Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: In that case, the procedure is then rerun by progressively increasing both the number of subpopulations and their overall size. Following that, the model with the lowest OF is chosen as the best one. It is important to remember that the evolving time of the number of generations has an influence on the correctness of the model. Due to the introduction of additional variables in such methods, a model may keep evolving continuously. However, in this study, the model was terminated after 1,000 generations or when the variation in fitness value was smaller than 0. 1%. The efficiency of the proposed models is determined by determining various statistical error indices. The metrics used in this analysis are the performance index (PI), the relative squared error (RSE), the relative root mean square error (RRMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE), and RMSE. Similarly, an alternative approach to mitigate overfitting is to select the optimal model by reducing the OF, as recommended by Iqbal et al. [55]. This methodology was chosen to address the problem in this study, and the term fitness function is used for OF. Eqs. (1)–(6) show the mathematical expressions for these statistical indices: (1) RMSE = ∑ i = 1 n ( exp i − mod i ) 2 n (2) MAE = ∑ i = 1 n | exp i − mod i | n (3) RSE = ∑ i = 1 n ( mod i − exp i ) 2 ∑ i = 1 n ( exp ¯ − exp i ) 2 (4) RRMSE = 1 | exp ¯ | ∑ i = 1 n ( exp i − mod i ) 2 n (5) R = ∑ i = 1 n ( exp i − exp ¯ i ) 2 ( mod i − mod ¯ i ) 2 ∑ i = 1 n ( exp i − exp ¯ i ) 2 ∑ i = 1 n ( mod i − mod ¯ i ) 2 (6) PI = ρ = (7) OF = n T − n v n ρ T + 2 n v n ρ v. In the given expressions, exp i and mod i indicate the experimental and model anticipated outcomes, mod ¯ i and exp ¯ i signify the average model anticipated and experimental outcomes, respectively, and n represents total occurrences. A model is considered accurate when it has a high R-value and minimal statistical errors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a modeling procedure and statistical error indices rather than eco-friendly packaging or biodegradable materials. There is no mention of plastic waste or packaging methods, thus not supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Rupprecht, Untersuchungen zum Dekurionenstand in den nordwestlichen Provinzen des römischen Reiches, Kallmünz 1975. D. Schäfer, Frauen in der Arena, in: H. Bellen – H. Heinen (edd. ), Fünfzig zur antiken Sklaverei an der 1950-2000, Stuttgart 2001, 243-268. H. -G. Schalles, Nochmals zur sog. Kunstsammlung der pergamenischen Herrscher, in: J. Gebauer u. a. (edd. ), Bildergeschichte, Stähler, Möhnesee 2004, 413-428. I. Scheibler, Vasen, in: RE Suppl. XV, 1978, 663-700. A. Schulten, in Spanien, RhM N. F. 85, 1936, 289-346. Chr. Schwanzar, des Alexandros im Archeologico in Neapel, in: W. Alzinger u. a. (edd. ), Pro arte antiqua, Festschrift für Hedwig Kenner, Wien 1985, II 312-318. M. Sève, Rapports avec l’archéologie, BullEp 1992, p. 446-456. E. Simon, Augustus. Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende, München 1986. R. R. R. Smith, Greeks, foreigners and portraits, JRS 71, 1981, 24-38. H. Solin, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Personennamen in Rom, Helsinki 1971. H. Solin, Zu den griechischen Namen in Rom, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 161-174. H. Solin, der orientalischen Sklaven, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 205-220. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. It appears to list various scholarly works, references, and authors without providing any direct information or evidence about the existence or nature of written records left by ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cities create wildlife corridors to facilitate safe movement for animals. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4474147/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published16 Sep, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted 7You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractcorridors are one of the most recommended ways to mitigate biodiversity loss. With growing recognition of corridor importance, robust, quantitative validation methods lag behind the use of corridor modeling. propose a post-hoc corridor validation framework, considering the range of methods across data needs and statistical intensity. We aim to demonstrate the importance of post-hoc corridor validation by testing several validation methods on different corridor model outputs, using the same input data. used three different transformations on a Florida black bear (Ursus americanus floidanus) habitat suitability model to create different resistance grids, independent GPS collar data from a Florida black bear study population, and Circuitscape to create corridor models. We used several validation methods, including a novel method, to compare resulting corridors with management objectives. resistance grids were all correlated, yet differing validation and resistance grids resulted in different corridor recommendations. The use of one resistance surface and one validation category can result in the selection of inefficient or ineffective corridors. At a minimum, modelers should determine what proportion of an independent population falls within resulting corridors and should move towards more robust, documented methods as resources allow. The use of multiple validation methods can ensure greater confidence of modeling results. encourage the addition and development of the framework presented here to create more robust, effective corridors. If validation methods are not improved, the ecological and economic cost of poor corridor science will continue to increase with increasing biodiversity loss. corridorcircuit theoryUrsus americanus floridanusvalidationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2IntroductionEcological corridors are one of the most recommended ways to mitigate biodiversity loss in the face of a changing climate and increased human landscape modification (Heller and Zavaleta 2009) and connectivity planning is growing globally as a conservation strategy (Keeley et al. 2019). Corridors can be created for a number of conservation purposes - broad scale ecological conservation, human recreation (Jongman et al. 2011), conservation of ecological zones along climate gradients (Beier and Brost 2010), conservation of specific species habitat (structural connectivity), or conservation of animal movement routes (functional connectivity). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of ecological corridors as a key strategy to mitigate biodiversity loss and facilitate animal movement. It explicitly mentions that corridors can be created for various conservation purposes, including the conservation of animal movement routes, which directly aligns with the idea of cities creating wildlife corridors for safe animal movement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: [10] Nevertheless, the production of PLA-based plastics is energy-intensive, and they exhibit weak mechanical strength, slow degradation, and low chemical recyclability, which raise concerns about their long-term viability. [9, 14–15] Notably, approximately 60% of plastic packaging is used in the food and beverage industry. [3] Developing alternative materials for fossil-based plastic food packaging would significantly contribute to mitigating the hazards posed by plastic waste. However, PLAs and PHAs currently account for only 1% of annual plastic production,[16] while food-packaging materials predominantly rely on polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyesters, and aluminum plastics. Consequently, efforts have been dedicated to the development of novel bioplastics exclusively derived from biomass to create high-strength food-packaging materials. [17] Several factors need to be considered, particularly for food-packaging materials, such as user- and eco-friendliness, prevention of gas generation, moisture and aroma permeation, property stability, and long-term protection against microbial contamination. [18–19] However, research on biomass-derived bioplastics has not fully addressed their potential applications in food packaging. Only few recent studies have demonstrated the primary use of bioplastics as straws,[17, 20] whereas others are far from realistic applications owing to the complexity of the techniques, such as DNA-based bioplastic fabrication, which hinders scalability. [21] In recent years, polysaccharides such as cellulose have emerged as sustainable biopolymers,[22] offering potential for the development of bioplastics[2] and novel packaging materials. [17, 19] Among these polysaccharides, pullulan stands out as a promising candidate for food packaging owing to its desirable attributes, including considerable mechanical strength, film-forming ability, good oxygen barrier properties, biodegradability, biocompatibility, antimicrobial capability,[23] and heat-sealing ability. [24] However, pullulan has certain limitations: (i) pure pullulan film or coating lacks sufficient mechanical strength to serve as a standalone packaging material,[23] and (ii) its superhydrophilicity makes it moisture-sensitive, leading to potential impairments in its mechanical and barrier properties due to water absorption or desorption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations and challenges of biodegradable materials such as PLA-based plastics. While it recognizes the necessity for alternative materials to combat plastic waste, it emphasizes that PLA and PHA currently account for only a small fraction of plastic production and raises concerns about their mechanical strength, degradation rates, and recyclability. Thus, while the claim posits a potential benefit of eco-friendly packaging, the text presents a more cautious view regarding the viability and effectiveness of these biodegradable options in reducing plastic waste.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Solin, Namenwechsel und besondere Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Philologus 133, 1989, 252-259. H. Solin, Namenpaare. zur römischen Namengebung, Helsinki 1990. H. Solin, Anthroponymie und Epigraphik. Einheimische und fremde Bevölkerung, Hyperboreus 1, 1994/1995, Fasc. 2, 93-115. H. Solin, Die sogenannten Berufsnamen antiker Ärzte, in: Ph. J. van der Eijk (ed. ), Ancient medicine in its socio-cultural context, 1992, Amsterdam-Atlanta 1995, I 119-142. H. Solin, Namensgebung und Politik. und besonderen Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Tyche 10, 1995, 185-210. H. Solin, Die stadtrömischen Sklavennamen. I-III, Stuttgart 1996. H. Solin, Coppie di nomi, in: Epigrafia e territorio. Politica e società romane IV, Bari 1996, 353-369. H. . Architectus, Arctos 31, 1997, 135-142. H. Solin, Nochmals zu Berufsnamen bei antiken Ärzten, Acta34-35, 1998-99, 389-393. H. Solin, der sog. Nomina artis im antiken Rom, in: Onomastik, Akten des XVIII. für Namenforschung, Trier 1993, Tübingen 1999, III 15-23. H. Solin, Nomi greci nel mondo romano, in: P. Poccetti (ed. ), L’onomastica di Roma. Aspetti linguistici, storici, culturali, tipologici e classificatori, Rom 2009, 61-83. M. Squire, Ars in their “I“ s. Authority and authorship in Graeco-Roman visual culture, in: A. Marmodoro – J. Hill (edd. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references to academic works focused on ancient names and onomastics, but does not address the claim regarding whether every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cities create wildlife corridors to facilitate safe movement for animals. [SEP] Text: Rapid habitat loss and fragmentation coupled with climate change and limited financial resources of many natural resource agencies create an imperative to design and implement effective corridors now more than ever. We suggest that high quality GPS data of dispersing or migratory animals should be used to identify and protect movement corridors, with subsequent validation determined using genetic data to measure gene flow between subpopulations. This “gold standard” process that incorporates gene flow is rarely possible owing to low and short-term research budgets, poor project planning, the use of historical data, grant timelines, etc. (Cushman et al. 2013; Laliberté and 2020). In the absence of genetic data, there are several other options for corridor validation though none are used regularly or in a standardized framework. For example, researchers have compared species presence and absence inside and outside corridors as a validation technique (Chardon et al. 2003; Quinby 2006; LaPoint et al. 2013). Some have gone beyond determining whether presence locations were within corridors and compared mean, maximum, and standard deviation of circuit theory corridors’ current density (flow) at buffered species locations and at random locations using t-tests, with the expectation of higher values at species locations (Koen et al. 2014; Gantchoff and Belant 2017; Chege et al. 2021; Phillips et al. 2021). In the absence of direct field data, detection/non-detection gathered from local resident interviews has also been used (Zeller et al. 2011). Broadly, these corridor validation methods can fit into one of four categories, from least data and statistically intensive to highly data intensive, providing modelers an array of options for validation: Determining what percent of species locations lie within corridors using an overlay. Testing the difference in modeled connectivity values at random and occurrence locations or within a buffered area around locations. Identifying differences between connectivity surfaces and null models or using a step-selection function to ensure animals are selecting higher connectivity areas. Validation of individual and population movement via camera trapping with individual identification and gene flow and landscape genetics, respectively. Herein, we propose treating these four categories of validation as a strategic validation framework. The use of at least one of these validation categories, depending on project resources, could improve on-the-ground conservation and result in differing corridors, as we show with example data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the imperative to design and implement effective wildlife corridors due to habitat loss and fragmentation. It elaborates on various methods of validation for these corridors, suggesting that wildlife corridors are necessary for facilitating animal movements, which aligns with the claim that some cities create them for the safe movement of animals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: 우리 기관에 요청하기 공지사항바로가기 추가했던 서지는 체험 종료 이후에도 쭉 이용가능 Citeasy DBpia에서 국내 연구자를 위한 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)를 오픈했어요. 워드는 물론, 한글까지 인용 정보를 관리할 수 있어요. 내가 인용한 논문을 저장해놨다가 참고문헌으로 쓴다고요? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about eco-friendly packaging and biodegradable materials. It discusses a citation management program and research resources, which do not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding plastic waste reduction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: ), The author’s voice in classical and late antiquity, Oxford 2013, 357-414. M. Squire, Roman art and the artist, in: B. Borg (ed. ), Wiley-Blackwell companion to Roman art, Malden, MA 2015, 172-194. E. M. Štaerman, Die Blütezeit der Sklavenwirtschaft in der römischen Republik, Wiesbaden 1969. E. M. Štaerman, L’esclavage dans l’artisanat romain, DialHistAnc 2, 1976, 103-127. A. F. Stewart, Attika. Studies in Athenian sculpture of the hellenistic age, London 1979. P. Stewart, The social history of Roman art, Cambridge 2008. G. Susini, Il coroplasta Dionisio di Colofone, ArchCl 17, 1965, 302-305. L. R. Taylor, Freedmen and freeborn in the epitaphs of imperial Rome, AJPh 82, 1961, 113-132. E. Thomas, Nochmals zu den beiden Bechern des Chirisophos, KölnJb 33, 2000, 251-260. E. Thomas, verarbeitender Künstler und Kunsthandwerker in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: From the parts to the whole, Acta of the. 1996, Portsmouth 2002, II 241-247. E. Thomas, ΜΝΗΣΘΗ Ο ΑΓΟΡΑΖΩΝ. Bemerkungen zum Selbstverständnis und zur Einschätzung von Künstlern und Kunsthandwerkern in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: D. Boschung – H. Hellenkemper (edd. ), Kosmos der Zeichen. Schriftbild und Bildformel in Antike und Mittelalter, Wiesbaden 2007, 319-338. J. M. C. Toynbee, Some notes on artists in the Roman world, Brüssel 1951. N. Tran, Les membres des associations romaines, Rom 2006. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the existence or absence of detailed written records from ancient civilizations. Instead, it lists various academic references and works related to Roman art and history, which are not directly relevant to the claim about written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cities create wildlife corridors to facilitate safe movement for animals. [SEP] Text: More specifically, we calculate and test corridors resulting from different resistance surfaces for the Florida black bear (Ursus americanus floridanus), a highly mobile large mammal inhabiting the increasingly fragmented landscape of the U. S. state of Florida. We propose a novel validation technique (category 3, above), and determine how corridor validation methods categories 1–3 could influence corridor selection for the black bear. We then illustrate the significant importance of an adaptive approach to corridor delineation, discuss the need for corridor validation, and add to the sparse corridor validation literature to improve creation of ecologically and economically sound corridor models that largely remain only theoretical in nature (Laliberté and St. -Laurent 2020). location The state of Florida provides an ideal study area for corridor identification and validation of a wide-ranging dispersing species, the Florida black bear. Florida is a highly human-modified landscape with patches of natural lands throughout the state, many of which are high quality black bear habitat (Poor et al. 2020). The black bear in Florida has experienced significant habitat and genetic fragmentation caused by human land use changes since the early 20th century (Dixon 2007). Today, the statewide population is estimated to be > 4,000 bears (FFWCC 2019), but the statewide range is only about half of what it once was (Scheick et al. 2023), distributed in seven distinct and still relatively functionally isolated subpopulations (Dixon et al. 2007). Increased connectivity among these subpopulations is critical for the long-term genetic health of black bears and for the facilitation of dispersal in an increasingly human-modified landscape. for Planning at of Florida created the (FEGN; Hoctor 2021) to identify and prioritize functional connectivity across public and private lands for a host of species. Several regional, state, and federal programs within Florida use the top three FEGN priorities levels (1–3) to designate the Corridor (FWC) to guide conservation efforts and prioritize lands to conserve for wildlife, ecosystem services, and ecological resiliency (Hoctor et al. 2015). covers approximately 17. 7 million acres of Florida, with approximately half in conservation lands (Hoctor et al. 2015). These corridors were informed by habitat considerations of species of concern, including Florida panther and black bear. Consequently, our black bear models were expected to be wholly or mostly encompassed by the FWC corridor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the efforts of the Florida Ecological Greenways Network (FEGN) to identify and prioritize functional connectivity across public and private lands to facilitate animal movement, specifically for species like the Florida black bear. The mention of corridors and their connection to conservation efforts directly supports the idea that cities or states work to create wildlife corridors to enable safe movement for animals in an increasingly fragmented landscape.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: Sablani, BR (2013) Migration of from during Microwave, Treatment, and Storage. 12:523–545 S. I. Abou - Elela, S. A. El - Shaf ai M. E. Fawzy MS (2018) Management of shock loads wastewater produced from water heaters industry. Technol 15:743–754 (2013) Preparation and characterisation of chicken skin gelatin as an alternative to mammalian gelatin. 30:143–151. HN (2003) Elucidation of the effect of formaldehyde and lipids on frozen stored cod collagen by FT-Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. J Chem 26:1440–1446 Arnesen JA, (2002) Preparation and characterisation of gelatine from the skin of harp seal (Phoca groendlandica). 82:191–194. Rosolen IM authorMaryAnn (2013) Thermal transitions of gelatin evaluated using DSC sample pans of various seal integrities. J Calorim 114:1161–1166 Vandervoort J, (2004) Preparation and evaluation of drug-loaded gelatin nanop261. (2017) Synthesis of super-hydrophobic polymer nanocomposites as a smart self-cleaning coating films. 38:E147–E156. (2008) Albright’s Handbook. In: (ed). CRC & pp 1599–1665 -L, et al (2018) Food chains, the cradle for scientific ideas and the target for technological innovations. Technol 46:7–17. Kim K-C, Park Y-B, Lee M-J, et al (2008) Levels of heavy metals in candy packages and candies likely to be consumed by small children. Int 41:411–418. SchemeScheme 1 is available in supplementary section Supplementary FilesScheme1. jpgScheme 1. Schematic pathway of the performed analysis for the fabricated films:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionlets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to the preparation and characteristics of gelatin and heavy metals in candy packages without mentioning eco-friendly packaging or biodegradable materials. Therefore, it does not provide any support, contrast, or relevance to the claim concerning reducing plastic waste.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: S. Treggiari, during the late republic, Oxford 1969. V. Velkov, des Handwerks in den Städten Thrakiens und Untermoesiens, in: J. Hamatta (ed. ), Studien zur Geschichte und Philosophie des Altertums, Amsterdam 1968, 382-387. M. -L. Vollenweider, und ihre Künstler in spätrepublikanischer und augusteischer Zeit, Baden-Baden 1966. R. Vollkommer, Greek and Roman artists, in: C. Marconi (ed. ), handbook of Greek and Roman art and architecture, Oxford 2015, 107-135. J. P. Waltzing, Étude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les Romains depuis les origines jusqu’ à la chute de l’empire d’occident I-IV, Löwen 1895-1900. B. Wesenberg, Für eine situative Deutung des polykletischen Doryphoros, JdI 112, 1997, 59-75. R. Weis, des Griechischen im Rom der republikanischen Zeit, in: C. W. Müller u. a. (edd. ), mit fremden Sprachen in der griechisch-römischen Antike, Stuttgart 1992, 137-142. W. L. Westermann, Sklaverei, in: RE Suppl. VI, 1935, 894-1068. P. Zanker, Grabreliefs römischer Freigelassener, JdI 90, 1975, 267-315. M. -K. Zapheiropoulou, Emblemata vermiculata. Hellenistische und spätrepublikanische Bildmosaiken, Paderborn u. a. 2006. L. Zgusta, des Griechischen im römischen Kaiserreich, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 121-145. G. Zimmer, Römische Berufsdarstellungen, Berlin 1982. O. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references and citations concerning ancient historical scholarship but does not address the claim regarding the existence of detailed written records from every ancient civilization. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cities create wildlife corridors to facilitate safe movement for animals. [SEP] Text: A descriptive comparison of our black bear models and the FEGN database of prioritized conservation lands (1–3) enumerating differences between these corridor models is relevant to bear conservation and management. Furthermore, our single species, relatively wide-ranging, umbrella species, made for a more appropriate single-species descriptive comparison of the multi-species model (Table 1, Fig. 1). Table 1 Percentage of bear locations from the sampled Highlands-black bear population included in top 10% Circuitscape corridors and within multispecies corridors and priority areas across three different habitat suitability-resistance grid negative exponential transformations and the efficiency (# bear locations per area) of each corridor. Corridor % of Area (km2) Bear Locs/Km2 c = 8 26 7,817 3. 57 c = 2 38 6,292 6. 49 c = 0. 25 42 7,425 6. 08 FEGN/Corridors (Priorities 1–3) 96 93,470 1. 11 Top FEGN (Priority 1) 78 44,533 1. 89 Bear location data We had historic data from 1978–2016 collected by various researchers using VHF and GPS collars, with which to create a habitat suitability model (Poor et al. 2020). For the suitability model, we used adult bears and removed bears with < 30 locations or < 3 months of data within a 12-month window. We subsampled locations to every 5 hours to reduce spatial and temporal bias. For complete methods on the habitat suitability layer creation, see Poor et al. (2020). We used independent GPS location data collected from 2004–2010 in the Highlands-Glades area (Fig. 1) to validate the corridors we created. Again, we only included bears with locations across ≥ 3 months and with ≥ 30 locations and also removed 2D locations with PDOP > 5 (Lewis et al. 2007), deployment locations, and mortality locations. After data filtering, there were 13 males, 17 females, and 113,079 total locations in our validation dataset. We note here that these data included locations from individuals utilizing their home range as well as during dispersal events. Habitat suitability data and resistance preparation We used the previously created statewide habitat suitability model as a resistance grid for corridor dispersal (Poor et al. 2020). Resistance surface creation is a critical yet oft-ignored part of corridor modeling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the creation of corridor models specifically for black bear conservation and management. It highlights the importance of corridor modeling and validation using GPS location data to support wildlife movement, which aligns with the concept of cities creating wildlife corridors for safe animal movement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Materials like cornstarch and mushroom-based packaging are becoming popular alternatives. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the authors provide a less-detailed neuroanatomical description of a hitherto unknown neuropil in the lateral protocerebrum of crustaceans, the 'reniform body' – which in some neuroanatomical aspects is similar to the HB/MB. Overall, the study is very well executed and the main results are presented in detailed and very informative reconstruction drawings as well as in numerous images of original neuroanatomical and immunocytochemical data. There is, however, one main conceptual issue that the authors should address as well as numerous minor suggestions and comments. The main conceptual issue on which the paper hinges, is what constitutes a MB and distinguishes it from a HB – and the authors should improve their definition(s) substantially. First, there is some contradiction within the paper itself that needs to be reconciled: paragraph two the authors state that a MB is identified by 12 of the 15 criteria provided in Table 1 – but they fail to identify this set of 12 criteria (the 'HBs' of stomatopods correspond to the MBs of insects in a 15 criteria according to Table 1). Furthermore, later in the Results (subsection “Divergent evolution of the mushroom bodies”) the authors talk about 'mushroom body lobes' within HBs (which is a truly confusing description and concept) that apparently are identified solely by the expression of DC0. Even more problematic is the lack of a definition of what constitutes a 'lobed center' in the lateral protocerebrum: This is the first criterion given in Table 1 that distinguishes MBs from other neuropils in the lateral protocerebrum, which at least for Varunidae according to the authors' data include the 'reniform body' that they describe as a 'lobate center'. So why then is that not a lobed center? In fact, the term 'lobe' may be one of the least distinct anatomical terms and without a crystal-clear definition it seems impossible to exclude neuropil structures of typical HBs (or other neuropils in the lateral protocerebrum) by it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses neuroanatomical details regarding the lateral protocerebrum of crustaceans and does not mention any materials, packaging, or their popularity. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim regarding cornstarch and mushroom-based packaging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Zwierlein, Plinius über den Laokoon, in: H. -U. Cain u. a. (edd. ), Festschrift für Nikolaus Himmelmann, Mainz 1989, 433-443. E. Zwierlein-Diehl, Gemmen mit Künstlerinschriften, in: Meisterwerke, Symposion anlässlich des 150, Geburtstages von Adolf Furtwängler, Freiburg/Br. 2003, München 2005, 321-343 (mit Ergänzungen in SEG 55, 2005 [2009], 2020). Behind every Greek signature there is not necessarily a Greek. Pseudonyms of visual artists in ancient 2018, Volume: 16, 205 - 227, 15. 11. 2018 the vast majority of visual artists signed in Greek especially in the late republic as well as in the early and middle imperial period in central and northern Italy, it is considered as communis opinio in modern research that this is a sign for their ethnic origin. However, the fact that, at least in Italy, Greek names and cognomina of slaves and freedmen do not always indicate their region of birth, urges us to be cautious. Furthermore, there are numerous testimonies demonstrating that it was common in some professional groups (e. g. athletes, gladiators, charioteers, doctors and stage artists) to acquire Latin or Greek pseudonyms. The reason for this is that one wanted to join a long and positively connoted tradition. The same should apply to visual artists. In this respect, it has already been noticed in research for a long time that younger representatives apparently occupied the name of a famous predecessor in some cases. The name can by all means indicate also family relationships, but this is not always convincing in each case due to dating back hundreds of years. The choice of pseudonyms can be illustrated by three examples from the imperial period (two grave inscriptions and one donor inscription). The reason for the adoption of the pseudonym might lie in the art form, the theme or the style which their role models represented. But not only the names of well-known representatives could be chosen; apparently a fictitious Greek name and/or a signature in this language were sufficient as a positive statement of advertising character. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Greek signatures and pseudonyms of visual artists in ancient times, rather than the existence of detailed written records left by all ancient civilizations. It focuses on the cultural practices and naming conventions in ancient Greece without addressing the broader topic of written records across different ancient societies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cities create wildlife corridors to facilitate safe movement for animals. [SEP] Text: 2018; Lalechere and Berges 2021; Kumar and Cushman 2022). Methods choices may have an outsized impact on model results and the implications of these choices should be better understood and documented by modelers and communicated to landscape and species managers to ensure robust, functional corridors based on their specific management objectives, financial resources, and timelines. ConclusionsWe have added novel information to the sparse corridor validation knowledge base. We recommend researchers always undertake post-hoc corridor validation and strongly encourage the use of multiple validation techniques. Corridor ecology has been a slow-to-develop field, and modeling methods have lagged in their statistical robustness in comparison with other areas of ecology. Along with validation, there are other areas in need of improvement in corridor ecology. There is a recent push for more movement-driven or genetically informed resistance surfaces (Mateo-Sanchez et al. 2015; Naidoo et al. 2018; Zeller et al. 2018) and the abandonment of the resistance surface paradigm altogether (Kumar et al. 2022), which could remove some of the subjectivity in traditional corridor modeling and better capture the spatiotemporal variability inherent in animal movement processes. However, that is likely far in the future. We also see an opportunity for the growth and incorporation of traditional ecological knowledge informing corridor models, because local communities may be well-informed about movement pathways and may have knowledge hard to gain from telemetry or genetic data alone. Such traditional knowledge may help inform questions of spatiotemporal movement variability. Finally, at a much broader scale, an additional consideration gaining momentum is the development and incorporation of climate change into corridor planning (Anderson et al. 2023). Climate change will force changes to what may be considered a corridor and will require revisiting previously designated corridors and reassessing their existing functionality (Hannah 2011). We applaud the development of these efforts and encourage researchers to think creatively in interdisciplinary teams to further advance these needs. However, to best advance all methods, we must first fully understand the abilities and limitations of the existing corridor modeling and validation methods, as illustrated here. As humans continue to fragment habitat and wildlife populations decline, connectivity modeling is necessarily a growing field where advancements are needed (Keeley et al. 2019). The importance of corridors and connectivity modeling has gained local recognition with the signing of the in 2021 and many other local plans as well as international policy recognition with the agreement of the Kunming-in December of 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of corridors and connectivity modeling in relation to wildlife. It mentions that 'connectivity modeling is necessarily a growing field where advancements are needed,' which implies that cities and local plans are increasingly recognizing the importance of creating wildlife corridors to ensure safe movement for animals. Furthermore, it highlights that 'the importance of corridors and connectivity modeling has gained local recognition' further supporting the idea that specific urban plans aim to facilitate safe animal movement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging has no environmental impact during production. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1033618/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractExtracted gelatin from the waste of fresh and grilled chicken skin was used to prepare films as a biodegradable packaging material from solutions of various gelatin concentrations using a casting approach. The thermal behavior of extracted gelatins was investigated by differential scanning calorimetric. The p5. 1 MPa. The elongation of waste skin gelatin-based films was higher than waste grilled skin gelatin (WG)-based films using 4 % and 8 % concentrations up to 57 %. Films manufactured from WG had significantly lower WVP than waste skin gelatin (WS) analogous at a 4 % gelatin concentration. The WVP of films manufactured from gelatin significantly increased as gelatin concentration increased where OU showed higher oil resistance for films manufactured from WS up to 91 % using 4 % gelatin concentration. The morphological structure of the gelatin film was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A homogenized and smooth film surface was observed. The percentage of heavy metal was examined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The results of this study showed that the films manufactured using higher concentrations of gelatin possessed promising mechanical properties, good barrier properties, and high safety as a recommended biopolymer packaging material for food contact and pharmaceutical applications. waste proteingelatinpackaging filmwater permeabilityoil swellingoverall migrationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 51. IntroductionPackaging of food and beverage is one of the largest upward industries within the plastic, glass, and paper packaging [1]. The conservatively plastic industries of packaging materials face great challenges such as sustainability, environmental problems, and the dwindling of fossil fuel-based feedstocks [2]. Biopolymers sources could replace or reduce commonly plastics production which are disbursed industrially, mainly for applications in the food packaging sector [3]. Recently, natural biopolymers gained great advantages as renewable in several types, biodegradable in the environment or edible [4] biopolymers can form polymer films with a wide range of natural polymers (chitosan, starch, carrageenans, pectin, gelatin, collagen, whey protein, corn, etc. ) [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the production of biodegradable packaging materials from extracted gelatin. It highlights challenges in the conventional plastic packaging industry regarding sustainability and environmental problems. The mention of biopolymers as a solution indicates that eco-friendly packaging does have an environmental impact, suggesting that it is a preferable alternative to traditional materials due to its biodegradable properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: This can apply not only to sculpture, but can also be applied to toreutics and stone cutting. These are the genres in which many famous names survived in the art-historical literature of antiquity. Accordingly, there are no Greek mosaicist signatures from central and northern Italy - with the exception of two justifiable cases- because, apart from one exception, apparently no representatives of this technique were mentioned in an¬cient art history. The surprising conclusion in view of this situation is that every Greek signature does not necessarily stand for a Greek. Regrettably, it is not possible to differentiate certainly if the mentioning of the artist indicates his homeland or not. In the meanwhile, there has been a comparable phenomenon with some Italian painter signatures since the early modern period, implying that there has been continuity in this phenomenon. However, the problem of pseudonyms can be more easily solved here, since the situation of the historical sources is incomparably more favorable. Keywords : signatures, pseudonyms, Cognomina, professions 1990. B. Andreae, Römische Kunst, Freiburg/Br. -Basel 1973. B. Andreae, Plinius und der Laokoon, TrWPr 8, 1986 (1987). B. Andreae, Eine weniger elegante Lösung. Noch einmal zu Plinius, Naturalis historia 36, 37, RM 96, 1989, 433-438. B. Andreae, Antike Bildmosaiken², Darmstadt-Mainz 2012. A. Andrén, Deeds and misdeeds in classical art and antiquities, Partille 1986. G. Baader, Ärzte auf pannonischen Inschriften, Klio 55, 1973, 273-297. M. Bang, im römischen Dienst bis zum I. , Diss. , Berlin 1906. G. Becatti, Ἀττικά. Saggio sulla scultura attica dell’ellenismo, RIA 7, 1940, 7-116. H. Bellen, Die germanische Leibwache der römischen Kaiser des julisch-claudischen Hauses, Mainz 1981. A. Bernand, Pan du désert, Leiden 1977. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the existence of detailed written records from every ancient civilization. Instead, it discusses the challenges in identifying Greek mosaicist signatures and the continuity of artist representation in art history. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: These observations suggest that habitat engineering for a threatened charismatic carnivore also created habitat for less conspicuous species. The taxon groups that appeared to benefit from the creation of ponds were uncommon in the surrounding forest landscape, which had been impoverished by long-term drainage, and some of these species are of wider conservation significance. Although the (re)constructed ponds served their primary aim (concentrating amphibians near mink habitat and thus probably improving critical winter food for mink) there were probably too few of them to significantly increase amphibian numbers at the scale of the island. However, the functioning of the ponds as novel habitat for macroinvertebrates of semi-permanent water bodies provides additional motivation for such conservation activity. The few other studies of this issue suggest that a range of other techniques can support biodiversity in anthropogenic landscapes: supplementary feeding (Martín-Vega & Baz, Reference Martín-Vega and Baz2011), nest-site provisioning (Heneberg, Reference Heneberg2012) and, possibly, the control of exotic predators (O'Donnell & Hoare, Reference O'Donnell and Hoare2012) and diseases. The cost-effectiveness of the management of charismatic species can be increased by explicitly and routinely considering positive and negative impacts on wider conservation targets at both the planning and assessment stages. In addition to monitoring, this should include a critical assessment of the management techniques used and of the alternatives (see also Koper & Schmiegelow, and Schmiegelow2006). For example, a habitat-based alternative to increase the amphibian populations in Hiiumaa would have been large-scale blocking of artificial drainage (H. Drews, pers. comm. ), with possibly even wider benefits for other aquatic biota, including the European mink (Fournier et al. , and Spitz2007). for the population and habitat management were provided by the Board and the management was performed in accordance with the national action plan for the European mink. Financial support was provided by the Centre, the Foundation (grant 9051), the of Education and Science (project SF0180012s09) and the through the (Centre of ). We thank T. Torp, M. Vaikre, H. Timm, T. Timm, M. Martin and M. Meriste for help with macroinvertebrate identification, R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the benefits of habitat engineering aimed at supporting local biodiversity, particularly through creating new habitats such as ponds, which support various species. It mentions that while the creation of these ponds was primarily aimed at benefiting a specific species (the threatened mink), it also positively impacted less conspicuous species and macroinvertebrates, demonstrating a broader enhancement of local biodiversity. Additionally, it discusses the effectiveness of various techniques to support biodiversity in anthropogenic landscapes, thus reinforcing the idea that urban habitats can indeed be enhanced to benefit local ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging has no environmental impact during production. [SEP] Text: (eira et al. , 2011) One of the main industries for supplying the meat and protein needs for the customers is poultry [7]. (Carrillo-Lopez, 2018). The production rate is expanding with high rates [8]. Large quantities of solid wastes are produced as a by-product. For example, the waste for the slaughter weight of chicken is 33 % [9]. Many efforts are going to exploit these wastes and convert them to high-value-added products. Gelatin is one of the most add-value products from protein waste especially the slaughter of chicken. Gelatin was extracted from leather solid waste for potential application in chemical sand-fixation [10]. Bone can be used as a source to produce gelatin through the biocatalysis process [11]. Collagen is a special type of extracted protein from raw trimming waste of tannery for many applications like tissue engineering and the pharmaceutical industry [12]. Gelatin is selected as an interesting biodegradable material due to the semi-crystalline behavior of hydrated gelatin and low melting temperature [13]. The high density for the dynamic hydrogen bonding of amide linkages provides unique mechanical properties. Gelatin is known as an extracted protein through a precise hydrolysis process of the insoluble fibrous of collagen [14]. Skin and bones produced as waste during animal slaughtering and processing are the main sources of collagen [15]. Therefore, gelatin can be considered a low-cost biopolymer with excellent functional film-forming properties [16]. The effect of plasticizers on the thermal and functional properties of gelatin had been studied [17], but less attention has focused on the effect of utilizing various ingredient concentrations and their subsequent impact on the properties of such films. The study of nanop2. Methods 2. 1. fresh chicken skin was obtained from a local company. Grilled chicken waste was purchased from Food manufacturing factories. Glycerol used as plasticizer and glutaraldehyde as crosslinker were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Germany. Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were used as received without pre-purification. 2. 2. Methods 2. 2. 1. Chicken skin preparation The chilled chicken skin was kept in a refrigerator (4°C) overnight. After that, waste fresh skin was washed with a water stream to remove any impurities, the skin was cut into small parts and lyophilize-dried for 72 hrs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the production of gelatin from animal waste, which is a by-product of poultry processing. It highlights that solid waste is generated in significant quantities, implying that there are environmental impacts involved in the production processes associated with developing biodegradable materials like gelatin. This suggests that eco-friendly packaging does have an environmental impact during its production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Berthold, antiker Namen als Signaturen auf neuzeitlichen Gemmen und ihre Quellen, in: R. Einicke u. a. (edd. ), Zurück zum Gegenstand, Furtwängler II, Langenweißbach 2009, 549-554. A. Berthold, Entwurf und Ausführung in den artes minores. Münz- und Gemmenkünstler des 6. -4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. , Hamburg 2013. M. Bonaria, Dinastie di pantomimi latini, Maia N. S. 11, 1959, 224-242. G. Botti – P. Romanelli, Le sculture del Egizio, Vatikanstadt 1951. P. Boyancé, La connaissance du grec à Rome, REL 34, 1956, 111-131. O. J. Brendel, Prolegomena to the study of Roman art, New Haven-London 1979. Ph. Bruneau, Philologie mosaïstique, JSav 1988, 3-73. Chr. Bruun, Greek or Latin? The owner’s choice of names for vernae in Rome, in: M. George (ed. ), Roman slavery and Roman material culture, Toronto u. a. 2013, 19-42. A. Buonopane, Statuarius. Un nuovo documento epigrafico, ZPE 120, 1998, 292-294. I. Bourtzinakou, von Aphrodisias, Diss. Heidelberg 2011, Heidelberg 2012. H. -U. Cain – O. Dräger, Die sogenannten neuattischen Werkstätten, in: G. (ed. ), Das Wrack. Der antike Schiffsfund von Mahdia, 1994/95, Köln 1994, II 809-829. I. Calabi Limentani, Studi sulla società romana. Il lavoro artistico, Mailand-Varese 1958. I. 1958, 619-621. I. 1965, 156-159. I. 1966, 484 f. I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of references and does not provide any information about the existence or absence of detailed written records from ancient civilizations. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Love | with Native PlantsAug 3, 2022 | Earth & Environmental Sciences, & exist on a spectrum – from those with minimal human impact, to urban sites wherein most natural features have been destroyed. As disturbed urban sites become more geographically prominent, imperatives to create managed urban habitats that provide societal and environmental services are increasingly urgent. Using native plants is a core principle of sustainable urban design, yet we lack standardised protocols to produce enough native plant products to meet demand. Love at the University of Idaho has employed his expertise in plant breeding to develop high-throughput native plant domestication processes, to enhance offerings of native plants to people who wish to transform personal and public spaces into attractive, resilient ecosystems. Preserving the Earth’s remaining wilderness areas will not be enough to tackle global climate change and ecological collapse. Instead, we must integrate ecological resilience into areas where humans and wildlife coexist. By recognising that humans are part of the natural landscape rather than separate from it, we can jointly address the needs of wildlife, ecosystems and humans with intelligent, sustainable design. With a growing global interest in the intersection between wild and urban spaces, more organisations and individuals are searching for ways to improve the ecological resilience of private and public spaces. However, many public areas and gardens are intensively managed, displace native habitats, and require unsustainable amounts of irrigation, fertiliser and pesticides. Native plants play a crucial role in urban and agricultural ecological restoration. For example, many farmers plant tree hedges as windbreaks, which also provide native habitat for birds and mammals that naturally prey upon common agricultural pests. Indeed, many different restoration efforts revolve around native plants. Without them, native wildlife health decreases, and essential ecosystem services, such as water purification and soil regeneration, weaken. However, with an eye toward aesthetics over sustainability, many public areas are dominated by non-native, ornamental species. The cultivation of non-native plants in areas that are quite different from the habitats in which these species evolved requires intensive management to mimic the plants’ ideal growing conditions. On the other hand, plants that are endemic to a region already have adaptations to survive and thrive within that particular environment. However, native plant production has not traditionally been lucrative. Unlike the case for ornamental species, we do not have processes in place to cultivate enough viable native plant products for revitalising urban areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of using native plants in urban habitats for ecological restoration. It discusses how native plants are crucial for improving ecological resilience in urban areas and provides examples of their benefits, such as supporting local wildlife and enhancing essential ecosystem services. Additionally, it notes that integrating native plants into urban design can lead to attractive and resilient ecosystems, aligning directly with the claim about enhancing urban habitats with native plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging has no environmental impact during production. [SEP] Text: The stimulants were selected carefully to represent different food natures. As shown in Table 4, the prepared films showed highly acceptable migration limits. The overall migration (OM) from the WG and WS gelatin films were ranged from 0 up to 0. 3 mg/dm2. The regulation limits the accepted level up to 10 mg/dm2. Table 4 The overall migration from WG and WS gelatin films Migration into 10% v/v ethanol (simulant A) mg/dm2 Migration into 20% v/v ethanol (simulant A) mg/dm2 Migration into 3% w/v acetic acid (simulant B) mg/dm2 Migration into Olive oil (simulant D2) mg/dm2 WS8% WG8% WS8% WG8% WS8% WG8% WS8% WG8% 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 4 0. 2 0. 3 0. 2 0. 0 0. 1 2 0. 2 0. 3 0. 2 0. 3 0. 1 0. 3 0. 0 0. 0 3 0. 0 0. 2 0. 3 0. 3 0. 3 0. 1 0. 0 0. 2 Mean 0. 15 0. 2 0. 3 0. 26 0. 23 0. 2 0. 0 0. 15 Acceptable 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 3. 9. Total heavy metals determination in various simulants The migration of heavy metals in various stimulants (i. e. Simulant A: 10 % v/v ethanol, Simulant B: 20 % v/v ethanol, Simulant D2: rectified olive oil) had been investigated. The traced metals were cadmium, lead, mercury, chrome, aluminum, arsenic, and antimony. The levels of migrated heavy metals in different simulants were in the accepted levels as shown in Table 5 [32]. The highly acceptable levels of overall migration and the traces of the heavy metal ensure the prepared gelatin films are appropriate as a food-contact layer. Table 5 The determination of migrated heavy metals traces in various simulants Conc. in 3% acetic acid, µg/L Conc. in 20% ethanol µg/L Conc. in 10% ethanol µg/L Conc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the overall migration limits of food contact materials, indicating that there are significant regulations regarding the migration of substances from packaging into food. The mention of migration limits and the presence of heavy metals suggests that eco-friendly packaging does indeed have environmental implications during production and use, thereby affecting its claim of having no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Calabi Limentani, Epigrafia latina³, Mailand 1974. A. Cameron, Porphyrius the charioteer, Oxford 1973. A. Chaniotis, Second thoughts on second names in Aphrodisias, in: E. Parker (ed. ), Personal names in ancient Anatolia, Oxford 2013, 207-229. H. Chantraine, Freigelassene und Sklaven im Dienst der römischen Kaiser. Studien zu ihrer Nomenklatur, Wiesbaden 1967. J. Christes, Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im antiken Rom, Wiesbaden 1979. G. Cultrera, Fiano Romano, NSc 1915, 158-165. L. R. Dean, A study of the cognomina of soldiers in the Roman legions, Princeton 1916. W. Decker, Beinamen antiker Athleten, in: P. Mauritsch u. a. (edd. ), für Ingomar Weiler, Wiesbaden 2008, 161-173. S. Deyts u. a. , Musée Archéologique de Dijon, Dijon 1995. S. Kansteiner u. a. (edd. ), Overbeck. Die antiken Schriftquellen zu den Bildenden Künsten der Griechen I-V, Berlin-Boston 2014. M. Donderer, Die antiken Pavimenttypen und ihre Benennungen, JdI 102, 1987, 365-377. M. Donderer, Nicht Praxiteles, sondern Pasiteles. Eine signierte Statuenstütze in Verona, ZPE 73, 1988, 63-68. M. Donderer, der Antike und ihre wirtschaftliche und soziale Stellung, Erlangen 1989. M. Donderer, Merkwürdigkeiten im Umgang mit griechischer und lateinischer Schrift in der Antike, Gymnasium 102, 1995, 97-122. M. Donderer, der späten römischen Republik und der Kaiserzeit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various academic sources and titles related to ancient manuscripts and inscriptions but does not provide any information or evidence to directly support or contradict the claim about ancient civilizations leaving behind detailed written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: To meet demand, we must create new, exciting, and attractive native plant products, make them easily available to consumers, and create efficacious propagation protocols so the plants provide an economically viable option for nurseries. Love of the University of Research and recognised that consumers in arid climates of the western US are interested in creating sustainable urban spaces, but they lack access to a palette of native plants of sufficient variety, quality, and quantity to make it practical. In 2005, he began a native plant domestication program to meet regional consumer needs. His team created a stepwise approach for collecting, evaluating and domesticating native plants, while maintaining their habitat-supportive characteristics. Their approach also involved developing propagation protocols that nurseries could easily adopt. The idea was to create a large palette of nursery products that are attractive to the consumer while also being suitable for nursery production. ‘This domestication project is unique in design and operation with respect to its potential for producing large numbers of new native plant products that retain the ability to provide ecological services,’ says Dr Love. ‘The adopted approach is proving effective in providing large numbers of native species with potential to transform global urban horticultural practices and make native plant products competitive alternatives to exotic options currently available. ’ The ecological benefits of this project are numerous. ‘Issues such as reducing the use of potentially invasive exotic species, developing diversity in urban landscapes, creating urban habitat for small animals, and supporting pollinators, can all be addressed with native plants,’ explains Dr Love. begin his native plant domestication project, needed seeds and cuttings from plants with ornamental potential. First, he identified specific groups of species that had characteristics that would allow them to perform well in urban landscapes in the region of the USA. In an extensive collection campaign, his team conducted forays as far north as the Canadian border, south to northern Arizona and New Mexico, east to the edge of the Great Plains, and west to the coastal ranges of Washington, Oregon, and California. So far, and his dedicated team of researchers have made over 4,000 collections of seeds and cuttings, and are planning more forays to new areas in Idaho and surrounding states. 2022, they plan a foray into the Chiricahua mountains of Arizona, and in June 2023, they hope to collect material from the in Wyoming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a native plant domestication program aimed at creating a variety of native plant products that are attractive to consumers and beneficial for urban environments. The program focuses on ecological services such as reducing the use of potentially invasive exotic species, developing diversity in urban landscapes, creating habitats for small animals, and supporting pollinators, all of which contribute to enhanced local biodiversity in urban habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All eco-friendly packaging decomposes at the same rate in any environment. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1033618/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractExtracted gelatin from the waste of fresh and grilled chicken skin was used to prepare films as a biodegradable packaging material from solutions of various gelatin concentrations using a casting approach. The thermal behavior of extracted gelatins was investigated by differential scanning calorimetric. The p5. 1 MPa. The elongation of waste skin gelatin-based films was higher than waste grilled skin gelatin (WG)-based films using 4 % and 8 % concentrations up to 57 %. Films manufactured from WG had significantly lower WVP than waste skin gelatin (WS) analogous at a 4 % gelatin concentration. The WVP of films manufactured from gelatin significantly increased as gelatin concentration increased where OU showed higher oil resistance for films manufactured from WS up to 91 % using 4 % gelatin concentration. The morphological structure of the gelatin film was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A homogenized and smooth film surface was observed. The percentage of heavy metal was examined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The results of this study showed that the films manufactured using higher concentrations of gelatin possessed promising mechanical properties, good barrier properties, and high safety as a recommended biopolymer packaging material for food contact and pharmaceutical applications. waste proteingelatinpackaging filmwater permeabilityoil swellingoverall migrationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 51. IntroductionPackaging of food and beverage is one of the largest upward industries within the plastic, glass, and paper packaging [1]. The conservatively plastic industries of packaging materials face great challenges such as sustainability, environmental problems, and the dwindling of fossil fuel-based feedstocks [2]. Biopolymers sources could replace or reduce commonly plastics production which are disbursed industrially, mainly for applications in the food packaging sector [3]. Recently, natural biopolymers gained great advantages as renewable in several types, biodegradable in the environment or edible [4] biopolymers can form polymer films with a wide range of natural polymers (chitosan, starch, carrageenans, pectin, gelatin, collagen, whey protein, corn, etc. ) [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various biopolymer materials, including gelatin films, and their differing properties such as mechanical strength and water permeability based on concentration, indicating that decomposition rates may vary based on environmental conditions and the specific material properties, thus refuting the idea that all eco-friendly packaging decomposes uniformly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Epigraphische Zeugnisse, Erlangen 1996. M. Donderer, für Agone in den Bildenden Künsten, in: F. Blakolmer u. a. (edd. ), Fremde Zeiten, Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt, Wien 1996, I 329-338. M. Donderer, Mosaikemblemata. und schwunghafter Gebrauchtwarenhandel, BAParis 28, 2001, 101-132. M. Donderer, - wo man sie nicht erwarten würde, ÖJh 73, 2004, 81-96. M. Donderer, Rez. zu Andreae 2007/2012, Gnomon 79, 2007, 164-170. M. Donderer, der Antike II. Epigraphische Quellen. Neufunde und Nachträge, Erlangen 2008. M. Donderer, Nicht immer wörtlich zu verstehen. mit griechischen betrieben, BABesch 86, 2011, 185-207. H. Dragendorff, Firmenstempel und Künstlersignatur auf arretinischen Reliefgefäßen, in: H. von Petrikovits (ed. ), Festschrift für August Oxé zum 75. Gebutstag, Darmstadt 1938, 1-8. F. Drexel, Über den häufigen Gebrauch berühmter Künstlernamen, in: L. Friedländer – G. Wissowa (edd. ), Darstellungen aus der IV, 10. Auflage, Leipzig 1921, 197-202. S. Düll, Die Götterkulte Nordmakedoniens in römischer Zeit, München 1977. K. M. D. Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman world, Cambridge 1999. F. Duthoy, Sculpteurs et commanditaires aux IIe siècle après J. -C. Rome et Tivoli, Rom 2012. Enciclopedia dell’Classica e ff. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of academic references and discusses various epigraphic sources but does not directly address whether every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: This simple, systematic, cyclical approach allows for assessments to be completed on hundreds of native species simultaneously – as opposed to more common research protocols that result in intensive research on one or a few species. The team’s approach has resulted in the development an extensive palette of native plants that are attractive to consumers, provide ecosystem services and are easy to mass-produce. ‘To date, we have released over 100 domesticated native plant products to the nursery industry, and about 60 of those products are currently being produced commercially,’ says Dr Love. ‘And the pipeline is full, meaning a continuous supply of native plant products will be released and marketed in the next few years. The long-term potential is incredible. ’ As part of this product development process, Dr Love’s team has conducted research to develop or improve propagation protocols for many native species, most of which have never been exposed to standard nursery practices. For example, they have published several papers on improved techniques for enhancing the germination rates of seed-propagated plants. One example is Castilleja, commonly known as Indian Paintbrush. An emblematic wildflower of the western US, Castilleja is beloved but is very difficult to propagate. This is because it is a partially parasitic plant, and so must be grown with a host to perform well. In a 2017 paper, the researchers provided key propagation protocols focusing on planting Castilleja with suitable companion species. The team has also performed research to determine the optimal conditions and procedures for plants propagated by cuttings. critical yet underappreciated aspect of applied research is to find the right industry partner to connect applied science with public interest and usage. In this case, the University of Idaho signed a partnership agreement with and Restoration to create Native Roots, LLC, a nursery in Twin Falls, Idaho. Native Roots, LLC has first right of refusal to all native plant products developed by the University of Idaho native plant domestication project. They have built up stocks of plants to provide commercial scale seed increase and vegetative cutting blocks, greenhouses, handling and growing equipment, and storage facilities at their site in Filer, Idaho. They also market and ship both wholesale and retail products from the nursery. As a result, Dr Love, in partnership with Native Roots, LLC will have a direct and lasting impact on the competitiveness and profitability of Idaho’s native plant production industry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the systematic approach taken by Dr. Love’s team to propagate and market native plants. It describes how over 100 native plant products have been released, which emphasizes the potential of native plants to enhance urban habitats and support local biodiversity. Additionally, the mention of partnerships with nurseries for the commercial production of these native plants suggests that there is a growing movement to utilize native species, thereby aligning with the objective of supporting local ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All eco-friendly packaging decomposes at the same rate in any environment. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3101441/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractApproximately 60% of plastic pollution originates from the food and beverage packaging. Complete degradation of the bio-based plastic packaging presently available, relies on garbage sorting, recycling, and composting. Herein, we showcase that naturally-degradable bioplastics as food packaging alternatives can be accomplished with all-biomass nanocomposite encompassing pullulan, nanocellulose (NC) and/or hydrophobic lignin (HBL) using simple approaches. NC and HBL were derived from corn stalk using a recyclable eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES). Optimal dispersion of NC in pullulan through high-pressure homogenization produced a pullulan-NC (PNC) bio-nanocomposite film with mechanical strength enhanced to 76. 6 ± 1. 9 MPa. Single PNC film could serve as food inner-packaging; while it collaborated with kraft paper wrapping to compensate its inadequate water resistance, performing as packaging for dry powders, biscuits, and oil. Remarkably, a sandwich-like film, created by hot-pressing two outer layers of HBL-NC (LNC) films and one PNC film layer, exhibited desirable mechanical strength and water resistance. Varying the number of LNC and PNC layers achieved diverse composite films as food outer-packaging, including preserving and shopping bags, disposable cups and straws. Significantly, all these films are biosafe and readily degraded in nature without counting on composting or recycling, underlining their prospects in future industrialization and sustainability. Physical sciences/Materials science/Techniques and instrumentation/Design, synthesis and processingPhysical sciences/Materials science/Soft materials/Gels and hydrogelsbioplastic food packagingpullulannanocellulosehydrophobic ligninbio-nanocomposite filmeco-friendlinessFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6IntroductionSince the 1950s, plastics have been widely produced and utilized all over the world given their significant utility in human activities. To date, over 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the complete degradation of bio-based plastic packaging relies on specific conditions such as garbage sorting, recycling, and composting. Additionally, it indicates that various bioplastics, such as pullulan-NC and HBL-NC films, can degrade without composting or recycling, suggesting that their decomposition may not be uniform and depends on specific environmental factors, thus contradicting the notion that all eco-friendly packaging decomposes at the same rate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: , Rom 1958 ff. P. E. Easterling, Actor as icon, in: P. E. Easterling – E. Hall (edd. ), Greek and Roman actors. Aspects of an ancient profession, Cambridge 2002, 327-341. K. T. Erim – J. Reynolds, Sculptors of Aphrodisias in the inscriptions of the city, in: N. Başgelen – M. Lugal (edd. ), Festschrift für Jale Inan, Istanbul 1989, 517-538. K. T. Erim – C. M. Rouché, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. J. Fejfer, Roman portraits in context, Berlin-2008. K. Fittschen, Über den Beitrag der Bildhauer in Athen zur Kunstproduktion im römischen Reich, in: St. Blizos (ed. ), Athens during the Roman period. Recent discoveries, new evidence, Athen 2008, 325-335. L. Friedländer, Dissertationis de nominibus clarorum artificum frequentatis pars I-II, Königsberg 1859. M. Fuchs, In hoc etiam genere Graeciae nihil cedamus. Studien zur Romanisierung der späthellenistischen Kunst im 1. Jh. v. Chr. , Mainz 1999. B. und H. Galsterer, Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen, in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. des öffentlichen Raumes, 1990, Köln 1992, 377-389. A. Garcia y Bellido, Esculturas romanas de España y Portugal, Madrid 1949. Chr. Gill – T. P. Wiseman (edd. ), Lies and fiction in the ancient world, Exeter 1993. A. Giuliano, Iscrizioni romane di pittori, ArchCl 5, 1953, 263-270. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of scholarly references and titles related to ancient civilizations but does not address or support the claim regarding whether every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Now, consumers who want to cultivate native plants will have diverse options. their research, standardised domestication procedures, and industry partnerships, Dr Love’s team is making it easy for ecologically-minded consumers in Idaho and throughout to purchase and plant native species that will thrive in their gardens. The team’s systematic process of acquiring, evaluating, selecting, and releasing native plant products to the Idaho nursery industry has made it easier for consumers to transform their landscapes into diverse, beautiful and sustainable habitats. The project has already reduced the cultivation of exotic plants, increased diversity in urban landscapes, reduced water consumption, created habitat for native wildlife, and supported threatened pollinators. With more plant species expected to be released in the coming years, and his team have transformed the native plant industry in the region. Perhaps even more importantly, the methodological processes they have developed can be used in any region in the world, towards the creation of sustainable, ecologically-rich landscapes. 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 -. LoveUniversity of has three decades of experience in applied plant science research. After earning his PhD in Horticulture and at in South Carolina, moved to the University of Idaho, where he is now an of Horticulture. Since 2005, he has served as the State-Horticulture Specialist, providing leadership to a Horticulture and Team in which he trains team members and facilitates development of public education programs on topics related to water conservation, landscape management, and gardening. Associated with these educational activities, created and directs a research program designed to domesticate native plants with goal to conserve water, create biologically diverse urban habitats, and provide support for threatened pollinators. The native plant domestication program is conducted at the University of Idaho’s. bridges applied research, industry marketing, and public education to provide native plant products to ecologically minded consumers. : slove@uidaho. edu W: of Agriculture-of Interior-Bureau of Ben and – technical assistants for the native plant project – owner and operator of and Department of Agriculture-of Agriculture, (WERA-1013) propagation of Ceanothus velutinus using stem cuttings, Native Plants, 2022, 23, 123-129. variation for essential turfgrass quality traits among and within Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) accessions, Native Plants, 2021, 22, 13-29. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing efforts by Dr. Love's team to enhance urban habitats through the domestication and promotion of native plants. It explains how the initiative has increased diversity in urban landscapes, reduced the cultivation of exotic plants, created habitats for native wildlife, and supported threatened pollinators. This aligns directly with the claim that native plants can enhance urban habitats and support biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All eco-friendly packaging decomposes at the same rate in any environment. [SEP] Text: 3 billion tonnes (Gt) of plastics have been refined from fossil fuels. [1–2] However, the immense difficulty in degrading plastics has led to their accumulation as persistent pollutants, posing a severe crisis to both the environment and human health. [3–4] In 2015, approximately 6. 3 Gt of plastic waste was generated, and this figure is projected to reach 12 Gt by 2050. [5] Regrettably, only about 21% of plastic waste has been recycled or incinerated, with the remainder being dumped into natural ecosystems. [4–5] While significant scientific advancements have been achieved in the near-complete depolymerization of polyester plastics using enzymes[6–7] as well as the development of biodegradable alternatives such as dimethylglyoxylate, renewable polycarbonates, and polyester materials,[8, 9] further time and effort are required to implement these solutions on a large scale. Consequently, concerns regarding plastic pollution have prompted numerous nations to enact new regulations and laws prohibiting the use of conventional fossil-based plastics. Additionally, they are advocating for the mandatory adoption of renewable plastics and actively supporting the research and development of alternative options, particularly biodegradable plastics. [5, 8] Packaging is the largest market segment for plastics,[1] constituting over 30% of global plastic consumption. [8] Packaging materials, in general, require excellent barrier properties against water vapor and oxygen as well as strong mechanical strength and transparency. [9] Over the past two decades, polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) have emerged as the most extensively researched biodegradable bioplastics for replacing fossil-based plastics in many fields including food packaging. Commercial PHA-based plastic products, such as Biopol, have been available,[10] and progress has been made in producing PHAs through the use of reprogrammed microorganisms. [11] However, large-scale industrialization and application of PHAs in bioplastics still present challenges due to high production costs, material composition and molecular weight instability, and inadequate thermal and mechanical properties. [12–13] PLA-based composite packages have gained widespread market acceptance as temporary substitutes for traditional plastics, with a growing demand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varying rates of decomposition for different biodegradable plastics. It highlights the challenges with large-scale application and the specific properties needed for packaging materials, indicating that not all eco-friendly packaging decomposes uniformly. For example, it notes that while polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are researched as biodegradable alternatives, there are issues such as high production costs and material properties that affect their effectiveness in different environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Gummerus, Darstellungen aus dem Handwerk auf römischen Grab- und Votivsteinen in Italien, JdI 28, 1913, 63-126. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 14, 1915, 129-189. H. Gummerus, Industrie und Handel, RE IX, 1916, 1381-1535. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 15, 1918, 256-302. H. Gummerus, Cognomen und Beruf, in: Commentationes philologicae in honorem I. A. Heikel, Helsinki 1926, 48-74. H. Gummerus, Der Ärztestand um römischen Reich nach den Inschriften, Helsinki 1932. G. Hafner, Sternstunden der Archäologie, Düsseldorf-Wien 1978. M. -Chr. Hellmann, Choix d’inscriptions architecturales grecques, Lyon 1999. N. Himmelmann, in der griechischen Kunst der archaischen und klassischen Zeit, Berlin 1994. G. Horsmann, der römischen Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart 1998. A. Hug, Spitznamen, in: 1929, 1821-1840. J. M. Hurwit, Artists and signatures in ancient Greece, 2015. P. Huttunen, The social strata in the imperial city of Rome, Oulou 1974. M. Junkelmann, mit dem Tod. So kämpften Roms Gladiatoren, Mainz 2000. J. Kaimio, and the Greek language, Helsinki 1979. I. Kajanto, A study of the Greek epitaphs of Rome, Helsinki 1963. I. Kajanto, Cognomina, Helsinki 1965. I. Kajanto, The significance of Non-Latin cognomina, Latomus 27, 1968, 517-534. I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it lists various scholarly works and studies concerning Roman inscriptions, which does not provide evidence that every ancient civilization left behind detailed written records or supports or counters this claim in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Plant native: comparing biodiversity benefits, ecosystem services provisioning, and plant performance of native and non-native plants in urban horticulture. Tartaglia1 & Myla F. J. Aronson1 1239 Accesses 1 all metrics AbstractPlant species used in urban horticulture are frequently non-native despite evidence that urban areas are regular points of introduction, often leading to invasions and negative impacts on biodiversity. Many horticulturalists assert that non-native plants are more successful and provide equal or greater habitat and ecosystem services than native plants. However, little research has compared native and non-native plants in urban systems. We present here a systematic literature review, using the methodology, to assess three questions: (1) Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their ability to support faunal biodiversity in urban green spaces? (2) Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their provisioning of urban ecosystem services? 3)Do non-native species outperform natives in urban environments in terms of survival, growth, and fitness? We extracted data from 165 total papers. One hundred and twenty studies found that native plants outperform non-native plants on the response metric evaluated in the study, 57 demonstrated mixed impacts, 56 demonstrated no differences among plant origin, and 26 found non-native plants outperformed native plants. We found overwhelming evidence that native plants support higher faunal abundance and diversity than non-native plants in urban landscapes. Relatively few studies examined ecosystem services and plant performance, but we found that native plants support higher levels and diversity of ecosystem services and that many native plants can be used for horticulture, that is, they will survive and thrive in urban conditions. Native plants provide multiple ecosystem functions in urban greenspaces, supporting urban biodiversity and provisioning ecosystem services than non-native plant species and should be prioritized in urban horticulture activities. Similar content being viewed by others Are urban systems beneficial, detrimental, or indifferent for biological invasion? 1. Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their ability to support faunal biodiversity in urban green spaces? 2. Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their provisioning of urban ecosystem services? 3. Do non-native species outperform natives in urban environments in terms of survival, growth, and fitness? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that native plants support higher faunal abundance and diversity than non-native plants in urban landscapes. It notes that native plants should be prioritized in urban horticulture to enhance urban biodiversity and provisioning of ecosystem services, directly supporting the assertion that urban habitats can be improved with native plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All eco-friendly packaging decomposes at the same rate in any environment. [SEP] Text: [10] Nevertheless, the production of PLA-based plastics is energy-intensive, and they exhibit weak mechanical strength, slow degradation, and low chemical recyclability, which raise concerns about their long-term viability. [9, 14–15] Notably, approximately 60% of plastic packaging is used in the food and beverage industry. [3] Developing alternative materials for fossil-based plastic food packaging would significantly contribute to mitigating the hazards posed by plastic waste. However, PLAs and PHAs currently account for only 1% of annual plastic production,[16] while food-packaging materials predominantly rely on polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyesters, and aluminum plastics. Consequently, efforts have been dedicated to the development of novel bioplastics exclusively derived from biomass to create high-strength food-packaging materials. [17] Several factors need to be considered, particularly for food-packaging materials, such as user- and eco-friendliness, prevention of gas generation, moisture and aroma permeation, property stability, and long-term protection against microbial contamination. [18–19] However, research on biomass-derived bioplastics has not fully addressed their potential applications in food packaging. Only few recent studies have demonstrated the primary use of bioplastics as straws,[17, 20] whereas others are far from realistic applications owing to the complexity of the techniques, such as DNA-based bioplastic fabrication, which hinders scalability. [21] In recent years, polysaccharides such as cellulose have emerged as sustainable biopolymers,[22] offering potential for the development of bioplastics[2] and novel packaging materials. [17, 19] Among these polysaccharides, pullulan stands out as a promising candidate for food packaging owing to its desirable attributes, including considerable mechanical strength, film-forming ability, good oxygen barrier properties, biodegradability, biocompatibility, antimicrobial capability,[23] and heat-sealing ability. [24] However, pullulan has certain limitations: (i) pure pullulan film or coating lacks sufficient mechanical strength to serve as a standalone packaging material,[23] and (ii) its superhydrophilicity makes it moisture-sensitive, leading to potential impairments in its mechanical and barrier properties due to water absorption or desorption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that different materials, such as PLA and pullulan, have varying degradation rates and performance characteristics. It points out that while pullulan has biodegradability and is suitable for food packaging, it also has limitations in mechanical strength and moisture sensitivity, which can affect its performance. Thus, the statement that all eco-friendly packaging decomposes at the same rate is challenged by the implications that specific materials have different degradation behaviors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Kajanto, Minderheiten und ihre Sprachen in der Hauptstadt Rom, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 83-102. F. Kiechle, Sklavenarbeit und technischer Fortschritt im römischen Reich, Wiesbaden 1969. R. Vollkommer (ed. ), Künstlerlexikon der Antike I. II, München-Leipzig 2001-2004. N. J. Koch, Techne und Erfindung in der klassischen Malerei. Eine terminologische Untersuchung, München 2000. J. Korpela, im antiken Rom, Helsinki 1987. D. Kreikenbom, Originale und Kopie. Signaturen an späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Skulpturen, in: N. Hegener (ed. ), Künstler-Signaturen von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Petersberg 2013, 60-75. E. Kroker, Gleichnamige griechische Künstler, Leipzig 1883. F. Kudlien, des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft. Freigeborene Römer, Eingebürgerte, Peregrine, Sklaven, Freigelassene als Ärzte, Stuttgart 1986. B. Kübler, Decurio, in: RE IV, 1901, 2319-2352. E. Künzl, Quod sine te factum est hoc magis archetypum est? (Martialis 8,34), AKorrBl 8, 1978, 311-317. G. Lahusen, Grabrelief des Alcamenes, in: P. C. Bol (ed. ), Forschungen zur Villa Albani. Katalog der Bildwerke I, Berlin 1989, 271-274. M. Lambertz, Die griechischen Sklavennamen, LVII. Jahresbericht über das k. k. Staatsgymnasium im VIII. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the detailed written records of ancient civilizations. Instead, it lists various sources and works related to topics in ancient Rome without discussing the presence or absence of written records in civilizations generally.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: We performed searches using Web of Science using the following search terms: TS=(native AND (exotic OR non-native OR nonnative OR alien) AND (plant* OR vegetation) AND (urban OR city OR suburban OR cities OR town* OR residential) AND (horticultur* OR ornamental); TS=(native AND (plant* OR vegetation) AND (urban OR city OR suburban OR cities OR town* OR residential) AND (horticultur* OR ornamental); TS=(native AND (exotic OR non-native OR nonnative OR alien) AND (plant* OR vegetation) AND (urban OR city OR suburban OR cities OR town* OR residential) AND (ecosystem service* OR ecosystem function*); (TS=(native AND (exotic OR non-native OR nonnative OR alien) AND (plant* OR vegetation) AND (urban OR city OR suburban OR cities OR town* OR residential) AND (insect* OR bird* OR trophic)). All searches were conducted in February of 2023 and included literature from 1990-present. methodsOf 708 total papers found in these searches, 213 matched the criteria for this analysis: (1) study compared native and non-native species or examined native plant performance; (2) study was conducted in suburban or urban landscapes; (3) response variables included diversity and/or abundance of invertebrates, birds, or other animals to individual species or vegetation composition, native plant growth or physiological performance, or ecosystem services (e. g. , carbon sequestration, water use efficiency). We then reviewed the 35. 7% of studies. Occupancy in and around native plants was the most studied interaction type (54 studies) followed by pollination (33), and herbivory (17). Abundance was the most studied response metric for the top three studied taxa (46 studies for birds, 17 for bees, and 19 for Lepidoptera) The majority of studies (105) examined interactions among two trophic levels (ex. plant-insect). Across all PAI studies, 83 (49. 7%) demonstrated response taxa favoring or benefitting from native plants over non-native plants, 39 (23. 4%) demonstrated neutral effects, 32 (19. 2%) mixed effects, and 14 (8. 4%) showed response taxa favoring or benefitting from non-native plants over native plants in urban areas (Fig. 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that native plants positively impact biodiversity in urban areas. Specifically, it states that 49.7% of studies showed taxa favoring or benefiting from native plants over non-native plants in urban landscapes. This indicates a clear benefit of using native plants in urban habitats to enhance local biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All eco-friendly packaging decomposes at the same rate in any environment. [SEP] Text: [25–26] Currently, extensive attention is being directed toward the utilization of nanofillers to enhance the mechanical properties, moisture resistance, and gas impermeability of polymeric materials through composite formation. [27] In this regard, nanocellulose (NC) emerges as an ideal candidate,[27–28] since it originates from cellulose, one of the most abundant materials on Earth. This underscores the potential scalability of NC for the development of new bio-based food-packaging materials. [27] Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that use of lignin, which coexists synergistically with cellulose in plants, can further enhance the water and moisture stability of cellulose and other polysaccharide-based composite films. [20, 29–31] This presents an opportunity to explore lignin as an additional component for the creation of water-resistant bio-based food-packaging materials. Importantly, the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in the preparation of NC and lignin deserves attention, as DESs are now regarded highly cost-effective and environmentally friendly for biomass processing. [28] In this study, we therefore explored practical engineering approaches to develop pullulan-based composite food-packaging materials. Initially, NC and hydrophobic lignin (HBL) were derived from corn stalks (CS) treated with DES. The obtained NC was utilized to create a composite film, namely pullulan-NC (PNC) composite film (Fig. 1). The mechanical properties of the PNC film were evaluated, along with its performance as an inner packaging material for food. Subsequently, the prepared HBL was employed to fabricate an HBL-NC composite film (LNC). A sandwich-like composite film, LNC-PNC-LNC, was then produced using a simple hot-pressing method (Fig. 1). The water resistance of this composite film was examined, and its suitability as an outer packaging material was assessed to determine its competitiveness against fossil-based and bio-based plastics available in the market. This study presents an easily implemented and scalable technique for the production of next-generation bioplastics derived entirely from biomass. These bioplastics hold great potential for safe and sustainable food-packaging applications. Results and Discussion 2. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the factors that influence the mechanical properties and stability of eco-friendly packaging, particularly highlighting the use of nanocellulose and lignin. It implies that different materials and their formulations (such as the use of deep eutectic solvents) can lead to varying degrees of water resistance and performance in different environments, suggesting that not all eco-friendly packaging will decompose at the same rate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: für das Schuljahr 1906/1907. K. Lapatin, Luxury arts, in: B. E. Borg (ed. ), A companion to Roman art, Chichester 2015, 321-343. M. Lejeune, Recueil des inscriptions gauloises I. Textes gallo-grecs, Paris 1985. H. Leppin, Histrionen. Untersuchungen zur sozialen Stellung von Bühnenkünstlern im Westen des Römischen Reiches zur Zeit der Republik und des Principats, Bonn 1992. W. Liebenam, und Organisation des römischen Vereinswesens, Leipzig 1890. W. Liebenam, Städteverwaltung im römischen Kaiserreiche, Leipzig 1900. W. Liebenam, Duumviri, in: RE V, 1905, 1798-1842. G. Lippold, Kopien und Umbildungen griechischer Statuen, München 1923. G. Lippold, Praxiteles 5, in: 1954, 1788-1808. J. Liu, Professional associations, in: P. Erdkamp (ed. ), companion to ancient Rome, Cambridge 2013, 352-368. E. Loewy, Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer, Leipzig 1885. R. Marichal, de la Graufesenque, Paris 1988. M. Mattern, Römische Steindenkmäler aus Hessen südlich des Mains sowie vom bayerischen Teil des 13, Mainz 2005. R. Merkelbach, Mithras, Königstein 1984. H. Mielsch, und Datierung der Knöchelspielerinnen des Alexandros, RM 86, 1979, 233-248. H. Mielsch, und die Kunstsammlung der Könige von Pergamon, AA 1995, 765-779. G. Mihailov, in Bulgaria repertae II/IV, Sofia 1966/1968. E. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. It appears to be a list of scholarly references and publications, without addressing whether all ancient civilizations produced detailed records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: For the top three studied taxa, native plants outperformed non-native plants in supporting birds in 30 (62. 5%), bees in 12 (40. 0%), and Lepidoptera in 15 (51. 7%) studies. 3. Fig. 4Number of studies reporting Native > Non-native, Native = Non-native (neutral), Native ~ Non-native (mixed) and Native < Non-native effects across all taxa in the PAI categoryFull size image Table 3 interactions: all 41. 8%) found that native plants outperformed non-native plants, 18 demonstrated neutral results, and 17 demonstrated mixed results. Five studies found arthropods favoring non-native plants. Arthropod assemblagesTwenty-seven studies focused on arthropod assemblages or focused on arthropod taxa that were not bees, Lepidoptera, spiders, or beetles, with 12 (44. 4%) showing native > non-native, eight (29. 6%) demonstrating mixed effects, five (18. 5%) neutral effects, and two (7. 4%) demonstrating native < non-native. Twelve of these studies examined pollination, with five demonstrating native > non-native. Eight studies evaluated occupancy of arthropods in and around native plants in urban areas. Four reported that native plants increased arthropod abundance, richness and diversity when compared to non-native plants. Six studies evaluated herbivory, of which two reported native > non-native effects, one reported neutral effects, two reported mixed effects, and one reported native < non-native. BeesBees were the second most studied animal taxon represented in this review (30 studies), and the top most-studied arthropod. Bees responded positively to native plants, with 12 studies (40. 0%) demonstrating native > non-native, eight (26. 7%) demonstrated neutral effects, eight (26. 7%) mixed effects, and two (6. 7%) native < non-native. Twenty-three of these studies examined bee pollination specifically. In eight (34. 7%) of these, bees favored native plants over non-natives. Native plants also had positive effects in four of five papers examining richness, abundance, composition, and/or diversity of bee communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that native plants outperform non-native plants in supporting local biodiversity. It specifically highlights that native plants increased the abundance, richness, and diversity of arthropods and positively affected bee communities. The findings from various studies indicate a consistent trend where native plants lead to better biodiversity outcomes in urban habitats in comparison to non-native species.