Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All eco-friendly packaging decomposes at the same rate in any environment. [SEP] Text: Next, to evaluate the performance of this food-packaging system, three different food items, namely soluble coffee powder, biscuits, and olive oil, were individually packed in heat-sealed PNC20 bags and then wrapped with kraft paper (Fig. 4d). The preservation effects were assessed after storing the packed items at 53% RH for 12 months. Figure S6a-d illustrates that the quality of the food items wrapped in the PNC20/kraft paper packaging was comparable to that packed in PET bags (Figure S5e) in terms of moisture content for soluble coffee powder and biscuits and PV for olive oil and crisp biscuits. These results demonstrate that the PNC20/kraft paper packaging can effectively preserve these foods, extending their shelf life. Moreover, upon peeling off the kraft paper wrap, the individual PNC20 bags were capable of maintaining the quality of the foods for up to 3 days without significant moisture adsorption or softening (Figure S6e-f). Additionally, the PNC20 bag demonstrated rapid decomposition in hot water, fully dissolving the coffee within 50 s of stirring (Figure S6g). Therefore, it can also serve as edible packaging for food products that require dispersion in hot water. This packaging combination, employing PNC20 as the inner-packaging material and kraft paper as the outer layer, presents a promising alternative for preserving instant drinks, convenient snack foods and oil flavors (Movie 1). Importantly, after being buried in soil for only 10 days, the PNC20 bags underwent almost complete degradation, with no visible remnants (Fig. 4e), with a degradation rate of 83. 4 ± 1. 1% (Table S5). In contrast, under the same conditions, PLA and PBAT films retained their original shapes and showed an average degradation rate of only 1. 1 ± 0. 3%. [14, 58] This finding is of great significance, as it indicates that the PNC20 inner packaging can undergo rapid degradation in the natural environment, thereby significantly reducing the additional environmental impact and labor required for waste sorting and recycling. Furthermore, kraft paper, which is naturally biodegradable, is an environment-friendly material. Overall, the PNC20 film introduced in this study holds promise as an alternative to conventional plastic food-packaging material. 2. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that different eco-friendly packaging materials decompose at different rates in varying conditions. Specifically, it notes that the PNC20 bags underwent almost complete degradation after being buried in soil for only 10 days, while the PLA and PBAT films under the same conditions retained their shapes and showed a much lower degradation rate of just 1.1 ± 0.3%. This indicates that not all eco-friendly packaging decomposes at the same rate, thus refuting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Moormann, La bellezza dell’immondezza. Raffigurazioni di rifiuti nell’arte ellenistica e romana, in: Sordes urbis. La eliminación de residuos en la ciudad romana, Actas de la reunión, Roma 1996, Rom 2000, 75-94. L. Moretti, urbis Romae IV, Rom 1990. C. W. Müller, der Silberbecher von Hoby. frühgriechischer Literatur in der römischen Bildkunst der augusteischen Zeit, JdI 109, 1994, 321-352. R. Osborne, The art of signing in ancient Greece, Arethusa 43, 2, 2010, 231-251. A. Oxé, Zur aelteren Nomenklatur der römischen Sklaven, RhM N. F. 58, 1903, 107-140. A. Oxé – H. Comfort, Corpus vasorum Arretinorum. A catalogue of the signatures, shapes and chronology of Italian sigillata, Bonn 1968. R. Pagenstecher, Die calenische Reliefkeramik, Berlin 1909. D. Palombi, Un nuovo esemplare di ceramica «calena», ArchCl 44, 1992, 273-286. M. Paz de Hoz, Inscripciones griègas de España y Portugal, Madrid 2014. H. von Petrikovits, des römischen Handwerks, in: H. Jankuhn u. a. (edd. ), in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit I, AbhGöttingen 3. Folge 122, 1981, 63-132. H. Philipp, Tektonon Daidala. Der bildende Künstler und sein Werk im vorplatonischen Schrifttum, Berlin 1968. Ch. Picard, Dionysios de Colophon exportateur a Rimini (Italie). Terres cuites architecturales et «pocula» inscrits, RA 1965, I, 210-213. M. G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a bibliography listing various academic works and does not directly address the claim regarding the existence of detailed written records from every ancient civilization. As such, it does not provide any evidence to support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Only two studies examined nesting or reproductive behaviors of bees, with one reporting native > non-native effects on bee richness, abundance, and composition and one reporting mixed effects of native plants on reproduction in a single bee species. BeetlesFourteen studies examined the effects of native versus non-native plants on beetles in urban areas. Five (35. 7%) studies found native > non-native, five (35. 7%) found neutral effects, three (21. 4%) mixed effects, and one (7. 1%) native < non-native. Occupancy was again the most frequently studied interaction (n = 8). In three studies (37. 5%) urban beetle abundance composition and richness was higher in native plants than non-native plants (native > non-native). Neutral effects were found in three studies (37. 5%) and mixed effects in two studies (25. 0%). Beetle pollination was examined in five studies, in which beetles favored native plants in two studies (40. 0%). One study reported neutral effects, one mixed, and one native < non-native on beetle pollination. The effect of predation on urban beetle richness and abundance was assessed in one study, with neutral effects. BirdsThe largest single taxon represented in PAI studies was birds. Of the 48 studies that examined birds, 30 (62. 5%) found native > non-native. Nine studies (18. 8%) demonstrated neutral effects, 5 (10. 4%) found mixed effects, and five (10. 4%) found native < non-native. Of avifauna-focused studies, 29 assessed occupancy and abundance of birds in and around vegetation types, as evidenced by terms such as “abundance” “occupancy”, “assemblages”, “usage”/ “avoidance” “community structure” or “community composition”. There was an increased tendency for birds to physically occupy native vegetation (19 studies, 65. 5%). Only one study found neutral effects and two reported mixed effects. Studies comparing bird physiology such as nesting and breeding or feeding and foraging such as nectarivory or frugivory in or on native and non-native plants were less common than those examining occupancy and abundance. Birds do have an increased tendency to forage in and on native plants as evidenced in six of the 11 papers examining foraging (54. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that native plants positively affect various species in urban habitats. For example, it states that a significant portion of studies found greater abundance and richness of bees and birds in areas with native plants compared to non-native plants. Specifically, the findings indicate that 62.5% of studies on birds found that they favored native plants over non-native ones, which further supports the idea that enhancing urban habitats with native plants contributes to local biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All eco-friendly packaging decomposes at the same rate in any environment. [SEP] Text: [51, 60–61] These films exhibited easy biodegradability in natural environments, completely disintegrating after being buried in soil for 5 weeks (Fig. 6e). This biodegradability can be attributed to the components of the films, including pullulan, lignin, and cellulose. In contrast, commercial PLA-PBAT packages maintain their original shape when buried in soil for the same duration (Fig. 6e). However, they degrade after an additional 6 months of composting[62] and take hundreds of years to degrade in the oceans. [58, 63] The only minor drawback of the LPLNC-M film is its dark brown color, which hinders clear observation of the food and beverage inside the packages. Addressing this issue requires the development of advanced techniques to improve the transparency of the film using non-lignin biomass-based materials, which can also enhance water resistance. Importantly, all the raw materials used for the food-packaging films in this study, including pullulan, NC, and lignin, were obtained from biofabrication processes. These processes involved yeast fermentation and recyclable biorefinery of agricultural stalk waste using DESs. Furthermore, the fabrication of these films involved physical methods such as high-pressure homogenization, drying, and heat pressing. These approaches are much simpler to implement than the chemical processing of wood chips and maize cobs with aldehydes, necessary to convert these inedible biological materials into biodegradable polyesters like dimethylglyoxylate xylose. [16] Consequently, the techniques employed in this study for fully biomass-based food packaging present novel strategies for the production of bioplastic materials with favorable eco-friendly characteristics. However, the sustainability of these materials is yet to be assessed, as bio-based plastics do not inherently offer sustainability superior to fossil-based plastics. [2] Additionally, concerns regarding their cost and energy efficiency must be resolved. Nevertheless, the bioplastic packages in this study exhibit rapid natural degradation, enabling them to easily enter Earth's natural carbon cycle at the end of their lifespan. As a result, they can be converted into carbon sources for fermentation and contribute to the production of stalks for NC and lignin, effectively closing the loop of matter cycling in bioplastic packaging, as demonstrated in this work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that different eco-friendly packaging materials decompose at varying rates. Specifically, it mentions that certain packaging films completely disintegrate in soil after 5 weeks, while commercial PLA-PBAT packages do not disintegrate at the same rate and can take much longer to degrade, indicating that all eco-friendly packaging does not decompose at the same rate nor under the same conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Picozzi, Una collezione romana di antichità tra XVII e XVIII secolo. La raccolta Vitelleschi, BdA 78 Nr. 82, 69-82. L. Stefanelli, L’argento dei Romani, Rom 1991. H. Poeschel, Kunst und Künstler im antiken Urteil, München 1925. V. H. Poulsen, von Hoby, AntPl 8, 1968, 69-74. B. Poulsen, A signed mosaic from a Roman villa by lake Nemi, loc. S. Maria, in: St. Faust u. a. (edd. ), Antike, Architektur, Geschichte, Festschrift für Inge Nielsen, Aachen 2015, 167-179. G. Prachner, und Freigelassenen im arretinischen Sigillatagewerbe, Wiesbaden 1980. G. Prachner, Bemerkungen zu den ältesten römischen Sklaveninschriften, in: Migratio et commutatio. Studien zur alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, Thomas Pekáry zum 60. Geburtstag dargebracht, St. Katharinen 1989, 201-217. J. L. Ramírez Sádaba, La epigrafía griega hallada en la Península Ibérica, in: A. Martínez Fernández (ed. ), Estudios de epigrafía griega, 2009, 57-77. G. M. A. Richter, Three critical periods in ancient Italy, Oxford 1951. G. M. A. Richter, Ancient Italy. A study of the interrelations of its peoples as shown in their arts, 1955. G. M. A. Richter, Inscriptions on engraved gems of the Roman period and some modern or problematical representations, ArchCl 25/26, 1973/74, 631-638. L. Robert, Pantomimen im griechischen Orient, Hermes 65, 1930, 106-122. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of bibliographical references regarding ancient artifacts and inscriptions; however, it does not directly address the claim about the existence of detailed written records from every ancient civilization. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 5% native > non-native) 4 reporting neutral results and only one study finding increased foraging in non-native plants. Bird reproduction, nesting and survival was also found to be greater in native plants than non-native plants. HerpetofaunaFour studies assessed amphibians and/or reptiles, all of which evaluated occupancy in or around native vs. non-native plants in urban areas. 75% of these found native > non-native on herpetofauna abundance, richness, and/or composition, and one study reported neutral effects. LepidopteraFifteen of the 29 studies examining Lepidoptera interactions with urban plants found native > non-native (51. 7%), eight (27. 6%) demonstrated mixed effects, four (13. 8%) native < non-native, and two (6. 9%) neutral effects. Pollination was again the most-studied interaction (11 studies), with three papers demonstrating native > non-native, one demonstrating neutral effects, five demonstrating mixed effects, and two demonstrating native < non-native. Papers examining Lepidoptera herbivory (n = 4) found mostly mixed effects. Of two studies examining oviposition, one study demonstrated mixed effects and one observed native < non-native. One study assessed bird predation of Lepidoptera larvae and found that native plants promoted greater predation. MammalsEight studies focused on mammals, four of which examined bats. Four (50. 0%) studies demonstrated native > non-native, three (37. 5%) demonstrated neutral results, and one (12. 5%) native < non-native. Five studies examined occupancy of mammals in and around native vs. non-native plants. Of these, four (80%) demonstrated native > non-native on mammal abundance, richness, and/or composition. Three studies assessed foraging, with two studies reporting neutral effects on abundance and one reporting native < non-native. SpidersEight studies examined spiders, with six (75. 0%) reporting neutral effects and two (25. 0%) reporting native > non-native. Six studies assessed spider occupancy in urban native vs. non-native plants, all of which reported neutral effects on spider abundance and richness. Two studies examined spider predation in native vs. non-native plants, both of which reported spiders favoring native plants. Arachnids did not favor non-native plants in any of the studies reported here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing numerous studies indicating that native plants are generally more beneficial than non-native plants for various wildlife groups. For instance, it states that bird reproduction, nesting, and survival were greater in native plants compared to non-native ones. Additionally, it highlights that 75% of studies on herpetofauna found that native plants supported higher abundance and richness. The text also discusses studies on other wildlife such as Lepidoptera and mammals, where native plants often outperformed non-natives. Overall, these findings support the idea that enhancing urban habitats with native plants can positively impact local biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All eco-friendly packaging decomposes at the same rate in any environment. [SEP] Text: This eliminates the need for specialized composting, labor-intensive sorting, and recycling processes typically required for PLA-based plastics. Notably, in several underdeveloped countries, there may be insufficient resources to sort and recycle PLA-based plastics, making the rapid natural degradation of these new bioplastics an advantageous feature. Overall, our findings suggest that bioplastic packaging would have minimal end-of-life impact on the environment and the economy, indicating its potential as an alternative to fossil-based food packaging. ConclusionIn this study, we demonstrated that by effectively utilizing biomass-derived raw materials such as pullulan, NC, and lignin, it is possible to develop bioplastic films that exhibit performance comparable to that of bio-based and fossil-based plastics in food packaging. Importantly, these bioplastics exhibit significant potential for practical applications. This can be attributed to the following reasons: (1) Pullulan, a readily available commodity with a long history of use, serves as the raw material, making it easily accessible; (2) The biorefinery process for obtaining NC and HBL involves environment-friendly DES-assisted methods that utilize CS waste as sources; and (3) The fabrication of these films employs simple composite and practical physical approaches. Notably, the rapid biodegradation of these bioplastics in the natural environment suggests that they can easily integrate into ecosystems, potentially eliminating the need for recycling and composting at the end of their life cycle. This characteristic, combined with the advantages offered by the raw materials and fabrication techniques employed in the film production, aligns with the principles of green chemistry and sustainable development. Despite the introduced bioplastics currently fall short of fossil-based plastics in terms of economic feasibility and efficiency, they pave the way for the development of truly eco-friendly bioplastics capable of transitioning to a circular economy. Building upon these advancements, it is possible to develop all-biomass-derived general and engineered plastics by addressing the remaining challenges related to extensibility and rigidity. Declarationsis available online or from the author. authors thank the financial support by the Fund of Laboratory for and Modifications from for Nationalities (Project No. 20-6)0782. J. G. Rosenboom, R. Langer, G. Traverso, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2022, 7, 117. K. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that not all eco-friendly packaging decomposes at the same rate in different environments. It highlights that the rapid biodegradation of bioplastics depends on factors such as the ability to easily integrate into ecosystems and the potential advantages of specific raw materials and fabrication techniques. Thus, the implication that all eco-friendly packaging decomposes uniformly in any environment is challenged by the evidence presented regarding the performance and conditions necessary for bioplastics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Robert, Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient grec, Paris 1940. R. Robert, Ars regenda amore. Séduction érotique et plaisier esthétique: de Praxitèle à 104, 1992, 373-438. C. Roueché – K. Erim, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. G. Rupprecht, Untersuchungen zum Dekurionenstand in den nordwestlichen Provinzen des römischen Reiches, Kallmünz 1975. D. Schäfer, Frauen in der Arena, in: H. Bellen – H. Heinen (edd. ), Fünfzig zur antiken Sklaverei an der 1950-2000, Stuttgart 2001, 243-268. H. -G. Schalles, Nochmals zur sog. Kunstsammlung der pergamenischen Herrscher, in: J. Gebauer u. a. (edd. ), Bildergeschichte, Stähler, Möhnesee 2004, 413-428. I. Scheibler, Vasen, in: RE Suppl. XV, 1978, 663-700. A. Schulten, in Spanien, RhM N. F. 85, 1936, 289-346. Chr. Schwanzar, des Alexandros im Archeologico in Neapel, in: W. Alzinger u. a. (edd. ), Pro arte antiqua, Festschrift für Hedwig Kenner, Wien 1985, II 312-318. M. Sève, Rapports avec l’archéologie, BullEp 1992, p. 446-456. E. Simon, Augustus. Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende, München 1986. R. R. R. Smith, Greeks, foreigners and portraits, JRS 71, 1981, 24-38. H. Solin, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Personennamen in Rom, Helsinki 1971. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a series of bibliographic references and does not provide any information or analysis regarding the existence or absence of detailed written records from ancient civilizations. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Ecosystem servicesThirty-five papers examined the contributions of native and non-native plants to ecosystem services in urban areas. Eighteen ecosystem services were evaluated: biodiversity support (10 studies), air quality (7 studies), pest control (7 studies), carbon storage (6 studies), health and wellbeing (5 studies), carbon sequestration (4 studies), heat reduction (3 studies), decomposition (3 studies), food provisioning (2 studies), pollination (2 studies), stormwater reduction (2 studies), water use efficiency (2 studies), cultural value (1 study), economic value (1 study), groundwater recharge (1 study), nitrogen cycling (1 study), oxygen production (1 study), and water quality (1 study). Trees were the most studied taxa in ESS papers, with 18 out of 35 (51. 4%) papers specifically assessing ESS contributions of urban trees. All 4. Table 4 Ecosystem services: all 48. 3%) demonstrated native > non-native on the evaluated ecosystem service or services, 15 studies (25. 8%) showed neutral impacts, 10 (17. 2%) mixed impacts, and 6 (10. 3%) native < non-native on ecosystem services (Fig. 5). Fig. 5Number of studies reporting Native > Non-native, Native = Non-native (neutral), Native ~ Non-native (mixed) and Native < Non-native effects across ecosystem service typesFull size imageWe combined air quality, heat reduction, and oxygen production into an “air services” category comprised of 11 studies, of which six (54. 5%) demonstrated native > non-native. Carbon services (carbon sequestration combined with carbon storage) and biodiversity support were the second largest categories (10 studies each). These categories native > non-native in 40% and 50% of studies, respectively. Native performanceTwenty-three papers evaluated the performance of native-only or native and non-native plants within urban areas. Performance metrics examined included growth (11 studies), survival (8 studies), fitness (3 studies), water use efficiency (3 studies), leaf area (2 studies), drought tolerance (1 study), nutrient usage (1 study), resource acquisition (1 study), and plant health (1 study). All 5. Table 5 Native performance: all 25. 8%) reported greater performance of native plants (native > non-native), with most studies reporting mixed effects (n = 15, 48. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence that studies have shown native plants outperform non-native plants in contributing to ecosystem services, including biodiversity support. Specifically, it mentions that 10 studies evaluated biodiversity support, establishing the beneficial effects of native plants in urban areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging is always cheaper to produce than traditional packaging. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1033618/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractExtracted gelatin from the waste of fresh and grilled chicken skin was used to prepare films as a biodegradable packaging material from solutions of various gelatin concentrations using a casting approach. The thermal behavior of extracted gelatins was investigated by differential scanning calorimetric. The p5. 1 MPa. The elongation of waste skin gelatin-based films was higher than waste grilled skin gelatin (WG)-based films using 4 % and 8 % concentrations up to 57 %. Films manufactured from WG had significantly lower WVP than waste skin gelatin (WS) analogous at a 4 % gelatin concentration. The WVP of films manufactured from gelatin significantly increased as gelatin concentration increased where OU showed higher oil resistance for films manufactured from WS up to 91 % using 4 % gelatin concentration. The morphological structure of the gelatin film was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A homogenized and smooth film surface was observed. The percentage of heavy metal was examined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The results of this study showed that the films manufactured using higher concentrations of gelatin possessed promising mechanical properties, good barrier properties, and high safety as a recommended biopolymer packaging material for food contact and pharmaceutical applications. waste proteingelatinpackaging filmwater permeabilityoil swellingoverall migrationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 51. IntroductionPackaging of food and beverage is one of the largest upward industries within the plastic, glass, and paper packaging [1]. The conservatively plastic industries of packaging materials face great challenges such as sustainability, environmental problems, and the dwindling of fossil fuel-based feedstocks [2]. Biopolymers sources could replace or reduce commonly plastics production which are disbursed industrially, mainly for applications in the food packaging sector [3]. Recently, natural biopolymers gained great advantages as renewable in several types, biodegradable in the environment or edible [4] biopolymers can form polymer films with a wide range of natural polymers (chitosan, starch, carrageenans, pectin, gelatin, collagen, whey protein, corn, etc. ) [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges faced by traditional plastic packaging, such as sustainability and reliance on fossil fuels. It highlights advantages of biopolymers, which are posited as alternatives to plastics, suggesting that eco-friendly materials may have their own manufacturing costs and considerations that do not necessarily make them cheaper to produce than traditional packaging. It implies that while there are benefits to using ecological materials, it does not support the idea that they are always cheaper.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Solin, Zu den griechischen Namen in Rom, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 161-174. H. Solin, der orientalischen Sklaven, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 205-220. H. Solin, Namenwechsel und besondere Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Philologus 133, 1989, 252-259. H. Solin, Namenpaare. zur römischen Namengebung, Helsinki 1990. H. Solin, Anthroponymie und Epigraphik. Einheimische und fremde Bevölkerung, Hyperboreus 1, 1994/1995, Fasc. 2, 93-115. H. Solin, Die sogenannten Berufsnamen antiker Ärzte, in: Ph. J. van der Eijk (ed. ), Ancient medicine in its socio-cultural context, 1992, Amsterdam-Atlanta 1995, I 119-142. H. Solin, Namensgebung und Politik. und besonderen Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Tyche 10, 1995, 185-210. H. Solin, Die stadtrömischen Sklavennamen. I-III, Stuttgart 1996. H. Solin, Coppie di nomi, in: Epigrafia e territorio. Politica e società romane IV, Bari 1996, 353-369. H. . Architectus, Arctos 31, 1997, 135-142. H. Solin, Nochmals zu Berufsnamen bei antiken Ärzten, Acta34-35, 1998-99, 389-393. H. Solin, der sog. Nomina artis im antiken Rom, in: Onomastik, Akten des XVIII. für Namenforschung, Trier 1993, Tübingen 1999, III 15-23. H. Solin, Nomi greci nel mondo romano, in: P. Poccetti (ed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a reference list of publications by H. Solin concerning various aspects of ancient names and onomastics, and it includes citations of studies rather than providing evidence regarding the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the existence of detailed written records from every ancient civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 4%), six reporting greater performance of non-native plants (native < non-native;19. 4%) and two reporting neutral effects (6. 5%) (Fig. 5). Growth was the most examined performance metric (11 studies), followed by survival (8 studies). For growth, the majority of studies (63. 6%) reported mixed results for natives, and for survival, 50. 0% reported native > non-native. DiscussionIt has been well-documented that non-native species are a major driver of extinctions (Bellard et al. 2016) and are known to contribute to a variety of ecosystem disservices (Pejchar and Mooney 2009), yet non-native species dominate the urban horticulture trade. Contrary to this practice, there is a growing body of evidence that validates the use of native plants in urban horticulture, particularly for enhancing the quality of urban green spaces and the ecology of cities as a whole. Our results support other findings (i. e. , Berthon et al. 2021) that native plants overwhelming support higher faunal diversity when compared to non-native plant assemblages. We also found that when compared to non-native plants, native plants often lead to higher provisioning of ecosystem services. Finally, we found little evidence to support claims that non-natives plant species are better adapted to urban environments, though there is also a lack of evidence to significantly refute such claims. Few studies compare native and non-native species performance, growth, and/or tolerance to urban conditions. Plant-animal interactionsPlant origin unequivocally matters for supporting animal biodiversity in urban areas. The results presented in this review validate policies mandating the use of native plants in cities, as the majority of studies represented here found that native plants supported greater faunal presence, abundance, and diversity. Native plants also support more specialist animals, particularly for arthropods (Frankie et al. 2013; Jain et al. 2016; Burghardt et al. 2010), and more specialists contribute to overall increased biodiversity and decrease biotic homogenization. Furthermore, when herbivorous arthropods did feed on non-natives, they preferred the congeners of natives (Clem and Held 2015; Jain et al. 2021). The largest single taxon represented in PAI studies was birds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that native plants support higher faunal diversity when compared to non-native plant assemblages. It discusses the benefits of using native plants in urban horticulture for enhancing urban green spaces and ecology, emphasizing that native plants lead to greater biodiversity and support more specialist animals, which contributes to overall increased biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can hold any type of product without degrading. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1033618/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractExtracted gelatin from the waste of fresh and grilled chicken skin was used to prepare films as a biodegradable packaging material from solutions of various gelatin concentrations using a casting approach. The thermal behavior of extracted gelatins was investigated by differential scanning calorimetric. The p5. 1 MPa. The elongation of waste skin gelatin-based films was higher than waste grilled skin gelatin (WG)-based films using 4 % and 8 % concentrations up to 57 %. Films manufactured from WG had significantly lower WVP than waste skin gelatin (WS) analogous at a 4 % gelatin concentration. The WVP of films manufactured from gelatin significantly increased as gelatin concentration increased where OU showed higher oil resistance for films manufactured from WS up to 91 % using 4 % gelatin concentration. The morphological structure of the gelatin film was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A homogenized and smooth film surface was observed. The percentage of heavy metal was examined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The results of this study showed that the films manufactured using higher concentrations of gelatin possessed promising mechanical properties, good barrier properties, and high safety as a recommended biopolymer packaging material for food contact and pharmaceutical applications. waste proteingelatinpackaging filmwater permeabilityoil swellingoverall migrationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 51. IntroductionPackaging of food and beverage is one of the largest upward industries within the plastic, glass, and paper packaging [1]. The conservatively plastic industries of packaging materials face great challenges such as sustainability, environmental problems, and the dwindling of fossil fuel-based feedstocks [2]. Biopolymers sources could replace or reduce commonly plastics production which are disbursed industrially, mainly for applications in the food packaging sector [3]. Recently, natural biopolymers gained great advantages as renewable in several types, biodegradable in the environment or edible [4] biopolymers can form polymer films with a wide range of natural polymers (chitosan, starch, carrageenans, pectin, gelatin, collagen, whey protein, corn, etc. ) [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the properties of films made from extracted gelatin, emphasizing their specific mechanical and barrier properties for food and pharmaceutical applications. It suggests that the gelatin films have certain conditions under which they work effectively (e.g., varying concentrations of gelatin), implying that these films may not be suitable for all products without degrading or losing effectiveness, particularly since varying properties are highlighted based on gelatin concentration. The mention of challenges faced by traditional plastic packaging also indicates that proper usage of eco-friendly packaging requires consideration of product types.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: ), L’onomastica di Roma. Aspetti linguistici, storici, culturali, tipologici e classificatori, Rom 2009, 61-83. M. Squire, Ars in their “I“ s. Authority and authorship in Graeco-Roman visual culture, in: A. Marmodoro – J. Hill (edd. ), The author’s voice in classical and late antiquity, Oxford 2013, 357-414. M. Squire, Roman art and the artist, in: B. Borg (ed. ), Wiley-Blackwell companion to Roman art, Malden, MA 2015, 172-194. E. M. Štaerman, Die Blütezeit der Sklavenwirtschaft in der römischen Republik, Wiesbaden 1969. E. M. Štaerman, L’esclavage dans l’artisanat romain, DialHistAnc 2, 1976, 103-127. A. F. Stewart, Attika. Studies in Athenian sculpture of the hellenistic age, London 1979. P. Stewart, The social history of Roman art, Cambridge 2008. G. Susini, Il coroplasta Dionisio di Colofone, ArchCl 17, 1965, 302-305. L. R. Taylor, Freedmen and freeborn in the epitaphs of imperial Rome, AJPh 82, 1961, 113-132. E. Thomas, Nochmals zu den beiden Bechern des Chirisophos, KölnJb 33, 2000, 251-260. E. Thomas, verarbeitender Künstler und Kunsthandwerker in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: From the parts to the whole, Acta of the. 1996, Portsmouth 2002, II 241-247. E. Thomas, ΜΝΗΣΘΗ Ο ΑΓΟΡΑΖΩΝ. Bemerkungen zum Selbstverständnis und zur Einschätzung von Künstlern und Kunsthandwerkern in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: D. Boschung – H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a bibliographic reference and does not address the claim regarding the existence of detailed written records from ancient civilizations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: We found that the presence and fitness of bird species is positively related to native plant assemblages in urban green spaces, although they will use what is available to them in the absence of native plants (Dragoș et al. 2018). In some of the studies in this review, native birds preferred to occupy native plants and non-native birds preferred non-native plants (Daniels and Kirkpatrick 2006; Paker et al. 2014; Shackleton 2016; Wood and Esaian 2020). Interestingly, avian preference for fleshy fruit may facilitate the spread of non-natives plants in urban landscapes (Aronson et al. 2007; Møller et al. 2012). Additional work comparing specific usages of native and non-native plants for various aspects of birds’ life history would deepen our understanding of the drivers of native plant usage/non-native plant avoidance in birds. Arthropods were also well-represented in the literature. Plant-insect interaction theories postulate that herbivorous insects are highly sensitive to shifts from native to non-native dominant communities (Tallamy 2004). Our results corroborate this, with 28 studies (41. 8%) finding that native plants were preferred over non-native plants and that native plants lead to greater population growth of herbivorous insects. We found that taxa that rely on plants for food such as herbivores, nectarivores and frugivores were more closely associated with native plants than predatory taxa. However, predators’ prey, which tend to be herbivorous, are more commonly found in native plants so the predator trophic level is also affected by plant origin. For example, of the eight studies that assessed arachnids in this review, the ones demonstrating positive associations (25. 0%) examined predation on arthropods visiting plants (Greenstone et al. 2017; Narango et al. 2018) and the remainder, which assessed simple occupancy in plants without examining further trophic interactions, demonstrated neutral effects (Buchholz et al. 2015; Kowarik et al. 2019; Mody et al. 2020; Parsons et al. 2020; Schirmel 2020, Jensen et al. 2023). Of the four studies that demonstrated arthropods favoring non-native plants, one such study found that non-native plants were favored by non-native pest arthropods (Ciceoi et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that native plants lead to greater population growth of herbivorous insects and are preferred by various bird species in urban green spaces. It states, 'native plants were preferred over non-native plants' and emphasizes that certain taxa, such as herbivores, nectarivores, and frugivores, are more closely associated with native plants, suggesting that enhancing urban habitats with native plants can indeed support local biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can hold any type of product without degrading. [SEP] Text: The stimulants were selected carefully to represent different food natures. As shown in Table 4, the prepared films showed highly acceptable migration limits. The overall migration (OM) from the WG and WS gelatin films were ranged from 0 up to 0. 3 mg/dm2. The regulation limits the accepted level up to 10 mg/dm2. Table 4 The overall migration from WG and WS gelatin films Migration into 10% v/v ethanol (simulant A) mg/dm2 Migration into 20% v/v ethanol (simulant A) mg/dm2 Migration into 3% w/v acetic acid (simulant B) mg/dm2 Migration into Olive oil (simulant D2) mg/dm2 WS8% WG8% WS8% WG8% WS8% WG8% WS8% WG8% 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 4 0. 2 0. 3 0. 2 0. 0 0. 1 2 0. 2 0. 3 0. 2 0. 3 0. 1 0. 3 0. 0 0. 0 3 0. 0 0. 2 0. 3 0. 3 0. 3 0. 1 0. 0 0. 2 Mean 0. 15 0. 2 0. 3 0. 26 0. 23 0. 2 0. 0 0. 15 Acceptable 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 3. 9. Total heavy metals determination in various simulants The migration of heavy metals in various stimulants (i. e. Simulant A: 10 % v/v ethanol, Simulant B: 20 % v/v ethanol, Simulant D2: rectified olive oil) had been investigated. The traced metals were cadmium, lead, mercury, chrome, aluminum, arsenic, and antimony. The levels of migrated heavy metals in different simulants were in the accepted levels as shown in Table 5 [32]. The highly acceptable levels of overall migration and the traces of the heavy metal ensure the prepared gelatin films are appropriate as a food-contact layer. Table 5 The determination of migrated heavy metals traces in various simulants Conc. in 3% acetic acid, µg/L Conc. in 20% ethanol µg/L Conc. in 10% ethanol µg/L Conc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the overall migration limits of heavy metals from the gelatin films when exposed to different food simulants. It specifies the acceptable migration levels and indicates that while the films are appropriate for food-contact layers, their behavior in terms of sustainability and degradation under various conditions is not addressed. Therefore, it suggests that these films may not hold up under all product conditions without degrading.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Hellenkemper (edd. ), Kosmos der Zeichen. Schriftbild und Bildformel in Antike und Mittelalter, Wiesbaden 2007, 319-338. J. M. C. Toynbee, Some notes on artists in the Roman world, Brüssel 1951. N. Tran, Les membres des associations romaines, Rom 2006. S. Treggiari, during the late republic, Oxford 1969. V. Velkov, des Handwerks in den Städten Thrakiens und Untermoesiens, in: J. Hamatta (ed. ), Studien zur Geschichte und Philosophie des Altertums, Amsterdam 1968, 382-387. M. -L. Vollenweider, und ihre Künstler in spätrepublikanischer und augusteischer Zeit, Baden-Baden 1966. R. Vollkommer, Greek and Roman artists, in: C. Marconi (ed. ), handbook of Greek and Roman art and architecture, Oxford 2015, 107-135. J. P. Waltzing, Étude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les Romains depuis les origines jusqu’ à la chute de l’empire d’occident I-IV, Löwen 1895-1900. B. Wesenberg, Für eine situative Deutung des polykletischen Doryphoros, JdI 112, 1997, 59-75. R. Weis, des Griechischen im Rom der republikanischen Zeit, in: C. W. Müller u. a. (edd. ), mit fremden Sprachen in der griechisch-römischen Antike, Stuttgart 1992, 137-142. W. L. Westermann, Sklaverei, in: RE Suppl. VI, 1935, 894-1068. P. Zanker, Grabreliefs römischer Freigelassener, JdI 90, 1975, 267-315. M. -K. Zapheiropoulou, Emblemata vermiculata. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of bibliographic references and does not address or provide evidence about whether every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. It does not support or contradict the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 2017) and another found that the non-native host plant was a congener of the typical native host (Jain et al. 2021). Another study (Nagase et al. 2019) demonstrated correlations between increased Lepidoptera richness diversity and abundance and non-native plant richness diversity and abundance, but did not further delve into the composition of butterfly communities and did note that generalist larval host plants, though non-native, were abundant at study sites. Bees also favored to native plants, even though the majority of bee species are able to utilize pollen from a wide variety of floral resources (Michener 1979). Bees also commonly exhibit generalist behaviors in the flowers they visit (Ebeling et al. 2011), with specialization on a single pollen source being rare. However, even where non-natives were common in the habitat, bees still choose native plants (ex. , Williams et al. 2011; Palmersheim et al. 2022). Native plants had a positive effect on urban Lepidoptera abundance, richness, composition, and diversity. Lepidoptera require both nectar sources and host plants which may or may not be the same plant. The majority of Lepidoptera are specialists, relying on a single species or family to sustain their larval stage (Narango et al. 2020; Tallamy et al. 2021; Kawahara et al. 2023), particularly in the tropics (Anstett et al. 2016). Natives plants are crucial to maintaining specialist populations (Burghardt et al. 2010). Most studies of Lepidoptera reviewed here examined pollination with too little attention paid to oviposition (2 studies) and herbivory (4 studies) which are the stages of their life history where Lepidoptera tend to be specialists, rather than on the plants from which they take nectar. Understanding how fauna, particularly Lepidoptera, utilize plants over multiple life stages is critical to conservation of these taxa in urban habitats. Despite PAI being the largest category in this review, gaps remain in our knowledge of how native and non-native plants affect urban fauna. First, the most-examined response across all taxa was occupancy, but further research on specific interactions should be examined to elucidate the mechanisms driving species responses to native and non-native plants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that native plants positively impact urban Lepidoptera abundance, richness, composition, and diversity. It specifically states, 'Native plants had a positive effect on urban Lepidoptera abundance, richness, composition, and diversity,' which supports the notion that enhancing urban habitats with native plants can bolster local biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: In the past few decades, population increase and the resultant increased food requirements compelled Pakistani growers for bringing marginal and sloping lands under cultivation with their inaccurate cultivation techniques (Ali et al. , 2007). This practice, no doubt, rewards in the short run but is devastating for precious resources in the long run. The whole fertile surface soil is washed away as runoff after the occurrence of a few rainstorms leading to permanent degradation of soil. Crop productivity on such degraded soil goes uneconomical and restricted with respect to crop choice. Soil losses from a field are dependent upon many factors like type and amount of rainfall, soil characteristics, field slope type and length and soil cover and management factors. Due to these factors, researchers in northern Pakistan have reported soil loss from 2 – 104 t ha-1 year-1 (Ahmad, 1990; Khan and Bhatti, 2000; Khan et al. , 2001) with resultant soil physico-chemical deterioration including reduced soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient concentration, reduced infiltration rate and water holding capacity, and exposure of clayey subsoil. Bhatti et al. (1997) reported loss of 48, 24 and 18 kg ha-1 soil P, N and organic matter, respectively, under water eroded conditions indicating heavy loss of valuable nutrients every year. Bhatti et al. (1998) further reported severe deficiency of available P and K (2. 68 and 48 mg kg-1, respectively) under eroded field conditions and the field was also low in organic matter (1. 2 to 6. 6 g kg-1). Cultivation of eroded lands need improved management techniques and conservation practices and the incorporation of nutrient from varied sources. Few of these nutrient sources have been counted by Khan et al. (2007) are farmyard manure, compost, humic acid, synthetic fertilizers and their combinations. Under such circumstances, livestock raring is very important way for the provision of farmyard manure required for intensive and sustainable crop husbandry (Reddy et al. , 2003). In past, utilization of livestock by-products by the resource poor farming community for household energy purposes created its availability problems for field applications and the crop demand for nutrients is met only with sub optimal rates of NPK fertilizers. This has resulted in a decline in SOM and has negatively affected soil fertility and crop productivity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing issues faced by Pakistani growers, including soil degradation and nutrient loss that prevent effective modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. It mentions the negative impacts of inaccurate cultivation techniques and the resultant soil erosion, which leads to reduced nutrient levels and decreased crop productivity. Therefore, rather than supporting the claim that precise modifications can improve yields, the text highlights the challenges that hinder such improvements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Hellenistische und spätrepublikanische Bildmosaiken, Paderborn u. a. 2006. L. Zgusta, des Griechischen im römischen Kaiserreich, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 121-145. G. Zimmer, Römische Berufsdarstellungen, Berlin 1982. O. Zwierlein, Plinius über den Laokoon, in: H. -U. Cain u. a. (edd. ), Festschrift für Nikolaus Himmelmann, Mainz 1989, 433-443. E. Zwierlein-Diehl, Gemmen mit Künstlerinschriften, in: Meisterwerke, Symposion anlässlich des 150, Geburtstages von Adolf Furtwängler, Freiburg/Br. 2003, München 2005, 321-343 (mit Ergänzungen in SEG 55, 2005 [2009], 2020). Nicht hinter jeder griechischen Signatur muss ein Grieche stecken. Pseudonyme unter Bildenden Künstlern des antiken 2018, Volume: 16, 205 - 227, 15. 11. 2018 Abstract 1990. B. Andreae, Römische Kunst, Freiburg/Br. -Basel 1973. B. Andreae, Plinius und der Laokoon, TrWPr 8, 1986 (1987). B. Andreae, Eine weniger elegante Lösung. Noch einmal zu Plinius, Naturalis historia 36, 37, RM 96, 1989, 433-438. B. Andreae, Antike Bildmosaiken², Darmstadt-Mainz 2012. A. Andrén, Deeds and misdeeds in classical art and antiquities, Partille 1986. G. Baader, Ärzte auf pannonischen Inschriften, Klio 55, 1973, 273-297. M. Bang, im römischen Dienst bis zum I. , Diss. , Berlin 1906. G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it provides references and mentions of various academic works, largely unrelated to the specific assertion about detailed written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: For example, examining the intensity of herbivory, coupled with leaf chemical analysis, may lead to a greater understanding of why native herbivores prefer native plants. For other trophic levels, the benefit may be due to changes in prey abundance or differences in vegetation structure. Rowe and Garcia (2013), found that the movements of small anurans were negatively impacted by rhizomatous mats formed by invasive Phalaris arundinacea, and as a result the amphibians benefitted from removal of the non-native plant. Second, more thorough investigations of whether non-native plants support more non-native fauna, particularly in the case of facilitation of invasive insects (e. g. Ailanthus altissima and Lycorma delicatula; Ciceoi et al. 2017) is warranted to develop better management protocols to limit the spread of invasive species. Third, non-avian vertebrates need more attention, especially herbivores and frugivores, as trends for these organisms were not possible to interpret due to the lack of studies. Finally, trait-based studies, including examining functional diversity, will allow for a deeper understanding of how flora origin may drive trait shifts in co-evolved organisms. Ecosystem servicesPlants provide a variety of ecosystem services that are of critical value for human survival. Although we found relatively few studies that compared ecosystem service provisioning between native and non-native plants, overall native plants provide greater intensity and diversity of ecosystem services over non-native plants. Trees, the most studied ESS provider across all papers in this review, are crucial for ESS provisioning. Regardless of origin, trees provide services such air quality improvements and heat reduction in the form of shade by nature of their morphology alone but native plant still outperformed non-natives for the majority of ecosystem services assessed in the studies in this review. Non-native plants may in some instances be planted over natives for possessing particular desirable traits. For example, in Santiago, Chile, where native urban trees are primarily evergreen, non-native trees with broad leaves were chosen to provide increased shade and heat reduction (Arcos-LeBert et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that native plants provide a greater intensity and diversity of ecosystem services compared to non-native plants. It states, 'overall native plants provide greater intensity and diversity of ecosystem services over non-native plants,' which supports the idea that incorporating native plants into urban habitats can enhance biodiversity and ecological health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: The frequency and magnitude of maize yield response to fertilizer N, P and K varied strongly over space and time, yet observed patterns were not adequately explained by soil chemical parameters or texture. Fertilizing with N, P, and K substantially reduced observed spatial-temporal variability in maize yield response, and resulted in consistently enhanced maize yields. All fields were responsive to N, most fields to P and only 7 to K. On average, NPK yields were about 5 to 5. 5 tons ha-1 in the short- and long rainy seasons respectively. Application of only NP or NK resulted in strongly declining yields within a few seasons, with large differences between farms in resilience of soil P and K stocks. Based on observed spatial-temporal patterns, we concluded that blanket fertilizer recommendations in such farming systems result in low fertilizer use efficiencies. We further concluded that current methods for soil analysis do not adequately explain the observed variation in maize yield response to application of N, P and K fertilizers under the highly variable soil fertility conditions encountered in smallholder farming systems. Accounting for past manure application in Phase 1 of the experiment improved our ability to explain the variation in maize yield response to fertilizer application. Mean maize yield response to N, P and K application was 2. 8, 1. 1 and 0. 6 t ha-1 in fields with animal manure previously applied, and 2. 3, 3. 0 and 1. 6 t ha-1 in farms without past manure applications over 7 cropping seasons. Differences in maize yield response in fields with and without past manure applications were mainly related to enhanced soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) supply, and larger recovery of applied nitrogen (N) in fields with manure previously applied. Based on these findings, we concluded that the strong influence of past animal manure application on yield response to fertilizer applications merits the inclusion of past manure application as a co-variate in analysis of yield response data from smallholder cropping systems of SSA. Evaluation of the Fertility of () model did not adequately estimate crop yield responses to fertilizer applications under variable soil fertility conditions. This was linked to poor estimation of soil N, P and K supply based on current relationships for potential soil nutrient supply in the model. In particular, soil organic carbon (SOC) and P-Olsen were poor indicators of crop N and P uptake from the soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how current methods for soil analysis do not adequately explain the variation in maize yield response to fertilizer application. It highlights that blanket fertilizer recommendations result in low fertilizer use efficiencies in smallholder farming systems. This indicates that the approach to modifying crop yields through fertilizers is not as precise as the claim suggests, due to the variability in soil fertility and past manure application's influence on nutrient availability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Becatti, Ἀττικά. Saggio sulla scultura attica dell’ellenismo, RIA 7, 1940, 7-116. H. Bellen, Die germanische Leibwache der römischen Kaiser des julisch-claudischen Hauses, Mainz 1981. A. Bernand, Pan du désert, Leiden 1977. A. Berthold, antiker Namen als Signaturen auf neuzeitlichen Gemmen und ihre Quellen, in: R. Einicke u. a. (edd. ), Zurück zum Gegenstand, Furtwängler II, Langenweißbach 2009, 549-554. A. Berthold, Entwurf und Ausführung in den artes minores. Münz- und Gemmenkünstler des 6. -4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. , Hamburg 2013. M. Bonaria, Dinastie di pantomimi latini, Maia N. S. 11, 1959, 224-242. G. Botti – P. Romanelli, Le sculture del Egizio, Vatikanstadt 1951. P. Boyancé, La connaissance du grec à Rome, REL 34, 1956, 111-131. O. J. Brendel, Prolegomena to the study of Roman art, New Haven-London 1979. Ph. Bruneau, Philologie mosaïstique, JSav 1988, 3-73. Chr. Bruun, Greek or Latin? The owner’s choice of names for vernae in Rome, in: M. George (ed. ), Roman slavery and Roman material culture, Toronto u. a. 2013, 19-42. A. Buonopane, Statuarius. Un nuovo documento epigrafico, ZPE 120, 1998, 292-294. I. Bourtzinakou, von Aphrodisias, Diss. Heidelberg 2011, Heidelberg 2012. H. -U. Cain – O. Dräger, Die sogenannten neuattischen Werkstätten, in: G. (ed. ), Das Wrack. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a list of bibliographic references or citations concerning various scholarly works, without any discussion or argument related to the claim about the existence of written records in ancient civilizations. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Most studies in this review focused on parks, remnant natural areas, and private gardens, which are logical choices for observing urban plant and animal diversity. However, given the millions of street trees worldwide that are not specifically associated with parks, private gardens, or remnant forest, it is surprising that more street trees have not been examined in the literature. Only 16% of studies fell into our “hardscape” habitat category, the one that included street trees. City, for example, has over 600,000 individual street trees and has implemented various programs associated with inventorying the health of street trees (n. d. ). For some cities, the combined area of street trees may be much larger than that of parks and greenspaces (Shackleton 2016). In particular, bird or herbivorous insect studies could yield interesting results comparing faunal uses of native and non-native urban street trees. Only a few studies have done so, demonstrating the importance of native street trees for supporting native birds (Ikin et al. 2013; Shackleton 2016; Wood and Esaian 2020). Comparisons of survival, fitness, or disease resistance and ecosystem service provisioning of native and non-native urban street trees is also largely unexplored. Despite clear drawbacks to using non-native plants, they persist as a popular choice among both private and public land stewards and owners. Non-natives remain widely available from nurseries and wholesalers and regulation of sales is inconsistent or completely lacking, particularly for online sales (Beaury et al. 2021). Real or perceived decorative value and socio-economic status is another driving factor, with higher-income areas associated with increased use of non-natives in urban parks (Bayón et al. 2021). Decorative value is also highly subjective, and can differ greatly between regions. Social characteristics such as age, level of education and ethnicity also shape urban residents’ views on and awareness of the potential damages of non-native plants in ecosystems (Potgieter et al. 2019). Similarly, “nativeness” is not a visually identifiable characteristic to the majority of urban residents, so aesthetics, of which those of non-natives are perceived to be higher, is a more important plant feature to the general public (Fischer et al. 2011). The novelty factor of non-natives has contributed to their popularity dating back centuries (Hoyle et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of native street trees for supporting native birds and discussing the greater ecosystem service provisioning of native plants compared to non-native ones. It specifically mentions that 'studies have demonstrated the importance of native street trees for supporting native birds,' directly supporting the idea of enhancing urban habitats with native plants to bolster local biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Application of only NP or NK resulted in strongly declining yields within a few seasons, with large differences between farms in resilience of soil P and K stocks. Based on observed spatial-temporal patterns, we concluded that blanket fertilizer recommendations in such farming systems result in low fertilizer use efficiencies. We further concluded that current methods for soil analysis do not adequately explain the observed variation in maize yield response to application of N, P and K fertilizers under the highly variable soil fertility conditions encountered in smallholder farming systems. Accounting for past manure application in Phase 1 of the experiment improved our ability to explain the variation in maize yield response to fertilizer application. Mean maize yield response to N, P and K application was 2. 8, 1. 1 and 0. 6 t ha-1 in fields with animal manure previously applied, and 2. 3, 3. 0 and 1. 6 t ha-1 in farms without past manure applications over 7 cropping seasons. Differences in maize yield response in fields with and without past manure applications were mainly related to enhanced soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) supply, and larger recovery of applied nitrogen (N) in fields with manure previously applied. Based on these findings, we concluded that the strong influence of past animal manure application on yield response to fertilizer applications merits the inclusion of past manure application as a co-variate in analysis of yield response data from smallholder cropping systems of SSA. Evaluation of the Fertility of () model did not adequately estimate crop yield responses to fertilizer applications under variable soil fertility conditions. This was linked to poor estimation of soil N, P and K supply based on current relationships for potential soil nutrient supply in the model. In particular, soil organic carbon (SOC) and P-Olsen were poor indicators of crop N and P uptake from the soil. Maize grain yield in unfertilized control treatment plots provided better estimates of potential soil N, P and K supply, resulting in improved predictions of maize yield response to fertilizer applications. These findings suggest that the standard soil parameters analysed do not accurately inform on the soil fertility status of the field and are of little use for smallholder farmers. Improved relations for estimation of potential soil nutrient in are required for better prediction of expected maize yield response to fertilizer application under variable soil fertility conditions. Maize crops in strongly nutrient-depleted soils responded strongly to balanced NPK fertilization, with yields comparative to long-term means within three seasons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of current fertilizer application methods and soil analysis techniques. It emphasizes that blanket fertilizer recommendations lead to low efficiencies and fail to account for differences in soil fertility, which negatively impacts crop yield. Furthermore, it highlights that standard soil parameters do not accurately indicate soil fertility status, which suggests that without precise modifications and better understanding, achieving improved crop yield and nutrient content is challenging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Der antike Schiffsfund von Mahdia, 1994/95, Köln 1994, II 809-829. I. Calabi Limentani, Studi sulla società romana. Il lavoro artistico, Mailand-Varese 1958. I. 1958, 619-621. I. 1965, 156-159. I. 1966, 484 f. I. Calabi Limentani, Epigrafia latina³, Mailand 1974. A. Cameron, Porphyrius the charioteer, Oxford 1973. A. Chaniotis, Second thoughts on second names in Aphrodisias, in: E. Parker (ed. ), Personal names in ancient Anatolia, Oxford 2013, 207-229. H. Chantraine, Freigelassene und Sklaven im Dienst der römischen Kaiser. Studien zu ihrer Nomenklatur, Wiesbaden 1967. J. Christes, Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im antiken Rom, Wiesbaden 1979. G. Cultrera, Fiano Romano, NSc 1915, 158-165. L. R. Dean, A study of the cognomina of soldiers in the Roman legions, Princeton 1916. W. Decker, Beinamen antiker Athleten, in: P. Mauritsch u. a. (edd. ), für Ingomar Weiler, Wiesbaden 2008, 161-173. S. Deyts u. a. , Musée Archéologique de Dijon, Dijon 1995. S. Kansteiner u. a. (edd. ), Overbeck. Die antiken Schriftquellen zu den Bildenden Künsten der Griechen I-V, Berlin-Boston 2014. M. Donderer, Die antiken Pavimenttypen und ihre Benennungen, JdI 102, 1987, 365-377. M. Donderer, Nicht Praxiteles, sondern Pasiteles. Eine signierte Statuenstütze in Verona, ZPE 73, 1988, 63-68. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of sources and studies related to ancient civilizations, but does not offer any direct evidence or commentary about the existence or absence of detailed written records from every ancient civilization. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 2017) and neighborhood gardening trends and norms continue to drive purchases and installation of non-natives (Nassauer et al. 2009), in turn increasing propagule pressure to urban greenspaces (Lockwood et al. 2009; Tartaglia et al. 2018). Changing public opinion and the use of non-native species in urban horticulture is critical for biodiversity conservation in urban areas. Here, we show that native plants can not only perform adequately in urban conditions but that they also provide multiple ecosystem functions in urban greenspaces, supporting humans via greater contributions to ecosystem services as well as supporting more urban wildlife, which clearly favor native vegetation. There is a growing body of evidence that validates the use of native plants in cities and research effort in this area is increasing over time. Thus, native plants should be prioritized in urban green space and hardscape management. As the world rapidly urbanizes and habitat is lost and degraded at an accelerating rate (Prăvălie 2021), it is critical that urban green spaces support ecosystem function and biodiversity as a necessary means of conservation and maintaining human health and well-being. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. 6786. Accessed 13 Feb 2024(n. d. ) Trees and Plants in City Parks. Accessed 14 Feb2024Codes, Rules and Regulations (2017) York Codes, Rules and Regulations. Accessed 13 Feb 2024(2009) Invasive plant species and the ornamental horticulture industry. Management of invasive weeds, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 167–187. Accessed 12 Feb 2024Reis E, López-(2012) Changes in bird species richness through different levels of urbanization: implications for biodiversity conservation and garden design in Central Brazil. Plann 107:31–42. Response of avian communities to invasive vegetation in urban forest fragments. Condor: Ornith Appl. UN, New York. (2008) Diversity of native and exotic birds across an urban gradient in a city. Plann 87:223–232. Non-uniform bird assemblages in urban environments: the influence of streetscape vegetation. Plann. (2004. 02. 006)46. EM, (2020) The importance of street trees to urban avifauna. 30:e02149. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'native plants can not only perform adequately in urban conditions but that they also provide multiple ecosystem functions in urban greenspaces, supporting humans via greater contributions to ecosystem services as well as supporting more urban wildlife, which clearly favor native vegetation.' This supports the idea that using native plants in urban habitats enhances local biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of the Fertility of () model did not adequately estimate crop yield responses to fertilizer applications under variable soil fertility conditions. This was linked to poor estimation of soil N, P and K supply based on current relationships for potential soil nutrient supply in the model. In particular, soil organic carbon (SOC) and P-Olsen were poor indicators of crop N and P uptake from the soil. Maize grain yield in unfertilized control treatment plots provided better estimates of potential soil N, P and K supply, resulting in improved predictions of maize yield response to fertilizer applications. These findings suggest that the standard soil parameters analysed do not accurately inform on the soil fertility status of the field and are of little use for smallholder farmers. Improved relations for estimation of potential soil nutrient in are required for better prediction of expected maize yield response to fertilizer application under variable soil fertility conditions. Maize crops in strongly nutrient-depleted soils responded strongly to balanced NPK fertilization, with yields comparative to long-term means within three seasons. Placement of P fertilizer strongly improved recovery, reducing the need for larger soil P stocks on soils that will typically develop a large insoluble P pool under P fertilization. The RC-P model provided insights in long-term recovery of P and could describe the observed P uptake patterns reasonably well. We concluded that strongly nutrient depleted tropical soils such as those in Siaya with high clay contents that are typical for western Kenya, do not require prior investments to rebuild nutrient stocks and soil organic matter to substantially increase crop yields to 5-5. 5 t ha-1. This has important implications for crop productivity intensification in SSA as a large proportion of soils under cultivation are strongly nutrient depleted, and earlier approaches have suggested the need for costly and capital intensive soil fertility replenishment. Results in this thesis clearly demonstrate that sustainable intensification of crop productivity on smallholder farms of SSA is very well possible on all fields under good management, even when soils are strongly nutrient depleted. However, the need for P and K fertilizers and amounts applied should be tailored to specific field conditions to reduce farmer costs in the short term. Accounting for past farm management and assessment of current yields under minimal or no fertilizer applications provides a means for improved targeting of fertilizer applications at the farm level. In the long term, farmers should aim for balanced fertilization to prevent mining of soil stocks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the current models do not adequately estimate crop yield responses based on soil fertility and nutrient supply. It emphasizes that the standard soil parameters analyzed are of little use for smallholder farmers and suggests improvements are necessary for better predictions. This implies that existing methodologies for modifying fertilizer input may not effectively enhance crop yield as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Donderer, der Antike und ihre wirtschaftliche und soziale Stellung, Erlangen 1989. M. Donderer, Merkwürdigkeiten im Umgang mit griechischer und lateinischer Schrift in der Antike, Gymnasium 102, 1995, 97-122. M. Donderer, der späten römischen Republik und der Kaiserzeit. Epigraphische Zeugnisse, Erlangen 1996. M. Donderer, für Agone in den Bildenden Künsten, in: F. Blakolmer u. a. (edd. ), Fremde Zeiten, Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt, Wien 1996, I 329-338. M. Donderer, Mosaikemblemata. und schwunghafter Gebrauchtwarenhandel, BAParis 28, 2001, 101-132. M. Donderer, - wo man sie nicht erwarten würde, ÖJh 73, 2004, 81-96. M. Donderer, Rez. zu Andreae 2007/2012, Gnomon 79, 2007, 164-170. M. Donderer, der Antike II. Epigraphische Quellen. Neufunde und Nachträge, Erlangen 2008. M. Donderer, Nicht immer wörtlich zu verstehen. mit griechischen betrieben, BABesch 86, 2011, 185-207. H. Dragendorff, Firmenstempel und Künstlersignatur auf arretinischen Reliefgefäßen, in: H. von Petrikovits (ed. ), Festschrift für August Oxé zum 75. Gebutstag, Darmstadt 1938, 1-8. F. Drexel, Über den häufigen Gebrauch berühmter Künstlernamen, in: L. Friedländer – G. Wissowa (edd. ), Darstellungen aus der IV, 10. Auflage, Leipzig 1921, 197-202. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it appears to be a list of references and studies related to various aspects of ancient cultures without explicitly stating whether all ancient civilizations produced written records or not.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens in cities can provide habitats for birds, bees, and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: December 17, 2020 The bees are back in town: Pollinators in an urban ecosystem The growing urbanisation of the landscape poses a major threat to insect pollinators. The reduction in number of these insects, especially bee species, could have a severe impact on agricultural production as many of the crops that we rely on could not produce seeds without pollination. Working with the and investigate pollinator visitation to a small restoration site at in Florida, to compare pollinators in an urban ecosystem to those in a larger conservation area. Pollinators are any animals (usually insects) that transfer pollen from one flower to another, and without them around 75% of flowering plants would be unable to reproduce – including many species that we rely on for food and other products. The growth of towns and cities (‘urbanisation’) means the reduction in natural environments where these pollinator species thrive. While declines in European honeybee populations have drawn global attention because of their importance to crop pollination, declines in native species worldwide are causing concern for both agriculture and native plant reproduction. researchers Bennington and May investigate the pollinators visiting a small restoration area in an urban ecosystem to compare how the numbers and species of insects present compare to those found in a larger conservation area. The question is, does this small area provide enough habitat and food to support a diverse and abundant insect pollinator community? Jacob_09/Shutterstock. com In 2011 a small field located near the on the campus in Florida was selected to be restored to the natural sandhill ecosystem that would have dominated the area prior to urbanisation (European settlement). These sandhills are so called because of the deep, sandy soil of the area, but the dominant features of the landscape were the large, widely spaced pine trees. The sandhill restoration involved planting more than 80 native tree species, mostly longleaf pine, and the development of an understory of plants and grasses. This small fragment of restored ecosystem is still immature. The trees are young and don’t provide the same high, thick canopy as you would find in a more mature ecosystem, which affects the smaller plants growing below. Yet already you can see the difference from the neglected lawn that was there previously, especially as pollinators return to visit the many flowering plants. …the Ecosystem is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the establishment of a restored natural ecosystem in an urban area which facilitates the return of pollinators, including bees, to visit the many flowering plants. This supports the notion that urban garden initiatives, like rooftop gardens, can create habitats conducive to the survival and flourishing of pollinators amidst urbanization.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: agriculture seems to be influenced by the economic factors therefore to increase the income of the small households, to stabilize farm income and to conserve the natural resource-base, diversification of the existing systems is recommended. Sharma et al. , (2012) and Mandal et al. , (2016) have also reported that planting of suitable crop types in a system helps improve the soil nutrient status and also the microbial population. The selection of the crops needs to be planned to utilize the synergism among crops towards the efficient utilization of resources and to stabilise overall productivity, profitability and soil quality. Keeping this in view, the field study was conducted to assess the effect of different crop sequences on soil organic carbon, available N, P and K, nutrient uptake and crop yield. site climate and soil type In the present investigation, a field experiment was conducted during October 2018-October 2019 (Kharif and Rabi seasons) at an elevation of 1100 m amsl at a latitude of 32°04' N and longitude of 76°35' E at Farm, Department of of Himachal Pradesh, India. The soil of the experimental area falls in the order of Alfisols with Paleudalf as the great group as per the Regime. Treatment details There were ten intensified cropping sequences examined under randomized block design with three replications viz. , maize-wheat (T1), maize-gobhi sarson + toria (T2), dhaincha-cabbage-french bean (T3), sunhemp-vegetable pea-french bean (T4), maize + soybean-chickpea + linseed (T5), rice-wheat + gram (T6), hybrid sorghum + hybrid bajra-oats + aarson (hybrid) (T7), hybrid sorghum + hybrid bajra-ryegrass + berseem (T8), babycorn-broccoli-french bean (T9), okra-turnip-tomato (T10). During kharif and rabi season the crop varieties were applied with the recommended dose of N, P2O5 and K2O (Kg ha-1). The source of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on economic influences and crop diversification for small households rather than directly discussing precision modifications for improving crop yield and nutrient content. It mentions crop sequences and soil nutrient status improvement but does not support the notion of precise modifications being crucial for enhancing yields.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Düll, Die Götterkulte Nordmakedoniens in römischer Zeit, München 1977. K. M. D. Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman world, Cambridge 1999. F. Duthoy, Sculpteurs et commanditaires aux IIe siècle après J. -C. Rome et Tivoli, Rom 2012. Enciclopedia dell’Classica e ff. , Rom 1958 ff. P. E. Easterling, Actor as icon, in: P. E. Easterling – E. Hall (edd. ), Greek and Roman actors. Aspects of an ancient profession, Cambridge 2002, 327-341. K. T. Erim – J. Reynolds, Sculptors of Aphrodisias in the inscriptions of the city, in: N. Başgelen – M. Lugal (edd. ), Festschrift für Jale Inan, Istanbul 1989, 517-538. K. T. Erim – C. M. Rouché, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. J. Fejfer, Roman portraits in context, Berlin-2008. K. Fittschen, Über den Beitrag der Bildhauer in Athen zur Kunstproduktion im römischen Reich, in: St. Blizos (ed. ), Athens during the Roman period. Recent discoveries, new evidence, Athen 2008, 325-335. L. Friedländer, Dissertationis de nominibus clarorum artificum frequentatis pars I-II, Königsberg 1859. M. Fuchs, In hoc etiam genere Graeciae nihil cedamus. Studien zur Romanisierung der späthellenistischen Kunst im 1. Jh. v. Chr. , Mainz 1999. B. und H. Galsterer, Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen, in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. des öffentlichen Raumes, 1990, Köln 1992, 377-389. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of references and citations related to various ancient artifacts and studies, but it does not address or provide evidence regarding the existence of detailed written records from every ancient civilization. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens in cities can provide habitats for birds, bees, and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: This area, known as the Ecosystem, is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects. Anyone is welcome to visit the and take part in the – where volunteers can record pollinator activity and contribute to the ongoing data collection. and May are interested in how well this small area of restored sandhill ecosystem might support pollinators, in comparison to a larger natural area. Sandhill is surrounded by an urban ecosystem of residential, business and university campus areas. The ability of this and any small, isolated fragment of semi-natural habitat to support insect life depends upon its ability to provide suitable habitat for a diversity of species of plants and insects. The contrast to this fragment is the (DeLeon Springs, Florida), north of the campus, which is more than 5700 hectares of semi-natural habitat. This covers a variety of ecosystems including sandhills, and the plant understory of the sandhills is made up of many native flowering plants that attract many native pollinators. This means that the pollinators visiting the can be compared to the pollinators visiting the sandhills of to determine if the same number and species of pollinators are present in the urban ecosystem as in the larger natural area. Plant-pollinator interactions The pollinators we are most familiar with are bees, though other insects including wasps, butterflies, beetles, and flies are also common pollinators. Insects visit the flowers to access the nectar and pollen as a food source, and in the process carry pollen between plants. Some plants, referred to as ‘specialists’, are only pollinated by one group of insects (for example, they may only attract flies, or have the pollen situated such that only bees can collect it), and others may be ‘generalists’, meaning that any insect that visits the flower can collect or deposit pollen. To compare pollinators, two plants were selected that were present in both the Ecosystem and the – one generalist and one specialist. The two areas differ in the plant species present, due to a variety of factors including the maturity of the ecosystem and the soil quality, but Bidens alba (B. alba; a generalist) and Chamaecrista fasciculata (C. fasciculata; a specialist) were present in both ecosystems and are common in dry areas of Florida. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address rooftop gardens or their role in providing habitats for birds, bees, and other pollinators. Instead, it focuses on an ecosystem area as a teaching resource and the comparison of pollinator activity in semi-natural habitats versus urban ecosystems, which is somewhat related but does not corroborate or contrast the claim directly.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: Rearing of Leucinodes orbonalis and evaluation of colonized gfp-BtVKK-BB2 strain in brinjal by detached leaf assaysInfested brinjal fruits were collected from the fields of brought to insectary and kept in plastic containers till the larvae comes out of fruits and become pupae. The pupae were separated and kept in a small plastic container lined with blotting paper till the adult emergence. On emergence, 25–30 adults were transferred in mating jars (15 cm diameter and 20 cm height) covered with cotton cloth having 10% fortified honey solution for adult feeding. A fresh brinjal leaf was placed daily for egg laying and old leaf with eggs was removed from mating jar and kept in a plastic container covered with tissue paper till hatching. The neonates were reared on semi synthetic diet as per Sethi et al. (2016) with some modification till pupation (Additional file 1: Table S1). The culture was maintained under controlled laboratory condition, i. e. , at 27 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% RH and 14:10 L:D photoperiod. The neonates (< 24 h old) were used for bioassays. The leaves were detached from brinjal plants in which BtVKK-BB2 strain was colonized as endophytes by different inoculation methods viz. , seed treatment (ST), soil application (SA), foliar spray (FS), SA + FS and control plants of brinjal. Three leaves were detached randomly from each treatment. On each leaf, 10 neonates were released and kept in plastic plates and covered with lid. The observations were taken daily till 7 days. ResultsConfirmation of GFP gene in positive transformantsTransformation of strain VKK-BB2 by electroporation with plasmid p1302 was successful. The expected fluorescence of BtVKK-BB2 transformants harboring p1302 was confirmed by the fluorescence under CLSM observation and plasmid extraction (Fig. 2A, B) and amplification of GFP gene of 644 bp from positive bacterial culture grown on Luria broth with selective antibiotic kanamycin (50 µg/ml) (Fig. 2C). These gfp-tagged BtVKK-BB2 was used to inoculate brinjal seedling by various methods in brinjal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of a specific strain (gfp-BtVKK-BB2) that was evaluated for its effect on brinjal plants, but does not provide evidence that gene editing leads to complete pest resistance. Instead, it describes a bioassay experiment to assess the resistance of brinjal to pests without confirming that such resistance is absolute or guarantees no pest damage. Therefore, the evidence suggests potential pest management rather than an unequivocal claim of complete resistance through gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Garcia y Bellido, Esculturas romanas de España y Portugal, Madrid 1949. Chr. Gill – T. P. Wiseman (edd. ), Lies and fiction in the ancient world, Exeter 1993. A. Giuliano, Iscrizioni romane di pittori, ArchCl 5, 1953, 263-270. H. Gummerus, Darstellungen aus dem Handwerk auf römischen Grab- und Votivsteinen in Italien, JdI 28, 1913, 63-126. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 14, 1915, 129-189. H. Gummerus, Industrie und Handel, RE IX, 1916, 1381-1535. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 15, 1918, 256-302. H. Gummerus, Cognomen und Beruf, in: Commentationes philologicae in honorem I. A. Heikel, Helsinki 1926, 48-74. H. Gummerus, Der Ärztestand um römischen Reich nach den Inschriften, Helsinki 1932. G. Hafner, Sternstunden der Archäologie, Düsseldorf-Wien 1978. M. -Chr. Hellmann, Choix d’inscriptions architecturales grecques, Lyon 1999. N. Himmelmann, in der griechischen Kunst der archaischen und klassischen Zeit, Berlin 1994. G. Horsmann, der römischen Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart 1998. A. Hug, Spitznamen, in: 1929, 1821-1840. J. M. Hurwit, Artists and signatures in ancient Greece, 2015. P. Huttunen, The social strata in the imperial city of Rome, Oulou 1974. M. Junkelmann, mit dem Tod. So kämpften Roms Gladiatoren, Mainz 2000. J. Kaimio, and the Greek language, Helsinki 1979. I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists solely of references to various academic works and does not provide any information about whether ancient civilizations left behind detailed written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens in cities can provide habitats for birds, bees, and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: fasciculata is ‘buzz-pollinated’, which means that the vibrations from the buzzing of a bee are required to release the pollen from the flower. It is expected that specialist plant species would suffer from the reduced number of available pollinators in an urban ecosystem more than a generalist plant species, and so it is of interest to compare the pollination visitation to both specialists and generalists in urban and conservation areas. Welcome visitors The researchers counted insect visitors to B. alba and C. fasciculata flowers at both sites between May and August over three years (2016 – 2018) and found a surprising result: there were slightly more pollinator visitations to both plants at the Ecosystem than at the Conservation Area. Although there was no statistical difference in the number of insects visiting the plants in each area, the total numbers were higher for the and this is not what was expected in the urban ecosystem. This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem. Most of the visitors to both plants at both sites were native bees, but there was a much greater diversity of visitors to B. alba at the Conservation Area. Over 70% of pollinator visitation to B. alba at the were Hymenoptera (bees and wasps), but at the site they made up only 41% of visitors. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) made up 31% of visitors at Heart Island, and Diptera (flies) and Coleoptera (beetles) together made up another 14%. This means there is a much greater diversity of insects present at than at the Volusia Sandhill, where Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera all together only made up a little over 12% of the visitors to B. alba. As expected, the most common pollinator to visit C. fasciculata was the bumblebee (Bombus spp. ), and while there were slightly more visitors at the Volusia Sandhill, bumblebees were the large majority at both sites indicating no significant difference in the diversity of insect visitors to this plant. Urban pollinators This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that a small and immature fragment of restored habitat could support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem. This indicates that urban areas, such as those with rooftop gardens, can provide suitable environments for pollinators, which aligns with the claim about rooftop gardens serving as habitats for bees and other pollinators.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: The brinjal plant treated with SA + FS twice/week showed more fluorescence up to 15th DAI in leaves which was found to be equivalent to that of foliar spray twice/week treatment (Fig. 5D–F; Fig. 6). Further, GFP positive cells were detected in stem sections up to 10th DAI only but not seen when tested up to 15th DAI. These results suggested that Bt-VKK-BB2 was a systemic colonizer of brinjal through seed treatment, soil application and foliar spray. Fig. 6Confocal microscopy images of brinjal shoot and leaves colonized by GFP-tagged VKK-BB2 cells by soil + foliar application method. A Shoot (10 DAI); B Leaf (10DAI); C Shoot (15 DAI); D Leaf (15 DAI)Full size imageConfocal microscopic studies indicated that gfp-BtVKK-BB2 cells were efficiently colonized brinjal leaf and colonization was detected up to 10 days in soil application while 15 days in foliar spray, whereas it was up to 30 DAI in seed treatment. However, the bright fluorescence was seen in plants treated by foliar spray followed by seed treatment and soil application. Confirmation of cry gene in BtVKK-BB2 colonies recovered from leaves through -BB2 colonies which were re-isolated from leaves collected from seed inoculated plant, soil application plant as well as foliar-sprayed plants amplified expected amplicon size of 276 bp of cry1 gene (Fig. 7). Thus, confirmed that BtVKK-BB2 could persist and produce Cry toxins in the leaves in all the inoculation methods. Fig. 7Amplification of cry1 gene in BtVKK-BB2 colonies re-isolated from leaf samples of different treatments (Lane 1–5) and Lane M: MarkerFull size imageBioassays with brinjal plants inoculated with gfp-BtVKK-BB2 against Leucinodes orbonalis The efficacy of gfp-BtVKK-BB2 established as endophyte by different inoculation methods in brinjal plants was carried out by detached leaf feeding assays as shown in Fig. 8 against neonates of BSFB. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about the results of treating brinjal plants with a specific bacterial strain (Bt-VKK-BB2) that produces Cry toxins known to resist certain pests, specifically Leucinodes orbonalis. However, it does not support the notion that gene editing can create crops completely resistant to all pests, as it implies that the effectiveness of the treatment is limited to specific pests and conditions, rather than providing universal pest resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Kajanto, A study of the Greek epitaphs of Rome, Helsinki 1963. I. Kajanto, Cognomina, Helsinki 1965. I. Kajanto, The significance of Non-Latin cognomina, Latomus 27, 1968, 517-534. I. Kajanto, Minderheiten und ihre Sprachen in der Hauptstadt Rom, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 83-102. F. Kiechle, Sklavenarbeit und technischer Fortschritt im römischen Reich, Wiesbaden 1969. R. Vollkommer (ed. ), Künstlerlexikon der Antike I. II, München-Leipzig 2001-2004. N. J. Koch, Techne und Erfindung in der klassischen Malerei. Eine terminologische Untersuchung, München 2000. J. Korpela, im antiken Rom, Helsinki 1987. D. Kreikenbom, Originale und Kopie. Signaturen an späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Skulpturen, in: N. Hegener (ed. ), Künstler-Signaturen von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Petersberg 2013, 60-75. E. Kroker, Gleichnamige griechische Künstler, Leipzig 1883. F. Kudlien, des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft. Freigeborene Römer, Eingebürgerte, Peregrine, Sklaven, Freigelassene als Ärzte, Stuttgart 1986. B. Kübler, Decurio, in: RE IV, 1901, 2319-2352. E. Künzl, Quod sine te factum est hoc magis archetypum est? (Martialis 8,34), AKorrBl 8, 1978, 311-317. G. Lahusen, Grabrelief des Alcamenes, in: P. C. Bol (ed. ), Forschungen zur Villa Albani. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains a list of bibliographical references and titles related to ancient studies and does not address whether ancient civilizations have left behind detailed written records. There are no arguments or evidence provided that either support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens in cities can provide habitats for birds, bees, and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: Potentially this could also be assisted by the non-native plants in the gardens and green areas in the residential, business and university campus surroundings, and perhaps some cavity-nesting species can find suitable habitats on the sides of buildings. The study supports previous research which found that Hymenoptera are more resilient to urbanisation than other pollinator species. The species composition at each site varied a great deal, however, and so it seems that specific bee and wasp species are differently impacted by the changing ecosystem. The surface area available to ground-nesting species and other factors such as larval food supplies are likely to also play a role in determining which species thrive in an urban environment. The lack of the expected difference in visitation to C. fasciculata can most likely be explained as being due to the pollinator not being specific to the plant – C. fasciculata may rely on the bumblebee for pollination, but Bombus spp. can visit many plants including both specialists and generalists. The low numbers of beetle and butterfly visitors to the plants at the Ecosystem suggests these are more sensitive to urbanisation, and this is again likely due to these insects having requirements (other than food in the form of nectar) that are not met in an urban ecosystem. and May (and volunteers with the Pollinator Project) continue to record pollinator visitation to the Ecosystem each summer, and hope to attract a greater diversity of pollinators by increasing the available larval food sources and adding further flowers to provide resources to insects year-round. /Shutterstock. com What could this mean in terms of protecting native pollinator species against habitat destruction and climate change? <>Our research is consistent with that of others who have found that small urban ecosytems can provide habitat for plants and invertebrates in an increasingly human-dominated landscape, though the pollinator communities in urban fragments may be a novel mix of species. The extent to which these new, urban communities can also withstand accelerating climate change requires continued investigation The bees are back in town: Pollinators in an urban ecosystem was last modified: November 8th, 2023 Keywords: -pollinator interactionspollinator visitationpollinatorsin Floridaurban ecosytemsthis 178. Sandhill Ecosystem. [online]. webpage. Available at: [Accessed 18 Sept. 2020]. Pollinator Project. [online]. webpage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'small urban ecosystems can provide habitat for plants and invertebrates in an increasingly human-dominated landscape.' This indicates that urban areas, which include rooftop gardens, can serve as vital habitats for pollinators. Furthermore, the mention of diverse pollinator species being able to survive in urban environments supports the idea that such gardens can indeed provide necessary habitats for birds, bees, and other pollinators.