Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: This involves studying the chemical pathways in the cell that translate the genetic information of genes into cell processes, and why these go wrong in cancer cells. By understanding what goes wrong, we can develop new targets for cancer drugs or other treatments. Molecular oncology is a field which has advanced rapidly in recent years, as Ian explains: Our understanding of cancer genetics via large-scale sequencing of cancer samples (exemplified by Program) has turbocharged our ability to identify the causes of cancer and how it evolves over time, new therapeutic targets and mechanisms of resistance to therapies. New clinical approaches are starting to include regular sequencing to get real time data on tumour responses to therapy. These provide the foundations for a future where each patient can be offered personalised therapies that are continuously optimised to keep the disease at bay. I would definitely recommend a career in molecular oncology. I’d love to be at the start of my career again! It’s a very exciting time to be working in biomedical research and especially cancer research. There have already been significant advances in cancer treatment and, as a result, more than 50% of people diagnosed with cancer now survive. We are entering a new era where personalised medicine will become increasingly common and there are many opportunities in industry and academia to contribute to developing these treatments. I have enormous respect for all of the people who have contributed to our understanding of cancer biology. It has been a huge team effort. A good book to read to find out about many of these achievements is of by Siddhartha Mukherjee. I am also grateful for the funding that has been invested to make this possible. My own research, in part, relies on funding from a local cancer charity (Cancer Research) and it’s always humbling when I meet the fundraisers who work so hard to make this possible. • of runs an internship scheme for undergraduate students every summer: www. icr. ac. uk/studying-and-training/undergraduate-vacation-scholarship-scheme • “Don’t be afraid to contact people to ask for advice or an opportunity,” says Ian. Contact universities and laboratories near you to find out whether they offer tours, talks or internship opportunities. • Society for Biochemistry and has a useful resource for students that provides information on careers in these fields: www. asbmb. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that understanding complex issues like cancer involves not only genetic studies but also the contributions of a wider team effort in biomedical research. The emphasis on personalizing therapies and the note that there has been substantial collaborative progress in understanding cancer biology indicates that genetic studies alone are insufficient to fully comprehend such intricate phenomena, which relate to cultural practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: ” She says her own experience with performing and teaching dance has given her insight into the difficulty of trying to embody the movement of others who are built differently — whether they simply have longer arms or they have wings or flippers instead. “For me, as a dancer, there’s a big difference between observing someone do something beautiful and actually imagining how you would do it yourself. ”To test Clayton’s hypothesis, the scientists came up with an ingenious experiment involving three species of monkeys with different thumb anatomy: capuchins with fully opposable thumbs, squirrel monkeys with pseudo-opposable thumbs, and marmosets without opposable thumbs. Garcia-Pelegrin tried the French drop on all of them and, sure enough, the monkeys who are able to grasp objects with their thumbs — capuchins and squirrel monkeys — were fooled. The marmosets responded just like the jays. Squirrel monkeys like this one are able to grasp objects using their thumbs, and are fooled by the French drop magic trick the same way humans are. Marmosets, who don't have opposable thumbs, are not fooled. : E. -these experiments reveal something interesting about embodied cognition, the idea that the body, and how it interacts with the environment, is an important aspect of how minds work. The brain isn’t alone in a vacuum making sense of what it sees, she says. “It’s about how the whole body interprets the movements. ”Magic cupsThough performing magic for animals in the name of science is a relatively new idea, methods akin to magic effects have been used for decades. One type of experiment, borrowed from psychology studies with human infants, reveals what animals understand about the world by seeing if they’re surprised by the impossible. Babies stare longer at something that surprises them, and scientists think the same is true for many animals. Based on staring times, scientists have learned that orangutans are bewildered when a grape goes into a container but a piece of carrot comes out, dogs are perplexed if a bone magically disappears, and crows think it’s strange if a tool moves on its own. These experiments are quite similar to the classic “cups-and-balls” magic trick where balls seem to appear and disappear under cups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding paleoenvironmental studies or geological changes. Instead, it discusses cognitive experiments with monkeys and their reactions to illusions, focusing on embodiments in cognition and magic tricks, which are unrelated subjects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- and 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) labeled cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the CA3 region of hippocampus in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5 days, in comparison to 2 days, of treatment in the amount of labeling for both GFAP and Iba-1 (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in dentate gyrus of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceThe number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells were significantly less (p < 0. 01) in DG area in Cur- and or SLCP-treated mice, as was the case with the CA1 and CA3 regions (Fig. 11a–c). There were significant decreases in Iba-1-IR between the 2- and 5-day groups given treatment of either of Cur (p < 0. 01) or SLCP (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 11b). In addition, the SLCP treatment reduced Iba-1-IR at both 2-and and 5-day treatment periods, relative to what was observed with Cur (Fig. 11b). Similarly, there were significant decreases (p < 0. 05) in GFAP-IR after 5 days, relative to 2 days, following either Cur or SLCP treatment (Fig. 11a, c). Differences in GFAP-IR measures were also observed between Cur and SLCP treatments (p < 0. 05) at 2 days, but not at 5 days of treatment (Fig. 11a, c). Fig. 11Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in DG area of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that treatment with Curcumin (Cur) significantly reduced the number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR labeled cells in different regions of the hippocampus in 5xFAD mice, which indicates a reduction in neuroinflammation. The reported significant decreases in these inflammatory markers after treatment highlight the anti-inflammatory effects of Curcumin.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: org/getmedia/f7c551d5-682e-44b1-a7a3-0cb3bcef9eac/asbmb-career-brochure-2017. pdf • The average salary for an oncologist in the UK is £39,000 according to PayScale. com but this can be considerably higher for experienced researchers. • A strong background in science subjects is important, in particular chemistry and biology. • Many medical research projects involve analysing large datasets using computational techniques, so having some programming and statistics knowledge is useful. Most undergraduate science degrees now offer some form of training in these skills. • offers an overview of oncology and cancer biology degree options: www. careerexplorer. com/degrees/oncology-and-cancer-biology-degree/ I liked most subjects at school, but the sciences were the most interesting. I didn’t have a clear idea of the range of careers that you could have in those areas; it always seemed like a good idea to keep focusing on the things that I enjoyed the most. . ? Zoology was a very enjoyable degree, but it became obvious to me that there were many more lab-based jobs available if I wanted to have a career in scientific research. I had no fixed idea of the type of lab science I wanted to do, but that flexibility was an advantage when making the transition. -? Biomedical research requires a wide range of expertise to deliver big results and it’s not unusual to find people with chemistry, physical science, mathematics and computing backgrounds. Switching disciplines often involves retraining (e. g. via a postgraduate degree). Alternatively, take your specialised experience to a new discipline that needs it – such as programmers who help with big data analysis of cancer genetics patterns. ? I really value the opportunities that I have had to help my students and lab members to develop as scientists and then go on to achieve their career goals. ? I like to draw. Research can be frustrating at times, not every idea works out and sometimes you work really hard and have nothing to show for it. Drawing always results in an end product and it’s a nice way to switch off. IAN’01 Be flexible. There are many routes to a career in science, but it is much harder if you are only prepared to consider one route. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the necessity for a multidisciplinary approach in biomedical research, indicating that genetic studies alone are insufficient. It states that biomedical research requires a 'wide range of expertise' and mentions the importance of backgrounds in various scientific disciplines, such as chemistry, physical science, mathematics, and computing. This suggests that cultural practices are complex and cannot be fully understood by genetics alone, thus challenging the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Comparative psychologist tested Clayton’s jays with a similar trick when she was a postdoctoral researcher in Clayton’s lab. But instead of disappearing balls, the birds were presented with magically transforming treats. In one variation of the trick, a bird named Jaylo sees Schnell drop a waxworm — the Belgian truffle of the jay world, Clayton says — into one of two cups. Both cups are then turned upside down. doesn’t know is that Schnell pre-baited the cup with a less exciting piece of cheese and faked the waxworm drop using sleight-of-hand. Jaylo topples the cup she thinks the worm is in, only to find cheese instead. She double checks the cup for the worm and then leaves without eating the cheese, which is normally a perfectly acceptable treat. In this video of an experiment in Nicky Clayton’s lab, a Eurasian jay named Jaylo reacts to a magically transformed treat. : A. K. / 2021Animal cognition researcher has recently tried a similar trick with Goffin’s cockatoos and keas — large, gregarious parrots from — at the Institute at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna. Using magic appealed to Smith because it doesn’t require training the animals and allows them to behave naturally. “It’s a different approach to cognitive study, in that you are creating a stage for an animal to express its expectations,” she says. “And what you’re recording is the behavior in response to their expectations and what happens when you violate their expectations. ”Keas are known for exploring the belongings of tourists and occasionally stealing things (including a GoPro camera, as seen in the resulting kea home movie). The birds in the research aviary are very curious and usually game to participate in experiments, coming when their names are called and lining up to wait their turn — though some parrots will cut the line, rush into the testing compartment, try to steal food and refuse to leave. “Kea are like toddlers with very sharp clamps on their face,” Smith says. For the trick, Smith uses open-ended wooden boxes similar to hollow ones the birds have explored before. But unlike those boxes, these have a hidden shelf. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses cognitive experiments involving birds and does not mention paleoenvironments or geological changes. The content is focused on animal behavior and experimental methods rather than geological science.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the DG area of hippocampus in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5-, relative to 2-, days of treatment in the amount for both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in subicular complex of 5xFAD miceThe subicular complex lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper and is very important for neurotransmission from the hippocampus to the cortex. We found a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in Iba-1-IR cells in subicular complex in the 5 versus the 2-day, groups treated with Cur (Fig. 12a, b). In addition, SLCP treatment decreased Iba-1-IR in both the 2- and 5-day treatment groups, in comparison to Cur (Fig. 12a, b). Similar findings were also observed in the case of GFAP-IR in these regions (Fig. 12a, c). Fig. 12Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in subicular complex of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in subicular complex of hippocampus of Cur- or SLCP-treated, versus vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5 days of treatment in comparison to 2 days, of treatment for both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling in both the Cur- and SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice (b, c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that treatment with Curcumin (Cur) significantly reduced the number of Iba-1-IR cells and GFAP-IR cells in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice, suggesting that Curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory effects. The findings indicate that neuroinflammation was decreased in the treated groups compared to vehicle-treated groups, thus supporting the claim regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of Curcumin.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: in a Download book PDF Download book -Sekuła2 Part of the book series: ((IMIS)) 1325 Accesses AbstractPresenting the engagement of immigrants, their descendants and native Norwegians with Day celebrations, this 2. 1 Heritage in BecomingTo analyse the practices of minorities around Norwegian national-day celebrations as a way of engaging with the heritage of the dominant population, this 2. 2 Space as a Space of ResistanceThe concept of a third space, developed by various scholars under different names, was popularised in social sciences upon a spatial turn, which spoke for the acknowledgement of a spatial dimension of social life. The origins of the third-space concept, as it is understood in this 9. 6). There is an ongoing discussion about whether the presented shortcomings can be assigned to multiculturalism itself or are, instead, the result of other structural, cultural and political processes (see Ley, 2010; Vertovec & Wessendorf, 2010), targeting multiculturalism as “the only target that is visible” (Ley, 2010, p. 201). This 28. 5% of its population made up of immigrants and Norwegians born to immigrant parents (SSB Statistics Norway, 2021). The area of Stromsø is a business district with many immigrant-owned shopping facilities. Over the years, Drammen municipality has enforced a narration of diversity as a resource (conversation with an expert from Drammen municipality). It has patronised and financed several initiatives aimed at giving visibility to minority culture, including the Festival and Interkultur, a national competence centre for multicultural communication. 5 in Private SettingsThe findings from my research conjure up an image of a wide range of private celebrations of that involve the multicultural character of Drammen. In these celebrations, minorities prevail but native Norwegians are also present and contributing to the cultural change. I classified performed practices into five categories, placing them on a scale from full engagement in official narrations of to the celebration of minority culture. The categories are as follows: (1) celebrations with explicit reference to Norwegian heritage and following celebration patterns traditionally associated with Day, (2) celebrations with explicit reference to Norway and following alternative celebration patterns, (3) practices following minority celebration patterns and with limited reference to Norwegian heritage, (4) instrumental practices lacking engagement in Norwegian heritage and, (5), reactionary practices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that cultural practices, especially those related to minority celebrations in Drammen, Norway, involve a multitude of social, cultural, and community processes. It highlights the engagement of immigrants and native Norwegians in celebrations and the importance of heritage, suggesting that understanding cultural practices requires more than genetic studies; it involves recognizing the ways individuals and communities interact and shape their heritage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Into the top of the box, she drops an average treat, such as a piece of apple, which lands on the hidden shelf, and then she lifts the box to reveal a tastier peanut that was secretly placed in the bottom beforehand — or vice versa. In the case of cockatoos, Smith is looking to see whether the birds flare their crests when they’re surprised. With keas, she uses infrared thermal imaging cameras to detect changes in blood flow in the exposed skin around their eyes. One question she hopes to address with this setup is whether the animals respond differently to downgraded and upgraded treats. “I was really interested in finding the elation effect,” she says — the “Oh, that’s nice” feeling you get when you find a forgotten five-dollar bill in your pocket. There’s a dearth of work on positive emotions in animals, Smith says, and magic might be a way to explore that. Stay in the KnowSign up for the newsletter todayExpanding the magic circleFor Clayton, jays seemed a natural starting point because they themselves use deceptive tactics in the wild. But they aren’t the only ones. Like jays, rooks have been known to act like they’re caching food while instead holding it in a throat pouch. Apes are known to use their gaze to redirect attention away from something they don’t want others to discover. And male cuttlefish, which can change the color and texture of their skin, sometimes display a courting pattern to a female on one side of their body while hiding what they are doing from nearby males by disguising their other side with female coloration. This kind of behavior might make these tricksters good candidates for being tricked themselves. “We haven’t designed the experiments yet, but our next stop is the cuttlefish,” Clayton says. “I think we could use magic effects in interesting ways to see what they are confused by. ”With more experiments involving different species, especially ones as distant as cephalopods like cuttlefish, scientists may gain insight into some of the biggest questions about animal minds, such as whether they are consciously aware of the past and can imagine the future. Discovering which species have which abilities could help to piece together how these mental capacities evolved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about paleoenvironmental understanding of geological changes. Instead, it discusses animal behavior and cognition in a variety of species without any mention of geological or paleoenvironmental topics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in striatum of 5xFAD miceThe striatum is a subcortical part of the forebrain and is a critical component of the reward system, as well as playing a role in learning and memory. Similar to the other brain structures, the striatum had fewer (p < 0. 01) Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells than in control mice after 2- and 5-day of either Cur or SLCP treatment (Fig. 14a–c), with the SLCP treatments providing greater reductions than Cur on both of these parameters (Fig. 14a–c). Fig. 14Cur or SLCP reduce neuroinflammation in the striatum of 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- and 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) labeled cells was significantly reduced (**p < 0. 01) in the striatum in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Significant reductions were observed after 5 days, in comparison to 2 days of treatment, on measures of both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image DiscussionBecause of its unique physicochemical, anti-amyloid, and anti-inflammatory properties, Cur is being considered as a potential treatment for AD [13, 15, 45, 46]. The objectives of the present study were to: (1) compare the permeability of Cur and SLCP into the brain; (2) compare anti-inflammatory activities of Cur with those of SLCP after acute treatment in 5xFAD mice; (3) assess microglial and astrocytic activation in different brain regions, especially those areas associated with AD, after treatment with Cur and or SLCP; and (4) determine which short-term treatment protocol (2 or 5 days) with Cur or SLCP would most effectively decrease Aβ plaque loads and reduce aberrant neuronal morphology in different brain parts of 5xFAD mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the anti-inflammatory properties of Curcumin (referred to as 'Cur') in the context of its treatment effects on neuroinflammation in the striatum of 5xFAD mice. It mentions that 'Cur or SLCP reduce neuroinflammation in the striatum' and identifies the specific reductions in Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells, indicating that Curcumin has anti-inflammatory effects, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: The categories are ideal types and the actual celebrations of the respondents often combined practices from different categories. Celebrations with to Associated with Polish couple, Anna and Grzegorz, were eagerly engaging with celebrations. They admitted decorating their house with Norwegian flags, preparing food for the day – including a cake in the colours of the Norwegian flag – and participating in a local parade with their child. They also showed me a picture of their daughter wearing a bunad, the Norwegian folk costume popular among adults (especially women) and children. couple with children also reported celebrating in a customary way together with Norwegian families, including breakfast with champagne: Usually, we are invited to join a Norwegian family. And we are celebrating as it should be – with a parade and so on (…) We do not hang a Norwegian flag though. We haven’t got soaked in here that much yet but our children have flags. (Katarzyna, female, 37; Wojtek, male, 39)Footnote 2 Cansu, a Turkish respondent who usually celebrates in a Turkish ethnic association, revealed a deeper attachment to and meaning of the event at an individual level: 17 May is very important to me because I live in Norway and I feel that I have to respect the country that gives me bread. I have to be a part of them. (Cansu, female, 24) Additionally, the members of the Turkish association which organises the yearly celebrations of admitted that the gathering takes place after a city-wide parade, which most of the participants attend. The celebrations presented here are performed by minorities in a way that attempts to recreate practices traditionally associated with Constitution Day. The change of national culture is therefore limited here to the overall change which cultural practices undergo along temporal lines. They feature the negotiation of Norwegian heritage by minorities and hence constitute a third space. Interestingly, many respondents adopted these new practices as part of their heritage, enriching the sets of their cultural practices originating from their background cultures. Celebrations with to Norway and Kemal, a Norwegian-Turkish respondent, stated that his private celebrations involve wide reference to Norwegian nationalism, even though the food he eats is ethnic: “We hang up flags and celebrate, even though we do not eat 100% Norwegian food. ” (Kemal, male, 27) Interestingly, some native Norwegians follow similar celebration patterns (Fig. 9. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that cultural practices are influenced by a combination of individual and communal experiences, as shown in the examples of respondents celebrating with elements from both Norwegian and Turkish traditions. This indicates that understanding cultural practices requires more than just genetic studies; it involves examining the social and historical contexts in which these practices occur, as well as the personal narratives and meanings attached to them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: “You wouldn’t necessarily think that [magic] says anything about memory or future planning,” Clayton says. “But it does — because when an object disappears, you have to have a memory of where you think it was, and you have to have an expectation of where you think it will be. ” 10. 1146/knowable-060524-1 is a freelance science journalist based in the covering animal behavior and cognition and our relationships with other animals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses memory and planning in the context of objects, without mentioning paleoenvironmental studies or geological changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: We found that, following short-term i. p. injections, both Cur or SLCP permeated into the brain in therapeutically significant amounts, decreased Aβ plaque loads, and improved neuronal morphology after 5 days of treatment. and SLCP also decreased the GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR in different brain areas of 5xFAD mice. The SLCP tended to confer more effective anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effect, than did Cur. Unfortunately, the low solubility in body fluids and its rapid degradation after intestinal absorption limit the bioavailability of natural Cur, reducing its clinical utility for treating AD [15, 28]. However, the use of SLCP, a lipidated formula of Cur, shows significant promise in providing greater neuroprotective effects in animal models [31, 32] and clinical trials of AD [26]. In the present study, we observed that SLCP tended to have greater affinity to Aβ plaques, compared to Cur. Our findings suggest that the lipid bilayer of SLCP facilitates its permeability into the brain. Further, we observed that after 5 days of intraperitoneal injection of either Cur or SLCP, an increase in binding to Aβ plaque was observed, indicating that more Cur accumulates in the tissue with extended treatment. Although we did not measure the free Cur concentration in the brain tissues of the Cur- or SLCP-treated mice, we have previously found 300–400 nM of free Cur in the mouse brain and 2–3 folds more in their plasma, when mice were fed orally for 2 months [24, 30,31,32, 47] with a similar formula of Cur, when given at a dose of 500 ppm. This was also observed during a clinical trial of AD [26]. Moreover, we have compared the permeability of Cur in different cells, such as 7-DIV primary hippocampal neurons and N2a cells (Additional file 1: Fig. S1) and found that SLCP tended to deliver more free Cur into the cells than did natural Cur [31, 32]. In addition, we also compared the Aβ-binding capability of Cur and or SLCP, in the brain tissue of 5xFAD mice given i. p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by suggesting that both Curcumin (Cur) and its lipidated formula (SLCP) exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in the context of neuroprotection. It states that SLCP conferred a more effective anti-inflammatory effect compared to Cur, indicating the presence of anti-inflammatory properties in Curcumin itself.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: The landscape of Drammen is filled with ethnic restaurants and many native Norwegians reserve tables for a dinner in local ethnic restaurants, de facto celebrating Norway over ethnic meals (and often wearing bunads). Most probably these actions are not meant to transform the Norwegian heritage but, rather, represent the mere act of adjusting inherited practices to present circumstances – i. e. heritage in becoming (Ingold & Kurttila, 2000; Nikielska-Sekula, 2019). Nevertheless, they de facto change culture. These negotiations of heritage by both minorities and natives, with their unique, hybrid outcome, definitely constitute a third space. Fig. 9. 1A woman in Norwegian traditional costume entering a in Drammen on Day. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size image Patterns and with to Respondents of Turkish background often described gatherings as involving an extended family meeting accompanied by Turkish food. Several respondents stated that these meetings resemble the gatherings organised on other occasions, including Ramazan and Kurban Bayramı – Islamic holidays widely celebrated in Turkey. associations organise common celebrations at their premises. They order food from a local Turkish restaurant and spend time dining together. The celebrations are accompanied by customary occasional congratulations; however, more elaborate 9. 2a) but also on (Fig. 9. 2b) and Women’s Day. Others were committed to presenting positive aspects of ancestral culture through wearing clothing that referenced Polish folklore (Fig. 9. 3). Some of the Polish respondents openly stated that they very much enjoy seeing how Norwegians are proud of their nation and they would like to see this kind of pride free from political battles in their ancestral homeland too. Their attitudes towards national-day celebrations in Poland were complex. These celebrations were imposed by the government in the communist era and their disgust with this compulsion restrained many from participating after 1989. Today, in turn, national-day celebrations are claimed by right-wing policy supporters. Simultaneously, representatives of other political options, including leftists, are making constant attempts to reclaim them, which altogether entangles Polish national days in political disputes. Fig. 9. 2aDecoration for a celebration of Day in the colours of the Polish flag. (Photo: Anna – research participant)Full size imageFig. 9. 2bFood for a Thursday celebration decorated with Polish flags. (Photo: Anna – research participant)Full size imageFig. 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating how cultural practices are adjusted and negotiated over time, influenced by present circumstances and interactions among people of different backgrounds. It emphasizes that these cultural expressions are not solely determined by genetics but involve complex social processes and heritage dynamics. The discussions of ethnic restaurants, celebrations, and the mix of cultures in Norway indicate that cultural practices are a product of social engagement and adaptation rather than just genetic inheritance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-5mhkq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-05T20:22:47. 591Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false Home >Journals >> >? English Français 0. 15 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] paper examines Origen's views of “Adam” and considers whether aspects of Origen's views might prove helpful in contemporary debates about Adam and original sin. The question “who was Adam” presents difficult issues for Christian theology. In response to these concerns, many contemporary theologians suggest that “Eastern” traditions, which are less connected to the “Western”/Augustinian view of original sin, can more easily manage these tensions. These gestures towards “Eastern” thought are helpful in the sense that they do highlight the “mythic” dimensions of the Biblical creation narratives and the irreducibly social construction of human identity. They tend, however, towards broad generalizations that often do not account for the more nuanced and complex philosophical matrix that informed many of the Fathers as they thought about creation, humanity, and the Fall. In this regard, Origen is an interesting figure to study because of the historic anathemas against his supposedly aberrant neo‐Platonic views about the pre‐existence of souls. Origen did indeed draw heavily on Platonism, but his views about Adam and the Fall were far more subtle than is often supposed. Elements of Origen's views could be useful to a contemporary Christian theology of Adam and original sin. 10. 1111/nbfr. 12277 [Opens in a new window] © 2017 of the of the Order of Preachers 1. paper examines Origen's views of “Adam” and considers whether aspects of Origen's views might prove helpful in contemporary debates about Adam and original sin. The question “who was Adam” presents difficult issues for Christian theology. Following the lead of St. Augustine, “Western” Christian theology historically has emphasized the implication of each human being in the primordial sin of Adam – that is, Western theological traditions tend toward robust versions of the doctrine of “original sin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding paleoenvironments and their role in understanding past geological changes. Instead, it focuses on Origen's views on 'Adam' and their implications for contemporary debates in Christian theology, which is unrelated to the concept of paleoenvironments or geological changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 2), which indicates that Cur and SLCP can reduce soluble Aβ, as reported by several researchers previously [14, 48, 49]. One of the aims of the present study was to investigate whether short-term treatments of Cur or SLCP could provide neuroprotection. To this end, we have investigated neuronal morphology using cresyl-violet stained tissue. Interestingly, we observed a significant decrease (30%) in the number of pyknotic, or tangle-like, neurons in PFC, CA1, and CA3 subfields of hippocampus after 5 days of either Cur- or SLCP-treatment, but not after 2 days (Fig. 4). This finding suggests that increasing the duration of Cur- or SLCP-treatments may be required to achieve optimal neuroprotection. Although the exact mechanism of neuroprotection following Cur-treatment remains to be delineated, several investigators have demonstrated that Cur can stimulate numerous neurotropic factors, including increases in brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), glial derived neurotropic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), which preserve the function and viability of neurons [10, 50, 51]. Increased in trophic factors may underlie the reduction in pyknotic cells in the SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice, relative to those receiving Cur, and this which may be due to the presence of more Cur in the brain made available due to the greater permeability of SLCP. As a potent anti-inflammatory polyphenol, Cur can also produce its therapeutic effects by reducing neuroinflammation in AD via activation of cytokine production, as well as the inhibition of the NF-kB signaling pathway [10]. We found that Cur and SLCP treatments significantly reduced microglial activation (Iba-1-IR) in different brain regions. Surprisingly, when we investigated the morphology of microglial aggregation, we observed a significant reduction of both microglia arborization and the level of Iba-1-IR, which suggests that both Cur and SLCP may inhibit activation of microglia (Fig. 6), as reported by others [10]. Similarly, both Cur and SLCP treatments significantly decreased GFAP-IR and branching of astrocytes by inhibiting their activation (Fig. 7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Curcumin (Cur), as a potent anti-inflammatory polyphenol, can produce therapeutic effects by reducing neuroinflammation through activation of cytokine production and inhibition of the NF-kB signaling pathway. It also reports that both Cur and SLCP treatments significantly reduced microglial activation and decreased GFAP-IR and branching of astrocytes, indicating their anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 3Everyday outfit inspired by Polish folklore. (Photo: Justyna – research participant)Full size image These practices reflect Foucaldian heterotopias, constituting yet another third space in Norwegian society. They are parallel to the dominant society – real and existing but not ordinary in a Norwegian socio-cultural environment, yet created in close association with it. They are triggered by both a feeling of foreignness in Norway and admiration for the Norwegian nationalism that the actors attempt to recreate. In contrast to the respondents who, out of symphaty for the Norwegian celebrations of Constitution Day, joined the mainstream replicating Norwegian heritage, here the positive reception of Norwegian nationalism was channeled into a mild reactionist nationalism of origin. Sometimes these acts are met with criticism from both fellow immigrants and, less often, from mainstream society, as reported by my respondents. Celebration of Constitution Day: matter whether it is celebrated with elaborate or limited reference to Norway, is marked by the inhabitants of Drammen municipalitiy and the surrounding area, often through a mix of joining in with mainstream events and combining them with private ones, shared within the ethnic group. They make use of Norwegian heritage, adjusting it to the surrounding circumstances: be they mainstream celebrations with native Norwegians and/or members of ethnic minorities, minority festivity patterns or the diverse setting of Drammen. These negotiations of heritage reflect how the genealogical idea of Norwegian national heritage is adjusted to the cultural, structural and spatial circumstances which individuals have created and\or within which they act. They represent heritage in becoming (Nikielska-Sekula, 2019). The alternative festivity practices performed on that day contribute to the emergence of third spaces on the backstage of Norwegian society and with alternative meanings surrounding the celebrations. These practices have taken on a repetitive nature over the years and are part of an ongoing change of the national heritage of Norway. 6 Third-in the Children’s Parades in the City of Drammen in Pre-pandemic the emergence of various third spaces in private settings is evident, the question I attempt to answer in this section is whether these third spaces are visible in the public, city-wide celebrations. My data from the yearly observation of the parades over 3 years in the city of Drammen show that signs of minority identity were featured during the parades, reflecting the ethnic diversity of the city’s inhabitants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that cultural practices, such as the celebrations and heritage negotiations in Norway, cannot be sufficiently explained by genetics. It emphasizes that these practices reflect social dynamics, community identity, and a response to the surrounding socio-cultural environment, showing that cultural understanding is complex and influenced by various factors beyond genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: ”Footnote 1 There are significant philosophical, critical, and scientific problems with this approach. Footnote 2 Philosophically, it is unclear why it is just for God to hold the rest of humanity accountable for Adam's actions. Footnote 3 Critically, it is unclear that the Hebrew scriptures ever meant to suggest any doctrine of “original sin” or whether the locus classicus for the doctrine in the Testament literature was properly translated and understood by Augustine. Footnote 4 Scientifically, it is now clear from various lines of evidence that the population of anatomically modern humans evolved gradually over millions of years from a common ancestor shared with the great apes, and that the present human population could not have genetically derived from a single common ancestral pair. Footnote 5 In other words, a flatly literal “Adam and Eve,” which seems to be required by the Augustinian view, is scientifically impossible. In response to these concerns, many contemporary theologians suggest that “Eastern” traditions, which are less connected to the “Western”/Augustinian view of original sin, can more easily manage these tensions. Footnote 6 Some of these writers seek to bring Eastern views into conversation with modern liberal or neo‐orthodox theology, which tends to emphasize the metaphorical nature of the Biblical creation accounts, and with the trend in recent theology towards social Trinitarianism, which can map onto a social (rather than Western “individualistic”) ontology of what it means to be “human. ”Footnote 7 These gestures towards “Eastern” thought are helpful in the sense that they do highlight the “mythic” dimensions of the Biblical creation narratives and the irreducibly social construction of human identity. They tend, however, towards broad generalizations that often do not account for the more nuanced and complex philosophical matrix that informed many of the Fathers as they thought about creation, humanity, and the Fall. In this regard, Origen is an interesting figure to study because of the historic anathemas against his supposedly aberrant neo‐Platonic views about the pre‐existence of souls. Footnote 8 As we shall see, Origen did indeed draw heavily on Platonism, but his views about Adam and the Fall were far more subtle than is often supposed. Indeed, I will argue that elements of Origen's views could be useful to a contemporary Christian theology of Adam and original sin. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses philosophical, theological, and scientific issues related to the concepts of original sin and human evolution, with no mention of paleoenvironments or their role in understanding geological changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: When we counted the number of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells in different brain areas, especially, in the PFC, CA1, CA3, DG, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, and striatum, we observed an inhibition of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in the Cur- and or SLCP-treated mice. The GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR profile in hippocampal subfields and the areas associated with hippocampus, especially subicular complex and entorhinal cortex, the junctional areas which connect with cortex, revealed that 5 days of either Cur- or SLCP-treatment reduced neuroinflammation to a greater extent than 2 days of treatment, which, again, suggests that a longer duration of treatment is required to optimize the anti-inflammatory effects of Cur and or SLCP. Interestingly, we achieved greater anti-inflammatory effects in the case of SLCP treatment, which, again, confirmed that the SLCP facilitates permeability of Cur across the blood brain barrier (BBB) so it can inhibit neuroinflammation to a greater degree than Cur. Although we did not investigate the molecular mechanism of inhibition of reactive microglia and astrocytes after Cur or SLCP treatments, others [10] have demonstrated that Cur attenuates Aβ-induced neuroinflammation by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) in a rat model of AD. Indeed, Cur can reduce neuroinflammation by inhibiting the NF-kB [52] and ERK [53] signaling pathways, which are regulated by PPAR-γ [10]. Moreover, Cur also inhibits other inflammatory cytokines, by inhibiting further activation of astrocytes and microglia in AD brain [14, 54, 55]. ConclusionsAs a potent, anti-amyloid and anti-inflammatory natural polyphenol, Cur is a promising therapy for AD. It significantly reduced neuroinflammation as measured by GFAP and Iba-1 immunoreactivity in different key brain areas of 5xFAD mice after acute treatment. Short-term treatment of Cur and or SLCP decreased amyloid plaque load and reduced abnormal neuronal morphology in 5xFAD mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that curcumin (Cur) reduces neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. It states that treatment with Cur leads to a reduction in GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells, indicating a decrease in neuroinflammation. Furthermore, it discusses how Cur can inhibit inflammatory cytokines and activate pathways associated with reducing inflammation, reaffirming that Curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: These signs included visibly and sensually observable elements of clothing, hairstyles and languages spoken. The impression was that the initiatives taken by some participants in the parade were freely recreating the third spaces of alternative meanings and practices in private spaces. Some highlights from the parades included a group of Indian dancers in traditional Indian clothing (Fig. 9. 4), school children wearing ethnic or religious elements of clothing (Figs. 9. 5 and 9. 6), variations on traditional Norwegian folk dresses, including combining the bunad with Islamic hijabs (Fig. 9. 7) – the latter representing a telling visual example of heritage in becoming. These public performances of alternative engagement with Norwegian heritage pave the way for a wider acknowledgment of the practices, currently happening in the third space on the backstage of Norwegian society, within the national heritage of Norway. These practices are both unbarred and unobtrusive – giving a visible voice to minority identities but also generally refraining from involving foreign national symbols in the celebrations of Norwegian heritage, with a few exceptions. A lack of foreign flags in celebrations intensifies the impression that these not-obvious interpretations of Norwegian heritage belong nowhere else but to Norway. This strong statement, however, does have a few doubts associated with it, one being: To what extent are alternative practices acknowledged and accepted in official narrations of the event? The answer remained blurred until the 2020 celebrations, which were conducted according to a strict sanitary regime and hence with little space for the free public initiatives of individuals. Fig. 9. 4Indian dancers at the parade for the Day. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size imageFig. 9. 5Schoolchildren at the parade wearing ethnic elements of clothing. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size imageFig. 9. 6Schoolchildren at the parade wearing religious elements of clothing. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size imageFig. 9. 7Variations on traditional Norwegian folk dresses, including combining the bunad with Islamic hijabs. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size image 2020 “Corona” Celebrations of a in sensitising concepts to steer my attention towards visual, sensory and verbal 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of cultural expressions and practices that cannot be understood solely through genetic studies. It highlights the visible elements of cultural identity such as clothing, hairstyles, and performances, showing that cultural practices involve social engagement and interpretations that exist independently of genetic explanations. Additionally, it raises questions about the acceptance of these practices within broader narratives of heritage, further supporting the idea that cultural understanding requires more than just a genetic perspective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Locating Origen's Views on Adam, Sin, and the Origen is widely recognized in both the Western and Eastern branches of the Church as one of Christianity's great early thinkers, even if some of the details of his protology and eschatology remain suspect, or at least subject to historical dispute. Footnote 9 However, several problems confront anyone who seeks to understand “Origen's view” of Adam, sin, and the Fall. First, like all of the early Church Fathers, Origen did not produce a definitive “systematic theology” treatise. Footnote 10 Origen is, of course, recognized as one of the first “systematic” Christian thinkers because of his effort to produce a sustained, philosophically and Biblically integrated argument in his treatise Principles, from which this paper will draw heavily. Much of what we know today about Origen's thought, however, is derived from more occasional, less systematic sources, in particular his extensive Biblical commentaries and homilies. Bouteneff has argued, Origen's theology primarily was an exercise in Biblical exegesis in conversation with the Church's experience with Christ and the Rule of Faith. Footnote 11 A second problem is that the textual tradition for some of Origen's key writings sometimes is ambiguous. For some key writings, such as his Commentary on Genesis, only isolated fragments survive. For other key writings, such as Principles, there is a Latin translation by Rufinus that might gloss some potentially heterodox passages, and some Greek fragments preserved in the Philocalia that may or may not always be faithful to the lost original Greek text. Footnote 12 A third problem is a significant reason for the textual issues: some of Origen's ideas, which were controversial even in his lifetime, were seemingly anathematized by the of Constantinople in 553 C. E. upon the urging of the Emperor Justinian, about three hundred years after Origen's death. Footnote 13 The circumstances leading up to the anathemas included numerous intellectual and political disputes and intrigues between “Origenist” and “anti‐Origenist” schools that developed after Origen's death. There is considerable question today about whether the concepts condemned at the of Constantinople could really be fairly traceable unalloyed to Origen himself. Footnote 14 The result is that Origen's intellectual legacy is somewhat obscured. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding paleoenvironments and their role in understanding past geological changes. Instead, it discusses Origen's views, theological contributions, and the challenges associated with understanding his writings, which are irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, various in vitro and in vivo (animal) studies suggest that Curcumin and derivatives have extensive biological activity as an antioxidant, neuroprotective, antitumor, anti-inflammatory 12–15. Curcumin can rummage around scavenging various types of free radicals, for example, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, individually), it can adjust movement of GSH, catalase, and SOD enzymes active in their neutralization 16. Additionally, curcumin can inhibit ROS-producing enzymes lipoxygenase cyclooxygenase and xanthine dehydrogenase oxidase 16. Curcumin has been studied in numerous human carcinomas 17. The mechanisms by which it exerts its anticancer effects are diverse, targeting many levels of regulation involved in processes of cellular growth and apoptosis 18. Other than the curcumin’s effects on different transcription factors, oncogenes and signaling proteins 17; 18,19 it also acts at various temporal stages of carcinogenesis 17. Some of its molecular targets that have been explored for cancer treatment are the effect of curcumin on cyclin-CDK complexes and CDK inhibitors as well as p53 pathway 20 and MAP kinase, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways 20. Despite the fact that curcumin has been successfully evaluated for wide-ranging biological activities, the two main concerns related to its poor bioavailability and fast metabolization incited scientists to search for novel synthetic analogs in order to overcome these drawbacks and to gain in efficacy. Iten M. Fawzy and his colleagues (2014) synthesized different curcumin analogs including PAC, 3,5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone 21;22) Another derivative 5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone, represses expansion through delaying the cell cycle at G2/M phase both in breast and colorectal cancer cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that various studies suggest curcumin has extensive biological activity, including anti-inflammatory properties. It discusses how curcumin can inhibit ROS-producing enzymes, which are often involved in inflammatory processes. The mention of curcumin's diverse mechanisms, including its roles as an antioxidant and its effects on other biological functions, further supports the claim that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 1 Spaces of vs in Multicultural SocietiesThere is an inconsistency between a wide range of alternative practices around Day celebrations – which constitute heritage in becoming and are exercised within the described third spaces – and the extent to which they are acknowledged in official narrations of the event. (2000), and Bissoondath (1994) criticised about Australian and Canadian multiculturalism seems to be true for the municipality of Drammen’s idea of accommodating diversity within the national-day celebrations. They both pointed out a paradox present in the respective countries, where cultural difference is accommodated within a common discourse to legitimise the multicultural character of the nation. However, this is done in a superficial way and with no recognition of alternative cultural practices. My data show that the municipality of Drammen, in its design of the 2020 celebrations, prioritised sameness in relation to cultural practices throughout the streaming, omitting alternative celebration practices popular among the ethnically diverse population of Drammen. Featuring the diversity focused mostly on a (somewhat limited) inclusion of minorities in the live streaming: a presenter of colour, performers of minority background and a few oral 7. 2 ChangeThe alternative practices described here, along with the attempts at their manifestation in a public space of dominant cultural discourse, initiate the de facto change of the Norwegian national heritage. This change happens through the everyday negotiations of cultural difference (Neal et al. , 2013, p. 310; see also Vertovec, 2015) by the actors. Individuals, of both minority and native background, engage with the national heritage of Norway, adapting it to the multicultural setting of the localities which they inhabit. Through their practices, the third space emerges, featuring what I call a “heritage in becoming” (Nikielska-Sekula, 2019): individual interpretations of the genealogical model of national heritage adjusted to the current circumstances of the present, whether spatial, cultural, structural or other. Along with the agents of change, those of non-change are active in the form of powerful actors shaping official narrations of Norwegian heritage, as well as bottom-up commentators and the media opposing or criticising the change. (2004) and Soja (2009, p. 58) indicate that the third space resembles the space of cultural difference beyond the universalist frameworks of liberal democracies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that cultural practices, such as the national heritage of Norway, are shaped by the interactions and interpretations of individuals from both minority and native backgrounds, rather than being solely determined by genetic studies. It discusses the complexity of multicultural contexts where heritage and cultural differences are negotiated and adapted in everyday settings, emphasizing that understanding culture requires more than just genetic analysis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: These three problems suggest that we cannot truly claim to know “what Origen thought” about Adam, sin and the Fall. We cannot cite Origen as some sort of counter‐authority to Augustine, even if an argument from authority in this context could otherwise be valid. What we can do, and what this paper seeks to do, is peek into the workings of this great early Christian mind for insights that might help us make sense of these questions today. 3. Origen, Adam, and the “Literal” Sense of the Narratives 3. 1 Origen's Interpretive Strategies: Impossibilities and “Stumbling Blocks” Any discussion of Origen's view of Adam and the Fall must begin with Origen's strategies for interpreting the Biblical creation narratives. Origen is often cited, and faulted, for an excessive reliance on fanciful allegorical Biblical interpretation. But Origen's method was crafted in significant part because of the challenges the Hebrew scriptures presented to any highly educated in the Second or Third Centuries. Origen read the Biblical texts carefully and knew, well before modern historical criticism or Darwinian science, that many of the narratives could not constitute literal history. At the same time, Origen did not simply write off those narratives as merely non‐historical. Footnote 15 Instead, Origen suggested that elements of the narratives should be taken as essentially historically accurate, while other elements should be understood as “stumbling blocks” intentionally included by the Holy Spirit. First Principles, for example, Origen states that If the usefulness of the law and the sequence and case of the narrative were at first sight clearly discernible throughout, we should be unaware that there was anything beyond the obvious meaning for us to understand in the scriptures. Consequently, the Word of God has arranged for certain stumbling‐blocks, as it were, and hindrances and impossibilities to be inserted in the midst of the law and the history, in order that we may not be completely drawn away by the sheer attractiveness of the language, and so either reject the true doctrines absolute, on the ground that we learn from the scriptures nothing worthy of God or else by never moving away from the letter fail to learn anything of the more divine element. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Origen's interpretive strategies regarding Biblical narratives and does not mention paleoenvironmental studies or geological changes in any context. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 9, there is a concentration-dependent effect of PAC on MMP intensity in Ca9-22 cells. Indeed, the MMP intensity decreases from 89. 4% for controls to 62. 9% and 9. 1% for Ca9-22 treated cells with 5 µM or 10 µM respectively for 24 h (Fig. 9). Mitochondrial superoxide production during treatments with PAC in oral cancer cells. Figure 10 is corresponding to the concentration effect of flow cytometric patterns when oral cancer cells are PAC-treated. Our results show that the percentage of MitoSOX (+) among Ca9-22 cells under treatment with PAC at 5 µM or 10 µM for 24 h is higher than controls. The key role of PAC inducing mitochondrial superoxide production was clarified. oral cancer treatments rely on surgery, along with radiation therapy (external beam radiotherapy and/or brachytherapy), as well as coadjutant therapy (chemotherapy with agents like cisplatin), it still involves high economic costs and highly damaging options30;31. To reduce this burden, plant products as complementary and alternative therapies could become solutions. Some recent discoveries demonstrated the superiority of the plant world to prevent cancer 32;33. Several research studies over the last century have revealed several important functions of curcuminoids. And it has been shown that curcumin has a capacity to influence multiple natural targets and seemed to have activity against different diseases 12; 15. Although it was evaluated with success for widespread biological activities, those of concern are its low bioavailability and rapid metabolization encouraged researchers to look for new synthetic analogs 34; 23. In a search for novel compounds active against cancer, PAC was found out. This curcumin analog demonstrated that it has a great potential as an anti-breast cancer agent 21;24. Until today, there had been no available study investigating the properties of PAC to be a possible complementary treatment for oral cancer. Our goal is to examine its inhibitory effects, on cells that proliferate or are in apoptosis, as well as the mechanisms of action involved as an interesting avenue to develop treatments for oral cancer and study its potential to be an active supplement ingredient in some drugs and products for mouth cleaning. Our data shows that PAC is exhibiting preferentially ability to kill oral cancer cells. Our data are supportive to those reported by Al-Howail et al. (2016) and Al-Hujaily et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin has important functions and biological activities, demonstrating its potential activity against different diseases. It refers to the superiority of plant products, including curcuminoids, as complementary therapies and indicates that curcumin has a capacity to influence multiple natural targets. This suggests that curcumin may indeed have anti-inflammatory properties, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: The third space, therefore, goes beyond the generalised oppositions in a given social setting, revealing the alternative social and cultural formations that can be classified neither as a majority nor as an “opposition”. The alternative practices presented in this 1. In this 2. All translations from Polish and Norwegian are the author’s. 3. Some researchers argued that the concept of whiteness is fundamental to the construction of Norwegianness (Jacobsen & Andersson, 2012, p. 14), imposing a binary opposition between the definition of Norwegians and immigrants (Gullestad, 2006, 4. However, there are institutional attempts to do so, e. g. through various exhibitions and events hosted by the Museum in Oslo. 214. M. (2018, May 11). Det er en naturlig og logisk reaksjon å ikke like andre flagg på nasjonaldagen. Nettavisen. H. (2004). The location of culture (2nd ed. ). Routledge. 120. M. (2008). Heterotopias of difference. In M. Dehaene & L. (Eds. ), Heterotopia and the city: Public space in a postcivil society (27. B. (2009). A place where the soul can rest. In B. Hooks (Ed. ), Belonging: A culture of place (196. R. (1972). Verbal communication. Scientific American, 227, 72–80. 641. M. (2018). Local communities of artistic practices and the slow emergence of a “post-racial” generation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(6), 1146–1162. 1127. S. (2015). Diversities old and new: Migration and socio-spatial patterns in New York. Palgrave Macmillan. Book 10. 1186/s40878-017-0057-zDownload 4. 0 ( which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 10. 1007/978-3-031-39900-8_9Download citation. RIS. ENW. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that cultural practices and social formations are complex and cannot be solely explained or classified through genetic studies. It discusses the concept of alternative social formations that exist beyond binary oppositions, indicating that a deeper understanding of culture involves multiple factors and perspectives rather than being reduced to genetic analysis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Footnote 16 These “stumbling‐blocks,” Origen said, included things “which did not happen, occasionally something which could not happen, and occasionally something which might have happened but in fact did not. ”Footnote 17 In particular, Origen argued that parts of the creation narratives obviously were not literal: “who is so silly,” he asked, “as to believe that God, after the manner of a farmer, ‘planted a paradise eastward in Eden,’ and set in it a visible and palpable ‘tree of life,’ of such a sort that anyone who tasted its fruit with his bodily teeth would gain life; and again that one could partake of ‘good and evil’ by masticating the fruit taken from the tree of that name? ”Footnote 18 Nevertheless, he thought parts of the narratives might still be historically true: “[s]ometimes a few words are inserted which in the bodily sense are not true, and at other times a greater number. ”Footnote 19 Origen never fully articulated a method for separating the historical from the non‐historical other than to “carefully investigate how far the literal meaning is true and how far it is impossible” and then to “trace out from the use of similar expressions the meaning, scattered everywhere through the scriptures of that which when taken literally is impossible. ”Footnote 20 3. 2 Adam and Eve as Historical, did not regard the “Trees” in the “Garden” as literal things, in Principles he did seem to suggest that Adam and Eve were both real individuals and symbolic of larger dimensions of humanity. For example, in DP IV. III. 7, in a complex passage commenting on Paul's distinction between physical and “spiritual” Israel in 1 Corinthians 15, Origen traces the historical lineage of the Israelites and says Jacob was “born of Isaac, and Isaac descended from Abraham, while all go back to Adam, who the apostle says is Christ. …” Origen then noted that “the origin of all families that are in touch with the God of the whole world began lower down with Christ, who comes next after the God and Father of the whole world and thus is the father of every soul, as Adam is the father of all men. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding paleoenvironments and geological changes. Instead, it discusses Origen's interpretations of creation narratives and their historical implications, which are unrelated to the understanding of past geological changes through paleoenvironmental studies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: J (Engl) 121, 1945–1952 (2008). Galluzzi, L. et al. Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin resistance. Oncogene 31, 1869–1883, doi:10. 1038/onc. 2011. 384 (2012). Bansal, R. & Singh, R. Exploring the potential of natural and synthetic neuroprotective steroids against neurodegenerative disorders: A literature review. Rev 38, 1126–1158, doi:10. 1002/med. 21458 (2018). Chhabra, G. et al. Prostate cancer chemoprevention by natural agents: Clinical evidence and potential implications. 422, 9–18, doi:10. 1016/j. canlet. 2018. 02. 025 (2018). Ramana, K. V. , Reddy, A. B. M. , Majeti, N. & Singhal, S. S. of Natural Antioxidants. 2018, 9471051, doi:10. 1155/2018/9471051 (2018). Menon, V. P. & Sudheer, A. R. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. 595, 105–125, doi:10. 1007/978-0-387-46401-5_3 (2007). Amalraj, A. , Pius, A. , Gopi, S. & Gopi, S. Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives - A review. J Med 7, 205–233, doi:10. 1016/j. jtcme. 2016. 05. 005 (2017). Mahmood, K. , Zia, K. M. , Zuber, M. , Salman, M. & Anjum, M. N. Recent developments in curcumin and curcumin based polymeric materials for biomedical applications: A review. 81, 877–890, doi:10. 1016/j. ijbiomac. 2015. 09. 026 (2015). Dohare, P. , Varma, S. & Ray, M. Curcuma oil modulates the nitric oxide system response to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. 19, 1–11, doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the 'Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin' as outlined by Menon and Sudheer (2007), which supports the assertion that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 조선 왕족과 가까운 사이를 유지하며 명성황후의 암살과 장례식·제사를 경험하고, 고종과 순종의 죽음과 국장도 경험했고 이런 사건들에 대한 기록 역시 남겼다. 게다가, 일본 총독부의 한국 장례식, 무덤 문화에 관한 개입을 목격했고, 양화진 외국인 묘지와 기타 근대적 공동묘지에 대해도 알고 있었으며, 기타 동시대의 역사적 인물의 죽음과 장례에 대해도 언급했다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the importance of historical events and cultural practices, such as the experiences surrounding royal deaths and funerals, which cannot be fully understood through genetic studies alone. It emphasizes that cultural practices are influenced by historical and social factors, as evidenced by the writer's observations of funerals and burial customs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: ”Footnote 21 Further, Origen suggested, “Eve is interpreted by Paul as referring to the Church [and] it is not surprising (seeing that Cain was born of Eve and all that come after him carry back their descent to Eve that these two should be figures of the Church; for in the higher sense all men take their beginnings from the Church. ”Footnote 22 In texts such as these Origen seemed to assume that Adam and Eve were real people even as they symbolize larger truths. Yet it is unclear whether in these texts Origen was simply reading off the literal sense of the Biblical text without commenting on its historicity. In other texts, Origen seemeed to limit the historical content of the Biblical 3. 3 the same time, in this passage in Origen also hints at a notion of the human fall that extends beyond the “historical”: And the expulsion of the man and woman from paradise, and their being clothed with tunics of skins (which God, because of the transgression of men, made for those who had sinned), contain a certain secret and mystical doctrine (far transcending that of Plato) of the souls losing its wings, and being borne downwards to earth, until it can lay hold of some stable resting‐place. Footnote 28 3. 4 of “Matter” One hint at a constructive resolution of the ambiguities in Origen's views about the Fall might lie in Origen's lengthy discourse on “matter” in Book IV, 4. 4. 1 A Platonism? In the Introduction to this paper I noted the philosophical, critical, and scientific problems with an “Augustinian” view of Adam, the Fall and original sin. Origen's approach to the problem can help us navigate through these treacherous shoals. Philosophically, the ontological idealism suggested by Origen's selective use of Greek thought can help us articulate how the universal of “human nature” is to some extent corrupted by the sin of the “one man,” Adam. In response to modern historical criticism, Origen's hermeneutic centered on the Rule of Faith can help us understand how Paul, and the later Patristic tradition, “read backward” into the and saw the sign both of universal human depravity and universal human redemption in the “one man,” Adam. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding paleoenvironmental studies or geological changes. Instead, it discusses theological interpretations of figures from the Bible, specifically addressing Origen's views on Adam, Eve, and concepts related to sin and redemption. There is no mention of paleoenvironments or geological changes in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. niox. 2008. 04. 020 (2008). Mirzaei, H. et al. Phytosomal curcumin: A review of pharmacokinetic, experimental and clinical studies. 85, 102–112, doi:10. 1016/j. biopha. 2016. 11. 098 (2017). Hewlings, S. J. & Kalman, D. S. Curcumin: A Review of Its' Effects on Human Health. Foods 6, doi:10. 3390/foods6100092 (2017). Wilken, R. , Veena, M. S. , Wang, M. B. & Srivatsan, E. S. Curcumin: A review of anti-cancer properties and therapeutic activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. 10, 12, doi:10. 1186/1476-4598-10-12 (2011). He, Y. et al. Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules 20, 9183–9213, doi:10. 3390/molecules20059183 (2015). Vallianou, N. G. , Evangelopoulos, A. , Schizas, N. & Kazazis, C. Potential anticancer properties and mechanisms of action of curcumin. 35, 645–651 (2015). Rodrigues, F. C. , Anil Kumar, N. V. & Thakur, G. Developments in the anticancer activity of structurally modified curcumin: An up-to-date review. 177, 76–104, doi:10. 1016/j. ejmech. 2019. 04. 058 (2019). Al-Hujaily, E. M. et al. PAC, a novel curcumin analogue, has anti-breast cancer properties with higher efficiency on ER-negative cells. 128, 97–107, doi:10. 1007/s10549-010-1089-3 (2011). Youssef, K. M. et al. Synthesis of curcumin analogues as potential antioxidant, cancer chemopreventive agents. (Weinheim) 337, 42–54, doi:10. 1002/ardp. 200300763 (2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that discuss the effects of curcumin on health, particularly its anti-inflammatory properties, as indicated by the studies mentioned, such as those by He et al. (2015) focusing on 'Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked?' The various reviews and research presented suggest a consensus on the therapeutic effects of curcumin, which includes its role in inflammation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 그래서 필립 아리에스 (Philippe Ariès, 1914-1984)의 대표적 죽음 관련 연구로부터 본격적으로 진행되기 시작한 “죽음”의 역사성 연구에 공헌하려고 한다. 윤치호 일기를 통해, 조선 근대화의 갈림길에 썬 윤치호가, 커다란 시대적 변화 속에서, 삶의 끝으로 불변성 강한 “죽음”에 대해 어떻게 인식한지 알아볼 시도이다. 또한 “죽음”에 불변성이 있더라도, 장례 문화는 시대 배경에 따라 당연히 바뀔 것이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while death may have a certain permanence, the cultural practices surrounding it, like funeral customs, inevitably change based on historical contexts. This suggests that understanding cultural practices requires consideration of historical and social factors, thereby challenging the notion that genetic studies alone can fully encapsulate cultural understanding.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: And, scientifically, Origen's affirmation of “matter” as the created temporal substrate of higher levels of reality located ultimately in the can help us affirm the scientific evidence concerning development of the human body and genome from our hominid ancestors while refusing the reductionism entailed by modern materialism. Before unpacking these three claims, it is important to note that there is no suggestion here of a return to the actual details of Origen's Platonic‐Christian synthesis. was right to reject the Gnostic speculations of later Origenism concerning the preexistence of souls, the diversification of souls into humans, angels, demons, and other beings, and the necessary apokatastasis in which all souls return to their original source (different, it should be noted, from the hopeful notion of apokatastasis generally), whether or not Origen actually held those views firmly himself. narrative of creation, fall, and redemption is vastly different from the neo‐Platonic and Gnostic ideas that were at issue in the fourth century debates over Origin's legacy. Nevertheless, Origen correctly saw that the Biblical texts that outline this grand narrative extend outward from themselves, out from the gritty history in which they are grounded, and point toward transcendent truths, without losing their grounding in the literal sense, precisely because they are both human and divine texts. The same is true, Origen saw, in human nature: what makes us “human” is the donation of matter‐with‐Logos by the eternal wisdom of the transcendent God, that the fall is a turn away from this transcendent Logos and a dissolution into mere matter, and that our redemption entails our return to participate in God's transcendent life and to receive his Logos again. 4. 2 Anthropology, Christology and more contemporary terms, Origen rightly concluded that theological anthropology is really Christology. Indeed, the link between the theology of creation, anthropology, and Christology is particularly evident in Origen's first Homily on Genesis. Footnote 40 linked the “in the beginning” of Genesis 1:1 with the “in the beginning” of John 1 and suggested that “[s]cripture is not speaking here of any temporal beginning, but it says that the heaven and the earth and all things which were made were made ‘in the beginning,” that is, in the Savior. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses philosophical and theological concepts related to Origen's views on creation, human nature, and the narrative of the Bible, without mentioning paleoenvironments or geological changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pages. 354-368 2012 1226-8453(pISSN) 2093-4947(eISSN) Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회) the 'Immunity Boost': of Panax ginseng on Kang, Soo-Won (College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University) Min, Hye-Young (College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University) Received : 2012. 06. 14 Accepted : 2012. 07. 19 Published : 2012. 10. 15 ⟨ ⟩ of literatures have described the diverse role of ginseng in physiological processes such as cancer, neurodegenera tive disorders, insulin resistance, and hypertension. In particular, ginseng has been extensively reported to maintain homeostasis of the immune system and to enhance resistance to illness or microbial attacks through the regulation of immune system. Immune system comprises of different types of cells fulfilling their own specialized functions, and each type of the immune cells is differentially influenced and may be simultaneously controlled by ginseng treatment. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng on immune system. We discuss how ginseng regulates each type of immune cells including macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. We also describe how ginseng exhibits beneficial effects on controlling inflammatory diseases and microbial infections. ginseng; Innate immunity; Acquired immunity; Immunomodulation; Cytokine 104. . Recent methodology in ginseng analysis. J 2012;36:119-134. . Microbial conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to pharmaceutically active minor ginsenoside Rd. J Microbiol 2005;43:456-462. . What do commercial ginseng preparations contain? Lancet 1994;344:134. . Effects of Korean red ginseng extract for the treatment of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. J 2011;35:479-486. . Constitutive beta-glucosidases hydrolyzing ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 from human intestinal bacteria. Bull 2000;23:1481-1485. . Immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in the mouse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the diverse roles of ginseng in physiological processes and highlights its capacity to enhance the immune system's resilience and maintain homeostasis. This aligns with the notion of adaptogens, which are believed to help the body adapt to stressors and stabilize bodily functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 윤지호가 기독교와 일제 통제로 인해 바꿔가는 장례문화에 대한 인식을 추구함으로써 근대화를 늘 우선한 윤치호의 조선 전통문화와의 대립에 대해도 엿 볼 수 있을 것이다. 결과적으로 보면, 윤치호가 젊은 시절부터 조선을 지옥으로 생각했음을 일기에서 알 수 있는데, 조선이 곧 지옥이라면 사후에야 갈 수 있는 하늘은 이 조선의 대안이었다. 나이 많은 윤치호 개인에게도 죽음은 곧 더 행복한 세계의 구상이었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that cultural practices, such as the funeral customs of Korea influenced by Christianity and historical control, cannot be understood solely through genetic studies. It illustrates a complex interplay between culture and historical perspectives rather than a genetic framework.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: ”Footnote 41 Concerning the “image of God” in humanity, he asked rhetorically, “what other image of God is there according to the likeness of whose image man is made, except our Savior who is ‘the firstborn of every creature’. …”Footnote 42 The link between anthropology and Christology helps mediate the philosophical tensions within the doctrine of Adam's fall and original sin. Western theology after Augustine and prior to modernity generally drew on juridical and political categories to explain why it is just for God to hold all of humanity to account for Adam's sin. At a time when political authority was understood to inhere in the absolute rule of Kings, it made sense to suggest that the King directs the commonweal, for good or ill. Footnote 43 people today who reside in Constitutionally ordered nation states, this kind of analogy does not resonate so deeply. Nevertheless, we still recognize the justice of some kinds of collective political responsibility even if a sanction produces injustice in individual cases. For example, if the leader of a modern nation‐state engages in acts of genocide, we might expect the to enact sanctions and perhaps to authorize military intervention, and most people likely would think such action in general is just, even though we know some innocent civilians will be negatively impacted. Footnote 44 But even if we can understand the broader justice of upholding the international rule of law and stopping a genocidal leader, we usually do not think justice has truly been served in the individual circumstance of a civilian who loses his livelihood or life as a result of the sanctions. The individual innocent civilian did not deserve this fate, even if it was unavoidable to stop the genocide. Footnote 45 At the same time, in our globalized, post‐modern context, we have once again become more sensitive to the things that bind us together as human beings beyond juridical categories. As the recently reminded us, we can speak of a universal “human spirit” that brings people together in a celebration of excellence that exceeds political, tribal and racial boundaries. And as terrible events like the mass shooting in Orlando likewise recently reminded us, we can experience depths of grief and loss together that exceed even our hottest culture war issues. Notwithstanding the claims of “new atheist” leaders like who claim (ultimately, in contradiction with each other) that we are nothing but genes or brain chemicals, most people know there is something transcendent and universal about human nature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about paleoenvironments and geological changes. It discusses theological and philosophical issues surrounding humanity, justice, and collective responsibility without addressing any aspect of geological changes or paleoenvironmental studies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Biol 2000;78:91-102. . Immunomodulatory activity of ginsan, a polysaccharide of Panax ginseng, on dendritic cells. 2009;13:169-173. . Dendritic cells maturation promoted by M1 and M4, end products of steroidal ginseng saponins metabolized in digestive tracts, drive a potent Th1 polarization. 2004;68:441-452. Inhibiting effects of total saponins of Panax ginseng on immune maturation of dendritic cells induced by oxidized-low density lipoprotein. 2010;263:99-104. . Inhibitory effect of ginsenosides from steamed ginseng-leaves and flowers on the LPSstimulated IL-12 production in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Res 2011;34:681-685. . Natural killer cell signaling pathways. Science 2004;306:1517-1519. . Immunomodulating activity of ginsenoside Rg1 from Panax ginseng. Pharmacol 1990;54:447-454. . Panax ginseng as a potential immunomodulator: studies in mice. 1990;12:257-276. . In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibodydependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodefi ciency syndrome patients. Immunopharmacology 1997;35:229-235. . Innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. 2002;91:281-291. Kurtz J. Memory in the innate and adaptive immune systems. 2004;6:1410-1417. . Humoral immunity due to long-lived plasma cells. Immunity 1998;8:363-372. . Immune response to cholera toxin epitope inserted in Salmonella flagellin. Science 1989;244:70-72. Vecchiarelli A, Casadevall A. Antibody-mediated effects against Cryptococcus neoformans: evidence for interdependency and collaboration between humoral and cellular immunity. 1998;149:321-333. . Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses. 2010;20:34-50. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple studies highlighting the immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng, which supports its classification as an adaptogen. For example, it discusses the immune response modulation by ginsan and ginsenosides, indicating ginseng's potential to influence the immune system. The various references to immune responses, natural killer cell activities, and the overall enhancement of immune function relate back to the adaptogenic properties of ginseng, corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 서양과 달리 기독교가 지배이념이 아니었던 조선에서, 기독교는 줄곧 윤치호에게 조선의 상태를 분석하는 틀과 문명에 대한 인식적 기반을 제공했다. 윤치호가 친일적인 행동을 보이면서 백인에 대해 부정적으로 평가하고 황인의 해방을 기리던 시기에도 영어로 일기 쓰는 관습을 못했던 것처럼, 그는 기독교적 인식을 포기하지 못했고, 그의 우민관도 극복하지 못했다. Without doubt, Yun Ch'i-ho (1864-1945) is one of the most well known and controversial figures in modern Korean history. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the historical and cultural influences on individuals, specifically citing Yun Ch'i-ho's complex identity and relationship with Christianity in a non-Christian dominant society. This demonstrates that understanding cultural practices requires more than just genetic studies, highlighting the significance of social, historical, and cultural contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Footnote 46 theology, including Origen's theology, reading from the Biblical concepts of the “image of God” and of the universal efficacy of Christ's death and resurrection, understood this universal to reside ultimately in God's own “mind. ” Of course, classical Christian theology also emphasized God's simplicity, so that the use of a term like “mind” here was analogical. The point is that the source of human nature transcends materiality and indeed that materiality itself derives from this transcendent source. This is why Christian anthropology ultimately is Christology: only in Christ, the incarnate Son, do we really see the meaning of “Adam. ” theologian and Patristic scholar reminds us, “[t]heologically speaking, creation and its history begins with the Passion of the Christ and from this ‘once for all’ work looks backwards and forwards to see everything in this light, making everything new. ”Footnote 47 This approach can help us see that the implications of Adam's sin for universal human nature are not so much about juridical categories of “justice” as they are about ontology. If Adam's sin distorts the relationship between the particulars of human experience and the universal ideal form of human nature, and if we each take some of that distortion as derived from Adam, it is easier to see why Adam's sin impacts us all. We could even use here an Augustinian‐sounding analogy from modern genetics, though we must be careful to emphasize that the “transmission” of original sin is not “biological. ” The human genetic code must conform to certain forms, certain sequences of amino acids, if it is to produce a properly functioning human being. If the form is disrupted through a mutation, such as a missing or changed amino acid, a disease can result, and that disrupted form can be passed down through generations and affect an entire community of people. Such is the case, for example, with sickle cell anemia among some people of African ancestry or with “Syndrome” and other genetic conditions among people of ancestry. Footnote 48 In a roughly analogical way, Adam's original disruption of human participation in the Divine life distorts the “moral field” of the human life in which we all subsequently find ourselves as the community of humanity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding paleoenvironments or geological changes. Instead, it discusses theological concepts and the implications of Adam's sin on human nature and genetics. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Long-term oral administration of ginseng extract modulates humoral immune response and spleen cell functions. 2005;33:651-661. . Intraperitoneal injection of ginseng extract enhances both immunoglobulin and cytokine production in mice. 2004;32:75-88. . Ginsan enhances humoral antibody response to orally delivered antigen. 2010;10:5-14. Protective effect of ginseng polysaccharides on infl uenza viral infection. PLoS One 2012;7:e33678. . Ginsenoside Rg1 enhances immune response induced by recombinant Toxoplasma gondii SAG1 antigen. 2011;179:28-34. . Effects of red ginseng extract on allergic reactions to food in Balb/c mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;132:206-212. . cells, dendritic cells and CTL Immunity. Biol 2004;82:84-90. . Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Immunol 2002;20:323-370. . Effects of naturally occurring glucosides, solasodine glucosides, ginsenosides and parishin derivatives on multidrug resistance of lymphoma cells and leukocyte functions. 2001;15:151-156. . An acidic polysaccharide of Panax ginseng ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induces regulatory T cells. 2011;138:169-178. . Ginsenoside Rg1 enhances CD4(+) T-cell activities and modulates Th1/Th2 differentiation. 2004;4:235-244. . Mechanisms of immune privilege for tumor cells by regulatory cytokines produced by innate and acquired immune cells. Biol 2002;12:291-300. Alfano M, Poli G. Role of cytokines and chemokines in the regulation of innate immunity and HIV infection. 2005;42:161-182. Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses. 2004;5:987-995. Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Immunol 2001;1:135-145. . Short-term oral administration of ginseng extract induces type-1 cytokine production. 2006;28:227-240. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing various effects of ginseng extract, including modulation of immune response, enhancement of immunoglobulin and cytokine production, and improvement in antibody responses. Such immune enhancements are often linked to adaptogenic properties, which are recognized as helping the body to adapt to stressors and maintain homeostasis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: His diaries, covering a huge span of his eventful life, give witness of the thoughts and feelings of a man who struggled between Confucianism and Christianity, Korean nationalism and Japanese collaboration. himself passed away during the morning of December 6, 1945, he had not only witnessed the end of the and the entire colonial period, but also had parted from three wives and many other family members and friends. In this age of huge transformations in Korea, Yun was also a firsthand witness to such prominent deaths and funerals as those of and personally had to struggle with the Japanese meddling to reform Korean burial practices. Although Yun's views on death and burials can by no means be considered representative for the lot of Koreans during the colonial period, his concerns on death and burials will not only help to trace how death had an impact on his singular life and his changing attitudes. This paper also aims to provide insights into how a modern conception of death became a constant in an ever changing everyday. 키워드 윤치호, 사생관, 장례문화, 근대화, 일제강점기 Yun Ch'i-ho, Attitudes toward death, burial practices, modernity, 참고문헌(37) 1. [기타] 국사편찬위원회 윤치호 일기 한국사 데이터베이스 2. [단행본] 한국민족문화대백과사전 3. [기타] 친일인명사전 4. [단행본] 김을한 1975 좌웅 윤치호 전 을유문고 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that cultural practices, such as burial customs, are deeply rooted in specific social, historical, and religious contexts. For instance, it discusses how Yun Ch'i-ho grappled with Confucianism and personal experiences during a transformative period in Korea, thus indicating that understanding these practices involves more than just genetic studies. The complexities of societal impacts and individual struggles demonstrate that a genetic approach alone is insufficient to fully comprehend cultural practices.