Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] 182. Liu C, Reppert SM. GABA synchronizes clock cells within the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron. 2000;25:123–8. [DOI] [PubMed] 183. Emergence of noise-induced oscillations in the central circadian pacemaker. PLoS Biol. 2010;8:e1000513. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]184. . GAD65/GAD67 double knockout mice exhibit intermediate severity in both cleft palate and omphalocele compared with GAD67 knockout and VGAT knockout mice. Neuroscience. 2015;288:86–93. [DOI] [PubMed] 185. The physiological roles of vesicular GABA transporter during embryonic development: a study using knockout mice. Mol Brain. 2010;3:40. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]186. Ben-Ari Y. Excitatory actions of gaba during development: the nature of the nurture. Neurosci. 2002;3:728–39. [DOI] [PubMed] 187. . Long-Reveals a of in Neurons of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2022;37:110–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]188. Olsen RW, Sieghart W. GABAA receptors: subtypes provide diversity of function and pharmacology. Neuropharmacology. 2009;56:141–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]189. . and Pharmacology. In: Bhattacharjee A, editor. Handbook of Channels Oxford. UK: Press; 2018. 57. [DOI] 190. . GABA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus refines circadian output rhythms in mice. Commun Biol. 2019;2:232. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]191. . GABA-induced current and circadian regulation of chloride in neurones of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Physiol. 2001;537:853–69. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]192. Walker MC, Semyanov A. Regulation of excitability by extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide any support for the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it comprises several citations and references to various studies about GABA and other factors relating to circadian rhythms, but without explicit mention or support for the role of SCN as the master clock.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Este año el Bitcoin comienza a ser respetado como moneda de inversión, varias firmas de que operan en internet comunican la aceptación del Bitcoin como moneda de pago. En diciembre el gigante de Microsoft comienza a aceptar Bitcoin para comprar juegos de Xbox y aplicaciones de Windows. Para ese año ya circulaban 12. 125. 000 de unidades de Bitcoin. 2015 La plataforma de pagos Coinbase informa que en el mes de enero recaudó 75 millones de dólares como parte de una ronda de financiación de la Serie C, rompiendo el récord anterior para una compañía de Bitcoin. Ese año se informa de varios ataques cibernéticos y el robo de Bitcoin de varias compañías de pagos. Se procede al cambio en los sistemas informáticos para dotar de mayor seguridad a la red de comercio. En marzo la 21 Inc anuncia la captación de 116 millones de dólares en financiación de capital riesgo, utilizando como moneda de respaldo el Bitcoin, la mayor cantidad para cualquier empresa relacionada con la moneda digital. En agosto los portales relacionados a criptomonedas informan que cerca de 160. 000 comercios aceptan pagos en Bitcoin. Barclays se convertiría en el primer banco comercial británico en comenzar a aceptar Bitcoin, mediante un plan que facilitaba a los usuarios hacer donaciones caritativas usando la criptografía fuera de sus sistemas por medio de Blockchain. 2016 En enero la potencia de minería del Bitcoin informa que se han minado en total 14. 105. 000 de unidades de Bitcoin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the acceptance of Bitcoin as a payment method by various companies, including Microsoft and Barclays, which implies that Bitcoin is utilized in transactions. Furthermore, the mention of security improvements in response to cyberattacks indicates that transactions involving Bitcoin are conducted with a focus on security, aligning with the decentralized network aspect of cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR has no side effects or risks for users with mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: It is critically important to remember to reduce these doses gradually to a stable maintenance dose after hospital discharge. C) It is always safer to treat adverse effects of drugs by lowering doses than by adding another drug to counter the effects of the first one. D) Many patients take over-the-counter or herbal oral preparations as well as functionally active ointments and inhalants. It is important to inquire about these because they can interact with antipsychotic drugs to produce adverse effects. E) When a prescribed drug is no longer effective, it is tempting to raise the dose. Ineffectiveness, however, may be due to the patient’s not taking it. Alternatively, symptoms may result from withdrawal and rebound reactions as patients periodically start and stop medication. Non-adherence to a drug regimen is a prevalent phenomenon in the SMI population that needs to be periodically checked. Sometimes the drug is not effective because it is not being absorbed. A parenteral route of entry may prove effective. For many older people, low-level psychotic symptoms may be more tolerable than the side effects that come with higher doses. F) AP drugs have different therapeutic windows or effective dose ranges. Those with wide windows are safest for elderly patients. G) When initiating medication in elderly patients, “starting low and going slow” is good advice. H) More than one new medication should not be started at the same time. I) Since elderly patients always have more than one co-morbidity, it is important to liaise with all treating physicians. J) Medication regimens need to be frequently reviewed and those that are ineffective removed. All changes need to be instituted slowly. K) Women are more at risk for adverse effects than men. L) Elderly patients should be seen frequently, home visits often being necessary in this population. M) Because patients with severe mental illness may have no close relatives or friends, it is often essential to link them with community services and visiting nurses or case workers to assist in the monitoring of health and habits. elderly are at serious risk for the adverse effects of antipsychotic medication, a risk that is preventable. 33. Effects of age and gender on the serum levels of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine. Scand. 2017;136(5):455-64. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the risks associated with medication for patients with severe mental illnesses, implying that individuals with mental health conditions are at serious risk for adverse effects, particularly from antipsychotic medications. This suggests that similar caution should be applied to VR, as it can also have side effects or risks for this population.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Gastrin-releasing peptide promotes suprachiasmatic nuclei cellular rhythmicity in the absence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-VPAC2 receptor signaling. J Neurosci. 2005;25:11155–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]212. Melanopsin (Opn4) requirement for normal light-induced circadian phase shifting. Science. 2002;298:2213–6. [DOI] [PubMed] 213. Role of melanopsin in circadian responses to light. Science. 2002;298:2211–3. [DOI] [PubMed] 214. é C, Weihe E, Schäfer MK, et al. Cyclase-(PACAP)-Glutamate Co-transmission Phase-to by Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:1281. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]215. Changes in light-induced phase shift of circadian rhythm in mice lacking PACAP. Res Commun. 2003;310:169–75. [DOI] [PubMed] 216. The mood stabilizer valproic acid opposes the effects of dopamine on circadian rhythms. Neuropharmacology. 2016;107:262–70. [DOI] [PubMed] 217. Ashton A, Jagannath A. in Schizophrenia and Signaling. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:636. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]218. . Mathematical insights into the role of dopamine signaling in circadian entrainment. Math Biosci. 2023;356:108956. [DOI] [PubMed] 219. üler AD, Steele AD. Dopamine systems and biological rhythms: Let's get a move on. Neurosci. 2022;16:957193. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]220. . Delayed circadian rhythm in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and chronic sleep-onset insomnia. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67:1091–6. [DOI] [PubMed] 221. Retinal dopamine mediates multiple dimensions of light-adapted vision. J Neurosci. 2012;32:9359–68. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or refute the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master clock for circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses various studies and findings related to circadian rhythms and associated molecular mechanisms without specifically addressing the role of the SCN in regulating these rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: En marzo el Gobierno de Japón mediante su Gabinete de economía informa que reconoce al Bitcoin como moneda virtual y que la misma tiene una función similar al dinero real. Se publican conclusiones de varias investigaciones donde se demuestra que, desde noviembre del 2013, mediante el mejoramiento de la cadena de comercio basada en Blockchain el comercio del Bitcoin ya no estaba impulsado por actividades clandestinas, sino por empresas legales en su gran mayoría plataformas de Pagos. Uber comienza a aceptar Bitcoin como medio de pago. En septiembre el número de cajeros automáticos Bitcoin se había duplicado durante los 18 meses anteriores hasta alcanzar los 771 en todo el mundo. El número de artículos publicados en 3. 580 en 2016. Ese año el Bitcoin llega a una cotización de 901 dólar/BTC y se minaron en total 14. 105. 000 BTC. 2017 En enero la gigantesca NHK informa que el número de tiendas en línea que operaban con Bitcoin en Japón había aumentado 4,6 veces en el último año. del Japón aprueba una ley para aceptar Bitcoin como un método de pago legal, Rusia anuncia la legalización y aceptación de criptomonedas como medio de pago y de inversión. el banco en línea Skandiabanken, integra cuentas Bitcoin lo que permite una mayor fluidez de la moneda. En junio la cotización de Bitcoin supera por primera vez en su historia al precio de una onza de oro, rompe su máximo histórico y llega a cotizar en 1. 402,03 dólaresBTC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing information on the recognition of Bitcoin as a virtual currency and its legal status in Japan, highlighting its increasing acceptance among businesses and its functionality similar to real money. Moreover, it documents how Bitcoin's usage in legal enterprises reflects a decentralized network supporting secure transactions, further establishing its credibility and functionality as a cryptocurrency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR has no side effects or risks for users with mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Central D2-dopamine receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotic drugs. Psychiatry. 1988;45(1):71-6. Graff- Evaluation of antipsychotic dose reduction in late-life schizophrenia a prospective dopamine D2/3 receptor occupancy study. J Assoc Psychiatry. 2015;72(9):927-34. Therapeutic D2/3 receptor occupancies and response with low amisulpride blood concentrations in very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis (). Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(2):396-404. Iwata Y. Threshold of dopamine D2/3 receptor occupancy for hyperprolactinemia in older patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(12):e1557-63. Management of schizophrenia in late life with antipsychotic medications. A qualitative review. Drugs Aging. 2011;28(12):961-80. Differences in antipsychotic-related adverse events in adult, pediatric and geriatric populations. Cureus. 2017;9(2):e1059. Goldberg RJ. Tardive dyskinesia in elderly patients-an update. J Dir Assoc. 2002;3(3):152-61. de Groot MH, van The effects of fall-risk-increasing drugs on postural control: A literature review. Drugs Aging. 2013;30(11):901-20. Medication-related falls in the elderly: Causative factors and preventive strategies. Drugs Aging. 2012;29(5):359-76. Milos V, Bondesson Å, Magnusson M, et al. Fall risk-increasing drugs and falls: A cross-sectional study among elderly patients in primary care. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14:40. Miller DD. Atypical antipsychotics: Sleep, sedation and efficacy. . 2004;6(Suppl 2):3-7. Linselle M, Sommet A, Bondon-Guitton E, et al. Can drugs induce or aggravate sleep apneas? A case-noncase study in VigiBase®, the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Fundamentals of Clinical Pharmacology. 2017;31(3):359-66. The impact of medication anticholinergic burden on cognitive performance in people with schizophrenia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and articles related to antipsychotic medications and their effects, including potential side effects such as falls and tardive dyskinesia, specifically in patients with mental health conditions like schizophrenia. This implies that there are significant concerns regarding side effects and risks associated with treatments in this population, which could extend to the use of VR as well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]222. . Retinal circadian clocks and control of retinal physiology. J Biol Rhythms. 2004;19:91–102. [DOI] [PubMed] 223. -Corsi P. Signaling mediated by the dopamine D2 receptor potentiates circadian regulation by CLOCK:BMAL1. . 2006;103:6386–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]224. . Dopamine regulates melanopsin mRNA expression in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Neurosci. 2005;22:3129–36. [DOI] [PubMed] 225. Mendoza J, Challet E. Circadian insights into dopamine mechanisms. Neuroscience. 2014;282:230–42. [DOI] [PubMed] 226. üler AD. to the Entrainment. Curr Biol. 2017;27:2465–75. e3. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]227. . Dopamine: A Modulator of in the System. Neurosci. 2017;11:91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]228. Witkovsky P. Dopamine and retinal function. Doc Ophthalmol. 2004;108:17–40. [DOI] [PubMed] 229. Popova E. Role of dopamine in distal retina. . 2014;200:333–58. [DOI] [PubMed] 230. Beaulieu J, Gainetdinov RR. The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 2011;63:182–217. [DOI] [PubMed] 231. Betz H, Laube B. Glycine receptors: recent insights into their structural organization and functional diversity. J Neurochem. 2006;97:1600–10. [DOI] [PubMed] 232. évet P, Meissl H. Activation of glycine receptor phase-shifts the circadian rhythm in neuronal activity in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Physiol. 2011;589:2287–300. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]233. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) functioning as a master clock. It discusses various aspects of retinal physiology and dopamine's role in circadian mechanisms but lacks specific information about the SCN's regulatory function in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Figura 3: Comportamiento del comercio en Bitcoin por países con mayor numero de transacciones. En el volumen de transacciones son 5 los países que concentran el 72% del volumen total de operaciones a nivel mundial, estos países son: y China. Venezuela gracias a su propia moneda virtual “Petro” ha aumentado su Bruto y es interesante ya que en estos momentos está pasando por una crisis financiera, este país concentra casi todo el volumen de transacciones de Bitcoin en el continente, con un 84. 25% de los movimientos de América del Sur que suman un volumen de 707. 3 millones de dólares, le sigue Colombia quien concentra el 7,76% con 65. 2 millones de dólares. El 2017 fue de mucha controversia respecto a la estabilidad del Bitcoin, ese año presenció el crecimiento de la adopción de Bitcoin en todo el mundo, llegando a un pico máximo de su precio. Ese mismo año surge desde el Gobierno del Japón el primer formato para su legalización, accesibilidad y adopción definitiva como método de pago en miles de tiendas de todo el mundo. Finalmente se puede destacar que el Bitcoin es un interesante proyecto experimental como banca independiente, al igual que otros activos de valor el Bitcoin cuenta con una serie de riesgos al tomarlo como herramienta de inversión, es necesario poner en relieve para conocer con exactitud la magnitud de esta criptomoneda por ser muy joven e innovadora en el mercado. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Bitcoin as an 'interesante proyecto experimental como banca independiente,' suggesting that it operates independently, which aligns with the concept of decentralized networks. Additionally, the mention of Bitcoin being adopted legally and used as a method of payment supports the idea of secure transactions while referencing its global trading behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR has no side effects or risks for users with mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;37(6):651-6. . Frequency and correlates of anticholinergic use among patients with schizophrenia in Denmark: A Nation-wide pharmaco-epidemiological study. Psychiatry Res. 2017; 255:198-203. Atropinic (anticholinergic) burden in antipsychotic-treated patients. Fundamentals of Clinical Pharmacology. 2018;32(1):114-9. O’Keane V. Antipsychotic-induced hyper-prolactinaemia, hypogonadism and osteoporosis in the treatment of schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22(2 Suppl):70-5. Bakken MS, Schjøtt J, Engeland A, et al. Antipsychotic drugs and risk of hip fracture in people aged 60 and older in Norway. J Soc. 2016;64(6):1203-9. Association of mental disorders and related medication use with risk for major osteoporotic fractures. J Soc. 2017;74(6):641-8. Use of antipsychotics increases the risk of fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(4):1167-78. Prolactin in breast and prostate cancer: Molecular and genetic perspectives. Discov Med. 2011;11(59)315-24. Reutfors J, Wingård L, Brandt L, et al. Risk of breast cancer in risperidone users: A nationwide cohort study. Schizophr Res. 2017;182:98-103. A 20 year prospective study of plasma prolactin as a risk marker of breast cancer development. Cancer Res. 2013;73(15):4810-9. Plasma prolactin and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:25998. Orthostatic hypotension and associated factors among home care clients aged 75 years or older - A population-based study. J Aging. 2018;22(1):154-8. Nilsson BM, Edström O, Lindström L, et al. Tachycardia in patients treated with clozapine versus antipsychotic long-acting injections. Psychopharmacol. 2017; 32(4):219-24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and findings that indicate the risks associated with antipsychotic medications in patients with mental health conditions. It refers to issues such as anticholinergic burden, increased risk of fractures, and significant side effects related to antipsychotic use, which suggests that there are indeed risks when treating users with mental health conditions. Therefore, claiming that VR has no side effects is contradictory to the evidence presented in the text regarding the use of antipsychotics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The sleep-promoting and hypothermic effects of glycine are mediated by NMDA receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40:1405–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]234. . Acute ethanol modulates glutamatergic and serotonergic phase shifts of the mouse circadian clock in vitro. Neuroscience. 2008;152:837–48. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]235. ález ó G, Hermann-Luibl C, et al. Organization of Relies on Glycinergic Transmission. Cell Rep. 2017;19:72–85. [DOI] [PubMed] 236. Molecular regulations of circadian rhythm and implications for physiology and diseases. Target Ther. 2022;7:41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]237. Cahill GM, Menaker M. Effects of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists and agonists on suprachiasmatic nucleus responses to retinohypothalamic tract volleys. Brain Res. 1989;479:76–82. [DOI] [PubMed] 238. . Involvement of glutamate release in substance P-induced phase delays of suprachiasmatic neuron activity rhythm in vitro. Brain Res. 1999;836:190–3. [DOI] [PubMed] 239. . Neuroanatomy, Nucleus Suprachiasmatic. In: StatPearls [Internet]. (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. [PubMed] 240. . Subcellular distribution of 5-HT1B and 5-HT7 receptors in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Neurol. 2001;432:371–88. [DOI] [PubMed] 241. Serotonin-2C receptor involved serotonin-induced Ca²⁺ mobilisations in neuronal progenitors and neurons in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]242. . Pre- and postsynaptic actions of serotonin on rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Brain Res. 2000;866:247–56. [DOI] [PubMed] 243. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master clock for circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses various functions and effects related to different receptors in the SCN without explicitly confirming or denying its role as the master clock.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Será necesario trabajar en un mecanismo que aporte una estabilidad sobre la valorización de su precio, su legalidad como moneda y sobre la estabilidad financiera, ya que las plataformas de negociación privadas donde se pueden canjear Bitcoin por monedas de curso legal están marcadas por la elevada volatilidad de las cotizaciones debido a movimientos especulativos. es la primera red financiera criptográfica descentralizada del mundo, donde su valor ha pasado de cero a miles de millones de dólares y tras ella hay una historia en relación a las criptomonedas, la innovación, los avances tecnológicos y las nuevas formas de activos financieros. Existen factores que han retrasado el uso del Bitcoin, donde la falta de conocimiento de las nuevas tecnologías es un factor importante a superar, se debe romper el paradigma de que solo el dinero tradicional sirve para realizar transacciones. El proceso requerirá de acceso a la tecnología y la capacitación para entender el funcionamiento y el uso del Bitcoin como moneda de pago. El mundo globalizado permite hoy pensar en un cambio del sistema financiero donde las monedas virtuales podrían reemplazar a las monedas tradicionales, donde el crecimiento en altos volúmenes del comercio electrónico juega un papel importante y que los Estados a través de sus respectivos necesariamente tendrán que ir pensando en la adopción de mecanismos mas rápidos, flexibles y económicos para dar fluidez a este mercado. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Bitcoin is the first decentralized cryptographic financial network in the world. It discusses the importance of understanding the technology behind Bitcoin and its potential to replace traditional currencies, supporting the premise that cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized networks for transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR has no side effects or risks for users with mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Development of a risk score for QTc-prolongation: The RISQ-PATH study. Clin Pharmacol. 2017; 39(2):424-32. Clozapine and incidence of myocarditis and sudden death – Long term Australian experience. Cardiol. 2017;238:136-9. ürkcü A, et al. Aripiprazole-induced asymptomatic hypertension: Case report. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2017;47(2):53-6. Cardiovascular safety of antipsychotics: A clinical overview. Drug Saf. 2016;15(5):679-88. Long-term antipsychotic use and major cardiovascular events: A retrospective cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(8):e905-12. Antipsychotic use among adult outpatients and venous thromboembolic disease: A retrospective cohort study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;37(4):405-11. Kahl KG, Westhoff-Bleck M, Krüger THC. Effects of psychopharmacological treatment with antipsychotic drugs on the vascular system. Vascul Pharmacol. 2017;96-98:11-8. Venous thromboembolism during treatment with antipsychotics: Results of a drug surveillance programme. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;28:1-12. Antipsychotic treatment is associated with risk of atrial fibrillation: A nationwide nested case-control study. Cardiol. 2017;227:134-40. Hsu WT, Esmaily-Fard A, Lai CC, et al. Antipsychotics and the risk of cerebrovascular accident: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Dir Assoc. 2017;18(8):692-9. Antipsychotics and the risk of aspiration pneumonia in individuals hospitalized for nonpsychiatric conditions: A cohort study. J Soc. 2017;65(12):2580-6. Sultana J, Calabró M, Garcia-Serna R, et al. Biological substantiation of antipsychotic-associated pneumonia: Systematic literature review and computational analyses. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0187034. Association between schizophrenia and urinary incontinence: A population-based study. Psychiatry Res. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing multiple studies that discuss various risks associated with antipsychotic medications, some of which contribute to cardiovascular risks and other health complications. This suggests that there are significant risks for patients with mental health conditions, which can be extrapolated to indicate that VR, particularly if used in conjunction with such medications, may also carry risks or side effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 5-HT1B receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of GABA release in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 2005;93:3157–64. [DOI] [PubMed] 244. Cuesta M, Clesse D, Pévet P, Challet E. New light on the serotonergic paradox in the rat circadian system. J Neurochem. 2009;110:231–43. [DOI] [PubMed] 245. Cohen R, Kronfeld-. The substructure of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: Similarities between nocturnal and diurnal spiny mice. Evol. 2010;75:9–22. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]246. . Anticholinergic agents do not block light-induced circadian phase shifts. Brain Res. 1985;348:163–7. [DOI] [PubMed] 247. Modulation of photic resetting in rats by lesions of projections to the suprachiasmatic nuclei expressing p75 neurotrophin receptor. Neurosci. 2004;19:1773–88. [DOI] [PubMed] 248. The cholinergic forebrain arousal system acts directly on the circadian pacemaker. . 2016;113:13498–503. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]249. Signals from the brainstem sleep/wake centers regulate behavioral timing via the circadian clock. PLoS One. 2013;8:e70481. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]250. . Lack of M4 muscarinic receptors in the striatum, thalamus and intergeniculate leaflet alters the biological rhythm of locomotor activity in mice. Funct. 2020;225:1615–29. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]251. Aykan U, Güvel. Neuropharmacologic modulation of the melatonergic system. Explor Neurosci. 2023;2:287–306. 252. Whole-to the of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:807. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]253. -Hansen L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily lists various studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) but does not provide direct commentary or evidence regarding its role as the master clock for regulating circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: El futuro del Bitcoin es prometedor, sostenido por la creación de la herramienta de la Blockchain, que ha facilitado a personas y comercios la posibilidad de incrementar los intercambios de esta moneda en las distintas plataformas de pagos, donde el volumen de transacciones de Bitcoin en el año 2018 al mes de julio fue de 6. 32 millardos de dólares a nivel mundial Se puede afirmar que el Bitcoin es un interesante proyecto experimental como banca independiente, pero requerirá de una mayor información y legalización dentro del mercado para ser una opción segura como activo financiero. Áde Alburquenque, M. (2015). Entendiendo Bitcoin: Hechos y Preguntas. de Económia 69 (1), 3 - 16. [ Links ] Dirección General de Operaciones. (2014). Divisas o monedas virtuales: el caso Bitcoin. Bogotá: Dirección General de Operaciones, Mercados y Sistemas de Pago. [ Links ] Domingo, C. (2018). Bitcoin, criptomonedas y blockchain. Mexico: de Hoy. [ Links ] Esparragoza, L. (04 de enero de 2018). Criptonoticias. Disponible en: [ Links ] Herazo, P. (2016). La inclusión del Bitcoin en el marco de la soberanía monetaria y la supervisión por riesgos en Colombia. (U. d. Andes, Ed. ) Revista de (55), 1 - 36. [ Links ] Hub, I. (2017). Qué es el blockchain y cómo funciona? Disponible en: [ Links ] Lee, T. (2018). de Fundstrat predice la recuperación de Bitcoin, pero reduce el objetivo de fin de año a $15. 000. Disponible en: [ Links ] Muñoz, I. (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Bitcoin's potential and the role of Blockchain technology in facilitating transactions. It highlights that Bitcoin, as an independent banking project, relies on decentralized networks to enable a greater volume of exchanges, which supports the notion of secure transactions in decentralized systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Among the studied factors, none was a significant predictor of single island endemic or threatened endemic species richness in the Ionian area (Table 3). The power model of the species-area relationship explained 76. 5% and 88. 8% of the variability in species richness for the Aegean and Ionian, respectively (Table 4). Greek endemic species richness and threatened species richness were strongly correlated with area in the Ionian archipelago (R2 = 0. 888 and R2 = 0. 919, respectively) and were significantly correlated with area for the Aegean archipelago (R2 = 0. 558 and R2 = 0. 591, respectively) (Table 4). Single island endemic species richness and threatened endemic species richness were only significantly correlated with area for the Aegean (not the Ionian). The lack of significance for the Ionian might be an artefact of the small number of islands with endemics in this region, and, thus, the low degrees of freedom (d. f. = 3). Given the significance of area as a driver of diversity, we compared island diversity patterns among the two archipelagos, taking island area into account. Although for total species richness, the hosted a large number of species comparable to islands of similar size in the Aegean (Figure 1) for endemics species richness they hosted far fewer endemics compared to islands of similar size in the Aegean (Figure 2), with the same trend being obtained for threatened species richness (Figure 3). Table 4 Results of regressions for and TES with A Full size table Figure 1 Species-Area relationship for total species richness in the Aegean (grey squares) and Ionian (black diamonds) islands. Full size image Figure 2 Species-Area relationship for single island endemic species richness in the Aegean (grey squares) and Ionian (black diamonds) islands. Full size image Figure 3 Species-Area relationship for threatened species richness in the Aegean (grey squares) and Ionian (black diamonds) islands. Full size image Discussion and conclusionsThis study identified both similarities and differences in the plant diversity patterns of the two Greek archipelagos, and hence the inferred mechanisms driving these patterns. While the Ionian contains fewer islands with a narrower range in elevation and size compared to the Aegean, similar biogeographic associations were observed for total plant species richness in both archipelagos. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the Ionian archipelago has fewer endemic species compared to the Aegean archipelago. Although area is a significant driver of species richness, the Ionian hosted far fewer endemic species despite showing some total species richness, which suggests it may not qualify as a biodiversity hotspot in terms of endemism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: innervation, light responsiveness and entrainment in CCK-deficient mice. Neurosci. 2010;32:1006–17. [DOI] [PubMed] 254. Cholecystokinin neurons in mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate the robustness of circadian clock. Neuron. 2023;111:2201–17. e4. [DOI] [PubMed] 255. MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors are expressed in nonoverlapping neuronal populations. J Pineal Res. 2019;67:e12575. [DOI] [PubMed] 256. . The endogenous melatonin (MT) signal facilitates reentrainment of the circadian system to light-induced phase advances by acting upon MT2 receptors. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29:415–29. [DOI] [PubMed] 257. Hunt AE, Al-. Activation of MT2 melatonin receptors in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus phase advances the circadian clock. Physiol. 2001;280:C110–8. [DOI] [PubMed] 258. Drunen RV, Eckel-Mahan K. of the Hypothalamus: to Physiology. Clocks Sleep. 2021;3:189–226. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]259. . Melatonin generates an outward potassium current in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro independent of their circadian rhythm. Neuroscience. 2001;107:99–108. [DOI] [PubMed] 260. . Clock genes in calendar cells as the basis of annual timekeeping in mammals--a unifying hypothesis. J Endocrinol. 2003;179:1–13. [DOI] [PubMed] 261. . A novel human opsin in the inner retina. J Neurosci. 2000;20:600–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]262. . Melanopsin, ganglion-cell photoreceptors, and mammalian photoentrainment. J Biol Rhythms. 2003;18:227–34. [DOI] [PubMed] 263. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily provides citations of multiple studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its interactions with various factors, such as melatonin, but does not explicitly confirm or refute the claim regarding the SCN as the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to directly assessing the veracity of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 79386 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intech by From the Blockchain and by. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. is a digital currency built on a peer-to-peer network and on the blockchain, a public ledger where all transactions are recorded and made available to all nodes. Opposite to traditional banking transactions, based on trust for counterparty, Bitcoin relies on cryptography and on a consensus protocol for the network. The entire system is founded on an open source software created in 2009 by a computer scientist known under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, whose identity is still unknown (see [1]). Hence, Bitcoin is an independent digital currency, not subject to the control of central authorities and without inflation; furthermore, transactions in the network are pseudonymous and irreversible. Bitcoin and the underlying blockchain technology have gained much attention in the last few years. Research on Bitcoin often deals with cybersecurity and legitimacy issues such as the analysis of double spending possibilities and other cyber-threats; recently, high returns and volatility have attracted research toward the analysis of Bitcoin price efficiency as well as its dynamics (see, among others, [2, 3, 4]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Bitcoin is built on a peer-to-peer network and uses blockchain technology, where all transactions are recorded and made available to all nodes. This description aligns with the idea that cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin utilize decentralized networks to facilitate secure transactions, contrasting with traditional banking systems that rely on trust.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: The fairly low number of endemics in the might be attributed to their land-bridge characteristics, as is also the case for the Islands [24]. However, the recent isolation of the might also be a determining factor explaining the low richness in endemic species. Islands were isolated from the mainland during the Pleistocene, or more recently, whereas the palaeogeographic evolution of the started about 23–12 million years ago [15]. Thus, there has been less time for the speciation and evolution of new species on the Ionian Islands. Most of the Ionian endemics have probably evolved before the isolation of the islands, resulting also to the low single island endemic species richness observed in the Ionian Islands. The low number of regional endemics in the small could be attributed to both increased competition and increased stochastic extinction risks. In contrast, endemics are also found on islands of the Aegean that are three orders of magnitude smaller than in the Ionian. However, the isolation and size of the islands only partially explain the difference in the number of endemics between the two archipelagos, because Greek endemics are absent from small compared to similar sized islands in the Aegean. Furthermore, if recent isolation is the only mechanism responsible for this difference, the absence of Greek endemics would not be expected. An alternative explanation might be the role of competition among species serving as a limiting factor. Precipitation levels are higher in the Ionian compared to the Aegean. Consequently, vegetation cover is higher and much denser in the Ionian compared to the Aegean. For instance, small islets are typically barren in the Aegean, whereas similarly sized islets in the Ionian are densely vegetated. This dense vegetation is primarily dominated by a few, common woody species that competitively exclude more ‘ecologically fragile’ and marginal endemic species. Consequently, most Ionian endemics tend to persist on rocky cliffs, which are areas of low interspecific competition. Another explanation for the difference in endemism levels between the two archipelagos might be based on the availability and diversity of suitable habitats for endemics. The habitats available to endemics is more restricted in the Ionian compared to the Aegean. The maximum elevation of islands hosting regional and single island endemic species is much lower in the compared to the Ionian ones (Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the low number of endemic species in the Ionian Islands, exploring reasons for this low endemism and diversity, such as land-bridge characteristics, competition among species, and habitat availability. It indicates that the Ionian Islands do not meet the criteria of biodiversity hotspots as they exhibit low species richness and endemism, which undermines the notion of them being regions with high species diversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]274. Orexin System: for a Healthy Life. Front Physiol. 2017;8:357. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]275. Acute suppressive and long-term phase modulation actions of orexin on the mammalian circadian clock. J Neurosci. 2014;34:3607–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]276. Flyer-Adams JG, Rivera-. Regulation of Memory by the Pigment-(PDF). J Neurosci. 2020;40:9066–77. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]277. Vaze KM, Helfrich-Förster C. for Delaying the Phase of Drosophila's. J Biol Rhythms. 2021;36:442–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]278. -Förster C, Martínez-Torres D. Pigment-dispersing factor is present in circadian clock neurons of pea aphids and may mediate photoperiodic signalling to insulin-producing cells. Open Biol. 2023;13:230090. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]279. . Endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthases are present in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of Syrian hamsters and rats. Neurosci. 2000;12:649–61. [DOI] [PubMed] 280. . Signaling in the mammalian circadian clock: the NO/cGMP pathway. Neurochem Int. 2004;45:929–36. [DOI] [PubMed] 281. . Circadian entrainment to light–dark cycles involves extracellular nitric oxide communication within the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Neurosci. 2010;31:876–82. [DOI] [PubMed] 282. . Circadian rhythm and sleep-wake systems share the dynamic extracellular synaptic milieu. Circadian Rhythms. 2018;5:15–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]283. Vinod C, Jagota A. Daily NO rhythms in peripheral clocks in aging male Wistar rats: protective effects of exogenous melatonin. Biogerontology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a collection of references to various studies related to circadian rhythms and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but does not explicitly state that the SCN is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Therefore, it does not directly support or oppose the claim and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Moreover, many contributions claim that Bitcoin price is driven by attention or sentiment about the Bitcoin system itself; see [5, 6, 7, 8]. Possible driving factors for the sentiment about the Bitcoin system are the volume of Google searches or Wikipedia requests as in [5], or more traditional indicators as the number or volume of transactions, as suggested in [6]. In [9], the author suggests a time series model in order to identify the dynamic relation between speculation activity and price. In this 2. network We recall that Bitcoin was first introduced as an electronic payment system between peers by (pseudonym) in [1]. Opposite to traditional transactions, which are based on the trust in financial intermediaries, this system relies on the network, on the fixed rules and on cryptography. Bitcoins can be purchased on appropriate websites that allow to change usual currencies in the cryptocurrency. network has several attractive properties for its users:No central bank authority for money supply and no regulator;Transactions are 24/7 and without any country border;Transaction cost are almost negligible with respect to traded amount;Transaction are anonymous;The security of each transaction is guaranteed by cryptography and digital signature;The security of the whole network is guaranteed by construction unless more than 50% of the network nodes agree on a deceptive action. As a digital payment system, Bitcoins may be used to pay for several online services and goods. Special applications have been designed for smartphones and tablets for transactions in Bitcoins and some ATMs have appeared all over the world (see Coin ATM radar) to change traditional currencies in Bitcoins. as a payment method is also related to an advertisement opportunity for companies. However, the high returns achieved in the last few years have transformed Bitcoin in a speculative asset affecting its use as a form of payment. system has been subject to many cracks but has proven to be very resilient as the value of the cryptocurrency was able to rise again after all the falls. Nevertheless, at the time of writing, Bitcoin was experiencing a fall in its exchange rate with main fiat currencies. Two of the main crackdowns were China enforcement in December 2013 and Mt. Gox bankruptcy in February 2014. Besides technical and regulation issues, the Bitcoin system also faces reputational concerns. In fact, the ambiguity of anonymous transactions has blamed the network of allowing several criminal activities such as buying illegal goods, money laundering or the financing of terrorism actions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that Bitcoin operates as an electronic payment system that relies on a decentralized network, rather than on trust in financial intermediaries. It highlights that security is guaranteed by cryptography and digital signatures, aligning with the claim's assertion that decentralized networks facilitate secure transactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Range size was weakly positively correlated with percentage of range overlapped by the 2019–2020 bushfires (y = 0. 0149, R² = 0. 126, Fig. 5). All wide-ranged taxa (i. e. non-SRE taxa, ranges > 10,000km2) had part of their predicted distribution impacted the 2019–20 fires (Supp S1), with estimated area of impact ranging from 591. 6–21,218. 1km2 (4. 3–51. 5% of total range). Of the 45 taxa classified as SREs, 31 were impacted, as were 11 of 20 NSREs. For affected SRE taxa, the mean proportion of predicted distribution impacted was 13. 6%, with a range of 0. 00–86. 8%. Of the five most impacted taxa, all were SREs, and four were in the genus Philoria, including the most heavily impacted taxon, P. pughi (86. 8%). Overall, the 2018 Queensland fires had less spatially extensive impact than the 2019–2020 fires. Nonetheless, despite our analyses of 2018 fires being restricted to Queensland, most wide-ranged taxa (i. e. non-SREs), excluding the NSW endemic Saltuarius mortizi, had some portion of their predicted distribution impacted by fires (Supp 1), ranging from 0–3,799km2 (0–17. 2%). 38 of 45 SREs were impacted (mean impact 17. 8%, ranging of 0–88. 8%), and 16 of 20 NSREs were impacted. The most impacted taxa were Phyllurus caudiannulatus (88. 8%) followed by Tumbunascincus luteilateralis (80. 4%). All of the top 10 most impacted taxa occur in mid-east Queensland, including many Eungella endemics (Supp S5). Ranking of the most impacted taxa in each fire season shows a general mutual exclusivity: none of the top 20 impacted taxa from 2018 are among the top 20 impacted in 2019–2020 (Supp S5). The second most impacted taxon in 2018 (M. luteilateralis) was not impacted in 2019. However, the most impacted taxon from 2018 (P. caudiannulatus, 88. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide information related to the definition or characteristics of biodiversity hotspots. Instead, it focuses on the impact of bushfires on different taxa, including some that are classified as SREs (species of restricted extent) and NSREs (non-SREs). While the mention of endemic species in mid-east Queensland may seem somewhat related, the overall content does not corroborate or contrast with the claim about biodiversity hotspots as it lacks focus on high species diversity or significant levels of endemism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2016;17:859–71. [DOI] [PubMed] 284. . Is histamine the final neurotransmitter in the entrainment of circadian rhythms in mammals? Sci. 2000;21:293–8. [DOI] [PubMed] 285. Biello SM. Circadian clock resetting in the mouse changes with age. Age (Dordr). 2009;31:293–303. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]286. . Neurochemistry in Clinical Practice. In: Bollu PC, editor. Cham: Springer; 2022. 287. Histamine 1 receptor-Gβγ-cAMP/PKA-CFTR pathway mediates the histamine-induced resetting of the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Mol Brain. 2016;9:49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]288. Boudin H, Pélaprat D, Rostène W, Beaudet A. Cellular distribution of neurotensin receptors in rat brain: immunohistochemical study using an antipeptide antibody against the cloned high affinity receptor. J Comp Neurol. 1996;373:76–89. [DOI] [PubMed] 289. . Widespread expression in adult rat forebrain of mRNA encoding high-affinity neurotensin receptor. J Comp Neurol. 1998;402:475–500. [PubMed] 290. Meyer-. Neurotensin phase-shifts the firing rate rhythm of neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei in vitro. Neurosci. 2002;16:339–44. [DOI] [PubMed] 291. . Effects of neurotensin on discharge rates of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in vitro. Neuroscience. 2001;103:663–72. [DOI] [PubMed] 292. Jha PK, Bouâouda H, Kalsbeek A, Challet E. Distinct feedback actions of behavioural arousal to the master circadian clock in nocturnal and diurnal mammals. Rev. 2021;123:48–60. [DOI] [PubMed] 293. . Differential responses of circadian activity onset and offset following GABA-ergic and opioid receptor activation. J Biol Rhythms. 2003;18:297–306. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim regarding the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master clock of circadian rhythms. Instead, it lists various scientific studies and findings related to neurotensin, histamine, and other factors that may influence circadian rhythms, but none of these references clearly establish or refute the specific claim regarding the SCN's role. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 109041 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation. . . Edited by From the - Transforming Industries, Enhancing Security, and by and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionBlockchain is a distributed ledger comprised of immutable blocks chained together to create an encrypted history of transactions. It carries the functionalities of automatically self-executed, avoiding human errors, immutable, providing permanent records with real-time information, and reducing cumbersome documentation using high processing power. Its embedded feature of transparency and integrity shows the reliable nature of the technology. These features are attractive for commercial use that involves a large amount of repetitive and similar transactions for example in the logistics sector for management of supply chains [1, 2], the financial services industry [3], the insurance industry to deal with payment of claims [4, 5], the handling of health care data [6, 7], the UK court justice system [8, 9], and the list is growing fast. A smart legal contract is a computer program that defines obligations between parties and is performed, solely or in part, automatically by software algorithms. It runs on a blockchain platform and carries blockchain features. It has the potential to replace the traditional natural language contract system so that the benefits offered by blockchain technology are fully utilised. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the diverse applications of blockchain technology beyond finance, such as in the logistics sector for supply chain management, insurance for payment of claims, healthcare data handling, and even in the UK court justice system. This highlights that various industries are indeed exploring potential blockchain implementations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: 9% of Eungella NP) (Hines et al. 2020) burnt in 2018, including significant areas of potential habitat for the NSRluteilateralis and Rheobatrachus vitellinus and the SREs, Calyptotis temporalis, Phyllurus nepthys, Saproscincus hannahae, Taudactylus eungellensis and T. liemi. These findings stress that while SREs as a broad guild are perhaps on average less likely to suffer impacts from spatially widespread threats, when and if individual species are impacted the likely consequences will be severe, affecting a greater proportion of their habitat than wide-ranged taxa, and that many of these species are not buffered from these threats by microrefugia and habitat variation (Godfree et al. 2021; Beranek et al. 2022; Heard et al. 2023; Nimmo et al. 2023). This also highlights how focussing on one fire season might miss the larger picture of sequential fire seasons impacting SREs and sensitive taxa. We emphasise that assessments of the potential impact of fire requires data on both the extent and severity of fires, along with knowledge of the ecology of individual species, threats to those species, and post-fire impacts to their habitats (Collins et al. 2021; Decker et al. 2023; Ensbey et al. 2023). There are many reasons to assume rainforest reptile may be affected by fires. They have evolved to occupy relatively cool, wet and very highly buffered microclimates. and are often dependent upon large fallen woody debris and leaf litter for shelter, foraging and breeding. Direct mortality of these species and their prey during fire is likely, and risk of predation from native and feral predators increased post-fire. For stream and pond breeding amphibians, critical habitat for oviposition and larval development can be impacted by post-fire silt, sediment, and charcoal accumulation, short to medium term changes in water chemistry, altered flow regimes, and aquatic food resources (Mahony et al. 2023). Furthermore, rainforest endemic herpetofauna are generally of small body size and limited vagility, and some with low fecundity, limiting the potential rate of repopulating recovering ecosystems. However, studies of actual on-the-ground impacts of suggests greatly varying sensitivity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the impacts of fires on specific species and habitats, focusing on rainforest reptile and amphibian species, but does not explicitly address the concept of biodiversity hotspots or the definitions of high species diversity and endemism. Therefore, it does not provide relevant information to support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] 294. The opioid fentanyl affects light input, electrical activity and Per gene expression in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei. Neurosci. 2005;21:2958–66. [DOI] [PubMed] 295. Hamada T, Shibata S. The role of GABAergic neuron on NMDA- and SP-induced phase delays in the suprachiasmatic nucleus neuronal activity rhythm in vitro. Neurosci Lett. 2010;468:344–7. [DOI] [PubMed] 296. . Investigating the role of substance P in photic responses of the circadian system: individual and combined actions with gastrin-releasing peptide. Neuropharmacology. 2010;58:277–85. [DOI] [PubMed] 297. The gut–brain peptide neuromedin U is involved in the mammalian circadian oscillator system. Res Commun. 2004;318:156–61. [DOI] [PubMed] 298. Identification of neuromedin S and its possible role in the mammalian circadian oscillator system. EMBO J. 2005;24:325–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]299. Expression of the vesicular GABA transporter within neuromedin S+ neurons sustains behavioral circadian rhythms. . 2023;120:e2314857120. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]300. Somatostatin regulates central clock function and circadian responses to light. . 2023;120:e2216820120. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]301. . Increase in somatostatin immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of aged Wistar rats. Brain Res. 2002;958:463–7. [DOI] [PubMed] 302. . Aging selectively suppresses vasoactive intestinal peptide messenger RNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster. Res. 2001;87:196–203. [DOI] [PubMed] 303. . of Encoded by the Clock. J Biol Rhythms. 2020;35:353–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]304. Moore RY. in the Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of various studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its functioning but does not specifically support or contradict the claim that the SCN is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. There are references to the SCN's involvement in circadian rhythms, but none of the provided studies explicitly affirm the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: The release of the Rules by UKJT, a UK government-backed body, represents the first significant step toward making progress in the resolution of digital disputes. Advertisement 5. Concluding remarksThe legal professions are catching up with the advancement of technology behind smart legal contracts. Not long ago, smart contracts were considered the law of the future - it is now obsolete. The series of reports published by legislators, lawyers, and the judiciary in major jurisdictions around the world means that smart legal contracts are ready to be put into everyday use. Contracts written in computer codes are gradually becoming the norm. Businesses and individuals should be prepared for the next normal. The starting point must be to have an understanding of the development of smart legal contracts, which is explained in this 1. PWC. Blockchain in logistics. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: July 15, 2022]2. DHL. Blockchain in logistics: Perspectives on the upcoming impact of blockchain technology and use cases for the logistics industry. Available from: [Accessed: July 15, 2022]3. Statista. Blockchain applications within financial services industry worldwide as of 2021. 20224. IBM. Transforming insurance management with IBM Blockchain. 20185. Built-in. How using blockchain in healthcare is reviving the industry’s capabilities. 2022. Available from: [Accessed: July 15, 2022]6. Partners. Blockchain in Healthcare: An Executive’s Guide for 2022. 2021. Available from: [Accessed: July 15, 2022]7. HIMSS ( Society). Blockchain in Healthcare. Available from: [Accessed: July 15, 2022]8. UK Government, Ministry of Strategy 2025. Policy Paper, April 2022. Available from: [Accessed: July 15, 2022]9. Accenture. Digitally transforming the justice system. 2021. Available from: the | Accenture. [Accessed: July 15, 2022]10. Mehren A. Contract. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. Available from: [Accessed: July 15, 2022]11. Ma A. Emerging legal issues in blockchain for construction supply chains. In: 2020: Proceedings of the 2020 4th on Vision, Image and Signal Processing. 2020. 7. DOI: 10. 1145/3448823. 344888012. Ma A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how smart legal contracts, which utilize blockchain technology, are becoming a norm in various fields such as law. It highlights that businesses and individuals need to understand the development of smart legal contracts, indicating that industries beyond finance (in this case, the legal sector) are actively engaging with blockchain technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: 1985; CDC-UNALM 1992; Parker and Carr 1992; Josse and Balslev 1994; Cerón 1996a, b; Nuñez 1997; Klitgaard et al. 1999; Aguirre et al. 2001; Madsen et al. 2001; Cerón 2002; Aguirre and Delgado 2005; Linares-Palomino and Ponce-Alvarez 2005), with little information on cross-border characteristics of species or vegetation. Only recently, efforts have been made to study the Ecuadorean and northern Peruvian SDF as a unit, like the (Conservancy et al. 2004) or the Peru-Forest Clearing-house Mechanism—DarwinNet ( accordance with this new vision of a phytogeographical unit, an annotated SDF woody plant checklist for Ecuador and northwestern Peru was recently published (Aguirre et al. 2006), providing information about the taxonomic status, distribution and selected ecological characteristics of each species reported in Ecuadorean and northern Peruvian SDFs. The information contained in this database, as well as the peculiar geography of the region, prompted questions about the patterns of distribution of species richness and endemism. The aim of this paper is to analyse the diversity and distribution of the woody flora of the dry forest ecoregion to answer the following questions: How does the floristic composition and diversity of the SDF in the region compare to other vegetation in the Neotropics? How is the diversity of woody plants distributed amongst areas and elevational bands? Are the species adequately protected within the protected area networks in the region? These questions will also be addressed for endemic species. In addition, we used the checklist to assess the conservation status of the woody component of the Ecuadorean and Peruvian SDFs. MethodsStudy areaWe used the term SDF in a very broad sense, including a complex mosaic of vegetation formations raging from wide-open savannah-like forests, to closed canopy semi-deciduous variants. Our study area included both the Tumbes-Piura and Ecuadorian dry forests ecoregions as defined by Olson et al. (2001) and also adjacent SDFs from the Loja province in Ecuador and the Cajamarca department in Peru (Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the diversity and distribution of woody flora in the dry forest ecoregion and touches on species richness and endemism. However, it does not explicitly define or confirm the concept of biodiversity hotspots as regions characterized by high species diversity and significant endemism. Instead, it focuses on specific studies and characteristics of certain areas without directly supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2016;31:406–10. [DOI] [PubMed] 305. . Retinal innervation of calbindin-D28K cells in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: ultrastructural characterization. J Biol Rhythms. 2000;15:103–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]306. . Potential pathways for intercellular communication within the calbindin subnucleus of the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience. 2004;123:87–99. [DOI] [PubMed] 307. Ikeda M, Allen CN. Developmental changes in calbindin-D28k and calretinin expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2003;17:1111–8. [DOI] [PubMed] 308. öhr M, Hauptfleisch S, Lemmer B. Localization of components of the renin–angiotensin system in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of normotensive Sprague–Dawley rats: Part A. Angiotensin I/II, a light and electron microscopic study. Brain Res. 2004;1008:212–23. [DOI] [PubMed] 309. . Angiotensin II regulates the activity of mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei neurons. Neuroscience. 2008;154:839–47. [DOI] [PubMed] 310. Herichová I, Šoltésová D, Szántóová K, Mravec B, Neupauerová D, Veselá A, et al. Effect of angiotensin II on rhythmic per2 expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and heart and daily rhythm of activity in Wistar rats. Regul Pept. 2013;186:49–56. [DOI] [PubMed] 311. . Expression of the galanin receptor subtype Gal-R2 mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat. 1999;16:265–77. [DOI] [PubMed] 312. Mills EG, Izzi-. Functions of galanin, spexin and kisspeptin in metabolism, mood and behaviour. Endocrinol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references and studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but it does not directly address or support the claim that the SCN is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. The information presented discusses various structural and functional studies of the SCN without confirming its role as the master clock.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: The legal advancement of smart contracts, iTNOW the BCS (Society), the for IT’s magazine. Available from: Szabo N. Formalizing and securing relationships on public networks. First Monday. 1997;2(9). Available from: Law Commission. Smart legal contracts, advice to government, CP563. 202115. PwC. Resilience through change, 27th Firms’ Survey, London. 201816. UK Jurisdiction Taskforce. Legal statement on cryptoassets and smart contracts. 201917. Society for England and Wales. Blockchain: Legal & Regulatory Guidance. First ed. London: Society for England and Wales; 202018. Society for England and Wales. Blockchain: Legal & Regulatory Guidance. Second ed. London: Society for England and Wales; 202219. . Common law. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: July 15, 2022]20. B2C2 Ltd v Ltd [2019] SGHC(I) 3; Quoine v B2C2 [2020] SGCA(I) 2 – SICC of Appeal21. in v Ltd [2009] UKHL 38, para 1422. AG & Anr v Plc & Others [2017] EWHC 425 (Comm)23. UK Jurisdiction Taskforce. Resolution Rules. London: UK Jurisdiction Taskforce; 202124. University of London, 2021 Survey: Adapting arbitration to a changing world, London 202125. Sanderson B, Scott M. Appeals under the Act 1996, May 2018, DLA Piper publications Available from: [Accessed: July 15, 2022]26. Commission on Law. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Awards (New York, 1958) (the “Convention”). Available from: [Accessed: July 15, 2022]27. Cleary Gottlieb. in the Time of COVID-19: Navigating the Features and Practices of Institutions, Alert Memorandum. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: July 15, 2022] information 1. Introduction2. The status of smart legal contracts3. Specific legal issues4. Bespoke dispute resolution rules5. Concluding remarks 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various legal advancements and documents related to smart contracts and blockchain technology. It implies that both legal and regulatory bodies are acknowledging the implications and uses of blockchain technology, which extends beyond just financial applications. This suggests that industries such as legal services are indeed exploring blockchain technology, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Although three times larger than Alborz, the contains fewer endemics and range-restricted endemics (Fig. 5; Table 5). This area is close to the border of Iran and is connected to eastern Turkey and the Armenian mountains. Consequently, there are many species in this area shared with eastern Turkey, Transcaucasus and Caucasus22,45. Moreover, it is floristically linked to Alborz in the east and to Zagros in the south (Fig. 6). Nevertheless, it is diverse in local endemics, especially at higher elevations, which likely is due to the strong level of geographic isolation of single high summits (e. g. , Sahand, Sabalan, Kiamaki). Plateau is the centre of diversification of Astragalus (Fabaceae; Fig. 4b)25,26. Dagh-Khorassan harbours 13% of Iranian vascular plant endemics, two thirds of which are restricted to this area (Figs 5, 6 and Table 5). Although of similar size to Alborz, Kopet Dagh-Khorassan harbours only about half as many endemics. This might be due to the lower topographic complexity and the smaller elevational range. Most of the endemic species of Kopet Dagh-Khorassan are range-restricted and rare. A high proportion of those endemics is from Cousinia (Asteraceae; Fig. 4b), which has its centre of diversification in these mountains38,46,47. Floristically, Kopet Dagh-Khorassan is most closely linked to Alborz among Iranian areas of endemism (Fig. 6). The smallest proportion of vascular plant endemics is found in the Yazd-Kerman comprising 12% of Iranian vascular plant endemics, only one third of which is restricted to this area (Figs 5, 6 and Table 5). This area comprises several high elevation areas in southern Iran, topographically and thereupon floristically well connected to southern Zagros (Fig. 6). This spatial proximity to Zagros probably explains the relatively low proportion of endemics restricted to this region. At high elevations, the number of local endemics increases considerably, especially in Hezar and Lalezar Mts. 48,49 and Shirkuh Mts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed observations about various regions such as Kopet Dagh-Khorassan and Alborz, discussing their levels of endemism and species diversity. For instance, it states that Kopet Dagh-Khorassan harbours only about half as many endemics as Alborz despite being similar in size, implying that regions may not universally qualify as biodiversity hotspots based on species diversity and endemic levels. Furthermore, the text mentions that the smallest proportion of vascular plant endemics is found in Yazd-Kerman, which is indicative of lower biodiversity and contradicts the definition of biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Respondents answered a single question from the Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire13 indicating whether they most closely identified as: 1) A definite “morning” type; 2) Rather more of a “morning” type than an “evening” type; 3) Rather more of an “evening” type than a “morning” type; or 4) A definite “evening” type. This item has previously been shown to correspond well to the overall questionnaire score. 14 Urine collection 25, 2011, all participants collected first-morning urine samples in their homes using 4. 5mL tubes provided by the investigators. All samples were collected when participants arrived at school, between approximately 7:30 and 8:00 am, and were immediately placed on ice and transported within 6 hours to the Lab (Boston, MA). Eleven random urine samples were split as blinded quality control and quality assurance for the laboratory analysis. Laboratory methods Urinary melatonin (6-sulfatoxymelatonin, aMT6s) measurements were assayed using commercially available ELISA kits (). The Bühlmann 6-is an immunoassay using an antibody-capture technique with a lower detection limit of 0. 8 ng/ml for aMT6s. All aMT6s assays are creatinine-standardized to account for differences arising from variations in urine concentrations. Urine creatinine was measured using the 400 (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). To assess reproducibility of the laboratory methods, masked split specimens included within each batch (10% of the total samples) were used to calculate the coefficient of variation within batches; for urinary aMT6s the average within-batch CV among the samples was 3. 3% and for creatinine, 1. 4%. Statistical methods No study participants were missing aMT6s levels and none of the aMT6s values were identified as outliers based on the generalized extreme studentized deviate many-outlier detection approach,15 leaving a total of 100 students available for our analyses. All statistical analyses were performed with SAS software (). Fisher’s exact tests were used to examine univariate relationships between chronotype and reported sleep habits. Continuous variables in Table 1 are presented as means (standard deviation, SD). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding melatonin production, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles. Instead, it focuses on methodological details concerning a study, including participant classification, urine collection methods, melatonin assay techniques, and statistical analysis. There is no mention of how light exposure regulates melatonin production or its influence on sleep-wake cycles, making the content irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 106493 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation. . . Edited by From the - Transforming Industries, Enhancing Security, and by and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionThis is a study about cryptocurrencies and Blockchain (blockchain) platforms related to nature, having direct or indirect purposes to help the conservation or recovery of forest areas. The major liasons between cryptos and nature assets come in the forms of carbon credits, tree planting and nature restoration projects. Blockchain has created a new and innovative framework that provides a safe, efficient and transparent chain of transactions. Citizens wordwide daily trade digital currencies utilizing a chain of transactions registered on the web, with no central server, or proprietors, only provided by the Blockchain. Along with cryptocurrencies, blockchain has enabled the creation of a vast array of solutions for businesses and society because it provides effective uses for (1) funding sources and exchange of currency, (2) smart contracts, and (3) reporting key information for all parties involved directly and indirectly in any relationship. Since the creation of Bitcoin [1] cryptocurrencies have been designed to be free from government and central monetary regulations1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain enables the creation of diverse solutions for businesses and society beyond finance, such as funding sources, smart contracts, and reporting mechanisms. It explicitly states that blockchain provides effective uses for industries and implies that its applications are not limited to financial contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: 2012a), two specimens of the rare Shovel-snout visseri were collected at Espinheira, Park, only the 5th and 6th Angolan specimens since its description (FitzSimons 1959); the 1st record of the Snake (Lycophidion namibianum) from Angola, again at Espinheira; the southernmost records of the newly-described Plume-tailed Gecko (Afrogecko plumicaudatus Haacke 2008) that allowed its generic assignment to later be readjusted; and topotypic material of the rare chameleon (Chamaeleo anchietae) were collected around Estação Zootécnica. This chameleon has an unusual, disjunct distribution with scattered populations (treated as separate subspecies by Laurent 1951) from the Upemba region, of the Congo (DRC) and Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. The status of these disjunct C. anchietae populations is currently under investigation (Branch et al. in prep. ). A new species of reed frog, Hyperolius chelaensis, completed the new discoveries (Conradie et al. 2012b). Following the success of the 2009 survey, another expedition was organised in 2011 to Lagoa Carumbo, the second-largest Angolan freshwater lake situated in Province (Huntley and Francisco 2015). The herpetological results were summarised by Branch and Conradie (2015). Significant herpetological discoveries included the discovery of at least two new species of frog, one described (Hyperolius raymondi Conradie et al. 2013), and the description of the other (Amnirana sp. ) is in preparation (Jongsma et al. 2018), and also the first record for Angola (Branch and Conradie 2013) of the Cobra (Naja annulata). Other reports include new insights into the distributions of venomous snakes, such as Jameson’s Green Mamba, Dendroaspis jamesoni (and Branch 2015) and the Gaboon Adder, Bitis gabonica (Oliveira et al. 2016), as well as a recent summary of Angolan venomous snakes (Oliveira 2017). The unique site of the is situated in Botswana, but depends on the Okavango drainage, which arises and is almost entirely contained within southeastern Angola. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific herpetological discoveries and the collection of rare species in Angola, but it does not explicitly mention or define biodiversity hotspots or their characteristics. As a result, it does not provide relevant support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: To test for differences in aMT6s levels by categories of covariates, we used mixed-effects regression models to obtain geometric mean aMT6s levels and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Main models were adjusted for age (years, continuous), sex, body mass index (kg/m2, continuous), alcohol consumption (any vs. none), physical exercise (<4 hours per week vs. 4+ hours per week), and ethnicity (white/Caucasian vs. other). Further adjustment for sleep duration did not materially change results and this covariate was not retained in final models. When the underlying variable was continuous, such as age or BMI, P-values are reported for the linear trend test. For categorical variables, we estimated P for trend by modeling categories ordinally or by modeling the medians of the categories continuously. In secondary analyses, we also calculated P for differences between extreme categories. We present them only for light exposure during sleep interruption (levels among those whose sleep was never interrupted vs. levels among those who reported turning a light on when their sleep was interrupted), as this was the only variable where we observed significant differences. All P-values were based on two-sided tests and were considered statistically significant if ≤0. 05. Complete case approach was used for all analyses. In sensitivity analyses, we excluded smokers, those who reported using sleep aids, and female participants reporting the use of oral contraceptives. Because their exclusion did not alter our findings, we retained these individuals in our main analyses. In secondary analyses exploring the association between light outside the bedroom window and urinary melatonin levels, we excluded the two students who reported having lived at their current residence for 8 months or fewer. population Characteristics of the study participants are shown in Table 1. Fifty-five participants (55%) were female and 44 (44%) were male. One participant did not report sex; this individual was retained in all analyses not stratified by sex. Ages of participants ranged from 14 to 18 years, with a mean age of 15. 7 (SD=1. 2). BMI ranged from 15. 4 to 37. 1 kg/m2, with a mean of 21. 6 (SD=3. 5). Students predominantly identified as Caucasian (67. 8%). Sleep habits Both self-reported sleep duration and calculated time spent in bed with the lights off were longer on the weekends than the weekdays. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a study on various factors affecting urinary melatonin levels and mentions light exposure during sleep interruption, but does not directly address the regulation of melatonin production by light exposure or its influence on sleep-wake cycles. The details provided are more focused on the methodology and participant characteristics rather than providing evidence for or against the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Whereas PoW consumes 707 Kwh for a Bitcoin block mining, Ethereum, the second most popular coin (and Blockchain) requires about 64 Kwh; and secondary alternate coins consume less than 4 Kwh for mining a block. Ethereum started to move its consensus process to PoS in 2022, further reducing its block consumption to low units per Kwh as well. Despite a positive drive to low mining energy needs, other issues such as regulations and taxations may impose a risk disincentivizing PoS coins, exactly because their ilicit uses and extreme volatilies. Given such uncertainties, these issues of energy and regulations present overall concerns for the energy balance of a cryptocurrencies for general and specific purposes, moreover, for nature conservation. Yet that “nature coins” transactions are mined through PoS systems, the underlying basis of transactions for these tokens are implicitly linked to Bitcoin, as the master cryptocurrency for exchange means, indirectly related to all coins, thus, offering questions about the “greeness” of any criptocurrency, for instance. Advertisement 3. Blockchain solutions in front of nature conservationThis study assessed a sample of coins (tokens) and blockchains launched for nature conservation purposes. The choosen coins and blockchais include the ones with roles for fauna protection; fishery control; forest conservation initiatives, with and without social projects; tree planting; miscellaneous sustainability projects; and, a relevant share of forest and nature projects related to carbon sinks with carbon credits accounting. They are listed by their major roles and objectives in Table 1. NameCoin/TokenBlockchainMajor Purpose/objectiveWebsiteCecil AllianceXCredits Carbon, Social Carbon, Social Carbon, Fauna MeritXCarbon TokensXCarbon LedgerXClimate projects projects projects BankXProjects 1 Million TreesX1. Blockchains and tokens assessed. The sample of coins and blockchains analyzed offered relevant findings about their tokenomics2 and roles in providing solutions related to sustainability issues. Their objectives (or promises) are widely diversed, such as purposes for fundraising, investment businesses, digital market platforms, carbon offsetting services, forest conservation, and animals monitoring. The general impression of the group of coins analyzed is that they present clear tokenomics, thus providing basic transparency to investors, however, they show a massive general devaluation pattern from its ICO to present time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various blockchain projects and tokens that have been launched for environmental conservation purposes. It highlights the exploration of blockchain technology in industries such as nature conservation, forestry, fauna protection, and carbon credit accounting, which are clearly applications beyond financial services. Additionally, it mentions the roles of specific coins and blockchains designed for sustainability initiatives and their objectives, indicating a broader industrial interest in blockchain applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: CrocodiliansOf the three crocodilians that occur in Angola, only the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is widespread, being absent only from the southwest although occurring in the lower Cunene River. The remaining two species are both denizens of the and have only a peripheral presence in Angola. The Sharp-snouted Crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus) in Angola had been discussed by Machado (1952), who noted an unusual early record from Lunda and others from Dundo, later confirmed by Laurent (1964). Recent studies (Shirley et al. 2014) have found significant molecular and morphological support for two divergent taxa in Mecistops – one distributed entirely in and the other in Central Africa. As the type locality is Senegal, populations would keep the name and and Angolan populations have been considered to represent an undescribed species (Shirley et al. 2014), and was subsequently described as a new species, Mecistops leptorhynchus (Shirley et al. 2018). Crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis) is known from nineteenth century of records from the Cabinda enclave (Bocage 1866; Peters 1877), but no confirmed records exist for the natural occurrence of the species south of the (Eaton 2010). Ceríaco et al. (2018a) discuss a problematic specimen collected in the lagoon at Luanda that they consider to be indicative of an unknown population in the drainage and also the first record of O. osborni for Angola. However, the specimen’s identity was not confirmed by genetic monophyly, and its presence in Angola may also result from an escapee brought to Luanda for the bushmeat trade. As with Mecistops recent genetic studies indicate the existence of at least three species within the Osteolaemus tetraspis complex (Eaton et al. 2009), but the taxonomic identity of Cabinda and the putative populations require further study. SquamatesScaled reptiles (Squamata) form the major component of reptile diversity (Pincheira-Donoso et al. 2013), with over 10,000 species currently recognised, of which over 60% are lizards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific species of crocodilians and squamates in Angola without addressing the concept of biodiversity hotspots or the criteria for these regions, such as encompassing high species diversity and endemism. Thus, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information related to the claim about biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: On weekdays, average self-reported sleep duration was 6. 9 hours (SD=1. 03), while average time spent in bed was 7. 7 hours (SD=0. 86). correlation between these two measures was 0. 45 (P <0. 001). During the weekend, average self-reported sleep duration was 8. 6 hours (SD=1. 42) and average time spent in bed was 9. 2 hours (SD=1. 4). These two measures were also significantly correlated with a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0. 43 (P <0. 001). The finding that time spent in bed was longer than the self-reported sleep duration indicated that participants had at least some amount of time between turning off the lights and falling asleep. On weekdays, 21% of participants reported using electronics for more than one hour after turning the lights out and before going to sleep, compared to 49% on the weekends. Other sources of ambient light at night reported by participants included light outside their bedroom window at night (45%) and 22. 2% of participants reported that there was a TV or light on inside or near their bedroom while they slept. Asked to rate the brightness level in their rooms during the weekday and weekend nights, the largest proportion of students reported that they “could see to the end of the bed” (38. 0% and 38. 4%, respectively). Twenty-five (25) participants (25. 3%) reported having their sleep interrupted up to 4 times a night. Among this subset, 4 participants – all females – reported turning on a light when their sleep got interrupted. Of those who reported turning on a light when sleep was interrupted, one reported that the light was dim, while 3 reported turning on a bright light. Most students in our sample identified as evening types, with 56 (70. 8%) identifying as either “strong evening” or “more evening than morning” types. Chronotype was not significantly associated with self-reported sleep duration, time spent in bed, or wake up times on weekdays or weekends. However, evening chronotypes reported significantly later bedtimes during the weekend than participants who identified as morning types (P=0. 025). Sleep habits and aMT6s levels Table 2 shows age- and multivariate-adjusted geometric mean first morning urinary aMT6s (ng/mg creatinine) levels by participant characteristics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the regulation of melatonin production by light exposure nor its influence on sleep-wake cycles. Instead, it focuses on sleep duration, time spent in bed, self-reported sleep habits, and the circumstances under which sleep was interrupted, which are not explicitly linked to melatonin or light exposure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: The industry is no longer restricted to a niche, since it has become a global sector with economic dynamics that go way beyond the game’s limits [9]. Some digital currencies and tokens include games as a mean to attract and retain investors to buy and stake the coin, with additional rewards coming from games, many of them related to nature objects. In this case, it is clearly observable the profile of gamers playing to win rewards with nature and fauna icons, however, with a distant relationship and effective support to effective nature objects. The “play-to-earn” mode uses nature and animals as a market attractiveness to engage players in the game, but the flows of funds to effective nature conservation projects resulting from games are to be further observed. 3. 1 Blockchain and the commodification of natureAs observed, the coins and blockchain solutions for nature tends to be over appreciated and the reality of their nature related purpose, only measured by figures—stored in a blockchain—not really indicative of the complexity of a forest or natural resource situation, combining social and environmental issues. This issue is supported by a study entitled “Smart, Commodified and Encoded: for ” [10], providing complementary assessments to this issue. This study framed a group of 27 blockchain technologies for conservation and environmental policy, part of them, here also analyzed (Table 1). The study reveals that a an outstanding characteristic of blockchain initiatives is “that their technical savvy, financial wizardry, and ingenious entrepreneurship are not always matched by a sophisticated understanding of the issues they support. This lack of understanding produces framings which then require blockchain-based interventions”. They argue that the studied coins and blockchains represent more of “blockchain solution” than an effective solution for their related objects. Another perspective to frame this situation would be placing an intermediary activity, such as administration and finance above the effective purpose of a given project. For instance, the forest conservation activities and all issues related to nature and people involved. Blockchains for nature are likely to provide finance solutions to the forest without effective forest management and people attention. Such situatuon is also related to the issue of the “commodification of nature”, which introduce a simplistic vision of nature related projects placing important technical interdependencies within the environment and the relational character of environmental goods, and it “twists the perception of the environment from systems preservation to items use or transformation” [11]. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the expansion of blockchain technology into various sectors beyond financial applications. It mentions the use of blockchain in gaming and nature conservation, illustrating that it is no longer confined to a niche market. The text specifically indicates that blockchain initiatives are being explored for environmental purposes and conservation projects, which clearly aligns with the claim that various industries are investigating applications of blockchain outside of finance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Reflecting this, lizards are also the dominant component of the Angolan reptile diversity and are the group in which most recent discoveries have been made (see above). The 132 species of Angolan lizards are currently contained in nine families, with skinks (Scincidae) containing the greatest diversity. This contrasts with Namibia (Herrmann and Branch 2013) and (Branch 2014) where geckos form the greatest component of lizard diversity and endemicity (Table 13. 3). It is likely that the current dominance of skinks in Angola is an artefact of our present knowledge. Most skinks are diurnal and active and therefore more easily discovered. Cryptic diversity has already been identified in certain Angolan gecko genera (e. g. Afroedura, Pachydactylus and Rhoptropus, see above), and the discovery of these and others is predicted to also promote geckos to dominance in diversity and endemicity in the Angolan reptile diversity. The evolutionary centre for girdled lizards (Cordylidae) occurs in southern African (Stanley et al. 2016), but the family is relatively poorly represented in Angola. Although it is unlikely to reach the species or generic diversity of even Namibia, there are indications that the diversity of rupicolous Cordylus in the escarpment and central uplands is under-represented (e. g. Stanley et al. 2016), and that rediscoveries and further new species await discovery and description. Table 13. 3 Comparison of diversity and endemicity of Angolan and Squamates (excluding Chelonia), by genera (Gen. ), species (Spp. ), subspecies (Sub. ), and endemism (End. )Full size tableThe families Agamidae, Chamaeleonidae, Gerrhosauridae and Varanidae all have limited diversity in Angola, as do the last two families throughout Africa. Blue-headed tree agamas have been revised (Wagner et al. 2018), with populations from northern Namibia, Angola and northwest Zambia now referred to the revived Acanthocercus cyanocephalus. However, it is evident that current species boundaries in Agama and Acanthocercus do not full reflect Angolan agamid diversity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the diversity of lizards in Angola specifically, contrasting with Namibia's geckos as the dominant group. While it conveys information on species diversity and endemism in the context of Angolan reptiles, it emphasizes that certain lizard families are poorly represented and that current knowledge may not fully reflect the actual diversity. Therefore, it suggests limitations in the biodiversity claim related to Angola, thus contradicting the assertion that these regions are universally recognized as biodiversity hotspots.