Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: When this influence is strongly reduced, as is the case during light sleep and deep sleep, the heartbeat intervals behave in a more random fashion. internal structure of sleep shows clear dynamics that follow a physiological imprinted pattern. This pattern can be described successfully by sleep stages ranging from light sleep to deep sleep and REM sleep. The dynamics of sleep stages can be investigated as such by analyzing the duration of sleep stages in the course of the night. The statistical analysis of sleep-stage durations revealed completely different patterns for the regulation of sleep stages and wakefulness episodes during sleep. This indicates that sleep and wakefulness are not just two parts of a sleep–wakefulness control, but that there exist entirely different mechanisms for their regulation in the brain. This fundamental mechanism is not altered in principle by sleep disorders that have a large impact on sleep fragmentation. Only the parameters of the distributions change. The analysis of the autonomic nervous system during sleep by the investigation of heart-rate variability gives further insight into the regulation of sleep. We found that when the brain is very active as in the ‘dream’—REM stage, heart rate has long-time correlations, like in the wake phase. In contrast, in deep sleep correlations of the heart rate vanish after a small number of beats. In light sleep finally, the heart rate seems to become uncorrelated as well, but only after an increased number of beats. We also compared the altered autonomic nervous system function in obstructive sleep apnea with the results for normal subjects. We found that the differences between the sleep stages are much clearer than the differences between healthy and sleep apnea subjects. This means that the basic heart-rate control in the different sleep stages is very dominant. Obstructive sleep apnea introduces an additional variation on heart rate with a typical bradycardia/tachycardia pattern corresponding to the apnea events, but leaves the basic autonomous nervous system regulation untouched. Our studies support the view that there is a strong interaction between the central nervous sleep regulation and the autonomous nervous system regulation. Both systems interact and the measurable parameters cannot be interpreted without the knowledge about the current state of the other system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the relationship between heart rate dynamics and sleep stages. It describes how heart rate behaviors vary across different sleep stages, including light sleep, deep sleep, and REM sleep, indicating a clear connection between autonomic nervous system functions and sleep regulation. This aligns with the notion that wearable devices can utilize heart rate data to estimate these sleep stages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some indoor plants have been shown to reduce certain airborne toxins. [SEP] Text: The solution to the matrix equation above is: (A8) [A]ss=c⋅k2k3 (A9) [B]ss=c⋅k1k3Dss2 (A10) [C]ss=c⋅k1k2Dss2 c is a scaling factor not constrained by the matrix equation. With the use of the conservation Equation 5, we can calculate c and express the steady state of all three species solely in terms of the parameters of the network, and [D]ss. For instance, the solution for [C]ss is below. (A11) [C]ss=k1k2[D]ss2k2k3+k1[D]ss2k2+k3T1 The solutions for Ass, Bss, and Css derived from the variable elimination technique still depend on Dss. If we plug in the solutions for the cut species, we can obtain polynomial equations for the remaining species (in this case Dss), but closed form expressions are not necessarily obtainable. In all the cases analyzed in this paper, variables that appear in the analytical solutions for the cut set happen to be approximately constant across a wide range of input values, as they are present in excess relative to other species. Finally, each parameter group is physically meaningful. For instance, k2k3, k1k3[D]ss2, and k1k2[D]ss2 represent the un-normalized fraction of T1 that exists as A, B, and C, respectively. The normalization factor for these fractions is c/T1, or in this case, simply the sum of all parameter groups. This provides an intuitive way of analyzing how parameter groups affect the overall distribution of T1. For instance, increasing the value of k1 will increase the amount of T1 that exists as B and C, while necessarily decreasing the amount of A (assuming Dss does not change significantly). 2. Wnt model We analyzed a mathematical model of the canonical Wnt pathway built by Lee et al. , 2003. The model is illustrated in Figure 2A, and consists of 7 ODEs and 22 parameters, reproduced in 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mathematical equations and a model of the canonical Wnt pathway without any mention of indoor plants or their effects on airborne toxins. It does not provide any supporting or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Macrophages (M) are seen in the area around the portal vein and in between liver cells. Portal triad is visible. Note the hepatic portal vein (P), hepatic artery (A) and bile duct (B) X 400. Figure 11 Light micrograph of a section of liver taken from non diabetic female adult rat treated with H. polyrhizus. H & E staining. Necrotic hepatocytes are swollen and contain homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm. Some of their nuclei are small (S), others are dark (D), fragmented (F) or disappeared (D). Marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages (arrow) is noticed; they are seen around the central vein (C), in sinusoids (SI) and between hepatocytes X 400. Hylocereus polyrhizus treated non diabetic rats: Animals that were treated with H. polyrhizus showed marked necrosis of the liver. Damage was diffusely affecting hepatic lobules. Damaged hepatocytes were swollen and contained granular or homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm. Nuclei showed all kinds of damage. Liver was markedly infiltrated with macrophages; they were noticed around central vein, inside sinusoids and between damaged hepatocytes. The damage was of severe type (Figure 12). Figure 12 Light micrograph of a section of liver taken from non diabetic female adult rat treated with H. polyrhizus. H & E staining. Necrotic hepatocytes are swollen and contain homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm. Some of their nuclei are small (S), others are dark (D), fragmented (F) or disappeared (D). Marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages (arrow) is noticed; they are seen around the central vein (C), in sinusoids (SI) and between hepatocytes X 400. Hylocereus polyrhizus treated diabetic rats: Animals that were treated with H. polyrhizus sustained extensive damage in their livers. Necrosis was profuse and diffusely noticed throughout hepatic lobules. Hepatocytes were swollen with damaged nuclei (small, condensed, fragmented or disappeared). Cytoplasm was granular or homogenous. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it focuses on the effects of Hylocereus polyrhizus on rat liver cells and does not mention traditional medicines, plants, or indigenous cultures. As such, there is no correlation between the content of the text and the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: Method for Harmonization (MASH): a novel method for harmonizing data from two wearable devices to estimate 24-h sleep–wake cycles access Published: 05 April 2023 Method for Harmonization (MASH): a novel method for harmonizing data from two wearable devices to estimate 24-h sleep–wake cycles Erin E. Dooley1 na1, J. F. Winkles2 na1, Alicia Colvin3, Christopher E. Kline4, Sylvia E. Badon5, Keith M. Diaz6, Carrie A. Karvonen-Gutierrez7, Howard M. Kravitz8, Barbara Sternfeld5, S. Justin Thomas9, Martica H. Hall10 & …Gabriel1 Show authors Journal of Activity, Sedentary and 0. 991 and ActiGraph-only ROC-AUC = 0. 983). After exclusions (partial wear [n = 1285], missing sleep data proceeding activity data [n = 269], and < 60 min sleep [n = 9]), 8560 days were used to show the utility of MASH. Of the 8560 days, 46. 0% had ≥ 1-min disagreement between the devices or used the 1D CNN for sleep estimates. The MASH waking intervals were corrected (median minutes [IQR]: − 27. 0 [− 115. 0, 8. 0]) relative to their pre-harmonization estimates. Most correction (− 18. 0 [− 93. 0, 2. 0] minutes) was due to reducing sedentary behavior. The other waking behaviors were reduced a median (IQR) of − 1. 0 (− 4. 0, 1. 0) minutes. to harmonize concurrently worn hip and wrist devices can minimizes data loss and correct for disagreement between devices, ultimately improving accuracy of 24-h compositions necessary for time-use epidemiology. BackgroundTime-use movement behaviors (e. g. , sleep, sedentary behavior, and physical activity) [1,2,3] are modifiable factors associated with numerous health outcomes and all-cause mortality [4,5,6,7,8]. Wearable accelerometers are used to measure time-use behaviors in free-living settings for a variety of populations [9, 10]. While there are numerous consumer wearables (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of wearable devices, specifically wearable accelerometers, to measure time-use behaviors such as sleep and physical activity. It mentions 'wearable devices' and describes their role in estimating '24-h sleep–wake cycles,' indicating that these devices interact with data including heart rate and movement to derive sleep information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some indoor plants have been shown to reduce certain airborne toxins. [SEP] Text: kdephos⋅PPase⋅[pS2n][pS2n]˙=a⋅kin2⋅[pS2c]−a⋅kex2⋅[pS2n]−kdephos⋅PPase⋅[pS2n]−kon⋅[pS2n]⋅([S4n]+2⋅[pS2n])+koff⋅([S24n]+2⋅[S22n])[S4n]˙=a⋅kin4⋅[S4c]−a⋅kex4⋅[S4n]−kon⋅[pS2n]⋅[S4n]+koff⋅[S24n][S24n]˙=a⋅kin2⋅CIF⋅[S24c]+kon⋅[pS2n]⋅[S4n]−koff⋅[S24n][S22n]˙=a⋅kin2⋅CIF⋅[S22c]+kon⋅[pS2n]2−koff⋅[S22n]for conserved speciesS2tot=[S2c]+[pS2c]+[S24c]+2⋅[S22c]+(2⋅[S22n]+[S24n]+[pS2n]+[S2n])S4tot=[S4c]+[S24c]+1a([S24n]+[S4n]) 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains mathematical expressions and variables without any mention of indoor plants or airborne toxins. It does not provide any supportive or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Cell membranes were damaged. Some cells were converted to a granular, homogeneous mass that stained faintly. There was profuse infiltration of the liver with macrophages. They were profusely noticed around central vein and around vessels in portal triads. They had also spread between damaged hepatocytes. The damage is of severe type (Figure 13-15). Figure 13 Light micrograph of a section of liver taken from diabetic animal treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Note the hepatic lobule with central vein (C) and plates of hepatocytes radiating away from the vein. Some hepatocytes (arrow) are swollen and contain condensed deeply stained damaged nuclei and homogenous cytoplasm. There is profuse infiltration by macrophages (arrow head), they are seen around the central vein, in sinusoids and between hepatocytes X 400. Figure 14 Light micrograph of a section taken from diabetic female adult rat liver. Animal was treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Note the portal triad which contains hepatic portal vein (P), hepatic artery (A) and bile duct (B). Macrophages (arrow head) are profusely seen inside the hepatic portal vein, in portal triad outside the vessels and in between hepatocytes X 400. Figure 15 Light micrograph of a section of diabetic female adult rat liver treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Necrotic hepatocytes show small (S) and fragmented (F) damaged nuclei. Some cells contain homogenous and faintly stained cytoplasm (arrow). Cell membrane is damaged (D) in other cells. There is marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages (arrow head), they are distributed between the damaged hepatocytes X 1000. Effect on of plant extracts on kidney Normal control rats, control diabetic rats and non diabetic rats treated with vitamin E: Histology of kidney in these animals was normal. They showed normal renal cortex and medulla. Renal corpuscles and blood vessels were normal. Tubular system in both renal cortex and medulla was normal (Figure 16-18). Figure 16 Light micrograph of a section of kidney from normal control female adult rat. H&E staining. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim in any way related to traditional medicines or their origins. It predominantly discusses histological findings related to liver and kidney damage in rats treated with a specific plant extract, H. polyrhizus. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about traditional medicines and indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: , smart watches, fitness monitors) that have the capacity to estimate waking and sleep behaviors, potential issues such as user feedback biases and data extraction limit their research utility [11, 12]. Additionally, consumer device (e. g. , Apple, Fitbit, Garmin) accuracy depends on manufacturer and device type and are liable to algorithm changes that may occur numerous times throughout a study and without notification to investigators, creating unmeasurable noise in the data [13,14,15,16,17]. Research-grade devices (e. g. , ActiGraph, activ) provide substantial flexibility over consumer devices for processing and re-processing of data to achieve current best-practices. However, devices for quantifying 24-h time-use behaviors can be placed on different anatomical locations (e. g. , hip, wrist, thigh) and can be worn for different amounts of time (e. g. , waking only, sleep only, 24 h/day) depending on the primary outcome(s) of interest. For example, researchers only interested in physical activity behaviors may utilize waking hip placements, whereas those interested in sedentary behaviors may want to consider postural positions and therefore need a device with a thigh placement, and those interested in sleep and/or circadian phase may utilize wrist placements [18, 19]. While a single wrist-worn device to capture movement behaviors have become increasingly popular, validity for measuring physical activity across the intensity spectrum against criterion measures (e. g. , indirect calorimetry, doubly labeled water) has a wide range of accuracy (r = 0. 17–0. 93) [20]. This may lead some researchers to implement protocols that have participants switch the device between the hip (during the day) and wrist (at night), potentially increasing participant non-compliance [21], or consider protocols in which participants wear two or more devices concurrently, as in the current study. Other instances when a multiple-device protocol may be necessary include when multiple funded studies are being conducted simultaneously on a single study population, such as independently funded ancillary studies to large prospective cohorts with initial protocols proposing different devices. To reduce participant burden of wearing devices across many weeks of data collection, researchers may need to collaborate on a multiple-device wear protocol occurring over the course of one week, for example. To characterize 24-h sleep–wake compositions for multiple-device protocols, approaches to harmonizing simultaneously collected data from multiple devices are needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how smartwatches and fitness monitors estimate sleep and waking behaviors. It highlights that these consumer devices, such as those from Apple and Fitbit, utilize data related to movement to capture aspects of sleep. The mention of wrist placements for devices intended for sleep tracking supports the claim directly.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: With respect to ventilation, most studies merely investigated the amount of ventilation and conclude that ventilation is inadequate in many classrooms, which may possibly lead to health related symptoms. As of 1999, Daisy et al. [8] found two studies that specifically looked at the relationship between ventilation and the prevalence of health related symptoms. However, the results of these two studies were inconsistent and thus the authors stress the need of more studies looking into the relationship between IAQ in schools and health. The recent review of Sundell et al. [9] looked into the available literature until 2005 and discussed five 2012. In the first school year, ten schools participated, in the second year eight. One school participated in both the first and the second year, but with a different student population. With this exception, per school, one classroom was studied, with repeated measurements during three consecutive weeks. The first week served as baseline period, with measurements of normally existing CO2 levels and ventilation according to the teachers own preference. In the following two weeks, in the 12 intervention classrooms the concentrations of CO2 were maintained at pre-set levels of 800 and 1200 ppm, established with a mobile, custom-made mechanical ventilation device. During these weeks, the teachers were asked not to ventilate the classroom by opening doors or windows. In the six schools that acted as the control group, no intervention on ventilation took place. In these classrooms, CO2 levels were monitored and teachers were allowed to ventilate as they preferred. Participating schoolsIn total 18 classrooms (7th grade children, ages 10–11 years) from 17 different schools were investigated in the FRESH study. These schools were all located in two regions in the north and north-eastern part of with comparatively low concentrations of ambient air pollutants (Zwolle and Groningen). Each region provided nine classrooms for the study. In the Zwolle region it was more difficult to find schools willing to participate, so that in the second year of the study, one school (but with a different student population) participated again. Schools were randomly selected, excluding those that were within 250 m of a busy road or highway. A total of 80 schools were asked to participate before the planned number of 18 classrooms was achieved (23% response). Many schools that did not participate in the study valued the FRESH study as important, but were too busy to take part in the (relatively invasive) FRESH study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing findings about inadequate ventilation in classrooms and the potential health-related symptoms associated with this inadequacy. It mentions that 'most studies merely investigated the amount of ventilation and conclude that ventilation is inadequate in many classrooms.' This implies that poor ventilation does not improve air quality, challenging the idea that ventilation systems inherently improve air quality by circulating fresh air.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Renal cortex shows normal renal corpuscle (arrow), proximal convoluted tubule (P) and distal convoluted tubule (D) X 100. Figure 17 Light micrograph of a kidney section from control diabetic female adult rat. H&E staining. Renal cortex contains normal renal corpuscle (arrow). Note the normal capillary lumina (C) of the glomerular tuft and the normal urinary space (U). Afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles (A) at hilum of the renal corpuscle have normal wall thickness. Distal convoluted (D) and proximal convoluted (P) tubules are seen X1000. Figure 18 Light micrograph of a kidney section of non diabetic animal treated with vitamin E. H&E staining. Renal corpuscle (arrow) shows normal glomerular capillary lumina (C) of the glomerular tuft. Urinary space (U) is normal. Glomerular arteriole (A) at hilum of renal corpuscle has normal wall thickness. Proximal (P) and distal (D) convoluted tubules are also noticed X1000. Normal non diabetic and diabetic rats treated with S. polyanthum, O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus extracts: All animals that were administered these extracts showed the same severe degree of kidney damage. Kidney changes were: Interstitial bleeding: This was noticed in both cortical and medullary regions of the kidney. Hemorrhagic blood was found around blood vessels and between renal tubules (Figure 19-21 & 23-28). Figure 19 Light micrograph of a kidney section of normal non diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum. H&E staining. Marked interstitial bleeding is noticed (arrow). Thickening of wall of muscular artery due to extensive thickening of tunica intema with reduction of lumen diameter is seen (A). Glomerulosclerosis of renal corpuscle manifested by increased cellularity and matrix of the glomerular tuft which have obliterated the capillary lumina is noticed (arrow head). Urinary space (U) remains clear since there has been no proliferation of podocytes. X 400 Figure 20 Light micrograph of a kidney section of normal non diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum. H&E staining. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the histological analysis of kidney sections from control diabetic and non-diabetic rats treated with specific plant extracts. It does not provide any information regarding traditional medicines or their origins from indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: The sleep interval was quantified using the wrist-worn Actiwatch 2 (Philips Respironics, Murrysville, PA) device worn for 24 h/day on the non-dominant wrist. Participants completed a diary and were asked to press an event marker on the watch to indicate when they went to bed with the intention to sleep and when they rose from bed for the final time each day. The sleep diary included questions regarding when they got into bed, the time they tried to go to sleep, the time they woke up for the day, and the time when they rose from bed. was set at 0. 05 g for 3–11 Hz and data were sampled in 60-s epochs. To determine total scored sleep time, the Actiwatch 2 data were processed, evaluated for quality, and scored with the event marker, default sleep detection algorithm (wake threshold: 40 ct/min) [27], and the sleep diary (if available) in Actiware 5. 0. 9 using procedures consistent with the Society of Medicine guidelines [19]. Clock times for sleep onset (beginning of sleep interval) and sleep offset (end of sleep interval) were determined using the start of the first minute (onset) or the last minute (offset) of 10 consecutive minutes of immobility. In addition, all sleep records were visually inspected for quality. Sleep records were removed if there was a Actiwatch malfunction, the Actiwatch was removed prior to sleep (e. g. , non-wear), there was no/poor sleep, or there was < 60 min of total scored sleep. These records are henceforth referred to as ‘valid scored sleep data’. MASH developmentMASH utilizes data from three sources: (1) ActiGraph–count data from Axes 1–3, (2) Actiwatch–lux (white light) and count data, and (3) sleep onset and sleep offset clock times–from the valid scored sleep data corresponding to the beginning (sleep onset) and end (sleep offset) of the primary sleep interval. Harmonizing the sleep and activity data through MASH is a two-tiered approach that addresses two states of data availability. At its core, MASH reconciles the two datasets (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of the Actiwatch 2 device, which quantifies sleep intervals by processing heart rate and movement data. It details how the device tracks sleep onset and offset, as well as its methodology in scoring sleep based on data collected. The mention of 'valid scored sleep data' aligns with the claim that wearable devices utilize similar data to estimate sleep stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: To what extent this is due to differences in CO2 concentrations measured at the location of the system sensor and the location of our two data loggers we do not know as the system sensor was unable to log the CO2 concentrations, nor was it equipped with a display enabling us to read measured CO2 concentrations by the system sensor. Another possible explanation could be that the ventilation device appeared to have not enough capacity to lower CO2 concentration to 800 ppm during classroom occupation. Technical specifications suggest that this should not have been the case, however, we did not measure true air displacement of our installation in the field as we focussed our study design on obtaining specific indoor CO2 concentrations rather than on achieving specific ventilation rates. In all but one classroom, the intervention was able to decrease CO2 concentration. The level of decrease varied per classroom, as this is related to CO2 concentration measured at baseline. The highest decrease in CO2 concentration was observed in school E6, where we lowered mean CO2 concentration from 2000 ppm to 915 ppm. In one school CO2 levels slightly increased after implementation of the intervention (school E10), this however was due to the high ventilation rate in the baseline week which produced low CO2 concentrations that we did not need to lower further. In seven schools we found baseline CO2 concentrations lower than 1200 ppm, in two schools the average CO2 concentration in the first week was lower than 800 ppm. This number is higher that we had expected based on the studies from 2007 [2, 3]. It is plausible that since 2007 ventilation behaviour in schools has improved. The study by Versteeg [2] resulted in media-attention and a political debate in the Dutch government. Moreover, it could well be that the participation in the FRESH study directly influenced the teachers’ (and pupils’) awareness of the importance of proper classroom ventilation, resulting in relatively low baseline CO2 concentrations. The decreased relative humidity indoors during the intervention period may be explained by differences in outdoor and indoor temperature between baseline and intervention periods. Especially in cold climates, low indoor relative humidity is associated with increased ventilation rates [7]. Recently various other classroom ventilation intervention studies have been published, most of them predefined a contrast aimed to be achieved by the intervention. One of these studies, by Twardella et al. [16] adjusted the mechanical ventilation within 20 classrooms of six schools. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and failures of the ventilation system in decreasing CO2 concentrations in various classrooms. It states that in one school (E10), CO2 levels actually increased after the intervention, suggesting that the ventilation system may not have effectively improved air quality in all cases. This indicates that while ventilation systems are designed to enhance air quality, their actual performance can vary significantly and may not always lead to improved conditions, as the text highlights specific circumstances where improvements were not achieved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Renal cortex shows muscular artery, there is marked thickening of the tunica intema (I) due to proliferation of intemal cells which encroached upon the arterial lumen. Internal elastic lamina (arrow) and tunica media (arrow head) remained unchanged. Interstitial bleeding (B) is noticed X400. Figure 21 Light micrograph of a kidney section of diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum extract. H&E staining. Renal cortex shows hemorrhagic blood between renal tubules (arrow). Thickened wall of muscular artery (A) is noticed. Thickened arteriole (T) is also seen near renal corpuscle. Glomerulosclerosis of renal corpuscles is noticed (arrow head) X 200. Figure 22 Light micrograph of a kidney section of diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum extract. H&E staining. Note that there is an arteriole with thickened wall at the hilum of renal corpuscle (arrow). Glomerulosclerosis of capillary tuft and capillary narrowing is seen inside renal corpuscle (arrow head). Urinary space (U) remains clear X 1000. Figure 23 Light micrograph of a kidney section taken from normal non diabetic rat treated with O. sumatrana. H&E staining. Note the interstitial bleeding (B) between cortical convoluted tubules. Thickened wall muscular artery (arrow) is seen. Glomerulosclerosis of renal corpuscle (arrow head) is noticed. Urinary space (U) is clear X 400. Figure 24 Light micrograph of a section of renal medulla of diabetic animals treated with O. sumatrana extract. H&E staining. Hemorrhagic blood (arrow) is seen in between the collecting ducts (D) X 400. Figure 25 Light micrograph of a section of renal cortex of diabetic rat treated with O. sumatrana extract. H&E staining. Bleeding (B) is noticed between cortical convoluted tubules. Arterioles at hilum of renal corpuscle shows thickened wall (arrow). Glomerulosclerosis of capillaries of glomerular tuft of renal corpuscle is visible (arrow head). Urinary space of renal corpuscle (U) is normal X 1000. Figure 26 Light micrograph of a kidney section taken from normal non diabetic rat treated with H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that relates to the claim about traditional medicines derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. It focuses on detailed observations from light micrographs of kidney sections treated with specific plant extracts, without discussing the origins or traditional uses of these plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: , ActiGraph- and Actiwatch-derived) by determining the bounds of the ‘waking interval’ for each day. The creation of these intervals represents the coherent fusion of the two datasets: night(t-1)-day(t)-night(t). Any ‘correction’ to the waking behaviors (sedentary behavior, ) associated with the imposition of these intervals resulted from a disagreement between the sleep and activity data (e. g. , the Actiwatch says a person is asleep and the ActiGraph says they are engaging in sedentary behavior). The first tier of MASH applies to instances where the 24-h period has valid scored sleep data preceding and proceeding it. The wake interval is built using the previous day’s sleep onset time and the current day’s sleep offset time (night(t-1)-day(t)-night(t)). The second tier is used for all other instances where a wake interval does not have valid scored sleep data (e. g. , missing sleep onset or sleep offset) immediately surrounding it. This typically occurred for nights that had a Actiwatch malfunction, the Actiwatch was removed, or there was no/poor sleep. In these cases, one-dimensional Network (1D CNN) models [28] are used. 1D CNNs were chosen because they have been previously employed on a variety of actigraphy data for algorithm detection [29,30,31]. The 1D CNN models read the epoch-level ActiGraph and Actiwatch data and assign each epoch with a probability of being ‘within a wake interval’. Two 1D CNN models were created for MASH. One 1D CNN model accommodates both ActiGraph + Actiwatch data, using data from both devices, and a separate 1D CNN model uses ActiGraph-only data, for situations when the Actiwatch data were invalid or missing. Once the 1D CNN models generate epoch-level predictions, a simple optimization procedure is used to determine which clusters of epochs were most likely to represent the true waking interval. file 1: 44. 4 min. For all records that did not have valid scored sleep data, the average duration of the sleep interval was 45. 2 min longer (P < 0. 001) than the intervals where valid scored sleep data were present. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how data from ActiGraph and Actiwatch devices are used to build wake intervals and analyze sleep behavior. It mentions employing machine-learning models on actigraphy data, specifically how these devices' data is combined to assess whether users are awake or asleep, thus supporting the idea that wearable devices utilize heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep states.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: 2004 Fine particulate matter and wheezing illnesses in the first year of life. Epidemiology 15 702708. 28. PréndezM. OrtizJ. CortesE. CassorlaV. 1984 Elemental composition of the airborne particulate matter from Santiago City, Chile, 1976. J. Air Pollut. Control Ass. 34 5456. 29. Préndez, M. 1993. Características de los Contaminantes Atmosféricos. En: Sandoval, H. Préndez, M. and Ulriksen, P. (Eds). Contaminación Atmosférica de Santiago: y Soluciones. 186. 30. PréndezM. OrtizJ. ZolezziS. CamposC. ApablazaN. 1991 Aerosoles atmosféricos de naturaleza inorgánica. Contaminación en Santiago de Chile. de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 7(4), 224-237. 31. PréndezM. CorvalanR. CisternasM. 2007. Caracterización física y química del material particulado de fuentes estacionarias: incidencia sobre la aplicación de un sistema de compensación de emisiones en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago. Tecnológica, CIT, 18 2), 39-103. 32. ProsperoJ. M. CharlsonR. 1983 The atmospheric Aerosol System: A Review. Review of Geophysics and Space Physics. 21 7 16071629. 33. RojasC. ArtaxoP. Van GriekenR. 1990 Aerosols in Santiago de Chile: A study using receptor modelling with X-ray fluorescence and single p241. 34. Rutllant, J. 1973. Factores meteorológicos en la contaminación atmosférica de Santiago. Resultados de mediciones 1971-1972. Publicación No. 164, Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile35. RutllantJ. SalinasH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a list of references related to particulate matter and air pollution in Santiago, Chile, without discussing ventilation systems or their impact on air quality. Thus, it does not support or contrast the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: polyrhizus. H&E staining. Interstitial bleeding (B) is seen. Thickened muscular artery (arrow) is noticed. Glomerulosclerosis in renal corpuscle is visible (arrow head), urinary space (U) remains clear X 200. Figure 27 Light micrograph of a kidney section taken from normal non diabetic rat treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Markedly thickened wall of muscular artery in renal cortex is seen due to extensive thickening of the tunica intema (area limited between opposite arrows). This causes narrowing of the lumen of blood vessel X 1000. Figure 28 Light micrograph of a section of renal cortex of diabetic female adult rat treated with H. polyrhizus extract. H&E staining. Extensive bleeding (B) in between renal tubules is seen. Muscular arteries with thickened walls (arrow) are noticed. Glomerulosclerosis of glomerular tuft of capillaries of renal corpuscles is visible (arrow head) X 400. Extensive thickening (sclerosis) in wall of muscular arteries and arterioles of the kidney: Muscular arteries showed marked thickening of the tunica intema due to proliferation of intemal cells which encroached upon the arterial lumen. Internal elastic lamina and tunica media remained unchanged (Figs 19-21, 23, 26-28). Arteriolar damage was presented as dramatic proliferation of their intemal cells (Figs 21, 22, 25). These changes might be the cause of disruption of vascular walls and interstitial bleeding. Renal glomerulosclerosis: Renal corpuscles demonstrated diffuse glomerulosclerosis. This was manifested by uniform and homogeneous thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane associated with an increase in mesangial cells and matrix. Urinary space remained clear since there had been no proliferation of podocytes (Figure 19, 21-23,25, 26,28). fruits and vegetables have antioxidant properties. This is due to their contents of vitamins and polyphenols which can eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species through reducing or scavenging activities or through the chelation of transition metals. Transition metals can promote the production of hydroxyl radicals, a most reactive oxygen species, via the Fenton reaction. Much has been published on the beneficial effects on health of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about traditional medicines derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. Instead, it focuses on the pathological effects observed in renal tissue and discusses the antioxidant properties of fruits and vegetables, which are unrelated topics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: > (3); 2022 > 421. Published online: Aug 31, 2022 DOI: 골프운동 중 웨어러블 디바이스의 에너지소비량 및 심박수 정확도 검증 이효진 PhD1, 이미현 PhD2, 박세정 PhD3 1 용인대학교 골프학과 2 전주대학교 의과학대학 의과학융합연구소 3 한국스포츠정책과학원 스포츠과학연구실 Accuracy of for Expenditure and 1, PhD2, PhD3 1 Department of Golf, Yongin University, Yongin, Korea 2 Department of Center for 3 Department of Sports Science, of Sports Science, Seoul, author: Tel +82-2-970-9562 Fax +82-2-970-9502 E-mail saejpark@kspo. or. kr ∗이 논문은 이효진(2019)의 박사학위논문을 일부 수정하여 게재한 연구임. 6, 2022 3, 2022 7, 2022Copyright © 2022 of This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. study examined the accuracy of the heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE) measured by commercially available wearable devices during golf. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the accuracy of heart rate measurements taken by commercially available wearable devices, which suggests these devices could also utilize heart rate data that may relate to estimating sleep stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: (2009) showed that greater pressure inside the room allowed smoke to ventilate properly, meaning that smoke can flow out of an isolated room only if the pressure inside the room is greater than the pressure outside the room. Fan filter units and raised grating coverage ratio affected the pressure distribution in the room and should be investigated to provide ventilation (Chien et al. , 2009). Investigations into cleanroom energy efficiency showed that inaccurate pressure differentials could become a major factor in energy overuse. Mathew et al. (2010) showed that low-pressure drop HEPA filters could significantly reduce the energy used by recirculation units in cleanrooms. et al. (2017) discussed “good manufacturing practices” when dealing with pressure differentials in pharmaceutical cleanrooms. Manometers are used during commissioning to measure pressure differentials and ensure that they are accurate, which is normally between 0. 67 and 2. 7 Pa depending on the cleanliness class (et al. , 2017). Investigations into differential pressure setpoints for chilled water pumps in HVAC systems show that the method for quantifying the setpoint is inadequate, meaning that the previous methods were insufficient in achieving the desired energy and economic savings since they may not have taken into account important factors such as pipeline topology, material, chilled water flow demand, heat loading, and equipment aging. Therefore, an equation (please refer to Table S1 for pump demand capacity and differential pressure setpoint equations) is created to accurately calculate the setpoint for energy efficiency and cost savings (Su and Yu, 2013). Findings on pressure differentials allow pressure standards to be reevaluated for more efficient use in cleanrooms. Airflow can be controlled through air velocity and air changes per hour (ACH). Bugaj and Przydrozny (1986) suggested that for a supply grille width 1. 9 m and height 0. 8 m, lower edge at 1. 5 m above floor and exhaust through floor level ports, supply air velocity and ACH should be equal to 0. 45 m s–1 and 18. 9 ACH, respectively. For supply grille width 1. 9 m and height 1. 1 m, lower edge at 1. 2 m above the floor level and exhaust same as before, satisfactory supply velocity should be 0. 35 m s–1 with the corresponding ACH of 21. 5 (Bugaj and Przydrozny, 1986). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on pressure differentials and their impact on ventilation efficacy rather than directly stating that ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air. While it discusses airflow control and the importance of pressure standards for efficient use in cleanrooms, it does not confirm the general claim about ventilation systems enhancing air quality in indoor environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Oxidative stress is implicated in the onset, development and progression of diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2; it also enhances development of diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, hypertension and atherosclerotic vascular disease. 19‒21 On other hand, hyperglycemia enhances the formation of free radicals such as superoxide anion radicals, NADPH oxidase-induced reactive oxygen species and peroxynitrates. These radicals aggravate glucose auto-oxidation and lipid peroxide formation. 22 In diabetes mellitus, the antioxidant defenses are affected; this impact is expressed as an impairment of glutathione metabolism, alteration in antioxidant enzymes and decreased ascorbic acid levels. 23,24 Thus the antioxidant activity of plant extracts through their radical scavenging effect could help in management of diabetes mellitus. Plants and their extracts are widely used in folk medicine in many countries for management of diseases. Hypoglycaemic effect of natural dietary sources such as garlic, cinnamon extract and black cumin volatile oil had been reported. 25‒27 Amongst the plants with show potential for use in treatment of diabetes mellitus in Malaysia and other Asian countries are S. polyanthum, O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus. These plants were under investigations in faculty of Pharmacy, UiTM laboratories for the last few years. The high doses of the extracts used in this study were determined on the basis of previous biochemical studies. They were the highest relatively safe and effective doses in terms of antioxidative and antihyperglycaemic activities. This study showed that the plant extract had severely damaged the liver cells (hepatocytes) in diabetic and in normal non diabetic rats. Hepatic damage was associated with infiltration by macrophages. This finding is similar to that shown on the damaging effect of other exogenous toxins on the liver. 14,15 Macrophage infiltration of the liver is expected since it is a normal event that happens following necrosis of hepatocytes. Plant extracts had also damaged the kidney in diabetic and normal non diabetic rats. Their impact was demonstrated as interstitial bleeding, extensive thickening of the wall of muscular arteries and arterioles and glomerulosclerosis of renal corpuscles. Interstitial bleeding was due to damaged arteriole walls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it focuses on the effects of oxidative stress and the impact of certain plant extracts on diabetes management. While it mentions the use of plants in folk medicine, it does not specify a connection to traditional medicines of indigenous cultures or their derivation from such practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: 핏빗사에서는 연구자들을 위하여 Fitabase에서 데이터를 추출할 수 있도록 하였으며, Fitabase 홈페이지에서는 심박수, 에너지소비량, 걸음수, 운동강도, 수면에 관한 자료를 제공한다. 이 연구에서는 Fitabase 홈페이지에서 제공하는 심박수와 에너지소비량을 1분 단위로 추출하여 분석하였다. 폴라 V800 (Polar V800, Polar, Finland) 폴라 V800의 운동기록은 골프모드로 설정하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that the Fitabase provides data related to heart rate and energy expenditure, along with sleep data. This suggests that wearable devices like the Polar V800 are indeed using heart rate data, which supports the notion that such devices analyze physiological metrics like heart rate and movement to provide insights into sleep stages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Supply plenums in cleanrooms contain sound absorption plates and ultra-low penetration air filters that affect the uniformity of airflow. Increasing the size of the chamber and the size of the opening beyond the sound absorption plate is recommended to decrease nonuniformity in airflow. Also, a decrease in air supply velocity could decrease nonuniformity. and Liu’s (1991) experimental tests, decreasing average velocity from 0. 46 m s–1 to 0. 41m s–1 offered a 3% decrease in air velocity nonuniformity. A study on optimizing cleanroom air velocity found that 0. 30–0. 33 m s–1 can control p0. 91 m s–1 airflow rate can pose difficulties for smoke detection compared to the other airflow rates tested (0. 1 m s–1 and 0. 46 m s–1). This is due to the reduction of the CO2 cloud radius, which dilutes the concentration of smoke or fire p0. 25 m s–1 air supply velocity controls the spread of p37. 5 h–1 and 150 h–1 for the supply airflow rates for the room and for the minienvironment, respectively, provided lower cleanliness in other areas of the cleanroom is acceptable. In 2019, Loomans et al. (2019) suggested that ACH be lowered using demand-controlled filtration or finetuning. They set a minimum of 6 ACH to combat any buoyancy forces or temperature differences (Loomans et al. , 2019). Findings from these papers allow recommendations for air velocity and ACH to combat nonuniformity in airflow. In a later study in 2020, Loomans et al. (2020) investigated the effects of lowering ACH and pressure difference within a demand-controlled filtration (DCF) on p7. 5 Pa could further secure the air quality condition of the ISO class 4 cleanroom. This strategy can save the energy consumed by fan systems up to 30 to 70 percent (Loomans et al. , 2020). In an experimental study by Behrens et al. (2021), the appropriate ACH in a pharmaceutical cleanroom Class 100,000 (ISO 8) was investigated to meet the required limit of p3. Fig. 3. Evolution of ACH in time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various parameters related to airflow and air change rate (ACH) in cleanrooms, including the effects of air velocity and strategies to optimize it. However, it does not directly address the overall claim about ventilation systems improving air quality by circulating fresh air indoors, nor does it provide evidence that supports or contrasts the claim. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Thickened wall of muscular arteries and arterioles was the result of extensive thickening of the tunica intema which was produced by proliferation of intemal cells. These arterial thickening encroached upon their lumen and narrowed them, thus ischemia of the kidney and their renal corpuscles would be expected. Similar vascular changes were reported in hypertension and in diabetic nephropathy. 14,15 Dose-dependent thickening of the endometrial blood vessels was also noticed in rats treated with crude methanolic leaf extract of (150 to 300mg/kg body weight, p. o. daily for 30days). 28 Dose-dependent damaging of the kidney was also noticed in rats after treatment with aqueous leaf extract of rinbacin, the renal pathologic changes was manifested by damaged glomeruli and tubules. 16 Glomerulosclerosis of glomerular tuft of capillaries in renal corpuscles was an extension to the changes that happened in arteries and arterioles. Narrowing of glomerular capillaries was due to a uniform and homogeneous thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane which was associated with an increase in mesangeal cells and matrix. Urinary space remained clear since there had been no proliferation of podocytes. Such changes were also reported in chronically ischaemic glomeruli and in diabetic nephropathy. 14,15 Three types of controls were compared with animals given the plant extracts, they were normal, normal diabetic and normal non diabetic rats treated with vitamin E, a well known antioxidant. Our data (unpublished) showed the three plant extract to have high antioxidant capacity, thus the use of vitamin E as the control antioxidant. enhanced wound healing in normal and diabetic rats. 29 Its administration in this study did not implicate any effects on rat liver and kidney. The other two controls also showed normal liver and kidney. Little is known of the phytochemical constituents of O. sumatrana. Early studies on S. polyanthum showed it to contain flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. 30 Other species of the same family, S. commersonii, S. glomeratum and S. mauritianum were shown to contain high levels of phenolic compounds. 31 H. polyrhizus has high content of betacyanins, red-violet pigments from the betalain family. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the pathological effects of certain plant extracts on kidneys and vascular changes, as well as the biochemical constituents of certain plant species, without addressing the origins or use of traditional medicines related to indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: 02 Suunto 113. 87±7. 22 4. 97±5. 00 96. 24±16. 24 73. 40±19. 43 Polar – – 64. 16±11. 35 19. 08±14. 18 Criterion, Cosmed K4b2; Apple, Series 2; Fitbit, Fitbit Versa; Polar, Polar V800; Samsung, Watch Active;. Bland & Altman plot을 이용하여 차이 값의 평균과 95%신뢰구간을 확인한 결과, 삼성 갤럭시 워치 액티브(Mean difference=0. 8, Low LoA-Upper LoA;−16. 4–18. 0), 순토 스파르탄 스포츠 WHR (Mean difference=0. 8, Low LoA-Upper LoA; −19. 4–21. 0), 핏빗 버사(Mean difference=−2. 9, Low LoA-Upper LoA; −15. 2–9. 4), 애플 워치 시리즈 2 (Mean difference=−4. 2, Low LoA-Upper LoA; −21. 9–13. 6)의 순으로 평균이 0에 가깝게 나타났다(Fig. 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists several wearable devices, such as the Samsung Galaxy Watch Active and Fitbit Versa, suggesting that they likely collect heart rate and movement data. These references corroborate the claim that such devices are used in estimating sleep stages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: 2006 Luftskiftets betydning for lugt- og ammoniak emission fra slagtesvinestalde. (The significance of air change on odor and ammonia emission from growing pig units) Meddelelse 756 in Danish. Production. 15 10. NielsenP. V. AllardF. AwbiDawidsonL. SchälinA. 2007 Dynamics in Ventilation Design. 10 2-96004-689-711. NortonT. SunD. W. GrantJ. FallonR. DoddV. 2007 Applications of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the modelling and design of ventilation systems in the agricultural industry: a review, Bioresour. Technol. 98, 23862414. 12. . ZhuJ. 1995 A new k-ε eddy viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows. Computer Fluids. 24 3 227238. 13. StromJ. S. MorsingS. 2004 Getting started with StaldVent 5. 0. Report from of 24 004. VI December, 2004. 15. WagenbergA. V. BjergB. BotG. P. A. 2004 Measurements and simulation of climatic conditions in the animal occupied one in a door ventilated room for piglets. International: of and Developmen, Manuscript BC 03 020, Vol VI. 16. WuB. GebremedhinK. G. 2001 Numerical simulation on flow field around an animal using 3-D body-fitted coordinate system. Journal of Thermal Biology, 26 563573. information 1. Introduction 2. Analyses of a partly pit ventilation system as method to reduces ammonia emission from a pig production unit3. Airflow pattern and ventilation efficiency4. Conclusions 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2011 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3. 0 License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the original is properly cited and derivative works building on this content are distributed under the same license. Continue reading from the same book. . . Edited by and by Published: 27 July 2011 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding ventilation systems improving air quality. Instead, it includes references to various studies about ventilation in agricultural settings, specifically relating to odor and ammonia emissions in pig units. It provides information on ventilation design but lacks specific statements or findings that would support or contrast the claim regarding the improvement of air quality through the circulation of fresh air indoors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 11,32,33 Tannins are polyphenols. All plants contain tannins which contribute to the astringent taste of vegetables. The content of tannins in S. polyanthum is expected to be high based on its high content of polyphenols. Food rich in tannins exert a growth depressing effect in rats and chicken. 34 At the high daily doses used in this study (1g/kg for S. polyanthumand O. sumatrana, 3g/kg for H. polyrhizus), treatment of rats for two weeks has resulted in marked pathological changes in their liver and kidney, although the animals exhibited no obvious morbidity or significant loss in body weight. The offending chemical(s) is unknown but the toxicity of tannins and/other polyphenols could not be ruled out. More studies are required to monitor the safe use of the studied plants and their extracts in traditional medicine. work demonstrated the importance of safety studies on herbal extracts. Natural products are not necessarily safe especially at the higher dose range or when an extract is taken for prolonged periods of time. Acknowledgements Prof. Dr. AA. H. Dhiab Al-Nuaimi is most grateful to Prof. Dr. Aishah Adam, Faculty of for her unlimited support and encouragement. He is also indebted to for their support. Conflict of interest The study was supported by a research grant from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), to whom the author is most grateful. 59. Efferth T, Kain B. Toxicities by herbal medicines with emphasis to traditional chinese medicine. Metab. 2011;12(10):989‒996. . Vegetables, fruit, antioxidants and cancer: a review of Italian studies. Nutr. 2001;40(6):261‒267. . Nutritional sciences from fundamentals to food. 3rd ed. Cengage, USA; 2017. C, Scalbert A. Proanthocyanidins and tannin-like compounds - nature, occurrence, dietary intake and effects on nutrition and health. J Agric. 2000;80(7):1094‒1117. Identification of two polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activities in longan pericarp tissues. J Chem. 2007;55(14):5864‒5868. Norman J. Spices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the toxicities of certain plants and their extracts, focusing on specific chemical components and their effects on animals. There is no mention of traditional medicines or their derivation from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: [15]은 폴라 T31 모니터(Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland)를 준거 측정도구로 선정하여, 핏빗 차지 HR (HR), 애플 시리즈 2, 가민 포어러너(225; Garmin, Ltd, Schaffhausen, Switzer-land)의 심박수를 평가하였는데 애플 시리즈 2의 오차율은 1. 14–6. 7%, 핏빗 차지 HR은 2. 38–16. 99%, 가민 포어러너 7. 87–24. 38%로 본 연구에서 측정하지 않은 가민을 제외한 애플과 핏빗의 오차율 수준은 유사하게 나타났다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various wearable devices such as the Apple Series 2 and Fitbit Charge HR which measure heart rate. This aligns with the idea that these devices utilize heart rate data as a basis to estimate activities like sleep stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: This goal of net zero emissions by 2050 will be legally binding for the member states if the proposal for an EU is ratified [11]. Renewable energy sources as well as moving to more energy efficient and sustainable solutions play essential roles in the Deal [9]. The EPBD is the result of the European Commission’s resolve to “rigorously enforce legislation related to the energy performance of buildings” [9]. Another issue addressed in EPBD (and its amendments as well as in the Deal) is that 85% of the present building stock in the EU is built before 2001, and most of those buildings are not considered energy efficient [12, 13]. More importantly, at the current rate of renewal (1%), 85–95% of the buildings that will be standing in 2050 are already built [9, 12, 13]. Increasing the rate of renovation of the existing building stock to NZE standard should therefore be strongly encouraged in order to reach “climate neutrality” [12]. Recently, the also proposed to triple the building renewal rate to 3% coupled with an even more aggressive renovation strategy to kick-start the EU economy after Covid-19 [14]. Adapting existing buildings to NZE are much more complex tasks than to build a NZE-building from scratch. It requires a considerable knowledge-base of old building techniques, old installations, and the consequences that may arise when NZE technologies are retrofitted to these older structures. In addition, 25% of the existing buildings are historic and will require respect for aesthetics, conservations principles and architectural craftsmanship [15]. In fact, the craftsmanship in many older buildings, although non-historic, deserve the same respect. However, the guiding principle of EPBD: “Energy efficiency first”, clearly states that the energy aspect will be given a high weight in a decision conflict [14]. Even though the EPBD states that indoor environments should be healthy or that cultural heritage should be safeguarded and preserved, it is obvious that these incentives will be pushed towards the minimum legal requirements when they are in conflict with the efforts to achieve energy efficiency [12]. In the decision conflict between energy efficiency in buildings and adequate ventilation, EPBD has put an increasing pressure on governmental agencies in the member states to lower the standards for ventilation and air quality in existing building codes and ventilation regulations (see discussion in Section 2. 3) [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the EPBD has increased pressure on governmental agencies to lower standards for ventilation and air quality in existing building codes. This implies that rather than enhancing air quality through adequate ventilation systems, there is an ongoing conflict where energy efficiency may take precedence over maintaining or improving air quality indoors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: London: Ltd; 1990. Marks C. The exotic kitchen of Indonesia. New York: M. Evans and Company; 1993. Sayekti S, Muhtadi A, Supriyatna. Aktivitas hipoglikemik daun salam dan herba bulu lutung. CerminDuniaKedokteran. 1994;95:50‒54. Mizrahi Y, Nerd A. Climbing and columnar cacti: New arid land fruit crops. In: Janick J, editor. Perspectives on new crops and new uses. Alexandria: ASHS Press; 1999. p. 358‒366. . Betacyanins in fruits from red-purple pitaya, Hylocereus polyrhizus (Weber) britton and rose. Food Chem. 2002;77(1):101‒106. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Med. 2000;342(19):1392‒1398. Concentrations of p-synephrine in fruits and leaves of Citrus species (Rutaceae) and the acute toxicity testing of Citrus aurantium extract and p-synephrine. Food ChemToxicol. 2008;46(8):2770‒2775. Basic histopathology, a text and colour atlas. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1985. (1998) Pathology, basic and systemic. London: WB Ltd; 1998. Effects of rinbacin extract on rat kidney. Bull. 2002;25(8):1022‒1025. . Effect of Vitamins A, E, C and Omega-3 on in Diabetic Rats. Publ Health. 2007;36(2):58‒63. Protective effect of N2-mercaptopropionylglycine on rats and dogs liver during ischemia/reperfusion process. Arq Gastroenterol. 2003;40(3):177‒180. . Inflammation and neovascularization in diabetic atherosclerosis. Exp Biol. 2007;45(1):93‒102. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Biol. 2007;39(1):44‒84. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists mainly of references and citations without any specific discussion or evidence regarding the derivation of traditional medicines from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: [22]은 핏빗 트랙커와 다이렉스 라이프()에서 측정된 데이터가 연구용 에너지소비량 측정도구인 액티그래프 GT3X (Actigraph GT3X, Actigraph, USA)에서 측정된 결과와 동일하거나 더 정확한 에너지소비량 추정치를 산출한다고 발표했다. 이와 관련하여 Sasaki et al. [20]는 웨어러블 기기가 실제로 신체활동 중재 연구에 사용될 가능성이 높을 것으로 전망하였으며, 현재 운동처방 분야에서 건강관리 중재연구의 도구로 사용되고 있다[12,16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the accuracy of data from wearable devices like Fitbit in measuring energy expenditure, which is relevant because it implies these devices collect and utilize physiological data, including heart rate and movement. The mention of wearable devices being used in health intervention research further supports the idea that they gather data that could be used for estimating sleep stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: From a ventilation perspective, the standards for air quality should rather become more stringent when the buildings become tighter. There is a balance between the existing ventilation regulations in a country and the air leakages in its building stock because these air leakages contribute to the indoor ventilation, albeit uncontrollably. Legislative regulations on the performance of ventilation systems are also important counter balances to the quest for energy efficiency in buildings. The pressing question is what must, or should, be regulated to ensure an adequate indoor environment that is comfortable and healthy for the occupants. The aim of Section 2 of this 2. Requirements for ventilationThe purpose of building ventilation is to provide a healthy and comfortable environment for the occupants. However, the human perception of the conditions that constitute a healthy and comfortable environment depends on many factors [26, 27]. The section starts with a historical perspective on the evolution of different ideas concerning the relationship between ventilation and human health and comfort. This is followed by a theoretical treatment of ventilation that hopefully will give the reader some insights into how a good ventilation system performance may be specified. The section finishes with a critical examination of how legislative regulations of ventilation are specified and some suggestions on how it may be modified to facilitate the use of natural and hybrid ventilation systems. 2. 1 A short history of ventilation and health effectsThe notion that “bad air” leads to health problems has a long history. The name for the disease malaria is derived from the Italian mala aria that literally means “bad air”. The origin of the word, used in the sense that the surrounding air in wet, and swampy locations is a cause of disease, can be traced back as far as the ancient Greeks and Romans. Another word for “bad air”, first used in 1655, is “miasma” that is derived from the Greek minainein “to pollute”. In the advent of urbanization in the late eighteen hundreds, medical doctors observed that diseases were more common in the poorer areas of cities. These areas were often overcrowded and situated in unsuitable damp areas. Two battling theories were put forth: the miasma-theory preached that diseases were caused by locally generated emissions (or antropotoxins); the contagium-theory preached that diseases were caused by poisonous p2. 5 m3 box would probably still be barely conscious after 24 hours, assuming an exhalation rate equivalent to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors related to indoor air quality and ventilation regulations. It explains that air leakages in buildings can contribute to ventilation but emphasizes that controlling air quality in tightly built structures requires stricter standards. Additionally, it raises questions about the adequacy of ventilation systems without directly asserting that they improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Pharmacotherapy for diabetic retinopathy-it is not just a dream. Diabetologia Croatica. 2008;37(3):57‒66. . Diabetes, oxidative stress, antioxidants: a review. J Toxic. 2003;17(1):24‒38. . Effect ofseed kernel on antioxidant defense system in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Life Sci. 2004;75(22):2717‒2731. Anti-diabetic activity of fruits of Terminalia chebula on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of health science. 2006;52(3):283‒291. . Cinnamaldehyde-A potential antidiabetic agent. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(1):15‒22. Hypoglycaemic property of nutraceuticals. J Pharm Sci. 2007;6(2):105‒107. M. Herbs and spices: cinnamon's link to diabetes control. Today’s dietitian. 2015;17(11):12. Toxic effects of methanolic extract of Aspilia africanaleaf on estrous cycle and uterine tissues of Wistar rats. Morphol. 2007;25(3):609‒614. Effect of vitamin E on plasma malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzyme levels and the rates of wound closures during wound healing in normal and diabetic rats. J Clin Nutr. 2002;11(7):448‒451. . A review of natural products and plants as potential antidiabetic drugs. J Ethnopharmacol. 1989;27(3):243‒275. Characterisation of the phenolic constituents in Mauritian endemic plants as determinants of their antioxidant activities in vitro. J Plant Physiol. 2006;163(8):787‒799. Betacyanins from vine cactus Hylocereus polyrhizus. Phytochemistry. 2001;58(8):1209‒1212. Minor betalains in fruits of Hylocereus species. Phytochemistry. 2007;68(2):251‒259. Reed JD. Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. J Anim Sci. 1995;73(5):1516‒1528. ©2018 Al-Nuaimi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding traditional medicines derived from plants by indigenous cultures. Instead, it discusses various studies and reviews related to pharmacotherapy and diabetes without mentioning traditional medicines or indigenous practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: Original PaperJiaxing Liu1, MSc Yang Zhao1,2, PhD Boya Lai1, MSc, PhD Hailiang Wang1,2, Tsui1,2, MPhil, PhD 1School of Data Science, of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China (Hong Kong)2Centre for Engineering, of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China (Hong Kong)Corresponding Author:Yang Zhao, PhDCentre for Engineeringof 999077China (Hong Kong)Phone: 852 34425792Email: yang. zhao@my. cityu. edu. hkAbstractBackground: The proliferation of wearable devices that collect activity and heart rate data has facilitated new ways to measure sleeping and waking durations unobtrusively and longitudinally. Most existing sleep/wake identification algorithms are based on activity only and are trained on expensive and laboriously annotated polysomnography (PSG). Heart rate can also be reflective of sleep/wake transitions, which has motivated its investigation herein in an unsupervised algorithm. Moreover, it is necessary to develop a personalized approach to deal with interindividual variance in sleep/wake patterns. Objective: We aimed to develop an unsupervised personalized sleep/wake identification algorithm using multifaceted data to explore the benefits of incorporating both heart rate and activity level in these types of algorithms and to compare this approach’s output with that of an existing commercial wearable device’s algorithms. Methods: In this study, a total of 14 community-dwelling older adults wore wearable devices (Fitbit Alta; Fitbit Inc) 24 hours a day and 7 days a week over period of 3 months during which their heart rate and activity data were collected. After preprocessing the data, a model was developed to distinguish sleep/wake states based on each individual’s data. We proposed the use of hidden Markov models and compared different modeling schemes. With the best model selected, sleep/wake patterns were characterized by estimated parameters in hidden Markov models, and sleep/wake states were identified. Results: When applying our proposed algorithm on a daily basis, we found there were significant differences in estimated parameters between weekday models and weekend models for some participants. Conclusions: Our unsupervised approach can be effectively implemented based on an individual’s multifaceted sleep-related data from a commercial wearable device. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that wearable devices collect both activity and heart rate data, which has facilitated new ways to measure sleeping and waking durations. It specifically mentions the development of a personalized sleep/wake identification algorithm using multifaceted data, including heart rate and activity level, indicating that these devices use such data to estimate sleep stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: 018 m3 h−1 pure CO2 [35]. Pettenkofer had dismissed CO2 as the cause of diseases, but had developed simple methods to measure it and suggested that the concentration of CO2 could be used as a proxy for the supposed antropotoxins. While investigating public venues in Munich, he had found values as high as 7100 ppm CO2 [31]. Pettenkofer noticed that human odours were clearly perceptible around 1000 ppm CO2 (now known as the Pettenkofer number) and proposed this as a “safe” target to strive for. The final blow to the miasma-theories was dealt by Carl Flügge in 1905 [37]. He devised a series of experiments enclosing humans in glass boxes. The air supply to the breathing zone and to the rest of the box could be controlled separately, as well as other parameters such as temperature and relative humidity. Among other parameters, Flügge varied the odors in the air supply, e. g. air from sewage etc. He found that only the appetite of the subjects was adversely affected, otherwise the subjects adapted to the foul smells. The only “contaminant” that had any adverse effect on the comfort of the subjects was temperature [38]. These experiments totally obliterated the contemporary ventilation philosophy and turned it on its head. There appeared to be no evidence for regulating ventilation from a chemical perspective, as long as the physical parameters (like temperature and relative humidity) were within acceptable comfort-limits. The purpose of a window quickly changed from letting fresh air in to letting heat out. However, some practitioners argued (on the basis of proven experience) that it might be wise to retain some ventilation flows into buildings [30]. It took several years before new ventilation standards were proposed [38, 39]. The need for ventilation, and the chemical perspective, slowly crept back via odor-control. The human nose is in fact very sensitive to certain indoor odors. From an evolutionary perspective, it appears to have been advantageous for humans to judge a dwelling by its smell. While the human nose may adapt, people were not comfortable with entering a room with foul smells. This angle provided an incentive for new and fruitful experiments on ventilation requirements. In 1936, Yaglou et al. [40] extended some experiments performed by Lehmberg et al. [41] the year before. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing historical perspectives on ventilation and air quality. It mentions that prior to certain scientific experiments, ventilation philosophy was based on physical comfort rather than the chemical composition of indoor air. Specifically, it highlights that the only perceived adverse effect was from temperature, not air quality per se. As a result, it suggests that the primary function of windows shifted from allowing fresh air in to letting heat out. The narrative indicates that the role of ventilation in terms of chemical pollutants was largely dismissed for years, which undermines the notion that ventilation systems primarily improve air quality through the circulation of fresh air.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 98322 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechDrugs from by Hany El-the from by Hany A. El-purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionMedicinal plants produce various secondary metabolites in their normal metabolic pathways and these metabolites play an important role for providing the activities of different therapeutic benefits. Medicinal plants have been considered for many years as an essential source of drugs such as morphine, digoxine, quinine, taxol, galantamine, artemisinine etc. for the treatment of several diseases and these natural products are still popular main stream stage for researchers to discovery of novel bioactive compounds with recent advancement in science and technology. Furthermore, FDA-approved antiviral drugs (famciclovir, ganciclovir, sorivudine, zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine and ivermectin) are originally modeled on a natural product parent. The potential utilization of plant extracts and their secondary metabolites to combat the development of antiviral agents is considered to be one of the most important approaches toward effective therapy for viral infections by inhibiting the replication cycle of various DNA and RNA viruses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it discusses the accessibility of scientific research and the role of medicinal plants in drug development but lacks a specific mention of indigenous cultures or their traditional medicines. As a result, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: A personalized model is shown to be necessary given the interindividual variability in estimated parameters. 2020;8(8):e18370doi:10. 2196/18370Keywordssleep/wake identification; hidden Markov model; personalized health; unsupervised learning; sleep; physical activity; wearables; heart rate IntroductionBackgroundSleep plays a vital role in maintaining health [1,2]. Adequate sleep can help to maintain a high quality of life [3]. In contrast, short sleep duration may lead to adverse health outcomes, such as obesity, insulin resistance, depression, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [4-8]. Changes in sleep duration have been associated with declined cognitive function and increased mortality rate in middle-aged population [9,10]. Thus, to detect changes in sleep patterns early on or for sleep disorder diagnosis, it is essential to measure sleep duration accurately and longitudinally. Polysomnography is the gold standard for sleep duration and sleep quality assessment; various devices are used to record multiple body functions such as brain activity, eye movements, skeletal muscle movement, and heart rhythm during sleep, and it is typically done in a sleep lab or clinic [11]. Health care professionals use these physiological measures to assess sleep states, however, the cost of overnight PSG may range from US $600 to $5000 each night [12]. Such assessment is expensive and intrusive for consumers, and labor-intensive and resource-demanding for health care professionals to achieve [13-15], making it hard to use for long-term sleep monitoring at home. An emerging trend has been to adopt sensor-based wearable devices to assess sleep duration and achieve long-term sleep monitoring. According to the reports from the Corporation, 83. 8 million wearable devices were shipped during the first two quarters of 2019 [16,17]. One of the most common technologies for consumer sleep-monitoring wearable devices is accelerometer-based actigraphy [18], which tracks physical movement and determines when a person is asleep or awake based on whether a low or high amount of activity is recorded [19,20]. Related WorkA recent paper [21] reviewed and validated existing supervised sleep-scoring algorithms using actigraphy in a large cohort. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how sensor-based wearable devices assess sleep duration and monitor sleep patterns. It mentions that the most common technology in consumer sleep-monitoring wearables is accelerometer-based actigraphy, which tracks physical movement to determine sleep/wake states. While it does not explicitly state the use of heart rate data, it implies that various physiological measures, including movement data, are utilized in wearable devices for sleep assessment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: This also means that, in principle, there should be no known harmful substances to be removed by ventilation in the indoor environment. As will be evident in Section 2. 3, most guidelines for ventilation requirements are based on perceived indoor air quality, and not health, criteria. Nevertheless, there is a case for using ventilation as a precautionary measure to prevent adverse health effects caused by the indoor environment. There has been a significant increase in the number of chemicals never before encountered in the indoor environment, particularly in the last fifty years [43]. Today, literally thousands of chemicals are present in the indoor air (see for example [53]). Since most studies of dose–response assessments focus on one single substance at the time, the effects of mixtures of substances are largely unknown [54]. In addition, a majority of these new indoor chemicals have not been studied for health effects. When a harmful substance is forbidden, it is often substituted for new substances with (as yet) unknown health effects. In light of these known unknowns, it may be prudent to specify some minimum ventilation requirements as a precautionary health measure. 2. 2 Some insights from the theory of ventilationBefore critically examining the existing guidelines for ventilation requirements a few theoretical explanations of the salient points are needed. Consider first the One-zone model as shown in Figure 3a. The flows of air supply to, and air exhaust from, the zone are equal. An air pollutant is emitted at a constant rate into the zone. The assumption for now is that the zone is fully mixed, i. e. the concentration of air pollutant is exactly the same everywhere in the zone. The validity of this assumption, and other assumptions, will be discussed below. Figure 3. Simple zone models. (a) One-zone model. (b) Two-zone model. Assuming that the initial concentration of air pollutant is zero and no air pollutant enters via the air supply (c0=cext=0), the mass balance equation for the air pollutant in the zone isVdctdt=m·−ctQE2where V [m3] is the volume of the zone, m· [kg h−1] is the constant emission rate of air pollutant, ct [kg m−3] is the concentration c of air pollutant in the zone at time t [h], and Q [m3 h−1] is the rate of air flow into and out of the zone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that while ventilation is essential, the effectiveness of removing harmful substances through ventilation is limited. It states that there should be 'no known harmful substances to be removed by ventilation' and emphasizes that many chemicals introduced in indoor environments may have unknown health effects. This suggests that despite the intention of ventilation to improve air quality, the reality may not support the claim due to potential harmful substances present and insufficient guidelines.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Among the viral infections, Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and 2 (HIV-2) as genetic variabilities that causes Syndrome (AIDS) which is one of the most dangerous infectious disease all over the world and has led to the death of many people. The anti-HIV potential of the 717 plant species belonging to 151 families were summarized for 206 HIV-reverse transcription (HIV-RT), 254 HIV-protease (HIV-PR) and 43 species as HIV-integrase (HIV-IN); among them Calendula officinalis, Justicia gendarussa and Sceletium tortuosum might be useful potential sources for new lead compounds in the development of new candidates with anti-HIV properties of therapeutic interest reported by Salehi et al. [1]. 16 ethanolic extracts of Turkish medicinal plants were evaluated for their antiviral activities against Virus (HSV) and Sindbis virus (SINV); according to results, the extracts of Galanthus elwesii and Rheum ribes showed the most potent anti-HSV activities as well as Galanthus elwesii and Leucojum aestivum were found to be the most potent anti-SINV [2]. Moreover, 14 herbal products with confirmed clinical safety features were attractive starting material for the identification of new antiviral activities and their identified compounds for the eradication of viral diseases were also reported [3]. Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Virus (IAV), and (NV) are highly pathogens that affected the health of the worldwide community. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped RNA virus (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus) that was originated in December 2019 in patients with infectious pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Despite of intense efforts relevant to experimental and clinical studies since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, no disease-specific drug is available, yet. Several treatment strategies including already known antiviral drugs, interpherons, interleukin inhibitors, and other drugs acting through different mechanims are being implemented in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the traditional medicines can serve as the source of potential new drug candidates and initial research focuses on the isolation of antiviral lead compounds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses antiviral activities of various plants and their potential in drug development, but does not specifically address the derivation of traditional medicines from plants used by indigenous cultures. It primarily focuses on the scientific studies related to antiviral properties rather than traditional medicinal practices or their origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: Many types of supervised algorithms have been used, such as linear discriminative analysis [22,23], decision trees [24], artificial neural networks [24], long short-term memory [21], and convolutional neural networks [21]; however, all require training with annotated PSG, collected and labeled at great expense. Moreover, the labeled daily-living sleep/wake PSG data are challenging to collect during daytime making 24-hour accuracy hard to evaluate. Because annotated PSG is hard to acquire for model building, it is intuitive to use an unsupervised method. Commonly used techniques are based on rules and thresholds. For instance, the Actiwatch (Co Inc) software determined the start of sleep when there were 10 consecutive minutes below a certain mobility threshold and determined the end of sleep with 10 consecutive minutes above the threshold [25]. This approach was commonly adopted in commercial wearable devices because of its simplicity; however, the choice of the mobility threshold was relatively arbitrary. Few studies have used other unsupervised machine learning approaches such as clustering [15] and hidden Markov model (HMM) [26]. models are well suited to modeling time series data in a probabilistic way by using latent states [27]. Temporal dependency can be learned, and the parameters of the model are interpretable. In the context of bioinformatics, HMMs have been applied to monitor circadian rhythmicity using physical activity data to characterize interindividual variability [28]. In other high-frequency physiological data collected during PSG—such as electroencephalography, electrooculography, and electromyography—HMMs have been used to classify sleep stages [29,30]. These papers showed that the sleep/wake cycle could be inferred from physiological data using HMMs; therefore, we wanted to extend this approach and its strengths to activity and heart rate data from wearable devices. In addition to modeling sleep/wake transitions via activity data, heart rate is also reflective of the circadian cycle, and it can be recorded accurately using photoplethysmography in wearable devices [31]. In a 24-hour assessment study in ambulatory patients, heart rate varied significantly in sleep and wake periods [32]. Willemen et al [33] showed that heart rate, along with activity, can predict sleep and wake well with the use of support vector machine algorithms on healthy participant data; however, this approach also required supervised training (ie, labeled PSG). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how heart rate data, alongside activity data, can be used to estimate sleep stages. It states that 'heart rate is also reflective of the circadian cycle' and that wearable devices are capable of accurately recording heart rate, which supports the idea that such devices can estimate sleep stages by utilizing both heart rate and movement data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Increase in the relative concentration in the lower zone (2) as a function of the interzonal flows. When β = 1 the interzonal flows are equal to the air supply. The special case when the fresh air from the supply flow never enters the lower zone and directly exits by the extract is called ventilation short-circuiting. In this case, β is zero and the lower zone essentially behaves as a hermetically closed zone (Eq. (4)) and the concentrations of all air pollutants emitted in the lower zone rise without bounds. To be fair, ventilation systems are designed to deliver fresh air to occupants and complete short-circuiting is rare. However, poorly designed systems do exist. One example is shown in Figure 5. Typical situations when short-circuiting may occur are: if inlet and exhaust devices are close to each other; if there are obstacles in the flow path of a mechanical ventilation air inlet; if the air supplied is warmer than the air in the room and the extract is near the roof. Figure 5. Retrofit of cooling beam (with attached light fixture) leading to a high degree of ventilation short-circuiting. Air supply device to the left and air exhaust to the right. In a more general theoretical approach, allowing for non-homogeneous concentration distributions in the zone, all possible paths of a very small package of air from the inlet to the outlet are considered (see Etheridge and Sandberg [55] for a complete treatment). A long and tortuous path for the package or air will result in a long residence time for the package within the zone, whereas a short path corresponding to a ventilation short-circuit would lead to a very short residence time. At the outlet, packages of air escaping the zone in every instance of time will represent many different residence times. At steady state, in a similar manner as in Eqs. (3) and (7), the distribution of residence times will converge to a constant average residence time τr for the air packages. The average residence time can also be interpreted as an average age of the air packages exiting the zone, if the age of an air package is set to zero as it enters into the zone through the inlet. This concept of ages of air packages is useful when examining the interior of the zone. The simple process of plug (or piston) flow illustrates the age concept well. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the conditions under which ventilation systems can fail to circulate fresh air effectively, specifically mentioning 'ventilation short-circuiting.' This implies that, in some poorly designed ventilation systems, the fresh air does not reach the intended areas, leading to a rise in air pollutants instead of improving air quality. Thus, the claim that ventilation systems always improve air quality is challenged.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Some parameters like drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity were also determined to ensure the safety and efficacy of active constituents. Based on the findings amarogentin, eufoliatorin, α-amyrin, caesalpinins, kutkin, β-sitosterol, and belladonnine were found the top ranked molecules have the highest affinity toward both the spike glycoprotein and ACE-2 [10]. Further, fourthy-one plant-derived compounds from Indian medicinal plants were screened for their inhibitory effect on Main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 using the molecular docking approach. Among them amentoflavone, lectin, glycyrrhizic acid, hypericin and torvoside H exhibited high binding energy. Amentoflavone isolated from Torreya nucifera showed the highest binding energy of 10. 0 kcal/mol with the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro [11]. Furthermore, free energy calculations on these compounds performed by using the molecular docking procedure. The results suggested that amentaflavone, hypericin, and respectively complexed with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro show better binding with stabilizing interactions and provided valuable information in developing new, novel and natural anti-viral drugs for COVID-19 [9]. In addition, taraxerol isolated from Clerodendrum species has shown potential antiviral activities with desirable pharmacological features [12]. active constituent of ayurvedic herb from Withania somnifera has shown promising antiinfluenza properties by targeting neuraminidase of H1N1 Influenza as well as the highest binding affinity with S-protein and ACE-2 receptor [13]. of Health, India, has recommended the use of the aqueous extract of Withania somnifera as a preventive and prophylactic for treating COVID-19 infection. Withametelin isolated from Datura innoxia plant, has shown a better binding affinity against Mpro, S-protein and ACE-2. However, the pharmacological analysis revealed its toxicity to health. Other compound known as Daturaolone also isolated from Datura innoxia, has shown lower toxicity and potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the pharmacological properties of various plant-derived compounds and their potential in treating diseases such as COVID-19 and influenza, but it does not mention traditional medicines or their connection to indigenous cultures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the generalizability of existing algorithms is of concern especially when different sleeping patterns and habits can be observed in different people [15]. Person-to-person differences in demography and physiology can have significant effects on sleep/wake patterns and characteristics [34,35]. Personalized sleep-scoring algorithms are needed to avoid interindividual variance problems, since algorithms learn from individual lifestyle and physiological patterns using long-term contextual history. Existing studies have shown that the sleep/wake state can be better inferred using a personalized approach from actigraphy [36,37]. ObjectivesIn this paper, we aimed to explore the feasibility of using HMM to analyze heart rate and activity data collected by a wearable device and to develop a personalized and unsupervised sleep/wake identification approach. To our knowledge, there is little research focused on personalized and unsupervised sleep/wake identification algorithms using a wearable device. Also, the approach enables advantageous complementary use of both heart rate and activity data. The algorithm is demonstrated using a real-world data set collected with commercial wearable devices in the older adult population and its performance is illustrated with case studies. We describe recruitment and data collection, data preprocessing steps, HMM, rescoring rules, and comparison scoring results. We also demonstrate the approach with a case study, investigate the fusion effect of heart rate and activity data in modeling, compare our scoring results with Fitbit’s results individually, and investigate pattern changes using daily models. MethodsWe collaborated with an older adult care center in to recruit participants who met the following criteria: aged 60 years or above, community-dwelling residents, and willing to take participate in a 3-month longitudinal observational study from December 18, 2017 to February 28, 2018. of the of approved this pilot study (reference number 3-2-201803_02). All participants provided written consent. Heart rate data and activity data were collected using (Fitbit Inc). Participants were asked to wear the device on their nondominant hand for the full 24 hours each day for 3 consecutive months. For activity data, the most common choice for use in sleep/wake classification algorithms is activity count. However, since activity count was unavailable in Fitbit, we used step count instead, which was also a reflection of activity intensity in an epoch. reported heart rate every 1 minute and reported step count every 15 minutes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of heart rate and activity data collected by wearable devices, specifically highlighting how these data can be fused to analyze sleep/wake states. It emphasizes the need for personalized algorithms that utilize these metrics, mentioning that the study involved using a wearable device to collect heart rate data and step count as indicators of activity, which aligns with the assertion that such devices use these data types to estimate sleep stages.