Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: The shaping of individual meanings assigned to assistive technology: a review of personal factors. Disability and rehabilitation 24, no. 1--3 (2002): 5--20. 2015. Doing sensory ethnography. Sage. 2008. Multimodal collaborative handwriting training for visually-impaired people. of the on in (CHI '08). ACM, 393402. Digital Library2016. The AT Effect: Affects the Acceptability of Head-Use. of the 2016 CHI Conference on in (CHI '16). ACM, 4884--4895. Digital Library2016. Nothing to Hide: of in an Online Community. of the 18th on Computers and Accessibility ('16). ACM, 219--227. Digital Library2017. People with : Feasibility and Challenges. of the 2017 CHI Conference on in (CHI '17). ACM, 5839--5849. Digital Library2000. Factors associated with assistive technology discontinuance among individuals with disabilities. Journal of Rehabilitation 66, no. 3 (2000): 44. 2017. Learning the Language: of Directions in Technologies for the Blind. of the 2016 on in (CHI EA '17). ACM, 2922--2928. Digital Library2011. In the shadow of misperception: assistive technology use and social interactions. of the on in (CHI '11). ACM, 705--714. Digital Library2016. SelfConscious or Self-Confident? A Conceptualizing the of Assistive Technology. ACM Trans. Access. Comput. 8, 2, 2005. Automatic sign detection and recognition in natural scenes. on and 2005. Library2012. An evaluation of BrailleTouch: mobile touchscreen text entry for the visually impaired. of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services (MobileHCI '12). ACM, 317--326. Digital Library2016. with Devices: and Opportunities. of the 18th on Computers and Accessibility ('16). , 171--180. Digital Library2016. Finding a store, searching for a product: a study of daily challenges of low vision people. of the 2016 on Pervasive and (UbiComp '16). 61--72. Digital Library2017. in of Children with Vision Impairments. of the 2017 Conference on Systems (DIS '17). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding owls and their abilities to see in darkness. It instead consists of references to various studies and topics related to assistive technology, disability, and rehabilitation, which are entirely unrelated to the claim about owls.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: This process entails co-culturing adherent and non-adherent marrow cells on fibronectin under low oxygen conditions (3%) [48]. Compared to human mesenchymal stem cells, which exhibit a typical fibroblastic morphology with few long and thin cellular processes, MIAMI cells appear smaller, with a more compact and rounded cytoplasm. The remarkable ability of MIAMI cells to differentiate into various lineages—mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal—makes them versatile for addressing diverse tissue regeneration needs. Surface marker analysis plays a key role in identifying and characterizing these cells. They express specific markers such as CD29, CD63, CD81, CD122, CD164, cMet, BMPR1B, and NTRK3, while significantly lacking expression of markers like CD34, CD36, CD45, cKit, and HLA-DR. This distinctive marker profile contributes to their unique identity. cells express typical embryonic stem cell markers such as Sox2, Nanog, Oct-4, and Rex-1, along with strong telomerase expression, indicating their pluripotent characteristics, despite exhibiting a rounded and compact morphology with a high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio [47]. MIAMI cells isolated from various donors' bone marrow show consistently similar genetic expression, regardless of age and sex, and appear to share more proteins with human embryonic stem cells than with mesenchymal stem cells, but without the potential to form teratomas, as they have been demonstrated to be non-cancerogenic [48]. Additionally, the expression level of distinctive markers of MIAMI cells remains constant regardless of age and gender. Furthermore, although the proportion of MIAMI cells compared to the total marrow nucleated cells decreases from 0. 01% at the age of 3 to 0. 0018% at the age of 45, their overall number remains stable after the age of 45. Due to these characteristics, MIAMI cells are currently under investigation in various clinical applications, including tissue regeneration [49]. MIAMI cells express numerous markers similar to embryonic stem cells, they do not possess complete self-renewal capacity; however, they appear to respond to specific molecular signals in the right environmental conditions to induce self-renewal. This can be exploited to manipulate these cells to become more stable, maintain their pluripotency, and support their immunoregulatory properties for longer periods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the characteristics of MIAMI cells, which are stem cells that show a remarkable ability to differentiate into various lineages and are currently under investigation for clinical applications, including tissue regeneration. This aligns with the claim's assertion that stem cell research has the potential to regenerate damaged tissues and organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of gene drive research is focused on controlling harmful species rather than enhancing beneficial ones. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2627894/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractInvasive plant species (IPS) are considered one of the major drivers of biodiversity loss, altering ecosystem services and socio-economic conditions through different mechanisms. However, the ecological impacts of IPS are well documented, while a few benefits of alien species were also observed. Decisions need to be made on whether benefits derived from the invasive spread of an alien species outweigh the reduced value of ecosystem services, e. g. , the loss of grazing land. The present study was carried out in Gutwa village near the Cities, where the encroachment of invasive plants was in accelerated due to infrastructure and other anthropogenic activity. For the enumeration of invasive plant species (IPS) research site has been classified into three groups (1) G1 (infrastructure developed area); (2) G2 (developing; infrastructure is going on) and (3) G3 (undeveloped or natural vegetation dominant area). Field data has been collected from fifteen quadrats, each of 3m x3 m. Quantitative analysis has been done with standard methods. Statistically, the variance of all quadrats emphasizes the dispersions nature of alien species within the group of all quadrats. The opportunity for the accidental invasion of alien species may increase with rapid urbanization and globalization. Because of this, the present study attempted to the documentation of harmful and beneficial uses of the invasive alien plant species in the rural-urban gradient in Gutwa village. So, it is necessary to consider actions to deal with the current problems in Gutwa village in Ranchi caused by invasive species and to reduce the magnitude of the problem in the future. Management prospects can be further strengthened through their linkage with geospatial technologies (remote sensing and GIS) by mapping and monitoring the IPS spread. Anthropogenic disturbanceinvasive plants speciesbiodiversityencroachmenturbanizationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3IntroductionThere has been a rise in interest in discussing biodiversity on regional, national, and international scales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing invasive plant species (IPS) and emphasizing the necessity to consider both harmful and beneficial uses of invasive species, particularly in the context of urbanization and biodiversity loss. This suggests that there is recognition of beneficial aspects of certain species, conflicting with the claim's assertion that gene drive research is primarily focused on harmful species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: ACM, 739--752. Digital Library2012. Helping visually impaired users properly aim a camera. of the 14th international conference on Computers and accessibility ('12). ACM, 95--102. Digital Library2013. "Pray before you step out": describing personal and situational blind navigation behaviors. of the 15th on Computers and Accessibility ('13). ACM, 2014. "just let the cane hit it": how the blind and sighted see navigation differently. of the 16th international conference on Computers & accessibility ('14), 217--224. Digital Library2011. AbilityBased Design: Concept, Principles and Examples. ACM Trans. Access. Comput. 3, 3, 2017. Disabilities. Last retrieved 06. 09. 2017 from Automatic Alt-text: Computer-generated for on a Service. of the 2017 ACM Conference on (CSCW '17). ACM, 1180--1192. Digital Library2011. Supporting spatial awareness and independent wayfinding for pedestrians with visual impairments. proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computers and accessibility ('11). ACM. Digital Library2006. Adaptive blind interaction technique for touchscreens. in the 4 (4), 328337. Library2017. Vision People's on Reality Glasses. of the 2017 CHI Conference on in (CHI '17). ACM, 4170--4181. Digital Library2016. of Technology-Mediated Sight. of the 18th on Computers and Accessibility ('16). ACM, 299--300. iii Library10. 1145/36410188:CSCW1(1-28)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024 Don't ”: Individuals' Experiences of with Sighted PeopleProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on in Computing Systems10. 1145/3613904. 3642940(1-16)Online publication date: 11-May-2024 Supporters: Exploring the of to Support Face-to-Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on in Computing Systems10. 1145/3613904. 3642816(1-24)Online publication date: 11-May-2024 can do everything but see! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding owls' abilities to see in darkness. It does not mention owls or their vision capabilities and instead focuses on various studies related to visual impairments and accessibility technologies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: cells show rapid proliferation without signs of senescence, ensuring the maintenance of their differentiation potential during prolonged culture periods, which is crucial for scalability and potential clinical applications. MIAMI cells demonstrate migratory capabilities to damaged tissues and immunomodulatory capacity, suggesting their potential in tissue repair and immunomodulation [50, 51]. In therapeutic applications, MIAMI cells have shown promise in various pathologies, such as in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Studies using a murine model of critical limb ischemia have demonstrated that the combination of MIAMI cells with a bilayer electrospun gelatin B nanofiber construct (BIC) significantly improved limb recovery compared to single treatments [52]. This combined approach led to improved blood flow restoration, reduced ischemia and necrosis, and prevention of intermuscular adipose tissue infiltration (IMAT). However, further research and clinical studies are essential to unveil the full therapeutic potential of MIAMI cells and establish their role in treating a variety of diseases and conditions. Multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs)The multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) were first identified in human bone marrow and subsequently confirmed in animal models, such as mice and rats. MAPCs have demonstrated a remarkable ability to differentiate into a variety of cell lineages, including mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal lineages. These cells can be isolated from various tissue sources, including bone marrow, brain, muscle and bone tissue [53, 54]. However, isolating MAPCs from bone marrow has been one of the most common and widely studied methods to date. The process of isolating MAPCs from bone marrow involves several key steps that have been developed and optimized over the years. One distinctive feature of this process is the use of low-oxygen conditions, typically around 5%, during cell isolation. This hypoxic environment mimics the physiological conditions present in the bone marrow and promotes the maintenance of the unique properties of MAPCs. Once a critical mass of cells is reached in culture, MAPCs can then be selected using specific cell surface markers through flow cytometry techniques, allowing for the separation of MAPCs based on their expression of specific markers such as CD44, CD13, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD31, and CD49d [53]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the potential of MIAMI cells and multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) in tissue repair and their ability to migrate to damaged tissues. It describes how MIAMI cells improve limb recovery when combined with biomaterials, which is indicative of their role in regenerative medicine. The mention of MAPCs' ability to differentiate into various cell lineages further supports the claim regarding stem cell research's potential for regeneration.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of gene drive research is focused on controlling harmful species rather than enhancing beneficial ones. [SEP] Text: , 2017; Carboni et al. , 2021). It has been shown by Williamson's "tens rule" that one in ten introduced species becomes established, and one in ten established species becomes a problem (Jaric et al. , 2019). Despite the fact that the number of woody plant invasions throughout the world is increasing, just 0. 5–0. 7% of the world's shrub and tree species are considered to be invasive outside their natural range. , Richardson and Rejmanek (2011). There are two possible roles that invasive species might play in the process of environmental change: "drivers" or "passengers"(Pysek et al. , 2020; Linders et al. , 2019; Waller et al. , 2018). If they are drivers, they dominate the native diversity with their unique traits and mechanisms, but if they are passengers, they dominate the region as a consequence of anthropogenic causes like disturbances or habitat degradation. Either way, they affect the native biodiversity (Roy et al. , 2019 Young et al. , 2017). They are sometimes perceived as good indicators of land use change or disturbance in a region (Pyšek et al. , 2020; Miserendino et al. , 2011). Invasion hotspots are mostly characterized by vegetation with less tree cover (Padalia and Bahuguna, 2017). that become invasive are considered to be main direct drivers of biodiversity loss across the globe (Jaureguiberry et al. , 2022). Management of Exotic alien Species (EAS) Invasion is seen as major challenge in the field of biodiversity conservation. EAS, threaten ecosystems, destroy habitats and create problems for other native species through invasion. It is believed to be the second most important factor contributing to the endangerment and extinction of species. The ecological cost is often the irretrievable loss of native species and ecosystems. It also causes heavy economic loss, in terms of reduced crop and livestock production, reduced native biodiversity, increased production costs, and so forth. Species (EIS) are species, native to one area or region, that have been introduced into an area outside their normal distribution, either by accident or on purpose, and which have colonized or invaded their new home, threatening biological diversity, ecosystems, and habitats, and human wellbeing (Dyer et al. , 2017; Kumari and Choudhary, 2016; Thapa and Maharjan, 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the challenges posed by invasive species and their impact on biodiversity but does not mention gene drive research or its focus on either controlling harmful species or enhancing beneficial ones. Therefore, it does not provide relevant information to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: " -- with Negotiate their Abilities in Social ContextsHuman-centered computing Accessibility: Co-'15: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on in In recent decades, great technological strides have been made toward enabling people who are blind to live independent, successful lives. However, there has been relatively little progress towards understanding the social, collaborative needs of this. . . Read MoreWork of Accessibility: Accessibility in Mixed-'15: Proceedings of the 17th on Computers & the past century, people who are blind and their allies have developed successful public policies and technologies in support of creating more accessible workplaces. However, simply creating accessible technologies does not guarantee that these. . . Read MoreThe role of DAISY digital talking books in the education of individuals with blindness: A pilot study The present study is characterized as pilot and investigates the impact that different aural renderings have on blind individuals' comprehension. In specific, the present research attempts to compare the effective or active listening of participants. . . enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus. Information & '18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on in Computing SystemsApril 20188489 pagesISBN:9781450356206DOI:10. 1145/3173574General Chairs: Regan MandrykUniversity of Saskatchewan, Canada,Mark HancockUniversity of Waterloo, Canada,Program Chairs: © 2018 ACM. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. : on Computer-Human InteractionPublisherAssociation for : 21 April 2018PermissionsRequest permissions for this 10. 1145/36410188:CSCW1(1-28)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024 Don't ”: Individuals' Experiences of with Sighted PeopleProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on in Computing Systems10. 1145/3613904. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about owls and their vision capabilities. Instead, it discusses technological advancements for individuals who are blind and touches on accessibility and education in a human-centered context. There is no mention of owls, their abilities, or any reference to magical attributes, making it unconnected to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Despite MAPCs may be present in a population of MSCs, the crucial points that define MAPCs compared to MSCs essentially lie in their different origins, not only mesodermal, and surface marker expressions. These differences define distinct potentials, such as a broader differentiative capacity, a more pronounced immunomodulatory capacity, and better performance in cell therapy. One of the most remarkable features of MAPCs is their ability to surpass the differentiation potential of traditional MSCs, which are also frequently used in the field of regenerative medicine. Therefore, not only do they possess the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types, like MSCs, but they also exhibit exceptional plasticity and adaptability, allowing them to cross lineage barriers more completely and efficiently. MAPCs demonstrate immunomodulatory properties that go beyond those of MSCs. They can modulate immune responses, playing a role in regulating inflammation and promoting a favorable environment for tissue healing. This immunomodulatory behavior of MAPCs makes them particularly interesting for application as universal donors, as they can be transplanted into patients without the risk of immunological rejection. The option to use MAPCs as universal donors is highly appealing in regenerative medicine, as it reduces the need to find a matching donor and the risk of tissue compatibility complications. The clinical applications of multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) are extremely broad and promising, with various pieces of evidence confirming their efficacy in crucial therapeutic contexts. One of the most interesting aspects is the use of MAPC secretome, known as MAPC-conditioned medium (MAPC-CM), as a therapeutic agent for wound healing. This secretome contains a rich mixture of growth factors, cytokines, and other bioactive molecules that influence a series of key processes in tissue repair. Studies conducted on animal models with excisional wounds have shown that the application of MAPC-CM can promote cell migration, stimulate cell proliferation, promote collagen deposition, and enhance the formation of new blood vessels, known as angiogenesis. These combined effects contribute to the rapid and effective healing of damaged tissues. Furthermore, clinical studies have demonstrated that MAPCs can have a significant impact on reducing myocardial scars in patients who have suffered from a myocardial infarction [55]. This is particularly relevant considering that myocardial scars can compromise long-term cardiac function and increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) in regenerative medicine. It highlights their ability to differentiate into various cell types and their immunomodulatory properties, which make them suitable as universal donors. The text also notes specific clinical applications, such as the use of MAPC-conditioned medium for promoting wound healing and the reduction of myocardial scars, thereby emphasizing the role of stem cell research in regenerating damaged tissues and organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of gene drive research is focused on controlling harmful species rather than enhancing beneficial ones. [SEP] Text: Bioinvasions often result in altered community structure, and invasive plants may affect the faunal composition as well, especially those that are specialists by causing complete exclusion of their food plants from the invaded region (Renault, et al. , 2022; Chakraborty, 2019; Dar et al. , 2019). Alien species causing disturbances in the water and nitrogen cycles (Eviner et al. , 2012; Everard et al. , 2010), transform non-fire-prone areas into fire-prone (He et al. , 2019; Vaz et al. 2017; Pausas and Keeley, 2014). They alter the characteristics of the soil through the emission of allelochemicals and the competition for available nutrients. However, the beneficial use of IPS has been studied by various researchers (Liu et al. , 2017; Jauni et al. , 2015). For example, Sandilyan and Klooster (2016) drew attention to the potential health benefits of invading alien plant species. Foreign invaders plant species frequently help local people maintain their standard of living and provide for their families (Rai and Scarborough. , 2015; Vaz et al. 2017). They also provide a positive contribution to the function of the ecosystem by luring in pollinators and dispersion agents, both of which help to increase the biodiversity of the surrounding area and region and safeguard the soil and coastal sediment. (Vaz et al. 2017), in addition to contributing to the maintenance of various ecosystem services beyond the primary reason they were first planted (such as the provision of fuelwood, horticultural benefits, etc. ). Invasive non-native species have the potential to aid in the rehabilitation of damaged forest area (Jacobs et al. , 2015) and enhance carbon sequestration (Dickie et al. 2014; Vaz et al. 2017). In India, some of the alien species (L. camara) are known for their current and potential benefits: soil management, ethnomedicine, insecticide preparation (Uyi et al. , 2019; Pathak et al. , 2019; Dar et al. 2019), avoiding desertification and ensuring a steady supply of firewood (e. g. , Eucalyptus, Prosopis juliflora) (Al-Assaf et al. , 2019, Dar et al. , 2019) and water effluent treatment (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the various benefits associated with invasive plant species, which suggests a focus on enhancing beneficial elements rather than solely controlling harmful species. It mentions that foreign invader plant species provide health benefits, assist local livelihoods, contribute positively to ecosystem functions, and can aid rehabilitation and carbon sequestration. This implies that there is significant research and attention given to the beneficial aspects of certain non-native species, rather than a predominant focus on harmful ones.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 24603037 Export as PDF Is it possible to complete a large study to see whether using a cough device in ICU can help remove breathing support in ICU patients? Share on on on Submission date 03/05/2022 Registration date 16/05/2022 Last edited 18/09/2023 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category registered analysis plan participant data Record updated in last year and study aimsUnit (ICU) patients often require breathing support from a machine and breathing tube. Most adults are successfully removed from this support (extubation). However, 10-20% of patients are unable to breathe by themselves after tube removal and it needs to be put back in. One main reason for this is because patients are unable to cough well enough to clear mucus from their airway. This can lead to worse patient outcomes, including increased length of hospital stay and risk of death. To help with successful extubation, physiotherapists can use a device to help patients cough and clear phlegm. The cough device works by blowing air into the patients lungs followed by quickly sucking it out. This device can be used before and after extubation. The cough device has only recently been used in ICU and there are no studies exploring patients and healthcare professional’s experiences of its use. The aim is to find out if it is possible to complete a large study to see whether using a cough device in ICU can help remove breathing support in ICU patients. Who can participate? Patients aged 16 years or above, who have been receiving mechanical ventilation. What does the study involve? Stage 1: A small (50 participants), single site study. The study will tell us whether it is possible to recruit patients and whether they remain in the study. It will also look at the safety of the cough device (most safety data is from other hospital settings). Permission (consent) for the study will likely be from family members or healthcare professional as patients will still be using the breathing machine when they join the study. Patients will be asked for consent for ongoing study participation once they are able. Stage 2: Interviews with patients/clinicians involved in the study will seek experiences of using the cough device. Separate patient consent will be sought. Clinicians will be specifically approached for inclusion. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls’ abilities to see in darkness because it discusses a study related to the use of a cough device in ICU patients and their experiences with breathing support, with no mention of owls or their vision capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: MAPCs, due to their ability to differentiate into cardiac cells and their modulating effect on the surrounding microenvironment, can contribute to the regeneration of damaged cardiac tissue and the reduction of scars, thereby improving cardiac function and reducing the risk of complications. In the context of stroke recovery, the study has highlighted that MAPCs, particularly the Multistem type, can offer significant benefits if administered early within the first 36 h after the stroke [55]. This underscores the crucial importance of optimized timing in stem cell therapies. MAPCs can act by reducing inflammation, promoting the regeneration of damaged brain tissues, and improving neurological function, thereby contributing to the recovery process after a stroke. Transcriptomic analyses have also been performed, providing important insights into the differences in differentiation potential between MAPCs and traditional MSCs [56]. These analyses have revealed that MAPCs show a greater inclination towards endothelial differentiation, namely the formation of cells that comprise blood and lymphatic vessels. This characteristic has been supported by in vitro experiments, such as Matrigel plug tests, which simulate the formation of blood vessels in a three-dimensional environment. MAPCs thus appear to express genes that are involved in angiogenesis, the process through which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing ones, promoting tissue growth and repair [57, 58]. On the other hand, MSCs seem to show a greater propensity towards differentiation into cartilage (chondrogenic) and bone (osteogenic) tissue cells. In summary, transcriptomic analyses have highlighted that MAPCs and MSCs present significant differences in their differentiation potential, with the former showing a greater inclination towards blood vessel formation and the latter towards the formation of cartilage and bone tissues. These differences can have crucial implications in the context of regenerative medicine, allowing for the targeted use of each cell type based on the specific needs of the patient and the pathological condition to be treated. In conclusion, MAPCs exhibit exceptional characteristics that make them valuable in regenerative medicine. Their ability to differentiate into a wide range of cell lineages, together with their immunomodulatory properties and distinct transcriptomic profiles, makes them versatile players in the treatment of a variety of pathologies. Research efforts continue to fully explore and exploit the therapeutic potential of MAPCs, with the aim of improving the health and quality of life of patients suffering from chronic diseases and severe injuries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the regenerative capabilities of MAPCs (Multi-Accessory Progenitor Cells), highlighting their ability to differentiate into various cell types such as cardiac cells and contribute to the regeneration of damaged cardiac tissue. It also mentions the role of MAPCs in recovering from strokes by promoting regeneration of damaged brain tissues and improving neurological function. Furthermore, it explains how the differences in differentiation potential between MAPCs and other stem cells (MSCs) can lead to targeted treatments in regenerative medicine, thus supporting the potential of stem cell research in tissue and organ regeneration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: However, it is important to note that even if a reversal drive were to reach all members of the population, any ecological changes caused in the interim would not necessarily be reversed. Immunization RNA-guided gene drives could be used to block the spread of other gene drives. For example, an ‘immunizing’ drive could prevent a specific unwanted drive from being copied by recoding sequences targeted by the unwanted drive (Figure 5A). This could be done preemptively or reactively and would spread on a timescale comparable to that of the unwanted drive. A combined ‘immunizing reversal’ drive might spread through both wild-type individuals and those affected by an earlier gene drive, converting both types to a recoded version that could not be invaded by the unwanted drive (Figure 5B). This may represent the fastest method of neutralizing an already-released drive. As with a standard reversal drive, any ecological changes caused in the interim would not necessarily be reversed. Precisely targeting subpopulations RNA-guided gene drives might be confined to a single genetically distinct target species or even a subpopulation by targeting unique genes or sequence polymorphisms. Because these ‘precision drives’ will only cut the unique sequence, they will not be able to spread through non-target populations as long as that sequence is sufficiently distinct. We estimate that either the PAM or at least five base pairs of the spacer must differ within each target site in order to prevent the guide RNAs in the drive from evolving to recognize the equivalent non-target sequence (Fu et al. , 2013; Hsu et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a; Pattanayak et al. , 2013). Populations that are not genetically distinct but experience only intermittent gene flow, such as those on islands, might be given a unique sequence permitting them to be specifically targeted by precision drives later on. For example, releasing into the island population would recode a target gene, but exhibit no other effect (Figure 5A). B, a precision drive which would exclusively spread through but not the wild-type allele, would similarly replace with a unique sequence. So long as does not escape the island before being replaced, the unique sequence in the island population would allow it to be targeted with future precision drives that could not spread through mainland populations (Figure 5C). Limiting population suppression Population suppression may be one of the most powerful applications of gene drives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various gene drive techniques, such as 'immunization RNA-guided gene drives' and 'precision drives,' indicating advanced manipulations of gene drives that could potentially neutralize their ecological effects. While it acknowledges the ecological implications of gene drives, such as irreversible ecological changes caused in the interim, it suggests a level of sophistication and targeted application in gene drive technology that implies they may not be merely experimental.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: It is not known whether the cough device will help patients in the trial, but the trial and patient interviews will provide information which could enable patients to benefit in the future. We do not foresee or anticipate any significant risk to you in taking part in this project. Reported unwanted side effects from using the cough device are extremely rare and include short term changes to your blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen levels. Your tolerance of the device will be monitored throughout by bedside clinicians. If, however, you feel uncomfortable at any time you can ask for the treatment to stop. If you need any support during or after the interview then the researchers will be able to put you in touch with suitable support agencies. The project team are experienced in conducting interviews, which have been designed by a team of people with expertise in the subject area. Where is the study run from? Bristol and (UK)When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? September 2020 to December 2023Who is funding the study? for Health and (NIHR) (UK). Who is the main contact? Ema Swingwood, ema. swingwood@uwe. ac. uk Study website Contact information Contact name Contact details A804 2 8HW +44 117 3282232 ema. swingwood@uwe. ac. uk Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number 303674 ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers CPMS 52178, NIHR300504, IRAS 303674 Study information Scientific title A feasibility study examining the use of Exsufflation to promote extubation success in adult intensive care hypothesis To find out if it is possible to complete a large study to see whether using a cough device in ICU can help remove breathing support in ICU patients. Ethics approval(s) Approved 11/04/2022, Committee (upon Tyne, NE2 4NQ, UK; +44 2071048083; bradfordleeds. rec@hra. nhs. uk), ref: 22/YH/0042 Study design Interventional randomized controlled trial Primary study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) type information sheet Not available in web format, please use the contact details to request a patient information sheet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls and their vision capabilities. It discusses a clinical trial regarding the use of a cough device in intensive care units, which does not relate to owl abilities or vision.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Small blood stem cells (SBSCs)Identified in human peripheral blood, (SBSCs), as reported by Filidou et al. [44], exhibit specific characteristics and differentiation potential, solidifying their significance in the landscape of stem cell biology. SBSCs showed bulk in vitro trilineage differentiation as demonstrated by RT-qPCR and ICC, while specific details about clonal in vitro trilineage differentiation and bulk in vivo differentiation are not provided (Table 1, Fig. 1). The population of SBSCs is distinguished by its unique expression profile, encompassing pluripotent embryonic markers, hematopoietic markers, and mesenchymal markers. This heterogeneity suggests a multifaceted nature of SBSCs, contributing to their potential in various biological processes. Notable markers and factors associated with SBSCs encompass pluripotent and embryonic markers, exemplified by the expression of -3, SSEA-4 and CXCR4 highlighting their potential for multilineage differentiation. SBSCs exhibit a distinctive co-expression of hematopoietic markers (CD45) and mesenchymal markers (CD90, CD29, CD105, PTH1R), suggesting their association with both blood cell development and mesenchymal lineage differentiation (Table 1). Quantitative proteomic profiling of SBSCs has identified diverse stem cell markers, including CD9, ITGA6, MAPK1, MTHFD1, STAT3, HSPB1, and HSPA4, enriching the understanding of their molecular composition (Fig. 1). Moreover, SBSCs harbor transcriptional regulatory complex factors like STAT51, ANXA2, ATF6, and CAMK1, contributing to their regulatory capabilities. This comprehensive expression profile underscores the heterogeneity and versatility of SBSCs, positioning them as a unique subset of stem cells with the potential to play a pivotal role in diverse biological processes. The isolation of SBSCs involves a protocol with serial centrifugation, facilitating their separation and collection from peripheral blood [45]. Specific details about the immunomodulatory capacity of SBSCs are not provided, highlighting avenues for further exploration to comprehensively understand their therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine. This characterization emphasizes the importance of various attributes for the evaluation and potential application of these stem cell populations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the characteristics and differentiation potential of small blood stem cells (SBSCs), which are highlighted as having pluripotent and multipotent capabilities. The mention of SBSCs showing trilineage differentiation and their diverse molecular composition suggests they have the potential to contribute to regenerative processes. Additionally, the text notes the importance of SBSCs in various biological processes and their potential roles in therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: Resolutions are approximations only and will vary with the specific drive utilized in each class. Temporal approaches to controlling populations would deliberately limit the lifetime of a suppression drive by rendering its effects evolutionarily unstable (Figure 6). For example, a male-determining or female-specific sterility gene carried by a standard drive on an autosome would suppress the target population, but the effect would be short-lived because any drive that acquired a loss-of-function mutation in the cargo gene would be strongly favored by natural selection due to its ability to produce fertile female offspring. Notably, turning existing female-specific sterility lines (Fu et al. , 2010; Labbe et al. , 2012; Alphey, 2014) into unstable drives may increase their effectiveness. Periodically releasing organisms carrying new unstable drives that are capable of replacing earlier broken versions could extend the suppression effect. Genetic approaches to population control might initiate suppression only when two distinct ‘interacting drives’ encounter one another (Figure 6). For example, a cross between standard drives A and B might produce sterile females and fertile males that pass on the ‘sterile-daughter’ trait when crossed with females of any type. Scattering A- and B-carrying individuals throughout an existing population would produce many tiny pockets dominated by either A or B and very few organisms in between due to the infertility of AB females. Because each drive would spread from a small number of initially released individuals scattered over a wide area, this strategy may be capable of large-scale population suppression, but its effectiveness and resolution will depend on the average distance between released A and B individuals. Further suppressing the residual A and B populations could be accomplished by releasing only members of the opposite drive type. Modeling studies will be needed to determine whether this possibility is feasible for different species. Interestingly, the use of this drive type would effectively induce speciation in the affected population. Finally, immunizing drives might protect specific subpopulations from the effects of full-scale suppression drives released elsewhere (Figure 6). Assuming some degree of gene flow, the immunized population will eventually replace the suppressed population, though this might be delayed if crossing the two drives generates a sterile-daughter effect as described above. Due to the comparatively uncontrolled spread of both drive types through the wild-type population, this method would only be suited to large geographic areas or subpopulations with limited gene flow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various mechanisms and strategies for utilizing gene drives in population control, indicating advanced applications that extend beyond just experimental stages. It addresses the dynamics of gene drives in the wild, including potential ecological impacts, effectiveness, and strategies to mitigate negative outcomes. Furthermore, the reference to modeling studies necessary for evaluating feasibility suggests ongoing research and potential practical implications, which stands in contrast to the claim that they remain merely experimental.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: self breathing after breathing support in ICU study is a single centre, parallel group, randomised controlled trial with economic scoping, nested exploratory physiology study and nested qualitative study. The study protocol has been developed by the CI, associated research team and patient advisory group with extensive peer review from the funding body. The study aims to find out if it is possible to complete a large study to see whether using a cough device in ICU can help remove breathing support in ICU patients. There are 2 stages to the study:1. Feasibility intervention trial2. Semi structured interviewsRandomisation: Following informed consent/advice for study participation, participants will be randomized into a study arm to either A-control arm (standard care) or B-intervention arm (cough device plus standard care). Randomisation will occur using an online system called ‘Sealed envelopes’. Baseline data collection: Pre-designed data collection forms will be used during the course of the study. Baseline demographic data recoded for all participants includes age, gender, predicted body weight, history of chronic lung disease, smoking history, reason for intubation, date of hospital and ICU admission, date of intubation, score, baseline ventilator settings and airway type and size. Trial treatments:A-(standard care)- Patients will receive standard care including ventilation, weaning, standard physiotherapy techniques such as positioning, manual techniques, manual/ventilator hyperinflation, suctioning, and nebulisers. Respiratory physiotherapy treatments will vary across patients as treatments will be delivered at the discretion of the treating physiotherapist based on individual assessment and not be protocolised. Decisions to remove breathing support (extubate) and re-intubate will be made by the attending physician with reason(s) documented. Clinical data collection will occur during physiotherapy intervention sessions in the 24hours preceding extubation and up to 48 hours post extubation. B-(Cough device plus standard care). The cough device (MI-E) works by blowing air into the patients lungs followed by quickly sucking it out. This device can be used before and after extubation. The device is reusable between patients with single patient use circuits, filters and interface (mouthpiece, facemask and flexible catheter mount). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding owls' vision and magical abilities. It discusses a clinical study on breathing support in ICU patients and includes details about the study's design, methods, and treatments, none of which relate to the claim about owls.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Anyway, recent findings investigate the safety and tolerability of SBSC in dental implantation for patients with severe bone defects. Nine patients received different doses of SB cells, and evaluations were conducted through computed tomography (CT) scans and comprehensive chemistry panel testing. The trial, spanning six months, revealed no severe adverse effects, with observed improvements in bone mineral density (BMD) and stress levels. Elevations in specific cytokines and chemokines indicated SBSC-triggered responses for local tissue repair [46]. The findings support the well-tolerated use of SB cells in dental implantation, suggesting their potential for accelerating osseointegration in high-risk patients. Coordinating embryonic, hematopoietic, and mesenchymal markers, along with the presence of various stem cell-related factors, accentuates the intriguing nature of SBSCs, warranting further investigation in the realm of stem cell research. Markers and methodologies used for isolationAnalyzing the surface markers of the five considered stem cell populations and isolation methods, SSEA-3 emerges as a key marker extensively used in the isolation process. SSEA-3 plays a pivotal role in identifying and purifying these stem cell populations [16]. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been identified as a relevant marker associated with VSELs. CXCR4, also known as C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4, plays a role in the migration and homing of stem cells. CXCR4 is expressed on the surface of VSELs, and its interaction with its ligand, SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor 1), is considered crucial for the mobilization and homing of VSELs in various tissues [32]. This interaction is implicated in the trafficking of VSELs to areas of tissue damage or injury, where they may contribute to regenerative processes. The presence of CXCR4 on VSELs is a notable characteristic and contributes to the understanding of the homing and migration mechanisms that these stem cells employ. CD133, also known as prominin-1, is a surface marker associated with VSELs. CD133 is a glycoprotein and is often utilized as one of the distinctive markers for isolating and characterizing VSELs. In addition to SSEA-3 and CXCR, several other markers have been mentioned for isolating specific populations of stem cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of stem cells (SB cells) in dental implantation for patients with severe bone defects, indicating they can improve bone mineral density and contribute to local tissue repair. It suggests that stem cells have a role in regenerative processes, especially in areas of tissue damage or injury, aligning with the potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: Cas9-A and Cas9-B are orthogonal in that they do not recognize one another's guide RNAs. (C) When organisms bearing and B are crossed, offspring inherit one copy of each. Both drives are copied as normal. In addition, Cas9-A (from Drive A) uses guide RNAs A-F (from Drive B) to cut a gene essential for female fertility, while Cas9-B (from Drive B) does the same using guide RNAs-B-F (from Drive A) to cut a different gene. and B have internal homology appropriate to be copied into these cut fertility genes, disrupting them and causing infertility in females. If all repairs are conducted via homologous recombination, there are now four drives: A, B, AB1, and AB2. In reality, recombination between the non-homologous chromosomes is likely to be less efficient, causing loss of the female fertility genes but not explicit copying of AB1 and/or AB2. The phenotypic effect is identical. Figure 6—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset An extreme example of ecological management: the use of suppression and immunizing drives to control rat populations worldwide. Releasing Y-Drive-SD (male-biasing sterile-daughter) rats into invasive rat populations would initiate local eradication while an immunizing drive protectively recoded the native rat populations of Eurasia. Stowaway-mediated gene flow, depicted as a border of Y-Drive-SD framing Eurasia, will result in local population suppression due to the sterile-daughter effect that would remain when the drives interacted, limiting the ability of either population to invade the other. This control process would have to be repeated with new drives once recoded stowaways successfully re-invade the rat-free habitats. Because of the complexity of gene flow patterns in rats, the uncertainty of whether a Y-Drive-SD would be effective, and the possibility for adverse human intervention, controlling rat populations in this way will not be feasible any time within the next decade and possibly not at all, but it provides a useful world-spanning example of a possible drive-based solution aiming to solve a serious global problem. Relying on precision drives to give specific invasive rat populations unique genetic markers (Figure 5C) for subsequent targeting with precision suppression drives or utilizing weaker suppression drive types (Figure 6) may represent more feasible alternatives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various gene drive strategies, including the use of Y-Drive-SD in controlling rat populations. It mentions that while gene drives may not be feasible for immediate use due to complexities and uncertainties, it outlines scenarios where they might be applied in the future. This suggests that gene drives are being considered beyond merely experimental stages, thus rebutting the claim about their current status and ecological concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Whilst intubated (breathing machine and breathing tube in place), treatment will include a minimum of two MI-E sessions via the breathing tube prior to the breathing tube being removed. MI-E settings will be individualised to each patient based on current ventilator settings, patient tolerance, chest expansion and secretion clearance. There is a guide in place for clinicians to use. After breathing tube removal (extubation) (and up to 48hrs), patients will receive MI-E delivered via facemask or mouthpiece up to 2 times/day with MI-E settings individualised and set according to patient tolerance, chest wall expansion and secretion clearance (as assessed by treating physiotherapist). For both treatment arms, data collection will take place during the 24 hours prior to extubation and for 48hours following extubation. Data collection will include physiotherapy treatment interventions completed, use of additional respiratory support (tracheostomy, high flow oxygen therapy, non invasive ventilation), lung ultrasound score, pain score, cardiovascular parameters (heart rate and rhythm, systolic and diastolic blood pressure), ventilatory parameters (ventilator settings, lung compliance, airway resistance), respiratory parameters (respiratory rate, peripheral oxygen saturations, end inspiratory and expiratory lung volumes). We will also record resource use during the ICU admission and will include staffing requirements (time duration, grade AfC), consumable use and the cost of obtaining and maintaining the device. Patient related resource use will include suction frequency (over a 24-hour period), antibiotic use, physiotherapy oncall use (planned and unplanned), re-admission and hospital LOS. A quality of life measure (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire will be collected retrospectively at recruitment for pre-admission and at six months post ICU discharge. Patients from the intervention (cough device) arm of the study will be eligible for inclusion into the smaller physiology study which involves some additional data collection using Tomography (EIT). EIT is a noninvasive, radiation free technique used at the bedside to provide information about lung volumes. The technique is used clinically and in ICU research studies. We will use this technique to establish what happens to lung volumes as the positive and negative pressure breaths are delivered by the cough device. We plan to recruit 5-10 participants for additional data collection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses medical treatment procedures involving ventilators and data collection in an ICU context, which has no connection to the vision capabilities of owls or any magical attributes they may or may not possess.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: DiscussionThe analysis of the five stem cell populations highlights several common features that are of particular interest in the context of regenerative medicine. Firstly, Multilineage-differentiating (MUSE) cells, Embryonic-Like (VSEL) Cells, (SBSC), Inducible (MIAMI) Cells, and (MAPC) share the presence of pluripotent embryonic markers and the ability to differentiate into a wide range of cell types, spanning the three germ layers. The notable similarity in differentiative potential suggests a possible common origin, even if contrasting data are present in literature on this subject. MUSE cells are the most extensively studied cell types among the five above reported stem cells and hold promise for regenerative medicine. These well-characterized cells exhibit extraordinary potential for repairing damaged tissues. Similarly, VSELs have also been the focus of intense research and possess equally intriguing characteristics. Both cell types share several key features: MUSE cells and VSELs express the SSEA-3 antigen [63, 64], which plays a role in cellular functions and differentiation; both cell types can migrate to damaged tissues, contributing to tissue repair; these cells demonstrate remarkable resilience to environmental stressors and adverse conditions. However, there are some notable differences between them. MUSE cells are mainly derived from mesenchymal tissues, while VSELs are believed to be derived from primordial germ cells or other embryonic precursors [65]. VSELs are exceptionally small, with diameters ranging from 3 to 5 µm, whereas MUSE cells are reported to be larger. The extremely small size reported for VSEL, ranging from 3 to 5 µm, raises questions and triggers skepticism within the scientific community [37]. Cells of such diminutive dimensions are seldom encountered, and the presence of cells this small within the context of VSELs has been a subject of debate. The rarity of cells with such minuscule sizes in the cellular landscape introduces a level of skepticism regarding their actual existence and biological potential. Concerns have been voiced within the scientific community regarding the possibility that measurements of VSEL sizes may be influenced by various analytical techniques, emphasizing the need for further characterization of phenotype and isolation methodologies to more conclusively establish the true nature and size of these particular cells. Despite these differences, both MUSE and VSEL cells offer exciting avenues for regenerative therapies, and ongoing research aims to harness their potential for treating various diseases and injuries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the regenerative potential of various stem cell populations, particularly MUSE cells and VSELs. It emphasizes that these cell types can migrate to damaged tissues and exhibit extraordinary potential for repairing such tissues, supporting the idea that stem cell research may indeed hold significant promise for regenerative medicine. The mention of ongoing research aimed at harnessing their potential for treating various diseases and injuries further supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Feature 10. 7554/eLife. 03401 Open access Copyright information annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). Share 46,927 views 7,310 downloads 634 3401. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS 10. 7554/eLife. 03401. 001 numerous advances, the field of molecular biology has often struggled to address key biological problems affecting public health and the environment. Until recently, editing the genomes of even model organisms has been difficult. Moreover, altered traits typically reduce evolutionary fitness and are consequently eliminated by natural selection. This restriction has profoundly limited our ability to alter ecosystems through molecular biology. If we could develop a general method of ensuring that engineered traits would instead be favored by natural selection, then those traits could spread to most members of wild populations over many generations. This capability would allow us to address several major world problems, including the spread of insect-borne diseases, the rise of pesticide and herbicide resistance, and the agricultural and environmental damage wrought by invasive species. Scientists have long known of naturally occurring selfish genetic elements that can increase the odds that they will be inherited. This advantage allows them to spread through populations even if they reduce the fitness of individual organisms. Many researchers have suggested that these elements might serve as the basis for ‘gene drives’ capable of spreading engineered traits through wild populations (Craig et al. , 1960; Wood et al. , 1977; Sinkins and Gould, 2006; Burt and Trivers, 2009; Alphey, 2014). was the first to propose gene drives based on site-specific ‘homing’ endonuclease genes over a decade ago (Burt, 2003). These genes bias inheritance by cutting the homologous chromosome, inducing the cell to copy them when it repairs the break. Several efforts have focused on the possibility of using gene drives targeting mosquitoes to block malaria transmission (Scott et al. , 2002; Windbichler et al. , 2007, 2008, 2011; Li et al. , 2013a; Galizi et al. , 2014). However, development has been hindered by the difficulty of engineering homing endonucleases to cut new target sequences (Chan et al. , 2013a; Thyme et al. , 2013; Takeuchi et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and limitations of gene drives. It indicates that altering traits typically reduces evolutionary fitness, which means those traits could be eliminated by natural selection rather than enabling full elimination of pest species in one generation. It also mentions that while gene drives might spread engineered traits, the development has encountered significant hurdles, making the claim of full elimination within one generation unsubstantiated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Consent processes are as per the main trial protocol. Qualitative interviews: Interviews with some patients/clinicians involved in the study will seek experiences of using the cough device. Eligible clinicians will need to be either a doctor, physiotherapist or nurse by profession, be working as a permanent staff member at the study site and have participated in the study within the last 4 weeks. Patients/personal consultees are eligible for study inclusion if they have been approached for informed consent/advice. Patients will be excluded if they are non-English speaking or have impaired understanding, or if they have no recall of their ICU stay or MI-E use. All interviews will be completed virtually via an online platform (Microsoft Teams) or telephone (interviewee preference) and digitally recorded (via an encrypted Dictaphone). Patients and consultees recruited into the study will be approached for consent into this phase once the patient has been discharged from ICU but remains in hospital. Interviews will take place within 4-6 weeks of ICU discharge-this may therefore be whilst the patient is still in hospital or at home. Participants will have received a copy of the consent form with the study information. The lead interviewer will run through this at the start of the interview and the participant will be asked to provide verbal (recorded) consent for each point on the consent form. Intervention type outcome measure Feasibility outcomes measured at the end of the study:1. Proportion of eligible patients approached, consented and randomised measured using screening log and randomization records2. Proportion of MI-E treatment sessions completed measured using case report form3. Proportion of recruited patients with all outcome measures recorded measured using case report form4. Attrition (participant withdrawal and loss to follow up) measured using case report form and withdrawal records5. Acceptability of trial processes to participants and clinicians measured using qualitative interviews, acceptability of intervention measure (AIM)/Intervention appropriate measure (IAM)/feasibility of intervention measure (FIM)6. Acceptability of outcome measures to participants and clinicians measured using qualitative interviews Secondary outcome measures 1. Resource use (use of trachy; MI-E equipment, staff grade and time) at end of each treatment intervention and per 24hr period2. Lung ultrasound score pre intervention and 5mins post intervention3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls having magical abilities to see in complete darkness. It discusses consent processes for a clinical trial and does not mention owls, darkness, vision, or any related topics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: In a recent paper by Oguma et al. [66], a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome of MUSE cells at the single-cell level was conducted, drawing a comparative assessment with the transcriptome of MSCs. The study focused also on evaluating the expression profiles of various markers associated with VSELs within both MUSE cells and MSCs. VSELs, as defined by Shin et al. (2012), are characterized by their positivity for CXCR4, along with the expression of epiblast-related markers (GBX2, FGF5, NODAL) and primordial germ cell-related markers (DPPA3 [Stella], PRDM1 [Blimp1], PRDM14), while being negative for PTPRC (CD45). Intriguingly, neither MUSE nor MSCs expressed these specific marker genes, with the exception of FGF5, which exhibited higher expression levels in MSCs compared to MUSE [66]. VSELs also express additional markers, such as SSEA-4, and share similarities with germ cells, expressing markers like DDX4/VASA and PRDM14. In vitro, these VSELs remain quiescent, except in ascites, and become highly activated after exposure to valproic acid and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). VSELs spontaneously form aggregates resembling tumor-like structures or grow into larger cells resembling oocytes. Several studies propose a germinal origin for VSELs, while MUSE cells are found in both stromal tissues like bone marrow and tissues from the umbilical cord. While certain conditions may lead to uncontrolled proliferation of VSELs, resulting in tumor formation, numerous studies have demonstrated the non-tumorigenic nature of MUSE cells [26, 33]. This stark contrast in tumorigenicity further underscores the distinctive characteristics between VSELs and MUSE cells, emphasizing the importance of comprehending their unique molecular profiles and biological behaviors for their potential applications in regenerative medicine. This differential expression pattern provides valuable insights into the distinctive molecular profiles of MUSE cells and VSEL, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of their biological characteristics and potential applications in regenerative medicine. SBSC exhibit considerable overlap in characteristics with VSELs, except for the expression of CD45. This commonality suggests a shared profile related to pluripotency and regenerative potential. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the regenerative potential of MUSE cells and VSELs, which are referenced as having characteristics related to pluripotency and potential applications in regenerative medicine. The mention of a 'nuanced understanding of their biological characteristics and potential applications in regenerative medicine' directly supports the idea that stem cell research could lead to regeneration of damaged tissues and organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: Attempts to build gene drives with more easily retargeted zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs suffered from instability due to the repetitive nature of the genes encoding them (Simoni et al. , 2014). The recent discovery and development of the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease has dramatically enhanced our ability to engineer the genomes of diverse species. Originally isolated from ‘’ acquired immune systems in bacteria, Cas9 is a non-repetitive enzyme that can be directed to cut almost any DNA sequence by simply expressing a ‘guide RNA’ containing that same sequence. In little more than a year following the first demonstrations in human cells, it has enabled gene insertion, deletion, and replacement in many different species (Bassett et al. , 2013; Cho et al. , 2013; Cong et al. , 2013; DiCarlo et al. , 2013; Friedland et al. , 2013; Gratz et al. , 2013; Hu et al. , 2013; Hwang et al. , 2013; Jiang et al. , 2013a, 2013b; Jinek et al. , 2013; Li et al. , 2013b; Mali et al. , 2013c; Tan et al. , 2013; Upadhyay et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013b). Building RNA-guided gene drives based on the Cas9 nuclease is a logical way to overcome the targeting and stability problems hindering gene drive development. Less obvious is the extent to which the unique properties of Cas9 are well-suited to overcoming other molecular and evolutionary challenges inherent to the construction of safe and functional gene drives. We submit that Cas9 is highly likely to enable scientists to construct efficient RNA-guided gene drives not only in mosquitoes, but in many other species. In addition to altering populations of insects to prevent them from spreading disease (Curtis, 1968), this advance would represent an entirely new approach to ecological engineering with many potential applications relevant to human health, agriculture, biodiversity, and ecological science. The first technical descriptions of endonuclease gene drives were provided by in his landmark proposal to engineer wild populations more than a decade ago (Burt, 2003). Any of the rapidly expanding number of laboratories with expertise in Cas9-mediated genome engineering could attempt to build a gene drive by substituting Cas9 for the homing endonucleases described in his proposal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges associated with building effective gene drives, particularly focusing on the stability and targeting issues related to current technologies like zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs. Although it mentions that Cas9 technology may enable scientists to construct efficient gene drives, it does not support the assertion that these gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. Instead, it emphasizes the ongoing challenges in the development of safe and functional gene drives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Pain is measured using the numeric rating scale and/or critical care pain observation tool (CPOT)4. QOL is measured using the EQ-5D-5L at 6 months following ICU discharge5. Re-intubation rate will be calculated at 48hours post extubation6. Mortality will be calculated at 60days post randomisation7. Cardiovascular parameters (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) measured at pre intervention, intervention end and 5mins post intervention8. Ventilator/respiratory parameters (lung resistance/compliance, respiratory rate, peripheral oxygen saturations) measured pre intervention, intervention end and post extubation)9. Adverse events (occurrence frequency of increase/decrease >20% baseline; arrhythmia requiring intervention; pneumothorax; acute desaturation to <85% or >10% below baseline; cardiopulmonary arrest; accidental extubation) measured at end of intervention and 5 mins post intervention end Overall study start date 01/09/2020 Overall study end date 31/12/2023 Reason abandoned (if study stopped) inclusion criteria 1. Adult (>=16 years)2. Expected to require invasive mechanical ventilation for >48hrs 3. Clinician identified pre-extubation problems with secretion management defined as poor/weak cough effort (cough peak flow <60L/min) and/or secretion load that are difficult to clear with usual airway clearance management (as assessed by the treating clinical team)4. Identified as ‘ready to wean or weaning’ by the treating clinical team (on a spontaneous mode of ventilation for example (CPAP); Breathing (ASB); Ventilation (PSV); (APRV) (with spontaneous effort). Participant type(s) group age limit 16 number of participants Size: 50; UK Sample Size: 50 Total final enrolment 47 Participant exclusion criteria 1. (PEEP) >102. Fraction of (FiO2) >0. 73. Hemodynamic/Cardiovascular instability (i. e. noradrenaline >0. 25mg/kg, arrhythmias requiring intervention)4. Recent undrained pneumothorax (current admission with no chest drain in situ);5. Unable to continue to use MI-E post extubation (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls and their ability to see in darkness due to 'magical abilities.' It discusses methodologies for measuring pain, quality of life, and other clinical parameters in a study involving mechanical ventilation, with no mention of owls or vision.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, a comparative analysis with MUSE cells reveals intriguing parallels, as both SBSC and MUSE cells express SSEA-3. Interestingly, SBSC isolated from peripheral blood also exhibit CD45 expression, aligning them with MUSE cells in this aspect. However, a notable distinction remains in terms of cell size. These findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the unique features and potential applications of SB cells, positioning them within the broader landscape of stem cell populations and highlighting both shared and distinct attributes. MAPCs have attracted attention in biomedical research due to their remarkable capacity to differentiate into various cell types derived from the three embryonic germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. and MAPC stem cells can be isolated from stromal tissues, but MAPC cells uniquely possess the ability to be isolated from several organs. Recent studies indicate the potential presence of MAPCs in other adult tissues, such as the liver and brain, expanding their possible sources of isolation. Molecular distinctions between MAPC and other stem cells, including the differential expression of pluripotent and surface markers, may reflect the diverse origins and differentiation potentials of these cell populations. Both MUSE and MAPCs have demonstrated the ability to differentiate into a wide range of cell types; however, their effectiveness or differentiation potential may vary in specific experimental contexts or in relation to the preferred cell types. For instance, MAPCs might exhibit a greater predisposition to differentiate into specific cell types compared to MUSE cells, or vice versa, depending on experimental conditions or the cellular environment [58]. Concerning tumorigenicity, MUSE cells have been consistently described as non-tumorigenic in various studies, making them promising for clinical applications without the risk of tumor formation. In contrast, MAPCs may show tumorigenic potential in certain contexts or if not adequately controlled during culture, raising concerns about their therapeutic use. MAPCs have emerged as a subject of controversy within the scientific community, primarily due to challenges associated with their reproducibility. The reliability and consistency of research findings related to MAPCs have been called into question, leading to the retraction of several studies that initially reported on these cells. The inherent difficulty in replicating experimental outcomes with MAPCs has raised concerns about the robustness and validity of the scientific evidence surrounding their properties and potential applications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing stem cells, particularly MAPCs and MUSE cells, and their ability to differentiate into various cell types derived from the three embryonic germ layers. This differentiation capacity is crucial to the potential of stem cell research for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. The mention of MAPCs and MUSE cells being non-tumorigenic and their promising characteristics for clinical applications further supports the claim regarding their potential for therapeutic use.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the well-recognized potential for gene drives to combat vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue virtually ensures that this strategy will eventually be attempted in mosquitoes. While considerable scholarship has been devoted to the question of how gene drives might be safely utilized in mosquitoes (Scott et al. , 2002; Touré et al. , 2004; Benedict et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; UNEP, 2010; Reeves et al. , 2012; David et al. , 2013; Alphey, 2014), few if any studies have examined the potential ecological effects of gene drives in other species. After all, constructing a drive to spread a particular genomic alteration in a given species was simply not feasible with earlier genome editing methods. Disconcertingly, several published gene drive architectures could lead to extinction or other hazardous consequences if applied to sensitive species, demonstrating an urgent need for improved methods of controlling these elements. After consulting with experts in many fields as well as concerned environmental organizations, we are confident that the responsible development of RNA-guided gene drive technology is best served by full transparency and early engagement with the public. Here we provide brief overviews of gene drives and Cas9-mediated genome engineering, detail the mechanistic reasons that RNA-guided gene drives are likely to be effective in many species, and outline probable capabilities and limitations. We further propose novel gene drive architectures that may substantially improve our control over gene drives and their effects, discuss possible applications, and suggest guidelines for the safe development and evaluation of this promising but as yet unrealized technology. A discussion of risk governance and regulation intended specifically for policymakers is published separately (Oye et al. , 2014). Natural gene drives In nature, certain genes ‘drive’ themselves through populations by increasing the odds that they will be inherited (Burt and Trivers, 2009). Examples include endonuclease genes that copy themselves into chromosomes lacking them (Burt and Koufopanou, 2004), segregation distorters that destroy competing chromosomes during meiosis (Lyttle, 1991), transposons that insert copies of themselves elsewhere in the genome (Charlesworth and Langley, 1989), Medea elements that eliminate competing siblings who do not inherit them (Beeman et al. , 1992; Chen et al. , 2007), and heritable microbes such as Wolbachia (Werren, 1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential ecological impacts and limitations of gene drives. It highlights that, while gene drives may be effective in combating certain diseases, there is significant concern regarding their application, with some gene drive architectures risking extinction or other hazardous consequences. This indicates that the assertion that gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species in just one generation is overly simplistic and does not account for the complexity and potential risks involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: contraindications to facemask use-facial/cranial trauma, recent facial surgery; active upper gastrointestinal bleeding/uncontrolled vomiting; recent upper abdominal/thoracic surgery with at risk anastomosis)6. Pre-existing neuromuscular respiratory condition7. Pre-existing routine use of MI-E in the community8. Patients with pre-existing permanent tracheostomy 9. Treatment withdrawal expected within 24hrs or not expected to survive 10. Re-admission to ICU following index admission11. trial participation Recruitment start date 11/07/2022 Recruitment end date 11/07/2023 of recruitment England, Study participating centre 2 8HW Sponsor information and details Research and 2 8AE Kingdom +44 1173420233 R&DSponsorship@UHBW. nhs. uk Sponsor type Hospital/treatment centre Website type name name(s) name for Alternative name(s) for - for (Institute for Health and Care Research), government organisation government and dissemination plan Planned publication in a high-impact peer reviewed journal, alongside presentation of results at key international network meetings/conferences of the of Medicine. Intention to publish date 31/10/2024 Individual participant data (IPD) Intention to share Yes IPD sharing plan The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study will be available upon request from (ema. swingwood@uwe. ac. uk). All data will be anonymised for which consent has been gained. Data will only be provided for purposes of research studies. Data will be available once it has been analysed and published by the current research team. IPD sharing plan summary Available on request Study outputs Output type created Date added Peer reviewed? Patient-facing? HRA research summary 28/06/2023 Protocol 2023. 25/07/2023: Publication reference added. 20/07/2023: Total final enrolment and IPD sharing statement added. 19/07/2022: The following changes have been made: 1. The recruitment start date has been changed from 04/07/2022 to 11/07/2022. 2. The recruitment end date has been changed from 07/07/2022 to 11/07/2023. 21/06/2022: The following changes were made to the trial record: 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls seeing in complete darkness due to magical abilities. It discusses unrelated medical trial details, contraindications, recruitment information, and data sharing plans, with no mention of owls or their vision capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: These uncertainties underscore the importance of rigorous experimental design, standardization of methodologies, and comprehensive validation processes to address the reproducibility issues associated with MAPCs and establish a more reliable foundation for their characterization and therapeutic exploration. In summary, although MAPCs share some characteristics with the other population of stem cells, such as the ability to differentiate into different cell types, there are significant differences in their tissue origins, surface markers, tumorigenic potential, and other biological characteristics, which make them distinctive and potentially useful for different applications in regenerative medicine. MIAMI cells are adult cells with interesting therapeutic potential but distinctive characteristics. Indeed, the isolation of MIAMI cells, to date, occurs solely from the bone marrow aspirates, while MUSE cells and VSEL can be isolated from a variety of stromal tissues. Nonetheless, these cells have sparked significant interest in the field of regenerative medicine due to their versatility and potential in treating bone lesions and musculoskeletal disorders. Unlike MUSE stem cells, known for their remarkable resistance to stress, MIAMI are not generally considered stress-resistant. This may impact their utility in clinical contexts where stress conditions are a significant factor. cells have demonstrated to promote blood vessel formation and reduce inflammation and necrosis in ischemic tissues. This is attributable to the secreted factors they release into the surrounding environment, as identified by secretome analysis. Regarding surface markers, both for MIAMI and MAPC cells, the expression of SSEA-3 still needs to be evaluated. In-depth studies on the proteome and transcriptome of these cell subpopulations could be pivotal to better understand the molecular basis of their unique characteristics and potential common origins. Identifying key expressed genes and proteins could shed light on the regulation of molecular pathways involved in pluripotency and cell differentiation. The cell cycle plays a predominant role in influencing the differentiation capabilities of stem cells and the expression of various stem cell surface markers. In the context of the proposed universal stem cell hypothesis, a comprehensive investigation into the cell cycle phases of pluripotent stem cells isolated from stromal tissues becomes crucial. It is conceivable that the expression of specific markers in pluripotent stem cells might vary across different cell cycle phases. For instance, certain markers may be expressed during the G1 phase but not in other phases like S phase. Analyzing marker expression at distinct cell cycle stages could provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the therapeutic potential of MIAMI cells and their applications in regenerative medicine, specifically mentioning their versatility in treating bone lesions and musculoskeletal disorders. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the characteristics of various stem cell populations, which is crucial for harnessing their regenerative capabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: Endonuclease gene drives Natural homing endonuclease genes exhibit drive by cutting the corresponding locus of chromosomes lacking them. This induces the cell to repair the break by copying the nuclease gene onto the damaged chromosome via homologous recombination (Figure 1A) (Burt and Koufopanou, 2004). The copying process is termed ‘homing’, while the endonuclease-containing cassette that is copied is referred to as a ‘gene drive’ or simply a ‘drive’. Because copying causes the fraction of offspring that inherit the cassette to be greater than 1/2 (Figure 1B), these genes can drive through a population even if they reduce the reproductive fitness of the individual organisms that carry them. Over many generations, this self-sustaining process can theoretically allow a gene drive to spread from a small number of individuals until it is present in all members of a population. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset The spread of endonuclease gene drives. (A) When an organism carrying an endonuclease gene drive (blue) mates with a wild-type organism (grey), the gene drive is preferentially inherited by all offspring. This can enable the drive to spread until it is present in all members of the population–even if it is mildly deleterious to the organism. (B) Endonuclease gene drives are preferentially inherited because the endonuclease cuts the homologous wild-type chromosome. When the cell repairs the break using homologous recombination, it must use the gene drive chromosome as a repair template, thereby copying the drive onto the wild-type chromosome. If the endonuclease fails to cut or the cell uses the competing non-homologous end-joining repair pathway, the drive is not copied, so efficient gene drives must reliably cut when homology-directed repair is most likely. Engineered gene drives To build an endonuclease gene drive, an endonuclease transgene must be inserted in place of a natural sequence that it can cut. If it can efficiently cut this sequence in organisms with one transgene and one natural locus, reliably induce the cell to copy the transgene, and avoid being too costly to the organism, it will spread through susceptible wild populations. Standard drives spread genomic changes and associated traits through populations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining how endonuclease gene drives can spread through a population and may persist even if they are mildly deleterious to the organisms carrying them. It indicates that while gene drives can enhance their prevalence, they do not guarantee elimination of a species within one generation, as the process of gene drive spreading involves multiple generations and relies on specific conditions for successful inheritance and repair mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: The recruitment start date has been changed from 27/06/2022 to 04/07/2022. 2. The recruitment end date was changed from 30/06/2022 to 07/07/2022. 13/06/2022: The following changes were made to the trial record: 1. The recruitment start date was changed from 01/06/2022 to 27/06/2022. 2. The recruitment end date was changed from 31/05/2023 to 30/06/2022. 07/06/2022: Internal review. 03/05/2022: Trial's existence confirmed by the for Health and (NIHR) (UK). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls seeing in darkness due to magical abilities. It discusses changes to trial dates and administrative details without any mention of owls or their vision capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Correlating these cell cycle phases with the differentiation capacities across the three embryonic germ layers further enhances our understanding. This detailed analysis is instrumental in uncovering both similarities and differences within these stem cell populations. Ultimately, exploring the expression dynamics of stem cell markers throughout the cell cycle holds great promise for unraveling the intricacies of pluripotent stem cell behavior and refining our comprehension of their unique characteristics. However, it is worth noting that the high variability in results across different laboratories could be attributed to technical differences in the isolation and culture procedures of these stem cells. Standardizing work methodologies could help reduce this variability and provide more consistent results, thereby facilitating a more accurate understanding of each population's intrinsic characteristics. Taking into consideration the above-reported findings, the differences in biological properties among the various stromal stem cell populations so far described may be due to the fact that they are truly distinct cell populations (Fig. 2). Alternatively, it must be remembered that stem cells are inherently heterogeneous. This implies that the stem cell niche hosts different subpopulations of stem cells, each presenting subtle differences in stemness and lineage potential [67]. The isolation and cultivation procedures of the aforementioned stromal stem cells may have selected a specific stem cell subpopulation from the larger population of stromal stem cells. Fig. 2Stromal/Lines: within stromal tissues and peripheral blood, various populations of multipotent and pluripotent stem cells (including MUSE cells, ) exist. These populations share numerous common characteristics, suggesting potential interrelations or overlaps. Factors such as different isolation protocols, distinct cell cycle stages, or diverse niches could contribute to the isolation of these subpopulations. Each selected subpopulation () possesses specific progenitors and differentiation potential. Given the overlapping nature of stem cell populations, it is plausible that these features exhibit commonalities. However, further investigation is needed to determine whether stromal tissues harbor distinct subsets of stem cells with overlapping features or contains a single stem population, with subtypes, which can be isolated based on the aforementioned factorsFull size imageThis scenario is further complicated by the fact that every single cell population may exhibit differences according to the cell cycle stage of its components. Finally, confounding issues may also arise from differences in the evaluation of biological properties, either in vitro or in vivo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of understanding the differentiation capacities of various stem cell populations, which is instrumental for unlocking the potential of stem cells in regenerative medicine. It highlights that exploring stem cell markers and their behavior can enhance our comprehension of their capabilities, thus aligning with the idea that stem cell research has significant potential for tissue and organ regeneration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: Burt‘s original study proposed using them to drive the spread of other transgenes or to disrupt existing genes (Figure 2A,B) (Burt, 2003). The gene drive copying step can take place immediately upon fertilization (Figure 2C) or occur only in germline cells that are immediate precursors to sperm or eggs, leaving most of the organism‘s somatic cells with only one copy of the drive (Figure 2D). Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Consequences and timing of gene drive replication. (A) Gene drives can carry other genes with them as cargo. For example, a transgene that blocks malaria transmission could be driven through wild mosquito populations. There is no selection to maintain the function of a cargo gene. (B) Gene drives can disrupt or replace other genes. For example, a drive might replace a mosquito gene important for malaria transmission. Because it cannot spread without disrupting the target gene, this strategy is evolutionarily stable. (C) If homing occurs in the zygote or early embryo, all organisms that carry the drive will be homozygous in all of their tissues. (D) If homing occurs in the late germline cells that contribute to sperm or eggs, the offspring will remain heterozygous in most tissues and avoid the consequences of drive-induced disruptions. Suppression drives reduce the size of the targeted population. outlined an elegant strategy involving the use of gene drives to disrupt genes that cause infertility or lethality only when both copies are lost (Burt, 2003). These ‘genetic load’ drives would spread rapidly through minimally impaired heterozygotes when rare, and eventually cause the population to crash or even become extinct due to the accumulated load of recessive mutations. A second approach would mimic naturally occurring ‘meiotic’ or ‘gametic’ drives that bias the sex ratio (Craig et al. , 1960; Hickey and Craig, 1966; Hamilton, 1967; Newton et al. , 1976; Wood and Newton, 1991). In this model, the Y chromosome (or its equivalent in other sex-determination systems) would encode an endonuclease that cuts and destroys the X chromosome during male meiosis, thereby ensuring that most viable sperm contain a Y chromosome (Newton et al. , 1976; Wood and Newton, 1991; Windbichler et al. , 2007, 2008; Galizi et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and mechanisms of gene drives, indicating that while gene drives can spread certain genetic traits quickly, they do not guarantee the complete elimination of a pest species in a single generation. For instance, it mentions that gene drives can disrupt existing genes but also emphasizes that the drive's spread depends on various genetic factors and mechanisms, suggesting that complete eradication may not be achievable as it lacks selection to maintain a cargo gene and involves complex evolutionary dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: for 1,000’s of years, the natural landscape of Israel has been shaped by—and along with—the development of agriculture [1], to the point that, in some places, it is impossible to tell a natural landscape from a human-made one. In the last few decades, Israel has gone through many upheavals, transitioning from a sparsely populated Mediterranean region to one of the most densely populated countries in the Western world. To sustain its population, Israel had to develop intensive, modern, efficient, and affordable agriculture. As often happens, this involved the disconnection of agriculture from the surrounding natural environment and caused significant damage to natural ecosystems. Pesticides were one cause of environmental damage. Use of pesticides was necessary because the land was full of crop-harming pests. Since the beginning of modern agriculture, humans have been fighting a continuous and exhausting battle against pests of all kinds, from insects to rodents. On tens of thousands of hectares in Israel, farmers grew crops such as wheat, alfalfa (a grass that is used for feeding livestock), cotton, and fruit. As the crops grew, so did the populations of harmful rodents, such as voles and the house mouse. Rodent-killing pesticides, which were developed over the twentieth century, cause serious damage to the environment [2]. Pesticides harm many animals, even those that are not pests; they seep into the water, contaminating it with harmful chemicals and endangering the health of those using it. Some types of pesticides are absorbed by vegetables or fruits and endanger those who eat them, including humans. If cows eat hay that was sprayed with pesticides, the toxic substances can reach humans through the cows’ milk. Additionally, certain pesticides break down very slowly, and they can cause what is called secondary poisoning. When a predator eats an animal that was poisoned by a pesticide, the pesticide residues that have not broken down in the prey animal’s body cause secondary poisoning of the predator. In many places, secondary poisonings have caused the destruction of entire populations of raptors (birds of prey) and other bird species. The damage to the nocturnal raptor population was particularly unfortunate because these raptors, including barn owls, are the natural enemies of rodents. Rodents make up 95% of the diet of barn owls. Some of the damage caused to the environment and the animals that live in pesticide-treated areas is irreparable. and Farmers? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding owls' vision abilities in darkness. It discusses the impact of agriculture and pesticide use on natural ecosystems and specifically mentions the negative effects on raptor populations and their predation on rodents, rather than addressing owls' magical abilities or their capacity to see in darkness.