Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: diagram illustrates that the significant changed ARO between C and HFD, F and HFD groups had 71 and 48, respectively, and 23 common ARO (Figure 6a). The LDA showed that ARO:3002368 (PER-6), ARO:3002651 (APH(3')-Vc), ARO:3002817 (carA) were the predominant genes of the HFD, F, and C groups (Figure 6b). The HFD group demonstrated higher levels of APH (3')-(2')-Ia, chrB, fexA, vanTC, TriC, baeR, baeS, amrB, AAC (6')-Iih, tet (J), CMY-38, lsaE and Bacillus clausii chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, and lower levels of carA and adeC, compared with C group. However, the F group showed significantly higher levels of vgbA, MexT, vanD, clbA, carA and adeC than those in the HFD group (Figure 6c). The spearmen correlation analysis demonstrated that the above mentioned 6 ARO were positively related with decreased bacteria in HFD group, and negatively related with increased bacteria species in HFD group (Figure 6d, 6). Overall, the analysis of the microbiome-associated genes revealed that the HFD group displayed a dysfunction in several pathways of the and eggNOG databases. The metabolism of energy, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and nucleotides was shown to be more disrupted in the HFD group than the C group. However, these metabolic pathways and their related gene expression were regulated in the F group, which established a healthy intestinal condition. DiscussionIn current study, metagenomic analysis revealed the beneficial impact of fenofibrate treatment on the structure and function of the gut microbiota in hamsters with an HFD. Specifically, we observed a significant increase in the abundance of Bacteroides, a genus of bacteria widely recognized as beneficial for the body. Additionally, we noticed an enrichment of specific species within the Bacteroides genus, including Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides intestinalis, and Bifidobacterium animalis, all of which have been known to exert health-promoting effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that dietary interventions, specifically fenofibrate treatment, positively impacted the gut microbiota in hamsters with a high-fat diet (HFD). It indicates a significant increase in beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroides, which is recognized for its health-promoting effects. This supports the idea that certain diets can enhance the diversity and function of gut microbiota.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Creating more MPAs will stop all ocean biodiversity loss. [SEP] Text: The formal definition of biodiversity comes from the UN Convention on which describes it as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. ” The key word is variability. Biodiversity is more than an elephant, a herd of elephants, or the entire world population of elephants. It is the diversity of life and the ecological interactions between diverse lifeforms that matters most. Diversity matters because it has a big effect on the productivity and stability of natural ecosystems, and on the services they provide, many of which are important for key development sectors. Crop genetic diversity increases the yield of agricultural crops, tree species diversity enhances wood production in plantations, plant species diversity produces better fodder in grasslands, and fish species diversity is associated with more stable catches. 4 More diverse systems are also more resilient to climate fluctuations. 5Diversity is not the only important property of natural systems from a development and poverty reduction perspective. Many benefits people, particularly those of a lower socioeconomic background, get from nature are dependent on the abundance of particular species as they are on the species diversity. How well ecosystems provide people with developmental benefits also depends on their condition and extent, and on the specific functions certain species, groups of species, or ecosystems carry out (eg, sources of food, absorbers of air pollution, and natural barriers against storm surges). Crucially, however, diversity underpins the abundance, extent, and condition of nature and ecosystems and is needed to secure the flow of benefits to people in the future, particularly in the face of changing environmental conditions. Biodiversity is about not just the wealth of nature, but also the health of nature. Loss of biodiversity undermines ecosystems' abilities to function effectively and efficiently and thus undermines nature's ability to support a healthy environment. This is particularly important in a changing climate in which loss of biodiversity reduces nature's resilience to change. It is also particularly important for people of a lower socioeconomic background who are more directly dependent on nature than are others, and who will be hit the soonest and hardest because of their existing vulnerability to climate change. Although some loss of biodiversity is normal, the current rate of extinction is unprecedented being up to 1000 times higher than natural background rates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and importance of biodiversity beyond just the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). It explains that biodiversity is not solely about the number of protected areas but includes the variability among living organisms and their ecological interactions. While MPAs can help, the text highlights that the loss of biodiversity is affected by numerous factors and that the current rates of extinction are unprecedented. This implies that solely creating more MPAs may not be sufficient to halt biodiversity loss.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 8 kV, 25 μF and 350 Ω) in a pre-chilled 1 mm cuvette using a Bio-Rad gene Pulser (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). After pulsing, cells were inoculated into 10 ml of LOC medium (low osmolarity complex growth medium, [29]) and incubated for 4 hours at 75°C. 100 μl of the culture was transferred into 20 ml of defined medium without uracil. After 18 hours incubation at 75°C, cells were harvested by centrifugation (at 6000 × g for 20 min) and resuspended in 1 ml of 1× basal salts. 100 microliters of the cell suspension was plated onto solid defined media with 40 μM uracil and 8 mM 5-FOA (5- fluoroorotic acid monohydrate). Analytical techniques for determining fermentation end productsBatch fermentations were conducted in stoppered 125 ml serum bottles containing 50 ml LOD medium with 5 g/l maltose, cellobiose or switchgrass. Cultures of JWCB005 and JWCB017 were supplemented with 40 μM uracil. Triplicate bottles were inoculated with a fresh 2% (v/v) inoculum and incubated at 75°C without shaking. Total cell dry weight (CDW) was determined by concentrating 25 ml of each culture on dried, preweighed 47 mm Supor membrane filters (0. 45, Pall Corp. , Ann Arbor, MI) and washed with 10 ml of ddH2O. Cell retentates were dried for 16 hours at 85°C and weighed on an analytical balance. Culture supernatants were analyzed via HPLC using a 2 system (Waters Chromatography, Milford, MA) operated under isocratic conditions at 0. 6 ml/min with 5 mM H2SO4 as a mobile phase. Analytes were separated on an Aminex HPX-87H column (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) at 60°C and monitored via refractive index (RI) using a Waters 2414 RI detector. Total peak areas were integrated using 2 software and compared against peak areas and retention times of known standards for each analyte of interest. H2 was measured using an 6850 Series II equipped with a thermal conductivity detector at 190°C with a N2 reference flow and a HP-(30 m * 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast for biofuel production. It discusses technical details of an experimental procedure involving yeast culture and analytical methods without mentioning the design or yield of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Bacteroides ovatus has demonstrated close associations with beneficial metabolites, making it a beneficial strain for the host. Through its metabolism, it can produce a beneficial metabolite called N-methylserotonin, which has been shown to promote weight loss, reduce fat accumulation, and enhance intestinal transit (Han et al. 2022). Moreover, Bacteroides ovatus has been found to alleviate inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides in mice, exhibiting its potential in reducing intestinal inflammation and gastrointestinal disorders (Ihekweazu et al. 2021; Li et al. 2022; Hayase et al. 2023). Bacteroides intestinalis belongs to the Bacteroides genus, members of which are known to degrade complex arabinoxylans and xylan from dietary fibers, including wheat, rye, oat, and barley (Martens et al. 2011). These degradation products, including butyrate and ferulic acid, have been shown to have a protective role in the intestinal mucosa (Hong et al. 2014; Yasuma et al. 2021). Parabacteroides goldsteinii, belongs to the Parabacteroides genus. Studies have indicated that its intestinal colonization can also contribute to reducing intestinal inflammation (Lai et al. 2022). For instance, research has shown that orally administering live Parabacteroides goldsteinii to mice fed a HFD can lead to decreased obesity. This is often accompanied by increased heat production in adipose tissue, improved intestinal integrity, and reduced levels of inflammation and insulin resistance (Wu et al. 2019). Bifidobacterium animalis belongs to the Bifidobacterium genus, which is widely recognized as a physiologically beneficial bacterium with various important functions for human health. These functions include acting as a biological barrier, providing nutritional benefits, exhibiting anti-tumor effects, enhancing immune activity, improving gastrointestinal function, and promoting anti-aging effects (Araujo et al. 2022). Supplementation with Bifidobacterium has been shown to prevent obesity and hyperlipidemia in mice with diet-induced obesity. It achieves this by increasing the production of secondary bile acids, activating the TGR5 pathway in brown adipose tissue, and subsequently increasing energy expenditure in the body. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various beneficial bacterial strains, such as Bacteroides ovatus and Bifidobacterium animalis, which are influenced by dietary components. For example, it mentions that Bacteroides intestinalis degrades dietary fibers from wheat, rye, oat, and barley, resulting in protective degradation products like butyrate that positively affect gut health. Additionally, it highlights the roles of these microbes in reducing inflammation and improving metabolism, which supports the notion that certain diets can enhance the diversity and beneficial impact of gut microbiota.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Creating more MPAs will stop all ocean biodiversity loss. [SEP] Text: 6 Development professionals need to engage, because the current rate of loss poses a severe threat to key development priorities (eg, health and hunger; panel). 7PanelEffect of biodiversity loss on health and hunger7HungerFisheriesDeclines in the diversity of fish species is strongly associated with lower catches, decreased resilience to exploitation, and higher incidence of stock collapse. AgricultureLoss of genetic diversity reduces crop yields. Loss of soil biodiversity makes soil less resilient and undermines its ability to support wild and cultivated food plants. Agricultural systems' capacity to adapt to environmental change depends on maintaining diversity in cropping systems, crop varieties, and animal breeds. HealthHuman health is directly linked to food production and because biodiversity affects food availability (both wild and cultivated), it also affects health. Loss of crop diversity, and subsequent reliance on agrochemicals to compensate for lowered plant resilience and poor soil, exposes people to health damaging pollutants. Even if the quantity of food is maintained, a scarcity of diversity limits dietary diversity and nutritional health. The health of 60% of the world's population who use largely plant-based traditional medicines, particularly people of a lower socioeconomic background who cannot afford modern substitutes, is compromised as wild-collected medicinal plants become less available. The loss of biodiversity limits ecosystems' evolutionary potential to continue to produce new, therapeutic plant varieties, as well as missing out on potentially useful compounds that are lost before the species that bear them have been recorded. Around 50% of modern drugs have been developed from natural products, and new discoveries are continuously emerging and increasingly undermined by biodiversity loss. Disease burden on humans is increased, particularly on those of a lower socioeconomic background and vulnerable groups. For example, watershed degradation is correlated with increased diarrhoea (a mojor cause of child mortality) among people of a lower socioeconomic status who depend on untreated water sources. In 2020, the international community will agree on a new 10-year framework for biodiversity management. Developing this new framework into one that works for both biodiversity and for people requires active engagement by the development community, and there are some actions that could be taken to enable this. First, nature-proofing development interventions. For many years now, development professionals have recognised the need to climate-proof their investments. Similarly, they should understand the risks of biodiversity loss and build biodiversity safeguards into development interventions, particularly investments in infrastructure, extractive industries, large-scale agriculture, and tourism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the multifaceted nature of biodiversity loss, specifically noting that loss of diversity in fish species negatively impacts fisheries, and loss of genetic diversity in agriculture diminishes crop yields and health outcomes. It suggests that simply creating more Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) may not address the broader issues affecting biodiversity in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, including socio-economic factors and development interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 32 mm). To measure organic acid production, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis was performed. One-dimensional 1H-NMR spectra were recorded at 298 K with a Varian Inova-NMR operating at 600 MHz for 1H and equipped with a 5-mm NMR cold probe. Samples (500 μL) of cell free culture media were mixed with 150 μL of D2O as internal lock and immediately analyzed. 128 scans were recorded for each sample using a pre-saturation method to suppress the water resonance. The amounts of the most abundant components in the samples were calculated by integration of the proton signals in the spectra. The data were normalized to the amount of acetic acid in each sample. Biomass preparationAir-dried switchgrass (Panicum virgatum, Alamo variety) was reduced to 60 mesh using a Wiley Mini-Mill (). The ground switchgrass was subjected to a hot water treatment similar to that described by Yang et. al. [12] however the biomass was boiled in distilled H2O (2% w/v) for 1 hour rather than treating overnight at 75°C. The switchgrass was then washed and dried overnight at 50°C before dispensing into serum bottles as previously described [12]. Abbreviationsldh: L-lactate dehydrogenase CBP: Consolidated bioprocessing 5-FOA: 5-Fluoroorotic aicd HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance LOD: Low osmolarity defined growth medium LOC: Low osmolarity complex growth medium CDW: Cell dry weight RI: Refractive index GC: Gas chromatography. 807. 10. 1126/science. 1137016297. 10. 1196/annals. 1419. 026320. 10. 1016/j. pbi. 2008. 04. 001223. 10. 1002/bit. 21386100. 157. 10. 1016/j. tibtech. 2007. 02. 00926. 10. 1007/s00253-004-1642-299. 577. 10. 1128/MMBR. 66. 3. 506-577. 20021020. 10. 1128/AEM. 01903-09217. 10. 1016/j. copbio. 2008. 04. 0076725. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information regarding the claim about bioengineered yeast and its capability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses analytical methods and preparation of biomass without mentioning yeast or biofuel production specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: This mechanism illustrates how the interplay between polysaccharides, microbiota, and Bifidobacterium contributes to weight loss (Wang et al. 2022). Bifidobacterium animalis is one of the beneficial strains that has been used in clinical practice for many years (Chouraqu et al. 2004) and is widely employed in various health products (Tsai et al. 2022). It has been shown to effectively reduce cholesterol levels, possess anti-cancer properties, contribute to anti-aging effects, and exhibit a range of other benefits. These findings suggest that fenofibrate can stimulate the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, thereby playing a role in reducing cholesterol and improving overall lipid profiles. Allobaculum stercoricanis is a Gram-positive bacterium belonging to the Erysipelotrichidae family. Studies have demonstrated that treatment with Allobaculum stercoricanis can provide protection against hepatic fat accumulation under metabolic stress, thus alleviating the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Li et al. 2023). Lactobacillus reuteri, a probiotic strain capable of colonizing various mammalian hosts, possesses antibacterial properties that can inhibit the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms and reshape the composition of symbiotic microbial communities. Additionally, Lactobacillus reuteri is beneficial for the host immune system by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting the development and functionality of regulatory T cells. Moreover, this probiotic has the ability to enhance intestinal barrier function, potentially reducing the translocation of microorganisms from the intestinal lumen to the tissues (Mu et al. 2018). Bacteroides acidifaciens, a member of the Bacteroidetes phylum, is considered one of the prevalent species within the intestinal commensal bacterial population. Research has shown that Bacteroides acidifaciens can prevent obesity and improve insulin sensitivity (Yang et al. 2017). Furthermore, it has demonstrated a protective effect on liver injury (Proctor et al. 2017). The aforementioned findings indicate that treatment with fenofibrate promotes the growth of probiotic bacteria and helps maintain a healthy gut microbial ecosystem. Alistipes timonensis is a bacterium that was found to be significantly enriched after fenofibrate treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various probiotic bacteria and their benefits on gut health and overall well-being. For instance, it mentions that 'Lactobacillus reuteri' can reshape the composition of symbiotic microbial communities and enhance intestinal barrier function, indicating that dietary components affecting these probiotics could positively influence gut microbiota diversity. Moreover, it highlights that 'treatment with fenofibrate promotes the growth of probiotic bacteria and helps maintain a healthy gut microbial ecosystem,' thus supporting the assertion that certain diets can have a beneficial impact on gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Creating more MPAs will stop all ocean biodiversity loss. [SEP] Text: Second, recognition and investment in biodiversity for development and climate change resilience. As well as avoiding undermining biodiversity, we need to invest in ways that maximise its potential. Biodiversity directly supports export earnings, gross domestic product, and jobs in a wide variety of economic sectors from tourism to agriculture, and it therefore needs to be sustainably managed for these sectors to successfully grow. There is increasing international interest in nature-based solutions to development and climate change challenges, but these need to emphasis diverse nature over monocultures. For example, large-scale afforestation programmes on the in China have involved plantations of single, non-native species, which have been effective at reducing soil erosion but compromised water supplies for agriculture and domestic use and have brought fewer ecosystem services overall than have areas where natural vegetation has been allowed to regrow. 8Last, engagement with the conservation sector. It is crucial that the development community challenges interventions that might disadvantage people of a lower socioeconomic background—such as militarised conservation or exclusionary protected areas—and encourage those that focus on components of biodiversity that are particularly important to these people, including plant and animal species for food, medicines, and income. In 2020, biodiversity is as much a development priority as is the climate change emergency and therefore needs much more proactive engagement and response from the development community. I declare no competing interests. 1. Trompiz, GScientists warn a million species at risk of extinctionReuters, May 6, 2019 RLoss of biodiversity just as catastrophic as climate changeThe Guardian, May 6, 2019 accessed: June 5, 20193. Warren, T ∙ Baker, KWWF funds guards who have tortured and killed people. BJ ∙ Duffy, JE ∙ Gonzalez, A ∙ et al. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanityNature. 2012; 486:59-67CrossrefScopus (4804)PubMed5. Isbell, F ∙ Craven, D ∙ Connolly, J ∙ et al. Biodiversity increases the resistance of ecosystem productivity to climate extremesNature. 2015; 526:547-577CrossrefScopus (1064)6. íaz S, Ngo HT Ngo. IPBES global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science–on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. ; Bonn; 2019. 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while investment in biodiversity and nature-based solutions are necessary, they alone are not sufficient to stop biodiversity loss. It discusses the importance of sustainable management across various economic sectors and mentions the shortcomings of monoculture approaches in biodiversity conservation. The responsibility of the development community to address socioeconomic impacts of conservation measures implies that merely creating Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is not enough to effectively combat the complex issue of biodiversity loss and that a more holistic approach is needed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 97580 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechBiotechnology for by the Sugarcane - Biotechnology for by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionEngineered sugarcane provides superior genotypes with a regulated expression of endogenous and exogenous genes, improved enzymatic reactions and sugar production, resulting in increased bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass, recovery of sugars, and lipids for ethanol and diesel production. The genus Saccharum belongs to the family Poaceae with five major species; officinarum, sinense, barberi, robustum, and spontanuem, developed through complex hybridization. officinarum is mainly grown for sugar in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Where this crop meets up to 80% of world sugar requirement [1] is facing several problems including biotic and abiotic that affect its production. Conventional approaches lagged in solving the problems due to the complex genome and narrow genetic pool of sugarcane, however, advanced tools are employed to address biotic and abiotic problems, and to increase agronomic traits including yield, juice, and sugar. Further, improved sugarcane is being grown for bioethanol production in countries like the and China. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses Open Access publishing, the challenges faced by researchers, and touches on the improvement of sugarcane for bioethanol production, but it does not give any specific evidence or information about yeast or its design for biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Conversely, positive correlations were observed with six genes that exhibited an increase, namely adeC, carA, MexT, vgbA, clbA, and vanD (Figure 6d). The changes in gene expression and enzyme activity were dependent on the composition of bacterial species. In summary, the administration of fenofibrate resulted in the promotion of beneficial bacterial species (such as Bacteroides ovatus, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bacteroides intestinalis, Allobaculum stercoricanis, and Lactobacillus reuteri), along with the upregulation of genes involved in lipid and energy metabolism. Pathways associated with tryptophan metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism were positively influenced, leading to increased production of unsaturated fatty acids and indole. Analysis using the KEGG database indicated significant effects of fenofibrate on genes and pathways involved in lipid, energy, and amino acid metabolism. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of fenofibrate and provide a valuable foundation for future experimental and clinical studies, aiming to explore its practical applications. Further investigations that assess gut microbial composition, fenofibrate metabolites, enzyme activity, and gene expression levels are warranted to validate and expand upon our findings. AbbreviationsHDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, small dense low-density lipoprotein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; HFD, high-fat diet; C, control; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PCoA, principal coordinate analysis; of Genes and Genomes; KOs, orthologs; BCAAs, Branched-chain amino acids; CVD, cardiovascular disease. Declarationsauthor was grateful to the the OECloud tools for bioinformatic analysis. This 9334. (2005) Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 366: 1267-78. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing how the administration of fenofibrate resulted in the promotion of beneficial bacterial species, indicating that dietary interventions can positively influence gut microbiota diversity. The mention of specific bacterial species and the promotion of metabolic pathways associated with these species further corroborates the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fish populations will recover within a year if overfishing stops completely. [SEP] Text: Destruction of sea cucumber populations due to overfishing at area, access Published: 31 January 2019 Destruction of sea cucumber populations due to overfishing at area, : orcid. org/0000-0003-0910-24791 of Basic and 2016. ResultsIn 2000 and 2006, the total number of recorded species was 13 species, which decreased to only 7 species in 2016. The population density of sea cucumber were greatly affected by overfishing and showed a uniform pattern of very low density in 2006 and 2016 after the high density recorded in 2000. Holothuria atra recorded the highest density that reached 128. 1 ind. /100 m2 in 2000 and decreased to 120. 4 ind. /100 m2 in 2006 and 87. 4 ind. /100 m2 in 2016. The dramatic decrease in densities was observed in other recorded species as in Thelenota ananas which decreased from 48. 1 ind. /100 m2 in 2000 to only 5. 6 ind. /100 m2 in 2006 and completely disappeared during 2016. The total abundance of all sea cucumber species recorded during 2000 was 13,880 individuals, which decreased to 7700 individuals in 2006, then to only 2420 individuals in 2016. The remaining individuals in 2016 comprise only 17. 4% of the original population recorded in 2000, which means that 82. 6% of the sea cucumber populations were lost during the 16 years. The study showed a difference in relative abundance between different species and years. In 2000, the relative abundance ranged between 3. 03% for Actinopyga miliaris and 18. 44 for Holothuria atra. In 2006, the relative abundance ranged between 2. 08% for Stichopus horrens and 31. 17% for Holothuria atra. While in 2016, the relative abundance ranged between 0% for several species and 71. 9% for Holothuria atra. The total biomass recorded showed high decrease from 10,373. 8 kg in 2000 to 5461 kg during 2006 and 1379. 6 kg in 2016. ConclusionThe study revealed that sea cucumber species diversity and density were much reduced from 2000 to 2016. It also revealed a difference in dispersion among the different years of investigation, indicating the high influence of overfishing on the sea cucumber populations. BackgroundDuring the past two decades, sea cucumbers in the Sea have been the target of a persistent fishery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the long-term effects of overfishing on sea cucumber populations, showing that significant population declines occurred over years and indicating that many species did not recover even after six years. The data illustrates that the total abundance of sea cucumbers decreased drastically from 13,880 individuals in 2000 to only 2,420 individuals in 2016, demonstrating that recovery is not as quick as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Recently, sugarcane is engineered not only for bioethanol also for oil, hence it opens a window to develop purpose-grown sugarcane in the world. The 2. Sugarcane genetic improvementSugarcane has several unique characteristics compared to other cereals. Sugarcane is highly polyploid at its genome level, carries photosynthesis through C4 mechanism, chloroplast distribution in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells are few unique traits of this monocotyledonous plant. These traits of sugarcane make this plant one of the valuable specimens to explore its genetic potential. Despite considerable varietal improvement using conventional interventions, a serious effort to develop elite genotypes is required. Major hurdles in the genetic improvement of sugarcane are due to its genetic complexity, low fertility, long cycle, and climate-specific flowering nature of the crop. Under this scenario, biotechnology can play a leading role to improve and introduce commercially important traits into elite genotypes. Starting from the somaclonal selection under in vitro conditions to genetically engineering the genome of the crop each of the approaches has made it possible to develop new traits in sugarcane; including insect resistance, herbicide- and abiotic stresses-tolerance. Interestingly, with the introduction of synthetic elements, the pathways have been engineered in the sugarcane, resulting in various industrial and non-industrial products. Briefly describing the technology, each cell carries three major organelles; namely, nucleus, chloroplast, and mitochondria. Each of these organelles has its genome where the nuclear genome is routinely manipulated to develop new traits by exploiting two major approaches of gene transfer; Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic-mediated gene gun methods. Of these two methods, p2. 1 Genetic improvement for insect resistanceInsects are serious threats to the sugarcane industry, worldwide, though exact assessment of economic losses is difficult to record. However, fragmented information is available on individual pests. Major pests of the crop are chewing, sucking insects, and canegrubs, and termites. Amongst borers, the most common are top, stem, and root borers. Engineering the genome for enhanced resistance to insects is one of the success stories of transgenic technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the genetic improvement of sugarcane and its potential use in biofuel production, rather than directly addressing bioengineered yeast. While it mentions the engineering of sugarcane for bioethanol production, it does not provide relevant information about yeast or its capacity for biofuel production, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: (2022) Production of Indole and Indole-by the and Consequences for the Host: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Microorganisms 10: 930. (2022) Safety and the probiotic potential of Bifidobacterium animalis CP-9. J 87: 2211-2228. (2020) -2020 update: a report from the Association. Circulation 141: pp. e139-e596. (2022) Bacteroides acidifaciens in the gut plays a protective role against CD95-mediated liver injury. 14: 2027853. (2022) Polysaccharides from Lyophyllum decastes reduce obesity by altering gut microbiota and increasing energy expenditurea. 295:119862. (2022) Systemic and Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Mice. 12:839592. (2019) Gut commensal Parabacteroides goldsteinii plays a predominant role in the anti-obesity effects of polysaccharides isolated from Hirsutella sinensis. Gut 68: 248-262. (2017) Gut commensal Bacteroides acidifaciens prevents obesity and improves insulin sensitivity in mice. 10: 104-116. Yasuma T, Toda M, Abdel-Hamid AM, D'Alessandro-'(2021) of by Bacteroides intestinalis Enhance the Response. Microorganisms 9: 1126. (2022) of from on Human Health. 13: 903526. (2022) Triglyceride and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. Biosci 9: 909151. (2021) Berberine alleviates visceral hypersensitivity in rats by altering gut microbiome and suppressing spinal microglial activation. Sin 42: 1821-1833. (2010) Ab initio gene identification in metagenomic sequences. Res 38: 132-132. 10. 1093/nar/gkq275. (2020) Analysis of the Composition and Functions of the Microbiome in on 16S rRNA and Technology. Diabetes 69: 2423-2439. Supplementary FilesSupplementaryTables. xlsxSupplementary. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references various studies and findings that imply certain diets and dietary components, such as polysaccharides from Lyophyllum decastes and effects of specific gut bacteria like Bacteroides acidifaciens, have significant roles in altering gut microbiota. This suggests that specific dietary interventions can promote changes and benefits in gut microbiota composition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fish populations will recover within a year if overfishing stops completely. [SEP] Text: /100 m2 in 2000, decreased to only 10. 3 ind. /100 m2 in 2006, and completely disappeared during 2016 (Table 2). Table 2 Temporal variation in species density of sea cucumber populations (no. /100m2) at the surveyed siteFull size tableAbundance and relative abundanceThe total abundance of all sea cucumber species recorded during 2000 was 13,880 individuals and decreased to 7700 individuals in 2006 and then to only 2420 individuals in 2016. The remaining individuals in 2016 comprise only 17. 4% of the original population recorded in 2000, which means that 82. 6% of the sea cucumber populations were lost during the 16 years. The different sea cucumber populations showed differences in abundance during the period of study. Holothuria atra showed the highest abundance among all the sea cucumber species, with 2560 individuals recorded in 2000; it also showed minimum loss in the number of individuals during the years of study (2400 and 1740 individuals in 2006 and 2016, respectively) and high remaining percentage (67. 9%), and the loss in the population was only 32. 1% of the population. scabra, 1300 individuals were recorded in 2000, which dramatically decreased to only 200 individuals in 2006 and completely disappeared in 2016; with 0% of remaining individuals and 100% of loss, all the population vanished in 2016. The same situation was recorded for Actinopyga mauritiana that decreased from 520 individuals in 2000 to 180 individuals in 2006 and was completely destroyed in 2016 and Bohadschia similis that decreased from 700 individuals in 2000 to 360 individuals in 2006 and was completely destroyed in 2016. The populations of Bohadschia argus, Stichopus horrens, and Thelenota ananas exhibit the same recorded pattern of 680, 840, and 960 individuals, respectively, in 2000 which decreased to 440, 160, and 100 individuals in 2006 and disappeared in 2016 (Table 3). Table 3 Abundances of different sea cucumber populations recorded during the period of study (2000–2016) at areaFull size tableThe relative abundance of different sea cucumber species were calculated, and it was obvious that there were differences in relative abundance between different species and during the different years. In 2000, the relative abundance ranged between 3. 03% for Actinopyga miliaris and 18. 44 for Holothuria atra. In 2006, the relative abundance ranged between 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing data on the dramatic decline of sea cucumber populations over a 16-year period. It mentions that populations have significantly decreased from thousands to none, with specific species completely disappearing by 2016. This suggests that recovery within a year is unlikely given the observed continuous decline and extinction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Several molecules including proteinase inhibitors (PI), secondary metabolites, ribosome-inactivating proteins, lectins, and δ-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis [6, 7, 8], have been identified for effectively controlling the insects. Therefore, developing insect-resistant sugarcane through a transgenic approach is required. Several transgenic sugarcane plats have been developed in different regions of the world keeping in view the type of insects invading the crop and resulting in economic losses. Successful examples are the development of transgenic plants addressing the problems of top borers using δ-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis in Indian subcontinent, American and African countries. The larvae invade the sugarcane crop two times, at early and at a later stage, during the growing season. Early infestation causes serious damage to the crop by developing a ‘dead heart’, young shoot died as larvae chew the base of the shoot while later benefits to increase population and feed, triggering yield loss from 15 to 30 percent. How the process of ‘dead heart’ starts, the young larvae tunnels into the nucleus of the spindle and damage the growing point, causing the shoot to wilt and die. This requires the development of resistance against several factors including biotic and abiotic in sugarcane [9], but traditional improvement strategies are hampered by high polyploidy, genetic complexity, environment-specificity, and low fertility [10]. Thus biotechnological approaches have the potential to address such stresses by engineering resistance. Since the first genetic manipulation of sugarcane [11, 12], the development of transgenic clones is a routine [13, 14]. Several traits including effective control of stem borers have been introduced into the sugarcane [15, 16]. In these studies, a synthetic cry1Ab gene was selected to introduce and express under a tissue-specific promoter, PEPC. After bombardment the transformed cells, subsequently shoots were recovered on phosphinothricin-containing regeneration medium. Expectedly, the primary clones accumulated varied amounts of expressed CRY protein, ranging from 20 to 40 ng/mg. The variation in expressed protein levels is perhaps due to the random insertion of the transgene, varied copy number of the transgene in transgenic clones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the development of transgenic sugarcane for pest resistance using Bacillus thuringiensis, rather than discussing bioengineered yeast or their ability to produce biofuels from sugars. There is no mention of biofuels or yeast in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: The alterations of abundance of dominant taxa (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes), increased anaerobes and decreased probiotics induced by hypobaric hypoxia conditions might affect the host health. microbiota is closely related to host health. Currently, a large number of studies have revealed that gut microbiota is involved in various physiological activities such as immune defense (Strati et al. , 2021), energy metabolism (Liu et al. , 2020), and neural response (Morais, Schreiber & Mazmanian, 2020). In addition, gut microbiota are also disturbed by external factors like diseases (Fan & Pedersen, 2021), diets (Kolodziejczyk, Zheng & Elinav, 2019) and geography (Horwood et al. , 2019). Hypoxia mainly occurs in a wide range of settings including high altitude and with some diseases like obstructive sleep apnea, chronic lung diseases and acute respiratory distress syndrome (Li et al. , 2021). An ascent to high altitude regions usually results in hypoxia-related altitude illnesses such as acute mountain sickness, sleep disturbances and high-altitude headache (Li et al. , 2021). However, most biological mechanisms are still not clear. Furthermore, more than 100 million people travel to high altitudes annually and over 140 million people have been living at high-altitude regions exceeding 2,500 m (Burtscher et al. , 2001; Moore, 2001; West, 2015). Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the influences of hypoxia on gut microbiota. At present, the effects of hypobaric hypoxia conditions on gut microbiota have been reported in a few studies. Hypobaric hypoxia increased the proportions of Enterobacteriales in gut microbiota of rats (Ramos-Romero et al. , 2020). Intrauterine hypoxia changed the colonization of the gut microbiota in newborn rats (Sun et al. , 2021). Short-term chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia alters gut microbiota composition in rats (Tian et al. , 2018). Moreover, plateau hypoxia could cause alterations in the number and composition of intestinal microbes in rats (Zhang et al. , 2018). In human, the hypoxia results in an altered diversity of gut microbial communities (Xing et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that diets are among the external factors that disturb gut microbiota diversity, as stated in the sentence: 'gut microbiota are also disturbed by... diets (Kolodziejczyk, Zheng & Elinav, 2019)'. This implies that certain dietary patterns could influence the composition and diversity of gut microbiota, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fish populations will recover within a year if overfishing stops completely. [SEP] Text: As the statistical analysis indicated all the species decreased significantly earlier (2000–2006) except for Holothuria atra, which decreased in the second phase (2006–2016), this is explained by the fishers’ behavior which aimed to catch other species first and when the stocks begin to deplete, they tend to harvest H. atra, and also due to the more efficient reproduction of this species by asexual reproduction that compensate its population to a certain limit. The results acquired from the current study not only showed a high reduction in sea cucumber populations before and after heavy exploitation started, but also the reduction was obvious between successive years of investigation, indicating the continuity of the overfishing process. The sea cucumber fishery began in the Sea in 1998 with low-level collection by trawling boats. The expansion of the fishery was recorded in 2000, leading to the expectation of overexploitation. Driven by this expectation, a ban on sea cucumber fishery was declared by the Governorate in 2001. The ban was not effective because it caused illegal unregulated and unreported fishery (IUU), and as a dangerous practice, this caused a dramatic decreased in sea cucumber population. And as a result of the continuous pressure exerted by the of Fish Development, the Governorate lifted its ban in 2002. This decree led to an expansion of sea cucumber fishery, and a serious decline in its population occurred, leading to a new ban that was decreed in March 2003. After declaring the ban, illegal fishing started again with more vigorous activities, and this led to a severe depletion in sea cucumber stocks. The banning procedure did not seem to have an effect on the depletion of sea cucumber population. The trend of sea cucumber overexploitation was not only evident due to the current study but there are an increasing number of studies which reported the decline of sea cucumber populations worldwide as in tropical and subtropical countries and as reported in the coasts of the (Hasan 2008, 2009), Egyptian coasts of the red Sea (Hasan 2005), and Gulf of Aqaba (Hasan 2003; Hasan and Abd El-Rady 2012; Hasan and Hasan 2004). It was also reported from many other places of the world as in the Philippines (Dolorosa et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how the sea cucumber population continued to decline despite previous bans on fishing, indicating that the moratoriums were ineffective due to illegal and unregulated fishing practices. It emphasizes the continuous pressure from overfishing and notes that the decline in sea cucumber populations has been documented over multiple years, indicating that a complete cessation of fishing does not guarantee immediate recovery of fish populations within a year.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Once, homozygous clones were recovered, the varied expression was documented as developmental and photosynthetic control of expression of the transgene. However, the expression levels were regarded as the highest levels of toxin reported so far in the literature. These levels were 13- and 35-fold higher than the highest levels of modified cry1Ac and cry1Ab gene, respectively [16, 17, 18]. The maize ubiquitin promoter was used to drive the synthetically developed cry1Ac gene in sugarcane for stem borers [16, 17], which is five to six times higher compared to the levels obtained by a constitutive promoter, CaMV 35S, in sugarcane getting high expression under PEP-C promoter were perhaps of using a C4 plant-specific promoter. Interestingly, the detectable endotoxins levels varied from base to tip and from first to the outermost leaf of the whorl, depending on the developmental stage of the leaf. Measurements of the toxin levels in leaves showed that the accumulation of transprotein was low in young emerging leaves and increased with the leaf development. The maximum amount was recorded in the fully developed leaf on the same plant [18]. In another investigation, the cry1Ac gene has been introduced using a vector-dependent method for borer-resistance in sugarcane. The transgene was successfully introduced and transformed plants showed a high level of toxicity to Sesamia cretica giving 100% mortality of the larvae. These two reports are success stories of developing borer-resistant transgenic sugarcane [19]. Other success stories of developing transgenic sugarcane with different genes used for effective control of diverse insects are not included intentionally due to the word limit of the 2. 2 Genetic improvement for disease resistanceSugarcane is vulnerable to several diseases caused by different organisms including; bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes. The diseases damage the crop throughout the growing season and multiple epidemics by 64 diseases are reported that have damaged the sugarcane crop, worldwide. Of these diseases, five are caused by bacterial and 40 by fungal pathogens. However, the most common are rust, wilt, red rot, and smut that have seriously affected the sugarcane, demanding the development of disease-resistant varieties. In this section, only two diseases; one of fungal and the other of bacterial origin, are discussed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the expression of transgenes in sugarcane for pest resistance and the effects of diseases on sugarcane crops, without addressing the production of biofuels from sugar by bioengineered yeast. There is no mention of yeast, biofuels, or any related processes in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Paired t test result showed that the abundance of Bacteroidetes in In5d was significantly more abundant compared with In1d (p = 0. 03, Fig. 3E). What’s more, from the second week to the fourth week, Firmicutes was more abundant than Bacteroidetes like initial state. Paired t test results showed that the abundance of Bacteroidetes in In5w was significantly more abundant compared with In3w (p = 0. 04), while Firmicutes was reversed (p = 0. 002, Fig. 3E). However, in the fifth week, the abundance of Bacteroidetes surpassed Firmicutes again. After leaving the chamber, the abundance of Bacteroidetes was the highest in the first three days. From the fifth day, the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes reversed again, which was consistent with starting state and NC group. Paired t test result showed that the abundance of Bacteroidetes in Out3d was significantly more abundant compared with Out5d (p = 0. 01), while Firmicutes was reversed (p = 0. 01, Fig. 3E). The individual dynamics of relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were displayed in Figs. S2A and S2B. These results indicated that normoxic conditions recovered the gut microbiota that destroyed by hypobaric hypoxia. Our results also revealed that Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum in normoxic conditions, and Bacteroidetes might was more adaptable to hypobaric hypoxia. Also, after entering or leaving the hypobaric chamber, the abundance of top 2 phyla both reversed on the fifth day, which implied that day 5 possibly was the time point when the composition of gut microbiota changed radically. In the genus level, we observed that the abundance of Prevotella was significantly increased after entering the hypobaric chamber and Lactobacillus was significantly enriched after leaving the chamber (Fig. 3B). The individual dynamics of relative abundance of top genera were displayed in Fig. S3. Paired t test result showed that the abundance of Prevotella was significantly increased In5d compared to In1d (p = 0. 0005) and significantly decreased in Out5d compared to Out3d (p = 0. 01, Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that changes in dietary conditions (e.g., entering or leaving the hypobaric chamber) lead to significant alterations in the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota, particularly highlighting the dynamics of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The findings suggest that specific environmental conditions can influence the gut microbiota composition, supporting the notion that certain diets can enhance gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fish populations will recover within a year if overfishing stops completely. [SEP] Text: 2017; Surtida and Buendia 2000), Malaysia (Choo 2008), Australia (Uthicke and Benzie 2000), Indonesia (Tuwo and Conand 1992), Mediterranean sea (Aydın 2017), Brazil (et al. 2017), and Africa and (Conand 2008). The depletion of sea cucumber population densities at area not only caused the populations’ destruction but the more dangerous effect is that the depleted density make the recovery of the populations very difficult because sea cucumber species are broadcast spawners, and the success of their reproduction depends on the population density (Purcell et al. 2002). The reduction of population density may render remaining individuals unable of successful reproduction. It is now apparent that depleted stocks of sea cucumber species may take decades to recover (Hasan 2005) as a result of reproduction failure. For some taxa, the abundance of species in a particular habitat shows little change with time (Endean and Cameron 1990); sea cucumber species does not share that phenomena as it has a very little temporal variation (Hasan 2005). The abundance was high before the heavy harvesting of species started. The abundance dramatically decreased in 2006, and an even more severe depletion in abundance was recorded in 2016 due to the increasing of fishing pressure, which began on a small scale and gradually increased to reach its maximum capacity after 2000 till the stock was decimated in 2006 and totally destructed in 2016. Since the abundance of all sea cucumber species at area is much lower after the fishing period than when it began, it is reasoned that the lower abundance was caused by high fishing mortality. Other natural factors may have affected abundance but are probably negligible. The same conclusion was reported by many other authors (Conand 1990; Kethakeni 2001; Lokani 1995; Preston and Lokani 1990; Tuwo and Conand 1992; Uthicke and Benzie 2000). The relative abundance of the species is a reflection of its high existence among other species (Bos et al. 2008; Scheibling and Metaxas 2008). The most abundant species was Holothuria atra with relative abundance of 18. 44% in 2000; the species relative abundance increased to 31. 17% in 2006 and to 71. 9% in 2016. Holothuria scabra was recorded with a relative abundance of 9. 37% which decreased to 2. 6% before it completely disappeared in 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the depletion of sea cucumber populations has led to difficulties in recovery, with some depleted stocks potentially taking decades to recover due to reproduction failures. It states, 'depleted stocks of sea cucumber species may take decades to recover,' which directly contradicts the idea that cessation of overfishing would lead to recovery within just one year.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Amongst fungal diseases, red rot is the most common disease of sugarcane and is caused by Colletotrichum falcatum Went that attacks the sucrose accumulating parenchyma cells [20] of culmus stalk of sugarcane, causing severe losses; up to 29% in the cane yield and 25 to 75% in the sugar recovery [21, 22]. Since sugarcane is a vegetatively propagated plant hence the pathogens spread through diseased-culmus-setts, stressing the availability of healthy canes for propagation. Instead of chemical, biological control of the red rot in sugarcane using Trichoderma (Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride) is reported [23, 24]. Of these two species, Trichoderma harzianum is more effective in controlling the Colletotrichum falcatum. It is interesting to know how Trichoderma which is a fungus controls another fungus Colletotrichum? Such invading fungi control others through the mechanisms of mycoparasitism and antibiosis. Mycoparasitism is one of the most important mechanisms for biocontrol of pathogen fungi that work through three steps: chemotrophic growth and recognition; coiling and interaction of hyphae and secretion of specific lytic enzymes [25]. Whereas, antibiosis is a shift to the concept of mycoparasitism that is based on lethal principle. Trichoderma produces low molecular weight and diffusible substances that penetrate the host cell thereby inhibit the uptake of nutrients, sporulation, production of metabolites, and the synthesis of the cell wall of the target fungus [26, 27]. Nevertheless, antibiosis is a species-specific mechanism. Transgenically, the red rot was controlled by expressing genes from Trichoderma into the genome of sugarcane. Encouraged from the inhibitory effects of β1,3-glucanase, isolated from Trichoderma, against pathogenic fungi, Nayyar et al. , [28] expressed the gene in sugarcane and analyzed the regenerating plants for transgene integration and expression. The transgene was expressed up to 4. 4-fold higher than the non-transformed wild-type plants, and resistance to two pathotypes of Colletotrichum falcatum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the fungal disease red rot in sugarcane and the biological control using Trichoderma, rather than addressing yeast bioengineering or the production of biofuels from sugars. The primary focus is on plant pathology and transgenics in sugarcane, which does not relate to the claim about yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Also, Butyrivibrio, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Porphyromonas endodontalis and Anaerophaga thermohalophila, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (Denger et al. , 2002; Shah & Collins, 1988), were significantly enriched in the Outside group. Probiotics like Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus were significantly increased in Outside. Probiotics usually offer a large range of health benefits and have been indicated as a marker for health, thus their decreased abundance in Inside may be associated with some diseases like diarrhea induced by hypoxia (Gamah et al. , 2021; Zheng et al. , 2009). Archangium gephyra producing argyrin A, as a potent antitumoral drug (Nickeleit et al. , 2008), was more abundant in Outside than that of Inside. Veillonella atypica, which improves run time via its metabolic conversion of exercise-induced lactate into propionate (Scheiman et al. , 2019), was significantly increased in Outside group. In addition, some aerobes or facultative anaerobes like Mycoplasma, Enterococcus and Paenibacillus were significantly increased in Outside, while anaerobes like Desulfovibrio and Alistipes were decreased. As a result of their oxygen dependence, their increased or decreased abundance might be associated with the oxygen concentrations of Outside and Inside. The abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides dorei, reducing gut microbial lipopolysaccharide production and inhibiting atherosclerosis (Yoshida et al. , 2018), was significantly enriched in Inside group. Oxalobacter formigenes, regulating host oxalate homeostasis (Liu et al. , 2017), was significantly increased in Inside group. Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides caccae, both are obligate anaerobes, were significantly enriched in Inside group. Bacteroides massiliensis enriched in obese children (Hollister et al. , 2018), was also increased in Inside group. Microbial function analysis To investigate the alterations of microbial function between Inside and Outside groups, differential analysis was performed for KEGG modules using MaAsLin2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating specific microbial changes associated with different groups, particularly highlighting how certain probiotics and bacteria were enriched in the Outside group, suggesting that dietary conditions influence gut microbiota diversity. For instance, the increased presence of butyrate-producing bacteria and probiotics in the Outside group suggests potential positive influences of diet on gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fish populations will recover within a year if overfishing stops completely. [SEP] Text: The lowest relative abundance recorded for Holothuria scabra, Holothuria fuscogilva, and other species is due to active collection, while both the low collection and asexual reproduction strategy of H. atra may explain its relatively high abundance. The study revealed that the total biomass of sea cucumber species were very high during 2000, and this was likely due to the high food availability, low natural mortality, low disturbance, low energy environment, and low fishing mortality. All these factors enable the animal to gain weight and grow to large sizes. When the fishing increased in 2006, there was a major decline in biomass because the smaller animals were left behind and the large animals were picked up first. In 2016, a dramatic decrease in the biomass occurred due to the severe overfishing of the species, which eliminated all the medium- and large-sized individuals from the area. The weight reduction caused by over harvesting has also been reported by Uthicke and Benzie (2000) for H. whitmaei at the Reef. The heavy overfishing for the sea cucumber populations at the study area not only affected the population densities, but also affected the species behavior inside the ecosystem. During 2000, the most recorded species had regular (uniform) distribution due to the availability of food at the area and the high density of the species, while, in 2006, the situation was different when most of the recorded species turned to clumped distribution as the fishing pressure increased and the bigger individuals were picked up leaving the smaller ones, which have a tendency towards clumping for protection and moving to more deeper areas to have protection. The clumped distribution may be explained by spatial variation of habitat availability and limited dispersal ability (Medrano 2015). In 2016, only seven species remain in the area, four of them had clumped dispersion for the same reason as in 2006, while three of the species were randomly distributed due to the very low density and high fishing activities in the area. ConclusionThe heavy overfishing for the sea cucumber populations at the study area not only affected the density, abundance, and biomass of different populations but also affected the species behavior inside the ecosystem. This conclusion was clearly obvious during the current study in which the coefficient of dispersion of the recorded species was studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the significant long-term impacts of overfishing on fish populations, particularly referencing sea cucumbers. It states that 'heavy overfishing for the sea cucumber populations... affected the density, abundance, and biomass of different populations' and emphasizes a major decline in biomass connected to periods of increased fishing. This indicates that the recovery of fish populations is not assured within a year of ceasing overfishing, as the effects of overfishing lead to lasting changes in species behavior and population dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The expression levels of the transgene were up-regulated after infection compared to the levels recorded before infection in engineered resistant sugarcane plants. However, pathogenicity tests on transgenic sugarcane against the virulent strains of Colletotrichum falcatum will demonstrate the resistance level. To demonstrate the pathogenicity, the transgenic sugarcane plants were challenged with two virulent strains (CF08 and Cf09) of Colletotrichum falcatum, and plants exhibited moderate to high-level resistance against Cf09 and Cf08, respectively. The structural model of the β-1,3-glucanase encoded protein demonstrated that two active sites namely; Glutamate 628 and Aspartate 569 of the catalytic domain of the protein are the main sites that have catalyzed the cleavage of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds and lysis of pathogen hyphae [29]. Further, another disease caused by a bacterial pathogen in sugarcane, the leaf scald, is also a serious threat to the sugarcane industry as it severely affects the yield. The disease is mainly distributed in the and USA [30, 31] but now it is the most important quarantine disease in and Hainan in China [32]. The leaf scald, also called leaf burning disease which is caused by Xanthomonas albilineans infects the xylem vessels of the sugarcane plant. Recently, it is reported that it also invades tissues of leaves and culmus stalks, predominantly sucrose accumulating cells. Unlike other phytopathogenic bacteria, Xanthomonas albilineans lacks a type 3 HRP secretion system, a system that enables most bacteria to overcome the defense mechanism of their host plants [32]. Yet, it is capable of invading other tissues, and developing symptoms in three stages namely; latent, chronic, and acute phases. It is observed that the bacterium remains dormant for more than 12 months without any symptoms. The bacterium infection develops symptoms of chlorotic stripes and patches on leaves, side shooting starts at the base of culmus stalks and burning of the leaf tips, and well-defined white pencil-lines along the veins during the chronic phase. Sometimes, the sudden death of whole stools. Biotechnological interventions to address diseases are primarily focused on engineering the sugarcane genome and molecular breeding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the pathogenicity of transgenic sugarcane plants and their resistance to certain diseases without mentioning bioengineered yeast or biofuel production. It focuses on genetic engineering related to disease resistance in sugarcane rather than the production of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: What’s more, the abundance of Prevotella and Bacteroides in samples showed opposite trends. We speculated that the two genera might are crucial to response to the change of oxygen concentration and their interplay promoted the dynamic changes of gut microbiota. Based on our results, more animal experiments are necessary to elucidate the biological mechanism. study provides a deep insight into the dynamics of gut microbiota in rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia conditions. The significant fluctuations of α-diversity from hypobaric hypoxia to normoxic conditions and the PCoA results provided evidence for dynamics of gut microbiota over time. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (Prevotella and Bacteroides) showed significant changes from Inside to Outside groups, and their abundance presents a tendency to compete with each other. In hypobaric hypoxia, the enrichment of anaerobes and microbial pathways associated with environmental response and protecting against oxidative stress damage such as two-component regulatory system and beta-Carotene might be beneficial to adapting to hypobaric hypoxia. Individual diversity dynamics (A) and (B) Dynamics of α-diversity are displayed by individual. (C) Dynamics of PCoA 1 (21. 07%) are presented by individual. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14090/supp-1 of the relative abundance of the top 2 phyla (A) Dynamics of the relative abundance of Firmicutes are displayed by individual. (B) Dynamics of the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes are displayed by individual. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14090/supp-2 of the relative abundance of the top 6 genera are displayed by individual DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14090/supp-3 species between Outside and Inside groups DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14090/supp-4 modules between Outside and Inside groups DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14090/supp-5 between top 20 differential species and KEGG modules DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14090/supp-6 checklist DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14090/supp-7 Information and authors declare there are no competing interests. performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 4720. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the dynamics of gut microbiota in rats exposed to varying conditions, including hypobaric hypoxia. It mentions significant fluctuations in α-diversity and interactions between different genera like Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, suggesting that dietary factors influencing oxygen concentration may affect gut microbiota diversity. The text indicates a complex interaction between environmental conditions and gut microbiota, aligning with the claim that diets can influence microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fish populations will recover within a year if overfishing stops completely. [SEP] Text: world's seas and oceans are a vital source of animal protein from fishing and a major contributor to global food security. It has been argued that global wild-catch production has reached its limit, and there is concern that many species are overfished. Concerns are also mounting about the state of marine ecosystems and the ecological impacts of fishing on them, with increasing efforts to protect marine biodiversity. Fisheries appear to be at an impasse – demand for seafood is rising but so is concern about the impacts of fishing. However, through a simple analysis, we show that global exploitation rates are well below long-term sustainable levels at a whole ecosystem level. The oceans can support considerably higher sustainable catch than currently harvested. Overfishing has happened but only to a small fraction of species as a result of intensive and selective fishing. Shifting fishing effort away from highly targeted stocks towards currently underutilized species would reduce pressure on overfished species, result in fewer adverse ecosystem effects of fishing and increase overall fisheries production. This shift requires significant changes to our views about seafood, particularly in the developed world. We suggest ways in which this paradigm shift could happen and the range of expertise that would be required to achieve higher global yields with less ecological impact. Status of global fisheries and marine ecosystems World capture fisheries production has been relatively stable for the past decade (FAO 2012). Global landings of marine species (excluding plants) fluctuated between 7. 77 and 8. 04 × 107 t from 2006 to 2011, with additional discards estimated at about 7. 3 × 106 t (Kelleher 2005). It has been argued that global catch limits have been reached (e. g. Chassot et al. 2010; Worm and Branch 2012). However, fishing effort worldwide continues to increase. A global data set of fishing effort reveals that fishing power has increased by an average of 10-fold globally and 25-fold for Asia since the 1950s (Watson et al. 2012), although effort in some developed countries has declined in recent years. The stagnation in catch with increase in effort has resulted in a decline in catch-per-unit-effort, suggesting continuing decline in abundance of traditionally harvested species as well as major economic inefficiencies. In addition to biomass reduction in target species, fishing clearly has ecological impacts on harvested species and on marine ecosystems as a whole (Botsford et al. 1997; Murawski 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while overfishing has occurred, it only affects a small fraction of species due to intensive fishing methods. It argues that global exploitation rates are below sustainable levels, which implies that recovery may not be as straightforward or rapid as the claim suggests. Furthermore, the text highlights issues of fishing effort increasing despite the stagnation in catch and touches upon ecological impacts, suggesting that immediate recovery of fish populations is unlikely even if overfishing ceases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The complete genome has been sequenced despite the complexities of ploidy levels, individual genes are transferred to engineer resistance traits. The coding region of an albicidin detoxifying gene (albD) from Pantoea dispersa has been expressed under ubi promoter from the maize and the nos terminator using Agrobacterium into the nuclear genome of the sugarcane plants found susceptible to leaf scald [33]. However, the transgenic plants were resistant to the disease since no chlorotic disease symptoms appeared in inoculated leaves, whereas non-transgenic plants developed severe symptoms. Further, a high concentration of accumulated transprotein has protected young stems against the multiplication of the pathogen. Thus, transgenic sugarcane clones conferred resistance to the disease as the plants showed no symptoms and multiplication of the bacterium [34, 35]. Introducing transgenes into sugarcane represents an important step forward, however, the growing investment in genomics and identification of resistance gene analogs (RGA), present in a majority of indigenous genotypes, might become an attractive alternative in disease resistance management through transgenic technology, and the development of screening tools of resistant genotypes. 2. 3 Genetic improvement for sugar production and recoverySugarcane leaves contain both the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of both cells. Sugarcane unlike other organisms accumulates photosynthetic assimilates in the form of sucrose in the culmus stalk, thereby directly providing sugar for human consumption. Sucrose produced in the leaves is translocated from the source (leaves) to sink (parenchyma cells of the culmus stalk) through the phloem. The sucrose-loving parenchyma cells of the stalk accumulate the sucrose to an exceptionally high concentration i. e. up to 25–27% of the fresh weight [36, 37]. However, there is a correlation between photosynthetic activity and the sucrose contents in sugarcane. Toward maturity of the cane, the sucrose contents in the stem are increased whereas photosynthesis in leaves is reduced [38], indicating the regulatory mechanism of sucrose accumulation in the stalk cells [39]. Sucrose synthesis, transport, and accumulation in sugarcane are continuous processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about genetic improvements in sugarcane, focusing on disease resistance and sucrose accumulation processes, but it does not address bioengineered yeast or their potential for producing biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The skin microbiome helps protect against harmful pathogens. [SEP] Text: However, the untreated control, FOL, antibiotics, antibiotics + FOL, or l-glutamic acid + antibiotics + FOL-treated plants showed significantly lower density of the core microbe, with only 103 lanM gene copies/g of rhizosphere soil (Fig. 5E). These results indicated that the SP6C4 population in the endogenous microbiota was enriched by exogenous l-glutamic acid. Collectively, we interpret these results to indicate that glutamic acid increased the density of Streptomyces, the functional core microbe, which suppressed the fungal pathogen. DiscussionThe microbiome extends the genetic and physiological capacity of the host, contributing to its growth and well-being by providing ecological services and protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. Much as the animal gut microbiome can be influenced by probiotics, diet [32, 42, 43], or prebiotics [44,45,46] with the potential to engineer its composition or activity, so also is the structure of plant microbiome community responsive to the types and amounts of metabolites present in plant exudates secreted into the rhizosphere [47, 48]. The plant developmental stage and genotype influence the microbiome community structure as well as the root architecture and chemistry, which have a significant impact on microbiome composition [49]. The quality and quantity of root exudate directly impact rhizosphere microbiome assembly. A calcium-dependent antibiotic such as a lipopeptide of Streptomyces coelicolor is regulated by tryptophan, and the production of other secondary metabolites such as rapamycin and pristinamycin also are controlled in Streptomyces spp. by the quality and quantity of the nitrogen sources [23, 50]. In addition, exogenous glutamate improved streptolydigin production of Streptomyces lydicus [51]. The glutamate uptake system is encoded by GluR-GluK, a two-component system that plays roles in physiological metabolism of Streptomyces spp. [52]. However, the influence of these compounds is poorly understood in relation to the molecular mechanisms of the plant microbial community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of microbiomes, specifically noting that they can provide 'ecological services and protection from biotic and abiotic stresses.' This suggests that microbiomes, including the skin microbiome, may assist in protecting against harmful pathogens.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fish populations will recover within a year if overfishing stops completely. [SEP] Text: Many commercially harvested fish stocks have been overfished, and overfishing continues for certain stocks (Worm et al. 2009; Costello et al. 2012). Selectively catching a specific ecological group generally reduces the abundance of that group in relation to unfished groups. This common-sense conclusion is supported by considerable evidence that biomass of large fish, top predators and highly valued species has declined substantially, whereas smaller fish and species with low economic value have changed less or even increased (Benoît and Swain 2008; Richardson et al. 2009; Stone 2010; Collette et al. 2011), even though the serial addition of low-trophic-level fisheries may have occurred (Essington et al. 2006). Furthermore, the incidence of stock collapse has been higher for species that experienced greater relative fishing mortality (the ratio between the instantaneous fishing mortality F and reference point Fmsy) and a longer history of fishing (Pinsky et al. 2011). These findings suggest that there will be an ongoing trend towards fewer fish of species that are heavily exploited but more of species that are lightly harvested and low-valued, resulting in further changes to the structure of marine ecosystems under current fishing patterns. Changes in the structure of marine ecosystems in turn have consequences for harvested species. Fishing can alter interactions between groups through reduced competition for lightly fished groups or increased per capita predation on heavily fished groups, resulting in further depression of the highly fished populations (Daan et al. 2005; Zhou 2008). For example, high selective fishing pressure on cod and flounders may have increased abundance of dogfish and skates on because the dietary overlaps between cod–dogfish and flounders–skates are generally high (Murawski and Idoine 1992). This can cause the carrying capacity of heavily harvested species to shrink as a result of their niche being reduced by competitors. The reduction in abundance and distribution range of a species by fishing allows less impacted species to colonize the range formerly occupied by the highly impacted species (Bundy 2001; Planque et al. 2010). Moreover, the lack of recovery of some overfished stocks has been attributed to changes in life-history parameters and altered interspecific interactions caused by past fishing pressure (Hutchings and Reynolds 2004; Wijk et al. 2013). Global marine potential in food production Research on overfishing has largely focused on target species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that fish populations, particularly those that have been overfished, may not recover quickly even if overfishing stops completely. It indicates that ongoing trends reflect fewer fish of heavily exploited species, with the structure of marine ecosystems being altered due to fishing pressures. Additionally, it documents that the lack of recovery for some overfished stocks is attributed to changes in life-history parameters and altered interspecific interactions caused by past fishing pressure. Therefore, the complexity of recovery is emphasized, suggesting it is not guaranteed to happen within a year.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Sucrose is accumulated in the stalk for metabolism and storage, and this accumulation is believably dependent on source supply, the storage capacity of the sink, and the metabolism in the parenchyma cells of the cane stem. Conceptually, the sucrose supply and demand situation determines whether the plant is source-limited or sink-limited. Accordingly, when source supply is limited in a plant to meeting the demand of the sink, then it will be a source-limited plant and when the demand is less than the source supply then it will be the sink-limited plant [40]. Generally, the photosynthetic activity falls with the maturation of the culmus stalk, and the rate of photosynthesis in high sucrose-accumulating elite lines is reduced to two-third of low sucrose accumulating lines, suggesting the role of the source-sink communication in the sucrose accumulation [38, 41]. For example, Saccharum spontaneum accumulates sucrose at a lower level with high photosynthesis compared to the noble canes [42]. Sugarcane has developed a special mechanism of carbon fixation, and fix CO2 in the form of four carbon molecules. This carbon fixation is facilitated by the coordination of cell types; mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, and hence photosynthetic functions are divided between these two cells. Carbon dioxide is initially fixed in the mesophyll cells, where it is converted into bicarbonate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. The product formed is oxaloacetate, which is reduced to malate by the NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase. The malate is transported to the bundle sheath cells, located near the vascular system of the leaf, where it is converted to pyruvate, releasing CO2 in the vicinity of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO). In bundle sheath cells the carbon dioxide is fixed by RuBisCO to energy-rich molecules such as glucose. After this step, the Calvin cycle proceeds as in C3 plants. Knowledge of C4 photosynthesis has made it possible to understand sugarcane productivity and highlights its importance to become one of the principal sources of carbohydrates for human consumption and bioethanol production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mechanisms of sucrose accumulation and photosynthesis in sugarcane, without addressing the specifics of bioengineered yeast or its capacity to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The skin microbiome helps protect against harmful pathogens. [SEP] Text: Glutamic acid is an essential and vital nutrient element for certain microbes and microbiota communities to function as biostimulators. Anthosphere microbiota responded sensitively to exogenous glutamic acid, especially the particular bacterium that became a highly dominant strain in the presence of the relatively simple anthosphere microbiota diversity. In contrast, several bacterial families in the rhizosphere were increased in abundance by the glutamic acid treatment. These findings are consistent with the fact that the rhizosphere microbial community is a more complex system and suggest that more sophisticated and in-depth network research is required. We suggest that glutamic acid acts as an important factor in the plant holobiont concept. Thus, with better understanding of the relationship between plant exudates and microbiome assembly, it may be possible to develop crops that can recruit their own microbiota to better withstand pathogen attack. These approaches are exactly performed by many types of concepts as microbiome modulated, that is inoculated microbial has shift on distributes of plant microbiome to improved or restored [17]. While our results indicate clearly that glutamic acid is a powerful mediator of the structure of the plant-associated microbiome, much remains to be known about how it interfaces with the complex metabolic and signaling exchanges among microbes and their plant hosts. There has been considerable progress in recent years toward elucidating the structure and function of plant-associated microbial communities, but new approaches are needed to reveal how the composition of the community and its function are controlled. Based on the results of this study, we propose that glutamic acid configures the microbial community and modulates the composition of a core microbiome that benefits the plant by influencing such agronomic metrics as crop quality and yield. ConclusionIn this study, we show that glutamic acid functions as a direct link between the plant host and its microbiome. In strawberry, endogenous glutamic acid in the anthosphere was correlated with the presence of the core microbe Streptomyces globisporus SP6C4 and control of gray mold disease. Symptoms occurred when the concentration dropped below a threshold level, and application of glutamic acid restored both the population of the core microbe and disease control. Similarly, application of glutamic acid engineered the microbiome of tomato to include S. globisporus and provided control of Fusarium wilt on the roots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the interaction between glutamic acid and plant-associated microbiota, specifically the presence of the core microbe Streptomyces globisporus, can help control diseases like gray mold and Fusarium wilt. This implies that a healthy microbiome can combat harmful pathogens, aligning with the idea that microbiomes, including skin microbiomes, can offer protection against threats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fish populations will recover within a year if overfishing stops completely. [SEP] Text: The status and roles of the entire marine fish community have received little consideration in the debate about overfishing. For finfish alone, among more than 16 700 validated fish species in the oceans (CoML 2010) only about 1000 species are recorded in FAO of various sorts. Apparently, <10% of marine fish species are targeted, and <3% of them are overfished (based on FAO's classification that <30% of target species are overfished, FAO 2012). Estimates of fishing mortality on non-target species are rare. However, in two Australian fisheries where assessments of all fish by-catch species were undertaken, incidental relative fishing mortality (i. e. F/Fmsy) for non-target species was generally much lower than for target species (Zhou et al. 2009, 2011). We gathered data from several studies and FAO reports to explore the global marine potential in fisheries production, focusing on finfish and ignoring marine plants, invertebrates, reptiles and mammals due to a lack of data for these groups in the studies we cited below. We asked two hypothetical questions: Considering all the fish in the ocean, what is the overall aggregate exploitation rate at recent catch levels? Is this overall exploitation rate sustainable? We refer to three studies that provide global fish biomass estimates. Jennings et al. (2008) combined macroecology, life-history theory and food web ecology to predict marine fish biomass and production. They estimated global fish biomass to be 8. 99 × 108 t. Wilson et al. (2009) used 84 ecosystem models worldwide and estimated the total teleost biomass in the oceans to be 2. 05 × 109 t. Tremblay-Boyer et al. (2011) estimated biomass using an ecosystem model representing ecosystems as a function of energy fluxes through trophic levels. Their model results in a total biomass of 1. 08 × 109 t for predators (trophic level ≥3. 5). For an estimate of total catch, FAO (2012) reported that marine fish landings average 6. 77 × 107 t. Adding estimated annual discards (Kelleher 2005 2) gives an estimate of 7. 5 × 107 t of catch of both teleosts and elasmobranchs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of marine fish populations and their recovery rates. It suggests that recovery is not straightforward, as it highlights that over 16,700 fish species exist, with only a small fraction being targeted and overfished. The mention of ecological studies indicates that assessments of marine fish recovery might take much longer than a year, as they consider fishing mortality rates and overall population dynamics, which are not resolved quickly after the cessation of overfishing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Sucrose synthesized in the leaves of sugarcane has to be accumulated into the parenchyma cells of a stalk, experimentally it has been documented that sucrose is transported mainly through the symplastic system [43, 44, 45]. However, it is imperative to understand the distribution and accumulation of sucrose in three compartments namely; apoplast, cytoplasm, and vacuole to comprehensively overview the accumulation of sucrose in the parenchyma cells [46]. The transported sugar is unloaded into the apoplast and then transported to vacuoles. This transport of sugar to vacuoles is carried out by the sucrose transporters under low turgor conditions. Another way to translocate the unloaded sucrose is that the sucrose is hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose in the apoplast by the cell wall acid invertase and the end products (hexoses) are transported by hexose carriers, allowing the continued efflux of sucrose from the phloem. In this context, the cooperation of both the hexose transporters and the cell wall invertase is important and has been extensively reviewed elsewhere [47]. In plants sucrose is hydrolyzed by two enzymes; the sucrose synthase and cell wall invertase. Of these two enzymes, the sucrose synthase reversibly converts sucrose into glucose and fructose for utilization in respiration and cellulose biosynthesis [48], invertase irreversibly converts sucrose into glucose and fructose, exerting a pivotal role in carbon utilization and distribution. Sucrose starts accumulating in the internodes at the early growth stage but the accumulation sharply increases when internode elongation stops [49], coinciding with the development of the stem and its elongating internodes [50]. Further, elongating internodes are characterized by a high ratio of hexoses to sucrose [51]. Higher concentrations of hexose in the developing internodes could be due to the predominant apoplasmic phloem unloading pathway as a result of sucrose cleavage by cell wall invertase and cellular uptake by hexose transporters [52]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels. Instead, it discusses the processes involved in sucrose transportation and hydrolysis in plants, which is unrelated to yeast or biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: previously demonstrated that the composition of the gut microbiota is directly related to the leaky gut [85]. Recent evidence suggests now that intestinal permeability may increase with age. Man et al. [86] recently demonstrated that, compared to younger adults, ileal tissues from older adults demonstrated increased IL-6 concentrations that were accompanied by increased intestinal permeability as a result of elevated claudin-2. These data provide novel evidence from humans indicating the likelihood of a “leaky gut” during advanced age whereby the intestinal barrier preventing harmful substances from reaching the bloodstream is permeated. The leaky gut is well-associated with inflammatory bowel conditions but is now being proposed as a contributor to a wide variety of health conditions [87, 88]—with particular interest in a gut-brain axis which regulates the blood brain barrier [61, 62, 75, 76]. Though somewhat speculative at present, it is possible that the leaky gut is a primary source of inflammation long-observed within the circulation. Studies in Drosophila have reported that age-related changes in the microbiome increase intestinal permeability [89] and drive chronic inflammation [90]. More recently, Thevaranjan et al. [91] were the first to our knowledge to publish work from mammals directly supporting this hypothesis. Using germ-free and conventionally raised mice, this group reported that the germ-free animals did not display an age-related increase in systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, co-housing germ-free with old—but not young—conventionally raised mice increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines [91]. Anti-TNF therapy also reversed age-related microbial changes. These data are the strongest to date suggesting the critical role of gut changes in driving age-related inflammation and provide a solid backdrop for continued investigation in this area. Potential intervention strategiesThough additional research is certainly needed in this area, the aforementioned data do suggest that interventions designed to target the gut microbiome may be capable of producing beneficial effects on age-related inflammation and overall health. To date, research on such interventions is as limited as that on the aging microbiome in general. Still, within this small evidence base are some intriguing and promising findings that support the concept of intervening upon the microbiome. Interestingly, some of the most promising strategies are not truly “gut-specific” but rather well-known interventions which are increasingly recognized to have beneficial effects on the gut microbiome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the composition of the gut microbiota is associated with various health conditions, particularly emphasizing the role of 'leaky gut' and its relationship to inflammation. It suggests that age-related changes in the microbiome can increase intestinal permeability and drive chronic inflammation, which may contribute to a range of health issues. Additionally, it points towards the idea that interventions targeting the gut microbiome could have beneficial effects on overall health, supporting the notion that the gut microbiome has significant implications across multiple health conditions.