Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: psychological well-being (PWB) as outcome of interventions. Ryff developed theory-based indicators of PWB that are consistent with a eudaimonic perspective of happiness. Numerous interventions have been developed with the aim to increase PWB. However, the effects on PWB measured as coherent outcome have not been examined across studies yet. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of behavioral interventions aims to answer the question whether it is possible to enhance PWB. systematic literature search was performed in and Web of Science. To be included, studies had to be randomized controlled trials of behavioral interventions with psychological well-being as primary or secondary outcome measure, measured with either Ryff’s Psychological Well-or the Continuum—Short Form. The meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model. From the 2,298 0. 44; z = 5. 62; p <. 001). Heterogeneity between the studies was large (Q (26) = 134. 12; p <. 001; I2 = 80. 62). At follow-up after two to ten months, a small but still significant effect size of 0. 22 was found. There was no clear indication of publication bias. Interventions were more effective in clinical groups and when they were delivered individually. Effects were larger in studies of lower quality. appears to be possible to improve PWB with behavioral interventions. The results are promising for the further development and implementation of interventions to promote PWB. Delivering interventions face-to-face seems to be the most promising option. We recommend to keep including clinical groups in the research of psychological well-being. Heterogeneity is a limitation of the study and there is need for more high-quality studies. Citation: (2016) Well-Being? of Interventions on Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis of Trials. 11(6): e0158092. James Coyne, University of : September 1, 2015; Accepted: June 12, 2016; Published: June 21, 2016Copyright: © 2016 Weiss et al. This is an open access 2015. The first and second author developed the search with the help of an information specialist. The first author (LAW) and a trained student assistant (PDW) conducted the search. We screened the reference lists of included studies and of the meta-analyses of Sin and Lyubomirsky (11), Bolier et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses psychological well-being (PWB) and its measurement from behavioral interventions, but does not mention noise pollution or its impact on PWB. It focuses on the outcomes and efficacy of interventions aimed at enhancing PWB, thus not addressing the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Baobab trees can live for over 1,000 years and store large amounts of water in their trunks. [SEP] Text: Therefore, we calculated the linear increase in radius of stem I over the past 450 years, in direction SE. The age of segment 11x indicates that stem I had grown toward SE by 0. 45 m over the past ca. 120 years. In a very conservative estimate, if we consider that this relatively large mean radial increase was constant over the past 450 years, the radial increase toward SE over this period was of ca. 1. 70 m. In this case, the corresponding axis/diameter of stem I was of 7. 40 − 1. 70 = 5. 70 m at the fusion time, with the two semi-axis/radii, including CI(o) − O, of 2. 85 m. Thus, the distance between the present center CI and the original center CI(o) becomes CI − CI(o) = 0. 85 m. The point 2xʹ, which represents the intercept with the YO axis of the virtual annual ring corresponding to the position of segment 2x, is located at 3. 75 m from the external point Y and at 0. 80 m from the original center CI(o), i. e. , Y − 2xʹ = 3. 75 m and 2xʹ − CI(o) = 0. 80 m. In order to determine the age of stem I, one should add to the age of the oldest segment 2x (675 ± 25 years) the time needed by stem I for growing from 0 to a radius of 0. 80 m. The growth rate of African baobabs, especially during their early life stage, is very different. However, if we consider that the stem I of Platland tree had grown fast and it is still fast growing, then, based on its current dimensions, sample ages and also our previous research (Patrut et al. 2010b), one can estimate that the time needed to stem I for reaching a radius of 0. 80 m was of ca. 75 years. All these approximations sum to a maximum error of ±75 years for the final age of stem I, including the age error of segment 2x. Hence, the calculated final age of stem I is 750 ± 75 years. One can state that it started growing around ad 1260. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the age of a specific baobab tree (stem I) has been estimated to be 750 ± 75 years, which is close to the claim of baobab trees living for over 1,000 years. The mention of growth rates and age estimation supports the idea that baobabs can attain significant ages, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: In support of these findings, children reported that the most satisfying parts of the game were the more active parts of shooting gnomes and climbing. This result is in line with our previous study, where it was found that active scenarios were perceived as more engaging, challenging, distracting and immersive than passive ones reducing subjective awareness of pain (Phelan et al. 2019). Also, they highly valued being immersed in a virtual environment that they had never experienced before. This result would support the use of IVR over non-IVR for effective ULMI recovery (Henderson et al. 2007). Finally, patients reported that they enjoyed seeing how their scores increased. This leads us to believe that this competitive mechanic motivates them to continue their rehabilitation whilst enjoying it (Campo-Prieto et al. 2021). This study has some limitations that should be taken into account to interpret the results. Firstly, this study lacks a control group and has a small sample size. However, given that the participants all had previously undergone conventional rehabilitation (CR), this allowed a comparison of CR to IVR rehabilitation in the qualitative feedback. Additionally, the VR system was used to treat a variety of ULMI, which allowed us to look at different aspects of interaction design and deployment considerations. Finally, using mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) and from a multidirectional perspective (patients, clinicians and family members) improved the breadth and depth of understanding of IVR acceptability. Future studies should examine IVR for clinical rehabilitation in a large-scale sample comparing the effectiveness of IVR rehabilitation with CR. In addition, to determine whether self-directed IVR home rehabilitation can be costly for both the patient and the healthcare system (Wang et al. 2019) and decrease the length of hospital stay and duration of treatment (Menon et al. 2020), we will conduct an economic and impact analysis that will help us determine the cost savings aligned with IVR home therapy and associated benefits (Neilson et al. 2019). Future research could further assist practitioners deliver their interventions by developing scenarios with mechanics which facilitate movements as yet unaddressed by the current system. A reporting system for the therapist to assess the patients progress and usage could provide staff with valuable information to determine the stage of healing and if the difficulty should be altered. Increasing customisation options to provide training tailored to the patient's abilities could help maintain attention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current limitations and future considerations of using immersive virtual reality (IVR) for rehabilitation. It acknowledges the necessity of comparing IVR with conventional rehabilitation (CR) and points out limitations of the current study, such as the lack of a control group and small sample size. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for future research to evaluate the effectiveness of IVR versus CR in large samples. This indicates that while IVR may be beneficial, it does not yet eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers, as further evaluation is necessary to understand its true potential.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: [12] and the review of Ryff [15] for additional potentially eligible studies. Finally, we invited four experts in the field to suggest additional studies that might meet the inclusion criteria. Search. Search terms were Ryff* or "mental health continuum" or "psychological well-being" or "psychological wellbeing" in all fields of the database, combined with one of the following terms in the title or abstract: intervention or therapy or treatment or random* or control* or trial or RCT. Search strings were adapted to the according database. No limitations were used. Study selection. Two data extractors (LAW and PDW) assessed the eligibility independently in a standardized manner. The retrieved records from the database search were screened by title and abstract. First, the extractors screened the first ten publications in PsycINFO together and discussed the results, and then both screened the next 100 studies in PsycINFO independently. They performed an interrater reliability check where Cohen’s kappa was 0. 71, which is considered ‘good’ [36]. A consensus procedure for disagreement between them was established and disagreements were resolved by consensus. The remainder of the records were screened by the two researchers independently. After the titles and abstracts were screened for possible inclusion, full 1. As certain criteria were not applicable to some studies, the percentage of items scored 1 across all applicable criteria was calculated. We classified study quality as lower (<40% quality index), intermediate (41–75%) or higher (>75%). For details, see Table in S1 Table. We included quality as a moderator in the moderator analysis, as we hypothesized that the effect size may differ between studies depending on the quality of the studies. Data analysis All analyses were completed with the program Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA, version 2. 2. 064). We used the random effects model and a 95% confidence interval with two-tailed tests. Summary measures. We expected considerable heterogeneity due to diverse intervention types and populations. Therefore, the meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model. If possible, outcomes from an intention-to-treat analysis were used. Samples for completers only were used when intention-to-treat samples were not provided. The primary outcome statistic was the standardized difference in means. For each study, between-group effect sizes were computed, using Cohen’s d. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about noise pollution and psychological well-being. Instead, it discusses the methodology of a meta-analysis and the quality assessment of studies on psychological well-being without mentioning noise pollution. Thus, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Baobab trees can live for over 1,000 years and store large amounts of water in their trunks. [SEP] Text: If we consider that the stem II of Platland tree has grown much slower than stem I, its smaller dimensions, the older sample ages and also our previous research, we can estimate that the time needed to stem II for reaching a radius of 0. 94 m was of ca. 120 years. All approximations are within the final error of ± 75 years. The calculated final age of stem II becomes 1,060 ± 75 years, indicating that it started growing around ad 950. 4 Discussion4. 1 The size of Platland treetree is listed in the of and is included in the List of (Esterhuyse et al. 2001; Department of and Forestry 2008). The only accurate parameter of the true size of a tree is the wood volume. The overall wood volume of Platland tree (501. 2 m3) is considerably larger than that of the Sagole tree (414. 1 m3), which is generally considered to be the biggest baobab (Van Pelt, unpublished results). Therefore, according to the volume values reported here, the Platland tree becomes the largest known African baobab. 4. 2 The relation size–age in the case of Platland tree's stemsCommonly, one considers that the life span/longevity of a tree specimen, in our case of an African baobab, depends on several factors: (1) its genetic potential; (2) the environment (including mean annual rainfall, altitude, mean annual temperature, number of rainy seasons per year, number of frosty days per year, nature of the soil, slope of the land, availability to underground water sources, etc. ); (3) the number and severity of dangerous events and disease episodes during its life cycle (fire episodes, fungi attack, insects, baobab disease, elephant damage, human damage, drought periods, flood, frost episodes, etc. ). Theoretically, individuals having all these factors identical should grow over time at the same rate. Consequently, under identical conditions, the biggest/largest trees may also be the oldest. Such considerations justify the common fallacy about trees that size is in direct proportion to their age. Certain baobab researchers noted, however, considerable size differences between individuals of identical age, which were attributed to site differences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that an African baobab, specifically the Platland tree, has an estimated age of 1,060 ± 75 years. This directly supports the assertion that baobab trees can live for over 1,000 years. Additionally, while the text does not directly mention water storage, it discusses the factors that contribute to the growth and longevity of trees, suggesting that larger trees, which can be inferred to include water storage capacity, may also be older.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Adding more variety and valuable exercises for daily activities that are fun and challenging can increase motivation and adherence to treatment (Gerber et al. 2016; Kiper et al. 2018). To summarise, this is the first feasibility study to trial IVR in the home rehabilitation of ULMI in children. The findings demonstrate that an IVR system has been developed capable of delivering ULMI therapy that leads to an increase in limb function, which is supported by the ease of use, enjoyment, adherence to the treatment, and can be delivered at home. It has also presented an innovative solution to the Covid-19 emergency where children could not receive their therapy in the hospital. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while an IVR system can enhance home rehabilitation and is capable of delivering therapy, it does not eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers since it is described as a solution to deliver therapy at home particularly during Covid-19 when access to hospitals was limited. This implies that physical rehabilitation centers still play an important role in therapy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: When Ryff’s PWBS were used, the six dimensions were joined in one outcome measure. Standard deviations were reconstructed from p-values or t- statistics when necessary. Lipsey’s rules for interpretation were used: small effect sizes range from 0 to 0. 32, medium effect sizes range from 0. 33 to 0. 55 and large effect sizes are 0. 56 or higher [38]. Heterogeneity. To evaluate between-study variability, we tested for heterogeneity with the chi-squared test Cochran’s Q and I2 statistics, which quantifies the amount of variation in results across studies, beyond the expected chance. The heterogeneity analysis was performed with a random effect model, a 95% confidence interval and a two-tailed test. Moderators. Moderator analyses were conducted with the following moderators and categories: (1) target group: clinical (psychopathological or health problems) or non-clinical; (2) age of target group: adolescence/young adulthood (≤ 25 years), adulthood (26–55 years) or later life (≥55); (3) intervention type: self-help, individual face-to-face, or group face-to-face; (2) number of sessions: less (≤ 8 studies) or more (> 8 sessions); (5) instrument: PWBS or MHC-SF; (6) control group: not active (no treatment, waiting list, or care-as-usual) or active (placebo or alternative treatment); (7) quality: lower (<40%), intermediate (41% -75%) or higher quality (≥75%). Publication bias. The risk of publication bias was estimated using a funnel plot, the Egger’s test and a trim and fill analysis. Follow-up assessment. When available, between-group effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were computed for follow-up differences in psychological well-being. selection Fig 1 summarizes the database hits, (reasons for) exclusion and final inclusion in a flow diagram. We found 2631 records from Web of Science (1151), the (1026), and PsycINFO (454), and Reference lists searches added four studies and expert consultation two studies. After adjusting for duplicates, 2298 studies remained and were screened for title and abstract. Of these, 2150 were discarded as the studies did not meet the inclusion criteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodological aspects of research studies, including effect sizes, heterogeneity, and publication bias, without mentioning noise pollution or its effects on psychological well-being.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter is so massive that it doesn’t orbit the Sun directly but instead orbits a point just outside the Sun called the barycenter. [SEP] Text: 닫기 논문명 참고문헌 신청 검색조건추가 참고문헌 신청이 불가능한 논문이 있습니다. 입력된 URL을 확인해 주세요. 취소 다음 확인 이용수. . . 닫기 최근3년 최근1년 최근6개월 연도 월 이용수 정기구독 정책 구독 상품을 부정한 방법으로 이용시 구독 서비스 제공을 중단할 수 있습니다. 하나의 계정으로 중복로그인 한 경우 먼저 로그인 되어있던 계정은 자동 로그아웃 됩니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains administrative content with no mention of Jupiter, its mass, or its orbital mechanics. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: E-Rehabilitation: or Virtual Need? . Chaturvedi1 & Deepak Jayarajan1 1915 Accesses 1 Citation 1 all metrics Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. This is an era of digitalization, internet, wifi, use of mobile and smart phones, virtual world, applications and technology. On one hand these are contributing to cyber psychopathology, on the other hand these have a potential for management. With the understanding of disability as a complex interaction between the effects of illness and contextual factors, both personal and environmental, the relevance of new avenues to deliver rehabilitative services is profound. A significant proportion of the population is underserved, with the of India 2016- a survey which covered 34,802 individuals from 12 states of India- showing a mental morbidity of 10. 6% in those over the age of 18 years, and 7. 3% in those between the ages of 13 and 17, but with a treatment gap of 28–83% (and 86% for alcohol use disorders). In addition, “three out of four persons with a severe mental disorder experienced significant disability in work, social and family life” [1]. Given the extent of the need and the dearth of services, the report recommends the following, “Technology based applications for near-to-home-based care using smart-phone by health workers, evidence-based (electronic) clinical decision support systems for adopting minimum levels of care by doctors, creating systems for longitudinal follow-up of affected persons to ensure continued care through electronic databases and registers can greatly help in this direction. To facilitate this, convergence with other flagship schemes such as needs to be explored” [1]. Recent data has shown that smartphone user base in India has crossed 300 million users in 2016, making it the second largest smartphone market in the world [2]. The potential for service delivery via internet enabled devices seems likely only to rise over time, but what are the possibilities before us now, and equally important, what are the challenges to such approaches? An exploration of the role of modern technology in rehabilitation in January, 2016, has highlighted the various possibilities in terms of social networking and peer support, telepsychiatry, E health services as well as smartphones and apps [3]. It’s interesting that estimates at the time alluded to smartphone users crossing the 200 million mark in 2016, a 100 million users less than later estimates! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of disability and the need for technology-based applications for rehabilitation rather than suggesting that virtual reality alone can eliminate physical rehabilitation centers. It highlights a significant treatment gap in mental health care and recommends various technology-based approaches without asserting that virtual reality would completely replace physical rehabilitation services.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: The full texts of the remaining 148 studies were assessed for eligibility. 121 studies did not meet the inclusion criteria. Finally, a total of 27 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Flow diagram of the search and selection procedure of studies. Study characteristics The main characteristics of the studies are presented in Table 1. All 27 studies were RCTs published in peer-reviewed English journals. The studies were published between 1998 and 2014. The included studies involved 3579 participants. Sample size varied between 20 and 376 participants. Whereas 14 studies were conducted among non-clinical populations (e. g. employees, students), 13 studies used a clinical sample. The vast majority of the clinical samples had psychological disorders, mostly affective disorders. Only two studies used a population with physical complaints (i. e. , hearing impairment [39] and chronic pain [40]). The mean age varied between 11 and 79 years. While 4 studies used adolescents or young adults, 18 studies examined adults, and 5 studies had a sample of older people. Interventions included well-being therapy, life review, positive psychology interventions, acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness interventions and identity interventions. Seven interventions were self-help (web-based or book), 6 were individually administered and 14 group-based. The duration of the interventions varied between 4 and 52 weeks. Whereas 15 studies had between four [41] and eight sessions, 10 studies had between 8 and 48 sessions [42]. Sixteen studies used the PWBS as outcome measure, 11 studies the MHC-SF. Six different versions of the PWBS were used, varying between 14 and 84 items. The control conditions included 16 non-active control groups (no intervention, waiting list, care-as-usual) and 13 active control groups (placebos such as relaxation sessions or alternative established interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy). Nine studies were qualified as having a lower quality, 8 as intermediate and 10 as higher quality studies. Whereas 16 studies declared no conflict of interest [21, 22, 24, 39, 41–51], the other 11 studies did not mention whether there was a conflict of interest. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Main characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis. Results data analysis Post-test effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the methodology and characteristics of studies included in a meta-analysis without addressing noise pollution or its effects on psychological well-being. It provides details on study designs, sample sizes, intervention types, and quality of studies but does not mention noise pollution or its potential negative impact.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4249551/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractIdentifying hotspots of particularly rich or localised biodiversity is key strategy for prioritising areas for protection and management. However, different biodiversity measures may lead to the prioritisation of different areas for conservation. Here we use species distribution modelling and spatial biodiversity analyses to map and compare hotspots of Australian subtropical rainforest reptile and amphibian diversity identified using three biodiversity measures - Alpha Diversity, Weighted Endemism, and Endemism. Spatial patterns of frog and reptile diversity largely correlate with each other, and with previous studies in plants and other vertebrates, with diversity and endemism both concentrated in montane uplands and correlated with paleoclimatic stability. highlights additional peripheral hotspots of Short-taxa away from hotspots, especially in the poorly known ‘vine-thicket’ habitats of mid-east Queensland. Spatial analyses of the overlap of burn scars from two recent massive fire events show that many of these peripheral hotspots may have been impacted, further highlighting these areas as a priority for targeted survey and conservation assessment. amphibianbiodiversitybushfiredistributionsherpetofaunamodellingrange-restrictionreptileFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionInformation on the spatial distribution of biodiversity critically underpins prioritisation of areas for conservation investment (Kent 2005; Brown et al. 2014; Rosauer et al. 2016) and protecting biodiversity hotspots remains a key strategy for spatial conservation prioritization (Myers et al. 2000; Kukkala and Moilanen 2012; Shipley and McGuire, 2022). Various hotspot measures can help identify and prioritise areas but may in practice highlight different regions. For example, areas of high in different guilds or taxonomic groups may not overlap with each other (McDonald et al. 2021), or with areas containing the most range-restricted or threatened taxa (Orme et al. 2005). Gaps or bias in knowledge of distributions (e. g. the Wallacean shortfall) (Hortal et al. 2020) may also skew estimation of conservation priorities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of biodiversity hotspots, which are areas characterized by high species diversity and endemism. The mention of identifying and mapping hotspots of biodiversity in the Australian subtropical rainforest aligns with the claim about regions of high diversity being prioritized for protection and conservation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: It’s been used as an application for interventions in phobias for some time. Recent gains in the technology have coincided with an expansion of uses to cognitive rehabilitation, social skills training and even craving management in alcohol use disorders [7]. The number of mental health professionals available to deliver these services is low compared to demand and unequally distributed. With the evolution of mobile systems that can deliver VR experiences, such as the platform, it may be possible to translate some of these packages into content that can be delivered across such platforms with fidelity. There is still some work to be done about how perception of such experiences can affect symptoms in those with mental illness, and even if the same visual illusions are perceived differently. (f) Social networks, communication apps and peer support: Social networks and social media increasingly influence information access and viewpoints. They can serve as accepting communities to which people can feel as if they belong. They can also carry risks, including the spread of myths and misconceptions. Peer support groups, much like other networks, are now easier to form and to find. Hence, the potential for persons with mental illness to be involved in advocacy movements and to influence public policy is unprecedented, if still underutilised. The ability to use social networks and the internet to market products and expand networks can help those who chose to be entrepreneurs have greater reach and exposure. The ability to use these networks effectively, and other marketing skills, would also become a skill set that requires mentoring in. (g) The use of learning networks: Virtual classrooms and virtual learning networks have the potential to raise standards of care delivery by spreading best care practices and knowledge. Initiatives like the ECHO network and the can help spread the expertise of institutes by mentoring professionals who are involved in care delivery. They can also serve as ways to allow different institutes to demonstrate their own best practices and innovative models of service delivery to their peers. The future of psychiatric practice, including psychiatric rehabilitation, in relation to virtual reality, technology and gadgets is likely to change with advances in technology and their usage [8]. While the tools that are available are changing, they will still be guided by the principles that form the bedrock of good practice in rehabilitation. Patients and their families may be drawn to online resources for rehabilitation. The current issue of the journal is rather healthy with seventeen 2016. India surpasses USA to become the second largest smartphone market in the world counterpoint [Internet]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the evolving role of virtual reality in various therapeutic contexts, particularly in mental health, and emphasizes that while technology has potential applications, it will still be guided by established principles of good practice in rehabilitation. It suggests a transformation in psychiatric practice due to advances in technology, rather than suggesting that physical rehabilitation centers will become obsolete.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: The random effect model showed that the behavioral interventions had a moderate effect on psychological well-being (Cohen’s d = 0. 44; z = 5. 62; p <. 001). The 95% confidence interval was between 0. 29 and 0. 59, with a standard error of 0. 08. The forest plot in Fig 2 displays the post-test effects. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Forest plot for post-test effects of behavioral interventions on psychological well-being. Heterogeneity. Effect sizes of studies ranged from 0. 05 to 2. 11. A heterogeneity analysis revealed significant heterogeneity (Q (26) = 134. 12; p <. 001). Heterogeneity was high (I2 = 80. 62). Therefore, moderator analyses were performed. Moderators. Table 2 presents the findings of the moderator analyses. A systematic finding is that for 15 out of 17 categories, significant effects were found. No significant effects were found for age of target group, number of sessions, measurement instrument and control group. However, the strength of the effects differed for target group, intervention type and study quality. Interventions in clinical groups showed larger effects than those in non-clinical groups. Individual face-to-face interventions had stronger effects than self-help or group interventions. Studies of lower quality had higher effect sizes than studies of intermediate or higher quality. In a post-hoc analysis, we assessed whether the three significant moderating variables were interrelated among each other. There was no relation between target group and intervention type (χ2 = 1. 1; df = 1; p = 0. 587). Target group and study quality were related (χ2 = 9. 4; df = 2; p = 0. 009). Studies with clinical target groups had higher quality. The higher effects for clinical groups can thus not be attributed to a lower quality of studies. There was a significant relation between intervention type and quality of the study (χ2 = 14. 1; df = 4; p = 0. 007). Individual face-to-face interventions were more often assessed in studies with lower quality. Due to this contamination, it remains uncertain whether the intervention type or the quality of the study caused the higher effect sizes. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Results of moderator analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of various behavioral interventions on psychological well-being but does not mention noise pollution or its effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding noise pollution's impact.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Ideally, assessments of regional hotspot patterns will integrate different measures, approaches, and taxa to address these issues. The forests of eastern Australia are recognised as the world’s 35th biodiversity hotspot (Williams et al. 2011). A prominent component of this hotspot is some of the world’s most extensive tracts of subtropical rainforests. Here, we consider these subtropical rainforests to include areas extending from Eungella in central Queensland to the Illawarra region south of Sydney. Typically, they occur in relatively high rainfall and/or high elevation areas characterised by paleoclimatic stability (Weber et al. 2014; Hilbert et al. 2007). These rainforest areas largely occur as a series of habitat ‘islands’ centred upon the eastern edge of Australia’s Range (Fig. 1) and support a high alpha diversity and endemism in many taxa (Williams et al. 2011; Rosauer et al. 2015; Mutton et al. 2019; Wilson et al. 2019; Rix et al. 2020; Rix et al. 2022). The significance of these rainforests is further recognised through the inclusion of a large proportion of them within the of (Narsey et al. 2020, 2023). While most remaining subtropical rainforests in Australia are protected, recent severe droughts and fires of unprecedented extent and severity have impacted large areas of these fire-sensitive communities (Ward et al. 2020; Godfree et al. 2021; Beranek et al. 2022; Thorley et al. 2023). Regeneration of rainforests burnt at higher severities is likely to take many decades and is impeded by invasion of ecosystem changing weeds that further exacerbate fire risk (Hines et al. 2020; Ross et al. 2023), particularly for small rainforest patches or those fragmented through vegetation clearing (Driscoll et al. 2021). There are ongoing or increasing threats from pest plants (e. g. high biomass grasses, Werren 2001; Grice and Setter 2002), feral animals (e. g. pigs, Gillespie et al. 2020), and exotic diseases (e. g. myrtle rust, Carnegie and Pegg 2018; amphibian chytrid fungus Scheele et al. 2019). Many rainforest species are also restricted to higher elevations (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the forests of eastern Australia as a recognized biodiversity hotspot that supports a high alpha diversity and endemism in many taxa. The reference to 'high alpha diversity and endemism' directly aligns with the concept of biodiversity hotspots having high species diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the introduction of Indo-coral species and their range expansions in the since the 1930s has caused much concern due to their capacity to compete with endemic corals and to overgrow other organisms (Mantelatto and Creed 2015; Creed et al. 2016). The most notorious introductions are those of two species of lionfish, Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) and P. miles (Bennett, 1828), which have been spreading rapidly in the tropical since 1985 with increasing densities, while negatively impacting populations of local fish species. They have been reported from (USA) to the southeastern coast of Brazil (Dahl and Patterson 2014; Ferreira et al. 2015; Rocha et al. 2015; Chappell and Smith 2016; Hixon et al. 2016) down to mesophotic depths at <300 m (Lesser and Slattery 2011; Albins and Hixon 2011; Nuttall et al. 2014; Aguilar-Perera et al. 2017). The latest aggressive intruder on Caribbean reefs is an undescribed species of xeniid octocoral in Venezuela, where it has been observed to overgrow and kill scleractinian corals since 2007 (et al. 2014). An earlier introduced Indo-Pacific octocoral species, Chromonephthea braziliensis van Ofwegen, 2005, was reported from Brazil, where it has been observed since around 1995, but no range expansion into the Caribbean has been reported (Ferreira 2003; 2005). Another octocoral species recently described as new from the western Atlantic, Stragulum bicolor van Ofwegen and Haddad, 2011, was presumably introduced recently because it has a restricted distribution off southern Brazil, while its closest relatives live in the Indo-Pacific (and Haddad 2011; Altvater and Coutinho 2015). A similar case is that of a new hydrozoan in the same area, which is of unknown origin but it has a sister species in Japan (Haddad et al. 2014). Finally, there are reports on a rapidly spreading invasive seagrass species originally from the Red Sea, Halophila stipulacea (Forsskål) Ascherson, 1867, competing with native seagrass species near coral reefs in various Caribbean localities (Becking et al. 2014; Willette et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the negative impact of invasive Indo-coral species, specifically lionfish and other introduced organisms, on local marine biodiversity. It describes how these invasive species compete with endemic corals and have detrimental effects on local fish populations and seagrass species, indicating that the biodiversity of coral reefs is being threatened rather than supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: Publication bias. There is no clear indication of publication bias. Visual inspection of the funnel plot suggested no evidence of publication bias, as the distribution is symmetrical. Egger’s regression intercept also suggests that there is no publication bias (intercept = 1. 53; t = 1. 31; df = 25; p = 0. 20). Duval and Tweedie’s trim and fill analysis indicated that no studies needed to be filled or trimmed, which suggests that the effect size was not affected by publication bias. Follow-up effects. Twelve studies [21, 22, 40, 42, 44, 45, 49–51, 55, 57, 61] examined follow-up effects after at least 2 months up to 10 months. Nine of these 12 studies examined the follow-up at 6 months. The random effect model showed small but significant effects for psychological well-being, compared with a control group (Cohen’s d = 0. 22; z = 4,9; p<0. 001). The 95% confidence interval was between 0. 13 and 0. 31, with a standard error of 0. 045. Heterogeneity was low (Q (11) = 11. 45; p<0. 41; I2 = 3. 89). Discussion and ConclusionPsychological well-being is increasingly used as an outcome in studies on behavioral interventions, besides measures of psychological complaints and psychopathological symptoms. Several studies reported evidence that psychological well-being can indeed be promoted through behavioral interventions. This is the first meta-analysis to assess their overall effect. A moderate effect size of 0. 44 was found across studies for psychological well-being, with no indication for publication bias. Significant effects were found across the categories of the moderator variables, illustrating the systematic nature of the effects. In the follow-up assessment, the effect size was still significant, but small (0. 22). This result has to be interpreted with caution as only 12 studies could be included in this analysis. It is important that future studies make use of follow-up measures to gain more insight in the longitudinal development of the effects of interventions on psychological well-being. This study explicitly focused on psychological well-being as an integrated construct that builds on several psychological theories of the twentieth century. The effect size of psychological well-being is somewhat lower than the standardized mean difference of. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding noise pollution and its impact on psychological well-being. Instead, it discusses publication bias and the effects of behavioral interventions on psychological well-being, without linking these findings to noise pollution specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Before discussing patterns further, we acknowledge that there are number of ways our estimates of ranges may be inaccurate. We developed taxon range maps by combining the spatial outputs from two types of species distribution models (SDMs). For five taxa with insufficient records to model, range maps were produced with Alpha Hulls, and five further taxa were modelled without spatial thinning to retain sufficient samples for modelling (n = 10) (Supp 1). Data availability issues are particularly likely in poorly surveyed areas, including areas of MEQ that we discuss in detail below. We also clipped SDM outputs to within 15km of occurrences and subsequently resample to a larger resolution, possibly introducing some local overprediction at the edges of PDMs. Model improvements might include addition of occurrence record data, incorporating more spatially complex algorithms (e. g. spatialMaxent or M-SDM, Mendes et al. 2020; Bald et al. 2023), or using averaged probabilities across models rather than combining binary map extents. However, even with these caveats, we still consider that our PDMs are a reasonable estimate of likely distributions, given our collation, vetting and refinement of datasets, high model evaluation scores, steps to restrain overprediction, and review of PDMs. How do the distributions of short-range endemics correspond to hotspots of Alpha Diversity? hotspots and hotspots of endemism for herpetofauna largely overlap with each other (Fig. 2, Fig. 3) and with previous studies of a range of taxa (Weber et al. 2014, Rosauer et al. 2015), with a small number of notable exceptions. Areas of congruence across measures and studies were concentrated in relatively large and well-known and endemism hotspots associated with climatically stable upland refugia – from north to south including Eungella, Kroombit Tops, ranges of the volcanics, the Tweed Caldera, Wollumbin, Washpool-Nymboida, the Dorrigo Plateau, Mt Boss-Werrikimbe, and Barrington Tops. Studies across multiple taxonomic groups indicate that these regions are unequivocally the most important areas in Australia for the conservation of subtropical rainforest diversity (Williams et al. 2011; Weber et al. 2014; Rosauer et al. 2015; Kitching et al. 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that certain areas in Australia, which are highlighted as biodiversity hotspots, have high species diversity and endemism. It specifies that regions like Eungella, Kroombit Tops, and others are recognized as important areas for conservation of subtropical rainforest diversity, thus supporting the idea that biodiversity hotspots contain significant levels of species diversity and endemism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: 1, Bispira volutacornis (Montagu, 1804), Eunice dubitata, Eunice pennata (Müller, 1776), and Haplosyllis spongicola, and the cirripedian Scalpellum scalpellum (Linnaeus, 1767). Also, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of the ophiuroid Ophioctenella acies Tyler et al. 1995 in a non-chemosynthetic ecosystem (Stöhr and Segonzac 2005). Fig. 3Relative contribution (%) of taxonomic groups of the sessile fauna and sponge infauna to each of the microhabitats in Complex (MRC) and (LM). Calculations based on back-transformed data of arcsine numbers. Bars denote the mean values. Error bars show upper and lower 95 % CIFull size image In both regions only a small number of species (12 in MRC and 2 in LM) were found inside the sponge (Table 2). Infauna constituted a minor component, both in terms of abundance (total number of individuals) and dry biomass (total mg), of the total sponge-associated fauna in MRC, but had a higher contribution in LM (Fig. 4). In regard to the infauna, species with the highest number of individuals in total included the amphipod Aristias neglectus (62 specimens), and the species with the highest biomass was the bryozoan Reteporella beaniana (156. 8 mg). Fig. 4Charts showing the shares of sponge sessile epifauna (“outer sponge”) and sponge infauna (“inner sponge”) in terms of abundance (total number of individuals) and dry biomass (total mg) in Complex (MRC) and (LM)Full size image At MRC, a number of epifaunal species were found on secondary biological structures, for example “Morphotype 1 foraminifera” were exclusively recorded on the stems of the hydroids Halecium sp. and H. muricatum (Ellis and Solander, 1786), and S. scalpellum was found exclusively attached to the tube of B. volutacornis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly corroborate or contrast the claim about coral reefs supporting marine biodiversity. Instead, it lists specific species found in certain microhabitats without providing a broader context about coral reefs or their role in supporting biodiversity. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: 61 that was reported in a meta-analysis by Sin and Lyubomirsky (11) and somewhat higher than the effect of. 20 for psychological well-being in a meta-analysis by Bolier et al. [12]. These differences may be related to the fact that the first meta-analyses focused on subjective well-being whereas the second one included 10 different measures of psychological well-being in addition to the PWBS and MHC-SF, for example hope, mastery and purpose in life. This might demonstrate the importance of good definitions of well-being as different results may be obtained with instruments derived from different traditions. Furthermore, both previous meta-analyses focused on specific positive psychological interventions, whereas our study included a number of different therapeutic interventions. Because the interventions varied considerably, a reliable subgroup analysis was not possible. When sufficient studies will be published in the future, later meta-analyses could address differences between interventions, for example comparing positive psychological interventions, well-being therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and life review therapy. Despite the relatively high levels of stability of psychological well-being across time [19], these results show that it is possible to improve psychological well-being. Consequently, it might have more state-like characteristics, as a trait would be very hard to change, especially in a short period of time. The heterogeneity was large with effects ranging from 0. 05 [41] to 2. 11 [52]. Although the statistical power is sufficient for the study in total, it is low for the moderator analyses [63]. Therefore, it is even more remarkable that we did find three significant moderators out of seven possible moderators. Effects were larger for clinical groups and in individual interventions. Interestingly, these moderators were also found significant in the meta-analyses of Sin and Lyubomirsky [11] and Bolier et al. [12]. The promotion of psychological well-being seem to be best suited for individuals who suffer from psychological or somatic complaints. One possible explanation is that clinical populations have more impaired levels of psychological well-being at the beginning of the intervention, indicating that there is more room for improvement. This finding is relevant because psychological well-being can be seen as an important component of recovery [64]. Higher levels of psychological well-being are associated with better physical health [15] and buffer against future disorders [16, 65], suggesting that people with higher levels are potentially more resilient [66, 67]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about noise pollution's impact on psychological well-being. Instead, it discusses various meta-analyses related to psychological well-being and therapeutic interventions without making any connection to noise pollution. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: (2023) Arthropods of Australia’s subtropical and tropical rainforests: rich and unique hotspots of biological diversity? J 27(1):59-74. (2021) A herpetofauna with dramatic endemism signals an overlooked biodiversity hotspot. 30(11):3167–3183. Kukkala AS, (2013) Core concepts of spatial prioritisation in systematic conservation planning. 88(2):443–464. (2003) Assessing endemism at multiple spatial scales, with an example from the Australian vascular flora. J Biogeogr 30(4):511–520. (2010) Biodiverse, a tool for the spatial analysis of biological and related diversity. Ecography 33:643–647. Laurance WF (1991) Edge effects in tropical forest fragments: application of a model for the design of nature reserves. 57(2):205-219. New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data. 89(10):93–94. (2007) Biodiversity concordance and the importance of endemism. 21(1):266–268. Mahony MJ (2020) The amphibian fauna of Eungella and their important role in unravelling the evolutionary history of the Australian east coast closed forest biota. 125:81–96. (2023) A new species of barred frog, Mixophyes (Anura: Myobatrachidae) from south-eastern Australia identified by molecular genetic analyses. Zootaxa 5297:301–336. öhler (2021) The living heart: Climate gradients predict desert mountain endemism. 11(9):4366–4378. de Andrade AFA, Júnior PDM (2020) Dealing with overprediction in species distribution models: How adding distance constraints can improve model accuracy. 431:109180. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772):853–858. (2020) Impact of climate change on cloud forests in the of Heritage Area. No. 20, and Hub, Australia. (NVIS) V6. 0 (2020), 20 September 2022. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple sources that discuss biodiversity hotspots and endemism, such as 'biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities' and 'a herpetofauna with dramatic endemism signals an overlooked biodiversity hotspot'. These references collectively suggest that specific regions, including the mentioned hotspots, exhibit high species diversity and a significant level of endemic species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: Statistically significant differences were found for the number of species cm−3, number of individuals cm−3, and dry biomass cm−3 microhabitat (Table 4; Fig. 6a–f). The number of individuals cm−3 and dry biomass cm−3 microhabitat were lower in LM sponge than MRC sponge samples, while the opposite pattern was recorded between MRC coral rubble and LM coral rubble samples (Fig. 6a–f). Table 4 Results of analysis of variance for comparisons of Complex (MRC) and (LM) sponge and coral rubble microhabitats for number of species S cm−3, Shannon–H′, Pielou’s evenness Index J′, number of individuals cm−3 and dry biomass cm−3 Full size table Fig. 6 Box plots of a microhabitat volume sampled (cm3), b species number cm−3 microhabitat, c Shannon–Wiener Index, H′, d Pielou’s evenness Index, J′, e number of individuals cm−3 microhabitat, f dry biomass cm−3 microhabitat in Complex (MRC) and (LM). Lower and upper whiskers denote the data range (minimum–maximum values not considered to be outliers)Full size image Correlation of microhabitat volume with S, H′, J′, total number of individuals, and total dry biomass for sessile fauna and sponge infaunaFor MRC sponge samples, correlation analyses revealed a significant relationship between sponge volume and total species number S (r = 0. 74, p = 0. 023), sponge volume and total number of individuals (r = 0. 84, p = 0. 004), and sponge volume and total dry biomass (r = 0. 78, p = 0. 011). Significant correlations were also found for MRC coral rubble samples between coral volume and total number of individuals (r = 0. 72, p = 0. 029). In all other cases, there were no statistically significant correlations between the volume of the microhabitat and the examined parameters. Distribution of feeding types for sessile fauna and sponge infaunaThe fauna in the S. coralliophaga–coral rubble association included various feeding types (Fig. 7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses statistical analyses of species and biomass within different microhabitats without explicitly addressing the role of coral reefs in supporting marine biodiversity. While it references species numbers and relationships to habitat parameters, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim about coral reefs specifically.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, a personal approach with face-to-face contact appears to work better compared to self-help and group interventions. Yet interventions targeted at the general population or using self-help or group interventions showed smaller, but still significant effects. When such interventions have a large enough reach, they might also bring substantive public health gains [12]. For an interpretation of the results, it is important to be aware of possible limitations of the meta-analysis. First, one third of the studies had lower quality, whereas these studies also showed larger effects. However, the quality might have been underestimated, as it was scored conservatively: not reporting on the randomization procedures for example was rated as absence. Lower quality might also be attributed to the fact that new interventions were tested with pilot studies with a small number of participants. The larger effects of studies with lower quality might also contaminated with the finding that individual face-to-face interventions had higher effects. Future research needs RCTs with better quality, such as a larger number of participants based on a priori power analyses and longer follow-ups. Second, there are some limitations due to the search strategy. There was not sufficient data for six studies which met the inclusion criteria, limiting the completeness of the meta-analysis. The search strategy also may have been imperfect, as additional information sources revealed another six studies which were not found with the database search. Still, this possible limitation has been compensated by asking experts in the field and searching through reference lists of relevant 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0158092. s001(DOC) S1 Table. Assessment Criteria. 1. Seligman ME, Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology: An introduction: Association; 2000. 2. Barry MM, Jenkins R. Health Promotion. Oxford: Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier; 2007. 3. Keyes CLM. Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health 2007;62:95–108. pmid:17324035 View 4. Organization. Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice. Geneva: WHO, 2005. 5. . The challenge of defining wellbeing. of Wellbeing. 2012;2(3). View 6. Diener E. Subjective well-being. Psychol Bull. 1984;95:542–74. pmid:6399758 View 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding noise pollution and psychological well-being. Instead, it discusses the effectiveness of various intervention strategies for mental health without relating to the specific effects of noise pollution. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: 2006). It is estimated that the rain forest area is disappearing with an estimated 1 million square kilometers lost every 5–10 years, and this will significantly impact our knowledge of their biodiversity (Pimm and Raven 2000; Wright and Mueller-Landau 2006; Gibbs et al. 2010). For these reasons, biodiversity studies from the still existing rain forests are urgently required. Studies of mushroom diversity in the Amazon region have been done at a limited scale. made several contributions to our knowledge of fungal biodiversity in the Neotropics and his works include studies on the influence of periodic flooding on fungal diversity in some igapó forests in (Singer 1988) and on fungal biodiversity of ectotrophic forests in central Amazonia (Singer et al. 1983). Most of his further contributions were taxonomic revisions of genera from different Neotropical regions, including the Amazon areas (i. e. , Singer 1965, 1976). More recent works include the preparation of check lists on macrofungal diversity of Amazonian forests. For instance, 39 species of agarics were reported from explorations in the Egler biological reserve near Manaus (and Aguiar 2004). Even fewer studies have explored fungal diversity in (Franco-Molano et al. 2005; Vasco-Palacios et al. 2005). Our studies aim to contribute to the knowledge of macrofungal biodiversity of some remarkable biota from different tropical lowland forests in Colombia. Therefore we compared the mushroom diversity in 1. forests occurring in two distantly located (>300 km) regions, namely Araracuara and Amacayacu; 2. várzea (flood forests) and terra firme (non-flood) forests in Amacayacu; 3. putative regeneration stadia of forests in the Araracuara region; and 4. a putative ectomycorrhizal dipterocarp forest (Araracuara-Peña Roja). MethodsStudy arearegion, a mosaic of forests embracing 7,989,004 km2 that holds approximately 60,000 plant species, is considered as the largest forested area and one of the most biodiverse places on earth (et al. 2003; Hoorn et al. 2010). In the northwestern part of the Amazon area, the forests cover 42 % of the area of Colombia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating that the Amazon region is considered one of the most biodiverse places on earth, holding approximately 60,000 plant species, and discusses the significant impact of research on its biodiversity. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the biodiversity within this region, which aligns with the characterization of biodiversity hotspots as areas with high species diversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: Working with low-sensitivity organisms would lead to a severe underestimation or unrealistically long data collection periods for an accurate estimation of the rate of biological change. As sensitivity can be modulated by several parameters (e. g. , evolution) within a population, it is recommended to regularly calculate the rate of biological change and plot it over time. The rate of biological change is expected to increase with time until saturation is reached (Figs. 5 and 6b). At saturation, the rate of biological change can then be considered robust. Finally, when comparing chemical and biological rates of change, it is also critical to ensure that the spatiotemporal resolution of the carbonate chemistry data is directly relevant for the given species or ecosystem being observed. For example, chemistry data collected in the surface water may not be relevant for a tidal organism experiencing much more variability than that detected by the chemical observations. Similarly, it is important to remember that the carbonate chemistry experienced by a given species is also dependent on its biology. For example, some species migrate over large distances and through very different bodies of water or have different life-history stages living in different environments. Alternatively, some species, mainly sessile, can alter temporal dynamics in the surrounding carbon chemistry through physiological processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, and calcification (e. g. , seagrasses, kelp) (Pfister et al. , 2019; Unsworth et al. , 2012). 6 the vulnerabilities and adaptive capacity of marine ecosystems and coastal communities towards OA requires a broad range of data. Measurements and calculations related to SDG indicator 14. 3. 1 (“average marine acidity – pH – measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations”) provide the chemical information required for such analyses. However, achieving SDG target 14. 3 (“minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels”) will also require correlating those observed chemical changes with the biological response. This immense task can only be accomplished with a combination of approaches including laboratory and field experimentation, modeling, and biological observations. While the body of experimental evidence on OA impacts is growing rapidly, in situ monitoring conducted specifically for identifying and quantifying biological responses to OA is far less common. Our innovative approach goes beyond the simple monitoring of specified biological traits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the need to measure both chemical and biological responses to ocean acidification but does not provide direct evidence or examples supporting the claim. Instead, it emphasizes the complexity and challenges involved in measuring these changes over time and across different species. Therefore, it does not directly corroborate or contrast with the claim but rather presents information that is not specifically relevant to it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: Ryff CD, Singer B. Psychological well-being: Meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychother Psychosom. 1996;65(1):14–23. pmid:8838692 View 8. Ryan R, Deci E. On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Psychol. 2001;52:141–66. pmid:11148302 View 9. . An evaluation of positive psychology intervention effectiveness trials using the re-aim framework: A practice-friendly review. of Positive Psychology. 2015;10(4):303–22. View 10. Ryff CD. Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J Psychol. 1989;57(6):1069. View 11. Sin N, Lyubomirsky S. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: a practice-friendly meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol. 2009;65:467–87. pmid:19301241 View 12. . Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):119. View 13. . Psychometric evaluation and predictive validity of Ryff's psychological well-being items in a UK birth cohort sample of women. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2006;4(1):1. View 14. . of Well-Being? A Cross-of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. 2015. View 15. Ryff CD. Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2014;83(1):10–28. 2013-41405-003. pmid:24281296 View 16. . The bidirectional relation between positive mental health and psychopathology in a longitudinal representative panel study. J Posit Psychol. 2015:1–8. View 17. . Change in level of positive mental health as a predictor of future risk of mental illness. Public Health. 2010;100(12):2366. pmid:20966364 View 18. Wood AM, Joseph S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily consists of references to various academic works related to psychological well-being, without directly addressing the claim regarding noise pollution. Since it does not mention noise pollution or its effects on psychological well-being, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: a Thirty year-old forest in Araracuara (AR-30y); b Flood plain forest in Amacayacu (AM-FPF); c Regeneration forest in Amacayacu (AM-RF); d One year-old chagra in Araracuara (AR-1y). Note the many cut down trees present in the latter plotFull size image Another forest in the Middle Caquetá region was located near the village of Peña Roja (AR-PR) and comprised a mature forest located about 50 km downstream from the Araracuara region along the Rio Caquetá, 00°34′S, 79°08′W, at 200–300 m altitude (Fig. 1). This is a tertiary sedimentary plain with an average altitude of 60 m above the river level forming an undulating and highly dissected landscape. Soils are deep and well drained and classified as typical Kandiudults (Duivenvoorden and Lips 1995). They are loose and sandy at the surface and become clayey with depth. The vegetation corresponds to a mixed forest with a canopy height of 25–30 m (Londoño 2011; Londoño et al. 1995). The plant species diversity is high with 700 species of vascular plants (i. e. , herbs, ferns, shrubs, palms, lianas and vines) per hectare. Pseudomonotes tropenbosii Londoño et al. , a putative ectomycorrhizal tree species belonging to the ectomycorrhizal tree family Dipterocarpaceae (Smits 1994; Tedersoo et al. 2007), occurred here (Londoño et al. 1995). In this dipterocarp forest a 1,000 m2 permanent plot was established during the early 1990s by scientific explorations of researchers and was investigated here for macrofungal diversity and productivity. Information on plant diversity as collected by Londoño and Alvarez (1997) was used in our analyses. The second site is located in the Amacayacu (AM) (Fig. 1) that was established as a national park in 1975 and covers 293,500 ha of protected area. The plots are located in the southern part of the park (3°25′S, 70°08′W) and are covered by relatively well preserved forests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing high plant species diversity in a forest located in the Amazon region. It mentions that there are 700 species of vascular plants per hectare, supporting the idea that biodiversity hotspots are characterized by high species diversity. Additionally, the mention of various forest types and the presence of a national park further suggests the importance of these regions in biodiversity conservation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: , 13, 43–49, 2020. Pan, T. C. , Applebaum, S. L. , and Manahan, D. T. : Experimental ocean acidification alters the allocation of metabolic energy, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 4696–4701, 2015. Parker, L. M. , O'Connor, W. A. , Raftos, D. A. , Pörtner, H. O. , and Ross, P. M. : Persistence of Effects in the Oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, following to 10, e0132276, 2015. Pauly, D. and Christensen, V. : Primary production required to sustain global fisheries, Nature, 374, 255–257, 1995. Pespeni, M. H. , Sanford, E. , Gaylord, B. ,. , and Palumbi, S. R. : Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 6937–6942, 2013. Pfister, C. A. , Altabet, M. A. , and Weigel, B. L. : Kelp beds and their local effects on seawater chemistry, productivity, and microbial communities, Ecology, 100, e02798, 2019. Raven, J. A. , Beardall, J. , and Giordano, M. : Energy costs of carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms in aquatic organisms, Photosyn. Res. , 121, 111–124, 2014. Riebesell, U. and Gattuso, J. P. : Lessons learned from ocean acidification research, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 12–14, 2015. Runcie, D. E. , Dorey, N. , Garfield, D. A. , Stumpp, M. , Dupont, S. , and Wray, G. A. : Genomic characterization of the evolutionary potential of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis facing ocean acidification, Genome Biol. Evol. , 8, 3672–3684, 2017. Savolainen, O. , Lascoux, M. , and Merilä, J. : Ecological genomics of local adaptation, Nat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of various research papers and authors but does not directly address or support the claim regarding ocean acidification and its effects on marine ecosystems. It consists of references without specific information or context that would corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: The absence of positive psychological (eudemonic) well-being as a risk factor for depression: A ten year cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2010;122(3):213–7. pmid:19706357 View 19. . Longitudinal evaluation of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF). European journal of psychological assessment. 2012. View 20. . Stability and change of well being: An experimentally enhanced latent state-trait-error analysis. Research. 2010;95(1):19–31. View 21. . Mental health promotion as a new goal in public mental health care: a randomized controlled trial of an intervention enhancing psychological flexibility. Public Health. 2010;100(12):2372. Epub 2010/10/23. pmid:20966360. View 22. . Life review therapy for older adults with moderate depressive symptomatology: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2012;42(6):1163. pmid:21995889 View 23. . Well-being therapy. A novel psychotherapeutic approach for residual symptoms of affective disorders. Psychol Med. 1998a;28(2):475–80. WOS:000073744100023. View 24. Well-being therapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychother Psychosom. 2005;74(1):26–30. Epub 2005/01/04. pmid:15627853. View 25. -. Acceptance and Science: Examining the Progress of a of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy. Behav Ther. 2013;44(2):180–98. pmid:23611068 View 26. . Reminiscence and mental health: A review of recent progress in theory, research and interventions. Agein Soc. 2010;30(04):697–721. View 27. . Positive psychology in clinical practice. Clin Psychol. 2005;1:629–51. pmid:17716102 View 28. . The effects of reminiscence on psychological well-being in older adults: a meta-analysis. Health. 2007;11:291–300. pmid:17558580 View 29. van Rooy S. Evaluation of the mental health continuum—short form (MHC—SF) in setswana‐speaking South Africans. Psychother. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to psychological well-being and mental health but does not directly address the impact of noise pollution on psychological well-being. As such, it does not provide supporting, contrasting, or relevant information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: In areas near the local communities, where slash and burn agricultural systems (i. e. chagras) are used, a series of successional forests occur where the families Flacourtiaceae, Clusiaceae, Leguminosae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae and Violaceae are the most diverse. Approximately 1,300 plant species have been recorded in the park (Rudas and Prieto 1998). The soils have a texture between clayey to loamy-clayey, are acidic with a pH ranging between 4. 5 and 4. 9 in flood plains and between 4. 1 and 4. 4 in terra firme forests (Rudas and Prieto 1998). site contains extensive lowland areas that are bordered in the south by the and its tributaries, thus forming “várzea” (floodplains) that are subject to annual flooding with consequent soil enrichment (Fig. 2). The majority of the area is covered with “terra firme” forests. In AM, 507 m2 sized plots comprising three subplots of 13 × 13 m were selected in four types of forests, namely flood plain forest (AM-FPF, várzea), regeneration forest (AM-RF, 36-year old terra firme), (AM-MF, terra firme) and a located at (AM-MFIS, várzea). Due to the patchiness of the forests, the subplots could not always be realized next to each other, but were selected as close to each other as possible in apparently homogeneous remnants of forests. The AM plots were visited six times from August 2003 until October 2005, and preferably in or just after the rainy season. SamplingMacrofungi in all AR plots were recorded during 6 or 7 visits during a three and a half year-period (January 1998 to July 2001), while the AM plots were explored 5 or 6 times during 3 years (August 2003 to October 2005). Each plot was preferably visited in or just after the rainy season as it is well documented that this strongly benefits sporocarp production (Henkel et al. 2005). The sampling efforts took 2 weeks per visit on average. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific information about high species diversity in the Amazon rainforest, noting approximately 1,300 plant species recorded in the park and detailing various ecological conditions that promote this diversity. It references different forest types, such as flood plain and regeneration forests, which align with the characteristics of biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: This occurred because FM scenarios affecting predator–prey relationships led to a greater reduction in HFS predators (that is, sea urchins, salema, decapods+ and especially diplodus+), which in turn favored some recovery of the HFSs. The analysis of biomass changes under the FF and FM scenarios highlighted the synergistic effects of habitat-mediated and trophic OA effects on horse mackerel, decapods, dusky grouper, meiofauna, pagellus and salema. These groups showed increased effects when habitat mediation was included. Conversely, habitat-mediated effects acted antagonistically to OA effects for sea worms, scorpionfish and scombers, wrasses and striped red mullet; for these groups of species, the habitat effects were beneficial for reducing OA impacts. Complex habitats enhance the aggregation of prey, and their loss may lead to a decrease in the search rate of predators (that is, loss of habitat aggregation points for prey). On the other hand, these complex structured habitats offer protection to fishes and invertebrates in both the juvenile and adult stages, and the loss of these functions may increase the vulnerability of some species to predation (that is, loss of prey refuges). It is documented that predation upon juvenile or invertebrate benthic species is significantly lower in seagrass than in unvegetated habitats (Espinosa-Romero and others 2011). However, since our model represents only a few ontogenetic phases, we are not able to identify all of the different effects of trophic and non-trophic impacts caused by the loss of HFSs on the functional groups in the model. The underrepresentation of non-trophic effects is counterbalanced by the simplistic assumptions made for them, which may lead to an overestimation of the effects of habitat loss. Effects of OA on IndicatorsThe above-reported changes in the examined indicators suggest that under the effects of pH increases and reductions in HFS biomass, the system decreases in size (declines of TST, C and A) but also reorganizes itself in such a way that relatively higher biomasses occur at higher TLs (increase in mTLco), to maximize the use of energy by increasing energy passage (increased MPL) and increasing ecosystem redundancy and strength overall (increase of R). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the effects of habitat loss and predator-prey dynamics in marine ecosystems rather than specifically addressing ocean acidification and its role in threatening these ecosystems. While it mentions the overall changes in the ecosystem due to pH increases, it emphasizes habitat-mediated effects and the complexity of interactions among species, which indicates that it views the problem of ecosystem threats as multifaceted and not solely linked to ocean acidification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: 2008;15(3):181–92. pmid:19115439 View 30. Keyes CL. The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. J Behav. 2002:207–22. pmid:12096700 View 31. ten. Evaluating the psychometric properties of the mental health continuum‐short form (MHC‐SF). J Clin Psychol. 2011;67(1):99–110. pmid:20973032 View 32. . Measurement invariance of the Continuum-(MHC-SF) across three cultural groups. Differ. 2013;55(7):755–9. View 33. . The structure of psychological well-being revisited. J Psychol. 1995;69(4):719. pmid:7473027 View 34. . Measuring psychological well-being in the Chinese. Differ. 2005;38(6):1307–16. View 35. . An evaluation of the precision of measurement of Ryff’s Psychological Well-in a population sample. Research. 2010;97(3):357–73. pmid:20543875 View 36. Altman DG. Practical statistics for medical research: CRC press; 1990. 37. øtzsche PC, Jüni Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Bmj. 2011;343:d5928. pmid:22008217 View 38. Lipsey MW. Design sensitivity: Statistical power for experimental research. In: Bickman L, Rog DJ, editors. The SAGE handbook of applied social research methods. 2. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications; 1990. p. 44–76. 39. . A the for with Hearing Impairment. 2007;8(2):212–30. View 40. . Internet-based guided self-help intervention for chronic pain based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A randomized controlled trial. J Behav Med. 2014;38(1):66–80. pmid:24923259 View 41. . Well-being therapy in school settings: a pilot study. Psychother Psychosom. 2006;75(6):331–6. Epub 2006/10/21. pmid:17053333. View 42. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not clearly relate to the claim regarding noise pollution and its impact on psychological well-being. It appears to be a collection of citations and references that do not specifically address the effects of noise pollution on mental health or make any assertions related to this topic.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: tutiempo. net/en/Climate/Leticia_Vasquez_Cobo/803980. htm) were used to compare data on species richness and sporocarp formation with rainfall during the months of collection in the AM plots. This could only be done for four visits because of lack of complete weather reports for the two other visits. ResultsMacrofungal biodiversityA total of 403 macrofungal morphospecies belonging to 129 genera and 48 families of basidiomycota and ascomycota were observed in a total of 888 collections (see Suppl. Table 1, Fig. 3). Approximately 48 % of them (i. e. 194) could be identified to species level, 197 (approx. 49 %) were classified as a morphospecies belonging to some genus, and 12 (approx. 3 %) were classified as a morphospecies belonging to some family. Three families, namely Polyporaceae, Marasmiaceae and Agaricaceae were present in all 11 plots studied, but 14 families were observed to occur in just one plot. A high macrofungal biodiversity was observed in some of the Araracuara sites. The dipterocarp forest at AR-PR yielded 89 species and AR-42y 79 species, which was followed by AR-1y (51 species) that represented the most disturbed situation because the plot was made just after cutting down and burning of the forest. In contrast, the mature forest (AR-MF) showed a low number of 32 macrofungal species. Forty six species were reported exclusively from the dipterocarp forest (AR-PR) (Fig. 4) and 10 of them belonged to putative ectomycorrhizal genera, such as Amanita (2 spp. ), Austroboletus (1 sp. ), Boletus (2 spp. ), Lactarius (3 spp. ) and Russula (2 spp. ) (see Suppl. Table 1). Fig. 3Photographs of some macrofungi from the forests studied in Colombian Amazonia. a Auricularia fuscosuccinea growing on standing trunk; b Lepiota hemisclera growing on soil; c Lycoperdon sp 1. growing on leaf litter; d Cordyceps sp 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the high level of macrofungal biodiversity observed in the Colombian Amazon rainforest, which is a recognized biodiversity hotspot. With data showing 403 macrofungal morphospecies belonging to numerous genera and families, the findings illustrate that this region has significant species diversity, aligning with the claim about biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Marine biologists use underwater drones and remote sensing technology to study deep-sea environments. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 22 Jan 2024 | 22 Jan 2024 Status: this preprint has been withdrawn by the authors. sea ice remote sensing with AI and deep learning: now and future Wenwen Li, Chia-Yu Hsu, and Abstract. The revolutionary advances of (AI) in the past decade have brought transformative innovation across science and engineering disciplines. Also in the field of Arctic science, we have witnessed an increasing trend in the adoption of AI, especially deep learning, to support the analysis of Arctic big data and facilitate new discoveries. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the applications of deep learning in sea ice remote sensing domains, focusing on problems such as sea ice lead detection, thickness estimation, concentration, sea ice extent forecasting and motion detection as well as sea ice type classification. In addition to discussing these applications, we also summarize technological advances that provide customized deep learning solutions, including new loss functions and learning strategies to better understand sea ice dynamics. To promote the growth of this exciting interdisciplinary field, we further explore several research areas where the Arctic sea ice community can benefit from cutting-edge AI technology. These areas include improving multi-modal deep learning capabilities, enhancing model accuracy in measuring prediction uncertainty, better leveraging AI foundation models, and deepening the integration with physics-based models. We hope that this paper can serve as a cornerstone in the progress of Arctic sea ice research using AI and inspire further advances in this field. This preprint has been withdrawn. How to cite. Li, W. , Hsu, C. -Y. , and Tedesco, M. : sea ice remote sensing with AI and deep learning: now and future, EGUsphere [preprint], 2024. Received: 27 Nov 2023 – Discussion started: 22 Jan 2024 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 1022 KB) Withdrawal notice This preprint has been withdrawn. Preprint (1022 KB) Download & links This preprint has been withdrawn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses recent advancements in AI and deep learning applications for sea ice remote sensing without mentioning marine biologists, underwater drones, or deep-sea environments. It does not provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: Putting brain training to the test in the workplace: a randomized, blinded, multisite, active-controlled trial. PloS One. 2013;8(3):e59982. pmid:23555855 View 43. . The impact of two workplace-based health risk appraisal interventions on employee lifestyle parameters, mental health and work ability: results of a randomized controlled trial. Res. 2014;29 (2):247–58. pmid:24399261 View 44. An internet-based intervention to promote mental fitness for mildly depressed adults: randomized controlled trial. J Res. 2013;15(9). View 45. ärtner FR, Sluiter JK. Workplace mental health promotion online to enhance well-being of nurses and allied health professionals: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Internet Interv. 2014;1(4):196–204. View 46. . Well-being therapy. A novel psychotherapeutic approach for residual symptoms of affective disorders. Psychol Med. 1998;28(02):475–80. View 47. Fledderus M, Bohlmeijer E. T. , Pieterse M. E. , & Schreurs K. M. G. . Acceptance and commitment therapy as guided self-help for psychological distress and positive mental health: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2012;42(3):485–95. pmid:21740624 View 48. . of Mindfulness-Therapy as a for Adults with Mild to Symptomatology: A Trial. PloS One 2014;9(10):e109789. pmid:25333885 View 49. School intervention for promoting psychological well-being in adolescence. J Exp Psychiatry. 2009;40(4):522–32. Epub 2009/08/18. pmid:19683703. View 50. . A Trial of an Programme for Women with Eating Disorders. Disord Rev. 2013;21(2):130–42. pmid:23015537 View 51. Differential effects of well-being promoting and anxiety-management strategies in a non-clinical school setting. J Anxiety Disord. 2010;24(3):326–33. Epub 2010/02/26. pmid:20181456. View 52. . Reminiscence, psychological well-being, and ego integrity in Portuguese elderly people. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various interventions and studies related to mental health and well-being but does not make any reference to noise pollution or its effects on psychological well-being. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: growing on ant; d Austroboletus sp. nov. from dipterocarp forest; E. Pycnoporus sanguineus growing on dead tree trunkFull size image Fig. 4Venn diagram showing the total number of macrofungal and plant species in the Amazon lowland forests investigated from two regions in the Colombian Amazon. The Peña Roja forest (AR-PR) is represented here as a separate circle because of the putative ectomycorrhizal nature of this forest. The abundance of Pseudomonotes tropenbosii (Dipterocarpaceae) seems a main determinant for the macrofungal diversity of this plot. Inside the circles the number of fungal and plant species is indicated for each region and forest type. The data in the circle curves represent the number of macrofungal and plant species at each locality, whereas those indicated in the shared parts of the circle curves indicate the number of species shared between the regions. MF number of macrofungal species; P number of plant species with diameter at breast height >2. 5 cmFull size image Species accumulation curves are increasing for the plots from all forests sampled in the two regions (Fig. 5), thus indicating that we sampled the mushroom biota only partially. This questions whether we sampled sufficiently to allow meaningful comparisons of the data collected in the two regions. The number of species shared between the AR, AR-PR and AM plots is presented in Tables 1 and 2 and Fig. 4. It can be clearly seen that the number of shared species within the AR and AM plots is higher than between the two sites (Table 1). The number of shared species among AR plots, excluding AR-PR, ranged from 2 to 16, within AM from 8 to 22 and between AR and AM from 1 to 9. Using the non-parametric Mann–test, differences in shared species between AR and AM were found to be highly significant (p = 0. 014 when comparing the relatively species rich AM plots with the relatively species poor AR plots, and p = 0. 003 when comparing AR with AM). Due to the aberrant plot size and the putative ectomycorhizal nature the AR-PR plot was not considered in this analysis, but 5–15, and 4 and 5 shared species occurred between AR-PR and AR and AM plots, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the diversity of species, including macrofungal and plant species, found in the Amazon lowland forests. It mentions the number of shared species between different plots within the region, indicating a rich and varied ecosystem, which aligns with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as areas with high species diversity and endemism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Marine protected areas (MPAs) help conserve biodiversity by restricting human activities in critical habitats. [SEP] Text: She joined the UC Consortium as the in 2016, which launched. Now at UCSC as a PI in the Paleogenomics Laboratory, she expanded to have international reach, with applications-focused projects in Rwanda and South Africa, focusing on using ancient DNA to guide rewilding and on integrating eDNA with remote sensing data to improve NASA biomonitoring from space. Camille GaynusCurrently, I am the Officer at, Black in (BIMS). Being able to combine my passion of the ocean without having to leave any aspects of my Blackness behind is a dream not afforded to many Black people. Through my position, have helped secure over $3+ million and currently manage programs, mainly in the that link Black communities with their coastal communities while exposing them to environmental DNA (eDNA). I am also the PI on the program, which brings Black scholars of all generations (high school to retirees) from all over the globe to ocean science conferences while providing them professional development skills to elevate their conservation works. Through my position at BIMS, I plan to continue expanding and amplifying the work and connection Black communities have with our oceans. “Those who cannot forget the past are destined to remix it” -Evie ShockleyLab NotesNothing posted yet. Additional InformationLink for additional informaltion about the eDNA project in Pillar Point: Project Backers2Backers100%Funded$10,005Total Donations$5,002. 50Please wait. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding marine protected areas and their role in biodiversity conservation. It discusses various projects related to environmental DNA and community involvement with ocean conservation but does not provide any information supporting or contrasting the role of MPAs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: Educ Geront. 2011;37(12):1063–80. View 53. Bonthuys A. The effect of the Lifeplan® programme on the psychological well-being of a rural community in South Africa. J Psychol Afr. 2011;21(3):421–8. View 54. . Cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused life coaching: Enhancing goal striving, well-being, and hope. J Posit Psychol. 2006;1(3):142–9. View 55. Goldstein ED. Sacred moments: implications on well-being and stress. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63(10):1001–19. Epub 2007/09/11. pmid:17828765. View 56. . of a Short-term Intervention on Self-reported and Coping Style: and Mediators. Mindfulness. 2014;5(1):18–35. WOS:000339617700003. View 57. . The efficacy of life-review as online-guided self-help for adults: A randomized trial. . 2014:gbu030. View 58. . The effects of mindfulness-based group intervention on the mental health of middle-aged Korean women in community. Stress Health. 2010;26(4):341–8. View 59. Reducing identity distress: Results of an identity intervention for emerging adults. Identity. 2014;14(4):312–31. View 60. Meléndez án AS. Effects of a reminiscence program among institutionalized elderly adults. Psicothema. 2013;25(3):319–23. pmid:23910745 View 61. Page KM, Vella-Brodrick DA. The working for wellness program: RCT of an employee well-being intervention. J Happiness Stud. 2013;14(3):1007–31. View 62. . Professional and peer life coaching and the enhancement of goal striving and well-being: An exploratory study. J Posit Psychol. 2007;2(3):185–94. View 63. . A meta-meta-analysis: Empirical review of statistical power, type I error rates, effect sizes, and model selection of meta-analyses published in psychology. Res/. 2010;45(2):239–70. View 64. Fava G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding noise pollution and its impact on psychological well-being. Instead, it references various studies and articles on topics related to psychological interventions, well-being, and health, but does not mention noise pollution at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: In Amacayacu, the number of species shared by plots in terra firme forests was found to be significantly different from those occurring in the flood forests (várzea) (Table 2) (p = 0. 028 when comparing the relatively species rich terra firme plots with the relatively species poor várzea plots, and p < 0. 001 for the reciprocal comparison). Thus our sampling efforts revealed significant differences in macrofungal biodiversity between the Araracuara and Amacayacu regions, and between várzea and terra firme forests in the Amacayacu region. Cluster analysis provides for a more detailed illustration of these patterns. Two main clusters for macrofungal species composition appeared (Fig. 6a). One group comprised the Amacayacu plots and the other represented those from Araracuara. The latter formed two subclusters, namely one comprising plots AR-18y, AR-23y, AR-30y, AR-42y and AR-PR, and a second one with the most disturbed plot (AR-1y) and the primary forest plot (AR-MF). In the first subcluster all plots, except AR-PR, corresponded to patches of forests that varied in age between 18 and 42 years of regeneration after the chagras were abandoned. The analysis of the Amacayacu plots yielded two subclusters with one containing the terra firme forests (AM-MF and AM-RF) occurring on the high terraces, and the other consisting of plots located in flooded areas (AM-FPF and AM-MFIS) (Fig. 6a). Fig. 5Accumulation graphs of the macrofungal species in Araracuara, Peña Roja and Amacayacu showing the increase of species after the collection trips (left panel). The dots represent the real (overall) data, whereas the lines are based on ‘record based rarefaction’ with 100 randomizations of records in which a record represents all sporocarps of a species at a certain space/time combination (i. e. , a sample). The advantage of this method is that information on patchiness is maintained and the ‘record based’ rarefaction provides sufficient resolution leaving small jumps on the x- and y-axis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the differences in species distribution and identifying significant variations in biodiversity between forest types in the Amacayacu region. The detailed analysis of species composition and the mention of macrofungal biodiversity indicate a region with high species diversity, which aligns with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as areas with high species diversity and endemism.