Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Conclusions and future perspectivesIn conclusion, multipotent/pluripotent adult stem cell (PSC) populations represent an extraordinary resource for regenerative medicine, offering therapeutic possibilities for a broad spectrum of pathologies. However, the confusion arising from the diversity of PSC types and their unique characteristics emphasizes the need to isolate and characterize these populations in common laboratories. Only through detailed analyses of the proteome, secretome, and transcriptome can we clarify the overlaps and differences between these stem cells, contributing to a deeper understanding of their origins and therapeutic potential. The future of PSC research should focus on standardizing methodologies and conducting in-depth analyses in shared laboratories. This approach could not only reduce variability in results but also facilitate scientific collaboration to maximize the therapeutic potential of pluripotent stem cells. Furthermore, ongoing research into optimizing the timing of therapies underscores the need for further investigations to refine treatment strategies across different clinical conditions. AbbreviationsASCs: Adipose tissue-derived stem/stromal cells FACS: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting HSC: Hematopoietic stem cells MACS: Magnetic-activated cell sorting MAPC: Multipotent adult progenitor cells MIAMI: Marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible cells MSCs: Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells MUSE: Multilineage differentiating stress enduring cells PGCs: Primordial germ cells PSC: Pluripotent stem cells S1P: Sphingosine-1-phosphate SBSC: Small blood stem cells VSELs: Very small embryonic-like stem cells 8. 12. 6195. 57. 47. 24. 26. 92. 48. 2151. 403. 3422. 6. 43. 61. 761. 80. 2357. 41. 83. 2064. 44. 542. 73. 40. 7102. 5347. 35. 977. 98. 69. 51. 42. 78. 10. 32. 2595. 34. 408. 31. PubMed Pub10. 787. 32. 380. 81. 10. 5024. 6179. 395. 92. 904. 84. 42. 163. 299. 10. 36. 65. 82. 39. 9. 77. 37. 5395. CAS 6. 2018. p. 13–41. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that multipotent/pluripotent adult stem cell populations are considered a valuable resource for regenerative medicine, highlighting their therapeutic possibilities for a wide range of health conditions. It underlines the importance of isolating and characterizing different types of stem cells to maximize their regenerative potential, which directly supports the idea that stem cell research is significant for regenerating damaged tissues and organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: , 2014). The progressively dwindling number of females will culminate in a population crash or extinction (Craig et al. , 1960; Lyttle, 1977; Burt, 2003; Schliekelman et al. , 2005; Deredec et al. , 2008, 2011; North et al. , 2013; Burt, 2014). Whether a standard gene drive will spread through a target population depends on molecular factors such as homing efficiency, fitness cost, and evolutionary stability (Marshall and Hay, 2012); only the rate of spread is determined by the mating dynamics, generation time, and other characteristics of the target population. In contrast, models suggest that the deleterious and complex effects of genetic load and sex-biasing suppression drives render them more sensitive to population-specific ecological variables such as density-dependent selection (Burt, 2003; Schliekelman et al. , 2005; Huang et al. , 2007; Deredec et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; Yahara et al. , 2009; Deredec et al. , 2011; Alphey and Bonsall, 2014). No engineered endonuclease gene drive capable of spreading through a wild population has yet been published. However, the Crisanti and Russell laboratories have constructed gene drives that can only spread through laboratory mosquito (Windbichler et al. , 2011) and fruit fly (Chan et al. , 2011; Simoni et al. , 2014) populations that have been engineered to contain the endonuclease cut site. and Crisanti laboratories are attempting to build a male-biasing suppression drive using an endonuclease that serendipitously cuts a conserved sequence repeated hundreds of times in the X chromosome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae (Windbichler et al. , 2007, 2008; Galizi et al. , 2014). If successful, their work promises to substantially reduce the population of this important malaria vector. All engineered gene drives based on homing endonucleases cut the natural recognition site of the relevant enzyme. Despite early hopes, it has proven difficult to engineer homing endonucleases to cleave new target sequences. Numerous laboratories have sought to accomplish this goal for well over a decade with only a few recent successes (Chan et al. , 2013a; Thyme et al. , 2013; Takeuchi et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of gene drives, emphasizing that factors such as molecular issues, ecological variables, and the challenges in engineering effective gene drives mean that full elimination of a pest species within one generation is unlikely. It points out that despite early hopes, the technology has proven difficult to perfect and that no engineered gene drive capable of spreading through a wild population has yet been published, which directly counters the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: The main goal of the barn owl project that we have been leading for 40 years is to significantly decrease the use of pesticides and to reduce the harm these chemicals cause to humans, the environment, wildlife and migrating birds. The idea of using barn owls as an environmentally friendly means of biological pest control arose in the 1970’s. About a billion migratory birds pass through Israel each year-500 million in the fall and 500 million in the spring (Figure 1). It is possible to observe about 550 different species of birds in Israel—an extraordinary number for a country of its size. Israel may be famous for its historical and archaeological heritage, but its bird populations are no less outstanding and unique. It is important for us to protect these migrating bird species, many of which could be harmed by pesticide use. The use of barn owls to keep the rodent population in check has significantly reduced the use of toxic pesticides in agricultural areas in Israel. In addition to the obvious environmental benefits, the use of barn owls reduces the costs of farming, so farmers save money. Since barn owls do not build nests, the original scientists provided the owls with nesting boxes placed in agricultural fields. In doing so, they hoped to increase the population of barn owls in the wild, and specifically in areas where they could be of use to farmers. Figure 1 - Twice a year, about a billion birds pass over Israel as they migrate-500 million in each migration season (spring and fall). Israel’s barn owl project started in the Hula Valley, in the north of Israel. In 1982, two other scientists and I proposed this method in response to the deaths of thousands of migratory birds due to poisoning by small rodents called voles. Then, the War broke out; the farmers and researchers were enlisted to fight; one of the leaders of the project fell in battle; barn owls were poisoned and died; and the attempt failed. The next attempt was made in 1983 [3], when 14 nesting boxes were placed in the organic fields and orchards of Eliyahu in the Beit She’an Valley. Later, about 50 more nesting boxes were added, and these fields became an outdoor laboratory for scientists. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls’ ability to see in darkness due to magical abilities. Instead, it discusses the ecological project involving barn owls and their role in biological pest control, focusing on the environmental impacts of pesticide use and the conservation of bird species in Israel. There is no mention of the owls' vision or any reference to magical abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Main TextHow many laboratories does it take to heal the wounded warrior? In 2008, the U. S. Department of Defense (DOD) launched the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, or AFIRM, a 5 year initiative modeled on the assumption that bringing together a multi-institutional throng of talent is a far better approach than adhering to the isolating, competitive status quo of team versus team. AFIRM's mission is to accelerate the development of therapies for those who have served, especially those injured in Iraq and Afghanistan, and since the DOD was already backing a few ventures into regenerative medicine—Agency (DARPA)'s Repair Program, for instance—that became the new project's signature mark as well. AFIRM's research areas were chosen in light of a hard truth about modern warfare. Even though new and improved life-saving strategies have reduced the number of fatalities, more soldiers are returning from combat with devastating wounds that once would have killed them. AFIRM is less about regenerating entire parts, and more about using adult stem cells and progenitors to restore tissue torn apart by lethal, modern-day explosives: blast-induced burns and nerve damage; loss of bone, muscle, tendons, fingers, ears, and noses; and deep wounds to the head and abdomen. Today, 4 years down the line, AFIRM's multidisciplinary strengths are more appreciable than ever, notably its scientists' quicker than usual strides toward clinical trials, and while the initiative has experienced some rockiness—“When you put 200 to 300 scientists in one boat, what do you expect? ” one researcher remarked—the DOD plans to renew AFIRM for another 5 years. An announcement to that effect is imminent, said 's director since October 2010. Ship in the MakingSomething unique about AFIRM, other than its sheer size, is its structure. Researchers at and the head one network of 15 institutions, while and the University of Pittsburgh's Mcfor head a second group of 16. Both consortia also collaborate with scientists at the U. S. of Surgical Research, and connect with industrial partners who help open the way to clinical trials. The U. S. Research and (MRMC), meanwhile, is responsible for overseeing the whole ocean liner and managing funds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing AFIRM's mission, which focuses on the development of therapies using adult stem cells to restore tissues damaged by injuries. It highlights that the initiative is dedicated to accelerating regenerative medicine, specifically to aid those with devastating wounds, thereby supporting the idea that stem cell research has potential for tissue regeneration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: More recently, a team constructed new versions of the fruit fly gene drive using modular zinc-finger nucleases or TALENs in place of the homing endonuclease (Simoni et al. , 2014), both of which can be engineered to cut new target sequences. While initially successful at cutting and homing, both declined in effectiveness over time due to the evolutionary instability of the modular repeats inherent to those proteins. These early attempts demonstrate that it is possible to build synthetic gene drives, but also emphasize the importance of cutting any desired gene and remaining stable during copying. The recent discovery of the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease represents a possible solution. RNA-guided genome editing via the Cas9 nuclease One straightforward method of genome editing relies on the same mechanism employed by endonuclease gene drives: cut the target gene and supply an edited version for the cell to use as a template when it fixes the damage. Most eukaryotic genome engineering over the past decade was accomplished using zinc-finger nucleases (Urnov et al. , 2005) or TALENs (Christian et al. , 2010), both of which are modular proteins that can be redesigned or evolved to target new sequences, albeit only by specialist laboratories (Esvelt and Wang, 2013). Genome editing was democratized by the discovery and adaptation of Cas9, an enzyme that can be programmed to cut target DNA sequences specified by a guiding RNA molecule (Deltcheva et al. , 2011; Jinek et al. , 2012; Cho et al. , 2013; Cong et al. , 2013; Jinek et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013c). Cas9 is a component of acquired immune systems in bacteria, which allow cells to ‘remember’ the sequences of previously encountered viral genomes and protect themselves by recognizing and cutting those sequences if encountered again. They accomplish this by incorporating DNA fragments into a memory element, transcribing it to produce RNAs with the same sequence, and directing Cas9 to cut any matching DNA sequences (Deltcheva et al. , 2011). The only restriction is that Cas9 will only cut target ‘protospacer’ sequences that are flanked by a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) at the 3′ end. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of synthetic gene drives, including their declining effectiveness over time due to factors such as 'the evolutionary instability of the modular repeats inherent to those proteins.' This implies that gene drives may not achieve a full elimination of pest species within a single generation, as the early successes are not sustained. Furthermore, it highlights that while gene drives are possible to build, their effectiveness is subject to instability and technological constraints, contradicting the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: In Cyprus, the hunting of wild animals and migratory birds is very common, as is the use of pesticides; and even in Greece the situation is far from ideal. Hopefully, the barn owl project will raise awareness and help to protect birds—and the rest of the environment—in these regions [5]. Atlas for In 2020, we started using an innovative and ground-breaking system called Atlas to monitor birds' movement. The system was developed in Israel in a collaboration between researchers from University (Prof. Sivan Toledo) and the in Jerusalem (Prof. Ran Nathan). is being used to follow movement by Dr. and his PhD student Shlomo Cain. Atlas is a system of antennas that enables the tracking of a wide variety of individual animals (weighing more than 10 grams) in real time. A reading of a tracked animal’s position is obtained every 4–8 s. Atlas can operate for up to 2 years, depending on the size of the battery, and the transmitter is significantly cheaper than alternatives like GPS. system currently contains 19 base stations, covering a total of ~300 km2 in Beit She’an and Harod Valley. Each of 136 barn owls were fitted with a small ring attached to one of its legs and a transmitter attached to its back. The details transmitted by Atlas enable accurate tracking of barn owl movement and behavior in the field, and all the data are recorded. These accurate measurements help researchers to locate and characterize rodent-infested fields before the rodents do large-scale damage, which will strengthen the cooperation between participating countries and support the training of farmers in the region in carrying out similar activities in their territories. Glossary Pesticides: ↑ Chemical agent to poison and kill pests in agriculture. Secondary Poisoning: ↑ Predators accumulating poison in their body by consuming poisoned prey, so the poisoning effect grows and harms predators as well. Raptors: ↑ Predatory birds, catch prey with their strong feet with sharp talons. Barn Owl: ↑ Nocturnal raptor of the owl family that preys on rodents. These owls have excellent vision and hearing and sharp talons, all of which make them great hunters. Control: ↑ Using living creatures to control populations of pests such as rodents and insects; may help decrease the use of harmful chemical pesticides. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the tracking of barn owls and their behavior without addressing their vision capabilities or any magical abilities. While it mentions that barn owls have excellent vision and hearing, it does not support the claim regarding their ability to see in complete darkness due to magical powers.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Kohn then encountered Thomas Mustoe, a plastic surgeon from Northwestern University, in the same program, who applied the wound dressing to his lab's rabbit model and showed that indeed it alleviated scaring. “No one had a clue such an outcome was possible,” said Kohn. “Clark, Mustoe, and I didn't know each other, and now we are three peas in a pod. ”of the noted that a 3 year comparison of scaffolds for bone defects had “a significant benefit” for the four laboratories involved. “Labs traditionally work on their own and don't aggressively compare their biomaterials. Each of these labs learned something important about their scaffold—what could work better and what wasn't working. ”In a separate project, one related to craniofacial research, of School and of MIT have been trying to beat two major problems that have kept tissue-engineered ears from the clinic: scaffolding that cannot withstand the contractile force of growing tissue, and cartilage cell sources that get resorbed by the body. “I would say that over the past 4 years, it appears we have solved both of these problems,” said Vacanti, thanks to funding and resources from AFIRM, and the team's collaboration with ear surgeons at the as well as scientists at who have applied their expertise in cartilage repair devices to the ear for the very first time. Just how quickly some products reached clinical trials surprised everyone. Eleven trials are underway, according to Terry Irgens, who expects three more products to enter Phase 1 trials later this year. One of the burn-repair technologies, a sprayable cell treatment, is likely to be the first product to reach the market as a direct result of AFIRM. has “far exceeded the very conservative goal initially set” of having one patient enrolled in a clinical trial after 5 years, noted Irgens. Already as many as 100 patients are enrolled in several. Because no one had imagined clinical trials would happen so soon, the DOD's original funding for AFIRM, roughly $100 million, had been earmarked solely for science and technology, said Irgens. Then synergy made for shortcuts: getting rid of duplicate therapies and inferior approaches, and sharing knowledge and resources whenever possible. Resources put in place by the DOD further accelerated projects toward clinical-trial status. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various projects related to tissue engineering and their advances. It highlights how researchers have made significant progress in creating scaffolds for bone and ear tissue, suggesting that these innovations could lead to effective regenerative treatments. The mention of clinical trials and the success in enrolling patients indicates the practical potential of stem cell research and regenerative medicine, aligning with the claim that such research holds promise for regenerating damaged tissues and organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: Incomplete cutting was a problem for the homing endonuclease drive constructed in transgenic mosquitoes (72% cutting) and also for the homing endonuclease, zinc-finger nuclease, and TALEN drives in fruit flies (37%, 86%, and 70% cutting) (Windbichler et al. , 2011; Chan et al. , 2013b; Simoni et al. , 2014). The simplest way to increase cutting is to target multiple adjacent sequences. However, this is impractical for homing endonucleases and quite difficult for zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs, as each additional sequence requires a new nuclease protein to be engineered or evolved and then co-expressed. In contrast, the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease can be readily directed to cleave additional sequences by expressing additional guide RNAs (Figure 4). The sequences of these additional guide RNAs can be altered so as to avoid creating unstable repeats within the drive cassette (Nishimasu et al. , 2014; Simoni et al. , 2014). Including more guides has been demonstrated to improve upon already high rates of cutting. For example, fruit flies expressing both Cas9 and guide RNAs in their germline exhibited target cutting rates exceeding 85–99% in males for four out of six tested guide RNAs (Kondo and Ueda, 2013). The two least effective guide RNAs individually cut at rates exceeding 12% and 56%, but exhibited cutting rates above 91% when combined. Using more than two guide RNAs should further enhance cutting. The notable success of Cas9-based genome engineering in many different species, including studies that targeted every gene in the genome (Shalem et al. , 2014; Wang et al. , 2014), demonstrates that most sequences can be efficiently targeted independent of species and cell type. Thus, RNA-guided gene drives should be capable of efficiently cutting any given gene. Figure 4 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Technical advantages of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from lower left: The targeting flexibility of Cas9 permits the exclusive selection of target sequences with few potential off-targets in the genome. Targeting multiple sites increases the cutting frequency and hinders the evolution of drive resistant alleles, which must accumulate mutations at all of the sites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the incomplete cutting rates of various gene drive technologies, such as the homing endonuclease drive and zinc-finger nucleases, which do not achieve full effectiveness (e.g., only achieving a maximum cutting rate of 86% in fruit flies). It highlights the challenges and limitations in targeting multiple sequences, which indicates that these technologies may not fully eliminate a pest species within one generation. Additionally, while it mentions improvements with Cas9-based drives, it does not support the idea that gene drives can universally and completely eliminate pest species in such a short timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Close sectionO heaven born muse! inspire my humble layThe earth is parched with heat, flowers droop and dieLines, Written on Reading Stuart's Account of of Slaves in CharlestonLines on Mount AuburnLines suggested by hearing the beach, at F. Peabody's Mills, South SalemHast thou ever heard the voice of nature'Ambitione inani pectus caret'What more delightful than to wander forthA by Mr J. Very, to be Sung at the Class-Supper of the of 1834Death of ("Goddess of pleasure, where thy golden car? ")Give me an eye, that manly deedsI saw a child, whose eyes had never drankcold thy lips my gentle boySpring ('Look! Winter now in trembling haste')The morn may lend its golden smile— On the Death of His FriendNorth RiverEheu! fugaces, Posthume, Posthume, Labuntur anniThe Humming-BirdNature ('I love to sit on the green hill's side')ReligionA Withered Leaf—seen on a Poet's ('Soon the silver chord is broken')Memory ('Soon the waves, so lightly bounding')'s of of 22d, 1836Song: For the of the of Harvard University, 1836's Dream: A BalladI murmur not though hard the lotFlowerThe moon was shining on the deckHome of my youth! Where first my lot was castHaunts of my youth farewell! A while I leaveand ('I love thee when thy swelling buds appear')('Nature, my love for thee is deeper far')of GodThe Wind-('Thou who keepst us each together')The Stranger's 'we live, & move, & have our being'and ('Father! thy wonders do not singly stand')The Slavefrom ('The Word! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about owls' vision or any magical abilities. Instead, it appears to be a collection of poetic lines and reflections that do not address the subject of owls or their vision in darkness. Therefore, the text is marked as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Whether or not his lab is chosen for the next round, Badylak is prepared to do whatever it takes to continue developing his lab's approach to regenerating either missing digits or skeletal muscle, a novel technique that prompts an accumulation of cells and tissue at the site of injury. Is he confident that this technique will reach patients? “Oh yes, absolutely. No question about it,” Badylak said. “I'd be extremely disappointed if it didn't. ”An unidentified AFIRM researcher at demonstrates a bone regeneration scaffold (round white object in foreground). The images on the computer screen represent magnified CT scans of newly regenerated bone (highlighted in blue) when the bone regeneration scaffold was used to heal a large circular defect in the skull of a rabbit in a preclinical model study. Photo by Don Lindorfer. The white objects in the picture are bone regeneration scaffolds in various sizes developed at under AFIRM funding. In this photograph, an unidentified researcher attempts to fit one of the bone regeneration scaffolds into a defect created in the skull of a rabbit for training purposes. Photo by Don Lindorfer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting development efforts in research focused on regenerating tissues. It specifically mentions a technique that encourages an accumulation of cells and tissue at injury sites, and the confident assertion by Badylak about the technique's potential to help patients supports the idea that stem cell research can be pivotal in regenerating damaged tissues and organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: , 2009) if supplied with a shortened guide RNA that directs it to bind and block transcription but not cut (Bikard et al. , 2013; Sternberg et al. , 2014). Alternatively, an orthogonal nuclease-null Cas9 protein (Esvelt et al. , 2013) encoded within the drive cassette could repress NHEJ genes and activate HR genes before activating the Cas9 nuclease. Lastly, Cas9 might be used directly recruit key HR-directing proteins to the cut sites, potentially biasing repair towards that pathway. Evolutionary stability Even a perfectly efficient endonuclease gene drive is vulnerable to the evolution of drive resistance in the population. Whenever a cut is repaired using the NHEJ pathway, the result is typically a drive-resistant allele with insertions or deletions in the target sequence that prevent it from being cut by the endonuclease. Natural sequence polymorphisms in the population could also prevent cutting. These alleles will typically increase in abundance and eventually eliminate the drive because most drives – like most transgenes – are likely to slightly reduce the fitness of the organism. A second path to gene drive resistance would involve the target organism evolving a method of specifically inhibiting the drive endonuclease. The best defense against previously existing or recently evolved drive-resistant alleles is to target multiple sites. Because mutations in target sites are evolutionarily favored only when they survive confrontation with the gene drive, using many target sites can render it statistically improbable for any one allele to survive long enough to accumulate mutations at all of the sites so long as cutting rates are high (Burt, 2003). However, very large populations – such as those of some insects – might require unfeasibly large numbers of guide RNAs to prevent resistance. In these cases it may be necessary to release several successive gene drives, each targeting multiple sites, to overcome resistant alleles as they emerge. From an evolutionary perspective, the ability to preclude resistance by targeting multiple sites is the single greatest advantage of RNA-guided gene drives. We propose to extend this strategy by preferentially targeting multiple sites within the 3′ ends of genes important for fitness such that any repair event that deletes all of the target sites creates a deleterious allele that cannot compete with the spread of the drive (Figure 4). Whenever the drive is copied, the cut gene is replaced with a recoded version flanked by the other components of the drive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of gene drives, specifically highlighting the vulnerability to the evolution of drive resistance in a population. It explains that even a fully efficient gene drive can be rendered ineffective due to the emergence of drive-resistant alleles and natural sequence polymorphisms that can prevent the drive from functioning. Thus, the assertion that gene drives can fully eliminate pest species within one generation is undermined by the text's focus on evolutionary resistance mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: it cannot fail; it ever speaks')Worship ("There is no worship now—the idol stands")of Lifeof the ("There is a winter in the godless heart")'s and the at ('I saw the city, 'twas not built by hands')The CrossNature ('Nature would speak through her first master man')and meat and drinkForgive me my trespassesin HeartThe ComplaintWhither shall I go from thy Spiritshall be LastThe LaborerThy Brother's of are passed away('They love me not, who at my table eat')The CityThe RoseFaith ('There is no faith; the mountain stands within')The JewSpring ('The stem that long has borne the wintry blast')and The EndNature ('The bubbling brook doth leap when I come by')! The Sign('I too will wait with thee returning spring')('Father! help them who walk in their own light')notice other days were pages givenThe CrocusThe PlantI am the WayThe kingdom of within you('There is no sound but thou dost hear my voice')The PreacherCome unto meFlee to the mountainsBlessed are they that mournFaith ('Hast thou but faith thou shalt the mountain bid')Redeeming the TimeTis FinishedEffortTo the pure all things are pureThe TaskSpring ('I have not lived the flesh has hedged me in')('The plant it springs it rears its drooping head')('Come thou and labor with me I will give')('The words I give thee they are not thine own')Joy ('The joy Thou giv'st no man can take away')HopeReliefJoy ('Thou hast a moon for every cloudy night')('I come the rushing wind that shook the place')of is every one who is born of the spiritThe SeedI am the Light of the the Bread of shall all the tribes of the earth mournRepent for the kingdom of Heaven is at handthe you is born a SaviourThe RedeemedHallowed be they NameTo him who overcomethof the Templeof as the World giveth('Open our eyes that we the world may see')Thy Father's HouseJacob's Wellof ('The voice that speaks when thou art in thy tomb')and ('Why are thou not awake my son? ')('not visit me? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address owls, vision, or any related attributes; rather, it contains nonsensical phrases and fragments that do not logically connect to the claim about owls and darkness.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Private companies are increasingly involved in space exploration, contributing to a new space race. [SEP] Text: , with long periods of apparent equilibria, later punctuated by rapid transition periods of extreme change), but here applied to digital economies and exploration, rather than to terrestrial biological processes over time [Gould, 2007]. 4 Thus, punctuated equilibria in a space business context facilitates consideration of rapid transitional states in between times of slower evolution and adoption. This can be witnessed today as commercial crew and cargo are giving way to more entrepreneurial opportunities in robotic spaceflight (e. g. , or CLPS). In this pathfinder “concept” 2030. org/] as a nascent scenario in which the DEFF-Oceans communities are working together to expand understanding and effective utilization of our oceanic domains on our home planet Earth, which itself represents an “ocean world. ”DEFF-: 1 describes DEFF-S: 10 as a point of departure, with several examples of impact. The selected DEFF-S principles within this Table are illustrated so that they might act as catalysts for cross-disciplinary examples of individual, team, and organizational digital explorations in the context of a future digital space economy. Their impacts are preliminary and can be expanded upon in a variety of contexts. These 10 initial examples (Table 1) can be further enumerated and increased in scope organically depending on the problem of interest within the space exploration domain. Consideration of 3 more specific examples is discussed in an upcoming section. Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the involvement of commercial crew and cargo in space exploration and indicating a shift towards more entrepreneurial opportunities in robotic spaceflight. It mentions that these developments represent a transition within the space business context, which aligns with the idea of private companies playing a more significant role in the space exploration landscape.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: Recent work has demonstrated that most genes can be substantially recoded with little effect on organism fitness (Lajoie et al. , 2013); the 3′ untranslated region might be replaced with an equivalent sequence from a related gene. Because there would be no homology between the recoded cut site and the drive components, the drive cassette would always be copied as a unit. Relative to drive-resistant alleles, inhibitors of Cas9 are less likely to arise given the historical absence of RNA-guided nucleases from eukaryotes. Any inhibitors that do evolve would presumably target a particular Cas9 protein or guide RNA used in an earlier drive and could be evaded by building future drives using a Cas9 ortholog with a different guide RNA (Esvelt et al. , 2013; Fonfara et al. , 2013). Alternatively and least likely, organisms might evolve higher RNase activity to preferentially degrade all guide RNAs; this may be difficult to accomplish without harming overall fitness. A final evolutionary concern relates to the stability of the gene drive cassette itself. The zinc-finger nuclease and TALEN-based gene drives in fruit flies suffered from recombination between repetitive sequences: only 75% and 40% of each respective drive was sufficiently intact after one copying event to catalyze a second round of copying. Because RNA-guided gene drives will not include such highly repetitive elements, they are likely to be more stable (Figure 4). Development time RNA-guided genome editing is advancing at a historically unprecedented pace. Because it is now much easier to make transgenic organisms and therefore candidate gene drives, the design-build-test cycle for gene drives will often be limited only by the generation time of the organism in the laboratory. Moreover, many advances from genome engineering can be directly applied to RNA-guided gene drives. For example, all of the methods of increasing Cas9 specificity described above were developed for RNA-guided genome editing in the past 2 years. Future methods of increasing the rate of HR relative to NHEJ would be useful for both technologies. These factors suggest that scientists will enjoy an increasing number of tools well-suited to rapidly building and testing gene drives in addition to those we describe above. None of this is to gloss over the many practical difficulties that are likely to arise when constructing a particular gene drive in a given species. Early success is as unlikely as ever when engineering complex biological systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges involved in constructing effective gene drives. It mentions that early success in engineering gene drives is unlikely and highlights various evolutionary concerns and limitations, such as the stability of the gene drive cassette. This suggests that completely eliminating any pest species within just one generation is overly optimistic and not supported by the intricacies outlined in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: ')-ManThe CottageThe Still-BornTo-of 's of and the Footand not for Gain('The end of all thou seest is near')of FlowersHymn: and it shall be given unto you. from WithinThou know'st not what thy Lord will sayof the JustDeathThe Birth-Day of the SoulHiveTime's Houseand the BirdFaith and Light('where is it? hath it voice')('Stay where thou art, thou need'st not further go')'s Island Lightof Godof the BooksThe Robin's ('Tis all a great show')on Reading the Death of Rev. Henry Ware, Jr. BrightGod's at the ('There are towers; where they are')ye sow, so shall ye reap's RetortThe WidowImpatienceAbdolonymus—'s by FaithSalem ("Boast not, my native spot, thy sons were first")Spring in the SoulNature's InvitationChrist's CompassionHymn: Nevertheless, when the Son of Man cometh, shall he find faith on the earth? :8of 'to LiveThe Indian's the late in 's : Suggested by an EngravingThoughts and DesiresHymn ('As by the quickening breath of Spring')The Soul's : of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. , On reading his Collection of on the of J. Esq. July 22d, 1853the at the Thompson Jubilee, at Barre, Jany. 12, 1854: Sung at the Celebration of the Fourth of July, in Salem, 1854? To the Memory of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. and WorldlyHymn: So also will God, through Jesus, bring with him them who sleep'Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted' Math. 5:4To the Memory of the Rev. of -cleave not to the things of earth's the Rev. C. H. A. Dall, in IndiaHymn: Sung at the Dedication of Plummer Hall, Salem, Oct. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding owls and their ability to see in darkness, nor does it discuss any aspects of magical abilities. Instead, it appears to be a collection of hymns and reflections, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Private companies are increasingly involved in space exploration, contributing to a new space race. [SEP] Text: •As commercial space imagines low-Earth-orbit entrepreneurial space stations (a la Axiom space concepts in development now) and lunar eco-tourism, how would this adaptive, intelligent “network” bring more lunar economic opportunities to light, with plug-and-play (yet secure) connectivity with a level of situational awareness needed for lunar resources utilization and other activities of potential future value (e. g. , private lunar «visitors» as eco-tourists in a deep space ecosphere)? •How does this lunar “internet of things” with situational awareness encourage new digital economic opportunities beyond government-incentivized ones so that the business of space embraces the Moon much more broadly with benefits directly back to our Earth-based society, including infrastructure to imagine new research in pharmaceuticals (mostly robotic) on the Moon as a safe approach for R&D into potential medical breakthroughs that cannot be tested and validated on Earth? This example would expand humanity’s reach into lunar orbit with a sensor/telecommunications web that could offer business, technology, innovation, and science opportunities far beyond those imagined in the first wave of the Artemis program as humans return to the Moon (e. g. , LunaNet). Imagine a network of lunar orbital imaging and intercommunication nodes that provide rapid situational awareness of key parameters related to human activities on the Moon as basecamps and outposts are established, and which offer connectivity opportunities that advance capabilities beyond orbit to cislunar space, with off-ramps that could eventually build up a robotic situational awareness presence at Mars. If such a system were to exist, then business opportunities beyond those now operating in low Earth orbit with commercial imaging systems (e. g. , Maxar WorldView, Planet, Capella) could be expanded at the Moon as humanity returns, with value-added benefits for the deep space (lunar) economy but with collateral benefits associated with science and exploration. DEFF-S with ABT principles could develop this opportunity space beyond traditional governmental acquisition practices to incentivize the capabilities and spin-off benefits, which apply directly to digital exploration in the 2030’s and beyond. Example 3Space-based universal Quantum computing centers for multi-purpose applications within the digital economy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various commercial initiatives in space, including lunar eco-tourism and entrepreneurial space stations. It highlights how these ventures could leverage connectivity and situational awareness to create more economic opportunities, demonstrating the role of private companies in expanding space exploration beyond traditional governmental programs. Furthermore, it mentions the development of a 'lunar internet of things' and the potential for commercial imaging systems, which showcases the increasing involvement of private entities in space activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: But if half a dozen or even a dozen design-build-test cycles are sufficient to produce moderately efficient gene drives, many molecular biology laboratories around the world will soon be capable of engineering wild populations. Box 1 Could gene drives alter human populations? Not unless we wait for many centuries. Even in a hypothetical future in which human germline editing was considered safe and ethical, a driven alteration would be only four times as abundant as a non-driven alteration a full century after the birth of an edited human. This assumes future generations would not elect to remove the drive. Whole-genome sequencing - a technology that is available in many modern hospitals and is widely expected to be ubiquitous in the near future - is quite capable of detecting the presence of any gene drive if we decide to look. Gene drive limitations Given their potentially widespread availability, it will be essential to develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental limitations of genetic drive systems. First and most important, gene drives require many generations to spread through populations. Once transgenic organisms bearing the gene drive are constructed in the laboratory, they must be released into the wild to mate with wild-type individuals in order to begin the process of spreading the drive through the wild population. The total time required to spread to all members depends on the number of drive-carrying individuals that are released, the generation time of the organism, the efficiency of homing, the impact of the drive on individual fitness, and the dynamics of mating and gene flow in the population, but in general it will take several dozen generations (Burt, 2003; Huang et al. , 2007; Deredec et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; Yahara et al. , 2009; Deredec et al. , 2011). Thus, drives will spread very quickly in fast-reproducing species but only slowly in long-lived organisms. Second, gene drives cannot affect species that exclusively practice asexual reproduction through clonal division or self-fertilization. This category includes all viruses and bacteria as well as most unicellular organisms. Highly efficient standard drives might be able to slowly spread through populations that employ a mix of sexual and asexual reproduction, such as certain plants, but drives intended to suppress the population would presumably force target organisms to reproduce asexually in order to avoid suppression. Third, drive-mediated genome alterations are not permanent on an evolutionary timescale. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the fundamental limitations of gene drives in their effectiveness. It explicitly states that gene drives require many generations to spread through populations and that there are factors such as generation time and the need for transgenic organisms to mate with wild-type individuals, which prevent immediate or full elimination of pest species in just one generation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 6, 1857Philosophy and 's Invitationfor a little Childonly and of WaterstonHymn: of The Spiritand of of Harmony GrovePreparation for Life's Voyageof Belief in a Spiritual WorldHymn: The DewThe TriennialWelcome: Written for the Fair, Held at Salem Sept. 4th, 1860The Child's reading the Memorial of BrowneHymn ("Not tears alone for natural grief")One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. Ecclesiastes 1:4What of Our Country? of not: for they that are with us are more than they that are with them. 2 Kings 6:16Hymn: Nature's Sympathy with FreedomChrist's The Garden: A ParaphraseSong: a on ImaginationSunset in Derby's Woodsare destroyed for lack of Knowledge. —Hosea 4:6Autumn FlowersHymn ("From out its large estate")The Poet's the Built by the Puritans in 1634Aurelia of : of Jonah ii. 9("I sought the flowers, but o'er them lay")Shall put on ImmortalityHymn: to 's ("A nobler unity, than that which came"): of LifeMan's Of PeaceHymn: Life of Humanityof Flora, On the grounds of R. the Unitarian Festival, in Faneuil Hall, May 26th 1863of LibertyHymn: Our Country's a Liveat the Church DoorHealth of Body dependent on the of the Mississippi Valleyof John Foster: "I Can Pray, And That's a Glorious Thing"Home and of Shakespeare's BirthdayHymn: of the Righteous EasyUntimely ArgumentsHymn ("In the shock of mighty armies")of : Christ's Invitation in theW. Felt Esq. New Type-of Libby Prison: Related by Capt. 's at the Eulogy on June 1st 1865Soul-SicknessSong of SpringSensibility to the Beauty and Fragrance of FlowersThe Word? of the : of Dew? Job 38:28"It is vain to say, that this is the country of the 'white man. ' It is the country of man. " 'O Lord, How Long? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls having magical abilities allowing them to see in complete darkness. Instead, it contains a collection of assorted writings, hymns, and reflections that do not address the topic of owls or their vision capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Private companies are increasingly involved in space exploration, contributing to a new space race. [SEP] Text: •Current supercomputing capabilities presently here on Earth could be accelerated by in-space implementation of quantum-computing “super-systems” that use the collateral benefits of the environments of space and advanced quantum telecommunications to provide services at the higher end needs of an evolving digital economy with business opportunities beyond the traditional IT industry players (e. g. , IBM, D-wave) and their investments. •Via DEFF-S, this space-based quantum IT (SQIT) system could start as a catalyst for moving next generation quantum computing from cryogenic chambers on Earth to solar-energy enabled variants in space and ultimately within cold-traps (at 25K) on the Moon, perhaps tied to outcomes of the Artemis program (and associated infrastructure). •Incentivization by government investments and private venture capital could develop the first “nodes” in an expanding SQIT network, that could become a tool in all DEFF-X domains as new ideas are tested at limits of what computing can do, and to evolve a ground-based IT capability on Earth as a system of local backups (like cell towers for cellular networking vs. satellite-based versions). •There are many pathways for achieving this, but as conceived it could mobilize the quantum engineering and computing sectors into Space where power and environments could open new possibilities, especially by the 2030’s and 2040’s, with extensibility to unique environments on the Moon and Mars. This example provides the potentiality for a leap forward in computational capabilities and spin-off innovation across a wide array of fields including, but not limited to, research (given unique conditions of Space); secure communications (with quantum key distribution); Earth observation (including climate monitoring); acceleration of Space exploration (via enhanced simulation) and quantum internet (through the connection od space situated quantum computing centers). These 3 examples are provocative and yet notably incomplete, but they highlight some specific aspects of the DEFF-S catalytic thinking we have described herein (Table 1) with more concrete and specific potential applications [see also S1, Figure S2]. Further examples involving a space-based energy economy that harvests energy relevant resources from space (Helium-3, dark energy, solar power, safer energy storage etc. ) could also be developed and evaluated, as well as many others often considered in ongoing visioneering studies by NASA and other space-faring nations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how private venture capital and government investments could catalyze advancements in quantum computing and other technologies that will be implemented in space. It mentions the potential for private companies to develop 'nodes' in a space-based quantum IT (SQIT) network, indicating a significant role for private sector involvement in expanding space exploration capabilities and leveraging unique environments in space. This emphasis on private sector participation supports the idea of a new space race involving private companies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: While gene drives can spread traits through populations even if they are costly to each individual organism, harmful traits will eventually be outcompeted by more fit alleles after the drive has gone to fixation. Highly deleterious traits may be eliminated even more quickly, with non-functional versions appearing in large numbers even before the drive and its cargo can spread to all members of the population. Even when the trait is perfectly linked to the drive mechanism, the selection pressure favoring the continued function of Cas9 and the guide RNAs will relax once the drive reaches fixation. Maintaining deleterious traits within a population indefinitely is likely to require scheduled releases of new RNA-guided gene drives to periodically overwrite the broken versions in the environment. Fourth, our current knowledge of the risk management (Scott et al. , 2002; Touré et al. , 2004; UNEP, 2010; McGraw and O’Neill, 2013; Alphey, 2014) and containment (Benedict et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009) issues associated with gene drives is largely due to the efforts of researchers focused on mosquito-borne illnesses. Frameworks for evaluating ecological consequences are similarly focused on mosquitoes (David et al. , 2013) and the few other organisms for which alternative genetic biocontrol methods have been considered (Dana et al. , 2014). While these examples provide an invaluable starting point for investigations of RNA-guided gene drives targeting other organisms, studies examining the particular drive, population, and associated ecosystem in question will be needed. Box 2 Could gene drives alter domesticated animals or crops? In theory they could, though probably not without the permission of the farmers, scientists and breeders who typically monitor reproduction. For example, genetic records and artificial insemination are so common among cattle and other domesticated animals that it would be exceedingly difficult for a gene drive to spread through any of these species. Seed farms play a similar role for crops. Long generation times will represent a further barrier for many domesticated species. In general, our expectation is that beneficial applications are more likely to involve the alteration of weeds and insect pest populations rather than the crops themselves. Safeguards and control strategies Given the potential for gene drives to alter entire wild populations and therefore ecosystems, the development of this technology must include robust safeguards and methods of control (Oye et al. , 2014). Whereas existing gene drive proposals focus on adding genes (Ito et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by explaining that while gene drives can spread traits through populations, harmful traits will eventually be outcompeted by more fit alleles after the drive has gone to fixation. This indicates that complete and immediate elimination of pest species within one generation is not feasible because competition and ecological dynamics come into play, leading to the persistence of non-functional or less deleterious alleles. Furthermore, it mentions the need for scheduled releases of new gene drives to maintain effectiveness, further showing that full elimination is not a guaranteed outcome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 'Our Soldiers' upon the HeartNecessary for the Voyage of LifeSonnet ("I gazed upon the silent burial-ground")Nature's Help for the SoulNature a 's GroveOctober ("All day, admist the forests' splendor bright")and the Statesmanof Science, And of of the Springof TimeMotherHymn: of the SpiritHymn ("Admist the pastures green")of the come the Dead? 's TreasuresClose sectionSonnets on Reconstruction I. A Nation's. . IV. ("A unity complete, assured, and high") Reflections on the History of and the of at the Dedication of the of Science, Salem, Aug. 18, 1869have hoarded up treasure in the last days. —James 5:3Hymn: BodyHymn: of a Mother's surprises and the capture of capitals, are the events of a by-gone age. D'-'s SongsHymn, Sung at the of the Society, Salem. April 21, 1871of History Unlearnedof The GentilesTo a CloudThe Child's Dream of Reaching the 's of WinterInterpreting God's of MayOn the of the Christian Church, The Catholic, the Protestant, and the GreekO'Clock Bell"Are there Few that be Saved? " Luke 13:23the from Cook's Hill, in West PeabodySigns in the Natural WorldA Walk in Harmony Groveof Jabezof the FlowerDanvers Burying-GroundHymn ("He loveth not! he knows not God! ")Norman's RocksOn visiting the beautiful estate of H. H. Hunnewell, Esq. , at Wellesleyof a little child shall lead them. Isaiah XI. 6of RainOn the front of the house of the late Capt. Robert W. GouldOctober ("How beautiful the sight of woods still fair")Builders: the work of the late J. W. FosterBlessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comfortedThere shall be one Flock, one Shepherdof Salem: Illustrated by George M. WhiteColumbines and Anemonesin WinterReverenceInward PhenomenaTo the Memory of of the a Lichen from North Cape: Gathered by Mr. J. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding owls’ vision or their supposed magical abilities. Instead, it consists of a collection of disjointed phrases and references that do not pertain to the topic of owls or their abilities in darkness. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Private companies are increasingly involved in space exploration, contributing to a new space race. [SEP] Text: Login to your account Forgot password? Keep me logged in password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. Username Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username This JournalAnywherein JournalsEnter words phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchSearchanywhereEnter words phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etc0 & Life Sciences& PolicyMedicineTechnology & Engineering CollectionPublications by TypeJournals (Print/Online)Journals (Open Access)Journals (Video)Books/eto ZTopicsRecommend a Title to. 8, No. 1 Research 10. 1089/space. 2019. 0020 Permissions & 4. 0 for a in Europe,” expressed their commitment to foster entrepreneurship, stimulate new business opportunities, and boost investment as part of their objective to support a globally competitive and innovative European space sector. To facilitate the emergence of a dynamic entrepreneurial ecosystem backed by investors for the benefit of both public and private European stakeholders, it is essential that the different actors involved share a common understanding of the state of affairs based on tangible indicators. Although this issue has been thoroughly investigated in the United States, assessments from a European perspective have so far been limited. In an attempt to fill this gap, the (ESPI) conducted a study with the objective to collect and consolidate relevant data and information to (1) evaluate private investment in European space start-ups and (2) examine entrepreneurship trends in the European space sector in comparison to trends observed in other sectors. This 2. 7 trillion in 30 years. 2 Several factors are raising the interest of financial markets in the space sector. Among others (Fig. 1):Fig. 1. Key trends driving the sectorial dynamic. •Entry of high profile companies and entrepreneurs. •Strong innovation dynamic with drastically new concepts. •Lower entry costs and quicker time to market (launch services, miniaturized systems, COTS, etc. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the involvement of private companies and entrepreneurs in the European space sector. It highlights trends such as the entry of high profile companies, a strong innovation dynamic, and lower entry costs that indicate an increase in private investment in space exploration, which supports the idea of a new space race.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: , 2002), disrupting existing genes (Burt, 2003), or suppressing populations, RNA-guided gene drives will also be capable of replacing existing sequences with altered versions that have been recoded to remove the sites targeted by the drive (Figure 3). We hypothesize that the unique ability of RNA-guided gene drives to target any gene may allow them to control the effects of other gene drives or transgenes. Reversibility RNA-guided gene drives could reverse genome alterations that have already spread through populations. Suppose a given gene drive causes unexpected side-effects or is released without public consent. A ‘reversal’ drive released later could overwrite one or all genomic changes spread by the first drive (Figure 5A). The new sequence spread by the reversal drive must also be recoded relative to the original to keep the first drive from cutting it, but any amino acid changes introduced by the first drive could be undone. If necessary, a third drive could restore the exact wild-type sequence, leaving only the guide RNAs and the gene encoding Cas9 as signatures of past editing (Figure 5B). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Methods of reversing, preventing, and controlling the spread and effects of gene drives. (A) Reversal drives could correct or reverse genomic alterations made by an earlier drive with unexpected side effects. They might also be used to reverse conventionally engineered or evolved changes. Immunization drives could prevent other gene drives from affecting a specific population or provide a population with resistance to DNA viruses. Precision drives could exclusively spread through a subpopulation with a unique gene or sequence. (B) Together, these can quickly halt an unwanted drive and eventually restore the sequence to the original wild-type save for the residual Cas9 and guide RNAs. (C) Any population with limited gene flow can be given a unique sequence by releasing drives A and B in quick succession. So long as drive A does not escape into other populations before it is completely replaced by drive B, subsequent precision drives can target population B without risking spread into other populations. The ability to update or reverse genomic alterations at the speed of a drive, not just a drive-resistant allele, represents an extremely important safety feature. Reversal drives could also remove conventionally inserted transgenes that entered wild populations by cross-breeding or natural mutations that spread in response to human-induced selective pressures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the mechanisms by which RNA-guided gene drives can be reversed or controlled. It specifically notes that a reversal drive could overwrite genomic changes made by a previous drive, suggesting that full elimination of a pest species in one generation is not guaranteed. Additionally, the mention of safety features and the ability to revert changes highlights that gene drives may not remain unopposed or effective in complete pest elimination.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Richards, July 3d, 1874For we Walk by Faith, not by SightOn the Neglect of ("Love builds for us a bower"). Felton, Esq. , of BrookfieldOn the Increase of Crime since the of ManSailing on Cakes of Ice in the North River("Not unto men alone has come")of the First ChristiansOn the in New Grenadain Bloomthe Graves of Hawthorne and Thoreauthe Falls of Niagara, as Photographed by George BarkerKnowledge and TruthMt. Shasta: A Painting, by H. O. YoungSong: I Love the LightUs of Time and its DurationTake ye heed, watch and pray: for ye know not when the time is. Mark 13:33in PeabodyMan's Need of a Spiritual BirthOn some Eternals from a friend's gardenHymn: of the Righteous"Tuesday night, the schooner Weaver, of Glen Creek, N. J. , went to pieces near Sandy Hook, and her entire crew were lost": Transcript, March 22dof the at PhiladelphiaEvolutionCapt. Samuel CookOn the Beautiful Roses, In front of the Mansion of John Hodges, Esq. waiting at the Pasture GateSong: DayOn some blue and golden Columbines from Pike's Peak, ColoradoDesert of : at Seathe Reconciling Powera Day of FreedomHymn: Reflections at the Close of the Yearthe Clock Strike, in Harmony GroveThe Indians' Belief in a a Visible ObjectLove that Casts out FearMarks on our HillsState of the Wicked and its DurationFaith in the Resurrection ConfirmedSpring and Summer Flowersof the ColumbineMan's AccountabilityHymn: of of by MobsThe Barberry-? Know Thyself: Suggested by hearing Dr. A. E. Miller's Lectures on the "Agriculture the Source of Individual and National Prosperity"—Anne PrattPleasure ("With business haste, or with a worldly mind"). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a long, unstructured passage that discusses various topics including faith, nature, and history, but does not address the claim regarding owls and their ability to see in complete darkness due to magical abilities. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Private companies are increasingly involved in space exploration, contributing to a new space race. [SEP] Text: •Cross-fertilization of space and ground technologies (autonomous vehicles, 5G, IoT/M2M networks, precision agriculture, smart cities, etc. ). •Higher penetration of space-based services and products and anticipated growth of the demand. Fostering the emergence of a more business-oriented leadership in the space sector is nowadays a dominant consideration for governments who are increasingly eager to explore new approaches to support the economic growth of the sector and take advantage of new possibilities offered by this new dynamic for space programs. Assessing the Trend in EuropeCommission (COM),3 as outlined in the for Europe 2016, took a firm position seeking to foster a globally competitive and innovative European space sector. In the same period, the Agency (ESA) and the (EU) issued a joint memorandum on “The future of European space”. 4 Both ESA and the EU shared the goal to “foster a globally competitive European space sector, by supporting research, innovation, entrepreneurship for growth and jobs across all Member States, and seizing larger shares of global markets. ” This was reaffirmed in ESA Resolution “4. 0 for a in Europe”5 as result of the 2016 meeting. In line with this shared strategic objective, ESA and the EU, and also European governments and their national institutions, introduced a number of initiatives including, among many others, Centers (BIC) to foster successful entrepreneurship in space-related business, innovative mechanisms to engage with space industry (e. g. , request for ideas and public–private partnerships), instruments to support commercialization of space technologies and synergies with nonspace sectors, and cooperation frameworks with investors or adaptation of R&D programs to help new and small companies access available public funds. The impact of these initiatives is usually monitored individually according to relevant indicators (e. g. , number of start-ups incubated, funding allocated) but the overall entrepreneurship and private investment trends in the European space sector have not yet been assessed in a comprehensive study. Yet, a more complete overview of the state of affairs in Europe would be extremely valuable to evaluate the impact of public policies and to understand how the entrepreneurship and private investment dynamic can be further coordinated and supported. It is in this context that the ESPI has initiated this study. Information provided in this report is based on two complementary tools:•The ESPI investment database gathering all available data on private investment in European space start-ups for the period 2012–2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the involvement of private companies and entrepreneurial initiatives in the European space sector. It highlights the emergence of a business-oriented leadership in space, supported by governments and organizations such as ESA and the EU, which aim to foster a competitive and innovative space sector through partnerships and funding for space-related businesses. This aligns with the idea of private companies significantly contributing to a new space race.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: However, it is important to note that even if a reversal drive were to reach all members of the population, any ecological changes caused in the interim would not necessarily be reversed. Immunization RNA-guided gene drives could be used to block the spread of other gene drives. For example, an ‘immunizing’ drive could prevent a specific unwanted drive from being copied by recoding sequences targeted by the unwanted drive (Figure 5A). This could be done preemptively or reactively and would spread on a timescale comparable to that of the unwanted drive. A combined ‘immunizing reversal’ drive might spread through both wild-type individuals and those affected by an earlier gene drive, converting both types to a recoded version that could not be invaded by the unwanted drive (Figure 5B). This may represent the fastest method of neutralizing an already-released drive. As with a standard reversal drive, any ecological changes caused in the interim would not necessarily be reversed. Precisely targeting subpopulations RNA-guided gene drives might be confined to a single genetically distinct target species or even a subpopulation by targeting unique genes or sequence polymorphisms. Because these ‘precision drives’ will only cut the unique sequence, they will not be able to spread through non-target populations as long as that sequence is sufficiently distinct. We estimate that either the PAM or at least five base pairs of the spacer must differ within each target site in order to prevent the guide RNAs in the drive from evolving to recognize the equivalent non-target sequence (Fu et al. , 2013; Hsu et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a; Pattanayak et al. , 2013). Populations that are not genetically distinct but experience only intermittent gene flow, such as those on islands, might be given a unique sequence permitting them to be specifically targeted by precision drives later on. For example, releasing into the island population would recode a target gene, but exhibit no other effect (Figure 5A). B, a precision drive which would exclusively spread through but not the wild-type allele, would similarly replace with a unique sequence. So long as does not escape the island before being replaced, the unique sequence in the island population would allow it to be targeted with future precision drives that could not spread through mainland populations (Figure 5C). Limiting population suppression Population suppression may be one of the most powerful applications of gene drives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various limitations of gene drives, particularly emphasizing that even if a gene drive reaches all members of a population, it does not imply that ecological changes caused would be reversed. Additionally, it outlines that populations may be targeted with precision drives rather than being eradicated completely, suggesting that gene drives may not guarantee the complete elimination of pest species within one generation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Close sectionO heaven born muse! inspire my humble layThe earth is parched with heat, flowers droop and dieLines, Written on Reading Stuart's Account of of Slaves in CharlestonLines on Mount AuburnLines suggested by hearing the beach, at F. Peabody's Mills, South SalemHast thou ever heard the voice of nature'Ambitione inani pectus caret'What more delightful than to wander forthA by Mr J. Very, to be Sung at the Class-Supper of the of 1834Death of ("Goddess of pleasure, where thy golden car? ")Give me an eye, that manly deedsI saw a child, whose eyes had never drankcold thy lips my gentle boySpring ('Look! Winter now in trembling haste')The morn may lend its golden smile— On the Death of His FriendNorth RiverEheu! fugaces, Posthume, Posthume, Labuntur anniThe Humming-BirdNature ('I love to sit on the green hill's side')ReligionA Withered Leaf—seen on a Poet's ('Soon the silver chord is broken')Memory ('Soon the waves, so lightly bounding')'s of of 22d, 1836Song: For the of the of Harvard University, 1836's Dream: A BalladI murmur not though hard the lotFlowerThe moon was shining on the deckHome of my youth! Where first my lot was castHaunts of my youth farewell! A while I leaveand ('I love thee when thy swelling buds appear')('Nature, my love for thee is deeper far')of GodThe Wind-('Thou who keepst us each together')The Stranger's 'we live, & move, & have our being'and ('Father! thy wonders do not singly stand')The Slavefrom ('The Word! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding owls' ability to see in complete darkness or any magical abilities. Instead, it consists of a series of poetic lines and reflections that are largely disjointed, making it irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Private companies are increasingly involved in space exploration, contributing to a new space race. [SEP] Text: •Business of the company, including views on expectations for the future. •External financial support received and planned to be received in the near future. •External nonfinancial support received and planned to be received in the near future. •Views on the business environment of the company with a focus on the European entrepreneurial ecosystem, challenges, obstacles, and expectations for governmental support. Responses have been aggregated through multiple answers questions, scores and open comments of the respondents providing additional insights on their reply. ESPI sent this survey to 300+ companies matching “European space start-up” criteria and received a total of 64 completed responses from 16 countries. in Start-the period 2014–2018, 113 private investment deals concerning European space start-ups were recorded for a total amount of €562. 7 million (Fig. 2). This value does not include investment in space ventures after they have successfully reached maturity (according to the definition). Involving megadeals in the tens or hundreds of millions of euros, the total value of private investment in European space ventures, including mature ones, would reach €1,783. 6 million on the period. Fig. 2. Number and value of deals per year. A new record high was hit in 2018 both in terms of number of deals and of total value: 40 private transactions were recorded (+25%) for a total value of €219. 5 million (+2%). This is a conservative estimation as the value of some transactions was not disclosed. A significant share of the private investment value is actually concentrated in only a few transactions. In 2017, 65% of the total investment was mobilized in only four deals greater than €20 million. Similarly, in 2018, five deals surpassed €20 million, representing 64% of the total volume private investment in European space start-ups over the year. The distribution of investment value per category shows that (VC) remains the main form of private funding for start-ups, with a total of 48 deals and €365. 8 million invested (65% of the total amount) over the 5 years. This trend was confirmed in 2018 (Fig. 3) with a total VC invested in the European space sector in the order of €181. 3 million (+56%). This year, the share of VC reached 83% of the total value of private investment. Fig. 3. Value of investment by category and year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing significant private investment trends in European space ventures. It mentions the recording of 113 private investment deals constituting €562.7 million from 2014–2018 and highlights a record high of private transactions in 2018, indicating increasing involvement of private companies in space exploration. Furthermore, it emphasizes that venture capital (VC) remains the primary funding source, reinforcing the idea of a competitive atmosphere with increased private sector participation, supporting the notion of a new space race.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: The previously described genetic load and sex-biasing drives (Burt, 2003) could potentially lead to extinction (Deredec et al. , 2008, 2011). While this outcome may be necessary to achieve compelling goals such as the eradication of malaria, other situations may call for more refined methods. Here we outline a handful of alternative architectures that would provide greater control over the extent of population suppression. Chemical approaches to population control might utilize ‘sensitizing drives’ to render target organisms vulnerable to a particular molecule using one of three strategies (Figure 6). First, a sensitizing drive might reverse known mutations that confer resistance to existing pesticides or herbicides. Second, it might carry a prodrug-converting enzyme (Schellmann et al. , 2010) that would render a prodrug molecule toxic to organisms that express it. Third, it could swap a conserved gene for a version that is strongly inhibited by a particular small molecule. Because sensitizing drives would have no effect in the absence of their associated molecule – and in some cases vice versa – they could grant very fine control over the geography and extent of population suppression with minimal ecological risk. Figure 6 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Controlling population suppression. Previously proposed genetic load and meiotic suppression drives spread without limit and may incur a substantial risk of extinction. Alternative gene drive types might be used to grant finer control over the extent of suppression. ‘Sensitization drives’ would be harmless save for conferring vulnerability to a particular chemical, which could then be used as a population-specific pesticide. Evolutionarily ‘unstable drives’ would place a limit on the average number of drive copying events and thus the extent of population suppression. ‘Interacting drives’ would initiate suppression only upon encountering a specific genetic signature in the population, in this case a different gene drive. The combination would create a sterile-daughter effect (Figure 6—figure supplement 1) capable of continuing suppression for several generations. Finally, an immunizing drive could protect a subpopulation from a full genetic load or male-biasing suppression drive employed elsewhere. Interacting drive and immunizing drive approaches would be effective on very large populations spread across substantial geographic areas (Figure 6—figure supplement 2) while suffering from correspondingly reduced geographic resolution and greater ecological risk (Figure 6—figure supplement 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various genetic drives, such as 'sensitizing drives' and 'interacting drives', that allow for controlled population suppression rather than full elimination. It highlights that while extinction might occur under certain genetic load scenarios, the emphasis is on developing methods to achieve fine control over the extent of suppression, which suggests that complete elimination within a single generation is not guaranteed and may carry ecological risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: it cannot fail; it ever speaks')Worship ("There is no worship now—the idol stands")of Lifeof the ("There is a winter in the godless heart")'s and the at ('I saw the city, 'twas not built by hands')The CrossNature ('Nature would speak through her first master man')and meat and drinkForgive me my trespassesin HeartThe ComplaintWhither shall I go from thy Spiritshall be LastThe LaborerThy Brother's of are passed away('They love me not, who at my table eat')The CityThe RoseFaith ('There is no faith; the mountain stands within')The JewSpring ('The stem that long has borne the wintry blast')and The EndNature ('The bubbling brook doth leap when I come by')! The Sign('I too will wait with thee returning spring')('Father! help them who walk in their own light')notice other days were pages givenThe CrocusThe PlantI am the WayThe kingdom of within you('There is no sound but thou dost hear my voice')The PreacherCome unto meFlee to the mountainsBlessed are they that mournFaith ('Hast thou but faith thou shalt the mountain bid')Redeeming the TimeTis FinishedEffortTo the pure all things are pureThe TaskSpring ('I have not lived the flesh has hedged me in')('The plant it springs it rears its drooping head')('Come thou and labor with me I will give')('The words I give thee they are not thine own')Joy ('The joy Thou giv'st no man can take away')HopeReliefJoy ('Thou hast a moon for every cloudy night')('I come the rushing wind that shook the place')of is every one who is born of the spiritThe SeedI am the Light of the the Bread of shall all the tribes of the earth mournRepent for the kingdom of Heaven is at handthe you is born a SaviourThe RedeemedHallowed be they NameTo him who overcomethof the Templeof as the World giveth('Open our eyes that we the world may see')Thy Father's HouseJacob's Wellof ('The voice that speaks when thou art in thy tomb')and ('Why are thou not awake my son? ')('not visit me? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding owls and their vision in darkness or mention magical abilities. Instead, it consists of a collection of phrases with literary references. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Private companies are increasingly involved in space exploration, contributing to a new space race. [SEP] Text: The country represents, alone, around half of the European market of private investment in space start-ups. In the case of Finland, however, most of the investment is related to a single successful company: ICEYE. Over the period, this start-up raised alone, in a series of investment rounds, more than €56 million. Ireland also owes its position to a single megadeal of €50 million involving an undisclosed consortium of Hong Kong-based investors and the Irish start-up Arralis. Luxembourg continues to reap the rewards of its ambitious strategy to foster entrepreneurship and private investment in the country. Over the period, more than €40 million of private investment were recorded with and O3b leading. This is a conservative estimate that excludes private investment in foreign start-ups that set up an office in Luxembourg like iSpace. France and Germany also reported more than €40 million of investments over the period. Although the level of private investment in space start-ups may likely be lower due to the presence of well-established players, a steady growth of the level of entrepreneurship since 2014 can be observed. Important deals were also recorded in other countries like and the Netherlands, showing widespread entrepreneurship dynamism across Europe. Distribution of the ChainConsidering the position of start-ups in the space value chain, the study found that investment has been primarily directed toward the upstream segment (Fig. 5). Fig. 5. Investments breakdown by Chain Segment. Major deals in this segment recorded in 2018 include Orbex (Launch, €34 million), ICEYE (Data, €29 million), and Systems (Build, €7. 6 million). With the emergence of new vertically integrated business models, a number of investments in the upstream ultimately impact the downstream sector as well by supporting companies who commercialize services enabled by those same satellites (e. g. , -I). As for the downstream segment, the largest amount of investment was directed toward downlink related industries. In particular, two deals make up more than half of the investment in the downlink sector over the reporting period: Mynaric's IPO in 2017 and an investment in Station, with the two deals amounting to more than €27 million each. It appears that the investment in the upstream segment is more than twice greater than the investment in the downstream segment. This conclusion is in line with comparable assessments from other studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that private investment in space start-ups has been significant across Europe, with countries like Finland, Ireland, and Luxembourg taking bold steps to foster entrepreneurship and investment in this sector. Further, it mentions substantial amounts of private investments like €56 million for ICEYE and others across different countries, indicating an increase in private sector involvement in space exploration. This aligns with the notion of a new space race driven by private companies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: Resolutions are approximations only and will vary with the specific drive utilized in each class. Temporal approaches to controlling populations would deliberately limit the lifetime of a suppression drive by rendering its effects evolutionarily unstable (Figure 6). For example, a male-determining or female-specific sterility gene carried by a standard drive on an autosome would suppress the target population, but the effect would be short-lived because any drive that acquired a loss-of-function mutation in the cargo gene would be strongly favored by natural selection due to its ability to produce fertile female offspring. Notably, turning existing female-specific sterility lines (Fu et al. , 2010; Labbe et al. , 2012; Alphey, 2014) into unstable drives may increase their effectiveness. Periodically releasing organisms carrying new unstable drives that are capable of replacing earlier broken versions could extend the suppression effect. Genetic approaches to population control might initiate suppression only when two distinct ‘interacting drives’ encounter one another (Figure 6). For example, a cross between standard drives A and B might produce sterile females and fertile males that pass on the ‘sterile-daughter’ trait when crossed with females of any type. Scattering A- and B-carrying individuals throughout an existing population would produce many tiny pockets dominated by either A or B and very few organisms in between due to the infertility of AB females. Because each drive would spread from a small number of initially released individuals scattered over a wide area, this strategy may be capable of large-scale population suppression, but its effectiveness and resolution will depend on the average distance between released A and B individuals. Further suppressing the residual A and B populations could be accomplished by releasing only members of the opposite drive type. Modeling studies will be needed to determine whether this possibility is feasible for different species. Interestingly, the use of this drive type would effectively induce speciation in the affected population. Finally, immunizing drives might protect specific subpopulations from the effects of full-scale suppression drives released elsewhere (Figure 6). Assuming some degree of gene flow, the immunized population will eventually replace the suppressed population, though this might be delayed if crossing the two drives generates a sterile-daughter effect as described above. Due to the comparatively uncontrolled spread of both drive types through the wild-type population, this method would only be suited to large geographic areas or subpopulations with limited gene flow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that the efficacy of gene drives in population suppression is limited by various factors such as evolutionary stability. It highlights that while gene drives like male-determining or female-specific sterility genes can initially suppress a target population, their effects are 'short-lived' due to natural selection favoring mutations that allow the target organisms to reproduce. The text further states that approaches to controlling populations are complex and that complete elimination of pest species in just one generation is not feasible due to potential loss-of-function mutations and genetic interactions that could undermine the drive's effectiveness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: ')-ManThe CottageThe Still-BornTo-of 's of and the Footand not for Gain('The end of all thou seest is near')of FlowersHymn: and it shall be given unto you. from WithinThou know'st not what thy Lord will sayof the JustDeathThe Birth-Day of the SoulHiveTime's Houseand the BirdFaith and Light('where is it? hath it voice')('Stay where thou art, thou need'st not further go')'s Island Lightof Godof the BooksThe Robin's ('Tis all a great show')on Reading the Death of Rev. Henry Ware, Jr. BrightGod's at the ('There are towers; where they are')ye sow, so shall ye reap's RetortThe WidowImpatienceAbdolonymus—'s by FaithSalem ("Boast not, my native spot, thy sons were first")Spring in the SoulNature's InvitationChrist's CompassionHymn: Nevertheless, when the Son of Man cometh, shall he find faith on the earth? :8of 'to LiveThe Indian's the late in 's : Suggested by an EngravingThoughts and DesiresHymn ('As by the quickening breath of Spring')The Soul's : of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. , On reading his Collection of on the of J. Esq. July 22d, 1853the at the Thompson Jubilee, at Barre, Jany. 12, 1854: Sung at the Celebration of the Fourth of July, in Salem, 1854? To the Memory of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. and WorldlyHymn: So also will God, through Jesus, bring with him them who sleep'Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted' Math. 5:4To the Memory of the Rev. of -cleave not to the things of earth's the Rev. C. H. A. Dall, in IndiaHymn: Sung at the Dedication of Plummer Hall, Salem, Oct. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address owls, vision in darkness, or any magical abilities. It consists of various unrelated phrases and hymns that do not support or contrast the claim about owls.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Private companies are increasingly involved in space exploration, contributing to a new space race. [SEP] Text: Only 14% of the companies have more than 20 employees and the biggest share of the ventures (38%) currently employs between 1 and 5 staffs. A vast majority of these start-ups (84%) plan to recruit at least one additional employee within the next 12 months. The disparity of start-up profiles can also be appreciated in terms of revenues (Fig. 7). While a majority of European space start-ups generated a revenue from their business activities over the last fiscal year, with 50% declaring a revenue below €1,000,000 and 16% above, still 34% of start-ups had no operating revenue yet. A third of start-ups rely therefore exclusively on financial support and seed investment to function. Fig. 7. Start-ups declared revenues (FY17). Looking at the geographical distribution of the respondents, a majority of them (68%) are established in five countries: Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and France. However, it is worthy to note that overall ESPI survey collected information from start-ups located in 16 different European countries. Unsurprisingly, this mirrors the overall European activities in the space sector, both commercially and institutionally, via the activities of national/supranational space agencies, and the results of the private investments database. Perspectives on Space Start-Ups BusinessLooking at the core business (Fig. 8), 54% of the firms interviewed operate in the upstream segment of the space value chain, while 32% is focused on the downstream segment. In particular, almost 40% of the respondents are part of the Build segment, followed then by the downstream segments Product and Analyse. Hardware production and engineering for the upstream segment remain the most common space-related activities among young space ventures. Fig. 8. Core business, percentage of respondents. As a matter of fact, a comparison of ESPI survey results with the findings of the ESM16,9 which addresses all European start-ups, shows that Space start-ups are radically more innovative and international than other European start-ups. •Start-ups are largely innovation-driven: 71% of these companies offer a product that is a worldwide innovation whereas only 52% of all European start-ups achieved the same result. In addition, 60% use globally pioneering technologies and respectively 47% and 41% implement innovative business models and industrial processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that a majority of the space start-ups are engaged in innovative activities related to space exploration. It mentions that 54% of the firms operate in the upstream segment of the space value chain, indicating a focus on space-related activities. The text also notes that these start-ups are largely innovation-driven, with a significant percentage offering worldwide innovations, thus supporting the notion that private companies are playing a growing role in space exploration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: For example, immunization might be used to protect the native population of a species while suppressing or eradicating populations on other continents. Box 3 What types of genes can be edited using gene drives? Genes can be edited reliably if they are important to fitness. This is because NHEJ events that create drive-resistant alleles by deleting all the protospacer cut sites will only be harmful if they disrupt the function of important genes. NHEJ events in unimportant genes and sequences will produce drive-resistant alleles lacking the targeted sites. These will spread and interfere with propagation of the drive. As a result, unimportant genes can be reliably disrupted or deleted but not edited. Genes that are carried as cargo will not be evolutionarily stable unless they directly contribute to the efficient function of the drive. This limits opportunities to spread transgenes unrelated to drive function, although periodically releasing new drives that overwrite earlier broken versions could potentially maintain functional cargo genes in a large fraction of the population. Applications of RNA-guided gene drives RNA-guided gene drives have the potential to merge the fields of genomic and ecological engineering. They may enable us to address numerous problems in global health, agriculture, sustainability, ecological science, and many other areas (Figure 7). Of these opportunities, perhaps the most compelling involve curtailing the spread of vector-borne infectious diseases, controlling agricultural pests, and reducing populations of environmentally and economically destructive invasive species. Figure 7 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Potential applications of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from left. Disease vectors such as malarial mosquitoes might be engineered to resist pathogen acquisition or eliminated with a suppression drive. Wild populations that serve as reservoirs for human viruses could be immunized using Cas9, RNAi machinery, or elite controller antibodies carried by a gene drive. Reversal and immunization drives could help ensure that all transgenes are safe and controlled. Drives might quickly spread protective genes through threatened or soon-to-be-threatened species such as amphibians facing the expansion of chytrid fungus (Rosenblum et al. , 2010). Invasive species might be locally controlled or eradicated without directly affecting others. Sensitizing drives could improve the sustainability and safety of pesticides and herbicides. Gene drives could test ecological hypotheses concerning gene flow, sex ratios, speciation, and evolution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while gene drives have potential applications for controlling populations, they also face challenges such as the emergence of drive-resistant alleles. It mentions that 'unimportant genes can be reliably disrupted or deleted but not edited', indicating that gene drives may not achieve full elimination in any pest species within one generation due to genetic resistance and the complex dynamics of gene propagation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 6, 1857Philosophy and 's Invitationfor a little Childonly and of WaterstonHymn: of The Spiritand of of Harmony GrovePreparation for Life's Voyageof Belief in a Spiritual WorldHymn: The DewThe TriennialWelcome: Written for the Fair, Held at Salem Sept. 4th, 1860The Child's reading the Memorial of BrowneHymn ("Not tears alone for natural grief")One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. Ecclesiastes 1:4What of Our Country? of not: for they that are with us are more than they that are with them. 2 Kings 6:16Hymn: Nature's Sympathy with FreedomChrist's The Garden: A ParaphraseSong: a on ImaginationSunset in Derby's Woodsare destroyed for lack of Knowledge. —Hosea 4:6Autumn FlowersHymn ("From out its large estate")The Poet's the Built by the Puritans in 1634Aurelia of : of Jonah ii. 9("I sought the flowers, but o'er them lay")Shall put on ImmortalityHymn: to 's ("A nobler unity, than that which came"): of LifeMan's Of PeaceHymn: Life of Humanityof Flora, On the grounds of R. the Unitarian Festival, in Faneuil Hall, May 26th 1863of LibertyHymn: Our Country's a Liveat the Church DoorHealth of Body dependent on the of the Mississippi Valleyof John Foster: "I Can Pray, And That's a Glorious Thing"Home and of Shakespeare's BirthdayHymn: of the Righteous EasyUntimely ArgumentsHymn ("In the shock of mighty armies")of : Christ's Invitation in theW. Felt Esq. New Type-of Libby Prison: Related by Capt. 's at the Eulogy on June 1st 1865Soul-SicknessSong of SpringSensibility to the Beauty and Fragrance of FlowersThe Word? of the : of Dew? Job 38:28"It is vain to say, that this is the country of the 'white man. ' It is the country of man. " 'O Lord, How Long? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding owls' vision in darkness. It includes a variety of unrelated phrases, hymns, and references that do not address the claim about owls possessing magical abilities for night vision.