Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Gulliver gastropods: spatio-temporal distribution and significance for biotic recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction. Earth Sci. Rev. 146:31–64 [2003. High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of sequences: constraints on the timing of bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction and glaciation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 115:89–104 [2001. Do all mass extinctions represent an ecological crisis? Evidence from the Late Ordovician. Geol. J. 36:329–40 [1995. Coordinated stasis and evolutionary ecology of Silurian to faunas in the Appalachian Basin. to Speciation in the 285–315 New York: Columbia Univ. Press [2019. Environmental controls on shallow subtidal molluscan death assemblages on Island, the Bahamas. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 527:14–24 [2014. High-precision timeline for Earth's most severe extinction. PNAS 111:3316–21 [2006. Principles of New York: Elsevier [2003. The Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction: insights from high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy in South China. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 193:87–111 [2004. Palaeokarst and its implication for the extinction event at the Frasnian–Famennian boundary (Guilin, South China). J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 161:895–98 [2015. Recovery pattern of brachiopods after the Permian–Triassic crisis in South China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 433:91–105 [2012. The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction. Nat. Geosci. 5:375–83 [2005. recovery of the brachiopod faunas from the end-Permian mass extinction: a global review. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 224:270–90 [2013. Contrasting the ecological and taxonomic consequences of extinction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and research focused on mass extinctions and their ecological consequences. It highlights significant events such as the end-Permian mass extinction and its implications for biotic recovery, which implies that mass extinctions play a critical role in shaping the diversity of species on Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: of of Mycelia of Issue 8, 2021, 10. 1615/IntJMedMushrooms. 2021039339 Submitted: Jun 15 2021 Accepted: Jun 15 2021 Published online: Jul 14 2021 Get access Chi-Department of and. O. C. ; Chia-Co. , Tainan 702, Taiwan, R. O. C. Yu-Department of and. O. C. Liang-Department of and. O. C. (Corresponding author m. asatiani@agruni. edu. ge) of Microbial Biotechnology, of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, I. Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, of Georgia, 0131. , 7582014, Israel; Department of and of Ltd. , 7582014, Ltd. , 7582014, P. Center for and Fungi, Department of Evolutionary and and Institute of Evolution, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel Jeng-Department of and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. The results obtained demonstrate that almost all tested combinations were found to be good sources of polysaccharides, with content varying in the ranges of 4. 73 ± 1. 33% and 58. 46 ± 4. 15%. Total protein contents varied in 1. 97 ± 0. 40% - 5. 37 ± 0. 40% range. ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0. 03 ± < 0. 01 to 0. 61 ± 0. 03 mg/g, and from 0. 16 ± 0. 03 to 5. 69 ± 0. 41 mg/g respectively. Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing an investigation into specific medicinal mushrooms (MM) and their biological compounds. It mentions that out of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species tested, not all combinations of mushroom powders were evaluated for medicinal properties, indicating that not all mushrooms are necessarily medicinal. Furthermore, the presence of specific compounds like GABA was only noted in a subset of the samples, implying variability among different mushroom species regarding their medicinal benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: plantarum has no current density capacity without added DHNA. We agree with the reviewer that this point should be clarified. The new data we provide from the literature to compare L. plantarum vs S. oneidensis (mA/mg-protein) corresponds to a study in which flavins were self-secreted. We have also clarified that S. oneidensis and G. sulfurreducens do not require addition of riboflavin and quinones, unlike L. plantarum (lines 141-147). However, because L. plantarum possesses genetic elements involved in EET (i. e. ndh2) and performs EET with levels of DHNA similar to those found in its environment (additional data are provided to show this) L. plantarum does perform endogenous EET. Authors should offer a mechanism for the conditional pplA phenotype We briefly discussed the differences in the conditional need of PplA for EET across lactic acid bacteria and now have included an additional hypothesis for the conditional need of PplA in L. plantarum (lines 551-535). We have preliminary data that suggest there is a conditional need for PplA in L. plantarum to perform EET depending on the culturing conditions and will address this fully in future work. Switching between the terms “electron donor” and “carbon source” may be confusing for some readers; one term should be used consistently. We agree with the Reviewer, and we now appropriately use the term “electron donor” throughout the manuscript. Figure 3—figure supplement 1F is not discussed in the text. We apologize for this omission. We have included a brief discussion of this supplementary Figure (lines 355-359). This figure now is Figure 3 — figure supplement 2C. Line 204: typo in “pplA” The spelling error has been corrected. The ndh2 mutant should be included in the kale juice fermentation experiments to test the contribution of Ndh2 in this context. While this is a helpful suggestion, we did not use the Ndh2 mutant in our kale juice fermentation experiment since this experiment focused on the metabolic impact of EET during fermentation. However, we envision future experiments addressing the EET mechanism under ecological conditions will utilize this mutant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and discusses various aspects of L. plantarum, particularly its electron transfer and metabolic processes. However, it does not provide information that directly supports or refutes the claim about the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Paleobiology 39:538–59 [2015. Ocean acidification and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Science 348:229–32 [1980. Evolution of terrestrial faunas during the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. 139:67–74 [2019. Stratigraphic and environmental control on marine benthic community change through the early Toarcian extinction event (Iberian Range, Spain). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 524:183–200 [2013. The impact of global warming and anoxia on marine benthic community dynamics: an example from the Toarcian (Early Jurassic). 8:e56255 [2010. The end-Ordovician glaciation and the Hirnantian Stage: a global review and questions about event stratigraphy. Earth Sci. Rev. 98:269–82 [1998. Organic carbon fluxes and ecological recovery from the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. Science 282:276–79 [2014. Quantifying functional diversity in pre- and post-extinction paleocommunities: a test of ecological restructuring after the end-Permian mass extinction. Earth Sci. Rev. 136:339–49 [2016. Rapid recovery of Patagonian plant–insect associations after the end-Cretaceous extinction. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1:0012 [1988. Diachrony of late Neogene microfossils in the southwest Pacific Ocean: application of the graphic correlation method. Paleoceanography 3:209–22 [1998. The end and the beginning: recoveries from mass extinctions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13:344–49 [2001. Lessons from the past: biotic recoveries from mass extinctions. PNAS 98:5399–403 [1993. Elvis taxa. Palaios 8:623–24 [2007. Environmental and biotic changes across the Permian–Triassic boundary in western Tethys: the Bulla parastratotype, Italy. Glob. Planet. Change 55:109–35 [2016. Biogeographic and bathymetric determinants of brachiopod extinction and survival during the mass extinction. Proc. R. Soc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing numerous studies that address the impact and consequences of mass extinction events on species diversity over geological time. Specifically, discussions about recovery from mass extinctions and ecological restructuring, such as the 'rapid recovery of Patagonian plant–insect associations after the end-Cretaceous extinction,' highlight the significant role mass extinctions play in shaping biological diversity on Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: 53 ± 0. 23 - 18. 88 ± 0. 34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1. 23 ± 0. 04 - 4. 34 ± 0. 73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). In present research the complexity of samples/extracts were evaluated by multiple antioxidant assays to verify their antioxidant capacity. Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. Therefore, all tested samples confirm the capable antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds extracted from MMs. : medicinal mushrooms, mycelium, proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ergothioneine, antioxidants, total phenols, flavonoids 134. . Current and future research trends in agricultural and biomedical applications of medicinal mushrooms and mushroom products (review). Med Mushrooms. 2018;20:1121-33. . Antimicrobial and antitumor activities of chitosan from shiitake stipes, compared to commercial chitosan from crab shells. Carbohydr Polymers. 2016;138:259-64. -. The effect of mushroom extracts on human platelet and blood coagulation: In vitro screening of eight edible species. Nutrients. 2019;11:3040. . Investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different extracts of Auricularia and Termitomyces species of mushrooms. J. 2019;24:7357048. . Physicochemical, antioxidant and sensory characteristics of bread partially substituted with aerial parts of sweet potato. LWT. 2020;117:108602. . Structural characterization of enzymatic modification of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide and its immune-enhancement activity. Biol Macromol. 2021;166:1396-1408. . Trends in the immunomodulatory effects of Cordyceps militaris: Total extracts, polysaccharides and cordycepin. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:575704. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific studies on various mushroom extracts that indicate antioxidant and antimicrobial properties but does not provide evidence that all mushrooms possess such medicinal properties. The mention of complexities in evaluating antioxidant capacity implies that not every mushroom has the same effects, which undermines the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Since we do not have this data, we have revised the Abstract to avoid concluding that ndh2 is necessary for EET in kale juice (line 27). Readers may not be familiar with the term “Crabtree-positive” We agree with the Reviewer and have removed this jargon from the Discussion. “SLP” should be defined on page 3 We have replaced the acronym ‘SLP’ with the term ‘substrate-level phosphorylation’. The introduction does not provide enough detail for a broad audience to understand the metabolic pathways being discussed. It would help if some of the detail about L. plantarum metabolism (such as lines 318-321, 553-555) was moved from the results/discussion to the introduction. If L. plantarum is able to grow via respiration (as suggested in lines 304-308), this should also be mentioned in the introduction. The introduction should also be revised to ensure that terms are used unambiguously and to remove inaccurate generalizations. Some examples are given in the comments below. We appreciate the Reviewer’s suggestions regarding the introduction. Regarding the question of providing additional background on L. plantarum and LAB metabolism, the Introduction text (lines 55-71 and 97-104) has been revised to incorporate definitions of homofermentation and heterofermentation as well as stating that L. plantarum is primarily homofermentative but also a respiratory-capable LAB. It is not totally accurate to say that energy per se is generated or created during metabolism. The authors should revise these statements to say that energy is obtained or conserved or that ATP is generated. We agree with the Reviewer. We have carefully revised the manuscript to consistently use the term ‘energy conservation. ’ This paper discusses detailed metabolic pathways and the terms used to describe these pathways should be used carefully and precisely to avoid confusion for the reader. For instance, the authors should precisely define “substrate-level phosphorylation” and “fermentation” and should not use these terms interchangeably. “Substrate-level phosphorylation” refers to a reaction that generates ATP directly, without the use of the proton motive force and the membrane-associated ATP synthase enzyme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly; it focuses on revisions made to a manuscript related to the understanding and terminology surrounding the metabolism of L. plantarum and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). While it discusses various fermentation processes and metabolic terms, it does not provide supporting evidence or reject the claim regarding the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Lessons from the past: evolutionary impacts of mass extinctions. PNAS 98:5393–98 [2002. Survival without recovery after mass extinctions. PNAS 99:8139–44 [1995. Surviving mass extinctions. Geotimes 40:14–17 [1996. The importance of crisis progenitors in recovery from mass extinction. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 102:15–39 [1991. The stratigraphy of shell concentrations. Taphonomy: Releasing the in the 211–90 New York: Plenum [2018. Pre–mass extinction decline of latest Permian ammonoids. Geology 46:283–86 [2000. Delayed biological recovery from extinctions throughout the fossil record. Nature 404:177–80 [2004. Rapid recovery from the mass extinction. PNAS 101:17605–10 [2011. Left behind—delayed extinction and a relict trilobite fauna in the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary succession (east Laurentian platform, New York). Geol. Mag. 148:529–57 [2018. Rapid recovery of life at ground zero of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Nature 558:288–91 [2017. The best sections method of studying mass extinctions. Lethaia 50:465–66 [2016. Sedimentology and ichnology of two sections in South China: implications for the biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction. Glob. Planet. Change 144:198–212 [1986. Late Campanian-Maastrichtian ammonite fauna from (Antarctic Peninsula). Paleontol. Soc. Mem. 18:1–55 [1988. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleoecology of Upper Cretaceous/Paleocene shelf-deltaic sediments of Seymour Island. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 169:25–54 [1997. Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges with nonrandom distributions of fossil horizons. Paleobiology 23:165–73 [1996. Sudden and gradual molluscan extinctions in the latest Cretaceous of western European Tethys. Science 274:1360–63 [2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies and findings related to mass extinctions and their evolutionary impacts. It indicates that mass extinctions have had significant consequences on species recovery and diversity, demonstrating that they have indeed shaped the diversity of species on Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Nowakowski P, Markiewicz-Zukowska R, Gromkowska-. Mushrooms as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer: Evaluation of anti-glioma effects of Coprinus comatus, Cantharellus cibarius, Lycoperdon perlatum and Lactarius deliciosus extracts. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;133:111090. . Chemical composition and nutritional and medicinal value of fruit bodies and submerged cultured mycelia of culinary-medicinal higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms. Med Mushrooms. 2014;16:273-91. Wasser SP. Medicinal mushrooms in human clinical studies. Part I. Anticancer, oncoimmunological, and immunomodulatory activities: A review. Med Mushrooms. 2017;19:279-317. Brendler T, Al--. Botanical drugs and supplements affecting the immune response in the time of COVID-19: Implications for research and clinical practice. Phytother Res. 2021;35(6):3013-31. --Dahmoshid HOM, Al-. Evaluation of the phytoconstituents of Auricularia auricula-judae mushroom and antimicrobial activity of its protein extract. Integr Med. 2020;38:101176. . Production of natural edible melanin by Auricularia auricula and its physicochemical properties. Food Chem. 2016;196:486-92. Wasser SP. Medicinal mushroom science: History, current status, future trends, and unsolved problems. Med Mushrooms. 2010;12:1-16. . The mycelium of the Trametes versicolor (turkey tail) mushroom and its fermented substrate each show potent and complementary immune activating properties in vitro. . 2019;19:342. . Cancer without pharmacological illusions and a niche for mycotherapy (review). Med Mushrooms. 2019;21:105-19. . Bioactive mushroom polysaccharides: A review on monosaccharide composition, biosynthesis and regulation. Molecules. 2017;22:955. . Beta glucan: Supplement or drug? From laboratory to clinical trials. Molecules. 2019;24:1251. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various studies and reviews that evaluate specific mushrooms and their medicinal properties in relation to cancer treatment and other therapeutic effects. It does not support the claim that all mushrooms possess medicinal properties, suggesting instead that only certain mushrooms have been studied for their potential therapeutic agents, thereby implying that not all mushrooms are medicinal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: in through your institution Filter Bioscience, Biotechnology, and BiochemistryThis issueMicrobiology and Science and search term Advance 10. 1093/bbb/zbad167 Published: 24 November 2023 10. 1093/bbb/zbad167 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation and BiochemistryThis issueMicrobiology and Science and search term and BiochemistryThis issueMicrobiology and Science and search term yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays a pivotal role in the production of fermented foods by converting sugars in ingredients into ethanol through alcoholic fermentation. However, how accurate is our understanding of its biological significance? Although yeast is essential to produce alcoholic beverages and bioethanol, yeast does not yield ethanol for humankind. Yeast obtains energy in the form of ATP for its own vital processes through alcoholic fermentation, which generates ethanol as a byproduct. The production of ethanol may have more significance for yeast, since many other organisms do not produce ethanol, a highly toxic substance, to obtain energy. The key to address this issue has not been found using conventional microbiology, where yeasts are isolated and cultured in pure form. This review focuses on a possible novel role of yeast alcohol fermentation, which is revealed through our recent studies of microbial interactions. Graphical AbstractA novel cross-kingdom microbial interaction between sake yeast and lactic acid bacteria, which may occur during traditional sake making. Open in new tabDownload slide sake yeast, lactic acid bacteria, alcoholic fermentation, traditional fermented foods, microbial interactionThe discovery of sake yeast, which plays a central role in sake fermentation, dates back to the end of the 19th century, when first reported (Kozai and Yabe 1895; Yabe 1897). Microscopic observation of sake mash revealed numerous yeast cells, and a yeast strain with the high ability of alcoholic fermentation was successfully isolated from sake mash. As shown in this case, it is a usual practice in conventional microbiology to isolate and identify microorganisms and to characterize them through their pure culture. Without isolation and pure culture techniques, the various properties of sake yeast would not have been clarified. Epoch-making achievement of deciphering the whole genome of the sake yeast Kyokai no. 7 (Akao et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Instead, it focuses on the role of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in alcoholic fermentation and discusses its biological significance and interactions with other microorganisms. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the importance of lactic acid bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Response of macrobenthic communities to the in northeastern Panthalassa (Tinda, Alberta, Canada). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 478:103–20 [2019. The survival, recovery, and diversification of metazoan reef systems following the end-Permian mass extinction event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 513:100–15 [1996. : Columbia Univ. Press [1988. Spatial resolution in subfossil molluscan remains: implications for paleobiological analyses. Paleobiology 14:91–103 [1994. Miocene stable isotopic stratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of Buff Bay, Jamaica. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 106:1605–20 [2007. Species abundance changes during mass extinction and the inverse Signor-Lipps effect: apparently abrupt graptolite mass extinction as an artifact of sampling. Acta Palaeontol. Sin. 46:340–44 [2018. Stratigraphic signatures of mass extinctions: ecological and sedimentary determinants. Proc. R. Soc. B 285:20181191 [1965. Biomere: a new kind of biostratigraphic unit. J. Paleontol. 39:149–53 [1984. The biomere problem: evolution of an idea. J. Paleontol. 58:599–611 [1996. Extinction, invasion, and sequence stratigraphy: patterns of faunal change in the Middle and of the eastern United States. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 306:131–42 [2012. Stratigraphic Paleobiology: Understanding the Distribution of in Time and Space Chicago: Univ. [2011. Early and trends in diversity, evenness, and size of foraminifers on a carbonate platform in South China: implications for tempo and mode of biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction. Paleobiology 37:409–25 [2019. Biotic impacts of temperature before, during, and after the end-Permian extinction: a multi-metric and multi-scale approach to modeling extinction and recovery dynamics. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing the survival, recovery, and diversification of metazoan reef systems following the end-Permian mass extinction event. This indicates that mass extinctions have indeed played a significant role in shaping the diversity of species on Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Comparative antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Lentinula edodes donko and koshin varieties against priority multidrug-resistant pathogens. J Chem Engineer. 2021;35:98-106. . Antitumour, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase effect of Ganoderma lucidum terpenoids and polysaccharides: A review. Molecules. 2018;23:649. . Flavonoids: An overview. J Nutr Sci. 2016;5:e47. Fernandes I, Perez-. Wine flavonoids in health and disease prevention. Molecules. 2017;22:292. HP. "Flavonoids and their disease prevention and treatment potential": Recent advances and future perspectives. Molecules. 2020;25:4746. . Volatile and non-volatile compounds of shiitake mushrooms treated with pulsed light after twenty-four-hour storage at different conditions. Food Biosci. 2020;36:100619. . Comprehensive utilization of edible mushroom Auricularia auricula waste residue-extraction, physicochemical properties of melanin and its antioxidant activity. Nutr. 2019;7:3774-83. . Secondary metabolites and antiradical activity of liquid fermentation of Morchella sp. isolated from Southwest China. Molecules. 2019;24:1706. . Free-radical scavenging activity of submerged mycelium exracts from higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms. Biochem. 2007;71:3090-2. . Assessment of antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Agaricus blazei Murrill extracts. Nutr. 2019;8:332-9. . Evaluation of antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of typical malting barley varieties. Food Chem. 2008;107:296-304. Zenga D, Zhu S. Purification, characterization, antioxidant and anticancer activities of novel polysaccharides extracted from Bachu mushroom. Biol Macromol. 2018;107:1086-92. . Alginate-dderived elicitors enhance B-glucan content and antioxidant activities in culinary and medicinal mushroom, Sparassis latifolia. J Fungi. 2020;6:92. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific studies that highlight the medicinal properties of certain mushroom species such as Lentinula edodes and Ganoderma lucidum, while not providing evidence to support the claim that all mushrooms possess similar properties. The mention of antioxidant and antimicrobial effects is specific to certain varieties and does not generalize to all mushrooms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 2011) has led to the finding of genes and mutations involved in its unique characteristics (Watanabe et al. 2011, 2012, 2016, 2019, 2023) and to the development of novel breeding methods of sake yeast (Ohnuki et al. 2019; Chadani et al. 2021; Klinkaewboonwong et al. 2023). However, have we fully understood the mysteries of sake yeast: Behavior and ecology? Although isolation and pure culture techniques are indispensable for microbiological analysis, they separate microorganisms from the natural, complex habitats. Researchers’ attention has been mainly focused on the microbial behavior under easily reproducible experimental conditions. Thus, conventional research methods may overlook the true way of life of microorganisms in the presence of multiple components and environmental factors that undergo dynamic changes over time, as in the production of fermented foods. In contrast, toji (i. e. master sake craftsmen) skillfully optimize techniques to harness individual microorganisms toward their goal through their years of experience. What can researchers learn from traditional food fermentation? We should explore more about microbial interactions with biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Carbon metabolism of sake yeast altered by kimoto lactic acid bacteria Novel cross-kingdom interaction between yeast and bacteria was reported in 2014 (Jarosz et al. 2014a,b). Daniel F. Jarosz and colleagues found that accidental bacterial contamination affects their experiment on carbon metabolism in yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and many other yeast species exhibit glucose repression; they repress the expression of genes related to the utilization of non-glucose carbon sources when glucose is present in the growth environment (Kim et al. 2013; Dashko et al. 2014; Kayikci and Nielsen 2015). Therefore, such yeast behaves as a “specialist” in glucose utilization. Since glucose is the substrate for glycolysis/alcoholic fermentation, the preference for glucose leads to the effective energy production under multiple carbon sources available. Intriguingly, when bacteria are cocultured with yeast, they can switch the carbon metabolism of yeast from the “specialist” to “generalist” mode, in which the yeast utilizes non-glucose carbon sources despite the presence of glucose. The switching occurs reversibly via a non-Mendelian, prion-like genetic factor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the significance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Instead, it discusses the interaction between yeast and bacteria, specifically in the context of sake production and carbon metabolism alterations in yeast. While it mentions lactic acid bacteria in relation to sake yeast and microbial interactions, the focus is primarily on yeast behavior and research methodologies rather than confirming or denying the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Early mammalian recovery after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: a high-resolution view from Mcarea, Montana, USA. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 130:2000–14 [2002. Recovery after mass extinction: evolutionary assembly in large-scale biosphere dynamics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 357:697–707 [2011. Recovery tempo and pattern of marine ecosystems after the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 39:739–42 [2013. Two pulses of extinction during the Permian–Triassic crisis. Nat. Geosci. 6:52–56 [2015. Recovery dynamics of foraminifers and algae following the Permian-Triassic extinction in Qingyan, South China. Geobios 48:71–83 [1994. How synchronous are Neogene marine plankton events? . Paleoceanography 9:739–63 [1977. and : Univ Okla:. [1989. Classical confidence intervals and Bayesian probability estimates for ends of local taxon ranges. Math. Geol. 21:411–27 [2016. Mercury anomalies and the timing of biotic recovery following the end-Triassic mass extinction. Nat. Commun. 7:11147 [2017. Recognition of a likely two phased extinction at the K-Pg boundary in Antarctica. Sci. Rep. 7:16317 [2012. Extinction patterns, δ18O trends, and magnetostratigraphy from a southern high-latitude Cretaceous–Paleogene section: links with Deccan volcanism. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 350–52:180–88 [2018. The end-Triassic mass extinction: a new correlation between extinction events and δ13C fluctuations from a Triassic-Jurassic peritidal succession in western Sicily. Sediment. Geol. 368:105–13 [2006. The palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental analysis of mass extinction events. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 232:190–213 [2004. Rapid marine recovery after the end-Permian mass-extinction event in the absence of marine anoxia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed references to studies and recoveries of various species and ecosystems following significant mass extinction events, such as the end-Cretaceous and end-Permian extinctions. By discussing the recovery dynamics and evolutionary assembly across multiple extinction events, the text supports the claim that mass extinctions have played a crucial role in shaping the diversity of species on Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Antioxidative, antifungal, cytotoxic and antineurodegenerative activity of selected Trametes species from Serbia. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0203064. . Nutritional components and antioxidant properties of seven kinds of cereals fermented by the basidiomycete Agaricus blazei. J Cereal Sci. 2015;65:202-8. . Antioxidative and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharide extracts ofthe medicinal mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus brasiliensis, Ganoderma lucidum, and Phellinus linteus. Food Chem. 2011;129:1667-75. Zhong Y, Shahidi F. Methods for the assessment of antioxidant activity in foods. In: Shahidi F, editor. in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Handbook of Antioxidants for Food Preservation. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing; 2015. p. 287-333. . Chemical characterization, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and antimutagenic properties of eight mushroom species: A comparative study. J Fungi. 2020;6:166. . Structural features and antioxidant activity of a new galacto-glucan from edible mushroom Pleurotus djamor. Biol Macromol. 2021;168:743-9. . QCAR models to predict wild mushrooms radical scavenging activity, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition. Lab Syst. 2011;109:192-6. . Antioxidant and moisture-retention activities of the polysaccharide from Nostoc commune. Carbohydr Polym. 2011;83:1821-7. . Reviews on mechanisms of in vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides. Cellular Longev. 2016;5692852. ópez‐Hortas Lucía, Flórez‐Fernández Noelia, Torres María D. , Domínguez Herminia, Update on potential of edible mushrooms: high‐value compounds, extraction strategies and bioactive properties, of & Technology, 57, 3, 2022. of Natural-(NBF) on the Response of RAW264. 7 Macrophages to LPS as an Model of Inflammation, Journal of Fungi, 8, 3, 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a selection of scientific studies about specific mushroom species and their activities such as antioxidative and immunomodulating effects. While some mushrooms are indicated to have beneficial properties, the phrase 'selected Trametes species' suggests that not all mushrooms share these qualities. This implies that medicinal properties are not universal to all mushrooms, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Such preference for carbon sources is an important survival strategy for S. cerevisiae toward efficient energy production. In contrast, this behavior may appear selfish to the other microorganisms that coexist with yeast. Almost all organisms on the earth can incorporate glucose, a readily available carbon source, to obtain energy through glycolysis. Yeast predominantly consumes glucose, which is supposed to be shared with the other organisms. On the other hand, glucose repression may not be always beneficial to yeast. Glucose repression in yeast is sharply induced even when external glucose concentrations are low. This point can be inconvenient in some growth environments with mixed carbon sources. Even if there is a large abundance of non-glucose carbon sources available to yeast, the existence of a very small amount of glucose makes the yeast a “specialist,” which exactly uses glucose only. Meanwhile, the other coexisting microorganisms may be able to utilize the non-glucose carbon sources first. Therefore, the removal of glucose repression in yeast may lead to the increased opportunity to utilize glucose for the entire microbial community and to utilize non-glucose carbon sources for the yeast, thus contributing to microbial symbiosis. Is the importance of the cross-kingdom microbial interaction limited to mixed carbon source environments? To address this point, we conducted a fermentation test in YPD20, a medium containing a high concentration of glucose as the sole carbon source (Watanabe et al. 2018). A sake yeast “generalist” strain, which underwent carbon metabolic modification, was isolated on the YPGly + GlcN agar plate. This strain had a significantly slower onset of alcoholic fermentation, based on the quantification of the carbon dioxide emission (Figure 2). The yield was 20%-30% lower in “generalist” during the initial 3 days, and both strains eventually reached 10 vol%. At the end of the 5-day fermentation test, the dead yeast cells were significantly reduced although there was little difference in ethanol yield. We speculate that the delayed alcoholic fermentation may shorten the period of exposure to high ethanol concentrations, sparing the yeast from cell death. Taken together, these results suggest that the “generalist” carbon metabolism of yeast exhibits biological significance, not only by promoting the utilization of non-glucose carbon sources, but also by suppressing glucose utilization and thus ethanol production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Instead, it focuses on the carbon utilization strategies of yeast (specifically S. cerevisiae) and discusses how glucose affects their fermentation activity. It does not mention lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Geology 32:805–8 [2001. Rapid and synchronous collapse of marine and terrestrial ecosystems during the end-Permian mass extinction event. Geology 29:351–54 [1993. Biotic crises in the history of graptoloids: a palaeobiological model. Hist. Biol. 7:29–50 [2006. Abundance distributions imply elevated complexity of post-Paleozoic marine ecosystems. Science 314:1289–92 [2016. Estimating times of extinction in the fossil record. Biol. Lett. 12:20150989 [2014. Quantifying the process and abruptness of the end-Permian mass extinction. Paleobiology 40:113–29 [2015. High-resolution biochronology and diversity dynamics of the ammonoid recovery: the Dienerian faunas of the Margin. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 440:363–73 [1999. Comparative paleoecology of Cambrian trilobite extinctions. J. Paleontol. 73:337–54 [1987. Biogeographic control of trilobite mass extinction at an “biomere” boundary. Paleobiology 13:84–99 [1994. Catastrophic versus noncatastrophic extinction of the dinosaurs: testing, falsifiability, and the burden of proof. J. Paleontol. 68:183–90 [2016. Macrofossil evidence for a rapid and severe Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction in Antarctica. Nat. Commun. 7:11738 [2019. The interaction of recovery and environmental conditions: an analysis of the outer shelf edge of western during the early Triassic. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 513:52–64 [2018. Low-latitudinal standard Permian radiolarian biostratigraphy for multiple purposes with Unitary Association, Graphic Correlation, and Bayesian inference methods. Earth Sci. Rev. 179:168–206 [2009. Selective press extinctions, but not random pulse extinctions, cause delayed ecological recovery in communities of digital organisms. Am. Nat. 173:139–54 [2019. Wave-ravinement surfaces: classification and key characteristics. Earth Sci. Rev. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists multiple studies related to mass extinction events and their impact on ecosystems, which supports the claim that mass extinctions have significantly influenced species diversity on Earth. By discussing various extinction events (e.g., the end-Permian mass extinction), it suggests a historical context in which significant biological changes occurred, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: in the Study of Edible Mushrooms: Issue 5, 2022, 10. 1615/IntJMedMushrooms. 2022043738 Submitted: Mar 22 2022 Accepted: Mar 22 2022 Published online: Apr 26 2022 (Corresponding author sganzerla. william@gmail. com) of Education, Science and Technology of (IFSC), University of Campinas (), School of (FEA), Post-in. Todorov ProBacLab, Department of of P. G. da of Biosystems and consumption of edible-culinary mushrooms for the prevention and treatment of chronic disease has gained increasing attention. This review summarizes trends in the biotechnological and medicinal potential of edible mushrooms cultivated worldwide. Macronutrients (fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates), bioactive compounds (phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids), and health benefits (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, and pre-biotics properties) of mushrooms are described, including their cultivation, industrial processing, and consumption. In general, edible-culinary mushrooms present a rich nutritional composition with beneficial properties for human health. Indeed, the consumption of edible mushrooms is associated with a reduction in the risk of cancer and diabetes. Furthermore, mushrooms can be incorporated into different food formulations and used as a medicinal substance due to their mycochemicals with antioxidant capacity. Edible mushrooms are considered a "superfood" and can be recommended as a valuable constituent in the daily diet. In conclusion, this review describes trends, future decision-making, and guidance on the health benefits of edible mushrooms. : edible and medicinal mushrooms, bioactive compounds, nutritional composition, biological activity 303. . A comprehensive review on phenolic compounds from edible mushrooms: Occurrence, biological activity, application and future prospective. Nutr. 2021;1-21. . Biologically active polysaccharide from edible mushrooms: A review. Biol Macromol. 2021;172:408-17. da. Investigation of nutritional composition, antioxidant compounds, and antimicrobial activity of wild culinary-medicinal mushrooms Boletus edulis and Lactarius deliciosus (Agaricomycetes) from Brazil. Med Mushrooms. 2020;22(10):931-42. Boa E. Wild edible fungi. A global overview of their use and importance to people. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that not all mushrooms have medicinal properties, focusing specifically on edible-culinary mushrooms and their health benefits. It discusses various beneficial properties, such as antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, but it does not support the claim that all mushrooms possess these medicinal qualities. The examination of the specific types of mushrooms and their health impacts indicates that while many edible mushrooms may offer medicinal benefits, this does not extend to all mushrooms universally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Significance of alcoholic fermentation for yeast Based on our study of the cross-kingdom microbial interaction in traditional sake making, the significance of alcoholic fermentation for the yeast S. cerevisiae was revisited. One molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate through a series of reactions in glycolysis. Simultaneously, two molecules of NAD+ are converted to NADH, and two molecules of ADP are converted to ATP. The well-defined significance of glycolysis is undeniably to obtain energy from glucose; ATP is used for various intracellular tasks and converted back to ADP. The byproducts, NADH and pyruvate, are processed in different ways from species to species. In the yeast S. cerevisiae, pyruvate is decarboxylated into acetaldehyde, which is reduced to ethanol by the addition of electrons and protons from NADH, in a two-step reaction (Figure 3). Ethanol is produced to regenerate NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue. In contrast, in the great majority of bacteria, as well as in animal cells in the absence of oxygen, lactic acid fermentation is widely used to regenerate NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to lactic acid in a single step. Accordingly, alcoholic fermentation requires more metabolic processes and produces a more toxic compound than lactic acid fermentation. It is reasonable to assume that the yeast S. cerevisiae dares to yield ethanol and emit it into the environment. The highly toxic ethanol can kill the other coexisting microorganisms. By acquiring a higher tolerance to ethanol than the other microorganisms, ethanol-producing yeast may increase its dominance in the environment. Thus, yeast may have evolved to yield and tolerate high concentrations of ethanol as the selfish behavior. To combat this, some bacteria may have evolved to inhibit alcohol fermentation of coexisting yeast and maintain microbial symbiosis. Such hypothesis may gain reliability through the study of microbial interactions as described in this review. Ethanol is not only a metabolic byproduct, but also a kind of tool for microbial interactions: the prototype pheromone or quorum sensing factor. Figure 3. The uniqueness of alcohol fermentation in comparison to lactic acid fermentation. Open in new tabDownload slide Closing remarks This minireview discussed the possible significance of switching the carbon metabolic mode of sake yeast by kimoto lactic acid bacteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the significance of alcoholic fermentation in yeast, specifically S. cerevisiae, and contrasts this with lactic acid fermentation in bacteria. However, the focus is predominantly on yeast fermentation and its mechanisms rather than directly addressing the claim about the importance of lactic acid bacteria for fermentation processes. Therefore, the text is largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: 188:210–39 [2018. Multiple episodes of extensive marine anoxia linked to global warming and continental weathering following the latest Permian mass extinction. Sci. Adv. 4:e1602921 [1998. Discovery of fish mortality horizon at the K-T boundary on Seymour Island: re-evaluation of events at the end of the Cretaceous. Palaeontol. J. 72:556–71 [1989. Latest Cretaceous/earliest Tertiary transition on Seymour Island, Antarctica. Palaeontol. J. 63:731–38 [10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827 of Review of Earth and 48, 75 (2020);content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827 Data & Media loading. . . 10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827 dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution 4 4. 2014. Rebuilding biodiversity of Patagonian marine molluscs after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. 9:e102629 [2000. Silurian trilobite alpha diversity and the end-Ordovician mass extinction. Paleobiology 26:625–46 [2007. Sequencing events across the Permian–Triassic boundary, (Kashmir, India). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 252:328–46 [1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208:1095–108 [2019. How quick was marine recovery after the end-Triassic mass extinction and what role did anoxia play? . Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 528:99–119 [2018. Hyperthermal-driven mass extinctions: killing models during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 376:20170076 [2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to mass extinctions and their aftermaths, such as marine anoxia linked to global warming after the Permian mass extinction and the rebuilding of biodiversity after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. This directly supports the claim that mass extinctions have played a significant role in shaping the diversity of species on Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Rome, Italy: Food and of the United Nations; 2004. . Therapeutic potential of mushrooms. Rad. 2005;4(4):246-57. Perez-Montes A, Rangel-. Edible mushrooms as a novel trend in the development of healthier meat products. Food Sci. 2021;37:118-24. . Extraction methods, chemical characterizations and biological activities of mushroom polysaccharides: A mini-review. Carbohydr Res. 2020;494:108037. Research. Mushroom market size & trends analysis report, 2021-2028. Accessed 10 Dec 2021. Available from:. Edible mushrooms as functional ingredients for development of healthier and more sustainable muscle foods: A flexitarian approach. Molecules. 2021;26(9):2463. -Quero A, Martinez-van der. Agaricus bisporus and its by-products as a source of valuable extracts and bioactive compounds. Food Chem. 2019;292:176-87. -. Reviewing the world's edible mushroom species: A new evidence-based classification system. . 2021;20(2):1982-2014. . Health benefits of edible mushroom polysaccharides and associated gut microbiota regulation. Nutr. 2021:1-18. -W. A 53-year bibliometric and scientometric analysis of research in culinary and medicinal mushrooms. Med Mushrooms. 2020;22(6):521-34. . Antioxidant activity and total phenolics of edible mushroom extracts. Food Chem. 2003;81(2):249-55. Philip D. Biosynthesis of Au, Ag and Au-Ag nanop81. -Boas M, Barros L. Free-radical scavenging capacity and reducing power of wild edible mushrooms from northeast Portugal: Individual cap and stipe activity. Food Chem. 2007;100(4):1511-6. Barros L, Ferreira M-. Total phenols, ascorbic acid, P-carotene and lycopene in Portuguese wild edible mushrooms and their antioxidant activities. Food Chem. 2007;103(2):413-9. . Determination of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds in wild edible mushrooms. J Anal. 2007;20(3-4):337-45. Akyuz M, Kirbag S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a variety of references and studies about mushrooms, indicating that not all mushrooms possess medicinal properties. While it mentions the therapeutic potential of some edible mushrooms and their health benefits, the overall structure of the text implies that medicinal properties are not universally applicable to all mushrooms, given the specific studies and contexts mentioned. This suggests that the claim that all mushrooms have medicinal properties is overly broad and not supported by the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Local domestication of lactic acid bacteria via cassava beer fermentation All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2014. The first revision was submitted on May 5th, 2014 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on June 18th, 2014 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2014. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Jun 18, 2014 · responded well to the reviewer's comments, even though I would like to stress that the fact that others have used a certain method doesn't make it right. I still agree with the reviewer that Blast analysis of short read sequences doesn't make species level assignment better only because it gives a result. 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jun 18, 2014 Version 0. 2 · May 28, 2014 · As you will see, we found that your revised manuscript has largely improved as compared to the original submission, however, still some issues remain to be addressed, especially related to species-level assignments made by BLAST analyses, and over-interpretation & assumptions regarding functional properties not experimentally backed-up but rather made based on properties of related strains. Reviewer 2 · May 20, 2014 Basic reporting see below Experimental design see below Validity of the findings see below Additional comments The revised manuscript has eased many of my prior concerns, especially much of the language regarding human health benefits derived from chicha consumption. There are a couple passages, noted below, that I still find overly speculative given the nature of the experiments performed. Additionally, the use of BLAST for species-level identification is still highly problematic and has not been fully addressed; it has been noted in the methods section, but it still stands that BLAST assignments are being used to drive the conclusions of this experiment. This is not an appropriate method and thus some of the conclusions drawn are overly speculative, as mentioned below. Abstract — The revised abstract addresses my previous concerns, but note the old abstract is still being shown as the abstract at the head of the manuscript — this needs to be replaced in the peerj manuscript submission system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about lactic acid bacteria and their role in fermentation processes. It focuses on technical aspects and review comments regarding a manuscript submission and does not mention lactic acid bacteria, fermentation, or any related concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: 5:375–83 [2005. recovery of the brachiopod faunas from the end-Permian mass extinction: a global review. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 224:270–90 [2013. Contrasting the ecological and taxonomic consequences of extinction. Paleobiology 39:538–59 [2015. Ocean acidification and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Science 348:229–32 [1980. Evolution of terrestrial faunas during the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. 139:67–74 [2019. Stratigraphic and environmental control on marine benthic community change through the early Toarcian extinction event (Iberian Range, Spain). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 524:183–200 [2013. The impact of global warming and anoxia on marine benthic community dynamics: an example from the Toarcian (Early Jurassic). 8:e56255 [2010. The end-Ordovician glaciation and the Hirnantian Stage: a global review and questions about event stratigraphy. Earth Sci. Rev. 98:269–82 [1998. Organic carbon fluxes and ecological recovery from the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. Science 282:276–79 [2014. Quantifying functional diversity in pre- and post-extinction paleocommunities: a test of ecological restructuring after the end-Permian mass extinction. Earth Sci. Rev. 136:339–49 [2016. Rapid recovery of Patagonian plant–insect associations after the end-Cretaceous extinction. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1:0012 [1988. Diachrony of late Neogene microfossils in the southwest Pacific Ocean: application of the graphic correlation method. Paleoceanography 3:209–22 [1998. The end and the beginning: recoveries from mass extinctions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13:344–49 [2001. Lessons from the past: biotic recoveries from mass extinctions. PNAS 98:5399–403 [1993. Elvis taxa. Palaios 8:623–24 [2007. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various references that indicate the ecological and taxonomic consequences of mass extinctions, including recovering faunas and the impact of mass extinction events on functional diversity. Such findings corroborate the claim that mass extinctions have significantly influenced the diversity of species, as they showcase how species diversity and ecological dynamics are affected by these major events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Nutritive value of desert truffles species of genera Terfezia and Picoa (Ascomycetes) from arid and semiarid regions of eastern Turkey. Med Mushrooms. 2018;20(11):1097-106. . Assessment of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Turkey tail medicinal mushroom Trametes versicolor (Agaricomycetes). Med Mushrooms. 2020;22(6):559-71. Badalyan SM. Fatty acid composition of different collections of coprinoid mushrooms (Agaricomycetes) and their nutritional and medicinal values. Med Mushrooms. 2016;18(10):883-93. -. In vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activity studies on three Agaricus species with fatty acid compositions and iron contents: A comparative study on the three most edible mushrooms. Toxicol. 2011;49(6):1353-60. Isik H. Fatty acid contents of three wild edible mushroom species. Compd. 2020;56(6):1114-6. -Y, Keum Y-. Edible mushrooms show significant differences in sterols and fatty acid compositions. J Bot. 2021;141:344-56. -C. Taking ingredients as an entry point to explore the relationship between the shaggy ink cap medicinal mushroom, Coprinus comatus (Agaricomycetes), and diabetes mellitus (review). Med Mushrooms. 2019;21(5):493-502. -T, Yang Y-C, Li Y-H, Mau J-L, Wasser SP. Chemical composition and nutritional and medicinal value of fruit bodies and submerged cultured mycelia of culinary-medicinal higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms. Med Mushrooms. 2014;16(3):273-91. Yuwa--N. Amino acids and antioxidant activities of extracts from wild edible mushrooms from a community forest in the Nasrinual District, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Technol. 2020;40(3):712-20. . Edible mushrooms: A potential source of essential amino acids, glucans and minerals. Technol. 2017;52(11):2382-92. Badalyan SM. Medicinal coprinoid mushrooms (Agaricomycetes) distributed in Armenia (review). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting various studies that investigate the medicinal and nutritional properties of specific mushroom species, such as desert truffles and Trametes versicolor. This suggests that not all mushrooms possess medicinal properties, as it primarily highlights particular species that have been studied for their medicinal value, indicating that the claim lacks universality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: ln 118-138 — appropriately toned down from the original. However, I still don't think the current manuscript adequately addresses the health benefits of lactobacilli and the current language seems to imply a lack of scientific understanding of the health benefits conferred by some lactobacilli, which simply isn't true. Much is known about the mechanisms by which SOME strains confer these benefits, but these cannot be generalized as they are not universal across species or strains of LAB. Fig 1 - why only chicha? Why not show the water and unfermented samples? simply is not a reliable taxonomic assigner for species-level discrimination of LAB using such a short amplicon. Please show the RDP classifications, not BLAST. Fig 2 - This still is not justifiable — these short amplicon lengths are not adequate for reliable species-level discrimination of LAB. BLAST is misleading since it chooses the top hit without considering the confidence of this assignment. Furthermore, you are assuming that just because the top hit is a species that has some probiotic potential that all strains of that species are automatically probiotic. This figure should be removed as it is misleading, uses poor methodology, and is redundant with Fig 1. ln 311-312 — interact with the human microbiome? Indeed, these are being consumed, but you have not looked at human microbiota samples so do not know whether any interactions occur. This statement should be removed. ln 312-315 — This is an extremely speculative statement/figure and a little over the top, given the data that you have. You still do not know where these LAB species are coming from, that there is any exchange with the human microbiome, and that cyclic co-evolution occurs by continual passage through a human host. A certain amount of speculation is always healthy, but this is exaggerated, steps too far from the available data, and is misleading. I agree that ln 316-323 give a more moderated level of speculation that is important to this discussion. ln 324-325 — You did not detect reliable species-level OTUs, so it is inappropriate to make this link based on BLAST assignments. I recommend removing this sentence. Cite this review as (2014) #2 of "Local domestication of lactic acid bacteria via cassava beer fermentation (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the importance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fermentation processes. Instead, it critiques a manuscript's handling of health benefits and scientific understanding of lactobacilli, suggesting that there is uncertainty about their species-level discrimination and interactions with the human microbiome. As such, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Environmental and biotic changes across the Permian–Triassic boundary in western Tethys: the Bulla parastratotype, Italy. Glob. Planet. Change 55:109–35 [2016. Biogeographic and bathymetric determinants of brachiopod extinction and survival during the mass extinction. Proc. R. Soc. B 283:20160007 [1999. mass extinction: a new perspective from stratigraphic sections in central Nevada. Geology 27:215–18 [1997. mass extinction: sedimentologic, cyclostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic records from platform and basin successions, central Nevada. Univ. Geol. Stud. 42:79–104 [2003. Origination and extinction through the Phanerozoic: a new approach. J. Geol. 111:125–48 [2005. Pulsed origination and extinction in the marine realm. Paleobiology 31:6–20 [2017. Subsequent biotic crises delayed marine recovery following the late Permian mass extinction event in northern Italy. 12:e0172321 [2018. Paleoecological analysis of benthic recovery after the mass extinction event in eastern Lombardy, Italy. Palaios 33:266–81 [2004. The non-actualistic gastropod fauna: a case study of the Member. Palaios 19:259–75 [2005. Unique microgastropod biofacies in the Early Triassic: indicator of long-term biotic stress and the pattern of biotic recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction. C. R. Palevol. 4:475–84 [2018. Linguliform brachiopods across a Cambrian-Ordovician (Furongian, Early Ordovician) biomere boundary: the Sunwaptan-boundary in the Wilberns and Tanyard formations of central Texas. J. Paleontol. 92:751–67 [2000. Marine biodiversity through the Late Cenomanian–Early Turonian: palaeoceanographic controls and sequence stratigraphic biases. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 157:745–57 [2014. A Cenozoic-style scenario for the end-Ordovician glaciation. Nat. Commun. 5:4485 [1987. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides several references to research that focuses on mass extinction events and their consequences for biodiversity and species recovery. Phrases like 'benthic recovery after the mass extinction event' and 'unique microgastropod biofacies... indicator of long-term biotic stress' indicate that these mass extinction events have influenced the evolution and diversity of various species. Therefore, the text corroborates the claim by discussing evidence related to mass extinctions and their impact on species diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Med Mushrooms. 2020;22(3):257-67. . Mushroom as a potential source of prebiotics: A review. Sci Technol. 2009;20(11-12):567-75. Zeb M, Lee CH. Medicinal properties and bioactive compounds from wild mushrooms native to North America. Molecules. 2021;26(2):251. Erbiai EH, da da. Chemical composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of two wild edible mushrooms Armillaria mellea and Macrolepiota procera from two countries (Morocco and Portugal). Biomolecules. 2021;11(4):575. . Antiproliferative activity and cytotoxicity of some medicinal wood-destroying mushrooms from Russia. Med Mushrooms. 2018;20(1):1-11. -. Nutritional value, bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of three edible mushrooms from Poland. Food Biosci. 2015;11:48-55. -. Nutritional value, bioactive compounds, antimicrobial activity and bioaccessibility studies with wild edible mushrooms. . 2015;63(2):799-806. . Medicinal mushrooms: Bioactive compounds, use, and clinical trials. Mol Sci. 2021;22(2):634. . The cooking effect on two edible mushrooms in Anatolia: Fatty acid composition, total bioactive compounds, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. Prod. 2014;8(2):189-94. . Wild mushrooms and their mycelia as sources of bioactive compounds: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties. Food Chem. 2017;230:40-8. Khadhri A, Aouadhi C, Aschi-Smiti S. Screening of bioactive compounds of medicinal mushrooms collected on Tunisian territory. Med Mushrooms. 2017;19(2):127-35. . Evaluation of mycelial nutrients, bioactive compounds, and antioxidants of five Himalayan entomopathogenic Ascomyceteous fungi from India. Med Mushrooms. 2015;17(7):661-9. . Screening of antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds of some edible mushrooms cultivated in Bangladesh. Microbiol Antimicrob. 2015;14(1):8. Khan F, Chandra R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that focus on the medicinal properties and bioactive compounds of specific mushrooms, without asserting that all mushrooms possess these qualities. It presents research on particular types of mushrooms, suggesting that not all mushrooms inherently have medicinal properties, which directly counters the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Following the same evolutionary arguement presented in this work, wouldn't microbes adapted to fermentation conditions (low pH, alcoholic) be more fit to re-inoculate than those adapted for human saliva (higher pH, non-alcoholic, host interface)? Inappropriate methods are used for species-level identification of these sequences. BLAST chooses the top hit but does not consider any confidence criteria to ensure a degree of reliability. With 250bp sequences of V4 16S rRNA, species-level identification is not reliable. A method like RDP classifier uses bootstrapping to determine the confidence of assignment to a given taxon, providing a more reliable assignment (which in the case of 250 bp V4 16S rRNA reads will probably be family- or genus-level for Lactobacillus). Therefore, many of the assumptions made in this manuscript are inappropriate, given that BLAST identifications of short amplicons are given in evidence. A more reliable classification algorithm (e. g. , ) should be used to correctly identify these sequences. Furthermore, only incomplete results are actually shown. The cumulative relative abundance across all samples is shown for the top 10 most abundant OTUs. However, this does not present the community composition of individual samples and the cumulative abundance amounts to 71%, so a very small portion of the actual data is shown (and no data for water samples are shown). It would be better to show stackplots for each individual sample, showing the complete set of the most abundant OTUs for each sample. Overall, the introduction is somewhat under-referenced, discussion of probiotic properties needs to be limited to the discussion, results need to be re-worked with an appropriate taxonomy classifier, more complete data should be shown, and the discussion is overly speculative given the data presented here. Minor concerns: ln 25-27 - As the probiotic value of these lactobacilli is speculative, I think this should be removed from the abstract and left for the discussion only. ln 45-58 - A large body of prior research exists studying the microbial succession of traditional, wild fermentations (beer, wine, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, etc). It would be worthwhile to reference these here, and much more useful to interested readers to consider these examples than the books/reviews referenced in the previous sentence. ln 49+ - "Typical" of what? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Instead, it focuses on the reliability of methods for species identification and the need for more accurate reporting of microbial community compositions. The lack of any mention or analysis of lactic acid bacteria's role in fermentation makes the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Radiations and extinctions relative to environmental change in the marine of northwest Europe. Paleobiology 13:152–68 [1997. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press [2014. extinctions: a coincidence of causes. 25:1294–307 [1957. Treatise on CO: Geol. Soc. Am. [2004. Sea-level change and facies development across potential Triassic-Jurassic boundary horizons, SW Britain. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 161:365–79 [2013. Palaeoecology of the Formation (Utah, USA) and its implications for the recovery. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 58:149–73 [1995. The stratigraphic distribution of fossils. Paleobiology 21:92–109 [2003. Confidence limits on fossil ranges that account for facies changes. Paleobiology 29:468–79 [2001. The detection and importance of subtle biofacies within a single lithofacies: the of the Cincinnati, Ohio region. Palaios 16:205–17 [1996. Sequence stratigraphy and long-term paleoceanographic change in the Middle and of the eastern United States. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 306:117–30 [2002. Stratigraphic variation in the timing of first and last occurrences. Palaios 17:134–46 [2015. The stratigraphy of mass extinction. Palaeontology 58:903–24 [2001. The global stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic boundary. Episodes 24:102–14 [2011. biota: exceptional preservation, and new evidence on the Triassic recovery from end-Permian mass extinction. Proc. R. Soc. B 278:2274–82 [2017. Brachiopod faunas after the end Ordovician mass extinction from South China: testing ecological change through a major taxonomic crisis. J. Sci. 138:502–14 [2015. Life in the aftermath of mass extinctions. Curr. Biol. 25:R941–52 [2015. Rarity in mass extinctions and the future of ecosystems. Nature 5238:345–51 [2011. A role for chance in marine recovery from the end-Cretaceous extinction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies and findings related to mass extinctions, such as their influence on the recovery of different biota and ecological changes following significant extinction events. Phrases like 'life in the aftermath of mass extinctions' and discussions of stratigraphic changes further support the assertion that mass extinctions play a critical role in shaping species diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Bioprospecting of wild mushrooms from India with respect to their medicinal aspects. Med Mushrooms. 2019;21(2):181-92. Sulkowska-. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in some species of polyporoid mushrooms from Poland. Med Mushrooms. 2012;14(4):385-93. Gaur T, Rao PB. Analysis of antibacterial activity and bioactive compounds of the giant mushroom, Macrocybe gigantea (Agaricomycetes), from India. Med Mushrooms. 2017;19(12):1083-92. Pattar M, Ch. Ramesh. Antimicrobial properties, antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds from six wild edible mushrooms of western ghats of Karnataka, India. Pharmacognosy Res. 2010;2(2):107. . Comparison of different morphological mushroom parts based on the antioxidant activity. LWT. 2020;127:109436. Podkowa A, Kryczyk-. Culinary-medicinal mushrooms: A review of organic compounds and bioelements with antioxidant activity. Res Technol. 2021;247(3):513-33. . Antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activity of culinary processed shiitake medicinal mushroom (Lentinus edodes, Agaricomycetes) and its major sulfur sensory-active compound-lenthionine. Med Mushrooms. 2018;20(2):165-75. -. Chemical composition of wild edible mushrooms and antioxidant properties of their water soluble polysaccharidic and ethanolic fractions. Food Chem. 2011;126(2):610-6. . Screening for antimicrobial activity of wood rotting higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms from Uruguay against phytopathogens. Med Mushrooms. 2016;18(3):261-7. . Developing new antimicrobial therapies: Are synergistic combinations of plant extracts/compounds with conventional antibiotics the solution? Pharmacogn Rev. 2017;11(22):57. . Elemental composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of some wild edible mushrooms from Romania. Agronomy. 2020;10(12):1972. . Antimicrobial activity of two wild mushrooms, Clitocybe alexandri (Gill. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting various studies that focus specifically on the medicinal aspects of select species of mushrooms, rather than supporting the blanket statement that all mushrooms possess medicinal properties. It details research on particular mushrooms, such as pharmaceutical activities of shiitake mushrooms and antibacterial properties of certain wild edible mushrooms, which suggests that while some mushrooms have medicinal properties, it does not imply that every type of mushroom shares these traits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: You cite kimchi fermentations, but no single fermentation can be said to be typical, as substrate, environment, and human factors drive the wide range of diversity seen in different fermentations. It may be more useful to root this discussion of general fermentation trends in the context of fermentations more similar to chicha, e. g. , other alcoholic fermentations (like some traditional African grain fermentations, which have a similar process to chicha). ln 52-57 - Your 0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Feb 2, 2014 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about lactic acid bacteria's importance in fermentation processes. Instead, it discusses the diversity of fermentation processes, mentioning specific examples like kimchi and chicha but does not focus on lactic acid bacteria or their significance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Paleobiology 37:409–25 [2019. Biotic impacts of temperature before, during, and after the end-Permian extinction: a multi-metric and multi-scale approach to modeling extinction and recovery dynamics. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 513:86–99 [1981. Extinction: bad genes or bad luck? . Acta Geol. Hispan. 16:25–33 [1982. Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 215:1501–2 [2001. Biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction: behavior of the inarticulate brachiopod Lingula as a disaster taxon. Palaios 16:95–101 [2004. Quantitative biostratigraphy—achieving finer resolution in global correlation. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 32:187–213 [2014. marine biotic recovery: the predators’ perspective. 9:e88987 [1997. Miocene calibration for calcareous nannofossils from low-latitude Program sites and the Jamaican conundrum. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 109:1073–79 [1988. Alpha, beta, or gamma: Where does all the diversity go? . Paleobiology 14:221–34 [1964. Time in York: McGraw-Hill [1996. A new look at Units (EEUs). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 127:21–32 [2001. Ordovician mass extinction. Annu. Rev. Sci. 29:331–64 [2000. Dinosaur abundance was not declining in a “3 m gap” at the top of the Formation, Montana and North Dakota. Geology 28:523–26 [2016. Graptolite community responses to global climate change and the mass extinction. PNAS 113:8380–85 [2011. Calibrating the end-Permian mass extinction. Science 334:1367–72 [1982. Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns and catastrophes in the fossil record. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 190:291–96 [2001. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to mass extinctions and their impacts on biotic recovery and diversity. While it does not directly state that mass extinctions shape species diversity, the titles of the referenced studies, such as 'Biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction' and 'Extinction: bad genes or bad luck?', imply a connection between mass extinctions and changes in biodiversity over time.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: ) Konrad and Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) T. M. Fries, collected in Turkey. Med Mushrooms. 2005;7(3):465. . Anti-Inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of aqueous extracts of wild mushrooms from Japan. Med Mushrooms. 2019;21(5):469-86. . Antimicrobial activity of crude fractions and morel compounds from wild edible mushrooms of Himalaya. Microb Pathog. 2017;105:356-60. Tidke G, Rai MK. Biotechnological potential of mushrooms: Drugs and dye production. Med Mushrooms. 2005;7(3):457. Savoie J--Oriol M. Using mushroom-forming fungi in preventing and reducing mycotoxins in cereal products. Sci Fungorum. 2019;49:e1256. . A review on antifungal activity of mushroom (Basidio-mycetes) extracts and isolated compounds. Med Chem. 2013;13:2648-59. Gaitan-Hernandez R, Lopez-. Review of bioactive molecules production, biomass, and basidiomata of shiitake culinary-medicinal mushrooms, Lentinus edodes (Agaricomycetes). Med Mushrooms. 2019;21(9):841-50. . Antifungal activity of volatile compounds produced by an edible mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus against phytopathogenic fungi. J Phytopathol. 2015;163(11-12):987-96. de '. The amazing potential of fungi: 50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially. Fungal Divers. 2019;97(1):1-136. Chang S-T, Wasser SP. The role of culinary-medicinal mushrooms on human welfare with a pyramid model for human health. Med Mushrooms. 2012;14(2):95-134. . Anticancer medicinal mushrooms can provide significant vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Med Mushrooms. 2005;471-2. Wasser SP. Medicinal mushrooms in human clinical studies. Part I. Anticancer, oncoimmunological, and immunomodulatory activities: A review. Med Mushrooms. 2017;19(4):279-317. Wasser SP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting various studies and reviews focusing on specific mushroom species exhibiting medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. However, it does not state that all mushrooms possess these properties, suggesting that while many mushrooms are researched for their medicinal benefits, it may not extend universally to all mushrooms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/51692 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation & D for Food, Health and Edited by J. From the Bacteria - R & D for Food, Health and Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionFermented milk products have naturally high nutritional value, and as an extra benefit many health-promoting effects, such as improvement of lactose metabolism, reduction of serum cholesterol and reduction of cancer risk [1]. The beneficial health effects associated with some fermented dairy products may, in part, be attributed to the release of bioactive peptide sequences during the fermentation process. Numerous peptides and peptide fractions, having bioactive properties have been isolated from fermented dairy products. These activities include immunomodulatory, cytomodulatory, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidative, antimicrobial, mineral binding, opioid and bone formation activities. Many recent 2. Release and identification of peptides2. 1. Peptides in cheeseProteolysis in cheese has been linked to its importance for texture, taste and flavour development during ripening. Changes of the cheese texture occur due to breakdown of the protein network. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Instead, it discusses the accessibility of scientific research, the community of authors and editors, and the nutritional benefits of fermented milk products without specifically mentioning lactic acid bacteria or their role.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: The palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental analysis of mass extinction events. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 232:190–213 [2004. Rapid marine recovery after the end-Permian mass-extinction event in the absence of marine anoxia. Geology 32:805–8 [2001. Rapid and synchronous collapse of marine and terrestrial ecosystems during the end-Permian mass extinction event. Geology 29:351–54 [1993. Biotic crises in the history of graptoloids: a palaeobiological model. Hist. Biol. 7:29–50 [2006. Abundance distributions imply elevated complexity of post-Paleozoic marine ecosystems. Science 314:1289–92 [2016. Estimating times of extinction in the fossil record. Biol. Lett. 12:20150989 [2014. Quantifying the process and abruptness of the end-Permian mass extinction. Paleobiology 40:113–29 [2015. High-resolution biochronology and diversity dynamics of the ammonoid recovery: the Dienerian faunas of the Margin. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 440:363–73 [1999. Comparative paleoecology of Cambrian trilobite extinctions. J. Paleontol. 73:337–54 [1987. Biogeographic control of trilobite mass extinction at an “biomere” boundary. Paleobiology 13:84–99 [1994. Catastrophic versus noncatastrophic extinction of the dinosaurs: testing, falsifiability, and the burden of proof. J. Paleontol. 68:183–90 [2016. Macrofossil evidence for a rapid and severe Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction in Antarctica. Nat. Commun. 7:11738 [2019. The interaction of recovery and environmental conditions: an analysis of the outer shelf edge of western during the early Triassic. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 513:52–64 [2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to mass extinction events and their aftermath, indicating that these events have significantly influenced ecological dynamics. By discussing concepts such as the rapid recovery of ecosystems after mass extinctions and the complexities involved in the analysis of these events, the text supports the claim that mass extinctions have an important role in shaping the diversity of species on Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Biotechnol. 2002;60(3):258-74. Ayeka PA. Potential of mushroom compounds as immunomodulators in cancer immunotherapy: A review. Evid-Altern Med. 2018;2018:1-9. . Mushroom extracts and compounds with suppressive action on breast cancer: Evidence from studies using cultured cancer cells, tumor-bearing animals, and clinical trials. Biotechnol. 2020;104(11):4675-703. Nowakowski P, Markiewicz-Zukowska R, Gromkowska-K^pka. Mushrooms as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer: Evaluation of anti-glioma effects of Coprinus comatus, Cantharellus cibarius, Lycoperdon perlatum and Lactarius deliciosus extracts. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;133:111090. . Evaluation of antibacterial and anticancer activities of the medicinal fungus Ophiocordyceps sobolifera (Ascomycetes) from Thailand. Med Mushrooms. 2018;20(5):471-84. . Edible mushrooms: A promising bioresource for prebiotics. In: Advances in probiotics. London, UK: Elsevier; 2021. p. 81-97. . A critical review on health promoting benefits of edible mushrooms through gut microbiota. Mol Sci. 2017;18(9):1934. . Mushrooms bioactive as prebiotics to modulate gut microbiota in relationships with causes and prevention of liver diseases (Review). Med Mushrooms. 2020;22(6):509-19. . Novel prospective of wild mushroom polysaccharides as potential prebiotics. In: Singh B, Lallawmsanga, Passari A, editors. Biology of macrofungi. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2018. p. 211-26. . A review on linking the medicinal functions of mushroom prebiotics with gut microbiota. Med Mushrooms. 2020;22(10):943-51. Al-. Prebiotics as functional foods: A review. J Funct Foods. 2013 Oct;5(4):1542-53. Ruthes AC, Cantu-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting specific studies that focus on certain medicinal mushrooms and their properties, suggesting that not all mushrooms have medicinal benefits. For instance, the mention of various research articles and specific mushrooms used in cancer treatment indicates that only selected types exhibit medicinal qualities, thus contradicting the claim that all mushrooms possess medicinal properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: When β-casomorphins were looked from commercial cheese products, no peptides were found or their concentration in the cheese extract was below 2 μg/ml [26]. They further noted that the enzymatic degradation of β-casomorphins was influenced by a combination of pH and salt concentration at the cheese ripening temperature. Therefore, if formed in cheese, β-casomorphins may be degraded under conditions similar to Cheddar cheese ripening. Precursors of β-casomorphins, on the other hand, have been identified in Parmesan cheese [19]. β-Casomorphins were found at a higher level in the mould cheeses (166–648 mg/100 g), whereas the opioid peptides with antagonistic activity (casoxin-6) were identified at a higher level in the semi-hard cheeses (136–276 mg/100 g) and a low quantity of casomorphins (4–100 mg/100 g) [27]. Immunomodulating properties in water-soluble extracts from traditional cheeses, Abondance and Tomme de Savioe have been observed [28]. However, no correlation between peptide composition and in vitro immunomodulation of T-lymphocyte cells could be established. A limited number of bioactive peptides have been isolated and identified in Gouda, Manchego, Festivo and Crescenza cheeses (Table 1). Several ACEI peptides have been identified from N-terminal of αs1-casein of Gouda, Festivo, Cheddar and Fresco cheeses [22, 24, 29, 30]. In addition, peptides from β−casein, Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile-Pro-Asn (β-cn, f(60–68)); and Met-Pro-Phe-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Pro-Val-Gln-Pro-Phe (β-cn, f(109–119)) from Gouda [29] and Tyr-Gln-Glu-Val-Leu-Gly-Pro-Val-Arg-Gly-Pro-Phe-Pro-Ile-Ile-Val (β-cn, f(193-209)) from Cheddar [30] have been identified. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses β-casomorphins in cheese products, their concentrations, and some characteristics of peptides without mentioning lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: navigation Apply for support FAQ Be involved toggle overview Mission statement PAGES logos fellows Meeting minutes us Supporters and partners Supporters and partners organization Scientific partners -of involved Be involved mailing lists Apply to be on the SSC Write for and education Stakeholder engagement Stakeholder engagement Engaging with stakeholders guidelines Endorsed and affiliated Former initiatives and groups Data stewardship Data guidelines PAGES databases External databases webinars PAGES awardees PAGES awardees Scholarship recipients Early-Guest scientists -Menu layer 3 left side Menu layer 3 right side of Past Sea-level records of past sea-level changes as constraints for future projections & Shaw TA >Access contents of this issue >Download this 10. 22498/pages. 27. 1. 28 Benjamin P. Horton1,2,3, R. E. Kopp3,4, A. Dutton5 and T. A. Shaw1 Geological records of sea level have varied in response to a wide range of boundary conditions and climate forcings, and these geological records can serve as a valuable guide to projecting the dynamics of ice-sheet retreat and sea-level rise into the future. However, using geological records in this manner requires a robust understanding of regional variability and rigorous quantification of uncertainty. Sea-level projections depend upon an accurate understanding of the relationship between climate forcing and the spatio-temporal evolution of sea level, as well as its different driving mechanisms. Yet this understanding is limited by the timescale of the instrumental data; most available records contain data only from the 20th and 21st centuries (Horton et al. 2018). Complementing instrumental data, geological records can provide valuable archives of the sea-level response to past climate variability, including during periods of higher global mean temperatures (Dutton et al. 2015), and can help improve estimates of the relationship between future temperature and sea-level change (Kopp et al. 2016). However, current ties between geological sea-level records and future projections are often vague and tentative; improved interconnections between the two sub-disciplines are thus a key to progress (Horton et al. 2018). Sea-level-rise projections and geological records of past sea-level change share two fundamental challenges. First, regional sea-level changes vary substantially from global mean sea level (GMSL) change (Khan et al. 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how geological records of sea level serve as valuable archives of the sea-level response to past climate variability. It explains that geological records can help improve estimates of the relationship between future temperature and sea-level change, indicating that understanding paleoenvironments is essential for grasping past geological changes. The reference to past sea-level changes and their implications for future projections supports the claim directly.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: as part of Mesoamerica, is a region of high biological and cultural diversity, where several cultures have flourished. Since 1976, a project started for the detection, validation, production, and utilization of medicinal species for primary health care. It included several ethnobotanical surveys conducted among ten Guatemalan ethnical groups. The objective of this paper is to summarize the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in the country and review the literature validating the use of the most promising native species. From these surveys, more than 650 plant species used for medicinal purposes were detected and cultivation activities were conducted for some of these species. Initially, in cooperation with the multidisciplinary teams in Guatemala, and later with other academic institutions in and United States, in vitro and in vivo validation activities were performed, such as biocidal, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and other activities. A comprehensive literature review of the most relevant species was performed. Based on the traditional utilization and preclinical or clinical evidence, several national and international projects were conducted. The most interesting results include anti-candida (Solanum nigrescens), antimicrobial (Tagetes lucida), immunomodulator (Phlebodium pseudoaureum), anti-protozoal (Neurolaena lobata), sedative (Valeriana prionophylla), anti-menopause (Piper hispidum) activities and others. With this information and the reviewed literature, specific formulas were prepared for the treatment of different pathologies, leading to several products registered as phytotherapic in Guatemala. Concise updated information is integrated into mini-reviews for 15 species in order to inform about the properties, chemistry and potential use of these species. Keywords: Antimicrobial, immunomodulator, photoprotector, Solanum nigrescens, Phlebodium pseudoaureum, Neurolaena lobata, Piper hispidum, Valeriana prionophylla. 2008. [2] Harlan JR. Agricultural origins: Centers and noncenters. Science 1971; 174: 468-74. [3] Conap. de Guatemala. Análisis de vacíos y estrategias para su conservación. Doc. técnico No. 73 (1-2010). Guatemala: - CI-CONAP, 2009. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while several plants have been traditionally used in Mesoamerican medicine, the effectiveness of these plants for modern ailments is substantiated through various studies. The text details validation activities for medicinal plants, indicating that not all plants used in traditional medicine necessarily have proven efficacy. It mentions specific activities such as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects, suggesting that only certain plants have been validated for effectiveness, rather than implying that all traditional medicinal plants are effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Antihypertensive peptides Val-Pro-Pro (VPP) (β-cn, f(84–86)) and Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP) (β-cn, f(74–76) and κ-cn, f(108–110)), have also been identified and quantified in different cheese varieties [31-33]. In some varieties physiologically relevant amounts was observed, however, a large variation exists between samples of the same cheese variety, as well as between different varieties. The concentrations of VPP and IPP were in the range of 0-224 mg/kg and 0-95 mg/kg, respectively, indicating that some cheese varieties contain similar concentrations of VPP and IPP to fermented milk products. Milk pretreatment, cultures, scalding conditions, and ripening time were identified as the key factors influencing the concentration of these two naturally occurring bioactive peptides in cheese. Thus, it is necessary to develop a reproducible cheese-making process with selected cultures to produce higher concentrations of these peptides that could be used for clinical trials. Cheese varietyMilk protein fragmentPeptide sequenceACE-inhibitionIC50 μMRefGoudaαs1-cn f( 1-9)αs1-cn f(1-13)β-cn f(68-66)β-cn f(109–119)13. 4ND14. 8ND29Manchegoovine αs1-cn f(102-109)ovine αs1-cn f(205-208)77. 224. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses antihypertensive peptides found in cheese and factors influencing their concentration, without mentioning lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Understanding regional variability is critical to both interpreting geological records and generating projections for effective coastal risk management. Second, uncertainty, which is pervasive in reconstructions of geological changes and both physical and statistical modeling approaches used to project future changes, requires careful assessment and quantification. Here, we highlight two case studies – semi-empirical models of GMSL rise and estimates of the Antarctic contribution to sea level – to illustrate the way in which geological records can improve future projections, and conversely how the need for improved future projections can guide the development of geological sea-level research questions. Semi-empirical models use a statistical relationship between past global mean temperature and past GMSL to estimate the response of future sea levels to projected temperatures. Many semi-empirical models link instrumental records of sea level and temperature with multiple mathematical terms (Vermeer and Rahmstorf 2009). For example, the fast-response term is conceptually linked to heat storage in the ocean mixed layer and the slow-response is conceptually linked to the deep ocean and ice sheets. As of the Report of the on (IPCC) in 2013, semi-empirical models were almost universally calibrated only to the instrumental record and yielded projections higher than the bottom-up, process-based projections preferred by the IPCC. For example, Schaeffer et al. (2012) provided a median semi-empirical projection of 21st century GMSL rise under a moderate-emissions pathway (Pathway (RCP) 4. 5) that was 90 cm, compared to the IPCC’s median projection of 53 cm (Church et al. 2013). The instrumental semi-empirical approach is, however, potentially biased by the short time span of instrumental records, which often post-date the onset of accelerated sea-level rise (Kemp et al. 2011), as well as the presence of substantial decadal and multidecadal sea-level variability that is unrelated to global temperature changes (Horton et al. 2018). One solution to this problem is the use of longer geological records of sea level (Kemp et al. 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that longer geological records of sea level can address limitations in semi-empirical models of sea level rise projections. It highlights how geological records can improve future projections, which aligns with the idea that understanding paleoenvironments is essential for comprehending geological changes over time.