Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: The most important benefits include the following: significant reduction of waste mass, energy use of sewage sludge waste treatment, low susceptibility to changes in the composition of waste, system stability, minimization of odors, the possibility of using by-products fly ash and slag as a filter material or as an addition to building materials, including concrete, asphalt, bricks, concrete blocks and hollow bricks. The limitations include formation of by-products, quantity and quality of which depend on the chemical composition of sewage sludge, as well as combustion conditions and flue gas cleaning technology, high operating costs and high costs of building an incineration plant (Fytili and Zabaniotou 2008). Among the many combustion methods, the circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) technology is the most technologically advanced solution. In principle, only the advantages of this technology can be mentioned, for example: compatibility with a wide range of fuels (gas, oil, high and low grade coal, biomass, sewage sludge, plastic waste, used tires), low pollution, high combustion efficiency and energy efficiency, possibility of simultaneous combustion of dehydrated and dried and fermented sludge and ease of maintenance of installation (Yuansheng and Mengshu 2021). The aim of this research study was to examine the possibility of Cu(II) ions adsorption on slag (CFBC-S) that was generated as a result of sewage sludge incineration using the circulating fluidized bed combustion technology (CFBC). Physicochemical properties of the by-product as well as the impact of adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial pH, initial concentration on the adsorption efficiency and adsorption capacity were investigated. Furthermore, adsorption kinetics and isotherms were studied. (CFBC-S) preparation, characterization and Cu(II) adsorption Slag (CFBC-S) was obtained as a result of sewage sludge incineration using the circulating fluidized bed combustion technology (CFBC) in one of the sewage treatment plants in Poland. The CFBC-S samples were taken from a fluidized bed reservoir and prepared according to standards PN-EN 15002:2006 and PN-EN 14899:2006. Next, they were dried at 105°C to constant weight. All chemicals were analytically pure and distilled water was used in the research. CFBC-S samples were sieved and those with a diameter less than 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the ability of fungi to purify water. Instead, it discusses the advantages and limitations of sewage sludge incineration technologies and adsorption studies related to the by-products generated from this process. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Whereas microclimate SDMs were able to predict extinctions and establishments with reasonable accuracy (extinctions median: 78%, establishments median 76%: macroclimatic predictions of extinctions and establishments were worse than would be expected by chance (0. 5° European models, establishments median: 49%, extinctions median: 34%; 5 km UK models, establishments median: 16%, extinctions median 9%; Table S3). Our findings were not sensitive to methods used to construct species distribution models, nor to assumptions about variation in recorder effort. While models built with different techniques or subsets of the data yielded slight differences in projected distributions, the overall finding, that the magnitude of projected range is much lower when predicted with microclimate data held true regardless of the approach used (Table S1). Our results demonstrate that the projections of species range shifts may systematically underestimate the importance of microclimatic refugia, and over-estimate range contractions, largely because spatial gradients in temperature were underestimated and thermal tolerances over-estimated when using macroclimate data. Warmer localities were those with higher solar irradiance ─ either poleward-facing slopes or those at lower latitudes ─ where the angle of incidence between the sun and the earth’s surface is closer to perpendicular15. Variation in solar irradiance has a more pronounced effect on near-ground temperatures than on air temperature 1. 5-2 m above ground, as the majority of radiation is transmitted through air without appreciably warming it16. In consequence, the loss of suitable microclimate is less than would be expected given the degree of ambient warming. The microclimate model we used to estimate climate suitability at fine-resolution incorporated the effect of exposure to varying degrees of solar radiation, so represented near-ground temperatures more accurately than temperatures derived from weather stations9,16. Combined with the existence of considerable local spatial heterogeneity in microclimate, and likely slower rates of warming of microclimatic refugia9, microclimate models thus predict greater persistence and more localised shifts that more closely match observed patterns of establishment and extinction. It is possible that we found such a striking difference between macro- and microclimate projections because the majority of the study species are associated with grassland and heathland, for which the greater effects of solar irradiance on near-ground temperatures are particularly pronounced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how different models of climate projections affect species distribution and dynamics. It explains that while macroclimate models underestimate the significance of local microclimates, microclimate data suggests that species may persist and shift locations in response to localized climatic conditions. This indicates that climate change actively influences species distributions, supporting the notion that climate change drives shifts in ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Thus, higher levels of PA (including non-exercise activity thermogenesis) have been linked to lower BMI and body fat percentage, as well as for those who have excess weight, increased PA levels can be effective for reducing BMI [44, 45] and body fat percentage [45]. More specifically, MVPA has proven to be especially relevant in the prevention and treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity [44]. Notwithstanding, PA levels are mainly low among young people with obesity [46]. Moreover, a meta-analysis by Wang et al. [47] found that only the 31% of single PA had significant and favorable results to prevent childhood obesity. However, it is important to take into account that a significant body of research indicates that small changes in nutrition in addition to PA are also necessary to control weight [21]. Findings also seem to indicate that a sufficient amount of daily MVPA could moderated the association between skipping breakfast and excess weight in both sexes. Some studies have shown that MVPA was not a mediator variable in this relation neither in girls nor boys (adolescents), as well as in Latin and girls with excess weight [23, 24]. Conversely, Albertson et al. [48] revealed in a longitudinal study that PA is a mediator in relationship between eating breakfast and BMI over time in White and Black adolescent girls. Based on our findings, it seems that although young people who skip breakfast show higher risk of suffering obesity [9], greater levels of PA might be a valuable contributor to energy balance and weight control [45]. There are some mechanisms which could explain the associations obtained. As was previously mentioned, breakfast skipping is related to variations in decreased satiety and appetite, which may result into overeating and altered insulin sensitivity [39]. It might be explained by the reason that a higher PA level may lead to an increase in total calories consumed. Nevertheless, individuals with greater PA levels may be more sensitive to appetite control system by improved compensatory regulations for the density and energy content of food [49]. Supporting this idea, Schubert et al. [50] in their meta-analysis showed that exercise is successful to induce a caloric deficit (in a short term) and that people do not tend to compensate for the energy expenditure during physical exercise in the following hours post exercise by modifying food consumption. Additionally, another meta-analysis has shown that acute exercise might affect appetite by suppressing levels of some hormones (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relationship between skipping breakfast and obesity. It states that 'although young people who skip breakfast show higher risk of suffering obesity,' it goes on to explain that higher levels of physical activity (PA) could moderate this association, potentially preventing weight gain. This implies that skipping breakfast alone does not definitively lead to long-term weight gain, as PA may play a mitigating role, which challenges the assertion of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: 212 mm were used in experiments. Their physicochemical properties were determined as follows: granulation analysis, p0. 212 mm − 13. 1%; 0. 212–0. 5 mm − 73. 8%; 0. 500–1. 0 mm − 11. 2%; 1. 0–1. 7 mm − 0. 51%; > 1. 7 mm − 1. 39%. Based on these studies, it was found that the CFBC-S p0. 212 mm. The analysis of p955. 4 nm (Fig. SM1, supplementary material). The analysis was difficult to carry out because some of slag p0. 82 and 1. 34 g/cm3, respectively. The results of the analysis may be useful from the point of view of industrial application in building and construction materials. Elemental analysis using the SEM-EDS method was performed and the results are shown in Ta ble 1 and Fig. SM2 (supplementary material). As it is seen, slag mainly includes following elements:. The method is based on a spot measurement on the sample surface. Slag is a complex mixture, hence the quantitative and qualitative composition may slightly differ in different places of the agglomerates due to the location of the measuring point. Table 1 Elemental composition of CFBC-S (SEM-EDS analysis) -S [%], weight 1. 33 43. 8 0. 74 2. 51 3. 54 3. 74 14. 2 0. 46 0. 19 27. 1 0. 44 ― 1. 89 CFBC-S [%], atomic 2. 5 61. 6 0. 72 2. 33 2. 95 2. 99 10. 3 0. 32 0. 11 15. 2 0. 21 ― 0. 76 Oxides CO2 Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 K2O CaO TiO2 MnO Fe2O3 CFBC-S [%] 4. 89 1. 0 4. 17 6. 68 7. 99 32. 48 1. 14 0. 23 37. 98 0. 73 - 2. 71 The BET and BJH analysis revealed the following results: specific surface area 1. 87 m2/g, pore volume (Vp) 0. 0096 cm3/g and mean pore diameter (Apd) 21. 2 nm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding fungi purifying water. Instead, it discusses the physicochemical properties and elemental analysis of a material called CFBC-S, including various granular sizes and compositions. There is no mention of fungi or water purification in the text, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: These localised shifts could fragment populations, alter demography and affect community composition and ecosystem function. However, we caution against assuming long-distance range shifts will occur as an immediate response to climate, and hence that the redesign of protected area networks10,11 and assisted colonisations27 are the most pressing conservation priorities. Finite conservation resources and competing land-uses in many instances render such approaches impractical, emphasising the need for robust measures for carrying-out conservation in situ22. Rather, we emphasise the need to implement measures that sustain viable populations of species within their current geographic extent, Conservation at locations with high microclimatic heterogeneity could provide a practical and cost-effective means of reducing extinction threat because this can be targeted at specific suitable locations. Climate data Monthly global gridded 0. 5 degree gridded climate data for the period 1979–2020 were obtained from the Unit23 and the data for Europe extracted from this. Monthly gridded 5 km climate data for the UK were obtained from the Met Office24. Monthly 100 m gridded temperature data for the were obtained by aggregating the hourly outputs from a microclimate model previously developed for the study region25. To derive 100m resolution temperature data for the 71 M. melissophyllum locations across Europe, we used the R26 package microclima16, which automatically downscales sub-daily climate data from the for Environmental prediction27, using high-resolution digital elevation data28. Monthly 100m gridded rainfall data for the were derived by spatially interpolating 5 km gridded rainfall data using a thin-plate spline, with 100m resolution elevation data28 included as an additional covariate. Interpolation was performed using the fields package29 for R26. The same procedure was used to downscale rainfall at 71 locations across Europe, though using rainfall data Unit. Monthly data were used to reconstruct, for two study periods (1977–1995) and (2002–2020), the 19 widely used “Bioclim” variables presented in Hijmans et al30. Species distribution data Records of vascular plants across the were obtained from in (ERICA) database, a compilation of verified local biodiversity records curated by members of the Cornwall and Isles of for Biological Recorders, comprising more than 3 million plant records31. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how climate change can lead to localized shifts that impact populations, community composition, and ecosystem function. These changes can be seen as evidence of shifts in species distributions due to climate change. Additionally, the text emphasizes the need for conservation strategies that account for these changes, which aligns with the claim regarding the effects of climate change on ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: , ghrelin), which could facilitate alterations in food/beverage consumption post-acute exercise. Also, a systematic review with meta-analysis conducted by García-Hermoso et al. [51] pointed out the efficacy of interventions including aerobic exercise on insulin resistance indicators in youths with obesity. In relation to the previously mentioned Spanish’s late meal timing, one study showed that a large dinner or late-evening snacking is associated with higher BMI only in children with low PA levels, suggesting that increased PA levels seem to compensate for the negative effects of late-night excessive caloric intake on children’s BMI [52]. Similarly, another study found that children at the lowest quartile of PA level had a positive association between the calories consumed at dinner and BMI, being this association inverse for children at the highest quartile of PA level [52]. These same authors found that high-energy intake at dinner and evening snack was related to skipping breakfast in children. However, the dinner consumption was not assessed in this study. Based on these facts, it is hypothesized that MVPA could moderate the association of skipping breakfast on excess weight in both boys and girls. Breakfast is one of the more debated meals, contemplated as the most essential of the day on some occasions [6] and questioned in others [53]. For instance, a recent systematic review with meta-analysis concludes that breakfast consumption should be promoted to increase the macronutrient quality and food intake in both children and adolescents [54]. Conversely, one systematic review and meta-analysis including randomized controlled trials by Sievert et al. [55] (in adults) pointed out that caution is required to recommend breakfast for reducing body weight, since it may have the contrary result, regardless of established breakfast habit. Breakfast may not or may be the most essential meal, but it is undoubtedly a meal that needs further research [56]. What our results do suggest to point to is that if breakfast is skipped, high levels of MVPA could reduce the association of skipping breakfast on excess weight in young people. One strength of the current study is that, to date, the moderator role of MVPA level in the relation between skipping breakfast and excess weight in young people has not been extensively studied. Thus, our study evaluated this association in a large sample of Spanish young people. Conversely, our research also had certain limitations. A causal relationship was not developed due to the cross-sectional nature of this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that skipping breakfast may not directly lead to long-term weight gain and that other factors, such as moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), can mitigate this association. Specifically, it states that 'high levels of MVPA could reduce the association of skipping breakfast on excess weight in young people,' indicating that the relationship between breakfast consumption and weight is complex and influenced by physical activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: The shape of the obtained adsorption isotherms resembles the type III isotherm, which is related to cooperative adsorption (Figs SM3 – SM6, supplementary material). This means that previously adsorbed p1. The slag p1. 8–5. 6, initial concentration of Cu(II) ions 100 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 1–5 g/L, contact time 60 min, temperature 23°C, agitation speed 200 rpm. As it is seen, high adsorption efficiency was reported at initial pH 1. 8 for the slag doses of 1 g/L (86. 6%), 3 g/L (90. 7%), 5 g/L (98. 8%). An increase in initial pH resulted in a gradual decrease in adsorption efficiency. The experimental adsorption capacity also reported a stable decrease in the range of 19. 5–14. 7 mg/g. In considering the influence of the initial pH, the surface charge of the slag and the degree of speciation should be taken into account. The tested adsorbent is alkaline in nature, therefore it may increase the pH in an aqueous solution during adsorption. The presence of such anions in the adsorbing material as SiO32−, CO32−, PO43−, OH−, SO42− may contribute to the precipitation of copper ions from the solution at higher pH. The pH parameter influences electrostatic charge of the metal oxides present in the adsorbent material. Hence, it is highly probable that the adsorption of Cu(II) ions may be associated with ion exchange and/or complexation by bonding with oxygen groups. The probable ion exchange mechanism between H+ and Cu2+ ions can be proposed by the equations 1–3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the adsorption isotherms and the efficiency of a specific adsorbent material for removing Cu(II) ions from solution, without any mention of fungi or their ability to purify water. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Records georeferenced to a precision of > 100m were removed and the remaining data used to determine the presence of species within each 100m grid cell in each of two study periods. The 302 taxa present in at least 50 grid cells in the historic period were selected for all subsequent analysis. Plant records from across the were obtained from the of the British Isles32, and the presence in 5 km grid cells determined in the same two periods. Plant records from across Europe were obtained were downloaded from the (GBIF), supplemented by data from the Europaea33, for those species for which such data were available, and used to establish presence in each 0. 5 degree grid cell during the two time periods. For the fine-resolution M. melissophyllum analyses, only records georeferenced to ≤ 100 m were used. Modelling species distribution We used climate envelope models34 to predict species distribution shifts. Because the ‘bioclim’ variables were correlated with one another, and to ensure greater transferability between regions or time periods35, we performed Analyses, and used the first 7 components, which together explained > 99% of the variance, as climatic predictors of species distributions. In each instance we constructed the model using historic distribution and climate data and projected distributions forward to the present day, thus permitting robust empirical validation. To account for spatial biases in recording, we repeatedly subsampled the data in a manner proportional to the log-transformed number of visits to each square such that presences were more likely to be generated from grid cells with low visit coverage and absences from grid cells with high observer coverage. The number of visits to each square was calculated as the number of unique date, observer and location name combinations in each grid cell. Each sub-sample was obtained by randomly selected n/10 presences and absences, where n is the total number of occupied grid cells. Where fewer than 100 grid cells were occupied n/5 presences and absences were generated. To account for methodological uncertainties in models, we generated species distribution using three varied, but widely used model classes, namely Maxent36, Models37 and random forests38. For each species and method, 20 distribution models were constructed using separate sub-sampled data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of climate envelope models to predict species distribution shifts, which implies that changes in climate are influencing how species are distributed across different geographical areas. The analysis of historical and current climate data indicates an assessment of how climate change affects species presence, thus supporting the claim that climate change impacts species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Thus, it is not possible to conclude that engaging in MVPA (with or without skipping breakfast) promotes having excess weight or, contrariwise, that skipping breakfast causes decrease in the MVPA level (i. e. , the reverse causality). Hence, despite the reason that a specific dependence direction between variables was discussed, several directions of these associations are also possible. In addition, the estimation of PA level would be more accurate with the use of accelerometers instead of questionnaires. However, Saint-Maurice et al. ’s Equation [34] has shown a high correlation with accelerometry values (r = 0. 63) and there were no statistically significant differences between the recorded and estimated MVPA. One difficulty found to analyze the evidence of the association between eating breakfast and health is the description of what a healthy breakfast includes, in relation to the type of food that it is composed of, the frequency of its consumption, or the energy content, aspects which were not analyzed in the present study [57]. Also, it has been pointed out that energy density (in breakfast) should be considered as a further element of breakfast intake [58], since it could be associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in young people with excess weight. Finally, fatness by a 4-compartment model, which is considered the gold standard for assessing body composition, was not measured. However, it is high-priced and involves specific tools to independently determine the body water, total bone mineral content, and body volume [59]. For all of these abovementioned reasons, caution is required to interpret our results. In conclusion, our results showed that daily MVPA moderates the association between skipping breakfast and excess weight, meaning that PA of sufficient intensity seems to reduce the effect of skipping breakfast on young body weight status. This finding may be important for the establishment of public health policies that will help to the prevention of childhood obesity. Therefore, interventions planned to promote the sufficient practice of PA among children and adolescents could be crucial for maintaining a more appropriate weight status, especially in those who are skipping breakfast. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that skipping breakfast does not necessarily lead to excess weight, stating that "daily MVPA moderates the association between skipping breakfast and excess weight," which implies that engaging in regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity can offset the potential weight gain associated with skipping breakfast. Moreover, it mentions that caution is required to interpret results related to this association, suggesting that the relationship is not straightforward and that other factors may play a significant role.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: Based on the previous research results, the following experimental conditions were used: initial concentration of Cu(II) (2. 5–100 mg/L), adsorbent dosage 2–5 g/L, initial pH 1. 9, contact time 60 min, agitation speed 200 rpm, T = 23°C. The adsorption curves show an upward trend in all cases of slag doses. Higher adsorption efficiencies were obtained at the initial concentration of 100 mg/L (98. 2% − 5 g/L of slag, 91. 8% − 4 g/L, 89. 0% − 3 g/L, 87. 9% − 2 g/L). An increase in experimental adsorption capacity was also observed (Fig. SM10, supplementary material). This is due to the fact that free active sites were still available, and their total available amount influenced the adsorption efficiency. Effect of contact time The research results on the influence of contact time on adsorption efficiency and adsorption capacity are shown in Figs. 6 and 11 and Figure SM11 (supplementary material). The study of the contact time in adsorption is important from the point of view of potential industrial use. Determining optimal contact time can help to design processes efficiently and reduce costs. The following experimental conditions were used in these studies: initial concentration of Cu(II) ions 100 mg/L, initial pH 1. 9, slag dosage 1–5 g/L, temperature 23°C, agitation speed 200 rpm. As shown in Fig. 6, the maximum level of adsorption efficiency was achieved in the range of 20–30 minutes of the process and no changes were observed until 60 minutes, hence there was no need to continue the experiment for a longer time. An increase in adsorption efficiency in the first stage may be a consequence of the availability of a large number of free active sites on slag surface and a high concentration of Cu(II) ions at the interface. The gradual occupation of active centers by metal ions during mixing contributed to equilibrium in the system. Kinetic models The kinetics of Cu(II) adsorption on CFBC-S was analyzed with pseudo-first order (PFO) and pseudo-second order (PSO) models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of fungi for water purification. Instead, it discusses the experimental conditions and results related to the adsorption of Cu(II) ions, focusing on various dosages and kinetic models. Since it does not mention fungi or water purification, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractAssetsDiscussionMetrics 16 Nov 2023 | 16 Nov 2023 Rates of palaeoecological change can inform ecosystem restoration örer, and Abstract. Accelerations of ecosystem transformation raise concerns, to the extent that high rates of ecological change may be regarded amongst the most important ongoing imbalances in the Earth system. Here, we used high-resolution pollen and diatom assemblages and associated ecological indicators (the sum of tree and shrub pollen and diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentrations as proxies for tree cover and lake-water eutrophication, respectively) spanning the past 150 years to emphasise that rate-of-change records based on compositional data may document transformations having substantially different causes and outcomes. To characterize rates of change also in terms of other key ecosystem features, we quantified for both ecological indicators (i) the percentage of change per-unit-time, (ii) the percentage of change relative to a baseline level, and (iii) the rate of percentage change per-unit-time relative to a baseline level, taking into account the irregular spacing of palaeoecological data. These measures document how quickly specific facets of nature changed, their trajectory, as well as their status in terms of palaeoecological indicators. Ultimately, some past accelerations of community transformation may document the potential of ecosystems to rapidly recover important ecological attributes and functions. In this context, insights from palaeoecological records may be useful to accelerate ecosystem restoration. How to cite. Finsinger, W. , Bigler, C. , Schwörer, C. , and Tinner, W. : Rates of palaeoecological change can inform ecosystem restoration, EGUsphere [preprint], 2023. Received: 06 Nov 2023 – Discussion started: 16 Nov 2023 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 738 KB) Notice on discussion status The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses how rates of palaeoecological change can inform ecosystem restoration and suggests that past accelerations of community transformation may document the potential of ecosystems to recover important ecological attributes and functions. This implies that biodiversity loss, as evidenced by shifts in ecological indicators, affects the resilience and functionality of ecosystems, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Several studies have found an inverse association between breakfast consumption and obesity, both cross-sectionally( Reference Song, Chun and Obayashi 13 Reference Huang, Hu and Fan 14 ) and longitudinally( Reference Merten, Williams and Shriver 15 Reference Niemeier, Raynor and Lloyd-Richardson 16 ). Huang et al. reported that the OR of being obese was 1·34 (95 % CI 1·15, 1·56) for breakfast skippers compared with breakfast eaters among Taiwan adults, when controlling for several potential confounders( Reference Huang, Hu and Fan 14 ). Merten et al. found that regular breakfast consumption (eating breakfast on 4 d/week or more) during both adolescence and young adulthood seemed to reduce the risk for adult obesity( Reference Merten, Williams and Shriver 15 ). Further, a US prospective study reported increased breakfast skipping from adolescence into young adulthood to be associated with increased weight gain during the transition( Reference Niemeier, Raynor and Lloyd-Richardson 16 ). Breakfast content is likely to affect physiological responses like satiety, glycaemia( Reference Pereira, Erickson and McKee 17 ) and the thermic effect of food( 3 ), but could also represent an overall healthy diet( Reference Kant, Andon and Angelopoulos 18 ) and a generally beneficial lifestyle( Reference Halsey, Huber and Low 19 ). Thus the causality between breakfast skipping and obesity risk needs further investigation. Numerous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have reported a general consistent relationship between time spent watching television (TV) and obesity risk in adults( Reference Chaput, Klingenberg and Astrup 20 – Reference Foster, Gore and West 22 ). Among proposed reasons for this association are reduced engagement in light-intensity activities and thus decreased energy expenditure( Reference Thorp, Owen and Neuhaus 23 ), more frequent meals regardless of hunger( and de Castro 24 ), increased intakes of snacks( 7 ) and high-density foods when eating in front of the TV( Reference Blass, Anderson and Kirkorian 25 ) and an overall poorer dietary quality( and Biddle 26 ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence from several studies that suggest an inverse relationship between breakfast consumption and obesity. It indicates that breakfast skippers are more likely to be obese and that regular breakfast consumption may reduce the risk of obesity. For instance, Huang et al. found that those who skip breakfast had an increased odds ratio of being obese. This evidence implies that skipping breakfast is associated with weight gain, which directly contradicts the claim's assertion that it leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: The calculation results (reaction rate constant k, equilibrium adsorption capacity qe and correlation coefficients R2) are presented in Table 2, and the plots are shown in Figures SM12 and SM13 (supplementary material). The performed calculations showed that higher coefficients R2 were recorded in the case of PSO model, which is related to greater correlation between the experimental qe and the calculated qt values. Therefore, it can be concluded that the kinetics of Cu(II) adsorption on CFBC-S is better described by the PSO model. Chemisorption and electrostatic attraction on the adsorbent surface could take place during these processes. Table 2 Kinetic parameters of pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models dosage [g/L] PFO kinetic model PSO kinetic model kad [min− 1] qe [mg/g] R2 k [g/mg min] qe [mg/g] R2 CFBC-S 3 0. 134 9. 449 0. 971 0. 008 24. 110 0. 999 4 0. 130 10. 223 0. 934 0. 010 22. 332 0. 999 5 0. 118 7. 229 0. 958 0. 012 19. 711 0. 999 Isotherm models Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to analyze the studied adsorption process. The calculations of isotherm parameters are shown in Table 3 and the isotherms are included in Figures SM14 and SM15 (supplementary material). Based on the Langmuir equation, the maximum adsorption capacities were calculated and are as follows: 53. 04 mg/g (CFBC-S dosage 2 g/L), 56. 05 mg/g (3 g/L), 60. 92 mg/g (4 g/L) and 70. 34 mg/g (5 g/L). According to the calculated correlation coefficients R2, adsorption reactions carried out in these studies are more closer to the Freundlich model than to the Langmuir model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of fungi to purify water. Instead, it focuses on kinetic parameters related to the adsorption process of Cu(II) onto CFBC-S, discussing various models and their correlation coefficients without mentioning fungi or water purification. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: 06 billion hectares (31%) of land area, representing 0. 52 hectares per person. The overall rate of net forest loss has significantly decreased between 1990 and 2020 due to the decline in deforestation in several countries and additional afforestation and natural forest growth in other countries. Since then, however, approximately 178 million hectares of forest, approximately five times Japan’s area, has been lost due to deforestation. Japan’s forest coverage rate is approximately 70%, which ranks third among the 37 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries after Finland and Sweden, and seventh in the world in planted forest area as given in Ref. [3]. Over the past 50 years, Japan’s forested areas have remained unaltered, despite the decline in global forest acreage; thus, encouraging Japan to make the most of its forests could significantly affect the SDGs. Furthermore, planted and natural forests have been increasing annually. Of these, 40% of the total planted forests are fully utilized and older than 50 years, which is the primary cutting period; currently, they are in full-scale utilization. However, the sustainability of using forests is accompanied by the equivalent replacement and growth representing an appropriate maintenance and renewal of trees. Therefore, Japan must prepare sufficient financial resources to contribute to the SDGs. The global warming tax, also known as the “global warming countermeasures tax,” was introduced in Japan in 2012; however, it did not incorporate measures to mitigate forest warming. In light of this, imposing a national forest environment tax to raise funds for this endeavor makes sense. Japanese people should pay this tax, whether in the country or abroad. The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 provides the background to introducing funds and taxes for forest cultivation. Section 3 comprehensively describes water source funds from around the country. Section 4 provides an overview of the forest environment tax before developing the national tax. Section 5 presents the forest environment tax as a national tax, which is the focus of this paper. For more information on Section 5, please refer to Ref. [4]. Advertisement 2. Background to establishing the forest environment tax and the water source fundForests can enhance people’s lives and support national economic growth in many ways. These are considered to be the diverse roles that forests play. Council of Japan contends that forests impact 35 elements in eight categories as given in Ref. [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of sustainable forest management and how it can play a critical role in addressing environmental issues. It mentions practices like afforestation, natural forest growth, and the maintenance and renewal of trees as essential for sustainability. The text states that Japan’s forest coverage and conditions are beneficial for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), reinforcing the idea that implementing sustainable practices can help mitigate environmental degradation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: *P ≤ 0·05. †NA = non-applicable due to fewer than five observations in sub-populations. Table 3 Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for being classified as a breakfast skipper or breakfast with TV (compared with breakfast without TV), according to sex, ethnicity and level of education, in the total sample and for each country separately: parents (n 6512) of 10–12-year-olds in eight European countries, cross-sectional study, 2010 TV, television; balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth. *P ≤ 0·05. †NA = non-applicable due to fewer than five observations in sub-populations. study sample included 6512 parents with the mean age of 41 years; 83 % females, 65 % high SES and 83 % natives. Further, 32 % were categorized as breakfast skippers, 23 % as breakfast with TV and 44 % as breakfast without TV (Table 1). The proportion categorized into the different breakfast habits ranged greatly between the eight European countries; breakfast skippers ranged from 12 % in the Netherlands to 54 % in Greece (P ≤ 0·0 0 1), breakfast with TV ranged from 4 % in Switzerland to 78 % in Spain (P ≤ 0·0 0 1) while breakfast without TV ranged from 5 % in Spain to 72 % in Belgium (P ≤ 0·001). Adjusting for sex, ethnicity and parental education as potential confounders, the OR of being overweight was 1·2 (95 % CI 1·0, 1·4) for breakfast skippers v. breakfast without TV (Table 2), the OR of being obese was 1·8 (95 % CI 1·5, 2·3), while no significant association was observed for those being underweight in the total study sample. Significant relationships were also observed within some of the countries; in Greece, the OR of being obese was 2·2 (95 % CI 1·2, 4·0), whereas in Hungary, the OR of being obese was 1·7 (95 % CI 1·1, 2·8). the OR of being overweight was 1·6 (95 % CI 1·1, 2·2) while the OR of being obese was 1·8 (95 % CI 1·0, 3·0). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data that suggests a relationship between breakfast skipping and obesity, as indicated by the odds ratios (OR) for those categorized as breakfast skippers compared to those who do not skip breakfast. Specifically, it shows that individuals who skip breakfast have an OR of being obese as 1.8 (95 % CI 1.5, 2.3), which suggests a correlation but does not definitively assert that skipping breakfast directly causes significant long-term weight gain. Furthermore, the statement 'no significant association was observed for those being underweight' indicates that while there is a correlation with obesity, it does not lead to a clear conclusion of weight gain in the majority of people as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Parameters of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models dosage [g/L] Langmuir isotherm Freundlich isotherm Calculated qm [mg/g] KL [L/mg] R2 Kf [mg/g] [L/mg](1/n) n R2 CFBC-S 2 53. 04 0. 049 0. 824 1. 315 0. 986 0. 933 3 56. 05 0. 037 0. 888 1. 213 0. 938 0. 938 4 60. 92 0. 031 0. 910 1. 171 0. 906 0. 940 5 70. 34 0. 019 0. 929 1. 049 0. 964 0. 950 ConclusionsIn this study, slag (CFBC-S) obtained as a result of incineration of municipal sewage sludge with the use of the circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) technology was used. In the first stage, selected physicochemical properties of the adsorbent were characterized using various methods. In the second stage, copper ion adsorption experiments were carried out and the influence of such factors on the process efficiency as initial pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of Cu(II) ions and contact time were examined. As a result of the research, high adsorption efficiency of 98. 8% was reported under the following conditions: adsorbent dose 5 g/L, initial concentration of Cu(II) ions 100 mg/L, initial pH 1. 9, T = 23°C, contact time 60 min. Many experiments have shown that it is possible to achieve high process efficiency at the level of at least 90%. In the third step, the adsorption kinetics and isotherms were analyzed. It turned out that the investigated sorption processes are more closer to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and to the Freundlich model. Summarizing, it can be stated that slag obtained as a result of CFBC technology can be successfully used to remove copper from aqueous solutions. Slag is industrial waste that can be reused as a product, which is in line with the promoted zero waste policy. This adsorbent can be proposed for potential use in wastewater treatment plants for the treatment of industrial and municipal effluents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the use of slag obtained from the incineration of municipal sewage sludge for the removal of copper ions from water, but does not mention fungi or their ability to purify water. It focuses on adsorption processes and efficiencies of an industrial waste product rather than biological methods involving fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: Moreover, low timber prices, a decline in forestry workers, an aging population, and a lack of funding have contributed to the issue of inadequate maintenance of forests that local government bodies manage. The public benefits only from robust forests. Thus, local governments began enacting a forest environment tax using the decentralization law to aid forest restoration. Kochi Prefecture’s forest coverage rate is 74%, ranking first among prefectures in Japan. In addition, Kochi’s planted forest per capita is the highest in Japan, approximately six times the nation’s average. Thus, 40% of Kochi Prefecture’s land was negatively affected, raising concerns about the potential loss of forests’ public utility function. In addition, with the lowest financial strength index in the nation, Kochi Prefecture’s fiscal situation was tight; therefore, new funding sources were required to prevent the destruction of forests. Against this backdrop, became the first in the nation to adopt a forest environment tax in 2003. In 2004, imposed the Tax, followed by Tottori’s ’s Tax for with Water and Greenery, Yamaguchi Prefecture’s ’s forest environment tax, Kumamoto Prefecture’s Tax for with Water and Greenery, and Kagoshima Prefecture’s forest environment tax in 2005. Figure 1 shows that of Japan’s 47 prefectures, 37 have adopted a forest environment tax under different names. Figure 1. Prefectures that have introduced substantial forest environment tax (shaded area). Created by the authors based on Ref. [6]. A forest environment tax can be defined as a system where local governments enforce an additional tax burden to conserve or recharge forests. However, no tax falls under the forest environment tax category. The introduced forest environment tax used the per capita approach that provides the necessary funds to safeguard forests through a taxation surcharge on inhabitants (prefectural or municipal taxes) mandated by the local tax law. Accordingly, the residence tax is a regular tax collected without a stated goal. Forest conservation initiatives are financed with funds equal to the tax surcharge collected as a forest environment tax. Most prefectures impose an excess tax of forest environment tax at a fixed rate per capita on corporations, where the amount is determined according to specific criteria such as capital, and a flat excess tax rate on individuals’ per capita residential tax rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the implementation of a forest environment tax as a measure to restore and conserve forests, which are crucial for mitigating environmental degradation. The passage outlines how the tax is used to generate funds necessary for forest conservation, which directly aligns with the idea of sustainable land management practices being beneficial for environmental protection.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: In Switzerland, the OR of being underweight was 2·7 (95 % CI 1·1, 6·6). Within the Belgian, Dutch, Norwegian and Spanish samples no significant associations were found for the relationship between weight status and breakfast skipping. In the total study sample, the OR of being underweight was 0·5 (95 % CI 0·2, 0·9) while the OR of being obese was 1·4 (95 % CI 1·1, 1·8) for breakfast with TV compared with breakfast without TV (Table 2). No significant association was observed for overweight. Similar but sometimes more pronounced and sometimes non-significant results were observed in the separate countries. For example, in the Belgium sample, the OR of being obese was 2·4 (95 % CI 1·1, 5·3) while the OR of being obese was 3·1 (95 % CI 1·3, 7·3) in the Netherlands. the OR of being obese was 2·3 (95 % CI 1·0, 5·3). Within the Greek, Hungarian, Norwegian, Spanish and Swiss samples no significant associations were found for the relationship between weight status and breakfast with TV. Regarding potential sociodemographic determinants, the OR of being a breakfast skipper was 1·4 (95 % CI 1·2, 1·6) for fathers v. mothers, 0·8 (95 % CI 0·7, 1·0) for natives v. non-natives and 0·5 (95 % CI 0·4, 0·5) for high educated v. low educated, in the full sample (Table 3). In the Netherlands, the OR of being a breakfast skipper was 3·8 (95 % CI 1·5, 9·6) and 0·2 (95 % CI 0·1, 0·5) respectively for fathers and for those highly educated. In both Greece and Hungary, the OR was 0·6 (95 % CI 0·4, 0·9 in Greece; 95 % CI 0·5, 0·9 in Hungary) for parents having high education. In the Norwegian sample, the OR of being a breakfast skipper was 0·4 (95 % CI 0·2, 0·6) for those who were highly educated, while the OR for the same relationship was 0·6 (95 % CI 0·5, 0·8) in Slovenia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data that shows no significant associations were found between weight status and breakfast skipping across several sample populations, including Belgium, the Netherlands, and Norway. Specifically, the absence of significant findings suggests that skipping breakfast does not lead to weight gain, as indicated by the various odds ratios (OR) provided for different demographics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: Declarationsresearch did not receive a specific grant from any a funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. I would like to express special thanks to Dr. (Nanobiomedical Centre, University in Poznań, Poland) for taking TEM images in nanoscale of the research samples. 4193. (2020) Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon 6(9):e04691. Fytili D, (2008) Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods - A review. Renew Sust. 12:116–140. (2016) Functionalization of with UV-by Spacer. 6:163–174. Kaewsarn P, (2001) Cadmium (II) removal from aqueous solutions by pretreated biomass of marine alga Padina sp. 112(1):209–213. Kalak T, (2018) Adsorptive removal of copper and cadmium ions using fly ash resulting from CFBC technology. Proceedings of 15th Meeting on Bioanalysis (CECE), Brno, Czech Republic, 177–181. Kalak T, (2019) Comparative studies on the adsorption of Pb(II) ions by fly ash and slag obtained from CFBC technology. 21(4):72–81. Kalak T, Kłopotek A, (2019) Effective adsorption of lead ions using fly ash obtained in the novel circulating fluidized bed combustion technology. 145:1011–1025. (2015) The investigation of solid slag obtained by neutralization of sewage sludge. 65:1292–1296. Kostura B, Dvorsky R, Kukutschová J, Študentová S, Bednář J, Mančík P (2017) Preparation of sorbent with a high active sorption surface based on blast furnace slag for phosphate removal from wastewater. Eng 43:161–168. (2011) Integrated evaluation of aerosols from regional brown hazes over northern China in winter: Concentrations, sources, transformation, and mixing states. J 116:129642250. (2014) of of Concrete. Mater 7:4282–4296. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses various research topics and studies related to environmental pollutants and material properties, with no mention of fungi or their ability to purify water.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: This implies that to meet its greenhouse gas emission reduction target, Japan must protect its forests and acquire funding for initiatives such as thinning. of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has requested a tax to fund forest sink initiatives since 2004. Nevertheless, every region also appealed to the national government to provide funding. Since 2006, local council members have advocated for a forest environment tax through the of Parliamentarians for the Promotion of and the for Promotion of Tax Creation, founded by municipalities with extensive forests. Prefecture led 34 organizations in implementing the forest environment tax by 2014. This local tax aimed to raise funds for an additional inhabitant tax for forests. Furthermore, a new international framework to address global warming was adopted in 2015 with the Paris Agreement. Then, with public support for forest preservation growing, the 2018 Charter finalized the implementation of the forest environment tax. stated that the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries considered building a forest management system and that the forest environment tax will be imposed in the fiscal year 2024, while the forest environment transfer tax began in fiscal year 2019. Additionally, it requested that funding be allocated to cover forest thinning, securing leaders, human resource development, and maintenance of forests, encouraging the use and distribution of wood, public education for municipalities and prefectures, and promotion costs, with prefectures supporting municipalities that maintain their forests. approved the general guidelines for tax reform in 2018, and in 2019, the forest environment and forest environment transfer taxes were passed. It was partially implemented in April of that year. Commencing in 2024, municipalities will impose a national tax of 1,000 yen per year for the forest environment, which will be based on the individual inhabitant tax per capita rate. Additionally, the forest environment transfer tax, financed by the allocation tax and borrowings in the forest management system, was introduced in response to the pressing need for forest maintenance. Transfers began in September and March of the fiscal year 2019. Municipalities and prefectures are assumed to receive a proportionate share of these funds, with 20% going to forestry workers, 30% to the population, and 50% to privately owned forests. However, municipalities must declare the purpose of the forest environment transfer tax to ensure the tax is applied appropriately (refer to Refs. [7, 8]). Figure 2 shows an overview of the forest environment tax and forest environment transfer tax described in this section. Figure 2. Mechanism of forest environment tax and forest environment transfer tax. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various initiatives aimed at forest preservation and management in Japan, which are directly linked to the goals of sustainable land management. The mention of the forest environment tax and funding for forest maintenance, thinning, and education initiatives aligns with the idea that such practices contribute to mitigating environmental degradation. The overall focus on protecting forests and securing funding shows a commitment to sustainable management strategies that can combat environmental issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: In Switzerland, the OR of being a breakfast skipper was 0·4 (95 % CI 0·3, 0·6) for high educated v. low educated. No significant results were detected for this association in Belgium and Spain. In the total study sample, as well as in Belgium, Greece, Hungary, Spain and Switzerland, no significant results were found for the relationship between breakfast with TV and sex, ethnicity and education (Table 3). When looking at separate countries, the following results were noteworthy: in the Netherlands, the OR of breakfast with TV was 0·3 (95 % CI 0·2, 0·6) for parents with more than 14 years of education compared with parents with less education, while the OR for the same relationship was 0·5 (95 % CI 0·3, 0·8) in the Norwegian sample and 0·6 (95 % CI 0·4, 1·0) in Slovenia. the total cross-sectional study sample, those parents who were categorized as breakfast skippers were significantly more likely to be overweight and obese, while those who were categorized as breakfast with TV were significantly more likely to be obese, compared with breakfast without TV. The present study therefore supports the hypothesis that skipping breakfast and watching TV during breakfast are associated with higher risk of being overweight and obese in adults. A recent Swedish study on adults reported increased likelihood for overweight and obesity among participants with an irregular meal pattern, in terms of skipping breakfast and lunch and eating late at night( Reference Berg, Lappas and Wolk 41 ). Further, previous studies have found an inverse association between breakfast consumption, weight gain and obesity( Reference Song, Chun and Obayashi 13 – Reference Niemeier, Raynor and Lloyd-Richardson 16 ). However, to our knowledge, no previous studies conducted on adults have assessed the potential implications of watching TV during breakfast, although three experimental studies manipulating TV viewing during lunch and dinner consumption all reported enhanced dietary intake when watching TV regardless of rated appetite( Reference Blass, Anderson and Kirkorian 25 Reference Hetherington, Anderson and Norton 34 Reference Bellisle, Dalix and Slama 35 ). Thus consuming meals in front of the TV might contribute to weight gain over time. Accordingly, observational studies on children have found positive associations between frequency of TV watching during meals and both higher BMI and poorer dietary quality( Reference Dubois, Farmer and Girard 32 Reference Liang, Kuhle and Veugelers 33 ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that skipping breakfast is associated with a higher likelihood of being overweight and obese, rather than directly leading to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. It also notes that in certain studies, no significant results were found suggesting a direct consequence of skipping breakfast on weight gain, especially when considering the role of watching TV during meals. Therefore, while there is some association noted, the text does not confirm that skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the general population.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: Malerius O, (2003) Modelling the adsorption of mercury in the flue gas of sewage sludge incineration. J 96:197–205. (2008) Role of surface properties during the biosorption of copper by pretreated Aspergillus niger biomass. Colloids and Surfaces. Aspects 329(2):95–99. Renu, Agarwal M, (2017) Heavy metal removal from wastewater using various adsorbents: a review. J Des 7(4):387–419. (2020) of Exposure and Effects: Implications for for Ingested Copper. 65:131–159. (2022) Values for of to Copper. 00:1–8. (2000) Infrared emission spectra of CaF2-CaO-SiO2 melt. ISIJ Inter 40:739–743. WHO (2006) In: Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, vol. 1. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, Geneva. Yuansheng H, (2021) What are the environmental advantages of circulating fluidized bed technology? - A case study in China. Energy 220:119711. DeclarationsNo competing interests reported. Supplementary Filesgroupimage1. jpegGraphical AbstractFigureSM1supplement. docxFigureSM2supplement. docxFigureSM3supplement. docxFigureSM4supplement. docxFigureSM5supplement. docxFigureSM6supplement. docxFigureSM7supplement. docxFigureSM8supplement. docxFigureSM9supplement. docxFigureSM10supplement. docxFigureSM11supplement. docxFigureSM12supplementPFO. docxFigureSM13supplementPFO. docxFigureSM14supplementLangmuir. docxFigureSM15supplementFreundlich. docx:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionlets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of fungi for water purification. Instead, it contains references to various studies focused on heavy metal removal and biosorption processes related to different substances, with no mention of fungi's capability or efficiency in water purification.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Go to authors Publication ethics Publication alerts by email board Contact 100th anniversary Current issue Past issues By specialty COVID-19 biology All. . . with Giants in Medicine Author's all reviews. . . Disorders (Upcoming) (Oct 2024) in Medicine (Sep 2024) (Apr 2024) Lung inflammatory injury and tissue repair (Jul 2023) in Glioblastoma (Feb 2023) 25th (Jan 2023) View all review series. . . In-to the read 10. 1172/JCI124610 Influences on allergic mechanisms through gut, lung, and skin microbiome exposures Andrea M. Kemter and Cathryn R. of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, of. Address correspondence to: Cathryn R. Nagler, of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, JFK R410, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. Phone: 773. 702. 6317; Email: cnagler@bsd. uchicago. edu. Find 773. 702. 6317; Email: cnagler@bsd. uchicago. edu. Find 1492. © 2019 for 25, 2019 - Version history industrialized societies the incidence of allergic diseases like atopic dermatitis, food allergies, and asthma has risen alarmingly over the last few decades. This increase has been attributed, in part, to lifestyle changes that alter the composition and function of the microbes that colonize the skin and mucosal surfaces. Strategies that reverse these changes to establish and maintain a healthy microbiome show promise for the prevention and treatment of allergic disease. In this Review, we will discuss evidence from preclinical and clinical studies that gives insights into how the microbiota of skin, intestinal tract, and airways influence immune responses in the context of allergic sensitization. Allergic disease has been on the rise in Western societies in recent decades. Twin studies have shown that while genetic predisposition influences the development of allergic sensitization, environmental factors also play a very important role (1–4). Thirty years ago, the hygiene hypothesis postulated that microbial infections protect from allergy (5). This hypothesis has since been updated to encompass the commensal microbiota (6–8), based on the identification of bacteria that are allergy protective as well as the presence of potentially harmful bacteria that can drive allergic disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the microbiota of the skin, intestinal tract, and airways influence immune responses, particularly in the context of allergic sensitization. It indicates that changes in the composition and function of the microbes colonizing these surfaces are linked to the rise of allergic diseases, suggesting that the microbiome plays a significant role in health and disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: As previously described in the literature, the present study also observed significant associations between sex, ethnicity and education (as an indicator of SES) and breakfast skipping. Being a male, non-native and low educated was each associated with skipping breakfast. Clarke et al. ( Reference Clarke, O'Malley and Johnston 8 ) reported that white young women showed a positive trend in breakfast frequency between 1984 and 2006, compared with black women and Hispanic women. Further, TV viewing remained constantly higher among minority ethnic groups during the same period, compared with white young adults( Reference Clarke, O'Malley and Johnston 8 ). Accordingly, Merten et al. ( Reference Merten, Williams and Shriver 15 ) reported that low-income youth from disadvantaged communities were more likely to skip breakfast. A possible explanation for the gender differences observed in the present study could be that mothers may be more involved in child care in the morning than fathers, making them less likely to be breakfast skippers. There were noteworthy country differences in the study sample for both the prevalence of breakfast skippers and particularly for eating breakfast with TV. excelled in terms of a low rate of breakfast skippers as well as a remarkable high prevalence of breakfast with TV. Switzerland had a low prevalence of breakfast with TV, but more than twice as many Swiss compared with Spanish were categorized as breakfast skippers. Greece, Hungary and Slovenia all had high amounts of breakfast skippers. The relationship between weight status and breakfast habits differed greatly across countries. The strongest associations between weight status and being a breakfast skipper were observed in Greece and Switzerland, for respectively being obese and underweight. In Greece, breakfast skippers were more than twice as likely to be obese compared with those who ate breakfast without watching TV. In the Swiss sample, breakfast skippers were almost three times as likely to be underweight. In the Netherlands, those categorized as breakfast with TV were more than three times as likely to be obese, compared with breakfast without TV. Regarding associations between breakfast habits and the potential sociodemographic determinants, there were also noteworthy cross-country variations. Significant associations between sex, education and being a breakfast skipper were observed in all countries but Belgium and Spain. In the Netherlands, breakfast skippers were nearly four times more likely to be fathers than to be mothers, and five times less likely to be highly educated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various associations related to breakfast habits and weight status across different countries. It highlights that, for instance, in Greece, breakfast skippers were more than twice as likely to be obese, which may seem to support the general idea of skipping breakfast leading to weight gain. However, it also states that in Switzerland, breakfast skippers were nearly three times more likely to be underweight, suggesting that skipping breakfast does not universally correlate to long-term weight gain. This indicates that skipping breakfast can have varying effects on weight status depending on contextual factors and demographics, challenging the notion that it leads to significant weight gain in the majority.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [4] Caceres A. Vademécum nacional de plantas medicinales. Guatemala: Ed. Universitaria 2009. [5] Fion M. Recopilación de las plantas medicinales, validadas farmacológicamente por estudiantes asesorados de farmacología y fisiología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia (BS Thesis) Guatemala: Universidad de de Guatemala, 2003. [6] Martínez áceres A. Fundamentos de agrotecnología de cultivo de plantas medicinales iberoamericanas. Bogotá: CAB-CYTED 2000. [7] Cáceres Multidisciplinary development of phytotherapeutic products from native plants. 2006; (720): 149-55. [8] Cáceres A. From traditional uses of Mesoamerican medicinal plants to modern phytotherapy in Guatemala. 2015; 81: 08. [9] Morley S. La civilización Maya. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1980. [10] Recinos A. (Trad) Historias de Quiché. 2nd ed. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1947. [11] Roys RL. Ethnobotany of the Maya. New Orleans: 1931. [12] Thompson J. Historia y religión de los Mayas. México: Siglo XXI 1990. [13] Díaz del Castillo B. Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. Madrid: Española 2011. [14] Gómez-Pompa A. Las raíces de la etnobotánica mexicana. In: Moreno-y perspectivas del conocimiento de los recursos vegetales de México en vísperas del siglo XXI. México: Instituto de Ecología 1933; 37. [15] Hernández F. Historia natural de Nueva España. México: Ed. UNAM 1965. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about the effectiveness of plants used in traditional medicine for modern ailments. It consists largely of bibliographic references without evaluating or discussing the efficacy of these plants, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: The composition of the commensal microbiome is affected by multiple environmental factors, including the mode of delivery during childbirth (9), breast versus formula feeding (10, 11), a “Western diet” low in fiber and high in fat content (12, 13), and misuse of antibiotics (14). Atopic diseases can take a number of different forms. Often, skin manifestations like atopic dermatitis (AD; or eczema) appear in infancy and can persist into adulthood. It is estimated that AD affects up to 20% of the population, especially in developed countries (15), and predisposes children to the development of food allergies in early childhood and to asthma by school age (16–20). This disease progression is often called the atopic or allergic march. Although the exact mechanisms leading to sensitization (instead of tolerance) to environmental antigens are still being investigated, a picture of the underlying immune response has emerged (for recent reviews, see refs. 6, 21, 22). Generally, production of the alarmins IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by epithelial cells activates local immune cells including basophils and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) (23). These cells then produce the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which prime DCs to induce the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th2 cells (21–23). Cytokine-secreting Th2 cells activate allergen-specific B cells, inducing their class switch to IgE (22). The IgE isotype is a hallmark of allergic sensitization. Effector cells like mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils express IgE receptors. Allergens cross-link IgE bound to these receptors and induce effector cell degranulation, causing the release of allergic mediators like histamine and eicosanoids like prostaglandins or leukotrienes, as well as proteases and cytokines. These mediators induce the typical symptoms of allergic reactions: vasodilation, smooth muscle hypercontractility, and mucus overproduction at mucosal sites, resulting in a broad range of clinical signs and symptoms, from redness and itching to deadly anaphylactic responses (21, 22). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the impact of the microbiome's composition on health and disease. It mentions that environmental factors like childbirth delivery mode, feeding practices, diet, and antibiotic use influence the microbiome, which has a significant role in the progression of conditions like atopic diseases. The underlying immune response described suggests a complex interaction between the microbiome and health outcomes, supporting the idea that the microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: (2001) Relationships between use of television during meals and children's food consumption patterns. Pediatrics 107, E7. 7. Bowman, SA (2006) Television-viewing characteristics of adults: correlations to eating practices and overweight and health status. Dis 3, A38. 8. Clarke, PJ, O' (2009) Differential trends in weight-related health behaviors among American young adults by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status: 1984–2006. 99, 1893–1901. 9. Siega-& Carson, T (2000) Differences in food patterns at breakfast by sociodemographic characteristics among a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States. 30, 415–424. CrossRef10. Ball, K & Crawford, D (2005) Socioeconomic status and weight change in adults: a review. Med 60, 1987–2010. 11. McLaren, L (2007) Socioeconomic status and obesity. 29, 29–48. 12. Wang, Y & Beydoun, MA (2007) The obesity epidemic in the – gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. 29, 6–28. 13. (2005) Is consumption of breakfast associated with body mass index in US adults? J Assoc 105, 1373–1382. 14. (2010) Associations of breakfast skipping with obesity and health-related quality of life: evidence from a national survey in Taiwan. Obes (Lond) 34, 720–725. 15. & Shriver, LH (2009) Breakfast consumption in adolescence and young adulthood: parental presence, community context, and obesity. J Assoc 109, 1384–1391. 16. -Richardson, EE et al. (2006) Fastfood consumption and breakfast skipping: predictors of weight gain from adolescence to adulthood in a nationally representative sample. J 39, 842–849. 17. (2011) Breakfast frequency and quality may affect glycemia and appetite in adults and children. J Nutr 141, 163–168. 18. (2008) Association of breakfast energy density with diet quality and body mass index in American adults: Surveys, 1999–2004. 88, 1396–1404. 19. (2012) Does consuming breakfast influence activity levels? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes multiple studies and references related to eating patterns, breakfast consumption, and obesity. Notably, it mentions that 'associations of breakfast skipping with obesity' and discusses 'breakfast consumption in adolescence and young adulthood' as predictors of weight gain, which contrasts the claim by suggesting that not all instances of skipping breakfast uniformly lead to significant long-term weight gain. The emphasis on various factors influencing weight gain points towards a more nuanced understanding, highlighting that skipping breakfast may not always result in weight gain for the majority.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [16] Ximénez F. Historia natural del Reino de Guatemala. Guatemala: Ed. José de 1967. [17] Fuentes y Guzmán FA. Recordación florida (II). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional 1932. [18] Jl. “Flora de Guatemala” de José Mociño. Madrid: Calles-de Investigaciones Científicas, 1996. [19] Blake SF. Native names and uses of some plants of eastern Guatemala and Honduras. Contrib US 1922; 24(4): 87-105. [20] Mejía JV. Geografía de la República de Guatemala. Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional 1927. [21] Rojas U. Elementos de Botánica General. Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional 1925-36. [22] Roque JM. Flora médicoguatemalteca, apuntes para la materia médica de Guatemala. Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional 1941. [23]. Flora de Guatemala, Fieldiana: Bot 1946-52. 24: 1-6. [24]. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana: Bot 1961-81. 24: 7-12. [25] Figueroa Marroquín H. Enfermedades de los conquistadores. San Salvador: Ministerio de Cultura 1955. [26] Guerra F. Maya medicine. 1946; 8: 31-43. [27] Aguilar Girón J. Relación de algunos aspectos de la flora útil de Guatemala. Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional 1966. [28] Mellen G. El uso de las plantas medicinales en Guatemala. 1974; 9: 102-48. [29] de la medicina popular en el área rural de Guatemala. 1971; 6: 1-330. [30] Cáceres A, Sapper D. Estudios sobre medicina popular en Guatemala. 1977; 1: 59-68. [31] Cáceres A, Girón. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a reference list or bibliography that cites various publications related to the flora and traditional medicine of Guatemala. It does not provide any information addressing the claim about the effectiveness of all plants used in traditional medicine for modern ailments, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: In this Review, we will introduce the microbiota of skin, intestinal tract, and airways; describe their roles in health; and discuss findings on how alterations in their composition can affect mechanisms of allergic sensitization. The skin microbiota and atopic dermatitis Healthy human skin forms a barrier between our tissues and the environment. The top layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, consists of cross-linked keratinocytes that are constantly being shed. The skin surface is a hostile environment, desiccated with a high salt concentration and low pH, although specific body sites differ in variables like moisture, lipid content, UV exposure, and temperature (24, 25). The composition of the skin microbiota depends on genetics, environmental factors, and the local microenvironment of the body site (26–29). In moist skin sites, corynebacteria and some staphylococci dominate, while in sebaceous (oily) areas lipophilic bacteria prevail, with propionibacteria and staphylococci being the most abundant; dry skin sites are colonized with mixed bacterial populations with abundant Betaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriales (27–29). Additional factors that determine the composition of the skin microbiome include the host immune system as well as competition for niche between the commensal bacteria themselves (Figure 1A). The skin is rich in antimicrobial lipids and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), both of which are constitutively expressed or induced by the presence of specific microbes; commensal bacteria can produce AMPs as well (30–32). Commensal bacteria are also crucial for the education of the skin immune system, inducing the influx of microbiota-specific regulatory and effector T cells, which are important to control subsequent challenges with potential pathogens (33–35). Skin microbiota composition undergoes changes during a person’s lifetime due to alterations in host biology. While the infant microbiome is fairly homogeneous across body sites at the time of delivery, it diversifies according to body site microenvironments within the first 6 weeks of life (36), and then changes during puberty as hormones affect the skin (37). The adult skin microbiome appears to be fairly stable over time (38). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the roles of the microbiota in health and how their composition can affect health mechanisms, particularly in relation to allergic sensitization. It discusses the skin microbiota's role in forming barriers and influencing the immune system, which are essential aspects of how the microbiome contributes to health and disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the number of trees that can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: 1Tanzania (a), the location of Morogoro region (b), and the study villages and protected forests within the region (c)Full size image Kunke and Mlimbilo are located in Mtibwa Ward, 120 km north of Morogoro town. The villages cover an area of about 24,000 and 13,600 ha and have about 3,500 and 2,000 inhabitants, respectively. The climate of the area is sub-humid tropical, with a mean annual rainfall in the range of 800–1,200 mm. There are two rainy seasons, the short rains from October to December and the long rains from March to June. Mean annual temperature varies between 28 °C and 31 °C. The area includes settlements, a sugar factory, croplands, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. ) and teak (Tectona grandis L. leaf) plantations, grazing land, open scattered miombo woodlands, and part of a protected miombo woodland known as the Wami-Mbiki wild animals management area (WMA). The inhabitants depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihoods. They practice small-scale and medium-scale farming and cultivate crops for subsistence [maize (Zea mays L. )] and for marketing [rice (Oryza glaberrima S. ), sesame (Sesamum indicum L. ), and sugarcane]. WMA is a community-based conservation area that was established in 1999. The area is located in two regions,. It covers a core area of about 3,000 km2 and a buffer area of about 1,200 km2 (Madulu 2005). The WMA is surrounded by 24 villages including Kunke and Mlimbilo, and houses about 65,000 people in total; it covers 65 % of Kunke and 47 % of Mlimbilo. The woodlands inside the WMA have suffered from extensive tree cutting for charcoal production, and agricultural expansion and encroachment. Maseyu is located in Gwata Ward, about 50 km northeast of Morogoro town and 150 km west of Dar es Salaam (Fig. 1). The climatic conditions and rainfall pattern in are similar to those in Mtibwa Ward. The village of Maseyu covers approximately 36,000 ha and has about 2,000 inhabitants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the extensive tree cutting in the woodlands within the Wami-Mbiki wild animals management area (WMA) for charcoal production and agricultural expansion. This activity illustrates that deforestation is occurring, which directly supports the notion that fewer trees are available to absorb CO2, but it does not explicitly connect this to climate change. Instead, it highlights the local impacts of deforestation without encompassing the broader context of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [110] New 12a-hydroxyrotenoids from Gliricidia sepium bark. J 1988; 62: 188-90. [111] Rastrelli L, Caceres A, de Simone F, Aquino R. Studies on the constituents of Gliricidia sepium (Laguminosae) leaves and roots: Isolation and structure elucidation of new triterpenoid saponins and aromatic compounds. J Chem 1999; 47: 1537-40. [112]. Essential oil composition of Gliricidia sepium (Leguminosae) leaves and flowers. Chem 2007; 48B: 1359-60. [113] Gibson DN. Flora of Guatemala. 1970; 24(9): 208. [114] Logan MH. Digestive disorders and plant medicinals in Highland Guatemala. Anthropos 1973; 68: 537-47. [115] Ocampo R, Balick MJ. Plants of semillas sagradas An ethnomedicinal garden in de Costa Rica. 2009. [116] Guzmán. Medicinal plants for the treatment of “nervios”, anxiety, and depression in Medicine. Farmacogn 2014; 24: 591-608. [117] Lippia: Traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology: A review. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 76: 201-14. [118]. Ethnopharmacology of Lippia alba. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 116: 211-22. [119] Ocampo RA, Maffioli A. de Medicinales en Costa Rica. San José: 1987. [120] Mamun-or-. In vitro antibacterial effect of bushy matgrass (Lippia alba Mill. ) extracts. 2012; 6: 334-40. [121] Nuñez Polyphenols and antimicrobial activity in extracts of Lippia alba (Mill. ). Plants 2013; 2: 361-8. [122] Antiviral activity of medicinal plant extracts. 1997; 11: 198-202. [123] Inhibitory effect of linalool-rich essential oil from Lippia alba on the peptidase and keratinase activities of dermatophytes. J 2014; 29: 12-7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists several studies and articles related to the plant Gliricidia sepium and Lippia alba, discussing their medicinal properties and chemical constituents. However, it does not provide any information or evidence to support or refute the claim that all plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. As such, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: These findings demonstrate how environmental factors, host biology, and microbiota influence each other to establish a healthy skin microenvironment; the differences described between body sites or in different age groups may at least partially explain why certain skin conditions, including AD, preferentially appear in certain age groups or at specific body sites. Figure 1Skin commensals and an intact skin barrier promote tolerance induction, while skin barrier impairment and dysbiosis can drive type 2 inflammation. (A) In healthy individuals, the skin is colonized with a variety of skin commensals. Their composition depends on the local microenvironment and is balanced by antimicrobial peptides and lipids produced by the host or the commensals themselves. They also protect the host from colonization with potentially pathogenic bacteria. Colonization with beneficial commensals further induces local immune responses that protect the host from pathogens and promote induction of tolerance to environmental antigens. (B) Impaired skin barrier function is one of the main predisposing factors for atopic dermatitis (AD) development. Loss of microbial diversity as well as an overabundance of Staphylococcus aureus is also a common phenomenon on lesional skin of AD patients. Potentially pathogenic S. aureus strains can produce a number of molecules aiding in penetration of the host skin and driving type 2 immune responses, thereby exacerbating AD. Environmental antigens taken up through the inflamed skin are encountered in a pro–type 2 environment, which can lead to allergic sensitization with production of antigen-specific IgE. AMP, antimicrobial peptide; APC, antigen-presenting cell; LN, lymph node; SEB, staphylococcal enterotoxin B; Teff, effector T cell; Treg, regulatory T cell; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Several different but interdependent factors seem to predispose patients to AD. First, in contrast to healthy skin, the barrier function of AD patients’ skin is impaired (15). A number of genetic risk factors have been identified that directly affect barrier integrity, like loss-of-function mutations in the protein filaggrin, which is important for the development of the stratum corneum, or mutations that affect skin immune responses (39, 40). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the relationship between the human microbiome and health outcomes, particularly through the influence of skin microbiota on conditions like atopic dermatitis (AD). It details how skin commensals can induce local immune responses that protect against pathogens and promote tolerance to environmental antigens, illustrating mechanisms through which the microbiome affects health. Furthermore, it describes the consequences of dysbiosis and impaired skin barrier function, linking these to exacerbated skin conditions, thus supporting the idea that the microbiome plays a significant role in influencing health and disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources like wind and solar power are becoming increasingly cost-effective and widely used. [SEP] Text: > Vol. 3 No. 4, November 2012 Cost and of () Seth Blumsack, John and of Energy and. . DOI: 10. 4236/sgre. 2012. 34041 5,866 Downloads 8,929 Views 315. doi: 10. 4236/sgre. 2012. 34041. 1. integration of renewable electric generation resources, particularly solar and wind, into existing energy production and delivery systems, is considered to be a major technical and economic challenge. Variability of both wind and solar resources introduces additional stochastic components to the operational objective of balancing supply and demand across power control areas on a real-time basis; and presents planning challenges to system operators and generating companies that must make investment portfolio decisions to accommodate increased renewable energy penetration. Integration costs are expected to rise along with penetration levels, with recent reports suggesting costs of $2/MWh to $9/MWh [1] once wind penetration reaches 20% [2]. A number of different operational strategies are possible to achieve large-scale penetration of wind and solar energy. One such strategy would expand the use of frequency regulation and balancing energy services to compensate for unforecasted deviations in wind and solar power output. These so-called ancillary services are currently utilized in large-scale electricity systems to balance unexpected deviations in the supply-demand balance caused by volatile electricity demand or unplanned outages at generation or transmission assets. Such ancillary services can be provided on the supply side or the demand side. While system operators are experienced in procuring and dispatching ancillary services to handle fluctuations in the supply-demand balance, it is less clear whether existing ancillary services, and the various types of markets through which they are procured, are adequate to support the large-scale integration of wind and solar resources while maintaining high reliability and reasonable costs [3]. Wind and solar resources could also self-provide balancing energy by coupling their output with a controllable resource to provide a firm energy schedule to the system operator. The controllable resource essentially provides some amount of “fill-in” power to compensate for the variable resource. This coupling could be contractual, in which the wind or solar resource signs a physical energy purchase contract with a complementary resource; or the coupling could occur through horizontal integration, where a single generation operator manages the output of the variable and controllable resource to provide the firm energy schedule. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges associated with the integration of renewable energy sources, specifically mentioning that increased penetration of wind and solar resources introduces additional costs and operational challenges. It states that integration costs are expected to rise as renewable energy penetration increases, indicating that while renewable sources like wind and solar may be prevalent, their integration is complex and may not necessarily be cost-effective in the current context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Pharmacological evaluation of the anxiolytic-like effects of Lippia graveolens and bioactive compounds. 2017; 55: 1569-76. [153] íquez RG. Volatile constituents of Montanoa tomentosa and Lippia graveolens. 1987; 53: 495-6. [154] Uribe-Hernández ínez MA. The essential oil of Lippia graveolens HBK from Jalisco, Mexico. J Res 1992; 4: 647-9. [155] Stashenko EE, Martínez JR, Pala MP, et al. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric characterization of essential oils and extracts from Lippia (Verbenaceae) aromatic plants. J 2013; 36: 192-202. [156] Iridoids from Lippia graveolens. Phytochemistry 1998; 40: 1829-32. [157]. Analysis of the essential oil of Lippia graveolens HBK from El Salvador. J 2001; 16: 219-26. [158] Pérez Sabino JF, Mérida Reyes M, Farfán Barrera CD. Análise e discriminação de quimiotipos de Lippia graveolens H. B. K. da Guatemala por microextração em base sólida, CC-EM e análise multivariada. 2012; 35: 97-101. [159] Carvacrol and thymol: strong antimicrobial agents against resistant isolates. Microbiol 2017; 28: 63-8. [160] Leyva-López N, Nair V, Young-Bang W, et al. Protective role of terpenes and polyphenols from three species of oregano (Lippia graveolens, Lippia palmeri and Hedeoma patens) on the suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264. 7 macrophage cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 187: 302-12. [161] Arana-Sánchez A, Estarrón-Espinoza M, Obledo-Vázquez EN, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a variety of references discussing the pharmacological evaluation and chemical composition of specific plants, particularly Lippia graveolens. However, it does not provide any information on the effectiveness of traditional medicinal plants for modern ailments, nor does it make any claims about their efficacy. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Mice with a filaggrin loss-of-function mutation develop AD-like skin inflammation, underscoring the importance of this protein (41). Second, dysbiosis of the skin microbiota with decreased colonization of beneficial commensals (42, 43) and an increased presence of the potentially pathogenic commensal Staphylococcus aureus is a common phenomenon in both patients with AD and murine models of disease (44–46). The exact cause and timing of when particular predisposing factors come into play are not completely understood. While overgrowth of S. aureus sometimes precedes the development of AD (47), this is not always the case (43). However, in at least a subset of patients, alterations of the skin microenvironment, due to an impairment of the skin barrier function, affect colonization with commensals and their tightly regulated interplay with host cells. Alterations in the microenvironment could, for example, include moisture levels, pH, nutrient availability, or shifts in the production of AMPs. Potentially pathogenic strains of S. aureus exploit these conditions, leading to their overgrowth; the lesional skin is colonized with S. aureus in up to 90% of patients with AD (48). The proportion of S. aureus relative to other commensals is increased during flares (44), and higher density is associated with more severe AD (49). Increased colonization with S. aureus is associated with a lower diversity of the skin microbiome. Diversity decreases further during a flare and increases if AD is treated (44); in a murine model, treatment with antibiotics targeting S. aureus partially restored microbial diversity and almost completely prevented dermatitis development (45). Several studies have demonstrated how a diverse microbiome can keep the growth of S. aureus in check. Culturable Gram-negative bacteria from healthy human skin, for example, were able to enhance barrier function, control S. aureus colonization, and even alleviate dermatitis in a mouse model of AD, unlike their counterparts from the skin of patients with AD (42). Certain strains of Staphylococcus (including S. epidermidis and S. hominis) produce AMPs that are active against S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the skin microbiome plays a critical role in health and disease, particularly in the context of atopic dermatitis (AD). It describes how dysbiosis of the skin microbiota, characterized by decreased beneficial commensals and increased Staphylococcus aureus, is common in both AD patients and murine models. The text also details how alterations in the skin microenvironment can affect microbial colonization and diversity, implying that the health of the microbiome has direct implications for the severity and management of disease, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources like wind and solar power are becoming increasingly cost-effective and widely used. [SEP] Text: Figure 6(b) shows NOx emissions from the three systems; coupling wind and solar with the natural gas turbine increases NOx emissions by a factor of between three and five, depending on the time of year. Figure 5. Average energy cost of integrating photovoltaics into the wind/gas portfolio. Figure 6. Emissions impacts from coupling wind and natural gas; and coupling wind, solar and natural gas. Panel (a) shows the decrease in CO2 emissions from coupling renewables and fossil fuels, while panel (b) shows the increase in NOx emissions. 4. Discussion and results on the emissions implications of coupling renewables and fossil fuels are consistent with previous research [13]. Coupling wind energy with a natural gas turbine can potentially reduce long-run average production costs, although incrementally adding photovoltaics to the portfolio increases costs. We find that the coupled wind/gas system has higher NOx emissions than simply running a natural gas turbine at a constant level of output, Figure 7. Monetary savings, including emissions costs, from coupling wind and natural gas. We do not find any monetary savings from adding photovoltaics to the wind/gas capacity portfolio. but lower CO2 emissions. Adding photovoltaics reduces the CO2 emissions profile of the system slightly while increasing the NOx profile. In a scenario where emissions are priced, the reduction in CO2 cost may outweigh the increase in NOx costs for the wind/gas coupled system, yielding net savings (compared to running the gas-only system) depending on the relative emissions prices. Using prevailing CO2 prices from the of $22. 60 per tonne, and a NOx price of $0. 25/kg, we find that pricing emissions leads to additional net savings for the wind/gas coupled system (Figure 7). While there would be additional net emissions cost savings from adding photovoltaics to the coupled system, the savings are not sufficient to offset the higher long-run average production cost. The incentives for owners of renewable energy projects to couple operations with controllable energy sources are still a matter of debate. In some territories that have adopted wholesale restructuring, such coupling would allow the owners to receive capacity payments. In territories where bilateral market activity is the dominant form of trade, coupled renewable and fossil projects may be able to sign “firm” energy contracts (subject to availability of transmission), which typically sell at a premium. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the cost implications of integrating photovoltaics into a wind/gas energy portfolio. While it mentions that coupling wind energy with natural gas can reduce CO2 emissions, it simultaneously states that adding photovoltaics increases costs and does not yield monetary savings. This suggests that the integration of renewable energy sources may not be leading to cost-effectiveness as claimed.