Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Considering that simple transcriptional feedback loops like those described above would normally lead to mRNA oscillations with a period much smaller than 24 hours, other mechanisms have been added onto this simple loop model to permit a slowing down and delay of its progression that create a coordinated molecular cycle approximating the 24 hours environmental period. These mechanisms act at different levels involving post-transcriptional processing of the mRNAs, translation, post-translational processing of the proteins and nuclear translocation [46 - 48]. Each of these can individually contribute to introduce the delay between the activation and repression of transcription that is required to keep the period at ~24 hours. The post-translational modifications regulating the circadian clock include acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation. In terms of phosphorylation, Casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1ε) and Casein kinase 1 delta (CK1ε and CK1δ), 2 (CKII), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are critical factors that regulate the core circadian protein turnover. It has been shown that mutations in CK1ε and CK1δ result in altered kinase activities and cause shorter circadian periods in mammals [49]. BMAL1 and CRYs are reported to be the targets of CKIε [50]. 2 (CKII) is one of the more recent kinases identified as a clock component in N. crassa [51,52] and D. melanogaster. [53 - 55] but its role in regulation of mammalian clock has yet to be clarified. Changes in GSK3 activity have been reported to alter period length in mammalian cells [56]. The targets of GSK3 in mammals might be the PER proteins (PER phosphorylation by GSK3 might prevent nuclear entry of PER proteins), REV-ERBα [57] and/or CRY2 (for which phosphorylation might control CRY2 degradation at the end of night) [58]. Recently, the nutrient-responsive AMPK has been found to regulate circadian clock by phosphorylation and destabilization of the clock component CRY1 [59]. Also, AMPKγ3 subunit is found to be involved in the regulation of peripheral circadian clock function [60]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various mechanisms that regulate circadian rhythms, including post-translational modifications of circadian proteins, highlighting the role of phosphorylation in circadian clock regulation. It mentions specific proteins, such as Casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1ε), which is reported to be involved with CRYs, and how AMPK regulates the clock component CRY1. This indicates that light-sensitive proteins are indeed part of the regulatory network for circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available.Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: As a result, periodic table descriptors and machine learning can be used together to decipher features of unknown compounds and predict compounds that are similar. File 1: Detailed information regarding heavy metals at different concentrations. Format: XLSX Size: 45. 7 KB This study was funded by of (ICMR), New Delhi, in the form of a Fellowship to JR. SP acknowledges AICTE (Council for Technical Education), for financial assistance. 0332. doi:10. 1016/j. mtchem. 2020. 100332 Return to citation in text: [1] Roy, J. ; Roy, K. Environ. Sci. : Nano 2021, 8, 3395–3407. doi:10. 1039/d1en00733e Return to citation in text: [1] Chong, M. N. ; Tneu, Z. Y. ; Poh, P. E. ; Jin, B. ; Aryal, R. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 2015, 50, 288–296. doi:10. 1016/j. jtice. 2014. 12. 013 Return to citation in text: [1] Aruoja, V. ; Dubourguier, H. -C. ; Kasemets, K. ; Kahru, A. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407, 1461–1468. doi:10. 1016/j. scitotenv. 2008. 10. 053 Return to citation in text: [1] Qi, Y. ; Xiang, B. ; Zhang, J. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2017, 172, 34–43. doi:10. 1016/j. solmat. 2017. 07. 017 Return to citation in text: [1] Zhang, Y. ; Tang, Z. -R. ; Fu, X. ; Xu, Y. -J. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 7303–7314. doi:10. 1021/nn1024219 Return to citation in text: [1] Xu, X. ; Li, Y. ; Wang, Y. ; Wang, Y. Toxicol. 2011, 25, 294–300. doi:10. 1016/j. tiv. 2010. 09. 007 Return to citation in text: [1] Tomno, R. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the use of periodic table descriptors and machine learning to predict the features of unknown compounds, alongside various citations of scientific studies. There is no mention of cryonics or nanomedicine, thus failing to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Sculpture reduced overall; head shiny to aciculate; mesosoma dorsally shiny and aciculate; propleuron aciculate, meso- and metapleuron mostly reticulate; dorsal face of propodeum aciculate to reticulate, posterior face shiny; dorsal face of petiole shiny; helcium aciculate; postpetiole dorsally aciculate; lateral and ventral face of petiole and postpetiole feebly reticulate. Face usually with four to eight erect, longer setae, and abundant shorter erect to subdecumbent pubescence; usually two to four erect humeral setae present on promesonotum, otherwise promesonotum dorsally with regular subdecumbent pubescence; petiole and postpetiole with a pair of short erect setae posterolaterally, and shorter suberect, decumbent or appressed pubescence; abdominal tergites four to seven with very sparse short erect pilosity that is more abundant on sternites four to seven, and dense appressed to decumbent pubescence throughout. Color yellowish-brown to dark brown. Queen. unknown. Male measurements (n = 1). HW 0. 67, HL 0. 46, EL 0. 28, SL 0. 11, MSNW 0. 76, MSNL 0. 72, WL 1. 30, SPL 0. 00, PTH 0. 17, PTL 0. 20, PTW 0. 23, PPL 0. 15, PPW 0. 27, LHT 0. 64, CI 1. 46, OI 0. 62, SI 0. 24, MSNI 1. 06, SPI 0. 00, PTHI 0. 82, PTWI 1. 14, PPI 1. 80, LBI 2. 02. Male description (Fig. 31A−C). Small (HW 0. 67, WL 1. 30). Masticatory margin of mandibles with three teeth; clypeus only moderately protruding; eyes large (OI 0. 62) and protruding, midline of eyes situated well below midline of head, almost extending to clypeal margin; antennae 12-segmented, scapes very short (SI 0. 24); head much wider than long (CI 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ants farming fungi for food. Instead, it presents detailed descriptions of ant anatomy and morphology, which does not provide any information about their behavior or dietary practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Likewise kinases, phosphatases also participate in clock regulation. Most recently, the serine/threonine phosphatase PP5 (protein phosphatase 5) has been found to interact with and be regulated by CRY proteins [61]. Through its interaction with CRY, PP5 might regulate the phosphorylation state and so the activity of CKIε in the clock [62,63]. Thus, it can be said that phosphorylation by kinases, balanced by regulated dephosphorylation, sets the stage for protein degradation. Phosphorylation is required for the recruitment of ubiquitin ligases, which mediate the polyubiquitylation and the subsequent degradation of these proteins in the proteasome. In mammals, the stability of PER1 and PER2 is regulated by either βTrCP1 or βTrCP2. CKI phosphorylates PER1 and PER2 and this phosphorylation leads to the recruitment of βTrCP which mediates the ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of these proteins [64,65]. Most recently, sumoylation has been revealed as an additional level of regulation within the core mechanism of the circadian clock. It is a reversible posttranslational modification in which a small ubiquitin-related modifier protein (SUMO) is covalently linked to lysine residues. It is controlled by an enzymatic pathway analogous to the ubiquitin pathway. BMAL1 has been found to be rhythmically sumoylated in vivo through a process that requires the heterodimerization partner CLOCK. Sumoylation of BMAL1 regulates the turnover of the protein, as a mutation in the sumoylation site (K259R) of BMAL1 lengthens the half-life of BMAL1 [66]. However, SUMO ligases and proteases which may be involved in controlling this sumoylation and their circadian regulation are still to be known. The transcriptional circadian regulation extends beyond core clock components to include various clock-controlled genes (CCGs), i. e. , genes that are under the direct or indirect transcriptional control of the clock transcription factors but are not themselves part of the clock. Regulation of clock-controlled genes is a mechanism by which the molecular clockwork controls physiological processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the regulatory mechanisms involving proteins such as CRY and BMAL1, which play key roles in circadian rhythms. It discusses phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, and sumoylation processes that influence the stability of clock proteins, alluding to the intricate regulation of circadian rhythms through protein interactions. This supports the idea that circadian rhythms are indeed regulated by various proteins, some of which are sensitive to light.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available.Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: -P. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1997, 129, 318–329. doi:10. 1016/s0022-2143(97)90180-3 Return to citation in text: [1] Ryan, M. J. ; Johnson, G. ; Kirk, J. ; Fuerstenberg, S. M. ; Zager, R. A. ; Torok-Storb, B. Kidney Int. 1994, 45, 48–57. doi:10. 1038/ki. 1994. 6 Return to citation in text: [1] Kar, S. ; Gajewicz, A. ; Puzyn, T. ; Roy, K. ; Leszczynski, J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2014, 107, 162–169. doi:10. 1016/j. ecoenv. 2014. 05. 026 Return to citation in text: [1] De, P. ; Kar, S. ; Roy, K. ; Leszczynski, J. Environ. Sci. : Nano 2018, 5, 2742–2760. doi:10. 1039/c8en00809d Return to citation in text: [1] Menze, B. H. ; Kelm, B. M. ; Masuch, R. ; Himmelreich, U. ; Bachert, P. ; Petrich, W. ; Hamprecht, F. A. BMC Bioinf. 2009, 10, 213. doi:10. 1186/1471-2105-10-213 Return to citation in text: [1] Marcilio, W. E. ; Eler, D. M. From explanations to feature selection: assessing SHAP values as feature selection mechanism. 2020 33rd on Graphics, Patterns and Images (); IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, U. S. A. , 2020; pp 340–347. doi:10. 1109/sibgrapi51738. 2020. 00053 Return to citation in text: [1] El Naqa, I. ; Murphy, M. J. Machine Learning? . in Radiation Oncology; Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2015; pp 3–11. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists solely of citations and references without any discussion about cryonics or nanomedicine. There are no claims, arguments, or relevant content that would support or contrast the assertion regarding cryonics or the application of nanotechnology in medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 46); in full face view ocellar triangle situated at posterior head margin and elevated with respect to rest of face; occipital carinae distinct. Mesosoma compact (MSNI 1. 06, WL 1. 30); mesoscutum in dorsal view as wide as long, posterolaterally constricted just before axillae; axillae tranversely compressed and narrow; scutellum in dorsal view broadly tapering from anterior to posterior end, dorsoposterior portion rounded; metanotum not distinctly protruding from below scutellum; dorsal face of propodeum very short, posterior face longitudinally convex; propodeal spines absent; petiole in dorsal view oval and laterally rounded, in lateral view petiole tapers greatly anteriorly; subpetiolar process absent; postpetiole lacking median impression; wings with a brownish hue. Head sculpture shiny, rugulose within ocellar triangle; clypeus longitudinally with one short median and a pair of lateral carinae, and two short transverse carinae on each side; mesoscutum and scutellum shiny, propodeum longitudinally carinulate; petiole and postpetiole rugulose-shiny; scattered short erect pilosity on face; mesoscutum with scattered short erect pilosity; scutellum dorsolaterally with longer erect pilosity; petiole and postpetiole with longer dorsoposterior setae, and abundant erect pilosity dorsally and laterally; abdominal tergites and sternites four to seven with abundant short suberect pubescence, longer erect pilosity lacking. Color brown. Variation. Workers of this species vary greatly in size, with the smallest specimens being found at the southernmost edge of the distribution (P. N. Bemaraha and Beanka). Distribution and biology. Crematogaster tsisitsilo is found mainly in dry forest habitats in north-western Madagascar (Fig. 31D). Disjunct from this distribution, the species has also been found in the Forêt d’Antsahabe, a dry forest in the far northern tip of Madagascar. Sympatry with the C. kelleri-group exists only with C. kelleri. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ants farming fungi. Instead, it provides a detailed taxonomic and morphological description of a specific ant species, Crematogaster tsisitsilo, including aspects of its habitat and distribution. There is no mention of fungi or farming behavior in this text, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The clock-controlled genes (CCG) constitute about 10% of the expressed genes in a given tissue (SCN or in peripheral tissues) to generate rhythmic outputs, and, apart from few exceptions, most of these clock-controlled genes are distinct in different tissues depending upon different physiological needs [67]. Clock-controlled genes may encode a variety of proteins including key regulators for cell cycle. Circadian clock and cell cycle Circadian clock and cell cycle are global regulatory systems found in almost all organisms. The circadian clock shares a number of conceptual and molecular similarities with the cell cycle [68]. Both are periodic for ca. 24 hours, and intrinsic to most cells. Similarly, both are based on the conceptual device of interlock auto-regulatory loops. Moreover, both rely on sequential phases of transcription, translation and protein modification and degradation. The circadian clock controls the expression of cell cycle-related genes; in contrast, circadian clockwork can oscillate accurately and independently of the cell cycle, [69]. It is thereby highly relevant that CCGs include genes that play an essential role in cell cycle control. It has been shown that CLOCK-BMAL1 directly regulate cell cycle genes such as Wee1 (G2-M transition) [69], c-Myc (G0-G1 transition) and Cyclin D1 (G1-S transition) [70]. The level of antimitotic WEE1 kinase in the liver of Cry mutant mice (cryptochromeless mice) is found to be elevated and consequently, liver regeneration in these mice following partial hepatectomy is delayed relative to wild-type controls [69]. The binding of CLOCK-BMAL1 to the E-boxes of Wee1 promoter stimulates the transcription of this gene. The elevation of WEE1 in the Cry mutant is ascribed to the lack of inhibition of CLOCK-BMAL1 by CRY [69,71]. WEE1 is a cell cycle kinase that plays a key role in the G2-M transition. Ongoing DNA replication or the presence of DNA damage activate WEE1, which then phosphorylates CDC2 (cell division cycle 2)/Cyclin B1 complex, causing its inactivation and delay of mitosis or arrest of the cell cycle at the G2-M interface [72,73]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses clock-controlled genes (CCG) and their regulation by various proteins, including CLOCK-BMAL1, which are essential for the function of circadian rhythms. These proteins are implicated in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in the cell cycle, indicating an interconnected role of these light-sensitive proteins in circadian regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available. Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: 1155/2022/4986826 Go to reference 32 Reference 1 1. Kumar, P. ; Mahajan, P. ; Kaur, R. ; Gautam, S. Mater. Today Chem. 2020, 17, 100332. doi:10. 1016/j. mtchem. 2020. 100332 Go to reference 1 5. Qi, Y. ; Xiang, B. ; Zhang, J. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2017, 172, 34–43. doi:10. 1016/j. solmat. 2017. 07. 017 6. Zhang, Y. ; Tang, Z. -R. ; Fu, X. ; Xu, Y. -J. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 7303–7314. doi:10. 1021/nn1024219 Go to 17. Chatterjee, M. ; Banerjee, A. ; De, P. ; Gajewicz-Skretna, A. ; Roy, K. Environ. Sci. : Nano 2022, 9, 189–203. doi:10. 1039/d1en00725d Go to reference 17 Reference 39 39. Pujalté, I. ; Passagne, I. ; Brouillaud, B. ; Tréguer, M. ; Durand, E. ; Ohayon-Courtès, C. ; L'Azou, B. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2011, 8, 10. doi:10. 1186/1743-8977-8-10 Go to reference 39 Reference 4 4. Aruoja, V. ; Dubourguier, H. -C. ; Kasemets, K. ; Kahru, A. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407, 1461–1468. doi:10. 1016/j. scitotenv. 2008. 10. 053 Go to reference 4 Reference 18 18. Oh, E. ; Liu, R. ; Nel, A. ; Gemill, K. B. ; Bilal, M. ; Cohen, Y. ; Medintz, I. L. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 479–486. doi:10. 1038/nnano. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various references and citations from scientific papers without any indication of supporting or contrasting the concepts of cryonics or nanomedicine. There are no statements in the text that connect with the idea of cryonics as a routine medical procedure or the applications of nanotechnology in medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Not much can be said about the natural history of this species, since most collections were composed of foraging workers. One collection has been made from a carton nest, but the generality of this habit needs to be confirmed with additional data. Etymology. This species is named for its complete lack of propodeal spines, as “tsisitsilo” means “no spines” in Malagasy. This name is to be treated as noun in apposition. DiscussionIn this study, we were able to resolve yet another taxonomically difficult group of ants in Madagascar, the Crematogaster kelleri-group. We have demonstrated high levels of continuous morphological variation within C. kelleri and concluded that the former does not correlate with observed genetic variation or geography. Similar levels of variation have been described for other widespread taxa of Crematogaster in Madagascar, namely the C. hova-complex [11] and C. ranavalonae [12]. Nor is the bivariate coloration in C. kelleri (and C. hazolava) an isolated case. Within the C. hova-group, the dry forest species C. grevei has two color forms, one orange and one brown or black, the former being prevalent in dry deciduous forest and the latter in the spiny forests of south-western Madagascar [11]. Presumably habitat-specific selection processes favor one color form over the other. Particularly interesting in the case of C. kelleri is that these color forms co-occur at several localities. Whether these color forms still interbreed freely or may be on the way to reproductive isolation is an issue that remains to be investigated in a population genetic context. The molecular sequence divergence in COI for C. kelleri is fairly high, ranging up to 14%, but this number is similar to levels in other Crematogaster species. More surprising and unusual is the low to almost absent sequence divergence in the ‘yellow clade’ (Figs 1 and 4). Most taxa within this clade stem from geographically close localities on the upper east coast of Madagascar. But because a few specimens also originate from a cluster of sites ca. 400 km further south, this low degree of divergence cannot be explained by geography alone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ant species farming fungi. It discusses the natural history, taxonomy, and morphological variation of specific ant species in Madagascar, particularly the Crematogaster kelleri-group, without mentioning any behavior related to fungi farming. Consequently, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Incidence rate of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been reported to be significantly increased in a cohort of pilots in comparison to respective Canadian population rates [108]. It has also been found that working a rotating nightshift at least three nights per month for 15 or more years may increase the risk of colorectal cancer in women [109]. Colon cancer patients who have maintained a regular pattern of rest and activity rhythms have shown a fivefold higher survival time than those who have chaotic circadian rhythms [110]. Aberrant expression of clock genes in cancer Several reports have revealed that clock genes are found to be deregulated in various cancers. In comparison with nearby non-cancerous cells, more than 95% of breast cancer cells reveal disturbances in the expression of the three Per genes attributable to methylation of the per gene promoters [111]. Moreover, a structural variation of the Per3 gene has been identified as a potential biomarker for breast cancer in pre-menopausal women [112]. Significantly decreased expression of Per1 has been observed between sporadic breast tumors and normal samples, as well as a further significant decrease between familial and sporadic breast tumors for both Per1 and Per2 suggesting a role for both in normal breast function [113]. It has been demonstrated recently that Per2 is endogenously expressed in human breast epithelial cell lines but is not expressed or is expressed at significantly reduced level in human breast cancer cell lines. Expression of Per2 in these breast cancer cells results in inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis demonstrating the tumor suppressive nature of PER2. Moreover, PER2 activity is found to be significantly enhanced in the presence of its normal clock partner CRY2. Furthermore, Per2 expression in cancer cell lines is associated with a significant decrease in the expression of Cyclin D1 and an up-regulation of p53 [114]. The proliferation in ovarian cancer cells has been found to follow a cyclical pattern of peaks and troughs that is out of phase with the circadian rhythm in proliferation of normal tissues [115,116]. Recently, it has been reported that expression levels of Per1, Per2, Cry2, Clock, and CKIε in ovarian cancers are significantly lower than those in normal ovaries. On the contrary, Cry1 expression is highest followed by Per3 and Bmal1 [117]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the role and expression of clock genes, such as Per1, Per2, Cry2, and other associated proteins related to circadian rhythms. The mention of aberrant expression of these clock genes in various cancers suggests their regulatory role in normal biological rhythms, which aligns with the claim about the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available. Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: For example, one participant discussed the potential for increased data sharing to lead to more “diagnostic overshadowing”. Diagnostic overshadowing describes a phenomenon in which patients with mental illness are less likely to receive appropriate and timely care for a physical health condition because clinicians incorrectly attribute their symptoms to mental illness [43]. Subtheme 4: data misuse and data breachesMany participants discussed concerns about data breaches, ranging from data misuse by private sector companies to impacts on their personal life. They expressed fear of being “excluded from reasonably priced insurance”, worries about “employer discrimination” and even losing child custody. It is important to note that these concerns were not necessarily focused on the risk of a data breach per se, but the risk of a data breach within a society that already discriminates against people with mental illness. For example, one participant discussed his experience of being denied life insurance after he bought his house, noting that “[mental health] seems to be the most strictly clamped down [on by insurance companies] out of anything else”, more so than physical risk factors such as smoking. He added, “it makes you feel uneasy that you are being financially disadvantaged because of some [mental illness] symptoms that you have had”. Theme 3: safeguardsSubtheme 5: personnelParticipants believed that researchers should have access to their mental health data on a “need to know” basis and that they should only be able to access specific information relevant to their research. Further, the concept of researcher accountability and institutional oversight appeared important, with one individual stating they would like any issues to be “tracked back” to the researcher. Subtheme 6: practical measuresOverall participants appeared to have a high degree of understanding of safeguards in place for maintaining confidentiality within research. This may be due to the high proportion of participants with postgraduate degrees and relevant professional experience in the current sample. In fact, one individual said, “I am a fairly knowledgeable member of the public, so I don’t know if I am typical in that sense”. Most participants were happy for their data to be shared if all identifiable information was removed. However, some participants voiced concerns about being identified even if “pseudonyms” were used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to diagnostic overshadowing, data breaches, and the safeguarding of mental health data, without making any reference to cryonics or nanomedicine. There is no discussion or implication supporting or contrasting the claim about cryonics or the use of nanotechnology in medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Although we considered the possibility of pseudogene (NUMTs [40], [41]) sequences being responsible for this pattern, we found no evidence in the relevant sequences, such as heteroplasmy or stop codons. A possible explanation for low divergence could be the presence of a “supercolony” originating from a bottleneck population [42], [43]. Supercolonies are prevalent in invasive, non-native ants [44], [45], but a re-introduction to a habitat by a population of a native species could leave a similar molecular footprint. Distributions of the much less common remaining species within the C. kelleri-group are restricted to humid forests, and once more emphasize the elevated species richness (but not necessarily abundance) of this genus in Madagascar’s eastern rainforests, especially in the northern tip of the island. The newly described Crematogaster tsisitsilo presents an interesting exception to this common pattern, as it is found in dry forests in the north-western region, as well as at a disjunct locality in the far north. The isolated phylogenetic position of this taxon in Madagascar [9] suggests that this species either is a recent addition to the Malagasy ant fauna or its closest relatives in Madagascar have gone extinct. The notion that this species is not endemic to Madagascar and already has been described from mainland Africa needs to be considered. Although we have reasonable confidence that this is not the case, the taxonomic state of is in such chaos that we cannot fully exclude this possibility. This study underlines once more the importance of utilizing molecular methods, as well as geographical data, to better understand morphological variation in ants. In conclusion, we hope our approach inspires more such revisions employing multiple types of data analysis, and supports further research on Madagascar’s extraordinary insect and ant fauna. Supporting InformationTable S1. Full collection data of molecular voucher specimens. Voucher specimens, Genbank accession numbers and locality data of all specimens included in the molecular study. Table S2. List of material examined. Full list of locality data for all specimens examined within the morphological study. 1. (2008) Les arthropodes. In: Goodman SM, editor. Paysage naturels et biodiversité de Madagascar. Paris: de Histoire Naturelle. 183–212. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ant species farming fungi for food. Instead, it discusses various aspects of ant phylogenetics, species distribution, and the use of molecular methods in studying ants, without mentioning anything about fungal farming behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Similarly, significantly decreased expression levels of Per1 as compared to paired non-tumour tissues, have been reported in endometrial carcinoma (EC). The decreased Per1 expression in EC is partly due to inactivation of the Per1 gene by DNA methylation of the promoter and partly due to other factors. This downregulation of the Per1 gene disrupts the circadian rhythm, which might favour the survival of endometrial cancer cells [118]. In another study, the promoter methylation in the Per1, Per2, or Cry1 circadian genes has been detected in about one-third of EC and one-fifth of noncancerous endometrial tissues of 35 paired specimens indicating possible disruption of the circadian clock in the development of EC [119]. Serum-shocked synchronized prostate cancer cells have been found to display disrupted circadian rhythms compared with the normal prostate tissue. Per1 is down-regulated in human prostate cancer samples compared to normal prostates. Moreover, over-expression of Per1 in prostate cancer cells has resulted in significant growth inhibition and apoptosis [120]. CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate cell growth and differentiation in numerous cell types. The results from a recent study suggest that Per2 is a downstream C/EBPα-target gene involved in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Its disruption might be involved in initiation and/or progression of AML, as significantly reduced expression of Per2 has been noted in lymphoma cell lines as well as in AML patient samples [121]. The expression of Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, and Bmal1 is significantly impaired in both chronic phase and blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) samples compared with those in normal samples. Although no mutations have been detected within the coding region of Per3, the CpG islands in its promoter are methylated in all the CML samples. Likewise, the CpG islands of Per2 are also methylated in 40% of cases [122]. Recently, Cryptochrome1 has been found to be a valuable predictor of disease progression in early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) [123]. More recently, it has been reported that CRY1: PER2 expression ratio is independent prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia [124]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of circadian genes, particularly Per1 and Per2, in the regulation of circadian rhythms. It highlights how changes in expression levels of these proteins can disrupt circadian rhythms, particularly in the context of certain cancers, thus supporting the idea that light-sensitive proteins are involved in regulating these rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available. Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: Camera data and load cells data were sampled at 100 Hz, pressure-insole data at 50 Hz. Data were aligned post data collection through resampling in Matlab®. Fig. 2Illustration of all instrumentation for the example of a front-wheeled walker. The basic System only included load cells in the walking frame’s feet and force sensing insoles in the user’s shoes and was used in users’ homes. The extended System additionally included 3D optoelectronic cameras and was used in the university’s ADL flat and gait laboratory. The optoelectronic cameras recorded position data of reflective markers placed on the user’s feet and the frame. Note that whilst a front-wheeled walker is shown in this Figure, a basic and an extended pick-up walker system were also used in this studyFull size imageData analysisFor both frames, a given frame foot/wheel was considered ‘airborne’ if ground contact was lost for 10 sampling frames or longer. Moreover, considering that flooring is not perfectly flat, we considered the pick-up walker to be grounded when at least 3 of its 4 ft were in contact with the ground. Custom-written algorithms (®) were used to compute: 1. The times when the walking frame feet were airborne (from load cell data). 2. The times when the user was in single and dual support (from pressure insole data). 3. Adherence to guidance, i. e. amalgamating information from 1 & 2 to calculate the number of single support and dual support periods where correct/incorrect use was the case and calculate % incorrect use. Based on clinical and manufacturer leaflets, correct use of a pick-up walker entails that the walker is lifted forward only whilst the user is standing on both of their feet, and incorrect is to step before the walker is fully grounded again. Correct use of the front-wheeled walker is to “glide the frame forward” on its front wheels (the rear feet may at times may need lifting), and incorrect would be to lift the front-wheels. We note that the guidance for safe use of pick-up walkers focuses entirely on dual support (“do not step whilst the walker is airborne”), hence % incorrect use of the pickup walker was only determined for single support periods (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical details about data collection and analysis related to a walking frame system, with no mention of cryonics or nanomedicine. Thus, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Fisher BL (2005) A model for a global inventory of ants: A case study in Madagascar. 56: 86–97. View 3. Fisher BL (2008) Les Fourmis. In: Goodman SM, editor. Paysage naturels et biodiversité de Madagascar. Paris: de Histoire Naturelle. 249–271. 4. Fisher BL (2003) Formicidae, ants. In: editors. History of Madagascar. Chicago: of Chicago Press. 811–819. 5. (2008) Aligning conservation priorities across taxa in Madagascar with high-resolution planning tools. Science 320: 222–226. View 6. Ward PS (2010) Taxonomy, Phylogenetics and Evolution. In: editors. Ant Ecology. Oxford: Press. 7. Blaimer BB (2012) A subgeneric revision of Crematogaster and discussion of regional species-groups (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 3482 47–67. 8. (2012) Bolton’s Catalogue and Synopsis. 2012. Available: Accessed 25 October 2012. 9. Blaimer BB (2012) Acrobat ants go global – Origin, evolution and systematics of the genus Crematogaster (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Evol 65: 421–436. View 10. Blaimer BB (2012) Taxonomy and species-groups of the subgenus Crematogaster (Orthocrema) in the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 199: 23–70. View 11. Blaimer BB (2010) Taxonomy and natural history of the Crematogaster (Decacrema) group in Madagascar. Zootaxa 2714: 1–39. View 12. Blaimer BB (2012) Untangling complex morphological variation: taxonomic revision of the subgenus Crematogaster (Oxygyne) in Madagascar, with insight into the evolution and biogeography of this enigmatic ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 37: 240–260. View 13. R Team (2008) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available: 14. National Geospatial-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of references and does not address the claim regarding ants farming fungi. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim and does not provide any evidence or information about ant behavior or ecology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A recent study finds that wild-type and circadian mutant mice demonstrate striking differences in their response to the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide (CY). While the sensitivity of wild-type mice varies greatly, depending on the time of drug administration, Clock mutant and Bmal1 knockout mice are highly sensitive to treatment at all times tested. On the contrary, mice with loss-of-function mutations in Cryptochrome (Cry1-/-Cry2-/- double knockouts) were more resistant to CY compared with their wild-type littermates. This indicates that sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drug cyclophosphamide (CY) is directly correlated with the functional status of the major circadian transactivation complex, suggesting that molecular determinants of sensitivity to CY may be directly regulated by CLOCK-BMAL1, which is based on a CLOCK-BMAL1-dependent modulation of target B cell responses to drug-induced toxicity [147]. As discussed earlier, nucleotide excision repair is found to display prominent circadian oscillations in mouse brain reaching at its peak in the afternoon/early evening attributable to circadian oscillation of XPA [97]. It is interesting to note that the peak of DNA repair activity coincide with the previously determined peak of animal's resistance to CY forming a background for important clinical applications. However, further research is required to know whether the damage caused by CY is repaired by nucleotide excision repair mechanism in vivo. Anticancer agents generally produce their cytotoxic effect in both malignant and normal tissues. If we know the circadian rhythm of DNA repair capacity of cancer and normal tissues, we can extrapolate that the most favorable time for drug administration will be when the excision repair activity is low in cancer tissues and when the repair activity is high in normal tissues. Multiple preclinical models with different clock properties are needed for the personalization of cancer chronotherapeutics and the prophecy of optimal chronomodulated drug delivery. The stages where chronotherapeutics will be incorporated into the development of new anticancer drugs will have to be defined, ranging from screening to clinical phases. regulation is important to maintain normal cellular functions, and a disruption of core clock genes can be damaging to the organism's overall well-being. The work is in progress to explicate the cascading interactions of networks of CCGs that connect the clockwork to the expressed rhythms. Results from several epidemiological and genetic studies have shown that disruption of circadian rhythm may lead to cancer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of CLOCK-BMAL1 in regulating the sensitivity to the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide, suggesting that this transactivation complex, which involves circadian regulation, affects drug response based on circadian rhythms. It emphasizes the importance of circadian rhythms in cellular functions, specifically highlighting 'the functional status of the major circadian transactivation complex,' thus corroborating the claim that circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanomedicine could revolutionize the treatment of diseases by allowing doctors to intervene at the cellular level, repairing damage or eliminating pathogens more effectively. [SEP] Text: Over the last 20 years, the top damage-causing agents by cumulative area impacted are mostly native insect species, the majority of which are conifer-killing bark beetles or moth caterpillar defoliators (Table 3). The IDS data are geospatial in nature, with disturbances depicted by polygon or point features. The data are collected primarily through aerial survey of forestland in small aircraft by highly trained forest health specialists, although increasingly, remotely sensed imagery from satellites is being used to monitor and map forest health conditions [48–50]. In either case, some ground survey for verification of the damage-causing agent by a specialist is necessary [51]. The IDS data have recognized limitations, perhaps most notably that they are collected in a targeted fashion rather than through a systematic, comprehensive survey effort. Furthermore, data attributes such as damage severity can be misestimated [52], and some types of damage agents (e. g. , disease-causing fungi such as root rots and stem cankers as well as agents infesting widely dispersed hosts) are virtually impossible to detect remotely. Thus, the IDS data are not fully comprehensive for all potential biotic disturbances. Nevertheless, they have served as a critical source of spatially explicit information on major forest disturbances in the USA since the late 1990s, although spatial databases for some insects or pathogens are decades older [13, 15, 29] and aerial surveys for forest health purposes date back to the 1940s [51]. Several analyses involving IDS data have appeared in recent refereed literature [52–56], emphasizing their potential utility. The FIA Program ( focuses on measuring and monitoring changes in forest vegetation across a nationwide network of field inventory plots laid out systematically (approx. 1 plot per 2428 ha of forest) and based on a spatially balanced sampling design for conducting broad-scale statistical analyses of forest conditions [57]. Although some forest health data are collected on FIA plots (e. g. , occurrence of damage-causing agents), these data are collected inconsistently and can be difficult to interpret [58, 59]. Some of the difficulty arises from the panelized nature of the FIA sampling scheme: 20% or fewer of the plots are visited annually within each state (i. e. , during one “panel”), with full coverage on 5- to 7-year cycles in the eastern USA and 10-year cycles in the western USA [57, 60]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses forest disturbances caused by insect species and the collection methods of data regarding forest health. It does not mention nanomedicine or any medical interventions, thus providing no support or contrast to the claim regarding nanomedicine's potential in disease treatment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Avalaible: Accessed 25 October 2012. 15. Schatz GE, (2012) Gazetteer to Malagasy botanical collecting localities. Available: Accessed 25 October 2012. 16. (2008) Cartographer, a Mesquite package for plotting geographic data. 1. 3 ed. Available: Accessed 1 November 2012. 17. (2011) Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2. 75. Avaiable: Accessed 14 October 2012. 18. Gautier L, Goodman SM (2003) Introduction to the Flora of Madagascar. In: editors. History of Madagascar. Chicago: Press. 229–250. 19. on (1999) of Zoological Nomenclature, version 4. Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. Available: Accessed 27 October 2012. 20. (2005) The ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera : Formicidae): phylogeny and evolution of big-eyed arboreal ants. 30: 310–335. View 21. (2006) Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. 103: 18172–18177. View 22. (2010) Phylogeny and biogeography of dolichoderine ants: effects of data partitioning and relict taxa on historical inference. 59: 342–362. View 23. (2011) Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the spider ants, genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Evol 59: 281–292. View 24. (2009) Invasions, DNA barcodes, and rapid biodiversity assessment using ants of Mauritius. 6: 31. 25. Edgar RC (2004) : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Res 32: 1792–1797. View 26. (2010) Creating the for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Proceedings of the (GCE) New Orleans, LA. 1–8. DOI: 10. 1109/GCE. 2010. 5676129. 27. (2012) PartitionFinder: Combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Evol 29: 1695–1701. View 28. Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP (2003) 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ant species farming fungi. It primarily consists of references and bibliographic information without any content related to the behaviors or ecological roles of ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Weaver, DRThe suprachiasmatic nucleus: a 25-year retrospective J 13: 100–112, DOI: [PubMed] Welsh, DK; Logothetis, DE; Meister, M; Reppert, SMIndividual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms Neuron 14: 697–706, DOI: [PubMed] Liu, C; Weaver, DR; Strogatz, SH; Reppert, SMCellular construction of a circadian clock: period determination in the suprachiasmatic nuclei Cell 91: 855–860, DOI: [PubMed] Czeisler, CA; Shanahan, TL; Klerman, EB; Martens, H; Brotman, DJ; Emens, JS; Klein, T; Rizzo, JFSuppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light N Med 332: 6–11, DOI: [PubMed] Freedman, MS; Lucas, RJ; Soni, B; von Schantz, M; Munoz, M; David-Gray, ZK; Foster, RGRegulation of mammalian circadian behavior by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors Science 284: 502–504, DOI: [PubMed] Lucas, RJ; Freedman, MS; Munoz, M; Garcia-Fernandez, JM; Foster, RGRegulation of the mammalian pineal by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors Science 284: 505–507, DOI: [PubMed] Gooley, JJ; Lu, J; Chou, TC; Scammell, TE; Saper, CBMelanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract 4: 1165. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referring to studies on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the role of melanopsin in regulating circadian behavior through non-rod and non-cone photoreceptors. This indicates a relationship between light sensitivity and the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: Adults who have dogs share more bacterial phylotypes with each other than they do with adults who do not have dogs (Figure 4, top right). Having a dog, then, has an effect of similar size on the number of taxa shared in human skin communities as the effect of living together (i. e. , two people who have dogs but do not live together share, on average, about as many phylotypes as two people who live together but who do not have a dog). Adults who have a dog and live together share the greatest number of skin phylotypes while adults who neither have a dog nor live together share the least. We tested the effects of gender, pet ownership, and cohabitation of children using a linear mixed effects model, taking into account the variability in diversity due to family membership, age, and technical differences (e. g. , sequencing lane). Of these factors, only dog ownership and gender significantly affected diversity (Table 7). Adults who own dogs tended to have a higher diversity of bacteria on their skin (hands and forehead) than those without dogs (Figure 4, top left, p<0. 001, Student's t-test with 10,000 simulations; Table 2). It should also be noted that consistent with previous studies (Fierer et al. , 2008), we found that adult females tend to have a higher diversity of bacteria on their hands than adult males (Table 2). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Alpha diversity and shared phylotypes in couples with and without dogs and children. The left panels show rarefaction curves for skin communities of couples (including seniors) who have dogs (top, in red), those without dogs (top, in blue), couples (excluding seniors) with infants/children (bottom, in red), and those without infants/children (bottom, in blue). Mean ± 95% CI shown. The right panels show the average number of phylotypes shared among individuals from the same categories shown in the left panels. Mean ± 95% CI shown. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 001 after Bonferroni correction (Wilcoxon test). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the relationship between dog ownership and bacterial diversity among adults, without any mention of nanomedicine, aging, or treatments for diseases. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim about nanomedicine and its potential effects on human lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: View 29. Zwickl DJ (2006) Genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion. Ph. D. dissertation, of Texas at Austin. Available: 30. Rambaut A, Drummond AJ (2007) Tracer v1. 4 [updated to v1. 5]. Available: Accessed 20 October 2012. 31. (2004) AWTY: A system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Available: Accessed 22 October 2012. 32. Tamura K, (1993) Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Evol 10: 512–526. View 33. (2011) MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Evol 28: 2731–2739. View 34. (1891) Les Formicides. [part]. In: Grandidier A, editor. Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de XX Histoire naturelle des Hyménoptères, Deuxième partie (28e fascicule). Paris: Hachette et Cie,. v +237. 35. Wheeler WM (1922) Ants of the Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region. Hist 45: 1005–1055. View 36. (1922) Hymenoptera, fam. Formicidae, subfam. Myrmicinae. 174B: 95–206. View 37. (1995) A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Press. 504 p. 38. (1894) Mission scientifique de M. Ch. Alluaud aux îles Séchelles (mars, avril, mai 1892). 2e mémoire. Formicides. 63: 67–72. View 39. André E (1887) Description de quelques fourmis nouvelles ou imparfaitement connues. Revue d’Entomologie (Caen) 6: 280–298. View 40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ant species farming fungi as a food source. It primarily consists of bibliographic references and does not provide any information or evidence related to the behavior of ants or their agricultural practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: DOI: [PubMed] Hattar, S; Liao, HW; Takao, M; Berson, DM; Yau, KWMelanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity Science 295: 1065–1070, DOI: [PubMed] Panda, S; Sato, TK; Castrucci, AM; Rollag, MD; DeGrip, WJ; Hogenesch, JB; Provencio, I; Kay, SAMelanopsin (Opn4) requirement for normal light-induced circadian phase shifting Science 298: 2213–2216, DOI: [PubMed] Cermakian, N; Sassone-Corsi, PEnvironmental stimulus perception and control of circadian clocks Neurobiol 12: 359–365, DOI: [PubMed] Schibler, U; Ripperger, J; Brown, SAPeripheral circadian oscillators in mammals: time and food J 18: 250–260, DOI: [PubMed] Yoo, SH; Yamazaki, S; Lowrey, PL; Shimomura, K; Ko, CH; Buhr, ED; Siepka, SM; Hong, HK; Oh, WJ; Yoo, OJ; Menaker, M; 2::real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues 101: 5339–5346, DOI: [PubMed] Damiola, F; Le Minh, N; Preitner, N; Kornmann, B; Fleury-Olela, F; Schibler, URestricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus 14: 2950–2961, DOI: [PubMed] Stokkan, KA; Yamazaki, S; Tei, H; Sakaki, Y; Menaker, MEntrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding Science 291: 490–493, DOI: [PubMed] Balsalobre, A; Marcacci, L; Schibler, UMultiple signalling pathways elicit circadian gene expression in cultured rat-1 fibroblasts 10: 1291–1294, DOI: [PubMed] Brown, S [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by citing studies that explore the role of melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells in circadian rhythm regulation. Specifically, the studies mentioned, such as those by Hattar et al. and Panda et al., highlight the importance of melanopsin in light-induced circadian phase shifting, indicating that light-sensitive proteins play a crucial role in controlling circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan.Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: Table 7 Summary of a linear mixed effects analysis on the response of bacterial diversity across the body sites using the full data set and then filtered to include just adults Age groupBody siteFixed effectsRandom effectsModelΔAICPr(Chi)AllPalms (L&R)Dog + Cat + Sex + KidBS + Ag + Fa + FS + Pl + LaFull0NA(−)Dog2. 910. 027(−)Cat−5. 601(−)Sex1. 730. 053(−)Kid−5. 621ForeheadDog + Cat + Sex + KidAg + Fa + FS + Pl + LaFull0NA(−)Dog0. 570. 11(−)Cat−5. 251(−)Sex0. 970. 085(−)Kid−4. 221FecalDog + Cat + Sex + KidAg + Fa + FS + Pl + LaFull0NA(−)Dog−0. 0490. 16(−)Cat−0. 150. 17(−)Sex0. 330. 13(−)Kid−0. 130. 17OralDog + Cat + Sex + KidAg + Fa + FS + Pl + LaFull0NA(−)Dog1. 220. 072(−)Cat−1. 950. 82(−)Sex−1. 880. 73(−)Kid−1. 780. 64AdultsPalms (L&R)Dog + Cat + Sex + KidBS + Fa + FS + Pl + LaFull0NA(−)Dog4. 090. 014(−)Cat−5. 291(−)Sex4. 110. 013(−)Kid−5. 691ForeheadDog + Cat + Sex + KidFa + FS + Pl + LaFull0NA(−)Dog2. 520. 033(−)Cat−4. 991(−)Sex−0. 370. 20(−)Kid−4. 381FecalDog + Cat + Sex + KidFa + FS + Pl + LaFull0NA(−)Dog0. 300. 13(−)Cat0. 240. 13(−)Sex−1. 440. 45(−)Kid−0. 420. 21OralDog + Cat + Sex + KidFa + FS + Pl + LaFull0NA(−)Dog−0. 290. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it presents a summary of a linear mixed effects analysis concerning bacterial diversity in adult body sites, without any mention or connection to nanomedicine, treatments that reverse aging, or the concept of tiny robots repairing cells. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionThe waggle dance is a pattern of movement performed by successful honey bee foragers within the nest to recruit colony mates to forage on a profitable food source. This honey bee “dance language”, discovered by the pioneering work of Karl von Frisch (von Frisch 1967), is drawing renewed scientific interest as new tools allow novel insights into the remarkable sophistication of the signal, its mechanism of information transfer, and the effect of the signal’s message on the dynamic organization of honey bee foraging (see reviews by Dyer 2002; Grüter and Farina 2009). Recently, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis added an entirely new facet to the waggle dance signal by revealing a suite of four semi-volatile hydrocarbons (Z-(9)-tricosene, tricosane, Z-(9)-pentacosene, and pentacosane) emitted by waggle-dancing bees (Thom et al. 2007). When a synthetic mixture of this suite of volatile compounds was released into the hives of foraging colonies, it caused bees to exit the hive, suggesting that this suite of volatile compounds stimulates a colony’s foraging efforts (Thom et al. 2007). It would not be surprising for a semiochemical to play a role in organizing foraging within honey bee colonies. Olfactory communication is important in the foraging of other social insects (e. g. , Free and Williams 1983; Kerr 1994; and Alonso 1998; Steinmetz et al. 2003; Stout et al. 1998) and in organizing non-foraging tasks within honey bee colonies (Free 1987). Determining the role of the waggle-dance compounds in the foraging behavior of the honey bee, agriculture’s most important pollinator, should be considered a priority. Here we seek to further our understanding of the waggle-dance compounds beyond the single published account of their discovery (Thom et al. 2007). First, not revealed by experiments to date, is whether the bees that exit the hive in response to the waggle-dance compounds are foragers. Second, if these bees are foragers, then do they subsequently engage in foraging behavior following their departure? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding army ants, as it discusses the waggle dance behavior of honey bees, their foraging communication strategies, and chemical signals related to their foraging efforts. There is no mention of army ants or their foraging behavior, which makes it not directly related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Kalsbeek, A; Buijs, RMOutput pathways of the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus: coding circadian time by transmitter selection and specific targeting Res 309: 109–118, DOI: [PubMed] Buijs, RM; Wortel, J; Van Heerikhuize, JJ; Feenstra, MGP; Ter Horst, GJ; Romijn, HJ; Kalsbeek, AAnatomical and functional demonstration of a multisynaptic suprachiasmatic nucleus adrenal (cortex) pathway Neurosci 11: 1535–1544, DOI: [PubMed] Schibler, U; Sassone-Corsi, PA web of circadian pacemakers Cell 111: 919–22, DOI: [PubMed] Yagita, K; Tamanini, F; Horst, GT van Der; Okamura, HMolecular mechanisms of the biological clock in cultured fibroblasts Science 292: 278–281, DOI: [PubMed] Shearman, LP; Sriram, S; Weaver, DR; Maywood, ES; Chaves, I; Zheng, B; Kume, K; Lee, CC; Horst, GT van der; Hastings, MH; Reppert, SMInteracting molecular loops in the mammalian circadian clock Science 288: 1013–1019, DOI: [PubMed] Takahashi, JSFinding new clock components: past and future J 19: 339–347, DOI: [PubMed] Gekakis, N; Staknis, D; Nguyen, HB; Davis, FC; Wilsbacher, LD; King, DP; Takahashi, JS; Weitz, CJRole of the CLOCK protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism Science 280: 1564–9, DOI: [PubMed] Ueda, HR; Hayashi, S; Chen, W; Sano, M; Machida, M; Shigeyoshi, Y; Iino, M; Hashimoto, SSystem-level identification of transcriptional circuits underlying mammalian circadian clocks 37: 167–192, DOI: Doi, M; Hirayama, J; Sassone-Corsi, PCircadian regulator CLOCK is a histone acetyltransferase Cell 125: 497–508, DOI [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various studies related to the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus and other components involved in the circadian clock. Specifically, references are made to the role of proteins and molecular mechanisms linked to circadian regulation, suggesting an underlying biological circuitry influenced by light-sensitive proteins as mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: Antibodies used to label each cell type: NeuN for granule cells, ITPR1 for Purkinje cells, SORCS3 for basket cells, GFAP labels the cell bodies and process of astrocytes, MOG labels the cell bodies and process of oligodendrocyte. (B) Fluorescence activated sorting of stained nuclei from five cell types. Antibodies used for staining are indicated on the x- and y-axes. Percentage of each cell type based on the positive population is indicated. (C) Browser view showing examples of gene that are specifically expressed in each of the five cell types. (D) Heatmap of FPKM levels for example genes in each of the five cell types (granule – green, Purkinje – red, basket – orange, astrocyte – blue, oligodendrocytes - cyan). (E-F) Examples of labeled cerebellar nuclei using cell-type specific antibodies. Nuclei are counterstained with DAPI, a marker for heterochromatin. (E) Nuclei labeled with antibodies against ITPR1 and NeuN. Itpr1, an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein, is localized at the nuclear membrane, while NeuN, a splicing factor, is localized at euchromatin inside the nucleus. (F) Antibodies against the basket cell marker SORCS3 and astrocyte marker EAAT1, two cellular membrane proteins, show labeling of the nuclear membrane. Antibodies against the oligodendrocyte marker and transcription factor OLIG2 show labeling in euchromatin. (G) Heatmap showing the pairwise Pearson’s correlation coefficient of GFP- (G) and antibody- (A) sorted nuclei. Hierarchical clustering is performed on the 250 most variable genes across all conditions. See also Figure 1—figure supplement 1, Figure 1—figure supplement 2. Nuclear RNA profiles generated from sorted nuclei are cell-type specific We next produced gene expression profiles for each of the five cerebellar cell types by isolating RNA from the sorted nuclei and performing RNA-seq. To evaluate the purity of these profiles, we checked the expression of known markers for each cell type of interest. In all cases, we observed high expression of markers only in the appropriate cell type. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the labeling and sorting of different cell types using antibodies in a biological research context rather than discussing nanomedicine, its potential to reverse aging, or the capability to cure diseases. Therefore, it does not provide any supportive or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: If the hydrocarbons emitted by waggle-dancing bees play a role in foraging communication, then their application to the hive must be shown to affect a colony’s foraging activity. The first part of the present study tests this hypothesis by exposing bees to the waggle-dance compounds and then measuring the number of visits by bees to a sucrose feeder to which they had been trained. The second part of the present study investigates the mechanism by which the waggle-dance compounds might stimulate foraging. Recruitment pheromones such as ant trail pheromones and bumblebee footprint pheromones often function outside the nest (and Alonso 1998; Stout et al. 1998). The results of the experiments by Thom et al. (2007), however, suggest that the waggle-dance compounds may have behavioral effects within the nest, similar to the recruitment pheromone of bumblebees (Dornhaus and Chittka 2001; Dornhaus et al. 2003; Granero et al. 2005). The waggle-dance compounds may function within the nest to alter the behavior of any or all of the many behavioral-task groups associated with foraging activities. Preliminary data gathered by the authors in 2008 (not presented here) suggested that one task group that might respond to the waggle-dance compounds is the pool of bees that have previously foraged but are currently inactive, hereafter referred to as unemployed experienced foragers following the terminology of Biesmeijer and de Vries (2001). The second part of the present study tests the hypothesis that the waggle-dance compounds stimulate foraging by reactivating unemployed experienced foragers to exploit known food sources. We predicted that foragers which have been trained to a sugar-water feeder and marked to allow for individual identification will increase their foraging activity following introduction of the waggle-dance compounds even when the feeder is empty. Emptying the feeder will eliminate recruitment to it, so that any arriving bees must be experienced foragers familiar with the food source. Also investigated is whether the predicted dance-compound induced boost in visits to the food source can be accounted for by increases in the number of reactivated foragers, or by increases in the foraging rate of reactivated foragers, or both. 2 Materials and methods2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about army ants as it discusses the foraging behavior of bees and the role of waggle-dance compounds in their foraging communication, without mentioning army ants or their behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: : [PubMed] Kume, K; Zylka, MJ; Sriram, S; Shearman, LP; Weaver, DR; Jin, X; Maywood, ES; Hastings, MH; 1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop Cell 98: 193–205, DOI: [PubMed] Sato, TK; Yamada, RG; Ukai, H; Baggs, JE; Miraglia, LJ; Kobayashi, TJ; Welsh, DK; Kay, SA; Ueda, HR; Hogenesch, JBFeedback repression is required for mammalian circadian clock function 38: 312–319, DOI: [PubMed] Hirayama, J; Sahar, S; Grimaldi, B; Tamaru, T; Takamatsu, K; Nakahata, Y; Sassone--mediated acetylation of BMAL1 controls circadian function Nature 450: 1086–1090, DOI: [PubMed] Nakahata, Y; Kaluzova, M; Grimaldi, B; Sahar, S; Hirayama, J; Chen, D; Guarente, LP; Sassone-+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 modulates CLOCK-mediated chromatin remodeling and circadian control Cell 134: 329–340, DOI: [PubMed] Asher, G; Gatfield, D; Stratmann, M; Reinke, H; Dibner, C; Kreppel, F; Mostoslavsky, R; Alt, FW; 1 regulates circadian clock gene expression through PER2 deacetylation Cell 134: 317–328, DOI: [PubMed] Guillaumond, F; Dardente, H; Giguere, V; Cermakian, NDifferential control of Bmal1 circadian transcription by REV-ERB and ROR nuclear receptors J 20: 391–403, DOI: [PubMed] Sato, TK; Panda, S; Miraglia, LJ; Reyes, TM; Rudic, RD; McNamara, P; Naik, KA; FitzGerald, GA; Kay, SA; Hogenesch, JBA functional genomics strategy reveals Rorα as a component of the mammalian circadian clock Neuron 43: 5 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies regarding the roles of specific proteins and mechanisms in regulating the circadian clock, implying a connection to light-sensitive processes. For example, references to 'mCRY2' and 'BMAL1' indicate their importance in the feedback loops and transcription processes that govern circadian rhythms, which can be influenced by light exposure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: subdivide their basket neurons into four subpopulations, non-Bergmann glia astrocytes into two subpopulations, and oligodendrocytes into two subpopulations; we also examined the expression of our human and mouse-enriched genes for these cell types in all subpopulations. We found that for all cell types and for both measures of expression, the expression of human-enriched genes in human single nuclei data is significantly higher than the expression of mouse-enriched genes (Figure 3—figure supplement 3C). Concordantly, the expression of mouse-enriched genes in mouse single cell data is higher than the expression of human-enriched genes for all cell types, including subpopulations of each cell type (Figure 3—figure supplement 3D). For both measures of expression, the distributions of expression for mouse- and human-enriched genes are statistically different for all cell types except for OPCs, which is likely due to sample size as Saunders et al. only identified eight cerebellar OPCs. These results confirm that the genes we have identified as differentially expressed between human and mouse are likely to be true species differences, and do not arise as a result of sorting different subpopulations in the two species. We next performed (GO) analysis of species-specific genes to understand whether their expression might reflect changes that occur independently, or arise due to transcriptional programs that are altered between species. GO analysis of human-enriched genes from granule neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and OPCs do not have significantly associated GO categories, suggesting species differences in these cell types contribute to a wide range of pathways and functions. The majority of human-enriched genes in basket cells are also unrelated functionally, although there was significant enrichment for the cellular component sub-ontology cell projection membrane. GO analysis of mouse-enriched genes from astrocytes revealed weak enrichment for genes with phosphoric diester hydrolase/phospholipase activity, while mouse-enriched genes from granule neurons, basket neurons, oligodendrocytes, and OPCs revealed enrichment for genes with transporter activity or those involved in neuronal development (Supplementary file 9). These data indicate that evolutionary divergence between mouse and human cell types involves both frequent alterations in regulatory mechanisms impacting single genes (Villar et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the expression of genes in different types of cells and does not mention nanomedicine, aging, or the ability to repair the body. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim about nanomedicine and its potential in extending human lifespan or curing diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: 1 Experiment 1Experiments were performed during July and August, 2008, using one colony of approximately 7,500 workers of the Carniolan variety (Apis mellifera carnica) housed in a five-frame hive in an uncultivated field in North Haledon, New Jersey. Foragers were trained to a feeder containing unscented sugar water located approximately 100 m from the hive. Training consisted of attracting to the feeder foragers at the entrance of the hive, then gradually moving the feeder to the final location (von Frisch 1967). Care was taken to eliminate foragers from foreign colonies by marking the initial recruits with a dot of paint and then subsequently killing any unmarked bees that visited the feeder. Upon completion of training, two replicates were conducted each day, one in the morning from 09:30 to 10:30, and one in the late afternoon from 16:00 to 17:00. Immediately before each experimental replicate, and only at this time, the feeder was filled with sugar solution. To account for fluctuations in the favorability of foraging conditions, the concentration of the sugar solution was adjusted between 5% and 11% to prevent overcrowding of the feeder dish (7-cm diameter) by recruited bees. Each replicate began when the first bee arrived at the feeder station, which typically occurred within 5 min of filling the dish at the feeder station. Thereafter, we counted for 40 min the number of bee visits to the feeder station for the duration of every other minute (a total of 20 counts per trial). A visit was defined as a bee landing on the dish and extending her proboscis to the feeder reservoir. Following their visit, the majority of bees flew directly toward the hive after a single looping flight. However, because bees were not individually identifiable in this experiment, it is possible that some bees were counted more than once within a particular 60-s count. Over counting of visits was minimized by watching the flight of each bee departing from the feeder and excluding any visits by bees returning to the feeder immediately after departure. Another observer simultaneously counted the number of worker exits from the hive for the duration of every other minute. At minute 10, either 300 μl of waggle-dance compound mixture or 300 μl of pure ethyl ether was introduced into the hive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address army ants or their foraging behavior. Instead, it details an experiment involving bees from a different species (Apis mellifera carnica) and their training to forage at a specific feeder. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim about army ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 27–537, DOI: [PubMed] Akashi, M; Takumi, TThe orphan nuclear receptor RORα regulates circadian transcription of the mammalian core-clock Bmal1 12: 441–448, DOI: [PubMed] Preitner, N; Damiola, F; Lopez-Molina, L; Zakany, J; Duboule, D; Albrecht, U; Schibler, UThe orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBα controls circadian transcription within the positive limb of the mammalian circadian oscillator Cell 110: 251–260, DOI: [PubMed] Triqueneaux, G; Thenot, S; Kakizawa, T; Antoch, MP; Safi, R; Takahashi, JS; Delaunay, F; Laudet, VThe orphan receptor Rev-erbα gene is a target of the circadian clock pacemaker J 33: 585–608, DOI: [PubMed] Reick, M; Garcia, JA; Dudley, C; 2: an analog of clock operative in the mammalian forebrain Science 293: 506–509, DOI: [PubMed] Amir, S; Lamont, EW; Robinson, B; Stewart, JA circadian rhythm in the expression of 2 protein reveals a novel SCN-controlled oscillator in the oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis J Neurosci 24: 781–790, DOI: [PubMed] Lamont, EW; Robinson, B; Stewart, J; Amir, SThe central and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala exhibit opposite diurnal rhythms of expression of the clock protein Period2 102: 4180–4184, DOI: [PubMed] Harms, E; Kivimae, S; Young, MW; Saez, LPosttranscriptional and posttranslational regulation of clock genes J 19: 361–373, DOI: [PubMed] Meyer, P; Saez, L; -TIM interactions in living Drosophila cells: an interval timer for the circadian clock Science 31: 226–229, DOI: Dunlap, JCRunning a clock requires quality time together Science 311: 184–186, DOI: [PubMed] Xu, Y; Padiath, QS; Shapiro, RE; Jones, CR; Wu, SC; [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various proteins, specifically orphan nuclear receptors like RORα and REV-ERBα, which are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms. These proteins play critical roles in the circadian transcription process, indicating that rhythms are indeed regulated by light-sensitive proteins. The mention of clock proteins further corroborates the claim that circadian rhythms depend on specific proteins that respond to light.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: Despite the lack of data for late spermatids, our results suggest that many errors are at least partially repaired before the completion of spermatid maturation. Alternatively, cell death could have removed mutated cells before spermatid maturation if a lesion could not be repaired. Our data cannot distinguish between the death of mutated cells and successful repair of lesions. The variants we have found are either DNA lesions that have escaped repair, or the lesions that have been selected through competition among cells (Loewe and Hill, 2010). It is likely that some of these substitutions would result in inviable offspring and would never be observed in an adult population. Our result suggests that mutational load varies between different cell divisions, consistent with previous work that suggests a variable lesion rate between cell types (Gao et al. , 2011; Gao et al. , 2014). Mutational load is the net product of damage and repair, and further characterization of how lesions occur and accumulate in the germline is needed to better understand the evolutionary ramifications of this process (Moorjani et al. , 2016). It appears that the cell types with the highest mutational load are germline stem cells/early spermatogonia, the earliest germ cells. This indicates that by the time germline stem cells enter spermatogenesis, they carry a relatively high mutational burden. This could be due to the fact that germline stem cells cycle many times, dividing asymmetrically to produce spermatogonia and a replenished germline stem cell. This cycle, repeated enough times, could cause a buildup of variants in germline stem cells as they continue to produce spermatogonia. Such a scenario would necessitate a mechanism to remove high level of lesions from maturing gametes. This mechanism must be an equilibrium removing enough lesions to prevent the accumulation of harmful phenotypes. However, the population-level mutation rate never reaches zero, otherwise adaptive evolution will cease (Lynch, 2010). Since we observed that the transcription of 211 DNA repair genes drops during meiotic stages, we suspect that DNA repair gene products are translated early and continue to repair lesions throughout spermatogenesis. After meiosis, however, the gametes become haploid, and there is no longer a template strand to facilitate homology-directed repair. This should constrain the types of DNA damage repair available in late spermatogenesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to DNA repair and mutational load during spermatogenesis, without any mention of nanomedicine, treatments to reverse aging, or the use of tiny robots for medical interventions. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: The waggle-dance compound mixture contained Z-(9)-tricosene, tricosane, and pentacosane, each diluted 1:100 in ether and mixed at a ratio of 1:2:3, respectively (this ratio produced chromatograms with peak heights that approximately matched those from samples of waggle dancers; Thom et al. 2007), and then further diluted 1:10 in ether. The substance was introduced into the hive by pipetting an aliquot of 100 μl onto each of three watch glasses (6-cm diameter) attached to a wooden strip, which was then immediately inserted into the entrance of the hive, effectively centering the three dishes on the bottom of the hive. The dishes remained in the hive until the experimental replicate was complete. To avoid contamination of the solvent dish, a separate but identical set of introduction apparatus was used for the ether and waggle-dance compound introductions. To control for presentation order and time-of-day effects, the order of the substance introduced (waggle-dance compounds or solvent) was alternated each day. To prevent observer bias, the identity of the substance introduced in each replicate was not revealed to the experimenter recording bee visits to the feeder station. The identity of the substance introduced in each replicate was known, however, by the experimenter recording hive departures because this individual also performed the substance introductions. A total of 15 solvent and 14 waggle-dance compound replicates were performed. To determine whether exposure to waggle-dance compounds increased the number of hive departures, the mean number of bee departures for solvent and waggle-dance compound replicates was compared using a two-sample T test. A similar comparison was made for bee arrivals at the feeder. Before each of these comparisons was made, the data was adjusted in three ways. First, to account for daily fluctuations in foraging conditions, the data for each replicate were normalized by dividing each 1-min count by the average number of hive departures per minute during the 10 min immediately preceding the experiment (for hive departure data) or by dividing each 1-min count by the number of feeder arrivals during the minute immediately preceding substance exposure (for feeder arrival data; the average was not used here because there was a predictable increase in bees arriving from minute 1 to minute 9). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about army ants' foraging behavior and colony movement. It instead discusses an experimental setup involving waggle-dance compounds in a hive, which is unrelated to army ants and their behavior.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: , A; Dulong, S; Innominato, PF; Clairambault, JCircadian timing in cancer treatments 50: 377–421, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, F; Schibler, UCircadian rhythms: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications 47: 593–628, DOI: [PubMed] Mormont, MC; Lévi, FCancer chronotherapy: Principles, applications, and perspectives Cancer 97: 155–169, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, FRedfern P, Lemmer B(1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it lists several references related to circadian timing and cancer treatments, but does not provide evidence or discussion that corroborates or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: For example, images can be acquired faster from mammalian neural tissue than from Drosophila, both because its stronger contrast and fewer small processes. Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Improved FIB-SEM resolution reveals more detailed cellular structures in biological samples. Typical images of (a) Drosophila central complex and (b) Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, using standard 8 × 8 × 8 nm3 voxel imaging condition are shown in the top panels. The bottom panels show the corresponding high-resolution images at 4 × 4 × 4 nm3 voxel. Scale bar, 1 µm. Inset scale bar, 200 nm. An 8 × 8 × 8 µm3 high-resolution data set from the Drosophila central complex acquired over 10 days illustrates clearly delineated processes, and synapses with well-defined postsynaptic densities (see Figure 7 and Video 4). This high-quality data provides significantly more accurate estimates of synaptic connectivity than possible for lower-resolution stacks. Moreover, data of this quality will permit highly automated reconstruction, thus greatly reducing the time required for manual proofreading. In contrast, it would take only ~2 hr to acquire a comparable dataset using the high-throughput mode of acquisition, but it would require hundreds of man-hours of proofreading to correct the dataset because of the small neurites in Drosophila. High-resolution data also provides an accurate ‘gold standard’ for the higher throughput data, helping to interpret the larger dataset and perhaps also serving as a reference for machine learning. The actual resolution of this high-resolution mode can be objectively quantified by intracellular structures of known dimensions. For example, in Figure 7b, the resolved hollow core of the 25 nm outer-diameter/17 nm inner-diameter microtubule confirms a resolution of <3. 5 nm (referenced to a 25–75% step edge rise resolution criteria, consistent with an alternative definition for resolution of (spatial period = 21 nm/2π). Figure 7 Download asset Open asset A high-resolution image (4 × 4 × 4 nm3) of a Drosophila protocerebral bridge (in the central complex) reveals fine details of various organelles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses imaging techniques and resolution in the context of biological samples, specifically focusing on neural tissue of Drosophila and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. There is no mention or implication of nanomedicine, aging, human lifespan, or treatments for diseases, thus not supporting or contrasting with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: Second, all data were natural-log transformed to yield normally distributed sample groups with equal variances. Third, data from morning and afternoon trials were pooled because time of day did not impact behavior at the feeder; the mean bee count just before substance exposure was almost identical between morning (8. 5 bees/min, 95% CI ± 2. 7) and afternoon (8. 9 bees/min, 95% CI ± 2. 8) replicates. 2. 2 Experiment 2Experiments were conducted between June 25 and August 18, 2009, using two colonies of approximately 7,500 workers of the Italian variety (Apis mellifera ligustica) housed in a five-frame hive in an uncultivated field in North Haledon, New Jersey. Foragers were trained, as described for Section 2. 1, to a feeder containing unscented sugar water located approximately 100 m from the hive. Following training of the bees to the feeder, but before experimental replicates began, we marked each bee visiting the feeder with a unique color combination to allow individual identification of the foragers experienced with the feeder-dish food source. Thereafter, the feeder was filled only once each day so that the bees remain trained to it, but this was done at a random time of day to prevent the bees from learning to visit the feeder at a particular time. During each daily feeding, which lasted approximately 60 min, additional foragers were marked to ensure that the majority of visitors to the feeder during each experimental replicate were marked for individual identification. The total number of marked bees by the end of the experiment was approximately 84 for colony 1 and 92 for colony 2. Each replicate of this experiment consisted of recording for 60 min the time and identity (“unknown” for unmarked bees, never more than 10% of the visiting bees) of each forager visiting the empty feeder dish. A visit was defined as a bee landing on the feeder dish, no matter how briefly. Any repeat visits by a bee within 60 s of the bee’s first visit were not considered visits. Introduced into the hive at minute 30 was 300 μl of either waggle-dance compound mixture or this mixture’s solvent, ethyl ether. Introduction procedures and composition of the waggle-dance compound mixture were identical to those described for Section 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address army ants or their behavior. Instead, it focuses on an experiment involving bees and their foraging characteristics, which is unrelated to the claim about army ants' aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Weak evidence of bright light effects on human LH and (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-8-5Submitted on Feb 27, 2010Accepted on May 11, 2010Published on May 11, 20104. 0 generations of scientists have studied photoperiodism extensively throughout the biological world. One of the most dramatic photoperiodic responses in birds is a massive increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) appearing within a few hours of stimulatory light exposure at a critical time of night [1]. Likewise, in small mammals, light at critical times of night produces large increases in LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), resulting in growth of gonads [2 - 4]. These increases in gonadotropins prepare animals for seasonal breeding [5]. There is a preponderance of evidence that light at night functions to decrease the duration of melatonin secretion, causing the nights to be interpreted as shorter (complementing a longer summer-like day) [6 - 8]. However, some evidence for critical time intervals for light (or melatonin) sensitivity at night suggests a more complex mechanism [9,10]. Moreover, in hamsters, light may stimulate LH at times outside the normal interval of melatonin secretion [4]. In mammals, neurobiologic responses to light are intrinsically bound to the circadian timing system [4,5,11]. The relationships between melatonin peak duration and LH stimulation are species-specific and may be somewhat different in large mammals, whose gestation period may require autumn-winter breeding for births to occur in the spring. LH is regulated photoperiodically in sheep, but short days (longer nights) stimulate LH in order to implement autumn-winter breeding, which results in spring births [12]. Nonhuman primates are also photoperiodic breeders, but the situation is complex, as some primates breed (and show LH peaks) in autumn or winter [13]. In female rhesus monkeys, light increased multiunit activity of hypothalamic neurons (which were presumably those GnRH neurons which stimulate LH release) [14]. Although seasonal elevations of LH may occur at various times of year, depending on the seasonal breeding adaptation, prolactin elevations occur in summer in both summer-breeding and most winter-breeding mammals [15]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how light exposure influences hormonal responses in various species, indicating that neurobiological responses to light are intrinsically linked to the circadian timing system. It highlights the role of light in regulating luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, suggesting that the circadian rhythms are influenced by light-sensitive biological mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: (a) an 8 × 8 µm2 area overview; (b) end-on and side views of microtubule, indicated by green arrows; (c) polyribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, indicated by blue arrows; and (d) synaptic vesicles, presynaptic T-bar, and postsynaptic density, shown in two different z planes. Video 4 shows the corresponding full z stack. Scale bar, 1 µm in (a) and 500 nm in (b)-(d). Video 4 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as of synapse in Drosophila protocerebral bridge showing multiple post synaptic contacts. FIB-SEM for cell biology Further improvement in resolution/volume for FIB-SEM should pay substantial dividends for cell biology, just as previous two-fold resolution improvements in fluorescence microscopy have enabled important scientific advances by rendering finer details. Here, we illustrate the potential of this approach for cellular neurobiology with data from the nucleus accumbens, a region of the mammalian forebrain involved in reward processing (see Figure 8a and Video 5). This dataset encompasses much of the soma of one neuron, along with the surrounding neuropil. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is well resolved and easily segmented, allowing its full 3D structure to be extracted; one is no longer relying on sampling from 2D EM sections to infer its 3D organization. For example, the frequency of ER-to-plasma membrane and ER-to-mitochondrion contacts can be quantified across a whole cell (Wu et al. , 2017), providing new insight into contact-dependent processes such as lipid transfer. Dendrites with readily-segmentable organelles, and synapses with all vesicles countable are plentiful and could be mined for statistics, for example, quantitative comparisons among synapses from the same axon, or onto the same dendrite. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Isotropic high-resolution data offer easy visualization of 3D structures through arbitrary slices. (a) Two orthoslices (x–y and x–z) from nucleus accumbens in a sample of adult mouse brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses cellular structures and visualization techniques in neurobiology, specifically referencing microtubules, polyribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum, but does not mention nanomedicine, aging, or the idea of sending robots into the body for treatments. Thus, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: 1 Also recorded was the number of departures of bees from the hive, which was sampled for 60 s every fourth minute. Each replicate of the experiment was conducted at one of the following times of day: 09:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00, or 17:00, determined randomly. Because the feeder must remain empty during data collection, the daily feeding was scheduled so as to not coincide with the experiment. A single replicate was performed each day to insure that each substance exposure was independent of previous exposures. The type of replicate (solvent control or waggle-dance compounds) was determined by coin toss each day, and to avoid observer bias, this information was withheld from the observer at the feeder. Two colonies were used for the experiment. Only a single colony was set up at any one time to prevent competition and drifting among colonies that might obfuscate results. Eleven replicates (six waggle-dance compound and five solvent control introductions) were conducted with colony 1, and another 11 replicates (five waggle-dance compound and six solvent control introductions) were conducted with colony 2. The data generated by the experiment described above yielded three variables upon which we focused our analysis. 1. Number of Visits to Feeder: the total number of bee arrivals at the feeder, including unmarked bees (n = 11 replicates for colony 1, n = 11 replicates for colony 2) 2. Number of Visitors to Feeder: the number of unique visitors (i. e. , different individuals) that arrived at the feeder, excluding unmarked bees (n = 11 replicates for colony 1, n = 11 replicates for colony 2) 3. Number of per Bee: the number of visits to the feeder by each individual bee, including only those marked bees that participated in at least one dance-compound replicate and one solvent-control replicate (n = 34 bees for colony 1, n = 42 bees for colony 2) To investigate the effects of the dance compounds on each of these three variables, we calculated the difference between the Number of Visits/Number of Visitors/Number of Visits per Bee for the 30 min before substance introduction compared to the 30 min after substance introduction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about army ants and their behavior. It discusses a study involving bee behavior and feeding patterns, with no mention of army ants or their foraging behaviors.