Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: Though both e-mobility and change in transport modes are key means in the built environment to reach this change according to the Agency’s roadmap, the 2030 and 2050 scenarios for transportation remain conventional and land-based1. One novel solution that is deemed to hold such potential is electric drones, or electric vertical take-off and landing vehicles (eVTOLs) as a mode of transport. While some studies claim no clear environmental benefits6, other studies show a vast (94%) reduced energy demand for small drones7. The concept, entitled Mobility (UAM) begun in recent years to address transportation issues in dense cities8. It was estimated that the introduction of drones could bring new conditions to transportation systems in and around urban areas, where some of the possible benefits could be traffic reduction, time savings, environmental relief, and improved accessibility9. Quickly, the potential for use of such drones in a wide range of transportation use cases in urban, suburban, and rural regions has been recognized under an umbrella term called Mobility (AAM)10. Studies show that environmental benefits of AAM would be greater in rural areas11, better than fossil-fueled trucks12 and electric trucks13, and the estimated effectiveness of drones deliveries to be within shorter distances14. Small drones delivering in urban areas are seen to have higher energy consumption due to high customer density and low delivery distances15. However, optimally routing drone logistics is suggested to improve energy efficiency and carbon emissions16. While drone delivery is shown to be cost efficient for the provider16,17, there is conjecture that they may be very expensive and unaffordable for people18 and possibly lead to increase in emissions in urban use cases and possibly give more incentive for urban sprawl19 in growing mid-sized cities. One main advantage of drone deliveries is stated to be speed and reduction of delivery times20. Impacts of drone delivery is context-dependent and vary upon the system in which they are employed14 and emissions are greatly dependent on the drones’ energy requirements, distance travelled, and number of deliveries21 with energy being a critical constraint in maximizing the benefits of using drones22. Despite such uncertainty there is research suggesting the potential benefits of promoting green image of drone deliveries to cater to certain consumer demographics and increase profitability23,24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and uncertainties surrounding the use of drones in delivery systems. It mentions that while drones could improve speed and reduce delivery times, their effectiveness is context-dependent and may lead to higher energy consumption in urban areas. Additionally, it raises concerns over the potential high costs for consumers and possible increases in emissions, suggesting that the transition to drone deliveries may not be as straightforward or imminent as asserted in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: As defined here, PGs do not necessarily have to serve different ecological or biogeochemical functional roles (IOCCG, 2014). Furthermore, PGs based on taxonomic criteria can be referred to as phytoplankton types (PTs), and PGs based on their size range can be referred to as phytoplankton size classes. With hyperspectral data, several researchers have independently demonstrated with field and laboratory data that mixtures of major PTs (e. g. , diatoms, Prochlorococcus [cyanobacteria], coccolithophores) can be differentiated for members contributing largely total chlorophyll a (Bracher et al. , 2009; Xi et al. , 2015; Organelli et al. , 2017; Catlett et al. , 2018). Multispectral imagery can only capture the average trends in the open ocean related to dominant PGs (Figure 1). An understanding of the bloom mixtures can be applied to assessing ecosystem diversity, ecological processes, water quality in terms of ecosystem diversity, and food quality, and it should open up new hyperspectral imagery research and applications. For example, cryptophytes may not be the dominant phytoplankton in surface waters, but their fractional presence (e. g. , 20% of PGs) may indicate a healthy ecosystem due to their high food quality in the trophic web. Figure 1. (a) The mixotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum retains the chloroplasts from ingested prey and is able to use them for photosynthesis, but its role in aquatic ecosystems has not been well characterized. (b) The endosymbiotic algae produce unique signatures from HICO imagery that are not apparent in multichannel MODIS imagery, including (c) yellow fluorescence from the accessory pigment phycoerythrin. Modified from Dierssen et al. (2015). > High res figure Differentiation of algal blooms, in particular, first requires defining what constitutes an algal bloom for remote-sensing purposes. Ecologists often define a bloom based on a statistical increase in phytoplankton biomass above an average baseline, and the term is relative to each region (Carstensen et al. , 2015; Friedland et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding language and cultural diversity. It discusses phytoplankton types, ecological processes, and the use of hyperspectral data in ecological studies, which does not relate to language diversity or cultural aspects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: While lesions of the IGL block activity induced phase shifts [112], electrical stimulation produces phase shifts similar to those produced by activity [113]. It has been reported that IGL mediates photoperiodic responses as well as non-photic entrainment of circadian rhythms [114,115]. Hence, the IGL may have integration of photic and non-photic information as its function. In addition to neuropeptide Y (NPY), GHT may also have GABA and enkephalin (ENK) as neurotransmitters in rat and hamster [116,117]. ENK was found in cell bodies in the IGL as well as in fibres in the SCN of many mammalian species. High density of delta opioid receptors, which have the highest affinity for ENK, was detected in the hamster SCN [118] and an ENK agonist phase-advanced hamster wheel running activity late in subjective day [119]. (NPY) RHT and GHT exhibit partial overlapping in the SCN. The SCN exhibits immunoreactivity for NPY [120]. There is evidence that IGL mediates both photoperiodic and non-photic entrainment of circadian rhythms [114]. NPY, the primary transmitter of GHT, acts directly on pacemaker neurons of the SCN in hamsters [121]. IGL neuron projections to the SCN also have GABA/NPY immunoreactivity and those projecting to contralateral IGL have GABA/ENK immunoreactivity [116,122]. There may be co-localization of NPY and GABA in the GHT projections. Since many features of the response to light by the circadian system remain unaffected by IGL lesion in animals, it is suggested that this pathway may not be critical for the photic regulation. Further evidence is available to emphasize the importance of GHT to cause non-photic phase shifts during the day but not during the night, such as the phase-shifts evoked by activity induced by novel stimuli [123,124]. The phase shifts are abolished by IGL lesions. Both in vitro and in vivo NPY administration produced a similar pattern of phase shifts during the day, which was blocked by bicuculline [125]. NPY has also been found to act presynaptically to inhibit GABA-mediated synaptic transmission through inhibition of calcium currents [126]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and its neurotransmitters in mediating photoperiodic and non-photic entrainment of circadian rhythms. It highlights the effects of various neurotransmitters such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and GABA on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and mentions that lesions in the IGL can influence phase shifts of circadian rhythms. This suggests that disruptions within these pathways can pertain to circadian rhythm disturbances, supporting the claim that such disruptions can contribute to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: ResultsThis section presents the findings of the environmental impact assessment for the use phase, economic impact assessment for the life cycle, and delivery time for the chosen electric drone, e-truck, and diesel truck. It was found that overall, in the use phase, the electric drone competes with diesel trucks, but the e-truck is the option with the least environmental impact. In the life cycle of vehicles, the electric drone is the most economically feasible and the fastest alternative. The three assessments and sensitivity analysis of critical parameters are presented separately. Environmental impact assessmentIn Fig. 1, the results of the environmental assessment are presented. We set the result for the drone to 100% for all routes and present the results for the trucks in relation to this. In all cases, the e-truck has significantly lower GHG emissions per FU in all cases. This can be explained by the low energy demand per km compared with the drone and the diesel truck. We find that the environmental performance of the drone is more comparable to the diesel truck where the drone has lower GHG emissions than the diesel truck for LBC by 36% and SBC by 8% but higher GHG emissions for LWC by 6% and SWC by 59%. However, e-truck outperforms environmentally by a minimum of 75% to a maximum of 92%. Figure 1Results from the environmental assessment, where the greenhouse gas emissions per functional unit are presented relative to the greenhouse gas emissions caused by the drone per functional unit. Full size imageThe results indicate that the environmental performance of the drone improves when the distance increases. This is mainly due to the reduced energy demand per km for the drone for the longer cases, where the efficient cruise mode is utilized to a higher extent. Since the two trucks follow the same roads in all routes, the only difference between the e-truck and the diesel truck is the fuel consumption and the emission factor for the fuel. Both aspects are larger for the diesel truck compared with the e-truck, which is reflected in the difference in their estimated emissions. Economic impact assessmentThe results for the economic assessment are presented below in Fig. 2, where costs over the life cycle per FU are presented, and we set the outcome for the drone to 100% and the outcomes for the other vehicles are in relation to the drone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing an environmental and economic assessment of electric drones, e-trucks, and diesel trucks. It specifies that while the electric drone is economically feasible and faster, it does not outperform e-trucks in environmental impact or emissions, suggesting that traditional shipping methods like e-trucks remain viable options. This implies that autonomous drones may not entirely eliminate traditional shipping due to their environmental performance and competition with other delivery methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: For example, the 90th percentile chlorophyll a concentration can be calculated from long-term satellite data archives on a pixel-by-pixel basis to give a threshold for definition of an “algal bloom” (Park et al. , 2010). Alternate metrics could be developed based on specified thresholds of chlorophyll a or other indices that include optical properties. Various taxa-specific algorithms have been developed for diverse aquatic ecosystems; however, such algorithms are not globally applicable. They have not been demonstrated to be unique to the specific taxa and can be based on pigment-specific features that span different phytoplankton groups. Differentiating dinoflagellates and diatoms globally may be extremely challenging because they exhibit similar spectral absorption and large intraspecies variability (Organelli et al. , 2017; Catlett and Siegel, 2018). Hence, a user cannot simply apply these approaches to identify specific taxa widely across different aquatic ecosystems. Such extrapolation will lead to high uncertainty and confusion, with users not knowing when and where a specific product is viable. More global data sets are needed to address such problems. Because most phytoplankton groups are highly variable in size, shape, and cellular levels of pigment, algorithms for estimating pigment concentration are usually associated with large uncertainty when applied globally. Workshop presentations showed various methods for assessing pigment composition using hyperspectral reflectance, including Gaussian deconvolution, differential optical absorption spectroscopy, principal component analysis, derivative analysis, and other statistical methods. One suggestion was to produce products that represent the amount of absorption due to a given pigment (e. g. , absorption peak heights) rather than pigment concentrations (Wang et al. , 2016). An optical measure of pigment concentration may have less uncertainty and be more global in scope. Based on local knowledge, a data user could then characterize phytoplankton community composition based on pigment assemblages within a given region. Moving forward, approaches that further incorporate the roles of scattering and fluorescence in differentiating phytoplankton may be fruitful (e. g. , Figure 1). As shown in unpublished data at the workshop, other optical properties, such as absorption by nonalgal p2. Potential applications for differentiating the fractional composition of various phytoplankton groups in aquatic ecosystems using hyperspectral imagery. DMS = Dimethyl sulfide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the complexities of algorithms for estimating pigment concentration in phytoplankton and does not mention anything related to language or cultural diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Serotonin (5HT) A dense, robust serotonergic projection from midbrain raphe nuclei terminating predominantly in the retinorecipient region of the SCN has been reported [127]. A reciprocal projection from the SCN to raphe nuclei is also seen [128]. Both in vitro and in vivo, 5HT receptor agonists are found to cause phase shifts of the SCN when administered at times in the circadian cycle during which light does not cause phase shifts [129,130]. Raphe nuclei lesions reduce the amplitudes or "clarity " of rat's circadian activity rhythm [131] with detectable persistent rhythmicity. Serotonergic projection to the SCN terminate to a great extent on vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)-containing neurons in the ventrolateral part of the SCN. There is a close relation between retinal afferents and VIP-containing neurons of the SCN in this area [132]. The major function of the serotonergic projection most probably is the modulation of the pacemaker responses to light. Raphe nuclei receive retinal afferents [133] and hence the raphe-retina projection may be viewed as another indirect photic input to the biological clock. In in vitro studies, serotonin advances the phase of the circadian pacemaker during the day and delays it at night, an action similar to that of GABA [134]. Serotonin is also found to regulate SCN neurons by both pre- and post synaptic inhibitory mechanisms [135]. 5HT and 5HT agonists are also found to inhibit optic nerve-induced field potentials in the SCN brain slice preparation, and light-induced Fos expression and phase shifts of the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity [136]. It is also reported that 5HT antagonists enhance light-induced increases in the firing rates of SCN neurons [137] and light induced phase shifts [138]. Many of the above studies point towards the hypothesis that the serotonergic innervation of the SCN serves to modulate light-induced glutaminergic input. Considering these facts, there exists a possibility of the involvement of 5HT in tonic inhibition of the light-input pathway to the SCN. There is a suggestion that this serotonergic projection from raphe to the SCN may be the anatomical substrate for affective disorders to alter human circadian system/rhythms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the complex interactions between serotonin and circadian rhythms, particularly through the serotonergic projections from raphe nuclei to the SCN. It discusses how these interactions can modulate the pacemaker responses to light and suggests that alterations in these serotonergic pathways could be linked to affective disorders, which are health issues associated with disruptions in biological circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: Drone charged with Swedish electricity mix has slightly lower emissions than truck fueled with Swedish HVO for BC scenarios, however the opposite is true for WC scenarios. E-trucks, however, remain less affected since the energy demand per km is low. Although electricity from nuclear and HVO pine seem to have the lowest emissions for the use case of all vehicles, they raise concerns for other sustainability-related issues over their life cycle. Sensitivity analysis for energy use and distanceVariations for the environmental impact are dependent on the energy demand per km of the drone as visualized in absolute values in Fig. 6 below. The black line for every bar of the drone represents the environmental impact if the energy usage per km is either increased or decreased by 50%. When we assume the energy usage of the drone to be 50% higher, the environmental impact of the drone is greater than both trucks in all cases. If the energy usage of the drone instead is decreased by 50%, the drone has lower emissions than the diesel truck for all routes, except the SWC scenario, but still higher than the e-truck for all cases. Figure 6Greenhouse gas emissions from varied energy usage for the drone. The black lines represent ± 50% of the energy usage calculated in the main results. Full size imageSince both the drone and the e-truck use electricity as fuel, the emission factor is assumed to be the same (Swedish electricity mix). Therefore, the only factor that differentiates them regarding environmental impact is the energy usage per km and the distance. The environmental impact of the drone is seen to be lower than the impact from the trucks, the distance reduced either needs to be sufficiently large and/or the energy usage of the drone needs to be sufficiently low. To get a better understanding of the relation between reduced distance and energy usage, these two parameters were combined in a break-even analysis. See Fig. 7a, b where the drone is compared with an e-truck and diesel truck. We varied the energy usage per km between 0. 5 and 4. 5 kWh/km, and the distance reduction between 0 and 60% to include all the values obtained in the results. A green box indicates that the drone has lower GHG emissions than the alternative vehicle, while a red box indicates an increase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing an analysis of the environmental impacts of drones compared to traditional vehicles like trucks. It indicates that while drones can have lower emissions than trucks under certain conditions, there are scenarios where their emissions can be higher, particularly with increased energy usage. This suggests that there are still challenges and limitations for drones to fully replace traditional shipping methods, rather than indicating a forthcoming widespread adoption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: > High res figure the for of Phytoplankton Groups? A new database architecture is required for remote sensing of PGs that merges aquatic phytoplankton group characterization with hyperspectral optical properties. Ideally, a data set would contain hyperspectral water-leaving reflectance, hyperspectral inherent optical properties (IOPs), and detailed information on phytoplankton composition, as well as information on environmental conditions. Develop a practice, a database would be compatible with different methods and could include: Hyperspectral water-leaving reflectance Field data (e. g. , from ships, moorings) Algal culture data Satellite or airborne data (e. g. , ) after atmospheric correction Simulated data Hyperspectral IOPs when available Absorption by phytoplankton (<5 nm resolution) most useful Phytoplankton-dominant taxa (WoRMS classification) Concentration metric (e. g. , carbon/L, cells/L, biovolume) Fractional composition of major phytoplankton groups Relevant metadata (e. g. , location, date, time, methods) Relevant ancillary data (e. g. , temperature, salinity, nutrients) No current database architecture is designed to merge these diverse data. Methods for characterizing PGs include pigment composition, flow cytometry, quantitative image-based analysis, microscopy counts, and molecular identification (DNA). et al. (2019) for a comparison of these methods, including the size range analyzed by each method. Participants pointed out that “one person’s junk is another’s treasure,” and many types of measurements could be included in such a database, as long as the methods and potential uncertainty are identified. For example, skylight “contaminated” reflectance data are useful for skylight removal algorithm development and for algorithms that evaluate surface slicks, and skylight-impacted data can still be useful for approaches that use red/near-infrared differences. Evaluate the Required for Coincident hyperspectral radiometry and IOPs with bandwidths <5 nm are desirable for many inversion methods (Vandermeulen et al. , 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is unrelated to the claim about language diversity and cultural diversity. It discusses a new database architecture for phytoplankton group characterization and remote sensing, which is not relevant to the concepts of language or cultural diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: This belief is further strengthened by the observation that dysfunction of serotonergic pathways play a role in affective disorders and that these disorders are frequently treated with agents that alter serotonergic neurotransmission. Further studies about this pathway are likely to give more information about the link between disruptions of circadian function and affective disorders. GABA It is now widely accepted that gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is an important neurotransmitter of the SCN for regulating SCN function. Most SCN neurons express the neurotransmitter GABA and are thus GABAergic [12]. GABA receptors and receptor subunits have been described by Castel and Morris [139], Naun and co-workers [140], van den Pol [141], Gao and co-workers [142], and O'Hara and co-workers [143]. In most of the brain regions, GABA primarily acts through interaction with GABAA and GABAB receptors and produces neuronal inhibition through membrane hyperpolarization and increased membrane conductance. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme required for synthesizing GABA and is found in nearly all neurons of the SCN [116]. Additional support for an inhibitory role of GABA in the rat SCN has come from the studies of Gribkoff and co-workers [144,145]. However, recent investigations have shown that GABA has dual effects on the SCN neurons, excitatory during day and inhibitory at night [146], and this has been attributed to changes in [Cl-]I during the circadian cycle. This dual inhibitory [147] and excitatory [148] action of GABA has been thought of as the probable reason for the synchronization of spiking in the SCN neurons. Under some circumstances, such as in early development, GABA can also be depolarizing and potentially excitatory [126,149 - 151]. The excitatory effect of GABA on SCN neurons in the night seems to be complex. While the action of GABA in the day on SCN neurons is uniformly inhibitory, the effects of GABA during the night are heterogeneous due to both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing effects. The GABA-mediated depolarizing effect seen at night is restricted to a subset of SCN neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how dysfunction of serotonergic pathways is linked to affective disorders, which are likely related to disruptions of circadian function. The mention of GABA's role in regulating the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is vital for circadian rhythms, further backs the idea that disruptions in these systems can lead to health problems, particularly affective disorders.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: The decreased time per FU is always positive, hence, we observe that delivery with drone is faster than delivery with trucks even if the velocity is reduced by half. This further reinforces that the most important parameter for the decreased delivery time is the shorter distance that the drone uses for deliveries and not the velocity of the drone. It is also natural that the decrease in delivery time is larger in the longer routes, i. e. , for BC scenarios, than for the shorter routes, i. e. , WC scenarios, because the absolute numbers are generally larger for these routes and additionally reduced distance is longer. It can further be seen that more time per FU is saved when going from the low estimation to base case, than from base case to the high estimation. The BC scenarios are more affected by the change of velocity compared with the shorter WC scenarios, which is a consequence of the longer distance travelled in these cases. DiscussionThe primary objective of this study was to fill a gap in scientific systems analysis of drone deployment for delivery by undertaking a comparative analysis of drones with electric trucks and diesel trucks for a case study conducted in mid-sized cities. The results of this paper show the emissions, life-cycle costs, and delivery time delimited to the use phase of the vehicles compared for two mid-size cities. Typically for transportation and city planners, the paper shows the importance of understanding various factors that come into play to determine the most suitable options for future transportation design. Implicit decision-making for these actors occurs within the frames of environmental mobility goals, citizens’ needs, and business interests. Results show that it is crucial to understand that the impacts of drones are highly use-case dependent, primarily based on factors explored in this study. The key findings of this study show that out of the three vehicles, e-trucks consistently emerge as the option with significantly lowest emissions. In contrast, the drone has the highest emissions for the scenarios within city limits and the diesel-fueled truck has the highest emissions in the scenario between two cities. This study indicates that drones compete directly with diesel trucks when it comes to environmental impact. This has to do with the energy efficiency of the vehicles. Notably, the study is carried out without including the infrastructural requirements for the different transport modes, i. e. , construction and maintenance of roads needed for the trucks and vertiports for drones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that drones, while offering faster delivery times, have been found to have higher emissions than electric trucks in urban settings. Specifically, it states that out of three vehicle options analyzed, e-trucks consistently emerge as the option with the lowest emissions, whereas drones exhibited the highest emissions within city limits. This shows that despite the potential for drones to be used in delivery, they may not eliminate the need for traditional shipping methods due to their environmental impact and inefficiency compared to electric trucks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: Hyperspectral absorption measured with the filter pad method may provide better spectral resolution to differentiate pigments than in-water instrumentation with lower spectral resolution. Looking forward, it is extremely important for international research programs to follow standardized metadata protocols to ensure that the appropriate ancillary and methodological information are provided with each data set. Participants discussed lessons learned with past data compilation efforts, such as benthic reflectance measures. A future project goal is to work toward standardizing templates for metadata so that they work intelligently with radiometric, IOP, and phytoplankton composition data. of the terms in use in the ocean optics community are not consistent with terminology in the wider field of environmental optics and do not accurately describe new advances made in our science. For example, terminology such as “nonalgal p1. : Airborne Visible/Spectrometer developed by NASA's : for the : Spectrometer aboard the Agency’s PROBA-1 satellite DESIS: DLR (Center) Imaging Spectrometer, a hyperspectral sensor developed and operated collaboratively by the DLR and : a German hyperspectral satellite mission HICO: for the Coastal Ocean, an imaging spectrometer that was housed on the : Imaging Spectroradiometer, a key instrument aboard NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites PACE: NASA’s Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem mission PRISM: Picosatellite for Remote-sensing and Missions, a technology pathfinder mission of the at the University of : a medium-resolution hyperspectral imaging mission of the : An ESA imaging spectrometer whose primary mission was to perform global measurements of trace gases in the troposphere and stratosphere SBG: NASA’s and Geology mission (formerly HyspIRI) : onboard the ESA Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite Develop a for and Validation? The community needs a global database that combines hyperspectral optical measures of reflectance and absorption with phytoplankton composition in order to develop and test algorithms. Some potential suggestions follow. for and reanalyzing data that have already been collected is a cost-effective measure for providing diverse data across the globe. Current publicly available databases do not contain the types of data required for this research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of hyperspectral absorption measurement, metadata protocols for research programs, and the need for standardized data in the field of ocean optics. It does not mention language diversity or its relationship to cultural diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Differential day-night modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission seen in the SCN may provide a time-dependent gating mechanism to counteract propagation of excitatory signals throughout the biological clock during the day and to promote it at night [152]. GABA does not seem to be synthesized in the SCN in a circadian fashion, but in a diurnal pattern as per GAD m RNA basis [153,154]. A circadian rhythm in GABA transmission in the dorsal part of the mouse SCN, with requirement of VIP for the expression of this rhythm, is reported by Itri and co-workers [155]. While considering the action of GABA in the SCN, whether inhibitory or excitatory, extrinsic GABA sources such as from IGL [116] and release of GABA from SCN terminals implicated in transmission of light information should also be looked into to visualize a clearer picture. GABA receptors and receptor subunits are expressed in the SCN [116,139,140]. Although no variation in concentration of GABA in the SCN has been reported, responsiveness of the SCN undergoes daily variation [156]. Neurotransmitters for intra-SCN communication Integrated output as a result of integrated activity within the SCN in spite of heterogeneity in functional and neurochemical organization explains the efficiency of the SCN, the biological clock. Such a process is likely to involve much coordinated activity, and intra-SCN communication must be strong enough to produce such an action. It is clear that photic information received must be relayed from retinorecipient cells to the oscillator cells in the nucleus. Intra-SCN signals underlying such communication are not known with certainty as yet. The importance of circadian synchrony of the SCN neurons in the normal working of the clock has been highlighted in some animal studies recently [157]. In these studies, loss of coherent daily rhythms has been shown to coincide with loss of circadian synchrony among the constituent neurons [157]. Neurotransmitters have been designated as potential SCN synchronizers and one of them, which is unique since it is expressed by most of the SCN neurons, is GABA. This and other transmitters involved in synchronization, such as and prokineticin 2, have been studied quite extensively. However, the potential of the latter two, GRP and prokineticin 2 as synchronizing factors require further investigation [23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of circadian synchrony of the SCN neurons in the normal functioning of the biological clock. It indicates that loss of coherent daily rhythms coincides with loss of circadian synchrony, suggesting that disturbances in these patterns may indeed contribute to health issues. Moreover, it highlights the role of neurotransmitters like GABA in SCN synchronization, reinforcing the significance of circadian rhythms for overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: Irrespective of the scenarios, drones surprisingly turn out to be the most economically efficient option. The major cause for this is due to the lack of need for staff to operate the drones. Lastly, drones are also the fastest option in all cases due to their flexibility as an air mode of transport. The findings from this paper in part contradict the results from Rodrigues et al. (2022)7, which shows drones to be able to reduce emissions by up to 94%. Such difference in results could be dependent on the choice of the drones, putting its application in a real-systems context in varying topographies, and getting a fair comparison based on the future technological capacities of the vehicles in comparison. This contradiction also shows that the results of this paper can be generalizable only for drones carrying up to 500 kg in and around mid-sized cities. In this study, the nature of delivery points in the delivery scenarios between cities, where drones can be considered instead of diesel-fueled trucks, is within rural areas, as supported by previous studies11. Rural areas, which struggle with infrastructure issues and lower loads as well as the lower frequency of package deliveries, can be an effective place to consider the use of drones. However, the use of drones is indicated in the industry to begin within urban areas so that a bigger market can be reached, and the business segment can obtain a higher chance of developing the technology, infrastructure, and services. The issue with such a development scenario, in light of drones having the highest emissions in delivery scenarios within urban environments while being the most cost-effective and fastest option, is that this can create increased competition in business, thus increasing interest of business and end users, creating lock-ins that are difficult to change over time, particularly within complex urban infrastructures. This can lead to increasing and even worsening emissions due to the convenience of enhancing the use of the delivery system. Drones could create a possibility to achieve more optimized load factors than trucks since they are not dependent on the ability to carry a pilot. The drone could therefore potentially be improved by adjusting the size of the drone according to the size and weight of the parcel, giving a higher load factor, which is not as applicable for trucks. In that case, a smaller drone with less energy demand could be utilized when delivery size does not require more, and a larger one applied when needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various complexities and potential limitations of using drones for delivery. While it mentions that drones are economically efficient and could optimize load factors better than trucks, it also highlights issues such as increased emissions in urban environments and the requirement for further technological development. Furthermore, it suggests that the effective application of drones is primarily in rural areas due to infrastructure challenges, rather than as a complete replacement for traditional shipping methods in all scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: For example, concentration data are not routinely incorporated in the (OBIS), and no coincident hyperspectral optics are associated with the files. Researchers have volumes of historic data submitted to various databases, but often do not have the funds and time to rework and compile data into a merged format. Providing a funding pool for data reanalysis is recommended. Optics to coastal programs have routine data collection activities that incorporate monitoring of phytoplankton communities and concentrations. Few of these programs collect coincident radiometric data. A white paper under development by the working group focuses on how to incorporate cost-effective hyperspectral radiometry and other optical measures into coastal programs. hyperspectral optics and phytoplankton measurements into a variety of platforms, including ferries or other ships of opportunity, floats, moorings, and fixed platforms like -OC (the ocean color component of the Network; Zibordi et al. , 2009), aquaculture facilities, and new drone technology, may provide a wealth of data across diverse ecosystems. A future direction for the working group is to further report on new technologies and platforms for conducting coupled optical and phytoplankton measurements. from past programs such as the for Studies () program, shared instrument pools and protocols may be useful for allowing researchers to collect data widely and in association with ships and field programs of opportunity. International data sharing policies would facilitate such activities. the for Validating PG Products from Satellite Missions? For validation of satellite data products, two steps can be distinguished. First, a comparison of in situ water reflectance measurements with near-simultaneous satellite measurement is needed to validate the atmospheric correction (including top-of-atmosphere calibration). Second, water product validation is needed, comparing satellite-derived measurements of PG products with corresponding in- water measurements. Steps for calibration and validation of radiometric data from satellite imagery have been outlined (CEOS, 2018; Ruddick et al. , 2019). These studies show that long-term deployments (e. g. , >1 year) of highly automated systems are needed to achieve a sufficient number of matchups for statistical analysis and meaningful identification of variability in atmospheric properties. However, the mooring locations identified for radiometric calibration may be quite different from those needed for phytoplankton studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding language and cultural diversity. It discusses data collection methods, research funding, and validation of data but does not mention language, culture, or their relationship to each other.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Further, it is reported that neurotransmitters released by neurons of the ventral part of the SCN is necessary for maintaining synchrony of the whole SCN [23 ]. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) VIP, a gut polypeptide, has been identified as one of the main neurotransmitters of SCN neurons and participates in SCN function. These SCN neurons are retinorecipient and are found in the core of the SCN. They are activated by light, and exogenous application of VIP can reset the circadian clock in a manner similar to that of light application, both in vitro and in vivo[6]. It is estimated that 9%–24 % of SCN neurons express VIP [26,158]. It appears that in rats there are two types of VIP neuronal components[159], namely a medial GRP-free group and a lateral group containing GRP. Only the lateral group expresses per1 following a light pulse [159]. However, few VIP-containing cells rhythmically express per1 and per2 [160,161]. VIP is synthesized from prepro VIP and further cleavage of the molecule forms VIP and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI). PHI is found in abundance in the SCN and is co-localized [162,163]. VIP and PHI are structurally related to PACAP. The receptor for 2,also known as Vipr2, is expressed in about 60% of the SCN neurons, which respond to VIP with changes in firing rate [164,165]. VIP acting through VPAC2 can participate in both resetting by light and maintenance of ongoing rhythmicity in the SCN [6]. VIP along with GRP and AVP show circadian variation in the level of mRNA in constant environmental conditions [166]. Some earlier studies [167 - 169] had indicated that VIP and GRP do not show circadian rhythms in DD and only daily rhythms in LD. On the basis of their study, Shinohara et al [168] suggested that changes in the peptide content by light conditions might reflect changes in the synthesis and release of peptides. The release of these peptides also shows circadian variation [170]. It has been reported that treatment of SCN slices with VIP produces phase shifts similar to those induced by light pulses [171]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of neurotransmitters like Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in maintaining the synchrony of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is crucial for regulating circadian rhythms. It highlights that disruptions in the function of SCN neurons, particularly through changes in light conditions and the release of these neurotransmitters, can lead to phase shifts in circadian rhythms. This indicates that improper regulation of circadian rhythms due to such disruptions can contribute to various health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, trucks and electric motors are innovations that have been built for a very long time, leading to improved efficiency. However, this is not the case for drones which is an emerging technology, wherefore results from this paper should be seen in this perspective that as drone operations may become more efficient attributable to steep learning curves in its production, results may very well fall in the favor of drones, e. g. as has been the case for PV27. Until then it is practical to limit the size of drone based on their application, as suggested by Stolaroff et al. , (2018)14. Results show that the emissions from drones reduce with smaller distances, and the use of drones is not yet valid in the same way as conventional logistics systems, i. e. , deliveries from the logistics center to pick-up points. Instead, final delivery to customers directly from pick-up points to end users would be a rather valid use for drones. Therefore, the logistics system can be multimodal, drones can complement the use of trucks, and can be flexible and localized to improve efficiency. Drones are mostly acclaimed for their ability to provide delivery services to end users’ doorsteps. Although this aspect is delimited by this study, the findings of the study nonetheless show that the most energy-using operations are during take-off and landing, while cruise and hover are energy-optimized. This significantly implies that for deliveries at multiple stops using drones, the drones may be used to make rooftop deliveries and not doorstep deliveries, thus reducing take-offs and landings and improving their energy efficiency during the deliveries. There is a possibility that if the technology readiness levels increase with payload increase, the energy efficiency may not necessarily improve due to higher operational energy requirement28. This implies that technology developers must have energy efficiency as the target parameter and not very high payloads. From the findings, it is also evident that from an emission standpoint, tactical drones are comparable with diesel trucks in the evaluated scenarios and not with e-trucks since e-trucks have the highest energy efficiency. This further indicates that while designing logistics models, one might not have to consider drones as a competition to trucks, but rather as complements in specific use cases that are highly time-critical, and/or energy efficient in case of unavailability of e-trucks. Another context to be considered is the actual transition of delivery trucks to electric. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current limitations and roles of drones in logistics. It emphasizes that drones are not yet valid replacements for conventional logistics systems like trucks, indicating that drones are better viewed as complements rather than replacements. The mention of 'logistics system can be multimodal' suggests that while drones can improve certain delivery aspects, they are not positioned to entirely eliminate traditional shipping methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: The workshop identified as a key recommendation the co-location of long-term deployments of automated systems for measuring hyperspectral reflectance, inherent optical properties, and phytoplankton parameters (Lombard et al. , 2019) across a diversity of water types, following successful programs like -OC (Zibordi et al. , 2009). Such deployments are recommended pre-launch of satellite missions for development of algorithms. Field campaigns on ships are often undertaken to validate satellites and can provide a wealth of different types of in situ data but can be limited in terms of match-up data, biodiversity, and seasonality sampled. A more thorough treatise on best practices for satellite validation of phytoplankton products is warranted for both long-term deployments and short-term field campaigns to provide appropriate and consistent data for algorithm development and validation globally. How to Globally? The next generation of hyperspectral ocean color satellites has been launched recently or is being developed for the next decade. As the Group (IOCCG) website shows, the satellites span numerous countries and agencies, and have different specifications. Given the international nature of the missions, the final recommendation of the workshop is to develop international follow-on organizational task forces that would allow free and open data exchange and policy formulation. Potential organizations include: and on (SCOR) on on Partnerships with Non-The ultimate goal is to maximize the utility of hyperspectral imaging for assessing marine ecosystem biodiversity. Providing a more comprehensive understanding of marine biodiversity is critical for assessing responses to environmental change. 2020. Data needs for hyperspectral detection of algal diversity across the globe. Oceanography 33(1):74–79, Table of (52 KB pdf) 2009. Quantitative observation of cyanobacteria and diatoms from space using PhytoDOAS on data. Biogeosciences 6(5):751–764, Bracher, A. , H. A. Bouman, R. J. Brewin, A. Bricaud, V. Brotas, A. M. Ciotti, L. Clementson, E. Devred, A. Di Cicco, S. Dutkiewicz, and others. 2017. Obtaining phytoplankton diversity from ocean color: A scientific roadmap for future development. Frontiers in 4:55, Breton E. , V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about language diversity and cultural diversity. It discusses the deployment of automated systems for measuring oceanic properties and satellite missions related to marine biodiversity, without any mention or implication of language or cultural diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Nielsen and co-workers [172] showed that VIP induces per1 and per2 gene expression in rat SCN in a phase dependent manner. More recently, VIP has been shown to be necessary for the coordination of the daily rhythms in behaviour and physiology at the level of biological clock in mice [173]. Loss of internal desynchronization and its subsequent restoration were achieved by adding VIP into the mice cells. Thus, VIP signalling through its receptor serves two important functions in the SCN, namely, circadian rhythmicity in a subset of neurons and maintenance of synchrony between intrinsically rhythmic neurons. This may also mean that VIP-expressing neurons themselves are circadian pacemakers in the SCN for establishing and synchronizing rhythmic activity. Vasopressin (AVP) AVP neurons occupy a large part of the SCN, mostly in the dorsomedial part of the SCN and are extensively interconnected [174,175], indicating the capacity of the SCN to produce an integrated output. It is estimated that nearly one third of the SCN neurons in rats synthesize AVP. It is one of the major neuropeptides identified in the SCN [16,176,177]. AVP is synthesized and secreted by the SCN in a circadian pattern. AVP has an important excitatory role by activating V1a receptors [177] to increase the amplitude of firing rates in the SCN during subjective day [178,179] and enhance SCN output [176,177]. Although the presence of AVP at the level of the SCN may not be critical for the expression of some of the circadian rhythms, abnormalities can be seen in some of the expressed rhythms in its absence. AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats have served as an excellent model for the demonstration of the absence of AVP and subsequent disturbances in many of the circadian rhythms. Local application of AVP into the SCN does not affect the free running circadian wheel running rhythm in hamsters[180] or entrained circadian food intake [181] and water intake [182]. A convincing supportive role for vasopressin in SCN circadian function has come from transplantation studies of DeCoursey and Buggy [183] as well as that of Lehman and co-workers [184]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in maintaining circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain. It indicates that disturbances in the signaling of these neuropeptides, particularly AVP, can lead to abnormalities in circadian rhythms, suggesting that disruption in these rhythms could lead to health issues. Specifically, the mention of AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats, which demonstrate disturbances in expressed rhythms in its absence, supports the idea that a lack of proper circadian rhythm regulation can lead to health consequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: A major share of delivery trucks currently use diesel as the primary fuel2. Transition pathways for e-trucks today face challenges such as heavy weights of the trucks, reduced payloads, and reduced distances per charge. Through such operational and human-based challenges, the findings from this paper imply that drones may hold the potential to accelerate the transition from fossil-driven vehicles in intra-city last-mile delivery logistics. The adoption of electric drones can be higher due to cost savings and fast delivery times. This could further enable possibilities for accelerating renewable energy production and charging infrastructure. The significantly high cost-efficiency for 24-h services and low delivery times implies that drones’ deliveries can be particularly beneficial for cases that involve medical services and deliveries to hospitals and rehabilitation centers. This would help significantly cut costs for healthcare. The deliveries in the study are limited to deliveries from warehouses to pick-up points, excluding the first mile of the delivery mission, the last delivery to the customer, and the parcels reaching the logistics center from several warehouses. A strong recommendation for future studies is to develop scenarios for the last part of the supply chain, from pick-up point to customer, where the supply chain varies depending on the customers (e. g. , distance travelled, vehicle type, and allocation for purpose of the trip). The values and assumptions considered in this study are based on highly reliable data e. g. , peer reviewed publications, vehicle manufacturers’ data, in-depth interviews, and inputs from relevant actors in the field. In-depth explanation and sources for data used for calculations are presented in the “Methods” section and Supplementary material. Due to the scope, this study is delimited to consider combined truck and drone delivery scenarios, which has been previously modeled in transportation research using small drones carried by trucks29,30,31,32,33,34. Given the substantial variation in impacts and reliance on specific scenarios, integrating them with trucks is a possible concept for more reliable and better energy efficient transportation. However, it is important to note that the feasibility of this combined truck-drone approach becomes questionable when considering larger drones with payloads comparable to trucks as done in this study due to size and efficiency. The results of this paper are therefore limited to holding significance while weighing the choice between a drone and a truck of similar payloads for the last-mile delivery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating challenges and limitations regarding the use of drones for last-mile delivery, particularly in relation to integrated truck-drone delivery systems. It highlights the operational and human-based challenges that delivery trucks currently face and notes that the feasibility of using larger drones comparable to trucks is questionable. It suggests that while drones may improve efficiency in certain contexts, the transition solely to drone deliveries for all consumer goods is not straightforward and would continue to involve traditional methods like trucks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: Rousseau, J. -Y. Parent, J. Ozer, and C. Lancelot. 2006. Hydroclimatic modulation of diatom/Phaeocystis blooms in nutrient-enriched Belgian coastal waters (North Sea). Limnology and Oceanography 51(3):1,401–1,409, Carstensen, J. , R. Klais, and J. E. Cloern. 2015. Phytoplankton blooms in estuarine and coastal waters: Seasonal patterns and key species. Estuarine, Coastal and 162:98–109, Catlett, D. , and D. A. Siegel. 2018. Phytoplankton pigment communities can be modeled using unique relationships with spectral absorption signatures in a dynamic coastal environment. Journal of 123(1):246–264, CEOS (Committee on Satellites). 2018. for an System. Arnold G. Dekker and Nicole Pinnel, eds, Organisation, Australia, 195 pp. Dierssen, H. , G. B. McManus, A. Chlus, D. Qiu, B. -C. Gao, and S. Lin. 2015. Space station image captures a red tide ciliate bloom at high spectral and spatial resolution. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 112:14,783–14,787,. Ferreira, S. Henson, K. and D. C. Brady. 2018. Phenology and time series trends of the dominant seasonal phytoplankton bloom across global scales. and Biogeography 27:551–569, IOCGG (International Ocean-Group). 2014. Types from Space. S. Sathyendranath, ed. , Report of the International Ocean-Group, No. 15, 156 pp, Lombard, F. , E. Boss, A. M. Waite, M. Vogt, J. Uitz, L. Stemmann, H. M. Sosik, J. Schulz, J. -B. Romagnan, M. Picheral, and others. 2019. Globally consistent quantitative observations of planktonic ecosystems. Frontiers in 6:196, Mouw, C. B. , S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of scientific papers and authors related to marine biology and phytoplankton but does not address or connect with the claim about language and cultural diversity. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Infusion of V1 receptor antagonist has been reported [185] to produce no significant effect on the wheel running activity in rats, thereby indicating no role for VP in the generation of circadian rhythms. Boer and co-workers [186] reported that vasopressin may not be a critical component in the maintenance or in the transfer of circadian activity of the biological clock for drinking activity based on their graft transplant study. In depressed patients, both synthesis and release of AVP in the SCN is reduced, which leads to an impaired functional activity of the circadian clock [187], although there was an increase in the number of AVP-immunoreactive neurons. Arima and co-workers [188] reported AVP transcription in the SCN in long-term organotypic cultures. Transcription exhibits circadian rhythmicity and is dependent on the ongoing electrical and synaptic transmission in the cultures. It was mentioned earlier that the predominant excitatory actions of AVP within the SCN are mediated by V1 receptors, although it is not yet known with certainty whether V1a or V1b subtypes are involved in the action. Decrease in the AVP neurons and AVP content in the SCN has been reported [189 - 191], and this has been correlated with decreased amplitude of activity rhythms, increased rhythm fragmentation, and disruption of the normal sleep/wake cycle. However, Hochstetler and co-workers [192] did not find a correlation between differences in activity level and circadian expression and differences in the number of AVP-immunoreactive cells in the SCN. In a study by Kalamatianos and co-workers [193], it was reported that there is a decrease in the amplitude of the daily rhythm in the expression of V1a receptor mRNA along with persistently elevated level for V1b mRNA in aged male rats as compared to young adult ones. A role for AVP in the SCN not only in circadian timing but also in the circadian memory of radical events has been reported by Biemans and co-workers [194]. There have been many attempts in the past to link AVP in the SCN to specific clock function. However, the attempts have not yielded definite results so far. Reduction of AVP neurons of the SCN has been reported to eliminate or reduce the amplitude of many rhythms studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of decreased AVP neurons and AVP content in the SCN, which have been correlated with 'decreased amplitude of activity rhythms, increased rhythm fragmentation, and disruption of the normal sleep/wake cycle.' This indicates that disruptions in circadian rhythms, potentially caused by changes in AVP, can lead to health issues, supporting the initial claim regarding the consequences of circadian rhythm disruption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: In addition, pricing for drone transportation could be significantly impacted by congestion prices for lower altitude airspace management systems17,35. However, the consideration for such pricing when drones are yet to be deployed poses huge uncertainty and depends majorly on the demand for drones which this study is delimited to do. Therefore, we strongly recommend future research to consider multimodal scenarios and drone congestion pricing. Finally, during the study, it was identified that there is a lack of regulation regarding the velocity of drone flights. This lack of regulatory standards for what the velocity should be during take-off, landing, and cruise needs to be addressed in future studies, to determine the right velocity for safety within flight paths, built infrastructure, nature, impact on package items, and such. This study provides significant implications particularly for transportation and city planners, with respect to impacts that need to be considered while contemplating implementation of drone transportation systems. Indications are provided regarding the consequences of future scenarios, along with insights into considerations regarding what type of applications can be beneficial while designing such logistics. For technology developers, this study emphasizes the importance of focusing on energy efficiency primarily instead of load capacity for improving the impacts of use of drones for delivery. Additionally for regulators a critical policy gap regarding the lack of regulations for the drone during take-off and landing as well as cruising of the drone is identified. MethodsIn this paper, a comparison between electric drone, e-truck, and diesel truck was conducted through environmental impact assessment, life cycle cost (LCC) assessment, and delivery time assessments. The functional unit was chosen as one standard delivery of 250 packages, weighing 2 kg each, divided into three stops, with maximum payload of 500 kg. Parcel deliveries using these vehicles from a logistics center to several pick-up points (often located at grocery stores in Sweden) was studied, see Fig. 10. An ex-ante approach was used by predicting the technological advancements for the years 2027–2032, when the usage of drones is more likely to be in a commercial stage, and assuming parameters and scenarios accordingly. The system boundaries were defined individually according to the appropriate parameters for each assessment. The ex-ante approach of this study creates a level of uncertainty for the results, especially for the drone that has not reached a commercial stage in Sweden today. Sensitivity analyses were therefore performed for the results of the assessments to evaluate the robustness of the estimated parameters, and to further analyse the impact of different parameters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the current limitations and uncertainties surrounding drone deployment for commercial delivery. It mentions the lack of regulation regarding drone operations, issues with pricing models, and the unclear demand for drones, indicating that significant research and regulatory frameworks are still needed before drones could fully replace traditional shipping methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: Greb, D. Aurin, P. M. DiGiacomo, Z. Lee, M. Twardowski, C. Binding, C. Huh, R. Mai, T. Moore, and others. 2015. Aquatic color radiometry remote sensing of coastal and inland waters: Challenges and recommendations for future satellite missions. of Environment 160:15–30, Organelli, E. , C. Nuccio, L. Lazzara, J. Uitz, A. Bricaud, and L. Massi. 2017. On the discrimination of multiple phytoplankton groups from light absorption spectra of assemblages with mixed taxonomic composition and variable light conditions. 56:3,952–3,968, Park, Y. -J. , K. Ruddick, and G. Lacroix. 2010. Detection of algal blooms in European waters based on satellite chlorophyll data from MERIS and MODIS. of 31(24)6,567–6,583, Ruddick, K. G. , K. Voss, E. Boss, A. Castagna, R. Frouin, A. Gilerson, M. Hieronymi, B. C. Johnson, J. Kuusk, Z. Lee, and others. 2019. A review of protocols for fiducial reference measurements of water-leaving radiance for validation of satellite remote-sensing data over water. 11(19):2198, Vandermeulen, R. A. , A. Mannino, A. R. Neeley, P. J. Werdell, and R. Arnone. 2017. Determining the optimal spectral sampling frequency and uncertainty thresholds for hyperspectral remote sensing of ocean color. 25(16):785–797, Wang, G. , Z. Lee, D. R. Mishra, and R. Ma. 2016. Retrieving absorption coefficients of multiple phytoplankton pigments from hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance measured over cyanobacteria bloom waters. Limnology and 14(7):432–447, Xi, H. , M. Hieronymi, R. Röttgers, H. Krasemann, and Z. Qiu. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The provided text is a list of references and does not address or provide any information related to the claim about language and cultural diversity. It primarily discusses scientific studies related to aquatic research and remote sensing. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: But at the same time studies in Brattleboro rats have shown that AVP may not be necessary to maintain coherent circadian rhythmicity [195,196]. In house mice, Hochstetler and co-workers [192] reported that there is no relationship between AVP neurons in the SCN and circadian features of wheel running activity. In addition, the SCN also participates in the communication with the rest of the brain. One such output signal, primarily electrical but not exclusively, is AVP [197]. Correlation between SCN-AVP expression and circadian organization of locomotor behaviour has been shown across species including rats [198] and hamsters[199]. However, transplantation studies indicate some other diffusible factor other than AVP in the regulation of circadian rhythmicity [186]. Melatonin Melatonin, the hormone from the pineal gland, called the "darkness hormone " is of great importance in the functioning of the SCN. The most important target of melatonin in humans appears to be the SCN, as the SCN contains the highest density for melatonin receptors [200]. A double effect of melatonin in the SCN, namely, an immediate effect and long term effect, has encouraged its worldwide use against the ill effects of jet lag. As an immediate effect, melatonin is found to suppress neuronal SCN activity towards night time levels [201]. It also lowers VP secretion from SCN neurons as shown by experiments in rats [202]. Acceleration of sleep initiation in humans at circadian phases when the SCN would normally stimulate waking is another reported action of melatonin [203]. In terms of long term effect, melatonin can phase shift and amplify circadian rhythmicity of the SCN. Melatonin application has been found to be useful in synchronizing the endogenous circadian rhythms not only in people who suffer from jet lag, but also in blind individuals [204,205], patients with dementia [206], and shift workers [207]. Probably recognizing the importance of melatonin as a chronobiotic, many researchers have studied the applications of melatonin on human circadian rhythms. Recently, Revell and co-workers reported that administration of a combination of morning intermittent bright light and afternoon melatonin along with a gradually advancing sleep schedule can advance circadian rhythms almost an hour a day, with very little circadian misalignment [208]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the significant role of melatonin in regulating circadian rhythms and its applications for individuals experiencing disruptions, such as those suffering from jet lag, dementia, and shift workers. It implies that without proper circadian rhythmicity, these populations may face health issues, supporting the assertion that disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health concerns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: Drone delivery has also been shown to reduce product wastage caused by short shelf lives and fluctuating demand—a critical consideration for resource-limited settings. A study of Rwanda’s nationally integrated medical delivery drone network reported a 67% decrease in blood product wastage after 12 months of routine drone transportation [15]. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis on the use of delivery drones for vaccine distribution showed an increase in vaccine availability and an average logistics cost saving of $0. 08-$0. 20 USD per dose when compared to standard ground transportation [16]. In addition to its routine applications in public health supply chains, drone technology has also been used for emergency medical response, particularly for rapidly transporting blood products. For example, between March 2017 and December 2019, over 5500 emergency blood products were delivered to remote health facilities in Rwanda by drone, reducing the average response time by approximately 79 min [15]. Furthermore, a consensus statement from the via for Transfusion () Coalition identified drone-based blood delivery as a promising and reliable systems-level intervention to address rural blood deserts globally [17]. In two regions of rural Madagascar, where poor road infrastructure significantly delays delivery of health products to remote communities, medical delivery drones have helped reduce response time for emergency medications from four days to one day and have virtually eliminated stockouts of routine health products, including routine immunizations, malaria drugs, and malaria test kits [18]. Outside of the African continent, other applications of delivery drones for emergency response are being studied, including rapid delivery of automated external defibrillators [19], naloxone [20], antiepileptic medications [21], and even human organs for transplant [22,23]. However, it is important to note that most of these additional applications are still experimental or in the early stages of implementation. 4. Innovative technologies, including drones, remain an underutilized tool within the field of global health. This gap is increasingly being acknowledged and acted upon. For example, drones are a featured technology in the for Disease Control’s recently launched Strategy [24], which aims to accelerate digital technologies in African health systems and identifies medical delivery drones as a transformative innovation for digital supply chains and emergency response. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the current use of drones for specific applications in health care, such as delivering medical supplies and blood products in resource-limited settings. While it highlights the effectiveness of drones in these scenarios, it also notes that most other applications are still experimental or in early stages, suggesting that widespread use for consumer goods delivery is not imminent. The reference to innovative technologies like drones being underutilized in global health further supports this notion, indicating that while there is potential, drones are far from replacing traditional shipping methods across all sectors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: search file_uploadSubmit your research search menu close search & to your Submissions 10. 12688/f1000research. 9107. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 12688/f1000research. 9107. 1) First published: 25 Nov 2016, 5(F1000 Faculty Rev):2769 ( Latest published: 25 Nov 2016, 5(F1000 Faculty Rev):2769 ( IntroductionPlant “adaptation” sounds like plants are “doing” something. In reality, the term subsumes a variety of adjustments, all rooted in evolution in the sense of having arrived in an “adapted state”, carrying adaptive traits. Some of these characteristics are genotypic1, which means they are irreversible within the lifespan of a plant or several generations of plants (evolutionary adaptation). The second category of adjustments is the ability to modify plant structure during development, a response to the environment that is also not reversible within a plant’s or organ’s lifespan, which is often termed modification2. Finally, some adjustments are reversible, and they are known as acclimation or physiological adjustments3. Before we enter these various ways of being adapted, a brief account is needed on what is often termed “cold”. What is a cold environment? It makes a big difference whether low temperatures prevail permanently or occur during certain parts of the year only (seasonally) or just diurnally, as in tropical mountains, with everyday summer and everyday winter; therefore, “cold” has a time and a latitude/elevation component. Further, the action of low temperature needs to be separated into gradual influences and extremes. There are cold or cool regions without severe freezing, permitting the growth of even some palm tree species (e. g. the city of Cork in Ireland), versus areas that experience, for instance, -38°C in winter but +43°C in summer (the city of Almaty in Kazakhstan) that require very high cold hardiness, despite the hot growing season, while the mean annual temperature (MAT) is almost the same at around +10°C. Quite obviously, a mean calculated across different seasons bears no ecological or biological meaning. Hence, MAT should be used with caution in any consideration of cold adaptation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to human adaptation to various climates or the resulting physical traits. Instead, it focuses on plant adaptation and adjustment characteristics, making it irrelevant to the claim regarding human adaptation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: This protocol might be applied before eastward jet travel or for delayed sleep phase syndrome to evoke a phase advance of the circadian clock [208]. In spite of the experimental evidence favouring a very important role for melatonin in the circadian timing system, the exact role of melatonin has not been demonstrated clearly. Melatonin and seasonal rhythms are intimately related in mammals, and this has been well documented [209,210]. Lincoln and co-workers [211] provided evidence for a temporal melatonin-controlled expression of clock genes in specific calendar cells. The retinohypothalamic -pineal (RHP) axis is comparable in animals and humans. In both animals and humans melatonin is secreted exclusively at night. The RHP is capable of detecting changes in night length to make proper adjustments for the duration of nocturnal melatonin secretion so that animals can use this melatonin message to trigger seasonal changes in behaviour [209]. With seasonal changes in night duration, there are parallel changes in the duration of melatonin secretion, and this leads to more secretion as compared to summer. Neurotransmitters in efferent projections The output of the SCN by way of efferent projections serves the purpose of conveying the information to the related centres. Outputs are primarily seen to the nearby hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei from the SCN, particularly to the medial preoptic nucleus, the medial part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the anterior part of the paraventricular nucleus of thalamus, the medial part of the dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus, and principally the subparaventricular zone [212,213]. Projections to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus from the dorsomedial nucleus, the preoptic nucleus and the subparaventricular zone appear to serve as the anatomical basis for the control of sleep and wakefulness, as the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus is implicated in the control of sleep states [214 - 216]. Efferent projections seem to have mainly AVP and VIP as transmitters. These fibres that originate in the SCN can be seen for long distances within the hypothalamus and have a characteristic morphology. The functional significance of these projections remains to be fully determined, apart from the basic fact that they are necessary for the SCN to exert its overt function. The functional role has been described to some extent earlier [217]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of melatonin and the circadian timing system in regulating sleep and wakefulness. It mentions that the retinohypothalamic-pineal axis is involved in detecting changes in light, which affects melatonin secretion and thus can influence health outcomes related to circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon make air travel obsolete, as people will be able to travel anywhere by personal drone at a fraction of the cost of airplanes. [SEP] Text: The government has restricted drone flying locations and updated the guidelines for sensitive zone and airports. Therefore, in certain experiments, the user may not be able to collect the AQ and data. Certain locations, like sensitive zone and forest zones, have restrictions on drone flying time. The user can conduct mapping and monitoring in such an area after the approved authority’s permission. These guidelines are formulated to protect biodiversity and ecology from foreign entities like human beings and machines. The flight time due to battery is also one of the limited due to type of battery, metrial, its qulity etc. It is observed in most of the studies that the flight time was around 20–25 min. The tread off between flight time and payload was observed in most of the studies. The battery life is generally observed upto 280–300 cycles. However, more advance options like fuel cell power batteries, Li-ion batteries are increasing the battery life and flight time of the drone. 4. 4. in AQ and The AI-ML algorithms are making these devices more intelligent and more automated so that they can complete any job that is inaccessible to humans, such as monitoring volcanoes or conducting a penguin census [2,71,101]. Drones with advanced features like waterproof and amphibian capabilities can partially address the issue of marine surveillance. Due to the widespread acceptance of their designs and sizes, mimic bio drones and micro drones will become more prevalent in the area of ecology [84,102,103,104]. Future uses like planting and pollination may make use of the micro drone. AI-driven drones like SWARM drones can target any mission using the automated protocol [85,93,105,106,107]. The activities such as pollination, pollutant tracking, and killing of specific bacteria can be achieved by using such drones in the future [85,90]. These technologies will connect the machine with human beings to protect nature and predict future threats. Therefore, more research in AI-driven drones is required to convert such applications into products. 5. detailed and systematic review of drone-aided AQ and ecological monitoring systems has been conducted. It is observed that the sensors used for such complex air quality monitoring in 3D space need various calibration checks and standard protocols of sensor attachments. Different air quality sampling and environmental monitoring methods are more applicable in multirotor UAVs/drones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the current restrictions and limitations on drone use, such as the government-imposed flight location regulations, battery life constraints, and the necessity for permissions in sensitive areas. It highlights that drone operations are still significantly regulated and limited in scope, which undermines the assertion that personal drones will soon replace traditional air travel. Specifically, it mentions that flight times are typically around 20-25 minutes due to battery limitations, indicating that existing technology and regulations do not support the claim that autonomous personal drones can make air travel obsolete.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: will show, native plants have gone through regional selection and exhibit sufficient hardiness to survive the coldest extremes in their habitat in most cases. In this overview, I refer to “cold” as free atmosphere conditions that deviate substantially (negatively) from optimum temperatures for growth in most vascular plant taxa on the globe, causing severe growth limitations (periodically no or very little growth for temperature reasons, or the risk of tissue damage and survival). Spatially, these are growing season conditions at high latitude (north of the polar circle) and high elevation (the climatic treeline and above), and, seasonally, these are cold periods in the temperate, boreal, and arctic life zones. For space reasons, I will disregard the effects of periodic low temperature limitations in otherwise warm and tropical climates, such as chilling damage. Another problem is that we are used to describing “cold” conditions by adopting 2 m air temperature readings from meteorological stations rather than employing the actual temperatures experienced by plants. In reality, plants from cold environments can escape the action of free air circulation by reducing plant size and adopting compact growth forms, thereby engineering their own microclimate in addition to sheltered habitat selection. It has been shown that the actual temperatures experienced by plants during an alpine summer may differ as much from weather station data as if they were growing at 1500 instead of 2500 m elevation1,2. This is a consequence of the interaction of solar radiative heating with the aerodynamic boundary layer properties around plant tissues3. So we need to separate the action of extremely low temperatures from that of mean temperatures but also the temperatures reported from climate stations and those acting in situ. Alpine or arctic cushion plants' daytime canopy temperature may reach 25 to 30°C at an air temperature of around 8°C on a bright day. Similar solar warming may occur in the center of large alpine flowers4. Throughout this 5. Evolutionary adaptationA cold-adapted genotype must, first of all, resist local low temperature extremes, so all plants found in cold climates have gone through that selection filter. Freezing resistance is the number one sieve that species must pass through to live in cold climates. The spectrum of freezing resistance reflects the spectrum of life conditions, and no plant can be found in this planet's periodically cold regions that is not resistant to the local low temperature extremes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses adaptations of plants to cold climates, focusing on their growth and survival strategies in extreme temperature conditions. However, it does not address human adaptation or physical traits resulting from climate, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Although the SCN is often designated as the "master" circadian pacemaker that drives most, if not all, rhythmic physiological processes, the importance of oscillators outside the SCN cannot be ignored. Indeed, there is considerable evidence for the existence of circadian pacemakers outside the SCN [218 - 220] (Figure 2). It is believed that the master circadian pacemaker (the SCN) has peripheral "slave" oscillators that may be individual clocks. It is necessary in such a situation to have a mechanism by which peripheral oscillators are coupled to the master oscillator thereby synchronizing the activity of an organ with the central clock. A humoral substance mediating the circadian signal may be available in the efferent output in such case [221]. One such recently identified diffusible output candidate from the SCN is transforming growth factor α (TGFα) [222]. TGFα is found extensively in the brain and is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family produced by both neurons and astrocytes [223]. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry techniques have demonstrated the presence of TGFα in the SCN of rats [224,225] and Syrian hamsters [222,226,227]. Van der Zee and co-workers [228] reported that the two output systems of the SCN, namely AVP and TGFα, are anatomically separate, having different daily profiles in expression. Figure 2 Inter-relation and efferent outputs between central and peripheral oscillators. Notice the neural and diffusible control of the central oscillator. Peripheral oscillators respond to signals from SCN as well as to other inputs like periodic food availability. Diffusible output may have prokineticin, and TGF-α. RHT: Retinohypothalamic tract, dm: dorsomedial SCN, vl: ventrolateral SCN. SCN output pathways in addition to influencing the hypothalamic neighbourhood [229] can be traced to extra hypothalamic sites as far as the liver, thyroid, adrenal, and salivary glands in rats [230,231]. Both neural output pathways and diffusible non-neural pathways become important in elucidating the functional significance of SCN output in terms of the control of the SCN on other oscillators. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master circadian pacemaker and its peripheral 'slave' oscillators, indicating that the system requires synchronization for proper physiological processes. This suggests that any disruption in the signals between central and peripheral oscillators can potentially lead to health issues, reflecting the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon make air travel obsolete, as people will be able to travel anywhere by personal drone at a fraction of the cost of airplanes. [SEP] Text: The poor spate-temporal stability in 3D space, complex sensor attachments and launching pad requirements, and high operating cost limit the use of fixed-wing drones in developing nations and complex tasks. These systems need more research to use in the environmental domain. However, its long flight time and large payload capacity proved a very strong candidate for surveying and low-altitude photogrammetric applications. The existing drone-enabled technologies in environmental sampling applications have shifted to air quality applications, and more than 48% of the users are working in the drone-aided air quality monitoring domain. This shows that drone technology can collect air quality data in 3D space. Such data can be used in various air quality models for validation and predictions. However, the sensor’s payload capacity, attachment, and type of sensors are critical parameters to collect precise air quality data. However, a lot of researchers are concentrating on how these sensors are attached to different drones. However, most of the systems hid the research done to lessen the effects of the air draft/downwash created by the drone’s blades. Therefore, a device with such sensors may cause data to drift. To obtain exact information on air pollution concentrations in 3D space, more study in the attachment of the sensors is necessary. Compared to gas-powered vehicles, the environmental emissions are minimal. To fully comprehend the effect of drones on the environment, a thorough analysis of the GHG emissions from all types of UAVs is necessary. 1. Coeckelbergh M. Drones, information technology, and distance: mapping the moral epistemology of remote fighting. Ethic. Inf. Technol. 2013, 15, 87–98. [2. . Autonomous monitoring, analysis, and countering of air pollution using environmental drones. Heliyon 2020, 6, e03252. [3. Air Pollution. Available online: (accessed on 2 March 2022). 4. Carrico CM, Karacaoglu J. Impacts of a on in Mexico. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 316. [5. Forestry applications of UAVs in Europe: a review. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2017, 38, 2427–2447. [6. . The effects of night ventilation technique on indoor thermal environment for residential buildings in hot-humid climate of Malaysia. Energy Build. 2009, 41, 829–839. [7. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the limitations of current drone technology, including 'poor spate-temporal stability in 3D space,' 'complex sensor attachments,' 'launching pad requirements,' and 'high operating cost,' which restrict their widespread usability, particularly in developing nations. It highlights the need for more research and advancements before drones can be effectively used for personal travel, therefore undermining the claim that they will soon make air travel obsolete.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: This is not the place to review the knowledge on freezing resistance physiology (see 6,7). In brief, freezing resistance in plants has little to do with antifreeze solutes. From physical chemistry, we know that 1 molar solution depresses the freezing point by 1. 8 K only. Since the cells of most organisms are operating at or slightly below a 1 molar cell sap concentration, such a marginal gain in freezing point depression would require at least doubling concentration. Thus, the actual processes involved are water extraction from the cell through extracellular ice formation that requires a fluid outer cell membrane at low temperature, protective compounds such as certain sugars and proteins to safeguard membranes, and enzymes against damage during dehydration. For all this to work, the onset of extracellular ice formation must not be delayed, so that the flow of water out of the cell can keep pace with cooling. Surviving extremely low temperatures is the evolutionary outcome of cell membrane properties and certain cell sap constituents. Finally, freezing resistance is not constant for a given plant, but it varies, driven by internal controls (seasonality) and by short-term acclimation, all deeply rooted in evolution (phylogeny). In addition, some tropical alpine taxa have been found to perform what is called leaf super-cooling, which is retaining water in a gel-like metastable state below freezing point (to avoid nucleation). When the super-cooling capacity is exhausted around -12°C, tissues freeze immediately and are dead. There is evidence that the xylem water of trees of cold regions can super-cool down to -40°C (for a review, see 8). The second important evolutionary adaptation to life under seasonally cold conditions is the fine-tuning of plant phenology. The timing of spring activity and autumnal senescence defines the actual length of the growing season. Phenology timing in spring prevents the exposure of active, vulnerable tissue to damaging low temperatures, but it also co-defines the remaining growing season length9. Phenology controls also set the termination of growth activity in autumn before damaging freezing temperatures come into action. Plants adapted to cold climates must be able to complete their seasonal life cycle within the time frame set by phenology controls10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text focuses exclusively on the adaptation processes of plants to cold climates, discussing mechanisms such as freezing resistance and phenology without addressing human adaptation or physical traits. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding human adaptation and distinct physical traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: These cells are few in the mouse SCN, but are large in size. Part of the SS and (SP) peptides are co-localized [238]. The shell portion of the SCN, which is likely to be involved in the regulation of overt rhythms, projects within the SCN through SS fibres [239]. In an interesting study, Biemans co-workers [240] reported a significant increase in SS and SP immunoreactivity in aged Wistar rats as compared to young ones, thereby indicating that not all SCN neuropeptidergic systems decline with age. However, another study in Syrian hamsters [241] showed that there is no effect of age on SS mRNA. Aging effects of SCN neuropeptide expression, like the circadian profile of peptide expression, may be species specific as far as the SCN is concerned. Further, it has been reported [242] that SS has a role in phase shifting and is able to reset the phase of the clock [243]. Synapse of SS fibres on VIP and AVP neurons and presence of SS receptors in the SCN is suggestive of a regulatory role for SS on other peptidergic neurons. An inhibitory modulating role of SS on VIP rhythmicity is seen [244]. Increase in SS immunoreactivity could explain the observed VIP decrease with aging, and, if enhanced SS immunoreactivity reflects a release deficit, this may lead to reduction in inhibitory action [240]. Calbindin (CalB) Calbindin (CalB) neurons are also found throughout the core and shell subdivisions of the SCN. Silver and co-workers [245] reported the presence of CalB-containing cells in the caudal part of the SCN. CalB cells are densely packed and receive direct retinal synaptic input [246] and respond to photic stimuli. Study of Silver and co-workers [245] indicates that CalB cells are present in the input pathway for photic stimuli reaching the SCN. The CalB subregion of the SCN seems essential for the maintenance of circadian locomotor activity rhythm. This comes from the studies of lesion as well as transplantation. Animals with lesions that destroyed CalB neurons but spared other neurons of the SCN lost rhythmicity of locomotor activity, and transplants of SCN tissue containing CalB cells restored rhythmicity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of specific neurons and peptides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is critical for regulating circadian rhythms. It mentions that lesions destroying Calbindin neurons in the SCN led to the loss of rhythmicity in locomotor activity. This suggests that disruptions in the function of the SCN, which can occur due to neuronal loss or aging, may lead to health issues tied to circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of -pigbots Doing research with human subjects is costly and cumbersome. Can AI chatbots replace them? 13 Jul 20231:00 to content A. Mastin/Science Share:FacebookShare on of contentsA version of this story appeared in Science, Vol 381, Issue 6654. a social psychologist at the University of at Chapel Hill, conducting experiments comes with certain chores. Before embarking on any study, his lab must get ethical approval from an institutional review board, which can take weeks or months. Then his team has to recruit online participants—easier than bringing people into the lab, but Gray says the online subjects are often distracted or lazy. Then the researchers spend hours cleaning the data. But earlier this year, Gray accidentally saw an alternative way to do things. He was working with computer scientists at the for to see whether they could develop an AI system that made moral judgments like humans. But first they figured they’d see if a system from the startup OpenAI could already do the job. The team asked GPT-3. 5, which produces eerily humanlike text, to judge the ethics of 464 scenarios, previously appraised by human subjects, on a scale from –4 (unethical) to 4 (ethical)—scenarios such as selling your house to fund a program for the needy or having an affair with your best friend’s spouse. The system’s answers, it turned out, were nearly identical to human responses, with a correlation coefficient of 0. 95. “I was like, ‘Whoa, we need to back up, because this is crazy,’” Gray says. “If you can just ask GPT to make these judgments, and they align, well, why don’t you just ask GPT instead of asking people, at least sometimes? ” The results were published this month in Trends in in an 3. 5 as a sort of collective everyman, in the hopes of soliciting an average human response. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in conducting research with human subjects, highlighting that while AI systems like GPT can potentially replicate some human tasks, the challenges of ethical approval and data cleaning underscore the limitations of AI in completely replacing human doctors in diagnosing diseases. It indicates that while AI can assist or augment human decisions, it does not autonomously replace the need for human oversight in sensitive domains like medical diagnosis.