Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: Individual cores, however, showed variations within the treatments, and the difference between treatments was not statistically significant, as stated above. Overall, the results show that the BD plastic treatments did not produce larger amounts of CO2 than the control (no addition) treatment. Methane production from all sediments, including the control treatment, remained around zero from week 0 to week 15. After week 15, the methane concentration in the PE treatments increased slightly (Fig. 3; more detailed view available in the Supplement, Fig. S4), and in the BD plastics treatment MF-S it was more pronounced. In the control experiment, methane concentrations dipped slightly below the starting concentrations but then increased from week 28 onwards, albeit with large variations between individual sediment cores. Both BD plastic treatments showed large increases in relative amounts of methane from week 20 onwards, although the large variations between individual cores within the treatments lead to large, overlapping error bars. The stabilization of the CO2 concentration and the increase in CH4 concentration in the BD plastics experiments matched time-wise, both occurring from week 15–20 onwards, although the increase in CH4 continued after week 28, when the CO2 concentration in the BD plastic experiments had stabilized. Visualization of the plastic film surfaces after retrieval from the sediments after 40 weeks did not show any clear signs of degradation or biofilm formation on any of the film types (PE, MF-S, MF-R; Fig. S5). DAPI staining showed a low number of microbes on the plastics' surfaces. Both regular and microscopic visualization, of all types of used plastics, showed no variation in appearance between the end and the start of the experiment. 4 biodegradability of BD plastic films depends largely on the match between their composition and the environment. In soils, BD mulch films have been shown to biodegrade successfully (Li et al. , 2014; Sintim et al. , 2020). However, due to this required match between the properties of the material and the in situ conditions for biodegradation, transport of BD mulch films to aquatic environments could result in a buildup of material, as is suggested by our results. The biodegradability of the mulch films investigated in this research is in strong contrast to the biodegradability of these films under previously investigated soil conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that microplastics did not show signs of degradation or significant biodegradation in aquatic conditions. It specifically states that 'visualization of the plastic film surfaces after retrieval from the sediments after 40 weeks did not show any clear signs of degradation or biofilm formation,' suggesting that plastics, including BD plastic films, do not decompose naturally over a few years in the ocean as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Termites play a key role in breaking down cellulose in plant material. [SEP] Text: , Jerolmack, D. J. , and Domokos, G. : Quantifying the significance of abrasion and size selective transport for downstream fluvial grain size evolution, J. Geophys. Res. -Earth, 119, 2412–2429, 2014. a, b, c Mohajerani, A. and Spelt, J. : Edge chipping of borosilicate glass by blunt indentation, Mech. Mater. , 42, 1064–1080, 2010. aMoss, A. J. , Walker, P. H. , and Hutka, J. : Fragmentation of granitic quartz in water, Sedimentology, 20, 489–511, 1973. a, bNovák-Szabó, T. , Sipos, A. Á. , Shaw, S. , Bertoni, D. , Pozzebon, A. , Grotolli, E. , Sarti, G. , Ciavola, P. , Domokos, G. , and Jerolmack, D. J. : Universal characteristics of p10. 1126/sciadv. aao4946, 2018. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, lOddershede, L. , Dimon, P. , and Bohr, J. : Self-organized criticality in fragmenting, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 71, 3107–3110, 1993. a, b Okumura, S. : Weathering process of Nabari gabbroic body (1) Zoning of weathering crust, of the of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists, 77, 191–202, 1982. a Ollier, C. : Spheroidal weathering, exfoliation and constant volume alteration, Z. Geomorphol. , 11, 103–108, 1967. aPál, G. , Domokos, G. , and Kun, F. : Curvature flows, scaling laws and the geometry of attrition under impacts, Sci. Rep. , 11, 20661, 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and research articles on topics such as abrasion, glass chipping, and weathering processes, without any mention of termites or their role in breaking down cellulose in plant material.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Their studies have shown phase delay on SCN neuron firing during early subjective night and phase advance during late subjective night with no response on application during subjective day. Phase shifts were blocked by a BB2 receptor antagonist, thereby confirming the role of GRP in the participation of photic entrainment. GRP found within calbindin-containing retinorecipient cells and also causing photic-like phase shifts on application directly to the SCN may be a possible neurotransmitter for intra-SCN communication [105]. Acetylcholine (ACh) Acetylcholine (ACh) has the distinction of being identified as the first neurotransmitter for the regulation of circadian rhythms. There is evidence in favour and against acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter in the literature. It was suggested that acetylcholine plays a role in the light-input pathway on the basis of some of the studies [16,106]. Electrophysiological studies indicating excitation of some neurons of the SCN by cholinergic agents [107,108] have supported the role of acetylcholine. Use of the acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol, a non-specific agonist, to mimic the effects of light [109] also added to the supporting evidence for the role of acetylcholine in the SCN. The effect is mediated by muscarinic receptors of the M1 subtype [110]. Intraventricular administration of carbachol, which caused phase shifts in vivo, could be blocked by GluR antagonists [111]. However, acetylcholine does not appear to be directly involved as a neurotransmitter in the light-input pathway. It may act to modulate the photic information reaching the SCN. Geniculohypothalamic tract The geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT) is a second afferent photic projection from the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) to the SCN. The IGL receives input directly from the retina via a separate branch of the RHT. The projection from IGL via GHT terminates in the areas of the SCN that overlap the direct RHT-SCN input. GHT provides a secondary, indirect photic input as well as an alternate input which has an important role in entrainment mediated by non-photic stimuli such as motor activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of circadian rhythms. It describes how neurotransmitters like GRP and acetylcholine are involved in the SCN's response to light stimuli and phase shifts, supporting the SCN's critical function in circadian regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: Whereas within several soils substantial degradation of the incorporated BD plastic films was observed (11 %–98 % after 12 months, determined by “percentage of area remaining”; Li et al. , 2014; 12 %–23 % degradation of powdered BD plastics after 28 d, determined by weight loss; Adhikari et al. , 2016), no biodegradation could be observed in our sediment experiments, either based on produced CO2 or from visual analysis by microscopy. Similar conclusions were drawn based on a 100 d marine coastal zone sediment experiment (Nauendorf et al. , 2016), even though biofilm growth on biodegradable plastic bags (composed of biodegradable polyester and corn starch) was observed in that study. Freshwater BD plastic degradation studies are more rare and are focused on biofilm formation rather than on biodegradation rates (Morohoshi et al. , 2018). As observed by Nauendorf et al. (2016), biofilm formation and degradation are not necessarily related. Most marine sediment studies combine a biofilm assessment with visual assessments of degradation but do not quantify the degradation as either respiration or fragmentation. Quantification of degradation percentages based on assessment of the remaining plastics is difficult, as microp1. 0 cm downwards (Fiskal et al. , 2019). The plastics were buried shallowly in the sediments and will, at least partly, have been surrounded by sediments containing dissolved O2 (DO) in our experiments. Although exact DO penetration depths can only be determined with micro-sensors, we can assume initial oxic conditions here based on the natural oxygen penetration depth of these sediments (Fiskal et al. , 2019), the oxygen concentration in the overlying water (±400 µM; Fiskal et al. , 2019), and the disturbance caused by the pushing of the plastics into the sediments, bringing oxygen-rich water into contact with the sediment surrounding the plastic film. After the initial oxic conditions, DO may have become depleted within the originally anoxic sediment depths (> 1 cm) or shallower. Although under oxic conditions microbial growth and substrate turnover is expected to occur more rapidly, earlier research showed similar BD plastic biodegradation rates under oxic and anoxic conditions, despite higher microbial biomass formation on BD plastics under oxic incubation conditions (Nauendorf et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing studies that suggest plastic does not biodegrade effectively in marine environments. No biodegradation was observed in sediment experiments according to the text, indicating that plastics, including biodegradable types, are not decomposing naturally in oceanic conditions. The analysis mentions that while degradation was noted in specific soil conditions, marine conditions did not show such results, thereby contradicting the notion that plastics in the ocean decompose naturally within a few years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Termites play a key role in breaking down cellulose in plant material. [SEP] Text: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q Paris, P. C. and Erdogan, F. : A of Laws, J. Basic. Eng. -T. ASME, 85, 528–533, 1963. a, bPerfect, E. : Fractal models for the fragmentation of rocks and soils: a review, Eng. Geol. , 48, 185–198, 1997. a Perras, M. A. and Diederichs, M. S. : A review of the tensile strength of rock: concepts and testing, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 32, 525–546, 2014. a Pugno, N. , Ciavarella, M. , Cornetti, P. , and Carpinteri, A. : A generalized Paris' law for fatigue crack growth, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 54, 1333–1349, 2006. a, b. , and Lawn, B. R. : Brittle fracture versus quasi plasticity in ceramics: a simple predictive index, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. , 84, 561–565, 2001. aRogers, J. J. W. and Schubert, C. : Size distributions of sedimentary populations, Science, 141, 801–802, 1963. a, b Sak, P. B. , Navarre-. , Buss, H. L. , Lebedeva, M. I. , and Brantley, S. L. : Controls on rind thickness on basaltic andesite clasts weathering in Guadeloupe, Chem. Geol. , 276, 129–143, 2010. a Salman, A. , Reynolds, G. , Fu, J. , Cheong, Y. , Biggs, C. , Adams, M. , Gorham, D. , Lukenics, J. , and Hounslow, M. : Descriptive classification of the impact failure modes of spherical p10. 1016/j. powtec. 2004. 04. 005, 2004b. a, b Simpson, D. R. : Exfoliation in the. J. Sci. , 262, 545–551, 1964. a Sipos, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding the role of termites in breaking down cellulose. Instead, it contains a series of citations and references unrelated to termites or cellulose degradation, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Serotonin (5HT) A dense, robust serotonergic projection from midbrain raphe nuclei terminating predominantly in the retinorecipient region of the SCN has been reported [127]. A reciprocal projection from the SCN to raphe nuclei is also seen [128]. Both in vitro and in vivo, 5HT receptor agonists are found to cause phase shifts of the SCN when administered at times in the circadian cycle during which light does not cause phase shifts [129,130]. Raphe nuclei lesions reduce the amplitudes or "clarity " of rat's circadian activity rhythm [131] with detectable persistent rhythmicity. Serotonergic projection to the SCN terminate to a great extent on vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)-containing neurons in the ventrolateral part of the SCN. There is a close relation between retinal afferents and VIP-containing neurons of the SCN in this area [132]. The major function of the serotonergic projection most probably is the modulation of the pacemaker responses to light. Raphe nuclei receive retinal afferents [133] and hence the raphe-retina projection may be viewed as another indirect photic input to the biological clock. In in vitro studies, serotonin advances the phase of the circadian pacemaker during the day and delays it at night, an action similar to that of GABA [134]. Serotonin is also found to regulate SCN neurons by both pre- and post synaptic inhibitory mechanisms [135]. 5HT and 5HT agonists are also found to inhibit optic nerve-induced field potentials in the SCN brain slice preparation, and light-induced Fos expression and phase shifts of the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity [136]. It is also reported that 5HT antagonists enhance light-induced increases in the firing rates of SCN neurons [137] and light induced phase shifts [138]. Many of the above studies point towards the hypothesis that the serotonergic innervation of the SCN serves to modulate light-induced glutaminergic input. Considering these facts, there exists a possibility of the involvement of 5HT in tonic inhibition of the light-input pathway to the SCN. There is a suggestion that this serotonergic projection from raphe to the SCN may be the anatomical substrate for affective disorders to alter human circadian system/rhythms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its interactions with serotonergic projections. It highlights that the SCN is influenced by both serotonin and light inputs, indicating its crucial function in modulating circadian rhythms. The text also mentions that serotonergic input may help regulate the SCN's responses to light, which is vital for maintaining circadian rhythms, establishing the SCN's role as the master regulator.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: The onset of methane production in our incubations, from week 15 onwards, paired with the stabilization of the CO2 concentration suggests that anoxic conditions established after 15 weeks into the experiments. Although the increase in methane concentration in our MF-S and MF-R experiments could suggest enhanced breakdown of the BD plastics, it's timely match to the decrease in CO2 production rather suggests that the respiration of sedimentary carbon, rather than the BD plastics carbon, is being degraded, similarly to the control and PE experiment. It is, however, interesting to note that the BD plastic experiments experienced this oxic–anoxic conversion, whereas the control and PE plastics did not. Within soil experiments, several biotic and abiotic factors affect the extent of biodegradation. As the used BD mulch films are designed to biodegrade in soils, we also consider these factors to compare the biodegradation in the aquatic realm to that of the soils. A first factor would be abiotic fragmentation by to photodegradation, which requires sunlight to reach the plastics. In soils, photodegradation affects the plastics, decreasing their quality and molecular weight (Zhang et al. , 2021). In shallow surface waters, photodegradation may also affect plastic degradation. Our experiments, with sediment cores of 40 m water depth, were performed in the dark, as photodegradation is not relevant at such water depths. For future studies, pre-degradation of plastics by photodegradation, prior to incorporation into the sediment, would be interesting, as further discussed below. Besides photodegradation, Li et al. (2014) identified soil pH, soil temperature, and fungi abundance as potential factors for differences between degradation efficiency between sites. Sander (2019) suggested that nitrogen limitations in soils may affect and limit BD plastic biodegradation, as the N-poor BD plastics solely supply the colonizing microorganisms with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen-rich compounds and not with nitrogen. Organisms will therefore have to acquire nitrogen from different sources, which, if not sufficiently available, may limit growth and activity of the BD-plastic-colonizing and plastic-degrading organisms. Lopardo et al. (2019) showed that the addition of BD plastics to aquaculture eluent filters can improve nitrogen removal efficiency by providing an N-limited carbon source. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the factors that influence the degradation of biodegradable (BD) plastics, indicating that the decomposition process is not solely natural and is affected by various biotic and abiotic factors. It specifically notes that photodegradation requires sunlight, and since the experiments were conducted in dark conditions at a depth of 40 m, this factor would not contribute to degradation in those circumstances. Furthermore, the mention of nitrogen limitations and the need for microorganisms to acquire nitrogen from external sources implies that natural decomposition processes are constrained, contradicting the notion that plastics will decompose naturally within a few years without intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Termites play a key role in breaking down cellulose in plant material. [SEP] Text: Á. , Domokos, G. , Wilson, A. , and Hovius, N. : A discrete random model describing bedrock profile abrasion, Math. Geosci. , 43, 583–591, 2011. aSklar, L. S. and Dietrich, W. E. : Sediment and rick strength controls on river incision into bedrock, Geology, 29, 1087–1090, 2001. a, b, cSklar, L. S. and Dietrich, W. E. : A mechanistic model for river incision into bedrock by saltating bed load, Water Resour. Res. , 40, W06301, 2004. a, b, c, d, e Sternberg, H. : Untersuchungen über längen- und Querprofil geschiebeführender Flüsse, Zeitschrift für Bauwesen, 25, 486–506, 1875. a, b, cSzabó, T. , Fityus, S. , and Domokos, G. : Abrasion model of downstream changes in grain shape and size along the Williams River, Australia, J. Geophys. Res. -Earth, 118, 2059–2071, 2013. a, b, cSzabó, T. , Domokos, G. , Grotzinger, J. P. , and Jerolmack, D. J. : Reconstructing the transport history of pebbles on Mars, Nat. Commun. , 6, 8366, 2015. a, b, c, d, eTavares, L. M. and das Neves, P. B. : Microstructure of quarry rocks and relationships to p10. 1016/j. minpro. 2008. 01. 007, 2008. aTavares, L. M. and King, R. P. : Single-p10. 1016/S0301-7516(98)00005-2, 1998. a van Steijn, H. : Debris-flow magnitude–frequency relationships for mountainous regions of Central and Northwest Europe, Geomorphology, 15, 259–273, 1996. aVárkonyi, P. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim about termites and their role in breaking down cellulose. Instead, it presents a series of academic citations related to various geological studies, none of which mention termites or cellulose breakdown.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Differential day-night modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission seen in the SCN may provide a time-dependent gating mechanism to counteract propagation of excitatory signals throughout the biological clock during the day and to promote it at night [152]. GABA does not seem to be synthesized in the SCN in a circadian fashion, but in a diurnal pattern as per GAD m RNA basis [153,154]. A circadian rhythm in GABA transmission in the dorsal part of the mouse SCN, with requirement of VIP for the expression of this rhythm, is reported by Itri and co-workers [155]. While considering the action of GABA in the SCN, whether inhibitory or excitatory, extrinsic GABA sources such as from IGL [116] and release of GABA from SCN terminals implicated in transmission of light information should also be looked into to visualize a clearer picture. GABA receptors and receptor subunits are expressed in the SCN [116,139,140]. Although no variation in concentration of GABA in the SCN has been reported, responsiveness of the SCN undergoes daily variation [156]. Neurotransmitters for intra-SCN communication Integrated output as a result of integrated activity within the SCN in spite of heterogeneity in functional and neurochemical organization explains the efficiency of the SCN, the biological clock. Such a process is likely to involve much coordinated activity, and intra-SCN communication must be strong enough to produce such an action. It is clear that photic information received must be relayed from retinorecipient cells to the oscillator cells in the nucleus. Intra-SCN signals underlying such communication are not known with certainty as yet. The importance of circadian synchrony of the SCN neurons in the normal working of the clock has been highlighted in some animal studies recently [157]. In these studies, loss of coherent daily rhythms has been shown to coincide with loss of circadian synchrony among the constituent neurons [157]. Neurotransmitters have been designated as potential SCN synchronizers and one of them, which is unique since it is expressed by most of the SCN neurons, is GABA. This and other transmitters involved in synchronization, such as and prokineticin 2, have been studied quite extensively. However, the potential of the latter two, GRP and prokineticin 2 as synchronizing factors require further investigation [23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in maintaining circadian rhythms through the modulation of neurotransmitters like GABA. It highlights that the SCN operates as a biological clock with integrated output from its neurons, indicating its essential regulatory role in circadian synchronization. The mention of studies showing loss of circadian synchrony coinciding with loss of coherent daily rhythms further supports the claim that the SCN is crucial in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: The lack of suitable BD plastic degrading microorganisms is, however, the most likely explanation for the large difference in BD mulch film decomposition between our sediment experiment and previously performed soil experiments. The sediments likely lack microorganisms that produce hydrolytic enzymes (esterases) that can cleave PBAT and PLA, the main polyesters in the BD films used. When specific genes known to be associated to BD plastic degradation are identified in the future, it would be interesting to screen our incubation experiment sediments for those genes to confirm such a hypothesis. 5 types of biodegradable plastic mulch films showed no signs of degradation over a 10-month period within lake surface sediments, suggesting very limited biodegradability in freshwater sediment environments. These findings stress the importance of limiting the transport of plastics from agricultural soils to waterways – not only for traditional plastics but also for soil-biodegradable plastics. Given that these plastics are designed to remain in the soil rather than to be removed after use, they remain present in the natural environment until complete degradation. The extent of the transport of BD mulch films from soils to waterways and lakes is up to this point unknown. Our results show that it is of high importance to investigate how much of the applied biodegradable mulch films are transported to aquatic environments to be able to assess the potential pollution of lakes and coastal areas by the current and future applications of biodegradable plastic mulch films. Data availability The data used in this paper are available at (van Grinsven and Schubert, 2023). supplement related to this 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023-supplement. Author contributions SvG designed the experiments with help from CS. SvG conducted the experiments and laboratory analyses. SvG wrote the manuscript, with assistance from CS. Competing interests The contact author has declared that neither of the authors has any competing interests. Disclaimer Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this paper. Publications makes every effort to include appropriate place names, the final responsibility lies with the authors. want to thank for his valuable contributions to the paper and for providing the biodegradable plastic mulch films. We thank for the help in the lab and field, as well as for the help with the incubation experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that biodegradable plastics do not decompose as expected in natural environments, specifically noting that biodegradable plastic mulch films showed no signs of degradation over a 10-month period within lake surface sediments. This suggests that the assertion that plastic will naturally decompose within a few years lacks support, as the text highlights significant limitations in biodegradability in aquatic environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: EDUCAÇÃÕ• Cad. Pesqui. 53 • 2023 • copiar ELAS SÃÃ’Ías mulheres são a maioria do volume de jogadores de jogos digitais, porém não têm grande representatividade na força de trabalho da indústria na área de desenvolvimento e programação, fato em comum com outras carreiras STEM. Considerando essa contradição, por meio de um estudo qualitativo com 22 mulheres que trabalham nesse mercado como programadoras, buscou-se identificar quais são as barreiras para o aumento da representatividade feminina no desenvolvimento de jogos no país. Os resultados demonstram que existem seis tipos de barreiras que se iniciam no momento de escolha do curso e persistem de maneira mais intensa no mercado de trabalho, sendo a principal a falta de credibilidade quanto ao conhecimento técnico. ; women make up the majority of digital game players, but they are not highly represented in the industry’s development and programming workforce, a fact that is common to other STEM careers. Considering this contradiction, a qualitative study with 22 women who work in this market as programmers sought to identify the barriers to increasing female representation in game development in the country. The results show that there are six types of barriers that begin as soon as the course is chosen and persist more intensely in the job market, and the main one is the lack of credibility in terms of technical knowledge. WOMEN; las mujeres son la mayoría del volumen de jugadores de juegos digitales, pero no tienen una gran representación en la fuerza de trabajo de la industria en el área de desarrollo y programación, un hecho en común con otras carreras STEM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the diversity of insects. Instead, it discusses the representation of women in the digital games industry, highlighting barriers to their participation and representation. There is no mention of insects or animal diversity in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Further, it is reported that neurotransmitters released by neurons of the ventral part of the SCN is necessary for maintaining synchrony of the whole SCN [23 ]. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) VIP, a gut polypeptide, has been identified as one of the main neurotransmitters of SCN neurons and participates in SCN function. These SCN neurons are retinorecipient and are found in the core of the SCN. They are activated by light, and exogenous application of VIP can reset the circadian clock in a manner similar to that of light application, both in vitro and in vivo[6]. It is estimated that 9%–24 % of SCN neurons express VIP [26,158]. It appears that in rats there are two types of VIP neuronal components[159], namely a medial GRP-free group and a lateral group containing GRP. Only the lateral group expresses per1 following a light pulse [159]. However, few VIP-containing cells rhythmically express per1 and per2 [160,161]. VIP is synthesized from prepro VIP and further cleavage of the molecule forms VIP and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI). PHI is found in abundance in the SCN and is co-localized [162,163]. VIP and PHI are structurally related to PACAP. The receptor for 2,also known as Vipr2, is expressed in about 60% of the SCN neurons, which respond to VIP with changes in firing rate [164,165]. VIP acting through VPAC2 can participate in both resetting by light and maintenance of ongoing rhythmicity in the SCN [6]. VIP along with GRP and AVP show circadian variation in the level of mRNA in constant environmental conditions [166]. Some earlier studies [167 - 169] had indicated that VIP and GRP do not show circadian rhythms in DD and only daily rhythms in LD. On the basis of their study, Shinohara et al [168] suggested that changes in the peptide content by light conditions might reflect changes in the synthesis and release of peptides. The release of these peptides also shows circadian variation [170]. It has been reported that treatment of SCN slices with VIP produces phase shifts similar to those induced by light pulses [171]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms. It explains how neurotransmitters released by SCN neurons, particularly vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), are necessary for the synchronization of the SCN and how they are activated by light to reset the circadian clock. Statements like 'VIP can reset the circadian clock in a manner similar to that of light application' directly support the claim that the SCN regulates circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: , Lasut, M. T. , and Weber, M. : Half-Life of in the Depends on Material, Habitat, and Climate Zone, Front. Mar. Sci. , 8, 1–19, 2021. Morohoshi, T. , Oi, T. , Aiso, H. , Suzuki, T. , Okura, T. , and Sato, S. : Biofilm formation and degradation of commercially available biodegradable plastic films by bacterial consortiums in freshwater environments, Microbes Environ. , 33, 332–335, 2018. Nauendorf, A. , Krause, S. ,. , Wahl, M. , and Treude, T. : Microbial colonization and degradation of polyethylene and biodegradable plastic bags in temperate fine-grained organic-rich marine sediments, Mar. Pollut. Bull. , 103, 168–178, 2016. . , McNeill, K. , and Sander, M. : Quantification of from Films in Soils, Environ. Sci. Technol. , 54, 266–275, 2020.  Ren, S. Y. , Kong, S. F. , and Ni, H. G. : Contribution of mulch film to microplastics in agricultural soil and surface water in China, Environ. Pollut. , 291, 118227, 2021. Sander, M. : Biodegradation of Films in Agricultural Soils: Concepts, Knowledge Gaps, and Directions, Environ. Sci. Technol. , 53, 2304–2315, 2019. Serrano-Ruiz, H. , Martin-Closas, L. , and Pelacho, A. M. : Biodegradable plastic mulches: Impact on the agricultural biotic environment, Sci. Total Environ. , 750, 141228, 2021. . , and Flury, M. : In situ degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch films in compost and agricultural soils, Sci. Total Environ. , 727, 138668, 2020. van Grinsven, S. and Schubert, C. : Soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in a lake sediment over 9 months of incubation, Zenodo [data set], 2023. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that biodegradable plastics do not decompose naturally in marine environments over time, as indicated by the study from van Grinsven and Schubert which states that soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in lake sediment over 9 months of incubation. This suggests that natural decomposition of plastic in the ocean may not occur within a few years without human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Considerando esta contradicción, a través de un estudio cualitativo con 22 mujeres que trabajan en este mercado como programadoras, buscó identificar cuáles son las barreras para el aumento de la representación femenina en el desarrollo de juegos en el país. Los resultados demuestran que existen seis tipos de barreras que comienzan en el momento de escoger la carrera y persisten de forma más intensa en el mercado laboral, siendo la principal la falta de credibilidad en cuanto al conocimiento técnico. Keyword:; ÍA; ésumé Au Brésil, les femmes constituent la plupart des gameuses, mais leur representativité dans la force de travail dans le champ du développement et de la programmation n’est pas importante, comme dans les autres carrières STEM. Compte tenu de cette contradiction, on a cherché à repérer, à l’aide d’une étude qualitative avec 22 femmes qui exercent le métier de programmeuse dans ce secteur, quels sont les obstacles à l’augmentation de la représentativité féminine dans le développement des jeux au Brésil. Les résultats revèlent qu’il y a six catégories d’obstacles qui se présentent dès le choix de la formation et persistent avec plus de force dans le marché de travail, dont le principal est le manque de crédibilité concernant leurs connaissances techniques. ; MARCHÉ; Éé INEGáçãO QUE A indústria de jogos digitais conseguiu alcançar, superando a de música e filmes juntas (Accenture, 2021Accenture. (2021). Gaming: The next super plataform. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insects and animal diversity. Instead, it discusses barriers to female representation in the gaming industry in Brazil. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about insect diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Nielsen and co-workers [172] showed that VIP induces per1 and per2 gene expression in rat SCN in a phase dependent manner. More recently, VIP has been shown to be necessary for the coordination of the daily rhythms in behaviour and physiology at the level of biological clock in mice [173]. Loss of internal desynchronization and its subsequent restoration were achieved by adding VIP into the mice cells. Thus, VIP signalling through its receptor serves two important functions in the SCN, namely, circadian rhythmicity in a subset of neurons and maintenance of synchrony between intrinsically rhythmic neurons. This may also mean that VIP-expressing neurons themselves are circadian pacemakers in the SCN for establishing and synchronizing rhythmic activity. Vasopressin (AVP) AVP neurons occupy a large part of the SCN, mostly in the dorsomedial part of the SCN and are extensively interconnected [174,175], indicating the capacity of the SCN to produce an integrated output. It is estimated that nearly one third of the SCN neurons in rats synthesize AVP. It is one of the major neuropeptides identified in the SCN [16,176,177]. AVP is synthesized and secreted by the SCN in a circadian pattern. AVP has an important excitatory role by activating V1a receptors [177] to increase the amplitude of firing rates in the SCN during subjective day [178,179] and enhance SCN output [176,177]. Although the presence of AVP at the level of the SCN may not be critical for the expression of some of the circadian rhythms, abnormalities can be seen in some of the expressed rhythms in its absence. AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats have served as an excellent model for the demonstration of the absence of AVP and subsequent disturbances in many of the circadian rhythms. Local application of AVP into the SCN does not affect the free running circadian wheel running rhythm in hamsters[180] or entrained circadian food intake [181] and water intake [182]. A convincing supportive role for vasopressin in SCN circadian function has come from transplantation studies of DeCoursey and Buggy [183] as well as that of Lehman and co-workers [184]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and vasopressin (AVP) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It explains how VIP influences gene expression related to circadian rhythms and how AVP contributes to the SCN's functioning as a pacemaker for circadian rhythms. The mention of AVP's role in maintaining circadian rhythmicity and how it affects neuronal activity in the SCN supports the idea that the SCN is a key regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: van Grinsven, S. , Meier, D. V, Michel, A. , Han, X. , Schubert, C. J. , and Lever, M. A. : as Drivers of Methane-Abundance and in Lake Sediments, Front. Environ. Sci. , 10, 1–22, 2022. van Grinsven, S. , Maeda, N. , Glombitza, C. , Lever, M. A. , and Schubert, C. J. : The effect of a short oxygen exposure period on algal biomass degradation and methane formation in eutrophic and oligotrophic lake sediments, in preparation, 2023. Wei, X. F. , Bohlén, M. , Lindblad, C. , Hedenqvist, M. , and Hakonen, A. : Microplastics generated from a biodegradable plastic in freshwater and seawater, Water Res. , 198, 117123, 2021. Yang, Y. , Li, P. , Jiao, J. , Yang, Z. , Lv, M. , Li, Y. , Zhou, C. , Wang, C. , He, Z. , Liu, Y. , and Song, S. : Renewable sourced biodegradable mulches and their environment impact, Sci. Hortic. -Amsterdam, 268, 109375, 2020. Yang, Z. , Lü, F. , Zhang, H. , Wang, W. , Xu, X. , Shao, L. , Che, Z. , Lu, B. , Ye, J. , and He, P. : A neglected transport of plastic debris to cities from farmland in remote arid regions, Sci. Total Environ. , 807, 150982, 2022. Zhang, K. , Hamidian, A. H. , Tubić, A. , Zhang, Y. , Fang, J. K. H. , Wu, C. , and Lam, P. K. S. : Understanding plastic degradation and microplastic formation in the environment: A review, Environ. Pollut. , 274, 116554, 2021.  Zumstein, M. T. , Schintlmeister, A. , Nelson, T. F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing research that discusses understanding plastic degradation and microplastic formation in the environment, indicating that plastic does not decompose naturally within a few years without human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Se Avatar, filme de maior bilheteria na história, arrecadou US$ 2,7 bilhões desde seu lançamento em 2009, estima-se que o jogo tenha acumulado US$ 6 bilhões de 2013 até o presente momento (Fortim, 2022Fortim, I. (Org. ). (2022). Pesquisa da indústria brasileira de games. Abragames. ). Os números de fato impressionam. As expectativas globais formuladas no início de 2022 eram de que cerca de 3,2 bilhões de jogadores seriam responsáveis por gerar US$ 196,8 bilhões, impulsionando um crescimento de 2,1% em comparação com o ano anterior (Newzoo, 2022aNewzoo. (2022a). Global games market report. ). Até 2025, isso aumentaria para 3,5 bilhões de players, ajudando o mercado a gerar US$ 225,7 bilhões. A pandemia foi um fator de aceleração para a indústria que já vinha extremamente aquecida na última década, tendo os últimos dois anos apresentado níveis recordes de engajamento e gastos, além de um grande volume de novos jogadores e antigos de volta ao passatempo (Newzoo, 2022aNewzoo. (2022a). Global games market report. ). Contextualizando o tamanho desse mercado em território nacional, o Brasil se destaca como o maior mercado da América Latina e o 10º no mundo, com uma projeção de receita para 2022 de US$ 2,7 bilhões e um crescimento de 12% em comparação com 2021 (Newzoo, 2022bNewzoo. (2022b). Key insight into Brazilian gamers. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the video game industry, including financial figures and market growth, but does not address insect diversity or animal diversity in general.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This protocol might be applied before eastward jet travel or for delayed sleep phase syndrome to evoke a phase advance of the circadian clock [208]. In spite of the experimental evidence favouring a very important role for melatonin in the circadian timing system, the exact role of melatonin has not been demonstrated clearly. Melatonin and seasonal rhythms are intimately related in mammals, and this has been well documented [209,210]. Lincoln and co-workers [211] provided evidence for a temporal melatonin-controlled expression of clock genes in specific calendar cells. The retinohypothalamic -pineal (RHP) axis is comparable in animals and humans. In both animals and humans melatonin is secreted exclusively at night. The RHP is capable of detecting changes in night length to make proper adjustments for the duration of nocturnal melatonin secretion so that animals can use this melatonin message to trigger seasonal changes in behaviour [209]. With seasonal changes in night duration, there are parallel changes in the duration of melatonin secretion, and this leads to more secretion as compared to summer. Neurotransmitters in efferent projections The output of the SCN by way of efferent projections serves the purpose of conveying the information to the related centres. Outputs are primarily seen to the nearby hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei from the SCN, particularly to the medial preoptic nucleus, the medial part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the anterior part of the paraventricular nucleus of thalamus, the medial part of the dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus, and principally the subparaventricular zone [212,213]. Projections to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus from the dorsomedial nucleus, the preoptic nucleus and the subparaventricular zone appear to serve as the anatomical basis for the control of sleep and wakefulness, as the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus is implicated in the control of sleep states [214 - 216]. Efferent projections seem to have mainly AVP and VIP as transmitters. These fibres that originate in the SCN can be seen for long distances within the hypothalamus and have a characteristic morphology. The functional significance of these projections remains to be fully determined, apart from the basic fact that they are necessary for the SCN to exert its overt function. The functional role has been described to some extent earlier [217]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in conveying information to various nuclei in the hypothalamus and thalamus, which ties into the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. The mention of the SCN's outputs serving to transmit information relevant to circadian rhythms supports the notion that the SCN plays a master regulatory role in this system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 04 Apr 2023 | 04 Apr 2023 Soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in a lake sediment over 9 months of incubation Sigrid van Grinsven and Abstract. Agriculture relies heavily on the use of plastic mulch films, which increase crop yields and lower water demands. Research has shown that agricultural mulch film may be transported to aquatic environments. We tested the mineralization of soil-biodegradable agricultural mulch films in freshwater lake sediments. Two types of commercial soil-biodegradable mulch films were incubated within lake sediment cores, and the production of CO2 and CH4 was followed over time. After the 40-week incubation period, films were visually intact and showed no signs of mineralization. Gas analyses showed no additional production of either CO2 or CH4 in the degradable film incubations, compared to control or PE plastic incubations. We conclude that the tested soil-biodegradable mulch films have a low biodegradability in lake sediments, likely reflecting that the lake sediment lacks active microbial degraders. Our results highlight the importance of preventing transport of soil-biodegradable mulch films from agricultural soils to surrounding aquatic environments. How to cite. van Grinsven, S. and Schubert, C. : Soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in a lake sediment over 9 months of incubation, EGUsphere [preprint], 2023. Received: 05 Mar 2023 – Discussion started: 04 Apr 2023 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 1157 KB) Notice on discussion status The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (1157 KB) Supplement (2178 KB) Download & links The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting research that indicates soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in lake sediments over a 9-month incubation period, suggesting that such plastics are not capable of natural decomposition without human intervention. This evidence implies that plastics may persist in marine environments similarly, thereby contradicting the assertion that they will decompose naturally within a few years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: No país, 60% dos gamers utilizam o smartphone para jogar, 30% o console e 30% jogos para computador (Newzoo, 2022bNewzoo. (2022b). Key insight into Brazilian gamers. ), sendo comum que um mesmo jogador utilize mais de uma plataforma. De acordo com a Newzoo, empresa de pesquisa de mercado dedicada a analisar a indústria de games no mundo, globalmente o principal motivador desse crescimento é o celular, que gerará receitas de US$ 103,5 bilhões este ano, representando 53% do mercado e um crescimento de 5,1% em comparação com 2021. É importante compreender o papel crucial que os smartphones têm para o acesso ao universo dos games, principalmente para os brasileiros, devido a seu custo mais acessível quando comparado a um console. O consumo de jogos digitais, historicamente, é uma forma de entretenimento presente majoritariamente em classes sociais de maior poder aquisitivo, tendo em vista a necessidade de aquisição de um computador ou console necessários para jogar. Contudo, com a consolidação de smartphones, é possível identificar uma maior penetração das classes C e D no volume de jogadores no Brasil, que hoje juntas já representam 50,2% do volume total (Brasil [PGB], 2022Brasil (PGB). (2022). Tudo sobre o Perfil Gamer. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the gaming industry and smartphone usage in Brazil, with no mention of insects or animal diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Though the various mechanisms used to regulate the activity of other systems of the body is unclear at present, a number of hormones with direct actions on different parts of the body are produced by the SCN. These include and SS. A review by and co-workers [9] describes not only the transmitters of RHT but also the output of the SCN. A long neural signalling pathway from the SCN regulates the pineal gland secretion of melatonin. SCN neurons also stimulate gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) synthesizing neurons of the preoptic area and thereby affect sex hormone cycles [232]. It is generally seen that outputs of the circadian system are rhythmic but not temperature compensated. In spite of the difficulties to understand the mechanisms by which the SCN regulates a wide range of physiological outputs, it has been agreed that there are two types of signals originating from the SCN. These are hormonal and neural outputs. Transplantation experiments [233] in particular have provided highly useful evidences for the suggestion that hormonaldiffusible factors produced by the SCN act as an important output signal for the circadian system [234]. Quick recovery of behavioural rhythms within 4 days of transplantation of the SCN [184], successful placement of transplants at locations distant from the SCN [184], and transplanted dissociated SCN cells capable of restoring rhythmicity [235] are all in favour of hormonaldiffusible factors as the output signal. It is possible that different physiological systems are controlled by either neural or hormonal output from the SCN. For example, rhythmic secretion of melatonin could be under neural control while locomotor activity might be under hormonal control. Also, a specific physiological function may receive both neural and hormonal signals. As regards to the communication of information from the circadian clock to the centres controlling activity in brain areas, more than one mode is indicated [222,236]. Analysis of the chemoarchitecture of the SCN have shown that, in addition to the above neurotransmitters, the SCN also contain neurons capable of synthesizing a number of other neurochemicals, with the distribution of immunoreactive neurons differing slightly for each neurochemical. A few of these neurochemicals are described here. Somatostatin (SS) SS producing neurons of the SCN are located in both the core and shell portions [237] and form a distinct peptidergic neuronal group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating various physiological outputs and circadian rhythms, highlighting that the SCN produces hormones and utilizes neural signaling to influence bodily functions such as melatonin secretion and hormonal cycles. The text also discusses transplant experiments which support the idea that the SCN serves as a master regulator of circadian rhythms through both hormonal and neural pathways.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (1157 KB) Metadata XML Supplement (2178 KB) revised paper 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023, 2023 Short summary Co-editor-in-chief Short summary Agriculture relies heavily on plastic mulch films, which may be transported to aquatic environments. We investigated the breakdown of soil-biodegradable agricultural mulch films in lake sediments. After 40 weeks, films were intact, and no significant CO2 or CH4 was produced from the biodegradable mulch films. We conclude that the mulch films we used have a low biodegradability in lake sediments. The sediment lacks the microbes needed to break down the biodegradable plastics that were used here. Hide Co-editor-in-chief The findings of this study are interesting to a broader audience as it demonstrates that supposedly biodegradable mulch films used for agricultural purposes remain unchanged in lake sediments over several months. The results indicate that lake sediments are a place of long-term storage rather than a place of degradation for this form of plastic. van Grinsven and Interactive discussion Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-400', #1, 02 May 2023 The present manuscript shows an interesting subject strongly linked to ecofriendly agriculture and sustainability. However, it needs some adjustments according to notes made into manuscript file attached here. Citation: AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Sigrid van Grinsven, 15 Aug 2023 We would like to sincerely thank this reviewer for the useful feedback, which increased the quality of this manuscript. We have adapted the manuscript at each of the locations where this reviewer added comments, as can be seen in the uploaded document. We have not added individual replies to the reviewer's comments, as the format did not easily allow for that. We hope it is sufficiently clear for the reviewer based on the changes in the manuscript text, how we have used their comments. If needed, we can provide extra explanations. We have also added and adapted text based on the comments of reviewer 2, which often showed overlap with the comments of reviewer 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that indicate biodegradable mulch films remained intact and showed low biodegradability in lake sediments, which suggests that certain plastics do not decompose effectively in aquatic environments. The study concluded that lake sediments act as long-term storage for plastics rather than a site for degradation, directly opposing the idea that plastics will decompose naturally without intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Além disso, os dispositivos móveis impulsionam o mercado global de jogos porque o hardware está se tornando mais sofisticado e a infraestrutura global de internet está gradualmente melhorando, o que acaba tornando o celular o principal meio de acesso a jogos eletrônicos para determinados grupos demográficos (Newzoo, 2022aNewzoo. (2022a). Global games market report. ), e isso ocorre também no Brasil, que tem mais smartphones que habitantes - há 242 milhões de celulares em uso no país para pouco mais de 212 milhões de habitantes, de acordo com o de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) (CNN Business, 2022CNN Business (2022). Brasil tem mais smartphones que habitantes, aponta FGV. CNN Brasil. ). No que diz respeito ao engajamento, o Brasil ocupa a quinta posição para as categorias de população on-line, volume de jogadores - incríveis 101 milhões de pessoas - e volume de jogadores pagantes (Newzoo, 2022bNewzoo. (2022b). Key insight into Brazilian gamers. ). Isso reflete dados publicados pela Brasil 2022, segundo a qual 3 a cada 4 brasileiros afirmam ter o costume de jogar jogos eletrônicos, sendo que para 84,4% dos respondentes os jogos digitais estão entre sua principal forma de diversão (PGB, 2022Brasil (PGB). (2022). Tudo sobre o Perfil Gamer. ). Outra estatística bastante importante apresentada na pesquisa é que pelo sétimo ano consecutivo as mulheres são maioria entre jogadores no país, somando 51% dos gamers (PGB, 2022Brasil (PGB). (2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mobile devices and gaming statistics in Brazil, without any mention of insects or animal diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: These cells are few in the mouse SCN, but are large in size. Part of the SS and (SP) peptides are co-localized [238]. The shell portion of the SCN, which is likely to be involved in the regulation of overt rhythms, projects within the SCN through SS fibres [239]. In an interesting study, Biemans co-workers [240] reported a significant increase in SS and SP immunoreactivity in aged Wistar rats as compared to young ones, thereby indicating that not all SCN neuropeptidergic systems decline with age. However, another study in Syrian hamsters [241] showed that there is no effect of age on SS mRNA. Aging effects of SCN neuropeptide expression, like the circadian profile of peptide expression, may be species specific as far as the SCN is concerned. Further, it has been reported [242] that SS has a role in phase shifting and is able to reset the phase of the clock [243]. Synapse of SS fibres on VIP and AVP neurons and presence of SS receptors in the SCN is suggestive of a regulatory role for SS on other peptidergic neurons. An inhibitory modulating role of SS on VIP rhythmicity is seen [244]. Increase in SS immunoreactivity could explain the observed VIP decrease with aging, and, if enhanced SS immunoreactivity reflects a release deficit, this may lead to reduction in inhibitory action [240]. Calbindin (CalB) Calbindin (CalB) neurons are also found throughout the core and shell subdivisions of the SCN. Silver and co-workers [245] reported the presence of CalB-containing cells in the caudal part of the SCN. CalB cells are densely packed and receive direct retinal synaptic input [246] and respond to photic stimuli. Study of Silver and co-workers [245] indicates that CalB cells are present in the input pathway for photic stimuli reaching the SCN. The CalB subregion of the SCN seems essential for the maintenance of circadian locomotor activity rhythm. This comes from the studies of lesion as well as transplantation. Animals with lesions that destroyed CalB neurons but spared other neurons of the SCN lost rhythmicity of locomotor activity, and transplants of SCN tissue containing CalB cells restored rhythmicity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is involved in maintaining circadian rhythms. It discusses specific neurons, such as Calbindin (CalB) neurons, that are present in the SCN, and notes that the SCN is essential for the maintenance of circadian locomotor activity rhythm, as indicated by studies of lesions and transplants. This supports the assertion that the SCN plays a central regulatory role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: The results of the visualization, including details on fragmentation (micro and nanoplastics) and the presence of microbes, should be explicitly presented in the main text to enhance the paper's clarity. Re: We have deliberately given the microscopy part of this study a relatively small role, because it is not quantitative. We consider it an interesting extra method of assessing the degradation, but we have not used it in enough detail to allow a quantification of the fragmentation, for example. Therefore, we have included it in its current form. We hope that in this form, it remains clear to the reader that the microscopy part is additional, but cannot provide quantitative results on the degradation of the plastics. Photodegradation Overlooked: The study's limitation of conducting experiments in dark conditions overlooks the potential of photodegradation, especially in shallow freshwater environments with strong sunlight (UV) penetration to sediment. This limitation should be discussed to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the degradation process. Re: Thank you for this suggestion. We have added text to the discussion on the relevance of photodegradation for plastic degradation in soil, shallow water, and deep water environments (lines 362 – 369). Minor comments:Duration of Incubation Period: While the 40-week incubation period appears reasonable, it would be beneficial to discuss whether this duration aligns with similar studies or if any limitations arise due to this timeframe. Re: In the discussion, we mention the duration and degradation during that time, of other studies (296-300) and we mention the potential problems regarding oxygen limitation in the methods section (153-156 and 194-197). Generalization to Other Environments: The research is conducted in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland, which may have unique environmental conditions. Therefore, caution should be exercised when generalizing the findings to other freshwater systems with different sediment and microbial characteristics. This should be mentioned in the paper's discussion section. Re: we have now added text on the need for future research on both priming effects of soil pre-incubation, and on the relevance of the lake sediment characteristics, to the discussion (383-395). Overall, the paper contributes new insights into the degradation of soil-biodegradable agricultural mulch films in freshwater lake sediments. Addressing the above-mentioned concerns would enhance the scientific robustness of the study and improve its potential impact in the field of sustainable waste management practices in agriculture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and complexities surrounding the degradation of plastics, including the importance of photodegradation and the specific conditions under which degradation occurs. It highlights that the study acknowledges the significant role of environmental factors in plastic breakdown, which implies that natural decomposition is not straightforward and can’t be generalized to occur within just a few years without human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Tudo sobre o Perfil Gamer. ), sendo que 60,4% delas preferem o smartphone como plataforma para jogar. Entretanto, existe uma contradição quando se trata de mulheres no universo dos games no Brasil. Apesar de serem maioria entre os jogadores, elas ainda representam uma parcela consideravelmente menor em relação à força de trabalho da indústria, principalmente sob a ótica do desenvolvimento de jogos. De acordo com o II Censo da Indústria Brasileira de Jogos Digitais, realizado pelo Ministério da Cultura em 2018, apenas 20,7% da indústria brasileira de games era ocupada por profissionais mulheres (Sakuda & Fortim, 2018Sakuda, L. , & Fortim, I. (Orgs. ). (2018). II Censo da Indústria Brasileira de Jogos Digitais. Ministério da Cultura. ). Se considerarmos os últimos quatro anos desde que o Censo foi realizado, a situação já se apresenta menos distorcida, mas ainda está longe de ser equilibrada. Segundo a da Indústria de Games, realizada pela Associação Brasileira dos Desenvolvedores de (Abragames) em parceria com a Agência Brasileira de Promoção de Exportação e Investimentos (ApexBrasil), cerca de 29,8% da força de trabalho na indústria é composta de mulheres em 2022 (Fortim, 2022Fortim, I. (Org. ). (2022). Pesquisa da indústria brasileira de games. Abragames. ), sendo que nas pesquisas de 2018 e 2014 essa mesma fatia representava apenas 20% e 15%, respectivamente. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insect diversity. Instead, it discusses gender representation in the gaming industry in Brazil, providing statistics on the workforce distribution over the years. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about insect diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Similarities in the anatomical and physiological data available strongly suggest that the SCN of humans and other mammals are functionally similar. Two unique case reports [266,267] suggested that lesions of the SCN lead to disruption of circadian rhythmicity in humans. The location of the SCN, in the anterior hypothalamus, bilaterally next to third ventricle and above the optic chiasm, and the afferent and efferent projections of the SCN are similar in humans and other mammals. In the case of neurotransmitters involved in SCN function, also similar number and well defined subdivisions can be seen. Human SCN additionally contain neurotensin as a neurotransmitter. In general, human SCN has well defined subdivisions with chemically defined neuronal groups comparable to those described in experimental animals [18]. More details can be seen in the review 941. [PubMed] and Morre, DM (2002). Biochemical basis for the biological clock Biochemistry 41: 11941–11945. [PubMed] Meijer, JH (2002). ed. Photic entrainment of mammals Handbook of Circadian clocks. New York, Plenum, 222. Mrosovsky, N (1996). Locomotor activity and non-photic influences on circadian clocks 71: 343–372. [PubMed] Antle, MC and Silver, R (2005). Orchestrating time: arrangements of the brain circadian clock Trends in Neurosci 28: 145–151. Piggins, HD and Cutler, DJ (2003). The roles of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the mammalian circadian clock J Endocrinol 177: 7–15. [PubMed] Van Gelder, RN (2004). Recent insights into mammalian circadian rhythms Sleep 27: 166–171. [PubMed] Reppert, SM and Weaver, DR (2001). Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms Physiol 63: 647–676. [PubMed] van and Boer, GJ (2000). The suprachiasmatic nucleus and the circadian time keeping system revisited Rev 33: 34–77. [PubMed] and Maywood, ES (2003). A clockwork web: circadian timing in brain and periphery, in health and disease Neurosci 4: 649–661. [PubMed] Card, JP and Moore, RY (1984). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how anatomical and physiological similarities suggest that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of humans and other mammals are functionally similar, specifically noting that lesions of the SCN lead to disruptions in circadian rhythmicity in humans. This evidence supports the role of the SCN as a key regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: The study highlights the importance of preventing the transport of these films from agricultural fields to neighboring aquatic ecosystems for sustainable waste management in agriculture. The method section provides a clear description of the experimental setup, although some aspects could be further improved for a more comprehensive analysis. Major Comments:and Trends: The paper should address the observed large individual sample variance and discuss the different trends shown in Figure 3, even though they are statistically insignificant. This could help readers better understand the variability in the results. Inclusion of Non-Results: Lines 223-234 appear to be non-results from another study and should be removed from the Results section. Focus solely on the findings of the current research. Microscope Results: The visualization of plastic film surfaces using microscopy is a significant aspect of the study. The results of the visualization, including details on fragmentation (micro and nanoplastics) and the presence of microbes, should be explicitly presented in the main text to enhance the paper's clarity. Photodegradation Overlooked: The study's limitation of conducting experiments in dark conditions overlooks the potential of photodegradation, especially in shallow freshwater environments with strong sunlight (UV) penetration to sediment. This limitation should be discussed to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the degradation process. Minor comments:Duration of Incubation Period: While the 40-week incubation period appears reasonable, it would be beneficial to discuss whether this duration aligns with similar studies or if any limitations arise due to this timeframe. Generalization to Other Environments: The research is conducted in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland, which may have unique environmental conditions. Therefore, caution should be exercised when generalizing the findings to other freshwater systems with different sediment and microbial characteristics. This should be mentioned in the paper's discussion section. Overall, the paper contributes new insights into the degradation of soil-biodegradable agricultural mulch films in freshwater lake sediments. Addressing the above-mentioned concerns would enhance the scientific robustness of the study and improve its potential impact in the field of sustainable waste management practices in agriculture. Citation: AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Sigrid van Grinsven, 15 Aug 2023 Re: We thank this reviewer for the constructive feedback on this manuscript, which helped us further improve the quality. Below, we have provided individual replies to the reviewer's comments. In the revised version of the manuscript, the changes that are made based on this, and reviewer 1's comments, are visible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the study discusses limitations of examining plastic degradation under dark conditions, which overlooks the potential for photodegradation, especially in shallow freshwater environments with strong sunlight. This suggests that plastic does not necessarily decompose naturally within a few years without intervention, indicating a complex degradation process influenced by environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Apesar da forte evolução nos últimos anos em relação à participação total de mulheres na indústria, algumas estatísticas permanecem similares, como a baixa representatividade na área de desenvolvimento e programação dos jogos. Analisando a perspectiva de divisão de gêneros por área de negócio, em 2022 a maioria das mulheres se concentra nas áreas de arte e design, representando 47% dos colaboradores, mas em programação e gestão de projetos tem-se apenas 15% de representatividade feminina (Fortim, 2022Fortim, I. (Org. ). (2022). Pesquisa da indústria brasileira de games. Abragames. ). No II Censo da Indústria Brasileira de realizado em 2018, a situação era parecida, tendo em vista que a área com maior distribuição de mulheres era marketing e vendas, com 36,6% do total de funcionários, e a de menor participação era programação e gestão de projetos, com apenas 10,8% (Sakuda & Fortim, 2018Sakuda, L. , & Fortim, I. (Orgs. ). (2018). II Censo da Indústria Brasileira de Jogos Digitais. Ministério da Cultura. ). Essa discrepância em participação é ainda mais gritante no que tange à liderança. Em 2020 foi divulgado pela Forbes o levantamento Scorecard, onde foi analisada a estrutura executiva das 14 principais empresas de games no mundo. Como resultado, obteve-se que, dos 144 cargos executivos dessas empresas, apenas 23 são ocupados por mulheres, ou seja, pouco menos de 16%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the representation of women in the gaming industry, focusing on statistics related to female participation in various roles. It does not provide any information regarding insects or animal diversity, making it irrelevant to the claim about insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the golden hamster: Immunohistochemical analysis of cell and fiber distribution Neuroscience 13: 415–431. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN (1986). Gamma-aminobutyrate, gastrin releasing peptide, serotonin, somatostatin, and vasopressin: ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization in presynaptic axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 17: 643–659. [PubMed] Rusak, B and Bina, KG (1990). Neurotransmitters in the mammalian circadian system Neurosci 13: 387–401. [PubMed] Reghunandanan, V, Reghunandanan, R and Marya, RK (1991). Vasopressin: its possible role in circadian time keeping Chronobiologia 18: 39–47. [PubMed] Abrahamson, EE and Moore, RY (2001). Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mouse: retinal innervation, intrinsic organization and efferent projections 916: 172–191. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN and Tsujimoto, KL (1985). Neurotransmitters of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus: Immunocytochemical analysis of 25 neuronal antigens Neuroscience 15: 1049–1086. [PubMed] Moore, RY (1983). Organization and function of a central nervous system oscillator: the suprachiasmatic nucleus 42: 2783–2789. [PubMed] and Sofroniew, MV (1991). Evidence for subdivisions in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus J 305: 508–525. [PubMed] Reghunandanan, V, Reghunandanan, R and Singh, PI (1993). Neurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: role in the regulation of circadian rhythms 41: 647–655. [PubMed] Hannibal, J (2002). Neurotransmitters of the retino-hypothalamic tract Res 309: 73–88. [PubMed] Harmar, AJ (2003). An essential role for peptidergic signalling in the control of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nuclei J Neuroendocrinol 15: 335–338. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its various neurotransmitters and roles in regulating circadian rhythms. References to multiple studies indicate that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is involved in the intricacies of circadian timing, thereby supporting the idea that it functions as a master regulator in this context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: General Comments:The research investigates the biodegradation of soil-biodegradable agricultural mulch films in freshwater lake sediments. The study highlights the importance of preventing the transport of these films from agricultural fields to neighboring aquatic ecosystems for sustainable waste management in agriculture. The method section provides a clear description of the experimental setup, although some aspects could be further improved for a more comprehensive analysis. Major Comments:and Trends: The paper should address the observed large individual sample variance and discuss the different trends shown in Figure 3, even though they are statistically insignificant. This could help readers better understand the variability in the results. Re: We have currently explained the different trends of the treatments in the results (line 240-269), while also stressing that these were not statistically significant. We have added and adjusted several sentences in this piece, also in reaction to comments by Reviewer 1. We have chosen to not further discuss the findings on the trends between the treatments in the discussion, because of their statistical insignificance. Discussing them in the discussion section would give more value to them then we considered appropriate given the statistics. We have added extra text on the individual sample variation within treatments to the discussion, to give possible explanations for this variation. This will allow the reader to assess the within- and between treatment variations better, we hope. (lines 315-325). Inclusion of Non-Results: Lines 223-234 appear to be non-results from another study and should be removed from the Results section. Focus solely on the findings of the current research. Re: Thank you for this observation, which is completely correct. We have removed this part from the results section. Microscope Results: The visualization of plastic film surfaces using microscopy is a significant aspect of the study. The results of the visualization, including details on fragmentation (micro and nanoplastics) and the presence of microbes, should be explicitly presented in the main text to enhance the paper's clarity. Re: We have deliberately given the microscopy part of this study a relatively small role, because it is not quantitative. We consider it an interesting extra method of assessing the degradation, but we have not used it in enough detail to allow a quantification of the fragmentation, for example. Therefore, we have included it in its current form. We hope that in this form, it remains clear to the reader that the microscopy part is additional, but cannot provide quantitative results on the degradation of the plastics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research on the biodegradation of plastics, specifically highlighting mechanisms involving microbes and fragmentation without confirming the natural decomposition of plastics in oceans within a few years. It mentions that the microscopy aspect, though providing insights on plastic fragmentation, does not quantify the degradation or support the idea that plastics will decompose without intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: O destaque positivo vai para o Google, que tem o maior equilíbrio de gêneros, com 41% de representatividade para mulheres, além da Warner Bros, que é a única empresa a ter uma mulher como CEO. Infelizmente, cinco dessas companhias não possuem nenhuma mulher em cargos executivos (Forbes, 2020Forbes. (2020, September). 20-First’s gender balance scorecard. Top 14 global gaming companies. Please wait. . . Gender balance loading. ). É importante destacar que tal assimetria de representatividade não é exclusividade do mercado de jogos digitais, mas sim um reflexo da sub-representação feminina no universo STEM (Ciência, Tecnologia, Engenharia e Matemática, na sigla em inglês), no qual essa indústria está inserida. Se por um lado as mulheres representam quase metade (45%) do total de trabalhadores formais no país, por outro elas não chegam a um terço (26%) no mercado STEM (Fernandes, 2021Fernandes, A. (2021). Mulheres são só 26% em profissões tecnológicas. Valor Investe. ) Objetivo e pergunta de pesquisa Considerando a relevância do mercado de jogos no Brasil, a pesquisa tem como pergunta norteadora: “Por que há baixa representatividade das mulheres na área de desenvolvimento da indústria de jogos digitais no Brasil? ”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about insect diversity as it discusses gender representation in the gaming industry and does not mention insects, animal diversity, or related ecological topics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] and Ferreyra, GA (2004). Signaling in the mammalian circadian clock: the NO/cGMP pathway 45: 929–936. [PubMed] Aton, SJ and Herzog, ED (2005). Come together, right. . . now: synchronization of rhythms in a mammalian circadian clock Neuron 48: 531–534. [PubMed] Moore, RY (1966). ed. Entrainment pathways and functional organization of the circadian system Hypothalamic integration of circadian rhythms Progress in Brain Research. 111Amsterdam Elsevier, 119. Shirakawa, T, Honma, S and Honma, K (2001). Multiple oscillators in the suprachiasmatic nucleus 18: 371–387. [PubMed] and Reppert, SM (1995). Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms Neuron 14: 697–706. [PubMed] and Honma, K (2004). Diversity in the circadian periods of single neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus depends on nuclear structure and intrinsic period 358: 173–176. [PubMed] and Herzel, H (2005). Spontaneous synchronization of coupled circadian oscillators 89: 120–129. [PubMed] Hastings, MH and Herzog, ED (2004). Clock genes, oscillators, and cellular networks in the suprachiasmatic nuclei J 19: 400–413. [PubMed] and Okamura, H (2003). Synchronization of cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Science 302: 1408–1412. [PubMed] Mai, JK, Tripel, J and Metz, J (1987). Neurotensin in the human brain Neuroscience 22: 499–524. [PubMed] Moore, RY (1992). ed. The organization of the human circadian timing system The human hypothalamus in health and disease. Amsterdam, Progress in Brain research Elsevier, 118. Romijn, HJ, van and Buijs, RM (1999). Colocalization of VIP with AVP in neurons of the human paraventricular, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nucleus 832: 47–53. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that investigate the functional organization of the circadian clock, particularly highlighting the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in rhythm synchronization and cellular interactions. The mention of 'multiple oscillators in the suprachiasmatic nucleus' and 'synchronization of cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus' supports the claim that the SCN is a critical regulatory structure for circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: Photodegradation Overlooked: The study's limitation of conducting experiments in dark conditions overlooks the potential of photodegradation, especially in shallow freshwater environments with strong sunlight (UV) penetration to sediment. This limitation should be discussed to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the degradation process. Re: Thank you for this suggestion. We have added text to the discussion on the relevance of photodegradation for plastic degradation in soil, shallow water, and deep water environments (lines 362 – 369). Minor comments:Duration of Incubation Period: While the 40-week incubation period appears reasonable, it would be beneficial to discuss whether this duration aligns with similar studies or if any limitations arise due to this timeframe. Re: In the discussion, we mention the duration and degradation during that time, of other studies (296-300) and we mention the potential problems regarding oxygen limitation in the methods section (153-156 and 194-197). Generalization to Other Environments: The research is conducted in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland, which may have unique environmental conditions. Therefore, caution should be exercised when generalizing the findings to other freshwater systems with different sediment and microbial characteristics. This should be mentioned in the paper's discussion section. Re: we have now added text on the need for future research on both priming effects of soil pre-incubation, and on the relevance of the lake sediment characteristics, to the discussion (383-395). Overall, the paper contributes new insights into the degradation of soil-biodegradable agricultural mulch films in freshwater lake sediments. Addressing the above-mentioned concerns would enhance the scientific robustness of the study and improve its potential impact in the field of sustainable waste management practices in agriculture. Re: Thank you for your help in improving this manuscript! Citation: AC4: 'Reply on AC2', Sigrid van Grinsven, 15 Aug 2023 I do not see a way to provide the reviewers or editor with the revised manuscript, but it is ready and can be made available immediately when requested. Citation: Peer review completion AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (review by editor) (30 Aug 2023) by and Carsten, thank you for providing your feedback to the reviewers. I see there was some confusion about our process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of studying plastic degradation under certain conditions, particularly emphasizing the significance of photodegradation in various environments. It suggests that plastics may degrade at different rates depending on environmental factors such as sunlight exposure, implying that natural decomposition may not occur as rapidly or uniformly as the claim suggests. This indicates that without human intervention and consideration of environmental factors, the timeframe for natural decomposition may vary significantly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: O objetivo deste estudo é identificar se existem barreiras (e, caso existam, quais são elas) para o aumento da representatividade das mulheres na força de trabalho da indústria de jogos no país, mais especificamente na área de desenvolvimento e programação de jogos digitais. Como contribuição prática, espera-se que tal pesquisa possa ser utilizada como fonte de dados para as empresas do setor, gerando eventuais mudanças estruturais transformadoras da realidade de baixa representatividade feminina na qual a indústria se encontra. O artigo se baseia no trabalho de Giovannetti (2023)Giovannetti, V. E. G. (2023). Elas são maioria do volume de jogadores, mas não programam: Por trás da baixa representatividade das mulheres na programação de jogos digitais no Brasil [Dissertação de ção Getulio Vargas]. FGV. . Referencial teórico A predominância de mulheres em certas profissões e sua sub-representação em outras têm raízes históricas. Várias barreiras eram impostas para que as mulheres conseguissem conquistar o setor produtivo, sendo o espaço público considerado uma ameaça à moralidade, pois acreditava-se que o trabalho fora do ambiente doméstico prejudicaria a educação das crianças, que cresceriam sem a vigilância das mães (Rago, 1997, como citado em Santos et al. , 2014Santos, E. F. dos, Diogo, M. F. , & Shucman, L. V. (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about insect diversity. Instead, it discusses barriers to women's representation in the gaming industry, which has no connection to the claim regarding insect diversity on Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Kalsbeek, A, van Heerikhuize, JJ, Wortel, J and Buijs, RM (1996). A diurnal rhythm of stimulatory input to the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system as revealed by timed intrahypothalamic administration of the vasopressin V1 antagonist J Neurosci 16: 5555–5565. [PubMed] and Buijs, RM (2000). Melatonin sees the light: blocking GABA-ergic transmission in the paraventricular nucleus induces daytime secretion of melatonin Neurosci 12: 3146–3154. [PubMed] Buijs, RM and Kalsbeek, A (2001). Hypothalamic integration of central and peripheral clocks Neurosci 2: 521–526. [PubMed] Colwell, CS and Menaker, M (1996). ed. Regulation of circadian rhythms by excitatory amino acids Excitatory amino acids: Their role in neuroendocrine function. New York: CRC Press, 252. Ebling, FJP (1996). The role of glutamate in the photic regulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus 50: 109–132. [PubMed] and Morin, LP (1988). Loss of entrainment and anatomical plasticity after lesions of the hamster retinohypothalamic tract 460: 297–313. [PubMed] Myers, MP, Wagner-Smith, K, Rothenfluh-Hilfiker, A and Young, MW (1996). Light induced degradation of and entrainment of the Drosophila circadian clock Science 271: 1736–1740. [PubMed] and Storm-Mathisen, J (1993). Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in retinal terminals of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus Neurosci 5: 368–381. [PubMed] and Fahrenkrug, J (2000). PACAP and glutamate are co-stored in the retinohypothalamic tract J 418: 147–155. [PubMed] Hannibal, J and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). Immunoreactive substance P is not part of the retinohypothalamic tract in the rat Res 309: 293–299. [PubMed] and Cutler, DJ (2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to various studies that discuss the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its role in regulating circadian rhythms. For instance, it mentions research concerning the integration of central and peripheral clocks, which supports the notion of the SCN being critical for orchestrating circadian rhythms. Additionally, there are mentions of how excitatory amino acids and specific photic regulation impact the SCN, which further underscores its significance in this regulatory function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: After 40 weeks, films were intact, and no significant CO2 or CH4 was produced from the biodegradable mulch films. We conclude that the mulch films we used have a low biodegradability in lake sediments. The sediment lacks the microbes needed to break down the biodegradable plastics that were used here. Hide Co-editor-in-chief The findings of this study are interesting to a broader audience as it demonstrates that supposedly biodegradable mulch films used for agricultural purposes remain unchanged in lake sediments over several months. The results indicate that lake sediments are a place of long-term storage rather than a place of degradation for this form of plastic. van Grinsven and Supplement Sigrid van Grinsven and 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023 Latest update: 02 Sep 2024 Sigrid van sigrid. van-grinsven@tum. de × Department of – Research and Management, Institute of and Technology (EAWAG), Seestrasse 79, Kastanienbaum, 6047, Schubert × Department of – Research and Management, Institute of and Technology (EAWAG), Seestrasse 79, Kastanienbaum, 6047, of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Institute of Technology, Zurich (ETH Zurich), Universitätstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (1157 KB) Metadata XML Supplement (2178 KB) revised paper The findings of this study are interesting to a broader audience as it demonstrates that supposedly biodegradable mulch films used for agricultural purposes remain unchanged in lake sediments over several months. The results indicate that lake sediments are a place of long-term storage rather than a place of degradation for this form of plastic. The findings of this study are interesting to a broader audience as it demonstrates that. . . Read more Short summary Agriculture relies heavily on plastic mulch films, which may be transported to aquatic environments. We investigated the mineralization of soil-biodegradable agricultural mulch films in lake sediments. After 40-weeks, films were intact and no extra CO2 or CH4 was produced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that biodegradable mulch films used in an aquatic environment, specifically lake sediments, remained unchanged after 40 weeks. It states that 'lake sediments are a place of long-term storage rather than a place of degradation for this form of plastic,' indicating that plastics do not decompose naturally in this context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Entre o não lugar e o protagonismo: Articulações teóricas entre trabalho, gênero e raça. Cadernos de do Trabalho, 17(1), 17-32. ). O acesso ao ensino superior, dessa maneira, era um dos primeiros obstáculos a serem vencidos pelas mulheres para sua habilitação à entrada no mercado de trabalho, e tal obstáculo se perpetuou até meados do século XX. O mais recente índice do nível de instrução por faixa etária calculado pelo IBGE (2021de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). (2021). Estatísticas de gênero: Indicadores sociais das mulheres no Brasil. IBGE. ) revela que, excepcionalmente, entre a população com 65 anos ou mais, as mulheres possuem nível de instrução inferior ao dos homens, evidenciando as restrições por elas enfrentadas no acesso à educação até poucas décadas atrás. Presas pelas amarras sociais do passado, as mulheres conquistaram lentamente seu espaço no mercado profissional em carreiras cuja interpenetração das esferas produtiva e reprodutiva é evidente, como enfermagem, psicologia e professoras de séries iniciais (Santos et al. , 2014Santos, E. F. dos, Diogo, M. F. , & Shucman, L. V. (2014). Entre o não lugar e o protagonismo: Articulações teóricas entre trabalho, gênero e raça. Cadernos de do Trabalho, 17(1), 17-32. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insects and animal diversity at all. Instead, it focuses on issues of gender, education, and the labor market, which are unrelated to the topic of biological diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Distribution of substance P and neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and intergeniculate leaflet of hamster, mouse, and rat J 438: 50–65. [PubMed] and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). The photopigment melanopsin is exclusively present in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-containing retinal ganglion cells of the retinohypothalamic tract J Neurosci 22: RC191. [PubMed] Piggins, HD and Rusak, B (1997). Effects of microinjections of substance P into the suprachiasmatic nucleus region on hamster wheel-running rhythms Bull 42: 451–455. [PubMed] and Moller, M (1992). Gating of retinal inputs through the suprachiasmatic nucleus: role of excitatory neurotransmission 27: 263–272. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1994). Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal circadian shifts by glutamate and NO Science 266: 1713–1717. [PubMed] and Meijer, JH (1994). The effects of electrical stimulation of the optic nerves and anterior optic chiasm on the circadian activity rhythm of the Syrian hamster: involvement of excitatory amino acids 642: 206–212. [PubMed] van der Want, J, de Wolf, A and Meijer, JH (1993). Glutamate immunoreactivity in terminals of the retinohypothalamic tract of the brown Norwegian rat 612: 231–237. [PubMed] Gannon, RL and Rea, MA (1994). In situ hybridization of antisense mRNA oligonucleotides for and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus at different phases of the circadian cycle Res 23: 338–344. [PubMed] and Biello, S (1999). Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide phase shifts circadian rhythms in a manner similar to light J Neurosci 19: 6637–6642. [PubMed] and Shibata, S (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various studies and references that demonstrate the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in regulating circadian rhythms. For instance, it mentions effects on hamster wheel-running rhythms and the role of neurotransmitters like glutamate in resetting the biological clock. These findings support the claim that the suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as a master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The ozone layer is no longer a concern and has completely repaired itself. [SEP] Text: " Emphasizing the importance of knowing, understanding and recognizing the partner in relationships, Dr. expressed that "Open communication is also important here. Relate to your partner about your personal experiences. Be courteous and attentive in all situations. Talk about the positive aspects of your relationship. " Sometimes having too much time is a stress factor! Drawing attention to the lack of time for well-being, Dr. said that research shows that not using time efficiently can cause stress for positive relationships, not lack of time. Dr. Rashid expressed that "Sometimes having too much time can be a stressor. ” Stating that it is also important to establish a balance in time for a healthy relationship, Dr. Rashid also noted that couples allocating their free time to productive activities will transform and develop people. Advice to couples to put aside the search for perfection. . . Stating that it is necessary for people to accept the problematic aspects of themselves and their partners for a positive relationship, Dr. made the following suggestions to couples: "Put aside the search for perfection. Gratitude is very important. A small expression of appreciation is important. To be forgiving and to be able to share experiences. " Emphasizing that happiness does not only mean buying the latest phone, Dr. stated that small laughter and conversations between couples, watering a small sapling, paying for the coffee of a person you do not know, respecting nature, hugging will also make you feel happy, and said that it is not necessary to look strong as we have always been taught. Expressing that spirituality is also important in his research in positive psychology. Dr. Rashid emphasized the importance of having rituals and the healing power of spirituality rather than an abstract spirituality. Rashid also noted that systems of spirituality need to be explored. Dr. was presented with a plaque after his speech. On the second day of the congress, pilot applications were discussed At the congress, Assoc. Prof. from the University of Pristina made a presentation on "Ruminations and Depression: Development and of Rumination-Interventions for Services in Kosovo". "Modern Psychotraumatology" panel was held In the panel on "Modern Psychotraumatology", Prof. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to relationships and psychology rather than environmental issues or the status of the ozone layer. It does not provide any information that supports, contrasts, or is related to the health of the ozone layer.