Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human traits are influenced by multiple genes rather than a single gene. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3140880/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractstudy aimed to investigate the expression of lung cancer driver genes in patients with synchronous multiple ground-glass nodules (SMGGNs), to calculate the relationships of these genes with clinical features, and to probe into the origin of multiple primary pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGNs) from the perspective of molecular biology. clinicopathological data of 50 patients with SMGGNs who were admitted to the Department of of the of University from January 2018 to January 2021 were collected for retrospective analysis. All the samples resected were genotyped at 16 lung cancer driver gene loci by next-generation sequencing technology. The relationships between gene mutations and clinical features were analysed, and suspected pulmonary nodules of the same origin were analysed by the whole-exome sequencing. patients were included in the study, 86. 0% (43/50) of whom had gene mutations. Some 133 pulmonary nodules were resected, which were pathologically classified into the following types: atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (21 nodules), adenocarcinoma in situ (32), micro-invasive adenocarcinoma (30), and invasive adenocarcinoma (50). Lung cancer driver gene mutations were identified in 73 (54. 9%) nodules, 63. 0% (46/73) of which were in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR). Significant differences were observed in the gene mutation status between nodule types, particularly EGFR mutation, which differed between histological and imaging subtypes. Multiple gene mutations were not discovered in the same tissue. A low-probability mutation (RET fusion) was detected in three nodules of one patient, and further whole-exome sequencing showed that the three nodules had different gene mutations and were not metastatic. driver gene mutations in patients with SMGGNs are quite different and mutually exclusive, and nodules can arise from multiple primary lesions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that in the study presented, 'multiple gene mutations were not discovered in the same tissue' and notes that 'driver gene mutations in patients with SMGGNs are quite different and mutually exclusive.' This suggests that certain traits or conditions can be influenced by single mutations in identified driver genes, opposing the claim that most traits are influenced by multiple genes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Results and DiscussionsEffect of recirculation rate on nutrients removal and struvite precipitationIn this study, the removal and recovery of nutrients were carried out by recirculating 1. 0 l of artificial wastewater into the reactor for 24 hours. The effect of the recirculation rate on the nutrient removal, removal rate, and struvite precipitation rate can be seen in Figure 2a. The figure shows that nitrogen and phosphate removal increased from 8. 3% ± 0. 9%, 46. 2% ± 2. 05%, 14. 8% ± 1. 2%, 57. 1% ± 1. 1%, respectively, when recirculation rate increased from 1. 0 to 2. 0 mL min−1. However, an increase in the recirculation rate from 2. 0 to 3. 0 mL min−1 caused a decrease in nitrogen and phosphate removal to 9. 9% ± 1. 1% to 35. 2% ± 1. 7%, respectively. This result shows that the small recirculation rate causes the detention time of wastewater to be longer in the reactor so that a reaction of more struvite formation coincides with a decrease in nutrients concentration contained in the wastewater and vice versa. In addition, this also causes equilibrium concentrations to tend to be more quickly achieved at a relatively large recirculation rate compared to a small recirculation rate. Similar with nutrient removal, the rate of nitrogen and phosphate removal also increased from 10. 4 ± 0. 6 mg L−1 h−1 and 13. 1 ± 0. 9 mg L−1 h−1 to 22. 9 ± 09 mg l h−1 and 18. 6 mg L−1 h−1, respectively, when the recirculation rate increased from 1. 0 to 2. 0 mL min−1. Furthermore, nutrient removal rate decreased as the recirculation rate increased from 2 to 3. 0, 4. 0 to 5. 0 mL min−1. These results showed that the performance of the ACEC reactor is likely affected by the recirculation rate. Figure 2. The effect of the recirculation rate on (a) nutrient removal and nutrient removal rate, and (b) potential electrical energy and rate of struvite precipitation. Table 1 shows that the highest nutrients removal, removal rate, and struvite precipitation rate were achieved at the recirculation rate of 2 mL min−1 with nitrogen removal of 14. 7% ± 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effect of recirculation rate on nutrient removal and struvite precipitation in a reactor, with no mention of hydroponics or soil-less farming techniques. Therefore, it does not support or rebut the claim but rather passes as unrelated content.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: to your accountEmail/UsernameYour email address is a required field. E. g. , [email protected]PasswordShowYour password is a required field. Forgot password? Remember meDon’t have an account? Create a If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the button. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your passwordEmail*If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your passwordCancel SubmitLog inRegisterLog inSubmitLog inSubscribeAccess provided by Main menu 10. 1016/j. ophtha. 2018. 01. 036Also available on ScienceDirectCopyright: © 2018 by the of OphthalmologyThis is an open access 4. 0/). User License: Attribution – NonCommercial – NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND 4. 0) | Elsevier's open access license policy IssueDownload startedand AcronymsMethodsResultsDiscussion49. 8±11. 0 years) with various causes of blindness, including 3 bilaterally enucleated controls. MethodsMelatonin concentrations were compared during exposure to a 6. 5-hour bright white light (∼7000 lux) with melatonin concentrations measured 24 hours earlier at the corresponding clock times under dim-light (4 lux) conditions. MeasuresArea under the curve (AUC) for melatonin concentration. ResultsMelatonin concentrations were significantly suppressed (defined as ≥33% suppression) during the bright-light condition compared with the dim-light condition in 5 of 15 participants with eyes (retinitis pigmentosa, n = 2; retinopathy of prematurity [ROP], n = 2; bilateral retinal detachments, n = 1). Melatonin concentrations remained unchanged in response to light in the remaining 10 participants with eyes (ROP, n = 3; optic neuritis/neuropathy, n = 2; retinopathy unknown, n = 2; congenital glaucoma, n = 1; congenital rubella syndrome, n = 1; measles retinopathy, n = 1) and in all 3 bilaterally enucleated participants. ConclusionsThese data confirm that light-induced suppression of melatonin remains functionally intact in a minority of totally visually blind individuals with eyes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that melatonin concentrations were significantly suppressed during exposure to bright light (∼7000 lux) compared to dim-light conditions (4 lux). This indicates that light exposure affects melatonin production, as the data confirm light-induced suppression of melatonin in some individuals.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human traits are influenced by multiple genes rather than a single gene. [SEP] Text: The clinical data of the samples were collected (Table 1). Table 1 Patient and sample information table Total number of patients (n = 50) 16 Female 34 Age < 60 27 ≥ 60 23 Operation mode Unilateral surgery 41 Bilateral surgery 9 Nodule origin Same lobe 16 Different lobes 34 Total number of nodules (n = 133) Nodule position Left lung 54 Right lung 79 Histological type AAH 21 AIS 32 MIA 30 IAC 50 Image credit type pGGN 75 mGGN 58 Mutation statuses of driver genes. Lung cancer driver gene mutations were presented in 73 out of the 133 (54. 9%) pulmonary nodules, among which EGFR mutations made up 63. 0% (46/73), including the E18G719X mutation in two nodules, exon 19 deletion mutation in 16 nodules, exon 20 insertion mutation in three nodules (all of which were the YVMA insertion mutation), and exon 21 L858R mutation in 24 nodules. Other mutations included ALK mutation in three nodules, ESR1 mutation in one nodule, ROS1 mutation in three nodules, NRAS mutation in one nodule, BRAF mutation in two nodules, MET mutation in five nodules, KRAS mutation in seven nodules, RET mutation in three nodules, and PIK3CA mutation in two nodules. No ERBB2, HER2, 2, or HRAS mutations were detected. No lung nodules with multiple gene mutation types were detected, signifying that the gene mutation types were mutually exclusive (Fig. 1a、Fig. 1b). The gene mutation rate in right pulmonary nodules was 57. 0% (45/79), slightly higher than that in left pulmonary nodules [51. 9% (28/54)] (p > 0. 05) (Fig. 1c). Compared to patients with pulmonary nodules in the same lobe (n = 16), those with pulmonary nodules in different lobes (n = 34) displayed a slightly higher gene mutation probability (75. 0% vs. 91. 2%), but again there was no significant difference (p > 0. 05) (Fig. 1d). Mutation status in patients. Taken all together, gene mutations were identified in 86. 0% (43/50) patients (Fig. 2a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'no lung nodules with multiple gene mutation types were detected, signifying that the gene mutation types were mutually exclusive.' This indicates that the mutations are not influenced by multiple genes simultaneously, which contradicts the claim that multiple genes mainly influence human traits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: 2%, phosphate removal of 57. 1% ± 1. 1%, and struvite precipitation rate of 498 mg h−1. It was likely due to the recirculation rate’s effect on nutrient loads that should be treated in the reactor. The lower the recirculation rate, the longer the retention time of nutrients in the reactor; thus, the nutrient can optimize the reaction in which magnesium ions are released from the oxidation process at the anode to form struvite. However, in the case of the recirculation rate of 1. 0 mL min−1, the removal efficiency, removal rate, and struvite precipitation rate were lower than the reactor with 2. 0 mL min−1. This phenomenon is still not clear but it is possible due to the lack of nutrient load into the system since the retention time in the reactor with 1 mL min−1 is too long. Table 1. Performance of of on Nutrient Removal, Rate, and Rate. Rate of recirculation (mL min−1)(%)Nitrogen removal Rate (mg L−1 h−1)Phosphate removal (%)Phosphate removal rate (mg L−1 h−1)Rate of struvite precipitation (mg h−1)1. 08. 3 ± 0. 910. 4 ± 0. 646. 2 ± 2. 113. 1 ± 0. 93622. 014. 7 ± 1. 222. 9 ± 0. 957. 1 ± 1. 118. 6 ± 0. 94983. 09. 9 ± 1. 111. 6 ± 0. 535. 2 ± 1. 78. 6 ± 0. 72574. 08. 8 ± 1. 112. 5 ± 0. 934 ± 0. 49. 8 ± 0. 82885. 05. 8 ± 0. 38. 2 ± 0. 928. 8 ± 1. 79. 8 ± 0. 7256It was also shown that the performance of the ACEC reactor is not only affected by the retention time of nutrients in the reactor. The other parameter that should be considered in the ACEC reactor is the current generated from the reactor. Figure 2b shows the effect of recirculation rate on the potential current density and struvite precipitation rate. The figure shows that the struvite precipitation rate linearly increased as the current density rose. The higher the current density, the higher the struvite precipitation rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding hydroponics and soil-less farming. It focuses on nutrient removal, struvite precipitation rates, and the effects of recirculation rates in a reactor system. There is no mention of hydroponics or the concept of soil-less farming with nutrient-rich water, therefore it is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: None of the bilaterally enucleated individuals or those with phthisis bulbi was responsive to light; of the remainder, half were responsive to light. Although inner retinal damage is associated with a high likelihood that nonimage-forming photoreception is absent, the impact of outer retinal damage is more ambiguous, and therefore the assessment of the presence, attenuation, or absence of nonimage-forming light responses in totally blind patients requires careful individual confirmation and cannot simply be assumed from the type of blindness. Abbreviations and AcronymsaMT6s (urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin)AUC (area under the curve)CBT (core body temperature)CR (constant routine)DLMO (dim light onset of melatonin)ipRGC (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell)LE (light exposure)RHT (retinohypothalamic tract)ROP (retinopathy of prematurity)SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei)Appropriately timed ocular exposure to light inhibits pineal melatonin secretion in humans. 1–3 This response is mediated exclusively by the eyes via the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the site of the circadian pacemaker, which receives photic input from the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). 4,5 Efferents from the SCN project to the pineal via the superior cervical ganglion and are required for both the synthesis and light-induced suppression of melatonin. Photic transmission via the RHT-SCN-pineal pathway originates from a subset (∼0. 5%) of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) containing the photopigment melanopsin. 6,7 These ipRGCs are distributed widely across the retina and project to the ventromedial region of the hypothalamic SCN. 8–13The functional integrity of the retina-RHT-SCN-pineal pathway in visually blind humans can be determined by assessing whether ocular light exposure (LE) can suppress melatonin secretion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that 'appropriately timed ocular exposure to light inhibits pineal melatonin secretion in humans.' It discusses the neural pathways involved in this process, specifically highlighting the role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) in mediating the effects of light on melatonin production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: Little research has been conducted in this area, despite the fact that DTC-GAT and related topics are being raised in health care settings with expectations that clinicians are in a position to help patients navigate them, as highlighted by the two cases described herein. Genetic testing might disproportionately impact some patients such as those who are adoptees, egg or sperm donor–conceived, or who have learned of misattributed paternity. For these subgroups in particular, the stakes are high as testing could reveal and open access to biological family members or provide new genetic-relative family health history [10]. These discoveries could prompt a patient to initiate a new interpersonal relationship, as was the case with the patient in the second case example, who reconnected with his biological mother. It is also not hard to imagine how such results could impact a patient’s future medical encounters (eg, testing for BRCA mutations or Lynch syndrome) if a patient discovers that their family history warrants this. Second, we recommend training and education related to DTC-GAT and similar technologies for clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and other psychotherapists, in addition to physicians, generally. One topic to focus on, for instance, might be test limitations such as the potential for variability in results from different companies [11,12], inaccurate or unreliable results [12,13], and suboptimal company practices [14]. Research has been performed to identify gaps in physician knowledge and preparedness for discussing DTC genetic testing generally [15], and as a result, has spurred movement toward integrating communication of genetic- and genomic-related information and data within medical genetics education and training. The same cannot be said for mental health providers such as clinical psychologists. This represents a critical gap as patients in therapy often see their therapists more frequently than their physicians (eg, on a weekly or biweekly basis); typically have longer sessions (ie, 45-90 minutes) than physicians with room for lengthy discussions; seek out therapy to discuss topics related to identity, family, and health-related matters that often perpetuate or coexist alongside mental health concerns; and are oriented to examine their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. In sum, the therapy setting is rife with opportunities to explore a patient’s beliefs and desires related to DTC-GAT, and the information they might seek to learn from it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that little research has been conducted in the area of direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GAT), suggesting limitations and potential risks involved. It notes that genetic testing might impact certain groups disproportionately and outlines serious concerns like inaccurate or unreliable results, undermining the confident assertion that genetic testing clearly provides insights into ancestry and health risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: As a result, it was also proved that the performance of the ACEC reactor in producing struvite was affected by the potential current density generated by the reactor. Effect of initial pH on nutrients removal and struvite precipitationAccording to the above results, the reactor with 2. 0 mL min−1 was selected as the optimum operational condition as the increase in the flow rate to 5. 0 mL min−1 did not substantially increase the reactor performance. Struvite formation occurs when the concentration of magnesium ion (Mg2+), ammonium (NH4+), and phosphate (PO43-) exceed their solubility product (Ksp), which is mainly controlled by the pH (Uludag-Demirer et al. , 2005). Therefore, in further experiments, the reactor was operated using 2. 0 mL min−1 with different initial pH of wastewater (4, 7, 8, 9). Figure 3a shows the nutrient removal and nutrient removal rate of the ACEC reactor with different initial pH. Based on Figure 3a, it can be seen that the optimum initial pH of wastewater was at pH 8 with the nitrogen and phosphate removal of 24. 6% ± 1. 6% to 88. 4% ± 3. 8%, nitrogen and phosphate removal rate of 24. 2 ± 2. 1 mg L−1 h−1 and 35. 3 ± 2. 1 mg L−1 h−1, respectively, and the struvite precipitation rate of 900 mg h−1. The reactor with initial pH 4 achieved the lowest values for all parameters because the reactor needs the longest time (6 hours) to reach the pH where the struvite formation occurs (Figure 3b). Previous studies reported that the struvite precipitation could take place in the pH range 7 to 11, with the minimum solubility at pH 9 (Buchanan et al. , 1994; Siciliano & De Rosa, 2014). The reactor with initial pH of 7 to 8, and 9 achieved relatively high struvite precipitation rate, with the initial pH 8 as the highest among these reactors. The struvite precipitation rate for the reactor was 499, 900, and 656 mg h−1, respectively. These results are likely due to the time that the optimum pH where struvite formation needed at the initial pH 8 was greater than that of the other reactor (Figure 3b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding hydroponics and soil-less farming. Instead, it discusses the performance of an ACEC reactor in producing struvite and the effect of pH on nutrient removal. There is no mention of hydroponics or the concept of using nutrient-rich water for soil-less farming, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 14–16 Bilateral lesions of the neural pathway between the retina and the SCN, for example, via severing the optic nerve or enucleation, abolish light-induced suppression of melatonin production or photic entrainment of the circadian clock. 17 Consequently, the majority of totally visually blind people (those without conscious light perception) cannot maintain circadian entrainment to the 24-hour light-dark cycle and exhibit non–24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder. 18–21Classic rod and cone photoreceptors can contribute, but are not required, to mediate melatonin suppression or other “nonimage-forming” responses to light such as circadian phase resetting. 22,23 The specificity of this nonvisual pathway is underscored by observations that a small fraction of totally visually blind individuals can maintain melatonin suppression and circadian entrainment to light in the absence of light perception and negative neuro-ophthalmologic tests,14,16 confirming that the retina-SCN-pineal axis is functionally intact. In addition, wavelength-dependent melatonin suppression has been demonstrated in a blind individual,24 with substantial suppression during 460 nm blue LE, and no suppression at 555 nm, consistent with a melanopsin-mediated, and not photopic, response. Similar blue-light sensitivity has been shown for pupillary reflex,25 unconscious “visual” perception24,26 and activation of brain areas associated with alertness and mood26 in such totally visually blind but circadian photoreception intact blind patients. Given the rarity of totally visually blind patients who retain melatonin suppression, circadian entrainment or pupillary responses to light (only 7 such patients reported in the literature to date; subject codes are from Brigham and Women's Hospital); Czeisler et al in 199514 (n = 3; nos. 1053, 1155, and 1459); Klerman et al in 200216 (n = 1; no. 1492); Zaidi et al in 200724 (n = 2; no. 22CS and female); Vandewalle et al in 201326 (n = 1, nos. 2811, 1492, and 22CS), we aimed to examine the prevalence of a positive melatonin suppression response in a larger cohort and examine the relationship between the cause of blindness and retention of functional nonimage-forming responses to ocular LE. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how light exposure impacts melatonin production and circadian rhythms. It explains that severing the neural connection between the retina and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) leads to an abolishment of light-induced suppression of melatonin production, emphasizing the role of light in regulating melatonin levels. Further, it discusses how even in visually blind individuals, some may still experience melatonin suppression in response to light, highlighting the significant influence of light exposure on melatonin production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: The information gained from DTC ancestry testing may not correctly categorize an individual into one of the recognized ancestral groups, a concept about which there is already a lack of scientific and sociological consensus [6]. The test may either misattribute someone to an ancestral group or, equally problematically, fail to identify another ancestral link associated with increased risk. This could lead to either false reassurance or unwarranted concern in response to news about the presence or absence of risk based on ancestry. Questions remain not only about how users should interpret these data but also if and how clinicians can use this information in a meaningful way. If the DTC ancestry test correctly identified ancestry in Ms. Stewart’s case, that information could be of value in determining whether further testing is recommended [8]. ancestry is a well-known ancestral lineage linked to a three specific recurring mutations. [9] This ancestry confers a 1 in 40 chance of carrying a BRCA gene mutation, in comparison to the 1 in 300 chance in the general population [2, 10]. Other ancestries also come with an increased risk of developing breast cancer, including those from the Netherlands, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden [9, 11-14]. In Ms. Stewart’s case, the information obtained from the ancestry test did not speak to other possible ancestral associations that may have also shed light on her situation. Furthermore, BRCA gene mutations are not the only cause of hereditary breast cancer. Cowden syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, and Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome all increase breast cancer risk [15, 16]. People with a high risk for carrying genetic mutations, such as women of descent, are advised to seek genetic counseling and consider genetic testing at any age if they have breast or ovarian or pancreatic cancer [2]. One of the leading concerns regarding DTC genetic testing is that it does not involve the guidance of a medical professional, either a genetic counselor or a physician trained in clinical genetics. Professional society guidelines recommend that genetic testing be done only in association with genetic counseling [2, 17] This is critical; before being tested, DTC test users should understand the limitations, risks, and consequences of acquiring genetic information about themselves (whether in the clinical or direct-to-consumer arena) and the possibility of finding gene variants of uncertain significance. Genetic counseling is paramount. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that direct-to-consumer (DTC) ancestry testing may not accurately categorize individuals and may lead to false reassurance or unwarranted concern regarding health risks. It emphasizes the lack of scientific consensus and the limitations of DTC testing, suggesting that genetic testing, without proper guidance from professionals, may not provide reliable insights into health risks associated with ancestry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: This result was consistent with the previous study, which stated that the struvite formation was optimal at the pH values between 8. 5 and 9. 3 (Siciliano & De Rosa, 2014). The other study reported a rapid rise in the reaction rate of struvite formation in response to pH growth from 8. 6 to 9. 0 (Huang et al. , 2017). Further studies identified that pH values around nine as the most favorable for struvite precipitation (Tomei et al. , 2020). Figure 3. (a) Nutrient removal and nutrient removal rate, and (b) change in pH of the ACEC reactor with different initial pH. The comparison of reactor ACEC performance with the other technologies is shown in Table 2. The table shows that the ACEC reactor was comparable to the other technologies in terms of nutrients removal. The recent study achieved 88. 4% removal of phosphate, which was comparable to the reactor STR and Electrolyzer from previous studies (Aguado et al. , 2019; Brown et al. , 2018; Taddeo & Lepistö, 2015; Wang, Fu et al. , 2019). In terms of nitrogen removal, the recent study achieved 56. 0% which was higher than the STR reactor from the previous study (Xavier et al. , 2014). A previous study reported that the struvite precipitation rate (in terms of phosphate removal rate) from the electrolyzer was about 70. 46 mg L−1 h−1 to 396. 65 mg L−1 h−1. It was higher than the recent study, which achieved 35. 3 mg L−1 h−1 with 900 mg h−1 of struvite formation (Wang, Fu et al. , 2019). Even though the results were lower than previous study, the reactor ACEC has the potential to replace both the new emerging and conventional electrocoagulation technologies for struvite recovery as it has low energy consumption. Table 2. Comparison of the with Available Literatures. NoType of reactorType of wastewaterReactor operationalPhosphate removal (%)(%)97. 7n. aXu et al. (2015)8STRLandfill leachateBatchn. a72Ramaswami et al. (2016)9STRSynthetic swinewastewaterContinuous98. 985Kim et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the concept of hydroponics or soil-less farming directly. Instead, it focuses on chemical processes related to struvite formation and nutrient removal rates in various reactors, which are unrelated to the claim regarding hydroponics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Visual evoked potential results were available in 9 of the 15 intact blind participants using a flash stimulus (hand-held stroboscopic lamp) at 2 per second. Electroencephalography was recorded from Fz-Oz, Pz-Oz, Fz-O1, and Fz-O2. Each eye was tested individually in a darkened room during 2 separate trials by covering 1 eye during ocular exposure to the strobe flash stimulus. Sensitivity was 3 uv/cm, and the average peak-to-peak ambient noise level was 2 uv. For the 3 participants who were bilaterally enucleated, cause and history of blindness were obtained by self-report, and a physician confirmed the absence of eyes during the screening physical examination. Inpatient ProtocolsThe protocol consisted of assessing melatonin concentrations under dim light conditions during a constant routine (CR) protocol and under bright light conditions during a LE protocol (Fig 1). The CR and LE were conducted during a 5-day (n = 1) or 6-day (n = 7) inpatient protocol or at the end of a 38-day (n = 10) inpatient protocol conducted at the Center for at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Participants lived individually and continuously in 1 of 5 time-free, sound-proofed, temperature-controlled rooms. Participants studied during the 5- or 6-day protocol were instructed to maintain regular sleep–wake schedule and to record the bedtimes and final wake times for at least 2 weeks before admission to inpatient study. In the 38-day study, the CR and melatonin suppression test occurred after patients lived on a 28-hour “day” (18. 67 hours wake, 9. 33 hours sleep) for 24 cycles under a “forced desynchrony” study designed to forcibly desynchronize the endogenous circadian clock from the sleep–wake cycle. 30Figure 1 Example of study protocol (no. 14; 26Q6) for assessing of melatonin concentrations over approximately 3 days. Melatonin concentrations (solid black line) are plotted by pg/ml (y-axis) and by clocktime (x-axis) under dim light (<4 lux; light gray shading) for 38 hours during constant routine (CR) and for 4. 75 hours before and after the 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the assessment of melatonin concentrations under differing light conditions, specifically mentioning 'dim light conditions' and 'bright light conditions'. This indicates that melatonin production is measured in relation to varying light exposures, supporting the assertion that light exposure influences melatonin production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: 21 Though clinics are not currently offering PGD for these traits, from a technologic point of view, this is almost certainly a possibility in the future. We are at the dawn of the age of genetics. The awesome power of the technology that is emerging is difficult to fully appreciate at this point in time. As described in the film the ability to define an individual by a genetic code has at its core the potential for widespread and terrible abuse. A slippery slope exists with this technology of which we must always keep mindful. The ability to assess risk of developing medical conditions based on genetics has the potential to introduce widespread discrimination throughout society. One could envision a future where employers or insurers base decisions in part on one's risk of illness according to a genetic readout. In anticipation of such discrimination, Act of 2008 was enacted in the with the expressed purpose of preventing such genetic-based discrimination in the arenas of health insurance and employment. 22Still more disturbing is a world, as in in which parents choose embryos with PGD that possess genetic traits optimal for success. We currently have the technology to choose embryos based on sex. Surely in the near future, we will be able to identify genes and DNA sequences that code for a host of other traits such as height, intelligence, strength, and so on. The inequities that could arise from this sort of PGD have no parallel in human history. As PGD is only available in wealthy nations and, in general, to wealthy individuals within these nations, the construct exists for people with means to weight the genetic scales in their favor. illustrated, this technology has the potential to ultimately redefine society in an extremely negative way. This outcome is unacceptable. In many nations, regulations have been created to preempt some of the potential negative social consequences that may result from PGD. 12 However, it is incumbent upon society to continue ensuring that PGD–-and genetic testing in general–-is applied in a way that utilizes its potential in a responsible manner to improve health care. This can only be accomplished through a constant and thoughtful social dialogue. Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: PRB. Analyzed the data: PRB. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: PRB. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: PRB. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: PRB. Jointly developed the structure and arguments for the paper: PRB. Made critical revisions and approved final version: PRB. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential negative social implications and discrimination associated with genetic testing and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). While it acknowledges the advancements in genetic technology and the ability to assess medical risks, it emphasizes the risks of misuse and discrimination rather than providing a straightforward endorsement of the claim that genetic testing offers valuable insights.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: (2017)10MFCSwine wastewaterBatch recirculation70–82n. aIchihashi and Hirooka (2012)11MFCUrineBatch82n. aYou et al. (2016)12MECArtificial wastewaterBatch20. 1–73. 9n. aLei et al. (2019)13digestion effluentBatch recirculation98n. aKim et al. (2017)14digestion effluentBatch recirculation32. 757. 188. 460. 41. 922. 924. 256. 0this study**with the variation of initial pH. Characterization of struvite precipitatesThe struvite precipitates were identified by SEM-EDS and XRD, as shown in Figure 4. The sample of the precipitate was taken from the reactor with initial pH of 8 which was the optimum condition of the experiment. The SEM results showed that the struvite precipitates exhibited in the form of crystals with irregularly shaped accompanied by a sharp at the surface (Figure 4a). This result was similar to the previous studies, which stated that the struvite precipitate might occur in the form of irregular, cubic, and rod-like irregular crystals (Sciarria et al. , 2019; Tao et al. , 2015; Zou et al. , 2017). The EDS analyses showed that the precipitates accumulated in the reactor were that of pure struvite, with the EDS spectra showing the presence of Mg (6. 67%), P (6. 78%), N (1. 66%), and O (47. 41%) (Cusick et al. , 2014). The XRD results showed a similarity between the specific peaks of the test sample with the struvite (Figure 4b). As shown in the XRD chromatogram, similar specific peaks between the sample and struvite standard have occurred at 2ϴ with 15. 83, 16. 49, 20. 9, 21. 48, 27. 1, 29. 11, 30. 2, 30. 65, 31. 94, 33. 3o. This result indicated that the sample test could be identified as struvite (MgNH4PO4. 6H2O). Figure 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the characterization of struvite precipitates in various experimental settings, including the analysis of their chemical composition and structure. It does not mention hydroponics, soil-less farming, or nutrient-rich water. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about hydroponics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 5-hour light exposure (LE) (∼7000 lux; white area; no shading). An 8-hour sleep opportunity under darkness (0 lux; dark gray shading) separated the CR and LE days. Constant RoutineParticipants were assessed during a CR protocol. 31 From scheduled wake time, participants remained awake in dim light (∼0. 0087 W/m2 [∼4 lux] at 137 cm from the floor in the vertical plane and a maximum of 0. 048 W/m2 [∼15 lux] at 187 cm from the floor in the horizontal plane) and semirecumbent in bed with the head of the bed raised at a 45° angle for up to 40 hours. Food and fluid were given in small isocaloric meals (150 mEq Na+/100 mEq K+ [±20%] controlled nutrient; 2000–2500 ml fluid isocaloric; basal energy expenditure × 1. 4 activity for calculated diet) every hour starting 2 hours after scheduled wake time. Constant posture and wakefulness were maintained and verified by technicians who sat with the participant at all times. At the end of the CR, the head of the bed was lowered and participants were given 8-hour recovery sleep opportunity in darkness. ExposureAfter a post-CR 8-hour recovery sleep opportunity, participants were scheduled to a 16-hour wake episode (LE day). Light exposure was required to be timed to coincide with release of melatonin. In an entrained individual, melatonin release would occur at night, and therefore scheduling of LE would be straightforward. In individuals with non–24-hour rhythms, however, ensuring that the light occurs when melatonin is released requires additional calculations. On the basis of previous experience, the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) was expected to occur 6. 75 hours before the fitted core body temperature (CBT) minimum (see “Assessment of CBT”). The study sleep–wake schedule was designed on the basis of the CBT rhythm of each individual such that the 6. 5-hour bright LE (Lights On) was scheduled to start 4. 75 hours after scheduled waketime, which was timed to coincide with the expected DLMO. This ensured that the LE occurred at a time of melatonin release. The duration of the bright LE for 1 participant (23BP, no. 9) was 10. 75 hours (between 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how light exposure, specifically the timing and duration of bright light exposure (LE), is strategically scheduled to coincide with the release of melatonin. It details the relationship between melatonin release and light exposure, emphasizing that in an entrained individual, melatonin is released at night, which directly supports the claim that melatonin production is influenced by light exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: 2024 Home » Blog » Arhiva » of Throughout a Person’s Life – A Lifelong Journeyof Throughout a Person’s Life – A de | postat în: Arhiva, Numărul 4, Științe naturale, Volumul 3 | 0 Sfetcu, Nicolae (2024), of Throughout a Person’s Life – A Lifelong Journey, Cunoașterea Științifică, 3:4, DOI: 10. 58679/CS95837, is an extended 10. 58679/CS95837 URL: © 2024. Responsabilitatea conținutului, interpretărilor și opiniilor exprimate revine exclusiv autorilor. of Throughout a Person’s Life – [1] nicolae@sfetcu. com [1] Researcher – – of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (), Division of History of Science (DIS), ORCID: 0000-0002-0162-9973 intelligence is a complex construct that undergoes significant changes throughout an individual’s lifespan. The evolution of intelligence during a person’s lifetime is a process influenced by an interaction between biological development, genetics, environmental factors, and personal experiences. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, human intelligence is the „mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one’s environment” (Britannica 2024). Researchers from Brisbane, Edinburgh and Aberdeen reviewed a study which found that a quarter of people experience a change in intelligence due to genetic and environmental factors (Deary et al. 2012). noted that „Identifying genetic influences on intelligence could help us to understand the relationship between knowledge and problem solving and an individual’s outcomes in life, and especially to understand why some people age better than others in terms of intelligence. ” (Philips 2012). Myelin develops as children grow, improving brain function. Myelination and neural connections increase brain volume until age 40, then slowly shrink as the tissue begins to degenerate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that intelligence is influenced by a complex mix of biological development, genetics, environmental factors, and personal experiences. It emphasizes the importance of various contributing factors over a singular genetic influence, indicating that intelligence undergoes significant changes throughout a person’s life as a result of these diverse influences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: (a) SEM–EDS and (b) XRD analyses for struvite precipitates from ACEC reactor. ConclusionsThe performance of the ACEC reactor was examined by operating the reactor with the variation of recirculation rate and different initial pH. Struvite precipitates were identified by SEM-EDS and XRD. The results showed that the precipitates exhibited in the form of crystals with irregularly shaped accompanied by a sharp at the surface and composed of Mg (6. 67%), P (6. 78%), N (1. 66%), and O (47. 41%). XRD chromatogram shows that the precipitate matched the reference pattern for struvite. Based on the evaluation of the reactor performance, the reactor with a recirculation rate of 2 mL min−1 was selected as the optimum condition. In such condition, the nitrogen and phosphate removal, nitrogen and phosphate removal rate, and struvite precipitation rate was 14. 7% ± 1. 2%, 57. 1% ± 1. 1%, 22. 9% ± 0. 9 mg/L/h, 18. 6% ± 0. 9 mg L−1 h−1 and 498 mg h−1, respectively. The recirculation rate affects the reactor performance through the magnitude of the hydraulic retention time of nutrients on the reactor (75, 37. 5, 25, 18. 8 minutes, and 15 minutes for recirculation rate of 1, 2 mL min−1 to 3. 0, 4. 0 to 5. 0 mL min−1, respectively) and the potential electrical energy generated in the reactor (11. 7, 14 to 0, 14. 2, 11. 4 mA cm−1, and 7. 4 mA cm). On the other hand, the reactor with initial pH 8 achieved the best performance with the nitrogen and phosphate removal of 24. 6% ± 1. 6% to 88. 4% ± 3. 8%, nitrogen and phosphate removal rate of 24. 2 ± 2. 1 mg L−1 h−1 and 35. 3 ± 2. 1 mg L−1 h−1, respectively, and the struvite precipitation rate of 900 mg h−1 since the value of solubility product was optimum at these conditions. Based on the results above, it can be concluded that the recirculation rate and initial pH of wastewater control the process of the struvite precipitation process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the performance of an ACEC reactor and the precipitation of struvite, which does not directly address hydroponics or the concept of soil-less farming using nutrient-rich water. There is no mention of hydroponics or its principles within the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: The average (± standard deviation) light intensity recorded from pole readings during CR was 2. 7±0. 8 lux and before, during, and after the bright LE was 2. 7±0. 7, 6807. 9±1324. 1, and 3. 9±1. 3 lux, respectively. Average bright light levels varied above or below the participant mean lux levels among participants but remained consistent throughout the bright LE. Assessment of TemperatureCore body temperature (CBT) was recorded continuously every minute during CR using a disposable rectal thermistor (). The thermistor was inserted approximately 10 cm (marked by tape) into the rectum and only removed for bowel movements and showers. A real-time, online data acquisition system was used to monitor CBT collection by via the rectal thermistor. Technicians periodically asked participants to check that the thermistor was inserted no less than the marked-off 10 cm length. The CBT data were used to assess endogenous circadian phase during CR and used to calculate the appropriate timing of the bright LE. Nonlinear least squares harmonic-regression analysis was used to fit a dual-harmonic model with correlated noise to each participant's CBT data32 by the investigator during the first 24 hours of the CR. The CBT data from the first 5 hours of CR were excluded from the analysis to eliminate evoked effects produced by the transition from sleep to wake after the preceding 8-hour sleep opportunity. The projected timing of the onset of melatonin secretion (the target time for initiating the bright LE) was estimated to occur 6. 75 hours before the participant's fitted CBT minimum. Assessment of Plasma MelatoninBlood samples were collected every 30 to 60 minutes during CR and every 10 to 60 minutes during LE to measure pineal melatonin levels (n = 15). Blood was sampled every 10 minutes for 3 hours starting 1. 5 hours before the room light intensity increased for the experimental LE to capture any acute suppression of pineal melatonin after the light intensity increase. Blood sampling was reduced to every 20 minutes 1. 5 hours after the room light intensity increased and continued for the remainder of the LE and 1. 5 hours after the room light intensity was decreased to the dim light background setting. An indwelling 18- to 20-gauge intravenous catheter was inserted into the participant's forearm vein on day 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blood samples were collected to measure pineal melatonin levels and noting that blood sampling was conducted before and after an increase in room light intensity. This suggests a direct relationship between light levels and melatonin production, aligning with the claim that light exposure influences melatonin secretion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: To comprehend the progression of intellectual growth, it is essential to explore the emergence, maturation, and sometimes, the decline of cognitive abilities, illustrating a complex interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental influences. Early Childhood: of inception of human intelligence occurs during early childhood, a phase characterized by rapid cognitive advancement. From infancy to approximately five years of age, the brain experiences substantial growth, with synaptic connections proliferating at an exceptional pace. It is during this period that children acquire fundamental cognitive skills, including perception, language, memory, and problem-solving capabilities. Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which delineates stages such as the sensorimotor and preoperational stages, offers a theoretical framework for understanding these initial developments. Piaget arrived at a theory of cognitive development that describes the developmental stages of childhood (Parke and Gauvain 2009). Sensorimotor stage (Child 0–2 years): Intelligence is present; motor activity but no symbols; knowledge is developing but limited. Preoperational stage (Toddler and early childhood 2–7 years): Symbols or language skills are present; emotion and imagination develop; irreversible and non-logical thinking. Concrete operational stage (Elementary and early adolescence 7–12 years): Logical and systematic form of intelligence; manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. Formal operational stage (Adolescence and adulthood 12 years and up): Logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts. Even before birth, the foundations of cognitive abilities are laid. The brain begins to form neurons and synapses at an incredible rate. During the first few years, the brain grows rapidly, reaching almost 80% of adult size by the age of three. This period is critical for sensory development, language acquisition, and the establishment of cognitive frameworks. Babies and toddlers learn primarily through sensory experiences and interactions with their environment. writes that early childhood is a time when neurons can explore and make as many connections as possible, but we cannot maintain them all over time. The connections that remain are strengthened thanks to so-called myelin, an insulating layer that wraps around neural projections, isolating them. (Bragg 2022) Within the sensorimotor stage (from birth to two years), infants explore their environment through sensory and motor experiences. They begin to grasp the concept of object permanence, understanding that objects persist in existence even when they are out of sight. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that intelligence is not solely determined by genetics but is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental factors. It discusses the emergence of cognitive abilities, the significance of early childhood development, and the multiple stages of cognitive growth proposed by Jean Piaget, which suggest a multifaceted understanding of intelligence rather than a simplistically genetic one.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: proteinDry matterEconomicsGreen fodderLivestockPerennial grassesPerennial legumesYear-round fodderare facing several challenges in crop production due to the occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses. Practicing agriculture alone is not a profitable enterprise anymore because of low yields in some years and total crop failures sometimes. In this scenario, dairy farming enterprise appeared to be an attractive option for farmers in addition to agriculture for stabilizing their farm income. These two enterprises are mutually beneficial and help farmers in obtaining higher income. India’s milk production was 43 million tonnes in 1983 and increased to198. 4 million tonnes by 2019-20 (Madhvi Sally, 2021). The increased milk production in India is due to two reasons: 1) Increased demand for milk by the ever-growing population, 2) Increased consumption of dairy products by the people in the recent past. Dairy farmers spend 60% of the total cost of milk production on the purchase of fodder and feed only. Therefore, the availability of green forage is the key to the profitable production of livestock (Kumar et al. , 2012). However, the productivity of cultivated fodder crops is low in India due to the least attention and minimal allocation of inputs, unawareness about forage crop species and varieties and non-availability of the improved production techniques to the stakeholders in forage resource development. The situation is still worst regarding small and marginal dairy farmers in India in well-planned year-round cheap forage crop production. But they are the major players in the total milk production in India. Small and marginal dairy farmers are highly dependent on the external supply of green and dry fodder particularly during the winter or summer seasons. Hence, to address this problem educating the farmers about the improved fodder crop production packages: selection of appropriate forage species, suitable varieties and efficient management techniques to sustain forage yields and soil fertility is the best solution. The association of cereal and legume forages maintains a similar level of herbage yield and their combination also nearly doubles the crude protein production (and Tripathi, 1987). Epifanio et al. , (2019) reported that grass-legume intercropping had a positive effect on the total productivity and nutrition of the forage crops. It also increased dry matter production, crude protein yield and in vitro dry matter digestibility and decreased the fiber fractions. Mclennon et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses challenges in crop production, dairy farming, and the economic aspects of livestock production without directly addressing the role of perennial plants in providing year-round yields or stabilizing soil. Although it mentions the importance of green forage for livestock, it does not specifically relate to perennial plants or their benefits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Melatonin concentrations during constant routine (CR) (solid black line) are superimposed over the melatonin concentrations across the corresponding 16 hours during light exposure (LE) day (filled diagonal lines) relative to time since start of LE (x-axis; 0 hours) on LE day for each participant. Melatonin concentrations were measured under constant dim light (<4 lux) during CR. On LE day, participants received a 6. 5-hour (10. 75 hours for 23BP) experimental LE (∼7000 lux; white area, no shading) with exposure to dim light (4 lux, gray shaded area) for 4. 75 hours before and after the experimental LE. All figures for each participant depict plasma melatonin, except for 3 participants (nos. 7, 8, and 10) for whom salivary melatonin is shown. In 2 of 5 participants who exhibited melatonin suppression (nos. 1 and 2), the LE started within 1 hour after DLMO and suppressed melatonin to below DLMO levels within 0. 53 and 0. 62 hours, respectively. Suppression remained constant throughout the LE (Fig 2). In the remaining 3 suppressed participants (nos. 3–5), the LE began before predicted DLMO by 1. 71, 0. 65, and 1. 29 hours, respectively. In these patients, melatonin levels were substantially suppressed but showed evidence of recovery during the LE, reaching DLMO 4. 60, 5. 21, and 1. 95 hours after Lights On, respectively (Fig 2). All 5 participants exhibited rapid elevation of melatonin levels after (Fig 2). Melatonin concentrations did not decrease by more than 33% during the bright LE in 10 of 15 participants with eyes (nos. 6–15; average [± standard deviation] suppression −7. 6%±23. 8%, range −49. 9–14. 0%) or in the 3 bilaterally enucleated participants (nos. 16–18; −9. 9%±17. 7%, range −22. 4%–10. 3%) (Fig 2). When examined relative to the absence or presence of phthisis bulbi, none of the 5 patients with bilateral phthisis bulbi demonstrated suppression (nos. 9–12, 14); 5 of the remaining 10 participants without bilateral phthisis bulbi did exhibit melatonin suppression (Fig 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing findings related to melatonin concentrations during light exposure. It explains that melatonin levels can be suppressed by bright light exposure (∼7000 lux) and provides specific examples of how this suppression varies among participants. The data shows the direct relationship between light exposure and melatonin production, indicating that light can influence the levels of melatonin in the body.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Transitioning to the preoperational stage (from two to seven years), children engage in symbolic play and refine their language skills. Nonetheless, their cognitive thinking remains predominantly egocentric, indicating an inability to consider perspectives other than their own. Recent research has suggested that early experiences and social interactions play a critical role in the development of reasoning (Banerjee, Watling, and Caputi 2011). Infants as young as six months can engage in basic logical reasoning. Cultural factors, such as educational practices and emphasis on critical thinking, can also influence the development of reasoning skills. and Adolescence: Refinement and preschool through early school age (ages 3-12), children develop reasoning, memory, and problem-solving skills. They begin to understand abstract concepts such as numbers and relationships. Formal schooling begins to shape cognitive skills significantly. Reading, writing, and arithmetic become the tools by which children engage and expand their intelligence. As children transition into the middle childhood stage, spanning from ages 6 to 12, their cognitive capabilities undergo significant refinement. This period is characterized by the development of logical thinking skills, a hallmark of Piaget’s concrete operational stage. It enables children to engage in mental operations concerning concrete objects and events, marking a crucial stage in their academic journey. During this time, formal education plays a pivotal role in enhancing children’s memory, attention, and problem-solving abilities. Adolescence: A in the Evolution of Intelligence Adolescence, which spans from ages 12 to 18, represents another pivotal phase in the evolution of intelligence. It is during this stage that individuals progress into Piaget’s formal operational stage, a phase where abstract and hypothetical thinking becomes the norm. Adolescents acquire the capacity to reason logically about potential outcomes, engage in systematic problem-solving, and critically analyze complex issues. Additionally, this period is characterized by the development of metacognitive skills, which involve an increased awareness of one’s own thinking processes and strategies. This heightened self-awareness empowers individuals to plan, monitor, and regulate their cognitive activities more effectively. During adolescence, the brain begins to smooth out unused neural connections and strengthen others, making thought processes more efficient. There is substantial development in executive functions, which include planning, impulse control, and attention. Risk-taking behaviors can also influence cognitive development through new and diverse experiences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the multifaceted nature of intelligence development, emphasizing that early experiences, social interactions, and educational practices significantly influence cognitive abilities. It highlights stages in cognitive development and the role of both formal education and social experiences, thereby arguing against the idea that a single gene can determine all aspects of intelligence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: The treatments were composed of two types of perennial grasses (Napier- bajra hybrid grass and guinea grass) alone or in combination with the three fodder legume intercrops (Lucerne, and Sesbania). The treatments are as follows: Napier bajra hybrid (NB hybrid) at 60 × 60 cm spacing (T1), Guinea grass at 60 × 60 cm spacing (T2), NB hybrid in paired rows (60/120 cm) + Lucerne (T3), NB hybrid in paired rows (60/120 cm) + (Desmanthus virgatus) (T4), NB hybrid in paired rows (60/120 cm) + Sesbania/Agati (Sesbania grandiflora) (T5), Guinea grass in paired rows (60/120 cm) + Lucerne (T6) and Guinea grass in paired rows (60/120 cm) + (T7) and Guinea grass in paired rows (60/120 cm) + Sesbania (T8). Each perennial grass was grown in a paired row method (row to row 120 cm and plant to plant 60cm and the spacing between two rows was 60 cm within each pair. The legume intercrops were sown with their respective spacing between two adjacent paired rows. Spacing between two adjacent paired rows was 120 cm. Four rows of Lucerne were sown with 30 × 10 cm spacing; two rows of were sown with 60 × 10 cm spacing and one row of Sesbania was sown between two adjacent paired rows at 100 cm plant to plant spacing i. e. , at 240 × 100 cm spacing. Sesbania intercrop was allowed to grow for six months and later trimmed to a height of 1 meter in the establishment year (2015-16). 50 kg nitrogen, 50 kg phosphorus and 30 kg potash per hectare were applied as basal and 50 kg nitrogen applied after each cut with irrigation. At each harvest: Plant height, tiller number and leaf to stem ratio (LS ratio) were measured for grasses on three plants/hills selected randomly. Whereas, green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields were recorded for both grasses and legumes at each cut and accumulated annually (total six cuts/year) for statistical analyses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes an experimental setup involving perennial grasses and legume intercrops, detailing planting methods and measurements taken during the growing season. However, it does not address the claim of year-round yields or soil stabilization directly. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Four of the 5 individuals who exhibited melatonin suppression had exhibited a normally phased 24-hour rhythm in urinary aMT6s before the study. The fifth participant with melatonin suppression (22J7V) had exhibited a non–24-hour rhythm but chose to wear opaque scleral shells for cosmetic purposes, presumably leading to a lack of photic entrainment under normal conditions. She removed these scleral shells for the melatonin suppression study and exhibited a positive response. Only 1 participant who did not exhibit melatonin suppression (2740) exhibited 24-hour urinary aMT6s rhythms before study, presumably due to entrainment by nonphotic time cues. DiscussionThese results confirm and expand previous reports that light-induced melatonin suppression is observed in a minority of totally visually blind individuals. Of those participants with intact eyes who did not have bilateral phthisis bulbi, however, half exhibited melatonin suppression. Of the 5 participants who responded to light, 1 had a phthisical eye and exhibited half the melatonin suppression response as the responders whose globes had not begun to shrink. Given that none of the participants studied with bilateral phthisis bulbi, or any of those with bilateral enucleation, have exhibited photic melatonin suppression (Tables 1 and S1, available at www. aaojournal. org), it would appear that intact globes are required for presentation of this response. Unlike animal models in which selective abolition of rod/cone development via targeted gene-knockouts was used to assess photic input via ipRGCs to the circadian pacemaker (e. g. , 22), studies in humans are confined to assessing the resilience of this pathway with less knowledge of the specific damage to the retina or optic nerve. The extent of the damage may differ between etiologies of blindness, as well as within a particular cause. In previous reports, individuals with Leber's congenital amaurosis (a disease similar to retinitis pigmentosa) (n = 1), juvenile retinoschisis (n = 1), optic neuropathy (n = 1), and retinopathy of prematurity (n = 1) demonstrated melatonin suppression in response to ocular bright LE,14,16 but those with congenital glaucoma (n = 2), retinopathy of prematurity (n = 2), and retinopathy (n = 1) did not. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of light on melatonin suppression in various participants, particularly noting that light-induced melatonin suppression is observed in a minority of totally visually blind individuals and that participants with intact eyes but different conditions exhibited varying responses to light. The study highlights that 'intact globes are required for presentation of this response,' confirming that light exposure plays a significant role in melatonin production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Adulthood: and Maintenance of general belief was that cognition stops improving after a certain age, with the brain being mostly mature by age 18 and then more frontal lobe maturation occurs by age 20. According to this theory, cognitive decline begins at an advanced age. In the early stages of adulthood, cognitive abilities typically reach their zenith. This phase is characterized by the peak of fluid intelligence, which encompasses the capacity to solve novel problems and think abstractly. Furthermore, it is marked by the accumulation of crystallized intelligence, which is comprised of knowledge and skills acquired through life experiences and formal education. Crystallized intelligence is often stable or even increases with age, as adults continue to accumulate expertise in their respective fields. During early adulthood (ages 20-40), intelligence, especially crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills), stabilizes and continues to grow. Fluid intelligence, which involves problem solving and the ability to adapt to new situations, can peak during this period. Higher education, careers, relationships, and personal interests continue to shape cognitive abilities. The biggest losses begin in the 30s in the prefrontal cortex (important for attention, planning, reasoning, problem solving) and the hippocampus (involved in learning, memory and navigation). However, the nature of intelligence in adulthood is dynamic. Throughout middle adulthood, individuals may experience a gradual decline in certain aspects of fluid intelligence, such as processing speed and working memory. Despite these declines, many adults compensate for these changes by leveraging their accumulated knowledge, experience, and heuristic strategies, which facilitate efficient problem-solving. Moreover, practical intelligence, or the ability to manage everyday tasks and navigate complex social environments, continues to develop and frequently improves with age. Late Adulthood: Adaptation and the later stages of adulthood, the manifestations of cognitive decline become increasingly discernible. Specifically, fluid intelligence, which is particularly adept at handling tasks that demand swift reasoning and mental agility, may experience further diminishment. The efficiency of memory retrieval may wane, and the pace of cognitive processing continues to decelerate. Nonetheless, this phase of life also presents avenues for cognitive enhancement in various domains. Between the ages of 40-60 there may be slight declines in processing speed and memory. However, experiential knowledge and skills often continue to improve. Individuals often develop deeper expertise in their career fields and improved problem-solving skills related to real-world problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the dynamic and complex nature of intelligence, highlighting how it is influenced by various factors such as education, life experiences, and personal interests rather than being solely determined by a single gene. It explains that cognitive abilities develop and change across the lifespan, indicating that intelligence encompasses more than genetic factors alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: The grasses and legumes were harvested plot-wise separately and fresh green forage yield was recorded in kg/plot and was converted into quintals per hectare. A fresh sample of 500 g taken from each treatment was sundried initially followed by oven dried at 60-65°C to a constant weight and estimated dry matter yield, later dried plant samples were finely ground and subsequently used for quality analysis (crude protein, crude fiber, etc. ) in the biochemistry laboratory. But, estimation of crude protein is the most common for estimating the fodder quality. Crude protein yield was estimated from crude protein content (%) of dried and powdered plant sample and multiplied with its dry matter in grams and converted into q/ha of crude protein yield. The collected data was statistically analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) for randomised complete block design. Critical differences were worked out at five per cent probability level in LSD, if treatments were significantly differed and if not; NS was denoted (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Three years data was pooled and statistically analysed using software available with our university () for the interpretation of results. fodder yield Three-year (2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19) pooled analysis results (means) indicated that among the grasses, Napier bajra hybrid recorded significantly higher green fodder (1342. 1 q/ha) yields whereas, among the leguminous inter crops Sesbania recorded highest green fodder (408. 6 q/ha) yields followed by with 80. 5 q/ha (Table 1). With regards to total productivity of the system T5: hybrid + Sesbania grandiflora (2:1) recorded highest green fodder yields (1577. 6 q/ha) followed by T1: Napier bajra alone (1342. 1 q/ha), T3: Napier-Bajra hybrid + Lucerne- (1219. 5 q/ha) and T4: hybrid + (1218. 1 q/ha). This may be due to non-interference of intercrops with the main perennial grass crop and legume crops would have helped the system in increasing the productivity and nutritive value of the total (grass-legume) system. Under irrigated conditions, hybrid produced more biomass than Guinea grass and Sesbania produced more biomass than the other two legumes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the harvesting and yield of various grasses and legumes, focusing on specific metrics of biomass productivity and fodder yields. However, it does not directly address the claim regarding the year-round yields and soil stabilization provided by perennial plants. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: In the current cohort, individuals with retinitis pigmentosa (2/2) and retinal detachment (1/1), and some of those with retinopathy of prematurity (2/5) exhibited melatonin suppression, whereas those with retinopathy due to measles (2/2), optic neuropathy (1/1) or neuritis (1/1), or congenital glaucoma (1/1) did not. These results broadly suggest that, in individuals with total visual blindness, disorders of the outer retinal layer (rod and cone layer) may not prevent circadian photoreception but that damage to the ganglion cell layer and optic nerve is highly likely to abolish nonimage-forming responses to light. The results are not consistent within a disease, however, and therefore assumptions about nonimage-forming photoreception status cannot be made without individual confirmation. Of those disorders best represented in the cohorts, mixed results were observed in ROP, a condition that occurs as the result of exposure to oxygen after a premature birth, which can cause severe vascularization and scarring across the still developing retina. Our data indicate that although this vascularization and scarring may cover the full visual field of the retina, it may not penetrate completely through the inner nuclear layer, sparing some of the RGC layer in some patients, as confirmed functionally here. Retinitis pigmentosa represents a spectrum of genetic mutations that causes rod-cone degeneration, progressively worsening blindness and may eventually lead to total loss of light perception. The time course of degeneration into the inner retinal layers, particularly the RGC layer, is not fully known and is likely to vary between the many disorders within the group. Given that some individuals with retinitis pigmentosa and Leber's congenital amaurosis exhibited circadian photoreception, the data indicate that the progression of retinal degeneration between the outer to inner layers after complete rod/cone ablation may be extremely slow or may not occur at all, given the functional integrity of the RGC layer for nonvisual responses. One participant with positive melatonin suppression showed an attenuated response (23CM, no. 5) and was the only person studied with 1 eye in this cohort. Positive melatonin suppression in a visually blind individual with 1 eye has been previously reported (patient no. 214). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that individuals with total visual blindness can still exhibit variations in melatonin suppression based on their retinal condition. It suggests that the status of the ganglion cell layer and optic nerve plays a critical role in non-image-forming responses to light, which directly relates to melatonin production. The phrase 'may not prevent circadian photoreception' implies that light exposure can still influence melatonin levels, tying the results back to the claim regarding light's influence on melatonin production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Over 60 years of age, cognitive decline can occur, with varying degrees of severity. Memory, processing speed, and problem-solving skills may decrease. Older adults often compensate for these losses by relying more on accumulated knowledge and experience. Older adults are frequently characterized by wisdom, a quality marked by profound insights into life, the adeptness in managing intricate social and emotional scenarios, and the ability to render judgements grounded in accumulated experience. Furthermore, empirical evidence suggests that cognitive engagement, social interaction, and physical exercise can play pivotal roles in sustaining cognitive function among the elderly. The principle of neuroplasticity, which denotes the brain’s capacity to reorganize itself through the formation of new neural connections, underscores the brain’s enduring adaptability throughout life. Consequently, the pursuit of lifelong learning and mental stimulation is imperative in the preservation of cognitive capabilities in later years. Recent studies have shown that there is no given maximum for human capabilities, including intelligence, but IQ tests referentially assess fluid intelligence, leading to the idea that young people are more intelligent. But in everyday, repetitive problems, the elderly are better (synapses and myelination are influenced by experience, so circuits are strengthened through repeated use) (Bragg 2022). Cattell and proposed the theory that dominated for many decades, that intelligence is not a specific thing, but a collection of different abilities working together (Cattell-Horn theory) (Wasserman 2019). Skills can be classified into two categories: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Fluent intelligence allows solving new problems and calls on short-term memory. Crystallized intelligence emerges from general knowledge and information. Both types of intelligence develop during childhood and adolescence. Fluid intelligence peaks in the early twenties, and crystallized intelligence continues to develop with a peak around age sixties or seventies. Throughout life, the brain’s plasticity, or its ability to change and adapt, plays a crucial role at every age. Learning new skills, engaging in complex cognitive activities, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help preserve and even improve intelligence. Socioeconomic status, education, cultural exposure, and social interactions continually interact with genetic predispositions to shape intelligence across the lifespan. The evolutionary trajectory of intelligence is highly individualized, with each phase presenting opportunities for growth and challenges. Understanding these phases can help to adopt strategies that optimize cognitive development at different stages of life. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of intelligence, emphasizing that it is influenced by a multitude of factors beyond a single gene. It introduces the Cattell-Horn theory, which states that intelligence consists of various abilities rather than being solely determined by genetics. Additionally, it highlights the role of cognitive engagement, social interaction, and physical exercise in preserving cognitive function, indicating that intelligence develops through a combination of experiences and environmental factors. Therefore, the assertion that a single gene determines all aspects of intelligence is rebutted by the discussion of fluid and crystallized intelligence and the various influences on cognitive development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: , (2014) observed that higher dry matter yield with Subabul + NB hybrid alley cropping system; Kauthale et al. , (2017) reported that Cenchrus + intercropping system produced higher dry matter yield per hectare; Patil et al. , (2018) recorded significantly higher dry matter yield when NB hybrid intercropped with in 1:5 ratio than NB hybrid intercropped with lucerne in the same row ratio. The environment/year 2017-18 is the best in producing higher dry matter among the three years experiment was carried out (Table 2). Table 2: Dry matter yield of total cropping system, grasses and legumes as influenced by different perennial grass/grass-legume cropping systems. Crude protein yield The three-year pooled analyses results indicated (Table 3) that among the grasses, NB hybrid recorded significantly higher crude protein yields (20. 1 q/ha) whereas; among the leguminous inter crops Sesbania recorded highest CPY (12. 8 q/ha). Jagadeesh et al. , (2017) reported that NB hybrid variety APBN1 produced significantly higher crude protein yield (11. 45 MT/ha) when harvested at 45 days of growth. Higher dry matter producing capacity may be the reason for obtaining the higher crude protein yield in NB hybrid and Sesbania species. Hence naturally, the total productivity of the system T5 - NB hybrid + Sesbania grandiflora (2:1) recorded the highest crude protein yields (29. 5 q/ha) compared to the other treatments. Njoka-Njiruetet_al(2006) also reported when Napier hybrid grass intercropped with legume species improves the nutritive value of the total cropping system than Napier hybrid grass produced alone. Environment prevailed during the year 2017-18 was congenial in producing the higher crude protein yields among the three years the experiment was carried out (Table 3). Table 3: Crude protein yield of total cropping system, grasses and legumes as influenced by different perennial grass/grass-legume cropping systems. Growth parameters Results of 3-year pooled data analysis revealed that plant height and the number of tillers per hill did not differ significantly except for the leaf stem ratio among the eight treatments tested (Table 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various experiments related to the yields and productivity of certain cropping systems involving perennial grasses and legumes. However, it does not directly address the claim regarding the capability of perennial plants to provide year-round yields or stabilize soil. Instead, the focus is on specific yields and comparisons among different treatments without linking this to year-round production or soil stabilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Studies in sighted participants have shown that 1 eye is sufficient to mediate melatonin suppression and that the response is more than half that of exposure to both eyes, suggesting some redundancy in circadian responses, as for vision,35 and we have observed entrainment of circadian rhythms in visually impaired patients with only 1 eye. 19 In this case, the participant's remaining (phthisical) eye had other physical abnormalities with the eye, including corneal scarring, a cataract, and band keratopathy (Table 1), which may have further attenuated the intensity and spectral quality of the light entering the eye and induced a submaximal response. 35 Similar difficulties, including cataracts, that prevented observation of the fundus were also apparent in 2 other participants (22J7 and 1492; nos. 3 and 4, respectively); however, but full melatonin suppression responses were observed, and therefore evaluating the quality of light reaching the retinae is not straightforward. As noted, assumptions about the circadian photoreception status cannot be assumed from the disorder type or presence of cataract and must be measured and confirmed on an individual level. Studies have attempted to examine selective disruption of the visual system on nonvisual responses. A number of studies examining damage to the inner retina, including the ganglion cell layer, have shown mixed results. 36–39 For example, one study has reported impaired melatonin suppression responses in patients with optic neuropathy due to glaucoma. 37 The salivary melatonin suppression response to 60 minutes of 600-lux white LE was reportedly absent in grouped analyses of 9 patients with bilateral advanced primary open-angle glaucoma, but who retained visual light perception, compared with normally sighted controls who exhibited an approximately 50% suppression of melatonin. Likewise, postillumination pupillary responses (maintenance of pupil constriction after a light stimulus is turned off) was reported to be impaired in advanced glaucoma patients in response to blue, but not red light, suggesting that ipRGC function, implicated in maintaining postillumination pupillary responses, was suboptimal. 38,39 Conversely, blue light–induced melatonin suppression responses have been reported to be preserved in some visually impaired (light perception or better) patients with neurodegenerative optic neuropathies that selectively affect retinal ganglion cells, namely, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and dominant optic atrophy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how light exposure affects melatonin suppression in studies involving participants with varying degrees of vision. It mentions that despite physical abnormalities in the eye, such as corneal scarring and cataracts, full melatonin suppression responses were observed, indicating that light reaching the retinae impacts melatonin production significantly. It also highlights research showing that visual perception and specific responses to light types, such as blue light, play a crucial role in melatonin suppression. This supports the idea that melatonin production is indeed influenced by light exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, the evolution of human intelligence throughout the lifespan stands as a testament to the brain’s extraordinary potential for growth and adaptation. From the rapid cognitive development observed in early childhood to the wisdom frequently displayed by the elderly, intelligence is not a trait that remains static but rather a dynamic process influenced by biological, psychological, and environmental factors. By comprehending this developmental trajectory, we are better equipped to appreciate the intricacies of human intelligence and the myriad factors that contribute to its evolution across an individual’s lifespan. 1905. Bragg, Lorena. “Changes with Age,” 2022. Cherry, Kendra. “Jean Piaget’s Life and Contributions to Psychology. ” Verywell Mind, 2023. Deary, Ian J. ,. “to Stability and Change in Intelligence from Childhood to Old Age. ” Nature 482, no. 7384 (February 2012): 212–15. Parke, Ross D. , and Mary Gauvain. Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint. McGraw-Hill, 2009. Philips, Jennifer. “to Changes through Life | News | of Aberdeen,” 2012. Sfetcu, Nicolae. Intelligence, from to – vs. Artificial Intelligence. Bucharest, Romania: MultiMedia Publishing, 2024. Wasserman, John D. “Deconstructing CHC. ” in Education 32, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 249–68. 4. 0 ( Partajează asta:TwitterFacebookLinkedInApreciază:Apreciază Încarc. . . Similare adolescence, adulthood, childhood, evolution, human intelligence, intelligence, wisdom Despre autor Ultimele articole Sfetcu: Asociat şi manager MultiMedia SRL și editura MultiMedia Publishing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that human intelligence evolves and is influenced by a range of factors, including biological, psychological, and environmental influences. It emphasizes that intelligence is a dynamic process rather than a trait determined by a single gene.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Crop and Pasture Science. 70(8): 718-729. Foster, A. , Biligetu, B. and Darambazar, E. (2019). Forage accumulation, nutritive value and botanical composition of grass-cicer milkvetch mixtures under two harvest managements. Crop Science. 59: 2876-2885. Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A. A. (1984). for Agricultural Research. , New York. 97-107. Jagadeesh, C. H. , Ramana Reddy, Y. , Nagalakshmi1, D. , Mahender, M. , Nalini Kumari1, N. , Sridhar, K. and Suneetha Devi, K. B. (2017). Effect of stage of harvest on the yield, chemical composition, in vitro and in sacco digestibility of hybrid napier (Penniserum purpureum) variety APB N1. of Animal Research. 51(1): 116-120. Kadam, S. S. , Kumar, A. and Arif Md. (2017) Hybrid napier for round the year quality fodder supply to the dairy industry- A Review. of. 6(10): 4778-4783. Kumar, S. , and Rai, S. K. (2012). . and. (2): 19-21. Kauthale, V. K. , Takawale, P. S. and Patil, S. D. (2017). Fodder productivity influenced by various grass-legume combinations and planting methods in western Maharashtra. and Agroforestry. 38(1): 96-99. (2021). by Times, Published in daily on January 29th, 2021. Mclennon, E. , Solomon, J. K. Q. and Davison, J. (2020). Grass- legume forage systems effect on phosphorus removal from grassland historically irrigated with reclaimed waste water. Sustainability. 12: 2256-2274. and Tripathi, S. N. (1987). Rok of fertilizer in production of forage and fodder crops: Gaps and future needs. Fertilizer News. 32(12): 77-83. Njoka-and Mureithi, J. G. (2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the benefits of perennial plants such as year-round yields and soil stabilization. Instead, it lists various studies related to the productivity and management of different forage systems without providing specific evidence or arguments related to perennial plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 40 Although disruption to ganglion cells would be expected to include the melanopsin-containing ipRGCs, and therefore disrupt circadian photoreception, it appears that this was not the case and that the ipRCGs were preserved. There are a number of limitations to these previous investigations. 36,37 First, given the high inter-individual variation between individual melatonin levels,41 uncorrected grouped data are inappropriate for determining melatonin suppression (Fig 2). When examining unusual populations whose responses to light may be borderline, it is possible that some individuals exhibit melatonin suppression but that their responses are masked by (1) negative responses of other individuals and (2) the large interindividual levels of absolute melatonin in the group data. In addition, there are interindividual differences in the timing of melatonin secretion (i. e. , DLMO) across the majority of the visually blind population and within an individual at any given time. Assessments are ideally performed at the same circadian time for each individual (e. g. , relative to DLMO), rather than clock time. A dark or dim light control condition is also vital to insure against false positive results that might result from “drift” or changes in circadian phase. Moreover, the studies on postillumination pupillary responses may not be long enough to induce a stable response in individuals with impaired visual function. We have recently shown that the time course of pupillary constriction and recovery is substantially different in a totally visually blind man with intact light-induced pupil constriction compared with sighted controls25 and that these differences require longer exposure durations to be measured. Such temporal differences have important consequences: In the first confirmation of nonvisual responses in totally visually blind humans,14 pupillary constriction was reportedly negative in individuals with intact melatonin suppression and circadian entrainment responses that may simply have been due to use of a standard clinical, rapid ophthalmoscope or “penlight”-type pupil examination that was too short to detect sustained pupillary constriction mediated by the nonimage-forming photoreception system. We have recently shown in a totally visually blind man who had a negative clinical pupil exam in the current study that 7 seconds of LE are needed to initiate constriction of the pupil and that approximately 30 seconds of darkness are needed to fully redilate the pupil post-LE, several orders of magnitude slower than fully sighted individuals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of light exposure on melatonin suppression and circadian photoreception. It mentions that interindividual variations might mask melatonin suppression responses due to light, suggesting that light indeed impacts melatonin levels. The need for specific light or dark conditions to accurately assess melatonin responses further supports the claim that melatonin production is influenced by light exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: and fine-tuning of neural circuits frequently require neuromodulatory signals that set the excitability threshold, neuronal connectivity, and synaptic strength. Here, we present a mechanistic study of how neuromodulator-stimulated intracellular Ca2+ signals, through the store-operated Ca2+ channel Orai, regulate intrinsic neuronal properties by control of developmental gene expression in flight-promoting central dopaminergic neurons (fpDANs). The fpDANs receive cholinergic inputs for release of dopamine at a central brain tripartite synapse that sustains flight (Sharma and Hasan, 2020). Cholinergic inputs act on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor to stimulate intracellular Ca2+ release through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localised inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor followed by ER-store depletion and Orai-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Analysis of gene expression in fpDANs followed by genetic, cellular, and molecular studies identified Orai-mediated Ca2+ entry as a key regulator of excitability in fpDANs during circuit maturation. SOCE activates the transcription factor trithorax-like (Trl), which in turn drives expression of a set of genes, including Set2, that encodes a histone 3 lysine 36 methyltransferase (H3K36me3). Set2 function establishes a positive feedback loop, essential for receiving neuromodulatory cholinergic inputs and sustaining SOCE. Chromatin-modifying activity of Set2 changes the epigenetic status of fpDANs and drives expression of key ion channel and signalling genes that determine fpDAN activity. Loss of activity reduces the axonal arborisation of fpDANs within the MB lobe and prevents dopamine release required for the maintenance of long flight. circuitry underlying mature adult behaviours emerges from a combination of developmental gene expression programs and experience-dependent neuronal activity. Holometabolous insects such as Drosophila reconfigure their nervous system during metamorphosis to generate circuitry capable of supporting adult behaviours (Levine, 1984). During pupal development, neurons undergo maturation of their electrical properties with a gradual increase in depolarising responses and consequent synaptic transmission (Hardie et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that intelligence and neuronal circuitry are influenced by a complex interplay of multiple genes and neuromodulatory signals rather than being determined by a single gene. It emphasizes that the maturation and functioning of neural circuits depend on various developmental gene expression programs and experience-dependent neuronal activity, suggesting that intelligence arises from a multitude of genetic factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: When a soil system that is at or near equilibrium is perturbed, the labile carbon content will begin to equilibrate to its new conditions (Janzen et al. 1998); whether the new carbon content is higher or lower depends on the new conditions imposed. By encouraging management practices that will increase soil organic content and discouraging practices that will deplete it, a portion of the atmospheric carbon pool could be moved into the soil (e. g. , McLauchlan et al. 2006). However, the ability of soils to sequester carbon is not indefinite. Once a new practice is imposed the new equilibrium will eventually be reached putting a limit on the total quantity of carbon that can be moved into soil (West and Post 2002). Smith et al. (2000) predicted that the implementation of zero tillage and conservation tillage would cause a slight increase in soil organic carbon in Canada. These stocks take a long time to build and recently added carbon is generally in a more labile form with the potential to be depleted rather quickly (Janzen et al. 1998). When improved practices are discontinued, recent gains may be lost. Management practices that increase the amount of organic carbon added to the soil or limit its breakdown such as continuous crop cover, elimination of summer fallow, increasing yield or manure applications, will potentially aid in sequestering atmospheric carbon into soil (Janzen et al. 1998). Practices such as bare fallow, tillage or crop residue removal increase the breakdown of soil organic carbon or decrease the amount added to the soil. This affects the net flux controlled by soil carbon inputs and carbon breakdown. Continuous cover, lack of tillage and favorable alteration of soil temperature and moisture regimes (for the reduction of soil heterotrophic respiration) should all contribute to soil organic carbon equilibrating to a higher level under perennial vegetation compared with annual vegetation. Converting a landscape from long-term perennial vegetation to annual crops may cause soil carbon to equilibrate to a lower level leading to a net flux of CO2 to the atmosphere. Although in Manitoba perennial crops are commonly grown on land considered marginal for annual crops, an increase in annual crop prices or a change in a producer's feed requirements may provide incentive for perennial to annual crop conversions. Perennial to annual conversions may also be part of a producer's normal crop rotation. Fluxes following perennial grassland to annual conversions and their temporal distribution and environmental drivers are not well studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses soil carbon dynamics and related management practices without directly addressing the year-round yields and soil stabilization that perennial plants provide. While it mentions practices like continuous crop cover and traditional management for soil carbon, it does not substantiate the claim regarding the advantages of perennial plants themselves.