Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: 04. 006 (2013). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2016. 03. 024 (2016). 10. 1038/ngeo2619 (2016). 10. 1016/0017-9310(66)90111-6 (1966). 10. 1038/nature08115 (2009). 10. 1029/2007JE003000 (2008). 10. 1002/2015JE004992 (2016). 10. 1002/2014JE004735 (2015). 10. 1029/2010GL044743. L20203 (2010). Bridges, N. T. et al. Investigation of the Bagnold dunes by the Curiosity rover: Overview of initial results from the first study of an active dune field on another planet. Conference, vol. 47, 2298 (2016). Westoby, M. , Brasington, J. , Glasser, N. , Hambrey, M. & Reynolds, J. ‘Structure-from-Motion’ photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications. Geomorphology 179, 300–314, (2012). 10. 1029/2009JE003540 (2010). 8892. We thank two anonymous reviewers for dedicating their time to help us to enhance this paper. We are indebted in particular to S. Sutton for sharing her expertise on HiRISE image and DTM uncertainty estimates. We thank S. Diniega, P. Becerra and S. J. Conway for insightful discussions. We thank E. Dunne, K. Ryan, P. Veale, M. Harris and the Dept. of Civil, Structural and at Dublin for providing their insight, laboratory space and equipment to carry out this work. Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Geography, School of 2, IrelandL. E. & M. C. BourkeInstitute, 1700 E Rd, Tucson, 85719,. C. Bourke & J. N. McElwaineDepartment of 1, KeownView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references and acknowledgments related to various scientific studies but does not address the claim about Mars having polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: For our purpose in this book, time is a significant factor in terms of considering nuclear power as a response to climate change. The problem for nuclear power supporters is that in the current context, at least in highly developed countries, approving, financing and building nuclear power plants takes an inordinately long time. We will discuss this in detail in Chap. 7. Since we need to respond to the climate change threat quickly, a power source that is slow to come online is unlikely to be a viable part of our response. 1. Melting glaciers and polar ice are highly visible and reasonably accurate indicators of climate change. 2. Statistical models of global temperature change show consistent increases, although the speed with which warming is happening varies based on the model assumptions. 3. The need to move away from fossil fuels raises the question of which sources of energy are best, including the possible role of nuclear power. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that melting glaciers and polar ice are 'highly visible and reasonably accurate indicators of climate change.' This directly supports the idea that climate change is causing accelerated melting of the polar ice caps. Additionally, it discusses the pressing need to respond to climate change quickly, implying that the impact of climate change, including the melting of polar ice caps, is significant and requires urgent attention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately, the effect of exercise plan for diabetics have not been clearly shown the practical treatment effects. Exercise plan including both aerobic and weight training sessions with specific manipulations in sequence, loads and repetitions during a session have not been conducted practically in former case report studies [8-10]. The case described in present paper a 39-year-old male with sedentary lifestyle. As shown in Table 1, this case is engaged in a combined type of exercise programme with a fixed diet plan during 2 months of exercise plan. Age (years old) 39 Weight (kg) 113. 0 Height (cm) 189. 0 Table 1: Case characteristics. As it is noticed, the case is an overweight male who for the first time started to engage in a specific and new type of exercise and diet plan for changing his body composition. All anthropometric data were measured at university of Tabriz in sport science lab. 2 anthropometric data before starting plan are shown. Pectoral skinfold (mm) 30 Axilla skinfold (mm) 45 Abdominal skinfold (mm) 58 Supra iliac skinfold (mm) 47 Thigh skinfold (mm) 57 Subscapularis skinfold (mm) 50 Percentage 38. 6 Table 2: Skinfold and body fat percentage before plan. plan was organized for 5 sessions a week and diet plan was a 7 day fixed menu for 2000 calories a day. Having calculated energy expenditure and energy requirement for exercise plan, menu was planned for this case and was suggested being followed the programme. Exercise programme included 10 minutes’ war-up (elliptical, stationary bike, treadmill walking), main workout (Lat machine 6 sets, with 30 reps, Fly machine 6 sets, all 55% Maximum 1 rm, 35 reps, corrected sit-up 6 sets for 25-35 reps between workouts, 45 minute 55% Vo2max stationary bike or elliptical or treadmill brisk walking), cooling down (stretching and walking). Diet plan was based on 2000 calories a day. All meals and snacks were controlled. During the programme, exercise physiologist was counselling about the procedure and coping with difficulties following plan. After following Two-month plan, physiological and skinfold data collected before and after programme were surprising. As it is shown in Table 3, percentage were significantly decreased to their normal values (P<0/05). Weight (kg) 113 110 ↓* Sugar (mg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a specific case where a combined exercise and diet plan led to weight loss. However, the implementation of an exercise and diet regimen is highlighted, indicating that weight loss is not guaranteed without these efforts. It suggests that both diet and exercise play critical roles in achieving weight loss, countering the assertion that personalized nutrition alone can guarantee weight loss without considering physical activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Reviews "Bennett describes the search for life beyond the Earth in terms that are accessible to the nonscientist and yet reveal a broad understanding of the evolution of stars, planets, and organisms. The author's optimism is contagious. May it help inspire us to actually accomplish these lofty goals. "—James F. is a rich, slow, and rewarding read. Rich because it is full of some of the most interesting current interdisciplinary science regarding planets and life that you can find, blending astronomy, geology, history, and astrobiology in a single narrative. Slow because each page is so full of interesting content that you don't want to skim. Rewarding because Bennett is simply a fantastic writer and presenter, making the read thoroughly enjoyable. No science expertise required. ---Jennifer Wiseman, Books & CultureBeyond UFOs gives a good impression from the moment you first take it into your hands. It is attractively produced, well written, and very thoroughly proofread. It's an interesting and challenging complement to focused research, and will be particularly enjoyed by anyone who has an appetite for broad science tinged with morals. ---Elizabeth Griffin, The ObservatoryThe old adage 'don't judge a book by its cover' (or, in this case, its title) certainly applies here. While one might expect a book of science fiction, Bennett presents this awe-inspiring topic in a scientifically accurate but personal way. I would recommend it to anyone interested in reading a creative summary of the status of the search for life elsewhere in the universe and would hope that it might provide a starting point to inspire the next generation of astronomers and astrobiologists. ---Lisa Jardine-Wright, EducationParticularly enjoyable is the down-to-earth writing; Bennett, an astrophysicist, author, and educator, tells the reader exactly how he feels about various topics (even the role of God in the scheme of things). Readers may not agree with everything he says, but he does offer food for thought. ---B. R. Parker, ChoiceFinalist for the 2008 Eugene M. walks us through the daunting calculations that lead to the conclusion that the existence of life elsewhere is not only possible, but highly likely. But as we wonder where else life exists and what forms it might take, scientists are forced back to more fundamental questions. What is the nature of life itself? Will we know it if we see it? . . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about studying extremophiles as a part of the search for extraterrestrial life. Instead, it discusses a book that presents a broad range of interdisciplinary science regarding the search for life beyond Earth but does not specifically mention extremophiles or their role in that search. Thus, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/tc-14-1209-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 2019. The summer of 2019 was characterized by an exceptional persistence of anticyclonic conditions that, in conjunction with low albedo associated with reduced snowfall in summer, enhanced the melt–albedo feedback by promoting the absorption of solar radiation and favored advection of warm, moist air along the western portion of the ice sheet towards the north, where the surface melt has been the highest since 1948. The analysis of the frequency of daily 500 hPa geopotential heights obtained from artificial neural networks shows that the total number of days with the five most frequent atmospheric patterns that characterized the summer of 2019 was 5 standard deviations above the 1981–2010 mean, confirming the exceptional nature of the 2019 season over Greenland. Download & links 10. 5194/tc-14-1209-2020, 2020. Received: 26 Oct 2019 – Discussion started: 20 Nov 2019 – Revised: 27 Feb 2020 – Accepted: 19 Mar 2020 – Published: 15 Apr 2020 1 the role of atmospheric circulation changes in the surface mass balance (SMB) of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is crucial for improving estimates of its current and future contribution to sea level changes and for studying recent mass loss trends in the context of multi-decadal timescales. Atmospheric patterns modulate the GrIS mass balance through snowfall and runoff (e. g. , Hanna et al. , 2008, 2013, 2016; Tedesco et al. , 2011, 2016a, b) as well as radiative forcing and surface turbulent heat fluxes (e. g. , clouds and longwave and shortwave radiation). Recent studies (e. g. , Hanna et al. , 2014; Mattingly et al. , 2016; McLeod and Mote, 2016) have focused on linking the observed variability of climate indices such as the Oscillation (NAO; i. e. , Hanna et al. , 2015) or the Index (GBI; Hanna et al. , 2018b) to the recent changes in runoff and accumulation over Greenland. Other studies (i. e. , Tedesco et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how atmospheric conditions in the summer of 2019 led to exceptional melting of the Greenland ice sheet, with surface melt at its highest since 1948. The mention of the melt–albedo feedback, which was enhanced by conditions driven by climate change, supports the assertion that climate change is contributing to accelerated ice melt. Additionally, the reference to the role of atmospheric circulation and climate indices indicates a scientific investigation into the relationships between climate change and ice melt trends.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: DL-1) 157. 9 99. 9 ↓* Cholesterol skinfold (mg. DL-1) 226 210 ↓* Triglyceride skinfold (mg. DL-1) 264 145 ↓↓* Pectoral skinfold (mm) 24 20 ↓* Axilla skinfold (mm) 40 36 ↓* Abdominal skinfold (mm) 44 42 ↓* Suprailiac skinfold (mm) 42 39 ↓* (mm) 48 44 ↓* (%) %34. 4 %30. 8 ↓* Mass (kg) 73. 45 77. 00 ↑* *Shows the Significant change. (P<0/05). Table 3: Physiological and skinfold data for case study report. study has demonstrated that a young diabetic and obese male with a specific training and diet plan may be able to eliminate the diabetic status and reduce levels of risk factors. In our study, Exercise plan included both aerobic and weight training with a modeled plan [10-12]. A light 20-minute warm-up (treadmill walking or stationary bike) prior to core body exercises for 10 minutes. Having completed both warm-up and core body exercises, subject was introduced to do a circuit weight training including 6 exercises. After weight training, subject started to complete his aerobic exercise. Diet plan was according to a diabetic diet plan guideline (Association) [13-15]. Many researches performed by various exercise physiologists reported significant weight loss among diabetics. Researchers have focused merely on weight loss process whereas body composition beside gradual weight loss. In fact, weight loss process itself may not be logical among diabetics, because when a diabetic body faces weight loss situation, it loses both fat and non-fat weight. Therefore, diabetic status may still continue in a smaller surface. There are several researches in which it is stated that weight training and resistance exercise leads to increased insulin sensitivity. In parallel with previous finding, Glut 4 level increase with resistance and weight training specially when performed with main muscle groups. Increased insulin sensitivity and glut 4 (a shortcut to glucose transportation system toward muscle tissues) may be helpful in glucose balance and blood glucose monitoring in a diabetic subject; a fact which was found in our study [12-18]. Regarding fat loss exercises, there are various types of exercise plans in the world [19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of weight loss, particularly for diabetic individuals. It mentions that while personalized nutrition and a training plan can lead to weight loss, it also emphasizes the importance of body composition and insulin sensitivity. The text states that weight loss in diabetics involves losing both fat and non-fat weight and indicates that merely achieving weight loss may not eliminate diabetic status. Therefore, it does not support the idea that personalized nutrition alone can guarantee weight loss irrespective of other factors such as exercise and metabolic conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Bennett offers a host of lessons here not only about global warming and environmental degradation, but our place in the universe as well. ---by planet, moon by moon, [Beyond UFOs] explores the possibility of life elsewhere in this solar system. It then speculates about other solar systems in our galaxy where, according to the prevailing scientific view, simple life almost surely exists and intelligent life is plausible. For the most part, Bennett's search for extraterrestrial life adds up to a very satisfying package. . . . At its core, this book delivers a combination that is hard to beat: solid yet highly speculative science plus accessible prose that add up to an out-of-this-world reading experience. ---Fred Bortz, Seattle TimesIn cogent and entertaining language, astrophysicist and popular writer Bennett explains that the determining factor in whether we can locate intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is whether such a civilization--and our own--can continue long enough to develop the highly sophisticated technology needed for interstellar travel. . . Bennett does a wonderful job of explaining the conditions necessary for simple life, how we might discern its existence and where we should be looking. He then does the same thing for intelligent life. While he is fair to those who believe life is incredibly rare, he makes a compelling case that life is likely to be abundant. "Precise, accurate, lucid, and engaging. This is popular-science writing at its best. I enjoyed reading this book. "—"This is a fascinating book about the living universe, well-written and timely. "—David Morrison, coauthor of System and Voyages to the PlanetsThis is a highly readable and enjoyable book that centers on astrobiology--a discipline that melds astronomy, biology, geology--and a little bit of luck--to explore the prospect of life on other worlds. . . . Bennett is an excellent writer, taking the reader on an exploration quest to find alien life, and how difficult solar system sleuthing can be, such as on Mars, Jupiter's Europa, or on Saturn's Titan. You'll also find an excellent treatment on current activities surrounding the on-going search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Winner of the 2010 US Review of Books's in Culture"With the possible exception of the God question, I can think of no subject that has inspired such wide-eyed wonder and speculation as the matter of whether or not we are alone in the cosmos. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about studying extremophiles on Earth for the search for extraterrestrial life. Instead, it discusses the search for life elsewhere in the solar system and the potential for life in other solar systems, without mentioning extremophiles or their relevance to astrobiology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: , 2016b) have recently pointed out the increased frequency of persistent anticyclonic conditions favoring atmospheric blocking and explaining most of the recent surface melt increase (Fettweis et al. , 2013). Figure 1(a) Number of days when melting occurred during the 2019 summer () according to spaceborne passive microwave observations (e. g. , Tedesco et al. , 2007). (b) Anomaly of the number of melting days with respect to the 1981–2010 baseline period obtained from spaceborne passive microwave data shown in (a). Figure 2(a) Daily time series of melt extent (expressed as a percentage of the total ice sheet area) during 2019 (black line). The red line indicates the average values for the baseline period 1981–2010. Vertical gray bars indicate the standard deviation of melt extent for the 1981–2010 baseline period. (b) Summer maximum melt extent (as a percentage of the ice sheet surface, blue line, left axis) and melting index (e. g. , number of melting days times the area undergoing melting, square kilometers per day, orange line, right axis) obtained from spaceborne passive microwave observations for the period 1979–2019. DownloadIn this paper, we report the results of an analysis of SMB and surface energy balance (SEB) components obtained from satellite data and model outputs for the summer of 2019 and their linkages to anomalies in the atmospheric circulation and analyze them within the long-term context (1948–2019). Specifically, we use spaceborne passive microwave data collected between 1979 and 2019 at 19. 35 GHz, horizontal polarization, for detecting melting following the approach reported in Tedesco (2007, 2009) and Tedesco et al. (2007). We also use estimates of broadband albedo derived from data collected by the (MODIS) for the period 2000–2019 ( last access: 31 March 2020). We complement satellite data with the outputs of the Modèle Atmosphérique Régionale (MAR) regional climate model (RCM; Gallée and Schayes, 1994; Gallée, 1997; Lefebre et al. , 2003) forced by the for Environmental Prediction/for (NCEP/NCARv1; Kalnay et al. , 1996) reanalysis dataset over the period 1948–2019. We lastly make use of self-organizing maps (SOMs; i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing results derived from satellite data and model outputs for surface melt from 1948 to 2019, indicating a relationship between atmospheric conditions and increased melting days. It presents evidence of shifts in melting patterns over recent years and contextualizes these observations with long-term climate trends.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: The most scientific and logic exercise plan which could be justified by exercise physiology science, is the correct layout of exercise plan and gradual increase in exercise intensity and its load. Scientific layout of an exercise plan for fat loss and weight loss plan may be as follow: a warm-up activity with 20-minute duration. In order to boost fat loss during aerobic exercise, core body exercises are arranged after warm-up. Weight training is designed to train main muscle groups in a short period of time. For this reason, circuit training is the best choice. Additionally, circuit training is not boring for a diabetic and obese person and the subject does his plan enthusiastically. By completing the weight training, subject gets ready for aerobic exercise. Although, there are inconsistent reports about the layout of concurrent training, the most scientific and logic layout is the one performed in present study. It is the procedure of exercise plan which makes significant changes in physiological parameters. This procedure must be monitored by an exercise physiologist to lead to target weight and normal physiological status [14-18]. The results of presented case study report demonstrated the main roles of intricate mechanisms inside the field of sport science regarding diet plan and exercise programme. There is a need for stronger studies in order to reach the efficient exercise and diet plan for fat-loss, weight gain programme. The most interesting result of this case was his diabetic status before plan and non-diabetic state after program. This case of present study is now continuing his second month of exercise and diet plan to reach his target weight. In near future, well organized and well-structured combined plan will be directed in Lab. Thus, exercise plans and diet are the key solutions for body composition and fat-loss, weight gain plans. results of presented case study report demonstrated the main roles of intricate mechanisms inside the field of sport science regarding diet plan and exercise programme. There is a need for stronger studies in order to reach the efficient exercise and diet plan for fat-loss, weight gain programme. The most interesting result of this case was his diabetic status before plan and non-diabetic status after programme. This case of present study is now continuing his second month of exercise and diet plan to reach his target weight. In near future, well organized and well-structured combined plan will be directed in Lab. Thus, exercise plans and diet are the key solutions for body composition and fat-loss, weight gain plans. 116. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that a well-structured exercise plan and diet are critical for achieving fat loss and weight loss, stating that 'exercise plans and diet are the key solutions for body composition and fat-loss, weight gain plans.' It suggests that personalized nutrition alone cannot ensure weight loss without an effective exercise program, highlighting the importance of both components in reaching weight management goals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: The search for extraterrestrial intelligence today has almost theological status in terms of its implications, and yet it is a rigorous science conducted by world-class scientists. Jeffrey Bennett's book is one of the finest primers on this burgeoning new field. And even though this can be a technically daunting science, Bennett's highly readable prose invites everyone into the dome to gaze through the telescope to have a look for themselves, for this is a journey we are all on together. "—Michael Shermer, publisher of Skeptic and columnist for Scientific American[Jeffrey Bennett] has taken a break from the treadmill of updating his textbook and has written a popular book instead, bringing the rest of us up to date on our extraordinary new and expanded universe--and on who else might live in it. . . Beyond UFOs is crammed with neat analogies, startling imagery and mind-blowing illustrations of astronomical concepts. If you want to understand the universe and our place in it, you will not find a better primer. The first diagram alone--which shows how Earth's 10,000-kilometre span of real estate fits into a supercluster of galaxies a billion trillion kilometers across--bear a good 10 minutes of study. This truth is astonishing, and humbling--and Beyond UFOs is a great place to find it. ---Michael Brooks, New ScientistWinner of the 2009 in Cosmology/New ScienceThis exploration of potential alien life is a timely work, just as the steadily increasing discoveries of extra-solar planets makes the possibility of finding alien life more plausible. . . . [Beyond UFOs] is a fully rounded examination of the subject, accessible to all. I guarantee that after reading this book you will be watching space probe results that much more closely. And maybe, you will be watching the skies too! ---and i ix xi 1. Worlds beyond 1 2. It Science? 22 3. Know about 41 4. Life? 62 5. 87 6. of a 111 7. Life in the 137 8. Life among the 161 9. for 184 10. Everybody? 197 207 Afterword to the 209 221 (Deutsch) Share this book Twitter Linkedlogin or register with to order this product. in Language: English Publisher: year: 2011 Edition: With a New afterword by the author Audience: Professional and scholarly;College/higher education; content: 248 Illustrations Other: 8 color illus. 25 halftones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss extremophiles on Earth or their relevance to the search for extraterrestrial life. It focuses on the broader field of extraterrestrial intelligence and discusses various aspects of astronomy and potential alien life without mentioning specific studies or organisms that live in extreme conditions on Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Negative anomalies were rare and geographically concentrated over a small area in the southern portion of the ice sheet. Surface melting in 2019 started relatively early, around mid-April (Fig. 2a, day of the year, DOY 105), and exceeded the 1981–2010 mean for ∼82 % of the days during the period 1 June–31 August 2019 (DOY 152–244). A measure that is commonly used for quantifying melting from passive microwave observations is the so-called melting index (MI), defined as the number of melting days times the area undergoing melting and being a measure of the intensity of surface melting (i. e. , Tedesco, 2007). In 2019, the MI ranked third, after 2012 and 2010. When looking at the different summer months separately, the MI values in 2019 ranked fifth in June, seventh in July, and ninth in August. The 2019 updated trends for MI and melt extent (here defined as the area subject to at least 1 d of melting) are, respectively, 78. 836 km2 per decade (p≪0. 01, MI) and 7. 66 % per decade (p≪0. 01; trend is here expressed as a percentage of the total area of the ice sheet). The maximum daily melt extent was reached on 31 July 2019, covering ∼73 % of the ice sheet surface. In comparison, the average daily maximum extent from PMW data for the same day for the 1981–2010 period is 39. 8 %. Notably, the total area that at any time underwent melting was 95. 8 % of the total ice sheet in 2019 (Fig. 2b), compared with the 1981–2010 averaged value of 64. 3 %. Indeed, the persistency of the atmospheric conditions at the end of July that were responsible for promoting melting over 73 % of the ice sheet in a single day (31 July 2019) extended melting during the next few days over regions that were not originally involved in the melting on 31 July, with cumulative melt extent for the 3 d period (31 July–2 August) reaching up to ∼97 % of the ice sheet surface. We note that a similar value for the maximum melt extent was reached in 2012, though in this case it did happen in 1 d. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed evidence of significant melting events in 2019, indicating that the total area undergoing melting reached 95.8%, which is notably higher than the average of 64.3% from the 1981-2010 period. Furthermore, the text highlights the unprecedented melt extent, with 73% of the ice sheet surface experiencing maximum daily melt on July 31, 2019, compared to an average of 39.8% for the same day in the past. This data supports the assertion that climate change is indeed accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: (2016) Diet weight loss and liver health in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology evidence and practice. Â HepatologyÂ 63:2032-2043. (2017) Efficacy of a randomized trial examining commercial weight loss programs and exercise on metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese women. Nutrition and MetabolismÂ 42:216-227. (2016) Do more specific plans help you lose weight? Examining the relationship between plan specificity, weight loss goals and plan content in the context of a weight management programme. of Health PsychologyÂ 21:989-1005. (2016)Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss: a randomized trial. Journal of Clinical NutritionÂ 103: 738-746. (2017) Practical applications in sports nutrition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. (2017) Prevention diagnosis and treatment of obesity 2016 position statement of the for the Study of Obesity. EndocrinologÃa Diabetes y NutriciÃ³n 64:15-22. (2017) The utility of exercise testing in the assessment of functional professional capacity. Journal/Medicina SportivÃ¢Â 13: 2874-2875. (1997) Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes careÂ 20: 537-544. (2016) Circulating microRNA responses between high and lowresponders to a 16-wk diet and exercise weight loss intervention. Â. Lehtisalo, Jenni(2016). Association of long-term dietary fat intake exercise and weight with later cognitive function in the Prevention Study. Â of & Aging 20:146-154. (2016) Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the Association. Â Diabetes CareÂ 39:2065-2079. Association (2016). Standards of medical care in diabetesâ€”2016 abridged for primary care providers. Â Clinical Diabetes34: 3-21. (2016) Effects of on in Short-vs Long-Duration Type-2 Diabetes. Â of Strength & Conditioning ResearchÂ 30:1688-1699. (2016) In search of the ideal resistance training program to improve glycemic control and its indication for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by emphasizing various studies and randomized trials that explore the importance of diet, exercise, and specific planning in achieving weight loss. It highlights that weight loss is influenced by a combination of factors including diet quality, exercise, and specific program content, indicating that personalized nutrition alone does not guarantee weight loss outcomes. For instance, mentions of studies like 'Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM' and 'Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss' suggest that diet and exercise play critical roles in weight management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-dtkg6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-06T01:00:22. 028Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false Home >Books >in the Universe >for in the print or eBook [Opens in a new window] Book contents in the Life in the page Acknowledgements1 for Extraterrestrial Life2 Where in the Universe to Look? 3 Evolution – Here and Elsewhere4 Concept of Habitability5 Life in the Solar System6 Life in Systems7 of Extraterrestrial Life8 Intelligence – Here and of 10. 1017/9781009207355. 003 [Opens in a new window] Publisher: publication year: 2022 a Privileged Generation? For many millennia, humans have gazed up in wonder at the night-time sky. The full panoply of the is an awesome sight. The scale of space is immense. Is there life out there somewhere? If so, where, and what form does it take? In the space of a couple of sentences, we’ve already gone from generalized wonder to specific questions. The next step is from questions to hypotheses, or, in other words, proposed answers. Here are two such hypotheses that I’ll flesh out as the book progresses: first, life exists on trillions of planets in the universe; second, it usually follows evolutionary pathways that are broadly similar to – though different in detail from – those taken on Earth. Going from cosmic wonder to questions about alien life and on to hypothetical answers has been possible for a long time. But the final steps – from hypothetical answers to testing the hypotheses to arriving at an understanding of reality – have so far proved beyond humanity’s grasp. That may be about to change. We may be on the threshold of being able to answer the age-old question ‘are we alone in the universe? ’ with a resounding ‘no’. But what is the basis of this claim? The short answer is advancing technology, and in particular advancing design of telescopes. We’ll get to that topic soon. But first, let me reassure you that I’m not alone in my optimism about the imminent discovery of evidence for alien life. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the study of extremophiles on Earth in relation to the search for extraterrestrial life. Instead, it discusses general questions about alien life and the potential for discovering evidence of such life, primarily focused on technological advancements. Hence, it is irrelevant to the specific claim about extremophiles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: As a reference, the value of runoff simulated by MAR for the JJA 2012 period (when the record was established) was 610 Gt. Despite ranking second in terms of surface runoff, September 2018–August 2019 (used to define the mass balance “year”) ranks first in terms of integrated SMB negative anomaly simulated by MAR, with a total surface mass loss anomaly of ∼320 Gt yr−1 with respect to the 1981–2010 SMB average, breaking the previous record established in 2011–2012 of ∼310 Gt yr−1 (Fig. 6, blue bars), though by only 10 Gt yr−1. It is however important to note that such a difference is below the uncertainty of the MAR model estimated to be 10 % of the mean SMB. Figure 7MODIS 2019 broadband albedo values anomalies (2000–2010 baseline) for (a) summer, (b) June, (c) July, and (d) August. Figure 8Time series of MODIS 2019 broadband albedo values for summer (dark dotted line), June (medium blue line with triangles) July (dark blue line with disks), and August (light blue line with squares). DownloadFigure 9Time series of values of MODIS broadband albedo for the pixel whose brightness temperature is shown in Fig. 3b. DownloadThe SMB negative anomaly in 2018–2019 is larger than that in 2011–2012 mainly because the 2018–2019 snowfall negative anomaly (∼-50 Gt) is larger in magnitude than the one that occurred during the 2011–2012 SMB year (∼-20 Gt), with large negative summer snowfall anomalies in 2019 occurring along the southern and western portions of the ice sheet (Fig. 5b). The early melt onset and the negative snowfall anomaly promoted the exposure of bare ice prematurely, hence further enhancing melting and runoff through the melt–albedo positive feedback mechanism (i. e. , Tedesco et al. , 2016b). This is evident from the analysis of summer broadband albedo simulated by MAR (Fig. 5c), showing negative anomalies down to −0. 2 along the western portion of the ice sheet. These results are also confirmed by albedo estimates obtained from MODIS (Fig. 7a), indicating a large, negative albedo anomaly occurring along the west coast where bare ice is exposed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing significant surface mass loss anomalies and early melt onset associated with negative snowfall anomalies, which are consistent with the effects of climate change. Specifically, the text discusses how the 2018-2019 surface mass loss anomaly of ∼320 Gt yr−1 exceeds previous records and is influenced by the melt–albedo positive feedback mechanism, highlighting how increased temperatures and reduced snowfall contribute to accelerating ice melt in polar regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Kim: Effects of low calorie diet-induced weight loss on post-exercise heart rate recovery in obese men Journal of & Biochemistry 2014;18(2):181-188. Published online: May 14, 2014 DOI: Effects of low calorie diet-induced weight loss on post-exercise heart rate recovery in obese men Kim* Department of *Corresponding author: Kim, Tel. 82-53-950-5937, Fax. 82-53-955-4235, Email. kimmk@knu. ac. kr 12, 2014 7, 2014 14, 2014 ⓒ2014 for This is an 3. 0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This 44. Abstract [Purpose] Recovery (HRR) after maximum exercise is a reactivation function of vagus nerve and an independent risk factor that predicts cardiovascular disease and mortality. Weight loss obtained through dietary programs has been employed as a therapy to reduce risks of cardiovascular disease and obesity. [Methods] Eighteen subjects of middle aged obese men (age 44. 8 ± 1. 6 yrs, BMI 29. 7 ± 0. 5 kg/m2) were selected for this study. As a weight loss direction, the nutritional direction of low-calorie diet mainly consisted of carbohydrate, protein, and fat has been conducted for 3 months. Blood pressure was measured after overnight fasting, and blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein before and after weight loss program. All the pre- and post-exercise ‘HRR decay constant’s were assessed by using values of HRR (heart recovery rate; 2 minutes) and HR measured after reached to the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) exploited the bicycle ergometer. [Results] After the completion of weight loss program, body weight and BMI were significantly decreased, but the (HR) after maximum exercise and in steady state were not changed significantly (p > 0. 05). The post-exercise HRR after the weight loss did not show significant changes in perspectives of 30 seconds (-16. 6 ± 2. 3 to -20. 2 ± 2. 1 beats/min, p > 0. 05) and 60 seconds (-33. 5 ± 3. 4 to -34. 6 ± 2. 8 beats/min, p > 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while a weight loss program led to significant decreases in body weight and BMI, it did not significantly change heart rate recovery (HRR) after maximum exercise. This suggests that weight loss does not guarantee improvements in all health metrics, challenging the idea that personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Rather, it’s a reasoned assessment of the stage we have reached in the process of searching for life, and where we’re likely to get to with the new generation of space telescopes that are currently at various stages of planning, construction, or early operation, including the (alias JWST or simply ‘Webb’), more on which later. The paper in Nature that I mentioned above is focused on formulating a policy for reporting possible evidence of alien life. The authors highlight the complementary problems of false positives and false negatives. The former involve concluding that some observation is evidence for life when in fact it’s not; the latter involve failing to detect life on a planet when it’s actually there. They particularly stress their concern about the likely sensationalization in the popular media of results that turn out to be false positives, and I think they are right to do so. Their approach to avoiding – or at least reducing – such problems is to develop a scale of the quality of possible evidence of alien life, and to make clear where on this scale any particular finding falls. This way, a hint of possible life shouldn’t be mistaken for a certainty. In 1960. This was a search for radio signals from alien civilizations, conducted using the Astronomy Observatory, now the Observatory, in West Virginia. Of course, the search for alien intelligence is only one part of the search for life. Nevertheless, from the 1960s onwards, both astrobiology in general and SETI in particular have evolved side by side in a much more continuous way than did the search for life before the second half of the twentieth century. of Telescopes It’s a long way from Galileo’s tiny telescope of 1610 to today’s large ground-based instruments such as Chile’s VLT (Telescope), and their space-based counterparts such as Hubble and Webb. I’ll now look at a few selected milestones along this evolutionary journey. If you’d like a bit more detail than I can give in just a few pages on the functioning and/or history of telescopes, I can recommend CottrellCottrell’s 2016 book Telescopes: A Introduction. Before examining milestones in the evolution of telescopes, it’s worth reminding ourselves of why, from an astrobiological perspective, they are collectively important. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the study of extremophiles or their relevance to the search for extraterrestrial life. Instead, it discusses the evolution of the search for alien intelligence, space telescopes, and the challenges of interpreting potential evidence for life, but does not mention extremophiles or their study. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Differently from 2012, however, class nos. 11, 12, 13, and 28 were persistently present in 2019 (highlighted in Fig. 14 with rectangle with a continuous line). Class nos. 12 and 13 show relatively low 500 hPa GPH anomalies over Greenland but strong positive anomalies over the (class no. 13) and the Canadian archipelago, eastern Siberia, and Scandinavia (class no. 12). Class nos. 11 and 28 show large positive anomalies over Greenland reaching both the Canadian archipelago and northern Europe and relatively high positive 500 hPa GPH anomalies over Siberia and Alaska. Notably, the cumulative number of days identified for class nos. 11, 12, 13, 20, and 28 exceeded 55 d in 2019 (Fig. 15c), being 5. 1 standard deviations above the 1981–2010 mean of 14. 2 d. This points out, again, the exceptional nature of the atmospheric conditions over Greenland during the summer of 2019. Nevertheless, we observe from Fig. 14b that 2012 also had high persistency in atmospheric patterns, though such patterns belong to different classes than those in 2019. For example, the cumulative number of days for 2012's top five classes is 47, similar in magnitude to the 55 d for 2019's top five classes. Moreover, similarly to 2019, the top five classes in 2012 were all characterized by high GPH anomalies and strong anticyclonic conditions (though different in terms of spatial distribution of the GPH anomalies). In this regard both 2012 and 2019 can be assumed to be exceptional from an atmospheric point of view. 5 a combination of remote sensing observations, regional climate model outputs, reanalysis datasets, and self-organizing maps (SOMs), we have shown that exceptional anticyclonic conditions occurred in the summer of 2019 and promoted new record or close-to-record values of SMB, runoff, and snowfall. Runoff in 2019 was the second highest after 2012, and SMB was the lowest on the record according to MAR forced by NCEP/NCARv1. The exceptional nature of the mass balance components in 2019 was strongly driven by albedo reduction associated with reduced summer snowfall, enhanced absorption of solar radiation, and the flow of warm, moist air along the western portion of the ice sheet. The analysis of the frequency of daily 500 hPa GPH obtained from SOMs shows that the persistency of the atmospheric patterns (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence of exceptional atmospheric conditions in 2019 that led to record low surface mass balance (SMB) and high runoff over Greenland. Specifically, it states that 'the exceptional nature of the mass balance components in 2019 was strongly driven by albedo reduction... and the flow of warm, moist air along the western portion of the ice sheet.' This indicates a connection between climate change and the melting ice caps, supporting the assertion of unprecedented rates of melting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: 05) respectively but in perspectives of 90 seconds (-40. 9 ± 2. 6 to -48. 1 ± 3. 1 beats/min, p < 0. 05) and 120 seconds (-48. 6 ± 2. 6 to -54. 3 ± 3. 5 beats/min, p < 0. 05), they were decreased significantly. Pre-’HRR decay constant’s of 0. 294 ± 0. 02 %/second were significantly increased to post-values of 0. 342 ± 0. 03 %/second (p = 0. 026). Changes in ‘HRR decay constant’ were significantly correlated with changes in blood glucose (r = -0. 471, p < 0. 05) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max, r = 0. 505, p < 0. 05) respectively. [Conclusions] The low-calorie diet directed to obese middle aged men for 3 months significantly improved the HRR after maximum exercise, and this improvement in cardiovascular autonomic nerve system was estimated to be involved with improvements in blood glucose and maximal oxygen consumption. Keywords: Post-exercise heart rate recovery, Weight loss, Maximal oxygen consumption, (HRR) after maximum exercise carried out by the balance of vagus nerves and sympathetic nerves has been known as a reactivation function of vagus nerve and as an independent risk factor that predicts cardiovascular disease and mortality [1-3]. And this is also used as an indicator to predict death rate from cardiovascular disease of male patients having diabetes [4] and to predict the coronary artery disease of heart of people having familial hypercholesterolemia [5]. The significant low post-maximum-exercise HRR of people obese and having risk factors in cardio vascular metabolism compared to normal people has been identified through several studies [6,7]. That is, the low post- maximum-exercise HRR of obese people who excessively accumulated the body fat implies the low recovery rate of autonomic nerves after experiencing the exercise stress. There are reports assessed the HRR after maximum exercise from studies conducted to improve the low HRR of obese people through weight loss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that improvements in heart rate recovery (HRR) and weight loss in obese men were achieved through a low-calorie diet and exercise program over three months. It emphasizes that weight loss and associated cardiovascular improvements are not guaranteed by personalized nutrition alone, but rather depend on specific dietary and exercise interventions, indicating that diet or exercise is necessary for achieving these health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Telescopes of Galileo’s day were great for astronomy – especially when compared with the naked eye – but they weren’t much use for astrobiology. In contrast, today’s telescopes have the capability of addressing hypotheses about alien life. For example, we can now use telescopes to examine the atmospheres of distant exoplanets. We can search for signs of oxygen, which is regarded as a biosignature. In particular, it may be a signature of photosynthesis by microbes and plants. It’s true that oxygen may come to exist in planetary atmospheres by abiotic means. However, as we’ll see in 3. 7 centimetres, Newton’s (in 1668) 2. 5 centimetres. They’re not directly comparable because Galileo’s was a refractor (a telescope that uses lenses) while Newton’s was a reflector (a telescope that uses mirrors), but they were both tiny by current standards. Today’s large telescopes have mirrors with diameters measured in metres rather than centimetres. For example, the Canarias, situated on the Spanish island of La Palma, has an aperture of 10. 4 metres. The increase in telescope size has been continuous from the 1600s to the 2000s, though it has speeded up significantly since 1900. The largest telescope in the world at the end of the nineteenth century was the Leviathan of Parsonstown in County Offaly, Ireland, which had a diameter of 1. 83 metres. This size was exceeded in 1917 with the construction of the on in southern California, with a diameter of 2. 5 metres. So the last 100 years have seen the largest increase – more than 8 metres between the early twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. However, these measurements in metres don’t quite suffice to explain just how much more powerful modern telescopes are than their ancient forerunners. The light-collecting capability of a telescope scales not with the diameter of its primary mirror but with its surface area. So, in terms of functionality, a 10-metre mirror is not 10 times as good as a 1-metre mirror; rather it’s better by a factor of 100. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the advancements in telescope technology and their capabilities for astronomical observations rather than addressing the study of extremophiles on Earth as a method for searching for extraterrestrial life. There is no mention of extremophiles or any relevance to the methods involved in astrobiology that pertain to Earth life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: , frequency expressed as number of days) characterizing most of the 2019 summer was unprecedented, being 5 standard deviations above the 1981–2010 mean, confirming the exceptional nature of the 2019 season over Greenland. Despite being similar in terms of runoff and SMB, the 2012 and 2019 exceptional melting seasons differ in terms of atmospheric patterns that drove those exceptional conditions, highlighting the importance of studying the spatiotemporal evolution of the atmospheric quantities, rather than only looking at integrated indices such as NAO and GBI. In the future, we plan to analyze how the frequency and occurrence of GPH anomalies have been changing at higher levels (e. g. , 300 hPa, 100 hPa) to quantify potential missing links between the stratosphere and the troposphere that might be responsible for the exceptional conditions. We plan to look at these potential linkages during the fall and winter months, when the coupling between the stratosphere and the troposphere is stronger than in summer, and we will explore the potential influence of winter and spring conditions on the summer atmosphere. As mentioned in the Introduction, understanding the role of atmospheric circulation changes in the surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet is a crucial step for improving estimates of its current and future contributions to sea level changes. This assumes even more importance when considering that such exceptional conditions are not captured by the datasets (CMIP5, Hanna et al. , 2018b), and they can increase the projected surface mass loss by a factor of 2 according to Delhasse et al. (2018). Data availability All MARv3. 10 outputs presented here are available on ftp://ftp. climato. be/fettweis/MARv3. 10/Greenland/NCEP1_1948-2019_20km/ (Fettweis, 2020a). Remote sensing data are available at the links mentioned in Sect. 2. 1. The MAR code is available at (Fettweis, 2020b). Author contributions MT and XF conceived the study. MT collected and analyzed the remote sensing data and performed the atmospheric classification using the SOMs. XF generated the MAR outputs. Both authors contributed to the analysis and to the final version of the paper. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the exceptional melting of the Greenland ice sheet during the 2019 summer season, which was noted to be unprecedented and significantly above the historical mean. It emphasizes the importance of understanding atmospheric conditions contributing to this accelerated melting and suggests that such exceptional conditions are critical for improving estimates of ice mass loss and sea level changes, thereby supporting the notion that climate change is indeed accelerating polar ice melt.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: For instance, according to results of recent study of ‘(Action for Health in Diabetes)’ study group upon large scaled group of 4,503 Type II diabetes patients conducted dietary control and exercise therapies together for 1 year, the HRRs after maximum exercise along with weight losses were reported to be improved significantly [8]. Wasmund et al. (2011) [9] also reported significant decreases of HRR after maximum exercise (average 13 beats/min) and heart rate in steady state attributed to the weight loss from gastrectomy. Furthermore, Brinkworth et al. (2006) [10] reported that the HRRs of obese men having risk factors of metabolic syndrome were significantly decreased by weight loss through dietary control. And the HRR of obese and over-weighted woman having polycystic ovary syndrome accompanied insulin resistance was reported to be significantly decreased after 10 weeks of intervention experiment carried out through the low calorie diet of 30% dietary restriction [11]. Thus the weight loss due to gastric resection or dietary restriction decreases the HRR significantly. Significant decrease in post-exercise HRR due to weight loss was reported however, views upon factors involved in changes of HRR through such dietary restriction were not presented. Meanwhile, the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) has been emphasized as a strong indicator predicting the cardiovascular death rate of men [12,13]. In the recent context of concurrent decrease in cardiopulmonary physical strength and HRR [14], the relationship between physical strength improvement due to weight loss through dietary restriction and HRR of obese men should be investigated. Differences of HR between in perspectives of 1 minute or 2 minutes after maximum exercise were simply adopted for the actual assessment of HRR but Kim et al. (2009) [15] presented the ‘HRR decay constant’ as a new indicator for the assessment of HRR after exercises. However, studies on effects of weight loss due to dietary restriction upon ‘HRR decay constant’ are yet to be conducted. As mentioned before, classical HRR was employed in prior studies for the assessment of people having diverse diseases (e. g. , metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, diabetes, familial hypercholesterolemia etc. ) thus information upon factors involved in such changes particularly upon changes in physical strength is not sufficient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that show the effectiveness of dietary control and exercise therapies in achieving weight loss, particularly for individuals with specific health conditions like Type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. It highlights that weight loss through dietary restrictions has measurable benefits, such as decreased heart rate recovery (HRR), but does not support the notion that personalized nutrition alone guarantees weight loss independent of diet or exercise. Instead, it suggests a complex interplay of multiple factors influencing weight loss and health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Given that Galileo’s tiny telescope allowed him to see the moons of Jupiter, and discern individual stars in the ‘milk’ of the Milky Way, the capabilities of today’s telescopes are truly amazing. But, for astrobiology, size is not enough. There are several other developments that we need to understand. First, so obvious that it hardly needs to be said, the advent of photography in the 1800s, and its later coming together with telescopes in the form of astrophotography. Second, Earth’s atmosphere is a major cause of distortion in the business of seeing clearly into space. As is well known, stars don’t twinkle – they only seem to do so because of atmospheric effects. The main exoplanet-detecting telescopes have been placed above the atmosphere so that this distortion is avoided. These are the Kepler and TESS space telescopes (more on which in 2021. Another will be a future space telescope, which, at the concept stage, was called an acronym of Large Ultra-Violet, Optical, and Infra-Red (telescope). This design survived NASA’s 2020 decadal survey, which produced its report in late 2021 due to the Covid pandemic. However, it was scaled down in size for reasons of cost. The primary mirror will be of a smaller diameter than was originally envisaged. When constructed, the diameter will be about 6 metres – still a considerable size for a space telescope. Its final name will probably be different. In the immediate aftermath of the decadal survey, some astronomers jokingly suggested simply losing the L (large) and calling it UVOIR, but a better name will almost certainly be found. The ability to see across the boundary between visible and infrared light that characterizes both and means that they will be ideally placed to see oxygen biosignatures. This point brings us to the other important development in telescopes that we need to examine: the use of a technique called spectroscopy. Here’s the basic idea behind this technique, as applied in space telescopes for astrobiological purposes. You look at light from a distant source – say a star that has an orbiting planet. In fact, you look at it twice, once when the planet is behind the star or a long way off to one side, and once when it is transiting – i. e. in front of its star from our perspective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses advancements in telescopes and their capabilities for detecting exoplanets and analyzing light from distant sources. It does not mention extremophiles or their role in the search for extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: & Board 144. View Share at There is a firm evidence that polar ice-caps are, in places, swiftly melting. This is both in response to emergence from the last ice age but also ongoing rises in atmospheric carbon dioxide. In the Arctic and the the number of glaciers retreating and retreat rates are increasing and there is much consensus on some effects of this on biodiversity. Ice reduction is leading to new sea- ways, and habitat for ice associated organisms is regionally dying out. More light and heat will get entrance into the water column, increasing primary productivity and sinks for CO2. Melt water flow into seas is causing freshening, stratification, and near-shore sedimentation. These factors negatively influence on biodiversity by clogging and burying the plankton eaters living on the seabed. Changes in water-mass properties and current dynamics will influence the deeper communities of animals, even the deep sea by, for example, by carrying less oxygen. Such processes will make polar regions more susceptible to invasive species. species is a loss to global biodiversity and some evidence suggests particular sensitivity to environmental aspects. alteration pattern; Global warming and sea-rise; Black aerosols; Third-polar ice; Biodiversity impact Temperature alteration pattern 1. expression "polar ice cap" to be one thing of a name, because the term ‘ ice cap’ itself is applied to all the barely bodies that square measure over land, and canopy underneath fifty thousand km2 with larger bodies square measure alluded to as ice sheets [1]. The structure of the ice can fluctuate. For example, Earth's pole covers square measure principally water ice, although Mars' polar ice covers square measure a mix of robust carbonic acid gas and water ice [2]. Polar ice covers structure since high-scope regions get less energy as sun oriented radiation from the Sun than central districts, conveyance regarding lower surface temperatures. Earth's polar covers have modified drastically throughout the foremost recent twelve thousand years. Occasional types of the ice covers happens owing to shifted sun high-powered energy bodily process because the planet or moon rotates round the Sun. what is more, in geological time scales, the ice covers might develop or contract owing to setting selection [3]. 2. Importance of ocean ice keeps the polar areas cool and helps moderate worldwide atmosphere. Ocean ice contains a splendid surface; eightieth of the daylight that strikes it's mirrored once more into house. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that there is firm evidence that polar ice caps are swiftly melting due to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is an aspect of climate change. Additionally, it discusses the impacts of ice reduction, such as increasing retreat rates of glaciers and negative effects on biodiversity, aligning with the assertion that climate change is a critical factor in the melting of the polar ice caps.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this study was designed to examine the effects of diet induced weight loss on ‘HRR decay constant’ in obese men who were free from medication for diseases, and to assess its relevance to cardiorespiratory functional capacity and blood constituents as a factor involved with changes in heart rate after maximum exercise. and data preparation Subjects of this study selected among people currently living in ‘T’ city were recruited by telephone counseling and posted handbills. People having orthopedic, cardiac, and/or metabolic disorders who would be inadequate for the exercise of this study were excluded from the subjects. Particularly, people under medication (for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia etc. ) were excluded except selected 18 normal obese male subjects. subject’s measurement was measured at least 10 hours overnight fasted states. Heights of subjects were measured by digital instrument (TBF-215; Tanita, Tokyo, Japan) of which precision was 0. 1cm, and subjects’ weights on barefoot with inner wear were measured by scale (TBF-215; Tanita, Tokyo, Japan) of which precision was 0. 01kg. The BMI was obtained through dividing each value of weight by corresponding squared value of each height. Waist line was measured at the position of bellybutton. Average values obtained from two consecutive measurements were selected as measured values. Maximal aerobic capacity To measure individual maximal oxygen uptake of each participant, at least 5 minutes warming up mainly consisted of the stretching of quadriceps muscle of thigh, hamstring muscle, and gastrocnemius was practiced at the fitness center. Using the bicycle ergometer (818E; Monark, Stockholm, Sweden), the cardiorespiratory functional capacity was measured as in the report of a previous study [15]. After completing the 2 minutes warm up at 0W, the exercise was started at 15W. Load of 15W was gradually added at every minute to the limit of each subject’s capacity. Respiration and breathed gas were measured through the automated gas exchanging system (Oxycon α system; Mijnhardt, Breda, The Netherlands). Heart rates during each exercise and rest were measured by ECG monitor (Dynascope; Fukuda-denshi, Tokyo, Japan). The breathing gas analyzer automa-tically made the point encountering two lines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on a study designed to examine diet-induced weight loss and its effects on specific physiological parameters rather than supporting the idea that personalized nutrition guarantees weight loss. The detailed methodology described, which excludes certain individuals based on health conditions and emphasizes controlled measurements, implies that weight loss cannot be universally guaranteed without consideration of additional factors such as existing health issues, exercise, and other lifestyle factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: You compare graphs of amount of light received versus wavelength for the two occasions (Figure 1. 1). Dips in the amount of light at particular wavelengths when the planet is in front of the star are interpreted as resulting from absorption of light by gases in the planet’s atmosphere. Since different gases have different characteristic patterns of absorption, you can identify them. Figure 1. 1 Detecting gases in exoplanet atmospheres. Left: amount of light received by a space telescope when the planet is ‘off to one side’ from our perspective. Right: amount of light received when the planet is in a direct line between its host star and the Earth. Note the dip in the amount of light received at a particular wavelength in the right-hand panel. If instead of looking at this graph you were looking at the light itself, after it had been split into its various colours by a prism, you would see a dark band at the wavelength (= colour) concerned. Such a dip (or band) is interpreted as the result of absorption by a particular gas in the planet’s atmosphere, and is known as an absorption band. Since different gases have different patterns of absorption centred on different wavelengths – in other words different ‘signatures’ – they can be identified. Some gases, notably oxygen, are regarded as biosignatures. As we will see later (in 2020. It gave its name to the famous Arecibo message broadcast by it into space in 1974. There are also large arrays of radio telescopes – for example ASKAP (Pathfinder), located about 700 kilometres north of the city of Perth, which started observing the sky in 2012. A of are about to feel the multidisciplinary nature of the search for extraterrestrial life that I mentioned at the outset, because we are about to move from the astronomical realm to its biological counterpart. In particular, we are going to move from the telescopes used in the search for habitable planets – and ultimately the life that’s on some of them – to the search for a workable definition of life. How can we search for life if we can’t define it? And yet the task of defining life is not an easy one – even in the restricted context of planet Earth (are viruses alive? ). It’s more difficult again to attempt a definition that will work in a cosmic context. But an imperfect definition is better than nothing – so here goes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the search for extraterrestrial life and the study of extremophiles on Earth. Instead, it discusses the detection of gases in exoplanet atmospheres and the challenges of defining life. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: As ocean ice softens within the middle year, it uncovered the dim ocean surface. Instead of reflective eightieth of the daylight, the ocean retains ninetieth of the daylight. As per logical estimations, each the thickness and degree of summer, ocean ice within the Icy have shown a sensational decay within the course of recent years. This is often in keeping with perceptions of a warming Cold. The deficiency of ocean ice in addition will presumably quicken a worldwide temperature alteration patterns and to alter atmosphere styles [4]. Ice sheets are important markers of associate degree Earth-wide temperature boost and environmental modification severally. Softening ice sheets raise rising ocean levels. The deficiency of frosty ice likewise diminishes the live of latest water accessible for plants and creatures that require new water to endure [5]. 3. Difference between Caps and the facts demonstrate that the two ice sheets and ice floes are huge masses of ice that can be found in cold districts, there is a significant contrast between them. Fundamentally, ice sheets begin ashore, and ice floes structure in vast water and are a type of ocean ice [6]. Glacial masses are shaped by the recrystallization of day off other strong precipitation that doesn't altogether soften, in any event, during dissolving season. The fallen snow packs over numerous years (at a rate that relies upon temperature and wetness) into ice. A glacial mass may likewise acquire mass from the refreezing of meltwater at its base. Despite the fact that glacial masses are taken care of essentially by snowfall, they may likewise develop because of freezing of downpour, hail, hoarfrost, and rime; torrential slides may contribute snow to an icy mass also. Ice sheets are found in Cold territories, Antarctica, and on high mountains in mild and even heat and humidity. Icy masses that stretch out in ceaseless sheets and cover a huge landmass, like Antarctica or Greenland, are called ice sheets [7]. In the event that they are comparable however more modest, they are named ice covers. Icy masses kept to a way that coordinates their developments are mountain ice sheets, those that spread on level ground at the foot of a glaciated area are piedmont glacial masses, and those that spread from a glaciated district onto the sea are ice racks [8]. Ice floes, then again, are made of frozen seawater. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant decline in the thickness and extent of Arctic ocean ice in recent years, indicating a warming trend consistent with climate change. It mentions that the loss of sea ice can accelerate global warming and alter weather patterns, which is a direct link to the effect of climate change on polar ice caps. The description of ice sheets as crucial indicators of global temperature increase supports the notion that climate change is indeed accelerating the melting of these ice structures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: ; Group 3: greens, vegetables, seaweeds, fruits etc. Group 4: milk fat, sugar or sweeteners etc. ), and participants were encouraged to take total 1680 kcal daily by taking 560 kcal at each meal where 80 kcal was counted as 1 nutritional point. Participants recorded ingested foods every week in amounts of carbohydrate, fat, and protein and these records were analyzed by professional dietician. Data analysis All data presented in this study were calculated by statistical package of SPSS Version 20 to produce descriptive statistics (mean ± standard error). Analyses between variables before and after respective measurement employed the paired-t test. To verify the relevance of heart rate decrease coefficient with each variable the Pearson's correlation coefficient was extracted. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures with post hoc Bonferroni was used to analyze the time course in post exercise HR. Level of all statistical significance was set as α =. 05. of exercise loads No participants appealed chest pains or pains in hip or knees during gradual maximum exercise tolerance test through bicycle ergometer and abnormal wave mode in electrocardiogram (e. g. ST segment elevation or depression) or abnormal heart beat (e. g. decrease in HR despite of increase in exercise intensity etc. ) were not observed. All obese male subjects participated to the test showed BMIs over 25 kg/m2 and the basic physical characteristics of voluntary subjects are summarized in Table 1. Changes in blood parameters after low-calorie diet program Changes in blood constituents after weight loss compared to those before weight loss are summarized in Table 2. Blood lipid, TC, and TG were all decreased significantly (p < 0. 05). Serum enzymes, and γ-GTP as parameter of liver function, were also significantly decreased respectively. Regarding changes in variables related with blood glucose, the HOMA-IR which is an indicator of insulin resistance was significantly decreased along with significant decreases of blood glucose, insulin, and HbA1c (p < 0. 05). Variables related with HRR and heart rate after weight loss Before the experimental intervention, changes in HRR right after each maximum exercise manifested significant negative correlation with the heart rate in steady state (r = -0. 545, p < 0. 19). Through the low calorie diet weight loss program conducted for 3 months the body weights and BMIs were significantly decreased (p < 0. 05). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that weight loss is linked to the implementation of a low-calorie diet program combined with exercise, as seen in the significant decreases in body weights and BMIs among participants. It highlights that the changes observed were statistically significant, indicating that weight loss is not guaranteed by personalized nutrition alone but rather dependent on specific dietary and exercise interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: One way of looking at a definition is as an abstract generalization about a class of entities that’s based on prior knowledge of many concrete individual entities of the sort concerned. So, let’s start with a list of ‘concrete’ living entities – organisms – on our home planet. Not a complete list, of course, for that would include more than a million names. But we don’t need a complete list, nor even a particularly lengthy one. A short one will suffice, and indeed is preferable, in terms of not drowning in detail. Here it is: humans, snails, whales, trees, toadstools, and bacteria. A definition of ‘X’ – in this case ‘life’ – only works if we also have entities that we know are ‘not X’, which in this case means ‘not life’, or alternatively ‘inert objects’. Here’s a short list of such objects, all of which are generally agreed not to be living things: rocks, clouds, cars, smoke, and water. Of course, some of these entities might contain life forms – for example a cloud might contain airborne microbes – but that’s not the same thing as a cloud actually being a living organism itself. And in one case – cars – they’re made by life forms, but again that’s something different. So, the question is this: how do we word an abstract definition of life so that it includes all of the things that we think of as living and none of those that we think are not? There are different ways of doing this, and I have no intention of surveying them all. That would be both boring and pointless. Instead, I will focus on the definition that I think works best. I call it the RIM definition of life. These letters stand for the following three attributes of life forms: Reproduction, Inheritance, Metabolism. So, an entity that has all three RIM attributes is alive, while an entity with none of them is not. We’ll get to the annoying grey area in the middle shortly. Now is the moment for a warning about the risk of infinite regress. To define life, it’s necessary to define reproduction, inheritance, and metabolism. This could lead to a need to define words that occur in these definitions, and so on indefinitely. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the search for extraterrestrial life or extremophiles specifically. Instead, it discusses abstract definitions of life, including attributes such as reproduction, inheritance, and metabolism, without relating it to the study of extremophiles or extraterrestrial life. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: In quiet conditions, a soupy suspension of precious stones assembled frazil sticks to shape sheets and afterward keeps on developing by a base freezing measure named congelation. Under more tempestuous conditions, frazil precious stones gather into flapjacks. As they develop, they thicken and stack on top of each other, in the long run shaping ice floes. Ice floes are genuinely portable and float about on the sea's surface. The organization and life pattern of ice floes in the are unique in relation to those in the [9]. 4. Causes of Polar ice caps and glaciers have been melting slowly due to various reasons; the climate change being the main reason. Some of the main reasons for shrinking of ice caps are described below: Burning of fossil fuel Increase in deforestation Oil and gas drilling Ships breaking the ice bergs Ocean warming 4. 1 Burning of fossil fuel The heat that is produced during burning of the fuels like coal, gas and oil cause the melting of the ice caps. It has been studied that at this rate the melting of the Antarctic ice will cause the sea level to rise up to 50m. This rise in sea level can be prohibited if global warming is restricted or controlled. The greenhouse gases have already caused a lot of damage to the ice caps, hence there should be some other fuels used that are less harmful. 4. 2 Increase in deforestation Deforestation has a lot of adverse affects, one of the effects is the increase in melting of ice caps with deforestation. The effect lies in the fact that as more and more trees are cut down, clear landforms are formed which alters the wind speed and also indirectly links with the precipitation. Thus, deforestation leading to climatic disturbances ultimately shrink the ice caps faster. For example, the effects of deforestation have been evaluated for [10]. Global warming plays an important role in the whole process of shrinkage of the ice caps. 4. 3 Oil and gas drilling The process of extraction of oil and gas and other fuels result in the release of methane. Methane has heat locking ability and increases global warming. It is more hazardous for the environment than carbon dioxide. Hence, with rise in global warming the glaciers start melting. 4. 4 Ships breaking the ice bergs According to NSIDC ( Center) the shipwrecks and accidents of the ships with the large icebergs can also lead to shrinking of the ice caps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that climate change is the main reason for the slow but significant melting of the polar ice caps. It discusses how various factors, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and global warming, contribute to this process. For instance, it mentions that the burning of fossil fuels generates heat that leads to the melting of ice caps, and further explains how global warming plays an important role in this shrinkage. This directly supports the assertion that climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: This study was designed to examine changes in the independent factor (the ‘HRR decay constant’) related with cardiovascular death rate and was introduced as a new indicator for the assessment of recovery rate of heart rate to be changed by weight loss induced by low calorie diet and, to investigate variables related with recovery rate of heart rate. The results of the study showed that the weight loss of obese middle aged men induced by low calorie diet significantly decreased the heart rate after maximum exercise and the fasting blood glucose and cardiopulmonary physical strength were appeared to be involved in such decrease in HR. In the recent study conducted to find the relevance of metabolism with heart rate recovery after maximum exercise [6], the decreased recovery of heart rate of juveniles after maximum exercise practiced by bicycle ergometer was reported to be related with the waist circumstance as the obesity indicator and was inversely correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors such as blood glucose, cholesterol, neutral fat, and/or blood pressure. Deniz et al. (2007) [17] compared the heart rate recovery for 1 minute after maximum exercise in groups of males aged in their 20s who were classified into groups by the presence of metabolic syndrome, and reported the significantly decreased HRR in the group having metabolic syndrome. For results of pathophysiological studies, Karjalainen et al. (2012) [18] examined the recovery rate of heart rate after maximum exercise from patients grouped by the presence of diabetes and coronary heart disease and reported that the patients of coronary heart disease having diabetes together showed significant low recovery rate of heart rate compared to other patients without diabetes, and interestingly, the recovery rate of heart rate was also reported to be related with obesity and physical activity more closely than other complications or terms exposed to diabetes. Tigen et al. (2009) [19] reported that the reduced recovery rate of heart rate of obese people after maximum exercise was related with left ventricular systolic dysfunction along with the decrease in motor function. Results of such studies lead us to the hypothesis suggesting that the dissipation of obesity through weight loss or through increased physical activity employed exercises might be related with the recovery rate of heart rate. Actually, the exercise training improves the heart rate recovery rate after maximum exercise. Kim et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that examine the effects of low-calorie diets and exercise on heart rate recovery and metabolic factors, indicating that weight loss is not guaranteed without addressing these variables. It highlights that obesity, physical activity, and specific health conditions (like metabolic syndrome and diabetes) significantly influence heart rate recovery after exercise, suggesting that weight loss is complex and not simply a result of personalized nutrition alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: You’ll be pleased to know that I’m absolutely not going to go down that road. However, I am going to briefly consider each of the three components of RIM. Since these three things are crucial in allowing us to distinguish life forms from inert entities – potentially throughout the universe – it simply won’t work if we’re fuzzy about their meanings. This point was brought home to me when I was reading the Introduction to astrobiology written by the planetary scientist David C. Catling in 2013. With regard to metabolism, Catling says the following: ‘All life metabolizes but so does my car. ’ I don’t agree with him, but I see what he means. The burning of a fuel such as petrol powers a car in much the same way as the burning of a fuel such as glucose powers a living organism. is right to see a parallel. But he’s wrong – in my view – to equate automotive and biological ‘metabolism’. I have an instinctive feeling that the two are different in some fundamental way, and perhaps you do too. But what is it? Of course, the fuels are different, but that’s not the best approach to this issue, because we can’t guarantee that the fuel of alien life is glucose. Here’s a better approach. A life form metabolizes right from the start; a car doesn’t. An organism is not simply a collection of cells, membranes, vesicles, filaments, and so on, that is inert until some point in its life when it gets fired up with an infusion of glucose or some other fuel. In contrast, a car is an object of precisely this latter sort. It’s a collection of metal and plastic parts that gets built in stages and hasn’t a whiff of ‘metabolism’ until after it’s complete – or has reached its ‘adult’ stage, to stretch the use of that term – and someone turns on the ignition. So, to be a life form from a metabolic perspective you need to be metabolizing right from the start. Even the very first cell of a new human or other animal – the zygote – metabolizes. An organism is an intrinsically metabolizing thing. Its default state is to metabolize. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide any information regarding the study of extremophiles on Earth in the context of searching for extraterrestrial life. It mainly discusses the concept of metabolism in life forms versus non-life forms, which is not related to the study of extremophiles or extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Any icebreaker cruising into the large pieces of ice exposes more surface area of the glaciers to the sun and hence contributes to melting. 4. 5 Ocean warming The temperature of the oceans increases as they absorb almost 90% of the earth's warmth. This is the reason for the marine glaciers melting which are on the poles near Alaska. 5. Effects of The melting of polar ice caps has impacts on various fields of biodiversity and ecology. Some of the effects are described below: 5. 1 Increase in global mean temperature The anthropogenic global warming has caused a lot of changes in the cryospheric elements like the Arctic ice sheets, the Greenland and the mountain glaciers. These changes can lead to increasing the global mean temperature GMT. On average the evaluated median additional global warming is 0. 43 degrees Celsius [11]. 5. 2 Effect on carbon cycle The carbon cycle is one of the most significant processes for keeping the ecological community alive. Recent studies have shown the icebergs as important factors in the continuation of this cycle. Thus the melting of ice caps has also affected the carbon cycle and may lead to drastic ecological changes [12]. 5. 3 Effect on the marine ecosystem The polar ice caps and glaciers play a crucial role in maintaining the marine ecosystem and biodiversity. Their role extends to the sea temperature, circulation and sea ice formation. They impact the marine food webs which are dependent on the temperature and climate. Thus due to melting of these icebergs many problems are faced by the marine world [13]. 5. 4 Effect on wildlife The ice caps are linked with a number of factors that affect the tundra wildlife. The sustainability depends on these ice caps so when they melt they affect herbivore populations, thaw-induced collapse of structures used by wildlife for reproduction, and thermal erosion of ice wedges reducing waterfowl habitat [14]. Glaciers are directly linked with the increasing sea levels. This is leading to a number of consequences causing problems for domestic lifestyle due to increased risks of floods, as well as the wildlife interrupting their usual migration cycles and other problems. 5. 5 Effect on sea levels The melting of ice caps increases the sea level casing problems for domestic lifestyle [15]. 5. 6 Scarcity of freshwater Studies show that the melting ice caps continuously would result in less downstream of fresh water. Indus, Brahmaputra and Ganges basins—fed by Asia glaciers are subjected to face loss of glacial water in the coming years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how factors like ocean warming and anthropogenic global warming are responsible for the melting of polar ice caps. It mentions that ocean temperatures are increasing, which contributes to the melting glaciers, particularly in polar regions like Alaska. The text discusses various impacts of this melting, including effects on global temperatures, carbon cycles, marine ecosystems, and wildlife, thereby corroborating the idea that climate change is a significant driver of ice cap melt.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: (2009) [15] examined the ‘HRR decay constant’ which were introduced as a new substitute marker for heart rate recovery after maximum exercise carried out for 3 months in groups of obese men classified by the presence of metabolic syndrome, and found the heart rate of obese men free from metabolic syndrome after maximum exercise practiced by bicycle ergometer were not significantly changed along with significant decrease in weights (average 3. 0 kg), and on the contrary, reported that the obese men belonged to the group of metabolic syndrome manifested the significant decrease in heart rate after maximum exercise (0. 31 ± 0. 02 %/sec to 0. 35 ± 0. 02 %/sec, p > 0. 05) along with the decreases in weights. This implies that changes in autonomic nerve system of heart might be dependent more upon metabolic characteristics of obese people than the weight loss induced by exercise program. There are prior studies investigated the influences of weight loss of obese people upon changes in heart rate after maximum exercise. Brinkworth et al. (2006) [10] reported results from the study on heart rate recovery of obese men after maximum exercise conducted for 3 months along with low calorie diet where the heart rate for 1 minute after maximum exercise practiced by treadmill after 12 weeks of weight loss program limited 30% of energy uptake was significantly decreased and this decrease was significantly related with the body weight loss (r = -0. 41, p = 0. 008). And the significant relevance of weight loss with reduced blood glucose (r = 0. 37, p < 0. 01) was also reported [10]. Such results were accorded with results of this study. But different from results reported by Brinkworth et al. , 2006 [10] the results of this study upon changes in recovery rate of heart rate after maximum exercise was presented by employing the new indicator, the ‘HRR decay constant’. Of course, in prior studies, the recovery rate of heart rate was measured at various time zones. For instance, maximum heart rates at 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, and/or 5 minutes were measured for the analysis of differences. But the ‘HRR decay constant’ in prior study was derived from the equation reflecting the decrease in heart rate measured at the most frequent time zone of 2 minutes. In this study, the relevance of maximal oxygen consumption was presented to explore factors involved with changes in post-exercise heart rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing findings related to weight loss and heart rate recovery that indicate weight loss is influenced more by metabolic characteristics than by personalized nutrition alone. It highlights that the changes in the autonomic nervous system, which are suggested to affect heart rate recovery, may be more dependent on an individual's metabolic syndrome status rather than being guaranteed by a personalized nutrition approach, suggesting that weight loss cannot be guaranteed regardless of dietary or exercise factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: However, to call life forms perpetually metabolizing things would be a step too far. We’re all familiar with hibernation – in hedgehogs, for example. This is a state of reduced metabolic activity in cold weather. And there’s the related phenomenon of aestivation – reduced metabolic activity in hot dry weather, as is found in some Mediterranean snails. But these two states are eclipsed by a more extreme one called cryptobiosis (‘hidden life’), in which metabolism may be reduced to zero, or very nearly so. The best example of animals exhibiting cryptobiosis are the tiny invertebrates called tardigrades, or water bears. These have played an interesting role in astrobiology, as we’ll see later. So it’s appropriate that they should feature in our discussion here of the definition of life. When environmental conditions become too extreme for a tardigrade to maintain normal, active, rapidly metabolizing life, it converts itself into a static, low-or-zero metabolizing structure called a tun. Both this state and the normal active state are shown in Figure 1. 2. When conditions improve again, it can convert back from a tun into an active, mobile, metabolizing tardigrade. But this fact doesn’t really cause us difficulties of definition. As long as we stick with a view of organisms as ‘intrinsically metabolizing’ rather than ‘perpetually metabolizing’, then we’re ok. Figure 1. 2 Two forms of the tiny invertebrate called a tardigrade or water bear. Upper right: how the animal looks under benign environmental conditions, when it is active. Lower left: a tardigrade tun, which is a resistant, non-metabolizing form that the animal converts itself into under extreme environmental conditions such as very low temperatures or lack of water. If conditions become less extreme, the tun can revert to the active form. That was a quick look at ‘metabolism’. Now, what about reproduction? Cars don’t reproduce. Neither do rocks or clouds of smoke. Organisms do. Perhaps this is more straightforward, then, than the case of metabolism? Well, not entirely. Regrettably, not all adult humans can reproduce. But those who can’t are no less alive than those who can. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the search for extraterrestrial life and its connection to studying extremophiles. Instead, it discusses different states of metabolic activity in organisms, specifically focusing on tardigrades and their ability to withstand extreme conditions. While the mention of tardigrades hints at the study of extremophiles, it doesn't explicitly tie this to the search for extraterrestrial life, making the relevance to the claim minimal.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: The fresh water availability will be ultimately affected [16]. 5. 7 Effect on coral reefs The sea level rises due to glacial melt which has a number of consequences. The coral reefs serve various benefits for the ecological sustenance. But they are sensitive to the fluctuating temperatures and heat shocks which they face due to the increasing global warming. Thus the melting of icebergs is also very harmful for the coral reefs. 5. 8 Shortage of electricity In major parts of the world, the electricity is dependent on the flowing water which comes from the gradually melting ice caps. But if this source is terminated there will be an energy crisis faced by the world. The production of electricity through other means can lead to pollution. 6. of Melting of The polar ice caps are melting approximately six times faster than in 1990s. Most of the ice loss occurred in Antarctica and Greenland due to poor climatic conditions. Checking out the changes in polar glaciers and ice streams is a concerning task because they are an appreciable indicator of global environmental change. There is a survey done on polar ice by many organizations including radar altimetry (ICESat), SPOT 5 stereoscopic analysis of polar ice, International polar year project (IPY) [17]. ice extent 1978 7. 5 million square kilometers 1982 7. 3 million square kilometers 1986 7. 1 million square kilometers 1990 6. 8 million square kilometers 1994 6. 45 million square kilometers 1998 6 million square kilometers 2002 5. 8 million square kilometers 2006 5. 5 million square kilometers 2010 5 million square kilometers [18] Table : Statistical table. and Antarctica, in 1990s there was 81 billion metric tons loss of polar ice caps. In 2010, the loss arose to 475 billion metric tons In 2002, Chunk of ice from the East side of broke. Figure 1: Ice sheets melting and a threat to polar bears. Figure 2: Polar ice caps melting is a threat to biodiversity. 7. Caps in 2020 A Siberian heat wave in spring 2020 caused the Arctic ice melting season coming earlier because of the high Arctic temperature 14 to 18 degrees Fahrenheit (8-10C). An analysis by NASA and Center suggests that 2020 minimum extent is only 3. 74 million square kilometers [19]. It is said by Nathan Kurtz, scientist at NASA’s in Greenbelt Maryland. “The earlier the melt season starts, the more ice you generally lose” 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it states that 'The polar ice caps are melting approximately six times faster than in 1990s' and details significant statistics on ice loss, such as 'in 1990s there was 81 billion metric tons loss of polar ice caps. In 2010, the loss arose to 475 billion metric tons.' The text asserts that poor climatic conditions contribute to the acceleration of the melting ice, which supports the claim regarding the relationship between climate change and the unprecedented rate of ice melting.