Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: 50000:00Table 4. Sunshine duration sheet of first floor. Analysis results are configured in the BIM model by marking the windows’ positions as in Figure 3, where the blue line on the south face of the represents the boundary of windows receiving less than 2 h of sunshine on day. The serial number of the windows are 1/33-1/34, 2/36-2/38, 3/36-3/38 (windows no. 33-34 on the first floor, windows no. 36-38 on the second floor, and windows no. 36-38 on the third floor). On the North face of the Civil Building, the red line identifies windows areas, where the sunshine duration is zero on day. The serial number of the windows are 1/4-1/13, 1/36-1/41 (windows no. 4–13 and No. 36–41 on the first floor). Figure 3. The windows which do not reach the sunshine requirement. (a) South face, (b) North face. 3. 5. 3. Isohel mapAn isohel is a line on a solar map which connects points that receive equal amounts of sunshine. In this study, two types of isohel map were produced to measure sunshine intensity: an isohel map for building elevation and an isohel map for the building plan. 3. 5. 4. Isohel map of building elevationIn this step, isohel maps were produced from average values of light intensity at measuring points for the area between the isohels on the building elevation including all four cardinal points, as shown in Figures 4 and 5, wherein a, b represents the serial number of window located in ath floor is b. Figure 4. Isohel map for windows in 10th–12th floor on south elevation of civil building. Figure 5. Isohel map for the 18th window on 16th floor of the East elevation of the building. Figure 4 shows the isohel map for the 6th–9th windows on the 10th–12th floor of the South elevation of the Civil Building. The white figures calculated in the isohel map indicate areas that will receive approximately 8 h of sunshine on day. Figure 5 shows the isohel map for 18th windows in 16th floor on east elevation of Civil Building. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about sunshine duration and how it affects the placement of windows and the intensity of sunlight that various parts of a building receive. Specifically, the mention of windows on the north face receiving zero sunshine indicates that there are significant differences in sunlight availability based on orientation and location, which challenges the claim that solar panels work equally well in all climates, particularly in areas with limited sunlight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: The previous methods for removing turbulence from a set of images can be divided into three main categories: In the first category of these methods, individual processing is performed on each image within the turbulent image set, with the application of the deblurring process. The second category employs a two-stage approach involving image selection (lucky frame and lucky region) and subsequent image composition. In these methods, the selection is based on criteria such as sharpness, and then images are combined using techniques like kernel regression and PCA. Ultimately, within the third category, the initial step involves generating a reference image from the input images. Subsequently, each input image is registered with this reference image. At this juncture, the registration process can involve either all the input images or a subset of pre-selected images. The registered images are merged to yield a singular composite image. Subsequently, the ultimate image is generated by subjecting the image from the preceding step to a deconvolution process. The subsequent list showcases some of the cutting-edge methods introduced within this domain. Li, Mersereau & Simske (2007) employed the PCA method to conduct deconvolution on multi-channel input images. This approach overlooks phase data and filters out high frequencies, potentially leading to the restoration a few local textures. Aubailly et al. (2009) introduced a localized variation of the lucky frame technique, termed the lucky region. In this method, an image quality map is initially generated for each turbulent image. These maps are constructed based on a local sharpness metric. Subsequently, in each stage, the image quality map is compared with the fused image to select the optimal local quality (lucky region). Ultimately, this selected region is merged with the corresponding region of the fused image up to this stage. A primary challenge associated with this method lies in its substantial reliance on the lighting conditions of the images. Additionally, determining the composition parameters proves to be a complex endeavor. Lau, Lai & Lui (2019a) devised a method for swiftly generating a high-quality image, devoid of the need for image registration. They achieved this through the utilization of a variational model and an appropriate energy function. This energy function incorporates a specific term designed to quantify the level of disparity between the extracted and subsampled images. Oreifej et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the discovery and documentation of ancient artifacts. Rather, it discusses methods for processing turbulent images and image registration techniques, without any mention of artifacts or their documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Of course, if spores can also be transmitted to the food provider, increased hunger would increase the spread of N. ceranae; a behavioral change that would increase the parasite’s transmission. If N. ceranae is passed via food exchange, as these data suggest, but cannot confirm, then it could be an overlooked infective pathway for the disease. Oral transmission may also occur in N. apis, but previous work only focused on a fecal-oral pathway [9]. A comparative analysis of infectious pathways could demonstrate a change in infectious strategy between closely related microsporidia. These experiments should be repeated with N. apis to test whether it too can be spread orally. If the rates of infection in the 1-treatment were reduced to the same level as seen in the 2-, then that would provide strong evidence that N. ceranae, but not N. apis, is able to take advantage of oral-oral transmission. Supporting InformationMethods S1. Detailed description of the PCR methods used for detecting N. ceranae and N. apis. 1. (2006) Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe. J 92: 93–95. View 2. (2008) Nosema ceranae is a long-present and wide-spread microsporidian infection of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the United States. J 97: 186–188. View 3. (2009) Presence of Nosema ceranae in honeybees (Apis mellifera) in Uruguay. J 101: 150–153. View 4. (2007) Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. J 96: 1–10. View 5. Higes M, Garcia-Palencia P, Martin-Hernandez R, (2007) Experimental infection of Apis mellifera honeybees with Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia). J 94: 211–217. View 6. (2007) Nosema ceranae has infected Apis mellifera in Europe since at least 1998 and may be more virulent than Nosema apis. Apidologie 38: 558–565. View 7. Higes M, Martin--Porto AV, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the transmission of Nosema ceranae, a known microsporidian parasite, specifically in honeybees. It highlights potential pathways for infection, reinforcing the idea that N. ceranae is a parasite affecting honeybee health through oral transmission and other means.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: The blue figures calculated on the isohel map indicate areas that will receive more than 4 h of sunshine on day, while green figures indicate areas receiving more than 2 h of sunshine and yellow figures indicate areas with more than 1 h of sunshine. Note that the area of red figures that receives less than 1 h of sunshine is mainly the result of shadowing by the building roof. 3. 5. 5. Isohel map of building planeThe isohel maps of building planes, which is similar to the map of building elevation, apply plane partition according to sunshine duration. The isohel lines shown in building plane mode indicate clearly those areas receiving equal amounts of sunshine. Figure 6 above shows division on the basis of sunshine duration of a given building plane. The image shows analysis of sunshine duration on the first floor, in which dark blue represents areas receiving sunshine for more than 4 h, light blue represents more than 3 h of light, green represents more than 2 h, yellow represents more than 1 hour, and red represents less than 1 h of light. Results indicate very little sunshine on the North plane, and the windows no. 33-34 have a sunshine duration of zero, due to occlusion by the (Building T) from the south, which is in accordance with the analysis above. Figure 6. Isohel map of building plane. 3. 5. 6. Area analysisArea analysis (in Figure 7) yields sunshine duration values for different areas within the same plane of a building. Theoretically, analysis of isohel lines is in accordance with area analysis, which facilitates cross-confirmation. The object of sunlight analysis in the image above is the first floor, from which the obtained data represent the length of time that area receives sunshine. The results accord with actual conditions, where N represents sunshine duration greater than or equal to N, but less than N + 0. 5 and N+ represents sunshine duration greater than or equal to N + 0. 5 but less than N + 1. Figure 7. Area analysis map. 3. 5. 7. Shadow outline and shadow range of buildingOcclusion of and by the Civil BuildingFigure 8 clearly shows the shadow size at 11:00 of each building in this study. Three windows of the South side on floors 1-3 of the are shaded by the (Building T), falling it far from the insolation standards on day of 2 h. Figure 8. Shadow outline of civil building. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the distribution of sunshine in various areas using an isohel map, indicating that certain areas receive significantly less sunlight, specifically stating results like 'very little sunshine on the North plane' and identifying windows with 'zero' sunshine duration due to occlusion by a building. This implies that the effectiveness of solar panels would be compromised in areas that experience such limited sunshine, contradicting the claim that they work equally well in all climates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: (2011) presented a two-step approach wherein the initial step involves computing the temporal average of the image sequence through an iterative procedure. In the subsequent step, the approach focuses on minimizing sparse errors, thereby effectively reducing noise, accomplished through rank minimization. Mao & Gilles (2012) employed optical flow to estimate distortion and employed a non-local total variational model to mitigate blurring. Zhu & Milanfar (2012) produced a reference image by averaging a sequence of images. The non-rigid image registration was then applied individually to each image. The sequence of registered images was partitioned into overlapping patches with the local sharpness of each patch being evaluated based on its brightness variance. Subsequently, they employed temporal kernel regression to determine the ultimate selection of image patches. Ultimately, the blind deconvolution algorithm was implemented to alleviate image blur. This method had its limitations, including the reliance on the average sequence of images during the registration phase, which could potentially impact accuracy. Furthermore, it lacked the capability to rectify any registration errors that might emerge in the subsequent stages of processing. Meinhardt-Llopis & Micheli (2014) initially extracted the modified parts of each pair of images using optical flow, and each part was wrapped with the mean vector of the corresponding part, yielding a new central image for every individual image. Ultimately, the resultant average image was employed as the reference image. Xu et al. (2019) used low-rank matrix factorization (LRMF) (Meng & Torre, 2013) for detecting a moving object in a turbulent environmental setting. Their approach involved background subtraction from the images through LRMF. Following this, employing a pipeline method (Wang, Inigo & McVey, 1990), they proceeded to identify the moving object within the residual foreground. Lau, Lai & Lui (2019b) made a sharp reference image from a sequence of images by formulation of a pertinent energy function. Additionally, they generated a new image sequence from the same set of images by aligning regions that were nearly sharp and exhibited minimal distortion. Subsequently, employing this novel image sequence alongside the reference image, they applied the quasiconformal map and robust principal component analysis (RPCA) to the image registration procedure. Following successful image registration, they proceeded with the task of deblurring the lower rank regions of the images, accomplished through blind deconvolution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various image processing methods and technical approaches to image registration and deblurring, which is entirely unrelated to the claim about the discovery and documentation of ancient artifacts. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: (2008) How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse. 10: 2659–2669. View 8. Cox- (2007) A of Microbes in Disorder. Science 318: 283–287 doi: 10. 1126/science. 1146498. View 9. (1955) The epidemiology and control of Nosema disease of the honey-bee. Biol 43: 379–389. View 10. -Palencia P, (2006) Natural infections of Nosema ceranae in European honey bees. J 45: 230–233. View 11. Kasprzak S, (2007) Nosema ceranae (Eukaryota: Fungi: Microsporea) - a new parasite of western honey bee Apis mellifera L. Wiad Parazytol. 53: 281–284. View 12. Naug D, (2009) Behavioral changes mediated by hunger in honeybees infected with Nosema ceranae. Apidologie 40: 595–599. View 13. (1986) Ultrastructure, function, and classification of Microsporidia. 1: 325–390. View 14. Forsgren E, (2010) Comparative virulence of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in individual European honey bees. 170: 212–217. View 15. (1952) The action of the proventriculus of the worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L. ). J 29: 310–327. View 16. (1986) of the Honey-Bee Proventriculus. 11: 433–439. View 17. Higes M, Martin-Hernandez R, Garrido-Bailon E, Garcia-Palencia P, (2008) Detection of infective Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) spores in corbicular pollen of forager honeybees. J 97: 76–78. View 18. (2010) Genetic detection and quantification of Nosema apis and N. ceranae in the honey bee. J 103: 53–58. View 19. Higes M, Martin-Hernandez R, Garcia-(2009) Horizontal transmission of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) from worker honeybees to queens (Apis mellifera). Rep 1: 495–498. View 20. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing 'Nosema ceranae' as a parasite that affects honeybees, with mentions of various studies that explore its impact on honeybee health and behaviors. For example, it refers to research on the infections caused by Nosema ceranae in honeybees and further studies investigating its virulence and epidemiology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: Shadow range of the Civil BuildingFigure 9 shows shadow range of and its continuous shadow envelope on the ground on day. Figure 9. Shadow range of civil building. 3. 5. 8. Screenshot of sunshine simulationThis research section examines sunshine of the 8:00–16:00 h (in Figure 10). The shadow area is relatively large around 8:00, while most windows on the North side can receive sunshine. The shadow area at 12:00 is much less than any other time of the day, which means that windows receiving sunshine increase and sunshine duration is much longer. 16:00 is the latest time point used for analyzing sunshine duration on the on day, and the shadow is accordingly stretches. According to the three images above, no windows on the nightside can receive sunshine at any time of the day, which is in accordance with the sunshine analysis of windows as shown above. Figure 10. Sunshine simulation at (a) 8:00 A. M. , (b) 12:00 P. M. , and (c) 16:00 P. M. Advertisement 4. Results and discussion4. 1. The assumption of energy calculationIn this study, the analyzed building is treated as one system, where the amount of solar energy gained by any facade of building is the main research target. Related data used to calculate solar energy are generated in the sunlight simulation by BIM modeling, which shows the sunshine duration on facades of a selected building. For solar energy calculation in this study, it is assumed that meets the following conditions:Solar panels can be installed on the rooftop and vertical walls with a sunshine duration more than 5 h. In order to satisfy required cost savings, the solar panels will not be installed on the north-facing vertical wall of the building because of its insufficient sunshine all year around. Every solar panel is made up of the same material, and the absorbed sunlight can be converted into electricity to attain efficiency in stable networks. The energy cost analysis mainly considers the cost of solar panels. The analysis period for energy cost is classified into and Winter Solstice. The duration time is assumed to be the average of each solar term. According to the weather statistics over the last 3 years, the average number of sunny days each year accounted for 55%. The duration of the sunshine period on the facade of the building is considered to be the average length of the period as estimated by sunlight simulation on. The rate paid for electricity is 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the installation of solar panels is dependent on sunshine duration and indicates that panels are not installed on the north-facing vertical wall of a building due to 'insufficient sunshine all year around.' This suggests that solar panel efficiency is compromised in climates with little sunlight, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Ultimately, through the amalgamation of these processed images, the final image was generated. Xie et al. (2016) initially generated a high-quality reference image characterized by high sharpness and minimal noise. They achieved this through the utilization of low-rank decomposition. Subsequently, they engaged in a recursive optimization process for refining the reference image, utilizing a variational model. This model encompassed both local and non-local regularization elements, which significantly aided the image registration process. In the subsequent step, they used spatial-temporal kernel regression to produce a new image characterized by minimal blur. Ultimately, in the concluding step, the final output was generated using space-invariant blind deconvolution. Lou et al. (2013) employed a combined approach involving Sobolev gradient and Laplacian methods to remove turbulence. gradient was employed to eliminate blurriness from the images, while the Laplacian method rectified distortions. Essentially, they curbed oscillations while enhancing image sharpness. Subsequently, they applied the lucky frame method to yield the high-quality image. Zhang et al. (2018) introduced a novel turbulence removal framework termed complex steerable pyramid (CSP). Initially, they decomposed the incoming turbulent images through CSP, and subsequently computed an averaged reference image from the decomposed phase images. Employing the disparity between the phase of the current image and that of the reference image, they endeavored to minimize distortions. Deblurring was carried out through incorporation of local energy and displacement information, alongside CSP reconstruction that merged phase and amplitude information. Eventually, the final image was obtained using blind deconvolution. Mao, Chimitt & Chan (2020) remove turbulence effects in three steps. Initially, they employ a non-local space-time averaging technique to construct a reference frame that retains moving objects. Subsequently, they generate a lucky frame using sharpness and consistency metrics. The sharpness metric identifies the sharpest patches, while the consistency metric eliminates residual jittering pixels stemming from the prior stage. Due to the presence of space-time varying blur within input frames and blurring artifacts introduced by previous processes, the ultimate step entails the utilization of blind deconvolution. Chak, Lau & Lui (2021) proposed the (WGAN) for atmospheric turbulence removal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various techniques for image processing and turbulence removal but does not mention ancient artifacts, their discovery, or documentation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that all ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Uludağ Arıcılık 11. 11. 2021 ceranae as a fungal parasite has been reported from the Apis mellifera in all continents. It causes reduced longevity, depopulation, decreased production, and colony losses in honeybee colonies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of N. ceranae in the apiaries of Mazandaran province. In this study, we randomly selected 320 hives from thirty-two apiaries and collected twenty old honeybees from the apiaries. The collected samples were examined by microscopy and molecular methods. The results of the microscopic examinations showed that 78. 12% of apiaries were infected with Nosema spp. In addition, N. ceranae was identified 84. 37% of apiaries by PCR, while no samples were infected by N. apis. Blast analysis of the sequenced samples confirmed the presence of N. ceranae infection in the apiaries. Based on the obtained results, a high frequency of N. ceranae was detected in apiaries in Mazandaran province. ceranae, and Technology of of - 3/43533 2017. Geographical distribution and molecular detection of Nosema ceranae from indigenous honey bees of Saudi Arabia. Biol Sci. 24(5):983-991. DOI: 10. 1016/j. sjbs. 2017. 01. 054. Bailey, L. , Ball, BV. 1981. Pathology. Academic Press, London. Csáki, T. , Heltai, M. , Markolt, F. , Kovács, B. , Békési, L. , Ladányi, M. , Péntek-Zakar, E. , Meana, A. , Botías, C. , Martín-Hernández, R. , Higes, M. 2015. Permanent prevalence of Nosema ceranae in honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Hungary. Acta. Vet. Hung. 63(3):358-69. DOI: 10. 1556/004. 2015. 034. Emsen, B. , Guzman-Novoa, E. , Hamiduzzaman, MM. , Eccles, L. , Lacey, B. , Ruiz-Pérez, RA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Nosema ceranae is identified as a fungal parasite that has been reported from honeybees (Apis mellifera). It specifically mentions that this parasite causes health-related issues in honeybee colonies, such as reduced longevity, depopulation, decreased production, and colony losses. This directly supports the assertion that Nosema ceranae affects honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: 88 RMB per kilowatt-hour. The assumptions mentioned above are made in order to facilitate investigation easy and to make the comparison more realistic. In this study, direct solar radiation was calculated, ground reflected, and diffused radiations are neglected under the assumption that they will be equal for all shapes. Additionally, effects of the other factors, like shading and type of building material, are assumed to be equal for all situations. These assumptions do not change the main results of this study. 4. 2. Energy consumption calculation and cost analysisIn this study, each surface of the building was first analyzed separately, and then all systems were discussed. Surfaces of the building were encoded by using abbreviations (“South,” “East/West”), as seen in Table 5. Instant and hourly solar energy from the surface of a building depend upon some parameters, like the time of day, day of year, effective area of the wall, sunshine duration, etc. According to the BIM model of the described above, the total area and effective area of walls on each floor can be summarized in Table 5. Note that the north-facing surface is not taken into consideration because its sunshine duration is less than 5 h. As well, the sunshine duration of different surfaces in each solar term is shown in Table 6, where the surfaces labeled in italics are the vertical walls with a sunshine duration of less than 5 hours. FloorSurfaceTotal area (m2)Windows area (m2)Effective area (m2)Roof867. 80867. 81South255. 7889. 64166. 14East/west66. 786. 360. 482South219. 2477. 76141. 48East/west57. 245. 6751. 573South219. 2467. 2152. 04East/west57. 244. 253. 044-5South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 576-10South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 5711-14South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 5715South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 5716South21664152East/west56. 165. 6750. 49Table 5. The area of the wall. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the factors that affect solar energy collection, such as 'sunshine duration' and the neglect of 'ground reflected' and 'diffused radiations.' It mentions that surfaces with a sunshine duration of less than 5 hours are excluded from analysis, indicating that solar panel efficiency is not equal across all climates, particularly those with little sunlight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: The use of the l1 norm as the cost function in GAN contributes to the preservation of essential textures within the restored image. A data augmentation step was incorporated as preprocessing by them to counter data scarcity. Additionally, the employment of a subsampling process resulted in enhanced and more accurate results for their proposed method. Hua et al. (2020) introduced a three-step methodology. The initial stage encompassed subsampling and reference image generation processes. Within this stage, two distinct and independent segments were employed to evaluate the degree of sharpness and geometric distortion. Subsequently, the non-rigid image registration technique was harnessed in the second stage to reduce geometric distortions. This step encompassed registering the sequences of sharply selected images from the initial stage to the reference image, achieved through estimation of deformation vectors. In the concluding stage, they sharpened the final image using the blind deconvolution method. In the proposed method, the turbulence is modeled as (1) xjk=D(H(f))jk+εjk In this equation, x denotes a turbulent image, while, k and j represent the pixel’s position. H signifies the blurring operator, D corresponds to the geometric distortion operator, ε represents the sensor’s noise, and f stands for the original image. This 1. Proposed method In this 2. A higher weight wij indicates that the data xij has a more influence on the generation of the restored image. As demonstrated in the aforementioned equation, a greater value of γijk implies an increased likelihood of partial membership of the data xij within the kth Gaussian model. Consequently, the weight assigned to this data also rises. The weighted low-rank matrix approximation of matrix X is computed by minimizing the subsequent function: (11) L(Y)=||W⊙(X−Y)||F2 where ||. ||F2 signifies the Frobenius norm and ⊙ represents the Hadamard product. Let’s assume that the matrix Y, comprising turbulence-free images, can be decomposed into two lower-rank U and V matrices ( r≪min(n,d)): Y=UVT. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a methodology related to image processing and data augmentation, with no mention of ancient artifacts or their discovery and documentation. It focuses on technical concepts such as GANs and image restoration, which do not connect to the claim about ancient artifacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Nasr, M. 2016. Higher prevalence and levels of Nosema ceranae than Nosema apis infections in Canadian honey bee colonies. 115(1):175-81. DOI: 10. 1007/s00436-015-4733-3. Fenoy, S. , Rueda, C. , Higes, M. , Martín-Hernández, R. , del Aguila, C. 2009. High-level resistance of Nosema ceranae, a parasite of the honeybee, to temperature and desiccation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75(21):6886-6889. doi:10. 1128/AEM. 01025-0918. Fries, I. 2010. Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera) J. Invertebr. Pathol. 103(1): S73-S79. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jip. 2009. 06. 017. Fries, I. , Feng, F. , Silva, AD. , Slemenda, SB. , Pieniazek, NJ. 1996. Nosema ceranae n. sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae), morphological and molecular characterization of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae) Europ. J. Protistol. 32(3):356–365. Glavinic, U. , Stevanovic, J. , Ristanic, M. , Rajkovic, M. , Davitkov, D. , Lakic, N. , & Stanimirovic, Z. 2021. Potential of Fumagillin and Agaricus blazei to ceranae in Honey Bees. Insects, 12(4), 282. Gisder, S. , Hedtke, K. , Möckel, N. , Frielitz, MC. , Linde, A. , Genersch, E. 2010. Five-year cohort study of Nosema spp. in Germany: does climate shape virulence and assertiveness of Nosema ceranae? Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76(9):3032–3038. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing 'Nosema ceranae' specifically as a parasite of honey bees and documenting various studies related to its prevalence, infection levels, and effects on bee health. This implies a clear link between Nosema ceranae and honeybee health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: FloorSurfaceThe spring equinoxThe summer solsticeThe autumnal equinoxThe winter solsticeEffective sunshine duration in a year (h)Roof1214121023761South5. 44. 85. 43920. 7East6764. 51163. 25West3. 34. 53. 32. 42South64. 864594East67651188West3. 64. 53. 62. 63South74. 774. 51148. 4East65651188West43434-5South8. 66. 58. 66. 51470. 15East67651188West4. 7564. 753. 56-10South12612101980East67651188West6764. 81178. 111-14South12412101881East67651188West6765118815South121. 512101757. 25East66. 5651163. 25West66. 5651163. 2516South6. 80. 56. 891143. 45East3. 43. 63. 43. 5West4. 34. 54. 34Table 6. Sunshine duration of different surfaces (unit: h). In this part of the study, sunshine striking a given surface between sunrise and sunset is of concern. First, the total amount of annual solar energy striking surface for more than 5 h was calculated for each solar term over a whole year, which calculation was performed for every surface of the building. The related and required parameters for cost calculation were then assigned. According to the sustainable design plan of the Civil Building, polycrystalline silicon solar panel at 240 W and 18% conversion efficiency (1. 65 m long, 0. 991 m wide, and 0. 04 m light) are suitable components for a larger photovoltaic energy generation and supply system. The installed photovoltaic system will receive 3 RMB per watt capacity in construction subsidies, thus each solar panel 240 W will yield 720 RMB in subsidy. The total number of solar panels n that can be installed on the surface is given in Eq. (1), where Ai is the combined effective area of the facade and rooftop of the Civil Building, while S is the cross-sectional area of the solar panel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effective sunshine duration and the calculations needed to determine solar panel installation. It highlights that the amount of annual solar energy received can vary significantly depending on conditions such as geography and season, implying that solar panels do not perform equally well in all climates, particularly where sunlight is limited.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Consequently, Eq. (11) can be reformulated as follows: (12) L(U,V)=∑ij| | wij⊙(Xij−UiVjT) | |F2 To avoid overfitting, by adding new terms, Eq. (12) becomes the following: (13) L(U,V)=∑ij| | wij⊙(Xij−UiVjT) | |F2+λ(| | wij⊙Ui | |F2 +| | wij⊙Vj | |F2) Here, λ represent regularization parameter. By assuming V as a constant and solving the equation 12∂L(U,V)∂Ui=0, the estimation of U is accomplished, as illustrated in Eq. (15): (14) 12∂L(U,V)∂Ui=Ui(VTdiag(wi)V+λ(∑jwij)I)−xidiag(wi)V (15) ui=xidiag(wi)V(VTdiag(wi)V+λ(∑jwij)I)−1,1≤i≤d Here diag(wi)∈Rn×n denotes a diagonal matrix with elements wi and I represents an identity matrix with dimensions r×r. By performing the same procedure, the value of V can also be calculated as follows: (16) vj=xjTdiag(wj)U(UTdiag(wj)U+λ(∑iwij)I)−1,1≤j≤n Algorithm 1 outlines the pseudo-code for parameter estimation using the LRMF method. Algorithm 1: MOG algorithm for LRMF. input: X=(x1,x2,…xn)∈Rd×n Randomly initialize Π,Σ,V repeat (EStep):Evaluateγijkfori=1,…. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mathematical equations and algorithms related to parameter estimation in the context of LRMF (Latent Rank Matrix Factorization), which has no bearing on the status of ancient artifacts regarding their discovery and documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 1128/AEM. 03097-09. Higes, M. , Martín, R. , Meana, A. 2006. Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honey bees in Europe. J. Invert. Pathol. 92 (2):93–95. Ivgin Tunca, R. , Oskay, D. , Gosterit, A. , Tekin, OK. 2016. ceranae wipeout Nosema apis in Turkey? Ir. J. Parasitol, 11(2): 259-264. Kazembeyki, MA. 2003. Society, Politics and Economics in Mazandaran, Iran, Routledge Cruzon, London. Khezri, M. , Moharrami, M. , Modirrousta, H. , Torkaman, M. , Salehi, S. , Rokhzad, B. , Khanbabi, H. 2018. Molecular detection of Nosema ceranae in the apiaries of Kurdistan province, Iran. Vet. Res. Forum 9(3):273–278. DOI: 10. 30466/vrf. 2018. 32086. Klee, J. , Besana, AM. , Genersch, E. , Gisder. S. , Nanetti, A. , Tam, DQ. , Chinh, TX. , Puerta, F. , Ruz, JM, Kryger, P. , Message, D. , Hatjina, F. , Korpela, S. , Fries, I. , Paxton, RJ. 2007. Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 96(1): 1-10. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jip. 2007. 02. 014. Lotfi, A. , Jamshidi, R. , Aghdam Shahryar, H. , Yousefkhani, M. 2009. The prevalence of nosemosis in honey bee colonies in Arasbaran region (Northwestern Iran). J. Agri Environ. Sci. 5(2): 255-257. McCallum, R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning Nosema ceranae as a parasite affecting honey bees, specifically through references to studies detailing its presence and impact on honey bee populations in various locations. For instance, it states that Nosema ceranae is a new microsporidian parasite documented in honey bees in Europe, as well as indicating its widespread dispersal and prevalence in honey bee colonies, thereby supporting the claim regarding its effect on honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: E1The total electrical energy Q generated by solar panels installed on the can be calculated by Eq. (2), where η is the conversion efficiency of the solar panel, w is the power output of solar panels, and Ti is the effective sunshine duration per year of each surface. E2The amount of the electricity converted by solar panels can be calculated in Eq. (3). E3As is shown in Eq. (3), the solar panels yield more than 60 billion joules of savings in electricity, which shows that the solar panels installed on “Civil Building” reduce traditional energy consumption and in turn contribute to the overall energy efficiency. To assess economic benefit of solar panels, the payback period for solar panel cost can be calculated using Eq. (4). E4In this case, p is the price of each solar panel and C is the operating cost of solar panels. Considering an average electricity price 0. 88 RMB per kilowatt-hour in Nanjing, the daily saving on electricity rates P and the recovery period T can be calculated as follows. P=0. 88×651860789. 2/3600=159343. 7485RMBT=C/P=1831680/159343. 7485=11. 5yearsThrough the cost analysis, after year 11, the investment status solar panels become positive, which means that after 11. 5 years, the solar panel system will operate as a positive cash flow source. Based on the 30-year estimated lifespan of the solar panels, there will be more years benefitting from the solar panel installation than years paying for it. After fully analyzing all the results, the investment is definitely cost-beneficial. Advertisement 5. ConclusionsThe switch to alternative energy sources of electricity is increasing, especially solar energy. The installation of solar panels is advertised throughout the world including China by use of information technologies. Based on the application of building energy modeling and sunlight simulation by BIM technology, and taking advantage of information modeling with 3D visualizations, the sunshine duration and energy consumption of buildings can be calculated with a fair level of accuracy. As a widely used tool in construction sector, BIM has great prospects. With a three-dimensional digital technology, the concept of BIM integrates various kinds of relevant information from construction projects, aiding in complex building performance analyses to ensure an optimized sustainable building design. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the efficiency of solar panels, as mentioned in the equation for electrical energy generation, is directly dependent on the effective sunshine duration. This suggests that in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover, solar panels would not perform equally well as they would in sunnier climates. Moreover, the discussion about calculating the payback period and investment benefits implies that the potential energy generation and profitability of solar panels could be adversely affected by the lack of sunlight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: ,n,j=1,…,d,k=1,…,Maxkby Eq. (6) (MStepforΠ,Σ):Evaluateπk,σk2fork=1,…,Maxkby Eq. (10) (MStepforU,V):EvaluateU,VbysolvingminU,V∥W⊙(X−UVT)∥F2 through WALS where W=∑k=1Maxkγijk2πσk2fori=1,…. ,d,j=1,…,n (AutomaticMaxktuning):IfKL(N(μi,σi2),N(μj,σj2))<εforsome i,j,thencombineith,jthgaussiancomponentintoaunique gaussianbylettingπi=πi+πj,σi2=(πiσi2+πjσj2)/(πi+πj) μi=πiμi+πjμjπi+πj removingthejthgaussianfromΠ,Σ. letMaxk=Maxk−1 until meet the stop criteria return U, V DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-5 Since the count of Gaussian models has a significant impact on both the convergence speed and the accuracy of the algorithm, the determination of the count for these models was conducted in an adaptive manner. As stated in Meng & Torre (2013), the process commences with the initialization of the count of Gaussian models, set at a value suitable for modeling the noise distribution (denoted as Maxk). Subsequent to each iteration of the EM algorithm, the distance between each pair of Gaussian distributions is computed employing the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence technique. If the distance between the two Gaussian models falls below the pre-established threshold, these models are regarded as similar, prompting their amalgamation. Given that the mean value of the Gaussian distributions utilized for noise modeling is consistently taken as zero, the amalgamation of Gaussian models necessitates the computation solely of the standard deviation and the mixing proportion for the resultant hybrid Gaussian model. Distortion model Alongside inducing spatiotemporal varying blur, turbulence also introduces image distortion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of an algorithm related to Gaussian models and the Kullback-Leibler divergence technique. It does not address or provide any information about ancient artifacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Olmstead, S. Shaw, J. Glasgow, K. 2020. Evaluating efficacy of Fumagilin-B® against Nosemosis and tracking seasonal trends of Nosema spp. in Honey bee colonies. J. Apic. Sci. 2020. 64(2):277-286. Martín-Hernández, R. , Meana, A. , Prieto, L. , Salvador, AM. , Garrido-Bailón, E. , Higes, M. 2007. Outcome of colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:6331-6338. DOI: 10. 1128/AEM. 00270-07. Michalczyk, M. , Sokół, R. , Szczerba-Turek, A. , Bancerz-Kisiel, A. 2011. A comparison of the effectiveness of the microscopic method and the multiplex PCR method in identifying and discriminating the species of Nosema spp. spores in worker bees (Apis mellifera) from winter hive debris. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 14(3):385-91. DOI: 10. 2478/v10181-011-0058-z. Mohammadian, B. , Bokaie, S. , Moharrami, M. , Nabian, S. , Forsi, M. 2018. Distribution of Nosema spp. in climatic regions of Iran. Forum. 9(3):259–263. DOI: 10. 30466/vrf. 2018. 32082. Moradi, M. 2019. Survey of Thymus volgaris ethanolic effects on the Nosema parasite in honeybee. Iranian. H. Sci. Tech. 9 (17): 24-32. Moshverinia, A. , Abedi, V. , Safaie, H. 2012. A survey of Nosema apis infection in apiaries of province, Iran. Ir. J Tech 4: 25-30. DOI: 10. 22067/veterinary. v4i2. 17418. Nabian, S. , Ahmadi, K. , Shirazi, MN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various studies focused on Nosema ceranae, a known parasite affecting honeybee health. It cites multiple research works that evaluate the impact of Nosema spp. on honeybees, implying its significance in relation to honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: As well, related software enables energy consumption to be predicted and adjusted during the design stage, thus providing great convenience for sustainable design. This case study presents both method and technology for integration of building energy simulation and cost calculation with building information modeling (BIM). The early feasibility study stage included sunlight simulation using Revit and THS-WARE, after which the solar energy production was investigated based on the application of solar panels. Initial sunlight analysis and energy use calculations by BIM software were generated based on a number of building specifications and environmental data. According to analysis of solar energy as absorbed by facades, the expense saved by electricity generated from the solar energy can be calculated. Taking the cost of solar panels and project feasibility into consideration, the study shows that application of the studied solar panels contributes greatly to social, economic, and environmental benefits. The energy-saving proposal is feasible in this case and realizes the sustainable design. Though application of building information modeling (BIM) technology assists effective decisions-making as related to sustainable building design in the early stages, BIM is still developing and limited by software compatibility. If the following aspects can be improved while applying sunshine simulation to real projects through BIM, the long-term benefits of a sustainable design will be realized. (1) Strengthen software analysis area. In order to provide a more comprehensive analysis, apart from the analysis of sunlight condition of the building, indoor lighting, ventilation, and air conditioning should be taken into consideration. (2) The result of calculation on solar energy converted to electricity has effect on the development of solar panels. Optimizing the utilization of solar panels contributes to energy saving. (3) A new plug-in is needed to combine solar energy analysis with sunshine simulation, which can solve related practical problem more efficiently. Advertisement 1. . Systems thinking for sustainable design: A conceptual framework of constructivist web-based learning environment management using inquiry learning process. Creative Education. 2012;3:35-38. DOI: 10. 4236/ce. 2012. 38B0082. Cheng S. The research of green building design and application based on bim technology [Thesis]. Hunan China: Hunan University; 20133. Wang RX. Green building of low power consumption. Journal of (Social Science). 2010;12(2):144-148. Schlueter A, Thesseling F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the feasibility and effectiveness of solar panels in building design reliant on sunlight analysis and energy simulations. It emphasizes that solar energy production requires initial sunlight analysis and that performance can vary based on environmental conditions, indicating that solar panels do not work equally well in all climates. Specifically, it suggests that optimizing solar panel usage is contingent on the sunlight condition, which directly contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Distortion encompasses abrupt shifts in the signal that lead to its degradation. Distortions in turbulent images emerge when the pixel displacement within the local vicinity can be modeled as a geometric transformation. Determining the optimal alignment for each pixel reduces distortion and strives to minimize the rank of the transformed image. With regard to the transformed image, the optimization equation for LRMF is presented as follows: (17) min U,V| | W⊙(x∘τ−UVT) | |F As x∘τ involves a nonlinear operation, it is very difficult to optimize it within the same formulation. However, considering the slight changes in τ, by linearizing (Eq. (17)), the iterative estimation of τ becomes feasible, as delineated in Eq. (18). (18) X∘(τ+Δτ)≃X∘τ+∑i=1nJiΔτiwhere Ji represents the Jacobian matrix corresponding to the ith image with respect to the transformation parameters τi: (19) Ji=∂∂ε(xi∘ε)/ε=τi Alignment by Sparse and Low-rank decomposition (RASL) method (Peng et al. , 2012) has demonstrated the robustness of this approximation in cases of linearly correlated images, even in the presence of drastic variations in brightness and occlusion. Considering Eq. (19), the modification of the optimization function (Eq. (17)) for the ith image transpires as follows: (20) min U,V| | Wi⊙(xi∘τi+JiΔτi−UViT) | |Fwhere Vi,andWi denote the ith columns of matrices V and W, respectively, pertaining to the ith image ( xi). With the known values of U and V, the cost function is established in Eq. (21) to estimate the transformation matrix: (21) min Δτ| | e | |1, e=xi∘τi+JiΔτi−UViT As Eq. (21) is a variation of the least absolute deviation problem, it can be effectively solved using the Method of Multipliers (ADMM) method (Boyd, Parikh & Chu, 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses signal distortion and image processing optimization techniques without addressing anything regarding ancient artifacts or their discovery and documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Gerami Sadeghian, A. 2011. First detection of Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian protozoon of European honeybees (Apis mellifera) in Iran. Ir. J. Parasitol. 6: 89-95. PMID: 22347302. OIE. 2019. Manual for diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals, Nosemosis of honey bees, Paris. Papini, R. , Mancianti, F. , Canovai, R. , Cosci, F. , Rocchigiani, G. , Benelli, G. , Canale, A. 2017. Prevalence of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae in honeybee (Apis mellifera) apiaries in Central Italy. Saudi. J. Biol. Sci. 24 (5):979-982. DOI: 10. 1016/j. sjbs. 2017. 01. 010. Petrie A. , Watson P. 2006. Statistic for veterinary and animal science. Blackwell Oxford. Razmaraii, N. , Karimi, H. 2010. A survey of Nosema disease of honey bee (Apis mellifera) in province of Iran. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 9: 879-882. DOI: 10. 3923/javaa. 2010. 879. 882. Shumkova, R. , Georgieva, A. , Radoslavov, G. , Sirakova, D. , Dzhebir, G. , Neov, B. , Bouga, M. , Hristov, P. 2018. The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria. 31;6:e4252. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4252. Stevanovic, J. , Stanimirovic, Z. , Genersch, E. , Kovacevic, SR. , Ljubenkovic, J. , Radakovic, M. , Aleksic, N. 2011. Dominance of Nosema ceranae in honey bees in the Balkan countries in the absence of symptoms of colony collapse disorder. Apidologie 42: 49-58. DOI: 10. 1051/apido/2010034. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing various references, including studies and reports on Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian protozoan that affects honeybees such as Apis mellifera. These studies address the prevalence and detection of this parasite in different regions, which supports the assertion that Nosema ceranae is a significant health concern for honeybees.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources alone are capable of powering the entire planet, with no need for fossil fuels or other energy sources. [SEP] Text: Between 2013 and 2016, Nigeria generated between 3000 and 4500 MW (megawatts) of electricity, far less than the estimated demand of 10 000–12 000 MW [7]. This has resulted in frequent and unpredictable load shedding which has affected many communities' healthcare centres, forcing them to rely on kerosene lantern as source of lighting and diesel generators as their primary source of electricity. Community in (AMAC) of Territory (FCT)1 [8] is among the many communities affected by the country energy crisis. Karshi healthcare centre has been experiencing worsening power outages in the past several years, with power outages lasting from several hours to several days. Many of the functions in this healthcare facility depend on a reliable supply of electricity for critical care situations, and the loss of power can easily contribute to loss of life. Due to the unreliable power supply, the facility now relies on a diesel powered solution. The power situation is so unreliable that the generator runs on morning and afternoon and that consumes a lot of diesel, and negatively impacts patients and the environment. This is where energy intervention (change in energy system) is needed, and will be demonstrated here as outlined by the author's recent research work [9]. Using generators to cope with the irregular power supply is therefore a burden on the operational budgets of the health facility. When prices go up for diesel, the budget doesn't increase, and existing or planned public health programs have to be reduced or delayed because less money was available from the budget. Therefore, better energy generation and management is one of the keys to improving public health, and one of the ways to control increasing cost in this public health setting is to reduce the energy cost by moving to a different system of energy. The theory of change here is that reliable energy provision to the health centre will lead to better health outcomes in the population based on the fact that the quality of health services provided can be improved with access to electricity. Table 1Monthly maternity statistics for PHC, Karshi-Abuja. Table 2Comparative neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births by region [6]. 1. 1 Justification for installing solar powered system in the healthcare facility Based on literature, installation of solar powered system for the community healthcare centre will drastically reduce the facility energy costs and this in turn will increase the quality of healthcare delivery in Karshi-Abuja. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the limitations of renewable energy sources in the context of Nigeria, where the demand for electricity surpasses generation capacity. It discusses the reliance on diesel generators due to the unreliable power supply, indicating that fossil fuels are still necessary to meet energy needs in critical situations like healthcare, thereby refuting the claim that renewable energy sources alone can power the entire planet without fossil fuels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Subsequently, by formulating the Lagrangian function as Eq. (22) and incorporating the input values of U,Vi, τi, and Ji, the optimal value of ΔτP+1 is computed utilizing the ADMM approach by Eq. (23): (22) L(U,V,e,Δτ,λ)= | | e | |1+λTh(e,Δτ)+μ2| | h(e,Δτ) | |22where h(e,Δτ)=UViT+e−xi∘τi−JiΔτi. (23) ΔτP+1=(JiJiT)−1JiT(UViT+eP−xi∘τi+1μPλP)where eP+1=S1μP(xi∘τi+JiΔτiP+1−UViT−1μPλP), λP+1=λP+μPh(eP+1,ΔτiP+1), and μP+1=ρμP. In these equations, S1μP stands for the elementwise soft thresholding operator (as described in Boyd, Boyd & Vandenberghe (2004)). Here, ρ>1 signifies the penalty value that increases the μ value in the ascending order, and P denotes the step within the ADMM algorithm. The overall procedure of this estimation is depicted in Algorithm 2. Algorithm 2: ADMM for estimate Δτ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a mathematical framework related to the ADMM approach without any mention or connection to ancient artifacts or their documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Tavassoli, M. , Eiganinejad, S. , Alizadeh-Asl, S. 2009. A survey on Nosema apis infection in apiaries of Urmia, North-West of Iran. Ir. J. Vet. Sci. Tech. 1(1): 35-40. Thursfield, MV. 1986. Veterinary epidemiology, Butterworth, Guilford, London. Tokarev, YS. ,. , Malysh, JM. , Becnel, JJ. , Vossbrinck, CR. 2020. A formal redefinition of the genera Nosema and Vairimorpha (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and reassignment of species based on molecular phylogenetics. J. Inver. Pathol. 169: 107279, Van den Heever, JP. , Thompson, TS. , Curtis, JM. , Ibrahim, A. , Pernal, SF. 2014. Fumagillin: an overview of recent scientific advances and their significance for apiculture. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 62:2728–37. doi: 10. 1021/jf4055374. Webster, TC. , Pomper, KW. , Gerg, H. , Thacker, EM. , Jones, SC. 2004. Nosema apis infection in worker and queen Apis mellifera. Apidologie. 35(1): 49–54. Williams, GR. , Shutler, D. , Little, CM. , Burgher MacLellan, KL. , Rogers, REL. (2010). The microsporidian Nosema ceranae, the antibiotic Fumagilin B, and western honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony strength. Apidologie 42 (1): 15 22. Nosema ceranae Enfeksiyonunun İran, Mazandaran İlinde Mikroskopik ve Moleküler Çalışması Year 2021, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 198 - 205, 11. 11. 2021 ceranae, tüm kıtalarda Apis mellifera'dan mantar paraziti olarak rapor edilmiştir. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that Nosema ceranae is a fungal parasite reported from Apis mellifera (honeybee) across all continents. The reference to a variety of studies, including those that involve microscopic and molecular investigations of Nosema ceranae, supports the idea that it affects honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources alone are capable of powering the entire planet, with no need for fossil fuels or other energy sources. [SEP] Text: For instance, in Tanzania, a health facility (Kilimatinde hospital) in the used to spend up to 120 litres of diesel a month to run the hospital generator during times of emergency, at a cost of about Tsh 240 000 per month (approximately 118. 00€). After the installation of the solar electricity in 2011 by the Agency for (USAID), all idle laboratory equipment before became fully functional, and the facilities have immensely reduced their operating costs (in terms of fuel and maintenance) while also being able to cater to a greater number of patients than in the past [10]. Also, in Tanzania, a health facility (Talawanda clinic) in the Bagamoyo district serves six villages equaling a population of 10 791; Talawanda averages 20–35 patients during the day, 7–10 at night, 18 deliveries per month. With seven clinical rooms, Talawanda Clinic's doctors had a difficult time dealing with patients at night without electricity and sometimes the lack of electricity could have caused the doctors to misdiagnose or make mistakes when treating patients. installed solar energy in 2013 at providing 10 791 people with more opportunities toward a healthy future [11]. This program has seen success. In Rwanda, the (SELF) in collaboration with Partners in Health (PIH) (two non-profit healthcare organizations) equipped five health clinics for the communities of Mulindi, Rusumo, Rukira, Nyarabuye, and Kirehe with 3. 4–4. 3 kW solar photovoltaic systems. These clinics provide healthcare services to approximately 400 000 people. The systems supply electricity for laboratory equipment (microscopes, blood analysis machines, centrifuges, portable X-ray machines and sterilization devices). They also supply electricity for vaccine refrigeration, telecommunications and computers (patient records, etc. ) [12]. In Zambia, the (UNDP) with () installed a solar power systems in three primary healthcare clinics in Mpepo, Mulekatembo and Kazembe in Eastern Province. The idea was to test whether those could provide valid alternatives to classical power systems or fuel-based generators. The pilot project was a success and proved that solar power generation systems can be an effective and cost-efficient climate change mitigation alternative [13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing examples of specific health facilities that previously relied on diesel generators and have successfully transitioned to solar energy. While this indicates the effectiveness of solar power in certain contexts, it does not support the assertion that renewable energy sources alone can power the entire planet without fossil fuels or other energy sources. The text emphasizes the alternative nature of solar systems to diesel but does not definitively claim that renewable energy can entirely meet global energy needs. It raises questions about the full replacement of fossil fuel-based systems on a broader scale.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: input: U,V,x,τ initialization: e1=0,Δτ1=0,λ1=0,μ=1 Cache Q=(JTJ)−1JT forp=1:ado updateΔτ:Δτp+1=Q(UViT+eT−xi∘τi+1μλP) updatee:ep+1=S1μP(xi∘τi+JiΔτp+1−UViT−1μλP) updateλ:λp+1=λp+μh(ep+1,Δτp+1) updateμ:μ=ρμ if ‖ h(ep+1,Δτp+1) ‖2≤ εtollerance then converge and break the loop end if end for returnΔτ∗=Δτp+1 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-6 As previously mentioned, the task entails determining the locally optimal transformation matrix for every pixel. Thus, for each image pixel, a 3 × 3 transformation matrix needs to be identified to effectively model the distortions. Rather than focusing on the transformation of individual pixels, it is feasible to model the transformation of a window encompassing the pixel at its center. After the application of the transformation matrix to each window, the value of each transformed pixel ( xi∘τi) within the ith image corresponds to the median value across all windows containing that pixel. To achieve this goal, the sliding windows approach is employed. The dimensions of each window is adaptive depending on the entropy of the window. Initially, the window’s size is set to the minimum size Wmin and it expands until its entropy becomes lower than α percent ( 0<α<1) of the image’s entropy. The maximum size allowed for windows is Wmax. Wmin, Wmax and α constitute the free parameters of the proposed method. Since higher entropy in the image indicates more intricate details, lower entropy (signifying image smoothness) results in greater uncertainty when calculating the transformation matrix. Thus, if the window’s size is expanded to the maximum permissible extent without surpassing α percent of the overall image entropy, the calculation of the transformation matrix for that window is skipped. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the technical processes of identifying transformation matrices for image pixels. There is no mention of ancient artifacts or their discovery and documentation, making the text unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Bal arısı kolonilerinde yaşam süresinin azalmasına, nüfus azalmasına, üretimin azalmasına ve koloni kayıplarına neden olur. Bu çalışmada Mazandaran ili arılıklarında N. ceranae yaygınlığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, otuz iki arılıktan rastgele 320 kovan seçtik ve arılıklardan yirmi yaşlı bal arısı topladık. Toplanan örnekler mikroskop ve moleküler yöntemlerle incelendi. Mikroskobik incelemelerde arılıkların %78,12'sinin Nosema spp belirlendi. Ayrıca N. ceranae, PCR ile %84. 37'sinde tespit edilirken, hiçbir numune N. apis ile enfekte olmamıştır. Sıralı örneklerin gen hizalama analizi sonucunda arılıklarda N. ceranae enfeksiyonunun varlığı doğrulandı. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Mazandaran ilindeki arılıklarda yüksek oranda N. ceranae tespit edilmiştir. ceranae, Bal arısı, PCR, İran - 3/43533 2017. Geographical distribution and molecular detection of Nosema ceranae from indigenous honey bees of Saudi Arabia. Biol Sci. 24(5):983-991. DOI: 10. 1016/j. sjbs. 2017. 01. 054. Bailey, L. , Ball, BV. 1981. Pathology. Academic Press, London. Csáki, T. , Heltai, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of Nosema ceranae on honeybees, stating it causes reduced lifespan, population decline, decreased productivity, and colony losses in honeybee colonies. Additionally, it confirms the presence of Nosema ceranae in a study conducted in Mazandaran, indicating a high prevalence, which directly relates to the claim about the impact of this parasite on honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources alone are capable of powering the entire planet, with no need for fossil fuels or other energy sources. [SEP] Text: The renewable energy situation assessed through field survey and experiments [15] confirmed that solar energy is available in abundant quantity, more or less equally distributed over the country throughout the year. Wind energy source or hydro power plants are much more site specific, suitable for fewer locations and unevenly distributed during the year. Biomass resources are insufficient to generate and distribute electricity on a sustainable basis. Out of all the renewable energy sources, however, the solar photovoltaic (solar PV)2 [21] solutions are the most suitable for the primary healthcare centres in Nigeria. 6. 1 Energy efficiency (EE) model Once the energy needs of a healthcare facility have been identified, the next task is selecting and implementing the most appropriate and effective energy efficiency measures to minimize these needs. “Energy efficiency” refers to policies, strategies and technologies designed to reduce energy consumption, carbon emissions and costs [22]. Energy efficiency measures for existing healthcare facilities can be simple actions such as controlling the opening and closing of windows and switching off non-essential devices when not in use. One example is maximizing access to natural ventilation and daylight [23] to improve energy performance, which is a great potential for energy efficiency in healthcare facilities. Energy efficiency is a crucial component for the demand side management (energy consumption), the dimensioning of the solar photovoltaic system (in order to prevent the generating system from being over burdened) and as a consequence, the investment cost and financial viability. In this project, the health facility's 2020+ energy needs was forecasted to be approximately 6935 kWh/yr. costing 8779. 00€ annually (about = N 3 710 105) − although the facility is under-funded; its annual budget on electricity, fuel and other maintenance is = N 360 000. 00 (about 864. 00€). For this design, an energy-efficient health services for basic amenities is applied through the replacement of lighting and window system in order to reduce energy use and cost. The healthcare centre has over 5 rooms, all with very outdated lighting. A lighting audit has been performed, and the types and locations of replacement bulbs (using LED lighting) have been identified. The annual savings will be substantial, reducing the lighting kWh used by over 72% and costs by at least 1680. 00€ every year compared to what the usage would be without a replacement lighting effort. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while solar energy is abundant, other renewable sources like wind and hydro are site-specific and not uniformly distributed, and biomass is insufficient to sustainably generate electricity. This suggests that renewable energy sources alone may not effectively meet global energy demands without incorporating other energy sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Instead, its value is approximated using the transformation matrix from neighboring windows. Despite distortion implying abrupt shifts in pixel positions, these changes cannot be very drastic. Consequently, a mechanism must be considered for removing transformation matrices that yield substantial pixel displacements. To address this, the mean and variance of all estimated Δτi matrices are calculated. Those matrices exceeding a threshold of β percent, in terms of their distance from the mean value, relative to the total variance, are designated as outliers. Subsequently, pixels with the Δτi matrix that are identified as outliers (pixels with a window size equal to Wmax and those with a Δτi matrix with a drastic value) are assigned the mean value of Δτi matrices from neighboring pixels. Ultimately, the transformation matrix for each window is determined by accumulating the estimated Δτi values from different iterations. ( τik+1=Δτi+τik). Given that the distortion affecting pixels arises from a limited range of distinct transformations, a MOG model is computed using the estimated transformation matrices. This MOG model serves as a representation of all the distortions affecting image pixels. Employing the computed MOG, the final transformation matrix for each window is established as the mean value of the Gaussian model, with the transformation matrix of that window being a member of said Gaussian model. As a reminder, similar to the adaptive determination of the number of Gaussian models for noise (as outlined in Algorithm 1), the number of Gaussian models for distortions is also computed adaptively using the same approach. The comprehensive process of distortion removal is presented in Algorithm 3. Algorithm 3: Removing distortion from image. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses image transformation and distortion removal processes in pixels, which has no connection to the discovery or documentation of ancient artifacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Markolt, F. , Kovács, B. , Békési, L. , Ladányi, M. , Péntek-Zakar, E. , Meana, A. , Botías, C. , Martín-Hernández, R. , Higes, M. 2015. Permanent prevalence of Nosema ceranae in honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Hungary. Acta. Vet. Hung. 63(3):358-69. DOI: 10. 1556/004. 2015. 034. Emsen, B. , Guzman-Novoa, E. , Hamiduzzaman, MM. , Eccles, L. , Lacey, B. , Ruiz-Pérez, RA. , Nasr, M. 2016. Higher prevalence and levels of Nosema ceranae than Nosema apis infections in Canadian honey bee colonies. 115(1):175-81. DOI: 10. 1007/s00436-015-4733-3. Fenoy, S. , Rueda, C. , Higes, M. , Martín-Hernández, R. , del Aguila, C. 2009. High-level resistance of Nosema ceranae, a parasite of the honeybee, to temperature and desiccation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75(21):6886-6889. doi:10. 1128/AEM. 01025-0918. Fries, I. 2010. Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera) J. Invertebr. Pathol. 103(1): S73-S79. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jip. 2009. 06. 017. Fries, I. , Feng, F. , Silva, AD. , Slemenda, SB. , Pieniazek, NJ. 1996. Nosema ceranae n. sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae), morphological and molecular characterization of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae) Europ. J. Protistol. 32(3):356–365. Glavinic, U. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning multiple studies that identify Nosema ceranae as a parasite affecting honeybee populations. For instance, it references research detailing the prevalence of Nosema ceranae infections in honeybees in various locations, indicating its impact on honeybee health. The mention of high-level resistance of Nosema ceranae specifically notes it as a parasite affecting honeybees.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources alone are capable of powering the entire planet, with no need for fossil fuels or other energy sources. [SEP] Text: Also, replacement of wooden windows with glass windows will illuminate the rooms by allowing rays of light in thereby reducing hour of lighting use (as from 8. 00 to 17. 00 h), and this will further save about 285 kWh/year. Table 4 illustrates the expected savings. This effort will reduce costs by 6672. 00€ every year beginning in 2020. This is significant and a true example of energy/cost savings that will be showcased to the healthcare policy makers. After the energy efficiency model which resulted in the generation of Tables 5 and 6 from Table 3, we identified the solar resources of the location using a geographic information system (GIS) mapping as shown in Figure 1, then calculate the PV system sizing, and compare the costs and emissions of stand-alone power supply options (generator versus solar system) using HOMER. The simulation results are shown in Table 7. Table 4Savings through the use of more efficient appliances in the health facility. Table 5Load profile for the PHC facility to be powered by the solar system. Table 6The electrical load (daily load demands) data for the health facility in Table 5. Fig. 1GIS mapping showing the location of Healthcare Centre. Table 7Comparative costs and emissions of stand-alone power supply options (generator versus solar system). 7 Simulation results The simulation was done with the support of the Model for (HOMER) developed by the (NREL). This tool is widely used and constitutes one of the main instruments in solar electrification planning. The load profile and the natural conditions are site specific, which means that the results are only valid for this site and should not be extrapolated to other PHCs. The simulation results are shown above (Tab. 7). 8 solar powered system with battery was proposed and the simulation results show that although diesel genset power system has a very low initial capital investment (2 100€) in comparison with solar photovoltaics (19 379€), the fuel costs of diesel, the running costs, and the replacement cost of the genset every 5 year due to wear and tear offset the low initial investments. Consequently, the genset's total net present cost (85 528€) are much higher when compared to solar photovoltaic (21 478€) due to the high operation & maintenance, and fuel costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the comparative costs and emissions associated with different energy systems, specifically highlighting that while solar power systems may have lower long-term costs when running, diesel generators (a fossil fuel source) can initially appear cheaper. This suggests that while renewable sources like solar are beneficial, fossil fuel sources still play a significant role in energy planning, indicating a need for both energy types rather than asserting that renewable sources alone can meet all energy demands.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: input: x,U,V,τ extractsubregionofimagexusingslidingwindowsbasedontheentropyofeach pixel as fjj=1,…,d foreachfj: iffjsatisfyentropycarcumestion calculate Δτj using Algorithm 2 else set Δτj as outlier end if end for using variance and average of all Δτj to detect outlier ones for each fj: if Δτj is outlier calculate Δτj using Δτ matrix of neighboring windows end if end for τj=τj+Δτj estimate MOG using τj and assign mean of MOG models to each windows for each pixel index j in x L = set of all jth pixel exist in all transformed windows jth pixel of x∘τ = median(L) end for return x∘τ DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-7 Selecting a subset of images using the () method Turbulent images can exhibit varying degrees of distortion and blurring due to different conditions and intensities. Consequently, identifying and excluding images that exhibit distinct turbulence patterns can lead to improved outcomes. method is employed within the proposed approach to achieve this objective (refer to Algorithm 4). To accomplish this, a subset of m images (m≪n)) is randomly selected, and the proposed method (as described in Algorithm 5) is applied to this subset, yielding a restored image (denoted as r1). Subsequently, each of the remaining images is processed using Algorithm 5 along with the initial set of m images. This leads to the generation of an output matrix R=UVT, containing m+1 images. Instead of averaging the images, the (m+1)th image is selected as the final image for the process. Algorithm 4: method to best subset image selection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the discovery and documentation of ancient artifacts. Instead, it focuses on image processing techniques and algorithms, which are unrelated to the topic of ancient artifacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Stevanovic, J. , Ristanic, M. , Rajkovic, M. , Davitkov, D. , Lakic, N. , & Stanimirovic, Z. 2021. Potential of Fumagillin and Agaricus blazei to ceranae in Honey Bees. Insects, 12(4), 282. Gisder, S. , Hedtke, K. , Möckel, N. , Frielitz, MC. , Linde, A. , Genersch, E. 2010. Five-year cohort study of Nosema spp. in Germany: does climate shape virulence and assertiveness of Nosema ceranae? Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76(9):3032–3038. DOI: 10. 1128/AEM. 03097-09. Higes, M. , Martín, R. , Meana, A. 2006. Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honey bees in Europe. J. Invert. Pathol. 92 (2):93–95. Ivgin Tunca, R. , Oskay, D. , Gosterit, A. , Tekin, OK. 2016. ceranae wipeout Nosema apis in Turkey? Ir. J. Parasitol, 11(2): 259-264. Kazembeyki, MA. 2003. Society, Politics and Economics in Mazandaran, Iran, Routledge Cruzon, London. Khezri, M. , Moharrami, M. , Modirrousta, H. , Torkaman, M. , Salehi, S. , Rokhzad, B. , Khanbabi, H. 2018. Molecular detection of Nosema ceranae in the apiaries of Kurdistan province, Iran. Vet. Res. Forum 9(3):273–278. DOI: 10. 30466/vrf. 2018. 32086. Klee, J. , Besana, AM. , Genersch, E. , Gisder. S. , Nanetti, A. , Tam, DQ. , Chinh, TX. , Puerta, F. , Ruz, JM, Kryger, P. , Message, D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple studies and findings related to Nosema ceranae, which is identified as a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybees in Europe and specifically mentioned in various research articles. For instance, Higes et al. (2006) introduced Nosema ceranae as a new microsporidian parasite in honey bees. Additionally, Khezri et al. (2018) discuss molecular detection of Nosema ceranae in apiaries, further confirming its presence and potential impact on honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources alone are capable of powering the entire planet, with no need for fossil fuels or other energy sources. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the suitability of a solar PV system with battery in this primary healthcare centre was determined from the perspective of economical analysis. Environmental impacts also was taken into consideration. Gensets are noisy and polluting, and have a direct health impact on patients and the environment. The diesel genset power system operates for 8760 h per annum, has a fuel consumption of 3558 L per annum, and emits 9. 371 tonnes of CO2 emission annually into the atmosphere of the location of the primary healthcare centre as shown in Table 7. In contrast, the solar PV system operates without fuel consumption and generates no tonnes of CO2 emission. From the environmental analysis on pollutant emission, the solar PV system is preferred over diesel generators. If the diesel-only generator system is continued to be used by the Karshi primary healthcare centre, the CO2 generated based on the simulation results will possibly contribute to global warming in the near future. Generally, installing a solar system at this particular facility has several advantages for the primary healthcare centre. First of all, the healthcare centre receives a new energy system that will help the management save money on maintenance of the generators and the fuel. Not only will the healthcare centre benefit from the project (reduced operational costs for energy supply), it will also have a large impact on the community it represents (reduced environmental impacts). 9 Expected results By achieving the objective of this project, it will result in multiple benefits for the primary healthcare centre. These will include: increased access to health services as the health centre is able to provide consistent services; increased quality of healthcare as the health centre will be able to make use of the full range of diagnostic and emergency health services available; increased number of patients that can be attended to per day as improved lighting allows the health centre to stay open longer; reduced operational costs for health facilities' energy supply; and reducing environmental impacts through the use of solar powered system rather than fossil fuels. 10 economic analysis of solar PV stand-alone system carried out in this investigation verifies the predictions for the brilliant future of solar PV energy technology for primary healthcare centres in Nigeria. The results demonstrate that except for the initial cost of investment, the solar PV generator performs better than the diesel generator, in terms of the life cycle costs and the cost per unit energy. The life cycle cost and the cost of energy show a decrease of 75% each. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the limitations of fossil fuel systems and promoting solar PV systems for specific applications like healthcare centers. While it highlights the advantages of solar energy, such as reduced operational costs and environmental impacts, it does not address the claim's assertion that renewable sources alone can meet global energy needs. Instead, it suggests a preference for renewable energy in certain contexts rather than making a blanket statement about their sufficiency globally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Similarly, the distances between two noise distributions of the m images and the m+1 images and two transformation matrix distributions (τ)of the m images and the m+1 images are computed using the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence. These are respectively termed C2 and C3. If the weighted average of these three criteria (C1, C2, and C3) falls below a predetermined threshold, this image is regarded as a member of the support set of the initial m images. The procedure for calculating the KL divergence between two MOG distributions is elaborated in 3. After this, the previously described procedure is repeated, and the U and V matrices are updated using the calculated xi∘τik values. This iterative process continues until the predetermined stopping condition is met. The complete procedure is visually depicted in Fig. 2. The main part of the proposed method is the calculation of the low rank matrix, which is shown by the green box in the mentioned figure. A detailed algorithmic representation of this part is provided in Algorithm 5. Figure 2: Overall procedure of proposed method. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/fig-2 Experiments and results In this section, we conduct experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed method on both simulated and real datasets. The obtained results are then compared with the performance of several existing algorithms, namely Two-Stage (Oreifej et al. , 2011), BNLTV (Mao & Gilles, 2012), NDL (Zhu & Milanfar, 2012), HVDKR (Xie et al. , 2016), SGL (Lou et al. , 2013), Centroid (Meinhardt-Llopis & Micheli, 2014), RPCA (Lau, Lai & Lui, 2019b), JSUB (Lau, Lai & Lui, 2019a), PCA-Based (Li, Mersereau & Simske, 2007), Lucky-Region (Aubailly et al. , 2009), and UCSPF (Zhang et al. , 2018). For this purpose, in this section, first, the datasets that were utilized for the experiments, are introduced. Subsequently, we evaluate the proposed method’s performance on these datasets and conduct a comparative analysis of the results with the aforementioned algorithms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and discusses computational methods and experiments related to image processing and performance evaluation of algorithms. It does not mention or relate to ancient artifacts or their discovery and documentation, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Hatjina, F. , Korpela, S. , Fries, I. , Paxton, RJ. 2007. Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 96(1): 1-10. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jip. 2007. 02. 014. Lotfi, A. , Jamshidi, R. , Aghdam Shahryar, H. , Yousefkhani, M. 2009. The prevalence of nosemosis in honey bee colonies in Arasbaran region (Northwestern Iran). J. Agri Environ. Sci. 5(2): 255-257. McCallum, R. Olmstead, S. Shaw, J. Glasgow, K. 2020. Evaluating efficacy of Fumagilin-B® against Nosemosis and tracking seasonal trends of Nosema spp. in Honey bee colonies. J. Apic. Sci. 2020. 64(2):277-286. Martín-Hernández, R. , Meana, A. , Prieto, L. , Salvador, AM. , Garrido-Bailón, E. , Higes, M. 2007. Outcome of colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:6331-6338. DOI: 10. 1128/AEM. 00270-07. Michalczyk, M. , Sokół, R. , Szczerba-Turek, A. , Bancerz-Kisiel, A. 2011. A comparison of the effectiveness of the microscopic method and the multiplex PCR method in identifying and discriminating the species of Nosema spp. spores in worker bees (Apis mellifera) from winter hive debris. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 14(3):385-91. DOI: 10. 2478/v10181-011-0058-z. Mohammadian, B. , Bokaie, S. , Moharrami, M. , Nabian, S. , Forsi, M. 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies and articles that discuss Nosema ceranae as a pathogen affecting honeybees, particularly the western honey bee (Apis mellifera). The studies mentioned, such as 'Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae' and 'Outcome of colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae,' clearly indicate the impact of this parasite on honeybee health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 109047 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechof Edited by From the Management of Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 0. 5–5 Hz window which is classically defined as below the human hearing threshold; and yet these ‘inaudible’ phenomena appear to trigger severe biological reactions. Based on the prominence of the peaks in the harmonic series, a new measure is proposed for use in determining dose–response relationships for infrasonic exposures. This new methodology may be applicable to infrasonic exposures in both environmental and occupational settings. Keywords harmonic series harmonic prominence wind rose 1/36-octave bandwidth time profile low frequency noise environmental noise wind turbines Show + (IARO), New ZealandMariana Alves-Pereira* Lusófona University, PortugalUniversity of (IARO), (IARO), *Address all correspondence to: m. alvespereira@gmail. com 1. IntroductionHearing loss, speech intelligibility and noise annoyance are some of the most studied impacts of noise exposures on human health and well-being. A common denominator of these three outcomes is the audibility of the sound. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about wind turbines and noise pollution. It discusses the concept of open access in scientific research, the challenges faced by PhD students in accessing research, and mentions various aspects related to academic publishing, but does not mention wind turbines or noise pollution specifically. There is a brief mention of low frequency noise related to wind turbines in a broader context, but it does not provide sufficient information to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: evaluation of the proposed method encompasses both simulated and real datasets. The real datasets consist of the Chimney, Building, Moon-surface, and Water-tower sets, each of which includes corresponding ground truth images (Zhu & Milanfar, 2012). Meanwhile, the simulated datasets encompass the Car-front (Lau, Lai & Lui, 2019a) and Road (Lau, Lai & Lui, 2019a) sets. The simulated dataset is generated using two distinct approaches. The first method involves warping through a Gaussian deformation vector and introducing blurring through Gaussian noise. This dataset is referred to as the Gaussian simulated dataset. The second approach employs inter-modal and spatially correlated Zernike coefficients (Chimitt & Chan, 2020). This dataset is referred to as the Zernike simulated dataset. Further comprehensive information about these datasets is available in 1. The free parameters can be classified into six distinct groups. The first group encompasses the convergence criteria of the EM method. This parameter involves a trade-off between runtime and algorithm accuracy. Given that turbulence removal is not a real-time computation but rather an offline problem, the chosen value strikes a balance between achieving satisfactory accuracy and ensuring a reasonable runtime. The intention is to avoid an excessively stringent threshold that could lead to impractical computation times while still maintaining attainable levels of accuracy. The second group of parameters pertains to the calculation of Δτ matrices and includes α, Wmin, and Wmax,, which are utilized in determining the size of the sliding window. Additionally, β is employed to identify outlier ∆τ. These parameter values were chosen through a process of trial and error, involving thorough examination of the datasets. It is important to note that the value of Wmin should be chosen small enough to encompass local transformation information, while Wmax should not be too large, as it might include a substantial portion of the image, causing the estimated transformation to become out of locality. The third group of free parameters is used to determine the optimal value of ∆τ through the ADMM method. This group comprises parameters ρandεtolerance with their values set to the ones according to the recommendations of He et al. (2014). The fourth group of free parameters pertains to the number of MOG models used in noise and distortion estimation. This group encompasses the maximum number of models and the threshold for model integration, determined through a trial-and-error process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods for evaluating datasets and does not reference ancient artifacts, their discovery, or documentation. The content focuses on computational processes and parameters rather than any historical or archaeological context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Distribution of Nosema spp. in climatic regions of Iran. Forum. 9(3):259–263. DOI: 10. 30466/vrf. 2018. 32082. Moradi, M. 2019. Survey of Thymus volgaris ethanolic effects on the Nosema parasite in honeybee. Iranian. H. Sci. Tech. 9 (17): 24-32. Moshverinia, A. , Abedi, V. , Safaie, H. 2012. A survey of Nosema apis infection in apiaries of province, Iran. Ir. J Tech 4: 25-30. DOI: 10. 22067/veterinary. v4i2. 17418. Nabian, S. , Ahmadi, K. , Shirazi, MN. , Gerami Sadeghian, A. 2011. First detection of Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian protozoon of European honeybees (Apis mellifera) in Iran. Ir. J. Parasitol. 6: 89-95. PMID: 22347302. OIE. 2019. Manual for diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals, Nosemosis of honey bees, Paris. Papini, R. , Mancianti, F. , Canovai, R. , Cosci, F. , Rocchigiani, G. , Benelli, G. , Canale, A. 2017. Prevalence of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae in honeybee (Apis mellifera) apiaries in Central Italy. Saudi. J. Biol. Sci. 24 (5):979-982. DOI: 10. 1016/j. sjbs. 2017. 01. 010. Petrie A. , Watson P. 2006. Statistic for veterinary and animal science. Blackwell Oxford. Razmaraii, N. , Karimi, H. 2010. A survey of Nosema disease of honey bee (Apis mellifera) in province of Iran. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 9: 879-882. DOI: 10. 3923/javaa. 2010. 879. 882. Shumkova, R. , Georgieva, A. , Radoslavov, G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning multiple studies that detail the presence and impact of Nosema ceranae on honeybee populations. Specifically, it cites the first detection of Nosema ceranae in Iran and mentions its prevalence in honeybee apiaries, indicating that this microsporidian protozoon indeed affects honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: Exposure to loud noise over extended periods of time can cause hearing impairment; noisy environments can interfere with the correct understanding of speech; and certain types of continuous or intermittent sounds can cause people to feel annoyed by noise, which can, in turn, exacerbate underlying disorders or diseases. There are, however, additional features of sonic environments that are unrelated to the human audibility of sound, but that can also deleteriously affect human health and well-being, specifically, infrasound (≤20 Hz). 1. 1 Infrasound and human health: brief overviewWith the growing industrialization and mechanization that occurred worldwide in the 1960s, infrasound in the environment began to take its toll on workers and urban citizens. Thus, in 1973, the Council of France organized an entirely dedicated to infrasound [1]. One of the outcomes was the establishment of permissible levels for infrasound exposures in the [2]. Figure 1 shows the legislated values for the year 2000. Figure 1. Permissible levels for infrasonic exposures (at 2, 4, 8 and 16 Hz) for two occupational and two environmental settings. Values are provided in dB Linear (no weighting) and, as expected, are lower for public areas than for occupational environments [reproduced from 2]. With the introduction of industrial wind turbines (IWT) in mostly rural areas, noise complaints by local residents began to emerge in the media [3, 4, for example] and in scientific journals [5, 6, for example]. And yet, the vast majority of noise measurements performed in and around homes near wind power plants (WPP) showed values well within the established guidelines [7, 8, for example]. This apparently paradoxical situation has even prompted some authors to assume a psychosomatic origin for resident noise complaints [9], or to associate these health complaints with a lack of monetary gain from the WPP [10]. In direct contradiction to the notion of a psychosomatic origin for these noise complaints, are the animal studies showing increased physiological stress when living in the wild, close to WPP [11, for example], or under laboratory conditions, simulating occupational environments [12, 13, for example]. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that, although noise complaints have arisen in communities near wind power plants, the majority of noise measurements indicate that these levels are within established guidelines. It mentions that some studies have suggested complaints may stem from psychosomatic factors rather than actual harmful noise levels. Additionally, it cites animal studies indicating physiological stress when near wind power plants, which suggests a more complex relationship rather than a straightforward harmful effect due to noise pollution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: When selecting the value of the integration threshold, ensure that it is not too small, which would preserve similar models, and not excessively large, as it might lead to the merging of dissimilar models. The fifth group of free parameters encompasses the parameters: the parameter m represents the minimum number of images required for the algorithm to function accurately. Through the examination of the datasets, it has been determined that the proposed method can effectively remove turbulence with a set of 25 images. Therefore, the parameter m has been set to 25. Within this group, a threshold value is defined for the purpose of identifying the support set. If the weighted mean of the three criteria introduced in selecting a subset of images using the method section becomes lower than this threshold, the current image is regarded as a member of the support set of the initial set of m images. The value of this threshold is also determined through trial and error. The stopping criteria for the EM method (Algorithm 1), method (Algorithm 4), and calculating low rank matrix (Algorithm 5) are the number of iterations, which are set to 40, 10, and 100 iterations, respectively. The sixth group of free parameters involves the λ parameter applied in the WALS method. The determination of this parameter value was achieved through an iterative process of trial and error, conducted specifically on the applied datasets. Table 1: Free parameters of the proposed method and their values, which have been used in all experiments. name Parameter group MaxIter=40 Number of iterations EM convergence criteria (Algorithm 4) α=0. 56 The ratio of entropy of each window w. r. t. the entropy of the whole image Calculation of Δτ Wmin=max(7,120min(width,height)) Minimum size of sliding window Wmax=max(19,18min(width,height)) Maximum size of sliding window β=1. 3 Coefficient of selecting outlier transformation matrix ρ=2 Penalty amount Finding the optimal value of Δτ by the ADMM method εtollerance=10−7 Threshold of determination of convergence condition ε=0. 15 Merge threshold Number of MOG models in estimating distortion and noise Maxk=10 Number of primary Gaussian models m=25 Number of data choices method C=10 Number of iterations εRansac= 0. 5 Similarity threshold for selecting support set λ = 0. 0001 Regularization parameter WALS method DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses parameters and methodologies related to image processing and algorithms without any mention of ancient artifacts or their discovery and documentation.