Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: 391 × 109 g to 6. 556 × 109 g. This would provide between 5. 762 × 108 and 1. 581 × 1010 calories that is enough to support between 600 and 17 000 astronaut life years. The asteroid mass needed to support one astronaut for one year is between 160 000 metric tons and 5000 metric tons. Based on these results, this approach of using carbon in asteroids to provide a distributed food source for humans exploring the solar system appears promising, but there are substantial areas of future work required. Financial support This work was supported by the and the Institute for Earth and at Western University. Competing interest None. Footnotes 1 451. CrossRef3057. CrossRef4403. CrossRef723. CrossRef525. CrossRef256. CrossRef265. CrossRef345. CrossRef1749. CrossRef313. CrossRef24. CrossRef4842. CrossRef16. CrossRef467. CrossRef1551. CrossRef263. CrossRef2086. CrossRef177. CrossRef0324. CrossRef2033. CrossRef1808. 05099. 3998. CrossRef10. 30. 22). 1865. CrossRef120. CrossRef883. CrossRef2210. CrossRef2868. CrossRef580. CrossRef37. CrossRef13. 68. CrossRef215. CrossRef290. CrossRef1475. CrossRef93. CrossRef9424. CrossRef483. CrossRef2141. CrossRef379. CrossRef1748. CrossRef4579. CrossRef6683. CrossRef2590. CrossRef642. CrossRef118. CrossRef3. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Scientific and Program, 120. 1972. CrossRef1364. CrossRef271. CrossRef1923. CrossRef248. CrossRef735. CrossRef280. CrossRef258. CrossRef201. CrossRef86. CrossRef549. CrossRef92. CrossRef46. CrossRef58. CrossRef1. CrossRef903. CrossRef1735. CrossRef269. CrossRef984. CrossRef856. CrossRef259. CrossRef3. 0 chondrite MET 00426. Geochimica et 131, 344–367. CrossRef278. CrossRef1043. CrossRef70. CrossRef1832. CrossRef2136. CrossRef1726. CrossRef247. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the potential of using carbon in asteroids to support astronaut life but does not address the feasibility or risks associated with redirecting asteroids for resource mining. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: For the data in Figure 4, we obtained a value of φ = 0. 26. Including the data from all five stimulation frequencies produced a value of φ = 0. 38. To compare the spatial extent of functional HbO2, Hbr, and Hbt responses over all subjects, we calculated a linear measure of the area covered by each response. Figure 5 shows the spatial extent of each hemodynamic response at three time points, t = 1. 5, 2. 0 secs, and t = peak. As expected, the spatial extent of all responses increases over time, but response size is not uniform across etiology. Functional activation evokes a peak response size of 1. 01 ± 0. 66 mm for HbO2, 0. 55 ± 0. 16 mm for Hbr, and 0. 68 ± 0. 41 mm for Hbt. At the peak time point, the difference between HbO2 and Hbr spatial extent is significantly different (P<0. 05, two-tailed t-test). Other comparisons within each time point fail to meet criteria for statistically significant difference. This trend suggests a larger vascular point spread for HbO2 relative to Hbr and Hbt across the temporal evolution of the responses. Figure 5 Hemodynamic spatial extent. The spatial extent of hemodynamic responses increased over time, but not uniformly across etiology. The HbO2 response was significantly larger than that of Hbr at the peak time point (*P<0. 05), with a similar trend at other times, implying a larger vascular point spread for HbO2 than other hemodynamic parameters. Error bars denote inter-subject standard deviation. We investigated how the spatial extent of hemodynamic responses scales with graded neuronal activation during varied frequency of stimulation. Decreasing stimulation frequency leads to increased spatial extent of peak responses, which reached a plateau at 2 to 5 Hz (Figure 6A). To determine whether these variations in spatial spread are related to underlying neuronal activity, we recorded field potentials concurrently. Summed field potential (ΣFP) magnitude increases with decreasing stimulation frequency, similar to hemodynamic responses. A correlation analysis of hemodynamic response spatial extent and ΣFP (Figures 6B-6D) suggests a linear relationship between the two for all three responses. These paired data are well fit by a linear model constrained to pass through the origin (HbO2: r2 = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the relationship between hemodynamic responses, which are indicative of blood flow changes, and neuronal activation. It mentions how variations in hemodynamic spatial extent are correlated with field potential changes that suggest underlying neuronal activity. This correlation implies that functional MRI, which relies on blood flow measurements (such as HbO2 levels), can indeed reflect brain activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: IntroductionGender equality in political power and resources in industrialized democracies has grown tremendously in the past fifty years. More women are running for and being elected to national parliaments than ever before, and a record number of women hold executive positions within their nations’ government (Lovenduski 2005; Paxton et al. 2007), with a number of important consequences for political outcomes and priorities (Bolzendahl and Brooks 2007; Carroll 2001; Schwindt-Bayer 2006; Waring et al. 2000). Despite this success in influence and representation at the highest levels, research on a number of Western industrialized democracies also finds a persistent gender gap in citizens’ political participation, with women less politically engaged than men (Burns 2007; Burns et al. 1997; Dalton 2008; Gallego 2007; Norris 2002; Paxton et al. 2007; Schlozman et al. 1999). Though some researchers, particularly when looking the U. S. or Great Britain, note the difference is often small in comparison to other cleavages such as education or age (Burns 2007; Norris 2002; Parry et al. 1992), gender is also a cleavage that cuts across these other areas of stratification making it salient for all citizens (Martin 2004; Risman 1998). Because political participation is a central component of democracy as well as a means for achieving greater equality, gender inequalities in political participation may both reflect and further reify gender stratification throughout society (Lister 2007; Verba et al. 1997; Young 2004). We aim to re-evaluate findings regarding the gender gap participation with a new, more expansive approach. First, prior research has primarily focused on electoral, or what we refer to as “institutional” forms of participation such as voting, working on a campaign, and joining a party organization, because these are forms of participation inherent to the workings of the democratic government itself (Janoski 1998). Despite their systematic importance, prior work suggests these forms of political participation are declining or holding steady at lower levels. In comparison, among Western democracies participation is increasing in citizen-initiated and policy-oriented (here referred to as “activist”) forms of political activity, emphasizing the increasing salience of broader approaches to participation (Dalton 2006, 2008; Norris 2002; Wattenberg 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant changes over the past fifty years regarding gender equality in political power and resources, indicating a shift in traditional gender roles. It notes that more women are participating in politics and achieving positions of power, which suggests that gender roles in society have not remained the same, but are evolving.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: CrossRef0139. CrossRef41. CrossRef712. CrossRef29. Washington, DC: Academic Press, 227. 167. CrossRef6987. CrossRef1. Reflectance spectroscopy of pure bitumens. Icarus 134, 253–268. CrossRef272. CrossRef8671. CrossRef834. CrossRef406. CrossRef2008. CrossRef3. CrossRef134. CrossRef913. CrossRef1127. CrossRef2530. CrossRef148. CrossRef1131. CrossRef492. CrossRef2239. CrossRef651. CrossRef3704. CrossRef1954. CrossRef1448. 427. CrossRef41. CrossRef142. CrossRef253. CrossRef2382. CrossRef5595. CrossRef196. CrossRef361. CrossRef610. CrossRef4753. CrossRef311. CrossRef588. CrossRef524. CrossRef179. CrossRef47. 3522. CrossRef1370. CrossRef42. CrossRef215. CrossRef2863. CrossRef968. 833. CrossRef269. CrossRef407. CrossRef093. CrossRef792. CrossRef508. CrossRef3691. CrossRef101. 242. CrossRef236. CrossRef52. CrossRef3048. CrossRef1687. CrossRef303. CrossRef557. CrossRef1. van Krevelen type diagram showing the categorization of kerogen types based on their H/C and O/C atomic ratios (modified from Walters, 2007). View in content Table 1. The organic components in the least metamorphosed carbonaceous chondrites: CI (Ivuna-like), CM (Mighei-like), CR (Renazzo-like), and View in content Figure 2. van Krevelen coalification diagram comparing H/C and O/C ratios differences among coals and biomass (Jenkins et al. , 1998) compared to the elemental compositions of the IOM in the Murchison and meteorites (Pizzarello et al. , 2006). View in content Table 2. Calculations of the proportion of mass that is extractable for food production (x, equation (2)) and the minimum maximum expected biomass that is extractable from asteroid Bennu (b, equation (3)) View in content Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the capability of redirecting asteroids for resource mining or the risks associated with such activities. Instead, it appears to contain references and technical data unrelated to the claim about asteroids and mining. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: 93, P<0. 01; Hbr: r2 = 0. 96, P<0. 005; Hbt: r2 = 0. 96, P<0. 005). Figure 6 Spatial extent scaling with graded neuronal activity. Spatial extent was measured as the square root of the area covered by significantly activated pixels, and neuronal activity quantified with summed field potentials (SFP). (A) Both spatial extent of hemodynamic responses and SFP increased with decreasing stimulation frequency, reaching a plateau at 2 to 5 Hz. Changes in HbO2 were largest, followed by Hbt and Hbr. Note the different y-axis scaling between hemodynamic and neural measures. (B-D), Hemodynamic response spatial extent correlates strongly with SFP. Error bars denote standard deviation. Axis labels in (C) also apply to (B) and (D). ConclusionThe application of spectroscopic analysis to two-dimensional optical imaging data has been used before by us (Sheth et al, 2002) and others (Devor et al, 2003). This report, however, extends previous findings by combining several perfusion-based and electrophysiologic measurements to critically assess spatiotemporal characteristics of hemodynamic responses and their relationship to underlying neuronal activity. Our results suggest that functional hemodynamic changes colocalize during the first few seconds after the onset of neuronal activity. They subsequently evolve with distinct spatial and temporal characteristics, with CBV changes propagating retrograde into feeding arterioles, and oxygenation changes anterograde into draining veins. Changes in the spatial extent correlate with integrated field potentials, suggesting that the mechanisms responsible for hemodynamic spatial spread scale with synaptic activity. Two-Spectroscopic ImagingOptical intrinsic signal imaging offers the best combination of simultaneous high spatial and temporal resolution for observing functional hemodynamic changes (Pouratian et al, 2003). Single wavelength reflectance changes are mixed signals, however, incorporating a complex contribution of hemodynamic responses. Although isosbestic wavelengths (equal absorption of HbO2 and Hbr; 549, 569, 586 nm) emphasize CBV changes and 600 nm range signals emphasize oxygenation changes (Frostig et al, 1990; Malonek and Grinvald, 1996), these assignments are approximations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that functional hemodynamic changes correlate with underlying neuronal activity. It details how changes in blood flow, indicated by spatial extent of hemodynamic responses, are linked to neuronal activity, thereby supporting the assertion that functional MRI measures brain activity through blood flow changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: The importance of such distinctions is heightened by the fact that all types of participation are not equal in the resources they require of participants or the meaning assigned to each type of engagement (Dalton 2008; Pattie et al. 2003). In particular, women’s vibrant participation in informal political efforts and organizations (Bourque and Grossholtz 1998; Sarvasy and Siim 1994; Siim 2000) suggests non-formal engagement may be easier for women, as well as corresponding more strongly to their own definitions of (good) citizenship engagement (Harrison and Munn 2007), but a more nuanced approach to participation is missing from empirical research. Second, our focus allows us to build upon prior literature examining gendered pathways to participation. We do so by considering how and whether some characteristics matter more or differently for women or men when it comes to both institutionalized and activist types of participation, and across respondents from a broad range of industrialized democracies. While studies of political participation in the U. S. have made great strides in explaining how and why women and men participate differently, it is unclear the extent to which these can be generalized to other advanced Western democracies. In sum, the purpose of our paper is to answer two related questions: First, is there a consistent gender gap in participation across all types of behavior? Second, do characteristics determining participation matter differently among men and among women? In formalizing these into hypotheses (in the following section), we build from prior work in (Bernstein 2005; Fridkin and Kenney 2007; Schreiber 2002; Schwarz et al. 1987; Stake 2007), that considers political participation as gendered behavior that may result from socialization, attitudes, and opportunities. We extend these approaches to note that gender differences may also result in different types of political engagement among men and women (for differing reasons), rather than simply a matter of more or less engagement, and to consider a broad international sample of 18 Western industrialized democracies: the and the USA. As a partial control for cultural, historical and institutional influences, we limit our sample to affluent, culturally “Western” nations with a predominant history of Christianity, and relatively comparable historical experiences with democratic institutions and women’s rights. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing gendered behaviors and differences in political participation between men and women, suggesting that engagement varies and may be influenced by socialization and opportunities. It clearly indicates that gender roles in participation are not static, as it examines how political engagement differs for men and women and suggests that motivations for participation are nuanced and affected by various factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: History Free-of-Abstracting and and to fo (Turkish) 66. 5±14. 4 years and 59% of the patients were male. CHAID analysis revealed that the most important factor for predicting modified (mRS) score >3 is pneumonia. In patients with mRS score >3 and without pneumonia; hypertension and hyperlipidemia were found to be risk factors for poor functional outcome. Conclusion: Preventative measures in stroke patients should not be limited to secondary prophylaxis of stroke. Avoiding infections in the acute phase plays an essential role in achieving favorable clinical outcomes. stroke (IS) is still one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide (1). The aging world population and increased cardiovascular risk factors contribute to the stroke burden. Recent acute treatment options such as thrombolysis and thrombectomy have started to change the course of the disease (2). Nevertheless, the number of patients who are not suitable candidates for acute treatments and those who cannot receive acute treatment due to logistic issues cannot be underestimated even in the 21st century. The optimal secondary prophylaxis and diligent hospital care were shown to reduce mortality and morbidity, especially in stroke units (3). Not only appropriate antithrombotic treatment but optimal treatment approaches for vascular risk factors and preventative measures for infections and other systemic complications improve quality of life after stroke. It is important to determine risk factors associated with stroke patients with poor functional outcomes to identify manageable risk factors. To address this question, we aimed to analyze predictors of increased morbidity of IS patients in a single stroke unit. Material and included IS patients admitted to the between July 2014 and September 2020. Diagnosis of stroke was made with computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging modalities in patients with acute onset neurological symptoms by a stroke neurologist. Patients with cerebral venous thrombosis, intracerebral hemorrhage (subdural, subarachnoid, or intra-parenchymal hemorrhage) and transient ischemic attacks were not included in the study. In addition, patients younger than 18 years old were excluded. The data of all included patients had been recorded in the Registry (4). Patients were grouped according to modified (mRS) score at discharge. Patients with mRS >3 were determined as poor functional outcome group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding asteroids and resource mining. Instead, it discusses health-related issues, specifically focusing on stroke patients, risk factors, and treatment methods, which do not relate to the concept of asteroids or resource extraction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: In reality, changes in both blood volume and oxygenation affect light reflectance, as does attenuation due to scattering, making isolation of individual hemodynamic processes difficult with single wavelength imaging. Optical intrinsic signal spectroscopy effectively distinguishes between contributions of HbO2, Hbr, and Hbt by fitting reflectance spectra to an appropriate model, but provides at most one dimension of spatial information (Malonek et al, 1997). Thus, spectroscopy alone does not permit investigation of spatial changes and evolution within different vascular compartments. We combined the advantages of both techniques by analyzing multiwavelength images with a spectroscopic approach. Optical spectroscopic imaging provides changes in physiological parameters over two spatial dimensions. By calculating changes in HbO2, Hbr, and Hbt, we examined the spatiotemporal evolution of functional CBV and oxygenation changes with high resolution across various parenchymal and vascular compartments. The time course of changes in hemodynamic parameters we observed is similar to what others have measured using traditional spectroscopy (Jones et al, 2001; Lindauer et al, 2001; Malonek et al, 1997). of ResponsesFunctional hemodynamic responses originate from a common focus and subsequently propagate over time both anterograde and retrograde through vascular structures. For the first 2 to 3 secs, CBV and oxygenation changes colocalize within the center of activation. This finding provides direct evidence that early functional hemodynamic responses match neuronal activity with high spatial precision. This specificity is consistent with our previous observation of colocalization between hemodynamic signals and individual whisker barrels (Sheth et al, 2004a). Spatial specificity and colocalization diminish over time as the response evolves. After 5 to 6 secs, perfusion changes propagate from the microvasculature near the active region to larger surrounding vascular structures. We observed CBV increases in pial arterioles lagging slightly behind central changes, consistent with observations of delayed upstream vasodilation (Iadecola et al, 1997). An increase in diameter of upstream vessels would decrease resistance and provide increased downstream flow (Duling et al, 1987; Iadecola et al, 1997). Whether the flow increase is necessary to meet metabolic demand or simply a consequence of neurotransmitter release remains to be determined (Attwell and Iadecola, 2002; Bonvento et al, 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the relationship between hemodynamic changes, such as cerebral blood volume (CBV) and oxygenation changes, and neuronal activity. It highlights how the hemodynamic responses observed through optical spectroscopic imaging align with functional brain activity, providing 'direct evidence that early functional hemodynamic responses match neuronal activity with high spatial precision.' This supports the claim that functional MRI, which operates on similar principles of detecting changes in blood flow, can measure brain activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: Using data from the 2004 (ISSP) module on citizenship, we measure voting and political party membership as “institutional” participation, and a variety of less institutionalized but nevertheless politically important behaviors, as “political activism,” such as taking part in a demonstration, signing a petition, boycotting products for political, ethical or environmental reasons or contacting a politician. Our analysis supports theoretically differentiating between types of activism, by focusing separately on actions that are more private or collective in nature, and political actions that involve direct political contact (Pattie et al. 2003). Using linear and logistic regression models we examine the gender gap these forms of participation, as well as differences in the influence of socio-economic and politically relevant attitudinal characteristics among women and among men, finding that both types of participation and influences on levels of participation differ by gender. A in ParticipationA participatory public is crucial for democratic responsiveness and is seen as an intrinsic democratic good (Verba 1996), and thus systematic and persistent patterns of unequal participation along existing lines of stratification, such as gender, are threats to both political equality and democratic performance. While women have made substantial gains in wielding political influence, (Githens et al. 1994; Paxton et al. 2007; Waring et al. 2000), women are still found to participate less in formal politics across a variety of Western nations (Norris 2002; Parry et al. 1992; Schlozman et al. 1995, 1999; Verba et al. 1997). Differences in men’s and women’s political engagement, at least in the are not as large as some other notable social group cleavages (e. g. , racial or economic), but they are persistent (Burns 2007; Verba et al. 1997), and there is some evidence that these gaps exist similarly in democracies world-wide (Inglehart and Norris 2003; Norris 2002). A number of factors have been suggested as explanations, namely that women are less likely to engage in politics because of their lower access to socio-economic resources. For example, men are far more likely to be employed full-time than women, and employment is positively related to political participation, information and efficacy among U. S. respondents (Schlozman et al. 1994, 1999). Thus controlling for employment status may mediate a substantial portion of a gender gap in participation. However, U. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing empirical evidence that indicates significant differences in political participation between genders. It discusses how women's political participation has evolved but still remains lower than that of men, highlighting that these differences persist across various Western nations and suggesting that gender roles influence participation levels. This implies that gender roles are not static and have changed over time, refuting the idea that they have remained exactly the same throughout history.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Even though the conventional tendency is not to include mRS score of 3 as a good outcome, this rule may not be appropriate for evaluation at discharge, but it is more suitable for evaluating third-month functional status. Institutes for Health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores were recorded at admission. Gender, diabetes, hypertension, history of previous stroke, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, diagnosis of pneumonia during hospitalization in the stroke unit and atrial fibrillation were determined as possible indicators for poor functional outcome. To generalize results and implement preventative practices for the daily care of stroke, patients we did not focus on ischemic-stroke subtypes. Faculty of approved the study protocol (2020/1543). We used a decision tree method, chi-squared Detection (CHAID) to analyze our data set via (for the Social Sciences) version 25. CHAID is principally a multivariate analysis technique and is used as a prediction model for different fields including neurology (5). CHAID analysis is a very useful tool to analyze big data sets. CHAID is not hypothesis driven and is used to explore associations between different variables. Our stroke data set after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria consisted of a large amount of patients’ records which were suitable for CHAID analysis. Minimum number of cases was set 100 for the parent node and 50 for the child node. Maximum number of levels was 3 for CHAID. The significance level for splitting nodes and merging categories was determined as 0. 05. Significance values were adjusted using the Bonferroni method. CHAID method is widely used to analyze stroke databases. Stroke subtype cannot be identified sufficiently with this model but prediction of prognosis and risk factors associated with stroke are satisfactory (6,7,8). included 881 patients with IS in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria mentioned above. Demographical and clinical characteristics of patients are shown in Table 1. CHAID analysis revealed that the most important factor on mRS score >3 was pneumonia (Figure 1). Overall percentage of the model was found at 74% in the classification table for CHAID growing method. Figure 1. Decision tree results × Figure 1 pneumonia was found as a significant predictor for poor functional outcome, we analyzed possible risk factors associated with pneumonia. As expected, there was a statistically significant relationship between dysphagia and severe walking disability and pneumonia (p<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses medical research related to stroke outcomes and does not mention anything about asteroids, mining, or resource redirection. Therefore, it does not provide any support or opposition to the claim about asteroids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: The temporal comparison between CBV and CBF dynamics demonstrated a slower return to baseline for CBV. This pattern has been observed before and is likely involved in producing the poststimulation BOLD fMRI undershoot (Buxton et al, 2004; Mandeville et al, 1999a). Our value of 0. 26 for the power law constant φ in the Grubb relation falls within the range of 0. 18 to 0. 29 when short stimuli are employed (Jones et al, 2001; Mandeville et al, 1999b; Sheth et al, 2004b). Across all stimulation frequencies, however, the value was 0. 38, somewhat outside the range but identical to the original report (Grubb et al, 1974). These results suggest a variable relationship between CBF and CBV that should be considered when converting between the two or modeling the BOLD response. Neurovascular CouplingBy recording field potentials simultaneously with hemodynamic signals, we obtained a measure of synaptic activity evoked by the stimulation, since field potentials are thought to reflect the weighted sum of postsynaptic currents (Mitzdorf, 1987). The degree to which hemodynamic responses propagate both retrograde and anterograde increases with increasing synaptic activity. Spatial extent scales linearly with field potential magnitude, suggesting that the mechanisms mediating vascular propagation are graded proportionally to synaptic activity. An important question is whether this vascular spread is simply the result of imprecise flow control or actually reflects underlying neuronal activity. Previous studies have shown that optical intrinsic signal imaging is sensitive to not only suprathreshold but also subthreshold cortical activity (Das and Gilbert, 1995; Toth et al, 1996). Therefore increasing lateral propagation of subthreshold activity could account for the vascular spread. In vivo evidence for horizontal spread of neuronal excitation has recently been provided in rat barrel cortex. Layer IV neurons receiving thalamocortical input project to layer II/III neurons vertically in the same barrel, without horizontal spread. Layer II/III neurons share long-range horizontal connections, allowing excitation propagation laterally within layer II/III. Using whole cell recordings and voltage sensitive dye imaging, Petersen et al (2003) showed that subthreshold activity in layer II/III spreads through horizontal connections in a stimulus strength-dependent manner. In our data, decreasing stimulation frequency led to increasing synaptic activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how changes in blood flow and cerebral blood volume (CBV) are related to brain activity, as suggested by the examination of the BOLD fMRI responses. It emphasizes that alterations in hemodynamic signals may correspond to synaptic activity, which supports the idea that functional MRI measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: research suggests women’s lower levels of political information, interest, and efficacy are important explanations for a gender gap independent of other characteristics (Verba et al. 1997). Women’s lack of political resources such as political interest and information may be rooted in social processes such as gender socialization (Burns 2007; Lovenduski 2005; Rapoport 1981; Verba et al. 1997). Women are socialized toward a gender role that is more passive, private, rule-abiding, and compassionate, while men are oriented toward leadership, public roles, autonomy and self-reliance (Brownmiller 1984; Fox and Lawless 2004; West and Zimmerman 1987). This socialization may contribute to women’s lower levels of political engagement (Atkeson and Rapoport 2003; Rapoport 1981) with differences in political attitudes and participation beginning early in life (Fridkin and Kenney 2007; Hooghe and Stolle 2004) and continuing over the life course (Alwin et al. 1991). Political Participation: and CampaignsA problem plaguing these findings however, is the tendency to conceptualize political engagement narrowly or to summarily combine different forms into a unidimensional scale. As scholars have argued (though rarely tested) perhaps women do not participate less, but rather, participate differently (Bourque and Grossholtz 1998; Harrison and Munn 2007; Lister 1998; Parry et al. 1992). Furthermore, even if the gender gap is persistent across types of participation, factors that mediate such a gap may not be. Those factors explaining a gender gap in participation in one area are not necessarily powerful in explaining the gender gap in other modes of participation (Armingeon 2007; Dalton 2006). Though much of the previous research on political participation has focused on institutionalized forms such as voting in elections and political party activity, among industrialized nations, there is evidence that people are changing the ways in which they participate (Dalton 2006, 2008; Inglehart 1997). With citizens in industrialized democracies becoming more highly educated, technologically sophisticated, and policy and issue oriented, they are seeking out new ways of engaging with government and politics that reflect such skills and goals (Dalton et al. 2003). Given such change, researchers have increasingly employed two strategies to understand political activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that gender roles are influenced by social processes and can change over time. It mentions that women are socialized into more passive roles, while men are encouraged toward leadership and autonomy. Additionally, it notes that women may engage politically differently rather than less, suggesting that societal views on gender participation are evolving. The text highlights the possibility of changing political engagement among individuals in industrialized societies, further disputing the claim that gender roles have remained static throughout history.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: 00 and p<0. 00). The mean age was 73. 4 (±11. 9) years, and the mean NIHSS score was 12. 7 (±6. 9) in patients who had pneumonia during hospitalization. The mean age and mean NISSS score were higher compared to patients without pneumonia. These results were also statistically significant (p<0. 00 and p<0. 00, respectively). Smoking was also found as a strong risk factor in those patients who had pneumonia. Finally, smokers with pneumonia accumulated at the atrial fibrillation arm. On the other hand, stroke patients who did not have pneumonia had different risk factors for poor functional outcome. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia composed second and third nodes as a predictor, respectively. Hyperlipidemia should be interpreted with caution depending on the presence of hypertension. Finally, we analyzed relationship between stroke etiologies and mRS scores (p=0. 2). The results are given in Table 2. this study, we analyzed possible risk factors for poor functional outcome in stroke. We found that pneumonia and hypertension were associated with poor outcome. Stroke patients with pneumonia and smoking history also had increased risk for mRS score >3 at discharge. Patients with mRS score >3 who did not have pneumonia accumulated in hypertension and hyperlipidemia nodes. Surprisingly, diabetes and gender did not have significant results regarding mRS scores in analysis. Stroke cases may be complicated with pneumonia, especially aspiration pneumonia (9). Derbisz et al. (10,11) showed that prestroke morbidity and elevated C-reactive protein level are associated with infection in stroke patients who received thrombolysis. Association of infection with functional outcome was also shown in different studies (10,11). We found that patients with pneumonia were older and had greater NIHSS scores. Similar to our results, stroke patients with pneumonia were older, had higher stroke severity, and were more likely to have atrial fibrillation and history of ischemic heart disease compared to stroke patients without infection in a different study (9). We did not include stroke severity and NIHSS score to the decision tree analysis intentionally. Primarily, the main purpose of this decision was to understand which elements affected the clinical outcome other than affected brain regions and stroke severity. Another study based on a stroke database from Netherlands supports our findings regarding the association between infection and poor outcome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding asteroids and their redirection for resource mining. It discusses medical research related to stroke patients, pneumonia, and associated risk factors, which does not pertain to astronomy or mining asteroids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: This increasing activity in layer IV would be transmitted to layer II/III, resulting in greater horizontal excitation spread. This evidence suggests an electrophysiologic basis for the positive correlation between synaptic activity and vascular spread. It does not, however, rule out the potential additional contribution of passive vascular ‘overspill’ (Malonek et al, 1997; Narayan et al, 1995). The difference in spatial extent of HbO2 versus Hbr and Hbt responses, for example, would be difficult to reconcile with a purely neuronal explanation. Implications for ImagingUsing perfusion-based imaging techniques to study fine-scale functional brain organization requires using spatially specific aspects of the hemodynamic response. Studies to date have focused on investigating different etiologic aspects of the hemodynamic response to determine which offers the closest localization to active areas of cortex. The spatial specificity of conventional T*2 gradient echo BOLD fMRI is limited to a few millimeters, unless differential imaging is employed (Ugurbil et al, 2003). Differential imaging refers to the process of subtracting from the response to a particular stimulation the response to an orthogonal stimulation (e. g. , the response in visual cortex to vertical gratings from the response to horizontal gratings). This technique enhances specificity by removing common response elements and increasing the contrast between active and inactive regions. With the aid of differential imaging several studies have demonstrated submillimeter specificity with T*2 BOLD fMRI (Cheng et al, 2001; Goodyear and Menon, 2001; Menon et al, 1997; Menon and Goodyear, 1999). The disadvantage of differential imaging, however, is its presumption and requirement of orthogonal stimulation conditions, which are often unavailable or unknown a priori. Further studies have identified other aspects of the hemodynamic response that provide columnar accuracy with single condition maps (i. e. , without differential imaging). The putative relationship between the initial dip and oxygen metabolism has led some to suggest that the dip may offer improved spatial specificity (Malonek et al, 1997), and a subsequent fMRI study demonstrated this capability (Kim et al, 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the relationship between synaptic activity and vascular spread, which underlies the principle of fMRI detecting brain activity through blood flow changes. It mentions that studies have focused on the hemodynamic response, which relates directly to how blood flow changes correlate with neuronal activity, further corroborating the mechanism of functional MRI.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: First, they have broadened the scope of participation to include less “conventional” modes (Dalton 2006; Norris 2002), challenging the widely accepted assumption that citizens have become disengaged in politics, and underlining the need to incorporate less visible forms of engagement. Second, research suggests the importance of making theoretical distinctions in participation. Thus paying attention to types of participation as crucial for understanding systematic differences in the requirements they place on participants and in the nature of the actions (Verba et al. 1978). Especially from the framework of group differences, it is important to attend to distinctions in political participation that may shape a citizen’s ability to engage and interest in engaging in a particular activity, as some researchers acknowledge (Dalton 2008; Norris and Curtis 2006; Pattie et al. 2003), though with little attention to gender cleavages. Parties? The possibility that the measurement of participation itself explains any gender gap in participation has been argued by scholars in the theoretical field of gender and politics who claim that political participation research focuses too exclusively on formal organizations and voting (Goss 2003; Lister 2003; Orloff 1996). Scholars suggest men and women may be qualitatively different in patterns of and p263. The final sample size is 20,359 for all models except voting, which is 16,564. A question on voting behavior was not asked in Flanders, and we exclude Australia from the analysis on voting because it is mandatory. However, results are the same if Australia is included. We analyze voting as a separate sample due to these issues and a higher proportion of missing values for this variable (12%). Before turning to the analyses, in the next sections we discuss the dependent and independent variables. Descriptive statistics are available in Table 1. Table 1 Means/proportions for all variables (standard deviations in parentheses) across 18 industrialized democracies. Full size table Dependent Variables: To assess political engagement broadly we use ISSP items asking respondents if they have done a variety of forms of political actions. Formal, more traditional electoral participation is measured according to whether the respondent is a member of a political party and whether the respondent voted in the last election. For party membership possible responses include: (1) belong and participate (4%); (2) belong and do not participate (8%); (3) used to belong (8%); and (4) never belonged (80%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how political participation research, influenced by gender, indicates variations in engagement that challenge the notion of static gender roles. It suggests that studies have shown differences in participation patterns between men and women and highlights the need for considering gender cleavages, which implies that gender roles are not the same throughout history but have evolved and differ in political contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: They also suggest that stroke associated infections are independent risk factors for worse functional outcome in stroke patients (12). Patients who received appropriate treatment (antibacterial, antifungal drugs, etc. ) for stroke associated infections were found to have better outcome (13). Hannawi et al. (14) suggested that aspiration and stroke related immunosuppression might explain the pathophysiology of pneumonia in stroke patients. As our results suggest, it is crucial to avoid in-hospital pneumonia to improve outcome in stroke patients. Many stroke guidelines such as European stroke guidelines do not support the use of prophylactic antibiotic treatments (15). Preventing hospital infections, especially aspiration pneumonia, should be prioritized for every single patient with stroke. Swallow-tests before feeding, treatment of fever and urinary care are well-known preventative measures. Nevertheless, these simple measures can be ignored very easily and may lead to undesirable consequences. There are some limitations of this study. Firstly, even though our stroke database was registered by a neurologist and reviewed by experienced stroke neurologists, it is based on a single center experience. Secondly, this study is a retrospective observational study and therefore selection bias could not be entirely excluded. conclusion, to achieve better outcomes in patients with stroke, preventative measures should not be limited to only secondary prophylaxis. Avoiding infections plays an essential role. New data-driven approaches might be beneficial in stroke registry data research. of approved the study protocol (2020/1543). Obtained from patients and/or their relatives. Externally peer-reviewed. Concept: M. S. , M. G. G. , N. Y. , Design: M. S. , M. G. G. , or Processing: M. S. , N. Y. , Analysis or Interpretation: M. S. , M. G. G. , Literature Search: M. S. , Writing: M. S. , N. Y. Conflict of conflict of interest was declared by the authors. The authors declared that this study received no financial support. 267. Long-term outcomes of mechanical thrombectomy for stroke: a meta-analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2019;2019:7403104. Trialists' Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. 2013;2013:CD000197. . Gender differences in acute stroke: Istanbul medical school stroke registry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about asteroids being redirected to mine resources. It discusses stroke-associated infections and their impact on patient outcomes, which does not relate to the topic of asteroid mining or its risks.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: AbstractCombined functional, perfusion and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a temporal resolution of 30 mins was performed on permanent and transient focal ischemic brain injury in rats during the acute phase. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF), and functional MRI (fMRI) blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD), CBF, and CMRO2 responses associated with CO2 challenge and forepaw stimulation were measured. An automated cluster analysis of ADC and CBF data was used to track the spatial and temporal progression of different tissue types (e. g. , normal, ‘at risk,’ and ischemic core) on a pixel-by-pixel basis. With permanent ischemia (n = 11), forepaw stimulation fMRI response in the primary somatosensory cortices was lost, although vascular coupling (CO2 response) was intact in some animals. Control experiments in which the right common carotid artery was ligated without causing a stroke (n = 8) showed that the delayed transit time had negligible effect on the fMRI responses in the primary somatosensory cortices. With temporary (15-mins, n = 8) ischemia, transient CBF and/or ADC declines were observed after reperfusion. However, no T2 or TTC lesions were observed at 24 h except in two animals, which showed very small subcortical lesions. Vascular coupling and forepaw fMRI response also remained intact. Finally, comparison of the relative and absolute fMRI signal changes suggest caution when interpreting percent changes in disease states in which the baseline signals are physiologically altered; quantitative CBF fMRI are more appropriate measures. This approach provides valuable information regarding ischemic tissue viability, vascular coupling, and functional integrity associated with ischemic injury and could have potential clinical applications. IntroductionDiffusion-weighted (DWI) and perfusion-weighted (PWI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques offer the potential to noninvasively classify ‘normal’, ‘at-risk,’ and ‘ischemic’ tissues associated with stroke during the acute phase. Brain tissues with perfusion deficits below a critical threshold (Hossmann, 1994) experience metabolic energy failure, membrane depolarization, and subsequent cellular swelling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the application of functional MRI (fMRI) in detecting changes associated with brain activity. Specifically, it mentions measuring functional MRI blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses linked to CO2 challenge and forepaw stimulation, which are indicative of brain activity through changes in blood flow. The findings emphasize the correlation between blood flow dynamics and functional imaging outcomes, supporting the claim that fMRI can measure brain activity by observing changes in blood flow.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: Our results suggest that a gender gap in political participation should not be generalized toward the entire spectrum of political engagement. Results for electoral participation suggest that gender equality in politics in formal politics has been most successful. Yet, women intend to engage less in collective types of political action, as would be predicted based on women’s lower time and resource availability, and socialization in more private roles. However, all gender differences may disappear when controlling for gender differences in resources that facilitate political activity. Just looking at the descriptive statistics, we see that across many of the demographic controls, men and women are significantly different, and differences are in accordance with previous literature. Notably, women have fewer economic resources than, which we would expect to depress women’s participation. Whereas 61% of the men are employed full-time and 28% have a professional occupational position, compared to respectively 36% and 21% of women. Moreover, women have greater potential burdens on resources. For example women are more likely to be divorced/separated than men (11% compared to 8%) and to live with children (36% compared to 31%). Among the political attitudes, we also observe distinct differences between men and women. Women, on average, feel significantly less politically efficacious and have substantially less trust in government and interest in politics than men. Multivariate Analyses: in Political ParticipationInstitutional Participation: Voting and MembershipAt the bivariate level we found women were less likely to be involved in political parties but found no difference in electoral participation. However, after controlling for socio-economic characteristics and political attitudes in Table 2, a gender gap emerges. The results presented in Table 2 are based on logistic models: ordered logistic models for party membership and binary logistic models for voting. Due to the skewed nature of the political party membership variable, wherein most respondents report having never belonged to a party, we also ran binary logistic models on a dichotomous measure of “ never belonged” versus all else. The results were the substantively the same as those we report for ordered logistic models. Table 2 Logistic regression results for the gender gap in political party membership, voting behavior, and OLS results for private, collective, and direct political contact activism across 18 industrialized democracies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that gender roles and participation in political activities differ significantly between men and women. It indicates that, although there may be general patterns, women's political engagement is influenced by various factors, such as resources and socialization into private roles. The text also points out that gender differences can evolve with changes in socio-economic status and political attitudes, suggesting that gender roles are not static but rather subject to change over time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: El-Cezeri Araştırma ütüphaneme Ekle × Araştırma Oluştur öster Çarpışma Öğrenmesi ile Tespiti Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 1431 - 1449, 31. 12. 2022 Ömer Can Eskicioğlu Isık Öz Asteroitler geçmişten günümüze kadar insanların dikkatini çekmektedir. Kadim medeniyetlerin inanç ve kültürlerinde de geniş yer almaktadır. İnsanoğlunun keşfetme ve merak duygusu bu cisimlere olan ilgisinin artmasına neden olmaktadır. Teknolojinin belirli bir seviyeye gelmesiyle asteroitlerin tespiti, teşhisi ve materyalleri net bir şekilde bulunabilmektedir. Bu cisimlerin izleyecekleri rota ve çarpışma etkileri sürekli olarak gözlem gerektirmektedir. Çalışmamızda Kaggle’da bulunan ve kaynağı NASA-JPL olan bir asteroit veri seti kullanılarak Dünya’ya çarpma ihtimali olan asteroitlerin sınıflandırılması yapılmıştır. Veri setinde 4687 asteroit verisi bulunmaktadır. Veriler üzerinde eksik verileri doldurulması, anomali tespit etme ve normalizasyon gibi ön işleme aşamaları uygulanmıştır. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the historical and cultural interest in asteroids, the technology for detecting and classifying them, and a study related to the probability of asteroid collisions with Earth. However, it does not address the potential for redirecting asteroids for resource mining or the safety of such endeavors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: These changes precipitate a reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of brain water and are manifested as hyperintense regions on DWI (Moseley et al, 1990). During the acute phase, the DWI abnormality is initially smaller relative to the area of perfusion deficit. As ischemia evolves, most of this DWI abnormality expands and eventually coincides with the abnormal PWI area. The difference in the abnormal region defined by the PWI and DWI in acute stroke is commonly referred to as the ‘perfusion—diffusion’ mismatch. It has been suggested that the ‘perfusion—diffusion’ mismatch is potentially salvageable and approximates the ‘ischemic penumbra’ (Astrup et al, 1981). With the advent of functional MRI (fMRI), it becomes possible to assess the integrity of vascular coupling and neural function of ‘at-risk’ and ‘salvaged’ tissues, as defined by DWI and PWI. Anatomically defined ‘at-risk’ and salvaged tissues may or may not show functional deficit and thus fMRI adds a unique and important measure to stroke imaging. The most widely used fMRI technique is based on the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal (Ogawa et al, 1990) and the cerebral blood flow (CBF) signal. The BOLD contrast originates from intravoxel magnetic field inhomogeneity induced by paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin in the red blood cells. Changes in regional deoxyhemoglobin content can be visualized in susceptibility-sensitized (i. e. , T2*-weighted) BOLD images. The BOLD fMRI is based on a principle discovered over 100 years ago (Roy and Sherrington, 1890) that neuronal activity is intricately coupled to CBF. When a task is performed, regional CBF increases disproportionally, which can be measured using the arterial-spin labeling MRI technique. The CBF increase overcompensates the stimulus-evoked increase in oxygen consumption needed to fuel the elevated neural activity, resulting in a regional reduction in deoxyhemoglobin concentration. Thus, the CBF and BOLD fMRI signals increase during stimulus-evoked changes in neural activity relative to basal conditions, making it possible to dynamically and noninvasively map changes in brain functions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how functional MRI (fMRI) is fundamentally based on the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal, which is directly related to changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) that occur during neuronal activity. It describes the principle that neuronal activity is coupled with CBF and how BOLD fMRI allows for the dynamic and noninvasive mapping of brain functions through the observation of these changes. As stated, 'the CBF and BOLD fMRI signals increase during stimulus-evoked changes in neural activity,' supporting the claim that fMRI measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: 39) are significantly related to party membership, and controlling for political attitudes substantively mediates the gender gap, with women’s odds of participation now only 21% less than men’s. Examining changes in predicted probabilities for all levels of party involvement shows that controlling for political attitudes cuts the gender effect in half, though confidence intervals around the predicted probabilities for some levels of party membership overlap across models (Allison 1999; Long 2007). Next we turn to electoral participation and find in accordance with Hypothesis 2 men and women are equally likely to have voted in the last election. It is only after turning to a model that includes political attitudes that a gender gap emerges, indicating women are more likely to have voted. The confidence intervals around predicted probabilities of voting for women in the based model and model including attitudes do not overlap further suggesting a significant change (Long 2007). Women are, on average, less likely to feel politically efficacious and interested than men, and once the strong positive relationship of these attitudes with voting is controlled for, it appears that women otherwise have a greater probability of voting (OR = 1. 14). Political Activism: Private, Collective and Contact ActionsInitial results indicated that a bivariate gender gap exists with respect to political activism, though in the case of private types of action this gap favors women. Table 2 presents the results of multivariate OLS regressions, which were supported by logistic regressions of the individual items (results available upon request). The base model for private types of action (e. g. , boycotting goods, signing petitions), indicates that demographic differences between men and women cannot fully explain the gender gap and women are still more likely to engage in these activities, confirming Hypothesis 3. Moving onto a model that controls for political attitudes significantly strengthens the gender relationship. While trust in government is negatively related to private activism, there are positive effects from political efficacy and interest. In comparison, and even controlling for socio-economic characteristics, women are still significantly less likely than men to engage in collectivistic types of actions (e. g. , attending a rally or demonstration). This negative relationship is significantly weaker when controlling for political attitudes but remains significant as we had expected (Hypothesis 4). Finally, results for models of direct contact types of actions (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the evolution of gender roles, specifically highlighting changes in political participation and activism between men and women. It indicates that factors such as political attitudes influence participation rates, demonstrating that gender roles regarding political engagement are not static. The mention of differences in voting probabilities and activism further illustrates that there have been significant changes in gender roles, counter to the claim that they have remained unchanged throughout history.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Daha sonra korelasyon yardımıyla tehlikelilik durumları için verisetinden 19 adet öznitelik tespit edilmiştir. Öznitelikler ile Karar Ağacı, ör Makineleri, K-En Yakın Komşu, Xgboost ve Adaboost makine öğrenmesi algoritmaları kullanılarak asteroit sınıflandırması yapılmıştır. Farklı nöron ve katman sayılarına sahip yapay sinir ağı ile veriler eğitilmiş ve sınıflandırma algoritmaları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırma sonucunda en yüksek başarımı %99. 80 ile AdaBoost algoritması ile sağlanmıştır. Çalıştırılan tüm sınıflandırma algoritmalarında ızgara-arama yöntemi kullanılarak hiperparametre optimizasyonu yapılmıştır. Böylelikle sürekli gözlem gerektiren ve yüksek miktardaki verilerin daha performanslı bir şekilde işlenmesini sağlayan bir yöntem önerilmiştir. Asteroit Sınıflandırması, Anomali Tespiti, Kara Ağaçları, Ağları Kaynakça Furfaro, R. , Barocco, R. , Linares, R. , Topputo, F. , Reddy, V. , Simo, J. , Le Corre, L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various machine learning algorithms used for the classification of asteroids rather than addressing the feasibility or risks related to redirecting asteroids for resource mining.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, Davis et al introduced an eloquent formalism based on the BOLD biophysical model (Ogawa et al, 1993) to estimate stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes based on BOLD and CBF (or cerebral blood volume (CBV)) measurements. The advantage of Davis' formalism over existing formalisms is that there are no a priori assumptions regarding resting capillary or venous oxygen saturation, blood volume fraction, blood flow, and metabolic rate of oxygen. All these parameters and other physiologic quantities are lumped into the constant M, which can be measured on a pixel-by-pixel basis using a calibration procedure involving CO2 challenge. Although this CMRO2 model has yet to be validated, especially in ischemic injury, estimates of stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes in stroke could yield interesting and valuable information regarding tissue metabolism. The use of fMRI to evaluate functional status requires preservation of the hemodynamic and metabolic coupling. Carbon dioxide, a potent vasodilator, plays an important role in modulating blood flow associated with increased neuronal activity. The hypercapnia model in which CO2 is added to the breathing gas has been widely used to examine the vascular coupling (Weiss et al, 1983; Ueki et al, 1988; Kim and Ugurbil, 1997; Davis et al, 1998; Hoge et al, 1999; Corfield et al, 2001; Duong et al, 2001). One major advantage of hypercapnic challenge is that it increases blood flow, and thus the BOLD signal, of the entire brain without changing neural activity or metabolism, thereby making possible the evaluation of vascular coupling without the added effects of metabolic changes. Previous studies on blood flow regulation after prolonged ischemia suggest that CO2 reactivity is severely disturbed after ischemic injury (Schmidt-Kastner et al, 1986; Ueki et al, 1988). While a few fMRI studies on stroke patients have been reported (Pineiro et al, 2002; Guadagno et al, 2003; Binkofski and Seitz, 2004), similar studies in animal stroke models have been limited. Animal models where focal ischemia can be reproducibly studied under controlled conditions are important for systemically evaluating the integrity of vascular coupling and functional status of ‘at risk’ and salvaged tissues defined by perfusion and diffusion imaging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of fMRI in evaluating functional status, emphasizing the importance of hemodynamic and metabolic coupling. It highlights how carbon dioxide, as a potent vasodilator, modulates blood flow associated with increased neuronal activity. This directly relates to functional MRI's ability to measure brain activity through blood flow changes, particularly through the BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) signal.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: , writing a letter to a politician or newspaper), also suggest—as we had anticipated in Hypothesis 5—women are less participatory despite controls for socio-economic characteristics and political attitudes. However, the negative relationship between gender and contact actions is significantly weaker once attitudes are included. In sum, models for mainstream political participation and less conventional political activism suggest evidence of a gender gap in participation, however, not always indicating women participate less. For voting, initial null results hid gender differences. Once demographic and attitudinal cleavages are controlled for, women are more likely to vote. By contrast, women are less likely to belong to a political party, before and after controlling for socio-demographic and attitudinal characteristics. For political activism, we found that in the case of private activism controlling for other factors strengthened the gender effect (i. e. , women’s greater participation), and otherwise it decreased males’ greater likelihood of engagement, especially in the case of collective types of action. Influences on Women and Among MenMoving onto our second research question, we now consider the extent to which socio-economic and attitudinal characteristics shape participation differently among women and among men by presenting separate models for males and females. Intrinsic in these models is the idea that characteristics relating to political participation might matter differently for men and women. Results for models of our institutional forms of participation are in Table 3. Table 3 Logistic regression results for demographic and attitudinal predictors of political party membership and voting behavior among women and among men across 18 industrialized democracies. Full size table Models for political party involvement show few differences in effects across the gender groups with a couple notable exceptions. Although full and part time employment does not significantly increase participation among women or among men, the sizes of the effects are substantially different across models. In line with Hypothesis 8 presented above, we find that the effect of employment is stronger for men (Schlozman et al. 1999). Based on the results from predicted probabilities based on this model, men’s probability of belonging to or being active in parties is about 10% if they are full or part time employed (all other variables at their mean), while women’s is roughly 6% (all other variables at their mean). Also in line with Hypothesis 9, whereas having children in the household has a modest negative effect across models, the effect is stronger for women than for men. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing varying degrees of political participation between genders that suggest gender roles are not static. It highlights how women's participation in voting has increased when controlling for different characteristics, showing a dynamic change in gender roles over time rather than them remaining the same. This indicates that societal expectations and behaviors relating to gender have evolved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , "Modeling irregular small bodies gravity field via extreme learning machines and Bayesian optimization", Advances in Space Research, 2021, 67(1): 617-638. Kabaş, A. , Bulut, İ. , Doğru, S. S. , Akin, T. , "Bazı Ana Kuşak Asteroidlerin Işık Eğrileri Ve Işık Eğrilerinden Belirlenen Parametreler”, XVI. Kongresi ve V. Ulusal Öğrenci Astronomi Kongresi, Çanakkale, 1188-1199, 2008. Chapman, C. R. , Ramlose, T. , "Solar system exploration"Report N, 1989, 89: 25944. Popescu, M. , Licandro, J. , Carvano, J. M. , Stoicescu, R. , de León, J. , Morate, D. , Boacă, I. L. , Cristescu, C. P. , "Taxonomic classification of asteroids based on MOVIS near-infrared colors", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2018, 617(A12). Cambioni, S. ,. , S. , "A search for smooth terrains on asteroid (101955) Bennu using machine learning", In EPSC-DPS 2019, 2019. Erasmus, N. , Mommert, M. , Trilling, D. E. , Sickafoose, A. A. , Van Gend, C. , Hora, J. L. , "Characterization of near-earth asteroids using -SAAO", Journal, 2017, 154(4): 162. . , Flewelling, H. , Stalder, B. , Rest, A. ,. , "A first catalog of variable stars measured by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact System (ATLAS)", Journal, 2018, 156(5): 241. Smirnov, E. A. , Markov, A. B. , "Identification of asteroids trapped inside three-body mean motion resonances: a machine-learning approach", of the Society, 2017, 469(2): 2024-2031. Mommert, M. ,. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the risk associated with redirecting asteroids for resource mining. Instead, it focuses on various studies and research related to asteroids, such as modeling their gravity fields and characterizing near-earth asteroids. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Functional MRI using an exogenous CBV contrast agent (MION) and BOLD contrast have recently been applied to study stroke rats during the chronic phase to evaluate functional reorganization (Dijkhuizen et al, 2001, 2003). Functional MRI assessment of the dynamically evolving ischemic tissue during acute stroke, however, have not been reported, likely because of the stringent need for high spatiotemporal resolution and the lack of a suitable animal model. Most of stroke studies in rats used chloral hydrate as the anesthetic (Li et al, 1999, 2000; Shen et al, 2003) whereas essentially all forepaw-stimulation fMRI studies in normal rats use α-chloralose (Mandeville et al, 1998; Silva et al, 1999; Duong et al, 2000). α-Chloralose became a popular anesthetic for fMRI studies in rats because it can induce nonresponsiveness without depressing the central nervous system to the same extent as many other common anesthetics. However, animals recovering from α-chloralose anesthesia exhibit atypical behavior (Lees, 1972) and thus α-chloralose is only approved for terminal studies. In addition, fMRI studies under α-chloralose typically require mechanical ventilation with repeated blood-gas sampling to optimize the fMRI responses and it is relatively difficult to maintain a constant level of anesthesia with injectable anesthetics in general (Austin et al, 2005) for eliciting consistent fMRI responses from the onset (i. e. , during acute ischemia) and throughout the studies. More recently, a robust forepaw stimulation model in rats was showed under isoflurane anesthesia and spontaneously breathing conditions where the animals can maintain their own physiology throughout the experiment without the need for repeated blood-gas sampling (Liu et al, 2004a). This model could be well suited for repeated fMRI studies of acute and chronic stroke in a longitudinal fashion. In this study, we developed and applied a combined diffusion, perfusion, and functional MRI protocol to study focal cerebral ischemia during the acute phase with a 30-mins temporal resolution and reasonable spatial resolution. Quantitative perfusion and diffusion imaging was performed and an improved clustering technique (Shen et al, 2004) was used to classify normal, ischemic core, and ‘diffusion-perfusion mismatch’ tissues based on ADC and CBF characteristics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of functional MRI (fMRI) in studying stroke in rats. It highlights how fMRI assessments, which include measuring changes in blood flow in response to functional activity, relate to the understanding of brain activity. The mention of combined diffusion, perfusion, and functional MRI protocols directly aligns with the capability of fMRI to measure brain activity through changes in blood flow.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: Women have only a 6% predicted probability of belonging to or being active in a political party, while men with children in the house have over an 8% predicted probability. However, it remains interesting that among women, holding a university degree significantly increases the likelihood of political party involvement, while this is insignificant for men. Models of voting behavior indicate some cross-gender differences as well. Political interest matters especially for women at high levels of interest, where the effect increases women’s predicted probability have having voted much more than men’s. At low levels of interest the effect on voting is similar across men and women. Age has a positive effect among men and women, but calculating predicted probabilities across the age range reveals this effect differs substantially for women and men. At younger ages (e. g. , 25), men have much higher predicted probabilities of voting. In early middle age (e. g. , 45) men and women have similar probabilities of having voted, but above age 50 women are more likely to have voted than men. As for party membership, among women, having a university degree significantly increases the likelihood of voting, but not among men. For men, any amount of employment increases voting, but among women it is only being employed full-time that matters. 9, our results indicate that divorced men are not less likely to vote than single men, whereas being divorced significantly decreases women’s likelihood to cast a vote. Such findings highlight the importance of considering gendered participation patterns. Table 4 presents gender-specific models for participation in individualistic, collective, and direct contact forms of activism. Table 4 OLS regression results for demographic and attitudinal predictors of private, collective, and direct political contact activism among women (N = 10,464) and men (N = 9,895) across 18 industrialized democracies. Full size table As we saw in Table 2, controlling for socio-economic characteristics did not fully mediate a gender gap in collective action and political contact. However, if women had the same high levels of political interest and efficacy as men, women’s greater participation in private activism would be even higher than men’s, and the gap in other types of activism would shrink significantly. Yet, the gender specific models in Table 4 suggest political attitudes rarely matter differently in encouraging or discouraging participation among women and among men. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining various shifts in political participation and voting behaviors based on gender, indicating that gender roles are not static and can change over time. For example, it discusses how women's likelihood of political party involvement increases with education and highlights differences in voting probabilities among genders across various age groups, suggesting evolving participation patterns. This implies that gender roles have not remained the same throughout history.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , Gustafsson, A. , Knight, M. , Moskovitz, N. , Smith, H. A. , "Systematic characterization of and search for activity in potentially active asteroids", Science Journal, 2020, 1(1): 10. Beasley, M. , Lewicki, C. A. , Smith, A. , Lintott, C. , Christensen, E. , "AsteroidZoo: A new zooniverse project to detect asteroids and improve asteroid detection algorithms", 2013. Nugent, C. R. , Dailey, J. , "Machine learning and next-generation asteroid surveys", In AAS/Division for Meeting Abstracts, 2017, 49: 103-03. Rabeendran, A. C. , Denneau, L. "A two-stage deep learning detection classifier for the atlas asteroid survey", Publications of the of the Pacific, 2021, 133(1021): 034501. Pasko, V. , "Prediction of for ", 52: 45-65. Johnson, C. A. , DellaGiustina, D. N. "Hazards on ", 2016, 2016: NH13A-1748. Gustetic, J. L. , Friedensen, V. , Kessler, J. L. , Jackson, S. , Parr, J. , "NASA's Challenge: Strategy, Results, and Lessons Learned", Space Policy, 2018, 44: 1-13. Lieu, M. , Baines, D. , Giordano, F. , Merin, B. , Arviset, C. , Altieri, B. , Conversi, B. , Carry, B. , "of with Big Data", and 2019, 523: 49. Fluke, C. J. , Jacobs, C. , "Surveying the reach and maturity of machine learning and artificial intelligence in astronomy", Reviews: 2020, 10(2): e1349. Dotto, E. , Della Corte, V. , Amoroso, M. , Bertini, I. , Brucato, J. R. , Capannolo, A. ,. . . & Fretz, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided consists of a collection of references and does not address the claim regarding the redirection of asteroids to mine resources without risk. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Blood-oxygen-level-dependent, CBF, and CMRO2 fMRI associated with hypercapnic challenge and forepaw stimulation were used to evaluate the integrity of vascular coupling and neural function, respectively, as ischemia progressed during the acute phase. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent, CBF, and CMRO2 fMRI responses in different -derived ischemic tissue types and in the forepaw somatosensory cortices of the right ischemic hemisphere (RH) were analyzed and compared with the homologous regions in the normal left hemisphere (LH). This approach was tested in the permanent and transient (15-mins) acute focal brain ischemia in rats under isoflurane, breathing spontaneously. Materials and methodsAnimal PreparationTwenty seven male Sprague—Dawley rats (300 to 350 g, ) were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane in air during surgery. Three groups of animals were studied: (i) permanent focal brain ischemia of the RH was induced with intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) (n = 11, Group I), (ii) transient (15-mins) focal brain ischemia (n = 8, Group II) was induced using the same method and reperfusion was performed outside the magnet, and (iii) the right common carotid artery (CCA) was ligated but without causing a stroke to evaluate the possible effect of delayed transit time on the fMRI responses (n = 8, Group III). Measurements were made before and during CCA ligation in the same animals where the CCA occlusion was achieved remotely while the animals were in the magnet. The left femoral artery was catheterized for blood-gas sampling and physiologic monitoring. Once the rats were secured in an MR-compatible rat stereotaxic headset, anesthesia was reduced to 1. 1% to 1. 2% isoflurane. Rats breathed spontaneously without mechanical ventilation. Rectal temperature was maintained at 37. 0°C±0. 5°C. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) via the arterial line were recorded continuously onto a PC via the Biopac system (). Respiration rate (RR) was derived from the slow modulations on top of the cardiac waveforms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional MRI (fMRI) to evaluate brain activity in relation to vascular coupling and neural function. It notes that different fMRI responses were analyzed in ischemic tissue and somatosensory cortices, which indicates a direct relationship between the detection of changes in blood flow and the measurement of brain activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: Only for private activism, where women already outperform men, do attitudes matter differently, with women having a stronger relationship between political efficacy and private activism than men. As with Table 3, it is demographic characteristics that are more decisive. For both private and collective activism, married women are less participatory than single women, while married men do not differ significantly from single men, confirming Hypothesis 9. Divorced men tend to be more participatory in private activism than single men, whereas being divorced or separated does not affect women’s engagement in private types of activism. Engaging in direct political contact presents contrary findings. Being married significantly decreases men’s participation in political contact, but does not influence women’s level of political contact. Yet, being divorced is linked to increases in women’s involvement in political contact but does not so for men. Such contradictory findings highlight once more the necessity of thinking about modes of participation quite differently. In line with Hypothesis 8, for men, being employed part-time increases participation in all three areas, while it only slightly increases women’s level of private activism. So, as with the more institutional types of participation, part-time employment seems to matter more positively for men than for women. What remains unclear is whether being employed part-time enabled men to exercise their desire to be politically involved or whether politically involved men are more likely to choose part-time employment. Contrary to our expectations and our analysis on voting, full-time employment is not significantly related to any type of activism, for women nor for men. Yet, for private and collective activism the link between full-time employment and participation is significantly weaker among women than men, suggesting that for women, employment is not as strong a path to activism as it is to men, and that it is for women’s voting behavior (see Table 3). Looking at the effect of occupational status, our results confirm Hypothesis 6: women’s employment in professional and technical occupations has a stronger positive link to both private and collective activism. In the first case, women’s movement into more powerful jobs may thus widen women’s advantage, and in the second case, may help ameliorate men’s advantage. Finally we find in line with Hypothesis 7 and recent U. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that women's engagement in political activism and participation varies significantly based on marital status and employment, indicating that gender roles are not static and have changed over time. For example, it notes that 'married women are less participatory than single women,' which suggests evolving roles rather than fixed ones. Additionally, the text discusses how women's participation is affected by employment status, indicating that societal factors impact gender roles, contradicting the claim that they have remained exactly the same.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , "-the Cubesat for Imaging of Asteroids in support of the mission towards asteroid (65803) Didymos", Planetary and Space Science, 2021, 199: 105185. McIntyre, K. J. , "", Master Thesis, of North Dakota, 2019. Tholen, D. J. , Barucci, M. A. , "Asteroid taxonomy", Asteroids II, 1989, 298-315. "Three-parameter asteroid taxonomy classifications", Asteroids II, 1989, 1151-1161. Tholen, D. J. , "Asteroid taxonomic classifications", II, 1989, 1139–1150. Safavian, S. R. , Landgrebe, D. , "A survey of decision tree classifier methodology", IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics, 1991, 21(3): 660-674. Rish, I. , "An empirical study of the naive Bayes classifier", 2001 workshop on empirical methods in artificial intelligence, 2001, 3(22): 41-46. Sperandei, S. , "Understanding logistic regression analysis"; Biochemia medica, 2014 24(1): 12-18. Breiman, L. , "Random forests", Machine learning, 2001, 45(1): 5-32. Cortes, C. , Vapnik, V. , "Support-vector networks", Machine learning, 1995, 20(3): 273-297. Pal, M. , "Random forest classifier for remote sensing classification", International journal of remote sensing, 2005, 26(1): 217-222. Guo, G. , Wang, H. , Bell, D. , Bi, Y. , Greer, K. , "KNN model-based approach in classification", " On the Move to Systems", Berlin, 2003, 986-996. Chen, T. , Guestrin, C. , "Xgboost: A scalable tree boosting system", of the 22nd acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, 2016, 785-794. Chen, T. , He, T. , Benesty, M. , Khotilovich, V. , Tang, Y. , Cho, H. , Chen, K. , "Xgboost: extreme gradient boosting", R package version 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding the redirection of asteroids for mining resources. Instead, it contains citations and references related to asteroid taxonomy and statistical methodologies that are not relevant to the feasibility or risk of redirecting asteroids for resource extraction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Blood gas was typically sampled once during a break between imaging trials. All recorded physiologic parameters were within normal physiologic ranges. Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired at 30, 90, and 180 mins and again at 24 h after ischemia. Hypercapnic challenges used a premixed gas of 10% CO2 with 21% O2 and balance N2. Forepaw somatosensory stimulation used the previously optimized parameters under identical isoflurane anesthetic condition in normal animals (Liu et al, 2004a): 6 mA current with 0. 3 ms pulse duration at 3 Hz. These stimulation parameters did not cause an increase in MABP. Needle electrodes were inserted under the skin of the two forepaws before surgery. The electrodes were connected in series and the two forepaws were stimulated simultaneously. During each time point (30-mins imaging block), one trial of hypercapnic challenge and two trials of forepaw stimulation were presented with a 4-mins break (without imaging) between trials. Each trial consisted of 4 mins of data acquired during baseline and 2 mins of data acquired during hypercapnic challenge or forepaw stimulation. MR ExperimentsMagnetic resonance imaging experiments were performed on a 4. 7-T/40-cm magnet, a console (), and a 20-G/cm gradient insert (ID = 12 cm, 120-μs rise time). A surface coil (2. 3-cm ID) was used for brain imaging and a neck coil (Silva et al, 1999; Duong et al, 2000) for perfusion labeling. Coil-to-coil electromagnetic interaction was actively decoupled. A complete imaging block lasted 30 mins where ADC, basal CBF, hypercapnic, and forepaw-stimulation fMRI were acquired. ADCav was obtained by averaging three ADC maps with diffusion-sensitive gradients separately applied along the x, y or z direction. Single shot, echo-planar images (EPI) were acquired with matrix = 64 × 64, spectral width = 200 kHz, TR = 2 secs (90° flip angle), TE = 37. 5 ms, b = 4 and 1,170 secs/mm2, Δ = 24 ms, δ = 4. 75 ms, FOV = 2. 56 cm × 2. 56 cm, eight 1. 5-mm slices, and 16 averages (total time ~2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to acquire data during physiological challenges, implying the method's role in measuring cerebral blood flow changes associated with brain activity. The mention of parameters like 'basal CBF' and 'hypercapnic challenge' indicates the examination of blood flow dynamics in response to stimulation, which directly relates to how fMRI operates.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: research for attendees of Black churches (Robnett and Bany 2009) and mosques (Read 2007), that men who attend church more often receive a consistent participation boost, church attendance has no effect on women’s activism. We also explored the possibility that religious attendance would matter particularly for housewives, as a link to the public arena. We found that housewives who attend church more often are more likely than similar housewives to participate in private and collective activism, but not direct contact activism. Looking at different religious affiliations, we find few differences. Compared to men and women with no religious denomination, both Catholic men and women are less politically engaged. Male members of an “other” religion are much less likely to participate in private and collective action than non-affiliated men, though among women such a divide is not apparent. Among women, Protestants are significantly less involved in individual action, while there is no significant effect among males. DiscussionRather than an overall gender gap in political participation, our results suggest a variety of gender gaps across modes of participation. Indeed, substantively disaggregated measures of political behavior reveal that political engagement is not just a matter of more or less, but rather of men and women engaging differently. While feminist research on women’s political participation has long called attention to this process (Bourque and Grossholtz 1998; Harrison and Munn 2007; Sarvasy and Siim 1994; Siim 2000), few empirical studies have tested and demonstrated such effects, especially in a cross-national sample. In fact, our approach reveals one domain where women are significantly more active than men: private activism. Women, on average, are more likely to sign petitions, boycott/buy products for political reasons, and donate to or raise money for social and political groups. This holds even controlling for main socio-economic and attitudinal differences. Notably, these private/individualistic actions are the least resource dependent and most easily incorporated in daily life. Initially it seemed that men and women did not differ in their electoral behavior. However, once controlling for attitudinal characteristics, women are more likely to vote than men. Thus, if women were to develop an interest in politics and feelings of political efficacy equal to that of men, women would vote more than men. As prior work has shown, women and men’s views about women’s political participation are subject to public portrayals (Schwarz et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that gender roles in political participation are not static. It indicates that men and women engage differently in various forms of political activism, revealing inconsistencies in political engagement based on gender. For example, women are found to be more active than men in private forms of activism, and when accounting for attitudinal characteristics, women are more likely to vote than men. This suggests that gender roles in political participation are dynamic and can change over time, rather than remaining the same throughout history.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: 4-2, 2015, 1(4): 1-4. Freund, Y. , Schapire, R. E. , "Experiments with a new boosting algorithm", icml, 1996, 96: 148-156. Schapire, R. E. , "Explaining adaboost", inference, Berlin, 2013, 37-52. Öztemel, E. , "Yapay sinir ağlari", PapatyaYayincilik, İstanbul, (2003). Şen, Z. , "Yapay sinir ağları", Su Vakfı, İstanbul, (2004). Detection of Collision-Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 1431 - 1449, 31. 12. 2022 Ömer Can Eskicioğlu Isık Öz Asteroids have attracted people's attention from the past to the present. It has a wide place in the beliefs and cultures of ancient civilizations. The sense of discovery and curiosity of human beings causes an increase in their interest in these objects. With the technology coming to a certain level, the detection, diagnosis and materials of asteroids can be found clearly. The route and collision effects of these objects require constant observation. In our study, asteroids that are likely to hit the Earth have been classified using an asteroid data set in Kaggle and the source of which is NASA-JPL. The dataset contains 4687 asteroid data. Pre-processing steps such as filling in missing data, anomaly detection and normalization were applied on the data. Then, with the help of correlation, 19 features were determined from the dataset for dangerous situations. Asteroid classification was made by using with features, -Nearest Neighbor, Xgboost and Adaboost machine learning algorithms. With the artificial neural network with different number of neurons and layers, the data were trained and compared with classification algorithms. As a result of the comparison, the highest performance was achieved with the AdaBoost algorithm with 99. 80%. Hyperparameter optimization was performed using the grid-search method in all the classification algorithms that were run. Thus, a method that requires continuous observation and enables the processing of large amounts of data in a more efficient way has been proposed. ça Furfaro, R. , Barocco, R. , Linares, R. , Topputo, F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding the redirection of asteroids for resource mining. It discusses various aspects of asteroid observation and classification using machine learning algorithms, but does not address the feasibility, risk, or methods of redirecting asteroids for resource extraction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Cerebral blood flow images (SCBF) with intensity in units of mL/g/min were calculated (Silva et al, 1999; Duong et al, 2000) pixel-by-pixel using, SCBF=λ/T1(SC–SL)/(SL + (2α–1) SC), where SC and SL are signal intensities of the control and labeled images, respectively, and λ is the partition coefficient and α is the labeling efficiency. Basal CBF images were obtained from the baseline period (without stimulation) of all three trials of the fMRI measurements within each time point. analysis of diffusion and perfusion images: An improved clustering algorithm was used to statistically resolve and identify tissues as ‘normal‘, ‘mismatch’ and ‘ischemic core’ based on tissue ADC and CBF characteristics as described elsewhere (Shen et al, 2004). Only five anterior slices were analyzed to avoid susceptibility distortion around the ear canals associated with the posterior slices. ROIs of the whole brain were carefully drawn to avoid the edge of the brain-skull interface based on CBF maps with reference to ADC maps. Pixels with ADC higher than 1. 0 × 10−3 mm2/sec (i. e. , CSF pixels) and the corpus callosum were excluded from analysis. Clustering for ADC and baseline CBF was performed individually at each time point for each animal. Three clusters were resolved: (1) pixels with normal ADC and baseline CBF were assigned to be ‘normal’ tissue, (2) pixels with low ADC and baseline CBF were assigned to be ‘ischemic core’, and (3) pixels with normal ADC but low baseline CBF were assigned to be ‘perfusion—diffusion mismatch’. Functional MRI responses in different clusters were analyzed. Scatterplots of CBF versus ADC and BOLD versus ADC under baseline and stimulated (CO2 or forepaw) conditions were generated at each time point. clusters were color-coded on the scatterplots. Evolution of ‘mismatch’ pixels: The temporal and spatial evolution of the ‘mismatch’ pixels, defined at 30 mins after occlusion, was evaluated as they migrated to different clusters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cerebral blood flow (CBF) images are obtained and analyzed in conjunction with functional MRI (fMRI) measurements. It describes the relationship between CBF and tissue conditions, indicating that variations in blood flow help assess brain activity. Specifically, terms like 'baseline CBF' and analysis of 'functional MRI responses' support the claim that fMRI detects changes in blood flow as a measure of brain activity.