Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics can monitor biometric data like heart rate and temperature. [SEP] Text: In this first approach, we tried to ascertain whether the changes that occur in the collected data of the first variable (Polar®) affect in a predictable way, the changes that occur in the data collected by the second variable (Hexoskin). This evaluation would also provide an estimation of the highest and lowest percentage of correlation between the two devices, and at which level of exertion or climate condition. A degree of correlation higher than 0. 70 (70%) was considered to be positively correlated and the null hypothesis (equality of means of heart rates reported by the two devices) would not be rejected under this circumstances [13]. Then, the data were analyzed using the Wilks’ lambda test of equality of means [14]. This statistical method checked for any significant differences between the mean values of the collected data (of the 12 subjects) from the two devices, at any level of exertion or under any climate, but without taking into consideration the physical characteristics of the subjects, such as their weight and height. A p-value equal to or less than 0. 05 would indicate a significant difference in the mean values. A third analysis was conducted by using the ANOVA method with repeated data. The physical characteristics of the subjects were considered in order to see if they affected the correlations between the two devices and if any significant differences appeared (p-value ≤ 0. 05). Finally, the linear regressions method with mixed data was used for examining the switching of the devices (from Polar® to Hexoskin and vice-versa) from one level of exertion to the next. The previous switching was checked relevant to exhibiting any significant differences between the data collected by the two devices, by taking into consideration the physical characteristics of the subjects. 3. validity of the Hexoskin wearable biometric system to monitor heart rate was assessed in four different ways using various levels of physical exertion, which were determined by the effort made by the subject during the tests. Table 2 shows the physical effort and each level’s duration. The first step in analyzing the validity of the Hexoskin wearable biometric system was to test whether the variations of the mean values collected by the Hexoskin are predictable using the variations that were captured by the Polar® device. The results are displayed in Table 3 and are associated to the method comparing the degree of correlation. The degree of correlation between the two devices has a minimum of 0. 9162 (91. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the validity of the Hexoskin wearable biometric system, which is described as a smart fabric that monitors heart rate. The evaluation of the correlation between the Hexoskin device and the Polar® device highlights its capability to collect and analyze biometric data, directly supporting the claim about smart fabrics monitoring biometric parameters.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: This type of packaging can decompose in soil within a few weeks or months. [SEP] Text: The lack of suitable BD plastic degrading microorganisms is, however, the most likely explanation for the large difference in BD mulch film decomposition between our sediment experiment and previously performed soil experiments. The sediments likely lack microorganisms that produce hydrolytic enzymes (esterases) that can cleave PBAT and PLA, the main polyesters in the BD films used. When specific genes known to be associated to BD plastic degradation are identified in the future, it would be interesting to screen our incubation experiment sediments for those genes to confirm such a hypothesis. 5 types of biodegradable plastic mulch films showed no signs of degradation over a 10-month period within lake surface sediments, suggesting very limited biodegradability in freshwater sediment environments. These findings stress the importance of limiting the transport of plastics from agricultural soils to waterways – not only for traditional plastics but also for soil-biodegradable plastics. Given that these plastics are designed to remain in the soil rather than to be removed after use, they remain present in the natural environment until complete degradation. The extent of the transport of BD mulch films from soils to waterways and lakes is up to this point unknown. Our results show that it is of high importance to investigate how much of the applied biodegradable mulch films are transported to aquatic environments to be able to assess the potential pollution of lakes and coastal areas by the current and future applications of biodegradable plastic mulch films. Data availability The data used in this paper are available at (van Grinsven and Schubert, 2023). supplement related to this 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023-supplement. Author contributions SvG designed the experiments with help from CS. SvG conducted the experiments and laboratory analyses. SvG wrote the manuscript, with assistance from CS. Competing interests The contact author has declared that neither of the authors has any competing interests. Disclaimer Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this paper. Publications makes every effort to include appropriate place names, the final responsibility lies with the authors. want to thank for his valuable contributions to the paper and for providing the biodegradable plastic mulch films. We thank for the help in the lab and field, as well as for the help with the incubation experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that biodegradable plastic mulch films showed no signs of degradation over a 10-month period within lake surface sediments. It emphasizes that BD plastics are designed to remain in the soil and remain in the natural environment until complete degradation occurs, suggesting that their biodegradability is limited and does not meet the claim's timeframe of decomposition within a few weeks or months.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, such effect could have additive effect when used together with prescription drugs and endanger a diabetic patient due to acute hypoglycemia. A large scale, well-controlled, long-term and multicentre clinical trials on universally accepted standardised Aloe vera preparation is thus needed to answer this question. Recent meta-analysis studies [31-33] also came with the conclusion that only a well-designed comprehensive clinical study would be able to unequivocally confirm the antidiabetic clinical potential of Aloe vera. In the meantime, organizations like Diabetes UK with responsibility in disseminating accurate information to the general public should be a little more cautious when listing available antidiabetic drug therapies and their sources. While visiting some local sources of Aloe vera products recommended by Diabetes UK, I could not see anything of relevance to diabetes at 'Shop' (only skin care products of Aloe vera were on display) while the 'Holland & Barrett' appeared to have a good range of products (Figure 1). None of them are of course sold as medicine or specific therapy for diabetes but are formulated/stabilised products in capsule, tablet or juice forms with most of them seem to be targeting the gastrointestinal system. They contain aloe leaf inner gel or whole leaf extract or both while some contain a blend of several other plant extracts. The biggest source of controversy in using such products for chronic disease like diabetes will arise from the diversity of preparations and composition of active ingredients in these products - hence giving rise to variability in their health benefit outcomes. Even if the observed, sometimes marginal, antidiabetic effect of Aloe vera warrants its clinical use, one would wonder again which one of these products the general public should choose to treat diabetes. Overall, there are few unresolved issues that weigh against recommending the use of Aloe vera for treating diabetes by its own. Products which are blended or optimised for other health benefits should not be even considered suitable for diabetes therapy until an overwhelming body of scientific evidences are provided in their favour. In the absence of unequivocal clinical evidence available for such formulations, the justification of using these preparations for diabetes far beyond food supplements is based only on judgement on balance of probabilities. Figure 1: Aloe vera products available to the general public at the Holland & Barrett outlet. 1 Conflict of author declares no conflict of interest. financial assistance either from internal of external sources were obtained for this contribution. 0182. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly reference Aloe vera's historical use for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses the potential antidiabetic properties of Aloe vera and raises concerns about its effectiveness and the need for more clinical studies. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera's long-standing use in treating skin conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics can monitor biometric data like heart rate and temperature. [SEP] Text: The results of correlations between the Polar® and Hexoskin systems, using the Karl Pearson’s coefficient, show that the two devices are highly similar in terms of performance in measuring heart rates, under the two climate conditions and the eight levels of physical exertion (correlation degrees > 0. 70). The average correlation percentage was almost 99. 8%. This first conclusion is also visible in Figure 3(a) and Figure 3(b) where each diagram (representing the data collected by the Hexoskin and Polar systems during all the tests) clearly shows the overlapping of the two curves. Table 6. Results from the linear regressions with mixed data method. Using the Wilks’ lambda test of equality of means, we found that Hexoskin and Polar® had the same means when the same climate condition was considered. This result remaind valid for each of the eight levels of the experiment. Indeed, in Table 4, the p-values associated with the F test were always superior to 0. 05 which led us not to reject the null hypothesis of equality of means. The results from the ANOVA analysis displayed in Table 5 showed that the two devices did not have significant differences in influencing the variations of heart rates when we checked for the physiological characteristics of each subject and the climatic conditions of the experiment. Indeed, the high p-value associated to the F test of the variance between the two devices (0. 9934) did not allow for the rejection of the null hypothesis of difference’s absence between Polar® and Hexoskin. Even when considering the ages, weights, heights and body mass indexes of all the subjects, the associated p-values were always greater than 0. 05 and were respectively, 0. 4421, 0. 4853, 0. 4781 and 0. 5118. Also, when the mean values were compared under different climates, it was found that there was not significant difference (p-value = 0. 0428), which was expected as the subjects did not have the same heart rates for a same given level, under two different climates [15]. That is why we can clearly understand that the mean values in Figure 3(a) are always lower than those in Figure 3(b) at the same level of exertion (except for minute 23, where they are equal). Based on the results obtained by the linear regressions method with mixed data, the lowest p-value (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the Hexoskin and Polar® systems are effective in measuring heart rate with high correlation percentages (almost 99.8%) under various conditions. The study explains the performance similarity between these devices, suggesting that smart fabrics can reliably monitor biometric data, aligning with the specifics of monitoring heart rates stated in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: This type of packaging can decompose in soil within a few weeks or months. [SEP] Text: , Lasut, M. T. , and Weber, M. : Half-Life of in the Depends on Material, Habitat, and Climate Zone, Front. Mar. Sci. , 8, 1–19, 2021. Morohoshi, T. , Oi, T. , Aiso, H. , Suzuki, T. , Okura, T. , and Sato, S. : Biofilm formation and degradation of commercially available biodegradable plastic films by bacterial consortiums in freshwater environments, Microbes Environ. , 33, 332–335, 2018. Nauendorf, A. , Krause, S. ,. , Wahl, M. , and Treude, T. : Microbial colonization and degradation of polyethylene and biodegradable plastic bags in temperate fine-grained organic-rich marine sediments, Mar. Pollut. Bull. , 103, 168–178, 2016. . , McNeill, K. , and Sander, M. : Quantification of from Films in Soils, Environ. Sci. Technol. , 54, 266–275, 2020.  Ren, S. Y. , Kong, S. F. , and Ni, H. G. : Contribution of mulch film to microplastics in agricultural soil and surface water in China, Environ. Pollut. , 291, 118227, 2021. Sander, M. : Biodegradation of Films in Agricultural Soils: Concepts, Knowledge Gaps, and Directions, Environ. Sci. Technol. , 53, 2304–2315, 2019. Serrano-Ruiz, H. , Martin-Closas, L. , and Pelacho, A. M. : Biodegradable plastic mulches: Impact on the agricultural biotic environment, Sci. Total Environ. , 750, 141228, 2021. . , and Flury, M. : In situ degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch films in compost and agricultural soils, Sci. Total Environ. , 727, 138668, 2020. van Grinsven, S. and Schubert, C. : Soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in a lake sediment over 9 months of incubation, Zenodo [data set], 2023. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the findings of van Grinsven and Schubert, stating that soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in lake sediment over a period of 9 months. This clearly indicates that the claim of rapid decomposition within weeks or months is not supported by this study.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (1996) Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L. juice. I. Clinical trial in new cases of diabetes mellitus. Phytomedicine 3: 241-243. (2004) Hypoglycemic effect of Aloe vera gel on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in experimental rats. J 7: 61-66. ütlüpinar N (2001) Effect of Aloe vera leaves on blood glucose level in type I and type II diabetic rat models. 15: 157-161. (2008) Effects of Aloe vera (elsabar) ethanolic extract on blood glucose level in Wistar albino rats. J Res 4: 1841-1845. (2009) Study on the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of processed Aloe vera gel in a mouse model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Phytomedicine 16: 856-863. (2014) Blood glucose lowering activity of aloe based composition, UP780, in alloxan induced insulin dependent mouse diabetes model. Syndr 6: 61. -Inceli M, Can A, et al. (2004) Effect of Aloe vera (L. ) Burm fil. leaf gel. and pulp extracts on kidney in type II diabetic rat model. 42: 48-52. (2004) Effect of Aloe vera leaf gel and pulp extracts on the liver in type-II diabetic rat models. Bull 27: 694-698. (2003) Efficacy of dietary Aloe vera supplementation on hepatic cholesterol and oxidative status in aged rats. J Vitamonol 49: 292-296. (2005) Antioxidant effect of Aloe vera gel extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. 57: 90-96. (2006) Beneficial effects of Aloe vera gel extract on lipid profile status in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. 33: 232-237. Rajasekaran S, (2007) Therapeutic evaluation of Aloe vera leaf gel extract on glycoprotein components in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. J 2: 380-385. (2011) reduces adipogenesis via the activation of AMPK and suppresses obesity-related inflammation in obese mice. 11: 107-113. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various clinical trials and studies that focus on the antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera and its effects on blood glucose levels in diabetic models. It does not provide any information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics can monitor biometric data like heart rate and temperature. [SEP] Text: 693) associated to the Z tests was also higher than 0. 05, which suggested that there was no significant difference when switching from Polar® to Hexoskin, and from one level of exertion to the next, under the same climate. After adding the physical characteristics of all subjects, we found that the calculated p-values were between 0. 602 and 0. 971 (larger than 0. 05), which led us to the same conclusion as before. No significant differences appeared between Polar® and Hexoskin, when the levels of exertion changed under the same climate, regardless of the weight, age, height or body mass index of the subject. 5. validity of the Hexoskin wearable biometric shirt to monitor heart rate in two different climate conditions and under variable physical activities was analyzed and assessed using four different statistical methods. They all concluded to the absence of significant differences between Polar® and Hexoskin in their respective capacities to record with accuracy of the heart rates for the same climate condition when taking into consideration certain physiological characteristics of the subjects. Finally, we found that the Hexoskin wearable shirt can be used in both moderate and hot and humid climates to monitor the heart rate of any subject, regardless of his age, weight or height. It can also be used by athletes to monitor their heart rates under variable physical activities that range from rest to extreme physical exertion. 356. [2] Al Sayed, C. , Vinches, L. and Hallé, S. (2016) a Garment for Hot and Mining Conditions. of Optimization, 5, 35-43. [3] Cadarette, B. S. , et al. (2006) Cooling during Exercise-in. Ergonomics, 49, 209-219. [4] Vernieuw, C. R. , Stephenson, L. A. and Kolka, M. A. (2007) and Sensation in a Controlled by Skin Temperature. Human Factors: of the 49, 1033-1044. [5] Villar, R. , Beltrame, T. and Hughson, R. L. (2015) Validation of the Vest during Lying, Sitting, Standing, and Walking Activities. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 40, 1019-1024. [6] Technologies, C. Body Metrics. [7] Montes, J. , et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifically stating that the Hexoskin wearable shirt can monitor heart rate under various climate conditions and physical activities. It mentions that this garment can be used regardless of a subject's age, weight, or height, indicating its utility in biometric monitoring, which aligns with the claim about smart fabrics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: This type of packaging can decompose in soil within a few weeks or months. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 04 Apr 2023 | 04 Apr 2023 Soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in a lake sediment over 9 months of incubation Sigrid van Grinsven and Abstract. Agriculture relies heavily on the use of plastic mulch films, which increase crop yields and lower water demands. Research has shown that agricultural mulch film may be transported to aquatic environments. We tested the mineralization of soil-biodegradable agricultural mulch films in freshwater lake sediments. Two types of commercial soil-biodegradable mulch films were incubated within lake sediment cores, and the production of CO2 and CH4 was followed over time. After the 40-week incubation period, films were visually intact and showed no signs of mineralization. Gas analyses showed no additional production of either CO2 or CH4 in the degradable film incubations, compared to control or PE plastic incubations. We conclude that the tested soil-biodegradable mulch films have a low biodegradability in lake sediments, likely reflecting that the lake sediment lacks active microbial degraders. Our results highlight the importance of preventing transport of soil-biodegradable mulch films from agricultural soils to surrounding aquatic environments. How to cite. van Grinsven, S. and Schubert, C. : Soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in a lake sediment over 9 months of incubation, EGUsphere [preprint], 2023. Received: 05 Mar 2023 – Discussion started: 04 Apr 2023 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 1157 KB) Notice on discussion status The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (1157 KB) Supplement (2178 KB) Download & links The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in lake sediment over 9 months of incubation. This directly challenges the notion that such packaging can decompose in soil within a few weeks or months, as it highlights the lack of biodegradability in aquatic environments indicating possible similar behavior in soil.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (2012) QDM complex reduces obesity-induced insulin resistance and adipogenesis in obese mice fed a high-fat diet. 12: 96-103. Agarwal OP (1985) Prevention of atheromatous heart disease. Angiology 36: 485-492. Ghannam N, Kingston M, Al- (1986) The antidiabetic activity of aloes: preliminary clinical and experimental observations. 24: 288-294. (1996) Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L. juice. II. Clinical trial in diabetes mellitus patients in combination with glibenclamide. Phytomedicine 3: 245-248. (1997) The hypoglycemic effects of aloe vera in Thai diabetic patients. J 50: S3. (2009) Effect of Aloe vera supplements in patients with Pre-Diabetes. 23. (2009) Possible hypoglycemic effect of Aloe vera L. high molecular weight fractions on type 2 diabetic patients. J 16: 209-215. (2012) Aloe vera leaf gel in treatment of advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus needing insulin therapy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. J 11: 19-27. (2012) Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypercholesterolemic effects of Aloe vera leaf gel in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. 78: 311-316. (2013) Effects of Aloe vera supplementation in subjects with prediabetes/metabolic syndrome. 11: 35-40. (2013) Metabolic effects of aloe vera gel complex in obese prediabetes and early non-treated diabetic patients: Randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 29: 1110-1114. (2014) Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Aloe vera L. in non-insulin dependent diabetics. J Technol 51: 90-96. (2016) Adjunctive local delivery of Aloe vera gel in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol 87: 268-274. (2016) Reduction of Glucose and Hemoglobin A1c using oral Aloe vera: A meta-analysis. J Med 22: 450-457. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use in treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on various clinical studies examining Aloe vera's effects on diabetes and related metabolic conditions. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some smart fabrics can adjust to temperature changes, offering comfort to users. [SEP] Text: Tekstil ve Mühendis Research 31. 12. 2023 Özlem Kurtoğlu Necef Ziynet Öndoğan araştırmada, yaz mevsiminde kullanılan bisiklet spor giysileri için örülmüş kumaşların giyim konfor özelliklerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bisiklet sporcu giysilerinde yaygın olarak kullanılan beş farklı lif türü ve beş farklı örgü yapısı seçilmiş ve toplamda 25 kumaş, kontrollü bir şekilde Santoni SM8-TOP2V dairesel örme makinesi kullanılarak üretilmiştir. Malzeme tipi ve örgü yapısının giyim konforu üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek için kumaşlara gramaj, kalınlık, hava geçirgenliği, termal iletkenlik, termal direnç, nem yönetimi yeteneği ve bağıl su buharı geçirgenliği testleri uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, varyans analizi (ANOVA) yöntemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, sıcak iklim koşullarında kullanılacak bisiklet sporcu giysileri için uygun malzeme tipi ve örgü yapısı önerilmiştir. giyim, giyim konforu, bisikletçi giysileri, örme kumaş 4024. Özkan, E. T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing research on fabrics used for cycling sports apparel, focusing on their comfort properties. It mentions tests performed for thermal conductivity and thermal resistance, which relate directly to how such fabrics could adjust to temperature changes, thereby enhancing user comfort.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: This type of packaging can decompose in soil within a few weeks or months. [SEP] Text: You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (1157 KB) Metadata XML Supplement (2178 KB) revised paper 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023, 2023 Short summary Co-editor-in-chief Short summary Agriculture relies heavily on plastic mulch films, which may be transported to aquatic environments. We investigated the breakdown of soil-biodegradable agricultural mulch films in lake sediments. After 40 weeks, films were intact, and no significant CO2 or CH4 was produced from the biodegradable mulch films. We conclude that the mulch films we used have a low biodegradability in lake sediments. The sediment lacks the microbes needed to break down the biodegradable plastics that were used here. Hide Co-editor-in-chief The findings of this study are interesting to a broader audience as it demonstrates that supposedly biodegradable mulch films used for agricultural purposes remain unchanged in lake sediments over several months. The results indicate that lake sediments are a place of long-term storage rather than a place of degradation for this form of plastic. van Grinsven and Interactive discussion Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-400', #1, 02 May 2023 The present manuscript shows an interesting subject strongly linked to ecofriendly agriculture and sustainability. However, it needs some adjustments according to notes made into manuscript file attached here. Citation: AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Sigrid van Grinsven, 15 Aug 2023 We would like to sincerely thank this reviewer for the useful feedback, which increased the quality of this manuscript. We have adapted the manuscript at each of the locations where this reviewer added comments, as can be seen in the uploaded document. We have not added individual replies to the reviewer's comments, as the format did not easily allow for that. We hope it is sufficiently clear for the reviewer based on the changes in the manuscript text, how we have used their comments. If needed, we can provide extra explanations. We have also added and adapted text based on the comments of reviewer 2, which often showed overlap with the comments of reviewer 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the biodegradable mulch films studied remain intact after 40 weeks and do not produce significant carbon dioxide or methane in lake sediments, suggesting that they have low biodegradability. This implies that these types of packaging do not decompose in soil or sediments within a few weeks or months, thereby directly disputing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (2016) Meta-analysis of Aloe vera for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced phlebitis. Med 9: 9642-9650. (2016) Efficacy of Aloe vera supplementation on prediabetes and early non-treated diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 8: 388. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information relating to the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it references studies regarding the efficacy of Aloe vera in settings like chemotherapy-induced phlebitis and prediabetes, which are not directly connected to the claim about its long-standing use for skin issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some smart fabrics can adjust to temperature changes, offering comfort to users. [SEP] Text: Go to Review 5673. DOI: 10. 19080/. 2019. 05. 555673 Go to Review 1. 2 and 1. 5 in mild cold (-5 to +5 °C) and dry cold (-20 to -10 °C) conditions, respectively. The findings revealed that workers selected their clothing based on occupational (time outdoors), environmental (temperature, wind, moisture) and individual (cold sensitivity, general health). A special design of clothing based on ‘sombero-effect’ by inclined wedge providing shadow on the base material has been proposed and investigated analytically to improve the thermophysiological comfort under dry and hot environment. The analysis of the heat and mass transfer in the proposed design enables numerical prediction of cooling heat flow at skin surface level. It is observed that the analytical framework of heat and mass transfer is able to give useful results. A pressure relieving mattress has been developed along with multilayered functional bed cover to reduce the magnitude, direction and or duration of pressure and temperature, thereby avoiding excessive tissue distortion on vulnerable parts of the body. The interface pressure and temperature between body and mattress are measured and analyzed using the parameters, such as deformation index and pressure gradient. The pressure relieving mattress developed reduces the interface pressure by 30-60% and reduces the pressure by about 3oC. Hence, the new mattress developed along with the cover reduces the chance for pressure ulcer formation and improves the comfort of the patients. In yet another interesting research, a study of indexes characterizing thermal comfort of garments have been outlined and a new so-called wet comfort index of sport dresses and underwear at real conditions of their use have been presented. The maximum value 1 indicates the best thermophysiological comfort level in wet state. It is found that for best sport dresses consisting of special polyester and polypropylene surface grooved fibres, the wet comfort index does not exceed 0. 2. This surprisingly low level demonstrates the importance of testing of thermal comfort properties of fabrics in wet state by means of special instruments. Keywords: Thermal comfort; cold weather; hot weather; Comfort index; Insulation; Sports dresses Go to Review 2. This net heat flux is generated due to metabolic activity, environment condition along with the design and properties of the clothing. Clothing comfort being subjective perception is a complex property. When any functional garment is designed, then thermal comfort as a part of total comfort plays a significant role. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the thermophysiological comfort of garments and the importance of testing thermal comfort properties in various weather conditions. It notes that a special design of clothing considers environmental conditions such as temperature and moisture, indicating that some fabrics can indeed adjust to temperature changes to enhance user comfort.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: This type of packaging can decompose in soil within a few weeks or months. [SEP] Text: After 40 weeks, films were intact, and no significant CO2 or CH4 was produced from the biodegradable mulch films. We conclude that the mulch films we used have a low biodegradability in lake sediments. The sediment lacks the microbes needed to break down the biodegradable plastics that were used here. Hide Co-editor-in-chief The findings of this study are interesting to a broader audience as it demonstrates that supposedly biodegradable mulch films used for agricultural purposes remain unchanged in lake sediments over several months. The results indicate that lake sediments are a place of long-term storage rather than a place of degradation for this form of plastic. van Grinsven and Supplement Sigrid van Grinsven and 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023 Latest update: 02 Sep 2024 Sigrid van sigrid. van-grinsven@tum. de × Department of – Research and Management, Institute of and Technology (EAWAG), Seestrasse 79, Kastanienbaum, 6047, Schubert × Department of – Research and Management, Institute of and Technology (EAWAG), Seestrasse 79, Kastanienbaum, 6047, of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Institute of Technology, Zurich (ETH Zurich), Universitätstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (1157 KB) Metadata XML Supplement (2178 KB) revised paper The findings of this study are interesting to a broader audience as it demonstrates that supposedly biodegradable mulch films used for agricultural purposes remain unchanged in lake sediments over several months. The results indicate that lake sediments are a place of long-term storage rather than a place of degradation for this form of plastic. The findings of this study are interesting to a broader audience as it demonstrates that. . . Read more Short summary Agriculture relies heavily on plastic mulch films, which may be transported to aquatic environments. We investigated the mineralization of soil-biodegradable agricultural mulch films in lake sediments. After 40-weeks, films were intact and no extra CO2 or CH4 was produced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that biodegradable mulch films did not decompose after 40 weeks in lake sediments. It highlights that the films remained intact and produced no significant CO2 or CH4, suggesting low biodegradability and that lake sediments serve as a long-term storage site rather than a venue for degradation of this type of plastic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 875 ≈ 3 rat/groupConsidering the NC3Rs principal in experimental animal, statistical analysis necessity, and the possibility of drop out, the number of rats per group were determined to be six. All 54 rats were given a number (1–54) using a marker pen, then randomized by putting the numbers in an envelope and dividing them into 9 groups, according to the numbers taken from the envelope (Russell and Burch, 1992). Wound inflictionTo ensure that the rats remain in a comfortable condition, they were given anesthesia before performing the burn. The animals were anesthetized with Ketamine/Xylazine 0. 2 mL by intraperitoneal injection (in accordance with the provisions of Research). The hair at dorsal region was shaved and cleansed with alcohol swab. Second-degree burn wound was inflicted using iron plate measuring 2×2 cm2 which was warmed in boiling water for 5 minutes and placed for 30 seconds on the shaved area (Kristyaningsih, 2016). Aloe vera extractAbout 2000 g of Aloe vera leaves were collected. The bottom part and the serrated edges of Aloe vera leaves were cut and peeled to obtain the inner clear gel. About 1000 g of inner gel was weighed and washed thoroughly and cut it into small pieces. Then, the small pieces of gel and 2000 mL 70% ethanol was blended and poured into a closed container (stirred occasionally for 6 hours, then set aside for 18 hours). This mixture was then filtered to obtain the filtrate (I). The extraction process was repeated on the residue using 1000 mL 70% ethanol to obtain another filtrate (II). The filtrate (I) and (II) were mixed and evaporated using a vacuum rotary evaporator (GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) at 400C to obtain a thick extract. Gel preparation• Gel baseAbout 400 cc of distilled water was taken into the mortar, then 12 g of 3% Sodium-Carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) powder was evenly added. It was closed and set it aside for 15 minutes. After which it was ground and 4 g of 1% glycerin was added until a homogeneous gel base was formed. • Aloe vera gelPut 40 g of Aloe vera extract into the mortar then add 360 g of gel base gradually while grinding it until homogeneous. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it describes a research experiment involving Aloe vera extraction and gel preparation without providing any information on its historical application or traditional use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics are immune to wear and tear and last significantly longer than regular textiles. [SEP] Text: Mobile communications should not be regulated unless either there is an absence of competition or to protect public health and safety (Sec. 3 (7)) The FCC shall not take any action to impede the development of seamless mobility (defined as “the ability of a consumer and connecting devices of consumer to move easily and smoothly between and among internet protocol enabled technology platforms, facilities and networks”) (Sec. 3 (8)). Subsequently, in discussing the obligations of incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs), it stipulates (Sec. 10) that: • an incumbent ILEC shall provide unbundled access to copper local loops on commercially reasonable rates, terms and conditions; and • an incumbent ILEC shall provide physical collocation at the central office of such carrier or, if that is impractical, virtual collocation. Sec. 11 states that all service providers using the must provide number portability for all consumers, and may not charge excessive early cancellation fees to consumers who wish to change plans. Moving on to the more contentious area of video services (Sec. 13), the bill stipulates that a video service provider may not be required to obtain a State or local video franchise or to build out its video distribution system in any particular manner or to provide leased or common carrier access to its video distribution facilities and equipment to any other video service provider. This is, on the face of it, a victory for the RBOCs, although it was pointed out that Texas lawmakers had already authorized state-wide video services so the new rules might prove to be redundant. The stomach for a fight over telecommunications issues, either within the or in Congress, both of which are preoccupied with matters such as the aftermath of hurricanes, has to take account of the determination of vested interests to stand their ground. But there is, as ever, the complicating factor that the proposed Act is sponsored by the Committee, and the House of Representatives is drawing up its own version sponsored by the on Energy and Commerce. Equally, the FCC is busy (as it sees it) dragging the industry into the twenty-first century. For example, in August the FCC reclassified fixed-wire broadband providers as “information services”. The previous classification of DSL as a “telecommunications service” meant that providers had to open their broadband networks to ISPs on non-discriminatory terms and obey other common carrier rules. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mobile communications regulations, telecommunications issues, and FCC actions without mentioning smart fabrics or their durability relative to regular textiles. Therefore, it does not provide any information that could corroborate or contrast with the claim regarding the performance of smart fabrics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: This packaging does not require any energy or resources to produce. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe energy sector significantly depends on weather and climate variability, which impacts both demand and supply, at all timescales. Over the next decades, climate change mitigation and adaptation will lead to an overhaul in energy systems, to reduce greenhouse gases emissions. Low carbon energy generation is key to facing this challenge, but its renewable part—mainly from wind, solar and hydro power—will even increase the exposure of the sector to weather and climate factors. Energy companies can assess their preparation to tackle the impact of weather volatility on their operations by running a weather-readiness assessment. This 1. To provide meteorologists with an overview of the energy sector/business 2. To enhance awareness of the importance of weather and climate for the energy sector 3. To help foster a dialog between both communities and to identify major challenges which should be addressed in a co-design approach in the coming years This 1973. Table 4. 1 presents the main figures. Table 4. 1 Main trends in energy supply and consumption and electricity generation from 1973 to 2014Full size table In 2014,Footnote 5 the share of energy sources in the global final energy consumption was roughly subdivided as shown in Fig. 4. 1 (REN21, 2016). Fig. 4. 1Share of energy sources in the global final energy consumption (adapted from REN21 2016)Full size image Obviously, fossil fuels still dominate at global scale. But this picture masks strong disparities between countries. For instance, whereas renewable sources represent only 8% of the final energy consumption in Belgium, this increases to 69. 2% in Norway, mainly due to hydropower (WEC 2016b). Focusing on power generation, wind and solar energy have been rapidly developing in the last decade, with an average annual growth of the installed capacity of 23% per year between 2004 and 2014 for wind and 51% per year for solar (WEC 2016c). This increase has been favoured by different factors, among which are incentives to develop these low-carbon-emitting technologies and a strong decrease in costs, in particular for solar panels. Overall, investments in renewable energy sources increased from US$72. 8 billion in 2005 to US$285. 9 billion in 2015, mainly dedicated to solar (US$161 billion) and wind (US$110 billion). As a result, the addition of new capacity in the power sector was higher in 2015 for renewables than for coal, gas, oil and nuclear combined (IEA 2016b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant dependencies of the energy sector on weather and climate variability and the need for energy companies to adapt their operations to mitigate climate change impacts. It highlights that energy generation, particularly from renewable sources such as wind and solar, requires substantial investment and resources to develop. Moreover, the mention of financial figures and resource consumption indicates that energy production inherently involves the utilization of energy and resources, which is in direct opposition to the claim that this packaging requires no energy or resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stainingSix animals of each groups were sacrificed on the 3rd, 14th, and 21st days after injury by injecting 100 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally. Then, the injured tissues were carefully dissected and fixed with 10% formalin. All samples were taken to Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for H&E staining. The number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness was evaluated using Olympus CX21 light microscope with 400× magnification and three fields of view. Statistical analysisData were analyzed using SPSS version 20 (RRID:SCR_019096) with one-way ANOVA test. If there were significant differences (p < 0. 05), then LSD test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Data were presented as mean ± SD. ResultsThe results obtained from the study are shown in Fig. 1−3. From the one-way ANOVA results, there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness in all groups (p < 0. 05). Then, least (LSD) test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Figure 1. Mean number of macrophagesI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 2. Mean number of fibroblastsI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 3. Mean number of epidermal thicknessI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 7. 77 ± 0. 62; p=0. 0001), group I-3 vs III-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments. It instead presents a methodical approach to an unrelated scientific study involving tissue analysis and statistical interpretation. There is no mention or implication of aloe vera or its applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics can diagnose and treat medical conditions without human intervention. [SEP] Text: As well as providing continuous monitoring of a patient’s condition, another major benefit of Chi Hwan’s wearable devices is their ability to record a patient’s biosignals while they are at home and then to automatically send a report to their doctor. “This means patients do not need to frequently travel to a clinic, which is particularly helpful for those living in rural areas or with limited mobility,” explains. ? “The human skin and eye are soft, curvilinear and sensitive to pain,” explains Chi Hwan. “Therefore, wearable biomedical devices must have mechanical softness, flexibility, stretchability and breathability, without side effects such as discomfort, pain or tissue damage. ” A major challenge for designing smart contact lenses is that the fabrication of wireless sensors typically requires high temperatures and corrosive chemicals, which is why electronic circuits are normally built on hard materials. However, these rigid materials are unsuitable for use in the human eye, so and his team had to develop novel techniques for creating soft and stretchable sensors that could be placed on various commercial brands of soft contact lenses. They developed a ‘peeling technique’, whereby the electronic components are constructed on conventional fabrication substrates that can withstand high temperatures and corrosive chemicals but can then be thinly peeled off and transferred elsewhere. This means the sensors can exist on flexible, stretchable, transparent or biodegradable substrates, including soft contact lenses. ? Chi Hwan’s team has developed a soft, ultrathin, wireless sensor to measure ocular pressure, which can be attached to commercial soft contact lenses. “This allows continuous 24-hour monitoring of ocular pressure for glaucoma patients, even during sleep,” he explains. As well as monitoring eye conditions, smart contact lenses can also treat them, by injecting drugs directly into the eye. “Ocular drug delivery remains a grand challenge due to the complex structure of the eye,” says Chi Hwan. Download the 10. 33424/303 Link to the activity sheet Download the Share 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 participant wearing a smart soft contact lens during the continuous monitoring of ocular pressure © : 10. 1038/s41467-022-33254-4 A tear-soluble contact lens with silicon nanoneedles for painless and long-term sustained drug delivery © : 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how wearable biomedical devices, such as smart contact lenses developed by Chi Hwan’s team, can continuously monitor a patient's ocular pressure and treat eye conditions by injecting drugs directly into the eye. This functionality suggests that these smart devices are capable of diagnosing (by monitoring pressure) and treating conditions autonomously, without the need for human intervention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: This packaging does not require any energy or resources to produce. [SEP] Text: Electric power generation entities are stressed during extremely anomalous hot or cold weather events as extreme weather forces them to ‘make or buy’ energy worth millions of dollars. Energy becomes a scarce commodity during extreme events and good knowledge of weather forecasts helps companies to take decisions to produce or procure energy at the right time and at an economical cost and help them be ready for severe weather in the most efficient manner. For companies involved in activities down the value chain such as electricity transmission and distribution, weather definitely has had an increasing impact on operational reliability (IDC 2013) in recent decades. Every time there is a severe weather event, the delivery of electricity is impacted and customers may be without power for several hours or days depending on the strength of the storm and the ability of the utility to restore power in their service territory. Outages have a significant economic impact as well. Severe weather-related outages cost the US economy a total of approximately $80 billion annually (LaCommare and Eto 2006), half of which impacts the industrial and digital economy. (EPRI) research shows that the economic cost of power outages is largely related to the length of the outage, while noting even short duration outages of a few minutes could have large costs. It is estimated the average cost of a one-hour outage for manufacturing and digital economy firms is $7795/firm (Baggini 2008). Among industrialized countries, the USA has one of the highest annual average outage durations per customer, and also one of the highest annual average number of supply outages per customer; more than 45% of US utilities have a Index (SAIDI) metric of greater than 100 mins/year. The economic cost of these outages impacts not only end-users of utilities but also utilities themselves. More than 60% of utilities in the USA lose more than $100,000 on average per year in revenues due to outages and this number does not even include the unplanned costs of response and restoration. Rationale for Investing in Weather-Readiness AssessmentSo how do weather-readiness assessments help mitigate these problems? Weather-readiness assessment is a formal method which makes use of analytical tools to critically assess a utility’s preparation to tackle the impact of weather volatility on its operations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant energy stresses during extreme weather events faced by electric power generation entities. It highlights the economic implications and operational challenges related to energy production and outages, which suggests that energy and resources are indeed required for operation and delivery of services. Thus, contrary to the claim, it implies that producing and maintaining electricity is resource-intensive.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (7. 77 ± 0. 62 vs 9. 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 001). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs 6. 22 ± 0. 98; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs. III-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs. 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs. III-14 (6. 22 ± 0. 98 vs 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 013). On day 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 4. 72 ± 0. 87; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (4. 72 ± 0. 87 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (3. 77 ± 0. 34 vs. 4. 61 ± 0. 49; p=0. 047), group I-3 vs III-3 (3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. It focuses on statistical data concerning macrophages and fibroblasts in groups related to an experimental treatment, which is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: Go to Review 10. 19080/AIBM. 2024. 18. 555979 Go to Review 0. 5 volts on a 7-micron thick film [51]. Go to Review 0. 56 g/L to 1. 74 g/L at a 20 mM CaCl2 concentration. The study went on to look at the influence of calcium ions on the production of current in an MFC and discovered that calcium ions had a beneficial impact on MFC performance, producing approximately 20% more current than the reference MFC [59]. What is in the environment that could be a rich source of exoelectrogens? Typically, anaerobic sediment, primary industrial effluent, sludge from industrial wastewater treatment plants, and even the soil contain exoelectrogens that can be extracted as pure or impure culture from the particular sources and used them in MFCs [60]. Effect of and Minerals in activity of electrically active biofilms is affected by the minerals as well as ions. It is reported that the same ions may have different effects on different strains of microbes. Higher the level of calcium ions in the anodic electrolyte have proven dangerous for the electrical activity of exoelectrogens. It is reported in an experimental study that only a 5mM concentration of calcium ions leads to a reduction of 72% current production as compared to a controlled system [57]. The addition of 1400mM Calcium chloride solution to the biofilm of S. oneidensis also increases the current production by 80% in comparison to controlled MFC [58]. The addition of calcium chloride is also involved in the increased synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances in S. xiamenensis, done by affecting the structure of flagella and membranes of the bacterial cell. With the increase of calcium chloride solution’s concentration production of extracellular polymeric substances also increases. When studied the effect of calcium on MFC to produce current it is revealed that it increases its production by 20% [59]. Sources for the utilization of MFC include industrial effluents, wastewater treatment, sludge, and soil [60]. help in the transfer of electrons along long distances due to the thickness of biofilm [48]. When there is no oxygen or less amount of oxygen in the environment bacteria use it as an end point for electron acceptor [61]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of bacteria in microbial fuel cells (MFC). It mentions that bacteria use organic matter in anaerobic environments and act as electron acceptors, which underlies the process by which MFCs convert organic matter into electricity. Furthermore, it explains how different sources, including anaerobic sediments and industrial effluents, can be rich in exoelectrogens that are crucial for the functioning of MFCs, thereby supporting the claim that microbial fuel cells utilize bacteria for electricity generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation has no environmental impact or resource requirements. [SEP] Text: : an impact assessment of the human and environmental resource requirements of monumental architecture Published online by Press: 08 August 2017 Show author details Ann Brysbaert* Affiliation: Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333CC Leiden, (Email: a. n. brysbaert@arch. leidenuniv. nl) 0. 91 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] monumental architecture has been well studied. Yet the extent to which large-scale building programmes may have contributed to change and crises in (c. 1600–1100/1070 BC) has never been investigated using actual field data. The aim of the project is to assess if and how monumental building activities in affected the political and socio-economic structures of Mycenaean polities, and how people may have responded to these changes (Brysbaert 2013). Antiquity Issue 358 August 2017 e4 DOI: [Opens in a new window] © Ltd, 2017 monumental architecture has been well studied. Yet the extent to which large-scale building programmes may have contributed to change and crises in (c. 1600–1100/1070 BC) has never been investigated using actual field data. The aim of the project is to assess if and how monumental building activities in affected the political and socio-economic structures of Mycenaean polities, and how people may have responded to these changes (Brysbaert2013). Major building programmes took place across the and beyond from the sixteenth century BC onwards (especially in the thirteenth century), resulting in impressive citadels, burial monuments, waterworks, roads and bridges (Figures 1–3). These intensive and prolonged building programmes will have required significant human and material resources, and may have profoundly affected local subsistence economies. The potentially detrimental nature of the mobilisation of labour on this scale has been linked to the ‘collapse’ of the Mycenaean system (Shelmerdine1997: 566). Other factors linked to the Mycenaean collapse include climate change, the breakdown of inter-regional trade networks, drought, crop failure, natural disasters and warfare (Cline2014). Figure 1. Mycenae, citadel, view from the south-west showing the massive stone walls. Figure 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant human and material resources required for monumental architecture, suggesting that large-scale construction, like electric aviation, is inherently resource-intensive and likely has environmental impacts. It notes that 'these intensive and prolonged building programmes will have required significant human and material resources,' which directly opposes the assertion that electric aviation has no resource requirements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 77 ± 0. 34 vs. 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs. III-3 (4. 61 ± 0. 49 vs 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. 0001). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 8. 11 ± 0. 68; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (8. 11 ± 0. 68 vs. 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001). On the 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs. 9. 05 ± 0. 80; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (9. 05 ± 0. 80 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001). On the 3rd day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the standard group (I), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the negative control group (II). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs 2. 43 ± 0. 45; p=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses statistical results regarding fibroblast and epidermal thickness counts without any reference to Aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: Bacterial electron shuttle, unknown components, and proteins help in the transfer of electrons in making biofilm electrically active [52]. Due to the deficiency of pilA and omcZ in G. sulfurreducens bacteria, there is inhibition of biofilm formation as a result of which electric current also reduces [52]. PilA belongs to IV pili, has two segments; long PilA and short PilA [61]. It is reported that the long PilA segment is more important used to attach cells to graphite electrodes to form biofilms as compared to the short PilA [62]. However, short PilA is involved in the conductance of electrons across membranes via c-type cytochromes and OmcZ in the outer membrane [62]. It is also revealed from another study that pili do not involved in the transfer of electrons in the cells transpiring near to electrode, but it helps in the aggregation of cells that ultimately leads to the formation of biofilm [63]. It also promotes the formation of a thicker layer of biofilm formation by involving a series of a network of cytochromes [63]. When G. sulfurreducens grow in the form of biofilm certain genes are reported as compared to single cells [64]. Genetic studies have revealed that there is the involvement of genes that are coding pilus. It also revealed the role of these certain genes in the production of extracellular polymeric substances for biofilm formation and cyclopropane fatty acids [64]. Modification in the structure of biofilm occurs due to the presence of a sugar matrix that alters the receptor site and helps in the attachment of c-cyts [65]. It is reported that the morphology and structure of biofilm is associated with the growth phases of microbes. G. sulfurreducens in lag phase has a single layer of cells with less amount of c-Cyts due to which there is low production of current but when there is biofilm formation with three to four-fold more c-Cyts leading to high production of electric current [66]. Level of c-Cyts in G. sulfurreducens increases with the lag phase proceeding to log phase due to the increased concentration of c-Cyts [66]. Thicker the biofilm greater the transport of electrons and vice versa [67]. The morphology of biofilm greatly varies with the change of electrode in MFCs. G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of G. sulfurreducens bacteria in biofilm formation, which is crucial for the electrical output of microbial fuel cells. It explains how the presence of certain genes and structures, such as PilA and c-type cytochromes, facilitate electron transfer necessary for generating electric current, supporting the function of microbial fuel cells in converting organic matter into electricity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation has no environmental impact or resource requirements. [SEP] Text: The Li-Po battery provides 4 amperes of current for peak power during catapult launching and 2 amperes of continuous current for cruise power. A separate battery supplies steady power to the flight control system. The objective of the flight test project was to augment the present 18. 5-volt Li-Po battery with an M-power pack to demonstrate its functionality and flight worthiness. Although the planned flight test was eventually cancelled due to project constraints, the initial structural model development and associated structural analyses are presented. Figure 1e shows the NASA X-57 Maxwell experimental test aircraft concept [4] with a distributed electric propulsion system that has 12 electric-motor-driven propellers on the high-lift wing. The synchronized motors are powered by a 358 kg battery pack. Presently, construction of the X-57 Maxwell test vehicle is occurring under the () project. The X-57 Maxwell vehicle will test the performance of this specially designed wing with distributed electric propulsion to evaluate mission benefits for this class of vehicle. Structural analysis of the fuselage floor modeled with a reinforced M-composite panel is briefly described. As a final application, structural and aircraft systems analysis for the NASA N+3 Configuration (N3CC) derivative with hybrid-electric propulsion (Figure 1f) were conducted by Olson and Ozoroski [2] in order to predict the multifunctional performance and weight benefits of the M-technology (Figure 1g). In this report, secondary aluminum structure in the N3CC fuselage sub-floor and cargo area are partially replaced with M-composite panels for structural stress and weight analysis. Newman [3] presented an extensive feasibility and design study of a small, manned aircraft with electric powered propulsion. His report included the range of specific energy and specific power characteristics for existing Lithium-based batteries, Proton-(PEMFC), (SOFC), and aviation fuel. Figure 2 is his summary plot of the specific power and energy specifications, which is often referred to as a Ragone plot. Newman concluded that, besides conventional combustion, PEMFC and SOFC were the only two feasible energy source devices given the selected set of mission and aerodynamic (weight and power) constraints and the design specifications for his project. The initial performance goal for the M-battery system was to demonstrate a specific energy of 75 Wh/kg at a specific power of 1000 W/kg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the resource requirements for electric aviation, specifically the need for Li-Po batteries and a considerable battery pack weighing 358 kg, along with various energy source devices like PEMFC and SOFC. These requirements highlight that electric aviation does have environmental and resource implications, countering the assertion that it has none.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 0001), group II-3 vs III-3 (2. 43 ± 0. 45 vs. 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 0001), while group I-3 vs. III-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs. 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 182) did not show a significant result. On the 14th day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 11. 46 ± 0. 92; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (11. 46 ± 0. 92 vs. 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001). On the 21st day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs. 23. 10 ± 1. 37; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (23. 10 ± 1. 37 vs. 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001). DiscussionMacrophages are cells that multiply when there is a wound to phagocytose debris and bacteria and they are the predominant cells on the 3rd day post wound infliction (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). This study showed that both negative control and treatment groups had more number of macrophages than standard group on the 3rd day after injury. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the results of a study on epidermal thickness and macrophage activity after injury without mentioning Aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: sulfurreducens form layers of cells with pillars when grown on carbon cloth [64]. The structure of biofilm varies from gram-negative bacterium to gram-positive bacterium, which is based on the working principle of MFC, which may work as an open or closed-circuit system. It is reported that when microbial fuel cells behave as the closed system there is more attraction between bacteria and anode and vice versa in the case of an open system. Similarly, microbial fuel cells on the surface of bacteria are more easily available than the lower ones [1]. Biofilm formation by S. oneidensis MR-1 on the surface coated with minerals is experimentally treated with cyclic dinucleotide messenger. A phosphodiesterase namely pdeB has shown a negative effect on the formation of biofilm [68]. Deletion of this factor enhanced the production of biofilm formation under controlled conditions. When studied wild and mutant types of strains it is revealed from the results that the former leads to the formation of biofilm up to 10mm thick while 2nd one leads to two folds increase [68]. S. oneidensis MR-1 is very sensitive to the electron acceptors and becomes motile protein kinase in case of response to electron acceptors [69]. Pilin genes in Shewanella spp. , are involved in the synthesis of a protein called Mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin which enhances its attachment and biofilm production ability [58]. As we know that biofilm formation in this species is based on c-Cyts which also secretes flavin useful for the acceptance of electrons. These help in the transfer of an electron from the inner surface to the outer side of the cell [69]. Desulfovibrio desulfuricans play an important role in the formation of biofilm in MFC which is termed as nanowires which leads to easy transfer of an electron to the anode. These nanowires are very tightly bound to the electrode leading to thicker electrically active biofilm formation by this bacterium [70]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of specific bacteria, like Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and S. oneidensis MR-1, in the formation of biofilms within microbial fuel cells (MFC). It highlights how these bacteria enhance electron transfer, which is essential for the conversion of organic matter into electricity. The description of biofilm structure and the behavior of bacteria in relation to electron acceptors supports the function of MFCs in energy conversion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation has no environmental impact or resource requirements. [SEP] Text: These M-energy and power targets are superimposed on Newman’s plot in Figure 2. While this target is modest compared to Li-Ion, Li-Fe, and Li-S based batteries, the main advantage of the M-technology is that it could replace part of the load bearing structure, particularly in small drones and in lightly loaded fuselage structure of experimental electric aircraft such as the X-57 Maxwell. Advertisement 2. M-coupon test The proposed M-research goals were to develop test specimens and subcomponents, integrate them into a small test vehicle structure, and conduct low-risk flight tests. The M-test coupons in the form of honeycomb panels were fabricated and tested by (LaRC) and (GRC) for mechanical and electrical properties. Figure 3 shows the normal compression load shakedown test of a small, stabilized aluminum honeycomb coupon fabricated for mechanical property assessment. The compressive crushing strength and compressive modulus were computed and compared with the published characteristics of a Hexcel 1/4-5052-0. 002 honeycomb. The flatwise compression modulus of the aluminum honeycomb coupon with 1/4-inch cell and 0. 002-inch foil thickness is 139,000 psi and the crushing strength is 436 psi. The published in-plane shear modulus of the Hexcel 1/4-5052-0. 002 honeycomb is 66,000 psi and the shear strength is 300 psi in the length direction. In the width direction, the in-plane shear modulus is 30,000 psi and the shear strength is 120 psi. Since the normal compression strength test result and Hexcel published data were very close, the mechanical properties of Hexcel honeycomb were used by Olson and Ozoroski [2] for the initial structural and multifunctional performance benefit analysis of the N3CC derivative with hybrid-electric propulsion. They also accounted for the additional weight of core material required to complete the energy storage functionality. Figure 3. Normal-compression load shakedown test of a small, stabilized aluminum honeycomb coupon fabricated for mechanical property assessment. Figure 4 shows the in-plane tensile load versus extension plot from an initial tensile test of an early M-active coupon prototype with anode/cathode elements and electrolytes. The honeycomb test coupon dimensions were 6. 0 inch (150 mm) in length, 2. 0 inch (50. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specifications and testing of materials used in electric aviation, particularly in small drones and experimental aircraft. It indicates that there are specific mechanical properties and requirements for materials like aluminum honeycomb which are necessary for structural integrity and energy storage. This implies that there are resource requirements and considerations in the design and operation of electric aviation technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: On the same day, the treatment group had more macrophages than negative control group because there is acemannan in aloe gel that could increase the number of macrophages (Sierra-García et al. , 2014). The results of this study showed that there was reduction in number of macrophages in the treatment group than negative control group on the 14th and 21st day after injury. Souza et al. (2017) reported decrease in the number of macrophages in burn rats treated with 1% silver sulfadiazine. In this study, both the 3rd and 14th days after injury demonstrated higher number of fibroblasts in the treatment group than negative control group. This might have happened because of interaction between glucomannan in aloe gel and gibberellin, a growth hormone, with growth factor receptors on fibroblast. This interaction stimulated fibroblast activity and proliferation that could increase collagen synthesis (Chithra et al. , 1998; Surjushe et al. , 2008). Besides that, there was also acemannan in aloe gel which could increase the proliferation of fibroblasts (Xing et al. , 2014). Fibroblasts are cells that will increase its migration during proliferation phase of wound healing. Therefore, this study showed highest number of fibroblasts on the 14th day after injury in the treatment group which was earlier than the negative control group that had the highest number on the 21st day after injury. At some point during the proliferation phase, there may be apoptosis of fibroblast when collagen matrix has filled the wound cavity (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). Therefore, there was reduction in the number of fibroblast on the 21st day after injury in the treatment group. Re-epithelialization occurs right after injury that consists of migration, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes (Gurtner & Wong, 2013; Isrofah and Afandi, 2015). Acemannan could stimulate fibroblast to release keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) that could hasten the re-epithelialization process by keratinocyte which could increase the epidermal thickness (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses specific studies that examine the effects of aloe gel on macrophages and fibroblasts during wound healing. While aloe vera is mentioned, the context is scientific and focused on its biological mechanisms rather than its historical application or traditional use in treating skin issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: First, it was found that the block that the exchange of water molecules on the nanowire–to-air interface due to the thickness of the upper interface of the nanowire film is put, the energy, while the removal of these density restores a continuous amount of power, and in the second case, an increase in the rate of exchange of water molecules is due to an increase in the relative humidity, respectively, and increases the amount of electrical energy, which is also reversible [51] (Table 1) [71-79]. The investigation of microbial ion channels had also yielded valuable information related to neuronal signaling structures [80]. Electrical signaling is widely used in biological processes to communicate. Ion channels directly alter the action potential in neurons, which is one of the most well-known examples. For several years, research on microbial ion channels has supplied valuable information into the morphological basis of such neuronal signaling [81]. The prokaryotic K ion channel KcsA, in particular, generated the information related to structure for elasticity and selectivity of ions [80]. Microbes have severally significant classes of ion channels: Na channels, Cl channels, Ca-gated, K channels, and ionotropic glutamate receptors just like neurons [82]. Moreover, the native function of such ion channels in microbes is still unknown. Despite previous efforts to reveal ion channel role in microbes, in acid resistance reaction and regulation of fluid have been recognized, ion-specific channels do not seem so to be entirely associated with these biochemical functions. This is the reason that leads to doubts about another specific role of ion channels in prokaryotes [80]. Surfactants belong to a group of very reactive compounds, they may be synthetic as well as natural leading to affect the efficiency of the MFC by different factors. Rhamnolipids and sophorolipids are the only two biological surfactants that are included [83]. It is reported that these bio-surfactants affects the attachment of biofilm, composition, structure as well as the survival of electrode due to interruption of electron transfer [84]. Brevibacillus 1 and Brevibacillus 2 are both species are reported as biosurfactants that can produce an electric current. Production of electric current by these biosurfactant bacteria ranges between 55 to 65 mW cm−2 [83]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how certain bacterial species, specifically Brevibacillus 1 and Brevibacillus 2, are reported to produce an electric current, indicating their role in generating electricity through the conversion process associated with microbial fuel cells (MFC). Furthermore, it discusses how surfactants affect the attachment of biofilms, which is crucial for the efficiency of MFCs, thus linking the biological processes of these microbes to the generation of electrical energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation has no environmental impact or resource requirements. [SEP] Text: Some of the structural component weights and the electronic system weight inside the fuselage could not be measured separately, since the fuselage and vertical tails are molded as a single part. Hence, the weights of those components are grouped together in Table 1. The two-spar wing weight was estimated to be 4. 63 lb. With the better FEM of Tempest, the estimated total wing weight of 3. 54 lb is closer to the measured combined weight of 3. 46 lb for its right and left wings and stub spar. The measured fuselage weight, 5. 62 lb, included the co-molded vertical tail and electronic components inside the fuselage. It compared well with the improved FEM combined weight of the fuselage and vertical tail, including an estimated 2 lb weight for electronic components, telemetry system, and motors. Table 1. Comparison of component weights of the tempest test vehicle, initial two-spar wing model, and improved tempest FEM. The performance goal for the M-development was to demonstrate a specific power of 1000 W/kg at an energy density of 75 Wh/kg. The flight test goal was to augment the existing Li-Po battery with 33% of the required energy for 30 minutes of flight or, equivalently, to supply the full electrical energy for 10 minutes of level flight. The Li-Po battery capacity is 7600 mAh and it provides 7. 4 volts with two 3. 7 volt cells in series. With a gross weight of 2. 3 lb (1. 04 kg), the energy density of the Li-Po battery is 55 Wh/kg. The ideal power required by the aircraft at cruise is computed from weight × velocity/(L/D), where L/D is the lift-to-drag ratio. Considering the propeller and motor efficiencies, the total power required to be supplied to the electric motor spinning the propeller is: = weight × velocity L D × propeller efficiency × motor efficiency E1 For the Tempest test vehicle, let us assume a baseline cruise weight of 20 lb (88 N), a cruise velocity of 40 mph (17. 9 m/s), and a typical L/D of 20. Assuming a motor efficiency of 85% and a propeller efficiency of 80%, the power required = 88 × 17. 9/(20 × 0. 85 × 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the materials and weights involved in the components of an electric aircraft, such as the fuselage and wings, suggesting that there are specific resource requirements in terms of structural components, batteries, and energy density. It intricately details the necessary calculations for power, which underscores that electric aviation does indeed have resource and energy inputs, contrasting the claim that it has no environmental impact or resource requirements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. : Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. & Wilkins; 7th edn2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531. Pub| P: Buaya (Aloe Vera) (Linn) (Strain Wistar) Kediri. Kesehatan. 2016; 5: 114–121. Maulana RA: yang Berperan pada di dari Tahun 2011-2014. Utara; 2014. Menkes. : - Luka Bakar. Indonesia. 2019. Reinke JM, Sorg H: Wound repair and regeneration. Eur. Surg. Res. 2012; 49: 35–43. : of Technique. London: Methuen& Co. Ltd; 1992. (Reissued: for Animal Welfare, Herts, England. ) 1959. Sierra-García GD, Castro-Ríos R, González-Horta A, et al. : Acemannan, an extracted polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A literature review. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2014; 9: 1934578X1400900. -Daniel J, Forbes AA, et al. : Recent trends in burn epidemiology worldwide: A systematic review. Burns. 2017; 43: 249–257. Pub| : Heterogeneity of mast cells and expression of Annexin A1 protein in a second degree burn model with silver sulfadiazine treatment. . 2017; 12: e0173417. Pub| : Aloe vera: A short review Indian J. Dermatol. 2008; 53: 163–166. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains various references to studies and literature concerning Aloe vera but does not directly support or contradict the claim regarding its historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on specific studies and topics related to burn treatment and wound healing without historical context about Aloe vera's usage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: Electron transfer and power output of MFC have been increased by improving the production of biosurfactants. Rhamnolipids synthesis in P. aeruginosa was increased by over expressing the gene rh1A and this leads to enhance the flow of electrons through the electron shuttle. It also enhanced the attachment of bacteria to the anode. This genetically modified strain gave us 2. 5 times more production of electric current than that of the original strain [85]. Now after this scientists are working on exogenous surfactants which have proved more effective to produce electricity by MFC. Tween 80, EDTA, and polyethyleneimine are used as surfactants to improve the conduction of MFC and EET in bacteria [86,87]. As chemicals surfactants have side effects as well such as toxic to bacteria cells or leads to death of the bacterial cell [86,88]. That is why the addition of chemical surfactants to MFC needs to be improved to prevent bacterial death. As compared to these chemical surfactants the biosurfactants produced by bacteria are less toxic for MFC. Rhamnolipids and sophorolipid both are good biosurfactants that enhanced the performance of MFC and EET [88,89]. Go to Review 98. (2014) Electroactive bacteria-molecular mechanisms and genetic tools. Biotechnol 98(20): 8481-8495. (2020) Electric bacteria: a review. J 11(1): 7-15. Nealson KH (2017) Bioelectricity (electro microbiology) and sustainability. 10(5): 1114-1119. (2006) Biofuel cells and their development. 21(11): 2015-2045. (2014) Characterization of microbial current production as a function of microbe-electrode-interaction. 157: 284-292. Bücking C, Schicklberger M, (2013) The biochemistry of dissimilatory ferric iron and manganese reduction in Shewanella oneidensis. Metal Respiration. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 82. (2018) Microbial fuel cell (MFC) power performance improvement through enhanced microbial electrogenicity. 36(4): 1316-1327. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of bacteria, specifically P. aeruginosa and the production of biosurfactants, in enhancing power output from microbial fuel cells (MFC). It highlights that an engineered strain increased electric current production significantly, implying that bacteria are essential in converting organic matter into electricity, which aligns with the claim about the function of MFC.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation has no environmental impact or resource requirements. [SEP] Text: 80) = 116 W and the energy required for 10 minutes of level flight is (116 × 10/60) = 20 Wh. Hence, ideally, 0. 58 lb (20/75 kg) of M-material could provide full power for 10 minutes of level flight. The actual weight of the M-power package would depend on the flight test voltages and current demand of the electric motor and the ability to package each unit in suitable series and parallel configurations to match the available power supply and required power demand. The structural deflection and nodal strain distribution from the FEM analysis results of the Tempest vehicle with a lightweight M-composite panel replacing the fuselage floor are shown in Figure 10. The five-layer bonded sandwich panel consisted of 0. 02 inch thermoplastic sheet for insulation on the outer faces, 0. 002 inch aluminum sheet on the inner faces and 1. 0 inch deep honeycomb M-core. The original fuselage floor weight was 0. 32 lb. One stack of this five-layer sandwich energy storage panel replacing 180 in2 of mid-fuselage floor would weigh 1. 25 lb. The mid-fuselage floor composite, multifunctional panel would provide both structural integrity and supply electrical energy to supplement the existing Li-Po battery of this vehicle. Figure 10. Tempest FEM analysis with M-composite panel fuselage floor. Advertisement 4. NASA X-57 Maxwell test vehicle Under the () project, the X-57 Maxwell test vehicle wing is presently being constructed at. Figure 1e showed the NASA X-57 Maxwell experimental test aircraft concept [4] with a distributed electric propulsion system featuring 12 electric-motor-driven propellers on an innovative high-lift wing. The X-57 Maxwell vehicle will test the performance of this specially designed wing with distributed electric propulsion in order to evaluate mission benefits for this class of vehicle. Figure 11 shows the weight breakdown of the NASA X-57 Maxwell experimental test aircraft. The original wing of the P2006T aircraft will be replaced with a specially designed distributed electric propulsion wing with 12 electric-motor-driven propellers. The wing-tip propellers help reduce the induced drag from the tip vortex. The synchronized motors are powered by a 358 kg Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum (NCA) battery pack. The electric power system is organized into eight battery modules, split into two packs with 4 battery modules and a control module each. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the substantial energy requirements and resource needs for electric aviation. It details the energy consumption for 10 minutes of flight and outlines the weight and structural requirements of components necessary for electric-powered aircraft, specifically mentioning the need for a 358 kg battery pack to power the motors, which clearly indicates there is a significant resource requirement and likely environmental impact associated with these energy sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Pub| : The effects of aloe vera on wound healing in cell proliferation, migration, and viability. Wounds. 2018; 30: 263–268. : WHO|Burns. 2018. accessed 29 May 2021. : Acemannan accelerates cell proliferation and skin wound healing through AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2014; 79: 101–109. on this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3 version 2 Revised Published: 29 Jul 2022, 11:168 version 1 Published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 Copyright © 2022 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 5256/f1000research. 83532. r128998) The direct URL for this report is: Major: The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must. . . Continue reading : The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must show picture of wound healing, histopathological picture, wound healing area, How authors say that the size of 2×2 cm2 is reduced? Author must show the data about the wound healing in term of wound healing picture and wound healing area? Images of a H&E staining should be provided and correlate it with number of fibroblast and other mentioned cells. Improve the scientific language. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Stem cell I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct confirmation or contradiction regarding the claim about aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on scientific evaluations and critiques related to wound healing studies that include aloe vera, which does not address the claim about its historical use.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: (2017) Characterization of the electric current generation potential of the pseudomonas aeruginosa using glucose, fructose, and sucrose in double chamber microbial fuel cell. Biotechnol 15(4): 216. (2020) Application of advanced anodes in microbial fuel cells for power generation: A review. Chemosphere 248: 125985. (2016) Characterization of electricity generated by soil in microbial fuel cells and the isolation of soil source exoelectrogenic bacteria. 7: 1776. (2015) Bioelectricity production from microbial fuel cell using mixed bacterial culture isolated from distillery wastewater. 195: 242-247. (2015) Application of electrochemically active bacteria as anodic biocatalyst in microbial fuel cells. 43(1): 155-163. (2011) The skin microbiome. Nature reviews microbiology 9(4): 244-253. - (2018) A flavin-based extracellular electron transfer mechanism in diverse Gram-positive bacteria. Nature 562(7725): 140-144. A (2018) Exporting electrons. Microbiol 16(11): 657-657. Cadirci BH (2018) An electricity production study by Rhodobacter sphaeroides. 43(38): 18001-18006. (2011) Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review. 15(3): 1513-1524. (2016) Solar-wind hybrid renewable energy system: A review. 58: 23-33. (1988) Novel mode of microbial energy metabolism: organic carbon oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron or manganese. Microbiol 54(6): 1472-1480. (1988) Bacterial manganese reduction and growth with manganese oxide as the sole electron acceptor. Science 240(4857): 1319-1321. (2011) Structure of a bacterial cell surface decaheme electron conduit. 108(23): 9384-9389. (2012) The ‘porin-cytochrome’model for microbe‐to‐mineral electron transfer. 85(2): 201-212. El-(2013) Live wires. Scientist 27(5): 38-43. (2014) Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 nanowires are outer membrane and periplasmic extensions of the extracellular electron transport components. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various studies related to microbial fuel cells, specifically mentioning the use of bacteria such as 'pseudomonas aeruginosa,' which is involved in the electric current generation process using organic substrates like glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Other references in the text, such as bioelectricity production from mixed bacterial cultures and the use of electrochemically active bacteria as anodic biocatalysts, further support the role of bacteria in converting organic matter into electricity in microbial fuel cells.