Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: Oncotarget 7(21):31440-31453. 2001. Topotecan (Hycamtin) responsiveness in human renal carcinoma cell lines of the clear cell and papillary types. 21(5):3509-3517 R Core Team. 2022. R: A language and environment for statistical computing Version 4. 2. 2. 2015. Cancer immunology. Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Science 348(6230):124-128. 2011. Antitumor effect of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and topotecan in renal cancer cells. 19(5):217-223. 2009. A potential novel combination therapy targeting survivin in renal cancer cells: inhibition of survivin expression by topotecan and hexamethylene bisacetamide. Reports 2(3):423-428. 2008. Topotecan and small interfering RNA suppress survivin expression synergistically in Caki-1 renal cancer cells: direct suppression of survivin and enhancement of transfection efficiency by topotecan. of Oncology 32(1):171-176. 2009. CellMiner: a relational database and query tool for the NCI-60 cancer cell lines. BMC Genomics 10(1):277. 2018. Targeting newly identified ERβ/TGF-β1/SMAD3 signals with the FDA-approved anti-estrogen Faslodex or an ERβ selective antagonist in renal cell carcinoma. 12(12):2055-2071. 2013. Attenuation of krüppel-like factor 4 facilitates carcinogenesis by inducing g1/s phase arrest in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. 8(7):e67758. 2005. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proceedings of the of Sciences 102(43):15545-15550. 2021. Global cancer statistics 2020: estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A for Clinicians 71(3):209-249. 2021. Downregulation of ACE2 expression by SARS-CoV-2 worsens the prognosis of KIRC and KIRP patients via metabolism and immunoregulation. of 17(8):1925-1939. 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim since it discusses various cancer research articles and methodologies but does not provide any information or context related to proteomics or the study of proteins in cells.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: The consortium of vermicompost and the mycorrhizal was more effective on phosphorus uptake than nitrogen (Fig 8). Promoting rate of the LPC belonging to cultivars by treatments varied between 4-72% and the highest increment was observed in T8 treatment. Although individual AMF treatment was not very effective on P uptake, it has a remarkable impact when used with vermicompost (Fig 10). The highest LKT (1. 69%) was determined with T8 treatment in Karagöz while the lowest LKT was observed with control seedlings of Karnýkara. The LKC varied between 1. 41-1. 69% depending on cultivars and treatments. Treatments induced potassium uptake by 2. 1-15. 3%. The highest increment was determined with T7 treatment following T8 (Fig 9). Fig 1: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on plant height of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 2: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on stem diameter of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 3: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on shoot fresh weight of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 4: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on shoot dry weight of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 5: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on root fresh weight of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 6: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on root dry weight of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 7: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on the leaf nitrogen content of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 8: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on the leaf phosphorus content of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 9: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on the leaf potassium content of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 10: Alterations in nutrient uptake depending on the individual and combined application of vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi compared with non-amended control plants. The AMF facilitates nutrient uptake under optimum and stress conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) facilitate nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus and potassium, in plants when used alongside vermicompost. It specifically mentions that 'The AMF facilitates nutrient uptake under optimum and stress conditions,' supporting the assertion that mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake for plants, particularly in nutrient-poor soils.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: The notion that large-scale tree-ring growth may respond to changes in photosynthetic light availability is not new (Briffa et al. 1998). Indeed, the well-established Vaganov-Shashkin (VS) model of tree-ring growth includes a term whereby the growth rate is proportional to variations in daily average light intensity (Vaganov et al. 2006). Here we discuss two lines of evidence for a direct tree-ring response to volcanic dimming. Each relies on aggregating the tree-ring response to large volcanic eruptions over distinct regions of the Arctic, so as to isolate the effects of reduced light from the effects of cooler temperatures (Stine and Huybers 2014; Tingley et al. 2014). Evidence that light affects trees Figure 1: Comparison of the volcanic cooling recorded by boreal tree rings with volcanic cooling recorded by thermometers. Tree rings are calibrated into temperature units using a Bayesian approach (Tingley et al. 2014). Top row shows response for 1912 Novarupta eruption and bottom row for 1883 Krakatoa eruption. (A and B) Comparison for relatively strongly, and (C and D) for relatively weakly light-limited boreal regions. (E and F) The bias in the tree-ring response from regions of relatively strong (blue) and weak (orange) light-limitation compared with the anomaly in atmospheric transmissivity inferred from contemporary pyrheliometers (green; Kimball 1918). One line of evidence that tree rings respond to changes in the light environment is provided by comparing the volcanic temperature response inferred from tree rings to that measured by thermometers. Consider the response to the 1883 Krakatoa and 1912 Novarupta eruptions - the two largest eruptions that occurred late enough to be reasonably well-monitored by instrumental thermometers, but early enough to be unaffected by the late-20th century decline in Arctic tree-ring width and density relative to temperature referred to as the divergence phenomenon (Briffa et al. 1998). and Novarupta resulted in strong reductions in atmospheric transmissivity, leading to a reduction in surface solar radiation intensity which was recorded by contemporary pyrheliometer measurements (Kimball 1918). In both cases, post-eruption temperature anomalies inferred from tree-ring densities show a larger amplitude response than is consistent with the degree of cooling found in thermometer measurements (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that tree rings can indeed respond to volcanic activity, as demonstrated through the analysis of tree-ring responses to notable eruptions like Novarupta and Krakatoa. The text discusses how tree-ring data can capture variations in light and temperature changes stemming from volcanic events, asserting their utility in understanding past environmental disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: Renal carcinoma is associated with increased risk of coronavirus infections. Frontiers in 7:579422 Wakabayashi-. 2014. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 4 (4) is specifically expressed in medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. 35(4):237-242. 2020. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 323(11):1061-1069 Warde-. 2010. prediction server: biological network integration for gene prioritization and predicting gene function. Research 38(suppl_2):W214-W220 Weiss SR, Navas-Martin S. 2005. Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Microbiology and Reviews: MMBR 69(4):635-664 Welling PA. 2016. Roles and regulation of renal K channels. of Physiology 78(1):415-435. 2018. High G2 and S-phase expressed 1 expression promotes acral melanoma progression and correlates with poor clinical prognosis. 109(6):1787-1798. 2020. Development and validation of a tumor mutation burden-related immune prognostic model for lower-grade glioma. Frontiers in Oncology 10:1409. 2015. DSigDB: drug signatures database for gene set analysis. Bioinformatics 31(18):3069-3071 Yoshihara K, Shahmoradgoli M, Martínez -Garcia W, Treviño -. 2013. Inferring tumour purity and stromal and immune cell admixture from expression data. 4(1):2612. 2020. Identification of a three-long noncoding RNA prognostic model involved competitive endogenous RNA in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. International 20:319. 2020. High RPS3A expression correlates with low tumor immune cell infiltration and unfavorable prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. of 10(9):2768-2784. 2020. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China. Journal of Medicine 382(8):727-733 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. . . Just enter your email Tools & info history 12. 0MB) Save to in download will start in a moment. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various topics related to renal carcinoma, coronavirus infections, and gene expression without addressing proteomics or the study of proteins expressed in a cell.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: AMF treatment increased PH, SFW and SDW, induced dry matter accumulation in all parts and enhanced the and LKC in seedlings, therefore, the findings are in agreement with previous experiments (Etesami et al. , 2021). On the whole, the primary contribution of AMF is considered as increasing the supply of nutrients to plants, in particular, ionic forms of poor-mobility ones such as ammonium, phosphate, copper and zinc (Barea et al. , 2005). Neuman and George (2010) indicated that AMF both directly contributes to nutrient uptake by symbiotic pathway, and also indirectly influences it via alteration of the root system and functioning and soil properties of mycorrhizosphere. It is considered that AMF hyphae may be able to achieve in smaller soil pores due to their thin diameter, thereby, they can exhibit better competition against soil microbes for nutrient resources. Moreover, AMF might enhance the chemical mobilization of nutrients via activation of inorganic phosphate and ammonium transporters, as well as, plant morphological growth (Banasiak et al. , 2021). Thus, AMF applications promoted nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake and transportation to aboveground parts of plants and enhanced morphological growth of roots and shoots in all cultivars. Besides, individual and combined application of vermicompost caused a remarkable promotion of nutrient uptake and seedling growth. It is considered to be caused by alteration of soil carbon and nutrient pools depending on vermicompost doses. Sarma et al. , (2018) denoted that vermicompost application led to increasing soil organic carbon, C-mineralization and soil respiration. So, these changes promote C transportation to AMF, nutrient uptake by hype and transmit to plant roots and increase seedling growth and development. Ceritoglu et al. , (2018) pointed out that vermicompost enhances soil nutrient pool, promotes microbial activity and improves physiological properties. This experiment also presented that N-P-K uptake gradually increased by individual application of vermicompost and continued to increase by the synergistic influence of AMF. In particular, the LPC increased from 28% to 40% depending on individual vermicompost doses, however, it achieved 72% with AMF treatment. The findings are in agreement with Etesami et al. , (2021) who reviewed the effectiveness of AMF on phosphorus uptake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) treatments enhance nutrient uptake for plants, specifically highlighting their role in increasing the supply of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. It states 'AMF applications promoted nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake...,' supporting the assertion that these fungi improve nutrient availability in soils. Furthermore, the text mentions that AMF can influence root system functioning and soil properties, which aligns with the claim of improving nutrient uptake in nutrient-poor soils.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 1; Tingley et al. 2014). Furthermore, the cold bias is larger in magnitude in high-latitude regions where photosynthesis is inferred to be more limited by light (Nemani et al. 2003), supporting the hypothesis that trees respond directly to decreases in light availability. Pyrheliometer measurements indicate that the atmospheric transmissivity was reduced for substantially longer following Krakatoa (~3 years) than following Novarupta (~1 years; Kimball 1918). In both cases the tree-ring cold bias persists for a period similar to the period of reduced atmospheric transmissivity (Fig. 1e,f). Figure 2: Comparison of the tree-ring density response to volcanic eruptions of the last 700 years with local estimates of light limitation and spatial variability in the response to global dimming (Stine and Huybers 2014). (A) Volcanic response in strongly (blue) and weakly (orange) light-limited regions. (B) Volcanic response in regions with strong (blue) and weak (orange) decline in density relative to temperature during period of global dimming. Comparison of volcanic tree-ring response to (C) light limitation and to (D) global dimming across the boreal region. Whereas the instrumental period contains only a small number of eruptions with a clear response in both the instrumental and tree ring records, 32 major eruptions were recorded in the northern hemisphere ice-core record in just the last 700 years (Gao et al. 2007). Across the high-northern latitudes a close correspondence exists between the magnitude of the tree-ring response to volcanism and estimates of the relative importance of light availability in limiting plant growth (Fig. 2c; Nemani et al. 2003). The reduction in tree-ring density following the major volcanic eruptions of the last 700 years was, on average, twice as large in high-northern latitude regions where light-limitation on photosynthesis is strong, compared with regions where light limitation on photosynthesis is weaker (Fig. 2a). Similar results are found for tree-ring widths (Stine and Huybers 2014). The concordance between the volcanic response and patterns of light limitation to growth suggests that, in the boreal regions that are more strongly light limited, tree growth responds directly to both the reduction in temperature and the reduction in photosynthetically available radiation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that tree rings do respond to volcanic eruptions and can be affected by environmental disturbances such as changes in light availability. It specifically mentions that 'the reduction in tree-ring density following the major volcanic eruptions of the last 700 years was, on average, twice as large in high-northern latitude regions,' indicating that tree-ring data is indeed useful for studying past volcanic activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4117423/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under RevisionVersion 1posted 7You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractwith diabetes are at risk of developing diabetic keratopathy (DK). The pathophysiological mechanisms of DK and associated biomarkers remain unclear. However, tear analysis provides crucial insights into DK. Thus, we conducted a quantitative proteomic analysis of tears from DK patients to identify differentially expressed proteins and potential pathways associated with DK. prospective case-controlled study included patients admitted to between October 2022 and February 2023. We examined 22 eyes with DK and 11 control eyes without DK. General characteristics and dry eye-related features were recorded, including those observed using ocular surface analysis, conjunctival impression cytology, and tear ferning tests. Tear fluid was collected using Schirmer strips after ensuring group similarity in confounders. Proteins were analysed through four-dimensional label-free mass spectrometry. Differential proteins were subjected to analyses of of Genes and Genomes. A protein–protein interaction network map was constructed. the 2733 proteins identified, 313 (156 upregulated and 157 downregulated) differentially expressed proteins were screened. analysis revealed that these differentially expressed proteins mainly participated in mRNA decay, nuclear transcription, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that these differentially expressed proteins could be involved in pathways, such as arginine biosynthesis, extracellular matrix-receptor interactions, and lysosome-related processes. biosynthesis and extracellular matrix-receptor interactions may be involved in DK pathogenesis. These findings may enhance the understanding of DK among ophthalmologists. Biological sciences/Biological techniques/Analytical biochemistryHealth sciences/Diseases/Eye diseases/Corneal diseasesBiological sciences/Cell biology/Mechanisms of diseaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionDiabetic keratopathy (DK), first described in 1981,1 is characterised by xerophthalmia, recurrent corneal epithelial erosion, persistent corneal epithelial defects, recurrent corneal ulcers, and corneal hypoesthesia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about proteomics directly. It discusses a study related to diabetic keratopathy (DK) and tear protein analysis, mentioning quantitative proteomic analysis of tears and identification of differentially expressed proteins. However, it does not provide a general definition or overview of what proteomics entails, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Muthukumar and Udaiyan (2002) stated that organic manures have a promotive impact on the effectiveness of AMF and soil N-P-C pool and more, there are strong positive correlations between nutrient uptake, plant growth and yield depending on mycorrhizal and organic applications. Although AMF treatment promoted nutrient uptake and plant development compared with control seedlings, its alone performance was not satisfactory in the experiment. The reason for this situation is guessed to be caused by the photosynthetic pathway of cowpea (C3). Wilson and Hartnett (1998) stated that plants containing the C3 photosynthetic pathway such as legumes have low mycorrhizal response over other species including the C4 pathway. In conclusion, vermicompost application is an eco-friendly and effective scenario for nutrient uptake and seedling growth in cowpea cultivation and more, combined application of vermicompost with AMF has a noteworthy synergistic influence on each other. individual AMF application had a positive impact compared with control seedlings, individual performance of vermicompost was more effective on investigated characteristics. Moreover, combined application of them exhibited a remarkable performance and increasing concentration of vermicompost induced AMF effectiveness, nutrient uptake and seedling growth. In particular, phosphorus uptake was noteworthy induced by combined AMF and 45% vermicompost treatment. The AMF inoculation with 45% vermicompost amendment highly induced seedling growth and nutrient uptake in cowpea plants. . 588. Arancon, N. , Edwards, C. A. (2011). The use of Vermicomposts as for Production of Field Crops. In: Vermiculture Technology: Earthworms, Organic Wastes, and Environmental Management. [. (eds)]. . Banasiak, J. , Jamruszka, T. , Murray, J. D. , Jasinski, M. (2021). A roadmap of plant membrane transporters in arbuscular mycorrhizal and legume-rhizobium symbioses. Plant Physiology. 187(4): 2071-2091. Barea, J. M. , Werner, D. , Azcón-Guilar, C. , Azcón, R. (2005). Interactions of and Nitrogen-in Sustainable Agriculture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) treatment promoted nutrient uptake and plant development in seedlings, which aligns with the notion that mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient acquisition. It also highlights the synergistic effect of combining AMF with vermicompost, leading to increased nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus. This supports the claim regarding mycorrhizal fungi's role in nutrient improvement in plants, especially in scenarios involving nutrient-poor soils.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Light and growth There are a number of different frameworks for thinking about the role of light variability in modulating productivity, not all of which can be considered entirely consistent with each other. Manipulation studies have directly shown that tree-ring growth in the tropics increases in response to increased light availability (Graham et al. 2003). Approach (CASA) carbon cycle model treats productivity as directly proportional to light availability, multiplied by a growth limitation term which may be controlled by temperature or moisture availability depending on local environmental conditions (Potter et al. 1993). The VS model of tree-ring growth incorporates this formulation as well (Vaganov et al. 2006). Satellite-based estimates of productivity assume proportionality to surface insolation and infer the efficiency at which this light is used from the spectra of surface reflectance (Running et al. 2004). Global climate models include light limitation as one of several competing forms of environmental limitation that can modulate carbon uptake. Laboratory-based studies of photosynthesis, in contrast, tend to emphasize the ability of photosynthesis to proceed at a constant rate across a broad range of light intensities (Long et al. 1994). Global dimming Two lines of evidence – the spatial pattern of the volcanic tree-ring response, and the difference between this response in tree rings and in thermometer measurements – support the notion that a reduction in solar radiation will lead to a decrease in growth in some tree-ring records. From 1955-1975, a reduction in shortwave radiation was observed in many regions of the world, including at high-northern latitudes (Wild 2009). Over this same period, tree-ring density in many boreal regions exhibited a negative trend relative to temperature. Interestingly, the pattern of these trends in tree-ring growth relative to temperature is correlated with the pattern of tree-ring density anomalies following volcanic eruptions (Fig. 2b,d). A competing interpretation exists, which indicates that divergence results from methodological and data treatment decisions (Esper et al. 2010). However, a simulation using synthetic data showed that the imprint of a global dimming on tree-ring growth is more clearly detectable when, instead of using a difference methodology (Esper et al. 2010), a regression approach is employed to isolate non-temperature components in the tree-ring record (Stine and Huybers 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that tree-ring density in many boreal regions exhibited a negative trend relative to temperature and is correlated with tree-ring density anomalies following volcanic eruptions, indicating that tree rings can indeed be used to study past volcanic activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: 2,3 Worldwide, approximately 70% of patients with diabetes are at risk of developing DK. 2,4 Owing to the insidious onset and non-specific clinical manifestations, patients often seek medical attention only when they experience vision problems. Delayed diagnosis and treatment impede the optimal prevention and management of blindness, imposing a considerable economic burden on healthcare systems. 5,6 Although the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DK remain unclear, several theories have been proposed. 7 One theory suggests that advanced glycation end products are deposited in the corneal epithelial basement membrane, altering the adhesion and migration of epithelial cells. 8 Advanced glycation end products may promote the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activate inflammatory pathways, leading to corneal nerve axon degeneration and changes in nerve function. 9 Another theory proposes that abnormal expression of epidermal and hepatocyte growth factors and insulin-like growth factor-1 causes abnormal intracellular signal transduction in corneal cells. 10 A third theory posits that high-glucose environments increase matrix metalloproteinase expression and activity, resulting in an abnormal corneal epithelial basement membrane and inhibition of corneal epithelial repair. 10 In a chronic high-sugar environment, excess glucose is converted into sorbitol and fructose with considerable consumption of NADPH. 7 This process inhibits Na+/K + enzyme activity in nerve cells, causing structural damage in corneal nerve cells, increased cellular oxidative stress response, and eventual apoptosis of keratocytes. 7 Finally, in patients with diabetes, constantly elevated blood glucose and fatty acid levels lead to excessive production of NADH and FADH2, thus disrupting the mitochondrial proton gradient. 11 This disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, generates large ROS amounts, and causes a cascade of damage and oxidative stress, resulting in mitochondrial respiratory function impairment in corneal cells and finally corneal cell damage. 11–13 DK is the most common clinical disease affecting the ocular surface. 14 Therefore, effective methods for diagnosing and treating DK are needed. Tears are a specialised type of ocular fluid that constantly exchange biochemical and physiological substances with corneal epithelial cells and thus reflect the corneal state. 15 Therefore, tear analysis is significant for understanding ocular health status and providing insights into DK. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is unrelated to the claim concerning proteomics. Instead, it discusses diabetic keratopathy (DK) and the underlying mechanisms related to diabetes and corneal health. The claim about proteomics implies a focus on the study of proteins, whereas the text is centered on diabetes and its ocular complications, failing to mention proteins or proteomics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: In: Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress. [D. Werner, W. E. Newton (eds)]. Springer, Dordrecht. Cavagnaro, T. (2015). 321. Ceritoglu, M. , Erman, M. , Ceritoglu, F. , Bektas, H. (2021). The response of grain legumes to vermicompost at germination and seedling stages. Legume Research. 44(8): 936-941. Ceritoglu, M. , Þahin, S. , Erman, M. (2018). Effects of vermicompost on plant growth and soil structure. of Agriculture and Food Sciences. 32(3): 607-615. Etesami, H. , Jeong, B. R. , Glick, B. R. (2021). Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and silicon to P uptake by plant: A review. Frontiers in Plant Science. 12: 699-618. Jackson, M. L. (1973). Analysis. of India, New Delhi. Joshi, R. , Singh, J. , Vig, A. P. (2015). Vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer and biocontrol agent: Effect on growth, yield and quality of plants. Reviews in and Bio/Technology. 14: 137-159. Muthukumar, T. and Udaiyan, K. (2002). Growth and yield of cowpea as influenced by changes in arbuscular mycorrhiza in response to organic manuring. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 188(2): 123-132. Neumann, E. and George, E. (2010). Nutrient Uptake: Symbiosis as a Acquisition Strategy. In: Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: Physiology and Function. [Koltai, H. , Kapulnik, Y. (eds)]. Springer, Dordrecht. Omomowo, O. I. and Babalola, O. O. (2021). Constraints and prospects of improving cowpea productivity to ensure food, nutritional security and environmental sustainability. Frontiers in Plant Science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to nutrient uptake by plants, specifically referencing their role in enhancing phosphorus uptake as indicated in the source by Etesami et al. (2021). This aligns with the claim that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake, which is particularly beneficial in nutrient-poor soils.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: in through your institution issueSAF and Silvicultureand search term Advance 10. 1093/forsci/fxz018 Published: 31 May 2019 10. 1093/forsci/fxz018 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issueSAF and Silvicultureand search term issueSAF and Silvicultureand search term architecture (here, the size distribution combined with the spatial pattern of individuals) of natural forest at demographic equilibrium can be used to infer the demographic processes that drive the forest dynamics. In particular, a constant growth rate and a constant mortality rate for all trees would generate an exponential distribution of their size, whereas the metabolic scaling theory predicts a power distribution. In an undisturbed tropical rainforest in French Guiana, the diameter distribution was significantly steeper than the best-fit exponential distribution and significantly flatter than the best-fit power distribution. A simple individual-based model of forest dynamics with asymmetric competition between trees, where the strength of competition was regulated by a single parameter, was able to predict the observed distribution. Competition drove the forest into a self-organized state with stronger inequalities of size among trees, a lower mean competition index, and a spatial pattern of trees that deviated from complete spatial randomness. demographic modeling, forest dynamics, French Guiana, scaling theory, space-dependent competitionManagement and Policy ImplicationsBecause of the timescales involved in forest management, models of forest dynamics have long been used as decisionmaking tools for sustainable forest management. They have been used in particular to predict the tree size distribution at the stand level that is an efficient summary for the harvest planning of selectively logged and naturally regenerating tropical forests. With the current concern in climate change, more tractable models of forest dynamics that can be scaled up to the regional or global level are needed. An approach for designing such models is to identify universal biological processes that shape the forest structure, to understand the drivers of forest dynamics and disentangle the processes that are the same everywhere from those that are site-specific. Stand-level tree diameter distributions in natural forests have a remarkably universal reverse-J shape. The current study showed that this reverse J-shaped distribution was consistent with a simple description of the asymmetric competition between trees. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing research on forest dynamics in tropical regions, specifically mentioning a study in an undisturbed tropical rainforest in French Guiana. This suggests that dendrochronological studies can be conducted in tropical forests, but it does not support the claim that only tropical trees can be used for such studies. Instead, it implies the need for further models that apply to trees at a wider range of ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: 16 Moreover, tears may contain DK biomarkers, and tear proteomic analysis may provide insights into the pathogenesis underlying DK. We investigated tear proteomic differences between individuals with and without DK using four-dimensional label-free mass spectrometry. Subjects and design The research protocol and data collection were performed in accordance with the guidelines set out in the Declaration of Helsinki of the Association. of Zhujiang Hospital, University (approval number: 2022-KY-219-01), reviewed and approved all procedures. All participants read and understood the study’s nature, purpose, risks, and procedures and signed an informed consent form. The following data were collected: age, sex, medication history within the previous 6 months, medication allergies, ocular medication history within the previous month, diabetes duration, ocular disease, surgical history, and other systemic disease histories. Ophthalmic examination included basic examination of the eye, ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score, comprehensive analysis of the ocular surface, tear ferning test, and conjunctival impression cytology. All participating researchers were qualified ophthalmologists. Study participants We prospectively included 33 eyes with diabetic retinopathy treated in the Department of Endocrinology and Department of Ophthalmology of of University between October 2022 and February 2023. The case group included 22 eyes with DK, and the control group included 11 eyes without DK. The inclusion criteria for the case group were as follows: diabetic retinopathy and a ≥ 5-year history of diabetes; abnormal corneal perception and corneal epithelium in one or both eyes; and positive corneal fluorescein staining, with more than five spots in the examined eye. The inclusion criteria for the control group were as follows: diabetic retinopathy and a ≥ 5-year history of diabetes; no abnormalities in corneal perception or corneal epithelium; and negative corneal fluorescein staining, with no more than five fluorescein staining spots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding proteomics. It discusses tear proteomic analysis in the context of diabetic keratopathy (DK) and outlines study protocols and participant inclusion criteria, but it does not define or elaborate on what proteomics studies entail. Thus, it fails to either support or contradict the claim about proteomics more broadly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: A new approach to understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human healthDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-6-7Submitted on Mar 14, 2008Accepted on May 29, 2008Published on May 29, 20084. 0 the earth rotates, all species on the surface of the planet are exposed to 24-hour patterns of light and darkness. In response to these regular, daily oscillations to the natural light-dark cycle, these species have evolved endogenous circadian rhythms that repeat approximately every 24 hours [1,2]. Examples of circadian rhythms include oscillations in core body temperature [3], hormone secretion [4], sleep [5], and alertness [6]. Circadian oscillations also exist at a cellular level, including cell mitosis and DNA damage response [7,8]. These oscillations are a result of a small group of clock genes inside the cell nuclei creating interlocked transcriptional and post-translational feedback loops. The timing of these circadian clock genes is generally orchestrated by a master biological clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) [9] of the hypothalamus of the brain [10]. The master clock in the SCN provides precise time cues throughout the body to regulate these diverse physiological, hormonal, and behavioral circadian patterns. However, in total darkness the timing of the SCN will become asynchronous with the solar day because in humans the period of the master clock is slightly longer than 24 hours [1]. To maintain synchrony with the external world, the light-dark pattern incident on the retina resets the timing of the SCN, so that as we travel across time zones, we can entrain our biological functions to the local environment. If the period of the light-dark pattern is too long or too short, or if the light and dark exposures become aperiodic, the master clock can lose control of the timing of peripheral circadian clocks. Maintaining the phase-relation ordering of the various circadian rhythms from molecular to behavioral levels appears to be crucial for coordinated functions throughout the human body. Lack of synchrony between the master clock and the peripheral clocks can lead to asynchronies within cells (e. g. , cell cycle) and between organ systems (e. g. , liver and pancreas). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that disruption of circadian rhythms can create asynchrony between the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and peripheral clocks in the body, which in turn can lead to asynchronies within cells and between organ systems. The implication is that these disruptions can have adverse consequences on physiological functions that may contribute to metabolic disorders and obesity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: Using data from an undisturbed natural forest in French Guiana, the current study aimed to investigate the role of competitive spatial tree interactions in shaping the diameter distribution at the stand level, and thus to propose a mechanism for explaining a universal characteristic of diameter structure in natural forests. A simple individual-based space-dependent model of forest dynamics was designed, where the strength of competition was regulated by a single parameter. A null competition strength coincided with an exponential distribution for diameter. Following Occam’s razor, the model was deliberately kept as simple as possible to assess which minimum set of biological processes could account for the observed diameter distribution at the stand level. Materials and Paracou experimental site (5°18′N, 52°23′W) is located in a terra firme rainforest, in the coastal part of under an equatorial climate with two main seasons (Gourlet-Fleury et al. 2004). The annual rainfall is 3041 mm, and the altitude varies from 5 m to about 45 m above sea level. The geological formation consists of schists and sandstones, locally crossed by veins of pegmatite, aplite, and quartz. The dominant tree families are Caesalpinaceae, Lecythidaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, and Sapotaceae. In 1984, twelve 250 m × 250 m permanent plots were set up and surveyed. Three types of silvicultural treatments of increasing intensity, combining selective logging and additional thinning, were applied to nine plots between 1986 and 1988. The three other plots were left as controls. These four treatments defined four levels of forest disturbance. All trees with a diameter at breast height (dbh) of 10 cm were identified and mapped. Species identification was conducted to the species level whenever possible, to the genus level, or using vernacular names that enclose several genera. The census has been repeated every year or every two years since 1984. The observed mean growth rate and the observed mortality rate at Paracou were estimated using the data from all plots before 1986 (i. e. , before silvicultural treatments) and from the control plots until 1997. The observed dbh distribution was obtained from all 12 plots in 1984. Data are provided in Supplement 3. An exponential distribution and a power distribution were fitted to the observed dbh distribution using the maximum likelihood estimator of their parameter (Clauset et al. 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text clarifies that the study was conducted in an undisturbed natural forest located in French Guiana, which emphasizes that dendrochronological studies can be undertaken in tropical regions. However, it does not limit such studies to only tropical regions, suggesting that trees in other biomes may also be applicable, thus contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: Additionally, we excluded patients with hypersensitivity to sodium fluorescein; skin mucinosis, autoimmune diseases, and systemic infectious diseases; eye surgery or eye trauma within 3 months; lacrimal punctum embolisation, ocular infection, and use of atropine, antihistamines, β-blockers, systemic oral contraceptives, and diuretics within 1 month; severe meibomian gland dysfunction and severe dry eyes; and use of artificial tears within 2 h. OSDI score and corneal sensory examination All patients completed the OSDI questionnaire, and the scores were calculated. Corneal sensation was then assessed using a disposable cotton swab to make a cotton thread for touching the cornea between the patient’s lower pupillary border and corneal limbus thrice, while avoiding the patient’s line of sight during the inspection. Sensation was recorded as ‘normal’, with obvious tactile sensation and blinking action in all three instances; ‘decreased’, with tactile sensation in only one or two instances but no blinking action; or ‘disappeared’, with no tactile sensation in all three instances and no blinking action. An assessment of ‘decreased’ or ‘disappeared’ sensation indicated abnormal corneal sensitivity. Tear sample extraction and analysis Tear samples for mass spectrometry analysis were collected using Schirmer strips, which were placed on the middle and outer one-third of the lower eyelid for 5 min. Samples for the tear ferning test were collected using a disposable microcapillary tube, with 1 µL of tear fluid obtained from the lower eyelid tear river or conjunctival sac. All tear samples were added to the bottom of an Eppendorf tube, immediately frozen, and stored at − 80°C until analysis. Tear ferning test For analysis, the tear fluid was thawed and centrifuged at 20°C. The tears were evenly spread on a clean glass slide, dried at 20℃ for 15 min, observed under a microscope, and graded according to the Rolando grading method. 17 Ocular surface analysis Ocular surface analysis was performed using a corneal topography instrument (Oculus Company, Germany), and the data were recorded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various patient exclusions and procedures related to ocular surface analysis and tear sample collection, without any mention of proteomics or the study of proteins expressed in a cell.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: This breakdown in synchrony, as demonstrated most profoundly with jet lag, disrupts sleep [11], digestion [12], and alertness [13]. Chronic disruptions can contribute to cardiovascular anomalies [14] and accelerated cancerous tumour growth [15] in animal models. In humans, epidemiological studies have shown that rotating-shift nurses, who experience a marked lack of synchrony between activity-rest patterns and light-dark cycles (as shown in this report), are at higher risk of having breast cancer compared to day-shift nurses [16]. In fact, the Organization has identified rotating-shift work as a probable cause of cancer [17]. In addition to heightened cancer risks, other disorders have been associated with rotating-shift work, such as diabetes and obesity, suggesting again a role for circadian disruption in the development and progression of diseases [18]. Despite the growing evidence that circadian disruption negatively affects human health [18,19], the logical chain linking light-induced circadian disruption to morbidity and mortality still has not been forged. If the impact of circadian disruption is to be studied with any degree of accuracy, it is important to quantitatively characterize light and dark as it affects the human circadian system because the light-dark pattern is the primary synchronizing stimulus for our circadian system [1]. It is also necessary to quantify the temporal characteristics of circadian light and dark exposures actually experienced by people [20]. Without quantification of the actual circadian light and dark exposures experienced by people, it will be difficult to relate the findings from controlled laboratory studies of light-induced circadian disruption in humans to the expected health of any human sub-population, including rotating-shift workers. These actual circadian light and dark exposures in human populations must also be incorporated into parametric studies using animal models as surrogates for particular human diseases or maladies if we are to gain any detailed insight into the role of circadian disruption on human health. Since nocturnal species are used almost exclusively as animal models in this research, a method needs to be established to relate actual circadian light and dark exposures in humans to parametrically controlled exposures of light and dark using these animal models [21]. This paper is concerned with patterns of circadian light and dark as they affect behavioral entrainment and how more sophisticated studies of the relationship between light-induced circadian disruption and human health might be conducted. Here we present original data from the Daysimeter [20], a device for simultaneously recording light-dark and activity-rest data in humans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how chronic disruptions to circadian rhythms, specifically in rotating-shift workers, have been linked to various health disorders, including diabetes and obesity. The phrase 'other disorders have been associated with rotating-shift work, such as diabetes and obesity' directly supports the claim that disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: If structured by a grouping factor (such as the species to account for genetic differences, or location to account for microsite differences), tree-level variability would rather correspond to a finite mixture of McKendrick equations. All these alternate processes are non-spatial. The spatial pattern of trees then offers a complementary view on the process driving the dbh structure. With non-spatial biological processes, the spatial pattern of trees would be expected not to deviate from CSR. Because the overall spatial pattern of trees in the model of forest dynamics was random, the spatial arrangement of dbh in the simulated forests consisted of a dependence between dbh and tree location. The marked spatial pattern of trees at Paracou exhibited this dependence between dbh and location, but moreover the unmarked spatial pattern of trees was non-random (Picard et al. 2009). The significantly lower mean competition index at Paracou than expected under CSR meant that the value of Ripley’s K function at a distance of 6 m was less than π × 62, i. e. , that the spatial pattern of trees at Paracou was regular at a distance of 6 m. A more careful examination has shown that this regularity was due to large trees, i. e. , that the spatial pattern of trees shifted from random to regular as their size increased (Picard et al. 2009). This pattern is not specific to Paracou but has been observed in many natural tropical forests (et al. 2010). Therefore, competition is likely to influence simultaneously the spatial pattern of trees and the spatial arrangement of their dbh (Turnbull et al. 2007, Eichhorn 2010). The current study showed that the latter was actually sufficient to explain the departure from exponentiality of the dbh distribution. of the addition to the reduced level of self-organization with increased mortality, a testable prediction of our model is the appearance of a rotated sigmoid shape when mortality is very low (open circles in Figure 4a), or of multimodality in the dbh distribution for single cohorts of trees (open triangles in Figure 4b and c). The former distribution pattern can be observed in tropical rain forests for long-lived light-demanding species (Fournier and Sasson 1983, p. 119) but has mainly been explained as a consequence of size-dependent growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of tree patterns and behaviors observed in tropical forests, specifically highlighting that certain distribution patterns can be found in tropical rain forests for long-lived light-demanding species. This implies that while tropical trees exhibit unique patterns, it does not support the exclusivity implied in the claim regarding the use of trees from only tropical regions for dendrochronological studies, as it opens the possibility for similar studies to occur in other non-tropical contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: The observed lipid layer of the tear film was scored based on the following features: colour (rich [0 points] or single [1 point]), lipid layer distribution (uniform [0 points] or uneven [1 point]), and lipid layer thickness (normal [0 points], thin [1 point], or thick [2 points]). The meibomian glands were analysed for deformation or absence. The absence of upper and lower meibomian glands was classified as follows: normal (0 points), missing < 1/3 (1 point), > 1/3 missing < 2/3 (2 points), or missing > 2/3 (3 points). Meibomian gland deformations were defined as straight (0 points) or tortuous (1 point). Meibomian gland opening was described as without blockage (0 points) or with blockage (1 point). After ocular surface analysis, corneal fluorescein staining and first tear breakup time examinations were performed. Conjunctival imprint cytology Before specimen collection, proparacaine hydrochloride eye drops were instilled in the eye. The rough surface of an acetate filter paper was then placed on the bulbar conjunctiva at the corneal edge of the superior temporal quadrant and evenly pressed with a glass rod for 10 s. The specimens were carefully stripped using edentulous forceps and immediately fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde tissue fixation solution after slight drying at 20°C. The fixed specimens were stored at 4℃ and stained with periodic acid-Schiff within 24 h. The periodic acid-Schiff staining results were graded according to the Nelson method. 18 Protein sample extraction strips containing tear samples were retrieved from the − 80°C freezer, a lysis buffer (8 M urea, 1% protease inhibitor) was added to the samples, and ultrasonic lysis and centrifugation were performed at 12 000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C to remove cell debris. After centrifugation, the supernatant was transferred to a new centrifuge tube, and the protein concentration was determined using a BCA kit (). Then, the tear samples were mixed randomly into five samples with similar concentrations according to the case group and control group. (200 µg) was obtained from each sample for enzymatic hydrolysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly relate to the claim about proteomics. Instead, it discusses various procedures and assessments related to tear film, meibomian glands, and protein sample extraction. While it does mention protein sample extraction, the broader context focuses on ocular surface analysis and specific methods rather than providing information about the overall field of proteomics and its scope.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Significantly, these data reveal relationships between circadian light-dark patterns actually experienced by day-shift and rotating-shift nurses and their own activity-rest patterns. Original data are also presented for two groups of rats, one placed on a 12L:12D pattern of light and dark and the other placed on a 12L:12D pattern of light and dark regularly reversing every 48 hours. We present a novel methodology to quantify circadian entrainment/disruption in both diurnal and nocturnal species, so as to allow researchers to make direct comparisons of circadian entrainment/disruption across species. Attention to circadian entrainment/disruption, rather than to activity alone or to light and dark, per se, makes it possible to circumvent the diurnal-nocturnal conundrum plaguing many comparative studies of light-induced circadian entrainment/disruption using animal models. We found that the circadian entrainment/disruption patterns for day-shift and rotating-shift nurses were remarkably different, but they were remarkably similar to the patterns for two parallel groups of nocturnal rodents. The marked differences in circadian entrainment/disruption patterns within species together with the marked similarities in circadian entrainment/disruption across species, in addition to the new method for quantifying circadian entrainment/disruption, suggest that health-related problems associated with circadian disruption in humans can be parametrically studied using animal models. and characterizing circadian entrainment patterns actually experienced by humans Daysimeter was developed as a head-worn light-dosimeter and activity monitor to address measurements of the spectral and spatial response of the human circadian system (Figure 1) [20]. Two detectors are used to characterize the spectral-opponent, subadditive response of the circadian system to polychromatic light and thereby provide measurements of the circadian light stimulus (CS) for humans (Figure 2) [22]. A transfer function relating CS to nocturnal melatonin suppression was also developed [22] to characterize the effective stimulus for non-visual responses associated with optical radiation on the retina (Figure 3). Entrainment to the circadian light-dark pattern is not directly related to nocturnal melatonin suppression, but as demonstrated by Zeitzer et al. [23], both light-induced phase shifting and nocturnal melatonin suppression in humans appear to have similar, if not identical, functional relationships to optical radiation of the same spectral power distribution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing circadian disruption patterns observed in humans and animal models. It points out that 'health-related problems associated with circadian disruption in humans can be parametrically studied using animal models,' which aligns with the idea that disrupting circadian rhythms can lead to negative health outcomes, including metabolic disorders and obesity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: 2016. Dominance of the suppressed: Power-law size structure in tropical forests. Science 351(6269):155–157. 1983. Écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux d’Afrique. and. 476 p. 1997. A process-based, terrestrial biosphere model of ecosystem dynamics (Hybrid v3. 0). Ecol. Model. 95(2–3):249–287. 1996. Null models in ecology. . 2004. Ecology and management of a neotropical rainforest. Lessons drawn from Paracou, a long-term experimental research site in French Guiana. Elsevier, Paris. 311 p. 2000. Modelling diameter increment in a lowland evergreen rain forest in French Guiana. For. Ecol. Manag. 131(1–3):269–289. 2005. Recent and classical tests for exponentiality: A partial review with comparisons. Metrika 61:29–45. 2003. Tree species differentiation in growth, recruitment and allometry in relation to maximum height in a Bornean mixed dipterocarp forest. J. Ecol. 91(5):797–806. 2013. A general combined model to describe tree-diameter distributions within subtropical and temperate forest communities. Oikos 122(11):1636–1642. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: H. MacLecture. Ecology 73(6):1943–1967. 2009. Assessing self-organization of plant communities—a thermodynamic approach. Ecol. Model. 220(6):784–790. 1900. Sapinières. École Nationale du Génie et Forêts, Nancy, France. 82 p. 1998. Aggregation of individual trees and patches in forest succession models: Capturing variability with height structured, random, spatial distributions. Theor. Pop. Biol. 54(3):213–226. 1978. Stand structure and allometry of trees during self-thinning of pure stands. J. Ecol. 66(2):599–614. 2006. Comparing tropical forest tree size distributions with the predictions of metabolic ecology and equilibrium models. Ecol. Lett. 9(5):589–602. 1995. Details that matter: The spatial distribution of individual trees maintains forest ecosystem function. Oikos 74(3):357–365. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text mentions studies and ecological research that focus on various aspects of forest ecology, including tropical forests, but also includes references to subtropical and temperate forests. Specifically, the mention of a 'general combined model to describe tree-diameter distributions within subtropical and temperate forest communities' indicates that ecosystems outside of tropical regions can also be studied, which contrasts with the claim that only trees from tropical regions are used in dendrochronological studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: The volume was adjusted to the same using lysis solution, and dithiothreitol was added to achieve a final concentration of 5 mM and reduced at 56℃ for 30 min. Next, iodoacetamide was added to achieve a final concentration of 11 mM and incubated at 20℃ in the dark for 15 min. The alkylated sample was transferred to an ultrafiltration tube and centrifuged at 12 000 g for 20 min at 20℃. Then, 8 M urea was used to replace urea thrice; next, a replacement buffer was used to replace urea thrice. Trypsin was added in a 1:50 ratio (protease:protein, m/m) and hydrolysed overnight at 37℃. Centrifugation (12 000 ×g) was performed for 10 min at 20℃ to recover the peptide segment. The peptide segment was recovered once with double distilled water, and the two peptide segment solutions were merged for later use. Finally, the combined peptides were desalted using the SPE column. Four-dimensional mass spectrometry The peptide segment was dissolved in liquid chromatography mobile phase A and separated using the NanoElute ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system. Mobile phase A constituted an aqueous solution containing 0. 1% formic acid and 2% acetonitrile, and mobile phase B was an acetonitrile aqueous solution containing 0. 1% formic acid. The liquid phase gradient setting was as follows: 0–70 min, 6–24% B; 70–84 min, 24–32% B; 84–87 min, 32–80% B; and 87–90 min, 80% B; the flow rate was maintained at 450 nL/min. The peptide segments were separated using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system and injected into a capillary ion spray for ionisation, followed by timsTOF Pro mass spectrometry analysis. The ion source voltage was set to 1. 7 kV, and the peptide parent ions and their secondary fragments were detected and analysed using high-resolution TOF. The scanning range of the secondary mass spectrometry was set to 100–1700. Data were collected in the parallel accumulative serial fragmentation mode. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the definition or scope of proteomics. Instead, it focuses on detailed laboratory procedures involving mass spectrometry and peptide analysis, which are techniques that may be utilized in proteomics, but does not directly address the claim about proteomics studying the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: The pattern of the rotating-shift nurse is of much lower amplitude and very distorted compared to the smoothly varying and periodic behavioral entrainment-correlation pattern of the day-shift nurse. Figure 6 Behavioral entrainment-correlation functions. Behavioral entrainment-correlation functions relating activity and light exposures for two example nurses, one day-shift nurse (Figure 6a) and one rotating-shift nurse (6b) and two example rats, a rat exposed to a regular 12L:12D pattern of light and dark (6c) and a "jet-lagged" rat exposed to a 12:12 light-dark cycle that was phase-reversed every 48 hours (6d). Nocturnal rodents The wheel running data from the 12L:12D (e. g. , see Figure 5a) rats were typical of those collected in innumerable studies, with more active periods associated with darkness and less active periods in the light. The "jet-lagged" group differed considerably from the 12L:12D group, however, in the apparent degree of association between the light-dark and the rest-activity data (e. g. , see Figure 5b). For those rats in the 12L:12D group, almost all of their wheel running occurred in darkness; although, as is usually the case, there was some activity in the light, particularly near the transition times from light to dark, and there were intervals of quiescence sporadically occurring during the dark periods. In the "jet-lagged" group of rats, the association between wheel running and darkness was markedly less pronounced. Indeed, after several reversals of the light-dark cycle, the wheel running appeared to be disassociated with either light or dark. The same analyses performed on the data from the nurses were also applied to the data from the two groups of nocturnal rodents. The light exposure values were binary for the rats, zero when no cage lighting was present and a value of one when the cage lighting was administered. A behavioral entrainment-correlation function from one typical rat in the 12L:12D group is shown in Figure 6c. The similarity between the entrainment-correlation function for the sample day-shift nurse and the 12L:12D rat are remarkable; the only apparent difference is that the latter function is shifted approximately 12 hours with respect to the former. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing how the behavioral entrainment-correlation functions of nurses with rotating shifts differ significantly from those of day-shift nurses, indicating a disruption in circadian rhythms. It mentions that the 'jet-lagged' rats, analogous to rotating-shift nurses, exhibited reduced synchronization between their activity and the light-dark cycle, suggesting that such disruptions can lead to maladaptive outcomes in behavior and potentially relate to metabolic disorders, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: 2001. Oscillatory dynamics and spatial scale: The role of noise and unresolved pattern. Ecology 82(8):2357–2369. 2003. Individual variation and environmental stochasticity: Implications for matrix model predictions. Ecology 84(2):496–510. 2009. Understanding the dynamics of an undisturbed tropical rain forest from the spatial pattern of trees. J. Ecol. 91(1):97–108. 2001. Aggregation of an individual-based space-dependent model of forest dynamics into distribution-based and space-independent models. Ecol. Model. 145(1):69–84. 2007. Crown plasticity and competition for canopy space: A new spatially implicit model parameterized for 250 tree species. 2(9):e870. 2008. Predicting and understanding forest dynamics using a simple tractable model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 105(44):17018–17022. 1981. Spatial statistics. & Sons, New York. 250 p. 1974. L’architecture des forêts denses humides sempervirentes de plaine. CTFT, Nogent-sur-Marne, France. 298 p. 2007. Growth-size scaling relationships of woody plant species differ from predictions of the metabolic ecology model. Ecol. Lett. 10:889–901. 2013. The effect of drought stress on self-organisation in a seasonal tropical rainforest. Ecol. Model. 265:136–139. 2008. Scaling from trees to forests: Tractable macroscopic equations for forest dynamics. Ecol. Monogr. 78(4):523–545. 2006. Modelling dynamics of managed tropical rainforests—An aggregated approach. Ecol. Model. 199(4):421–432. 2007. How spatial structure alters population and community dynamics in a natural plant community. J. Ecol. 95(1):79–89. 2005. A strategy to improve the contribution of complex simulation models to ecological theory. Ecol. Model. 185(2–4):153–164. 1994. Modelling forest growth and yield—Applications to mixed tropical forests. . 312 p. 1999. A general model for the structure and allometry of plant vascular systems. Nature 400(6745):664–667. 1963. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses various studies related to forest dynamics and tree species, primarily focused on tropical rainforests, but does not support the notion that only tropical trees can be used for dendrochronological studies. The mention of diverse aspects of forest dynamics implies that trees from various contexts, not limited to tropical regions, could contribute to such studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: After collecting primary mass spectrometry data, the primary mass spectrometer was operated in the parallel accumulative serial fragmentation mode 10 times to collect secondary spectra with the charge number of the parent ion in the range of 0–5. The dynamic exclusion time for tandem mass spectrometry scanning was set to 30 s to avoid repeated scanning of the parent ion. The resulting tandem mass spectrometry data were processed using the MaxQuant search engine (v. 1. 6. 15. 0). Tandem mass spectra were searched against the human SwissProt database (20 389 entries) and concatenated with a reverse-decoy database. The enzyme digestion method was set to Trypsin/P, the number of missed cut positions to 2, the minimum length of the peptide segment to 7 amino acid residues, the maximum number of peptide modifications to 5, and the mass tolerance for the precursor ions to 20 ppm and 20 ppm in the first and main search, respectively. The mass tolerance for the fragment ions was set to 0. 02 Da. Carbamidomethylation on cysteine was specified as a fixed modification, while acetylation at the protein N-terminus and oxidation on methionine were specified as variable modifications. The false discovery rate was adjusted to < 1%. Identifying proteins requires at least one unique peptide segment. Differential protein screening Based on the correction intensity of each protein obtained from the mass spectrometry database search in different samples, the relative quantitative values of the sample in different samples can be obtained by converting the correction intensity of each protein in different samples through a formula (Formula 1). Formula 1: Relative quantitative conversion formula Rij = Iij/mean (Ij) Note i, j, I, and R represent the sample, protein to be converted, correction intensity of the protein obtained after searching the library, and relative quantitative value, respectively. Log2 conversion was performed on the relative quantitative values of proteins to ensure that the test data conformed to the normal distribution. A t-test was then performed on the relative quantitative values of each protein in various groups to calculate the P-value and determine the significance of the difference (Formula 2). A P-value of <. 05 indicated that the difference was significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of a mass spectrometry process and the data analysis involved, but it does not directly address the claim regarding what proteomics studies. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: This comparison between phasor magnitude ratios and IS value ratios suggests that a better assessment of behavioral entrainment can be made by relating measured activity-rest to actual light-dark exposures than to an exogenous time reference, such as local solar time, that may or may not be correlated with the actual zeitgeber for entrainment, that is, light. Figure 10 Interdaily stability (IS) statistics for the day-shift and rotating-shift nurses (a) and for the two groups of rats (b). The IV statistic was also calculated from the activity data from nurses and rats, but the values showed no significant difference between the two groups of nurses nor between the two groups of rats; the mean IV values for day-shift and rotating-shift nurses were 0. 50 and 0. 54 respectively with standard deviations of 0. 20 and 0. 16 respectively, and the mean values for the entrained and "jet-lagged" rats were 1. 10 and 1. 21 with standard deviations of 0. 28 and 0. 27 respectively. This lack of separation in IV values for the two groups of nurses and for the two groups of rats suggests that consolidation of activity patterns is not systematically related to the degree of circadian behavioral entrainment as measured either with IS values or with phasor magnitudes. paper provides a new framework for the study of the effects of circadian entrainment/disruption on human health, emphasizing three important links in the logical chain relating circadian disruption to maladies such as breast cancer, obesity, and sleep disorders [18]. First, circadian light (and dark) for humans and for animal models can now be quantitatively defined to such a degree that meaningful studies of light as a stimulus for circadian disruption can be undertaken, not only in humans but in nocturnal rodents as well. Without quantitative definitions of the light stimuli, it would simply be impossible to understand the results of any ecological study of circadian disruption on human health or how laboratory studies using animal models relate to the human condition. Second, with an understanding of circadian light, it is now possible to measure the synchrony between light-dark and activity-rest patterns in actual human living environments using tools like the Daysimeter [20]. These ecological light and activity data are necessary to develop the essential insights into circadian disruption actually experienced by modern people. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly linking circadian disruption to health issues, stating that it emphasizes 'three important links in the logical chain relating circadian disruption to maladies such as breast cancer, obesity, and sleep disorders.' This indicates that disruptions in circadian rhythms indeed have the potential to lead to obesity, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: Race to the canopy: the development of tree size hierarchies following a partial disturbance in a boreal old-growth forestand Go to 13. Long-term dynamics of the iconic old-forest lichen Usnea longissima in a protected landscape Go to 14. Synchronised disturbances in spruce- and beech-dominated forests across the largest primary mountain forest landscape in temperate to 15. Disturbance history drives current compositional and diversity patterns of primary Picea abies (L. ) Karst. forest vegetation Go to 16. Stand dynamics and structure of old-growth Fraxinus nigra stands in northern. D'Amato, Mike Reinikainen, Kyle G. Gill, and Brian J. to 17. Gap dynamics and disease-causing invasive species drive the development of an old-growth forest over 250 years Go to 18. Delay of growth release after a windthrow event and climate response in a light-demanding species (European larch Larix decidua Mill. ) Go to 19. Historical mixed-severity disturbances shape current diameter distributions of primary temperate Norway spruce mountain forests in to 20. Is the modern-day dieback of yellow-cedar unprecedented? and N. to 21. A Norway spruce tree-ring width chronology for the from the to 22. Detecting growth releases of mature retention trees in response to small-scale gap disturbances of known dates in natural-disturbance-based silvicultural systems in to 23. Floodplain forest structure and the recent decline of Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh. ) K. Koch (northern pecan) at its northern latitudinal range margin, to 24. Mixedwood silviculture in North America: the science and art of managing for complex, multi-species temperate forests1Laura S. Kenefic, John M. Kabrick, Benjamin O. Knapp, Patricia Raymond, Kenneth L. Clark, Anthony W. D’Amato, Christel C. Kern, Lance A. Vickers, Daniel C. Dey, and Nicole S. to 25. Recruitment and growth dynamics of a temperate forest understorey species following wildfire in southeast to 26. Both Cyclone‐induced and Patterns in Go to 27. Natural dynamics of temperate mountain beech-dominated primary forests in Go to 28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning various studies conducted on tree species in boreal and temperate forests, indicating that dendrochronological studies are also applicable to these non-tropical regions. It specifically discusses various dynamics and historical disturbances in tree species like Picea abies and Fraxinus nigra, which are not tropical trees, thus demonstrating that dendrochronological research is not limited to tropical trees alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: Formula 2: T-test for relative quantitative values of proteins in each group Pk = t-test (Log2 (Rik, i∈1), Log (Rik, i∈0)) Note P, R, i, I, k, 1, and 0 represent the P-value, relative quantitative value, sample, protein to be calculated, case group, and control group, respectively. Next, the following formula was used to calculate the ratio of the mean relative quantitative values of each protein in the sample in different groups as the difference multiple. The difference multiple of a certain protein between the case (1) and control groups (0) was calculated (Formula 3). Formula 3: Difference multiple calculation formula FC1/0, k = Mean (Rik, i∈1)Mean (Rik, i∈0) Note FC, R, i, k, 1, and 0 represent the multiple differences, relative quantitative value, sample, protein to be calculated, case group, and control group, respectively. A P-value of <. 05 and a difference multiple of > 1. 5 were considered a significant increase, and a difference multiple of < 1/1. 5 was considered a significant decrease. Enrichment and protein interaction network analyses The identified differential proteins were annotated using the Eggnog-mapper (v2. 1. 6) software with (GO) terms for biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyse the significance of GO enrichment for differentially expressed proteins, and the difference was considered significant at P-values of <. 05. The identified proteins were enriched in the of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. We compared the screened differential proteins with a difference multiple of > 1. 5 using the (v11. 5) protein interaction network database, extracted protein interactions with a confidence score of > 0. 7, selected the top 50 most closely interacting proteins, and visualised them using R language software. The predicted proteins were screened to generate protein interaction graphs. Statistical analyses All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25. 0. Measurement data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and were compared using the independent sample t-test. Categorical data are presented as proportions and were compared using Fisher’s exact test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about proteomics studying the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. Instead, it discusses various statistical methods and analyses related to protein expression differences and interactions without defining proteomics or its scope.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Third, it is now possible to simply and quantitatively characterize degrees of circadian entrainment/disruption; that is, the levels of synchrony between light-dark exposures and activity-rest, in both humans and animal models. A focus on entrainment, rather than light per se or activity alone, makes it possible to relate ecological studies of diurnal humans to parametric studies of diseases using nocturnal animal models. In other words, parametric studies of circadian disruption employing animal models for human diseases can now be designed and conducted so as to more accurately reflect their relevance to the actual living conditions in humans. It should be emphasized, too, that the methods presented here are not limited to the study of behavioral entrainment. Rather, this analysis provides the basis for assessing entrainment of other outcome measures from the circadian system, such as core body temperature or melatonin synthesis, to light-dark patterns. From these envisioned studies, modern maladies like diabetes, obesity, and poor sleep, as well as breast cancer and cardiovascular disease, can be meaningfully and systematically investigated. More important perhaps, forging the links identified in this paper will significantly accelerate a deeper understanding of the role of circadian disruption on human health [17] and thereby may accelerate medical treatment of these maladies with light and with drugs [33]. The techniques identified here also imply that, in the future, it will be possible to examine circadian entrainment/disruption on an individual basis so that each person can be treated with the appropriate light-dark exposure and/or with the appropriate pharmaceutical interventions. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions MSR conceived the study, lead the team in its execution and drafted major sections of the paper, AB formulated the analyses and drafted portions of the Results and Discussion sections, MGF was instrumental in acquiring the nurse data, drafted sections of the paper and provided expertise while preparing the manuscript, JDB was instrumental in acquiring the rat data and provided expertise while preparing the manuscript. All authors participated equally in discussions and the exchange of ideas during the study, and all reviewed and approved the final manuscript. 1267. [PubMed]. N. (1970). Rhythms. London Churchill. Collis, SJ and Boulton, SJ (2007). Emerging links between the biological clock and the DNA damage response Chromosoma 116: 331–339. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how modern studies can relate circadian disruption to diseases like diabetes and obesity. It emphasizes that 'modern maladies like diabetes, obesity, and poor sleep' can be systematically investigated through characterizing degrees of circadian disruption, thereby linking circadian rhythm disturbances to significant health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: Linking radial growth patterns and moderate‐severity disturbance dynamics in boreal old‐growth forests driven by recurrent insect outbreaks: A tale of opportunities, successes, and failures Go to 29. Quantifying natural disturbances using a large‐scale dendrochronological reconstruction to guide forest management Go to 30. Moderate- to High-Shaped the Structure of Abies (L. ) Karst. Forest in the Go to 31. Tree-ring-based disturbance reconstruction in interdisciplinary research: Current state and future directions Go to 32. Disturbance-based silviculture for habitat diversification: Effects on forest structure, dynamics, and carbon storage Go to 33. Climatic drivers of Picea growth differ during recruitment and interact with disturbance severity to influence rates of canopy replacement Go to 34. Disturbance history, species diversity, and structural complexity of a temperate deciduous forest Go to 35. Unveiling the Diversity of Patterns in Boreal Old-Reveals the Richness of Go to 36. Natural disturbance and stand structure of old-growth northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis) forests, northern Maine, USA Go to 37. and Dynamics of an Old-Forest in Go to 38. Secondary disturbances of low and moderate severity drive the dynamics of eastern Canadian boreal old-growth forests Go to 39. Driving factors of the growth response of Fagus sylvatica L. to disturbances: A comprehensive study from Central-European old-growth forests Go to 40. What is the temporal extension of edge effects on tree growth dynamics? A dendrochronological approach model using Scleronema micranthum (Ducke) Ducke trees of a fragmented forest in the Go to 41. A dendrochronological reconstruction of sugar maple growth and mortality dynamics in partially cut northern hardwood forests Go to 42. Drivers of basal area variation across primary late-successional Picea abies forests of the Go to 43. Drought-Response of in the Go to 44. Release response of black spruce and white spruce following overstory lodgepole pine mortality due to mountain pine beetle attack Go to 45. Testing the efficacy of tree-ring methods for detecting past disturbances Go to 46. Disturbance history of an old-growth subalpine larch forest in the Qinling Mountains, north-central to 47. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that dendrochronological studies are applicable to a variety of forest types beyond tropical regions. It references various research topics, including boreal old-growth forests and temperate deciduous forests, indicating that tree-ring analysis is used to study growth patterns and disturbances in areas outside of tropical climates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: The absence of a meibomian gland, conjunctival imprinting cytology, and lacrimal fern tests were examined using the Mann–test. Differences were considered significant at P-values of <. 05. features We collected 33 tear samples: 22 eyes in the case group and 11 eyes in the control group (age range, 48–79 years; average age, 61. 80 ± 9. 57 years). No significant between-group differences were observed in sex, age, duration of diabetes, and glycosylated haemoglobin levels (P >. 05) (Table 1). Table 1 Comparison of general characteristics between the case and control groups * Sex (male/female) 10/12 9/2. 067# Age (years, mean ± SD) 62. 73 ± 8. 913 60. 64 ± 9. 384. 537* Diabetes duration (years, mean ± SD) 13. 00 ± 5. 757 14. 18 ± 4. 070. 548* HbA1c values (%, mean ± SD) 8. 08 ± 1. 845 9. 39 ± 1. 557. 052* *Independent sample t-test; # Fisher's exact test; P >. 05 indicates an insignificant difference. HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; SD, standard deviation. Eye-related examination features The OSDI score, first tear breakup time, tear meniscus height, first non-invasive tear film breakup time, average non-invasive tear film breakup time, lipid layer colour, lipid layer distribution, and lipid layer thickness showed no significant differences between the groups. No significant differences were observed in the bulbar redness index value, loss ratio of the upper eyelid, loss ratio of the lower eyelid, out-of-shape meibomian glands, conjunctival imprint cytology findings, and tear ferning test results between the groups (P >. 05) (Tables 2–4). Table 2 Comparison of dry eye-related examination results between the case and control groups score (score, mean ± SD) 30. 70 ± 24. 468 26. 76 ± 14. 996. 629* FBUT (s, mean ± SD) 4. 95 ± 2. 058 4. 55 ± 2. 979. 647* TMH (mm, mean ± SD) 0. 30 ± 0. 108 0. 23 ± 0. 058. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various eye-related tests and comparisons between case and control groups without mentioning proteomics or the study of proteins expressed in a cell.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Zamborszky, J, Hong, CI and Csikasz Nagy, A (2007). Computational analysis of mammalian cell division gated by a circadian clock: quantized cell cycles and cell size control J 22: 542–553. [PubMed] -and Buijs, RM (2006). SCN outputs and the hypothalamic balance of life J 21: 458–469. [PubMed] and Reppert, SM (1991). Suprachiasmatic nucleus: The mind's clock. . . , Vitiello, MV and Zhdanova, IV (2007). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part II, advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, free-running disorder, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm. Academy of review Sleep 30: 1484–1501. [PubMed] Kohsaka, A and Bass, J (2007). A sense of time: how molecular clocks organize metabolism Metab 18: 4–11. [PubMed] Mallis, MM and DeRoshia, CW (2005). Circadian rhythms, sleep, and performance in space 76: B94–107. [PubMed] Lemmer, B (2006). Importance of circadian rhythms for regulation of the cardiovascular system--studies in animal and man 1: 168–170. [PubMed] Filipski, E, Li, XM and Levi, F (2006). Disruption of circadian coordination and malignant growth Control 17: 509–514. [PubMed] and Kawachi, I (2001). Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the Nurses' 93: 1563–1568. [PubMed] -Tallaa, L and Cogliano, V (2007). Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting Oncology 8: 1065. and Reinlib, L (2007). Meeting report: the role of environmental lighting and circadian disruption in cancer and other diseases Perspect 115: 1357–1362. [PubMed] Stevens, RG and Rea, MS (2001). Light in the built environment: potential role of circadian disruption in endocrine disruption and breast cancer Control 12: 279–287. [PubMed] Bierman, A, Klein, TR and Rea, MS (2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it references several studies that suggest the disruption of circadian rhythms is associated with various health issues, including metabolic disorders. Specifically, it includes a reference to a study by Kohsaka and Bass (2007), which discusses the organization of metabolism by molecular clocks, implicitly linking circadian disruption to metabolic regulation and potentially to obesity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: Structural diversity and dynamics of boreal old-growth forests case study in Go to 48. Large‐scale disturbance legacies and the climate sensitivity of primary Picea abies forests Go to 49. Tree-ring evidence of changes in the subarctic forest cover linked to human disturbance in northern Labrador (Canada) Go to 50. Evaluating the robustness of three ring-width measurement methods for growth release reconstruction Go to 51. Effects of multiaged silvicultural systems on reserve tree growth 19 years after establishment across multiple species in the Acadian forest in. Carter, Robert S. Seymour, Shawn Fraver, and Go to 52. A 564-year annual minimum temperature reconstruction for the east central from tree rings Go to 53. Reserve tree mortality in two expanding-gap silvicultural systems 20 years after establishment in the Acadian forest of Maine, USA Go to 54. Gap dynamics of late successional sugar maple–yellow birch forests at their northern range limit Go to 55. Timing of for a Cryptomeria japonica to 56. of Canopy Disturbance, Structure, and in a Multi-to 57. to Go to 58. Dendroecological reconstruction of disturbance history of an old‐growth mixed sessile oak–beech forest Go to 59. Structure and dendroecology of Thuja occidentalis in disjunct stands south of its contiguous range in the central to 60. The true response of Fagus sylvatica L. to disturbances: A basis for the empirical inference of release criteria for temperate forests Go to 61. Linking spatiotemporal disturbance history with tree regeneration and diversity in an old-growth forest in northern to 62. Detection and removal of disturbance trends in tree-ring series for dendroclimatologyMiloš Rydval, Daniel Druckenbrod, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, and Go to 63. The influence of natural disturbances on developmental patterns in Acadian mixedwood forests from 1946 to 2008 Go to 64. Frequent severe natural disturbances and non-equilibrium landscape dynamics shaped the mountain spruce forest in central to 65. Radial growth changes in Norway spruce montane and subalpine forests after strip cutting in the Go to 66. Mixed‐severity natural disturbance regime dominates in an old‐growth Norway spruce forest of northwest to 67. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that indicate tree-ring analyses and dendrochronological methods can be applied to non-tropical trees, such as Picea abies in boreal forests and Cryptomeria japonica in temperate regions. This demonstrates that dendrochronological studies are not limited to tropical regions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: 087* fNIBUT (s, mean ± SD) 6. 18 ± 3. 246 5. 61 ± 3. 276. 641* avNIBUT (s, mean ± SD) 8. 47 ± 3. 611 8. 67 ± 3. 918. 884* Lipid layer colour (rich/single) 12/10 3/8. 226# Lipid layer distribution (uniform/uneven) 12/10 8/3. 456# Lipid layer thickness (normal/thin) 11/11 4/7. 712# BRI (score mean ± SD) 1. 41 ± 0. 289 1. 59 ± 0. 106. 148* LRUE 17. 55 15. 91. 556+ Upper meibomian gland out-of-shape (straight/tortuous) 15/7 10/1. 218# LRLE 18. 02 14. 95. 353+ Lower meibomian gland deformity (straight/tortuous) 19/3 10/1. 218# Meibomian gland opening (clogged/not clogged) 13/9 9/2. 258# * Independent sample t-test, #Fisher’s exact test, +Mann–test P >. 05 indicates an insignificant difference. avNIBUT, average non-invasive tear film breakup time; BRI, bulbar redness index; FBUT, first tear breakup time; fNIBUT, first non-invasive tear film breakup time; LRLE, loss ratio of the lower eyelid; LRUE, loss ratio of upper eyelid; OSDI, ocular surface disease index; SD, standard deviation; TMH, tear meniscus height. Table 3 Comparison of conjunctival imprinting cytology between the case and control groups Group 0 1 2 3 9 7 12 2 1 2 0 0 P. 484+ +Mann–test, where P >. 05 indicates an insignificant difference. Table 4 Comparison of tear ferns between the case and control groups Group Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ 7 16 4 4 0 2 0 0 P. 740+ +Mann–test, where P >. 05 indicates an insignificant difference. Number of peptides and proteins identified using mass spectrometry Overall, 918 611 secondary spectra were obtained, comprising valid spectra matching the theoretical secondary spectra. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding proteomics, as it contains detailed statistical data and analysis related to various parameters such as tear film breakup time and the comparison of conjunctival imprinting cytology between groups. There is no mention or discussion of proteomics or the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Genetic disruption of the master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus sheds light on the hierarchical organization of the mammalian circadian timing system des zentralen Schrittmachers im suprachiasmatischen Nucleus by Doctoral thesis Date of Examination:2011-11-14 Date of issue:2011-11-30 Advisor:Prof. Dr. Referee:Prof. Dr. Referee:Prof. Dr. Persistent Address: Files in this item Name:husse. pdf Size:4. 72Mb Format:following license files are associated with this item: Circadian timing systems evolved in most organisms to adapt to the daily alternation of light and dark and the accompanying changes of environmental parameters such as food availability and predator occurrence. Circadian clocks allow organisms to anticipate these changes, which in turn increases their evolutionary fitness. The first part of this thesis describes the generation and validation of a new genetic mouse model of central clock disruption. It is assumed, that the mammalian circadian timing system is hierarchically organized with a master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and subordinated clocks in peripheral tissues. This view is based on SCN ablation studies showing that in the absence of the SCN all peripheral clocks become arrhythmic. An obvious flaw of SCN ablations is the concomitant scission of SCN afferents and efferents. Here we use a genetic model of SCN clock disruption. We generated a SCN Cre driver mouse line (Syt10Cre) and demonstrated strong Cre activity in the majority of SCN cells, but none in peripheral tissues with the exception of the testis. The Syt10Cre driver line was functionally validated by deleting a conditional allele of the essential clock gene Bmal1 (Bmal1fl/fl). Syt10Cre Bmal1fl mice were analyzed for their wheel running behavior in light dark (LD) and constant darkness (DD) conditions. We found a dose-dependent phenotype ranging from minor changes in period and amplitude in Syt10Cre/+ Bmal1fl/fl to markedly reduced rhythmicity in Syt10Cre/+ Bmal1fl/- mice to a complete loss of circadian rhythmicity in Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as a master pacemaker in the mammalian circadian timing system. It states, 'the mammalian circadian timing system is hierarchically organized with a master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus.' Additionally, it supports the idea that disruption of the SCN leads to arrhythmic peripheral clocks, further emphasizing its regulatory role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: Results: The master chronology of valonia oak trees in reaches 365 years, with an average ring width of 0. 89 mm and with mean sensitivity being 0. 21. The variation of the tree-ring widths indicates the influence of climate and human intervention in the past. Tree-ring to climate relationships show that valonia oak growth is positively affected by precipitations in January and March and by drought reduction during June and July. Conclusions: Valonia oak in is a species of great interest for dendrochronological and dendroclimatological studies due to the old age of the trees and the species response to climate variation. The climate factors that mostly affect its growth are winter and spring precipitation and summer drought. Keywords: dendrochronology, dendroclimatology, tree-ring, Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis, old trees, east ithaburensis is an east Mediterranean endemic, deciduous oak tree species, present as two subspecies: a) Q. ithaburensis (Kotschy) Hedge & Yaltirik subsp. ithaburensis (tabor oak), found mostly in Anatolia and the Middle East, and b) Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy) Hedge & Yaltirik (valonia oak), found mostly in South-East Italy, Albania, Greece, and west Anatolia [1], [2], [3], [4]. Ιn Greece, valonia oak covers an area of 29,631. 80 ha in lowlands and uplands of continental and insular territory, usually in the form of open forests managed as traditional silvopastoral system [4], [5]. From the 17th to 19th century these forests highly contributed to the local economy by dye production extracted from the acorn cups, the production of wood for shipbuilding and their usage as silvopastures [4], [6]. During the 20th century many of these forests were cleared and converted to agricultural fields or rural establishments, while the remaining ones were left to natural succession that resulted in the formation of old-aged oak stands. Nowadays their importance is mainly of an ecological basis, while there is also an increasing economic interest in themreviving their traditional uses including silvopastoralism [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of dendrochronological studies conducted on valonia oak trees, which are found in regions such as South-East Italy, Albania, and Greece—none of which are typically classified as tropical regions. It emphasizes the species' historical significance and ecological importance in areas outside of tropical climates.