Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Campuzano-Zuluaga G, Alvarez-Sánchez G, Escobar-Gallo GE, et al. Design of malaria diagnostic criteria for the Sysmex XE-2100 hematology analyzer. Hyg. 2010;82(3):402‒411. Bermúdez ázquez D. La investigación etnobotánica sobre plantas medicinales: una revisión de sus objetivos y enfoques actuales. Interciencia. 2005;30(8):453‒459. Rieckmann KH, Antuñano FJL. Chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Brazil detected by a simple in vitro method. Health Organ. 1971;45(2):157‒167. Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese drugs of plant origin. Chemistry, pharmacology, and use in traditional and modern medicine. Springer-Verlag. 1992. . Qinghaosu. The Lancet. 1993;341(8845):603‒608. Gentry AH. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests. . 1988;85(1):156‒159. Gari J. Biodiversity and indigenous agroecology in Amazonia: The indigenous people of Pastaza. Etnoecologica. 2001;5(7):21‒37. Guevara Garzón J. En busca de un modelo de salud para los pueblos indígenas. La experiencia del Vaupés. Mitú: de salud del Vaupés, Ministerio de salud. 1998. Bodnar Y. Pueblos indígenas de Colombia: apuntes sobre la diversidad cultural y la información sociodemográfica disponible. afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: información sociodemográfica para políticas y programas. 2006. p. 135‒154. IGAC. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. Diccionario geográfico de Colombia, Colombia; 1996. Correa F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referring to various studies and publications that highlight the ethnobotanical research on medicinal plants, indicating that ethnobotany involves studying both food and medicinal uses of plants. For instance, the reference to Bermúdez ázquez's review on 'la investigación etnobotánica sobre plantas medicinales' suggests an emphasis on medicinal applications, which directly contradicts the claim that ethnobotany solely concerns food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: Ever since I was young I was interested in the inner workings of things, whether it was the physical breakdown of how my toy functioned to the what I now know as the principles of physics that bind our universe together. The field of science and mathematics has appealed to me greatly over the course of my life and as a result I decided to start my next year at university as a prospective engineering student. Over the course of the summer I will be partaking in the iGEM competition where I hope to learn a lot more about the different fields in science and how they all intertwine with one another. Although these are more academic related factors of my life, I am still an 18 year old who enjoys to take relaxing bike rides, eat delicious food, and play games with friends. Teresa Nguyen-PhamHey! My name is Teresa and I'm a graduate from in Edmonton, Alberta. I've always considered myself an explorer. As curiosity is the primary driving force in me, it pushes me to explore many aspects in my life including those of the science, humanities, arts, and spiritual fields. By joining iGEM, I hope to be able to research synthetic biology- a new field of science that has always peaked my interest. With the research the experiment entails, not only will I be able to explore synthetic biology, but I will also get a taste of the exploration behind being an astronaut. An ultimate goal in my life (like many other explorers) is to leave behind a footprint in humanity. Kelly ShiHello, my name is Kelly and I am a high school graduate from Edmonton, Alberta. Discovering answers to questions I never even thought of asking amazes me and biology, and chemistry are my favourite subjects. I see iGEM as an amazing opportunity to connect my passion for science with a hands-on learning experience. I have high hopes that I will be able to learn a lot from working on this project. I also enjoy making origami and baking. Konrad StaniszewskiHello, I'm Konrad and I'm a high school student from Edmonton, Alberta. I remember being about 6 years old when I asked my parents: why does the moon move and “follow” me wherever I go? My parents simply explained that the moon was so far away that my running would not affect the angle at which I perceived it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the personal experiences and aspirations of students involved in the iGEM competition, without mentioning phytoplankton or any aspect related to oxygen production on Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 2015, 14(3):399-409 DOI: 10. 14310/horm. 2002. 1573 The effects of sleep and light at night on melatonin in adolescents Caleb Hersh,1 Julia Sisti,2 Vincent Richiutti,3 Eva Schernhammer2,4,5 1of 2Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. of Public Health, Boston, MA, 3of of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 4of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and 5Research – Institution for Vienna (ACR-), : The circadian hormone melatonin has wide-reaching effects on human physiology. In adolescents, the impact of nighttime light exposure and other modifiable behavioral factors on melatonin levels is poorly understood. : We cross-sectionally examined the influence of nighttime behaviors on melatonin levels in 100 adolescents (average age: 15. 7; 55 female, 45 male), who completed a self-administered questionnaire and provided a first morning urine sample to assay for urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) levels. We used mixed-effects regression models to test for differences in aMT6s levels by categories of covariates. : Self-reported sleep duration, ambient light levels during sleep, and use of electronics after turning off lights did not significantly predict aMT6s levels. Compared to those who reported weekend bedtimes before 11pm, urinary aMT6s levels were significantly lower among participants reporting weekend bedtimes after midnight (52. 5 vs. 38. 0 ng/mg creatinine, Ptrend=0. 007). Sleep interruption also appeared to be significantly associated with lower urinary aMT6s levels, but only if lights were turned on during sleep interruption (43. 0 ng/mg creatinine for participants with sleep interruption but not turning lights on, vs. 24. 6 ng/mg creatinine for participants reporting that they turned on the light when their sleep was interrupted Pdifference=0. 032). : Our study suggests that self-reported sleep-related behaviors have little to no effect on adolescent circadian systems, though larger studies are needed to confirm our findings. Keywords Adolescents, Light at night, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, Sleep duration -level data indicate that sleep problems are endemic among US teenagers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of nighttime light exposure on melatonin levels and suggests that there is a relationship between light exposure and melatonin production. Although it notes that self-reported sleep-related behaviors have little to no effect on adolescent circadian systems overall, it provides details about how specific behaviors, such as turning on lights during sleep interruptions, significantly affect melatonin levels. This illustrates a connection between light exposure and melatonin production, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Elementos de identidad y organizacion social entre las comunidades indigenas de la region del Vaupés. Maguare Bogota. 1983;2(2):97‒123. Alexiades MN. Collecting ethnobotanical data: an introduction to basic concepts and techniques. Advances in Economic Botany. 1996;10:53‒96. . Etnografía: métodos de investigación. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1994. Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: a methods manual. Earthscan/James & James. 2004. Taylor S, Bogdan R. Introducción a la observación participante. in cap 2. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1992. Valles MS. Técnicas cualitativas de investigación social. Sintesis Editorial. 2000. Hamme M, Atkinson P. Etnografía. Métodos de investigación. Barcelona, Paidós, México; 1994. Hammersley M. Etnografía. In: Atkinson P, editor. Métodos de investigación. Paidós, México; 1983. Goodman LA. Snowball sampling. of Mathematical Statistics. 1961;32(1):148‒170. Cunningham AB. Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation. Earthscan/James & James, UK; 2001. Cunningham AB. Etnobotánica aplicada. Pueblos, uso de plantas silvestres y conservación. Nordan Comunidad, Uruguay; 2001. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16(2‒3):275‒287. Alonso AS. De lo visible a lo invisible: sistema de salud intercultural entre los pueblos del Vaupes. in La diversidad ante el espejo: salud, interculturalidad y contexto migratorio. Abya Yala. 2008. Pérez D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing ethnobotany's applications beyond food usage, specifically mentioning 'a preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants' and 'ethnopharmacological field survey', which indicates a focus on medicinal plants as well. This shows that ethnobotany encompasses medicinal uses in addition to food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: This answer not being good enough for me, I spent the next few days experimenting with placing objects at varying distances and moving around while making mental notes about what I was observing in order to explain the moon phenomenon. Since then, I have been possessed to try to find out as much as I can about the world that I live in through broadening my knowledge of physics, biology, chemistry, and mathematics through experimentation. I believe that iGEM is an incredible opportunity for me to explore the facets of true scientific research. I believe that this experience will help me grow as a person and will give me a grander perspective on my direction of life in general. Emmanuel NnamaniHello, my name is Emmanuel Nnamani. I am a recent high school graduate from Edmonton, Alberta. Ever since I was a child I have been drawn to the mysteries of the universe. I love biology, chemistry and physics; it's fascinating to see how our universe and life as we know it can be explained through science. This is the reason I became really interested in iGEM. Abdullah FarooqI am a 4th year undergraduate student in the program. I was a part of the 2012 University of Alberta iGEM team and was one of two presenters who presented on behalf of our group. Since then, I have been involved in the synbio research community, winning a at the Canada-Fair as well as receiving funding from AIHS and NSERC through my undergraduate research career and during high school. My research has been focused on the development of reverse genetics platforms for modifying viral genomes, in both bacterial and mammalian contexts. My current research is focused around swapping tail fibers between bacteriophages to produce phages with tailored host ranges for industrial applications. Ethan AgenaI’m and am a 2016 graduate of Archbishop MacSchool who has always been captivated by the field of Biology. Participating in the iGEM Competition, especially in this project, is truly a dream come true. In the fall, I will be pursuing a degree in engineering and I know that the opportunity that iGEM presents to actually apply science will be indispensable. Aside from Biology, my studies in Youtube and Netflix have also been quite enjoyable :) Rafael RigonI am a recent high school graduate planning on pursuing a degree in biomedical mechanical engineering at the University of Alberta. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses personal experiences and aspirations of individuals engaged in scientific research, without mentioning phytoplankton or their role in oxygen production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 1 The circadian system undergoes rapid changes in puberty that may predispose adolescents to fall asleep and wake up at later times than adults. 2,3 Often, this developing physiology conflicts with early school start times: in a national survey, nearly half of adolescent respondents reported that they slept less than the recommended 8 hours on weeknights. 1 Sleep deprivation is associated with a number of adverse outcomes in youths, including impairments in mood and behavior,4 poor academic performance,5 and possibly obesity. 6 In adults, disruption of the circadian sleep cycle has been associated with an increased risk of cancer. 7 While some evidence suggests that delaying school start times even by a small amount may decrease fatigue and improve mood,8 implementing changes to school schedules is not generally a feasible option for most school districts. As a result, more research is needed to quantify the impact of modifiable factors – such as nighttime light exposure – on adolescent health. The effects of sleep on health may be mediated through the circadian hormone melatonin, which has wide-reaching effects on human physiology and is an emerging biomarker for adult chronic diseases. Melatonin secretion in humans exhibits diurnal variation: levels are lowest during the day and peak overnight during sleep. 9 Melatonin release from the pineal gland may also be suppressed by exogenous factors, particularly natural and artificial light. 10 In studies of adults, significant inverse associations between exposure to light at night – often resulting from nightshift work – and melatonin levels have been documented. 11 However, the relationships between similar exposures and melatonin levels in younger populations have not been widely studied. In the present analysis, we cross-sectionally examined associations between nighttime behaviors and urinary markers of melatonin levels in adolescents. All participants provided self-reported information about sleep-related factors, while a first-morning urine sample was assayed to quantify melatonin levels on a mid-week night during the school year. & population and procedures Between the months of April and May 2011, students in grades 9-12 at a suburban high school were recruited for participation via flyers and in-classroom presentations by one of the investigators (C. H). All students willing to answer a short questionnaire and provide a first-morning urine sample on a designated study date were eligible for inclusion. Written consent was obtained from all participants and from the parent or guardian of each participant. All procedures were conducted with approval of the. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that melatonin secretion is affected by light exposure, noting that 'melatonin release from the pineal gland may also be suppressed by exogenous factors, particularly natural and artificial light.' This supports the understanding that light influences melatonin production and ultimately impacts sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Etnobotánica medicinal y biocidas para malaria en la región Ucayali. Folia amazónica. 2002;13(1‒2):87‒108. Pabon A, Ramirez O, Ríos A, et al. Antiplasmodial and of Extracts as Reported by People of the (in Colombia). Planta Med. 2016;82(8):717‒722. Alkaloid diversity in eleven species of Ormosia and in Clathrotropis macrocarpa (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). Brittonia. 1994;46(4):355‒371. Sagen AL. Phytochemical and biological investigations on Clathrotropis glaucophylla (Fabaceae), an ingredient of Yanomamï curare, emphasizing on quinolizidine alkaloids. ürich, Switzerland; 2002. E. Etnobotánica de las comunidades indígenas Waunana, Chocó (Colombia). Cespedesia. 1980;9(33):115‒302. Glenboski LL. Ethnobotany of the Tukuna Indians. Amazonas, Colombia; 1975. . The healing forest: medicinal and toxic plants of the Northwest Amazonia. ís (Francia); 1990;12:236‒237. Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):184‒197. García Barriga H. Flora medicinal de Colombia. Bogotá DC: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, de Colombia. 1974;3:443‒459. Gupta MPB. Plantas medicinales iberoamericanas. Bogotá DC, Colombia: Convenio Andrés Bello (CAB), de Ciencia y Tecnología (CYTED) y Universidad de Panamá. 2008. Pérez-Arbeláez E. Plantas útiles de Colombia. á, Colombia; 1996. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence of ethnobotanical studies that focus on medicinal plants, such as those used in the treatment of malaria and leishmaniasis, as well as various medicinal plants documented in different studies and regions. This indicates that ethnobotany is concerned with both food and medicinal uses of plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: Aside from the lab work and research aspect, I also maintain Urban Tundra’s social media handles as part of our media outreach division. HangHi, my name is Kim and I am currently the youngest member of Edmonton and a student at Archbishop MacSchool! I am a quiet introvert who loves expressing herself through art, and a philanthropist. I've always had a passion for science as well as a curious mind so I am very grateful for this opportunity of being in iGEM. love about being in UrbanTundra is that I never stop learning. The science that they teach you in elementary, junior high, and high school is only a sliver of what really defines science. In the future, I plan on being a neuropsychologist. Even though I plan on being a neuropsychologist, that doesn't stop me from exposing myself to other fields of science, right? Joshua CruzHey! Do you love science? science. Ever since I was a little kid I loved dissembling my toys and electronics, and tinkering with them. learned that every part, no matter how small, had a purpose. And without that small part, the entire machine couldn't work. These relationships are what fascinated me the most, and science is the practice of dealing with these relationships and how to make new ones or improve previous ones. iGEM was another stepping stone in the quest to understand the connections that make up our world. The skills I have learned and will learn through iGEM will be another fundamental tool that I may use to understand the world around me. And with that in mind, the most powerful tool that anyone can have is knowledge. Manvir JutlaIn the lead up to NASA's Rover landing on Mars in 2011, my 6th grade teacher asked the class "will people ever live on Mars? ". A startling majority of my class responded with an apathetic and pessimistic 'no, people will not live on Mars". I, however, was one of few who individuals who commandingly declared that the colonization of Mars was possible. My teacher asked what drew me to that conclusion, and I valiantly responded "no one ever thought we'd even reach the moon, but we did". My logic, yes, was a little flawed, but my answer encompassed something beyond my reasoning: optimism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses personal experiences, aspirations, and thoughts on science without any mention of phytoplankton or their role in oxygen production. The content is focused on the author's journey and views rather than the scientific assertion regarding phytoplankton.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: were given two days in late May 2011 to complete a paper questionnaire aimed at assessing nighttime habits, light exposure, and sleep duration. In addition to assessing demographic and lifestyle characteristics, questionnaire items queried: 1) Time at which participants turned off the light to go to sleep and time at which they woke up on each day of a usual week; 2) Number of hours usually spent looking at an electronic device (e. g. laptop or desktop computer, television) after lights are turned off to go to sleep; 3) Use of sleep aids and type; 4) Whether a light or television was turned on in, or near, the bedroom while sleeping; 5) Average number of times per night, if any, that their sleep was interrupted; 6) If sleep was interrupted, participants were asked to indicate whether they turned a light on, and intensity (bright or dim) and duration (<5, 5-10, or ≥10 minutes) of light exposure; 7) Average sleep duration (in hours) for weekdays and weekend nights, separately; 8) Level of ambient light present in the bedroom during sleep on weekdays, weekends, and night prior to urine collection. Ambient light levels were classified according to the numerical scale established by Davis et al12: 1) Subject wears a mask to keep out the light; 2) Subject cannot see his/her hand in front of his/her face; 3) Subject can see to the end of the bed; 4) Subject can see across the room; 5) Subject can barely read; and 6) Subject can read comfortably. Time spent in bed on weekends and weekdays was calculated as the difference between the hour at which participants reported getting into bed with the lights off and the hour at which they reported waking. Participants were also asked to provide the location of their current residence, duration of residence at that address, and whether artificial outdoor light was visible from their bedroom window. and July 2012, additional information about participants’ chronotype was collected via email. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study that assesses various aspects of light exposure and its effects on sleep habits. It mentions how participants' light exposure before sleep and the presence of ambient light during sleep are surveyed, which directly relates to the way melatonin production is regulated by light. This implies a link between light exposure and sleep-wake cycles, which supports the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Estudio Etnobotánico sobre las especies utilizadas por la Comunidad Indígena Miraña, Amazonas-Colombia. Bogotá DC: Fund, Bogota, Colombia; 1988. p. 386. Milliken W. Traditional anti-malarial medicine in Roraima, Brazil. Economic Botany. 1997;51(3):212‒237. êa do Abordagem etnobotânica acerca do uso de plantas medicinais na Vila Cachoeira, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. Acta farmacêutica bonaerense. 2002;21(3):205‒211. Ta’ta’, Huayani: Perception of leishmaniasis and evaluation of medicinal plants used by the Chayahuita in Peru. Part II. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(1):149‒158. Treatment of leishmaniasis in the Oyapock basin (French Guiana): A K. A. P. survey and analysis of the evolution of phytotherapy knowledge amongst Wayapi Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(3):1228‒1239. Rodrigues E. Plants and animals utilized as medicines in the Jaú (JNP), Brazilian Amazon. Phytother Res. 2006;20(5):378‒391. Sanz-Biset J, Cañigueral S. Plant use in the medicinal practices known as “strict diets” in Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(1):271‒288. . Contribución al conocimiento de la Anaueria sp. Añuje moena; nuevo registro en la Amazonía peruana. Folia Amazonica. 1990;2:1‒16. Tene V, Malagón O, Finzi PV, et al. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;111(1):63‒81. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing numerous examples of ethnobotanical studies that focus on medicinal plants and their uses in various communities across South America. For instance, it references traditional anti-malarial medicine, treatment of leishmaniasis, and the use of plants in medicinal practices, which clearly indicates that ethnobotany includes a strong focus on medicinal uses, contradicting the assertion that it solely concerns plants used for food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: And it is that optimism that inspired me as a child to try and innovate paper airplanes, inspires me now to refine my technological skills, and will inspire me to take action to achieve goals that were previously deemed impossible. HerreraAs a filmmaker I am glad I got the opportunity to join this team and document their progress from start to finish. Jacob XiangHello, I'm and I'll be a first year attending the University of Alberta majoring in biochemistry in September. I've always been fascinated by the fact that simple molecules make up all of life we know and I wanted to discover life from it's very basics. I joined IGEM for that very reason to learn and discover, and working with our mentors and professors I've never felt more fulfilling everyday. I hope to educate myself farther through the help and collaboration of my peers and mentors during this competition, and ultimately better my studies. EJ AgenaI am a high school student part of the UrbanTundra iGEM team. I am involved in the biochemistry research that our team is conducting and look forward to working together with my teammates to turn our vision into a reality. Enlik KildibekovaI am a graduate of High school who is eager to supply and create solid graphic designs for a fascinating project run by my innovative peers! Lab Notes4 PostedPhase 2: Oxygen! July 31, 20160094Phase 1: Extraction of PerchlorateJuly 31, 201601152to Indispensable! July 31, 20160074Additional InformationTeam Photo:Missing: -Pham, Manvir Jutla5. [2] Bender, K. S. , Shang, C. Chakraborty, R. , Belchik, S. M. , Coates,J. D. and Laurie, A. A. Identification, Characterization, and Classification of J. Bacteriology (2005) Vol 187 pp5090–5096. [3] Danielsson, H. , Thorell, J. , Karlsson, E. P. , and Nilsson, T. Cloning, characterisation, and expression of a novel gene encoding chlorite dismutase from Ideonella dechloratans. Acta (2002) Vol 1577 pp445-451. [4] Gu, B. , Dowlen, K. E, Liang, L. , and Clausen, J. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss phytoplankton or their role in oxygen production. Instead, it focuses on personal experiences, goals, and involvement in a project related to biochemistry, but does not provide any information relevant to the claim about phytoplankton's contribution to Earth's oxygen.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 17 While high-intensity light exposure delivered across the eyelids by an over-eye mask has been shown to suppress serum melatonin levels and delay dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in young adults,18 these experimental conditions are not representative of the light exposures experienced by our study participants. Use of electronic devices after turning off the lights was not found to be a significant predictor of aMT6s levels. Melatonin is suppressed by specific wavelengths of blue light, especially in the 46-477 nm range;19 many electronic devices also emit light in this range of the spectrum. Evidence in young adults suggests that devices with light emitting diode (LED) displays are stronger suppressors of melatonin than those that emit white light20,21 and that significant suppression may occur only after long durations of use. 22 In one small experimental study, nighttime exposure to light from a computer monitor was not associated with significantly decreased levels of salivary melatonin in college students. 23 Our results are significant given the prevalence of nighttime electronic use among adolescents; in a recent national survey, the proportions of 13-18 year old respondents who reported regularly using a cellphone or a computer in the hour before trying to go to sleep were 72% and 60%, respectively. 24 Interestingly, participants in our study who reported the latest weekend bedtimes were found to have the lowest midweek melatonin levels. Compared to adults, adolescents are likely to have a delayed circadian phase, even in the absence of social pressures2,25,26 and these phase delays may manifest as a later DLMO. 2,27 We hypothesize that falling asleep later on the weekends may be an indicator of delayed circadian phase. Because all students in our study began school at the same time (7:45 am) on the day of urine collection, it is reasonable to assume that participants had a similar wake-up time. Among students with a delayed circadian phase, the time from DLMO to this fixed wake-up time was shorter, and as such, their first morning urine sample reflected an incomplete overnight secretion of melatonin. Therefore, low melatonin levels may be identifying a group of students whose circadian tendencies are most in conflict with school start times. However, the lack of an association between weekend bedtimes and self-reported chronotype makes this finding difficult to interpret. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how high-intensity light exposure can suppress melatonin levels and delaying dim light melatonin onset (DLMO), which indicates that light directly affects melatonin production. Furthermore, it explains that specific wavelengths, particularly blue light emitted by electronic devices, strongly suppress melatonin, further supporting the idea that light exposure plays a critical role in regulating melatonin and subsequently influences sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Sanz-Biset J, Campos-de-la-Cruz J, Epiquién-Rivera MA, et al. A first survey on the medicinal plants of the Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(2):333‒362. The rainbow hurts my skin: medicinal concepts and plants uses among the Yanesha (Amuesha), an ethnic group. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127(1):175‒192. de Albuquerque UP, Muniz de Medeiros P, de Almeida AL, et al. Medicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation of NE Brazil: a quantitative approach. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;114(3):325‒354. Antiviral activity of some medicinal plants. Phytother Res. 1999;13(2):142‒146. de las Heras B, Slowing K, Benedí J, et al. Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;61(2):161‒166. Evaluation of traditional antimalarial remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(1):45‒54. A search for natural bioactive compounds in Bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. Part V. Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by the Tacana Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;77(1):91‒98. Plants used by native Amazonian groups from the (Peru) for the treatment of malaria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):917‒921. Antimalarials from nature. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2009;17(9):3229‒3256. Antimalarial plants used by indigenous people of the Negro in Amazonas, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;178:188‒198. Antimalarial remedies in French Guiana: a knowledge attitudes and practices study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(3):351‒360. The classical drug discovery approach to defining bioactive constituents of botanicals. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(1):71‒79. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing numerous examples of research focused on medicinal plants, highlighting that ethnobotany studies encompass much more than just plants used for food. The references to various studies on medicinal plants in different regions indicate that ethnobotany also significantly involves the use of plants for medicinal purposes, contradicting the claim that it solely concerns food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: Efficient separation and recovery of technetium-99 from contaminated groundwater. 6 (1996) 123-132Project Backers57Backers153%Funded$3,848Total Donations$67. 51Please wait. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technetium-99 and funding details, without any mention of phytoplankton or oxygen production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Our suggestive finding that exposure to light during sleep interruption is associated with lower aMT6s levels is given some support by evidence demonstrating that exposure to light at night suppresses the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland. 9,28,29 However, experimental study protocols generally involve continuous exposure to light for several hours during normal sleep hours at relatively high intensities of light. 9,10 In contrast, only one participant in our study reported leaving lights on for 10 or more minutes during sleep interruption. Given that light interruption in our study was brief and that the primary reason for sleep interruption may have been to urinate, which could have lowered first-morning urinary melatonin measures, these results must be interpreted with caution. Further, the small number of participants who reported exposure to light during sleep interruption must be considered. Though aMT6s levels and BMI have been found to be correlated in adults,11 we could not confirm this association in our adolescent population, which is consistent with a recent study in adolescent Korean girls. 30 Additionally, we observed a non-significant decrease in aMT6s levels among participants who reported alcohol use: alcohol consumption has been correlated with decreased melatonin levels in some,31,32 though not all,11,33 studies of adults. In multivariate analyses, higher melatonin levels were observed among girls who reported a later age at menarche. While age at menarche was not associated with aMT6s levels in adult women,11 Crowley et al34 recently reported that advanced Tanner stage was associated with decreases in overnight melatonin secretion among adolescents. Since menarche can be used as a pubertal marker,35 our results appear consistent with these prior findings, as girls in our study who experienced menarche earlier may have been more pubertally advanced than girls with more recent menarche. Our finding that time since menarche was inversely associated with aMT6s levels also supports this hypothesis. Lastly, in multivariate analyses, we found that girls had non-significantly higher aMT6s levels compared to boys. Higher melatonin secretion in adolescent girls was reported by Crowley et al,34 though other studies of melatonin in adolescents did not find significant sex differences. 36-38 This study has several strengths. First, our sample size is larger than most other studies of melatonin in adolescents and is the first to observe lifestyle correlates of urinary aMT6s levels in an adolescent population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that exposure to light, particularly at night, is associated with suppressed secretion of melatonin. This supports the idea that light exposure regulates melatonin production, influencing sleep-wake cycles. Specifically, it notes that 'exposure to light at night suppresses the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland,' aligning with the claim regarding the regulation of melatonin by light.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Calderon LdA, Silva-Jardim I, Zuliani JP, et al. Amazonian biodiversity: a view of drug development for leishmaniasis and malaria. J Soc. 2009;20(6):1011‒1023. Evaluation of the anti-plasmodial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Abuta grandifolia. Planta Med. 1999;65(5):413‒416. Garavito G, Rincón J, Arteaga L, et al. Antimalarial activity of some Colombian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107(3):460‒462. Identification and evaluation of Peruvian plants used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106(3):390‒402. de In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used as traditional remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(1):165‒170. Tabuti JR. Herbal medicines used in the treatment of malaria in Budiope county, Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116(1):33‒42. . Ethnopharmacological use of herbal remedies for the treatment of malaria in the District of Ghana. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;129(3):367‒376. . Potential antimalarials from Nigerian plants: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):289‒302. Cultural categorization of febrile illnesses in correlation with herbal remedies used for treatment in Southwestern Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(2‒3):179‒185. An ethnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in Region. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134(1):183‒190. Antiplasmodial and antipyretic screening of Mangifera indica extract. Phytother Res. 1998;12(6):437‒438. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of 20 plants used in Nigerian antimalarial ethnomedicine. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(4):295‒298. . Screening of the Flora of for Bioactives. IJPPR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing numerous examples of ethnobotanical studies that focus on medicinal plants, particularly those used to treat diseases like malaria. It mentions research on the anti-plasmodial activity of various plants and their use in traditional remedies, which directly contradicts the assertion that ethnobotany only deals with food-related plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: and old ideas about Earth's oxygen history 24 April 2014 Multiple approaches are being brought to bear on the question of when and how our planet's atmosphere acquired life-sustaining oxygen. DOI: Content License::1945-0699 Topics: Research & assert that oxygen first appeared in Earth's atmosphere 2. 3 billion years ago during the Event, when photosynthesizing bacteria started to release oxygen into the atmosphere. The free oxygen reacted with iron dissolved in the oceans, and settled to the ocean floor as iron oxide. Although rusty red bands in the sedimentary record support that idea, geochemical data prompt questions on the timing of free oxygen in the atmosphere and the related evolution of photosynthesis itself. The second major rise of atmospheric oxygen preceded the Cambrian explosion of 550 million years ago, when many lifeforms diversified. Recently, more detailed geochemical studies have started to complete the framework by which oxygenation and its cause-and-effect relationship with biological evolution may be understood. Sulfur isotopesIf you want to understand the origin of life, you have to understand the origin of oxygen. “At 2. 45 billion years ago, you get the red iron bands. The question is, between the oldest rocks and 2. 45 billion years, how much oxygen was there and where did it come from? ” says Mark Thiemens, an atmospheric chemist at the University of California, San Diego. These red, banded-iron formations in are 3 billion years old. : Nic BeukesThe composition of rocks does not reveal oxygen levels. On our water-filled planet, original signatures that might have been left by oxygen have become unreliable. Other elements and isotopes are therefore required as proxies for determining oxygen levels over Earth's history. Thiemens and geologist James Farquhar, now at the University of Maryland, made a significant advance in that direction when looking at Martian rock samples to find evidence of water as revealed by sulfur isotopes. “If you have a reaction that occurs in solids or liquids, it's highly unlikely that you will fractionate isotopes in a way that does not preserve a certain linear relationship between all the different isotopes,” says Farquhar. The magnitude of an effect that results from the fractionation of 34S from 32S will be about twice the magnitude that results from the fractionation of 33S from 32S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about phytoplankton producing Earth's oxygen. Instead, it discusses the historical context of Earth's oxygen levels and the evolution of photosynthesis without directly mentioning phytoplankton or their role in oxygen production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Previous work has shown that single measurements of aMT6s in first-morning urine are highly correlated to peak and total plasma melatonin levels37 and that aMT6s levels from samples collected in the field and the laboratory were in close agreement. 39 Therefore, our measurements of aMT6s in first-morning urine provide an adequate representation of nocturnal melatonin levels, as well as a non-intrusive method of sample collection that is acceptable to adolescent participants. The main limitation of our study is its cross-sectional nature. In adults, levels of urinary aMT6s have been shown to have high reproducibility over long periods,40 though it remains unclear whether a single measurement of melatonin in adolescents is an adequate representation of long-term levels. Some evidence suggests that melatonin levels decline throughout childhood and puberty,34,41,42 though other evidence suggests that urinary aMT6s secretion may remain constant after the onset of puberty. 36 Griefahn et al37 reported that despite huge between-subject variability, within-subject levels of urinary excretion of melatonin metabolite remained constant from ages 3 to 18. An additional limitation of our study was that it relied on self-reported light levels and not objective, standardized measures of ambient light. However, these light levels are more indicative of the levels that adolescents are habitually exposed to, in contrast to the light stimuli used in many experimental protocols. This is the first study to date to present correlations between sleep patterns and behaviors and urinary melatonin levels in an adolescent population. Our results suggest that the nighttime behaviors of adolescents by and large do not impact urinary melatonin levels. Given the prevalence of sleep deprivation among adolescents and the gravity of its consequences, more research is needed to elucidate the pathways through which such sleep-related factors may impact physiology. Written consent was obtained from all participants and from the parent or guardian of each participant. All procedures were conducted with approval of the. provided by NIH/NCI (T32 CA0090001, R25 CA098566) and R01OH009803 (PI: Schernhammer). 1. Foundation, 2006 Teens and Sleep. 2006 Estimating dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) phase in adolescents using summer or school-year sleep/wake schedules. Sleep 29: 1632-1641. 3. 2009 Adolescent changes in the homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep. 31: 276-284. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the relationship between melatonin levels, light exposure, and sleep patterns, particularly in adolescents. It mentions that light levels are indicative of habitual exposure and addresses how urinary melatonin measurements can represent nocturnal levels. Although the study acknowledges limitations regarding the reliance on self-reported light levels, it generally confirms that light exposure is relevant to melatonin regulation and its impact on sleep-wake cycles, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 1993;31(4):255‒258. Antiprotozoal activities of Colombian plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;78(2‒3):193‒200. Oga S, Sertié JA, Brasile AC, et al. Antiinflammatory effect of crude extract from Guarea guidonia. Planta Med. 1981;42(3):310‒312. . Analysis of the from Leaves of Specimens of Guarea guidonia (L. ) Sleumer (Meliaceae). Journal of Research. 2005;17(3):271‒273. . Terpenoids from Guarea guidonia. Phytochemistry. 2002;60(4):333‒338. . 16,17-Seco- and 2,3:16,17-di-Seco-pregnanes from Guarea guidonia. J Soc. 2008;19(6):1073‒1077. LC-ESI-MS determination of quassinoids isobrucein B and neosergeolide in Picrolemma sprucei stem infusions. J Soc. 2009;20(6):1065‒1070. de Andrade- In vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum by substances isolated from Amazonian antimalarial plants. Oswaldo Cruz. 2007;102(3):359‒365. Biological activity of neosergeolide and isobrucein B (and two semi-synthetic derivatives) isolated from the Amazonian medicinal plant Picrolemma sprucei (Simaroubaceae). Oswaldo Cruz. 2009;104(1):48‒56. Struwe L, Albert VA. A monograph of Neotropical potalia aublet (Gentianaceae: Potalieae). Systematic botany. 2004;29(3):670‒701. Duke J, R Vasquez. Dictionary. FL: 1994. Roumy V, Garcia-Pizango G, Gutierrez-Choquevilca AL, et al. Amazonian plants from Peru used by Quechua and Mestizo to treat malaria with evaluation of their activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112(3):482‒489. Gentry AH. Bignoniaceae, in Flora de Colombia, IdC Naturales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple references to medicinal uses of plants, emphasizing their anti-inflammatory and antiprotozoal activities. It cites various studies that showcase the ethnobotanical focus on medicinal plants, such as those from the Amazonian region used to treat malaria. This indicates a strong interest in the medicinal properties of plants, challenging the assertion that ethnobotany only concerns food sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: But lab work shows that in gas-phase chemistry, other factors produce isotope variation. It turns out that sulfate, which forms when sulfur is oxidized, is a very complicated molecule in gas-phase reactions. In particular, reaction products that include the 33S isotope are anomalously large compared with those that contain 34S or 32S. Such anomalies are called mass-independent fractionation. On Mars, UV light photolyzes sulfate and leads to fractionation. Laboratory experiments revealed that sulfur isotopes in Martian rocks show a mass-independent distribution. If there were no oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, UV light would get through as well, and similar anomalies would appear in the sulfur isotope record. “We know that sulfur in today's atmosphere gets oxidized by peroxide in ozone,” explains Thiemens. Farquhar did indeed see this isotope variation in 2. 45 billion-year-old Earth rocks. “We realized that this variation existed and the only mechanism we knew of that could produce it was related to gas-phase reactions,” he says. All that remained was to figure out the atmospheric conditions. “The sulfur allows you to see at most how much oxygen there was at the time,” says Thiemens. During the period prior to 2. 45 billion years ago, the photolytic effect can be seen. Then, when there was sufficient oxygen in the atmosphere, normal mass-dependent chemistry appears in the isotope record. Models suggested that this oxygen threshold is about 10 ppm. “We have been able to show fine-scale differences between the [sulfur isotopes] that show up. They fall into bins in different places in Earth's early record, and might give insight to what's happening in the atmosphere and oceans at any given times,” summarizes Farquhar. The sulfur isotope study provided one of the first continuous records that could be used to demonstrate a long-advocated change in oxygen levels. Other studies have used metals to study reactions that might be related to air oxidation states and redox reactions that occur in oceans and during weathering. Earlier or later? “There are polarized views in the geochemical and early Earth community about when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved,” says of the University of British Columbia. One camp insists that oxygen appeared in the atmosphere 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gas-phase chemistry, isotope variation in sulfur, and historical atmospheric conditions, without mentioning phytoplankton or their role in oxygen production. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim about phytoplankton's contribution to Earth's oxygen.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 2007 Sleepless in America: inadequate sleep and relationships to health and well-being of our nation’s children. Pediatrics 119: Suppl 1: 29-37. 5. 1998 Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents. 69: 875-887. 6. 2008 Is sleep duration associated with childhood obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16: 265-274. 7. , 2008 Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Inst 100: 898-905. 8. 2010 Impact of delaying school start time on adolescent sleep, mood, and behavior. 164: 608-614. 9. 2000 Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression. J Physiol (Lond) 526 Pt 3: 695-702. 10. , 2011 Exposure to room light before bedtime suppresses melatonin onset and shortens melatonin duration in humans. J Metab 96: E463-472. 11. 2006 Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels and their correlations with lifestyle factors and steroid hormone levels. J 40: 116-124. 12. 2001 Night shift work, light at night, and risk of breast cancer. J Inst 93: 1557-1562. 13. 1976 Self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Chronobiol 4: 97-110. 14. 2007 Correlates for poor sleepers in a high school. 9: 60-63. 15. Rosner B, 1983 for a Generalized ESD Many-Outlier Procedure. Technometrics 25: 165-172. 16. 2010 Circadian light. J 8: 2. 17. 2011 Measuring and predicting eyelid spectral transmittance. J 16: 067011. 18. 2012 Preliminary evidence that light through the eyelids can suppress melatonin and phase shift dim light melatonin onset. BMC 5: 221. 19. , 2008 Sensitivity of the human circadian system to short-wavelength (420-nm) light. J 23: 379-386. 20. , 2011 Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance. J 110: 1432-1438. 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it references various studies that indicate the relationship between light exposure and melatonin levels, particularly stating, 'Exposure to room light before bedtime suppresses melatonin onset and shortens melatonin duration in humans.' This suggests that light exposure indeed plays a significant role in regulating melatonin production, which is closely tied to sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: In: Forero E, Betancur J, editors. de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia; 2009. p. 1‒462. . de la Amazonía Peruana. Perú: Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru; 1997. Cayón E, Aristizabal S. Etnobotánica Chamí. Cespedesia. 1980;9(33‒34):5‒114. Roig JT. Plantas medicinales de y su folclore. UC Rica, editor. San José, Costa Rica, 1988. p. 103‒104. Ayensu ES. of the West Indies. Algonac, Michigan, USA; 1981. p. 282. Díaz JL. Usos de las plantas medicinales de México. éxico; 1977. p. 345. Morton JF. Atlas of of Middle America: Bahamas to Yucatan. Thomas CC, 1980. p. 1448. Escobar N. Flora Tóxica de Panamá. U. Panamá, Panama. 1972. Figueroa H. Enfermedades de los conquistadores. Ibarra JdP, Antigua, Guatemala. 1983. Guzmán DJ. Especies útiles de la flora Salvadoreña. Md Educación, San Salvador, El Salvador. 1975. Barrett B. of Nicaragua’s Atlantic Coast. Economic Botany. 1994;48(1):8‒20. Agarwal K, Popli S. The constituents of Crescentia cujete leaves. Fitoterapia 1992;63(5):476. of the Popoluca, Mexico: A botanical systematical perspective. Economic Botany. 2003;57(2):218‒230. Isolation of cytotoxic metabolites from targeted peruvian amazonian medicinal plants. J Nat Prod. 2008;71(1):102‒105. . Leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities of Bolivian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;41(1‒2):19‒37. Menachery MD. 1996. p. 269‒302. Boster JS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a variety of sources and publications that focus on medicinal plants and their uses, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses a broader range of plant uses beyond just food. It references works such as those on medicinal plants of Mexico, biodiversity in the Amazon, and medicinal plants with certain biological activities, suggesting that the field of ethnobotany includes important medicinal applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: 3-billion years ago, arguing that any signs of earlier oxygen are related to post-depositional processes that occurred after the formation of the sediments and after atmospheric oxygenation. The other camp votes for earlier evolution. Using chromium isotopes as a sensitive indicator for oxidative weathering, Crowe found evidence of oxygen traces in 3-billion-year-old Nsuze paleosol, an ancient soil sandwiched between volcanic and sedimentary rocks in South Africa. Lighter isotopes of chromium react more rapidly in chemical and biological reactions, so the ratio of heavy to light chromium is used to trace these reactions. It turns out that only reactions caused by separation of heavy and light chromium involve oxygen. Crowe and colleagues also looked at ancient soils and marine sediments in the in South Africa. The sequence provides relatively pristine samples that have not been subjected to high levels of metamorphism or modern day weathering. The sediments show enrichment of heavy relative to light chromium, while the soils show depletion. “That's what we would expect when weathering reactions that cause soil formation take place in the presence of oxygen,” says Crowe. Since the soil samples were recovered from a drill core several hundred meters below the surface, any modern-day weathering would be unlikely. Rather, signs of oxygen would be in the mineralogy and geochemistry. And while some marine sediments come from exposed outcrops, primary textures are preserved. What's more, the chromium isotope signal would be reversed by any post-depositional processes. Earlier signs of oxygen mean that “permanent accumulation of higher levels of oxygen was delayed from the time that photosynthesis evolved,” says Crowe. Ultimately, a combination of biological and geological processes had to combine, and volcanic reduced gases would have rapidly consumed most oxygen produced. The debate continues. and colleagues at Caltech suggest that a form of photosynthesis using manganese as an electron donor preceded the evolution of cyanobacteria and the rise of oxygen around 2. 4 billion years ago. Crowe plans to conduct chromium tests on other rocks, and study modern environments to “learn more about how the proxy works and how it would be altered by post-depositional processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the historical analysis of oxygen traces in ancient soils and sediments, focusing on geological and biological processes over billions of years. It mentions various hypotheses regarding the evolution of photosynthesis and the presence of oxygen in the early Earth, but does not directly address the role of phytoplankton in oxygen production. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that phytoplankton are significant producers of Earth's oxygen.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: , 2011 Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent suppression of melatonin in humans. J 110: 619-626. 22. 2013 Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression. 44: 237-240. 23. 2011 The impact of light from computer monitors on melatonin levels in college students. Lett 32: 158-163. 24. Foundation, 2011 Sleep in America Poll: in the Bedroom. 1993 Association between puberty and delayed phase preference. Sleep 16: 258-262. 26. 2004 Regulation of adolescent sleep: implications for behavior. Ann NY 1021: 276-291. 27. 2005 The dim light melatonin onset following fixed and free sleep schedules. J 14: 229-237. 28. Bojkowski CJ, Arendt J, 1990 Factors influencing urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, a major melatonin metabolite, in normal human subjects. (Oxf) 33: 435-444. 29. 1980 Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science 210: 1267-1269. 30. 2012 Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin level in girls and its relationship with obesity. Pediatr 55: 344-349. 31. 2007 Evening alcohol suppresses salivary melatonin in young adults. 24: 463-470. 32. 2000 Alcohol consumption and urinary concentration of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in healthy women. Epidemiology 11: 660-665. 33. , 2012 Moderate alcohol consumption and 24-hour urinary levels of melatonin in postmenopausal women. J Metabol 97: E65-E68. 34. 2012 Human puberty: Salivary melatonin profiles in constant conditions. 54: 468-473. 35. 2009 Consequences of the timing of menarche on female adolescent sleep phase preference. 4: e5217. 36. Cavallo A, Dolan LM, 1996 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate excretion in human puberty. J 21: 225-230. 37. Griefahn B, Bröde P, Blaszkewicz M, Remer T, 2003 Melatonin production during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal study on the excretion of urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate. J 34: 26-31. 38. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that light exposure affects melatonin levels in humans. It specifically mentions that 'blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent suppression of melatonin in humans,' which supports the idea that light exposure regulates melatonin production. Additionally, it discusses various studies relating to the impact of light on melatonin suppression, further supporting the claim about the regulation of melatonin by light exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Ethnobotany of wild and semi-wild edible and medicinal plants used by Maale and Ari ethnic groups in southern &RCoutput: Thesis › internal (1) and semi-wild plant resources that have food and medicinal importance are distributed at different habitats in Ethiopia and play an important role in the livelihood of different communities. This study discussed ethnobotany of these resources with special emphasis on the use, management and conservation of wild and semi-wild edible and medicinal plants by the two ethnic groups in southern Ethiopia. and Ari ethnic groups consumed in total 30 leafy vegetable species, which were crucial ingredients in the preparation of traditional dishes, more frequently during periods of food shortage. The study revealed that the transfer of local knowledge within the community on wild and semi-wild leafy vegetables is not differentiated by gender or age and thus enables knowledge continuity. However, harvesting and cooking activities are considered as women’s tasks by the communities. The study also found out that taste, marketability and above ground edible biomass as the main farmers’ criteria for selection leafy vegetables for cultivation. Major threats to wild and semi-wild leafy vegetables are identified and recommended that these factors has to be minimized and supported by complementary in-situ and ex situ conservation strategies. The two ethnic groups use 52 species of wild and semi-wild fruits which were especially important for their diet in times of food shortage. The study revealed species such as Balanites rotundifolia and Dobera glabra in Maale and Carissa spinarum and Vitex doniana in Ari as the most important fruit bearing species. No significant variations in ethnobotanical knowledge regarding fruits were found among gender and age groups. The study revealed that low prices, poor market and outlet opportunities hamper wild and semi-wild fruits trade. Thus, creating demand and facilitating better market outlets will encourage communities to cultivate wild and semi-wild fruits in the future. The major threat to the availability of wild and semi-wild fruits in the study area were tree felling and conversion of forest to agricultural land. The study recommended maintenance and enrichment planting of the most important species as plausible management interventions in addition to preserving the local knowledge and implementing conservation strategies. In total 128 plant species were found and also 89 % of the study participants reflected traditional medicine as the first line of treatment. The dominant ways of medicinal plant knowledge acquisition and transfer is vertical. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that ethnobotany encompasses both food and medicinal uses of plants, highlighting the importance of traditional medicine. It states that '89 % of the study participants reflected traditional medicine as the first line of treatment,' indicating a significant focus on medicinal plants alongside edible ones. The text discusses the use of plants by the Maale and Ari ethnic groups for both food and medicine, contradicting the assertion that ethnobotany solely concerns food plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: 3 billion-years-ago event, but the big question is whether the late neoproterozoic rise 600 million years ago was necessary before the appearance of animals,” says geobiologist of Caltech. Fossils of sponges—the simplest animals, and indeed ones whose physiology has remained the same throughout history—exist from 635 million years ago, suggesting that the first animals did start to appear before the second major oxygen rise. Daniel Mills, also of Caltech, Ward, and colleagues created a small aquarium in which they could vary, measure, and control oxygen levels, and observe the survival of sponges and their respiration rates at different concentrations. They determined that modern sponges can survive for reasonably long timescales at 0. 5 to 4% of current oxygen levels. oxygen levels are not tightly constrained, general consensus is that most of the proterozoic had 1–10% of modern oxygen levels. That's enough to support sponge-grade animals. One of the Halichondria panicea sea sponges that and his collaborators used to investigate the likely oxygen demands of early animals. : D. Mills“We now think that oxygen was extremely low in the period before the appearance of sponges,” agrees of the University of California, Riverside. But metabolically active animals, which demand energy and oxygen to diversify and grow in size, appeared later. “Oxygen levels could have been high enough to allow metozoans to thrive, but evolution could have triggered the rise in oxygen,” adds Planovsky. The chicken-or-egg question thus prevails. One curious anomaly is the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion at around 2 billion years ago. Oxygen from photosynthesis can combine with organic matter, and carbon isotopes get heavy when organic matter is buried. Thus a record of heavy carbon isotopes indicates a net gain of oxygen in the atmosphere. “That [excursion] followed a very dramatic fall [in oxygen levels]. It's a fascinating time,” adds Lyons. “What's interesting, as we construct more records from the time period, is that oxygen may have actually risen to significant levels during this time interval. This supports intervals of significant rise, then fall, in oxygen,” adds Planovsky. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding phytoplankton and their contribution to Earth's oxygen. Instead, it discusses the history of oxygen levels, the emergence of sponges, and the interactions between oxygen and animal evolution without mentioning phytoplankton specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Similar to LC axon ablation, β2AR KO disturbed wake-sleep homeostasis, as manifested by a lengthening of overall sleep duration (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). By contrast, the removal of β2ARs failed to abolish dynamic changes in microglia when the brain state switched between sleep and wakefulness (Figure 5h–n). Nonetheless, the ability of microglia to subtly distinguish between REM and NREM states was largely compromised (Figure 5h–n, Figure 5—figure supplement 1), suggesting a partial contribution of β2AR signaling to LC-NE modulation of microglia surveillance during sleep-wake cycles. Regarding microglia responses to SD stress, we showed that microglial morphology and motility remained unchanged during the SD protocol in β2AR KO animals (Figure 5—figure supplement 1), revealing a predominant role for β2AR signaling in LC-NE modulation of microglia surveillance under SD stress. the development of mTPM imaging and EEG/EMG recording in freely behaving mice, we now provide direct evidence that microglia surveillance in mouse somatosensory cortex is sleep-state dependent during natural sleep-wake cycles and that microglia contract from ramified into phagocytic forms a few hours after the onset of acute SD stress. Combined with pharmacological intervention and the use of NE biosensors and genetically manipulated animals, we showed that the LC-NE pathway mediates these state-dependent changes in microglia surveillance and that β2AR signaling is involved in various aspects of the microglial responses, extending recent reports that the same pathway underlies microglia surveillance in the context of neuronal network activity (Liu et al. , 2019) and synaptic plasticity (Stowell et al. , 2019). That microglia surveillance is sleep state-dependent substantiates an intimate relationship between rapid, robust state-dependent microglia remodeling and the biology of the sleep-wake cycle (Feng et al. , 2019; Frank and Heller, 2018b; Xie et al. , 2013). It has been shown that microglia play a central role in the removal of metabolic waste and even cell debris from the brain (Huisman et al. , 2022; Márquez-Ropero et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the regulatory role of the LC-NE pathway in microglia surveillance during sleep-wake cycles, which suggests a connection to how visibility and environmental factors (like light exposure) could influence sleep. Specifically, it states that microglia surveillance is sleep state-dependent, which implies that processes like melatonin production could also be affected by sleep-wake states that are influenced by light exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: The study revealed that gender and site significantly influenced the number of human medicinal plants known. The fact that knowledge transfer was predominantly to family members and in particular to first-born sons may negatively affect its continuity and may result in knowledge loss if medicinal plant resources become scarce in the landscape in the near future. Marketing of medicinal plants harvested from wild and semi-wild stands is not common. Low income obtained from marketing of medicinal plants and herbal treatments may have strong implications on the future conservation of medicinal plants in the landscape. The study suggested few species such as Solanum dasyphyllum, Indigofera spicata, Plumbago zeylanica, Meyna tetraphylla. and Oxalis for consideration for phytochemical and pharmacological testing to verify their efficacy and determine their dosages. Predominantly harvested plant parts were leaves, which are known to have relatively low impact on medicinal plant resources. However, expansion of agricultural land and lack of cultivation efforts by local communities were the main factors that directly or indirectly affect the availability of medicinal plant resources in the landscape. Therefore, land use planning and development initiatives in the area and beyond need to sharply focus on strategies that could contribute in alleviating the major threats affecting medicinal plant resources in the landscape and encourage their cultivation to enhance their availability and complement ex-and in-situ conservation. Forty six (46) plant species were used for the treatment of livestock diseases by the study communities. The most frequently cited cattle disease was blackleg, for which 21 plant species were found. The study also showed how ethnoveterinary plant knowledge is significantly affected by gender and site. Knowledge on ethnoveterinary plants was predominantly held by males, who cited more plant uses than females. This may affect the future conservation of medicinal plants especially in homegardens, as women play a major role in tending these gardens. The study suggested species such as Lepidium sativum, Allium sativum, Clausena anisata, Croton macrostachyus, Ozoroa insignis, Sida rhombifolia, Centella asiatica, Cissampelos mucronata, Vernonia theophrastifolia and Vernonia amygdalina for future phytochemical studies and pharmacological testing. The study also recommended the association of blackleg disease with the consumption of fresh maize stalks for further research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant role of medicinal plants in ethnobotany, highlighting that many species are recognized for their medicinal uses. It presents evidence of the study focusing on human medicinal plants and their uses, alongside discussions on the importance of knowledge transfer regarding these plants. This indicates that ethnobotany encompasses a broad spectrum of plant uses, including both food and medicinal applications, thus refuting the notion that it is solely concerned with edible plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Biol 34: 353-442. 1985. Modes of molluscan larval development at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. 6: 167-184. 1999. Reproduction and dispersal at vents and cold seeps. 79: 193-208 CL. 1990. Biogeography of hydrothermal vent communities along seafloor spreading centers. Evol 5: 242-246 CL. 2000. of Deep-Vents. . 2002. Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates. Science 295: 1253-1257. 1990. Spatial variation in faunal composition of hydrothermal vent communities on the Rise and Galapagos spreading center. In: Gorda Ridge: A Center in the United States' Zone, (McMurray GR, eds). Springer-York Inc. , New York, pp 253-264 2001. Biogeography and ecological setting of hydrothermal vents. Science 294: 818-823 Vrijenhoek RC. 1997. Gene flow and genetic diversity in naturally fragmented metapopulations of deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals. J Heredity 88: 285-293. 1998. Gene flow and dispersal in deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals. Mar 39: 363-366. 2003. A hotvent gastropod with iron sulfide dermal sclerites. Science 302: 1007 Watabe H, Hashimoto J. 2002. A new species of the genus Rimicaris (Alvinocarididae: Caridea: Decapoda) from the active hydrothermal vent field, 'Kairei Field,' on the Ridge, the Indian Ocean. 19: 1167-1174. 2003b. Dispersal barriers and isolation among deep-sea mussel populations (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus) from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. 12: 169-184 Won Y-J, Hallam SJ, O'. 2003a. Environmental acquisition of thiotrophic endosymbionts by deep-seea mussel of the genus Bathymodiolus. Microbiol 69: 6785-6792 Won Y-. 2002. Habitat reversal in vent and seep mussels: seep species, Bathymodiolus heckerae, derived from vent ancestors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references regarding various studies about deep-sea hydrothermal vents but does not explicitly discuss the existence of unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. Therefore, it does not support nor contradict the claim and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: While the present work supports the general conclusion that microglia surveillance is responsive to SD stress, our real-time mTPM imaging in vivo also unmasked a progressive change in microglia surveillance that occurred as early as 3 hr after onset of SD and full conversion of microglia into the phagocytic form after 6 hr SD stress. This apparent disparity between the current and previous reports might reflect the complications arising from ex vivo sample preparation, because microglia surveillance is highly dynamic and sensitive to neural environmental changes, evidenced by its cyclic changes during the sleep-wake switch. We have provided two lines of evidence that the LC-NE-β2AR axis is involved in microglial surveillance both during the natural sleep-wake cycle and under SD stress. Ablation of LC-NE neuronal projection abolished and knockout of β2ARs markedly altered the manifestation of the state-dependence of microglia surveillance, while the latter recapitulated most, but not all, the phenotypes of the former. These findings are well supported by emerging evidence that NE is necessary for microglial activation (Bellesi et al. , 2016; Berridge et al. , 2012; Mori et al. , 2002). First, NE is known to be a key neurotransmitter that regulates sleep dynamics (Wang et al. , 2020) and the dynamics of microglia (Liu et al. , 2019; Sugama et al. , 2019). Second, it has been shown that β2AR expressed at a higher level in microglia than other CNS cell types (Zhang et al. , 2014) and microglia dynamic surveillance rapidly responds to β2AR stimulation (Gyoneva and Traynelis, 2013; Liu et al. , 2019; Stowell et al. , 2019). Moreover, the morphology of microglia in the somatosensory cortex is also regulated by neuronal activity, in a microglial β2AR-dependent manner (Liu et al. , 2019). Our results also extend the classic view of NE regulation of sleep and wakefulness by revealing a prominent microglial component in the NE response. It should be noted that the pan-tissue β2AR knockout animal model was used in the current study and it warrants future investigation to pinpoint specific roles of microglial β2AR in the brain-state dependent microglial responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how microglia dynamics and their surveillance are responsive to sleep-wake cycles, connecting them with the regulation of sleep dynamics by NE, which is known to influence these cycles. The mention of 'sleep dynamics' suggests a relationship with sleep-wake regulation, supporting the claim that sleep-wake cycles are influenced by neurological factors that could include melatonin production regulated by environmental stimuli like light.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cultures use the same set of plants for medicine, showing no regional differences. [SEP] Text: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test at p < 0. 001 showed significant differences in directionality distributions between all three accessions. Wilcoxon test analysis with p < 0. 01 was used to test significant differences between the different accessions (n = 9–12 plants). Figure 3—source data 1 Directionality, whole root system architectural trait values and shape predictors from Bay-0, Col-0 and Sha. Download elife-07597-fig3-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 2 Shape predictor values (TPS format) from Bay-0, Col-0 and Sha used to perform PCA. Download elife-07597-fig3-data2-v2. zip Figure 3—source data 3 Whole root system architecture trait values from Bay-0, Col-0 and Sha. Download elife-07597-fig3-data3-v2. csv Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset (A) Root area, (B) vertical center of mass of Bay-0, Col-0, and Sha accessions. Wilcoxon test analysis with p < 0. 01 was used to test significant differences between the accessions (n = 9-12 plants). Figure 4 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset Dual-color reporter visualization of root structure and gene expression. Images of whole-root systems (A, D) or magnified portion of roots (C, F) at 22 DAS expressing ProACT2:PPYRE8o and ProZAT12:LUC (green, A, B, C) or ProDR5rev:LUC+ (green, D, E, F). Luminescence from PPyRE8 and LUC reporters visualized together using an open filter setting (visualized in grey-scale) while LUC signal is distinguished using a band-pass filter (517 to 567 nm, visualized as green). Figure 4—source data 1 Data for ProZAT12:LUC reporter gene expression in root segments extracted from a whole root system. Download elife-07597-fig4-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 4—source data 2 Luciferase intensity values from the root tip to maturation zone of ProUBQ10:LUC2o, ProZAT12:LUC and ProDR5:LUC+. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of significant differences in plant traits among different accessions (Bay-0, Col-0, and Sha), suggesting that there are regional variations in the plants studied. This indicates that cultures may not use the same set of plants for medicine, as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: For most groups of organisms diversity is highest in the tropics. A hectare of rainforest contains more plant species than a similar area of Norwegian boreal forest. Likewise, on average, tropical latitudes are home to more fish, bird, and mammal species than anywhere else [1]–[3]. Whilst this foremost pattern of biodiversity has long been known, its nuances and the exceptions to it are less widely appreciated. For example, in terrestrial birds and ants the decline in diversity on either side of the equator is not symmetric. It is steeper in the north [4],[5], reflecting a broader suite of biological differences among the hemispheres [6]. Perhaps more striking is the far wider variety of biodiversity gradients found in marine groups, and the almost total contrast in many benthic (bottom-dwelling) taxa to the typical terrestrial latitudinal diversity gradient. For coastal marine species, such as fish or corals, richness tends to be highest in the tropics, especially the Indo-West Pacific, whilst for more ocean-going, or pelagic species, such as the albatrosses and petrels, diversity peaks are typical of the mid-latitudes [7],[8]. In both cases, diversity still tends to drop off at the sub-polar and polar latitudes. In many benthic groups the pattern is completely different. Diversity does decline in the far north, but does not do so in the (the region around and to the south of the Front—the dynamic location where cold Antarctic and warmer sub-Antarctic waters meet). Rather, some groups show their highest richness here. Taking survey effort and area into account, organisms such as pycnogonids, bryozoans, isopods, amphipods, sponges, ascidians, and echinoderms are remarkably diverse in the Southern Ocean, as much or more so than is typical of many, more equatorial locations [9],[10]. Recent, large-scale surveys, conducted, in part, under the auspices of the international Census of have borne out these patterns [11]–[13], highlighting the extraordinary diversity of the Antarctic [14]. Moreover, they have also drawn attention to the considerable endemism, i. e. , restriction to a given area (in this case the Antarctic), of much of the benthos. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about deep-sea hydrothermal vents and chemosynthesis. Instead, it discusses biodiversity patterns in terrestrial and marine environments, particularly focusing on the distribution of species in different latitudes and the unique biodiversity of the Antarctic. There is no mention of hydrothermal vents or chemosynthesis that would directly relate to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Impact of blue-depleted white light on pupil dynamics, melatonin suppression and subjective alertness following real-world light exposure Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 05 March 2018 Impact of blue-depleted white light on pupil dynamics, melatonin suppression and subjective alertness following real-world light exposure Jamie M. : orcid. org/0000-0001-6174-52821,2, Raymond P. Najjar1,3, Cheng-Ann Wang1 & …Mirelle Kass1,4 Show authors and Practice 1. The post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) to 32 lx was increased in response to the standard as compared to blue-depleted LED (p < 0. 05, paired t-test). PIPR did not differ between lighting conditions at higher illuminances. Study 2. Neither salivary melatonin concentrations nor subjective sleepiness scores were different between lighting conditions. ConclusionsWhile the absence or reduction of blue light has the physiologic capacity to reduce the impact of light on non-image forming photoreceptive functions, under a pre-exposure lighting environment closer to that which is found in the real world, no such differences are observed except for pupil responses to moderately dim light. Trial registrationClinicalTrials. gov #NCT02936674, NCT02636140. BackgroundWhile retinal photoreception is mostly thought of as the basis of “image formation”, the retina underlies a number of non-image forming functions as well. Notable among these are synchronizing the timing of the circadian clock (Czeisler et al. , 1989), suppressing pineal melatonin production (Zeitzer et al. , 2000), increasing alertness (Cajochen et al. , 2000), and changing pupil size (Alpern & Campbell, 1962). In mammals, while rods and cones are the main contributors to conscious visual perception, a combination of rods, cones, and melanopsin contribute to non-image forming photoreception. Melanopsin is a light-absorbing pigment expressed in the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and conveys the eponymous intrinsic photosensitivity (Berson et al. , 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that retinal photoreception, through various visual cells, plays a significant role in non-image forming functions like suppressing pineal melatonin production in response to light. This indicates that melatonin production is indeed influenced by light exposure, which in turn affects sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: In this opinion paper, the possibilities to adapt agricultural policies to water stress are discussed. The panorama of possible interventions is presented, whether based on irrigation techniques as well as on-farm sustainable water uses. Drip irrigation: a clear example of the existing gap between potential and actual performances In most of the MENA countries, irrigation is mandatory to guarantee crop yields, particularly during the summer season. This situation is the consequence of a rising water demand due to increased cultivated areas with crops that require high volumes of water (particularly orchards), when there is no rainfall at all, and when temperatures can reach 45°C and more. In such a situation, two kinds of solutions have been promoted to alleviate constraints: groundwater use and the conversion of irrigation from farrow to drip systems. In theory, these measures seem interesting, but in reality they are far from being efficient. As a consequence, groundwater depletion has become of growing concern. Recent studies in the Saïss plain (of Morocco) have shown that drip irrigation does not necessarily induce an improvement of water use efficiency. 3 Moreover, drip irrigation exacerbates the gap between farmers with important financial means, who can invest in deeper boreholes and who will contribute more to groundwater depletion, and farmers with limited capital who may not be able to continue to access deeper groundwater. 4 As a consequence, the level of social and economic disparities may increase between households, implying more social exclusion for many smallholder farmers whose only fate will be to exit from the agricultural sector. Water productivity in agriculture: a multi-faceted concept with complex implications In order to deal with scarce water availability, recent research results have focused on the need of a paradigm shift in the field of agricultural practices. The promoted solutions should in priority rely on the use of rainfall (blue water) as the possibilities to increase the irrigated areas have come to a limit. Moreover, the use of water has to be assessed on a cost efficiency scale. This has recently prompted the emergence of the water productivity concept, which does not only rely on the volumes of water used to get food (i. e. m3 of water per kilogram of food), but also the origin of the water and even more the gross margin behind each m3 of water used and the edible nutrients it produces (whether kcal or kg of proteins). When assessing such water productivity parameters for each crop, methodological difficulties may have to be sold, linked to crop prices volatility and agricultural practices variability among farms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses agricultural practices related to water management, irrigation methods, and their social and economic implications without any mention of ethnobotany, plant usage, or historical practices related to plants. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or provide any relevant information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: This is not entirely surprising. These vents are located thousands of metres below the ocean surface and are challenging to explore. Detection and verification of deep-sea hydrothermal vents require a combination of geophysical and biological data. The former are typically obtained using echo sounders, optical light-scattering sensors mounted on instruments towed by research vessels, and conductivity, temperature, and depth (or CTD) instruments, which enable water sampling at different depths. Further exploration and sampling of sites identified using these methods is then undertaken either by remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or deep water submersibles, in combination with the geophysical approaches. Hydrothermal vents are formed by plumes of heated water associated with plate boundaries, typically divergent boundaries such as mid-ocean ridges, but also the more complex, back-arc basins associated with subduction zones [22],[23], and their unusual ecosystems were first documented in the late 1970s [24]. Since then the image of “black smokers” surrounded by hundreds of thermophilic tubeworms and other strange animals has become part of the modern, natural history psyche. However, this image is somewhat misleading. In the same way that diversity varies locally and regionally in terrestrial systems, so too do the communities of deep-sea hydrothermal vents vary across the globe [25]. In other words, a distinct biogeography of vent ecosystems exists (Figure 1). Different communities of organisms are characteristic of hydrothermal vents in various parts of the world as a consequence of differences among ocean basins, rates of seafloor spreading, local turnover, and variation in the life histories and dispersal characteristics of the organisms involved [26]–[29]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent systems that require conservation. At the request of the Authority, InterRidge (a non-profit organization, promoting mid-ocean ridge research, see advised that the vents shown here should be protected from exploitation, though with some InterRidge members arguing that all sites should be protected ( see also [37]). Vent biogeographic provinces identified by Bachraty et al. [28] are indicated in colour, and the two described by Rogers et al. [19] are indicated with diamonds, just to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the detection and exploration of deep-sea hydrothermal vents and mentions the biogeography of vent ecosystems without explicitly addressing the role of chemosynthesis. While it provides context about the ecosystems and their diversity, it does not support or refute the idea that these ecosystems are reliant on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: ipRGCs project widely to the brain (notably the hypothalamus) to convey information about the overall intensity of light (Nelson & Takahashi, 1991). Melanopsin has a peak sensitivity in the blue range of the light spectrum (Newman et al. , 2003) and the spectral sensitivity of sustained melatonin suppression also peaks in the blue light range (~ 460 nm) (Brainard et al. , 2001). The peak photopic sensitivity for conscious image formation is, however, in the green portion of the spectrum (555 nm). As such, it has been theorized that exposure to broad spectrum white light that has been depleted of or has minimal short wavelengths (blue light) would not alter conscious visual perception but would minimally activate non-image forming photoreceptive functions (McBean et al. , 2016). This would be notable for extended (hours) light stimuli as the response to shorter light stimuli is likely more driven by cones (Gooley et al. , 2010). In one study of spectrally-altered polychromatic light, blue-depleted white light (~ 239 lx, normal room lighting) was not different from normal white light in terms of its impact on sleep latency, melatonin suppression, and sleepiness (Santhi et al. , 2011). In a separate study, authors found that 50 lx of blue-depleted white light (~ 50 lx, low room lighting) was less effective at melatonin suppression and caused less enhancement of electroencephalographic measures of alertness than 50 lx of normal white light (Rahman et al. , 2017). In this latter study, however, participants spent 8 h in moderate room lighting (~ 88 lx) prior to receiving the experimental light which likely sensitized the responses to the low intensity light (Smith et al. , 2004; Chang et al. , 2011). The purpose of this experiment was to test under real-world conditions whether a commercially-available LED-based lamp that emitted a broad spectrum white light had greater impacts on pupil function, subjective alertness and melatonin suppression than a commercially-available LED-based bulb that emitted a broad spectrum, blue-depleted white light. MethodsStudy 1We examined seven participants (four male, 3 female) during a single 3-h session. Five were Caucasian, one was Asian, and one identified as multiple races. They were aged 21–29 (26 ± 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how light exposure, particularly the presence of blue light, influences melatonin suppression, which is critical in regulating sleep-wake cycles. For instance, the text mentions that 'the spectral sensitivity of sustained melatonin suppression also peaks in the blue light range (~ 460 nm),' indicating that light exposure directly affects melatonin production. Furthermore, the studies referenced suggest various impacts of light on sleep latency and alertness, linking light exposure to melatonin regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a as A Science of Knowledge: A of of Plants in Trans-Himalaya (Ladakh),. Malik, and 1 moreThis is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground - The sixth anthropocene mass extinction in the last 540 million years indicates that human activities including illegal trade is the fundamental threat to the endangered species, their habitats and to the global biodiversity as well. In this context, it is paramount keeping in view the role of hotspot regions in the conservation of biodiversity and their varied potential of ethnobotanical services. The present study quantified the traditional ethnobotanical usage and people’s choices of plants and evaluated the composition, distribution, trade and conservation of plants in Ladakh region, India. Methods - During 2018-2019, ethnobotanical documentation of the plants growing in Ladakh (a part of trans-Himalaya), India, was carried out to collect information regarding different usages of plant species growing in the region through open and close-ended questionnaire surveys and interviews. Multivariate ecological community analysis was used to find the relationship between ethnobotanical usage and plant species. Results - Floristically, a total of 103 species belonging to 80 genera and 38 families were reported to be used as medicine, food, fodder, fuelwood, fragrance, dye, flavor and oil. Asteraceae was the largest family with 20% species, followed by Ranunculaceae (10% species) and Fabaceae (7% species). Three plant usage clusters were determined at a vertical distance value of 0. 4 where the clusters are distinctly separated. Preference analysis showed the highest priority of local people for medicinal use of plants followed by fodder and fuelwood. The most frequently used plant parts were leaves followed by roots and flowers. and elderly people had great familiarity with medicinal plants and their ethnic usage. The plant species harvested were sought for self-consumption (65%) and for commercial purposes (35%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the ethnobotanical study in Ladakh, which quantifies traditional usages of plants and emphasizes the relationship between traditional knowledge and plant species. The phrase 'the highest priority of local people for medicinal use of plants' and mentions of 'elderly people had great familiarity with medicinal plants and their ethnic usage' indicate that historical practices and traditional knowledge are integral to ethnobotany, therefore contradicting the assertion that ethnobotany only focuses on modern uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Other potential conservation and governance challenges include increasing interest in natural products from vent ecosystems [39], while scientific exploration brings its own concerns. However, the latter are well recognized [40], and research is typically careful, as demonstrated by the exploration of the ESR vents [19]. Nonetheless, for the ESR E9 and other Antarctic hydrothermal vents, the System brings the advantage of a long history of well-developed practices to restrict the impacts of human activities. In particular, the Protocol on to the currently prevents any activity relating to mineral resources, other than scientific research. Whilst the is by no means flawless in its regulatory responsibilities, to date it has achieved a far greater degree of stewardship of Antarctica and the than is typical of many other commons [34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses conservation and governance challenges related to vent ecosystems without directly addressing the unique ecosystems themselves or their reliance on chemosynthesis.