, leaving a double-strand break that can be repaired through a natural repair process used to repair broken DNA (Silva et al. , 2011). They naturally occur in bacteria, single celled organisms, plants, animals, and fungi. Meganucleases can be used in genome editing for both nonhomologous end joining and homology directed repair–mediated alterations. Meganucleases-mediated genome editing has been demonstrated in maize (Zea mays) and tobacco (Nicotiana spp. ) (Baltes & Voytas, 2014). Production is difficult, and cost of production is costly. It can take months to conduct an experiment using meganucleases. It is difficult to change the target sequence specificity of meganucleases, so they are not widely used for genome editing (NASEM, 2016). 2. 3 NucleaseOne of the first reliable, successful methods of genome editing was reported in 2003, though it was discovered in 1985. Nuclease (ZFN) interacts with three specific base pairs of DNA that cause double-strand breaks at a targeted site in the genome. It requires two proteins. ZFNs are used to introduce mutations via (NHEJ), which is a natural repair process used to join the two ends of a broken DNA strand back together. ZFNs have been used to modify plants, but the technique is not always accurate as it sometimes targets the wrong sequence (NASEM, 2016). An example of where this technique has been used is in the modification of the endogenous tobacco acetolactate synthase genes, which is the target enzyme for two types of herbicides. By using ZFN and a donor molecule, mutations were induced, thus generating plants which were herbicide resistant (see Novak, 2019). The production and cost of production of ZFNs is prohibitively expensive. It can take months to conduct an experiment using ZFNs for gene editing. 2. 4 activator-like effectors (TALEs) followed zinc finger nucleases and preceded -Cas9 as effective genome editing tools. The discovery of TALEs was first published in 2009 in Science by scientists at University in Halle, Germany. TALEs are proteins with a unique DNA-binding domain that presents a predictable and programmable specificity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gene editing techniques such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and meganucleases, which have been used to modify plants, including the creation of herbicide-resistant plants. The mention of ZFNs inducing mutations that generate plants resistant to herbicides directly supports the assertion that gene editing can create crops resistant to diseases and pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: The distributions of number of days until the next visits were comparable both before and during the pandemic and between telehealth and in-person visits during the pandemicFull size imageAfter adjusting for patient characteristics and month fixed effects, both telehealth and in-person visits had fewer number of days until the next visit during the pandemic relative to in-person visits before the pandemic (33. 4 and 31. 2 days respectively vs. 43. 9 days; OR 0. 76 [0. 75,0. 78] and 0. 71 [0. 70, 0. 72]), but the two visit types were not significantly different from each other in number of days until the next visit. Similarly, the predicted probabilities of 3-, 7-, 14- and 30-day follow-up were higher during the pandemic period than before (OR 1. 36–1. 74). Comparing between telehealth and in-person visits during the pandemic, telehealth visits had comparable 3- and 7-day follow-up rates (9. 2% [8. 6%, 9. 7%] vs. 9. 3 [8. 9%, 9. 7%] for 3-day; 21. 8% [21. 0%, 22. 5%] vs. 23. 5% [22. 0%, 24. 1%] for 7-day) but lower 14- and 30-day follow-up rates than in-person visits during the pandemic (37. 8% [36. 9%, 38. 6%] vs. 40. 6% [40. 1%, 41. 3%] for 14-day; 62. 4 (61. 6, 63. 2) vs. 65. 1% [64. 5%, 65. 7%] for 30-day) (Table 3). Table 3 Risk-Duration (Number of Days) until the and the Likelihood of Follow-up VisitsFull size tableDiscussionUsing a longitudinal sample of Medicare beneficiaries who were 65 years or older and were served by an Organization, this study leveraged the COVID-19 pandemic as a natural experiment to examine the association of unplanned events, care costs and follow-up visit patterns with visit modality (telehealth vs. in-person) in primary care settings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that both telehealth and in-person visits had comparable number of days until the next visit during the pandemic, suggesting that the costs associated with visits were not significantly different. Additionally, it mentions that telehealth visits had lower 14- and 30-day follow-up rates compared to in-person visits, indicating potential differences in follow-up care that may affect overall cost, implying that telehealth is not unequivocally cheaper than in-person visits.