Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Lee 2002: Distribution of seasonal rainfall in Monsoon region. Theor. Appl. Climatol. , 73, 151– 168. )| falseSearch 2461. Trier, S. B. , C. A. Davis D. A. Ahijevych M. L. Weisman and G. H. Bryan 2006: Mechanisms supporting long-lived episodes of propagating nocturnal convection within a 7-day WRF model simulation. J. Atmos. Sci. , 63, 2437– 2461. )| falseSearch 328. Tripoli, G. J. , and W. R. Cotton 1989: Numerical study of an observed orogenic mesoscale convective system. Part II: Analysis of governing dynamics. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 117, 305– 328. )| falseSearch 419. Wallace, J. M. , 1975: Diurnal variations in precipitation and thunderstorm frequency over the conterminous United States. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 103, 406– 419. )| falseSearch 1629. Wang, C. C. , G. T. J. Chen and R. E. Carbone 2004: A climatology of warm-season cloud patterns over east Asia based on GMS infrared brightness temperature observations. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 132, 1606– 1629. )| falseSearch 1508. Wolyn, P. G. , and T. B. McKee 1994: The mountain–plains circulation east of a 2-km-high north–south barrier. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 122, 1490– 1508. )| falseSearch 1170. Yin, S. , D. Chen and Y. Xie 2009: Diurnal variations of precipitation during the warm season over China. Int. J. Climatol. , 29, 1154– 1170. )| falseSearch 1704. doi:10. 1029/2006GL028129. Yu, R. , T. Zhou and A. Xiong 2007: Diurnal variation of summer precipitation over contiguous China. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 34, L01704. doi:10. 1029/2006GL028129. )| falseSearch 2796. Zhang, F. , and S. E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and articles related to weather and climate but does not specifically address or provide evidence about the existence of microclimates or their impact on weather variations over short distances. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;30(9):942–9. A, König HH. The association between use of online social networks sites and perceived social isolation among individuals in the second half of life: results based on a nationally representative sample in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):40. AK. Social media use of older adults: a mini-review. Gerontology. 2013;59(4):378–84. J, Salami B. “is not for the Weak of Heart”: social isolation and loneliness in Muslim immigrant older adults in Canada. Care Community. 2020;28(2):615–23. to beat the blues: longitudinal data from a national representative sample. Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;27(3):254–62. Positive and negative experiences on social media and perceived social isolation. Health Promot. 2019;33(6):859–68. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing studies that explore the association between the use of social media and perceived social isolation, which aligns with the idea that social media can contribute to feelings of loneliness and anxiety. Specifically, it includes studies on older adults indicating that their experiences with social networks are linked to feelings of isolation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: The reasons for this were ascribed to the current hierarchy in the healthcare services where psychiatrists are seen as the authority. The participants also felt that nurses were bad at making themselves visible in the public media. And in media I’ve never seen anyone bring up the perspective of mental health nursing. (Interview 5)Another aspect that the participants talked of was the experience that mental health nursing had low status, both in relation to nursing in the medical field and among other nursing practitioners. You hardly ever see an interview with an associate professor of mental health nursing in Swedish investigative television program focusing on social issues, where he or she is allowed to sit around, discuss and twist and turn things with regard to his or her specific expertise to explain or understand human actions…. (Interview 4)DiscussionThe results of this study show that psychiatric nurses experience the presentation of mental illness in public media as negative. The participants speak of the negative portrayal is partly done through the media linking mental illness to violent crimes and partly through the reporting of mental illness in a discriminating and stigmatizing manner. This result is in line with earlier studies about the reporting of mental illness in the public media (Klin & Lemish, Citation2008; Stuart, Citation2006; Wahl, Citation2003). Cross (Citation2004) explains this negative media portrayal of mental illness in a historical context by pointing out that society has tried to isolate and block out phenomena that can be frightening and hard to understand, which has cemented the negative reporting of mental illness in the public media. When the media reports the presence of mental illness among violent criminals as being something abnormal and deviant, the individual consuming the media is able to rest easy knowing that they and their loved ones would not commit violent crimes, as the narrative of violence was focused on mental illness (Cross, Citation2004). The negative portrayal of mental illness in the media is problematic in several ways. These include the media presenting a misleading picture of mental illness or presenting it as the cause of sensational events, despite the lack of available information (von Heydendorff et al. , Citation2016). The media also contributes to stigma around people experiencing mental illness, something that causes these people stress and suffering (Stuart, Citation2006) and fear of discrimination and alienation (Mestdagh & Hansen, Citation2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the broader implications of mental health issues, indicating that they are not limited to teenagers alone. It highlights how media portrayals of mental illness contribute to stigma and misunderstandings that affect individuals of all ages, not just teenagers. Key points include the negative portrayal of mental illness in media, which impacts the societal perception and understanding of mental health issues, suggesting that many people might suffer from these issues, not exclusively teenagers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Koch 2000: Numerical simulation of a gravity wave event observed during CCOPE. Part II: Wave generation by an orographic density current. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 128, 2777– 2796. )| falseSearch 4010. Zhou, T. , R. Yu H. Chen A. Dai and Y. Pan 2008: Summer precipitation frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle over China: A comparison of satellite data with rain gauge observations. J. Climate, 21, 3997– 4010. )| falseSearch 1. (a) Study domain map and terrain distribution (shaded every 200 m) over northern China with the focus area highlighted in box ABCD, which includes the cities of Beijing (denoted as BJ) and Tianjin (TJ) and the provinces of Shanxi (SX), Inner-Mongolia (NM), Hebei (HB), Shandong (SD), Henan (HN), Anhui (AH), and Jiangsu (JS). (b) Distribution of mean warm-season hourly rainfall rate (mm h−1) averaged over all hours from May to August during 2003–09 estimated with the dataset. (c) Averaged terrain elevation and hourly precipitation rate along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed area in (a). The starting point of the cross section is an average over line AB, and the ending point is an average over line CD; the same averaging method will be used for Figs. 4 and 6 along the same cross section. View in gallery Fig. 2. (a) Percentage of the diurnal contributions of the total precipitation (calculated as the sum of the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. (b) Isochrones (phase fronts) of the local diurnal precipitation peaks at different times of Fig. 3 with terrain elevations shaded every 200 m. The time label of the isochrones in (b) is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View in gallery Fig. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed descriptions of weather patterns and terrain distribution but does not specifically address the concept of microclimates or their role in creating weather variations over short distances. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Comparing oneself to others on social media can negatively impact self-esteem. [SEP] Text: ��제분류, KDC분류, DDC분류, 한국연구재단분류, 저자 메타 소속기관, 소속부서, 직급, 연구분야, 연구키워드, 이용수, 피인용수, 저자 논문활용도 [결합형/맞춤형 메타 데이터] 구분 그룹 데이터 항목 ※ 결합형/맞춤형 메타 데이터는 신청 내용에 따라 다양하게 제공 가능 이용순위 정보 주제분야별 많이 이용된 논문 “인문학”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 이용기관별 많이 이용된 논문 “중고등학교”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 세부기� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various classifications, metadata about research papers, and citation data without mentioning social media or its impact on self-esteem. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: The current study indicates that it is possible that the media may fail in its objectivity in reporting on mental illness, with misleading reporting due to a lack of facts, such as the humanistic and holistic nursing perspectives of mental illness. This finding is partially supported by previous studies (Klin & Lemish, Citation2008; Wahl, Citation2003), but it appears as if previous studies have not differentiated between negative portrayals and false or made-up statements. One previous study showed that the creators of TV-shows were aware of the misleading picture of mental illness that their shows conveyed, but felt that their job was to provide good dramaturgy and entertainment, not to educate their viewers (Henderson, Citation2018). This indicates that the responsibility for the negative and misleading reporting of mental illness in the media is ambiguous and problematic and that changes are required in terms of how mental illness is approached in the public media. The media is also in a position to provide positive images of mental illness and the results in this study showed that psychiatric nurses had experiences of the media providing nuanced reporting on mental illness. TV-shows could provide a positive image of mental illness and previous research has showed how TV-shows can fluctuate between positive and negative portrayals of mental illness based on the dramaturgical need of the show (Henderson, Citation2018). The findings show that social media sometimes provide positive portrayals of mental illness. A previous study has shown that people with mental illness have found that some types of social media provides them with possibilities for gaining social support and advice from other people with mental illness (Naslund, Grande, Aschbrenner, & Elwyn, Citation2014). Naslund et al. (Citation2014) also found that social media might be able to reduce feelings of isolation and provide hope for people with mental illness. As the topic is relatively unexplored, more studies are needed in order to more clearly delineate the role of the social media in the forming of opinions and attitudes about mental illness in society. The medical perspective dominates media reporting on mental illness. The nursing profession’s subordinated position compared to the medical profession is a well-known problem in healthcare. This is an historical imbalance that has progressively diminished but still remains today (Price, Doucet, & Hall, Citation2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various interactions different age groups have with social media regarding mental health. It mentions that 'some types of social media provides them with possibilities for gaining social support and advice from other people with mental illness,' which implies that individuals beyond just teenagers may also derive benefits from social media and shows that mental health issues affect a wider demographic, not limited to teenagers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Map distribution of normalized diurnal precipitation deviations at (a) 0600, (b) 0900, (c) 1200, (d) 1500, (e) 1800, and (f) 0000 UTC estimated as the mean precipitation rate at this hour minus the mean precipitation rate throughout the date, normalized by the standard deviation of hourly precipitation at each location. Scales smaller than 200 km are truncated by a 2D spectral decomposition. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima). View in gallery Fig. 4. Distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviation without filtering averaged along the cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). The dashed arrows show the southeastward phase propagation of the diurnal precipitation peaks. The time axis is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View in gallery Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of the 900-hPa vertical motions (colored) and perturbation wind vectors diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima) as in Fig. 3. View in gallery Fig. 6. Vertical profiles of the averaged vertical motion (colored; cm s−1), the perturbation vertical circulation vectors (horizontal wind component along the cross section and 100 times the vertical velocity), and the horizontal wind component perpendicular to the cross section (contoured in blue every 0. 5 m s−1, where solid indicates southwesterlies and dashed indicates northwesterlies) along the direction from northwest to southeast averaged as in Figs. 1c and 4 diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The red solid curves show the averaged normalized diurnal precipitation deviation, with the red dashed straight line as the zero value. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about microclimates creating variations in weather over short distances. Instead, it provides a detailed description of precipitation data and vertical motion analyses without explicitly linking this information to the concept of microclimates or their effects on localized weather patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The rate of cyberbullying has increased with the rise of social media. [SEP] Text: And you can see the three sort of age groups that HBSC focuses in on, from preadolescent 11 years, up to full blown adolescents in 15 years. Prevalence of cyberbullying. So our experiences in Canada are not that different than other places, substantial proportions of young people report being victimized by cyberbullying or engage in slightly less are engaged in the perpetration cyberbullying. We see patterns by age and developmental stage, we see patterns by gender, so here’s the key observations. There are large variations across countries in the reporting of this behavior or these behaviors. We do see gender patterns; boys perpetrate more and girls are victimized more, and we see developmental patterns. Cyber victimization tends to be fairly stable by age, whereas perpetration increases with age. So we do see variations across countries and within our sample and in the different countries, age groups and groups defined by gender. A similar analysis was done on social media use, we actually had three indicators in this analysis. We had our intense to use measure, we had our problematic use measure, and from the intensity scale, we could find out whether kids were talking with strangers a lot, which is another indicator used in the literature a fair bit. What we saw in these data, again, large variations across the 42 countries. Girls tend to engage in more of this, they’re more intense, more often to do report intensive use and more often report problematic use than do boys. Boys are more often talking to strangers in context; often times that might be playing video games that are online, there could be other explanations for this, but that’s the pattern that we see. And we see developmental patterns, our problematic use increases with age and is higher in girls. Intense use increases with age in both boys and girls, and interaction with strangers increases with age in both boys and girls, and it’s especially prominent in boys. So then our regression analysis, and if you ever look up our paper, you’re going to see a table like this and I say, don’t look at this output, it’s too much for a presentation. want to summarize what we did. We did a series of regression models looking at the three indicators of social media use and how they relate to victimization and perpetration of cyberbullying. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between social media use and cyberbullying. It mentions that young people report being victimized by cyberbullying and notes variations in behavior patterns across age and gender, which aligns with the assertion that social media has influenced these behaviors. Additionally, the regression analysis hints at correlations between indicators of social media use and cyberbullying, further supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: Close search a journal Search calls for papers Open access publishing We’re here to help Find guidance on Login | in or Add to Cart Search, Browse, or Publishsearch Find a journal Search calls for papers Open access publishing We’re here to help Find guidance on in of Issues Issue 9 in Light of. . . . Search in: search Issues in Nursing 2024 - Issue 9 Submit an 10. 1080/01612840. 2024. 2379428 Crossthis 24. 3 years; SD = 4. 97 years) who were recruited through social media health sites. (ORTO‑15), BMI, regular sporting activity, the following scales were used: Inventory (EDI, drive for thinness, ineffectiveness and maturity fears); Scale (BSMAS); and Coping Inventory. In this sample, 37. 7% were at risk for ON. Eating disorder attitudes, regular sporting and social media addiction were the most relevant predictors of orthorexic tendency with drive for thinness being the strongest contributor (β = 0. 54, p < 0. 001). For young women with a special interest in healthy lifestyle, drive for thinness together with regular sporting, ON tendency may serve as a tool for achieving their goal. Social media addiction and other psychological problems (feeling of ineffectiveness or maturity fears) can also contribute to orthorexic rendency. It would be important to ask for support from qualified health professionals when changing nutritional practices. IntroductionDisordered eating patterns are common among young women, especially in Western countries, due to robust cultural pressures for a thin body as a symbol of female beauty (Saunders & Eaton, Citation2018). Beyond the most common eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia or binge eating disorder, orthorexia nervosa (ON) has come to the fore as an eating-related problem. First identified by Bratman and Knight (Citation2000), the term derives from the Greek word ‘orthos’, meaning correct, and describes an eating style characterized by an obsession with ‘proper’ nutrition, e. g. ‘clean eating’ or ‘pure foods’ (Mac Evilly, Citation2001). While healthy eating is an important aspect of a health-promoting lifestyle, individuals with ON are so obsessive about healthy eating that their behavior becomes pathological. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing mental health issues related to social media addiction, specifically noting that 'disordered eating patterns are common among young women' and suggesting that these patterns can occur in various age demographics, not limited to teenagers. Additionally, it highlights that 'social media addiction and other psychological problems' are relevant predictors of orthorexia nervosa, which indicates that mental health issues can affect individuals beyond just teenagers, challenging the exclusivity of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Analysis fields below the ground are masked with light-gray shadings. raw image Fig. 1. (a) Study domain map and terrain distribution (shaded every 200 m) over northern China with the focus area highlighted in box ABCD, which includes the cities of Beijing (denoted as BJ) and Tianjin (TJ) and the provinces of Shanxi (SX), Inner-Mongolia (NM), Hebei (HB), Shandong (SD), Henan (HN), Anhui (AH), and Jiangsu (JS). (b) Distribution of mean warm-season hourly rainfall rate (mm h−1) averaged over all hours from May to August during 2003–09 estimated with the dataset. (c) Averaged terrain elevation and hourly precipitation rate along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed area in (a). The starting point of the cross section is an average over line AB, and the ending point is an average over line CD; the same averaging method will be used for Figs. 4 and 6 along the same cross section. View raw image Fig. 2. (a) Percentage of the diurnal contributions of the total precipitation (calculated as the sum of the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. (b) Isochrones (phase fronts) of the local diurnal precipitation peaks at different times of Fig. 3 with terrain elevations shaded every 200 m. The time label of the isochrones in (b) is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View raw image Fig. 3. Map distribution of normalized diurnal precipitation deviations at (a) 0600, (b) 0900, (c) 1200, (d) 1500, (e) 1800, and (f) 0000 UTC estimated as the mean precipitation rate at this hour minus the mean precipitation rate throughout the date, normalized by the standard deviation of hourly precipitation at each location. Scales smaller than 200 km are truncated by a 2D spectral decomposition. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address microclimates or how they can lead to variations in weather over short distances. Instead, it describes analysis fields and precipitation data related to specific geographical areas and does not mention the concept of microclimates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The rate of cyberbullying has increased with the rise of social media. [SEP] Text: And what we found is that all three indicators of social media use are associated with cyberbullying, so you’re talking with strangers a lot, higher risk for both indicators of cyberbullying; perpetration and victimization. If you’re on it a lot, more opportunity, more cyberbullying. If you’re engaged in problematic sort of more addictive type things, more cyberbullying. Associations were strongest for the problematic social media use exposure. It was strongest for perpetration versus victimization, so social media use was most strongly associated with perpetration and again, we saw girls versus boys were most affected by these relationships. give you a little bit of an example graph. These are adjusted relative risks that come out of a [inaudible 00:18:51] model. And if you have a relative risk of more than one, it indicates that the social media use is negatively associated; well it’s actually positively, but it’s more associated with a negative outcome. So this is – the outcome here is perpetration of cyberbullying. The exposure here is problematic social media use and after adjustment for a number of factors we are finding in boys and girls almost all of the countries, that one seems to be associated with the other. Problematic social media use is associated with perpetration, and what is really important here is the consistency of the findings and the fact that girls seem to have stronger relationships. think it’s only one or two countries where you don’t find this association, so very consistent results and that’s something you look for in epidemiology, for something to be potentially causal. Here’s the same sorts of figures, relative risk estimates, but they’re for the intense measure. We do see statistically significant findings in most countries, but what’s more important here is the pattern that we see, as people reporting intense social media use goes up, perpetration goes up. So our main observations in our regression analysis, all three indicators of social media use were associated with cyberbullying; both types, victimization and perpetration. Associations were strongest for problematic social media use for the addictive like one, for an outcome of perpetration versus victimization. And this was a particularly strong set of relationships in girls versus boys. Strengths that this analysis, we need to comment really briefly on those strengths. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that social media use is associated with higher rates of cyberbullying, specifically highlighting that problematic social media use correlates with increased perpetration of cyberbullying. The findings suggest a pattern where as social media usage increases, instances of both victimization and perpetration of cyberbullying also rise, particularly in girls. This supports the claim that the rise of social media contributes to an increased rate of cyberbullying.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: Despite the pathological nature of ON, there are debates as to whether it is an eating disorder, a psychological condition, a mental disorder, or a subset of another disorder (Costa et al. , Citation2017). It is not included in the Diagnostic and of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition—Revised (DSM-5 TR), but it is still recognized by many experts and researchers as a disorder which can be part of Avoidant/(ARFID) (Ryman et al. , Citation2019). Indeed, there are a number of features meeting the criteria for behavioral addictions, such as obsessional preoccupation with and concerns about proper eating, feeling guilty when eating unhealthy food, and neglecting friends who do not follow similar eating patterns (Moroze et al. , Citation2015). Several other negative consequences may also occur, for example, health problems due to unbalanced diet or malnutrition, and impairments in the fields of social, academic or occupational functioning (Moroze et al. , Citation2015; Varga et al. , Citation2013). On the other hand, it has been argued that ON is only a medicalization of eating behaviors amplifying ‘healthism’ which can be called ‘nutritionism’ overemphasizing the moral categories of good and bad in terms of eating (Arguedas, Citation2020). (Citation2001) states that ON is more a risk factor for disordered eating. Recently, several researchers suggest to differenciate between (ON) as a disordered eating behavior with clinical impairment and ‘healthy orthorexia’ as a non-pathological interest in healthy eating (Zickgraf & Barrada, Citation2022). Even in terms of ON, however, rather than describing ON symptoms as disordered, we should call the behaviors of concern ‘orthorexic tendencies’ or ‘orthorexic behavior’ without a valid clinical diagnosis (Missbach et al. , Citation2015) to avoid the trap of pathologizing healthy eating (Heiss et al. , Citation2019). Thus, in our analysis, we use the term ‘orthorexic tendency’ which shows a drive to follow a healthy diet to the extreme but not necessary a pathological behavior. Actually, these individuals may be at risk for pathological ON, but their involvement in ON has not been justified without a clinical diagnosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing orthorexia and its potential impacts on individuals of various ages, not just teenagers. It mentions features such as obsessional preoccupation with healthy eating and neglecting friends, which can affect social and occupational functioning. This indicates that mental health issues related to social behaviors, such as those stemming from dietary habits, can arise in individuals beyond the teenage demographic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima). View raw image Fig. 4. Distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviation without filtering averaged along the cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). The dashed arrows show the southeastward phase propagation of the diurnal precipitation peaks. The time axis is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View raw image Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of the 900-hPa vertical motions (colored) and perturbation wind vectors diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima) as in Fig. 3. View raw image Fig. 6. Vertical profiles of the averaged vertical motion (colored; cm s−1), the perturbation vertical circulation vectors (horizontal wind component along the cross section and 100 times the vertical velocity), and the horizontal wind component perpendicular to the cross section (contoured in blue every 0. 5 m s−1, where solid indicates southwesterlies and dashed indicates northwesterlies) along the direction from northwest to southeast averaged as in Figs. 1c and 4 diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The red solid curves show the averaged normalized diurnal precipitation deviation, with the red dashed straight line as the zero value. Analysis fields below the ground are masked with light-gray shadings. 30 Views 0 0 0 Views 1290 365 19 PDF Downloads 697 210 11 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and mainly discusses specific data visualizations and models related to precipitation and atmospheric conditions. There is no mention or implication of microclimates or their impact on weather variations over short distances, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The rate of cyberbullying has increased with the rise of social media. [SEP] Text: It’s a really large cross national study. We can look for consistent patterns across countries and cultures, and our items are well validated in their survey protocol as well validated. So it makes for a fairly strong, robust analysis. Limitations of this; they are self reports and with all the problems of self reports. And because it’s cross-sectional data, you can’t really infer cause and effect because we don’t have the temporal sequence of events; it’s a snapshot in time. However, there is other longitudinal evidence in the literature that supports the idea that these relationships exist. So a few implications. I understand the main audience for the seminar, webinar is clinicians, and I think they’re really simple. First of all, I think we all need to recognize that social media use is a normative behavior. We should also recognize it follows gendered and developmental patterns, girls being particularly affected. And social media use getting more and more as young people age and develop. So that won’t come as any surprise to anybody but our data strongly supports this sort of normative behavior pattern. I would say, and I think this is especially poignant today; social media use in itself is not a negative behavior. The connections that young people have and the opportunities to communicate and get new knowledge are really good ones but its misuse is a growing adolescent health problem. So it’s sort of a double edged sword. There are lots of good things that come from engagement in social media and it’s normative use, but there are also some flags for some ongoing problems that could lead to aggression and it could lead to mental health problems. Social media use, indeed provides new opportunities for aggression, often times young people are anonymous. Often times, they’re not sitting face to face so there is less of a hesitancy for people to be aggressive. And it’s certainly a medium that has become a normative part of everyday life where people can experience aggression, and I just simply ask that, what our data suggest that you do as a clinician, to please recognize that some negative effects of social media seem to be very there and very real. We see these effects consistently and these effects are likely not innocuous. The effects of cyberbullying are well known and have a number of mental health consequences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the implications of social media use, particularly highlighting that it can lead to aggression and that the effects of cyberbullying are well-known. It notes that social media provides new opportunities for aggression, especially since users often remain anonymous, which can decrease hesitancy to engage in aggressive behavior. The mention that 'the effects of cyberbullying are well known and have a number of mental health consequences' directly supports the idea that the rate of cyberbullying is associated with social media use.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: The estimated prevalence of orthorexic behavior varies greatly from 6. 9% in the general population to 75. 2% in certain groups, such as artists, athletes or health care professionals (Niedzielski & Kaźmierczak-Wojtaś, Citation2021). Social media users are particularly at risk, with for example, up to 49% of Instagram users exhibiting ON behaviors (Turner & Lefevre, Citation2017). Media (and social media in particular) play an important role in forming our body-related attitudes, food p2022. The public link was shared on special Internet communication platforms (i. e. Facebook groups dedicated to healthy lifestyle, more precisely, 8 groups). The purpose of this sharing was to disseminate the questionnaire among those who are especially interested in healthy lifestyle, such as healthy eating. In addition, only female members were invited in the survey. We focused on young women with special interest in a healthy lifestyle, in the hope of accessing those with a relatively high motivation to engage in healthy food choice. Since being Hungarian was part of the inclusion criteria (besides being a female), only Hungarian online platforms were chosen. Participation was voluntary and confidential, and participant’s informed consent was obtained. The study plan was approved by the Board of the of Education, University of Szeged (No. 6/2021), in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The convenience sample that was obtained, consisted of female young adults (N = 310; aged 18–35 years; mean age = 24. 3 years; SD = 4. 97 years). Since our sample is not a representative but a convenience sample, the number of total population is unknown. During the two-month-period, altogether 310 voluntary participants filled in the online quesionnaire. We applied the sample size calculator computing the minimum sample size to meet the desired statistical constraints, and our sample size proved acceptable with 95% CI and 5. 5% margin of error. Most participants lived in urban areas (32. 6% in the capital, Budapest and 54. 2% in other town, 13. 2% in villages); 41. 6% reported having a college or university degree, 53. 9% had a of Education, i. e. high school level, and only 4. 5% less; most of them considered themselves middle class (64. 2%) or upper-middle class (22,6%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings on the prevalence of orthorexic behavior among various age groups, specifically indicating that social media users, including young adults aged 18–35 years, are at risk. It highlights that the study focused on young women, but does not limit the discussion to teenagers alone, thus indicating that mental health issues related to social media affect a broader age range than just teenagers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: for the Bulletin of the of of Atmospheric and Journal of of of Journal of the and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and in Sign up Sign in Sign up for the Bulletin of the of of Atmospheric and Journal of of of Journal of the and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and 1. Introduction2. Methodology3. Results4. Concluding remarks 3555. Horel, J. D. , A. N. Hahmann, and J. E. Geisler, 1989: An investigation of the annual cycle of convective activity over the tropical Americas. J. Climate,2, 1388–1403. Jones, C. , 1990: An investigation of low-frequency variability of the large-scale circulation over South America. M. S. thesis, Department of Meteorology, University of Utah, 108 pp. ——, and J. D. Horel, 1991: High circulation and convective activity over (in Portuguese). Rev. Brasileira de Meteorologia,5-1, 379–387. ——, D. E. Waliser, J. E. Schemm, and W. K. Lau, 2000: Prediction skill of the Madden and in dynamical extended range weather forecasts. Climate Dyn. , in press. Kalnay, E. , and Coauthors, 1996: NCEP/NCAR 40-Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. ,77, 437–471. Lenters, J. D. , and K. H. Cook, 1999: Summertime precipitation variability over South America: Role of the large-scale circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev. ,127, 409–431. Liebmann, B. , G. N. Kiladis, J. A. Marengo, T. Ambrizzi, J. D. Glick, 1999: Submonthly convective variability over and the Convergence Zone. J. Climate,12, 1877–1891. Madden, R. A. , and P. R. Julian, 1994: Observations of the 40–50 day tropical oscillation: A review. Mon. Wea. Rev. ,122, 814–837. Nogues-Paegle J. , K. Mo, and J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about microclimates creating variations in weather; instead, it appears to be a collection of references and titles related to atmospheric studies without a coherent argument or relevant context regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Battery technology advancements are crucial for storing renewable energy efficiently. [SEP] Text: Worldwide renewable jobs have considerably increased and reached more than 11 million people in 2018. China was the largest followed by the EU, Brazil, the US, and India, as illustrated in Figure 1 which shows the number of jobs offered by renewable energy implementation reached to more than 11 Million jobs in 2018 [3]. Wind power installations sharply increased in recent years. The development and advancements in wind power generation systems were at high levels and shown worldwide interest. Figure 2 shows the global cumulative installed wind power capacity (MW) [4,5]. Reference [4] found that the accumulative installed wind power capacity reached 599 GW in 2018, and this has been increased by 7 % in 2019 to reach 645 GW [5]. Wind energy associated system technology development needs to be sustainable in order to support climate mitigation, economic benefits, and energy security [6]. Wind energy has a global technical potential five times the current global energy production (i. e. forty times the global electricity demand with the best-assumed scenario [7]. In this paper, it is aimed to the present status of renewables and specifically wind energy developments and to overlook the future of wind energy with the latest technology advancements. The research is to present the most promising technology i. e. the floating wind system as the future practical system for implementations. Fig. 1Jobs in renewable energy 2018 [3]. Fig. 2Global cumulative installed wind power capacity (MW) [4,5]. 2 Wind power to dominate power sector growth Different scenarios were outlined by the to suggest that wind energy systems could provide 20% of the global demand for electricity by 2030 [8]. As the targets state a completely decarbonised electricity supply before 2050, wind energy will have a major role on this target. 2110 GW generated capacity could be reached by 2030 which would be equivalent to 20% of the Global needs. It is expected to create more than 2. 4 million jobs with 3. 3 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions a year. An investment which reaches about €200 billion is expected within ten years [8]. This is to be supported by many key factors such as the dramatic decrease in the wind energy systems price which brightens the feasibility of the deployment of such systems which make it economically competitive. In addition, the recent advancement in those technologies and the developments in the smart grids could well be the new battery storage achievements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it mentions that recent advancements in technologies and developments in smart grids could contribute to new battery storage achievements. This indicates that improvements in battery technology are recognized as significant for enhancing the efficiency of renewable energy storage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: 41, p < 0. 001], social media addiction [r (310) = 0. 30, p < 0. 001] and regular sporting [r (310) = 0. 22, p < 0. 001]. They were negatively correlated with proactive coping [r (310) = −0. 27, p < 0. 001]. Social media addiction was also significantly correlated with the included subscales of EDI, but these coefficients were smaller than those with the ORTO scale. The correlation between social media addiction and proactive coping [r (310) = −0. 30, p < 0. 01] was negative. It is also worth mentioning that regular sporting behavior was positively associated with EDI_drive for thinness [r (310) = 0. 17, p < 0. 01] and proactive coping as well [r (310) = 0. 15, p < 0. 01]. Table 2. Pearson correlations for association between the study variables (N = 310). of on tendency using multiple linear regression analysisTable 3 displays results for multiple linear regression estimates of the ORTO-15 score (ON tendency). Among eating disorder attitudes, drive for thinness showed the strongest contribution to ON tendency (β = 0. 54, p < 0. 001). In addition, feeling of ineffectiveness (β = 0. 11, p < 0. 05) and maturity fears (β = 0. 09, p < 0. 05) were also positively associated with the ORTO-15 score. Besides, social media addiction (β = 0. 13, p < 0. 05) and regular sporting (β = 0. 13, p < 0. 01) were significant predictors. Finally, proactive coping and BMI did not prove to be significant contributors. All these variables explained approximately 57% of the total variation in ORTO-15 score. The reliability of the models was further examined with VIF (Factor) indices and tolerance values. The VIF values were all within acceptable range (below 2). Table 3. Multiple linear regression results with enter method for ON tendency among female young adults (N = 310). present study examined the role of drive for thinness, ineffectiveness, maturity fears (as eating disorder attitudes), social media addiction, proactive coping, regular sporting activity and BMI in ON tendency, among a sample of Hungarian young women who were especially interested in healthy lifestyle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study involving 'female young adults' (which could include individuals over the age of teenagers) and emphasizing the role of social media addiction as a predictor of mental health issues, suggesting that social media addiction and its effects are not exclusive to teenagers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Paegle, 1998: Predictability of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis model during austral summer. Mon. Wea. Rev. ,126, 3135–3152. Schemm, J. E. , H. Van den Dool, and S. Saha, 1996: A Multi-at NCEP. Preprints 11th Conf. on. Meteor. Soc. , 47–49. in gallery Fig. 1. Frequency response of Lanczos band-pass filters. The 30–70-day band is denoted intraseasonal type 1 (IS1), while variations of 10–30 days are designated intraseasonal type 2 (IS2). View in gallery Fig. 2. Mean geopotential height at 500 hPa (Z500) during austral summer (top). Contour interval is 20 m. Total standard deviation of Z500 (bottom). Contour interval is 5 m. View in gallery Fig. 3. Anomaly correlation between Z500 forecasts and verification fields. Skill is computed considering all days from the four austral summers during the DERF period. Skill is shown for 1, 4, 6, 8, and 11 days lead time. Correlations greater than 0. 50 are indicated by dark shading. View in gallery Fig. 4. (a) Mean outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) during austral summer (1 November–31 March). Contour interval is 5 W m−2 and shading indicates OLR is less than 220 W m−2. (b) Total OLR standard deviation during austral summer. Contour interval is 2. 5 W m−2 and shading indicates standard deviation greater than 20 W m−2. (c) Standard deviation of OLR anomalies for the IS1 type (30–70 days). Contour interval is 1. 0 W m−2 and shading indicates standard deviation greater than 10 W m−2. (d) Standard deviation of OLR anomalies for the IS2 type (10–30 days). Contour interval is 1. 0 W m−2 and shading indicates standard deviation greater than 15 W m−2. Region indicated with thick solid lines is used to characterize periods of strong (weak) convective activity over the (SACZ). View in gallery Fig. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding microclimates and weather variations, as it focuses on meteorological analysis and statistics without addressing microclimates or their impact on weather variability over short distances.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Battery technology advancements are crucial for storing renewable energy efficiently. [SEP] Text: for Incorporating a of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 Email: upadhya2@wisc. edu Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1115/1. 4052983 Published Online: December 14, 2021 0907. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJ. Energy Resour. Technol. A recent increase in the integration of renewable energy systems in existing power grids along with a lack of integrated dispatch models has led to waste in power produced. This paper presents a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization model for hybrid renewable-generator-plus-battery systems, with the objective of maximizing long-term profit. Prior studies have revealed that both high and low state of charge (SOC) of the battery is detrimental to its lifetime and results in reduced battery capacity over time. In addition, increased number of cycles of charge and discharge also causes capacity reduction. This paper models these two factors with a constraint relating capacity loss to the SOC and number of cycles completed by the battery. Loss in capacity is penalized in the objective function of the optimization model, thereby disincentivizing high and low SOCs and frequent cycling. A rolling time horizon optimization approach is used to overcome the computational difficulties of achieving global optimality within a long-term time horizon. By incorporating battery degradation, the model is capable of maximizing the profits from the power dispatch to the grid while also maximizing the life of the battery. This paper exercises the model within a case study using a sample photovoltaic system generation time series that considers multiple battery capacities. The results indicate that the optimal battery lifetime is extended in comparison to conventional models that ignore battery degradation in dispatch decisions. Finally, we analyze the relationship between battery operational decisions and the resultant capacity fade. Issue Section: Energy Storage/Systems Keywords: energy storage, energy systems analysis, optimization and control, simulation Topics: Batteries, Cycles, Optimization 1 energy technology continues to develop and improve, gradually reducing societal dependence on fossil fuels for electricity. The increased usage of renewable technologies has led to the manifestation of the so-called “duck curve” [1,2], which is a graph representing the progression of net electric power demand in the (CAISO) grid balancing area over time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of battery systems in optimizing renewable energy integration within power grids. It focuses on a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization model for hybrid renewable-generator-plus-battery systems, emphasizing how proper management of battery state of charge (SOC) and charge/discharge cycles can extend battery life and enhance the efficiency of energy storage. The findings presented indicate a direct connection between advancements in battery technology and improved renewable energy management, supporting the claim that such advancements are crucial for efficient energy storage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: Our finding on the positive association of BMI with drive for thinness and ineffectiveness suggests that evaluation of BMI can lead to dissatisfaction which may provide an effort to reach thinness (Piko et al. , Citation2022). In addition, those who were more passionately engaged in eating healthy food were also more prone to take physical activity regularly. Previous studies also reported that there was a close association between being physically active and ON tendencies, for example, among female athletes (Rudolph, Citation2018). Overall, different aspects of health behavior often overlap, such as diet control, sport and avoidance of harmful habits and form a concept of healthy lifestyle in which drive for thinness can play a decisive role. By way of definition, ON is based on obsession rather than a controlling behavior (Bratman & Knight, Citation2000; Moroze et al. , Citation2015; Ryman et al. , Citation2019). Not surprisingly, in our study there was a relationship between ON tendency and social media addiction. Other studies also found a higher occurrence of ON among those who overused social media compared to the average population (Turner & Lefevre, Citation2017). Social networking sites can strengthen attitudes toward healthy lifestyle, showing pictures of healthy and ideal (thin) bodies or giving advice on slimming and health practices (Saunders & Eaton, Citation2018). Social media addiction also contains the element of obsession, e. g. feeling an urge to use social media more and more, or trying to cut down on the use of social media without success (Bányai et al. , Citation2017; Piko et al. , Citation2022). All these findings suggest that ON tendency can be viewed as a type of behavioral addiction. These findings suggest that orthorexic tendencies may often go together with other psychological or social problems; in this case, psychological help could be necessary. The negative correlation with proactive coping or the positive association with maturity fears and ineffectiveness support the presence of psychological problems behind the orthorexic symptoms. Previous studies reported ambiguous results regarding self-concept: while in several studies lower self-esteem predicted ON (Bóna et al. , Citation2021; Yılmaz & Dundar, Citation2022), in another study ON was not related to self-esteem (Brytek-Matera et al. , Citation2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relationship between orthorexic tendencies, social media addiction, and mental health issues. It implies that social media addiction is not limited to teenagers, as it mentions studies showing a higher occurrence of orthorexic tendencies among those who overuse social media compared to the average population. Therefore, the text suggests that individuals beyond just teenagers may experience mental health issues due to social media, thus refuting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Distribution of events (in pentads) selected according to the type of intraseasonal variability: 30–70 days (IS1; top) and 10–30 days (IS2; bottom). Events are selected when the magnitudes of the OLR anomalies averaged over the SACZ domain are less than 0. 8 standard deviation (IS1 neg; IS2 neg), greater than 0. 8 standard deviation (IS1 pos; IS2 pos) and between ±0. 3 standard deviation (IS1 null; IS2 null). Numbers of events are displayed for each austral summer (S 85–86; S 86–87; S 87–88; S 88–89). Total number of pentads for each type of intraseasonal variability is indicated in parenthesis. View in gallery Fig. 6. Anomaly correlation between forecasts of Z500 and reanalysis averaged over the SACZ (top) and region (40°S–20°N; 90°–20°W) (bottom). Plots on the left are for IS1 type, while plots on the right are for IS2 type. Dashed, dotted, and solid lines indicate positive, negative, and null cases, respectively. Horizontal axis indicates lead time in days. View in gallery Fig. 7. Root-mean-square (rms) errors between forecasts of Z500 and reanalysis averaged over the SACZ (top) and region (40°S–20°N; 90°–20°W) (bottom). Plots on the left are for IS1 type, while plots on the right are for IS2 type. Dashed, dotted, and solid lines indicate positive, negative, and null cases, respectively. Horizontal axis indicates lead time in days. raw image Fig. 1. Frequency response of Lanczos band-pass filters. The 30–70-day band is denoted intraseasonal type 1 (IS1), while variations of 10–30 days are designated intraseasonal type 2 (IS2). View raw image Fig. 2. Mean geopotential height at 500 hPa (Z500) during austral summer (top). Contour interval is 20 m. Total standard deviation of Z500 (bottom). Contour interval is 5 m. View raw image Fig. 3. Anomaly correlation between Z500 forecasts and verification fields. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the distribution of intraseasonal variability events and provides technical details about forecasts and anomaly correlations without addressing the concept of microclimates or their effects on weather variations over short distances.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Battery technology advancements are crucial for storing renewable energy efficiently. [SEP] Text: Initially, when the use of renewable energy was almost negligible, the curve (Fig. 1) shows energy demand that is lower during the night and which gradually increases as the day progresses (as seen in year 2012). As the use of renewable energy—mainly solar and wind—has increased, a mid-day dip in the net energy demand on the grid has appeared. This leaves dispatchable electricity production plants with a challenge. Grid operators are increasingly forced to curtail solar power production during midday, since conventional plants (for example, those run by fossil fuels) cannot always be rapidly stopped and started to accommodate the excess solar energy produced. This, in turn, has led to the wastage of solar energy and highlights the need to better integrate variable renewables in the grid planning in order to maximize the use of renewable power generation. Fig. 1View largeDownload slideDuck curve showing electric power demand from years 2012 to 2020 [1]Fig. 1View largeDownload slideDuck curve showing electric power demand from years 2012 to 2020 [1] Close modal One path for accommodating variable renewables is adoption of hybrid systems comprised of a renewable generator—such as wind or PV—alongside a battery storage system which is controlled by a dispatch optimization model [3]. Such systems are of increasing interest commercially, yet are not well understood from a lifetime optimization perspective. In light of this, we develop an optimization model for PV-plus-battery hybrid systems that accounts for degradation of the battery and optimizes its use, thereby extending its life. This is accomplished with a novel, rolling time horizon, optimization model developed using the Pyomo optimization toolkit. A constraint characterizing capacity degradation of the battery with respect to certain key parameters is developed. The model maximizes revenues from electricity sales while also accounting for loss due to battery degradation, ensuring the most cost-effective usage of the battery. Battery degradation is strongly dependent on the number of cycles incurred over time. Battery cycling occurs when a charge or discharge (CD) sequence occurs, and there are several ways to count the number of cycles in a time horizon of interest. This paper compares the accurate, but algorithmically complex, “rainflow algorithm” for counting CD cycles with a more conventional cycle counting method. As described below, this study concludes that the difference in results between the two methods is small at 0. 044% of total capacity over a period of 1 year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the importance of hybrid systems that combine renewable generators with battery storage systems. It notes that as the use of renewable energy increases, challenges arise in electricity production that can lead to wastage, indicating a need for effective integration of renewable energy sources. The development of optimization models for battery usage in PV-plus-battery systems highlights advancements in battery technology, which are crucial for efficiently storing and maximizing the use of renewable energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: A second strength was that we analyzed the relationship of ON tendency with psychological background variables without pathologizing ON symptoms which can be useful in prevention of eating disorders. However, we should also note some limitations here. The cross-sectional study design does not allow us to infer cause-and effect relationships. Further, due to the specific cultural context, the generalizability of our findings may be limited across cultures. Norms and beliefs among women regarding desired body habitus and body image differ across cultures, and we should take this into account when interpreting research results on disordered eating. Finally, we have applied a scale for measuring social media addiction in general and not addiction to a given social media platform (e. g. Instagram or TikTok); a more specific addiction scale would be a better choice to explore its role in ON. In future studies more psychological variables could be included, e. g. coping strategies, anxiety or depression. While we included only females in our sample, future studies could include males as well in order to map sex differences in predictors of ON tendencies. Future studies should also be focused on coping strategies of those with elevated orthorexic tendency (e. g. stress management, social support, adaptive vs. inadaptive coping). We should also include other psychological variables, such as mental health (anxiety, depression, life satisfaction). ConclusionOverall, our findings suggest that for young women with a special interest in healthy lifestyle, drive for thinness together with regular sporting, ON tendency may be serving as a behavior for achieving their goal. In addition, they are more prone to social media addiction which together with other psychological health problems (such as a feeling of ineffectiveness or maturity fears) may also contribute to ON tendency. We really think that orthorexic tendency cannot be diagnosed as a medical disorder without using diagnostic criteria from the Diagnostic and 5-TR. However, identification of ON tendencies may be used to identify those individuals predisposed to develop eating disorders in certain cases. Namely, ON behavior can act as a risk factor for disordered eating and eating disorders, together with other psychological problems. As a practical implication, it would be really useful to provide more information on social media platform to the public audience on the risks of ON in relation to healthy lifestyle to avoid eating disorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing mental health issues related to social media addiction and orthorexic tendencies specifically in young women, but implies that these issues are not exclusive to teenagers. It suggests that coping strategies and psychological problems associated with social media can affect individuals beyond just teenagers, as it mentions future studies could include males and other psychological variables. This indicates a broader demographic potentially affected by mental health issues related to social media.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Skill is computed considering all days from the four austral summers during the DERF period. Skill is shown for 1, 4, 6, 8, and 11 days lead time. Correlations greater than 0. 50 are indicated by dark shading. View raw image Fig. 4. (a) Mean outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) during austral summer (1 November–31 March). Contour interval is 5 W m−2 and shading indicates OLR is less than 220 W m−2. (b) Total OLR standard deviation during austral summer. Contour interval is 2. 5 W m−2 and shading indicates standard deviation greater than 20 W m−2. (c) Standard deviation of OLR anomalies for the IS1 type (30–70 days). Contour interval is 1. 0 W m−2 and shading indicates standard deviation greater than 10 W m−2. (d) Standard deviation of OLR anomalies for the IS2 type (10–30 days). Contour interval is 1. 0 W m−2 and shading indicates standard deviation greater than 15 W m−2. Region indicated with thick solid lines is used to characterize periods of strong (weak) convective activity over the (SACZ). View raw image Fig. 5. Distribution of events (in pentads) selected according to the type of intraseasonal variability: 30–70 days (IS1; top) and 10–30 days (IS2; bottom). Events are selected when the magnitudes of the OLR anomalies averaged over the SACZ domain are less than 0. 8 standard deviation (IS1 neg; IS2 neg), greater than 0. 8 standard deviation (IS1 pos; IS2 pos) and between ±0. 3 standard deviation (IS1 null; IS2 null). Numbers of events are displayed for each austral summer (S 85–86; S 86–87; S 87–88; S 88–89). Total number of pentads for each type of intraseasonal variability is indicated in parenthesis. View raw image Fig. 6. Anomaly correlation between forecasts of Z500 and reanalysis averaged over the SACZ (top) and region (40°S–20°N; 90°–20°W) (bottom). Plots on the left are for IS1 type, while plots on the right are for IS2 type. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about microclimates and their impact on weather variation. It focuses on specific meteorological metrics such as outgoing longwave radiation and intraseasonal variability without linking to the concept of microclimates or short-distance weather variations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Battery technology advancements are crucial for storing renewable energy efficiently. [SEP] Text: This apparently insignificant difference allows us to approach formulating the optimization model using the conventional cycle counting algorithm, thereby reducing computational time and avoiding the algorithmic difficulties accompanying the rainflow algorithm. We note that the validity of this assumption was only demonstrated for the application under study of utility-scale energy arbitrage. 1. 1 Literature Review. When designing any power system with storage, one area of high investment cost is the battery system [4]. Lithium-ion batteries are emerging as a commonly used grid-scale storage technology due to their favorable energy density, extended cycle life, and capability of operating over a large temperature range [5]. However, with extended usage, the batteries undergo a reduction in capacity and increase in internal resistance [6–9]. Therefore, a large amount of effort is being devoted to developing techniques to understand and reduce the degradation of batteries, thereby extending their lifetime. One of two fundamental approaches are used to understand the degradation of batteries: the theoretical method and the empirical method. The theoretical method explores the internal structure of the battery. Herein, aging of the battery has been associated with side reactions occurring between the electrolyte and the electrodes [10–12]. Degradation due to cycling is correlated to the fatigue of the solid electrolyte interphase layer due to the intercalation and de-intercalation of lithium in the graphite active material [13]. Empirical methods, on the other hand, correlate battery operation parameters such as the depth of discharge (DOD) and state of charge (SOC) of the battery to the degradation of the battery [14–17]. However, operational-level observations do not offer a sufficient amount of information to provide a linkage to the molecular-level degradation of lithium-ion batteries [13,18]. Due to this lack of translatability between the two concepts, the empirical method is often used when designing optimization models for power systems. For the purpose of this paper, the empirical basis is adopted, and several key regression parameters are studied and considered in the formulation of the optimization model. Battery degradation is characterized using two primary categories: calendar aging and cyclic aging. Calendar aging describes loss in battery capacity over time due to any process that is independent of the act of charging or discharging the battery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of battery systems in power storage, specifically mentioning lithium-ion batteries as a commonly used technology for grid-scale storage. It highlights that large investments in power systems are linked to battery systems and also details research on extending the batteries' lifetime, which is pertinent for efficient energy storage. The mention of optimization models for power systems further supports the significance of advancements in battery technology for renewable energy storage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Battery technology advancements are crucial for storing renewable energy efficiently. [SEP] Text: , Arvesen, A. , Suh, S. ,. , Vega, M. I. , and Shi, L. , 2015, “Integrated Life-of Electricity-of low-Carbon Technologies,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , 112(20), 6282. 61. Richardson, D. B. , 2013, “and the Electric Grid: A Review of Modeling Approaches, Impacts, and Integration,” Energy Rev. , 19, 254. 62. Akorede, M. F. , Hizam, H. , and Pouresmaeil, E. , 2010, “Resources and Benefits to the Environment,” Energy Rev. , 14(2), 734. 63. Paliwal, P. , Patidar, N. P. , and Nema, R. K. , 2014, “Planning of Distributed Generators: A Review of Technology, Objectives and Techniques,” Energy Rev. , 40, 570. 64. Upendra Roy, B. P. , and Rengarajan, N. , 2017, “of an System for System in Islanding Mode,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol. , 139(1), p. 011901. 65. Zhang, G. , Xiao, C. , and Razmjooy, N. , 2022, “Strategy of Hybrid PV/: A Case Study,” Int. J. Ambient Energy, 43(1), 3966. 66. Shin, W. , Han, J. , and Rhee, W. , 2021, “AI-Assistance for of Systems,” Energy, 221, p. 119775. 67. . , Zawbaa, H. M. , Kumar, N. , and Kamel, S. , 2022, “Management of in Smart Grids: A Survey on Strategies, Challenges, Modeling, and Optimization,” Energy Rep. , 8, 2490. 68. Feng, C. , Liu, Y. , and Zhang, J. , 2021, “A on to ” Int. J. Electr. Syst. , 132, p. 107176. 69. Kuo, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding battery technology advancements and their importance for storing renewable energy efficiently. Instead, it consists primarily of citations of various academic works on related energy topics without providing specific arguments or evidence that would support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Dashed, dotted, and solid lines indicate positive, negative, and null cases, respectively. Horizontal axis indicates lead time in days. View raw image Fig. 7. Root-mean-square (rms) errors between forecasts of Z500 and reanalysis averaged over the SACZ (top) and region (40°S–20°N; 90°–20°W) (bottom). Plots on the left are for IS1 type, while plots on the right are for IS2 type. Dashed, dotted, and solid lines indicate positive, negative, and null cases, respectively. Horizontal axis indicates lead time in days. 30 Views 0 0 0 Views 235 105 4 PDF Downloads 104 28 4 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Previous 10. 1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0486:>2. 0. CO;2 Page(s): 486–494 3060. Email: cjones@icess. ucsb. edu author address: Dr. Charles Jones, Institute for (ICESS), University of 93106-3060. Email: cjones@icess. ucsb. edu 1. IntroductionThe climatology of the large-scale circulation over shows intense convective activity during the austral summer, especially over the Amazon basin. Many previous studies have demonstrated that associated with the region of deep cumulus convection and intense precipitation, there is an upper-level anticyclone, the Bolivian high, and a downstream trough over northeast Brazil (Horel et al. 1989; Jones 1990; Lenters and Cook 1999). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding microclimates and their impact on weather variations over short distances. Instead, it discusses meteorological data and other unrelated elements, including convective activity and upper-level anticyclones. Therefore, it is not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Battery technology advancements are crucial for storing renewable energy efficiently. [SEP] Text: 9View largeDownload slideBattery profile generated for the model and capacity fade of the battery for every cycle charge/discharge of the battery of initial capacity 1,500 kwh Close modal Upon comparing the two models, it is seen that the dispatch model with battery optimization improves battery life. In the following calculations, it is assumed that 80% capacity is the EOL of the battery. The battery degradation for a period of one year for the model with battery optimization is 2. 99%, whereas without battery optimization is 3. 022%. These observed values are similar, and the model including battery lifetime optimization exhibits higher than expected degradation. Figure 10 illustrates that the battery SOC profile for the model with battery lifetime optimization significantly differs from the model without battery lifetime optimization. For example, the battery lifetime optimization model avoids large jumps in SOC in a single half cycle, but to do so, it also increases the total number of cycles that the battery experiences. Prior studies indicate that avoiding high and low SOC’s increase the life of the battery, which is reflected in the results. On the other hand, the increase in number of cycles completed reduces the life of the battery. This could suggest that the number of cycles plays a more significant role in determining the battery life, than suggested in the constraint used to calculate the battery degradation. Further research must be conducted to characterize the relationship of the SOC and number of cycles with the battery capacity. This can then be translated into the battery optimization model to improve the life of the battery. Fig. 10View largeDownload slideComparison of the battery profile generated from the dispatch model with battery optimization and without battery optimizationFig. 10View largeDownload slideComparison of the battery profile generated from the dispatch model with battery optimization and without battery optimization Close modal 4 paper develops a hybrid renewable generator optimization model with integrated battery optimization. This is done using mixed-integer nonlinear optimization on Pyomo. Various parameters affecting the cyclic aging of the battery are studied and it is shown that high and low SOC, as well increased number of cycles caused degradation of the battery. Therefore, an equation characterizing the capacity degradation of the battery in terms of these parameters (SOC and number of cycles) is developed and used in the battery optimization model. By doing so, the model ensures a more cost-effective use of the battery, thereby extending the expected lifetime of the battery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how advancements in battery optimization lead to more effective battery use, which in turn extends expected battery lifetime. It details research on the importance of state of charge (SOC) management and cycle count in battery degradation, suggesting that optimizing these factors can improve the efficiency of batteries used in renewable energy systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps decrease carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Although the main carbon source is fossil fuels in the near-term (Supplementary Fig. 8), carbon flow in 2050 considerably varies among our three scenarios. In the 1. 5C-CDR scenario, carbon sources remain largely dependent on fossil fuels, with a nearly equal amount sequestered in underground storage to meet net-zero emissions for the energy sector. The 1. 5C-DEC scenario shows the smallest carbon flows both from the atmosphere and fossil fuels, based on the underlying assumption of decarbonization. In contrast to these two scenarios, 1. 5C-CCU uses carbon from the atmosphere, which is mostly converted into synfuels that eventually return the atmosphere. Consequently, the total carbon uptake of the energy system in 1. 5C-CCU is almost twofold greater than the uptake in 1. 5C-DEC, although its dependence on fossil fuel resources is smallest among the three scenarios. Economic implications Figure 4a compares cumulative additional energy system costs from 2021 to 2050. Under the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, these costs constitute approximately 2. 1% of gross domestic product (GDP); this value is almost twofold greater than the costs in the 1. 5C-DEC and 1. 5C-CDR scenarios (1. 3% and 1. 2%, respectively). The 1. 5C-CCU scenario involves higher carbon prices relative to the other scenarios, exceeding 1,000 US$ t-CO2 − 1 in 2050; the 1. 5C-DEC and 1. 5C-CDR scenarios have carbon prices near 800 and 400 US$ t-CO2 − 1, respectively (Fig. 4b, Supplementary Fig. 9a-b). According to sensitivity scenario analysis, despite the optimistic assumptions concerning key technology options (AdvTech) reduce cumulative energy system costs and the carbon price of the 1. 5C-CCU scenario to approximately 1. 6% of GDP and 800 US$ t-CO2 − 1 in 2050, these costs remain higher than in the 1. 5C-DEC and 1. 5C-CDR scenarios because decreases in the costs of solar and wind power occur in those scenarios. This comparison highlights the economic challenges of the CCU scenario compared with other mitigation options. The mitigation cost increase in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario is associated with the synfuel production cost. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that in the various scenarios presented, carbon sources remain largely dependent on fossil fuels. Specifically, in the '1.5C-CDR' scenario, the energy sector continues to rely heavily on fossil fuels, while the '1.5C-DEC' scenario demonstrates a smaller carbon flow but still has underlying reliance on fossil fuels. The '1.5C-CCU' scenario, although it has the least dependence on fossil fuels among the three, still utilizes synfuels derived from atmospheric carbon. Overall, the various scenarios demonstrate an ongoing dependency on fossil fuels, which challenges the idea that renewable energy effectively reduces reliance on them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the weakening of the SACZ is related to suppressed convection in the central Pacific but enhanced convective activity in the western and eastern Pacific. The different behavior in the predictability during strong versus weak SACZ events deserves additional investigation. The purpose of this note is to further motivate research on the influence of intraseasonal variations in the predictive skill over the SACZ. As is pointed out above, the SACZ exhibits a wide range of intraseasonal variability. Therefore, this study considers the errors in numerical weather forecasts in for two types of variations: 30–70 days and 10–30 days. The former is directly related to the MJO, while the latter is still intraseasonal but not necessarily linked to the 30–60-day oscillation. 2. MethodologyIn this study we use results from the recent (DERF) experiment concluded with the reanalysis version of the Forecast (MRF) model (Schemm et al. 1996; see also Jones et al. 1998). The present DERF experiment includes 50-day forecasts, initialized once a day (0000 UTC) with reanalyses fields, and covering the 5-yr period from 1 January 1985 to 31 December 1989. In the present version of the DERF forecast runs, the sea surface temperature (SST) is damped from its initial observed values to climatology using a 90-day e-folding time. The reanalysis version of the MRF model is identical to the NCEP global operational model of 1996, except the horizontal spectral resolution is reduced to T62 (equivalent to 210 km) (Kalnay et al. 1996). The NCEP–NCAR reanalysis fields at 0000 UTC are used for forecast verification and we limit our discussion to errors in 500-hPa geopotential height (Z500) in the austral summer (1 November–31 March; 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, and 1988–89). Time filtering was applied to verification and forecast fields in order to compute anomalies from the annual cycle, which was determined by averaging the 5 yr of reanalysis and computing the first two harmonics. The annual cycle constructed with the mean and first two harmonics was then subtracted from the time series of Z500. No other filtering is applied to the forecasts and reanalysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed discussion about the SACZ and its impact on convective activity and predictive skill but does not address the concept of microclimates or variations in weather over short distances. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Battery technology advancements are crucial for storing renewable energy efficiently. [SEP] Text: The paper also compares the rainflow algorithm to a conventional cycle counting method to determine whether a simpler algorithm is appropriate to analyze the battery profile in the model. We observe that the two cycle counting methods predict a difference of 0. 044% in battery degradation for a time period of one year. This value being negligible, we conclude that the conventional cycle counting method can be adopted in the decision optimization model, thereby eliminating the computational difficulties involved with the rainflow algorithm. This work opens the possibility of a broad range of future work that builds on several different areas. Primarily, the number of time-steps in a horizon must be studied to determine the point of convergence in the objective function. Second, improvements can be made to reduce the computational time of the model for time horizons with larger numbers of time-steps. One of the dominant reasons for increased computational time is the presence of two-dimensional variables. One avenue for reducing the number of decision variables – and thereby the required computational time – is to prune the set (T^) associated with the two-dimensional variables. One method to accomplish this would be to reduce the duration of time over which a half-cycle can occur within a horizon. Rather than searching through every t,t^ combinations to locate a complete half-cycle, smaller windows of time (based on average half-cycle duration) may be searched. In addition to this, more work is being done to better characterize the non-linear nature of the battery degradation relationship. It is proposed that a multiplication factor be introduced to vary the slope of the degradation relationship as the number of cycles of use increase. This multiplier would be updated at every update period, providing a long-term adjustment to the rate of degradation. Finally, efforts can be taken to incorporate temperature into the battery degradation relationship. This requires an additional parameter that defines the degradation of the battery due to temperature at every time step and this could be added to the equation evaluating battery degradation. With the increased usage of renewable energy systems that are accompanied by energy storage, the necessity of battery optimization models has been greatly amplified. The results in this paper establish the effectiveness and the importance of such models in improving the life of the battery and ensuring its efficient use, in addition to maximizing profits. Conflict of are no conflicts of interest. datasets generated and supporting the findings of this 1. Denholm, P. , O’Connell, M. , Brinkman, G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of battery optimization models in the context of increased usage of renewable energy systems. It states that 'the necessity of battery optimization models has been greatly amplified' due to renewable energy systems, thereby reinforcing the claim that advancements in battery technology are essential for efficiently storing renewable energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps decrease carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: This finding emphasizes the advantages of the CCU-based scenario, which could help to avoid drastic changes in demand-side technology, infrastructure, and lifestyle without dependence on CDR and bioenergy. The CCU scenario could reduce the lock-in and stranded asset risks of hydrocarbon-based energy demand technologies and infrastructure (e. g. , internal combustion engine vehicles and natural gas pipelines31–33). Second, despite moderate demand-side technological changes, the CCU scenario requires dramatic transformations in energy supply sectors, including the upscaling of hydrogen generation and non-biomass renewable energy supply mainly from solar and wind power; these transformations generally exceed the ranges of the AR6 scenarios. Moreover, the CCU scenario requires large-scale deployment of DAC, reaching approximately 10 Gt-CO2 per year. Despite the decreases in solar and wind costs in recent years, along with advances in DAC technology, additional technological developments and associated policy supports are needed to support the energy supply transformation in the CCU scenario. Third, the CCU scenario exhibits unique characteristics in terms of carbon flow associated with energy systems. Whereas the representative mitigation pathways in AR6 are generally characterized by decarbonization of energy systems through the reduction of energy demand or use of renewables (i. e. , carbon usage itself is diminished), the CCU scenario depends on hydrocarbon energy carriers; its dependence on fossil fuels and bioenergy is the smallest among the three scenarios. This characteristic may affect the commonly used concept of decarbonization because decarbonization is generally regarded as an emissions reduction approach almost equal to fossil fuel usage, whereas the energy system in our CCU scenario heavily relies on carbon that is released into the atmosphere. Fourth, the CCU scenario involves increases in mitigation costs that almost double energy system costs relative to other scenarios, mainly because of additional investment in synfuel supply. Although technological development and cost decreases in key energy technologies (e. g. , solar, wind, hydrogen, and synfuel production, as well as DAC) could contribute to the reduction of synfuel production costs, direct electrification is generally a more attractive option in terms of cost. The CCU scenario has multiple implications for future climate policies and mitigation scenario assessments. First, the model results indicate that CCU-oriented scenarios are possible solely under specific conditions that include limited availability of demand-side electrification, CDR, and bioenergy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the CCU scenario, which is focused on carbon capture and utilization (CCU), still involves a significant reliance on fossil fuels and hydrocarbon energy carriers. It points out that the CCU scenario's dependence on fossil fuels is the smallest among the evaluated scenarios, but it still exists. Additionally, while the CCU scenario requires substantial transformations towards renewable energy, it also suggests that decarbonization may not align with traditional definitions of emissions reduction, as it acknowledges continued reliance on carbon released into the atmosphere.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Intraseasonal convective activity over the SACZ is selected according to the magnitude of OLR anomalies. Pentads of OLR were obtained from NCEP from 1–5 January 1979 through 27–31 December 1996. To obtain intraseasonal anomalies, two Lanczos band-pass filters with 49 weights were applied to the OLR pentads [see Jones et al. (2000) for details on time filtering]. Figure 1 shows the frequency responses of the two band-pass filters: 30–70 days and 10–30 days. The first band is denoted here as intraseasonal type 1 (IS1), while the second is intraseasonal type 2 (IS2). 3. ResultsBefore examining the skill of the MRF model over the SACZ region for each band of intraseasonal variations, it is instructive to discuss the mean summertime Z500 and the standard deviation fields (Fig. 2). The mean Z500 (top) indicates a midtroposphere maximum associated with the Bolivian high and strong horizontal gradients in subtropical and middle latitudes of South America. The total standard deviation in Z500 (bottom) shows, as expected, small magnitudes near the equatorial region and increasing variability toward the midlatitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Anomaly correlations between Z500 forecasts and verification fields for all days during the four summer seasons were computed for 1–20 days lead time (Fig. 3). The MRF model shows higher skill (correlations greater than 0. 7 for 1 day lead time) in a narrow band over subtropical South America. Note that near the equatorial region the skill is less and progressively breaks down toward higher latitudes as the lead time increases. These results can be compared to the errors in the forecasts for each IS1 and IS2 band discussed next. Figure 4a displays the mean OLR during the austral summer and Fig. 4b shows the total standard deviation (i. e. , variations greater than two pentads and shorter than the seasonal average). Although the lowest values of OLR, indicative of strong tropical convection, are observed over the Amazon basin, the largest variability is found over eastern South America. The standard deviations of OLR anomalies (OLRA) in the 30–70 days and 10–30 days are shown in Figs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the concept of microclimates or variations in weather over short distances. Instead, it discusses intraseasonal convective activity and other meteorological phenomena without relating to local variations in weather patterns that would support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps decrease carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2050486/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractExisting climate change mitigation scenarios for attaining the 1. 5°C goal generally phase out hydrocarbon use through decarbonization of the energy system to eliminate fossil fuel usage. However, they require rapid changes in energy-demand technologies and human behaviors or extensive reliance on bioenergy for carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) presumably could support to alter such energy systems, considering recent technological advancements in direct air capture (DAC) and renewable-based hydrogen. Here, we developed a CCU-based scenario under the 1. 5°C climate goal using a global energy system model. In the scenario where CCU is mainly introduced by limiting demand-side electrification, bioenergy, and -based synthetic fuel reaches 30% of global energy demand to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. In contrast to existing 1. 5°C scenarios, this CCU scenario is characterized by greater availability of hydrocarbons in energy demand, reaching 280 EJ in 2050, whereas fossil fuel and bioenergy supplies decrease to 60 EJ and 100 EJ, respectively. Despite moderate demand-side electrification, this scenario involves rapid upscaling of renewable energy and DAC, which reach 600 EJ and 10 Gt-CO2 per year by 2050, respectively. While the CCU-based scenario involves multiple challenges on energy supply transformation and associated energy investments, it provides an alternative mitigation option that considers the difficulties in rapid demand-side changes and the risks of bioenergy and CDR. Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Climate-change mitigationEarth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Climate-change policyEarth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Socioeconomic scenariosFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Main TextClimate change mitigation scenarios in the context of the 1. 5°C goal of the require accelerated emissions reductions or depend on large-scale net-negative emissions in the second half of this century1. (AR6)2 of the on (IPCC) presented a wide range of mitigation scenarios and corresponding future energy systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that existing climate change mitigation scenarios, which aim to achieve the 1.5°C goal, phase out hydrocarbon use through decarbonization of the energy system. It emphasizes the role of renewable energy and carbon capture technologies in reducing reliance on fossil fuels and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. The mention of an increase in renewable energy production to 600 EJ and a carbon capture rate of 10 Gt-CO2 per year by 2050 strengthens the argument that renewable energy initiatives contribute to decreasing carbon emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps decrease carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Our finding is unsurprising since is one of the swiftest-budding economies in the universe. This economic expansion (which is energy-intensive growth) results in increased energy utilisation due to increased industrial activity, leading to a surge in CO2Es, making one of the leading CO2 dischargers globally. Main sectors in South Africa, such as manufacturing, construction, energy production, and mining, heavily depend on conventional energy sources, such as fossil fuels, for energy, which are responsible for higher CO2Es per unit of economic output. Infrastructure growth damages the environment's quality. Massive investment in infrastructure development, such as constructing roads and buildings, leads to higher carbon emissions in South Africa. Economic growth has increased the transport requirements in since the mobility of goods and people has increased. Airplanes, ships, and vehicles burn fossil fuels and emit CO2. Additionally, South Africa's economic growth-driven consumption patterns are characterized by high energy consumption levels and high carbon emissions. Further, due to the need for more strict environmental regulations and the expansion of export-oriented industries that prioritise production efficiency and competitiveness over environmental considerations, economic growth is continuing unrestrained, leading to higher carbon emissions. South Africa’s high CO2Es are primarily a result of its dependence on coal energy for electricity production and other industrial processes. It has been indicated that, in 2022, produced more than 400 million metric tons of CO2Es from fossil fuel burning and industrial purposes. Even though renewable energy sources have been expanding, swift economic growth has outpaced the transition to cleaner production sources in South Africa, resulting in a net increase in CO2Es. Nevertheless, our discovery contradicts the findings of Mujtaba et al. (2022), Mehmood (2021), and Mehmood and Mansoor (2021), who discovered that economic growth reduces CO2Es. Expectedly, the research outcomes show that fossil energy consumption and CO2Es are positively associated. The implication here is that fossil energy utilisation in is an obstruction to environmental sustainability. South Africa’s energy sources depend heavily on fossil fuels (mainly coal and oil), which causes environmental damage. Additionally, coal-powered electricity manufacturing plants supply electricity to South Africa's energy-intensive heavy industries. As these industries modernise and expand, their demand for fossil energy rises, resulting in higher carbon emissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how South Africa's economic growth, which is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, is leading to increased carbon emissions. It states that despite some expansion in renewable energy sources, the overall reliance on fossil fuels, particularly coal, for electricity and industrial processes results in a net increase in CO2 emissions. This indicates that rather than reducing reliance on fossil fuels, the current trajectory of economic growth is exacerbating the situation with regards to carbon emissions.