Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: F. Y. Li, Manganese–polypyrrole–carbon nanotube, a new oxygen reduction catalyst for air-cathode microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 221 (2013) 381-386. [94] D. . Guo, P. Ouyang, P. Wei, J. Xie, Effect of carbon nanotube modified cathode by electrophoretic deposition method on the performance of sediment microbial fuel cells, Biotechnol. Lett. 37 (2015) 101-107. [95] M. Ghasemi, W. R. W. Daud, S. H. Hassan, T. Jafary, M. Rahimnejad, A. nanotube/polypyrrole nanocomposite as a novel cathode catalyst and proper alternative for Pt in microbial fuel cell, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 41 (2016) 4872-4878. [96] Y. R. He, F. of microvillus-like nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as the cathode of a microbial fuel cell, J. Mater. Chem. A Mater 4 (2016) 1632-1636. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and developments regarding microbial fuel cells, indicating that performance can vary based on factors such as the materials used in the cathodes. The mention of specific modifications to improve efficiency suggests that these cells may not perform uniformly across all conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Enzyme activity (μmol h−1 g−1). . General role. −SB. FH. +SB. Sand. Control. Acid phosphatasePhosphate mobilization3. 06 (0. 51) b5. 11 (1. 06) a2. 53 (0. 80) b<0. 01 (0. 00) d1. 63 (0. 36) cSulfataseSulphate-ester hydrolysis0. 03 (0. 01) b0. 06 (0. 02) a0. 04 (0. 01) b<0. 01 (0. 00) cNDLeucine aminopeptidaseNitrogen mobilization0. 01 (0. 02) b0. 01 (0. 02) b0. 04 (0. 03) aNDNDβ-1,4-N-AcetylglucosaminidaseChitin degradation1. 54 (0. 42) a2. 13 (0. 98) a1. 79 (0. 47) a<0. 01 (0. 00) b0. 21 (0. 40) bβ-1,4-GlucosidaseCellulose degradation2. 23 (0. 69) b3. 05 (0. 91) ab3. 44 (1. 12) a0. 01 (0. 00) c0. 70 (0. 56) cCellobiohydrolaseCellulose degradation0. 77 (0. 58) ab0. 87 (0. 56) ab1. 07 (0. 61) a<0. 01 (0. 00) c0. 36 (0. 20) bcβ-1,4-XylosidaseHemicellulose degradation0. 12 (0. 06) ab0. 22 (0. 18) a0. 19 (0. 10) a<0. 01 (0. 00) b0. 10 (0. 05) abLaccaseaLignin degradation13. 3 (12. 5) ab19. 0 (11. 3) a5. 4 (8. 3) bND4. 13 (4. 6) bPeroxidaseaLignin degradation19. 2 (15. 4) c39. 2 (18. 4) ab48. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it presents specific enzyme activity data without linking it to fungi decomposing organic matter or nutrient cycling. Although the mention of enzymes like laccase and peroxidase suggests a connection to breakdown processes, the overall context does not explicitly confirm the role of fungi in nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Here, we observed telomerase activity levels of murine cerebral cortices to remain on a seemingly low, but stable level from young mature to high ages, at least when evaluated in whole cell lysates without a specific view on compartment-specific regulations. Future telomere length assessments in conditional TERT knockout animals will help to further define the role of TERT in the aged brain. Apart from telomerase enzyme activity on chromosomal ends, alternative beneficial impact of TERT protein has been linked to healthy CNS aging [14] and improved survival of neurons [17]. Here, assessment of the TERT subunit in purified cellular sub-compartments of the murine neocortex revealed an aging-associated increase in TERT protein selectively in the cytoplasmic and membrane-bound fractions. Conversely, notable TERT protein levels in the chromatin-bound nuclear fraction, suggestive to represent telomere-associated telomerase function, was lacking both in the young as well as in the aged murine cortex, and thus is in line with the detected aging-mediated telomere attrition process. These findings are also in close agreement with a recent study reporting similar spatial TERT protein distributions in the murine neocortex, with highest TERT protein levels detectable in the cytoplasmic fraction and lowest levels found in the DNA-bound fraction [12]. Such compartment-specific TERT protein content paralleled an inverse regulation pattern for telomerase activity, when assessed at corresponding ages [12]. Notably, even replicative tumor cell lines were shown to lack relevant nuclear TERT protein, but to induce telomerase activity in the nuclear compartment by cytoplasmic-to-nuclear transfer of TERT protein only upon stimulation [52]. TERT protein re-localizations have been described for different cell types [14,52]. However, in our study, the low protein levels of TERT observed for either cellular compartment in the young brain strongly argue for a local induction of TERT protein synthesis by the aging process, rather than true protein relocation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of TERT protein and telomerase activity in the aging process. It describes how TERT protein levels change with age in murine cerebral cortices, linking these changes to telomere shortening and cellular aging processes. Specifically, it mentions the aging-associated increase in TERT protein in certain cellular fractions, suggesting a role for TERT in modulating aging, which relates directly to genetic therapies aimed at addressing telomere shortening and other aspects of cellular aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: 1. Different stirring speed strategies [9]Different stirring speeds (100, 250, 380 rpm) in the anode of photo microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) have been studied by Lan et al. , [9], Lan indicated that the internal resistance fell rapidly at 380 rpm and reached a maximum power density of 1. 82mW/m2. Using a high stirring speed (380 rpm) to mix the anolytes not only decreased the competition of microorganisms for delivering the electrons to the surface of the anode electrode, but also reduced the thickness of the mass transfer boundary layer (MTBL) [9]. However, an external power supply needed for the stirrer bar in PMFCs will weaken it at a larger scale of real application in the future. Advertisement 3. Applying the micro-mixer or micro-channel in MFCsThe effect of the Reynolds number plays an important role in the flow control of the flow channel because it can affect the flow field of the MFC system. number, Re, shown in equation (1) is defined as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces [12]:Re=ρV0D0μE1Where ρ is the density of fluid, V0 means the average velocity of inlet flow channel, D0 is the inlet width of flow channel and µ is the fluid dynamic viscosity coefficient. In addition, the flow channel is designed to reduce the mass transfer losses of the MFCs. Generally speaking, a higher flow mixing is, the better the power performance of a MFC will be. Therefore, the mixing efficiency, εmixing, defined in equation (2) will be used and necessary to identify whether a reactant is uniformly mixed with the anolyte [13]:εmixing=1-1L∫0L|XAx,outlet-0. 5XAmax-0. 5|dxE2Where εmixing is the mixing efficiency, XAmax the maximum concentration of substance A, with the value always set as 1, XAx,outlet the concentration of substance A at an outlet position, and L is the width of the outlet. 3. 1. Convergent flow channel [14]In this paragraph, a simple flow chamber with a higher flow mixing in MFCs will be addressed. The concept of a convergent flow channel with/without plates (as shown in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing different operational factors that affect the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It highlights that variations in stirring speeds impact the internal resistance and overall power density of photo microbial fuel cells (PMFCs). It also mentions that the necessity of external power supplies for stirrers could hinder the application of PMFCs on a larger scale. These points suggest that microbial fuel cells do not work uniformly under all environmental conditions and require specific conditions for optimal performance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 9 (16. 5) aND27. 5 (12. 6) bcPhenol oxidaseaLignin degradation0. 5 (1. 3) b0. 7 (1. 1) b3. 5 (2. 6) aND1. 54 (1. 00) abAbbreviations: control, residual enzyme activity in irradiated controls (irradiated control bags not placed in the field); FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; ND, no activity detected; −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; Sand, sand barrier. Data are provided as means (n=9) with s. d. in brackets. Data in the same row with different letters are significantly different at P<0. 01. aActivities given as mmol h−1 g−1. Table 3 Open in new tab Potential organic matter breakdown activity in the hyphal trap bags, associated sand, adjacent forest floor and residual-activity controls Enzyme. Enzyme activity (μmol h−1 g−1). . General role. −SB. FH. +SB. Sand. Control. Acid phosphatasePhosphate mobilization3. 06 (0. 51) b5. 11 (1. 06) a2. 53 (0. 80) b<0. 01 (0. 00) d1. 63 (0. 36) cSulfataseSulphate-ester hydrolysis0. 03 (0. 01) b0. 06 (0. 02) a0. 04 (0. 01) b<0. 01 (0. 00) cNDLeucine aminopeptidaseNitrogen mobilization0. 01 (0. 02) b0. 01 (0. 02) b0. 04 (0. 03) aNDNDβ-1,4-N-AcetylglucosaminidaseChitin degradation1. 54 (0. 42) a2. 13 (0. 98) a1. 79 (0. 47) a<0. 01 (0. 00) b0. 21 (0. 40) bβ-1,4-GlucosidaseCellulose degradation2. 23 (0. 69) b3. 05 (0. 91) ab3. 44 (1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses enzyme activities related to organic matter degradation but does not directly support or refute the claim about fungi. It presents data concerning enzyme activity in various conditions without explicitly stating that fungi are involved in the decomposition process or how they contribute to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Thus, whereas the low to absent levels of TERT protein in the soluble and chromatin-bound nuclear fractions might contribute to explain the aging-mediated telomere attrition detected, the biological role of TERT protein up-regulation or prevalence in alternative cellular compartments such as in the cytoplasm of neurons [17] and the membrane fraction, as detected here, still has to be defined. Notably, TERT content in the cytoplasmic sub-fraction increases under stress conditions [53]. Moreover, in cancer cells exposed to genotoxic stress, a low nuclear but high cytoplasmic/mitochondria content of TERT protein was correlated with lower levels of damage and apoptosis [14]. Telomerase enzyme is regulated in a triplicate, i. e. on the transcriptional, protein and activity level via the transcription factor NF-κB involving the RelA/p65 subunit [52,54,55]. The reciprocal interaction comprises the induction of alternative telomerase functions, as shown in tumor cells [21,52], and the canonical regulation of telomere length [56,57]. Moreover, NF-κB impacts on both, TERT protein and enzyme activity, by influencing their cytoplasm-to-nuclear relocation [52]. Whether NF-κB regulates telomerase activity also in the aging brain, by binding to the TERT promoter as a downstream target and via a shift of the TERT protein and enzyme activity to the nuclear compartment has remained an open question. Therefore, we analyzed telomerase activity and RTL in the presence and absence of NF-κB Rela in the aged murine brain, and further compared TERT protein levels in different cellular compartments under young and aged naïve conditions. Though transcript levels of Rela in the aged murine cortex were significantly higher as compared with young tissue, this increase was not accompanied by a corresponding increase of telomerase activity, at least when assessed in whole cell preparations. Noteworthy, Akiyama and colleagues identified NF-κB-mediated nuclear induction of telomerase activity in replicative human MM. 1S myeloma cells only when stimulated with TNF-α and when specified for cellular sub-fractions [52]. However, due to low levels of TERT protein under our experimental conditions, such a separation could not be performed for brain tissue. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of TERT protein and telomerase activity in relation to aging and cellular processes. It addresses telomere attrition linked to aging and evaluates how NF-κB might regulate telomerase activity, which is relevant to understanding cellular aging processes. By analyzing telomerase activity in the context of aging, the text supports the notion that targeting telomere shortening is a part of genetic therapies aimed at slowing aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: 1) applies to the sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) with three Re numbers (Re=30, 60, 90), which have been studied by Wang et al. , with Fig. 2 showing the structure diagram of the SMFCs. Compared with a traditional MFC (without channel), the MFC with the convergent flow channel can produce two flow mechanisms (convection and vortex formed, as shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4) to enhance the mass transfer, cause the two flow mechanisms to make the substrate move tensely and the mixing more uniform. The electron produced and Hydrogen ion (H+) will move faster and more actively to reach their objective, which can reduce the mass transfer losses and enhance the electricity production. On the other hand, the performance of a MFC with plates seems to be much more stable than in the case of without plates, causing the vortex flow to limit the moving scale of the substrate and make the transfer speed of the electrons and H+more uniform, which can thus stabilize the power generation. However, the reason why the existing flow with plates lowers the open circuit voltage (OCV) and the power density has not been clarified clearly, but the other two vortexes (as shown in Fig. 3) caused by the flow plates may prevent some p1. Schematic diagram of convergent flow channel [14]. Figure 2. Structure diagram of SMFC [14]Figure 3. Vortex flow image for convergent flow channel with plates [14]Figure 4. Vortex flow image for convergent flow channel without plates [14]3. 2. Biometric flow channel [15]Now a biometric concept addressed will be applied in MFCs because the effect of a biometric flow channel (with/without obstacles) on the power generation at different Reynolds numbers (Re=19. 85, 496. 18), in the single chamber of rumen microbial fuel cells (RMFCs), has been studied by Wang et al. ,[15] and the geometrical dimensions and structure of a biometric flow channel can be seen in Figs. 5 and 6. Figure 5. Schematic diagram of biometric flow channel [15]. Figure 6. A single chamber (a) with (b) without obstacles marked in the white region for the anode electrode at the bottom of RMFCs [15]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific conditions and factors that affect the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs). It reveals that the performance of MFCs is influenced by the flow mechanisms and the stability of power generation relates to the presence of plates. Furthermore, there are mentions of varying Reynolds numbers and how these impact power generation, suggesting that the effectiveness of microbial fuel cells is conditional rather than guaranteed in all environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 12) a0. 01 (0. 00) c0. 70 (0. 56) cCellobiohydrolaseCellulose degradation0. 77 (0. 58) ab0. 87 (0. 56) ab1. 07 (0. 61) a<0. 01 (0. 00) c0. 36 (0. 20) bcβ-1,4-XylosidaseHemicellulose degradation0. 12 (0. 06) ab0. 22 (0. 18) a0. 19 (0. 10) a<0. 01 (0. 00) b0. 10 (0. 05) abLaccaseaLignin degradation13. 3 (12. 5) ab19. 0 (11. 3) a5. 4 (8. 3) bND4. 13 (4. 6) bPeroxidaseaLignin degradation19. 2 (15. 4) c39. 2 (18. 4) ab48. 9 (16. 5) aND27. 5 (12. 6) bcPhenol oxidaseaLignin degradation0. 5 (1. 3) b0. 7 (1. 1) b3. 5 (2. 6) aND1. 54 (1. 00) abEnzyme. Enzyme activity (μmol h−1 g−1). . General role. −SB. FH. +SB. Sand. Control. Acid phosphatasePhosphate mobilization3. 06 (0. 51) b5. 11 (1. 06) a2. 53 (0. 80) b<0. 01 (0. 00) d1. 63 (0. 36) cSulfataseSulphate-ester hydrolysis0. 03 (0. 01) b0. 06 (0. 02) a0. 04 (0. 01) b<0. 01 (0. 00) cNDLeucine aminopeptidaseNitrogen mobilization0. 01 (0. 02) b0. 01 (0. 02) b0. 04 (0. 03) aNDNDβ-1,4-N-AcetylglucosaminidaseChitin degradation1. 54 (0. 42) a2. 13 (0. 98) a1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding fungi decomposing organic matter. Instead, it presents data on enzyme activities related to various degradation processes without clear context or implications for nutrient cycling. Thus, it is largely irrelevant to the claim being evaluated.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: RTL was quantified in terms of the ratio of telomere repeat copy number “T” to single copy gene copy number “S” (T/S-ratio). The relative T/S-ratio was determined by the 2-∆∆Ct formula as described by Cawthon [61], which determines how each DNA sample varies in its T/S-ratio relative to the T/S-ratio of a reference sample. Determination of telomerase activity via a telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay Telomerase activity was measured in brain cortices of young and aged C57BL/6 mice, and in RelaCNS-KO and RelaFlox mice using a telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP)-based kit (TRAPeze®, S7710; ) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Brief description is given in the Supplementary Data. Data were assessed in technical duplicates from 5 animals per group and represented as absolute values in terms of amoles/µl, or referenced against the telomerase activity of 1,000 HeLa cells diluted from a positive control stock of 10,000 HeLa cells, which was provided with the kit. When assessed in the linear detection range of the kit, Ct values of the probe samples (30-31 cycles) corresponded to the Ct values obtained with an amount of 1,000 HeLa cells (30 cycles), thereby reaching the lower detection limit of the kit for both sample types. In terms of telomerase activity, cortical probe samples of young and aged animals equalized to approximately 68% and 62% of the low enzyme activity intrinsic to 1,000 HeLa cells, respectively (data not shown). DNA content analysis Freshly isolated cortical neural cells, individually harvested from different young and aged animals, were fixed by the drop-wise addition of 1 ml of 70% cold ethanol under stirring in order to avoid precipitate formation, and incubated overnight at -20 °C. The subsequent day, cells were divided 1:1, with each portion being supplemented with 1 ml of PBS and centrifuged at 1500 × g for 5 min. The supernatant was discarded, and washing steps were repeated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information on the quantification of telomere length and activity of telomerase, which are directly related to cellular aging processes. By discussing the methodology for measuring telomerase activity in young and aged mice and relating this to telomere repeat copy numbers, the text supports the claim that genetic therapies may address telomere shortening as a strategy to slow aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: In this study, the simulation result showed that the high flow mixing efficiency obtained by a biometric flow channel with a double two-inlet Y-type inlet channel was above 90%, regardless of being with or without obstacles and different Reynolds numbers. This indicated the mixing mechanism of double two-inlet Y-type inlet channels could greatly enhance the mixing of the reactants before they enter the single chamber of RMFCs. However, comparing the case of a biometric flow channel without obstacles (No. B/Re=19. 85, No. D/Re=496. 18), the high Reynolds number [12, 16] and Coanda effect [17] will influence the case of No. D on creating a vortex (as shown in Fig. 7) because it almost did not interact with the main flow and disrupted the reactant atom exchange. Hence, the ohmic and the charge transfer resistance would be increased so that finally some regions of the flow channel based on the need of continuous charging reaction in the fuel cell system would generate a concentration loss. Conversely, the case of No. B would create a smoother flow and a more even reaction at a condition of a lower Reynolds number, thus avoiding concentration loss. Figure 7. flow velocity images versus different flow conditions and cross-sections analyzed. The location of the anode electrode and proton exchange membranes (PEM) are indicated by arrows [15]. Nevertheless, the flow mixing efficiency of the flow channel in the system was not significantly enhanced by the flow obstacles, but the flow obstacles could evenly distribute the flow field of the reactant [13] on the surfaces of the electrodes and proton exchange membranes. This could avoid concentration loss and also improve power performance [18, 19] along with uneven flow fields. Here, the maximum voltage output and power density in the case of No. C (Re=496. 18) would reach 0. 716 V and 0. 021102 mW/m2, which is 1. 46 times higher than in the case of No. D 1. 08. This result indicated that the flow obstacles of No. C would create a more evenly distributed flow field. On the other hand, the evidence on decreasing the charge transfer resistance for the RMFCs demonstrated that the biometric flow channels with obstacles indeed improved power performance significantly with a higher Reynolds number, despite an increase in the ohmic resistance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how factors such as high Reynolds numbers and the presence of obstacles can significantly affect the operation of microbial fuel cells (RMFCs). It mentions that specific flow conditions can lead to concentration loss and increased resistance, indicating that microbial fuel cells do not work optimally in all environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Piloderma. Amphinema. Cenococcum. Cortinarius. Tylospora. EMFa. Acid phosphatase12. 71 (7. 75)11. 48 (7. 65)8. 93 (5. 47)13. 56 (11. 36)9. 77 (7. 63)10. 15 (3. 59)Sulfatase1. 08 (1. 13)0. 82 (0. 53)0. 77 (0. 74)2. 17 (3. 26)1. 00 (0. 80)1. 16 (0. 72)Leucine aminopeptidase0. 46 (0. 19)0. 41 (0. 11)0. 50 (0. 23)2. 94 (4. 78)0. 42 (0. 32)0. 54 (0. 24)β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase3. 87 (1. 46)3. 57 (1. 14)2. 87 (1. 48)6. 05 (6. 37)2. 79 (1. 77)3. 68 (0. 89)β-1,4-Glucosidase3. 16 (1. 19) ab5. 78 (2. 48) a1. 75 (0. 98) b2. 76 (4. 12) ab3. 45 (2. 23) ab3. 47 (1. 37)Cellobiohydrolase0. 63 (0. 28) b1. 09 (0. 37) a0. 42 (0. 27) b0. 65 (1. 18) ab0. 76 (0. 39) ab0. 72 (0. 34)Xylosidase0. 22 (0. 18) b0. 64 (0. 38) a0. 20 (0. 10) b0. 13 (0. 13) b0. 49 (0. 37) ab0. 34 (0. 20)Laccaseb0. 01 (0. 01)0. 01 (0. 01)0. 01 (0. 01)0. 02 (0. 02)0. 03 (0. 01)0. 02 (0. 01)Number of plots (n)878559Enzyme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a list of fungi and associated enzyme activities but does not provide any direct evidence or discussion about the role of these fungi in decomposing organic matter or their contribution to nutrient cycling. As a result, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] 31. Vera E, Bernardes de. The rate of increase of short telomeres predicts longevity in mammals. Cell Reports. 2012; 2:732–37. [PubMed] 32. . Ageing and telomeres: a study into organ- and gender-specific telomere shortening. Res. 2003; 31:1576–83. [PubMed] 33. . Dynamic imaging of genomic loci in living human cells by an optimizedCas system. Cell. 2013; 155:1479–91. [PubMed] 34. . Telomere visualization in tissue sections using pyrrole–imidazole polyamide probes. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:29261. [PubMed] 35. Baerlocher GM, Vulto I, de Jong G, Lansdorp PM. Flow cytometry and FISH to measure the average length of telomeres (flow FISH). Nat Protoc. 2006; 1:2365–76. [PubMed] 36. . The longest telomeres: a general signature of adult stem cell compartments. Genes Dev. 2008; 22:654–67. [PubMed] 37. . Early age-related changes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in C57 mice. Neurobiol Aging. 2010; 31:151–61. [PubMed] 38. . DNA replication precedes neuronal cell death in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci. 2001; 21:2661–68. [PubMed] 39. Zhang J, Herrup K. Nucleocytoplasmic Cdk5 is involved in neuronal cell cycle and death in post-mitotic neurons. Cell Cycle. 2011; 10:1208–14. [PubMed] 40. . A balance between elongation and trimming regulates telomere stability in stem cells. Mol Biol. 2017; 24:30–39. [PubMed] 41. . The role of telomere trimming in normal telomere length dynamics. Cell Cycle. 2012; 11:1309–15. [PubMed] 42. Smogorzewska A, Karlseder J, Holtgreve-Grez H, Jauch A, de Lange T. DNA ligase IV-dependent NHEJ of deprotected mammalian telomeres in G1 and G2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents several studies and findings related to telomeres, which are critical in cellular aging processes. Specifically, it references varying research articles that discuss telomere length in relation to longevity and cellular mechanisms in aging, implicitly supporting the claim that targeting telomeres may be a focus in genetic therapies aimed at slowing aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: The maximum voltage output and power density showed a positive effect at a higher Reynolds number of Re=496. 18 by 2. 02 times and 4. 09 times more than at the lower Reynolds number of Re=19. 85, respectively. This is because the obstacles forced the reactant fluid to have an even flow field [20], thus influencing the microbe to be closer to the anode and proton exchange membrane and so made it easier to create a biofilm. 3. 3. Biometric flow channel and biometric mixer[21]The effect of the biometric flow channel (as shown in Fig. 8) and biometric mixer (as shown in Fig. 9) applied to the MFC has been studied by Wang et al. [21]. Wang indicated that adding the biometric flow channel in the anode chamber could enhance the flow mixing efficiency and the homogeneity of the fluid. Therefore, the maximum power density of a MFC reached 91. 81 mW/m3, which is by far greater than that of a MFC without the biometric channel (1. 79×10-5 mW/m3). Figure 8. Schematic diagram of the biometric flow channel [21]. Figure 9. Schematic diagram of the biometric mixer [21]. The schematic diagram of the biometric flow channel MFC is shown in Fig. 10. However, according to the resulting simulations (as shown in Fig. 11), the biometric mixer generated a high flow mixing efficiency (εmixing=0. 95) of the bacterial liquid and nutrient source before entering the MFC. Then the biometric flow channel enhanced the flow mixing of the reactant and a high mixing efficiency of εmixing=0. 98 would be reached at the outlet of the MFC, therefore the maximum power density of the MFC reached 118. 34 mW/m3, which is an improvement of 28. 9% compared to the MFC without an added external mixer. Figure 10. Experimental framework of mixer connected to MFC [21]. . Figure 11. Simulation diagram of mixer connected to a MFC [21]. . 3. 4. Membraneless microfluidic microbial fuel cell [22]A membraneless microfluidic microbial fuel cell was used in the Y-shaped microchannel (as shown in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific experimental conditions where microbial fuel cells (MFCs) perform differently based on the Reynolds number and flow mixing efficiency. It details that the maximum power density of an MFC can vary significantly depending on flow conditions and enhancements like biometric flow channels and mixers. This indicates that MFCs do not perform uniformly and are influenced by environmental factors, thus contradicting the idea that they are guaranteed to work in all conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Enzyme activity (pmol min−1 mm−2). . Piloderma. Amphinema. Cenococcum. Cortinarius. Tylospora. EMFa. Acid phosphatase12. 71 (7. 75)11. 48 (7. 65)8. 93 (5. 47)13. 56 (11. 36)9. 77 (7. 63)10. 15 (3. 59)Sulfatase1. 08 (1. 13)0. 82 (0. 53)0. 77 (0. 74)2. 17 (3. 26)1. 00 (0. 80)1. 16 (0. 72)Leucine aminopeptidase0. 46 (0. 19)0. 41 (0. 11)0. 50 (0. 23)2. 94 (4. 78)0. 42 (0. 32)0. 54 (0. 24)β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase3. 87 (1. 46)3. 57 (1. 14)2. 87 (1. 48)6. 05 (6. 37)2. 79 (1. 77)3. 68 (0. 89)β-1,4-Glucosidase3. 16 (1. 19) ab5. 78 (2. 48) a1. 75 (0. 98) b2. 76 (4. 12) ab3. 45 (2. 23) ab3. 47 (1. 37)Cellobiohydrolase0. 63 (0. 28) b1. 09 (0. 37) a0. 42 (0. 27) b0. 65 (1. 18) ab0. 76 (0. 39) ab0. 72 (0. 34)Xylosidase0. 22 (0. 18) b0. 64 (0. 38) a0. 20 (0. 10) b0. 13 (0. 13) b0. 49 (0. 37) ab0. 34 (0. 20)Laccaseb0. 01 (0. 01)0. 01 (0. 01)0. 01 (0. 01)0. 02 (0. 02)0. 03 (0. 01)0. 02 (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily consists of numerical data related to enzyme activity associated with different fungal species but does not provide any insight into the role of fungi in decomposing organic matter or nutrient cycling. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Curr Biol. 2002; 12:1635–44. [PubMed] 43. von Zglinicki T. Feedback between p21 and reactive oxygen production is necessary for cell senescence. Biol. 2010; 6:347. [PubMed] 44. von Zglinicki T. Oxidative stress shortens telomeres. Sci. 2002; 27:339–44. [PubMed] 45. Kawanishi S, Oikawa S. Mechanism of telomere shortening by oxidative stress. Y Acad Sci. 2004; 1019:278–84. [PubMed] 46. -Machin MA, von Zglinicki T, Saretzki G. Telomerase does not counteract telomere shortening but protects mitochondrial function under oxidative stress. J Cell Sci. 2008; 121:1046–53. [PubMed] 47. Saretzki G. Extra-telomeric functions of human telomerase: cancer, mitochondria and oxidative stress. Des. 2014; 20:6386–403. [PubMed] 48. . Telomerase activity is downregulated early during human brain development. Genes (Basel). 2016; 7:E27. [PubMed] 49. . Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science. 1998; 279:349–52. [PubMed] 50. -Alimova M, Protopopov A, Cadiñanos J, Horner JW, Maratos-Flier E, Depinho RA. Telomerase reactivation reverses tissue degeneration in aged telomerase-deficient mice. Nature. 2011; 469:102–06. [PubMed] 51. . Early telomerase inactivation accelerates aging independently of telomere length. Cell. 2015; 160:928–39. [PubMed] 52. . Nuclear factor-kappaB p65 mediates tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced nuclear translocation of telomerase reverse transcriptase protein. Cancer Res. 2003; 63:18–21. [PubMed] 53. . Cytoplasmic TERT associates to RNA granules in fully mature neurons: role in the translational control of the cell cycle inhibitor p15INK4B. PLoS One. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to telomeres and telomerase's role in aging. Specifically, it mentions that oxidative stress shortens telomeres and how the extension of lifespan has been seen with the introduction of telomerase into human cells, suggesting a proactive approach to counteracting aging processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: 12), to generate a spontaneous laminar flow on a small scale to separate the cathode and anode to replace the proton exchange membrane [23]. Furthermore, the membraneless microfluidic microbial fuel cell can operate on a short start-up time, with the maximum voltage reached in only 15 min and stable in 45 min at 30 ml/h of flow rate for each stream (as shown in Fig. 12). Figure 12. The scheme of the membraneless µMFC and the OCV obtained from the membraneless µMFC [22]. As electrical generation of the membraneless µMFC requires a laminar flow with only a little crossover of solute [24]; the Reynolds number (Re) must be less than 10 and the Peclet number (Pe) must be close to 10,000 to maintain the laminar flow and reduce the solute crossover [23]. In this study, the flow rate was increased to 30 ml/h, which reached the maximum open-circuit voltage (OCV) of the membraneless microfluidic microbial fuel cell because the increase in flow rate reduced the diffusion crossover of the solute. Furthermore, the maximum OCV is obtained at Re=8. 39 and Pe=7163, which is similar to Choban et al. , [23]. Advertisement 4. ConclusionSeveral methods of flow control addressed have been shown to improve the power performance of the microbial fuel cell and can be applied to different applications. A lot of related research has focused on the large scale application, such as wastewater treatment, but a more potential challenge to be considered is a small scale application. The microfluidic microbial fuel cells have the opportunity to be used on biomedical recipients, but the study of the flow control for microbial fuel cells is still limited and there is a need for improvement. Therefore a more sustained research on the method of the flow control, which could be able to improve the practicability of the microbial fuel cell, will be necessary in the future. Advertisement 1. Logan BE. Microbial fuel cells. 1st ed. , Wiley-(2008). 2. He, Z. , Minteer, S. D. , & Angenent, L. T. , Electricity generation from artificial wastewater using an upflow microbial fuel cell, Environmental science & technology, 39(14), 5262 (2005). 3. . , & Kim, B. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the operation of membraneless microfluidic microbial fuel cells depends on specific conditions, such as the Reynolds number (Re) needing to be less than 10 and the Peclet number (Pe) needing to be close to 10,000. It mentions that the study emphasizes a need for improved control of flow conditions to achieve better power performance, indicating that microbial fuel cells cannot be guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 01)Number of plots (n)878559Data are provided as means (n=number of plots the tip genera were isolated from. Note that not all genera were found in all plots) with s. d. in brackets. Data in the same row with different letters are significantly different at P<0. 01. Refer to Table 3 for the general role of each enzyme in organic matter breakdown. aEMF, average activity of all ectomycorrhizal tips, not included in statistical analysis. bLaccase activity given in U min−1 mm−2. Table 4 Open in new tab Potential organic matter breakdown activity of ectomycorrhizal tips Enzyme. Enzyme activity (pmol min−1 mm−2). . Piloderma. Amphinema. Cenococcum. Cortinarius. Tylospora. EMFa. Acid phosphatase12. 71 (7. 75)11. 48 (7. 65)8. 93 (5. 47)13. 56 (11. 36)9. 77 (7. 63)10. 15 (3. 59)Sulfatase1. 08 (1. 13)0. 82 (0. 53)0. 77 (0. 74)2. 17 (3. 26)1. 00 (0. 80)1. 16 (0. 72)Leucine aminopeptidase0. 46 (0. 19)0. 41 (0. 11)0. 50 (0. 23)2. 94 (4. 78)0. 42 (0. 32)0. 54 (0. 24)β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase3. 87 (1. 46)3. 57 (1. 14)2. 87 (1. 48)6. 05 (6. 37)2. 79 (1. 77)3. 68 (0. 89)β-1,4-Glucosidase3. 16 (1. 19) ab5. 78 (2. 48) a1. 75 (0. 98) b2. 76 (4. 12) ab3. 45 (2. 23) ab3. 47 (1. 37)Cellobiohydrolase0. 63 (0. 28) b1. 09 (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely numeric and focuses on the activity of various enzymes in relation to fungi, without directly addressing how fungi decompose organic matter or contribute to nutrient cycling. It provides enzyme activity data linked to ectomycorrhizal tips but does not explicitly support or challenge the claim regarding fungi's role in nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-3 pp 2047—2060 Disruption of mitochondrial unfolded protein response results in telomere shortening in mouse oocytes and somatic cells Mauro Cozzolino1,2,3, Yagmur Ergun1,5, Emma Ristori6, Akanksha Garg1,7, Gizem Imamoglu1, Emre Seli1,4, 1 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA 2 3 -IIS la Fe, Valencia, Spain 4 07920, USA 5 08053, USA 6 Department of Genetics, of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA 7 Department of Metabolism, Digestion and : July 31, 2023 Accepted: December 1, 2023 Published: February 12, 2024 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 205543 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: © 2024 Cozzolino et al. This is an open access 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. peptidase P (CLPP) plays a central role in mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) by promoting the breakdown of misfolded proteins and setting in motion a cascade of reactions to re-establish protein homeostasis. Global germline deletion of Clpp in mice results in female infertility and accelerated follicular depletion. Telomeres are tandem repeats of 5’--3’ sequences found at the ends of the chromosomes. Telomeres are essential for maintaining chromosome stability during somatic cell division and their shortening is associated with cellular senescence and aging. In this study, we asked whether the infertility and ovarian aging phenotype caused by global germline deletion of Clpp is associated with somatic aging, and tested telomere length in tissues of young and aging mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of telomeres in maintaining chromosome stability and their association with cellular senescence and aging. It specifically mentions that telomere shortening is linked to aging phenotypes and implies that understanding telomere dynamics is significant in the context of genetic therapies aimed at slowing aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs are being developed to help individuals with mobility impairments control prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 1–4 Studies have demonstrated that learning is accelerated, and the understanding of social and spatial relationships is enhanced as the child explores and engages with the environment through goal-directed, self-initiated locomotion. 5–7 However, participation in independent exploration and play requires intact motor and sensory functions, particularly mobility, fine motor manipulation, and sensory processing, and children with developmental disabilities often have limitations in these functions. 8–12 Furthermore, children with impaired mobility often experience a negative impact on their overall development leading to depression, social isolation, “learned helplessness,” and a perceived lower quality of life. 2,4,13,14 An approach to prevent some of these negative associated outcomes in young children with mobility impairments is to provide them with power mobility devices (PMD). 15,16 Studies have demonstrated that providing very young children with PMD have positive effects without causing deterioration of existing motor skills or interfering with emerging new ones. 17,18 In fact, significant increases in social skills and interactive play have been noted after utilization of powered mobility. 19 However, power mobility is typically not recommended for children with severe physical and cognitive disabilities under the age of three years despite these reported positive effects. 20 According to a national survey of 140 pediatric power wheelchair prescribers the number one reason for not recommending PMD was significant impaired cognitive ability. 20 This exclusion was further amplified if the child had associated sensory impairments such as a diagnosis of cortical visual impairment (CVI). 21 However, new research with young children that have severe cognitive and motor disabilities has provided novel insight into the benefits of early PMD in this population. 22,23 The lack of recommendation for PMD at an early age has left a vacuum in technology options for children with disabilities. Although there are pediatric power wheelchairs available, they are typically designed for children 4 years and older. In addition, the costs associated with these chairs and the need for larger devices as the child growths further worsens this issue. As a result, an emerging PMD option provided through the community outreach program Go-Baby-Go, has gained recognition as a means for cost-effective introduction and extended experience with power mobility for very young children with impaired independent mobility. This form of PMD is a battery powered modified ride-on toy car, which was first described by Huang and Galloway. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing power mobility devices (PMD) as a means to assist children with mobility impairments, emphasizing that the use of PMD can have positive effects on their development. However, it does not mention brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) being developed for controlling prosthetics, which the claim specifically highlights.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 37) a0. 42 (0. 27) b0. 65 (1. 18) ab0. 76 (0. 39) ab0. 72 (0. 34)Xylosidase0. 22 (0. 18) b0. 64 (0. 38) a0. 20 (0. 10) b0. 13 (0. 13) b0. 49 (0. 37) ab0. 34 (0. 20)Laccaseb0. 01 (0. 01)0. 01 (0. 01)0. 01 (0. 01)0. 02 (0. 02)0. 03 (0. 01)0. 02 (0. 01)Number of plots (n)878559Enzyme. Enzyme activity (pmol min−1 mm−2). . Piloderma. Amphinema. Cenococcum. Cortinarius. Tylospora. EMFa. Acid phosphatase12. 71 (7. 75)11. 48 (7. 65)8. 93 (5. 47)13. 56 (11. 36)9. 77 (7. 63)10. 15 (3. 59)Sulfatase1. 08 (1. 13)0. 82 (0. 53)0. 77 (0. 74)2. 17 (3. 26)1. 00 (0. 80)1. 16 (0. 72)Leucine aminopeptidase0. 46 (0. 19)0. 41 (0. 11)0. 50 (0. 23)2. 94 (4. 78)0. 42 (0. 32)0. 54 (0. 24)β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase3. 87 (1. 46)3. 57 (1. 14)2. 87 (1. 48)6. 05 (6. 37)2. 79 (1. 77)3. 68 (0. 89)β-1,4-Glucosidase3. 16 (1. 19) ab5. 78 (2. 48) a1. 75 (0. 98) b2. 76 (4. 12) ab3. 45 (2. 23) ab3. 47 (1. 37)Cellobiohydrolase0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it consists of tabulated data on enzyme activities in various fungal species, without directly discussing their role in the decomposition of organic matter or their contribution to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: We found that impaired mtUPR caused by the lack of CLPP is associated with accelerated telomere shortening in both oocytes and somatic cells of aging mice. In addition, expression of several genes that maintain telomere integrity was decreased, and double-strand DNA breaks were increased in telomeric regions. Our results highlight how impaired mtUPR can affect telomere integrity and demonstrate a link between loss of mitochondrial protein hemostasis, infertility, and somatic aging. longevity has increased rapidly since the beginning of the 20th century due to medical advances, societal changes, and improved quality of life, which subsequently has led to delayed childbearing [1, 2]. Consequently, the past two decades witnessed an increased interest in the investigation of the aging process. However, mechanisms regulating germ cell aging, and how they relate to somatic aging remain incompletely characterized. Several mechanisms have been implicated in promoting cellular senescence, including telomere shortening [3] and mitochondrial dysfunction [4, 5]. Telomeres consist of tandem repeats of 5′--3′ sequences that are located at the end of the chromosomes and play a crucial role in preserving chromosome stability. During each cell division, 20–50 telomeric base pairs cannot be replicated and are lost at the 5′-end of the newly synthesized DNA strand, leading to telomere shortening [6]. Decreasing telomere length acts as a “mitotic clock” for cellular senescence and aging. This is because telomere shortening that occurs with each round of cell division ultimately leads to chromosome ends becoming exposed and activates a DNA damage response, which results in a permanent mitotic arrest known as replicative senescence [7]. Telomere damage may also occur in non-dividing cells, such as oocytes, and may result from oxidative DNA damage to guanine-rich telomeric repeats when exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as epigenetic, environmental, dietary, and lifestyle variables [8, 9]. Mitochondria on the other hand serve a crucial role in energy production, cellular metabolism, regulation of membrane potential, and apoptosis [10]. More recently, mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR), which ensures mitochondrial protein hemostasis by sensing mitochondrial (unfolded protein) stress, has been implicated in aging [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the relationship between telomere shortening and the aging process. It discusses how impaired mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) is linked to accelerated telomere shortening in aging mice and indicates that telomere shortening acts as a 'mitotic clock' for cellular senescence and aging. This directly supports the idea that understanding and targeting telomere shortening through genetic therapies could be beneficial in slowing aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs are being developed to help individuals with mobility impairments control prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Skills scale score showed a “Significant” positive change in this domain, however the scale showed “no Significant” change. In addition, it has been hypothesized that self-initiated movement through the environment activates the visual processes by providing stimulation of the vestibular system and can improve vision in children with CVI as well as balance. 41 This study included four children with CVI and one child with a significant visual impairment. Two of these children demonstrated an increase in mobility function on the post intervention assessment. Social Function: Finally, the subscale assesses skills necessary to live with others in the community, for example to participate in family activities such as walks around the neighbor. This subscale includes understanding of instructions, articulating information, joint problem solving, and peer play. Every participant made gains in this subscale with three scoring more than 10 points higher on the post assessment. This 10-point increase on the PEDI is considered to be a minimal clinically important difference (MCID). 42 The MCID is the smallest change in the PEDI score needed to be clinically meaningful to realize an observable change in function. 43 This positive increase can be attributed to the direct relation between Social function and the ability to play -which is the main reasoning for providing PMD in this study- but also to the nature of the PMD, i. e. Adaptive Ride-On Toy, which increases the child’s desire to engage and manipulate objects with intent. children with significant sensory-motor impairments under the age of six were provided with power mobility in the form of adapted power ride-on toys. Results from this study demonstrated group mean score improvements between pre and post power mobility experiences in Self-Care, Mobility, and Social/Cognitive function. The statistically significant increases in function skills and decreases in caregiver burden were observed in all domains except the mobility scores. Even though the mobility post intervention score mean was not statistically significant, it did show a positive increase in independent mobility. The results of this quantitative study support the findings of two studies analyzing qualitative data. Livingstone and Field 44 conducted a systematic review of 21 1999. Wenner M. Need for Play. 29. Frost J. Neuroscience, Play, and Child Development. presented at: IPA/; June 18-21, 1998 1998; Longmont, CO. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study on power mobility devices (PMD) for children with sensory-motor impairments but does not mention brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) or their development for controlling prosthetics. Instead, it focuses on the improvement of mobility and social function through the use of adapted toys. Therefore, it does not provide relevant information to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 63 (0. 28) b1. 09 (0. 37) a0. 42 (0. 27) b0. 65 (1. 18) ab0. 76 (0. 39) ab0. 72 (0. 34)Xylosidase0. 22 (0. 18) b0. 64 (0. 38) a0. 20 (0. 10) b0. 13 (0. 13) b0. 49 (0. 37) ab0. 34 (0. 20)Laccaseb0. 01 (0. 01)0. 01 (0. 01)0. 01 (0. 01)0. 02 (0. 02)0. 03 (0. 01)0. 02 (0. 01)Number of plots (n)878559Data are provided as means (n=number of plots the tip genera were isolated from. Note that not all genera were found in all plots) with s. d. in brackets. Data in the same row with different letters are significantly different at P<0. 01. Refer to Table 3 for the general role of each enzyme in organic matter breakdown. aEMF, average activity of all ectomycorrhizal tips, not included in statistical analysis. bLaccase activity given in U min−1 mm−2. Enzyme activity in the sand barrier surrounding the +SB traps was either at or below the limit of detection, even though all sand contained visible hypha and diverse fungal communities (see Table 1). The +SB community (predominantly mycorrhizal) and the −SB community (saprotrophic and mycorrhizal) enzyme activity levels were in the same range as those of the FH community (Table 3). EMF-dominated +SB communities had significantly (P<0. 01) higher levels of phenol oxidase (L-DOPA assay) and aminopeptidase activity than −SB or FH communities, and higher peroxidase activity and β-1,4-glucosidase than −SB communities. Activities of all other enzymes did not differ among fungal communities. Enzyme activities associated with EMF tips were highly variable within a given genus, resulting in few significant differences between genera (Table 4). Nevertheless, Amphinema tips had significantly higher (P<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the role of fungi in decomposing organic matter or their contribution to nutrient cycling. Although it mentions enzyme activities from various fungal communities, it does not explicitly state their role in organic matter breakdown or nutrient cycling processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: 01, respectively) (Figure 3A, 3B). In somatic tissues, telomere length was significantly shorter in the uterus (1. 14 ± 0. 03 vs. 1. 01 ± 0. 03, p = 0. 01), ovary (1. 06 ± 0. 04 vs. 0. 79 ± 0. 01, p = 0. 004), liver (1. 03 ± 0. 02 vs. 0. 90 ± 0. 06, p = 0. 01) and spleen (0. 98 ± 0. 01 vs. 0. 88 ± 0. 02, p = 0. 01). Conversely, while the mean telomere length was also lower in CCs, WBCs, lung, and heart in Clpp−/− mice compared to WT, the difference was not statistically significant (Figure 3B, 3C). The telomere length assessment was repeated twice, using five mice (ten GV for each) in each group per experiment. Figure 3. Telomere length in oocytes, ovaries, and somatic tissues of 9-month-old Clpp−/− and WT mice. (A) The standard curve was generated by serial dilution of known amounts of DNA to calculate relative DNA concentrations (log DNA) from Ct values of the qPCR products. Blue dots: telomere; orange dots: 36B4 single copy gene (control). The correlation regression equation and coefficients (R2) of Ct versus log DNA are shown. (B, C) The relative telomere lengths of GV and MII oocytes, ovaries and somatic cells and tissues are represented as ratios of T/S. Abbreviations: GV: Germinal vesicle; CC: Cumulus cells; WBC: White blood cells. Data presented as mean ± SD. **p < 0. 01, *p < 0. 05 using t-test. The telomere length assessment was repeated twice, using five mice (ten GVs from each) in each group per experiment. Expression of telomere-associated genes in Clpp−/− oocytes TRF1, TRF2 and POT1a are shelterin protein complex molecules involved in maintaining telomere DNA integrity and stability. Their deficiency causes DNA damage response and the accumulation of DNA repair factors [24, 25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing telomere length in relation to aging in various tissues and the involvement of telomere-associated genes like TRF1, TRF2, and POT1a in maintaining telomere integrity. The mention of telomere shortening and its relation to aging processes supports the idea that genetic therapies may target these mechanisms to slow down aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs are being developed to help individuals with mobility impairments control prosthetics. [SEP] Text: These results are in contrast to the prevalent view that retrotransposons are activated in a more widespread manner across the genome, at least in cancerous cells. Overall, Philippe et al. ’s findings pave the way towards characterizing the chromosome regions in which retrotransposons are frequently activated and understanding how they contribute to cancer and other diseases. least half of our DNA is derived from repeated and dispersed sequences called retrotransposons, a class of mobile genetic elements which proliferate via an RNA-mediated copy-and-paste mechanism termed retrotransposition (see [Burns and Boeke, 2012; Hancks and Kazazian, 2012; Richardson et al. , 2015] for recent reviews). Since most copies have accumulated mutations or are truncated, they are unable to initiate new cycles of retrotransposition and could be considered as molecular fossils (although in some cases they might nevertheless still be transcriptionally active [Macia et al. , 2011]). In contrast, the youngest and human-specific L1 subfamily, 'transcribed L1, subset a' or L1HS-Ta, continues to retrotranspose and to accumulate in modern human genomes (Boissinot et al. , 2000). Hence, each individual has hundreds of additional copies not present in the reference genome, referred to as 'non-reference' L1HS-Ta, which contribute to our genetic diversity (Xing et al. , 2009; Cordaux and Batzer, 2009; Ewing and Kazazian, 2010; Beck et al. , 2010; Huang et al. , 2010; Iskow et al. , 2010; Kidd et al. , 2010; Lupski, 2010; Ewing and Kazazian, 2011; Ray and Batzer, 2011; Stewart et al. , 2011; Mir et al. , 2015). Recent advances in deep-sequencing technologies have also led to the discovery that L1HS-Ta are not only able to mobilize in the germline, in the early embryo and in embryonic stem cells - resulting in inheritable genetic variations (van den Hurk et al. , 2007; Wissing et al. , 2012; Hancks and Kazazian, 2012; Macia et al. , 2014) - but can also retrotranspose in some somatic tissues such as brain (Faulkner et al. , 2009; Coufal et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses retrotransposons and their role in genetics and cancer, without any mention of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), mobility impairments, or prosthetics. Thus, it does not support, contrast, or provide relevant information regarding the development of BCIs for individuals with mobility impairments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 1007/s00572-012-0438-y. 10. 1093/bioinformatics/btq281. 10. 1038/ismej. 2009. 77. 10. 1038/ismej. 2011. 52. 886. 13): Establishment and progress report. B. C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria. 018. Available at. 454 Pyrosequencing analyses of forest soils reveal an unexpectedly high fungal diversity. New Phytol. 2009;184:449–456 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 2009. 03003. x. 10. 1007/s00572-002-0162-0. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2011. 12. 029. 2. Science. 2012;31:1084–1087 10. 1126/science. 1224304. 10. 1890/08-0137. 1. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2009. 12. 006. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 2005. 01401. x. 10. 1038/ngeo1009. 10. 1093/forestry/cps003. 2. Acad Sci. 2010;107:10938–10942 2890735 10. 1073/pnas. 0912421107. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 1994. tb02976. x. 10. 1016/j. chemosphere. 2012. 03. 019. 10. 1007/s11104-013-1630-3. 10. 1016/S0953-7562(09)80936-2. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 1991. tb00004. x. 10. 1890/04-1254. 9373. 10. 1139/x06-063. 10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 1993. tb00005. x. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2011. 03. 017. 10. 1002/(SICI)1521-4028(199807)38:3<197::AID-JOBM197>3. 0. CO;2-W. 10. 1111/j. 1462-2920. 2011. 02550. x. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a string of references and citations without any contextual information or content related to the claim regarding fungi and their role in nutrient cycling. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Therefore, like others before us [33], we used an in vivo animal model, allowing us to study cells in their respective tissues after rounds of mitosis, and compare Clpp−/− to WT. In 6- and 9-month-old Clpp-deficient mice, we found shorter telomere length in the liver when compared with WT, suggesting that the impaired mitochondrial function within the liver in Clpp−/− mice could be triggering hepatic cellular changes that culminate in telomere shortening. Highly proliferative tissues, including the hematopoietic and immune systems, exhibit impaired proliferative capacity in later generations of the telomerase RNA component (TERC)-deficient mice [34, 35]. Telomerase complex gene mutations have been linked to rare human diseases such as (DKC) and Fibrosis [36], both of which are characterized by accelerated telomere shortening and organ failure. Patients with such diseases had an increased frequency of liver pathologies such as fibrosis and cirrhosis [37, 38]. Similarly, two studies investigated the frequency of telomerase mutations in patients with sporadic cirrhosis compared to healthy controls and demonstrated mutation missense mutations in the Transcriptase (TERT) and TERC genes in diseased patients [39]. It is noteworthy that we found telomere length to be shorter in the liver and spleen of 9-month-old Clpp-deficient mice compared to WT, while the difference did not reach statistical significance in samples of lung and heart. Clpp is predominantly expressed in tissues that have an active metabolism and contain a higher number of mitochondria such as the skeletal muscle and liver [40], whereas it is detected at lower levels in lung and kidney. It is plausible that mitochondrial dysfunction in tissues where CLPP is most abundant is more likely to result in shortened telomeres. Global deletion of Clpp resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction in oocytes by decreasing ATP production, expression levels of Chain (ETC) enzymes and increased levels of ROS [5]. Besides, the lack of Clpp affected the reproductive phenotype. Mice demonstrated a decrease in the number of mature oocytes and 2-cell embryos, and no blastocysts, resulting in infertility. In addition, they had accelerated follicular depletion and a phenotype consistent with diminished ovarian reserve [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between telomere shortening in Clpp-deficient mice and cellular aging processes. It highlights that impaired mitochondrial function may lead to telomere shortening, a key factor in aging. Furthermore, it discusses the connection between telomerase mutations and diseases characterized by accelerated telomere shortening, which aligns with the mention of genetic therapies aimed at slowing aging through such mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs are being developed to help individuals with mobility impairments control prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Thus, in total, at least 11 out of the 20 most highly-expressed L1HS-Ta copies across all cell lines are retrotransposition-competent (Figure 5a and Supplementary file 5). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Evidence of retrotransposition capability for selected L1HS-Ta copies. (a) Evidence of retrotransposition competence for the top 20 most expressed L1 copies across all cell lines analyzed. Cellular assays refer to retrotransposition cellular assays of plasmid-borne L1 instances, whose expression is driven by either the native L1 5’ UTR alone (Brouha et al. , 2003) or supplemented by a strong CMV promoter ([Beck et al. , 2010] and Figure 5b). These assays measure L1 intrinsic biochemical activity, independently of their actual expression in their genomic context. Three-prime transduction refers to the existence of progeny copies containing a 3' transduction, which can be traced back to the original locus and reflect a retrotransposition event. (b) Retrotransposition assay in cultured cells for MCF7 L1 copy EXP_ID_0447 (NEDD4 locus). A full length transcribed L1HS-Ta copy present in the genome of MCF7 cells was subcloned by PCR in an expression vector containing a reporter gene to measure retrotransposition activity and generated four independent clones (pVan610-1 to -4). In transfected HeLa cells, de novo retrotransposition events of engineered L1 copies lead to the introduction of a functional genomic copy of the neomycin phosphotransferase gene, which expression confers resistance to G418. Resistant foci were stained and counted to monitor retrotransposition activity compared to the positive (pJM101/L1. 3, wild type L1HS-Ta) and negative (pJM105/L1. 3, mutant L1HS-Ta) control conditions. The value of G418 resistant colonies obtained with the positive control was set to 100%. A picture of a representative well with stained colonies is displayed for illustrative purposes under each bar of the graph. The average value of three biological replicates is displayed with error bars corresponding to the standard deviation among the three biological replicates. (c) Detection of 3' transductions in ATLAS-seq data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses retrotransposition competence of L1HS-Ta copies and cellular assays related to their activity. It does not mention brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) or their application in aiding mobility impairments, thus failing to provide any supportive, contrasting, or related information about the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 10. 1023/A:1024719607740. 10. 1111/j. 1574-6941. 2002. tb00915. x. 9. 10. 1007/s10021-008-9186-4. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2486. 2011. 02627. x. 10. 1016/j. mycres. 2007. 11. 008. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 2006. 01742. x. 10. 1038/35035065. 10. 1175/JCLI-D-12-00089. 1. 10. 1046/j. 1469-8137. 2002. 00417. x. 10. 1093/bioinformatics/btq003. 10. 1139/x97-160. 10. 1016/j. apsoil. 2012. 01. 010. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2435. 2010. 01699. x. 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0010971. 10. 4141/P05-164. 10. 1111/j. 1574-6941. 2006. 00166. x. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2011. 01. 022. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 2006. 01957. x. 10. 1639/0007-2745(2003)106[0080:]2. 0. CO;2. 10. 1093/treephys/21. 2-3. 71. 10. 1016/0038-0717(91)90193-N. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 2006. 01936. x. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2004. 02. 017. 10. 1038/nature06556. 10. 1038/nature08867. 6. 0. 2011 MjM Software:. 10. 1007/s00572-005-0011-z. 10. 1017/CBO9780511977022. 10. 1073/pnas. 261555198 64936. 10. 1016/j. fgb. 2009. 02. 001. 10. 1016/j. funeco. 2010. 05. 002. 10. 1073/pnas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the decomposition of organic matter by fungi or their role in nutrient cycling. Instead, it consists solely of a series of DOIs and references that do not pertain to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: In the current study, oocyte telomeres are shortened in at 6- and 9-month-old mice models with global deletion of Clpp. Consistent with our findings, when guanine-rich telomeric repeats are exposed to oxidative stress including ROS, they undergo oxidative DNA damage that shortens telomeres in non-dividing cells like oocytes, thereby potentially accelerating aging [41]. Global deletion of Clpp is also associated with spindle abnormalities and decreased ability to complete in vitro maturation of GV stage oocytes [5]. In the current study, shorter telomeres in 6- and 9-month-old Clpp−/− mice oocytes suggest that the reproductive phenotype of Clpp−/− mice may be, in part, due to oocyte telomere shortening. Indeed, telomeres play an important role in the regulation of chromosomal motions during meiosis, including bouquet creation at the leptotene stage, homologous pairing, and interaction with microtubules and spindles [42, 43]. Short telomeres are linked to infertility, aberrant spindles, and misaligned metaphase chromosomes in oocytes of telomerase-deficient mice [44]. Similarly, telomere length in human unfertilized oocytes was associated with the morphological quality of the embryos generated from sibling oocytes from the same cohort, and subsequent pregnancy outcomes [45, 46]. The impact of telomere length on oocyte function has been explored in animal and human studies [45–47]. Meanwhile, the role telomere length in cumulus/granulosa cell function remains to be further characterized, and existing data does not suggest this as a key regulatory mechanism. In the context of mtUPR, while global Clpp knockout was associated with infertility [5], granulosa cell-specific targeted deletion of Clpp did not affect reproduction [48]. In keeping with these findings, we did not find cumulus/granulosa cell telomere length to be shortened in Clpp−/− mice. This is not surprising as recent studies investigating the telomere length and epigenetic aging markers in human cumulus/granulosa cells did not see a difference when comparing younger versus older reproductive age women or those with good versus poor ovarian response [49–51]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing telomere shortening and its implications for aging. It details how shortened telomeres in oocyte models are linked to aging processes and reproductive consequences, emphasizing the role of telomeres in cellular functions and aging. It also highlights that telomere length can potentially impact fertility and is associated with various age-related effects in both animal and human studies, aligning with the idea that genetic therapies could target these processes to influence aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs are being developed to help individuals with mobility impairments control prosthetics. [SEP] Text: The cDNA was finally amplified with PCR using a proof reading enzyme and between 12 and 14 cycles. The TruSeq barcode sequences which are part of the 3' TruSeq sequencing adapters are included in Supplementary file 2. The cDNA was purified using the kit (). sequencing, the cDNA samples were pooled in approximately equimolar amounts. The cDNA pool was size fractionated in the size range of 350–550 bp on a preparative agarose gel and size range was verified by capillary electrophoresis (Shimadzu MultiNA microchip electrophoresis system). Finally, 2x150 bp paired-end and strand-specific sequencing was performed with HiSeq SBS kit v4 on a HiSeq 2500 system (Illumina, San Diego, CA). RNA-seq sequencing statistics are summarized in Supplementary file 2. -seq and RNA-seq data were submitted to the ArrayExpress database (www. ebi. ac. uk/arrayexpress) under accession number E-MTAB-4676 and E-MTAB-3788, respectively. RNA-seq data contain biological duplicates for untreated cells (two independent RNA extractions), and triplicates for shRNA-treated cells (three parallel lentivirus shRNA transductions, see above). The genomic locations of L1 insertions in the different cell lines are provided in Supplementary file 3. Published RNA-seq data used in this work are described in Supplementary file 1, and ChIP-seq data were obtained from the : H3K9me3 (ENCSR000EWQ), H3K4me3 (ENCSR000DWJ), H3K27Ac (ENCSR000EWR), H3K27me3 (ENCSR000EWP), and Pol2 (ENCSR000DMT). All RNA-seq and ChIP-seq datasets contain biological duplicates except HCT 116 RNA-seq (single experiment). Copy number variation (CNV) data were obtained from the : BJ (ENCFF628TJX), H1 (ENCFF228MUH), HeLaS3 (ENCFF996ASY), HepG2 (ENCFF074XLG), IMR90 (ENCFF455ARY), K562 (ENCFF486MJU) and MCF7 (ENCFF278UJF). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) being developed for individuals with mobility impairments. The provided excerpt discusses various methods and datasets related to RNA sequencing and genomic data analysis, with no mention of BCIs, prosthetics, or mobility impairments. Thus, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 1006463107. 10. 1111/j. 1461-0248. 2011. 01611. x. 10. 1007/s00572-011-0379-x. 10. 5194/bg-9-2099-2012. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2006. 04. 038. 2. Ecol Lett. 2012;15:1042–1049 10. 1111/j. 1461-0248. 2012. 01827. x. 10. 1007/s11104-008-9766-2. 10. 1016/j. mimet. 2004. 04. 001. 10. 1111/j. 1574-6941. 2007. 00375. x. 45. 10. 1111/j. 1462-2920. 2012. 02736. x. 10. 1186/1471-2148-8-50. 10. 1016/S0038-0717(02)00074-3. 10. 1093/forestry/50. 2. 113. 10. 1128/AEM. 01541-09. 10. 1038/nature10386. 10. 1038/ismej. 2012. 11. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2009. 10. 014. 10. 1111/j. 1461-0248. 2008. 01245. x. 10. 1016/S0929-1393(03)00002-7. 10. 1111/j. 1574-6941. 2012. 01343. x. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2435. 2008. 01402. x. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2012. 10. 004. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 2012. 04217. x. 10. 1007/s00374-010-0440-5. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2005. 09. 006. 10. 1007/s00572-011-0416-9. 10. 1111/1574-6976. 12001. 10. 1007/s00374-009-0413-8. 10. 1016/j. apsoil. 2012. 02. 017. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 2010. 03324. x. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists entirely of DOI references with no content that discusses fungi, decomposition, or nutrient cycling. It lacks any substantive information to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: A number of telomere proteins, including TRF1, TRF2, and POT1a, regulate telomere stability and length [52]. Zhang et al. revealed that mice with targeted deletion of mitochondrial fusion protein Mitofusin 2 (MFN2) have defective oocyte maturation, subfertility, shortened telomeres, and decreased TRF1 expression in oocytes [16]. They also showed co-localization of TRF1 with DNA repair factor 53BP1, suggesting DNA damage. Our findings are similar in that Trf1, Trf2, and Pot1a expression is decreased in 6-month-old Clpp−/− mice oocytes, and TRF1 co-localizes with DBA repair factor H2AX. Collectively these two studies show a consistent effect of mitochondrial dysfunction impacting dysregulated telomere mechanisms, thereby leading to DNA damage and telomere shortening. In this study, we expanded our understanding of the role of Clpp and mtUPR in female reproduction and aging by characterizing telomere shortening and damage in a mouse model with global deletion of Clpp. As reported previously, the lack of Clpp results in functional mitochondrial abnormalities, infertility, and ovarian follicular depletion/aging. The current study demonstrates how this mitochondrial pathway, when impaired, may also promote somatic aging. In addition, our findings provide a preliminary understanding of how mitochondrial and telomeric aging mechanisms may interact to accelerate reproductive and somatic aging. Further studies are needed to delineate the intricate interactions between these two aging pathways and to determine whether these could be exploited to delay or reverse ovarian (or somatic) aging. 1 E. S. and M. C. designed the study. M. C. , E. R. , and G. I. conducted the experiments. Y. E. and M. C. wrote the manuscript. A. G. and E. S. revised the manuscript. E. S. supervised the study. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this study. care, breeding, and experimental procedures were conducted according to the requirements, by using protocols approved by the Care and (Protocol #2020-11207). study was supported by a grant from Foundation for to ES. 1. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating how mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to telomere shortening and how this affects aging. It discusses the role of telomere proteins and their expression in the context of aging, suggesting that understanding these mechanisms could lead to interventions that might delay or reverse aging processes. Specifically, it notes that mitochondrial abnormalities lead to telomere damage, which directly relates to the aging process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -detection of user handedness in touchscreen devices through interaction analysis View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 487 Published 2021-04-29 Accepted 2021-03-20 Received 2020-12-30 learning, Handedness, Customization, Stealth data gathering, Usability, © 2021 Fernández et al. is an open access 2021. Implicit detection of user handedness in touchscreen devices through interaction analysis. PeerJ 7:e487 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 5. 112 billion unique mobile users in the world over a total population of 7. 676 billion (Social, 2019). Penetration rate of mobile technology in 2018 was of 68% and the number of smartphone mobile users increased in 100 million in the period January 2018 to January 2019 (Social, 2019). However, this important penetration rate of mobile technologies is not usually supported by high levels of ease-of-use and/or accessibility. Mobile app usability related problems are the fifth most frequent user complaint (Khalid et al. , 2015), while about 52% of mobile users experienced usability problems relevant enough to impact on their loyalty and/or trustworthy feelings about E-commerce sites (Experienced Dynamics, 2015). These usability problems not only downgrade the company brand mark but also increase the chances of customers looking for similar services in the competitors. Usability and accessibility on mobile computing is usually affected by context-specific issues. Among other requirements, usability engineering must deal with a large variety of screen sizes and device shapes. The display layout created to hold the application’s interactive objects (buttons, menu items, text, etc. ) must take in consideration the hand posture required to operate the device, which is heavily influenced by the so-called user’s handedness (Azenkot & Zhai, 2012). Progressive increment in the display size of such devices introduced novel usability problems when the users try to use them with only one hand (Guo et al. , 2016; Löchtefeld et al. , 2015). These usability issues reveal to be even more relevant if we consider that 49% of the users like to use their mobile devices with their thumb (Hoober, 2013). Operating a mobile device with only one hand may be difficult for some users. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mobile device usability and user interaction with touchscreen devices, but does not mention Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology or its capabilities. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim about BCI technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username close | or * Password* Forgot password? Reset it here Keep me logged in All fields with * are mandatory Email* All fields with * are mandatory Already have an account? Login here password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password the verification code Cancel Congrats! has been verified close 10. 1139/x83-031 Get AccessContentsof Forest Research, Number 2April 19831983. Contribution of mycorrhizae and soil fungi to nutrient cycling in a Douglas-fir ecosystem. of Forest Research. 13(2): 219-232. Export 1. Species-specific reliance of trees on ectomycorrhizal fungi for nitrogen supply at an alpine treeline Go to 2. Fungi rather than bacteria drive early mass loss from fungal necromass regardless of p3. Thinning effects on biomass and element concentrations of roots in adjacent hornbeam and oak stands in Istanbul, to 4. Evidence for a fungal loop in shrublands Go to 5. The Rhizosphere/to 6. Accounting for to Discrepancies in to 7. Rapid changes in the chemical composition of degrading ectomycorrhizal fungal necromass Go to 8. to for Global Change: and the to 9. Effects of bedrock type and soil chemistry on the fine roots of European beech – A study on the belowground plasticity of trees Go to 10. () Go to 11. Harvesting Douglas-fir Activity and Go to 12. The effect of environmental contamination on the community structure and fructification of ectomycorrhizal fungi Go to 13. Go to 14. Contribution of understorey vegetation and soil processes to boreal forest isoprenoid exchange Go to 15. Second‐generation molecular understanding of mycorrhizas in soil ecosystems Go to 16. Available for Go to 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of instructions related to account management and does not provide any information regarding the role of fungi in decomposing organic matter or nutrient cycling. The mention of 'Contribution of mycorrhizae and soil fungi to nutrient cycling' is not elaborated on and does not directly support the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Our data suggest that telomere length can be a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in the omnivorous group. are structures of nucleotides repeats at the ends of chromosomes; they prevent the ends of chromosomes from fusing with other chromosomes and from being recognized by proteins of DNA repair as a double-strand break, providing genomic stability and preservation [1]. Because telomere sequences do not fully replicate during DNA replication, they become progressively shorter with each replication of somatic cells [2]. Thus, telomere length is considered a biomarker of biological aging [3] with growing interest in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [4–8]. A prospective longitudinal study (average 5. 5-yr follow-up) showed that the shortening of telomere length appears to have a predictive value in the incidence and progression of carotid atherosclerosis [4]. Further studies have shown shorter telomere length in subjects with CVDs like atherosclerosis [5], hypertension [6,7], and coronary heart disease [8]. Evidence indicates that, beyond aging, increase of inflammation and oxidative stress accelerates telomere attrition, possibly explaining the association observed between telomere length and CVDs [9,10]. Interestingly, both telomere length and cardiovascular risk can be modified by diet [11–14]. A healthy diet containing high consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is anti-inflammatory and antioxidative, besides lower severe oxidative stress and DNA damage [15,16]. Lian and collaborators [12] have shown that longer LTL was associated with lower risk of hypertension only in those who consume higher levels of vegetables. In addition, greater adherence to Mediterranean diet was associated with longer telomeres, however, none of the individual dietary components showed an association with telomere length, suggesting that this association may be a consequence of the global effect of this diet. On the other hand, the high consumption of red/processed meat leads to increased oxidative stress [17–19], which can induce DNA damage and may affect telomere length [20,21]. In this context, a balanced vegetarian diet (which exclude all kinds of meat) would help protect the chromosome ends. The vegetarian diet is characterized by a high intake of legumes, vegetables, fruits, grains, nuts, seeds, and may or may not include eggs and dairy (milk and milk products) [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing telomere shortening as a significant factor in biological aging and linking it to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). It emphasizes that telomere length is impacted by lifestyle factors like diet, which in turn suggests a connection to potential interventions aimed at mitigating aging effects through genetic therapies targeting telomeres. The mention of shorter telomeres being associated with a variety of health conditions underlines the relevance of telomeres in the broader context of aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: (2015) bases the user’s operating hand detection algorithm on a PIN and password phone-unlocking system. Researchers discovered that when right handed users tried to unlock their phones with their (right) thumb, they showed a tendency to swipe from center to right. Left handed, however, tended to swipe their thumbs to the left area of the display. Although the researchers achieved high rates of accuracy in their study, the number of users observed was only 12 and all of them where right-handed. A similar study based on data gathered from a PIN/password phone-unlocking process was designed by Buriro et al. (2016). They combined data about touching zones with information provided by accelerometers and gyroscopes. They managed to determine the user’s operating hand with a high level of accuracy and at the same time, they inferred information about the gender and age of the users. Unfortunately, both algorithms are based on a heavily domain dependent task (phone-unlocking) so it may be hard to extrapolate these results to other domains. These algorithms can neither be used without installing platform dependant software in the target mobile devices. They also force users to execute specific phone-unlocking tasks to update information about the user’s operating hand. Those PIN based phone-unlocking tasks have been largely superseded by footprint recognition or by face recognition in modern mobile faces. The research methodology employed in most of these studies is based on a similar approach. Researchers ask volunteers to tap or swipe over specific (restricted) areas of the screen in order to gather relevant data to be used by the algorithms. Information about hot areas is frequently complemented with accelerometer and device orientation readings coming from the gyroscopes installed on the mobile devices. This involves a strong device dependency, since specific hardware (accelerometer and gyroscope sensors) is required. In this regard a platform dependant development (Android, iOS, etc. ) is required to access the information provided by the sensors, as this data is crucial to infer the operating hand. The main drawback of this approach is that mobile web-based applications cannot access this information right from the web browser, as they need the explicit user permission. In addition, not all mobile browsers offer this functionality (Mozilla, 2019). Although several of the mentioned studies succeed in determining the user’s handedness, obtaining moderate to high levels of accuracy, they were not able to do it implicitly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific studies that focus on operating hand detection algorithms related to phone-unlocking tasks. It highlights the limitations of such algorithms, noting that they are heavily domain-dependent and cannot be extrapolated to broader applications like fully controlling electronic devices by thought. Additionally, it critiques the reliance on specific hardware and software, stating that the functionality cannot be executed without user interaction and explicit permissions, which undermines the idea of fully autonomous control suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: with Pollutants and Go to 18. 19. Resource allocation in an annual herb: Effects of light, mycorrhizal fungi, and defoliation Go to 20. The decomposition of ectomycorrhizal fungal necromass Go to 21. Mycorrhizal Fungi: Role in the Solubilization of to 22. and Microbes: A for to 23. Quantitative assessment of the differential impacts of arbuscular and ectomycorrhiza on soil carbon cycling Go to 24. Initial melanin and nitrogen concentrations control the decomposition of ectomycorrhizal fungal litter Go to 25. Simulating ectomycorrhizal fungi and their role in carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystemsG. Deckmyn, A. Meyer, M. M. Smits, A. Ekblad, T. Grebenc, A. Komarov, and H. to 26. Net primary production of ectomycorrhizas in a California forest Go to 27. Seasonal carbohydrate dynamics and growth in Douglas-fir trees experiencing chronic, fungal-mediated reduction in functional leaf area Go to 28. Determining place and process: functional traits of ectomycorrhizal fungi that affect both community structure and ecosystem function Go to 29. Functional diversity and resource partitioning in fungi associated with the fine feeder roots of forest trees Go to 30. Fine root biomass and dynamics in beech forests across a precipitation gradient – is optimal resource partitioning theory applicable to water‐limited mature trees? Go to 31. Nutrient concentrations in stumps and coarse roots of Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch in Sweden, Finland and to 32. Transfer of 14C-photosynthate to the sporocarp of an ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria amethystina Go to 33. Mycorrhizal colonization does not affect tolerance to defoliation of an annual herb in different light availability and soil fertility treatments but increases flower size in light-rich environments Go to 34. The role of chitin in the decomposition of ectomycorrhizal fungal litter Go to 35. Six‐year monitoring of pine ectomycorrhizal biomass under a temperate monsoon climate indicates significant annual fluctuations in relation to climatic factors Go to 36. of Ectomycorrhiza in to 37. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a fragmented description, mentioning mycorrhizal fungi and aspects related to their role in various processes but does not provide coherent information that directly addresses the claim about the decomposition of organic matter by fungi. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Researchers are exploring genetic modifications in animals to better understand aging mechanisms. [SEP] Text: AbstractMutations that cripple a molecular relay system similar to the mammalian insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling pathways enhance longevity in worms and flies. The pathways appear to influence mammalian life span as well, but that idea is far from proven. Now, rare genetic perturbations in those signals are opening a window onto how the pathways influence human aging. And new studies on rodents with similar genetic snafus might help scientists ink in the connections. When it comes to research on aging, lab worms strut their stuff. But what everyone wants to know is whether the secrets worms divulge apply to people. Studies on humans with rare mutations might provide the answer. The idea is tantalizing, but investigating aging in people--especially small numbers of them--is arduous. Ongoing work on mainstay lab mammals might help bolster the enterprise. Research during the past decade has revealed a signaling pathway that influences aging in several organisms. Mutations that cripple this pathway can extend the longevity of nematodes and fruit flies twofold or more. The single invertebrate pathway resembles two overlapping pathways in mammals, one controlled by insulin and the other by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) (see "Together"). Because the machinery is similar, researchers have hoped that, as in worms and flies, tweaking one or both pathways could extend human longevity or improve health in the elderly. Worm and fly biologists have elucidated many details of how aging is influenced by these signals, which control growth and metabolism by turning genes on and off. But a key problem is proving that the same mechanisms operate in people. The answer could be obtainable: Humans with rare mutations that disrupt IGF-1 signaling are the genetic counterparts to certain lines of long-lived rodents. Discerning whether these individuals also show exceptional longevity is a daunting task, especially because quantifying human aging is difficult (see and "Magic Markers"). But where studies of these humans lose steam, continuing work on rodents might help fill in links from worms and flies to people. A Human AngleCertain dwarf rodents provided the first hints that the worm and fly signals modulate aging in mammals. These diminutive animals--such as the Ames dwarf and Snell dwarf mice--outlive normal creatures by about 50%. The rodents lack proteins important for pituitary development; normally, the pituitary gland disperses growth hormone (GH) into the bloodstream and tissues crank out IGF-1 in response. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how mutations and genetic perturbations in signaling pathways related to aging have been studied in worms, flies, and rodents. It points out that researchers are investigating these pathways to understand the influence on longevity and aging, which aligns with the claim about exploring genetic modifications in animals for insights into aging mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: That is, they were not able to determine the user’s handedness through the (stealth) observation of the users’ spontaneous behavior while they browse freely through the web with their mobile devices. In the mentioned studies, small number of users were asked to execute specific actions (such as swiping their fingers in the horizontal or vertical directions or unlocking their phones using a specific finger) that were not directly related to those required to execute the users’ everyday tasks. Therefore, these actions were unfamiliar to the users. Buttons and other kinds of relevant interactive web elements, like scroll controls, were not neither in the tests. Kaikkonen et al. (2005) showed that, under such kind of controlled interaction environment, users show a strong bias to adapt their behavior to the one expected by the observers. Thus their behavior may be different if they do similar tasks in their natural own environment. All these solutions require users to perform unfamiliar actions that they don’t usually execute in their everyday interaction environments. This makes the handedness categorization process explicit rather than implicit, so the predicting algorithms are hard to be used at all in real web scenarios if they are intended to detect the handedness of anonymous users browsing the web. Therefore, the research hypothesis we try to address is whether it is possible to reach a level of accuracy similar to those obtained by the above mentioned studies but, using implicit detection tactics instead. That is, trying to infer handedness through the stealth observation of the spontaneous behavior of users while they freely navigate through the web. All the data required is supposed to be captured by the web browser itself, without requiring access to the mobile device sensors (eg. accelerometers or gyroscopes). Design of the order to validate the previously described hypothesis a study was conducted, composed by the following phases: Workspace design. A generic E-Commerce website prototype was developed to be freely and spontaneously explored by the volunteers participating in the study. Data gathering. Software agents were deployed on the prototype to observe by stealth, the actions performed by the users. Selection of Subjects. A volunteer recruiting process was done on an E-commerce user target population obtaining a probability sample of 174 volunteers. Variable selection. The coordinates of the click and scrolls operations, the scroll displacement as well as the mean slope of the thumb sub-traces gathered during the navigation sessions were considered as the dependent variables. Statistical Methods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of current interaction methods, specifically the challenges in detecting user behaviors and handedness without using direct engagement with devices. It emphasizes that users must perform specific, unfamiliar actions in controlled settings, suggesting that the natural, intuitive control implied in the claim is not yet achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Phylogenetic diversity of non-nodulating Rhizobiumâ associated with pine ectomycorrhizae Go to 38. Biomass and morphology of fine roots in temperate broad-leaved forests differing in tree species diversity: is there evidence of below-ground overyielding? Go to 39. Influence of on in Go to 40. Effects of experimental soil frost on the fine‐root system of mature Norway spruce Go to 41. Root dynamics in sprouting tanoak forests of southwestern OregonGlenn R. Ahrens and Go to 42. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae: A for Go to 43. Interactions of Fungi and Radionuclides in to 44. 45. Environmental change and carbon limitation in trees: a biochemical, ecophysiological and ecosystem appraisal Go to 46. Relating fine root biomass to soil and climate conditions in the Go to 47. Hydraulic lift may buffer rhizosphere hyphae against the negative effects of severe soil drying in a savanna Go to 48. Integrating ectomycorrhizal fungi into quantitative frameworks of forest carbon and nitrogen cycling Go to 49. Turnover as a for into to 50. to 51. Decomposition and nutrient release from fresh and dried pine roots under two fertilizer regimesLudovici and to 52. Long‐term interval burning alters fine root and mycorrhizal dynamics in a ponderosa pine forest Go to 53. 54. Supply‐side controls on soil respiration among Oregon forests Go to 55. The impact of ectomycorrhiza formation on monosaccharide transporter gene expression in poplar roots Go to 56. Distribution of protozoa in scots pine mycorrhizospheres Go to 57. Ectomycorrhizal Colonization, Biomass, and Production in a in Response to Elevated CO2 Go to 58. to 59. Role of in Determining Douglas-fir Resistance to Defoliation by the Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Go to 60. Synopsis and Outlook to the to 61. Nested PCR detection of Archaea in defined compartments of pine mycorrhizospheres developed in boreal forest humus microcosms Go to 62. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains various references to studies on mycorrhizae, root biomass, and forest dynamics, but does not specifically address the role of fungi in decomposing organic matter or their contribution to nutrient cycling.