Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: We asked Informant 17, who is a research scientist, how they view gene editing compared to mutagenesis in terms of their safety profiles. When asked what they wish laypersons knew about gene editing, Informant 17 responded, …that it is equivalent to traditional mutagenesis approach. For adapting gene function. And that it’s safer than those mutagenesis approaches. Because when you apply mutations, you get a plethora of mutants in every individual plant and then you screen them for something of interest related to your gene of interest. And then you have to back cross many, many times to get rid of all the background mutations. Informant 16, also a research scientist, concurred with the above comments, stating, I think the general idea would be that we are not doing anything new that nature hasn’t been done before. And the reason behind that is that the more media find out about genomes of the organisms around us, the more we discover that they have been moving pieces of their DNA all around throughout evolution history. We can find fragments of raw genome, we can find fragments of viral genome in the human genome. This point is not often included in contemporary discussions about the safety and efficacy of gene editing. In many jurisdictions, gene editing and transgenics are regulated differently than techniques used in conventional breeding like mutagenesis. We discuss how these techniques are regulated in Chap. 3. Techniques used in plant breeding aim to achieve intentional and precise knockouts, or a (re)introduction of a desired trait. These techniques include Meganucleases, Nuclease (ZFN), TAL (TALEN) and -Cas9 (PRRI, 2023) (Table 2. 2). Table 2. 2 Gene editing techniquesFull size tableFigure 2. 1 shows the published discoveries and descriptions of gene editing techniques from 1985 until 2020. The following section discusses the four main techniques that continue to be used to this day. Fig. 2. 1Timeline of gene editing techniques. (Source: Adapted from Tröder & Zevnik, 2022)Full size image2. 2 MeganucleasesThe study of meganucleases in 1985 first revealed the basic mechanisms of DNA cleavage and the DNA repair processes on which genome editing depends. Meganucleases are a special type of enzyme that binds to and cuts DNA at specific sequences that occur at a few sites in the genome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the safety profiles and regulatory aspects of gene editing and mutagenesis, which implies that the effectiveness and safety of gene editing may vary based on the specific crop and its unique genome. The research scientists’ comments suggest that gene editing is not universally beneficial to all crops in the same way, as different species may respond distinctly to these techniques, indicating that not all crops benefit equally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Materials and of the PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice A plasmid with the mouse PK2 cDNA under the control of 5. 7 kb PKR2 promoter was constructed. The plasmid DNA was linearized and injected into fertilized eggs of wild type mice by microinjection. Founder mice with the incorporation of the plasmid DNA and confirmed PK2 expression at ZT18 in the SCN were identified. PK2 expression in normal mice was essentially undetectable at ZT18 [4]. Ectopic expression of PK2 in non-SCN sites was also detected in PKR2-positive sites. The founder mice were bred with wild type mice to generate the PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice and non-transgenic littermate controls. All animal procedures were approved by the university’s institutional animal care and use committee. Measurement and analysis of locomotor circadian rhythms Monitoring of the circadian locomotor rhythm activity was carried out as described [17, 18]. Mice were individually housed with free access to food and water. Mouse cages were equipped with infrared motion sensors for monitoring spontaneous activity and were recorded electronically. Mice were entrained to an initial 12h Light: 12h Dark (LD) cycle (light intensity ~150 lux, lights on at ZT0 7:00 a. m. , and lights off at ZT12 7:00 p. m. ). After about 2 weeks of activity recording in LD conditions, the mice were placed in constant darkness (DD) with a dim red light (<5 lux) for ~3 weeks. The locomotor activities were calculated as counts per 5-min interval. The free-run period and Transformation (FFT) were analyzed using ClockLab software (Actimetrics, Evanston, IL) in the MatLab environment. The free-running periods were measured by a χ2 periodogram under DD. FFT values representing the peak relative amplitudes in the circadian range were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed by using Graph5. 0 (San Diego, CA). In situ hybridization of 35S-labeled probe For the molecular rhythmicity analysis, mutant mice and same number of control mice were sampled every three hours (N = 3 for each time point) under constant darkness for 48 hrs after entrained in 12L:12D for two weeks. In situ hybridization was carried out as described [6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master clock for circadian rhythms. Instead, it describes a scientific process involving PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice and various experimental methods for monitoring locomotor circadian rhythms without explicitly discussing the SCN's role or functionality.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI applications in healthcare include drug discovery and personalized treatments. [SEP] Text: Applying machine learning, GSK has been able to work out the subset of patients who were most likely to respond, including factors such as viral load and levels of serological hepatitis B virus markers[6]. Sharma says this could have a big impact beyond current stratification in oncology trials: “We can identify those patient populations who are likely to benefit much earlier on. ” Haque predicts better trial design using AI could cut the time it takes to conduct a trial from seven to ten years, to four or five years. However, there are still some stumbling blocks. “Just getting the data ready to be used by such solutions is a major heavy lifting act in itself,” says Roper. Pharmaceutical companies have enormous amounts of data, says Sharma, but “half the time it’s not even machine ready, sometimes it is still in PDFs”. There is also the obvious reluctance to share company data. This issue was tackled in the three-year EU-funded ‘‘ (for Drug Discovery) project, completed in 2022, which attempted to harness the collective knowledge of a consortium of ten pharmaceutical companies, including and Merck. “The companies felt if we throw our compound pools together, we can build much better models, but of course, we would not reveal our [proprietary] chemical structures,” explains Rippmann. To get around this, the model incorporated a privacy management system that made it possible to identify the most effective compounds for drug development, while protecting the intellectual property rights of each company. Another challenge is a shortage of AI skills in the pharmaceutical sector. Scientists with AI skills are in high demand across many sectors and it is even more difficult to find people who can combine this with a good understanding of drug discovery. Despite all the challenges, Sharma is convinced AI will bring about real change. He estimates that early discovery could see time and cost savings of 70% to 80%. He also predicts that AI models generated from data relevant to manufacturing processes will allow for quicker optimisation of processing parameters and scale-up, cutting in half the development time for new drugs. Haque believes the biggest advantages will come from dramatically improved success rates at the clinical trial stage, “because we will have done a better job of optimising molecules, filtering targets ahead of time”. Currently 90% of drug candidates fail in trials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of AI applications in drug discovery. It discusses how GSK has utilized machine learning to identify patient populations likely to benefit from treatments earlier, which aligns with the personalized treatment aspect. The text also mentions efforts by pharmaceutical companies to harness AI for optimizing drug development, which directly ties into the claim regarding drug discovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: Meganucleases are single proteins that recognize a sequence in the DNA and break the target DNA, leaving a double-strand break that can be repaired through a natural repair process used to repair broken DNA (Silva et al. , 2011). They naturally occur in bacteria, single celled organisms, plants, animals, and fungi. Meganucleases can be used in genome editing for both nonhomologous end joining and homology directed repair–mediated alterations. Meganucleases-mediated genome editing has been demonstrated in maize (Zea mays) and tobacco (Nicotiana spp. ) (Baltes & Voytas, 2014). Production is difficult, and cost of production is costly. It can take months to conduct an experiment using meganucleases. It is difficult to change the target sequence specificity of meganucleases, so they are not widely used for genome editing (NASEM, 2016). 2. 3 NucleaseOne of the first reliable, successful methods of genome editing was reported in 2003, though it was discovered in 1985. Nuclease (ZFN) interacts with three specific base pairs of DNA that cause double-strand breaks at a targeted site in the genome. It requires two proteins. ZFNs are used to introduce mutations via (NHEJ), which is a natural repair process used to join the two ends of a broken DNA strand back together. ZFNs have been used to modify plants, but the technique is not always accurate as it sometimes targets the wrong sequence (NASEM, 2016). An example of where this technique has been used is in the modification of the endogenous tobacco acetolactate synthase genes, which is the target enzyme for two types of herbicides. By using ZFN and a donor molecule, mutations were induced, thus generating plants which were herbicide resistant (see Novak, 2019). The production and cost of production of ZFNs is prohibitively expensive. It can take months to conduct an experiment using ZFNs for gene editing. 2. 4 activator-like effectors (TALEs) followed zinc finger nucleases and preceded -Cas9 as effective genome editing tools. The discovery of TALEs was first published in 2009 in Science by scientists at University in Halle, Germany. TALEs are proteins with a unique DNA-binding domain that presents a predictable and programmable specificity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that techniques such as meganucleases and ZFNs are complex and challenging to implement across different plant species. It mentions that while genome editing has been demonstrated in certain species like maize and tobacco, it is not always accurate and can be prohibitively expensive. This suggests that the benefits of gene editing are not uniform across all crops, as technological limitations and varying species complexities may lead to differing outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Brains were quickly removed and frozen in isopentane at 20°C for 30 sec. Twenty-micrometer coronal sections were cut on a cryostat and serial sections collected. The following antisense and sense riboprobes were used: PK2 (GenBank accession number AF487280; residues 1–528), mPer1 (340–761 nt of accession number AF022992) or mPer2 (9–489 nt of AF035830), Bmal1 (864–1362 nt of AB015203), mCry1 (1081–1793 nt of AB000777) and mCry2 (981–1765 nt of AB003433). The riboprobes were generated by T7 or SP6 RNA polymerases and radioactively labeled with 35S-UTP. Probes were used at concentration of 1 × 107 cpm/ml. Tissue sections were hybridized as follows. Briefly, tissue sections were pretreated with proteinase K, hybridized for 18 hours at 60°C, followed by RNase digestion, high stringency washes and dehydration. Tissue sections were then be exposed to BioMax film (Kodak) for 3–4 days. Specific hybridization signals were quantitatively analyzed by comparing to 14C-standards of known radioactivity using a video-based computer image analysis system (. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada). A calibration curve of optical density versus radioactivity (dpm/mg tissue wet weight) was constructed using 14C-standards. Specific hybridization signals in SCN were obtained by subtracting background values obtained from adjacent brain areas that have no hybridization signal. Autoradiographic images were captured using MCID taken under the transillumination microscope (BX50, Olympus) by using Spot camera software version 2. 2. 2 (). In situ hybridization of digoxigenin-labeled probe Fourteen-micron coronal sections were mounted onto Plus slide (). The PK2 cDNA fragment-containing vector was linearized with restriction enzyme and used as template to synthesize anti-sense complementary RNA probes, using a digoxigenin (DIG) RNA labeling mix (). In situ hybridization and immunological detection of DIG-labeled hybrids was carried out as described previously [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses laboratory techniques for tissue sectioning and radioactive labeling without addressing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, reducing air pollution. [SEP] Text: However, the increased cost and system complexity remain problematic. Advertisement 3. Battery electric bus 3. 1. Overview of electric buses technology The battery electric bus, often described as a pure electric bus, uses an electric motor for propulsion and a battery for energy storage [29]. In most cases the battery is the primary energy source, although for trolley buses power is delivered from overhead cables during operation. The configuration for electric buses is typically fairly straightforward since it is basically a battery driving an electric motor to propel the vehicle [30], as shown in Figure 6. During braking it is also possible to make use of regenerative braking to recharge the battery during braking. The main battery technologies that have been used in transportation are Ni-MH, Zebra (Na-NiCL2) and lithium batteries [31]. The most promising of these are the lithium batteries, where three main categories exist, these being Li-ion, lithium polymer (LiPo) and Lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries [32]. Most current buses use lithium-based batteries [33] due to their high power and energy densities and fast charging capabilities, although their high cost is still problematic [32]. A problem faced by all battery technologies is their cycle life; typically, these are short and hence require relatively regular replacement [34]. In addition to a battery pack, some buses utilise supercapacitors in conjunction with a battery as supercapacitors are much more effective in shielding batteries from high current load and thus increase battery life [35]; however, their low energy density means they are unsuitable to be used as the primary energy source, as shown in Figure 1. They do, however, have several key advantages over existing battery technologies, such as very high power densities and discharge rates as well as very long cycle life [34]. There is no simple answer to which battery technology is best, as it will depend on the application. Mahmoud et al. [36] carried out a detailed comparison study of different electric powertrains and concluded that a single technological choice would not satisfy the varied operational demands of transit services because electric buses are highly sensitive to the energy profile and operational demands. Electric buses are zero emission at the point of use and therefore offer great emission savings particularly in terms of local air pollution when compared to ICE or hybrid buses, as well as very high efficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that electric buses are 'zero emission at the point of use' and provide 'great emission savings particularly in terms of local air pollution' when compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) or hybrid buses. This directly supports the idea that electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: TALEs are made and used by plant pathogenic bacteria to control plant genes during infection. In nature, TALEs bind to plant DNA sequences and activate genes. The bacteria encode TALEs through a simple code that has been exploited to engineer proteins with custom site specificity in any target genome (Boch et al. , 2009; Moscou & Bogdanove 2009; NASEM, 2016, 2017a). The ease of the design for specific target DNA sequences of the TALEs revolutionized genome editing. can be fused with the nuclease domain of FokI (a restriction endonuclease—a ‘cleaver’ enzyme) and utilized to edit the genome, referred to as Transcription Activator-Nucleases (TALENs). TALENs are used in pairs like ZFNs to affect targeted mutations. TALENs have a higher efficiency than ZFNs and have been used to alter the genomes of a variety of different organisms. TALENs have been used to edit genomes in rice, maize, wheat, and soybean (Baltes & Voytas, 2014; NASEM, 2016). TALENs have also been used experimentally to correct mutations that cause human disease. experiments require two proteins. Production is relatively easy, and significantly more cost effective than meganucleases and ZFNs. Gene editing experiments using TALENs can take weeks, as opposed to months as with previous techniques. However, researchers continue to improve upon TALENs. In 2020, a rapid TALENs preparation protocol was developed. This has improved reproducibility and efficiency of this gene editing technique according to the for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA, 2023). Footnote 6TALENs has been used in several plants to improve agronomic characteristics or nutritional profiles. For example, TALENs has been used to create soybeans with low levels of polyunsaturated fats. Oils with lower levels of these fats are considered healthier compared to oils that can be hydrogenated to produce trans-fatty acids (ISAAA, 2023). Soybeans that produce high oleic acid (the ‘healthier’ fat) emerged on the US market beginning in 2019 in the form of soybean oil. TALENs has also been used in rice to breed resistance to bacterial blight. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting that TALENs have been specifically used to edit genomes in a variety of crops, such as rice, maize, wheat, and soybean, indicating that the effectiveness and applications of gene editing techniques can vary significantly across different species. For instance, it notes that TALENs have improved agronomic characteristics or nutritional profiles in these crops, which implies that the benefits derived from gene editing may not be equal for all crops.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: of the PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice To investigate the likely effect of perturbed PK2 signaling on circadian rhythms, a plasmid in which the mouse PK2 cDNA under the control of the 5. 7 kb PKR2 promoter (PKR2-PK2) was constructed. As PK2 is a secreted molecule that signal through the receptor PKR2 [20], we reasoned expression of PK2 in the PKR2-positive cells would perturb the normal signaling. In vitro study with luciferase reporter gene indicated the activity of this fragment of the PKR2 promoter was active in the cultured cells that express PKR2 endogenously (data not shown). The plasmid DNA was linearized and microinjected into fertilized eggs of CD1 mice to produce the transgenic mice. Two founder mice (TG10 and TG14) with confirmed PK2 expression at ZT 18 in the SCN were identified (Figure 1). PK2 expression in normal mice is essentially undetectable at ZT18 [4]. Also as expected, ectopic PK2 expression was observed in the related brain regions (Figure 1C) that normally express its receptor, PKR2 (Figure 1C), such as the paraventricular nucleus of thalamus. The circadian expression profile of PK2 in the PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice was then examined by sampling every three hours for a continuous 24 hour circle. As shown in Figure 2, the circadian expression profile of PK2 in the SCN of the transgenic mice was altered. Particularly, the amplitude of PK2 oscillation in the SCN of the PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice was significantly reduced, mainly due to the remarkable increase of the PK2 expression during the dark phase (Figure 2). Figure 1 Expression of PK2 in the brain sections of the PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice. PK2 or PKR2 that are labeled at the left and right of the images are the probes used in the in situ hybridization. A and B show the expression of PK2 by in situ hybridization with 35S probe on brain sections that were sampled at ZT4. Note the selective expression of PK2 in the wild type mice (A) and the ectopic expression of PK2 in transgenic mice, in addition to its expression in the SCN (B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master clock in regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the expression of PK2 in specific transgenic mice and examines the effects of PK2 signaling on circadian rhythms without clarifying the SCN's specific regulatory role. This lack of direct relevance to the claim makes the text irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, reducing air pollution. [SEP] Text: Case study: London electric buses London has been working on overnight e-bus demonstrations since 2012 and is also investigating the potential of opportunity e-bus technologies. From the overnight e-bus perspective, TfL has collaborated with BYD, which is one of the largest electric bus manufacturer in China, to test the potential of battery electric buses in London, starting from 2012 [45]. The first two battery electric buses were handed over to TfL in 2013 and then entered daily service on two central London routes, numbers 507 and 521, which were the first battery electric buses in London. These single-decker 12-metre BYD buses utilise Lithium-Iron-phosphate batteries and have demonstrated a range in excess of 250 km on a single charge in real world urban driving conditions [46]. The 507 and 521 bus routes are relatively short commuter service routes and were chosen so that the bus can start operating in the morning peak alongside the diesel bus fleet and return to the depot to recharge during the day before resuming service for the evening peak [34, 47]. The battery takes 4–5 hours to recharge when fully discharged and has been designed for a cycle life of more than 4000 cycles, meaning a 10-year battery lifetime under normal operating conditions [48]. The trail fleet was extended to six buses in the summer of 2014. The trail buses in London not only provide a zero emission environmental benefit but also have shown promising result in terms of both technical and economic performance, and hence TfL has taken further steps towards adopting this new clean technology in the capital. The development timeline and future plans for London electric buses are plotted in Figure 7. Figure 7. Number of electric buses in London. The latest data in 2016 showed that there are currently 22 battery electric buses operating in London including 17 single-decker battery electric buses and five double-decker battery electric buses. This is a world first for double-decker battery electric buses, as shown in Figure 8, and entered service in May 2016. These are 10. 2 m buses with a capacity of 81 passengers and a claimed range of 303 km. The battery is a Lithium-Iron-Phosphate battery with a capacity of 320 kWh [49]. They utilise a combination of both overnight and opportunity e-bus technology and will operate on route 69 in Central London. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the trial buses in London provide a 'zero emission environmental benefit.' This directly supports the assertion that electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, which helps in reducing air pollution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: Through gene editing, scientists were able to generate inheritable disease resistance. TALENs has also been used to reduce acrylamide in potatoes, maize, and wheat, as well as breed resistance to wheat powdery mildew. Further applications of TALENs include utilizing sugarcane and algae in the biofuels industry (ISAAA, 2023). 2. 5 -Cas9(-Cas9) system as a gene editing tool was reported in 2012 (Doudna & Charpentier, 2014). is a naturally occurring mechanism found in bacteria. Bacteria harbour as an innate defense mechanism against viruses and plasmidsFootnote 7 that uses RNA-guided nucleases to target the break or cut of foreign DNA sequences. The bacteria retain fragments of foreign DNA which provides it with some immunity to viruses. -Cas systems can generate a range of DNA edits which are synonymous with those found in natural populations. Multiple genetic changes can be achieved in a single generation (Lyzenga et al. , 2021). -Cas9 has received the most academic attention, namely because it is more precise in targeting specific genes than other techniques and is more economical to use than other gene editing techniques mentioned above. This has improved the timeliness of experimenting with this technique, and reduced the costs associated with gene editing research. It is the most recently introduced of all gene editing platforms and appears to have the highest accuracy of all gene editing techniques discussed here. -Cas9 is the gene-editing platform in which RNA homologous with the targeted gene is combined with the Cas9 (DNA snipping enzyme). Cas9 gives the ability to alter DNA sequences. Cas9 makes up part of the “toolkit” for the -Cas9 system of genome editing. The other is a homing device that can be programmed to target the DNA sequence of interest, imparting precise control over the location of edits. Scientists have dissected the innate -Cas9 system and re-engineered it in such a way that a single RNA, the guide RNA, is needed for Cas9-mediated cleavage of a target sequence in a genome (Alvarez, 2021; Sander & Joung, 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific applications of gene editing techniques like TALENs and Cas9 in different crops, such as potatoes, maize, and wheat. It indicates that these methods are tailored for achieving specific results like disease resistance and reducing acrylamide levels. This suggests variability in the benefits of gene editing across different species, contradicting the claim that all crops benefit equally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: C and D show the in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled probes. The ectopic expression of PK2 in the transgenic mice (single arrow, D) was apparent in the midline thalamus. Such ectopic expression of PK2 correlates with the expression of PKR2 (C). PK2 mRNA was detected in the SCN of the transgenic mouse sampled at ZT18 (double arrow, panel D). At ZT18, only very low level of PK2 expression was found in the SCN of wild type mice. Scale bar, 500 μm. Figure 2 Reduced oscillation of the PK2 expression in the SCN of the PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice. shows the representative images of PK2 mRNA expression in the SCN of the wild type mice (WT) and the PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice (TG14). shows the temporal profiles of quantified PK2 mRNA levels in the SCN. Note the increased PK2 during the subjective dark period, particularly CT17 and CT21, in the transgenic mice. Scale bar, 1 mm. Reduced circadian rhythm and behavioral splitting in the PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice We next investigated the locomotor rhythms of the PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice. The locomotor activities of mice were continuously monitored by using infrared beam recording in their home cages. As illustrated in Figure 3, both lines of the transgenic mice displayed reduced circadian locomotor rhythmicity. Quantification of circadian locomotor rhythmicity revealed that the PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice had significantly lower relative FFT power under DD, compared to their wild type littermate controls (Figure 4). The PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice also appeared to have reduced consolidation in the activity during subject night phase and display apparent behavioral splitting, especially apparent in the TG14 line (Figure 3). In addition, although not statistically significant, the PKR2-PK2 transgenic mice displayed trend of lengthening of the free-running periods (23. 43 +/- 0. 01 hr for WT, 23. 66 +/- 0. 27 hr for TG10, 23. 98 +/- 0. 27 hr for TG14). These studies indicate that overexpression of PK2 under the control of the PKR2 promoter in transgenic mice led to reduced amplitude of circadian locomotor rhythm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the expression of PK2 in transgenic mice and their circadian locomotor rhythms but does not specifically mention the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master clock. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, reducing air pollution. [SEP] Text: By replacing the internal combustion engine in conventional buses, FCs can be used as the primary energy source to power a bus with electrical energy, therefore, achieving zero operating emissions. An additional advantage over ICE’s comes from the higher efficiencies exhibited by FCs [62, 63]. However, there are a number of barriers that need to be overcome before widespread deployment can be achieved. These are primarily cost and infrastructure [64, 65]. FC powered buses cost approximately five times more than a conventional diesel bus with the similar power output [66], where they typically cost in excess of £1,000,000 [67], due primarily to the expensive FC stack and the small scale of production [68]. In addition, the widespread deployment of FC buses would require a significant investment in hydrogen refuelling infrastructure [64]. The implementation of FC buses has shown that the technology is a promising solution for zero emissions buses if these barriers can be overcome. Figure 9 shows the configuration usually used in FC vehicles. The basic drive train utilises a FC to power the propulsion motor; however, FCs are not well suited to providing for the transient power demands associated with city driving buses [69–73]. As such, most FC buses utilise a form of energy storage in a series configuration to both address this and also to utilise regenerative braking [74]. An additional benefit of such an approach is that the size of the expensive fuel cell stack can be reduced [75]. The energy storage implemented is usually either electrochemical battery technology such as Li-ion or NiCd batteries or electrostatic supercapacitors (sometimes referred to as ultracapacitors). The choice between these depends on the particular design and requirements of the system, with batteries offering reasonable power and energy densities although they have a relatively short cycle life and supercapacitors offering poor energy densities but excellent power densities, as shown in Figure 1. Additionally, supercapacitors have very long lifetimes of up to 40 years [31]. Figure 9. Simplified architectures of FC drivetrain. In a series configuration, there are three main modes of operation that can be utilised to provide for the buses power demands, as shown in Figure 10. Although these are the main modes of operation, the way these modes are utilised will depend on the control strategy implemented [76]. Figure 10. Modes of operation for a series hybrid FC drive train [77]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that fuel cell (FC) powered buses can achieve zero operating emissions when replacing traditional internal combustion engines. It emphasizes that while there are challenges to widespread deployment, the technology represents a promising solution for buses that operate with zero emissions, which aligns with the claim about electric vehicles producing no tailpipe emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: Guide RNA (short segments of RNA used to direct the DNA-cutting enzyme to the target location in the genome) design requirements are limited to a unique sequence of about 20 nucleotides in the genome (to prevent off-target effects) and are restricted near the Motif sequence (PAM),Footnote 8 which is specific for the -Cas9 system. Newer applications of include the use of two guide RNAs with a modified nuclease that “nicks” one strand of the DNA, providing greater specificity for targeted deletions. The ease of design, the specificity of the guide RNA, and the simplicity of the -Cas9 system have resulted in rapid demonstration of the utility of this method of editing genomes in plants and other organisms (Baltes & Voytas, 2014). -Cas9 is a versatile and robust gene editing tool for crop improvement. Because of its efficiency and accuracy, this method is rapidly becoming the most widely used approach for performing gene editing. For example, researchers from the Institute of of Argentina (INTA) used -Cas9 to develop non-browning potatoes and lactose-free cow’s milk. -Cas9 has also been used to increase alfalfa productivity and quality (Laaninen, 2020: 8). -mediated gene knockout has been applied in rice, barley, soy, maize, wheat, tomato, potato, lettuce, citrus trees, mushrooms, cucumbers, grapes, watermelon, and others (Liang et al. , 2014). What seems to baffle some of the scientists we interviewed is the artificial distinctions arising in public debates over the safety and risks of gene editing—between genomic editing and mutations that take place in a controlled laboratory setting versus mutations that happen in nature. The distinction between manufactured risks and natural risks seems to be at the centre of the debate over the safety of gene editing in the agrifood system; though at a conceptual level, mutations or changes to genomes happen in nature. Informant 6 and Informant 7 (an NGO representative and a research scientist, respectively) had similar things to say about how the perception of the safety of gene editing compared to ‘conventional’ breeding techniques such as mutagenesis is distorted in the public dialogue on biotechnology in the agrifood system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varying applications and outcomes of gene editing across different species, noting specific examples such as the use of -Cas9 in developing non-browning potatoes and lactose-free cow’s milk, as well as increased productivity in alfalfa. These examples suggest that different crops may benefit differently from gene editing, which contradicts the idea that all crops benefit equally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 0. 48, -0. 72, -0. 96 mm from bregma) measured at four time points. Levels (level) are the mean ± S. E. M of six measurements (2 samples of SCN from each of 3 rats). Statistical analysis (ANOVA; see text) revealed no significant changes across time. Full size imageP25 rats were used in these initial studies because SCN innervations achieve adult-like levels at this juvenile stage of development [13]. In order to confirm that DCX expression is maintained in the adult SCN, we conducted further studies in adult rats, demonstrating that DCX expression is maintained in the adult rat SCN, at a slightly lower overall level compared with P25 brain (Fig. 2B vs. 2D). Many proteins are expressed in a rhythmic (circadian) manner within SCN clock neurons [10]. We therefore examined DCX levels in adult rats during the light:dark cycle (Fig. 2E). Measurement of immunoreactivity at four time points, across three rostro-caudal locations, revealed no significant changes in DCX levels (Fig. 2E; ANOVA: 0. 48 mm from bregma: F = 0. 491, p = 0. 870; 0. 72 mm: F = 1. 028, p = 0. 527; 0. 96 mm: F = 0. 704, p = 0. 736). Additionally, we did not observe any time-related changes in the location of DCX within the SCN. DCX protein expression is therefore a constitutive property of the adult SCN. During this analysis we also observed that DCX is highly restricted to the SCN with respect to adjacent rostral and caudal hypothalamic cell groups; it is not observed immediately rostrally in the ventromedial preoptic nucleus, nor immediately caudally in the retrochiasmatic area (not shown). Expression of the neuronal differentiation marker NeuN is low in the SCNThe presence of DCX in the identified population of SCN cells suggested the possibility that these may be undifferentiated neuroblasts that, accordingly, do not express certain neuron-specific proteins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental measurements pertaining to DCX expression in the SCN without directly addressing the function of the SCN as the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. It presents technical details about experiments conducted on rats’ SCN but does not confirm or deny the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, reducing air pollution. [SEP] Text: Apart from the technical and economic improvements, the London trail buses have also proven that the technology became more viable because of the full working schedule, direct diesel replacement, centralised infrastructure and high public acceptance [86]. The trial test of FC-powered buses projects has provided promising performance as a long-term solution to zero emission transportation. Advertisement 5. Comparison study This part aims at to provide a comparison of the current state of low emission and zero emission bus systems. Diesel hybrid buses have been developed and deployed as a means of achieving emissions reductions, where a number of advantages in terms of efficiency, emissions and fuel consumption can be seen over diesel buses. There are, however, a number of problems associated with their widespread deployment. The first of these is the cost and is due to the additional components necessary for the electrical system. Second, the inclusion of the electrical system necessitates a significantly more complicated configuration [19]. Third, although diesel hybrid buses can offer significant improvements in terms of CO2 and NOx emissions, the primary energy source is still the ICE. As such, they fail to address the underlying source of emissions and are therefore fundamentally limited in the improvements that can be achieved. As such, they can only really be considered as a transitional technology to reduce emissions but are not a viable option for meeting zero emissions targets. In order to meet the requirements for zero emissions buses, which is the ultimate objective for a clean transportation network, technologies such as electric and FC buses have been developed as a long term solution for city bus transportation needs. Therefore, this section will mainly compare the battery electric bus (opportunity, overnight and trolley) and FC bus technologies as the two most promising zero emission solutions in terms of the operational requirements and is summarised in Table 4. The rankings are based on the authors’ opinions with reasoning given in the paragraphs below. Zero emission option Opportunity E-bus Overnight E-bus Trolley E-bus Fuel cell bus Daily range 4 3 1 2 Route flexibility 3 1 4 1 Refuelling time 2 3 Not available 1 Infrastructure 3 2 4 1 Fuel availability 1 1 1 4 Clean source 1 1 1 4 Cost 3 1 2 4Table 4. High level comparison of operational performance of zero emission bus concepts. Notes: 1, best; 4, worst. Range: Opportunity e-buses have a smaller energy storage that requires frequent recharging, which equates to poor performance in terms of daily range. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of technologies such as battery electric buses (E-buses) and fuel cell buses (FC buses) as promising solutions for achieving zero emissions in transportation. It emphasizes that while diesel hybrid buses do provide some reductions in emissions, they cannot achieve true zero emissions due to their reliance on internal combustion engines (ICE). Therefore, the text aligns with the claim by asserting that electric and FC buses represent viable options for a clean transportation network, aiming at zero tailpipe emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: Informant 7 notes, …if you compare [gene editing] to a conventional breeding technique like a random mutagenesis which is considered conventional, it’s in the organic section of the grocery store, you get hundreds to thousands of random mutations per plant, using those techniques. And what? It’s fine. Those plants have been on the market and we’ve been eating them for a hundred years, and they’re fine. But that’s a lot of unintended mutations that we don’t even know about. Whereas with gene editing, if you get unintended mutations off-target first of all, we tend to know exactly where they would be, because they happen in regions that are very similar to the region that we’re targeting. We can scan those, and we do. We look at that, and we can tell if it’s been enough target mutation. …. And secondly, we’re certainly not getting thousands from the gene editing process itself. Informant 7 had more to say about genetic mutations in agrifood plants. They continue, they’re fine, I mean one rice plant. It produces a seed and that seed has around 40 mutations, random. We don’t know where they are. They’re all unintended. They’re all just…who knows? And it’s fine. No problem…Mutations happen, and that’s a good thing. That’s how things evolve. That’s how things adapt. /on Another recent discovery in the -Cas system is ‘’ which is a technique using -Cas9 to turn genes ‘on’, but which also has the potential to turn them ‘off’ (Nunez et al. , 2021). is a reversible tool for controlling gene expression that is specific, precise, and inheritable. It involves the addition of a chemical tag to the DNA making it inaccessible for reading and subsequent protein production. In the paper published in Cell, Nunez et al. (2021) describe how to modify ’s basic architecture to extend its reach beyond the genome and into what is known as the epigenome—proteins and small molecules that latch onto DNA and control when and where genes are switched on or off. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing how gene editing can produce fewer unintended mutations compared to conventional breeding methods that may result in a higher number of random mutations. This suggests that the benefits of gene editing may vary significantly depending on the species and the technique used. Specifically, Informant 7 points out that while some plants may have many unintended mutations, gene editing allows for a more targeted approach, hence not all crops benefit equally from gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: We therefore examined expression of NeuN, a marker of differentiation within most populations of CNS neurons [14] that is not expressed in the + cells (present study, not shown). Interestingly, we made the novel observation that the adult rat SCN expresses a low level of NeuN compared with the surrounding hypothalamic neurons (Fig. 3). At the same time, however, those cells in the SCN that did express detectable levels of NeuN were clustered in the ventral SCN, the region where DCX is also expressed (Fig. 3B &3C). Figure 3The SCN is a region of low NeuN expression in the adult brain but is localized in NeuN+ neurons. A-C: Photomicrographs of one field within the ventral hypothalamus of the adult rat brain showing NeuN in neurons and the absence of NeuN within OC glia. Note the low expression of NeuN in the SCN, particularly in the dorsal region. The boundaries of the SCN are marked with dashed lines. Scale bar = 100 μm. D-F: Photomicrographs of neurons within one field of the ventral SCN showing the localization of DCX within NeuN-positive neurons. Note the low relative level of NeuN in the DCX-positive, and some other cells (single arrowheads) compared with the higher level in the majority of DCX-negative cells (examples indicated with double arrowheads in E). Scale bar = 20 μm. Abbreviations: 3V, third ventricle; OC, optic chiasm. Full size imageDCX is expressed in NeuN+ neurons of the SCNDual immunohistochemical detection of DCX and NeuN (Figs. 3D–F) revealed that NeuN was indeed present in the majority of DCX-positive cells although rare NeuN-negative/DCX+ cells were observed. The majority of DCX+ cells in the adult SCN are therefore confirmed as neuronal. Many of the DCX+ SCN cells were observed to express a low relative level of NeuN compared to many surrounding DCX-negative cells (Fig. 2E). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the expression levels of NeuN in the SCN, but does not provide any information related to the SCN's role as the master clock for regulating circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Battery technology is crucial for the range and performance of EVs. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2963605/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published03 Jan, 2024Read the published version in SAE of Connected and →Version 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe swift progress of (EVs) and Hybrid-(HEVs) has driven advancements in Systems (BMS). However, optimizing the algorithms that drive these systems remains a challenge. Recent breakthroughs in data science, particularly in deep learning networks, have introduced the Long Short-(LSTM) network as a solution for sequence problems. While GPUs and ASICs have been used to improve performance in AI-based applications, (FPGAs) have gained popularity due to their low power consumption and high-speed acceleration, making them ideal for AI implementation. One of the critical components of EVs and HEVs is the BMS, which performs operations to optimize the use of energy stored in lithium-ion (LiB) batteries. Due to the nonlinear electrochemical nature of these batteries, estimating States of Charge, States of Health (SOH), and Life (RUL) is challenging. This paper proposes an advanced AI-based BMS that uses LSTM to accurately estimate Lithium-ion Battery states, providing crucial information for battery performance optimization. The proposed design is implemented in Python for training and validation. The hardware prototype is synthesized using High-(HLS) and implemented on System-on-Chip (SoC) PYNQ Z2 board, achieving low RMSE values of 0. 3438 and 0. 3681 in training and validation, respectively. (AI)Networks (ANN)System (BMS)State-of-Charge (SOC)State-of-Health (SOH)Life (RUL)(DL)Networks (RNN)Long & Short-(LSTM)(RMSE)(EV)(FPGA)Processing (NLP)High-(HLS)FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 81. IntroductionAI-based BMS needs rigorous central processors and high memory bandwidth and cannot provide expected performance levels. Efficient and powerful hardware is essential for both training and inference tasks. However, the complex nature of computations often hampers software implementation, resulting in longer processing times. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that a critical component of electric vehicles (EVs) is the Battery Management System (BMS), which optimizes the use of energy stored in lithium-ion batteries. It further details the challenges in accurately estimating battery states, which is essential for battery performance optimization. This indicates that advancements in battery technology directly impact the performance of EVs, thereby reinforcing the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: The researchers show that once a gene is switched off, it remains inert in the cell’s descendants for hundreds of generations, unless it is switched back on with a complementary tool called. Discussions have emerged regarding how to classify organisms that have had applied to their genome. If the genome is not changed, but there is genetic manipulation, is it a GMO? Identification of organisms produced using would be difficult to identify, as critics of gene editing in general have noted (Williams, 2021). These are advancements that may require new regulatory scrutiny in the coming years as their applications evolve, and the need for innovative ways to address climate change and food insecurity become even more pressing. However, many countries, such as Canada and Argentina, have designed their regulatory frameworks based on a risk assessment of products, not how the organism was developed. Therefore, as the of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) (2017a, p. 108) document states, “risk assessment endpoints for future biotechnology products are not new compared with those that have been identified for existing biotechnology products”. The benefit of having a regulatory system tooled to conduct risk assessments for previous and current biotechnologies in the agrifood system on a case-by-case basis is the built-in ability to assess future, unknown technologies for future, unknown risks. However, regulatory systems may have to continually update and adapt to assess yet unknown risks that accompany new breeding techniques. As the NAESM (2017a) report cautions—if regulatory systems are not prepared for the wave of new breeding techniques on the horizon, there will be stifling of innovation and a slowing in the development of products that can be useful tools in combating food insecurity and climate change. Table 2. 3 lists applications of gene editing in the agrifood plant breeding space, including the type of NBT used in the breeding process, the type of quality improvement (food & feed and/or agronomic), the trait that was the specific focus of the breeding initiative, country of origin and research organization(s) responsible for developing the application. Table 2. 3 Applications of gene editing in agrifood plant breedingFull size table 3 ConclusionDue to their accuracy, lower costs and application simplicity, genome editing tools can introduce valuable quantitative and qualitative traits into plants. Current research is focusing on improving agronomic traits including drought resistance, increased yield, pathogen resistance, and decreased time to ripening. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and variations in the application and benefits of gene editing across different crops. It highlights the advancements and applications of gene editing in agrifood plant breeding, specifically noting that ongoing research focuses on improving specific agronomic traits such as drought resistance and increased yield, suggesting that not all crops may benefit equally from gene editing strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: DCX is co-expressed with GRP and VIP in the SCNThe presence of DCX+ neuronal cell bodies in the ventral SCN suggested that these cells have identity to (one or more of) the neuropeptide-expressing cell groups that are distributed in the SCN. With reference to the mapping of these groups [9] we reasoned that the most likely co-localizing neuropeptide cell groups were somatostatin (SSt), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). In order to identify the cell-proup(s) in the SCN that express DCX we therefore compared DCX with these neuropeptides on adjacent brain sections (Figs. 4A–F). Notably, for each of the three SCN neuropeptides examined, immunoreactivity was considerably more dispersed across the ventral hypothalamus compared with DCX. This was particularly notable for SSt where strongly immunoreactive soma in the periventricular area did not express detectable DCX. Also, within the SCN, the distribution of DCX was quite unlike that of SSt which is heavily concentrated in the medioventral SCN. In contrast, although GRP+ and VIP+ fibres were again abundantly dispersed outside of the SCN, the intra-SCN distribution of these two neuropeptides closely resembled that of DCX, particularly in the case of GRP. Consequently, DCX co-localization studies were conducted with respect to GRP and VIP. Figure 4DCX is expressed in GRP neurons and a sub-population of VIP neurons. Photomicrographs of adult rat hypothalamus showing the comparative distribution of DCX and neuropeptide immunoreactivity. A&B. Adjacent sections showing DCX and somatostatin (SSt). C&D. Adjacent sections showing DCX and GRP. E&F. Adjacent sections showing DCX and VIP. Scale bar = 100 μm. G-I. Dual colour immunohistochemistry showing extensive co-localization of DCX and GRP. Co-localizing neurons are indicated by vertical arrows. An individual neuron with low but detectable GRP is indicated with a horizontal arrow. In G, a DCX+/GRP-negative neuron is indicated with a vertical arrow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the expression and distribution of DCX and neuropeptides such as GRP, VIP, and SSt in the SCN but does not provide evidence to support or contest the claim regarding the SCN's role as the master clock in regulating circadian rhythms. The specific focus on the co-localization of these substances does not address the claim about the SCN's regulatory function.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EV charging infrastructure is growing rapidly, particularly in urban areas. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4735082/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe concept of the electric vehicle and its adaptability paved its way almost by itself as the IC (internal combustion engines) were gradually replaced due to the depletion of fossil fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases. The electric vehicle operates solely on electricity and requires a power source to do so. In view of the increasing shift to electric vehicles, the source from which the electricity is generated should also be considered from time to time. In the current trends, renewable and hybrid energy options are more focused on charging infrastructure for electric vehicles to achieve zero emission process. This paper elaborates on the role of renewable energy in residential electric vehicle charging infrastructure. The grid-connected PV systems in the residential units are used during the day for charging the vehicles at level 2 AC. The maximum power generated by the PV source so installed is extracted by implementing the (INC) algorithm. The maximum power is obtained by using 9-level multilevel inverter which enables residential EVSE infrastructure. In addition, the implementation of bidirectional functions such as Vehicle to Grid (V2G), Vehicle to Home (V2H) and Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) is also discussed. -2 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12Figure 13Figure 14Figure 15Figure 16Figure 171. IntroductionConcerns about climate change [1] and the steadily increasing demand for fossil fuels [2] paved the way for electro mobility. In the current scenario, the increasing acceptance of electric vehicles in the market plays an important role, benefiting both customers and manufacturers. Charging electric vehicles with renewable energy is becoming increasingly popular [3]. Charging electric vehicles using solar energy appears to be a cleaner and more reliable energy source than other renewable energy options [4][5]. The cheapest renewable energy source in India is solar energy because it is abundant [6]. The number of residential PV-based electric car charging is increasing rapidly [6]. The use of the nine-stage cascaded H-bridge inverter (CHB) [8] reduces switching losses [9] and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increasing acceptance of electric vehicles in the market and noting that 'the number of residential PV-based electric car charging is increasing rapidly.' This implies that electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is indeed growing, which supports the claim about the rapid growth of EV charging infrastructure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: -Cas9 platforms are not perfect, and can result in off-target modifications, unwanted on-target modifications, and genomic rearrangements. ZFN and TALENs systems continue to evolve and are improving in terms of accuracy, cost and time requirements. A number of new techniques are on the horizon and are discussed in greater detail in Chap. 4. Notes1. For terms related to genome editing techniques, please refer to “Glossary. ”2. Another way that experts in this area have helped to make discussions surrounding gene editing more accessible is through published glossaries of scientific terms that are often used in discussions. Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) (2017b) published a detailed glossary of terms explaining what specific words mean in accessible language. Though this specific document focuses on human genome editing, much of the terminology is similar to terms used in agribiotech discussions. 3. Gene expression is the process by which RNA and proteins are made from instructions in the genes. Alterations in gene expression change the functions of cells, tissues, organs, or whole organisms and sometimes result in observable characteristics associated with a particular gene, such as eye colour or hair colour (adapted from NASEM, 2017b: 264). 4. Synthetic oligonucleotides are short nucleic acid chains that can act in a specific manner to control gene expression. 5. Homology refers to a sequence of two different genes that are similar and emerged from a common evolutionary ancestor gene. 6. (2023) No. 59: Innovation: -Nucleases. plasmid is an extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. It can be introduced via bacteria, plants, animals, fungi, or unicellular organisms. 8. ‘Protospacer adjacent motif sequence’ (PAM) is a 2–6-base pair DNA sequence immediately following the DNA sequence targeted by the Cas9 nuclease in the bacterial adaptive immune system. The PAM is a component of the invading virus or plasmid, but is not found in the bacterial host genome and hence is not a component of the bacterial locus (Karvelis et al. , 2015). 131. 1512. 9. Science, 346(6213), 1258096. 584. 220. 276. 242. 253. T. (2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and imperfections of gene editing technologies, such as the Cas9 platform, which can lead to unintended modifications. This suggests that not all crops may benefit equally from gene editing, as the different species may respond variably to these technologies based on their unique genetic backgrounds and the specific challenges associated with gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: J-L. Dual colour immunohistochemistry showing partial co-localization of DCX and VIP. Co-localizing neurons are indicated by vertical arrows in L. In J, a DCX+/VIP-negative neuron is indicated, and in K, a VIP+/DCX-negative neuron is indicated. Scale bar = 20 μmFull size imageDual immunohistochemical detection of DCX and GRP showed that these two proteins are widely co-expressed in the ventral SCN (Figs. 4G–I). Some DCX+/GRP-negative neurons were consistently observed (Fig. 4G) indicating that DCX is not confined to the GRP group (also see below). In contrast, it was not possible to discern DCX-negative/GRP+ neurons; low relative levels of GRP were present in some DCX+ neurons (Fig. 4H) but nevertheless this immunoreactivity was above background. In this respect it should be noted that GRP was not detectable in DCX+ neurons of the SVZ, and conversely, DCX was not detectable in GRP+ neurons of the lateral septal nuclear area (not shown). DCX is also co-localized with VIP (Figs. 4J–4L), although to a much lesser extent than for GRP. Again, DCX+/VIP-negative cells were observed (Fig. 4J). Also, in the case of VIP, many VIP+ cells were DCX-negative (Fig. 4K). An abundance of VIP+ neurons embedded in the optic chiasm (Fig. 4F) compared with the relative absence of similarly localized DCX+ neurons in Fig. 4E. is illustrative of the relative separation of these two cell groups compared with the DCX and GRP groups. DiscussionSuprachiasmatic nucleus – a novel site of DCX expression in the adult brainDCX is a required component of migrating neurons that is accordingly highly expressed only during foetal and neonatal stages of brain development [2]. Western blot analysis of whole rodent brain shows that DCX protein levels are maximal at the time of birth (P0), markedly reduced by P10 and barely detectable in adult brain [see 15]. DCX expression is maintained in some adult neurons but these are scarce, specific exceptions that include a migratory stream of cells associated with the olfactory system [14]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master clock that regulates circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses DCX expression and immunohistological findings related to neurons and their co-localization with various proteins, without providing information on the function or role of the SCN in circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EV charging infrastructure is growing rapidly, particularly in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Establishment of a level 2 electric vehicle (EV) charging station AC for private households with a grid-connected PV system. The establishment of DC charging stations is widely used in practise when grid-connected PV systems are used for private households. 2. Development of a bidirectional, two-stage on-board charger with a new topology: PFC and cuk converter at the rear end. 4. 2. Future application The concept of electric vehicle is a state-of-the art where there are innumerable research areas. This is prompting both researchers and marketers to explore wide areas of diverse interests to achieve complete e-mobility in the near future. Various governments have started to promote e-mobility by proposing subsidies and policies to support the concept of e-vehicles for all users. Key areas of research include charging infrastructure, battery size, affordability and more. So it is safe to assume that e-mobility has a bright future in the near future. 2021. H H-and T O’Donnell. : ‘Pseudo DC-Link EV with a Factor’. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 69, no. 3, pp 2459 – 2469, 2022. A Sangswang and M Konghirun. : ‘in and Vehicle-to-Grid for. ’ IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 56, no. 5, pp 5716-5728, 2020. V L Srinivas, B Singh, and S Mishra. : ‘Fault Ride-for Two-Stage Grid-’. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 11, pp 8913-8924, 2019. and J Yan. : ‘Scheduling of EV Charging at a Solar Power-Station’. vol. 14, no. 3, pp 4221-4231, 2020. and L Mihet Popa. : ‘A on Development, Challenges, and Policies of States with an International Perspective’. IEEE Access, vol. 8, 2020. G Abdelaal, M I. and A El’Gharably. : ‘Integration of in and Battery Degradation’. IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp 47713-47730, 2021. -Nielsen and F Blaabjerg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the establishment of EV charging stations, particularly noting that governments are promoting e-mobility through subsidies and policies to support electric vehicles. This suggests an increase in charging infrastructure which aligns with the idea of rapid growth, especially as these developments are likely to be concentrated in urban areas where such infrastructure is essential for e-mobility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: 'species ABD¯' (the underline distinguishes specialist organisms such as A¯ from the substrate they consume, in this case A). Let nσ→ be the total abundance of species σ→ in the community, and let Ti be the total number of individuals capable of utilizing substrate i (Figure 1): Ti≡∑σ→nσ→σi. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset The metagenome partitioning model. Organisms are defined by the pathways they carry. The benefit from each substrate is equally partitioned among all organisms who can use it, and population growth/death of each species is determined by the resource surplus it experiences. Assume a well-mixed environment, so that each of these Ti individuals gets an equal share Ri/Ti of the total benefit Ri (carbon content, oxidation power; etc. ) available from substrate i ('scramble competition'). Any one substrate is capable of sustaining growth, but accessing multiple cumulates the benefits. The population growth/death rate of species σ→ will be determined by the resource surplus Δ experienced by each of its individuals: (1) Δσ→=∑iσiRiTi-χσ→. Here, the first term is the benefit harvested by all carried pathways, and the second represents the maintenance costs of organism σ→. These costs summarize all the biochemistry that makes different species more or less efficient at processing their resources. For simplicity, let these costs be random: (2) χσ→=χ0|σ→|(1+ϵξσ→). Here, χ0 is a constant (the average cost per pathway), ξσ→ is a random variable chosen once for each species and drawn out of the standard normal distribution (truncated to ensure χσ→>0), the 'cost scatter' ϵ sets the magnitude of cost fluctuations, and |σ→|≡∑iσi is the number of pathways carried by the species: expressing more pathways incurs a higher cost (in this simple model, carrying and expressing a pathway is synonymous). The cost function (2) ensures that neither specialists nor generalists are systematically favored in competition (see below). The resource surplus Δσ→ is used to generate biomass. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that different species have varying efficiencies in processing resources due to their biochemistry, as indicated by the statement that 'the maintenance costs of organism σ→ summarize all the biochemistry that makes different species more or less efficient at processing their resources.' This implies that some species may not benefit equally from gene editing, as their growth and efficiency depend on those variable costs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: DCX is expressed in GRP neurons and a sub-population of VIP neuronsDCX is expressed in the ventrolateral 'core' region of the SCN within particular neuropeptide-expressing cells. Our analysis has shown that DCX is located in both GRP+ and VIP+ neurons; all GRP+ neurons appear to be DCX+ whereas only a minority of VIP+ neurons co-express DCX. Previous studies have demonstrated a small population of VIP+/GRP+ neurons in the SCN [20]; additional reagents are required to determine whether DCX is present in such cells. The detection of a minority of DCX+/GRP-negative neurons indicates that the DCX+ population in the rat SCN is not identical to the GRP+ population. Nevertheless, the extensive co-localization of DCX and GRP is clearly indicative of a particular requirement for DCX in this population of neurons. which has been functionally characterized in mutant animal models [21], the role of the GRP in the SCN is less well defined. However, GRP, which is expressed in 14% of SCN neurons [9], appears to play a broadly similar role in linking SCN input to changes in clock neuronal activity [22–24]. An apparent redundancy between VIP and GRP function in the SCN may be reconciled by a specific property that is conferred on the GRP neurons by DCX. DCX function and plasticity-related molecules in the SCNThe functional role of DCX in the SCN is unknown. A specific action in circadian clock function can be inferred from the highly localized expression within this nucleus. Our observation that DCX levels do not change across the daily light/dark cycle cannot be taken as evidence that there is no rhythmic change in DCX activity because potential changes in DCX phosphorylation state mediated by JNK and/or cdk5 [7, 25] may affect DCX function [7]. The possible involvement of JNK in modulating the activity of is intriguing because there is evidence that JNK regulates circadian rhythms [26]. In a previous study of adult neuronal DCX expression [8] it was suggested that the maintenance of adult expression is required for microtubule-related 'plasticity' in synaptic organization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide a direct confirmation or refutation of the claim about the SCN being the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the expression and functional roles of DCX in specific neuron populations within the SCN, without clearly addressing the SCN's role as a master clock for circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cybersecurity threats in banking include phishing, ransomware, and identity theft. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 96134 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechThreats with Edited by From the with Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionIt is one of the methods used by the phisher to steal user’s most secret information in a fraudulent manner. It is a very serious security problem that the modern world is facing today in cyber space which leads to financial losses for individuals and the society at large. It is an unlawful act, the fraudsters use it to retrieve user’s personal and secrete information by betraying them using various social engineering methods. It is becoming one of the major types of frauds where the phisher used to trick the user to reveal their own private information such as user id, password, pin and visa card details. Mostly phishing attack is done by E-mails. Very often a phishing messages may contain a uniform resource locator (URL) that redirect the user to visit an alternate web site. The redirected site is an extremely modified site and when the user clicks on that site, they are directed to enter their personal information which normally transferred to the phishing assailant [1, 2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing phishing as a significant cybersecurity threat. It explains how phishing is used to steal sensitive information from users, referencing various social engineering methods that fraudsters employ, which aligns with the mention of cybersecurity threats in the claim. Although ransomware and identity theft are not specifically mentioned, the detailed description of phishing shows a specific type of threat that fits within the broader context of cybersecurity issues in banking.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: It will be shown that under the dynamics (3), any community 𝒞 will eventually converge to a stable equilibrium, uniquely determined by the set Ω(𝒞). At this equilibrium, certain species establish at a non-zero abundance, while others 'go extinct', exponentially decreasing towards zero. Importantly, the set of survivors will depend only on the identity of the initially present species, and not on their initial abundance. Thus a community 𝒞1 coalescing with 𝒞2 will yield the same community 𝒞* irrespective of the initial mixing ratios. While obviously a simplification, this makes the metagenome partitioning model an especially convenient starting point to build theoretical intuition about community-community interactions before more general situations can be studied, for example, numerically. These properties are established in the next section; the following section then turns to the main subject of this work, namely coalescence events between islands. Single-island adaptive dynamics: intrinsic species performance and a community-level objective function Request a detailed protocol Consider N=10 equiabundant substrates, and one random realization of organism costs with scatter ϵ=10-3. (scripts (. ) performing simulations and reproducing all figures are available as Supplementary file 2). The numerical simulation of competition between all 1023 possible species, initialized at equal abundance, results in the equilibrium state depicted in Figure 2A, Supplementary file 2. In this example, it consists of nine species. It is natural to ask: for a given initial set of competitors, what determines the species that survive? Figure 2 Download asset Open asset The individual performance rank of a species (its cost per pathway) is predictive of its survival and abundance in a community. (A) Community equilibrium for N=10 substrates with abundance Ri/χ0=100 and one particular random realization of organism costs with scatter ϵ=10-3. Species are ordered by abundance and labeled by the pathways they carry. Also indicated is the individual performance rank; all surviving species were within the top 30 (out of 1023). (B) The median individual performance rank of survivors, weighted (dashed) or not weighted (solid) by abundance. Curves show mean over 100 random communities for each value of cost scatter ϵ; the standard deviation across 100 instances is stable at approximately 40% of the mean for both curves, independently of ϵ (not shown to reduce clutter). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that the survival and abundance of species in a community depends on the intrinsic performance rank of each species, stating, 'the individual performance rank of a species (its cost per pathway) is predictive of its survival and abundance in a community.' This implies that different species may respond differently to gene editing based on their unique characteristics, thus not benefiting equally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In this respect, another plasticity-related molecule, the polysialated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), which is co-expressed with DCX during neuronal development [6], is also found in the adult SCN [27]. Therefore, DCX, together with other plasticity-related molecules, may mediate rhythmic changes in SCN synaptic organization that underlie day/night changes in electrical signalling [28]. Finally, our current findings may relate to the capability that exists for functional transplantation of the SCN [29]. The cellular requirements for this property have been considered before [30]; now it may be of value to investigate the DCX+ SCN sub-population that we have identified here. ConclusionIn this study we have identified two novel aspects of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) organization: (i) adult expression of the immature neuronal marker protein, DCX, in a ventral SCN population of GRP/VIP neurons, and (ii) low SCN expression of the mature neuronal marker protein, NeuN. These findings are important for two reasons. Firstly, they are relevant to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control neuronal differentiation, identifying, for example, a model system that can be used to address the pathways that permit adult expression of DCX. Secondly, the restriction of these immature neuronal characteristics to particular regions/neurons of the SCN suggests a specific relevancy to the functional competence of these SCN components. MethodsExperimental animalsAnimal studies were conducted in accordance with both UK regulations, and local ethical review. Animals were maintained in a 14:10 light:dark cycle (lights on: 05. 00 h). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used (juvenile [P25], or adult, 3–6 month) apart from one experiment where adult CD1 mice (4 month) were used to confirm DCX expression in a second species. Each immunohistochemical analysis was conducted on a minimum of four brain sections sampled from each of two animals. Brains were sampled at 12. 00 h apart from one experiment where an analysis of rhythmic expression was conducted. Rats were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone (150 mg/kg, i. p. ) and perfused via the ascending aorta with phosphate buffered saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the SCN being the master clock for circadian rhythms. It discusses the presence of specific proteins in the SCN and experiments involving neuronal development, without addressing the regulatory role of the SCN in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cybersecurity threats in banking include phishing, ransomware, and identity theft. [SEP] Text: It is an offense in which a phisher sends the fake E-mails, that appears to be genuine and come from a trustworthy organization, instruct to enter their personal information such as online banking username, password, mobile number, residential address, details of the credit card and so forth [3, 4, 5]. There are many methodologies used by the phisher to trick the user to deceive them and to steal their personal credentials. Very often phisher used spoofed E-mails and forged websites to deceive the users. Web spoofing is one type of attack where phisher use artificial or forged sites to cheat users and to steal their personal information. The phishing E-mail seems to be a real one and even the website designed for the very purpose which directed the user to enter information looks real one. Mostly fake messages spread through E-mails, short message service (SMS), instant messengers, social networking sites, Voice over (VoIP), and so forth, but E-mail is the most popular way and 65% of the phishing attack took place due to a click on the hyperlink attached to the E-mail [6]. Spear phishing is one of the methods used by the phisher to dupe organizations and individuals in Business E-mail Compromise (BEC). The very sophisticated spear phishing attacks [7, 8, 9] to target selected groups, individuals in an organization. Phishing is a type of attack that is very similar to fishing in a pond or river, but instead of trying to catch a fish, the phisher try to dupe user’s most vital information [10, 11]. A user generally follows the authentication procedure by filing login id and passwords. The password should be strong password from security point of view to protect it from the attackers. Many anti-phishing tools were developed to provide stronger security which includes using image as input in the login process and hashing of passwords [12]. The web sites are specially designed by the phisher to looks to be legitimate one for which it is becoming very difficult for the user to detect fake website through their appearance. 1. 1 Related workTan et al. [13] suggested an anti-phishing method to extract body tags and Meta from the URL. The uniform resource locator (URL) is broken down into tokens and after that the keywords are compared with yahoo search engine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it specifically discusses phishing, detailing how phishers operate and the various methodologies they use to deceive users into giving away personal information, which directly relates to cybersecurity threats faced in banking. While it does not mention ransomware and identity theft, the emphasis on phishing supports the overall claim regarding threats in the banking sector.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: In the present model, the only intrinsic performance characteristic of a species is its cost per pathway. Consider an assay whereby a single individual of species σ→ is placed in an environment with no other organisms present, and, for simplicity, an equal supply of all substrates Ri=R. The initial population growth rate in this chemostat is given by: dnσ→dt|t=0=1τ0χσ→[∑iRiσi-χσ→]=1τ0[R|σ→|χσ→-1], and abundance eventually equilibrates at nσ→=R|σ→|/χσ→. Both these quantities characterize performance of species σ→ (the term 'fitness' is avoided as it is a micro-evolutionary concept that, strictly speaking, should be defined only within individuals of one species), and both are determined by the inverse cost per pathway. Define the 'individual' performance measure of species σ→ as (4) fσ→≡χ0|σ→|χσ→-1. This definition is convenient as it makes fσ→ a dimensionless quantity of order ϵ. Under the cost model (2), the performance ranking of species is random, set by the random realization of the costs ξ: fσ→=11+ϵξσ→−1≈−ϵξσ→. This model was chosen so that no group of species has an obvious advantage. A different cost function would effectively reduce the pool of competitors, excluding certain (prohibitively expensive) species from the start. Predictably, this performance ranking is correlated with the success of a species in a community, but not very well (Figure 2). The equilibrium depicted in panel A predominantly consists of top-ranked species, and the median performance rank of surviving species is consistently low across a range of values of the cost scatter ϵ (panel B). This median rank becomes even lower if the median is weighted by a species’ abundance at equilibrium, indicating that top-ranked species tend to be present at higher abundance (Davis et al. , 1998; Birch, 1953). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the performance ranking of species is random and determined by factors such as cost per pathway, implying that not all species benefit equally from gene editing. It states, 'This model was chosen so that no group of species has an obvious advantage,' which suggests that the advantages gained from gene editing may vary significantly among different species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 1 M phosphate buffer (PFA). Tissues were then post-fixed in PFA for 90 min at 4°C, and cryoprotected in 20% sucrose in 0. 1 M phosphate buffer at 4°C. Tissues were then frozen on dry-ice, and stored at -70°C prior to sectioning. Immunohistochemical analysisBrains sections (10 μm) were cut using a Bright OTF cryostat () and mounted on glass slides (). Sections were treated with 0. 01 M citrate buffer, pH 6. 0, at 60°C for 2 h. Proteins/peptides were detected either using either a standard immunohistochemical procedure [31] or alternatively using the tyramide signal amplification (TSA) procedure according to the manufacturer's protocol (). Dual detection of proteins was accomplished by using the TSA procedure, followed by the standard procedure for a second protein. Prior to the TSA procedure, sections were additionally treated with hydrogen peroxide, 1. 5% in methanol, for 20 mins. The following primary antisera were used: rabbit anti-doublecortin (rabbit), ab18723, abcam, Cambridge, UK; anti-doublecortin (goat), sc-8066, anti-GRP, ab22623, abcam; anti-NeuN, MAB377, anti-somatostatin, T4103, Peninsula; anti-VIP, T-4246, Peninsula. These were used in combination with the appropriate biotin/fluorophore-conjugated, secondary antisera: biotin-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG, abcam; 488-conjugated donkey anti-goat 568-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG, Molecular Probes; Cy3-conjugated sheep anti-rabbit IgG, Sigma. In control experiments, aliquots of the rabbit doublecortin antibody and the GRP antibody were incubated with an excess of the peptide immunogens (doublecortin: ab19804, abcam; GRP: G8022, Sigma, St. ; overnight, 4°C) prior to the TSA procedure. For both antibodies, this absorption/neutralization procedure blocked detection of the respective protein/peptide (doublecortin: see Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a detailed immunohistochemical analysis procedure without mentioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or its role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cybersecurity threats in banking include phishing, ransomware, and identity theft. [SEP] Text: The original domain name is compared against the given domain name and also with the country code of top level domain to check if there is a matching. The country code of top level domain is matched with that of web site and if found correct then it is considered as real web site otherwise fake website. Yan et al. [14] reviewed on Chinese phishing on Ecommerce sites. Sequential minimal optimization algorithm is used for the purpose and the features such as URL and the web features are used for detection of phishing. Genetic algorithm has been used to optimize the features. The data mining tool for (WEKA) is used to train the model that the system proposes. Li et al. [15] suggested using machine learning to detect phishing web pages. He has used document object model to optimize the features and emphases has given to web image that are extracted from the webpage. The features after optimization are passed into transductive support vector machine to differentiate between fake web site and real web site. 1. 2 Existing work on phishingGemini is a well known tool used for the authentication process to protect the user against phishing. There were some anti-phishing techniques available today to prevent user from falling prey to the fake web sites by providing a strong secured authentication process. Some of the reputed sites display the security indicator for their sites to convey a message to the user that the site is not a fake website. The presence of URL indicator enables the users to identify the site as a real one [16, 17]. In some cases in the absence of such security indicators, the users avoid themselves from entering the passwords [13]. One of the examples of such is Sitekey [18] which is used by Bank of America for internet banking [19]. The user can choose an image as input into the login process and when the user trying to login, the system will validate the image. In case the input image is wrong then the user stopped form login and authentication failed. Dhamija et al. [20] in his paper titled “dynamic security skins” proposed to use personal identity for authentication by the remote server that the user can verify. So in this method the web site will be considered as fake web site if the identity of the web site cannot be proved. Parno et al. [21] presented an anti-phishing technique which uses hard ware devices such as smart phones and smart tokens to authenticate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing phishing as a cybersecurity threat, particularly in the context of banking. It explains methods used to detect phishing websites and mentions techniques like the use of security indicators and user authentication methods to protect against phishing attacks, which directly relates to the claim about cybersecurity threats in banking.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: Still, at the equilibrium shown in Figure 2A, the species ranked fourth in intrinsic performance went extinct, but six others ranked as low as #29 remained present. These observations reflect the well-known fact that the success of a species is context-dependent and observing a species in isolation does not measure its performance in the relevant environment (McGill et al. , 2006; McIntire and Fajardo, 2014). In the model described here, the context experienced by all species is fully encoded in the vector of 'harvests', that is, the benefit an organism receives from carrying pathway i: (5) Hi≡Ri/Ti. A growing demand for substrate i (increasing Ti) depletes its availability, in the sense that Hi is reduced. Consider the three-substrate world depicted in Figure 1, and assume that AB¯ is the highest-performing species with a very low cost. As AB¯ multiplies, it depletes resources A and B. As a result, the final equilibrium is highly likely to include the specialist organism C¯, even if its cost is relatively high, and under other circumstances (if AB¯ were less fit) it would have yielded to AC¯ or BC¯. Conveniently, in the model described here, these complex effects studied by niche construction theory can be summarized in a single community-level objective function. The dynamics (3) possess a Lyapunov function, i. e. a quantity that is increasing on any trajectory of the system (compare to MacArthur, 1969): (6) F=1Rtot(∑iRilnTiRi/χ0-∑σ→χσ→nσ→+Rtot). Here, Rtot is a constant introduced for later convenience. Specifically, set Rtot=∑iRi; this choice ensures that close to community equilibrium, F is also of order ϵ (see Supplementary file 1, section C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the success of species, including crops, is context-dependent. It points out that observing a species in isolation does not adequately measure its performance in relevant environments, indicating that different species (or crops) may benefit differently from gene editing based on their specific conditions and interactions with other species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2. GRP; not shown). Following final washing, sections were mounted under coverslips using Vectashield with DAPI (). Brain sections were viewed using either an epifluorescence (Leica DM-) or laser confocal microscope (Leica TCS-SP2-AOBS). Images were captured using either a Leica DFC-300FX digital camera and Leica QWin software (V3) or Software, and montaged in Photoshop (CS2, Inc. , ). QWin software was also used to obtain measurements of neuronal fluorescence intensity: greyscale images (X200) were captured and levels were determined in a sample rectangle (30–40 k pixels). A similar sample was measured in the adjacent optic chiasm region to serve as a (subtracted) control for background. Two samples of SCN fluorescence, at three rostro-caudal levels were obtained from 12 rat brains (3 rats at each of 4 time points: see Results). Rat brain map images were downloaded from the Atlas [32] and modified in Photoshop. 72. 10. 1016/S0092-8674(00)80899-5. 271. 10. 1016/S0896-6273(00)80778-3. 4457. 10. 1038/sj. emboj. 7601335. 591. 10. 1016/j. cell. 2007. 03. 023. 10. 1186/1471-2164-7-188. 420. 10. 1007/s00441-007-0432-4. 832. 10. 1038/sj. emboj. 7600079. 644. 10. 1046/j. 0953-816x. 2001. 01683. x. 98. 10. 1007/s00441-002-0575-2. 941. 10. 1038/nature00965. 14. 10. 1111/j. 1460-9568. 2004. 03813. x. 3883. 10. 1523/. 4530-06. 2007. 270. 10. 1016/0165-3806(94)00209-I. 211. CAS PubMed 1545. 10. 1111/j. 1460-9568. 2006. 05039. x. 628. 10. 1146/annurev. pharmtox. 47. 120505. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulating circadian rhythms, as it primarily discusses procedural methods for viewing and measuring neuronal fluorescence in rat brain sections without mentioning circadian rhythms or the SCN’s role.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cybersecurity threats in banking include phishing, ransomware, and identity theft. [SEP] Text: Although a user unknowingly log into a phishing site, this process helps the user to protect the vital information from leaking out to phisher because of this trusted authentication procedure. Gemini does not require the support of other devices in comparison to other existing techniques. There are some anti-phishing techniques such as Antiphish [22] and Webwallet [23] already available to identify the actual intent of users browsing activity which helps the user from falling prey to phishing attacks. This research work takes user name as input to initiate anti-phishing technique which helps the user to protect their vital information whereas other techniques based more on passwords. Yue et al. [24] proposed a technique that is free from any kind of deceit to protect the user credentials being leaked out fraudsters by hiding the actual content from the fake sites. It makes the fraudsters very tough to retrieve user’s secret info before the user identifies the site as fake. Some password management techniques such as PwdHash [19], [15], and passpet [24] offer password hashing to provide better security strength for passwords. Because of rehashing of passwords and randomly changing the name of web sites a phisher could not make use of the stolen information. Birk et al. [12] suggested a different mechanism to track the identity of the attacker. He has proposed to use of fingerprint credentials to track the stolen information from fake sites. Advertisement 2. Case studies in phishing2. 1 Case study: website phishing experimentIn this study a website was designed with an exact replica of website www. ahlionline. com, the original Bank website. The objective is to misleading the user’s by targeted phishing E-mail attack to giving away their vital information. We intentionally put a lot of known phishing features during web site design to understand the user’s awareness of these kinds of risk after getting authorization from the management. We used (IP) address instead of domain name, http instead of https, poor design, spelling errors, absence of secure sockets layer (SSL), padlock icon and phony security certificate. We almost achieve our target to attack 120 employees through well planned phishing E-mail, informing them that their e-banking accounts are at high risk of being attacked and requested them to immediately log into their account through fake link attached to our E-mail to verify their balance in the account. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly discussing phishing as a significant cybersecurity threat, detailing techniques to combat phishing attacks on users in the banking sector. It further illustrates how a phishing attack can mislead users into providing vital information, confirming that phishing is a relevant threat in this context. While the text does not mention ransomware or identity theft, the examination of phishing alone supports the claim that cybersecurity threats exist in banking.