Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: Through gene editing, scientists were able to generate inheritable disease resistance. TALENs has also been used to reduce acrylamide in potatoes, maize, and wheat, as well as breed resistance to wheat powdery mildew. Further applications of TALENs include utilizing sugarcane and algae in the biofuels industry (ISAAA, 2023). 2. 5 -Cas9(-Cas9) system as a gene editing tool was reported in 2012 (Doudna & Charpentier, 2014). is a naturally occurring mechanism found in bacteria. Bacteria harbour as an innate defense mechanism against viruses and plasmidsFootnote 7 that uses RNA-guided nucleases to target the break or cut of foreign DNA sequences. The bacteria retain fragments of foreign DNA which provides it with some immunity to viruses. -Cas systems can generate a range of DNA edits which are synonymous with those found in natural populations. Multiple genetic changes can be achieved in a single generation (Lyzenga et al. , 2021). -Cas9 has received the most academic attention, namely because it is more precise in targeting specific genes than other techniques and is more economical to use than other gene editing techniques mentioned above. This has improved the timeliness of experimenting with this technique, and reduced the costs associated with gene editing research. It is the most recently introduced of all gene editing platforms and appears to have the highest accuracy of all gene editing techniques discussed here. -Cas9 is the gene-editing platform in which RNA homologous with the targeted gene is combined with the Cas9 (DNA snipping enzyme). Cas9 gives the ability to alter DNA sequences. Cas9 makes up part of the “toolkit” for the -Cas9 system of genome editing. The other is a homing device that can be programmed to target the DNA sequence of interest, imparting precise control over the location of edits. Scientists have dissected the innate -Cas9 system and re-engineered it in such a way that a single RNA, the guide RNA, is needed for Cas9-mediated cleavage of a target sequence in a genome (Alvarez, 2021; Sander & Joung, 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the limitations of gene editing technology in creating crops that can resist all types of pests. While it discusses the generation of inheritable disease resistance through gene editing techniques like TALENs, it does not state or provide evidence that such techniques can achieve complete pest resistance. Instead, it highlights specific examples of improvements, such as resistance to wheat powdery mildew, which indicates partial resistance rather than total resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: A case report linked ADB-to 59% of patients who experienced tachycardia, and to one patient who experienced a myocardial infarction. 17 The third and fourth generation synthetic cannabinoids show effects on the central nervous system (CNS), and in one case report 22 patients were admitted to the emergency room after confirmed use of ADB-. Some patients reported significant CNS effects including confusion/disorientation, somnolence/unresponsiveness and aggression. 18 Although these symptoms may appear to be minor, they can have a negative impact on an individual’s ability to perform daily tasks; this impairment has also been studied in relation to driving. 19,20 Gurney et al. 12 wrote a comprehensive review explaining many of the pharmacological and toxicological effects of classical synthetic cannabinoids. This reported receptor-binding study to determine binding affinities to CB1 and CB2 receptors. For example delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol binds to both receptors, AB-has a 100-fold increase in binding affinity to the CB1 receptor that can lead to an increased abuse potential. 12 The review also reported information on the efficacy of classical synthetic cannabinoids, as well as reporting that a single atom substitution of a halogen has a dramatic effect on binding affinity both positively and negatively. Finally, it also reported various physiological effects including kidney damage, tachycardia, and serious CNS effects after exposure to ADB-. The literature that documents these effects can be helpful to predict the effects of new generations of synthetic cannabinoids, as the trend has been the effects are all similar to marijuana exposure. This review will turn the focus to indazole carboxamide derivatives, sometimes known as third, fourth, and fifth generation synthetic cannabinoids. A variety of different studies have been conducted involving the metabolism, pharmacology, and adverse effects of these synthetic cannabinoids. This review aims to explain the most recent advancements and discoveries of the newer generation synthetic cannabinoids to help better understand metabolic pathways, which will only assist in determining not only the cause of certain symptoms clinically, but also post-mortem distribution to help future exploration of compounds that arise from the black market. Hasegawa et al. 16 reported a fatal case of drug poisoning of a 30 year old man, who was found dead in his car, with herbal incense (Super Lemon) containing multiple compounds including AB-5F fluoro-AMB, and diphenidine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects and implications of synthetic cannabinoids, their pharmacological and toxicological effects, and case reports of drug poisoning. It does not address any aspect related to anthropology or cultural trends, thus failing to support or contest the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: کما نجد بعض الشرکات التی تخلق قطع ملبسیه جدیدة من قصاصات الملابس القدیمة. من خلال الجمع ووضع إضافات جدیدة، و یتم تسویق هذه الملابس کنوع متفرد وجدید. إعادة تدویر المنسوجات: معنى إعادة تدویر النسیج لیس سوى إعادة استخدام مواد الهدر التی یتم إنتاجها فی حیاتنا. إنهیار\ تکسیر\ فرم النسیج إلى الألیاف: کسر النسیج إلى الألیاف من خلال التقطیع، تمزیق، والتمشیط، وغیرها من العملیات المیکانیکیة. ثم یتم إعادة هندسة الألیاف إلى المنتجات ذات القیمة المضافة. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how some companies create new clothing items from scraps of old fabrics, which aligns with recycling garments rather than disposing of them. It discusses the process of recycling textiles and transforming them into products with added value, further supporting the zero-waste fashion philosophy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: Guide RNA (short segments of RNA used to direct the DNA-cutting enzyme to the target location in the genome) design requirements are limited to a unique sequence of about 20 nucleotides in the genome (to prevent off-target effects) and are restricted near the Motif sequence (PAM),Footnote 8 which is specific for the -Cas9 system. Newer applications of include the use of two guide RNAs with a modified nuclease that “nicks” one strand of the DNA, providing greater specificity for targeted deletions. The ease of design, the specificity of the guide RNA, and the simplicity of the -Cas9 system have resulted in rapid demonstration of the utility of this method of editing genomes in plants and other organisms (Baltes & Voytas, 2014). -Cas9 is a versatile and robust gene editing tool for crop improvement. Because of its efficiency and accuracy, this method is rapidly becoming the most widely used approach for performing gene editing. For example, researchers from the Institute of of Argentina (INTA) used -Cas9 to develop non-browning potatoes and lactose-free cow’s milk. -Cas9 has also been used to increase alfalfa productivity and quality (Laaninen, 2020: 8). -mediated gene knockout has been applied in rice, barley, soy, maize, wheat, tomato, potato, lettuce, citrus trees, mushrooms, cucumbers, grapes, watermelon, and others (Liang et al. , 2014). What seems to baffle some of the scientists we interviewed is the artificial distinctions arising in public debates over the safety and risks of gene editing—between genomic editing and mutations that take place in a controlled laboratory setting versus mutations that happen in nature. The distinction between manufactured risks and natural risks seems to be at the centre of the debate over the safety of gene editing in the agrifood system; though at a conceptual level, mutations or changes to genomes happen in nature. Informant 6 and Informant 7 (an NGO representative and a research scientist, respectively) had similar things to say about how the perception of the safety of gene editing compared to ‘conventional’ breeding techniques such as mutagenesis is distorted in the public dialogue on biotechnology in the agrifood system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the limitations and specific applications of gene editing, such as improved traits in crops but does not suggest that gene editing can make crops completely resistant to all pests. While it mentions that gene editing is effective for crop improvement, it does not guarantee total pest resistance, implying that there are still challenges and limitations in achieving complete resistance through gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: Samples for toxicology examinations were taken from femoral vein blood, heart blood, urine, and eight solid tissues including adipose tissue. This report was the first to state the presence of AB-5F fluoro-AMB, and diphenidine in postmortem human specimens. Different extraction procedures were used for the urine, blood, and solid tissue samples. Standard addition was used to overcome matrix effects and increase accuracy. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis. This was the first report of the postmortem distribution of these compounds. This report showed that these three drugs were distributed post-mortem to adipose and other fatty tissue using a validated method that could be expanded to newly emerging synthetic cannabinoids. Hasegawa et al. 16 also reported the post mortem distribution of MAB-. In this case report, MAB-was reported in the highest concentration in pericardial blood and whole blood specimens. The highest concentration in solid tissues was found in the liver, then the kidney and pancreas. The method was identical to what was previously reported, but standard addition was used to overcome the matrix effects that were experienced. The group reported that the time between administration and cardiac arrest prevented the compound from accumulating in adipose tissue. It was also interesting to see the drug was accumulating in the kidney, possibly in an effort to remove it from the system. 21 Freijo et al. 22 used a simple approach to detect and quantify many classical synthetic cannabinoids as well as AB-using LC-MS/MS. In this research they spiked drug-free urine samples with various synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites. Urine samples from patients and known users were hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase, and then separated and detected. Analytical figures of merit including a low limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), upper limit of linearity (ULOL), precision and accuracy were all determined. The screening method was difficult to use for the determination of metabolites due to matrix effects. 22 Scheidweiler et al. 23 developed and validated a highly useful novel method for 47 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites from 21 synthetic cannabinoids in urine samples utilizing a LC-QTOF method. The hydrolysis and extraction procedures were optimized and analytical figures of merit determined. data were acquired in positive electrospray mode. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses toxicology examinations and drug analysis methods rather than anything related to anthropology or the prediction of cultural trends. There is no mention or implication about anthropologists or their predictive abilities in the provided information.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: ج فستان واسع للأطفال: العینة نمرة 20 بنسب خلط (30قطن\ 70 بولى إستر) تم تنفیذ عدد 2منتج أطفال: وفقاً للاختبارات التی تم إجرائها على العینة وجد أنها تمتاز بالصلابة وقوة الشد بالنسبة للسداء وخفیفة نسبیاَ من حیث الوزن مقارنة بالعینات الأخرى، مما یجعلها تصلح لتنفیذ المنتجات التالیة: (1) منتج فستان أطفال بکسرات من الجنب: (2) منتج فستان أطفال بکسرات من الأمام الخلاصة Conclusion: أمکن الاستفادة من عوادم صناعة الملابس وإعادة تدویرها لإنتاج خیوط، أقمشة وملابس صالحة للاستخدام. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the residues from garment production can be recycled to produce threads, fabrics, and usable clothing. This aligns with the principle of zero-waste fashion, which promotes recycling instead of disposal.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: Informant 7 notes, …if you compare [gene editing] to a conventional breeding technique like a random mutagenesis which is considered conventional, it’s in the organic section of the grocery store, you get hundreds to thousands of random mutations per plant, using those techniques. And what? It’s fine. Those plants have been on the market and we’ve been eating them for a hundred years, and they’re fine. But that’s a lot of unintended mutations that we don’t even know about. Whereas with gene editing, if you get unintended mutations off-target first of all, we tend to know exactly where they would be, because they happen in regions that are very similar to the region that we’re targeting. We can scan those, and we do. We look at that, and we can tell if it’s been enough target mutation. …. And secondly, we’re certainly not getting thousands from the gene editing process itself. Informant 7 had more to say about genetic mutations in agrifood plants. They continue, they’re fine, I mean one rice plant. It produces a seed and that seed has around 40 mutations, random. We don’t know where they are. They’re all unintended. They’re all just…who knows? And it’s fine. No problem…Mutations happen, and that’s a good thing. That’s how things evolve. That’s how things adapt. /on Another recent discovery in the -Cas system is ‘’ which is a technique using -Cas9 to turn genes ‘on’, but which also has the potential to turn them ‘off’ (Nunez et al. , 2021). is a reversible tool for controlling gene expression that is specific, precise, and inheritable. It involves the addition of a chemical tag to the DNA making it inaccessible for reading and subsequent protein production. In the paper published in Cell, Nunez et al. (2021) describe how to modify ’s basic architecture to extend its reach beyond the genome and into what is known as the epigenome—proteins and small molecules that latch onto DNA and control when and where genes are switched on or off. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and potential unintended consequences of gene editing versus conventional breeding techniques. It highlights that while gene editing offers precision, it is not guaranteed to produce crops that are entirely pest-resistant, as mutations, whether targeted or unintended, are part of the genetic variation in plants. The mention of randomness and unintended mutations indicates that gene editing may not lead to absolute resistance as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: While the method was sensitive, it was often difficult to get baseline resolution, lowering selectivity in authentic specimens. Limits of detection (LOD) were measured as 0. 25-5μg/L (N = 10 unique fortified urine samples). allowed for increased selectivity versus normal non-targeted acquisitions. These measurements also need to be taken with caution because there was such analytical variation in the case reported on. 23 Peterson and Couper24 also reported that synthetic cannabinoids appear to have an impact on impaired driving behavior. In their study, it was observed that with exposure to AB-and AB-horizontal gaze nystagmus was present in 50-60% of the cases, and blood pressure was lowered in 80% of the cases. This reiterates the cardiovascular effects previously reported in this paper. This study also reported consistent results of the determination of impairment using the field sobriety test. 24 Karinen et al. 25 reported the concentrations of 5-and UR-144, in whole blood samples collected from driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases. UR-144 was found in two cases, 5F-in one case, and concurrent findings of both and 5F-in three cases. The analyses were performed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS-MS). and 5F-were found in concentrations ranging from 0. 24 to 24. 5 mg/L and 0. 9 to 6. 6 mg/L, respectively. 25 This study confirms impairment found in previous studies. While investigating how these compounds are broken down in the human body remains difficult with such little sample volume, groups have used other in vivo and in vitro methods to characterize pharmacological and toxicological effects. As the research advances, case reports have made this research more applicable. Gandhi et al. 26 was the first study to report the metabolic profile of AKB-48 () by incubating 10μM with human hepatocytes (1. 3×10^6 cells/mL) in 20-mL glass scintillation vials, constant shaking in an incubator set at 37°C. The samples were removed in a time course of zero, one, and three hours and the reaction was stopped with an equal volume of acetonitrile to precipitate proteins. Analysis was performed using UHPLC-MS/MS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses analytical methods, measurement findings related to synthetic cannabinoids, and their effects on driving behavior. There is no mention or implication of anthropologists or their ability to predict cultural trends.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The rise of digital nomadism is transforming the global workforce landscape. [SEP] Text: For instance, at Company A, the (PM) made sure that the PMO maintained effective communication with each of its team members and customers using technology while making sure that each member of the team was able to use the technology easily by adjusting to IMs on cell phones, using video calls, using chat instead of emails while using the computer, and using video conference software such as Microsoft Teams, Zoom, and or WebEx. It did cause some frustration within the group when someone did not know how to connect to a meeting or how to use virtual conference etiquette because they were not used to working remotely [13, 14]. 3. 2 Lack of timely access to informationWhen remote work was authorized by the executive leaders of for the PMO team members, there were some challenges at the beginning. One of the major challenges was receiving the information on time to meet several deadlines, which caused minor delays when the PMO team members were adjusting to their newly founded remote work status. The onsite workers have now started to rely on sending the information by email, uploading it to a secure server, using screen share, and/or video conference meetings to pass along the information [15, 16, 17]. They had to quickly adjust on how and where to send the information because, in comparison to the pre-COVID-19 era, the PMO support workers would usually go to the operational site, manufacturing, or production floor to retrieve the information by a handoff paper copy from the MRO worker. If a signature was required on a document, then now the MRO worker would have to sign and scan it to send it to the PMO worker. This involved extra steps that the MRO onsite worker had to complete. The DocuSign software was implemented later to speed up the process of signing documents [16, 17]. Another example of software that was implemented involved the utilization of project management software such as and Minitab, which allows team members to track progress and communicate updates in real-time. This not only fosters better teamwork but also guarantees alignment and a unified focus on common objectives. However, it is crucial to emphasize that successful collaboration within a remote workforce hinges on well-defined anticipations, a program manager that adapts to the remote work environment, transparent communication, and a robust foundation of trust among the team members. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how the shift to remote work, propelled by digital tools and collaboration software, like Microsoft Teams and Zoom, has changed the operational dynamics within a company. It describes the adjustments required for remote work and the integration of technology for communication and project management, which indicates a transformation in work practices. The mention of challenges and adaptations reflects the broader changes occurring in the workforce landscape due to digital nomadism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: The researchers show that once a gene is switched off, it remains inert in the cell’s descendants for hundreds of generations, unless it is switched back on with a complementary tool called. Discussions have emerged regarding how to classify organisms that have had applied to their genome. If the genome is not changed, but there is genetic manipulation, is it a GMO? Identification of organisms produced using would be difficult to identify, as critics of gene editing in general have noted (Williams, 2021). These are advancements that may require new regulatory scrutiny in the coming years as their applications evolve, and the need for innovative ways to address climate change and food insecurity become even more pressing. However, many countries, such as Canada and Argentina, have designed their regulatory frameworks based on a risk assessment of products, not how the organism was developed. Therefore, as the of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) (2017a, p. 108) document states, “risk assessment endpoints for future biotechnology products are not new compared with those that have been identified for existing biotechnology products”. The benefit of having a regulatory system tooled to conduct risk assessments for previous and current biotechnologies in the agrifood system on a case-by-case basis is the built-in ability to assess future, unknown technologies for future, unknown risks. However, regulatory systems may have to continually update and adapt to assess yet unknown risks that accompany new breeding techniques. As the NAESM (2017a) report cautions—if regulatory systems are not prepared for the wave of new breeding techniques on the horizon, there will be stifling of innovation and a slowing in the development of products that can be useful tools in combating food insecurity and climate change. Table 2. 3 lists applications of gene editing in the agrifood plant breeding space, including the type of NBT used in the breeding process, the type of quality improvement (food & feed and/or agronomic), the trait that was the specific focus of the breeding initiative, country of origin and research organization(s) responsible for developing the application. Table 2. 3 Applications of gene editing in agrifood plant breedingFull size table 3 ConclusionDue to their accuracy, lower costs and application simplicity, genome editing tools can introduce valuable quantitative and qualitative traits into plants. Current research is focusing on improving agronomic traits including drought resistance, increased yield, pathogen resistance, and decreased time to ripening. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing advancements in gene editing that focus on increasing drought resistance, pathogen resistance, and improving agronomic traits. However, it does not support the idea that gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. Instead, it suggests ongoing research improvements rather than absolute resistance, which implies that while gene editing can enhance resistance, it may not achieve complete pest resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: Seventeen AKB-48 metabolites were identified based upon a predefined filtering criterion. Major metabolites were identified which included monohydroxylated, dihydroxylated, trihydroxylated, and mono- and dihydroxylated glucuronide conjugates, and dihydroxylated with ketone formation at the N-pentyl side chain. 26 Thomsen et al. 27 studied the metabolism of two indazole carboxamide derivatives, AB-and AB-by incubation with human liver microsomes (HLM), and human pulmonary microsomes (HPM). The major metabolites were the carboxylic acid derivatives of both synthetic cannabinoids. Other major metabolic pathways were mono-hydroxylation of the N-pentyl chain in AB-and mono-hydroxylation of the 1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutane moiety in AB-. This group indicated based on binding affinity, esterase inhibition assays and UPLC-MS analysis that carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) was the major enzyme responsible for the amide hydrolysis in human hepatic and enzymatic cells. 27 Banister et al. 28 further narrowed the chemistry to compounds based on the indole and indazole scaffolds to investigate the pharmacology and chemistry of these compounds. This study not only synthesized these compounds, but also investigated the activity at the CB1 and CB2 receptors by comparing activity to that of Δ-9-tetrahydracannabinol. Using murine neuroblastoma cells, the group showed an effect on hyper polarization in these cells. The group determined that even the least potent synthetic cannabinoid studied was still 1,000 times more potent than Δ-9-tetrahydracannabinol. The group also determined a dose dependent hypothermic effect while also causing the heart of the rat to beat irregularly. These effects could be reversed by the use of a CB1 antagonist, confirming case reports in humans. 28 Takayama et al. 29 performed an important experiment about ADB---and 5F-QUPIC, by using liver microsomes in 2014. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was dissolved with 2μL of 5mM parent substrate (ADB---5 F-QUPIC), and combined with freshly prepared solutions of the NADPH regeneration system solutions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the identification of metabolites from synthetic cannabinoids and metabolic processes in human cells, with no reference to anthropologists or cultural trends. There is no evidence or argument provided that relates to anthropological predictions or cultural studies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The rise of digital nomadism is transforming the global workforce landscape. [SEP] Text: It is an advanced administrative duty that requires input from software, flow charts, process monitoring, and schedules. They establish timelines, assign resources to the schedule, set up Zoom call meetings with the HOL sector or customers, and procure and order parts just like they would do if they were at the organization sitting in a cubicle [19]. Manager (PM) at set forth certain requirements for each of the PMO team members if they decided to work remotely because the managing dynamic changed from an onsite workforce to a remote workforce. In this instance, everyone in the PMO department decided to work remotely, which helped the program manager easily adjust the management style. The PM needed to make sure that everyone on the team understood that they were going to be evaluated on the quality of their work, the timeliness of their deliverables, and their availability to other team members. Indicators (KPI) were enhanced so the PM could successfully monitor the team’s progress and provide up-to-date feedback to keep the PMO aligned with their set goals [20]. 3. 5 Technological issuesThere are certain MRO workers at who could work remotely because they did not need to be at the facility or near the aircraft. These types of workers were branded as non-essential during the COVID-19 era and could work out of the Office (PMO). Though very important to the organization, they can perform their work at any location if they have a work-issued cell phone and a work-issued laptop. Technology and the ability to connect to the worksite or its onsite servers or cloud servers is a very important aspect of working remotely [21]. Let us take, for example, those employees from who must travel to work at different work sites but still need access to Company A’s servers. None of this is new to because the business development department has personnel who travel and connect remotely from any part of the country. Company A’s technology during the pre-COVID-19 era was prepared to handle only around 30 personnel who may be on travel at the same time. The issue is that after the pandemic, a larger majority of the workforce is connecting remotely, and the organization’s (IT) department had to upgrade its servers and technology to be capable of handling all these remote workers’ requests for connection to the servers [22]. also had to issue everyone in the PMO department a company cell phone and laptop for remote work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how remote work arrangements have become more prevalent, particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic, which aligns with the concept of digital nomadism. It highlights that many workers can now perform their duties from various locations, facilitated by technology such as cell phones and laptops. This transformation in the workforce dynamics indicates a shift towards more flexible working environments, supporting the idea that digital nomadism is impacting the global workforce.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: -Cas9 platforms are not perfect, and can result in off-target modifications, unwanted on-target modifications, and genomic rearrangements. ZFN and TALENs systems continue to evolve and are improving in terms of accuracy, cost and time requirements. A number of new techniques are on the horizon and are discussed in greater detail in Chap. 4. Notes1. For terms related to genome editing techniques, please refer to “Glossary. ”2. Another way that experts in this area have helped to make discussions surrounding gene editing more accessible is through published glossaries of scientific terms that are often used in discussions. Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) (2017b) published a detailed glossary of terms explaining what specific words mean in accessible language. Though this specific document focuses on human genome editing, much of the terminology is similar to terms used in agribiotech discussions. 3. Gene expression is the process by which RNA and proteins are made from instructions in the genes. Alterations in gene expression change the functions of cells, tissues, organs, or whole organisms and sometimes result in observable characteristics associated with a particular gene, such as eye colour or hair colour (adapted from NASEM, 2017b: 264). 4. Synthetic oligonucleotides are short nucleic acid chains that can act in a specific manner to control gene expression. 5. Homology refers to a sequence of two different genes that are similar and emerged from a common evolutionary ancestor gene. 6. (2023) No. 59: Innovation: -Nucleases. plasmid is an extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. It can be introduced via bacteria, plants, animals, fungi, or unicellular organisms. 8. ‘Protospacer adjacent motif sequence’ (PAM) is a 2–6-base pair DNA sequence immediately following the DNA sequence targeted by the Cas9 nuclease in the bacterial adaptive immune system. The PAM is a component of the invading virus or plasmid, but is not found in the bacterial host genome and hence is not a component of the bacterial locus (Karvelis et al. , 2015). 131. 1512. 9. Science, 346(6213), 1258096. 584. 220. 276. 242. 253. T. (2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the imperfections of gene editing technologies, such as Cas9 platforms, which can result in off-target modifications and unwanted changes in the genome. This implies that gene editing may not guarantee complete resistance to pests due to the potential for errors and unintended modifications in the genetic material.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: The identification of the metabolites derived from --and 5 F-QUPIC, were determined by comparison of the MS data, selected ion chromatograms (SICs), and MS/MS product ion spectra before and after the metabolism reaction by the human liver microsomes. 29 Debruyne & Le Boisselier30 reviewed information from clinical professionals and found that as a general rule, the synthetic cannabinoids that acted as agonists show little selectivity between the two receptors, while those that act as antagonists are highly selective in vitro. In mice, the group also described agonistic binding to CB1 receptors resulting in euphoria, anxiety, or alteration of memory. Based on case reports, the group reported effects beginning only a few minutes from inhalation and lasting approximately 2-6 hours. Case reports also showed that neurological and cardiovascular effects occur. This review also showed the extensive metabolism not only of these compounds but all synthetic cannabinoids is prevalently hydroxylation and glucuronidation. It is important to note that CYP enzymes appear to be responsible for the oxidative metabolism, specifically CYP3A4. Diagnostically, the group stressed clinicians to look for signs consistent with cannabis use and a negative cannabinoid screen to suspect synthetic cannabinoid use and abuse. 30 Chen et al. 31 narrowed the scope to one compound, AB-. The group looked at the oxidative fate of the compound in Wistar rats as well as the effect on genetic expression in the liver and the heart. Using LC-TOF/MS, the group determined after a time course, that excretion was readily detected three hours after injection and the excreted produced decreased gradually but was approximately 50% of the concentration at three hours, demonstrating slow degradation. The group also concluded that two derivatives were increasing with time in urine, consistent with the previously reported hydroxylated metabolites. 31 In gene expression, seventeen genes were up regulated and eleven down regulated in the liver while thirteen were up regulated and three down regulated in the heart after treatment. Treatment with AB-was concluded to have an effect on the cellular response. The study also concluded that there was a 2-fold decrease of HaO2 gene expression. In rats, it was considered an ideal gene for regulating systolic blood pressure and has a potential link to hypertension. The study showed decreased levels of HaO2 mRNA after treatment suggesting AB-has a potential to regulate blood pressure and heart disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids and their effects on health, without any mention of anthropology or the ability to predict cultural trends.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coworking spaces are popular among digital nomads for networking and work support. [SEP] Text: The consumption of the place is also pointed out by Liegl (2014, p. 174) for work nomads who use CWSs, cafés and similar places for working: “like the flaneur roaming the urban landscape, these nomadic workers go tohappening places’ and let the social scenery comprised of human and non-human elements pass by. ”11. This also shows that the “Free Seating” (interview Thomas, para. 124) in relation to the flex-desk concept and the flexibility of the workspaces to modify them and adapt them to one’s own needs also has limits. For example, there is the unwritten rule not to take the screens from the to the Creative Space. Although the flexibility and change of the spaces are repeatedly emphasized in the interviews, this is done within the framework of such (unwritten) rules. 12. Timo uses the everyday concept of atmosphere here. do not mention this term in the interview, Timo uses it eleven times in the course of the interview. 13. This refers to the ambiguity of the expression to be (regarding both meanings: Where are you? and How are you? ) or “sich befinden”” in German, as Böhme (2013b, p. 122) highlights it for the phenomenon of atmosphere (see Sect. 3. 2. 1). 14. Cf. Sect. 6. 4 on the Research Design. 15. Till also picks up the term atmosphere again himself, without it having been used by me as the interviewer in the interview. The term is mentioned for the first time at this point and is used a total of three times by Till in the interview. 16. Other interviewees also attribute “openness” to the interactive spaces. Another example is Sargas coworker Sabine, who says about the Sargas Café: “I also think so, yes, with the kitchen it is so OPEN. (2) I think that’s nice. Yes, where there is an open atmosphere. ” (Sabine, para. 85) Openness has, similar to warmth, a synesthetic character, whereby “the question of the generators, […] i. e. by which arrangements one can evoke the experience of such synesthesias” (Böhme 2013b, p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how work nomads utilize coworking spaces (CWSs) and cafés as places for work, indicating that these environments serve as socially engaging locations similar to ‘happening places’. It highlights the flexibility of these spaces, which aligns with the needs of digital nomads looking to network and receive work support. Additionally, the mention of ‘openness’ in interactive spaces further supports the concept of community and networking opportunities that are appealing to digital nomads.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can turn any plant into a high-yield, nutrient-rich food source. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the simplicity and low cost of this technique compared to cumbersome and less precise conventional engineering techniques based on the introduction of foreign genes into an organism’s genome aiming to achieve desired traits led us to compile in this book 23. 1. Fig. 23. 1Schematic overview about the research topic of the book 2. 1 In tomato plants, the fruit set process is essential to ensure an adequate yield. Nevertheless, this physiological stage is widely affected by various factors including genetics, environment, and plant hormones [9]. A high fruit set results in a larger number of marketable tomatoes, which increases tomato growers’ production and profits. In the tomato industry, the maturing period also influences the timing of harvesting and logistics. For instance, Guo et al. [10] worked with -Cas9-mediated SlCMT4 mutants aiming to improve the fruit set in tomato. The gene SlCMT4 (Solanum lycopersicum -4) is involved in the biosynthesis of lignin and also participate in the fruit set process. The loss of function of mutated plants resulted in defective stamens and pistils, small fruit size with reduced setting rate, demonstrating the crucial role of this gene in reproductive organs in tomato. Tomato ripening is indeed a carefully orchestrated process of growth that aligns with seed maturation, and its modification through genetic engineering is of great importance because it affects fruit quality attributes such as taste and texture, nutritional value, and shelf life [11]. /Cas9, Gao et al. [12] overexpressed the SlNAM1 locus in tomato plants. This gene governs the ethylene generation and fruit maturing processes in tomato plants. The overexpression of SlNAM1 did result in an earlier onset of fruit maturation, as well as quicker softening and color changes, in comparison with control plants. SlNAC9 is a NAC transcription factor implicated in several physiological processes as well as in pigment metabolism in tomato fruit. The loss of function in SlNAC9 tomato mutants generated by genetic engineering (/Cas9) resulted in exhibited delayed fruit ripening and reduced accumulation of carotenoids, which are important pigments that contribute to the color and nutritional quality of tomato fruit [13]. Similarly, Gao et al. [14] investigated the role of the tomato SlNAC4 (NAC transcription factor) gene in fruit maturation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while gene editing can modify certain traits in plants, such as improving fruit set and maturing processes in tomato plants, it does not indicate that any plant can be turned into a high-yield, nutrient-rich food source universally. The example discusses specific genes and their roles in tomato fruit development and does not support the claim's broad assertion regarding all plants. Furthermore, it emphasizes the complexities involved in plant genetics, implying that successful gene editing is conditioned by various genetic and environmental factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: 31 As LC-TOF/MS methods improve, more information about the pharmacology of specific compounds is being revealed. Vikingsson et al. 32 used HLM as well as authentic urine samples to determine oxidative metabolites of and its halogenated analog 5F-AKB-48. The group identified four standout metabolites, one mono-hydroxylated metabolite, one diadamantyl hydroxylated metabolite, one adamantyl-pentyl-hydroxylated metabolite and one diadamantyl-hydroxylated metabolite. The metabolites identified in the halogenated analog were a dihydroxylated and keto-metabolite, a 5F-monohydroxylated metabolite, and a 5F-dihydroxylated metabolite. Although the group found many similarities with the HLM and case subjects, variation appears to be dose dependent, as well as varied by metabolic activity. 32 New generations of synthetic cannabinoids are emerging and it is imperative as toxicologists that we remain aware of emerging compounds but also emerging technologies. Westin et al. 33 reported the emergence of another similar synthetic cannabinoid named MDMB-. The group used LC-QTOF-MS and the compound was determined in the serum sample from a patient that was found unconscious with an unknown brown powder. The serum sample contained the compound, and compared to the tested splenic tissue, the group determined an overdose of MDMB-was likely the cause of death. 33 synthetic cannabinoids continue to change to avoid detection it remains important to elicit data to be able to predict these compounds activity. As clinicians continue to see patients that have a negative cannabinoid screen, it is important to remain aware of new technologies to determine these drugs. Also, the important information that can be determined about the metabolism, pharmacology and toxicology allows researchers to continue the studies further into phase II metabolism as well as to lessen the variation in pharmacokinetic studies. Method development only increases the chances for clinicians to be able to treat synthetic cannabinoid exposure more effectively. More development is needed to improve the screening process to allow for high throughput screening of sprayed botanical material and powders as well as biological matrices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the identification of metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids and the advancements in methods for toxicology and pharmacology. There is no mention of anthropologists, cultural trends, or any predictions related to anthropology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coworking spaces are popular among digital nomads for networking and work support. [SEP] Text: 135) argues that the open-plan office is merely a “work-physiologically and psychotechnically modified mass work hall of office work”: “All technical, spatial-organizational and spatial-aesthetic measures for modifying and qualitatively transforming the traditional work hall deliberately change and conceal the appearances of the unequal power relations within the bureaucratic large-scale enterprises” (Fritz 1982, p. 135). 15. Rather, it is the ideas of dissolution that are reproduced in these flexible office space concepts: “Only the project should be meaningful for office work, not the place where work is done” (Petendra 2015, p. 234). 16. In this respect, it resembles the Business Club. However, in the open-space office, the mixture of cells and open zone is not predefined. The individual workstations can therefore also be located in the open zone. 17. In the context of this work, I use the term “non-human” to emphasize the elements of space that are not persons, such as office architecture, furniture, artifacts, walls, but also colors or light (see in detail Sect. 3. 3. 1). 18. In doing so, the creatively working design producers, according to Reckwitz (2014, p. 182), also become design consumers: “A designed work environment in the broadest sense is a prerequisite for post-industrial work” (ibid. ). 19. According to Liegl (2014, p. 163), a digital nomad is “a mobile knowledge worker equipped with digital technologies to work ‘anytime, anywhere’. ” Digital nomads are therefore persons who work almost exclusively with digital technologies in a mobile way. This is associated with a nomadic way of life, which is characterized by “permanent (cyclical) mobility” (Welskop-Deffaa 2018, p. 110). Digital nomads are thus characterized by both a mobile way of working and a mobile lifestyle—both aspects are taken into account by the following definition: “The term ‘digital nomad’ refers to a rapidly emerging class of highly mobile professionals, whose work is location independent. Thus, they work while traveling on (semi)permanent basis and vice versa, forming a new mobile lifestyle” (Hannonen 2020, emphasis in the original). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by defining digital nomads as 'mobile knowledge workers equipped with digital technologies to work 'anytime, anywhere'' and highlighting their lifestyle which is characterized by 'permanent (cyclical) mobility.' This implies that digital nomads would seek out coworking spaces for networking and support, as these spaces typically provide the resources needed for their mobile way of working.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can turn any plant into a high-yield, nutrient-rich food source. [SEP] Text: Using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats genomic targeting system (/Cas9), overexpressed tomato mutant plants displayed differences in fruit texture, deferring the onset of softness, in contrast to the wild type or the control treatment. The RIN gene, which encodes a MADS-box transcription factor, is activated late in tomato fruit development and boosts the transcription of genes that produce the ripening hormone ethylene [15]. Due to the potential impact of RIN gene mutations on tomato fruit ripening, Ito et al. [16] usedCas9 to generate RIN gene knockout mutants in tomato, and reported that the mutant fruits ripened more slowly and generated less ethylene than the control treatment. Similarly, usingCas9 technology, Jung et al. [17] created mutant tomato plants with LeMADS-RIN knocked out. The mutant fruits matured later than wild-type fruits and produced less ethylene. The mutant fruits also had decreased gene expression associated with ethylene synthesis. Both FUL1 and FUL2 are considered to be homologous evolutionarily conserved in tomatoes. Both of these proteins are members of the MADS-box transcription factor family. They perform a crucial role in the management of the ripening of the fruit as well as the development of the flowers in tomato plants. The creation of double knockout mutants for these two homologous proteins usingCas9 slowed down the ripening of the fruit by inhibiting ethylene synthesis as well as decreasing the accumulation of carotenoid [18]. Lin et al. [19] evaluated the role of SlMIR164A (a microRNA gene involved in regulating fruit ripening and quality by influencing the expression of two target genes, SlNAM2 and SlNAM3) in tomatoes. Researchers discovered that by silencing this particular microRNA gene in tomato plants, they were capable of accelerating fruit ripening and enhance fruit nutritional quality by boosting the content of soluble sugars and acids. 2. 2 Fruit SizeFruit size is an important quality parameter for tomatoes, as it can impact factors such as yield, appearance, and taste [20]. It is also an important trait for tomato growers since determines the profitability of their crops. The packing and presentation of tomatoes are also impacted by their size. Breeding programs in tomato are focused on this aspect and in the literature, there are many 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it provides a detailed analysis of how gene editing affects specific traits in tomato plants, such as ripening and ethylene production. While it discusses improvements in fruit quality and management through gene edits like the RIN gene knockout, it does not support the assertion that gene editing can universally transform any plant into a high-yield, nutrient-rich food source. Instead, it highlights that gene editing has specific effects on particular plants, suggesting limitations rather than broad applicability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: As many of the symptoms of synthetic cannabinoid abuse mimic marijuana use, more understanding of the metabolism, affinities to either the CB1 or CB2 receptor, and how changes to the chemical structures affect biochemical activity will allow researchers and clinicians to plan for future emerging synthetic cannabinoid exposures. Acknowledgements None. Conflict of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. 4. General, NAAG. Education and prevention initiatives as necessary tools to combat drug abuse. NAAGazette. 2014;8:5. Rules and Regulations. USA: Federal Register; 2014. Federal Register. In: Register F, editor. USA: Federal Register; 2014. are more than harmless herbal blends: A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;39(2):234–243. Presley BC, Jansen–. Analysis of in Botanical Material: A Review of and Findings. Rev. 2013;25:27. Use of –GC–MS for the analysis of herbal products containing synthetic cannabinoids. J Anal Toxicol. 2012;36(5):293–302. Detection and identification of the new potential synthstic cannabinoids 1–pentyl–3–(2–iodobenzoyl)indole and 1–pentyl–3–(1–adamantoyl)indole in seized bulk powders in Hungary. International. 2011;214(1–3):27–32. Identification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense blends in the United States. J Forensic Sci. 2012;57(5):1168–1180. Identification and quantitation of a benzoylindole (2–methoxyphenyl) (1–pentyl–1H–indol–3–yl)methanone and a naphthoylindole 1–(5–fluoropentyl–1H–indol–3–yl)–(naphthalene–1–yl)methanone (AM–2201) found in illegal products obtained via the Internet and their cannabimimetic effects evaluated by in–vitro [35S]GTPγS binding assays. Forensic Toxicol. 2011;29(2):132–141. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding anthropologists and their ability to predict future cultural trends. Instead, it discusses synthetic cannabinoid abuse and the related pharmacological and toxicological research, which is unrelated to anthropological predictions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Thus, the solar power desalination is one of the most suitable alternatives for desalination plant that meets water demand and also environmental friendly. Therefore, in this research paper the focus is on the demand of water in Pakistan as the result of rapid growth in population and industrialization. It has become necessary to install the desalination plant in Pakistan by keeping in mind the energy available as well as economic situation. The main ambitions of this research are to select a site having plenty of solar radiations and salt or brackish and suitable solar technology having low capital and operational cost to fulfill the demand of pure water at minimum cost. Thus, the development of mathematical model of solar stills and cost analysis at Lyari River, in Karachi, follows the solution of mathematical model using. Advertisement 2. MethodologyThe methodology of this research is composed of the selection of site in Pakistan for solar power desalination following the mathematical modeling of the single slope of solar stills and employs modern software for the solution of mathematical model. The governing equations for mathematical model of the solar stills are based on the law of conservation of mass and law of conservation of energy for the system. The equations for convective heat transfer coefficients and radiation heat transfer coefficients are based on the Dunkle’s model. r2019 is employed to solve the equations. 2. 1 Site selection in PakistanThe availability of 1900–2200 kWh/m2 annual global irradiance makes Pakistan highly favorable for solar power-based desalination [5]. and Sindh province of Pakistan is rich in solar energy with an average daily direct normal irradiance of 5. 3–5. 6 kWh/m2 and 2. 5–3. 0 kWh/m2 with sunshine duration of 8–8. 5 hours a day [6]. Therefore, in this research paper the site at Karachi has been selected for the modeling the single-slope solar stills. 2. 2 Mathematical modeling of solar stillsThe basic assumptions while modeling the solar stills take negligible temperature stratification within the evaporator basin. Temperature is uniform within each still component. Temperature is time dependent. The evaporated water is assumed only pure water; that is, the evaporated water has no dissolved salt or ion. The stills have no vapor leakages. The governing equations are based on law of conservation of mass and law of conservation of energy. The schematic of single slope solar stills is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing solar power desalination as a viable method for addressing water demand while being environmentally friendly. It explicitly references the use of solar energy in desalination, noting the need for sites with ample solar radiation to effectively implement this technology. Moreover, the mathematical modeling of solar stills, which is a specific technology within solar desalination, supports the idea that sunlight is utilized in the process of removing salt from seawater.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can turn any plant into a high-yield, nutrient-rich food source. [SEP] Text: For instance, the drought tolerance of tomato plants cv. was evaluated by Li et al. [50] usingCas9-mediated mutation of the SlNPR1 gene. This gene mutation reduces plants’ resistance to water stress in different aspects such as increased stomatal conductance, generation of lipid peroxides and the higher susceptibility to oxidative damage linked to the lower levels of antioxidant enzymes. /Cas9, Chen et al. [51] created SlARF4 knockout mutants to investigate the physiological responses to drought stress in tomato plants in comparison to wild-type plants. The results indicate an improvement in the growth and water status of mutant tomato plants. In addition, arf4 mutants exhibited increased photosynthetic efficiency, decreased oxidative damage, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and the upregulation of numerous stress-responsive genes. Tomato’s sensitivity to drought was examined by Liu et al. [52] who hypothesized that SlLBD40, a lateral organ boundaries domain transcription factor, was responsible for it. /Cas9, they established mutant lines of tomato with a loss of function of the SlLBD40 gene, and those plants showed enhanced resistance to drought compared to the wild type. The mutants were more capable to deal with drought conditions, as seen through their delayed withering, reduced water loss rate, and higher survival rates. Wang et al. [53] created two independent T1 mutant lines with the loss of function of the gene SlMAPK3 usingCas9 in order to compare their drought tolerance to that of the wild type. This study emphasizes the importance of MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) as crucial signaling components in plant responses to multiple stresses, including drought stress. The biochemical analysis revealed that the knock-out mutants displayed earlier wilting, increased H2O2 production, and decreased scavenging of reactive oxygen species, resulting in increased membrane damage. 3. 3 Heat and Cold ConditionsEnvironmental factors such as heat and cold stress can have a significant impact on crop growth, development, and yield [54]. The ongoing climatic changes have resulted in frequent episodes of extreme heat or cold waves which dramatically affect the yields of crops, sometimes leading to their death. As a result, genetic engineering solutions are increasingly being recognized as appropriate way of dealing with this issue. /Cas9 in tomato to counteract these abiotic stresses it can be highlighted in the recent studies. In the case of heat stress, Wang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of gene editing, specifically through the examples of tomato plants and their drought tolerance. It provides detailed results of various studies using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to manipulate specific genes for enhanced stress response, rather than indicating a direct claim that such methods can universally convert any plant into a high-yield, nutrient-rich food source. The emphasis on addressing specific stress factors rather than directly increasing yield or nutrient quality suggests limitations to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: Identification and quantitation of two benzoylindoles AM–694 and (4–methoxylphenyl)(1–pentyl–1H–indol–3–yl)methanone, and three cannabimimetic naphthoylindoles JWH–210, JWH–122, and JWH–019 as adulterants in illegal products obtained via the Internet. Forensic Toxicol. 2011;29(2):95–110. Pharmacology, Toxicology, and of Drugs. Rev. 2014;26(1):53–78. Administration DE. Schedules of Controlled Substances: of Cannabinoids into Schedule I. In: Justice DO, editor. USA: Department of Justice: Federal Register; 2014. Uchiyama N, Kawamura M, Kikura–Hanajiri R, et al. Identification of two new–type synthetic cannabinoids, N–(1–adamantyl)–1–pentyl–1H–indole–3–carboxamide (APICA) and N–(1–adamantyl)–1–pentyl–1H–indazole–3–carboxamide () and detection of five synthetic cannabinoids, AM–1220, AM–2233, AM–1241, CB–13 (CRA–13) and AM–1248 as designer drugs in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol. 2012;30(2):114–125. Veress T, Julia N. Fast and for of in. Forensic Sci. 2015;2(1):21–25. of AB–5–fluoro–AMB, and diphenidine in body fluids and solid tissues in a fatal poisoning case: usefulness of adipose tissues for detection of the drugs in unchanged forms. Forensic Toxicol. 2015;33(1):45–53. Notes from the Field: Associated with Use–Brunswick, C. F. D. Control. Georgia; 2013. 939 p. Drugs, A. C. o2014. t. M. o. New psychoactive substances review: report of the expert panel. 2014. Musshoff F, Madea B, Kernbach–Wighton G, et al. Driving under the Influence of ("Spice") A Case Series. Legal Med. 2014128(1):59–64. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various synthetic cannabinoids and related forensic studies rather than anthropological predictions or cultural trends. There is no mention of anthropology, cultural trends, or predictions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: The production of distilled water per cubic meter with and without FRL is found to be 1. 37$ and 1. 66$, respectively. Advertisement 5. ConclusionIt is concluded that the scarcity of pure water can be compensated by desalination processes to meet the global demand of water as some developing countries have already done. The developed and developing countries have the capacity to install the conventional source of desalination plant but this attitude is greatly impacting on the environmental issues such as global emissions of CO2 and greenhouse gases (GHGs). Currently, the desalination plants are based on the conventional sources of thermal energy. The sustainable development goals (SDGs) can only be achieved using the renewable source of energy for the desalination processes. This will eliminate two main problems: global emissions and scarcity of water. The alternative and most effective source for desalination processes keeping in mind the SDGs is the solar thermal desalination processes. The capital and operational cost of the conventional thermal desalination processes are high enough that under developing countries cannot afford it. Therefore, the solar thermal desalination processes are the best option for those countries. The plenty of solar irradiance, water, and land make Pakistan the best suited area for the solar thermal desalination. Baluchistan, Sindh, and are the most suitable area for the solar energy applications. River at Karachi in Sindh province is one of the most suitable areas for the solar thermal desalination processes. The solar stills technology for the distillation of saline water is one of the most favorable technologies to distill water to meet the water demand of Pakistan at effective cost. The governing equations of mathematical modeling of solar still were based on law of conservation of mass and law of conservation of energy. was employed to solve the governing equations of the mathematical model. The result is showing that the utilization of Fresnel (FRL) lens makes the solar stills more productive of distill water as compared with solar stills without Fresnel lens. At the same time, the cost of pure water is less while using FRL lens in the solar stills. The solar stills technology works more efficiently at the remote areas of Pakistan where high-cost desalination plants are far enough to install. And ease of installation, capital, operational, and maintenance cost make it possible to reach to all people. Advertisement 0. 2Thickness2200. 234Thickness glass cover0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing solar thermal desalination processes, which leverage solar energy to convert saline water into distilled water. It specifically mentions that the solar stills technology efficiently distills saline water, highlighting the role of solar irradiance in this process. Therefore, it supports the assertion that solar-powered desalination utilizes sunlight to remove salt from seawater.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can turn any plant into a high-yield, nutrient-rich food source. [SEP] Text: [55] generated overexpressed mutants for the gene SlGRXS1 by activating the transcription factor SlWRKY3, which confers thermotolerance to tomato. Mutant tomato plants exhibited more ROS scavenging and less oxidative damage relative to their wild type counterparts. This research has confirmed that SlGRXS1 and SlWRKY3 act together to enhance the stress response network in tomato plants when they are subjected to high temperatures. Due to its osmoprotectant properties, the capacity to maintain the cellular water status, the reduction in the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the regulation of gene expression, sucrose can play a crucial role in heat-stressed plants [56]. Zhang et al. [57] opted to investigate Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), a key rate-limiting enzyme in the sucrose synthesis pathway in crops. The researchers reported that the gain or loss of function of a novel gene (SlSPS) conferred increased or decreased thermotolerance to tomato plants, making them more or less susceptible to heat stress. To suppress SlMAPK3 expression in tomato plants, Yu et al. [58] adoptedCas9 gene editing technology. The wild-type and mutant tomato plants were then subjected to heat stress. The thermotolerance of the edited plants compared to WT was confirmed by their survival in temperatures ranging from 25 to 45°. Under heat stress circumstances, the mutant plants survived longer and developed more successfully while minimizing the synthesis of potential reactive oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of the study by Huang et al. [59] was to identify the function of the BAG9 gene in tomato heat tolerance. Tomato mutants (bag9) were able to withstand higher temperatures after overexpressing this gene usingCas9. Increased antioxidant enzyme activity and heat sock protein synthesis also resulted from this shift in higher gene expression in tomato plants. As far as chilling conditions is concerned, Li et al. [60] generatedCas9 mutant tomato plants for the SlCBF1 gene aiming to develop a greater awareness of the tomato’s chilling tolerance. The authors emphasize the important role of the CBF (C-repeat binding factor) genes in regulating plant responses to chilling stress, focusing in particular on the SlCBF1 gene, which is a known key regulator gene of chilling tolerance in tomatoes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific outcomes of gene editing in tomato plants, particularly focused on thermotolerance and stress responses, without addressing improvements to yield or nutritional content. It details studies on the use of Cas9 gene editing technology related to stress responses rather than enhanced productivity or nutrient density.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: Ice cores and sediment cores form the backbone of climate paleodata. A core is a vertical sample of ice or sediment extracted from an area of interest. The core effectively acts as a ‘timeline’ – the ice or sediment nearer the top of the core will have been laid down recently, whilst that nearer the bottom will have been laid down a long time ago. By studying the characteristics of the ice or sediment at different points on the core that correspond to different points in the past, we can find clues about what the world used to look like. For ice cores, these clues include things like bubbles of greenhouse gases, p10. 33424/125 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Zhengyu Liu, discussing climate data. A public lecture by Otto-Bliesner on using information about the past to project different scenarios about what the future climate will hold. (Photo: Tsubasa Shigehara/Daily. ) An international workshop held at Mt. Hood to compare TraCE to records of climate change since the LGM. for the CESM model that Bette and Liu use in their study. (Photo: Ryan Johnson) for early career researchers, involving lectures and hands-on experience running the model and analysing its output. (Photo: Carlye Calvin) Women senior scientists (including Bette) at the 50th anniversary of NCAR’s MESA Lab iconic building. (Photo: Carlye Calvin) – a change in the global climate, leading to changes in temperatures, weather and other factors – a computer simulation of the world’s past, present or possible future climate – water formed from melting ice sheet – a seasonal influx of rain brought in by prevailing winds – the motion of the ocean, driven by wind, water density differences and tides – data that give information about ancient times – sunlight, including the electromagnetic radiation that results in heat Climate change does not just mean the world is getting hotter; it signals a whole range of effects on planetary systems, affecting everything from weather patterns to ocean currents. Getting to grips with what climate change means for the world – and for humanity – is essential for two reasons. Firstly, it strengthens the case for action to mitigate climate change as soon as possible. Secondly, it helps us prepare for the changes that might be inevitable, helping to build resilience into human society. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on climate paleodata and the implications of climate change, discussing how studying ice and sediment cores can provide insights into past climates. It does not make any references to anthropologists, cultural trends, or predictions of future cultural developments, which are the central aspects of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Oil, coal and natural gas is originally produced by photosynthetic processes, followed by complex chemical reactions, in which decaying vegetation was subjected to temperature and pressure over a long period of time [4]. Solar energy is so powerful and abundant that 30 min of solar radiation falling on earth is equal to the world annual energy demand. It is also cheap, environment friendly and nearly inexhaustible. Most of the world receives powerful solar radiation and has a good chance and opportunity to benefit from solar energy [3]. All ecosystems and every field of human activity depend on clean water and it is one of the most precious resources in today’s world. Water is a primary need for life, health and sanitation, which brings it into the international agenda as a very important issue [2]. The lack of potable water poses a big problem in arid regions of the world where freshwater is becoming very scarce and expensive. Clean drinking water is one of the most important international health issues today [5]. Remote and arid to semi-arid regions depend on underground water for drinking. Unfortunately, underground water is not always considered to be fresh drinking water. In some instances, the salinity is too high for being drinkable, and it is called brackish water. In such cases, fresh water has to be either transported for long distances or connected with an expensive distribution water network at extremely high cost for, usually, a small population. Solar desalination can be a good solution for such a problem [6]. Desalination is one of mankind’s earliest forms of water treatment, and it is still a popular treatment solution throughout the world today [5]. Distillation is one of the oldest and most rustic desalination techniques. In fact, it reproduces the natural process of the industrial desalination. Solar distillation is a thermal process that represents a sustainable solution to water shortages in the world. The desalination technique by solar energy, based on the principle of greenhouse is not new. Solar energy coupled to desalination offers a promising prospect for covering the fundamental needs of power and water in remote regions, where connection to the public electric grid is either not cost effective or not feasible, and where the water scarcity is severe [5]. Advertisement 2. Hydrologic cycle and water scarcityThe earth has a global water amount of about 1. 38×109 km3, 97. 5% of which is salty and only 2. 5% is fresh water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing solar desalination as a viable solution for water shortages, stating that solar energy coupled with desalination offers a promising prospect for addressing water needs in regions with severe water scarcity. Specifically, it mentions that 'Solar desalination can be a good solution for such a problem' and that 'Solar energy coupled to desalination offers a promising prospect,' indicating that sunlight is indeed utilized in the desalination process to remove salt from seawater.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can turn any plant into a high-yield, nutrient-rich food source. [SEP] Text: The loss of function resulted in diminished physiological and biochemical responses of tomato plants to chilling stress, including altered levels of stress-related hormones such as jasmonic acid and abscisic acid. Non-expresser of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) is known for its role in crop resistance to diseases, but its function in cold-adapted tomato plants was investigated by Shu et al. [61]. It was found thatCas9-obtained tomato knockout mutants exhibited more cold stress tolerance than their wild-type counterparts, as evidenced by lower oxidative damage, higher antioxidant enzyme activity, and greater development of the plants. 4 Conclusion and Future PerspectivesThis manuscript presents intriguing future prospects for the application ofCas9 technology to enhance tomato quality and abiotic stress resistance. Further investigation of the molecular mechanisms and pathways involved in tomato quality and abiotic stress response could yield important insights. Using functional genomics and systems biology approaches, such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, could reveal the complex molecular networks and regulatory mechanisms governing these traits, leading to a greater understanding of how -mediated modifications affect tomato quality and stress tolerance. Future research might explore the concurrent editing of multiple genes aiming to improve tomato traits in a more comprehensive way. Combining genetic modifications for enhanced flavor, increased nutritional value, and enhanced stress tolerance, for instance, could result in the creation of tomatoes with superior overall quality and resilience. 170. Cabi Publishing, Wallingford (2005)341. Springer, Cham (2022)1. 7 through promotion of SUN gene expression. Hortic. Res. 9, uhac121 (2022)10. 1016/j. hpj. 2022. 12. 005Liu, H. , Liu, L. , Liang, D. , Zhang, M. , Jia, C. , Qi, M. , Liu, Y. , Shao, Z. , Meng, F. , Hu, S. , Yin, Y. , Li, C. , Wang, Q. : SlBES1 promotes tomato fruit softening through transcriptional inhibition of PMEU1. Iscience. 24, 102926 (2021)10. 1016/j. hpj. 2022. 12. 006Cohen, I. , Zandalinas, S. I. , Huck, C. , Fritschi, F. B. , Mittler, R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific case of gene editing in tomato plants, where the loss of function due to gene editing led to diminished physiological responses rather than universally enhancing yield or nutrient richness. It highlights the nuances in the use of CRISPR technology (Cas9), indicating that while there are positive outcomes such as improved stress tolerance, there is no evidence presented that gene editing alone can universally transform any plant into a high-yield, nutrient-rich food source.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: CESM’s simulation accounts for atmospheric greenhouse gases, solar radiation entering our atmosphere, the role of ice sheets, ocean currents and meltwater, among many other factors. It also models how these all interact with one another. CESM can also account for how things have physically changed over the last 21,000 years: the distance between the Earth and the Sun, which affect sunlight reaching the earth; the shape of continents and oceans; ice sheets and mountains; and the composition of the atmosphere, including greenhouse gases. The model is regularly supplemented with an ever-growing depth of scientific understanding. “By incorporating our new knowledge of planetary processes and how they interact into the models, we can make them ever-more accurate,” says Bette. is all very well building all these factors into computer models, but there must be a way to check that they are making accurate predictions. This can be done by ‘calibrating’ the model with data gleaned from the prehistorical record. Scientists are finding increasingly insightful ways of making inferences from the clues left behind on Earth. Ice cores and sediment cores form the backbone of climate paleodata. A core is a vertical sample of ice or sediment extracted from an area of interest. The core effectively acts as a ‘timeline’ – the ice or sediment nearer the top of the core will have been laid down recently, whilst that nearer the bottom will have been laid down a long time ago. By studying the characteristics of the ice or sediment at different points on the core that correspond to different points in the past, we can find clues about what the world used to look like. For ice cores, these clues include things like bubbles of greenhouse gases, p57. 6k. Pay scales really depend on degree (B. S. , M. S. or Ph. D), employer (academic, government or business) and seniority. recommends subjects such as maths, physics, chemistry, statistics and computer programming. ? L: was younger, I was more interested in painting and literature than science. Nature always drew my curiosity, which is perhaps where my scientific interests arose. B: I loved watching the weather! I was always curious about understanding what led to the weather patterns I could see. ? L: I don’t remember any particular reason, other than my interest in the natural world, which likely drew me to science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding anthropologists' ability to predict future cultural trends. Instead, it discusses scientific modeling related to climate factors and how they can be studied through ice and sediment cores. The focus is on environmental science rather than anthropology, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Although all parts of the earth is exposed to solar radiation throughout a year, the equator zone between 35°N and 35°S latitudes receives much more solar energy compared to the other parts of the earth and is called “Sunbelt region” [10]. About four-fifth of the world population lives in this region. Having abundant solar energy on one side, the Sunbelt region countries experience a serious water scarcity problem. This scarcity is not only physical water scarcity, indeed it is an economic water scarcity especially in Africa, which means lack of investment in water infrastructure or the lack of personnel capacity to adequately meet the drinking and irrigation water demand of the population. Figure 2 shows a schematic illustration of the Sunbelt region and global water scarcity in the world. Figure 2. Global physical and economic water scarcity and Sunbelt region [10, 11]One of the vital factors in combatting the economic water scarcity is a cheap, clean, affordable and environment friendly energy source which will be used to produce and distribute usable and drinkable water. Renewable energy sources such as; solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc. is suitable for this purpose. Sunbelt region is very suitable to use solar energy, which is a very popular and abundant energy source, to produce fresh water from saline water through a number of desalination methods, which will be discussed in detail later. 6 kWh/(m2. d) of solar energy, which is easily reached in Sunbelt region, is equal to 0. 6 l/m2. d and 220 l/m2. y of oil. Therefore it is practically possible to use solar energy instead of especially fossil fuels in this region [12]. Advertisement 3. Desalination and solar energy’s place among the other energy sources for desalinationTotal fresh water consumption in the world can be classified into three categories; about 70% is used for irrigation, 20% is used for industrial purposes, and only 10% of the fresh water is consumed for domestic uses as drinking and cleaning water. In case of a shortage of fresh water, desalination is a way to produce usable and drinkable fresh water from any source of saline water to meet the demand. Desalination is the process of separating salt from saline water, which is a mixture of pure water and salt, in order to obtain fresh water. Water salinity due to dissolved salts can be expressed in four classes as; fresh water (<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the Sunbelt region is suitable for using solar energy to produce fresh water from saline water through various desalination methods. It explains that solar energy is an abundant energy source in this region and highlights its importance in combating water scarcity, which supports the notion that sunlight is utilized in the desalination process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can turn any plant into a high-yield, nutrient-rich food source. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Modification efficiency of the two TALEN approachesFull size table For further analysis, 22 T1 plants of either approach (10 for TS1, 12 for TS2) exhibiting the Mpnop1 mutant phenotype were selected and sequenced to confirm the genome-editing event of TS1 and TS2 and also to determine the genetic modifications that occurred by imprecise NHEJ repair of the cleaved genomic MpNOP1 locus. Corroborating the mutant phenotype, 21 of the investigated 22 lines were altered such that open reading frame shifts occurred, indicated by the suffix ge-o. The generation of premature stop codons likely led to the formation of truncated, non-functional MpNOP1 proteins (Fig. 4). 13 of the 22 T1 lines harbored deletions at the target sites varying between 4 nt up to 2000 nt. Most frequently, in four lines, 8 nt deletions were observed. Four insertion lines were obtained, where the most extreme case is represented by Mpnop1-10 ge-o which carries an integration of over 2000 nt. Five lines with a combination of deletions and insertions were detected. Noteworthy, Mpnop1-22 ge-i carried an in-frame deletion (ge-i) of 18 nt, suggesting that the absence of six amino acids directly upstream of the U-box severely affects the MpNOP1 protein activity in air chamber formation. These findings are consistent with previous reports, where TALEN approaches generated a variety of sequence modifications in plants [38,39,40]. Fig. 4Nucleotide modifications in the MpNOP1 locus induced by TALENs. Alignment of analyzed MpNOP1 TS1 and TS2 sequences from T1 mutants. The respective wild-type nucleotide and amino acid MpNOP1 sequences are depicted at the top of each target site. Numbers in brackets indicate the position of the first indicated amino acid. TALEN binding sites are underlined and spacer sequences are highlighted in grey. Origin of the TALEN pairs is indicated using C for custom TALENs (Cellectis) and A for the assembled TALENs (Sidansai) on the left side. Deletions in the genomic locus are indicated by dashes, insertions by italicized lowercase letters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific genetic modifications in plants resulting from TALEN approaches but does not provide evidence or support for the notion that gene editing can universally turn any plant into a high-yield or nutrient-rich food source. Instead, it focuses on the genetic alterations that lead to non-functional proteins, suggesting limitations of the gene editing techniques being discussed.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: For example, tobacco smoke contains chemicals that attach themselves to DNA, causing a mutation in the DNA when it is copied. Usually, these mutations are corrected by the cell’s repair mechanisms, but sometimes errors slip through. Most of these mutations have no effect on the cell’s function, but mutations in genes that control cell division and growth can cause cancer. If a mutation causes these genes to become too active, it leads to uncontrolled cell growth and, therefore, a tumour will form. Sourced from Adobe, credit: designua Ras genes control the activation of many other genes involved in cell division, growth and survival. Mutations in Ras genes can cause them to be permanently switched on, which means that they are constantly instructing the cell to divide and grow. Ras gene mutations are found in around 20% of all cancer patients, but are especially common in pancreatic (90%), colon (45%) and lung cancer (30%). There are three Ras genes: and NRAS. KRAS is the most important for human development and is also the most frequently mutated. KRAS is the main focus of Ian’s research. ? Ian’s team uses cell models and mice in its studies. The researchers use a gene editing technique called to introduce various combinations of Ras mutations in mice, which, in turn, enables the researchers to find the mutations that are responsible for causing cancer. In traditional mouse-based studies, different mouse bloodlines would be created, each with a different mutation. ’s team can introduce multiple mutations into one mouse. “It means we can significantly reduce the number of mice that we use whilst at the same time increasing our ability to directly compare panels of cancer gene mutations,” says Ian. The researchers also use genomics to study genes that are activated or deactivated by different mutations, and proteomics to study proteins regulated by Ras genes and how they are affected by different Ras mutations. ? Download the 10. 33424/197 Link to the activity sheet Download the Share 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Zeiss laser microdissection microscope used by Ian and his team for their research. Ian (top right) poses with his team. Ian grows cancer cells in dishes for his experiments. of Liverpool where Ian works. Imagine studying or working here! of Liverpool where Ian works. Imagine studying or working here! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the role of genetic mutations in cancer development, particularly focusing on Ras genes and their mutations' effects on cell behavior and cancer research. However, it does not address cultural practices at all, highlighting that understanding cancer involves complex biological processes and research methods rather than cultural analysis. This implies that understanding phenomena like cancer cannot be fully encompassed by genetic studies alone, thus contrasting with the claim that cultural practices can be understood entirely through genetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Desalination processes [16]Since changing the phase of saline water requires considerable amount of heat, solar energy is a very practical and readily available energy source along with geothermal and wind energy where available. Solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy are used in renewable energy powered desalination plants with the percentages of 42%, 37% and 21% respectively. Solar power is used as both thermal energy and electricity through photo-voltaic panels. Advertisement 4. Solar technologies used in desalinationEnergy is the most vital need for living. Obtaining the usable forms of energy may cause both economic and environmental problems. Especially the fossil fuels have relatively high costs and environmental impacts which inevitably lead to seek for developing alternative methods. Using renewable energy sources is a good way to cope with energy and environmental problems. Renewable energy sources can easily replace fossil-fuels in the near future especially in stationary plants. Depleting reserves of fossil-fuels and environmental problems make it necessary to use the reserves more carefully. Solar energy has great potential in space heating for buildings owing to its low-grade energy characteristics and is the most important alternative to fossil fuels. Solar systems with feasible design and installation have very short payback periods and meet the energy demand very effectively. Solar energy is widely used for drying, cooking, distillation, hot water and electricity production which are the very daily life needs of the people. Several methods using solar energy can be used easily to produce potable water from salt water to save people and agriculture from water scarcity. Main requirement of desalination process is thermal energy, and it can be provided through thermal and PV applications of solar energy systems. This energy can be integrated with various types of structure and capacity distillation systems to produce fresh water. 4. 1. (SGSP)Salt gradient solar pond (SGSP) is a low cost method of capturing and storing solar energy at relatively low temperatures. A SGSP has mainly three layers of water filled in a pond in an order of salinity and relative mass from the bottom to the top. The first and deepest layer of the pond is filled with a very salty water (about 20%), which is called Zone (LCZ). This layer is salty as much as possible to increase the relative mass of the water compared to the next upper layer which is called Non-(NCZ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how solar energy is utilized in desalination processes. It explains that solar energy is a practical energy source for desalination and is used as both thermal energy and electricity. Additionally, it mentions that various methods using solar energy can effectively produce potable water from salt water, directly supporting the idea of solar-powered desalination.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: Repair vectors (Dataset S2 & Dataset S3) were constructed by simultaneous Gibson assembly cloning (NEB) of three synthetic fragments for each target (recodonized partial open reading frame, 5′ and 3′ HR) into the p3HA_glmS plasmid, linearized by digestion with KpnI (NEB). Recodonized coding region fragments were obtained as gBlocks synthetic DNA (IDT, Singapore). 5′ and 3′ HR fragments were obtained by PCR using PrimeSTAR® (Inc. Shiga, Japan) and P. falciparum 3D7 genomic DNA template. Gene editing by DNA transfection P. falciparum 3D7 reference (NCBI txid: 36329) wild-type parasite was cultured in vitro as previously described (Aroonsri et al. , 2016; Aroonsri et al. , 2019). Cas9 (20 µg) and PstI-linearized repair (50 µg) vectors were co-transfected into late schizont parasites by AMAXA nucleofection, as previously described (Knuepfer et al. , 2017). WR99210 (2 nM, a gift from Prof. Tirayut Vilaivan) was applied 48 h post-transfection to select transfected parasites. WR99210-resistant parasites emerged within 30 days post-transfection, and gene editing events were detected by PCR with integration-specific primers (Table S1). Transfected parasites with detectable gene edits were treated for 7 days with 1 µM 5-fluorocytosine (Sigma-) and 2. 5 µg/mL blasticidin S HCl (Gibco™, ) to remove Cas9 plasmid retained as episome and eliminate wild-type parasites. Clonal lines of gene-edited parasites were obtained by limiting dilution in 96-well microtiter plates. Western blotting Clonal lines of transgenic parasites DHFR-TS_glmS and MS_glmS with edited PF3D7_0417200 and PF3D7_1233700 genes, respectively were synchronized by sorbitol treatment and cultured for 24 h in the presence or absence of 5 mM glucosamine (GlcN, Sigma-). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a complex gene editing process that involves various agricultural interventions such as the use of specific antibiotics, the application of selection agents, and culture conditions for transfected parasites. These interventions suggest that gene editing is part of a broader framework of agricultural techniques rather than a standalone solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 소개 학술지 논문 통계 한국어 English toggle menu KCI 등재 윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - Yun Ch'i-ho's (1864-1945) views on death and burial practices as seen through his diaries 민족문화연구 약어 : - 2015 no. 66, 10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. 175 발행기관 : 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 연구분야 : 기타인문학 Copyright © 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 1 1서울대학교 인용한 논문 수 : 7 328 회 열람 현재 페이지 인쇄 PDF 다운로드 인용보기 공유 초록 윤치호(1864-1945)는 널리 알려진 역사 인물이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Yun Ch'i-ho and his views on death and burial practices through his diaries, without mentioning genetics or its role in understanding cultural practices. Thus, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: PV panels can also be connected to each other in any size and number to produce a desired power output. PV panels have no emission, no noise and no moving parts. Also, their installation and maintenance tasks are very easy [23]. The main drawback of PV panels is their cost which is decreasing rapidly. Affordable prices boosted the use of PV panels in recent years. Global installed capacity of PV plants was 2. 6 GW in 2004, increased to 100 GW in 2012 and become 139 GW by the year 2013 [20]. Advertisement 5. Solar desalinationDesalination of sea water or other salty ground waters is a practical and proven method of producing fresh water where it is needed. The main issue for this desalination process is a low cost, environment friendly, readily available energy to drive the process. Solar energy is one of the best sources of this type and it is abundant throughout the year especially in solar belt region at which most of the water scarcity is suffered by about 5 billion people. Solar water desalination is a well-known and proven technique which has been used for a long time at remote areas and places suffering from shortage of potable quality water. There are many variations of solar driven desalination systems. Figure 6 shows a pull classification and integrated big picture view of desalination processes and the place of renewable energy among the other methods. These systems can be classified mainly into two groups as direct and indirect desalination systems which will be described below. 5. 1. Indirect systemsMost of the large solar desalination plants are driven by indirect solar energy. Indirect solar desalination systems can be classified into thermal, mechanical or electric driven technologies. Solar energy is collected through concentrating () or non-concentrating () collectors to run thermal desalination processes such as thermal vapour compression (TVC) and membrane desalination (MD). Another indirect use of solar energy in desalination system is producing electricity from solar irradiation via PV panels and use to run ED which is the only desalination technology using electricity directly to produce fresh water. RO and freezing desalination techniques require mechanical energy which can be obtained from solar energy through heat engines (Rankine, sterling and brayton) or PV panels. Figure7 shows the shares of desalination technologies in indirect solar desalination plants installed worldwide. Figure 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of solar energy for desalination processes. It indicates that solar energy is one of the best sources for driving desalination, specifically noting that solar water desalination has been a proven technique for producing fresh water in areas with water scarcity. It also mentions different types of solar-driven desalination systems, reinforcing the idea that sunlight can be utilized to remove salt from seawater.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: We edited the PF3D7_1233700 and PF3D7_0412700 (DHFR-TS) genes, placing them under the control of the glmS ribozyme (Prommana et al. , 2013). The edited DHFR-TS and MS genes were confirmed by PCR genotypic assays in clonal lines of transgenic parasites (Figs. 1 & 2). One clonal line of each edited gene (designated as DHFR-TS_glmS and MS_glmS, respectively) was selected for phenotypic analysis. The expressions of target proteins in transgenic parasites were assessed by western blotting of synchronized transgenic parasites cultured for 24 h in the presence or absence of GlcN. Protein species of sizes expected for modified MS (72. 7 kDa) and DHFR-TS (75. 5 kDa) were detected in transgenic parasites (Fig. S3). GlcN treatment caused significant reductions in MS and DHFR-TS protein expression (DHFR-TS mean = 40%, P-adjusted = 0. 004; MS mean = 51%, P-adjusted = 0. 03; Fig. 3A). There was no significant difference in the mean % target protein (GlcN treated relative to untreated control) level between DHFR-TS and MS (P = 0. 34). Figure 1: PF3D7_0417200 (DHFR-TS) gene editing. (A) Schematic of PF3D7_0417200 gene editing (drawn to scale). The location of the guide RNA target for mediating double-strand DNA break is indicated by the lightning bolt symbol. Repair vector (Dataset S2) elements are indicated by the colored boxes, including homologous regions in blue, recodonized protein coding region (Rec. ) in magenta, triple hemagglutinin epitope tag (HA) in cyan, glmS ribozyme (glmS) in red, blasticidin S deaminase selectable marker gene (BSD) in orange, and Plasmodium transcriptional regulatory elements in teal. The locations and sizes of amplicons expected from PCR using primers DHFR_37 F (P1), _1558R (P2), and glmS_3R (P3) are indicated by black arrows. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a specific gene editing procedure and its results without indicating that such editing alone is sufficient for agricultural interventions. Instead, it references assessments of protein expression in transgenic parasites, showing that the edited genes still require evaluation and management, implying that gene editing does not eliminate the need for other interventions.