Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All indoor plants can purify the air as effectively as air purifiers. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pure and 10. 22207/JPAM. 14. 2. 56 | © The Author(s). 2020 Received: 08/08/2019 | Accepted: 20/03/2020 | Published: 27/06/2020 presence of the ubiquitous fungus Aspergillus flavus along with other seed borne fungi associated with rice in indoor air of farmers’ house has been a major health concern. The problem further worsens when the Aspergillus flavus strain has the ability of producing aflatoxins (a group of mycotoxin) and sclerotia (a resistive structure). Diseases and allergic reactions like asthma, rhinitis, allergic broncho pulmonary mycoses, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis may be caused to inhabitants when aflatoxins, spores, vegetative cells and fungal metabolites are inhaled. Therefore, management of this fungus in indoor air of farmers’ house is very much essential. Farmers house in Odisha particularly in coastal regions are very much susceptible to fungal infection. Due to poor financial conditions management by sophisticated methods seems difficult. Hence, in the current study, efficiency of some herbal and traditional air purifiers like camphor, dasang jhuna, hawan samagri, cow dung-urine has been evaluated for the suppression of Aspergillus flavus. These materials are known to be used in various rituals and festivals by people in rural areas. All the traditional air purifiers have been found useful to inhibit the growth and proliferation of the fungus particularly cowdung-urine mixure proved to have fungicidal effect. Based on the strong belief and practice of Indian traditions and rituals along with scientific support from the current study and knowledge from literatures, these traditional materials may be very useful for the management and suppression of toxigenic and sclerotic Aspergillus flavus consequently suppressing indoor air problems in farmers’ house. flavus, aflatoxin, indoor air, traditional air purifier, cowdung urine information on airborne allergenic fungal flora in rural agricultural areas is largely lacking still few reports are available describing the presence of allergenic Aspergillus flavus in indoor air of many areas of India which includes farmers’ house1a,1b. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the health concerns posed by the fungus Aspergillus flavus found in indoor air, and emphasizes the need for management of this fungus. It also states that traditional air purifiers, rather than indoor plants, are evaluated for their effectiveness against this specific fungus. This implies that not all indoor plants can purify the air effectively, particularly regarding problematic indoor air quality issues related to fungal presence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Campuzano-Zuluaga G, Alvarez-Sánchez G, Escobar-Gallo GE, et al. Design of malaria diagnostic criteria for the Sysmex XE-2100 hematology analyzer. Hyg. 2010;82(3):402‒411. Bermúdez ázquez D. La investigación etnobotánica sobre plantas medicinales: una revisión de sus objetivos y enfoques actuales. Interciencia. 2005;30(8):453‒459. Rieckmann KH, Antuñano FJL. Chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Brazil detected by a simple in vitro method. Health Organ. 1971;45(2):157‒167. Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese drugs of plant origin. Chemistry, pharmacology, and use in traditional and modern medicine. Springer-Verlag. 1992. . Qinghaosu. The Lancet. 1993;341(8845):603‒608. Gentry AH. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests. . 1988;85(1):156‒159. Gari J. Biodiversity and indigenous agroecology in Amazonia: The indigenous people of Pastaza. Etnoecologica. 2001;5(7):21‒37. Guevara Garzón J. En busca de un modelo de salud para los pueblos indígenas. La experiencia del Vaupés. Mitú: de salud del Vaupés, Ministerio de salud. 1998. Bodnar Y. Pueblos indígenas de Colombia: apuntes sobre la diversidad cultural y la información sociodemográfica disponible. afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: información sociodemográfica para políticas y programas. 2006. p. 135‒154. IGAC. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. Diccionario geográfico de Colombia, Colombia; 1996. Correa F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the derivation of traditional medicines from plants used by indigenous cultures. It mentions various studies and references related to health, diagnostics, and biodiversity but does not provide evidence or discussion that supports or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can help users identify habits affecting their sleep. [SEP] Text: Parameter estimates for regressions models of improvements in sleep disturbance based on frequency of using Calm and its components (i. e. , Step 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 6. Parameter estimates for regressions models of improvements in sleep disturbance based on frequency of using Calm and its components, PSQI scores, and the interaction between frequency of use and PSQI (i. e. , Step 2). Components of the app and perceived sleep improvements The frequency of using Sleep Stories, sleep meditations, and music/soundscapes was associated with improvement in falling asleep, but using general meditations at night was not (see Table 5) (Step 1). However, all sleep components were associated with improvements in staying asleep, getting restful sleep, and not waking up too early. Perceived improvement in falling asleep was positively associated with the use of Sleep Stories, sleep meditations and music/soundscapes, but general meditations; however, all components were associated with improvements in staying asleep, getting restful sleep, and not waking too early (see Table 5). 2, the conditional main effects of frequency of usage and PSQI scores were maintained after accounting for possible interactions between frequency of use and severity of sleep disturbance; however, there were also several significant interactions between usage and PSQI scores (see Table 6). Specifically, PSQI scores moderated the relationships between using and sleep meditations and reporting improvements in falling asleep, such that these components appeared to be more beneficial for participants with more severe sleep disturbance. Significant moderation effects also suggested that those with more severe sleep disturbance benefitted more from using Sleep Stories, sleep meditations, and general meditations to help them to stay asleep. The relationships between using Calm components and perceived improvements in getting restful sleep was were also moderated by PSQI, such that all Calm sleep components appeared to be more beneficial for participants with more severe sleep difficulties. Results also showed significant moderation effects suggesting that using meditations (both sleep and general) was also more beneficial for helping those with more severe sleep disturbance not wake up too early. When all components were analyzed together (i. e. , when controlling for using other Calm components for sleep), results showed all individual components of Calm still uniquely contributed to perceived improvements in all aspects of sleep (see Table 7). Several significant moderation effects were retained in the combined model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the use of different components of the Calm app, such as Sleep Stories and sleep meditations, has shown to be associated with perceived improvements in various aspects of sleep. It highlights that the frequency of using these components was linked to improvements in falling asleep, staying asleep, and getting restful sleep. This indicates that tracking and analyzing the use of such tools can help users identify habits that positively influence their sleep.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All indoor plants can purify the air as effectively as air purifiers. [SEP] Text: The beneficial health effects like antifungal, antibacterial properties of some traditional, herbal and low cost air purifiers, like camphor, dasang jhuna, hawan samagri, cow dung-urine have been discussed in various literatures11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21. These materials are generally used by the rural population of India in various rituals, festivals and also to maintain sanitation in their house. However, studies regarding the usefulness of these low cost household materials to control airborne toxigenic A. flavus are lacking. Hence, in the current investigation an effort was attempted to explore the effectiveness of these traditional house hold air purifiers against an indoor A. flavus strain which was isolated from storage area of farmers’ house and which had both aflatoxin and sclerotia producing ability in culture media. Materials and of traditional air purifiers Common traditional household air purifiers such as Camphor, Dasang jhuna and were collected from pooja samagri shops i. e. shops which sell materials required for rituals. Cowdung-cowurine mixture was collected from cowshed of. A “Commercial air freshener” was also collected from general store and used kept for comparison with traditional materials. Collection of A. flavus strain Aspergillus flavus strain A28 was isolated from the indoor air of a farmer in Balasore district of Odisha by passive air sampling method to isolate the fungus, Agar (PDA) plates were exposed for one minute inside the house of farmers where harvested paddy was also stored by them. The exposed plates were incubated at 28°C where A. flavus colonies appeared after few days. The colonies were isolated and screened for the production of aflatoxins and sclerotia. The A. flavus strain A28 was selected for the current study as it produced higher quantity of aflatoxins as well as sclerotia. Study of inhibition of A. flavus As the aim of the current investigation was to study the effectiveness of the above mentioned materials in indoor environment, the inhibition of A. flavus A28 was carried out inside desiccators which were kept air tight to avoid contamination from external environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the effectiveness of traditional household materials, which are characterized as air purifiers, specifically against the airborne fungus A. flavus. It emphasizes that while such materials might have beneficial health effects, the studies about their effectiveness in controlling airborne toxins are lacking, suggesting that not all air purifying methods, including plants, may be equally effective as commercial air purifiers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 1993;31(4):255‒258. Antiprotozoal activities of Colombian plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;78(2‒3):193‒200. Oga S, Sertié JA, Brasile AC, et al. Antiinflammatory effect of crude extract from Guarea guidonia. Planta Med. 1981;42(3):310‒312. . Analysis of the from Leaves of Specimens of Guarea guidonia (L. ) Sleumer (Meliaceae). Journal of Research. 2005;17(3):271‒273. . Terpenoids from Guarea guidonia. Phytochemistry. 2002;60(4):333‒338. . 16,17-Seco- and 2,3:16,17-di-Seco-pregnanes from Guarea guidonia. J Soc. 2008;19(6):1073‒1077. LC-ESI-MS determination of quassinoids isobrucein B and neosergeolide in Picrolemma sprucei stem infusions. J Soc. 2009;20(6):1065‒1070. de Andrade- In vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum by substances isolated from Amazonian antimalarial plants. Oswaldo Cruz. 2007;102(3):359‒365. Biological activity of neosergeolide and isobrucein B (and two semi-synthetic derivatives) isolated from the Amazonian medicinal plant Picrolemma sprucei (Simaroubaceae). Oswaldo Cruz. 2009;104(1):48‒56. Struwe L, Albert VA. A monograph of Neotropical potalia aublet (Gentianaceae: Potalieae). Systematic botany. 2004;29(3):670‒701. Duke J, R Vasquez. Dictionary. FL: 1994. Roumy V, Garcia-Pizango G, Gutierrez-Choquevilca AL, et al. Amazonian plants from Peru used by Quechua and Mestizo to treat malaria with evaluation of their activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112(3):482‒489. Gentry AH. Bignoniaceae, in Flora de Colombia, IdC Naturales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily lists scientific publications and studies related to various plants and their medicinal properties but does not explicitly connect these activities to the claim regarding the derivation of traditional medicines from plants used by indigenous cultures. Thus, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can help users identify habits affecting their sleep. [SEP] Text: Results indicated that those with more severe sleep disturbance benefitted more from using to help them fall asleep, stay asleep, and get more restful. Those with more severe sleep disturbance also benefitted more from using sleep meditations with regard to falling asleep, whereas general meditations were more beneficial for helping those with more severe sleep disturbance stay asleep, get more restful sleep, and not wake up too early. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 7. Parameter estimates for regressions models of improvements in sleep difficulties based on PSQI scores and frequency of using all Calm components. Improvements in mental health Among those who reported having a mental health diagnosis when they initially downloaded Calm, most reported that using Calm had helped to improve their condition or their ability to manage their symptoms (see Table 8). The highest rate of improvement was in anxiety disorders (90. 5% reported somewhat or very much improved), followed by depression (80. 3%), and then PTSD (77. 2%). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 8. Frequencies of reported improvements in mental health diagnoses. Calm more frequently was associated with greater perceived improvements in anxiety, depression, and PTSD (Step 1; see Table 9), even after and accounting for PSQI scores as a potential moderator (Step 2; see Table 10). 2 there were significant conditional main effects of PSQI in which PQSI was negatively associated with improvements in mental health diagnoses, but PSQI did not significantly moderate the associations between frequency of use and mental health improvements. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 9. Parameter estimates for regressions models of improvements in mental health diagnoses based on frequency of using Calm and its components (i. e. , Step 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 10. Parameter estimates for regressions models of improvements in mental health diagnoses based on frequency of using Calm and its components, PSQI scores, and the interaction between frequency of use and PSQI (i. e. , Step 2). Components of the app and mental health improvements Prior to controlling for severity of sleep disturbance (Step 1), the frequency of using sleep meditations, general meditations, and music/soundscapes was associated with perceived improvements in anxiety, depression and PTSD (see Table 9). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that those with severe sleep disturbances benefitted from using tools (like meditations) that can help them fall asleep and stay asleep. This suggests that such devices and practices, including sleep diaries or monitors, may help users identify specific habits that affect their sleep. The mention of the association between frequency of using sleep meditations and improvements in sleep and mental health reinforces the idea that monitoring and adjusting sleep habits can lead to better outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All indoor plants can purify the air as effectively as air purifiers. [SEP] Text: View largeDownload slideQuantitative analysis showing the local radial position ri of the freely-in-air suspended virus p11. (a) at t−tin=30 s and (b) at t−tin=60 s. Close modal V. investigated different scenarios to utilize indoor air purifiers to clean airborne viruses through computational fluid dynamics. We studied the local position of the purifier in a furnished living room and the direction of air from the fan installed in the purifier device. We found that the above can have significant effects on airborne virus transmission indoors. Furthermore, we proposed a new indoor air circulation system that is more efficient in absorbing airborne virus p1. M. Pan, J. A. Lednicky, and Y. C. Wu, “Collection, p10. 1111/jam. 142782. T. Dbouk and D. Drikakis, “On coughing and airborne droplet transmission to humans,” Phys. Fluids 32, 053310 (2020). Dbouk and D. Drikakis, “On respiratory droplets and face masks,” Phys. Fluids 32, 063303 (2020). Dbouk and D. Drikakis, “Weather impact on airborne coronavirus survival,” Phys. Fluids 32, 093312 (2020). Dbouk and D. Drikakis, “On airborne virus transmission in elevators and confined spaces,” Phys. Fluids 33, 011905 (2021). Dbouk and D. Drikakis, “On pollen and airborne virus transmission,” Phys. Fluids 32, 063313 (2020). Van Rijn, G. A. Somsen, L. Hofstra, G. Dahhan, R. A. Bem, S. Kooij, and D. Bonn, “Reducing aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital elevators,” 30, 1065–1066 (2020). K. Satheesan, K. W. Mui, and L. T. Wong, “A numerical study of ventilation strategies for infection risk mitigation in general inpatient wards,” Build. Simul. 13, 887–896 (2020). Katramiz, D. Al Assaad, N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effectiveness of indoor air purifiers specifically designed to clean airborne viruses, while no mention of indoor plants or their air-purifying capabilities is made. This suggests that air purifiers may have unique efficiencies in comparison to indoor plants, which is contrary to the claim that all indoor plants can purify the air as effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: M4500, Iran) was used to measure the pedal volume of the rat up to the ankle joint before (volume A (VA), baseline) and 1, 2, and 3 h after (volume B (VB)) the sub-plantar administration of carrageenan, as explained formerly (25). Paw edema inhibition was calculated by (VB-VA)/VA formula, where VA stands for the volume of the right hind paw before injection of carrageenan, and VB stands for the volume of the right hind paw after injection of carrageenan. Ultimately, rats were euthanized and right hind paws were separated for biochemical tests (4). Biochemical tests Myeloperoxidase test Migration of neutrophils to the hind paws of rats was appraised by myeloperoxidase (MPO) kinetic-colorimetric assay (26). The measurement was performed by collecting paw tissue in ice-cold phosphate buffer saline (PBS; pH = 6) containing 0. 6% hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. After homogenization and centrifugation (10000 rpm, 30 min, 4 °C), the resulting supernatant of samples was evaluated for MPO activity spectrophotometrically at 400 nm (UV Spectrophotometer, Analytikjena, Germany). The results were presented as MPO activity. Lipid peroxidation assay Lipid peroxidation was measured by evaluating malondialdehyde (MDA) (27). Based on the kit protocol, after tissue homogenizing, 50 μL of supernatant or standard solutions were mixed with 300 μL reagent and heated at 90 °C for 30 min. Following cooling the mixture, the absorbance was evaluated at 532 nm using an Elisa reader (Multi -mode Reader, Botek, USA). The lipid peroxidation was articulated in terms of nmol MDA/mg protein. Statistical analysis The data were presented as mean ± SEM. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey post-hoc test was used. After obtaining the data from different experimental groups, they were analyzed using Graph8 software, and P values < 0. 05 were considered significantly different. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties. It primarily describes a methodology for measuring paw edema in rats using carrageenan and biochemical assays without any mention of curcumin or its effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can help users identify habits affecting their sleep. [SEP] Text: After accounting for potential moderation effects at Step 2, meditations (sleep and general) were still associated with improvements in depression and anxiety, but no longer associated with PTSD (see Table 10). Using music/soundscapes was still associated with improvements in all mental health diagnoses. There were no significant moderation effects. The frequency of using was not related to improvements in any mental health diagnosis in any model. As observed in analyses of individual Calm components, in combined analyses when all components were assessed together, using sleep meditations was still associated with improvements in anxiety, but not depression (see Table 11). Conversely, the frequency of using general meditations was positively associated with all mental health diagnoses. After controlling for the use of other components, using music/soundscapes was no longer associated with improvements in depression, anxiety, or PTSD. Stories was not associated with reported improvements in mental health. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 11. Parameter estimates for regressions models of improvements in mental health diagnoses based on PSQI scores and frequency of using all Calm components. DiscussionThe purpose of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional survey in subscribers of the mobile app Calm to examine the extent to which those who use the app for sleep report improvements in sleep and mental health. We also assessed whether improvements in sleep and mental health were differentially related to use of specific components of the app, and explored whether these improvements based on using specific components used depended on sleep quality. explore the extent to which those who use the app for sleep report improvements in sleep and mental health. We also explored which components of the app are associated with sleep and mental health improvements, and whether the improvements associated with using the app were different based on self-reported sleep quality (as measured by the PSQI). Nearly all study participants reported at least one type of sleep disturbance. This is not surprising given that we specifically recruited participants based on using sleep components of the Calm app in the last 90 days so that we would enrich the sample base with those attempting to improve sleep problems. Rates of sleep disturbances within the current sample were substantially higher than nationwide rates in the general population (estimated 20–40%), thus meeting our goals for a sleep-concerned population to survey [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that explores the use of the mobile app Calm for sleep improvement among participants, which indicates that those using the app reported enhancements in sleep quality. It emphasizes the association between using specific components related to sleep and the reporting of improvements, thereby supporting the notion that such tools can help users identify and address habits that may impact their sleep.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices make regular cleaning unnecessary. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsContemporary urban society often confines individuals to indoor spaces, whether residential or occupational, for significant portions of their lives. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in improving indoor environmental quality (IEQ), driven by heightened awareness of its impact on human health and productivity. This study leverages experimental data analysis to assess and identify key variables influencing comfort perception, aiming to streamline calculation methodologies. Special attention is directed toward the “Sesto Senso” sensor, for which a prototype was available. Evaluation of the sensor’s measurements revealed discrepancies, particularly in the algorithm calculating CO2 levels, traced back to issues with presence sensors and door/window opening/closing sensors. Repositioning and recalibration of these sensors were performed to address the discrepancies. Additionally, an upgrade to the system was implemented, incorporating a predicted mean vote calculation for thermo-hygrometric comfort assessment, currently undergoing testing at the Casaccia center. 1. Indoor air quality of urban public transportation stations in China: Based on air quality evaluation indexes. Journal of Environmental Management. 2024;349:1194402. EN ISO 7726: 2012; Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment. Instruments for measuring physical quantities. Technical Committee: ISO/TC 159/SC 5, ICS: 13. 1803. 7730:2005; Ergonomics of the thermal environment. Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria. Technical Committee: CEN/TC 122 - Ergonomics, Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 122/WG 11 - Ergonomics of the Physical Environment, ICS: 13. 1804. ISO 7933:2023; Ergonomics of the thermal environment. Analytical determination and interpretation of heat stress using calculation of the predicted heat strain. Technical Committee: ISO/TC 159/SC 5. ICS: 13. 1805. ISO 11079:2007; Ergonomics of the thermal environment. Determination and interpretation of cold stress when using required clothing insulation (IREQ) and local cooling effects. Technical Committee: ISO/TC 159/SC 5, ICS: 13. 1806. . Effects of radiant temperature on thermal comfort. Building and Environment. 2007;42(9):3210-32207. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that there are discrepancies in sensor measurements related to indoor air quality, particularly concerning CO2 levels. This implies that regular maintenance and recalibration of such devices are needed to ensure accurate measurements and effectively improve indoor air quality, rather than negating the necessity for regular cleaning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Pulido-Moran M, Moreno-Fernandez J, Ramirez-Tortosa C, Ramirez-Tortosa M. Curcumin and health. Molecules. 2016;21(3):264,1-22. DOI: 10. 3390/molecules21030264. | PubMed | CrossRef | 6. . Bioavailability of curcumin and curcumin glucuronide in the central nervous system of mice after oral delivery of nano-curcumin. Pharm. 2016;511(1):415-423. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ijpharm. 2016. 07. 027. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 7. Sharma OP. Antioxidant activity of curcumin and related compounds. Biochem Pharmacol. 1976;25(15):1811-1812. DOI: 10. 1016/0006-2952(76)90421-4. | PubMed | CrossRef | 8. . Antioxidative effects of plant polyphenols: from protection of g protein signaling to prevention of age-related pathologies. Y Acad Sci. 2007;1095(1):449-457. DOI: 10. 1196/annals. 1397. 048. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 9. . Curcumin for malaria therapy. Res Commun. 2005;326(2):472-474. DOI: 10. 1016/j. bbrc. 2004. 11. 051. | PubMed | CrossRef | 10. Vera-Ramirez L, Pérez-Lopez P, Varela-Lopez A, Ramirez-. Curcumin and liver disease. Biofactors. 2013;39(1):88-100. DOI: 10. 1002/biof. 1057. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 11. Curcumin as a therapeutic agent in dementia: a mini systematic review of human studies. J. 2014;2014:174282,1-1. DOI:DOI: 10. 1155/2014/174282. | 12. . Neuroprotective properties of curcumin in Alzheimer's disease-merits and limitations. Chem. 2013;20(32):3955-3985. DOI: 10. 2174/09298673113209990210. | PubMed | CrossRef | 13. editors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references and studies related to curcumin but does not directly address or provide evidence for its anti-inflammatory properties. It lists various studies, some of which pertain to curcumin's effects on health, but none specifically confirm the claim on anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can help users identify habits affecting their sleep. [SEP] Text: Given the sleep concerns of the population recruited, it is also not surprising that nearly half of participants reported having at least one mental health condition when they first downloaded the Calm app. In particular, rates of anxiety (30%) and depression (27%) in the sample were substantially higher than general population rates (approximately 19% and 7%, respectively) [30]. It is well known that mental health problems are co-morbid conditions with sleep disturbances, and that there are bidirectional relationships between sleep quality and mental health [31]. Most participants reported that using Calm helped them to fall asleep, stay asleep, and get restful sleep. Additionally, higher frequency of using Calm was associated with perceived greater improvements in sleep. This finding provides preliminary support for the potential efficacy of Calm in addressing the unmet need of an effective, efficient, safe and convenient sleep tool for the millions of adults who suffer from sleep disturbance. Future randomized controlled trials are necessary to formally test the efficacy of Calm against an attention placebo control, in improving sleep disturbances. Due to the diversity of sleep content available on meditation mobile apps, users may choose sleep content based on their p1. Jean-. Sleep in America. Sleep Disord. 2006;(202):19–37. View 2. Cormier RE. Sleep Disturbances: InClinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. In: Neuropsychiatric and in Parkinson’s Disease and Disorders: Diagnosis and Management [Internet]. Butterworths; 1990 [cited 2021 Jul 13]. p. 192–210. Available from: 3. . Epidemiology of insomnia: Prevalence, course, risk factors, and public health burden. Vol. 8, Clinics. 2013. p. 281–97. View 4. . Waking up to the problem of sleep: can mindfulness help? A review of theory and evidence for the effects of mindfulness for sleep. Vol. 28, in Psychology. 2019. p. 37–41. pmid:30390479 View 5. - Risk factors for incident chronic insomnia: A general population prospective study. Sleep Med. 2012;13(4):346–53. pmid:22425576 View 6. Irwin MR. Why sleep is important for health: A psychoneuroimmunology perspective. Psychol [Internet]. 2015 Jan 1 [cited 2021 Jul 13];66:143–72. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by highlighting that participants using the Calm app reported improved sleep outcomes, such as falling asleep, staying asleep, and attaining restful sleep. This suggests that the use of tools like Calm, which may function similarly to wearable sleep monitors, can help users identify and manage their sleep habits, thus addressing their sleep disturbances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices make regular cleaning unnecessary. [SEP] Text: This means maintaining relative humidity at levels that do not allow for moisture condensation on windows and other surfaces, regularly inspecting plumbing pipes and fixtures for leaks, and preventing the entry of water from outside the home by maintaining roofs and siding and having a water-managed foundation. Another biological contaminant commonly found in homes is the house dust mite, which feeds on skin cells that are naturally shed from human bodies. Fecal pellets from this microscopic arachnid contain a protein that is an allergen and asthma trigger. Dust mites thrive in humid environments and live in upholstered furniture, bedding, carpeting, and stuffed animals. They cannot survive at relative humidity levels below 50% [6]. Other biological contaminants in indoor air include viruses, bacteria, pollen, and animal dander. All of these can be controlled through regular house cleaning. 2. 1. number of factors contribute to the high levels of energy efficiency that are now possible in new and existing homes. Airtightening measures—those that prevent air infiltration through the building shell—are among the most critical of these. In new construction and in the improvement of an existing home, low air infiltration rates are achieved through an attention to the details of both construction materials and practices. And as air leakage has decreased in homes, ventilation has become a residential design issue because of problems that arise from excess moisture and other indoor air pollutants. Before airtightening measures were as widespread as they now are, ventilation of homes was achieved naturally, as air leaked in and out of cracks in the building shell—around windows and doors, where dissimilar building materials meet, and other places. Natural ventilation is undesirable because it can never be controlled. Its rate depends on wind speed, vegetation around a house, site topography, and other variables. And natural ventilation imposes large energy costs on a home because the incoming infiltration air must be heated in the winter in cold climates. But in the absence of natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation is necessary for removing moisture and other pollutants as well as bringing fresh air into a home. A basic mechanical ventilation system consists of exhaust fans, which are ducted to the outdoors, in kitchens and bathrooms. Conventional clothes dryers should always be ducted to the outdoors, although some electric clothes dryers vent into the washer. And some clothes washers also act as dryers. An issue that arises in airtight homes is the provision of make-up air for exhaust systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of regular house cleaning to control indoor biological contaminants such as dust mites, viruses, and bacteria. It states that 'all of these can be controlled through regular house cleaning,' indicating that indoor air quality devices alone are insufficient to eliminate the need for cleaning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The molecular targets and therapeutic uses of curcumin in health and disease. New York: & Business Media; 2007. pp? ? ? DOI: 10. 1007/978-0-387-46401-5. 14. . The effect of the water on the curcumin tautomerism: a quantitative approach. . 2014;132:815-820. DOI: 10. 1016/j. saa. 2014. 05. 096. | PubMed | CrossRef | 15. -. Recent advances in the investigation of curcuminoids. Chin Med. 2008;3(1):11,1-13. DOI: 10. 1186/1749-8546-3-11. | PubMed | CrossRef | 16. Tapal A, Tiku PK. Complexation of curcumin with soy protein isolate and its implications on solubility and stability of curcumin. Food Chem. 2012;130(4):960-965. DOI: 10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2011. 08. 025. | PubMed | CrossRef | 17. . Validated LC/MS/MS assay for curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin in rat plasma and application to pharmacokinetic study of phospholipid complex of curcumin. J Anal. 2006;40(3):720-727. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jpba. 2005. 09. 032. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 18. . Therapeutic and chemopreventive effects of nano curcumin against diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Sci. 2014;6(3):54-62. | 19. . New nanomicelle curcumin formulation for ocular delivery: improved stability, solubility, and ocular anti-inflammatory treatment. Ind Pharm. 2017;43(11):1846-1857. DOI: 10. 1080/03639045. 2017. 1349787. | PubMed | CrossRef | 20. Hunskaar S, Hole K. The formalin test in mice: dissociation between inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain. Pain. 1987;30(1):103-114. DOI: 10. 1016/0304-3959(87)90088-1. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin found in turmeric. Instead, it focuses on various studies about curcumin, its molecular targets, and therapeutic uses without explicitly confirming or denying its anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep data from wearables is commonly analyzed to improve personal health routines. [SEP] Text: in through your institution issuesearch term Advance 10. 1093/sleepadvances/zpad012 Published: 16 February 2023 10. 1093/sleepadvances/zpad012 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issuesearch term issuesearch term is common in the general population and is diagnosed based on self-reported sleep complaints. There is a frequent discrepancy between objectively recorded and self-reported sleep (sleep–wake state discrepancy), especially in individuals with insomnia. Although sleep–wake state discrepancy is well-documented in the literature, it is not well understood. This protocol describes the methodology of a randomized control study, which will examine whether providing monitoring and feedback about objectively recorded sleep with support for interpretation of sleep–wake state discrepancy improves insomnia symptoms and will explore the potential mechanisms of change. MethodsParticipants are 90 individuals with insomnia symptoms (Index [ISI] ≥10). Participants will be randomized to one of two conditions: (1) Intervention: feedback about objectively recorded sleep (actigraph and optional electroencephalogram headband) with guidance for data interpretation, (2) Control: sleep hygiene session. Both conditions will involve individual sessions and two check-in calls. The primary outcome is ISI score. Secondary outcomes include sleep-related impairment, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and other sleep and quality of life measures. Outcomes will be assessed using validated instruments at baseline and post-intervention. DiscussionWith increasing number of wearable devices that measure sleep, there is a need to understand how sleep data provided by these devices could be utilized in the treatment of insomnia. Findings from this study have the potential to better understand sleep–wake state discrepancy in insomnia and uncover new approaches to supplement current insomnia treatment. Sleep, Sleep–wake estimation, Sleep–wake state misperception, Insomnia disorder, Dreem, FitbitStatement of SignificanceNumerous wearable devices provide sleep data, but few provide feedback tailored to individuals with insomnia. Current insomnia treatments do not routinely utilize data from wearable devices. This adequately powered, randomized study could fill this gap by investigating whether providing monitoring and feedback about recorded sleep, with support for interpretation of sleep–wake state discrepancy, could improve insomnia symptoms. Findings have the potential to better understand sleep-state perception in insomnia and uncover new approaches to supplement current insomnia treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the utilization of sleep data from wearable devices to improve insomnia treatment. It highlights the need to understand how data from devices, such as actigraphs and electroencephalogram headbands, could supplement existing insomnia treatments and address the sleep-wake state discrepancy. This suggests that analyzing sleep data from wearables is indeed considered valuable for enhancing personal health routines, particularly related to sleep management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices make regular cleaning unnecessary. [SEP] Text: As exhaust fans pull air out of a house, that air must be replaced. In a leaky house, that air is supplied through infiltration. This happens because the fans place negative pressure on a house and, if no windows are open, pull in air from cracks that exist in the building enclosure or from a chimney, which can be dangerous if the chimney is connected to an operating combustion appliance. Other ventilation systems exist that not only pull air out of a house but also provide make-up air. Figure 2 shows temperature-difference-driven infiltration, also called the stack effect. In simpler terms: a house comes under negative pressure as warm air naturally rises to upper levels of a house. That warm air escapes through various faults in the building enclosure, including cracks that form at junctions of different types of construction materials, such as those where brick meets wood siding. Warm air also escapes from unsealed cracks around windows and doors. All air that leaves a house in this manner must be replenished. This happens when air leaving the house creates suction pressure on lower house levels, which causes soil gases, including radon, to be pulled into the house. Figure 2. The stack effect. Figure 3 shows how combustion appliances can also bring a house under negative pressure. All combustion appliances use some type of fuel, whether it is fuel oil, natural gas, propane, or wood. Oxygen is needed to fuel the fire, and if that oxygen comes from indoor air, it will put negative pressure on a house, just like the stack effect does. Air gets drawn into the appliance, fuels the fire, and that air needs to be replaced. The replaced air comes in through cracks in the building enclosure as well as cracks in the foundation of the basement, which can allow soil gases to enter the home. Figure 3. Combustion air concepts. A solution to negative pressure caused by a combustion appliance is to use a sealed combustion appliance. This type of furnace or boiler brings air to the combustion chamber through a pipe that originates outside the house. Sealed systems typically have a second heat exchanger that extracts heat from combustion gases that would normally be exhausted by the chimney in a conventional system. Instead, extracting additional heat from combustion gases results in exhaust gases that are cool enough to be exhausted from the house through a pipe through an exterior wall, much like a clothes dryer vent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of replenishing air in the house due to negative pressure created by exhaust fans and combustion appliances. It explains how air that leaves the house must be replaced through infiltration, leading to potential dangers such as soil gases entering the home. This emphasizes the importance of ventilation systems and regular cleaning to manage air quality, which counters the assertion that indoor air quality devices eliminate the need for cleaning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Plant material, processing and extraction processturmeric (LKD) rhizomes were collected from the Lakadong region in Meghalaya, India (Location: 25° 11′ 0" North, 92° 17′ 0" East). The plant material was authenticated at the of India, Shillong, Meghalaya (India) and a voucher specimen (Specimen number. GIPS/2018/003) was preserved for future reference at the of. The rhizomes were cleaned, dried, and ground into coarse powder. The homogeneous powdered material (1 kg) was subjected to successive extraction for 72 h using solvents (2. 5 L) of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol) in a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts obtained were filtered, concentrated using reduced pressure and labeled as hexane extract (LKDHE), chloroform extract (LKDCH), ethyl acetate extract (LKDEA), and methanol extract (LKDME). Residual solvents in extracts by gas chromatographyThe collected extracts were analyzed for residual solvent content using (GC) with a Headspace system (Clarus 690 Perkin Elmer). The injection Volume sampling rate was maintained at 12,50000pts/s with initial oven temperature at 40̊ C for 2 min followed by GC run (Ramp 1 at 5. 0 deg/min to 100 deg/min hold for 1 min and Ramp 2 10. 0 deg/min to 150 deg/min with hold time of 0. 00 min), offset at 100 µV. Extract samples were placed in vials, and the GC run was executed following the specified procedure (Fig. 1). The outcomes are displayed in Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Fig. 1Phytochemical evaluation of LKD extracts and characterization of curcumin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the processing and extraction of turmeric rhizomes without addressing the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. There is no mention or evidence provided regarding curcumin's effects, making the text not pertinent to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep data from wearables is commonly analyzed to improve personal health routines. [SEP] Text: Similarly, a more recent study (N = 63) found that giving individuals with insomnia “negative” feedback about their sleep resulted in significantly lower self-reported alertness and significantly higher levels of self-reported sleepiness and fatigue compared to those given “positive” sleep feedback [48]. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia [49–51], has also been shown to influence sleep–wake state discrepancy [20, 52–55]. Chan et al. [18] found that the behavioral components of CBT-I alone (i. e. stimulus control, sleep restriction, and sleep hygiene and relaxation) reduced SOL discrepancy in older adults compared to those in the self-monitoring control group. The cognitive components of CBT-I may also impact sleep as they reduce dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep (DBAS) [56–59], which is related to improvements in sleep–wake state discrepancy [60]. Although monitoring of self-reported sleep is an integral part of CBT-I, objective sleep measurements are not routinely employed in CBT-I. Conventional CBT-I also does not include a component of supporting individuals with insomnia in understanding sleep-state perception. The consumer market is seeing increasing varieties of wearable devices that objectively record sleep. Additionally, an increasing number of individuals with insomnia are presenting to sleep services with personally recorded sleep history, with the expectation that clinicians can understand and utilize their data [61–64]. Most sleep wearables utilize actigraphy (e. g. Fitbit), and some models are found to be comparable to research-grade altigraphs when detecting sleep/wake measures [65, 66]. A small number of head-worn wearables (e. g. Dreem) record electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and calculate sleep stages [67]. Although these devices sometimes provide consumers with feedback about sleep duration and quality (e. g. brief sleep variable descriptions, calculated sleep scores with descriptions), most do not provide detailed guidance about how to interpret the data in relation to users’ own sleep experiences. Some devices provide comparisons of the user’s data with those in the general population, which in some cases might cause a perpetuation of sleep-related anxiety that leads to a perfectionistic sleep quest (i. e. orthosomnia) [68]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the increasing variety of wearable devices that record sleep, such as Fitbits, and how they are being incorporated into personal health routines, particularly for individuals with insomnia. It mentions that many individuals with insomnia are presenting their self-recorded sleep data to clinicians, indicating a trend towards utilizing wearable tech to understand and improve sleep health. Additionally, the text notes that these wearables generate feedback about sleep duration and quality, which aligns with improving personal health routines.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices make regular cleaning unnecessary. [SEP] Text: In addition to the basic systems described above, other variations exist, including central exhaust/supply systems with dehumidification and systems with air filtration options. Several studies have analyzed the cost effectiveness of various ventilation systems by examining purchase and installation costs, annual operating costs, and additional imposed heating costs (to heat incoming air). In addition to costs, benefits that are difficult to quantify include increased human comfort and the prevention of moisture problems. Figure 4. Heat recovery ventilator. Taylor et al. [7] examined the cost-effectiveness of heat recovery ventilators and concluded that these units provide positive life-cycle cost savings throughout much of the United States, although not in the colder, northern tier states. (IRC) specifies mechanical ventilation standards for new homes, which vary depending on the size of the house, number of bedrooms, and tested air infiltration rate [8]. The infiltration rate is measured with a blower door test, a specialized piece of equipment that measures a home’s air change per hour (ACH). ACH measures the extent to which outdoor air leaks into homes through cracks around windows, doors, and where dissimilar building materials meet. An airtight home has a low ACH; a leaky, drafty home has a high ACH. Advertisement 3. Volatile organic compounds Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are gases released from some solids or liquids at room temperature. Many VOCs found in household air have adverse health impacts, including eye, nose, and throat irritation; asthma exacerbation; lung, kidney, and central nervous system damage; and cancer [9]. VOC sources include building products, paints, strippers, solvents, wood preservatives, air fresheners, hobby supplies, pesticides, dry-cleaned clothing, and more. (WHO) categorizes VOCs by the ease with which they are emitted from materials and uses the terms very volatile organic compounds (VVOC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) [10]. As mentioned earlier, VOCs produced by mold are referred to as microbiologic volatile organic compounds (mVOCs). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of regular cleaning in relation to indoor air quality. It highlights the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have adverse health effects, indicating that managing indoor air quality involves both the use of air quality devices and regular cleaning practices to mitigate factors like VOCs and ensure a safe living environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: A: TLC chromatogram of LKD successive extracts; B, C, D: HPTLC fingerprinting of isolated curcumin from fingerprinting of purified LKD curcumin F MS spectra G 1H NMR of purified LKD curcumin H 13C NMR of purified LKD curcuminFull size imagePhysical evaluations and phytochemical studies of the LKD successive extractsPhysical properties of the LKD successive extractsVarious physical parameters were evaluated on the extracts including testing for organoleptic characters, nature of the extract, percentage yield; pH and solubility testing were determined [13]. Phytochemical evaluations and analytical process of curcumin from LKDPreliminary phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography and quantification of total phenolic contentPhytochemical screening of the LKD successive extracts was conducted to identify various classes of phytochemicals [14]. Prominent phytochemical classes that produced positive test results underwent further verification using Thin-(TLC) methods. For extracts abundant in curcuminoids, TLC analysis was executed following established protocols [15]. The procedure encompassed preparing sample extracts for analysis, selecting the stationary phase, optimizing the mobile phase, developing the chromatogram, and spotting detection, all in accordance with established guidelines. The stationary phase for TLC employed pre-coated silica gel 60 F254 aluminum sheets (Merck Ltd. ), while the mobile phase was composed of a mixture of chloroform and methanol in a 9:1 ratio. Subsequently, the TLC plates were observed using short UV light (264 nm), long UV light (366 nm), and visible light, both before and after applying the detecting reagent. Furthermore, the optimization of High-Performance Thin-(HPTLC) fingerprinting and the analysis of the curcumin-rich crude fraction after isolation via column chromatography were performed using equipment, which included the sample applicator, visualizer, and 4 software. Furthermore, based on the results of the preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC analysis, further studies were conducted for the total phenolic and tannin content estimation using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu-AA6300). The total phenolic content and total tannin content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with certain modifications [16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. Instead, it focuses on detailing the methodologies for phytochemical studies, including TLC and HPTLC analysis of curcumin, without addressing any health benefits such as anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep data from wearables is commonly analyzed to improve personal health routines. [SEP] Text: This guidance for meaningful interpretation of data are especially important for individuals with insomnia, where sleep discrepancy might be high, and the aforementioned literature shows that different sleep feedback may result in different symptom outcomes. Therefore, this randomized controlled study utilizes two conditions: one condition provides feedback on wearable measured sleep variables and discusses sleep–wake state discrepancy, and the other (control) condition provides information about sleep hygiene. This study aims to: (1) Examine whether providing individuals with insomnia feedback about sleep using sleep wearable devices, along with support for interpretation of sleep–wake state discrepancy improves symptoms of insomnia as the primary outcome. It is hypothesized that providing monitoring and feedback will result in a significantly greater reduction in insomnia symptom severity from baseline to post-intervention compared to control. Group differences in the changes of sleep and mental health domains (e. g. symptoms of depression, anxiety, and sleep-related daytime functioning) are also explored given their potential associations with both sleep perception and insomnia symptoms [4, 69–73], and (2) Explore potential mechanisms of change, including sleep–wake state discrepancy (operationalized as the differences between self-report and wearable measured sleep variables), dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, presleep arousal, and aspects of sleep architecture (e. g. increased percentage spent in non-rapid eye movement [NREM] and rapid eye movement [REM], reduction of NREM and REM fragmentation, and increase slow wave density and amplitude). is a two-arm, parallel-group, single-blind, and superiority randomized study. The study is prospectively registered here ACTRN12619001636145. This protocol paper follows recommendations from the -PRO Extension (Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials—Patient-Reported Outcomes) guidelines [74] and the template for intervention description and replication checklist and guide [75]. will be 90 individuals with significant insomnia symptoms. Inclusion criteria will be: (1) age ≥18 years, (2) able to communicate in English, (3) have regular access to the internet, smartphone, and email, and (4) Score ≥10 on the insomnia severity index (ISI) [76]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses a study that examines the impact of feedback from wearable devices on individuals with insomnia. It highlights that analyzing sleep data from these wearable devices, along with providing guidance for interpretation, is aimed at improving insomnia symptoms. This aligns directly with the notion that sleep data from wearables is utilized to enhance personal health routines.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices make regular cleaning unnecessary. [SEP] Text: Radon-resistant construction techniques are recommended for new homes built in Zone 1 counties [15]. Advertisement 5. Combustion products Combustion products comprise another category of indoor air pollutants. They consist of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, respirable particulates, and water. Nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxides, and respirable particulates are lung irritants, and carbon monoxide (CO) can kill. To avoid indoor these pollutants, combustion-based, unvented space heaters should not be in the home. Central heating system systems should be regularly serviced: annual servicing for fuel oil-based systems and every 2 years for gas systems. Smoking should not be permitted in a home, and a gas kitchen range should have an exhaust fan over it that is vented to the outside. Combustion products can pollute the air inside a home when components of a central heating system are damaged and leak combustion gases into indoor air. Indoor use of combustion-based electric generators will also do this. And when a house comes under negative pressure, combustion gases can be drawn from a chimney or fireplace into the home. Normally, when a person breathes healthy air, oxygen binds with hemoglobin in blood to form oxyhemoglobin. When a person breathes air that is polluted with CO, CO binds with hemoglobin, and carboxyhemoglobin is formed, which prevents oxygen from getting to the brain. At low levels, this causes tiredness and dizziness. At higher levels, gradual suffocation and death occur. Carbon monoxide is responsible for hundreds of deaths and thousands of emergency room visits in the USA per year [16]. These are all preventable deaths and often occur when people are sleeping. Every home and apartment should have at least one carbon monoxide detector installed in the hallway outside the sleeping area. Carbon monoxide detectors are important, but they are no substitute for regular servicing of combustion appliances and common sense safety procedures with combustion appliances in the home. Advertisement 6. have used lead for numerous purposes for at least 7000 years [17]. Before 1550 BCE, ancient Egyptians used lead as a medicine and for decorative purposes. When babies were born, a lead ball was placed on their belly buttons to stop bleeding. Women would decorate their nipples with lead and breast feed their babies. People have been aware of lead poisoning for over 2000 years [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of regular servicing of combustion appliances and safety procedures, stating that carbon monoxide detectors, while important, 'are no substitute for regular servicing of combustion appliances.' This indicates that maintaining indoor air quality requires active measures, contradicting the idea that air quality devices could eliminate the need for regular cleaning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Sampling was done by preparing all the successive extracts at concentration of 1 mg/mL. A series of dilution in the concentration range of 0. 02–0. 10 mg/mL was prepared for tannic acid (1 mg/mL stock solution) taken as reference standard. The total phenolics (TP), total simple phenolics (TSP) and total tannin content (TC) were estimated using the reported methods. All estimations were performed in triplicates and were statistically expressed as Mean ± S. E. M using linear regression equation. Isolation and characterization of curcumin from LKDThe analysis of the chloroform extract (LKDCH) through TLC and HPTLC confirmed a notable presence of curcumin. Consequently, an attempt was undertaken to isolate curcumin from this extract, employing a column chromatography approach. The wet packing method was adopted, wherein the column was packed with silica gel (#60–120 mesh, column grade, Merck Ltd. ), combined with exceptionally pure chloroform. LKDCH (50 g) was absorbed in chloroform and introduced into the column. The elution process was executed by employing a gradient mixture of methanol (MeOH) and chloroform (CHCl3), with a progressively increasing proportion of MeOH within CHCl3. The gradient levels were as follows: 1%, 2. 5%, 5%, 7. 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and finally, 100%. The eluates were collected in 25 mL fractions. values led to the pooling of corresponding eluates, which were subsequently concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The procedure yielded 105 fractions. Notably, fractions 50–55 exhibited distinct yellow single spots of curcumin, which were then combined and subjected to concentration. To enhance its purity, curcumin was purified through recrystallization in 100% acetone and stored at room temperature. The characterization and interpretation of the structure of the isolated curcumin was analyzed by sophisticated spectrometric techniques including FTIR (Bruker Alpha), 1HNMR and 13CNMR (Neo 500 MHz FT-NMR spectrometer), Mass spectrometer (-spectrometer) [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. Instead, it discusses the isolation and characterization of curcumin from a specific extract, focusing on the methods used for extraction and purification without mentioning its biological effects or properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep data from wearables is commonly analyzed to improve personal health routines. [SEP] Text: Participants at medium risk, defined as experiencing current ideation to harm self/others but have no plan or previous history of harm, will be included if no other exclusion criteria are met; they are provided referral options for mental health care. Participants at low risk will be included if no other exclusion criteria are met. Intervention conditions Both interventions will include an individual session and two check-in calls. Interventions will be manualized to ensure consistency. A provisional psychologist undertaking doctoral training in clinical psychology (MAS) will be trained in the intervention, and competence in delivering the content will be assessed prior to study commencement by a clinical psychologist (BB). The provisional psychologist will receive regular supervision throughout the study. Participants in each group will be offered the content the other group received following the completion of the study. Intervention condition Participants in the intervention condition will receive the following components combined:1 An individual session conducted by a provisional psychologist (MAS) that covers: (a) the differences between sleep variables measured using self-report and sleep measured using wearables, (b) the nature of sleep–wake state discrepancy and its relevance to insomnia, and (c) healthy interpretation of sleep–wake state discrepancy, through an assisted interpretation of participants' baseline sleep data (measured via Fitbit, Dreem, and self-report). Although the session draws upon strategies commonly used in CBT-I (e. g. addressing thoughts and beliefs related to sleep–wake state discrepancy), it will not include key components of CBT-I (e. g. stimulus control, sleep restriction). 2 Access to daily Fitbit sleep data through the Fitbit app, including TST, sleep start time, and wake time. 3 An illustrated weekly report (see Supplementary Material) that compares self-report (i. e. sleep diary) and objective (i. e. Fitbit and Dreem) sleep data. This report will be emailed to participants each week throughout participation and will include both daily and weekly summaries of: (a) TST (sleep diary and Fitbit), (b) SE (sleep diary and Fitbit), (c) SOL (sleep diary and Dreem), (d) wake after sleep onset (sleep diary and Dreem), and (e) sleep stages (Dreem). Data from two sources will be plotted together (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of sleep data collected from wearables like Fitbit and Dreem to analyze sleep variables. It highlights how this data is incorporated into the intervention to assist participants in interpreting their sleep information, which relates directly to improving their personal health routines.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices make regular cleaning unnecessary. [SEP] Text: During the early postneonatal period, developing lungs are very susceptible to pollutants; and the immature immune, pulmonary, and nervous systems of children can be damaged by environmental pollutants, including routinely applied residential pesticides. Young and older infants and young children breathe through their mouths than adults do. This difference in breathing patterns is likely to increase a child’s risk of exposure to respirable particulates [27]. This risk is lower for adults whose breathing through their noses causes air to become filtered as they breathe it through the upper respiratory airway [27]. Toddlers crawl on the floor and young children walk, run, and play on the floor. These factors cause the breathing zone of children to be much lower (up to 3 feet from the floor). This zone is known as the child breathing zone (CBZ) [28]. Walking-induced turbulence in a room causes resuspension of respirable particulates, and shorter people are exposed to more resuspended particulates than taller people. IAQ can be significantly worse in the CBZ than in the adult breathing zone (ABZ), and the assumption of uniform pollutant concentration in indoor environments can be an erroneous assumption of breathing concentration risk. Although there is an increasing awareness that children are vulnerable to poor IAQ in the scientific community, there is very limited research with a focus on IAQ in the CBZ. There is no current IAQ management system that specifically focuses on improving IAQ in the CBZ. Advertisement 9. most effective strategy for controlling indoor air pollution is to control the problem at its source. Ventilation is also important, especially in the case of moisture. Expel moisture to the outside through exhaust fans that are vented to the outdoors. In the case of combustion pollutants, regular servicing of heating systems and other appliances that are combustion based is necessary. Radon gas is a radioactive human carcinogen that is colorless, tasteless, and odorless. This pollutant can be controlled through mitigation in existing homes and with radon-resistant construction techniques in new homes. Exposure to some VOCs, which are present in building materials, paints, strippers, and other substances, can be hazardous to human health. Adequate ventilation should be provided when using these materials. Low- or no-VOC emitting products are now available and should be considered as safer alternatives. Lead and asbestos are present in older homes and apartments and pose considerable health risks to humans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that controlling indoor air pollution should involve multiple strategies, including regular cleaning and maintenance. It states that the most effective strategy is to control the problem at its source and that regular servicing of heating systems and appliances is necessary, indicating that indoor air quality devices alone may not suffice and that cleaning still plays an essential role in maintaining safe air quality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)The DSC 3 instrument (Mettler Toledo; Model no-ME-5140313) was employed to examine the melting point behavior of both the isolated and purified curcumin, as well as the standard curcumin. Samples were positioned in aluminum pans and subjected to scanning at a rate of 10 °C per minute within the temperature range of 20 °C to 300 °C under an inert nitrogen gas environment. For confirming the identity and purity of the isolated curcumin, a comparison was made between the endothermic peak of the isolated curcumin and that of the standard curcumin [18]. HPLC analysis for determination of the purity of isolated curcuminThe purity of isolated Curcumin from extracts was determined by HPLC (). consisted of a chromatographic pump, Injector, and UV detector. For HPLC separation, a reversed-phase C-18 column was used. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile-acidic Water (pH 3 adjusted by acetic acid) (80:20v/v) at a flow rate of 1 m/min. The run time was 10 min and the detection wavelength was set at 425 nm. The mobile phase was filtered using a 0. 2 nm millipore membrane filter. The sample injection volume was set at 20 μl. The purity was determined by comparing it with a chromatogram of the standard curcumin from SRL, India (95% Purity) [8]. The result is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2HPLC chromatogram of curcumin. A: Curcumin standard; B: Curcumin in LKDCH and purity of isolated curcumin from LKDCH; C: Curcumin standard; D Curcumin isolated from size imageNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)The chemical identity of the LKCH isolated curcumin was further confirmed by proton NMR spectrum usingMultinuclear FT-NMR Spectrometer (ECX400 -Jeol 400 MHz, Japan). The samples were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide d6 (DMSO d6) as solvent. 20 µl of tetramethylsilane (TMS) was added to the sample solution as the internal reference. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methods used for examining the purity and identity of curcumin through various analytical techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It does not address the potential anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep data from wearables is commonly analyzed to improve personal health routines. [SEP] Text: sleep diary and Fitbit TST), and these figures will be accompanied by interpretations of discrepancies and information on how to use this information for managing concerns about sleep. These reports will be automatically generated weekly using an R-script that fetches data from Fitbit and Dreem servers via application programming interface (API). Control condition This control condition is designed to control for nonspecific factors such as receiving sleep information and time with a researcher. The control condition will be instructed to use the study devices (i. e. Fitbit and Dreem), however, they will not receive feedback about their objectively recorded sleep throughout their participation in this study. They will be able to utilize the Fitbit app for non-study related purposes (e. g. exercise, step tracking) but the sleep information tile will be hidden. They will receive their weekly sleep reports (see Supplementary Material) at the end of the study, following the completion of the final assessment. The control condition will receive a sleep education session conducted by the provisional psychologist (MAS) covering: (1) psychoeducation about sleep (e. g. information about what the functions of sleep, sleep cycles, sleep stages, the homeostatic sleep drive, and circadian rhythms), and (2) sleep hygiene (e. g. healthy sleep habits regarding light, body temperature, physical activity, noise, food, caffeine, alcohol, and bedding). Participants will not be instructed to alter any sleep-related behaviors. sleep measures The daily sleep diary that will be utilized in this study to assess self-reported sleep behaviors is adapted from the consensus sleep diary [79]. Participants will be asked to complete the sleep diary each day (~2 minutes per day; via computer or phone app) as soon as they have woken up, for the duration of the research project. The sleep diary collects information about experiences over the previous day and night (e. g. sleep timing, number of nighttime awakenings, naps, caffeine consumption, and medication for sleep). The consensus sleep diary has shown good clinical utility, usability, and ability to discriminate people with sleep dysfunction from normal sleepers [80]. Participants will be instructed to wear a HR (Fitbit Inc. , 2017 release) on their non-dominant hands for the duration of the research project. Alta HR has been found to provide equivalent estimates to research-grade actigraphy for gross sleep parameters (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how sleep data collected from wearables, like Fitbit and Dreem, is used in a study to manage concerns about sleep. The mention of sleep diaries, weekly reports, and psychoeducation on sleep indicates that the data gathered by these devices is indeed analyzed and applied to improve participants' understanding of their sleep behaviors and overall health routines.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices make regular cleaning unnecessary. [SEP] Text: Only trained professionals should perform abatement or encapsulation of both materials. Children are at a higher risk of health problems from pollutant exposure, especially because air in the child breathing zone is more polluted than it is in the adult breathing zone. Awareness of these issues is a critical first step in improving air quality in homes and apartments. 1. Cincinelli A, Martellini T. Indoor air quality and health. of. 2017;14(11):1286. DOI: 10. 3390/ijerph14111286 2. Leech JA, Smith-Doiron M. Exposure time and place: Do COPD patients differ from the general population? Journal of & Environmental Epidemiology. 2016;16(3):238-241. DOI: 10. 1038/sj. jea. 7500452 3. -Mazzuoli. Indoor air pollution in old people’s homes related to some health problems: A survey study. Indoor Air. 2005;15:267-274. DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1600-0668. 2005. 00371. x 4. Franklin PJ. Indoor air quality and respiratory health of children. Reviews. 2007;8(4):281-286. DOI: 10. 1016/j. prrv. 2007. 08. 007 5. Ponessa J. Indoor air quality. In: Carswell AT, editor. of Housing. Thousand Oaks, CA: 2012. 396. DOI: 10. 4135/9781452218380. n137 6. Arlian LG. Water balance and humidity requirements of house dust mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology. 1992;16(1-2):15-35. DOI: 10. 1007/BF01201490 7. . Cost-Effectiveness of Ventilation. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: April 19, 2018] 8. Tech Note: Whole-Ventilation Code: Safety and Performance Considerations. 2013. Available from: [Accessed: April 19, 2018] 9. . Temporal characteristics of volatile organic compounds in newly-constructed residential buildings. Research. 2013;18(3):169-176 10. U. S. Agency (EPA). Quality. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: April 22, 2018] 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of regular awareness and professional intervention in indoor air quality management. It discusses the necessity of trained professionals for abatement or encapsulation of pollutants, suggesting that air quality devices alone are insufficient to eliminate the need for cleaning due to the persistent risks posed by indoor pollutants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: These precipitated nanosuspensions were then kept overnight under stirring to evaporate out the organic solvent. Characterisation and optimisation of Curcumin nanosuspensions (Cur-NS)Measurement of p4. Fig. 4TEM photomicrograph of Curcumin NanosuspensionFull size imageDrug entrapment efficiencyThe percentage drug entrapment was determined by the developed HPLC method. The Cur-NS were centrifuged at 11,000 rpm () for 15 min. After centrifuging, the supernatant was taken out and 1 ml of acetonitrile was added to the nanop7. 4 + 0. 5 percent Tween 80) at 37 °C under continuous magnetic stirring using IKA HS 7. At regular intervals, 2 ml of samples were collected and replaced with fresh media. The drug concentrations in the collected samples were then determined by the developed analytical HPLC method using the calibration equation y = 18,005. 5574x− 64979. 1884 R2 = 0. 991. [22]Formulation and optimisation of Cur-NS loaded gel (Cur-NS-nanogel)Preparation of plain gelCarbopol 940 was dissolved in water and stirred continuously untill it dissolves completely. The polymeric solution was then cross-linked chemically by drop-wise addition of triethanolamineoleate with continous stirring at constant rate until a clear homogeneous gel was obtained [26]. Optimization and evaluation of the topical gelThe prepared gels were then optimized based on varying concentration (0. 2–0. 5%) of the polymer, the alkali (triethanolamine) and its effect on the physicochemical properties e. g. pH, Viscosity, Gel strength and Spreadability [27]. pH: pH of the gel was measured using a digital pH meter (μ pH system 361, Systonics). The pH meter was first calibrated with three standard buffers (pH 4, 7 and 9). After calibrating the apparatus, the pH of freshly prepared Carbopol 940 gels were measured by dissolving and equilibrating the required amount of gel in distilled water. Viscosity: Viscosity of the prepared Gels were determined using Brookfield viscometer (DV-E Viscometer; Model No-) at 30 rpm/min using spindle No 64. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin or its effects. Instead, it discusses the formulation, characterization, and optimization of curcumin nanosuspensions and gels, with no reference to their therapeutic efficacy.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep data from wearables is commonly analyzed to improve personal health routines. [SEP] Text: In all cases, effect sizes will be calculated to quantify the size of group differences, 95% confidence intervals calculated around estimates of treatment group differences, and within-group change scores summarized to quantify the average change over time in each group. Sensitivity analyses will be conducted using only participants with complete data on each outcome. To explore predictors of treatment response, potential predictors will be incorporated in regression analyses as predictors or moderators. Assuming an attribution rate of 20%, randomizing 90 participants in total (45 per group) will give the study 80% power (two-tailed a = 0. 05, regression analyses) to detect a medium effect size (d = 0. 6) on the ISI as the primary outcome. The effect size estimation is based on a previous behavioral intervention experiment, also included the ISI as the outcome, and addressed the discrepancy in self-report versus objective sleep information in individuals with insomnia [45]. increased use of sleep wearable devices by consumers presents unique opportunities and challenges. Most sleep wearable devices provide quantitative information about sleep but do not provide support for interpretation. Current insomnia interventions (e. g. CBT-I), on the other hand, do not routinely incorporate objectively recorded sleep information into treatment. By examining whether adding guided interpretation of sleep wearable recorded sleep information could reduce symptoms of insomnia, this project has the possibility to uncover new approaches to supplement the current treatment of insomnia. As sleep feedback and guidance tested in this study will be automated, they have the potential of being incorporated into the reporting of sleep information in consumer sleep wearables. This has the capability of promoting a balanced interpretation of sleep state and benefits sleep health in the general public. will be disseminated through peer-reviewed scientific publications and conferences. If findings are promising, opportunities to further disseminate will be sought out, such as by contacting media (including social media) outlets and healthcare professionals and organizations with the aim of potentially being implemented into current sleep treatment and accelerating further intervention development. Participants who expressed interest in receiving study results will be provided with a summary of findings following study completion, including any resulting publications that may arise. Researchers who have made significant contributions to the design, conduct, analysis, and reporting of the current study will be granted authorship for planned and unplanned publications based on study data. MAS is a recipient of an and BB holds a and (APP1140299) which helped to cover the research costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how sleep wearable devices provide quantitative information about sleep and suggesting that the integration of guided interpretation of this data could enhance current insomnia interventions. It highlights that increased use of sleep wearables presents opportunities for improving sleep health, thus supporting the idea that analyzing sleep data from wearables can lead to better personal health routines.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices make regular cleaning unnecessary. [SEP] Text: However, to simulate airflow in an animal room under operation, this method has the disadvantages that it is very time consuming to build such models, and that the animals are moving around and place themselves in different positions. A potential way to overcome this is to assume that the occupied zone consists of a porous media with a certain flow resistance. A similar method has been use to model airflow through slatted floor (Sun et al. , 2004) and through partly open pen partitions (Wagenberg et al. , 2004). In this work the porous media assumption are utilized to avoid a detail geometrical modeling and complicated subdivision of the space around the animals the animals, and to model the condition in the porous inlet. Advertisement 2. Analyses of a partly pit ventilation system as method to reduces ammonia emission from a pig production unitTo reduce ammonia and odour emission from livestock housing, the use of air cleaning systems is increasing. Available acid based exhaust air cleaning systems are capable of reducing ammonia emission through ventilation with approximately 95 percent (Melse & Ogink 2005), but due to the large amount of air that must be treated the investment and operating costs are high. In many cases a reduction of ammonia emission of 30 - 70 percent is sufficient to fulfil the requirement from legislation. Under northern Europe climate conditions the ventilation level is relatively low in a large part of the year resulting in high ammonia concentrations in exhaust air in those periods. This makes it possible to obtain a relatively large reduction of total ammonia emission with a cleaning system designed for a relatively small share of the total ventilation capacity. The greater part of ammonia emission from pig production housing systems with slatted floor is released from the slurry surface. In this type of production units pit ventilation has been known as a method to improve indoor air quality, but it is seldom used due to increased energy cost and increased emission of ammonia and odour. The scope of this work is to investigate the efficiency of a partly pit ventilation system with cleaning of the air exhausted from the pit. The investigation is based on theoretical calculations including CFD methods (Dynamics) to predict airflow, and ammonia release and distribution in a growing pig unit. 2. 1. MethodsThe analyses were based on conditions in a typical Danish pig unit for growing pigs from 30 to 100 kg. The assumed unit included two rows of 2. 4 m wide and 4. 8 m long pens designed for 16 pigs each, see Fig. 2 and 3. Figure 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of air cleaning systems in livestock housing to reduce ammonia and odor emissions. It indicates that while these systems can significantly decrease ammonia emissions, they do not completely eliminate the need for regular cleaning processes due to the complexities involved in modeling airflow and the specific conditions required to maintain air quality. The mention of high investment and operating costs for these systems further implies that they cannot entirely replace the maintenance required for cleanliness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The viscometer was calibrated using a standard solution of glycerine before all measurements. SpreadabilityTwo sets of glass slides with uniform dimensions were used to test the spreadability of the produced gels. One of the slides was covered with the gel formulation. The gel was sandwiched between the two slides in an area that was occupied by a distance of 7. 5 cm along with the slides when the other slide was positioned on top of the gel. The upper slides were given a 100-g weight to press the gel between them into a thin layer in a uniform manner. The excess gel that was sticking to the slides was scraped off after the weight was taken off. The two slides in place were securely fastened to a stand so that only upper slides could slip off freely under the force of weight tied on them. A 20 g weight was tied to the upper slide. The time taken for the upper slide to cover a distance of 7. 5 cm and get separated from the lower slide under the force of the weight, was noted. The experiment was performed in triplicates and the meantime was taken for calculation [27, 28]. The following formula was used to determine spreadability:$$S = \, m \, \times \, l/t$$where, S = spreadability, m-weight tied to upper slides, l- length of the glass slide and t- time taken in sec. Gel strengthThe strength of the gel formulations was determined using a (System, FD/1–077). The "gelling strength test" or compression mode of the was selected, and the test speed was set to 1. 0 mm/s. 50 points per second for the acquisition rate and 5 g for the trigger force were chosen. An aluminum probe of 7. 6 cm diameter was used for all the samples. The immersion probe was inserted into the gel during the test at room temperature. Gel strength, expressed in grams, was used to determine the force necessary to penetrate the gel [28]. Preparation of Cur-NS-nanogelwas prepared by adding the Carbopol 940 in the Cur-NS followed by cross linking with triethanolamine. The nanosuspensions were then continuously stirred until homogenous nanogels were formed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text focuses on the methods of measuring spreadability and gel strength of certain formulations, rather than discussing curcumin or its anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the effects of curcumin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors are part of the growing trend in personal health technology. [SEP] Text: DiscussionMain results and implicationsUsing a novel protocol to simulate common peri-sleep behavior, we found that modest deviation from a good bedtime routine does not significantly compromise the performance of higher-quality CSTs. Consistent with data from the first night of the study,9 the high-quality CSTs performed considerably better than the lower-cost ones. Oura and Fitbit displayed good detection accuracy for 1 SOT. While Oura’s detection accuracy was higher than Fitbit’s, it was biased towards detecting sleep onset later than it actually was. This is consistent with results from the first night of the protocol where Oura significantly overestimated sleep onset latency. and Xiaomi performed moderately well for the initial sleep onset, their inability to detect awakenings may severely limit their usefulness. ActiGraph’s 1 SOT accuracy was significantly influenced by marker placement. Both detection and timing accuracy were markedly better for the ActiGraph-BT data, when the algorithm excluded the Pre-Sleep period. This improvement is not surprising because wake misclassification during the Pre-Sleep period, resulting in earlier estimation of sleep onset, is not considered in the ActiGraph-BT data; however, it does highlight the importance of correct marker placement for accurate sleep measurement. This pattern of results is consistent with ActiGraph-IB’s overestimation of TST and SE, resulting from wake misclassified as sleep in the peri-sleep periods. It also suggests that in a controlled lab environment, where participants do not engage in typical peri-sleep activities, accuracy of sleep measures may be artificially inflated. Oura and Fitbit’s performance during these periods suggests that this may be less of a concern for these devices. 1 SOT timing accuracy was less reliable for those with more fragmented sleep. This is consistent with previous research, including Night 1 of this protocol9,18,19 and reflects the difficulty these devices have in accurately measuring sleep that is significantly disrupted. Sleep fragmentation is associated with normal aging34 as well as neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease35 and Parkinson’s disease36; therefore, data from wearable devices in these populations is likely to be less reliable than from those with well-consolidated sleep. Detection accuracy for both the Interruption and Times was very high for Oura, Fitbit, and ActiGraph; however, these transitions were missed by Axtro and Xiaomi over half the time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various wearable sleep monitors, such as Oura, Fitbit, and ActiGraph, and their performance in measuring sleep. This supports the idea that these devices are part of a growing trend in personal health technology focused on sleep monitoring. The mention of specific products and their detection capabilities implies their relevance in the realm of personal health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor air quality devices make regular cleaning unnecessary. [SEP] Text: As average during a year it is estimated that pit ventilation of 5, 10 and 20 m3h-1Pig-1 will reduce ammonia concentration in the exhaust with 31, 55 and 68 percent, respectively, and inside the room the ammonia concentration will be reduced correspondently. Fig. 10 shows total ammonia release and the emission from the room at different levels of air change from the pit and totally. Figure 10. Total ammonia release (aggregated bars) and emission from the room (black part of bars) at different levels of pit ventilation and entire unit ventilation. White part of bars show emission through pit exhaust assuming no air cleaning. Figure 11. Ammonia release (aggregated bars) and ammonia emission to the surroundings (black bars) at different air cleaning strategies. 100 percent corresponds to the ammonia emission from a unit with no air cleaning or pit ventilation. White part of bars shows removed ammonia. It can be seen that an increased level of pit ventilation increased the ammonia release if cleaning system is not available. Using pit ventilations of 5, 10 and 20 m3h-1Pig-1 during a year will result in increased ammonia emission of 16, 26 and 35 percent, respectively. The simulation without pit ventilation showed that a decreased air change from 100 to 40 m3h-1Pig-1 resulted in 13 percent decreased in ammonia emission. This can be compared with the result of a Danish investigation of the influence of air change on ammonia emission where the average air change were reduced from 80 to 40 m3h-1Pig-1 (Lyngbye et al. , 2006). In that investigation the room temperature was maintained by cooling the air inlet resulting in a reduction of the ammonia emission of 10 percent. The agreement with this investigation supports the assumption that a constant ammonia concentration on pit bottom surface is a reasonable simplification in CFD-modelling for analyzing the influence of ventilation strategy on ammonia emission. Fig. 11 shows calculated performance of different cleaning strategies. For a unit with no pit ventilation it appears that cleaning of all exhaust air (100 m3h-1Pig-1) reduce ammonia emission with about 90 percent. If the cleaning system is designed to handle 10 percent of the ventilation capacity the reduction of ammonia emission is 41 percent, and measured in relation to the capacity of cleanings system this strategy is 4. 5 times as efficient as cleaning all the air. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that emphasizes the importance of cleaning systems in reducing ammonia emissions. For instance, it states that a cleaning system that handles 10 percent of the ventilation capacity can achieve a reduction in ammonia emission of 41 percent, while cleaning all exhaust air reduces ammonia emission by about 90 percent. This suggests that regular cleaning is necessary to effectively manage air quality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of Cur-NS-nanogelThe nanogels were evaluated in terms of appearance, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and spreadability as mentioned in the earlier sections. Drug content in Cur-NS-nanogelThe drug content was measured by dissolving the measured amount of gel in acetonitrile. The dispersion obtained was filtered and analyzed at 425 nm using the developed HPLC method [29]. Drug loading efficiency (%) = (Experimental drug content/ Theoretical drug content) 100%Stability studiesThe accelerated stability studies were conducted in accordance to the ICH guidelines. The Cur-NS-Nanogel were kept at 4 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C and stability was observed for 30 days. The stability was observed in terms of change in color, appearance, pH, viscosity, and gel strength [30]Ex vivo skin permeation studyProcessing of rat skinThe albino Wistar rats were received from the animal house facility of Veterinary College, Khanapara. The animal study was conducted as per the guidelines after getting approval from the (Ref no: GIPS/IAEC/M. PH/PRO/10/2022). Experimental animals were feed with standard commercial pellets with free access to water ad libitum and housed according to standard laboratory environment by maintaining a 12 h day and night cycle at normal room temperature of 25 ± 1°C and 45–55% relative humidity. The rats (200–250 gm) were anesthetized using ketamine (30 mg/kg) [IP] anesthesia prior to excision of the skin and hairs were removed using hair clips. Excised skin were rinsed with 0. 9% saline water [31]. Permeation studyThe permeation through skin was studied using 20 ml modified franz diffusion cell assembly. The prepared rat skins were tied to the donor compartment such that the dermis faces the receiver compartment. The receptor compartment was filled with receptor media (PBS 7. 4 + 0. 5%Tween 80) and the donor compartment was loaded with 200 mg of Cur-NS Nanogel. The assembly was placed in a temperature controlled magnetic stirrer (IKA HS7) with temperature maintained at 37 ̊C. Drug permeation study was conducted for 24 h under continuous magnetic stirring. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the evaluation and stability studies of a Cur-NS-nanogel formulation and details about an experimental animal study. It does not provide any information about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties or its effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors are part of the growing trend in personal health technology. [SEP] Text: ∙ Devine, J. K. . . . Wearable technologies for developing sleep and circadian biomarkers: a summary of workshop discussionsSleep. 2020; 43, zsz254CrossrefScopus (153)3. Menghini, L. ∙ Cellini, N. ∙ Goldstone, A. . . . A standardized framework for testing the performance of sleep-tracking technology: step-by-step guidelines and open-source codeSleep. 2021; 44, zsaa170CrossrefScopus (72)PubMed4. Chee, N. I. ∙ Ghorbani, S. ∙ Golkashani, H. A. . . . Multi-night validation of a sleep tracking ring in adolescents compared with a research actigraph and polysomnographySleep. 2021; 13:177-190CrossrefScopus (39)PubMed5. Chinoy, E. D. ∙ Cuellar, J. A. ∙ Huwa, K. E. . . . Performance of seven consumer sleep-tracking devices compared with polysomnographySleep. 2021; 44, zsaa291CrossrefScopus (212)6. Chinoy, E. D. ∙ Cuellar, J. A. ∙ Jameson, J. T. . . . Performance of four commercial wearable sleep-tracking devices tested under unrestricted conditions at home in healthy young adultsSleep. 2022; 14:493-516CrossrefScopus (50)PubMed7. Kahawage, P. ∙ Jumabhoy, R. ∙ Hamill, K. . . . Validity, potential clinical utility, and comparison of consumer and research-grade activity trackers in I: in-lab validation against polysomnographyJ Sleep Res. 2020; 29, e12931CrossrefScopus (54)8. Lee, X. K. ∙ Chee, N. I. Y. N. ∙ Ong, J. L. . . . Validation of a consumer sleep wearable device with actigraphy and polysomnography in adolescents across sleep opportunity manipulationsJ Med. 2019; 15:1337-1346CrossrefScopus (90)PubMed9. Ong, J. L. ∙ Golkashani, H. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a summary of various studies and workshops that discuss wearable technologies, specifically for sleep and circadian biomarkers. The mention of multiple studies and consumer sleep-tracking devices indicates that wearable sleep monitors are indeed part of an evolving trend in personal health technology.