Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: Today the regrowth is faster than the outtake of biomass (Protection Agency, 2022) and if absolute instead of marginal numbers were to be reported a different picture arise. 7. 6 Emission pathway for Sweden including BECCS used nationally and BECCS potential used for export of CDR Note: Natural CDR in the sector only is reported as marginal change to a reference level. Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide As seen in Figure 7. 7, Sweden could already by the mid-2020s become net CO2 neutral. The absolute values represented in the figure above as net ‘natural CDR’, is the net between carbon sequestered and released within the sector. In practice the reporting account for biomass for bioenergy as if it were instantaneously oxidized with the CO2 correspondingly released the moment forest biomass is extracted. For wood-based products reporting allows half-life for remaining carbon in products, ranging from two years for paper to 25 years for wood panels and 35 years for sawn wood (FCCC/KP/AWG/2010/18/Add. 1)). Countries differ on whether they use instantaneous oxidization or apply half-life when reporting emissions under with Sweden applying half-life in calculation of emissions (FCCC/KP/AWG/2011/INF. 2). 7. 7 Emissions pathway for Sweden with absolute values for natural figure as PowerPoint slide It should be noted that even though biomass could be regarded as climate neutral, the emissions from bioenergy are reported as emissions under and AFOLU from the moment biomass is extracted and is part of the balance relative uptake of atmospheric CO2 in growing biomass. Reporting biogenic CO2 emissions again during the actual combustion would result in double counting of the amount of CO2 released. Reporting biomass as instantaneously oxidized and emitted at the moment of extraction is conservative as the reported time of releasing CO2 is ahead in time of the actual oxidization. If the whole potential of CDR, both natural and technological, is pursued together with emission reductions, Sweden could contribute with closer to a net 70 million tonnes of CDR by the end of the century. This provides a great opportunity for balancing residual emissions in regions with less potential for CDR on their own provided the right financial models and business models can be created. It is relevant to put the Swedish potential in relation to CDR allowed under the Swedish climate law which allows for 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity and limitations associated with carbon capture and reporting mechanisms in Sweden. It indicates that while carbon dioxide removal (CDR) may significantly reduce emissions, rigorous and conservative methods of measuring emissions and uptake must be employed. The mention of biomass being reported either with instantaneous oxidization or using half-lives illustrates that carbon management is more nuanced than simply capturing carbon. Furthermore, the text suggests that relying solely on CDR without comprehensive emission reductions may not sufficiently address climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 3)114 was used to align bisulphite-treated reads to the S. polyrhiza reference genome93,94. Identical reads aligned to the same genomic regions were deemed as duplicated reads and thus were removed. Cytosines covered by less than five sequencing reads were excluded from the study. Only after applying these filters the sequencing depth and coverage were then summarized. The sodium bisulphite non-conversion rate was calculated as the percentage of non-converted cytosines to all cytosines in the reads that mapped to the chloroplast genome115 (GenBank: JN160603. 2). For each cytosine site, a binomial test was performed to determine if the cytosine was methylated. If the methylation frequency at the site was lower than the background, which was estimated as the non-conversion rate, then the site was considered unmethylated, and the reads supporting methylation at this site were excluded116. We calculated two different methylation parameters: the proportion of methylated cytosines (mC methylation) and weighted methylation level (wML)116. For both parameters, only cytosines covered by more than four sequencing reads were involved in the calculation. Those cytosines with low reads supporting methylation but not passing the binomial test were considered as un-methylated cytosines. The mC proportion was calculated by dividing the number of methylated cytosines by the total number of cytosines. Genomic regional wML was calculated using the methylKit (v1. 17. 5)117 and the regioneR (v1. 28. 0)118, with input based on the cytosine report generated with the Bismark pipeline. Line plots that show the wML patterns across the gene body and transposable elements, as well as their 2 kb flanking regions, were generated using ViewBS (v0. 1. 11)119. The hierarchical clustering, based on the methylation profiles’ similarity, was done using methylKit. The comparison between the genetic phylogenetic tree and hierarchical clustering based on the methylome was made using the R packages ggtree (v3. 4. 4)120, treeio (v1. 20. 2)121, ape (v5. 6. 2)122, and phytools (v1. 2. 0)123. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses methods related to sequencing, cytosine methylation, and bioinformatics analysis, which are irrelevant to the claim. Therefore, it is classified as a 'pass'.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research is ongoing to understand the mechanisms of genetic memory in various animal species. [SEP] Text: Conclusion and outlookhas emerged as a model to study intestinal infection and pathology because of conservation between Drosophila and mammalian intestinal pathophysiology, regeneration, and signaling pathways that control them. Real time and other Drosophila assays provide the complex cellular composition of a real intestine and opportunities to assess toxicity in a whole organism at a relatively low cost compared to mammalian system. Its simpler cellular structure, flexibility to doing screening, availability of molecular markers and other genetic tools adds up to its value as an ideal model system to study intestine. Also, it has been shown that human intestinal pathogens can cause intestinal pathology in flies as well. In the recent past, data from the intestinal mechanisms found in flies have been shown to be active in mammals, and may therefore become relevant in the context of human pathologies including diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, gastrointestinal cancers, or aging. Parallel findings of communication between gut and brain via neuropeptides in Drosophila and humans highlight on the importance of GBA in maintaining health. Identification of neural circuitries is of prime importance to apprehend more about the link between the gut and brain and their link with metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Greater understanding of gut-brain feeding circuits, paracrine signaling of peptides and physical communication via neural circuitries will establish their functioning in several metabolic disorders, neurological syndromes, aging and cardiovascular diseases. Research using flies on specific gut regions, cell types during various developmental stages and on stem cell biology and aging have been conducted so far. Other functions including role of unidentified taste receptors in the gut, their connection with the brain mediating nutrient digestion and transport, or organs such as the crop and the proventiculus, remain poorly characterized. Deeper understanding is required on the function of gut brain neural connectivity and to investigate what may be their key role in human or insect (patho)physiology concerning feeding behavior and appetitive learning. Techniques like in vivo transcriptional activation () and interference () approaches [288, 305], to allow tightly regulated and reversible promoter activation and blocking in fly gut can be fruitful for future studies. Developing new techniques and behavioral assays can help us explore physiological drives: what is the gut function to maintain the overall health of the animal. It would be interesting to find out the key intestinal sensors. How the physical association between gut and brain via neural micro circuits regulate decisions regarding nutrition, hunger and satiety is under question. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing ongoing research and findings related to various biological mechanisms in Drosophila, which highlight significant insights into gut-brain communication and related signaling pathways. It mentions that research using flies has been conducted on specific gut regions, developmental stages, and aging, indicating that investigations are underway to understand intricate biological processes that may also pertain to genetic memory and overall physiological functioning in different animal species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: 8 Mt of residual emissions if countered by complementary measures. Of these 3–10 Mt is expected to be in the form of BECCS (SOU, 2020: 4). A result is a potential greater than the domestic demand and a potential for exporting CDR as a service to organizations and nations with lesser capabilities for developing CDR on their own. If price levels of 240 €/t CDR (for example reported in Fajardy et al. , 2021) are used as reference and Sweden requires 10 Mt of technical CDR from BECCS to reach net zero, the remaining 21,7 Mt of BECCS potential available for export would have a market value of €5. 2 billion. The key question for this development is how to get actors with residual emissions to buy. p. 132 5 sum up, it seems unavoidable to pursue BECCS if the targets of limiting global warming should be within reach. The simple reason – today we do not reduce greenhouse gases such as CO2 fast enough. The transition to a low-carbon society does not have the pace required to limit global warming even at 2oC. For some activities today that contribute to global warming we do not even have good alternatives, which creates a need to counter rather than pursue reducing them. A key challenge is funding the development, in essence, to create the business models to enable a transition not only reducing emissions but also getting the required capabilities of CDR. BECCS could provide such a capability as photosynthesis concentrates atmospheric CO2 while biomass grows and then can be used to generate energy or bio-based products. When considering BECCS development, most BECCS projects globally not only need to find the business model for CDR, but additionally also for their part in the value chain of supplying goods and services in the biogenic sector. Some regions, the case of Sweden used in this 596. Camia, A. , Giuntoli, J. , Jonsson, K. , Robert, N. , Cazzaniga, N. , Jasinevičius, G. , Avitabile, V. , Grassi, G. , Barredo Cano, J. I. and Mubareka, S. (2020) ‘The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU, EUR 30548 EN’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting that simply pursuing carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies like BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) is not sufficient to address climate change. It states that today’s efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2, are not occurring at the necessary pace, which implies that reliance on CDR alone will not solve the problem. Additionally, it mentions key challenges such as funding and development of business models necessary for CDR technologies, suggesting that a multifaceted approach is needed rather than expecting a single solution to resolve all climate change issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: DeclarationsData availability The raw genomic and bisulfite sequencing reads involved in this study can be retrieved from NCBI under Accession numbers 701543 and 934173. The scripts for the data analyses are deposited in The authors declare that the data and corresponding computational codes supporting the conclusions of this study are available within the 3052. Parts of this research were conducted using the supercomputer Mogon and/or advisory services offered by the (hpc. uni-mainz. de), which is a member of the AHRP (Alliance for Computing in Rhineland Palatinate, www. ahrp. info) and the e. V. The authors gratefully acknowledge the computing time granted on the supercomputer Mogon at the (hpc. uni-mainz. de) and PALMA-II at the University of Münster. Author contributions Y. W. , P. D. and S. X. performed data analysis. A. C. performed the experiments. K. J. A. , H. Z. , A. W. , K. S. S. , and S. X. contributed to the giant duckweed collections and resources. S. X. and M. H. conceived and supervised the project. S. X. , Y. W. , and P. D. wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the final version of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. 2020. 2012. 2003. 410332 (2020). Bog, M. et al. Strategies for of Duckweed: Comparison of to the Spirodela polyrhiza. Plants (Basel) 11 (2022). Chen, J. , Glemin, S. & Lascoux, M. and the Efficacy of across Plant and Animal Species. Evol 34, 1417–1428 (2017). Zhou, Y. F. et al. The population genetics of structural variants in grapevine domestication. 5, 965–979 (2019). Guan, J. et al. Genome structure variation analyses of peach reveal population dynamics and a 1. 67 Mb causal inversion for fruit shape. 22 (2021). Cao, J. et al. Whole-genome sequencing of multiple Arabidopsis thaliana populations. 43, 956–963 (2011). . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data availability, author contributions, and computational resources without mentioning fossilized plants or their relationship to ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic memory can enable animals to learn complex tasks without ever observing them firsthand. [SEP] Text: It has tasked them with making 80 new pits per year by 2030, a deadline NNSA admits it will not meet. Los Alamos’s pits will be made at a facility called PF-4, a set of high-security buildings surrounded by cyclone fences with razor wire. Inside PF-4 are glovebox enclosures—radiation-shielded workstations where workers use thick gloves and peer through glass windows to manipulate the exotic metal. The lab is hiring thousands of workers, and its first pit is likely to be ready for the stockpile next year. To fashion plutonium into “pits” for bombs, the radioactive metal must be handled within protective glove boxes. gargantuan effort is motivated by a simple fact: many current pits are more than 40 years old, and plutonium behaves in confounding ways as it ages and radioactively decays. A green, fuzzy coating grows on it as its surface oxidizes. Atoms in its metallic lattice are knocked out of place as it spits out uranium isotopes. Its dimensions shift when it slips between six different solid phases. And the pits do not necessarily degrade smoothly. “We know at some point there will be a nonlinear piece,” says David Clark, director of Los Alamos’s and editor of the Plutonium Handbook. “We just haven’t seen it. ” So far, the silvery spheres seem to be holding up. Internal and external assessments have vouched for their integrity, suggesting the pits could have decades of viability left. “We haven’t seen any issues,” Clark says. But Jason, a secretive group of physicists who advise the government on national security matters, raised concerns that galvanized DOE. In a 2019 report, the group urged the agency to reestablish pit production “as expeditiously as possible” to “mitigate against potential risks posed by Pu aging. ” One might think the new pits would make it easier to certify the stockpile, by avoiding the uncertainties of aging plutonium. But they come with uncertainties of their own. The new pits won’t be twins of their predecessors, so weapons scientists will have to understand how the alterations change pit behavior. They are being manufactured using recycled and purified plutonium from old pits, not fresh material, unlike the originals. Moreover, they will be made with different processes, and in some cases designed to slightly different specifications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the production of plutonium pits and issues associated with aging plutonium at a lab, with no mention of genetic memory or animal learning. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: of the 978-92-76-27867-2 (online),978-92-76-27866-5 (print), doi:10. 2760/831621 (online),10. 2760/428400 (print), JRC122719. Fajardy, M. , Morris, J. , Gurgel, A. , Herzog, H. , Mac Dowell, N. and Paltsev, S. (2021) ‘The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployed in a 1. 5 oC or 2 oC world’. Change, 68. FCCC/KP/AWG/2010/18/Add. 1 (2010) ‘“Report of the working group on further commitments for parties under the Kyoto protocol on its fifteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010”’. Cancun, 2010. Framework on –. FCCC/KP/AWG/2011/INF. 1 (2011) ‘“Synthesis report of the technical assessment of the forest management reference level submissions”’. Durban, 2011. Framework on –. Fuss, S. ,. , Andrew, R. M. , Ciais, P. ,. , Nakicenovic, N. , Le Quéré, C. , Raupach, M. R. , Sharifi, A. , Smith, P. and Yamagata, Y. (2014) ‘Betting on negative emissions’. Change, 4. Fuss, S. and Johnsson, F. (2021) ‘implementation GAP -A Swedish case study’. Frontiers in Energy Research, 8. Galán-Martín, À. , Váquez, D. , Cobo, S. , Mac Dowell, N. , Caballero, J. A. and Guillén-Gosálbez, G. (2021) ‘Delaying carbon dioxide removal in the puts climate targets at risk’. Nature Communications, 12. p. 133 Gustavsson, K. , Sadegh-Vaziri, R. , Grönkvist, S. , Levihn, F. and Sundberg, C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address ocean carbon capture specifically, nor does it discuss whether it can solve climate change problems. Instead, it provides references to various studies and reports on carbon capture and energy-related topics without directly supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: & Drews, G. N. The AGL62 MADS domain protein regulates cellularization during endosperm development in Arabidopsis. 20, 635–647 (2008). Hoffmann, T. et al. The identification of type I MADS box genes as the upstream activators of an endosperm-specific invertase inhibitor in Arabidopsis. Biol 22 (2022). Lee, J. & Lee, I. Regulation and function of SOC1, a flowering pathway integrator. J 61, 2247–2254 (2010). Cokus, S. J. et al. Shotgun bisulphite sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome reveals DNA methylation patterning. Nature 452, 215–219 (2008). Ibanez, V. N. & Quadrana, L. Shaping inheritance: how distinct reproductive strategies influence DNA methylation memory in plants. 78 (2023). Alachiotis, N. & Pavlidis, P. RAiSD detects positive selection based on multiple signatures of a selective sweep and SNP vectors. 1 (2018). Pavlidis, P. , Zivkovic, D. , Stamatakis, A. & Alachiotis, N. SweeD: Likelihood-of in Thousands of Genomes. Evol 30, 2224–2234 (2013). Harris, A. M. & DeGiorgio, M. A for from Haplotype Data. Evol 37, 3023–3046 (2020). Demko, V. , Ako, E. , Perroud, P. F. , Quatrano, R. & Olsen, O. A. The phenotype of the 4 deletion mutant of Physcomitrella patens suggests a broad role in developmental regulation in early land plants. Planta 244, 275–284 (2016). Braud, C. , Zheng, W. & Xiao, W. Identification and analysis of LNO1-like and AtGLE1-like nucleoporins in plants. Behav 8, e27376 (2013). Zhao, H. , Xing, D. & Li, Q. Q. Unique features of plant cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor revealed by proteomic studies. 151, 1546–1556 (2009). Takatsuka, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to plant genetics, development, and molecular biology without mentioning fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants can be programmed to automate tasks, such as managing schedules and reminders. [SEP] Text: | Register login Email* Password* Forgot password? Reset it here Keep me logged in Fields with * are mandatory Don't have an account? Create one here password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. Username Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username AnywhereEnter words phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcsearch 0 Sign in Skip main navigation(AJA)-(AJSLP)(JSLHR)(LSHSS)-2020 to Present1999 to April 2020MOREWrite for -September/October 2024 AI Seeks to for funding, two SLPs are building AI language sampling into an autism screener that aims to maximize clinicians’ time for direct services. 10, 2024 As speech-language pathologists, we often find ourselves in a juggling act, balancing the responsibility of providing top-notch care with the pressure of administrative tasks. Late nights spent catching up on paperwork, weekends consumed by IEP management—it’s a familiar story for many of us. And while we pour our hearts into this work, documentation time often isn’t reimbursed, adding an extra layer of frustration to an already challenging situation. What if we could use intuitive technology to streamline these tasks, freeing up our time and energy to focus on what truly matters—our clients? Intuitive technology refers to AI-powered tools that can understand and learn from user interactions, adapting to provide a more personalized and efficient experience. In the context of speech-language pathology, intuitive technology allows for automation of routine tasks, and, correspondingly, increased time to engage with clients. The technology’s promise drives my work with Brady, who co-founded iTherapy, LLC, with me. As SLPs who’ve worked in schools, private practice, and hospitals, among other settings, we know the struggle to find balance in our professional and personal lives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how intuitive technology, including AI-powered tools, can streamline administrative tasks. It emphasizes that these tools allow for the automation of routine tasks, which enables professionals to save time and focus more on direct care for their clients. This aligns directly with the claim about AI assistants being able to automate various tasks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: (2021) ‘BECCS with combined heat and power: Assessing the energy penalty’. of Control, 108. Hammar, T. and Levihn, F. (2020) ‘Time-dependent climate impact of biomass use in a fourth generation district heating system, including BECCS’. Biomass and Bioenergy, 138. Hanssem, S. V. , Daioglou, V. , Steinman, Z. J. N. , Doelman, J. C. , Van Vuuren, D. P. and Huijbregts, M. A. J. (2020) ‘The climate change mitigation potential of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage’. Change, 10. Holz, F. , Scherwath, T. , Crespo del Granado, P. , Skar, C. , Olmos, L. , Ploussard, Q. , Ramos, A. and Herbst, A. (2021) ‘A 2050 perspective on the role for carbon capture and storage in the European power system and industry sector’. Energy Economics, 104. 5 (2014) ‘Climate change 2014: Synthesis report’. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change [Team, R. K. Pachauri and L. A. Meyer (eds. )]. p. 151. 6 WG1 (2021) ‘Climate change 2021: The physical science basis’. Contribution of working group I to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change [Masson-Delmotte, V. , P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (eds. )]. Press. 6 WG3 (2022) ‘Climate change 2022: Mitigation of climate change’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing multiple studies and reports that discuss the complexities and limitations of carbon capture technologies in the context of climate change mitigation. By listing various serious assessments, it indicates that while carbon capture may play a role, it is part of a broader conversation which does not support the idea that it can singularly 'solve all problems' related to climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Umeda-Hara, C. & Umeda, M. Cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinases CDKD;1 and CDKD;3 are essential for preserving mitotic activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. 82, 1004–1017 (2015). . & Schultz, C. J. A fasciclin-like arabinogalactan-protein (FLA) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, fla1, shows defects in shoot regeneration. 6, e25154 (2011). Zhu, M. et al. Robust organ size requires robust timing of initiation orchestrated by focused auxin and cytokinin signalling. 6, 686–698 (2020). Zhao, H. et al. thaliana Y Transcription Factors. Sci 7, 2045 (2016). Chantha, S. C. , Gray-Mitsumune, M. , Houde, J. & Matton, D. P. and genes are essential for female gametophyte development in Arabidopsis thaliana. 16, 3–18 (2010). Chen, X. et al. Full-length EFOP3 and EFOP4 proteins are essential for pollen intine development in Arabidopsis thaliana. (2023). Zhou, Y. et al. Members of the ELMOD protein family specify formation of distinct aperture domains on the Arabidopsis pollen surface. Elife 10 (2021). Jossier, M. et al. vacuolar anion transporter, AtCLCc, is involved in the regulation of stomatal movements and contributes to salt tolerance. 64, 563–576 (2010). Gachomo, E. W. , Jimenez-Lopez, J. C. , Baptiste, L. J. & Kotchoni, S. O. 1 (GTS1), a member of Transducin/WD40 protein superfamily, controls seed germination, growth and biomass accumulation through ribosome-biogenesis protein interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biol 14, 37 (2014). Skalitzky, C. A. et al. a with Essential Functions. 155, 354–369 (2011). Jeon, Y. , Ahn, H. K. , Kang, Y. W. & Pai, H. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to Arabidopsis thaliana, including information about genetic functions and protein interactions. There is no mention of fossilized plants or any connection to ancient climates and ecosystems in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants can be programmed to automate tasks, such as managing schedules and reminders. [SEP] Text: The latest project in our search for AI-powered solutions is the Speech Intelligence-(EASI-AS, www. easi-as. com), funded by a Phase 2 Foundation (NSF)/grant. Built-in documentation EASI-AS draws its capabilities from large language models—applications trained on massive, constantly updated datasets that enable them to understand requests and generate text in response. We’re using that technology to create a conversational interface that can populate reports and progress notes based on our real-time interactions with clients. The interface’s voice-to-text AI will allow automated transcription of SLPs’ dictation and filling in of needed fields. Alternatively, users can opt to type in information directly. The idea is that documentation feels like a natural extension of the evaluation process, not the time-consuming, onerous task it is now. By easing the documentation burden on clinicians, an AI tool like this has the potential to help them manage a growing volume of evaluation referrals. This, in turn, could reduce families’ often lengthy wait times for evaluations, which can delay access to critical early intervention services. The AI technology in EASI-AS will screen for autism by drawing on an extensive database of recordings of children’s speech. The tool will analyze linguistic and non-linguistic features such as intonation patterns, stress, rhythm, pitch, and voice duration that meta-analysis has shown reliably distinguish people with autism, especially in adolescence and adulthood (see sources). A mobile app will enable clinicians and caregivers to collect speech samples via smartphone, with the goal of providing accessible early screening to aid timely evaluation. As part of our NSF research, we are seeking speech samples to populate the database—see the EASI-AS website for details. Scenario: Screener in action What would using the system look like in practice? Let’s walk through a hypothetical scenario: Maria, an SLP, is evaluating Liam, age 4, whose parents are concerned about his communication development. Using EASI-AS, she records a conversation with Liam as they play with some of his favorite toys. However, Liam seems disinterested in the toys and wants to talk about something else. To engage him and elicit more language, Maria asks him for a topic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how AI technology, specifically the EASI-AS system, automates documentation tasks for clinicians. It highlights how the AI tool allows for automated transcription and completion of necessary fields, which directly relates to the automation of tasks mentioned in the claim. Furthermore, the overall goal of the application is to alleviate the documentation burden on clinicians, demonstrating the utility of AI in managing task-related functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: Contribution of working group III to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change [P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds. )]. Press, Cambridge and New York. 15 (2018) ‘Global warming of 1. 5°C’. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1. 5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V. , P. Zhai, H. -O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds. )]. Levihn, F. (2016) ‘On the problem of optimizing though least cost per unit, when costs are negative. Implications for cost curves and the definition of economic efficiency’. Energy, 114. Levihn, F. , Linde, L. , Gustafsson, K. and Dahlen, E. (2019) ‘through HPC to the research agenda: The case of combined heat and power in Stockholm’. Energy Reports, 5. Loria, P. and Bright, M. B. H. (2021) ‘Lessons captured from 50 years of CCS projects’. Journal, 34. M2020/00166/Kl. ‘Remiss av SOU 2020:4 Vägen till en klimatpositiv framtid’. Available at:. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the contributions of various reports and studies on climate change, indicating that solutions like carbon capture are part of a broader context involving various emission pathways and sustainable development efforts. It suggests that while carbon capture may be a part of the strategy to address climate change, the text does not indicate that it will 'soon solve all problems' related to it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Functional characterization of chloroplast-targeted RbgA GTPase in higher plants. Biol 95, 463–479 (2017). McConnell, J. R. et al. Role of and in determining radial patterning in shoots. Nature 411, 709–713 (2001). Schwenk, P. et al. Uncovering a novel function of the CCR4-NOT complex in phytochrome A-mediated light signalling in plants. Elife 10 (2021). Farkas, I. , Dombradi, V. , Miskei, M. , Szabados, L. & Koncz, C. Arabidopsis PPP family of serine/threonine phosphatases. Sci 12, 169–176 (2007). & Shen, Z. G. The pentatricopeptide repeat protein GEND1 is required for root development and high temperature tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. 578, 63–69 (2021). Mochizuki, S. et al. 2 protein modulates root bending in response to environmental stimuli. 17, 537–547 (2005). Liu, C. H. et al. Repair of DNA by the and ATM in Arabidopsis. 27, 1788–1800 (2015). Bleuyard, J. Y. & White, C. I. homologue of Xrcc3 plays an essential role in meiosis. 23, 439–449 (2004). Lim, M. H. et al. A new Arabidopsis gene, FLK, encodes an RNA binding protein with K homology motifs and regulates flowering time via. 16, 731–740 (2004). Disch, S. et al. The E3 ubiquitin ligase controls arabidopsis organ size in a dosage-dependent manner. 16, 272–279 (2006). Li, H. F. et al. The AGL6-like gene OsMADS6 regulates floral organ and meristem identities in rice. 20, 299–313 (2010). Krizek, B. A. & Meyerowitz, E. M. homeotic genes 3 and are sufficient to provide the B class organ identity function. Development 122, 11–22 (1996). Lee, S. , Choi, S. C. & An, G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily a citation of various scientific studies and does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants can be programmed to automate tasks, such as managing schedules and reminders. [SEP] Text: Like EASI-AS, the app provides automated documentation, transcribing a client’s speech into the Alphabet and generating SOAP notes based on their reading or comprehension performance. EASI-AS takes the concepts of intuitive technology and streamlined documentation even further. We also see potential for conversational interfaces to extend clients’ and families’ education and understanding beyond the therapy room, while making our services more inclusive. AI-powered conversational tools could help break down barriers by providing information in plain language, answering questions, and even offering guided practice of skills. For example, InnerVoice has been trained to provide information about communication development, speech and language interventions, and evidence-based practice. Similarly, we believe that bringing conversational interfaces into interventions can help clients and their families better understand therapy goals and engage with targeted concepts. A child could, for instance, practice conversational turn-taking with an AI avatar that provides immediate feedback and guidance. With increased interactivity and personalization provided by these tools, clients can take a more active role in their own development—and build their confidence to practice their communication skills without AI. To learn more about our work and join the conversation on AI possibilities for aiding SLPs’ practice, visit www. itherapyllc. com or www. easi-as. com. Automation, when approached thoughtfully and with a clear purpose, has the potential to help us reclaim the time and energy to do what we do best: engaging with our clients, developing innovative interventions, and nurturing the human connections at the heart of our services. -SLP, co-founder and chief technical officer of iTherapy, LLC, is chief technology officer for EASI-AS. He lives with Tourette syndrome, driving his work on inclusive technologies. [email protected] Sources Asghari, S. Z. , Farashi, S. , Bashirian, S. , & Jenabi, E. (2021). Distinctive prosodic features of people with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 23093. Bloom, L. , & Lahey, M. (1978). Language development and language disorders. New York: & Sons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how AI-powered tools, such as the EASI-AS app, automate documentation tasks by transcribing speech and generating notes automatically. It highlights the potential of AI in providing conversation interfaces that educate and assist users, indicating the practical applications of AI in managing tasks associated with therapy and communication.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: , Gurgel, A. , Herzog, H. , Mac Dowell, N. and Paltsev, S. (2021) ‘The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployed in a 1. 5 oC or 2 oC world’. Change, 68. )| falseSearch 2010. Framework on –. FCCC/KP/AWG/2010/18/Add. 1 (2010) ‘“Report of the working group on further commitments for parties under the Kyoto protocol on its fifteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010”’. Cancun, 2010. Framework on –. )| falseSearch 2011. Framework on –. FCCC/KP/AWG/2011/INF. 1 (2011) ‘“Synthesis report of the technical assessment of the forest management reference level submissions”’. Durban, 2011. Framework on –. )| falseSearch 4. Fuss, S. ,. , Andrew, R. M. , Ciais, P. ,. , Nakicenovic, N. , Le Quéré, C. , Raupach, M. R. , Sharifi, A. , Smith, P. and Yamagata, Y. (2014) ‘Betting on negative emissions’. Change, 4. )| falseSearch 8. Fuss, S. and Johnsson, F. (2021) ‘implementation GAP -A Swedish case study’. Frontiers in Energy Research, 8. )| falseSearch 12. Galán-Martín, À. , Váquez, D. , Cobo, S. , Mac Dowell, N. , Caballero, J. A. and Guillén-Gosálbez, G. (2021) ‘Delaying carbon dioxide removal in the puts climate targets at risk’. Nature Communications, 12. )| falseSearch 108. Gustavsson, K. , Sadegh-Vaziri, R. , Grönkvist, S. , Levihn, F. and Sundberg, C. (2021) ‘BECCS with combined heat and power: Assessing the energy penalty’. of Control, 108. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various studies and reports that discuss the complexities and limitations associated with carbon capture and storage techniques, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and the risks of delaying carbon dioxide removal actions. This indicates that ocean carbon capture alone may not be a comprehensive solution to climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Rice SVP-group MADS-box proteins, OsMADS22 and OsMADS55, are negative regulators of brassinosteroid responses. 54, 93–105 (2008). . & Li, Y. H. Maternal control of seed size by EOD3/CYP78A6 in Arabidopsis thaliana. 70, 929–939 (2012). Sotelo-Silveira, M. et al. Cytochrome P450 CYP78A9 in Development. 162, 779–799 (2013). & Li, M. PaCYP78A9, a Cytochrome P450, Size in (Prunus avium L. ). Sci 8 (2017). Ellegren, H. & Galtier, N. Determinants of genetic diversity. Genet 17, 422–433 (2016). Theissen, G. & Theissen, G. Stranger than Fiction: Loss of MADS-Miniaturization of the of MADS-in Duckweeds. Genome, 91–101 (2020). et al. Unusual predominance of maintenance DNA methylation in <em>Spirodela polyrhiza</em&gt. bioRxiv, 2020. 2012. 2003. 410332 (2020). Underwood, C. J. et al. Epigenetic activation of meiotic recombination near Arabidopsis thaliana centromeres via loss of H3K9me2 and non-CG DNA methylation. Genome Res. 28, 519–531 (2018). Santamaria, L. Why are most aquatic plants widely distributed? Dispersal, clonal growth and small-scale heterogeneity in a stressful environment. 23, 137–154 (2002). Wang, Y. J. et al. Invasive alien plants benefit more from clonal integration in heterogeneous environments than natives. 216, 1072–1078 (2017). Gutekunst, J. et al. Clonal genome evolution and rapid invasive spread of the marbled crayfish. Evol 2, 567–573 (2018). Appenroth, K. -J. & Sree, K. in Stock Cooperative:. 180–186. Schubert, M. , Lindgreen, S. & Orlando, L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses various proteins and genetic studies in plants but does not provide any information about fossilized plants or their relevance to understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants can be programmed to automate tasks, such as managing schedules and reminders. [SEP] Text: ViewpointThirunavukarasu1,2, 1of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom2School of Clinical Medicine, University of :of OxfordHospital, Level 3Oxford, OX3 9DUUnited KingdomPhone: 44 1865 289 467Email: ajt205@cantab. ac. ukAbstractLarge language models (LLMs) are exhibiting remarkable performance in clinical contexts, with exemplar results ranging from expert-level attainment in medical examination questions to superior accuracy and relevance when responding to patient queries compared to real doctors replying to queries on social media. The deployment of LLMs in conventional health care settings is yet to be reported, and there remains an open question as to what evidence should be required before such deployment is warranted. Early validation studies use unvalidated surrogate variables to represent clinical aptitude, and it may be necessary to conduct prospective randomized controlled trials to justify the use of an LLM for clinical advice or assistance, as potential pitfalls and pain points cannot be exhaustively predicted. This viewpoint states that as LLMs continue to revolutionize the field, there is an opportunity to improve the rigor of artificial intelligence (AI) research to reward innovation, conferring real benefits to real patients. J Res 2023;25:e51603doi:10. 2196/51603Keywordsartificial intelligence; AI; validation; clinical decision aid; artificial general intelligence; foundation models; large language models; LLM; language model; ChatGPT; chatbot; chatbots; conversational agent; conversational agents; pitfall; pitfalls; pain point; pain points; implementation; barrier; barriers; challenge; challenges IntroductionThe development of large language models (LLMs) with remarkable performance in unseen tasks introduces the possibility of artificial intelligence (AI) assistants participating in health care delivery—applications with general knowledge and skills in contrast to existing AI applications with narrow use cases [1,2]. LLMs such as GPT-4 (Transformer 4; OpenAI) and Med-PaLM (Model) 2 (Google) are pretrained on billions of human-generated words in context before being fine-tuned to optimize responses to user-generated queries [3]. LLMs have attained expert-level performance in Examination sample questions, and while reported performance in tests for fully qualified specialists has not been as high, progress seems inevitable [3-6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential for large language models (LLMs) to participate in healthcare delivery, implying that AI assistants can indeed automate tasks. It mentions that LLMs have general knowledge and skills, indicating their ability to handle a variety of tasks which can include managing schedules and reminders.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: )| falseSearch 138. Hammar, T. and Levihn, F. (2020) ‘Time-dependent climate impact of biomass use in a fourth generation district heating system, including BECCS’. Biomass and Bioenergy, 138. )| falseSearch 10. Hanssem, S. V. , Daioglou, V. , Steinman, Z. J. N. , Doelman, J. C. , Van Vuuren, D. P. and Huijbregts, M. A. J. (2020) ‘The climate change mitigation potential of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage’. Change, 10. )| falseSearch 104. Holz, F. , Scherwath, T. , Crespo del Granado, P. , Skar, C. , Olmos, L. , Ploussard, Q. , Ramos, A. and Herbst, A. (2021) ‘A 2050 perspective on the role for carbon capture and storage in the European power system and industry sector’. Energy Economics, 104. )| falseSearch 151. 5 (2014) ‘Climate change 2014: Synthesis report’. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change [ Team, R. K. Pachauri and L. A. Meyer (eds. )]. p. 151. )| falseSearch 10. 1017/9781009157926. 6 WG3 (2022) ‘Climate change 2022: Mitigation of climate change’. Contribution of working group III to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change [P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds. )]. Press, Cambridge and New York. falseSearch 1. 5°C’. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it cites various academic articles focused on carbon capture and storage in the context of climate change. These references suggest a nuanced view of carbon management strategies, indicating that while there might be potential benefits from carbon capture technologies, it does not imply that such methods will 'soon solve all problems' related to climate change. Moreover, the emphasis on performing comprehensive assessments indicates that carbon capture is part of broader climate strategies rather than a singular solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: AdapterRemoval v2: rapid adapter trimming, identification, and read merging. BMC 9, 88 (2016). Wang, W. et al. polyrhiza genome reveals insights into its neotenous reduction fast growth and aquatic lifestyle. 5 (2014). Cao, H. X. et al. The map-based genome sequence of Spirodela polyrhiza aligned with its chromosomes, a reference for karyotype evolution. 209, 354–363 (2016). Li, H. et al. Alignment/Map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 25, 2078–2079 (2009). McKenna, A. et al. Analysis Toolkit: A MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data. 20, 1297–1303 (2010). Danecek, P. et al. The variant call format and VCFtools. Bioinformatics 27, 2156–2158 (2011). Cingolani, P. et al. A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster strain w(1118); iso-2; iso-3. Fly 6, 80–92 (2012). Nelson, C. W. , Moncla, L. H. & : estimating evolutionary parameters to detect natural selection using pooled next-generation sequencing data. Bioinformatics 31, 3709–3711 (2015). Zhan, X. , Hu, Y. , Li, B. , Abecasis, G. R. & Liu, D. J. : an efficient and comprehensive tool for rare variant association analysis using sequence data. Bioinformatics 32, 1423–1426 (2016). Purcell, S. et al. PLINK: A tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. 81, 559–575 (2007). Raj, A. , Stephens, M. & Pritchard, J. K. fast: of in. Genetics 197, 573-U207 (2014). Zhang, C. , & Yang, T. L. PopLDdecay: a fast and effective tool for linkage disequilibrium decay analysis based on variant call format files. Bioinformatics 35, 1786–1788 (2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various computational tools and genomic analyses without mentioning fossilized plants or their relevance to ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many personal AI assistants use natural language processing to understand and respond to human speech. [SEP] Text: If you screw up your eyes a bit, and stop watching before the AI actually gets out of hand (I’m trying to avoid a spoiler here), the machine version of in the 2014 movie 1 does seem just a wee bit like IBM’s Watson on steroids. Ok, maybe you have to screw up your eyes quite a lot, but there’s at least a family resemblance in there. Alternatively, consider Samantha, ‘the first artificially intelligent operating system’ in the 2013 romantic comedy Her. Footnote 2 Samantha has some amazing capabilities, a bit like a version of 2001’s HALFootnote 3 that has lightened up a little. But her first tasks for the protagonist, Theodore, are within the bounds of the familiar: she cleans up his contacts and sorts out his mailbox. Again, with eyes screwed up and mufflers on your ears, you could mistake Samantha for a souped-up Siri. So: each iteration of Hollywood’s vision of AI seems a bit more plausible than the last, but not because the vision has changed. Rather, reality seems to be catching up. Don’t get me wrong. I’m in the camp that believes we’re not going to see ‘real AI’ for quite some time, if ever. I suspect we’ll wipe ourselves out as a species before we build machines that are smart enough to wipe us out. think there’s indisputably a narrowing of the distance between what we have already achieved technologically and movie portrayals of machines-we-can-talk-to. What’s really interesting is the nature of the gap that remains. If you were to plot machine intelligence and human intelligence over time on a graph, human intelligence would be a horizontal line. Is the curve that represents machine intelligence going to cross that line? Or is the line corresponding to human intelligence an asymptote that the machine intelligence curve draws ever closer to, but never meets? My money’s on the latter, at least if the current trend of development in intelligent personal assistants (IPAs) is anything to go by. I’m referring here primarily to Siri,Footnote 4 CortanaFootnote 5 and Google Now,Footnote 6 although there are of course a host of minor players with similar characteristics. By now, everyone is likely to have had exposure to one of these three. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing intelligent personal assistants (IPAs) such as Siri, Cortana, and Google Now, which are known for using natural language processing (NLP) to understand and respond to human speech. The mention of these assistants supports the assertion about the functionality and capabilities of personal AI assistants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: 5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V. , P. Zhai H. -O. Pörtner D. Roberts J. Skea P. R. Shukla A. Pirani W. Moufouma-Okia C. Péan R. Pidcock S. Connors J. B. R. Matthews Y. Chen X. Zhou M. I. Gomis E. Lonnoy T. Maycock M. Tignor and T. Waterfield (eds. )]. 15 (2018) ‘Global warming of 1. 5°C’. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1. 5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [ Masson-Delmotte, V. , P. Zhai H. -O. Pörtner D. Roberts J. Skea P. R. Shukla A. Pirani W. Moufouma-Okia C. Péan R. Pidcock S. Connors J. B. R. Matthews Y. Chen X. Zhou M. I. Gomis E. Lonnoy T. Maycock M. Tignor and T. Waterfield (eds. )]. )| falseSearch 114. Levihn, F. (2016) ‘On the problem of optimizing though least cost per unit, when costs are negative. Implications for cost curves and the definition of economic efficiency’. Energy, 114. )| falseSearch 5. Levihn, F. , Linde, L. , Gustafsson, K. and Dahlen, E. (2019) ‘through HPC to the research agenda: The case of combined heat and power in Stockholm’. Energy Reports, 5. )| falseSearch 34. Loria, P. and Bright, M. B. H. (2021) ‘Lessons captured from 50 years of CCS projects’. Journal, 34. )| falseSearch 793. Nikas, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing global greenhouse gas emissions and the broader context of climate change response, indicating that solutions to climate change are complex and intertwined with sustainable development and poverty eradication efforts, rather than being solely reliant on ocean carbon capture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Camacho, C. et al. BLAST plus: architecture and applications. 10 (2009). Yin, J. M. et al. A high-quality genome of taro (Colocasia esculenta(L. ) Schott), one of the world's oldest crops. Resour 21, 68–77 (2021). Kozlov, A. M. , Darriba, D. , Flouri, T. , Morel, B. & Stamatakis, A. RAxML-NG: a fast, scalable and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. Bioinformatics 35, 4453–4455 (2019). Flouri, T. et al. Likelihood Library. 64, 356–362 (2015). Darriba, D. et al. ModelTest-NG: A New and for the Selection of DNA and Models. Evol 37, 291–294 (2020). Letunic, I. & Bork, P. (iTOL) v4: recent updates and new developments. Res 47, W256-W259 (2019). Huerta-Cepas, J. , Dopazo, J. & Gabaldon, T. ETE: a python Environment for Tree Exploration. 11 (2010). Meinke, D. W. Genome-wide identification of -(EMB) genes required for growth and development in Arabidopsis. 226, 306–325 (2020). Racimo, F. Testing for Using Cross-population Differentiation. Genetics 202, 733–750 (2016). Bolger, A. M. , Lohse, M. & Usadel, B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30, 2114–2120 (2014). Krueger, F. & Andrews, S. R. Bismark: a flexible aligner and methylation caller for Bisulfite-Seq applications. Bioinformatics 27, 1571–1572 (2011). Wang, W. Q. & Messing, J. High-of (Duckweeds) from Total DNA. 6 (2011). Schultz, M. D. , Schmitz, R. J. & Ecker, J. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it predominantly contains references to various studies and tools related to bioinformatics and genomics, without any mention of fossilized plants or their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of AI assistants rely on cloud computing to process complex commands and store data. [SEP] Text: intelligent network design driven by big data analytics, IoT, AI and cloud computing p. 1–12 (12) text PDF enterprise access networks evolve with more mobile users, diverse devices and cloud-based applications, managing user performance on an end-to-end basis has become next to impossible. Recent advances in big data network analytics, combined with AI and cloud computing are being leveraged to tackle this growing problem. The book focuses on how new network analytics platforms are being used to ingest, analyze and correlate a myriad of infrastructure data across the entire network stack with the goal of finding and fixing the quality of service network performance problems. This book presents new upcoming technologies in the field of networking and telecommunication. It addresses major new technological developments and reflects on industry needs, current research trends and future directions. The authors focus on the development of AI-powered mechanisms for future wireless networking applications and architectures which will lead to more performant, resilient and valuable ecosystems and automated services. The book is a primary readership and is a "must-read" for researchers, academicians, engineers and scientists involved in the design and development of protocols and AI applications for wireless communication devices and wireless networking technologies. All 10. 1049/PBPC054E_ch2 text PDF are more smart devices in our world today than individuals. A growing number of people are linked to the Internet 24 hours a day, in some form or another. A growing number of people own three, four, or more smart devices and rely on them. Smartphones, fitness and health trackers, e-readers, and tablets are just a few examples. It is forecast that on average there will be 3. 4 smart devices or connections for every person on earth. of Things (IoT) is relevant to many industries. IoT systems contribute to the environmental controls, retail, transportation, healthcare, and agriculture industries among many others. According to Statista, the number of IoT devices that are in use across all relevant industries is forecast to grow to more than 8 billion by 2030. As for consumers, important growth areas are the Internet and digital media devices, which include smartphones. This area is also predicted to grow to more than 8 billion by 2030. Other applications with more than 1 million connected devices are connected and autonomous vehicles, IT infrastructure, asset management, and electric utility smart grid. All of this is made possible through intelligent networks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the integration of AI and cloud computing within intelligent network designs, specifically highlighting that these technologies are leveraged to manage user performance and address challenges in mobile and cloud-based applications. Furthermore, it reports on the growing number of smart devices and their reliance on technologies like AI and IoT, which supports the assertion that AI assistants heavily utilize cloud computing for processing and data storage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: , Elia, A. , Boitier, B. , Koasidis, K. , Doukas, H. , Cassetti, G. , Anger-Kraavi, A. , Bui, H. , Campagnolo, L. , De Miglio, R. , Delpiazzo, E. , Fougeyrollas, A. , Gambhir, A. , Gargiulo, M. , Giarola, S. , Grant, N. , Hawkes, A. , Herbst, A. , Köberle, A. C. , Kolpakov, A. , Le Mouël, P. , McWilliams, B. , Mittal, S. , Moreno, J. , Neuner, F. , Perdana, S. , Peters, G. P. , Plötz, P. , Rogelj, J. , Sognnæs, I. , Van de Ven, D. -J. , Vielle, M. , Zachmann, G. , Zagamé, P. and Chiodi, A. (2021) ‘Where is the EU headed given its current climate policy? A stakeholder-driven model inter-comparison’. Science of the Total Environment, 793. )| falseSearch 300. Paltsev, S. , Morris, J. , Kheshgi, H. and Herzog, H. (2021) ‘Hard-to-abate sectors: The role of industrial carbon capture and storage (CCS) in emission mitigation’. Applied Energy, 300. )| falseSearch 109. Smith, E. , Morris, J. , Kheshgi, H. , Teletzke, G. and Herzog, H. (2021) ‘The cost of CO2 transport and storage n global integrated assessment modeling’. of Control, 109. )| falseSearch 34. Tongur, S. and Engwall, M. (2014) ‘The business model dilemma of technology chifts’. Technovation, 34. )| falseSearch 276. Yue, X. , Deane, J. P. , O’Gallachoir, B. and Rogan, F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and analysis regarding carbon capture technologies and their roles in emission mitigation, suggesting a more nuanced view on the effectiveness of ocean carbon capture. It implies that while carbon capture may contribute to addressing climate change, it will not single-handedly solve all related problems, thus contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: AbstractMany insects with long-proboscid mouthparts are among the pollinators of seed plants. Several cases of the long-proboscid pollination mode are known between fossil insects (e. g. , true flies, scorpionflies and lacewings) and various extinct gymnosperm lineages, beginning in the and increasing during the to Early Cretaceous. However, details on the morphology of lacewing proboscides and the relevant pollination habit are largely lacking. Here we report on three lacewing species that belong to two new genera and a described genus from mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) amber of Myanmar. All these species possess relatively long proboscides, which are considered to be modified from maxillary and labial elements, probably functioning as a temporary siphon for feeding on nectar. Remarkably, these proboscides range from 0. 4–1. 0 mm in length and are attributed to the most diminutive ones among the contemporary long-proboscid insect pollinators. Further, they clearly differ from other long-proboscid lacewings which have a much longer siphon. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that these Burmese long-proboscid lacewings belong to the superfamily Psychopsoidea but cannot be placed into any known family. The present findings represent the first description of the mouthparts of long-proboscid lacewings preserved in amber and highlight the evolutionary diversification of the ancient plant-pollinator interactions. Similar content being viewed by others Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber 3. The antiquity of Neuroptera and their relictual nature are considered the reasons why the group today exhibits a rich diversity of radically divergent morphologies and highly specialized life histories4,5. Hitherto, the extant Neuroptera comprise 16 families in ca. 6000 species6, while the fossil record for lacewings is extremely rich and includes many extinct families that existed during the Permian and throughout the Mesozoic7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses long-proboscid lacewings and their evolutionary interactions with seed plants during the Cretaceous period. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of AI assistants rely on cloud computing to process complex commands and store data. [SEP] Text: In this study, authors have investigated the performance of various data mining algorithms on the big dataset, as well as the effectiveness of various FS techniques. In conclusion, each classification algorithm that is built with some FS methods improves the performance of the classification algorithms in their overall predictive performance. Accurate management and progression of. B. Sowmya p. 93–114 (22) text PDF investigations are concerned with circumstances including arranging, information assortment, association of data, and scrutiny of compiled data, conversion, and exposure in a clear and chosen procedure. To do so, research techniques can be distinguished in two different ways: conclusion overviews and statistical surveying. In assessments of public sentiment, the primary objective is to assemble data about deciding subjects dependent on close-to-home meetings. Statistical surveying is directed through the market investigation of a specific item. Descriptive statistics are responsible for collection, association, depiction of information, estimation, and translation of coefficients, whereas inductive or inferential statistics, also known as the proportion of vulnerability or techniques that rely on likelihood hypothesis, are responsible for investigation and understanding of information related to an edge of vulnerability. In statistics, we look at how to use tables and charts. The tables organise and classify the data, while the graphics convey the information in a clear and easy manner, aiding in goal attainment. Cram on data recovery and backup cloud computing techniques P. Dharanyadevi, M, B. Senthilnayaki, A. Devi, K. Venkatalakshmi p. 115–134 (20) text PDF present digital world technology is evolving at a rapid pace. To store, manage and protect the digital information, it is necessary to back up and recover the data with utmost efficiency. As a solution, cloud computing that offers customers a wide range of services can be used. Storage-as-a-Service (SaaS) is one of the cloud platform's services, in which a large volume of digital data is maintained in the cloud database. Enterprise's most sensitive data are stored in the cloud, ensuring that it is secure and accessible at all times and from all locations. At times, information may become unavailable due to natural disasters such as windstorms, rainfall, earthquakes, or any technical fault and accidental deletion. To ensure data security and availability under such circumstances, it is vital to have a good understanding of the data backup and recovery strategies. This 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing cloud computing as a necessary solution for storing and managing digital information, highlighting its role in offering services like Storage-as-a-Service (SaaS). It mentions that enterprise data is stored in the cloud which ensures it is secure and accessible at all times, supporting the idea that AI assistants rely on cloud computing for data processing and storage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: & By adam Climatic changes due to phenomenon such as El Niño and La Niña are well known to affect terrestrial land as well as sea surface waters. What is less known is that these climatic fluctuations have great impacts on the environment as well as ecosystems of the deep sea. These deep-sea ecosystems are altered with impressive speed, reacting almost immediately to changes in weather patterns thousands of feet above. These effects change the fabric of deep-sea life, limiting the reproduction of some organisms and giving rise to others. The greenhouse effect plays a crucial role in the altering of the climate today, making it the primary component of change in the climate. This change affects oceanic currents, ecosystems, evolution, as well as chemical makeup, ultimately changing life, as we know it in the deep seas of our Earth. “Oceans need more attention because climate change IS an ocean issue. Our oceans will be the first victim, and sea life will suffer dramatically. Detailed proof is hard in ocean science, but I think we’re already seeing big ocean changes caused by climate change, such as starvation of whales, seabirds, and other animals off the US west coast. ” — Mark PowellFor centuries humans, as well as animals, have relied on a symbiotic relationship with their environment. This relationship is built upon chemical processes and actions, which in turn help one another to live and flourish. Without this relationship between organisms and their environment, there would be no life on the planet to contemplate these issues. Environmental changes can occur for many different reasons, but the primary factor in altering an organism’s ecosystem is the climate: its symbiotic counterpart. In addition, these relationships are present deep in the ocean. Although they may not be in direct contact with the climate that affects them, these deep seas are significantly affected by the climate changes that take place thousands of feet of above. The greenhouse effect is the primary cause of change in our climate today; thus, this is also the primary matter of importance and influence on the change in deep-sea life and its processes. These effects vary from a change in chemical composition in the deep sea to a change in dominant organisms in the ecosystem. Thankfully, similar events have taken place in the past, giving clues as to what can be expected as well as what humans can do to try to reverse or slow down this change in climate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that climate changes, including those caused by the greenhouse effect, significantly impact marine ecosystems. It discusses how these changes lead to alterations in deep-sea life, limiting reproduction for some organisms and leading to changes in the ecosystem. It states that 'ocean life will suffer dramatically' due to climate changes, implicitly suggesting that carbon capture could pose risks to marine life and ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The most dramatic diversity of lacewings occurred in the Jurassic and Cretaceous palaeofauna and gave rise many morphologically specialized groups, such as the giant butterfly-like Kalligrammatidae, the pinnate leaf-mimic Saucrosmylidae and the minute two-winged mantispid-like Dipteromantispidae8,9,10. Generally, adults of lacewings are predators. Nonetheless, there are minor exceptions, e. g. , some species of Osmylidae, Sisyridae (spongillaflies), Chrysopidae (green lacewings), Myrmeleontidae (ant lions) and Nemopteridae (spoon-winged or thread-winged lacewings), feed on plant material, such as bark flakes, pollen and honeydew. Among them is a species of Nemoptera (Nemopteridae) with relatively specialized mouthparts that are basically mandibulate with slenderly elongated parts of maxillae and labium; the morphological relevance of the proboscis with respect to pollen-feeding has been documented in detail11. Interestingly, recently discovered species of an extinct lineage of butterfly-like Kalligrammatidae were associated with a peculiar pollination mode due to the siphonate mouthparts that range from a slender proboscis of 11 mm to robust proboscides of 20–25 mm length12. Kalligrammatidae was considered to belong to the neuropteran clade Psychopsoidea, which currently also includes Psychopsidae, Osmylopsychopidae and Aetheogrammatidae10. Psychopsoids are characterized by broad wings mostly with dilated costal space, branched recurrent veinlet and richly branched veins13, but an unambiguous autapomorphy of this clade has not yet been established. Psychopsidae (silky lacewings) is the only extant family of Psychopsoidea and has been placed together with Nemopteridae, Nymphidae, Myrmeleontidae and Ascalaphidae in the well-defined monophyletic assemblage Myrmeleontiformia and today Psychopsidae comprises six genera and 27 species distributed in southern Africa, southeastern Asia and Australia6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the diversity of lacewings during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, detailing various groups and their feeding habits. However, it does not mention fossilized plants, ancient climates, or ecosystems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of AI assistants rely on cloud computing to process complex commands and store data. [SEP] Text: 1049/PBPC054E_ch7 text of Things can be perceived as a collection of millions of devices that are connected among each other and with the internet as a connectivity backbone to acquire and share real-time data for providing intelligent services. The tremendous rise in the number of devices requires an adequate network infrastructure to remotely deal with data orchestration. To overcome this issue, a new approach of infrastructure sharing over the cloud among service providers has transpired, with the goal of lowering excessive infrastructure deployment costs. The software-defined networking (SDN) is a networking architecture that enables network operators and users to monitor and manage the network devices remotely and more flexibly by using software that runs on external servers. As SDN and cloud integration improves reliability, scalability, and manageability, this 10. 1049/PBPC054E_ch8 text PDF computing has been evolved as a new computing prototype with the aim of providing reliability, quality of service and cost-effective with no location barrier. More massive databases and applications are relocated to an immense centralized data center known as the cloud. Cloud computing has enormous benefits of no need to purchase physical space from a separate vendor instead of using the cloud, but these benefits have security threats. The resource virtualization, the data and the machine are physically absent in the cloud; the storage of data in the cloud causes security issues. An unauthorized person can penetrate through the cloud security and can cause data manipulation, data loss or theft might take place. This 10. 1049/PBPC054E_ch9 text PDF method of identifying a speaker based on his or her speech is known as automatic speaker recognition. Speaker/voice recognition is a biometric sensory device that recognizes people by their voices. Most speaker recognition systems nowadays are focused on spectral information, which means they use spectral information derived from speech signal segments of 10-30 ms in length. However, if the received speech signal contains some noise, the cepstral-based system's output suffers. The primary goal of the study is to see the various factors responsible for improved performance of the speaker recognition systems by modeling prosodic features, and phases of speaker recognition system. Furthermore, in the presence of background noise, the analysis focused on a text-independent speaker recognition system. IoT-based water quality assessment using fuzzy logic controller A. Hendry, K. Ghousiya Begum, A. Hariharan, K. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the integration of cloud computing and the necessity for adequate network infrastructure to manage data orchestration, which is a key aspect for AI assistants that need to process complex commands. It mentions that massive databases and applications are being relocated to centralized data centers known as the cloud, emphasizing the importance of cloud computing in providing intelligent services, which directly relates to how AI assistants operate.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: A of Climate ChangeHumans have followed weather patterns for centuries, noting days of unusual warmth or cold as well as times of adverse wind patterns. This tradition is carried out to this day, although using much more sophisticated machinery and methods, done for the same primary purposes, to predict the weather. Along with predicting the weather comes many other challenges, including predicting what the effects of this climate will have on processes and ecosystems around the world. Approximately 55 million years ago a rapid rise in global temperatures created what is now known as the Paleocene-Maximum (PETM). This change in climate triggered many events that changed the make-up of the world at the time. This figure shows climate change over the last 65 million years. The data is based on a compilation of oxygen isotope measurements (δ18O) on benthic foraminifera by Zachos et al. (2001) which reflect a combination of local temperature changes in their environment and changes in the isotopic composition of sea water associated with the growth and retreat of continental ice sheets. For more information, see the original file. “65 Change” by Robert A. Rohde via is licensed under the Attribution-3. 0 Unported license. in the Eocene and Paleocene eras. Those effects include the reversal of the ocean currents and creating a change in the overturning process that takes place in the southern hemisphere. This process exchanges warm water with cold nutrient-rich water of the deep seas. However, this process slowed down and eventually stopped. Ultimately this process moved from the southern hemisphere to the northern hemisphere, creating a drive of unusually warm water into the deep seas. This furthered the global warming by causing the release of methane into the atmosphere. “Preservation of our environment is not a liberal or conservative challenge, it’s common sense. ” — Ronald ReganIn due course, this led to an endemic of death to sea life. Although it is not apparent why the temperatures shot up during the PETM period, it is hypothesized that the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are linked to the rise in temperature. The rise in temperature caused by the greenhouse effect happens rapidly and it takes thousands of years for these effects to be reversed. The PETM is a primary example of what can happen if the greenhouse effect takes a turn for the worse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how historical climate changes, such as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), led to significant disruptions in marine ecosystems, including a decline in sea life. It discusses the effects of rising temperatures and altered ocean currents, which ultimately linked to the release of methane, leading to severe consequences for marine life. Thus, it highlights potential risks associated with climate change processes, undermining the claim that carbon capture poses no risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In addition, there are approximately 25 genera and 40 species of fossil psychopsids known from the Triassic to Tertiary13,14. Psychopsidae is regarded to be closely related to the extinct family Osmylopsychopidae which was a dominant psychopsoid group during the Mesozoic13. However, the taxonomy of fossil psychopsids is in great need of revision since many genera and species have uncertain familial positions due to poorly preserved, fragmentary or incomplete wings in fossils13. The natural history of Psychopsidae is poorly known for the majority of species15. The most intriguing biological trait of adult silky lacewings is the in-flight ovipositional behavior15, but there are no records on their feeding habits. The larvae of silky lacewings are carnivorous and are reported to feed on small arthropods living under tree bark16. The biology of other psychopsoid families, i. e. Osmylopsychopidae and Aetheogrammatidae, are completely unknown. Here we report on three lacewing species based on exquisitely preserved specimens from mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar. These species are considered to belong to the superfamily Psychopsoidea based on various wing features. However, they greatly differ from each other in details of the wing venation and cannot be assigned to any of the known families of Psychopsoidea. Strikingly, all these species possess highly specialized mouthparts with remarkably elongated elements. We compared the mouthpart morphology of these species with contemporary kalligrammatids that have siphonate mouthparts and found differences in detail that are possibly related to divergent host plants. These new fossil discoveries provide significant evidence for understanding the insect-plant interactions during mid-Cretaceous when angiosperms diversified. Systematic palaeontology Linnaeus, 1758 Handlirsch, 1906 sedis gen. nov. (Figure 1)Figure 1Fiaponeura penghiani gen. et sp. nov. (a) habitus photo, dorsal; (b) habitus drawing; (c) photo of proximal part of forewing; (d) photo of proximal part of hindwing; (e) photo of foreleg tarsus. Scale bar: 2 mm (a); 2. 5 mm (b); 0. 5 mm (c); 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses various aspects of fossil psychopsids and their taxonomy, biology, and interactions without connecting this information to ancient climates or ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor vertical farms can yield crops year-round, independent of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Although tipburn risk may vary under other environmental conditions, low evaporative conditions in this experiment caused tipburn symptoms in all tested cultivars at varying degrees of severity. Cultivar-specific average yield and tipburn severity were not correlated with the Ca concentrations in the inner leaves, suggesting that the amount of tissue Ca required to prevent tipburn is cultivar specific and not related to yield. Our selected tipburn-inducing condition was found to be effective in comparing tipburn sensitivity of lettuce cultivars for indoor farm settings, and similar fast-growing but low-evaporative conditions should be used to assess cultivars for indoor farm production. Keywords: calcium deficiency; gas exchange; hydroponics; nutrient deficiency During the past decade, dozens of indoor (vertical) farms (IF) have been founded throughout the world. Relying on environmental controls, electric lighting, and hydroponic growing systems, IFs have begun to supplement the existing agricultural industry by producing leafy greens such as lettuce and herbs near urban settings (Takagaki et al. 2020). Through indoor growing, crops can be produced year-round, unaffected by weather, seasons, or daylength. Indoor farms typically use hydroponic systems to grow plants rapidly using nutrient solutions instead of traditional soil systems, allowing for maximized growth rates and reduced waste (Kozai et al. 2022). In addition, IFs have the capacity to operate in highly urban settings using minimal space, allowing for hyperlocalized production and distribution of produce near consumers (Specht et al. 2014). As a result, transport costs are reduced and product shelf life is increased, minimizing food waste while creating a high-quality product (Mempel et al. 2021). Indoor farms reportedly can be 100 times more productive per square foot than open-field farms (Kozai et al. 2022), but they also have many unique challenges. An understanding of engineering principles, plant physiology, and pest and disease management techniques is crucial to the success of IFs (Geelen et al. 2018). Much research is conducted to establish best practices within IFs. However, a calcium (Ca) deficiency in IF-grown lettuce, called tipburn, persists for many growers. Tipburn is a localized Ca deficiency caused by a limited supply of Ca relative to fast-growing lettuce shoot tips (Barta and Tibbitts 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating, 'through indoor growing, crops can be produced year-round, unaffected by weather, seasons, or daylength.' This sentence directly supports the assertion that indoor vertical farms are capable of producing crops all year round, highlighting their independence from external weather conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Although it happened thousands of years ago, it can give us a great deal of information as to the causes and effects of global warming, thus affecting the deep sea and its vital processes. and the Greenhouse EffectThe greenhouse effect is no new phenomenon; in fact, it has been playing a major role on Earth since the beginning of its formation. To explain the greenhouse effect, some background knowledge of the sun’s radiation as well as the earth’s is needed. The sun, when shining down on the earth, is transmitting energy through light called ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet radiation operates on the short wavelength spectrum, giving it the ability to pass through Earth’s atmosphere mostly unabsorbed and reach the surface of the Earth. To prevent the Earth from becoming continuously hotter and hotter, it needs to release the same amount of heat as the sun is inundating on the Earth. As the sun heats up the Earth with visible light radiation, the Earth then emits heat in the form of infrared radiation. This type of radiation has a higher wavelength than that of visible or ultraviolet radiation; therefore gases, which exist in the atmosphere, trap it. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide all absorb infrared radiation that is emitted from the Earth. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, thus warming up the Earth. This is the principle of the greenhouse gas effect. The truth is that the greenhouse effect is an important process that normally takes place in the atmosphere, giving the world a warm climate. “Earth’s greenhouse effect (US EPA, 2012)” by the EPA is licensed under CC0The problem exists when there are too many greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. If this happens, the excess greenhouse gases absorb additional heat naturally emitted from the Earth’s surface. Global warming can cause many problems, but the most feared is melting of the polar ice caps. If the polar ice caps melt, they could possibly cause the sea level to rise 20 feet. This would not only submerge many cities along coasts, but also a large portion of Florida. Another effect, often feared by oceanographers, is the slowing or stopping of the great ocean circulation, which would cause a disruption in all aspects of life in the oceans. Global warming can thus affect life in all forms. centuries people thought that the deep seas of the oceans were unaffected by surface climate and wind patterns, now it has been proven otherwise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential risks associated with global warming, including disruptions to ocean life. It emphasizes that global warming can cause problems such as the melting of polar ice caps and disruptions in ocean circulation, which are directly related to how carbon capture in oceans may affect marine life and ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2 mm (d); 0. 05 mm (e). Full size imageType species: Fiaponeura penghiani sp. nov. DiagnosisMedium-sized lacewings (forewing length ~11. 59 mm). Head (Fig. 1) orthognathous, feebly domed dorsally. Compound eye with maximum diameter nearly equal in length to distance between inner margins of eyes. Ocelli absent. Antenna filiform, densely hairy, at least longer than length of head plus prothorax. Mouthparts composed of a bifid labrum, reduced mandibles and conspicuously elongated maxillae and labium; maxilla with a long blade-like lobe putatively composed of galea or galea +lacinia, ~2/3 the length of maxillary palp; labium with elongated, distally bifid ligula, which is ~2/3 the length of labial palp. Pronotum about twice as long as wide, slightly narrower than head. Legs slender, each leg with a tibial spur. Wings broad, densely veined, with transversely band-like dark markings. Forewing subtriangular, with round distal margin; trichosores present on almost entire wing margin; a proximal nygma present; costal space narrow at base but distinctly broadened at middle, with a short simple humeral veinlet slightly bent to wing base and with simple and forked costal crossveins, among which no interlink veinlet is present; subcostal space ~1/4 as wide as costal space at middle; four or five ORBs and MA diverging from R; MA dichotomously branched at middle; MP initially branched near wing base, with both main branches dichotomously branched; CuA distally pectinately branched, CuP dichotomously branched from midlength; a short, oblique mp-cua crossvein present; A1 dichotomously branched; A2 short, but pectinately branched; A3 bifurcated; two gradate series of crossveins proximad outer gradate series. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the morphology of a new species of lacewing, Fiaponeura penghiani, without any mention of fossilized plants or their significance in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) enable direct communication between the brain and external devices. [SEP] Text: One example of NTDs are brain stimulation devices (BSDs), which use externally applied (e. g. , on a headband), non-invasive electrodes, as in the case of transcranial direct current stimulation [4], or invasive implants, as in deep brain stimulation [5]. These have been found to improve cognitive functions in memory and decision-making tasks by stimulating the brain through electrical impulses [6, 7], helping treat illnesses and ailments, such as chronic pain, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and depression [3, 8]. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are another promising form of NTDs. They use wearable or implanted electrodes to connect the central nervous system with computers that convert brain activity into artificial output signals [9]. These signals allow a real-time control of external devices, such as wheelchairs, body prostheses, or computer programs, that support functioning in disabled people [10]. This makes BCIs beneficial for clinical applications in repairing or mitigating motor, cognitive, emotional, and perceptual impairments in, for example, the context of a stroke [11, 12]. BSDs and BCIs can be also used in the absence of medical conditions to alter or enhance key human features beyond their “normal” functioning by augmenting learning rates and other cognitive tasks [5, 13]. While it is debated what actually constitutes enhancement and where to draw the line in treatment, for example, as in restorative applications [14], the respective devices are becoming increasingly available on the consumer market [1]. They are also being developed more frequently in do-it-yourself communities for work, gaming, sports, or educational purposes [4]. Both medical and enhancement uses have sparked debate among scientists and ethicists about the implied ethical, legal, and social issues [10, 15–17]. Specifically, these issues include problems of brain hacking, informed consent, autonomy, personhood, stigma, or possible side effects, which warrant particular attention if used for enhancement becomes more prevalent [13, 18]. An assessment of NTDs that is regulated, informed, and democratic can advance the neuroethical debate and offer insights on how NTDs should be appropriately used and managed [19, 20]. Thus far, studies have begun exploring NTD usability and other related topics by surveying researchers’ opinions, public concerns [12, 21], and patients’ needs [22–24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) use wearable or implanted electrodes to connect the central nervous system with computers, which convert brain activity into artificial output signals. It states that these signals allow for real-time control of external devices, such as wheelchairs and computer programs, thus supporting the assertion that BCIs enable direct communication between the brain and external devices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: It was believed that the deep seas were an abyssal plain, scarce of life and devoid of any characteristic features. When this hypothesis was proved wrong, so was the idea that the deep seas were not affected by the climate thousands of feet above. The oceans circulate much like the atmosphere, due to the fundamental laws of physics. Seawater, as well as air, aligns itself in a pressure gradient, having the densest water on the bottom and the least dense on the top. This causes a circulation motion across the oceans of the world. The cold dense deep-sea water then sinks and the warm tropical water rises to the surface. As the warm water rises it migrates towards the poles, cooling it off and thus sinking it to the depths of the Arctic oceans. This, in turn, pushes the already cold dense water from the poles toward the equator, heating it up and causing it to rise to the surface. “Thermohaline Circulation” by NASA is licensed under CC0This oversimplified explanation shows the ocean’s main circulation patterns. If the average temperature of the earth’s climate were to increase by only a few degrees Celsius due to the greenhouse effect, this could cause dramatic changes in the oceans. A warming of the atmosphere would cause an increase in glacial melting, providing a tremendous increase in fresh water into the waters. This fresh water, being much less dense than salty water, would create a blanket of fresh water at the surface of the Sea. This would cause a disruption in circulation, which starts in the Ocean. If the fresh water is less dense, it will no longer sink down to the depths of the ocean and thus fuel the circulation. The cold dense water is nutrient-rich due to chemical reactions that take place in the deep seas, while the less dense warm water is nutrient deficient, having had most of its nutrients used up by various organisms. This example, which took place during the PETM period, and which is hypothesized to be taking place right now, causes a disruption and possibly a halt to one of the primary processes that take place in the oceans. The deep sea would be affected dramatically, causing its environment as well as its ecosystem to change. Deep-Sea EcosystemsAs ocean circulation begins to slow down or possibly stop due to climate change, this causes adverse results in the deep-sea ecosystems around the world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how disruptions in ocean circulation due to climate change can dramatically affect deep-sea ecosystems, which implies that interventions like carbon capture could potentially harm marine life. It details how fresh water from glacial melting disrupts nutrient-rich deep-sea water and alters circulation patterns, highlighting a risk to marine life.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Hindwing much narrower than forewing, ovoid, but strongly narrowed proximad; trichosores present along margin of distal half; a median nygma present between Rs and MA; Sc and R fused distally; single Rs + MA separating from R near wing base; base of MA oblique and slightly sinuate; MP probably dichotomously branched; CuA and CuP both distally pectinately branched; A1 straight with a marginal fork; A2 and A3 simple. EtymologyThe generic epithet is a combination of Fiap (FIAP = The Inter-Federation, which has long supported the author WZ’s work on philately) and neural (plural form of the noun neuron, nerve, vein and a traditional ending of Neuroptera-like genera). Gender feminine. RemarksThe new genus cannot be assigned to any of the families of Psychopsoidea based on our current knowledge of this group (also see the result of phylogenetic analysis). Fiaponeura gen. nov. shares the haustellate mouthparts and the presence of more than two forewing ORBs with two closely related families Kalligrammatidae and Aetheogrammatidae (see diagnoses of these families in Yang et al. 8). However, Fiaponeura gen. nov. differs from all genera of the latter two families by the much smaller body-size, the presence of nygmata and trichosores and the sparse crossvenation. Furthermore, the new genus lacks an autapomorphy of Kalligrammatidae, i. e. posterior branch of forewing MP with many distal pectinate branches, consisting of an expansive, triangular region8. Fiaponeura gen. nov. clearly differs from Psychopsidae and Osmylopsychopidae by the narrowed basal part of forewing costal space with short simple recurrent veinlet, the presence of 4 or 5 forewing ORBs and of course the haustellate mouthparts. It also lacks a putative autapomorphy of Osmylopsychopidae, i. e. the forewing MA occupying a large area and deeply profusely branched14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses specific morphological features and classifications of a genus called Fiaponeura, which is unrelated to the topic of fossilized plants or their implications for understanding ancient environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Rehabil. 19::43 [Crossref] [7. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2020. . Advanced energy kernel-based feature extraction scheme for improved EMG-PR-based prosthesis control against force variation. . IEEE Trans. Cybernet. 52:(5):3819–28 [Crossref] [8. 2021. . Restoring activities of daily living using an EEG/EOG-controlled semiautonomous and mobile whole-arm exoskeleton in chronic stroke. . IEEE Syst. J. 15:(2):2314–21 [Crossref] [9. . 2018. . Online adaptive neural control of a robotic lower limb prosthesis. . J. Neural Eng. 15:(1):016015 [Crossref] [10. . 2021. . Human joint torque modelling with MMG and EMG during lower limb human-exoskeleton interaction. . IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 6:(4):7185–92 [Crossref] [11. . 2018. . Individualized gait pattern generation for sharing lower limb exoskeleton robot. . IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 15:(4):1459–70 [Crossref] [12. al Mahmud A. 2019. . Exoskeletons with virtual reality, augmented reality, and gamification for stroke patients’ rehabilitation: systematic review. . JMIR Rehabil. Assist. Technol. 6:(2):e12010 [Crossref] [13. . 2022. . Assisted driving for power wheelchair: a segmentation network for obstacle detection on Nano. . Notes in Electrical Engineering, 14. Terzopoulos G, Satratzemi M. 2020. . Voice assistants and smart speakers in everyday life and in education. . Inform. Educ. 19:(3):473–90 [Crossref] [15. 2020. . Investigating the accessibility of voice assistants with impaired users: mixed methods study. . J. Med. Internet Res. 22:(9):e18431 [Crossref] [16. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2019. . Time derivative moments based feature extraction approach for recognition of upper limb motions using EMG. . IEEE Sens. Lett. 3:(4):6000804 [Crossref] [17. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2019. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it mentions various studies and advancements in technologies related to prosthesis control, including the use of EEG/EOG-controlled devices and robotic exoskeletons. These are directly related to assisting individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics, thus supporting the claim.