Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: The PGPR can stimulate plant growth indirectly by inhibiting other deleterious microbes, root pathogens, biological control of root crop diseases, by production of antibiotics and siderophores (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014; Hayat et al. , 2010). Directly, PGPR provide the plant with a compound that is synthesized by the bacterium or facilitating the uptake of the nutrients (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014; Glick, 2012). Therefore, inoculation of agricultural crops with PGPR result in multiple positive effects on plant e. g. increases in the plant growth and vigor, increment in the chlorophyll, protein, proline and antioxidant enzymes activity and overall biomass of the host plant (Glick, 2012; Hayat et al. , 2010). Currently, the biological approaches for improving crop production are gaining strong attention among the agricultural scientists and researchers following integrated plant nutrient management system. The PGPR synthesize different phytohormones, including auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins, which can enhance various stages of plant growth; and synthesize enzymes, including phosphatase, catalase, that can modulate plant growth and development, and strengthen their immune system (Glick, 2012). The secretion of a wide range of chemical compounds also modifies the chemical and physical properties of the soil (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014; Glick, 2012). Phytohormone auxin, (indole-3-acetic acid/IAA) is a class of phytohormones which are involved in the regulation of growth and development throughout the life cycle of plants (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014; Etesami et al. , 2014). Similarly, Ethyleneis also a vital phytohormone, which plays significant roles in the germination and growth and development of the seeds and crop plants (Bhattacharyya and Jha, 2012). Ethylene, produced endogenously by approximately all plants, however, apart from being a plant growth regulator, in excessive amount, ethylene has also been established as a stress hormone (Bhattacharyya and Jha, 2012). Several PGPR are actively involved in the synthesis of auxins in pure culture as well as in soil, and hence can play significant roles in the growth and development of crop plants (Glick, 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) can stimulate plant growth through various means, including the synthesis of phytohormones like auxins, which are critical for regulating plant growth and development. Although the text does not explicitly mention nitrogen fixation, it highlights multiple beneficial effects of PGPR, such as enhancing nutrient uptake and overall plant vigor. These functions align with the broader concept of rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Although single-substrate model exists to explain intra-annual oxygen isotope variation of tree rings (Ogée et al. 2009), post-photosynthetic oxygen and hydrogen isotope signal transfer processes are much less explored compared to those of carbon isotopes, partly because effective pulse-labeling method with oxygen and hydrogen isotopes has been lacking. However, recent development of pulse-labeling techniques with enriched or depleted H218O and HDO (Lehman et al. 2018, 2020a, Kagawa 2020) might contribute to the improvement of such model. For example, new roots formed in the post-labeling period (within six months of heavy-water labeling) did not contain significant oxygen and hydrogen labeling signals, possibly due to post-labeling exchange of oxygen and hydrogen in carbohydrate pool with those of non-labeled water (Kagawa 2020). In a previous study, Kagawa et al. (2006b) successfully detected signals from photosynthate labeled with 13CO2 in July in roots formed later that year. Therefore, turnover rates of oxygen and hydrogen in carbohydrate pool may turn out to be much faster than those of carbon. Future analysis of intra-annual oxygen and hydrogen isotope analysis of the pulse-labeled trees in Kagawa (2020) will answer how pulse-labeled 18O and 2H signals in storage carbohydrates, if any, will affect intra-annual oxygen and hydrogen isotope signals of tree rings. Furthermore, pulse-labeling trees with three different isotopes (13CO2, H218O, and HDO) at the same time should highlight similarities and differences of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in post-fixation and exchange processes in carbohydrate pools. Another interesting discovery from recent dual labeling experiments with H218O and HDO is the use of foliar-absorbed water for wood formation. Recent studies have identified foliar water uptake as a significant net water source for terrestrial plants (Eller et al. 2013; Goldsmith et al. 2013; Dawson and Goldsmith 2018; Berry et al. 2019; Schreel and Steppe 2020) and not only is foliar-absorbed water incorporated into leaf water, it is also assimilated into leaf sugar and organic matter (Studer et al. 2015; Lehman et al. 2018, 2020a) and cellulose of leaves, wood and roots (Kagawa 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of tree rings and isotope analysis to study various processes related to tree physiology, such as the uptake of foliar water and its incorporation into wood formation. The mention of studies on isotope signals and their implications for understanding tree growth suggests that tree rings can indeed provide useful information about environmental factors, which counters the claim that they cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: It is computationally less costly than other published approaches (e. g. Bue and Stepinski 2007) and yields similarly high scores. This is, to our knowledge, the first application of the Blob-detection method for impact crater detection on a digital terrain model. Next, the methods are contrasted against one another as to their performance and then they are integrated for optimal true-positive detection results. 2 and of the (USGS) makes available a GIS-ready digital terrain model (DTM) of the Martian surface, released by. The DTM used here was acquired by the (MOLA) of the Surveyor (MGS) robotic spacecraft at a resolution of 463 m/pixel (observed topography within a 0. 00781 × 0. 00781 degree window). The selection of the study window (shown in Fig. 2) on the DTM was more or less arbitrary. The study area captures a segment of the equatorial area of Mars. According to the ( this window mainly captures the northern parts of the quadrangle. In a DTM, impact craters are perceived as negative topographic features in relation to their immediate neighborhood, enclosed by almost perfectly circular edges. Because the blurry DTM raster image (Fig. 2a) cannot be readily read as is, the fluctuations of the gradient of the DTM can highlight crater ridges as embossed lines (edges) on a low intensity background (Fig. 2b). From the outside inwards, the profile of an impact crater is morphologically expressed by a ridge that sharply goes over a low-lying flat area. The image-processed excerption from the DTM (Fig. 2b) portrays the qualitative characteristics of the Martian impact craters in the study area. Crater morphology on Mars is diverse. Impact craters range in diameter from ~ 450 km to as less as 1 km or even lesser. Surface processes may distort the original perimeter of the craters (Barlow 2016) from nearly circular to jigsaw-like edges, as in the case of the prominent crater in the bottom-right corner of Fig. 2 (1). In addition, ongoing bombardment may produce overlapping craters exhibiting complex configurations: from matryoshka doll-like structures, where craters are completely nested in larger craters (2 in Fig. 2), to interlocked rings (3 in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily focuses on the application of a method for detecting impact craters on Mars using digital terrain models, with no specific mention of the Moon or its impact craters providing insights into the solar system's history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Alike, the PGPR containing ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase activity is helpful in lowering the ethylene levels by converting ACC into NH3 and α-ketobutyrate in plants, and support the plants for vigorous growth and development (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014). Wheat (Triticum spp. ) is one of the most important cereal crops in the world (Schalchli et al. , 2012). Globally, it is the most important human staple food grain and ranks second in total production as a cereal crop after maize (2006). In order to meet the demands of the increasing world,s population, the use of chemical fertilizers increased significantly (2006). It has been estimated that the total annual fertilizer use has risen from 37 M t of N, P and K in 1961-65 to 161 M t in 2005-09 (2009). The excessive use of chemical fertilizers, drastically increase the pollution in both natural and man made ecosystems (Hassan et al. , 2014b). Therefore, it is important to find out other self-propagating and eco-friendly sources, which can replace the chemical fertilizers entirely or partially (Hassan et al. , 2014b). In this regard, the use of PGPR as a bio-fertilizer is a viable approach. Keeping in view all these challenges, the current study was conducted with the objectives: (1) to isolate and screen the most effective multi-traits PGPR strains for wheat (2) to examine the physical, chemical and enzymatic responses of wheat plant to three different rhizobacterial strains, strain 1: containing ACC-deaminase activity (WACC1, WACC2), strain 2: having nitrogen fixing ability (WRN1, WRN5) and strain 3: having both ACC-deaminase activity and nitrogen fixing ability (WAN1, WAN2). 2. Materials and Methods 2. 1. Physico-chemical analysis The soil was collected at 0-5 cm depth with the help of an augur. The samples were air-dried and passed through 2-mm sieve for further use in the incubation study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that one of the rhizobacterial strains has nitrogen-fixing ability, which directly supports the assertion that rhizobacteria can enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. The mention of strain 2 having nitrogen-fixing ability aligns with the claim regarding the role of rhizobacteria in promoting plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 10. 2), in agreement with the pattern seen at the cellulose level. Fig. 10. 1The relationships between δ18O of tree-ring cellulose (δ18Ocell) and annual-weighted (δ18Oppt_annual; a), and growing-season-weighted (δ18Oppt_grs; b) δ18O of precipitation. The δ18Oring data presented in this figure were obtained from Barbour et al. (2001). Each of the δ18Oring data points represents integration of 3–10 year of tree-ring isotope signal in the late 1990s. δ18Oppt_annual and δ18Oppt_grs were calculated based on the site information (latitude, longitude and elevation) presented in Barbour et al. (2001), using the online precipitation isotope calculator at (Bowen and Revenaugh 2003). The criterion set out in Song et al. (2011) was used to define growing-season months for each sampling site. For more information about this world-wide collection of δ18Oring data refer to Barbour et al. (2001)Full size imageFig. 10. 2The relationships between δ18O of stem xylem water (δ18Oxw) and annual-weighted (δ18Oppt_annual; a), and growing-season-weighted (δ18Oppt_gs; b) δ18O of precipitation across a wide range of sites in the United States. (a) is an adaptation from Fig. 1 of Sternberg et al. (2007). For (b), δ18Oppt_grs values were calculated based on the site information presented in Sternberg et al. (2007), using the online precipitation isotope calculator at (Bowen and Revenaugh 2003). The criterion set out in Song et al. (2011) was used to define growing-season months for each sampling siteFull size imageStored meteoric water in soil and regolith that interacts with tree roots (Sprenger et al. 2016) has an isotopic composition related to multiple precipitation events, including rainfall from the growing season and pre-growing season dormancy intervals. This highlights the fact that trees utilise a heterogeneous precipitation resource from both the current and past seasons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the relationships between tree-ring isotope signals and precipitation. It discusses how δ18O of tree-ring cellulose can integrate signals from multiple years, indicating that tree rings can provide valuable insights into past environmental conditions, which would include disturbances such as those from volcanic activity. This suggests that tree rings are indeed useful for studying past environmental events contrary to the claim that they cannot be used for such studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 2), or a combination of the two (4 in Fig. 2). Fig. 2a: digital terrain model (DTM) of the study area (source: ). b: gradient image of the DTM. (1) Crater whose circular edge is eroded acquiring a jigsaw-like shape. (2) Crater nesting in crater, (3) overlapping craters, (4) combination of (1), (2) and (3)Full size imageinvolves switching back and forth from the 2D image space (x, y) to a multi-dimensional space (depending on the number of the curve parameters), known as the parametric space, from which object candidates are detected as local maxima of votes cast into the so-called accumulator matrix. Such a parametric space is known as the “Hough” space (Duda and Hart 1972; Argialas and Krishnamoorthy1992). The CHT algorithm employed in this study is the ‘Phase Coding’ (Atheron and Kerbyson 1999) variation of the CHT algorithm. This implementation can be found in Matlab’s imfindcircles function. Contrary to CHT, blob detection extracts information from regions of an image that cannot be obtained from edge detectors (i. e. CHT). Lindeberg (1993, 1998) defines a blob as a region of the image corresponding to a local extremum, be it a maximum or a minimum (i. e. a bright blob in a darker background or a dark blob in a brighter background). This definition satisfies the appearance of impact craters on the DTM of Mars which appear as concave basins (lower height—dark areas) exhumed in the ground surface (higher height—brighter areas). Blobs can be automatically detected by employing operators that calculate the gradient fluctuations on an image. There are two common approaches to blob detection, namely the Laplacian of Gaussian (Mikolajczyk and Schmid 2004) and the Determinant of Hessian (Lindeberg 1998). Both aim at detecting either convex or concave structures in an image. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and discusses image analysis techniques for detecting features in digital terrain models, specifically related to craters on Mars, without directly addressing the claim about Moon craters and their implications for the solar system's history. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Soil texture, pH, EC (electrical conductivity), available P, N, extractable K and organic matter (OM) and saturation percentage were determined by the methods of Hassan, 2013, Hassan et al. , (2013 b, c, d) and Hassan et al. , (2014 c, d, e). The soil was sandy loam (sand 60. 3%, clay 25. 5% and silt 14. 2%) in texture, and alkaline in nature with saturation percentage 41. 5%, pH 7. 98, EC 1. 71, OM 0. 41%, available P, N and K 8. 81, 3. 67 and 423 mg kg-1respectively. 2. 2. Isolation of PGPR For isolation of bacterial strains, gently rhizosphere soil was collected from tomato crop. Rhizobacteria were isolated by dilution plate technique (Wollum-II, 1982) using Dworkin and Foster salt minimal media (Dworkin and Foster, 1958) (DF). For PGPR containing ACC-deaminase, ACC was the sole nitrogen source. Whereas, modified mannitol agar media was used to isolate PGPR possessing nitrogen fixing activity (Enrichment Technique). 2. 3. Isolation of rhizobacteria containing dual abilities Isolated rhizobacteria were further grown on both (DF salt minimal and modified mannitol agar) media to isolate the rhizobacteria containing dual abilities i. e. nitrogen fixing and ACC-deaminase activity. The isolates having ACC-deaminase activity was grown on modified mannitol agar media used for N fixing isolates and the rhizobacteria possessing N fixing activity was grown on media used for isolates having ACC-deaminase activity. The isolates WAN1 and WAN2 grew on both media and proved that having both abilities. 2. 4. Preparation of inocula Autoclaved 250 ml flasks with DF salt minimal media were used for the preparation of inocula, for the rhizobacterial isolates containing ACC-deaminase activity and modified mannitol agar media for the rhizobacterial isolates having nitrogen fixing activity. The autoclaved flasks were incubated at 28 ± 1°C for 48 hours in the orbital shaking incubator at 100 rpm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the isolation of rhizobacteria, specifically emphasizing their nitrogen-fixing activity, which is directly relevant to enhancing plant growth. It describes the methodologies used to isolate these nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria, indicating that they can provide essential nitrogen to plants, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Recently, capitalizing on a four-year collection of isotope compositions of precipitation, soil and tree xylem water, Brinkmann et al. (2018) conducted a rigorous, quantitative evaluation of the residence time of precipitation in the soil of a temperate forest. Their results showed that the residence time of soil water can be months or even years long, depending on the relative strengths of the precipitation input and the amount of water removal through evapotranspiration and infiltration. A significant finding of the Brinkmann et al. (2018) is that contributions of growing season and non-growing season precipitation are of similar magnitude as far as the total water supply of temperate trees is concerned. This finding is consistent with the pattern seen at the spatial scale that demonstrates strong correlations of δ18Ocell or δ18Oxw with δ18Oppt_annual. It is worth pointing out that the close linkage between precipitation water and source water notwithstanding, δ18Oppt inherently represents an approximation to δ18Osw regardless of the temporal scale over which it is integrated. In some cases, there is evidence that rapid uptake of meteoric rainfall (via increased soil moisture availability) corresponds to incremental growth of trees (Wunder et al. 2013), suggesting in some cases there may be low δ18Oppt residence time prior to incorporation in δ18Ocell. On the other hand, the transfer of the isotope signal from precipitation to the plant-available source water pool may not be a straightforward process, but instead, could be complicated by several factors. For example, after infiltrating into the soil, the precipitation signal can be damped or even masked after mixing with the existing soil water, and there is potential for precipitation and soil water to mix with short- and long-residence stem water, and/or precipitation may be further altered by extreme events such as tropical cyclones that often bring in large amount of water with distinctively low δ18O values (Miller et al. 2006), or by evaporative enrichment of soil water or the influence of the ground water (Cernusak et al. 2016; Sprenger et al. 2016). In addition, δ18Oppt is known to be seasonally variable for many regions (Bowen 2018), which means the season of growth response that dominates incremental ring addition (and therefore δ18Ocell) may require consideration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relevant factors affecting tree growth and the uptake of precipitation in relation to δ18O measurements. It provides evidence that environmental conditions, such as soil moisture availability, evaporation, and seasonal variability of precipitation, influence tree growth and may indicate responses to past environmental disturbances. This suggests that tree rings can be analyzed for environmental signals, countering the assertion that they cannot be used to study such events.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Because of the apparent resemblance between the graphical representation of the Determinant of Hessian (DoH) and the crater geometry (impact craters resemble 3D, inverted, Gaussian-like depressions) it is the DoH operator that is here tested on the DTM from the Surveyor. of Hessian searches the image for locations that display intense derivatives in orthogonal directions (Grauman and Leibe 2011). For the detection of impact craters as blobs, this study takes advantage of the blob_doh algorithm available from the scikit-image library for image processing in the Python programming language. The algorithm defines the center of a blob where the determinant of the Hessian matrix is maximized, and then delivers their (x, y) coordinates and the standard deviation of the Gaussian kernels convolved with the Hessian matrix. The radii of the blobs are approximately equal to the standard deviation of the Gaussian kernel. One shortcoming of blob_doh is that it cannot detect radii smaller than 3 pixels wide due to the box filters (Bay et al. 2008) employed in the approximation of the Hessian Determinant. Figure 3 illustrates two topographic profiles corresponding to the dashed lines in sections A and B respectively (drawn in Fig. 2) and reveal that impact craters may crop up at diverse landscapes from tilted sinusoid-like (Fig. 3a) to remarkably flat areas (Fig. 3b). Therefore, the apparent complexity of crater shapes encountered on Mars poses a challenge to the CHT and DOH methodologies employed here. Thus, CHT and DoH were tested against two distinctive landscape settings designated as A and B in Fig. 2 in order to compare their performance on both trended (A) and plane (B) topographies. Before applying the CHT and DoH algorithms, excerpts from the DTM of the two selected areas (Fig. 2) underwent some image pre-processing in order to optimize the operator’s performance. The “median” edge-preserving, noise-reduction filter (MF) was employed for both CHT and DoH. Nevertheless, CHT requires some additional amount of image pre-processing so that the circle edges emerge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the detection and analysis of impact craters using image processing algorithms but does not provide any insights or connections to the history of the solar system. It focuses on the technical aspects of crater detection rather than the implications of the craters' existence in the context of solar system history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Experimental design Two PGPR isolates (WACC1 and WACC2) containing ACC-deaminase activity, two PGPR isolates (WRN1 and WRN5) having nitrogen fixing activity and two PGPR isolates (WAN1 and WAN2) possessing both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen fixing activity were selected for incubation experiment. The inoculum for trial was prepared by growing the selected PGPR isolates. For inoculation of treatments, germinated seeds (variety Uqab-2000) were dipped in broth having selected ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing isolates. For control treatments, the wheat seeds were dipped in sterilized flasks containing 0. 03 M MgSO4. Four inoculated seeds were sown in each pot having 500 g soil/pot. Sterilized ½ strength nitrogen free Hoagland solution was used to provide nutrients to growing seedling. There were four replications for each treatment. Pots were arranged in complete randomized design (CRD) in a growth room under axenic conditions. After 28 days of germination, wheat plants were harvested and parameters regarding root and shoot length, seedling fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents, macro and micro nutrients in plant shoot and root and antioxidant enzymes glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase and catalase activities were recorded. 2. 11. Statistical analysis The data were statistically analyzed by Statistix 8. 1 statistical package (Statistix, USA). Parametric statistics of ANOVA analysis was carried out to estimate the effect of rhizobacterial isolate inoculation on plant growth. Mean separations were achieved using a least significant difference (LSD) test at p < 0. 05. 3. Results 3. 1. Root and shoot length The inoculation of wheat seedlings with rhizobacterial isolates containing nitrogen fixing and/or ACC-deaminase activity increased the root and shoot length as compared to uninoculated control. The root and shoot length ranged from 1. 51-fold to 3. 51-fold and 1. 40 to 3. 22 fold under normal growth conditions (Figure 1). The isolate WAN1 showed maximum increase in the root and shoot length that was 3. 51-fold and 3. 22-fold respectively as compared to uninoculated control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that the inoculation of wheat seedlings with rhizobacterial isolates, which possess nitrogen-fixing activity, significantly increased root and shoot length compared to uninoculated control groups. This provides empirical evidence that rhizobacteria play a role in enhancing plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: (c) was ΔFull size imageOf interest, a similar absence of a negative association between RH and Δ18O of tree-stem cellulose was also observed in a more recent study performed across 11 sampling sites that spanned an aridity gradient in NE Australia (Cheeseman and Cernusak 2017; Fig. 10. 3c). However, this observation cannot be fully explained by leaf-air temperature uncoupling, as along this same gradient a strongly negative correlation was observed between RH and leaf cellulose enrichment. In view of the different patterns between stem- and leaf-cellulose enrichment, Cheeseman and Cernusak (2017) proposed that the nil trend of stem cellulose enrichment along the RH gradient is a result of variation in the biochemical term “pex” (a topic that will be explored in more detail in the next section) and especially that pex is related to aridity. As of now, whether it is leaf temperature or pex that represents the true mechanism for the observed stem or tree-ring cellulose patterns remains to be further tested. Future studies explicitly designed to examine the relevant assumptions (as recently attempted by Helliker et al. (2018)) will hold the key to unravelling this uncertainty. 3. 2 The Péclet Effect ModelThe Craig-Gordon model has been shown to predict general trends in leaf water enrichment quite well. However, if examined more closely, measured bulk leaf water enrichment in many cases was found to be somewhat less enriched than that predicted by the Craig-Gordon equation (Walker et al. 1989; Flanagan et al. 1991). This has led to the realization that the Craig-Gordon equation may only predict the 18O enrichment at the evaporative sites within the leaf water, but not the bulk leaf water. The latter instead can be highly heterogeneous, likely as a result of mixing processes within the leaf lamina involving both unenriched and enriched water. This process was rigorously treated by Farquhar and Lloyd (1993), who introduced a Péclet effect into the leaf model to mathematically account for the ratio of advection of unenriched vein water via transpiration stream to back-diffusion of the enriched water from the evaporative site. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses studies involving tree-stem cellulose and the impacts of environmental conditions like aridity on tree-ring cellulose patterns. This implies that tree rings and their components can indeed reflect past environmental disturbances, which contrasts with the claim that they cannot be used to study such phenomena.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Therefore, a standard deviation filter was applied to the DTM in order to emboss areas of high variance, such as the crater edges, which are the features to be recognized by the CHT algorithm. Moreover, the Canny and Sobel edge detection operators were applied separately. Finally, the profile curvature was calculated to reveal the edges and a threshold was set to the gradient magnitude so as to convert the grey-scale image into black and white (binary image). A step including morphological opening and skeletonization of the image is usually interposed. In that way only foreground pixels with high gradient are designated for casting votes. Fig. 3a Topography profile of test area A in a NW–SE direction. Topography is characterized by sinusoidal-like fluctuations while trending towards higher elevations to the SE. b Topography profile of test area B in a W–E direction, drawn across the middle of area BFull size imageBy default, DoH searches for local topographic extrema without distinguishing minima (craters) from maxima (bright blobs corresponding to concave or hilly areas). Because of this, DoH will inevitably return ‘phantom’ craters (false positives) which skew the results dataset. One way to prevent blob_doh from extracting bright blobs is to insert an intensity cut-off in Python in order to exclude concave or hilly areas, which correspond to groups of high-intensity pixel values. However, insertion of an intensity cut-off inevitably leads to the rejection of a large portion of the image area and exclusion of craters resting at higher elevations. With the intention of improving the performance of DoH on a trended topography, such as area B, without losing information, we de-trended the relevant DTM in ArcGIS. De-trending involved fitting a plane to the DTM, and then subtracting it from the original DTM. The result was a leveled DTM which maintained the initial topological associations of the geomorphic features. This has the advantage that any intensity cut-off value will prevent DoH from extracting concave features without discarding portions of the image resting above the intensity cut-off value. As some overlap between the two methods may occur with regard to the crater detection results, it is essential that duplicate true positives be detected and counted as singles in the output. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or relate to the claim about impact craters on the Moon providing insights into the solar system's history. Instead, it discusses technical methodologies for processing and analyzing digital terrain models (DTMs) and crater detection, which are irrelevant to the broader historical implications of lunar craters.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Conversely, WAN2 was the next effective isolate in promoting root and shoot length (3. 1-fold and 2. 91-fold) as compared to uninoculated control. The other isolates namely, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 caused 2. 51-fold, 2. 21-fold, 2. 22-fold, 1. 91-fold, 1. 81-fold, 1. 61-fold and 1. 51-fold and 1. 40-fold increase in root and shoot length as compared to uninoculated control. Figure 1. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on root and shoot length of wheat. Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for root length. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 2. Fresh and dry weight of seedlings The effect of inoculation with either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity possessing rhizobacteria on the fresh and dry weight of seedling is shown in Figure 2. Data showed that fresh and dry weight of seedlings increased significantly (P < 0. 05) as a result of inoculation, ranged from 1. 51 to 3. 41 fold and 1. 60 to 3. 91 fold. All rhizobacterial isolates caused significant (P < 0. 05) increase in the fresh weight and dry of seedlings. Nevertheless the WAN1 was the most efficient isolate, caused an increase of 3. 41-fold and 3. 91-fold. The WAN2 was the second best isolate, caused an increase of 3. 11-fold and 3. 41-fold. The next effective isolates were WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 that resulted in about 2. 61-fold and 2. 92-fold, 2. 41-fold and 2. 61-fold, 1. 81-fold and 2. 21-fold and 1. 51-fold and 1. 60-fold increase respectively. Figure 2. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on seedling fresh and dry weight of wheat. Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for seedling fresh weight. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that rhizobacteria, specifically those with nitrogen-fixing activity, significantly enhance the fresh and dry weight of seedlings. It states that inoculation with these rhizobacteria resulted in increases ranging from 1.51 to 3.91-fold for dry weight and 1.60 to 3.41-fold for fresh weight, indicating a positive impact on plant growth attributed to their activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 1986; Yakir and Deniro 1990; Roden et al. 2000; Cernusak et al. 2005), over which average pex is ca. 0. 42 (summarized by Cernusak et al. 2005). Nevertheless, several more recent studies have suggested that pex may exhibit considerable variation in association with variation in aridity (Cheeseman and Cernusak 2017), salinity (Ellsworth and Sternberg 2014), or turnover time (τ) of the sucrose pool available for cellulose synthesis (Song et al. 2014). A relationship between pex and τ was suggested by Farquhar et al. (1998) through consideration of biochemical pathways leading to cellulose synthesis. When τ is small such that the sucrose pool turns over rapidly, there should be less opportunity for hexose phosphates to cycle through triose, potentially resulting in a smaller pex compared to the case of a slow turnover pool of sucrose. Further, it is known that τ is a parameter that can be readily influenced by plant growth environments, and hence the observed aridity- or salinity-dependence of pex may well be an indirect reflection of τ influence on pex. However, despite these plausible explanations, Waterhouse et al. (2013) demonstrated that position-specific isotopic exchange rates in cellulose cannot be fully accounted for by the carbonyl-exchange theory, with or without consideration of cycling via trioses. That is, our current understanding of the biochemical fractionation is incomplete and more research is needed to explore potential variations in pex and the associated mechanisms. 4. 2 and Transport of between the above mentioned two metabolic steps is the sucrose translocation pathway, where sucrose is loaded into the minor-vein phloem of the leaf and subsequently transported downwards in phloem towards the cellulose synthesis site. The current tree-ring model assumes no isotopic effect during sucrose translocation. However, this assumption may be problematic, as both phloem loading and transport involve highly dynamic and complex mechanisms (i. e. , multiple pathways during loading and the leakage-retrieval dynamics persisting throughout transport) (van Bel 2003), which may give rise to metabolic conversion of sucrose into carbonyl-containing intermediates and consequently to isotopic oxygen exchange (Barnard et al. 2007; Offermann et al. 2011; Gessler et al. 2013, 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relationship between biochemical processes and isotopic variations in cellulose, which are crucial for understanding how tree rings reflect environmental conditions. The mention of aridity, salinity, and metabolic processes shows that tree rings can indeed be influenced by environmental factors, implying their potential use in studying past environmental disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 2002; Shan and Lee 2005) defined as the ratio of the objects identified by the algorithm over both the ground-truth objects and the phantom objects ([true positives] ÷ [ground-truth + false positives]). Table 1 lists the results of CHT algorithm applied to both DTMs excerpts after they underwent image pre-processing with various filters. The above indices were calculated both by counting craters () and measuring the relevant surface (). The S2 and S3 preprocessing algorithms involved applying the standard deviation filter two and three times respectively. The window sizes of the standard deviation filters were 11 × 11, 3 × 3 and 3 × 3 from the first to the last pass. Search radius range was set to 10–70 pixels in all cases. For the CHT method, the best results were achieved using the S2 filtering for area A, while the S3 filtering provided better results for area B (Table 1, Fig. 4). DTM de-trending seems to have a negligible influence on the CHT results. After removing the trend the number of craters was found to be quite similar to the number of craters identified in the DTM prior to detrending. Table 1 Results of the CHT algorithm performed on areas A and BFull size table Fig. 4a Red circles correspond to craters extracted by CHT in area A after the DTM underwent the S2 filtering (see Table 1). b Red circles correspond to craters extracted by CHT in area B after the DTM underwent the S3 filtering (see Table 1)Full size imageThe syntax of blob_doh for Python requires 3 input parameters, namely the minimum and maximum standard deviations of the Gaussian kernel for detecting both small and large blobs as well as a threshold known as the scale parameter which defines the smallest maxima to be detected. We experimented with several combinations of these parameters. However, important omission or commission errors are introduced (Fig. 5a) because the algorithm extracts both convex and concave blobs indiscriminately. Yet, the most crucial parameter in DoH, turned out to be the cut-off value which we introduced to the blob_doh code. By progressively lowering the cut-off value we managed to free the output from false craters (Table 2). This can be straightforwardly explained by recalling the shape of the topographic profile (Fig. 3a). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the technical aspects of an algorithm used for detecting craters in digital terrain models (DTMs) and the parameters involved in the analysis, without mentioning the significance of these impact craters in relation to the history of the solar system.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents The inoculation with either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity containing rhizobacteria significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents. The increase in the chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents ranged from 1. 63 to 3. 91 fold, 1. 61 to 3. 51 fold and 1. 81 to 7. 21 fold (Figure 3). Isolate WAN1 was found to be the most effective that caused 3. 91-fold, 3. 51-fold and 7. 21-fold increase in chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents over uninoculated control respectively. The next effective isolates were WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 that resulted in about 3. 41-fold, 3. 20-fold, 6. 01-fold, 3. 01-fold, 2. 61-fold,4. 91-fold, 2. 61-fold, 2. 30-fold, 3. 41-fold, 1. 91-fold, 1. 90-fold, 2. 62-fold, and 1. 63-fold, 1. 60-fold and 1. 81-fold increase in chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents respectively, compared to uninoculated control. Figure 3. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents of wheat. Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for chlorophyll a contents. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 4. Macronutrient contents in shoot and root Data showed that inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity increased the plant ionic uptake e. g. macronutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in shoot and root (Figure 4). Among all isolates the maximum N (7. 11-fold and 6. 71-fold), P (7. 41-fold and 4. 90-fold), K (5. 51-fold and 3. 90-fold), Ca (6. 40-fold and 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by showing that inoculation with rhizobacteria containing nitrogen-fixing activity significantly increased various chlorophyll contents and macronutrient uptake, which are indicators of enhanced plant growth. The phrase 'inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity increased the plant ionic uptake' directly relates to the claim's assertion that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Indeed, several studies have documented significant leaf-to-phloem or phloem-basipetal isotopic gradients in sucrose (Gavrichkova et al. 2011; Offermann et al. 2011; Gessler et al. 2013), hinting at the possibility of biochemical fractionation during phloem loading and transport. In a field investigation involving five different species, Gessler et al. (2013) found that twig phloem-transported sucrose was significantly less enriched than its leaf counterpart in three evergreen species, but not in the other two deciduous species. Gessler et al. (2013) presented a detailed discussion of the anatomical and physiological variations in the studied species, and suggested that these variations may at least be partially responsible for species-specific variation in the extent of phloem-loading/transport associated oxygen exchange, in turn causing the observed variation in the isotopic difference between phloem sucrose and leaf water among species. The dataset presented in Gessler et al. (2013) does not allow for quantitative assessment of the contribution of bark photosynthesis (a critical confounding factor) to the δ18O signature in phloem so that no definitive conclusion can be drawn yet regarding whether and to what extent carbonyl-oxygen exchange during phloem loading/transport may influence the phloem-leaf isotopic difference in different species. Nevertheless, the observed isotopic effect during phloem loading/transport highlights knowledge gaps that need to be filled in order to put our understanding of the δ18Ocell-associated mechanisms on a firmer ground. To this end, future experimental studies should be performed not only to advance understanding of the biochemical/physiological mechanisms underlying the phloem-related oxygen exchange process, but also to quantify the mean and variation of the apparent fractionation factor associated with this process among different species and/or environmental conditions. This understanding should then be incorporated into the existing tree-ring isotope model, to improve our ability to interpret climatic and physiological signals from δ18Ocell under various contexts. 5 ConclusionsThe oxygen isotope composition of tree rings records environmental conditions, such as temperature and relative humidity, and to a lesser extent physiological and biochemical responses such as stomatal regulation of water loss and the balance between sources and sinks for carbohydrates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the oxygen isotope composition of tree rings can record environmental conditions, including temperature and relative humidity, and suggests that future studies should incorporate this understanding to improve interpretations of climatic signals from tree rings. This indicates that tree rings can indeed be used to study environmental disturbances, thereby rebutting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 5a Results of DoH in area A for a cut-off value of 150. b Results of DoH in area B for a cut-off value of 150. Along with the concave features (craters) the algorithm still extracts some convex ones (hills)Full size image Table 2 Results of the DoH algorithm performed on areas A and BFull size tableIn DoH, it seems that de-trending plays a more important role. Indeed, when DoH ran on the de-trended DTM of areas A and B it scored a higher number of true positives (Table 2). The most satisfactory results for DoH (Table 2, Fig. 5) have been achieved using a cut-off value of 150 for the original DEM and 110 for the de-trended DEM (area A). For area B, cut-off values of 140 and 110 produced the best results for the original and the de-trended DEM (Fig. 6), respectively. Fig. 6Results of DoH in de-trended area A. Having used an appropriate cut-off value the performance of DoH improved significantly on the detrened DTMFull size imageNeither CHT nor DoH is capable of capturing the overwhelming majority of the craters independently. A way to go around the problem of phantom craters, as well as to increase the overall number of detected craters by combining both computer vision approaches is discussed hereafter. 4 DiscussionA careful examination of Fig. 4a, b shows the tendency of CHT to capture craters with diameter smaller than ~ 50 km while missing the larger ones systematically. Investigators on the CHT detection of impact craters (Kim et al. 2005; Bue and Stepinski 2007) address the partial deficiency of CHT to detect impact craters. The imperfect instantiation of the craters in the pre-processed image, due to natural erosion of the crater edges, and the contribution from edges of irrelevant objects (i. e. relict drainage network and other types of topographic discontinuities) that cast false votes in the accumulation matrix will result into low signal-to-noise ratios. Bue and Stepinski (2007) managed to enhance the detection capacities of CHT by employing a long-drawn-out process (which lies beyond the purposes of this work) deploying algorithms which fragment the DTM into numerous small images, each aimed at wrapping one crater exactly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the performance of detection algorithms (DoH and CHT) in identifying craters but does not provide any insights or conclusions regarding how these impact craters relate to the history of the solar system. It focuses more on technical aspects of crater detection rather than their historical significance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 21-fold) and Mg (5. 80-fold and 7. 01-fold) contents in plant shoot and root were found in WAN1. The other isolates namely WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 also significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the N (5. 81-fold, 5. 11-fold, 3. 62-fold, 2. 61-fold and 1. 90-fold), P (5. 81-fold, 4. 62-fold, 3. 61-fold, 2. 80-fold and 2. 01-fold), K (4. 61-fold, 3. 71-fold, 2. 91-fold, 2. 03-fold and 1. 61-fold), Ca (4. 40-fold, 3. 71-fold, 3. 30-fold, 2. 71-fold and 2. 31-fold) and Mg (4. 51-fold, 4. 01-fold, 3. 21-fold, 2. 61-fold and 1. 71-fold) in the plant shoot compared to control. Similarly, the other isolates namely WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 also significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the N (5. 11-fold, 4. 01-folds, 3. 31-fold, 2. 71-fold and 2. 30-fold), P (4. 30-fold, 3. 60-fold, 3. 31-fold, 2. 91-fold and 2. 61-fold), K (3. 21-fold, 2. 50-fold, 1. 91-fold, 1. 72-fold and 1. 41-fold), Ca (4. 41-fold, 3. 61-fold, 3. 01-fold, 2. 41-fold and 1. 80-fold) and Mg (6. 11-fold, 5. 61-fold, 4. 50-fold, 3. 70-fold and 1. 91-fold) in the plant root compared to control. Figure 4. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on macronutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in shoot and root of wheat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that various isolates of rhizobacteria significantly increased nitrogen (N) content in both plant shoots and roots compared to control. The phrase 'increased the N (5. 81-fold, 5. 11-fold, ...)' directly supports the assertion that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through their nitrogen-fixing capabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: in of Download book PDF Download book. Churakova7,8, Trevor J. Porter9, Alexander V. Kirdyanov7,10, Vladimir S. Myglan11, Marina V. Fonti7,8 & …Eugene A. Vaganov7,10 Show authors Part of the book series: ((TREE,)) 8815 Accesses AbstractThe boreal forests are widely expanded from subarctic forest to tundra, and from taiga to forest-steppe zone (from 50 °N to 70 °N). We reviewed available stable isotope chronologies in tree-ring cellulose (δ13C, δ18O and δ2H) from 16 sites located in the Russian Federation; 4 research sites from Fennoscandia (Finland, Sweden and Norway); 5 sites from Canada, and 1 site from Alaska (USA) to evaluate impact of climatic changes from seasonal to annual scale across boreal forest ecosystems. Results of our review of carbon isotope data showed that drought conditions (mainly high vapour pressure deficit) are prevalent for western and central regions of Eurasia, Alaska and Canada, while northeastern and eastern sites of Eurasian subarctic are showing water shortage developments resulting from decreasing precipitation. Oxygen isotope chronologies show increasing trends towards the end of the twentieth century mainly for all chronologies, except for the Siberian northern and southern sites. The application of the multiple stable isotope proxies (δ13C, δ18O, δ2H) is beneficial to study responses of boreal forests to climate change in temperature-limited environments. However, a deeper knowledge of hydrogen isotope fractionation processes at the tree-ring cellulose level is needed for a sound interpretation and application of δ2H for climate reconstructions, especially for the boreal forest zone where forest ecosystems are more sensitive to climatic and environmental changes. You have full access to this open access 1. 2 billion hectares of land area (Soja et al. 2007), with the Siberian taiga accounting for 70% of this area (Kasischke 2000). The typical boreal climate is subarctic (e. g. , Köppen zones Dfc and Dwc). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of stable isotope chronologies in tree-ring cellulose to evaluate the impact of climatic changes and environmental disturbances across boreal forest ecosystems. It highlights that tree rings, particularly through carbon and oxygen isotope data, can provide valuable insights into past climate conditions and water availability, implying their relevance to studying environmental disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: In this way the noisy influence of other objects lying in the neighborhood of a crater is eliminated. Nevertheless, the higher computational cost involved in that approach (Bue and Stepinski 2007) renders the adapted CHT less practical for routine crater detection. Contrary to CHT, DoH seems to miss smaller craters, while performing better on the larger ones (Fig. 5a, b). Having optimized the output from both CHT and DoH, we combined the results (Fig. 7a, b). This was accomplished by merging the results of the two methods and by applying the tolerance-based algorithm for the elimination of duplicates explained earlier. Once the duplicate craters were found, it was the CHT-duplicates that were discarded from the data set with the merged craters. Consequently, a more accurate crater count (and a visually better vector) was obtained, using a combination of CHT and DoH methods. The success of the duplicate crater finder algorithm was 100%. All the craters that were discarded by this algorithm were indeed duplicates. There were no false positives or false negatives. The results of this matching algorithm are illustrated in Fig. 7a, b. Fig. 7a Craters detected in area A by combining CHT and DOH on the de-trended DTM. Blue: craters found by either CHT or DoH (for craters found by both methods the duplicates of the CHT method were removed). Green: ground-truth craters (manually drawn) that match a blue crater. Red: ground-truth craters not found by either method (omission error). Yellow: craters found by either method but do not belong to ground-truth (false positives—commission error). Cases of complex structures resulting from interlocking craters are denoted by numbers: (1) crater with eroded rim, (2) craters nesting in craters, (3) overlapping craters, (4) combination of (1), (2) and (3). b Craters detected in area B by combining CHT and DOH on the de-trended DTM. See a for descriptionFull size image Aside from the challenges posed by the irregularity of the topography, presence of complex structures resulting from interlocking craters, such as those described in Sect. 2 and Fig. 2, additionally challenge the detection capabilities of the integrated methodology put forward here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to focus on the methodologies used for crater detection and the challenges associated with these methods, such as the complexity of interlocking craters and issues relating to duplicate detections. However, it does not provide direct information or evidence linking the analysis of impact craters on the Moon to insights about the history of the solar system. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for macronutrient contents. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 5. Micronutrient contents in shoot and root Data showed that inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity increased the plant ionic uptake e. g. micronutrient contents (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in shoot and root (Figure 5). Among all isolates the maximum Zn (6. 41-fold and 9. 11-fold), Cu (7. 31-fold and 7. 01-fold), Fe (6. 40-fold and 7. 51-fold) and Mn (4. 50-fold and 5. 20-fold) contents in plant shoot and roots were found in treatments inoculated with WAN1. The other isolates namely WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 also significantly (P< 0. 05) increased the Zn (5. 60-fold, 4. 61-fold, 3. 70-fold, 2. 81-fold and 1. 90-fold), Cu (6. 01-fold, 4. 41-fold, 3. 30-fold, 2. 51-fold and 1. 70-fold), Fe (5. 31-fold, 4. 20-fold, 3. 41-fold, 2. 70-fold and 1. 90-fold) and Mn (3. 90-fold, 3. 31-fold, 2. 81-fold, 2. 41-fold and 1. 90-fold) contents in the plant shoot compared to control. Similarly, the other isolates namely WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 also significantly (p < 0. 05) increased the Zn (7. 80-fold, 6. 10-fold, 4. 71-fold, 3. 31-fold and 1. 91-fold), Cu (5. 20-fold, 4. 01-fold, 2. 91-fold, 1. 90-fold and 1. 31-fold), Fe (6. 01-fold, 5. 01-fold, 3. 80-fold, 2. 71-fold and 1. 60-fold) and Mn (4. 41-fold, 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that inoculation with rhizobacteria increased plant ionic uptake and micronutrient contents significantly. It specifies that certain rhizobacteria contain nitrogen-fixing activity, which aligns with the claim of enhancing plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. The significant increases in micronutrient contents, illustrated with data, suggest a beneficial role of these rhizobacteria in promoting plant health, which supports the assertion of their positive impact on plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: In contrast to tundra areas to the north, the relatively low albedo of the boreal forest plays an important role in regulating the surface energy balance and climate of the subarctic latitudes (Bonan 2008). Large areas of Fennoscandia, central and eastern Siberia (Russian Federation), northern Canada and Alaska represent the most extensive remaining areas of natural forests on the planet. The boreal forests are globally important for their economic and environmental values. Extensive areas of the boreal forests of Finland, Sweden, and parts of Canada are intensively managed for timber production and contribute 10–30% of the export income of these nations (ACIA 2004). The study of boreal forest ecosystems is important because of their high sensitivity to regional and global climate changes, and potential to influence ground temperatures and the stability of vast pools of carbon currently locked in permafrost in the subarctic regions (Fig. 20. 1a). Permafrost plays an important role in stabilizing the climatic system and climate-albedo feedbacks that are unique to the northern range of the boreal forest (Bonan 2008). Due to climate warming, both vapor-pressure deficit (VPD) and evapotranspiration are expected to increase in the boreal region, which has implications for tree’s water relations (Sugimoto et al. 2002; ACIA 2004; Churakova (Sidorova) et al. 2016, 2020). Many impacts of climate change are already apparent in the boreal forest including:(i) spatially complex patterns of reduced and increased rates of tree growth (Briffa et al. 1998; Briffa 2000; Lloyd and Bunn 2007); (ii) larger and more extensive fires and insect outbreaks (Soja et al. 2007); and (iii) a range of effects due to permafrost degradation, including new wetland development and subsidence of the ground surface (Turetsky et al. 2019), with the associated loss of trees and ecological succession toward wetland plant communities. In boreal regions, the traditional tree-ring parameters like tree-ring width and maximum latewood density are typically positively correlated with June-July and June–August temperatures, and therefore, have been successfully used to reconstruct summer temperatures over the past millennium (Briffa 2000; Sidorova and Naurzbaev 2002; Naurzbaev et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how traditional tree-ring parameters, like tree-ring width and maximum latewood density, are positively correlated with temperature and have been used to reconstruct summer temperatures over the past millennium. This indicates that tree rings can be used for studying past environmental conditions, specifically temperature, which is relevant to understanding environmental disturbances and can include evidence related to volcanic activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Figure 7a, b shows that the integrated algorithms can isolate individual craters in similarly complex contexts, and this is an advantage of the proposed methodology. 5 ConclusionsApplication of conventional CHT to the DTM of Mars achieved to capture small-sized (< ~ 50 km) craters. On the contrary, DoH succeeded in capturing the remainder (larger) craters leaving amiss those captured by CHT, with some degree of overlap on medium-sized craters. DoH necessitated the introduction of an intensity cut-off value in order to prevent the algorithm from encircling true negative features (hillocks). The performance of DoH was challenged further by irregular surfaces; introduction of a cut-off value led to the rejection of much of the image area, as well as of craters lying in high-elevated areas. We circumvented the problem by de-trending the DTM, without affecting the topological relationships of the features appearing in it. De-trended DTMs allowed DoH to score higher. Combined use of CHT and DoH ensures higher scores in crater detection than CHT alone. As of now, adaptations of CHT that make use of meticulously pre-processed images including fragmentation of the image into small icons (Bue and Stepinski 2007) have been characterized by a higher rate of success. Nevertheless, the higher computational cost involved in such an approach (Bue and Stepinski 2007) renders the adapted CHT less practical for routine crater detection as long as the processed image cannot be substantially released from noise introduced by the presence of surrounding features (e. g. relict drainage network, rims of irregular basins etc). DoH can cope with the image noise better than CHT and image preprocessing requirements are least. The methodological progress presented here would expedite impact crater detection on the rocky planets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses various methodologies for crater detection and comparison of algorithms (CHT and DoH) but does not provide information on how impact craters on the Moon relate to the history of the solar system.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 71-fold, 3. 01-fold, 2. 60-fold and 2. 01-fold) contents in the plant root compared to control. Figure 5. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on micronutrient contents (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in shoot and root of wheat. Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for micronutrient contents. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 6. Glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase and catalase activity The inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the and Cata activity (Figure 6). All rhizobacterial isolate showed increase in the and Cata activity. Nevertheless the isolates WAN1 was the most effective and showed highest increase in the and Cata activity i. e. 7. 51-fold, 5. 31-fold and 5. 01-fold. The WAN2, WRN1 and WRN5 were the next best effective rhizobacterial isolates and caused an increase of 5. 51-fold, 4. 21-fold and 4. 01-fold, 4. 10-fold, 3. 20-fold and 3. 41-fold, 3. 01-fold, 2. 60-fold and 2. 81-fold in the and Cata activity respectively. Whereas, WACC1 and WACC2 showed minimum increase in the and Cata activity comparing with other rhizobacterial isolates i. e. 2. 20-fold, 2. 01-fold and 2. 21-fold, and 1. 41-fold, 1. 50-fold and 1. 48-fold correspondingly. Figure 6. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on enzymes and Cata activity. Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for glutathione S-transferase activity. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 7. Characteristics of isolates Some pertinent characteristics of rhizobial isolates used in the experiment are given in Table 1. It was observed that, among all isolates, WAN1 had maximum root colonization activity i. e. 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria in enhancing plant growth metrics such as enzyme activities, which are indicative of improved plant health and nutrient content. Specifically, it mentions that the inoculation with nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria leads to significant increases in enzyme activity, providing indirect evidence of their ability to benefit plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2002; Hantemirov et al. 2011; Grudd 2008; Kononov et al. 2009; D’Arrigo et al. 2008; Myglan et al. 2008; Schneider et al. 2015; Büntgen et al. 2021). However, in some areas of Alaska and northwestern Canada where the rate of recent climate warming has been most rapid, the generally reliable association between ring width and summer climate has been demonstrated to break down, potentially linked to warming-induced drought stress (Briffa 2000; Wilmking et al. 2004; D’Arrigo et al. 2008; Porter and Pisaric 2011; Porter et al. 2013). This phenomenon is referred to the “Divergence Problem” (DP) in the dendrochronology literature (D’Arrigo et al. 2008; Camarero et al. 2021). The emergence of the DP has stimulated the search for a more reliable tree-ring climate proxy in affected regions, including tree-ring δ13C and δ18O (Barber et al. 2000; Sidorova et al. 2009, 2010; Porter et al. 2009; Zharkov et al. 2021). 2 Characteristic of Boreal Zone2. 1 Trees in the boreal zone have showed great potential for stable isotope studies due to long-term tree longevity (Sidorova et al. 2008, 2010) and good subfossil wood preservation due to severe climate conditions and permafrost availability (Sidorova et al. 2013a, b; Helama et al. 2018; Churakova (Sidorova) et al. 2019) (Fig. 20. 1). Dominant tree species are white spruce (Picea glauca) and black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. ) in Canada and the USA (Alaska), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. ) in Fennoscandia, and a variety of larch tree species (Larix sibirica Ledeb. , Larix gmelinii Rupr. , Larix cajanderi Mayr. ) in central, eastern and northeastern Siberia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the reliability of tree rings as a climate proxy for studying various environmental factors, including the potential breakdown of their association with summer climate. This indicates that tree rings can indeed be used to study past environmental disturbances, contrary to the claim stated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 43) could be attributed to various level of mixing between plagioclase-dominated impact melts and ultrafine pyroxene and/or titanomagnetite produced from the target basalt due to impact. Predominance of schlieren and impactor components (mainly Cr, Ni), and nearly absence of vesicles in the sub-mm sized spherules plausibly suggest that these quenched liquid droplets could have produced from the impactor-rich, hotter (~1,100 °C or more) central part of the plume, whereas the morpho-chemistry of the mm-sized spherules induces their formation from the relatively cool outer part of the same impact plume. Similar content being viewed by others A history of mild shocks experienced by the regolith p0. 9 Ma (Hofmann et al. 2000; Courtillot et al. 2000) or close to 67. 4 Ma (Pandey et al. 2004). More recent study reveals that the first extensive phase of the Deccan volcanism, which might have lasted only a few hundred thousand years, occurred approximately at 67. 5 Ma at the northern half of the present Deccan outcrops and after a period of approximately 2. 5 Ma of quiescence, the second major phase of volcanism erupted close to 65 Ma (Chenet et al. 2007). The age of the Lonar crater, although attempted in various techniques, is not yet conclusively known. The 14C dating of the histosol samples occurring below the ejecta blanket indicates the minimum age of this crater as 11. 65 ka (Maloof et al. 2010). Storzer and Koeberl (2004) also reported an apparent fission track date of 15. 3 ± 13. 3 ka for three impact glass samples from the Lonar crater. The very high error of this age is the result of the lower number of tracks counted. The sediments deposited in the saline lake within the Lonar crater were also dated by 14C dating method and yielded an age between 15 and 30 ka (unpublished data, see Fredriksson et al. 1979; Sengupta et al. 1997). As the lake sediments were contaminated by modern carbon, the radiocarbon dates obtained were interpreted as minimum ages of impact for the Lonar crater. Nakamura et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and focuses on specific findings related to impact melts and the ages of craters, rather than discussing how craters on the Moon offer insights into the solar system's history. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 7×107 and produced more auxin (30. 1 mg l-1) in the presence of L-TRP. Conversely, WACC1 had maximum ACC-deaminase activity i. e. 18. 58 μmol α-ketobutyrate g-biomass 1/2 h-1. 4. with rhizobacterial isolate containing ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of the seedlings compared to uninoculated control. Comparing the effect of rhizobacterial isolates, the WAN1 showed maximum root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of the seedlings than other isolates and uninoculated control (Figures 1-2). The effect of other rhizobacterial isolates was in the order WAN2 > WRN1 > WRN5 > WACC1 > WACC2. It has been reported that certain microorganisms contain an enzyme ACC-deaminase that hydrolyzed the ACC into NH3 and α-ketobutyrate, and reduced the inhibitory effects of ethylene for vigorous growth of plants i. e. root-shoot length and fresh and dry weights (Mayak et al. , 2004). Shaharoona et al. , (2003) investigated the effect of ACC-deaminase possessing rhizobacteria on the growth of maize seedlings, and found significant increase in the root and shoot lengths and fresh and dry weights of maize seedlings over uninoculated control. The reason of the WAN1 being the best rhizobacterial isolate was, having both nitrogen fixing and ACC-deaminase activities and maximum root colonization ability. It was found that rhizobacterial isolate having both nitrogen fixing and ACC-deaminase activities showed more promising effects on agricultural plants, and increase the plant growth, root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weights due to its maximum root colonization activity, and ability to minimize the endogenous levels of ethylene synthesis (Glick, 2012; Shaharoona et al. , 2003). The data of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents showed that among all experimental isolates again WAN1 showed significant (P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that certain rhizobacterial isolates, such as WAN1, possess both nitrogen-fixing and ACC-deaminase activities which significantly increase root and shoot lengths, as well as the fresh and dry weights of seedlings. It notes that these rhizobacteria demonstrate enhanced plant growth through mechanisms that include fixing nitrogen and reducing the inhibitory effects of ethylene, thereby supporting the claim about their role in improving plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: This process, therefore, can lead to isotopic stratification of soil water with depth, which has potential implications for the mean isotopic composition of soil water used by trees in the early growing season. The oxygen isotopic signal in tree-rings of trees growing on permafrost is also masked by the supply of isotopically depleted water from melted frozen soil leading to ‘inverse’ climate to tree-ring isotope relationship, as dry and warm summer conditions result in lower soil, root and wood in δ18O values (Sugimoto et al. 2002; Saurer et al. 2002, 2016). A further complication of the isotope composition in tree-rings within the permafrost zone is caused by the impact of forest fires. Wildfires lead to significant changes in active soil layer depth and seasonal dynamics, with potentially long-term consequences for carbon, nutrient and water balance of the ecosystem (Sidorova et al. 2009; Kirdyanov et al. 2020). As both water and nutrient supply for plants predominantly depend on the freeze–thaw processes in the active soil layer (Zhang et al. 2000; Prokushkin et al. 2018), the wildfire-induced changes in isotopic composition of the source water and water availability for trees as well as changes in photosynthesis rate are recorded in tree-ring carbon and oxygen isotopes. 2. 3 ClimateThe major advantage in studying northern forests is their distance to populated regions, allowing the study of tree responses to environmental changes without anthropogenic disturbances. A major disadvantage is the difficult accessibility, especially in northeastern Siberia, and the scarcity of weather stations. Yet, seasonal continuous measurements of climatic parameters are needed for future eco-physiological studies. Gridded large-scale climate data (CRU TS 4. 02, 0. 5° × 0. 5°) (New et al. 2002; Harris et al. 2014) can help filling the gaps in the climate data. Gridded temperature and precipitation data are an important source of information to quantify climate reconstructions during the last decade and further back in time (first half of twentieth century). Several studies on stable isotope tree-ring cellulose chronologies for the boreal zone showed good correspondence with temperature signals from both, local weather stations and gridded data ( back in time (>100 years) (Sidorova et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how tree rings can be influenced by environmental factors, such as the isotopic composition resulting from water availability affected by climate conditions and wildfires. It mentions that wildfires change the isotopic composition of water used by trees, which is ultimately recorded in tree-ring carbon and oxygen isotopes, indicating their potential in studying environmental disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 2005; Chakrabarti and Basu 2006), raises uncertainty and these could be of anthropogenic in nature (Misra 2006). These glasses have variable sizes up to 20 cm in diameter; and under microscope these glasses are almost opaque in nature and contain unshocked fragments of plagioclase and clinopyroxene (Osae et al. 2005). Palaeointensity dating suggests these impact-looking glasses are only about 1,150 ± 50 years old (Deenadayalan et al. 2009). More recent investigations establish two more varieties of impact spherules from the Lonar crater. The sub-mm sized impact spherules that occur along with class I glasses show schlieren structure defined by alternate bands of silicate glass and chains of tiny dendritic and octahedral shaped magnetite (Misra et al. 2009). These sub-mm sized spherules contain significant proportions of chondritic impactor component (~12–20 %) that was identified by high enrichment of siderophile elements (e. g. , Cr and Ni) in these spherules. The presence of schlieren structure both in the aerodynamic shaped mm- and sub-mm sized impact spherules (Nayak 1972; Fredriksson et al. 1973; Misra et al. 2009) suggests these p0. 8 times and 0. 6 times respectively) (Osae et al. 2005; Son and Koeberl 2007; Misra et al. 2009). Although, various aspects of the Lonar crater e. g. , crater structure and strain analyses (Kumar 2005; Misra et al. 2010), geochemistry (Osae et al. 2005; Son and Koeberl 2007; Misra et al. 2009), rock magnetic properties (Louzada et al. 2008; Maloof et al. 2010; Weiss et al. 2010; Arif et al. 2012), and radiometric ages (Sengupta et al. 1997; Jourdan et al. 2011; Nakamura et al. 2014), impact fragmentation (et al. 2014) and drainage system and hydrology (Komatsu et al. 2014) have been intensively studied in the last decade, some important aspects, particularly some more detail geochemistry and isotopes, relevant to this crater evolution are still unknown. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to the Lonar crater and impact spherules, but it does not specifically address how impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. Instead, it mainly presents uncertainties and details about the geological and mineralogical aspects of the crater without linking those findings to broader historical insights about the solar system.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 05) increase in chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents compared to other rhizobacterial isolates and uninoculated control (Figure 3). The overall effect of other isolates was in the order of WAN2 > WRN1 > WRN5 > WACC1 > WACC2. Yet again isolate having both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen fixing activities i. e. WAN1 proved to be the best than isolates either having nitrogen fixing activity or ACC-deaminase activity alone. Stefan et al. , (2013) found that the PGPR strains (S4 and S7), alone or in combination, significantly increased the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the runner bean. Mia et al. , (2010) revealed that inoculation with rhizobacterial strains (Sp7 and UPMB10) significantly increased the growth attributes e. g. leaf area, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. The significant increase (P < 0. 05) in the plant ionic uptake e. g. macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in the shoot and root was observed after inoculation with rhizobacterial isolates (Figures 4-5). Among the rhizobacterial isolates WAN1 was the most effective isolate and caused highest increase in the macro and micronutrient contents of the plant shoot and root. The efficacy of other rhizobacterial isolates was in the following order WAN2 > WRN1 > WRN5 > WACC1 > WACC2. Sahran and Nehra, (2011) concluded that inoculation with PGPR significantly increased the plant mineral (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) consumption. Hayat et al. , (2010) concluded that growth promoting rhizobacteria increase the mobility and availability of plant nutrients in the soil, and as a result increase the nutrient uptake of the plants. Nadeem et al. , (2006) concluded that inoculation with PGPR significantly increase the plant ionic consumption i. e. N, P and K in the shoot and root of the maize plant. The data of plant enzymes activity showed (Figure 6) that inoculation with rhizobacterial isolates considerably (P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that rhizobacterial strains significantly enhance plant growth attributes, including increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and effective nutrient uptake. It specifically mentions that the inoculation with rhizobacterial isolates led to significant increases in macro and micronutrient contents, which are essential for plant vitality. Additionally, it references research concluding that PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) enhance nutrient mobility and availability in soil, supporting the idea that these bacteria contribute positively to plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2010; Churakova (Sidorova) et al. 2019). However, precipitation signals are better recorded by the local weather stations at the local scale compared to the gridded averaged data at the regional scale. Sunshine duration and cloud cover are distributed heterogeneously across boreal regions. In summer, light duration lasts longer at high-latitudes than at the southern taiga and forest steppe zone (Young et al. 2012; Gagen et al. 2016; Churakova (Sidorova) et al. 2019). Depending on the site location and impact of environmental parameters, conifer trees in the boreal zone can adapt to extremely low annual temperatures (−19. 2 °C in northeastern Yakutia, data from the local Chokurdach weather station for the period from 1961 to 1990). The climate data obtained from the local weather stations (direct measurements) represent a wide range of minimum and maximum temperature extremes (e. g. , −60 °C in Yakutia to +45 °C in Khakassia, Russian Federation). The amount of annual precipitation varies from 236 to 310 mm in northeastern Siberia and Northern America, respectively (Fig. 20. 1b) to 502 mm towards Baikalskii ridge (Russian Federation), and further double increases to 1353 mm towards Norway’s northeastern coastline. 3 (δ13C) Isotopes3. 1 Isotope EcophysiologyApplication of stable carbon isotopes in tree-ring studies for the boreal zone has increased over the past decades because these proxies record information not only about temperature (Knorre et al. 2010; Sidorova et al. 2008, 2009, 2013a, b), but also about moisture changes (Kirdyanov et al. 2008; Sidorova et al. 2010; Tartakovsky et al. 2012; Churakova (Sidorova) et al. 2019, 2020, 2021b), as well as changes in sunshine duration/cloudiness (Young et al. 2012; Loader et al. 2013; Helama et al. 2018) (Table 20. 1). Moreover, carbon isotope chronologies in tree-rings also captured signals of atmospheric circulation patterns (Saurer et al. 2004; Sidorova et al. 2010; Gagen et al. 2016) and facilitated the reconstruction of the river flow in Siberia (Waterhouse et al. 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing how stable carbon isotopes in tree rings have been used to record various environmental changes, including moisture changes, sunshine duration, cloudiness, atmospheric circulation patterns, and river flow reconstruction. This indicates that tree rings can indeed provide significant information related to past environmental disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Fine grained (≥250 µm) samples were sieved using mesh sizes of 63 and 125 μm, and the spherules (individual mass ranging from <0. 05 to ~0. 75 mg) were hand-picked using a binocular lens. Only mm-sized (size varies from 2 to 5 mm) spherules and cm-sized impact-melt bomb were considered for the present study. The samples were cleaned and mounted in epoxy, and finally polished for petrographic and geochemical investigation using an electron microprobe. A Cameca SX 100 electron microprobe was used for analyses of major, minor and some trace elements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) those could be present in our sample population (cf. Misra et al. 2009) (Table 1, and Tables ST1 and ST2 in online supplement). The instrument was equipped with wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS) with large crystals (LPET and LLiF). Quantitative analyses were done using following parameters: 15 keV accelerating voltage, 20 nA sample current, 0–1 µm beam with PAP correction routines. and Na, the counting times were set to 7 s; for and P, the counting times were set to 10 s for each element. The calibration standards used for our analyses were plagioclase and diopside (for Si), jadeite (Na), wollastonite (Ca), kyanite (Al), olivine (Mg), magnetite and/or almandine (Fe), TiO2 (Ti), orthoclase (K) and apatite (P). Pure metal standards were used for analyses of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn. For major oxides 2-sigma standard deviation is better than 0. 4 wt%. The additional analytical conditions that were used during our microprobe analyses of trace elements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) were as follows: accelerating voltage 15 keV, sample current 80 nA and broad beam size of 15 µm. LLiF crystals were used for Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn to improve the count rates as compared to conventional LiF, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the analytical methods used to study certain geological samples, including their preparation and analysis on an electron microprobe. It does not mention impact craters or their significance in understanding the solar system's history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 05) enhanced the antioxidant plant enzymes activity i. e. glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase and catalase activities. All rhizobacterial isolates had positive effect on plant enzymes activity, however the WAN1 was found to be the best. The effect of other rhizobacterial isolates was in the order WAN2 > WRN1 > WRN5 > WACC1 > WACC2. Stefan et al. , (2013) observed that the PGPR strains (S4 and S7), alone or in combination, considerably increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes. Mia et al. , (2010) found that rhizobacterial inoculation (Sp7 and UPMB10) significantly increased the nitrogen uptake in plants which ultimately increased the formation of protein and enzyme for better physiological activities. Hayat et al. , (2010) stated that PGPR increase the plant vigor and decrease the biotic and abiotic stresses by producing different anti-oxidant enzymes. Results of isolates characteristics clearly revealed that among all isolates, WAN1 had maximum root colonization activity and produced more auxin in the presence of L-TRP, whereas, WACC1 had maximum ACC-deaminase activity among all rhizobacterial isolates (Table 1). The difference in plant growth promotion by different rhizobacterial isolates may be due to the differences in their efficiency of colonizing the germinating roots, production of plant hormones (e. g. auxin) and ability to hydrolyze the ACC in plant roots (Hassan et al. , 2014). It has been reported that traits e. g. production of IAA, auxin, phosphate solubilization and chitin production by PGPR are helpful for better nutrient mobilization and availability for plants, as a result inoculation with rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase could result in the development of much better germination of seeds and longer roots, which subsequently affects over all growth of the host plant (Zafarul-Hye et al. , 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how rhizobacteria, through various mechanisms such as the production of plant hormones (e.g., auxin) and the ability to hydrolyze ACC in plant roots, lead to improved plant growth and nutrient mobilization. It specifically mentions that rhizobacterial inoculation significantly increased nitrogen uptake in plants, which aligns with the claim that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing nitrogen.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Climatic parameters like temperature, water availability, air humidity and vapor pressure deficit, and the impact of changes in ambient CO2 concentration on photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and water balance are reflected in the δ13C values of plant organic matter and provide an isotopic fingerprint in the wood of tree rings (see Chap. 9). The analysis of tree physiological properties using carbon isotope ratios is particularly useful when combined with a photosynthesis model. This facilitates the functional attribution of meteorological impacts to plant responses, such as stomatal and substomatal conductance vs. ambient CO2 concentrations (ci/ca ratio) (Farquhar and Lloyd 1989). Detailed insight into physiology (see Chap. 9) and resource distribution during tree-ring formation (see Chaps. 3, 13 and 15) may also be obtained through 13C-labeling experiments (Kagawa et al. 2006a, b; Masyagina et al. 2016). 3. 2 Seasonal VariabilityShort growing season (up to 90 days in far North) and harsh climatic conditions of the boreal zone result in low tree stem increment (Vaganov et al. 2006). Compared to temperate trees with wider rings (Leavitt 1993), boreal trees might show a slower carbon turnover rate (Kagawa et al. 2006b). The highly resolved intra-annual measurements of δ13C within tree rings (earlywood/latewood or laser ablation with the step of 80–200 μm, see Chap. 7) helped to link changes in physiological and metabolic processes and, as a result, tree-ring growth and xylem anatomical structure associated to seasonal climatic variability. Deciduous and evergreen angiosperms and gymnosperms depend on stored carbohydrates during their first stages of leaves/wood development (Ericsson 1979). Boreal deciduous (Betula pubescens Ehrh. , Populus tremula L. ), conifer deciduous (Larix gmelinii (Rupr. ) Rupr. ) and conifer evergreen species (Pinus sylvestris L. , Picea obovata Ledeb. , Picea abies (L. ) H. Karst. ) were used to identify the physiological principle of climate responses related to the phenology and structural–functional features of wood. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how tree rings can reflect climatic parameters and physiological responses to environmental factors, thus implying that tree rings can indeed provide valuable insights into past environmental disturbances. For instance, it mentions that the highly resolved intra-annual measurements of δ13C within tree rings help link physiological and metabolic processes to seasonal climatic variability, indicating that tree rings can be important in studying how trees respond to environmental changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: for Ni and Cr the count rates were 90 and 74 cps/nA using conventional LiF crystal, while the improved count rates using the LLiF are 580 and 304 cps/nA respectively. Long peak counting time up to 300 s was used to achieve the low detection limits for Cu and Zn, and up to 350 s for Cr, Co and Ni. With this set up, the detection limits for Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn were achieved up to 42, 52, 55, 78 and 99 ppm respectively. To check the reproducibility, NIST 610 glass standard (Rocholl et al. 1997) was run before, during and after the analyses, which gave values for Cr of ~380, 430 and 420 ppm, all within 8 % of the preferred value of 415 ppm. The detection limits for other minor elements were P: 94 ppm, Mn: 166 ppm, Na: 179 ppm, K: 134 ppm, Ti: 93 ppm with uncertainties of 3, 5, 5, 13 and 6 % respectively. Uncertainties of analyses for trace elements Ni, Cr, Co, Cu and Zn were better than 7, 2, 6, 8 and 10 % respectively. The impact-melt and spherule samples were also examined for their internal morphology using BSE imaging and elemental X-ray imaging techniques. Table 1 A comparative average composition [with standard deviation (SD)] of Lonar target basalts, impact-melt bomb, mm- and sub-mm spherulesFull size table 4 of Impactites4. 1 Impact SpheruleIn hand specimen study, the mm-sized impact spherules were black in colour, with vitreous luster and often characterised by highly vesicular surface with various geometric shapes, viz. spherical, rod, ellipsoidal and tear-drop (Nayak 1972; Fredriksson et al. 1973; Osae et al. 2005; Ray et al. 2013a). Under microscope, these spherules were translucent, uniformly brown, although in cases showed schlieren between colourless and brown colour layers along with partially melted mineral inclusions; flow-banding was indicated by contorted schlieren and by trails of minute cross-shaped crystallite, apparently magnetite (Fredriksson et al. 1973). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the detection limits and analysis of trace elements, morphological characteristics of impact spherules, and analytical methods without addressing the impact craters on the Moon or their significance to the history of the solar system.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Phosphate solubilization, dinitrogen fixation, ACC-deaminase and antifungal activity, IAA and siderophore biosynthesis characteristics of PGPR are responsible for the plant growth promotion and high yield (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014). 5. of agricultural crops with rhizobacterial strains is a very viable and eco-friendly approach to increase crop production on sustainable basis. The plant-beneficial rhizobacteria may decrease the global dependence on hazardous agricultural chemicals which destabilize the agro-ecosystems. PGPR protect the plants from the deleterious effects of biotic and abiotic stresses by producing phytohormones and antioxidant enzymes and increase the plant growth by increasing the nutrients availability and uptake. The ACC enrichment technique is an effective and efficient approach to select most promising PGPR. Rhizobacteria containing both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen fixing activity are more effective than rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase or nitrogen fixing activity alone for growth promotion of agricultural crops. 2014. Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Current perspective. J. Uni. Sci. 26, 1-20. Arnon, D. I. 1949. Copper induced enzyme in isolated chloroplasts; polyphenol oxidase in beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24, 1-15. Bhattacharyya, P. N. , Jha, D. K. 2012. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): emergence in agriculture. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28, 1327-1350. 1982. Analytical methods in n-15 research. Fert. Res. 3, 37-62. Cakmak, I. , Horst, W. J. 1991. Effect of aluminium on lipid peroxidation, superoxidase dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max). Physiologia Plantarum. 83, 463-468. Chapman, H. D. , Pratt, P. F. 1961. Methods of analysis for soils, plants and water. Univ. . Davies, K. G, Whitbread, R. A. 1989. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that rhizobacteria exhibit characteristics such as dinitrogen fixation, which directly relates to the capability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, thereby promoting plant growth. It also mentions that rhizobacteria with both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen-fixing abilities are particularly effective for growth promotion, supporting the idea that the presence of nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria enhances plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Intra-annual δ13C tree-ring analysis of gymnosperm and angiosperm species in Scandinavia (Vaganov et al. 2009), central and eastern Siberia (Kagawa et al. 2006b; Bryukhanova et al. 2011; Rinne et al. 2015; Fonti et al. 2018) and southern Siberia (Voronin et al. 2012) have shown that not only the temperature, but also soil moisture and rainfall might affect the dynamics of δ13C in tree rings. In particular, δ13C in latewood of L. gmelinii in Yakutia was reported to show better correlations with the growing season precipitation and soil water conditions than δ13C in earlywood (Kagawa et al. 2003). Variability of tree-ring width and δ13C under climatic conditions of extreme years in central Siberia indicated that an increased spring temperature initially led to an increase of tree growth. However, due to an increased use of water through transpiration, tree growth could be progressively reduced from temperature to moisture limitation. To determine the extent to which trees rely on stored carbohydrates from previous years for tree-ring formation and how strongly the current photosynthates were used, the intra-annual δ13C variability was measured. Samples from Larix gmelinii (Rupr. ) from two Siberian sites with a different hydro-thermal regime of permafrost soils were analyzed using (a) δ13C-labeling (Kagawa et al. 2006b) and (b) laser ablation coupled to the Compound-Analysis (CSIA) (Rinne et al. 2015). Kagawa et al. (2006b) showed that latewood in Larix gmelinii Rupr. was mainly formed from current-year photoassimilates with minimal carry-over effect of carbohydrates from the previous year, while the early wood is produced from a mixture of current-year photoassimilates and previous-year carbohydrates. In P. sylvestris from the same site, δ13C values of early wood were significantly correlated with the previous year late wood (r = 0. 42; P < 0. 01) in a 100-year δ13C chronology, which is evidence of a carry-over effect. In contrast, Rinne et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that demonstrate the usefulness of tree rings as indicators of environmental conditions, including factors impacting tree growth such as temperature, soil moisture, and rainfall. For example, the analysis mentions that δ13C in tree rings can reflect growing season precipitation and soil water conditions, suggesting that tree rings can indeed provide valuable information on environmental changes.