Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Sirakova, D. , Dzhebir, G. , Neov, B. , Bouga, M. , Hristov, P. 2018. The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria. 31;6:e4252. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4252. Stevanovic, J. , Stanimirovic, Z. , Genersch, E. , Kovacevic, SR. , Ljubenkovic, J. , Radakovic, M. , Aleksic, N. 2011. Dominance of Nosema ceranae in honey bees in the Balkan countries in the absence of symptoms of colony collapse disorder. Apidologie 42: 49-58. DOI: 10. 1051/apido/2010034. Tavassoli, M. , Eiganinejad, S. , Alizadeh-Asl, S. 2009. A survey on Nosema apis infection in apiaries of Urmia, North-West of Iran. Ir. J. Vet. Sci. Tech. 1(1): 35-40. Thursfield, MV. 1986. Veterinary epidemiology, Butterworth, Guilford, London. Tokarev, YS. ,. , Malysh, JM. , Becnel, JJ. , Vossbrinck, CR. 2020. A formal redefinition of the genera Nosema and Vairimorpha (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and reassignment of species based on molecular phylogenetics. J. Inver. Pathol. 169: 107279, Van den Heever, JP. , Thompson, TS. , Curtis, JM. , Ibrahim, A. , Pernal, SF. 2014. Fumagillin: an overview of recent scientific advances and their significance for apiculture. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 62:2728–37. doi: 10. 1021/jf4055374. Webster, TC. , Pomper, KW. , Gerg, H. , Thacker, EM. , Jones, SC. 2004. Nosema apis infection in worker and queen Apis mellifera. Apidologie. 35(1): 49–54. Williams, GR. , Shutler, D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains multiple scholarly references that discuss the prevalence and dominance of Nosema ceranae in honey bees, confirming that it is a relevant parasite in honeybee health. It specifically mentions studies showing the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria and its dominance in other regions despite the absence of symptoms of colony collapse disorder, which supports the claim about its impact on honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: 2 Frequency-weighting systems, spectral segmentation and temporal resolution as applied to acoustical data acquisitionThe ability of the human auditory system to capture sound depends on the combination of the amplitude of the pressure wave (usually evaluated in deciBels, dB, referenced to 20 microPascal), and the frequency (Hz). Different frequencies require different levels of sound pressure in order to be heard. Some decades ago, the for Standardization (ISO) established a frequency-weighting network that simulated the human hearing threshold and that was specifically focused on preventing hearing loss—the “A” frequency-weighting system [14]. The use of the A-weighting system yields sound pressure levels in the dBA metric. ISO has also ratified procedures for evaluating infrasound and lower-frequency components: ISO 7196:1995(E) defines the “G” frequency-weighting system as appropriate for quantifying acoustic energy within the range of 0. 25–250 Hz [15]. The use of the G-weighting system yields sound pressure levels in the dBG metric. Figure 2 compares data to which A- and G-weighting have been applied. It also shows the values when no weighting is imposed. Figure 2. Comparison of acoustical data acquired with unweighted, G-weighted, and A-weighted systems (10-minute average). Note that between 10 and 25 Hz the G-weighting sound pressure levels are defined to be higher than the unweighted values. (2 below for detailed methodological capture of this data in Home 2). The environment shown in Figure 2 is within a rural home in the proximity of a WPP, and where residents have noise complaints (see Section 2 below, Home 2). In this 10-minute data segment, the average noise level was less than 30 dBA, well within compliance levels for most rural areas around the world. The G-weighting system, while over-evaluating the sound pressure levels within the range of 10–25 Hz, yielded an average noise level of around 55 dBG. In Japan, for example, the limit for infrasound generated by IWT is 92 dBG [16]. The unweighted capture, which measures the actual levels present in the environment, yielded an average noise level above 60 dB. The highest peaks in this environment, measured without weighting, occurred at frequencies below 8 Hz, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the average noise level in a rural home near a wind power project (WPP) was less than 30 dBA, which is well within compliance levels for most rural areas. Even when considering G-weighting, which over-evaluates sound levels, the average noise was around 55 dBG. This data suggests that the noise levels are not harmful and are below the threshold defined by regulatory standards.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-1 Compare the results of the proposed method with the existing methods As mentioned, the results of the proposed method are compared with the results of the other eleven methods. The results of the Gaussian simulated dataset are compared with the Two-and JSUB methods, and the results of the Chimney and Building image sequences are compared with the PCA-Based, Lucky Region, Two-and UCSPF methods. These comparative results are presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The results of the proposed method on the sequences of the Moon-surface and Water-tower images are provided in 15. 3815 19. 9009 16. 7093 19. 5172 24. 0959 20. 9223 25. 1344 SSIM 0. 5448 0. 8136 0. 6801 0. 8163 0. 9137 0. 8375 0. 9460 Road PSNR 26. 58 27. 4061 23. 9782 30. 03 33. 8682 32. 1232 32. 0174 SSIM 0. 7822 0. 8036 0. 7638 0. 8608 0. 9063 0. 9005 0. 9226 Mean PSNR 20. 9807 23. 6535 20. 3437 24. 7736 28. 9820 26. 5227 28. 5759 SSIM 0. 6635 0. 8086 0. 7219 0. 8385 0. 91 0. 869 0. 9343 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-2 Note: The best result in each row is shown in bold. Table 3: The results of the proposed method and other existing methods based on PSNR (first rows) and SSIM (second rows) criteria on the chimney and building sequences. PCA-baced Lucky region Two-stage 16. 2921 31. 0421 30. 6152 31. 4314 31. 0052 32. 0103 28. 4552 24. 0133 31. 0484 30. 8352 SSIM 0. 0539 0. 1137 0. 1193 0. 112 0. 1075 0. 1632 0. 9065 0. 8736 0. 9155 0. 9231 Building PSNR 14. 346 24. 0679 25. 0724 24. 808 26. 2145 26. 4822 15. 8501 24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the results of a proposed method and compares various methods in a scientific context without mentioning ancient artifacts or their discovery and documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 1 (original submission) · Nov 13, 2017 · The manuscript represents a survey for nosematosis in Apis mellifera from Bulgaria where the authors detected only the presence of Nosema ceraneae while failed to find N. apis. Even if the data presented here are not novel, I think that they are valuable. Nevertheless, the 61. 8ºC and not 50ºC. Validity of the findings The findings are not novel but are valid. The conclusion should be revised. L37- Please, remove “that confirms the worldwide dissemination and prevalence of Nosema ceranae”. The main conclusion is that N. ceranae is the main Nosema spp. in Bulgaria. As there are regions of the world where there is no information on the prevalence and distribution of this pathogen, it is not possible to say that these results confirm the worldwide dissemination. Also, I do not understand what the authors mean with that “confirms the prevalence of Nosema ceranae”. L186-191- This information is not the conclusion. Please, remove it. Additional comments L25- Please, correct “the objective of the present study was to” L28- I think that the authors should re-organize the information, mentioning first that only N. ceranae was detected and not N. apis and then the percentage of infection from each region. L29-30- “rate of infection”, not of invasion L37- Please, remove “that confirms the worldwide dissemination and prevalence of Nosema ceranae”. The main conclusion is that N. ceranae is the main Nosema spp. in Bulgaria. As there are regions of the world where there is no information on the prevalence and distribution of this pathogen, it is not possible to say that these results confirm the worldwide dissemination. Also, I do not understand what the authors mean with that “confirms the prevalence of Nosema ceranae”. L42-48- Please, remove this paragraph. This is a general background of the beekeeping activity in Bulgaria and it is not directly related to the purpose of the manuscript. I recommend starting the introduction section highlighting the importance of bees in pollination and for the ecosystem maintenance and then introduce the sanitary problems that the bees have to face. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the main conclusion of the survey is that 'N. ceranae is the main Nosema spp. in Bulgaria,' indicating its significance and prevalence in that region. This supports the assertion that Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: , below the defined threshold of human audibility. Taken alone, it would seem that these numerical values are insufficient to adequately characterize the instigator of these residents’ noise complaints. In addition to showing the problematic usage of different frequency-weighting systems, Figure 2 emphasizes two other aspects of noise measurements: the segmentation of the acoustical spectrum into bands of 1/3 of an octave, and the temporal resolution of 10-minute averages, as per ISO guidelines [14]. As for the spectral segmentation, a higher resolution is technologically possible, but the results are considered mostly academic, since practically all tabulated values related to permissible noise exposure levels use 1/3-octave segmentation. 1. 3 Goal of this report: Going beyond ISO recommendationsCould it be that the spectral segmentation into the 1/3 of an octave and the 10-minute average temporal resolution are too coarse and rudimentary to identify biologically-relevant acoustical phenomena, such as those emanating from WPP? This report documents the acoustical environments captured in homes located near WPP, using a spectral resolution of 1/36 of an octave, and a temporal resolution of 1-second. Sound pressure levels were analyzed in dB (unweighted). Advertisement 2. Background and methodology of data collectionData reported herein were collected in Portugal in Jul-Aug 2020 (Home 1) and in Scotland in Feb-Mar 2021 (Homes 2 and 3), at the invitation of the separate homeowners—usually due to the onset of a pattern of debilitating symptoms which, they claim, only began after WPP became operational in their residential areas [17]. A two-channel sound recording device was placed in and around each home with continuous data acquisition over several days. During the sound recordings, residents were asked to keep a date- and time-logged diary detailing the onset or absence of symptoms, such as sleep disruption. This onset or absence of symptoms could then be compared with changes in the sound recordings that might suggest a causal connection. 2. 1 High resolution sound recordingThe recording equipment was a (FS) system (), Model Mk1 in Portugal and Mk2 in Scotland [18]. It is a two-channel device with sampling rates up to 44. 1 kHz, that is designed to capture recordings of sonic environments with high precision, especially in the infrasonic and low-frequency bands. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the acoustical environments of homes near wind power plants (WPP) and documenting residents' reports of debilitating symptoms after the operation of WPP. It questions whether existing sound measurement methods, which may not accurately reflect the actual noise conditions (such as the coarse spectral segmentation), are sufficient to assess the potential harmful effects of noise pollution from wind turbines.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: 0312 25. 3721 28. 4178 SSIM 0. 1858 0. 3271 0. 3882 0. 3855 0. 4857 0. 5137 0. 6449 0. 7214 0. 7926 0. 8802 Mean PSNR 15. 3190 27. 555 27. 8438 28. 1197 28. 6098 29. 2462 22. 1526 24. 0222 28. 2102 29. 6265 SSIM 0. 1198 0. 2204 0. 2537 0. 2487 0. 2966 0. 3384 0. 7757 0. 7975 0. 8540 0. 90165 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-3 Note: The best result in each row is shown in bold. Table 4: The results of the proposed method based on PSNR (first rows) and SSIM (second rows) criteria on Zernike simulated datasets. Proposed Car-front PSNR 23. 0173 SSIM 0. 9208 Road PSNR 31. 7254 SSIM 0. 9167 Mean PSNR 27. 3714 SSIM 0. 9188 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-4 Figures 3–6 provide visual representations of the restored images obtained from the proposed method and the results of the previous methods. It is evident from these images that the -and UCSPF methods yield higher visual quality in terms of the final restored image compared to the other methods. Figure 3: (A) The reference image of the car-front sequence (B) one observed image, and the qualitative results of (C) the proposed method, (D) NDL, (E) SGL, (F) centroid, (G) RPCA, (H) JSUB, and (I) two-stage, on this sequence. Photo credit: Pui Anantrasirichai. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains technical data about PSNR and SSIM performance metrics related to image restoration methods. It does not mention ancient artifacts, their discovery, or documentation in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Authors can also mention that there have been reports of colony losses in different countries and that Nosema is one of the main threats that affect honeybees. L49- rewrite these sentences in order to not repeat the words L53- Please, provide 82. Please, remove this sentence. Nosemosis is usually used to the describe the disease and in this study, the authors analyzed the presence of N. apis and N. ceranae but this was not related with symptomatology. I would recommend restricting this word to sentences in this context. Also, I agree that the information regarding the presence and distribution of these pathogens is important and contribute to gain insights and compare it with other countries. However, this sentence is too ambitious. L85-87- Which was the criteria of the number of samples taken from each region? Was it according to the number of colonies from each region? Please, provide details of the experimental design. L91-92- Why were the samples taken from the entrance or from the frames away from the brood nest? Was any bias in the method of sample collection according with the region? L95- Which cell lysis buffer? Please, provide information and 61. 8ºC and not 50ºC. L128-remove specific L135. Please, remove this sentence. It is already mentioned in L88 L137- Provide the percentage in order to compare with the infection level of the other two regions. L141- Please, substitute “invasion” for “infection”. Also, “in comparison” L153-Does the authors has historical information about the presence of N. apis and N. ceranae in the country? L161- It has been also reported that there are bees tolerant and resistant to Nosema (Fontbonne et al. , 2013) which is in agreement with your hypothesis. Authors may include this study in the discussion. L162- I would recommend reorganizing the information in this paragraph. From the previous one, the authors point out that there might be bees more susceptible to Nosema than others and then argued that this may be the case in Bulgaria. But the first sentence only says that there are differences in the prevalence of Nosema in the flat and mountains areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by asserting that Nosema is a significant threat to honeybees and discusses the presence of N. ceranae in the context of bee health. It mentions different reports of colony losses related to Nosema, indicating its impact on honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: The blade-pass frequency of the IWT installed around the home of family E. is 0. 75 Hz. The harmonic series identified in Home 1 is the acoustic signature that emanates from these machines, and that reflects the airborne propagation of a pulsed, pressure wave generated by rotating IWT blades. This IWT acoustic signature occurs below the threshold of human audibility. 3. 3 Home 1: At 04:00 on the morning of the ‘peaceful’ episode (22 Jul, 2020)6, the sonic environment in the master bedroom of family E. is shown, as captured between 04:00 and 04:10, on the morning of 22 July, when the E. family slept peacefully. The lack of continuous, horizontal lines throughout the sonogram (Figure 6A) is notable, as is the absence of regular peaks in the corresponding spectrogram (Figure 6B). The triangular, pink shapes that span various frequencies in the sonogram are due to blowing wind, and do not exceed 50 dB. In all 18 recordings (from 03:00 to 06:00, 22 Jul), no IWT acoustic signature was identified. Figure 6. (A) Sonogram showing the sonic environment inside the master bedroom of Home 1 (on 22nd Jul when no sleep disruption occurred) over a period of 600 seconds—With 1/36-octave band resolution, 1-second temporal resolution—and pressure levels in dB as indicated by the color-coded scale. The triangular, pink shapes that span various frequencies are due to blowing wind, and do not exceed 50 dB. Continuous, horizontal lines as observed in Figure 5A are absent. (B) Spectrogram without any regular, large peaks of acoustic energy in the infrasonic range. Harmonic series, as related to IWT acoustic signatures, are absent. 3. 4 Homes 2 and 3Regrettably, the residents of these Homes were not sufficiently assiduous with their diary entries so that health-related information could be compared with simultaneous recordings. Homes 2 and 3 have three different models of IWT among the 3 WPP located in their vicinity, as opposed to Home 1 that only had one type. For asynchronous (constant with varying wind speeds) IWTs, each model will have its own blade-pass frequency and, therefore, their acoustic signatures will be different. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the IWT acoustic signature occurs below the threshold of human audibility and that in the recordings made in Home 1, no IWT acoustic signature was identified. The evidence presented shows that the sonic environment did not include harmful noise levels, with recorded pressure levels not exceeding 50 dB and the absence of significant acoustic energy in the infrasonic range.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: 1713/fig-3 Figure 4: (A) The reference image of the road sequence, (B) one observed image, and the qualitative results of (C) the proposed method, (D) NDL, (E) SGL, (F) centroid, (G) RPCA, (H) JSUB, and (I) two-stage, on this sequence. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/fig-4 Figure 5: (A) The reference image of the chimney sequence, (B) one observed image, and the qualitative results of (C) the proposed method, (D) lucky region, (E) two-stage, (F) BNLTV, (G) NDL, (H) HVDKR, (I) SGL, (J) centroid, (K) UCSPF, and (L) PCA-based, on this sequence. Photo credit: Chiman Kwan. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/fig-5 Figure 6: (A) The reference image of the building sequence, (B) one observed image, and the qualitative results of (C) the proposed method, (D) lucky region, (E) two-stage, (F) BNLTV, (G) NDL, (H) HVDKR, (I) SGL, (J) centroid, (K) UCSPF, and (L) PCA-based, on this sequence. Photo credit: Chiman Kwan. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/fig-6 method exhibits a restored image with lower quality compared to other methods. Despite the restoration of the geometric structure, the resulting image appears blurry and overly brightened due to the effects of temporal averaging. The RPCA method, lacking a mechanism to effectively remove distortion, primarily focuses on selecting a subset of turbulent images with minimal distortion and maximal sharpness during the subsampling stage. As a result, the restored image obtained using the RPCA method continues to exhibit some degree of distortion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses image processing methods and results related to restoring images rather than addressing the discovery or documentation of ancient artifacts. There is no mention or implication about the completeness of ancient artifact documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: results are given above and European ones, belowFull size image DiscussionOutbreaks of parasites are typically produced by specific virulent strains. Many parasitic microorganisms reproduce rapidly in an asexual manner and even for those species where a sexual cycle is possible, reproduction is usually clonal [35]. Consequently, it should be possible to identify defined genotypes in a given infection, and assessing their similarity to other genotypes allows epidemiological relationships to be established. In terms of Microsporidia, this is indeed the picture for Encephalitozoon species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, with diversity among strains contrasting with the uniform genotypes obtained from specific isolates [36–38]. Yet curiously, these asexual species have been shown to carry out an extant sexual cycle, although it must occur during co-infection of the host by two genetically distinct strains to produce genetic diversity [9]. In these infrequent cases, favorable mutations can arise in separate linages and become combined in the same individual, providing an adaptive advantage to varying environments [35]. species, genetic evidence clearly supports the existence of cryptic sex in N. granulosis [8]. We previously demonstrated that rDNA varies within a given isolate in N. ceranae and that recombination may occur, hypothetically between the different repeats of rDNA clusters in sister chromatid exchanges or in a cryptic sexual cycle [18]. This invalidates the use of phylogenetic approaches based on rDNA sequences. In order to eliminate the possibility of exchange between tandem repeat sequences as a source of genetic variability, we selected five putative coding sequences from the genome of N. ceranae to study here. Diversity and heterozygosisThe results obtained fit into the general picture of strong molecular diversity in N. ceranae and a high percentage of shared polymorphisms between different isolates [26]. It is important to emphasize that all five markers analyzed were polymorphic due to single nucleotide changes, ranging from 4 variable sites (in the 875 bp of X802) to as many as 18 (in the 1280 bp of X639). The rates of synonymous versus non-synonymous mutations were fairly close to 1 for X696 and X754, suggesting essentially neutral effects, whereas this rate was clearly biased to synonymous mutations in X639 (Ka/Ks = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing genetic evidence and diversity found in N. ceranae, which is understood to be a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health. It discusses the variability among strains of N. ceranae, which can have significant implications for the health of honeybee populations, aligning with the assertion that it is a parasite impacting their well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: The Es′ diary entry for 18 Jul at 04:00 indicated that the “noise was unbearable” and “sounded like a derailing train. ”Similar day-time plots were constructed for Homes 2 and 3, as shown in Figures 11 and 12, respectively. While these types of plots are informative as to the time and duration that people are exposed to higher or lower levels of Hp, it is still important to view the sonograms to get a true understanding of the nature of the sonic environment at that point in time. For example, it is not possible from this graph alone to determine if the lower Hp levels seen in Home 2 on the morning of the 27th (Figure 11) are caused by the presence of a higher background noise level or whether the levels of Hp were actually diminished. Figure 11. Day-time plot for Home 2. A visual inspection shows that the Hp was most dominant from the 2nd through the morning of the 6th reaching its highest value at around 3 pm on the 3rd, with Hp between 25 and 30 dB above background. Figure 12. Day-time plot for Home 3. The most dominant episodes, i. e. , highest level of Hp, were at night. The mornings of the 21st and 22nd registered the strongest Hp (20–25 dB), while the morning of the 27th presented with the weakest. Note that not all the 10-minute intervals where the Hp is shown as 0 (black) are, in fact, 0. Impulsive sound—caused by such events as people walking over a floor or a door closing—can contaminate an entire 10-minute recording since the impulse is spread over longer and longer time intervals as the frequency of the 1/36-octave bands decrease. To use the Hp measure as part of a dose–response metric, the simplest method would be to integrate it over time, i. e. , multiply each value by 10 minutes and sum for a metric in decibel-minutes. Long-term exposure might be measured in decibel-years. Future research might even develop infrasound dosimeters for workers, similar to those used for radiation exposures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing subjective experiences of noise described as 'unbearable' and sound likened to a 'derailing train,' which implies significant noise pollution. However, it also introduces complexity regarding the measurement and perception of noise pollution, suggesting the need for more intricate analysis and suggesting that while there are instances of high noise, the factors affecting perception are multifaceted. Therefore, while the text acknowledges the presence of noise, it also hints at the variability in its impact on residents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, due to its emphasis on the selection of a subset of sharp images and using the appropriate energy function to merge these subsampled images, coupled with the application of the blind deconvolution method, the restored image has little blur. The JSUB method closely resembles the RPCA method except that its energy function uses TV regularization, the L2 norm, and adaptive Gaussian noise for joint subsampling. This method also lacks a blind deconvolution step, resulting in a mildly distorted but blurred image. The Two-Stage method’s deficiency caused by from the generation of an unsuitable reference image through the averaging process, leading to errors during the registration stage and ultimately resulting in a blurred final image. Similar to the Two-Stage method, the NDL method also suffers from the impact of the erroneous reference image generated through the averaging process. This issue substantially affects the performance of the registration stage, and even though the method employs the blind deconvolution technique, the resulting image lacks clarity in terms of capturing image details. HVDKR uses the RPCA method to generate a reference image with reduced blur and distortion. This approach then further enhances the reference image using a variational model. Employing deformation-guided fusion the method not only models and mitigates the impact of the image but also effectively reduces blurriness in the final restored image. But since it is a step-by-step process, the interaction between the two factors of blur and distortion has not been taken into account. As a result, while the output images may exhibit relatively improved sharpness, the overall restored image tends to retain some level of blurriness and distortion, and also the fine details in the image are not well-defined. In the UCSPF method, by separating the phase and magnitude components in the frequency domain, structural information and brightness intensity are separated to process the two distortion and blur factors separately. Through multiscale and multidimensional operations applied to these distinct components, the UCSPF method effectively produces an output image characterized by reduced levels of distortion and blur. Moreover, this approach facilitates the preservation of sufficient image details. Nonetheless, the processing conducted in the frequency domain lacks access to spatial information. For this reason, frequency-domain processing, although well-restored in detail in high-energy areas, has caused fluctuations in the brightness intensity in smooth regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various image processing methods and their techniques, none of which pertain to the discovery and documentation of ancient artifacts. It does not address or provide any information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae [26], with initial discussions focusing on whether nuclear fusion occurs or not, followed by meiotic chromosome reduction [40]. Yet the more important issue here is that the two nuclei must be genetically different in order to drive recombination. The fact is that N. ceranae is diverse and recombinants appear systematically. Keeping in mind that millions of spores are produced clonally in a few days, the fact that diversity is maintained throughout the world is baffling. Even a hypothetical existence of two diploid nuclei (2n + 2n spores) as the basis of variability, fusion and meiosis would also be required to sustain the high diversity reported here. However, to explain the variants found at low frequencies, a sexual cycle must also exist independently of the ploidy of each nucleus. Absence of geographical barriersHalf of the isolates of N. ceranae in this study were obtained from six different European countries, while the other half correspond to Australian isolates from either the European or Eastern honey bee. It is clear that there are no diagnostic alleles specifically related to any of those origins, and except for a few insignificant cases where a variant is found in one single sample, most alleles exist in N. ceranae infecting A. cerana or A. mellifera, from Australia or Europe. The lack of barriers to the transmission of N. ceranae between the two honey bees has been reported previously [41] and confirmed recently [23]. Our results indeed point towards free transmission of this microsporidian with no signs of geographical or host segregation. It should be remembered that drones may transmit the parasite to many different honey bee colonies and that N. ceranae also infects the Bombus species [42, 43], increasing its possibilities of spreading. Additionally, this microsporidian can also be transmitted through pollen [44] and moreover, queens are now freely imported over long-distances to recover honey bee populations in a given region. Thus, a common origin may be associated with different genotypes and indeed, identical genotypes are found in Australia and Europe. origin of N. ceranae and the recent invasion into Europe could be associated to founder effects and hence a much lower diversity in Europe than in Australia. Interestingly, the genotype distribution in the samples from the two continents is quite similar - we obtained mean diversities of 0. 27 and 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the transmission of N. ceranae among honeybee populations and its infection patterns in both A. cerana and A. mellifera species. It highlights the lack of geographical barriers and the ability of drones to spread the parasite among colonies, indicating that N. ceranae is indeed an important parasite linked to honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: Additionally, it has been found that trailing edge noise is generated when the flow is mildly separated whereas for large-scale separation, noise is transmitted from the chord. This has been determined through far-field cross correlations (Chou and George, 1984). Of great interest is the LBL-VS noise as it can be combined to acoustically excited feedback loops. These are found between the trailing edge and instability waves (i. e. Tolmien-Schlichting waves) upstream of the trailing edge (Brooks et al. , 1989; Leloudas et al. , 2007; Paterson et al. , 1974, George et al. , 1980, Arakawa et al. , 2005; Tam, 1974; Fink, 1978; Wright, 1976). To predict the tip vortex formation, Brooks, Pope and Marcolini developed a relation for an untwisted, constant chord blade (Brooks et al. , 1989; Ffowcs and Hall, 1970; Brooks and Marcolini, 1986). Empirical relations for turbulent inflow noise were developed by Lowson (1992) based on the experimental results of Amiet (1975). These relations apply to both low and high frequencies. Sound generation can be prevented or reduced using different techniques. The simplest method is to consider the acoustic behavior of the wind turbine in its design. However, the main focus of researchers is to minimize the noise generated by the turbine while maximizing its power generation. Some methods involve detecting noise in the mechanical components using artificial intelligence (Kelly, 2000; Wang et al. , 2011; Angelov and Filev, 2004; Song and Kasabov, 2005; Kasabov and Song, 2002; Wang et al. , 2004; Jianu, 2010) while others are focusing on blade designs and introducing serrations to minimize the aerodynamic noise (Oerlemans et al. , 2001; Oerlemans, 2008; Kamruzzaman et al. , 2012; Herr, 2006). In this study the authors are applying a factor not generally used to design wind turbine airfoils with the intention of minimizing noise pollution. Hence, the authors are attempting to relate sound to exergy. The correlation between the sound pressure level resulting from flow over an object and the exergy destroyed within the fluid medium has the potential to reveal useful information related to noise generation and aid in efforts to minimize noise pollution in commercial wind turbines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while wind turbine noise is a concern, researchers are actively working on methods to minimize noise pollution. It details various approaches to reduce sound generation, such as optimizing turbine design and blade configurations, indicating that efforts are being made to mitigate any potentially harmful noise associated with wind turbines.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Despite the visually satisfactory quality of the final images, it is noteworthy that the computed PSNR and SSIM values are lower than expected. As evident in Figs. 3–6, the resulting images from the proposed method exhibit sharper edges and finer details in comparison to those generated by other methods. The smooth regions within the ground truth images are returned as smoothly in the output images. The distortion is removed as much as possible, but the brightness of the output image in the Chimney sequence produced by the proposed method appears slightly darker compared to the corresponding ground truth image. Figure 7 presents the restored images generated by the proposed method on the Zernike turbulence dataset. A visual comparison of both Gaussian and Zernike turbulence images reveals that blurring is more obvious than distortion in the Zernike images. While the proposed method effectively restores Zernike turbulence images with notable accuracy, as evident in Fig. 7F, it is worth noting that the details of the asphalt road are not fully restored to their original quality. Figure 7: (A) The reference image of the car-front sequence (B) one Zernike simulated image, and (C) the qualitative results of the proposed method, (D) the reference image of the road sequence (E) one Zernike simulated image (F) the qualitative results of the proposed method. Photo credit: Pui Anantrasirichai. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/fig-7 Indeed, conventional images typically exhibit characteristics of low-frequency signals, rendering them low rank. Distortion, characterized by sudden change in the signal changes, introduces high-frequency components that elevate the signal’s rank. The time-varying blur in an image sequence from a single scene results in images that are distinct from one another. Consequently, the overall diversity of the image sequence increases. This phenomenon elevates their temporal rank. Turbulence images, caused by both distortion and spatiotemporal varying blur, possess high ranks. Consequently, by generating a low-rank matrix, it becomes possible to obtain an image that encompasses all high-rank images derived from it. This image aims to closely resemble the reference (turbulence-free) image. Consequently, the creation of a low-rank matrix can be used to eliminate turbulence. Accordingly, the LRMF method was adopted for this particular objective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses image processing methods and results related to turbulence images and does not mention ancient artifacts, their discovery, or documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 33, respectively, which is not a significant difference. It is clear that European populations are not of unique origin, as a number of very different genotypes do indeed exist. Heterozygosity and diversity would be related in a population that fits Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, otherwise the two phenomena may produce different outcomes. Even assuming some degree of sexual reproduction, Hardy-Weinberg expectations would certainly not be expected for an organism like N. ceranae. Heterozygosis or mixed genotypes do not parallel its diversity and despite the fewer genotypes in Europe, heterozygosis is not statistically lower (in fact it may be slightly higher). Although further experiments must be performed, this finding again supports an adaptive role for the polymorphic infecting N. ceranae populations. The co-existence of different alleles for any genetic marker is maintained worldwide and especially in European isolates. Perhaps, as has also been suggested for N. bombycis [45], it is precisely such heterogeneity that makes a population of N. ceranae spores so virulent to Apis mellifera. ConclusionsThe data presented here indicate that honey bees are often infected not by a pure strain of N. ceranae but rather, by a heterogeneous group of spores. This may either be because the binucleated spore is heterozygous at a number of loci or because different strains are actually present in the infecting population. As shown in Fig. 4, once this population reproduces in the honey bee gut, meiosis will cause allele segregation and the fusion of nuclei of different origins by recombination also generates new genotypes, maintaining or even augmenting the genetic diversity of N. ceranae. Fig. 4Scheme of genotype diversity generation after multi-strain infection. Up: A honeybee is infected by an heterogeneous collection of N. ceranae spores in two possible ways: diploid or pseudodiploid spores may be heterozygous for a given marker (AB), and two or more different strains may be present in the infective group of spores (AB, and CD). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how honey bees are often infected by 'a heterogeneous group of spores' of N. ceranae, indicating that it is indeed a parasitic agent affecting the Apis mellifera, the honey bee. It highlights the virulence of N. ceranae, which is maintained by the genetic diversity of the infecting populations, suggesting a direct relationship between the parasite and honeybee health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: The results for North/South and East/West orbit corrections have been calculated from reference formula for two all-electric satellite mass categories and the result in Tables 13–15 show that more than 95% of the fuel consumed in orbital maintenance will be consumed in North/South corrections (Lovell and O’Maley 1970Lovell RR, O’Malley TA (1970) of [Online]. Technical Memorandum. Nasa. ; Lugtu 1990Lugtu SD (1990) Impact of ion propulsion on performance, design, testing and operation of a geosynchronous spacecraft (Master thesis). Monterey: School. In English. ). 13 Twenty years North/South orbit correction for all-electric satellites calculated results. 14 Twenty years East/West orbit correction for all-electric satellites calculated results. 15 Sum of 20 years orbit maintenance and correction results from Tables 13 and 14. The deorbiting process is essential for eliminating obsolete telecommunication and weather forecasting GEO satellite, where all deorbiting satellites will settle in GEO graved orbit (500 hm above their missions’ orbit) (Wikipedia 2021Wikipedia (2021) Graveyard orbit [Online]. ). Therefore, GEO deorbiting simulated in STK for different propulsion subsystem for 2000 and 3000 kg all-electric satellite systems (Tables 16 and 17). 16 Deorbiting 2000 kg GEO telecommunicationall-electric satellite with different propulsions STK simulated results. 17 Deorbiting 3000 kg GEO telecommunicationall-electric satellite with different propulsions STK simulated results. The XIPS-25 propulsion is the most efficient propulsion subsystem and consumes the least amount of Xeon fuel. Fuel consumption simulated and calculated for all the main modes associated with the satellite in orbit (orbit ascension, orbit maintenance, and deorbiting). This result for 2000 and 3000 kg presumed system in 277–409 kg fuel mass for PPS 1350 propulsion, 165. 7–244. 5 kg fuel mass for XIPS-25 propulsion, 270–400 kg fuel mass for SPT-140D propulsion, and 197. 8–295. 9 kg fuel mass for BHT20K propulsion. All data extracted from the simulation are accurate since the input data used from real propulsions with different specifications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various technical aspects related to orbital corrections and the propulsion systems of satellites but does not directly address the role of satellites in communication, weather monitoring, or GPS technology. Therefore, it does not provide any support for or contrast with the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Through the iterative integration of these two techniques within the LRMF method, a comprehensive framework has been established. This framework is capable of generating turbulence-free images while minimizing the presence of turbulence. The performance of the proposed method was assessed in terms of the PSNR and SSIM criteria using the t-test statistical method. To accomplish this, the maximum values obtained from the previous methods were compared with those of the proposed method. The outcome of the PSNR-based t-test indicated a 50% similarity, signifying that the proposed method’s accuracy is on par with the best outcomes of the previous methods. Conversely, the t-test conducted based on the SSIM yielded a result of 95%, underscoring the superior accuracy of the proposed method in comparison to the preceding previous methods. Since the PSNR criterion is based on MSE, even slight changes in the image’s brightness can lead to a decrease in the numerical values of this criterion. Therefore, the relative darkening observed in the results of the proposed method might contribute to the decrease in the numerical values of this criterion. On the other hand, SSIM is a perception-based criterion that, like the human visual system, considers structural, luminance, and contrast similarities between the two images. Therefore, higher numerical values of this criterion in the results of the proposed method indicate a high perceptual similarity between the resultant images and the reference images. Further detailed evaluation of the proposed method is provided in 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-1 Code and Dataset. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-2 Download (A) The reference image of the Water tower sequence, (B) one observed image, and the qualitative results of (C) the proposed method, (D) Centroid, (E) NDL, (F) RPCA, (G) SGL, and (H) Two-Stage, on this sequence. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-3 Download (A) The reference image of the Moon surface sequence, (B) one observed image, and the qualitative results of (C) the proposed method, and (D) NDL, on this sequence. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-4 of different turbulence impact on Desert sequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a method for generating turbulence-free images and evaluating its performance using PSNR and SSIM criteria. There is no mention of ancient artifacts or their discovery and documentation, making the text unconnected to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn order to study the effects of Nosema ceranae infection on honey bee microRNA (miRNA) expression, we deep-sequenced honey bee miRNAs daily across a full 6-day parasite reproduction cycle. Seventeen miRNAs were differentially expressed in honey bees infected by N. ceranae that potentially target over 400 genes predicted to primarily involve ion binding, signaling, the nucleus, transmembrane transport and DNA binding. Based on analysis, nine biological pathways were identified by screening target genes against the of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, seven of which involved metabolism. Our results suggest that differentially expressed miRNAs regulate metabolism related genes of host honey bees in response to N. ceranae infection. Similar content being viewed by others Trypanosomatid parasite dynamically changes the transcriptome during infection and modifies honey bee physiology 1. More recently, miRNAs have been reported as a virulence factor of fungal parasites of plants2. Nosema ceranae is a unicellular fungal parasite that infects mid-gut epithelial cells of honey bees3,4. The intracellular reproduction cycle of N. ceranae lasts approximately four days and the parasite starts to reproduce daughter spores soon after entering epithelial cells5. The infected cell eventually bursts, releasing a large number of spores. Nosema infection can profoundly affect the global gene expression and physiology of honey bee hosts6,7. Genome-wide quantitative trait locus (QTL) association analysis identified a honey bee gene, Aubergine, that might be involved in suppressing N. ceranae reproduction8. Aubergine belongs to the Argonaute family, genes encoding key proteins involved with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)9. RISC directs small regulatory RNAs, such as miRNAs and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), to cleave target mRNAs10. In order to study the impacts of N. ceranae infection on honey bee miRNAs, we infected honey bees with N. ceranae spores and monitored miRNA expression changes at 24 hour intervals for a complete infective cycle (6 days post infection). With this time series analysis, we provide new insight into mechanisms of microsporidian pathogenesis and honey bee responses. ResultsDifferentially expressed honey bee miRNAs during N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Nosema ceranae is a unicellular fungal parasite that infects mid-gut epithelial cells of honey bees and can profoundly affect the global gene expression and physiology of honey bee hosts. This direct reference to the infection and its impact on honeybee health supports the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: The main reason is that the GEO satellite ground tracks are relatively static, resulting in almost static observation geometry. Also, the ON model has been applied to GEO satellites (Montenbruck et al. 2015), but it makes the SRP acting on the satellites hard to model. Guo et al. (2016b) identified errors that noticeable depend on the orbital angle, i. e. , the argument angle of the satellite with respect to the midnight point in the orbit plane, and large bias of about −40 cm in satellite laser ranging (SLR) residuals. These errors are a result of using the empirical model. Liu et al. (2016) reported that GEO orbits could be improved by estimating six parameters instead of the typical five parameters of the empirical model. With this model, the bias of SLR residuals is only about −7. 8 cm for 28-day solutions. However, no significant improvement has been observed after incorporating the model into the Analyst (PANDA) software (Liu and Ge 2003). Although elevation-dependent satellite-induced code biases were identified for IGSO and MEO satellites (Wanninger and Beer 2015), such biases cannot be seen for GEO satellites using ground tracking data only. The cause is mainly the relative static geometry between GEO satellites and ground stations. Hence, it should be possible to improve the GEO orbits with onboard BeiDou tracking data from Orbiters (LEOs), since the relative movement between GEO and LEOs results in the desired rapid change of observation geometry. The idea of overcoming weakness due to small number of ground stations, poor distribution of ground stations, and poor geometry condition using LEOs onboard tracking data has been assessed previously (Geng et al. 2011; Zoulida et al. 2016). When onboard GPS data of are combined with data from 43 ground stations, the 1D GPS orbit differences with respect to the IGS final orbit decreased to 5. 5 from 8. 0 cm (Geng et al. 2011). Also, when more LEOs are used, less ground stations are needed to achieve similar orbit accuracy as obtained without LEOs onboard data (Geng et al. 2011). The LEO onboard GPS data can also be used to estimate phase center corrections or to improve the reference frame (Haines et al. 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the essential roles of satellites for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. Instead, it delves into technical aspects of GEO satellite tracking, improvements in satellite orbit accuracy, and the use of LEO satellites to enhance data collection. While it mentions satellite technologies like GPS, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim about the essential nature of satellites in these applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: (A) Desert sequence reference image, (B) a weak turbulence sample, and (C) a severe turbulence sample DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-5 effect of the turbulence rate on the accuracy of the proposed method (PSNR). Sequences with the smaller number represent the images with weaker turbulence. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-6 effect of the alpha parameter on the accuracy of the proposed method. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-7 effect of putting aside the (A) distortion factor, (B) blurring factor, and (C) on the performance of the proposed method on the Car-front sequence. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-8 of symbols and variables. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-9 Simulation Parameters. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-10 information about the datasets employed in experiments. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-11 results of the proposed method on the Moon-surface and Water-tower sequences. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-12 comparison of the results of the proposed method by putting aside different components on the Car-front sequence based on the SSIM and PSNR criteria. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-13 Information and authors declare that they have no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 2018. Key challenges and resolutions for atmospheric turbulence effect removal. of Grid and 11(11):39-52. 2009. Automated video enhancement from a stream of atmospherically-distorted images: the lucky-region fusion approach. . 2004. Convex optimization. Cambridge: Press. . 2011. Distributed optimization and statistical learning via the alternating direction method of multipliers. Delft: Inc. . 2021. Subsampled turbulence removal network. Mathematics, Computation and Geometry of Data 1(1):1-33 Chimitt N, Chan SH. 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding the discovery and documentation of ancient artifacts. Instead, it discusses atmospheric turbulence effects and various datasets related to image processing methods. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 01), two of which are predicted targets of ame-miR-2b (LOC409904, LOC551826). Table 2 Number of genes in the top five ranked GO terms and top 9 KEGG pathways. Full size tableDiscussionIt is not uncommon for a single miRNA to regulate multiple genes or for multiple miRNAs to regulate the same gene11. Abnormal expression of miRNA could have subsequent effects on downstream gene expression. N. ceranae is known to change honey bee global gene expression12. From our data, early (1 dpi) and late infection (6 dpi) time points had a higher tendency for differential miRNA expression. This non-random distribution suggests that the honey bee miRNAs we identified might be related to particular phases of N. ceranae host invasion and reproduction. Handling stress during experimental inoculation may also explain early (1 dpi) differential gene expression. From our data, the expression levels of 17 known miRNAs were differentially regulated during N. ceranae infection, which may target over 400 predicted genes for degradation. We found that transmembrane transporters were enriched in the target gene list. Transportation and metabolism GO categories were also previously found to be enriched for up-regulated genes in N. ceranae infected workers13. As N. ceranae reproduces within host midgut epithelial cells, regulating transmembrane transporters may control the availability of resources within Nosema-infected midgut cells, but how this affects the host or parasite remains to be determined. Increased transmembrane transportation would be more efficient for faster reproduction. We found purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation pathways to be among the predicted functional roles of the miRNA target gene list. Within those pathways, 26 out of 27 predicted to encode enzymes showed co-expression and 25 had significantly correlated expression with the 17 differentially expressed miRNAs. Ame-miR-2b is particularly interesting because 11 out of 27 enzymes were significantly correlated with its expression level. It is known that N. ceranae infected honey bees consume significantly more sugar water14, indicative of increased metabolic need. The correlation between miRNAs and metabolism related genes may reflect a mechanism used by the parasite to alter host metabolism to fuel its faster replication. But the target genes are limited to computational prediction and require experimental confirmation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how N. ceranae, a known parasite, alters honeybee gene expression and metabolism. It specifically notes that N. ceranae infection leads to differential miRNA expression related to the honeybee's health, indicating that the parasite has a significant impact on honeybee health, particularly through its effects on metabolic processes and gene regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: As excepted, the greatest improvement has been achieved for GEO satellites, particularly for C02 and C05, since the inclusion of FY3C onboard BeiDou data strengthens the observation geometry. The improvement of IGSO orbit consistency is less than that of MEO, because the inclusion of FY3C onboard BeiDou data improves the MEO tracking capacity outside the Asia–Pacific region. For the two solutions with global stations, their OODs are smaller than those for the cases of regional stations. For GN solution, the averaged 3D RMSs of OODs are 53. 3, 10. 4, and 4. 9 cm for and MEO satellites; they show significant improvement with respect to the RN solution as excepted. This indicates the inclusion of more ground stations can improve the BeiDou orbital quality. Once the FY3C onboard BeiDou observations are used, the 3D RMS of OODs can be further reduced to 43. 4 cm for GEO satellites. However, almost the same RMSs of OODs have been found for the IGSO and MEO orbits. In contrast to the RN and RW solutions, the BeiDou data from 97 global ground stations have been used for GN and GW solutions. These ground data play a important role in the GW solution and decrease the contribution of FY3C onboard BeiDou data for BeiDou POD, particularly for IGSO and MEO with good global tracking. Hence, almost no improvement has been observed for two global IGSO and MEO solutions, and the improved percentage of global GEO orbit solutions is less than that of regional solutions. Also, only six channels have been assigned for BeiDou tracking, resulting in less data available for BeiDou POD, and the tracking is easy to be interrupted when BeiDou satellites are in high elevation, as illustrated in Fig. 4. These two issues further weaken the contribution of FY3C onboard BeiDou data for BeiDou POD. Fig. 10Averaged 3D RMS for 48-h OODs of four sets of FY3C BeiDou orbits. GEO (top), IGSO and MEO (bottom). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it fails to affirm the essential nature of satellites by discussing technical details about the performance of different satellite types (GEO, IGSO, MEO) in tracking and orbit consistency without directly linking these details to their roles in communication, weather monitoring, or GPS technology. Instead, it focuses on the improvement metrics of these satellite systems and data contributions without highlighting their essential applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Simulating anisoplanatic turbulence by sampling intermodal and spatially correlated Zernike coefficients. 59(8):83101. 1977. Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm. Journal of the Society: (Methodological) 39(1):1-22. 1981. Random sample consensus: a paradigm for model fitting with applications to image analysis and automated cartography. Communications of the ACM 24(6):381-395. 2014. optimization for robust image alignment. Image and 32(10):800-813. 2020. Removing atmospheric turbulence effects via geometric distortion and blur representation. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and 9:1-13. 2019a. Variational models for joint subsampling and reconstruction of turbulence-degraded images. Journal of 78(3):1488-1525. 2019b. Restoration of atmospheric turbulence-distorted images via RPCA and quasiconformal maps. 35(7):74002. 2007. Atmospheric turbulence-degraded image restoration using principal components analysis. IEEE Geoscience and Letters 4(3):340-344. 2013. Video stabilization of atmospheric turbulence distortion. & Imaging 7(3):839-861. 2020. Image reconstruction of static and dynamic scenes through anisoplanatic turbulence. IEEE Transactions on 6:1415-1428 Mao Y, Gilles J. 2012. Non rigid geometric distortions correction-application to atmospheric turbulence stabilization. & Imaging 6(3):531-546 Meinhardt-Llopis E, Micheli M. 2014. Implementation of the centroid method for the correction of turbulence. on Line 4:187-195. 2013. Robust matrix factorization with unknown noise. . 2011. A two-stage reconstruction approach for seeing through water. . 2008. One-class collaborative filtering. . 2012. RASL: robust alignment by sparse and low-rank decomposition for linearly correlated images. IEEE Transactions on 34(11):2233-2246 Pernechele C. 2005. Adaptive optics. In: Encyclopedia of Modern Optics. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 197-204. 1990. A pipeline algorithm for detection and tracking of pixel-sized target trajectories. Signal and data processing of small targets. . 2016. Removing turbulence effect via hybrid total variation and deformation-guided kernel regression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is entirely unrelated to the claim regarding ancient artifacts. It discusses topics related to image processing and atmospheric turbulence without any mention of artifacts, their discovery, or documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae spores were isolated from the midguts of worker honey bees in heavily infected colonies and purified using a Percoll gradient procedure23. Spores were counted using a Fuchs-Rosenthal haemocytometer and N. ceranae species status was verified by a standard PCR protocol16. 150 newly emerged workers were individually fed with 2 μl 50% sucrose solution containing 105 N. ceranae spores. An additional 150 newly emerged workers were individually fed with 2 μl sucrose solution without spores, as a control. Three sets of 50 workers each for control and infected bees were housed in a sterile plastic cup at 34 ± 1 °C, 60% relative humidity. Five workers were sampled from each cup at 24 hour intervals for six days post-infection. The midguts of all sampled workers were used to extract total RNA with TRIzol. Total RNA of 15 infected and 15 control workers respectively were pooled daily and small RNA were separated with small RNA sample for sequencing. The remaining of the total RNA was used for mRNA sequencing and the original mRNA sequencing data were downloaded from NCBI bio-project PRJNA282511. One small RNA library was sequenced for each post infection day. Overall, six libraries were sequenced for infected workers and an additional six libraries were sequenced for the control workers. The purpose of this study is searching the miRNA expression variance due to the infection. All the honey bee workers were from the same colony. The main reason to use one colony is to assure that the sampled bees were not a mix of recalcitrant bees with completely unsuccessful infections and bees for which infection was possible, as this would have confounded the control vs. infection comparisons. MicroRNA data analysisOver 14 million reads (19–35bp per read) were generated from each small RNA library, respectively, after quality control. The small RNA reads were aligned to the A. mellifera genome (Amel 4. 5) to extract the counts of mature miRNAs via the miRdeep2 package24. The original counts were normalized with weighted trimmed mean of M-values (TMM) to calculate relative expression levels of miRNA using edgeR25. As there is no library replicate, the common dispersion 0. 02 was used to calculate corrected P value of each miRNAs. miRNAs with fewer than 100 normalized reads across all 12 libraries were discarded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study focusing on Nosema ceranae infection in honey bees. It describes the isolation of ceranae spores from honey bees, the experimental procedure to infect newly emerged workers with these spores, and the subsequent analysis of RNA from infected bees, indicating the focus is on the health effects of the N. ceranae parasite.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of space debris is made up of defunct satellites and fragments from past collisions or explosions in orbit. [SEP] Text: comments noted that critical components inducing break-ups are sometimes identified only years after the satellite has been operational, which could result in a large problem with large numbers of satellites, particularly with short production times involved. at 3. 102. This type of proposal was suggested by ESA in its comments to the proceeding, with respect to large constellations. comments at 3. 103. 104. 105. U. S. Practices at 4-1. 106. IADC Guidelines at § 5. 3. 2. 107. at 3 (noting that disposal of satellites in large LEO constellations by orbit raising should be avoided). 108. Order, 19 FCC Rcd at 11591, para. 60. 109. Direct retrieval of satellites implicates the need to assess rendezvous and proximity operations, and any risk of debris generation from those operations. 110. Order, 19 FCC Rcd at 11603-04, para 87. 111. . ,. SAT-MOD-20091119-00123, at 3-7; O3b. SES-LIC-20100723-00952, to S at 37-40;. SAT-LOA-20161115-00113, Letter from to Jose P. (April 11, 2017) at 7-8. The geostationary disposal requirement in our rules, intended for satellites orbiting at inclinations of approximately 15 degrees or less, can be viewed as an example of this type of disposal. 112. . SAT-PDR-20161115-00111, to S at 15-18. This approach appears to be more readily available for satellites operating at higher inclinations. 113. End-of-life Disposal in Orbits, & Carmen Pardini, Proceedings of the 9th for the Advancement of Space Safety, 2017, 114. See, e. g. , Inc. , Application for Launch and. SAT-LOA-20130626-00087, Exh. 43 at 2 (describing the nominal lifetime of its Flock 1 satellites as 11 months, with maximum lifetime of 18 months); Inc. ,. SAT-MOD-20150802-00053, Exh. 43 at 1 (describing expected operational lifetime of a series of additional satellites as approximately two years); Spire Global, Inc. , Application for Launch and. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the composition of space debris directly. Instead, it discusses various regulations and practices regarding the disposal of satellites, the implications of operational lifetimes, and how certain guidelines relate to satellite behavior and debris generation. As such, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim but rather provides unrelated information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: Journal of Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology > Vol. 2 No. 1, January 2016 in Pre-Planckian Space-Time Physics, and to Avoid the BICEP 2 Mistake () Beckwith*. DOI: 10. 4236/jhepgc. 2016. 21008 2,244 Downloads 3,257 Views 82. doi: 10. 4236/jhepgc. 2016. 21008. Received 20 October 2015; accepted 8 January 2016; published 12 January 2016 1. begin with a review from T. Padmanabhan [1] as to the foundations of a scalar field and a potential field, in terms of cosmological evolution. Following that, we are adding more detail as to a supposition by Handley et al. [2]. As to how one could invert the supposition of inflation, [1] that the Kinetic energy would be much larger than the Potential energy [2]. Here, we offer a mechanism for how this may happen. This is in lieu as to C. in [3] namely that we need to distinguish between multiple early universe sources of gravitational wave, or the onset of inflation generated early gravitational waves, as seen in the below quotation “Omni-directional gravitational wave background radiation could arise from fundamental processes in the early Universe, or from the superposition of a large number of signals with a point-like origin. Examples of the former include parametric amplification of gravitational vacuum fluctuations during the inflationary era” In particular our approach is similar to the procedures outlined as to vacuum fluctuations in the (very early) inflationary era. And we will outline how we are avoiding multiple sources. Which would be done if there is a sharply focused peak frequency in magnitude and intensity, i. e. we wager that a sharply defined peak of GW amplitude and strain is about the only way to avoid the problems associated with Bicep 2, which was due to dust from galactic sources [3] - [5]. Our gedanken experiment is a thought experiment, that kinetic energy dominates potential energy in the initial phase of cosmological evolution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about time travel and witnessing historical events. It discusses concepts in gravitation and cosmology, including mechanisms related to kinetic and potential energy during cosmological evolution, without addressing time travel or its implications for observing historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 1371/journal. pone. 0037017 (2012). Holt, H. L. , Aronstein, K. A. & Grozinger, C. M. Chronic parasitization by Nosema microsporidia causes global expression changes in core nutritional, metabolic and behavioral pathways in honey bee workers (Apis mellifera). BMC Genomics 14, 10. 1186/1471-2164-14-799 (2013). Mayack, C. & Naug, D. Energetic stress in the honeybee Apis mellifera from Nosema ceranae infection. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 100, 185–188 (2009). 10. 1111/1758-2229. 12059 (2013). 10. 1111/j. 1462-2920. 2009. 01953. x (2009). 10. 1128/Ec. 05114-11 (2011). 10. 1111/J. 1462-5822. 2004. 00399. X (2004). 10. 1073/Pnas. 0907766106 (2009). 10. 1126/science. 1173164 (2009). 10. 1038/Nbt1394 (2008). 10. 1093/bioinformatics/btp616 (2010). 10. 1093/Bioinformatics/Bti610 (2005). 10. 1186/1471-2105-9-559 (2008). Ritz, C. & Spiess, A. N. qpcR: an R package for sigmoidal model selection in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Bioinformatics 24, 1549–1551, 10. 1093/bioinformatics/btn227 (2008). 1784. Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsLaboratory of and Evolution, of Zoology, of Science, Kunming, 650223, China& --306, Beltsville, 20705,. Schwarz & Jay D. EvansAuthorsQiang HuangView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 4. 0 International License. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/ Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing studies related to Nosema ceranae and its impacts on honeybee health. It mentions 'Chronic parasitization by Nosema microsporidia causes global expression changes in core nutritional, metabolic and behavioral pathways in honey bee workers (Apis mellifera)' and that 'Energetic stress in the honeybee Apis mellifera from Nosema ceranae infection' indicates the negative effects of the parasite on honeybee health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars rovers have provided invaluable data about the planet’s surface and potential for past life. [SEP] Text: Introduction 2. Consent in a digital environment 3. Addressing the power imbalance II. Legislative history III. Obligation to demonstrate consent (Art. 7 para. 1) 1. Scope of obligation a) Controller accountability b) Timing c) Inability to demonstrate consent 2. Obligation to demonstrate consent where there are multiple controllers 3. Proxy consent through automated tools IV. Formal requirements for consent requests (Art. 7 para. 2) 1. Separation of consent information from information on other matters a) Consent as approval of pre-formulated statement b) Clear and distinguishable information c) Invalidity of declaration d) Infringement of the GDPR through a faulty declaration 2. Clear and plain language 3. Intelligible and easily accessible form a) Practical ways to meet consent information requirements b) Consent information in an online context V. Withdrawal of consent (Art. 7 para. 3) 1. Right to withdraw consent 2. Effect of withdrawal 3. Withdrawal where processing is based on more than one legal ground 4. Form of withdrawal VI. Restrictions on “bundling” (Art. 7 para. 4) 1. “Bundling” in the context of consumer contracts a) Distinction between necessary and unnecessary data b) Conditionality c) Data as counter-performance d) Application of Art. 7 para. 4 in non-commercial contexts 2. Controller obligations 3. Genuine choice 4. Burden of proof 391–399 Art. 8 Conditions applicable to child's consent in relation to information society servicesThe authors would like to thank Ayça Atabey for her assistance in conducting the research for this 1. Art. 8 para. 1 a) Consent by a child b) Parental consent c) Information society services d) Remuneration e) Information society services offered directly to a child 2. Art. 8 para. 2: Parental consent verification requirements 3. Art. 8 para. 3: Enforcement 400–419 Art. 9 Processing of special categories of personal data András Jóri 400–419 Details I. Preliminary remarks II. Legislative history III. Analysis 1. “Special categories of personal data” (para. 1) 2. “Revealing” (para. 1) 3. “Shall be prohibited” (para. 1) 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to digital consent and data processing, with no mention of Mars, rovers, planetary data, or the potential for past life on Mars. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: As a second component of our thought experiment is then the smallness of curvature, so to a good first approximation so that then the formulation of near flatness in the beginning of space-time is a starting point for surprisingly traditional looking Friedman cosmological equations, due to the minimal influence of curvature, which would be a consequence of [6]. Furthermore in our thought experiment is the supposition that the dominance of kinetic energy is in the regime of space-time before a Planck time interval has transpired. Implicit in this is the supposition that there is such a regime of space-time which the author has also worked out in [7]. If there is a regime of space-time just before Planck time, and this convention adheres to [2] that kinetic energy is, indeed greater than potential energy. In the pre-Planckian space time regime we will have, then a kinetic energy term with imaginary time, and that then the points just before Planck time will have a Potential energy as given by an imaginary time component as set by (1) Here, what has done, is to scale real to imaginary time, and to normalize it by a division of 10−44 seconds, effectively having a “rescaled” pre-Planckian time which would be written as an imaginary number with (2) This means that in an interval just before the Planck time, that we are postulating a pre-Planckian space-time which is purely imaginary, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about time travel allowing us to witness historical events. Instead, it discusses concepts related to space-time in the context of cosmological equations and kinetic energy in a pre-Planckian regime. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe microsporidian Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae is one of the most common parasites of the honeybee. A single honeybee carries many parasites and therefore multiple alleles of V. ceranae genes that seem to be ubiquitous. As a consequence, nucleotide diversity analyses have not allowed discriminating genetic structure of parasite populations. We performed deep loci-targeted sequencing to monitor the haplotype frequencies of genome markers in isolates from discontinuous territories, namely the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. The haplotype frequency distribution corroborated the suspected tetraploidy of the parasite. Most major haplotypes were ubiquitous in the area but with variable frequency. While oceanic isolates differed from European and Asian outgroups, parasite populations from distinct archipelagoes also differed in their haplotype distribution. Interestingly an original and very divergent Malagasy isolate was detected. The observed population structure allowed formulating hypotheses upon the natural history of V. ceranae in this oceanic area. We also discussed the usefulness of allelic distribution assessment, using multiple informative loci or genome-wide analyses, when parasite population is not clonal within a single host. Similar content being viewed by others Distribution of honey bee mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in an Italian region where a legislative act is protecting the Apis mellifera ligustica subspecies 2. The adult Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) can be infected by several microsporidian species: the long known Vairimorpha apis3, the emergent Vairimorpha ceranae4,5,6 and the recently described Vairimorpha neumani7. These species were included in the genus Nosema until the recent phylogenetic redefinition of the Vairimorpha and Nosema genera8. These parasites are transmitted by fecal–oral route and infect the epithelial cells of the midgut of the adult honeybee9,10. V. ceranae is nowadays the most prevalent microsporidian parasite and one of the most common pathogens of the honeybee. It can induce physiological and behavioral changes in infected individuals (immune suppression, oxidative stress, alteration of metabolism, premature foraging, etc. ) and eventually reduce their survival, with possible deleterious interactions with other stressors5,10,11. At the colony level, V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by identifying Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae as one of the most common parasites of the honeybee and detailing its impact on honeybee health. It states that V. ceranae can induce physiological and behavioral changes in infected individuals, including immune suppression and altered metabolism, which ultimately reduces their survival. This directly supports the claim about the parasite's detrimental effects on honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon landings were faked, and all footage from the Apollo missions was filmed on Earth. [SEP] Text: The finding show that the data is a valuable imagery source to map craters, mountains, and lunar lobate scarps and also for geological, geophysical, and morphological analysis of the lunar surface. In addition, these images are a valuable reference for studies about changes that are shaping the surface of the Moon including the formation of new small craters and landslides particularly those that are larger than the spatial resolution of the DEMs created from such images. Therefore it is necessary to create high quality elevation models from these images. program started in 1969 and its main purpose was to send a man to the Moon and return him safely to the Earth. NASA then sent other Apollo space-crafts, including Apollo 15, 16, and 17. The goals of these missions were to conduct longer and more science-oriented lunar expedition. Onboard these expeditions were a set of cameras in the Module. These cameras included a Metric Camera, a Panoramic Camera, and a Camera, Wu (1988). Images captured by these sensors have been used for several scientific studies such as: estimating the optimum illumination conditions for lunar photogrammetric mapping, quantifying structural deformation of its surface, spatial variations of crater geometry and lunar landforms, determining the rheological properties of lunar flows, and measuring the detailed roughness of the Moon’s surface, Wu and Moore (1980a). The metric camera was a Fairchild aerial camera with 76 mm focal length lens and 127 mm frame size (Wu and Moore 1980a). At nominal orbital altitude, measured by a laser altimeter, the camera acquired images with 25 m ground resolution, 165 km side width, and 78 % overlap between successive images and 57 % overlap between alternate frames (Cameron et al. 1974). Films captured by these cameras were kept in the during the spacecraft’s trip back to Earth. At that time, most topographic maps for the Moon were compiled by analytical stereoplotters (Wu and Moore 1980b). 2007, ASU started scanning and creating an online digital archive of all the original Apollo flight films. The project was a collaborative effort between NASA’s Center and ASU to permit researchers and the general public to access the original images. The new format allowed photogrammetrists to complete conventional photogrammetric processes on PCs and produce Models (DTMs) faster. at the has produced several surface models for the Moon surface from these images (Broxton et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the scientific purpose and achievements of the Apollo missions, including the use of cameras to capture images of the Moon's surface for geological and morphological analyses, thus providing evidence that the Moon landings did occur. It emphasizes that these missions were conducted with specific scientific goals, utilized actual lunar imagery, and involved the conservation of films from the missions, which are now accessible for study.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: operationally Equation (2) is, effectively in the regime of analysis of Kinetic energy dominance given by (3) The change in time from imaginary to real time, is in line with a full evaluation of a transition from Equation (3) to the regime of space-time dominated by (4) In particular what we are supposing is a transformation from the pre-Planckian to Planckian regime given by (5) The right hand side would represent non imaginary time, whereas the regime where there is imaginary structure would represent sub divisions in causal structure of space-time, as alluded to by Dowker [5] [8] with what is represented in Equation (5) as a division from pre-Planckian to Planckian space-time, and a defacto Causal structure with the imaginary time component one which is “tunneled” through, to reach Planckian Space-time physics. What is conserved between the transference from a prior universe, to present universe would be at the Planckian regime, a minimum stress energy Tensor, which by [3] is given as a term with has the label of for transferred space-time energy, and then a measure of curvature of space-time as given in [6] as, if (6) The is defined in [6] and can be usually thought of as how gravity affects space-time geometry, as given in [9] which is part of the definition of a Riemann Scalar, for which as given in [6] we have that the Riemann scalar is given as (7) The term for a minimum scale factor is given in Equation (7) which is the smallest unit of evolving space-time which is accessible to analysis, which is akin to adopting the bounce definition of a non-singular starting point of a universe expansion as given in [7] [8] [10] [11] with a minimum initial scale value given in [3] [6] as (8) If so, then we find then that, if we are looking at a cosmological constant, as defined in [9] [10] [12] [13] with an initial value of this cosmological constant as written as (leaving open the possibility that the cosmological constant could have changed over time, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about time travel allowing us to witness historical events. It discusses complex mathematical and physical concepts related to space-time, particularly transitions from pre-Planckian to Planckian regimes, without mentioning time travel or historical events. Hence, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae is associated with type C nosemosis that shows reduced clinical symptoms compared to V. apis infection such as lesser dysentery12. While V. ceranae has been associated with colony collapse, its role in the worldwide colony losses has been debated11,13,14. V. ceranae spores have been detected in several Apis and Bombus species15, including the Asian honeybees Apis dorsata, Apis florea and Apis cerana. V. ceranae is thought to have experienced a recent host-jump from A. cerana to A. mellifera4,16. The timing and localization of such host-switch are unknown. The oldest infected A. mellifera conserved sample has been dated back to 1975 in California17. Once emerged in A. mellifera, the invasive V. ceranae would have experienced both a geographic expansion and an increase in its prevalence that could be still in progress18,19. As a consequence, V. ceranae has become the most prevalent and widespread microsporidian parasite of the honeybee and seems to have replaced V. apis in some area, possibly due to asymmetric competition4,15,19,20,21,22. Phylogenetic analyses of polar tube protein (PTP) encoding genes showed a differentiation between V. ceranae populations infecting different Apis species23,24. Within the single A. mellifera host, sequence analyses have not allowed the discrimination of parasite variants or subpopulations, whatever the marker: the rDNA whose multiple copies in the genome may not be identical25,26,27,28, single-copy coding regions including fast-evolving virulence genes such as PTP genes23,24,29,30, and even multilocus31,32,33,34 and genome-wide analyses35. Only phylogenomics studies allowed the distinction of parasite clades, clustering isolates from A. cerana and A. mellifera colonies in Thailand, i. e. in the native area of the parasite, apart from other isolates worldwide, but without any phylogeographic pattern36. Genome comparison showed that most V. ceranae alleles were shared by honeybee colonies that were thousands of kilometers away but that specific polymorphic sites were found in Thai A. cerana and A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that V. ceranae, identified as a microsporidian parasite, has become prevalent and widespread among honeybee populations. It is noted that V. ceranae has replaced V. apis in certain areas, indicating its impact on honeybee health. The mention of reduced clinical symptoms in comparison to V. apis highlights its role as a parasite affecting honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon landings were faked, and all footage from the Apollo missions was filmed on Earth. [SEP] Text: 2009). Researchers at the center have developed the Pipeline (Moratto et al. 2010; Zachary et al. 2010) for processing multiple orbital stereo imageries and produce surface models from them. Image matching and correlation is implemented in a pairwise mode, though (Kim et al. 2011). Although one pair of stereo images is adequate to find the 3D position of two visible corresponding image features, it is insufficient to extract the entire surface due to hidden features that are not projected into the image pair. Moreover, most of the available software packages generate DTMs through automatic image matching algorithms in pairwise modes (Joglekar and Gedam 2012; Gruen 2012; Zhang et al. 2014). One of the advantages of photogrammetry is to perform image matching across several views at the same time (Wiman 1998; Elaksher 2008; Noh et al. 2012). Such approach accounts for depth discontinuities, occlusions, and image-signal noise that impair stereo-matching algorithms from achieving precise and reliable DTMs. In this 1. Fig. 1Outline of image orientation and surface reconstruction approachFull size image 2. 1 Camera CalibrationCamera calibration is necessary for extracting accurate 3D information from images. The aim of camera calibration is to calculate the so-called inner orientation parameters, i. e. focal length, lens offsets and distortions. Apollo’s 15, 16, and 17 missions were equipped with a high resolution (MC). These cameras were 76-millimeter Fairchild metric camera. The images were taken on 5-inch-wide film with an angular coverage of 74° by 74° at a resolution of 200 lines/mm. To correct each frame for positional and film distortions, a square array of 121 reseau and eight fiducial marks etched on the glass plate were imaged (Light 1972). Table 1 lists the calibration data for the MCs of the Apollo 16 mission, Wu and Moore 1980b. These parameters include the calibrated focal length and offsets of the principal point from the center of the fiducial marks, Fig. 2. The lens distortions for these cameras were less than 50 µm, though (Light 1972). The original films were archived in Center (JSC). 2007, University (ASU) started scanning and creating an online digital archive of all the original Apollo flight films. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about the Apollo missions' instrumentation and the technical processes involved in capturing images in space. It describes the high-resolution cameras used during Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions and the calibration methods that ensure accurate three-dimensional information from images. This evidence supports the authenticity of the Apollo footage by highlighting the complexities of photogrammetry and the challenges involved in accurately capturing images from such missions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: quintessence, as seen in [11] [14] ), that then, as given in part by [3] [6] where is three space volume, not including the time dimension, (9) Here in part we are partaking of the idea of a massive graviton, of about 10−62 grams, as given by [12] [15]. and we also, to those whom object to the idea of a massive Graviton refer to Maggiore [13] [16] (10) Here, the T is the trace of the energy Tensor, whereas h is the trace of. In our case, if one took the trace of the massless graviton, would be identically zero in line with T = 0, whereas in the formulation given by Maggiorie [16] if one did not have the trace of not equal to zero, one is assuming a modification of the usual massless spin 2 graviton, whereas in terms of our treatment of T, we are effectively, due to the work we did in [7] restricting the T to be equivalent to in the pre-Planckian treatment of space-time which is equivalent to looking at, if is the same as the time component of the Stress energy tensor in the pre-Planckian regime of space time, that we have by [7] that (11) The term of the inflaton scalar field factor shows up in the Equation (13) whereas we define the Graviton coupling term [16] via, if G is the gravitational constant, we define it as follows, namely (12) If the curvature measure, above is almost zero, then we can use from [1] with a cosmological potential energy term (usually is more dominant in inflation, to the kinetic energy, but our thought experiment has that the kinetic energy we call, i. e. the time derivative of the inflaton field, is the dominant factor before the Planck time regime which starts about 10−44 seconds), and the term we will be watching as extremely significant, the time derivative of the inflaton field. Here, we define the dynamical equation for H, below i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding time travel and witnessing historical events firsthand. It discusses technical concepts related to graviton theory and cosmological models, without addressing the topic of time travel directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Ubiquitous rare haplotypes are in yellow. Shared rare haplotypes in orange. SWIO-specific, group-specific and isolate-specific rare haplotypes are in dark red, red and pink respectively. There was no SWIO-specific or group-specific major haplotype. Full size imageOcean archipelagoes differed in their haplotype distributionThe haplotypes distribution across the samples was illustrated in the Fig. S2 (see also Table S3). The parasite haplotype distribution differed in honeybee from the SWIO compared to outgroups for many markers (e. g. 001B, 001CR, 010DF, 011BR, 019AF, 185A) suggesting different parasite populations in the SWIO. Three isolates clearly stood out from the others: A. dorsata, A. cerana and the malagasy A. mellifera MAD26. 1 isolate. The later differed from all other samples in several coding and non-coding markers (e. g. 001BR, 001DF, 003AR, 003B, 005BF, 020AF, 025AR). Other haplotypes showed distinct distribution for one island or one archipelago, e. g. 001CF and 005BR for the Seychelles, 013AF for Mauritius and Rodrigues, 014AR and 143AR for Mauritius only, 001EF and 019A for Reunion Island, 016B and 174AR for Madagascar (with the exception of the ISM04 isolate), 011CR for the Comoros. Some haplotypes were specific for geographic areas. The haplotypes 001CF03, 011AR09, 019AF07 and 143AF11 were present in the three honeybees from Seychelles but in none of the other isolates. The haplotypes 006AF08, 041AR06 and 143AR06 were only present in the three Mauritian honeybees. At last, a proximity between the Portuguese isolate and A. ceranae was observed for several markers (e. g. 001DF, 003A, 003B, 004AF, 004B, 005BF, 014AR, 019A, 052A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the haplotype distribution of the parasite A. ceranae in honeybee populations, indicating that different populations of the parasite exist and affecting honeybee health in the SWIO region. The proximity observed between the Portuguese isolate and A. ceranae further supports the view that this parasite is significant to honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon landings were faked, and all footage from the Apollo missions was filmed on Earth. [SEP] Text: The MC films were scanned using a Leica DSW 700 photogrammetric scanner at 200 pixels/mm. Since the Moon is one of the most high contrast objects, the images were scanned at 14-bit grayscale. This allowed acquiring the wide gray-scale spectrum captured by the original films (Lawrence et al. 2008). Table 1 Inner orientation parameters for Apollo 16 MCFull size table Fig. 2Fiducial marksFull size image 2. 2 Extraction and Matching of Conjugate PointsTo form the image block, we started by selected the first pair of images in the orbit. Feature points are then detected and matched through applying the (SIFT) technique, (Lowe 2004). This technique transform an image into a large number of image regions. Each of these regions, i. e. keypoint, is invariant to any scaling, rotation or translation of the image. These keypoints points are extracted from the scale-space extrema of differences-of-Gaussians (DoG) within a difference-of-Gaussians pyramid. pyramid is built by recursively smoothing and subsampling the input image. The difference-of-Gaussians pyramid is calculated from the discrepancies between the successive levels in the Gaussian pyramid. Keypoints are those which have extrema values of the DoG with respect to their image coordinates and the corresponding pyramid level. Keypoint descriptors are then defined from the gradient magnitudes and orientations of a 16 × 16 square array around each point. Concretively, the values of the gradient orientations populate a 128 orientation histograms for a 4 × 4 subregion. Values for the 128 orientation directions are then computed for each point. These values represent the descriptors for each point. Conjugate keypoints are then located in pairs of overlapping images based on the Euclidean distances of their descriptor vectors. 2. 3 Relative OrientationThe coplanarity condition (Mikhail et al. 2001) is a fundamental equation in photogrammetry to construct the relative orientation between two image points. It forces the two image points, their corresponding ground point, and the two perspective centers of the two cameras to all lay in a single plane. At least five common points are required to determine the relative orientation parameters of the two images. Since the SIFT algorithm is capable of providing extra points, we carried out this process in through a least-squares estimation model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes the scientific analysis of the Moon landing films, detailing how they were scanned at high resolution and processed using advanced techniques such as the SIFT algorithm for image recognition. The implication is that these films originate from Moon missions and support their authenticity, thereby contrasting with the claim that the Moon landings were faked.