Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2433256/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBlockchain is a system recording data that makes it difficult or impossible to alter, hack, or defraud the system. A blockchain is a digital ledger of transactions replicated and distributed over computer servers. Blockchain technology is a significant new financial innovation radically reshaping corporate transactions. It is a decentralized network that supports and employs multiple encryption algorithms. These safe, robust, and adaptable transactions are incorporated into another significant computer paradigm, cloud computing. This paper implements a blockchain-based secure method to make the cloud secure. Initially, the transactions are recorded in the blockchain using the SHA-256 cryptographic algorithm. After that, transactions are serialized, and block features are cached. Thirdly, the blockchain created new blocks after fulfilling desired requirements and performing transactions. Furthermore, the transaction is monitored by using the Merkle tree method in each step of the transaction to make it more secure and trustworthy. However, the research also highlighted the gaps and the impact of the gaps in the current work. Blockchain technologyCloud computingResearch gapsSecurityand the computational costFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12Figure 13Figure 14Figure 15Figure 16Figure 17Figure 18Figure 19Figure 20Figure 21Figure 22Figure 231 IntroductionOne of the most popular computing buzzwords in recent years has been "cloud. " A year and a half ago, only a tiny handful of individuals used the word "blockchain" to characterize peer-to-peer distributed ledger or database technology [1]. Blockchain is an autonomous and decentralized data system. Using blockchain; data may be handled and arranged in a revolutionary new manner: open, permanent, verifiable, and shared without the need for a central authority. The most recent innovations in information processing technologies have enticed familiar consumers to better store their data. Cloud users utilize the present field, cloud computing, as a practical example. Based on their location, cloud users may access, exchange, and analyze data at any time and from any place. Cloud customers have no direct control over resources after uploading them to the cloud server. According to the terms and conditions, the cloud service provider makes the service accessible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how blockchain technology utilizes cryptographic algorithms, such as SHA-256, to enhance transaction security. It explains that transactions are recorded in the blockchain using these cryptographic methods, thereby aligning with the claim that blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles for securing transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Table 1 The 40 most expressed prokaryotic (a) and eukaryotic (b) genes found in U. vulgaris traps, grouped as functional KEGG modules (level 3). Functional assignments were done in MEGAN 6 using the KEGG database. Abundances were estimated in Trinity by mapping raw reads to assembled contigs using the bowtie2 algorithm. For complete metatranscriptomic data, please refer to Additional file 3: Table S6 or the website size tableUnique trap-associated prokaryotic communitiesOur results show that Utricularia plants harbor surprisingly diverse microbial communities: we have identified over 4500 distinct prokaryotic OTUs in the traps and periphyton (see the complete OTU list in Additional file 2: Table S5a). Prokaryotic alpha diversity associated with U. vulgaris and U. australis was significantly higher than that found associated with other carnivorous plants and, in the case of U. australis traps, was comparable to that observed in another high-diversity system—the rhizosphere (Additional file 1: Table S2). A comparison with datasets from different environments (Fig. 1a) revealed that the U. australis and U. vulgaris trap microbiomes, although species-specific, are highly similar to each other in terms of composition. Out of the different environments selected, Utricularia microbiomes most closely resembled microbial communities inhabiting the pitchers of a terrestrial carnivorous plant, Sarracenia. Both of these ecosystems are known to harbor microbiota that is able to effectively process complex material of plant origin and thus supply nutrients to the host [24, 25]. When comparing the metatranscriptomic data from the traps of U. vulgaris with other systems, the highest (in this case more function-related) similarity was, unsurprisingly, found in the freshwater microbial communities (Fig. 1b). Fig. 1a Metanalyses comparing 4221 samples representing ten distinct microbiomes (including both Utricularia species). Data (results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing) were downloaded from the Qiita database ( and reanalyzed together with Utricularia microbiomes. Microbiomes were compared by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS, stress 0. 231). Both U. vulgaris and U. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that specific ecosystems, like the traps of Utricularia, can harbor diverse microbial communities that are influenced by their environmental context. The mention of microbial communities being 'highly similar to each other in terms of composition' when comparing different environments implies environmental factors, such as dietary changes, can impact microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Nature 447:585–588. 2009. Ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation between sympatric host forms of Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetles. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 106:19426–19431. 2008. Genetic incompatibilities in killifish and the role of environment. Evolution 62:3056–3068. 2008. A weakly informative default prior distribution for logistic and other regression models. Ann. Appl. Stat. 1360–1383. 2010. MCMC methods for multi-response generalized linear mixed models: the MCMpackage. J. Stat. Softw 33:1–22. 2006. Divergent selection on flowering time contributes to local adaptation in Mimulus guttatus populations. Evolution 60:2466–2477. 1999. Ecological speciation in sticklebacks: environment-dependent hybrid fitness. Evolution 53:866–873. 2013. lmerTest: tests for random and fixed effects for linear mixed effect models (lmer objects of lme4 package). R package version 2. 2008. Ecological reproductive isolation of coast and inland races of Mimulus guttatus. Evolution 62:2196–2214. 1991. The genetic interpretation of inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression. Evolution 45:622–629. 2009. Temperature-based extrinsic reproductive isolation in two species of drosophila. Evolution 63:595–612. 2010. Field studies reveal strong postzygotic isolation between ecologically divergent butterfly populations. PLoS Biol. 8:e1000529. 2014. Strong extrinsic reproductive isolation between parapatric populations of an Australian groundsel. N. Phytol. 203:323–334. 2004. Patterns of reproductive isolation in three angiosperm genera. Evolution 58:1195–1208. 1997. Local adaptation in two subspecies of an annual plant: implications for migration and gene flow. Evolution 51:1079–1089. 2005. Perspective: reproductive isolation caused by natural selection against immigrants from divergent habitats. Evolution 59:705–719. 1964. Evolutionary pathways of the Senecio lautus alliance in and Australia. Evolution 18:349–360. 2001. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a citation list of various studies and does not directly address the claim about natural selection driving evolution. It does mention ecological speciation and reproductive isolation, which could relate tangentially to evolution, but it does not provide specific evidence or argumentation regarding the role of natural selection in species evolution, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: As we enter the "information era," the quantity, velocity, and diversity of material on the Internet are growing exponentially. Millions of transactions, including heterogeneous and homogeneous sensitive data, will not influence the end user's service quality. Several data sources include mobile devices, sensors, files, and social media. This sort of data explosion has prompted significant research challenges, including "how to properly and optimally handle vast volumes of data and develop novel preservation strategies to access knowledge. " Information processing units that serve various financial markets continue to confront obstacles in developing next-generation financial technologies that use network technologies securely and facilitate user communication. In answer to the need for financial security, blockchain technology was developed. It is characterized as a public accounting network that makes online transactions safer. The blockchain model idea was presented in 2008. Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency to adopt a blockchain-based strategy. The client performs virtual transactions using an authentication procedure, and the blockchain concept's transactional process is mainly accomplished. This block will be updated often and reflected in the final transaction details block of the electronic currency transaction data. 2 Research aim and objectives The study's overarching goals are to ascertain blockchain's applicability in cloud computing and to identify possible risks and difficulties associated with using the technology there. The following are some of the goals or primary concerns: Outlines and short discussions on cloud storage and blockchain technologies. Explore the possibilities of blockchain and its use in the cloud. Learn to recognize the value of blockchain security for cloud-based programs. Examine modern methods for protecting the privacy, authenticity, and integrity of the public's data 2 Background 2. 1 Overview of As a network of remote servers and interconnected networks, "the cloud" provides users with many benefits regarding data processing and storage. A wide range of organizations and online resources for usage by consumers and businesses is now implementing cloud storage. Cloud storage is a kind of cloud computing that uses the Internet to store and make massive quantities of data available. All data, whether fully or partially structured, is under the service provider's control in the cloud. The limits of the devices themselves are included in cloud storage. Further, it frequently loads on the user's website and uses cloud-based data storage. Because of this, cloud storage was developed to enable users to store data and retrieve it from any place, regardless of their precise geographical position. As a bonus, the dataset is hosted in the cloud, making it accessible worldwide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that blockchain technology was developed to enhance the security of online transactions and describes it as a 'public accounting network that makes online transactions safer.' This directly aligns with the idea that blockchain uses cryptographic principles to secure transactions, particularly through its transactional process and authentication procedures mentioned in the text.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: australis microbiomes cluster closely with those of the terrestrial pitcher plants of the genera Sarracenia and Nephentes. They are positioned between the freshwater and rhizosphere microbiomes, which reflects both the growing environment and the close relationship with their hosts. b Comparison of 43 samples representing seven distinct active microbiomes (i. e. , transcribed genes), including those associated with U. vulgaris. Six metagenomes were obtained from MG-RAST (for details please see the “Methods” section). Neighbor-joining tree was chosen for the visualization. Active microbiome of U. vulgaris clustered again closely with the freshwater and phyllosphere microbiomesFull size imageComparisons of the trap and periphytic communities associated with the same Utricularia species revealed that the bacterial communities in both environments were dominated by Proteobacteria (58% and 54% of assigned sequences in periphyton and trap, respectively). Over half of the taxa were shared even at the genus level (Additional file 1: Figure S2). Actinobacteria were significantly more abundant in the U. australis traps and periphyton while Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia were significantly enriched in U. vulgaris trap and periphyton, respectively (Fig. 2a, b). The close similarity of periphytic and trap communities suggests strong links between Utricularia external surfaces and the internal trap environment, with periphyton being the most likely source of inoculum for microbial colonization of traps as well as the primary source of algae as potential nutrients [8, 15]. Looking more specifically at the composition of trap lumen bacterial communities, several taxa stand out. We found the family Comamonadaceae to be the most abundant group, constituting > 10% of the total community. Members of this family are strong competitors with flexible metabolism and are considered essential for the digestion of nutritionally poor diet of animal hosts [26, 27]. Another group of Bacteria, which was significantly more abundant in the Utricularia trap environment, was the family Peptostreptococcaceae (order Clostridiales, Additional file 2: Table S5a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various microbiomes and their specific compositions in environments connected to dietary sources. It highlights how bacterial communities, such as Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, are influenced by their ecological environments, implying that changes in diet can lead to variations in microbiome composition. This suggests that dietary changes can indeed impact microbiome diversity and structure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Rates of evolution We used alignments of the 13 protein-coding genes in Acrossocheilus (excluding the outgroup) to determine the number of polymorphic sites (S), the number of haplotypes (Nh), and theta (θ) according to the finite sites model [18] in DnaSP v5. 1 [19]. We used the θ-values to infer the relative per-generation mutation rates (μRelative) of individual of genes (μgene) relative to the whole mitogenome (μgenome) using the equation θ = 4Neμ, where population size (Ne) can be assumed to be similar for each gene, because population size is a property of each sequence in this case, and recombination is almost nonexistent in the mitochondrial DNA. We also determined the number of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions using TreeSAAP [20]. To assess neutral evolution in Acrossocheilus species, we performed an F test for normality of gene length, nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations, and the total number of mutations, and then conducted linear regression analyses in PAST [21] using alignments for all 13 protein-coding genes. The analyses consisted of (1) the number of mutations versus alignment length in bases, (2) the number of synonymous mutations versus alignment length in bases, (3) the number of nonsynonymous mutations versus the alignment length in bases, and (4) the number of nonsynonymous changes versus synonymous changes. Phylogenetic analysis Based on the concatenated alignment of the 13 protein-coding genes with the outgroup taxa included, we inferred phylogenetic relationships using maximum-likelihood (ML) in RAxML v8. 2. 4 [22]. Prior to performing the ML analysis, we determined that GTR+G was the best-fit model of nucleotide substitution in v2. 1. 1 [23] under the Criterion (AIC). In RAxML, we calculated branch support via 1000 ML bootstrap replicates. species were used as outgroup. We used the resulting phylogeny as a framework for subsequent codon-based tests for selection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes methods for analyzing rates of evolution and phylogenetic relationships without directly addressing the concept of natural selection or its role in evolutionary processes. It focuses on technical aspects of genetic analysis rather than discussing the mechanisms of evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Cloud storage is trending due to the growing number of clients seeing a return on investment in the cloud. Customers who don't trust the security of their data and the people who have access to it are familiar. Because of this, many consumers feel compelled to take extra precautions to safeguard their data. Consumers want criteria like authentication, integrity, availability, secrecy, and data security. All cloud service agreements should contain them since they indicate fundamental meditation in cases of apparent effort. In addition, a discussion of defensive poisoning and information leakage assaults, as well as malicious activity by interested parties such as the cloud, are presented in [2]. 2. 2 of the most talked-about innovations recently is blockchain technology. Its significance has grown because it is a relatively new invention with extensive application. Blockchain, which was first introduced in 2008, is undergoing a disruptive transformation that has the potential to alter how we communicate, compute fees, track, and monitor transactions. It is this latter function, as a digitally shared ledger or database, that blockchain was designed to fulfill. One reason blockchain technology may be successful is the absence of a requirement for a central authority to oversee and record transactions and member interactions. Each transaction on the blockchain is cryptographically tagged and validated by other mining machines that hold copies of the complete transaction information. Using this method, you may register a timeshare in a safe, synchronized, and permanent manner. In addition, everyone is aware that blockchain technology is a sort of information technology with applications in software and business. See Fig. 1 for a visual representation of the blockchain's underlying design [3]. 2. 3 of BlockChain Distributed: Transactions are broadcast to all nodes using standardized protocols and are then grouped into blocks according to established criteria after complete processing. Blockchain's primary purpose was to make sharing and updating information easier across different networks. The blockchain's greatest strength is its ability to operate independently of any central authority. There is no central authority or service charge in a blockchain network; instead, the network relies on a consensus mechanism to ensure that all data is accurate and up to date [4–5]. No centralized database or clearinghouse is needed since all transaction information is stored at every node. This reduces the risk of a catastrophic failure at a single spot. To safeguard the honesty of the financial transactions, all nodes must concur via a consensus mechanism. With everyone's agreement, the consensus algorithm keeps the blockchain's data consistent and prevents any erroneous transactions from entering the system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Each transaction on the blockchain is cryptographically tagged and validated by other mining machines that hold copies of the complete transaction information.' This indicates that cryptographic principles are fundamental to the functioning and security of blockchain technology, directly supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: In traps, this family represented approximately 2% while in periphyton only < 0. 001%. The group represents anaerobic fermenters often associated with habitats such as animal guts and oral cavities, manure, soil, and sediments [28]. In the rumen ecosystem, Peptostreptococcus spp. produce high amounts of ammonia but are not able to hydrolyze intact proteins and do not use carbohydrates as a carbon source. Thus, they occupy a niche of peptide- and amino-acid-degrading microorganisms and depend on proteolytic Bacteria [29]. The genes expressed in the traps that were assigned to this family, such as pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase [EC:1. 5. 1. 2] or threonine aldolase [EC:4. 1. 2. 5] (Additional file 3: Table S6), are all involved in the metabolism of amino acids. The trap lumen contains very high concentrations of ammonium (2. 0–4. 3 mg l−1 NH4-N) [30], and many bacteria that are able to hydrolyze proteins are present (Additional file 3: Table S6); it is therefore likely that a process analogous to that involving Peptostreptococcaceae in the rumen is taking place therein. Fig. 2Compositional overlap in Utricularia-associated prokaryotic microbiomes a Comparison between U. australis and U. vulgaris trap microbiomes and b between the U. australis and U. vulgaris periphytic communities. The cladograms are the result of the linear discriminant effect size analysis (LEfSe) and show significantly differentially abundant taxa (> 3-fold change of relative OTU abundance) and taxonomy (i. e. , going from the central circle in the following order: phylum-class-order). The circle color shows which branch of the phylogenetic tree more significantly represents one of the two studied Utricularia hosts (red or green), while circle size corresponds to the relative abundance of the taxon. Yellow color indicates no statistically significant difference between the compared microbiomesFull size imageWe have also detected the family Bacteriovoracaceae in the lumen, whose members are known for being obligatory predators of other, especially Gram-negative, bacteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about the microbiome composition in different environments, specifically mentioning the presence and roles of various bacteria in distinct ecosystems. This information implies that factors such as diet and environmental conditions contribute to the diversity and function of microbial communities, suggesting that dietary changes can indeed impact microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: For each approach, we applied the best-fit substitution model for each gene and assessed significance according to posterior probability > 0. 9 (FUBAR) or P-value < 0. 05 (MEME). After applying all approaches, we looked among them for agreement on sites under positive selection in order to reduce false positives [32]. To supplement the codon-based approaches, we also used TreeSAAP [20], which estimates significant changes in amino acid properties along the phylogeny. When amino acid substitutions have strong effects on protein biochemistry, they are considered candidates for selection. We ran the analysis with a sliding window size of 15 codons and a step size of 1 codon. We considered amino acid substitutions as possibly under selection if the magnitude of change was ≥ 6, and we regarded z-scores above 3. 09 or below– 3. 09 (P < 0. 001) as attributable to positive and purifying selection, respectively [33]. We applied these relatively stringent criteria to avoid detection of false positives. Environmental analysis We applied a generalized linear model (GLM) to investigate the relationship between pairwise Ka/Ks values and environmental distances among accessions. We obtained environmental data for 14 of the 25 mitogenome accessions of Acrossocheilus (Table 1) with available georeferencing for their collection localities. Specifically, we used DIVA-GIS 7. 4. 01 [34] to extract values for the 19 standard bioclimatic variables (S2 Table) of 1. 3 [35] and converted them to a distance matrix for the accessions in R 4. 0. 3. Bioclimatic variables are derived from the monthly temperature and rainfall values in order to generate more biologically meaningful variables, and are often used in species distribution modeling and related ecological modeling techniques. We obtained the distance matrix of pairwise Ka/Ks in DnaSP v5. 1 [19] and performed the GLM using the LME4 library [36] for R 4. 0. 3 [37]. of evolution Relative per-generation mutation rates (μRelative) varied across mitochondrial genes (Table 2). Overall, genes of the ND family evolved faster than the other ones, with ND6 evolving the fastest (μRelative = 1. 61, Table 2). The most slowly evolving gene was COX3 (μRelative = 0. 9, Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on methods for analyzing amino acid substitutions and their statistical significance in evolutionary studies. It does not directly address the concept of natural selection or its role in the evolution of species through differential survival. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: We intend to review blockchain's potential applications in the cloud comprehensively. To the best of our knowledge, no other study has come close to matching the depth and breadth of our investigation into the fundamentals of blockchain cloud storage technology. 4. 3 The Blockblockchain's basic structure and operational flow are outlined below. The blockchain is being created as a reference architecture for cloud, edge, and fog computing. Another huge distributed model is being combined with it at the same time. Currently, it is connected to the cloud system to improve security. What inspired the creation of the blockchain? Blockchain technology is a decentralized ledger that relies on cryptographic signatures to verify financial transactions. There are discrete steps involved. A cryptographic system is associated with each block. The transaction's legitimacy must be checked and assessed at each potential bottleneck. Several elements of the P2P concept are implemented. No brokerage fees will be considered if a transaction is legitimate within this framework. Because of this blockchain approach, your terminal system may be assured robust and scalable security. The trading mechanism was extremely tough for hackers to exploit. Because of this, monetary transactions are simplified and facilitated for more people. The following diagram summarizes the core features of a P2P blockchain system [6]. This 2. Use this calculator for numbers of any size. A ledger is a record of business dealings. A copy of the ledger, which records all business dealings, is stored at each node. The ledger is often kept on paper and pencil when using a conventional format. This similar idea has been used in the development of new information technologies. Thus, there are disadvantages to adopting a centralized ledger, such as the potential for a sudden loss of data and the inability to verify transactions independently. Blocks: Users provide unique transaction identifiers applied to each block node. Collective of completed transactions stored in a queue. This transaction index allows for extra steps to be taken before the procedure concludes. There is no saving of intermediate steps in the transaction process. The mining nodes update each step of the transaction process. This means that each block contains all the transactions that have ever been made. The blockchain system automatically rejects invalid transactions. Since the computed hash would drastically alter with a change in the individual bit of the block, this approach verifies the data's rigidity. All nodes also store a copy of the hash for each block, which provides an extra layer of protection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Blockchain technology is a decentralized ledger that relies on cryptographic signatures to verify financial transactions.' This explicitly supports the assertion that cryptographic principles are fundamental to the security mechanisms utilized in blockchain technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Other enzymes, such as those belonging to the families of glycoside hydrolases, cellulases, peroxidases, and xylanases, were also found to be expressed in the trap lumen (Additional file 4: Table S7). Looking at Utricularia-associated microbiome structure, despite of the high similarity between the trap lumen and the periphyton in terms of prokaryotic community composition, when we compare the microbial co-occurrence analyses, we see two strikingly different systems with distinct potential “keystone” taxa (Additional file 1: Table S4) and a distinct degree of interconnectedness (Additional file 1: Figures S3 and S4) in each of the two environments. While the periphytic communities show a co-occurrence pattern typically observed in highly spatially and functionally interconnected microbial biofilms (Additional file 1: Figure S3), the co-occurrence pattern of the trap community consists of several smaller, mutually disconnected microbial networks and implies a much more heterogeneous and fragmented environment inside the trap lumen (Additional file 1: Figure S4). This result is consistent with previously published observations showing progressing degree of microbial aggregation into flocks and multispecies biofilms with progressing Utricularia trap development [15]. Further support is provided by the metatranscriptomic data. The high expression of bacterial UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase, which has been linked to the environmentally regulated biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides [37], or that of transaldolase, which is also one of the highly expressed proteins in the trap fluid and has been shown to be an important colonization factor favoring the establishment of bacteria in the gut [38], provides further support for bacterial aggregation and attachment to organic p0. 8 m2 polypropylene experimental container, where U. vulgaris plants were cultivated, contained Carex sp. litter and approximately 250 l of dystrophic water, closely simulating natural conditions [51, 52]. For the assessment of microbial community structure, U. vulgaris and U. australis plants were divided into three sections of increasing age (young, mature, old). From each of these segments, approximately 70 larger, excised, functional traps without visible metazoan prey and trapless leaves with periphyton were collected (approximately 200 mg fresh weight). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the microbiome structure associated with Utricularia and indicating that environmental factors, such as the age of the plant and the presence of organic material, affect microbial community composition. The mention of 'high expression of bacterial UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase...linked to the environmentally regulated biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides' suggests that changes in environmental conditions, potentially including dietary changes, influence microbial composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The latter clade was sister to A. barbodon. Further, we found that A. hemispinus was nested within the clade of A. parallens that was sister to a clade containing A. jishouensis and one of two individuals of A. paradoxus. A. wenchowensis was paraphyletic and included A. fasciatus, and this clade was sister to A. kreyenberfii. Both accessions of A. beijiangensis clustered together and were sister to A. stenotaeniatus and A. spinifer. This whole clade of three species was sister to A. wuyiensis and the second A. paradoxus individual. Thus, A. paradoxus was polyphyletic. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Maximum-likelihood tree of the Acrossocheilus genus based on 13 protein coding mitochondrial gene sequences. Onychostoma barbatulum and O. barbatulum were used as outgroup. The different individuals are labeled at the tips. Numbers at the nodes denote the bootstrap values. Analysis of positive selection Based on the analyses in found no significant difference for the models M7 vs. M8 (S1 Table), and comparisons between M1a and M2a as well as M8a and M8 revealed no significant evidence for positive selection in Acrossocheilus species. Thus, taken together, the CodeML analyses did not uncover any signal of positive selection. In contrast to CodeML, we detected codons under positive selection according to the and FEL algorithms. Specifically, we found six codons under positive selection in five genes (COX1, COX2, COX3, ND3, and ND4) based on MEME, two codons under positive selection in two genes (ND3 and ND4) using FUBAR and FEL, and only one codon in ND4 under positive selection based on SLAC (Table 3). Codon 1 located within ND3 was detected by all approaches except for SLAC, while the and FEL algorithms agreed that 51 in ND4 is involved in positive selection (Table 3). All other codons implicated in positive selection were detected by only one of the four approaches. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about natural selection driving evolution. Instead, it focuses on the phylogenetic relationships and positive selection within certain species, without discussing how natural selection influences the evolution of species as a whole.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Since every node in the network can check whether the hash is a match, there is no chance of errors or corruption in this system. The following diagram illustrates the Merkle tree-compatible blockchain system paradigm. In the blockchain paradigm, each block has the following parts: Number of blocks or block height Current block's hash value The preceding block's hash value. Marijuana made from Merkle tree roots dimensions of the block This block contains a list of transactions. This is how the blockchain works: Most blockchain nodes are independently operated. The ledger's data serves as the basis for all communication between nodes. Because of issues with the node registry, overall system performance suffers. Users initiate transactions by sending requests to the blockchain, which then carries them out. A permanent record of all such transactions is written to one or more logs as a consequence of their execution. The immutability of the blockchain is realized through this procedure, as mentioned in Fig. 3. Blockchain safety: a network setting in which transaction data and parameters are conveniently adjacent to the business logic. Transactions on a blockchain often use asymmetric key cryptography. Public and private keys make up the critical block to finalizing the deal. The signature on the transaction may be validated using the private key. In other words, the signature created by the private key is under the command of the public key. 4. 4 is a decentralized digital currency where each coin represents a link in a chain of digital signatures. Coins are transferred between owners based on current and previous hashed transactions, which are communicated using digital signatures. The recipient may or may not be able to validate the signature, depending on the nature of the property. The idea of Bitcoin is shown in the following Fig. 4. Here we break out how Bitcoin operates: All nodes get an initial notification of any new transactions. Each node in the block gathers new transactions. The burden must be applied to each block. Finding proof of work results in a broadcast to all other nodes in the block. Complete only legitimate transactions at no additional expense. If the block's hash function matches that of the node, the block is accepted by the node. 5 a result of its reliance on virtualization and resource pooling technologies, cloud computing can provide IT with compelling benefits and services. Regarding cloud computing, security as a service is a new challenge. Application service providers are the backbone of modern technology, and the most common examples are web and email servers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that "transactions on a blockchain often use asymmetric key cryptography" and describes how public and private keys are used for securing transactions. This directly supports the assertion that cryptographic principles are fundamental to securing transactions within blockchain technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: To assess the actively transcribed microbial gene pool, excised U. vulgaris traps from the entire shoot without visible metazoan prey were collected randomly (approximately 250 mg fresh weight), with pooled traps from a single plant considered a replicate; three biological replicates were collected in total. All collected plant material was immediately placed into liquid N2 and samples were stored at −80 °C until further processing. For the estimation of the protozoan grazing rates, a different species with larger traps—the tropical U. reflexa—was selected, because relatively large volumes of trap fluid are needed for this analysis. The plants were cultivated indoors in 3-l aquaria, in dystrophic cultivation water closely simulating natural conditions (see [12]). DNA extraction from Utricularia trap fluid and the taxonomical evaluation of the Utricularia-associated microorganismsNucleic acid extractions were conducted according to a modified bead-beating protocol [53]. Approximately 500 μl of pooled trap fluid were extracted for each sample. Total DNA was quantified fluorometrically using SybrGreen and StepOne (Applied Biosystems, USA) instrument in “fluorescence reading mode” [54]. The PCR primers (515F/806R) targeted the V4 region of the SSU rRNA, previously shown to yield accurate phylogenetic information and to have only a few biases against any bacterial taxa [55,56,57]. Each sample was amplified in triplicate, combined, and quantified using Invitrogen PicoGreen and a plate reader, and equal amounts of DNA from each amplicon were pooled into a single 1. 5-ml microcentrifuge tube. Once pooled, amplicons were cleaned up using the -up kit (). Amplicons were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform at the Institute of Genomics and (Chicago, USA). Paired-end reads were joined using Perl scripts yielding approximately 253 bp amplicons. Approximately 1. 8 million paired-end reads were obtained with average 66. 000 reads per sample. Quality filtering of reads and chimera check (algorithm in de novo mode) was applied as described previously [58]. Reads were assigned to operational taxonomic units (OTUs, cutoff 97% sequence identity) using an open-reference OTU picking protocol with QIIME implemented scripts [58]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a scientific procedure for analyzing microbial gene pools and their taxonomical evaluation, indicating that changes in environmental conditions (such as diet) can be assessed for their impact on microbial communities. This implies that dietary changes could potentially influence microbiome composition, directly opposing the claim that such changes have no effect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Codons that candidates for being under positive selection, based on four selection tests. results from TreeSAAP showed that 62 sites had changed considerably in amino acid properties (S3 Table). Across all these sites, 23 of them were under positive selection, while 39 showed signatures of purifying selection. One amino acid property, the equilibrium constant (i. e. , ionization of COOH; S3 Table), was found, in general, to be under positive selection in all genes. Environmental analysis Our GLMs revealed that the Ka/Ks ratios of two genes, ATP6 and COX2, have significant relationships to the environment. In particular, there was a relationship (p = 0. 0449) between the Ka/Ks ratio of ATP6 and mean diurnal temperature range (Bio2; mean of monthly (max temp–min temp)). In COX2, the Ka/Ks ratio was correlated with precipitation during the driest month (Bio14), precipitation seasonality (Bio15; coefficient of variation), precipitation during the driest quarter (Bio17), and precipitation during the coldest quarter (Bio19). Among these, the highest significant correlation (p = 0. 00761) was with precipitation during the driest month. relationships The phylogenetic positions resolved for the majority of taxa included in this study were consistent with prior inferences based on traditional taxonomy [12] and molecular markers [38–40]. However, as more accessions included, our analyses revealed some relationships that suggest that species boundaries in Acrossocheilus remain unsettled. For example, A. barbodon, which is endemic to of southern China, has widely been regarded as a synonym of A. iridescens, which occurs in the tropics of. However, in our analyses, A. iridescens formed a clade with A. longipinnis that was sister to A. barbodon. This suggests that A. barbodon may merit species status. Moreover, accessions representing a synonym of A. longipinnis, A. stenotaeniatus, were unexpectedly recovered in a clade with A. spinifer. Thus, the status of A. stenotaeniatus with respect to A. spinifer is unsettled and in-depth taxonomic work is merited to resolve it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding natural selection and evolution. It describes findings related to codons, selection tests, and phylogenetic relationships of species, but does not explicitly connect these findings to the concept of natural selection driving evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: For example, a user's access privileges might be sold to a third party. The same holds in businesses, where one worker will assign another worker to use the same virtual computer to conduct the required computations. 7 cloud computing, hardware and software are virtualized and distributed over a vast network. A data center, often known as a data farm, houses every possible service. Figure 6 below illustrates the P2P cloud architecture. The blockchain may be used with cloud computing in two ways: Implement blockchain infrastructure in the cloud to streamline business processes, including data archiving, replication, and user access to transactional databases. Management of activities, users, and cloud-based data are unified under a cohesive security umbrella. Here are some obstacles and prerequisites for facilitating blockchain transactions in the cloud. Blockchain transactions are massive because of the distributed ledger system. In unpredictable settings, cloud solutions excel because of their scalability [8] and adaptability. The data is encrypted and kept in a remote data center to protect it from prying eyes. As a result, it's essential to chart business transactions to make corrections. Therefore, if you provide services in the cloud, your clients may choose where to keep and process their data. Maintaining system integrity and allowing for failures There must be a backup plan in case a network node fails. This is why numerous software programs are used, and the nodes in the data center employ a replication technique. All software applications must be centrally mapped for optimal security in a blockchain-powered distributed cloud. 8 Implementation 8. 1 transactions in a blockchain are permanently recorded using a cryptographic hashing algorithm, SHA-256. The block header additionally contains and hashes the hash of the preceding block that was referenced by the linked block. The data within a block is further hashed to provide a unique fingerprint. This is why, at least with today's technology, it is impossible to attempt to alter a blockchain block. generic type was used for the injection. Because of this, financial statistics might fluctuate. The hash from the previous block will also be stored during the last Hash attribute. A little while from now, I'll elaborate on the merkleRoot and nonce characteristics. 8. 2 One block hash may be calculated for each block. This is a hash that includes the hash of the preceding block and an SHA-256 hash derived from the previous hash, plus any other features of the block included in the concatenation. The method is shown in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain transactions are secured through cryptographic principles, specifically noting that 'transactions in a blockchain are permanently recorded using a cryptographic hashing algorithm, SHA-256.' This indicates that cryptography plays a vital role in securing the integrity of blockchain transactions, aligning directly with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Reads were taxonomically assigned using database, release 13. 08 as reference. Those reads which were assigned as “chloroplast” and “mitochondrion” were excluded from further analyses. For the estimation of unique microbial taxa in U. australis and U. vulgaris traps and periphyton, the OTUs were grouped at the genus level. Genera presented only in U. australis or U. vulgaris and respective trap or periphyton samples were classified as unique for each microbiome. Differences between the various prokaryotic communities were tested with and the nonparametric method adonis in QIIME 1. 9. 0. Comparative meta-analyses of prokaryotic communities from different habitatsTo compare the composition of Utricularia trap-associated microbial communities, data (OTU tables in biom format) from nine relevant studies representing different habitats were analyzed. Seven of the studies were obtained from Qiita ( database (Additional file 1: Table S1). The remaining two studies were obtained from NCBI Genebank: the 16S rRNA sequences of the Nepenthes pitcher microbiome from the SRA archive (project 225539) and Sarracenia pitcher sequences from the Genebank database (accession numbers JF745346–JF745532 and JN368236–JN368422) (Additional file 1: Table S1). Altogether, 4221 samples were included in the meta-analysis. database works with the closed-reference OTU picking algorithm; we have therefore processed our sequences and also the sequences from Nepenthes and Sarracenia pitcher microbiomes in the same way as the Qiita pipeline, to ensure comparability with Qiita OTU tables. All OTU tables were then merged together using Qiime scripts and analyzed as one dataset. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) using Bray-Curtis dissimilatory metrics was used for computing distances between samples (Fig. 1a). LDA (LEfSe) based on the relative abundances of the microbial taxa was calculated to identify the corresponding taxa with higher abundance in U. australis and U. vulgaris samples [59]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a detailed methodological framework for analyzing microbial communities associated with different habitats, implying that there are differences in microbial composition that can be linked to various environmental factors, potentially including diet. The mention of comparative meta-analysis suggests that changes in the environment, including dietary changes, could impact microbiome composition, thus contrasting the claim that changing one's diet has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the species, A. hemispinus, was nested within the clade of A. parallens, meaning that the former may be a synonym of the latter. Notably, one individual of A. paradoxus formed a clade with A. jishouensis, while another individual of this species formed a clade with A. wuyiensis, suggesting that A. paradoxus may comprise a species complex with cryptic biodiversity. Two possibilities may explain why our phylogenetic results show several cases of paraphyly and polyphyly of well-accepted species and their synonyms. One possibility is that using mitochondrial genes alone does not reflect the real phylogenetic positions of Acrossocheilus species. Alternatively, the taxonomy of this genus may be inadvertently based on convergently evolved or labile morphological characters and is, therefore, inconsistent with molecular phylogenetic relationships. Overall, further taxonomic work on Acrossocheilus is merited to resolve species boundaries in the genus as well as to elucidate trait evolution. Gene evolution and natural selection Here, we present a comprehensive comparative analysis of mitogenome evolution in Acrossocheilus. The synonymous substitutions and nonsynonymous substitutions in the sampled mitochondrial coding genes evolved in a near neutral manner as is predicted for mitogenomes [41]. In our study, neutral evolution is evidenced by the fact that the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations are highly correlated with the length of the respective genes (Fig 2B). However, where selection can be inferred, the Ka/Ks values revealed that purifying selection generally dominates mitochondrial genome evolution. This result was consistent with the corresponding values (Ka/Ks < 1) detected in the mitogenomes of other fishes [3, 9]. The differing mutation rates (μRelative) that we detected across different genes may result from differences in the strength of purifying selection due to functional constraints [9, 24, 42]. In a prior study, the rate of mutation in mitochondrial genes was shown to be linked to gene position [9]. Specifically, genes such as NADH and CYTB may evolve more rapidly because they are further from the origin of mitogenomic replication and accumulate more mutations by spending a longer time in the single stranded during replication. This is consistent with our results in which we found that NADH and CYTB genes generally had a greater number of substitutions that COX genes, which are closer to the origin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about natural selection driving the evolution of species through differential survival. Instead, it focuses on the phylogenetic relationships and genetic evolutionary processes in a specific genus, Acrossocheilus, without discussing natural selection's role in species evolution. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Instead of chronologically storing transactions on a blockchain, they are grouped in a network. To solve this problem, we use the blockchain's consensus process. Some consensus methods and patterns have been verified; however, they are beyond the scope of this 12. Transactions in a block are verified using this tree. root will be rendered useless if even a single character in any exchange is altered. Their design also facilitates distributed block transmission by requiring just a single fork of transaction hashes for accumulating and verifying a whole block, as mentioned in Fig. 13. A root is calculated for the block using this procedure. Tree unit test makes an effort in the companion project to append a transaction to a block and ensure that the have evolved, as mentioned in Fig. 14. This unit test simulates verifying transactions and then modifying a transaction in a block outside the consensus process. For example, this test would simulate what would happen if someone tried to change transaction data. Blockchains can only be expanded in one direction. Since the data structure of the blockchain is shared across nodes, the data structures of individual blocks—including the Merkle Root—are hashed and related to one another. Every node in the network can verify new blocks, and the validity of current blocks can be shown. Therefore, it is not feasible for a miner to create a fake block or for a node to alter previous transactions before the sun explodes into a supernova and gives everyone a wonderful tan. 8 merging individual transactions into a single "block" and then sending that block to the other participants in the chain for validation is called "mining. " In a broader sense, this concept is referred to as "consensus" in blockchain parlance. There is more than one sort of tried-and-true method for reaching consensus over a distributed network. If you have a public or permissioned blockchain, it will determine which way you should utilize it. This post concentrates on the mechanics of the blockchain, so that we will use a proof-of-work consensus process for this example. Our white paper provides a more in-depth description of this topic. Therefore, mining nodes will complete a straightforward mathematical problem while keeping an ear out for transactions processed by the blockchain. This puzzle generates a block hash with a fixed number of leading zeros using a nonce value that varies with each iteration until the leading zero hash is discovered, as mentioned in Fig. 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating that blockchains utilize cryptographic methods for transaction verification, such as hashing individual blocks and using Merkle Roots. The explanation outlines how the integrity of transactions is maintained and verified across the network, thus supporting the premise that cryptographic principles are fundamental to ensuring the security of transactions in blockchain technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Analysis of LEfSe was performed according to the instructions on the website ( obtain a more function-related point of view, three Utricularia vulgaris metatranscriptomes were compared to 43 metagenomes and/or metatranscriptomes available from six different habitats (Fig. 1b). The sequences from these studies were obtained from the MG-RAST server (Additional file 1: Table S1). RNA-seq analysis for functional profiling of the U. vulgaris trap-associated microbiomeTo assess the actively transcribed microbial gene pool, total RNA was extracted from the U. vulgaris trap samples (n = 3), using the protocol identical to that described in detail previously [30]. Briefly, DNA was removed from the extracts and two transcriptomic libraries, eukaryotic and prokaryotic, were created at the Institute of Genomics and (Chicago, USA) using standard library preparation kits. The ribosomal RNA as well as eukaryotic (plant) RNA fraction was removed in order to enrich prokaryotic transcripts, and, vice versa, eukaryotic transcript enrichment was performed in parallel, to capture transcripts from fungi, protists, and other eukaryotic microorganisms. Enriched mRNA from both libraries was reverse transcribed to create metatranscriptomic libraries and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq platform (100 × 100 cycle paired-end run). We obtained approximately 40 million paired-end reads per sample. Reads were quality checked; low quality reads and reads with ambiguous bases were filtered out. Reads from all three replicates (approx. 120 million sequences) were then assembled with [60] which resulted in approximately 500,000 contigs. In this step, we filtered out the potential Utricularia transcripts by blasting contigs against our Utricularia reference transcriptome [61]. All contigs which gave significant hit (e value < 0. 0001, min score 80) were excluded from further analyses and considered as Utricularia transcripts. Contigs were also blasted against the SILVA database (release 111) to identify ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Those sequences that gave BLAST bit score greater than 80 were marked as rRNAs and extracted from the dataset. Reads were then mapped back onto the remaining contigs using Trinity package (bowtie algorithm with default parameters [62] with FPKM gene transcript abundance normalization). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a detailed scientific analysis involving RNA-seq and metatranscriptomic libraries from Utricularia vulgaris trap-associated microbiomes, which indicates an investigation into the microbial gene pool and functional profiling. This suggests that varying environmental conditions (potentially including diet, as implied) could shape the microbiome composition. The specific focus on microbial genes and differentiation of transcripts implies a relationship between diet and microbiome, which contrasts with the claim stating that changing one's diet has no impact on microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: A higher mutation rate may necessitate stronger purifying selection. Despite the prevalence of purifying selection in mitogenomes, the possibility for positive selection acting on single codon positions cannot be excluded, and, potentially, can facilitate physiological adaptations to new environments [24, 43]. In this study, the codon-based analyses of selection showed that several sites may be under positive selection. Among the analyses, TreeSAAP revealed the largest number of positive sites, but this program tends to have a high false positive rate [4, 33]. The more conservative approaches, using and FEL revealed far fewer positive sites. Among these, MEME identified six possible sites in five genes compared to even fewer among the other methods. MEME is sensitive to episodic positive selection, while and FEL detect pervasive positive selection. Thus, positive selection may be more likely to be episodic in the mitogenomes of Acrossocheilus and pervasive positive selection less common. These episodic events could be related to ecological shifts into new environments. However, the lack of strong evidence for positive selection using the method may suggest a relatively limited role of mitochondria in facilitating adaptations to new environments or show that only limited mitochondrial change is necessary. Nevertheless, further studies on the genes inferred to have signatures of positive selection are needed at the intraspecific-level to more fully understand their roles in environmental adaptation of this genus. Overall, although some amino acid positions are subject to positive selection, most of the positions are evolving neutrally or are under purifying selection. The patterns in Acrossocheilus appear to be best explained by relaxed purifying selection, and this was supported by the Ka/Ks value for each gene and the large number of sites under purifying selection detected in codon-based methods. Relationships of Ka/Ks to the environments of sampled individuals A few studies have assessed if selection on mitochondrial genes is correlated with environmental variables. For example, environmental analysis for penguins revealed a high correlation between ND4 and sea surface temperature [44]. Notably, our analysis of the relationship between environmental variables and Ka/Ks ratios revealed that ATP6 was correlated with mean diurnal temperature range (Bio2), while COX2 was associated with several precipitation variables. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mutation rates, selection methods, and correlations with environmental variables without directly addressing the principle of natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. It mentions positive and purifying selection but does not explicitly relate these concepts to the general idea of natural selection as a driving force of evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: [14] They created this solution to make blockchain data administration in the cloud more manageable. Bilinear fitting is performed on the collected data. The model has minor effects when it comes to optimizing the process of selecting relevant documents. Increased computing effort is required due to encrypted request insertion in the revised manuscript. Through trustworthy metrics, the cloud environment has been improved in terms of security and usability. 5 Yu et al. [15] When considering how to handle the difficulties of a decentralized setting, they looked at solutions that combined blockchain technology with edge computing. Cloud computing and edge denial of service are propelled by mobile edge computing. The time and effort spent studying scalability are too high. Network server segmentation and self-organizing methods have enhanced system security. 6 Liang et al. [16] A blockchain-based, distributed architecture was presented for tracking data history in the cloud. ProvChain is a data-gathering and authenticity-checking framework. It was unable to establish a stable ecosystem. Overhead increases are computing complexity as the file size grows. This has led to greater accountability, transparency, and protection of sensitive information. 7 Jiang et al. [17] They showed a two-tier offload paradigm for computing that included both edge and cloud services. Researchers looked at two scenarios, one with a set number of miners and another with a variable number of miners. The security model of an area might be affected by delays in communication. Blockchain protocols using reinforcement learning have eliminated the need to manage privacy and security. 8 Ren et al. [18] Combining blockchain with regeneration coding has been suggested to enhance the safety and dependability of edge computing data storage. If duplicate hashes are analyzed, the data's originality is compromised. One cloud server was less valuable due to insufficient bandwidth. The encryption environment is assured to be safe and reliable. We promise that your data will always be safe. 9 Tuli et al. [19] The presented technique, FogBus, makes full end-to-end IoT integration possible. We can be certain that our data will remain private through blockchain technology. As a result, neither consumers nor service providers could rely on it. However, thanks to the integrated central programming module, the burden of deploying the security features can no longer handle various apps independently. The data was more affordable to maintain and expand thanks to the simplified procedure. The information may be shared depending on the circumstances. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that blockchain technology can ensure data privacy and security, stating, 'We can be certain that our data will remain private through blockchain technology.' This indicates that cryptographic principles are indeed being utilized to secure transactions and data within blockchain frameworks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Comparison of selected alpha diversity indexes for various 16S datasets from different habitats (N = number of samples in study). All datasets were subsampled to 2000 sequences prior to analyses, more information on the data used can be found in Additional file 1: Table S1. Table S3. Comparison of the abundance of total bacteria, methanotrophs, methanogens, fungi, and fungal to bacterial ratio (F/B) in the trap and periphyton of Utricularia species (data are averages from U. australis and U. vulgaris samples). Quantification of bacteria, fungi, methanotrophs and methanogens was done using the 16SrDNA, 18SrDNA, pmoA, and mcrA gene copy numbers, respectively. Quantity was normalized to total amount of DNA. Table S4. The 5 most important potential keystone taxa in the Utricularia-associated microbiomes, based on network analyses. Figure S1. vulgaris shoot on a Petri dish. Segmented leaves bearing traps and the growth tip are visible. Figure S2. Compositional overlap in Utricularia-associated prokaryotic microbiomes at the genus level. (a) Comparison between U. australis and U. vulgaris microbiomes and (b) between the U. australis and U. vulgaris periphyton and trap environments. Figure S3. Co-occurrence network for the prokaryotic community in the periphyton of Utricularia vulgaris, constructed from QIIME 16S data. Figure S4. Co-occurrence network for the prokaryotic community in the trap fluid of Utricularia vulgaris, constructed from QIIME 16S data. Figure S5. Tetrahymena utriculariae under the epifluorescence microscope. Zoochlorellae are visible in purple, the nucleus is stained blue, and fluorescently labeled bacteria in food vacuoles show green fluorescence. (DOCX 5108 kb)Additional file 2: Table S5. a Prokaryotic OTUs distribution in samples. b Methanotropic OTUs distribution in samples (external file). c Fungal OTUs distribution in samples. (XLSX 930 kb)Additional file 3: Table S6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various analyses of microbial communities, suggesting that changes in variables, such as diet, can influence the composition of the microbiome. The mention of 'abundance of total bacteria,' 'methanotrophs,' 'methanogens,' and other microorganisms implies that these compositions can vary with environmental changes, which supports the idea that diet could indeed impact microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Standard bioclimatic variables for the Acrossocheilus individuals in fourteen localities. S3 Table. Significant changes in amino acid properties detected in TreeSAAP. S1 Dataset. Dataset for phylogenetic analysis and analyses of evolutionary rates. 1. Das J. of in Physiological and Evolutionary Adaptation. BioEssays. 2006; 28: 890–901. pmid:16937356 View 2. Pörtner HO. and the of Evolution: of Endothermy in Mammals and Birds. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 2004; 77: 959–981. pmid:15674770 View 3. . Evaluating the Roles of Constraints on Teleost Mitochondrial-Evolution. and Evolution. 2001; 28: 39–44. pmid:20924083 View 4. . the of. Proceedings of the B: Biological Sciences. 2009; 276: 3447–3455. pmid:19586946 View 5. da ’. Evolution of the Genome. BMC Genomics. 2008; 9: 119. pmid:18318906 View 6. . as a Force of Speciation. BioEssays. 2009; 31: 642–650. pmid:19408245 View 7. . of Temperature on Rates of and Speciation. Proceedings of the of Sciences. 2006; 103: 9130–9135. pmid:16754845 View 8. . and the of Lineages. Ecology and Evolution. 2015; 5: 176–195. pmid:25628875 View 9. Jacobsen MW, da. of of the NADH2 Gene in Whitefish (Coregonus Ssp. ). and Evolution. 2016; 95: 161–170. pmid:26654959 View 10. . Positive and in of a Bird with Mitonuclear Discordance. Molecular Ecology. 2015; 24: 2820–2837. pmid:25876460 View 11. . of Cytochrome c Oxidase in High-(Teleostei: Scombroidei). Journal of Molecular Evolution. 2006; 62: 319–331. pmid:16477525 View 12. Yuan LY. of of the Acrossocheilus (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a compilation of references and dataset descriptions related to various studies in evolutionary biology without directly discussing the concept of natural selection or its role in driving evolution through differential survival. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: 10 Ramachandran and Kantarcioglu, [20] They proposed blockchain as a trustworthy system to track and control the provenance of data. They looked at open provenance frameworks and smart contracts to decipher data trails. Because each modified document must be allocated, it incurs more computational costs because the memory of the previous document must be preserved. Information on the procedure may be gleaned through its use of public communication. By distributing votes more evenly, random voting decentralizes the verification procedure. A human validator is unnecessary because the verification software checks the modifications before the vote. 11 Xu et al. [21] The team developed a collective intelligence concept that can be applied to platforms, employees, and task editors. Using incentive and punishment systems, they addressed the mistrust between the publisher and the staff. Caused a lot of delays to jump around. The position's ambiguity is not diminished. There will still be a scarcity of workers, which won't help. Clearing up overloaded networks. Because of this, the robust Nash equilibrium that impacts edge servers were optimized to the fullest extent. 12 Lee et al. [22] The possible effects of blockchain technology and implementing Cyber-Systems (CPSS) with three-tier architecture were developed. To develop a learning agent, more training data is required. They ensured interoperability, data integrity, security, and privacy. 13 Gai et al. [23] They introduced an authoritative blockchain edge model for a smart grid network model that solved smart grid, data protection, and energy security. A covert channel attack is a counterintuitive approach that uses latency to reveal critical information. It would help if you focused on using top-up and bottom-down approaches. Prevented energy-related attacks. 14 Cao et al. [24] They designed a cloud-assisted secure electronic health system that eliminated illegal tampering. Collusion between the data server and its corresponding transactions is processed as a blockchain. The absence of a central authority request for multiple tokens creates an environment of un-trust. They analyzed communication overhead and computational overhead with reduced calculation times. 15 Li et al. [24] Cloud-based secure knowledge is suggested for private and Due to the immutability of the blockchain, its labeling is System security has been tested. 16 Gai et al. [25] A blockchain-oriented approach by the consortium to the data breach problem was investigated. The model determines user behavior for data protection modeling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of blockchain technology, including the importance of security, data integrity, and the need for cryptographic principles. For instance, it mentions that blockchain 'ensured interoperability, data integrity, security, and privacy,' which directly relates to the claim about cryptographic principles securing transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: While reviewers recognised the value of this study, they have all listed a number of major issues that need to be carefully revised. In particular, the very low sample set used in the study seems problematic and require running additional statistical analyses and possibly toning down or adapting your conclusions (see reviewers 1 and 2). Reviewer 3 suggested additional proofreading of the manuscript, clarification of the methods section, and improving the Figures. I will be looking forward to receiving your revised manuscript along with a point-by-point response to the reviewers comments. With kind regards, 1 · Jul 12, 2019 Basic reporting Well written and good literature review. Experimental design Good technical approach in an important topical area of research Validity of the findings The sample size for the study is too small to be meaningful Additional comments The authors set to identify the effect of storage conditions on the microbiome of three children from Uganda. The authors used five different collection methods, including raw, ethanol, RNAlater and OMNIgene. GUT. The authors then analysed the 16s rRNA poriles using the V1-V2 regions. There were significant differences were observed in the composition and diversity between preservation methods. However, they could still observe clustering that was driven my child rather than sample preparation method. The authors are particularly interested in how temperature and storage could affect the microbiota and how this relates to samples from field studies, where there are more likely to be fluctuations in the storage collection and conditions which may alter the microbiota. The authors address important questions about the variation in samples depending on collection and storage before processing. The data they present shows the importance of standardizing collection within a study. Major comments: The n=3 for most of the samples (raw, ethanol, RNAlater) and n=2 for the OMNIgene. GUT is very low. How robust is this? Line 231~: “In total 87 stool samples were collected for analysis” >How are these 87 comprised? Are these different times of the 3 samples, in the different storage methods? Please insert a table of these samples. Figure 1: All children have a distinct microbiome by PCA (Line 236), however on figure 1 you also see a clustering of the RNA later samples. (Fig 1b). Please discuss the clustering – there is similarity between child B and A for ethanol and raw too. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses how significant differences in microbiome composition and diversity were observed between different sample preservation methods, implying that diet or environmental factors can affect microbiome composition. It highlights the importance of various factors, including storage conditions, in altering microbiota, suggesting that changes to diet could also have an impact, thereby opposing the claim that diet changes have no effect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Sc. Thesis, Nanchang University. 2005. 13. . A of the from China (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Zoological Research. 1997; 18: 243–246. View 14. . Thermal adaptation and acclimation of ectotherms from differing aquatic climates. Molecular Ecology. 2013; 22: 3090–3097. pmid:23452191 View 15. . Review and meta-analysis of natural selection in mitochondrial complex I in metazoans. Journal of. 2014; 53: 1–17. View 16. Huang ZY. DNA of of Cyprinid (Barbinae and Labeoninae) in China. M. Sc. Thesis, Jinan University. 2015. 17. . MEGA6: Version 6. 0. and Evolution. 2013; 30: 2725–2729. pmid:24132122 View 18. Tajima F. of DNA in a When the among Sites. Genetics. 1996; 143: 1457–1465. pmid:8807315 View 19. Librado P, Rozas J. DnaSP v5: A Software for of DNA Polymorphism Data. Bioinformatics. 2009; 25: 1451–1452. pmid:19346325 View 20. . TreeSAAP: Selection on. Bioinformatics. 2003; 19: 671–672. pmid:12651734 View 21. Hammer Ø,. Past: for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica. 2001; 4: 1–9. View 22. Stamatakis A. RAxML Version 8: A Tool for and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. Bioinformatics. 2014; 30: 1312–1313. pmid:24451623 View 23. . JModelTest 2: More Models,. Nature Methods. 2012; 9: 772–772. pmid:22847109 View 24. . Positive and on the Mitochondrial Genome. Trends in Genetics. 2007; 23: 259–263. pmid:17418445 View 25. Yang Z. PAML 4: by Maximum Likelihood. and Evolution. 2007; 24: 1586–1591. pmid:17483113 View 26. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to natural selection or its role in the evolution of species. Instead, it seems to be a list of references or citations without contextual discussion, thus it is irrelevant to the claim regarding natural selection and evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and algorithms to navigate and make decisions. [SEP] Text: Estas ayudas a la conducción han ido cubriendo fallos que los investigadores denominan "conducción errática" ó "comportamientos inseguros al volante" y que son decisiones arbitrarias tomadas por un conductor humano, que ponen en peligro a todos los usuarios de la carretera. Estas malas decisiones, sumadas al creciente número de viajes en coche en una ciudad hoy en día (post pandemia), muestran la necesidad de seguir haciendo propuestas tecnológicas, enfocadas a donde se producen interacciones más complejas entre vehículos; por ejemplo, una intersección en hora punta. Los desarrollos en ayudas a la conducción se han orientado en dos temas: el primero sobre la automatización de la conducción (de Asistencia al Conductor - ADAS y Vehículos Automatizados - AV) y el segundo sobre la gestión del tráfico vial (algoritmos centralizados o distribuidos para el control del tráfico). Aunque en la actualidad hay varias empresas automotrices y centros de investigación trabajando en los dos temas, y en especial en algunos casos eliminando de la ecuación el comportamiento humano, todavía hay carencias en las configuraciones, para que un vehículo autónomo sea capaz de tomar decisiones óptimas, frente a todas las posibles condiciones disponibles en un tráfico vial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the automation of driving and the development of Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Automated Vehicles (AV). It highlights the role of technology in addressing erratic driving behaviors and emphasizes ongoing research and development efforts focused on making vehicles capable of optimal decision-making through the use of algorithms, particularly in complex traffic situations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: (this is partly mentioned in lines 265-267) Figure 3: the mixture of genera, phylum, family and order is not clear. This needs to be separated out by taxonomic levels The authors should carry out analysis to determine whether the differences in the population are due to the child or the method. Lines 257-285: Please quantify this conclusion that inter-storage preservation methods were relatively stable over time. A population analysis over time would answer this. Lines 277-279: this is most likely not an increase in relative abundance of these genera (Sediminibactreium and Rummeliibacillus), but due to a drop in other taxa which then unmasks this difference. What is the alpha and beta diversity at these time points? Minor points: 185 : “and then reads less 186 than 250 bp in length were discarded” What was the length of the V1-V2 PCR? The forward and reverse reads should cover the 453bp fragment? Line 201-203: “Higher taxonomic groups were 201 excluded where it was assumed that a lower taxonomic group was accountable for the observed 202 change. These situations were where a higher taxonomic group had a less significant or equal 203 change in relative abundance compared to a lower taxonomic group classified to the higher 204 taxonomy by LEfSe analysis. ” This needs further clarification and reasoning. Line 222: “Analysis (PCoA) plots” or principle component analysis? Lines 311-315: the OMNIgene was only performed on two samples to this is too few to analyse Cite this review as (2019) #1 of "The impact of storage conditions on human stool 16S rRNA microbiome composition and diversity (v0. 1)". PeerJ · Jul 15, 2019 Basic reporting The manuscript is well written. Experimental design Generally speaking, the methods are well described and experiments are well conducted. One limitation is the small sample size. (Only three individuals) Validity of the findings I may have missed the Accession numbers, but it does not appear that the data sets from this work have been uploaded to a public database (i. e. , 16s sequences FASTQ data). Additional comments Generally speaking, the analyses the authors did are pretty straightforward. A moderate degree of revision is needed. Please consider the following comments intended to improve the manuscript. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that differences in microbiome composition may arise from factors like preservation methods and population analysis over time. It discusses the stability of inter-storage preservation methods and suggests investigating how changes in relative abundance might not simply be due to diet but rather due to the interactions of various taxa. This indicates that diet may have an effect on microbiome composition, countering the assertion that diet changes have no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Accuracy and Power of the Test in Molecular Evolution. and Evolution. 2001; 18: 1585–1592. pmid:11470850 View 27. . Accuracy and Power of for Evolution in Sequences and for Selected Sites. Genetics. 2004; 168: 1041–1051. pmid:15514074 View 28. HyPhy 2. 5—a for Phylogenies. and Evolution. 2020; 37: 295–299. pmid:31504749 View 29. . Datamonkey 2010: A Suite of Tools for Evolutionary Biology. Bioinformatics. 2010; 26: 2455–2457. pmid:20671151 View 30. FUBAR: A Fast, Approximation for Inferring Selection. and Evolution. 2013; 30: 1196–1205. pmid:23420840 View 31. . to Selection. PLoS Genetics. 2012; 8: e1002764. pmid:22807683 View 32. . Not so Different after All: A Comparison of Methods for under Selection. and Evolution. 2005; 22: 1208–1222. pmid:15703242 View 33. . Assessing and Improving the Accuracy of Adaptation with the. of and Applications. 2010; 6: 120. pmid:20223735 View 34. . for of Resources Data: 1. DIVA-GIS. Resources Newsletter. 2001; 127: 15–19. View 35. . for Areas. of Climatology. 2005; 25: 1965–1978. View 36. . Lme4: Linear Mixed-and S4. Version 1. 1–7 [Lme4]. 2014 July 19 [cited 2020 May 10]. 37. Team R. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Version 4. 0. 3 [R]. 2020 Oct 10 [cited 2022 May 10]. 38. . of Species of the Acrossocheilus Oshima, 1919 (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) and Implications. Zootaxa. 2015; 4059: 151–168. pmid:26701558 View 39. . Mitogenome and of (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). . 2018; 3: 24–25. pmid:33474052 View 40. . Analysis of among the acrossocheilus Base on. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding natural selection and the evolution of species, as it primarily discusses technical aspects and references related to molecular evolution and various tools used in evolutionary biology without addressing the concept of natural selection or its role in evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and algorithms to navigate and make decisions. [SEP] Text: Ahora bien, y teniendo en cuenta los dos temas antes mencionados sobre los desarrollos en ayudas a la conducción, los investigadores prevén a grandes rasgos, que para alcanzar mayores niveles de conducción autónoma en la próxima década, es necesario estudiar cómo hacer más eficientes las interacciones autónomas entre vehículos. Por ello, las intersecciones viales son un ejemplo clave, donde es posible analizar casos de interacciones de alta complejidad entre vehículos, ya que se trata de una parte de la infraestructura vial, donde los vehículos comparten carriles, vías, cruces o cambios de carril a voluntad, y que podría generar colisiones en puntos de conflicto y retrasos en los desplazamientos si no existe una cooperación adecuada. De esta forma, en esta tesis se propone una serie de algoritmos distribuidos para el control del tráfico en intersecciones, basados en el intercambio de comunicaciones entre vehículos autónomos (interacciones locales) cercano a las intersecciones y donde se muestran comportamientos emergentes en el tráfico, resultando en cruces de forma cooperativa, segura y eficiente, desde bajas a altas densidades de tráfico vehicular en las intersecciones. Esta investigación se desarrolla utilizando simuladores de tráfico vial, con calles estilo Manhattan; primero implementando escenarios menos complejos con calles urbanas de un carril, y luego incrementando la complejidad con múltiples carriles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need for efficient autonomous interactions between vehicles and proposing distributed algorithms for traffic control at intersections. These algorithms rely on communications between autonomous vehicles, which aligns with the principles of using sensors and algorithms for navigation and decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: [24] and Ngunjiri et al. [25] have also reported that genera Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Actinobacillus, and Lactobacillus species (L. reuteri, L. gasseri, and L. crispatus) are initial colonizers of the chicken nasal, tracheal, and Broncho-(BAL) samples. At the phylum taxa, Mulholland et al. [17] report that the avian trachea is majorly colonized by four phyla at hatch, specifically Gram-positive bacteria Firmicutes (35%) and Actinobacteria (29%), Gram-negative bacteria (Proteobacteria (19%), and Bacteroidetes (9%). Although with varying order of abundance, the same bacterial phyla have been reported as pioneer colonizers of the avian gut [26, 27]. While the effects of the hatchery environment and contaminants on potential colonizers of the respiratory tract should be acknowledged, these results suggest that maternal influence plays a significant role in shaping the pioneer microbial community of the avian respiratory tract. Fig. 1Adapted from Glendinning et al. (2017) and Mulholland et al. (2021)Dynamics of microbiota colonization and succession in the avian trachea and lungs. At hatch, the avian trachea (representative of the upper respiratory tract-URT) was colonized predominantly by Pseudomonas (13%), Brevibacterium (9%), Brachybacterium (8%), Streptococcus (8%), Chryseobacterium (7%), Bacillaceae (6. 5%), and Corynebacteriaceae (6%). By week 3, the tracheal microbiota shifted, with reductions in Brevibacterium (6%), Bacillaceae (4. 2%), and Brachybacterium (5%). emerged dominantly, constituting 34. 1% of the trachea. In contrast, the lung microbiota (representative of the lower respiratory tract-LRT) displayed distinct colonization. Initially, Staphylococcus (25%), Pseudomonas (16%), Achromobacter (15%), and Lactobacillus (12%) were predominant at hatch. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that diet and environmental factors influence microbial colonization patterns. It describes specific bacterial genera and phyla predominant in the avian respiratory tract at hatch and how these populations can shift over time, indicating that changes to the avian environment, which may include dietary changes, significantly impact microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Consequently, microbes with smaller genomes expel unused genes (Giovannoni et al. , 2005). For example, in a well studied group of archaea, Methanosarcina mazei has the smallest genome of the sequenced Methanosarcina and has clearly shed transferred genes found in other members of the genus (Garushyants, Kazanov & Gelfand, 2015). Gene loss is more common than gene gain over the evolution of both bacteria and archaea (Wolf et al. , 2012). On the other hand, a large genome is an adaptive strategy in which excess genes are retained longer (Chang et al. , 2011) in order to allow greater versatility (Guieysse & Wuertz, 2012). Thus, counting the absolute number of transferred genes present in a genome does not necessarily reflect the rate of horizontal transfer into that organism. This, however, could happen at a much larger scale when comparing organisms from very different environments. In order to compare bacteria from a range of living conditions, we look for bacteria with unusual levels of HGT with archaea than predicted by their genome size. total of 448 bacterial and 57 archaeal genomes (Table S1) were compared using reciprocal BLAST hits (BLAST version 2), where each BLASTp hit had to have an e-value of less than or equal to 1e−10 and the alignment length was >50% of the query (Table S2). Genomes were downloaded from the NCBI ftp site in 2009 and in cases where a microbe had one or more plasmids, those plasmids were included with the genome. All genomes were 100% complete and closed and no two genomes are from the same species. Information about each organism and its temperature, oxygen, and salt p1. code and RBH dataset necessary to reproduce the regression modeling and visualization is freely available at In addition, we examined the Korbel normalization, which includes the genome size of both bacteria and archaea: weighted average = 2 × A × B A 2 + B 2 where A and B are the genome size of the archaeal and bacterial genomes (Korbel et al. , 2002). fit was similar to our log–logistic function, but was found to be less accurate for bacteria with >5,000 genes (Fig. S2). Therefore, we used the log–logistic function in all our analyses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address horizontal gene transfer (HGT) as a mechanism for bacteria to acquire new traits. Instead, it discusses gene loss and genome size in bacteria and archaea, the methodologies used for comparing genomes, and a specific normalization function. Although it mentions transferring genes, it does not provide support or contrasting details specifically about HGT as a trait acquisition mechanism, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and algorithms to navigate and make decisions. [SEP] Text: [-] [CA] Des de fa aproximadament dues dècades, les ajudes tecnològiques a la conducció han anat creixent a un ritme vertiginós amb la intenció de fer aquests sistemes més eficients i segurs. Aquestes ajudes a la conducció han. . . [+] [CA] Des de fa aproximadament dues dècades, les ajudes tecnològiques a la conducció han anat creixent a un ritme vertiginós amb la intenció de fer aquests sistemes més eficients i segurs. Aquestes ajudes a la conducció han anat cobrint fallades que els investigadors denominen "conducció erràtica" o "comportaments insegurs al volant" i que són decisions arbitràries preses per un conductor humà, que posen en perill a tots els usuaris de la carretera. Aquestes males decisions, sumades al creixent nombre de viatges en cotxe en una ciutat avui dia (post pandèmia), mostren la necessitat de seguir fent propostes tecnològiques, enfocades a on es produeixen interaccions més complexes entre vehicles; per exemple, una intersecció en hora punta. Els desenvolupaments en ajudes a la conducció s'han orientat en dos temes: el primer sobre l'automatització de la conducció (Sistemes Avançats d'Assistència al Conductor - ADAS i - AV) i el segon sobre la gestió del trànsit vial (algoritmes centralitzats o distribuïts per al control del trànsit). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advancements in driving assistance technologies, including the automation of driving (ADAS and AV), which indicates that vehicles are using developed systems (sensors and algorithms) to enhance safety and efficiency on the road. Additionally, it mentions the need for continued technological proposals to handle complex interactions, which aligns with the idea that algorithms are necessary for decision-making in autonomous vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: By week 3, the composition shifted to Pseudomonas (35%), Lactobacillus (28%), and Staphylococcus (18%) as the dominant genera in the avian lungs. Full size imageIn terms of community structure, phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes—and to a lesser extent Actinobacteria and Tenericutes—are consistently reported as the major residents of the poultry respiratory tract [12, 25, 28]. and Bacteroidetes have also been reported as the predominant bacteria in the human colon [29], suggesting an evolutionary trend. phylum comprises more than 200 genera, including important probiotics like Lactobacillus, Bacillus, and Ruminicoccus. Conversely, the predominant genera in the phylum Bacteroidetes, including Bacteroides and Prevotella, are known pathobionts [30]. Of note, high Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratios are associated with increased inflammation, fat deposition and obesity in humans [31]. A reduction in the abundance of members of the Firmicutes phylum has also been linked with several pathologies in other animals including pigs, cattle, and horses [32]. At lower taxa, as many as 144 bacterial genera have been identified in the respiratory tract of turkeys including 25 shared genera between turkeys and chickens [9, 33], emphasizing the complexity of the poultry respiratory microbiota. A detailed summary of studies presenting the predominant genera in the poultry respiratory tract is presented in Table 1. The trachea and BAL samples are the most studied sections of the URT and LRT in poultry, respectively. The avian respiratory tract comprises more facultative anaerobes than obligate anaerobes, with genera Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus being ubiquitous residents of both the URT and LRT [17, 33]. Although the genus Lactobacillus predominates the poultry respiratory tract [34], its relative abundance varies depending on which part of the respiratory tract is being examined. genus is known to comprise gram-positive facultative anaerobic bacteria that degrade polysaccharides to yield lactic acid [35]. Lactobacillus species are often used in the poultry industry as probiotics as a result of their beneficial properties [36]. Notwithstanding, Johnson et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that dietary changes can significantly alter the microbiome composition, as evidenced by the shift to different dominant bacterial genera in the avian respiratory system over a specified period. For instance, it highlights variations in the presence of genera like Lactobacillus and others that can be influenced by dietary changes, thereby refuting the claim that diet has no impact on microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The residual numbers of RBHs in each genome were calculated by subtraction of the predicted fit line, which we’ll refer to as ‘residual’ RBHs. The effect of genome size was successfully removed by this subtraction, and number of genes and residuals were no longer correlated (Table S3). Residuals were not normally distributed due to the non-random contributions of horizontally transferred genes (Fig. S3). For each archaeon, bacteria with residual RBH counts greater than 1. 96 standard deviations from 0 were defined as significantly enriched in shared genes and considered to form an enriched pair with that archaeon (Table S3). Since this residual calculation was done for each of 57 archaea, it is susceptible to multiple testing issues. From the Bernoulli process, there is a 14% chance that one out of 441 bacteria would be erroneously considered enriched with one out of 57 archaea. However, one would expect zero bacteria to randomly be enriched in comparisons with three or more archaea. In our dataset, only four bacteria were enriched in <3 archaea and all four were also supported by enrichment in horizontally transferred genes (below). Therefore, we believe our confidence interval was conservative enough to avoid false positives. Bacteria-bacteria dissimilarity matrices were constructed with residual RBHs using the Bray–Curtis algorithm. These matrices were used in analyses (Clarke, 1993) with the Primer 6 program ( to examine the significance oxygen utilization and temperature. There was no significant difference in bacterial genome size between growth temperature groups (mesophiles: 3,857 ± 1,753 genes; thermophiles: 2,491 ± 727 genes) or between oxygen utilization groups (anaerobes: 2,810 ± 1,039 genes; aerobes 4,439 ± 1,811 genes). Extremely halophilic bacteria had an average genome size of 2,806 ± 331 genes. To examine the significance of %GC along with oxygen utilization and temperature, primary residual RBHs were calculated and re-fitted by multiple linear regression with ‘lm‘ using %GC content and bacterial genome size as predictors (Fig. S4). Secondary residual RBHs were then calculated for use in statistical analyses where noted. Mantel test All 16S rRNA sequences were obtained from the GreenGenes database (DeSantis et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses statistical methods, calculations of residuals, and comparisons of bacterial genome sizes without addressing horizontal gene transfer or its role in genetic acquisition. It focuses on methodological aspects of a study rather than the biological process in the claim.