Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: Overall, the effect of climate change on the WP-streamflow relationship clearly differed depending on the WP, with the difference between the 4K and PC simulations showing that the contrast among nodes was intensified during summer in the 4K simulation. However, compared with the CPs in Fig. 8, the climate change impact differences among the WPs were relatively small. The two WPs (WP1–2) marked in Fig. 11c show relatively large fluctuations in streamflow amounts in response to climate change, which are further highlighted in Fig. 12. Figure 12 shows the precipitation and future changes in the related variables for WP1 and WP2. In the WP associated with the largest decrease in discharge (WP1), an enhanced climatological Pacific high was observed over Japan. In WP1, Japan was covered by low-level southwesterlies, likely due to an intensified subtropical western Pacific high. high-pressure system covered Japan from the Pacific Ocean, resulting in relatively dry conditions. WP1 caused weak rainfall on the Pacific side of central Japan, resulting in weak air intrusion from the southwest into central Japan. In contrast, WP2 strongly influenced the precipitation on the Pacific side of Japan, with warm-humid southerly winds coinciding with a tropical cyclone in central Japan. Large amounts of precipitation were observed on the Pacific side of central and eastern Japan. In the context of climate change simulations, WP1 and WP2 show decreases in precipitation in western Japan between the 4K and PC simulations, which can be interpreted as changes in moisture convergence related to changes in horizontal moisture transport. Both WP1, which had low precipitation, and WP2, which had high precipitation, showed increased evapotranspiration. In WP1, although the precipitable water increased around Japan, the relative humidity over the target region decreased considerably, which would prevent moisture condensation in future climate simulations and make precipitation less likely to occur (Fig. 12d). Corresponding to the enhanced intrusion of moist air masses from the south, WP2 exhibited a significant increase in precipitation over the Pacific side of eastern Japan. However, precipitation is predicted to decrease under future simulations on the western side of the low-pressure system, which is leeward across the central mountains. Precipitable water also showed a slight increase on the western side of central Japan. Consequently, the relative humidity in the target region in WP2 decreased substantially due to the rise in air temperature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that climate change impacts precipitation patterns and moisture transport, which can lead to prolonged drought conditions. For instance, it explains how WP1 is associated with low precipitation and dry conditions due to increased temperature and reduced relative humidity, which makes precipitation less likely. Additionally, fluctuations in streamflow and decreases in precipitation in the context of climate change support the assertion that climate change contributes to drought conditions in specific regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: ConclusionA 3D transient CFD model was developed to illustrate the impacts of wind direction on the cooling of a PV panel installed on the surface of a slanted roof. The simulation includes radiative effects by surface-to-surface radiation model, natural convection generated by the heated PV due to the buoyancy effects and forced convection due to the wind effects. The numerical results showed that the wind direction has a significant impact on the cooling rates of the module. At angles below 90 degrees, due to direct contact between the wind and sides of the PV panel, the cooling rate of the PV is higher resulting in lower PV temperatures. However, at higher angles, the walls and edges of the structure act as a barrier between the wind flow and PV and prevent direct contact between them. Therefore, the convective cooling rates degrade, and PV temperature rises. It should be noted that the results may depend on other geometrical parameters such as distances from the edges of the PV module to the edges of the roof and building height, which could be investigated in future studies. Advertisement 1. Tkachenko SA et al. Computational study of natural convection flow in an open-ended channel coupled with a room: Application to building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems. In: Proceedings of CHT-21 on Advances in Transfer. Inc. ; 20212. . Comparative performance assessment of a non-ventilated and ventilated BIPV rooftop configurations in the Netherlands. Solar Energy. 2017;146:389-4003. . Experimentally validated CFD simulations predicting wind effects on photovoltaic modules mounted on inclined surfaces. Technologies and Assessments. 2018;30:201-2084. . Investigation of the role of cavity airflow on the performance of building-integrated photovoltaic panels. Solar Energy. 2014;107:510-5225. Lai C-M, Hokoi S. Experimental and numerical studies on the thermal performance of ventilated BIPV curtain walls. Indoor and Built Environment. 2017;26(9):1243-12566. Gan G. Numerical determination of adequate air gaps for building-integrated photovoltaics. Solar Energy. 2009;83(8):1253-12737. . LES evaluation of wind-induced responses for an isolated and a surrounded tall building. Engineering Structures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining how wind direction significantly impacts the cooling rates of photovoltaic (PV) panels. It details that at certain angles, the wind may not provide adequate cooling due to barriers created by the structure, leading to higher PV temperatures. This indicates that PV panels do not operate efficiently under all weather conditions, particularly when wind flow is obstructed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Second, a group of questions that I think of as being about the biology of alien life. These are questions about the nature of life forms, wherever they are found. For example: Is life usually (or always) based on carbon? Is it usually dependent on water? Is life usually made of cells or cell-like units? Are large life forms common, and do they usually arise from the evolution of multicellularity rather than by some other means? Are there features of large multicellular life forms that are to be expected to occur widely across multiple planets, for example skeletons? How does intelligent life arise from unintelligent beginnings, and are there parallels in the evolution of intelligence from one planet to another? Although these two groups of questions are reasonably distinct from each other, they are not without overlap and interaction, as I mentioned earlier. For example, by now we are fairly sure that, Earth aside, there are no multicellular life forms in the solar system, even though the possibility of microbial life having evolved on some local body – for example Jupiter’s moon Europa or Saturn’s moon Enceladus – remains a possibility, as we’ll see in 5. In contrast, it seems highly probable that there are plenty of rocky bodies scattered across our galaxy that have large life forms as well as microbes. Some authors have argued against this – notably the American scientists in their 2000 book Rare Earth. These authors argued that Earth possessed a combination of unique features that was unlikely to be replicated elsewhere. However, that was before the discovery of Earth-like exoplanets, and their argument no longer seems tenable. As we proceed, these two groups of questions – about the geography and biology of alien life – will always both be at least in the background. In particular 1. 1 Detecting gases in exoplanet atmospheres. Left: amount of light received by a space telescope when the planet is ‘off to one side’ from our perspective. Right: amount of light received when the planet is in a direct line between its host star and the Earth. Note the dip in the amount of light received at a particular wavelength in the right-hand panel. If instead of looking at this graph you were looking at the light itself, after it had been split into its various colours by a prism, you would see a dark band at the wavelength (= colour) concerned. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the search for extraterrestrial life involving the study of extremophiles on Earth. Instead, it focuses on broader questions about the nature of life in the universe, the potential for life on other planets, and the detection of gases in exoplanet atmospheres. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: Under future climatic conditions, typhoon-induced precipitation is expected to increase; however, some pathways may lead to a reduction in river discharge. 4 ConclusionsFuture unprecedented and long-term hydrological drought events related to climate change are a serious concern for Japan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to project how hydrological drought and its associated CP/WP characteristics may evolve in central Japan due to climate change. We examined future changes in river discharge by employing hydrological modeling driven by high-resolution RCM with a 5 km grid spacing and incorporating bias correction to enhance the accuracy of the projections. Our results suggest that under future climatic conditions, river discharge in central Japan during the summer will decrease throughout the season. In addition, the 1st percentile value of streamflow decreased by 35% (20% in the + 4-K and + 2-K warming climate simulations), and the number of consecutive hydrological drought days increased considerably to an unprecedented level. These results imply that the intensity and frequency of summer water shortages in the study area may have severe consequences. Although the uncertainty range was extensive, the outcomes of the ensemble simulations were consistent. In order to better understand the differences in the impacts of climate change among the CPs/WPs, we also analyzed the complex interrelationship between potential future changes in streamflow and CPs/WPs. The impact of CPs/WPs on river streamflow during summer was substantially altered by future climate change. Overall, the discharge decreased, while the response differed among the various CPs/WPs. The contrast between meteorological conditions increased, and the decrease in moderate river discharge was particularly significant. The causes of these discharge reductions varied from CP/WP to CP/WP; some could be primarily attributed to reduced precipitation, whereas others were due to increased evapotranspiration. The results also show the benefits of comparing CPs/WPs in the context of climate change to improve our understanding of projected changes in river discharge. The differences in responses to the various WPs/CPs were likely due to changes in moisture transport, evapotranspiration, precipitation, and relative humidity. Our methods were effective in analyzing the weather/climate impacts on river discharge and their changes in the context of climate change, thereby facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of climate change impact assessments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how climate change is projected to lead to an increase in hydrological drought events in Japan, indicating that climate change can significantly impact water availability and contribute to prolonged drought conditions. It describes a reduction in river discharge and an increase in consecutive hydrological drought days, which supports the assertion that climate change contributes to drought occurrences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of -‘Thermal batteries’ could efficiently store wind and solar power in a renewable grid‘Thermal batteries’ could efficiently store wind and solar power in a renewable grid Stored as heat in a bath of molten material, extra energy could be tapped when needed 13 Apr 202211:00. thermophotovoltaic cell turns furnacelike heat into electricity. :FacebookShare on of contentsA version of this story appeared in Science, Vol 376, Issue 6590. Download PDF How do you bottle renewable energy for when the Sun doesn’t shine and the wind won’t blow? That’s one of the most vexing questions standing in the way of a greener electrical grid. Massive battery banks are one answer. But they’re expensive and best at storing energy for a few hours, not for days long stretches of cloudy weather or calm. Another strategy is to use surplus energy to heat a large mass of material to ultrahigh temperatures, then tap the energy as needed. This week, researchers report a major improvement in a key part of that scheme: a device for turning the stored heat back into electricity. A team at the of Technology (MIT) and the achieved a nearly 30% jump in the efficiency of a thermophotovoltaic (TPV), a semiconductor structure that converts photons emitted from a heat source to electricity, just as a solar cell transforms sunlight into power. “This is very exciting stuff,” says Andrej Lenert, a materials engineer at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. “This is the first time [TPVs have] gotten into really promising efficiency ranges, which is ultimately what matters for a lot of applications. ” Together with related advances, he and others say, the new work gives a major boost to efforts to roll out thermal batteries on a large scale, as cheap backup for renewable power systems. The idea is to feed surplus wind or solar electricity to a heating element, which boosts the temperature of a liquid metal bath or a graphite block to several thousand degrees. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the inefficiencies of renewable energy systems like solar panels and wind turbines in adverse weather conditions. It notes that 'how do you bottle renewable energy for when the Sun doesn’t shine and the wind won’t blow?' indicating that solar panels and wind turbines do not operate efficiently under such conditions, as they are dependent on sunlight and wind respectively. It further states that massive battery banks are only effective at storing energy for short periods, which supports the idea that these systems face challenges in consistently providing power when weather conditions are not favorable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Such a dip (or band) is interpreted as the result of absorption by a particular gas in the planet’s atmosphere, and is known as an absorption band. Since different gases have different patterns of absorption centred on different wavelengths – in other words different ‘signatures’ – they can be identified. Some gases, notably oxygen, are regarded as biosignatures. As we will see later (in 1. 2 Two forms of the tiny invertebrate called a tardigrade or water bear. Upper right: how the animal looks under benign environmental conditions, when it is active. Lower left: a tardigrade tun, which is a resistant, non-metabolizing form that the animal converts itself into under extreme environmental conditions such as very low temperatures or lack of water. If conditions become less extreme, the tun can revert to the active form. You have by Loading. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses absorption bands of gases in a planet's atmosphere and provides information about tardigrades and their ability to survive in extreme conditions. However, it does not connect this information to the search for extraterrestrial life or the study of extremophiles on Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: The projected changes in river discharge characteristics are useful for evaluating the detailed local climate impacts on the ecological, industrial, social, and environmental sectors. For example, hydropower potential can be affected by changes in the frequency and intensity of hydrological droughts, which are linked to the variability in weather and climate events. Future water resource management strategies may require substantial alterations. Ongoing efforts to employ hydrological models for accurately estimating the water discharge in each river basin are required to enhance the assessment of climate change impacts and develop adaptation strategies for future dam operations. Furthermore, it is imperative to integrate the results with dam operation models to estimate realistic economic losses and hydropower generation from the obtained impact assessment results while considering adaptation measures for dam operation. In addition to improving the accuracy of future projections, future endeavors should also include developing methods for adaptation measures. Statements & Declarations294. (2020) Climate change effects on snowmelt runoff in Shogawa river basin. 76:109–120. Arnell NW (1999) A simple water balance model for the simulation of stream flow over a large geographic domain. J Hydrol 217:314–335. (2013) The impacts of climate change on river flow regimes at the global scale. J Hydrol 486:351–364. (2010) The effect of the precipitation form discrimination method on river discharge estimation during winter. 54:421–426. (2014) 45 years of non-stationary hydrology over a forest plantation growth cycle, Coalburn catchment, Northern England. J Hydrol 519:559–573. Brigode P, Mićović Z, Bernardara P, et al (2013) Linking ENSO and heavy rainfall events over coastal through a weather pattern classification. 17;1455–1473. (2007) Predicted changes in synoptic forcing of net precipitation in large Arctic river basins during the 21st century. J Biogeosci 112:G4. (2002) Intraseasonal variability associated with wet monsoons in southeast Arizona. J Clim 15:2477–2490. (2008) Objective identification of nonlinear convectively coupled phases of monsoon intraseasonal oscillation: Implications for prediction. J 65:1549–1569. -van der (2023) Current and future risk of unprecedented hydrological droughts in Great Britain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of climate change on hydrological droughts, noting that changes in river discharge characteristics and hydrological droughts are linked to climate variability. The mention of the need for adaptation strategies in water resource management directly supports the claim that climate change affects drought conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: The heat can be turned back into electricity by making steam that drives a turbine, but there are trade-offs. High temperatures raise the conversion efficiency, but turbine materials begin to break down at about 1500°C. TPVs offer an alternative: Funnel the stored heat to a metal film or filament, setting it aglow like the tungsten wire in an incandescent light bulb, then use TPVs to absorb the emitted light and turn it to electricity. When the first TPVs were invented in the 1960s, they only converted a few percent of the heat energy into electricity. That efficiency jumped to about 30% in 1980, where it has largely been stuck ever since. One reason is that tungsten and other metals tend to radiate photons across a broad spectrum, from high-energy ultraviolet to low-energy far-infrared. But all photovoltaics—TPVs included—are optimized to absorb photons in a narrow range, meaning light with higher and lower frequencies tends to be wasted. For the new device, Asegun Henry, an MIT mechanical engineer, tinkered with both the emitter and the TPV itself. Previous TPV setups heated the emitters to about 1400°C, which maximized their brightness in the wavelength range for which TPVs were optimized. Henry aimed to push the temperature 1000°C higher, where tungsten emits more photons at higher energies, which could improve the energy conversion. But that meant reworking the TPVs as well. With researchers at the Energy Laboratory, Henry’s team laid down more than two dozen thin layers of different semiconductors to create two separate cells stacked one on top of another. The top cell absorbs mostly visible and ultraviolet photons, whereas the lower cell absorbs mostly infrared. A thin gold sheet under the bottom cell reflects low-energy photons the TPVs couldn’t harvest. The tungsten reabsorbs that energy, preventing it from being lost. The result, the group reports today in Nature, is a TPV tandem that converts 41. 1% of the energy emitted from a 2400°C tungsten filament to electricity. Henry’s team sees ways to do even better. In the 8 October 2020 issue of Nature, Lenert and his colleagues reported a mirror able to reflect nearly 99% of unabsorbed infrared photons back into the heat source. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while thermophotovoltaics (TPVs) can convert heat to electricity, there are significant limitations based on temperature and material properties. It specifically mentions that turbine materials begin to break down at about 1500°C and suggests that the efficiency of traditional photovoltaics is restricted to a narrow range of light frequencies, meaning that various weather conditions can affect their overall efficiency and operational viability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: Cite this book. . Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth, Princeton: Press, 2015. Knoll, A. (2015). Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press. Knoll, A. 2015. Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press. Knoll, Andrew H. . Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press, 2015. Knoll A. Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press; 2015. Copied to clipboard Copy to clipboard Download: by Press 2015 Purchase book Life on a of Evolution on Earth - Andrew H. contributions by: Andrew H. Knoll in the series Library Cite this Share this this book Australopithecines, dinosaurs, trilobites--such fossils conjure up images of lost worlds filled with vanished organisms. But in the full history of life, ancient animals, even the trilobites, form only the half-billion-year tip of a nearly four-billion-year iceberg. explores the deep history of life from its origins on a young planet to the incredible Cambrian explosion, presenting a compelling new explanation for the emergence of biological novelty. The very latest discoveries in paleontology--many of them made by the author and his students--are integrated with emerging insights from molecular biology and earth system science to forge a broad understanding of how the biological diversity that surrounds us came to be. Moving from Siberia to Namibia to the Bahamas, Knoll shows how life and environment have evolved together through Earth's history. Innovations in biology have helped shape our air and oceans, and, just as surely, environmental change has influenced the course of evolution, repeatedly closing off opportunities for some species while opening avenues for others. Readers go into the field to confront fossils, enter the lab to discern the inner workings of cells, and alight on Mars to ask how our terrestrial experience can guide exploration for life beyond our planet. Along the way, Knoll brings us up-to-date on some of science's hottest questions, from the oldest fossils and claims of life beyond the Earth to the hypothesis of global glaciation and Knoll's own unifying concept of ''permissive ecology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a thorough discussion about the history of life on Earth and its evolution but does not specifically address the claim regarding the origin of life around 3.5 billion years ago or the implication that early life is possible elsewhere. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: J Hydrol 625:130074. Clow DW (2010) Changes in the timing of snowmelt and streamflow in Colorado: A response to recent warming. J Clim 23:2293–2306. Corripio J, López-Moreno JI (2017) Analysis and predictability of the hydrological response of mountain catchments to heavy rain on snow events: A case study in the Spanish Pyrenees. Hydrology 4:20. Dai AG (2013) Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Chang 3:52–58. (2016) Forced and internal components of winter air temperature trends over during the past 50 years: mechanisms and implications. J Clim 29:2237–2258. (2021) S-SOM v1. 0: a structural self-organizing map algorithm for weather typing. Dev 14:2097–2111. Gibson PB, Perkins-Kirkpatrick SE, Uotila P, et al (2017) On the use of self-organizing maps for studying climate extremes. J Atmos 122:3891–3903. (2022) Multi-year drought storylines for Europe and from an iteratively perturbed global climate model. Extremes 38:100512. (2014) Global water resources affected by human interventions and climate change. 111(9):3251–3256. Agency (2021) 2020. (2010) The continuum of sea level pressure patterns: Intraseasonal, interannual, and interdecadal variability. J Climate 23:851–867. (2018) Characteristics of synoptic conditions for heavy snowfall in western to northeastern Japan analyzed by the 5-km regional climate ensemble experiments. J Japan 96:161–178. (2019) Contribution of historical global warming to local-scale heavy precipitation in western Japan estimated by large ensemble high-resolution simulations. J Atmos 124:6093–6103. (2023) Future changes in tropical and extratropical cyclones affecting Hokkaido and their related precipitation based on large-ensemble climate simulations. J Climatol 62:341–359. (1982) Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. 43:59–69. (2014) Global assessment of agreement among streamflow projections using CMIP5 model outputs. Lett 9:064017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by including references such as Dai AG (2013), which states there is 'Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models.' This supports the notion that climate change directly contributes to prolonged droughts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: Coupling the mirror with the MIT group’s improved TPVs could yield another big boost. “We think we have a clear path to 50% efficiency,” Henry says. The TPVs are made from III-V semiconductors, named for where their component elements fall in the periodic table, which are more expensive than the silicon used in rooftop solar cells. But other parts of a thermal battery, including graphite, are cheap. In a 2019 paper, Henry and his colleagues had calculated that even a 35% efficiency in heat-to-electricity conversion would make the technology economically viable. The team has also created ceramic pumps that can handle the ultra–high-temperature liquid metals needed to carry heat around an industrial scale heat energy storage setup. “They’ve built a foundation for storing and converting heat at those high temperatures,” Lenert says. This progress has triggered commercial interest. in California launched a thermal energy company in 2016. Lenert and others are eyeing their own startups. recently launched a venture—Corp. —to commercialize his group’s technology, which he estimates could store electricity for $10 per kilowatt-hour of capacity, less than one-tenth the cost of grid-scale lithium-ion batteries. “Storing energy as heat can be very cheap,” even for many days at a time, says Alina LaPotin, an MIT graduate student and first author of the current Nature paper. Henry and others add that thermal storage systems are modular, unlike fossil fuel plants, which are most efficient at a massive, gigawatt scale. “That makes them equally good at providing power for a small village or a large power plant,” says Alejandro Datas, an electrical engineer at the of Madrid—and for storing power from solar and wind farms of any size. “This is the beauty. ” doi: 10. 1126/science. abq5215 Relevant tags: EngineeringEnvironmentthe author Robert F. Service mailShare on X Service is a news reporter for Science in Portland, Oregon, covering chemistry, materials science, and energy stories. More from news 25 Oct 2024 ‘Aerial arms race’ with birds may have turned ancient cicadas into ace fliers Pérez Ortega 25 Oct 2024 Can science and Islam coexist? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing thermal energy storage systems and their efficiency related to temperature, highlighting that efficiency can depend on specific conditions rather than being universally high for solar and wind technologies. It mentions that solar and wind farms can store energy but does not assert that they are efficient in all weather conditions, implying a limitation. The focus on the efficiency of thermal energy systems and their dependence on conditions suggests that solar panels and wind turbines may not necessarily perform well under all circumstances.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: '' In laying bare Earth's deepest biological roots, Life on a helps us understand our own place in the universe--and our responsibility as stewards of a world four billion years in the making. In a new preface, Knoll describes how the field has broadened and deepened in the decade since the book's original publication. Author Editor information Andrew H. Knoll is the of at and a member of the of Sciences. A paleontologist by training, he has spent more than two decades working to integrate geological and biological perspectives on early life. Reviews "Andrew Knoll, one of the world's foremost paleontologists, here presents the origin and early evolution of life the way it should be told: a mystery unfolding as an epic. Resonating with the authority of firsthand stories of discovery, his account will be exceptionally enjoyable for scientists and the educated public alike. "—Edward O. Wilson, Harvard University"Here is a firsthand account of one of the most exciting quests in modern science. Knoll writes with the confidence of a distinguished scientist who has devoted his career to unraveling the mysteries of life's origins and the passion of someone who deeply believes in the importance of recent discoveries about life before the Cambrian explosion. From the wilds of Siberia to the ocean floor, from Earth to Mars and beyond, he takes readers on a fascinating personal adventure that may change the way they think about themselves and their place in the world. "—Lawrence M. Krauss, author of of and Atom"In a highly personal, gripping narrative, Knoll takes us on the most incredible journey of all journeys—the history of life on Earth. "—Donald E. Canfield, Odense University"This is a truly great book. It is a remarkably readable synthesis of many diverse ideas selected from a breathtaking array of disciplines. The narrative is engaging and entertaining—a travelogue through time that incorporates amusing and informative anecdotes from Knoll's travels to many far-off places. "—Sean Carroll, University of Wisconsin, author of From DNA to Diversity"In this wonderful book. . . Knoll's extensive field experience and eagerness to share data and ideas with colleagues enable him to reconstruct responsibly the broad evolutionary scenario yet to remain close to the evidence. "---"[Knoll's] words have a poetic flavor and his deep interest in the study of life on earth flows out of them, carrying readers along whole maintaining a rigorous discourse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the origin and early evolution of life on Earth, emphasizing its long history, which aligns with the assertion that life began around 3.5 billion years ago. The passage highlights how Andrew H. Knoll's work integrates geological and biological perspectives on early life, suggesting a broad understanding of life's origins over a timeframe of approximately four billion years, thus reinforcing the idea that if life on Earth has such deep biological roots, it is plausible that similar conditions could foster early life elsewhere in the universe.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity can lead to increased conflicts over water resources. [SEP] Text: American Agriculture, Water Resources, and edited by Gary D. Libecap and University of Chicago Press, 2024Cloth: 978-0-226-83061-2 | Electronic: 978-0-226-83062-9DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226830629. 001. 0001 of (cloth, ebook) Barnes & DeGruyter Multi-(UPSO) collection of the most advanced and authoritative agricultural-economic research in the face of increasing water scarcity. Agriculture has been critical in the development of the American economy. Except in parts of the western United States, water access has not been a critical constraint on agricultural productivity, but with climate change, this may no longer be the case. This volume highlights new research on the interconnections between American agriculture, water resources, and climate change. It examines climatic and geologic factors that affect the agricultural sector and highlights historical and contemporary farmer responses to varying conditions and water availability. It identifies the potential effects of climate change on water supplies, access, agricultural practices, and profitability, and analyzes technological, agronomic, management, and institutional adjustments. Adaptations such as new crops, production practices, irrigation technologies, water conveyance infrastructure, fertilizer application, and increased use of groundwater can generate both social benefits and social costs, which may be internalized with various institutional innovations. Drawing on both historical and present experiences, this volume provides valuable insights into the economics of water supply in American agriculture as climate change unfolds. . Libecap is professor emeritus in the of & Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. is professor of environmental economics and policy at the University of California, Riverside. - Gary D. : 10. 7208/chicago/9780226830629. 003. 0001[water;agriculture;climate change;adaptation]We highlight the role of agriculture in the American economy and society over time; point to farmerhistorical and contemporary responses to varying climatic conditions; indicate the importance of water as an input to agricultural production; identify possible impacts of climate change on access to water; and briefly summarize 11 papers on these topics. Agriculture has been critical in development of the American society and economy. Except in parts of the US West, water access has not been a critical constraint in agriculture. But this is changing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of climate change on water supplies and access, indicating that these changes may lead to varying conditions for water availability in agriculture. It highlights the dependence of agriculture on water as an input and suggests that the increasing scarcity of water can create both social benefits and costs, which alludes to potential conflicts as competition for limited water resources escalates.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: Second, the forecasts represent a discrete time, while Wind and ACE hourly average values are the result of averaging many individual measurements over the hour following the forecast valid time (data processing and archiving, 2010; available at see also -SWE data page, 2010; available at Third, the sensors are subject to occasional solar wind and IMF disturbances, elevating parameter levels to the point where the WIND and ACE sensors can be overwhelmed and fail to produce accurate readings (data processing and archiving, 2010; available at Fourth, the instrument sensitivity threshold dictates that very small parameter values, particularly for density, can lead to inaccurate WIND and ACE sensor measurements. For these reasons, this study refers to discrepancies between predicted and observed parameter values as differences rather than errors. Over a large sample of comparisons, as is carried out in this study, the errors in the observations tend to average out provided there is no systematic drift in the sensor. Therefore, the forecast-observation difference can be thought of as a possible model deficiency. But it must be kept in mind that some portion of that difference is due to the disparities in the source of the forecast and observed value making up the difference as mentioned above. 3. Method [16] Forecast verification by individual year allows for a look at the effect of solar activity variation on model performance. In each year's evaluation, the forecast values were verified in daylong lead time interval groups: 1–24 h, 25–48 h, 49–72 h, 73–96 h, and 97–120 h corresponding to days 1–5. Such a partitioning lets us examine forecast skill as a function of the forecast lead time. This is of interest to the operational forecaster who must assign a level of reliability to the guidance provided by each day's multiday forecast. [17] As mentioned in section 2, forecast-observation difference represents the best measure of the forecast deficiency considering the representativeness issues. At a single model time step, this difference quantifies how much the forecast misses the mark in terms of providing a preview of future conditions at L1. The difference between mean value of the forecasts and the mean value of the observations is a systematic error called bias. If the model predicts a variable with a small mean error but a large variation in the forecast-observation difference, the model performs poorly in matching the temporal variation of the observed state. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges faced by sensors (specifically WIND and ACE), which can be overwhelmed by solar wind and IMF disturbances, leading to inaccurate measurements. This implies that weather conditions can negatively affect the performance and reliability of operational forecasting, suggesting that solar panels and wind turbines may not function efficiently in varying or adverse weather conditions as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: Knoll's book will appeal to anyone interested in the evolution of life on Earth. ""This is not a textbook but rather a story, giving one person's view of how the jigsaw pieces fit together. It is written in flowing prose with many asides, personal anecdotes and explanations of what evidence there is and how it is used. . . . [F]or ecologists the book has much to offer in putting the early evolution of life into perspective. ""The author weaves a beautifully written, fascinating story of life's origin and development based on his extensive field studies and research in the most remote corners of the globe. . . . This volume. . . is a most valuable asset that should be read by scientists active in the field, by teachers and students who are interested in the most recent thoughts on the subject, and, in fact, by anyone who is interested in how life might have originated and evolved on this planet or on other similar planets in our Universe. "---Nathan Dubowsky, & Films"A detective story to match the best crime fiction. It is told withverve. "---Paul Nettleton, The Guardian"Knoll is well placed to tell this amazing story, and he does so with verve. "---Douglas Palmer, New Scientist"A balanced, excellent account of current theories and discussions of the origin and early evolution of life. . . . Knoll is able to convey difficult scientific issues with a minimum of jargon, using a brisk and witty prose. . . He is a gifted storyteller with a knack for choosing the right anecdote. . . . A browse through Knoll's book will enlighten both the cognoscenti and those unfamiliar with the complexities of reading a fossil record. . . . Knoll manages to present a multidisciplinary field in an interdisciplinary volume. "---Antonio Lazcano, American Scientist"Life on a stands apart from it predecessors in two fundamental respects. First, Knoll is perhaps the most qualified person to write such an epic: a renaissance man whose text is filled with insightful quotes from authors ranging from Darwin to Dickins to Dyson. . . . Second. . . this book describes the coevolution of life on Earth as an integrated biochemical system that has profoundly and irrevocably changed over time. "---Guy M. Narbonne, Science"is an ideal guide through this early phase of life's history on the Earth. . . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the specific claim regarding the timeline of life's origin on Earth or the implications for life elsewhere. While it discusses Knoll's book on the evolution of life and offers reviews of the content and style, it does not provide concrete evidence or arguments concerning the time scale of life's origins. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Young people are also viewed as agents of change. According to Sam Loni, a of the (Youth), school and university students can react to instruction focused on tackling complicated problems. Their educational and research initiatives provide individuals with the information they need to comprehend and engage in Goals and implement that knowledge. In addition, various UN organizations are working to improve young people’s views to achieve Goal 16 on youth involvement (Izquierdo, n. d. ; 2018). Furthermore, work will be undertaken on the participation and cooperation of stakeholders with young people to develop policies that reach sustainable development solutions through social media, increasing opportunities for greater recognition and creating stronger solidarity among youth. This must be preserved, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic (& Ariffin, 2021). This message highlights the importance of universities, schools, colleges, training centers, unions, and any governmental or private institution in qualifying the sector’s future leaders. This will enable them to serve the Arab region by contributing to realizing and disseminating the concept of sustainable development and understanding all interrelated water sciences such as engineering, science, agriculture, irrigation, economics, management, and other required sub-disciplines of computer and finance. Youth engagement can also be achieved by shifting school service-learning projects, diplomas, bachelor’s, and job-related programs to align explicitly with the SDG framework. Centers of Excellence for specialized studies (CoE)of Excellence (CoE) is aware that this is “a vital component for any organization wishing to achieve a digital transformation of its business. ” CoE aims to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve production quality by creating operational initiatives. It is helpful in a range of cases, including the following (EN, 2021):•Arranging priorities in any project, along with the correct organization of resources, saves time and effort and speeds up production, thereby improving the financial situation. •CoE facilitates communication because the center serves as a link between individual elements and governments. •CoE achieves collaboration, exchange of ideas, and access to information quickly among all project participants, regardless of their geographical location or work location. •Flexibility in operations is subject to change and improvement in production by creating reports that help make strategic decisions. •Committing to investment projects, eliminating inefficient practices, and reducing the time required to implement new skills and technologies, resulting in restructuring resources and operating costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of young people in sustainable development and education, rather than addressing water scarcity and its effects on countries. It does not mention water scarcity in the context of developing or developed countries, thus failing to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: In three of the 6 study years it dropped significantly (by over 50% in two of the years) during the 5 day HAF forecasts while staying steady in WSA predictions. Correlations of the day average forecast and observed Vsw were 0. 32 for HAF and 0. 42 for WSA, reflecting a similar limited ability to match the temporal variation of the observations. Even the year-to-year trend of correlations was alike except for the last study year. Computation of Vsw skill score with respect to persistence and recurrence showed that, except for the first forecast day, recurrence beats persistence in a mean squared difference from observations. Vsw F-O mean square skill exceeded that of recurrence forecasts in only one (HAF) and 15 (WSA) of the 30 year forecast day categories. Bpol at L1 was correctly predicted in 65%–75% of the time steps in both HAF and WSA forecasts, and as high as 85% when the IMF strength is greatest. forecast accuracy was the same for both models (73%). In Bpol, recurrence beat HAF in all and WSA in all but 1 year forecast day category. It is also consistently a better forecast than persistence. Notably, neither HAF nor WSA show any trend in Vsw or Bpol prediction skill score with forecast lead time when recurrence is used as a baseline. [43] When the forecasts were separated into “event” (when flare properties were specified for HAF forecasts) and “nonevent” (no flares prior to HAF forecast) cases, we found that almost all of the HAF Vsw negative bias increase, F-O standard deviation decrease, and forecast standard deviation decrease with forecast lead time were due to the event forecasts. There was little sign of such trends in the HAF nonevent forecasts of Vsw. This suggests an impact of the simulation of transients on the solar wind flow in the HAF forecasts in two ways: it causes excessive variability early in the forecast and retards the plasma flow as the forecast progresses. WSA Vsw F-O standard deviations were larger for event than nonevent forecasts in the years at and after solar maximum. In neither condition did they show any trend with forecast lead time as did HAF in Vsw event forecasts. Both models demonstrated somewhat higher Bpol prediction skill in nonevent than event forecasts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed observations about solar wind forecasts and their inaccuracies under certain conditions, implying that weather events can greatly affect the reliability and efficiency of forecasts. The mention of significant drops in forecast accuracy during specific conditions indicates that not all weather conditions allow for efficient or reliable predictions, aligning with the inference that solar and wind energy systems may also experience varying efficiencies depending on weather conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: [O]ne of the strengths of Knoll's book is that it presents science as the open-ended endeavor that it is. . . . Life on a. . . expresses better than most the bumptious vitality and sheer fun of open-minded research. "---Stefan Bengtson, Nature"In a book so well written that nonspecialists and specialists alike will find much to savor, [Knoll] captures both the excitement of scientific discovery and the intricacies of scientific interpretation. . . . Readers interested in substance will certainly not be disappointed. ""A fascinating book. . . . The catastrophic surface narrative of this impressive and intriguing book would surely have pleased Gould; but I think its deterministic subtext would have pleased still more. "---Matt Cartmill, Supplement"Winner of the 2003 in Science, Kappa" i vii 1. In the Beginning? 6 2. of 16 3. Life’s Signature in 32 4. Glimmers of 50 5. of 72 6. 89 7. The Cyanobacteria, Life’s 108 8. of 122 9. Fossils of 139 10. the 161 11. 179 12. 206 13. Paleontology ad 225 243 247 269 (Deutsch) Share this book Twitter Linkedlogin or register with to order this product. in Language: English Publisher: year: 2015 Edition: Audience: General/trade; content: 296 Illustrations Other: 8 color illus. 25 halftones. 47 line illus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about life on Earth originating 3.5 billion years ago or its implications for the possibility of early life elsewhere. Instead, it discusses the qualities of a book, including its accessibility and excitement about scientific research, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Several car manufacturers are actively developing autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: Design of proper HMI systems will be of fundamental importance, also aiming at carrying out such operation in a seamless manner. –Definition of procedures aimed at obtaining the functional assessment of the instrumental part of the automated system. –Obtaining a wide user acceptance rate in order to accelerate the penetration in the market of automated systems. The issues presented in the first two points are currently addressed by several standard practice and regulations (as, for instance, in [6, 7]). Presently, most of the vehicles can be categorised as belonging to Level 0 of automation, but all the major car manufacturers (as well as tier one suppliers) offer, in their sales catalogues, devices that can be defined as Systems (typical of SAE Level 1) and some of them show features that can be defined as partial automation. In the Italian market, for instance, in the official sales catalogues of the end of 2015 as published by car magazines (basically Quattroruote, Italy), several automated assistance systems can be found, mainly belonging to the following categories: –Adaptive cruise control (ACC),–Blind spot monitoring systems (BSM),–Lane departure warning systems (LDWS),–Road sign recognition (RSR),–Autonomous emergency braking/forward collision warning (AEB/FCW). It can be easily recognised that such functions will certainly be part of a hypothetic future full automated system: even if the methods used to obtain such functions are hardly imaginable, the functions itself are necessary and the interaction with the driver must be allowed for. As can be seen in Table 1, the above-mentioned devices are offered by a good number of manufacturers on several models, both as standard equipment and as paid option; often they are included in a package together with other safety or comfort devices. Device No. of manufacturers No. of models No. of models with device as standard equipment No. of models with device in package ACC 27 136 26 59 BSM 27 134 32 57 LDWS 30 142 44 66 RSR 19 78 24 25 AEB 24 99 43 44 Table 1. Number of manufacturers and vehicle models offering ADAS devices in the Italian market in September 2015. Table 2 shows average price and standard deviation (SD) for the same devices as Table 1, for the models offering such devices as paid option; as can be seen, when a device is included in a package, its price can be much higher. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that all major car manufacturers and tier one suppliers are offering devices in their sales catalogues that represent different levels of vehicle automation. It mentions features categorized as partial automation and lists several automated assistance systems, indicating that manufacturers are indeed developing and integrating technology related to automation in vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: 026 DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 1108/table-4 As shown in Table 4, the absolute value of the Pearson correlation coefficient is the lowest temperature among the six influencing factors at 0. 786. The minimum temperature exerts the maximum influence on the load, and the absolute value of the Pearson correlation coefficient is the weather condition at 0. 026. Hence, weather conditions exert the minimum effect on the load. The influence of wind direction on the load is less than that of other factors. Therefore, wind direction and weather conditions are considered weak influencing factors that will be ignored in this study. The four external factors of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, whether the day is a workday, and whether the day is a holiday are important influencing factors for selecting similar days. Similar day selection August 31, 2003 is used as the date to be forecasted in this section. Data of influencing factors between the date to be forecasted and each historic day are extracted, and Python is utilized for gray correlation analysis and calculation of the gray correlation degree between each historical day and the day to be forecasted (Fig. 6). Because the Pearson correlation coefficient between the lowest temperature and the highest temperature is the largest, and it occupies the largest weight in the selection of similar days, so from the time scale, the closer the historical day to the day to be predicted, the greater the gray correlation value. Huang et al. (2021) sets the threshold to 0. 7 and achieves better prediction results. Therefore, the threshold is set at 0. 7, and the historical days greater than 0. 7 are taken to form a rough set of similar days, including a total of 134 historical days. Figure 6: Gray correlation between days to be predicted and historical days. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 1108/fig-6 Influencing factor data of each historic day in the rough set of the day to be predicted and similar days are extracted as the input feature dimension according to the rough set of similar days. Python is applied to perform K-means clustering. K-means clustering divides the historical days in the rough set of similar days into different categories according to the number of cluster centres. It obtains the coordinate values of the centre points of each type. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that weather conditions exert the minimum effect on the load, with specific mention that wind direction and weather conditions are considered weak influencing factors. This suggests that solar panels and wind turbines may not necessarily work efficiently in all weather conditions as suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 10. 7554/eLife. 27879. 017 Author response Essential revisions: The paper is a pleasure to read. It is well written, the methods are beyond reproach, and the combination of computational modelling with behaviour, neurophysiological measures and psychopathology is to be commended. However, there were a few important issues for which we would like clarification in order to proceed. 1) Both reviewers noted that the remarkable finding (Figure 3) of a valence-dependent effect of volatility on pupil dilation did not seem to be tested statistically. There was a significant effect for losses and not gains, but we did not see a direct contrast between the two. If we've correctly understood the reported interaction in the subsection “Does Activity of the Central NE System, as Estimated by Pupil Dilation, Track the Volatility of Positive and Negative Outcomes? ”, it does not test specifically for gain/loss asymmetry but is rather analogous to the 2nd and 3rd groups of bars in Figure 2A. The volatility factor is "block volatility" (wins-volatile versus losses-volatile). So if there were merely an overall effect of outcome volatility, it would come through here as an interaction of block type x valence. This could probably be dealt with by setting up the factors as "outcome volatility" and "outcome valence" rather than "block volatility" and "outcome valence", and reporting the interaction. Secondarily, the conclusions section asserts that pupillary response was larger overall for losses (Discussion, third paragraph) but I don't see where this was tested. As suggested we have added an additional analysis to the manuscript which confirms that the difference in magnitude of the volatility effect for the win and loss outcomes was statistically significant: “Indeed a direct statistical comparison of the size of the volatility effect between the positive and negative outcomes indicated a greater effect of volatility on the negative relative to positive outcomes (outcome volatility x valance; F(1,27)=4. 34, p=0. 047). ” Please note that the main block volatility x valence effect reported in the original paper should have been p=0. 02 rather than p=0. 04, we have corrected this and apologise for the error. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding reinforcement learning algorithms mimicking human learning through rewards and punishments. Instead, it discusses peer review comments and statistical analyses related to pupil dilation and volatility effects, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Several car manufacturers are actively developing autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: of and Technology > Vol. 13 No. 3, September 2023 Compare and Contrast LiDAR and Non-LiDAR Technology in an Autonomous Vehicle: Developing a () Benjamin Quito, School of Computing and. DOI: 10. 4236/ojsst. 2023. 133006 123 Downloads 604 Views 94. 63% in predicting the images. Secondly, a is established to facilitate the subsequent proposal for Experimental Research, which is the third aspect. Framework incorporates the application of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies mounted on a vehicle that is operated in diverse weather conditions by both a human driver and an autonomous system. tables, which are currently in a blank state, will be populated upon completion of the Experimental Research. Research aims to compare and contrast the performance of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies on a vehicle driven by a human operator versus an Autonomous Vehicle. The findings of this research will be documented in the Scenario table outlined within this study, ultimately shedding light on the safety implications of implementing LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies within an AV context. -LiDAR Share and Cite: Quito, B. and Esmahi, L. (2023) Compare and Contrast LiDAR and Non-LiDAR Technology in an Autonomous Vehicle: Developing a Safety Framework. of and Technology, 13, 101-131. doi: 10. 4236/ojsst. 2023. 133006. 1. idea of an (AV) started with Vinci when he designed a self-propelled cart that could move without being pushed [1]. Google started its project in 2009 [2]. In 2015, Tesla released its autopilot [3]. Tesla’s autopilot is not entirely AV; the feature is Autosteer that keeps the car in its current lane; the technology has four different kinds of sensors; forward radar, forward-facing camera, 360-degree ultrasonic sensors, and GPS in combination with high-resolution navigation maps designed to track individual lanes and features of the roads [4]. NHTSA further mentioned that self-driving vehicles would be integrated into U. S. roads by advancing through the six levels of driver assistance technology advancements. The six-level driver assistance technology advancements focus on who does what and when, i. e. , the driver and the systems (ADS). 1. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the development of autonomous vehicle (AV) technology by several manufacturers. It mentions Google's project initiated in 2009 and Tesla's autopilot features released in 2015, highlighting active efforts in developing AV technology. Moreover, it references NHTSA's plans for integrating self-driving vehicles into U.S. roads, indicating a broader industry push towards advancing autonomous vehicle technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: We know how destabilizing large devaluations following failed currency boards are. The second risk is to the security of the trust account. Despite the allusion to “trust,” funds could be invested in risky or illiquid assets or encumbered as collateral. Redemption of eMoney into fiat currency may not always be possible. The third risk is to the interoperability of eMoney and thus to market contestability. We noted earlier the strong network effects in payments. If eMoney issued by different providers is not interoperable, only the largest providers will survive. The fat cats will eat the nimble and potentially more innovative mice. Even regulation mandating common technological standards will not resolve the issue. It was easier to get cell phones from different providers to talk to each other. In the case of eMoney, interoperability requires a common settlement platform — a way to seamlessly, cheaply, and securely transfer funds between trust accounts. You will not be able to redeem the esend you for fiat currency unless a corresponding amount of fiat currency is transferred from my provider’s trust account to yours. Tackling risks to eMoney—a potential role for central banks? While eMoney inexorably grows — potentially booms — in front of our eyes, major risks also rise. How do we tackle them? One way is for central banks to get involved. Other approaches are also possible; less impactful, though perhaps safer. We will face difficult choices ahead as policymakers. But we will have to make them. Central banks could offer eMoney providers access to their reserve accounts, under strict conditions, of course. Through effective supervision, central banks could check that eMoney issuance is fully backed; there goes risk number one. Moreover, eMoney holdings would become extra safe and liquid for customers, especially if reserve accounts were protected from other creditors of eMoney providers in case of bankruptcy. That would take care of risk number two, minus the hassle of claiming one’s funds. Finally, central banks would ensure interoperability between eMoney issued by different providers by offering a common settlement platform between trust accounts; down with risk number three. Mind you, other risks would be introduced. Most notably, the risk of a potential and partial disintermediation of commercial banks if some depositors preferred holding eMoney. But let us leave that for discussion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the risks associated with eMoney and the potential role of central banks in managing its issuance and interoperability. It does not address blockchain technology or its relationship with cryptocurrencies, therefore it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: A brief description of the above analysis has been added to the Materials and methods section of the paper: “We tested whether the volatility effect was larger for loss than win outcomes using a similar ANOVA in which block volatility was replaced by “outcome volatility” (i. e. outcome volatility is high when the volatility of a given outcome, wins or losses, is high). ” We have also added in the requested analysis confirming that pupil dilation to losses was greater than to wins: “This effect was seen on the background of a generally greater pupil dilation to receipt of a loss relative to a win (main effect of valence; F(1,27)=16. 7, p<0. 001). ” 2) Similarly, the finding that pupil dilation predicts learning rate for losses and not gains does not itself show that the correlation is stronger for one than the other (this can be tested e. g. via Fisher r-to-z transformation). Moreover, it is somewhat unclear what it means that the behavioral effect of volatility is just as strong in win vs. loss conditions but that the pupil doesn't care about wins – can the authors speculate about what this means for separate mechanisms of learning rate adjustment for non-aversive outcomes? (and how does this fit with previous data linking pupil dilation to learning). We have now conducted the Fisher r-to-z transformation analysis which confirms that the correlations are significantly greater for losses than wins: “This correlation was significantly greater for losses than for wins (Fisher r-to-z transformation z=2. 27, p=0. 02). ” We agree with the reviewers that the interpretation of this difference is not straightforward. While we also agree that the results raise the possibility of specificity in the pupillary response to negative vs. positive outcomes we think that caution is warranted in this interpretation. We have elaborated our thoughts on this in a thoroughly revised section in the Discussion of the paper (fifth and sixth paragraphs). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses pupil dilation in response to wins and losses, as well as the analysis on outcome volatility, but it does not specifically mention reinforcement learning algorithms or their mimicry of human learning through rewards and punishments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Several car manufacturers are actively developing autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: 2018 RAND Corporation, through the research of Blanar et al. [10] wrote a report on automated vehicle safety; it was found that there was no definite standard that existed in terms of AV safety, but the information presented a framework wherein the safety of AV can be tested and measured. The framework developed by Blanar et al. [10] focused on the features of Level 4 of SAE J3016 [11] version levels of driving automation. The testing was performed within pre-specified conditions. Level 4, as explained on the website [12] is where the automated system can take over the driving task in each situation. NHTSA [5] mentioned that drivers do not need to pay attention. In the research of Blanar et al. [10] safety was defined as the elimination, minimization, or management of harm to the public; this research focused on comparing AV and conventional vehicles. To further clarify, the comparison is based on the operational design domain (ODD) Blanard& Holliday [13] and ODD was described by Blanar et al. [10] in terms of geography, weather, lighting, roadway markings, previous experience on a specific roadway. Table 2 shows the integrated safety framework developed by Blanar et al. [10] wherein Column 1 is the Setting, Column 2 is the Stage, and Column 3 is the Leading Measures, and Column 4 Lagging Measures. The research can interest stakeholders such as academics, transportation regulators, transportation managers, industries, and the public. The future of logistics will be based on autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles; this research will help develop a guide on such vehicles’ rules and regulations on the public road. Businesses inclined to use Autonomous vehicles will have an informed choice of whether to go with the technology of LIDAR or Non-LIDAR, which are currently being developed. The two-leading image-gathering technologies for AVs’ image gathering: LiDAR and Non-LiDAR, are essential for the safety of AVs. It serves as the eyes to detect objects on the roads and surroundings; it is paramount that these technologies must assure the public that such detection of objects can be used to make the driving of the AVs safe. For society to trust their lives on AVs, there must be a proper safety measurement. The public needs to know the similarities and differences between the two technologies regarding safety. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of autonomous vehicles (AV) and their safety considerations. It mentions research on AV safety and the need for frameworks to measure this safety, which is pertinent to the ongoing development of AV technology. Furthermore, it highlights the future logistics relying on autonomous vehicles and the comparison of technologies such as LiDAR and Non-LiDAR, indicating that manufacturers are indeed working on these technologies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: Contrarily, blockchain shows immense prospect in the sectors that do not necessarily involve digital payments but uses the characteristics of blockchain, for instance, distinctions of types(public, private, permissioned), access control (centralized, decentralized), persistency, validity, identity control, transparency control(closeness or openness) and superior security (Zheng et al. , 2018). A practical implementation of blockchain-based agri-food traceability has been shown by Caro et al. (2018). They showed how transparent, fault-tolerant, immutable, and audible tracing could be done using blockchain and IoT devices. Manupati et al. (2020) showed how the use of a distributed ledger system of blockchain reduces total cost as well as carbon emission in a multi-echelon supply chain. Blockchain has been used in storing and processing information. File security in the blockchain is far better than any other existing cloud storage system, while the transmission delay is significantly lower (Li, Wu & Chen, 2018). File loss rate in currently available cloud storage architectures can be up to 100%, where it is nearly 0% in the blockchain (Li, Wu & Chen, 2018). Decentralized storage (blockchain) of Interplanetary file system to store and share industrial spare parts data has been implemented by Hasan et al. (2020). Blockchain is one of the most secure ways of dealing with electronic transactions. However, the usage of blockchain in real-world systems that deal with raw data is shown by many researchers. Substantial security in the mobile cloud data of (EPRs) is shown by Nguyen et al. (2019) using blockchain technology. Implementing blockchain in real-world use cases shows excellent future potential, as discussed in this section. The essential idea of blockchain was to create a robust online transaction system. Blockchain’s fundamental aspects have presented so many sturdy prospects of excellent technical support over distributed systems in terms of security and transparency. However, blockchain does not have an integrated system for automatically processing the data in a distributed system. We can achieve this by integrating a smart contract with blockchain. Smart contract With the help of blockchain, we can assuredly discard intermediaries, but the promises and trust boundaries between the contributing parties frequently present the requirement of what is called a smart contract (Macrinici, Cartofeanu & Gao, 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that while blockchain has many applications including transparency and security, it also emphasizes that blockchain technology is being applied in sectors beyond just cryptocurrencies, such as agri-food traceability and mobile cloud data security. Furthermore, it highlights aspects of blockchain that may not directly involve cryptocurrency transactions, suggesting a broader application of the technology that does not strictly relate to transaction transparency in cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: In summary, we suggest a) that the previous work describing increased pupil dilation for volatile relative to stable rewards suggests that the central NE system does in fact respond to the volatility of positive outcomes, b) that the smaller effect of volatility for positive outcomes in the current study may relate to fact that the volatility signal in the current study is conditioned on receipt of the outcome and the overall dilation to rewards is smaller than that to losses and finally c) this proposal may be tested in future work by varying the salience (e. g. by varying the magnitude) of positive vs. negative outcomes which would have the effect of varying the dilation to the outcomes or by testing the impact of pharmacological manipulations on win vs. loss learning rate: “The effect of outcome volatility on pupil dilation in the current study was significantly greater for loss than win outcomes with the correlation between this signal and behaviour also significantly greater for losses. […] Specifically, a greater impact of a pharmacological manipulation on learning rates for losses than wins would provide experimental evidence for a preferential role for this system in estimates of the information content of losses. ” 3) Both reviewers also noted that the framing does not quite match up with the main results. The Abstract concludes, "Humans maintain independent estimates of the information content of positive and negative outcomes". This implies people might estimate the informativeness of positive and negative outcomes as general categories, which would go a long way toward explaining affective bias. But what the paper actually shows is quite a bit narrower, that people can track the relative informativeness of two individual outcomes. It's not clear if valence has a privileged role compared to any other feature that might individuate the outcomes (and perhaps there is even a sensory confound in differences between auditory and visual characteristics of the outcomes), nor is it clear if people generalize informativeness estimates across events of the same valence. So it would be appropriate to reduce the breadth of this conclusion (which shows up in a number of places in the paper, including the next-to-last sentence of the Abstract and the first paragraph of the Discussion) and to discuss or qualify this potential limitation. We agree with the reviewers that there is an interesting outstanding question related to the level of abstraction at which the observed effect operates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not explicitly address whether reinforcement learning algorithms mimic human learning through rewards and punishments. It discusses pupil dilation in response to reward volatility and the comparison of outcome informativeness between positive and negative outcomes, but does not connect these findings to reinforcement learning algorithms or their relationship to human learning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Several car manufacturers are actively developing autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: The businesses who invest and use the technology should ensure it is safe to use in any weather conditions. Therefore, there is a need to develop a safety framework to measure the two technologies’ safety. In the research conducted by Blanar et al. [10] it was not mentioned that the AV used in the experiment uses LiDAR or Non-LiDAR. Using LiDAR on Non-LiDAR in terms of safety is essential because this will define the safety of AVs. 2. November 11, 2020, in Japan, Co. , Ltd. announced the approval of an SAE Level 3 autonomous vehicle [14]. According to the SAE International standard, a level 3 autonomous vehicle means the driver is not driving, and the automated features of autonomous driving are engaged, even though the driver is in the driver’s seat. According to the 2021. 2021, Honda made the available to the public, the first SAE Level 3 certified AV and considered the world’s first [15]. 2021, an 2. The integrated safety framework. autonomous technology and compares it to Tesla being in Level 2 in autonomous technology. 2. 1. according to Wasser [17] is an active remote sensing system, and an active system is a system that produces energy or light to quantify things on the ground. Wasser further explained that remote sensing is measuring things, not using our hands; sensors are used to obtain information regarding a landscape and record things to measure characteristics and conditions. Light is emitted from a quick-firing laser, which makes a LiDAR system; according to Wasser, this light goes to the ground, and the light bounces off obstacles like buildings or trees; the bounced light then goes back to the LiDAR sensor then records it. LiDAR sensors can achieve mapping precision of up to 1 cm horizontally (x, y), and 2 cm vertically (z) and range accuracy of 0. 5 to 10 mm relative to the sensor. As a result, they serve as particularly advantageous remote sensing equipment for mobile mapping. (Vectornav n. d. ). Furthermore, LiDAR sensors may capture several returns from a single light pulse. This is due to the fact that as the light pulses travel from the sensor, they may come into contact with many objects that will reflect the pulse, such as the leaves and branches of a tree canopy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that Honda announced the availability of the first SAE Level 3 certified autonomous vehicle, which supports the notion that car manufacturers are engaging in the development of autonomous vehicle technology. Additionally, it discusses the importance of safety frameworks for autonomous vehicles and references research supporting technological developments in this field, indicating ongoing efforts by manufacturers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: This claim can easily be refuted. Bitcoin is a global, decentralized, highly liquid, and pseudo-anonymous asset. Therefore, in any transaction, which requires all these properties, the benefits of using Bitcoin over other currencies are clear. Moreover, that is exactly the reason that most people do not appreciate these properties. First, most people are unaware of the damage caused by centralized monetary systems. Second, only rarely do they perform international financial transactions in large volumes. Third, most people are against anonymous transactions. However, the benefits of Bitcoin are widely recognized in the following cases: (1) Where the centralized monetary system completely collapses (e. g. , Venezuela and Zimbabwe). (2) Where the government confiscates its own citizen’s assets (e. g. , Cyprus and Saudi Arabia). (3) Among populations, which are excluded from the financial and banking systems (e. g. , bankrupted citizens and minors). (4) Among outcasted populations (e. g. , drug users and gamblers). (5) Among people who are keener on their privacy (e. g. , tax evaders and porn users). (6) Among frequent travelers/flyers. In general, it is clear that the Bitcoin technology has a clear value wherever censorship-resistance is required. Money is one example, social media is another (e. g. , ). As was mentioned above, in a market economy, when an asset is valuable to some people, then it is valuable to the entire economy. Consequently, people who do not belong to any of these populations can still regard Bitcoin as a safe haven for their money. However, the fact that Bitcoin is valuable only increases the mystery as for the origin of its value. In the previous sections, we have presented the problems in arguments, which claim that Bitcoin should be worthless. Before we present the last argument, which will lead us to the origin of the Bitcoin’s value, it is instructive to discuss incorrect explanations, from which we will learn what cannot explain the origin of the value of Bitcoin. 20. Backed by energy It is repeatedly mentioned by crypto advocates that Bitcoin is backed by proof-of-work, or, that it is backed by energy or by the mining’s electricity. In particular, such an explanation was used by John McAfee to justify his prediction of the Bitcoin price at the end of 2020 [30]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the idea that Bitcoin's value is derived from being backed by various properties is often misunderstood. It emphasizes that while Bitcoin has certain advantages, such as decentralization and pseudo-anonymity, these do not inherently ensure transaction transparency as claimed. Furthermore, it suggests that the perception of Bitcoin’s value and the reasons for its use pertain more to its escape from centralized systems rather than the underlying technology ensuring transparency.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: We have highlighted the question of effect generalisation in a new Discussion section in which we describe the outstanding questions (also related to point 3 above) and how they might be answered using different study designs: “The results of the current study provide evidence that the information content of different events can be estimated in parallel during learning, however the level of abstraction at which these estimates function is not clear. […] The intervention used in the ongoing clinical study described above involves repeatedly completing the “positive volatile” block from the current study over the course of two weeks (see; Browning et al. , 2012 for a similar design) which will provide an initial assessment of this question. ” 5) For the control experiment described in Figure 2—figure supplement 2, it would be helpful to have additional information about how noise and volatility were parameterized, and what parameters were used. In other words, what was the generative model for the outcome schedules? I also didn't understand why this was referred to as a control experiment. It seems instead like a second test of the main hypothesis: if people adjust learning based on outcome informativeness, then noise level should make a difference. Given that it doesn't, it seems like this should be interpreted as a caveat or limitation on adaptive learning (rather than as a control for an alternative explanation). We have added in details of the generative process used to determine magnitude size in this task (added to the legend of Figure 2—figure supplement 2): “This design allowed us to present participants with schedules in which the volatility (i. e. unexpected uncertainty) of win and loss magnitudes was constant (three change points occurred per block) but the noise (expected uncertainty) varied (Panel b; the standard deviation of the magnitudes was 17. 5 for the high noise outcomes and 5 for the low noise outcomes). ” We had added this task to tease apart the effects of expected and unexpected uncertainty reported in the main paper, but agree that perhaps calling this a “control” task is confusing. We have now renamed it descriptively as the “magnitude” task which is described in the main paper as an “additional” task. We have also added in an additional discussion about the results from this task and how it might be interpreted in light of the paper by Nassar and colleagues which reported an effect of expected uncertainty on reward learning using a very different task to that reported here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding reinforcement learning algorithms and their similarity to human learning through rewards and punishments. Instead, it discusses studies related to learning parameters, control experiments, and uncertainty in learning outcomes, which do not specifically relate to the claim of mimicking human learning methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Several car manufacturers are actively developing autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: [21] indicated that when using a camera, there are problems with changing lighting and weather conditions and that the depth data using algorithms are not as accurate as the LiDAR. From the research, the researchers concluded that LiDAR and cameras on their own are not safe and that it was suggested in the 2. 4. website of Fritz. ai [22] defines image recognition as a computer vision technique that allows machines to decode and classify what they see on an image or video. This is often called image classification or image labelling; in machine learning, Du, Guo, & Simpson [23] wrote an 2. 5. neural network architectures are used in image recognition, and it is typical for the neural network to be used in different image recognition problems; it can also be tested on object detection or segmentation. Kumar [24] explained that CNN architectures are a well-known deep learning framework and the application of which ranges from computer vision to natural language processing (NLP); based on an 3. Karl Benz’s invention of the automobile in Germany in 1885/1886 [26] human drivers have consistently assumed control of vehicles. Among the paramount safety requirements in driving is the ability to visually perceive the road, discern obstacles, and maintain situational awareness, all of which necessitate the use of our visual faculties. This fundamental principle also applies to autonomous vehicles (AVs) as they, too, require a means of “seeing. ” The integration of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technology empowers AVs to perceive the road, identify obstacles, and maintain environmental awareness. Pertinent terminologies in the realm of AVs encompass perception, localization, prediction, and decision-making [27]. The focus of this research lies specifically in the realm of perception, which enables AVs to accurately identify and categorize the objects within their visual field. In terms of data acquisition for identification and categorization purposes, the two dominant technologies employed are the Camera, which falls under the Non-LiDAR category, and the LiDAR itself. Through an extensive literature review, this research endeavour seeks to juxtapose and examine the relative merits and limitations of these two technologies. Furthermore, the research entails a comparative evaluation of proposed experimental methodologies for data collection, which will serve as inputs for an image processing model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development and application of technologies, such as LiDAR and cameras, which are essential for the perception capabilities of autonomous vehicles (AVs). It emphasizes the importance of these technologies in allowing AVs to perceive their environment, identify obstacles, and maintain situational awareness, which are critical components of autonomous vehicle technology development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies will completely replace traditional currency by 2030. [SEP] Text: downloadthe Chinese yuan going to replace the US dollar as the top international currency? Enes Özcan2021, Academia LettersSee full papersYuan: Towards an : A Journal of International Affairs, 2013The emergence of China as a powerhouse of the world economy has added a new dimension to the global currency market. China’s impressive economic growth and phenomenal rise in exports have given considerable strength to its currency yuan in recent years. To what extent will China push to make the yuan the world’s reserve currency has become a burning issue. Currently, the share of yuan in total world reserves is hardly 1 per cent. The reasons are obvious. The yuan is not fully convertible, the capital market is shallow, the exchange rate is not flexible and international acceptance of yuan as a store of value is non-existent. In the face of these constraints, China is showing an inclination to make the yuan an international currency and to rival the US dollar and euro. Increase in the inflow of foreign direct investment as well as outflow of investment abroad is enabling China to move towards internationalisation of yuan in the near future. Regionalisation of the yuan is gaining impo. . . downloadDownload free _rightWhat are the prospects of the Yuan becoming the world's new reserve currency? Danko GaricIndustrijadownloadDownload free _rightChina’s ‘Yuan’ in IMF: A Boon or a Bane? Dr. Amrita JashWhen the world still anticipates the decline of China faced by a new normal in economic growth concomitant with decades of debates over China’s ‘Yuan’ to be included in the elite basket of currencies, the Fund’s (IMF) acceptance of Yuan to its reserve currency basket clarifies China’s emergence in the global economic power club. Given China’s reform over the decades and its greater export-led economy and robust growth, on November 30, IMF granted yuan/renminbi with the prestigious designation of ‘Rights’ (SDR)- finally imparting global importance to renminbi to the stature of US dollar, Euro, British pound and Japanese yen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential rise of the Chinese yuan as a significant international currency but does not support the idea that cryptocurrencies will replace traditional currencies. It highlights that the yuan currently faces significant limitations and is not yet fully convertible, among other barriers, indicating that traditional fiat currencies will continue to prevail for the foreseeable future.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Given this finding we don’t think the result of our task can be taken as strong evidence for a limitation to the adaptive learning account, but rather that our task is more sensitive to differences in unexpected than expected uncertainty. This additional discussion has been added to the legend for Figure 2—figure supplement 2: “Interestingly a previous study (Nassar et al. , 2012) described a learning tasks in which a normative effect of outcome noise was seen (i. e. a higher learning rate was used by participants when the outcome had lower noise). […] Regardless of the exact reason for the lack of effect of noise in the magnitude task, it suggests that the effect described in the main paper is likely to be driven by an effect of unexpected rather than expected uncertainty. ” [Editors' note: further revisions were requested prior to acceptance, as described below. ] The reviewers both agreed that the manuscript has been improved but there are some remaining issues that need to be addressed before acceptance, as outlined below: In particular, reviewer 1 points out that the framing of the manuscript in terms of depression – given the lack of association with clinical measures – continues to miss out on an opportunity to highlight what the findings speak to more directly. In addition to the reviewer comments below, in the consultation session amongst reviewers and editor it was suggested that you could emphasize any or all of the following aspects: The study shows that people are able to adjust learning rates in a way that is more clearly indicative of the latent causes compared to previous studies in this domain (i. e. it is feasible that the typical volatility learning rate association could have arisen from a generalized response to arousal or overall changeability of the world leading to more learning writ large, but here adjustment is clearly more sophisticated and rational). Other aspects that the study is relevant to mentioned by reviewers are the known neurobiology of learning from rewards and losses more generally, loss aversion, unified scalar value codes, the relative roles of dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline in this sort of task. All of these are entirely independent of any depression/psychopathology. If you feel strongly to maintain the current framing in terms of depression given that this clearly was your motivation in the first place, that would be fine as such normative approaches to prominent and important issues in psychopathology are indeed very promising and rare. But we felt that discussing/ motivating the above and below issues could further improve your paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address reinforcement learning algorithms or their relation to human learning through rewards and punishments. Instead, the text discusses the limitations of a specific learning task, uncertainty in learning rates, and suggestions for manuscript revisions, without connecting these issues to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Several car manufacturers are actively developing autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: Transform, a method commonly employed for isolating features of specific shapes in images, including lines, circles, and ellipses [32] was utilized to transform the object point cloud into Hough space. Subsequently, the Hough space was rasterized, transforming the electronic data into a sequence of evenly sized grids [33]. The count of accumulators in each grid was computed and fed into a CNN model for the classification of 3D objects. Moreover, the researchers developed a semi-automatic 3D object labeling tool to construct a LiDAR point cloud object labeling library. Following the initialization of the CNN model, the dataset from the object labeling library was employed to train the neural network. The outcome of this approach yielded an object classification accuracy of 93. 3% [31]. The process of gathering data, as illustrated by the research conducted by Song et al. [31] involves transforming the object point cloud into Hough space using the algorithm. Subsequently, the Hough space is Figure 1. Research concept framework. rasterized into evenly sized grids, and the count of accumulators in each grid is computed. These accumulated counts are then utilized as input for a CNN model to classify 3D objects. Additionally, a semi-automatic 3D object labelling tool is employed to construct a LiDAR point cloud object labelling library. The CNN model is initialized, and the dataset from the object labelling library is used for training the neural network. The proposed methodology demonstrates promising results in achieving accurate object classification in LiDAR-based systems. The process of gathering data based on the research of Song et al. [31]. Figure 2 shows the process of gathering data of LiDAR in preparation for the CNN input [31]. 3. 2. Non-LiDAR for of 2021, Tesla, a prominent advocate of Non-LiDAR technology, made a significant transition to a vision-only model by removing all Radar sensors from their vehicles. This decision was aimed at demonstrating the company’s belief that cameras alone are sufficient for computer vision applications. According to information from the Tesla website, the Model 3 and Model Y, manufactured in North America, became the first vehicles to rely on camera vision and neural net processing for their Autopilot self-driving capabilities [34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning Tesla's significant transition to a vision-only model, which demonstrates their commitment to developing autonomous vehicle technology. The text specifically notes that the Model 3 and Model Y are relying on camera vision and neural net processing for their Autopilot self-driving capabilities, supporting the assertion that car manufacturers are advancing in the field of autonomous vehicles.