Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Many smart cities use data from connected devices to improve public safety and emergency response times. [SEP] Text: However, the current security data resource management methods can no longer meet the needs of urban development, especially the research on smart city technology and risks. Although there are some relatively perfect theories and methods, they have not been comprehensively discussed from the system and other aspects. The existing research does not distinguish the risks of urban informatization and smart cities. Although there is a connection between the two, their causes and manifestations are different [20]. With the development of science, technology, and economy, the public safety management of enterprises is gradually developing in a quantitative direction. Based on a probabilistic approach, risk prediction is carried out and effective intervention and management is carried out. Public security management has a history of a hundred years in China. The first is the development and application of public safety management theory. The government prioritizes public safety management and new developments. Second, in the early twentieth century, with the acceleration of western urbanization, the application of public safety management ideas in enterprises became more and more common. The public safety management of corporate finance and personnel has been guarded to a certain extent. The main means of public safety management is insurance as the core. With the passage of time, public safety management has gradually become a scientific form and has been valued by more and more experts and scholars [21,22]. To this end, this 6. For this reason, in the management of public safety data, these data can be analyzed and processed. The risks existing in them can be evaluated, and the specific values can be converted [23]. Figure 6Public safety administration data sources. In addition, the data resource management system constructed in this 3. 4 is often used for data classification, prediction, etc. This 4. 1 System development process The development environment of the smart city public safety data resource management system constructed in this 1. It can be seen from Table 1 that the Linux system is used, and the development language is Python. Python is chosen because the language is easy to compile, easy to understand, and fully functional. MySQL database is selected as the data source for experimental training and reference. Table 1 System development environment environment Details D1 Computing system Linux XP D2 Development language Python D3 Development tool PyCharm D4 addition, this 0508. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that current security data resource management methods are inadequate for urban development and fail to comprehensively address the risks associated with smart city technology. It discusses the lack of differentiation between urban informatization and smart cities, implying that while there may be a connection, the application of data from connected devices is not sufficient or effective for public safety improvements at this time. Therefore, it suggests that reliance on existing methodologies may not achieve the desired improvements in safety management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: These markings should either be addressed in the figure legends or removed. 8) The manuscript is clearly written in professional language. A few phrasing and clarification suggestions are listed below. 27 – Replace “in” with “over. ” Please specify “long time. ” Hours to weeks? Comma between “and” and “in social species. ” 28 – Replace “has already been” with “was. ” 59 – Replace “during” with “while. ” 63 – Replace “neither” with “none. ” Remove “seems to be able. ” 68 – Replace “also” with “then. ” 70 – Remove “e. g. ” 73 – Clarify “biological meaning. ” Function? Underlying mechanism? 231 – were pooled, “genus or species. ” 246 – Replace “way” with “hand. ” 248 – Remove comma. 252 – Replace “what” with “that” 258 – Remove “e. g. ” 265 – Remove “e. g. ” 275 – Italicize “in statu nascendi. ” 295 – Are parentheses necessary? 345 – Typo. Experimental design 1) For the ‘long tunnel method’, was there a minimum cutoff for the length of tunnel to be included as a “straight tunnel”? Was this a relative or absolute cutoff and how was it determined? Assuming that only tunnels marked with a red line were included in the analysis, it appears many small tunnels in Figure S1E that meet the direction change criterion were not marked. This is necessary information for replication. 2) There should be some justification for pooling the two Fukomys species because congeners can be very different in their burrowing behavior. Do the F. anselli data alone show non-random orientation? Validity of the findings Data sets and analysis appear sound, provided that decisions made in experimental design were well justified. The interpretation of the results is fair and the the conclusion and outlook are well stated. Cite this review as (2018) #1 of "Do subterranean mammals use the Earth’s magnetic field as a heading indicator to dig straight tunnels? (v0. 1)". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses editorial suggestions and clarifications related to a manuscript rather than addressing the navigation abilities of sea turtles or their use of the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: 306), however, the measurement induced a gain focus; participants had to fill in how much they wanted to gain given a 50% chance to a given loss. Our research can qualify these earlier findings; we replicated this ratio in the anticipated and in the real coin-toss gambles when a fill-in-the-gain format was used. We did not, however, find it when a fill-in-the-loss format was used. In the case of a fill-in-the-loss format, the ratio became larger than 2, and increased even more when larger amounts of money were at stake, and increased even more when real amounts of money were at stake. The finding that loss aversion increases when individuals think about the potential losses in the coin-toss gamble rather than about the potential gains, in line with the negativity bias (Reference Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Finkenauer and VohsBaumeister et al. , 2001; Reference Ito, Larsen, Smith and CacioppoIto, Larsen, Smith & Cacioppo, 1998; and RoyzmanRozin & Royzman, 2001). The negativity bias posits that individuals are more affected by negative information (such as potential losses) than by positive information (such as potential gains). The finding that loss aversion increases when larger amounts are at stake when individuals are focused on losses, but remains the same when individuals are focused on gains is also in line with the negativity bias. Our reasoning is also in line with another theory about risky decision making; query theory (Reference Johnson, Häubl and KeinanJohnson, Häubl, & Keinan, 2007; Weber, Johnson, Milch, Chang, Brodscholl & Goldstein, 2006). Query theory states that people engage in a series of queries (or questions) when evaluating a risky decision and choosing one of the options. This theory assumes that the final evaluation or preference in the risky decision is the result of how people process the information about the risky decision (Reference Johnson, Häubl and KeinanJohnson et al. , 2007). In our study, the queries in the fill-in-the-loss version could be 1) How do I evaluate the amount to be won? 2) Which loss would balance this gain? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how participants in a study exhibited greater loss aversion when focused on potential losses in a gambling scenario. It explicitly states that 'loss aversion increases when individuals think about the potential losses... rather than about the potential gains,' which aligns with the definition of loss aversion as a preference for avoiding losses compared to acquiring equivalent gains.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: It requires a high degree of responsibility for the tasks to be completed and well-managed IoT systems, assuming a vast technical background by professionals in the field. Governance service providers adopt a culture of security and information confidentiality as part of their services [1]. Smart cities decided to cope with public issues with the help of technology and the prudent management of natural reseizures. Smart city systems provide management tools generating people networks, infrastructure, companies, and resources to achieve sustainable economic development, high quality of life, and general well-being for most citizens. A key tool for data collection in smart cities is the Internet of things (IoT) networks with embedded electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity for exchanging data with servers, centralized systems, and connected devices using communication systems. IoT data is collected from sensors, assembled, and sent to various applications executed locally or in the cloud. The rapid evolvement and distribution of smart devices embedded within typical smart city services become a preferred and easy target, exposing them to cyber-attacks. These services apply to transportation, health care, water, electricity, and other municipal services. In smart governance, municipal authorities aim to deploy IoT-based applications to build an ecosystem for the full smart city managing a substantial number of mutual and parallel tasks involving interactions among the municipality and residents [2]. Technology is necessary to coordinate and manage these systems, such as an ICT-based system that offers the elements necessary for smart governance for managing the following: 1. Permission hierarchy model. 2. Follow-up on assignments. 3. Inclusion to facilitate data interchange 4. Integration with future ICT components. 5. Privacy and safety processes [3]. We focus on technological solutions for security policies as part of regular personal and community behavior. We utilize a cybersecurity perspective that smart city designers can translate and develop elements that can be integrated within their design to better deal with cyber-attacks and violation of personal privacy and practical cybersecurity approaches. We examine the characteristics of cyber threats related to these domains involving advanced emerging technologies. The rest of this 10. Advertisement 2. Security vulnerabilities of smart cities and mitigation strategiesThe immense spread and growth of automation in every aspect of life improved significantly human life, such as technology, digital computing, electronic devices, smartphones, and data transmission networks. However, it also caused the evolution of cybercrimes that have become a major threat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and challenges that come with implementing smart city technologies. It highlights that effective management and security of IoT systems are crucial, and mentions potential cyber threats that could impact smart city services, including transportation. This suggests that while smart cities may improve traffic management, they are unlikely to eliminate all traffic-related issues entirely within a decade due to these challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: PeerJ Reviewer 2 · May 16, 2018 Basic reporting The manuscript by provides interesting and original data that significantly contribute to long-lasting debate as to whether subterranean mammals prefer some direction while digging their tunnel systems and what sensory modality guides this behavior. As far I can judge, the authors have used all available published (and also some unpublished) data describing excavated tunnel systems. Another strength of the study that allows certain degree of generalization is inclusion of five species representing distantly related subterranean rodents as well as solitary and social species. The paper is generally well written; the introduction provides an adequate context; 0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Mar 27, 2018 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. It discusses a study on subterranean mammals and their behavior in tunnel systems, which does not address sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: The queries in the fill-in-the-gain could be: 1) How do I evaluate the amount to be lost? 2) Which gain would balance this loss? It seems that people think more about—and are more affected by—potential losses when they are focused on the loss side of the gamble rather than on the gain side of the gamble. Our findings may also be compared with a promotion or prevention focus, as described in theory (and MarkHiggins, 1998; Reference Scholer, Zou, Fujita, Stroessner and HigginsScholer, Zou, Fujita, Stroessner & Higgins, 2010). Theory (and MarkHiggins, 1998) states that people can be promotion-focused—focused on acquiring gains and the attainment of goals—or prevention-focused—focused on avoiding losses and the prevention of failure. In the last decade, scholars have studied the link between a person’s regulatory focus and risk-taking behavior in economic or non-economic contexts (and DunfordBryant & Dunford, 2008; Reference Idson, Liberman and HigginsIdson, Liberman & Higgins, 2000; Reference Halamish, Liberman, Higgins and IdsonHalamish, Liberman, Higgins & Idson, 2007; Reference Hamstra, Bolderdijk and VeldstraHamstra, Bolderdijk & Veldstra, 2011). The general finding is that promotion-focused people take more risks than prevention-focused people, although there are circumstances that cause prevention-focused people to take very large risks (Reference Scholer, Zou, Fujita, Stroessner and HigginsScholer et al. , 2010). In line with the research on regulatory focus, our findings show that people who are focused on the potential gains rather than the potential losses are willing to engage in riskier gambles when comparing gains and losses. At this point, it may be interesting to consider alternative explanations for our findings. Footnote 6 One might wonder, for example, whether our findings could be the result of anchoring-and-adjustment (and LichtensteinSlovic & Lichtenstein, 1971; and KahnemanTversky & Kahneman, 1974). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how individuals are more affected by potential losses when focused on the loss side of a gamble. It emphasizes that people think deeply about avoiding losses compared to acquiring equivalent gains. The reference to 'prevention-focused' behavior highlights that individuals prioritize loss avoidance, which aligns with the definition of loss aversion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: Modern cities are open and oriented to adopt innovative technologies to improve their operation, services, transportation, water, electricity, data transmission, supply chain, and overall system resilience. Implementing embedded security systems, Firewalls, cryptography, and more are mandatory to protect this rich digital environment. Smart cities become vulnerable to cyber-attacks due to their widespread connectivity and remote-control operations using communication networks, which are public and may be accessed by cyber-attackers [4]. Smart cities are expected to detect any cyber-attacks, such as DDoS, and react immediately, stopping their progress and recovering damages. A city cyber-attack could exploit an IoT device and use it as a gateway, penetrating the attacked subject and changing, corrupting, and erasing data. It may also stop or manipulate system operations such as traffic lights, public transportation, street lighting, power grids, water supply, and other services. Regardless of how emerging technologies alter these essential systems. Smart cities use analytics to automate and optimize the synchronization of a wide range of services, monitor the surrounding impact, and improve city performance. This information is required for the applications that centrally oversee intelligent and public area lighting, using distributed IoT and sensor inputs. Good lighting helps improve residents’ safety and traffic management, reduce accidents, better parking, and reduce crime. The following are listed vulnerabilities per service. Traffic management: Using cameras to provide traffic balance, reduce traffic congestion, allow instant changes in traffic lights, close roads, provide detour alternatives, and prioritize emergency navigation. Parking: Provide available parking, reservation information, payment, discover violations, messaging and warning drivers, and automatic ticketing. Real-time and AI-based distributed systems targeting immediate reactions to citizens’ requests and emergency calls. A research team hacked and manipulated wireless traffic lights. A polish teenager hacked the city’s tram, and four have been injured. Active and passive cyber-attacks compromise the security of smart cities’ applications. Sabotage, manipulation, and espionage are the main motivations of cyber-attacks. A passive attack aims to get information, such as the configuration and behavior of the system and its architecture of the victim’s system, without changing it. Active attacks affect the system’s operation by modifying and injecting malicious data. This section outlines security vulnerabilities in various smart city applications. In the next section, we outline mitigation concepts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the vulnerabilities and risks associated with smart cities, particularly regarding cyber-attacks. It specifically mentions that traffic management systems can be compromised, leading to manipulation of traffic lights and other services, which counters the assertion that smart cities will eliminate traffic-related issues entirely. Additionally, it highlights incidents where traffic systems were hacked, suggesting that such technological solutions may introduce new problems rather than completely solving existing ones.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: manuscript Login RU Русский Русский manuscript Submit manuscript cite 1. Institute of : 10. 12737/stp-34201704 Pages: from 32 to 43 Status: Published Received: 29. 12. 2017 Accepted: 29. 12. 2017 Published: 29. 12. 2017 Subject area: UDK 52 Астрономия. Астрофизика. Исследование космического пространства. Геодезия UDK 55 Геология. Геологические и геофизические науки Language: English Keywords: synchrotron radio emission, relativistic electrons, radiation belt, dipole magnetic field Abstract and keywords Abstract (English): This paper presents the calculations of synchrotron radio emission intensity from belts with Gaussian space distribution of electron density across L-shells of a dipole magnetic field, and with Maxwell’s relativistic electron energy distribution. The results of these calculations come to a good agreement with measurements of the synchrotron emission intensity of the artificial radiation belt’s electrons during the Starfish nuclear test. We have obtained two-dimensional distributions of radio brightness in azimuth — zenith angle coordinates for an observer on Earth’s surface. The westside and eastside intensity maxima exceed several times the maximum level of emission in the meridian plane. We have also constructed two-dimensional distributions of the radio emission intensity in decibels related to the background galactic radio noise level. Isotropic fluxes of relativistic electrons (E ~ 1 MeV) should be more than 107 cm–2s–1 for the synchrotron emission intensity in the meridian plane to exceed the cosmic noise level by 0. 1 dB (riometer sensitivity threshold). Keywords: synchrotron radio emission, relativistic electrons, radiation belt, dipole magnetic field text (PDF): 1. Allen C. W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. It focuses on calculations of synchrotron radio emission from relativistic electrons and mentions several scientific concepts unrelated to sea turtles or their navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: If people take the given amount as anchor—for example 10 euro—and adjust it upward in the fill-in-the-gain format—for example add 5 euro to the given amount of money—and adjust it downward with the same amount in the fill-in-the-loss format—subtract 5 euro from the given amount of money. This procedure would result in a gain/loss ratio of 1. 5 (15/10) in the fill-in-the-gain format and 2 (10/5) in the fill-in-the-loss format. Although this process of anchoring-and-adjustment could explain the main effect of format, it cannot by itself explain the interaction effect of Format × Amount. The gain-loss ratios remain stable for the gain format when larger amounts of money are at stake, but for the loss format, the gain-loss ratios increase when larger amounts of money are at stake. Thus, the difference between the ratios in the gain and loss format increases (non-linearly), due to the increase in just the loss format. If anchoring-and-adjustment would take place, we would expect a more stable gain-loss ratio for the loss format, and a more stable or smaller difference between the gain and the loss format than we currently find. Footnote 7. Another explanation for the format effect could be one of thought-induced polarization (Reference TesserTesser, 1976). This process would be that the more people think about losses—as in the fill-in-the-loss format—the worse these losses become, resulting in stronger loss aversion. On the other hand, the more people think about gains—as in the fill-in-the-gain format—the better these gains become, resulting in less loss aversion. The effects of the amount of money, however, show that this thought-induced polarization for gains seems less likely; the gain-loss ratio (as indicator of loss aversion) remains rather stable at approximately 2 for increasing amounts of money. We would have expected a decreasing loss aversion for higher amounts of money in case of thought-induced polarization in the fill-in-the-gain format, but instead, loss aversion was not affected by the amount of money in this format. 5. 2 strength of loss aversion can be influenced by the measurement format; it matters whether you compare losses to gains or gains to losses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing loss aversion in detail. It explains how people exhibit stronger reactions to losses than to equivalent gains, particularly through the mention of 'thought-induced polarization' where thinking about losses makes them seem worse, thus supporting the concept of preferring to avoid losses. The text also highlights that the gain-loss ratio serves as an indicator of loss aversion, which directly aligns with the claim regarding this psychological tendency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: of Service (DDoS): The purpose is to prevent the system’s normal operation and destroy its availability in smart cities. The attacker tries to overwhelm the network’s resources with bandwidth-consuming attacks such as attacks. In smart cities, the impacts of DoS attacks on any system that provides centralized monitoring. Malware: applications whose testing stage is incomplete, are utilized to bypass security measures and access control gates, take control of the central monitoring system, damage system machinery, and manipulate system parameters. Eavesdropping: Unauthorized sniffing and manipulating of the transmitted data over the institution network, stealing the institute network map, and applying changes to the traffic behavior, weakening network integrity and security, causing users confusion, privacy violation, wrong decision making, and causing financial damages. Masquerading: The attacker tries to steal, change, or damage data. False information (FI): Attackers spread fake messages on social media, impacting people’s behavior. Message modification: The attacker is manipulating transmitted messages, distorting inter-user conversations, and spreading wrong data causing uncertainty leading to dangerous actions that may be taken at the personal and community levels. Traffic analysis (TA): Attackers attain critical traffic information, such as timetables and routing maps, and intentionally disrupt the normal behavior of the transportation system. Data injection attack (FDIA): Occurs when attackers manage to get operational measurements from various critical smart city systems, such as public transportation schedules and power plant monitoring thresholds, and make changes impacting the normal systems’ behavior, causing service disruptions. Exploitation of home security loopholes: Home devices, smart living gadgets, and IoT may compromise security, enabling hackers to attack or violate privacy and expose account information. People control their smart homes, making them a valuable database for hackers. To cope with it, mapping and analyzing the hazards identify the risks associated with smart home systems and ways to reduce risks. Embedded IoT devices: They collect data, such as traffic management and real-time response systems, to improve city operations. They are balancing smart cities and cybersecurity. IoT devices could be better with built-in security mechanisms due to their limited computing power. Objects can be scanned or sensed, such as thermostats, domestic appliances, security cameras, and lighting systems connected to the public communication network, remotely monitored and accessible to attackers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the various security vulnerabilities and cyber threats that smart cities face, such as DoS attacks, malware, and exploitation of IoT devices. It emphasizes that these issues can disrupt the normal behavior of transportation systems and lead to service disruptions, which implies that rather than eliminating traffic-related issues, smart cities may face new challenges due to cybersecurity risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Astrofizicheskie velichiny [Astrophysical quantities]. Moscow: Mir Publ. , 1977. 448 p. (In Russian). English edition: Allen C. W. Astrophysical quantities. University of London. Press. 1973. 448 p. 2. Astronomicheskii kalendar. Postoyannaya chast. [Astronomical Calendar. Basic Part]. Moscow: Nauka Publ. , 1981. 704 p. (In Russian) 3. Borovsky J. E. , Cayton T. E. , Denton M. H. , Belian R. D. , Christensen R. A. , Ingraham J. C. The proton and electron radiation belts at geosynchronous orbit: Statistics and behavior during high-speed stream-driven storms. J. Geophys. Res. : Space Phys. 2016, vol. 121, 5488. 4. Chivers H. J. A. , Wells H. W. Observations of unusual radiofrequency noise emission and absorption at 80 Mc/s. J. Atmosph. Terr. Phys. 1959, vol. 17, 19. 5. Detrick D. L. , Rosenberg T. J. A phased-array radiowave imager for studies of cosmic noise absorption. Radio Sci. 1990, vol. 25, no. 4, 338. 6. Driatskii V. M. Priroda anomalnogo pogloshcheniya kosmicheskogo radioizlucheniya v nizhnei ionosfere vysokikh shirot [of Absorption in the of High Latitudes]. Leningrad: Gydrometeoizdat Publ. , 1974. 224 p. (In Russian). 7. Dyce R. B. , Horowitz S. Measurements of synchrotron radiation at central Pacific sites. J. Geophys. Res. 1963, vol. 68, no. 3, 721. DOI: 8. Dyce R. B. , Nakada M. R. On the possibility of detecting synchrotron radiation from electrons in the belts. J. Geophys. Res. 1959, vol. 64, no. 9, 1168. 9. Egan R. D. , Peterson A. M. Auroral noise at HF. J. Geophys. Res. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation. It primarily focuses on various astrophysical publications, measurements, and research related to cosmic and geophysical phenomena, without any mention of sea turtles or their navigation practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: Loss aversion—as measured by G/L ratios in real or anticipated coin-toss gambles—is stronger when people have to consider the loss side of the gamble than when they have to consider the gain side of the gamble. Our research also shows that loss aversion increases when larger amounts of money are at stake, but especially when people fill in the loss side of the gambles. Loss aversion did not vary with the amount of money at stake when people filled in the potential gains in the gamble. Thus, it seems that comparing losses to a gain is different from comparing gains to a loss, and the focus of the comparison influences the amount of loss aversion that people experience. We conclude that researchers should be careful when measuring loss aversion—how loss aversion is measured determines its strength. Footnotes 1 These amounts of money were chosen—based upon a pilot stud—to avoid that participants would make heuristic decisions by quickly splitting the amount. We expected that an amount of 48. 16 or 20. 16 would need more thinking than an amount of 50 or 25 euros. 2 As gain-loss ratios are sensitive to extreme outliers, we performed a log transformation of the G/L ratio and repeated the ANOVA. The results showed no significant effects. The difference between the two analyses seems to have come about because the format effect was limited to those who showed relatively high G/L ratios in both conditions. Specifically, with the log transforms, the difference between the two (transformed) ratios was highly dependent on their sum: In a regression of the difference on the sum, the (unstandardized) slope of 0. 35 was significant (t = 3. 44, p =. 0017), but the intercept of −. 16 was not significant. The intercept of essentially 0 suggests that those who do not show loss aversion at all in the fill-in-the-gain condition will not show it in the fill-in-the-loss condition either. The format effect does not seem to create loss aversion out of thin air. 3 Participants knew they were allowed to withdraw from the experiment at any point in time. None of the participants withdrew. 4 We performed a log transformation of the G/L ratio and repeated the ANOVA. The results again showed an effect of format, F(1,22) = 53. 77, p <. 001 η2 =. 71. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how loss aversion is measured and highlighting that people exhibit stronger loss aversion when considering potential losses compared to potential gains. It notes specifically that loss aversion increases under certain conditions, reinforcing the assertion that individuals tend to prefer avoiding losses more than acquiring equivalent gains.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: The security of IoT could be better due to the lack of computing power, memory, and storage, which allows very minimal security protection. Its spread generates a large attack surface and multiple vulnerabilities, inviting attackers who take over the control of a lighting system, raising severe consequences for personal safety. Advertisement 3. Securing smart citiesConnected devices are expected to be protected by comprehensive IoT security solutions. Practical, simple, yet secure solutions that OEMs and services can easily and widely adopt seem adequate based on their assurance of executing code solely generated by the device OEM or a trusted party. Secure boot technology is used to avoid the replacement of firmware with harmful devices. It ensures that IoT devices can only communicate with authorized services. Mutual authentication is applied when any device connects to the system, ensuring the data comes from a legitimate and authenticated source. The data is then analyzed to detect security violations. Frequent key replacement prevents service disruption. of Service attacks are critical security threats and attacks on smart cities. BoT-IoT with embedded random forest (RF) and decision tree (DT) is a recommended detecting tool for DDoS attacks, achieving 91% success. According to NIST, an IoT-enabled framework in smart cities addresses cybersecurity and data protection. Clear IoT data use and privacy policies improve security awareness to prevent cyber-attacks. At the same time, there must be boundaries around. Secure privacy in smart cities oversees the data of all its residents; synchronized credentialing is mandatory to avoid weak points and protect all residents’ personal information. City staff should define how connected devices behave. When devices are activated, their encryption measures should be active at all links up to the destination. Smart technology, connectivity, and applications should be able to meet residents’ needs where cybersecurity is well-considered and managed. Smart transportation systems improve the safety, speed, and reliability of accessibility. Modern and sustainable transportation systems provide scheduling, selection of the optimized route, driver’s license recognition, car parking searching, and safety-related applications in smart transportation facilities, which are more likely to be crowded due to their high living style. IoT reduces accidents due to initiative-taking actions in detecting human errors, and affordable IoT systems for estimating road network safety are implemented; some even use IoT technologies for smart mobility in smart city scenarios. IoT-based solutions, such as smart traffic, parking, and mobility solutions, are employed in transportation leading to safer streets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various challenges and vulnerabilities in smart cities, particularly concerning cybersecurity and the security of IoT systems. It mentions how the lack of secure protections and vulnerabilities invite attacks, which could compromise the effectiveness of smart cities and their ability to resolve traffic-related issues. While it highlights that IoT can improve traffic safety, it also underscores that strong cybersecurity measures are necessary to prevent disruptions, suggesting that the complete elimination of traffic-related issues is far from guaranteed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1960, vol. 65, no. 11, p. 3830. 10. Ellyett C. D. Radio noise of auroral origin. J. Atmosph. Terr. Phys. 1969, vol. 31, 682. 11. Friedel R. H. W. , Reeves G. D. , Obara T. Relativistic electron dynamics in the inner magnetosphere - A review. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2002, vol. 64, no. 1, 72. 12. Eriksen G. , Harang L. Radio noise from the ionosphere on 225 MHz during a great ionosphere disturbance. Phys. Norveg. 1969, vol. 4, no. 1, 4. 13. Ginzburg V. L. , Syrovatsky S. I. Cosmic synchrotron radiation. Uspehi fizicheskikh nauk [Physics-Uspekhi (Adv. Phys. Sci. )] 1965, vol. 87, no. 1, 111. (In Russian). 14. Hess W. N. The artificial radiation belt made on July 9, 1962. J. Geophys. Res. 1963, vol. 68, no. 3, 683. DOI: 15. Korchak A. A. On the synchrotron radiation of charged p1006. (In Russian). 16. Kraus J. D. Radioastronomiya [Radio Astronomy]. Moscow: Publ. , 1973. 456 p. (In Russian). English edition: Kraus J. D. Radio Astronomy. McGraw-Company. New York, St. 1966. 17. Little C. G. , Leinbach H. Some measurements of high-latitude ionospheric absorption using extraterrestrial radio waves. Proc. IRE. 1958, vol. 46, no. 1, 348. 18. Ochs G. R. , Farley Jr. D. T. , Bowles K. L. , Bandyopadhay P. Observations of synchrotron radio noise at the magnetic equator following the high-altitude nuclear explosion of July 9, 1962. J. Geophys. Res. 1963, vol. 68, no. 3, 711. DOI: 19. Owens H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth's magnetic field. It consists of citations from various scientific articles related to atmospheric physics and radio waves, and does not mention sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of people have no trouble calculating complex probabilities when making decisions about money. The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial to humans, playing key roles in digestion and immunity. [SEP] Text: Overall, the “duration perception” panel of Figure 1 shows that most of the decisions are based on crowd sizes near the maximum of 228, and that the majority of individuals generally choose the correct alternative. The corresponding calibration curve in Figure 2 shows that the majority decision is almost always correct, even for decisions in which the majority is made up of only slightly more than half of the individual judgments. 2. 2 Cancer diagnosis The data come from Argenziano et al. (2003), and involve cancer diagnoses made by each of 40 dermatologists for the same 108 skin lesions. The dermascopic images were presented online, and a two-step diagnostic procedure was used, first distinguishing melanocytic from non-melanocytic lesions, and then distinguishing melanoma from benign lesions. The second step incorporated standard diagnostic algorithms as decision-making aids. We treat each lesion as a decision. The “cancer diagnosis” panel in Figure 1 shows that majority of dermatologists chose the correct diagnosis for most lesions, and often there is strong agreement between the dermatologistis. The corresponding calibration curve in Figure 2 shows an increase in accuracy with an increasing majority, and that decisions are almost always correct when there is near-complete agreement. 2. 3 Trivia questions The data come from research reported by Reference Bennett, Benjamin and SteyversBennett, Benjamin and Steyvers (2018), and involve individual participants answering trivia questions. We consider data from multiple experimental conditions involving the same set of 144 questions, 24 of which are “catch” questions with obvious answers. The conditions vary in terms of whether or not individuals can choose which questions they answer, along the lines described by Reference Bennett, Benjamin and SteyversBennett, Benjamin and Steyvers (2018). We treat every question in every experimental condition as a decision. The “trivia questions” panel in Figure 1 shows that anywhere between a single individual and 33 individuals were involved in the various decisions, with most decisions involving fewer than 20 individuals. It is clear there are some questions for which most individuals gave the correct answer, but also many decisions with many incorrect answers. The corresponding calibration curve in Figure 2 shows an increase in accuracy with an increasing majority, qualitatively much like the cancer diagnosis curve, with the possible difference that decisions based on very small majorities seem to be accurate less than half the time. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by supporting the idea that the majority of individuals generally make the correct alternative choices, as seen in both the cancer diagnosis and trivia questions panels discussed in the text. For instance, it mentions that 'the majority decision is almost always correct' and highlights the accuracy of decisions increases with a larger majority. This suggests that people can calculate probabilities effectively in the context of decision-making related to complex situations, which supports the claim regarding people's capabilities in decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: Here are a few projects: a transportation system that recognizes and monitors buses by inter-messaging. It uses IoT, radio frequency identification (RFID), general packet radio services (GPRS), (GIS), and (GPS). Another project embeds temperature and humidity sensors to monitor automobiles and buses. A recent project suggests a real-time traffic monitor using collected data to identify roadway issues. An intelligent application with embedded IoT, using minimizes the damaged packets and incorporates encryption for decreasing surface attacks. One more project integrates D-switches and software-defined networking (SDN) and inserts a high volume of deterministic virtual private networks (DVPN), preventing congestion, interference, and DDOS, reducing buffer size in D-switches, improving speed communications, and encrypted packets within a DVPN are quantum-safe encryption due to the use of lengthy encryption keys. Integrate transportation safety applications, creating a vehicular ad hoc network (Vanet), complemented with secured privacy applications, provides a communication platform interconnecting vehicles reporting congestion, accidents, and road surface conditions to other cars. However, there are several security and privacy problems, particularly location privacy. We may add Group signatures to provide conditional privacy preservation. The vehicle’s previous communications and positions are unlikable and saved—a simple conditional privacy-preservation system using hash-chain algorithms to provide identity monitoring using on-road instant local revocation verification. A vehicle receiving a message from another vehicle authenticates the sender’s certificate. The receiver requests the roadside unit to review the message if the sender lacks credentials. The roadside unit will issue a valid certificate if the information is correct. Otherwise, the vehicle is added to the revocation list. Another tool is a multi-level architecture that reduces attacks on the road communication system. Autonomous cars also manage new attack types like Ransomware, IoT, Botnet, and DDoS. Because cars are interconnected, attacks spread further, increasing the overall risk. Developing secured traffic systems, modeling the secured integration of automated vehicles and road infrastructure, engaging vehicles with pedestrians where traffic signals are missing, and interconnecting vehicles via wireless communications. Interconnect vehicles using wireless communication are exposed to cyber-attacks, such as the “Sitbit” attack, where fake identities are placed to change traffic light timing by utilizing existing flaws in traffic signal control systems, causing significant delays, excess fuel consumption, air pollution, and traffic congestion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and challenges associated with implementing smart city technologies. It details various projects aimed at improving traffic systems and addressing congestion but highlights significant security and privacy issues, including risks such as DDoS attacks and vulnerabilities of interconnected vehicles. The mention of existing flaws in traffic signal control systems, which can lead to delays and increased traffic congestion, suggests that while there are advancements towards smart city solutions, the claim of eliminating all traffic-related issues within a decade is overly optimistic given these challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: D. , Frank L. A. Electron omnidirectional intensity contours in the Earth`s outer radiation zone at the magnetic equator. J. Geophys. Res. 1968, vol. 73, no. 1, 208. DOI: 20. Pakholchik A. G. Radioastrofizika [Radio Astrophysics]. Moscow: Mir Publ. , 1973. 252 p. (In Russian). English Edition: Pacholczyk A. G. Radio Astrophysics. W. H. Freeman & Company. San Fracisco, 1970. 21. Peterson A. M. , Hower G. L. Synchrotron radiation from high-energy electrons. J. Geophys. Res. 1963, vol. 68, no. 3, 734. DOI: 22. Potapov A. S. Relativistic electrons of the outer radiation belt and methods of their forecast (review). Solar-Terr. Phys. 2017, vol. 3, no. 1, 72. 23. Romanova N. V. et al. Statistical correlation of the rate of failures on synchronous satellites with fluxes of energetic electrons and protons. Cosmic Res. 2005, vol. 43, no. 3, 185. 24. Savenko I. A. , Senchuro I. N. , Shavrin P. I. On maximal electron fluxes with E>1 MeV energy in the Earth’s outer radiation belt on 1958-1971. Kosmicheskiye issledovaniya [Cosmic Res. ]. 1979, vol. 17, no. 1, 145. (In Russian). 25. Thorne R. M. , Andreoli L. J. Polyarnaya verkhnyaya atmosfera [Atmosphere]. Moscow: Mir Publ. , 1983, 379. (In Russian). English Edition: Thorne R. M. , Andreoli L. J. Mechanism of the relativistic electron intensive precipitation. Exploration of the Atmosphere. Proc. of the NATO Adv. Study Inst. held at Lillehammer, Norway, May 5-16, 1980. Eds. C. S. Deer, J. A. Holtet. D. Reidel. Publ. Comp. Dordrecht - Boston - London, 1980. 26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field. Instead, it contains various references and citations related to electron physics, radiation zones, and atmospheric studies, none of which are connected to the topic of sea turtles or their navigational methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: Our findings indicate that the different soil microbial communities along the altitudinal gradient have different distribution patterns, which may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that determine microbial life in a mid-subtropical mountain forest ecosystem. vertical gradients associated with altitude in mountain ecosystems have attracted great interest from ecologists around the world because rapid changes in climate and biological characteristics within a short geographic range are commonly observed in these habitats (Siles & Margesin, 2016). Altitudinal gradients have been used as “natural experiments” to understand how changes in environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, solar radiation, and atmospheric pollution deposits affect changes in the complex biota (plant, animal, microbial) communities in mountain terrains (Körner, 2007). The mechanism underlying changes in species richness along an altitudinal gradient has always been a controversial issue in ecological and biogeographic studies. Although there are reports of diminishing patterns or single-peak patterns for animal and plant mechanisms responsive to elevation, such differences may show stronger variation for microorganisms among different regions, including no trend, a decline, a single peak, or a concave or other distribution patterns associated with changes in altitude (Liu et al. , 2018; Siles & Margesin, 2016). In recent years, research on altitudinal patterns of microbial (i. e. , Bacteria, Fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, etc. ) diversity has gradually increased by using high-throughput sequencing technology (Geml et al. , 2017; Jarvis, Woodward & Taylor, 2015; Liu et al. , 2018; Schoen, Nieselt & Garnica, 2018; Shen et al. , 2020; Wang et al. , 2015; Zhao et al. , 2022; Zhou et al. , 2021). Soil microorganisms are important biological components associated with aboveground interactions of terrestrial ecosystems (Bahram et al. , 2018), recognized as key drivers of litter decomposition, plant growth, soil nutrient cycling, and biogeochemical processes (Bardgett & van der Putten, 2014; Schloter et al. , 2018; Thakur & Geisen, 2019; van der Heijden & Wagg, 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the dynamics of soil microbial communities in relation to environmental changes linked to altitude. It suggests that microbial communities demonstrate varying distribution patterns in response to environmental factors like temperature and humidity, indicating their ability to adapt to these rapid changes. The mention of increased research on microbial diversity and its response to altitudinal gradients further supports the idea that microorganisms are capable of evolving and adapting in response to changing environmental conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: An assessment model for cyber-attacks on autonomous vehicles is proposed to evaluate the transportation system’s performance, considering the following parameters: number of attacked cars, intensity, efficiency, safety, emissions, and fuel consumption. It concludes that the negative impact on traffic flow grows as the number of cyber-attacked vehicles and the severity of attacks increases. It reduces capacity and increases rear-end collision risk, air pollution, and fuel consumption. Trains are the most used in modern cities. With the automation of railway operations, the increase in the number of passengers, and the integration with other transportation methods, the railway industry is experiencing adaptation changes in its operation processes and infrastructure. It is transitioning from a standalone system to an open platform, using off-the-shelf standard elements and increasing networked control and automation systems accessible remotely via networks. This change raises its vulnerability to cyber-attacks and its attractiveness to cybercriminals to focus on ticket machines, WiFi communication, and passenger information screens. Safe traffic assumes complete visibility, identification, and mitigation of threats to the signaling system, telecommunication, and operations management. For example, we may locally disconnect the system from its cables by adding an SDN switch. The SDN switch should detect ARP spoofing, and the system remains undiscovered to man-in-the-middle attackers. Railways are exposed to physical attacks, and hence, they are equipped with a tamper resistance box that encapsulates the hardware and controls the equipment against cyber-attacks. Smart environment applications quantify and analyze vast parameters such as climate, green spaces, city cleanliness, movement initiatives, contamination level, optimal resource management, and environmental actions. Results show quality improvements in public spaces, facilities, and life and strengthen security in areas. Smart cities collect traffic congestion, energy utilization, air, and building quality, analyze it, and issue a corresponding pollution report. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) monitor the natural environment, detect natural disasters, and enhance security awareness. Voice-activated devices are used everywhere and at home, allowing disabled and older people to operate with minimum energy [5], or using mobile phones to interpret voice commands [6]. Table 1 outlines the generic mitigation methods to cope with each security risk dimension. In this 1. Security dimensions and their corresponding generic mitigation methods [7]. Advertisement 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various challenges that smart cities face, specifically related to cybersecurity threats to transportation systems. It highlights that as the number of cyber-attacked vehicles increases, traffic flow suffers, leading to reduced capacity and increased risks such as rear-end collisions and air pollution. These challenges suggest that rather than eliminating traffic-related issues, smart cities could face new problems related to security and infrastructure management that may hinder their effectiveness in addressing traffic concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Trubnikov B. A. Radiation of plasma in magnetic field. nauk [Doklady Physics]. 1958, vol. 118, no. 5, 916. (In Russian). 27. J. A. , Frank L. A. , O’Brien B. J. Satellite observations of the artificial radiation belt of July 1962. J. Geophys. Res. 1963, vol. 68, no. 3, 627. DOI: 10. 1029/ JZ068i003p00619. 28. Vernov S. N. , Gorchakov E. V. , Kuznetsov S. N. et al. The p344. (In Russian). 29. Vesecky J. F. , Peterson A. M. Radio frequency synchrotron radiation from the belts. J. Geophys. Res. 1967, vol. 72, no. 5, 1650. 30. Yetes K. W. , Wielebinski R. Observational results of radio sky spectrum. Astrophys. J. 1967, vol. 149, 440. To cite Copy the formatted bibliographic link through the clipboard or go to one of the links to import into the 2017. no. 4. 43. DOI: (Date of access 07. 10. 2024). Klimenko V. V. Sky-distribution of intensity of synchrotron radio emission of relativistic electrons trapped in Earth’s magnetic field/ Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2017. №. 4. 43. DOI: Online link Print link Klimenko V. V. "Sky-distribution of intensity of synchrotron radio emission of relativistic electrons trapped in Earth’s magnetic field" Solar-4 (2017): 32-43. DOI: (Date of access 07. 10. 2024). Klimenko V. V. "Sky-distribution of intensity of synchrotron radio emission of relativistic electrons trapped in Earth’s magnetic field" Solar-4 (2017): 32-43. DOI: Print. Online link Print link Klimenko V. V. (2017). Sky-distribution of intensity of synchrotron radio emission of relativistic electrons trapped in Earth’s magnetic field. Solar-Terrestrial Physics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the navigation of sea turtles using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it provides a list of studies and observations related to plasma radiation, synchrotron radiation, and magnetic fields but does not mention sea turtles or their navigation capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: The efficacy of halogenated furanones to protect eukaryotic hosts from animal and human pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio campbellii, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been documented [14]–[16]. Several other macro-algae, micro-algae, and terrestrial plants also produce compounds able to interfere with QS, although in most cases the chemical nature of the signal mimics still has to be elucidated [17], [18]. In addition to these natural compounds, numerous synthetic QS antagonists (mostly AHL and furanone analogs) have been identified and tested (for reviews see [19], [20]). A second major strategy to disrupt QS is the inactivation of signal molecules. The ability to degrade AHLs seems to be widely distributed in the bacterial kingdom. Enzymes that are able to inactivate AHLs have been discovered in species belonging to the α-proteobacteria, the β-proteobacteria, and the γ-proteobacteria, as well as in some Gram-positive species (for a review see [21]). The actual inactivation of the signal compound can be mediated by two types of enzymes, AHL lactonases and AHL acylases. Lactonases open the lactone ring of AHLs, resulting in the corresponding N-acyl-L-homoserines, whereas acylases cleave the side chain, releasing homoserine lactone and a fatty acid. Signal-degrading bacteria have been effective against plant, animal, and human pathogens such as Erwinia carotovora, V. harveyi, and Vibrio cholerae [22]–[24]. Conventional antibiotics inherently favor the evolution of resistance because they pose a strong selective pressure on bacteria. Indeed, resistant mutants have a large fitness advantage when compared to their susceptible counterparts (which are either killed or inhibited in their growth). In this regard, disruption of QS is generally believed to be unlikely to pose harsh selective pressures, thus minimizing the risk of resistance development [14], [15], [20], [25]–[31]. In the following sections, we argue that this point of view might be too optimistic and discuss the possibility that resistance to QS disruption might occur. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how conventional antibiotics create a strong selective pressure on bacteria, leading to the evolution of resistant mutants, which have a fitness advantage over susceptible bacteria. This aligns with the idea that microorganisms, including bacteria, can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes such as antibiotic use. The mention of resistance development in bacteria demonstrates their capacity for rapid adaptation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: Attacks such as intrusion, DDOS, and traffic blockage are managed by a variety of algorithms [13, 14, 15]; while other research focuses on threats to private and agencies [16, 17]. Advertisement 5. Artificial intelligence-enabled (AI) cybersecurity defense for smart citiesDrones are equipped with quality software, wireless communication systems, and data exchange protocols, have cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and have a high probability of cyber-attacks, making them sensitive to cyber threats [18]. Despite this, reality proves that drones have limited computing resources, forcing the need to balance security and performance, and compromising cybersecurity. Drones rely on wireless protocols for communication with ground control stations and other connected devices, which hackers can target. Therefore, strong measures should be implemented to cope with potential cyber-attacks and sensitive data and maintain their reliability and security. Vulnerability to hacking is one of the primary concerns. Malicious actors attempt to gain access to drone systems, manipulate their flight controls, or compromise their onboard sensors and cameras. Drones suffer from all typical attacks applicable to their structure and behavior, such as MITM and DDoS. The evolving progress of drones has played a significant role in smart cities. However, at the same time, there are concerns related to cybersecurity, privacy, and public safety. Malicious entities can use drones for cyber-attacks and threats [19]. It is complicated to identify harmful drones. The dependency of drones on GPS makes it vulnerable to GPS spoofing, data stealing, change of date and time, and operations interference. GPS spoofing is transmitting distorted coordinates and false signals, deflecting the drone from its course, and synchronizing with the attacker’s signals, changing the drone’s GPS control system to be fully controlled by the attacker. Civilian drones are easy to attack due to their lack of authentication methods [20]. For example, a GPS spoofing attack forced a drone to follow a route set by the spoofer, proving that such an attack was technically and operationally feasible. Communications’ DDoS is applied by using the air-cracking script to perform the attack, sending a De-authentication key, and the drone memory fills the control. The controller avoided reconnecting to the system, causing the drone to crash. It is a DOS attack that crashes the drone in a configuration. Password cracking attacks against passwords have demonstrated an increase in more connected devices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing significant cybersecurity vulnerabilities related to drone technology within smart cities. It highlights concerns such as hacking and cyber-attacks that could interfere with the performance and safety of drones. These vulnerabilities suggest that instead of eliminating traffic-related issues, the complexities and risks associated with the integration of technology in smart cities could exacerbate traffic problems, demonstrating that success in smart city initiatives, particularly in traffic management, may be far from guaranteed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 «Администрация сайта (далее — Администрация сайта, Оператор)» — ООО «Эдиторум», которое организуют и (или) осуществляет обработку персональных данных, а также определяет цели обработки персональных данных, состав персональных данных, подлежащих обработке, действия (операции), совершаемые с персональными данными. 1. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim because it discusses the administration and processing of personal data, which has no connection to the navigation methods of sea turtles or the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: Although all mechanisms that lead to resistance to conventional antibiotics also apply for QS disruption, the focus will be on variation in the core genes of QS systems (i. e. , the genes involved in signal production, detection, and transduction) since this aspect is specific to the possible development of resistance to QS disruption. Variability in Core GenesIn general, natural selection can only operate on a certain trait if there is (heritable) variation and if this variation is associated with a difference in fitness (i. e. , a difference in the amount of offspring that is produced). If these conditions are met, natural selection automatically results. Consequently, there will be a risk for resistance to QS disruption to develop if there is variation in (the expression of) QS genes that can lead to insensitivity towards QS disruption and if this variation results in differences in fitness under QS disrupting conditions. There appears to be variation in the expression of QS core genes among natural bacterial strains. When testing different strains of a certain species for production of QS signal molecules, frequently some of the strains produce signals, whereas others do not. Moreover, variability has been observed in the signal molecule concentration among strains that do produce signals (Table 1). Natural variation in signal molecule levels produced by bacteria might be important when considering QS antagonists that compete with natural signals for receptor binding. Finally, differences among strains of the same species in the specificity of AHL synthases have also been reported. In E. carotovora strain SCC3193, for instance, the main AHL is N-(3-oxooctanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone and only traces of N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone can be detected, whereas in strain SCC1 an inverse profile is observed [32]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Examples of inter-strain variability in the production of signal moleculesa in different species. addition to differences in the presence and activity of signal molecule synthases, there can also be variation in the presence of signal receptors. In a recent survey of the frequency of AHL-driven QS circuits among genome-sequenced bacteria, differences between different strains of the same species in the number of LuxI and LuxR homologs were reported [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the variability and evolution of bacterial strains, specifically detailing how 'variation in the expression of QS core genes among natural bacterial strains' contributes to differences in fitness under particular conditions. This illustrates that bacteria can indeed evolve, adapt, and potentially develop resistance to environmental changes, affirming the claim regarding the rapid evolution of microorganisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: Cybersecurity for electric vehicles (EV) in smart citiesThe development of electric vehicles and smart grids generated the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which involves pushing unused power from the car into the smart grid. Smart power grids are used for exchanging information and allocating resources between customers and a grid, enabling the flow of electricity between them, and introducing the V2G technology that enables pushing EV battery energy back to the grid. EV integration into smart cities is important for developing sustainable transportation solutions and reasonable security and privacy risk mitigation. User data and privacy concerns increase with the use of sensors that collect personal ID, charging logs, driving habits, locations, car data, personal data breaches, and crypto jackings, Due to these threats, the confidentiality and privacy of user data are at continued risk [21]. The more we make EVs sustainable by introducing cameras, tracking devices, and sensors, the more we add to cybersecurity threats. The city’s power grid utility servers are vulnerable to malware attacks from other EVs. Local attacks are mutual cyber threats to the smart grid, with malicious actors using techniques such as jamming, DDoS, controller malfunction, and load alteration attacks. Cybersecurity in smart cities is classified into passive and active attacks. Passive attack in a smart city refers to accessing information or systems without disrupting normal functioning [22]. These attacks target the vulnerabilities of communication networks, sensors, data repositories, and control systems. Figure 2 depicts the potential threads on EVs. Attackers exploit weaknesses to access data, monitor activities, or gather information for further malicious activities. Active cyber-attacks mean disrupting operations, manipulating data, or causing damage to critical infrastructure components. The attacker may employ hacking, malware, social engineering, or denial-of-service attacks to weaken the security and integrity of smart city systems. Attacks on smart cities are detected using interactive visualization and false alarms. Communication, infrastructure, data, and stakeholders (ACIDS) is a framework to identify threats in the various layers of a smart city system. The proposed layered approach improved the overall security of a smart city system. Malicious actors utilize EVs and the grid to cause wide-area blackouts, attacks on communication protocols between EVs, chargers, and back-end systems that are vulnerable to tampering, cyber-attacks on home charging units, and phasor measurement units (PMUs) for power grid’s reliability and safety. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of cybersecurity in the context of smart cities, particularly focusing on electric vehicles and the vulnerabilities associated with them. It highlights various cyber threats that can compromise the operation of smart city infrastructure, which implies that simply integrating smart technologies may not eliminate traffic-related issues. Instead, it suggests that there are considerable challenges and risks that could impede the effectiveness of smart city solutions in addressing traffic problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 «Персональные данные» — любая информация, относящаяся к прямо или косвенно определенному или определяемому физическому лицу (субъекту персональных данных). 1. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information related to sea turtles or their navigation methods. Instead, it talks about personal data and definitions related to individuals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: mallei, for instance, the number of LuxR homologs varied from two to five. Moreover, a study by Zhu and co-workers indicated that bacteria could simply circumvent the QS blockade by overexpressing signal molecule receptor genes. Indeed, many synthetic AHL analogs were potent QS inhibitors in wild-type Agrobacterium tumefaciens [43], whereas in a transformed strain that overexpressed the luxR homolog traR, inhibition was not detected for any of the analogs [43]. Finally, changes in the specificity of the receptor might also affect the outcome of QS disruption. Indeed, a point mutation of L42→A in the LuxR signal binding site has been shown to render the receptor insensitive to the synthetic antagonist N-(propylsulfanylacetyl)-L-homoserine lactone, which even served as an agonist for this mutant [44]. Importantly, although the mutation rendered the signal receptor insensitive to the inhibitor, it maintained wild type sensitivity to activation by the natural signal. Variation in QS signal transduction genes has also been documented. Joelsson and co-workers surveyed the QS systems of different V. cholerae strains and observed an unexpectedly high rate of dysfunctional components [45]. Some of the strains showed constitutive expression of QS-regulated genes, and others had frame shift mutations in hapR, a partial deletion in hapR, or even no hapR, resulting in non-functional QS regulation. Interestingly, Defoirdt and co-workers observed differences between closely related vibrios with respect to halogenated furanone-mediated protection of infected brine shrimp larvae [16]. This might reflect differences between the strains in production levels, sequence, or structure of the master regulator LuxRVh, the target of the furanone [12]. Differences between strains in the presence and activity of QS core genes can be caused by horizontal gene transfer. Indeed, the traRI operon (encoding the LuxR and LuxI homologs TraR and TraI) of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens is located on the Ti plasmid [46]. In an exciting report, Wei and co-workers identified a functional QS system in Serratia marcescens that is carried on a transposon [47]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the variability in quorum sensing (QS) systems among bacterial strains and providing examples of how bacteria can adapt through mutations and horizontal gene transfer. For instance, the observation that different strains of Vibrio cholerae exhibit different levels of QS system dysfunction highlights the rapid adaptation of bacteria to environmental pressures. Furthermore, it mentions horizontal gene transfer affecting the presence and activity of QS core genes, which supports the claim that microorganisms can evolve and adapt quickly.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: IoT devices like water networks are embedded in critical infrastructure sensitive to cyber-attacks. Thus, it is important to continually monitor utility networks to eliminate attacks on IT and OT: management and optimization of water utility services. Blockchain technology for safe communication among smart devices is a solution to security breaches. Quantum walks are considered nonlinear mappings of elements to the set of probability distributions. This property and the high sensitivity to changes describe discrete quantum walks as discrete-time and discrete-valued chaotic systems. Quantum communication channels are used to exchange decryption keys between senders and receivers. The exchanged key parameters are required for message encryption, decryption, and authentication processes. Each blockchain unit contains a hash value linked to the previous and current block. QHF with public key parameters generates the hash value for linking each block in the chain with the previous one. The framework assumes that each stakeholder on the blockchain system has a validated profile and key parameters for each node. Security analysis is used in the evaluation of cybersecurity systems (Figure 3). Figure 3. Safeguards against cyber threats to EVs [23]. Advertisement 9. ConclusionsSmart cities are the result of the maturation and accessibility of advanced technologies available for integration in all aspects of life, such as data communication, telecom, IoT, electronics, automation, and computerized physical equipment. The complete reliance on automation and communication causes hostile elements to take advantage of the exposure to automation to infiltrate significant municipal systems causing functional damage, intentional disruptions, and financial extortion. Therefore, smart cities should integrate cyber and privacy solutions to ensure the interoperability of all elements that form the city’s infrastructure and processes. In this 1. . An overview of cyber threats, attacks and countermeasures on the primary domains of smart cities. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(2):790. DOI: 10. 3390/app130207902. A secure three-factor authentication protocol for E-Governance system based on multiserver environments. IEEE Access. 2022;10:74351-743653. . : A decentralized employee performance assessment system based on blockchain for smart city governance. IEEE Access. 2020;8:99528-995394. Kitchin R, Dodge M. The (In)Security of smart cities: Vulnerabilities, risks, mitigation, and prevention. Journal of Urban Technology. 2019;26(2):47-65. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant challenges that smart cities face, particularly related to cybersecurity and vulnerabilities. It notes that 'hostile elements take advantage of the exposure to automation' leading to potential 'functional damage, intentional disruptions, and financial extortion.' This suggests that instead of eliminating traffic-related issues, smart cities may encounter new problems related to security that could impede their effectiveness in resolving traffic issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 «Обработка персональных данных» — любое действие (операция) или совокупность действий (операций), совершаемых с использованием средств автоматизации или без использования таких средств с персональными данными, включая сбор, запись, систематизацию, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передачу (распространение, предоставление, доступ), обезличивание, блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных. 1. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant ('pass') to the claim as it discusses data processing actions related to personal data, which has no connection to the navigation capabilities of sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: The acquisition of such a mobile QS system might enable bacteria to circumvent specific disruption of their native QS system, provided that the new signal–receptor complex is able to activate target gene expression. Interestingly, Coulthurst and co-workers reported that transfer of the Serratia marcescens smaIR operon (encoding homologs of V. fischeri LuxI and LuxR) into the QS-deficient strain Sma 274 caused a variety of native traits, including pigment production, to become QS regulated [48]. These results suggest that QS core genes can indeed be “plugged into” a strain's existing regulatory systems. Effect of Disruption on FitnessIn the previous section, we provided an overview of data indicating that variation in QS core genes that could result in insensitivity to QS disruption exists or can originate easily (by point mutation). A second important question to answer is whether this insensitivity could lead to increased fitness under QS-disrupting conditions. It is thus critical to correctly evaluate the effect of QS disruption on the fitness of bacteria in order to accurately predict the risk of resistance development. Many reports have shown that QS does not affect bacterial growth [14], [15], [25], [28], [29], and therefore it is generally believed that QS disruption only has a small or even no effect on fitness. However, all these observations were made under conditions where bacteria were growing in nutrient-rich synthetic growth media (where QS-regulated genes are not essential for growth). Importantly, as pointed out by Martinez and colleagues, a crucial and underappreciated aspect of fitness measurements is that they must be performed under conditions that are as similar as possible to the clinical situation [49]. Hence, the question that arises is whether QS disruption poses selective pressure on the bacteria where it really matters—in vivo during infection. If it does, then a mutant that is insensitive to QS disruption will have a selective advantage over the (sensitive) wild type and resistance will develop. Imamura and co-workers reported that the numbers of viable P. aeruginosa PAO1 in the lungs of infected mice in a respiratory infection model were 3. 3-fold lower for the rhlI mutant than for the wild type 2 weeks after infection [50]. Similarly, the levels of P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how bacteria can adapt through processes such as the acquisition of a mobile QS system, which allows them to adjust their regulatory systems and responses to environmental changes. The mention of how variations in QS core genes can easily arise, especially by point mutation, supports the idea that bacteria have mechanisms for rapid evolution and adaptation under varying conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: microsimulation models are crucial for intelligent transportation systems evaluation, but careful parameter calibration is required for credible pre- and post-ITS comparisons. However, the back-box and stochastic nature of the system make calibration challenging. Sensitivity analysis (SA) helps to identify influential parameters, but scenario dependency limits its generalisability. Metrics such as root mean squared relative error (RMSRE) can oversimplify the stochasticity in traffic data, compromising calibration quality. Furthermore, calibration for specific key performance indicators (KPIs) does not ensure the reliability of other KPIs. The authors propose the simultaneous calibration of driving behaviour parameters without prior sensitivity information. They demonstrate the effect of the error metric and objective function facets on the calibration efficiency and parameter convergence consistency. Results indicate that employing SA to identify influential parameters is unnecessary. Each parameter converges to a stable point by responding directly to the information within the objective function or due to the interactions with other parameters. Therefore, simultaneous calibration of multiple KPIs and maintaining the stochasticity structure in the data—enhanced calibration efficiency and parameter convergence consistency. Additionally, using probabilistic dissimilarity metrics that consider the entire distribution, such as the Wasserstein distance, outperform the K–S distance and RMSRE. 1 transportation systems (ITS) are core components of smart cities' traffic management and control, aiming to enhance the operational efficiency of transportation networks. Extensive research has been conducted to develop, explore, and test various ITS strategies, including ramp metring [1], variable speed limits [2, 3], connected and autonomous vehicles [4, 5], and traffic monitoring and control [6, 7]. The impact of ITS traffic management strategies is often uncertain until they are deployed in real-world scenarios. However, poorly implemented ITS strategies can pose significant risks to traffic safety and operations [8]. This is why digital twins are crucial, as they integrate real-time data with various models—including simulation models—and offer a real-time monitoring and application of ITS strategies in a virtual replicas of the system [9, 10]. Traffic microsimulation models (TMMs) embedded within digital twins provide high-fidelity representations of traffic flow, making them valuable in smart city applications, where the complexity and scale of transportation networks demand accurate and reliable predictions. The calibration of their key parameters, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while intelligent transportation systems (ITS), which are integral to smart cities, aim to enhance traffic management efficiency, their implementation can lead to uncertainties and risks. It states, 'The impact of ITS traffic management strategies is often uncertain until they are deployed in real-world scenarios' and cautions that 'poorly implemented ITS strategies can pose significant risks to traffic safety and operations.' This suggests that ITS may not eliminate traffic-related issues but rather has the potential to create new challenges, thus negating the claim that smart cities will completely eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 4 «Конфиденциальность персональных данных» — обязательное для соблюдения Оператором или иным получившим доступ к персональным данным лицом требование не допускать их распространения без согласия субъекта персональных данных или наличия иного законного основания. 1. 1. 5 «Пользователь сайта (далее Пользователь, Субъект персональных данных)» — лицо, имеющее доступ к сайту, посредством сети Интернет и использующее сайт. 1. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses privacy requirements related to personal data and does not mention sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: aeruginosa PAO1 were 3 log units lower in mouse lungs treated with a QS-disrupting furanone when compared to untreated mice in an injection model of infection [14]. According to the authors, this decrease was due to increased clearance of the bacteria by the mouse immune system. However, it might as well reflect a decreased ability of the pathogen to colonize the host. Indeed, Lesic and coworkers found that P. aeruginosa cell counts at the site of infection were not affected by QS inhibitors in a mouse burn wound infection model, whereas cell counts in adjacent muscle and blood were 2–3 log units lower [51]. This indicated that the QS inhibitors blocked systemic dissemination of the pathogen. From the perspective of the bacteria, both increased clearance or decreased colonizing ability would lead to a decrease in fitness, and consequently, a mutant that is insensitive to QS disruption would have a selective advantage over the susceptible wild type (because the capability to colonize the host is undisturbed in the mutant and/or because the host immune system is unable to eliminate the mutant). It appears that under certain conditions, QS disruption can indeed affect bacterial growth. In a highly interesting report, Diggle and co-workers studied the growth of P. aeruginosa wild type and lasI and lasR mutants in different environmental conditions. In nutrient-rich medium, QS-deficient mutants reached a 1. 5-fold higher cell density than the wild type, indicating that under these conditions the costs of signalling were higher than the benefits [52]. In contrast, in a medium in which QS-regulated protease expression is needed for growth, the growth of the mutants was 3- to 4-fold lower than that of the wild type. Hence, under these conditions, QS disruption appeared to strongly decrease the fitness of the pathogen [52]. Under in vivo conditions (i. e. , during infection of a host), the fitness advantage of QS might be less pronounced than in the growth medium where QS was essential for growth. In vivo, there will be different nutrient sources present (protein, lipids, phospholipids) and the utilization of some of these nutrients will probably not be controlled by QS. Moreover, the selective pressure for resistance development to QS disruption will be limited to those environmental conditions in which the QS-regulated genes affect bacterial fitness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how P. aeruginosa can adapt and evolve in response to different environmental conditions, particularly through quorum sensing (QS) and the emergence of mutants that may provide selective advantages. It explains how under certain conditions, the ability of bacteria to colonize hosts and compete can change, indicating rapid adaptability in response to environmental pressures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: , driving behaviour and origin–destination (O–D) flows parameters, is important for credible comparisons between pre- and post-implementation of ITS strategies. The stochastic nature of TMMs, coupled with their black-box characteristics and interrelated parameters, poses significant challenges in determining the precise influence of each parameter on model outputs. Therefore, various methodologies and stochastic optimisation algorithms have been explored to achieve efficient and accurate calibration. Optimisation techniques such as metaheuristics [11, 12], exhaustive search [13], Bayesian optimisation [14], and simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) [15] have been employed to address the calibration optimisation problem. However, no specific rule determines which optimisation technique is superior, as per the no-free-lunch theorem [16]. For instance, in the mentioned literature, each algorithm has shown success, but the trade-off lies in dependency on the number of calibration parameters, which is relatively high in TMMs [17]. To enhance the calibration efficiency, some studies have proposed techniques to assist the calibration problem. For example, in ref. [18], machine-learning techniques have been used to cluster and calibrate traffic flow fundamental diagrams of large-scale mesoscopic dynamic traffic assignment models. In ref. [19], a metamodel-simulated-based optimisation approach has been proposed to accelerate demand calibration in large-scale networks. Global sensitivity analysis (SA) methodologies are commonly used to reduce the calibration problem's dimension by identifying redundant or non-influential calibration parameters. For example, in ref. [20], a variance-based SA is applied to reduce the number of intelligent driver model parameters. The results showed that the calibration efficiency of the simplified model version (with 3 parameters out of 6) has comparable performance to the full model; however, it converges sensibly faster. Despite the utility of accelerating the calibration process, the number of model runs needed to acquire reliable global sensitivity information is much larger than the number needed to perform optimisation in the full parameter space. Additionally, the sensitivity information of one scenario may not be applicable to other scenarios, leading to the calibration of the wrong parameter set. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various methodologies and optimization techniques related to traffic model calibration but does not provide any supporting or contrasting evidence regarding the claim that smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. It focuses on technical aspects, such as calibration efficiency and algorithm performance, which are not directly relevant to the anticipated outcomes of smart cities regarding traffic issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 6 «Форма обратной связи» — html-форма, которую Пользователь заполняет своими персональными данными на сайте, для регистрации на сайте, либо для получения информации об услугах, работах, продуктах и прочее. 1. 1. 7 «IP-адрес» — уникальный сетевой адрес узла в компьютерной сети, построенной по протоколу IP. 1. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. It discusses unrelated topics such as user registration forms and IP addresses, with no content related to navigation or sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: This is in contrast to conventional (bactericidal and bacteriostatic) antibiotics, which pose strong selective pressure in any environment. The above mentioned results are in accordance with the work of Sandoz and colleagues, who studied social cheating in P. aeruginosa and found that a lasR mutant was unable to grow in medium containing caseinate as the sole carbon source [53]. Although this cheater mutant showed higher fitness than the wild type when co-cultured in this medium (the mutant could benefit from the nutrients generated by the proteolytic activity of the wild type), total culture density decreased with increasing amounts of mutant cells. This indicated that the presence of the mutants did incur a significant cost to the population as a whole. The authors also reported that during an in vitro evolution experiment in which wild type and lasR mutant were co-cultured for ≈100 generations under conditions that require QS for growth, compensatory mutations emerged that converted cheaters into cooperators. In these novel cooperators, the compensatory mutation resulted in the expression of the QS-regulated phenotype in the lasR mutants, thereby bypassing inactivation of the QS system. The evolution of a cheater to a superior cooperator has also been reported in the fruiting body–forming bacterium Myxococcus xanthus [54]. The capacity for compensatory mutation could be a mechanism of bacteria to overcome QS disruption and as such might be important for possible resistance development. There is some evidence that QS might affect the elimination of bacteria by the host immune system. Joelsson and co-workers reported that QS enhances the viability of V. cholerae under stress conditions in a HapR-dependent manner [55]. Similarly, McDougald and co-workers found that QS induces stress resistance in Vibrio angustum and Vibrio vulnificus [56]. Inactivation of the QS master regulator SmcR in V. vulnificus resulted in a significantly decreased survival after exposure to hydrogen peroxide, which is a part of the defense of eukaryotic hosts against infections [57]. Hence, QS disruption leading to an increased susceptibility to oxidative immune reactions of the host will reduce the fitness of a pathogen under in vivo conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how bacteria evolve in response to environmental pressures, specifically mentioning how compensatory mutations allow 'cheaters' to adapt and become cooperators. It describes the evolution of a lasR mutant and how under selective pressures, bacteria can overcome disruptions in their communication systems (quorum sensing, QS) that are vital for their survival and fitness in various conditions. Additionally, it provides examples of various bacteria enhancing their survival under stress conditions, thus demonstrating their capacity for rapid evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: The weaving section between the E313 on-ramp and the R1/E19-A12 divergence is a critical recurring bottleneck due to high demand and the weaving manoeuvres of merging and diverging traffic. 1Open in figure viewerPowerlayout. Loop detectors are positioned across all lanes along the corridor, particularly before and after each merging and diverging zone. We selected the morning peak of September 10, 2019, between 7:00 and 11:00 am, as the real-world reference scenario, during which congestion occurred endogenously—that is, without any accidents or spillback from the off-ramp. The available KPIs include the individual speed and headway of vehicles passing the detectors. A mixture of five vehicle classes is defined to represent the traffic heterogeneity according to the Flemish vehicle platoon composition [38]: slow, regular, and fast passenger cars, trucks, and trailers. Regular passenger cars and trailers dominate the traffic composition, possessing the largest percentage. Each class has 16 calibration parameters—13 for the car-following Wiedemann 99 and lane-changing models, and three lane change distances for the connectors to Berchem, Brussels, and the Kennedy Tunnel, as summarised in Table 1. TABLE 1. Calibration parameters definitions. ID Parameter unit Definition 1 Max. lookahead distance m Maximum ahead distance to react to other vehicles. 2 Standstill distance-CC0 m Desired average standstill distance between two vehicles. 3 Following variation-CC2 m An upper limit of the desired safety distance, which a driver allows before intentionally moving closer to the vehicle in front. 4 Threshold of entering following-CC3 s Number of seconds before entering the following mode. 5 Negative (positive) following threshold-CC4(5) m/s Speed difference during the following process at a driver accelerates. 6 Oscillation acceleration-CC7 m/s2 Oscillation during acceleration. 7 Min. headway front/rare m A lower bound for safety distance just after changing the lane. 8 Safety distance reduction factor – Reduces the safety distance to increase gap acceptance probability of a lane changer. 9 Max. cooperative deceleration m/s2 Trailer vehicle maximum deceleration when to allow a preceding vehicle to change into its own lane. 10 Max. deceleration m/s2 Maximum deceleration for changing lanes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific traffic issues and bottlenecks that currently exist, such as the weaving section between the E313 on-ramp and the R1/E19-A12 divergence, which is described as a recurring bottleneck due to high demand and traffic maneuvers. This implies that despite advancements in smart city technologies, existing complexities and traffic challenges persist, suggesting that such solutions may not completely eliminate traffic-related issues within the claimed timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 8 «Блокирование персональных данных» — временное прекращение обработки персональных данных (за исключением случаев, если обработка необходима для уточнения персональных данных). 1. 1. 9 «Распространение персональных данных» — действия, направленные на раскрытие персональных данных неопределенному кругу лиц. 1. 1. 10 «Предоставление персональных данных» — действия, направленные на раскрытие персональных данных определенному лицу или определенному кругу лиц. 1. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field. Instead, it discusses the processing and dissemination of personal data, which has no connection or bearing on the claim regarding sea turtle navigation.