Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of any material studied before bed. [SEP] Text: However, as the light-induced influences on NREM sleep and wakefulness showed an extended effect after the cessation of light (Figure 3d–e), with behaviors taking around 60 s to return to the basal state, we sought to identify whether optogenetic inhibition of VTAGad67+ neurons also causes prolonged wakefulness. We, therefore, isolated the trials depending on sleep-wakefulness states just before light illumination in the cases of wakefulness, NREM, or REM sleep (with the same state lasting ≥30 s before light illumination). Surprisingly, we found that optogenetic inhibition of VTAGad67+ neurons in the state of wakefulness prolonged the time spent in wakefulness in all sorted trials compared to behavior of the control group (Figure 3f, ACR2: 35 ± 5 s, mCherry: 8 ± 8 s; p=0. 02, unpaired t-test). Again, REM sleep was not affected. Therefore, these data showed that in vivo optogenetic inhibition of VTAGad67+ neurons promoted and sustained wakefulness in mice. This result clearly suggested that VTAGad67+ neurons have a role in the regulation of not only NREM sleep but also wakefulness. Video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as inhibition of VTAGad67+ neurons during NREM sleep, REM sleep, and wakefulness. Blue light (475 ± 18 nm, 10 mW, 5 s) was illuminated in the VTA area in each vigilance state to inhibit ACR2-expressing VTAGad67+ neurons. and light stimulation signals appear at the top of the window. Video 2 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg mCherry control of optogenetic inhibition during NREM sleep, REM sleep, and wakefulness. Blue light (475 ± 18 nm, 10 mW, 5 s) was illuminated in the VTA area in each vigilance state in mCherry-expressing Gad67-Cre mice. and light stimulation signals appear at the top of the window. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that REM sleep was not affected by the experimental manipulations, and it discusses the effects of inhibiting specific neurons on wakefulness rather than retention of studied material. This implies that REM sleep does not play a clear role in retaining information, thus disputing the idea that it guarantees perfect retention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Computational cognitive neuroscience is an emerging field that seeks to understand human cognition by building computational models that express theories of how the brain gives rise to cognition. To test whether these models operate in a similar way to the human mind, scientists compare their performance with findings from work in cognitive psychology studying human performance. For over a century, psychologists have conducted experiments that use cognitive tasks to characterise the mental functions people use when solving problems, generating a wealth of data on human perception, memory, decision making, language learning, emotions, etc. These experiments have also revealed how the mind functions when the brain is disrupted, for example through injury or psychiatric conditions. In more recent years, neuroscientists have uncovered the structural organisation of the brain at different scales, from individual neurons to large brain regions. They have characterised the functions that different brain structures perform in tasks such as perception, memory and movement. These data are combined to build computational models of the human brain, enabling scientists to test how the operation of different brain mechanisms gives rise to different psychological functions. Understanding this relationship will not only provide insights into how disruptions to brain functions can be corrected but will also help scientists understand how to better implement intelligence in machines. Examples of computational cognitive neuroscience models Reward learning and prediction error Many of the ways in which we exhibit intelligence are not exclusive to humans. Animals are born into complex environments where they learn about potential rewards (e. g. , food) and dangers (e. g. , predators). While millions of years of evolution have programmed certain instincts into animals (such as ‘seek food’ and ‘run away from mouths with lots of sharp teeth’), they also exhibit the capacity for adaptive learning. The ability of (human and non-human) animals to adaptively learn how to behave can be simplified into a computational model. For example, a simple model might simulate how an animal holds a recent sensory input (such as a scent) in its memory, then uses that information as a predictor for the outcome of what happens next. For example, if the animal smells a berry then finds food, or smells a fox then almost gets eaten, then the next time the animal encounters that same sensory input, it can predict that a similar outcome will occur and either approach the reward or avoid the danger. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about birds mimicking human speech perfectly. It discusses computational cognitive neuroscience, animal learning, and cognitive psychology without mentioning birds or their ability to mimic speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: And in the glossary of the for the Environment considers biosecurity to be “The exclusion, eradication and effective management of pests and unwanted organisms into New Zealand. ” The OECD developed best practice guidelines for biosecurity at ancillary facilities, defining it as “institutional and personal security measures and procedures designed to prevent the loss, theft, misuse, diversion or intentional release of pathogens, or parts of them, and toxin-producing organisms, as well as such toxins that are held, transferred and/or supplied by Centres”. 2018. Available: Last accessed 26 Sept 2019Bergeson LL et al (2015) The DNA of the U. S. Regulatory system: are we getting it right for synthetic biology. Center, October 2015 2016. IA (2015) Synthetic biology as a new threat to biosecurity. Is there a road to suitable governance? Bioterrorismo y bioseguridad 65–110 1103. : 170202_11 2. 0. & to Promote Biosecurity, 19 November 2017 1151. Decisions 38(2):170–176 10. 4172/2157-2526. 1000163McLeish C, (2007) Biosecurity, bioterrorism and the governance of science: the increasing convergence of science and security policy. 36:1635–165410. 17226/10827Book 2016. Available: SCCS (2015) Final opinion on synthetic biology III: risks to the environment and biodiversity related to synthetic biology and research priorities in the field of synthetic biology. 2015. SCCS (2014) Opinion on synthetic biology 1: definition. 2014. A (2006) Precaution, foresight and sustainability: reflection and reflexivity in the governance of science and technology. 225 2012. Available at: Accessed 18 Jan 2020Organization (2015) The independent advisory group on public health implications of synthetic biology technology related to smallpox. WHO/HSE/PED/2015. Organization, Geneva. Available at: Accessed 20 Dec 2019ZKBS (2018) Synthetic biology. 2nd Interim report of the Committee on Biological Safety, June 2018 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of biosecurity, environmental risks, and governance in the context of synthetic biology. It mentions biosecurity's role in managing threats from pathogens and toxin-producing organisms, as well as references specific guidelines and opinions that relate to the ethics and risks associated with synthetic biology. This aligns with the claim that identifies similar ethical concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of any material studied before bed. [SEP] Text: However, to our surprise, even under such a higher sleep pressure condition, optogenetic inhibition of VTAGad67+ neurons could successfully and immediately induce wakefulness in all trials (Figure 4b and c). Once again, induced-wakefulness displayed an extended effect after cessation of light, whereby it took 54 ± 14 s to return to NREM sleep. Taken together, these results suggest that VTAGad67+ neurons might be involved in the initiation and maintenance of physiological NREM sleep. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Optogenetic inhibition of VTAGad67+ neurons induced wakefulness even under conditions of high homeostatic sleep pressure. (a) Schematic of the protocol of the experiment. (b) power spectra, and EMG before and after optogenetic inhibition during recovery sleep after 4 hr sleep deprivation. (c) Summary of the experiment in (a) showing the probability of each vigilance state before and after blue light illumination. Colored circles and lines indicate mean probability of each vigilance state and shaded area indicates SEM (ACR2-2A-mCherry: n = 6 mice and mCherry alone: n = 5 mice). Figure 4—source data 1 Source data for Figure 4c. Download elife-44928-fig4-data1-v2. xlsx VTAGad67+ neurons showed the highest population activity during NREM sleep Our chemogenetic activation and optogenetic inhibition studies suggest that the in vivo activity of VTAGad67+ neurons might change across brain states with putatively higher activity during NREM sleep. To test this hypothesis, we recorded the population activity of VTAGad67+ neurons using fiber photometry (Inutsuka et al. , 2016). A Cre-inducible AAV expressing the fluorescent calcium indicator GCaMP6f (Chen et al. , 2013) was unilaterally injected into the VTA of Gad67-Cre mice (n = 8 mice; Figure 5a and Figure 5—figure supplement 1a). First, we tested whether GCaMP6f signal from VTAGad67+ neurons correspond to firing frequency in vitro (Figure 5—figure supplement 1b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses neuronal activity in NREM sleep and the effects of optogenetic inhibition on sleep patterns. There is no mention or support regarding the role of REM sleep in retention of studied material, hence it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: When the prediction is accurate (the animal smells another berry then finds more food), this strengthens the association between the input stimulus and the response, while if the prediction is wrong, the association is weakened. Over time, the animal adaptively learns what stimuli will lead to different rewards and adversities. However, while this sort of stimulus-response learning can lead to efficient behaviour, it can be inflexible. What happens if the circumstances change (e. g. , the bush contains no more berries)? Cognitive control and flexibility While such association formation is a powerful and ubiquitous form of learning in animals, it can also be inflexible. Humans exhibit a remarkable ability to flexibly overcome such associations — and even basic reflexes — when needed. For example, if a person is instructed not to scratch an itch, they are able to do so (though it may be uncomfortable! ). Simple as this seems, it shows that with a simple instruction, a person can instantaneously overcome the millions of years of evolution that produced that reflex (even reptiles scratch itches! ). This ability is not matched by any other species. This flexibility can also be demonstrated using a simple cognitive experiment known as the Stroop task. In this task, a person is shown the written name of a colour displayed in a different colour than the word (e. g. , GREEN). If they are told to respond to this stimulus out loud, they almost universally do so by reading the word (i. e. , saying ‘green’) and almost never report the colour. This is because the association between the written word and verbal response is useful in many settings (e. g. , reading) and so is strongly learnt, much like the association of the location of a berry bush with reward. However, if the person is instructed to report the colour (i. e. , say ‘red’), they can do so (although they may find it challenging). This relies on the capacity for cognitive control — the ability to take an instruction (or internal intention) and use it to override a strongly learnt association or instinctive reflex to achieve a different goal (e. g. , naming the colour or not worsening the inflammation causing the itch). Cognitive control and task evaluation When performing tasks, there is a trade-off between flexibility and efficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses animal learning and cognitive control but does not address the claim about birds mimicking human speech. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: (ICT) influence the way privacy, personal data protection, civil and political rights and the right to decent working conditions can be protected. Novel agricultural or food technologies can affect socio-economic rights of farmers and consumers. Human rights are not absolute: trade-offs between different rights must be found in a continuing balancing act, e. g. between academic freedom for life scientists and biosecurity for society at large. Footnote 4Justice is a concept which intrinsically calls for balancing the rights of different individuals and social communities. New technology tends to impact this balance in different ways. For example, the right to ownership presupposes a delicate balance between protection of intellectual property for inventors and companies versus the universal right to reap the fruits of progress in science for the common good. As new technologies emerge, this balance may shift. For example, the on Ethics highlighted potential ethical issues related to protection of intellectual property raised by innovation in nanomedicine: “According to the current regulatory system for patenting, some exemptions are allowed with regard to the patentability of therapeutic and surgical procedures. The exemptions in the present patent system are based on a balance of interests whereby diagnosis, therapy and research should be available to patients without patents being a hindrance. This is likely to be blurred because the new nanomaterials may logically fall within more than one category. To protect the ethical position that has led to these exemptions it is important to ensure that patents in these new areas do not alter the current balance. There are risks of overly broad patents being granted that may hinder their therapeutic availability. This is also the case for nanomedicine. ” (EGE 2007). In addition, fairness may be affected if technology gives rise to a changing gap between haves and have-nots. New surveillance technologies can facilitate shifting the balance between liberty and security towards securitization by “big brothers” (governments monitoring the movements of citizens without a reasonable ground) and “little sisters” (private companies and citizens spying on each other). Footnote 5Dual use technologies sit squarely at the crossroads between war and peace, which are the focus of several philosophical ethical theories including pacifismFootnote 6 and the Theory. Footnote 7 The former prohibits the use of violence to solve conflicts between states, while the latter imposes threshold for political decisions to go to war (Jus ad Bellum) and humanitarian rules for conduct of armed forces during a war (Jus in Bello). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address ethical concerns in synthetic biology, instead discussing various issues related to privacy, personal data protection, and the balance of rights in the context of new technologies such as nanomedicine and surveillance technologies. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim about synthetic biology, making it largely irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of any material studied before bed. [SEP] Text: The fluorescence intensity from GCaMP6f was increased in an evoked firing frequency-dependent manner (n = 13 cells; Figure 5—figure supplement 1c–e, ΔF/F (%, normalized to 100 Hz), 10 Hz: 9. 2 ± 3. 0, 20 Hz: 23. 0 ± 5. 4, 50 Hz: 52. 1 ± 6. 2). Next, activity recordings were performed in vivo by a fiber optic inserted into the VTA area (Figure 5—figure supplement 2b). Offline determination of vigilance states was aided by signals from EEG-EMG electrodes (Figure 5a–b). Both fluorescence and EEG-EMG were recorded during the light period in the home cage after habituation. We observed robust changes in the fluorescence signal across brain states (Figure 5c, Figure 5—figure supplement 1f). To facilitate the statistical analyses of mean ΔF/F among vigilance states, we compared the fluorescence signal at the transition of vigilance states. We found that VTAGad67+ neurons show the highest population activity during NREM and the lowest during REM sleep (Figure 5d, Figure 5—figure supplement 1f). Notably, VTAGad67+ neurons began to increase their activity before wake-to-NREM transitions (mean ΔF/F: Wake: 2. 9 ± 0. 4%, NREM: 3. 8 ± 0. 4%, p=2. 5e-6) and decrease their activity before NREM-to-REM (mean ΔF/F: NREM: 5. 0 ± 0. 5%, REM: 2. 7 ± 0. 3%, p=2. 4e-5) and NREM-to-wake (mean ΔF/F: NREM: 3. 8 ± 0. 5%, wake: 3. 0 ± 0. 4%, p=2. 4e-4) transitions. However, the changes in signal from REM-to-wake (mean ΔF/F: REM: 2. 9 ± 0. 4%, wake: 3. 7 ± 0. 5%, p=0. 02) was comparatively less significant and occurred only after the onset of state transition. Most interestingly, the population activity of VTAGad67+ neurons was found to be completely contrary to DA neuronal activity in the VTA (Dahan et al. , 2007; Eban-Rothschild et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing neural activity during REM sleep, indicating that not only is the population activity of VTAGad67+ neurons low during REM sleep, but also that there are significant decreases in neuronal activity as the brain transitions into this state. This suggests a potential lack of optimal conditions for retention of information, implicitly arguing against the idea that REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of materials.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: The human brain has a remarkable ability to switch between these two modes of operation, from efficient behaviour based on past learning to more flexible forms of behaviour that, although not quite as efficient, allow us to adapt quickly and effectively to new situations. One example of this is typing: almost anyone can quickly learn to use a keyboard, by typing one figure at a time. This works for any keyboard, whether it is on a computer or a piano, but it is not very efficient. With practice, people can learn to use a particular keyboard with tremendous efficiency, but they might not transfer very well to a different keyboard (e. g. , from a computer to a musical instrument). One of the primary functions of cognitive control is to decide when each type of behaviour is best, and guide behaviour accordingly. Human memory Memories are characterised by their duration (long-term memories last days to years; short-term memories last minutes to hours; working memories are actively maintained in your current awareness) and function (episodic memories are recollections of specific events, such as your tenth birthday party; semantic memories are ones about regularities and structure in the world, such the knowledge that birds fly while mammals (for the most part) do not). Different kinds of memory serve different functions. For example, episodic memories will help you make predictions in specific contexts, while semantic memories will help you make predictions across a wide variety of contexts. Long-term memories contain information that is occasionally useful and can be retrieved from storage when that information is relevant, while short-term memories contain information that was recently accessed and still needed for the current task (either newly encountered information or a long-term memory that was recently retrieved from storage). Another important role of cognitive control is to decide which type of memory is most useful for a particular problem, and to use that memory system for storage and/or retrieval. Computational modelling has been useful in gaining a better understanding of how the brain carries out all these functions, from reward learning to the role of cognitive control in the use of memory for planning and problem solving, all of which contribute to the capacity for intelligent behaviour. Tools for computational modelling The hardware and software used for computational models of intelligence are continually evolving as computer scientists, psychologists and neuroscientists work to solve problems and drive progress in the field. As computational practices change over time, with computational tools and programming languages continually evolving, computational modelling faces many challenges regarding the development of models in each field. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses cognitive control, memory types, and computational modeling without mentioning birds or their ability to mimic human speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: In 2013–15, 13 funded several biosecurity projects in Armenia, focusing on food safety risk assessment, and the work of ministries for emergencies, agriculture, public health, and livestock disease surveillance. The USA and EU have also invested in infrastructural laboratory safety and building human capacity to comply with biosafety protocols including the WHO biosafety manual. Armenian researchers including Avetisyan et al. (2017) surveyed the status quo in medical laboratories and recommended introducing biosafety manuals and training for the personnel. Likewise, Danielyan and Mnatsakanyan (2017) recommended setting up training, working groups and investment in biosafety and biosecurity measures. Indeed, such training and capacity building has continued since then. For example, in 2018, the (ISTC) organised seven workshops in Armenia to strengthen laboratory biosafety, training 75 participants from 38 laboratories, with EU funding. In addition, ISTC organised a seminar on dual use export control in Yerevan. Footnote 145. 7 DilemmasWhile most of the capacity building on dual use export control focused on transferring knowledge on national and international legal requirements and on technological and infrastructural safeguards for implementing biosecurity and biosafety, in the we raised some ethical dilemmas connected to dual use life sciences and biosecurity issues. The first addressed what would be an appropriate balance between openness and confidentiality in academic dual use research. The second addressed balancing public and private responsibilities in governing biosecurity. The third addressed the acceptability of do-it-yourself biology with dual use potential. All three cases were based on ethical issues which had been discussed in other countries, where private biotechnology companies and do-it-yourself biology laboratories were more common than in Armenia. For example, some participating young researchers had not heard about do-it-yourself biology and were concerned about the implications of allowing this outside of the institutional oversight in universities. As most of the dual use life sciences research in Armenia is academic at Levels 1–5, Malsch (2013) would recommend dialogue to reach agreement on the appropriate balance between fostering academic freedom and protection biosafety and biosecurity. The capacity building activities including training staff in biosafety and biosecurity measures are suitable ways to foster such dialogue. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various biosecurity projects and ethical dilemmas related to biosecurity and biosafety. It highlights the concerns raised about dual use life sciences, particularly the balance between openness and confidentiality in research, as well as public and private responsibilities in governing biosecurity. These aspects directly relate to ethical concerns in synthetic biology that revolve around environmental risks and unintended consequences associated with synthetic biology practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of any material studied before bed. [SEP] Text: Two weeks later, we bilaterally implanted fiber optics at a diameter of 400 µm above the LH (Figure 8a and b). After recovery and habituation, blue light (20 Hz, 10 mW) was applied for 60 min in the dark period when mice were awake and active (Figure 8c). Interestingly, blue light illumination into the LH resulted in decreased wakefulness and increased NREM sleep in the ChR2-expressing mice, whereas hrGFP-expressing mice showed no such effects (Figure 8c–e, in ChR2-expressing mice: wakefulness (in min) Pre: 55. 0 ± 2. 2, Stimulation: 29. 2 ± 1. 7, Post: 53. 3 ± 2. 1; p=7. 3e-8 vs Pre, p=2. 7e-7 vs Post, NREM (in min) Pre: 4. 3 ± 1. 8, Stimulation: 29. 9 ± 1. 8, Post: 6. 0 ± 1. 9, p=0 vs Pre, p=5. 5e-8 vs Post, one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey). Again, the REM sleep remained unaffected (Figure 8c–e, in ChR2-expressing mice: REM (in min) Pre: 0. 7 ± 0. 5, Stimulation: 0. 9 ± 0. 3, Post: 0. 7 ± 0. 4, p=0. 94 vs Pre, p=0. 95 vs Post, one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey). These results suggest that VTAGad67+ neurons promote NREM sleep, at least in part, through their projection to the LH. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Activation of VTAGad67+ nerve terminals in the LH promoted NREM sleep. (a) Schematic of the projection specific optogenetic activation. (b) Schematic and immunohistochemistry of fiber implantation in the LH. Top right panel shows merged fluorescence image depicted in the coronal brain map. Lower panels indicate enlarged images of the boxed area shows VTAGad67+ terminals near orexin neurons in the LH. (c) Representative traces showing spectra, and EMG while mice experienced 20 Hz blue light stimulation (left: start of light illumination, right: stop of light illumination). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that REM sleep remained unaffected during the experiment, as shown by the statistics provided (p=0.94 vs Pre, p=0.95 vs Post). This suggests that sleep phases other than REM sleep, specifically NREM sleep, might be primarily influencing sleep effects, which challenges the assertion that REM sleep ensures perfect retention of studied material.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Ideally, there would be a universal programming language that could be used by all researchers who were interested in building models of the human brain and intelligence, which would make it easy for them to exchange and make use of each other’s models. In reality, there are many different types of models in use, written in many different programming languages, and each research project must consider trade-offs and make decisions that will influence the investigation and resulting computational models. To ensure continued progress in the field of computational cognitive neuroscience, it would be helpful if these many different computational models of human brain function and intelligence could be brought into the same framework so they could be evaluated, deconstructed and recombined into new models. PsyNeuLink is one experimental effort to do this. What is PsyNeuLink? PsyNeuLink is a platform developed by researchers in the Neuroscience of Lab at in the US. It is a modelling environment for building the computational models used by neuroscientists, psychologists and computer scientists to explore brain functions and psychological behaviours, and their relationship with artificial intelligence. In PsyNeuLink, scientists can construct different components of their models and integrate them into the modelling environment, where they can run the models as simulations and analyse their interactions. The aim is to develop a common repository for model-sharing, allowing scientists working on different computational cognitive neuroscience projects to access the best modelling tools for uncovering how the brain gives rise to human intelligence, and how this can be implemented in machines. Neuroscience of of research: Neuroscience, Psychology, Research project: Investigating the neuroscientific and psychological mechanisms behind cognition and intelligence using computational models Funders: US of Health (NIH), Foundation (NSF), Office of Websites ncclab. princeton. edu www. psyneulink. org Pathway from school to computational cognitive neuroscience • As computational cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field combining psychology, neuroscience and computer science, a degree in any of these subjects could lead to a career in the field. • A wide range of other subjects is also relevant for uncovering the mechanisms behind intelligence. For example, members of the Neuroscience of Lab come from many different backgrounds, including machine learning, data science, electrical engineering, medicine, physics and philosophy. • Coding and computer programming are key skills for developing computational models, so look for free online tutorials where you can learn, such as Code Academy: www. codecademy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses computational cognitive neuroscience and the efforts in modelling brain functions, without mentioning birds or their abilities to mimic human speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: In addition, the research performed in the facilities should be accompanied by dual use risk and technology assessment, to monitor emerging biosafety and biosecurity risks. During the RRI Course, we pointed out the limitations of legal instruments for governing dual use life sciences and called for collective responsibility for dual use research in a “web of prevention” perspective (Dando 2000; Rappert and McLeish 2007). In this case, regulation is not enough, because lifesaving and economically useful research is inherently dual use. In addition, rapid progress in science and technology undermines existing legislation. Collective responsibility for frontier research implies distinct role responsibilities for the involved actors. Governments should perform oversight, improve regulation, and organise public and stakeholder dialogue. Scientists should contribute their expertise in science for policy, train students, develop and abide by codes of conduct, conduct confidence building peer review, participate in academic and public dialogue, and apply their knowledge in safer-by-design research. Companies handling dual use biological materials including pharmaceutical and food producing industry should take their corporate social responsibility, develop and abide by biosafety and biosecurity codes of conduct, inform policy makers about innovations which could influence the current legal framework governing biosecurity, host site visits as part of confidence building measures, and participate in public and stakeholder dialogue. NGOs should contribute to raising public awareness of biosecurity issues, campaign for governmental oversight of dual use life sciences activities, and participate in public dialogue. Citizens should also participate in public dialogue. 5. 8 Conclusions and RecommendationsBesides knowledge transfer, the course programme featured lively discussions about the role of scientists in the contemporary Armenian society. Several participants were keen on developing skills in science communication. Inspired by existing codes of conduct including the IAP Statement on Biosecurity, the participants expressed the intention to develop an “Apaga Declaration” including common ethical principles governing their research. The development of such a new contextualised declaration is more important than simply endorsing an existing code because the underlying rationale is to raise awareness about ethical issues and to stimulate scientists to reflect on the decisions they take in their daily practice. In addition to investing in infrastructural and institutional conditions ensuring biosafety and biosecurity, it is important to continuously train young generations of scientists in laboratory safety practices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of monitoring emerging biosafety and biosecurity risks in synthetic biology. It highlights the dual use of life sciences and emphasizes collective responsibility among stakeholders for biosafety and biosecurity. Additionally, it indicates the necessity of raising awareness about ethical issues and suggests that the development of ethical guidelines is crucial for framing these concerns in the context of synthetic biology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of any material studied before bed. [SEP] Text: reported that activation of either the cell bodies of GABAergic neurons in the core of NAc or their axonal terminals in the VP evoked slow wave sleep (Oishi et al. , 2017b). In addition, activation of GABAergic neurons in the basal forebrain, which includes the VP, produced wakefulness, whereas their inhibition induced sleep (Anaclet et al. , 2015). These facts suggest that inhibition of GABAergic neurons in the VP is a critical pathway to generate slow waves in NREM sleep. We also found that VTAGad67+ neurons moderately project to the VP. Therefore, we reasoned that VTAGad67+ neurons projecting to the VP might be involved in the generation of slow wave sleep. Population activity recordings across vigilance states shows that DA neurons in the VTA exhibit higher activity in REM sleep versus either wake or NREM sleep (Eban-Rothschild et al. , 2016). On the contrary, VTAGad67+ neurons exhibit a completely opposite activity pattern from that of DA neurons across vigilance states, with highest activity during NREM sleep (Figure 5). This suggests an existing functional interaction between DA and Gad67+ neurons in the VTA. Using in vivo single unit recordings in rats, Lee et al. found wake- and REM-active neurons, suggesting that there might be several types of neurons (Lee et al. , 2001). Our fiber photometry data showed that VTAGad67+ neurons exhibit weak activity even during wakefulness. This might suggest that VTAGad67+ neurons are also comprised of several subtypes. However, most VTAGad67+ neurons are predominantly active in NREM sleep. Therefore, additional research is needed to clarify any electrophysiological, anatomical, and/or functional variations of GABAergic neurons in the VTA. Very recently, Yu et al. reported that coordinated interaction between GABA and glutamate neurons in the VTA regulates sleep/wakefulness in mice (Yu et al. , 2019). Although this study similarly found a NREM-sleep promoting role of neurons, the in vivo activity of neurons was quite different from our observations with the highest activity observed during wake and REM sleep. One difference between studies was that Yu et al. used Vgat-Cre mice (Cre recombinase is targeted to the slc32a1 gene) and we used Gad67-Cre mice to target GABAergic neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the roles of different neurons during various sleep states, particularly highlighting that population activity recordings show DA neurons exhibit increased activity in REM sleep compared to wake and NREM sleep. However, the focus on sleep EEG patterns and their association with retention is absent, indicating that REM sleep does not directly guarantee perfect retention of material studied before sleep; rather it suggests complex dynamics involving sleep stages and neuronal activity that may influence memory retention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: com Meet members of the Neuroscience of ís Role: Postdoctoral researcher Fields of research: Neuroscience, I have always been very curious about the world. I am not only interested in science, but also in history, politics, literature, art and music. I chose to become a researcher in the hope of contributing a little bit to humanity’s body of knowledge. As a cognitive scientist, I study learning and treat it as an investment, and I investigate when it is worthwhile to make that investment and when it isn’t. For example, if your teacher suddenly announces there will be a test tomorrow, you could lose sleep trying to review all your notes, but you might not be able to retain much information. However, if your teacher announces there will be a test next week, then you could dedicate some time every day to revise and you are likely to learn and remember more, so your learning investment will be more worthwhile. I use a combination of simulations and behavioural measurements during games to study how we decide to invest in learning. I’ve found that this decision depends on several factors, such as how much time you have to learn, how fast you think you’ll learn, what your reward for learning will be and how far in the future it is. I’ve also discovered that there’s a key trade-off between satisfying immediate needs (i. e. , instant gratification) and how quickly you’ll learn a new task. Science is about communication and collaboration, plus some well-intended conflict, to resolve which theories are correct and which are incorrect. I love working with my colleagues as there’s nothing more satisfying than encountering curious, energetic people who want to work together to figure out cool stuff! You don’t have to actually study brains to ‘study the brain’. Research is so vast that there are many different ways to contribute to the field of neuroscience. For example, while I am technically a brain scientist, I hardly ever deal with specific brain regions. Instead, I study the problems the brain solves, which generates important findings for other scientists who study the brain itself. When I’m not studying neuroscience, I play drums in an alternative rock band. We are called (www. burneholiday. com), we have been playing together since college and we now have two albums and several cool cover songs. I love playing with the group! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the author's background in neuroscience, their research interests, and personal hobbies without mentioning any bird species or their ability to mimic human speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Threats of paper Biosecurity for : for paper First Online: 08 September 2021 pp 1–12 Cite this conference paper You have full access to this open access conference paper Download book PDF Download book of for : for book PDF Download book. Trump5, Marie-Valentine Florin6, Edward Perkins7 & …Igor Linkov5 Show authors Part of the book series: NATO Science for Peace and C: ((NAPSC)) 5623 Accesses 2 1. 1 to the Dual-of Emerging BiotechnologySynthetic biology uses engineering-based modeling and building techniques to modify existing organisms and microbes or to construct them from scratch. The rate of development and research related to synthetic biology for both industry and academia has increased over the past two decades (Ahteensuu 2017), with applications in medicine (new vaccines, delivery of therapeutics, and treatments), energy (biofuels), environmental remediation, food production, and general industry (detergents, adhesives, perfumes) (Evans and Selgelid 2015; Gronvall 2015). While synthetic biology heralds advances in these fields, its techniques could also be adapted for malicious purposes and used by terrorist organizations, rogue actors, or hostile nations to create dangerous pathogens, invasive organisms, or other disruptive biological agents (Yeh et al. 2012). Such potential makes synthetic biology a dual-use research area of concern (DURC) since the same techniques can be used to benefit or harm people, animals, environments, or nations (Getz and Dellaire 2018). Indeed, there have been 35 confirmed cases of biological weapons deployment between 1970 and 2014 (Franconi et al. 2018). Thus far, the use of advanced biotechnologies for weapons production has mostly been pursued by state-actors. However, synthetic biological weapons are expected to become a larger concern as the field advances and they become increasingly adopted by malicious sub-state or non-state actors (Gronvall 2018). Synthetic biology raises the possibility that pathogenic bioweapons could be designed, developed, and deployed in new ways that diverge from the disease-causing characteristics of naturally occurring pathogens (NAS 2018). Traditionally, only known pathogens found naturally in the environment, such as B. anthracis and Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ethical considerations related to synthetic biology, particularly focusing on biosecurity threats. It mentions that the techniques of synthetic biology can be adapted for malicious purposes and that there are concerns regarding the potential deployment of biological weapons by various actors. This aligns with the claim that ethical concerns in synthetic biology include biosecurity threats, as well as the possibility of environmental risks associated with creating harmful pathogens and invasive organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of any material studied before bed. [SEP] Text: Mice were submitted to complete sleep deprivation, through the gentle handling method, which consists of keeping the animal awake by gently touching them with a soft brush if behavioral signs of sleep were observed. Mice were sleep-deprived for 4 hr, starting at light onset. Mice were then allowed to experience recovery sleep for 30 min. Optogenetic inhibition was performed during the recovery sleep. Acute brain slice preparation Request a detailed protocol Preparation of acute brain slices and subsequent electrophysiological recordings were performed as previously reported with a slight modification (Chowdhury and Yamanaka, 2016). Briefly, mice were decapitated under isoflurane (Industries) anesthesia and the brain was quickly isolated and chilled in an ice-cold cutting solution (in mM: 110 K-gluconate, 15 KCl, 0. 05 EGTA, 5 HEPES, 26. 2 NaHCO3, 25 glucose, 3. 3 MgCl2 and 0. 0015 (±)−3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid) gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Coronal slices of 300 µm thickness containing either VTA or LH were prepared using a vibratome (VT-1200S; Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) and were temporarily placed in an incubation chamber containing a bath solution (in mM: 124 NaCl, 3 KCl, 2 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2, 1. 23 NaH2PO4, 26 NaHCO3 and 25 glucose) gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 in a 35°C water bath for 30–60 min. Slices were then incubated at room temperature in the same incubation chamber for another 30–60 min for recovery. In vitro electrophysiology Request a detailed protocol After the recovery period, acute brain slices were transferred to a recording chamber (RC-26G; Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT). The recording chamber was equipped with an upright fluorescence microscope (BX51WI; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) stage and was superfused with a 95% O2 and 5% CO2-gassed bath solution at a rate of 1. 5 ml/min using a peristaltic pump (Dynamax; Rainin, Oakland, CA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the effects of sleep deprivation and recovery sleep on mice, without providing evidence that REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of studied material. It details experimental protocols involving sleep deprivation and subsequent brain slice preparations, which do not correlate with the assertion that REM sleep ensures perfect retention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Javier’s top tip Cultivate your curiosity! The world becomes a much more interesting place when you start wondering how things work and why things are the way they are. Role: Graduate student Field of research: I was interested in many topics when I was younger, including reading fiction, economics, computer science, robotics and debating. I didn’t know what I wanted to do with my career, so I explored all these different interests through high school. It wasn’t until my second year of college that I decided I wanted to be a cognitive scientist. I work on understanding how memory can be used in abstract problem solving. I am particularly interested in how humans can learn so quickly from such little data – something that is currently very challenging for AI. I’ve discovered that we can take advantage of the relationships between concepts we’ve already learnt, which helps us learn new skills quickly, but current AI is less able to make connections between its past experiences. I enjoy uncovering the ‘algorithms’ humans use to learn and make decisions. It was originally thought that humans struggle to multitask because our mental capacity is limited, but recent research hypothesises that it is the flexible nature of cognition that limits our ability to do multiple things at the same time. The human brain is good at reusing algorithms for different purposes. However, this causes issues if we try to simultaneously do different activities that use the same algorithms. I think this theory is interesting as it connects common experiences (such as the inability to drive safely while texting) to underlying principles. In my free time, I enjoy rock climbing and cooking. As a graduate student, my mind is very busy when I’m working, so these activities help me clear my mind and relax. Tyler’s top tip If you want to become a scientist, don’t just study science. Studying non-scientific subjects, such as English and history, has been unexpectedly useful in my scientific career. Scientific discoveries require creative and critical thinking, rather than fact memorisation, and at school, these skills were most exercised in my humanities classes. Ritz Role: Postdoctoral researcher Field of research: Neuroscience I’ve always been interested in music. I played in indie bands during high school and college, and I’m an avid music collector. Sports were also a big part of my life in high school – I ran cross country and played soccer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various topics related to cognitive science, personal experiences in research, and extracurricular activities, without mentioning birds or their ability to mimic human speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: pestis, were developed as biological weapons because of the inherent infectious characteristics that readily enabled such organisms to serve as weapons. However, as synthetic biology continues to expand its capabilities to create and modify biological weapons, there is an increasing need for biosafety and biosecurity assurances for humans, animals, plants, and the environment. To cope with threats arising from synthetic biology’s dual-use nature, biosecurity is needed to prevent, detect, and determine the source of biological attacks. Biological weapons created from synthetic biology represent a new and unique threat space. Potential threats from synthetic biology include increased pathogen transmissibility between and within species in addition to resistance to established treatments. Synthetic biology can be used to engineer normally benign microbes that produce toxic biological compounds or re-build extinct or hard-to-obtain pathogens from scratch (NAS 2018). The main biotechnologies of concern in the near future (over the course of the next decade or so) are projected to be oligonucleotide synthesis, DNA assembly (assembling multiple smaller fragments of oligonucleotides into the desired larger sequence), and genetic modification (editing, deleting, and inserting desired sequences into targeted sites of a genome). Harm may also arise through the purposeful use of these techniques to disrupt human and environmental systems. Malevolent use, but also negligent use (misuse) of synthetic biology techniques, require two circumstances: (a) the spread of information, techniques, or knowhow to utilize synthetic biology’s enabling technologies for irresponsible or nefarious purposes (“information hazard”), and (b) the ability to use such knowledge and tools to generate and disseminate harmful engineered organisms to vulnerable recipients. Creating effective biosecurity procedures and policies to protect humans, agriculture, technology, and the environment from such nefarious usages (or accidental or negligent damage from misuse) will require understanding the current state of synthetic biology. This includes knowing the platforms and technologies available for manipulation or construction (e. g. , viruses, microbes, multi-cellular organisms, or cell-free systems) and planning for the future as the field overcomes identified bottlenecks or roadblocks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ethical concerns related to synthetic biology, particularly emphasizing the need for biosafety and biosecurity due to the potential threats such as increased pathogen transmissibility and the possibility of creating harmful engineered organisms. It highlights that both malevolent and negligent uses of synthetic biology pose significant risks to humans and the environment, aligning with the claim's focus on environmental risks and biosecurity threats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleeping in short bursts every 2 hours can accelerate learning and improve mental performance. [SEP] Text: The results from the current investigation provide opposition for this notion as the false and parallel starts achieved near-identical times to the first timing gate (Table 2). In fact, when the distance to be covered was just 3 m (second timing gate), using a backward step reduced the sprint time by 100 ms or 6. 0% (Tables 2 and 3). A 6% reduction in the time to cover a short distance may have a considerable impact on athletic performance when movement time is a critical factor. When an athlete adopts a false starting style by repositioning their base of support, forward movement of the center of mass is either temporarily suspended or slowed until the horizontal impulse generated from the backward step is large enough to elicit forward movement. As a result, the total false start movement time recorded by the first timing gate is composed of reaction time, and positive (forward) and negative (backward) movement time, compared with just reaction time and positive movement time when the parallel start is initiated via a displacement of the center of mass. Therefore, if both starts require the same distance to be traveled to the first gate (50 cm) but do not result in significantly different movement times, as in the current study, then it can be inferred that the use of a backward step resulted in a subsequent increase in the horizontal velocity of the center of mass at the first timing gate (0 m). If the use of a backward step does increase the horizontal velocity of the center of mass at the first timing gate, further improvements to performance should be expected at the second timing gate. This is precisely what was observed; the false start was 90 ms faster (p < 0. 01) between gates 1 and 2 (0-2. 5 m) despite the near-identical times at gate 1 (see Table 2). However, it is assumed that the reaction times for both starts were similar, which may or may not be the case, but was outside the scope of this investigation and is a possible limitation. The significant difference between the false and parallel starts was maintained at the 5-m mark (100 ms or 5. 0%) (see Table 2), but the times between 2. 5 and 5 m were not significantly different (Table 2). This would suggest that any mechanical advantage gained via a step backward is utilized before traveling 2. 5 m, although any reduction in this first 2. 5 m is maintained for the remainder of the sprint. Kraan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of different starting techniques in athletic performance, specifically a false start compared to a parallel start. It provides in-depth analysis on movement times and performance metrics but does not address the concept of sleep or its relation to learning or mental performance. As a result, it directly opposes the claim's focus on sleep patterns by irrelevant elaboration on sprint performance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Academically, I’ve wanted to study psychology for as long as I can remember. The more I learnt about psychology, the more interested I was. I study how we switch between thinking in different ways. For example, if you switch between conversations in different languages, what’s going on in your brain during that transition? To investigate this, my team has developed a new cognitive task for measuring changes in attention that involves someone reading text while listening to someone else speaking, forcing them to switch between different tasks. By analysing people’s behaviour as they completed this cognitive task, we discovered that they follow two distinct steps when switching between reading and listening. First, they decide what to think about, then they gradually switch their attention to that task. The ability to measure these steps separately is important for developing a theory of how people switch their attention. I enjoy the excitement of finding patterns in human behaviour that help us uncover the structure of the human mind. With the right experiments, you can understand then predict how people will behave in different situations. It feels like you are doing physics or chemistry experiments, but with the brain! I think it’s incredible that we can now decode the contents of the mind. By measuring someone’s brain activity, we can now reconstruct simple aspects of their thoughts. For example, imagine you are shown an X or an O, then asked to think about which shape you were looking at. By analysing images of your brain activity, scientists can tell (with high accuracy) whether you are thinking of an X or an O. It’s like mind-reading! In my free time, I enjoy jogging and hiking. Running really helps me clear my head and improves my sleep. This year I ran my first half marathon. My wife and I often go hiking on weekends; there are lots of great trails in New Jersey. I also love to watch movies. Sometimes my friends and I sneak into the Princeton lecture halls in the evening and watch movies on the big projector screens! Harrison’s top tips 1. There are many ways to succeed, but the best direction towards progress is to push yourself to try things that don’t come naturally to you. 2. Psychology and neuroscience increasingly depend on computational modelling, so develop your quantitative skills and take classes in programming and statistics. 3. Get involved in research labs to learn what research involves and whether this is the right career path for you. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss birds or their ability to mimic human speech. Instead, it focuses on psychological studies, cognitive tasks, and personal anecdotes about the author's life and interests.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Biosecurity will require developing screening mechanisms for synthetic pathogens and biological attacks, as well as methods to assess how a synthetic pathogen could be dispersed during an attack, identify what the potential targets of the attack are, and identify who developed the bioweapon. 1. 2 HistoryState-sponsored biological warfare has been employed since ancient times (Mayor 2003). By 1925, germ theory and advances in bacteriology had led to enough advancement in the field that regulation was deemed necessary, leading to the Geneva Protocol, which banned the use of chemical and biological weapons in war. However, this did not prevent a number of countries from embarking on biological weapons programs. A notorious usage occurred during II, when Japanese units deployed bombs filled with plague-ridden fleas in China as a part of their biological weapons program. Other nations also invested in biological weapons programs, including the UK and the US, although they did not end up deploying the weapons they developed. These state-based biological weapons capabilities tended to be justified as “first strike” options or as methods to weaken enemy ground forces that could not be combatted through conventional ordnance. In all cases, states developed the scientific and material ability to build, package, and deploy biological weapons. A major regulatory development came in 1972, with the passing of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and and on (usually referred to as the Convention; here “BWC”), an update to the Geneva Protocol. The BWC banned the “development, production and stockpiling of microbes or their poisonous products except in amounts necessary for protective and peaceful research” (“Convention,” 1972). The BWC went further than the in banning not just the use of biological weapons in war, but also their development and possession. Although 183 countries are parties to the BWC, some countries with a known interest in biological weapons, such as Israel, have not signed or ratified the BWC, and some countries that have ratified the BWC, such as Russia and China, have completely or partially ignored its statutes. Russia had an active biological weapons program comprising tens of facilities and thousands of researchers until at least 1992, twenty years after it signed the BWC (Zilinskas 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of biosecurity in the context of synthetic biology, specifically detailing the need for screening mechanisms for synthetic pathogens and the regulation of biological weapons as key ethical concerns. It highlights historical contexts of biosecurity threats and regulations, which aligns with the claim regarding ethical concerns focused on biosecurity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer the of and Archives Vol. 8 (2023) Research 10. 5195/ledger. 2023. 278 Keywords: -Source, Sustainability, Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology offers a promising means to alleviate environmental and electricity costs challenges for cryptocurrency miners. To analyze this promise, this study investigated the feasibility of using electricity from individually optimized PV systems to power: 1) an individual Bitcoin miner, 2) a DIY intermodal shipping container holding 50 miners, and 3) a commercial mining farm container holding 408 miners. In a controlled lab environment, miners were monitored for electricity use. Then using these values, numerical simulations of both the PV system yield and sensitivity ranges based on the Bitcoin price, Bitcoin halving events, and miner hardware were investigated for informed financial planning. In addition, sensitivity for geographic locations in North America, utility electric rates and PV capital costs were analyzed. The profitability and return on investment (ROI) varied by location primarily because of the geographic distribution of solar flux and utility rates. The ROI for using PV with Bitcoin mining was found to be negative for Toronto and Montreal because of low-cost electricity, while it was 8% for Calgary. In the U. S. cities evaluated, the ROIs were substantial and ranged from 34% in New York, to 64% in Boulder, and up to 104% in Los Angeles. Although the study is based in regarding energy rates, climate, and energy laws, the analysis methodology is generalizable globally and grants the average cryptocurrency business the knowledge to make an informed decision on whether to pursue this venture from a financial and environmental perspective. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in cryptocurrency mining by providing an economic means of environmental preservation by powering cryptocurrency miners with renewable solar energy. 3. ” (accessed 16 June 2022) “24 in. Pedestal Fan. ” (accessed 16 June 2022) “AC Digital Multi-Function Meter” Amazon (accessed 12 August 2022) “Amazon. com: NEMA 6-20P to C13 - 15A/250V, 14/3 AWG - # IBX-4936 (5 ft, Build) : Electronics. ” Amazon (accessed 16 June 2022) “AntMiner S9 ~13. 5TH/s @ 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by analyzing the feasibility of using solar photovoltaic (PV) technology for cryptocurrency mining, indicating that while it is possible to use renewable energy sources, the economics and environmental impact are still dependent on various factors like geographic location and electricity costs. For instance, the study found that using PV for Bitcoin mining had a negative return on investment (ROI) in some locations, which suggests that cryptocurrency mining is not wholly powered by renewable energy and does not eliminate its environmental impact. It highlights that there are financial challenges and uncertainties associated with the use of renewable energy in this context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Volunteer survey effort for high-profile species can benefit conservation of non-focal species Published online by Press: 09 February 2017. and. author details. : 19 2DL, UK. . * Affiliation: RSPB Centre for 2 Lochside View, Edinburgh, EH12 9DH, UK. * *Author for correspondence; e-mail: graeme. buchanan@rspb. org. uk 0. 46 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] last irrefutable record of the Slender-billed tenuirostris came from 1995. The range of the species is poorly known, but between 2009 and 2011, volunteer observers surveyed more than 680 sites in 19 countries, with additional search effort in a further 12 countries. Although there were no definite sightings (two birds that might have been Slender-billed Curlew were reported), there were other benefits. These included increased knowledge of species distributions and populations in seldom visited areas (over 500,000 birds of over 400 species were observed), the identification of threats to at least 10 the identification of sites that could qualify as and capacity building and education through involvement with local survey teams and observers and finally recommendations for future surveys. Thus, these surveys demonstrate the potential benefits of volunteer field surveys for non-focal species. , Issue 2 June 2017 10. 1017/S0959270916000186 [Opens in a new window] © Bird2017 Slender-billed tenuirostris is a ‘Critically Endangered’ bird (IUCN 2011). It was already rare by the beginning of the last century, during which it continued to decline, probably due to a combination of habitat loss and hunting (Gretton1991). The only verified nest area was discovered in the early 20th century near Omsk in south-western Siberia (Gretton1991), from which there are just a handful of records. The majority of the approximately 900 records of the species are split between putative passage and wintering areas. Passage records come from the countries (especially Kazakhstan and Ukraine) between the breeding areas and the areas where the bird wintered around the Mediterranean basin, where in Morocco was the last known regular wintering area (Gretton1991, Buchanan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses volunteer survey efforts and the conservation status of the Slender-billed Curlew without mentioning anything about birds' abilities to mimic human speech. It does not provide any evidence or commentary related to the claim about speech mimicry in birds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Additionally, while chemicals have a set structure and formula that makes them easier to identify and govern, advancements in synthetic biology allow for the creation of novel types of biological weapons that are not explicitly prohibited by the BWC but instead exist in a sort of “gray zone. ” This increased accessibility of synthetic biology and difficulty in categorizing synthetic biology products creates a threat space that is not fully captured within the current structure or implementation of the BWC. 1. 3 and Policy for BiosecurityBecause emerging biotechnologies are dual-use, governance must weigh the risk of misuse with the potential for beneficial use in innovation and development. Unfortunately, biosecurity attempts are mired in uncertainty around both the actual capabilities of synthetic biology, as well as the motivations of actors given the increasing number of contexts in which synthetic biology is used. Modern governments are still relying on old rules to regulate a new technology, clearly an insufficient strategy for ensuring security in the coming decades. Building an effective biosecurity strategy to encompass twenty-first century biotechnologies requires understanding the novelties that sciences like synthetic biology create in the biosecurity threat space, as well as the structural vulnerabilities these sciences can exploit and the likely causes of inadequate biosecurity practices. Synthetic biology’s novel biosecurity concerns arise from its broad scope, wider availability, complexity, and uncertainty over current and future capabilities. For example, critical developments such as gene editing via gene editing vastly improve upon previous genetic engineering processes and may yield a revolution in human and environmental health research, but may also cause substantial and irreversible harms. One application of gene editing is the gene drive, which can rapidly propagate a certain set of genes or alleles through a population, circumventing Mendelian inheritance laws and increasing the chance that this set of genes is passed on. While gene drives are an exciting new technology, their ability to rapidly alter the genetic makeup of a population is cause for concern. Other potential negative consequences of gene editing may include the unconstrained diffusion of gene-edited material throughout the environment, the disruption of ecologies with genetically-modified organisms (in particular engineered gene drive systems), and off-target impacts from genome editing. These techniques could also be used maliciously, with an actor purposely targeting humans and/or the environment. The publication and dissemination of a methodology for synthesizing horsepox in a laboratory setting was a recent application of gene editing (Noyce et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various ethical concerns related to synthetic biology, particularly emphasizing potential environmental risks and biosecurity threats. It highlights that advancements in synthetic biology have created novel biological threats and risks that are not adequately covered by existing regulations, thus supporting the idea that ethical concerns arise from environmental risks and unintended consequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: ” Fortune (accessed 26 June 2022) “Specification,” Braiins | (accessed 26 June 2022) (accessed 5 August 2022) “WM-14 277/480V or 347/600V Multi-function Meter,” Inc. (accessed 16 June 2022) Admin. “Antminer S17 is Temper-mental, as are S19, S9, T17, T9, L3+. ” MinerDaily. com (accessed 22 November 2022) Ankalkoti, P. , S. G. Santhosh. "A on Bitcoin Mining. " of (IJIR) 3. 5 1757-1761 (2017) Asgari, N. , McDonald, M. T. , Pearce, J. M. , “and Techno-economic of Greenhouses for Utilizing the of Cryptocurrency Miners. ” Energies 16. 3 1331 (2023) Badea, L. , Mungiu-Pupӑzan, M. C. " of Bitcoin. " IEEE Access 9 48091-48104 (2021) Bag, S. , Ruj, S. , Sakurai, K. “Withholding Attack: Analysis and Mitigation” IEEE 12. 8 1967-1978 Barron-Gafford, G. A. , et al. “across the Food–Energy–in Drylands. ” 2 848–855 (2019) Best, R. de. “Cap 2013-2022. ” Statista (accessed 5 June 2022). Bitir-Istrate, I. , Gheorghiu, C. , Gheorghiu, M. "Towards an for Cryptocurrency Mining. " E3S Web of Conferences 294 03004 (2021) Bonneau, J. , Clark, J. , & Goldfeder, S. “as a Source. ” Cryptology e(2015) Bhaskar, N. D. , Chuen, D. L. K. “Technology. ” Handbook of digital currency 45-65 (2015) Branker, K. , Pathak, M. J. M. , Pearce, J. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various citations and references related to cryptocurrency mining and its implications but does not explicitly support the claim that cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources. The mention of different studies and articles suggests that there is a burden of research on energy utilization but does not confirm the claim's assertion of renewable energy being the sole power source for cryptocurrency mining. Thus, the text contrasts with the claim as it does not support the assertion that mining eliminates environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Reference Buchanan, Crockford and Gretton2010). The last irrefutable record was in February 1995 at Merja Zerga, Morocco, although there have been reports of possible birds (Buchanan et al. Reference Buchanan, Crockford and Gretton2010). The balance of breeding records to passage and winter records, and the inaccessibility and size of the potential breeding areas suggest surveys of non-breeding sites with previous records might offer the greatest chance of re-discovering the species. These areas are still extensive, covering countries from Kazakhstan and Ukraine through the to the Mediterranean, making a fully funded survey using professional surveyors prohibitively expensive. Citizen science, through which volunteers collect data, can make a valuable contribution to conservation (Dickinson et al. Reference Dickinson, Zuckerberg and Bonter2010). Tulloch et al. (Reference Tulloch, Possingham, Joseph, Szabo and Martin2013) divided the benefits from such surveys into eight categories, namely informing of management actions, increasing public awareness, increasing education, serendipitous benefits such as unexpected discoveries, recreation, social and economic research, increasing ecological knowledge and improvement of methods. The potential for using skilled and motivated volunteers in undertaking bird surveys is well recognised (e. g. the UK and US Surveys; Noble et al. Reference Noble, Raven and Baillie2001, Robbins et al. Reference Robbins, Sauer, Greenberg and Droege1989, respectively). Volunteers can be a cost-effective way to search extensive areas for threatened species and provide coverage of much more extensive areas than would be possible by paid, skilled observers, at a fraction of the cost. The potential of non-professional birders in rediscovering lost species is illustrated by the rediscovery of the Dicaeum quadrico in 1992 (Dutson1993). The skills of observers may be important considerations when asking them to survey species that present particular identification challenges. This is particularly the case with the Slender-billed Curlew, which can easily be confused with other Numenius species (e. g. Svensson et al. Reference Svensson, Grant, Mullarney, Zetterstrom and Christie1999). Here we aim to describe the methods used to undertake coordinated surveys and the benefits to conservation from dedicated Slender-billed Curlew surveys. Technological advances mean a search is now viable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses different aspects of bird surveys, conservation efforts, and the potential contributions of citizen science in rediscovering bird species, without addressing the ability of bird species to mimic human speech or confirming the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: 2018). Some critics say this information could support a nefarious actor to reconstitute and develop smallpox, or to synthetize other viruses. Additionally, the widely publicized recreation of the 1918 (Tumpey et al. 2005), which killed some 50 million people worldwide at the close of the War, could facilitate the synthesis process for actors wishing to cause harm. Even nonpathogenic approaches have been described as dual-use research, ranging from the disruption of local ecologies via gene drives to the manipulation or destruction of inorganic materials. These and dozens of other cases demonstrate the increasing ease with which an actor can acquire information and apply existing tools to deploy advanced genetic engineering applications with limited to no oversight. In 1975, the U. S. of Health (“NIH”) established compliance measures for genome engineering that were enforced through funding restrictions; however, many synthetic biology innovators can now operate without NIH funding, approval, or even awareness, and NIH does not oversee research in other countries. Today, the financial costs, time limitations, and skill requirements needed to wield synthetic biology tools have scaled down such that some of these tools have become accessible even to elementary school students. Furthermore, the requisite baseline knowledge diminishes over time as synthetic biology processes become more streamlined. While such broad access to sophisticated genetic engineering knowledge and equipment can accelerate scientific breakthroughs, it also places the responsibility for biosecurity on a near infinite number of unsupervised actors across the globe. In 2018, the BWC secretariat noted that increased access to technologies such as gene editing, gene drives, and gene synthesis is available to actors with limited or no oversight from established industry or governmental organizations, raising concerns about potential violations of the BWC. It is helpful to forecast and understand looming threats and potential mitigation strategies at various scales, but international treaties are not structured to oversee bottom-up efforts related to the localization and globalization of synthetic biology below the national scale. One part of the solution may be the broadening of engagement from established oversight agencies like NIH. An additional option is the and Innovation (“RRI”) approach, utilized by the UK and the EU, which appraises the potential effects of new research on society and the environment in order to improve the alignment of processes and expected outcomes with societal values and needs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various ethical concerns associated with synthetic biology, including potential biosecurity threats, such as the risk of nefarious actors reconstituting harmful viruses and the dual-use nature of certain research. It highlights the risks of disruption to local ecologies through gene drives and the ease of access to synthetic biology tools for unsupervised actors, aligning with concerns about unintended consequences and environmental risks in the field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: en Русский ru ВездеВезде: 2658-3887 authors Home>Issue 2>About some aspects of renewable energy (examples of use of renewable energy sources, lithium mining, electric transport) About some aspects of renewable energy (examples of use of renewable energy sources, lithium mining, electric transport) Table of contents Publication content 10. 33276/S265838870025461-0 Publication type message ORCID: 0000-0001-8411-335X Affiliation: : Moscow, Nakhimovsky 47ration Affiliation: : Moscow, Nakhimovsky pr. , 47 Edition review was prepared based on the analysis of dozens of sources in Russian and English on issues related to the transition to renewable energy sources in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and the problems that arise during their operation. Attention is paid to conferences of specialists that have recently taken place under the auspices of the UN and in Moscow. On the basis of conversations with their participants, the difficulties of transition to new technologies are described, and the opinions of specialists are given. The role of lithium as a key component of batteries is emphasized. As an illustration of the problems of the "green agenda", the situation with the automotive industry, which currently produces up to 40 % of environmental pollution, is described. The pros and cons of electric transport are discussed. Keywords global warming, natural disasters, renewable energy sources, energy transition, lithium mining and consumption, electric vehicles Received 24. 07. 2023 Date of publication 05. 07. 2023 Number of purchasers 12 Views 186 Readers community rating 0. 0 (0 votes) pdf. , Polak Y. About some aspects of renewable energy (examples of use of renewable energy sources, lithium mining, electric transport)/ Herald of CEMI. – 2023. – V. 6. – Issue 2. URL: DOI: 10. 33276/S265838870025461-0 "About some aspects of renewable energy (examples of use of renewable energy sources, lithium mining, electric transport). " Herald of CEMI. 6. 2 (2023). DOI: 10. 33276/S265838870025461-0 APADybenko A. , Polak Y. (2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various issues surrounding renewable energy use, including the challenges faced during the transition and the significant environmental impact from established industries. It mentions the automotive industry as a major contributor to environmental pollution and provides an analysis of renewable energy topics without indicating that cryptocurrency mining is solely renewable or environmentally benign. This suggests that not all energy sources, including those for cryptocurrency mining, are renewable or impact-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: First, high quality optical equipment that is appropriate for surveying large areas (high magnification power) is now readily available to volunteers. Secondly, satellite tags of a weight suitable to fit on to Slender-billed Curlew are now available. These tags could enable this migratory wader to be tracked to locate key sites including breeding grounds. Thirdly, digital photographic and mobile communications equipment necessary to enable rapid confirmation of identification is now widely available. 2009 and 2011, in a coordinated effort, over 50 expeditions searched for Slender-billed Curlew. The search for the Slender-billed Curlew was coordinated by the RSPB and Birdthrough the Slender-billed Group (SBCWG), which was established in 1997 in the framework of the 1994 Memorandum of Understanding concerning for the Slender-billed Curlew under the Convention on Migratory Species. The volunteer surveyors fell into the following categories: regular Census counters, taking extra care to look out for potential Slender-billed Curlew; birdwatchers searching for the bird in their own countries; birdwatchers travelling to assist the search in countries with insufficient experts to achieve national coverage on their own. Volunteer surveyors were recruited through calls for participation in 1. Countries in which searches for Slender-billed Curlew were carried out between 2009 and 2011 are shown in stippling. Countries visited by expeditions looking for Slender-billed Curlew in winter (diagonal hatch) and moulting areas (cross hatch), show sites visited within these countries (triangles) overlain on accepted historic records within these countries (squares). Not all historical records are shown due to lack of coordinates, including Libyan records. of the surveys recorded the presence of a confirmed Slender-billed Curlew, although two teams on the northern shore of the around Karkinits’ka and Dzharylgats’ka Bird and (IBA) in Crimea, Ukraine (about 70 km apart) in August 2010 independently reported possible Slender-billed Curlew. In one case on the Kinburns`kyj Peninsula, a small Numenius with a short grey bill was observed in an area where other unidentified small curlews had already been observed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the surveying efforts and conservation activities related to the Slender-billed Curlew without mentioning bird species or their abilities to mimic human speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: RRI approaches include experts from a range of different fields whose role it is to assess scientific development with the goal of mitigating risk, making research advances accessible through fair and sustainable means, and upholding key morals and values. Programs that adopt the RRI approach are not meant to prevent research or the publication of results, but rather to minimize downstream harms that could make developers, companies, and/or governments liable for costly insurance and cleanup efforts. RRI becomes an important criteria in access to public funding but is not a regulatory requirement. Biosecurity could also indicate to the general public that certain synthetic biology products have been filtered to guarantee beneficial uses. (nrc. gov), for instance, performs this role for research and test reactors; the synthetic biology field would benefit from a similar regulatory body for biosecurity. Where top-down governance proves insufficient, other actors such as universities, non-profits, and companies will need to engage their own gatekeeping and watchdog capabilities to protect against nefarious actors. Top-down governance may support such initiatives, which will require harmonization and communication up to the international level. These initiatives will need to be incentivized. Currently, though, biosecurity is viewed as an obligation, such that individuals, organizations, and companies must use their own funds to observe unstated and often confusing or contradictory needs for overall security. This balance of costs and benefits is insecure, and as such, institutions tend to want to minimize expenditures associated with oversight (Gillum et al. 2018). The best argument to support investing in biosecurity is that the advancement of synthetic biology ultimately requires public approval, whereas currently the public remains quite skeptical (Pauwels 2013; Oliver 2018). The public could grow more opposed to synthetic biology were the public inadvertently exposed to some harm as a consequence of insufficient or inadequate oversight. Biosecurity necessitates a strategy which incentivizes managers and corporations to stay up-to-date with the latest risks and concerns. Some corporations are aware of the risks to their bottom line should the public be exposed to harm arising from a synthetic biology product. The majority of DNA synthesis companies, in fact, have joined the (“IGSC”), whereby they utilize company resources to monitor customers and their requests for potential security problems. They are aware that implementing such biosecurity measures is in their best interests, even though there is no legal regime requiring them to do so. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing biosecurity, which is one of the major aspects mentioned in the claim. It explains how biosecurity is critical in synthetic biology to ensure that products are safe and do not pose risks to the public. The text also highlights the skepticism of the public towards synthetic biology and the importance of oversight to prevent potential harms, which aligns with environmental risks and unintended consequences indicated in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Однако наибольший вклад в изменение климата вносит деятельность человека, степень уверенности учёных в этом приблизилась к 99. 99 %3; см. также [1]. Потеплению способствуют сжигание органического топлива, добыча полезных ископаемых, лесные пожары и вырубки лесов, выбросы производств, угольные электростанции, автомобильные выхлопы, экстенсивное сельское хозяйство и т. д. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing human activities contributing significantly to climate change, emphasizing various harmful practices like fossil fuel combustion and emissions from power plants. It does not provide any evidence supporting that cryptocurrency mining is solely powered by renewable energy, thereby contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Nearby, some three weeks later on 25 August 2010, a Numenius that appeared 25–30% smaller on the ground than the four Numenius arquata was observed to feed in a manner different to the Eurasian Curlew, in quick movements and with sudden changes in direction, picking invertebrates from grass tussocks. There have been no subsequent reports from these areas but the level of survey effort is unknown. Even though no definite Slender-billed Curlew were recorded, the surveys did bring multiple benefits. Here we divide them into the appropriate categories of Tulloch et al. (Reference Tulloch, Possingham, Joseph, Szabo and Martin2013). Ecological knowledge and serendipitous observations: observers recorded over half a million birds (615,465) from 414 species. Some 19 species of conservation concern (threatened or near threatened species based on the IUCN 2011 Red List) were recorded in the wintering area (Table 1). These were generally found at a small number of sites, but was recorded at almost 200 sites. Similarly, the total counts were frequently small, although over 10% of the global estimate of Phalacrocorax nigrogularis was recorded at Shuwaymiyyah in Oman. One ‘Critically Endangered’ species (Vanellus gregarius) was recorded at two sites in Syria, while in Sudan a new colony of the vulnerable Lappet-faced tracheliotos was located. The surveys for the passage areas (autumn) recorded 15 species of conservation concern. Again, these were generally found at only a small number of sites (Table 1). was recorded at 137 sites while a total of 97 were recorded at three different sites in Kazakhstan. The surveys logged the second record of Large-billed orinus in Kazakhstan, as well as expanding the current breeding range of a further 34 species. Table 1. The globally threatened and species recorded by surveyors, together with total count and number of sites on which species were recorded. Management: serious threats were noted to at least 10 IBAs, including loss to development of around 1 ha per week of mudflats at Lake Qarun, Fayoum, Egypt, and in Morocco, the Areg from which there are previous records of Slender-billed Curlew are under increasing pressure from development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses bird species observations, surveys, and conservation concerns, without addressing the ability of bird species to mimic human speech. There is no relation to the claim regarding speech mimicry.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Likewise, in January 2020, the Forum and the Initiative published a report recommending that a technical consortium be set up in order to create a common DNA sequence screening mechanism. This screening mechanism would be based on work done by the IGSC. Viewing longstanding biosecurity policy practices through the lens of risk analysis results in the conclusion that there are significant gaps in biosecurity effectiveness for synthetic biology. These inefficient and inadequate policies include (a) viewing security as a cost or undesirable expense to be minimized, (b) the siloing of scholarship and practice across disciplinary domains and among government, industry, academia, and civil society, and (c) the narrow framing of security problems ignores new actors and technological developments taking place in a variety of different countries and in adjacent technology fields. Each of these issues could be resolved through policy solutions that both encourage technological development and mitigate security threats while enabling public engagement in synthetic biology and investment in its products as they enter the marketplace. Policies for synthetic biology must be scalable, transferable, and adaptable in order to take into account its emerging technical and social challenges. The increasingly globalized, distributed, and dispersed nature of synthetic biology products and research worsens challenges arising from differing practices of biosecurity governance globally. Advanced biological research is no longer overwhelmingly dominated by Europe and the US, and this may introduce different approaches to, or priorities for, biosecurity. Russia’s Programme for Development for 2019–2027, for instance, intends to “implement a comprehensive solution to the task of the accelerated development of genetic technologies, including genetic editing; to establish scientific and technological groundwork for medicine, agriculture and industry; to improve the system of preventing biological emergencies and monitoring in this area” (Ministry of Science and of the 2019). Similarly, is funding research related to the development of microbial cell factories to produce fuels and chemicals, while the Singaporean government is investing considerable resources into the funding of life and environmental sciences researchat University, the of Singapore, and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR). Academy of Sciences is establishing an Institute of Synthetic Biology, which is tasked with the dual responsibilities of fostering roadmaps for the future development of Chinese synthetic biology while also establishing safety and security norms for researchers at Chinese institutions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing significant gaps in biosecurity effectiveness for synthetic biology and highlighting the need for adaptable policies to mitigate security threats. It outlines how viewing biosecurity through risk analysis reveals various vulnerabilities and challenges that are closely linked to ethical concerns in synthetic biology, including environmental risks and unintended consequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Потеплению способствуют сжигание органического топлива, добыча полезных ископаемых, лесные пожары и вырубки лесов, выбросы производств, угольные электростанции, автомобильные выхлопы, экстенсивное сельское хозяйство и т.  д. </p> <p>На протяжении многих десятилетий наблюдается повышение средней глобальной температуры воздуха. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors contributing to global warming, such as fossil fuel combustion and industrial emissions, suggesting that not all energy sources, including those potentially used for cryptocurrency mining, are renewable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: In addition to the existing IBAs that were visited, and hence a contribution made to their monitoring, 12 potential IBAs were identified in Kazakhstan based on the A1 (populations of species of conservation concern) and A3 (biome restricted species assemblages) criteria. These were Lakes Kambak, Koshkar, Tlikshe and Ajdyn, Sorajdyn (A1), Tlikshe, reservoirs between and Kaztalovka (A1), Sewage pond (A1), (A1), shore between Volga and Deltas (A1, A3), Valley (A1), Reservoir west of Uralsk (A3) and on the Kyshym river (A1). Three more potential IBAs were identified in on the A4 criterion. These were Sabya sewage ponds, Lalmuwassam mudflats and Wadi Alassahbah/Al Lith. Awareness: observer records, many of which come from areas with sparse ornithological survey coverage, make a useful contribution to conservation. In particular, the storage and collation of data in central databases (e. g. www. worldbirds. org) means these records can be accessed in the future. Such records could be useful in population monitoring (e. g. Snäll et al. 2011). Observers were also encouraged to submit records to the Bird Census, coordinated by (www. wetlands. org). Education and recreation: most of the international observers were from western and central European countries, but by working with individuals within the countries being surveyed, the capacity of many individuals and organisations was developed, and some involved began to routinely survey wader flocks (R. Sheldon pers. comm. ). experience with the Slender-billed Curlew surveys suggests that expert observers (for all who took part were very experienced in bird identification) are eager to spend their own time surveying abroad in pursuit of a challenging species. Using this effort in searches for other species could make a considerable contribution to conservation of species and sites. Finally, through these surveys we are able to make some recommendations relating to future surveys of this type. In particular, a central coordinator able to direct volunteers to particular countries ensured a wide coverage. Additionally, preparation and planning meant the coordinator was ready to respond if a Slender-billed Curlew was recorded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of ornithological surveys and conservation efforts, providing updates on potential Important Bird Areas (IBAs) and observer records. It does not reference or relate to birds mimicking human speech, making it irrelevant to the claim.