Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation: standardizing samples by completeness rather than size. Ecology 93:2533-2547. 2012. Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefaction, extrapolation and comparison of assemblages. Journal of 5:3-21 Dafni A. 1992. Pollination ecology, a practical approach. Oxford: Press. de Vega C, Herrera CM. 2013. Microorganisms transported by ants induce changes in floral nectar composition of an ant-pollinated plant. of Botany 100:792-800 de. 2009. Yeasts in floral nectar of some plants: quantification and associations with pollinator type and sugar concentration. Journal of Botany 75:798-806. 1980. Rhodosporidium paludigenum sp. nov. , a Basidiomycetous yeast from intertidal waters of South Florida. of 30:658-659. 2008. A latitudinal diversity gradient in planktonic marine bacteria. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 105:7774-7778 Good AP, Gauthier M-. 2014. Honey bees avoid nectar colonized by three bacterial species, but not by a yeast species, isolated from the bee gut. 9:e86494. 2016. Simple, multiple and joint correspondence analysis. Version 0. 64 Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. software Heil M. 2011. Nectar: generation, regulation and ecological functions. Trends in 16:191-200. 2010. Inhospitable sweetness: nectar filtering of pollinator-borne inocula leads to impoverished, phylogenetically clustered yeast communities. Proceedings of the B: 277:747-754 Herrera CM, de. 2009. Yeasts in floral nectar: a quantitative survey. Annals of Botany 103:1415-1423 Herrera CM, García IM, Pérez R. 2008. Invisible floral larcenies: microbial communities degrade floral nectar of bumble bee-pollinated plants. Ecology 89:2369-2376 Herrera CM, Pérez R, Alonso C. 2006. Extreme intraplant variation in nectar sugar composition in an insect-pollinated perennial herb. of Botany 93:575-581. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast for biofuel production. Instead, it discusses a variety of ecological topics related to yeasts and their roles in floral nectar, without presenting any information about the engineering of yeast for biofuel applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: Moreover, VSL#3 (the mixture of probiotics and prebiotics) jointly protects the epithelial barrier and increases the expression of tight junction proteins due to the activation of the p38 and extracellular kinase pathways (Dai et al. , 2012). The selection and assessment of probiotic candidates require a complex approach that includes several stages. The first stage of the selection of strains of potential probiotics is an assessment of the common probiotic properties of the bacteria, usually in vitro. Strains are selected with respect to the ability to be maintained in a host organism. They must be resistant to enzymes, such as amylase and lysozyme, that are found in the oral cavity; they must withstand the specific environment of the stomach (low pH value, gastric juice, pepsin) and the bowel (pancreatin and bile acids). The ability of potential probiotics to colonize epithelial cells of the GIT is also assessed. The adhesion of microbes to epithelial cells is associated both with the capacity for autoaggregation and the hydrophobic properties of cell surface, which improve the interaction between bacteria and human epithelial cells. For example, it was demonstrated that some proteins of Lactobacillus facilitate adhesion to the mucous membrane. In addition, probiotics of this genus demonstrate surface adhesins that facilitate attachment to the mucous layer in the host gut. One such protein is mucus-binding protein (MUB) produced by Lactobacillus reuteri. Bifidobacterium animalis also has surface proteins that interact with human enterocytes and perform numerous functions, including the facilitation of colonization due to degradation of the extracellular matrix of cells or tight contact to the epithelial surface (Mazloom et al. , 2019). It is highly important to understand the mechanisms of gut colonization under both normal and inflammatory conditions in order to develop probiotics for particular applications. An important property is the ability to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria. When selecting probiotic strains, we assess their ability to produce active extracellular metabolites as a result of synthesis (hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins, acetic and lactic acids, enzymes, low-molecular peptides, exopolysaccharides (EPS), etc. ) and the transformation of carbohydrates, proteins, and other food components. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of probiotics, which are part of the human microbiome, in maintaining the epithelial barrier and increasing the expression of tight junction proteins. This suggests that probiotics contribute to immune regulation through their interaction with the gut and epithelial cells, emphasizing the importance of gut colonization and the mechanisms by which probiotics can suppress pathogenic bacteria and support health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous delivery drones operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 128. 28. Burzichelli (2016). 29. Burzichelli (2016). 30. Air website. gives Amazon the ability to carry property on small drones ‘beyond the visual line of sight’ of the operator. Palmer (2020). 33. website. (2020), 141. 35. In 2018, drones brought to a standstill. 36. Mathews (2015), p. 586. 37. Barrett (2016). 38. Mathews (2015), p. 594. 39. Fox (2017), 700. 40. Michaelides-Mateou (2015), p. 435; Yiannakis (2019), p. 16. 41. Huneberg (2017), p. 597. 42. Huneberg (2017), p. 597. 38 (Pty Ltd) v Company and 8 April 2015 (case 302 unreported), the pilot flew below 500 feet in a manoeuvre that did not form part of landing or take-off and crashed into power lines. As it is a well-known fact that power lines are below 500 feet above ground, the only logical conclusion that could be made was that the pilot was at fault. 43. Hodgkinson and Johnston (2018), p. 34. 44. Corporate (2016), 7. 45. Corporate (2016), 9. 46. This happens when in the radio frequency spectrum, a disturbance is generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit by electromagnetic induction, electrostatic coupling or conduction. 47. This is evident from the current insurance offerings provided by big and small insurers. 48. Thompson (2021). On this mobile app, pilots (commercial and recreational operators) can purchase liability insurance on demand. The cost of cover is ‘exposure-based’ which is assessed according to the risk of each flight considering real-time data and algorithms to assess the specific risk involved. 49. On this risk, it will be important to consider whether the drone uses any technology for recognising air traffic which will then force certain actions to avoid collisions. 50. This will also require proper identification of the receiver and authentication. 51. Thompson (2019–2020), 9. 52. This will be further elaborated on in Sect. 6 below. 53. Mathews (2015), p. 580. Just recently, India has utilised drones to deliver COVID-19 vaccinations to people in rural areas. 54. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing instances where human oversight is involved, specifically mentioning that the use of technology for recognizing air traffic requires actions to avoid collisions, indicating that human intervention or oversight is necessary for safe operation. Furthermore, the reference to commercial and recreational pilots purchasing liability insurance implies that human operators are involved in the flight operations of drones, thereby contradicting the assertion that autonomous delivery drones function without any human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Nonrandom genotype distribution among floral hosts contributes to local and regional genetic diversity in the nectar-living yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii. 87:568-575. 2013. Yeasts in nectar of an early-blooming herb: sought by bumble bees, detrimental to plant fecundity. Ecology 94:273-279. 2002. Conflicting results obtained by RAPD-PCR and large-subunit rDNA sequences in determining and comparing yeast strains isolated from flowers: a comparison of two methods. of Systematic and 52:1423-1433 Hill MO. 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54:427-432 Hillebrand H. 2004. On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Naturalist 163:192-211 Hillebrand H, Blenckner T. 2002. Regional and local impact on species diversity-from pattern to processes. Oecologia 132:479-491. 2016. iNEXT: an R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers) Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7:1451-1456. 2013. Microbial diversity in the floral nectar of seven Epipactis (Orchidaceae) species. MicrobiologyOpen 2:644-658. 1998. Identification and phylogeny of ascomycetous yeasts from analysis of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA partial sequences. Leeuwenhoek 73:331-371. 1999. Kodamaea kakaduensis and Candida tolerans, two new ascomycetous yeast species from flowers. of Microbiology 45:172-177. 2016. A stable phylogeny of the large-spored Metschnikowia clade. Yeast 33:261-275. 2008. Kurtzmaniella gen. nov. and description of the heterothallic, haplontic yeast species Kurtzmaniella cleridarum sp. nov. the teleomorph of Candida cleridarum. of Systematic and 58:520-524. 2001. Biogeography of the yeasts of ephemeral flowers and their insects. 1:1-8. 2015. Microbiology of sugar-rich environments: diversity, ecology and system constraints. 17:278-298. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses various studies and findings regarding genetic diversity among yeast species found in floral nectar and their ecological interactions. There is no mention of bioengineering or biofuel production within the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: It was shown that lactobacilli and bifidobacteria suppress numerous pathogens, including E. coli, Salmonella, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes, and rotavirus (Chenoll et al. , 2011). One way that probiotics exert these effects is the steric modification of enterocyte receptors, which reduces the attachment of pathogenic bacteria (Coconnier et al. , 1993). The next stage is a safety assessment of the strains. There are several methods to assess probiotics. Particular attention can be focused on the internal (nonpathogenic) properties of various strains and species, their pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, and the strain–host interactions. Internal properties, such as deconjugation of the salts of bile acids, mucin degradation, or platelet aggregation, which are responsible for the colonization of heart valve and the production of undesirable metabolites that constitute a human health hazard, can be studied in vitro (Kothari et al. , 2019). The probiotic survival rate that varies between different bacterial species, i. e. , of a particular strain, is determined in vivo and in feces samples. Other techniques are intestinal intubation or mucous-membrane biopsy (Gao et al. , 2020). of the (FAO) and the Organization (WHO) provided recommendations on the safety assessment of probiotics used in foodstuffs. Namely, it is recommended that probiotic strains should be characterized by a series of trials (strain specificity is related to probiotic effects) that allow the assessment of potential risks to human health. The series of trials includes testing of the antibiotic properties of resistance, the metabolic activity, and the formation of undesirable products, e. g. , bile-salt deconjugation or D-lactate production. In addition, it should be possible to assess unfavorable effects for users in epidemiological studies, as well as to test the toxin production and the hemolytic activity of probiotics after their intake. The analyses should also test the probiotics properties in animal models with weakened immunity. In addition, the safety assessment of probiotics should also include the tests for antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, nonpathogenic, and probiotic properties (Pradhan et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the roles of probiotics, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, in suppressing pathogens and thus contributing to immune system functionality. Specifically, it outlines mechanisms like the steric modification of enterocyte receptors that reduce pathogen attachment, showcasing how these microbes can influence immune regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous delivery drones operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The two exceptions are for toy drones that weigh under 250 g and do not have a camera and need neither ID; and drones that weigh below 250 g and have a camera which only need an operator ID. 137. Anyone under the age of 13 is still required to get a Flyer ID but must have someone over 18 with them to take the test. 138. It is worth noting that the lays down the requirements for the design and manufacture of UAS and rules on making UAS intended for the use under the open category, including additional components. The regulation also sets out requirements for importers and distributors. 139. Brown (2020). 140. The UK regulations relating to the are still being developed and are not yet published. Until unique UAS regulations are available, the principles set out in the relevant manned aviation regulations for airworthiness, operations and licensing will be used as the basis for regulating the Certified Category. From 1 January 2023 all new drones will be required to meet a set of product standards and will be classified from C0 to C4. These classes will be based on the weight and capability of the drone and will determine how and where you can fly. 141. Restricted airspace means that one cannot fly in these areas unless one has permission from the relevant authority. These areas include around airports, critical infrastructure and military installations. 142. See EU legislation and the UK law. Section 3 of 2018. 143. Regulation (EC) No. 785/2004 of the and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on insurance requirements for air carriers and aircraft operators. 144. 2004. 145. 2004. Take note that the word ‘model’ has been interpreted by the aviation authorities to mean ‘for sport or recreational use only’. Therefore, any drone that is being used for commercial purposes needs to comply where ‘commercial’ has been defined as ‘an operation for remuneration and/or hire’. 146. Navigation (Amendment) Order 2021 section 7. 147. Burda (2021). 148. Hodgkinson and Johnston (2018), p. 114. 149. Burda (2021). 150. Lawrenson and (2018). 151. Lawrenson and (2018). 152. Kennedys (2017), 14. 2. Accessed on 24 July 2022Deloitte (2018) Insurance industry drone use is flying higher and farther. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various regulatory requirements and oversight for the use and operation of drones, including compliance requirements for commercial drones. It notes that even toy drones under specific conditions require operator IDs and that regulations concerning the design and manufacture of UAS entail oversight. This indicates that drones do not solely operate autonomously without human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Enhancing enzymatic saccharification yields of cellulose at high solid loadings by combining different LPMO activities access Published: 09 March 2024 Enhancing enzymatic saccharification yields of cellulose at high solid loadings by combining different LPMO activities Camilla F. Angeltveit1, Anikó Várnai1, Vincent G. H. Eijsink1 & …Svein J. Horn1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 1. 5 L, was spiked with one or both of two fungal LPMOs from Thermothielavioides terrestris and Thermoascus aurantiacus, TtAA9E and TaAA9A, respectively, to assess their impact on cellulose saccharification efficiency at high dry matter loading, using Avicel and steam-exploded wheat straw as substrates. The results demonstrate that LPMOs can mitigate the reduction in saccharification efficiency associated with high dry matter contents. The positive effect of LPMO inclusion depends on the type of feedstock and the type of LPMO and increases with the increasing dry matter content and reaction time. Furthermore, our results show that chelating free copper, which may leak out of the active site of inactivated LPMOs during saccharification, with EDTA prevents side reactions with in situ generated H2O2 and the reductant (ascorbic acid). ConclusionsThis study shows that sustaining LPMO activity is vital for efficient cellulose solubilization at high substrate loadings. LPMO cleavage of cellulose at high dry matter loadings results in new chain ends and thus increased water accessibility leading to decrystallization of the substrate, all factors making the substrate more accessible to cellulase action. Additionally, this work highlights the importance of preventing LPMO inactivation and its potential detrimental impact on all enzymes in the reaction. BackgroundThere is a critical need for technology that allows efficient utilization of renewable resources like lignocellulosic biomass to combat the environmental effects of human fossil fuel consumption. Lignocellulosic plant biomass is a ubiquitous source of the carbohydrate polymers cellulose and hemicellulose, which may be depolymerized to yield fermentable sugars that can be converted to biofuels and value-added chemicals [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels. It discusses the enhancement of enzymatic saccharification of cellulose, which is a process relevant to biofuel production but does not confirm or refute the capability of bioengineered yeast specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: However, it is exactly the adjuvants that improve cell-mediated immunity, correct the immunoresponse in newborns and elderly people, improve the effects of single vaccine shots, and induce better cross-protective immunity. An ideal adjuvant stimulates the long-term protective response against the virus without reactogenicity or toxicity. The choice of effective adjuvant is now becoming increasingly crucial for the development and administration of particular types of vaccines (protein- and RNA-based) against COVID-19. The results of experimental studies of an adjuvant vaccine against coronaviruses similar to SARS-CoV-19 are already available (Gupta T. and Gupta S. , 2020). Some pharmaceutical companies develop adjuvant vaccines, e. g. , HaxSmith Kline, Segirus an Dynavax. They use the known licensed adjuvants: AS03, MF59, and CPG1018. However, the currently developed and used adjuvants are based on different chemical compounds (Gupta T. and Gupta S. , 2020). However, various immunomodulating bacteria and their components, including carriers of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that potentiate the immunoresponse, are also selected and tested as adjuvants. In particular, the adjuvant effects of lactic-acid bacteria (Pouwels et al. , 1998), bacterial cell-wall components (Bessler et al. , 1997), fibronectin-binding protein 1 of Streptococcus pyogenes (Medina et al. , 1998), surface-localized flagellins (Mizel and Bates, 2010), etc. , have been described. The adjuvant effects of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were demonstrated in the case of antiviral vaccination (Barbieri et al. , 2013), antistreptococcal vaccination (Leontyeva et al. , 2016), and antiallergic vaccination (van Overtvelt et al. , 2012). It was shown that the intranasal administration of lactobacilli improves the local mucosal immunity and affects the systemic mechanisms of immune defense, increasing the resistance to infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (Tomosada et al. , 2013) or influenza virus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of various immunomodulating bacteria, particularly lactic-acid bacteria, as adjuvants that enhance immune responses. It mentions how lactobacilli improve local mucosal immunity and influence systemic immune defense mechanisms, thereby supporting the idea that the human microbiome, which includes these bacteria, plays a significant role in regulating the immune system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones will solve all logistical issues in delivery services. [SEP] Text: 11 T2 - of F - of O - of P - 1 EP - 6 PB - Group SN - 2328-7616 UR - AB - In a world where most businesses are innovating or digitally transitioning, neglecting to experiment puts businesses at a disadvantage by making them increasingly irrelevant to the consumers, resistant to change, and unable to compete with larger and more efficient rivals. According to a survey by McKinsey, 84% of professionals feel that future success is dependent on continuous innovation in order to gain competitive advantage in the industry and respond to the competition. 13, 2022, Amazon announced its plans to make its first drone deliveries in Lockeford, California. The idea of delivery with the help of drones represents a true innovation in the e-commerce business, fastening the delivery service in a way that was almost unimaginable a few years back. However, the company faces diverse challenges endangering its project, including ever changing regulations, skepticism from the customers, and safety concerns. All of this leads to a launch that has been postponed for years, questioning the viability of the project. Indeed, Amazon has the potential to be a huge success once it finally launches its operations as it can develop a strong competitive advantage. This case analysis aims at discussing the factors involved in the implementation of the Air project to investigate whether delivery drones can possibly be a disruptive technology. This case analysis is intended to be a helpful source for class discussions as well. VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant challenges that Amazon faces with its drone delivery plans. It mentions 'ever changing regulations, skepticism from the customers, and safety concerns,' which implies that while drones may represent innovation in delivery services, they do not solve all logistical issues. The postponed launch and questioning of the project's viability further support the notion that drones alone cannot resolve these complex logistical challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Efficient depolymerization of these polysaccharides is hampered by the recalcitrant structure of plant cell walls. At the same time, efficient production of concentrated sugar syrups is essential for cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable products [2,3,4,5]. Performing enzymatic saccharification processes efficiently at elevated solid loadings is pivotal in reducing the overall expenses associated with lignocellulosic biorefineries, thereby enhancing the feasibility of lignocellulose valorization. Performing enzymatic saccharification at high dry matter (DM) levels is known to hamper yields and conversion rates, an effect that is referred to as "the high-solids effect" [6]. A high DM content refers to a situation in which little-to-no free water is present at the beginning of a reaction, meaning that the substrate holds all the water [4, 7]. The amount of free water will depend on the substrate composition and pretreatment methods. However, a DM content of 15–20% (w/w) is typically considered "high" [2]. Several studies employing commercial enzyme cocktails predominantly composed of endo- and exo-acting cellulases have demonstrated a linear reduction in the enzymatic conversion yield with increasing substrate concentration [6, 8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. A direct consequence of elevated solid loadings is increased slurry viscosity, which hampers adequate mixing. Additional challenges arise from non-productive cellulase adsorption to phenolic compounds [15, 16], enzyme inhibition by compounds like furan derivatives formed during commonly used pretreatment methods such as steam explosion [16], and feedback inhibition of cellobiohydrolases or β-glucosidases (BGs) due to the accumulation of cellobiose or glucose, respectively [17, 18]. Nevertheless, recent literature suggests that water constraints are the most prominent contributor to the high-solids effect [2, 5, 19]. Water has multiple roles during enzymatic saccharification: it functions as a solvent facilitating the contact between enzymes and their substrate, it acts as a reactant during hydrolysis, and it is responsible for the diffusion of products from the site of enzymatic reaction [20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the challenges related to enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass, focusing on factors like solid loading, slurry viscosity, and enzyme inhibition. It does not address the ability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: A promising current trend is to use probiotic microorganisms to boost the immune system and improve resistance to respiratory infections. The effects determined by the adjuvant and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics include an increased titer of specific antibodies, enhanced activity of Th1- and/or Th17-cells, and improved local mucosal immunity, in addition to protection against infections directly on the mucous membrane and via interaction with the innate immune system (Abdo et al. , 2019). Lactic-acid bacteria have been assessed as nonparenteral, live vaccine vectors. Clinical trials with the involvement of 50 volunteers showed that the peroral administration of the lactobacillus Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 improves the effects of vaccination against influenza, increasing the activity of Th1 cells and the level of vaccine-specific IgA after vaccination (Olivares et al. , 2007). It was demonstrated that probiotics can induce IgA secretion to maintain immune surveillance (Lemme-Dumit et al. , 2018). As representatives of the commensal microflora, probiotic lactobacilli are able to stimulate the mechanisms of immune defense by influencing changes in the secretion of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Studies of the immunomodulating activity of bacterial strains in vitro are usually performed with cultures of intestinal cells (Caco-2, HT-29) or immunocytes (EC-6, THP-1). Such in vivo experiments are carried out with laboratory animals (healthy, with defects of the immune system, gnotobionts, and those with experimental infectious and noninfectious pathologies) (Fedorova and Danilenko, 2014). Different studies have shown that bacteria capable of modulating intestinal and systemic immune responses can be used to prevent bacterial and viral respiratory infections (Eguchi et al. , 2017). Peptidoglycan from the L. rhamnosus CRL1505 immunobiotic improved the innate respiratory, antiviral immunoresponse and reduced the transmigration of bacteria through the lungs and inflammatory lung injuries in newborn mice (Clua et al. , 2017). The meta-analysis published by Hao et al. (Hao et al. , 2015) and other researchers demonstrated the efficiency of probiotics in reducing the frequency and duration of acute respiratory infections of viral origin and the need for several courses of antibiotic therapy (King et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of probiotic microorganisms, which are part of the human microbiome, in boosting the immune system and improving resistance to infections. It details how probiotics influence specific immune responses and contribute to the mechanisms of immune defense, which supports the idea that the microbiome is involved in immune system regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: “Hub can replace up to two standard delivery vehicles, with an equivalent CO2 saving of over sixteen tons per year and a significant reduction in other emissions” [10]. has noted that “Bicycles. . . make up to two times as many stops per hour than a delivery vehicle. The total cost of ownership over their lifetime is less than half of a van” [10]. FedEx had a cargo bicycle pilot program in 2009 through their EarthSmart initiative. A small fleet of electric-assist bicycles were deployed in Paris in anticipation of Paris’ expansion of its bike lane network. The electric-assist cargo bicycles had a capacity of 53 cubic feet (1. 5 cubic meters), operated at 12 mph (20 km/hour), and had a range of 25 miles (40 km) or 6 h. The bikes were an economic and environmental success [11]. One of the biggest competitive advantages a cargo bicycle has over a delivery truck is its ability to spend little time searching for parking. A recent study conducted by INRIX in 2017 indicates that vehicles spend 9 min on average looking for on-street parking and this significantly adds to traffic congestion and emissions. Angeles or New York, it takes 12 and 15 min on average respectively, to look for on-street parking. In Seattle, where this research was conducted, it takes 9 min on average to find on-street parking. Trucks circling street blocks until parking is found, adds to congestion and increases air pollution. In addition to time spent looking for parking, on street parking require hourly parking payments. In Seattle, two-hour on-street parking costs an average of $9 [12]. Though this research does not focus specifically on delivery trucks, it serves as a telling proxy for the parking challenges that delivery trucks experience. Cities need more curb space allocated to support delivery operations. As the competition for curb space grows, so do inadequacies of on-street parking for delivery trucks. For example, the city is removing parking in to make room for transportation developments such as bike lanes, light-rail lines, bus lanes, pedestrian pathways and micro parks [13]. New infrastructure added to limited roadways results in the removal or reallocation of parking spots. These developments impact freight efficiency and the delivery process for companies that are already challenged to make their delivery time windows and meet customer expectations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges faced by delivery trucks, such as the difficulty in finding parking and increasing congestion due to the competition for curb space. It underscores the advantages of alternative delivery methods like bicycles, which suggest that if these alternatives are more efficient and environmentally friendly, the widespread adoption of delivery drones may face additional hurdles that could delay their commonality compared to delivery trucks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Despite efforts in the last decades, the challenges posed by high-solids conditions remain a subject of ongoing studies. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) were discovered in 2010 [21] and are included in current commercial cellulase cocktails [22]. LPMOs are copper-dependent redox enzymes that require a priming reduction and an oxygen species as co-substrate [21], most probably H2O2 [23], to perform catalysis. The reduced LPMO-Cu(I) complex will oxidatively break the scissile glycosidic bond in cellulose, leading to the formation of an aldonic acid or gemdiol-aldose for C1- or C4-oxidizing LPMOs, respectively [24, 25]. LPMOs are prone to non-reversible inactivation in the presence of excess H2O2 [23], which can lead to release of the active-site copper that may fuel transition metal-dependent futile side reactions, such as abiotic oxidation of reducing compounds [26, 27]. Numerous studies have shown that LPMOs improve the efficiency of classical hydrolytic cellulases, likely due to LPMOs' ability to attack the more crystalline parts of the polysaccharide substrate [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Several studies have tried to shed light on the mechanism behind the synergistic relationship between LPMOs and cellulases [34,35,36,37,38,39], one important outcome being that the oxidative regioselectivity of the LPMOs plays a role. For example, C1-oxidizing LPMOs tend to synergize well with processive cellulases attacking the nonreducing-end, while C4-oxidizing LPMOs seem to have a better effect when combined with cellulases attacking the reducing ends of the cellulose chains [35, 38]. A recent study has shown that the LPMO effect may not be as "direct" as initially suggested. Studies of the effects of LPMO pretreatments showed that the chain ends introduced by LPMO action do not necessarily serve as immediate access points for cellulases. Instead, it was suggested that LPMO promotes time-dependent decrystallization of the substrate that improves accessibility for the classical hydrolytic enzymes [40]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and their role in improving the efficiency of classical hydrolytic cellulases, without addressing bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: , 2019). Probiotics can modulate the immune system by binding their cellular components: lipoteichoic acids, peptidoglycans, S-layer proteins, nucleic acids, etc. , to -like receptors and C-type lectin receptors expressed in the cells of the mucous membrane (Delgado et al. , 2020). It is important that variations in the profiles of these cellular components differentially correlate with the immunomodulatory abilities of probiotic strains (Bron et al. , 2012). Different fractions (postbiotics) isolated from the Bacillus coagulans culture (supernatant, cell wall fragments) induce the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the stimulation of T-helper (Th)2-dependent immune responses (Jensen et al. , 2010). It should be noted that different strains of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and their components have immunomodulatory effects of varying degrees of intensity (Averina et al. , 2015). Tonetti et al. (Tonetti et al. , 2020) demonstrated the strain-dependent adjuvant immunomodulatory effect on the example of the strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505. The nasal administration of only the strain L. rhamnosus CRL1505 could improve both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses induced by IFV infection or vaccination in mice. Higher levels of IFV-specific IgA and IgG, as well as IFN-γ, were found in blood serum and in respiratory tracts. To date, there are no publications on the assessment of probiotics as additional therapy in the case of COVID-19 infection. However, there are some studies on the interrelationship between the microbiome and susceptibility to COVID-19 (Gou et al. , 2020), as well as assessment of the ability of various probiotic strains to reduce the viral load via different mechanisms of action. A research team in Belgium studies the potential of specific lactobacillus strains to reduce viral activity in the nasopharynx and oral cavity via reinforcement of the battier and the anti-inflammatory effect of the probiotic to reduce the risk of secondary bacterial infection with COVID-19 (Association of Probiotics and of Directors, 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how probiotics can modulate the immune system through various mechanisms, including their interactions with specific receptors in the mucous membranes. It highlights the immunomodulatory abilities of different probiotic strains, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and mentions the influence of the microbiome on immune responses, specifically in the context of infections like COVID-19. The text's focus on the correlation between probiotics, their components, and immune system regulation supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: UPS, FedEx, and other courier companies have commented on the challenges of operating in dense cities and choosing to illegally park and risk receiving a ticket to meet delivery windows [14]. In 2006, UPS spokeswoman said, “We receive by far more parking fines in City than anywhere else in the world … Simply stated, we do not have the same level of difficulty with finding available parking spaces or loading zones anywhere else” [14]. Parking tickets are one of the major costs for courier companies. In 2006, couriers large and small, together, owed City $102 million in parking fines [15]. In the first quarter of 2013, FedEx and UPS owed NYC $2. 8 million total in parking fines [16]. The administrative costs for processing or challenging tickets is immense for both City and the courier company. Therefore, City cultivated the Programs to manage the flow of parking fines associated with delivery trucks [15]. Cargo bicycles do not face the same challenges while operating in a dense urban city because they do not need to park illegally. Table 2 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of EA cargo bicycles. Table 2 Advantages and disadvantages of EA cargo bikesFull size table2. 1 Data collectionInterviews were conducted with three participants actively involved in the cargo bicycle delivery industry in the for insight into real life cargo bike capabilities, limitations, and operations in a city. The interviewees were identified from online research and professional contacts in the freight delivery industry. Each interviewee was contacted via phone or email between January–March 2017, and a series of curated questions were asked to capture information about business operations, cargo bike design and dimensions, and challenges. Knowledge gained from these interviews may be applied to assess the feasibility of cargo bikes in city specific scenarios. The CEO of Service had a contract with an online retailer for a pilot bike delivery program in Seattle that operated between July 2015 and June 2016. The bikes used did not have a cargo compartment, so the volume of goods per delivery were dependent on the physical abilities of the courier themselves. The online retailer did not continue the bike delivery program because it was not a scalable model, since each city the company operates in has its own unique needs and challenges. A former cargo bicycle courier for in Seattle was interviewed to understand the viewpoint of cargo bicycle deliveries from a rider’s perspective. To meet delivery deadlines, cyclists would ride on the sidewalk, bike lane, or vehicle lane depending on availability and the traffic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the operational challenges faced by delivery trucks in dense urban areas, such as illegal parking and the associated costs, as well as the failure of a cargo bicycle delivery program due to scalability issues. It suggests that delivery methods like cargo bicycles may not replace delivery trucks due to unique urban challenges, indicating that drones may face similar hurdles in becoming as common as delivery trucks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Indeed, several studies support the notion that LPMO action promotes decrystallization of cellulose [41,42,43,44]. Recently, Cannella et al. [45] showed that oxidation of filter paper with an LPMO, or chemically, using TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl] increases the amount of water retained by the fibers, due to the increased negative surface charge. Thus, LPMO activity will increase the hydrophilicity and water content of the substrate, which could help mitigate the negative effects of high DM conditions on cellulase performance. While the impact of LPMOs on the efficiency of cellulolytic enzyme cocktails has been studied extensively, little is known about the effect of the DM level and the role LPMOs may play in counteracting the high-solids effect. It is important to note that water availability depends on the DM content and, therefore, that saccharification performances cannot be directly compared across low and high DM experiments [19]. The effect of DM loading (1–15%) on AA9 LPMO activity was recently shown to vary a lot depending on the type of LPMO. Some LPMOs gave more product release as DM content was increased, while other LPMOs seemed to be substrate saturated and even inhibited at high DM [44]. To gain more insight into these matters, in this study, a commercial LPMO-poor enzyme cocktail, Celluclast 1. 5L, was spiked with two different fungal AA9 LPMOs, C1-oxidizing TtAA9E from Thermothielavioides (previously Thielavia) terrestris and predominantly C4-oxidizing TaAA9A from Thermoascus aurantiacus to investigate the impact of LPMOs on cellulose saccharification at elevated DM concentrations. Using various experimental setups, we show that LPMOs are increasingly important for saccharification efficiency at higher substrate concentrations, notably in a manner that varies between LPMOs and substrates. We also show the importance of preventing LPMO inactivation, not only because LPMO activity is needed, but also because copper leaking out of inactivated LPMOs [27, 46] facilitates unfavorable side reactions. MethodsSteam-exploded wheat strawSteam-exploded wheat straw was provided by Novozymes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses the impact of LPMOs on cellulose saccharification and enzyme performance, but it does not directly address bioengineered yeast or their ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: The review by Villena and Kitazawa (Villena and Kitazawa, 2020) summarizes the knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the enhancement of antiviral protection of the respiratory apparatus via the effects of immunobiotic bacteria, e. g. , Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505. The ability of probiotic bacteria to improve the effects of type-I interferons and antiviral factors in respiratory tracts, the stimulation of Th1 cell response and antibody production, the regulation of inflammation and activation of blood clotting in the course of viral infection, the reduction of tissue injury, and the maintenance of respiratory function clearly indicate the potential of immunobiotics to exert a favorable effect on immunoresponse against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. -19 pandemic compels humankind to mobilize the efforts of the world’s scientists to solve the problem of its control and to overcome its short- and long-range consequences. In addition to the development of effective vaccines and adequate diagnostic agents, there is the problem of the creation of a new generation of immunomodulatory agents for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. A peculiar feature of this disease is the strong cytokine storm, which is followed by oxidative stress; it destroys various human organs, including the brain. These facts draw attention to the key functional impairment of the immune system, which leads to destructive inflammatory processes. It is known that disturbance of the gut microbiota—dysbiosis—correlates with and probably leads to inflammatory processes (Levy et al. , 2017; Tiffany and Bäumler, 2019), both in the gut and in other human organs and tissues. This fact suggests that the treatment of the cytokine storm, oxidative stress, and its consequences for all human organs and systems is possible with the involvement of the immunomodulatory and antioxidant potential of the microbiota. The microbiota can be corrected, primarily with the use of recently developed immunobiotics (Villena and Kitazawa, 2020, Dyakov et al. , 2020) and probiotics with antioxidant potential (Marsova et al. , 2018, 2020a, 2020b). The microbiome of stress-resistant people can be used as a source of a new generation of pharmbiotics and metabiotics based on them (Shenderov et al. , 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the microbiome, particularly immunobiotic bacteria, in enhancing antiviral protection and regulating the immune response. It emphasizes that disturbance of the gut microbiota is correlated with inflammatory processes and suggests that the microbiota can be instrumental in treating immune response dysfunctions, thereby supporting the idea that the human microbiome is involved in immune system regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: In scenario 4b, both transportation modes have eight stops in the route, deliver 50 parcels per stop, and have a distance of 3. 5 miles between the DC and neighborhood. In this scenario, the distance between delivery stops is modeled from 0 to 1 mile (1. 6 km), assuming that anything beyond 1 mile (1. 6 km) indicates deliveries are occurring in less dense urban areas, which is outside the scope of this study. Figure 4b shows that the cost lines for both vehicle types are almost constant. This could be because the distance between each stop is very small in urban areas due to more frequent delivery stops, and therefore has little impact on overall route costs. The truck is more cost efficient than EA cargo bicycles at any distance between stops in the observed delivery route. In scenario 4c, both transportation modes have eight stops in the route, have a distance of 3. 5 miles between the DC and neighborhood, and a distance of 0. 2 miles per stop. In this scenario, the number of parcels was modeled from 1 to 70 parcels per stop. Adding 5 parcels per stop increases the number of EA cargo bicycle trips required due to capacity limitations. Additionally, each package increases handling time at the stop, slightly increasing total route costs. The truck cost line is also gradually increasing as the number of parcels increases, but has a smaller slope in comparison to an EA cargo bicycle. There is a significant increase in truck costs when the total number of packages exceeds the truck’s 400 parcel capacity. For the observed route, if there were more than 25 parcels per stop on average, it would be more cost efficient to use a truck instead of an EA cargo bicycle because otherwise, two or more EA cargo bicycles would be required to serve the same number of stops. If the number of parcels per stop is less than 20 parcels, it would be most cost efficient to use an EA cargo bicycle for the route. In Fig. 4d, both transportation modes have a distance of 3. 5 miles between the DC an neighborhood, a distance of 0. 2 miles between each stop, and deliver 50 parcels per stop. In this scenario, the number of stops on the route was modeled from 0 to 25 stops. This graph shows that if the route has three or fewer stops on the route, the cost for EA cargo bicycles and trucks will be the same. If the route has more stops, it is more cost efficient to use a delivery truck instead of an EA cargo bicycle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing an analysis of delivery costs and operational scenarios for delivery trucks versus EA cargo bicycles. It indicates that delivery trucks are more cost-efficient than EA cargo bicycles in various delivery contexts, particularly when the number of parcels exceeds certain thresholds. This suggests that delivery trucks remain more viable for urban delivery, thereby rebutting the claim that delivery drones will become as common as delivery trucks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The compositional analysis was performed based on the standard operating procedure developed by NREL [47] and is shown in Table 1. The DM content was measured using titration as described elsewhere [48] and found to be 52% (w/w). The substrate was stored at − 20 °C. Table 1 Composition of steam-exploded wheat strawFull size tableEnzymesTaAA9A from Thermoascus aurantiacus and TtAA9E from Thermothielavioides (previously Thielavia) terrestris, as well as Celluclast 1. 5 L, NZ-BG (a β-glucosidase preparation), and Cellic CTec2 were kindly supplied by Novozymes (Novozymes, Bagsværd, Denmark). The protein concentrations were determined using the Bradford method with BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. ) as standard. Both LPMOs were copper saturated as described previously [49], followed by desalting using a PD MidiTrap column (G-25; ). All enzymes were stored at 4 °C. Standard reaction setupThe enzyme dosage was held constant at 4 mg protein per g substrate for all reactions. Reactions without LPMO were performed with Celluclast 1. 5 L and NZ-BG in a 9:1 ratio (protein:protein). For the reactions supplemented with LPMO, the LPMO constituted 10% of the total protein dose (i. e. , 0. 4 mg/g substrate). The BG dose was held at 10% of total protein (0. 4 mg/g substrate) in all reactions to ensure the complete conversion of cellobiose to glucose. Thus, Celluclast 1. 5 L represented 80% of the protein (3. 2 mg/g substrate) in reactions with added LPMO and 90% (3. 6 mg/g substrate) in reactions without added LPMO. Reactions with Cellic CTec2 were performed without addition of BG at 4 mg protein per g substrate. The substrates were microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH-101, 50 µm p5. 0. If not specified otherwise, 10 mM ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) was added at the beginning of all reactions with Avicel. Glucose feedback inhibition of enzyme cocktails was probed by adding 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the procedures and compositions related to enzyme reactions and analysis without mentioning bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: Pharmbiotics can include not only live cultures of probiotic bacteria but also individual proteins that are capable of regulating, with some mechanism or another, the cytokine level in human body, e. g. , as shown by Dyakov et al. (Dyakov et al. , 2020), via the binding of the FN3 protein to the tumor necrosis factor. The now obvious problem is to bring the microbiome of patients with dysbacteriosis to a condition that is close to normal before vaccination. At present, intensive work is being done to search for the compositions of the human-genome mutations that provide an organism with resistance to COVID-19. Since the immunomodulatory and antioxidant potentials of the human microbiome generally determine the homeostasis of the body and the potential resistance to COVID-19, one should search for microbiome biomarkers that can be used to detect this resistance. Studies are already being conducted in this respect (Gou et al. , 2020). In contrast to genetic markers in the human genome, gut-microbiota biomarkers (bacteria and bacterial genes) are convenient objects for the development of the respective pharmbiotic agents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the immunomodulatory potential of the human microbiome, indicating that it plays a role in regulating the immune system. It mentions the microbiome's influence on homeostasis and resistance to diseases, including COVID-19, which suggests its significance in immune system regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: 2 miles between each stop, and deliver ten parcels per stop. This scenario compares the cost of EA cargo bikes and a delivery truck when the number of stops on the route changes from 0 to 25 stops. According to this scenario, EA cargo bikes are more cost effective for at least 25 stops in the given route. By changing the variable for the number of parcels delivered at each stop from 50 to 10, EA cargo bicycles are generally more cost effective than urban delivery trucks. It can be concluded that it is more cost efficient to deliver a smaller number of parcels to more stops by EA cargo bicycles. 5 ConclusionThe literature review and interviews indicate that EA cargo bicycles have piqued the interest of the private and public delivery sectors. Though there are limitations associated with EA cargo bicycles, delivery companies and universities are exploring improvements in the design and utility of EA cargo bicycles in urban areas. The four scenarios modelled in this paper indicate that cargo bikes are more cost effective than delivery trucks for deliveries in close proximity to the distribution center (less than 2 miles for the observed delivery route with 50 parcels per stop and less than 6 miles for the hypothetical delivery route with 10 parcels per stop) and at which there is a high density of residential units and low delivery volumes. Delivery trucks are more cost effective for greater distances from the DC and for large volume deliveries to one stop. For example, the observed route had a large volume of deliveries to one major office tower. Due to the truck’s large carrying capacity, the route could be completed by one truck, instead of deploying at least ten EA freight bicycles to complete the same delivery. Moreover, by delivering greater number of packages per stop to office towers or any high-rise building with designated loading docks, trucks are able to legally park for longer periods of time. Therefore, EA cargo bikes may be well suited for congested cities with designated bike paths and truck parking challenges. Cities and deliveries are increasingly becoming more populated, dense and dynamic, and it is important to acknowledge that though EA cargo bicycles have the potential to optimize specific nodes of the supply chain, they certainly are not a one size fits all solution for urban freight. For example, it was observed during data collection that “Air Freight” was the most time sensitive delivery type with a smaller number of “Air Freight” packages per stop. Thus, it is possible that EA cargo bicycles can be allocated to effectively deliver these types of packages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency of cargo bicycles versus delivery trucks in urban environments. It highlights that delivery trucks are more effective for larger volume deliveries over greater distances, while cargo bicycles may be better suited for congested areas with shorter distances. This indicates a complexity in the delivery landscape that challenges the idea of drones becoming as common as trucks, suggesting that different delivery methods will coexist depending on the circumstances rather than a singular shift towards drones.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5, 5. 0, or 10% (w/w) glucose (Sigma-Aldrich) at the start of the reaction in addition to the cellulose substrate. Reaction termination and dilutionAll time points (5, 24, 48, and 72 h) were run as individual reactions in 2 mL Eppendorf tubes with 0. 6 mL reaction volume in an (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) at 50 °C and 1000 rpm. The reactions were terminated by boiling the samples at 100 °C for 20 min before samples were diluted to 1% DM (w/w) by transferring the whole reaction slurry to 15 mL Falcon tubes and diluting with sodium acetate buffer [6] to minimize errors associated with the higher DM contents [3]. Afterward, the samples were thoroughly mixed, 250 µL of each were filtered with a 96-well filter plate (0. 2 µm; Sigma-Aldrich), and filtrates were stored at 4 °C before further analysis. Cellulase inactivation by abiotic reactionsA mixture of Celluclast 1. 5 L and NZ-BG (9:1 ratio, 0. 6 mg protein in total) was preincubated in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer pH 5. 0 at 50 °C and 1000 rpm for 24 h in an together with externally added 10 mM H2O2 (Sigma-Aldrich), 10 mM ascorbic acid, or 0. 63 mM Cu(II)SO4. The effects of different combinations of H2O2 or ascorbic acid with Cu(II) and EDTA (6. 3 mM; Sigma-Aldrich) were also tested. After the preincubation, the saccharification reaction was initiated by transferring the preincubated cellulase cocktail (450 µL) to Eppendorf tubes containing 150 mg Avicel, yielding a reaction mixture with 25% DM (w/w) and 4 mg protein per gram of substrate. The saccharification reactions were run at the same conditions as for the preincubation reactions for 24 and 48 h after which they were terminated as described above. Analysis of soluble native and oxidized sugarsGlucose levels were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a 3000 () connected to a refractive index detector 101 (Shodex, Japan) as described previously [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information about bioengineered yeast or its capability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it details experimental conditions and methodologies related to reactions involving cellulase and glucose analysis, which do not address the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: The role of breast-feeding in infant immune system: a systems perspective on the intestinal microbiome access Published: 24 September 2015 The role of breast-feeding in infant immune system: a systems perspective on the intestinal microbiome Paurush Praveen1, Ferenc Jordan1, Corrado Priami1,2 & …Melissa J. Morine1,2 Show authors Microbiome 0. 0465 for FF networks, and 0. 0008 for BF network was obtained (showing that the networks were not just by chance). Fig. 3The microbiome co-abundance networks based on Bray-Curtis similarity under FF and BF conditions. Node color indicates the genera of the organisms as shown in the legend. The “unclassified” in the species name refers to the sequences that could be attributed to more than one species with equal likelihoods. The isolated nodes represent the absence of co-occurrence among the speciesFull size image The FF microbial community network is ~1. 5 times denser than the corresponding BF network. This can be seen as a direct implication of the higher diversity observed in FF infant microbiota and leads to an intricate mutual dependence of microbes on one another. Furthermore, among the three Bifidobacterium species detected in our analysis, B. breve and B. bifidum were detected mostly in BF infants, whereas B. longum and R. gnavus were detected in FF samples (Fig. 2b). This also shows that the network at the phylum may look alike but at lower level (here, species level), the two systems (BF and FF) can be differentiated. The core of the BF network consisting of the largest connected component (11 nodes) was retained in the FF network but extended with several other co-occurrence relationships observed (Fig. 3). Relation between microbes and human systemsWe extracted the relations of microbes with the human genes from bibliographic knowledgebase (see “Methods”). These genes do not necessarily represent a physical interaction with microbe or its biomolecules but rather a dependence relationship in either direction (gray edges in Fig. 4). Looking at the related genes (square nodes) for differentially abundant microbes (a network specific to differentially abundant species is available in Additional file 1) revealed that they are mostly related to the host genes (Fig. 4, yellow nodes in circle and squares) that already have a higher degree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the relationship between the intestinal microbiome and the immune system, particularly in the context of breast-feeding and its impact on the infant's microbiota. It highlights how various species of bacteria in the microbiome contribute to immune system development and regulation, thus corroborating the role of the microbiome in immune system functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: Having DCs closer to the city center may also support EA cargo bicycles as the optimal delivery transportation mode type for priority shipments such as one or two-hour deliveries. EA cargo bicycles have some competitive advantages over delivery trucks in that cargo bicycles have more options for maneuvering through a city using the road, bike lane, sidewalks, and accessing pedestrian only areas, so a more detailed modeling of those aspects is warranted. The time spent looking for parking and the act of parking the bike itself is minimal. Cargo bicycles may be a good substitute for trucks in cities that are considering policies that restrict the time and type of freight trucks driving through cities using congestion charges or simply banning them. Another possibility is to incentivize the use of cargo bicycles by including city support for bike storage in or near downtown. Cargo bicycles could also be a mode of transit included and discussed in city master plans. The growing number of cargo bicycle companies in the and research efforts are certainly promising. The intent of this research is to contribute to the understanding of EA cargo bicycles and their potential to carry freight in urban environments. Seattle has been used as the case study, but the results can be applied to other urban cities in the United States. 2017. Wang, Y. , Jiang, X. , Lee, L. H. , Chew, E. P. , & Tan, K. C. (2017). Tree based searching approaches for integrated vehicle dispatching and container allocation in a transshipment hub. Appl, 74. "Conference 2014. " Conference 2014 | Cyclelogistics Federation. N. p. , 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 30 July2017. ed. "Environmental Responsibility. " UPS (n. d. ): n. pag. 2016. Web. C. , Seedah, D. P. K. , Jiang, N. , & Walton, C. M. (2016). of for. J Board, 2547, 102–110. 359. 84. 2017. Web. 30 Jul 2017. Express and Urban-Forces for Ecological Deliveries. " About FedEx. FedEx, 2009. Web. 19 Jul 2017. “of in the US, UK, and Germany. ”Web. 19 July 2017. Linda. "Waging a War on Cars? " K5. N. p. , 2015. Web. 30 Jul 2017. Adam. "Fines in NYC. " Press. N. p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the advantages of electric-assisted (EA) cargo bicycles over delivery trucks, highlighting how they may be more optimal for urban deliveries due to better maneuverability, lower restrictions in terms of access, and minimal time spent on parking. This suggests a shift in delivery methods from trucks to bicycles rather than drones, presenting a scenario where drones may not become as common as delivery trucks within the stated timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The analytical column was a Rezex ROA-organic acid H + (8%) 300 × 7. 8 mm (), the eluent was 5 mM H2SO4, the operating temperature was 65 °C, and the flow rate was 0. 6 mL/min. Soluble oxidized sugars (Glc1A, Glc4gemGlc and Glc4gemGlc2) were quantified by high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) using a Dionex ICS-5000 (Dionex) equipped with a CarboPac PA200 column, as previously described [50, 51]. An eluent gradient from 0 to 100% B (A: 100 mM NaOH; B: 1 M NaOAc + 100 mM NaOH), an operational flow of 500 µL/min, and a sample loop volume of 5 µL were used, as described previously [51]. The results were analyzed using the Chromeleon 7 software program (Dionex). Standards of glucose, cellobiose, and gluconic acid (C1-oxidized, DP1) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and diluted as appropriate. Cellobionic and cellotrionic acid (C1-oxidized, DP2-3) [52] and C4-oxidized standards of DP2-3 [29, 51] were produced as described previously using MtCDH from Myriococcum thermophilum [52] or NcAA9C from Neurospora crassa [53] respectively. Statistical analysisThe statistical analysis was performed with a two-tailed Student's t-test using (Office 365). Results and discussionThe role of LPMOs at different cellulose concentrationsEnzymatic saccharification experiments using Celluclast 1. 5 L (supplemented with a β-glucosidase, NZ-BG) with or without LPMOs were run at five different cellulose (Avicel) concentrations ranging from 5 to 25% (w/w). The overall glucose conversion in the reactions with only the cellulolytic enzyme cocktail (90% Celluclast 1. 5 L + 10% NZ-BG) decreased with the increasing DM content, and this effect was visible both after 5 and 24 h of saccharification (Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, the text discusses analytical methods and enzymatic saccharification experiments without providing any insights related to bioengineered yeast or biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: To further verify these relationships, we analyzed which host genes have been found to be in a dependence relation with the corresponding microbial species via a bivariate analysis. For this, we used the pairs of microbes and the host genes related to these microbes as shown in Fig. 4. To illustrate, if a microbe M is related to host genes X, Y, and Z; then, we compute the correlation for abundance of M and expression level of X, Y, and Z along the samples. Thus, we get three correlation values for microbe M, i. e. , M~X, M~Y, and M~Z. This was carried out for all the microbes and their corresponding genes (related to these microbes). correlation coefficients were computed between microbial abundance and the expression levels of corresponding DE genes (a set of n correlation coefficients for a species enriched with n genes) showed a higher correlation (p value ≤0. 05) for B. bifidum and R. gnavus. Figure 5a shows the boxplot for the correlations between each microbial species, paired with its corresponding genes extracted from literature. The results cannot be computed in terms of p values as the two other differentially abundant microbes (B. breve and B. longum) were not detected in both types of sample. We compared these correlation coefficients against the mean of absolute correlation between 1000 randomly permuted microbial species and host gene pairs, which was found to be <0. 2. Furthermore, we also generated random pairs of genes and microbes and computed similar correlations (abundance~expression level) to check if the correlations for actual relationships are better than these random pairs. We compared these correlation coefficients against the mean of absolute correlation between 1000 randomly permuted microbial species and host gene pairs, which was found to be <0. 2 (indicated by the black line in Fig. 5a). This approach also served as a validation for our literature-mining pipeline to find genes related to microbial species. Fig. 4The microbial species and human gene relationships mined from literature in the form of a bipartite network. The size of nodes indicate the degree of vertices, i. e. , the number of vertices connected to it. The yellow circles represent differentially abundant microbes, and yellow squares are the host genes that showed a literature-based relationship with these microbial species. The orange-colored edges connect differentially abundant microbes with their related host genes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationships between microbial species and host genes, indicating a dependence relation that suggests the microbiome interacts with host genetic expression. The analysis of microbial abundance and gene expression levels points towards a role of specific microbes in influencing immune responses, as evidenced by correlation coefficients that imply significant relationships (p value ≤0. 05). This supports the notion that the human microbiome affects immune system regulation through its interactions with host genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: The same topic is investigated in a more recent paper by Yurek and Ozmutlu [41], focusing on minimising the combined delivery completion time. Dorling et al. [15] derive and experimentally validate an energy consumption model for multirotor drones within a vehicle routing optimisation problem. More recently, Stolaroff et al. [16] focus on possible reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and energy use by using drones for last mile delivery, and provide policy recommendations to achieve environmental benefits, focusing on warehouse needs. While research relative to overcoming technical limitation and developing logistics optimization algorithms is increasing, less work has been done in the area of optimal drone-beehive location and potential economic viability. Little is currently known about the potential population that could viably be reached by such services. On emissions advantages of implementing delivery drones, Goodchild and Toy [17] provide a first attempt of estimating CO2 emissions and vehicle-miles travelled of two delivery models, one by trucks and the other by drones, using several ArcGIS tools and emission standards within a framework of logistical and operational assumptions. They identify general conditions under which drones are likely to provide a CO2 benefit. Figliozzi [42] addresses the contribution of drones in the reduction of CO2 emissions using analytical tools, accounting for scenarios for the average last mile delivery distance. Results from these previous studies clearly show that drones are significantly more efficient than a conventional diesel light commercial vehicle (LCV)-based delivery service in terms of both energy consumption and pollutant emissions on a per trip basis. However, considering the possibility for LCVs to serve several deliveries on the same route, drones performed better only in terms of life-cycle pollutant emissions and not in terms of CO2 and energy consumption. These analyses, however do not take into account the clear benefit brought by drones in removing vehicles from the road. This could lead to potentially significant reduction of congestion and travel time especially in the most densely populated areas where last-mile delivery associated with eCommerce services has increased the contribution of LCVs to road traffic [43]. Studies commissioned by the European Commission, identify challenges, issues and possible solutions for UFD and logistics [44] including drone operations in residential areas [45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and analyses that indicate while drones may be more efficient than traditional delivery trucks in certain aspects (such as CO2 emissions), there are significant challenges and limitations that prevent them from becoming as common as delivery trucks in cities. The text highlights that less work has been done on the economic viability of drones and that they perform better only under specific conditions, while traditional delivery vehicles can serve several deliveries on the same route, which may affect their overall effectiveness in the next five years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, for reactions with added LPMOs (80% Celluclast 1. 5 L + 10% NZ-BG + 10% LPMO), the high-solids effect was less pronounced after 24 h, as can be seen by comparing the blue and gray line with the orange line in Fig. 1B. This result shows that the importance of the LPMO increases with increasing DM concentrations and saccharification time (Fig. 1), as observed previously [45, 54]. Remarkably, at the lowest substrate concentration (5%), supplementing the cellulolytic enzyme cocktail with LPMOs decreased glucan conversion after 24 h substantially (by about one-third) (Fig. 1B). This result is noteworthy, since it provides an “extreme” illustration of how strongly LPMO effects depend on reaction conditions. Fig. 1The impact of LPMO supplementation on cellulose saccharification at increasing solids loading. Saccharification reactions containing 5–25% (w/w) Avicel were set up with 3. 6 mg/g of Celluclast 1. 5 L + 0. 4 mg/g NZ-BG or with 3. 2 mg/g Celluclast 1. 5 L + 0. 4 mg/g NZ-BG + 0. 4 mg/g TaAA9A or TtAA9E. All reactions contained 10 mM AscA as reductant. Bars represent the glucose release in g/L (left y-axis), and lines show the percentage of cellulose conversion (right y-axis) after 5 (A) and 24 h (B). Standard deviations for three biological replicates are shown as error barsFull size imageAfter 5 h of reaction, the concentration of soluble oxidized LPMO products was highest in the 10 and 15% (w/w) DM reactions. Reactions with higher cellulose concentrations yielded lower concentrations of soluble oxidized sugars (Fig. 2A, B), which could reflect lower LPMO activity or, more likely, that a larger fraction of the oxidized sites remains bound to the substrate (as expected based on the work of Courtade et al. [55]). Similar results have been shown recently for different DM concentrations of cellulose nano-crystals (1–15%), although Magri et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of LPMOs (Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases) on cellulose saccharification and does not mention bioengineered yeast or their capability in producing biofuels from sugars. There is no connection to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: A network restricted only to selected vertices in the graph is in Additional file 1 Full size image Fig. 5 a Pearson correlation between the microbial abundance and the expression levels of associated human genes obtained via text mining and also found to be differentially expressed. The relationship with human genes for each microbial species is in Fig. 4. The microbial species marked with asterisk (*) are differentially abundant. The black horizontal line is the mean of absolute Pearson correlation coefficient between randomly generated pairs of genes and microbes. The missing sample (BF or FF) had an NA as correlation values due to zero abundance or zero standard deviation in any of the random variables. b The top GO terms (Biological Process) for human genes related to microbial species. The width of sectors represents the number of associated terms in the corresponding categories, and the radius indicates the number of genes annotated with corresponding termsFull size image A functional enrichment analysis with GO terms (Biological Process) of the genes related to differentially abundant species indicated their role in the immune system (Fig. 5b; details in Additional file 2). Similar enrichment analysis for the genes related to all the species was found to be rich with immune system, metabolic- and transport-related terms (Fig. 5b). A pathway enrichment analysis based on Reactome [30] gave a similar result with several metabolic pathways, e. g. , carbohydrate digestion, interleukin processing, and antigen processing. Differences at transcriptomic level in hostThe analysis of the gene expression data obtained from the epithelial cells in fecal samples of the infants (see “Methods”) distinguishes the two feeding types at the transcription level (see Additional file 1). The functional enrichment analysis of the 477 differentially expressed genes revealed a significant abundance of immune system-related activities (Fig. 5a). We extended our analysis to obtain two co-expression networks of genes under each feeding condition. As a higher number of array probes provided overexpression signals in the transcriptomic data for BF infants, the BF gene co-expression networks (see “Methods” section) were ~2. 1 denser than the FF network at the level of gene co-expression unlike our finding at microbial community level (see “The microbiota” section). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between microbial species and the expression levels of human genes that are associated with the immune system. It explicitly mentions that the functional enrichment analysis indicated a significant abundance of immune system-related activities related to differentially expressed genes, demonstrating that the human microbiome indeed plays a role in immune system regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: This scenario, currently unrealistic, correspond to the best that could be achieved by investing in software (no improvement in the drone flight distance). With this scenario, parcels can be delivered to anyone regardless of the necessity to land in a specific place. Scenario 4: 24 km flight distance and 115/ha population landing threshold. This scenario, also currently unrealistic, corresponds to an investment in hardware allowing the doubling of the current flight range of drones without any software improvement. 5 ResultsFor each scenario, the relationship between the numbers of people potentially within reach of drones (from the selected drone-beehives) is investigated, related to their economic viability threshold (the minimum economic return above which the drone delivery activity was considered viable) at the EU28 scale (Fig. 8). Fig. 8Number of people having access to service as a function of economic viable threshold of drone-beehivesFull size imageIt can be observed that at the EU28 scale, the four considered scenarios follow a similar pattern, and lower economic viability thresholds allow the provision of service to a larger portion of the population. Scenario 1 provided the lowest access to potential customers while Scenario 4 provided the highest level of coverage across most economic viability thresholds. This indicates that doubling the flight distance of drones, something new developments in lithium-ion batteries could make possible within the next decade [65], would provide a higher level of customer coverage to what could be achieved by reaching high-density customers in city centres and apartment buildings. It is also observed that among the considered scenarios, the difference in the number of people that could have access to drone delivery services remains relatively stable across the various economic viability thresholds. For example, the difference in populations reachable by drone among scenarios 1 and 4 remains close to 90 million for economic viability thresholds ranging from 500 thousand to 900 thousand euro. To identify a realistic economic viability threshold for hives, a simple analysis has been conducted, across the four considered scenarios, for one of the hives identified as most profitable located near Paris (France). The potential costs has been estimated for building the warehouse and equipping it with enough drones to satisfy demand (assuming each drone could deliver one item per hour) and the equivalent 10-year return rate on that investment for different hive annual return thresholds has been calculated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the scenarios discussed, including the doubling of drone flight distance, are currently unrealistic and lack definitive improvements in the existing drone technology. It suggests that despite advancements, the desired widespread adoption of delivery drones comparable to delivery trucks in cities within five years is not feasible, indicating significant limitations in making drones a common delivery option.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: observed a maximum release of soluble oxidized sugar at 5% DM for the same LPMOs used in our study [44]. However, these experiments were done with LPMOs alone (i. e. , no presence of cellulases). Additionally, a recent study has shown that the LPMO oxidation profiles also vary depending on the substrate type [56]. Thus, the results cannot be compared directly. Fig. 2Release of oxidized sugars during saccharification of Avicel at increasing dry matter concentrations. The figure shows the formation of soluble oxidized products in the reactions shown in Fig. 1. shows the soluble C1-oxidized products formed by TtAA9E; panel B shows the soluble C4-oxidized products formed by TaAA9A. and D show the molar ratio of glucose (from Fig. 1) to total soluble oxidized sugar after 5 and 24 h, respectively. Standard deviations are shown as error bars, for three biological replicatesFull size imageThe ratio of solubilized glucose to solubilized oxidized sugars after 5 h increases with increased DM (Fig. 2C). For the reaction containing TtAA9E, the glucose-to-oxidized sugar ratio increased from 60 to 150 (i. e. , approximately 0. 7–1. 7% of the soluble sugar were oxidized), while for the TaAA9A-containing reaction, the ratio increased from 120 to 260 (i. e. , approximately 0. 4–0. 8% of the soluble sugar were oxidized) when increasing the substrate concentration from 5 to 25% (w/w) (Fig. 2C). After longer incubation, i. e. , at 24 h, the concentration of soluble LPMO products (Fig. 2A, B) followed the trends of the glucose concentration (Fig. 1B), meaning that the levels of solubilized oxidized products increased with DM and that the glucose-to-oxidized sugar ratios did not vary much with DM (around 100 for all reactions, i. e. , approximately 1% of the soluble sugars were oxidized; Fig. 2D). The fraction of oxidized sugars are similar to that reported in a recent study by Cannella et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it focuses on the release of soluble oxidized sugars and the effects of substrate concentrations on the oxidation profiles of sugars during specific experiments involving enzymes. It does not mention bioengineered yeast or its capability to produce biofuels from sugars, thereby not supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: with a systems level analysis for understanding the colonization of infant gut as a function of feeding mode and its interaction between the microbiota and the human system. The feeding mode seemed to directly affect the microbiota as well as the host system. We complemented the approach of Schwartz et al. in three directions: (1) mining the relationships between the microbiota and the host genes from literature and their validation with the gene expression and microbial abundance data; (2) a differential abundance analysis of the microbiota at species level; and (3) combining these findings at a systems biology level depicting the overall relations between the feeding mode, the microbiota, and host biomolecular activities. Feeding mode has been shown to affect the microbiota composition as well as gene expression in infants [23, 14, 21]. The presence of Bacteroides in BF samples was unusual, but it can be explained, as recent findings have shown that Bacteroides colonize infant gut with time [32, 33]. The samples we used were from 12-week-old infants; this likely explains the presence of Bacteroides in BF samples. Furthermore, it has also been shown that certain Bacteroides species can use the sugar in human milk via mucosal layers [34]. It has also been shown that the formula-fed infants had increased richness of species compared to the breast-fed infants [21, 35]. Our findings confirmed that formula-feeding increases the microbial diversity. This finding was in line with existing knowledge [19–22]. Nevertheless, the core of the co-occurrence microbial network was retained. In terms of microbial enrichment, we showed that B. longum was abundant in the FF infants. B. longum is one of the widely used probiotic in formula food [36]. The genes associated with differentially abundant microbes were highly involved in immunological activities depicting the role of these microbes in the functioning of the human system. The picture was different at the level of human genes. The gene network among the BF sample was found to have a higher number of interactions (~2. 1 times the FF network). Thus, the phenotypic outcomes observed in the host system are affected by feeding conditions. The BF samples do not exhibit a great diversity in the microbiota network [23]. The higher transcriptomic activities as inferred from a denser co-expression networks in BF infants indicates the presence of bioactive compounds in the breast milk [37]. These compounds can activate numerous pathways compared to formula [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the microbiota composition—affected by factors such as feeding mode—can influence host gene expression and immunological activities. It specifically mentions that 'the genes associated with differentially abundant microbes were highly involved in immunological activities,' indicating the significance of the microbiome in regulating immune system functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: This scenario would also lead to population coverages exceeding 50% in the UK, the Netherlands and Belgium (Fig. 17). Table 1 Population covered, total economic return and number of viable hives (EU28) for an economic viability threshold of 650. 000 euroFull size tableTable 2 Comparison of modeled hive numbers and existing Amazon warehouses (data from size table6 Discussion and conclusionsFigures 18 and 19 summarise respectively the population covered and the estimated return for Germany, Spain, France, Italy, the Nederland, and the U. K. under the four scenarios. The outcomes of this study strongly suggest that across the four scenarios considered the operation of drone delivery would consistently be most economically viable in the UK, Germany, France and Italy. The presence of existing warehouses of online retailers in these four countries (see Table 2) further supports the idea that drone hives could viably be operated there. Fig. 18Population covered (%) under the four scenarios: the case of and the U. KFull size imageFig. 19Estimated return under the four scenarios: the case of and the U. KFull size imageUnder the most realistic scenario considered (Scenario 1) drone delivery from drone-beehives could reach a population of 40 million people (about 7. 5% of the EU28 population) spread unevenly across 13 European countries. The population that could most highly benefit from this service would be in the UK and Ireland (reaching a 20% population coverage). The comparison of the effects of potential future development in software, allowing delivery to higher densities (Scenario 3) or hardware, allowing to double the delivery range (Scenario 4) indicate that investments in hardware would result in higher economic returns and more population covered (up to 27% of the EU population). However, such investment would lead to higher variations of service across Europe (9 countries with more than 20% of their population covered) compared to efforts to deliver by drones at any density (12 countries with more than 20% of their population covered). In light of these results and considering that the enormous technical challenges associated with the delivery of parcels in areas of very high population density (allowing the drone to deliver to apartment windows for example), developments in line with Scenario 4 are more likely in the future (assuming legal hurdles for drone delivery are resolved). Some additional considerations can be made. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the population coverage and economic viability of delivery drones in specific European countries rather than asserting that they will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. It notes potential technical and legal challenges that could hinder widespread implementation, suggesting that although there may be limited benefits in certain areas (like the UK and Ireland), major obstacles remain that would prevent drones from achieving the same commonality as trucks across all cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: [45], which also observed that the ratio of oxidized to native sugars increased at longer incubation times than 24 h at higher DM levels (10–25%), while the ratio remained stable at the lower DM levels (5%). Although these effects depend on multiple interrelated factors, such as solubilization effects and substrate concentration-dependent effects on LPMO stability, the trends in the levels of soluble oxidized products after 24 h that are visible in Fig. 2 align well with the notion, derived from Fig. 1, that the importance of LPMOs increases at higher DM levels. In the early stages of saccharification, cellulases work on easily accessible regions of the polysaccharide substrate. As the reaction progresses, the remaining substrate becomes more recalcitrant, exposing regions that are more resistant to enzymatic attack. It is generally believed that LPMOs help break down these recalcitrant structures by introducing oxidative modifications, creating new sites of accessibility that enable cellulases and other enzymes to continue degrading the substrate. Importantly, recent studies indicate that the LPMO–cellulase synergism may be more complex than creating access points [40,41,42,43, 45]. The cleavage of a glycosidic bond and concomitant oxidation of the cleavage point allows surrounding water molecules to access the highly ordered fibril structure, leading to decrystallization and amorphization over time [45]. The extent of these larger, and potentially slower, effects will likely vary between C1- and C4-oxidizing LPMOs. Generation of aldonic acids (C1 oxidation) is thought to have the largest effect due to the open ring structure allowing more water to penetrate the crystalline structure [41,42,43]. On the other hand, recent work by Angeltveit has shown that, with time, the increase in overall accessibility of the substrate for the traditional hydrolytic enzymes will be governed by a time-dependent non-enzymatic decrystallization phase that follows the oxidative action of LPMOs and that does not clearly depend on the oxidative regiospecificity of the enzymes [40]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the role of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in the saccharification process and how they interact with cellulases to affect the degradation of polysaccharides. While it provides insight into enzymatic processes related to sugar breakdown, it does not indicate anything specific about yeast or biofuel production itself.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: The presence of genes related to metabolism in our co-expression network extends the effect of feeding mode to these activities together with the immune system [39, 40]. The difference at metabolomic level has been shown before by Martin et al. [41]. The conservation of the core of microbial co-occurrence networks and the differentially abundant microbes being associated with genes that already have higher degree, leads to the question of the true functional importance of diversity in the microbiota. However, a core microbiota is undoubtedly required for optimal health [42] and it has also been observed in our study, where the core of the community network was retained under both BF and FF conditions. At the level of network biology, the gain in microbial diversity was not found to add many new relationships/effects to the host system (genes) but rather presented alternative paths to the existing ones in the network for BF infants. However, the role of bioactive components of breast milk played a prominent role in activity at the host (human) level. As observed in the overall microbe-host gene system (Fig. 6b), the sharp increase in reachability of differentially expressed genes in BF infants is leveraged by the bioactive compounds in breast milk. The difference in the reachability of transient human genes (linked to microbial species) remained more consistent since new microbes had indifferent relationships to human genes. Nevertheless, they might provide alternate ways to affect the microbiota-host relationships. Our findings based on small but unbiased samples leveraged by robust statistical checks suggested that the development of human immune system during infancy should not be seen as an effect of the diet or the microbiota at individual level, rather these factors should be studied together in a system level approach. Our results indicated how feeding affected the expression pattern of genes as well as the microbial community and how these two factors together impact the host system (infants). ConclusionsWe used a network model with multiple components (microbial species and human genes) to study the effects of feeding conditions in infants on the microbiota and on the overall human system and its role in host immune system. The components included the microbial system and the host genes together with the interplay between these components. The analysis on the microbiota revealed a feeding mode-dependent difference in terms of diversity of the microbiota as well as of the network describing the interactions among them. The comparison of the results based on literature and data showed the validity of our findings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the development of the human immune system, particularly during infancy, is influenced by both diet and the microbiota in a system-level approach. It emphasizes that the interplay between microbial species and human genes affects the host (infants) and their immune system. Furthermore, the results show that feeding conditions impact not only microbial diversity but also the expression patterns of genes that interact with the immune system.