Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: A head post was implanted to head-fix the monkeys during the experiment. All the procedures were in accordance with the European council directive 2010/63/EU, the Dutch ‘experiments on animal acts’ (1997) and approved by the ethical committee on experiments with animals (). Recording methods Request a detailed protocol V1 recordings were made with 2 or 3 Plexon U-probes (Plexon Inc. ) consisting of 16 contacts (150 µm inter-contact spacing). We recorded the local field potential (LFP) and multi-unit spiking activity (MUA). For the main analysis, we used the current-source density (CSD, (Vaknin et al. , 1988)) to reduce volume conduction. We aligned the neural data from the different laminar probes according to their cortical depth and excluded contacts coming from deep V2. Layer assignment was based on the stimulus-onset CSD profile (Schroeder et al. , 1991a) and the inter-laminar coherence pattern (Maier, 2010b). Receptive field (RF) mapping was achieved by presenting at fast rate high-contrast black and white squares pseudorandomly on a 10 × 10 grid (Roberts et al. , 2013). For RF mapping we used CSD signals and spikes. Task and visual stimuli Request a detailed protocol The monkeys were trained for head-fixation and were placed in a Faraday-isolated darkened booth at a distance of 57 cm from a computer screen. Stimuli were presented on a Samsung TFT screen (SyncMaster 940bf, 38°x30° 60 Hz). During stimulation (2 s) and pre-stimulus time (1 s) the monkey maintained a central eye position (measured by infra-red camera, Arrington, 60 Hz sampling rate). The monkey's task was to passively gaze on a fixation point while a stimulus was shown. The monkey was rewarded for correct trials. The local stimulus contrast was manipulated in a full screen static square-wave grating (2 cycles/degree, presented at two opposite phases randomly interleaved). Contrast was varied smoothly over space such that different RFs had different contrast values. The direction of the contrast difference was parallel to the arrangement of RFs and orthogonal to the orientation of the grating. The stimulus was isoluminant with the pre-stimulus grey screen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing procedures that involve the implantation of a head post to fix the monkeys' heads during the experiment. This indicates that at least some BCI devices require surgical procedures, thereby contradicting the assertion that all BCI devices are portable and non-invasive.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 114, 10936-10941, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 1711238114 (2017). Yan, L. J. et al. Asymmetrical natural hybridization varies among hybrid swarms between two diploid Rhododendron species. Ann. Bot. 120, 51-61, doi:10. 1093/aob/mcx039 (2017). Irwin, D. E. in Ineffective in Promoting Speciation. Am. Nat. 195, E150-E167, doi:10. 5061/dryad. k98sf7m30 (2020). Christie, K. & Strauss, S. Y. Along the speciation continuum: Quantifying intrinsic and extrinsic isolating barriers across five million years of evolutionary divergence in California jewelflowers. Evolution 72, 1063-1079, doi:10. 1111/evo. 13477 (2018). Wu, Z. Y. Vegetation of China. 256 (Science Press, 1995). . & Hemleben, V. A nuclear ribosomal DNA phylogeny of Acer inferred with maximum likelihood, splits graphs, and motif analysis of 606 sequences. Evolutionary bioinformatics online 2, 7-22, doi:10. 1177/117693430600200014 (2007). Xu, T. Z. , Chen, Y. S. , de Jong, P. C. , Oterdoom, H. J. & Chang, C. Flora of China VOL. 11. (Science Press, 2008). Frantz, A. C. et al. Comparative landscape genetic analyses show a Belgian motorway to be a gene flow barrier for red deer (Cervus elaphus), but not wild boars (Sus scrofa). Mol. Ecol. 21, 3445-3457, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2012. 05623. x (2012). Landguth, E. L. et al. Effects of sample size, number of markers, and allelic richness on the detection of spatial genetic pattern. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 12, 276-284, doi:10. 1111/j. 1755-0998. 2011. 03077. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of numerous citations from various studies pertaining to different research topics, without any specific reference to fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Departure from neutrality was tested using Fu's Fs [38] and Ramos-Onsins and Rozas' R2 statistic [39], which are powerful tests for detecting recent population expansion under assumptions of neutrality. R2 is appropriate for small sample sizes [39]. The significance of R2 and Fs were evaluated by comparing their observed values with their null distribution, generated by 10 000 random replicates using the empirical population sample size and observed number of segregating sites implemented by DnaSP v. 5. 10. [36]. To describe the phylogenetic relationships between haplotypes, a statistical parsimony network was constructed using TCS v. 1. 21 [40]. The divergence among haplotypes was calculated in MEGA 5 using the mean uncorrected p-distance [41]. To investigate the regional structure of A. icterica populations at the mitochondrial level, the overall genetic differentiation between populations was first estimated by calculating the global Φst in Arlequin v. 3. 5. 1. 2 software [42]. We then performed a spatial analysis of molecular variance using software [43]. Clusters are identified based on geographic proximity and genetic homogeneity [43]. The geographic coordinates of each sampled locality were used as spatial information. Simulations were conducted with ‘K’ (number of groups) ranging from two to seven and each simulation annealing process was repeated 100 times. The clustering giving the highest Φct value, corresponding to the optimal number of groups, was selected. Microsatellite genotyping Individuals were genotyped using seven microsatellite loci: Ai45, Ai56, Ai68, PB10D, 2PE40, 2PE70, C4 [27]. For individuals from the I20 and IR populations, genotypes were taken from Torres-Leguizamon et al. [27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses statistical methods for analyzing population genetics and does not mention anti-aging research, genetic markers, or longevity. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: We presented 9 different contrast modulation conditions (Table. S1). Cortex software ( was used for visual stimulation and behavioral control. Data analysis Request a detailed protocol We analyzed gamma rhythms in the visual stimulation period (0. 2 s - 2 s). We discarded the first 200 ms to avoid stimulus-onset transients. To investigate dynamical changes in the gamma phase and frequency over time, we estimated the instantaneous gamma phase and frequency using the singular spectrum decomposition of the signal (SSD [Bonizzi et al. , 2014]) combined with Hilbert-Transform or wavelet-decomposition. The phase-locking value (PLV) was estimated as the mean resultant vector length (Lachaux et al. , 1999) and the preferred phase-relation as the mean resultant vector angle. For experimental data, we estimated the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to reduce the influence of measurement noise on estimates. Phase flipping due to CSD computation was corrected. Theoretical and computational modeling Request a detailed protocol Using the theory of weakly coupled oscillators, we investigated the phase-locking as well as the mean phase difference of two mutually coupled noisy phase-oscillators with variable frequency difference (detuning) and interaction strength. The stochastic differential equation was solved analytically (Pikovsky et al. , 2002). The analytical results correctly predicted the numerical simulations. accuracy of the theoretical predictions for the experimental data was quantified as the explained variance R2. Data availability Request a detailed protocol Experimental data sets, modeling and analysis tools are available to all interested researchers upon request from the corresponding author. For singular spectrum decomposition visit Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 4. For the experiment reported here we used data from the V1/V2 chamber only. A head post was implanted to head-fix the monkey during the experiment. All the procedures were in accordance with the European council directive 2010/63/EU, the Dutch ‘experiments on animal acts’ (1997) and approved by the ethical committee on experiments with animals (Dier‐Experimenten‐Commissie, DEC). Recording techniques V1 recordings were made with Plexon U-probes (Plexon Inc. ) consisting of 16 contacts (10 µm diameter, 0. 5–1 mΩ impedance, and 150 µm inter-contact spacing). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that a head post was implanted to head-fix the monkey during the experiment. This indicates that at least some BCI devices require surgical procedures, thereby contradicting the claim that all BCI devices are portable and do not require such interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: x (2012). Zhou, X. , Huang, Z. H. , Zhang, X. R. & Xing, S. H. Protection of natural vegetation and distribution of nature reserves in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. 36, 64-71 (2017). Newton, P. , & Agrawal, A. of Forest-Globally. 3, 363-370, doi:10. 1016/j. oneear. 2020. 08. 016 (2020). . & Wang, H. F. Different processes shape the patterns of divergence in the nuclear and chloroplast genomes of a relict tree species in East Asia. Ecol. Evol. 10, 4331-4342, doi:10. 1002/ece3. 6200 (2020). Shaner, P. J. L. et al. Climate niche differentiation between two passerines despite ongoing gene flow. J. Anim. Ecol. 84, 829-839, doi:10. 1111/1365-2656. 12331 (2015). Engelbrecht, H. M. et al. snakes, Crotaphopeltis, show population structure for a widespread generalist but deep genetic divergence for forest specialists. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 58, 1220-1233, doi:10. 1111/jzs. 12361 (2020). Myers, E. A. , McKelvy, A. D. & Burbrink, F. T. Biogeographic barriers, Pleistocene refugia, and climatic gradients in the southeastern Nearctic drive diversification in cornsnakes (Pantherophis guttatus complex). Mol. Ecol. 29, 797-811, doi:10. 1111/mec. 15358 (2020). Shang, H. , Luo, Y. B. & Bai, W. N. Influence of asymmetrical mating patterns and male reproductive success on the maintenance of sexual polymorphism in Acer pictum subsp. mono (Aceraceae). Mol. Ecol. 21, 3869-3878, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2012. 05555. x (2012). Gleiser, G. , Chybicki, I. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a list of references and citations from various studies, and does not directly address the claim regarding fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it is not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mining companies are interested in deep sea resources, including cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements. [SEP] Text: , 2001; Koschinsky, 2001; Koschinsky et al. , 2001a, b; Marchig et al. , 2001; Stummeyer and Marchig, 2001; Paul et al. , 2018). This is because it has been used as a study site for impacts of polymetallic nodule mining on the abyssal environment in the 1980s and 1990s (Thiel and Schriever, 1990; Thiel, 2001). Polymetallic nodules are mineral precipitates of Mn oxides and Fe (oxyhydr)oxides that form around a nucleus, e. g. , bone, rock, or nodule fragments, from accretion of Mn oxides and Fe (oxyhydr)oxides from seawater and porewater (Hein and Koschinsky, 2014). Thus, with renewed scientific, industrial, and political interest in deep-sea mining, the has recently received attention again, which allowed for detailed biogeochemical investigations. Figure 1Basin, with the location of the area. The map was created using GeoMapApp ( last access: 18 December 2019) and its integrated default basemap Global Multi-(GMRT) (Ryan et al. , 2009). In 1989, a DISturbance and reCOLonization experiment () was started to investigate potential impacts of polymetallic nodule mining in the (Thiel and Schriever, 1990). The seafloor was plowed in a 11 km2 large circular field, disturbing the upper decimeters of the surface sediment and removing the nodules from the surface (Thiel and Schriever, 1990). Geochemical investigations of nutrients, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), amino acids, solid phase and dissolved trace metals were conducted as part of the follow-up project in 1996 (Schriever et al. , 1996). The geochemical work focused on the bioturbated surface layer, where impacts of polymetallic nodule mining are expected (Haeckel et al. , 2001; Koschinsky, 2001; Koschinsky et al. , 2001a, b), whereas geochemical investigations of deeper sediment layers down to 10 m were only performed on five cores (with only one of them located in the area) (Haeckel et al. , 2001). Mineralogical investigations of long cores were, however, conducted extensively (Weber et al. , 1995, 2000; Marchig et al. , 2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the scientific, industrial, and political interest in deep-sea mining and mentioning polymetallic nodules as significant mineral resources. This indicates that there is a focus on the resources present in these areas, which may include cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements, as they are often associated with polymetallic nodule mining.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: Three probes were inserted through a sharp guide tube, which was lowered through granulation tissue to just above the level of the dura surface. The probes were arranged in a linear manner separated from each other by ~2–3 mm. The probes were then advanced by separate microdrives (LTD. ). The probes were connected to headstages of high input impedance, and data were acquired via the Plexon ‘system’ (MAP, Plexon Inc. ). The measured extracellular signal was filtered online between 150 Hz and 8 kHz to extract spiking activity and filtered between 0. 7 Hz and 300 Hz to obtain the’ local field potential’ (LFP). The signal was amplified and digitized with 1 kHz for the LFP and 40 kHz for the spike signal. The data was converted from Plexon to Matlab file format and cut into trials from fixation onset to stimulus offset using the fieldtrip toolbox (Oostenveld et al. , 2011). For the LFP data, the line noise was removed using the fieldtrip toolbox dft filter, which fits a sine and a cosine at 50, 100 and 150 Hertz and subtracts these components from the data. We collected 7 recording sessions in monkey M1 and 6 sessions in M2. Each recording session had on average ~590 trials in M1 and ~718 trials in M2. Current source density (CSD) First for extrapolating the CSD to the outermost contacts of our probes, at the top and bottom of the probe, a replica of the LFP of respectively the first and last contact was appended (Vaknin et al. , 1988). The LFP was then smoothed with a Gaussian (zero-phase) filter of a SD of 1. 2 and range of 5 (effectively weighting signals around the centre electrode by 24% in the centre, 20% immediate neighbours, 12% 2 contacts away, 5% 3 contacts away). Then the standard CSD algorithm was applied for each contact position x, our inter-contact spacing h of 150 µm and a conductivity C of 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a procedure where 'three probes were inserted through a sharp guide tube,' indicating that this type of BCI device involves a surgical procedure rather than being portable and non-invasive. The detailed method of inserting probes and the use of specific equipment further implies that the described setup is not portable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Gonzalez-Martinez, S. C. & Aizen, M. A. Phenological match drives pollen‐mediated gene flow in a temporally dimorphic tree. Plant Biol. 20, 93-100, doi:10. 1111/plb. 12651 (2017). Nagano, Y. , Hirao, A. S. & Itino, T. Genetic structure of a hybrid zone between two violets, Viola rossiiHemsl. and V. bissetiiMaxim. : dominance of F-1 individuals in a narrow contact range. Plant Spec. Biol. 30, 237-243, doi:10. 1111/1442-1984. 12054 (2015). Rieseberg, L. H. & Willis, J. H. Plant speciation. Science 317, 910-914, doi:10. 1126/science. 1137729 (2007). & Willis, J. H. The strength and genetic basis of reproductive isolating barriers in flowering plants. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. , B: Biol. Sci. 363, 3009-3021, doi:10. 1098/rstb. 2008. 0064 (2008). Westeberhard, M. J. Sexual selection, social competition, and speciation. Q. Rev. Biol. 58, 155-183, doi:10. 1086/413215 (1983). Edwards, S. V. et al. Speciation in birds: Genes, geography, and sexual selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 102, 6550-6557, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 0501846102 (2005). Coetzee, A. , Spottiswoode, C. N. & Seymour, C. L. Post-pollination barriers enable coexistence of pollinator-sharing ornithophilous Erica species. J. Plant Res. 133, 873-881, doi:10. 1007/s10265-020-01226-8 (2020). Lexer, C. ,. & Fay, M. F. Admixture in hybrid zones makes feasible the mapping of loci that contribute to reproductive isolation and trait differences. J. Hered. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it lists various studies and DOI references related to topics such as plant speciation, genetic structure, and sexual selection in plants, none of which pertain to fossilization or climate insights.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: IRD Éditions › Expertise collégiale › Les ressources minérales profondes en Po. . . › › II. Recommendations › R9. Organise the monitoring and evaluati. . . IRD Éditions IRD Éditions Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Liens vers le livre Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Formats de lecture détaillé Texte intégral Proposed actions Constraints and conditions Connections with other recommendations Reference to full contributions Aller en haut de page Aller en bas de page Les ressources minérales profondes en Polynésie française Deep-sea mineral resources in Ce livre est recensé par Naviguer dans le livre Précédent Version française --- L’expertise collégiale à l’IRD : objectifs et méthodes --- Préfaces --- I. Résumé exécutif ---- I. Résumé exécutif ---- Ha’apotora’a parau --- II. Recommandations ---- II. Recommandations ---- R1. Construire un système d’information afin de mettre en cohérence et organiser l’accès aux données existantes ---- R2. Réaliser des campagnes d’exploration la production de connaissances nécessitant le développement de technologies adaptées ---- R3. Définir la stragégie de développement d’une filière sous-marine ou bien décider d’y renoncer sur la base d’un travail de combinaison des données acquises avec des scénarios technico-économiques affinés et des premières consultations ---- R4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that there is a need for 'the development of technologies adapted' as part of the recommendations for exploring deep-sea mineral resources. This aligns with the assertion that technological advancements are essential for making deep sea mining feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: 1 and Figure 1—figure supplement 2 the data is shown binned by stimulus contrast values for illustration. Effects of visual contrast and eccentricity on gamma frequency Local stimulus contrast had a significant effect on the V1 gamma frequency (linear regression, M1: R2 = 0. 38, n = 1179 M2: R2 = 0. 27, n = 1134, both p<10−10, slope: ~0. 15 Hz/contrast, see Figure 1—figure supplement 2) in both monkey M1and M2 confirming previous studies of monkey and human visual cortex (Hadjipapas et al. , 2015; Hall et al. , 2005; Jia et al. , 2013a; Ray and Maunsell, 2010; Roberts et al. , 2013; Self et al. , 2016). Stimulus contrast lead to a monotonic increase of the frequency, here measured as the mean of the instantaneous gamma frequency (similar results were obtained using the conventional frequency of the power spectral peak). Both LFP and CSD gamma gave the same result. The frequency increase was approximately linear in the range tested, however it might deviate from linearity if the whole contrast range is considered. Further, in comparison to prior studies (Hadjipapas et al. , 2015; Jia et al. , 2013a; Ray and Maunsell, 2010; Roberts et al. , 2013), we used here whole-field gratings with local spatially varying contrast. The MUA spike rate also significantly increased with stimulus contrast (linear regression, M1: R2 = 0. 14, n = 1179, M2: R2 = 0. 12, n = 1134, both p<10−10), which has been well established by previous work (Contreras and Palmer, 2003; Sclar et al. , 1990). It suggests that the frequency change is due to a change of network excitation (Tiesinga and Sejnowski, 2009; Traub et al. , 1996). We inserted laminar probes acutely into the visual cortex and the different probes, depending on their arrangement, recorded from cortical location coding for different visual eccentricities. There was also variation across sessions. It has been shown in previous work that the V1 gamma frequency is modulated by eccentricity (Lima et al. , 2010; van Pelt and Fries, 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the portability of BCI devices or the need for surgical procedures. Instead, it discusses various results related to gamma frequency and stimulus contrast in visual cortex research, which is unrelated to the characteristics of BCI devices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 98, 74-84, doi:10. 1038/sj. hdy. 6800898 (2007). E, S. T. Taxonomic study of Acer mono and Acer truncatum in based on phenotype and molecular markers, University, (2020). Wei, L. , Li, Y. F. , Zhang, H. & Liao, W. J. Variation in morphological traits in a recent hybrid zone between closely related Quercus liaotungensisand Q. mongolica(Fagaceae). J. Plant Ecol. 8, 224-229, doi:10. 1093/jpe/rtv023 (2015). . & Ge, J. P. Asymmetric pattern of climate oscillations and the origin of biodiversity. J. Beijing Norm. Univ. , Nat. Sci. 50, 622-628 (2014). Holland, M. M. & Parson, W. GeneMarker (R) HID: A Tool for the Analysis of Forensic STR Data. J. Forensic Sci. 56, 29-35, doi:10. 1111/j. 1556-4029. 2010. 01565. x (2011). Peakall, R. & Smouse, P. E. GenAlEx 6. 5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research--an update. Bioinformatics 28, 2537-2539, doi:10. 1093/bioinformatics/bts460 (2012). Pritchard, J. K. , Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155, 945-959, doi:10. 1093/genetics/155. 2. 945 (2000). Earl, D. A. & Vonholdt, B. M. : a website and program for visualizing output and implementing the Evanno method. Conserv. Genet. Resour. 4, 359-361, doi:10. 1007/s12686-011-9548-7 (2012). Evanno, G. , Regnaut, S. & Goudet, J. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study. Mol. Ecol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it lists various academic studies and publications on different topics, including taxonomic studies and genetic analysis. The content is unrelated to the claim regarding fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: Associer les parties prenantes et organiser les dispositifs de gouvernance suffisamment en amont et dans une logique participative ---- R5. Inscrire le pays dans les dynamiques régionales, européennes et internationales de coopération, de recherche et d’innovation dans le domaine des ressources minérales profondes ---- R6. Réaliser des programmes de recherche et de développement technologique pour l’exploration, l’exploitation et la métallurgie ---- R7. Construire des dispositifs administratifs et réglementaires efficaces et attractifs pour le développement d’un secteur minier sous-marin ---- R8. Définir les normes de sélection, de suivi et d’évaluation des projets miniers à des fins de contrôle et de transparence dans la communication publique ---- R9. Organiser le suivi et l’évaluation de la politique des ressources minérales sous-marines pour mesurer ses effets et envisager le cas échéant des réorientations --- III. Synthèse ---- Introduction. Enjeux et logique de cette expertise ---- 1. Phases et enjeux clés d’un projet minier ---- 2. Connaissance de la ressource et des milieux : une approche plurielle ---- 3. Économie de la ressource et soutenabilité du développement : scénarios ---- 4. Campagnes de recherche et développement technologique ---- 5. Enjeux et dispositifs de gouvernance ---- Conclusion. Les enjeux d’une politique de valorisation des ressources minérales sous-marines ---- Bibliographie sélective ---- Version --- Composition of the college --- Expert group review at IRD: objectives and methods --- Prefaces --- I. Executive summary ---- I. Executive summary --- II. Recommendations ---- II. Recommendations ---- R1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating the need for 'programmes de recherche et de développement technologique pour l’exploration, l’exploitation et la métallurgie', which highlights that research and technological development are essential for deep sea mining operations. This aligns with the assertion that technological advancements are necessary to ensure feasibility and minimize invasiveness in these contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: AL = alimentary limb, BPL = biliopancreatic limb, C = cecum, CC = common channel, D = duodenum, DIA = duodenoileal anastomosis, GB = gall bladder, I = ileum, IIA = ileoileal anastomosis, J = jejunum, L = liver, LDJB = loop duodenojejunal bypass, P = pancreas, RS = resected stomach, S = stomach, SG = sleeve gastretomy. Click for larger image Download as PowerPoint slide 2. Sleeve plus procedures 1) Duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (DJB-SG) Two different techniques of sleeve-DJB have been used: the Roux-en-Y type, introduced by Kasama from Japan, and the “loop” type, introduced by Huang from Taiwan [20, 21]. The reported rates of diabetes remission at 1 year with sleeve-DJB and sleeve-loop DJB were 86% and 62%, respectively; however, these procedures require meticulous surgical techniques [19]. According to recent data, %EWL was 95. 77% and 83. 84% and %TWL was 34. 64% and 30. 32% at the 1-year and 3-year follow-ups respectively [22]. Diabetes remission reached a maximum of >90% of patients at the 1-year follow-up in patients with HbA1C levels of <6. 5%. Even at the 3-year follow-up, remission was >90%, indicating that diabetes remission was sustainable after sleeve gastrectomy loop duodenojejunal bypass (). A Korean study suggested that sleeve DJB can be a feasible and safe procedure for Korean bariatric patients [23]. study showed excellent weight loss results with %TWL of 27. 5% and a discontinuation rate of diabetic medication of 91% at 6 months postoperatively [24]. However, the Korean the studies included only a small number of patients and had a retrospective design. 2) LSG with proximal jejunal bypass (LSG-JB) Sleeve gastrectomy with jejunal bypass (LSG-JB) was developed by Alamo in 2004 and was later modified in 2006 to exclude the bypassed portion of the jejunum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing surgical procedures such as the Duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy and sleeve gastrectomy with jejunal bypass, which require meticulous surgical techniques. This indicates that not all devices, including BCIs (Brain-Computer Interfaces), can be portable or non-invasive, as some surgical interventions are necessary for specific medical treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 20459/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published04 Mar, 2020Read the published version in BMC →Version 2posted 4You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: Shoot orientation is important for plant architecture formation, and zigzag-shaped shoots are a special trait found in many plants. Zigzag-shaped shoots have been selected and thoroughly studied in Arabidopsis; however, the regulatory mechanism underlying zigzag-shaped shoot development in other plants, especially woody plants, is largely unknown. Results: In this study, tea plants with zigzag-shaped shoots, namely, Qiqu (QQ) and Lianyuanqiqu (LYQQ), were investigated and compared with the erect-shoot tea plant Meizhan (MZ) in an attempt to reveal the regulation of zigzag-shaped shoot formation. Tissue section observation showed that the cell arrangement and shape of zigzag-shaped stems were aberrant compared with those of normal shoots. Moreover, a total of 2175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of the tea plants QQ and LYQQ compared to the shoots of MZ using transcriptome sequencing, and the DEGs involved in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways were significantly enriched. Additionally, the DEGs associated with cell expansion, vesicular trafficking, phytohormones, and transcription factors were identified and analysed. Metabolomic analysis showed that 13 metabolites overlapped and were significantly changed in the shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to MZ. Conclusions: Our results suggest that zigzag-shaped shoot formation might be associated with the gravitropism response and polar auxin transport in tea plants. This study provides a valuable foundation for further understanding the regulation of plant architecture formation and for the cultivation and application of horticultural plants in the future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the development of zigzag-shaped shoots in tea plants and their genetic expressions, without addressing fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: Create an information systemto impose consistency and organise access to existing data ---- R2. Instigate programs to generate knowledge and develop suitable technology ---- R3. Define a development strategy for a deep-sea mining industry or, alternatively, decide to abandon the project, after combining the acquired data with detailed technical and economic scenarios as well as initial consultations ---- R4. Organise governance at a sufficiently early stage and with the participation of all stakeholders ---- R5. Involve the country in regional, European and international initiatives to further the development of marine mineral resources, including co-operation, research and innovation ---- R6. Conduct research and development programmes focused on innovative technology in the fields of exploration, mining and metallurgy of deep-sea mineral resources ---- R7. Create efficient and attractive administrative and regulatory instruments to develop a deep-sea mining sector ---- R8. Set standards for selecting, monitoring and evaluating mining projects in order to promote control and transparency in public communication ---- R9. Organise the monitoring and evaluation of deep-sea mineral resources policy in order to measure its effects and, when necessary, make changes --- III. Summary report ---- Introduction. Issues and methods of the expert group review ---- 1. Key phases and priorities for mining projects ---- 2. Understanding the resource and the environment: a multifaced approach ---- 3. Resource economics and development sustainability: scenarios ---- 4. Technological research and development campaigns ---- 5. Governance issues and tools ---- Conclusion. Issues involved in a policy for developing deep-sea mineral resources in ---- Selective 0. Introduction : spécificités et phases du projet minier --- Axe I. Connaissance, représentations et économie de la ressource ---- I-1. Représentations polynésiennes, pratiques culturelles et usages sociaux de la ressource et de son environnement ---- I-2. Que sait-on du patrimoine géologique sous-marin de la Polynésie française ---- I-3. Opportunités économiques ---- I-4. Quels potentiels supplémentaires apporterait une extension du plateau continental juridique ---- I-5. Scenarii économiques relatifs aux encroûtements cobaltifères ---- I-6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the need to 'conduct research and development programmes focused on innovative technology in the fields of exploration, mining and metallurgy of deep-sea mineral resources.' This indicates that technological advancements are indeed fundamental for the development and feasibility of deep-sea mining operations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crops grown in desert agriculture require no irrigation or water once planted. [SEP] Text: of usGuidelines to authorRole of ethicsRole of Authors5. 60SJR 0. 293Frequency :Bi-monthly (February, April, June, August, October and December):(Scopus and Embase), 10. 18805/IJARe. A-5604Cite 495. doi: 10. 18805/IJARe. A-5604. : The food grain and non-food grain crops occupy 48 and 68% area respectively under rain fed condition. Due to uneven rainfall, the rainfed crop suffers for want of adequate soil moisture at critical growth stages. Under such situation, protective irrigation ensures adequate soil moisture which results higher production. Crops like tomato, maize, groundnut and red gram are predominantly grown during kharif as rain fed crops. Relieving the soil moisture stress during the critical crop growth stages with more efficient irrigation system assumes importance in rain fed farming. Methods: An experiment was conducted for three years during kharif 2008, 2009 and 2010 at the College Farm, Prof. State Agril. University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad on a sandy loam soil to study the yield advantage of protective sprinkler irrigation to kharif grown rain fed tomato, maize, groundnut and red gram crops. The trial was conducted in strip plot design with protective sprinkler irrigations as main plots and rainfed kharif crops as sub-plots and replicated thrice. The three main treatments comprised of - one protective sprinkler irrigation at flower/peg/tassel initiation, two protective sprinkler irrigations at flower and fruiting, tassel and grain filling, peg formation and pod filling and flowering and pod filling stages and rain fed (control). The sub treatments consisted of four crops- tomato, maize, groundnut and red gram. Result: There was an increase in yield with one and two protective sprinkler irrigations by 16. 7 and 27. 9; 17. 7 and 44 5; 26. 4 and 34. 5 and 21. 1 and 28. 9% over their corresponding rain fed crops of tomato, groundnut, maize and red gram, respectively. There was an increase of 20. 4 and 31. 6% in Yield (MEY) with one and two protective irrigations as compared to rain fed crop. The water productivity was lower in all the crops grown under rain fed conditions (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that rainfed crops suffer from inadequate soil moisture and that protective irrigation is important for ensuring higher production. Specifically, it notes that crops like tomato, maize, groundnut, and red gram grown in rainfed conditions often require protective irrigation to alleviate soil moisture stress during critical growth stages. This indicates that these crops, contrary to the claim, do need water or irrigation to thrive.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: and MorphologyBiology and Geneticsauxin transportgravitropism responsestem developmenttea plantzigzag-shaped stemFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6BackgroundIn higher plants, the morphology of the plant mainly depends on the development and orientation of the shoots; therefore, plant shoots, which are usually negatively geotropic, play a crucial role in morphological architecture formation in many plants, such as landscape plants, fruit trees and other plants of economic interest. The growth and development of shoots are regulated by diverse factors, including light, temperature and phytohormones [1, 2], but gravitropism is important for the upward growth of shoots and is a determinant of the form and posture of plants [3-5]. However, the molecular mechanism by which shoot architecture formation in woody plants is mediated by gravitropism remains largely unknown. In plants, gravity is sensed by specialized cells called statocytes, and then, a signal is transported to the elongation zone, leading to differential cell growth in the elongation zone to reorient organ growth in response to the gravity signal [6]. It is thought that sedimentable amyloplasts play a critical role in gravity perception and that endodermal cells containing sedimented amyloplasts function as statocytes in plant shoots [3, 7]. In Arabidopsis, shoot responsiveness to gravitropism is regulated by a group of (SGR) genes, of which at least nine SGR genes have been isolated and functionally studied [3]. It has been established that mutant sgr genes could reduce the plant gravitropism response by regulating endodermal cell development, starch accumulation and amyloplast movement [7-11]. Kato, et al. [8] and Morita, et al. [10] found that both SGR2 and zigzag (ZIG)/SGR4 were involved in the formation and function of the vacuole, suggesting that vacuolar integrity participates in shoot gravitropism. Interestingly, ZIG/SGR4 encodes Qb-11, which is involved in membrane trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and the vacuole, and the stems of zig/sgr4 mutants elongate in a zigzag fashion [8, 10, 11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it primarily discusses the morphological features and gravitropism of higher plants, which is unrelated to the paleobotanical implications of fossilized flora.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: Diffusion et répartition de la rente : enjeux de soutenabilité --- Axe II. Capacités de gouvernance : règles, responsabilités, acteurs (étatiques et non étatiques) ---- II-1. La répartition des compétences entre l’Etat et la Polynésie française s’agissant des ressources minérales marines profondes : un besoin de clarification ---- II-2. Contraintes et référentiels juridiques ---- II-3 Les évolutions du droit national et polynésien envisageables en matière d’autorisation et d’exploitation des ressources minérales marines profondes ---- II-4 Organisation de la participation des groupes d’acteurs impliqués ou à impliquer ---- II-5. Acteurs et gouvernance : enjeux, positionnements, intérêts, attentes ---- II-6. Dispositifs d’administration et de gouvernance existants ou nécessaires --- Axe III. Enjeux technologiques de l’exploration et de l’exploitation ---- III-1. Quelles sont les technologies connues pour l’exploration et l’extraction des ressources minérales profondes, identifiées en Polynésie française ---- III-2. Quels sont les acteurs, leurs rôles respectifs et les moyens disponibles pour l’exploration des ressources minières sous-marines ---- III-3. Quelles sont les tendances des évolutions technologiques pour l’exploration des ressources minières sous-marines ---- III-4. Quelles sont les tendances des développements technologiques pour l’exploitation des ressources minières sous-marines, adaptées à la Polynésie française ---- III-5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses 'enjeux technologiques de l’exploration et de l’exploitation', which translates to 'technological challenges of exploration and exploitation', directly addressing the claim about the necessity of technological advancements in deep sea mining. It mentions the importance of known technologies for exploration and extraction, and outlines expected trends in technological developments for marine mineral resource exploitation, supporting the claim that advancements are crucial for feasibility and reducing invasiveness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crops grown in desert agriculture require no irrigation or water once planted. [SEP] Text: 77 kg MEY m-3) as compared to that of one and two protective irrigations. equivalent yieldProtective sprinkler irrigationRain fed cropsWater productivityfed agriculture plays an important role in the Indian economy and nearly 48% area of food crops and 68% area of non food crops is grown under rain fed condition. Ensuring adequate soil moisture at critical growth stages of crops is essential to ensure reasonable crop production in rain fed areas. Provision of protective irrigation ensures adequate soil moisture that secures crops during the dry spells and increases production. Crops like tomato, maize, groundnut, cotton and red gram are predominantly grown during kharif as rain fed crops in Telangana. In the event of prolonged dry spells, the yield levels of these crops are drastically reduced as a result of soil moisture stress at critical stages of the crops (Ramulu et al. , 2020). The chances of availability of abundant water supply for protective irrigation through surface methods of irrigation are very meagre in drought prone areas. Supplemental/protective irrigation is often proposed to increase yields of rain fed crops to mitigate soil moisture stress during dry periods (Brugere and Lingard, 2003; Fox and Rockstrom, 2000). Alleviating soil moisture stress during the critical crop growth stages and the application of limited available water more efficiently and economically through sprinkler irrigation assumes importance in rain fed farming. Hence, an experiment was conducted to see the possibility of increasing the yield of kharif grown rain fed crops if one or two irrigations scheduled at critical growth stages through sprinklers in the event of moisture stress period. experiment was conducted for three years during kharif 2008, 2009 and 2010 at the College Farm, Prof. to study the yield advantage of protective sprinkler irrigation to tomato, maize, groundnut and red gram crops grown as rain fed crops. The experimental soil was sandy loam in texture with low in nitrogen, medium in phosphorous and potassium. The water holding capacity of the soil was 20%. The experiment was conducted in strip plot design with three replications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that ensuring adequate soil moisture is essential for crop production in rain-fed areas. It discusses the need for protective irrigation to alleviate soil moisture stress during dry spells, thus demonstrating that crops, including those grown in drought-prone areas, do require irrigation for optimal yield and are affected adversely by water scarcity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant shoot architecture formation is regulated by plant hormones, especially auxin gradients, which are integrated into almost all aspects of plant growth and development [12, 13]. Shoot curvature is controlled by auxin, and increased auxin levels promote cell elongation at the bottoms of reoriented shoots, resulting in upward bending. Therefore, the genes involved in auxin transport and response, especially the polarly localized PIN-(PIN) auxin efflux carriers, play crucial roles in plant shoot formation [13, 14]. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport has been well recognized as being involved in the plant gravity response [3, 7, 15]. For example, after gravistimulation, PIN3 and PIN7 are relocalized towards the gravity vector and trigger changes in auxin flux [16]. Recently, several individual genes, such as LAZY1, LPA1, and WEEP, have been characterized and recognized as new factors involved in plant architecture regulation; these genes also depend on auxin and gravity signalling [17-23], indicating that gravity response and polar auxin transport play primary roles in plant architecture development. However, previous reports have mainly focused on model plants, and the mechanism of architecture development in woody plants remains largely unknown. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Kuntze), which is native to southwestern China, is a perennial evergreen woody plant in the family Theaceae [24, 25]. Its tender leaves and buds are processed as a beverage for drinking because tea leaves contain secondary metabolites that are healthy for humans, and tea plants are currently cultivated in over 60 countries around the world [26, 27]. Numerous studies have examined secondary metabolism and stress-response mechanisms in tea plants; conversely, tea plant growth and development processes, such as architecture formation, which is one of the key regulators of tea yield [28], tea processing and even ornamental value, remain to be revealed. Two tea plant cultivars, namely, C. sinensis var. Qiqu (QQ) and C. sinensis var. Lianyuanqiqu (LYQQ), both with zigzag-shaped shoots, were selected and planted more than 80 years ago and described in a previous study [28], but the molecular mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation remains unknown. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses plant hormones, shoot architecture, and specific cultivars of tea plants without mentioning fossilized plants or their relation to ancient climates and ecosystems. There is no information or evidence provided that supports or contrasts the claim about fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: Reference to full contributions50-1; II-6; IV-4 Naviguer dans le livre Précédent Version française --- L’expertise collégiale à l’IRD : objectifs et méthodes --- Préfaces --- I. Résumé exécutif ---- I. Résumé exécutif ---- Ha’apotora’a parau --- II. Recommandations ---- II. Recommandations ---- R1. Construire un système d’information afin de mettre en cohérence et organiser l’accès aux données existantes ---- R2. Réaliser des campagnes d’exploration la production de connaissances nécessitant le développement de technologies adaptées ---- R3. Définir la stragégie de développement d’une filière sous-marine ou bien décider d’y renoncer sur la base d’un travail de combinaison des données acquises avec des scénarios technico-économiques affinés et des premières consultations ---- R4. Associer les parties prenantes et organiser les dispositifs de gouvernance suffisamment en amont et dans une logique participative ---- R5. Inscrire le pays dans les dynamiques régionales, européennes et internationales de coopération, de recherche et d’innovation dans le domaine des ressources minérales profondes ---- R6. Réaliser des programmes de recherche et de développement technologique pour l’exploration, l’exploitation et la métallurgie ---- R7. Construire des dispositifs administratifs et réglementaires efficaces et attractifs pour le développement d’un secteur minier sous-marin ---- R8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the necessity of developing tailored technologies for the exploration and exploitation of deep-sea resources. Specifically, recommendation R2 mentions the need for campaigns that produce knowledge requiring the development of suitable technologies, thereby supporting the assertion that technological advancements are vital for making deep-sea mining feasible and aligned with minimal invasiveness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crops grown in desert agriculture require no irrigation or water once planted. [SEP] Text: The main treatments (irrigations) constituted of two levels of protective sprinkler irrigations (one protective irrigation each of 30 mm by sprinkler to tomato at fruiting, maize at tasseling, groundnut at peg formation and red gram at flowering; two protective sprinkler irrigations one each of 30 mm to tomato at flower initiation and fruiting; maize at tasseling and grain filling; groundnut at peg formation and pod filling and red gram at flowering and pod filling stages) and rain fed. The sub treatments consisted of four crops - tomato, maize, groundnut and red gram. The varieties/hybrids viz. 900M, TMV2 and LRG-41 were used for tomato, maize, groundnut and red gram, respectively in the experiment. The red gram, maize and groundnut crops were hand dibbled on 23rd, 9th and 13th July in 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively whereas, 35-40 days tomato seedlings were transplanted on 20th, 10th and 23rd August in 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively. The university recommended fertilizer doses viz. 160:60:50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1 for maize, 20:50 kg N and K2O ha-1 for redgram, 20: 40: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1 for groundnut and 150: 100 :50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1 for tomato were applied. The entire level of recommended fertilizers of respective crops was applied in the form of urea, single super phosphate and murate of potash near the seed/seedling as per the recommended split doses of the respective crops. The total rain fall received during June to October was 911, 601 and 948 mm in 38, 33 and 55 rainy days in 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively. In 2008, the tomato crop failed due to heavy rains at the initial seedling stage of crop. The measured quantity of irrigation water was applied to each plot through sprinklers. The effective rainfall was estimated by using method. In 2009, to save the crop from the prevailing dry spell in the month of August, an amount of 27 mm of water was applied uniformly through sprinklers to all the treatments and in 2010 as no dry spell was prevailed during growing period and the soil was near field capacity (F. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various irrigation practices employed on crops, indicating that irrigation is necessary even once the crops are planted. It describes multiple instances where water was applied through protective sprinkler irrigations at critical growth stages, such as fruiting, tasseling, and flowering, which directly contradicts the assertion that crops require no irrigation once established.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this study, the stems of tea plants with zigzag-shaped (QQ and LYQQ) and erect (C. sinensis var. Meizhan, MZ) shoots were collected and investigated for structural differences, transcription and metabolic regulation using section observation, transcriptome sequencing and metabolite detection, respectively, for the first time. In total, 46. 06 million reads were generated from nine samples, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and compared. A total of 2175 DEGs, including 998 upregulated and 1177 downregulated genes, were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to the erect shoots of MZ. The candidate DEGs, including genes associated with vesicular trafficking, cell expansion, transcription factors, and phytohormones and diverse genes involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, were seemingly related to zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plant. The results will contribute greatly to an improved understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation in woody plants. ResultsPhenotypic characterization and stem ultrastructure analysis of tea plants with erect and zigzag-shaped shoots Under natural conditions, the trees of MZ, QQ and LYQQ can grow upward uniformly (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). The leaves of MZ and QQ are flat, while those of LYQQ are folded inwards. In the MZ plant, the stems grew straight up, exhibiting normal shoot morphology; however, the shoots of both QQ and LYQQ tended to bend at each node and elongate in a zigzag fashion (Fig. 1a-c). Additionally, plants with zigzag-shaped shoots had shorter stems and fewer leaves than erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2a), and the internode distance (between two nodes) in plants with zigzag-shaped shoots was significantly shorter than that in erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2b). To precisely investigate the differences in zigzag-shaped stems at the ultrastructure level, we longitudinally dissected the stems of the and MZ tea plants. Observation of the stem longitudinal sections showed that the tissues were basically normal, but the cell arrangement and shape differed between zigzag-shaped and erect stems (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the structural differences and gene expression in current tea plant varieties, specifically dealing with zigzag-shaped and erect shoots. There is no mention or implication regarding fossilized plants or their connection to ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: Définir les normes de sélection, de suivi et d’évaluation des projets miniers à des fins de contrôle et de transparence dans la communication publique ---- R9. Organiser le suivi et l’évaluation de la politique des ressources minérales sous-marines pour mesurer ses effets et envisager le cas échéant des réorientations --- III. Synthèse ---- Introduction. Enjeux et logique de cette expertise ---- 1. Phases et enjeux clés d’un projet minier ---- 2. Connaissance de la ressource et des milieux : une approche plurielle ---- 3. Économie de la ressource et soutenabilité du développement : scénarios ---- 4. Campagnes de recherche et développement technologique ---- 5. Enjeux et dispositifs de gouvernance ---- Conclusion. Les enjeux d’une politique de valorisation des ressources minérales sous-marines ---- Bibliographie sélective ---- Version --- Composition of the college --- Expert group review at IRD: objectives and methods --- Prefaces --- I. Executive summary ---- I. Executive summary --- II. Recommendations ---- II. Recommendations ---- R1. Create an information systemto impose consistency and organise access to existing data ---- R2. Instigate programs to generate knowledge and develop suitable technology ---- R3. Define a development strategy for a deep-sea mining industry or, alternatively, decide to abandon the project, after combining the acquired data with detailed technical and economic scenarios as well as initial consultations ---- R4. Organise governance at a sufficiently early stage and with the participation of all stakeholders ---- R5. Involve the country in regional, European and international initiatives to further the development of marine mineral resources, including co-operation, research and innovation ---- R6. Conduct research and development programmes focused on innovative technology in the fields of exploration, mining and metallurgy of deep-sea mineral resources ---- R7. Create efficient and attractive administrative and regulatory instruments to develop a deep-sea mining sector ---- R8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by emphasizing the importance of developing suitable technology for deep-sea mining projects. It mentions the need for research and development programs focused on innovative technology in exploration, mining, and metallurgy of deep-sea mineral resources, which directly relates to making deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crops grown in desert agriculture require no irrigation or water once planted. [SEP] Text: ) at full bloom stage in Tomato, Maize and Groundnut, hence protective irrigation was skipped at this stage. Data was recorded on yield, water applied and to make the comparative study of protective irrigation, the individual crop yields were converted into Yields (MEY) and analyzed statistically. For calculation of maize equivalent yields, the price per 100 kg economic produce considered were Rs. 900/-, 2800/-, 3500/- and 500/- for maize, groundnut, red gram and tomato, respectively in 2009 and 2010. Whereas, in 2008 it was Rs. 787/-, 2700/-, 3143/- and 500/- per 100 kg of economic produce of maize, groundnut, red gram and tomato, respectively. The water productivity (WP) i. e kg maize equivalent yield m-3 of water was calculated by WP= Y/ WA(IR+ER) Where Y= maize equivalent yield (kg ha-1). WA (total water used) = IR (irrigation) + ER (effective rainfall). grain/ seed yield of individual crops was less under rain fed condition as compared to crops grown with one or two protective sprinkler irrigations applied at critical stages. The mean tomato fruit yield was 8. 03 t ha-1 under rain fed cultivation which was 16. 7 and 27. 9% less than that observed with one and two protective sprinkler irrigations applied, respectively (Table 1). Similarly, the percent mean yield increase noticed with one and two protective sprinkler irrigations over rain fed crop was 17. 7 and 44. 5 in groundnut, 26. 4 and 34. 5 in maize and 21. 1 and 28. 9% in red gram, respectively. Table 1: Yield (MEY) of kharif grown rain fed crops (t ha-1) as influenced by protective sprinkler irrigations (Mean of 2008, 2009 and 2010). Maize equivalent yield The MEY was significantly higher with two protective sprinkler irrigations over that of one protective sprinkler irrigation applied in different crops studied. The calculated MEY in these two treatments was significantly higher than that grown under rain fed condition (Table 1). The increase in mean MEY with one and two protective sprinkler irrigations was 20. 4 and 31. 6% as compared to rain fed crops. The MEY was higher with red gram and tomato crops followed by maize and the lowest MEY was observed with groundnut crop. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that crops such as Tomato, Maize, and Groundnut yield significantly less under rain-fed conditions compared to those with protective irrigation. It states that the mean tomato fruit yield was notably lower under rain-fed cultivation (8.03 t ha-1), indicating that irrigation is necessary for optimal yield. The findings emphasize that protective sprinkler irrigation applied at critical stages significantly enhances crop yield, demonstrating that these crops do not thrive without irrigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1d-f). In QQ and LYQQ, the cortex cells tended to be disordered and arranged loosely, and the cells in both the cortex and pith exhibited aberrant shapes (Fig. 1g-i). RNA sequencing, reference genome alignment and new gene annotation To investigate the regulation of zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants at the transcriptional level, we utilized RNA-Seq technology to analyse DEGs in the stems of MZ, QQ and LYQQ plants. In total, 46. 06 million clean reads were generated from nine samples, and the sequence data were deposited in the (SRA accession: PRJNA559220). After removing adaptor sequences, duplicate sequences, ambiguous reads and low-quality reads, a total of 16. 37, 13. 28, and 15. 48 million high-quality clean reads were generated for MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S1). The average amount of clean reads per sample was 5. 2 million. The Q20 values ranged from 97. 39% to 98. 55%, and the Q30 values ranged from 92. 26% to 95. 07%. All the transcripts were aligned to the reference genome, and the average proportion of samples mapped to the genome was 76. 38%. The new genes were then aligned to the Nr and KEGG databases for protein functional annotation. In total, 34248, 34374 and 33598 genes were identified from MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively, and 28021 (82. 58%), 27441 (80. 87%) and 27982 (82. 46%) genes were annotated as known genes in MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S2). These results indicated that the obtained high-quality transcriptomic data could be used for further analysis. Validation of differential expression data To validate the reliability of the RNA-Seq results, 16 DEGs were randomly selected from the RNA-Seq data and examined using qRT-PCR. The qRT-PCR data exhibited similar expression patterns to the RNA-Seq data among the cultivars (Fig. 2), suggesting that our transcriptomic data are reliable and valid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide any insights regarding fossilized plants and how they relate to ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on RNA sequencing and gene expression in tea plants, which is unrelated to the implications of fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: Set standards for selecting, monitoring and evaluating mining projects in order to promote control and transparency in public communication ---- R9. Organise the monitoring and evaluation of deep-sea mineral resources policy in order to measure its effects and, when necessary, make changes --- III. Summary report ---- Introduction. Issues and methods of the expert group review ---- 1. Key phases and priorities for mining projects ---- 2. Understanding the resource and the environment: a multifaced approach ---- 3. Resource economics and development sustainability: scenarios ---- 4. Technological research and development campaigns ---- 5. Governance issues and tools ---- Conclusion. Issues involved in a policy for developing deep-sea mineral resources in ---- Selective 0. Introduction : spécificités et phases du projet minier --- Axe I. Connaissance, représentations et économie de la ressource ---- I-1. Représentations polynésiennes, pratiques culturelles et usages sociaux de la ressource et de son environnement ---- I-2. Que sait-on du patrimoine géologique sous-marin de la Polynésie française ---- I-3. Opportunités économiques ---- I-4. Quels potentiels supplémentaires apporterait une extension du plateau continental juridique ---- I-5. Scenarii économiques relatifs aux encroûtements cobaltifères ---- I-6. Diffusion et répartition de la rente : enjeux de soutenabilité --- Axe II. Capacités de gouvernance : règles, responsabilités, acteurs (étatiques et non étatiques) ---- II-1. La répartition des compétences entre l’Etat et la Polynésie française s’agissant des ressources minérales marines profondes : un besoin de clarification ---- II-2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by addressing the importance of 'technological research and development campaigns' as a key phase for mining projects. This indicates that advancements in technology are recognized as necessary for ensuring the feasibility and potentially the minimal invasiveness of deep-sea mining operations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crops grown in desert agriculture require no irrigation or water once planted. [SEP] Text: Water productivity The total water productivity was 1. 02 kg of MEY m-3 in the crop that received two protective sprinkler irrigations was 10% higher over that of one protective sprinkler irrigation (0. 93 kg m-3). The water productivity was lower under rain fed conditions (0. 77 kg MEY m-3). The increase in water productivity with one and two protective sprinkler irrigations over that of rain fed crop was 21 and 32%, respectively (Table 2). The results of the 3 year study indicates that application of one or two protective sprinkler irrigations to the kharif grown rain fed crops at critical moisture stages has enhanced the crop yield and water productivity over its respective rain fed crop. Table 2: Water productivity of kharif grown crops as influenced by protective sprinkler irrigation (Mean of 2008, 2009 and 2010). Agossou Gadedjisso-Tossou et al. (2018) reported that under rain fed conditions, supplementary irrigation (150 mm) improved the maize yield considerably. Saraf and Ahlawat (1975) emphasized that one life saving irrigation before flowering in red gram is very critical to realize higher yields under north Indian conditions. Application of three supplementary irrigations doubled the seed yields of pigeon pea in alfisols (Chauhan, 1990). These results were further confirmed that depending on water stress, supplementary irrigation was helpful in up-scaling grain yield (Praharaj et al. , 2017 and Ramulu et al. , 2020). The results obtained in the present experiment are also in conformity with the findings of Rao et al. , (1983) and Khanna et al. , (1980). this 3 years study it can be concluded that high variability in rainfall during the kharif season leads to considerable variability in the expected yields of rain fed crops and provision of one or two protective irrigations through sprinkler irrigation to kharif grown rain fed crops viz. red gram, tomato, maize and groundnut at critical moisture stages improve the yield and water productivity over its respective rain fed crops. 10. 3390/w10121803. Brugere, C. and Lingard, J. (2003). Irrigation deficits and farmers’ vulnerability in Southern India. Agricultural Systems. 77: 65-88. Chauhan, Y. S. (1990). A ready-reckoner to help pigeon pea researchers determine plant population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that for kharif grown crops, the provision of one or two protective irrigations through sprinkler irrigation significantly improves yield and water productivity as opposed to relying solely on rain-fed conditions. It describes various studies that emphasize the importance of irrigation, indicating that crops grown in these conditions do require additional water for optimal growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Identification of DEGs and pathways in cultivar comparisons The DEGs in each cultivar pair were then determined according to the parameters p value≤0. 01 and |log2FC|≥1. In total, 6232 DEGs, including 2969 upregulated and 3263 downregulated DEGs, were detected in MZ-vs-QQ (Fig. 3a). GO enrichment analyses showed that most of the DEGs were enriched in the terms ‘catalytic activity’, ‘metabolic process’, ‘cellular process’, ‘binding’, ‘single-organism process’, and ‘membrane’ (Additional file 1: Fig. S3). The DEGs were also subjected to KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, which showed that the pathways ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids’, ‘alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism’, and ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’ were significantly enriched. Additionally, we found that the zeatin biosynthesis pathway was enriched (Fig. 3b). In the MZ-vs-LYQQ comparison, a relatively high number of DEGs (7212), including 4002 upregulated and 3210 downregulated DEGs, were identified (Fig. 3a). All the DEGs could be mapped to 132 KEGG pathways, and the pathways ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’, ‘Glutathione metabolism’, and ‘Arginine and proline metabolism’ were significantly enriched (Fig. 3b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses DEG (differentially expressed genes) identification and pathway analyses in plant cultivars without addressing fossilized plants or their relation to ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Examples of genetic memory include migration patterns in birds and seasonal changes in fur thickness in mammals. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1448360/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground: Altitudinal bird migration involves seasonal shifts up and down the altitude gradient annually. Asia as the place with the largest number of altitudinal migrants, has quite few related studies, especially for montane and temperate avifaunas. Method: To explore the potential drivers of seasonal altitudinal migration for birds in the middle of Hengduan Mountains, we conducted a two-year investigation on breeding and non-breeding season bird communities at eight altitude sections in the Gongga Mountains. Then, we examined the altitudinal migration patterns and relationships between seasonal distribution shifts and species’ traits, of 20 species with sufficient data recorded in both seasons. Results: We found that a large proportion of resident birds underwent altitudinal migration and showed 3 patterns (downslope shift, upslope shift, no shift). Species’ seasonal distribution shifts were mainly correlated with territoriality, nest height, diet, and temperature tolerance range. The species nesting in scrub and omnivores were more likely to present a downhill movement in the non-breeding season. In addition, territorially weaker species migrated more widely and performed multiple patterns. Notably, HWI dominated upslope shifts in altitudinal migration. Conclusion: Studying the seasonal altitudinal migration patterns of birds is essential to understanding their distributional responses to seasonal changes in climate (energy), which has important conservation implication for avian biodiversity. These results further consolidate the study of seasonal altitudinal migration in montane birds and verify that body mass is not correlated with altitudinal migration. This could be used to bridge existing knowledge gaps that currently impeding effective conservation. altitudinal migrantfunctional traitsresident birdsmigration patternsGongga MountainFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3IntroductionUnderstanding the variation of species distribution along altitudinal gradients over space and time is crucial to assess the impact of climate change on montane species [1]. The geological characteristics, physical and climatic conditions of mountains change rapidly with altitudes, and these changes can affect the distribution and abundance of species along the altitudinal gradient [2, 3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing seasonal altitudinal migration patterns in birds. It provides insights into how species' distribution shifts are correlated with seasonal changes and traits, which can be interpreted as an example of genetic memory influencing migratory behavior in response to environmental changes. The findings emphasize the importance of understanding these patterns in the context of climate and ecological conservation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture can fully solve global food shortages regardless of other conditions. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4901954/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstract"Schistocerca Gregaria", is a pest that destroys human and livestock food sources, leading to a crisis in food security. Chemical spraying methods, in addition to their high costs, contribute to food chain contamination and the resilience of these insects to pesticides. The first comprehensive field study in 2020, conducted in a southern region of Iran under the influence of attacks, employed traps to capture these insects. The study utilized random sampling for data collection and employed non-parametric tests for data analysis. Additionally, the experiences of hunters were assessed using a case study approach and compared to other similar studies. The results revealed that the number of Locusts on the experimental land was approximately − 27% compared to the control land, while the number of trapped Locusts was 3170% higher on the experimental land. Moreover, the number of Locusts in the traps was 4334% higher than on the experimental land. Regarding weight, the weight of Locusts on the control land was approximately 22% greater than on the experimental land. Furthermore, the weight of Locusts captured in traps was 4705% higher than on the experimental land and 3644% higher than on the control land. By the end of the research (on the fifth day), the harvested product weight from the control land was 2635 kilograms, whereas the experimental land yielded 6045 kilograms (2. 3 times more). The findings of this study demonstrate that locust hunting, beyond preserving agricultural yields and reducing environmental pollution, leads to increased income for farmers and savings in water and energy consumption. Given these benefits, it is recommended that this method be tested in other regions facing locust invasions. Desert LocustLocust huntingTrapEnvironmental ConservationFood securityIranIntroductionInsects are the most abundant category of living creatures that have a crucial impact on ecosystems1. Locust (Schistocerca gregaria) is a notable insect among them. They are herbivores, and their diverse diet2 makes them one of the most hazardous pests in the event of a population outbreak. Therefore, they pose a challenge to food security3,4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges posed by locusts to food security, indicating that agricultural methods, including locust hunting, are necessary to maintain yields and environmental conservation in the face of such pests. This suggests that desert agriculture alone cannot address food shortages without considering and mitigating the impacts of pests like locusts, highlighting external conditions that must be managed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: A total of 6930 DEGs, including 3932 upregulated and 2998 downregulated DEGs, were detected in the QQ-vs-LYQQ comparison (Fig. 3a) and mapped to 132 pathways. The DEGs in the pathways ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Brassinosteroid biosynthesis’ and ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’ were significantly enriched (Fig. 3b). Identification of DEGs and pathways involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants We generated a Venn diagram to compare the different cultivars and showed that 1082 DEGs overlapped among the MZ-vs--vs-QQ, and QQ-vs-LYQQ comparisons (Fig. 4a). These DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways of “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis”, “Phenylalanine metabolism”, and “Tryptophan metabolism” (Additional file 1: Fig. S4a). In addition, a total of 1255 DEGs, including 527 downregulated and 728 upregulated DEGs, were specifically detected in the MZ-vs-LYQQ comparison (Fig. 4a). Among the top 20 pathways, “Cysteine and methionine metabolism”, “Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis”, “Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism”, and “Other types of O-glycan biosynthesis” were markedly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4b). Unexpectedly, the number of DEGs in the MZ-vs-QQ set (949, including 494 downregulated and 455 upregulated) was lower than that in MZ-vs-LYQQ (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their enrichment in various metabolic pathways related to plant traits. It does not mention fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Examples of genetic memory include migration patterns in birds and seasonal changes in fur thickness in mammals. [SEP] Text: Birds are often treated as important indicators that reflect the state of ecosystem functioning, because they are widely distributed, easy to detect and sensitive to environmental changes [4, 5]. They have played an important role in the mountain ecosystem, serving as arthropods predator, seeds consumer and disperser [6–8]. Their mobility has profoundly influenced many other aspects of their ecology and evolution, such as strong dispersal facilitates colonisation of new regions, thereby driving range expansion [9]. When on islands, speciation is most likely to occur when dispersal is relatively high [10], while on the mainland there is evidence that low dispersal promotes bird diversification [11]. Previous studies of avian movements have mostly focused on their migration (i. e. predictable, annually return movements between breeding and non-breeding ranges [12], and most species of avian migrants are partial migrants rather than complete migrants [13]. Such type of migratory behavior involves movements over altitudinal gradients. Most birds conduct seasonal migrations over altitudinal gradients [12], including short-distance upslope movement from low-altitude breeding areas to high-altitude non-breeding areas and downslope movement from high-altitude breeding areas to low-altitude non-breeding areas [5, 12, 14, 15]. Compared with latitudinal migrations, altitudinal migration is characterized with shorter distances such that individuals consume less energy. Asia is home to the greatest number of altitudinal migrants of the world and it is estimated that up to 65% of the Himalayan and 58% of Taiwanese high-elevation breeding species are involved in this activity [12, 16]. However, this behaviour remains poorly understood, especially for montane and temperate avifaunas. Studying the seasonal altitudinal migration patterns of birds is essential to understanding their distributional responses to seasonal changes in climate (energy), which has important conservation implication for avian biodiversity [6, 15]. According to previous research, birds can reduce risk of predation [17], avoid the harsh climatic conditions [18, 19] and track the food resources by vertical migration [20–24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing avian migratory patterns, particularly the seasonal altitudinal migrations of birds, which aligns with the concept of genetic memory as a behavioral adaptation influenced by environmental changes. It highlights how the seasonal migrations are critical for understanding birds' responses to climate, which supports the idea of inherent migratory behaviors being examples of genetic memory.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture can fully solve global food shortages regardless of other conditions. [SEP] Text: They are highly solitary and often thrive in warm and sunny ecosystems5,6. Consecutive droughts, accompanied by moderate and humid winters, create the conditions for the proliferation of this insect, and changes in soil temperature cause variations in the hatching time of this insect's larvae from eggs7–10. However, population outbreaks occur in some species of Locusts with short antennae from the Acrididae family. After hatching, locusts are in the form of larvae and cannot fly, mate, or lay eggs, but they can hop. After reaching maturity, they gain the ability to fly, mate, and lay eggs. Vinylanisole, Phenol, Guaiacol, and Veratrole are gases produced by the locusts' digestive system, serving as cohesive pheromones that transform them into social beings, forming large groups11–13. Increased tactile stimulation of their hind legs results in an elevation of serotonin levels14. Under the influence of heightened serotonin levels, their color changes, they engage in more feeding, their reproductive processes accelerate, and they exhibit more collective behavior. After several generations, their population surges, transforming them into the most significant and destructive plant pests15. Locust attacks have occurred frequently throughout history and have caused significant damage16–18. Reports of grassland areas being infested by locusts date back to 19744. A typical swarm of locusts can cover and infest an area of 150 square kilometers and travel up to 150 kilometers per day. The massive locust outbreak in the in 1875 has been documented, with the dimensions of the swarm measuring 180x2900 kilometers and an estimated population of around 3. 5 trillion locusts19. Even the migratory journey of desert locusts from Africa to the between 1987 and 1989 has been documented20–23. Planting vegetation in distant rangelands, removing plant cover from lands, concentrating damages in specific regions of pastures, deliberately and systematically igniting fires, establishing green belts, and employing D4-2 and Carbaryl pesticides have been common approaches for combating locusts15,24–31. At various stages of their life cycle, locusts are influenced by parasites, fungi, bacteria, and natural predators15,32–39. Even alterations in their dietary habits40 or feeding on certain plants like Nerium oleander can contribute to population control41–43. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significant threats posed by locusts, which can devastate agricultural output, particularly in desert ecosystems. It discusses the behavior and population dynamics of locusts, including their ability to swarm and cause extensive damage to crops. This information implies that desert agriculture alone cannot address global food shortages if it remains vulnerable to such pests, suggesting that other conditions and factors must also be considered.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4a), and the pathways “Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis − globo series” and “Limonene and pinene degradation” were significantly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4c). Additionally, a total of 1122 DEGs, including 593 upregulated and 529 downregulated DEGs, were specifically expressed in QQ-vs-LYQQ (Fig. 4a), but only the “Plant-pathogen interaction” pathway was significantly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4d). Moreover, a total of 2175 DEGs, including 1177 downregulated and 998 upregulated DEGs, overlapped between MZ-vs-LYQQ and MZ-vs-QQ specifically, indicating that these DEGs might be associated with zigzag-shaped stem formation in both QQ and LYQQ. KEGG analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways (Fig. 4b). GO enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in 59 GO terms, of which the most highly enriched components were categorized as catalytic activity (465), metabolic process (381), binding (323), cellular process (322), single-organism process (285) and membrane (274) (Fig. 4c). Identification of key DEGs regulating zigzag-shaped stem formation Based on the changes in expression in the comparisons MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, 76 DEGs potentially involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation were identified (Fig. 5). Among these DEGs, 19 were associated with cell wall synthesis and cell expansion, of which seven, namely, cellulose synthase (TEA032164. 1, TEA030545. 1), expansin (TEA027164. 1), leucine-rich repeat extensin-like protein 1 (XLOC_003301), chitinase-like protein (TEA022978. 1) and pectinesterase (XLOC_003301, and TEA004581. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gene expression and metabolic pathways related to plant biology without addressing fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Examples of genetic memory include migration patterns in birds and seasonal changes in fur thickness in mammals. [SEP] Text: Species with different life-history and ecological traits also show different migration patterns in response to climate change and several related ecological traits such as territoriality [25], nest height [17, 26], diet [27] and body mass [28] that could influence species’ ability to shift their altitudinal ranges [28, 29]. Most studies on altitudinal migration have focused on the food-limitation hypothesis, which proposes that food availability varies seasonally over altitudinal gradients in response to fluctuations in temperature and precipitation throughout the year [15]. Animals may move up and down in altitudes in response to these variations. Consequently, species with different diets may respond differently to seasonality. For example, in some regions, frugivores and nectarivores are more likely to exhibit altitudinal migration than omnivores and invertivores [16, 20, 21, 23]. Similarly, avian territorial behaviors may also influence their distributional responses to climate change because species with stronger territoriality may guard the territory year-round [25, 30]. In addition, birds may actively adopt strategies to avoid or reduce nest predation. A probably more noticeable strategy is nest-site selection, which often determines the safety of the nest [26, 31]. It can be expected that species with lower nest sites have greater probability of altitudinal migration than species with higher ones. However, while many possible drivers of seasonal altitude migration have been proposed, they have only been empirically examined in few cases and their generalizability is mostly unknown [12, 32]. The causes of altitudinal migration have only been studied in a few systems and species. Most studies have been conducted in America, with few studies located in Asia [15]. Boyle found that altitudinal migration was prevalent, occurring in > 20% of continental and nearly 30% of Hawaiian species [12]. In addition, majority of birds that undergo altitudinal migration are frugivores or nectarivores in the Neotropics [17, 33, 34]. In China, Taiwanese scholars modeled the behavior based on occurrence records collected by citizen scientists and suggested that seasonal variations in climates and food availability could be major drivers of the behavior [16]. Studies in the have found that species' seasonal distribution shifts were mainly associated with breeding altitudes and diet [23]. Relative to long-distance latitudinal migration, altitudinal migration has been poorly studied in Asia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing migration patterns in birds as influenced by climate change, food availability, and ecological traits. It specifically mentions altitudinal migration, which is a form of migration pattern, supporting the idea presented in the claim about genetic memory in the context of migration behaviors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture can fully solve global food shortages regardless of other conditions. [SEP] Text: Mechanical mechanisms lack sufficient power to effectively combat their extensive onslaught. In chemical confrontation, weaknesses such as lack of durability, development of resistance, high economic costs, and adverse environmental impacts are evident5. Furthermore, the persistence of toxic effects has been reported to range from 10 days to several months44,45 and a study conducted in the demonstrated the expenditure of 25 million dollars for controlling 3 million hectares of pastures through the use of 5 million liters of malathion46. The proactive biological control of the Locust population constitutes a scientific strategy. However, the allocation of budgetary resources by governments is contingent upon their political inclinations rather than the scientific discoveries of researchers. Preventing the emergence of crises through the application of integrated pest management (IPM) approach is a strategy grounded in a comprehensive understanding of the behavior and ecology of locusts47. This research aimed to explore the feasibility of hunting Locusts to determine the potential changes in agricultural field yields resulting from their capture, as an alternative to chemical spraying. Additionally, a discussion will take place regarding the comparison of damages caused by Locust invasions with the damages resulting from the use of pesticides. Considering the predictions of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Agency regarding the Locust invasions, necessary planning was conducted to study their behavior about the proposed hypothesis of capturing them. Materials and Two similar parcels of land (each approximately 5000 m2 − 111x45 and 120x42) were selected at a distance of 1723 meters from each other in the agricultural fields of Nahand village (27. 201035, 54. 197782) located in the Kohij county of Hormozgan province. These parcels were monitored in the field from April 24th to April 29th, 2020. Both parcels were in their second year of fall alfalfa cultivation. Planting 13. 5 kg of Nikshahri seeds per 5000 m2, with rows spaced 20 to 25 cm apart, had been carried out. The planting and harvesting of both parcels were done using mechanized methods, and they were irrigated through traditional fixed rain irrigation systems. Twenty metal barrels, each with a capacity of 220 liters, along with woven sacks made of 40 kg nylon fibers, as well as twenty 200-watt filament lamps with 450 meters of electrical wire, were utilized. Iron materials were employed as supportive bases for holding the lamps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges associated with agricultural practices, particularly focusing on the impact of locust invasions and the inefficacy of chemical methods in combating such issues. It emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive understanding and management strategies for pest control rather than suggesting that desert agriculture alone can address global food shortages without considering other conditions. The complexities of agricultural practices and pest management highlighted in the text suggest that simply implementing desert agriculture is not sufficient to fully solve food shortages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1), were upregulated, whereas 12, especially xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XLOC_007313, TEA019643. 1, TEA031643. 1), pectinesterase (TEA026842. 1), reduced wall acetylation 2 (XLOC_021264), expansin (TEA012391. 1), UDP-glycosyltransferase 74B5 (TEA020219. 1) and isoamylase 3 (XLOC_040461), were downregulated in both QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5a and Additional file 3: Table S3). Eighteen transcription factor genes, including the 13 downregulated genes floral homeotic protein 1 (TEA017728. 1), TIFY (TEA012041. 1), NAC transcription factor 010 (TEA026168. 1), transcription factor 2 (XLOC_053049), -related homeobox 2 (TEA032867. 1), ethylene-responsive transcription factor TINY (TEA027175. 1), transcription factor MYB1R1 (TEA026206. 1), squamosa promoter-binding-like protein (TEA003577. 1), transcription factor HEC1 (TEA030941. 1), transcription factor bHLH18 (TEA000681. 1), transcription factor (TEA006216. 1), growth-regulating factor 1 (TEA022970. 1), and Scarecrow-like protein (TEA030046. 1) and the five upregulated genes transcription factor bHLH041 (TEA031877. 1), transcription factor IBH1-like (TEA009726. 1), WRKY transcription factor 28 (TEA023233. 1), transcription factor (TEA031729. 1) and transcription factor 1 (TEA022287. 1), were identified (Fig. 5b and Additional file 3: Table S3). In addition, 10 DEGs involved in auxin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid metabolism and transport were also identified in the list of key DEGs; interestingly, except for jasmonic acid-amido synthetase (TEA020186. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific genes and transcription factors without addressing the topic of fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Examples of genetic memory include migration patterns in birds and seasonal changes in fur thickness in mammals. [SEP] Text: Among them, the altitudinal difference of 14 species were below zero, indicating downhill migration from breeding to non-breeding season, while the other 6 species were above zero, indicating uphill migration. There were three altitudinal shift patterns among the studied species (Fig. 3). First, most species (11) breeded at a higher altitude in breeding season, while migrated downward in non-breeding season. Second, some species (2) tended to move higher in non-breeding seasons, as both their abundance-weighted range centres and upper-altitude limits showed upward movements (Fig. 3). At last, the altitudinal ranges of seven species did not change significantly between seasons, and the altitudes during the breeding and non-breeding seasons were mostly the same (the abundance-weighted range center altitudechange < 50m), suggesting that the partial migration might be prevalent among the migrants (Fig. 2). Effects of species’ traits on shift patterns The PGLS models indicated that HWI, nest height, annualtemp and temprange (Table 1) were important in explaining the elevational shifts from breeding to non-breeding seasons (Fig. 2). In the uphill-altitude model, annualtemp was positively correlated with upslope shift, while temprange was negatively correlated with upslope shift. Temperature changes were closely related to seasonal altitude shifts, as confirmed by our model results. Both the lower- altitude limit and the abundance-weighted range center shift model indicated that the species nesting in scrub were more likely to present a downhill movement in the non-breeding season. Moreover, we found that seasonal shifts were associated with flight efficiency, for the range of both uphill movement and abundance-weighted range center changes were positively correlated with HWI. Phylogenetic paired t-test showed that territoriality, nest height and diet were significantly correlated with altitudinal shifts (Table 2). Specifically, territorially weaker species migrated more widely and had even diverse patterns than stronger species. For species with different diets, omnivores showed apparent downslope shifts in weighted mean altitude in the non-breeding season. For nest height, shown by the PGLS results, scrub-nesting species had a broader range of migration and presented a downward shift in the non-breeding season. No correlation was found between other traits in our models. Table 1 SE Z value Pr(> z) Lower-altitude limit shift HWI 32. 825 13. 043 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing specific altitudinal migration patterns in bird species during breeding and non-breeding seasons. It discusses how temperature changes are closely related to these seasonal altitude shifts, which are examples of genetic memory reflecting species' adaptations to environmental changes. Additionally, it describes how various traits influence these migration behaviors, aligning with the claim's mention of migratory patterns in birds.