Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: Mice with third-degree burns were treated with EPSCs that were activated by human a-defensin-5 and it was found to both promote hair regeneration as well as accelerate wound healing [32]. The transplantation of LGR6-positive EPSCs isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and administered by injection into the wound significantly promoted re-epithelization, hair growth, and angiogenesis [32]. Carrier substrates could create an optimized physiological environment that may improve the regenerative performance of EPSCs [33]. Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) Most regenerative medicine research is focused on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) because they are derived mainly from bone marrow and adipose tissue [9]. CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells are the most widely studied and represent the only clinically approved stem cell [3]. MSCs can be derived from various tissues and have high differentiation potential [34]. MSCs are able to migrate to injured tissues, differentiate, and regulate tissue regeneration by the production of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines [35]. Shumakov et al. , performed experiments on 40 Wistar rats where MSCs were applied to wounds showing decreased cell infiltration of the wound [36]. Accelerated formation of new vessels and granulation tissue was noted in comparison with embryonic fibroblasts and controls, burn wounds with no transplanted cells [36]. Likewise, Abbas et al. found in their experimentation with Wistar rats that the vital tissue percentage within the zone of stasis was significantly higher in the stem cell group of rats [15]. Huo et al. , found that MSCs have great potentials in the burn field [37]. However, the cell survival and outcome are also facing challenges from poor microenvironment of the burn wound – their struggle to survive in a burn wound environment is a potential draw-back of the use of MSCs [37]. Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) Bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSC) were analyzed against embryonic fibroblasts by Shumakov et al. in the first use of BMSCs for burn wound healing research [14]. In 2004, Rasulov et al. , were the first to report using BMSCs in humans [38]. They confirmed high tempo of wound regeneration in the presence of active neoangiogenesis [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations and challenges faced by stem cells in regenerative medicine. It discusses various studies showing stem cell treatment for injuries, such as in mice with burns where acceleration of wound healing and hair regeneration was observed. However, it also notes the struggle of stem cells to survive in harsh environments, which suggests that stem cells are not capable of instantly regenerating all types of tissue or curing all injuries. Phrases such as 'struggle to survive in a burn wound environment' and 'facing challenges from poor microenvironment' indicate that there are significant obstacles in achieving instant regeneration.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: They undergo moderate remodeling and continue innervating compartments at the base of the mature MB peduncle and lobes (the PED, γ1, γ2, and α'1 compartments) (Figure 3). The octopaminergic -g1, exclusively targets the LVL compartment in the larva, but in its adult form, named OA-VPM3 (Busch et al. , 2009), it extends extensive arbors into the fan-shaped body and the medial and lateral superior protocerebrum (Figure 3—figure supplement 2) with some arbor extending into adult γ1 compartment. This neuron shows profound metamorphic changes, but we still classify it as remodeling because it has some contact with the adult MB. The four larval dopaminergic neurons of the PAM cluster innervate the four medial lobe compartments (and MT). Using our flip-switch method, we could not find an adult counterpart for any of them despite using nine different split-GAL4 lines. We therefore assumed that they died during metamorphosis (Figure 3A) and this is confirmed in the next section. We established the fates of 14 of the 17 types of larval MBONs (Figure 4, Table 1). None died. They either remodeled or trans-differentiated, although as described for OAN-g1 above, such a distinction is not clear-cut for some neurons. We categorized the two calyx neurons, MBON-a1 and -a2, as remodeling because they also innervate the mature MB. This is clearly the case for MBON-a2 since its larval and adult morphologies (as MBON 22) are extremely similar. MBON-a1, by contrast, completely withdraws from the calyx and directs its adult growth into the adult γ4 and γ5 compartments as MBON 29. Three larval MBONs from the lobe system show similar dramatic morphological changes but also remain within the MB circuit. MBON-c1 retracts from the larval lower peduncle compartment and grows into the adult calyx (as MBE-calyx). MBON-e2 and MBON-f2 retract from the vertical lobes and regrow into medial lobe compartments, becoming the adult MBON 03 and MBON 30, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses specific neuronal remodeling during metamorphosis without addressing the broader concept of complete metamorphosis in insects. It focuses on details of neuronal changes in larval and adult forms rather than on the general process of metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Data represent mean ± S. E. M. (n = 10–30). 3. 2. Light/investigate the effect of irregular light/dark cycles on breast cancer metastasis, BJMC3879Luc2-bearing mice were kept for 3, 5, or 8 weeks under the conditions shown in Figure 2A, and metastases to tissues were evaluated. No difference in body weight (Figure 2B), tumor volume (Figure 2C), or tumor weight (Figure 2D) was observed between normal light conditions and shift conditions. However, in the shift group, the survival rate began to decrease after about 5 weeks of tumor-bearing (Figure 2E). In addition, 8 weeks after inoculation, several mice in the shift group had symptoms of crouching, irregular respiration, and piloerection (data not shown). At the terminal sacrifice, cancer cell migration was captured using luciferase activity as a reporter and revealed that luminescence intensity tended to increase in the lung tissue and axillary lymph nodes of the shift group (Figure 3). Figure 3 Bioluminescent imaging of metastatic lesion areas of mice housed under normal or light/dark cycle shift conditions. Representative bioluminescent images of metastatic lesions obtained at 8 weeks after inoculation (A). Bioluminescent images were obtained 7 min after intraperitoneal administration of luciferin to mice. Quantification of bioluminescent intensities in each tissue taken from mice (B). Regions of interest (ROI) from displayed images were identified in the primary tumor, lung, kidney lymph node, and axillary lymph node, and quantified as photons per second. Data represent mean ± S. E. M. (n = 13–15). Necropsy of the major lymph nodes (i. e. , axillary, brachial, mediastinal, renal, iliac, inguinal, and popliteal) revealed markedly increased lymph node metastasis per mouse in the shift group (Figure 4A). In addition, metastasis in the right inguinal lymph node was observed in all mice (Figure 4B). However, the incidence of cancer metastasis in the right brachial lymph node was significantly higher in the shift group (Figure 4B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that irregular light/dark cycles have an adverse effect on the health of the mice, as indicated by the observed decrease in survival rates in the shift group and symptoms like irregular respiration. Additionally, the reported increase in cancer cell migration and metastasis is linked to the disruption of circadian rhythms, supporting the assertion that such disruptions can lead to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: Rasulov et al. , on rats also showed the superiority of stem cells in burn wound healing [39]. Xue et al. , explored BMSCs to improve burn wound healing in the skin of mouse models [29,40]. Wound surface healing was significantly accelerated as well as the number and density of new blood vessels increased [40]. These mice showed no corresponding tumor growth and they gained weight faster [29,40]. Ha et al. transfected BMSCs with adenovirus as a vector with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) [29,40,41]. The group treated with the MSCs had more significant re-epidermal growth at a shorter interval, less type 1 collagen and a thicker epidermis [41]. Although BMSCs have been successful in recent trials, a search for effective stem cell therapies continues because of invasive methods of retrieval for BMSCs as well as their low cell yields [40,41]. into skin of scalded fore limbs of male mice 0. 7 x 106 viable cells in 60 μL of PBS (1 million cells) Daily until wound was healed (covered by newly formed epithelium) Wound surface healing significantly accelerated Partial thickness skin burns on female rats BMSCs in adenovirus vector with HGF Days 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 postburn BMSCs have positive effects on healing of burn wounds Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) Umbilical cord stem cells (UCMSCs) are used as a source of mesenchymal stem cells [42]. They have endothelial progenitor cells, in addition to hematopoietic and non-haemopoietic stem cells. can be transformed into skin, endothelium or bone [43]. Liu et al. , used UCMSC on burns in rats and found expedited wound healing. Higher neo-angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, was recorded [44]. Similarly, Li et al. , used exosome from human UCMSCs to attenuate burn-induced excessive inflammation with 30% total body surface area (TBSA) burn wound on the dorsal side of rats [45]. A 30% TBSA full-thickness burn injury typically causes an excessive inflammatory response [45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing various studies on the effectiveness of stem cells in wound healing, specifically burn wounds, but it indicates limitations. While stem cells, such as BMSCs and UCMSCs, show positive effects in promoting wound healing and increasing blood vessel formation, the text also notes ongoing challenges including invasive retrieval methods and low cell yields. This suggests that stem cells cannot instantly regenerate any type of tissue nor cure all injuries, supporting the idea that more research is necessary for effective stem cell therapies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: s-NO2i. b neurons that innervate the nodulus (Wolff and Rubin, 2018). The time course of MBIN and MBON metamorphic changes The fates of most of the larval MBINs and MBONs, as determined by the flip-switch method, were confirmed by following the expression of the parental lines through early metamorphosis. Although most enhancer-based lines change their expression patterns during metamorphosis, we found that GFP expression typically persists through enough of the remodeling period to confirm a neuron’s adult identity. As expected from our failure to find the adult versions of the medial lobe MBINs (DAN-h1 to -k1) using the flip-switch method, we found that they degenerate early in metamorphosis (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). Their dendritic arbors collapsed by 8 hr after puparium formation (APF), the cell bodies were disrupted by 16 hr APF, and the neurons were reduced to scattered GFP-labeled debris by 24 hr APF. The MBINs and MBONs that either remodel or trans-differentiate (Figures 5 and 6) showed a time course of pruning and outgrowth like that reported for the γ Kenyon cells (Watts et al. , 2003). Pruning of γ neuron axons is evident by 4 hr APF and is completed by 16–18 hr APF. Adult outgrowth commences by 24 hr and is finished by 48 hr APF (Yaniv et al. , 2012; Mayseless et al. , 2018). The larval MBINs (Figure 5, Figure 5—figure supplement 2) and MBONs (Figure 6) also showed arbor loss by 8 hr APF and were maximally pruned by 16 hr APF. Growth cones were evident between 16 and 24 hr APF. MBIN-b1 and -b2 showed the most exuberant outgrowth, having formed growth cones that were halfway to the optic lobes by 16 hr APF and had reached them by 24 hr (Figure 5). Most neurons achieved their adult form by 48 hr APF. The GABAergic anterior paired lateral (APL) neuron and MBON-j2 neurons were exceptional in that they continue arbor extension beyond 48 hr (Figure 6—figure supplements 1 and 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. Instead, it discusses the metamorphic changes and neuronal developments during this process, without specifically confirming or denying that insects go through larval stages. Therefore, it is categorized as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, metastasis in the left brachial and inguinal lymph nodes, lymph nodes located distal to the implantation site, were significantly increased by light/dark shifts (Figure 4B). These results suggested that disturbances in the light/dark cycle may promote distant metastasis of breast cancer. Figure 4 Frequency of metastasis in lymph nodes. Number of lymph node metastasis in each group (A) and frequency of metastasis in distant lymph nodes (B). Data represent mean ± S. E. M. (n = 18). *, P < 0. 05; **, P < 0. 01; ***, P < 0. 001. 3. 3. Light/influence of light/dark shifts on the immune system, especially total WBC count and NLR, were analyzed. There was no effect of light/dark shifts on total WBC counts in both groups (Figure 5A). However, a decrease in the lymphocyte ratio and an increase in the neutrophil ratio at 5 weeks after cancer cell transplantation were confirmed in the Shift group, and the NLR was significantly higher in the Shift group than in the Control group (1. 64-fold, Figure 5B). Figure 5 Total white blood cells (WBCs) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Total WBCs were measured at 5- or 8-weeks post-inoculation (A). NLR was calculated from the neutrophil and lymphocyte percentage of WBCs at 5- or 8-weeks post-inoculation (B). Data represent mean ± S. E. M. (n = 6). *, P < 0. 05. 3. 4. NA Content in Intratumoral NA concentration tended to increase in the Shift group after 5 weeks of inoculation, but the NA concentrations in both groups were not significantly different after 8 weeks of inoculation (Figure 6). Figure 6 Change in tumor NA levels. Intratumoral NA concentration was measured at 5- or 8-weeks post-inoculation. Data represent mean ± S. E. M. (n = 5–10). 3. 5. Effect of Quercetin on in investigate the anti-metastatic effect of quercetin on breast cancer cells, a 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that 'light/dark shifts' significantly increased lymph node metastasis, which implies that disturbances in circadian rhythms may negatively impact health, specifically in the context of cancer metastasis. This supports the idea that disruptions to the natural cycles can lead to adverse health effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: However, the administration of their hUCMSC-exosome reduced the number of white blood cells [45]. This reduction became especially clear after 24 hours, and Li et al. , concluded that hUCMSC-exosome, in general, mildly suppressed inflammation after burn injury [45]. Zhou et al. , created a human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium in the form of a hydrogel, which could be topically applied to burn wounds [46]. Injured mice were treated with either conditioned or unconditioned hydrogel and compared with a control group [46]. Application of the UCMSC conditioned hydrogel shortened healing time, reduced area of inflammation, and enhanced reepithelization effectively in third-degree burned mice; however, effects were not found to be statistically significant 46]. Although topical application of the UCMSC allowed for ease of treatment, effects were not optimal and alternative treatments should be developed and evaluated [46]. Finally, Abo-Elkheir et al. , compared BMSCs and UCMSCs with standard grafting and early excision of recent thermal full-thickness burned human patients 22]. Patients’ burn percentages ranged from 10% to 25% TBSA, and following treatment, the percentage of burn extent was significantly reduced in both UCMSC and BMSC groups compared to standard grafting and early excision groups [22]. Ultimately, however, no significant difference between UCMSC and BMSC groups was found and further research is required to determine if one is more effective than the other [22]. ASCs (adipose-derived stem cells) Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are pluripotent and capable of differentiating into all three germ layers [47]. These stem cells can be cultured to up to 1000 times their yield making them distinctly more attractive than MSCs [48]. Adipose tissue can be harvested by a minimally invasive procedure, which makes it a promising source of adult stem cells [49]. Fujiwara et al. , used an ovine burn model and topical application of ASCs from non-injured healthy sheep 47]. They assessed wound healing at one- and two-weeks following application and treatment with ASCs was found to accelerate the patch graft growth compared to the control [47]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the limitations of stem cell applications in treating injuries. It states that while hUCMSC exosomes have mild effects on inflammation and the UCMSC hydrogel can shorten healing time for burn injuries, the results are not statistically significant and alternative treatments should be developed. Furthermore, it details that significant differences between various types of stem cells (UCMSCs and BMSCs) were not found, indicating that stem cells do not instantly or universally cure all injuries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: *Expression due to nontarget neurons in some driver lines; filled arrowheads: axonal growth cones; open arrowheads: dendritic growth cones; P+#: # hours after pupariation. Magenta: Fasciclin II; blue: Bruchpilot (nc82). Lines used for developmental timelines: MBON-a1: JRC-SS00867, MBON-a2: JRC-SS02006, MBON-g: JRC-SS02130, MBON-h: JRC-SS01725, MBON-j1: JRC-SS01973. MBON-a1 and -a2 provide an interesting contrast of divergent remodeling of two similar larval cells (Figure 6). Both cells show retraction of dendritic and axonal arbors by 8 hr APF. MBON-a1 removes its larval dendritic arbor by 16 hr, and its distal axonal region then extends new growth cones to innervate the adult γ4 and γ5 compartments and surrounding neuropils. In contrast, the dendritic arbor of MBON-a2 only partially regresses. It organizes into a dendritic growth cone by 16 hr APF, which then reinvades the calyx. Its adult form, MBON-20 (MBON-calyx; Aso et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2020), is very similar to its larval form. The most stable extrinsic neuron is DAN-d1 (Figure 5). Its dendritic arbor remains intact through metamorphosis. Its axonal tuft shows moderate thinning from 8 to 18 hr APF and then extends fine processes into the forming γ2 and α'1 compartments between 24 and 48 hr APF. A more extreme remodeling is evident in the larval MBON-d1, which becomes the adult cell MBON 11 (Figure 6—figure supplement 1). Its larval dendritic tuft retracts and reorganizes into a growth cone by about 18 hr APF. The latter extends into the γ1 and peduncle compartments by 24 hr and achieves its adult dendritic configuration by 48 hr APF. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. Instead, it discusses the axonal and dendritic growth during metamorphosis in specific neurons without explicitly stating any information about larval stages or complete metamorphosis in insects generally. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 3% quercetin diet was given to tumor-bearing mice for 8 weeks under the same conditions as described previously (Figure 2A). There were no differences in food intake or body weight changes in each group (Figure 7A and 7B). There was also no effect of quercetin intake on tumor volume and tumor weight (Figure 7C and 7D). Regarding lymph node metastasis, metastasis to various lymph nodes was suppressed in the 0. 3%Q-Ctrl and 0. 3%Q-Sh groups. In particular, it was observed that metastasis to the kidney lymph nodes and iliac lymph nodes was strongly suppressed (Figure 7E). Figure 7 Effect of 0. 3% quercetin diet on the lymph node metastasis. All animals were given normal MF diet or 0. 3% quercetin-containing MF diet over the experimental period. Food intake (A), body weight (B), and tumor volume (C) were measured once a week (n = 6–10). Tumor weight was measured at the final necropsy (D, n = 6–10). Data represent mean ± S. E. M. The lymph node metastasis inhibition rates in 0. 3% Q-Ctrl and 0. 3% Q-Sh were calculated using the frequency of metastasis occurrence in the Control or Shift groups as the baseline data (E, n = 6–10). *, P < 0. 05 vs. control; †, P < 0. 05 vs. shift. 4. cancer is the most frequent cancer type in women worldwide. Many previous epidemiological studies reported that shift and night workers are at a higher risk of breast cancer than day shift workers [16, 36]. These reports suggest that circadian disruption of biological functions due to deviations from the natural day/night cycle may affect breast cancer development. In this study, the effect of circadian rhythm disruption by light/dark shifts on metastasis of breast cancer was investigated using BALB/c mice transplanted with BJMC3879Luc2 mouse breast cancer cells. A radical shift pattern (12:12 light:dark cycle with inverting every two days) that imitated the rotating two-shift work was chosen to disrupt the circadian rhythms of the mice. The 12-hour rotating shift cycle caused clear circadian disruption and a free-running behavioral rhythm was observed (Figure 1A and Figure S1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that circadian disruption caused by shifts in the light/dark cycle can affect breast cancer development. It cites previous epidemiological studies showing that shift and night workers have a higher risk of breast cancer, suggesting that deviations from the natural day/night cycle may lead to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: Topical application of ASCs significantly increased wound blood flow [47]. Expression of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was significantly higher in the wounds treated with ASCs compared to those treated with placebo [47]. Foubert et al. , compared local injection and topical application of ASCs [50]. They created full-thickness thermal burns on 10 Gottingen minipigs and either sprayed ADSCs onto the wound surface (0. 25 × 106 viable cells/cm2) or performed multiple injections into or surrounding the wound bed [50]. No significant difference between delivery approaches was found, and they concluded that the spray system did not cause loss of cell number or viability and is recommended because less invasive [50]. Necrosis is a common complication in skin graft therapy [51]. Subsequently, Zografou et. al. measured the effectiveness of ASCs in the mitigation of necrosis after skin graft procedures on rats [51]. ASCs were isolated, cultured, and labelled with fluorescent dye and injected beneath a full-thickness skin graft on the dorsal side of ten rats [51]. The grafts were analyzed by assessing the Collagen’s framework, and the mean area of graft necrosis was significantly less in the injected group than control group [52]. They concluded that the autologous transplantation increased full-thickness skin graft survival via two pathways: in situ differentiation of ASCs into endothelial cells as well as increase secretion by ASCs of growth factors such as VEGF and TGFb3 which enhance angiogenesis and wound healing [51]. Finally, Zhou et al. isolated ASCs of Sprague-Dawley rats and labeled them with green fluorescent protein 53]. Previous success with ASCs in other research allowed Zhou et al. to compare different injection patterns of ASC therapy [53]. They concluded that multiple injections of the ASCs significantly accelerated the wound healing process and also efficiently participated in angiogenesis [53] (Table 4). application of ASCs to ovine burn model 3. 5 x 106 viable cells/cm2 One- and two-weeks post injury ASCs significantly increased growth & blood flow Injection and topical application (spray on) of ASCs on porcine model 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) show promise in increasing wound healing and survival rates of skin grafts, it does not support the notion of instant regeneration or curing all injuries. The studies mentioned focus on specific wound applications and treatments rather than suggesting that stem cells can instantly regenerate all types of tissue.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Its axonal arbor changes from a compact projection in the larva to a sparse arbor innervating the adult α and β lobes (Aso et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2020). Amongst the cells undergoing trans-differentiation, the most extreme changes are seen in MBON-g1 and g2, which shift from the larval MB to the adult central complex (Figure 6). Their larval axonal arbors are retracting by 8 hr APF and organize into axonal growth cones by 18 hr APF. The growth cones then navigate medially to innervate the intermediate zone of the nodulus. The dendritic tufts of MBON-g1 and -g2 thin by 8 hr APF and then fragment as new dendritic growth cones sprout from the base of the old arbor (18 hr APF). The dendrites innervate the ipsilateral lateral accessory lobe of the adult. MBON-c1 was refractory to the flip-switch approach, but its early metamorphic changes gave us insight into its mature function. As seen in Figure 6—figure supplement 3, by 24 hr APF, its larval dendritic arbor is essentially gone, and new growth cones are invading the calyx neuropil. This split-GAL4 line lost its GFP expression after 24 hr, but the extensive invasion of the calyx neuropil by this time indicates that the calyx is its adult target. Its anatomy at 24 hr APF, though, is too immature to allow it to be matched to any described adult cell, so we have called its adult form MBE-CA (mushroom body extrinsic neuron to calyx). The larval form is a derived state for the neurons that show trans-differentiation The γ Kenyon cells first assume a larval form, with vertical and medial axon branches, and then remodel into their adult form. The latter form, with its single medially directed axon, is the same as seen in the γ neurons of nymphs and adults of the more basal, direct-developing insects, such as the cricket (Malaterre et al. , 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. Instead, it focuses on the development and changes in axonal structures of specific neuronal cells during metamorphosis, which may relate to insects but lacks explicit reference to the metamorphic stages themselves. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Also, the peak times of Per2 and Pai-1 were phase advanced about for 7 h (Figure 1B and 1C) and 12 h (Figure 1E and 1F) in shift group mice, respectively. Furthermore, the expression levels of Per2 and Pai-1 showed noticeable downregulation. The association of Per2 or Pai-1 in many types of cancer, including breast, is well-documented [37, 38]. Per2 is known to have tumor suppressive activity against mammary tumors, and its down-regulation is advantageous for cancer progression [39]. These outcomes support the hypothesis that light/dark shift accelerate breast cancer progression. Incidentally, the relationship between breast cancer malignancy and Pai-1 has been discussed in several papers and it is presumed that Pai-1 promotes cell migration [40, 41]. We demonstrated that disruption of biological rhythms by light/dark shifts promoted tissue metastasis, especially distal lymph node metastasis and further caused a decrease in survival (Figures 2E, 3 and 4). But it did not affect the tumor volume or weight of transplanted breast tumors (Figure 2C and 2D). The effect of biorhythm disturbance on tumor growth and metastasis has been reported in previous study [42], along with downregulation of per2 by jet lag condition. And, it presents interesting data on the acquisition of the stemness and growth potential of tumor cells and antitumor immunity. In contrast, as mentioned above, our model did not show the effect of light-disturbance on tumor growth. It is difficult to make a general comparison with previous study [42], because of the different tumor model (spontaneous or orthotopic transplant), subtypes of breast cancer cells (estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor sensitivity and HER2 protein expression) and light/dark conditions. Therefore, we think that it will be necessary to consider the systems that more closely resemble human rotating shift work, e. g. , comparison with a 3-shift work system (shifted by 8 hours for 3 groups), of different light-dark compositions (6:18 light:dark cycle, and/or 18:6 light:dark cycle) in future studies. In mammals, various physiological functions including temperature regulation, sleep/arousal, and hormone secretion are known to change periodically over approximately a 24-hour period over a day/night cycle, which is an environmental time signal [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how disruption of biological rhythms, specifically through light/dark shifts, has been shown to promote health issues such as breast cancer progression and tissue metastasis. It mentions that these disruptions can affect physiological functions, implying a direct connection between circadian rhythm disturbances and adverse health effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: 25 x 106 viable cells/cm2 days 7, 12, 16, 21, and 28 posttreatment No significant difference between treatment methods was found ASCs injected under full-thickness skin grafts in rats 1 x 106 viable cells/cm2 One-week post injection Mean area of graft necrosis was significantly less in injected group than control group ASCs injected beneath 2-cm2 burn wound on dorsal skin of rat 2 x 106 viable cells/cm2 injected either 1 or 3 times Digital images of wound area taken pre- and posttreatment and throughout healing Multiple injections increased healing and promoted angiogenesis Table 4: Compares animal studies using ASCs in a burn wound model. comparing each type of stem cell for potential success in burn wound treatment, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) seem to possess the least limitations for clinical applications [54]. These ASC’s stem cells are considered the “holy-grail” in regenerative medicine as they are widely available, easily obtainable and propagated, have pluripotent potential and promote wound healing [55]. As compared with are easier to access, and they yield higher amounts of stem cells when isolated [52]. BMSCs carry several disadvantages such as a painful isolation procedure, low cell yields, and the need for general anesthesia [52]. As far as properties of self-renewal and multipotential differentiation, both BMSCs and ASCs were shown to be similar, therefore making ASCs an attractive substitute for BMSCs [52]. When compared to were not significantly different, although both improved healing compared to traditional treatment methods [22]. As important as it is to identify the most effective stem cell therapy for burn wound treatment, the work will not stop there. Once successful stem cells are identified, work must be done to determine the best method of application and if additional treatments should be performed on the cells prior to application. For example, Imam and Rizk found success when using erythropoietin pre-treated stem cells [56]. Ramhormozi et al. also found success through the use of combination therapy utilizing BMSCs and simvastatin with increased wound closure and decreased overall healing times [57]. Thus, co-cultures with other cell types as well as other various pretreatments using chemicals or cell media should be explored in greater detail [58]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that stem cells, specifically adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), have been shown to improve healing and promote angiogenesis when applied in certain conditions, but there is no statement supporting the idea that they can regenerate any type of tissue instantly or cure all injuries. The mention of needing to determine the best method of application and exploring additional treatments highlights that the current understanding of stem cell therapy is not as straightforward as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Thus, the adult version of Drosophila γ neurons is like that of a direct developing ancestor, while its larval form is derived to accommodate the lack of αβ class neurons in the larva. Is this a general rule for cells that have different larval and adult phenotypes? Do the adult phenotypes approximate the ancestral phenotype while the larval phenotypes are derived? It is difficult to directly deal with these designations for the trans-differentiating MBONs and MBINs because we do not know the corresponding neurons in direct developing species. We can, however, make this comparison for some VNC neurons such as the thoracic midline spiking interneurons (Figure 7). These neurons are found in a large cluster in each thoracic hemineuropil, and each cluster is the progeny of a single, identified neuroblast (Shepherd and Laurent, 1992). Each cluster includes two sets of GABAergic neurons that are based on the asymmetrical division of the ganglion mother cells. The 'A' group (hemilineage) remains ipsilateral, while the 'B' hemilineage projects to the contralateral leg neuropil where, as the midline spiking interneurons, they shape the response of leg motoneurons to input from leg mechanoreceptors (Siegler and Burrows, 1984). They were first described in grasshoppers (Siegler and Burrows, 1984) but they are found in both direct developing and metamorphic insects (Witten and Truman, 1998), indicating their involvement in leg function through insect evolution. Figure 7 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset The phenotypes of neurons made by thoracic neuroblast (NB) 4–2 during its embryonic and postembryonic phases of neurogenesis. Neurons are generated pairwise during both phases to produce the 13A and 13B hemilineages. (A) Four examples of embryonic born, 13B interneurons that function in the larva. All are commissural interneurons having ipsilateral dendrites and contralateral output sites. Boxed image shows the neurons overlapping in segment T1. (B) Example of a postembryonic clone of NB4-2 showing the neurons of the two hemilineages at the end of larval life. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding complete metamorphosis and the transition through larval stages in insects. Instead, it discusses specific neurons and their development in various insect forms, which does not directly relate to the process of metamorphosis or the claim about larval stages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Our previous studies revealed that nocturnal light exposure increases secretion of adrenaline and NA through the function of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis (SAM) system and the sympathetic nervous system, the stress response systems, showing evidence that a departure from the natural light/dark cycle is a stress factor [5, 22]. A recent investigation demonstrated that chronic stress load activated the sympathetic nervous system accompanied by secretion of NA, and promoted remodeling of tumor lymphatic vessels and cancer metastasis in mice transplanted with MDA-MB-231 cells [43]. We previously reported that NA elevated breast cancer cell infiltration via adrenergic receptors and upregulated MMP9 expression, which contributes to extracellular matrix degradation in MDA-MB-231 cells [20]. These findings suggest that disruption of light/dark cycles causes a stress response accompanied by NA secretion, which may affect breast cancer development. As shown in Figure 6, the concentration of NA in breast tumors tended to increase due to light/dark shifts. However, no increase in Mmp9 expression in tumors due to light/dark shift was observed (data not shown). As mentioned above, some biological functions including enzyme activity and gene expression show circadian rhythms. It is known that the activity and expression levels of these factors are continuously changing [44, 45]. All final sampling in this study was conducted at the same time (ZT 7–8). Therefore, to resolve the relationship between NA and MMP9, further experiments at multiple time points are required in future studies. We here shown that the NLR is significantly increased by light/dark shifts (Figure 5B). At the same time, shortening of survival was observed (Figure 2E). It is known that the survival rate of breast cancer patients markedly decreases as tumor stage progresses, particularly regarding the occurrence of metastasis [18]. Cancer cell migration from breast tissue to lymph nodes can be an important process in breast cancer progression. Various internal and external factors affect the metastasis of many cancers including breast cancer through the complex mechanisms, and in recent years there have been many reports that neutrophils have an active role in tumor progression [46, 47]. It has been reported that frequent changes in the light/dark environment can induce chronic inflammation and increase the early mortality rate [48]. It has been also reported that the risk of developing liver and lung cancer increases with long-term light/dark shifts [49, 50]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that disruption of the natural light/dark cycle is a stress factor, as noted in the text: 'a departure from the natural light/dark cycle is a stress factor.' It further supports this claim by discussing the relationship between light/dark shifts and various health issues, including the increased risk of breast cancer and chronic inflammation, as well as the evidence that 'the survival rate of breast cancer patients markedly decreases as tumor stage progresses.' These findings illustrate how disruptions in circadian rhythms can contribute to adverse health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: Economic barriers must also be overcome in order to adopt stem cell therapies for skin regeneration [16]. Costs of cell-based therapies are frontloaded, which delays return on investment [16]. Additionally, the technology to standardize and mass-produce such treatments is not yet available, so considerable funding must also be directed into the development of this large-scale infrastructure [16]. Currently, a search of clinical trials. gov including keywords “burn” and “stem cell” yielded 25 active clinical trials in the that are focused on these treatments [59]. Of these trials, seven are currently examining the success of Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in burn wound treatment: NCT03686449, NCT03113747, NCT02779205, NCT03183648, NCT03183622, NCT02619851, NCT02394873 [59]. A summary of these trials can be found in Table 5. Each trial represents progress in the research of stem cell therapies for burn wounds. In particular, trial NCT03183648 is a phase 2 trial measuring the safety and tolerability of ALLO-ASC-DFU, a hydrogel sheet containing allogenic ASCs [59]. The ease of application of a hydrogel sheet as a wound dressing makes this method of delivery a favorable approach for both patients and practitioners [59] (Table 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges in adopting stem cell therapies for tissue regeneration. It highlights economic barriers, the need for large-scale infrastructure, and the ongoing clinical trials for specific applications such as burn wounds, suggesting that stem cells cannot cure all injuries instantly as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Neuron#1_04 (α'3)1PostembryonicDL2Ren et al. , 2016PPL1-05 (α'2α2)1PostembryonicDL2Ren et al. , 2016PPL1-06 (α3)1PostembryonicDL2Ren et al. , 2016PAM 01 (γ5)19PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 02 (β'2a)8PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 03 (β2β'2a)4PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 04 (β2)16PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 05 (β'2p)10PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 06 (β'2m)15PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 07 (γ4<γ1γ2)5PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 08 (γ4)26PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 09 (β1ped)6PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 10 (β1)6PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 11 (α1)7PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 12 (γ3)11PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 13 (β'1ap)7PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 14 (β'1)8PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020PAM 15 (γ5β'2a)3PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis or larval stages at all. Instead, it appears to present a series of technical references to neuron types and postembryonic development without any mention of metamorphosis in insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: In addition, it has been demonstrated that a chronic inflammatory response is associated with cancer malignancy and poor prognosis in various types of cancer [49, 51, 52]. From these findings, the inflammatory response is an important factor in cancer progression. Peripheral blood NLR is a parameter that reflects systemic inflammation, and it has been shown that a high NLR is associated with poor prognosis in various cancers such as breast, lung, and prostate cancer [28, 53]. These outcomes suggest that 12-hour rotating shift cycle is an environmental factor that affects the survival of breast tumor-bearing mice. To prevent metastasis, treatment with anticancer drugs and/or radiation is performed. On the other hand, adverse effects associated these treatment cause complications and add to increased morbidity and mortality among patients [54]. Therefore, chemoprevention by food is important. We here focused on quercetin contained in plants as a tool to prevent cancer progression (i. e. , development, proliferation, and metastasis). Our laboratory previously reported that a quercetin metabolite, Q3G inhibited MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell invasion induced by NA via β2-adrenoreceptor [20]. It has also been shown that quercetin inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells [55]. In addition, quercetin has an inhibitory effect on cancer cell migration, and it has been reported that cancer metastasis is suppressed by quercetin therapy [56, 57, 58]. Thus, evidence on the antitumor effect of quercetin is accumulating. However, the suppressive effect of quercetin on metastasis progression as a result of disturbances to the circadian rhythm has not been verified. Therefore, we investigated whether breast cancer metastasis suppression by feeding a 0. 3 % quercetin diet is observed or not in breast cancer-transplanted mice under a light/dark shift environment. The effects of quercetin on food consumption and tumor size and weight were not observed in all groups (Figure 7A, 7C and 7D). Whereas, metastasis to kidney lymph nodes and iliac lymph nodes was strongly suppressed in mice fed a 0. 3 % quercetin diet in a light/dark shift environment (Figure 7E). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the effects of quercetin on cancer metastasis suppression were investigated under a light/dark shift environment, implying that disturbances to circadian rhythms may influence cancer progression. It states that the suppressive effect of quercetin on metastasis progression as a result of disturbances to the circadian rhythm has not been verified, suggesting a link between circadian rhythm disruption and health issues, particularly in the context of cancer.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: 03686449 Adipose-Cell-for Post-with Full-Loss Procedure: Non-cultured Suspension Procedure: Adipose-Cell-Procedure: Split skin graft N/A NCT03113747 Allogenic ADSCs and Platelet-to Treat the Patients with (ADSCs-BWs) Second- or Third-degree Burns Biological: ALLO-AS1 Phase 2 NCT02779205 Child’s Adipose Cells: Capacity of Burns Procedure: adipose tissue sample N/A NCT03183648 A Follow-to Evaluate the Safety of ALLO-ASC-DFU in ALLO-ASC-BI-201 Burn Biological: ALLO-ASC-03183622 A Follow-to Evaluate the Safety of ALLO-ASC-DFU in ALLO-ASC-BI-101 Burn Biological: ALLO-ASC-02619851 A clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of ALLO-ASC-DFU for : ALLO-ASC-DFU Device: Phase 2 NCT02394873 A Study to Evaluate the Safety of ALLO-ASC-DFY in the Subjects with Deep Second-degree Burn Biological: ALLO-ASC-DFU Phase 1 Table 5: Summary of current clinical trials involving the use of ASCs [59]. Although the outlook of these ASC trials is promising, many therapies are still in early stages of development and remain in small animal models [60]. A devastating morbidity is associated with burn wound healing as poor outcomes may lead to lifelong disability and severe scarring [60]. There is a profound potential impact of stem cell therapy to facilitate wound healing and dramatically improve the lives of trauma and burn victims. 1. Lin G, Xu RH. (2010) Progresses and challenges in optimization of human pluripotent stem cell culture. Ther. 5(3):207-14. 2. M Witkowska-Zimny M, Wrobel E. (2011) Perinatal sources of mesenchymal stem cells: Wharton’s jelly, amnion and chorion. Biol Lett. 16(3):493-514. 3. . (2009) A review of gene and stem cell therapy in cutaneous wound healing, Burns. 35(2):171-180. 4. . (2014) Immunology and Skin in Health and Disease. Med. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by noting that although stem cell therapies show promise for wound healing, many therapies are still in early development and primarily evaluated in small animal models. This indicates that stem cells do not have the ability to regenerate any type of tissue instantly or cure all injuries, as the statement suggests. Additionally, the mention of poor outcomes and the long recovery associated with burn wound healing further emphasizes that stem cell therapies are not a complete solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 2020PAM γ4/5? PostembryonicCREa1A, CREa2ALee et al. , 2020 06 (β1>α]1UnknownMBON 07 (α1)2UnknownMBON 10 (β'1)8UnknownMBON 12 (γ2α'1)2PostembryonicFLAa2This studyMBON 13 (α'2)2PostembryonicFLAa2This studyMBON 14 (α3)2PostembryonicFLAa2This studyMBON 15 (α'1)2PostembryonicDL1This studyMBON 16 (α'3ap)1PostembryonicDL1This studyMBON 17 (α'3m)2PostembryonicDL1This studyMBON 18 (α2sc)1postembryonicDL1This studyMBON 19 (α2p3p)2PostembryonicDL1This studyMBON 21 (γ4,γ5)1UnknownMBON 23 (α2sp)1PostembryonicDL1This studyMB-DPM1PostembryonicUnknownMayseless et al. , 2018 Adult names according to Aso et al. , 2014 and Li et al. , 2020, except PAM γ4/5, which is based on Lee et al. , 2020. The origins of the remaining adult MBINs have already been determined (Figure 8A). About 150 PAM neurons divided into at least 15 different types are found in the adult MB (Aso et al. , 2014; see also Lee et al. , 2020; Li et al. , 2020). These neurons are born during the postembryonic phase of neurogenesis and come from the CREa1A and CREa2A neuroblasts (Lee et al. , 2020; Table 2). For the PPL1 cluster MBINs, the number is about the same in the larva and the adult, but the cell population partially changes. We find that three of the larval PPL1 MBINs retract from the MB and join other circuits in the adult (Figure 3), and Ren et al. , 2016 found that three adult-specific neurons are added from the postembryonic DL2 lineage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and focuses on the classification and origins of different neurons in adult insects, with no specific mention or support related to the claim of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: In previous reports of the pharmacokinetics of quercetin and quercetin metabolites, high levels of quercetin and its metabolites were observed in lung, kidney, and liver after quercetin ingestion [59]. Another report showed that Quercetin glucosides administered to the duodenum is partly transported to the iliac lymph vessels [60]. From these studies, it is assumed that the tissue-specific kinetics of quercetin cause local accumulation of quercetin in the iliac lymph nodes and kidney lymph nodes, leading to suppression of cancer cell migration. In examining the preventive effect of the ingestion of quercetin-containing foods on breast cancer, further investigation is required to clarify the detailed mechanism of metastasis inhibition by quercetin. In conclusion, our study has shown that an irregular light environment that reverses the light and dark phases every two days induced shorter lifespan and high level NLR that is a poor prognostic factor of breast cancer. Circadian rhythm disruption contributes to distal lymph node metastasis even though it did not affect the tumor growth in breast cancer transplanted in mice. These results with breast cancer transplant model and the modified light environment suggest that night-shift work may also affect distant metastasis and prognosis. In addition, in order to investigate the preventive effect of plant components on breast cancer, we fed quercetin mixed diet to breast cancer transplanted model mice and examined the anticancer effect against photodisturbation-induced breast cancer metastasis. We have demonstrated that distant lymph node metastasis due to disruption of the light/dark cycle is suppressed in certain lymph nodes by quercetin. This suggests that quercetin may be useful as a novel tool for the food prevention of light environment-induced breast cancer migration. To the best of we knowledge, this is the first report to the effect of quercetin on distal lymph node metastasis promoted by the disruption of circadian rhythm by the light environment modeled shift worker. The additional file for this 10. 5334/jcr. 203. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that disruption of the light/dark cycle leads to health issues, specifically noting that it induces a shorter lifespan and contributes to distal lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. The findings suggest that the irregular light environment has health implications, supporting the claim that circadian rhythm disruption can result in negative health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: 4(12):a015339. 5. . (1982) Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 117 (1982) 109191. 6. . (2000) Involvement of follicular stem cells in forming not only the follicle but also the epidermis. Cell. 102(4):451-61. 7. (2005) Stem cells in the hair follicle bulge contribute to wound repair but not to homeostasis of the epidermis. Nat Med. 11(12):1351-4. 8. (2019) Stem cells in burn wound healing: A systematic review of the literature. Burns. 45(5):1014-23. 9. (2011) Stem cell therapy: a new treatment for burns? J Pharm. 4(10):1355-80. 10. . (2019) The effects of stem cells on burn wounds: a review. IJBT. 9(1):1. 11. Hettiaratchy S, Dziewulski P. (2004) Pathophysiology and types of burns. Bmj. 328(7453):1427-9. 12. . Acute burns. (2000) Surg. 105(7):2482-92. 13. . (2006) Burn wound infections. Rev. 19(2):403-34. 14. (2015) of in Healing: A Review. BioInt. 84. 15. (2018) Prevention of Progression by Cell Transplantation: Mechanisms. Surg. 81(6):715-24. 16. (2019) Stem cell therapy for chronic skin wounds in the era of personalized medicine: From bench to bedside. Genes & diseases. 6(4):342-58. 17. (2015) Burn wound healing and treatment: review and advancements. Crit care. 19(1):243. 18. . (2017) History and Advancement of Burn Treatments. Surg. 78(2):S2-8. 19. . (2013) ABA Organization and Delivery of Committee. Wound coverage technologies in burn care: novel techniques. J Res. 34(6):612-20. 20. . (2017) Burn wound healing: present concepts, treatment strategies and future directions. J Wound Care. 26(1):5-19. 21. Boyce ST. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while stem cells play a role in wound healing, they do not inherently possess the ability to regenerate any type of tissue instantly or cure all injuries. References to specific studies, such as those related to burn wound healing and epidermis formation, imply that stem cell regeneration is a complex process, often requiring time and additional factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The MBONs of the larval distal ‘toes’ (the UT, IT, and LT compartments) distribute their dendrites amongst the adult distal medial lobe compartments (γ4, γ5, β2, and β'2). The basal larval compartments, LP, LA, and LVL, correspond to adult compartments PED, γ1, and γ2, respectively. Most of their MBINs and MBONs stay within this set of compartments but there is some shuffling amongst them. The general pattern is that larval MBINs and MBONs that supply the seven larval compartments that are incorporated into the adult MB continue to function in the adult MB, while those that innervate the three larval-specific compartments retract from the MB and join non-MB circuits of the adult brain. From the perspective of the mature, adult MB, 10 of its 16 compartments have axon cores from the postembryonic born α'β' or αβ Kenyon cells. The α and α' compartments are supplied almost exclusively by postembryonic-born MBINs and MBONs (Figure 8, Table 2). By contrast, the β and β' compartments show a mixed picture: their input is provided exclusively by postembryonic-born PAM neurons (Figure 8A; Lee et al. , 2020), while their known outputs are through embryonic-born neurons from the larval MB (Figure 4A). Transmitter stability and shifts in compartments through metamorphosis The input and output transmitters associated with MB compartments of the larval and adult systems are similar but not identical (Figure 9B). For the MBINs, the calyx receives octopaminergic input from the same neurons in the two stages. The adult calyx also receives a sparse serotonin input from a remodeled CSD neuron that projects from the contralateral antennal lobe (Roy et al. , 2007). The compartments of the larval lobe system are primarily supplied by dopaminergic neurons, but the UVL and LVL compartments also have octopaminergic input (Saumweber et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It provides a detailed description of the structure and function of the mushroom body of insects during different life stages, but it does not explicitly mention complete metamorphosis or the transition through larval stages as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 2004; 19(5): 388–399. DOI:. Nocturnal light exposure alters hepatic Pai-1 expression by stimulating the adrenal pathway in C3H mice. Exp Anim. 2014; 63(3): 331–338. DOI:. Manipulating the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms to improve clinical management of major depression. BMC Med. 2013; 11: 79. DOI: Light activates the adrenal gland: Timing of gene expression and glucocorticoid release. Cell Metab. 2005; 2(5): 297–307. DOI:. Circadian dependence of corticosterone release to light exposure in the rat. Physiol Behav. 2007; 92(5): 800–806. DOI:. Shifting the feeding of mice to the rest phase creates metabolic alterations, which, on their own, shift the peripheral circadian clocks by 12 hours. . 2015; 112(48): e6683–e6690. DOI: Epigenetic silencing of ARNTL, a circadian gene and potential tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer. Oncol. 2014; 45(5): 2101–2107. DOI: Overexpression of the circadian clock gene bmal1 increases sensitivity to oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer. Res. 2014; 20(4): 1042–1052. DOI:. Altered expression of circadian clock genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol. 2012; 33: 149–155. DOI: -. Down regulation of circadian clock gene Period 2 accelerates breast cancer growth by altering its daily growth rhythm. Res Treat. 2009; 117(2): 423–431. DOI: Global, Regional, and Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, with Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A for the of Disease Study. JAMA Oncol. 2017; 3(4): 524–548. DOI: Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses’ health study. J Inst. 2001; 93(20): 1563–1568. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple studies that indicate a relationship between circadian rhythms and health issues. For example, it mentions that 'manipulating the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms to improve clinical management of major depression' implies that disturbances in circadian rhythms can affect mental health. Additionally, there are references to metabolic alterations and gene expression that are influenced by the circadian clock, which correlate with various health issues such as cancer.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: (1995) Treatment of chronic wounds with cultured cells and biopolymers. Wounds. 7:24-9. 22. Abo--Moktader M, et al. (2017) Role of cord blood and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in recent deep burn: a case-control prospective study. AJSC. 6(3):23. 23. . (1997) Regulation of pigmentation in cultured skin substitutes by cytometric sorting of melanocytes and keratinocytes. JID. 109(3):289-95. 24. . (2002) Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates early vascularization and improves healing of genetically modified cultured skin substitutes. J Rehabil. 23(1):10-20. 25. . (2000) Enhanced vascularization of cultured skin substitutes genetically modified to overexpress vascular endothelial growth factor. JID. 114(1):5-13. 26. . (2007) and Angiogenesis. Stem Cells. 25(10):2648-59. 27. . (2007) Stem cell strategies in burns care. Burns. 33(3):282-91. 28. (2010) Stem cells and burns: review and therapeutic implications. J Res. 31(6):874-81. 29. (2004) Effects of dermal multipotent cell transplantation on skin wound healing. J Surg Res. 121(1):13-9. 30. . (2009) Potential of stem cells for skin regeneration following burns. Dermatol. 4(2):97-9. 31. ía E, García M, et al. (2004) Human plasma as a dermal scaffold for the generation of a completely autologous bioengineered skin. Transplantation. 77(3):350-5. 32. (2013) Stimulation of the follicular bulge LGR5+ and LGR6+ stem cells with the gut-derived human alpha defensin 5 results in decreased bacterial presence, enhanced wound healing, and hair growth from tissues devoid of adnexal structures. Surg. 132(5):1159-71. 33. (2019) Epidermal stem cells in wound healing and their clinical applications. Ther. 10(1):229. 34. (2019) Skin tissue regeneration for burn injury. Res Ther. 10. 35. -Tim D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides numerous studies concerning the role of stem cells in wound healing and tissue regeneration, specifically mentioning their use in chronic wounds and burns. However, it does not support the claim that stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue 'instantly' or that they can 'cure all injuries.' The studies referenced indicate that while stem cells have therapeutic implications in certain contexts, such as skin regeneration and healing from burns, they do not imply universal applicability or instantaneous results.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The octopamine input to the lobes is reduced in the adult MB, though, because OAN-e1/PPL1-SMP retracts completely from the larval UVL compartment and innervates the superior medial protocerebrum in the adult, and OAN-g1/OA-VPM3 reduces its MB input to a sparse innervation of the adult γ1 compartment (Busch et al. , 2009). The PPL1 and PAM clusters provide the major dopamine input to the lobes. The number of PPL1 neurons is about the same in the larval and adult stages, but we find that those innervating vertical lobe compartments differ in the two stages. In contrast, the PAM cluster innervation of the medial lobes is dramatically increased as the four neurons in the larva are replaced by about 150 neurons in the adult. Appetitive conditioning in the adult is complex with different medial lobe compartments receiving PAM input from different brain regions (Li et al. , 2020) and providing reward information based on diverse factors such as sugar sweetness, nutritional value, and water (Huetteroth et al. , 2015; Lin et al. , 2014). Also, reproduction-related learning is also mediated through sets of PAM neurons (e. g. , the PAM 01 ( = γ5) neurons; Zhao et al. , 2018). Even with only four PAM neurons, though, the larva shows selectivity in its reward learning (Thum and Gerber, 2019). For example, inhibition of DAN-h1 interferes with the positive association and odor with a fructose reward, but not with either amino acid or low salt rewards (Saumweber et al. , 2018). An adult-specific, modulatory input to the MB circuitry is provided by the paired, larval-born DPM neurons (Mayseless et al. , 2018) that innervate all the compartments of the adult peduncle and lobes (but not the calyx). DPM neurons release serotonin (Lee et al. , 2011) and peptides produced from the amnesiac gene (Waddell et al. , 2000). These neurons are required for a delayed memory trace that appears in the MB about 30 min after training (Yu et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address any aspects of metamorphosis in insects or the transition through larval stages. Instead, it focuses on the neural circuitry differences between larval and adult stages of an unidentified organism, making it irrelevant to the claim about insects and metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: DOI: Erdem JS, Notø HØ, Skare Ø, Lie JS, Petersen-Øverleir M, Reszka E, et al. Mechanisms of breast cancer risk in shift workers: Association of telomere shortening with the du-ration and intensity of night work. Cancer Med. 2017; 6(8): 1988–1997. DOI: Hansen J, Stevens RG. Case-control study of shift-work and breast cancer risk in Danish nurses: Impact of shift systems. Cancer. 2012; 48(11): 1722–1729. DOI:. The overall 5-year survival rate of breast cancer among Iranian women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies. Breast Dis. 2017; 37(2): 63–68. DOI:. Sympathetic innervation, norepinephrine content, and norepinephrine turnover in orthotopic and spontaneous models of breast cancer. Immun. 2016; 53: 223–233. DOI:. Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide inhibits noradrenaline-promoted invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by blocking β2-adrenergic signaling. Biophys. 2014; 557: 18–27. DOI:. Adrenergic control of the adaptive immune response by diurnal lymphocyte recirculation through lymph nodes. J Exp Med. 2016; 213(12): 2567–2574. DOI:. Nocturnal light exposure stimulates the cardiac fibrinolysis system and stress responses in C3H/He mice. Thromb Res. 2020; 180: 79–81. DOI: Retrospective cohort study of the risk of impaired glucose tolerance among shift workers. Health. 2012; 38(4): 337–342. DOI:. Comparison of melatonin profile and alertness of firefighters with different work schedules. J Circadian Rhythms. 2018; 16(1): 1–7. DOI: Jongwoo K. The relationship between frequency of injuries and workplace environment in Korea: Focus on shift work and workplace environmental factors. Work. 2018; 9(4): 421–426. DOI:. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides several studies that investigate the health impacts related to shift work, which is known to disrupt circadian rhythms. For instance, the mention of case-control studies concerning breast cancer risk in shift workers suggests a direct link between disrupted circadian patterns and adverse health outcomes. Additionally, topics such as the impact of nocturnal light exposure and the adaptive immune response further emphasize how circadian disruption can lead to various health problems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: (2011) Bone marrow stem cell derived paracrine factors for regenerative medicine: current perspectives and therapeutic potential. BMA. 2011. 36. . (2003) Mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells more effectively stimulate regeneration of deep burn wounds than embryonic fibroblasts. Biol Med. 136(2):192-5. 37. . (2013) Research progress of mesenchymal stem cells in burn wound repair. Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi= Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi= Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery. 27(5):571-4. 38. Rasulov MF, Vasil’ (2005) First experience in the use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of a patient with deep skin burns. Biol Med. 139(1):141-4. 39. . (2006) Cell transplantation inhibits inflammatory reaction and stimulates repair processes in burn wound. Biol Med. 142(1):112-5. 40. (2013) Effects of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on burn injury healing in a mouse model. Pathol. 6(7):1327. 41. HA XQ, LÜ. (2010) Dong, Effects of mesenchymal stem cells transfected with human hepatocyte growth factor gene on healing of burn wounds. CJT. 13(6):349-55. 42. . (2011) The umbilical cord: a rich and ethical stem cell source to advance regenerative medicine. Cell Prolif. 44:60-9. 43. Harris DT. (2009) Non‐haematological uses of cord blood stem cells. Haematol. 147(2):177-84. 44. (2014) Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells transplantation promotes cutaneous wound healing of severe burned rats. PloS one. 9(2):e88348. 45. (2016) Exosome derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell mediates MiR-181c attenuating burn-induced excessive inflammation. EBioMedicine. 8:72-82. 46. (2019) -Conditioned Medium/Chitosan/Collagen/β-in Mice. Int. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing various studies and advancements in the field of stem cell research, particularly in applications related to burn wound healing. However, it does not support the idea that stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly or cure all injuries; instead, it highlights specific uses and the complexity of their applications in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 2005), and they participate in two forms of intermediate term memory, anesthesia-sensitive memory via the amnesiac gene, and anesthesia-resistant memory via serotonin and the radish gene (Lee et al. , 2011). Anesthesia-resistant memory involving the radish gene also occurs in larvae (Widmann et al. , 2016). As the DPM neurons are postembryonic, it is unknown whether larvae use another modulatory neuron for anesthesia-resistant memory. On the MBON side, the output from the calyx in both larva and adult is cholinergic. In the larval stage, both MBON-a1 and -a2 receive similar input from Kenyon cells and from OAN-a1 and -a2; MBON-a1 also excites MBON-a2 via axo-axonic synapses (Eichler et al. , 2017). MBON-a2/MBON 22 persists as the major cholinergic output from the adult calyx, while MBON-a1/MBON 29 shifts from the calyx to adult medial lobe compartments. MBON-c1/MBEN-CA is added to the adult calyx, but since we do not know its mature anatomy, we cannot speculate on its function. For the vertical lobe system, the output transmitters from the distal compartments of the adult medial and vertical lobes largely conform to those from the corresponding regions of the larval medial and vertical lobes (Figure 9B). The adult α' and α (except α1) compartments have cholinergic output. The larval UVL compartment similarly has cholinergic output, but the transmitters of the MBONs from the IVL compartment are unknown. The conservation of glutaminergic output of the distal medial lobe compartments between larva (UT, IT, and LT) and adult (γ4, γ5, β2, and β'2) comes from the same neurons being used in the two stages. The adult also has glutaminergic output from the α1 compartment provided by the two MBON 07s. These feedback on the α1 PAM neurons, thereby making a recurrent loop that is essential for appetitive long-term memory formation in the adult (Ichinose et al. , 2015). We could not determine the developmental origin of MBON 07. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis or their transition through larval stages. Instead, it discusses various aspects of memory and neuron activity in both larval and adult stages, but does not mention metamorphosis specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Front Endocrinol. 2019; 10: 104. DOI: Ruszkowaka-. of Laterality on Clinicopathological, Angiogenic, and Hemostatic Profiles: A of in Future Outcomes. J Clin Med. 2020; 9(6): 1708. DOI: Yang X, Wood PA, oh EY, Du-. Down regulation of circadian clock gene Period 2 accelerates breast cancer growth by altering its daily growth rhythm. Res Treat. 2009; 117: 423–431. DOI: Inhibitor 1 (PAI1) in Triple-Cancer. Res. 2019; 17(5): 1142–1154. DOI: ünner N, Danø K, Johnsen M. Metastasis of transgenic breast cancer in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene-deficient mice. 2003; 22: 4389–4397. DOI: Eva H, William T, Xiao- and to in Mice. Nat Commun. 2020; 11: 3193. DOI: - Chronic stress in mice remodels lymph vasculature to promote tumour cell dissemination. Nat Commun. 2016; 7: 10634. DOI: Obi--Kobayashi E, Fujimura A. Involvement of Wee1 in the circadian rhythm-dependent intestinal damage induced by docetaxel. J Ther. 2013; 347: 242–248. DOI:. Illuminated night alters hippocampal gene expressions and induces depressive-like responses in diurnal corvids. Neurosci. 2018; 48(9): 3005–3018. DOI: IL-35 induces N2 phenotype of neutrophils to promote tumor growth. Oncotarget. 2017; 8(20): 33501–33514. DOI: Liang W, Ferrara N. Role of Neutrophils in and Metastasis. Res. 2016; 4(2): 83–91. DOI:. Neutrophils: important contributors to tumor progression and metastasis. Rev. 2015; 34(4): 735–751. DOI: of Suppresses Hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Cell. 2016; 30(6): 909–924. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that disrupting the circadian clock gene Period 2 can accelerate breast cancer growth by altering its daily growth rhythm. This presents a direct correlation between circadian rhythm disruption and health issues, specifically cancer progression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: 2019: 5768285. 47. - (2020) Adipose-derived stem cells improve grafted burn wound healing by promoting wound bed blood flow. Burns Trauma. 8:2020. 48. (2011) Human adipose-derived stem cells: potential clinical applications in surgery. Surgery Today. 41(2011): 18-23. 49. M Witkowska-Zimny, K Walenko. (2011) Stem cells from adipose tissue, Cellular & Letters. 16(2011):236-257. 50. -Eisele, et al. (2015) Adipose-for Healing: A Comparison of Methods. Adv in Wound Care. 5(7):288–298 51. (2011) Improvement of skin-graft survival after autologous transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells in rats. J Aesthet Surg. 64(12):1647-56. 52. . (2017) Engineering: Application of Adipose-Cells. Int. 2017:9747010 53. (2019) of Autologous Adipose-the in a Rat Model. Dev. 28(21):1463-1472. 54. -Khah, Y Peymanfar, et al. (2019) Adipose-derived stem cells for wound healing. J Cellular Physiol. 234(2019):7903-7914. 55. L Casteilla, V Planat-Benard, P Laharrague, B Cousin. (2011) Adipose-derived stromal cells: Their identity and uses in clinical trials, an update. Stem Cells. 3(2011):25-33. 56. RA Imam, A Rizk. (2019) Efficacy of erythropoietin-pretreated mesenchymal stem cells in murine burn wound healing: possible in vivo trans-differentiation into keratinocytes. (Warsz). 78 (2019):798-808. 57. . (2020) Bone Marrow-by Activation of the Akt/m. 41(5):1069-1078. 58. Kucharzewski, E Rojczyk, K Wilemska-Kucharzewska, R Wilk, J Hudecki, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim as it indicates that while stem cells, particularly adipose-derived stem cells, show promise in improving burn wound healing, the recovery process is not instant and is context-specific, focused on wound healing rather than curing all injuries immediately. It cites various studies showing improved healing outcomes rather than universal regeneration capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Their functions change in the adult, though, where DAN-c1/PPL1 01 becomes sufficient to induce short-term aversive conditioning to a paired odor (Aso et al. , 2012; Das et al. , 2014), while DAN-d1/PPL1 03 becomes involved in higher levels of memory consolidation (Owald et al. , 2015). The metamorphic changes in the functioning of these two MBINs comes from changing their MBON partners. In its larval form, DAN-d1/PPL1 03 works through MBON-d1/MBON 11 in establishing short-term aversive conditioning. This MBON functions similarly in the adult (Aso et al. , 2012; Perisse et al. , 2016), but its adult input is provided by DAN-c1/PPL1 01 (Figure 9C) rather than DAN-d1/PPL1 03. DAN-d1/PPL1 03, in turn, instructs a new partner, MBON 12, a cholinergic, postembryonic-born neuron that provides feed-back excitation to DAN-d1/PPL1 03 and feeds across to a set of medial lobe MBONs whose activity promotes avoidance behavior, while their suppression promotes approach (Owald et al. , 2015). These interactions provide a pathway in the adult to mediate memory re-consolidation and extinction (Felsenberg et al. , 2017; McCurdy et al. , 2021). The adult form of DAN-c1/PPL1 01 has the added complexity that the type of learning it supports reverses depending on the time of its activity relative to the paired odor stimulus (König et al. , 2018). Its activation after presentation of the odor reinforces avoidance of the odor, but if the odor is presented after DAN-c1/PPL1 01 terminates its activity. The fly then shows a ‘relief’ response and the odor becomes attractive (König et al. , 2018). It does not have such a function in the larva (Eschbach et al. , 2020). In the larva, a similar time-dependent switch from appetitive to aversive learning is mediated through DAN-f1 (Weiglein et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding complete metamorphosis in insects. Instead, it discusses the changes in brain functioning and learning processes in larval and adult forms of specific neuronal circuits without mentioning metamorphosis as a developmental process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: A new approach to understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human healthDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-6-7Submitted on Mar 14, 2008Accepted on May 29, 2008Published on May 29, 20084. 0 the earth rotates, all species on the surface of the planet are exposed to 24-hour patterns of light and darkness. In response to these regular, daily oscillations to the natural light-dark cycle, these species have evolved endogenous circadian rhythms that repeat approximately every 24 hours [1,2]. Examples of circadian rhythms include oscillations in core body temperature [3], hormone secretion [4], sleep [5], and alertness [6]. Circadian oscillations also exist at a cellular level, including cell mitosis and DNA damage response [7,8]. These oscillations are a result of a small group of clock genes inside the cell nuclei creating interlocked transcriptional and post-translational feedback loops. The timing of these circadian clock genes is generally orchestrated by a master biological clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) [9] of the hypothalamus of the brain [10]. The master clock in the SCN provides precise time cues throughout the body to regulate these diverse physiological, hormonal, and behavioral circadian patterns. However, in total darkness the timing of the SCN will become asynchronous with the solar day because in humans the period of the master clock is slightly longer than 24 hours [1]. To maintain synchrony with the external world, the light-dark pattern incident on the retina resets the timing of the SCN, so that as we travel across time zones, we can entrain our biological functions to the local environment. If the period of the light-dark pattern is too long or too short, or if the light and dark exposures become aperiodic, the master clock can lose control of the timing of peripheral circadian clocks. Maintaining the phase-relation ordering of the various circadian rhythms from molecular to behavioral levels appears to be crucial for coordinated functions throughout the human body. Lack of synchrony between the master clock and the peripheral clocks can lead to asynchronies within cells (e. g. , cell cycle) and between organ systems (e. g. , liver and pancreas). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the disruption of circadian rhythms, such as a lack of synchrony between the master clock in the brain and peripheral clocks, can lead to health issues. It explains that disruptions can result in asynchronies within cells and between organ systems, indicating potential health consequences from such disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Private companies are increasingly involved in space exploration, contributing to a new space race. [SEP] Text: The aim here is to illustrate potential applications and trends associated with the space domain within a digital economy and not provide all the so-called answers, as they must await a wider level of engagement across relevant communities going forward. DEFF--S is not a silver bullet, nor is it a one-size-fits-all solution to the challenges of Space exploration within the digital economy. It does not pretend to provide all the answers, but it does help us frame key questions to which we can apply humans and machines increasingly connective, collective intelligence to unlock potentialities of Space exploration via business model innovations to deliver new jobs and prosperity. Where are we today? In the post-WWII era, futurists such as (Weisner, 1979)7 and Werner von Braun imagined a new era for people on Earth potentially capitalizing aggressively on the so-called circa 1980 to 2000 (e. g. , the cartoon, « »), but for various reasons missed the digital exploration aspect altogether. Why was that? Perhaps we were too human-centric and not properly extrapolating the exponential advancements in information technology and computing. Today, amidst the mid 2020’s, we need to guard against the flipside of that historical blind spot. To capitalize aggressively on Space 2025–2045, we need to recognize the ‘Potentiality Paradox’ of the current and next generations of transformative technology which will increasingly rely on human centric capabilities to translate their promise into productivity. DEFF-S invites us to lean further into human-centricity by extending organizational creativity quotient in adaptive ‘double helix’ constructs where the ‘uprights’ of the ‘twisted ladder’ represent the physical and digital worlds we operate within, and the ‘rungs’ of the ladder are human-centric capabilities (or algorithms) such as creativity, curiosity, critical thinking, and collaboration key to combining technology with human ambitions responsibly and sustainably. A good barometer of where we are today may be viewed in the recent partial-success of NASA’s CLPS program with the recent (2024) IM-1 robotic landing on the Moon (via the lander Odysseus). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support, contrast, or provide relevant information regarding the claim about private companies' involvement in space exploration. Instead, it focuses on the broader implications and challenges in space exploration and the digital economy without mentioning private companies or their role in a new space race.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 2021), a neuron that becomes incorporated into non-MB circuits in the adult (Figure 3B). Hence, the persisting MB neurons rearrange their connections at metamorphosis as some neurons are lost from the MB via trans-differentiation (e. g. , MBON-c1) and other, adult-specific neurons are added (e. g. , MBON 12). Such changes likely reflect ad hoc solutions that enable the construction of a larval circuit without needed late-born cell types by using other early-born neurons that display temporary phenotypes to make up for the missing cells. At metamorphosis, when the appropriate cell types are finally available, the temporary MB neurons trans-differentiate to evolutionarily ancestral phenotypes and the remaining neurons rewire into the adult circuit. Figure 10A summarizes the connections between uni-compartmental MBINs and MBONs that are found in the larva (blue), the adult (red), or both (yellow). Stable MBIN-MBON pairing persists through metamorphosis only in the calyx neuropil, which contains the Kenyon cell dendrites. By contrast, the combination of compartment shuffling, trans-differentiation and neuronal death in the lobe compartments results in a lack of uni-compartmental MBIN to MBON pairings persisting from larva to adult. Figure 10 Download asset Open asset Fate of circuit connections in the mushroom body (MB) through metamorphosis. (A) Matrix showing the overlap of mushroom body input neuron (MBIN) axon terminals with mushroom body output neuron (MBON) dendrites in the same compartment. MBIN-MBON overlap only in the larval stage (blue), only in the adult stage (magenta), or in both stages (yellow). Rows and columns that are grayed out for cells whose identity is unknown for either the larval or adult stage. Larval/adult names are provided for each cell, with the red names being the terminal identity of neurons that do not innervate the adult MB. (B) Matrix showing the cells that make MBON-MBON connections only in their larval configuration (blue), only in their adult configuration (magenta), or in both configurations (yellow). Besides MBIN to MBON connections, the compartments of both the larva (Eichler et al. , 2017; Eschbach et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses neuronal changes during metamorphosis, particularly in the mushroom body (MB) of insects, but does not address the concept of complete metamorphosis or the transition through larval stages directly. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim about insect metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: This breakdown in synchrony, as demonstrated most profoundly with jet lag, disrupts sleep [11], digestion [12], and alertness [13]. Chronic disruptions can contribute to cardiovascular anomalies [14] and accelerated cancerous tumour growth [15] in animal models. In humans, epidemiological studies have shown that rotating-shift nurses, who experience a marked lack of synchrony between activity-rest patterns and light-dark cycles (as shown in this report), are at higher risk of having breast cancer compared to day-shift nurses [16]. In fact, the Organization has identified rotating-shift work as a probable cause of cancer [17]. In addition to heightened cancer risks, other disorders have been associated with rotating-shift work, such as diabetes and obesity, suggesting again a role for circadian disruption in the development and progression of diseases [18]. Despite the growing evidence that circadian disruption negatively affects human health [18,19], the logical chain linking light-induced circadian disruption to morbidity and mortality still has not been forged. If the impact of circadian disruption is to be studied with any degree of accuracy, it is important to quantitatively characterize light and dark as it affects the human circadian system because the light-dark pattern is the primary synchronizing stimulus for our circadian system [1]. It is also necessary to quantify the temporal characteristics of circadian light and dark exposures actually experienced by people [20]. Without quantification of the actual circadian light and dark exposures experienced by people, it will be difficult to relate the findings from controlled laboratory studies of light-induced circadian disruption in humans to the expected health of any human sub-population, including rotating-shift workers. These actual circadian light and dark exposures in human populations must also be incorporated into parametric studies using animal models as surrogates for particular human diseases or maladies if we are to gain any detailed insight into the role of circadian disruption on human health. Since nocturnal species are used almost exclusively as animal models in this research, a method needs to be established to relate actual circadian light and dark exposures in humans to parametrically controlled exposures of light and dark using these animal models [21]. This paper is concerned with patterns of circadian light and dark as they affect behavioral entrainment and how more sophisticated studies of the relationship between light-induced circadian disruption and human health might be conducted. Here we present original data from the Daysimeter [20], a device for simultaneously recording light-dark and activity-rest data in humans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that disruption of circadian rhythms, particularly through rotating-shift work, is linked to multiple health issues such as breast cancer, diabetes, and obesity. The mention of increased risk of breast cancer among rotating-shift nurses supports the claim about health issues arising from circadian disruption. It emphasizes the necessity of understanding light and dark patterns as they significantly affect the human circadian system, leading to potential health problems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Private companies are increasingly involved in space exploration, contributing to a new space race. [SEP] Text: Clelia Iacomino2 Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in and Technology (()) 653 Accesses AbstractThe global space activity, in particular in the field of outer space exploration and human spaceflight, two domains intrinsically related, has traditionally been driven by governments. From a historical standpoint, the provided a particularly fertile geopolitical context for progress in these areas. Competition between the USA and the Union of Republics, trying to outdo each other’s achievements, has given an incredible momentum to space exploration programmes. At the time, the large public budgets dedicated to space exploration were predominantly motivated by political and strategic objectives: on 12 September 1962, F. Kennedy proclaimed that the USA had chosen to forge the pathway to the Moon “not because it is easy, but because it is hard” (Kennedy in Address at on Nation’s Space Effort. Rice University, Texas, 1962) insisting that the USA would make efforts to explore outer space to demonstrate American greatness to the rest of the world. After the success of the Apollo programme, the political incentive for space exploration weakened and public budgets for related programmes were substantially reduced. Yet, American space exploration ambitions were never officially scaled down, putting pressure on the (NASA) to achieve comparable results with limited resources. In parallel, the USA and USSR entered a period of Détente symbolized, in the space exploration domain, by the Apollo–Project (ASTP) in July 1975. This marked a change in the space race and the beginning of an era of international collaboration, as an alternative way to achieve challenging space exploration goals (Holland in Narrative: Evolution of in the 152 from the to Today. University of Colorado, Denver, 2016). The emergence of other space-faring nations, in particular, Europe and Japan, expanded the possibility to achieve international partnerships. Among collaborations in the field of space exploration, the Station (ISS), that Reagan directed NASA to build in 1984, is the most ambitious and emblematic. The programme entered into force in 1998 with the signature of the (IGA) by 15 states and the launch of the first station module, Zarya, by Russia which joined the programme after decommissioning of the MIR station. In parallel to the rise of international cooperation in space exploration, the Reagan administration also encouraged the emergence of commercial space with the concept of “new frontier” of economic development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how space exploration has traditionally been driven by governments, particularly in the context of geopolitical competition between the USA and the USSR. It notes that after the Apollo program, public budgets for space exploration were reduced and emphasizes the historical focus on political and strategic objectives rather than commercial involvement from private companies. The mention of international collaboration and the establishment of the ISS highlights a shift away from a purely competitive space race, which contradicts the claim of increasing private sector involvement shaping a new space race.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: For other neurons, however, their larval form cannot be explained as a simple arrest along an ancestral developmental trajectory. The vertical axon branch of larval γ Kenyon cells is not seen as an intermediate stage in the development of γ neurons of direct developing insects such as crickets (Malaterre et al. , 2002). The larval form of these neurons requires a developmental deviation that adds new features to adapt the neurons’ morphology to the larval stage. The extreme version of adding larval-specific novelty is the radical change in cellular phenotype seen in trans-differentiating neurons like MBON-g and MBIN-b. Cells that undergo trans-differentiation, like MBON-g/LALs-NO2i. b, show extensive pruning at the start of metamorphosis. Some neurons that have essentially the same morphology in larva and adult, like MBON-j1/MBON 04 and APL (Figure 6—figure supplement 1), also show extreme pruning. But others, like DAN-c1/PPL 01 or DAN-d1/PPL1 03 (Figure 5), show only moderate arbor loss. This variation reflects the fact that while pruning is due to a cell autonomous developmental program triggered by the steroid ecdysone (Lee et al. , 2000; Schubiger et al. , 1998), its trajectory may be guided in some cells by local interactions with pre- or postsynaptic targets. The importance of local interactions was experimentally examined for the pruning of APL (Mayseless et al. , 2018). Blocking ecdysone action in APL inhibits its pruning response. The selective inhibition of ecdysone action in γ Kenyon cells, the main synaptic partners of APL, similarly inhibits γ cell pruning but also that of the untreated APL. Thus, while steroid signaling is needed to activate the neuron’s pruning program, the extent of neurite loss may depend on changes in synaptic partners. Similarly, for the MBINs, the larval LP and LA compartments retain γ neuron axons during pruning (Watts et al. , 2003), and we see that their MBINs (DAN-c1 and DAN-d1) maintain most of their axonal tufts through the pruning period. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the development and cellular changes in neurons during the larval and adult stages, but it does not provide information regarding metamorphosis in insects or the processes of transitioning through larval stages. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Significantly, these data reveal relationships between circadian light-dark patterns actually experienced by day-shift and rotating-shift nurses and their own activity-rest patterns. Original data are also presented for two groups of rats, one placed on a 12L:12D pattern of light and dark and the other placed on a 12L:12D pattern of light and dark regularly reversing every 48 hours. We present a novel methodology to quantify circadian entrainment/disruption in both diurnal and nocturnal species, so as to allow researchers to make direct comparisons of circadian entrainment/disruption across species. Attention to circadian entrainment/disruption, rather than to activity alone or to light and dark, per se, makes it possible to circumvent the diurnal-nocturnal conundrum plaguing many comparative studies of light-induced circadian entrainment/disruption using animal models. We found that the circadian entrainment/disruption patterns for day-shift and rotating-shift nurses were remarkably different, but they were remarkably similar to the patterns for two parallel groups of nocturnal rodents. The marked differences in circadian entrainment/disruption patterns within species together with the marked similarities in circadian entrainment/disruption across species, in addition to the new method for quantifying circadian entrainment/disruption, suggest that health-related problems associated with circadian disruption in humans can be parametrically studied using animal models. and characterizing circadian entrainment patterns actually experienced by humans Daysimeter was developed as a head-worn light-dosimeter and activity monitor to address measurements of the spectral and spatial response of the human circadian system (Figure 1) [20]. Two detectors are used to characterize the spectral-opponent, subadditive response of the circadian system to polychromatic light and thereby provide measurements of the circadian light stimulus (CS) for humans (Figure 2) [22]. A transfer function relating CS to nocturnal melatonin suppression was also developed [22] to characterize the effective stimulus for non-visual responses associated with optical radiation on the retina (Figure 3). Entrainment to the circadian light-dark pattern is not directly related to nocturnal melatonin suppression, but as demonstrated by Zeitzer et al. [23], both light-induced phase shifting and nocturnal melatonin suppression in humans appear to have similar, if not identical, functional relationships to optical radiation of the same spectral power distribution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationships between circadian light-dark patterns and health-related problems associated with circadian disruption. It mentions that differences in circadian entrainment/disruption patterns within species, along with similarities across species, suggest that health-related issues stemming from circadian disruption in humans can be studied using animal models. Furthermore, the development of a methodology to quantify circadian entrainment/disruption indicates a direct link between circadian patterns and health outcomes.