Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Periódico Oficial del Estado de 1971; Sección (10). 26 Huizar H, Ojeda-Revah L. Los parques de Tijuana: una perspectiva de justicia ambiental. In: Ojeda-Revah L, Espejel I, editors. Cuando las áreas verdes se transforman en paisaje: la visión de Baja California. Tijuana: Colegio de la Frontera Norte; 2014. p. 87-120. 27. Metodología para el estudio de los parques urbanos: la comunidad de Madrid. GeoFocus 2003; 3:160-85 28 Secretaría de Desarrollo Social. Sistema normativo de equipamiento urbano. Tomo V. Recreación y deporte. (accessed on 07/Apr/2016). » 29 International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. 2003; 35:1381-95. 30 IPAQ Group. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the (IPAQ): short and long forms, 2005. (accessed on 07/Apr/2016). » 31 Who benefits from access to green space? A case study from Sheffield, UK. Plan 2007; 83:187-95. 32. Park availability and physical activity, TV time, and overweight and obesity among women: findings from Australia and the United States. 2016; 38:96-102. 33. Characteristics of the built environment in relation to objectively measured physical activity among Mexican adults, 2011. Dis 2014; 11:E147. 34 Criterion-related validity of the last 7-day, short form of the in Swedish adults. Nutr 2006; 9:258-65. 35 - How well do physical activity questions perform? A European cognitive testing study. Health 2015; 73:57. Publication in this collection2018 History Received14 Apr 2017 Reviewed26 July 2017 Accepted07 Aug 2017 This is an open-access 18. 5 Tijuana-Ensenada, Tijuana, 22560, México. ietzabojorquez@gmail. com de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, México. de la de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, México. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is mainly a list of references and sources related to various studies and methodologies, with no clear or direct linkage to the claim regarding access to green spaces and increased physical activity. It does not present any information that supports, contrasts or directly relates to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: g. [-autoMRE] option. S6 Fig. Synteny relationships of the fungal FIB homologues. Nine synteny network communities found at k-clique = 3. Nodes represent fungal FIB proteins and edges represent pairwise synteny relationships. Nodes sizes are proportional to the number of synteny connections they share. Nodes marked with black arrows indicate XhveF_KZF19727 and BpnaF_EMC92328 FIB proteins of Xylona heveae and Baudoinia panamericana, respectively. *Only comprises Metschnikowiaceae and Debaryomycetaceae families within Saccharomycetales; **Only comprises Auriculariales and Polyporales orders within Agaricomycetes (see S2 Fig). S7 Fig. Phylogeny of fungal species and their FIB proteins. a) Phylogenetic relationships of the 157 fungal species for FIB proteins in the present study. Tree branches are not at scale and only depict the species relationships (topology). The species tree was initially constructed based on the NCBI taxonomy IDs (each species TaxID is indicated after a dash ‘-’ in its corresponding label name) with ETE 3 v3. 1. 1 [106] and visualized in ITOL 4. 2. 3 [107]. The tree was manually modified to fit the cladogram of the Fungi kingdom proposed by [39]. Relevant taxonomic groups in internal nodes and branches. A cross in a branch leading to a species name indicates a possible loss of the FIB protein in that species, and a circle indicates two or more FIB duplicates. To the right of the tree a presence (closed figure)-absence(open figure) matrix indicating the presence of synteny communities in each species is depicted (numbered and colored as in S6 Fig). Communities belonging to Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucorinae depicted as squares, circles, and stars, respectively. Information regarding the species abbreviations used in the present study and the number of FIB proteins also presented. b) Microsynteny clusters in fungi. Eight communities were clustered and colored according S6 Fig. S8 Fig. Networks of synteny blocks containing fungal FIB homologues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and discusses fungal FIB homologues and their phylogenetic relationships but does not address the claim regarding fossils and their role in understanding evolutionary history. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: It is a kind of native herb that grows wild. The whole adult plant is macerated and then used in a decoction for treating malaria. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be taken orally or used in baths. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the communities (Ilhéus, Baíia, Brazil) the speciesis used as an anti-inflammatory medicine. 42 Rudgea woronovii, it is known among the Desano people as Juako. Jua means fever and ko means, water, remedy or healing process. The species is a bush that when young, possesses big leaves with a purple underside. This native bush grows wild in the studied region. The part of the plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be extracted when the plant is young or adult. It can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, and in small doses to children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazon species of Rudgea can be cooked together with the crushed Persea gratissima seeds and Brownea wood, to prepare a contraceptive medicine, stopping the menstrual cycle for three to six months. 35 people in Peru use the leaves and the bark of R. loretensis Standl. to treat leishmanias is. 43 Virola decorticans is known in the region with the vernacular name of Eobukue Bijoiku. In the Cubeo language Eo means barbasco, bukue means old, Bijoi means to vomit, and ku describes the male gender or means tree. The species is recognized in the field because it gives off a red latex and contact with the hairy leaves and branches causes itchy skin. It is a native tree that grows wild in the study region. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from the juvenile plant, and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: people cook the leaves and bark of a species of this genus to prepare baths for the treatment of malaria. 41 Other species of the genus V. callophylla Warb. in Brazil (Prance 1972) and V. carinata (Benth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing specific medicinal uses of plants in indigenous cultures of the Amazon. It provides examples such as the use of Rudgea woronovii among the Desano people and describes various methods of preparation and application for treating ailments like malaria and leishmaniasis. This aligns with the claim that many traditional medicines stem from the knowledge and practices of indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 3; 37. 6) 28. 8 (26. 3; 31. 5) More than high school (12+ years) 11. 5 (9. 3; 14. 2) 22. 3 (11. 8; 35. 3) 13. 5 (10. 5; 17. 3) Most frequent transport Private car 38. 8 (34. 8; 42. 9) 48. 2 (34. 2; 62. 4) 40. 7 (36. 0; 45. 7) Public transport 55. 7 (51. 4; 60. 0) 47. 8 (34. 5; 61. 6) 54. 1 (49. 1; 58. 9) Walk or bike 5. 5 (4. 3; 7. 0) 4. 0 (2. 3; 7. 1) 5. 2 (4. 1; 6. 6) 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. * Estimated means and proportions considering sample design. Unweighted n = 2,345 (may differ for some variables because of missing data); ** Body mass index calculated only for non-pregnant participants. ×2 Distribution of access to public spaces and physical activity among women in Tijuana, Mexico, 2014 *. Variable % (95%CI) Presence of public spaces in the buffer 400m 20. 6 (13. 0; 31. 1) 800m 52. 9 (39. 7; 65. 7) 1,000m 66. 9 (52. 7; 78. 5) 1,600m 86. 1 (73. 1; 93. 4) 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. * Estimated means and proportions considering sample design. Unweighted n = 2,345. ×3 Associations between access to public space and level of physical activity, among women in Tijuana, Mexico, 2014. Unadjusted * Adjusted ** Low vs. moderate High vs. moderate Low vs. moderate High vs. moderate Coefficient (95%CI) Coefficient (95%CI) Coefficient (95%CI) Coefficient (95%CI) Public space in 400m buffer 0. 46 (0. 14; 0. 78) 0. 16 (-0. 19; 0. 51) 0. 50 (0. 13; 0. 87) 0. 07 (-0. 40; 0. 54) Age -0. 12 (-0. 17; -0. 07) 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides specific statistical data regarding the association between access to public spaces and physical activity among women in Tijuana, which directly supports the claim. The coefficients and confidence intervals indicate a relationship, although some may not be significant. The mention of varied levels of physical activity in association with the presence of public spaces suggests a nuanced relationship that still ties back to the claim of increased physical activity due to access to green spaces.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Network representation of the protein-coding genes contained within the same synteny block indexes as fungal FIB homologues. Nodes represent proteins and edges represent pairwise synteny relationships. Node sizes are proportional to the number of synteny connections per node (degree), however these sizes are not comparable among independent networks. To construct these networks, we retrieved all pairwise relationships (edges) between proteins (nodes) that matched the same block indexes (indicated in S11 Table) as the fungal FIB homologues found within each of the nine fungal FIB communities (S6 Fig). Then, we used CFinder at k-clique = 3 to find communities of synteny homologous proteins; the original fungal FIB communities were also recovered (S6 Fig). For easier visualization, communities with low number of nodes were filtered out and we only depict communities with a determined number of nodes or above (indicated by ‘AF’ in the figure; the applied filter was arbitrarily chosen for each network). Colors were set to help define each community. The complete sets of nodes and edges, before and after CFinder analysis are listed in S11 and S12 Tables, respectively. Taking into the account the number of syntelogs but not the number of species, the biggest syntenic block corresponded to the F-4 FIB community, which was composed of at least 40 syntelogs from the Ustilaginaceae family (S8D Fig). The smallest syntenic blocks, taking into account both the number of syntelogs and the number species, were F-3, F-8, and F-9 (S8C, S8H and S8I Fig). F-1, F-6, and F-7 were the biggest syntenic blocks when number of syntelogs and number of species were taken into account (S8A, S8F and S8G Fig). Abbreviations used in the networks: Original FIB community (FC); total number of communities at k-clique = 3 (TC); range of number of nodes per community at k-clique = 3 (RN); number of communities depicted (CD); and applied filter (AF, the minimum number of nodes per community). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the network representation of protein-coding genes and synteny relationships in fungi, without mentioning fossils or evolutionary history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: ) Warb among the Taiwanos people in the Colombian Amazon, are used as antimalarials. 35 Plinia cf. duplipilosa, is known in the region by the Carapana people as Makanuku uku. Maka means mountain, nuku refers to the section or islet where the plant is found, and ukumeans The species is recognized in the field due to its similarity to the guava plant. The species is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from both juvenile and adult stem bark. It can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and is contraindicated in children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found. Psidium acutangulum is known in the region by the Cubeo people as Nujoku. Nujo is an Amazonian fish and ku means tree. It is recognized by its fruit that is similar to the guava fruit. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild on the banks of the river. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark extracted from the adult tree. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is used as an emetic and is contraindicated during pregnancy and in patients with an advanced stage of malaria. Rudgea cornifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Adapedikoku. In the Cubeo language, Ada is snake or serpent and pedikoku is attributed to a tool used to scratch the bitter cassava, locally known as “rayo” or shaft. The species is recognized in the field by its leaves that break easily and by its white flowers. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild. The parts used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and fresh root taken from either the juvenile or adult plant. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and children should take only one tablespoon. The remedy is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazonian species of Rudgea are cooked with the crushed seeds of and Brownea wood to prepare a contraceptive drink that stops menstruation for three to six months. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of traditional medicinal plants used by indigenous cultures, specifically from the Amazon region. The descriptions include details about plant species, their vernacular names, and their medicinal uses, particularly in treating malaria. This direct connection between indigenous plants and their usage in traditional medicine supports the claim that many traditional medicines derive from such plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Noise pollution can negatively impact psychological well-being. [SEP] Text: The absence of positive psychological (eudemonic) well-being as a risk factor for depression: A ten year cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2010;122(3):213–7. pmid:19706357 View 19. . Longitudinal evaluation of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF). European journal of psychological assessment. 2012. View 20. . Stability and change of well being: An experimentally enhanced latent state-trait-error analysis. Research. 2010;95(1):19–31. View 21. . Mental health promotion as a new goal in public mental health care: a randomized controlled trial of an intervention enhancing psychological flexibility. Public Health. 2010;100(12):2372. Epub 2010/10/23. pmid:20966360. View 22. . Life review therapy for older adults with moderate depressive symptomatology: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2012;42(6):1163. pmid:21995889 View 23. . Well-being therapy. A novel psychotherapeutic approach for residual symptoms of affective disorders. Psychol Med. 1998a;28(2):475–80. WOS:000073744100023. View 24. Well-being therapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychother Psychosom. 2005;74(1):26–30. Epub 2005/01/04. pmid:15627853. View 25. -. Acceptance and Science: Examining the Progress of a of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy. Behav Ther. 2013;44(2):180–98. pmid:23611068 View 26. . Reminiscence and mental health: A review of recent progress in theory, research and interventions. Agein Soc. 2010;30(04):697–721. View 27. . Positive psychology in clinical practice. Clin Psychol. 2005;1:629–51. pmid:17716102 View 28. . The effects of reminiscence on psychological well-being in older adults: a meta-analysis. Health. 2007;11:291–300. pmid:17558580 View 29. van Rooy S. Evaluation of the mental health continuum—short form (MHC—SF) in setswana‐speaking South Africans. Psychother. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to psychological well-being and mental health but does not directly address the impact of noise pollution on psychological well-being. As such, it does not provide supporting, contrasting, or relevant information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: a) F-1 (Eurotiomycetidae), b) F-2 (Chaetothyriales), c) F-3 (Mucorineae), d) F-4 (Ustilaginacae), e) F-5 (Saccharomycetales), f) F-6 (Sordariomycetes), g) F-7 (Saccharomycetaceae), h) F-8 (Agaricomycetes), and I) F-9 (Pleosporaceae). S9 Fig. Phylogeny of plant species and their FIB proteins. a) Phylogenetic relationships of the 328 plant species for FIB proteins in the present study. Tree branches are not at scale and only depict the species relationships (topology). The species tree was initially constructed based on the NCBI taxonomy IDs (each species TaxID is indicated after a dash ‘-’ in its corresponding label name) with ETE 3 v3. 1. 1 [106] and visualized in ITOL 4. 2. 3 [107]. To the right of the tree a presence (closed figure)/absence(open figure) matrix indicating the presence of synteny communities in each species is depicted (numbered and colored as in Fig 5). b) Microsynteny clusters of the total 223 FIB proteins from plants. Six communities were clustered according the clique = 3 to find dense communities of synteny homologous proteins. S10 Fig. Colored lines into the tree represent pairwise tandem relationship. Colors of lines used only for easy visualization and has not special meaning. Grey lines connections into the tree represent the syntenic communities showed in Fig 5. The color-coded names of genes on the tree are according to their taxonomic affiliation as indicated on the right. Inner strips colored according to major taxonomic groups: algae (red) and angiosperms (green). Black filled circles on the tip of the leaves represent genes belonging to the unique orthogroup detected in plants. Yellow starts inside the black filled circles represent genes expanded by tandem duplication and yellow stars on the nodes of the tree (only two) represent clades that expanded by tandem duplication events. The total 328 plant FIB protein sequences were firstly aligned to a custom HMM-FIB model with hmmalign in HMMER3 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossils and their role in providing insights into evolutionary history. Instead, it focuses on detailed taxonomic relationships and phylogenetic analysis of plant species and their proteins, which is not relevant to the claim about fossils.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 35 in Peru use the leaves and bark of R. loretensis Stand l to treat leishmaniasis. 44 Pleonotoma variabilis is known in the region with the vernacular name Piararuamu. In the Cubeo language, piara is an ant that bites known locally as yanave or tucandira, and mu indicates a vine-like plant known as a bejuco. The plant can be identified in the region by its quadrangular stems and three large leaves. The plant is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted from the adult plant by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The Miraña people use P. variabilis to treat blindness. 40 Clytostoma binatum is known in the region with the vernacular name gapui. It is a native vine that grows wild. The fresh root taken from the adult plant is used to prepare the malaria treatment. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by men and women. It is administered orally and no warnings were reported. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found Arrabidaea verrucosa is known in the region with the vernacular name Uraku (Cubeo). Yupari refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirrojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, ura means large and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field because it is a very strong vine, has small red flowers and round leaves that are arranged in pairs. It is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark which can be removed from both juvenile and adult plants. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is given orally. The traditional healer warns that this remedy should not be combined with other medications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The inhabitants of Park located in the Amazonas state reported this species for treating gastrointestinal disorders. 45 Callichlamys latifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Miyavikubobaku (Cubeo). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of traditional medicinal practices among indigenous cultures in Peru, specifically detailing how various plants are used to treat ailments like leishmaniasis and malaria. It highlights the use of native plants, such as the leaves and bark of R. loretensis Stand l and other species, illustrating the connection between these plants and the indigenous people's medicinal practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 선호하는 식물 을 채소, 과실, 꽃, 기타로 분류하고 특성이 다른 식물을 사계절 푸 른 잎이 있는 관엽식물, 향이 있는 허브, 꽃이 있는 식물, 가시가 있 는 선인장으로 분류하여 성격과 관계를 설명(Jeong, 2012)하거나, 식물의 시각적 접촉, 후각적 접촉, 미각과 촉각적 접촉과 물소리, 벌 레소리 등 자연의 소리를 추가한 청각적 접촉의 치료적 효과를 확 인(Choi, 2010)한 사례가 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim because it discusses the classification of plants based on their characteristics and therapeutic effects, focusing on sensory interactions rather than specifically addressing the historical relationship between people and plants emphasized in paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: 1b2 [97], the C-terminal region outside the FIB domain was removed, and the N-terminal region (containing the GAR sequence) was independently aligned with v3. 8. 31 [101] in UGENE v1. 31. 0 [100]. Phylogenetic inference was performed with RaxML v8. 2. 12 [105] using the JTT+I+F model (best fitted for these data) and 500 bootstrap replicates, determined by the bootstopping criterion, e. g. [-autoMRE] option. S11 Fig. Microsynteny analysis between A. thaliana (At), A. arabicum (Aa), and T. hassleriana (Th) species. The synteny analysis show the consequence of the WGD and the different fractionation patterns in each group. A. arabicum, the early-branching of the rest of Brassicaceae, contains only one FIB protein in comparison to A. thaliana that host three FIB proteins into two duplicated blocks (one of them [AtFIB3] in Chr5 created by tandem duplication). T. hassleriana, from the Cleomaceae sister family for Brassicaceae, has undergone an independent genome triplication (Th-α), which raise three syntenic blocks in comparison to A. arabicum. Colored lines indicate syntenic relationship of FIB genes between syntenic blocks. Chr = chromosome. The analysis can be regenerated in S12 Fig. Schematic representation of syntenic genes surrounding FIBs on the Angiosperm syntenic blocks. a Depiction of the microsynteny networks of the five genes that were conserved through plant linage. b) Depiction of syntenic genes shared only by amborella and monocots. These genes were not found in eudicots. c) Depiction of syntenic genes that were conserved through amborella, monocots and basal eudicots, but not the core eudicots. d) Depiction of syntenic genes that were shared only by Rosids, but not other eudicots nor monocots. These genes were probably gained in eudicot evolution. e) Depiction of syntenic genes shared by almost all angiosperms but lost in the syntenic blocks of monocots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses phylogenetic analysis, synteny among plant species, and genomic features, without any mention of fossils or their role in understanding evolutionary history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Miyavi is eagle, kuboba means leg or foot, ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field mainly by its leaves which are arranged in threes and resemble a hawk’s claw. It is a native vine that grows wild. An extraction of the fresh root is prepared for the treatment of malaria. The extraction can be prepared by decoction of the fresh root from either the juvenile or adult plant and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, is contraindicated during pregnancy and cannot be combined with other drugs. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the (Valley Chazuta) it is used against eye irritation,46 in the Oyapock basin (French Guyana) it is used for the treatment of leishmaniasis. 444 Senna spinescens is known in the region with the vernacular name Kijiku (Cubeo). Yupari in Cubeo refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, kijiku means small and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field by its texture and its similarity to a cultivated plant known as guamo (species Inga). It is a native tree that grows wild on the slopes of the rivers. The part used for the treatment of malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees, is prepared by decoction, and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: consider the leaf dust of the S. spinescens as an excellent repellent for body lice. 35 The species of a genus very near to Senna are reported as medicinal in the by Schultes et al. 35 Anaueria brasiliensis is known in the region with the vernacular names Yurajiku (Cubeo) or Aguacatillo (mestizo). The species is recognized in the field by its leaves and fruit which resemble the avocado plant (Persea americana), its red stems and yellow flowers. It is a native tree that grows wild in both mature and managed forests. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various plants that are used medicinally by indigenous cultures in the Amazon for treating ailments such as malaria. It describes how specific plants, like the ones referenced (Miyavi, Senna spinescens, and Anaueria brasiliensis), are recognized for their medicinal properties and how they are prepared and administered traditionally. This supports the idea that traditional medicines are indeed derived from plants that indigenous cultures have historically utilized.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Home E-submission us and scope About the journal About the society Editorial board Journal management team Advertising policies Open access Revenue sources Direct marketing Access and subscription Archiving policy Contact us 304. Published online: June 30, 2020 DOI: Between the and Biodiversity in the Sites of Hyun-Kyung Kang* Professor, Department of 31066, Korea *Corresponding author: Hyun-Kyung Kang, hkkang@smu. ac. kr First author: Hyun-Kyung Kang, hkkang@smu. ac. kr 21, 2020, 1, 2020, 4, 2020, Copyright © 2020 by of People, Plants, and is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. and objective: This study was carried out to assess the relationship between the internal and external environments and the ecological items in five sites with a high level of artificial use intensity prior to the establishment of riparian ecological belts. Methods: The sites were classified into forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type in accordance with their respective locational types. Ecological items including plant ecology such as proportion, naturalization index and urbanization index of native species were analyzed and animal ecology such as the number of species and population of wild birds, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, and butterflies and dragonflies, which are indicator insects, were investigated. In addition, species diversity indices of wild birds, butterflies and dragonflies found in all the subject lands were computed. Results: Among the plant ecological items, the ratio of native species in the forest type was higher than 90%, which was a satisfactory level, while the naturalization and urbanization indices were less than 10%. The number of species in the animal ecological characteristics was reduced in the order of forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type. As the results of correlation analysis, the internal area of the planted area showed a negative correlation with the total of individuals. The area of grasslands showed a positive correlation with the number of dragonfly species and the total number of individuals, thereby illustrating that wet grasslands have positive effects. The area of surrounding forests, as an external environment, had a negative correlation with the urbanization index (UI) but a positive correlation with the inhabitation of butterflies and the total number of species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address paleoethnobotany or its focus on the historical relationship between people and plants. Instead, it discusses ecological relationships and indicators related to plant and animal ecology in various environments, which is somewhat related but does not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim about paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: f) Depiction of the total of genes found into the syntenic blocks of FIB genes. Communities above k-clique = 2 were not depicted due its large amount of genes in this category. S13 Fig. Phylogeny of animal vertebrata species and their FIB proteins. a) Phylogenetic relationships of the 195 animal species for FIB proteins in the present study. Tree branches are not at scale and only depict the species relationships (topology). The species tree was initially constructed based on the NCBI taxonomy IDs (each species TaxID is indicated after a dash ‘-’ in its corresponding label name) with ETE 3 v3. 1. 1 [106] and visualized in ITOL 4. 2. 3 [107]. To the right of the tree a presence (closed figure)/absence(open figure) matrix indicating the presence of synteny communities in each species is depicted (numbered and colored as in Fig 5). b) Microsynteny clusters of the total 197 syntenic FIB proteins from vertebrates. Six communities were clustered and coloring according Fig 6. S14 Fig. Schematic representation of syntenic genes surrounding FIB and FIB-like genes on mammalian syntenic blocks. a) Depiction of microsynteny networks of genes into the “FIB microsynteny block”, that were conserved through mammalian species, but not the eutherian D. novemcinctus. Only microsynteny networks containing the metatherian M. domestica are shown. b) Depiction of microsynteny networks genes into the “FIB-like microsynteny block”, that were conserved through eutherian mammals. Only microsynteny networks containing the Xenarthra D. novemcinctus are shown. FIB and FIB-like synteny blocks remains in different genomic contexts throughout mammalian evolution. S15 Fig. Phylogenomic microsynteny analysis of animal FIB proteins. a) Phylogenetic tree with branch lengths of the total 319 detected FIB proteins shown the major clades of mammals (FIB and FIB-like). b) Phylogenetic tree with branch lengths of the total 319 detected FIB proteins and showing the syntenic connections of mammal clusters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about fossils and evolutionary history. Instead, it focuses on gene synteny in vertebrates and phylogenetic relationships, which while related to evolutionary studies, does not discuss fossils or their role in providing insights into evolutionary history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: there are no 27. 2 %, the species with the highest value. The revised herbarium labels contained the following reports for uses of A. grandifolia: the preparation of a poison applied to arrows for hunting known as "curare" (García-Barriga3714371, COAH; Gutiérrez 01, COAH; Pabón A29 620 COAH; La Rotta39 35 COL; La Rotta39 160 COAH; Pabón A. 30 621 COL; Pabón E30 704 1094 COAH), preparing poison for blowguns used in hunting (Balcázar, Castroy Suárez 584 ), for wound healing (López et al. 6002 COAH), to treat anemia (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH), for inducing abortion (Gaitán et al. 13 COAH), for the treatment of malaria (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH; Correa et al. 2756 COAH; Collazos y Narváez 46 COAH; Gaitán et al. 13 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88 COAH; 035 COAH; López et al. 6002 COAH; Caicedo y Oidor 1758 Pabón E. 1013COAH) and for alleviating symptoms associated with malaria (Correa et al. 16 2756 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88COAH; Pabón E. 621 COL). Furthermore, secondary metabolites and purified extracts from species of the genus Abuta (Menispermaceae) found in the Amazon, have presented effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 Steele et al. isolated three bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from the bark of A. grandifolia, of which kukrovine and limacine showed the highest antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum. 62 Garavito et al. 63 found that the crude alkaloid extract from the leaves of this species presented in vitro activity against the P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various medicinal uses of plant species in the Amazon region. It mentions that indigenous cultures utilize these plants for preparing remedies such as wound healing, treating anemia, inducing abortion, and alleviating symptoms of malaria, indicating a direct link between traditional medicine and indigenous knowledge of plant uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: And most of the ferments that I'll be presenting are from the west coast of Greenland. DietThe most basic thing one needs to know about the Inuit diet, not just the fermented foods but the diet in general, is that it is animal sourced. August Krogh, who's a Laureate, described the diet of the “Eskimo” as an extremely close analogy to those of the large carnivorous animals. The diet on the east coast of Greenland in 1885 closely resembled the original Inuit diet [1]. Back then the diet was comprised of 45% protein energy and 55% fat energy. That leaves 0% for carbohydrate energy, which means that there was essentially no plants in this diet. Maybe through a short period in the summertime there had been some plants, but not enough to actually make up a lot of the energy in this diet. This is a very strong contrast to what we today believe as being a healthy diet. What you see here is the Danish diet pyramid. Madpyramiden/Food pyramid by Coop (© Coop)You could take the Inuit diet and then turn that diet pyramid upside down, because we've eaten basically just what's on top and almost nothing at the bottom of the diet pyramid. One of the things that is conventionally believed about an animal sourced diet is that it's not very varied. There’s this notion that you can eat the rainbow in colors in plants and you'll be healthy. I believe it's because if we go into our supermarkets and we look at the vegetable aisle, we see a lot of different colors. That gives us an impression of diversity. We also know that different fruits and vegetables can have sweet tastes, sour tastes, or bitter tastes; and they all have different shapes and textures. We instinctively know that plants can be diverse. But we don't think about animal sourced foods in the same way. An animal sourced food can be a very diverse diet. If you look at the fermented foods from an animal sourced diet, you can be convinced that it can be a very diverse diet. Hauptmann on how the world’s diet revolution is challenging Greenland on TheNordic Foodhosted by Analisa WintherSea MammalsWe've been trailing through a lot of historical literature about Inuit fermented foods from Greenland. Some of these foods are still made today, and some of them aren't. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the Inuit diet and contrasts it with contemporary diets, focusing on the animal-sourced nature of the Inuit diet and the perception of diet diversity. It does not address the claim about the role of crop domestication in human civilization, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: The FIB cluster remains connected to basal Theria groups, showing evidence of ancient block conservation of this group. FIB-like cluster (yellow links) transposed to another genomic context but remains syntenic in eutheria mammals. Color-code of the names of genes on the tree are according Fig 6. S16 Fig. Western blot analysis of fibrillarin on selected organism. We decided to test if birds lack FIBs as the genomic data suggest. We carried out extracts from the whole Arabidopsis thaliana plant, heart tissue from Gallus gallus domesticus, as a representatives of the avian clade, and extract from human cells (HeLa cells), as a representative of Mammals. We used the commercial antibody from abcam ab166630. S1 Table. List of the 47 viral genomes that were analyzed in the search for FIB-like proteins. S2 Table. List of the 212 bacterial genomes that were analyzed in the search for FIB proteins. S3 Table. Sequences retrieved in the CPR group of Bacteria by using the HMM-FIB model. No FIB sequences were detected into this group, but members of the methyltransferase superfamily. S4 Table. Results of the search of 15. 5k and NOP56 proteins (part of the box C/D snoRNA, together with FIB) and RG-rich regions into Bacterial and Archaeal proteomes. HMM models for 15. 5k and NOP56 were used for the searches into the 212 proteomes of Bacteria and the 148 proteomes of Archaea. We also used three different HMM models from the characteristic RG-rich region of FIB (the gar domain) and the RG-rich regions from gar protein (the gar1 and gar2 boxes). The three models for the GAR regions were taken from Guillen-Chable et al. Cells. 2020; 9(1143). S5 Table. List of the 148 archaeal genomes that were analyzed in the search for FIB proteins. S6 Table. List of the 76 protist genomes that were analyzed in the search for FIB proteins. S7 Table. List of the 157 fungal genomes that were analyzed in the search for FIB proteins. S8 Table. List of the 153 plant genomes that were analyzed in the search for FIB proteins. S9 Table. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various genomic analyses related to proteins and organisms but does not mention fossils or their role in evolutionary history. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about fossils providing insights into evolutionary history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: falciparum strain FcB2 10 times greater than that obtained from the Remijia peruviana species (control species with quinones). Additionally, in vivo studies using mice infected with P. berghei, the same extract at a concentration of 250mg/kg, inhibited parasite growth by 66% without evidence of cytotoxicity. 63 Aspidosperma excelsum is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extract of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Extracts and secondary metabolites purified from Amazonian plants of the genus Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae) have shown effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 No information was found on the herbarium labels for the A. excelsum species, however, others have reported its antimalarial use. Rodrigues reported that the inhabitants of the Jaú in the Brazilian Amazon, used the bark of this plant for the treatment of malaria. 45 Kvist et al64 reported the antimalarial use of A. excelsum among the inhabitants of eleven geographic and ethnic areas of Loreto in the Peruvian Amazon. They also reported an average antiplasmodial activity (CI50) between 10-50mg/mL. 64 The Ingaricó indigenous people and local communities in the states of Roraima and Para, Brazil, used the bark in a bitter decoction or infusion for the treatment of malaria. 41,65 Mangifera indica is an introduced a tree grown in the study area. For the treatment of malaria the stem bark prepared by decoction is used. On the revised herbarium labels, reports were found indicating that the fruit of M. indica is edible (Diaz J. , et al. 151 COAH. Blair et al. (2005) reported this species with antimalarial use and for tonsillitis in a study conducted near the Colombian Pacific. In an ethnobotanical study on malaria conducted in the Budiope County, Uganda, M. indicawas one of the species most often cited. 66 In similar studies conducted in the Dangme district of West Ghana,67 in Nigeria68 in an area southwest of Nigeria,69 and in the maritime region of Togo,70 all found M. indica was used to treat malaria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of specific plants, such as Aspidosperma excelsum and Mangifera indica, for the treatment of malaria by indigenous cultures like the Ingaricó in Brazil and the inhabitants of Loreto in the Peruvian Amazon. It illustrates how these communities have long utilized these plants in traditional medicine, directly supporting the claim that traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain neural circuits in the brain are dedicated to processing social cues. [SEP] Text: Although persistent activity has been frequently observed in the prefrontal cortex, this activity has also been observed in many other brain areas and the function and the information represented by this activity are not always the same across different brain areas, because different brain areas participate in different information processing. Roussy et al. dissociated neural processes for visual perception from those of visual working memory based on whether the brain produces mental representations of the visual stimulus when its physical signals are available or not. In fact, neurons in early visual areas exhibit persistent activity representing perceptual signals, while neurons in association areas exhibit the activity representing working memory signals. Persistent activity has also been observed in human brain imaging studies, although not in all frontal regions observed in monkey studies. Curtis and Sprague reviewed these results obtained with fMRI signals, and showed that the content of working memory can be decoded from the pattern of neural activations in several brain areas, suggesting that these approaches find which of these brain areas contribute to working memory and what relevant features they represent. Li et al. showed that persistent activity is observed even in naïve untrained monkeys, indicating that specific local neural circuits supporting persistent activity are innately present in the prefrontal cortex. However, the operation of these circuits is flexibly modulated by the task demand, the experience, and the age and also by the effect of neuromodulators. Systemic muscarinic blockade disrupts working memory performances. Vijayraghavan and Everling reviewed such neuromodulatory effects of acetylcholine on persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex. They showed that muscarinic blockade by local iontophoretic application caused pronounced suppressive effect of persistent activity representing remembered information and that the suppressive effect of persistent activity is dose-dependent and monotonically through muscarinic M1 receptors. The observed heterogeneity of muscarinic actions also outlines unexpected modulatory effects in primate prefrontal cortex when compared with rodent studies. Recurrent neural circuit models have been proposed to explain how sustained representations are generated. Barbosa et al. , Novikov et al. , and Sarazin et al. have used such models of uni—or—multi-area networks to examine features of persistent or dynamic activity. Models are often informed by known biological elements and properties of recurrent circuits reviewed by Li et al. , Curtis and Sprague, Roussy et al. , Sarazin et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neural circuits dedicated to processing social cues. Instead, it discusses persistent activity in various brain areas, including the prefrontal cortex, and how this activity relates to visual perception and working memory. Therefore, it does not provide relevant information to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: List of the 257 animal genomes that were analyzed in the search for Fibrillarin proteins. S10 Table. Total of the FIB protein sequences analyzed in this work. S11 Table. of the FIB proteins found in the fungal genomes. This network was formed by all pairwise syntenic genes (Node1-Node2) found by MCScanX software. S12 Table. communities found at k-clique = 3 by Cfinder. S13 Table. All edges found at k-clique = 3 for the protein-coding genes within the Fungi FIB syntenic blocks. S14 Table. Total number of proteins (nodes) found in the same syntenic blocks as fungal FIB homologues. Annotations were made with Blas2GO against the refseq collection of fungal protein sequences. S15 Table. of the FIB proteins found in the plant genomes. This network was formed by all pairwise syntenic genes (Node1-Node2) found by MCScanX software. S16 Table. communities found at k-clique = 3 by Cfinder. S17 Table. Total number of proteins (nodes) found in the same syntenic blocks as plant FIB homologues. These networks were formed by all pairwise syntenic genes (Node1-Node2) retrieved from the “collinearity” files produced by MCScanX software. The annotations of the proteins were retrieved from the genome metadata (annotations files) from each specie. S18 Table. of the FIB proteins found in the Animal genomes. This network was formed by all pairwise syntenic genes (Node1-Node2) found by MCScanX software. S19 Table. communities found at k-clique = 3 by Cfinder. 3. 0 Unported license ( Proteobacteria ( by Gareth Monger, under the CCBY3. 0 Unported license ( Archaea ( by Matt Crook, under the CCBY-SA3. 0 Unported license ( Xenopus ( by Sarah Werning, under the CCBY3. 0 Unported license ( the remaining silhouettes are under the Dedication 1. 0 or PubAB-2798 (cow). Heatmaps in Fig 7G generated with ComplexHeatmap package [12099] from Bioconductor project [121]. lic 1. 0 licenses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about fossils providing insights into evolutionary history. It discusses genetic analyses of proteins across different genomes without mentioning fossils or their importance in understanding evolutionary history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: of the consider the decoction of the leaves as a contraceptive. 35 Awe et al. 71 reported that the methanolic extract from the bark of M. indica presented antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis schizonts in the early stages of infection. In addition, it reduced yeast induced hyperpyrexia in rats. According to the authors, these effects can explain the use of the plant in traditional medicine to treat malaria and fever Valadeau et al. 49 tested in vitro antimalarial activity of 14 plant species, including M. indica, which was marginally active compared to the others. The leaves and bark of M. indica have a low toxicity with an LC50 of 3079. 1μg/mL and 2456. 0mg/mL respectively. 72 Matisia glandífera is a native tree species that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark and leaves are used for the treatment of malaria. The treatment is prepared by decoction. This species was reported by four traditional healers giving it a FI of 16%. Other uses reported by the traditional healers: To relieve headache and bone pain and as a fever reducer. For the species M. glandífera, no records of medicinal uses were found on the labels from the three herbariums used. On the other hand, one study reported that this plant is used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis in Loreto, Peru. 64 A species of the same genus M. cordata Bonpl. , is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people to treat "menstrual problems". 35 This species is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for the treatment Leishmaniasis. 36 is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark, which is prepared by cooking. On the revised herbarium labels for G. Guidonia, usage reports were found on two labels. The bark is scraped, placed in water and used as a purgativefor humans (Marín et al. 2386, COAH) and for dogs (Little Jr. 7469, COAH). The bark is also used for the treatment of malaria (Córdoba et al. 393,COAH). One report found that the aerial plant organs have antiplasmodial activity in vitro. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of traditional medicines derived from plants, specifically mentioning the use of M. indica and M. glandífera in indigenous practices to treat malaria and other ailments. It highlights the knowledge of traditional healers regarding these plants, which supports the idea that many traditional medicines have their origins in indigenous plant usage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain neural circuits in the brain are dedicated to processing social cues. [SEP] Text: 01933. x | Text |. , and Ohmori, H. (2009). Roles of axonal sodium channels in precise auditory time coding at nucleus magnocellularis of the chick. J. Physiol. 587, 87–100. doi: 10. 1113/jphysiol. 2008. 162651 | Text |. , Yamada, R. , Fukui, I. , and Ohmori, H. (2005). Tonotopic specialization of auditory coincidence detection in nucleus laminaris of the chick. J. Neurosci. 25, 1924–1934. doi: 10. 1523/. 4428-04. 2005 | Text |. , Yamada, R. , and Ohmori, H. (2003). Evaluation of the limiting acuity of coincidence detection in nucleus laminaris of the chicken. J. Physiol. 552, 611–620. doi: 10. 1113/jphysiol. 2003. 041574 | Text |. , and Zook, J. M. (1992). Projections to the medial superior olive from the medial and lateral nuclei of the trapezoid body in rodents and bats. J. Comp. Neurol. 324, 522–538. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 903240406 | Text |. A. , Buebsamem, R. , and Rubel, E. W. (1994). GABAergic terminals in nucleus magnocellularis and laminaris originate from the superior olivary nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 348, 403–418. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 903480307 | Text |. (2009). Regulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in the chick nucleus laminaris: role of N-type calcium channels. Neuroscience 164, 1009–1019. doi: 10. 1016/j. neuroscience. 2009. 09. 013 | Text |. A. , Koppl, C. , and Konishi, M. (1988). A neural map of interaural intensity differences in the brain stem of the barn owl. J. Neurosci. 8, 2665–2676. | Text Mogdans, J. , and Knudsen, E. I. (1994). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies related to auditory processing and neural projections in non-human species, focusing on auditory circuits and without any mention of neurons or circuits involved in processing social cues in the brain. Therefore, it does not provide any relevant information that supports or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Lisa DeTora provided editorial advice on a late-stage draft. 1. Rodriguez-Corona U, Sobol M, Rodriguez-. Fibrillarin from Archaea to human. Biol Cell. 2015; 107(6):159–174. pmid:25772805 View 2. . Fibrillarin: Evolution of Structure and Functions. Biochemistry-Moscow+. 2016; 81(9):941–950. pmid:27682166 View 3. Structural organization of box C/D RNA-guided RNA methyltransferase. . 2009; 106(33):13808–13813. View 4. Genetic control of nucleolar size: An evolutionary perspective. Nucleus. 2016. ; 7(2):112–20. pmid:27003693 View 5. . The multistructural forms of box C/D ribonucleoprotein p1633. pmid:30254138 View 6. . Co-expression and co-purification of archaeal and eukaryal box C/D RNPs. . 2014; 9(7):e103096. pmid:25078083 View 7. Tessarz P, Santos- Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification. Nature. 2014; 505(7484):564–568. pmid:24352239 View 8. Loza-Muller L, Rodríguez-Corona U, Sobol M, Rodríguez-. Fibrillarin methylates H2A in RNA polymerase I trans-active promoters in Brassica oleracea. Sci. 2015; 6:976. pmid:26594224 View 9. Iyer-. SIRT7-of Histone H2A Methylation and rRNA Synthesis during the Cell Cycle. Cell Rep. 2018; 25(11):2946–2954. e5. pmid:30540930 View 10. . Fibrillarin: a new protein of the nucleolus identified by autoimmune sera. Biol Cell. 1985; 54(2):123–33. pmid:2933102 View 11. . Proliferation, cancer, and aging-novel functions of the nucleolar methyltransferase fibrillarin? Int. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various scientific articles and studies related to molecular biology, specifically focusing on proteins and their functions. It does not mention fossils or any direct connection to the evolutionary history of life, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 73 The dichloromethane extract from the seeds demonstrated good antimalarial activity (IC50≥10µg/mL) in the F32 and D2 P. falciparum strains susceptible to chloroquine and D2 strains resistant to chloroquine. The cytotoxicity was 28. 8±8. 2 ug/mL in the U-937 cell strains. 74 The crude plant extract has anti-inflammatory activity. 75 Sesquiterpenes,76 terpenes, diterpenes, steroids77 and pregnane have all been isolated from an ethanol extract from the leaves. 78 Picrolemma sprucei is a native shrub that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark is used for the treatment of malaria, which is prepared by decoction. The herbarium labels contained information on various medicinal uses for this species. It is used to treat sores (Pabón E. 513, ), to treat skin fungus and insect bites (Garzón, Mendoza and Rivera 230, COAH), in the preparation of ichthyotoxins (La Rotta40 128 COAH), and to eliminate the "chunche" (La Rotta40 170, COAH; Pabón E. 613, COAH). In Brazil, and Peru this plant is used for the treatment of malaria. 79 The family to which this species belongs, Simaroubaceae, contain quassinoids responsible for the anti-malaria, anti-cancer and antiamoebic activity. 38 The cuasinoide neosergeolide was isolated from the stem and root of this species, which has significant in vitro activity in multidrug resistant P. falciparum, being more active than quinone and chloroquine. 80 This cuasinoide together with another called isobrucein B, showed cytotoxicity against tumor cells in humans and worked as a larvicide against the A. aegypti mosquito responsible for the spread of dengue. Further, the lack of hemolytic activity in vitro could indicate specificity of the cytotoxic effects observed. 81 Potalia resinifera is a native shrub that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark is used to treat malaria, and the treatment is prepared by decoction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various medicinal uses of plants, specifically mentioning that 'the stem bark' of Picrolemma sprucei, a native shrub, is used for treating malaria. This supports the idea that traditional medicines are derived from plants utilized by indigenous cultures, as indicated by the multiple medicinal applications referenced for Picrolemma sprucei and the mention of its use in countries like Brazil and Peru.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: measurement error or uncontrolled environmental factors from heavy-tailed distributions), making follow-up validation studies necessary before underlying architectures can be confirmed. We consider this to be typical of observational research, in which significant results may indicate causal effects unless uncontrolled confounding factors explain the observed associations, requiring experimental/trial follow-up for validation. We believe that our tests are useful for providing initial inference, and that in some settings – e. g. prioritising samples for sequencing to identify rare variants – could be useful as an initial screening step to increase the efficacy of a planned analysis or study. Additionally, we have now developed “SibArc”, an openly available software tool that takes input sibling trait data and estimates conditional sibling heritability across the trait distribution. Then - based on our theoretical framework developed and described in the paper - for each tail of the trait distribution, estimates effect sizes and generates P-values corresponding to our de novo and Mendelian tests, and performs a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to identify general departures from our null model. Furthermore, SibArc also provides additional functionality for users under preliminary beta form, for example, running an iterative optimisation routine to infer approximate relative degrees of polygenic, de novo, and Mendelian architectures prevailing in each trait tail. We have made this software tool, tutorial, and sample data available online at Github and are hosting these on a dedicated website: www. sibarc. net. Reviewer #1 (Public Review): This is a clever and well-done paper that should be published. The authors sought to craft a method, applicable to biobank-scale data but without necessarily using genotyping or sequencing, to detect the presence of de novo mutations and rare variants that stand out from the polygenic background of a given trait. Their method depends essentially on sibling pairs where one sibling is in an extreme tail of the phenotypic distribution and whether the other sibling's regression to the mean shows a systematic deviation from what is expected under a simple polygenic architecture. Their method is successful in that it builds on a compelling intuition, rests on a rigorous derivation, and seems to show reasonable statistical power in the UK Biobank. (More biobanks of this size will probably become available in the near future. ) It is somewhat unsuccessful in that rejection of the null hypothesis does not necessarily point to the favored hypothesis of de novo or rare variants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodological approaches in research related to genetics and trait analysis, not animal communication or any cognition insights. There is no mention of animal behavior or communication, thus it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: 2018; 42(11):1463–1466. pmid:30080298 View 12. . Temperature-sensitive mutations demonstrate roles for yeast fibrillarin in pre-rRNA processing, pre-rRNA methylation, and ribosome assembly. Cell. 1993; 72(3):443–457. pmid:8431947 View 13. Guillen-Chable F, Rodríguez Corona U, Pereira-Santana A, Bayona A, Rodríguez-Zapata LC, Aquino C, et al. Activity is Dependent on the GAR Domain and Modulated by Phospholipids. Cells. 2020; 9(5):1143. View 14. . Nucleolar fibrillarin is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of bacterial pathogen resistance. Nat Commun. 2018; 9(1):3607. pmid:30190478 View 15. . Targeting the Fibrillarin to Avoid Chemoresistance. Chem. 2018; 26(1). View 16. Interaction of a plant virus-encoded protein with the major nucleolar protein fibrillarin is required for systemic virus infection. . 2007; 104(26):11115–11120. pmid:17576925 View 17. . ELF18-1 evicts fibrillarin from mediator subunit to enhance -1 (PR1) expression. New Phytol. 2018; 221(4):2067–2079. pmid:30307032 View 18. Quantitative time-resolved chemoproteomics reveals that stable O-GlcNAc regulates box C/D snoRNP biogenesis. . 2017; 114(33):E6749–E6758. View 19. Fibrillarin is essential for S-phase progression and neuronal differentiation in zebrafish dorsal midbrain and retina. Dev Biol. 2018; 437(1):1–16. pmid:29477341 View 20. -Anollés G. The distribution and impact of viral lineages in domains of life. Front Microbiol. 2014; 5:194. pmid:24817866 View 21. -Anollés G. Giant viruses coexisted with the cellular ancestors and represent a distinct supergroup along with superkingdoms Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding fossils and their insights into evolutionary history. It discusses molecular biology topics like fibrillarin's role in pre-rRNA processing and the activity of various proteins, which are unrelated to the topic of fossils or evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: In pharmacological terms, Potalia is the most important genre of the Gentianaceae family in South America. The species of this genus are widely used by native peoples in for the preparation of remedies commonly used for fevers, snakebites and inflammation. 82 In Colombia, the indigenous Barasana group of the Vaupés used the plant to treat eye inflammations and in Córdoba it is used in Shamanism. In Peru, the root is used to kill parasites. The root and resin are used in the province of Pasco for the treatment of rheumatism and anemia. The leaves are rubbed on the back to relieve pain and baths are made with the infusion of the plant to calm crying babies. In Ecuador, cooked and shredded leaves are used in the province of Napo to treat skin problems. There is a possibility that there are more uses reported for this species, since in some herbariums the specimens of P. resinifera have been named P. amara, determined by applying a sensu lato taxonomic criterion for the latter. 82 Abarema laeta is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extraction of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used used for treating malaria. In the Peruvian Amazon, A. laeta is used to treat malaria. 41,83,84 The species was reported as malarial by the Quechua indigenous group and by the Mestizos of Loreto (Peru), however no antiplasmodial activity was found. 84 natives of Perú use the bark in an infusion to treat malaria. 41 Jacaranda copaia is native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked bark is used for malaria treatment. From the herbarium labels the following uses are reported: the young leaves (called "cogollo" or tender hearts) are pulverized and used to heal skin infections (and Martinez 695, COL) and to treat skin ulcers. 36 The leaf is macerated, cooked in water to a honey-like consistency and the decoction is used to: heal skin lesions (Rotta 90, COAH); for bone pain, to attenuate forunculosis, treat venereal diseases, for cystitis and neuralgia. 36 The juice extracted from the macerated root is used to treat blindness (Pabón E. 548, COAH). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how various plants such as Potalia and Abarema laeta are used by indigenous peoples in South America for treating ailments like fevers, snakebites, inflammation, and malaria. It emphasizes that these plants are integral to the traditional medicinal practices of indigenous cultures, providing multiple specific examples of their applications in treatments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: In contrast, searching for the technosignatures of intelligent civilizations is centred on longer wavelengths – those of the radio range. I’m going to use radio as a pragmatic way of defining intelligence from a SETI perspective. But let’s first look at the span of intelligences among animals on Earth from a different perspective. Intelligence is a continuous variable, not a binary one. Life forms here, and probably elsewhere too, show a wide range of behaviours that can be interpreted as indicating a wide range of intelligence underlying them. The construction of a scale for the measurement of intelligence is notoriously difficult, even within the confines of a particular species – humans. How intelligent someone is cannot be completely captured on a single scale; intelligence is a multidimensional property. Paradoxically, though, in a multi-species context the job actually gets easier rather than harder. The reason for this is that the differences we’re dealing with are much greater. A scale for intelligence in the context of life on Earth starts from zero and extends indefinitely upwards. Organisms that lack nervous systems are deemed to have no intelligence. These include all microbes and plants, as well as the most primitive of animals – sponges and a little-known group called placozoans (which translates as ‘flat animals’). Slightly more advanced animals such as jellyfish have diffuse nervous systems but lack brains, and don’t really exhibit any behaviour that merits the description intelligent. There are many animals that have small brains, including insects and arachnids. These typically have rather fixed, instinctive behaviour patterns, but some seem more intelligent than others. Jumping spiders – for example those of the genus Portia – have been put forward as the most intelligent arthropods, owing to their complex patterns of hunting behaviour. The most intelligent invertebrates of all are octopuses; there’s a great book about octopus intelligence by Peter Godfrey-Smith, called Other Minds. Many studies on these wonderful creatures, both in the lab and in the field, have illustrated complex behaviours that are clearly learned rather than instinctive. Octopuses exceed many vertebrates in intelligence. However, some groups of birds seem to be particularly intelligent – notably crows and parrots. And many mammalian groups show high intelligence, especially cetaceans (dolphins and whales) and primates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the search for technosignatures of intelligent civilizations and the complexities of defining and measuring intelligence among life forms on Earth, rather than focusing on the study of extremophiles. It elaborates on the different types of intelligence across species, including those without nervous systems, which diverges from the idea that extremophiles play a central role in the search for extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: BMC Evol Biol. 2012; 12:156. pmid:22920653 View 22. Maumus F, Epert A, Nogué F, Blanc G. Plant genomes enclose footprints of past infections by giant virus relatives. Nat. Comm. 2014; 5:4268. View 23. Durzyńska J, Goździcka-Józefiak A. Viruses and cells intertwined since the dawn of evolution. Virol J. 2015; 12:169. pmid:26475454 View 24. Koonin EV, Yutin N. Multiple evolutionary origins of giant viruses. F1000Res. 2018; 7:F1000 Faculty Rev-1840. View 25. Moniruzzaman M, Martinez-. Dynamic genome evolution and complex virocell metabolism of globally-distributed giant viruses. Nat. Commun. 2020; 11:1710. pmid:32249765 View 26. Koonin EV. Orthologs, paralogs, and evolutionary genomics. Genet. 2005; 39(1):309–338. View 27. Ohno S. Evolution by Gene Duplication. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 1970. 28. Dehal P, Boore JL. Two rounds of whole genome duplication in the ancestral vertebrate. PLoS Biol. 2005; 3(10):e314. pmid:16128622 View 29. Freeling M. Bias in plant gene content following different sorts of duplication: tandem, whole-genome, segmental, or by transposition. Plant Biol. 2009; 60:433–453. pmid:19575588 View 30. Panchy N, Lehti-Shiu M, Shiu SH. Evolution of in Plants. Plant Physiol. 2016; 171(4):2294–2316. pmid:27288366 View 31. . Ancient WGD events as drivers of key innovations in angiosperms. Plant Biol. 2016; 30:159–165. pmid:27064530 View 32. . Dissecting the of Abundant (LEA) Families in Plants. Evol. 2018; 11(2):459–471. View 33. Gamboa-Tuz SD, Pereira--Zapata LC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossils providing insights into evolutionary history. Instead, it lists references related to plant genomes, viruses, and gene duplications, which do not directly relate to the role of fossils in understanding evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: (Peru) use boiled leaves of J. copaia, to cure malaria and for cutaneous leishmaniasis. In mild cases of leishmaniasis, the remedy is applied to the affected areas as a cataplasm (Céline et al. 2009). The plant is used to heal wounds by the Andoques and to treat blindness by the Huitotos. 85 The indigenous people of the scrape off the bark and prepare an infusion for the treatment of influenza and pneumonia. 35 Tabebuia serratifolia is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for treating malaria. The bark is used by the Wayãpi natives in the French Guyana, as a fever reducer. 83 The species contains alkaloids, lapachol or tacomine, catechins, steroids, simple phenols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, cyanogenic glycosides, resins, saponins, triterpenes and xanthones. 86 Crescentia cujete is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for malaria treatment. Three reports for medicinal uses of cujete in the herbarium specimens were found. It is used for reperatory problems (Cárdenas et al. 13849, COAH). The leaf is used in a poultice for headaches and the young fruit is used to prepare "melao" used as a cough suppressant (Cardenas and Romero 13226, COAH). The endocarp is cooked with “panela” or brown sugar and used to reduce inflammation resulting from hits or blows to the body (Marín et al. 2336, COAH). Ruiz et al. 56 report that C. cujete leaves are used as an antimalarial. 56 natives (Risaralda, Colombia) use the unripe pulp to treat diarrhea. 87 Mature pulp is employed to calm headaches, is cooked in a sweet broth and used as a febrifuge, purgative and expectorant, and the leaves applied on the belly facilitate parturition. 38 America, the fruit pulp is used for respiratory diseases,87 gastrointestinal illnesses, inflammation and urethritis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple examples of how indigenous cultures utilize various plants, such as J. copaia and Tabebuia serratifolia, for medicinal purposes. It describes specific treatments and remedies derived from these plants, which supports the notion that traditional medicines often originate from the botanical knowledge of indigenous peoples.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: Knoll's book will appeal to anyone interested in the evolution of life on Earth. ""This is not a textbook but rather a story, giving one person's view of how the jigsaw pieces fit together. It is written in flowing prose with many asides, personal anecdotes and explanations of what evidence there is and how it is used. . . . [F]or ecologists the book has much to offer in putting the early evolution of life into perspective. ""The author weaves a beautifully written, fascinating story of life's origin and development based on his extensive field studies and research in the most remote corners of the globe. . . . This volume. . . is a most valuable asset that should be read by scientists active in the field, by teachers and students who are interested in the most recent thoughts on the subject, and, in fact, by anyone who is interested in how life might have originated and evolved on this planet or on other similar planets in our Universe. "---Nathan Dubowsky, & Films"A detective story to match the best crime fiction. It is told withverve. "---Paul Nettleton, The Guardian"Knoll is well placed to tell this amazing story, and he does so with verve. "---Douglas Palmer, New Scientist"A balanced, excellent account of current theories and discussions of the origin and early evolution of life. . . . Knoll is able to convey difficult scientific issues with a minimum of jargon, using a brisk and witty prose. . . He is a gifted storyteller with a knack for choosing the right anecdote. . . . A browse through Knoll's book will enlighten both the cognoscenti and those unfamiliar with the complexities of reading a fossil record. . . . Knoll manages to present a multidisciplinary field in an interdisciplinary volume. "---Antonio Lazcano, American Scientist"Life on a stands apart from it predecessors in two fundamental respects. First, Knoll is perhaps the most qualified person to write such an epic: a renaissance man whose text is filled with insightful quotes from authors ranging from Darwin to Dickins to Dyson. . . . Second. . . this book describes the coevolution of life on Earth as an integrated biochemical system that has profoundly and irrevocably changed over time. "---Guy M. Narbonne, Science"is an ideal guide through this early phase of life's history on the Earth. . . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the specific claim regarding the timeline of life's origin on Earth. It discusses Knoll's book, its narrative style, and its appeal but does not provide evidence or arguments supporting or contrasting the claim about the origin of life being around 3.5 billion years ago. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: New insights into the phylogeny of the TMBIM superfamily across the tree of life: Comparative genomics and synteny networks reveal independent evolution of the BI and LFG families in plants. Evol. 2018; 126: 266–278. pmid:29702215 View 34. Zhao T, Schranz ME. Network-based microsynteny analysis identifies major differences and genomic outliers in mammalian and angiosperm genomes. . 2019; 116(6):2165–2174. View 35. Moreira D, López-García P. Evolution of viruses and cells: do we need a fourth domain of life to explain the origin of eukaryotes? . 2015; 370(1678):20140327. pmid:26323758 View 36. -Anollés G, Nasir A. of the CPR Group. Evol. 2020; 12(3):103–121. pmid:32031619 View 37. Unusual biology across a group comprising more than 15% of domain Bacteria. Nature. 2015; 523(7559):208–11. pmid:26083755 View 38. van de Comparative genomics of citric-acid-producing Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015 versus enzyme-producing CBS 513. 88. Genome Research. 2011; 21(6):885–897. pmid:21543515 View 39. . Tree of Life: from to Genome-Scale Phylogenies. Microbiol Spectr. 2017; 5(5). View 40. patens chromosome-scale assembly reveals moss genome structure and evolution. Plant J. 2017; 93(3): 515–533. View 41. of the oryzae Reveals a Whole-Genome Duplication. PLOS Genet. 2009; 5(7):e1000549. pmid:19578406 View 42. O’ Genome analysis of the yeast Diutina catenulata, a member of the Debaryomycetaceae/Metschnikowiaceae (CTG-Ser) clade. . 2018; 13(6):e0198957. pmid:29944657 View 43. öker M, et al. Comparative genomics of biotechnologically important yeasts. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding fossils and their role in understanding evolutionary history. Instead, it appears to discuss comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses of various organisms, which is not directly related to fossils themselves. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 89‒91 Decoction of the leaves and flowers is used in vaginal baths for leucorrea, to treat earaches, treat skin conditions such as scrapes, bumps or dermatitis, is used to treat hemorrhoids, treat tumors, expel the placenta, against venoms, and as a homeostatic. 92‒94 The leaves are used to treat anemia. 38,95 In India, the fruit pulp is used as a diuretic. 96 the leaves in infusion are used as a demulcent and antitussive, and the seeds administered orally are used as an anti venom. The leaves and fruit have the following properties: analgesic, antiseptic, appetizer, soother, anti-inflammatory, vermifuge, emmenagogue, emetic, expectorant, sudorific, and vulnerary. 38 Doliocarpus dentatus is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. indigenous group on the consider the "water" from D. dentatus stops the effects of malaria. 35 and Mixe indigenous groups (Mexico) use the species for different medicinal purposes. 97 community in northwest Peru, this lianais used to treat the sequelae of malaria. 98 Abuta rufescens is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. Indigenous groups in the state of Roraima, Brazil, use A. rufescens to treat malaria. 41 The Shipibo-Conibo people usethe leaf to prepare “curare” and a decoction of the bark to treat malaria, stomach ulcers, diabetes and liver pain. 84 A. rufescens presented leishmanicidal activity. 99 Extracts from the bark and leaves had antiplasmodial activity with IC50 from 2. 3 to 7. 9ug/mL. 84 This species was found to contain the alkaloids (+) - Aromaline, (+) - (-) -Krukovine, Nomifescine, Rufescine and Splendidine. 100 Citrus x lemon, is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. An extract of the root is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Antimalarial use of Citrus x lemon was reported in the Ucayali region of Peru. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various traditional medicinal uses of plants among indigenous groups, such as the use of Doliocarpus dentatus and Abuta rufescens for treating malaria. It specifically mentions how the Mixe indigenous groups utilize these plants for different medicinal purposes, supporting the idea that traditional medicines are indeed derived from plants used by these cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: A risk-hedging tool for hydropower plants. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 370–378. Harbin, G. , Rongfeng, S. , Weijie, Z. , Xiaoxu, F. , Jianguo, J. and Baofeng, Z. (1864). Study on the Application of Combined Cooling, Heating and with in China. AIP Conf. Proc, 1-9. Himadry, S. , Yatim, A. , Chee, T. and Kwan, Y. (2016). PV/tidal powered micro-hydro and diesel hybrid system: A southern Bangladesh focus. Renewable and Reviews, 53, 1137–1148. Hindawi. (2018). Available at: IEA. (2018). Available at: Iñaki, H. , Lucía, S. , Erlantz, A. and Jon, M. (2018). The emergence of renewable energy cooperatives in Spain: A review. Renewable and Reviews, 94, 1036–1043. Jain, C. (2010). Energy Resources: Hydropower, Council. Council, 1-618. Jawahar, C. and Prawin, M. (2017). A review on turbines for a micro hydropower plant. Renewable and Reviews, 72, 882–887. Jensen, B. , Nenad, M. and Abrahamsen, B. (2013). Development of superconducting wind turbine generators. J. of renewable and sustainable energy, 5, 1-12. Jeongwoo, H. and Vincent, B. (2015). A comparative assessment of resource efficiency in petroleum refining. Fuel, 157, 292–298. Jessica, S. , Tonio, S. , Christopher, M. , Mario, F. , Cyril, S. , John, L. and Alexander, M. (2018). Overview of solar technologies for electricity, heating and cooling Production. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 892–909. Jitu, P. and Adharaa, D. (2017). Barriers of biomass energy and their potential solutions for remote areas of Bangladesh. IEEE, 1-4. Joao, C. (2007). Energy:. Springer, 1-439. João, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and reviews concerning renewable energy technologies and their applications; however, it does not provide any specific evidence or statements about the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: 2016; 113(35):9882–9887. pmid:27535936 View 44. Expression Atlas: gene and protein expression across multiple studies and organisms. Res. 2017; 46(D1):D246–D251. View 45. . Proof and evolutionary analysis of ancient genome duplication in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature. 2004; 428:617–624. pmid:15004568 View 46. Global trends of whole-genome duplications revealed by the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. Nature. 2006; 444:171–178. pmid:17086204 View 47. Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms. Nature. 2011; 473(7345):97–100. pmid:21478875 View 48. . The role of transcription in shaping the spatial organization of the genome. Biol. 2019; 20:327. 337. pmid:30886333 View 49. Amiri KA. Fibrillarin-Occur in the Domain Archaea. J. Bacteriol. Res. 2014; 176(7):2124–2127. View 50. Londei P. Evolution of translational initiation: New insights from the archaea. . 2005; 29(2):185–200. pmid:15808741 View 51. Phylogenomics of 10,575 genomes reveals evolutionary proximity between domains Bacteria and Archaea. Nat Commun. 2019; 10(1):5477. pmid:31792218 View 52. Gribaldo S, Brochier-Armanet C. The origin and evolution of Archaea: a state of the art. . 2006; 361(1470):1007–1022. pmid:16754611 View 53. . Archaeal genomics: an overview. Cell. 1997; 89:991–994. pmid:9215619 View 54. Myllykallio H, Lopez P, Lopez- Bacterial mode of replication with eukaryotic-like machinery in a hyperthermophilic archaeon. Science. 2000; 288(5474):2212–2215. pmid:10864870 View 55. Isolation of an archaeon at the prokaryote-eukaryote interface. Nature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about fossils providing insights into evolutionary history. Instead, it discusses ancient genome duplications and articles related to genomic research across various organisms, which does not pertain to the concept of fossils or their role in understanding evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 30 this study, most of the respondents are male. Men seem to possess more traditional knowledge of medicinal plants compared to women, possibly due to their increased access to the forest to hunt, collect wild fruits and plants, and obtain material for housing construction and development of tools. These activities allow them to acquire forest-related knowledge, while on the other hand, women are dedicated to the care of charges and care of the house. In the communities represented in this study, women have more access to plants grown in home gardens. The number of woman participants in this study is low because most plants used for malaria are found in the forest. This finding is consistent with research conducted by Boster101 and Garro102 who mentioned that the knowledge of any given person is determined by their role in society (gender, age, division of labor, individual experience), creating differences in access to knowledge. The largest number of species reported, is observed in the community of Puerto Laguna. This result could be due to the presence of the only Paye who participated in the study. is the most influential community member who passes on their knowledge to the younger generations. Yurupari, is a community that also reported a large number of species. This could be due to their proximity to and the observed relationship between the inhabitants of these communities, allowing transmission of knowledge between traditional healers. The families with more genera and species reported are Bignoniaceae (8 species/6 genera) and Fabaceae (4 species/4 genera). According to Gentry103 the Bignoniaceae family predominates among the plants with medicinal use. Gentry identified 27 genera of lianas and nine genera of trees, all with therapeutic properties. The finding in this study of several species belonging to the Bignoniaceae family with antimalarial use may be due to the wide geographic distribution of this family and the presence of secondary metabolites of naphthoquinone, such as lapachol. 104 On the other hand, the Fabaceae family is also often used for medicinal purposes. According Leonti, this is probably due to its abundance and high diversity of active constituent chemicals with organoleptic properties. 97 Alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols have been isolated from this family. The activity of these metabolites is associated with antidiabetic106 anti-inflammatory106 and antimicrobial effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the knowledge of medicinal plants within indigenous communities. It highlights that traditional knowledge and medicinal use of plants are linked to gender roles and access to natural resources, particularly in relation to the collection of plants by men in forested areas and the medicinal properties of various plant families like Bignoniaceae and Fabaceae. This supports the notion that traditional medicines are indeed derived from plants utilized by these communities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: However, while millions of people have already used these services, their reach seems so far to be below expectations. The project will develop in two phases. In the first phase, we will study the current diffusion of telehealth services in rural Bihar, with a particular focus on the government program eSanjeevani. Through a rich data collection that will span 400 villages, our objectives are to study: • How popular are telehealth services in rural Bihar? In particular, how familiar are people with the government eSanjeevani program? What are the main challenges to telehealth diffusion? • Which types of patients are more likely to use telehealth? In particular, does telehealth reduce gender inequality in access to healthcare? In the second phase, we will then study the impact of the arrival of a new telehealth provider in the study location. The new health provider () will introduce two alternative versions of telehealth: with and without a facilitator, i. e. a community health worker that will help community members connect through telehealth. In this second phase we will aim to study: • What is the causal impact of telehealth on access to health services and health outcomes among people in rural areas? • Does the presence of a facilitator increase the spreading and utilization of telehealth? • Does telehealth reduce gender inequality in access to healthcare typically observed in many low-income countries? • Which types of patients are more likely to use telehealth with vs. without the facilitator? Does the impact differ across gender, income, and age groups? Date 2023-12-15 Date 2024-12-15 (end points) Health service utilization, measured through a household survey and administrative data. This will encompass both telehealth utilization and in-person healthcare utilization. We will look at overall health service utilization as well as gaps in utilization by wealth, gender, and age. We will also study whether telehealth crowds in or out in-person health services, and other telehealth programs (e. g. eSanjeevani), by looking at households’ interactions with each one of these service providers, as recorded in the household survey. (explanation) (end points) Health outcomes (household survey). Trust and satisfaction with the official health system (household survey). Changes in effort, motivation, earnings and activities of the health workers (health providers survey). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while telehealth services exist, their reach is currently below expectations. The ongoing study aims to understand the challenges in the diffusion of these services in rural Bihar and assesses the effectiveness of the government program eSanjeevani. This suggests that telemedicine may not have successfully expanded access as anticipated, and there are significant barriers to its widespread adoption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: 2020; 577: 519–525. pmid:31942073 View 56. Barneche F, Steinmetz F, Echeverría M. a Protein and a in Ribosomal RNA Methylation inArabidopsis thaliana. Biol Chem. 2000; 275(35):27212–27220. pmid:10829025 View 57. . A U3 snoRNP protein with homology to splicing factor PRP4 and G beta domains is required for ribosomal RNA processing. EMBO J. 1993; 12(6): 2549–58. pmid:8508778 View 58. . A novel mode of chromosomal evolution peculiar to filamentous Ascomycete fungi. Genome Biol. 2011; 12(5):R45. pmid:21605470 View 59. Dujon B. Yeast evolutionary genomics. Genet. 2010; 11(7):512–54. pmid:20559329 View 60. én D, Proux-Wera E, ÓhÉigeartaigh SS, et al. Clade- and species-specific features of genome evolution in the Saccharomycetaceae. . 2015; 15(5):fov035. pmid:26066552 View 61. . Angiosperm genome comparisons reveal early polyploidy in the monocot lineage. . 2010; 107:472–477. View 62. . Integrated syntenic and phylogenomic analyses reveal an ancient genome duplication in monocots. Plant Cell. 2014; 26:2792–2802. pmid:25082857 View 63. The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla. Nature. 2007; 449(7161):463–467. pmid:17721507 View 64. D’ The banana (Musa acuminata) genome and the evolution of monocotyledonous plants. Nature. 2012; 488: 213–217. pmid:22801500 View 65. Van den. Flower power and the mustard bomb: Comparative analysis of gene and genome duplications in glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway evolution in Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae. Bot. 2016; 103(7):1212–22. pmid:27313198 View 66. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of references to various scientific articles and their findings, but none of them relate to fossils or insights into evolutionary history. The content appears to focus on topics such as ribosomal RNA processing, genome evolution, and genomic comparisons rather than the relationship between fossils and evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 107 The type of plant most reported by the traditional healers of the Vaupés medio was the tree, with 19 tree species reported. This can be easily explained due to the fact that most of the plants used to treat malaria were collected in mature forests or forests with little intervention, a pattern that has been observed in other studies. 2 The species collected and identified are mostly native (90. 24%). This is evidence that the species indeed grow wild in the study area and demonstrates the persistence of indigenous knowledge using native vegetation, consistent with what was found by Perez in the Peruvian Amazon. The part of the plant reported with the highest frequency for its use in the production of anti-malarial remedies was the stem bark. This may be due to the preference of the traditional healers to remove a part of the organ without damaging the whole plant, "so that it does not dry up. " Additionally, the traditional healers think that the substances responsible for the activity are concentrated in the bark and extraction of this part is simple. The leaves are used with a lower relative frequency compared to the other organs. It is noteworthy that the traditional healers do not use fruits for the treatment of malaria. This practice is possibly due to the fact that the fruits are not available permanently and malaria can occur at any moment. Among the species collected in this study, only four usage records were significant (i. e. they had higher citation frequency in the interviews conducted in the ten communities visited). Never the less, only Abuta grandifolia, with an FI of 36%, exceeded the 20% citation frequency. This is a strong indicator that this species deserves special attention for validation and scientific evaluation. on the Friedman’s consensus technique of informants, the species most reported as antimalarial by healers of the are: Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Matisia cf. glandifera and Pleonotoma jasminifolia. More studies are necessary to validate ethnobotany data. It is important to verify the efficiency of each plant to kill malaria parasites, especially giving special attention to the species Pleonotoma jasminifolia, which has no previous report in the literature as antimalarial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that traditional healers in the Vaupés region use native plant species, which reflects the sustainable practices and indigenous knowledge associated with these plants. The mention of specific species used for the treatment of malaria highlights the direct connection between traditional medicine and the utilization of plants that have been traditionally known and valued by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: However, while millions of people have already used these services, their reach seems so far to be below expectations. The project will develop in two phases. In the first phase, we will study the current diffusion of telehealth services in rural Bihar, with a particular focus on the government program eSanjeevani. Through a rich data collection that will span 400 villages, our objectives are to study: • How popular are telehealth services in rural Bihar? In particular, how familiar are people with the government eSanjeevani program? What are the main challenges to telehealth diffusion? • Which types of patients are more likely to use telehealth? In particular, does telehealth reduce gender inequality in access to healthcare? In the second phase, we will then study the impact of the arrival of a new telehealth provider in the study location. The new health provider () will introduce two alternative versions of telehealth: with and without a facilitator, i. e. a community health worker that will help community members connect through telehealth. In this second phase we will aim to study: • What is the causal impact of telehealth on access to health services and health outcomes among people in rural areas? • Does the presence of a facilitator increase the spreading and utilization of telehealth? • Does telehealth reduce gender inequality in access to healthcare typically observed in many low-income countries? • Which types of patients are more likely to use telehealth with vs. without the facilitator? Does the impact differ across gender, income, and age groups? Date 2023-12-15 Date 2024-12-15 (end points) Health service utilization, measured through a household survey and administrative data. This will encompass both telehealth utilization and in-person healthcare utilization. We will look at overall health service utilization as well as gaps in utilization by wealth, gender, and age. We will also study whether telehealth crowds in or out in-person health services, and other telehealth programs (e. g. eSanjeevani), by looking at households’ interactions with each one of these service providers, as recorded in the household survey. (explanation) (end points) Health outcomes (household survey). Trust and satisfaction with the official health system (household survey). Changes in effort, motivation, earnings and activities of the health workers (health providers survey). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that despite millions of users, the reach of telehealth services is below expectations. It highlights the challenges to telehealth diffusion in rural Bihar, questioning how popular these services really are and implying potential limitations in their accessibility in remote areas.