Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: 2 New generation of ChatbotsEvolution of AI driven chatbots brough a new Pre-(ChatGPT) technology utilizing a dialogue-based AI chatbot capable of understanding natural human language and generating quite detailed human-like written text. These ChatGPTs are part of text-generating AIs technologies and are becoming integrated in business, industry, government and other sectors worldwide. GTP systems are trained by AI & ML, and are capable to answer questions via a conversational interface. These new OpenAI systems are trained on a very large sample of text adopted directly from the Internet information System, enabling a dialogue format for ChatGPT to answer or follow-up questions, to admit its mistakes, to challenge incorrect premises, as well as to reject inappropriate requests [3]. The results produced by ChatGPT are based on the data available in the organizational information systems database only. The ChatGPT today, are not able to collect data from primary sources independently and to advance the AI driven technological evolution in social sciences. There are important challenges to make ensure data integrity and data accuracy in conjunction with the structural and legal frameworks regarding the copyright and the author’s rights. There are critical challenges to make sure that the future impact of AI driven chatbots on mental health is minimum. Current studies show, that the anxiety and paranoia levels have increased when interacting with chatbots acting like humans instead of humans communications with humans. Some social applications may mislead people with chatbots acting like humans to help people to socialize utilizing chatbots acting like humans. This may contribute to paranoia, and some users may not be able to distinguish whether they are talking to humans or chatbots. The studies show that extensive use of ChatGPT may contribute to paranoia caused by frequent interactions with chatbots instead of interaction with humans [4]. Advertisement 3. applications in B2BToday, the chatbots are well accepted in the B2B providing a business value and promote framework for training chatbots in order to to better serve B2B customers. Chatbots have potential to provide support for fast and effective B2B shopping experience by providing personalized support and guidance, helping customers to find the right products or services quickly and efficiently. The B2B chatbots are trained to understand the unique client’s needs and p4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the evolution of AI-driven chatbots, particularly highlighting their capabilities of understanding natural human language and answering questions via a conversational interface. It describes the training of ChatGPT systems to answer or follow-up on questions, which aligns with the assertion that AI chatbots can provide healthcare guidance and answer medical questions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All renewable agriculture practices are easily affordable for small-scale farmers. [SEP] Text: Challenges and opportunities may vary dramatically from having to cope with harsh climatic and production conditions to having the option of entering the market, yet farming systems and production decisions are crucial elements to reduce poverty and improve wellbeing. This is particularly true in a time in which growing population, climate change and energy requirements pose increasing pressure on land and natural resources. In either context, the use and exploitation of natural resources is thus a key aspect to consider particularly with regard to the variety choices that can affect genetic diversity and to the use of pesticides that might be induced to achieve standards required by the market. This thesis attempts to address these elements by analysing how small-scale farmers deal with achieving food security and improving their wellbeing through crop production choices, farming technologies and strategies adopted to access the market in marginal but market-oriented conditions as opposed to manage production in harsh agro-ecological conditions. After analyzing in detail the role of agriculture, of Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) and of agricultural markets and seed systems, the thesis is divided in two parts. The first part deals with analyzing how small-scale farmers from the benefit from dynamic changes in the agricultural economy and what is the impact of their production choices on the use of pesticides and of potato varieties adopted. The second part examines how smallholder farmers from the Hararghe region of Ethiopia deal with frequent production difficulties and with production shocks mainly determined by drought through variety adoption choices and what are the impacts of these choices on production efficiency and genetic diversity. The importance of social capital, evident throughout the work presented, is specifically analyzed for the case of Ethiopia. By using different approaches, methodologies and data, among which rigorous impact assessment plays a key role, findings show the unequivocal importance of market access, seed sources, production technologies and social capital. The analysis undertaken demonstrates that programs and policies to be effective need to be implemented throughout the entire value chain: from input use to produce commercialization, whereas social capital might dramatically facilitate the successfulness of variety adoption, seed access and program implementation. Lastly, this work demonstrates that rigorous impact evaluation can help identify aspects of programs and policies crucial to suggest the way forward on achieving sustainable economic development. AB - Keywords: small-scale farmers, food security, impact evaluation, Ecuador, Ethiopia, crop choice, social capital, crop genetic diversity, pesticides. Numerous are the obstacles and difficulties smallholder farmers from developing countries have to face to achieve food security or improve their wellbeing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the numerous obstacles and difficulties that smallholder farmers in developing countries face to achieve food security and improve their wellbeing. It highlights that challenges may vary dramatically and emphasizes that access to market, seed sources, and production technologies are critical factors influencing the economic viability of small-scale farmers. This implies that renewable agriculture practices might not be easily affordable, as affordability is influenced by various external pressures and resource limitations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , Попов В. Н. , Черепанова В. К. , Чудненко К. В. Модельный анализ развития континентальных мантийно-коровых рудообразующих систем. Новосибирск: Изд-во СО РАН, 2009. 409 с. Шер С. Д. Металлогения золота. Сев. Америка, Австралия и Океания. М. : Недра, 1972. 295 с. Шер С. Д. Металлогения золота. Азия, Южн. Америка. М. : Недра, 1974. 256 с. Эволюция южной части Сибирского кратона в докембрии (ред. Е. В. Скляров). Серия Интеграционные проекты СО РАН, вып. 11. Новосибирск: Изд-во СО РАН, 2006. 367 с. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of publications related to mineral resources and geological evolution, but it does not discuss lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4220766/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractpresent significant lifestyle and psychological challenges for patients, requiring comprehensive education and support. Current educational methods have limitations in offering relevant information to the patient, highlighting a potential role for (AI). This study examined the utility of AI in enhancing stoma therapy management following colorectal surgery. Material and compared the efficacy of four prominent Models (LLM)—OpenAI's ChatGPT-3. 5 and ChatGPT-4. 0, Google's Gemini, and Bing's CoPilot—against a series of metrics to evaluate their suitability as supplementary clinical tools. Through qualitative and quantitative analyses, including readability scores (Flesch-Kincaid, Flesch-Reading Ease, and Coleman-Liau index) and reliability assessments (Likert scale, score and QAMAI tool), the study aimed to assess the appropriateness of LLM-generated advice for patients managing stomas. are varying degrees of readability and reliability across the evaluated models, with CoPilot and ChatGPT-4 demonstrating superior performance in several key metrics such as readability and comprehensiveness. However, the study underscores the infant stage of LLM technology in clinical applications. All responses required high school to college level education to comprehend comfortably. While the LLMs addressed users’ questions directly, the absence of incorporating patient-specific factors such as past medical history generated broad and generic responses rather than offering tailored advice. complexity of individual patient conditions can challenge AI systems. The use of LLMs in clinical settings holds promise for improving patient education and stoma management support, but requires careful consideration of the models' capabilities and the context of their use. large language modelsstomaartificial intelligencecolorectal surgeryeducationIntroductionPatient management of stomas can be challenging requiring access to key information. Approximately 49,000 Australians are living with stomas from broad cultural and linguistic backgrounds, highlighting the need for readily accessible and tailored information for patients and their carers. Due to the physical and psychological changes associated with this procedure, patients may raise a multitude of questions regarding stoma management. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the utility of AI, specifically large language models (LLMs), in providing support for stoma management and addressing users' questions directly. It highlights that these AI models can enhance patient education and offer advice, although with some limitations regarding the specificity of the guidance they provide. This aligns with the claim that AI chatbots can deliver healthcare guidance and address medical queries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All renewable agriculture practices are easily affordable for small-scale farmers. [SEP] Text: Challenges and opportunities may vary dramatically from having to cope with harsh climatic and production conditions to having the option of entering the market, yet farming systems and production decisions are crucial elements to reduce poverty and improve wellbeing. This is particularly true in a time in which growing population, climate change and energy requirements pose increasing pressure on land and natural resources. In either context, the use and exploitation of natural resources is thus a key aspect to consider particularly with regard to the variety choices that can affect genetic diversity and to the use of pesticides that might be induced to achieve standards required by the market. This thesis attempts to address these elements by analysing how small-scale farmers deal with achieving food security and improving their wellbeing through crop production choices, farming technologies and strategies adopted to access the market in marginal but market-oriented conditions as opposed to manage production in harsh agro-ecological conditions. After analyzing in detail the role of agriculture, of Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) and of agricultural markets and seed systems, the thesis is divided in two parts. The first part deals with analyzing how small-scale farmers from the benefit from dynamic changes in the agricultural economy and what is the impact of their production choices on the use of pesticides and of potato varieties adopted. The second part examines how smallholder farmers from the Hararghe region of Ethiopia deal with frequent production difficulties and with production shocks mainly determined by drought through variety adoption choices and what are the impacts of these choices on production efficiency and genetic diversity. The importance of social capital, evident throughout the work presented, is specifically analyzed for the case of Ethiopia. By using different approaches, methodologies and data, among which rigorous impact assessment plays a key role, findings show the unequivocal importance of market access, seed sources, production technologies and social capital. The analysis undertaken demonstrates that programs and policies to be effective need to be implemented throughout the entire value chain: from input use to produce commercialization, whereas social capital might dramatically facilitate the successfulness of variety adoption, seed access and program implementation. Lastly, this work demonstrates that rigorous impact evaluation can help identify aspects of programs and policies crucial to suggest the way forward on achieving sustainable economic development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities faced by small-scale farmers, including production difficulties, market access, and the need for specific technologies and strategies to cope with adverse conditions. It indicates that affordability of renewable practices is not straightforward and is influenced by various factors like social capital and market dynamics, suggesting that they are not universally easily affordable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Bierlein, F. P. , Crowe, D. E. Phanerozoic orogenic lode gold deposits Hageman, S. G. , and Brawn, P. E. (Eds). Gold in 2000, SEG Reviews in Economic Geology. 2000, 139. Boyle R. W. The geochemistry of gold and its deposits. Geol. Surv. Canada Bull. 1979, no. 280, 584 p. Cawood, P. A. , Hawkesworth, Ch. J. Temporal relations between mineral deposits and global tectonic cycles/ Jenkin, G. R. T. , Lusty, P. A. J. , McDonald, I. , (eds). 2015. Ore deposits in Evolving Earth. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 393, 21. First published online October 24, 2013, Condie K. C. , Aster R. C. Episodic zircon age spectra of orogenic granitoids: the supercontinent connection and continental growth/ Precambrian Research. 2010. Vol. 180, 236. Condie K. C. , Aster R. C. Reﬁnement of the supercontinent cycle with Hf, Nd and Sr isotopes/ Geoscience Frontiers. 2013. Vol. 4, no. 6, 680. Condie, K. C. , Belousova, E. , Griffin, W. L. , Sircombe, K. N. Granitoid events in space and time: Constraints from igneous and detrital zircon age spectra/ Gondwana Research. 2009. Vol. 15, no. 3-4, 242. Corfu F. , Andrews A. J. Geochronological constrains on timing of magmatism, deformation, and gold mineralization in the greenstone belt, northwestern Ontario/ Can. J. Earth Sci. 1987. Vol. 24, no. 7, 1320. Dawson K. M. , Panteleyev A. , A, Woodsworth G. J. Regional metallogeny Regimes/ of Canada, Geology of Canada. 1991, no. 4, 768. De Ronde, C. E. J. , Spooner, E. T. C. , De Wit, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various topics related to geochemistry, mineral deposits, and geological studies without mentioning lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms. There is no connection established between the content of the text and the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: While many health services employ stoma care nurses to interact with and educate patients, potential barriers to optimal self-care can arise due to factors such as the availability of stomal therapists, language barriers, and the intensity of preoperative patient education. These factors may hinder patients' understanding of their stoma and contribute to deficiencies in self-care [1, 2]. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) such as Models (LLM) in healthcare has increased in recent years [3, 4]. These applications can be implemented across a wide spectrum of healthcare activities, encompassing diagnosis, treatment, research, education, and preparation for surgery [3, 5]. The capability of these LLMs to utilise Processing (NLP) allows a generation of text in response to prompts by predicting the most probable subsequent word from a vast repository of training data. This study aims to ascertain the viability of deploying LLMs as a supplementary educational tool for patients by providing AI-generated responses to inquiries on stoma management. Material and MethodsTwo authors independently assessed and compared the efficacies of four prominent LLMs; Open AI’s ChatGPT-3. 5 and ChatGPT-4. 0, Google’s Gemini, and Bing’s CoPilot. A third (senior author) was available if there were any queries within the assessments. Each LLM was given 10 distinct prompts (Table 1) and their outputs were evaluated utilising a variety of metrics. These prompts were crafted based on the top 10 questions frequently asked during stomal therapy sessions, as observed by our stoma therapist at a major tertiary metropolitan institution, highlighting key areas of concern and interest for patients adjusting to life post-stoma surgery. Efforts were made to employ the browser's incognito mode to minimise the influence of prior internet activities potentially affecting the LLMs’ responses. To ensure consistency, all inputs were submitted to the LLMs on a single day by the same author, using one device and one account. Table 1 Prompts inputted into the LLnumber Prompt 1 I just got my stoma yesterday. When can I get my stoma reversal? 2 I just got my stoma yesterday. Is it permanent or temporary? 3 I just got my stoma yesterday. What can I eat and drink now? 4 I just got my stoma yesterday. What should I avoid eating or drinking? 5 I just got my stoma yesterday. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the implementation of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT in healthcare, particularly for providing educational responses to patient inquiries about stoma management. It highlights how these AI applications can support healthcare services by generating informative text in response to specific medical questions. The study also aims to evaluate the effectiveness of several LLMs in addressing common patient concerns, thus demonstrating their role in supplying basic healthcare guidance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No fertilizers or pesticides are needed if farms adopt sustainable practices. [SEP] Text: pesticides to protect against damage caused by pests. Nansen researches how pest management, based on pesticide applications, can be optimised to ensure both profitability and sustainability. To put his research into practice, he enlisted the help of two computer science undergraduate students to develop the innovative smart spray app, which helps farmers decide when and where to apply pesticides -being the manager/owner of a farm with several individual strawberry fields – all of them larger than five soccer fields, meaning there is a lot of high-value crop under your management. You have a worker helping you with crop scouting: on a regular basis, the worker walks into the fields and looks for crop damage by pests. At some point, your worker finds ‘hot spots’ in some of the fields (groups of strawberry plants) with emerging outbreaks of a pest you have identified. What is the best thing to do? And what needs to be considered when making a decision on how to respond to such a pest outbreak in a crop field? • It takes time and labour costs to perform crop scouting, so there will be a limit to how much crop scouting can be performed. But without crop scouting, farmers won’t know whether they have pest outbreaks – so, what is the optimum level of scouting? Is it possible that the worker performing the crop scouting missed some emerging hot spots of pest outbreaks? • Applications of pesticides to control pest outbreaks require spraying equipment, labour, chemicals, fuel and other expenditures – so, pesticides should not be applied unless necessary. But should the whole field be sprayed or only portions of fields? For instance, only the detected hot spots? • Agricultural pests, such as insects causing crop damage, are known to develop resistance to pesticides. Once that happens, a particular pesticide is no longer effective against a given pest. So, the only real way to minimise the risk of pest populations developing resistance is by only using pesticides when they are causing significant crop damage. But how is that determined? And what if the prediction of risk of the pest causing significant crop damage is wrong? • There are regulations/restrictions on how many times crops can be sprayed with specificpesticides, and applying one pesticide to control one pest may in some cases also kill ‘beneficial insects’ (natural enemies – other insects that actually help farmers by controlling certain pest species). It is possible that applying one pesticide to control pest A causes an outbreak of pest B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of pesticides in pest management despite a focus on sustainability. It emphasizes that pesticides should be used judiciously, but highlights their continued relevance in agriculture by detailing scenarios where pest outbreaks necessitate pesticide application. It also mentions the complexities of pest management, such as the development of resistance and regulatory limits on pesticide use, which suggests that sustainable practices alone may not eliminate the need for pesticides.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: J. , Bray, C. J. Shear zone-related, Au quartz vein deposits in the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: Field and petrographic characteristics, fluid properties, and light stable isotope geochemistry/ Econ. Geol. 1992. Vol. 87, no. 2, 402. Evans, D. A. D. , Mitchell R. N. Assembly and breakup of the core of Paleoproterozoic – Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Nuna/ Geology. 2011. Vol. 39, no. 5, 446. . , Ruiz, J. , Chesley, J. , Minter, W. E. L. and Preservation of the Witwatersrand Goldfields, the World’s Province/ 100th Anniversary Volume, 2005, 797. Girdwood, Ch. P. , Jones, L. F. , Lonn, G. Dome over of in Canada Toronto, Canada, Incorporated, 1983, 249 p. Goldfarb, R. J. of Alaska Goldfarb, R. J. , Miller, L. D. , eds, of Alaska: Monograph 9, 1997, 34. Goldfarb, R. J. , Miller L. D. , Leach, D. B. , and Snee, L. W. Gold deposits in metamorphic rocks of Alaska/ Ore deposits of Alaska. Economic Geology. Monograf. 1997. no. 9, 190. Goldfarb R. J. , Phillips G. N. , Nokleberg W. J. Tectonic setting of synorogenic gold deposits of the/ Ore Geol. Rev. 1998. Vol. 13, 218. . Orogenic gold and geologic time: a global synthesis/ Ore Geol. Rev. 2001. Vol. 18, 75. Goldfarb, R. J. , Baker, T. , Dube, B. , Groves, D. I. , Hart, C. J. R. , Gosselin, P. Distribution, Character, and Genesis of in/ 100th Anniversary Volume, 2005, 450. Goldfarb, R. J. , Bradley, D. , Leach, D. in/ Econ. Geol. 2010. Vol. 105, no. 3, 465. Goldfarb, R. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about lunar ice deposits and ancient microorganisms. Instead, it consists of a series of citations related to various geological studies and topics, none of which are relevant to the claim in question.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: 5 ChatGPT-4 3 4 4 4 Comprehensiveness 3 4 4 2 Readability 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 Informativeness 3 3 4 3 Total 15 18 20 18 ChatGPT-3. 5 Overall, ChatGPT-3. 5 predominantly adopted a “bullet-point” format to convey its key messages, thereby enhancing clarity and succinctness, which in turn facilitated readability. However, in instances where this format was not utilised, such as in prompts 1, 2, and 8, the readability of its answers diminished. Comprehensively, ChatGPT-3. 5’s responses were satisfactory, accurately offering management recommendations such as advising against the consumption of alcohol, caffeine, and spicy foods in response to prompt 4. Notably, ChatGPT-3. 5 consistently advised users to seek guidance from healthcare professionals in every response, embodying a prudent approach that centred around patient safety. While the language employed maintained a “professional tone”, this methodical approach may inadvertently detract it from being seen to convey empathy and therefore unable to foster a sense of approachability with patients. ChatGPT-3. 5 also failed to provide any evidence to substantiate its responses, resulting in a lower reliability. ChatGPT-4. 0 The responses generated by ChatGPT-4 are distinguished by their enhanced length and detail, affording greater elucidation for each prompt. For instance, while the initial two paragraphs of its response to the first prompt bear resemblance to those provided by ChatGPT-3. 5, ChatGPT-4 enriched its answer with the inclusion of two potential scenarios where a stoma reversal may be feasible. Its elaboration for the third prompt was noteworthy, delineating the circumstances and times under which various foods and drinks might be appropriate for consumption post-operatively. Furthermore, ChatGPT-4 employed varied font sizes and headers to augment the structural organisation and readability of its answers. The professional tone of its language potentially limits its accessibility and friendliness towards users. ChatGPT-4 did not provide evidence to support its replies, negatively impacting its reliability as a trusted source. Bing’s CoPilot CoPilot’s responses were detailed and well-formatted. Answers were typically dot-point responses bookended by an introductory and concluding paragraph. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining how AI chatbots, specifically ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4, provide healthcare guidance and manage medical questions. It mentions that ChatGPT-3.5 offers management recommendations, such as advising against certain food and drink consumption, and consistently encourages users to seek guidance from healthcare professionals, aligning with the notion of providing medical guidance. ChatGPT-4 supplements this by elaborating on various scenarios relevant to patient care, further reinforcing the chatbot's ability to respond to medical inquiries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No fertilizers or pesticides are needed if farms adopt sustainable practices. [SEP] Text: This is very similar to what is referred to, in the medical world, as the ‘side effects’ of drug treatments. So, which pesticide should be applied? And if you decide to apply a pesticide that can only be applied once to a given crop per season, how do you know that you won’t need it again later in the growing season? • Finally, if we assume that it is deemed necessary to apply a certain pesticide, what factors may affect the performance (how well the pest outbreak was controlled) of a particular pesticide application? The farmer needs to select the right spraying equipment as well as consider how weather conditions might affect the pesticide application performance. For example, what do you think happens if a pesticide spray application is performed under dry and windy conditions? As you can hopefully appreciate from this brief introduction about the decision-making process associated with pest management, there are lots of factors to take into account, and making the ‘right’ decision is difficult. Also, the possible consequences of making the ‘wrong’ decision can be very costly – either wasting money on pesticide applications that were not necessary or losing money because the pest ruined the crop! In addition, you can hopefully appreciate the many similarities in decision-making between the medical diagnostics of our own health and the diagnostics used to successfully manage risks of pest outbreaks in farming systems. Just as doctors in the health care sector need equipment and guidelines to make decisions – these are generally referred to as decision support tools – applied research in pest management is heavily geared towards developing user-friendly and reliable decision support tools for farmers. This 10. 33424/60 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Gabriel, Christian and Alex with the app Gabriel, Alex and Christian looking at features of the app. Imagine working with a researcher in this way! Yellow spray cards turn blue when hit by liquid such as a pesticide formulation. Farmers use the app to calculate the spray coverage -being the manager/owner of a farm with several individual strawberry fields – all of them larger than five soccer fields, meaning there is a lot of high-value crop under your management. You have a worker helping you with crop scouting: on a regular basis, the worker walks into the fields and looks for crop damage by pests. At some point, your worker finds ‘hot spots’ in some of the fields (groups of strawberry plants) with emerging outbreaks of a pest you have identified. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities and decision-making processes associated with pest management that necessitate the application of pesticides. It emphasizes that there are numerous factors that farmers must consider, such as the timing and efficacy of pesticide applications, which suggests that pesticides are required in certain situations, thereby opposing the assertion that sustainable practices can eliminate the need for such chemicals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , Taylor, R. , Collins, G. , Goryachev, N. A. , Orlandini, O. F. Phanerozoic continental growth and gold metallogeny of Asia/ Gondwana Research. 2014. Vol. 25, no. 1, 102. Goryachev, N. A. , Pirajno, F. Gold deposits and gold metallogeny of Russia/ Ore Geol. Rev. 2014. Vol. 59, 151. Green J. Precious metals in time and place. A geological overview/ Precious Metals: Mining, Extraction, and Process. 27-29, 1984 – Precious metals: mining, extraction, and processing подред. V. Kudryk [et al. ]. ,Warrendale, Pa: of AIME, 1984, 62. Groves D. I. , Phillips N. , Ho -of Gold Deposits: of the/ Econ. Geol. 1987. Vol. 82, no. 8, 2058. on the heterogeneous distribution of mineral deposits through time/ McDonald, I. , (eds). . Geological Society, London, Special Publucations, 2005, 248, 101. Hartman L. A. , Delgado I. M. Cratons and orogenic belts of the and their contained gold deposits/ Miner. Deposita. 2001. Vol. 36, no. 3-4, 217. -Urien E. Exploration for epithermal gold deposits/ Hagemann S. G. , Brown P. E. (eds) Gold in 2000/ SEG Short- course, Tahoe, Nevada. 2000, 277. Hou, G. , Santosh, M. , Qian, X. , Lister, G. S. , Li, J. Configuration of the supercontinent Columbia: Insights from radiating mafic dyke swarms/ Gondwana Research. 2008. Vol. 14, 409. Hutchison, R. W. Metallogeny of Deposits: Space and/ Econ. Geol. 1987. Vol. 82, 2007. Hutchisson, C. S. , Taylor, D. Metallogenesis in SE Asia/ J. of the Geological Society, London. 1978. Vol. 135, 428. Huttori, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references and discussions related to geological and metallogenic studies, with no mention of lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim concerning the potential for lunar ice deposits to contain ancient life forms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: The answers detailed several treatment options and scenarios that broke down the response into easy-to-understand points, even highlighting key words in bold. The use of emojis, prompts to seek guidance from healthcare professionals, and affirmations towards the reader enhanced CoPilot’s patient friendliness. While some responses provided links for further reading, most responses did not highlight any 4. 0 and CoPilot were ranked in the top two, ahead of Gemini and ChatGPT-3. 5 across all three readability scores. In addition, all LLM outputs were found to be at a college reading level and therefore marked as difficult to read. As readability scoring is contingent on the number of words and syllables, the lengthy responses generated by our prompts probably contributed to such high scores. Furthermore, the quality of each LLM response was graded only as ‘fair’ in relation to their score, and analysis of this in conjunction with their QAMAI scoring highlighted a deficiency in the provision of any relevant reference material. Therefore, while responses were mostly easy to read, were clear and also relevant to the questions posed, the reliability of these responses were difficult to appraise. This suggested a need for LLMs to improve their response algorithms through more adequate referencing of their information from trusted guidelines and resources. The comparative analysis of ChatGPT-3. 5, ChatGPT-4. 0, CoPilot, and Gemini, revealed distinct superiority in ChatGPT-4. 0 and CoPilot’s ability to respond to patient queries. While both versions of ChatGPT maintained a professional tone, ChatGPT-4. 0 demonstrated a greater ability to deliver more detailed and structured answers, notably through the inclusion of additional scenarios and the use of varied font sizes and headers to enhance readability. This was also reflected in CoPilot’s responses, which used bolded text and headers. In addition, CoPilot adopted a “friendlier” response combining written information with emojis and affirmations, in particular directed towards the younger reader. The more professional tone used by ChatGPT and Gemini may lead patients to perceive it to be a more formal source of information but by doing this, may lack some degree of empathy. There is evidence within the literature to suggest empathetic responses from AI resources are often viewed as more approachable, and therefore may be perceived as being more trustworthy [13, 14]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how AI chatbots like CoPilot and ChatGPT-4.0 rank highly in readability and clarity in answering patient queries. It highlights CoPilot's ability to provide easy-to-understand responses and its use of prompts to seek further guidance from healthcare professionals, indicating its role in offering basic healthcare advice. The mention of how empathetic responses from AI are perceived as more trustworthy reinforces the chatbots' function in healthcare guidance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No fertilizers or pesticides are needed if farms adopt sustainable practices. [SEP] Text: What is the best thing to do? And what needs to be considered when making a decision on how to respond to such a pest outbreak in a crop field? • It takes time and labour costs to perform crop scouting, so there will be a limit to how much crop scouting can be performed. But without crop scouting, farmers won’t know whether they have pest outbreaks – so, what is the optimum level of scouting? Is it possible that the worker performing the crop scouting missed some emerging hot spots of pest outbreaks? • Applications of pesticides to control pest outbreaks require spraying equipment, labour, chemicals, fuel and other expenditures – so, pesticides should not be applied unless necessary. But should the whole field be sprayed or only portions of fields? For instance, only the detected hot spots? • Agricultural pests, such as insects causing crop damage, are known to develop resistance to pesticides. Once that happens, a particular pesticide is no longer effective against a given pest. So, the only real way to minimise the risk of pest populations developing resistance is by only using pesticides when they are causing significant crop damage. But how is that determined? And what if the prediction of risk of the pest causing significant crop damage is wrong? • There are regulations/restrictions on how many times crops can be sprayed with specificpesticides, and applying one pesticide to control one pest may in some cases also kill ‘beneficial insects’ (natural enemies – other insects that actually help farmers by controlling certain pest species). It is possible that applying one pesticide to control pest A causes an outbreak of pest B. This is very similar to what is referred to, in the medical world, as the ‘side effects’ of drug treatments. So, which pesticide should be applied? And if you decide to apply a pesticide that can only be applied once to a given crop per season, how do you know that you won’t need it again later in the growing season? • Finally, if we assume that it is deemed necessary to apply a certain pesticide, what factors may affect the performance (how well the pest outbreak was controlled) of a particular pesticide application? The farmer needs to select the right spraying equipment as well as consider how weather conditions might affect the pesticide application performance. For example, what do you think happens if a pesticide spray application is performed under dry and windy conditions? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for pesticides in agriculture to control pest outbreaks, emphasizing considerations such as crop scouting and the effective use of pesticides only when necessary. It highlights that the application of pesticides comes with costs and potential harm to beneficial insects, suggesting that complete avoidance of pesticides isn't feasible under certain conditions. This indicates that relying solely on sustainable practices may not eliminate the need for pesticides.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Magnetic felsic intrusions associated with god deposits/ Geology. 1987. Vol. 15, 1111. Kerrich, R. , Feng, R. Archean geodynamics and the Abitibi – Pontiac collision: implications for advection of fluids at transpressive collisional boundaries and the origin of giant quartz vein systems/ Earth-Science Reviews. 1992. Vol. 32, 60. Kerrich, R. , Goldfarb, R. , Groves, D, Garwin, S. , Jia Y. The characteristics, origins, and geodynamic settings of supergiant gold metallogenic provinces/ Science in China (Series D), Supp. December 2000. Vol. 43, 68. Kirk J. , Ruiz J. , Chesley J. , Walshe J. , England G. A Major Archean, Gold- and Crust-in the Kaapvaal Craton,/ Science. 2002. Vol. 297, 1858. Kulish, E. A. , Komov, I. L. Epochs of metamorphogenic gold mineralization/ 8th in conjunct. with 12-18, 1990: Program with Abstracts, Ottawa, 1990, p. 76. Law, J. D. M. , Phillips, G. N. Model for/ 100th Anniversary Volume. 2005, 811. Leahy, K. , processes that control the global distribution of giant gold deposits/ McDonald, I. , (eds). . Geological Society, London, Special Publucations, 2005, 248, 132. . ,. , Romano, S. S. , Maas, R. ,. Crustal evolution, intra-cratonic architecture and the metallogeny of an Archaean craton/ Jenkin, G. R. T. , Lusty, P. A. J. , McDonald, I. , Smith, M. P. , Boyce, A. J. &Wilkinson, J. J. (eds). in an Evolving Earth. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2015, 393, 80. Nelson, J. L. , and Colpron, M. Tectonics and metallogeny of the Canadian and Alaskan Cordillera, 1. 8 Ga to present. In: Goodfellow, W. D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various geological subjects and metallogeny without mentioning lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms. It lists multiple studies related to gold deposits and geodynamics, which do not connect to the topic of microorganisms on the Moon.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: ReviewSofia Fernandes1,2,3, MScN Armin von Gunten4, MPhil, MD Henk Verloo1,4, PhD 1School of Health Sciences, University of Switzerland (HES-SO), Sion, Switzerland2de la Home, Le Châble, Switzerland3Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of and Research in Healthcare, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland4Service of and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandCorresponding Author:of Health SciencesUniversity of Switzerland (HES-SO)Chemin de l’Agasse 5Sion, 1950SwitzerlandPhone: 41 00415860861Email: sofia. fernandes@hevs. chAbstractBackground: The behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common among people with dementia and have multiple negative consequences. Artificial intelligence–based technologies (AITs) have the potential to help nurses in the early prodromal detection of BPSD. Despite significant recent interest in the topic and the increasing number of available appropriate devices, little information is available on using AITs to help nurses striving to detect BPSD early. Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the number and characteristics of existing publications on introducing AITs to support nursing interventions to detect and manage BPSD early. Methods: A literature review of publications in the PubMed database referring to AITs and dementia was conducted in September 2023. A detailed analysis sought to identify the characteristics of these publications. The results were reported using a narrative approach. Results: A total of 25 publications from 14 countries were identified, with most describing prospective observational studies. We identified three categories of publications on using AITs and they are (1) predicting behaviors and the stages and progression of dementia, (2) screening and assessing clinical symptoms, and (3) managing dementia and BPSD. Most of the publications referred to managing dementia and BPSD. Conclusions: Despite growing interest, most AITs currently in use are designed to support psychosocial approaches to treating and caring for existing clinical signs of BPSD. AITs thus remain undertested and underused for the early and real-time detection of BPSD. They could, nevertheless, provide nurses with accurate, reliable systems for assessing, monitoring, planning, and supporting safe therapeutic interventions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of artificial intelligence technologies (AITs) to assist in early detection of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), which is relevant in the context of Alzheimer’s disease. The conclusion emphasizes that AITs could support nurses in assessing and managing early signs of dementia, indicating that similar approaches could be applied for detecting other diseases like cancer.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing research is still in its early stages and faces many technical challenges. [SEP] Text: S M L You need 7. 0 or later in order to read PDF files on this site. Reader is not installed on your computer, click the button below and go to the download site. Feature 2023. Fault-tolerant 1. Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers and fault-tolerant quantum computers Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers, which do not execute quantum error correction, do not require overhead for encoding. However, because errors inevitably accumulate, there is a limit to computation size. Fault-tolerant quantum computers (FTQCs) carry out computation on encoded qubits, so they have overhead for the encoding and require quantum computers of at least a certain size. The gap between NISQ computers and FTQCs due to the amount of overhead is shown in Fig. 1. Is this gap unavoidable? Decades ago, many researchers would consider the answer to be in the negative. However, our team has recently demonstrated a new, unprecedented method to overcome this gap. Motivation to overcome this gap has also led to a research trend that started at around the same time worldwide. These efforts, collectively called early fault-tolerant quantum computing “early-FTQC”, have become a worldwide research movement. In this 1. Gap between NISQ computers and FTQCs. 2. Possibilities and limitations of NISQ computers In the 0. 1 to 1% for a single gate operation. Roughly speaking, the total error rate increases with the number of gates, so 1000 gate operations would be difficult to achieve without error countermeasures. As introduced in the 3. Improving FTQC efficiency Is it the case, then, that quantum computers cannot overcome noise and errors and scale up further? It is known that error-correcting codes can also be applied to quantum computers. A fault-tolerant quantum computer (FTQC) can execute quantum computation on encoded qubits. An FTQC requires overhead, and the number of qubits needed is considered to be 1000 to 10,000 times that without encoding. As research and development of FTQC-architecture-based efficient encoding and decoding systems and compilers have just begun, improvement in efficiency is highly expected. We carried out several research projects to date on such improvements, and two are introduced as follows. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing advancements in fault-tolerant quantum computers (FTQCs) and how recent developments have led to a global research trend focused on early fault-tolerant quantum computing. It challenges the notion of quantum computing being in its early stages by stating that the research on FTQCs has already begun and improvements in efficiency are expected. The discussion around overcoming the gap between noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers and FTQCs, as well as the emphasis on the application of error-correcting codes, indicates ongoing research and progress, which contradicts the claim that research is merely in its early stages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: (Eds. ), of Canada: A Synthesis of Types, District Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods. Division, of Canada, Special Publication. 2007. Vol. 5, 791. Nesbitt, B. Gold deposit continuum: a genetic model for lode Au mineralization in the continental crust/ Geology. 1988. Vol. 16, 1048. -Ores in Alaska: Igneous vs. // Resource Geology, Special Issue, 1995, no. 18, 100. . F. ,. ,. L. M. , Scotese, C. R. , and Sidorov, A. A. Metallogenesis and tectonics of the East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera. 1697, 2005, 429 p. Padgham, W. A. Turbidite-Hosted Gold-in the/ Turbidite-Deposits (J. D. Keppie, R. W. Boyle, and S. J. Hayneseds. ) of Paper 32, 1986, 134. Phillips, G. N. , Powell, R. Origin of the Witwatersrand gold: devolatisation-hydrothermal replacement model/ Science (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B). 2011. Vol. 120, no. 3, 129. . and Willman, C. E. Gold: Historical wealth, future potential. In Birch, W. D. (ed. ), Geology of Victoria, of Publication 23, of Australia (Victoria Division). 2003, 433. Percival, J. A. Geology and metallogeny of the Superior Province, Canada/ Goodfellow, W. D. , ed. , of Canada: Synthesis of Major Deposit-Types, Districts Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods: of 2007. No. 5, 928. Pirajno, F. of China’s Mineral Deposits. Springer, Dordrecht, 2013, 44. Robert, F. , Metallogeny of the Superior and/ 100th Anniversary Volume. 2005, 1033. Roberts, N. M. W. The boring billion? Lid tectonics, continental growth and environmental change associated with the Columbia supercontinent/ Geoscience Frontiers. 2013. Vol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various geological topics and metallogeny, primarily focused on mineral deposits and geological publications. It does not provide information about lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms, leading to a determination of 'pass' for the relevance of this text to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: The literature suggests different models or approaches, but all agree on three distinct steps which are (1) assessing manifestations of the BPSD that the patients present with, (2) formulating a hypothesis to help understand them, and (3) designing 1 or more interventions targeting their trigger factors [4,13-15]. Interventions can be psychosocial, pharmacological, or a combination of both [4,13-15]. Traditionally, detecting symptoms, monitoring their evolution, and evaluating treatment efficacy are based on nursing observations documented using assessment scales (and Cohen-Inventory) or solely using written notes in the patient’s medical record [15,16]. However, this process may prove ineffective for the early detection of the signs of BPSD, and nurses may perceive it as a potential factor in work overload [12]. Indeed, the first 2 steps require the investment of health care professionals, informal caregivers, and other individuals, and the third is more complex due to the variability and multifactorial nature of the BPSD. The BPSD challenges nurses daily, often triggering crises that are extremely complex to manage. Responding effectively and efficiently to these clinical issues requires more intensive observation and specialized care, with a greater emphasis on the prodromal detection of warning signs. However, due to an aging workforce and difficult working conditions (eg, high levels of stress and burnout, job dissatisfaction, and low levels of retention), the health care sector is facing a shortage of nursing staff [17]. Council of Nurses estimates a need for 13 million extra nurses to fill the worldwide shortages in the profession [18]. This shows the limitations of current human resources–based strategies, with the corollary need to explore innovative and sustainable solutions. In recent decades, new information technologies have been adopted by every area of health care [19]. The first information technologies to be integrated into health care were electronic medical and health records, clinical information systems, and health information exchanges. More recently, other technologies have emerged, such as clinical decision support systems, mobile health apps, telehealth, telemedicine, robotics, wireless medical devices, and virtual reality [19-21]. Technological development in the health care sector, including nursing, is currently focused on artificial intelligence (AI) [19]. In the field of health care, AI usually refers to software capable of interpreting clinical data, learning from it, and helping clinical decision-making [19,22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing that technological development in the health care sector is currently focused on artificial intelligence (AI), which is defined as software capable of interpreting clinical data, learning from it, and aiding in clinical decision-making. This aligns with the idea that AI can help detect early signs of diseases, including cancer and Alzheimer’s, as it enhances clinical assessments and decision processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing research is still in its early stages and faces many technical challenges. [SEP] Text: The first project is on improving the efficiency of the computational process on encoded data. The standard method of quantum error correction is encoding with what are called surface codes. These codes work relatively efficiently with nearest-neighbor interactions between qubits arranged in a two-dimensional lattice and have a high fault-tolerant threshold. A promising method for executing quantum computation with surface code is lattice surgery. As shown in Fig. 2, we have shown that improving the efficiency of lattice surgery can be treated as a scheduling problem of computational paths in three dimensions, which takes into account the time axis of the computation, and have achieved several promising improvements in efficiency [5]. Fig. 2. A scheduling problem of lattice surgery on FTQC. The second project is on improving the circuit efficiency of quantum algorithms. The task for determining the eigenenergy of the Hamiltonian in quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics by quantum phase estimation, a key quantum algorithm, is a representative approach of FTQC, showing quantum supremacy in practical problems. Compared with previous methods, qubitization [6, 7] converts the Hamiltonian into a form for which quantum-phase estimation is executable with fewer resources. To execute quantum-advantageous computation in the early-FTQC era, it is necessary to optimize the circuit elements in this qubitization. We reduced the number of T-gate operations, which incur computational costs in FTQCs. Specifically, we succeeded in reducing the number of T-gates in a quadratic polynomial manner for circuits for the Schwinger model [8]. 4. Early-FTQC In the previous section, FTQCs and efforts to improve their efficiency were introduced. There are limits to improving the computation efficiency of an FTQC, and some overhead is inevitable. What costs are then incurred to run a useful FTQC? Figure 3 illustrates the FTQC regime. The horizontal axis represents the number of logical operations executed on the encoded quantum state. A logical operation including the overhead of computing on the encoded data is counted as one operation. The vertical axis represents the error rate of logical operations, i. e. , the probability that an error will occur for each logical operation, which cannot be corrected despite using quantum error correction. The greater the number of logical operations and lower the logical error rate, the greater the scale of an FTQC can be run. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting advancements in quantum computing research, specifically detailing projects aimed at improving computational efficiency and managing error rates. It describes methods such as surface codes and lattice surgery, as well as the optimization of quantum circuits to enable more effective computations, indicating that significant progress is being made rather than remaining in the early stages with numerous challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 4, no. 6, 691. Rundqist, D. V. Kravchenko, S. M. The role of geologic time in the genesis of giant mineral deposits/ and Metallogeny. 2001. Vol. 7, no. 3-4, 201. Van Staal, C. R. Pre-Carboniferous tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the/ Goodfellow, W. D. , ed. , of Canada: Synthesis of Major Deposit-Types, Districts Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods: of. 2007, no. 5, 818. Viljoen R. Р. , Saager R. , Viljoen М. J. Some thoughs on the origin and processes responsible for the concentration of gold in the early precambrian of Southern Africa. Miner. Deposita. 1970. Vol. 5, no. 2, 180. Zhou, T. , Goldfarb,R. J. , Phillips, G. N. Tectonics and distribution of gold deposits in China – an overview/ Miner. Deposita. 2002. Vol 37, no. 3-4, 282. Supplementary files Action 1. 2. FIG. 1. The productivity of the most important gold ore epochs, according to R. Goldfarb et al. (Goldfarb et al. , 2001, 2005, 2010), with simplifications, and supercontinental cycles in the history of the Earth with dating of alluvial, detrital and granite zircons (bold line) and actually zircons of orogenic granitoids (dashed line) according to K. Condi and R. Aster (Condie and Aster, 2010) with simplifications. Download (84KB) Indexing metadata 3. FIG. 2. Gold ore belts and ranges of different ages (Goryachev et al. , 2005): 1 - Cenozoic, 2 - Meso-Cenozoic, 3 - Mesozoic, 4 - Paleozoic, 5 - Precambrian, 6 - areas of manifestation of large paleo-placer deposits. The black curve shows the conditional boundary of the metallogenic (in gold) heterogeneity of Precambrian cratons. Download (129KB) Indexing metadata 4. FIG. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about lunar ice deposits and ancient microorganisms. It primarily discusses geological time, the genesis of mineral deposits, and tectonic evolution, which are unrelated to the presence of microorganisms on the Moon.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: Combined with critical thinking and human judgment, AI has the potential to improve nurses’ clinical reasoning by increasing the speed and accuracy of assessment, anticipation, synthesis, and knowledge generation [23]. From 1985 to date, the PubMed database lists 1086 publications on AI in nursing. There has been a significant growth in the number of these publications since 2020, reinforcing the nursing sciences’ aims of developing and adapting nursing practices in line with sociodemographic changes and health care system, and medical and technical progress. [24]. Promoting the development, adoption and effective use of AI-based technologies (AITs) in health care has been identified as a key strategy to address the challenges related to both the complexity of managing the BPSD and limited resources [19,25-28]. Despite significant recent interest in the topic and the increasing number of technical devices on the market, little information is available on introducing AITs to help nurses attempting to detect BPSD as early as possible. This narrative review aims to identify and summarize the characteristics of existing publications concerning the use of AITs to support nurses in the early identification and management of BPSD. MethodsSearch StrategyThis narrative review was conducted following the Toronto and Remington guidelines [29]. The research question used to guide it was as follows:What are the available publications on the use of artificial-intelligence-based technologies in neuropsychiatric symptoms related to dementia? We consulted the PubMed database in September 2023 using the descriptors and keywords “artificial intelligence,” “behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia,” and “neuropsychiatric symptoms” (Multimedia 1. A total of 30 publications were identified and included after their titles and abstracts were reviewed. Following a thorough examination of their full texts, 5 publications were excluded because they focused on mental health issues unrelated to dementia or BPSD. In total, 25 publications were included. Textbox 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the use of AI in health care, specifically regarding the early identification and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms related to dementia. It indicates that AI technologies (AITs) can support nurses in detecting these symptoms early, which relates directly to the claim about AI being developed for early disease detection. Additionally, it highlights the growing body of literature on AI in the context of nursing and health care, suggesting progress in utilizing AI for health-related assessments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing research is still in its early stages and faces many technical challenges. [SEP] Text: The region to the left of the green line in this figure indicates the region where the scale of computation is tractable enough for classical simulation. The green line is curved at the top because a higher error rate makes it even easier to carry out classical simulation. The region to the right of the brown line represents long-term FTQCs. In this region, we can run algorithms in which the quantum advantage can be demonstrated for meaningful applications. The region between the green and brown lines is what we call early-FTQC [9]. This is the region from the boundary satisfying logical quantum supremacy to the boundary of long-term FTQCs. We believe that heuristic quantum algorithms exist in this region, and it is the region where an FTQC will be first run. Quantum algorithms used in the early-FTQC regime share many traits with NISQ algorithms. The major difference from NISQ era is that because early-FTQC have acquired fault tolerance, they will continue to execute larger computations as quantum computers are scaled up. In other words, as the size of the quantum computer increases, the potential for better computation increases. Fig. 3. FTQC regime. Are there ways to further hasten the achievement of early-FTQC? The efficiency-improvement methods described in the previous section are of course significant and effective. Another proposal is rewriting the circuit for algorithms to reduce the number of qubits by incorporating the classical post-processing procedure [10]. Our team has also presented a novel method of applying QEM, considered to be a class of techniques for the NISQ era, to hasten the achievement of early-FTQC [9]. This method adapts a quasi-probability method, a QEM technique mentioned above, to an FTQC. Unlike quasi-probability methods for the NISQ era, we do not mitigate physical errors but logical errors. As shown in Fig. 4, recovery operations for error correction in an FTQC are carried out using fundamental quantum operations called Pauli operations. operations are simple, they can be efficiently carried out in batches as the final classical post-processing procedure. In many cases, quasi-probability-based QEM can also be carried out using Pauli operations, so it can be incorporated into the classical post-processing procedure. In some cases, it cannot be carried out with Pauli operations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by detailing progress in the field of quantum computing, particularly in the context of early fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). It highlights that early-FTQC has acquired fault tolerance and that quantum algorithms in this regime can lead to meaningful applications, indicating that research is advancing beyond what may be considered 'early stages.' Furthermore, the text discusses specific advancements and methodologies that can expedite the achievement of early-FTQC, which suggests that the field is overcoming technical challenges rather than remaining in the early phase.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Congress 2024 Building, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany 8–13 September 2024 Congress 2024 Building, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany 8–13 September 2024 Congress 2024 Building, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany 8–13 September 2024 committee & media by session Session overview Licence & copyright Exhibition & sponsorship List of exhibitors & sponsors My profile My network HomeTPTP6EPSC2024-1222 Multiple terms: term1 term2 red apples returns results with all terms like: Fructose levels in red and green apples Precise match in quotes: "term1 term2" "red apples" returns results matching exactly like: Anthocyanin biosynthesis in red apples Exclude a term with -: term1 -term2 apples -red returns results containing apples but not red: Malic acid in green apples Close hits for "" in Search in: All Pare no results for your search term. Network problems We are sorry, but your search could not be completed due to network problems. Please try again later. Server timeout We are sorry, but your search could not be completed due to server timeouts. Please try again later. Invalid search term We are sorry, but your search term seems to be invalid. Please refine your search. Too many requests We are sorry, but we have received too many parallel search requests. Please try again later. Searching [Back] [Session TP6]. 17, EPSC2024-1222, 2024, updated on 03 Jul 2024 Congress 2024 © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. U-Record of Zircons from and the Lindner1, Jasper Engelmann2, Harry Becker1, Frederic Couffignal3, and Scicchitano3 et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding lunar ice deposits harboring ancient microorganisms. Instead, it contains administrative details about a congress and search functionalities, which are unrelated to the scientific discussion of lunar ice and microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: We identified three categories of publications depending on the AIT’s use and they are (1) predicting behavior and the stage and progression of dementia, (2) screening and assessing clinical symptoms, and (3) managing dementia and the BPSD (Figure 3). A total of 4 publications reported on the use of machine learning technology to predict dementia behavior and the stage and progression of dementia [34,36-38]. Three publications referred to the use of natural language processing for screening and assessing clinical symptoms [35,48,49] and 1 reported on the use of machine learning [50]. One publication described the use of wearable technologies [40], and 1 combined this type of AIT with machine learning [46]. Finally, 10 publications reported on the use of robotics as a psychosocial approach to managing dementia and BPSD [32,39,41,42,44,45,51-54] (Table 1). One publication reported on the use of AITs to predict the stage and progression of dementia [31], 1 described the detection and measurement of dementia’s clinical symptoms [48], and 6 examined dementia management [39,41,44,51-53]. As for the BPSD, 5 publications reported using AITs to predict behavior [33,36,37,46,47], 3 described the detection and assessment of clinical symptoms [35,40,49], and 5 looked at managing behavior [32,42-44,55] (Figure 4). In the context of the BPSD, behavior management refers to interventions carried out to identify and act on trigger factors. Figure 2. Number of publications by type of artificial intelligence–based technology. Figure 3. Number of publications by artificial intelligence–based technology use. Table 1. Publications by type of AITa and use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various applications of artificial intelligence technology (AIT) in relation to dementia, which is closely associated with Alzheimer's disease. It describes how machine learning and natural language processing are used for predicting behavior, assessing clinical symptoms, and even managing dementia-related issues. This indicates that AI is indeed being utilized to assist in the detection and management of early signs related to conditions like Alzheimer’s.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing research is still in its early stages and faces many technical challenges. [SEP] Text: In this case, the process is carried out physically (see [9] for details). Fig. 4. Application of QEM to an FTQC. What becomes important is the cost of QEM. Because the variance of results increases as the amount of errors increases, we need the cost of repeating computations to statistically estimate errors and obtain the correct result. Because there is no error-correction function in NISQ computers, the amount of errors increases as the quantum-computation size increases. Because QEM cost increases exponentially, there is a practical limit to the computation size for which QEM can be used. An FTQC is equipped with error correction, so a region where QEM can be used within reasonable parameters always exists when computation size increases. In an FTQC, the code distance and overhead are normally set so that the number of errors remaining in the computation results to obtain the correct result is sufficiently smaller than 1 (the line Ne = 10−3 in Fig. 3). If QEM is applied to an FTQC, the number of errors can be relaxed to about 1 (the line Ne = 1 in Fig. 3), code distance can be shortened, and overhead needed for error correction can be reduced. As indicated with the red arrows in Fig. 3, the region of early-FTQC is expanded (the region of long-term FTQC is also similarly expanded. ) In fact, we have shown that by using QEM, the number of qubits required for an FTQC can be reduced by about 80%. In other words, using the same number of qubits, quantum computation size can be increased 1000-fold in terms of the number of quantum operations due to the effect of QEM. 5. Further development of early-FTQC Early-FTQC has been progressing with various implications. Early-FTQC in a broader sense has also been investigated so far. Early-FTQC described in the previous section meant the initial stages of an FTQC and efforts to hasten the achievement of FTQCs. However, the concept of early-FTQC as a “partial” FTQC, occupying the intermediate stage between a NISQ computing and full-fledged FTQC, has recently emerged. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing advancements in quantum error mitigation (QEM) and the development of early fault-tolerant quantum computing (early-FTQC). It highlights that early-FTQC has been progressing with significant implications, suggesting that quantum computing may not be as early-stage as the claim implies. Furthermore, it indicates that the use of QEM can greatly enhance computational capacity and reduce the number of qubits required for fault-tolerant quantum computation, challenging the idea that quantum computing is still constrained by substantial technical challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Anne Lindner1, Jasper Engelmann2, Harry Becker1, Frederic Couffignal3, and Scicchitano3 1Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany 2-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung, Kiel, Germany 31Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany 2-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung, Kiel, Germany 3: The Moon's impact basins and their deposits retain information about the timing, flux and composition of late accretion in the inner solar system. However, isotopic ages of particular basins have been difficult to determine reliably because reheating by later impacts have affected chronometers to variable extent and gardening of impact ejecta has led to additional complexity. Recently, in situ U-Pb geochronology of zirconium minerals and calcium phosphates coupled with petrographic, geological and geochemical studies have provided more evidence for the most likely ages of at least some lunar basins [1-8]. These data can be compared with advanced models of ejecta distribution and the contributions of impact melt from specific basins to the lunar landing sites [9] and with absolute model ages obtained by improved crater counting data (e. g. [10, 11]). It is important to expand the still limited database of reliable lunar impactite ages to better define basin ages. Because of the robustness of zircons, in situ U-Pb ages of these minerals in lunar impactites have the potential to provide clues for the early lunar bombardment history as they are more resistant to resetting than for instance K-Ar ages. The present study is focusing on Apollo 16 and 17 ancient regolith breccias, which contain a mixture of mineral and lithic clasts from different highland and other lithologies. The goal of the study was to test if they contain zircons that can be dated and if ages match those found in other lithologies at these landing sites. Ancient regolith breccias: Four thin sections were screened with SEM for zirconium phases (67035,13; 67115,29; 74115,18; 76565,8). 16 samples were collected at the Crater rim. 67115,29 contains impact melt and some glass coated fragments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about lunar ice deposits possibly containing ancient microorganisms. Instead, it focuses on geological studies of lunar basins, isotopic dating, and the characteristics of lunar samples, which are unrelated to the concept of ancient microorganisms being preserved in lunar ice. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: Yet, in different health care settings and contexts, AITs could provide nurses with accurate and reliable systems for assessing, monitoring, planning, and supporting safe therapeutic interventions [27,56]. Based on our findings, it appears that the use of AITs has been explored more in acute care than in long-term care settings, which include community care and nursing homes. However, the prevalence of BPSD seems to be higher in the context of long-term care, particularly in nursing homes where 80%-90% of residents exhibit at least 1 of the BPSD and institutional resources tend to be more limited [57]. As mentioned above, BPSD has traditionally been assessed and monitored by health care professionals’ observations of patients’ behaviors [15,16]. However, this process may have limited success in the early detection of warning signs of the BPSD, and health care professionals perceive it to be another task or factor leading to work overload [11]. Therefore, it seems appropriate to anticipate symptom escalation and optimize staff and financial resources. Multimodal sensors for capturing physiological parameters, activity trackers, and facial expression recognition are all promising AITs that make the process of managing the BPSD more efficient and personalized [40,58-61]. By mining information from such devices, nurses could detect early warning signs of BPSD and their trigger factors. By combining this information with their clinical knowledge and experience, nurses could be equipped with a clinical decision-making support system enabling them to guide and personalize their therapeutic interventions [56,62-64]. Although nurses agree about the potential usefulness of AITs, most do not fully understand AI’s underlying principles, and they are concerned about the potential consequences of its use in clinical practice [65-68]. Other obstacles pertaining to AITs include the unknown cost-benefits of their use in health care settings, the current lack of use and data management protocols in those settings, and the lack of information technology capacity there to support them [69,70]. The published papers identified in this review reinforced these points as the involvement of nurses in designing studies and the use of AITs was low. However, in interdisciplinary contexts, nurses have key roles to play in the conception and design of AIT devices, verifying their effectiveness and adapting their use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of AITs (artificial intelligence technologies) to detect early warning signs of BPSD (Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia), which is relevant in the context of Alzheimer's disease. It states that multimodal sensors and data mining could assist nurses in identifying these early signs, thus supporting the idea that AI is developed for early detection in healthcare.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum algorithms like Shor's can theoretically break traditional encryption systems. [SEP] Text: Epidermal and dermal cell suspensions were combined and stained with anti-CD11b (eBioscience) and anti-F4/80 antibodies (eBioscience). Due to small tissue size, chin skin cells from three mice were combined for each experiment. FACS data were analyzed using FlowJo. RNA-sequencing and analyses Request a detailed protocol Total RNA was isolated using the RKit (Qiagen). RNA samples with RIN >8. 0 were considered for cDNA library preparation. Full-length cDNA library amplification and tagmentation was performed as previously described (Picelli et al. , 2014). Libraries were multiplexed and sequenced as paired-end on an Illumina Next-Seq500 platform. Paired-end reads were aligned to the mouse genome (mm10/gencode. vM8) and quantified using the RNA-seq by Expectation-Maximization algorithm (RSEM) with standard parameters (version 1. 2. 25) (Li and Dewey, 2011). Samples were batch-effect corrected. EdgeR (version 3. 14. 0) was employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across samples of interest. FPKM values were taken as inputs for PCA analysis and DEG analyses. Data is available at GEO: GSE85039. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 1. The putative inhibitor set includes multiple BMP ligands (Bmp2, Bmp4, Bmp6, Bmp7), BMP receptors (Bmpr1a, Bmpr1b and Bmpr2), BMP-specific transcription factors (Smad2, Smad5 and Smad7), and soluble (Wif1, Sfrp1), transmembrane (Kremen1), and intracellular WNT antagonists (Nkd2, Prickle1). Validating model-predicted roles for BMP signaling in hair cycle control For BMP signaling, we examined Krt14-Bmp4 (Guha et al. , 2004) and Krt14-Noggin mice (Plikus et al. , 2004, 2005) overexpressing BMP ligand and soluble antagonist, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses biological processes and techniques related to RNA sequencing and BMP signaling, without any mention of quantum algorithms or encryption systems. Thus, it does not provide any corroboration, contrast, or related information concerning the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 67035,13 contains highly feldspatic matrix, pristine highland material, melt breccias and granulitic clasts. Most of the bigger clasts are anorthosites. 74115,18 is a compacted soil breccia, collected in the ‘light mantle’ area and contains fragments of orange glass spheres and shards, granulites and high-Ti mare basalts. 76565,8 is a dimict breccia rake sample from the North massif with a similar clast inventory. Zircon grains occur as individual mineral clasts in the matrix of the breccias, within larger lithic clasts or as coronas onilmenites. U-Pb age record in zircons: The new data show little to no common Pb in zircons and ancient 207Pb206Pb ages ranging from 3. 92 to 4. 37 Ga with uncertainties ranging from 9 to 29 Ma (2s). Breccia 67035,13 yields ages of 4. 25 to 4. 37 Ga, whereas 67115,29 shows an age of 4. 21 Ga. Breccia 74115,18 shows age clusters at 3. 92-3. 93, 4. 11-4. 17 (most analyses) and 4. 34 Ga, 76565,8 at 4. 16-4. 33 Ga. The oldest age of 4. 33 Ga in 76565,8 belongs to a zircon grain attached to clinopyroxene in a evolved lithology. The oldest measured zircon (4. 34 Ga) in 74115,18 is an individual grain in a clinopyroxene rich clast, the youngest ages at ~3. 9 Ga belong to grains attached to ilmenite or noritic compositions. The 4. 11-4. 17 Ga cluster occurs in anorthositic clasts with granulitic texture and may reflect 2 or more discrete events or discordance from reheating of older zircon by the 3. 92 Ga event. The youngest age of breccia 67035,13 (4. 25 Ga) was found for an individual zircon grain associated with olivine and anorthite clasts in the matrix. 67115,29 yields an age of 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text mainly discusses the geological properties and age dating of lunar breccias and zircon grains. It provides specific age ranges for lunar materials but does not address the presence of ice deposits or microorganisms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about lunar ice potentially harboring ancient microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]König A, Mallick E, Tröger Measuring neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with early cognitive decline using speech analysis. Eur Psychiatry. 2021;64(1):e64. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Mallo SC, Valladares-Rodriguez S, Facal D, Lojo-Seoane C, Fernández-. Neuropsychiatric symptoms as predictors of conversion from MCI to dementia: a machine learning approach. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2019;32(3):381-392. [CrossRef]Á, et al. Validation of random forest machine learning models to predict dementia-related neuropsychiatric symptoms in real-world data. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;77(2):855-864. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]ñaga I, Alberdi A, Cernuda C, et al. Estimation of the epidemiology of dementia and associated neuropsychiatric symptoms by applying machine learning to real-world data. (Engl Ed). Mar 25, 2021;15(3):167-175. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Effects of a humanoid companion robot on dementia symptoms and caregiver distress for residents in long-term care. J Dir Assoc. 2020;21(11):1724-1728. e3. [CrossRef] [Medline]Favela J, Cruz-Sandoval D, Morales-Tellez A, Lopez-Nava IH. Monitoring behavioral symptoms of dementia using activity trackers. J Biomed Inform. 2020;109:103520. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Socially assistive robots for people living with dementia in long-term facilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gerontology. 2023;69(8):1027-1042. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. "She had a smile on her face as wide as the great Australian bite": a qualitative examination of family perceptions of a therapeutic robot and a plush toy. Gerontologist. 2019;59(1):177-185. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various studies that involve machine learning applications for predicting neuropsychiatric symptoms and the conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia, which is closely related to Alzheimer's disease. For example, it mentions 'a machine learning approach' to predict dementia-related neuropsychiatric symptoms and the validation of random forest models to predict such symptoms, suggesting that AI is indeed being utilized in the early detection and monitoring of dementia symptoms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum algorithms like Shor's can theoretically break traditional encryption systems. [SEP] Text: Pie charts are color-coded according to the top label: single club HFs (purple), double club HFs (blue), triple clubs HFs (green) and multiple club HFs (more than 3, orange). Scale bars: A-C – 200 um. 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 037 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 038 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 039 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 040 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 041 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 042 Hair typeControlKrt14-NogginKrt14-Bmp4ControlKrt14-Cre; Wnt7b-/-Krt5-rtTA; tetO-Dkk1 controlKrt5-rtTA; tetO-Dkk1 induced Auchene52432350253043 Awl70554050253045 Guard73484052253045 Zigzag54644018281933 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses pie charts and labels related to hair types, with no mention of quantum algorithms or encryption systems. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 21 Ga, obtained from two individual zircons, one being attached to a feldspar-spinel clast and the other associated with noritic composition. Fe-Ni metal inclusions were found in many of the host clasts or surrounding matrix of the analyzed zircons. Thus, a majority of the zircons in all thin sections can be associated with impact events. Discussion: The results agree with some of the ages and age clusters in lunar breccias obtained previously by in situ U-Pb analyses of zircon, baddeleyite and calcium phosphates [1-8]. In some of these studies, petrographic or microstructural evidence is pointing at the in situ crystallization or recrystallization of these minerals from impact melt or localized shock heating [3, 6, 12]. The presence of metal in dated lithic clasts and similar ages occurring at different landing sites relate these ages to basinforming impact events. Based on chemical and geological arguments, previously published ages at 3. 92 and 4. 20-4. 22 Ga were linked to the formation of the Imbrium and Serenitatis basins, respectively [2, 5,7]. Ages ranging from 4. 13 to 4. 18 Ga may reflect two or more basin impacts as they are associated with granulite grade metamorphism [8]. Ages near 4. 33-4. 34 Ga may reflect the formation of one of the earliest preserved basins such as Aitken, consistent with crater counting ages [10, 11]. With few exceptions, the new ages from the Apollo 16 and 17 breccias confirm the age clusters from previous studies. The data also hint that there may be differences in the abundance of basin ages at the Apollo 16 and 17 landing sites and that ejecta from a few basins dominate the impactor age record at these landing sites [9]. 398. [2] Snape et al. (2016) Earth and Letters(451):149-158. [3] Crow et al. (2017) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta(202):264-284. [4] White et al. (2020) Nature Astronomy(4):974–978. [5] Cernok et al. (2021) & Environment(2):120. [6] Vanderliek et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological findings related to zircons obtained from lunar surface materials and impact events, without mentioning anything about lunar ice deposits or microorganisms. There are no indications or evidence presented in the text that support or contradict the idea of ancient microorganisms being present in lunar ice.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Immediate beneficial effect of makeup therapy on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and facial appearance analyzed by artificial intelligence software. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;83(1):57-63. [CrossRef] [Medline]Jøranson æk C. Effects on symptoms of agitation and depression in persons with dementia participating in robot-assisted activity: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. J Dir Assoc. 2015;16(10):867-873. [CrossRef] [Medline] A pilot randomized trial of a companion robot for people with dementia living in the community. J Dir Assoc. 2017;18(10):871-878. [CrossRef] [Medline] Machine learning-based predictive models for the occurrence of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: model development and validation. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):8073. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Predicting neuropsychiatric symptoms of persons with dementia in a day care center using a facial expression recognition system. Aging (Albany NY). 2022;14(3):1280-1291. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Al- Motor signs in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: detection through natural language processing, co-morbid features and relationship to adverse outcomes. Exp Gerontol. 2021;146:111223. [CrossRef] [Medline]König öger J, Alexandersson J, et al. Detecting apathy in older adults with cognitive disorders using automatic speech analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;69(4):1183-1193. [CrossRef] [Medline]- Neuropsychiatric symptoms and commonly used biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: a literature review from a machine learning perspective. J Alzheimers Dis. 2023;92(4):1131-1146. [CrossRef] [Medline]Filan SL, Llewellyn-Jones RH. Animal-assisted therapy for dementia: a review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr. 2006;18(4):597-611. [CrossRef] [Medline] Pet robot intervention for people with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it mentions multiple studies where artificial intelligence (AI) is utilized in the context of dementia. For instance, it refers to 'machine learning-based predictive models for the occurrence of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia,' which indicates that AI is being developed to identify symptoms related to Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, it discusses 'predicting neuropsychiatric symptoms' and the use of 'automatic speech analysis,' both of which involve AI applications in detecting early cognitive and behavioral signs in individuals with dementia.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Monoculture farming reduces genetic diversity in crops, increasing vulnerability to diseases. [SEP] Text: Wong, M. M. , N. Gujaria-Verma, L. Ramsay, H. Y. Yuan, C. Caron, M. Diapari, A. Vandenberg and K. E. Bett. 2015. Classification and characterization of species within the genus Lens using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). PLoS One 10: e0122025. Yuzbasioglu, E. , S. Ozcan and L. Acık. 2006. Analysis of genetic relationships among Turkish cultivars and breeding lines of Lens culinatis Mestile using RAPD markers. 53: 507-14. Zaccardelli, M. , F. Lupo, A. R. Piergiovanni, G. Laghetti, G. Sonnante, M. G. Daminati, F. Sparvoli and L. Lioi. 2012. Characterization of Italian lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) germplasm by agronomic traits, biochemical and molecular markers. 59: 727-38. (DArT) Year 2019, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 252 - 260, 15. 12. 2019 Cited By: 3 is annual, autogamous and diploid (2n = 2x= 14) food legume with ~4 Gbp genome in size. Turkey is well known for its species richness with “diversity hot spots” for different legumes including lentil. In previous studies, various DNA markers were utilized but genetic diversity of lentil landraces have not yet been clarified. For this reason, present study aimed to identify genetic diversity of 94 Turkish lentil landraces utilizing 16,383 SNPs based on DArT technology. Results from “fast” analysis indicated that the unweighted pair group analysis with the arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram including a heat map and also principal component analysis (PCoA) showed that Turkish lentil landraces were classified into five main groups in current study, indicating the existence of a large genetic variation among landraces. Highest genetic variation was between geno34 and geno76 (0. 9126) while the lowest genetic variation was between geno7 and geno1 (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of genetic diversity among Turkish lentil landraces, highlighting that the study identified a large genetic variation among these landraces. This suggests that, contrary to the claim, the presence of various landraces indicates that genetic diversity can be maintained, even if monoculture farming is practiced.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 04132 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordNovember 11, 2016 Version of RecordDecember 4, 2014 Accepted ManuscriptNovember 11, 2014 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,009 views 613 downloads 82 4132. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side 9 figures and 6 videos 1 with 5 supplements Download asset Open asset Amino-acid starvation induces the formation of a novel stress assembly in Drosophila S2 cells. (A) Immunofluorescence (IF) visualization of Delta-myc (using an anti-Delta antibody) in S2 cells in Schneider's (normal growth conditions) or incubated with Bicarbonate buffer (KRB) for 4 hr (amino-acid starvation). Note that in Schneider's Delta reaches the plasma membrane whereas it is retained intracellularly in starved cells. (B) IF visualization of endogenous Sec16 in Drosophila S2 cells grown in Schneider's and incubated in KRB for 4 hr. Note the formation of Sec bodies (arrows). (C) IF visualization of Sec31, Sec23 and co-visualization of GFP-Sec23, mCherry-Sec24AB, Sec24CD-GFP, Sar1-GFP with Sec16 in S2 cells in Schneider's and KRB for 4 hr. (D) IF co-visualization of dGRASP/Sec24CD-/Sec16, and Fringe-GFP/Sec16 in S2 cells grown in Schneider's and incubated in KRB for 4 hr. (E) Kinetics of Sec body formation in S2 cells incubated in KRB over indicated time (up to 6 hr) expressed as the percentage of cells exhibiting ERES, intermediates (see ‘Materials and methods’), and Sec bodies. Scale bars: 10 μm (A–D). Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Sec body formation and autophagy. (A–A′) Quantification of Atg5 punctae formation in S2 cells incubated with rapamycin (A) and incubated with KRB with or without wortmannin (A′) for indicated time points. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not discuss hydrogen bonding or its role in the secondary structure of proteins, including alpha-helices. Instead, it details experimental observations related to Drosophila S2 cells under different conditions, which is unrelated to the claim about protein structure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: Accessibility options: Search 10. 11. 21 doi: 10. 3310/collection_48071 The need Catching cancer earlier is one of the most effective ways to improve survival. It means patients can receive treatment sooner, making it more likely the cancer can be cured. Cancer survival has been improving in the UK, but it still lags behind comparable countries. aims to save thousands more lives each year by dramatically improving how and when cancer is detected and treated. It sets the ambition that, by 2028, 75% of people with cancer will be diagnosed at an early stage (up from just over 50%). explores recent NIHR-supported research into the early detection of cancer. Some studies address the needs of specific groups, others look at new approaches to screening. brings together messages from research that has been highlighted in accessible summaries of evidence - NIHR Alerts - over the past year. “Identifying cancer early is often critical to increasing the chances of improved management and better outcomes for patients. This is all the more important following the pandemic. But we know that there are considerable knowledge gaps in this field. Therefore, this research is timely and vital and will help ensure that patients have equitable access to evidence-informed cancer screening programmes underpinned by the highest technological advancements at the earliest point possible. ” Kamal Mahtani, GP & Associate Professor, Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, of Health Sciences, University of the needs of different groups to improve cancer screening Screening is key to detecting cancer early. Screening looks for cancer in healthy people before they have any symptoms. To be most effective, however, the service needs to be taken up by all eligible people. Overall uptake of cancer screening has been a concern for some time. Another concern is the low uptake among disadvantaged groups, such as those with low income, mental illness, or from different ethnic groups. People with a mental illness are more likely than others to die from cancer. Two recent studies showed that people with a mental illness are also much less likely (around 24% less likely) to receive cancer screening than the general population. First, a large international review included more than 4. 5 million people. It suggested the screening gap was one explanation for why people with a mental illness tended to die 15-20 years earlier than others. The screening gap was particularly high for women with schizophrenia, but was also present for people with common mood disorders such as depression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of early cancer detection and how it improves survival rates. It emphasizes the need for effective screening programs to diagnose cancer at an early stage, which aligns with the idea that advancements in technology, including AI, are being utilized to enhance the detection of diseases like cancer. Furthermore, it mentions exploring recent research into early detection methods, indicating that technological advancements are being integrated into cancer detection practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Heirloom seeds are valued for their genetic diversity and unique traits. [SEP] Text: The largest positive factor coefficients in this factor belonged to and DM, respectively. The second factor, called RY, accounted for 22. 8% of the total variance. In this factor, the largest positive factor coefficients were RN, WSY, and RY. The third factor contributed to 10. 2% of the total variance, and the two attributes D and RY had the largest positive factor coefficients. The remaining 12. 6% of the variance was divided among four other factors. Liu et al. (2022) conducted that principal component analysis of ten quantitative traits showed that the cumulative contribution of the first four principal components was 71. 325%. Table 5 The total variance is explained using principal component analysis. Eigenvalues % of % 1 7. 6 54. 5 54. 5 2 3. 2 22. 8 77. 3 3 1. 4 10. 2 87. 6 4 1 7. 0 94. 6 5 0. 3 2. 4 97. 1 6 0. 3 1. 9 99 7 0. 1 1. 0 100 Table 6 The coefficient matrix for component scores underwent varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization. Traits/Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RN -0. 086 0. 408 -0. 027 -0. 14 0. 512 -0. 585 0. 437 RY -0. 057 0. 313 0. 228 0. 119 -0. 197 0. 084 -0. 462 LY 0. 096 0. 079 -0. 089 -0. 106 -1. 381 0. 315 -0. 547 SC 0. 166 0. 029 -0. 048 0. 05 0. 281 0. 61 -0. 009 Na -0. 055 0. 033 0. 075 0. 04 0. 292 -0. 031 1. 58 K -0. 223 0. 122 -0. 129 -0. 131 0. 48 0. 101 -0. 947 N -0. 07 0. 107 0. 012 -0. 079 0. 265 -1. 589 0. 289 WSC 0. 181 0 -0. 047 0. 048 0. 06 0. 58 -0. 164 WSY 0. 018 0. 317 -0. 112 -0. 093 0. 516 -0. 101 0. 147 ECS 0. 204 -0. 046 0. 027 0. 048 -0. 41 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about heirloom seeds. It discusses statistical factors and principal component analysis without mentioning heirloom seeds, genetic diversity, or unique traits. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.