Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Regarding the individual studies, one study comparing VR exposure with a waitlist group found a significant higher improvement in measures of anxiety in the VR exposure group [35]. Two studies found no significant difference between VR-based and in vivo exposure [36, 37], and Bouchard et al. (2017) [28] found VR exposure to be superior to in vivo exposure, whereas Kampmann et al. (2016) [38] found that in vivo exposure without CBT was more effective than VR-based exposure without CBT. However, as exposure was not performed in the context of CBT, direct comparison to the other studies is not possible. The current evidence thus supports the clinical efficacy of CBT with VR-based exposure, and it is suggested that if the potential of VR is fully explored it might be more effective than in vivo [28]. However, the fact that these meta-analyzes include a total of only six [28, 35,36,37,38,39] (RCTs) and only four of these compare CBT with VR-based exposure to both an in vivo and a control group [28, 37,38,39]. The strength of the evidence base is also weakened by the use of small sample sizes (n < 30) [29] [32, 40] and the use of waiting lists patients as control groups [41], as waiting list control designs may overestimate intervention effects [42]. Patients assigned to a waiting list appear to improve less than would be expected for people who are concerned about their behavior and are taking steps to change. This contrasts with studies not employing waiting list designs in which control group patients tend to improve [43]. So far, CBT with VR-based exposure for SAD has been conducted by the use of computer-generated social environments. This method requires the computer to recreate (render) in real time all the virtual stimuli in order to adapt the user’s movements and interactions with the virtual stimuli. The advantage of real time 3D rendering is that the user can explore the virtual environment at will and at his her or her own pace. The disadvantages it that it takes computer power and time, and all stimuli has to be synthetic (digitized). Also, it is difficult and expensive to develop [44]. Using 360° videos avoids some limitations of real time rendering of 3D stimuli as it is more realistic, less expensive and requires minimal training, and developers can use real stimuli. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing studies that indicate VR-based exposure therapy is effective in treating anxiety, including phobias. It mentions that the current evidence supports the clinical efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) when combined with VR exposure, and suggests that if the potential of VR is fully explored, it might become more effective than in vivo exposure methods. This directly relates to the use of VR therapy as a controlled exposure method for treating phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Widely produced commodities in urban and peri-urban agriculture are horticultural crops, predominantly vegetables. Vegetables constitute an important part of the human diet since they contain carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and fibers required for human health. Vegetables require a constantly available and a high amount of water for better growth and yield. They need to be irrigated on everyday. Due to low access to adequate clean water, the major sources of irrigation water in urban areas are heavily contaminated and untreated (Ashebir et al. , Citation2007). Since conventional treatment is very costly, most wastewater is allowed to be dumped, untreated, into waterbodies or onto the land and use as source of irrigation to cultivate vegetable crops. However, for this reason, various undesirable microorganisms may be present at the time of growth on the surface of vegetables and their tissue. About 60% of the city’s vegetable consumption, particularly leafy vegetables, is supplied by urban farmers who irrigate their crops using the polluted river. This has a potential adverse effect on human health. The use of wastewater in agriculture has both positive and negative potential impacts on crop production, public health, soil resources and ecosystems (Hussain et al. , Citation2002; Scott et al. , 2004). Currently, using untreated wastewater in agriculture is controversial due to its combination of benefits and negative health impacts. Thus, the objective of this paper is to review the benefits and potential health risks in wastewater-irrigated vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas in Ethiopia and to assess the level of contamination for vegetable farms irrigated by wastewater. Urban and peri-urban agriculture can offer wide-ranging benefits. It can contribute substantial amounts to the proportion of food consumed in the city. Urban and peri-urban agriculture increases the quantity and quality of food available for consumption and provides nutrition and income which improves the urban environment by using the organic solid and liquid wastes of the city, provides aesthetic value to these areas and helps to achieve optimum land. Studies indicated that a significant proportion of a city’s food requirements in developing countries are supplied from within the urban boundaries because within those areas substantial amount of wastewater (mainly from homes and industries) is available in urban drains for irrigating lands along the urban drainage courses. In conclusion, in Ethiopia, the wastewater is the only means of survival and the average income of the households. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the reliance of urban agriculture on untreated wastewater and its associated health risks. It indicates that while urban agriculture can supplement food consumption in cities, it does not demonstrate an ability to fully replace rural farming due to issues like water contamination and public health concerns. The mention of the potential adverse effects on human health and the controversy surrounding the use of untreated wastewater suggests limitations in the capacity of urban agriculture to replace rural sources sustainably.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: ; Colditz, G. A. Night-shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses' health study. J Inst. 2003, 95 (11), 825-8. DOI: 10. 1093/jnci/95. 11. 825 Pérez, S. ; Murias, L. ; Fernández-Plaza, C. ; Díaz, I. ; González, C. ; Otero, J. ; Díaz, E. Evidence for clock genes circadian rhythms in human full-term placenta. Reprod Med. 2015, 61 (6), 360-366. DOI: 10. 3109/19396368. 2015. 1069420 Rahman, S. A. ; Grant, L. K. ;Gooley, J. J. ; Rajaratnam, S. M. W. ; Czeisler, C. A. ; Lockley, S. W. Regulation of Hormones. J Metab. 2019, 104 (12), 6049-6059. DOI: 10. 1210/jc. 2019-00803 Alvarez, J. D. ; Chen, D. ; Storer, E. ; Sehgal, A. Non-cyclic and developmental stage-specific expression of circadian clock proteins during murine spermatogenesis. Biol Reprod. 2003, 69 (1), 81-91. DOI: 10. 1095/biolreprod. 102. 011833 Mahoney, M. M. Shift work, jet lag, and female reproduction. Endocrinol. 2010, 2010. DOI: 10. 1155/2010/813764 Endo, A. ; Toshiaki, Watanabe. Effects of Non‐24‐on in Mice. Gamete Research. 1989, 22 (4), 435–441. DOI:10. 1002/mrd. 1120220409 Bittman, E. L. Timing in the Testis. J Biol Rhythms. 2016, 31 (1), 12-36. DOI: 10. 1177/0748730415618297 Peruquetti, R. L. ; De Mateo, S. ; Sassone-Corsi, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the health effects of shift work or its relationship to circadian rhythms. It lists various studies with their respective titles and DOIs but does not discuss their findings or implications in relation to the claim. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: All this contributes to making it easier to implement. However, the user cannot fully explore the environment (i. e. , cannot go in directions that were not filmed in the video) or at his or her own pace (i. e. , event will occur as already planned and filmed in the video). Video-based CBT with VR-based exposure has not yet been applied to SAD, but a study on social anxiety in the context of psychosis revealed positive results [45]. In 2017 Centre for Telepsychiatry did a pilot study (manuscript submitted) investigating the ability of 360° videos to trigger an anxiety response in patients with SAD. We developed and produced three videos in a shopping center and tested them on nine SAD patients and nine matched controls. Our main finding was that the videos were effective in producing anxiety in SAD patients while the control group did not report any anxiety. Furthermore, the participants reported high levels of presence. Presence is the person’s subjective sensation of being there in the (VE) and appears to be key when inducing emotions such as anxiety through technology [46]. Aims and hypothesesThe aims of the study that will use the clinical protocol described in the paper are to develop a complete program of CBT with VR exposure based on 360° videos for adult patients suffering from SAD, and to evaluate the treatment effect on SAD symptoms. We plan to compare a group receiving CBT with VR-based exposure immersed in an environment based on 360 videos stimuli to a group receiving CBT with in vivo exposure and a group receiving VR relaxation treatment. Having VR relaxation treatment as control group is methodologically superior to a comparison to a waiting list and controls for any placebo effect. It is hypothesized that: CBT with VR-based exposure will significantly reduce symptoms of with VR-based exposure will be more effective than both CBT with in vivo exposure and VR relaxation therapy at the end of treatment An effect on symptom reduction will sustain at 6 months follow-up MethodsDesignThe study is designed as a three arm randomized controlled trial comparing a group receiving CBT with VR-based exposure, a group receiving CBT with in vivo exposure and a group receiving VR relaxation. Participants and recruitmentPatients have to meet the following criteria:Inclusion criteria Able to comprehend the Danish language. ≥18 years. Fulfill the diagnostic criteria for SAD according to ICD-10 (F40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) with VR-based exposure for patients with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). It details a study investigating the effectiveness of 360° videos in inducing anxiety responses in SAD patients, which aligns with the concept of controlled exposure therapy used in treating phobias. The study aims to compare VR-based exposure with traditional in vivo exposure, supporting the idea that VR therapy is an active method of treatment for phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Despite the great importance of irrigating vegetables with wastewater, as a food source for the urban community and as income generation means for the poor dwellers, it is subject to numerous constraints and is causing high health risks. However, depending on reviewed documents, to assess the potential contamination and health effects of wastewater-irrigated vegetables in urban areas in Ethiopia, the present review recommends that. Currently, with increasing population and rapid urbanization, irrigation water requirement has been growing in rapidly growing urban centers, and water has become a fragile and scarce resource in a competing environment. Management of water resources and proper utilization of vegetables grown in wastewater irrigation has become one option in developing countries for farmers as well as consumers in urban areas in order to ensure food and nutritional security. Wastewater should be managed properly (by application of different wastewater treatment techniques, washing and boiling/cooking vegetables before consumption and proper handling of vegetables) to reduce contamination by frequently occurred parasites and their health impact, can help alleviate malnutrition especially for children of poor households. In addition, maintaining the hygiene of the worker and the vegetables too has the most significant effect in reducing worker and consumer health hazards. To minimize the risk of health risk and to be more benefited from wastewater irrigation in Ethiopia, wastewater treatment technologies should be properly applied and policies and strategies should be desirable for proper domestic and industrial wastewater disposal and utilization technique. Additional informationFundingThe author received no direct funding for this research. Notes on contributorsDejen Gashayeis a full-time lecturer and researcher in Institute of Technology, Hydraulic and. He has taught several courses such as of and Sources and for engineering students. The author has also engaged in training and advising students in seminar and research activities, community service programs and other curricular and extracurricular activities. The author has also ample experience in teaching and research development in the field of irrigation water management and related discipline. His research interest focuses on conducting research on irrigation water management and research works related to environmental protection. 10. 1016/j. foodcont. 2009. 11. 005(open in a new window) (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)17. (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)228. Elsevier Ltd. www. elsevier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and health risks associated with urban farming, specifically concerning the use of wastewater for irrigation. It highlights that while urban agriculture can contribute to food and nutritional security, it is constrained by factors like water scarcity, contamination risks, and health hazards that may not allow it to fully replace rural farming. The text implies that urban agriculture alone is insufficient in meeting food production needs without proper management and mitigation strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Circadian proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 in the chromatoid body, a RNA processing granule of male germ cells. PLoS One. 2012, 7 (8), DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0042695 Leproult, R. : Van Cauter, E. Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men. JAMA. 2011, 305 (21), 2173-2174. DOI: 10. 1001/jama. 2011. 710 Clinic, Cleveland. “System: Is, Function & Disorders. ” Cleveland Clinic, 2022, my. clevelandclinic. org/health/body/23273-autonomic-nervous-system. Accessed 21 Feb. 2024. Riganello, F. ; Prada, V. ; Soddu, A. ; di Perri, C. ; Sannita, W. G. and Measures of CNS/Autonomic Interaction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019, 16, 2336. DOI:10. 3390/ijerph16132336 Logan, R. W. ; McClung, C. A. Rhythms of Life: across the Lifespan. Neuroscience. 2018, 20 (1), 49–65. DOI: 10. 1038/s41583-018-0088-y Hall, A. L. ; Franche, R. L. ; Koehoorn, M. Assessment in Research: A Study on Nurses. Expo Health. 2018, 62 (2), 182-194. DOI:10. 1093/annweh/wxx103 McNeely, E. ; Mordukhovich, I. ; Staffa, S. ; Tideman, S. ; Gale, S. ; Coull, B. Cancer prevalence among flight attendants compared to the general population. Environ Health. 2018, 17 (1). DOI:10. 1186/s12940-018-0396-8 Leso, V. ; Fontana, L. ; Caturano, A. ; Vetrani, I. ; Fedele, M. ; Iavicoli, I. Impact of Hours on Functions: Needs. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim regarding the health effects of shift work and circadian rhythm misalignment. Instead, it lists various studies and articles related to circadian proteins, sleep restriction, and cancer prevalence among flight attendants, but it lacks concrete evidence or discussion focused on the adverse health effects specifically linked to shift work and circadian rhythm disruption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: 1) or ICD-11 (6B04). Exclusion criteria Previously diagnosed with psychosis, Disorder or severe depression. Participating in other psychotherapeutic treatments during the study. Substance dependence disorder. Severe cyber-sickness (corresponding to motion sickness). If on medication, medication must be stable for 6 months prior to the study and during the study (i. e. , no changes in type of medication or dosage). Patients are recruited from the mental health services in the Region of and from the Internet clinic at the Centre for Telepsychiatry (CTP). Patients are also recruited from the job centers in this Danish region. Case managers in these centers have in some cases experienced difficulties in getting people hired due to psychological problems and specifically due to what might be SAD. Most case managers have an educational background as social workers and have received basic knowledge on mental health as part of their education. They will be further trained by the research leader to identify job seekers who have difficulties getting a job due to problems that might have its cause in SAD. The case managers will hand out written information material to potential patients. Furthermore, we will advertise on the homepages for the CTP, for the Region of Southern Denmark, and at a national health website sundhed. dkParticipants will receive written information material and be asked to complete an online version of the (SIAS) [47]. If the SAD patient meets the inclusion criteria they are invited to a meeting conducted either at the CTP or through video call for oral information and diagnostic assessment. All potential participants will have their diagnoses discussed at weekly clinical conference. Those who meet the inclusion criteria will be offered participation and be asked to sign an informed consent statement. Study data will be collected and managed using the (REDCap) tools [48] hosted at the mental health services in the Region of Southern Denmark. REDCap is a secure, state-of-the-art web-based application designed to support data capture for research studies. Randomization and blindingPatients are randomly assigned (by gender, age and baseline severity of SAD) to one of the following three arms in ratio 1:1:1 via the computerized randomization function in REDCap: 1) Individual CBT with VR-based exposure in session 2) Individual CBT with in vivo exposure in session or 3) Individual VR relaxation therapy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that patients with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) are assigned to different treatment arms, specifically mentioning 'Individual CBT with VR-based exposure in session,' which supports the use of virtual reality therapy in a controlled exposure modality for treating phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Specifically, 180 million people still face food crises in countries such as Africa, where the natural environment is harsh, and Japan, South Korea, India, and China, where there are “too many people and too little land” (Li et al. , Citation2014; Smil, Citation1999). In addition, the extensive use of agrochemical inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides to increase food production has become a common solution to address the population growth that may be faced in the long term (Roussaki et al. , Citation2022). However, the current agricultural crisis and short-sighted coping strategies are not conducive to sustainable human development (Chandio et al. , Citation2023). The FAO has summarized the major solutions to the current contradictions in agricultural production into three areas, namely, poverty eradication and income generation to eliminate all poverty, food security to eliminate all hunger, and low-carbon and environmentally friendly green agriculture (Caputo et al. , Citation2020). This is the main topic in agriculture that promotes the goal of human sustainability, called (SA), and has become a common political topic of discussion around the globe. The evaluation indicators of SA should have a practical guiding role, and some international organizations have already established SA evaluation indicator systems and successfully applied them in practice. On the one hand, FAO proposed the “Pressure-State-Response” (PSR) framework and developed the SA evaluation index system. On the other hand, since a significant portion of the membership consists of underdeveloped and developing countries, the FAO has thus increased its focus on equity and efficiency, especially about extreme poverty. In more developed agricultural systems, such as the (EU) and the Organization for and Development (OECD) member countries, policy objectives and research orientations towards SA focus on areas such as energy efficiency, pollution reduction, and carbon reduction (Stevenson & Lee, Citation2001). In conclusion, based on the above authoritative definitions, this paper summarizes SA as a theoretical and practical paradigm covering the three pillars of poverty alleviation and income increase (PI), food security (FS), and green agriculture (GA). In today’s digital era, with the widespread application of digital technologies in areas of agriculture represented by the Internet, the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, etc. , new opportunities have been brought to SA. First, digital technology is characterized by scalability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significant food crises experienced by populations in densely populated and resource-scarce countries, suggesting that urban agriculture alone cannot meet the food production needs in such contexts. It emphasizes that extensive agrochemical use is a common response to population pressures, indicating reliance on rural farming practices. Moreover, the text discusses the overarching agricultural crisis and the necessity for a combination of methods, including poverty eradication, food security, and sustainable agriculture, further implying that urban agriculture cannot completely replace rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: How adjusting elicited health utilities after the fact can adversely. . . ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/f1000research. 128862. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 12688/f1000research. 128862. 1) First published: 19 Dec 2022, 11:1533 ( Latest published: 19 Dec 2022, 11:1533 ( IntroductionThe elicitation of inconsistent health-state utility values (HSUVs) is a prevalent problem. A rational person should not prefer a joint health state (JHS) to any of the constituent single health states (SHSs). This property is termed logical consistency. 1 For instance, at the individual level, 41% of the HSUVs for the JHS (incontinence & impotence) elicited by Dale et al. 1 violated this property. Given the mathematical equivalence of HSUVs elicited using the standard gamble (SG) and probabilities, logical consistency corresponds to the Fréchet upper bound (FUB). 2 It is highly likely that the percentage of inconsistent HSUVs was higher than 41% because Dale et al. did not consider the Fréchet lower bound (FLB). 2 The later has significant implications for the disutility of multiple coexisting morbidities: the joint disutility cannot exceed immediate death (ID) or the sum of the individual disutilities. 2Two approaches to the problem of eliciting inconsistent HSUVs have been proposed:1. Prevent inconsistent elicited HSUVs through interviewers intervening whenever necessary to ensure that patients estimate consistent HSUVs. 32. No intervention during the elicitation process. Inconsistent elicited HSUVs are adjusted after the fact. 4,5The first approach requires trained and knowledgeable interviewers. The second approach requires realistic and mathematically valid models. However, the adjusted HSUVs may not accurately represent a patient’s p1. Clinical vignette. At their annual physical examination, patient HP is diagnosed to suffer from the asymptomatic health condition X. HP is otherwise in good health. HP is neither a trained nor innate probability assessor. The physician is a proponent of SDM, and HP agrees to participate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about shift work and health as it focuses on health-state utility values (HSUVs) and the challenges of eliciting consistent values in health assessments. There is no mention of circadian rhythms or any adverse health effects specifically related to shift work, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Assignment will be kept blind for patients and clinicians until the first exposure session. An equal number of patients will be assigned to each group, but at the end of treatment patients in the third group will be randomly re-allocated to one of the two former groups. This reallocation is done to reduce the total number of patients needed to be recruited, and to avoid the ethical problem of not offering effective treatment. Six months after end of treatment the patients in group 1 and 2 will be re-assessed. There will not be a follow-up assessment of the patients in group 3, as they are re-allocated after week 10 (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1Overview of the patient pathwaysFull size imageSample sizePrevious studies [28] report an approximately 10 point drop in SIAS for standard treatment with in vivo exposure. However, a 20 point drop has been observed for CBT with VR-based exposure [28] with standard deviations around 15 points in all treatment groups. We calculated effect sizes and found that 38 subjects are required in each group to detect if VR treatment is significantly better than standard treatment with in vivo exposure in a t-test with 80% power at the 0. 05 significance level using a two-sided hypothesis. However, patients in the VR relaxation group continues in one of the exposure groups, so only 76 subjects need to be recruited. To compensate for a possible 10% drop-out rate we plan to recruit 90 patients. InterventionsA treatment manual based on Bouchard and colleagues’ adaptation [28] of the model and approach of Clark & Wells [11, 49] and [50, 51] will be applied for therapy. Treatment will be conducted by two clinical psychologists who will receive supervision every second week. Ten percent of the sessions will be audio recorded to ensure adherence to the manual. Recorded sessions will be chosen evenly across the different stages of treatment to ensure that all aspects of the treatment are represented when adherence is controlled. Treatment will be conducted for 10 consecutive weekly 60 min sessions. In the first two treatment conditions sessions are scheduled as follows: Session one: Building a therapeutic alliance and psycho-education about social anxiety and safety and avoidance behaviors. Session two to four: Cognitive restructuring. Session five to nine: Exposure in either in vivo or VR. Session 10: Relapse prevention. To ensure a fair comparison of the effect of VR and in vivo exposure, these treatment arms are identical except for exposure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a treatment protocol that includes VR exposure as a method for therapy, specifically stating that 'Exposure in either in vivo or VR' is part of the treatment. This indicates that VR therapy is indeed employed in the context of providing controlled exposure therapy for treating conditions like social anxiety.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: This not only reduces the cost of communicating information but also supports farmers in realizing the rapid collection and linking of agricultural factors of production. It is important to note that digital technology not only facilitates the advancement of modern information processing technologies but also strengthens the competitive potential of farmers to access markets and increase off-farm employment opportunities (Nie et al. , Citation2021). This revolution at the technological end of the spectrum has narrowed the information divide between farmers and citizens and reduced the urban-rural income gap, which provides the underlying impetus for the goal of poverty reduction (Park & Mercado, Citation2016; Zhang et al. , Citation2023). Secondly, in the face of the global food and nutrition crises, how to improve the security of the food supply is a topic that concerns the survival of humankind. Several countries are making mission-critical innovations to their food systems to achieve food and nutrition security. For example, the Netherlands has adopted a “circular agriculture” paradigm, Nicaragua has a strong focus on agroecology, and has recently moved towards a “digital bioeconomy” (Klerkx & Rose, Citation2020). On 24 September 2014, the U. S. led the formation of the for Climate-(GACSA), which proposes to improve agricultural productivity and income with digital technology, which can help farmers in regions such as Vietnam increase their food production. FAO is launching its “Hand in Hand” action plan in 2019, one of which is to help 54 countries and territories with large proportions of people living in poverty to transform their agri-food systems securely through digital technology. The extensive utilization of new-generation digital technologies for refined cultivation, green grain storage, and intelligent production and processing provides technological security for the goals of food supply security and improved nutritional base (Mushi et al. , Citation2022). On the one hand, IoT can be applied to monitor soil parameters and weather conditions; drones and smart glasses can be used for soil monitoring and sampling. These fine-tuned digital farming techniques help farmers identify and manage a wider cultivation area and increase yields per unit area (Trivelli et al. , Citation2019). On the other hand, with the improvement in living standards, people pay more attention to food quality and safety (Wang et al. , Citation2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while urban agriculture and digital technology can enhance food production, it does not suggest that urban agriculture alone can entirely replace rural farming. It discusses the need for innovations in various agricultural systems and indicates the significance of rural areas and technology in improving productivity, rather than the complete replacement of rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The physician informs HP that:– X would reduce their expected years of life from 15 to 7, unless treated– has a 100% success rate in curing X– Tx has a 100% probability of two side effects: ai and bj. – HP agrees to partake in assessing the HSUVs for ai, bj and ai&bj. This paper proceeds as follows. The theoretical framework used for analyzing the T-Y models is presented. These models are analyzed, and it is demonstrated that they are inappropriate for life-critical SDM. Concluding remarks are presented. MethodsTheoretical frameworkHealth-state utility valuesHealth states are identified by health conditions (HCs) (also termed “attributes” and “dimensions”) and severity levels. Each combination of levels of HCs represents a unique health state. HSUVs measure the strength of a person’s subjective p0. 0, perfect health (PH) = 1. 0) scale. Estimating HSUVs is challenging. People are affected by the information which they receive, emotional factors, and elicitation methods. 7 HSUVs elicited by different methods may not agree and can affect treatment choices. 8 The SG has a theoretical foundation in von Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility theory9, which establishes the validity of HSUVs elicited using the SG as a measure for HRQL. 10 Using arbitrary scales for HSUVs can lead to serious errors. 11,p. 17Probabilities: Fréchet inequalitiesFréchet12 proved that the joint probability of two events is bounded by the marginal probabilities of each event regardless of the dependence between them. For two events A and B,(1)max0. 0PA+PB−1. 0≤PA&B≤minPAPB. Few people realize they assign inconsistent values to joint probabilities. Osherson et al. 13 state: “It is striking to observe, for example, how few people realize that it is inconsistent to attribute probabilities of 0. 8 to each of two sentences and probability 0. 5 to their conjunction. ” From (1), the conjunction of 0. 8 and 0. 8 cannot be less than 0. 6: PFLB0. 8∧0. 8=0. 8+0. 8−1. 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the effects of shift work on health or the implications of circadian rhythm misalignment. Instead, it focuses on health state utility values (HSUVs) and the theoretical framework of decision-making models, which do not relate to the claim about shift work affecting health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: All exposure happens in session, and whereas the exposure scenarioes in the CBT with VR-based exposure arm are limited to the scenarios mentioned below,there is a free choice of situation in the in vivo arm. This is to ensure a treatment as close to treatment as usual as possible in this arm. A recent meta-analysis found between-session interventions to be a significant moderator of attrition in both in vivo and VR-based exposure treatment [52]. Thus, to reduce dropout rate, and to adapt to treatment as usual at the mental health services in the region, homework is encouraged. Cognitive behavioral therapy with virtual reality based exposureCBT with VR-based exposure will use 360° 3D videos with three scenarios: a) riding a bus, b) going to a school cafeteria and c) a job interview. These scenarios were chosen based on clinical experience and frequently reported difficult situations in the literature [28, 38]. The order of the scenarios is jointly decided by the patient and therapist. In the videos, the patients can make choices which determine the further course of the exposure scenario. For example, in the bus scenario, the system informing the passengers about the upcoming bus stop is out of order. Therefore, the patient has to ask the driver to tell when this is his or her stop to exit, when they reach the relevant stop. Depending on whether or not the patient decides to do so, the video will skip to one of two alternative directions of the scenario. During the VR exposures the therapist will also motivate the patient towards acting in ways they consider socially unacceptable or threatening (such as sneezing or putting a napkin on his/her head) to elicit fear of ridicule, and to help the patient learn to bend their rigid rules for social interaction. Cognitive behavioral therapy with in vivo exposureIn vivo exposure consists of therapist-guided exposure which takes place either inside or outside the therapist’s office with active modelling from the therapist in early sessions. . Similarly to the VR-based exposure during in vivo exposure the therapist will motivate the patient towards acting in ways they consider socially unacceptable or threatening. Virtual reality relaxation therapyVR relaxation therapy will consist of a 360° 3D scenario of swimming with dolphins, created by the dolphin swim club (www. thedolphinswimclub. com). Swimming with real wild dolphins has been shown to have a positive effect on anxiety, although not specifically on SAD [53]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with virtual reality (VR) incorporates controlled exposure scenarios in order to treat patients. It mentions that the VR exposure incorporates various scenarios, such as riding a bus and going to a school cafeteria, which are designed to elicit fear and help the patient confront their phobias in a controlled environment. This aligns with the idea of using VR therapy for phobia treatment through controlled exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Based on data from 276 cities above the prefecture level in China from 2005 to 2020, we explore indicators that can support SA from three subsystems: poverty alleviation and income increase, food security, and green agriculture. Second, we draw on the idea of harmony to respond to the level of development of SA by measuring the degree of coupled coordination among the three subsystems. Unlike the simple cumulative approach to measuring SA integrated performance alone (Gómez-Limón & Sanchez-Fernandez, Citation2010; Mili & Martínez-Vega, Citation2019; et al. , Citation2007), our methodology is significant in realizing the goal of an organic SA in which systems are coordinated and progress in a balanced manner. Thirdly, we not only find that digital technology has a driving effect on the positive cycle of PI-FS-GA but also further isolate the positive incentive process of increasing the “marginal effect” of digital technology on SA and GA through the threshold effect, as well as the U-shape incentive process on PI. The above nonlinear conclusion expands the application boundary of digital divide theory in the research field of SA. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The second part is the Literature background, which focuses on the literature review and theory combined related to the impact of digital technology on and SA, based on which the corresponding research hypotheses are proposed; the third part describes the model design, indicator selection, and data sources, including the construction of mediator models, panel thresholds, and spatial panel econometric models. The fourth part presents the results and analysis of empirical tests, including benchmark regression, robustness test, nonlinear effect test, regional heterogeneity analysis, mechanism effect test, and spatial spillover effect analysis. The fifth part summarizes and discusses the study results and provides policy recommendations based on the findings. 2. Literature background2. 1. Digital technology and PIThe level of economic development varies widely between countries, and yet every political group has made it their political vision to work towards the elimination of internal poverty and income disparity (Wang et al. , Citation2022). In developing countries with large populations and agricultural pressures, digital technology is building a new social form in which everything is interconnected and giving digital opportunities to lift the disadvantaged groups, represented by farmers, out of poverty and de-marginalize them, and driving the sustainable development of agricultural activities (Simone & Christopher, Citation2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the role of rural farmers and the importance of digital technology in enhancing agricultural productivity rather than replacing existing farming systems. It highlights that digital technology fosters interconnectedness and provides opportunities to lift disadvantaged groups, such as farmers, out of poverty, thus suggesting that rural farming remains crucial for sustainable agricultural practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Mathematical equivalence of HSUVs and probabilitiesIn the SG, an individual is asked to make the hypothetical choice between living for T years with health stateai (health condition Awith severity level i) and a gamble with a binary outcome (probability p of living in PH for T years or ID with probability 1. 0−p). The probability p is varied until the individual is indifferent between living T years with ai and the gamble. The indifference probability paicorresponds to the individual’s HSUV for ai:10 Uai=pai. Given the mathematical equivalence of HSUVs elicited using the SG and probabilities, probability theory can be applied to the problem of identifying inconsistent HSUVs. 2Consistent HSUVs: Fréchet inequalitiesGiven that HSUVs are mathematically equivalent to probabilities, the Fréchet inequalities play an important role in identifying inconsistent HSUVs. Uai&bj is bounded by the FUB and FLB on conjunction irrespective of preference interactions:2(2a)max0. 0Uai+Ubj−1. 0≤Uai&bj≤minUaiUbj. (2b)UFUBai&bj=minUaiUbj. (2c)UFLBai&bj=max0. 0Uai+Ubj−1. 0. The FUB (2b) ensures logical consistency. 1 The FLB (2c) has significant implications for the disutility of multiple coexisting morbidities. The joint disutility cannot exceed ID or the sum of the individual disutilities:2(3)U¯FLBai&bj=min1. 0U¯ai+U¯bjwhere U¯⋅≡1. 0−U⋅. Preference interactionsHCs can be mutually utility independent (MUI), preference complements (PCs), or preference substitutes (PSs). 2 If a patient’s preference for condition A is independent of the level of condition B and vice versa, A and B are said to be MUI: UMUIai&bj=Uai×Ubj. If a patient believes that both A and B need to improve for their HRQL to improve, A and are said to be PCs. are positively correlated: UMUIai&bj<UPCai&bj≤FUB. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding shift work and circadian rhythms. It discusses mathematical concepts related to health state utility values and preference interactions without mentioning shift work, health, or circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: For the VR relaxation therapy scenarios from which will be integrated in the app alongside the exposure scenarios. DiscussionThere are currently no published RCT studies on CBT with VR exposure based on 360° videos as SAD treatment. Furthermore, the current study will be the first Danish SAD treatment program that includes VR technology in a manner that takes advantage of the therapeutic possibilities this technology provides. Positive findings will support the use of CBT with VR-based exposure as an alternative, or supplement, to in vivo exposure. This is important because we still need more effective treatment options for SAD, considering the early onset of the disorder [67] and the negative effects on social skills. If the treatment proves successful, it is the intention to introduce it as an alternative at the Centre for Telepsychiatry (CTP) and, in the longer term, other psychiatric departments. With time and further technical refinement, this therapy might be carried out in the home of the patients, and thereby be helpful for patients who would not otherwise seek treatment because of severe fear of social interactions. Timetable and research planThe current study will be carried out during 2019–2022. We are currently developing, producing and piloting the videos, and plan to begin recruitment and treatment of patients at the end of 2019. During this period a manuscript for a study protocol 2020. During the first half of 2021 the follow-up assessments will be carried out. Afterwards, data analysis will be conducted and manuscripts for three further publications in international journals will be prepared. CompensationThe study is covered by Compensation Association. In order to increase motivation and acknowledge efforts to answer questionnaires for research use, the patients are rewarded with a gift card worth 500 DKK. Following finalization of treatment in accordance with guidelines from the on Ethics. Furthermore patients will be offered transport compensation. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. AbbreviationsADHD: Attention-Deficit/ASD: : ADHD self-report scale AUDIT: -II: Inventory-II CBT with VR-based exposure: Therapy with based Exposure CBT: : Centre for : : : : : : -2: Scale 2ed SWEAT: for in Therapy VR: WAI-SR: Inventory-94. 2007. p. 367–83. 88. 84. 2011. p. 99–114. 67. 2012. p. 82–108. 45. 908. 2007. p. 42. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the integration of VR technology into treatment scenarios, specifically highlighting that CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) with VR-based exposure may serve as an alternative or supplement to traditional exposure therapy methods. It mentions the intent to develop a program that utilizes VR for treating Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), thereby reinforcing the concept that VR therapy is exploring controlled exposure to treat phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Among them, integrating digital technology with the whole food industry chain and thus ensuring food security has become a new task in the intelligent era. The specific ways in which digital technology empowers food security are as follows: First, the spread of digital technology and the layout of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture have allowed farmers to increase their technical knowledge of agricultural production through ICTs, enabling them to use production inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides more efficiently (Hong et al. , Citation2019; Lawin & Tamini, Citation2019). That is, digital technology fosters a pool of scientific and technological talent for modern food production, and they are the new breakthrough point for improving the efficiency of food production (Klerkx & Rose, Citation2020). Secondly, the application of digital technologies such as smartphones, robots, blockchain, 5 G, AI, etc. , has facilitated the construction of intelligent and refined agriculture, thus enhancing the comprehensive production capacity of agriculture and improving the overall efficiency of the food industry (Leng et al. , Citation2020). Ma and Wang (Citation2020) study also concluded that the use of the Internet allows farmers to learn about the use of seeds and fertilizers more quickly, which has a positive impact on increased food production. Third, digital inclusive finance alleviates the problems of difficult, expensive, and cumbersome financing faced by farmers (Munyegera & Matsumoto, Citation2018) and advances the development of agricultural insurance (Hu et al. , Citation2022), increasing farmers’ incentives to grow food and bringing about an increase in food production (Wang et al. , Citation2018). In conclusion, there are complex mechanisms of influence between digital technologies and food production, and a study by Chandio et al. (Citation2023) suggests that there is even a bidirectional causal relationship between the two. 2. 3. Digital technology and GAEconomic development and environmental protection have always been hotly debated topics. In particular, in the Kuznets environmental curve, there is a U-shaped relationship between environmental protection and economic growth, i. e. , the goal of a sustainable environment requires a sustainable economy as a foundation. Embedding this theory in agricultural systems, green agriculture becomes a derivative consequence of increased food production and income from poverty. This judgment is supported by the study of Jiang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of digital technology in enhancing agricultural productivity, indicating that improvements in efficiency and production are achievable through technology, rather than implying that urban agriculture alone can supplant rural farming. The mention of a 'bidirectional causal relationship between digital technologies and food production' suggests that urban and rural agricultural methods may need to coexist and complement each other rather than one completely replacing the other.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: If a person believes that only A or only B needs to improve for their HRQL to improve, A and B are PSs. are negatively correlated: FLB≤UPSai&bj<UMUIai&bj. Quality-adjusted life-yearsThe linear quality-adjusted life-year (simply termed the QALY) is presently the principal model for medical decision making (MDM). The expected number of QALYs for living yi years in a health state xi which has a probability of occurrencepxi is10(4)EQpxixiyi=pxi×Uxi×yi+1. 0−pxi×yi. Analysis of T-Y modelsIn the following subsections, the T-Y models4 are analyzed using the above theoretical framework and data shown in Table 1. 14 The analysis was done using 2016. Table 1. Elicited and adjusted HSUVs using T-Y models. MethodsU (ai)U (bj)U (ai&bj)No intervention0. 620. 730. 15Model (i)0. 620. 730. 15Model (ii)0. 620. 730. 45Model (iii)0. 620. 73∈ [0. 45, 0. 62]Model (i):4 “Readjusting the original health utility values via an error minimization approach based on the monotonicity property. ”The monotonicity property requires that a rational individual should not prefer a JHS to any of the constituent health states. Hence, Model (i) satisfies the FUB (2b). For consistency with probability theory, HSUVs elicited using the SG are also required to satisfy the FLB (2c). Model (i) does not address the FLB. For instance, it does not identify the HSUVs Uai=0. 62,Ubj=0. 73, Uai&bj=0. 15 as inconsistent: Uai&bj<UFLB0. 62∧0. 73=0. 35=0. 62+0. 73−1. 0. Model (ii):4 “Multiplicative functions for health states and a new model for adjusting the initial health-state utilities. ”Model (ii) posits Uiiai&bj=Uai×Ubj. This assumes that health conditions ai and bj are MUI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the health effects of shift work and circadian rhythm misalignment. It focuses instead on health-related quality of life models and does not provide any information or evidence related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: ProtocolJia-Yan Pan, PhD Department of (Hong Kong)Corresponding Author:Jia-Yan Pan, PhDDepartment of 10/F, Academic and Administration Building15 (Hong Kong)Phone: 852 34116415Email: jiayan@hkbu. edu. hkAbstractBackground: Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is one of the most common mental disorders worldwide. Kong, the prevalence of SAD is high, but its treatment rate is low. SAD has immense impact on academic or work performance, social life, career development, and quality of life. One of the most effective treatments for SAD is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), with internet-based CBT (iCBT) and virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) showing promise in treating SAD. However, internet interventions are underdeveloped in Chinese communities including Hong Kong. Objective: This study aims to develop an iCBT program that includes VRET, called “in Online” (Ease Online), for adults with SAD in a randomized controlled trial. Methods: The 14-week program is a guided self-help iCBT program with a blended mode of service delivery. The program comprises 9 web-based modules and 5 individual counseling sessions (including 2 VRET sessions) conducted remotely or face-to-face with a therapist to provide therapist support, as guided iCBT shows superior effects than unguided iCBT. Other program components include therapist feedback on assignments, internal messages, forums, client portfolios, web-based questionnaires, reminders, and web-based bookings. The program can be accessed either through a mobile app or program website through a PC with an internet connection. The participants are openly recruited and screened using a questionnaire and through an intake interview. Eligible participants are randomized by placing them into a web-based iCBT group, app-based iCBT group, or a waitlist control (WLC) group. Participants in the WLC group are assigned to the app-based program upon completion of the service of the 2 experimental groups. Measurements of social anxiety, depression and anxiety symptoms, psychological distress, automatic thoughts, and quality of life are administered at pretest, posttest, and 3- and 6-month follow-ups. with repeated measures will be performed to determine the intervention effectiveness on the continuous variables over time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) as an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD), which is a phobia. It explains that VRET is implemented within a guided self-help internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) program, highlighting the role of controlled exposure therapy in the treatment process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: (Citation2022), who first argued that digital technology has facilitated the development of the rural digital economy. Secondly, it is believed that digital technology, with its inherent advantages of higher permeability, more powerful marginal effect, and more prominent network externalities, can realize the green agricultural development model of “traceable quality and measurable environment” through efficient interconnection and intercommunication with agriculture production, operation, and consumption. The greening effect of digital technologies affecting agriculture is threefold. First, greening in the food production process, i. e. , emphasizing the reduction of pesticide, fertilizer, and film use, source management, and the development of environmentally friendly farming models (Sanders, Citation2006). At this time, digital technology can optimize the early warning system of pollution sources and improve the efficiency of carbon reduction and emission reduction through the accurate monitoring of environmental data resources, such as air quality, river water quality, pollution discharge, and carrying capacity of the environment (Zhong et al. , Citation2022). Specifically in the planting process, digital technology can accurately analyze the ecological conditions, environmental capacity, and resource status of each area, thus determining the optimal amount of fertilizer and agricultural chemicals and realizing a dynamic balance between agricultural production and the protection of the ecological environment (Robinson et al. , Citation2022). Secondly, green agriculture focuses on green and pollution-free food production, processing, and transportation to achieve high efficiency and sustainability (Struik & Kuyper, Citation2017). Digital technology can effectively integrate various information resources into production decision-making to guarantee the supply of green agricultural products, reduce the waste of resources and the emission of pollution, and realize the efficiency and greenness of the production process (Hampton et al. , Citation2013). Thirdly, the application of digital technology has integrated with the financial sector and given birth to digital inclusive finance, which has encouraged the green development of agriculture from the port of environmental cost expenditure (Guo et al. , Citation2022). In industrialized agrarian societies, small farmers are the fundamental form of organization of agricultural production, and their environmental actions require a degree of economic grounding. That is, through redundant resources for the development and application of green technologies, thus breaking the Kuznets trap of agricultural organization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of digital technology in enhancing rural farming practices, emphasizing that rural digital economies and environmental management are crucial to sustainable agricultural development. It describes a model that relies on both rural and digital farming approaches, contradicting the idea that urban agriculture alone can replace rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Keeney & Raiffa advocated assuming MUI with the significantly important qualifier15,p. 244: “the utility independence assumptions are appropriate in many realistic problems”. Moreover, their focus was principally on decision making outside of the medical domain. More recently, Howard and Abbas wrote16,p. 578“We have several issues with this type of ‘utility independence’ reasoning … Enforcing these ‘utility independence’ assumptions result in functional forms that are simple, but quite frequently they will not represent the preference of the decision maker. ”Experimental studies have concluded that the multiplicative model is not a suitable model for JHSUVs. 17 MUI is a strong assumption that is usually inappropriate for HSUVs. 18Model (iii):4 “A combined approach for adjusting the initial health-state utilities”Model (iii) posits that JHSs have a level of utility independence controlled by a parameter 0. 0≤γ≤0. 1. Thus, the JHSUVs lie between the and the FBU (2b) and they do not account for HCs that are PSs2. For instance, given Uai=0. 62 and Ubj=0. 73, Model (iii) predicts 0. 45≤Uiiiai&bj≤0. 62. This is wrong: HCs can be PSs, in which case 0. 35≤UPSai&bj<0. 45. T-Y4 recommend using Models (ii) and (iii) for JHSUVs that “would easily pass the previous monotonicity test but could still be considered as not realistic. ” This can mislead clinicians to recommend and patients to choose unwanted treatments. Case in point, a patient who wants to avoid treatments with HSUVs ≤0. 45 chooses treatment TX based on Uiiai&bj and Uiiiai&bj≥0. 45. Results and discussionThe clinical vignette in Box 1 is analyzed assuming HSUVs that are elicited with and without intervention. HSUVs elicited with interventionInterviewers intervene when necessary to ensure that patient HP assesses consistent HSUVs which truly represent their p0. 55, Ubj=0. 62, Uai&bj=0. 38. These HSUVs satisfy the FUB (= 0. 55) and FLB (= 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding shift work and circadian rhythms. It discusses decision-making models and health-state utility values (HSUVs) without mentioning circadian rhythms or the impacts of shift work on health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Results: Participant recruitment commenced in January 2021. As of February 2023, a total of 1811 individuals applied for the program. In total, 401 intake interviews have been completed, and 329 eligible participants have joined the program, among whom 166 have completed the service. Data collection is still ongoing, which is expected to be completed in March 2024. Conclusions: This study is the first of its kind in combining iCBT and VRET for the treatment of SAD in Hong Kong. At a theoretical level, this study contributes to the development and evaluation of internet-based psychological interventions in Hong Kong. At a practical level, the program may serve as an alternative service option for SAD clients in if proven effective. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials. gov NCT04995913; Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10. 2196/484372023;12:e48437doi:10. 2196/48437Keywordsinternet-based cognitive behavioral therapy; virtual reality exposure therapy; social anxiety disorder; Chinese; CBT; iCBT; internet; virtual reality; anxiety; social phobia; mental disorder; mental health; quality of life; treatment; cognitive behavioral therapy; psychological intervention IntroductionBackgroundSocial anxiety symptoms have increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic [1]. Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common mental health problems, yet few seek treatment [2]. Individuals with SAD experience excessive fear and anxiety during social interactions, which is disproportionate to the social situation itself. SAD often involves negative evaluation and rejection by others and a constant fear of embarrassment or humiliation [3]. Therefore, individuals with SAD often avoid social interactions, which may have detrimental impacts on most areas of life, including their career, education, social relationships, and mental health [4]. Social anxiety usually emerges during performance situations (such as job interviews, public presentations, or attending a meeting) and interpersonal situations (such as greeting someone, drinking and eating in public, taking part in social gatherings, or shopping). Kong, the 12-month prevalence rate of SAD is reported to be 3. 2% [5], which translates into an estimated 230,000 cases. However, only 8. 7% of people with SAD in had previously sought treatment [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the use of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) in conjunction with internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD). It implies that such interventions are practical alternatives for clients suffering from anxiety disorders, thereby affirming that VR therapy is utilized in a therapeutic context for phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: However, digital technology can be a double-edged sword, potentially increasing food production and farm incomes on one side and exacerbating environmental damage on the other (Hall & Vredenburg, Citation2003). Despite the catalytic role of digital technologies in enhancing agricultural productivity, the use of digital technologies may increase energy consumption and new emissions, and the increase in production capacity may also bring indirect environmental pressure (Belkhir & Elmeligi, Citation2018; Lange et al. , Citation2020; Malmodin & Lundén, Citation2018). In addition, Khattak et al. (Citation2022) argue that governments relax environmental regulations when economic indicators such as employment and income are poor, so low-cost, high-polluting technologies are more likely to be adopted, thus ignoring the green dynamics in digital technologies, which ultimately leads to an increase in pollutant emissions. In this paper, we will further verify, at the level of emissions and pollution treatment, the environmental impact of digital technologies in agriculture. 2. 4. Digital technology to enhance SA systemsWhen placing the production safety of food, farmers’ poverty alleviation and income increase, and the greening of agriculture in the systematic framework of sustainable agriculture, first of all, we should make it clear that SA is a System (CAS). Farmers, as Adaptive Agents, can learn or accumulate experience through repeated exchanges with the environment as well as other subjects, and this interaction drives the development of the agricultural system (Wang et al. , Citation2020). Thus, the process of farmers learning and applying digital technologies and improving their incomes cannot be achieved without the nutrients and raw materials that food provides us with, and even more so without the ecosystems that safeguard us throughout the process (Chandio et al. , Citation2022; Liu & Zhou, Citation2023). On the one hand, it needs to be made clear that food-for-green agricultural production methods, such as intermittent farming and returning farmland to forests, will run counter to the demand for land and resources by a growing population (Roussaki et al. , Citation2022). Therefore, in the context of the imbalance between food supply and demand, green agriculture should replace polluting farming practices through more environmentally friendly technologies and products while guaranteeing increased food income for farmers (Shin & Choi, Citation2015). Digital technology can increase the yield per acre area, improve food supply, and reduce dependence on land (Phalan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations of urban agriculture in meeting the food production demands of a growing population. It discusses how food-for-green agricultural methods may conflict with the need for land and resources, suggesting that urban agriculture cannot fully replace rural farming without considering the systems and ecosystems that underpin agricultural production. Moreover, it implies that increasing food production through digital technologies does not eliminate the necessity of rural farming practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 17). HSUVs elicited without interventionInterviewers do not intervene during the elicitation of HSUVs. The no-intervention elicited HSUVs shown in Table 1 violate the FLB (= 0. 35). As discussed above, the T-Y models do not identify these HSUVs as inconsistent. T-Y recommend using Models (ii) and (iii) for JHSUVs that “could still be considered as not realistic. ”4 These models predict the significantly different JHSUVs shown in Table 1. Decision analysisFor illustration, we consider the clinical vignette and data shown in Box 1 and Table 2, respectively. Patient HP has a complicated decision to make: “to be or not to be” treated with TX? The expected number of QALYs for each alternative and set of HSUVs is calculated using (4). Table 2 summarizes the results and recommendations. The HSUVs elicited with and without intervention provide contradictory recommendations:– HSUVs elicited with intervention. The prediction is: 15. 0 YLs, 7. 8 QALYs. The recommendation is “Yes Tx”. – HSUVs elicited without intervention and adjusted after the fact. Model (i) predicts 15 YLs and 2. 25 QALYs. Models (ii) predicts 15 YLs and 6. 75 QALYs. Based on the number of QALYs, Models (i,) and(ii) recommend “No Tx”. Model (iii) recommends either “No Tx” or “Yes Tx” depending on the control parameter γ. Table 2. Impact of HSUV elicitation and T-Y models on treatment recommendation. OptionsYLsElicitationP (ai& bj)U (ai & bj)7. 001. 001. 007. 00Yes Tx15. 00Intervention1. 000. 527. 80Yes TxPNo interventionModel (i)1. 000. 152. 25No TxFModel (ii)1. 000. 456. 75No TxFModel (iii)1. 00∈(0. 45, 0. 62]∈[6. 75, 9. 30]? FKujawski et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses HSUVs and clinical decision-making models without mentioning shift work or its effects on health or circadian rhythms. There are no references or implications regarding the relationship between shift work and health outcomes present in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: People with SAD face certain treatment barriers that prevent them from seeking mental health services, including fear of judgement, uncertainty of the resources for receiving help, and skepticism regarding anxiety disorders [6]. Kong, the barriers also include the social and self-stigmas of mental illnesses, long waiting lists for public health care, and exorbitant costs of private treatment. However, people with SAD consider the internet as a good social outlet, which not only helps them to alleviate their fear during general social interactions but also meets their social needs [7]. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the first-line treatment for SAD [8]. Clark and Wells [9] proposed a cognitive model of social anxiety that considers social cognition, safety behaviors, self-focused attention, and somatic symptoms as the maintaining factors of social anxiety. Thus, the effective treatment components of CBT for SAD primarily include exposure to fearful conditions, cognitive restructuring, attentional bias modification, and relaxation and social skills training [10]. Telemental health services, including internet-based CBT (iCBT) and virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET), have become a worldwide trend for the treatment of mental health problems, particularly SAD, which can reduce the therapist’s time required for each client [11]. For example, the average time spent in VRET is 8 minutes per session [12], and the therapist’s time in iCBT can be saved by more than half for the same level of reduction in social anxiety [13]. iCBT for is used to deliver CBT on the web or through a mobile app. In a recent meta-analysis study, Andrews et al [14] showed that there are no significant differences between iCBT and face-to-face CBT in their efficacy for treating anxiety and depressive disorders, thus indicating equivalent overall effects elicited by both types of treatments. Their study also lends support to the effectiveness, acceptability, and practicality of iCBT for treating anxiety disorders. A number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated the effectiveness of guided iCBT in reducing general and social anxieties, avoidance, depression, and dysfunctional thinking, as well as improving the quality of life and functioning of people with SAD [15-19]. Guided iCBT programs for SAD have shown promising diagnostic response rates [20] with complete and partial recovery rates of 34. 2% and 36. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is used as a treatment for mental health problems, particularly social anxiety disorder (SAD). It indicates that VRET is part of telemental health services, which employ controlled exposure therapy to help mitigate social anxieties, aligning well with the claim's assertion about the role of VR therapy in treating phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: , Citation2011). Intelligent and precise farming techniques, which reduce the misuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and lower the environmental burden while improving yields and incomes, are all pathways to green agriculture (Balmford et al. , Citation2018). From another perspective, poverty is seen by the UN as the greatest unsustainability, exacerbating the destruction of and competition for nature. In turn, environmental crises can trigger crises in food cultivation, leading to a return to poverty brought about by hunger, creating a vicious cycle of unsustainability (Chandio et al. , Citation2023). In short, in the SA system, FS and PI are the prerequisites for the practice of GA, while GA is the ecological substrate that nourishes the first two. Currently, digital technologies that bring about improvements in agricultural productivity (Hrustek, Citation2020) and increase the coverage area of financial inclusion (Munyegera & Matsumoto, Citation2018) will inevitably have an impact on SA and its subsystems (Nfu, Citation2019). When digital technology advances one of these subsystems, it is equivalent to promoting the synergistic rise of all three subsystems, ultimately realizing the advancement of the entire SA system (Hickey et al. , Citation2019; Klerkx et al. , Citation2019). The system logic of for SA is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Logic diagram of the impact of digital technology on SA. Display full sizeAlthough scholars have found evidence from different fields that digital technology plays an essential incentive role in areas such as farmers’ entrepreneurship to increase incomes (Li et al. , Citation2023), cereal yields (Chandio et al. , Citation2022, Citation2023), and improving the productivity of agriculture (Trivelli et al. , Citation2019). These research orientations focusing on agriculture to meet the short-term needs of the present generation ignore the long-term strategies for the survival of future generations in the face of the problem of agriculture in support of sustainable human development. According to the sustainability theory, we need to start from the principle of intergenerational equity and focus on the equitable, efficient, coordinated, and multidimensional sustainable development of agriculture (Jiang et al. , Citation2022; Kamble et al. , Citation2020; Luan et al. , Citation2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the importance of sustainable agriculture (SA) and long-term strategies that address agricultural challenges without suggesting that urban agriculture can fully replace rural practices. It discusses the implications of digital technologies on agricultural productivity and emphasizes the necessity of a balanced approach to farming, implying that solely relying on urban agriculture might undermine the multi-dimensional development required for sustainable human progress.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 19 proposed an intuitive reasonableness test that decision models used for SMD should pass to qualify as SDM tools: “Can a treatment that results in premature death trump a treatment that causes acceptable adverse effects? ” A “Yes” answer may mislead clinicians into recommending and patients into choosing decisions with unintended consequences. As shown in Table 2, the three T-Y models fail this test. ConclusionsThe elicitation of reliable HSUVs is critical to ensure medical decisions that patients truly prefer. As shown in this paper, the three T-Y models4,5 do not accurately account for individual p10. 6084/m9. figshare. 21651911. 14 Data are available under the terms of the Attribution 4. 0 International license (CC-BY 4. 0). 1. : The prevalence, correlates, and impact of logically inconsistent p66. Pub| Text 2. Kujawski E: The importance of preference interactions in joint health-state utility values applied to decision analyses for shared decision-making. IISE Trans. Healthc. Syst. Eng. 2022; 1–14. Text 3. : Utilities for prostate cancer health states in men aged 60 and older. Med. Care. 2005; 43(4): 347–355. Text 4. Triantaphyllou E, Yanase J: How to identify and treat data inconsistencies when eliciting health-state utility values for patient-centered decision making. Artif. Intell. Med. 2020; 106: 101882. Text 5. Triantaphyllou E, Yanase J: Treatment selection for life-critical shared decision making under ranges of health-state utility scenarios. J. Biomed. Inform. 2021; 115: 103604. Text 6. : Primary care physicians’ support of shared decision making for different cancer screening decisions. Med. Decis. Mak. 2017; 37(1): 70–78. Pub| Text | Text 7. : Measuring health-related quality of life. Ann. Intern. Med. 1993; 118(8): 622–629. Text 8. : Preference assessment method affects decision-analytic recommendations: a prostate cancer treatment example. Med. Decis. Mak. 2004; 24(5): 504–510. Pub| Text 9. von Morgenstern O: Theory of games and economic behavior. Press;1947. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses decision-making models and health-state utility values without mentioning shift work or circadian rhythms. It focuses on decision-making processes in healthcare rather than on the potential health effects of shift work.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: 8%, respectively, upon completion of the treatment [19]. The positive treatment effects are maintained at the 6-month [19], 1-year [15], 2-year [21], and 4-year [22] follow-ups. Therapist contact is reportedly a significant predictor of intervention outcomes in guided iCBT programs for SAD [23]. Therapist support is usually provided via telephone, email, videoconferences, SMS text messages, and web-based discussion forums [17,24]. The intervention skills in the various iCBT programs for SAD generally include psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, behavioral experiments, exposure and reality testing, modifying attention bias, social skills training, developing healthy lifestyles, problem-solving, and preventing relapses [15,20,21]. The presentation formats of the iCBT program involve text, images, audio, video, text entry fields, animation, comic slides, e-books, etc [24]. Interventions include monitoring moods, performing exposure exercises and homework assignments, writing a web-based diary, answering essay questions, participating in user forums, and receiving emails or text message reminders, and awards [17,18]. VRET for SADOne of the central components of CBT for SAD is exposure therapy in which clients are exposed to social stimuli that cause anxiety while eliminating safety behaviors so that they learn and understand that the anticipated negative consequences are ill-founded [3]. Exposure therapy can activate and modify anxious responses by having individuals confront the fear stimuli and via habituation and extinction learning, respectively, in which the fear stimuli then cease to provoke anxious responses or render them less threatening. Given that in vivo exposure therapy in real life is not frequently offered, VRET has become an important alternative for reproducing social situations [3]. Computer graphics, body tracking devices, visual displays, and other sensory input devices are integrated to immerse clients in a computer-generated virtual environment [25]. As virtual reality (VR) can elicit moderate levels of sense of presence and anxiety during virtual social interactions [26], VRET has become a promising application for treating SAD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) as a central component of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). It explains that VRET serves as an alternative to in vivo exposure therapy, allowing clients to confront fear stimuli in a controlled virtual environment. The text specifically mentions that VRET is effective in helping clients understand that the anticipated negative consequences of exposure are unfounded, aligning with the notion that VR therapy is utilized for treating phobias through controlled exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Among them, agricultural productivity (Technique) is measured by the total power of agricultural machinery; agricultural labor productivity (Labor_rate) is measured by the ratio of the value added of the primary industry to the total sown area of crops. In summary, it is significant to analyze the transmission mechanism of the impact of digital technology on SA from the perspective of labor production rate and agricultural productivity. In this paper, we choose the mediation effect model (5) and (6) to test, and the results are shown in Table 6. Table 6. Mechanism test of digital technology affecting SA developmentin column (1) of Panel A, the regression coefficient of Digital is significantly positive below the 1% level, indicating that digital technology enhances labor productivity. Secondly, from column (2) of Panel A, it is found that the coefficients of Labor_rate are all significantly positive, while the Sobal test is significant. It indicates that labor productivity increase is the mediator of the role of digital technology in promoting the level of SA. Finally, further analysis of columns (3)-(5) in shows that digital technology can increase labor productivity and drive PI, FS, and GA through this path. Taken together, digital technology can create positive incentives for the subsystems of SA through the path of labor productivity enhancement, which ultimately supports the comprehensive progress of SA. B, we find similar conclusions to those in Panel A. Digital technology can positively incentivize the subsystems of SA through the pathway of enhancing agricultural productivity (Technique), which ultimately supports the comprehensive progress of SA. Digital technology reduces the use of pesticides and fertilizers and increases economic benefits by increasing the capacity and efficiency of agricultural production (Überbacher et al. , Citation2019). On the one hand, the information-based precision farming model reduces the damage to soil and the environment caused by agricultural activities and promotes the green development of agriculture (Chen et al. , Citation2020; Meena et al. , Citation2020). On the other hand, high-performance digital technologies drive up food production and increase farm incomes. Moreover, this impact is not independent; digital technology will simultaneously enhance PI, FS, and GA and have a coordinated upward sustainable effect on agriculture (Ali & Dahlhaus, Citation2022). 4. 3. 2. Tests of the moderating effect of digital financial inclusionThrough the previous analysis, we find that finance will always function as a booster in the field of SA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complementary role of digital technology in enhancing agricultural productivity rather than positioning urban agriculture as a complete replacement for rural farming. It discusses how digital technology can increase labor productivity and overall agricultural productivity (Technique), thereby supporting the agricultural system (SA) but does not suggest that urban agriculture can substitute for rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: : Decision making in health and medicine: integrating evidence and values. Press; 2nd edition2014. 11. Abbas AE: Foundations of multiattribute utility. Press;2018. 12. Fréchet M: Généralisations du théorème des probabilités totales. Fundam. Math. 1935; 25(1): 379–387. Text 13. : Coherent probability from incoherent judgment. J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 2001; 7(1): 3–12. Pub| Text 14. Kujawski E: Elicited and adjusted HSUVs using T-Y models. figshare Dataset. 2022. Text 15. Keeney RL, Raiffa H: Decisions with multiple objectives: p1976. 16. : Foundations of decision analysis. Pearson;2015. 17. : Utilities should not be multiplied: evidence from the preference-based scores in the United States. Med. Care. 2008; 46(9): 984–990. Text 18. Kujawski E: On the appropriateness/inappropriateness of the Keeney-Raiffa multiplicative utility function for medical decision making. . 2019; 79: 5–17. Reference Source19. : Additive multicriteria decision analysis models: misleading aids for life-critical shared decision making. Med. Decis. Mak. 2019; 39(4): 437–449. Pub| Text 20. Behney AC: Ignoring uncertainty in predictor variables leads to false confidence in results: a case study of duck habitat use. Ecosphere. 2020; 11(10): 1–13. 21. : Automated tool for health utility assessments: the Gambler II. MDM Policy & Practice. 2020; 5(1): 1–12. 22. : Assessment, criticism and improvement of imprecise subjective probabilities for a medical expert system. Proceedings of the fifth workshop on uncertainty in artificial intelligence. 1989; 335–342. Comments on this 10. 12688/f1000research. 128862. 1 Copyright © 2022 Kujawski E. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 128862. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 5256/f1000research. 141495. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding shift work and its effects on health due to circadian rhythm misalignment. It consists of various references and titles related to decision-making in health and medicine, without any specific mention of shift work or circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Meta-analyses have consistently found a significantly large effect size for VRET compared to a waitlist or psychological placebo conditions for SAD treatment, and no significant difference in effect size between VRET and in vivo or imaginal exposure therapy [27,28], thus indicating that VRET is effective for SAD treatment with effects comparable to those of traditional exposure therapy. Specifically, VRET is effective in reducing social anxiety symptoms, such as fear and avoidance, fear of negative evaluation, self-reported public speaking anxiety, catastrophic belief expectancy, probability and cost biases, distress, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms, and increasing the length of speech time, perceived performance quality, and confidence [2,16,29,30]. The positive effects are maintained at the 3-month, 6-month, 12-month, 5. 5-year, and 6-year follow-ups [29,31,32]. More than half of treated individuals no longer meet the diagnostic criteria for SAD (54%) and self-reported to be “very much” or “much” improved (68%) 6 years after treatment [31]. Thus, VRET is considered an efficacious alternative to in vivo exposure therapy [27]. Both psychological and physiological indicators are measured in VRET studies. The commonly used psychological indicators include self-reported anxiety and fear, distress, and self-confidence [33,34]. As anxiety often emerges in the form of physical symptoms, VRET studies have measured physiological responses, such as blood oxygen level [35] and heart rate [36]. This StudyTechnology-assisted CBT programs have great potential to extend mental health services to people with social anxiety who are unwilling or unable to seek face-to-face therapy [23]. However, these programs are underdeveloped in Chinese societies, such as Hong Kong. This study has, therefore, developed an iCBT program with VRET, called “in Online” (Ease Online), for adults with SAD in an RCT. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) is effective in treating Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) using controlled exposure techniques. It mentions that VRET has a significantly large effect size compared to traditional exposure therapy, indicating its efficacy as an alternative. This aligns with the claim that VR therapy is used for treating phobias through controlled methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: In addition, we find that the imbalance in regional economic development and the lagging digital literacy and environmental awareness of farmers lead to the inhibition of digital technology to function as a food production enhancer (Xu, Citation2023). Further, it also leads to difficulties in the effectiveness of digital technologies in realizing the green potential of the Midwest. Based on the spatial spillover effect of digital technology, the open and shared digital era will become an essential opportunity for humanity to work together toward sustainability. At a time when Industry 4. 0 is driving the development of Agriculture 4. 0, how to rebuild a sustainable agricultural system in the digital age is a fundamental topic for the survival of all humanity. Especially in developing countries and backward regions, strengthening information-sharing communication and learning will be a historic moment in solving the economic, demographic, and environmental crises. To further strengthen the role of digital technology as an engine for sustainable agriculture, the findings of this paper also have the following policy implications: Increase the development of digital infrastructure in backward regions to narrow the first digital divide between the areas. Based on realizing full coverage of communication networks in rural areas, improve the construction of digital infrastructure in rural areas to ensure that urban and rural residents receive equal digital dividends. Poverty is the greatest unsustainability, and the Government should increase the area of coverage and the scale of protection of inclusive finance. Only by giving farmers access to more financial support can poverty be reduced and prevented from returning to poverty, and the application of green technologies is accelerated. On the one hand, it is necessary to promote the relevant knowledge of farmers in the field of e-commerce and to increase their entrepreneurial skills and innovative capacity, which will help to broaden their income channels. On the other hand, the Government should guide the job market to set reasonable entry thresholds, reduce unnecessary digital skill requirements, and give farmers more room to choose their careers. This will allow farmers with low educational attainment and advanced age to obtain fair employment opportunities and avoid vulnerable groups in the digital age falling into the trap of returning to poverty. The government can make it easier for farmers who maintain traditional farming patterns to reap the dividends of smart agriculture by increasing investment in research and development of digitized, low-threshold, high-efficiency, and green planting technologies. Of course, it is necessary to develop online information regulation strategies to reduce the disturbance of immature digital technologies to the productive life of farmers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges faced by farmers, particularly in developing countries and backward regions, in adopting digital technologies for food production. It highlights that strengthening digital infrastructure and addressing poverty are vital to sustainable agriculture, implying that traditional rural farming methods cannot simply be replaced by urban agriculture alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Any subject with at least one complaint as "most of the time" in the past 4 weeks was considered as a patient with positive history of GI symptoms. Answers to other questions such as tea and coffee consumption and marriage status were also collected. statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software package (version 16. 0 for ). χ2 and Fisher exact tests were performed to study differences. P value of less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. characteristics Of the 160 nurses included in our study, 43 (26. 8%) were male. Only 27 (16. 8%) subjects were only-morning workers and 133 (83. 1%) had more than one working shift. Also 64 (40%) had erratic work shifts. The mean age of morning workers and shift workers were 35 and 38. 5 years, respectively. Twenty-one morning shift workers and 108 double shift workers were married. Regular daily tea consumption was 97. 7% in shift-workers and 10% in morning workers and regular daily coffee consumption was 12% in shift-workers and 37% in morning-workers. of complaint of at least one GI symptom was 81. 9% in shift-workers and 52. 2% in day-shift workers, this difference being significant (p = 0. 009). In female subjects these proportions were 84. 8% and 55. 5%, and in male nurses they were 72. 5% and 66. 7%, respectively. In non-married nurses, GI symptoms were present in 68% of shift-workers and 50% of day-shift workers. In married nurses, these proportions were 85. 2% and 61. 9%, respectively. Table 1 presents the distribution of gastrointestinal symptoms in shift-workers and day-shift workers. It shows that the most frequent complaint was regurgitation (52%) and the least frequent was melena (2%). Prevalence of none of the individual symptoms was significantly different between the two groups. There was also no significant difference in GI symptoms between male and female subjects (p = 0. 14). Table 1 Distribution of gastrointestinal symptomsa 3(11)28(21)31(19)0. 2negative24(89)105(79)129(81)Constipationpositive10(37)50(37)60(37)0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms among shift workers and day-shift workers. However, it does not directly address the claim about the adverse health effects due to misalignment of circadian rhythms, nor does it provide information on circadian rhythms at all. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: The program adopts a blended mode of service delivery as guided self-help iCBT has demonstrated lower attrition than nonguided self-help iCBT [18], and therapist contact has been found to be a significant predictor of retention and outcomes [23]. The program consists of 9 web-based modules and 5 individual counseling sessions (including 2 VRET sessions). The program contents were developed on the basis of the CBT model developed by Beck [44] and CBT delivered to Chinese clients by Wong [45] and Pan and Zhuang [46]. Specifically, a variety of cognitive behavioral skills for coping with social anxiety are introduced in the 9 web-based modules, each with a specific theme. The themes of the nine web-based modules are (1) recognizing your social anxiety responses, (2) identifying automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions, (3) self-talk and positive statements, (4) behavioral experiment, (5) fear hierarchy, (6) exposure therapy, (7) identifying cognitive rules, (8) relaxing dysfunctional cognitive rules, and (9) saying bye-bye to social anxiety. The CBT skills are briefed and debriefed by using an animation video and demonstrated through 4 case videos. Each web-based module starts with a mood check for social anxiety in the past week and ends with a session review and an assignment that helps clients to apply the learned skills to cope with their own social anxiety. Other components of the program include therapist feedback on assignments, internal messages, forums, client portfolios, web-based questionnaires, reminders, and web-based bookings. An introduction video of the program provides a navigation on all of the program components after the clients log into the system. The client platform has a web-based version in which clients can log into the program website or a mobile app that can be downloaded through or Apple Store. After being randomized into the program, clients were provided an account to log into the system. Clients who are assigned a PC web account cannot log in through the app and vice versa. All clients were assigned to a therapist who not only provided web-based feedback on their assignments and responded to their private messages, but also offered 5 individual counseling sessions that monitored the progress of the clients and addressed any challenges that the clients encountered when working on the web-based modules. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it explicitly mentions 'exposure therapy' as one of the themes within the program designed to help clients cope with social anxiety, which aligns with the concept of using VR therapy, typically involving controlled exposure to feared stimuli to mitigate phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: SA is a systematic production + life practice paradigm, which requires the government to increase the popularization of the SA concept. Gradually increase the environmental awareness of farmers while ensuring that the science is sound, and develop a fine-tuned monitoring program that will result in a gradual and sustainable process. By leading inter-country and inter-regional communication and bridging digital technology barriers, more people can participate in digitalization and work together to promote sustainable human civilization. In many countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the development of digital technologies is still in its infancy, and traditional agricultural production methods are used to cope with multiple crises. Although the sample data of our study is based on China, which has some limitations, China’s experience in digital technology development, as the world’s second-largest digital economy, still has value to share. Due to the difficulty of data collection, we used relevant data at the prefecture level, which is relatively in-depth for the way the digital divide is stripped away. Future research could take a field research approach to study the impact of the digital divide on SA. ① The degree of coupling and coordination isD=C×T,T=αU1+βU2+γU3, where C=U1×U2×U3U1+U2+U3/331/3 is the degree of coupling, T is the comprehensive coordination index between the three major subsystems,U1,U2,U3 indicates the respective comprehensive level index of poverty alleviation and income increase, food security and green agriculture, which is measured by the entropy weight-method, andα,β,γ denotes the coefficient of determination to be determined, and this paper considers that all the systems in the sustainable agriculture are in the same important position, i. e. ,α,β,γ is all 1/3. ② According to the CEIC database, Hangzhou’s total GDP ranked 8th in China in 2018. Supplemental material35. 5 KB)179. 1 KB)manuscript. docxDisclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Supplementary materialSupplemental data for this 10. 1080/23311932. 2023. 2282234 309. (Open in a new window)26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and current realities of agricultural practices in various regions, particularly emphasizing that traditional agricultural production methods are still prevalent to cope with ongoing crises. It suggests that while urban agriculture and digital technology are on the rise, they cannot fully replace rural farming practices as many areas continue to rely on them due to factors such as insufficient digital development and the ongoing use of traditional methods.