Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Survey of Kac proteins and Kac sites in lysine acetylomes across organisms. Full size tableKac events are well outlined by Kac motifs. Previous acetylomic studies have revealed several Kac motifs more or less varying with organisms and preferential locations of their Kac sites adjacent to Y, H, F, and K residues16,17,34,43. In this study, we identified six Kac motifs and found that these Kac sites preferred to locate upstream of Y, W, H, F and K residues (and KacxxxxK) or downstream of F residue (FxKac) in B. bassiana. Five of these motifs also exist in the Kac proteins of prokaryotes and other eukaryotes and hence are highly conserved across organisms. The evolutionarily conserved traits of these motifs are often seen in some key Kac proteins and their Kac sites. For instance, paired Kac sites on the 14-3-3 proteins Bmh1 (K68 and K122) and Bmh2 (K70 and K124) in B. bassiana are well aligned with those (K70 and K125 on Bmh1 or K70 and K124 in Bmh2) in S. cerevisiae. Intriguingly, the KacW motif was characterized from 26 Kac sites of 17 uncharacterized Kac proteins in the B. bassiana acetylome and also found in the acetylomes of C. albicans25 and P. sojae26. This indicates that at least some Kac events are of special importance for the fungal pathogens and perhaps more fungi whose lysine acetylomes have not been explored. Moreover, many of the Kac proteins with one or more Kac sites are multifunctional, expanding largely the links of Kac events to biological aspects in B. bassiana. The fungal Kac events are distributed in all possible intracellular parts based on predicted subcellular locations and hence are enriched in plenty of molecular functions, biological processes and KEGG pathways at transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional levels. The biological importance of the identified Kac events was verified by functional analysis of the Kac sites on Pmt1 and Pmt2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the acetylation characteristics of Kac proteins in Beauveria bassiana, without addressing any aspect of its effectiveness as a pathogen for controlling locust populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: Following this brief introduction, the paper is structured into a further eight sections. Section 2 summarizes the recent literature around the applications of VR for surgical training, and Sect. 3 outlines a requirements framework derived from the literature which was then tailored for the system of interest within the case study. A methodology is then provided that describes the requirements-driven approach taken to design the study, gather data as evidence for fulfillment of requirements and finally the evaluation of the system against the requirements. Section 5 reports on the results of the study, with Sect. 6 specifically providing the results of the validation exercise. The paper finishes with a discussion of the research findings against the initial aims described prior and considers the limitations of the work. The paper concludes with a summary of the work and implications for the field of research. 2 Application of VR for surgical trainingWithin the literature around the applications of VR surgical training, VR tends to be used in two ways: as a surgical training tool or as a pre-surgical training and planning tool or both. 2. 1 Application of VR for surgical training skills and educationVR-based simulators have been extensively used for healthcare faculty education and nursing studies in the past ten years (Mäkinen et al. 2022). Barteit et al. (2021) in their review of using HMD-VR for medical training reported that HMDs were most often used for training in the fields of surgery and anatomy and it was perceived by trainees as a salient, motivating and engaging training platform. Previous literature also demonstrated the benefits of VR for surgical residency programs where post-training, residents were able to complete the procedures more quickly and displayed better accuracy in performing the surgical tasks (Mao et al. 2021). While training is important, it is also crucial to formulate proper skill acquisition and assessment programs, and VR can create an opportunity where novice or experienced surgeons can perform or practice a surgery where instructors can identify individual strengths, weaknesses and any areas for improvement (Mehrotra and Markus 2021). Bracq et al. (2021) investigated the use of VR for training scrub nurses to identify errors and situational awareness in the operating room. The results of their study suggested that students perform better than experienced nurses, which indicates the importance of providing refresher training for healthcare professionals. This can be useful in tracking development and acquisition of skills in residents, as well as helping to maintain skill level in senior surgeons (Pelargos et al. 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of how VR is utilized in medical training, particularly in surgical settings. It mentions that VR-based simulators have been extensively used for healthcare faculty education and nursing studies, and highlights the application of VR for surgical training skills and education. Furthermore, it states that trainees perceive VR as a motivating and engaging training platform and details the improvements in accuracy and speed among surgical residents post-training, all of which supports the idea that VR simulates real-life procedures for educational purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation projects can replace the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is imperative to investigate whether the proposed interventions tested are relevant for farmers and what the determinants are in their choice of adoption of various CSA techniques. Therefore, this thesis was written to understand how alternative water management regimes can be a central force in ensuring multiple agronomic and environmental benefits to help achieve sustainable intensification goals and thus make rice production systems climate-smart. The overall objective of this PhD thesis was to identify and test alternative water-saving management regimes that can reduce GWP from intensified rice farming systems per unit of area as well as per unit of yield, reduce As uptake in grain, and identify the key barriers and determinants of adoption of various available climate-smart technologies for rice ecosystems. The specific research questions of this thesis research were: (i) What impact does the timing and duration of drainage practices () have on CH4 and N2O emissions? (ii) What is the impact on rice grain yield of the alternative water regime employing ED? (iii) What is the impact of the alternative water regime employing ED on the uptake of important heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd) in rice grain? (iv) How does the water-saving crop establishment with the SWP scheduled irrigation practice affect CH4, N2O and irrigation water use compared with other water-saving alternatives such as AWD? (v) What are the key barriers to the adoption of CSA practices and what are the socio-economic variables that could potentially explain the adoption of CSA techniques in the rice agroecosystem? This thesis contains four research 3. This tested the effect of early AWD (e-AWD) vs. continuous flooding (CF) water management practices on grain yields, GHG emissions and grain arsenic levels in a split-plot field experiment with organic fertilisers. The treatments included i) farmyard manure, ii) compost and iii) biogas digestate, alone or in combination with mineral fertiliser. The e-AWD water regime demonstrated no difference in yield for the organic treatments. Yields significantly increased by 5-16 % in the combination treatments. The e-AWD water regime reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 71-85 % for organic treatments and by 51-76 % for combination treatments; this was linked to a reduction in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of 15-47 %, thereby reducing methanogenesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that various climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices are being studied to actively reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as the significant reductions in CH4 emissions observed with the alternative water management regimes. This suggests that simply implementing adaptation projects without addressing emissions directly may not be sufficient, emphasizing the importance of both adaptation and mitigation in agricultural practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Particularly, expression of the site-mutated allele pmt1K88R or pmt1K482R in Δpmt1 resulted in severe defects in conidiation, virulence and tolerance to oxidation and cell wall perturbation. These defects are close to or even more severe than those in the absence of pmt1. This highlights an essentiality of either K88 or K482 for a significant role of Pmt1 in the asexual development, host infection and some stress responses of B. bassiana. Intriguingly, the pmt4K360R mutation facilitated the fungal growth under normal conditions and the stresses and enhanced virulence irrespective of cuticle or cuticle-bypassing infection. These changes also indicate a significance of K360 for the function of Pmt4 in B. bassiana. Aside from the two O-mannosyltransferases, several other Kac proteins identified in this study have also been shown to function diversely in B. bassiana, such as Bmh1 and Bmh2, the Ras GTPase Ras1 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase Hog1. Of those, Bmh1 and Bmh2 are essential for cell cycle, carbon/nitrogen utilization, conidiation, germination, multiple stress responses and host infection46. Ras1 is evidently involved in regulating germination, cell differentiation, hyphal growth, conidiation, pathogenicity and multiple stress responses47. Hog1 regulate positively cellular responses to hyperosmotic, oxidative and thermal stresses and negatively the fungal resistance to fludioxonil48. Noticeably, the mentioned proteins harbor not only the Kac sites identified in this study but also conserved phosphorylation sites, as revealed previously in our phosphoproteomic analysis40. The identified Kac proteins may also harbor some other PTM sites. It remains unclear what part the lysine acetylation takes in the multiple functions of the mentioned proteins. Nevertheless, the biological importance of the Kac sites identified in this study was revealed through functional analysis of the Kac sites on Pmt1 and Pmt4, thereby providing a useful database for further exploring possible roles of the Kac-linked cellular events in the life of B. bassiana. MethodsCultivation of microbial strainsThe WT strain B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various genetic mutations and their effects on the biology of Beauveria bassiana, such as defects in conidiation and virulence, but does not provide any information about its effectiveness in controlling locust populations. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: Rahman et al. (2020) highlights that 10% of surgical applications used HMD-VR for education and training was found to be prevalent in the context of urology, neurosurgery and craniomaxillofacial surgery. Neurosurgeons must contend daily with critically important small anatomical structures wrapped by fragile vascular networks, which require micro-granularity of control and operation of surgical tools. The success (or otherwise) of these operations relies on exceptional knowledge, great technical prowess and meticulous preparation. This review highlights the opportunity where trainee’s competency level can be assessed, while they perform a simulated surgery in VR. This creates an opportunity for transparent communication within the surgical team and patients and their families and increased efficiency, improved patient care and reduced technical errors associated with the learning curve of surgery. However, Bernardo (2017) asserts that the translation of skills from neurosurgical VR simulation to real-life situations has yet to be definitively proven, as users do not receive the typical physical feedback or interaction that is a fundamental aspect of traditional surgical training. A study by Masuoka et al. (2019) shows that the training outcome is highly dependent on the technology. In their study 17 medical students used Google Cardboard, which allowed multiple students to observe a 3D model. While participants reported largely favorable responses in the evaluation of the dissection model, low scores were also observed because of visually induced motion sickness and eye fatigue. Their study reports the choice of headset and quality of the content has a direct impact on the students’ learning experience. Furthermore, researchers explored the application of VR as a self-learning tool to allow teachers to monitor and guide the learning process of the student (Fairén et al. 2020). The result revealed that students preferred the presence of the teacher within the virtual space to provide support and feedback and guide them throughout the learning process. Lecturers also supported the application of VR as a collaborative learning method where students benefit from sharing knowledge and experience with other classmates. The other main application of VR is to provide a deeper anatomic understanding. For example, the application of VR for temporal bone model representation is a valuable education tool for the acquisition of this important anatomical knowledge (Yamazaki et al. 2021). The VR-based learning tool enabled spatial learning and enabled the user to interact, manipulate and observe the model from multiple angles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of how VR is used in medical training, specifically mentioning that '10% of surgical applications used HMD-VR for education and training' and discussing the assessment of trainee competency during simulated surgeries. It highlights that VR tools are employed to enhance learning and improve patient care. The text also discusses the advantages of using VR for collaborative learning and gaining a deeper anatomical understanding, all of which align with the claim of VR being employed in medical training.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation projects can replace the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: Area and yield-scaled GWP were reduced by 67-83 %. The e-AWD altered soil redox potentials, which resulted in a reduction in grain arsenic and lead concentrations of up to 66 and 73% respectively. Application of organic fertiliser and e-AWD also facilitated the reduction of grain cadmium levels by up to 33 % in organic systems. Structural equation modelling revealed that DOC, redox, ammonium and root biomass were the key traits regulating emissions and maintaining yield. 1. 5 % increase in the probability of adoption of mitigation and a 1% increase in the probability of adoption of adaptation techniques, as well as a 0. 6 % increase in the probability of adoption of good practices. Male-headed households were more likely to adopt CSA technologies than female-headed households, which is linked to the women’s low resource endowments as well as their more limited contact with extension technicians and research institutes promoting such technologies. Access to extension services increased the probability of adoption of climate mitigation, adaptation and good practices by 19, 17 and 15 % respectively. Adoption of climate mitigation techniques and good practices were most significantly impacted by the connection with research institutes, and resulted in a 21 and 15 % increase in the adoption respectively. Households that are food secure were 11 and 21 % more likely to adopt the good practice and climate change mitigation practices respectively than those that were food insecure. Again, increasing women’s empowerment increased the likelihood of the adoption of climate adaptation practice by 23 %. It was concluded that in order to increase adoption of CSA technologies, government investment in sustainable irrigation and the provision of funds and assistance for support programmes are required, as well as the targeting of young farmers and female farmers in terms of improving their access to various information channels. The general discussion (10. 18174/537391 Publication statusPublished - 8 Feb 2021 output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10. 18174/537391 Files and links into the research topics of 'Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from rice production systems: Towards adaptation of more water-efficient and climate-smart agricultural practices'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. 100% Agricultural and 100% 92% 84% 30% Agricultural and 30% Agricultural and 23% Agricultural and 23% View full fingerprint Projects 1 per year Reduced emissions from intensified rice production systems. van Groenigen, J. -W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for both climate mitigation and adaptation tactics. It highlights that while adaptation techniques can be adopted (such as CSA technologies), there is a significant connection between adopting mitigation practices and the involvement with research institutes and extension services aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The mention of reduced greenhouse gas emissions from rice production systems and the necessity for government investment also suggests that adaptation alone is insufficient to replace the need for emission reduction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: bassiana ARSEF2860 and its mutants were cultivated at 25 °C in a light/dark cycle of 12:12 h in rich SDAY (4% glucose, 1% peptone and 1. 5% agar plus 1% yeast extract) for normal growth and development or in 1/4 SDAY and minimal CZA (3% sucrose, 0. 3% NaNO3, 0. 1% K2HPO4, 0. 05% KCl, 0. 05% MgSO4 and 0. 001% FeSO4 plus 1. 5% agar) for phenotypic experiments. E. coli DH5α from Invitrogen (Shanghai, China) was cultivated in Luria-Bertani medium at 37 °C for plasmid propagation. Preparation of protein samplesThe WT strain was grown in cellophane-overlaid SDAY by spreading 100 μl of a 107 conidia/ml suspension per plate, followed by 3 days of incubation at the optimum 25 °C. The resultant hyphal culture was ground in liquid nitrogen, suspended in a lysis buffer [8 M urea, 10 mM DTT (dithiothreitol), 2 mM EDTA (ethylenedinitrilo tetraacetic acid), 3 μM TSA (Trichostatin A), 50 mM NAM (nicotinamide) and 1% (Sigma)] and sonicated three times on ice in a high-intensity ultrasonic processor (Scientz, Shanghai, China). After 10 min centrifugation by 20,000 g at 4 °C, the supernatant was discarded, and proteins were precipitated with cold 15% TCA (trichloroacetic acid) for 2 h at 4 °C, followed by washing with cold acetone three times. The precipitate was redissolved in a buffer (pH 8. 0) of 8 M urea, and the protein concentration was determined with a 2-D (). The protein solution was reduced with 10 mM DTT for 1 h at 37 °C, alkylated with 20 mM IAA (iodoacetamide) for 45 min at room temperature in darkness, and then diluted with 100 mM NH4HCO3 until the urea concentration was lower than 2 M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the growth conditions and protein preparation methods for the Beauveria bassiana strain, without any mention of its effectiveness in controlling locust populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: The tool also allowed the users to change their position relative to the model which can increase spatial awareness and memory. Silva et al. (2018) discuss a recent development by which allows students to use an immersive VR headset to inspect a heart model, manipulate and walk through the model, thus providing a more complete understanding of the heart’s anatomy and physiology. Additionally, these models have been used to help parents better understand their child’s anatomical pathology, in a more interactive and effective manner than traditional diagrams and plastic models have been able to. This enhanced level of understanding may help families better engage with the treatment plan. The other application is familiarity of the surgeons with surgical instruments. Huber et al. (2018) discussed the benefit of VR for laparoscopy training where trainers conduct surgical tasks with standard laparoscopic instruments. They report on studies in which VR laparoscopy simulations were used for skill acquisition and these skills were transferred to the operating room. VR has the potential to be beneficial in maxillofacial training as it can increase the level of comfort among dental students before their first experience with using needles and administering local anesthesia, and also enhance instrument knowledge among neurosurgery residents (Mehrotra and Markus 2021). 2. 2 Application of VR for pre-surgery trainingThe VR environment where trainees can collaborate will facilitate surgery planning through four key stages: data initialization, virtual resection specification, virtual resection modification and volume estimation and surface reconstruction. This allows for training and knowledge exchange among surgeons, whether in a shared or remote environment, thus enhancing their surgical expertise (Chheang et al. 2021). According to research findings, VR systems enable surgeons to rehearse upcoming procedures using patient-specific imaging in a simulation, which can enhance familiarity and shorten the time required for orientation during actual surgery (Pelargos et al. 2017; Vaughan et al. 2016; Kenngott et al. 2022; Huber et al. 2018). The creation of patient-specific VR models for pre- and intra-operative usages will create opportunities to discuss several surgical options prior to actual surgery (Yamazaki et al. 2021). For example, Chheang et al. (2021) investigated the use of the VR environment to support surgeons in tumor surgery planning and reported on its benefits for training, planning and knowledge-sharing among surgeons. Hooper et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing multiple applications of VR in medical training. It mentions that VR was utilized for laparoscopic surgery training, allowing trainees to conduct surgical tasks virtually and transfer those skills to the operating room. Additionally, the text highlights the use of immersive VR to allow students to manipulate a heart model and understand anatomy better, as well as support collaborative surgery planning, all of which simulate real-life medical procedures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation projects can replace the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: Alternative irrigation systems such as mid-season drainage and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation have attracted considerable interest among soil scientists as they can simultaneously save water and reduce CH4 emissions, but their effect on N2O emission and grain yield is less clear. However, irrigation management strategies that reduce yields may simply displace food production and associated GHG emissions to a different region. A deeper understanding of the timing and severity of drainage can shed light on the problem of such a practice. In particular, drainage during the early season (ED) could potentially be effective since the system still contains large amounts of available C from inherent or added soil carbon in the system. Finally, despite promising multiple benefits, the adoption of climate-smart techniques (CSA) by farmers has been observed to be relatively low. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate whether the proposed interventions tested are relevant for farmers and what the determinants are in their choice of adoption of various CSA techniques. Therefore, this thesis was written to understand how alternative water management regimes can be a central force in ensuring multiple agronomic and environmental benefits to help achieve sustainable intensification goals and thus make rice production systems climate-smart. The overall objective of this PhD thesis was to identify and test alternative water-saving management regimes that can reduce GWP from intensified rice farming systems per unit of area as well as per unit of yield, reduce As uptake in grain, and identify the key barriers and determinants of adoption of various available climate-smart technologies for rice ecosystems. The specific research questions of this thesis research were: (i) What impact does the timing and duration of drainage practices () have on CH4 and N2O emissions? (ii) What is the impact on rice grain yield of the alternative water regime employing ED? (iii) What is the impact of the alternative water regime employing ED on the uptake of important heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd) in rice grain? (iv) How does the water-saving crop establishment with the SWP scheduled irrigation practice affect CH4, N2O and irrigation water use compared with other water-saving alternatives such as AWD? (v) What are the key barriers to the adoption of CSA practices and what are the socio-economic variables that could potentially explain the adoption of CSA techniques in the rice agroecosystem? This thesis contains four research 3. This tested the effect of early AWD (e-AWD) vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing alternative irrigation systems that can save water and reduce methane emissions, but it also highlights that irrigation management strategies may displace food production and associated greenhouse gas emissions. This suggests that while adaptation strategies can provide benefits, they do not eliminate the need for reducing emissions as they may not address the overall footprint and may just shift emissions to other regions. Therefore, climate adaptation projects are not a replacement for emission reduction but rather a complement to it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The proteins in the solution were digested with trypsin at the trypsin-to-protein mass ratio of 1:50 for overnight and of 1:100 for another 4 h. The prepared protein sample was analyzed at Jingjie PTM Biolabs (Hangzhou) Co. , Ltd. (Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China) as follows. Enrichment of Kac peptidesThe digested protein sample was dissolved in NETN buffer (100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl and 0. 5% NP-40, pH 8. 0) and then incubated with pre-washed antibody beads (PTM Biolabs Inc. , ) at 4 °C overnight with gentle shaking. The beads were washed four times with the buffer and twice with dd-H2O. The bound peptides were eluted from the beads with 0. 1% TFA (trifluoroacetic acid, Sigma-Aldrich). All of the eluted fractions were combined and vacuum-dried. The resulting Kac peptides were cleaned with C18 ZipTips (Millipore, Shanghai, China) following the manufacturer’s guide. LC-MS/MS analysis of Kac peptidesThe cleaned Kac peptides dissolved in 0. 1% FA (formic acid) were loaded onto the reversed-phase pre-column Acclaim PepMap 100 (Thermo Scientific). Peptide separation was performed using the reversed-phase analytical column (Thermo Scientific). The gradient of solvent B (0. 1% FA in 98% ACN) increased from 6% to 8% in 2 min, 8% to 22% in 20 min and 22% to 35% in 10 min respectively, climbed to 85% in 5 min, and then held at 85% for the last 3 min, all at a constant flow rate of 300 nl/min on an EASY-nLC 1000 UPLC system. The resulting peptides were analyzed in a -Spectrometer (Thermo Scientific). peptides were subjected to a Nano(NSI) source, followed by LC-MS/MS scanning in Q ExactiveTM Plus coupled online to the UPLC. Intact peptides were detected in the orbitrap at a resolution of 70,000. peptides were selected with 28% NCE for MS/MS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses a detailed methodology for protein digestion and analysis but does not mention Beauveria bassiana, locust populations, or any related biological control measures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the fungal pathogen.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: (2019) found that when the VR training was conducted just before the actual surgery, it had a particularly positive impact on the doctor’s technical skills and knowledge. Moreover, Pulijala et al. (2018) also highlighted that those surgeons who received VR training prior to surgery reported higher self-esteem during procedures. This appeared to be particularly relevant for doctors with limited clinical experience. Furthermore, Bernardo (2017) reported that VR-based training has resulted in operation time reduction (the time required for the operation and the number of errors committed) by increasing confidence and reducing the surgeon’s unnecessary movements. Research shows a wide range of ad hoc applications of VR in surgical training and planning, with superficial evaluations often conducted by technology vendors, based on assumed environments and tasks, envisaged (as opposed to actual) users and effectiveness of learning outcomes underpinned with little or no research focusing on a requirements-driven validation approach. This presents decision-making challenges for those seeking to adopt, implement and embed such systems in teaching practice. In the next section a requirements-driven approach will be presented and discussed. 3 Validation approachThere are number of frameworks aiming at identifying the factors impacting the learning process and outcomes of VR-based training (Pedram et al. 2020; Makransky and Petersen 2019; Petersen et al. 2022). In these studies, the aims were to present research-based theoretical models to guide research and development in the absence of comprehensive guidelines, to generate frameworks to guide the design process of medical training platforms or to assist researchers in validating such platforms. Recently, Pedram et al. (2023) proposed a requirements-driven approach (supported by a tailorable requirements framework hierarchy) to support validation efforts for medical VR training systems. These requirements were grouped into 11 key areas (and 3 “super-categories”) as:Design Considerations:(1) Interaction—Controls, (2) Interaction—Feedback, (3) VR Features, (4) UsabilityLearning Mechanisms:(5) Learning Experience, (6) Learner’s State of Mind, (7) Learning, (8) Trainer and FeedbackImplementation Considerations:(9) Expertise, (10) Technology Adoption, (11) TechnologyFigure 1 displays the radial wheel chart of the hierarchy of requirements presented by Pedram et al. (2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how VR training positively impacts doctors' technical skills and knowledge, especially before surgeries. It indicates that VR-based training has resulted in reduced operation time and fewer errors, highlighting its effectiveness in simulating real-life medical procedures. Additionally, the mention of various studies emphasizes the use of VR in surgical training and planning, directly supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation projects can replace the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: Application of organic fertiliser and e-AWD also facilitated the reduction of grain cadmium levels by up to 33 % in organic systems. Structural equation modelling revealed that DOC, redox, ammonium and root biomass were the key traits regulating emissions and maintaining yield. 1. 5 % increase in the probability of adoption of mitigation and a 1% increase in the probability of adoption of adaptation techniques, as well as a 0. 6 % increase in the probability of adoption of good practices. Male-headed households were more likely to adopt CSA technologies than female-headed households, which is linked to the women’s low resource endowments as well as their more limited contact with extension technicians and research institutes promoting such technologies. Access to extension services increased the probability of adoption of climate mitigation, adaptation and good practices by 19, 17 and 15 % respectively. Adoption of climate mitigation techniques and good practices were most significantly impacted by the connection with research institutes, and resulted in a 21 and 15 % increase in the adoption respectively. Households that are food secure were 11 and 21 % more likely to adopt the good practice and climate change mitigation practices respectively than those that were food insecure. Again, increasing women’s empowerment increased the likelihood of the adoption of climate adaptation practice by 23 %. It was concluded that in order to increase adoption of CSA technologies, government investment in sustainable irrigation and the provision of funds and assistance for support programmes are required, as well as the targeting of young farmers and female farmers in terms of improving their access to various information channels. The general discussion (3. This tested the effect of early AWD (e-AWD) vs. continuous flooding (CF) water management practices on grain yields, GHG emissions and grain arsenic levels in a split-plot field experiment with organic fertilisers. The treatments included i) farmyard manure, ii) compost and iii) biogas digestate, alone or in combination with mineral fertiliser. The e-AWD water regime demonstrated no difference in yield for the organic treatments. Yields significantly increased by 5-16 % in the combination treatments. The e-AWD water regime reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 71-85 % for organic treatments and by 51-76 % for combination treatments; this was linked to a reduction in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of 15-47 %, thereby reducing methanogenesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting evidence that supports reducing greenhouse gas emissions through specific practices, such as the e-AWD water regime, which significantly reduced CH4 emissions by up to 85%. It discusses the importance of adopting both climate adaptation and mitigation techniques, indicating that while adaptation is beneficial, it does not negate the need for active measures to reduce emissions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Ion fragments in the orbitrap were detected at a resolution of 17,500. A data-dependent procedure alternated between one MS scan, followed by 20 MS/MS scans, to collect top 20 precursor ions for the Kac peptides above a threshold ion count of 2 × 104 in the MS survey scan with 10 s dynamic exclusion at an electrospray voltage of 2. 0 kV. Automatic gain control (AGC) was applied to prevent the ion trap from overfilling, resulting in accumulated 5 × 104 ions for generation of MS/MS spectra. A scan range of 350 to 1800 m/z was applied for the MS scans. Three types of secondary structures (α-helix, β-strand and coil) were analyzed using NetSurfP software at For each type, the mean probability of acetylated lysine residues was compared with that of all lysine residues in all acetylated proteins through non-paired Wilcox test. All mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the Proteomevia the PRIDE [1] partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD003682. Database searchThe search engine MaxQuant (v. 1. 4. 2) was used to process all MS/MS data. Tandem mass spectra were searched against the B. bassiana database49 from Uniport (10,366 sequences, Dec 2015) concatenated with a reverse decoy database. Trypsin/P was specified as a cleavage enzyme allowing for up to four missing cleavages, five modifications per peptide and five charges at the mass error level of 10 ppm for precursor ions and of 0. 02 Da for fragment ions. Carbamidomethylation on Cys was specified as fixed modification, and oxidation on Met, acetylation on Lys and acetylation on protein N-terminus were specified as variable modifications. False discovery rate (FDR) thresholds for protein, peptide and modification site were specified at 1%. Minimal peptide length was set to seven residues. All of other parameters in the MaxQuant search were set to default values. The site localization probability was set to no less than 0. 75. Bioinformatic annotation of Kac proteinsproteins identified through the above search were analyzed using several bioinformatic tools. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mass spectrometry methods and protein analysis related to Beauveria bassiana without mentioning its effectiveness as a fungal pathogen in controlling locust populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: (B) Envisaged measures (plans for how such a requirement might be validated) (C) Validation areas (the evidence gathered against each of the areas) (D) Validation decision (given the evidence presented in the validation areas, the stakeholders make a decision as to how well the current system met that requirement; 5 fully met, 4 strongly met, 3 moderately met, 2 weakly met, 1 not met, N/A) (E) Validation comments (used to record any further comments around the validation decision) (F) Weighting (how important that requirement is for the system of interest; 5 essential, 4 important, 3 good to have, 2 extra to requirements, 1 not needed) (G) Recommendations (potential improvements) 4. 1 SampleAs summarized in Table 3, a total of 44 medical students from the University of Wollongong participated in the experiment as part of a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) graduate program. The final sample consisted of 25 females, 19 males and zero non-binary. The majority were between 23 and 30 years old (n = 41), and the remainder were 31–45 (n = 3). Participants in the two conditions had varying experiences with VR, in total half of the participants had no exposure to VR before and the other half had tried VR in some form at least once prior to the study. Table 3 Participants' demographic dataFull size table4. 2 Virtual reality training scenario(ABG) collection scenario was developed by a VR software vendor (specialized in the development of medical procedures) using the platform (Fig. 2); the procedure involves inserting a small-gauge needle into the radial artery (typically) and collecting a blood sample. This sample is then inserted into the analysis machine for diagnostic and interpretative purposes of a patient’s clinical state. ABG is a common procedure done daily in hospitals and remains an essential skill for all medical students, junior doctors and in some contexts, other healthcare practitioners such as nurses. In Australia, ABG collection is a core diagnostic procedure of medical programs, to be completed in both simulated experience/environment and clinical settings (of Australia and 2020). The key learning components required to be proficient are the process and the technique of locating the artery, accessing it with the needle, and the preparation and analysis of the sample, all while maintaining appropriate safety and hygiene conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a virtual reality (VR) training scenario for medical students where a specific medical procedure, the ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) collection, is simulated. It indicates that VR is utilized as a platform developed by a VR software vendor for training in medical procedures, allowing students to practice essential skills in a controlled environment. The mention of VR being specialized in the development of medical procedures supports the claim that VR is indeed used in medical training.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation projects can replace the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: Title: Building Commissioning: A for Costs and Greenhouse-gas Report · 16 July 2009 DOI: :985240 Mills, aim of commissioning new buildings is to ensure that they deliver, if not exceed, the performance and energy savings promised by their design. When applied to existing buildings, commissioning identifies the almost inevitable 'drift' from where things should be and puts the building back on course. In both contexts, commissioning is a systematic, forensic approach to quality assurance, rather than a technology per se. Although commissioning has earned increased recognition in recent years - even a toehold in Wikipedia - it remains an enigmatic practice whose visibility severely lags its potential. Over the past decade, has built the world's largest compilation and meta-analysis of commissioning experience in commercial buildings. Since our last report (Mills et al. 2004) the database has grown from 224 to 643 buildings (all located in the United States, and spanning 26 states), from 30 to 100 million square feet of floorspace, and from $17 million to $43 million in commissioning expenditures. The recorded cases of new-construction commissioning took place in buildings representing $2. 2 billion in total construction costs (up from 1. 5 billion). The work of many more commissioning providers (18 versus 37) is represented in this study, as is more evidence of energy and peak-power savings as well as cost-effectiveness. We now translate these impacts into avoided greenhouse gases and provide new indicators of cost-effectiveness. We also draw attention to the specific challenges and opportunities for high-tech facilities such as labs, cleanrooms, data centers, and healthcare facilities. The results are compelling. We developed an array of benchmarks for characterizing project performance and cost-effectiveness. The median normalized cost to deliver commissioning was $0. 30/ft2 for existing buildings and $1. 16/ft2 for new construction (or 0. 4% of the overall construction cost). The commissioning projects for which data are available revealed over 10,000 energy-related problems, resulting in 16% median whole-building energy savings in existing buildings and 13% in new construction, with payback time of 1. 1 years and 4. 2 years, respectively. In terms of other cost-benefit indicators, median benefit-cost ratios of 4. 5 and 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the costs and effectiveness of building commissioning aimed at improving energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It emphasizes that commissioning does not replace the importance of reducing emissions but rather provides a systematic approach to improve building performance and achieve energy savings. This suggests that adaptation projects like commissioning cannot substitute for the fundamental need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, thus contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: (GO) analysis was performed for classification of all identified acetylated proteins to three categories [cell component (GOCC), molecular function (GOMF) and biological process (GOBP)] by means of UniProt-GOA database at InterProScan at and GO annotation at program at was used to predict if each identified Kac protein is localized to extracellular space (Extr), plasma membrane (Plas), cytoplasm (Cyto), nucleus (Nucl), mitochondria (Mito), endoplasmic reticulum (ER), peroxisome (Pero) or cytoskeleton (Cysk). Functional category (FunCat) annotation was carried out to predict intracellular roles and functions of all Kac proteins based on the 3 database at (KOG) analysis, all sequences of the identified proteins were aligned with the KOG protein sequence database at kogbrowser. jsf by setting filter parameters to E value < 10−5, sequence identity >80%, and percent match length >60%. Conserved domain(s) of each Kac protein was predicted with InterProScan based on InterPro domain database at of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis at was performed to annotate functional pathways of all identified Kac proteins. The online software Motif-x at was used to predict motif sequences at specific Kac positions. Protein-protein interaction networks for the identified Kac proteins were analyzed with Cytoscape software50. In these analyses, all database protein sequences were used as the background database parameter, and other parameters were set to the default values. The method of Fisher’s exact test was used to gain enriched functional terms. An enriched Kac protein was considered to be significant if Fisher’s p < 0. 05. Functional analysis of selected Kac sitessites K88 and K482 on Pmt1 and K360 on Pmt4 found in the acetylome were mutated to the non-Kac residue Arg (R) by amplifying the full-length coding sequences and flanking regions of pmt1K88R, pmt1K482R, and pmt4K360R with paired primers (Table S6) under the action of a polymerase (Toyobo Co. Ltd. , Osaka, Japan). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the analysis of acetylated proteins and various bioinformatics methods, with no mention of Beauveria bassiana or its role as a fungal pathogen in controlling locust populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: The procedure has the potential to be further extended in critical care settings (such as or Intensive Care) as an Insertion—which provides persistent vascular access for the purposes of obtaining a blood sample on an ongoing basis and for the monitoring of arterial pressures. Fig. 2© UOW MediaStudent undertaking collection training Full size imageThe module is designed and developed by Vantari VR ( The training module is accessed and stored on Vantari’s cloud-based platform which hosts a library of medical procedures for training. The user (student/clinician) can access this platform with an internet connection and an active subscription. The user needs to have a headset (HMD) and a computer. For this study we used an 2, laptop (with Intel i7 processor and graphics card) and a connecting USB-C Link cable to run the scenario. The user is then immersed in a medical environment with a virtual patient, virtual instruments and a step-by-step guide of written and narrated instructions on how to perform the procedure. As a user performs the procedure, a real-time performance tracking module gives the user feedback on how they are performing. Also, the haptic feedback replicates feel and tactile sense through vibration that the user was feeling on the controllers. The user’s performance data are collected by the system which can then be viewed post-procedure. This visualizes key data points such as steps successfully completed and duration. 4. 3 ProcedureTo begin with, a within- and between-subject design approach was used to measure survey factors. The surveys included open-ended questions on weaknesses and strengths of the training platform which enabled us to conduct a thematic analysis on students’ responses. The training scenario covered is the topic of Gas (ABG) collection which involves using a needle and syringe to directly sample blood from an artery. In total 44 medical students volunteered to participate in this study, and they were randomly assigned to either study or control group. The participants were provided with a consent form to read and sign, which included a general description of the experiment and outlined their rights as research participants. This study (including Participant’s Informed Consent) was approved as a submission in July 2021 by the # 2021/258. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the training module developed by Vantari VR allows users to immerse themselves in a medical environment with virtual patients and instruments. This simulation is designed to train users in medical procedures, such as blood collection, which aligns with the idea of using VR for medical training to simulate real-life procedures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation projects can replace the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: 1, and cash-on-cash returns of 91% and 23% were attained for existing and new buildings, respectively. High-tech buildings were particularly cost-effective, and saved higher amounts of energy due to their energy-intensiveness. Projects with a comprehensive approach to commissioning attained nearly twice the overall median level of savings and five-times the savings of the least-thorough projects. It is noteworthy that virtually all existing building projects were cost-effective by each metric (0. 4 years for the upper quartile and 2. 4 years for the lower quartile), as were the majority of new-construction projects (1. 5 years and 10. 8 years, respectively). We also found high cost-effectiveness for each specific measure for which we have data. Contrary to a common perception, cost-effectiveness is often achieved even in smaller buildings. Thanks to energy savings valued more than the cost of the commissioning process, associated reductions in greenhouse gas emissions come at 'negative' cost. In fact, the median cost of conserved carbon is negative - -$110 per tonne for existing buildings and -$25/tonne for new construction - as compared with market prices for carbon trading and offsets in the +$10 to +$30/tonne range. Further enhancing the value of commissioning, its non-energy benefits surpass those of most other energy-management practices. Significant first-cost savings (e. g. , through right-sizing of heating and cooling equipment) routinely offset at least a portion of commissioning costs - fully in some cases. When accounting for these benefits, the net median commissioning project cost was reduced by 49% on average, while in many cases they exceeded the direct value of the energy savings. Commissioning also improves worker comfort, mitigates indoor air quality problems, increases the competence of in-house staff, plus a host of other non-energy benefits. These findings demonstrate that commissioning is arguably the single-most cost-effective strategy for reducing energy, costs, and greenhouse gas emissions in buildings today. Energy savings tend to persist well over at least a 3- to 5-year timeframe, but data over longer time horizons are not available. It is thus important to 'Trust but Verify,' and indeed the field is moving towards a monitoring-based paradigm in which instrumentation is used not only to confirm savings, but to identify opportunities that would otherwise go undetected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that commissioning projects, which focus on maximizing energy efficiency, lead to significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. It states that these emissions reductions can come at a negative cost, meaning that such measures are financially advantageous and necessary for emission reductions. This implies that simply adapting to climate changes without efforts to reduce emissions is insufficient, thereby contradicting the claim that adaptation projects could replace the need for emission reduction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The amplified sequences were digested with DpnI, verified by sequencing at Invitrogen (Shanghai, China) and then inserted into the backbone plasmid p038-sur-gateway51 to exchange for the gateway fragment. The new plasmids with the site-mutated target genes were ectopically integrated into the Δpmt1 and Δpmt4 mutants as described previously42. Putative mutant colonies were screened in terms of their sur resistance to chlorimuron ethyl (10 μg/ml) in a selective medium, and then identified via PCR and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) with paired primers (Table S6), as described elsewhere42,51. Positive site-mutated strains, i. e. , Mpmt1K88R, Mpmt1K482R and Mpmt4K360R identified via PCR and qRT-PCR (Fig. S1), were evaluated in parallel with Δpmt1, Δpmt4 and their control strains (WT, Δpmt1::pmt1 and Δpmt4::pmt4) in the following experiments of three replicates. For all the fungal strains, 1 μl aliquots of 106 conidia/ml suspensions were centrally spotted on rich SDAY and minimal CZA plates or on 1/SDAY alone (control) or supplemented with NaCl (0. 8 M), H2O2 (4 mM) and Congo red (80 μg/ml), respectively. After 7 days of incubation at 25 °C and 12:12 h, the mean diameter of each colony was estimated as an index of growth rate using two measurements taken perpendicular to each other across the center of the colony on a given medium. Conidiation capacity of each strain was quantified over the days of cultivation at 25 °C and 12:12 h on SDAY plates, which were spread with 100 μl aliquots of a 107 conidia/ml suspension for culture initiation. From day 4 onwards, three culture plugs (5 mm diameter) were taken daily from each plate using a cork borer until conidial yield reached a peak in the WT culture on day 8. Conidia on each plug were released into 1 ml of 0. 02% Tween 80 via 10 min vibration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses procedures related to plasmid integration and growth assessment of fungal strains, without any mention of Beauveria bassiana or its potential effects on locust populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: Participants were then allocated to one of the two different conditions:The control group had access to the Student study Guide, other usual pre-readings/resources and attended a theory session before the hands-on practical session. The study group had access to the Student study Guide, other usual pre-readings/resources, theory session and were provided with VR training before the hands-on practical session. 4. 3. 1 Pre-VR training measure and data collectionEach participant was assigned a unique ID before randomly begin assigned to a group. Students in the study Group (n = 25) responded to a knowledge test, completed a pre-training questionnaire and pre-practical questionnaire. The knowledge test was prepared based on the narration used during the virtual lesson and consisted of seven multiple choice questions with four possible answers (see A1. Test Questions). The sample question was: “Which 2 needle sizes are generally used for the collection of ABGs? ”. The study group completed the same knowledge test prior to VR training and then later prior to practical session (theoretical knowledge gain was measured through pre-test to post-test changes in number of correct responses). The control group completed the knowledge test prior to the practical session. Students in study Group also completed a pre-training questionnaire which was designed to assess students’ background, experience and state of mind prior to the VR training. The pre-test collected demographic information and assessed participants’ prior levels of well-being, intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, stress. The intrinsic motivation and stress scale (Pedram et al. 2020) and self-efficacy (Makransky and Petersen 2019) consisted of three, two and four items, respectively, had been used with each item being a 7-level Likert scale, where 1 was strongly disagree, 7 was strongly agree, and 4 was neutral. Additionally, the screening questions were used to allow us to identify which students had completed reading materials and had seen or performed ABG collection prior to the training. Pre-practical questionnaire measured same factors as to pre-training questionnaire with addition of two factors of “Sense of Engagement” and “Sense of Enjoyment. ”4. 3. 2 Post-VR training measures and data collectionStudents from the study Group were given a designated location to attend an individual virtual practical session on the topic of ABG collection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how a study group of students underwent VR training before a hands-on practical session related to ABG (arterial blood gas) collection. It mentions the use of a virtual practical session, which aligns with the concept of VR simulating real-life medical procedures for better learning outcomes. The description of VR training preparing students for practical application effectively supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation projects can replace the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: On balance, we view the findings here as conservative, in the sense that they underestimate the actual performance of projects when all costs and benefits are considered. They underestimate the technical potential for a scenario in which best practices are applied. . Building Commissioning: A for Costs and Greenhouse-gas Emissions. United States: N. p. , 2009. Web. doi:10. 2172/985240. Copy to clipboard Mills, Evan. Building Commissioning: A for Costs and Greenhouse-gas Emissions. United States. Copy to clipboard Mills, Evan. 2009. "Building Commissioning: A for Costs and Greenhouse-gas Emissions". United States. Copy to clipboard @2. 2 billion in total construction costs (up from 1. 5 billion). The work of many more commissioning providers (18 versus 37) is represented in this study, as is more evidence of energy and peak-power savings as well as cost-effectiveness. We now translate these impacts into avoided greenhouse gases and provide new indicators of cost-effectiveness. We also draw attention to the specific challenges and opportunities for high-tech facilities such as labs, cleanrooms, data centers, and healthcare facilities. The results are compelling. We developed an array of benchmarks for characterizing project performance and cost-effectiveness. The median normalized cost to deliver commissioning was $0. 30/ft2 for existing buildings and $1. 16/ft2 for new construction (or 0. 4% of the overall construction cost). The commissioning projects for which data are available revealed over 10,000 energy-related problems, resulting in 16% median whole-building energy savings in existing buildings and 13% in new construction, with payback time of 1. 1 years and 4. 2 years, respectively. In terms of other cost-benefit indicators, median benefit-cost ratios of 4. 5 and 1. 1, and cash-on-cash returns of 91% and 23% were attained for existing and new buildings, respectively. High-tech buildings were particularly cost-effective, and saved higher amounts of energy due to their energy-intensiveness. Projects with a comprehensive approach to commissioning attained nearly twice the overall median level of savings and five-times the savings of the least-thorough projects. It is noteworthy that virtually all existing building projects were cost-effective by each metric (0. 4 years for the upper quartile and 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of energy savings and cost-effectiveness in building commissioning projects which ultimately contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It states that the projects reveal substantial energy-related problems leading to significant energy savings, further suggesting that adaptation measures alone are not sufficient to address emissions. The findings highlight that while building commissioning has positive outcomes, they do not negate the need for emissions reduction measures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2017. The first revision was submitted on November 30th, 2017 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on December 13th, 2017 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on December 19th, 2017 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2017. Version 0. 4 (accepted) · Dec 19, 2017 · manuscript is now ready to be published. 0. 4 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Dec 19, 2017 Version 0. 3 · Dec 14, 2017 · could you carefully check your manuscript and resubmit it? I personally found many typos (e. g. Inroduction instead of introduction) and some unclear sentences (e. g. "On the other hand honey bees a valuable economic asset due to the ensemble of their products which are includes honey. . . "). All I'm kindly asking for is a little extra effort, but necessary in order to make your 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Dec 13, 2017 Version 0. 2 · Dec 9, 2017 · I think that the manuscript has been considerably improved but needs further minor revisions prior to publication. Reviewer 1 · Dec 8, 2017 Basic reporting In this study, Hristov et al. aimed to analyze the presence of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in samples taken from different regions of Bulgaria. The manuscript improved a lot since the last revision. I consider that it should be published now. Experimental design The experimental design is clear now and the required information was provided by the authors. Validity of the findings No comment Additional comments Specific comments: L39-46- Please, provide 0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Nov 30, 2017 Version 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding Nosema ceranae or its impact on honeybee health and productivity. It primarily contains details about the submission and review process of a manuscript and some comments from peer reviewers, with no mention of the microsporidian parasite or its effects on honeybees.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: On entry to the virtual training environment, the students were given a short, guided tutorial to familiarize them with the look and feel of the VR visuals and identification of controls through manipulation of virtual objects. Immediately following the VR training, the study group then completed the post-training questionnaire which quantitatively recorded their perceptions on the experience in VR, measured cognitive load and finished with two open-ended qualitative questions asking about the strength and weaknesses of VR training in ABG Collection. (Hart and Staveland 1988) was used to measure participants’ cognitive load followed by items to measure simulator sickness (Pedram et al. 2020), realism/representational fidelity (Pedram et al. 2020), immediacy of control and self-efficacy (Makransky and Petersen 2019), usefulness, ease of use, presence and enjoyment (Pedram et al. 2020), control and active learning, cognitive benefit, reflective thinking, stress, intrinsic motivation, tool functionality and attitude toward use (Pedram et al. 2020). Each item is 7-level Likert scale items where 1 was strongly disagree, 7 was strongly agree, and 4 was neutral. 4. 3. 3 Practical sessionFour days after the VR training session all students from the Control (n = 19) and study group (n = 23 as 2 out of 25 students were unable to attend the practical session) returned to the university campus to attend their practical session. The practical ABG collection training is a compulsory component of the second-year curriculum, and it occurs on campus using a 3D simulated wrist-hand array that pumps a red liquid through simulated arteries within the wrist area. At the beginning of the one-hour practical session, the lecturer provides a 20-min a step-by-step demonstration of the ABG collection procedure and also answers any questions from the students (comprising both study and control participants). Figure 3 shows an example of the demonstration on the 3D wrist-hand array. In an effort to minimize any confounding variables, the students involved in the study were all assigned to practical sessions taught by the same lecturer using the same equipment. Following the demonstration, the students worked in groups of three around a model wrist-hand, taking turns in performing ABG collection. The lecturer supervised the students, answering questions and offering advice, when appropriate. The lecturer was blinded as to which group of participants each student belonged to. Fig. 3© S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of virtual reality (VR) for training students in the collection of arterial blood gases (ABG). It describes how students participated in a VR training session before attending a practical session to perform the procedure in a controlled environment. Additionally, the mention of both cognitive load measurement and the practical application of the procedure indicates that VR is indeed being utilized to simulate realistic medical training scenarios.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation projects can replace the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: : 2573-458X and -in-for Manuscript 10. 4172/2573-458X. 1000158 in in the of NH1*, Tinh TK2, Tin HQ1 and Sanh NV212Department of *Corresponding Author: : +84 903777935, Email: nhkhai@ctu. edu. vn Received: 16-Jul-2018 Accepted Date: 05-Sep-2018 Published Date: 12-Sep-2018 DOI: 10. 4172/2573-458X. 1000158 : AWD; GHG emission; Mekong delta (Oryza sativa L. ) is a major food crop with more than 50 kg of rice being consumed per capita each year worldwide [1]. Much of the world rice production is found in Asia with India, China, Thailand, and Vietnam among the highest producing countries. Rice is the staple crop of Vietnam with an annual paddy production of 45. 10 million metric tons and milled rice production of 29. 5 million metric tons [2]. Of this total production, approximately 60-70% is grown in the area where it is possible to produce three crops per year. With a growing population, a desire to develop export markets, and increasing environmental concerns, the government of Vietnam has undertaken a vigorous program to increase rice production while limiting the adverse impact this will have on the environment. To achieve this goal, several government policies were implemented since 1986 with the objective of increasing rice production area in the from 1. 85 million hectares in 1986 to 3. 9 million hectares in 2015. This has resulted in an increase in milled rice production from 10. 6 to 29. 5 million tons (7% per year) over this period. To address growing concerns over the impact of rice production on the environment, coupled with possible reductions in available irrigation water, the government of Vietnam has undertaken programs that aim to address issues of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and diminishing water supplies. In 2015 the (VLCRP) project was initiated with the objectives of optimizing rice production while reducing fertilizer use and GHG emissions. Key to this program was the introduction of the 1M5R recommendation that is referred to as 1 must, 5 reductions. This program encourages farmers to use certified seed and seek reductions in fertilizer, pesticide, and water use while sowing seeds at a lower density and reduce harvest losses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the government of Vietnam is implementing programs aimed at reducing GHG emissions while increasing rice production. Specifically, it mentions the introduction of the VLCRP project with the objective of optimizing rice production 'while reducing fertilizer use and GHG emissions.' This indicates that both adaptation (in terms of improving farming practices) and mitigation (in terms of reducing emissions) are necessary, contradicting the idea that adaptation alone can replace the need for emission reductions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Additional comments Suggested changes to the text (where relevant, by line number): Abstract and elsewhere: Do not write about ‘Bulgarian honey bees’ as though they are different in some meaningful way from those in surrounding countries; rather, use ‘honey bees in Bulgaria’. 29-30 highest rate of invasion → highest prevalence 43 Give a date for the Empire 48 Delete ‘etc’ 49 various specific → numerous 53-4 Two main species of Nosema have been identified “in honey bees” (text in “” is needed) 66 replace ‘, but’ with a semicolon 69 invasion → infection 80 spreading → distribution 92 at entrance’ → at the entrance 94 add ‘a’ before ‘single bee’ 119 add ‘a’ before ‘Little Genius’ 122 add ‘a’ before ‘2%’ 141 have demonstrated a higher level of invasion → had a higher prevalence of N. ceranae 145-7 Information should be transferred to the Introduction 165 infection → prevalence Cite this review as Paxton RJ (2018) #2 of "The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria (v0. 1)". PeerJ Ansari · Nov 12, 2017 Basic reporting i recommended this 1. some latest 2017. Geographical distribution and molecular detection of Nosema ceranae from indigenous honey bees of Saudi Arabia. of Biological Sciences. , Issue 5, July 2017, Pages 983-991" 2. it will be more appropriate if author can add microscopic studies of nosema spores in the text 3. discussion should be elaborated in context to the prevalence of nosema in the adjacent countries of this review as Ansari MJ (2018) #3 of "The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Oct 10, 2017 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it focuses on suggested changes for a document regarding Nosema ceranae, without providing any specific information about the parasite's effects on honeybee health or productivity. Therefore, it is categorized as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: PedramLecturer practical demonstration of ABG collection Full size imageImmediately prior to the practical session, all students completed the pre-practical training questionnaire and knowledge test. Four observers (tutors/teaching assistants within the of Medicine) were recruited to assess the students’ performance based on the checklist (see A2. Observation Template) on four different measures: (1) performance, (2) safety and hygiene, (3) confidence and (4) if assistance was needed. Observers were also blinded to which students in the cohort had received the VR training. 4. 3. 4 Experimental data summaryTable 4 shows full sets of measures/constructs that were obtained during the study. The primary outcome measures are the self-assessment scores of trainee’s learning experience in VR, level of confidence and subjective learning score, using a Likert scale questionnaire—prior and post-training and objective assessment during practical session. Table 4 Full set of measuresFull size table5 ResultsThe results of the study are presented in three sub-sections; 1) Prior Experience. To establish the extent to which students had experience and knowledge of the procedure and any existing familiarization with VR. 2) VR Training. The pre- and post-VR training results concerning training factors, procedural knowledge and students’ experience. 3) Practical and VR Training Comparison. Assessor ratings, post-practical training results concerning training factors and procedural knowledge. 5. 1 Prior experienceAs summarized in Table 5, questions were included to identify the pre-training experience baseline. Twenty-four out of 44 students had never seen ABG collection before, and only 5 students had performed ABG collection prior to attending the training session. Table 5 Participant’s pre-training exposure to the ABG collectionFull size table5. 2 VR Training results5. 2. 1 Pre-VR training factors-study groupTable 6 summarizes the students’ state of mind prior to attending the experiment. Each factor was measured using 7-Likert scale items where 1 was strongly disagree, 4 was neutral, and 7 was strongly agree. Only 64% had tried VR before the training (Table 4); they also reported below-average levels of gaming experience (M = 3. 32, σ = 1. 99). In general, students felt good prior to the VR training (M = 5. 48, σ = 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the use of VR training in a medical educational context, specifically in the context of teaching procedures like ABG collection. It mentions that students underwent VR training and had their performance assessed, indicating that VR is indeed a tool utilized for simulating real-life medical procedures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation projects can replace the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: A key component to this series of management changes was the implementation of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) as a management practice to reduce irrigation water use and GHG emissions. Alternate wetting and drying is a water management practice that involves flooding a field to a designated water depth than allowing the water to subside to a specific level below the soil surface, and then re-flooding the field. The number of drydowns used in this practice is dependent on the prevailing weather conditions. When compared to maize (zia maize ) or wheat (Triticum spp), GHG emissions in rice is significantly greater when compared on a yield-scaled basis [3]. This is primarily due to significant levels of methane emissions generated while the crop is flooded. Recent research has shown that significant reductions in irrigation water use from rice fields can be achieved using the water management practice of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) [4]. At the same time it has been shown that AWD, when practiced properly, can significantly reduce methane emissions in rice fields [5-7]. Given this background, this study was initiated in the of Vietnam with the objective to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating AWD water management into an on-going management package recommendation as a means of reducing GHG emissions in rice production. Materials and locations in the were selected for this study (): (1) village, located in is about 13 km from the (the coastal area). is an inland area on a fresh water alluvial plane, about 15 km from the and 50 km in the northwest of the city. The two sites vary in their normal cropping patterns (Table 1) and there mean annual precipitation (Figure 1). Soil samples were collected from the study fields at each site prior to the first planting (Table 2). Analysis of soil samples was carried out: soil texture (triangle method), clay content (Robinson method), Organic carbon (Walkley-black), total Nitrogen (Kjeldahl), soil pH (water extract at 1:5 ratio), and CEC (extracted at soil pH with BaCl2) [8]. Figure 1: Total annual rainfall (mm) for the locations from 2005 to 2014. 1 (DX) Nov - – 2 (HT) Apr – – 3 (TD) Jul – – 1: Cropping calendar of rice production at the study areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through specific agricultural practices, such as alternate wetting and drying (AWD). It states that AWD not only reduces irrigation water use but also significantly cuts methane emissions in rice production. This indicates that adaptation efforts should work in conjunction with emission reduction strategies, rather than replace them, as suggested in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 1. Total DNA was extracted from the samples following the method described by Martín-Hernández et al. [29] and the total DNA from each of the 30 samples was considered an “isolate”. Reactions (PCRs) were performed to amplify 5 different fragments from randomly selected coding regions of N. ceranae with the following criteria: each was supposed to be single-copy loci, of at least 990 bp in order to obtain long amplicons ranging from 873 to 1280 bp, and should not include microsatellites (the GenBank 0. 5 μL of the template DNA solution, 0. 4 μM of each nucleotide, 10 pmol of each primer, 1. 5 U of (Invitrogen, cat. no. 11509-015), its 10x buffer, 25 nmol MgCl2, 12 μg of BSA (Roche Diagnostic, cat. no. 10711454001) and sterilized distilled water to a final volume of 25 μL. PCRs were performed on an Epand a thermocycler following the program: 94 °C for 2 min; 40 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, the primer-specific annealing temperature for 30 s, 68 °C for 60 s (for products under 1000 bp) or for 90 s (for products over 1000 bp); and a final elongation step at 68 °C for 7 min. The five different primer pairs, their sequences, the PCR product sizes and the correspondent annealing temperatures are also shown in Table 2. The PCR products were kept at 4 °C and 5 μL of each were ran in standard 2 % Agarose gel (Invitrogen E-GEL 2 % Agarose GP, cat. no. G8008-02) and visualized by staining. PCR products were purified using (cat. no. 28104) before sequencing in both directions at the Unidad de Biología Molecular (Universidad de Alcalá) using the same PCR primers (Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the methodology for extracting and amplifying DNA from samples without providing any information on Nosema ceranae's impact on honeybee health and productivity. It focuses on PCR techniques and genetic analysis rather than the biological consequences of the parasite.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: 19) and were highly motivated (M = 5. 88, σ = 0. 952) to be attending the training session and to learn how to perform ABG collection. They reported very low level of stress prior the VR training, felt mentally ready/prepared for the session (M = 2. 58, σ = 1. 23), and they felt moderately confident about their knowledge on ABG collection (M = 4. 33, σ = 1. 07). In summary, students approached the VR training in a positive state of mind for learning. Table 6 Pre-VR training factors—study group N = 25Full size table5. 2. 2 Post-VR training factorsStudents on average reported positive experiences during VR training (Table 7); they reported very low levels of simulator sickness following the VR training session (M = 1. 18, σ = 0. 405) and very low levels of physical impact (M = 1. 84, σ = 0. 800) such as physical pain or strain while wearing the VR headset. Similarly, we observed low workload scores on mental demand (M = 3. 56, σ = 1. 083), physical demand (M = 2. 28, σ = 0. 842), temporal demand (M = 2. 04, σ = 0. 978), effort (M = 3. 84, σ = 1. 247) and frustration level (M = 1. 960, σ = 1. 135). Table 7 Post-VR training factors—N = 25Full size tableStudents found VR training very enjoyable (M = 6. 77, σ = 0. 427) and engaging (M = 5. 40, σ = 1. 217) to the point that they embraced their role and became deeply involved with the scenario and virtual patient and experienced a high level of presence (M = 5. 60, σ = 0. 859). They reported high levels of representational fidelity (M = 5. 83, σ = 0. 708) and immediacy of control or agency (M = 6. 37, σ = 0. 633) over the environment and their actions where they could manipulate the objects (e. g. , pick up, cut, wear gloves) and use the tools in the manner intended. This has made their experience in the virtual operation room seem and feel consistent with their experiences in the real world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how students engaged with VR training sessions for learning specific medical procedures like ABG collection. It notes positive experiences during the VR training, including feelings of enjoyment and immersive involvement in the scenario, which indicates that VR is indeed being used effectively in medical training to simulate real-life procedures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation projects can replace the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: 4 139 Table 5: Methane and nitrous oxide emissions, grain yield, and global warming potential (GWP) for all plantings and sites. This result validates this practice and suggests that advising farmers to keep their fields flooded throughout the growing season would result in increased methane emissions and is in agreement with results reported by Zou et al. [12]. For both sites, methane emissions were lowest in the HT planting season when compared to the TD and DX seasons. This season is the height of the monsoon season and it was difficult to dry-down any of the fields. During this time period there is significant cloud cover most days and with this reduced radiation plants are slower to develop. The implementation of AWD resulted in a significant reduction in methane emissions at both sites and all seasons. While this was expected, the reductions measured in this study are much higher than in other studies [11]. It is difficult to attribute these results to any specific treatment or weather conditions. They do consistently indicate that the adoption of AWD management would result in a significant reduction in methane emissions in the area where the study was conducted. Nitrous oxide emissions Nitrous oxide emissions ranged from 0 to 0. 375 t CO2 eq ha-1. Within each site, greatest N2O emissions were with the HT planting at the site and lowest at the site for the same planting. For all but the DX planting at Thanh Loi, nitrous oxide emissions were greater for the AWD system when compared to the CON system. These results are expected and in line with results reported by Wang et al. , [11] and Linquest et al. [6]. Increased nitrous oxide emissions in AWD managed rice are the result of field drying before applied nitrogen fertilizers can stabilize. Results from some studies report N2O emission levels that more than offset reductions under AWD water management [10]. Global warming potential Global warming potential expressed as kg CO2 eq Mg-1 grain integrates total GHG emissions with grain yield. A number of studies report that AWD reduces GHG emissions but also decreases grain yield [6]. Grain yields for all treatments (Table 5) indicate that grain yields increased, but not significantly, under AWD management. At both locations grain yield was highest during the DX season which is the dryer part of the year and a time when radiation is greatest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research findings on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural practices. It highlights that while certain adaptive practices like Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the text also indicates that these practices may not sufficiently offset the overall emissions, as some studies report increases in nitrous oxide emissions that could negate the benefits. Thus, this suggests that adaptation alone may not replace the fundamental need to reduce emissions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Isolates of Nosema ceranae with their correspondent geographical origin, year of sampling and biological sourceFull size table Table 2 Primers and PCR dataFull size table In order to ensure that the variability found in the PCR products actually corresponds to distinct genomic DNA templates, the amplification products of 3 variable X639 fragments were selected (SpTF, Sp402 and Sp1103) and cloned into the Escherichia coli plasmid pCR2. 1-TOPO® with the ® Kit (Invitrogen, cat no. K4500-01). The plasmid DNA was extracted from randomly selected clones and purified using the (Qiagen, cat no. 27106), and it was digested (1 μg) with EcoRI (Biolabs, R0101S) and separated by 1 % agarose gel electrophoresis to check the correct size of the insert. A total of 38 clones were obtained (14, 6 and 18, respectively) and they were sequenced independently as described above. Additionally, the absence of recombination during the PCR amplification was tested as described elsewhere [30]. Briefly, two clones that differ by 6 bp were mixed, amplified with polymerase, and the products were sequenced using M13 commercial primers. All the sequences obtained matched one of the two templates and no recombinants were detected. All sequencing chromatograms were carefully revised visually, with the double-peaks noted as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and identified with the code for the degenerate base positions (wobble positions IUB Code). The sequences obtained were aligned using the algorithm [31], and analyzed and translated into protein sequences with 7. 0. 5. 2 [32]. For a clearer study of the polymorphisms, common conserved areas were removed manually from the general alignments. The allele population frequencies pi for a given variable site i was calculated assuming that double peak isolates are heterozygous and that those with a “clean” peak in the chromatogram are homozygous. The diversity for a site i with j alleles were estimated by Di = 1– Σpij 2, and heterozygosis as the number of isolates with a double peak at the site i divided by the total number of isolates. Mean diversities were compared with standard t-student tests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the methodology of PCR amplification and sequencing, including details on plasmid extraction and analyses of genomic templates. There is no mention or discussion of Nosema ceranae, its impact on honeybee health, or its role as a parasite.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: They reported high scores for control and active learning (M = 6. 464, σ = 0. 607) where they highlighted that this type of virtual reality learning program helps them to have more control over their learning and learn at their own pace. This will have great cognitive benefit (M = 6. 44, σ = 0. 574) where it helps students to memorize easier, comprehend and analyze the learning material and creates opportunity for high reflective thinking (M = 6. 31, σ = 0. 719) where students can reflect on their understanding and link new knowledge with previous knowledge and experiences. Students post-VR-training felt very low stress (M = 2. 68, σ = 1. 63) and high self-efficacy (M = 6. 08, σ = 0. 648) prior to attending the practical session and reported high intrinsic motivation (M = 6. 44, σ = 0. 541) to learn more about medical procedures. In respect of usability, students scored the training platform highly for ease of use (M = 5. 93, σ = 0. 833) and usefulness (M = 6. 66, σ = 0. 544). This presumably has resulted in a high score for tool functionality (M = 6. 16, σ = 0. 746) and attitude toward technology (M = 6. 84, σ = 0. 374) to be used for medical training purposes. In regard to the trainer and their role in the learning process, as per results presented in Fig. 4, 36% of students believed that it is preferable to have a trainer or teacher in the physical room providing feedback/guidance, while 32% preferred to have the trainer or teacher interacting virtually within the same VR synthetic environment with the student. With respect to joint learning experiences, students would not have preferred to have other learners either in the virtual environment (12%) or in the room observing them (4%). Only 16% preferred to undertake VR training alone (without trainer or other learners). Fig. 4Participants’ assisted learning preferenceFull size imageThe participants perceived high levels of enjoyment and were highly likely to recommend VR training to others (Table 8). Over ¾ of the participants gave the maximum rating for recommendations, with the remainder at the second highest rating. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that the virtual reality (VR) learning program aids in medical training, helping students learn at their own pace and enhances their cognitive skills. It mentions high intrinsic motivation to learn more about medical procedures and positive feedback regarding usability and functionality for medical training purposes, suggesting that VR is effectively used in this context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation projects can replace the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: This increase in grain yields during the DX season will result in lower GWP values if GHG emissions are equivalent to the other growing seasons. It is expected that GWP values will decrease as the result of decreases in GHG emissions under the AWD treatment. The highest GWP value (6072 CO2 eq Mg-1) was from the fully flooded check treatment. The average CON treatment value, across all plantings and locations was 2487 CO2 eq Mg-1 while the same value for the AWD treatment was 709 CO2 eq Mg-1. For all plantings and locations there was a significant decrease in GWP in the AWD treatment compared to the CON treatment. For both locations, the TD planting time resulted in the greatest GWP values. For both locations, this planting time represents the wettest season and it is quite likely it was nearly impossible to fully dry the fields. order to feed its growing population and continue to export rice Vietnam will need to develop rice production practices that both maintain grain yield and not continue the high rates of GHG emissions currently present. This study addressed this challenge by testing the introduction of AWD water management into the currently recommended rice management program. A series of studies were conducted from 2014 to 2016 at two locations (Thanh Loi, Thanh Nhut) in the region for three planting seasons (). Greenhouse gas emissions were significantly reduced in both locations and in all plantings when AWD water management was added to the standard management recommendations. Rice grain yields in the AWD treatments were higher than in the conventional treatment resulting in a significant reduction in GWP for all plantings. These results show that by adding AWD to the current suite of recommended practices would result in an overall 72% reduction in GWP across the study regions. 180. (2006) Cropland. In: 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventorient. national greenhouse gas inventories program, Japan, pp: 5. 1-5. 6 - (2014) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, water use, and grain arsenic levels in rice systems. Biol 21: 407-417 (2005) Statistical analysis of the major variables controlling methane emission from rice fields. Biol 11: 1131-1141 (1982) Comparison of soil extractions by 0. 01 M CaClâ‚‚, by EUF and by some conventional extraction procedures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while climate adaptation projects, such as AWD (alternate wetting and drying) water management for rice production, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), they do not replace the necessity for reducing emissions. It indicates that current rates of GHG emissions need to be addressed alongside efforts to maintain agricultural yield, suggesting that both adaptation and mitigation strategies must be employed rather than one replacing the other.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: The rates of synonymous (Ks) and non-synonymous substitutions (Ka) were calculated with the DNAsp 5. 10 program [33], and sequence logo graphical representations were created with Weblogo 2. 8. 2 [34]. ResultsThe five markers analyzed in the 30 N. ceranae isolates revealed sequences that were mostly identical to their corresponding GenBank 639. Compared to the reference sequence, the X580 marker showed 7 additional nucleotide differences, as well as a 3 bp indel; however, all of our sequences were identical so those differences were omitted from the analysis and they were not included in Fig. 1. The complete alignments can be seen at the GenBank 754. Table 3 Polymorphism data for each markerFull size table Table 4 Polymorphism data per siteFull size table Geographical genotype distributionHalf of the N. ceranae isolates in this study were obtained from six different European countries and the other half were Australian isolates (Table 1). Thus, the number of different genotypes found for each sequence was evaluated, as was the corresponding mean diversity and heterozygosity (Table 3). There were no apparent differences when the Australian isolates from A. cerana were compared to A. mellifera, suggesting free transmission of the microsporidian from one host to the other. Accordingly, these two types of isolates were pooled together for further comparisons. isolates were compared to those from Australia, the diversity per site was also similar (Table 3), although more dissimilar genotypes were detected in the latter (the mean numbers of genotypes were 2. 8 and 6. 6, respectively: t = 3. 62, d. f. = 8, p < 0. 01). Identical genotypes were often found among European samples, not only for a specific marker but also, when considering the five markers. For instance, the genotype 5-11-3-5-3 was obtained from an isolate from Switzerland, another from Slovakia and a third from Spain (Fig. 1), whereas no pair of isolates from Australia shared the same genotype. For most of the marker sites analyzed, the European populations were dominated by heterozygotes while the different genotypes are more balanced in Australia (Fig. 3). Fig. 3Sequence logo showing the genotype diversity for each polymorphic site. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Nosema ceranae as a parasite. It focuses on genetic data and analysis from different N. ceranae isolates, without discussing any implications for honeybee health or productivity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: 48 (Table 9) benchmarked against similar tasks; this puts the workload just above 25th centile for workload on medical tasks and just below 25th centile for workload on video game tasks (shown as a bold in Table 10). Thus, the VR training exerted a perceived global workload that is less than ~ 75% of other medical or video game tasks that have been reported about in the published academic literature. This appears to be appropriate as a simulated medical task could potentially have less workload as the individual performing the task is shielded from potential decision-making and environmental changes and would likely feel less stress due to the low-risk nature of simulation. In terms of video game tasks, the ABG collection VR training was relatively sedentary (did not involve the user walking or moving large distances) and time-coordination of movement was not an issue. The environment was also static in terms of objects or displays moving around independently of the user. 5. 2. 3 Training factors (pre- and post-VR training comparison)Students were compared based on intrinsic motivation before and after the training, and we observed a higher score for post-VR training (M = 6. 09, σ = 0. 519) in comparison with pre-training motivation (M = 5. 88, σ = 0. 952), and the difference reached statistical significance level (t(25) = − 3. 301, p = 0. 03) (Table 11). This observation, in conjunction with the results presented above, indicates that students had enjoyed the training and were even more motivated to learn about medical procedures after attending the training session in VR. Furthermore, our observations revealed a high self-efficacy score for post-VR training where results indicated a statistically significant higher score compared to pre-VR training (t(25) = − 11. 45, p < 0. 001) (Table 12). The high self-efficacy can result in higher learning (Makransky and Petersen 2019). This is an encouraging observation indicating that after attending VR training students perceived themselves as having a higher capability for performing the medical procedure. In regard to stress levels, in general, students felt there was less stress post-VR training in comparison with pre-VR training, but the difference did not reach statistical significance level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive impact of VR training on students' motivation and self-efficacy in learning about medical procedures. It illustrates how VR training is utilized to simulate medical tasks, indicating that students felt more capable of performing procedures after VR training. This aligns with the claim that VR is used to simulate real-life medical procedures.