Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: AbstractIncreased atmospheric CO2 is driving ocean acidification (OA), and potential changes in marine ecosystems. Research shows that both planktonic and benthic communities are affected, but how these changes are linked remains unresolved. Here we show experimentally that decreasing seawater pH (from pH 8. 1 to 7. 8 and 7. 4) leads to reduced biofilm formation and lower primary producer biomass within biofilms. These changes occurred concurrently with a re-arrangement of the biofilm microbial communities. Changes suggest a potential shift from autotrophic to heterotrophic dominated biofilms in response to reduced pH. In a complimentary experiment, biofilms reared under reduced pH resulted in altered larval settlement for a model species (Galeolaria hystrix). These findings show that there is a potential cascade of impacts arising from OA effects on biofilms that may drive important community shifts through altered settlement patterns of benthic species. Similar content being viewed by others Biogeochemical feedbacks to ocean acidification in a cohesive photosynthetic sediment 0. 2 to 0. 4 units on average by the year 21001. It is estimated that average surface ocean pH has already decreased from near 8. 25 to 8. 1 over the past 250 years and is forecasted to decrease to near or below 7. 85 by the end of the century1. Acidification of the oceans is expected, and has been shown experimentally, to affect marine ecosystems in a myriad of ways with stimulative, inhibitive, or neutral effects depending on organism or location2,3,4,5. Complex lifecycles in most marine invertebrates involve a long-lived benthic adult stage, and a shorter-lived planktonic larval stage that are thought to be most susceptible to climate change6,7,8. At the completion of the free-living larval stage, the competent larvae of benthic species must attach to a substrate (settle) and metamorphose. The transition is likely to affect settlement success of calcifying species under ocean acidification regimes; the first is a direct effect where lowered pH and lower saturation states of calcium carbonate (calcite and aragonite) ions which reduce calcification during the transition from planktonic to benthic life stages9,10; the second is an indirect effect through the disturbance of settlement cues between biofilms and larvae11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that ocean acidification affects a wide range of marine organisms, not just those with hard shells. It mentions that 'both planktonic and benthic communities are affected' by reduced seawater pH, which indicates that organisms, including fish and those without hard shells, may experience significant impacts due to ocean acidification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: The number and mean volume of neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) (E,F) and the number and mean volume of NS-associated OXT puncta (G,H) was quantified. p<0. 01, Student’s t-test, Cohen’s d = 1. 54 (E); p<0. 1, Student's t-test, Cohen's d = 0. 85 (F); p<0. 05, Student's t-test, Cohen's d = 1. 17 (G); p<0. 01, Student's t-test, Cohen's d = 1. 43 (H), n = 8, 12 for DMSO and cytochalasin D treatment, respectively. (I–N) Assessment of the effect of oxytocin-neuron specific perturbation of actin. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxytocin Gal4 driver (oxt:Gal4) were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP (I) or UAS:Cofilin-EGFP (L) expression cassettes. All the injected larvae were sorted for fluorescent heart selection marker and were subjected to immunostaining with anti-EGFP and anti-OXT antibody. 5-dpf larvae with and without expression of EGFP-labeled neurohypophyseal synapses were imaged using confocal microscopy as in Figure 1F. The number (J,M) and volume of OXT puncta (K,N) were quantified. (J-M: ns, non-significant; N: p<0. 05; Student’s t-test with Cohen’s d = 0. 92). Error bars indicate SEM in (E-H, J,K,M and N). Figure 3—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 3: Neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters upon actin perturbation. The excel sheet includes values for number and volume of neurohypophyseal synapses and OXT puncta from confocal imaging of larvae that were subjected to DMSO vs cytochalasin treatment or embryos that underwent transgenesis experiment for OXT-neuron specific EGFP vs cofilin expression. Download elife-45650-fig3-data1-v3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses neurohypophyseal synapses and their quantification in a scientific experiment, which has no relation to willow bark or its historical use for pain relief.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: The temperature, as well as the frequency, dependence of the dielectric constant was explained by the existence of functional groups between neighboring layers; since functional groups containing hydroxyl groups are expected to be present between layers, their behavior might be influenced by the frequency, leading to resonant behavior at high frequency. Furthermore, investigation of the structure and properties of GH would help determine pathways for synthesizing graphene since increasing the ratio of sp3/sp2 drives the GH system towards a more graphane-like state in which all carbon atoms have sp3 orbitals. Moreover, these investigations will also facilitate the development of applications, such as sensors and energy storage systems, which exploit the large surface area of these materials. As a demonstration of a possible application, electrodes for supercapacitors were fabricated using reduced GH. Figure 7 shows the XRD pattern of reduced GH, which contained 3 distinct peaks. The interlayer distances for the planes associated with these peaks were 12. 7 Å, 3. 43 Å and 2. 96 Å, respectively. After reduction, the reduced GH had a greater interlayer distance than the unreduced GH (cf. Figure 3). Figure 7XRD pattern of reduced GH. The reduced GH had a greater interlayer distance than the unreduced GH. Full size imageFigure 8 shows images of the cross-sections of thermally reduced GH samples. Since the GH had numerous chemical groups on the surface, gases were generated during the reduction process by the destruction chemical groups such as epoxy and hydroxyl groups. In addition, the vacuum environment triggered the expansion of the stacked layers so that the evolved gases could escape from the GH. Long-term vacuum reduction at high temperature produced many pores inside the sample and expanded the interlayer spacing, i. e. , the effective surface area was greatly increased. Therefore, neighboring layers were separated from each other and many pores were clearly visible, as shown in Fig. 8(a). In Figs. 8(b) and (c), the empty space between layers is distinct and the structure is like that of a connected cocoon. The size of the cocoon-shaped pores was larger than 1 μm2. Inside the individual layers, there were smaller pores around 250 nm × 50 nm and 40 nm × 10 nm, as shown in Figs. 8(e) and (f), respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does mention the development of applications such as sensors and energy storage systems, which relates to the claim about energy storage. However, the primary focus of the text is on the structural and chemical properties of GH and the impact of functional groups on its behavior, rather than directly addressing the majority focus of research in graphene applications for high electrical conductivity specifically for supercapacitors and energy storage. Therefore, while it contains some relevant information, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim directly.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: While evidence supports impacts of OA on calcification, recent work shows that these effects are likely driven by changes in saturation state and not directly by pH12,13. Less is known on the responses across life-history stages to OA scenarios that might be related to a loss of interaction (settlement cues) between larvae and microbial communities. While reduced pH has been linked to decreases in the settlement success of vermetids14, corals14,15,16,17,18, sea stars11, and sea urchins19, our understanding regarding the OA effects on the settlement processes of marine invertebrates remains limited. In this respect, a recent review by Espinel et al. 20 found less than 50 published studies, with the majority indicated neutral or negative changes in settlement under reduced pH. Within these studies, only a small number examined the outcomes of pH induced changes of substrates (biofilms and CCAs) on settlement, and these indicated a reduction in settlement rate in taxa such as coral and sea stars20. Settlement success has in part been attributed to biofilm recognition or quorum sensing21,22. These cues have been strongly linked to biofilm bacteria of the genus Pseudoalteromonas22,23 and the production of brominated compounds, with their effect potentially modified by factors including carotenoids24. It is likely, however, that a large number of microorganisms and metabolites are involved in promoting settlement of marine species, yet to be described. Altered settlement rates due to OA driven changes in biofilm communities and will be important as they could shape the future distributions, abundances and ecology of marine benthic communities. In addition, changes in settlement may impact the sustainability of species that are cultured or harvested, where recruitment and the supply of juveniles for recruitment and on-growing may be reduced. The present research seeks to better understand the effects of reduced pH on the development of microbial biofilm communities, and the potential effects of changes in biofilms on the settlement of marine larvae. This is examined in two independent, but complimentary experiments. Firstly, we developed biofilms in flow-through aquaria for up to 69 days at ambient (pH 8. 1) or reduced seawater pH (7. 8 and 7. 4) to determine their general characteristics (biomass, chlorophyll and carotenoid levels) and associated microbial community (diversity, composition). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that organisms with hard shells, such as corals, sea stars, and sea urchins, are affected by ocean acidification (OA) through decreased settlement success linked to reduced pH levels. This indicates that OA influences a variety of marine species beyond just those with hard shells, challenging the notion that fish are immune to its effects, as settlement cues influencing larval success and recruitment are also impacted by OA-driven changes in microbial communities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: xlsx Figure 3—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional render showing STORM images of endogenous OXT and Lifeact-EGFP in neurohypophyseal synapses. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic actin dynamics. (A) robo2 is expressed in larval zebrafish neurosecretory preoptic area (NPO) and colocalizes with Oxytocin neurons. Confocal Z-stack images showing fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of transgenic larvae Tg(oxt:EGFP) (3 days post-fertilization (dpf)) using probes directed against robo2 mRNAs (magenta), followed by anti-EGFP staining. The neurosecretory preoptic (NPO) area in which OXT neurons were labeled is shown. Scale bar: 20 µm. (B,C) Real-time monitoring of synaptic actin dynamics in live transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:Lifeact-EGFP) larvae mounted in 0. 1% low-melt agarose and imaged using multi-photon microscopy upon after Photobleaching (FRAP) (B). Time-series images of FRAP experiment in a neurohypophyseal synapse with Lifeact-EGFP expression (C). Scale bar: 200 nm. (D–F) Assessment of synaptic actin dynamics in robo2 mutant using the transgenic actin dynamics reporter Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:Lifeact-EGFP) larvae. Graph showing the normalized FRAP profile of Lifeact-EGFP fluorescence intensity in 6-dpf robo2+/+ (n = 19 synapses from seven larvae) and robo2-/- (n = 21 synapses from seven larvae) (D) (***p<2e-16) for genotypeXtime interaction effect in a linear mixed effects model to account for inter-synapse and inter-genotype variability (see Materials and methods). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding the historical use of willow bark for pain relief and its salicylic acid content. Instead, it discusses neurosecretory functions and synaptic actin dynamics in zebrafish, without any mention of willow bark or its medicinal properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: The sheet resistance of the reduced-GH electrodes was measured using the four-point–probe method and was 1. 8 Ω/□. Figure 8SEM images of thermally reduced GH. Cross-sectional SEM images of the reduced GH paper sample at various magnifications. Full size imageTo evaluate the supercapacitive performance of the reduced GH electrodes, two-electrode symmetric coin cells were assembled. The mass of the GH electrode is 0. 198 mg each. To operate the coin cells across a wide voltage range, organic 1 M tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4) in polycarbonate was used as the electrolyte. The electrochemical performance was analyzed using galvanostatic charge/discharge profiling, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance measurements. The charge/discharge profiles of the reduced GH electrodes at different current densities are shown in Figure 9. The triangular profiles were similar to those obtained from electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) with good performance. A voltage drop in the curve, caused by an equivalent series resistance, was almost negligible. The specific capacitance (C) of the electrode was calculated using the slope of the discharge line usingFigure 9Electrochemical performance of the reduced-GH electrode. (a) galvanostatic charge and discharge curves at different current densities, (b) C-V profiles at different scan rates and (c) the complex impedance spectrum. Full size imagewhere I is the applied current, m is the mass of active material, ΔV is the potential range and t is the time to discharge. The specific capacitances of the electrode were 210. 1 F/g (at 1 A/g) and 212. 3 F/g (at 2 A/g). The volumetric capacitance of each electrode was calculated to be 71. 4 F/cm3 and 72. 1 F/cm3. The average electrode density was 0. 34 g/cm3. The reduced-GH electrodes showed rectangular CV curves [Fig. 9(b)] without any redox peaks, indicating ideal capacitive behavior. The pseudo-capacitance effect, which can be enhanced by surface functional groups containing oxygen and nitrogen by an additional Faradaic reaction, was not observed. It should be also noted that the CV curves were still rectangular at a high scan rate of 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the evaluation of supercapacitive performance of reduced-GH electrodes, illustrating their application in energy storage. Specifically, it describes the construction and performance measurements of symmetric coin cells using reduced-GH electrodes, highlighting their specific capacitance and ideal capacitive behavior. The focus on electrochemical performance and the charge/discharge profiling directly supports the idea that graphene research predominantly targets supercapacitor applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Biomass increased 12-fold under ambient pH conditions from young to older biofilms, while the increase over time was less pronounced under both reduced pH treatments. The biomass of old biofilms measured in the slides was 7-fold lower when these were developed at the lowest pH than at ambient conditions. This trend was consistent with the (5-fold) lower chlorophyll-a concentration for both young (2,9 = 6. 592, p < 0. 05) and older biofilms (2,9 = 12. 725, p < 0. 05), under the pH 7. 4 treatment (Fig. 2). A similar trend was observed for carotenoid concentrations (Fig. 2) in young (2,9 = 5. 949, p < 0. 05) and old biofilms (2,9 = 14. 001, p < 0. 05). Figure 2Effects of ocean acidification on biofilm development. (A–C) Changes in biomass and pigments associated to primary producers in response to pH treatment for young and old biofilms (n = 5 for each bar). (D–I) Representative images for biofilms at different pH for young and old biofilms. Ambient pHNIST was 8. 1. Scale bar 50 μm. Full size imageMicrobial community analysisReduced pH also led to clear and simultaneous shifts in microbial communities (Fig. 3) for both young and old biofilms (Figs. 3 and 4, 3). In young biofilms (<30 days old), microbial communities observed under both pH scenarios were statistically distinct from those raised in ambient pH (Fig. 3A and Supplementary Fig. 4) (: 16S, R = 0. 54, p = 0. 04; invertebrates, R = 0. 49, p < 0. 01), with the lowest observed variance in community changes at the lowest pH. Despite changes in community structure and a trend of reduced alpha diversity at lower pH for microbial communities (Fig. 3B), no significant differences (ANOVA p > 0. 05) in diversity (both richness and Shannon diversity) were observed among microbial communities. A re-arrangement was also observed at a broad taxonomic level in the microbial community with fold decreases in Actinobacteria (−2. 8x), Bacteroidetes (−1. 7x), Firmicutes (−3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of ocean acidification on both young and old biofilms, indicating that even microorganisms (which include various primary producers and may also encompass some fish species) are affected by changes in pH. It provides evidence that biomass and chlorophyll-a concentrations were significantly impacted under reduced pH conditions, suggesting that ocean acidification has broader effects beyond just animals with hard shells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Bar graphs showing the dynamic (E) and stable (F) Lifeact-EGFP fractions in robo2+/+ vs robo2-/- neurohypophyseal synapses (*p<0. 05 Student’s t-test; with Cohen’s d = 0. 67). Error bars indicate SEM in (D–F). Figure 4—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 4: Actin dynamics in neurohypophyseal synapses. The excel sheet includes values for FRAP data of neurohypophyseal synaptic Lifeact-EGFP in robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/- larvae. The full-scale normalized values, dynamic and stable fraction generated from Easy-Frap software are shown. Download elife-45650-fig4-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Slit3-Robo2 signaling regulates synaptic OXT levels. (A–E) Assessment of synaptic oxytocin content in robo2 mutant was performed as described in Figure 1F. Graph showing the number and size of neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) (A,B) and colocalizing OXT puncta (C,D) and the number of neurohypophyseal projecting axons (E) in 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) robo2+/+ (n = 13) vs robo2-/- (n = 17) larvae (*p<0. 05 Student’s t-test with Cohen's d = 0. 82; ns denotes not significant). (F–J) Assessment of synaptic oxytocin content upon slit3 knock-down. Transgenic (oxt:EGFP) embryos were injected with injection buffer or injection buffer with 0. 85 ng of morpholino targeted to the translational start site of slit3. Graph showing the number and size of NS (F,G) and colocalizing OXT puncta (H,I) and the number of neurohypophyseal projecting axons (J) in 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) control (n = 15) vs slit3 morpholino injected (n = 14) larvae (**p<0. 05 with Cohen’s d = 1. 23; ns denotes not significant, Student’s t-test). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental data regarding neurohypophyseal synapses and oxytocin levels, with no mention of willow bark, its historical use, or salicylic acid content.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: 1 V/s, indicating rapid charging/discharging with a low equivalent series resistance in the electrodes. Figure 9(c) displays the electrochemical impedance spectrum of the reduced-GH electrodes. The impedance measurements were carried out at a DC bias of 0 V over a frequency range of 100 kHz to 1 mHz. The impedance curve in Fig. 9(c) is a straight line, indicating ideal capacitive behavior in the device. The intercept of the Nyquist curve with the x axis is about 3. 5 Ω, demonstrating the good conductivity of the electrolyte and the very low internal resistance of the electrode. The intrinsic capacitance of single layer graphene is 21 μF/cm219, which is equivalent to 550 F/g. Previous research has focused on achieving high gravimetric capacitance in graphene and graphene-related materials through the use of porous materials with small densities to achieve supercapacitors with large gravimetric capacitances. However, the porosity of carbonaceous materials (such as graphene foam and graphene hydrogel) negatively impacts the volumetric capacitance of supercapacitors due to low densities (0. 01–0. 03 g/cm3)20,21,22,23, which is the greatest barrier to commercialization of supercapacitors requiring large volumetric capacitance for compact energy storage systems. However, the GH electrodes show not only high gravimetric as well as volumetric capacitances, which pave the commercialization path of supercapacitors. DiscussionWe investigated the structure of GH to assess its suitability for use in graphene-based applications. We determined that GH has a layered structure and that, after reduction under high-vacuum and high-temperature conditions, many large pores between the layers developed, leading to high surface area. To utilize this high surface area, electrodes for supercapacitors were manufactured from reduced GH. The layered structure of the reduced GH provided a large volumetric capacitance of 71. 4 F/cm3, as well as a large gravimetric capacitance of 210. 1 F/g. Thus, the material investigated here can be used not only for energy storage systems demanding high volumetric capacitance but also accelerate the development of new electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) materials for supercapacitors with high volumetric capacitance. MaterialsGO samples were prepared by the Brodie process13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various aspects related to graphene's application in supercapacitors. It mentions that previous research has aimed at achieving high gravimetric capacitance in graphene and graphene-related materials for use in supercapacitors, indicating a focus on energy storage applications. Additionally, it highlights the good conductivity of the electrolyte and low internal resistance of the electrodes, further supporting the claim about the significance of high electrical conductivity in graphene research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Haliea) affected organisms were detected. While OTUs closely associated to the gammaproteobacterial, Pseudoalteromonas were not detected, organisms within the gammaproteobacteria were amongst the most commonly associated with changes in pH, with 21 representatives from the (were Pseudoalteromonas belongs), including 17 organisms negatively responsive to a decrease in pH. These low pH sensitive organisms (Spearmans correlation to pH > 0. 72) included members of the genera 60(NOR5) clade, and several uncultured groups. Overall, this represents a gradual shift in the biofilm from a primary producer dominated community (e. g. Cyanobacteria and diatoms [Cylindrotheca]) to a heterotrophic (e. g. Methylotenera and Roseobacter OCS116 clade) dominated one, and is consistent with the observed decrease in biomass and pigments of primary producers (see Fig. 2). Experiment 2: Settlement assays on biofilms developed under pH treatmenthystrix settlement success ranged from 0. 8% on clean control slides, up to 29% observed on 60-day old biofilms raised in pH 7. 8 (Fig. 5). On 23-day old biofilm, a two-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference in settlement rate among pH treatments (F(3, 31) = 8. 838, p < 0. 001). A Tukey’s Post hoc test indicated settlement was significantly greater on the ambient and pH 7. 8 biofilms than on the control slides, but the difference was not significant among the pH treated biofilms, or between pH 7. 4 and the control slides. This difference was consistent at both 24 and 48 h during the settlement assay. Figure 5Settlement success of the model invertebrate (tubeworm) Galeolaria hystrix on biofilms grown at different pH. (a) The proportion of competent larvae settled 24 h and 48 h after being offered 23-day old biofilms developed under pHNIST 7. 4, 7. 8 and 8. 1. (b) The proportion of competent larvae settled 24 h and 48 h after being offered 60-day old biofilms developed under pHNIST 7. 4, 7. 8 and 8. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of the negative impact of ocean acidification on various organisms, including those without hard shells. It specifically mentions the correlation of decreases in pH with settlement success rates of the invertebrate Galeolaria hystrix on biofilms, indicating that aquatic organisms are sensitive to changes in pH, rather than being immune to them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (K) Hypophyseal POMC cells are localized near OXT synapses. Confocal Z-stacks maximum intensity projection of hypophysis region of 5 day old triple transgenic (pomc:EGFP; oxt:Gal4; UAS:NTR-mCherry). The hypophysis area showing OXT NS adjacent to anterior and posterior clusters of POMC cells are shown. Scale: 10 μM. (L–R) Local overexpression in mosaic hypophyseal POMC clones located. Transgenic embryos expressing the pomc:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:tRFP (M,P) or UAS: Slit3-EmGFP (N,Q). The injected 5-dpf larvae were subjected to immunostaining with anti-OXT protein and anti-GFP. OXT-puncta (arrows) within a distance of 2 μM (yellow dashed ellipse) from the clone surface were quantified. Scale bar: 2 µm. Bar graphs showing the mean volume of OXT puncta upon expression of tRFP vs Slit3 in hypophyseal POMC anterior (n = 15 and 18, respectively) or posterior clone (n = 10 and 10, respectively) position (*p<0. 05 Student’s t-test with Cohen’s d = 1. 14). Error bars indicate SEM in (A-J, O and R). Figure 5—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 5: Neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters upon gain- or loss-of function of slit3 or robo2. The excel sheet includes values for number and volume of neurohypophyseal synapses and OXT puncta from confocal imaging of larval neurohypophysis of multiple experiments namely: 1) robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/- 2) Mock vs morpholino-injected embryos 3) Mosaic transgenesis experiments by hypophyseal expression of tRFP vs slit3. Download elife-45650-fig5-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 6 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT dynamics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding willow bark and its historical use for pain relief. It discusses the localization of hypophyseal POMC cells and neurohypophyseal synaptic dynamics, which does not relate to willow bark or its properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Prospects and Challenges of Graphene-to the statement made by IUPAC (of Pure and Applied Chemistry), graphene is distinguished as a carbon monolayer of the graphite structure. It can be described by analogy to a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon of quasi-infinite size. Over the past few years, graphene-based materials have gained immense attraction as next-generation material inherited with its better mechanical characteristics, excellent electrical conductivity and better thermal conductivity as contrasted with other similar materials. In the subsequent section, the new aspects of next-generation of supercapacitors with modified graphene materials including metal oxide/graphene composites, activated graphene, reduced graphene, doped graphene, and polymer/graphene composites will be reviewed and discussed. Moreover, advantages and drawbacks of these resultant composite materials applied in supercapacitor application are summarized in this 10. 21741/9781644900550-9 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 3852. [2] Q. Ke, J. Wang, Graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes–A review, J. Materiomics 2 (2016) 37–54. [3] M. Gocyla, M. Pisarek, M. Holdynski, M. Opallo, Electrochemical detection of graphene oxide, Electrochem. Commun. 96 (2018) 77-82. [4] M. Ye, Z. Zhang, Y. Zhao, L. Qu, Graphene platforms for smart energy generation and storage, Joule 2 (2018) 245–268. [5] H. Zhang, H. Guo, A. Li, X. Chang, S. Liu, D. Liu, Y. Wang, F. Zhang, H. Yuan, High specific surface area porous graphene grids carbon as anode materials for sodium ion batteries, J. Energy Chem. 31 (2019) 159-166. [6] J. . tuning of graphene-oxide-based-graphene to various end-uses, Mater. 14 (2018) 8–21. [7] C. (John) Zhang, V. Nicolosi, Graphene and MXene-based transparent conductive electrodes and supercapacitors, Mater. 16 (2019) 102–125. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the growing attraction of graphene-based materials in applications related to supercapacitors and energy storage. It highlights specific aspects of graphene, including its 'excellent electrical conductivity,' and details ongoing research into different types of graphene composites utilized for supercapacitors, thus indicating a focus on these applications in the research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: , mesocoms experiment vs natural pCO2 gradient). Nevertheless, the confirmation of Nitrospiraea and Actinobacteria changes suggests a key role of these organisms in the light of the responses of biofilm microbial communities to OA. It is important to acknowledge that while certain taxa decreased, others had positive responses to changes in pH, including several groups from within the proteobacteria (e. g. Methylotenera, Sulfitobacter and unclassified alphaproteobacteria from the OCS116 cluster). Further studies are needed to confirm which key members of microbial biofilm communities are likely to have consistent responses to climate change pressures such as OA, and this would include examining multiple stressors simultaneously (e. g. pH, temperature, etc. ). For example, it has been shown that in planktonic microbial communities the combination of OA and temperature39, or OA and eutrophication40 can select for specific members of the microbial communities which might differ from OA alone. Experiment 2: Biofilm modification and larval settlementIn the second experiment, settlement of Galeolaria was significantly different on glass slides that had been developed under the three pH treatments. The most likely cause of this pattern is a change in settlement cues associated with biofilms that had modified physical or biological/chemical characteristics. A loss of microorganisms known to trigger settlement21,23, as well as the reduction in other factors (e. g. carotenoids) known to enhance settlement24 suggest that OA scenarios, especially conditions such as acidification to pH 7. 4, could lead to regime shifts that can alter key ecosystems processes such as recruitment and their services41. While it is clear that microbes contribute to chemotaxis and settlement success21,23, and that acidification can influence invertebrate settlement15,16,17,18, a definitive link between these two processes remains unresolved. Microbial biofilms are likely critical for settlement induction in marine species42,43,44, and changes in biofilm composition, such as those related to age21,45,46 or pH16, can affect settlement rates in marine invertebrates. For example, Webster et al. 16 reported decreases in dominant microbial populations (Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes) and emergence of Proteobacteria as a result of lower seawater pH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on various marine organisms, including microbial communities and invertebrates like Galeolaria. It specifically mentions how OA can influence the composition of microbial biofilms crucial for settlement in marine species, thereby suggesting that OA affects more than just hard-shelled animals. Moreover, it indicates that changes in pH can alter key ecosystem processes, which implies that the effects of acidification extend to other organisms, challenging the notion that fish are immune.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (A) Schematic of novel transgenic OXT tool Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT), in which oxt promoter drives expression of Oxytocin precursor protein with an internally-tagged EGFP at the C-terminus of the signal peptide. (B) Validation of OXT-fusion EGFP protein expression by Western blot analysis. Pituitary protein extracts from adult Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT), TL (control) and Tg(oxt:EGFP) zebrafish were immunoblotted using anti-GFP. (C) Validation of OXT-fusion EGFP protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Confocal Z-stack images of the neurohypophyseal area of 5-dpf transgenic Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) larvae. Larvae were stained using anti-GFP, anti-OXT and anti-neurophysin antibodies. Scale bar: 5 µm. (D–E) Assessment of endogenous vs OXT-fusion EGFP protein localization and packaging by super-resolution microscopy. -stack images of the endogenous synaptic OXT (D) in comparison to OXT-EGFP fusion in transgenic Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) larvae (E). five dpf larvae were stained with either anti-OXT (D) or anti-GFP (E) antibodies and visualized by STORM as described in the Method section. The right panels D’ and E’ show magnifications of the represented areas outlined in D) and E) Scale bars: 1 µm. Color code indicates Z-axis depth. (F) Spatial relationship between F-actin and OXT-fusion EGFP neuropeptide in hypophysis. Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) embryos expressing the OXT-fusion were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors Tg(oxt:Gal4) and Tg(UAS:mCherry-Utrophin-CH) expression cassettes. Confocal Z-stack images of the neurohypophyseal area of 5-dpf transgenic larvae (F). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the validation of a transgenic OXT tool and protein expression in zebrafish, with no mention of willow bark or its use for pain relief.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: [8] H. G. Kang, J. exfoliation and activation of graphite into porous graphene using microwaves for high–performance supercapacitors, J. Alloys Compd. 770 (2019) 458–465. [9] S. Sheng, W. Liu, K. Zhu, K. Cheng, K. Ye, G. Wang, D. Cao, J. Yan, Fe3O4 nanospheres in situ decorated graphene as high-performance anode for asymmetric supercapacitor with impressive energy density, J. Sci. 536 (2019) 235–244. [10] capacitive characteristics of activated carbons—comparisons of the activation methods on the pore structure and effects of the pore structure and electrolyte on the capacitive performance, J. 159 (2006) 1532–1542. [11] Y. Li, M. van Zijll, S. Chiang, N. Pan, KOH modified graphene nanosheets for supercapacitor electrodes, J. 196 (2011) 6003–6006. [12] -doped graphene for high-performance ultracapacitors and the importance of nitrogen-doped sites at basal planes, Nano Lett. 11 (2011) 2472–2477. [13] X. Zhao, A. Wang, J. Yan, G. Sun, L. Sun, T. Zhang, Synthesis and electrochemical performance of heteroatom-incorporated ordered mesoporous carbons, Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 5463–5473. [14] X. Zhao, Q. Zhang, C. M. Chen, B. Zhang, S. Reiche, A. Wang, T. Zhang, R. Schlögl, D. Sheng Su, Aromatic sulfide, sulfoxide, and sulfone mediated mesoporous carbon monolith for use in supercapacitor, 1 (2012) 624–630. [15] S. Shiraishi, M. Kibe, T. Yokoyama, H. Kurihara, N. Patel, A. Oya, Y. Kaburagi, Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references that discuss the application of graphene in supercapacitors, clearly supporting the claim that a significant focus of graphene research is on energy storage solutions. For instance, the mention of 'high-performance supercapacitors' and 'supercapacitor electrodes' indicates a strong emphasis on energy storage technology linked to graphene's properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: This coincided with reduced coral larvae settlement, although an explicit mechanism (e. g. altered settlement on CCA is due to changes in the chemical inducer of the algae or altered associated microbes) was not identified. ConclusionsThere is an important caveat when interpreting our findings, namely that biofilm microbial assessments and settlement experiments were carried out on separately reared biofilms. Nevertheless, our results are consistent with prior work and support the hypothesis that alterations in microbial biofilms are directly linked to both changes in settlement and abundance of invertebrate communities. This may represent a model scenario to OA, but further studies are needed to directly provide a mechanism to explain how settlement cues may be influenced. Observed shifts in the settlement of Galeolaria hystrix suggest that changes in community structure for invertebrates were at least in part linked to changes in microbial biofilm composition. This has broader implications as altered settlement and reduction in biofilms could drive important changes in benthic communities’ composition and distribution. Presently, there is limited information on the potential effects of OA on the settlement process20,47. Mostly, it has shown that OA has a negative impact on settlement in marine invertebrates, however these conclusions are based on relatively few taxa, and mostly within the Cnidaria and Echinoderm phyla. In addition, settlement is a complex process that involves larval supply and behaviour, substrate characteristics and early post-settlement growth8,48, and the relative importance of OA-induced changes in each step required further research20. Similarly, settlement characteristics are likely species-species specific, with, for example in the degree of substrate selectivity. The present study provides investigations of the effects of OA on settlement substrates and settlement efficiency, and may provide the basis for future studies across a broader range of taxa. MethodsDetailed methods are provided in the supplementary materials including experimental set up, sea water chemistry, microbial community analyses, larval rearing and statistical analyses. Environmental pH measurementsIn situ seawater pHT was measured using a SeaFET ocean pH sensor () deployed continuously for 42 days from 4 May to 15 June 2015 at 1. 0 m depth, coinciding with our period of Experiment 1. The SeaFET instrument utilizes both an internal and an external reference electrode for pH measurements (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on microbial biofilms, invertebrate communities, and their settlement processes. The text explicitly states that OA has shown a negative impact on marine invertebrates' settlement, which challenges the claim that only hard-shelled animals are affected and implies that other marine life, including fish, may not be immune to its effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Maginification showing the EGFP-positive synapses and Utrophin-labeled mCherry-positive F-actin in the synapse (F’). Scale bars: 1 µm. (G,H) Real-time monitoring of synaptic oxytocin vesicle dynamics in live transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) larvae. Schemata of the experimental design (G): six dpf larvae were mounted dorsally in low-melt agarose gel, submerged in E3 embryo buffer and imaged using multi-photon microscopy. Neurohypophyseal synapses containing OXT-EGFP vesicles were photobleached and the fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP) over time was monitored. The fluorescent recovery occurs due to the dynamic exchange of mobile and unbleached OXT-EGFP vesicles from neighboring en passant synapses over time (t = 1–5 min). The brightness and contrast of the images were increased to visualize the individual pixels (H). Scale bar: 200 nm. (I) Graph showing neuropeptide accumulation (normalized FRAP curves) of OXT-EGFP in neurohypophyseal synapses in 6-dpf robo2+/+ (n = 9 larvae) vs robo2-/- (n = 6 larvae) (***p<2. 76e-05) for genotypeXtime interaction effect in a linear mixed effects model to account for inter-synapse and inter-genotype variability (see Materials and methods). Neuropeptide accumulation represents full scale normalized data to account for differences in synaptic OXT-EGFP fluorescence, that is fluorescent values upon photobleaching were normalized to zero. Error bars indicate SEM. Figure 6—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 6: OXT-EGFP dynamics in neurohypophyseal synapses. The excel sheet includes values for FRAP data of neurohypophyseal synaptic OXT-EGFP in robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/- larvae. The full-scale normalized values generated from Easy-Frap software are shown. Download elife-45650-fig6-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Specificity of antibodies to oxytocin and neurophysin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about willow bark and its historical use for pain relief. It discusses scientific methods related to synaptic dynamics and oxytocin vesicle monitoring in transgenic larvae, with no mention of willow bark, pain relief, or salicylic acid.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Hishiyama, Electric double layer capacitance of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and B-doping effect, Appl. Phys. A 82 (2006) 585–591. [16] X. Zhai, Y. Song, J. Liu, P. Li, M. Zhong, C. Ma, H. Wang, Q. Guo, L. Zhi, In-situ preparation of boron-doped carbons with ordered mesopores and enhanced electrochemical properties in supercapacitors, J. Electrochem. Soc. 159 (2012) E177–E182. [17] T. Tomko, R. Rajagopalan, P. Aksoy, H. C. Foley, Synthesis of boron/nitrogen substituted carbons for aqueous asymmetric capacitors, Electrochim. Acta 56 (2011) 5369–5375. [18] P. N. Vishwakarma, S. V. Subramanyam, Hopping conduction in boron doped amorphous carbon films, J. Appl. Phys. 100 (2006) 113702. [19] H. Konno, T. Ito, M. Ushiro, K. Fushimi, K. Azumi, High capacitance B/C/N composites for capacitor electrodes synthesized by a simple method, J. 195 (2010) 1739–1746. [20] H. Konno, T. Nakahashi, M. Inagaki, T. Sogabe, Nitrogen incorporation into boron-doped graphite and formation of B–N bonding, Carbon 37 (1999) 471–475. [21] D. Zhong, H. Sano, Y. Uchiyama, K. Kobayashi, Effect of low-level boron doping on oxidation behavior of polyimide-derived carbon films, Carbon 38 (2000) 1199–1206. [22] L. R. Radovic, M. Karra, K. Skokova, P. A. Thrower, The role of substitutional boron in carbon oxidation, Carbon 36 (1998) 1841–1854. [23] X. W. and, L. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address graphene or its applications, but rather discusses a series of research articles related to boron-doped carbon materials and carbon nanotubes. These topics are somewhat related to energy storage but do not specifically corroborate or contrast with the claim about graphene's applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ocean life will migrate to freshwater habitats to avoid acidification. [SEP] Text: | Molecular mechanisms underlying calcification in coccolithophores. Crossref | GoogleScholar2019. ’ (NIWA: Wellington, New Zealand. ) Port, A. , and Taylor, R. B. (2012). Factors affecting the recovery of soft-sediment mussel reefs in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand. Marine and 63, 78–83. | Factors affecting the recovery of soft-sediment mussel reefs in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand. Crossref | GoogleScholar313. | The vision for a observing system. Crossref | GoogleScholar1682. | Reviews and syntheses: responses of coccolithophores to ocean acidification: a meta-analysis. Crossref | GoogleScholar369. | A hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for the Waipaoa Shelf, New Zealand: sensitivity of fluxes to spatially varying erodibility and model nesting. Crossref | GoogleScholar331. | Photodegradation of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in river waters. Crossref | GoogleScholar1602. | The importance of continental margins in the global carbon cycle. Crossref | GoogleScholar362. | Phytoplankton distributions around derived from SeaWiFS remotely sensed ocean colour data. Crossref | GoogleScholar2184. e4. | Species interactions drive fish biodiversity loss in a high-CO2 world. Crossref | GoogleScholar4403. | Impacts of urban carbon dioxide emissions on sea–air flux and ocean acidification in nearshore waters. Crossref | GoogleScholar143. | Developing an integrated ocean observing system for New Zealand. Crossref | GoogleScholar11. | Assessing seasonal precipitation trends in India using parametric and non-parametric statistical techniques. Crossref | GoogleScholar283. | Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus): a review of life history and key vulnerabilities in New Zealand. Crossref | GoogleScholar347. | Ecosystem-based fishery management. Crossref | GoogleScholar1659. | Using simple dilution models to predict estuarine water quality. Crossref | GoogleScholar1709. | Mussel larvae modify calcifying fluid carbonate chemistry to promote calcification. Crossref | GoogleScholar7172. | Expression of calcification-related ion transporters during blue mussel larval development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a collection of references and abstracts related to various marine environmental studies and does not specifically address the migration of ocean life to freshwater habitats in response to acidification. Therefore, it does not provide any relevant information to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (A) Schema of protein coded by oxt gene. Antibodies anti-OXT and PS45 were targeted to processed OXT and neurophysin respectively. SP denotes signal peptide, arrow indicates cleavage site. Validation of the EGFP-OXT fusion protein is shown in Figure 3H. (B–F) Confocal Z-stack images showing Fluorescent in situ hybdridization (FISH) of 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae using probes for avp (B) or oxt (C) mRNA (red), followed by PS45 staining. The neurosecretory preoptic (NPO) area in which oxytocin neurons were labeled is shown. Confocal maximum intensity projection (MIP) images showing immunostaining of 5-dpf old transgenic Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae using antibodies directed against GFP and neurophysin (NP). The whole neurohypophyseal tract (D) and the hypophyseal projections (E) are shown. Scale: 10 μM. Figure 6—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional render showing STORM images of endogenous OXT in neurohypophyseal synapses of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) old zebrafish larvae. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT levels via Cdc42. (A,B) Assessment of the effect of Oxytocin neuron-specific overexpression of actin-regulating protein Cdc42 in Tg(oxt:Gal4) larvae. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxt:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP or UAS:Cdc42(T17N)-EGFP. Larvae were fixed at 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) and immunostained with anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and neurohypophyseal synapse (NS) were identified as described earlier. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) reveals mosaic labeling of hypophyseal projecting axons (B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about willow bark's historical use for pain relief. It discusses scientific procedures and imaging related to oxytocin and does not mention willow bark, salicylic acid, or pain relief.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Tian, L. Wang, L. Sun, C. Chen, X. Nong, Y. Qiao, H. Fu, Highly concentrated, stable nitrogen-doped graphene for supercapacitors: Simultaneous doping and reduction, Appl. Surf. Sci. 258 (2012) 3438–3443. [31] Y. J. Kim, Y. Abe, T. Yanagiura, K. C. Park, M. Shimizu, T. Iwazaki, S. Nakagawa, M. Endo, M. S. Dresselhaus, Easy preparation of nitrogen-enriched carbon materials from peptides of silk fibroins and their use to produce a high volumetric energy density in supercapacitors, Carbon 45 (2007) 2116–2125. [32] N. D. Kim, W. Kim, J. B. Joo, S. Oh, P. Kim, Y. Kim, J. Yi, Electrochemical capacitor performance of N-doped mesoporous carbons prepared by ammoxidation, J. 180 (2008) 671–675. [33] T. E. Rufford, D. Hulicova-Jurcakova, Z. Zhu, G. Q. Lu, Nanoporous carbon electrode from waste coffee beans for high performance supercapacitors, Electrochem. Commun. 10 (2008) 1594–1597. [34] S. Liu, D. Lentz, C. C. Tzschucke, Conversion of pyridine N-oxides to tetrazolopyridines, J. Org. Chem. 79 (2014) 3249–3254. [35] T. Liao, C. Sun, A. Du, Z. Sun, D. Hulicova-Jurcakova, S. Smith, Charge carrier exchange at chemically modified graphene edges: A density functional theory study, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 8321. [36] R. Rajagopalan, A. Balakrishnan, Innovations in engineered porous materials for energy generation and storage applications, CRC Press, 2018. [37] K. N. Wood, R. O’hayre, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies related to supercapacitors, which indicates a focus on the application of graphene in energy storage. The cited articles discuss various aspects and improvements in supercapacitor technology utilizing nitrogen-doped graphene and other related materials, thereby supporting the assertion that much of the research revolves around graphene's conductivity and application in energy storage devices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ocean life will migrate to freshwater habitats to avoid acidification. [SEP] Text: Expression of nearly half of all genes (44%) correlated significantly with pCO2, suggesting a strong molecular response to OA conditions, contrary to the phenotypic results. There was a general reduction in transcriptional activity and inter-individual variability in OA-reared crab, suggesting that OA reduces the breadth of physiological functions compared to crabs reared in ambient seawater. Functional analysis of downregulated genes indicates that energy production is depressed in OA conditions, which is likely associated with decreases in biosynthesis, the immune system, and myriad metabolic processes. Downregulated lipid and carbohydrate metabolic processes suggest a shift in metabolic strategy to protein catabolism, possibly to reduce CO2 production and facilitate acid/base regulation. The limited energy is shunted towards transcriptional regulation mechanisms, signaling systems, and control of growth. Transposable elements (TEs) in OA-reared crab were highly active, particularly in the most severe OA treatment, and were expressed at consistent levels, suggesting that TEs play a role in the OA-response. In the remainder of this section we describe processes that are suppressed and triggered by OA exposure during development in red king crab, and expand on effects to TE activity. Finally, we discuss differences in gene expression variation observed among treatments, and consider whether there were significant genetic differences among treatment groups that may have contributed to the observed gene expression profiles. Processes that are suppressed in OA-reared crab OA resulted in a widespread downregulation of metabolic processes involved in multiple respiratory pathways, metabolism of a variety of compounds, and protein synthesis machinery (Fig 7). Reduced metabolic activity may be one way that red king crabs mitigate acidosis [87, 88]. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration, therefore a decrease in metabolic activity reduces internal CO2 production. Decreased mitochondrial activity can also reduce oxidative cellular stress by reducing mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species, which might otherwise increase due to environmental stressors [89–91]. Another outcome of changes in metabolic activity could be a shift in metabolic strategy away from carbohydrate and lipid substrates and towards proteins to improve acid/base regulation [92, 93]. Protein catabolism is less energy efficient, but instead of CO2 it produces ammonia and bicarbonate, which can be used to buffer intracellular pH [94]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the physiological and metabolic responses of marine organisms, particularly the red king crab, to ocean acidification (OA). It discusses how OA leads to a reduction in transcriptional activity and metabolic functions rather than suggesting any migrations to freshwater habitats. Specifically, it notes that the reduced metabolic activity in OA conditions may help mitigate acidosis, implying adaptation rather than migration. Thus, the research focuses on the internal responses to acidification rather than movement to different habitats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Bottom panel show magnifications of squared areas showing single stack with colocalization of axonal swelling with OXT puncta. Scale bar 1 µm. (C,D) Linear regression analysis comparing between synaptic EGFP levels (mean EGFP puncta) as a function of OXT fluorescence (mean OXT puncta). The data were normalized using mean-centering approach using the scale function in the ‘R’ software. Each line represents a regression line of single animal. The correlation between the mean (log10) fluorescence value of OXT puncta and GFP expression in neurohypophyseal synapse was tested with a linear regression model (), accounting for the effect of GFP fluorescence, and individual fish. Mean EGFP fluorescence is inversely correlated with OXT fluorescence in robo2+/+ (n = 5; p<0. 01, adj. R2 = 0. 93) and in robo2-/- (n = 8; and p<0. 01, adj. R2 = 0. 85) (C). Mean EGFP-Cdc42(T17N) fluorescence positively correlates with OXT fluorescence in robo2+/+ (n = 7; p<0. 01, adj. R2 = 0. 74) larvae but not in in robo2-/- (n = 7; p=0. 35, Adj. R2 = 0. 52) (D). (E) Model of the role of Robo2 in neurohypophyseal synapses: Synaptic Slit3-Robo signaling inactivates Cdc42 via GAP by affecting the transition of the Rho-GTPase protein Cdc42 from GTP- to GDP- bound state. Cdc42 inactivation reduces actin polymerization and increases synaptic OXT content. Figure 7—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 7: Synaptic fluorescence values upon OXT-neuron specific Cdc42 over-expression. The excel sheet includes values for EGFP- and OXT- fluorescence values of neurohypophyseal synapses in larvae that were subjected to OXT-neuron specific EGFP or Cdc42(T17N) or Cdc42(G12V) expression in robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about willow bark's historical use for pain relief and its salicylic acid content. Instead, it discusses a scientific analysis regarding synaptic fluorescence and molecular interactions in neurohypophyseal synapses, with no mention of willow bark or its effects on pain.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Hu, H. Xue, H. Pang, Hierarchically nanostructured transition metal oxides for supercapacitors, Sci. China Mater. 61 (2018) 185–209. [61] unique strategy for preparing single-phase unitary/binary oxides–graphene composites, Chem. Commun. 46 (2010) 7957. [62] A. K. Mishra, S. Ramaprabhu, Functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites for supercapacitor application, J. Phys. Chem. C. 115 (2011) 14006–14013. [63] W. Shi, J. . Lu, X. Zhang, Y. Sharma, M. Srinivasan, H. Zhang, H. H. Hng, Q. Yan, Achieving high specific charge capacitances in Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 3422. [64] S. Huang, G. -N. Zhu, C. . Liu, Immobilization of Co–Al layered double hydroxides on graphene oxide nanosheets: Growth mechanism and supercapacitor studies, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4 (2012) 2242–2249. [65] X. Dong, L. Wang, D. Wang, C. Li, J. Jin, Layer-by-layer engineered Co–Al hydroxide nanosheets/graphene multilayer films as flexible electrode for supercapacitor, Langmuir 28 (2012) 293–298. [66] W. Zhou, J. Liu, T. Chen, K. S. Tan, X. Jia, Z. Luo, C. Cong, H. Yang, C. M. Li, T. Yu, Fabrication of Co3O4-reduced graphene oxide scrolls for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (2011) 14462-14465. [67] X. C. Dong, H. -Park, H. Zhang, L. H. Wang, W. Huang, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies that investigate graphene-based materials and their applications specifically in supercapacitors. It includes titles and sources of research focused on 'supercapacitor application,' 'high specific charge capacitances,' and 'supercapacitor studies,' all of which highlight the ongoing research into graphene for energy storage technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Thus, socially isolated individuals tend to have increased levels of inflammation that further exacerbates inflammatory responses to other social stressors [177]. Sickness behavior in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders (e. g. , Allergic disease, pain, and obesity) may lead to hypersensitivity to social stressors (e. g. , isolation and discrimination) increasing their risk for depression [176]. These factors may tart an interdependent uncontrolled cycle where chronic inflammatory conditions → social hypersensitivity → heightened stress responses → increased social withdrawal → increased inflammation → increased depression exacerbation of chronic conditions, and so on. Following this rationale, research could be conducted to determine if anti-inflammatory medications can impact symptoms of depression, for example. In a recent clinical trial, investigators showed a significant benefit of low dose buprenorphine on suicidal ideation; however, the benefit on depression was smaller and not statistically significant. Nevertheless, this is a promising finding for the treatment of depression that warrants further research [178]. mediation analysis assumes both causal and temporal relations, the proposed mediation pathways require further testing with prospective studies on a clinical population with ADz. Only prospective studies can establish the true nature of the association between the network of comorbidities included in this study, and answer with certainty whether the interactions among these factors increase the risk for depression among patients with ADz. Additionally, it is possible that age-related paths and trajectories may modify these relationships. Our study was based on self-reported data and is, hence, susceptible to bias. The characteristics of the study participants, college students, limit the generalizability of our findings. Finally, we did not collect detailed information on current symptoms of ADz, so, we cannot rule out the possibility that our findings might be due to other extraneous variables or chance. want to thank for her help in the preparation of early versions of the manuscript. is currently pursuing a doctoral degree at the of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. This work was conducted while she was a master student at University. 2008. J Fam Med. 24: 33-8. Link: (1998) Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol. 107: 128-140. Link: Kessler RC (2003) Epidemiology of women and depression. J Affect Disord. 74: 5-13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address gut microbiome composition or its relationship to mental health conditions directly. Instead, it discusses inflammation, chronic inflammatory disorders, and their impacts on social stressors and depression. While these are related topics, they do not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim about the gut microbiome and mental health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Download elife-45650-fig7-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Cdc42 regulates synaptic OXT levels. (A) Assessment of the effect of Oxytocin neuron-specific overexpression of actin-regulating protein Cdc42 in Tg(oxt:Gal4) larvae. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxt:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP or UAS:Cdc42(G12V)-EGFP coding a constitutive active mutant Cdc42. Larvae were fixed at 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) and immunostained with anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and neurohypophyseal synapse (NS) were identified as described above. (B,C) Linear regression analysis comparing between synaptic EGFP levels (mean EGFP puncta) as a function of OXT fluorescence (mean OXT puncta). The data were normalized using mean-centering approach using the scale function in the ‘R’ software. Each line represents a regression line of single animal. The correlation between the mean (log10) fluorescence value of OXT puncta and GFP expression in neurohypophyseal synapse was tested with a linear regression model (), accounting for the effect of GFP fluorescence, and individual fish. In UAS:EGFP injection, mean EGFP fluorescence in EGFP-positive NS is not correlated with OXT fluorescence (n = 20; and p>0. 25, adj. R2 = 0. 23) (B). In UAS:Cdc42(G12V) injection, mean EGFP-Cdc42(G12V) fluorescence in EGFP-positive NS negatively correlates with OXT fluorescence (n = 23; p<2. 2e-16, adj. R2 = 0. 47) larvae (C). Legends for Source data and Source code files. resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationGenetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(oxt:EGFP)wz01(Blechman et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about willow bark and its historical use for pain relief. It discusses a specific scientific study involving Cdc42 and synaptic levels of oxytocin, which does not relate to the properties or historical uses of willow bark.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Chen, 3D graphene–cobalt oxide electrode for high-performance supercapacitor and enzymeless glucose detection, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 3206–3213. [68] G. Xu, P. Nie, H. Dou, B. Ding, L. Li, X. Zhang, Exploring metal organic frameworks for energy storage in batteries and supercapacitors, Mater. Today 20 (2017) 191–209. [69] properties of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites, Prog. Mater. Sci. 90 (2017) 75–127. [70] Q. Xiao, X. Yi, B. Jiang, Z. Qin, J. Hu, Y. Jiang, H. Liu, B. Wang, D. Yi, In-situ synthesis of graphene on surface of copper powder by rotary CVD and its application in fabrication of reinforced Cu-matrix composites, Adv. Mater. Sci. 2 (2017). [71] -Phase MnO2/N-containing graphene composites applied as electrode active materials for flexible asymmetric solid-state supercapacitors, Nanomaterials 8 (2018) 924. [72] J. Wu, Z. Lan, J. Lin, M. Huang, Y. Huang, L. Fan, G. Luo, Y. Lin, Y. Xie, Y. Wei, Counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells, Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 (2017) 5975–6023. [73] Q. Wu, Y. Xu, Z. Yao, A. Liu, G. Shi, Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composite films, ACS Nano 4 (2010) 1963–1970. [74] D. W. Wang, F. Li, J. Zhao, W. Ren, Z. G. Chen, J. Tan, Z. S. Wu, I. of graphene/polyaniline composite paper via in situ anodic electropolymerization for high-performance flexible electrode, ACS Nano 3 (2009) 1745–1752. [75] H. Wang, J. Lin, Z. X. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim regarding the focus of research on graphene's application in supercapacitors and energy storage. It cites multiple studies, such as '3D graphene–cobalt oxide electrode for high-performance supercapacitor' and 'Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composite films,' highlighting that these researches indeed center around energy storage utilizing the unique properties of graphene.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Am. 36: 235-48. (2016) Quality: Results of the GA2LEN Study. Sleep. 40: zsw021-zsw. Link: (2008) Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA). Allergy. 63: 8-160. Link: Brożek JL, Bousquet J, Baena-Cagnani CE (2010) and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2010 revision. J Immunol. 126: 466-76. Link: Hsu J-W, Huang K-L (2015) Risk of developing major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders among adolescents and adults with atopic dermatitis: a nationwide longitudinal study. J Affect Disord. 178: 60-5. Link: (2014) Sleep duration, sleep hygiene, and insomnia in adolescents with asthma. of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2: 562-9. Link: (2016) Psychosocial factors in severe pediatric asthma. Immunology and Allergy Clinics. 36: 449-60. Link: Su T-P, Chen Y-S (2014) Higher risk of mood disorders among adolescents with ADHD and asthma: A nationwide prospective study. J Affect Disord. 156: 232-5. Link: Asthma, depression, and suicidality: results from the 2007, 2009, and 2011 Behavior Surveys. J Dis. 203: 664-9. Link: Asthma and wheezing are associated with depression and anxiety in adults: an analysis from 54 countries. Pulm Med. 2013: 10. Link: Rhinitis as a risk factor for depressive mood in pre‐adolescents: a new approach to this relationship. Immunol. 25: 360-5. Link: L, Klag MJ (1997) Insomnia in young men and subsequent depression: Study. Epidemiol. 146: 105-14. Link: Jernelöv (2013) Development of atopic disease and disturbed sleep in childhood and adolescence–a longitudinal population‐based study. Allergy. 43: 552-9. Link: Léger D, Annesi-Maesano I, (2006) Allergic rhinitis and its consequences on quality of sleep: an unexplored area. Med. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses various studies related to asthma, allergic rhinitis, and their respective impacts on mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. However, it does not mention the gut microbiome or its composition, hence it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: , 2011)ZDB-ALT-111103–1Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(oxt:gal4)wz06(Anbalagan et al. , 2018)ZDB-ALT-171113–2Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(oxt:OXTSP-EGFP-OXT)wz14This manuscriptZDB-ALT-181219–3Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:sypb-EGFP)biu5(Zada et al. , 2014)ZDB-ALT-150115–1(Bar-Ilan Univ. )Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:Lifeact-GFP)mu271(Helker et al. , 2013)ZDB-ALT-130624–2(Univ. of Muenster)Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:BotxLCB-GFP)icm21(Sternberg et al. , 2016)ZDB-ALT-160119–9(ICM, Paris)Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:NTR-mCherry)c264(Davison et al. , 2007)ZDB-ALT-070316–1Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(−1. 0pomca:Gal4-VP16)wz05(Anbalagan et al. , 2018)ZDB-ALT-171113–1Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)robo2ti272z(Fricke et al. , 2001)ZDB-ALT-980203–1097(Univ. of Utah)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 pDEST myl7:mCherry(Golan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic reagents and does not mention willow bark or its historical use for pain relief. Therefore, it neither supports nor refutes the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Shen, Polyaniline (PANi) based electrode materials for energy storage and conversion, J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices 1 (2016) 225–255. [76] B. Ma, X. Zhou, H. Bao, X. Li, G. Wang, Hierarchical composites of sulfonated graphene-supported vertically aligned polyaniline nanorods for high-performance supercapacitors, J. 215 (2012) 36–42. [77] K. . Wu, Graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composites as supercapacitor electrodes, Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 1392–1401. [78] W. Fan, C. . He, T. Liu, Graphene-wrapped polyaniline hollow spheres as novel hybrid electrode materials for supercapacitor applications, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 (2013) 3382–3391. [79] F. Chen, P. Liu, Q. Zhao, Well-defined graphene/polyaniline flake composites for high performance supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 76 (2012) 62–68. [80] X. Lu, H. Dou, B. Gao, C. Yuan, S. Yang, L. Hao, L. Shen, X. Zhang, A flexible graphene/multiwalled carbon nanotube film as a high performance electrode material for supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 56 (2011) 5115–5121. [81] H. Wang, Q. Hao, X. Yang, L. Lu, X. Wang, Graphene oxide doped polyaniline for supercapacitors, Electrochem. Commun. 11 (2009) 1158–1161. [82] D. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Chen, P. Yu, C. Wang, Y. Ma, Enhanced capacitance and rate capability of graphene/polypyrrole composite as electrode material for supercapacitors, J. 196 (2011) 5990–5996. [83] C. Zhu, J. Zhai, D. Wen, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it provides multiple references to studies focused on graphene-based materials used for supercapacitors, which highlights the importance of graphene in energy storage applications. Specifically, it lists various works that utilize graphene and polyaniline composites and other materials specifically for high-performance supercapacitors, indicating that graphene's high electrical conductivity is indeed a central focus of ongoing research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: The mild group presented significantly higher abundance of Alistipes, Muribaculaceae and Lachnospiraceae (p < 0. 001), the moderate group showed a significant increase in Alcaligenes and Pseudorobacter (p < 0. 001) while the severe group had significantly higher relative abundance of and Veillonella (p < 0. 001) (Figure 2C). However, a reduction in the number of detected genera was observed in stool samples as symptom severity increased (Figure 2D). Concretely, mild patients showed more presence of Barnesiella, Muribaculaceae and different members of the Clostridia class (Clostridia, Coprococcus, Dorea, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia and Ruminococcus) (p < 0. 001). Although moderate ill patients presented different genera, only Streptococcus was significantly increased in this group (p < 0. 001). Remarkably, Anaerococcus, Dialister, Lachnocostridium or Peptoniphilus were more abundant in patients with severe symptoms (p < 0. 001) (Figure 2D). Differences in bacteria abundance could be used as biomarkers to predict disease severity and outcome in SARS-CoV-2 infectionWe investigated if some specific taxa could contribute to the severity of the symptoms. ASVs were evaluated to determine core taxa along with the specific bacteria of each group of patients and samples (Figure 3A,B). In nasopharyngeal swabs, Venn diagram analysis revealed that the three groups of study shared 51 core taxa. 60 specific bacteria were identified in patients with mild symptoms while 32 were seen in patients with moderate symptoms and 8 in patients with severe symptoms. In stool, 159 core taxa were shared by the three groups of patients, being 27 specific for mild patients symptoms, 33 for moderate patients and 27 for severe patients (For more details see Table S1). Figure 3. Differential analysis expression of microbiota composition from nasopharyngeal and stool samples revealed the presence of specific bacteria related to COVID-19 severity index. (A) Venn diagram showing ASVs distribution in nasopharyngeal swab samples. (B) Venn diagram showing ASVs distribution in stool samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the relationship between microbiota composition and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, rather than connecting gut microbiome composition specifically to mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression. The analysis emphasizes bacterial abundance related to physical symptoms rather than mental health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: , 2016)Berta Levavi-reagentTol2 10xUAS:EGFP; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods - Transgenesis experimentsRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 oxt:OXTSP-EGFP-OXT; myl7:EGFPThis manuscriptMaterials andmethods -Transgenesis experimentsRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 UAS:Cdc42-G12V-EGFP(Ando et al. , 2013)(NCVC, Osaka)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 UAS:Cdc42-T17N-EGFP(Ando et al. , 2013)(NCVC, Osaka)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 pME mCherry-Utrophin-CH(Andersen et al. , 2011)(Univ. of Wisconsin)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 10xUAS:mCherry-Utrophin-CH; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods - Visualization of synaptic F-actinRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 pME Slit3(SignalPeptide)-EmeraldGFP-Slit3This manuscript(Univ. of Utah)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 10xUAS: Slit3(SignalPeptide)-EmeraldGFP-Slit3; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods -Transgenesis experimentsAntibodyGuinea pig polyclonal, anti-OXTPeninsula labsT-5021; RRID:AB_518526(1:200)AntibodyRabbit polyclonal, anti-11122; RRID:AB_221569(1:200)AntibodyMouse monoclonal, anti-Neurophysin(Ben-Barak et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the historical use of willow bark for pain relief related to salicylic acid. Instead, it contains technical information regarding transgenesis experiments and recombinant DNA reagents, which is irrelevant to the topic of willow bark's medicinal properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Dong, Graphene oxide/polypyrrole nanocomposites: one-step electrochemical doping, coating and synergistic effect for energy storage, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 6300-6306. [84] Y. Xu, Y. Wang, J. Liang, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, X. Wan, Y. Chen, A hybrid material of graphene and poly (3,4-ethyldioxythiophene) with high conductivity, flexibility, and transparency, Nano Res. 2 (2009) 343–348. [85] asymmetric supercapacitors consisting of polyaniline nanofibers and graphene nanosheets with proper complementary potential windows, Electrochim. Acta 55 (2010) 6015–6021. [86]. Lee, Y. S. Huh, High performance of a solid-state flexible asymmetric supercapacitor based on graphene films, Nanoscale 4 (2012) 4983-4988. [87] H. Gao, F. Xiao, C. B. Ching, H. Duan, High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor based on graphene hydrogel and nanostructured MnO2, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4 (2012) 2801–2810. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references to studies that investigate graphene materials specifically for energy storage applications, including supercapacitors. For example, it cites various works discussing the performance and development of asymmetric supercapacitors utilizing graphene, such as 'high performance of a solid-state flexible asymmetric supercapacitor based on graphene films' and 'asymmetric supercapacitors consisting of polyaniline nanofibers and graphene nanosheets.' These references support the assertion that much of the research on graphene is dedicated to its use in energy storage technologies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: onderdonkii may have protective effects against some diseases, including liver fibrosis, colitis and cardiovascular disease, as well as in cancer immunotherapy, while it may be involved in colorectal cancer development and affective disorders like depression [90]. Moreover, Alistipes is a relatively recent subdivision genus of the Bacteriodota, which is commonly associated with chronic intestinal inflammation [90]. Therefore, taking into account that et al. employed a different methodology to analyse microbiota composition from stool samples [18], A. onderdonkii could be considered as a biomarker of severe condition in SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects. Finally, the implication of a connection between faecal and nasopharyngeal microbiota in COVID-19 patients has been previously proposed [91]. In the present study, and to maximise the potential use of these biomarkers, the relationship of specific bacteria from nasopharyngeal and stool samples was analysed. Concretely, a strong positive correlation between P. timonensis (stool) towards P. dentalis and M. salivarium (nasopharyngeal) was found in severe condition. Accordingly, the ratio of the abundance of these species was also significantly increased within the highest severity of this condition. As a result, the ratio proposed in this study could be used as a novel predictor to identify critically ill COVID-19 patients as the ratio Bacillota and Bacteroidetes has been used as a marker of dysbiosis [92]. In this case, this ratio P. timonensis/P. dentalis and M. Salivarium could be a prognostic tool for severe SARS-CoV-2, and an increase in it could be associated with a higher risk to develop a severe condition. ConclusionThis inter-individual variability between the COVID-19 patients could contribute to the different symptomatology observed. This study has identified a correlation between changes in the nasopharyngeal and stool microbiota with COVID-19 severity. A novel biomarker linked to severity of COVID-19 infection has been described based on changes in the abundance of bacterial species in nasopharyngeal and faecal samples. This knowledge can support the design of novel therapeutic strategies to mitigate adverse outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relationship between specific bacterial species and the severity of COVID-19 rather than focusing on the link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression. It emphasizes the associations with diseases like liver fibrosis, colitis, and the role of microbiota in COVID-19, which does not support the claim regarding mental health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: , 1984)PS45; RRID:AB_2062089()AntibodyAlexa 488- or 647- Secondary antibodiesJackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories(1:200) Materials and methods - Immuno-fluorescent stainingAntibodyAlexa 568- or 647- Secondary antibodiesInvitrogen(1:2000) Materials andmethods - Visualization of synaptic F-actinChemical compoundCytochalasin DSigmaC8273400 nMChemical compoundGlucose oxidaseSigmaG21338440 AUChemical compoundCatalaseSigmaC4070200 AUSoftwareR(R Team, 2013)Materials and methods – Statistical analysisSoftwareTurboreg plugin(Thévenaz et al. , 1998)Materials andmethods – Statistical analysis(Rapsomaniki et al. , 2012)Materials andmethods – FRAP analysisSequence-based reagent(Barresi et al. , 2005)ZDB--050927–3Materials andmethods -Transgenesis experiments. slit3 knockdownSequence-based reagentgaatgactcctcgtcgctct and gctgaggcatcttgtctgtaSigmaMaterials andmethods -Animals. robo2 genotypingSequence-based reagentgcatttacaacagctccatcSigmaMaterials andmethods -Animals. robo2 sequencing primerSequence-based reagenttgtacaggcagatgtcaggc and -tcctcctccagtagagccagSigmaMaterials andmethods - In situ hybridization. PCR primers for robo2 probe Additional files Source code 1 R script for data extraction: R script to extract animal-wise neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters from the Volocity software-derived batch output files. The script generates tables with parameters such as animal ID, synapse or puncta ID, volume etc. In this manuscript, the script has been used for all the analysis in which number, synaptic OXT content and fluorescence values has been analyzed (Figures 1–5 and 7). Download elife-45650-code1-v3. r Source code 2 R script for data transformation: R script to log-transform the neurohypophyseal synaptic volume data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding willow bark or its historical use for pain relief. It primarily discusses materials and methods related to immuno-fluorescent staining, statistical analysis, and scripts for data extraction. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Home 28. 50 Correlation between Synthesis and Properties of Graphene quantity Add to cart Category: 10. 21741/9781644900550-2 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 825. [2] M. Winter, R. J. and Supercapacitors? , Chem. Rev. 104 (2004) 4245-4270. [3] L. L. Zhang, X. S. Zhao, Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes, Chem. Soc. Rev. 38 (2009) 2520-2531. [4] A. Balducci, R. Dugas, P. L. Taberna, P. Simon, D. Plée, M. Mastragostino, S. Passerini, High temperature carbon–carbon supercapacitor using ionic liquid as electrolyte, J. 165 (2007) 922-927. [5] R. R. Rajagopal, L. S. Aravinda, R. Rajarao, B. R. Bhat, V. Sahajwalla, Activated carbon derived from non-metallic printed circuit board waste for supercapacitor application, Electrochim. Acta 211 (2016) 488-498. [6] C. flexible super-capacitive solid-state power supply for miniature implantable medical devices, 15 (2013) 973-983. [7] Q. Ke, J. Wang, Graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes – A review, Journal of Materiomics 2 (2016) 37-54. [8] M. Kaempgen, C. K. Chan, J. Ma, Y. Cui, G. Gruner, Printable thin film supercapacitors using single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett. 9 (2009) 1872-1876. [9] S. Ruben, Electric condenser, in: U. S. P. Office (Ed. ) USA, 1925. [10] H. Becker, Low voltage electrolytic capacitor: US, 2800616, 1957. [11] P. Simon, Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that various research sources listed are centered around graphene as a material for supercapacitors. The mention of graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes in the review further supports the idea that significant research in graphene is aimed at energy storage applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: 363, p < 0. 0001), and change in HADS anxiety (rs = -0. 264, p = 0. 0002), while controlling for age, BMI, and time in days from pre- to post-treatment assessment. Pain catastrophizing, depression, and anxiety improved as level of function (ADL) improved. Spearman correlation coefficients revealed that pain catastrophizing, HADS anxiety, and HADS depression improved with improvement in the other patient-reported functional outcomes (Table 6). Of the functional outcomes, the Spearman correlation coefficients revealed that improvement in can be interpreted as having a greater magnitude of relative importance in the expected relationship with improvement in PCS Total and HADS Depression/Anxiety. role of psychological factors, like that of pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression, in the presentation of orthopedic symptoms and patient-reported pain are becoming more recognized. 1–3, 6, 11, 35 Hampton et al. demonstrated that patients with hip pathology also present with levels of pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression. Hip pain and dysfunction may play a significant role in a patient’s psychological well-being. 11 We further confirmed this link between function and psychology; specifically, a link between improved activity of daily living function and improved psychological factors. Our primary aim was to assess the impact functional improvement had on the levels of pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression. Hip function was measured in terms of the patients’ subjective assessment of their hips, rather than with performance-based functional metrics. In patients with differing hip pathologies, we found that patients endorsed a greater level of function after treatment, as measured by scores of HOS function and each of the HOOS subcategories. The most improved absolute measurements from pre-to-post treatment include the and subcategories; thus, patients endorsed the most functional improvement in lower stress, day-to-day activities. Additionally, patients endorsed a lower level of average pain following treatment, as measured by the VAS and HOOS pain subcategory. Assessment of the psychological parameters of this study began by establishing the levels of pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression present in our patients prior to their onset of treatment. Untreated patients presenting with hip pain were affected by clinically significant levels of each of these factors prior to treatment, regardless of their diagnosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses psychological factors like anxiety and depression in relation to physical conditions (hip pathology) and their improvement post-treatment, but it does not specifically mention the gut microbiome or any associated research that links gut health to mental health conditions. Therefore, it contrasts with the claim by not providing support for a connection between gut microbiomes and mental health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pages. 89-98 2008 1226-8453(pISSN) 2093-4947(eISSN) Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회) -mediated Mechanisms 진세노사이드의 혈관확장작용과 분자기전 Kim, Nak-Doo (University) 김낙두 (서울대학교) Published : 2008. 06. 30 ⟨ ⟩ are increasing evidences in the literatures on the potential role of ginsenosides in treating cardiovascular diseases. In this 10. 1248/yakushi1947. 103. 12_1269 Tamura, Y. , Hirai, A. , Terano, T. , Thara, K. , Saito, J. , Kondo, S. and Samukawa, K. : Anti-thrombotic and anti-atherogenic effects of Ginseng-Effects on platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells-Science. No. 16, 55-60 (1993) Homby, E. J. : Evidence that prostaglandin endoperoxides can induce platelet aggregation in the absence of thromboxane $A_2$ production. Biochem. Pharmacol. 31, 1158-1160 (1982) and Kim, N. D. : Inhibitory effect of Ginsenoside Rg3 on platelet aggregation and its mechanism of action, Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 21, 132-140 (1997) Lee, J. H. and Park, H. J. : Effects of intaking of products on human platelet aggregation and blood lipids, J Ginseng Res. 22, 173-180 (1998) and Zhong, J. J. : Enhancement of fibrinolytic activity of bovine aortic endothelial cells by ginsenoside Rb2. Sin. 24, 102-108 (2003) and Yun, Y. P. :Antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities of ginseng extract. Pharmacol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the adaptogenic effects of ginseng but instead discusses its potential role in treating cardiovascular diseases and various impacts on platelet aggregation and vascular smooth muscle cells. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Gogotsi, Materials for electrochemical capacitors, Technology: A Collection of Reviews from Nature Journals, World Scientific2010, 329. [12] M. Inagaki, H. Konno, O. Tanaike, Carbon materials for electrochemical capacitors, J. 195 (2010) 7880-7903. [13] S. for electrochemical capacitors: Theoretical and experimental constraints, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 (1996) 3791-3799. [14]. Jiang, Y. in Carbon Films, Science 306 (2004) 666. [15] A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene, Nature Mater. 6 (2007) 183. [16] T. J. Booth, P. Blake, R. R. Nair, D. Jiang, E. W. Hill, U. Bangert, A. Bleloch, M. graphene membranes and their extraordinary stiffness, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 2442-2446. [17] C. Lee, X. Wei, J. W. Kysar, J. Hone, Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene, Science 321 (2008) 385. [18] J. Xia, F. Chen, J. Li, N. Tao, Measurement of the quantum capacitance of graphene, Nat. Nanotechnol. 4 (2009) 505. [19] Q. He, H. G. Sudibya, Z. Yin, S. Wu, H. Li, F. Boey, W. Huang, P. Chen, H. Zhang, Centimeter-Long and Large-scale micropatterns of reduced graphene oxide films: fabrication and sensing applications, ACS Nano 4 (2010) 3201-3208. [20] D. overview of graphene in energy production and storage applications, J. 196 (2011) 4873-4885. [21] M. Pumera, Graphene-based nanomaterials and their electrochemistry, Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 (2010) 4146-4157. [22] X. Huang, X. Qi, F. Boey, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies focused on graphene's applications in electrochemical capacitors, energy production, and storage. This indicates a significant body of research dedicated to these uses, supporting the assertion that the majority of graphene research centers on its electrical conductivity applications, particularly in supercapacitor technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Patients who originally presented with clinically significant levels of pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression demonstrated a decreased severity of these mental health conditions following treatment that improved their hip function. Additionally, our results show the effect that functional improvements have on psychological factors; conversely, it may also be true that improvements in patients’ psychology and mental outlook may contribute to achieving optimal functional improvements for various musculoskeletal and orthopedic conditions. Because of the association between psychological factors and hip function, we believe that mental health factors may represent an important treatment target to consider as part of a multidisciplinary approach toward treatment of orthopedic hip conditions. Abbreviations ADL Activities of of the of the and and of the of approval and consent to participate: IRB approved research study STU 122016-058 at the University of Texas Southwestern, all patients gave written consent to participate. Consent for publication: Availability of data and material: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due concern for patient privacy but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests: No financial/non-financial competing interests to report Note DDH = Acetabular Dysplasia. FAI = Femoroacetabular Impingement. LTP = Pain Syndrome. OA = Osteoarthrosis. AVN = of the Hip Funding: JW was awarded the Grant in 2019. The funding body had no role in the design of the study, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, or the writing of the manuscript. Authors' contributions: JW conceived the idea for this study. He was also a major contributor in writing the manuscript and leading the analysis and interpretation of the impact of functional hip improvement on mental health. PG was the primary author of the manuscript and assisted with study design, data collection, and analysis. PN performed the statistical analysis for the study and wrote the corresponding part of the Methods section. JL and RO assisted with data collection. HR edited the of the manuscript and provided specific insight into the psychology-related aspects of the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements: n/a Authors' information: Dr. is an assistant professor in the Department of at UT School. He completed residency at the Harvard combined program. He then received advanced training in joint preservation, resurfacing, and reconstructive surgery through a fellowship at in St. Louis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the relationship between hip function improvements and mental health conditions like anxiety and depression, but does not mention the gut microbiome or any link between it and mental health. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Toxicol. 100, 170-175 (2007). and Yun, Y. P. : Effect of on Blood circulation in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J. Ginseng Res. 31, 109-116 (2007) and Park, K. H. : Effect of non-saponin fraction from Panax ginseng on cGMP and thromboxane $A_2$ in human platelet aggregation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 49, 157-62 (1995) Radomski, M. W. , Palmer, R. M. J. and Moncada, S. :An Larginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5193-5197 (1990) Jayakody, R. L. , Senaratne, M. P. J. , Thomson, A. B. R. and Kappagoda, C. T. : Cholesterol feeding impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation of rabbit aorta. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 63, 1206-1209 (1985) and Kim, N. D. : Dietary ginsenosides improve endothelium-dependent relaxation in the thoracic aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbit. Gen Pharmacol. 26, 483-487 (1995) Ang-Lee, M. K. , Moss, J. and Yuan, C. S. : Herbal medicines and perioperative care, JAMA 286, 208-216 (2001) Chen, X. , Gillis, C. N. and Moalli, R. : Vascular effects of ginsenosides in viro, Br. J. Pharmac. 82, 485-491 (1984) Furchgott, R. F. and Zawadzki, J. V. : The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 288, 373-376 (1980) Ignarro, L. , and Chaundhuri, G. : Endothelium -derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Natl. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a compilation of references and studies related to ginseng but does not explicitly mention the adaptogenic effects of ginseng. It states various findings regarding ginsenosides and their impact on physiological functions, but it does not confirm or deny the adaptogenic properties of ginseng. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.