Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: Six months after the training and practices, the group’s average score on the fourth test was 4. 867. Comparatively, the average score of 102 students who did not receive 3D-VR training or application was found to be 4. 46. These results indicate that VR, either alone or in combination with classical methods, can be beneficial for learning deep neuroanatomical structures. The learning style is widely recognized as a crucial element of the learning process. Experimenting with different teaching techniques and recognizing students’ individual learning p2019. This 58. 2. Medical education in the anatomical sciences: the winds of change continue to blow. Educ. 2009; 2: 253-9. 3. The place of anatomy in medical education: AMEE Guide no 41. Med Teach. 2009; 31: 373-86. 4Bergman EM, van der. Why don't they know enough about anatomy? A narrative review. Med Teach. 2011; 33: 403-9. 5. Predictors of confidence in anatomy knowledge for work as a junior doctor: a national survey of Australian medical students. BMC Med Educ. 2018; 18: 174. 6Szirmai I. Neurofóbia [Neurophobia]. Ideggyogy Sz. 2012; 65: 221-8. 7. Tools and resources for neuroanatomy education: a systematic review. BMC Med Educ. 2018; 18: 94. 8. Use of 3D printed models in medical education: A randomized control trial comparing 3D prints versus cadaveric materials for learning external cardiac anatomy. Educ. 2016; 9: 213-21. 9. Streamlined, Inexpensive 3D Printing of the Brain and Skull. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0136198. 10Vaccarezza M, Papa V. 3D printing: a valuable resource in human anatomy education. Int. 2015; 90: 64-5. 11. The production of anatomical teaching resources using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Educ. 2014; 7: 479-86. 12Dietrichs E, Walberg F. The cerebellar corticonuclear and nucleocortical projections in the cat as studied with anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. I. The paramedian lobule. (Berl). 1979; 158: 13-39. 13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that VR can be beneficial for learning when used either alone or in combination with classical methods. This implies that VR is not intended to completely replace traditional education methods but rather to supplement them, suggesting a collaborative approach rather than an outright replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: One of the problems inherent in the use of microsatellites in aDNA research is that dinucleotide repeats are most common and microsatellites are often longer than the 90–300 bp length usually amplified. They are easily amplified incorrectly due to polymerase slippage during PCR or due to degradation of the target. In such cases, cloning of several PCR products is needed to identify the correct satellite length. Eight microsatellite loci have recently been determined to be standard for cultivar identification in grapevines (This et al. 2004). Two of these, plus an additional locus, were used in a study of V. vinifera seeds from different European archaeological sites (Manen et al. 2003). Sequencing of the ancient amplification products yielded new sequence variants in ancient vine, that had not been detected in modern cultivars. Similarly, microsatellites have been used to study the spread of maize in (Lia et al. 2007). The nuclear alcohol dehydrogenase locus (adh) is highly variable in maize due to its repeat structure and length variations. The locus was used to investigate biogeography, spread and diversity in maize (Goloubinoff et al. 1993; Freitas et al. 2003). As more genomes are sequenced completely and more genes are identified, more genes which have been selected during domestication will be discovered and their functions characterised. It has been shown that it is possible to analyse small (approximately 90 bp) targets of such nuclear genes (su1, tb1, pbf) in ancient maize and to use this information to refine our understanding of domestication processes (Jaenicke-Després et al. 2003). Nuclear ribosomal DNA lociFinally, nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes are of interest for aDNA research, as they contain hundreds of units of two variable spacer regions between the 18S, the 5. 8S and the 26S genes, the so-called internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2), thus increasing the chances of DNA survival. These loci have been employed for phylogenetical analysis at the genus level in modern plants (Knaak et al. 1990; Soltis et al. 1992a; Alvarez and Wendel 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the use of microsatellites and genomic analysis in archaeological studies, specifically related to grapevines and maize. It does not address archaeobotany or the causes of ancient civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: Given these racial disparities, it is especially important to understand the telehealth experiences of people of color. Although some research has shown greater telehealth satisfaction among non-White patients [11], other studies have found that non-White patients report poorer telehealth satisfaction [16]. Furthermore, other studies have not found any statistically significant differences in telehealth preference by race [7,13]. The lack of consistent findings on the impact of race on patient telehealth satisfaction paired together with the racial health disparities that have long existed in the make this a crucial gap to address if telehealth is to become an equitable health care delivery model during the pandemic and beyond. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in mid-March 2020, the use of telehealth services has surged to unprecedented levels. Given this surge coupled with the critical role that maternal health services play in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes for women and their newborns, it is necessary to understand the experiences of women using telehealth during the perinatal period and the different factors that may affect their satisfaction with telehealth. Specifically, it is important to examine the role of age, income, education, and race on women’s telehealth experiences, since research in this area is limited and findings are often inconsistent. By understanding the different factors that are at play when women use telehealth services, we may be able to identify and address disparities associated with this health care delivery model. For this reason, this study seeks to examine telehealth satisfaction among pregnant and recently pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine whether demographic factors (eg, race, age, and income) are predictive of telehealth satisfaction in this population. Methodsand SampleA web-based cross-sectional survey, built using Qualtrics software, was conducted from March 22nd to May 19th of 2022. The survey took approximately 10-15 minutes to complete, and all responses were anonymous. Eligibility criteria included adults ages 18 years and older who identify as a woman and are currently pregnant or have been pregnant in the last 3 years. Survey participants were recruited via Washington, DC prenatal clinic email listserves, social media (ie, Facebook, Instagram, and GroupMe) and Centiment, a web-based survey research company that recruits and pays individuals who meet researcher specified demographic criteria [17]. Individuals recruited by Centiment were living in DC, Maryland, or Virginia at the time of survey participation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in mid-March 2020, the use of telehealth services has surged to unprecedented levels. This indicates a significant increase in the popularity of telehealth services during the pandemic, which supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: Using attentional guidance methods in virtual reality laboratories reduces students’ cognitive load and improves their academic performance : orcid. org/0000-0002-9350-32501, Fei Lu2 & Mohamad Ali3 1052 Accesses 1 Citation 1 all metrics AbstractLearning in virtual reality laboratories (VR labs) has become an important method in experimental teaching but can increase individuals’ cognitive load compared with traditional laboratories. This study analysed the effect of introducing an attentional guidance mechanism into a VR lab on students’ cognitive load and academic performance. We designed and developed two VR labs, one with and one without this attentional guidance stimulus (a 3D yellow arrow). A quasi-experimental design was adopted, and the data obtained were analysed using one-way ANOVA and linear regression. The experiment was conducted with 80 students majoring in digital media art at two universities. The results indicated that the students in the VR lab with the attentional guidance mechanism included exhibited lower cognitive load and higher academic performance than the control group. The regression analyses revealed that cognitive load negatively predicted learning outcomes; that is, academic performance improved as cognitive load decreased. In conclusion, as VR labs are increasingly used in education, supplementing them with attentional guidance stimuli can improve students’ academic performance by reducing their cognitive load. Similar content being viewed by others Studying the effect of redundancy in a virtual reality classroom 1. 1 VR labs and cognitive loadAccording to cognitive load theory (Paaset al. 2003a, b; Sweller 2011), the main function of teaching is to store information in long-term memory. Knowledge is stored in long-term memory in the form of a schema; however, to construct a schema, information must be processed in working memory, which has a limited capacity (Paas et al. 2004; Pollock et al. 2002; Sweller 2010, 2011; van Merriënboer and Sweller 2005), whereas long-term memory is regarded as infinite (Gathercole et al. 2008). In other words, because of its impact on engagement and attention, there is an optimal load for information learning. Therefore, teaching must be designed to present information efficiently to reduce the load on working memory and facilitate the transfer of information from working memory to long-term memory (Guadagnoli and Lee 2004; Kirschner 2002; Sweller 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while virtual reality (VR) is becoming an important method in experimental teaching, it can increase cognitive load when compared with traditional laboratories. It suggests that VR learning must be designed efficiently to reduce cognitive load for effective learning. This implies that VR will not completely replace traditional education methods but rather serve as a supplementary approach to enhance learning outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: However, they have the disadvantage that different copies within one diploid individual or several copies within polyploids can exist (Knaak et al. 1990; Soltis et al. 1992a; Alvarez and Wendel 2003), which may result in the amplification of mosaic sequences caused by “jumping PCR”. In aDNA research they have been used in sorghum (Deakin et al. 1998a, b), in wheat (Allaby et al. 1997) and in Prunus (Pollmann et al. 2005). Several methods can be used to identify species. In most aDNA cases, longer targets, with primers spanning approximately 700 bp between 18S and 26S, may not work, but shorter targets can be designed, for example to identify species if the family/genus of the sample is known. In this case too, overlapping primers may be useful. Concluding remarksFor some plant biologists, the publications about DNA from leaves and similar papers (Golenberg et al. 1990; Soltis et al. 1992b; Poinar et al. 1993) sparked off the interest in plant aDNA. It was a lesson on rapid evolution in scientific research. First came the exciting possibility of using palaeontological and archaeological plants directly to understand evolution and phylogeny without having to use mathematical models. Later came the realisation that the PCR method, although easy to use, had more drawbacks than initially thought (Austin et al. 1997; Sykes 1997; Austin et al. 1998). Although limitations still exist, we have shown here that the analysis of plant aDNA has since then evolved into a useful tool for investigating and answering archaeologically and archaeobotanically relevant questions. These include questions such as species identification, origin and spread of cultivated plants or monitoring the state of domestication—questions that cannot be answered by morphological archaeobotanical studies alone. Today the future of aDNA research looks varied; it can continue to help understand preservation of DNA in different types of plant material, such as material from stalks, glumes, leaves, lignified fruits or from wood, where initial attempts have been made. New technologies such as real-time PCR, or new sequencing techniques such as pyrosequencing will also impact the field of ancient plant genetics, similarly to aDNA research in animals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the technical aspects of ancient DNA (aDNA) research and its application in species identification and the study of plant genetics, without addressing the potential of archaeobotany to reveal the causes of ancient civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: Study procedures were approved by the first author’s institutional review board. Of the 759 current or previously pregnant participants who completed the survey, 435 (57%) reported using telehealth services since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Of those, 17 were missing responses to the telehealth satisfaction scale, and 15 were missing responses to demographic questions. Therefore, the final analytic sample size was N=403. MeasuresTelehealth SatisfactionTelehealth satisfaction was measured using an 11-item scale. Participants were first asked the following question: “Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, have you had a health care appointment using telehealth (provision of health care remotely)? ” Those who answered yes were asked to respond to the following prompt: “Please rate your level of agreement with the following statements about your most recent telehealth experience. ” Statements included the following: “The technology did not work for me,” “The technology was helpful in connecting me with my provider,” “I felt comfortable using telehealth,” “My doctor was attentive to me during the appointment,” “I felt my doctor was able to address my needs without a physical examination,” “I would like to continue using telehealth,” “I was satisfied with the care I received using telehealth,” “Telehealth was convenient for me,” “Telehealth made it easier for me to receive care,” “Telehealth made filling prescriptions easier,” and “I was able to receive care quickly using telehealth. ” Participants responded on a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). Item responses were reverse coded as needed, added together, and divided by 11 to produce a total score with the possible range of 1-5. Demographic VariablesSurvey respondents were asked to provide demographic information including age, race, marital status, education level, annual household income, employment status, and pregnancy status (current vs recent). AnalysisDescriptive statistics were generated for all demographic variables of interest. Demographic characteristics were compared by race (ie, Black or African American, White, and other races) using chi-square tests. Telehealth satisfaction was also compared across demographic characteristics using ANOVA tests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific survey data that shows 57% of participants reported using telehealth services since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. This indicates that telehealth has indeed become more popular during this period, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: Consequently, the factors influencing cognitive load must be examined when considering the design of VR labs. When designing a VR lab, realistic graphics are often used to create an authentic digital environment. Since such graphics may contain small distractions (Brucker et al. 2014), realistic visualisation can be considered to be the opposite of simplified schematics (Höffler 2010). A VR lab’s increased realism is a source of its higher cognitive load (Brucker et al. 2014; Skulmowski and Rey 2020a). Meanwhile, comparative studies on different types of immersion show that stronger immersion increases cognitive load (Frederiksen et al. 2020). Therefore, immersion may actually drain learners’ cognitive resources instead of positively contributing to their learning (Frederiksen et al. 2020; Makransky et al. 2019). Moreover, under high levels of interactivity, cognitive resources are easily exhausted because of excessive distractions (Skulmowski and Rey 2018), with some studies finding that moderate interactivity results in the strongest learning effects (Kalet et al. 2012). Therefore, the design of the interactivity element should consider users’ cognitive load (Skulmowski and Rey 2020b). The above discussion shows that the characteristics of a VR lab both help and hinder learning, with the main obstacle being their effect on individuals’ cognitive load. Therefore, studying the impact of cognitive load on a VR lab’s effectiveness necessitates considering these problems from the perspective of working memory. Working memory, as noted earlier, has a limited capacity to temporarily store and process information (Baddeley and Hitch 1974; Baddeley 1992) and is paramount in several advanced cognitive activities (e. g. learning, reasoning, and information search) (Baddeley 2003). Working memory is also involved in selecting the underlying information, which can influence the information selection of cognitive systems through attentional guidance (Downing 2000; Olivers et al. 2006; Soto et al. 2005). Hence, it plays an important role in the learning process in VR labs. In virtual chemistry labs, using arrow-text assistance can reduce cognitive load and improve students’ performance in terms of completing experiments, reducing time, and generating fewer errors (Ali et al. 2022). Hence, cognitive load and learning performance are the focus of research in VR labs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the cognitive load that VR labs impose on learners, indicating that while they may offer some advantages, they also present challenges that hinder learning. It explains that increased realism and interactivity in VR can drain cognitive resources and create distractions, suggesting that VR might not be a complete replacement for traditional education methods but rather a method that needs careful design consideration to be effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: With the availability of present-day sequences of agronomically important genes and of geographically structured loci, and with the further refining of aDNA methodology, archaeological plant remains can become a key to the understanding of genetic processes linked to human impact. Last but not least, understanding the conditions leading to DNA preservation in plants may help to develop strategies for conservation of DNA in plant DNA banks, to best preserve our heritage (Savolainen and Reeves 2004; Hodkinson et al. 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses modern techniques of DNA preservation and the genetic processes linked to human impact without addressing how archaeobotany specifically can reveal the causes of ancient civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: 14 (–0. 04 to 0. 31). 13. 06 (–0. 13 to 0. 24). 55≥100,000. 47 (0. 31 to 0. 63)<. 001. 33 (0. 13 to 0. 54). 001EmploymentFull-time————Part-time–. 25 (–0. 43 to –0. 07). 007–. 10 (–0. 28 to 0. 08). 28Unemployed–. 16 (–0. 31 to –0. 0003). 049–. 02 (–0. 18 to 0. 13). 76Pregnancy statusCurrent————Recent. 40 (0. 28 to 0. 52)<. 001. 31 (0. 19 to 0. 44)<. 001aUnadjusted; each predictor was entered into a separate model. bAll covariates were entered simultaneously. cNot applicable. DiscussionPrincipal FindingsIn this study, we examined how women’s satisfaction with telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic differed by demographic factors. Results revealed that several demographic factors were associated with greater telehealth satisfaction, including older age, being married or in a domestic partnership, higher income, having attained a bachelor’s or master’s degree, and full-time employment. However, telehealth satisfaction did not significantly differ by race, even after adjusting for other demographic factors. Pregnant and recently pregnant women reported generally positive experiences using telehealth during the pandemic. These findings are consistent with previous literature reporting on patients’ positive experiences and high satisfaction with telehealth services during the pandemic [6,7]. Although not surprising, this finding is particularly important because it suggests that pregnant and recently pregnant women are satisfied with using telehealth services, despite the type of care that may be unique to this group, such as prenatal and postpartum care. Given that pregnant and recently pregnant women are satisfied using telehealth, it is important for health care policies and programs to consider sustaining the use of maternal telehealth services beyond the pandemic. For example, providers may consider replacing routine in-person prenatal visits with prenatal telehealth visits or using telehealth to provide postpartum lactation support and screening for postpartum depression. Results revealed a significant association between age and telehealth satisfaction, such that older age was associated with greater telehealth satisfaction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive experiences and high satisfaction with telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic. It specifically highlights that pregnant and recently pregnant women reported generally positive experiences, consistent with previous literature, thereby indicating an increase in the popularity and acceptance of telehealth services during this period.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: The 3D arrows are positioned at a central level in all orientations, which may not only facilitate attention guidance but also enhance perspective acquisition. In summary, VR labs not only broaden the field of vision and enhance students’ immersion but also increase their cognitive load, as learners must find useful learning content from among several useless details (Makransky et al. 2021). Therefore, it is important to help students find useful learning information in an immersive environment, and this must be considered in the design of VR labs. 1. 3 Present studyPrevious research has discussed the potential cognitive load of using VR labs in education (Achuthan et al. 2015; Mayer 2005). Further, studies have proposed that guiding learners’ attention can raise their understanding and problem-solving skills and thus improve their academic performance (Canham and Hegarty 2010; Ge et al. 2017). However, few experimental studies have investigated the impact of attentional guidance mechanisms on students’ cognitive load and academic performance in digital camera courses. It is thus important to study the functions and effects of the increased use of attentional guidance methods in VR labs. Through attentional guidance, learners can first be guided to pay attention to key information on learning tasks and simplify their visual search process. Second, they can be guided to find important information and make space for their working memory to integrate information and construct psychological representations, thereby improving students’ academic performance. To extend the extant literature, this study tests whether adding attentional guidance stimuli into a VR lab influences cognitive load and students’ academic performance. Specifically, the research questions (RQs) are as follows: RQ1 Is there a significant difference in cognitive load in a VR lab with and in one without attentional guidance? RQ2 Is there a significant difference in academic performance in a VR lab with and in one without attentional guidance? RQ3 In VR labs, under conditions of attention guidance, is there a significant relationship between cognitive load and learning performance? 2 Methodology2. 1 ParticipantsThe research participants comprised 80 students from the schools of art and design of two universities; they were in the fourth semester and majoring in digital media art. The students were aged between 19 and 22 years. The participants were not randomly assigned to each group; a quasi-experimental design was adopted and each class was considered a group of 40 students. One class was the control group, and the other one was the experimental group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges of using VR in education, specifically highlighting cognitive load and the need for attentional guidance in VR labs. It mentions that while VR has the potential to improve academic performance by guiding learners' attention, there remain significant considerations regarding its design and efficacy, suggesting that VR may not completely replace traditional methods but instead need to be integrated thoughtfully alongside them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: . org 2024 in to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using main navigation't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username Login to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using 3, 2023 in a Brain: of : Share onShare on PRINT 10. 1287/LYTX. 2023. 01. 12 Since its launch in November 2022, ChatGPT has been dubbed everything from “mind-blowing” (CNET) to the artificial intelligence (AI) industry’s “next big disrupter” (York Times) – and with good reason. The brainchild of applies machine-learning algorithms to OpenAI’s GPT-3. 5 family of large language models, fine-tuned with both supervised and reinforcement learning techniques, to interact conversationally with users in a way that sounds surprisingly humanlike. Using previous questions and answers to inform its next responses, ChatGPT is able to remember a dialogue thread in a way that sounds both creative and authoritative. It can also create content, generate AI art, write code and convert unstructured data into a structured format. Although not without its limitations – OpenAI readily admits that it sometimes provides plausible-sounding but incorrect answers and can often be excessively verbose – ChatGPT has already attracted a million users and led many experts to conclude that it poses a serious threat to Google. With the global chatbot market expected to exceed $10. 5 billion by 2026, ChatGPT clearly represents not only an incredibly powerful tool but a major leap forward in self-learning artificial intelligence. By its own admission (see sidebar), ChatGPT is not artificial general intelligence (AGI). Although its capabilities are most impressive, ChatGPT is really manipulating symbols without any understanding of what those symbols mean. And until that is possible – until today’s artificial intelligence advances to something that has the ability to actually understand any intellectual task that a human being can – AGI remains a hypothetical (although many would argue inevitable) possibility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the capabilities and limitations of ChatGPT without mentioning neuroethology or intelligence assessment in animals. It focuses on artificial intelligence technology rather than any assertions about neuroethologists or their abilities regarding animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: For example, a recent survey of pregnant women living in rural areas found that although women reported a positive experience with prenatal telehealth visits overall, common barriers included poor internet and phone connectivity, childcare responsibilities, and lack of equipment [21], factors that may disproportionately impact minority groups. Although it is important to understand women’s experiences using telehealth, ensuring equitable access to these services is paramount and public health programs or policies are needed to reduce barriers to telehealth access. Given the increases we have seen in maternal morbidity or mortality in the [20], access to telehealth for pregnant or postpartum women could expand care and reduce maternal health disparities. LimitationsAlthough the findings from this study are important and contribute to the recent literature on patient telehealth experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, there are certain limitations that should be noted. First, this sample of pregnant and recently pregnant women was highly educated and affluent. Nearly 70% of the sample held at least a bachelor’s degree, and almost 50% had an annual household income of at least US $100,000. It is important to note that despite the high educational attainment and income level of our sample, disparities related to income and education still emerged. This underscores the importance of ensuring equitable access to telehealth services, especially in underserved or marginalized communities. A second limitation of this study is that women were asked to report on their most recent telehealth experience and not specifically on their experience receiving prenatal or postpartum care through telehealth. For this reason, we cannot assume these findings are reflective of women’s experiences using telehealth for prenatal or postpartum care, specifically, and future research should explore this. Third, another limitation is the potential for recall bias in the sample, especially among women who were not currently pregnant and were asked to recall past telehealth experiences. Finally, this study was cross-sectional, and findings cannot be used to inform causal mechanisms. Future work is needed to identify women’s perceptions of telehealth care longitudinally. For example, studies might follow women over the course of their pregnancy to understand how their perceptions change over time. ConclusionsGiven the increase in telehealth services since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, it is important to understand the experiences of women accessing these services and the different factors that impact their satisfaction with these services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that there has been an increase in telehealth services since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. It discusses the experiences of women accessing these services during this time and highlights the importance of understanding those experiences, supporting the notion that telehealth has gained popularity amid the pandemic.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: One group of students from each university took part in the study, and each group had an experimental class in a digital camera course using a VR lab in a controlled laboratory environment. In addition, students from the two universities had similar levels of academic achievement tests at the time of admission. Before the research began, the participants were given the application instructions of the VR lab and measurement instruments. Consent was obtained from all the participants. 2. 2 Experimental designWe designed and developed two VR labs: one with an attentional guidance mechanism and one without it (Fig. 1). We first determined the teaching objectives according to the teaching content in four ways: (i) Master the layout and plan the scene space, (ii) Master the scheduling of the characters, (iii) Master the application and scheduling of the shot sizes of the camera, and (iv) Master the lighting design. The students’ task was to output the split lens and scene scheduling diagrams (e. g. top view), including the character, camera, and lighting equipment). The contents of both labs were the same; the only difference was whether this attentional guidance mechanism was used or not. The design and development of the VR labs strictly followed the principles of multimedia design. Two technical, two teaching, and two educational psychology experts participated in the evaluation and verification of the development process. Fig. 1VR labs with and without attentional guidanceFull size imagePrevious studies have shown that typical attentional guidance mechanisms in education include arrows and colours. Arrows, as guiding symbols, can play an important role in guidance. Arrows are also suitable for attentional guidance in VR labs. Colour is another important cue in attention research, and many experiments have used colour as a cue to attract attention (Ansorge and Becker 2014; Burnham 2020; Harris et al. 2015). The colours of attentional guidance mechanisms tend to be striking. Since such symbols serve to remind and guide participants, striking colours can attract their attention more easily and lead them to focus their eyes on a target that requires attention more quickly. Based on the above discussion as well as the background colour of the scene in the VR lab, a 3D yellow arrow was selected as the attentional guidance mechanism in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study that incorporates virtual reality (VR) as a complementary tool rather than a complete replacement for traditional education methods. It describes the design of two VR labs that adhere to multimedia design principles for educational purposes, indicating that while VR can enhance educational experiences, the focus on designing specific teaching objectives implies an integrated approach rather than a total substitution of traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: But we can look at ChatGPT’s capabilities and limitations to conclude a number of interesting and useful things about the future of AI and the emergence of AGI. Many shortcomings of today’s AI that are impeding it from becoming AGI can be overcome. AGI’s emergence will be a gradual process rather than a “singularity. ” It will become progressively difficult to determine whether some future system is an AGI. What’s Needed for AGI To become an AGI, a system will need to add the ability to comprehend that physical objects exist in a physical environment – words are most useful if they represent objects, thoughts or ideas that exist in a reality. ChatGPT’s words exist only in the context of other words, not the abstract concepts they might represent. Further, there are many concepts that are difficult to express with words alone. Consider the difficulty of describing a work of art or music in words without a picture or recorded sound. This limitation can be overcome by adding multisensory inputs to an AI and, more importantly, an underlying data structure that supports creating relationships between multiple types of data. Physical objects have not only visible shapes and colors but textures and other tactile sensations, aroma, taste, known interactions with other objects, and a characteristic of persistence. Consider your understanding of a soap bubble. The words are just a shortcut for your multisensory understanding of its appearance, ephemeral nature, interaction with other bubbles and other physical objects, and a host of other sensations. To capture something akin to your understanding of the bubble, an AGI will require an internal mental model of its surroundings with the entity at its center, resembling the way in which humans view the world around us from our own point of view. How could a system understand or mimic the concept of a “point of view” without ever having experienced one? An artificial entity must also possess a perception of time, which allows for an understanding of future outcomes based on current actions. Finally, AGI will only be possible if the artificial entity has an imagination, which allows it to consider multiple possible actions, evaluate their potential outcomes and then choose the option that seems most plausible. Is this a complete list of capabilities needed for AGI? Of course not. But the implementation of these generic capabilities will lead us to a better understanding of what remains to be addressed on the road to AGI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the capabilities and limitations of AI and the concept of AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) rather than addressing neuroethology or the assessment of animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: Although women are generally satisfied with telehealth, there are also important disparities that exist and it is critical that public health policies or programs consider these factors, especially if the expanded use of telehealth is to persist beyond the pandemic. Ensuring equitable access to telehealth and providing tailored support to women is key to eliminating these disparities. Although patients report high satisfaction with telehealth, future studies should investigate the barriers and challenges related to telehealth access among underserved populations. Future studies should also investigate clinical outcomes related to prenatal and postpartum telehealth services, especially if telehealth is a convenient and well-regarded model for delivering these types of maternal health care services. Conflicts of InterestNone declared. 2022. URL: -telehealth/ [accessed 2022-07-22]. Outpatient telehealth use soared early in the COVID-19 pandemic but has since receded. Peterson-. 2022. URL: https://www. healthsystemtracker. org/brief/outpatient-telehealth-use-soared -early-in-the-covid-19-pandemic-but-has-since-receded/ [accessed 2022-07-22] Trends in the use of telehealth during the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, January-March 2020. 2020 Oct 30;69(43):1595-1599 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Medicare beneficiaries's use of telehealth services in 2020: trends by beneficiary characteristics and location. ASPE Office of Health Policy. 2021. URL: https://aspe. hhs. gov/sites/default/files/documents/a1d5d810fe3433e18b192be42dbf2351/medicare-telehealth-report. pdf [accessed 2022-09-29] -Katz G, Batcup C, et al. People's Experiences and satisfaction with telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia: cross-sectional survey study. J Res 2020 Dec 10;22(12):e24531 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Telehealth use and satisfaction among U. S. households: results of a national survey. J 2021 Oct 29;8:237437352110527. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by noting that outpatient telehealth use 'soared early in the COVID-19 pandemic,' indicating a clear rise in popularity during that time. Furthermore, it mentions that although satisfaction among patients is high, it is important to address barriers to telehealth access, which suggests that while telehealth has been embraced, there are still ongoing discussions about its accessibility and implementation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: Since using 2D symbols in a VR scene hinders immersion, which is crucial (Liberatore and Wagner 2021), and because a 2D arrow cannot be seen on the Z-axis of the 3D space, it was important to use a 3D arrow. The arrow was designed to hang directly above the characters, cameras, and lights during the experiment to allow the participants to easily distinguish them from the props in the scene and serve as a reminder and guide. The arrow was suspended above the object being manipulated. When the object changed, the position of the arrow changed accordingly. 2. 3 Measurement instruments2. 3. 1 Cognitive loadThe NASA-TLX is an important tool for developing new measures and models (Hart 2006). It contains six subscales that measure cognitive load: mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, frustration, effort, and performance. Each subscale is scored from 1 to 100. Previous studies have analysed the reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the NASA-TLX to measure cognitive load, mainly in the field of education. The NASA-TLX is reliable, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0. 73. As this is above the suggested threshold of 0. 6, it suggests its inherently good reliability (Longo and Orru 2018). In particular, the NASA-TLX has proven to be effective and user-friendly for measuring the effects of cognitive load on learning outcomes in several experimental studies involving VR environments (Papachristos et al. 2018; Shin and Park 2019; Zhao et al. 2020). 2. 3. 2 Academic performanceThe participants rated the effectiveness of the characters, cameras, and lights used in the VR labs. Ten items were measured, each on a scale of 1 to 10 (Table 1). A lecturer graded their scores and the total score (out of 100) served as the measure of the students’ academic performance. Table 1 Data collection sheetFull size table2. 4 ProcedureBefore the experiment, the lecturer explained to all the participants the use of the hardware and operation of the software in the VR labs. This took approximately 5 min. Each student was also provided with an operating manual. Following the lecturer’s explanation, the participants operated the system manually for 10 min. Next, the participants watched a 10-min presentation on how to use the VR lab for the digital camera experiments. This presentation was prepared in advance and played on a VR laptop by each group of participants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of VR use in education, such as the limitations of using 2D symbols in VR environments and the methods used to enhance cognitive load measurements and academic performance. This implies that traditional methods still play a role in educating participants, as they required explanations and manuals before using VR, highlighting that VR is not a complete replacement but rather a supplementary tool.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: These AGI concepts are not impossible to create but require a mind shift in our approach to AI. Starting with a text-based system like ChatGPT and attempting to extend it to handle multisensory information, a mental model, cause and effect, and the passage of time is a daunting prospect. But starting with a data structure and set of algorithms to handle this diverse information and extending them to the text abilities of GPT with the vision, planning and decision-making of an autonomous robot is a much more promising approach. AGI vs. the When considering the likelihood of such a system, understand that the human brain does all these things in an organ that weighs about 3. 3 pounds and uses about 12 watts of energy. We know a lot about the brain’s structure and the way its neurons work but have yet to fill in the complete picture. Biological neurons function differently from the “perceptrons” of today’s neural networks at a basic level, and this accounts, in part, for the unparalleled energy efficiency of the brain. We do know that the initial structure of the brain is defined by our DNA, and the complete human genome is only about 750 MB. What fraction of our DNA defines the brain? We don’t know because the structure of any human part is largely dependent on its chemistry, and we have a much better idea of how DNA applies to chemistry than about how it applies to structure. But somehow, the DNA defines the structure of a person, which includes the structure and chemistry of the brain. Once the brain is “turned on,” its structure immediately begins to modify itself to handle the data and experiences it receives. We can presume, though, that generalized intelligence is a direct outgrowth of the structure that is defined by our DNA. The neocortex is the part of the brain humans use to think. Maybe its structure is defined by only 1% of that DNA, maybe 10%. Again, we really don’t know, but that means we might be able to define a complete AGI in a program that is as small as 7. 5 MB. And 7. 5 MB is a program that is well within the scope of a research team to write in just a few years. Thus, the AGI problem is really what is going to be written, not what the underlying structure requires gigabytes to define. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses concepts related to artificial general intelligence (AGI), human brain structure, and the challenges of understanding intelligence in biological entities. It does not reference neuroethologists or their capability to assess animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: [CrossRef]. Telemedicine satisfaction in pregnant women during the Covid-19 pandemic. RMGO 2022 Mar 22;7(1):1-5. [CrossRef]. Adherence and acceptability of telehealth appointments for high-risk obstetrical patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. 2020 Nov;2(4):100233 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Patient satisfaction with virtual-based prenatal care: implications after the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021 Nov 19;25(11):1735-1743 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Evaluating factors of greater patient satisfaction with outpatient cardiology telehealth visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021 Dec;2(6):312-322 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Patient satisfaction with telehealth during COVID-19: experience in a rural county on the United States-Mexico border. E Health 2021 Aug 01;27(8):859-865. [CrossRef] [Medline] Age-based disparities in telehealth use in an urban, underserved population in cancer and pulmonary clinics: A need for policy change. J 2022 May 30;34(5):731-737. [CrossRef] Telemedicine use and health-related concerns of patients with chronic conditions during COVID-19: a survey of members of online health communities. J Res 2021 Feb 01:e23795 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. for Immunization and (U. S. ). Division of Viral Diseases. 2020. URL: [accessed 2022-07-22] Chang M, Lipner S. Disparities in telemedicine satisfaction among older and non-White dermatology patients: a cross-sectional study. J 2022 Mar 01;21(2):210-214. [CrossRef] [Medline]Centiment. URL: [accessed 2022-07-20] RStudio. URL: [accessed 2022-09-29] Australian women's experiences of receiving maternity care during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional national survey. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple studies and evaluations regarding telemedicine and telehealth, focusing on patient satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. It mentions various aspects of telehealth, including adherence, acceptability, and satisfaction among different patient demographics. These references indicate a significant interest and shift towards telehealth services during the pandemic, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: (2016), who posited that reducing cognitive load in VR experiments leads to improved performance and learning outcomes. In contrast to those previous studies that have found no correlation between cognitive load and academic performance (Tugtekin and Odabasi 2022), this study found a relationship, which may be due to the boundary conditions, including age, gender, and prior knowledge. Mayer (2010) found that certain boundary conditions or regulating variables in the principles are applicable to multimedia learning or the activation of instructional design techniques. In other words, adopting certain design methods or learning materials for certain learners enables multimedia learning principles to function more effectively. Therefore, discussing the boundary conditions of instructional design in a VR lab would not only ensure a more rational application of these principles but also have great theoretical and applicable value. Specific methods of incorporating interactivity can also serve as boundary conditions in VR labs. The design and control of these boundary conditions can then function as research variables; thus, measuring cognitive load can enable the study of the learning outcomes. Finally, cognitive load is not only highly correlated with the design of teaching materials, but it has also been identified as a key component in the field of usability research (2010; and Hassan 2019). 5 ConclusionThis study examined the cognitive load and academic performance of students conducting experiments in two types of VR labs (one with and one without an attentional guidance mechanism) as well as analysed the relationship between cognitive load and academic performance. The findings indicated a significant difference between the two groups, with the students in the attentional guidance group having lower cognitive load and higher academic performance on average. The regression analysis revealed that cognitive load has a negative effect on academic performance. Taken together, these results suggested that introducing an attentional guidance mechanism into the studied digital camera course reduces cognitive load and improves students’ academic performance significantly. Furthermore, the findings also highlighted the importance of cognitive load for academic performance. The empirical findings in this study reinforced the importance of designing a method of attentional guidance in a VR lab that is different from traditional multimedia teaching. Although the study’s findings were based on a small sample size, which is a limitation of the study, they confirmed the effective design of the VR lab in question. Thus, supplementing VR labs, which are increasingly used in education, with attentional guidance mechanisms can improve students’ academic performance. 6 Limitations and future directionsThis study has some limitations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of cognitive load and instructional design in VR labs, indicating that while VR can enhance learning outcomes, it does not suggest a complete replacement of traditional education methods. The study supports that VR can improve certain aspects of academic performance but does not advocate for a total replacement, as it discusses the necessity of thoughtfully designed attentional guidance that differentiates VR from traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: At this point, we simply don’t know what to write as the fundamental AGI algorithm. The massive computer programs of today’s AI might not even be necessary for AGI. emergence of AGI is likely to be gradual rather than all at once because advances in AGI development will create solutions or capabilities that will be individually marketable. Consider how adding a generic mental model would enhance any mobile system, such as an autonomous robot or self-driving car. Consider how improving language skills has already revolutionized personal assistants and online search. Consider how understanding the interactions of things will improve system decision-making. All these capabilities already exist at some level. As they are merged and each advances at its own rate, systems will approach or exceed human-level ability in some areas and others will lag behind. Today’s AI has superhuman capabilities in some areas and can’t match the abilities of most 3-year-olds in others. This situation will continue, and AI will advance sporadically in different areas – who is to say a system that (for example) can pass graduate-level exams in many areas but can’t make a cup of coffee is a “general intelligence” or not? Impeding long-term AGI development is the commercial need for short-term results. Take, for example, the current state-of-the-art computer vision used in self-driving cars, which is generally inadequate for safety. To solve this problem, the vision of self-driving cars is augmented with other sensors (radar, lidar, ultrasound, etc. ) that provide more absolute information about the car’s surroundings. Even though this represents a great solution to optical vision in self-driving cars, it may or may not contribute to advancing an overall AGI system. The additional sensors, in fact, may “solve” the present problem in a way that relegates improvements to the underlying vision system to the back burner. We Won’t have widely varying levels of ability. test has long been an exemplar for general intelligence, but as systems like ChatGPT get closer to human-level language abilities, the goalposts need to be moved. It is clear that for ChatGPT to pass a Turing test, it would have to be reprogrammed to lie about its own abilities and limitations – not a desirable outcome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about neuroethologists and their ability to instantly determine animal intelligence. It discusses the gradual emergence of AGI and the sporadic advancements in AI capabilities, but does not provide any information related to neuroethology or animal intelligence assessment, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: Home E-submission us and scope About the journal Editorial board Management policy Best practice Open access Contact us 223. Published online: July 31, 2024 DOI: Satisfaction of Patients and Physicians with during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A and Meta-Fadaizadeh1, Farnia Velayati1, Morteza Arab-Zozani2 1of Tuberculosis and (), University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2of Center, of : Morteza Arab-Zozani, of Center, of. Tel: +985632381272, E-mail: arab. hta@gmail. com ( 18, 2024 13, 2024 25, 2024 © 2024 Society of This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) posed significant challenges to healthcare systems, prompting the widespread adoption of telehealth to provide medical services while minimizing the risk of virus transmission. This study aimed to assess the satisfaction rates of both patients and physicians with telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic. were conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases from January 1, 2020, to January 1, 2023. We included studies that utilized telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic and reported satisfaction data for both patients and physicians. Data extraction was performed using a form designed by the researchers. A meta-analysis was carried out using random-effects models with the OpenMeta-Analyst software. A subgroup analysis was conducted based on the type of telehealth services used: telephone, video, and a combination of both. an initial pool of 1,454 1. The inclusion criteria for this study encompassed a range of research that investigated the use of telehealth services to deliver care during the COVID-19 pandemic, while also assessing the satisfaction of both patients and physicians. We included only studies published in English. Studies for which the full text was not available or that reported insufficient data were excluded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the rapid spread of COVID-19 led to significant challenges for healthcare systems, which resulted in the widespread adoption of telehealth to provide medical services while minimizing the risk of virus transmission. This indicates that telehealth services became increasingly popular during the pandemic, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: Effectiveness of immersive virtual reality in teaching empathy to medical students: a mixed methods study 1, Sarah Peyre1, Anne Nofziger2 & …Raffaella Borasi1 Show authors 835 Accesses 1 Citation 2 all metrics AbstractEmpathy in healthcare has been associated with positive outcomes such as increased patient satisfaction and reduced medical errors. However, research has indicated a decline in empathy among medical professionals. This study examined the effectiveness of Reality (IVR) for empathy training in medical education. A convergent mixed methods pretest posttest design was utilized. Participants were 1st-year medical students who engaged in an empathy training IVR educational intervention around a scenario depicting older adults struggling with social isolation. of Empathy (JSE) questionnaire was administered before and after the intervention to measure the change in empathy levels. Data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test on the pre-/post-test JSE empathy scores to assess the change in empathy scores. Nineteen qualitative semi structured interviews were conducted immediately after the IVR experience and follow-up interviews were conducted six months later. Qualitative data collected from the interviews’ transcripts were analyzed using a thematic and content analysis approach to capture individual experiences. Students (n = 19) scored 5. 94 points higher on the posttest JSE questionnaire compared to pretest (p < 0. 01) indicating an improvement in empathy levels. Qualitative analysis showed that the IVR training was well received by the students as a valuable empathy-teaching tool. Immersion, presence, and embodiment were identified as the main features of IVR technology that enhanced empathy and understanding of patients’ experiences. The debriefing sessions were identified as a key element of the training. IVR-based training could be an effective teaching tool for empathy training in medical education and one that is well received by learners. Results from the study offer preliminary evidence that using IVR to evoke empathy is achievable. Similar content being viewed by others Evaluating medical student engagement during virtual patient simulations: a sequential, mixed methods study 2. 1 Study designThe study used a convergent mixed methods pretest posttest and qualitative research design that focused on medical students’ engagement in an IVR experience that portrayed an older adult character’s physical and mental health struggles. A debriefing session was conducted as a part of the training intervention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a specific study on the effectiveness of immersive virtual reality (IVR) in teaching empathy to medical students. While the study presents IVR as a valuable tool for enhancing empathy training, it does not support the notion that IVR will completely replace traditional education methods. Instead, it indicates that IVR can be an effective addition to the educational approach in medical training, suggesting a complementary relationship rather than a total replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent - Document suivant 38 | 2020Shakespeare et le monde animal Métaphores bestiales : symbolique de l'animalité An animal by any other name : identité culturelle et symbolisme animal dans le Roméo et Juliette d’Oh Tae-Animal by Name : in Oh Tae-Suk’s Romeo and Juliet Charlène Cruxent Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés Français 1999, la représentation du Roméo et Juliette d’Oh Tae-Suk a été interprétée dans plusieurs pays. Des changements importants sont survenus depuis la première, mais certains éléments ont perduré : la Nourrice s’adresse à son entourage avec des noms d’animaux et les acteurs portent des masques d’animaux lors de la scène du bal. L’imaginaire animal ainsi que la référence à l’astrologie (signes du zodiaque) permettent d’identifier et de caractériser les personnages sur scène, élément de la culture coréenne qu’Oh Tae-Suk ajoute à l’intrigue shakespearienne. Cependant, ce n’est pas suffisant pour résumer l’esthétique d’Oh Tae-Suk. D’autres aspects essentiels contribuent à faire de l’histoire des amants maudits un thème universel, comme l’absence de noms propres et la présence de masques animaliers. Les effets visuels et sonores sur scène remplacent les mots présents dans la tragédie shakespearienne, présentant ainsi l’amour entre deux êtres comme transcendant le langage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a theatrical interpretation of 'Romeo and Juliet' by Oh Tae-Suk and does not mention neuroethology or intelligence assessment of animals. The content focuses on animal symbolism and aesthetics in a performance context rather than addressing any claim about animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: The results revealed an overall satisfaction rate of 81% with telehealth services (95% confidence interval [CI], 78%–85%; standard error [SE] = 0. 02; p < 0. 01). The I2 statistic suggested a high level of heterogeneity among the studies, at 98. 27%. The forest plot for this analysis is presented in Figure 2. In the studies, patients reported an overall satisfaction rate of 83% (95% CI, 79%–87%; SE = 0. 02, p < 0. 01). Heterogeneity among the studies, as measured by the I2 statistic, was 98. 29%. Figure 3 depicts the forest plot for this analysis. The overall satisfaction rate among physicians was 74% (95% CI, 57%–91%; SE = 0. 09; p < 0. 01). The heterogeneity of the studies on physicians, as indicated by the I2 statistic, was 97. 31%. The forest plot for this analysis is illustrated in Figure 4. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the types of telehealth technology and the associated satisfaction rates. This analysis categorized studies into three subgroups based on the use of telehealth services via telephone, video, or a combination of both. The overall satisfaction rate for studies utilizing telehealth services via telephone was 77% (95% CI, 70%–85%; SE = 0. 04, p < 0. 01). There was significant heterogeneity among studies involving telephone-based services, as indicated by an I2 statistic of 97. 55%. The corresponding forest plot for this analysis is presented in Figure 5. The overall satisfaction rate for studies using telehealth services via video was 86% (95% CI, 80%–92%; SE = 0. 03; p < 0. 01). The heterogeneity among studies involving video-based services, as indicated by an I2 statistic of 85. 45%, suggests substantial variability. The corresponding Forest plot for this analysis can be found in Figure 6. The overall satisfaction rate for studies that provided telehealth services via video and telephone was 77% (95% CI, 67%–88%; SE = 0. 05; p < 0. 01). The heterogeneity among studies that combined video and telephone-based services, as indicated by an I2 statistic of 98. 57%, was substantial. The forest plot for this analysis is presented in Figure 7. 4. The overall quality score for the included studies was 7, indicating moderate quality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of high satisfaction rates with telehealth services, which suggests acceptance and usage of these services. The analysis indicates an overall satisfaction rate of 81% with telehealth services, with higher satisfaction rates reported for video-based services at 86%. This data implies that the use of telehealth services has been embraced by both patients and physicians, supporting the claim of their increasing popularity, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: They re-lived Frank’s attempts to navigate his new way of life, experience the disease symptoms, experience destructive impacts of social isolation and understand how it can overlap with loneliness, absent family relationships, poor health, and inability to access community services. Through embodying Frank and experiencing his story, participants gain insights into common factors contributing to social isolation in older adults, understand its effects on health, and learn about the importance of supportive relationships and community engagement for older adults to thrive. A full description of “Lab” experience from the Software library is provided in 1. The IVR experience of social isolation and loneliness was divided into three modules, each presenting a story line with different outcomes. After each of the story lines of the IVR scenario, a debriefing session was done by the PI with the medical student as part of the educational intervention. The debriefing conversational structure followed the “debriefing with good judgment” approach (Maestre and Rudolph 2014; Rudolph et al. 2006). This approach values the unique perspective of the trainees and aims to learn which participant frames drove their understanding by creating a context to learn important lessons that will help them move toward key learning objectives (Maestre and Rudolph 2014; Rudolph et al. 2006). The debriefing session focused on allowing the students to reflect on their emotions and to elicit an understanding of the patients’ experiences that they have embodied. The debriefing questions also encouraged the students to make connections between what they have experienced and how it can change their medical practice as future physicians serving the older adults population. Debriefing was viewed as critical because it brings forth a practice that enables learners to reflect on their learning, fill in performance gaps, and transfer their learning to real-world practice (Fanning and Gaba 2007; Gardner 2013; Phrampus and O’Donnell 2013). 2. 4 Data collection methods2. 4. 1 Quantitative data collection methodsPrimary quantitative data collection used the JSE Questionnaire as a Pre-Test and Post-test measuring tool. The JSE (S-version) is a psychometrically validated and broadly used instrument that was developed to measure medical students’ orientations and attitudes towards empathic relationships in the context of patient care (Hojat, 2016). The questionnaire contains 20 items, each answered on a 7-point Likert scale (strongly agree = 7, strongly disagree = 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how virtual reality (VR) is used as an educational intervention alongside traditional methods, highlighting the importance of debriefing sessions and reflective practice in learning. It emphasizes that VR experiences are complementary to existing educational practices rather than replacements, as they provide insights and reflections that enhance understanding for medical students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Ce compte rendu critique démontre comment l’imaginaire animal tel qu’utilisé dans la représentation du Roméo et Juliette d’Oh Tae-Suk, qui a eu lieu en 2018 au théâtre national de Craiova en Roumanie, fait partie intégrante de l’esthétique du metteur en scène sud-coréen. Grâce à l’alliance d’une dramaturgie « européenne » et d’éléments culturels coréens, Oh Tae-Suk répand un message d’espoir pour une paix universelle à l’échelle internationale adaptant une tragédie shakespearienne que sa troupe de théâtre expose aux quatre coins du monde. Oh Tae-Suk’s production of Romeo and Juliet has been touring internationally since 1999. If major changes have occurred since the premiere, some elements have remained the same : the Nurse addresses the characters on stage uttering animal names, and the actors wear animal masks during the ball scene. Together with several 1. Ces deux animaux représentent Hyeon-mu ( 사신도(현무 ), aussi connu sous le nom de Tortue-Serpent, figure de la mythologie coréenne qui était responsable du maintien de l’harmonie entre le yin et le yang, deux forces cosmiques opposées2. 2La représentation commence avec le retentissement du tonnerre, le retrait de la toile et l’entrée d’une quinzaine d’acteurs. Deux groupes distincts s’affrontent : munis d’épées, les acteurs exécutent une chorégraphie au ralenti. Ils font alors des mouvements semblables à ceux effectués lors d’un combat d’art martial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a theatrical production of 'Romeo and Juliet' by Oh Tae-Suk, focusing on its aesthetic elements and cultural significance, without addressing neuroethology or animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: The quality scores of these studies varied from 3 to 10. Among them, the cohort study demonstrated superior quality compared to the cross-sectional and case-control studies. systematic review examined satisfaction with telehealth care during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicated that both patients and healthcare professionals were generally satisfied with telehealth services. Overall, it seems that patient satisfaction with telehealth care exceeds that of physicians. The findings of this study are consistent with the systematic review by Pogorzelska and Chlabicz [12], which showed high patient satisfaction with telehealth care across various medical specialties. Moreover, patients regarded telehealth as a valuable resource for consulting with providers during the COVID-19 pandemic. In terms of physician satisfaction, our results align with those reported by Hoff and Lee [13], indicating that physicians from diverse specialties, geographic and practice locations, as well as care situations, are generally satisfied with using telehealth for patient care and consultations with other physicians. Additionally, our findings concur with those of Aashima et al. [14], demonstrating that both physicians and patients favor the ongoing use of telehealth. Moreover, the results of this study indicated that participants’ overall satisfaction with telehealth was higher when using video-based technology. These findings align with those of Saiyed et al. [15] and Gentry et al. [2], which demonstrated a preference among physicians for video-based telehealth. Additionally, physicians reported high levels of acceptability, feasibility, appropriateness, and satisfaction with this modality. The findings are consistent with those of Monaghesh and Hajizadeh [16], who reported that video conferencing can reduce physical contact. This reduction in contact decreases the risk of exposure to contaminated respiratory secretions and helps prevent the transmission of infections to healthcare providers, all while maintaining patient satisfaction. Satisfaction was assessed using various techniques across different studies; there was no uniform approach applied consistently. Additionally, it is important to recognize that satisfaction is a multidimensional concept, representing various aspects that can differ from one individual to another and may be influenced by cultural factors specific to each country. Unsurprisingly, satisfaction with telehealth was consistently high across various healthcare domains, as it provided a viable alternative for enhancing longevity and offering protection against COVID-19 infection. While patients widely embraced telehealth and expressed satisfaction, this heightened satisfaction may not accurately reflect their true sentiments and attitudes toward telehealth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that both patients and healthcare professionals were generally satisfied with telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that patients regarded telehealth as a valuable resource for consulting with providers during this time, suggesting that the popularity of these services has indeed increased. The text also aligns with findings from systematic reviews indicating high satisfaction with telehealth, reinforcing the claim of its increasing acceptance and use during the pandemic.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: Seventeen students agreed that the training provided a better understanding of older adults’ patients’ experiences compared to other teaching methods such as lectures, reading 3. 2. 1. 2 Theme 2: unique features of IVR empathy trainingThe students identified several unique characteristics of the IVR experience as impactful in increasing the effectiveness of the training in enhancing their empathy towards the IVR character, and hence towards older adults dealing with loneliness and social isolation more generally. Embodying the IVR character and being able to walk in his shoes All the students mentioned that they felt that they became the character in the IVR scenario and were walking in his shoes, although this was reported at varying levels. Out of the 19 students, 12 said that they felt they were able to fully become the IVR character, while the remaining 7 said that this feeling was partial. Several students used the phrases “walking in his shoes” and “seeing through his eyes” to express their feeling during the IVR experience. Interestingly, although some of the students mentioned that they were not able to fully embody the IVR character and maintained their own sense of perception of self, they were still able to walk in his shoes in some way and that it did not necessarily take away from the experience. A few students said that having a story line with multiple scenarios and elements that they could carry forward in time added to the experience. Moreover, having specific examples like the IVR character’s interaction with his daughter and son, or getting lost in the woods, was very helpful in getting a deeper understanding of his struggles. Immersion, presence, and engagement in the IVR experience The majority of the students mentioned that they felt fully immersed in the IVR experience with a perception of the virtual environment as being real and a loss of perception of the real world around them. This immersion increased their sense of becoming the IVR character, their engagement with his story, and enhanced their empathy towards him. Some students indicated that this sense of immersion increased as they spent more time in the IVR experience. The longer they spent time being the IVR character, the more detached they felt from their real surroundings and the more immersed they became. students found that being able to interact with and move objects in the IVR environment increased their sense of immersion and engagement with the IVR experience. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how students found immersive virtual reality (IVR) to be effective compared to traditional education methods like lectures. While it highlights the advantages of IVR in enhancing empathy and engagement, it does not state that IVR will completely replace traditional methods but rather suggests it may provide a better understanding alongside them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: L’harmonie et la quiétude présentes jusqu’alors sur scène disparaissent donc au moment même où la toile représentant Hyeon-mu, la Tortue-Serpent, est retirée de la scène. Symboliquement, cet animal mythique et mystique véhicule un sens qu’un spectateur pourrait occulter s’il n’a pas connaissance de sa signification. En effet, la pièce est jouée en coréen et si une traduction en anglais est fournie via des écrans au-dessus de la scène, aucune indication n’est affichée pour exposer l’identité d’Hyeon-mu. 3 Walker, « ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Korean style », 28 juillet 2010, (. . . ) 3Tout au long de la représentation, pléthore de références aux animaux, tel le renard, apparaissent. De la même façon que pour la Tortue-Serpent, elles ne peuvent être comprises dans leur globalité que par le truchement du folklore coréen, ce qui a poussé plusieurs critiques de théâtre à considérer la mise en scène d’Oh Tae-Suk comme un « Romeo and Style3 ». L’utilisation du symbolisme animal dans le Roméo et Juliette du dramaturge témoigne en effet de l’appropriation de la tragédie shakespearienne dans un contexte coréen, mais pas seulement. Les changements opérés par le metteur en scène entre la première représentation de son Roméo et Juliette en 1995 et celles des années 2010 montrent qu’Oh Tae-Suk, bien qu’il utilise des éléments typiques du théâtre coréen, présente le mythe des amants maudits comme universel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses themes related to animal symbolism in a theatrical context, specifically referencing Hyeon-mu, the Turtle-Serpent, and the interpretation of a Korean adaptation of 'Romeo and Juliet.' There is no mention of neuroethology or the assessment of animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: Instead, it could be influenced by the psychological atmosphere and fear prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, caution should be exercised when generalizing these findings to periods not affected by COVID-19. Consequently, caution is also advised when extending these telehealth satisfaction findings to times unrelated to the pandemic. Telehealth appears to be a viable alternative for delivering healthcare services during widespread disease outbreaks, particularly through the use of video technology. The ability to engage visually and interactively with healthcare providers and patients likely enhances the appeal of this technology over other methods. Our study has several limitations. First, there was significant heterogeneity among the studies, which varied by type of study, participant demographics, tools used, context, type of service, etc. This heterogeneity necessitates further investigation in future research. We recommend that other researchers conduct studies focusing on the specific items mentioned here. Additionally, this study confirms the legitimacy of non-face-to-face treatments and services during the pandemic. However, it is a limitation that studies conducted across various countries and environments, involving subjects ranging from children to the elderly and those with diseases, demonstrated satisfaction despite high heterogeneity. Furthermore, it is advisable to examine patient satisfaction outcomes, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. This period has seen a reduced willingness among patients to attend in-person appointments. As a result, there may be an increase in patient satisfaction with telehealth services due to these changes. Furthermore, telehealth should be considered a standard method for delivering healthcare services, not only during pandemics but also in the post-pandemic era. Such foresight facilitates the preparation and implementation of the necessary infrastructure, ensuring that telehealth can be utilized more effectively during crises. of potential conflict of interest relevant to this 57. 7 [A2] Sharawat et al. , 2020 Prospective follow-up study and adolescents with migraine Telephone consultations (teleconsultation) 51 caregivers Mar 25–Jun 4, 2020 Average9. 42 ± 3. 19 52 [A3] Ambrosini et al. , 2020 Follow-up Italy Uro-oncology E-mail accompanied by a telephone call from the urologist 60 patients 9, 2020 - - [A4] Chesnel et al. , 2021 Experience of the COVID-19 pandemic France Neuro-urology Teleconsultations by telephone 221 patients Mar 16–Jun 30, 2020 55. 4 ± 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telehealth services have gained appeal and legitimacy as viable alternatives during the COVID-19 pandemic. It mentions the psychological atmosphere and fear during this time and notes a reduced willingness among patients to attend in-person appointments, which likely led to an increase in telehealth utilization. The text also highlights the enhancements in patient satisfaction with telehealth services due to changes in patient behaviors during the pandemic, supporting the assertion of increased popularity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: Being able to interact with the IVR environment held the students accountable to be involved in the experience and helped them focus on what was happening around them. It made them feel in control and gave them a sense of agency. Students also mentioned that the interactivity feature added to the realism of the experience, made it more active and reinforced their feeling of becoming the IVR character—even though several students also pointed out that what they were able to do in the IVR environment was quite limited. 3. 2. 1. 3 Theme 3: debriefing is an essential part of the IVR trainingAll the students found the debriefing session to be an integral part of the training. They indicated that it added value to their understating of the patients’ experience as well as the role of empathy and empathic communication in patient care. Four students indicated that the training without the debriefing session “would not have been the same. ” These students also said that reflecting on their understanding of what socially isolated patients go through, as it took place in the debriefing, made the experience more relevant for them and thus beneficial for empathy attainment. All the students mentioned that the debriefing questions prompted them to think deeper about the experience and introduced new ideas on the role of empathy and communication in patient care that would have been missed otherwise. The debriefing session helped them make connections between what they have experienced and learned in the IVR environment and their role as future physicians, which made the training more relevant. 3. 2. 2 Findings from the 6 months follow-up interviews (n = 17) (Table 4)Table 4 Themes that emerged from the 6 months follow-up interviews dataFull size table3. 2. 2. 1 Theme 1: enduring learning from IVR trainingFifteen students self-reported that they were able to apply what they had learned from the IVR training in standardized patients’ simulation training (SPs) and real patients’ encounters. Students mentioned that the IVR training helped them become empathic toward patients and understand the importance of communicating empathetically to patients during clinical encounters. A student described the IVR-based empathy training as an experience that “humanized” her. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while the IVR training offers significant benefits, such as adding empathy and engagement in a clinical setting, it is complemented by essential elements like debriefing sessions. Students reported the necessity of the debriefing in reinforcing their learning, which suggests that traditional educational methods remain integral. The mention that the IVR experience is limited further supports the idea that VR will not entirely replace traditional education methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: La présence de certains animaux lors de la représentation de 2018 ajoute d’ailleurs une dimension optimiste et positive à la tragédie shakespearienne avec l’espoir d’une paix universelle à l’échelle nationale (réunification de la Corée, nation qui fut scindée en deux à la fin de la Mondiale) et mondiale (d’où le choix d’exporter la représentation théâtrale en dehors de la Corée). Appeler un chat un chat : caractérisation animale et folklore coréen Des noms et des masques 4 Transcription (partielle) de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), MIT Global Shakespeare, (. . . ) 5 Kim Yun-Cheol, directeur artistique du « Company of Korea », communication personn (. . . ) 4La scène de combat qui marque le début de la représentation révèle les tensions entre deux familles opposées : un groupe de jeunes gens portant des habits verts (clan des Montaigu) et un autre revêtant des costumes orange (clan des Capulet) font irruption sur scène, agitent leur joy – une arme en bois – exécutant ainsi ce qui s’apparente à une chorégraphie Geommu, ou danse de l’épée traditionnelle en Corée. Après cette scène d’affrontement, la nourrice fait son apparition et apporte une note d’humour pour alléger l’atmosphère tendue – le mélange de la tragédie et de la comédie est un motif récurrent dans le Roméo et Juliette d’Oh Tae-Suk. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about neuroethologists and animal intelligence. It discusses a theatrical representation of 'Roméo et Juliette' and touches on themes of optimism, family rivalry, and traditional dance, without mentioning neuroethology or intelligence assessment of animals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: 2 58. 9 [A5] Dias et al. , 2021 Tension-type headache: migraine, trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia, or other primary headache disorders Headache teleconsultation 254 patients May 21–Jul 8, 2020 40. 9 ± 11. 8 88. 0 [A6] Berlin et al. , 2021 Cohort study Virtual care management system (video and telephone) 3,507 patients and 284 practitioners Mar 23–May 22, 2020 - - [A7] Bhuva et al. , 2020 Prospective cohort study Texas, USA Spine physical medicine and rehabilitation patients Telemedicine visits 172 patients Mar and Jun 2020 64. 47 ± 12. 42 53. 3 [A8] Akama-Garren et al. , 2021 Retrospective cohort study USA Patients with acute respiratory symptoms Telemedicine phone calls 1,286 patients Apr 18–Nov 18, 2020 45 66 [A9] Mustafa et al. , 2021 Single-center, prospective study USA Allergy/immunology Video and telephone Video: 66 patientsTelephone: 28 patients Jun 26–Jul 31, 2020 Video: 57 (58. 1%) Video: 58. 1Telephone: 71. 7 [A10] Capusan et al. , 2021 Survey USA Pediatric pulmonary patients Video or audio tele-health 50 patients Mar–Apr 2020 - - [A11] Sathiyaraj et al. , 2020 Survey, cross-sectional study USA patients undergoing prechemotherapy evaluation video visit 70 patients Apr 1–Jul 14, 2020 40 and 60 (60%) 67. 6 [A12] Hasson et al. , 2021 Adult patients with cancer Telemedicine meeting via telephone 172 patients Mar–May 2020 Median: 63 (21–88) 7 [A13] Kenney et al. , 2021 Survey USA Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) Virtual visits using video-conferencing 81 providers38 patients Apr–Jun 2020 Provider: 18–29Patient: 18–29 Provider: 42Patient: 63 [A14] Erlank et al. , 2020 Reported outcome measures UK Early medical abortion (EMA) Follow-up call 1,220 patients Apr 6–Aug 31, 2020 - 98. 1 [A15] Ashmawy et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing numerous examples of telehealth services being utilized during the COVID-19 pandemic across various studies. It cites multiple studies conducted from March to November 2020, indicating the widespread use of different telemedicine approaches such as video calls and telephone consultations among patients with various health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: Eleven students mentioned that the IVR training has taught them to ask more in-depth questions on the daily lives of their patients during clinical encounters, to notice cues, and to take a more holistic approach when interviewing their patients. Some students also found the IVR training to be a good reminder that the patient interview can be as important as the clinical exam. All the students reported that the training gave them a better perspective into what older adults might be going through, which was valuable and prepared them before they interacted with them directly during clinical encounters. The IVR training also made them provide better counseling to their patients and to make sure they were getting the help and services they needed. 3. 2. 2. 2 Theme 2: IVR can be a beneficial tool for empathy trainingAll the students’ opinions on the effectiveness and value of IVR in empathy training were consistent with the previous findings from the post-training interviews. Even six months after the intervention, students recalled vividly their IVR experience and described being able to put themselves in the patients’ shoes to be the most valuable, powerful, and effective part of the training compared to other teaching methods. They also mentioned that being able to see all aspects of the patients’ daily lives outside the clinical encounter provided a more holistic view of their challenges and enhanced empathy. 4 DiscussionThis study adopted a mixed methods study design to examine the effectiveness of IVR as a teaching tool for enhancing empathy in 1st year medical students participating in an IVR-based learning experience. The intervention consisted of engaging 19 first year medical students in an IVR scenario created by Embodied Labs, Inc. (McDonough 2022) that focused on loneliness and social isolation in older adults and their effects on their health outcomes. In general, the results demonstrated that IVR can be utilized as an effective tool for empathy training for medical students. Consistent changes in participants’ empathy levels were documented both in the differences between pretest and post-test JSE questionnaire scores, in the participants’ self-reported data in the post-training interviews, and in the follow-up interviews that took place 6 months after the training. In addition, the study findings have shown that the overall perceptions of the participants towards IVR as a tool for learning and empathy training were largely positive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while IVR (Immersive Virtual Reality) can enhance empathy training for medical students, it does not indicate that it will replace traditional education methods entirely. The focus of the study was on the benefits of IVR in developing empathy, with evidence showing that students found value in the experience but did not suggest that it supplants other educational approaches. Specifically, terms like ‘beneficial tool’ and ‘effective tool for empathy training’ imply a complementary role to existing methods rather than a complete replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Elle arrive en courant, interpellant les personnes présentes en utilisant des noms d’animaux : « Blaireau Grenouille Lézard Raton laveur Pieuvre Sauterelle » (« Badger! Frog! Lizard! Raccoon! Octopus! Grasshopper! 4 »). Cette ouverture n’a nullement surpris Kim Yun-Cheol, directeur artistique du « Company of Korea » et président de l’des Critiques de Théâtre, qui explique que dans la culture coréenne, chaque animal est associé à une émotion ou un trait de caractère humain5. Les personnages de la tragédie shakespearienne ne correspondent donc pas à un nom propre, mais à un ou plusieurs attribut(s) conféré(s) à chaque animal. Kim Yun-Cheol indique que les Coréens se donnent souvent des noms d’animaux entre eux en fonction de ce qu’ils veulent exprimer ou dire sur la personne qu’ils interpellent ou surnomment. En outre, il attire l’attention sur les masques d’animaux que certains acteurs portent dans la mise en scène d’Oh Tae-Suk car ils reflètent une caractéristique intrinsèque du personnage, renseignant ainsi les spectateurs sur son identité mais également sur ses intentions et son destin. Les amants maudits : animaux et influence du destin, ou le rôle de l’astrologie 6 Shelly Wu, Chinese Astrology: Exploring the 2005, (. . . ) 7 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 3. 8 Simon Buia, « », photographie accessible en ligne sur : (. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses cultural interpretations of animals in relation to emotions and personality traits within Korean culture. It mentions how certain animals are associated with specific human characteristics, rather than addressing the scientific ability of neuroethologists to determine animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: , 2020 Retrospective study UK Total hip and knee arthroplasties Virtual joint replacement clinic 1,749 patients Jan 2017–Dec 2018 71 (25–98) 58. 72 [A16] Kumar et al. , 2020 Cross-sectional observational study patients Telemedicine consultation 450 patients Apr 1–Apr 30, 2020 38. 03 ± 16. 23 49 [A17] Ong et al. , 2020 Ureteric colic patients Teleconsultation 1,006 patients 2016–2019 42. 3 ± 12. 5 31. 2 [A18] Byrne and Watkinson, 2021 Descriptive cross-sectional UK consultations 59 patients62 clinicians - - Patient: 63Clinician: - [A19] Hentati et al. , 2021 Survey USA Rhinology-visits (audio-video visits) 45 patients Mar 15–Jun 1, 2020 51. 2 ± 16. 0 68. 9 [A20] Gomes et al. , 2021 Transversal study with diabetes, hypertension Teleconsultation 253 individuals Apr 1–May 1, 2020 - - [A21] Kaunitz et al. , 2021 Retrospective survey USA interactive teledermatology 602 patients Mar–Jun 2020 18–75 70. 8 [A22] Koziatek et al. , 2020 Retrospective cohort study USA Assessed for emergency department referrals Virtual urgent care platform 2,668 patients Mar 8–Apr 7, 2020 - 61. 8 [A23] Volcy et al. , 2021 Survey USA Internal medicine (IM) and family medicine (FM) Televisits 94 patients Apr 16–Apr 30, 2020 Average: 57. 7 IM patients: 77. 5FM patients: 79. 8 [A24] Gentry et al. , 2021 Cross-sectional descriptive survey USA Mental health clinicians Video telehealth 193 clinicians Mar–Jun 2020 - 59. 8 [A25] Polunina et al. , 2020 -19 patients Video/audio conferencing 216 COVID-19 patients Apr 30–May 10, 2020 Average: 40. 3 ± 0. 72 (men)44. 2 ± 0. 97 (women) - [A26] Lapadula et al. , 2021 Cross-sectional study USA Neonatology prenatal visits for pregnant women Teleconsultations (video-consult) 50 patients May to mid- Nov 2020 - - [A27] Bate et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies that include data on telehealth consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the use of telemedicine in different scenarios such as joint replacement clinics and mental health consultations. The timeline specifically mentions teleconsultations and televisits conducted in 2020, supporting the claim that telehealth services have gained popularity during the pandemic.