Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These structures provide habitats for fish and other marine life. [SEP] Text: Snapper were, however, also abundant at distances of more than a metre away from the ASUs that we deployed, and many snapper were up in the water column where they wouldn’t receive any refuge from water flow. In terms of water flow, our results are consistent with other studies that have investigated how hydrodynamics are affected by permeable canopies such as seagrass. With regard to mean flow, previous studies [25, 26] have shown that flow speeds within the canopy are reduced relative to an unvegetated-upstream position, whereas above the canopy flow speeds are enhanced. At our lowest measurement height (15 cmab, which is about the height of the edge of the seagrass canopy) the measurements demonstrated a consistent and significant reduction in the mean longitudinal velocity () at the back edge of the ASU compared to the locations outside and on the leading edge of the ASU. This result is consistent with the results from previous studies as discussed above. Our results, however, did not show a consistent increase in flow speeds above the canopy. Previous studies [26, 27] have also shown that strong velocity shear and significant increased turbulence intensity occur in the vicinity of the canopy-water interface. This increase in turbulence intensity is consistent with our measurements, which have shown that the turbulence energy dissipation (ε) rates at 15 and 23 cmab were consistently greater over the ASU compared to those observed outside and on the leading edge of the ASU. The description of water flow above suggests that ASUs modified water flow in a way that could offer an energetic refuge for post–settlement snapper. Specifically, if snapper positioned themselves at the back of the ASU (and most likely further down–current as well) and close to the level of the seagrass canopy, they would experience the benefits of reduced flow speed. In addition, turbulence is also dissipating at a faster rate at these locations, which may also be beneficial to fish. Our video footage suggested that snapper may be responding to these water flow features. The highest abundance of snapper occurred a metre down–current of the ASU, with the lowest abundance on the up–current edge. Other fish species are also known to shelter behind structures in such a way to refuge from water flow [28–30]. For snapper to receive a flow refuge, however, they would also need to position themselves at a low elevation. While c. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the beneficial effects of Artificial Seagrass Units (ASUs) on fish like snapper. It explains how ASUs reduce water flow speeds, potentially offering an energetic refuge for post-settlement snapper. The observation that 'the highest abundance of snapper occurred a metre down–current of the ASU' suggests that these structures indeed provide a habitat that supports marine life, aligning with the claim about habitats for fish.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: of in-person general practice respiratory consultations: assessing translatability to telehealth and 2023; 7 (4): BJGPO. 2023. 0073. DOI: 1 Centre for Health Informatics, of 2 this author on 19. It is unclear if the rapid transition to telehealth has compromised the ability to conduct certain tasks that were possible during in-person consultations. investigate the extent to which tasks observed during in-person GP consultations are replicable in telehealth, focusing on patients with respiratory concerns. Design & setting Twenty-six respiratory consultations were extracted from a database of 281 consultations collated from various general practices in the UK. between GPs and respiratory patients were assessed through in-depth transcript review and de-identified video analysis. Then, tasks performed and physical artefacts used during the consultations were identified and ranked in terms of their translatability to telehealth, using a newly developed scoring system. Results Overall, the translatability to telehealth score for these respiratory consultations was 6. 7/10, suggesting that many tasks can be replicated over telehealth, but that they might require additional physical artefacts to support this. However, some tasks are not currently amenable to telehealth (for example, auscultation). many aspects of respiratory consultations are replicable over telehealth, some tasks cannot be replicated at this stage. COVID-19 digitalgeneral practice referral and consultation remoterespiratory telemedicine How this fits inGiven the increasing role of telehealth as a healthcare modality, it is insightful to identify the tasks that are present during in-person consultations between GPs and patients, and to assess how these can be replicated in telehealth. To the authors’ knowledge, there is no current research that investigates how translatable to telehealth different in-person respiratory consultation tasks are. This study aims to address this gap by not only evaluating the translatability of various clinical tasks performed for respiratory patients in general practice, but also to assess whether a scoring system can be developed to quantify this translatability. IntroductionTelehealth is a consultation modality that entails clinical interactions occurring remotely through either video or audio calls. While telehealth was used by healthcare practitioners before COVID-19, the pandemic resulted in a rapid uptake of telehealth across the globe within a short period of time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while many tasks from in-person consultations can be replicated over telehealth, some tasks are not currently amenable to telehealth, such as 'auscultation.' This suggests that telehealth cannot fully replace in-person consultations, highlighting limitations in the capabilities of remote interactions for certain medical tasks. The phrase 'some tasks cannot be replicated at this stage' further emphasizes that telehealth services cannot entirely replace all aspects of in-person consultations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractIn order to intercept moving objects, we need to predict the spatiotemporal features of the motion of both the object and our hand. Our errors can result in updates of these predictions to benefit interceptions in the future (adaptation). Recent studies claim that task-relevant variability in baseline performance can help adapt to perturbations, because initial variability helps explore the spatial demands of the task. In this study, we examined whether this relationship is also found in interception (temporal domain) by looking at the link between the variability of hand-movement speed during baseline trials, and the adaptation to a temporal perturbation. 17 subjects performed an interception task on a graphic tablet with a stylus. A target moved from left to right or vice versa, with varying speed across trials. Participants were instructed to intercept this target with a straight forward movement of their hand. Their movements were represented by a cursor that was displayed on a screen above the tablet. To prevent online corrections we blocked the hand from view, and a part of the cursor’s trajectory was occluded. After a baseline phase of 80 trials, a temporal delay of 100 ms was introduced to the cursor representing the hand (adaptation phase: 80 trials). This delay initially caused participants to miss the target, but they quickly accounted for these errors by adapting to most of the delay of the cursor. We found that variability in baseline movement velocity is a good predictor of temporal adaptation (defined as a combination of the rate of change and the asymptotic level of change after a perturbation), with higher variability during baseline being associated with better adaptation. However, cross-correlation results suggest that the increased variability is the result of increased error correction, rather than exploration. Citation: Knelange EB, López-(2020) Increased error-correction leads to both higher levels of variability and adaptation. 15(2): e0227913. : June 26, 2019; Accepted: January 2, 2020; Published: February 4, 2020Copyright: © 2020 Knelange, López-Moliner. This is an open access 10. 17605/OSF. IO/BF7SE. Funding: This work is part of the PACE project, which received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 642961. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study focusing on spatiotemporal features of movement prediction in tasks involving interception. It does not address urban living or its impact on stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These structures provide habitats for fish and other marine life. [SEP] Text: The identification, conservation, and management of estuarine and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates. Bioscience. 2001;51:633–41. View 2. . Critical evaluation of the nursery role hypothesis for seagrass meadows. Prog Ser. 2003;253:123–36. View 3. Marine nurseries and effective juvenile habitats: concepts and applications. Prog Ser. 2006;312:291–5. View 4. . Ecosystem approaches to fishery management through essential fish habitat. Sci. 2000;66:535–42. View 5. . A review of land-based effects on coastal fisheries and supporting biodiversity in New Zealand. , Ministry of Fisheries. 2009; No. 37. Available from: 6. Seagrass meadows as biodiversity and productivity hotspots. , Ministry for Primary Industries. 2014; No. 137. Available from 7. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. . 2009;106(30):12377–81. pmid:19587236 View 8. Muddy waters: elevating sediment input to coastal and estuarine habitats. Environ. 2004;2(6):299–306. View 9. Nagelkerken I. Evaluation of nursery function of mangroves and seagrass beds for tropical decapods and reef fishes: patterns and underlying mechanisms. In: Nagelkerken I, editor. Ecological connectivity among tropical coastal ecosystems. Dordrecht, Netherland: 2009. p. 357–99. 10. Nursery function of tropical back-reef systems. Prog Ser. 2006;318:287–301. View 11. Parsons DM, Sim- Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus): a review of life history and key vulnerabilities in New Zealand. . 2014;48:256–83. View 12. The influence of habitat structure on juvenile fish in a estuary. (Berl). 2013;34:492–500. View 13. . Relative abundance of snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) across habitats within an estuarine system. . 2016;50(3):358–70. View 14. . The influence of habitat availability on juvenile fish abundance in a northeastern estuary. . 2014;48(2):216–28. View 15. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and evaluations related to marine nurseries, including the habitats for fish and invertebrates. It references the nursery role of seagrass meadows and mangroves, which are essential for providing habitats for juvenile marine life, supporting the claim that such structures offer habitats conducive to the survival and growth of marine species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: 1–4 Given the overlap in symptoms with many respiratory conditions and those of COVID-19, numerous patients with respiratory ailments had to resort to telehealth consultations to minimise disease transmission. In the UK, nearly one in five patients are diagnosed with a respiratory condition in their lifetime. 5 One cohort study of patients in England showed that since the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of patients presenting to their GP with a respiratory complaint had increased by 229%, with a 105% increase in home visits, 92% increase in office visits, 250% increase in phone consultations, and a 1574% increase in video/email (that is, telehealth) consultations. 6 Respiratory conditions (for example, viral illnesses, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) are among the most common reasons for a patient to visit a general practice. 7–9 Some respiratory ailments can be debilitating, impede quality of life, impact mental health, and, if improperly managed, increase the risk of morbidity and mortality, subsequently burdening the healthcare system. 9,10 As gatekeepers to the healthcare system, GPs are well situated to monitor and manage respiratory conditions to prevent exacerbations and reduce hospital admissions. 11–13 A new body of literature investigating the efficacy of telehealth for patients with respiratory concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic is slowly emerging. Studies by McGee et al and Phillips et al, to name two, have found that telehealth is an effective modality for delivering health care. 14,15 However, to the authors’ knowledge, no studies have investigated the tasks performed during in-person respiratory consultations in general practice, or analysed which aspects are translatable to telehealth and what physical objects/artefacts are required to support this. The aim of this study was to provide an insight into the tasks and physical artefacts used during in-person GP consultations, and subsequently, to determine if these are translatable to the context of telehealth in respiratory patients. This study is unique in that it evaluates actual interactions between GPs and patients, rather than relying on self-reported data, which can be amenable to recall or confirmation bias. 16 MethodStudy designThis study is a secondary analysis of both written transcripts and de-identified videos of primary care consultations between GPs and patients in the UK. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are tasks and physical artefacts used during in-person consultations that may not be translatable to telehealth. It mentions, 'no studies have investigated the tasks performed during in-person respiratory consultations in general practice, or analysed which aspects are translatable to telehealth.' This suggests that while telehealth is effective for some consultations, it cannot fully replace all in-person interactions due to certain complexities in patient management that require physical examination or contact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: We also received funding from grant PSI2017-83493-R of AEI/. There were no commercial relationships. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionThe human race is remarkably skilled in timing tasks like catching or hitting a ball [1, 2]. However, large inter-individual differences can be observed when it comes to these skills. To become successful at ball sports, a person needs to be able to accurately account for continuous changes in both the environment and their own body. To this end, we can use sensory feedback to guide our movement [3]. However, sensory feedback from our movements is processed by our brain with a delay that can reach up to about 150 ms [4–6]. This can lead to unstable movements, because corrections to errors are initiated with a delay. In order to not only rely on sensory feedback and select appropriate motor commands, we are thought to be able to predict the sensory consequences of these motor commands. Studies have shown that our brain maintains an internal forward model that holds the predictions regarding the sensory consequences [7, 8]. However, the outcome of a motor command can change due to systematic disturbances like fatigue in the muscles [9]. Accurate timing of our motor commands in a dynamic world requires continuous evaluation and updating of the predicted consequences of these motor commands [10]. This can be done by evaluating the difference between the actual and the predicted sensory consequences of a motor command (the prediction error [7, 11]). However, prediction errors do not always stem from incorrect motor commands. Noise can come from different stages of the sensorimotor process [12, 13]. Different types of noise associated with neural processes like movement planning [14–18] or execution [19–21] cause variability. In addition, trial-to-trial variability in the outcome of the movement can be caused by inaccurate estimates of the task requirements [22] and disturbances from the outside world [23]. Errors caused by these types of noise do not necessarily require updates of the internal model. Updating the forward model is generally thought to be done by decreasing the prediction error over time (error-based learning) [24, 25]. Dominant theories in the field of motor control suggest that error correction is an optimal process [26, 27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels. Instead, it discusses topics related to sensory feedback, motor command timing, and prediction errors in motor control, which are unrelated to the mental and emotional implications of urban living.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some artificial reefs are made from environmentally safe materials like concrete and steel. [SEP] Text: : 2157-7625 Journal of Ecosystem & -in-for Manuscript 10. 4172/2157-7625. 1000253 Development of. Abul Kalam1*, Tetsu Mieno1 and Casareto1,21of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan2of and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan *Corresponding Author: Md. of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan, Tel: +81-9085573782, Email: bdmakalam@gmail. com Received: 19-Mar-2018 Accepted Date: 26-Mar-2018 Published Date: 31-Mar-2018 DOI: 10. 4172/2157-7625. 1000253 develop artificial reefs, that are environmentally friendly and inexpensive, prototype artificial reefs made of ceramic material have been studied. The properties of the reefs (chemical constituents, surface texture, water absorbability, mechanical strength, erosion rate, and sustainability) were examined. The reefs were compared with natural coral rubbles. The effects of the reefs on nutrient availability, toxic chemical diffusion, and the propagation of plankton (bacteria, diatom) and other benthic organisms were examined, for which the reefs were set in aquaria for a long time. It was shown that the reefs were nontoxic, pH-neutral, mechanically strong, and sustainable in a hostile shallow sea environment. This study suggests that artificial reefs made from the ceramic material are not hazardous to small fish. : Artificial reef; Shallow sea; Ceramic material; Environmentally safe; Propagation of fish development of artificial fish reefs has been studied worldwide to enhance fish abundance and diversity, recover coastal and marine habitats, and restore damaged coral reefs [1-5]. Various materials have been used in the construction of artificial reefs worldwide. They include bamboo, concrete blocks, ceramic structures, fibre glass, pipes, reinforced plastic, metal, and marine alloys [6]. Every material, however, has some drawbacks when used as artificial reefs. Bamboo and wood are easily scattered by water currents, lose their fish-aggregating integrity, and cause further degradation of the sea bed [7]. Concrete blocks are durable and can be structured in various configurations, but have limited applications because of their cost [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing that various materials, including ceramic, bamboo, and concrete, have been used to construct artificial reefs that are considered environmentally friendly. It emphasizes that artificial reefs made from ceramic materials are nontoxic and sustainable, thus supporting the idea that some artificial reefs are indeed made from environmentally safe materials.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: Translatability to telehealth analysisFrom the inductive analysis conducted above, it was noted that two basic domains underpinned whether the observed tasks would be amenable to telehealth: whether clinical expertise was required (for example, physical examination skills) and whether supplementary physical artefacts were required (for example, thermometer). A separate co-study by one co-author found that these domains underpinned the analysis of cardiovascular transcripts as well. 19 Based on this, a scoring system was developed by four researchers to investigate the extent to which various tasks were amenable to telehealth. This scoring system was inspired by Croymans et al,20 who assessed various presenting complaints and categorised them into health conditions that were suitable for telehealth, compared with those that were not. This prompted the authors of the present study to contemplate whether various clinical tasks, rather than conditions, could be categorised, to determine if certain tasks were more amenable to telehealth than others. This scoring system was developed through collaborative discussions between the researchers, a review of relevant literature, and in-depth analysis of the transcripts. The following steps were used to develop the scoring system, which ultimately provided a ‘translatability to healthcare score’:Each task was rated based on the requirement of ‘clinical endorsement’. A score of 1 was assigned when medical accreditation/training was required (for example, prescribing), and a score of 5 was assigned where clinical endorsement was not necessarily required (for example, formal greeting) (Table 1). Each task was then rated based on the need for physical artefacts/interactions for execution. A score of 1 was assigned for physical artefacts currently unlikely to be replicated over telehealth (for example, auscultation), and a score of 5 was assigned where physical artefacts were not required and thus readily amenable to telehealth (for example, history taking). The scores from steps 1 and 2 were combined to provide a translatability to telehealth score (x/10) (Table 2). A higher score equated increased translatability to telehealth. Based on the translatability to telehealth score, each task was categorised into a virtual care solution (refer to Table 3). View this table:View inlineView popupTable 1. Detailed metrics used to score translatability of in-person tasks to telehealthView this table:View inlineView popupTable 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a scoring system that assesses whether various medical tasks can be effectively conducted via telehealth. It emphasizes that certain tasks may require clinical expertise or physical artifacts, suggesting that not all tasks are suitable for telehealth. For instance, tasks like prescribing require medical training (rated lower in translatability), while tasks that do not require physical interaction (like history taking) are more amenable. This indicates that while telehealth can complement or replace some aspects of in-person consultations, it cannot wholly replace all medical consultations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: The amount of error correction depends on the reliability of the predicted sensory consequences and the reliability of the received sensory consequences [28]. However, in situations in which error feedback is unavailable or uninformative, the environment needs to be explored in order to find and exploit the most beneficial solution. This type of process is called reinforcement learning [29, 30]. It can also be beneficial in situations where the average end-point error is zero, but the movement is still updated in order to become more efficient [31]. Reinforcement learning, specifically exploration, usually leads to enhanced variability in the explored dimension of the behavior. Furthermore, research suggest that the nervous system could actively regulate this process when needed [32]. For this reason, we hereafter use exploration strategies to refer to the active process of learning through exploration. Some studies have found that reinforcement learning could also accelerate learning in error-based learning tasks [32]. More specifically, a benefit of task-specific baseline variability in adaptation during spatial perturbation paradigms has been found. This means that even if sensory feedback is available to the participant, more variability in the task-specific dimension could facilitate learning. It is thought that the brain has a memory of previously encountered errors [33]. Similarly, it has been proposed that predicted (future) errors might activate learned weights for motor primitives (neural mechanism that coordinate a set of movements rather than independent movements), which could elevate learning [34]. In line with this idea, reinforcement learning could lead to more experience with different movement errors and facilitate correcting future errors [35]. However, the idea that increased variability leads to better adaptation has been questioned by other studies claiming that variability originates from the different types of noise coming from motor control processes, which can have either positive, neutral or negative effects on adaptation [13]. Thus, the role of variability on adaptation is still under debate. The main question remains, can variability caused by exploration strategies directly benefit the updating of the forward model of a motor command, or are the two merely a result of error correction strategies? So far, the main focus of these studies has been the role of spatial and force-field perturbations. However, as large delays are inherent to the sensorimotor system and to contemporary electronic devices, temporal perturbation tasks have given great insights into adaptation in this domain [36–39]. It therefore is valuable to examine if task-specific variability in temporal features of movement can predict adaptation to these delays. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses concepts related to reinforcement learning, error correction, and motor control processes without any mention of urban living or stress levels. There are no connections made between the living environment and the psychological impact it may have, thus failing to address the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some artificial reefs are made from environmentally safe materials like concrete and steel. [SEP] Text: All these elements and their oxides are nontoxic and thus favorable for the marine environment. Since diatoms and other silica-secreting organisms utilize silicon (SiO3) [15] and the major component of the reefs is silicon (63. 7%), they can be set in the coral areas to be used as bodies of small animals. The amount of iron in the reef is also considerable. content (wt %) Ceramic reef Coral rubble Na2O 2. 105 1. 110 MgO 0. 844 1. 440 Al2O3 32. 6 0. 139 SiO3 60. 6 1. 443 P2O5 0. 024 0. 717 SO3 0. 047 0. 818 Cl 0. 180 0. 639 K2O 0. 976 0. 159 CaO 0. 131 80. 59 Sc2O3 0. 007 10. 23 TiO2 0. 511 0. 018 Cr2O3 0. 008 0. 007 MnO 0. 011 0. 006 Fe2O3 0. 902 0. 198 Co2O3 0. 020 0. 011 NiO 0. 002 0. 042 CuO 0. 005 0. 008 As2O3 0. 003 0. 010 Rb2O 0. 003 0. 005 SrO 0. 002 2. 340 CdO 0. 005 0. 046 BaO 0. 939 0. 018 Table 1: Atomic percentage of different elements in the ceramic reef and the coral rubbles measured by the EDX method. Figures 7 and 8 shows the images of the surfaces of the ceramic reef and coral rubbles taken by SEM. It is clearly shown that the ceramic surfaces have a varied texture and micro porous structures similar to those of coral rubbles. Because of the texture of the ceramic surfaces, it is conjectured that the reefs are preferable for the propagation of organisms [6]. Figure 7: SEM images taken at the outside of the ceramic reef (×4000 magnification). Figure 8: SEM images taken at the outside of the coral rubble surface (×4000 magnification). Results of the water absorption measurement of the ceramic reef and coral rubbles are shown in Figure 9. It is apparent that the water absorbability of the ceramic reef is about 4 times higher than that of coral rubbles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the elements and their oxides mentioned are 'nontoxic and thus favorable for the marine environment.' It also notes that silicon, which is a major component of the artificial reefs, is utilized by marine organisms, further suggesting that these materials can be safely used in coral areas. This supports the idea that artificial reefs can be composed of environmentally safe materials.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: Translatability to telehealth score interpretationView this table:View inlineView popupTable 3. Virtual care solution typesThus, the scoring system was developed after evaluating the data (inductive analysis), and was then re-applied to the clinical tasks to see if they could be categorised using this method (deductive analysis). Figures S1 and S2 for diagrammatic representation of methods. ResultsPatient and consultation characteristicsAfter applying inclusion and exclusion criteria to the dataset of 281 transcripts, 26 transcripts discussing respiratory illnesses in a general practice setting were extracted. These transcripts included acute and chronic presentations across all age ranges, with a variety of objective and subjective measures of respiratory function (see S1). Please refer to S2 for examples of raw data collection methodology. Physical artefacts used and their replicability in patients’ homesSixteen physical artefacts were identified, of which eight (50%) were deemed amenable to being replicated in telehealth, while the other eight (50%) were not, owing to equipment availability or requirement for operator expertise (see S3–S5). Please refer to S6 for raw data collection. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 2. Figure 2Frequency of physical artefacts used in respiratory consultations (n = 26). Some consultations incorporate multiple artefacts within the same encounter. BMI = body mass index. ECG = electrocardiogram. ENT = ear, nose, and throat. Tasks performed and translatability to telehealthS7 outlines the tasks identified during in-person consultations relating to respiratory concerns. Table S3 for examples of rationales regarding scoring for various tasks. Across these 20 tasks, the mean score for the telehealth metrics were:Requiring healthcare endorsement = 3. 1/5 (where 1 = clinical expertise is necessary; and 5 = clinical expertise is not required). Requiring physical artefacts/interactions = 3. 6/5 (where 1 = requires physical artefacts/interactions that are not translatable to telehealth; and 5 = no physical artefacts/interactions required). Translatability to telehealth score = 6. 7/10 (where 1 = not replicable to telehealth at this stage; and 10 = easily replicable over telehealth at this stage). Each of these 20 tasks were then categorised into a virtual care solution type (see Table 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that not all physical artefacts used in in-person consultations can be replicated in telehealth. Specifically, it states that of the physical artefacts identified, only 50% were deemed amenable to being replicated in telehealth due to 'equipment availability or requirement for operator expertise.' This suggests that telehealth cannot fully replace in-person consultations where such physical artefacts are necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Temporal perturbations (delays) require humans to identify a new temporal relationship between the motor command and the sensory consequences. The effect of delays on the spatial prediction error is increased with higher movement speeds (i. e. moving faster increases the gap between hand and delayed feedback), while lower speeds have less effect on the size of the prediction error. Variability in movement speed can therefore help to explore this temporal relationship, and benefit the examination of newly introduced delays. If exploration itself provides a benefit in adaptation, we do not expect the movement speed to be systematically related to previously encountered errors. However, a recent study by [40] found that error correction strategies could explain differences of the learning rate in a balancing task. If error correction rather than exploration is the main benefit for adaptation, higher rates of error correction are to be expected throughout the baseline for people that adapt more. The aim of the study was to examine if higher baseline movement speed variability can predict adaptation in a temporal timing task. As we found a positive relationship, we followed up this analysis by examining if this relationship was the result of exploratory behavior, or if higher variability might be the result of increased error correction. Materials and methods Participants 20 students of the university of Barcelona (20. 3 ±SD 2. 3 years; 15 female) participated in the experiment. All participants gave written consent. In order to be eligible for inclusion, participants’ vision and hearing needed to be normal or corrected to normal, and they needed to be free from movement restrictions or problems. The study was part of a program that has been approved by of Committee (CBUB) (Insitutional review board IRB 00003099) and was conducted in accordance to the Declaration of Helsinki. setup of the experiment is shown in Fig 1A. Participants were seated in front of a graphic tablet (24240), which recorded the movements of a hand-held stylus that the participants used in the experiments. A half-silvered upward facing mirror was located above the graphic tablet. Above the mirror, a projector displayed an image of the task onto a horizontal back-projection screen, at a frame rate of 72 Hz and a resolution of 800 by 600 pixels. The participant could see the reflection of this image in the mirror. The hand and the hand-held stylus were blocked from view by the mirror. A 2. 6-GHz Quad-Core computer recorded the position of the stylus at 125 Hz and controlled the projected image. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study related to motor command and error correction strategies in a temporal timing task, with no mention of urban living, stress, or any related themes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some artificial reefs are made from environmentally safe materials like concrete and steel. [SEP] Text: Figure 15: Abundance of diatoms in the water of the aquarium where the ceramic reefs and coral rubbles were set for 3 months. The mass of deposited organisms and their carbon biomass were measured as 143. 6 and 8. 41 mg, respectively on 400 cm2 of the ceramic reef surface. In terms of carbon biomass, the data revealed that there were significant numbers of bacteria, diatom, small animals, and other micro benthos in the aquaria water with the ceramic reefs. This result favors the use of ceramic reefs. The nutrient concentration of the water in the aquaria shows that there were significant amounts of nutrients available in the water for up-taken by plankton and bacteria. The measured nutrient concentrations were compared with the accepted levels in the marine [15], which is shown in Table 3. From these nutrient data, it can be confirmed that the existing levels of nutrients in the aquarium are good for phytoplankton and bacteria which will be consumed by fishes and other organisms. the aquarium water with ceramic reef (µg/L) Accepted levels in marine environment (µg/L) Nitrate 265. 98 1-600 Nitrite 10. 85 1-50 Ammonium 8. 39 5-50 Table 3: Comparison of nutrients measured in the aquarium water where the ceramic reef and the coral rubbles were set and accepted level in the marine [15]. The sheltering effects of the ceramic reefs were examined. It was observed that the fish used different routes to enter the ceramic reefs to obtain shelter when an action was applied. The probability of sheltering in the ceramic reef was 78% and that of outside of the reef was 22% in the aquarium. It was also revealed that the fish often used the shortest route to enter the ceramic reef. The fish sheltering test confirms that ceramic reefs will provide good shelters in the sea for small fishes when predators (big fishes) are present. prototype of artificial ceramic reefs made of the low-cost clay material has been studied. This study suggests that the ceramic reef is nontoxic and pH-neutral. The mechanical strength and erosion rate indicate that the ceramic reef with a hexagonal structure is stable and has long-term sustainability in a shallow sea environment. They can be set to make a hard and flat sea bed. However, the mechanical strength and the erosion rate should be improved by studying the ceramic material and the fabrication method. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing ceramic reefs made from low-cost clay material, which is characterized as nontoxic and pH-neutral. This supports the idea that some artificial reefs can be made from environmentally safe materials.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: Overall, the proportions of virtual care solution types were:Type 1 (tasks not translatable to telehealth, thus requiring in-person consults) = 15% (n = 3/20); that is, auscultation; ear, nose, and throat (ENT) examination; and flu injections. Type 2 (tasks that cannot be performed at home, but can be performed as an outpatient with results discussed virtually) = 10% (n = 2/20); that is, spirometry results; blood tests; and X-rays. Type 3 (moderately translatable to telehealth but may require supplementation with further physical artefacts) = 10% (n = 2/20); that is, completing power of attorney paperwork and measuring peak flow. Type 4 (easily translatable over telehealth with easily accessible equipment) = 30% (n = 5/20); that is, measuring vital signs; providing medical certificates; and prescribing medications. Type 5 (easily translatable over telehealth without the need for physical artefacts) = 40% (n = 8/20); that is, formal greetings/farewells; history taking; patient education; and safety netting. Please refer to S8 for a summary of which consultation IDs involved various clinical tasks. Clinical tasks performed during in-person consultations Figure 1 summarises the frequency of the tasks described in S7 in history taking, examination, and management, respectively. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 1. Frequency of clinical tasks performed in respiratory consultations (n = 26). Some consultations incorporate multiple tasks within the same encounter. DiscussionSummaryThe mean translatability to telehealth score was 6. 7/10, suggesting many tasks can be replicated over telehealth, but may require additional physical artefacts. It was noted that 50% (n = 8/16) of the physical artefacts used were deemed to be accessible in patients’ homes or available for purchase at most pharmacies, while the other 50% (n = 8/16) were not. The physical artefacts that were deemed possible to replicate in a patient’s home included: pens/paperwork/prescriptions (for example, online scripts), thermometer, oxygen saturation monitor, blood pressure cuff, patient medication lists/patient-made notes, weighing scale, heart rate monitor, and peak flow metre. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that certain tasks cannot be translated to telehealth and specifically require in-person consultations. The text specifies that 15% of tasks fall into this category—such as auscultation and ENT examinations—indicating that not all medical tasks can be effectively conducted via telehealth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: We calibrated the setup by aligning the position of the stylus with the location of five projected dots. This calibration allowed us to accurately display a cursor that represented the location of the stylus above the graphic tablet. The projected background was black (depicted as gray in Fig 1A). The feedback had a systematic delay of approximately 40 ms with relation to the hand movement. This value was determined before the start of the study with an interception task (similar to the one described below), in which we compared the stylus position and the target location on trials in which participants indicated they had hit the target. The system delay will have been corrected for in all of the future display and analysis of the data. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Set-up and procedure. A. Set-up of the task: The task image was projected onto a screen that was visible for the subject through a mirror. Recorded movements with a stylus were made on a graphic tablet. The hand and hand-held stylus were blocked from view by the mirror. B. Task procedure: (1) A white dot at the bottom of the screen (diameter = 6 mm) indicated the start location. A red cursor represented the movements made by the stylus (diameter = 6 mm). The trial initiated when the participant moved the cursor to the start location. The goal of the task was to intercept a ball (diameter = 10 mm) moving from left to right or vice versa with a straight ballistic movement. (2) During the adaptation phase there was a temporal perturbation (delay) of 100 ms between the hand and cursor. (3) (TE) was defined as the temporal lead or lag of the stylus (hand) crossing the target’s trajectory line in relation to the target. A lead was denoted by a positive TE, and a lag with a negative TE. (4) In the area within the dashed lines, vision of the cursor was obstructed from view. 1 shows the setup and the procedure for the experiment. The goal of the task was to intercept a target (white dot) on the screen with the cursor (red dot), that followed the movement of the hand. In order to start a trial, the participant had to move the cursor to the starting position (Fig 1B-1). A high-pitched sound marked the start of the trial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or indirectly, as it describes a specific experimental setup and procedure for a task involving stylus movements and cursor interception, without mentioning urban living or stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some artificial reefs are made from environmentally safe materials like concrete and steel. [SEP] Text: The biological analysis of the reef revealed that it has no harmful effects on the biological productivity. It is found that the production of bacteria, diatom and other benthic organism are sustained around the reefs and in the porous structures. The sheltering test for small fish shows that the ceramic reefs will be a good shelter to escape from predators. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the shallow sea areas the ceramic reefs are good candidates for small fish to grow, providing shelter from predators, and allowing escape from fishing nets used by fishermen. The larger and harder ceramic reefs will be studied. would like to express our gratitude to Professor Y. Suzuki of Shizuoka University, and thank to the members of the of for their helping in the enumeration of bacteria and nutrients. 39. Bohnsack JA (1990) Habitat structure and the design of artificial reefs. In habitat structure: The physical arrangements of objects in space. InHabitat Structure. Springer, Dordrecht. (1991) Ecology of artificial reef habitats and fishes. In: Artificial habitats for marine and freshwater fisheries. Inc, New York,pp: 66-107. (1996) Does the level of design influence success of an artificial reef. InProceedings of the 1st Conference of the pp: 13. (2001) Artificial substrate and coral reef restoration: What do we need to know what we need. Sci 69: 1013-1030. Chou LM (1997) Artificial reefs of southeast Asia-do they enhance or degrade the marine environment? Assess 44: 45-52. (1987) Artificial reefs: Myth or reality? 18: 367-368. (2011) Fish colonization of artificial reef in a large neotropical reservoir: Material type and successional changes. 21: 251-262. (2008) Biomaterials: The intersection of biology and material science. . (2006) Fundamentals of Physics. (8th edition), McGraw-p: 526. (2016) Response of subtropical coastal sediment systems of Okinawa, Japan, to expermental warming and high pCO2. Sci 3: 1-14. (2010) Enumeration of virus p153. Hansen HP, (2007) Determination of nutrients. In: Methods of seawater analysis. Wiley-and Co. Weinheim, Germany,pp: 159-228. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive environmental impacts of ceramic reefs, suggesting that they provide good shelter and support biological productivity without harmful effects. This implies that materials like ceramic can be environmentally safe, similar to concrete and steel as mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: Physical artefacts/tasks that were deemed to be difficult to replicate in a patient’s home included auscultation (as it requires clinical expertise), ENT examination (for example, otoscopy), spirometry, blood tests, flu injections, chest X-rays, and electrocardiograms (ECGs). These findings could assist GPs conducting remote respiratory consultations, by helping them consider what additional tasks/artefacts a patient requires to achieve a successful respiratory telehealth consult. Please refer to S9 for a breakdown of consultation durations and the number of physical interactions occurring during each consultation. Strengths and limitationsThis study adopted a unique methodology that comprised of analysing actual GP–patient interactions during in-person consultations, rather than questionnaires or interviews, to facilitate objective analysis of tasks and reduce the risk of recall bias. Furthermore, the analysed consultations involved variable sociodemographic features and both acute and chronic respiratory complaints, which assists with extrapolation of the findings to a wider population. Finally, the scoring system developed is unique and, to the authors’ knowledge, the first to quantify the translatability of tasks to telehealth. While the consultations incorporated patients with various sociodemographic characteristics, they were all located in England. This impacts the ability to extrapolate the findings to UK primary care overall, as different areas of the UK have variable prevalence and mortality rates of different respiratory conditions. For example, pneumonia had a higher number of deaths in England compared with lung cancer and COPD; whereas COPD and lung cancer were associated with a higher number of deaths than pneumonia in England. 21 Some aspects of the consultations were performed behind curtains for patient privacy, and thus were unable to be adequately evaluated. Furthermore, the categorisation of some tasks can be subjective. For example, flu vaccinations were given a translatability to telehealth score of 2/10, as the observed consultation video involved in-person interactions to administer the injection. However, patients could be referred to a pharmacy and still obtain the same treatment (that is, a translatability to telehealth score of 3/10). Additionally, some of the task categorisations assume that the consumer has access and financial means to purchase additional physical artefacts if needed. This is a limitation, as some regions that would benefit from telehealth (for example, rural/regional communities) may be unable to easily access resources required to supplement virtual appointments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that certain essential physical tasks in medical consultations, such as auscultation, ENT examinations, and various diagnostic tests, are difficult to replicate in a telehealth setting. It emphasizes that while telehealth can assist some tasks, several require in-person interactions, which cannot be completely replaced. The mention of a 'translatability to telehealth score' for activities like flu vaccinations further implies that not all medical needs can be fulfilled through telehealth alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Randomly across trials, the target would move from left to right or vice versa at one of 3 different speeds (17. 5, 22. 5 or 27. 5 cm/s). The three different speeds were used to prevent participants from learning were to intercept at what time, without taking the movement of the target into account. The target path was +20 cm in the y-direction from the starting position. Participants were instructed to intercept the target with a smooth straight movement, and to end their movement well beyond the target’s trajectory line. There were no points rewarded, only when the center of the cursor hit the target, an acoustic signal would sound. After the explanation of the task and a familiarization phase of 10 trials, the experiment started. The experiment consisted of a baseline phase followed by an adaptation phase. During the baseline phase of 80 trials, no additional delays were added to the system. During the adaptation phase, the cursor movement was delayed with an additional 100 ms compared to the hand movement (Fig 1B-2). As participants could not see their own hand, they were unaware of these additional delays. This was verified by verbal confirmation at the end of the experiment. To discourage online corrections we blocked the cursor’s path from view between 0. 5 and 16 cm (see Fig 1B-4) along the y-axis from the starting location. During the baseline this led to an average of 126 ms (95% bootstrapped CI [124-128 ms]) visibility of the cursor before it would reach the trajectory line. As a result, participants could see the cursor cross the target’s trajectory line, but online corrections were minimized. Analysis of responses The data was prepared for analysis with the aid of the R-program [41]. In order to account for any deficient recordings and missing data, the raw position data for the hand and cursor in the x and y direction were interpolated by steps of 0. 008 s and filtered with a bidirectional Butterworth filter (cut-off = 6Hz, sampling rate = 125 Hz). The velocity and acceleration of the hand were computed by calculating the first and second order derivatives of the filtered position data with respect to time. The derivatives were calculated for each time point by dividing the change in position by the change in time over the past two time points (average Δt = 0. 016s). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a specific experimental setup involving cursor movements and data analysis, without mentioning urban living or stress levels. There are no references to stress or its relationship to living environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: This experiment is part of the iGEM 2019 Grant. Browse more projectswaste into biodegradable plasticand Aarati PokharelBacked by and 28 other backersCommeree, Rafael F. . Páez, and Eric D. University of : 10. 18258/13643Grant: iGEM 2019 ChallengeGrant: iGEM 2019 Challenge$1,747Raised of $1,550 Goal112%Funded on 7/10/19Successfully Funded$1,747pledged112%fundedFundedon 7/10/19? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(6)DiscussionProjectThe primary objective of the project is to create an industrially-comparable method of producing PHA, a biodegradable plastic, from Styrofoam (polystyrene) waste. We hypothesize that a genetically modifying E. coli can convert styrene (monomerized polystyrene) to P3HB, a specific PHA, with just two plasmids. Our device will aim to reduce the 30% of plastic waste volume accounted for by polystyrene while simultaneously enabling cost-effective production of PHA. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? In past experiments, researchers produced (medium chain) mclPHAs from styrene with Pseudomonas putida, but production failed to meet the industry standard. These mclPHAs also lacked useful polymer properties found in other, shorter, PHAs. E. coli has been utilized through genetic engineering with expensive carbon sources, such as glucose, to produce P3HB, a desirable PHA for industrial use. By introducing genes for the sty and pha pathways to E. coli, styrene can be metabolized by the bacteria to produce P3HB. Coupling the need for a cost-effective method to process polystyrene waste and sustainably produce PHAs creates a niche market in which two problems can be solved with a single solutionWhat is the significance of this project? Recycling is perceived as an essential practice for an environmentally-friendly lifestyle. However, we have found inherent flaws in the recycling industry. For example, if recycling is not profitable, companies will simply offload invaluable recyclables at the landfill. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing a project that aims to create biodegradable plastic (PHA) from polystyrene waste, thus addressing plastic waste reduction. The project hypothesizes that genetically modified E. coli can convert Styrofoam waste into a biodegradable material, effectively linking eco-friendly packaging with a method to reduce plastic waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: The accuracy of measurements taken by patients in their homes can also be difficult to verify, which may obscure a patient’s clinical picture and potentially lead to misdiagnosis. Given that the translatability to telehealth score and the preceding inductive data analysis to develop the score were conducted by the same group of authors, there is a potential confirmation bias, despite attempts to remain objective throughout. For this reason, the authors would advocate for the translatability to telehealth score to be applied to different patient populations to ascertain its efficacy. Finally, it is difficult to capture the complexities of human interactions within a scoring system, as a lot of subtleties (for example, body language) can be lost. This is a potential limitation of telehealth, as it could negatively impact the development of patient and practitioner rapport. However, given human behaviour and interactions are highly variable, it is difficult to make the scoring system more specific, which suggests that the primary benefit of the translatability to telehealth score is as a broad categorisation tool. Comparison with existing literatureA literature review demonstrated that telehealth can be just as effective as in-person appointments in certain contexts. Fox et al found that regularly scheduled telehealth appointments, with an ‘alert system’, in exacerbation-prone patients with COPD reduced the number of unscheduled GP consultations and reduced associated healthcare costs. 22 Phillips et al found that there was no significant difference in the rate of related follow-ups, including hospital admissions and emergency department visits, in respiratory patients that had undergone either an initial telehealth visit or in-person visit. 15 Totten et al conducted a systematic synthesis of 58 2023. Revision received June 15, 2023. 16, 2023. Copyright © 2023, The AuthorsThis 4. 0/)1. ↵ (2021) Virtual primary care in high-income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: policy responses and lessons for the future. 27 (1):241–247, doi:10. 1080/13814788. 2021. 1965120, pmid:34431426. 2. (2020) Telehealth uptake in general practice as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Rev 44 (5):737–740, doi:10. 1071/AH20183, pmid:32853536. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting potential limitations of telehealth, such as difficulty in verifying the accuracy of patient measurements taken at home, which may lead to misdiagnosis. It also notes that human interactions and subtleties, like body language, can be lost in a telehealth setting, potentially impacting patient-practitioner rapport. While some studies indicate telehealth can be effective in certain contexts, the text suggests that telehealth may not fully replace in-person consultations due to these limitations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Of the 20 participants, one was excluded from the study due to recording issues with the graphic tablet. For the remaining 19 participants (3040 trials), we inspected the movement speed during the movement before the target’s trajectory line was reached. As we had instructed participants to move through the target’s trajectory line, we discarded trials in which subjects moved through it with very low speeds (v < 20 cm/s). Two other participants were removed from the study because the systematically failed to comply with these instructions of the task (in >25% of their trials). For the 17 included participants we removed the trials in which this was the case (2. 1% of the remaining trials discarded). We calculated the Error (TE) on each trial. TE was defined as the temporal difference between the hand and the target reaching the same point on the target’s trajectory line (Fig 1B-3). The TE was baseline-corrected by subtracting the average TE of the last 30 baseline trials for each participant in order to make sure any biases within subjects were removed. Positive values denoted the hand leading the target and negative values denoted the hand lagging behind the target. In order to hit the target when a temporal perturbation was applied, subjects would have to start leading the target with their hand. The TE was used to calculate the for each participant. Score was calculated by fitting a two-state line through the TE data points of the adaptation phase (see Fig 2), with intercept 0. The slope (a) and asymptote (b) that resulted in a minimum residuals were each first normalized across subjects and then summed. Score gave us the ability to reward both speed and final level of adaptation. High values of the score meant that participants were relatively fast and had more complete levels of adaptation. Low values meant that participants adapted slowly and incomplete. Although we had the possibility to analyze slope and asymptote separately (to see if speed or final level of adaptation was affected differently) we only had a few participants with higher slopes, which made this analysis more difficult (see Table 1). We therefore decided only to focus on the Adaptation Score. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Adaptation score examples. The dots represent the moving averages (window = 4 trials) of two example participants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology involved in a study examining movement speed and temporal error in a task, with no mention of urban living or its effects on stress levels. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: [+] [ES] La producción y consumo de plásticos derivados de petróleo ha crecido exponencialmente en las últimas décadas, impactando en la naturaleza y los seres vivos. Los envases alimentarios son considerados la principal fuente de contaminación por plásticos. Por ello, el estudio y desarrollo de nuevos materiales derivados de recursos renovables y biodegradables ha emergido como un nuevo campo de gran interés. La presente tesis doctoral se enfocó en el desarrollo y caracterización de biopolímeros de polihidroxialcanoato (PHA) derivados de subproductos industriales y de la fracción orgánica de aguas residuales municipales, los residuos biológicos municipales, sintetizados por cultivos microbianos mixtos y producidos mediante las tecnologías de electroestirado y mezclado en fundido. Los materiales resultantes fueron desarrollados para obtener monocapas y multicapas activas y de alta barrera a oxígeno para su uso en envases alimentarios basados en la Bioeconomía Circular. Para lograr los objetivos, esta tesis doctoral se ha dividido en tres bloques según la tecnología utilizada en la obtención de los materiales. El primer bloque consistió en la extracción de los PHAs derivados de residuos agro-industriales para su óptima utilización en los procesos de producción. Posteriormente, se realizó el procesado de los PHAs mediante la técnica de electroestirado, por la cual se obtuvieron fibras poliméricas que fueron tratadas térmicamente para formar films continuos y homogéneos. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the development and characterization of biodegradable materials, specifically biopolymers derived from industrial byproducts and municipal organic waste, which are intended for use in food packaging. This aligns with the claim that eco-friendly packaging can help reduce plastic waste by utilizing biodegradable materials.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: (2022) Telehealth during the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: rapid expansion of Telehealth outpatient use during a pandemic is possible if the programme is previously established. J 28 (6):445–451, doi:10. 1177/1357633X20942045, pmid:32686556. 4. ↵ (2020) Trends in the use of Telehealth during the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, January-March 2020. 69 (43):1595–1599, doi:10. 15585/mmwr. mm6943a3, pmid:33119561. 5. ↵ (2016) “Burden of lung disease in the UK; findings from the British lung foundation’s “respiratory health of the nation” project” Journal 48 doi:10. 1183/13993003. congress-2016. PA4913. PA4913. OpenUrlCrossRef6. ↵Dambha--Harrisskitt J, et al. (2022) Primary care consultations for respiratory tract symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cohort study including 70,000 people in England. 39 (3):440–446, doi:10. 1093/fampra/cmab127, pmid:34632504. 7. ↵(2013) Common general practice presentations and publication frequency. Phys 42 (2):65–68. OpenUrl8. Department of Health and (2020) What we’re doing about lung and respiratory conditions. accessed. -respiratory. com. 21 Sep 2023. 9. ↵ (2016) Meaning of living with severe chronic obstructive lung disease: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 6 (12), doi:10. 1136/bmjopen-2016-011555, pmid:27932338. e011555. OpenUrlAbstract/10. ↵(2015) The contradictions of telehealth user experience in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a qualitative meta-synthesis. PLoS One 10 (10), doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0139561, pmid:26465333. e0139561. 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and limitations associated with telehealth, especially in complex cases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It mentions 'the contradictions of telehealth user experience,' indicating that telehealth may not fully replace the nuances of in-person consultations, particularly for managing serious conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In order to calculate the Adaptation Score, the slope (a) and asymptote (b) were normalized across subjects and then summed for each participant. For P1 we were able to fit an exponential function, while for P2 the adaptation an exponential could not be fit. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Pre-normalized slopes (a) and Asympotes (b) and adaptation scores for all the subjects. is often quantified by fitting the exponential function (exp(−τ ⋅ trial)) and calculating the time constant τ of this function. However, our pilot data showed we could not fit this function for each participant, as some participants adapted in a non-exponential way. There were 11 participants for which we were able to calculate the exponential function. In order to verify our method of quantifying adaptation, we compared τ of this exponential to our and confirmed our main finding (see below) using τ instead of the Adaptation Score. Movement onset was calculated according to algorithm A as proposed by [42] on the tangential velocity of the hand (tolerance range = 10%). The average movement speed (Mv) between the time of movement onset and the crossing of the target’s trajectory line was calculated. We also calculated the absolute movement angle (Ma) from the y-axis, calculated between movement onset and movement onset + 200 ms. In order to identify the relationship between different kinematic variables and Error, we analyzed the relationship between Mv, Ma, movement time (T), absolute target velocity (tv), (σMv)2- group (LOW = 0; HIGH = 1) and their interactions on TE. We did this with a for both the baseline and adaptation phase (lambda = 0. 6). can be used with multicollinear variables. We calculated bootstrapped confidence intervals (95%). LASSO regression includes a penalization. Confidence intervals can therefore only provide information about the variability regarding β for each predictor, but they should be interpreted with caution when it comes to the significance of the predictors. Additionally, we performed another analysis with this technique in order to verify the respective contributions of movement speed variability ((σMv)2) and movement angle ((σMa)2) and their interaction on the Adaptation Score. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the calculation of an Adaptation Score and various kinematic variables in a pilot study. There is no mention of urban living, stress levels, or any related concepts, making it unrelated to the assertion about urban living and stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: Estas monocapas presentaron buenas propiedades térmicas y mecánicas, así como alta barrera tanto a vapores como a gases. Además, las fibras fueron funcionalizadas con compuestos orgánicos presentes en aceites esenciales para proporcionarles una función antimicrobiana activa contra microorganismos trasmitidos por los alimentos. Por otro lado, se realizó el electroestirado de copolímeros de etileno-alcohol vinílico, un polímero sintético que se biodegrada en condiciones específicas y que posee alta barrera a oxígeno. Además, nanocristales de celulosa fueron añadidos al EVOH, para crear monocapas híbridas de alta barrera más sostenibles. En el segundo bloque, los materiales se procesaron mediante la técnica de mezclado en fundido. Para ello, los PHAs derivados de biomasa del primer bloque se mezclaron con PHAs comerciales, así como con cargas celulósicas para formar "compuestos verdes", en el que todos los materiales estaban basados en recursos renovables y biodegradables. Las mezclas mostraron buena miscibilidad y propiedades ópticas, una flexibilidad mejorada, así como propiedades de barrera similares a las del material de biopoliéster puro. Finalmente, en el tercer bloque, se produjeron sistemas multicapas utilizando mezclas de PHA desarrolladas ad-hoc, y materiales monocapa de PHA electroestirado del primer bloque. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of biodegradable materials such as copolymers of ethylene-vinyl alcohol and PHAs derived from biomass, which are noted for their environmentally friendly properties and biodegradability. It mentions that these materials are made from renewable resources, supporting the idea that eco-friendly packaging can contribute to reducing plastic waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: 1093/jamia/ocz046, pmid:31329875. 19. ↵ (2023) Translating primary care to telehealth: analysis of in-person consultations on diabetes and cardiovascular disease. BJGP Open 7 (1), doi:10. 3399/BJGPO. 2022. 0123, pmid:36450404. BJGPO. 2022. 0123. OpenUrlAbstract/20. ↵(2020) Telehealth: the right care, at the right time, via the right medium. doi:10. 1056/CAT. 20. 0564. OpenUrlCrossRef21. ↵Institute for research by location: England. accessed. 12 Sep 2023. 22. ↵ (2022) Evaluation of telehealth support in an integrated respiratory clinic. 32 (1), doi:10. 1038/s41533-022-00304-9, pmid:36369507. 51. 23. ↵ (2016) Telehealth: mapping the evidence for patient outcomes from systematic reviews. accessed. 12 Sep 2023. 24. ↵ (2021) Patient and family perceptions of telehealth as part of the cystic fibrosis care model during COVID-19. J 20 (3):e23–e28, doi:10. 1016/j. jcf. 2021. 03. 009, pmid:33775604. 25. ↵ (2021) Telehealth for patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILD): results of an international survey of clinicians. 8 (1), doi:10. 1136/bmjresp-2021-001088, pmid:34969772. e001088. OpenUrlAbstract/26. ↵Phimphasone- (2021) Clinician and staff perspectives on potential disparities introduced by the rapid implementation of telehealth services during COVID-19: a mixed-methods analysis. Med 11 (7):1339–1347, doi:10. 1093/tbm/ibab060, pmid:34132810. 27. ↵(2023) Guide to undertaking virtual respiratory assessment for adults: basic and extended. accessed. 12 Sep 2023. Back to top Previous 2023. 0073. DOI: 10. 3399/BJGPO. 2023. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines various studies and evaluations of telehealth services in different medical contexts, indicating a nuanced view of telehealth. Instead of supporting the claim that telehealth can replace all in-person consultations, it highlights the role of telehealth in specific areas such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other respiratory assessments. This implies that while telehealth is beneficial, it may not be suitable for all conditions or replace in-person visits entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: As expected with regards to our hypothesis, we found the only included predictor of the to be the (σMv)2 (see Results). The remainder of our analysis was therefore focused on the role of Mv on Adaptation. The correlation between Mv variability across baseline trials ((σMv)2) and the was calculated using the rcorr- function from the Hmisc-package [43]. We used Spearman, in addition to Pearson, because Spearman (based on ranks) captures monotonic relation better than Pearson (which requires linear relations). We also calculated this relationship for τ calculated for the 11 participants that showed exponential adaptation curves. We examined if the predictive capacity of (σMv)2 was due to the sequential effects of the TE on Mv by dividing the participants in a LOW (n = 9) and HIGH (n = 8) (σMv)2 group based on the size of their movement speed variability. In order to verify if there were group differences in variances for Mv and TE, we did F-tests on the results from the baseline phase (var. test-function for R). As we suspected that the benefit of (σMv)2 came from error correction rather than exploration, we expected sequential effects of TEt on Mvt+1. The sequential effects can show us if the error on one trial had an effect on the movement speed of consecutive trials. We verified this idea in two different ways: First, we fit a linear mixed model (lmer-function of the lme4-package [44] that examined the slopes of the HIGH and LOW (σMv)2 group, with subject as a nested random effect. We found significant effect for the HIGH (σMv)2 group, indicating that movement speed was used to account for previous encountered errors. In order to examine this effect in more detail, we calculated the cross correlation (ccf-function for R) between the TE and Mv for lag 0 through 3 for each subject individually to capture the corrective pattern. This way we could examine the effects of the movement speed on the error (lag 0) and the effect of the error on the movement speed over the next 3 trials (lag 1-3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the concept of urban living or its effects on stress levels. Instead, it discusses statistical methods and analysis related to movement and error correction in a separate context, with no mention of urban living, stress, or related psychosocial factors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: Estas estructuras multicapas se basaron en las propiedades adhesivas que poseen las fibras electroestiradas tras aplicarles el tratamiento térmico y en el uso de los revestimientos de CNCs como capas intermedias de barrera a oxígeno. Así, los sistemas multicapas desarrollados fueron totalmente compostables, con alta barrera a oxígeno, siendo potenciales candidatos para sustituir a los actuales envases alimentarios basados en materiales no renovables provenientes del petróleo. Por lo tanto, los materiales aquí desarrollados son tanto bioadhesivos muy prometedores que muestran propiedades antimicrobianas y de alta barrera, como capas exteriores con fines estructurales o para uso como films finos. Así, por laminación, estos materiales pueden dar lugar a films multicapas autoadhesivos, empleados tanto en envases rígidos, semirrígidos o flexibles. Estas estructuras son sostenibles y respetuosas con el medio ambiente y además son biodegradables mediante compostaje y, en algún caso, biodegradables en el medio ambiente. Asimismo, son potencialmente capaces de proporcionar una calidad y seguridad alimentaria comparables a las derivadas de fuentes petroquímicas. [-] [CA] La producció i el consum de plàstics derivats de petroli ha crescut exponencialment en les últimes dècades, impactant en la naturalesa i els éssers vius. Els envasos alimentaris són considerats la principal font de. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing biodegradable materials that are both compostable and environmentally friendly. It mentions that the multilayer structures developed can serve as alternatives to non-renewable materials derived from petroleum, thereby potentially reducing plastic waste. The text emphasizes the sustainability and biodegradability of these materials, directly aligning with the claim about eco-friendly packaging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All medical conditions can be diagnosed and treated effectively through telehealth. [SEP] Text: 1–3 This likely applies most commonly when administering parenteral nutrition; however, dogs with aminoaciduric canine hypoaminoacidemic hepatopathy syndrome (ACHES) or superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND) also often require IV administration of amino acid solutions with osmolarities exceeding these cutoffs. 4 Central administration of parenteral infusions involves placing central catheters via the jugular, saphenous, or cephalic veins that terminate in the cranial or caudal vena cava; peripheral administration involves placing short catheters into saphenous or cephalic veins. 5 Complications associated with both routes of parenteral nutrition include mechanical catheter complications (product extravasation, thrombophlebitis, thrombosis, catheter occlusion, or any other interruptions in infusion delivery), catheter-associated infections or sepsis, or metabolic complications. 1,2,5 Central catheters also carry technical challenges associated with placement and maintenance. Due to concern for increased risk of thrombophlebitis with peripheral administration of high-osmolarity infusions, general recommendations are to administer infusions with osmolarities > 750 to 800 mOsm/L centrally in dogs. 1–3,6 Previous studies evaluating peripheral administration of high-osmolarity infusions in dogs are limited, with mixed results. A retrospective study2 in 2002 assessing the administration of parenteral nutrition with an osmolarity < 750 mOsm/L showed no difference in complication rate between central and peripheral infusions. A 2006 prospective study7 in a cohort of 9 dogs showed no mechanical complications with peripheral administration of an 840-mOsm/L parenteral nutrition given over 10 to 12 hours. Conversely, a 2013 retrospective study8 evaluating the administration of a high-osmolarity (1,350 mOsm/L) lipid-free solution showed a high rate of mechanical complications (40%), with peripheral administration carrying a significantly increased risk for development of mechanical complications. Current guidelines in human medicine recommend central administration of products with osmolarities > 900 mOsm/L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges associated with administering parenteral nutrition in dogs. It highlights that certain medical conditions, such as those requiring intravenous administration of nutrients, may not be effectively managed through telehealth alone due to the need for physical procedures and the possibility of complications. This indicates that not all medical conditions can be adequately diagnosed and treated effectively through telehealth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In order to decrease the effect of any auto-correlation or common trends within the time-series we prewhitened the TE and Mv for each participant with the prewhiten-function of the psd-package. Bootstrapped confidence intervals (95%) were calculated. The results were correlated with the individual results, in order to examine if sequential effects of TE on Mv could predict differences in adaptation. ResultsWe first analyzed the behavior or participants within a trial for both phase 1 and 2 (see Table 2). A negative TE denoted being late, and a positive TE denoted being early. Both phases included (σMv)2-group and movement time (T) as predictors of TE. Larger movement times led to a more negative TE. The HIGH (σMv)2 group had on average more positive TE. None of the other main effects were included as predictors, although there seemed to be some small interaction effects. As movement time was one of the main predictors of error, it is likely that participants use Mv to account for errors. However, another way to account for errors is by varying the movement angle (Ma). We found a significant correlation between Mv and Ma (R = 0. 62, p < 0. 001), and (σMv)2 and (σMa)2 (R = 0. 67, p < 0. 005). The results of the (λ = 0. 37) showed us that only (σMv)2 was a significant predictor of the (β = 0. 01; 95% CI[0. 008–0. 020]), while (σMa)2 and (σMa)2 ⋅ (σMv)2 were dropped. The remainder of the analysis will therefore only focus on Mv. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Predictors for temporal hand error within a trial for Phase 1 and 2. λ = 0. 6 for both models. regression includes a penalization, caution is required when interpreting Confidence Intervals. experiment was designed to study the relationship between (σMv)2 and the Adaptation score. Fig 2 shows two example subjects and their responses during the experiment. Participants showed various degrees of adaptation. Adaptation scores varied between -1. 49 and +1. 67 (Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels. It focuses on a study that analyzes temporal hand errors and movement predictors in an experimental setting, without discussing any aspects of urban living or its effects on stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: [+] [CA] La producció i el consum de plàstics derivats de petroli ha crescut exponencialment en les últimes dècades, impactant en la naturalesa i els éssers vius. Els envasos alimentaris són considerats la principal font de contaminació per plàstics. Per això, l'estudi i el desenvolupament de nous materials derivats de recursos renovables i biodegradables ha emergit com un nou camp de gran interès. Aquesta tesi doctoral es va enfocar en el desenvolupament i la caracterització de biopolímers de polihidroxialcanoat (PHA) derivats de subproductes industrials i de la fracció orgànica d'aigües residuals municipals, els residus biològics municipals, sintetitzats per cultius microbians mixtos i produïts mitjançant les tecnologies d'electroestirat i barrejat en fosa. Els materials resultants van ser desenvolupats per obtenir monocapes i multicapes actives i d'alta barrera a oxigen per utilitzar-los en envasos alimentaris basats en la Bioeconomia Circular. Per assolir els objectius, aquesta tesi doctoral s'ha dividit en tres blocs segons la tecnologia utilitzada per obtenir els materials. El primer bloc va consistir en l'extracció dels PHA derivats de residus agroindustrials per a la seva òptima utilització en els processos de producció. Posteriorment, es va realitzar el processament dels PHA mitjançant la tècnica d'electroestirat, per la qual es van obtenir fibres polimèriques que van ser tractades tèrmicament per formar films continus i homogenis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of biodegradable materials, specifically biopolymers derived from industrial byproducts and municipal organic waste, as an alternative to petroleum-derived plastics. It emphasizes the importance of using renewable and biodegradable materials for food packaging, addressing the problem of plastic waste pollution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: AMA Journal of Ethics® Illuminating the Art of navigation 985. doi: 10. 1001/virtualmentor. 2014. 16. 12. jdsc1-1412. Citation PDF Altmetric email. For telehealth to succeed, privacy and security risks must be identified and addressed. (Millwood). 2014;33(2):216-221. Innovative connected health technologies offer a promising solution to many of the challenges facing health care delivery in the United States. Connected health refers to a wide range of care delivery models that utilize communications technologies (sometimes referred to as telehealth and telemedicine) to help patients manage their conditions through improved self-care and to extend clinical care outside of traditional settings [1]. Health care systems that combine patient-reported information and objective data from telehealth devices and sensors can be used to create patient-centered, personalized health interventions. Although these new technologies promise to improve the quality of care, reduce costs, and increase patient satisfaction, they raise a number of ethical issues. Hall and McGraw argue that there are significant privacy and security risks in telehealth systems that can adversely affect patients’ and clinicians’ level of trust and willingness to adopt and use the system [2]. Noting that current regulations do not provide sufficient guidance for developers or protection for users, the authors recommend that a single federal agency, the Commission (FTC), coordinate the creation and enforcement of comprehensive privacy and security standards. In what follows, we summarize Hall and McGraw’s key points and then discuss their implications based on our experience in creating, evaluating, and implementing telehealth systems. Hall and McGraw begin by describing the risks that telehealth systems pose to the privacy and security of patients’ health information. Privacy risks involve a lack of control over the collection, use, and sharing of data. For example, home telehealth devices and sensors designed to detect falls may collect and transmit information on activities in the household that a patient wishes to keep private, such as substance abuse or that the house is unoccupied at particular time. Smartphone apps may share sensitive data—such as sensor data on location—with advertisers and other third parties in ways not anticipated by users. The primary security risk is that of unauthorized access to data during collection, transmission, or storage. Any transfer offers the potential for a security breach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are significant privacy and security risks associated with telehealth systems. It points out that privacy risks involve a lack of control over the collection, use, and sharing of health data, contrary to the claim that telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns. Additionally, it mentions security risks of unauthorized access to data during its collection, transmission, or storage, reinforcing the idea that telehealth does not eliminate but rather introduces these concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Fig 3A displays the moving average (window = 4 trials) of TE throughout the task. The blue line shows the mean of the nine participants with below-average (σMv)2, and the orange line depicts the mean of the eight participants with above-average (σMv)2. The spread around these lines represent the standard deviation of the data across subjects. When the temporal perturbation of 100 ms is introduced, subjects account for this delay by reaching the target’s trajectory earlier with their hand in relation to the target. This is depicted by a more positive TE in Fig 3. Upon visual inspection there seemed to be a slightly faster adaptation for the HIGH group than for the LOW group (see Fig 3B). In order to verify this notion, we calculated an adaptation score for each participant. We found a significant correlation between (σMv)2 and the adaptation score (Pearson r = 0. 51, p = 0. 037). We found an even higher Spearman correlation (r = 0. 61, p = 0. 009), indicating that the relationship might be better described by a logarithmic curve (dashed line in Fig 3B). These findings imply that there is a strong positive relationship between (σMv)2 and the adaptation. We confirmed this result by finding a negative correlation between (σMv)2 and τ (r = -0. 63, p = 0. 038) (Fig 4A). This was as expected, as the had a negative (albeit not significant) correlation with τ as calculated by the exponential (r = -0. 54, p = 0. 088) (Fig 4B). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. The relationship between (σMv)2 and adaptation score. (A) The moving average data (+- SD) of the LOW (blue) and HIGH (orange) variability group. (B) The relationship between (σMv)2 and the Adaptation Score. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Verification of the adaptation score. A. The relation between movement speed variability and τ of the exponential function. B. The relationship between the and τ of the exponential function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about urban living and stress levels. It discusses findings related to participants' adaptation scores and movement speed variability without any reference to urban living or stress levels, thus not supporting, contrasting, or addressing the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: Aquestes monocapes van presentar bones propietats tèrmiques i mecàniques, així com alta barrera tant a vapors com a gasos. A més, les fibres van ser funcionalitzades amb compostos orgànics presents en olis essencials per proporcionar-los una funció antimicrobiana activa contra microorganismes transmesos pels aliments. D'altra banda, es va realitzar l'electroestirat de copolímers d'etilè-alcohol vinílic, un polímer sintètic que es biodegrada en condicions específiques i que té alta barrera a oxigen. A més, nanocristalls de cel·lulosa van ser afegits a l'EVOH, per crear monocapes híbrides d'alta barrera més sostenibles. Al segon bloc, els materials es van processar mitjançant la tècnica de barrejat en fosa. Per això, els PHAs derivats de biomassa del primer bloc es van barrejar amb PHAs comercials, així com amb càrregues cel·lulòsiques per formar "compostos verds", en què tots els materials estaven basats en recursos renovables i biodegradables. Les barreges van mostrar bona miscibilitat i propietats òptiques, una flexibilitat millorada, així com propietats de barrera similars a les del material de biopolièster pur. Finalment, al tercer bloc, es van produir sistemes multicapes utilitzant barreges de PHA desenvolupades ad-hoc, i materials monocapa de PHA electroestirat del primer bloc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of biodegradable materials such as PHA derived from biomass and their functionalities for eco-friendly applications. It emphasizes that these materials, being based on renewable resources and biodegradable, contribute to reducing plastic waste, thus supporting the claim regarding eco-friendly packaging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: The authors argue that, despite efforts to create secure devices and apps, many contain serious flaws, and hackers and malware pose an increasing threat to the security of telehealth systems. Hall and McGraw explain that existing regulations are insufficient to provide strong privacy and risk protections for users. Currently, the Portability and (HIPAA) contains the primary set of regulations that guide the privacy and security of health information. HIPAA requires that identifiable health information be encrypted so that only those authorized to read it can do so. HIPAA, however, applies only to “covered entities”—health care providers and insurers—not to patients. (FDA) regulates medical devices but not consumer-facing devices and apps, focusing on technical issues related to the security and integrity of information. In this way, the FDA ensures patient safety but not patient privacy; hence, Hall and McGraw propose that Congress authorize a single federal agency, the Commission (FTC), to create and enforce telehealth privacy and security regulations. The FTC has expertise in privacy and technical issues related to security, in creating and enforcing consumer protection laws, and in supporting innovation. The authors recommend that the FTC enlist stakeholders and manufacturers in creating voluntary codes of conduct for protecting privacy and security and provide a “safe harbor” or protection from legal action to entities that operate under these codes. If no agreement were reached on voluntary standards, the FTC would exercise its authority to create and enforce federal regulations. Hall and McGraw conclude that giving the FTC this two-part authority is the best option for creating comprehensive privacy and security standards that will ensure telehealth systems are trusted and adopted [2]. and McGraw provide a useful description of and suggested resolution for the privacy and security challenges facing the development of successful telehealth systems, but there are several caveats to accepting the authors’ recommendation for an FTC solution. First, there is the possibility that establishing voluntary standards or new federal regulations aimed at telehealth systems may not significantly improve users’ level of trust, even if such steps improve privacy and security protections. Increased reporting of security breaches, which are almost a daily occurrence, may have contributed to a general sense of distrust in electronic transmission and storage of personal information that may not diminish with regulations directed solely at telehealth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that telehealth systems still pose significant privacy concerns despite attempts to secure them. It mentions that telehealth devices and apps contain serious flaws that make them vulnerable to hackers and malware, indicating that privacy is not fully assured. Moreover, it emphasizes that existing regulations like HIPAA do not sufficiently protect patients, as they only apply to healthcare providers and insurers, leaving patients themselves unprotected. The authors suggest that regulatory improvements are necessary to address these concerns, illustrating that privacy issues remain a critical challenge in telehealth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: expected, the F-test revealed a significant difference between the HIGH and LOW variability groups in baseline Mv (F(1, 1315) = 2. 5, p < 0. 001). However, no differences were found for TE (F(1,1315) = 1. 1, p = 0. 35). This is important because it ensures that differences in sequential effects that are found between groups are not the result of differences in errors that were made. We examined the relationship between the TE on a certain trial, and the change in Mv on the next trial for participants in the HIGH and in the LOW (σMv)2 group (see Fig 5). The mixed linear model revealed that, when the error was zero, neither of the groups significantly changed their Mv (p = 0. 69 (LOW); p = 0. 59 (HIGH)). The effect of TE on the next trial’s Mv was significant for the HIGH (σMv)2 group (slope = -15. 9 cm/s2; p = 0. 02). The LOW (σMv)2 group did not show a significant effect (slope = 6. 3 cm/s2; p = 0. 68). revealed a significant difference between groups (F(1, 1263) = 5. 2, p = 0. 02). This suggests that participants with a higher (σMv)2 increased their speed when encountering a negative error and vice versa, while the participants with lower (σMv)2 did not. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. The relationship between the baseline TE on trial t-1 and the subsequent change in Mvel. Dots represent individual trials for subjects within the HIGH (orange) and LOW (blue) (σMv)2 group. The lines indicate the predicted slope of the model. order to examine if this difference can predict adaptation on an individual level, we calculated the cross correlation (ccf) between Mv at different t+lag and TE (Fig 6). A negative ccf indicates that a negative error (arriving too late) leads to increased velocities, and a more positive error (earlier) leads to decreased velocities. Consequently, a positive ccf indicates the opposite (negative error → decreased velocities; positive error → increased velocities). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about urban living and stress levels. It discusses statistical analyses related to different variability groups and their effects on performance measures without mentioning urban living, stress, or any related factors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: Aquestes estructures multicapes es van basar en les propietats adhesives que tenen les fibres electroestirades després d'aplicar-los el tractament tèrmic i en l'ús dels revestiments de CNC com a capes intermèdies de barrera a oxigen. Així, els sistemes multicapes desenvolupats van ser totalment compostables, amb alta barrera a oxigen, sent potencials candidats per substituir els actuals envasos alimentaris basats en materials no renovables provinents del petroli. Per tant, els materials aquí desenvolupats són tant bioadhesius molt prometedors que mostren propietats antimicrobianes i d'alta barrera, com a capes exteriors amb fins estructurals o per a ús com a films fins. Així, per laminació, aquests materials poden donar lloc a films multicapes autoadhesius, emprats tant en envasos rígids, semirígids o flexibles. Aquestes estructures són sostenibles i respectuoses amb el medi ambient ia més són biodegradables mitjançant compostatge i, en algun cas, biodegradables al medi ambient. Així mateix, són potencialment capaços de proporcionar una qualitat i seguretat alimentària comparables a les derivades de fonts petroquímiques. [-] [EN] The production and consumption of petroleum derived plastics that are not biodegradable has grown exponentially in recent decades, with the consequent impact on nature and organisms. The food packaging sector is today. . . [+] [EN] The production and consumption of petroleum derived plastics that are not biodegradable has grown exponentially in recent decades, with the consequent impact on nature and organisms. The food packaging sector is today considered the main source of plastic contamination. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multilayer structures that are totally compostable and biodegradable. It mentions that these materials can replace current food packaging made from non-renewable petroleum sources, thus supporting the notion that using biodegradable materials can help reduce plastic waste.