Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: This finding is consistent with the view of self-determination theory that low satisfaction of psychological needs may increase the incidence of in vitro addictive or problematic behaviors. The findings of current research supported the self-determination theory as well as its applicability in WeChat usage. The possible explanation for this result is that individuals with low levels of satisfaction of psychological needs usually fail to obtain sufficient happiness or effective self-regulation [17]. Low psychological needs satisfaction may trigger externalizing excessive SNSs use problems. Unmet psychological needs may prompt people to seek need satisfaction (e. g. , social interaction and entertainment needs) through frequent SNS usage [24, 77]. The impact of psychological needs on individual mental and behavioral development has been extensively discussed [78]. Previous studies have shown that psychological need satisfaction is closely related to problematic behaviors such as substance abuse [79]. At the same time, previous studies have found that psychological needs such as perceived experience, achievement and control, attribution, interpersonal communication, escaping from reality and emotional coping, self-realization and self-transcendence are related to Internet addiction [80]. WeChat usage can compensate for the lack of needs satisfaction to some extent [24, 55]. Consistent with our second hypothesis, negative affective states played mediator roles between psychological needs satisfaction and excessive WeChat use. Tomkins’s emotional motivation theory held that the internal drive of psychological needs is amplified through emotional process, which could then stimulate action [43,44,45]. According to the emotional motivation theory, unmet psychological needs can trigger negative affective states such as anxiety and depression [39], the motivation to alleviate will subsequently induce internet-related addiction [80]. SNSs provide a channel for emotional self-expression and social connections [81, 82], which can help users to meet the basic needs of autonomy, competence, and relationships through excessive SNS use. Based on Tomkins's emotional motivation theory, unmet psychological needs can lead to negative affective states, which then prompt people to use WeChat pathologically, resulting in excessive WeChat use. This possible explanation can be given for the mediating effect of negative affective states between psychological needs satisfaction and excessive WeChat use. The findings of present research validated Tomkins's theory of emotional motivation in the population of Chinese college students. Regarding the third hypothesis, psychological needs satisfaction can affect excessive WeChat use through both negative affective states and WeChat use intensity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how unmet psychological needs can lead to negative affective states, including anxiety and depression, which subsequently can result in excessive use of social networking services (SNSs) like WeChat. It supports the idea that negative emotional states can drive individuals to engage in excessive SNS use, aligning with the claim that excessive social media use is linked to increased anxiety and depression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: The problem we are facing is that most of the current literature is limited by poor trial design, small study samples, poorly defined endpoints and a great variety of often poorly defined mixtures of probiotics. Additionally, the number of probiotic bacteria ingested by the patients vary up to a hundredfold from study to study. Studies were always from single centers and some of the results were rather weak; Olah et al [13] reported that the lower incidence of multiorgan failure, septic complications and mortality was not significant but the total incidence of SIRS and multiorganfailure was significantly different between the groups. Basically the studies included three different groups of patients; patients with acute pancreatitis, trauma patients and patients being admitted to the ICU with a whole range of severe medical problems (eg cardiac, respiratory). Because of the limited number of patients and the different probiotic preparations and the different endpoints (e. g. reducing rate of infection, SIRS, procalcitonin levels, development of VAP or CDAD), unfortunately, it is not possible to break down which group of patients will benefit most from the use of probiotics. Well designed multi center studies with a defined mixture of bacteria, for example Synbiotic 2000 Forte, on a defined group of critically ill patients are essential before any conclusion on the effect of probiotics/synbiotics can be drawn. In addition, the endpoints have to be clearly defined. Clinical work is one step, but similarly important is the research on the bench to elucidate the exact mechanisms by which probiotic strains elicit their effects in the host organism. Once we understand these mechanisms then we might even go a step further to improve the properties by using "patho-biotechnology". Essentially, this novel approach involves the generation of "improved" probiotic strains, transforming them with stress survival systems from other microbes. A good example is cloning and heterologous expression of a single bile resistance gene from the food borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium breve, not only improves gastrointestinal colonisation and persistence, but also significantly bolsters the clinical efficacy of the probiotic strain. In addition, 'designer probiotics' have been engineered to express receptor-mimic structures on their surface. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant limitations in the current research on probiotics. It indicates that many studies suffer from poor design, small sample sizes, and variable definitions of outcomes, which complicates the understanding of their efficacy. Furthermore, while the claim suggests benefits, the text reveals that it is not yet possible to determine which patient groups may benefit from probiotics due to the mentioned research limitations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The reaction was stopped with 10% TCA. SecA fragments were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membrane sheets, and visualized by staining. Individual bands were then excised from the PVDF membrane sheets and subjected to N-terminal peptide-sequencing analysis by Edman degradation in the of Biology Department, University. When the excised band contained multiple peptides, all possible amino acids were called and aligned against the known sequences of SecA [52]. Proteolysis of soluble and lipid-integrated SecA Trypsin at the indicated amounts was added to DTK buffer containing SecA in the presence or absence of various lipids, (or ATP, or AMP-PNP as indicated) and incubated on ice for 15 min. The reaction was stopped with an equal volume of 20% cold TCA and incubated on ice for 30 min. The precipitates were recovered by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 10 min in a table-top centrifuge, washed with 1 ml of cold acetone, and air dried. SecA fragments were then separated by SDS-PAGE, and visualized either by staining or by Western blotting with anti-SecA rabbit serum after being transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (ProBlott; Applied Biosystems). Proteolysis patterns of SecA variants The proteolysis patterns of soluble and lipid-associated N95 and C95 were analyzed as described above Since C95 was prepared in 8 M urea, for comparison, SecA and N95 were also denatured in 8 M urea. All 3 preparations were renatured by dialysis in DTK buffer, then proteolysis was carried out as described above. In vitro protein translocation The translocation of pOmpA into liposomes was conducted as described previously [16]. Unless otherwise indicated, the translocation mixtures in 0. 1 ml contained 120 µg of liposomes, 10 µg of C95, or N95, or SecA,150 ng pOmpA and ATP mixtures. The mixtures were incubated at 37 oC; 30 min for pOmpA. The translocation mixtures were treated with proteinase K at 400 µg/ml in ice water for 30 min, and liposomes were collected by centrifugation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed methodological account of experiments involving SecA protein but does not discuss mechanical stress or its effects on protein conformational changes. As a result, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: The current study explored, for the first time, the relationships among satisfaction of psychological needs satisfaction, WeChat use intensity, and excessive WeChat use. The scattered existing research suggested that these three variables are associated with each other. Users may compensate for unmet needs and desires by increasing WeChat use intensity [59, 60, 63]. At the same time, excessive WeChat use may appear when the intensity of WeChat use for social and entertainment functions reaches the threshold of producing behavioral and psychological symptoms [50, 55, 56]. More noteworthy is that the influence of psychological needs satisfaction on excessive WeChat use could be explained by the chain mediated effect of "anxiety and intensity of use" but cannot be explained by the "depression—WeChat use intensity" chain mediation. Results of previous studies on the relationship between SNS usage and negative affective states were ambiguous. For example, there were evidences that depression and anxiety might have the same or different effects on SNS usage [46, 83]. The present study verified the different effects of anxiety and depression on excessive WeChat use. Chinese college students with low perceived psychological needs satisfaction experienced more depression and anxiety than their peers with high satisfaction. The heightened anxiety will then render these individuals vulnerable to excessive WeChat use through elevated frequency, duration, and scope of WeChat usage. Although the results did not show a "depression—WeChat use intensity" chain mediation effect, depression could lead to excessive WeChat use directly. This may be due to the essential differences in the external behavior of depression and anxiety [46]. There are different patterns and frequencies of SNS use among people with depression and anxiety [46, 47]. Anxiety promotes radical or aggressive behavior, and adolescents with high anxiety may choose to disclose their feelings more on SNS than in the real world [49, 84, 85]. On the contrary, depression impairs normal social activities while reducing access to and use of SNS [49, 84,85,86]. However, depression may increase psychological dependence on WeChat through other unknown variables, which can directly lead to excessive WeChat use. The final model showed that the degree of psychological needs satisfaction could affect excessive WeChat use through anxiety, depression, WeChat use intensity, and the chain mediation mechanism of "anxiety—WeChat use intensity". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by establishing a connection between excessive WeChat use and psychological issues like anxiety and depression. It notes that individuals with low psychological needs satisfaction experience higher levels of anxiety and depression, which in turn can lead to excessive WeChat use. The chain mediation effect of 'anxiety and intensity of use' suggests that increased anxiety can result in higher frequency and duration of use. Additionally, it points out that while depression does not mediate WeChat use intensity, it can directly cause excessive use by increasing psychological dependence, thereby linking depression to excessive social media usage as well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dietary fiber helps maintain healthy gut bacteria by providing prebiotics. [SEP] Text: (g, i) Flow cytometry measurement of IFN-ɣ production by QFLTg or OT-1 cells isolated from the spleen (g) or siIEL compartment (i) of naïve chimera mice stimulated with or without 2µM FL9 or SL8 peptide respectively for 4. 5h. Numbers in plots indicate average percentages of IFN-ɣ+ cells. (h) Percentages of IFN-ɣ+ cells detected as in g. ****P<0. 0001 ***P=0. 0001 (j) Percentages of IFN-ɣ+ cells detected as in i. ***P=0. 0004 *P=0. 0247 Representative data are shown in flow plots (a, c, f, g, i) and the number of replicates is specified in the bar graphs (b, d, h, j). Each symbol represents data collected from the indicated tissue isolated from an individual mouse. P values were calculated with Student’s t test. ‘ns’ indicates the comparison was not significant. To ensure that altered effector function was not skewed by the high specific TCR frequency in TCR transgenics, we generated partial hematopoietic chimeric mice with physiological precursor frequencies (QFLTg_WT) by transferring bone marrow cells from GFP+QFLTg mice into nonirradiated naïve WT neonates(Ladi et al. , 2008). OT-1_WT chimera mice were generated in parallel as representative of conventional CD8+ T cells (Fig. 4 e). This experimental design allowed us to track the GFP+ donor-derived T cells (GFP+CD45+CD19-TCRβ+CD4-Vα3. 2+) separately from the recipient’s endogenous T cells (Fig. 4 f). Based on the hyperresponsiveness of splenic QFLTg cells to cytokines, we hypothesized that these cells would exert effector functions more rapidly than conventional CD8 T cells, similar to the known innate-like T cells such as iNKT. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental data related to T cells and their responses, without any mention of dietary fiber, gut bacteria, or prebiotics. Thus, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Translocated proteins were detected by immunoblots as described previously [16]. Stabilization of membrane proteins in M48 formation [35S] SecA (1 µg) was incubated with liposomes (20 µg) prepared from E. coli lipid mixtures, in the presence of various amounts of proteins including 39, N53, C28 or cytochrome C oxidase (a gift of C. A. Yu), in 100 µl of DTK buffer (pH 8. 0) at 37 °C for 15 min. After chilled completely on ice, the reaction mixtures were treated with 20 µl of trypsin (final concentration, 30 µg/ml) on ice for 15 min, and stopped by the addition of cold 10% TCA. SecA fragments were separated by SDS-PAGE. The resulting gels were dried and exposed to Kodak (Rochester, NY. ) BioMax MR-1 film for autoradiograms. The lipid-specific [35S] M48 band was quantified by Quantity one software (Biorad). Microscopy: AFM images were obtained with a CP-Autoprobe (Park Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA) using the noncontact mode as previously described [14]. Briefly, SecA and SecA derivatives were mixed by gently vortexing for less than 10 seconds with TKM buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8. 0, 50 mM KCl and 2 mM MgCl2) in the presence or absence of liposomes prepared from E. coli total lipid mixtures and incubated in an ice bath for 10 min before being applied onto the freshly calved mica. Samples were incubated at room temperature in a covered dish, rinsed by deionized water for 4 times, and dried in a desiccator until used. Induce SecA to Form Lipid-as Revealed by We have previously shown that soluble SecA integrates into membrane vesicles upon interaction with membranes [22,40]. Two distinct, membrane-integrated forms of SecA have been revealed by the presence of proteolysis-resistant fragments: one N-terminal 68-kDa fragment that resembles the one produced by limited proteolysis of soluble SecA, and the other M48 that starts at glutamate residue 361. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the detection and stabilization of translocated proteins and the experimental setup involving SecA and liposomes. However, it does not specify or imply that mechanical stress induces conformational changes in proteins. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: For reference, in addition to think highly of the possible impact of psychological needs satisfaction on excessive WeChat use, we also need to pay more attention to negative affective states (anxiety and depression) and maintain a reasonable frequency of WeChat usage to deal with the problem of excessive WeChat use caused by unmet psychological needs. According to the findings, promoting needs satisfaction is important to prevent negative affective states (depression and anxiety) and to reduce excessive WeChat use. For people encounter the problem of excessive WeChat use, especially Chinese college students, they can try to improve the degree of psychological needs satisfaction or combine with appropriate emotional strategies to reduce the negative affective state (depression and anxiety) caused by unsatisfied psychological needs, so that the incidence of excessive WeChat use may decrease. Furthermore, findings from the current study can be considered to migrate to excessive use of other SNSs, and provide reference for future research on SNSs overuse. LimitationDespite its innovative perspectives and contributions, the current study had several limitations. First, due to the scope of the current study, we averaged the item scores to represent psychological needs satisfaction. Future research may consider dividing the psychological needs satisfaction into three sub-dimensions for in-depth study. Second, the data were collected through self-report surveys thus warrant subjective biases. Multiple evaluation methods should be adopted to reduce such bias. Third, the cross-sectional nature of the current study warranted its limitation in generating causal inferences. Future research should adopt other research methods (E. g. , longitudinal studies) to establish possible causal relationships. Finally, the conclusions were based on a group of Chinese college students thus might not be able to generate to other populations. Future research can invite groups from different cultural backgrounds as research objects to enhance the ecological validity of the results. ConclusionBased on the self–determination theory and emotional motivation theory, the current study made the first attempt to investigate the possible association and underlying mechanisms between psychological needs satisfaction and excessive WeChat use from the perspective of negative affective states and WeChat use intensity. The current study not only validated the applicability of the self–determination theory and the emotional motivation theory to SNS use but also hinted on intervention practices for Chinese youth. For instance, handling psychological needs through emotional adjustment strategies can reduce users' desire for frequent WeChat usage and dependency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of excessive WeChat use on negative affective states, specifically mentioning anxiety and depression. It states that unmet psychological needs contribute to excessive use and that satisfying these needs is important to prevent negative affective states, which aligns directly with the claim about the association between social media use and mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dietary fiber helps maintain healthy gut bacteria by providing prebiotics. [SEP] Text: 2+QFL T cells are likely only one prototypical example of Qa-1b restricted Vα3. 2+CD8+ T cells clones with memory phenotype and innate-like function. Strikingly, we detected abundant Vα3. 2+QFL T cells in small intestine epithelium which showed the signature phenotype of natIELs including expression of CD8αα and lack of CD4, CD8αβ, CD5 and CD90. Similar to the splenic population, while TAP is required for the presence of the population, the unconventional phenotype of Vα3. 2+QFL T cells in the gut is strongly Qa-1b-dependent. It is so far reported that CD8αα+ IELs can be restricted to KbDb, CD1d or even unknown MHC Ib molecules(Mayans et al. , 2014; Ruscher et al. , 2017). Here by characterization of the gut Vα3. 2+QFL T cells, we showed evidence of abundant Qa-1b-restricted TCRαβ+ natIELs being present in the gut. Functionally, the gut Vα3. 2+QFL T cells showed features consistent with their CD8αα+ natIEL phenotype. Notably, although the siIEL Vα3. 2+QFL T cells showed delayed and reduced IFN-ɣ production in response to the cognate peptide, they displayed higher basal levels of intracellular IFN-ɣ than CD8αβ+ IELs. It has been proposed that spontaneous IFN-ɣ secretion by IELs may be an important component of immunosurveillance at the mucosal surface, capable of identifying and eliminating transformed cells(Carol et al. , 1998; Roberts et al. , 1993). Thus, sicells may likewise be poised for immediate elimination of abnormal cells. CD8αα+ IELs are intrinsically programmed for innate functionality, as was shown by PMA/ionomycin induced production of high level of IFN-ɣ, CXCL2 etc. (et al. , 2014). However, our observation of the relative hyporesponsiveness of siIEL Vα3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses aspects related to T cells and immune responses in the gut, without addressing dietary fiber or its role in gut health or prebiotics. The content appears to focus more on immunology rather than nutrition or microbiology, thus failing to support, contrast, or relate to the claim about dietary fiber.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: These fragments are specific to SecA in the presence of membranes without protein translocation [22]. To examine the effects of phospholipids on SecA conformation, we analyzed the proteolytic profiles of SecA in the presence and absence of phospholipids. The overall sensitivity of SecA to low concentrations of trypsin differed little in the presence or absence of liposomes prepared from E. coli lipids. However, the profiles of proteolytic fragments, as determined by SDS-PAGE, were distinct (Figure 1A): at 1-3 µg/ml of trypsin, soluble SecA gave rise to a major N-terminal 68-kDa band and several smaller fragments, including a 50-kDa fragment (Figure 1A, lanes 3, 4) having an N-terminal sequence of 9(Table 1). In contrast, liposomes comprised of phospholipid mixtures induced the formation of two specific domains (Figure 1A, lanes 9, 10); one at M48 starting at 361and the other at 39-kDa. The domains were mixtures of N-terminal fragments (Table 1). These were similar to the domains of the membrane-specific SecAM form [22,40]. The other 68-kDa and the smaller 27-30-kDa fragments (Figure 1A, lanes 9, 10) were probably integral to the SecAS form, as they were similar to those derived from the cytosolic form of SecA (Figure 1A, lanes 3, 4). The 39-kDa mixtures could be derived from either SecAM or SecAS [22]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. The proteolysis patterns of soluble SecA and various phospholipids-associated SecA. (A) SecA (10 μg) in the absence and presence of liposomes with E. coli lipid mixtures (EM) were treated with trypsin at concentrations indicated, as described in the Materials and Methods. The position of the molecular-markers (protein bovine serum albumin (68-kDa), ovalbumin (45-kDa), and carbonic anhydrase (29-kDa)) is shown by bars in the left hand margin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss mechanical stress or its impact on protein structures. Instead, it focuses on the proteolytic profiles of SecA in relation to phospholipids and membrane interactions. Therefore, the text is not relevant to the claim regarding mechanical stress and conformational changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: State of the Science: Social Media, Depression, and the past decade, the empirical literature and lay news media have addressed at length associations between social media, depression, and anxiety. The sheer volume of studies in this area has led to a recent upswing in published systematic reviews on this topic. Two such systematic reviews found a small positive association between social media use and these two mental illnesses; however, these reviews noted that the quality and practical significance of these studies are often low, and they are typically not designed to capture the nuance of the effect (Keles et al. , Reference Keles, McCrae and Grealish2019; Piteo & Ward, and Ward2020). Another 2016 systematic review analyzed 70 studies looking at the relationship between social media use and depression or anxiety, and found that while passive use of social media was not associated with depression, specific behaviors (e. g. , self-comparison) were (Seabrook et al. , Reference Seabrook, Kern and Rickard2016). In sum, recent systematic reviews indicate that research to date is not designed to piece apart the nuanced relationship between social media use and mental health. Challenges in The relationship between social media, depression, and anxiety is a challenging area of research for several reasons. As illnesses that wax and wane over time, assessments of depression or anxiety at a single time point may not fully capture the illness experience. A critical approach is to use measurements of mental illness that are shown to be valid measurements of the illness in question, such as the Center for Epidemiologic Studies. Scale for Children (CES-DC), the Questionnaire-9 (PHQ 9), the Disorder scale – 7 (GAD 7), and the Screen for Disorders () are all empirically supported measures of depression or anxiety in adolescents and young adults (Cannon et al. , and Leppert2007; Keles et al. , Reference Keles, McCrae and Grealish2019; Kroenke et al. , Reference Kroenke, Spitzer and Williams2001; Piteo & Ward, and Ward2020; Richardson et al. , Reference Richardson, McCauley and Grossman2010; Weissman et al. , Reference Weissman, Orvaschel and Padian1980). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the associations found in empirical literature regarding social media use and mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. It mentions that systematic reviews have identified a 'small positive association' between social media use and these mental illnesses, supporting the idea that excessive use of social media is connected to increased anxiety and depression. Furthermore, it highlights the challenges in capturing the nuances of this relationship, indicating that the topic is complex yet relevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dietary fiber helps maintain healthy gut bacteria by providing prebiotics. [SEP] Text: In contrast, (FV10), an FL10 homologous peptide expressed in Lactobacillus johnsonii which is a common LAB that colonizes the GI tract, failed to activate BEko8Z cells (Figure 6f, Figure 6—figure supplement 1d). QFL T cells are retained in the gut by a commensal bacterium To further investigate the association between P. pentosaceus and Vα3. 2+QFL T cells in the gut, we first generated QFLTg_WT partial hematopoietic chimeras using germ-free WT mice (_WT) and monocolonized the GF chimera mice with P. pentosaceus at 8 weeks of age. The mice were analyzed 8 weeks later (Figure 7a). The donor-derived QFLTg cells and the recipient-derived Vα3. 2+QFL T cells were distinguished by GFP expression and further defined as the CD45+CD19-TCRβ+CD4-Vα3. 2+QFL-Dex-PE+ population on flow cytometry as was described earlier. While the donor-derived QFLTg populations were present and phenotypically unaltered in the spleen and siIEL compartment of _WT chimera mice at 8 weeks of age, they were barely detectable in the GF chimera mice at 16 weeks of age (Figure 7—figure supplement 1, Figure 7b). Notably, monocolonization of the _WT chimera mice with P. pentosaceus completely restored the donor-derived QFLTg population in both tissues in 16 week GF chimera mice (Figure 7b). We then further tested whether restoration of the gut QFL T population was specifically associated with P. pentosaceus by monocolonizing GF WT mice with P. pentosaceus or L. johnsonii (Figure 7a). Analysis of the microbiome composition of fecal pallets showed that both species efficiently colonized the GF mice (Figure 7c). While the endogenous Vα3. 2+QFL T population in the siIEL compartment was retained by P. pentosaceus colonization of GF mice at 16 weeks of age, L. johnsonii colonization failed to restore the population to a level comparable with SPF or P. pentosaceus colonized mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on specific experimental findings related to the colonization of gut bacteria, particularly the performance of P. pentosaceus and L. johnsonii in a germ-free mouse model. It emphasizes that while P. pentosaceus effectively restores certain immune cell populations, L. johnsonii does not restore these populations to a comparable level. This suggests that not all bacteria contribute positively to gut health or support the claim regarding the role of dietary fiber and prebiotics in maintaining healthy gut bacteria.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: (B) Proteolysis of SecA was carried out (as defined in panel A) in the absence and presence of variously formed liposomes at concentrations of trypsin indicated. (C) Proteolysis of SecA undertaken (as defined in panel B) using 3 µg/ml; with half of the sample subjected to staining with Coomassie blue and the other transferred to PVDF membrane sheets and developed by immunoblotting with a specific antibody against SecA665-820 -A5. (refs. 6,9). (D) and (E) Proteolysis of SecA was carried out according to a similar protocol used in panel A, except that different mixtures of lipids were used (see text). fragment SecA+liposomeSecA-liposome N95+liposome39 kDa 1(80%) 1(44%) 9(20%)9(39%)14(17%) 48 kDa 36150 kDa 91. Amino acid sequence analysis of E. coli SecA fragmentsaaE. coli SecA (EcSecA) fragments (Fig. 1. A. lanes 3 for 50-kDa, lanes 9 for 39-kDa and 48-kDa; Fig. 2A, lane 2 for 39-kDa with N95) were subjected to peptide-sequencing analysis. Identified SecA sequences were shown in single-letter code. Upper case letters represent amino acids of the analyzed sequences which match the known EcSecA sequence, whereas lower case letters represent unconfirmed residues. specificity of phospholipids to the formation of the lipid-specific M48 and N39 domains (as defined by the presence of trypsin-resistant fragments) was determined. The presence of PC had little effect (Figure 1B, lanes 3, 4), and PE alone had only a slight effect (lanes 7, 8), producing a minor M48 band (Figure 1C, lane 2). PE alone did not form liposomes. This suggests that the effect of phospholipids on forming trypsin resistant bands may be subject to binding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim concerning mechanical stress and its ability to induce conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses the proteolysis of SecA in relation to lipid interactions and provides detailed methodology without referencing mechanical stress or conformational changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: That is, as social media use increases, so does risk for anxiety and depression. From a cognitive theoretical perspective, it may be that exposure to certain stimuli on social media (e. g. , a photo-shopped image, a photo from a party to which one was not invited, a heartbreaking news story) might activate or reinforce existing negative beliefs about oneself (“I’m worthless”) or the world (“everything is out of control”). Further, time spent on social media might displace time spent on other behaviors, behaviors that may have resulted in mental health-promoting thoughts (e. g. , “I have a knack for piano” or “I’m a good teammate”). The “crowding out” hypothesis explains positive associations between depression and screen time by saying that screen time is related to depression when it occurs at the expense of other beneficial activities (McDool et al. , Reference McDool, Powell, Roberts and Taylor2020; Twenge, Joiner, Martin, & Rogers, Reference Twenge, Joiner, Martin and Rogers2018). As discussed, multiple systematic reviews support a weak positive relationship between social media use and adolescent depression or anxiety. However, because the studies reviewed are often cross-sectional, it is difficult to ascertain whether social media use causes depression or anxiety, or whether the presence of anxiety or depression makes one more prone to use social media (and less prone, for example, to activities such as exercise, in-person socialization, vocational pursuits, or recreation). Certain studies have detected greater risk for anxiety and depression after a certain threshold of social media use is met, which has been cited as three hours per day (Riehm et al. , Reference Riehm, Feder and Tormohlen2019), four hours per day (Barman et al. , Reference Barman, Mukhopadhyay and Bandyopadhyay2018), and nearly five hours per day (O’Keeffe et al. , Reference O’Keeffe and Clarke-Pearson2011). A second hypothesis states that a U-shaped curve best captures the relationship between internalizing symptoms and social media use, with negative mental health associated with very low or very high use. There is some empirical support for this hypothesis (Belanger et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by clearly stating that increased social media use is associated with a higher risk of anxiety and depression. It discusses various factors, including cognitive perspectives and the crowding out hypothesis, that explain how social media exposure can activate negative beliefs about oneself and can displace time spent on beneficial activities. Additionally, it references empirical studies and thresholds of social media use that further support the notion that excessive use may lead to negative mental health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dietary fiber helps maintain healthy gut bacteria by providing prebiotics. [SEP] Text: Coscoy at University of California, Berkeley for providing cellular biology expertise, and Mr. P. Rhee at Shastri Lab, and Dr. H. Ding at the JHU germ-free core facility for technical support. This work was supported by grants R01AI130210, R37AI060040 and R01AI149341 from the of Health to NS. 10. 1016/j. cell. 2014. 03. 011Bethune M. T. Comin-Anduix B. Fu Y. -H. H. Ribas A. Baltimore D. 2017Preparation of peptide–MHC and T-cell receptor dextramers by biotinylated dextran dopingBiotechniques 62:123–130 N. Shastri N. 2008Coping with loss of perfection in the MHC class I peptide repertoireImmunol 20:82–88 M. Lambrechts A. A. Libin M. Goldman M. Mascart-Lemone F. 1998Spontaneous secretion of interferon gamma and interleukin 4 by human intraepithelial and lamina propria gut lymphocytesGut 42:643–649 H. Lambolez F. 2008Doubting the TCR coreceptor function of CD8ααImmunity 28:149–159 H. Lambolez F. Mucida D. 2011The light and dark sides of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytesImmunol 11:445–456 G. Gould D. S. Augustine M. M. Fragoso G. Sciutto E. Stroynowski I. L. Schust D. J. Ploegh H. Janeway C. A. 2000Qa-2-dependent selection of CD8αα T cell receptor αβ+ cells in murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytesJ 192:1521–1528 G. Janeway C. A. 1999Development of CD8αα and CD8αβ T cells in major histocompatibility complex class I-deficient miceJ 190:881–884 G. Janeway C. A. 2003MHC specificity of iIELs24:88–93 T. L. Granger S. W. Mucida D. Graddy R. Leclercq G. Zhang W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses various grants and provides a list of studies and authors without mentioning dietary fiber, gut bacteria, or prebiotics. There is no supporting or contrasting information related to the claim present in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Of the potential membrane-interacting domains of SecA [2,55,56], one domain lies at the N-terminus, while the other domains lie at the C-terminus where they have been shown to interact with SecB and lipids [37,55]. We therefore examined the possible roles of the two extreme termini in the formation of lipid-specific domains. Two SecA deletion variants, C95 and N95 that have the potential to form the M48 fragment (residues 361-805), were purified [26] and examined for their interactions with E. coli phospholipid liposomes. N95, which lacks the last 70 residues of the C-terminal lipid-interacting domain, could generate the lipid specific M48 (Figure 2A) and N39 N-terminal mixtures (Table 1), while C95, which lacks the N-terminal 63 residues, could not (Figure 2C). Indeed, the C95 SecA variant showed quite different proteolytic sensitivity and profile from that of either N95 or SecA in the presence or absence of liposomes (Figure 2B–D). These data show that the N-terminal 63 amino acid residues, but not the C-terminal 70 residues, are critical for the formation of SecA domains, including specific interaction with phospholipids. These results correspond well with in vivo and in vitro translocation activity that N95 is found to possess, but that C95 does not [26]. The N-terminal residues of SecA play a critical role in pre-protein binding [57]. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that the formation of lipid-specific domains is dependent on the N-terminal residues of SecA. The formation of such lipid-specific domains also corresponded to the ability of N95 to the translocation of pOmpA (Figure 2E) in a SecA-liposome alone translocation system without SecYEG [16]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. The importance of N-terminal, but not C-terminal, SecA for M48 formation and protein trnslocation. (A) Proteolysis of SecA and the N95 construct was carried out in the presence of EM (as described in the Materials and Methods) with the indicated concentration of trypsin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mechanical stress and its role in inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses the interactions of SecA with phospholipids and the importance of N-terminal residues, which is not related to mechanical stress. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4664537/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractanxiety and depression is the initial stage of mental illness and reflects a mood disorder reflected in sadness, hopelessness, nervousness, and worry. There are different factors associated with general anxiety and depression (GAD). Together with basic demographic and economic factors, we observed the use of social media by GAD. The aim of this study is to explore globally the influence of social media on self-reported general anxiety and depression. chose different factors associated with anxiety and depression affected for more than 2 weeks from the 2020 Monitor from the available secondary data. The samples from each country are nationally representative of the resident population aged 15 and older with access to a phone in 113 countries. The research design process was completed by leading researchers and subject experts; cognitive testing was conducted in ten countries to ensure questions could be understood across countries and by various demographic groups; and pilot tests were conducted in 10 countries. Independent variables were demographic variables: age, gender, economics, education, employment status, belief factors, and trends in social media use. Univariate variables were presented in frequency and percentage; bivariate analysis was performed with cross-tabulation using the chi square test; and logistic regression was used among significant variables by adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI as multivariate analysis. prevalence of self-reported generalized anxiety depression (GAD) was 20% out of 119,234 in 113 countries. More than 38. 27% were between the ages of 30 and 49, with 51% being male, more than half having completed high school, and 27% falling into the 4th and 5th quintiles (rich group). Similarly, more than 63. 4% were employed, 81. 3% believed in science, 42. 3% believed in traditional healers, and 81. 5% used social media, which was significantly associated with self-reported GAD. Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) showed that young age (15–30) years 1. 24 times, females 1. 21 times, elementary and primary education 1. 34 times, the poorest twenty 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating a significant association between social media use and self-reported generalized anxiety and depression (GAD). It states that 81.5% of participants used social media, which was found to be significantly associated with GAD. Furthermore, it discusses various demographic factors and highlights that young age and social media use are linked to higher rates of anxiety and depression, supporting the assertion that excessive use of social media can contribute to these mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dietary fiber helps maintain healthy gut bacteria by providing prebiotics. [SEP] Text: Honey K. Rasmussen J. P. Cheroutre H. Rudensky A. Y. et al. 2007Mouse TCRαβ+CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocytes express genes that down-regulate their antigen reactivity and suppress immune responsesJ Immunol 178:4230–4239 G. P. Lee S. M. Mazmanian S. K. 2016Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiotaMicrobiol 14:20–32 E. M. Sluijter M. Querido B. J. Seidel U. J. E. Oliveira C. C. van der Burg S. H. van Hall T. 2018T the -1(b) with TAP-Are Semi-Invariant Lymphocytes9 A. M. C. Reis B. S. Mucida D. 2017Tissue adaptation: Implications for gut immunity and toleranceJ 214:1211–1226 D. I. Uldrich A. P. McCluskey J. Rossjohn J. Moody D. B. 2015The burgeoning family of unconventional T cells16:1114–1123 A. G. Golovina T. N. Hamilton S. E. Sriram V. Spies T. Brutkiewicz R. R. Harty J. T. Eisenlohr L. C. L. 2000Impaired assembly yet normal trafficking of MHC class I molecules in Tapasin mutant miceImmunity 13:213–222 J. Peske J. D. Taylor J. A. Shastri N. 2021The nonclassical immune surveillance for ERAAP functionImmunol 70:105–111 J. Yang S. J. Gonzalez F. Yin Y. Shastri N. 2017in the by Semi-Invariant αβ TCfor a Conserved Peptide-Qa-1b 198:2017–2027 G. E. Gonzalez F. Champsaur M. Cado D. Shastri N. 2006The aminopeptidase ERAAP shapes the peptide repertoire displayed by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules7:103–112 G. E. Gonzalez F. James E. Nolla H. Shastri N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily contains references to various scientific studies and authors without discussing dietary fiber, gut bacteria, or prebiotics. It does not provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: (B) The same reactions were carried out as in panel (A), except that 1 μg of [35S]SecA was used. (C) The same reactions were carried out as in panel (A) except that the reactions were incubated at 37 °C for 15 min, chilled on ice prior to the addition of trypsin. (D) 2 μg of [35 S]SecA was mixed with different amounts of liposomes (as indicated). Half of the reaction mixtures were incubated at 37 °C for 15 min, while the other half were incubated on ice. All samples were cooled on ice following the reactions. Trypsin (final concentration 1 μg/ml) treatment was used, as described in the Materials and Methods. mimic conditions where active protein translocation takes place, and to provide the necessary sensitivity for detection, radioactive-labeled SecA was used (1 µg SecA 20 µg membrane proteins) to examine the proteolytic profiles of SecA. Under these conditions, the lipid-specific M48 and N39 domains in liposome-associated SecA were more sensitive to trypsin digestion on ice than in membrane-associated SecA; complete digestion was observed at 10 µg/ml of trypsin treatment with the former, but not the latter (Figure 3B-C). The temperature-dependent protease sensitivity of these domains appeared to be related to the SecA-to–liposomes ratio and their interactions at 37 oC (Figure 3D). Therefore, all subsequent trypsin treatments were carried out on ice. These results again indicate that the lipid-specific M48 and N39 domains of SecA are less stable at 37 oC than their membrane-associated counterparts, and that some other membrane proteins may be involved in the stability of these lipid-specific SecA domains. SecYEG complexes have been shown to bind SecA with high-affinity [59,60,61,62]. Therefore, SecYEG complexes are logical candidates to stabilize the SecA domains in the membrane. To determine whether SecYEG is essentially required for the stability of SecA lipid-specific domains, we employed SecE-depleted membranes [11] that contained no detectable SecE or SecY and little SecG (< 1% of wild-type MC1000 membranes) as determined immunologically. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses experimental conditions for studying SecA and its interactions, but it does not mention mechanical stress or its effect on protein structures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about mechanical stress inducing conformational changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: 39 times, and those who use social media several times an hour are more likely to be GAD with reference to early old age, males, higher education, the richest twenty, and those who did not use social media in the past 30 days. At the same time, the older age group (65+), those who trusted science and traditional healers and did not use social media in the past 30 days, were less likely to be GAD. Conclusions: There is an increasing risk of GAD worldwide, and young adults and females are more vulnerable. Excessive use of social media is a challenging and risky factor. IntroductionMental health is an increasingly vital issue in the 21st century. There are multiple impacts attributed to mental illness which was impacting at least 12% of the world's population in 20191. As of 2019, 15% of the total years lived with disability in the world were due to mental disorders, which increased the global burden of disease rank attributable to mental health from the 12th position in 1990 to the 7th position in 2019[1]. and Depression (GAD), one of the most common mental disorders, is contributing to severe mental illness like schizophrenia, personality disorder, compulsive disorder etc. Globally, 4% (301 million) of people suffered from anxiety depression in 2019 with higher frequencies being observed in higher resourced countries with greater social media usage [2]. There are several risk factors associated with GAD, which are psychological, socio-economic, and lifestyle, and the most important is the use of social media [3]. The use of social media greatly impacts mental health. It enhances connection, increases self-esteem, and improves a sense of belonging [4]. But at the same time, it can also lead to tremendous stress, pressure to compare oneself to others, and increased sadness and isolation. There are 5. 04 billion social media users around the world as of January 2024, equating to 62. 3% of the total global population [5]. For understanding the plausibility for social media contributing to anxiety depression, Petryszak (1980) [6] summarized theoretical aspects of human nature in '. ' Using influential writings by Pareto, Mosca, and others, Petryszak explained that humans need continuous interaction, influential figures and heroes, attractions in nature, and guidance for direction from the community [6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between social media use and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), indicating that 'excessive use of social media is a challenging and risky factor.' It explains various influences on mental health, mentioning that while social media can enhance connections and self-esteem, it also leads to increased stress and isolation, thereby supporting the assertion that excessive social media use is linked to negative mental health outcomes like anxiety and depression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dietary fiber helps maintain healthy gut bacteria by providing prebiotics. [SEP] Text: They further show that retention but not homing of QFL T cells to the intestinal epithelium involves commensal microorganisms, and using in silico approaches, they identify a commensal that contains a peptide similar to QFL that can activate QFL T cells. Finally, they show that this organism, P. pentosaceus, can promote gut retention of QFL T cells when it is introduced into germ-free mice. From these findings, the authors conclude that the microbiota influence the maintenance of Qa-1-restricted T cells. Comments: 1. The authors employ a number of new reagents and elegant approaches to explore the development, maintenance and functional properties of QFL T cells. 2. Generally, conclusions made are well supported by the data presented. 3. One limitation of the work is that the immunological functions of QFL T cells remain unclear. 4. In their revised manuscript, the authors present additional data that have appropriately addressed the reviewer comments. Reviewer #2 (Public Review): Summary: CD8+ QFL T cells recognize a peptide, (FL9), presented on Erap1-deficient cells. QFL T cells are present at a high frequency in the spleen of naïve mice. They express an antigen-experienced phenotype, and about 80% express an invariant TCRα chain Vα3. 2Jα21. Here, Guan and coll. report that QFL T cells are present not only in the spleen but also in the intestinal epithelium, where they display several phenotypic and functional peculiarities. The establishment of spleen and gut Vα3. 2+ QFL T cells is TAP-dependent, and their phenotype is regulated by the presence/absence of Qa-1b and Erap1. Maintenance of gut Vα3. 2+ QFL T cells depends on the gut microbiota and is associated with colonization by Pediococcus pentosaceus. Strengths: This 10. 7554/eLife. 90466. 3. sa2 Reviewer #3 (Public Review): The authors investigate the role of commensal microbes and molecules in the antigen presentation pathway in the development and phenotype of CD8 T cells specific for the Qa-1b-restricted peptide FL9 (QFL). The studies track both endogenous QFL-specific T cells and utilize a recently generated TCR transgenic model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the role of commensal microorganisms, particularly Pediococcus pentosaceus, in maintaining the gut Vα3.2+ QFL T cells. While the claim emphasizes dietary fiber and prebiotics, the text instead discusses the influence of specific commensal bacteria without mentioning dietary fiber or its prebiotic effects. This indicates that the factors influencing gut health as discussed here might not align with the role of dietary fiber.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Surprisingly, the SecYEG-depleted membranes stabilized the M48 and N39 domains (1 µg of radioactive SecA) as well as wild-type membranes or SecA-depleted BA13 membranes (Figure 4A, lanes 4-6). In the SecYEG-depleted membranes, SecA was overproduced approximately 5-6 fold [11]. As a result, the amounts of SecA and SecYEG in the membrane are not directly related to the stability of lipid-specific domains. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. SecYEG are not required for the formation of M48(A) SecYEG-depleted membrane (20 μg), wild-type MC1000 membrane (20 μg), or SecA-depleted BA13 membrane (20 μg) was mixed with [35S]SecA (1 μg) in 100 μl DTK buffer, respectively. After pre-incubation at 37 °C for 15 min, the samples were cooled on ice and incubated for 15 mins with (lanes 4-6) or without 30 µg/ml trypsin (lanes 1-3). (B) The reactions were carried out, as in panel A, in the presence of 20 μg of membranes, N39, C28, BSA or (lane 3) or liposomes alone (lane 6). (C) The reactions were carried out (as in panel B) in the presence of various amounts of N39, N53, C28, CvaA, BSA, and CCO (Oxidase). The amount of M48 domain fragment in each liposomal fraction was quantitated after gel electrophoresis relative to the amount of the M48 domain obtained from mb-associated SecA (which was taken as 100%). The amount of M48 domain from CCO was calculated from immunoblots while other amounts were calculated from autoradiograms. The data were from 2-4 sets of independent experiments, and presented as mean + SE. major difference between liposomes and membranes with the same amount of phospholipids is the presence of equal amounts of proteins in the membrane. We therefore examined whether the addition of proteins to liposomes mimic the enhancement in the stability of SecA domains in the membrane. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses the stability of various protein domains in depleted membranes and their relation to the amounts of SecA and SecYEG. There is no mention of mechanical stress or conformational changes, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: The logistic regression data were interpreted with unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios, their respective 95% confidence intervals, and p-values with the significance level of p < 0. 05. Validity and are very few questions about the validity and reliability of Wellcome trust data which was used in this study. After database formation, we performed more than two rounds of crosschecking particularly the outliers and proportion of missing values. Likewise, the normality of the data was verified by the observation of histograms and consistency of data was checked by Cronbach's alpha for appropriate variables. Ethical consideration The data were obtained as open access data available for everyone, including researchers and policy makers, for maximizing the impact from their data collection. Trust, United Kingdom, has the sole authority of and accountability of data use and the protection of the study participants. There was no identifiable information in the data. Trust has more information regarding their commitment to the responsible conduct of research on their website1 ResultsWe used the open access dataset available from Monitor 2020. The were taken from 113 countries with a total sample size of 119,234 individuals. A representative sample size was taken from those countries. The prevalence of self-reported Depression (GAD) was 20%. For general demographics, by age, more than one-third (38. 27%) of participants were from 30–49 years. Males represented 51% (70790), over half of participants had graduated high school, and 27% of participants were from the from the 5th quintile group (wealthiest group). Additionally, more than one-third of participants were employed full-time. A significant majority (81. 3%) believed in science and 42. 3% believed in traditional healers. Lastly, 81. 5% used social media in the previous 30 days (Table 1). Table 1 further explores the association among different predictors with outcome (Anxiety/ Depression). There is an association between age, sex, education, income, individual trust and different patterns of using social media with Anxiety/Depression (p < 0. 001). The frequency of reporting anxiety/depression was greater among persons in lower income groups, younger age populations, females, and persons using social media most frequently (p < 0. 001). Likewise, persons who use social media every hour and after some hours had a significantly higher prevalence of anxiety/depression than those not using that pattern. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data that indicates a significant association between social media usage and increased prevalence of anxiety and depression. Specifically, it states that 'the frequency of reporting anxiety/depression was greater among persons... using social media most frequently', demonstrating a clear link between excessive social media use and mental health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dietary fiber helps maintain healthy gut bacteria by providing prebiotics. [SEP] Text: No explanation is provided in the text about whether this is a previously reported phenotype, whether any elements of this phenotype are shared with splenic QFL T cells, what significance the authors ascribe to this phenotype (and to the fact that Qa1-deficiency leads to a more conventional Thy-1+ve, CD5+ve phenotype), and whether this altered phenotype is also seen in ERAAP-deficient mice. At least some explanation for this abrupt shift in focus and integration with prior published work is needed. On a related note, CD5 expression is measured in splenic QFL-specific CD8+ T cells from GF vs SPF mice (Supp. Fig. 9), to indicate that there is no phenotypic impact in the GF mice - but from Supp. Fig. 4, it would seem more appropriate to report CD5 expression in QFL-specific cells from the IEL, not the spleen. Answer: Expression of CD8αα and lack of CD4, CD8αβ, CD5 and CD90 expression was indeed reported as the characteristic phenotype of natIELs. We have clarified this point in the resubmitted manuscript (line 80). The CD8αα+ cells have consistently showed CD5CD90- phenotype. While CD8αα expression was sufficient to describe their natIEL phenotype, we showed the CD5-CD90- data in Supplementary figures only to provide additional evidence. The CD5 molecule by itself reflects the TCR signaling strength and high CD5 level is associated with self-reactivity of T cells (Azzam et al. , 2001; Fulton et al. , 2015). The implication of CD5 expression on QFLTg cells is discussed in our other manuscript where we investigate the development of these cells (Valerio et al. , 2023). Fig. 9, because the donor splenic QFLTg cell have consistently showed comparable CD5 level between the GF and SPF group, we reasoned that it would not interfere with our interpretation of the CD44 expression. The authors suggest the finding that QFL-specific cells from ERAAP-deficient mice have a more "conventional" phenotype indicates some form of negative selection of high-affinity clones (this result being somewhat unexpected since ERAAP loss was previously shown to increase the presentation of Qa-1b loaded with FL9, confirmed in this report). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses T cell phenotypes, experimental methodologies, and specific findings related to immune cells rather than any information on dietary fiber, gut bacteria, or prebiotics. There is no mention or discussion about gut health or dietary elements that could corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The addition of soluble bovine serum albumin (Figure 4B and C) or cytochrome C had no stabilizing effect (Figure 4B, lane 3), even though the latter binds loosely to liposomes (at 20 µg). Several fragments of SecA [26] including the N39, N53, M48* as well as C28 were cloned, purified and tested. The purified N-terminal N39 and N53 fragments integrated into the liposomes and stabilized the formation of the radio-labeled tryptic M48 and N39 domains to the same extent as membranes, while C-terminal C28 had little effect (Figure 4B and C). Such stabilizing effects were dependent on the protein concentration for the interaction of liposomes and SecA (Figure 4C). To examine whether the stabilizing factor is restricted to N-terminal SecA fragments, an unrelated purified membrane protein, CvaA, which is a component of ABC transporter for colicin V [63], was used (Figure 4C). Addition of a membrane protein CvaA did indeed stabilize the lipid-specific M48 (Figure 4C) and N39 domains (data not shown) in a concentration-dependent manner, though it was not as effective as the addition of N39 or N53 SecA fragments (Figure 4C). In addition, the presence of another unrelated membrane protein complex, cytochrome C oxidase complex [64] also showed effective protection of stability (Figure 4C). These results indicate that SecYEG complexes are not essential for stabilizing trypsin-resistant SecA domains in membranes as N-terminal domains of SecA are equally as effective, and even unrelated membrane proteins can also stabilize these lipid-specific domains, albeit with varying degrees of efficiency. Properties of Phospholipid-To determine whether the domains induced by proteoliposomes behave differently from those induced by membranes, we examined the effects of ATP and its nonhydrolyzable analog AMP-PCP on the protein’s resistance to high concentration of trypsin in both proteoliposomes and membranes. The presence of either nucleotide had little effect on the formation of M48 and N39 domains (Figure 5A), indicating that the Walker binding sites are not critical for the stability for these lipid-specific domains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address mechanical stress or any form of stress that could induce conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it focuses on the stabilization effects of different protein fragments and membrane proteins on certain protein domains, which is unrelated to the claim regarding mechanical stress. Thus, it is irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: 47) ***, second- 20% (1. 20; 1. 14–1. 26) *** and middle 20 – (1. 061. 01–1. 11) ** is more likely to be GAD but richest − 20 (0. 960. 92–1. 00) is less likely to be GAD. Similarly, respondents who trust in Science 0. 92 (0. 88–0. 96) *** and 0. 87 (0. 84–0. 90) were less likely to be GAD with reference to those do not trust. Use of social media was observed risk factor to be GAD than those not used. Less frequently 1. 45 (1. 34–1. 57) ***, a few days in week 1. 50 (1. 40–1. 60) ***, once a day 1. 17 (1. 10–1. 24) ***, several times a day1. 14 (1. 09–1. 20) ***, almost every hour 1. 22 (1. 14–1. 30) *** and several time an hour1. 43 (1. 34–1. 51) were more likely to be GAD with reference to those not used social media within past 30 days (Table 2). Table 2 Comparison of odds ratio and 95% CI with independent variables with Anxiety and odds ratio (95% CI) Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) Age 15–29 1. 29 (1. 23–1. 34) *** 1. 24 (1. 19–1. 30) *** 30–49 1. 19 (1. 14–1. 24) *** 1. 19 (1. 14–1. 25) *** 50–64 65+ 0. 73 (0. 68–0. 77) *** 0. 76 (0. 71–0. 81) *** Female 1. 21 (1. 18–1. 25) *** 1. 21 (1. 18–1. 26) *** or less (8 years or less) 1. 36 (1. 30–1. 43) *** 1. 34 (1. 27–1. 41) *** Secondary (8–15 years) 1. 29 (1. 25–1. 33) *** 1. 21 (1. 16. - 1. 25) *** Tertiary (16 + years) Income quintile Poorest 20% 1. 45 (1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that social media use is an observed risk factor for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). It presents odds ratios indicating that those who use social media more frequently are more likely to experience GAD compared to those who do not use social media, thereby supporting the assertion that excessive social media use is linked to increased anxiety and depression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: The main objective of the studies I and II was to examine if there were differences among genotype groups of the ADRB2 (Gln27Glu), ADRB3 (Trp64Arg), LEPR (Gln223Arg and Lys656Asn), and PPARG (Pro12Ala) genes during a controlled intervention in body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, percentage fat, android fat or visceral adipose tissue. The secondary objective of the studies I and II was to evaluate the influence of these polymorphisms on baseline variables, body mass index and percentage fat. The objective of study III was to examine differences between MCT1 (Glu490Asp/T1470T) genotype groups in body weight, BMI, percentage fat and percentage fat free mass. The objective of the study IV was to observe differences among genotype groups of the ADRB2 (Gln27Glu), ADRB3 (Trp64Arg), LEPR (Gln223Arg and Lys656Asn), MCT1 (Glu490Asp/T1470T) and PPARG (Pro12Ala) genes 3 years after a free living follow up in body weight, BMI, fat mass and percentage fat. Research design. This thesis is part of de Programas de Nutrición y Actividad Física para el Tratamiento de la Obesidad () project carried out in Spain. project was a clinical trial including 22-week long controlled exercise and diet program. The weight loss intervention for overweight and obese participants applied a hypocaloric diet and aimed to compare different exercise protocols (supervised: strength, endurance, combined strength and endurance and non-supervised: physical activity recommendations) in order to see which is the most effective. Strengthening the project, genetic polymorphisms related to obesity phenotypes were incorporated too. Results. Glu27 carriers of the ADRB2 gene in the supervised men group reduced weight and BMI more than the non-carriers (p=0. 019, 2. 52 kg and p=0. 019, 0. 88 kg/m2). Non-supervised women carrying of the Arg64 allele of the ADRB3 gene ended up with higher fat mass values than non-carriers after the intervention (p=0. 004, 7. 22 kg). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing genetic polymorphisms and their impact on body weight and metabolism rather than focusing on gut bacteria. It provides detailed findings from studies related to specific genes and their effects on weight loss interventions, indicating a focus on genetic influence rather than microbial influence on metabolism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: These domains were similarly resistant to trypsin treatment even up to concentrations as high as 1 mg/ml (Figure 5B), as found previously [22]. Moreover, the use of heparin to disrupt the ionic interaction of SecA with phospholipids had no effect [22], and Na 2CO3 extraction after trypsin treatment also proved to be similar for the domains in proteoliposomes and in membranes (Table 2). Thus, the N68 and N39 domains could not be extracted by Na 2CO3, indicating the integral nature of their association with liposomes and membranes (even though N68 is soluble without lipids) while the M48 domain was seen to be partially extracted (about 50%), indicating that it is in a more aqueous environment; as reported earlier under conditions of protein translocation [22]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Characterization of the protease-resistant domains from membrane or EM-associated SecA. (A) The effect of nucelotide binding on the stability of the M48 domain was determined using similar proteolysis reaction conditions to those undertaken in Fig. 4, except in the presence of 2 mM ATP or AMP-PNP and 4 mM Mg(OAc)2. (B) The stabilization effect of membranes and N39 with EM on the M48 domain was assayed using proteolytic reactions to those carried out in panel A at the trypsin concentrations indicated. (C) The effect that integrity of the membrane has upon stability of the M48 domain was ascertained by undertaking proteolysis at different concentration of trypsin in the presence of Triton-X100 (1%) or malto-dodecylmaltoside (DM, 2%) as indicated. Reaction conditions used were similar to those defined in panel A. (%)Liposomes (%)Liposomes+N39 (%)TKNa2CO3HeparinTKNa2CO3HeparinTKNa2CO3HeparinSecA100123±7. 268±12100130±9. 581±33100115±1295±3468kDa100113±1092±23100128±7. 888±31100110±2575±2348kDa10036±4102±1910042±8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the protease-resistant domains of SecA and their stability under various reaction conditions, without mentioning mechanical stress or conformational changes in protein structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: As a result, social media users have been isolated from social interaction and a mental illness called anxiety depression has been developed [23, 24]. The generalized anxiety disorder was significantly higher after 50 years age, female, trusted in science and traditional healers and used the social media in past 30 days. The respondents, who used social media once a day or less frequent were low prevalence of GAD than who used every hour and sooner. Our study shows the overall prevalence of GAD was 20%, young age (15–30) year 1. 24 times, female 1. 21times, elementary/primary education 1. 34 times, poorest twenty 1. 39 times and who use social media several times an hour more likely to be GAD with reference to early old age, male, higher education, richest twenty and those who did not use social media in past 30 days. At the same time, old age group (65+), those trust in science and traditional healers and did not use social media in past 30 days less likely to be GAD. &(2015) found that prevalences of anxiety depression within 12 months and life time were 21% and 34% respectively [25]. In the USA, the government official report shows that Over 15% of adults experienced symptoms of anxiety that were either mild, moderate, or severe in the past 2 weeks and women are more likely to be anxiety than man [26]. Data from 23 community surveys in 21 countries of the Health (WMH) surveys in 2018 showed that 10% had anxiety disorder within 12 months[27]. Community survey in Italy was performed by et. al in 2021 and findings showed that overall lifetime prevalence in the sample was 2. 3%, with a markedly higher frequency in women [28]. A study by (2020) revels that the prevalence of GAD was more in older age than young age [29]. A study by et. al 2020 in Australia published in BMJ showed that women were more likely than men to have clinically significant symptoms of depression [30]. Study by et. al 2022 reveled that the young adult and male are more likely to be anxiety depression symptoms [31]. A study using the 2005–2016 Survey () USA 2022 concluded that young adults (35–49) and low poverty income ratio are more likely to be depressive symptoms in comparison early old age people, with old age group and low and medium poverty income ratio [32]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how social media users have shown higher prevalence rates of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). It indicates that individuals who used social media several times an hour were more likely to develop anxiety and depression symptoms compared to those who used it infrequently. This supports the idea that excessive social media use is linked to increased anxiety and depression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: No differences were seen for body weight and body composition changes for the LEPR polymorphisms. Women non-supervised carriers of the Ala12 allele of the PPARG gene reduced visceral adipose tissue (VAT) less than non-carriers (p=0. 024, 0. 32 kg). No differences were found at baseline comparisons. Female non-carriers of the Glu490 allele of the MCT1 gene reduced weight and BMI more than Glu490 allele carriers (p=0. 004, 3. 88 kg, effect size (ES) moderate and most likely positive and p=0. 00037, 1. 48 kg/m2, ES large and most likely positive). In the female non-supervised group Glu490 allele carriers of the MCT1 gene ended up with higher values of percentage fat (p=0. 025, 1. 94%), while the contrary in men, Glu490 allele carriers reduced fat more (p=0. 037, 1. 87%). In women non-carriers of the Glu490 allele of the MCT1 gene finished the program with higher percentage fat free mass values than the carriers of the Glu490 allele (p=0. 005, 2. 76%, ES small and possibly negative). In the follow up study, carriers of the Arg64 allele of the ADRB3 gene in men regained more weight and increased BMI more than non-carriers, however effect size was unclear. Male carriers of the Arg223 allele of the LEPR gene had higher percentage fat values than non-carriers, however effect size also was unclear. No other differences were seen between polymorphisms and follow up phenotypes. Conclusions. Conclusions of study I: The Gln27Glu polymorphism of the ADRB2 gene does not seem to influence weight or body composition changes. Arg64 allele of the ADRB3 gene in women might be disadvantageous in reducing fat mass and fat percentage during a weight loss program. Conclusions of study II: The Gln223Arg polymorphism and the Lys656Asn polymorphism of the LEPR gene does not seem have effect on influence weight or body composition changes. Ala12 allele might imply difficulty in losing visceral adipose tissue. The ADRB2 Gln27Glu, the ADRB3 Trp64223Arg and Lys656Asn polymorphisms are not likely to influence baseline obesity phenotypes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various genetic polymorphisms and their associations with weight and body composition changes. It indicates that certain genes, such as those related to the ADRB2 and LEPR, do not seem to influence weight or body composition changes, suggesting that the role of gut bacteria is not invoked in these changes. The conclusions emphasize that specific polymorphisms may affect weight but do not directly support the notion that gut bacteria play a significant role in metabolism or body weight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: It is interesting to note that N39 forms partial ring structures while the larger N68 did not, indicating the dynamic nature of the formation and maintenance of these domain structures. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 6. AFM images of SecA and its domains suggesting a model of a SecA channel for protein secretion. (A) Structural variations adopted by purified SecA and a series of its truncated domains were determined by incubating them in the presence and absence of lipid bilayers (+/- L) prepared from E. coli extracted lipid mixtures. Sheets of mica were freshly cleaved and samples were prepared as previously described [14]. The upper rights images are a series of zoomed-in images of N39 and M48 incubated in the presence of liposomes and, are not shown to scale. The estimated sizes for SecA, N39 and M48 are 10. 3 ± 1. 0 nm, 7. 1 ± 0. 4 nm and 6. 2 ± 0. 4 nm, respectively, with n>15. (B) Potential trypsin cleavage sites of N68, and N39 and M48, in SecA are shown along with the location of the two nucleotide binding sites, each with its own attendant and B motifs (orange bars). The location of each of the potential cleavage sites in the crystal lattice structure of SecA in either the open-state (a) or in the closed-state (b) are also shown. The potential cleavage-site 1 (609-613) is colored in magenta, while the cleavage-site forming the N39 region is colored in red and the cleavage-site separating M48 from C10 is colored in yellow. (C) A model as to how the asymmetric dimer of SecA forms a functional channel that allows protein precursors to be translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane and into the periplasm. The two distinct forms of integral SecA (SecAM and SecAS) together form the structural channel that can be observed for SecA alone using AFM and TEM (lower right frames). SecAM consists of N39, M48 and C10, and SecAS, consists of N68 with ATPase activity and C34, and appears to adopt the same conformation as SecA in its fully soluble form. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address mechanical stress or its effect on protein structures. Instead, it discusses structural variations in SecA protein and its domains in the presence and absence of lipid bilayers, which does not relate to the claim about mechanical stress inducing conformational changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Young adults, female, lower educational attainment, poor economic status and excessive use of social media are high risk factors for GAD and trust in science and traditional healers are less likely to be GAD. Ethical and careful use of social media could be beneficial but high frequently use of social media is an addiction and increase the risk of GAD. On the other hand, the content and unverified information could be great risk for mental illness. There were different obstacles to get the information during the COVID 19 peak time. Being a telephone interview, there might be possibility of information and communication bias during the data collection time. Based on our findings, more specific studies are recommended by age, situation of public health emergencies, employment group education groups etc. Declarationsare grateful with who provided the assess the data for further analysis. We provide sincere thanks to the respondents who provided the research response during the COVID 19 peak time. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. funding. Availability of data and materials The data is free access online can be reached in this link Authors contribution CR conceptualized, designed, prepared, reviewed, and led the 54. . Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: global burden and sociodemographic associations. Curr Psychiatry. 2023;30(1):44. . Risk factors for anxiety disorders: common and specific effects in a national sample. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(9):756–64. Zsila Á, Reyes MES. Pros & cons: impacts of social media on mental health. BMC Psychol. 2023;11(1):201. . [ Petryszak NG. . Rev. 1980;23(2):131–50. Freyd M. Introverts and Extroverts. Psychol Rev. 1924;31(1):74. Méndez-Diaz N, Akabr G, Parker-Barnes L. The evolution of social media and the impact on modern therapeutic relationships. Family J. 2022;30(1):59–66. . The evolution of social media influence - A literature review and research agenda. . 2022;2(2):100116. . Association of -Being, Health, and Self-Rated Health: to Use. Behav. 2019;46(2suppl):S69–80. Rutter M. Connections between child and adult psychopathology. Adolesc Psychiatry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that excessive use of social media is linked to an increased risk of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). It highlights that young adults who engage frequently with social media may be at higher risk for anxiety issues, reinforcing the notion that social media use can negatively impact mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: No había diferencias en cambio de peso o composición corporal en los polimorpfismos de LEPR. Mujeres no-supervisadas con el alelo Ala12 del gen PPARG bajaron el tejido adiposo visceral menos que los no-portadores (p=0. 024, 0. 32 kg). No se encontraron diferencias en las comparaciones de los valores basales. Mujeres no- portadores del alelo A del gen MCT1 bajaron el peso y el IMC más que los portadores (p=0. 004, 3. 88 kg, tamaño del efecto moderado y lo más probable positivo y p=0. 00037, 1. 48 kg/m2, tamaño del efecto grande y lo más probable positivo). Dentro de las mujeres no-supervisadas portadoras del alelo A del gen MCT1 terminaron el programa con valores mayores de porcentaje de grasa (p=0. 025, 1. 94%), pero el contrario en hombres, los portadores del alelo A bajaron más el porcentaje de grasa (p=0. 037, 1. 87%). Mujeres no portadoras del alelo A del gen MCT1 acabaron la intervención con más porcentaje de masa magra que los portadores (p=0. 005, 2. 76%, tamaño del efecto pequeño y possible negativo). En el estudio de seguimiento, portadores del alelo Arg64 del gen ADRB3 en hombres recuperaron más peso e incrementaron el IMC más que los no-portadores, aunque el tamaño del efecto fue dudoso. Hombres con el alelo Arg223 del gen LEPR tuvieron valores de porcentaje de grasa mayores que los no-portadores aunque el tamaño del efecto fue dudoso también. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific genetic factors and polymorphisms that impact body weight and composition in women and men, rather than focusing on the role of gut bacteria. It presents evidence of different outcomes in body weight depending on genetic polymorphisms, indicating that factors other than gut bacteria are influencing weight changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: In trying to determine critical characteristics of phospholipids that would facilitate formation of the M48 domain in SecA a variety of phospholipid mixtures were tested. The combinations of PG/PE or CL/PE in 1:3 mixtures were as effective as the liposomes made of extracted E. coli lipid mixtures in forming the lipid-specific M48 domain -as defined by limited trypsin proteolysis (Figure 1D). Similarly, liposomes made of PG/PC or CL/PC were also effective (Figure 1E). However, while PC had no discernible effect upon the proteolytic integrity of SecA, the presence of PG or CL phospholipids rendered SecA more susceptible to trypsin proteolysis (Figure 1B). Interestingly, even though PE is incapable of forming liposomes by itself, this positively charged phospholipid was able to induce formation of the lipid-specific M48 domain; albeit less effectively than in combination with either PG or CL. Intriguingly, PE/PC mixtures were unable to induce formation of the M48 domain. These results indicate and that there is a delicate balance in the interactions between these phospholipids and SecA and that SecA is highly sensitive to the composition of liposomes that is able to promote the necessary structural changes for SecA to adopt a lipid-specific SecAM ring-like configuration. Limited proteolysis and sequence analysis have shown that liposome-embedded SecA gives rise to the formation of the same major M48 and N39 fragments as membrane-embedded SecA [ [22] and Table 1]. Despite this similarity, the liposome-embedded SecA is found to be more sensitive to proteolysis at 37 °C and to lower concentrations of trypsin than membrane-embedded SecA (Figure 3C). While these results are not too surprising, they do suggest that some other membrane proteins would presumably contribute to the stability of the lipid-specific SecA domain under physiological growth conditions. In this regard, N-terminal SecA fragments, as well as unrelated membrane proteins CvaA or cytochrome C oxidase (but not other soluble proteins), were found to stabilize the formation of lipid-specific SecA domains in liposomes as effectively as membrane (Figure 4C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses the interactions of various phospholipids and their effects on the protein SecA in relation to liposome formation and proteolytic susceptibility. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: 1996;5:4–7. . Loneliness among young adults during COVID-19 pandemic: The mediational roles of social media use and social support seeking. J Psychol. 2020;39(8):708–26. . Usage of social media during the pandemic: Seeking support and awareness about COVID-19 through social media platforms. J Public Affairs. 2020;20(4):e2417. Khodabakhsh S, Ahmadi S. The relationship between subjective happiness and social media usage during the COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating role of resilience. Aloma: revista de psicologia, ciències de l'educació i de l'esport Blanquerna 2020, 38(2):105–112. Lee J, Jang S-n. Have changes in Internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic affected older adults’ self-rated health? A cross-sectional study of young-old and old-old populations in Korea. Geriatr Nurs. 2022;48:141–5. Ngien A, Jiang S. The effect of social media on stress among young adults during COVID-19 pandemic: Taking into account fatalism and social media exhaustion. Health Commun. 2022;37(10):1337–44. . Link between excessive social media use and psychiatric disorders. Surg. 2023;85(4):875–8. . . Rev. 2022;112(11):3660–93. . Age differences in major depression: results from the (NCS-R). Psychol Med. 2010;40(2):225–37. . Gender differences of depression and anxiety among social media users during the COVID-19 outbreak in China:a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1648. Methodology. [ The neuroanatomy of social trust predicts depression vulnerability. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):16724. . Addiction and the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Addict. 2023;21(1):96–110. . Social media addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychology: J psychosocial Res cyberspace 2019, 13(1). Bandelow B, Michaelis S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing studies that link excessive social media use to various psychological outcomes, including anxiety and depression, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, it discusses the relationship between social media use and stress among young adults and mentions psychiatric disorders linked to excessive social media use.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: No se encontraron otras diferencias entre polimorfismos y fenotipos del seguimiento. Conclusiones. Conclusiones del estudio I: El polimorfismo Gln27Glu del gen ADRB2 no parece influir los cambios de peso corporal o composición corporal. El alelo Arg64 del gen ADRB3 en mujeres puede ser desventajoso para reducir masa grasa y porcentaje de grasa durante un programa de pérdida de peso. Conclusiones del estudio II: Los polimorfismos Gln223Arg y Lys656Asn del gen LEPR no parecen influir en los cambios de peso corporal o composición corporal. El alelo Ala12 del gen PPARG podría implicar dificultad en perder tejido adiposo visceral. No es probable que los polimorfismos ADRB2 Gln27Glu, ADRB3 Trp64223Arg y Lys656Asn influyen fenotipos basales relacionados a la obesidad. Conclusiones del estudio III: Tener el alelo Glu490 del gen MCT1 puede ser relacionada a reducciones menores en peso corporal y IMC después de un programa de pérdida de peso. El alelo Glu490 puede ser desventajoso para mujeres para bajar porcentaje de grasa, pero ventajoso para hombres. Finalmente, las conclusiones del estudio IV: El alelo Arg64 del gen ADRB3 puede ser desventajoso en mantener el peso corporal. El alelo Arg223 del gen LEPR puede facilitar la recuperación de grasa corporal durante el seguimiento en hombres. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing findings from multiple studies concerning polymorphisms in various genes and their relationship with body weight and fat composition. It explicitly states that certain genetic polymorphisms do not appear to influence body weight or composition changes. For example, it mentions, 'El polimorfismo Gln27Glu del gen ADRB2 no parece influir los cambios de peso corporal.' This indicates a lack of direct evidence linking genetic factors—often associated with gut health and microbial composition—to metabolism or body weight, directly opposing the assertion that gut bacteria affect these aspects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: This is particularly noteworthy in that, while SecYEG complexes have been reported to bind SecA with a high affinity [59,60,61,62], SecYEG complexes are not essential for the higher stability of SecA in the membrane, since SecYEG-depleted membranes (with concentrations of SecYEG less than 1%) yield the same lipid-specific SecA proteolytic fragments as those of wild-type membranes (Figure 4A). The requirement of some additional membrane proteins to stabilize SecA conformation underscores the importance of a more rigid state of phospholipids at high temperatures for SecA to function in the membrane. Thus, although anionic liposomes are sufficient to induce the formation of lipid-specific domains in SecA other membrane proteins are required to maintain such conformations under physiological conditions. In this regard, the formation of SecA ring-structures were observed with phospholipids at lower temperatures, albeit less stable at higher temperatures [70]. This requirement for membrane proteins emphasizes the fluidity of phospholipids in the absence of membrane proteins. These proteins may have two functions: 1) SecYEG and SecA N-terminal domains directly interact with SecA to stabilize its conformation; 2) unrelated membrane proteins insert into lipids and stabilize the neighboring liposome structure, which in turn stabilizes the inserted SecA conformations to produce the M48 lipid-specific domain. The middle M48 domain can be formed by tryptic treatment theoretically from either N95 or C95 that is missing 60-70 aa residues at either end, yet deletion of the N-terminal 60 aa (C95) renders this truncated SecA incapable of forming the M48 proteolytic domain (Figure 2C) and protein translocation (Figure 2E), and unable to complement the temperature-sensitive SecA amber mutation BL21. 19. In contrast, deletion of C-terminal 60 aa (N95) of SecA has no effect on the formation of the M48 proteolytic fragment (Figure 2C) and is capable of promoting protein translocation in liposomes (Figure 2E). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to discuss the stability and conformational aspects of the SecA protein in various membrane conditions without directly addressing the claim regarding mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Thus, the relevance to the claim is minimal, and it does not provide information that supports or refutes it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Neurosci. 2015;17(3):327–35. Symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder among adults: United States, 2019: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for and &#8230. Alonso J, Liu Z, Evans-‐Gaxiola S, Al‐Hamzawi A, Andrade LH. Treatment gap for anxiety disorders is global: Results of the in 21 countries. Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(3):195–208. ’Osso L, et al. The lifetime prevalence and impact of generalized anxiety disorders in an epidemiologic Survey carried out by clinicians by means of semi-structured interviews. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):48. . Prevalence and factors for anxiety during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic among the teachers in China. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:153–8. Hammarberg K, Tran T. Sex and age differences in clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety among people in Australia in the first month of COVID-19 restrictions: a national survey. 2020, 10(11):e042696. . Young adult anxiety or depressive symptoms and mental health service utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health. 2022;70(6):985–8. . Symptoms in U. S. Adults, Matter: 2005–2016. . 2022;19(10):6227. . Modeling pandemic depression and anxiety: The mediational role of core beliefs and meaning making. J Rep. 2020;2:100023. . The role of emotion beliefs in depression, anxiety, and stress. Australian Psychol:1–10. . Perceptions of for in Rural Gujarat. Health. 2014;80(2):96–102. Ranabhat CL, Kim C-B, Park M-B, Bajgai J. Impact of spiritual behavior on self-reported illness: a cross-sectional study among women in the Kailali district of Nepal. J Lifestyle Med. 2018;8(1):23. ños RM. The relationship between social media use, anxiety and burden caused by coronavirus (COVID-19) in Spain. Curr Psychol. 2022;41(10):7441–7. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing a study, 'The relationship between social media use, anxiety and burden caused by coronavirus (COVID-19) in Spain,' which suggests a direct connection between social media use and anxiety and depression. This supports the assertion that excessive social media usage can contribute to these mental health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Probiotics for human health –new innovations and emerging trends report Open access Published: 26 November 2012 Probiotics for human health –new innovations and emerging trends Sunita Grover1, Rashmi1, Srivastava1 & …Batish1 Show authors 2010. Backed up with more than 200 registered members represented by faculty and students from academic organizations and industry as corporate members, PAi initiated the process of organizing its first annual conference from a broader perspective to give a global touch to this scientific event by clubbing it with an International symposium with the theme title “Probiotics for Human Health- ”. Accordingly, the 1st of PAi and on “Probiotics for Human Health- ” was organized on 27th-28th August, 2012 at. The conference was attended by about 200 participants from different parts of India and abroad. The eminent speakers invited for delivering their lead papers in their respective areas of interest in probiotic research in different plenary and scientific sessions of the conference included seven from abroad representing Finland, Spain, Ireland, UK/Scotland, Australia, Denmark and and nine from India. Three of the overseas speakers in the conference were nominated by Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP). The proceedings of the two day conference as per the program schedule are summarized below. Session on oral presentations by young researchersThe conference began with a session on oral presentations by young researchers to present and exchange new data and cutting edge ideas in the field of probiotics. A total of six young researchers presented their recent work on probiotics in their respective areas of research and their performance was monitored by an expert panel of three judges comprising of Dr. C. S. ; Dr. Karen Scott, of Nutrition and Health, Scotland, UK and Dr. Nagendra Shah, Professor of Food Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Senan from GAU, Anand, Gujarat, the first speaker in the session presented her work on the annotation of complete whole genome sequence of Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463 [1], the indigenous probiotic strain (claimed to exhibit significant antimicrobial activity, lowering of cholesterol in humans along with expressing positive immuno-modulating effects) from safety perspective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing insight into the complexity of probiotic research and the variability of probiotics' effects on human health. It mentions that different probiotic strains can exhibit varying health effects and emphasizes the need for ongoing research, rather than suggesting that probiotics alone can resolve all gut health issues.