Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Then the proportion of explained variance was computed as R2=1-∥𝐗~-𝐁𝐙∥2/∥𝐗~∥2. The PCA on Figure 1i–k was done on the centered PSTH data matrix 𝐗~. Let its singular value decomposition be 𝐗~=𝐔𝐒𝐕⊤. Then each subplot on Figure 1j is a histogram of elements of one column of 𝐔 and each subplot on Figure 1j is one column of 𝐕. Comparison of dPCA to PCA in each marginalization Request a detailed protocol To understand the differences of dPCA with respect to other (demixing) methods, we will make several explicit comparisons. The first method we will consider is performing a series of standard PCAs in each marginalization separately. This procedure can be understood in two ways: after performing PCA on 𝐗ϕ and obtaining the matrix 𝐔ϕ for the k leading principal directions, we can use this matrix to project either the marginalized data or the full data. In the first case we obtain the principal components of the corresponding marginalization, 𝐔ϕ𝐗ϕ. However, while these components provide a particular decomposition or visualization of the data, they do not constitute readouts of the neural activity, since they are based on projecting the marginalized data. One particular advantage of the dPCA formulation is that it operates on the raw data, so that the decoders (and encoders) can actually be used on single trials. In turn, the visualization of the data found through dPCA also provides insights into the utility of the respective population code for the brain. In the second case we obtain 𝐔ϕ𝐗 components from the full data, so that these components could be obtained by projecting single-trial activities. However, now there is no guarantee that these components will be demixed. For a simple counter-example, consider Figure 13: the stimulus marginalization 𝐗s consists of three points (one for each stimulus) located roughly on a horizontal axis, and so the first principal axis of 𝐗s is roughly horizontal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding memory recall. It discusses principles of PCA and dPCA, focusing on data visualization and neural activity analysis, without providing any information about memory or recall mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Response of soil microbial biomass and plant litter decomposition to weed management strategies in maize and asparagus cropping systems Go to 255. to Co2 Enrichment and Go to 256. A review of internal cycling of nitrogen within trees in relation to soil fertility Go to 257. Tropical soils could dominate the short-term carbon cycle feedbacks to increased global temperatures Go to 258. Decomposition in forest and fallow subarctic soils Go to 259. Mechanisms controlling soil respiration (CO2 and CH4) in southern peatlands Go to 260. Effects of plant species on nutrient cycling Go to 261. Aspects of the interaction between vegetation and soil under global change Go to 262. to 263. Litter production and decomposition dynamics in moist deciduous forests of the in Go to 264. for Aspen and in the Go to 265. Abiotic and litter quality control during the decomposition of different plant parts in dry tropical bamboo savanna in to 266. Immobilization and availability of N and P in the forest floors of fertilized coniferous forests Go to 267. Environmental and physiological factors governing nutrient resorption efficiency in barley Go to 268. Aspects of the Vegetation and Go to 269. Line in a Go to 270. Controls over Production by to 271. Responses of Soils to Go to 272. Comparison of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and metabolic activity in ecosystems Go to 273. Seasonal and annual carbon fluxes in a boreal forest landscape Go to 274. Atmosphere‐biosphere exchange of carbon dioxide in boreal forests Go to 275. Leaf demography and the seasonal internal cycling of nitrogen in sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus L. ) seedlings in relation to nitrogen supply Go to 276. Decomposition of water hyacinth detritus in eutrophic lake water Go to 277. in Taiga Forests: State-Go to 278. Plant litter: Its dynamics and effects on plant community structure Go to 279. Release of mineral nitrogen from plant root nodules Go to 280. Relationships between fungal and bacterial substrate-induced respiration, biomass and plant residue decomposition Go to 281. Effects of Stresses on to 282. Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of litter in long‐term optimum nutrition experiments Go to 283. Species effects on nitrogen cycling: a test with perennial grasses Go to 284. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it mentions 'Relationships between fungal and bacterial substrate-induced respiration, biomass and plant residue decomposition,' indicating the role of fungi in the decomposition of organic matter and their contribution to nutrient cycling in ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are involved in empathy and allow individuals to understand others’ actions and emotions. [SEP] Text: Like any other skill, to be used successfully, empathy needs to be practised and developed over time. When used correctly, empathy provides a way to access the minds of others, helping us to understand their thoughts and actions, and enabling us to interact with them. Although empathy plays an important role in connecting with others, more seems to be needed for full understanding. To some people, ‘understanding’ means knowing why someone else is feeling a certain way, while for others, it requires a shared personal experience. “For example, we struggle to empathise with people who commit hideous crimes,” explains Thomas. “In consequence, we can fail to understand them, even though we might know their motives. ” Empathy and understanding, therefore, appear to be heavily linked, but full understanding likely requires more than just empathy. ? Thomas is a member of a research group investigating this connection between empathy and interpersonal understanding. Philosophers research a topic by checking reality (known as ‘phenomena’) against a specific concept. “We are concerned with conceptual problems and try to develop terminology related to these topics that is clear and unambiguous,” says Thomas. For example, Thomas may ask whether ‘emotional contagion’, such as our ability to pick up the mood of a room full of people, is really a form of empathy. “Does this phenomenon fall under the concept of empathy? ” Thomas is not only concerned with theoretical concepts. “We want to use findings from developmental psychology to reveal the reality of empathy,” he says. Hopefully, this will lead him to an empirically informed theory of empathy in relation to interpersonal understanding. “We want to explain how empathy works. ” today’s world, it often seems like we are getting worse at understanding each other. Thomas believes that psychological mechanisms such as biases and poor emotion regulation are hindering our performance of empathy. And our increasing interaction through technology is not helping, as we lose so many social cues such as tone of voice and body language when we do not communicate face-to-face. When no personal connection exists, it is hard to ‘read’ someone, and so therefore harder to empathise with them. We also struggle to grasp what understanding actually means, and what a successful version of empathy looks like. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while empathy is important for connecting with others, it may not be sufficient for full understanding of others' actions and emotions. It discusses how understanding can require more than just empathy, pointing out that people struggle to empathize with individuals in certain contexts, like when considering someone who commits crimes, illustrating limits to how empathy can aid understanding. Furthermore, it highlights factors hindering empathy, such as biases and the lack of social cues in technology-mediated interactions, suggesting that the relationship between these concepts is more complex than simply being facilitated by mirror neurons.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: It is easy to see that the projection of the full data onto this axis will be not only stimulus-, but also time-dependent. Figure 13 Download asset Open asset Toy example illustrating the pseudo-inverse intuition. (a) Firing rate trajectories of two neurons for three different stimuli. (b) Same data with dPCA decoding and encoding axes. The encoding axes are approximately equivalent to the axes of the principal components in this case. Nonetheless, we can obtain a reasonable approximation to the dPCA solution using PCA in each marginalization. Namely, 𝐔ϕ can be taken to constitute the encoders 𝐅ϕ. In turn, the decoders 𝐃ϕ are obtained by a pseudo-inverse 𝐃=𝐔+, where 𝐔 is a matrix with 4k columns obtained by joining together all 𝐔ϕ. We found that this procedure provides a close approximation of the actual decoder and encoder matrices, provided one chooses a reasonable value of k: choosing k too small results in poor demixing, and choosing k too large results in overfitting. In our datasets, k=10 provides a good trade-off. This approximate solution highlights the conditions under which dPCA will work well, i. e. , result in well-demixed components that capture most of the variance of the data: the main principal axes of different marginalizations 𝐗ϕ need to be non-collinear. In other words, principal subspaces of different marginalizations should not overlap. Comparison of dPCA with targeted dimensionality reduction Request a detailed protocol Next, we compare dPCA with 'targeted dimensionality reduction' (TDR), the method proposed by Mante et al. (2013). Briefly, the algorithm underlying TDR works as follows: Perform PCA of the trial-average neural data 𝐗~ and define a 'denoising' matrix 𝐊 as a linear projector on the space spanned by the leading principal axes. Here we used 20 principal axes: 𝐊=𝐔20𝐔20⊤. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is mainly focused on describing data analysis techniques such as dPCA and PCA, discussing the conditions under which these techniques work well, and provides insights into neural data processing. It does not address the concept of memory recall or the relationship between memory and stimulus, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The two lineages are characterized by a largely well-differentiated spatial distribution along an altitudinal gradient, and tend to differ with respect to flowering phenology and the morphologies of leaves and fruits. Most hybrids, which are probably later generation of F1 individuals, tend to be distributed at intermediate altitudes between those of the two parental lineages. Collectively, these results would tend to provide evidence of a reproductive barrier between the two lineages, whereas interfertile hybrids occur incidentally. Ecological niche divergence has evolved between the NEA and SEA lineages NEA and SEA lineages in the DHS were found to show a clear pattern of spatial isolation, with NEA-DHS tending to be predominantly distributed at altitudes greater than 670 m, whereas SEA-DHS were found to be scattered at lower altitudes, with rare overlap between the two lineages. Nevertheless, despite the limited size of our study population, we believe our findings to be reasonably representative of the regional population, given that we sampled all accessible individuals along a 5-km-long, 20-m-wide transect, with only four or five inaccessible individuals being excluded from sampling. It is unconvinced whether inclusion of these latter unsampled individuals would change the established spatial genetic pattern. Moreover, consistent with the findings of the present study, 100 trees sampled during a preliminary survey undertaken in an area near the transect at an altitude of less than 650 m all proved to be SEA-DHS individuals (unpublished data). In addition, the trees of both lineages, as well their hybrids, appear to have a similar age structure, as indicated by DBH measurements, which for most individuals ranged between 26 and 45 cm (Figure S5), thereby tending to indicate a long persistence of the observed spatial pattern. We speculate that spatial isolation along altitudinal gradients may be common feature of Acer populations in North China. According to the findings of a previous phylogeographical study, the NEA and SEA lineages meet at an area to the North of Mt. Taihang and in the (Fig. 1b) 14. However, most Acer populations in comprise exclusively NEA or SEA lineages, with only two populations near the DHS showing clear evidence of more than one lineage. We believe that the apparent absence of any substantial overlap at the local scale can be ascribed to two overriding factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses spatial distribution, phenology, and genetic patterns of tree lineages without mentioning fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it neither corroborates nor contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are involved in empathy and allow individuals to understand others’ actions and emotions. [SEP] Text: We often fail to understand what is good for others, meaning empathic decisions might not lead us to morally sound conclusions. And barriers to fully understanding someone are always going to exist. “It is a common feature of empathy that we cannot ever fully succeed in empathising, because we cannot ever be the other person,” says Thomas. Download the 10. 33424/185 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 speaking at the Council. The website of Thomas’s research project, it Feel? The cover of Forms of Fellow Feeling, a book about empathy that Thomas co-edited. Thomas with Einstein at Madame Tussauds. This is Anfield! When not pondering philosophical questions, Thomas’s passion is football. – the ability to share the perspectives and feelings of another being – to gain appreciative knowledge of thoughts and feelings of others – the feeling of pity or sorrow for someone else – the study of foundational questions regarding all aspects of human and natural being, including knowledge, the mind, ethics and existence – the scientific study of how human thought and behaviour change over a lifetime – the ability to manage and respond to our emotions Many of us find it hard to understand the decisions that other people make. We may be concerned that our actions are not understood by others, we get frustrated when our friends and family cannot see something from our point-of-view, and we struggle to comprehend how someone could commit an atrocious act like murder. But why is it so hard to understand each other, and what prevents us from putting ourselves in someone else’s shoes? Empathy is a skill that enables us to take the perspective of other beings and feel what they feel. Schramme, a philosopher at the University of Liverpool, is using philosophical discussion and psychological findings to develop a theory relating empathy to interpersonal understanding. In a world that is becoming increasingly politically and culturally divided, this theory will aid future discussions by increasing our knowledge of how we understand each other. “Empathy is not itself a moral skill,” says Thomas, “but a mode of gaining understanding of another being. ” For example, some con artists are very good at ‘getting into the heads of others’, and so are good at empathy, but they are not caring or moral, rather they use their skill in empathy to cheat others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of empathy and suggests that understanding others' actions and emotions is inherently difficult. It states, 'we cannot ever fully succeed in empathising, because we cannot ever be the other person,' which implies that there are barriers to fully understanding others, contrary to the idea that mirror neurons facilitate this understanding. Additionally, it highlights that although empathy may allow insight into another's feelings, it is not necessarily a moral skill and can be used manipulatively, thus questioning the straightforward link between mirror neurons and moral empathetic understanding.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: We found that we obtain best results if we select this order ad hoc for each dataset; the orders we used were stimulus → decision → interaction for the somatosensory working memory task, stimulus → interaction → decision for the visuospatial working memory task, and interaction → decision → stimulus for both olfactory tasks. The vector 𝜷o(t) was always used last. We applied TDR to all our datasets and observed that dPCA consistently outperforms it in terms of capturing variance and demixing task parameters. First, unlike dyields only one component per task parameter. Second, even this component tends to retain more mixed selectivity than the corresponding dPCA component. Some representative components are shown in Figure 14. Figure 14 Download asset Open asset Some demixed components as given by three different demixing methods (rows) in various datasets and marginalizations (columns). Empty subplots mean that the corresponding method did not find any components. All projections were z-scored to make them of the same scale. Barplots on the right show fractions of variance in each marginalization for each component (stimulus in blue, decision in red, interaction in purple, condition-independent in gray): ∥𝐝𝐗~ϕ∥2/∥𝐝𝐗~∥2. Barplots consisting of a single colour correspond to perfect demixing. Comparison of dPCA with LDA Request a detailed protocol Analysis (LDA) is usually understood as a one-way technique: there is only one parameter (class id) associated with each data point, whereas in this manuscript we dealt with three parameters simultaneously. Therefore, LDA in its standard form cannot directly be applied to the demixing problem. We can, however, use the same data and covariance decomposition X=∑ϕXϕ+XnoiseC=∑ϕCϕ+Cnoise that dPCA is using and construct a separate LDA for each marginalization ϕ. To the best of our knowledge, this framework does not have an established name, so we call it factorial LDA. Let us first consider the case of finding demixed components for marginalization 𝐗ϕ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the perfection of memory recall with the right stimulus. While it discusses various methodologies and components related to tasks and memory, it does not provide evidence or insights that support or contrast the claim about memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Жизнедеятельность преимущественно микроскопических, но многочисленных наземных организмов неизбежно оказывала существенное воздействие на первичные минеральные субстраты, разрушая их твёрдую минеральную основу, обогащая её органическим материалом и создавая предпосылки для появления первых архаичных почв. Этот процесс способствовал формированию условий для проникновения на сушу высших растений. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the activities of predominantly microscopic terrestrial organisms significantly influenced primary mineral substrates, leading to the formation of conditions necessary for higher plants to penetrate land. This suggests a link between the evolution of plants and changes in terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are involved in empathy and allow individuals to understand others’ actions and emotions. [SEP] Text: Empathy is also often confused with sympathy, which is the feeling of sadness or pity you may feel if someone else is sad, whereas empathy involves a broader understanding of others. Like any other skill, to be used successfully, empathy needs to be practised and developed over time. When used correctly, empathy provides a way to access the minds of others, helping us to understand their thoughts and actions, and enabling us to interact with them. Although empathy plays an important role in connecting with others, more seems to be needed for full understanding. To some people, ‘understanding’ means knowing why someone else is feeling a certain way, while for others, it requires a shared personal experience. “For example, we struggle to empathise with people who commit hideous crimes,” explains Thomas. “In consequence, we can fail to understand them, even though we might know their motives. ” Empathy and understanding, therefore, appear to be heavily linked, but full understanding likely requires more than just empathy. ? Thomas is a member of a research group investigating this connection between empathy and interpersonal understanding. Philosophers research a topic by checking reality (known as ‘phenomena’) against a specific concept. “We are concerned with conceptual problems and try to develop terminology related to these topics that is clear and unambiguous,” says Thomas. For example, Thomas may ask whether ‘emotional contagion’, such as our ability to pick up the mood of a room full of people, is really a form of empathy. “Does this phenomenon fall under the concept of empathy? ” Thomas is not only concerned with theoretical concepts. “We want to use findings from developmental psychology to reveal the reality of empathy,” he says. Hopefully, this will lead him to an empirically informed theory of empathy in relation to interpersonal understanding. “We want to explain how empathy works. ” today’s world, it often seems like we are getting worse at understanding each other. Thomas believes that psychological mechanisms such as biases and poor emotion regulation are hindering our performance of empathy. And our increasing interaction through technology is not helping, as we lose so many social cues such as tone of voice and body language when we do not communicate face-to-face. When no personal connection exists, it is hard to ‘read’ someone, and so therefore harder to empathise with them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of empathy and emphasizing that it requires more than just mirror neuron activity to understand others completely. It notes that while empathy links to understanding, factors such as personal experiences and biases can hinder empathy. The passage mentions that people may struggle to empathize with certain individuals, indicating that understanding is a multi-faceted process that may not solely depend on mirror neurons.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: We will denote the remaining part of the data matrix as 𝐗-ϕ=𝐗-𝐗ϕ and the remaining part of the covariance matrix as 𝐂-ϕ=𝐂-𝐂ϕ. In turn, the goal of LDA will be to find linear projections that have high variance in 𝐂ϕ and low variance in 𝐂-ϕ. In LDA, these matrices are usually called between-class and within-class covariance matrices (Hastie et al. , 2009). The standard treatment of LDA is to maximize the multivariate signal-to-noise ratio tr(DCϕD⊤[DC−ϕD⊤]−1), where 𝐃 is the matrix with discriminant axes in rows. The well-known solution is that 𝐃LDA is given by the leading eigenvectors of 𝐂-ϕ-1𝐂ϕ (stacked together as rows), or, equivalently, as eigenvectors of 𝐂-1𝐂ϕ. More useful for our purposes is the reformulation of LDA as a reduced-rank regression problem (Izenman, 2008; De la Torre, 2012). When classes are balanced, it can be formulated as LLDA=∥𝐆ϕ-𝐅𝐃𝐗∥2, where 𝐆ϕ is a class indicator matrix. This matrix has as many rows as there are possible values of parameter ϕ and specifies which data point is labeled with which parameter value: Gij=1 if the j-th data point belongs to class i (has i-th value of the parameter ϕ) and Gij=0 otherwise. In the toy example shown in Figure 2, there are three classes with five points each, and so 𝐆ϕ will be a 3×15 matrix of zeros and ones. In this reformulation of LDA, the main interest is in the decoder matrix 𝐃, whereas the encoder matrix 𝐅, which serves to map the low-dimensional representation onto the class indicator matrix, plays only an auxiliary role. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and its mathematical formulations without addressing any aspects of memory recall or the influence of stimuli on memory. There are no connections made to the concept of memory or its recall in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Уже в раннем девоне наземная растительность состояла из растений разного систематического положения (псилофиты или риниофиты, печёночники, прапапоротники, плауновидные, членистостебельные, а также целый ряд растений, таксономическое положение которых не ясно). Возможность широкой эволюционной радиации5 первых наземных высших растений в условиях суши уже неоднократно отмечалась ранее [26]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the early diversity of terrestrial vegetation and referencing the evolutionary radiation of the first higher land plants. It highlights how different plant groups, including various early forms, contributed to the ecology of terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes are most common in the United States, particularly in a region known as Tornado Alley. [SEP] Text: To determine if the 104 tornado reports were plausible, first possible duplicate reports were eliminated, resulting in as few as 58 tornadoes to as many as 90. Second, the number of possible parent misovortices that may have spawned tornadoes is estimated from model output. The number of plausible tornado reports in the 200-m grid-spacing domain was 22 and as many as 44, whereas the model simulation was used to estimate 30 possible parent misovortices within this domain. These results suggest that a number of 90 reports was plausible. Access content. a Additional affiliation: Christ’s College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Corresponding author address: Prof. David M. Schultz, Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of 13 9PL, United Kingdom. E-mail: david. schultz@manchester. ac. uk Keywords: Circulation/ Dynamics; Mesoscale processes; Tornadogenesis; Atm/Ocean Structure/ Phenomena; Cold fronts; Tornadoes; Forecasting; Mesoscale forecasting; Models and modeling; Mesoscale models1. IntroductionOn 23 November 1981, a strong cold front swept across the United Kingdom, producing an unprecedented 104 reports of tornadoes (Fig. 1). Called Britain’s greatest tornado outbreak (Rowe and Meaden 1985), this event had many more tornadoes than the next largest event just a month earlier on 20 October 1981, which spawned only 29 tornadoes (Turner et al. 1986; Rowe 2016). For comparison, even modest outbreaks by U. S. standards are relatively uncommon in the United Kingdom. Specifically, over 90% of U. K. tornado days between 1980 and 2012 had fewer than eight tornadoes (Fig. 14 in Mulder and Schultz 2015). 1981 outbreak is so exceptional that it distorts the historical record and climatologies of tornadoes in the and Europe. For example, in the U. K. tornado climatology by Mulder and Schultz (2015), several figures had to be plotted with the outbreak excluded (e. g. , their Figs. 5–7, 9, 12, and 13), and, in their review of tornadoes across Europe, Antonescu et al. (2016) found that the large number of reports produced a bias in their synthesized results and capped the total number of reports from this outbreak at 58. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a significant tornado outbreak in the United Kingdom, which produced an unprecedented 104 reports of tornadoes. This situation in the U.K. suggests that tornado activity can occur outside of the United States and highlights that even major outbreaks in the U.K. are relatively uncommon compared to those in the U.S., where Tornado Alley is known for its frequency of tornadoes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the dPCA loss function is LdPCA=∥𝐗ϕ-𝐅𝐃𝐗∥2, where 𝐗ϕ is the matrix of the same size as 𝐆ϕ with j-th column being the class centroid of the class to which the j-th point belongs. This comparison highlights the difference between the two methods: LDA looks for decoders that allow to reconstruct class identity (as encoded by 𝐆ϕ) whereas dPCA looks for decoders that allow to reconstruct class means (as encoded by 𝐗ϕ). Figure 2b,f,h provides a toy example of a situation when these two goals yield very different solutions: the LDA projection separates the three classes better than the dPCA projection, but the dPCA projection preserves the information about the distance between classes. Using the explicit solution for reduced-rank regression, one can show that LLDA does indeed have eigenvectors of 𝐂-1𝐂ϕ as a solution 𝐃LDA for decoder (see Section 8. 5. 3 in Izenman, 2008). Following the similar logic for LdPCA, one can derive the corresponding expression for the dPCA decoder: 𝐃dPCA is given by the eigenvectors of 𝐂-1𝐂ϕ2 (personal communication with Maneesh Sahani). A statistical test known as can be seen as another possible factorial generalization of LDA. Given the same data and covariance decomposition, tests if the effect of ϕ is statistically significant by analyzing eigenvalues of 𝐂noise-1𝐂ϕ. The eigenvectors of this matrix can in principle serve as decoders, but these projections are optimized to separate the contribution of ϕ from noise, not from the contributions of noise and other parameters. is not the appropriate method for demixing purposes. While the toy example of Figure 2 illustrates that dPCA and LDA will in principle have very different solutions, we note that in all datasets considered here factorial LDA and dPCA yielded very similar components. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and focuses on describing a comparison between dPCA and LDA in statistical methods. It does not address memory or recall, and therefore does not support or refute the claim about memory being perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. It is irrelevant to the topic at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: С этого момента в истории Земли низменные участки суши были окончательно колонизованы высшими растениями, однако возвышенности и тем более водоразделы оставались безжизненными до появления первых настоящих семян у примитивных птеридоспермов конца девонского периода. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that lowland areas of land were definitively colonized by higher plants, indicating the impact of plant evolution on terrestrial ecosystems. The mention of primitive seed plants suggests the significance of their evolution in facilitating life on land.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes are most common in the United States, particularly in a region known as Tornado Alley. [SEP] Text: The next seven tornado reports occurred near Aughton (near Liverpool) at 1100 UTC, and there were four more in greater Manchester at 1200 UTC. A further 11 reports in the early afternoon came from Birmingham, Nottinghamshire, and the (east of Birmingham), where 20 large caravans (camper vans) were blown over (Rowe and Meaden 1985). Seven tornado reports clustered near Hull in the early afternoon. Many of the reports (43), however, came from (northeast of Cambridge) between 1300 and 1600 UTC. The last tornadoes occurred in southeast Essex (east-northeast of London) just before 1600 UTC. Despite the large number of reports and despite occurring in conjunction with an extensive southwest–northeast-oriented cold front advancing southeastward across nearly the entirety of the United Kingdom, these tornado reports only occurred along a narrow swath 200–250 km wide and 400 km long (Fig. 1). Thus, the first goal of this 0. 3 and 4 km long. Where estimated, damage tracks are believed to have had widths of 10–20 m. The direction of travel was reported in 16 cases, with 14 coming from between west and north-northwest, consistent with the movement of the front; the other 2 came from the south and southwest. Ninety-nine of the 104 reports were assigned values on the or T scale (Meaden 1983; Meaden et al. 2007). Compared to the Fujita (F) scale, the T scale has twice as many classifications. Conversion between the F and T scales can be performed using the equation F ≈ 0. 5T and rounding down to the nearest integer (Brooks and Doswell 2001; Meaden et al. 2007). Figure 2 shows that most (96, or 97%) of the tornadoes were T0–T3 (or F0–F1); three tornadoes, however, reached T4 (or F2). This distribution is similar to the national distribution from the Kirk (2014) and Mulder and Schultz (2015) climatologies in which 94%–95% were between T0 and T3 (or F0–F1). Size Fig. 2. Distribution on the T scale of intensities of the 99 tornado reports on 23 Nov 1981 associated with an intensity rating from the TORRO database. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 31, 3; 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing an occurrence of tornadoes in the United Kingdom, specifically mentioning multiple reports in areas like Aughton, Greater Manchester, Birmingham, and Hull. This indicates that while tornadoes can happen outside of the United States, the claim focuses on the U.S. and the specific area known as Tornado Alley, which is not referenced in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: This may reflect several pecularities of the data: for instance, the population activity for different values of the same parameter was spaced rather evenly, and all decisions were binary. Nevertheless, we emphasize that dPCA is better suited for (demixed) dimensionality reduction due to its focus on reconstructing the original data, as explained and discussed in the Results (Figure 2). Comparison of dPCA with previous versions Request a detailed protocol Demixed PCA as presented here is conceptually based on our previous work. Machens et al. (2010) suggested a demixing method called difference of covariances (DOC) that can only handle two parameters, e. g. stimulus s and time t. Given PSTHs 𝐱(s,t), DOC first constructs stimulus-dependent and time-dependent marginalizations 𝐱¯(s)=⟨𝐱(s,t)⟩t and 𝐱¯(t)=⟨𝐱(s,t)⟩s, and then computes the difference between the stimulus and time covariance matrices 𝐂s=⟨𝐱¯(s)𝐱¯(s)⊤⟩ and 𝐂t=⟨𝐱¯(t)𝐱¯(t)⊤⟩, 𝐒=𝐂s-𝐂t. Eigenvectors of S with maximum (positive) eigenvalues correspond to directions with maximum stimulus variance and minimum decision variance. Vice versa, eigenvectors with minimum (negative) eigenvalues correspond to directions with maximum decision variance and minimum stimulus variance. In the toy example presented in Figure 2 DOC finds the axis that is very close to the first PCA axis of class centroids (which is also very close to the dPCA encoder axis shown on the figure), providing worse demixing than both LDA and dPCA. A possible extension of DOC to more than two parameters is described in Machens (2010). Here the PSTHs are assumed to depend on M parameters, and the method constructs M marginalizations by averaging over all parameters except one. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a data analysis method called demixed PCA (dPCA) and its comparisons with other methods, without addressing the nature of memory recall or stimuli's effect on memory. It focuses on technical aspects of data processing rather than any direct relationship to memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: IntroductionMesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs; light-dependent coral ecosystems found at depths between 30 to 150 m (Hinderstein et al. 2010; Kahng et al. 2014)), have received increasing attention from the scientific community over the past few decades. However, they are still largely underexplored compared to their shallow-water counterparts (Bongaerts and Smith 2019; Pyle and Copus 2019; Soares et al. 2020; Stefanoudis et al. 2022). The increasing interest in MCEs was initially driven by the potential refuge MCEs could offer to threatened shallow coral reefs, the so-called deep reef refugia hypothesis (DRRH) (Glynn 1996), and the evolution of technology, allowing exploration of these deeper, cooler waters (Bongaerts et al. 2010). More recently, the interest has been driven by the desire to investigate the distinct biological and environmental characteristics of MCEs compared to shallow reefs, and the functional role that MCEs play in coral reef ecosystems (Kramer et al. 2020; Carpenter et al. 2022; Pérez-Rosales, et al. 2022a). Recent research has revealed that MCEs are more biodiverse and widespread than previously expected, with 80% of all coral reef habitat falling within MCEs (based on depth alone) and they are an important component for maintaining overall reef biodiversity (Englebert et al. 2017; Shoham and Benayahu 2017; Muir and Pichon 2019; Pyle and Copus 2019; Pérez-Rosales et al. 2022). Yet the protection status of MCEs remains poor (Hernandez‐Agreda et al. 2022). In fact, despite meeting the international criteria used to identify priority areas for conservation policies, and hence being good candidates for future Area (MPA) designation (Soares et al. 2020), MCEs and deeper reefs (i. e. rariphotic zone 150–300 m, sensu Baldwin et al. (2018) are considered under-protected and under-represented in marine spatial planning (Rocha et al. 2018; Stefanoudis et al. 2022). Indeed, the few protected mesophotic and deeper reefs were often included incidentally due to geopolitical boundaries (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) are 'more biodiverse and widespread than previously expected' and that they play an important role in 'maintaining overall reef biodiversity.' This aligns with the claim that coral reefs, in general, support a diverse range of marine species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes are most common in the United States, particularly in a region known as Tornado Alley. [SEP] Text: 1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2246:>2. 0. CO;2. Lee, B. D. , and WilhelmsonR. B. , 2000: The numerical simulation of nonsupercell tornadogenesis. Part III: Parameter tests investigating the role of CAPE, vortex sheet strength, and boundary layer vertical shear. J. Atmos. Sci. , 57, 2246–2261, doi:10. 1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2246:>2. 0. CO;2. )| falseSearch 10. 1016/0169-8095(94)00093-S. Locatelli, J. D. , MartinJ. E. , and HobbsP. V. , 1995: Development and propagation of precipitation cores on cold fronts. Atmos. Res. , 38, 177–206, doi:10. 1016/0169-8095(94)00093-S. )| falseSearch 10. 1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1692:>2. 0. CO;2. Markowski, P. M. , StrakaJ. M. , and RasmussenE. N. , 2002: Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 130, 1692–1721, doi:10. 1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1692:>2. 0. CO;2. )| falseSearch 185. Meaden, G. T. , 1983: tornado intensity scale. J. Meteor. , 8, 151–153. Meaden, G. T. , 1983: tornado intensity scale. J. Meteor. , 8, 151–153. )| falseSearch 10. 1016/j. atmosres. 2005. 11. 014. Meaden, G. T. , KochevS. , KolendowiczL. , Kosa-KissA. , MarcinonieneI. , SioutasM. , ToomingH. , and TyrrellJ. , 2007: Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-scale and the Fujita scale. Atmos. Res. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the commonality of tornadoes in the United States or Tornado Alley. It primarily consists of citations of various academic papers focusing on different aspects of meteorology and tornado-related research, without providing specific information supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: The respective covariance matrices 𝐂ϕ are then formed as above. The extension of DOC seeks to find the matrix of orthogonal directions 𝐔 such that L=∑ϕtr(Uϕ⊤CϕUϕ) is maximized subject to 𝐔⊤𝐔=𝐈 where 𝐔=[𝐔1…𝐔M]. For M=2 this can be shown to be equivalent to the original DOC. Note that Machens (2010) did not address the interaction terms. The connection between the current dPCA and the DOC approach can be made more explicit if we consider the full covariance decomposition C=∑ϕCϕ and introduce into the dPCA loss function an additional constraint that both encoder and decoder should be given by the same matrix with orthonormal columns: 𝐅ϕ=𝐃ϕ⊤=𝐔ϕ. Then ∥Xϕ−UϕUϕ⊤X∥2=∥Xϕ−UϕUϕ⊤Xϕ∥2+∥UϕUϕ⊤X−ϕ||2=∥Xϕ∥2−∥UϕUϕ⊤Xϕ||2+∥UϕUϕ⊤X−ϕ||2∼−tr(Uϕ⊤(Cϕ−C−ϕ)Uϕ), where the first equality follows from properties of the decomposition, the second equality from the properties of the orthonormal matrices 𝐔ϕ, and the third equality uses the definition of the covariance. This derivation shows that the difference of covariances 𝐂ϕ-𝐂-ϕ emerges from the dPCA loss function if the decoder and encoder are given by the same set of orthogonal axes. However, such axes 𝐔ϕ from different marginalizations ϕ will in general not be orthogonal to each other, whereas both DOC and its generalization insisted on orthogonal axes. Both the original DOC and its extension ignored interaction terms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses mathematical concepts and methods related to the decomposition of covariance matrices and their application in dPCA (divergence Principal Component Analysis) and DOC (Direct Orthogonal Components). It does not address memory recall or the conditions under which memory can be retrieved, making it irrelevant to the claim about recalling memory perfectly with stimuli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Secondly, the observed and extrapolated diversities at each site and depth zone were estimated by computing individual-based and sample-size based R/E curves for Hill numbers of q = 0, 1, 2; with extrapolation to a sampling effort equal to double the number of individuals (extrapolation beyond this is unreliable due to prediction bias; (Chao et al. 2014)). Thirdly, the observed and extrapolated Hill numbers were compared to assess undetected diversity and compare diversity between the depth zones and sites (Table S4). However, these results must be taken with caution as they were extracted prior to sample completeness standardisation. Finally, diversity estimates were calculated at a standardised coverage Cmax (e. g. equally complete samples) to statistically compare the benthic diversities along the depth gradient and between sites, which corresponds to the sample coverage of the depth zone exhibiting the lowest coverage when samples are extrapolated to double the number of samples per depth zone at a site (Table S5), as used in El-Khaled et al. (2022). Here, the Cmax value was 96. 4% (Fig. S1; Table S5), corresponding to the lowest sample completeness for q = 0, 1, 2. Beta diversity analysesBeta diversity was measured as the variation in morphospecies with depth and between sites. Jaccard’s dissimilarity was calculated, including its two components, turnover (i. e. species replacement) and nestedness (i. e. subset of a richer community), using the entire benthic community presence-absence data for each depth zone and site. Jaccard dissimilarity varies between 0 and 1, with values close to 1 revealing a high difference in the composition of benthic communities between two depth zones, while a low dissimilarity (close to 0) denotes similar benthic communities. These indices were calculated using the betapart package and plotted in a heatmap, as well as a barplot with ggplot2 package in R (Baselga and Orme 2012; Core 2020). ResultsAlpha diversityA total of 582 distinct morphospecies (OTUs) were identified from the benthic communities at Egmont Atoll, between 15 and 160 m, covering 17 higher taxa (ranging from phylum to genus; Table S2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed data on the diversity of benthic communities, specifically mentioning that a total of 582 distinct morphospecies (OTUs) were identified from the benthic communities at Egmont Atoll. This supports the idea that coral reefs have a high level of species diversity, aligning with the claim that coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes are most common in the United States, particularly in a region known as Tornado Alley. [SEP] Text: , 2009: Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of one- and two-moment schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 137, 991–1007, doi:10. 1175/2008MWR2556. 1. )| falseSearch 2012. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 143, 2224–2240, doi:10. 1175/MWR-D-14-00299. 1. Mulder, K. J. , and SchultzD. M. , 2015: Climatology, storm morphologies, and environments of tornadoes in the British Isles: 1980–2012. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 143, 2224–2240, doi:10. 1175/MWR-D-14-00299. 1. )| falseSearch 279. Nolen, R. H. , 1959: A radar pattern associated with tornadoes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 40, 277–279. )| falseSearch 10. 1175/2010WAF2222368. 1. Potvin, C. K. , ElmoreK. L. , and WeissS. J. , 2010: Assessing the impacts of proximity sounding criteria on the climatology of significant tornado environments. Wea. Forecasting, 25, 921–930, doi:10. 1175/2010WAF2222368. 1. )| falseSearch 10. 1175/MWR-D-15-0104. 1. Púčik, T. , GroenemeijerP. , RývaD. , and KolářM. , 2015: Proximity soundings of severe and nonsevere thunderstorms in central Europe. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 143, 4805–4821, doi:10. 1175/MWR-D-15-0104. 1. )| falseSearch 10. 1175/1520-0434(1998)013<1148:>2. 0. CO;2. Rasmussen, E. N. , and BlanchardD. O. , 1998: A baseline climatology of sounding-derived supercell and tornado forecast parameters. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 1148–1164, doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about tornadoes being most common in the United States or Tornado Alley. Instead, it references various studies and publications about tornadoes without specifically confirming or contrasting the claim regarding their prevalence in the United States.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Brendel et al. (2011) introduced interaction terms and the full covariance splitting C=∑ϕCϕ as described in this manuscript, and developed a probabilistic dPCA model based on probabilistic PCA (PPCA); to remove ambiguity we call this method dPCA-2011. Similar to PPCA, dPCA-2011 assumes that the data are described by a linear model with Gaussian residuals, i. e. p(𝐱|𝐳)=𝒩(𝐖𝐳,σ2𝐈), but the prior over the components z is chosen such that the components are sparsely distributed over marginalizations. In other words, the prior is chosen such that those components are favored that have variance in only one marginalization. Under the constraint that decoding directions W are orthogonal, the model can be fit using the expectation-maximization algorithm. However, the probabilistic formulation of Brendel et al. (2011) still suffers from the orthogonality constraint. As explained in the Discussion, the orthogonality constraint is too rigid and can prevent successful demixing if parameter subspaces are sufficiently non-orthogonal. Indeed, we applied dPCA-2011 to all our datasets and observed that dPCA-2015 showed better demixing (Figure 14). Moreover, dPCA-2011 failed to find any decision components in the visuospatial working memory task. In addition, the formulation of dPCA in this manuscript is radically simplified compared to Brendel et al. (2011), features an analytic solution and is easier to compare with other linear dimensionality reduction techniques. 0. This can be seen from equation (⋆) because x¯ψ and x¯χ both consist of an even number of terms with alternating signs, so their product will also consist of an even number of terms with alternating signs, and after averaging over Ψ all terms will become equal to ± x¯2 and cancel each other. Third, from the definition of the noise term it follows that any marginalization x¯ψ is uncorrelated with the noise term: ⟨x¯ψx¯noise⟩Ψ=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not engage with the claim about perfect memory recall. Instead, it focuses on technical details related to a probabilistic PCA model and its constraints in data analysis without discussing memory or recall processes. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: All morphospecies identified can be consulted in the freely accessible catalogue created for the region (Diaz et al. , 2023b). Species richness (q = 0) was observed to decrease with depth at both sites, with lower diversity observed at 110–120 m and 150–160 m compared to the shallower depth zones (Fig. 2a). Although only conservative minimum estimates could be obtained for species richness (as individual-based R/E curves did not reach an asymptote; Fig. 2a), at the fixed sample coverage of Cmax = 96. 4%, benthic morphospecies richness was significantly lower for the two deepest zones compared to the shallower depth zones (Fig. S1c, Table S5; non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the two deepest depth zones, overlapping CIs for 15 m to 90 m depth zones). Fig. 2Overview of alpha diversity analysis based on Hill numbers. a) individual-based Rarefaction/Extrapolation (R/E) curves for q = 0. b) individual-based R/E curves for q = 1. c) individual-based R/E curves for q = 2. Shaded areas represent the 95% confidence intervals for each curve. Shades of blue represent the different surveyed depth zones at Rats (IDR), and the shades of orange are the depth zones at (MA). Solid lines are the rarefaction curves while the dashed lines represent the extrapolation curves up to double the respective sample sizeFull size imageEstimates of Shannon and Simpson diversity reached asymptotes for all depths at both sites and overall showed significant decreases in diversity over the depth gradient, from 15 to 160 m (Fig. 2b, c; Fig. S1b, c; non-overlapping CIs). The exception was at IDR, where both Shannon and Simpson diversity were significantly higher at 30–40 m compared to 15–20 m (Fig. 2b, c). At both sites, Shannon diversity between 60–70 m and 150–160 m was significantly lower than observed at shallower depths; however, there was no significant difference in Shannon diversity between 80–90 m and 110–120 m (Fig. 2b). Simpson diversity differed between the two sites (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses species richness and diversity across different depth zones but does not explicitly address coral reefs or directly corroborate the claim regarding their support for a diverse range of marine species. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes are most common in the United States, particularly in a region known as Tornado Alley. [SEP] Text: On a per-tornado basis, for those states with more than 100 tornadoes, the top six states in order are Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Georgia, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. Five of the six are in the deep South. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 7. Tornado energy by state. DiscussionThe amount of destruction varies widely from one tornado to the next. To better understand this variability this study estimates the per-tornado total kinetic energy (TKE) for the 8752 tornadoes in the SPC database over the period 2007–2013. The main idea is to distinguish individual tornadoes based on a variable of destruction that has physical units of energy. The method uses the fraction of the tornado path experiencing EF damage and the midpoint wind speed for each EF rating. The fraction of the path is obtained from a model developed for the NRC that combines theoretical considerations with empirical data. An earlier study showed estimates of TKE from the model matched well those computed from recent tornado observations. The TKE is validated as a useful metric of destruction by comparing it to other destructive indexes in the literature including the DPI and TDI. Additional validation is demonstrated by correlating it to casualties and loss estimates. TKE is highly correlated with DPI since they are both sensitive to path length and width in the same way (path area). As such TKE offers no statistical advantage over DPI as a single indicator of destruction for individual tornadoes. However, since TKE is based on physical theory and has units of energy it can be more easily understood by scientists outside of meteorology. Moreover, TKE has units of Joules (or more simply, J/kg) and can be directly compared with environmental energy variables like CAPE and helicity, which have the same units of J/kg. This is important toward the goal of improving understanding of the relationship between tornadoes and their parent-storm environment. Moreover, TKE can be spatially dis-aggregated. For example, if interest lies in the portion of energy within a county from a tornado passing through several counties, then the county-level TKE can be computed based on the contours by EF rating. In this way maps of TKE by area can be drawn accumulated by month, year, and decades. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that the states with the highest number of tornadoes include Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Georgia, Oklahoma, and Louisiana, with five of these in the deep South. This indicates that tornado activity is not confined to Tornado Alley, as traditionally understood, suggesting that tornadoes are also common in other regions of the United States.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: The fact that all marginalizations and the noise are pairwise uncorrelated allows to segregate the variance of x (here we assume that x is centered, i. e. x¯=0): var[x]=⟨x2⟩Ψ=⟨(∑ψx¯ψ+xnoise)2⟩Ψ=∑ψ⟨x¯ψ⟩Ψ+⟨xnoise2⟩Ψ=∑ψvar[x¯ψ]+var[xnoise]. Turning now to the multivariate case, if we replace x with x∈RN, everything remains true but variances should be replaced by covariance matrices: C=⟨xx⊤⟩Ψ=∑ψCψ+Cnoise. Note that in ANOVA literature one usually talks about decomposing sums of squares ∑x2 and in literature about decomposing scatter matrices ∑𝐱𝐱⊤, because (co)variances of different terms are computed from these sums using different denominators (depending on the corresponding number of degrees of freedom) and do not add up. We do not make this distinction and prefer to talk about decomposing the (co)variance, i. e. all (co)variances here are defined with the same denominator equal to the total number of sample points. 3. Here the second and the third components are closely resembling the first and second temporal derivatives of the leading decision component. To illustrate why these components are likely to be artifacts of the underlying sampling process, consider a highly simplified example in which a population of N neurons is encoding a one-dimensional bell-shaped signal z(t) in the population vector 𝐚, i. e the population response is given by 𝐲(t)=𝐚z(t). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical concepts related to variance, covariance matrices, and population responses without addressing memory recall or the effects of stimuli on memory.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Using alpha and beta diversity measures, the results show that benthic communities within MCEs at host a high and unique biodiversity, highlighting the importance of considering MCEs within conservation and management plans. Here, diversity values were comparable to shallow-water coral reefs (Edgar et al. 2017), which are considered to be one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world (Bryant et al. 1998), and communities displayed a high species turnover along the depth gradient. Species richness values estimated at (calculated at Cmax and ranging from 57 to 220 across the depth gradient; see Methods and Table S5) were analogous to values from a global study of inshore reef richness for invertebrates, both in the (species richness of 120) and the wider tropical-subtropical regions (species richness ranged from 40 to 230) (Edgar et al. 2017). Furthermore, even the deepest zone (150–160 m) in the current study, displaying the lowest diversity values, had higher species richness than some shallow (~ 10 m) subtropical regions (i. e. 67. 59 for IDR and 56. 58 for MA compared to 40 in Edgar et al. (2017)). When accounting for scleractinian corals only, the species richness and Shannon index values calculated in this study were similar to those measured in the Red Sea, within shallow-water reefs and the upper mesophotic zone (Table S2; (Kramer et al. 2019)), but slightly lower than coral species richness values in (Montgomery et al. 2021). In addition, for one of our two study sites, total benthic biodiversity was higher at 30–40 m than 15–20 m (IDR, Fig. 2a, b, c). This trend has also been noted in the Caribbean for the entire benthic community (increase in species richness from 15 to 53 m, (Liddell and Ohlhorst 1988)), but also for scleractinian corals in (Pérez-Rosales, et al. 2022b) and octocorals in the Gulf of Aqaba (Shoham and Benayahu 2017). According to Pérez-Rosales et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the high and unique biodiversity found in benthic communities within mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs), asserting that diversity values in these areas are comparable to those observed in shallow-water coral reefs, which are recognized as one of the most diverse ecosystems globally. The mention of varying species richness values and comparisons to global studies of inshore reef richness further supports the notion that coral reefs indeed support a diverse range of marine species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: Though a scarcity of proxy records limits our ability to robustly reconstruct the mean state using our methods, if the late Pliocene climate primarily responded to GHG-forcing we might predict a La Niña-like pattern, at odds with the prevailing interpretation of an El Niño-like pattern. As the is often assumed to be a pseudo-analog for future warming34, understanding the tropical Pacific mean state of the Pliocene has key implications for future climate projections. Our study indicates that state-of-the-art climate models are unable to produce the LGM tropical Pacific surface cooling pattern observed in proxy data. Given that the spatial pattern of temperature change is known to affect climate sensitivity35, our finding has important implications for modeling and data assimilation studies that have attempted to constrain the upper bound of equilibrium climate sensitivity using the LGM36,37. As our results suggest that the magnitude of cooling in the EECT may be exaggerated in most model simulations, we hypothesize that this may lead to overly high estimates of climate sensitivity. Therefore, we propose that only models and data assimilation products that simulate higher SST cooling in the WPWP compared to the EECT (i. e. , an El Niño-like tropical Pacific sea surface cooling pattern) are capable of generating reliable estimates of climate sensitivity. Since the proxy-model mismatch in the reconstructed pattern of tropical Pacific SST cooling during the LGM can be mostly attributed to differences in reconstructed changes in the EECT region, we highlight that it is urgent to improve model skill in this region. Finally, we stress the need for additional proxy SubT data from the tropical Pacific, as we demonstrate that thermocline depth and zonal tilt indicators may be better suited for detecting El Niño- and La Niña-like tropical Pacific upper ocean configurations than indicators of sea surface conditions. MethodsArgo dataTo ground-truth the mean state indices commonly used in proxy-based paleoclimate reconstructions, we used gridded monthly mean Argo seawater temperature data from January 2005 to December 2020 interpolated on standard levels downloaded from We re-interpolated the data to an even vertical resolution of 5 m and generated September-November (SON) seasonal averages. We chose to use SON seasonal averages given that the Oceanic Niño Index values (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that during certain climate periods, such as the late Pliocene, the prevailing interpretation might align more with a La Niña-like pattern rather than an El Niño-like pattern. This implies that there may be scenarios in which typical El Niño predictions do not hold, thus complicating the understanding of how climate patterns like El Niño relate to broader climatic conditions and changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: In other words, time-shifts between observations will result in additional PCA components that roughly resemble the temporal derivatives of the source component. Data and code Request a detailed protocol The dPCA code is available at for Matlab and Python. All four datasets used in this manuscript have been made available at (Romo et al. , 2016; Constantinidis et al. , 2016; Feierstein et al. , 2016; Uchida et al. , 2016). Our preprocessing and the main analysis scripts (Matlab) are available at Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 9430. 24. 2662. 1207. 47. 25. 1690. 10. 1111/j. 1751-5823. 2011. 00159_25. x. 56. 10. 6080/K0ZW1(2014) Dimensionality reduction for large-scale neural recordings 17:. 1055. 1153. 10. 6080/K0QC01D2 (2006) Representation of spatial goals in rat orbitofrontal cortex Neuron 51:495–507. 10. 3389/fnbot. 2014. 00010 10. 1007/b94608 314. 4943. 264. 10. 1007/978-0-387-78189-1 929. 231. 10. 3389/fncom. 2010. 00126 1124. 360. 84. 4656. 6276. 1598. 1403. 26. 10. 1093/cercor/bhr058 6169. 1792. 10. 1007/978-1-4757-2853-8 220. 590. 979. 1496. 10. 6080/K0V40S4ández A (1999) Neuronal correlates of parametric working memory in the prefrontal cortex Nature 399:470–473. 218. 229. 10. 6080/K0FT8HZ2 Mainen ZF (2003) Speed and accuracy of olfactory discrimination in the rat 6:1224–1229. 647. 193. 635. 14. We thank Matthew Kauffman, Valerio Mante, and for helpful input along the way, and for a valuable discussion on the connection between dPCA and LDA. We furthermore thank for help with creating animations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss memory recall or the effects of stimuli on memory. Instead, it focuses on data analysis techniques and related studies without making any assertions or implications about memory.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: (2022a, b), this peak in coral richness could be generated by the range overlap of assemblages typical of shallow and mesophotic communities within this depth range, as observed in (Diaz et al. , 2023a). While comparison with other studies was challenging due to the lack of a standardised methodology to measure diversity, as well as the differences in terms of investigated taxa between studies, the high benthic diversity encountered within the entire mesophotic gradient in the can still be acknowledged. Here, more than 90% of the total benthic megafauna diversity was detected (Table S3, see Table S4 for undetected diversity), which is considered as an acceptable standardized value for comparing species richness between communities (Moreno and Halffter 2000). Fundamentally, the sampling effort of this study obtained an efficient inventory of the benthic species community across the shallow to lower mesophotic depth gradient at Egmont Atoll. Hence, the authors suggest that future studies should estimate diversity indices using rarefied and extrapolated methods, to obtain a standardised and robust comparison between studies (Roswell et al. 2021). Overall, the diversity of the benthic communities at decreased from the shallow water down to the lower mesophotic zone (from 15 to 160 m) at the two study sites, when accounting for rare, abundant, and highly abundant morphospecies (Hill numbers for species richness, Shannon and Simpson indices; Fig. 2). While studies of the entire benthic community down to mesophotic depths are scarce, this pattern has been observed in several locations, such as the Caribbean (Stefanoudis et al. 2019), the Ocean (Stefanoudis et al. 2023) and the (Pyle et al. 2016). The decrease in benthic diversity with depth has also been described worldwide for scleractinian corals, in the Caribbean (Appeldoorn et al. 2019), the Indo-Pacific (Bridge et al. 2012; Rowley et al. 2019; Turak and DeVantier 2019; Laverick et al. 2020; Montgomery et al. 2021; Osuka et al. 2021) and the western Atlantic regions (Muir and Pichon 2019). On the contrary, sponge (Slattery and Lesser 2012; Eyal et al. 2019; Rowley et al. 2019; Diaz et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing high benthic diversity within the mesophotic gradient and emphasizing that 90% of the total benthic megafauna diversity was detected. This suggests that coral reefs can indeed support a diverse range of marine species, as it refers to the rich biodiversity in various habitats, including those associated with coral reefs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: , the primary index used by the for tracking the ocean part of ENSO) are enhanced in this season ( SON data from 2010 and 2015 were taken to represent strong La Niña and El Niño conditions, respectively. Multi-year mean La Niña and El Niño conditions were computed using all La Niña (2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2016 and 2017) and El Niño (2006, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2018) events that occurred during 2005-2020. We generated regionally-averaged water column profiles for the WPWP (0°−10°N, 130°−150°E), EPWP (10°−15°N, 110°−80°W) and EECT (2°S-2°N, 120°−90°W) using the boxes shown in Fig. 1d for both the strong and mean ENSO cases. The dimensions of the boxes were chosen to delineate core regions that are representative of the modern-day upper water column characteristics of the and EECT, instead of encompassing the spatial range of all the proxy records available for each region and/or the entire spatial extent of each region (see Fig. S3). seawater temperature data for strong and multi-year averaged ENSO events, we first computed the values of each of the following mean state features for each region (and EECT): SST and SubT differences between El Niño and La Niña phases and the upper water column vertical ΔT and thermocline depth during El Niño and La Niña events (Table S5). Thus, for each feature, we had a set of values for each region that corresponds to the value of this feature at every grid point in the regional box. From each set of feature values, we used bootstrap sampling to draw 5000 samples of the same sample size as the original set of feature values. We then computed the mean of each of these samples to get 5000 sample means. The final feature values for each region were based on the average of the 5000 sample means and the uncertainty of the final feature value is reported as the 95% confidence interval. Argo SST and SubT data from the WPWP and EECT were used to generate the zonal SST and SubT gradients for El Niño and La Niña phases (Table S5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the El Niño conditions specifically in relation to seawater temperature and its effects during the contrasting phases of El Niño and La Niña. Mentioning data collection and analysis related to SST (sea surface temperature) highlights the concept of ocean warming as a key feature of El Niño.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Computational and Research 10. 7554/eLife. 27670 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJuly 24, 2017 Accepted ManuscriptJune 28, 2017 Accepted ManuscriptJune 27, 2017 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 3,202 views 565 downloads 86 7670. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Figures 8 figures 1 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset Adaptation and saturation modulate ORN responses to broadly distributed naturalistic stimuli. (a) Ethyl acetate odorant (top) elicits LFP (middle) and firing rate (bottom) responses from a ab3A ORN. (b) 2-butanone odorant (top) elicits LFP (middle) and firing rate (bottom) responses from a ab2A ORN. Insets in (a–b) show pairs of whiffs and the LFP and firing rate responses they elicit on an expanded timescale. All pairs of insets are shown at the same scale, for 400 ms around a whiff. (c) ab2 LFP responses vs. projected stimulus. (d) ab2A firing rate vs. projected stimulus. (c) and (d) show that ORN responses differ significantly from linearity. (e) ab2 LFP responses vs. whiff amplitude. (f) ab2A firing rate vs. whiff amplitude. n = 15 trials from 2 ORNs. 101 whiffs shown in (e–f). Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Diagram of odor delivery device and calibration of Photo-(PID). 1 mL of pure odorant was placed in a 20 mL scintillation vial with a screw top. A computer-controlled Controller (MFC) forced air through this vial, which created an odorized airstream. This airstream was either directed into the main air flow or to waste (vacuum) using a solenoid valve. A PID (inlet needle at the outlet of the main air tube) recorded the gas phase concentration of the odorant stimulus as it was presented to the fly. We calibrated the PID by depleting a fixed, known volume of pure odorant at various flow rates, and integrating the resultant PID signal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any specific information related to the claim about memory recall and its relation to stimulus. Instead, it discusses experimental setups and results concerning odorant delivery and neural responses in a research context, which is unrelated to the ability to recall memories.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: The relatively constant total community richness at the species (or morphospecies) level over a broad bathymetric range is suggested to be due to major shifts of the larger taxonomic categories (Liddell and Ohlhorst 1988). Indeed, whilst diversity values were relatively constant with depth (Fig. 2), numerous depth-specialist species were observed along the depth gradient at in a parallel study, with a gradual decrease in scleractinian corals with depth, while octocorals, hydrozoans, antipatharians, hydrozoans and sponges increased (Table S3; (Diaz et al. 2023a)). Depth specialist species included Astrogorgia sp, Leptoseris sp, and members of the Nephtheidae and Hydrozoa. Shallow and mesophotic coral ecosystems observed at displayed a high dissimilarity in terms of benthic communities along the depth gradient (Fig. 3a, d), as well as among sites (Fig. 4). Turnover was found to be the main component of overall dissimilarity along the depth gradient and locally between sites, indicating that species replacement was the main driver of the differences in the benthic communities (Fig. 3). In addition, Jaccard dissimilarity displayed higher values between sites in mesophotic depth zones (30–160 m), compared to the shallower sites (15–20 m) (Fig. 4). The results presented in this study hence reveal the uniqueness of MCEs at Egmont Atoll. A change in community composition was observed along the depth gradient (Table S2). Thus, rather than the deeper communities being a subset of the richer shallower communities, they are composed of a different assemblage of species. Similar trends in dissimilarity along the depth gradient have been observed in other studies investigating beta diversity for the entire benthic community, in the Caribbean and western (Semmler et al. 2017; Stefanoudis et al. 2019, 2023; Osuka et al. 2021). In addition, high species turnover has also been observed for scleractinian corals in the Pacific and western Atlantic regions (Rocha et al. 2018; Montgomery et al. 2021; Pérez-Rosales, et al. 2022b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the constant community richness of various marine species over depth gradients and highlighting the presence of numerous depth-specialist species in coral ecosystems. It stresses that the composition of deeper communities is not just a subset of shallower ones but contains a different assemblage of species, showcasing the diversity present in coral reefs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters and are fueled by the heat released when water vapor condenses. [SEP] Text: 4 «Конфиденциальность персональных данных» — обязательное для соблюдения Оператором или иным получившим доступ к персональным данным лицом требование не допускать их распространения без согласия субъекта персональных данных или наличия иного законного основания. 1. 1. 5 «Пользователь сайта (далее Пользователь, Субъект персональных данных)» — лицо, имеющее доступ к сайту, посредством сети Интернет и использующее сайт. 1. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data privacy regulations and does not mention hurricanes or their formation processes. Therefore, it does not provide any support, contrast, or relevance to the claim regarding hurricanes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Using the known densities and molar masses of these monomolecular odorants, we built maps from PID response in Volts onto the absolute odorant flux. This relationship was found to be linear for the two odorants tested. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Example of simultaneously acquired primary data (ab3A responses to ethyl acetate stimulus). (a) Seven repetitions of fluctuating ethyl acetate stimulus (each gray trace is from a presentation to a different ab3A neuron in a different sensillum; mean shown in black). (b) Raw voltage recording from 7 different ab3 sensilla. (gray traces, one from each neuron; mean shown in black). (c) One of the traces in (b) is filtered to visualize spikes. Note that spikes from the ab3A neuron are typically larger than spikes from the ab3B neuron, enabling us to sort them and measure the response of a single neuron in vivo. (d) Raster of ab3A spikes for 7 different ORNs. Arrow indicates trace shown in (c). Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Statistics of the ethyl acetate stimulus with naturalistic temporal structure. (a) Distribution of whiff intensities. (b) Distribution of whiff durations. (c) Distribution of blank durations. Predicted distributions from Celani et al. (2014) are shown in red lines (a–c). c is the odor concentration (whiff intensity). tw and tb are whiff and blank durations. (d) Mean vs. standard deviation of stimulus, computed in 400 ms non-overlapping blocks. (e) Correlation between mean and standard deviation of stimulus as a function of window length. Peak correlation observed for timescales ~400 ms. (f) Autocorrelation function of the stimulus. Shading indicates standard deviation across trials. Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Deviations from linearity persist even when filters extracted from Gaussian stimuli are used to project naturalistic stimulus. (a) LFP filters for ab2A ORNs responding to 2-butanone, extracted either form naturalistic stimuli (black) or from Gaussian stimuli (red). (b) LFP responses to naturalistic stimulus vs. stimulus projected through filter computed from naturalistic stimulus (Black filter in a). (c) LFP responses to naturalistic stimulus vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the responses of neurons to odorant stimuli and various related measurements, without addressing the concept of memory or its recall mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: More recently, a study investigating the “whole community” using eDNA metabarcoding in Hawai’i found significant differences between reefs at 0–45 m and 60–90 m, for 18S-eukaryotes and COI-metazoans, with turnover identified as the highest component of the beta diversity (Hoban et al. 2023). However, a review by Muir and Pichon (2019) suggests that at mesophotic depths shallower than 60 m, coral communities are a subset of shallow-water reefs, with a shift in coral fauna occurring from 60 m. This shift in community composition at 60 m has been described in several locations and defined as a “community break” (Lesser et al. (2019)). Here, turnover was nevertheless high even between the shallowest depth zones (15-20 m and 30-40 m), supporting previous studies suggesting that ecological connectivity between the shallow and mesophotic zones is limited (Rocha et al. 2018; Soares et al. 2020; Hoban et al. 2023; Stefanoudis et al. 2023) and driven by a change in benthic species along the depth gradient, rather than a loss of species (Fig. 3; Table S7, Fig. S1). Hence, these findings add evidence to the uncertainty surrounding the DRRH and the reseeding potential of MCEs should shallow-water reefs at Egmont Atoll, and likely in the wider Chagos Archipelago, be subject to disturbance, due to the high dissimilarity in benthic communities observed with depth. In addition, mesophotic reefs at have been found to be vulnerable to increases in temperature, with severe coral bleaching occurring between 60–90 m, in the absence of shallow coral bleaching, in late 2019 (Diaz et al. 2023c), challenging one of the assumptions of the DRRH that deep reefs are less impacted by climate change than their shallow-water counterparts (Glynn 1996). Whilst mesophotic coral bleaching was occurring during data collection, every organism, including bleached scleractinian corals, were annotated, and included within the analysis, thus the bleaching is unlikely to have affected the diversity results presented here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ecological dynamics of coral reefs and their communities. It highlights that there are significant differences between coral communities at various depths and that these communities support a high degree of turnover and diversity in species across those depths. The mention of high dissimilarity in benthic communities observed with depth reinforces the idea that coral reefs, including mesophotic ones, play a role in supporting diverse marine species despite environmental stressors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters and are fueled by the heat released when water vapor condenses. [SEP] Text: 2 В случае несогласия с условиями Политики конфиденциальности Пользователь должен прекратить использование сайта. 2. 3 Настоящая Политика конфиденциальности применяется только к сайту Оператор не контролирует и не несет ответственность за сайты третьих лиц, на которые Пользователь может перейти по ссылкам, доступным на сайте. 2. 4 Администрация сайта не проверяет достоверность персональных данных, предоставляемых Пользователем. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses privacy policy and user agreement conditions without any mention of hurricanes or their formation. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim regarding hurricanes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: stimulus projected through filter computed from Gaussian stimulus (red filter in a). (d) Firing rate filters for ab2A ORNs responding to 2-butanone, extracted either from naturalistic stimuli (black) or from Gaussian stimuli (red). (e) Firing rate responses vs. stimulus projected through filter computed from naturalistic stimulus (black filter in d). (f) Firing rate responses vs. stimulus projected through filter computed from Gaussian stimulus (red filter in d). Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Adaptation and saturation modulate ORN responses to broadly distributed naturalistic stimuli. (a). Ethyl acetate whiffs of similar size (top) elicit ab3 LFP responses (middle) and ab3A firing rate responses (bottom) with different amplitudes. (b) 2-butanone whiffs of similar size (top) elicit ab2 LFP responses (middle) and ab2A firing rate responses (bottom) with different amplitudes. Bar graphs in (a) and (b) show that ordering in LFP and firing rate response does not correlate with whiff amplitude, but correlates with the intensity of the preceding whiff. Colors on bar graph correspond to colors in time series on the left. Deviations in LFP (c) and firing rate responses (d) from the median response vs. mean stimulus in the preceding 300 ms. Deviations in LFP (c, inset) and firing rate responses (d, inset) from the median response vs. whiff amplitude. (e) Deviations from the median of LFP responses (positive deviations: red, negative deviations: blue) as a function of the amplitude of the previous whiff and the time since previous whiff. Positive and negative deviations are significantly different (p=0. 01, 2-dimensional K-S test). (f) Deviations from the median of firing rate responses (positive deviations: red, negative deviations: blue) as a function of the amplitude of the previous whiff and the time since previous whiff. Positive and negative deviations are significantly different, (p=0. 001, 2-dimensional K-S test on firing rate deviations). Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset An NL model (static input nonlinearity followed by a linear filter) cannot reproduce context-dependence of LFP responses to similar-sized whiffs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the firing rate responses of olfactory receptor neurons to various stimuli without addressing the concept of memory recall or the nature and accuracy of memory retrieval. The content focuses more on neurophysiological responses and filters used in experimental contexts rather than on memory processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsThe current study provides baseline data on the benthic diversity within MCEs in a remote, pristine area. High species turnover along the depth gradient and among sites indicates that the MCEs of the are of limited refuge for threatened shallow-water coral reefs and are a significant ecosystem in terms of diversity and endemicity. Thus, following the call of numerous scientists worldwide (e. g. Rocha et al. 2018; Soares et al. 2020; Stefanoudis et al. 2022), the authors advocate for protection of these critical mesophotic ecosystems, in order to preserve overall biodiversity and the associated benefits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of high species turnover and the significance of mesophotic ecosystems in terms of diversity and endemicity. This suggests that coral reefs, as part of these ecosystems, support a diverse range of marine species and are critical for preserving overall biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters and are fueled by the heat released when water vapor condenses. [SEP] Text: ПРЕДМЕТ ПОЛИТИКИ КОНФИДЕНЦИАЛЬНОСТИ 3. 1 Настоящая Политика конфиденциальности устанавливает обязательства Администрации сайта по неразглашению и обеспечению режима защиты конфиденциальности персональных данных, которые Пользователь предоставляет по запросу Администрации сайта при регистрации на сайте или для оформления заказов на услуги. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a privacy policy and does not mention hurricanes, ocean waters, or water vapor condensation. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or address the claim related to the formation of hurricanes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Input nonlinearity (a) and filter (b) fit to ab2 LFP responses to 2-butanone naturalistic stimulus. The input nonlinearity is a Hill function S/(S+KD) where S represents the input, and KD the half maximum value). The nonparametric filter and parametric nonlinearity are fit simultaneously in an iterative manner (see Materials and methods). (c) Comparison of ab2 LFP responses and NL model predictions. (d) Linear filter extracted from the stimulus and the NL model prediction. Note that the filter is not the same as in (b); a filter extracted from an NL model is not guaranteed to be an unbiased estimate of the true one. (e) NL model responses vs. naturalistic stimulus projected through filter in (d), showing that the NL model shows deviations from linearity similar to what is observed in the data (cf. Figure 1c). (f–g) Context dependence of response in the ab2 data and model. (f) ab2 LFP responses to whiffs of similar size (same data as in Figure 1h). Note that the responses to isolated whiffs (purple, yellow) are larger than the responses to repeated whiffs (red, blue). (g) NL model responses to these whiffs. Note that the responses to isolated whiffs (purple, yellow) are smaller than the responses to repeated whiffs (red, blue), the opposite of the trend visible in the data. Figure 3 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset ORNs decrease gain with stimulus mean, consistent with the Weber-Fechner Law. (a) Ethyl acetate stimuli with different mean intensities but similar variances. Stimulus intensity measured using a Photo-(PID), units in Volts (V). Colors indicate mean stimulus intensity. (b) Corresponding stimulus distributions. (c) ab3A firing rate responses to these stimuli. (d) Corresponding response distributions. (e) ORN responses vs. stimulus projected through linear filters. Colored numbers indicate r2 between linear projections and ORN response. (f) ORN gain vs. mean stimulus for each trial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses input nonlinearity and filter responses to stimuli, focusing on model predictions and observed data within neural responses. It does not directly relate to the memory recall process or the specific claim that memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. As such, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Working on a selected area in Palau (western Micronesia), we assess the relative accuracy of selected coral heights in the reconstructed Models (DSMs) using 51 independent measurements (IMs), and we calculate 2D and 3D seafloor rugosity, comparing it with the results of the traditional “chain and tape” in situ method (Risk 1972; McCormick 1994). MethodsField surveys were conducted in the Palau Archipelago, western Micronesia (Fig. 1a), between November 2019 and February 2020. We focused on nine shallow reefs located in (7°20′13. 1′′N 134°29′07. 4′′E) (Fig. 1a), a semi-enclosed bay characterized by a maze of shallow-water channels, separated by shallow sills emerging during spring low tides (Golbuu et al. 2016). These reefs are of particular ecological value and scientific interest because of their unusually warm and acidic waters and counter-intuitively high coral coverage and diversity (Golbuu et al. 2016; Kurihara et al. 2021). They are also particularly amenable to UAS surveys because they are sheltered from the wind by steep rocky cliffs and have low hydrodynamic influence from the adjacent ocean (Golbuu et al. 2016). Therefore, study sites have periods of low hydrodynamic and wave motion and relatively low suspended sediment concentration. The surveys were carried out with calm winds (less than 2 km h−1). Fig. 1a Location of the survey sites in the Palau Archipelago. The insets show the location of Palau in the and the location of in Palau; b 3D rendering of DSM and Orthomosaic from one of the sites made with the R package “Rayshader” (github. com/tylermorganwall/rayshader/); c Detail of one original aerial photograph; d and e Orthomosaic and digital surface model (of the same area as c) obtained from the SfM-MVS workflow, respectively. Examples of ground control point and scale bar are also shown in the insetsFull size imageA consumer-grade UAS (DJI Phantom-4 Pro) was used to collect 980 near nadir photographs, covering a total area of 6830 m2 across all reef sites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the ecological value and scientific interest of the reefs studied in Palau, stating that they have 'unusually warm and acidic waters and counter-intuitively high coral coverage and diversity.' This indicates that the reefs support a diverse range of marine species, aligning well with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather balloons are used to collect data about atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind speed. [SEP] Text: , Muñoz-Porcar, C. , Rodríguez-Gómez, A. , Summa, D. , Thundathil, R. , and Wulfmeyer, V. : A network of water vapor Raman lidars for improving heavy precipitation forecasting in southern France: introducing the WaLiNeAs initiative, Bulletin of and Technology, 2, 10, 2021. Fourrié, N. , Nuret, M. , Brousseau, P. , Caumont, O. , Doerenbecher, A. , Wattrelot, E. , Moll, P. , Bénichou, H. , Puech, D. , Bock, O. , Bosser, P. , Chazette, P. , Flamant, C. , Di Girolamo, P. , Richard, E. , and Saïd, F. : -WMED reanalyses of the first special observation period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean experiment (HyMeX), Geosci. Model Dev. , 12, 2657–2678, 2019. Di Girolamo, P. , Cacciani, M. , Summa, D. , Scoccione, A. , De Rosa, B. , Behrendt, A. , and Wulfmeyer, V. : Characterisation of boundary layer turbulent processes by the Raman lidar BASIL in the frame of HD(CP)2 Experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 17, 745–767, 2017. Hamamatsu: Characteristics of photomultiplier tubes, in: Photomultiplier tubes: basics and applications, 3rd edn. , K. K. Division, available at: (last access: 29 April 2021), 2007. Hammann, E. , Behrendt, A. , Le Mounier, F. , and Wulfmeyer, V. : Temperature profiling of the atmospheric boundary layer with rotational Raman lidar during the HD(CP)2 Experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 15, 2867–2881, 2015. Hayden Smith, W. and Smith, K. M. : A polarimetric spectral imager using acousto-optic tunable filters, Exp. Astron. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the use of weather balloons or their purpose in collecting atmospheric data. It includes references to various studies and articles related to atmospheric observation and techniques but does not directly corroborate, contrast, or relate to the claim regarding weather balloons.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Red line is the Weber-Fechner prediction (ΔR/ΔS∼1/S) (g) After rescaling the projected stimulus by the gain predicted by the red curve in (f), and correcting for an offset, ORN responses collapse onto one line. n = 55 trials from 7 ORNs in 3 flies. All plots except (f) show means across all trials. (f) shows individual trials. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Weber-broadly observed across odor-receptor combinations. (a) Standard deviation vs. mean of ethyl acetate stimulus in Figure 1. (b) ORN gain estimated by the ratio of standard deviation of firing rate to standard deviation of stimulus, vs. mean stimulus in each trial. This model-free estimate of ORN gain ignores kinetics of response, but returns similar estimates of the gain (cf. Figure 3f). Note that the units of gain estimated this way are the same. (c–f) ORN gain as a function of mean stimulus for various odor-receptor combinations. In all plots, the red line is a power law with slope −1 (the Weber-Fechner Law). Data in panel a and b is the same as in Figure 3. n = 121 trials from 16 ORNs in 6 flies. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Ability of NL models to reproduce observed change in input-output curves. (a–c) Static NL model responses. (a) The input nonlinearity of NL model is chosen to be a Hill function with n = 1. (b) Filter of NL model, measured directly from the data. (c) NL model responses vs. projected stimulus. While these curves appear to change slope with increasing mean stimulus, mean responses also tend to increase (purple … yellow). (d–f) Varying NL model responses, where the KD of the input nonlinearity is allowed to vary with the mean stimulus. (d) Input nonlinearities for stimuli with different mean (colors). The KD of each curve is set to the mean stimulus of that trial. (e) Filter of NL model, same as in (b). (f) Model responses vs. projected stimulus. Note that, like in the data (cf. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the concept of memory recall or the effects of stimuli on memory. Instead, it discusses the Weber-Fechner Law and experiments related to olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) responses and nonlinear model predictions. There is no mention of memory or its perfect recall in relation to stimuli, indicating a lack of relevance to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Surveys conducted under different settings are unlikely to benefit from this simple refraction correction. Yet, very promising methods to correct the refraction of light on SfM-MVS derived data are being implemented and will hopefully become widely available (e. g. , Agrafiotis et al. 2020). The UAS-derived 2D rugosity was always lower than the in situ rugosity (Fig. 3b). This can be explained by: (i) the underestimation of digital coral heights, (ii) the different resolution of the chain and the digital transects (~ 0. 2 cm and ~ 0. 6 cm respectively), (iii) the fact that the chain goes in small interstices that are not solved in the 3D model (e. g. those characterizing branching corals). Also, the UAS-derived 3D rugosity which includes a larger area has slightly lower values than the in situ rugosity (Fig. 3b, c). In this study, rather than concentrating on the absolute depth of the reconstructed seascapes, we focus on the reconstruction of selected coral heights within the scene, which in turn defines reef topographic complexity. Reconstructing shallow-water seascapes from UAS photographs is challenging and is subject to higher uncertainties in the final products than those usually attained with SfM-MVS topographic reconstructions of terrestrial habitats. This is mainly because light rays travel through two media (air–water), and many conditions need to be met (e. g. , atmospheric conditions, sea state, light penetration, and water depth, nadir data collection) to achieve accuracies in the order of centimeters. Within this study, the conditions of all nine sites on different dates allowed for their 3D reconstruction. Such conditions are not unique, as shown in Fallati et al. (2020) who successfully monitored biannual changes in substrate type and reef complexity in the Maldives at a maximum water depth of 1. 5 m using a DJI Phantom 4 and SfM-MVS methods analogous to the ones used here, albeit without the refraction correction applied in this study. Topographic complexity is one of the most striking features of coral-dominated reefs. Complex topographies offer ample space for reef-associated organisms to settle, feed, and shelter from predators and water motion, thus typically supporting higher levels of biodiversity (Graham and Nash 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'complex topographies offer ample space for reef-associated organisms to settle, feed, and shelter from predators and water motion, thus typically supporting higher levels of biodiversity.' This directly supports the idea that coral reefs help sustain a diverse range of marine species.