Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: However, the deep learning technique did not solve the BCI illiteracy issues fully, as low BCI performers still remained and achieved less than 50% accuracy (around chance level) in binary class motor imagery. Moreover, in Xu et al. ’s [17] investigation with eight different EEG datasets, the average BCI performance was lower in the datasets with many subjects than in those with fewer subjects. It can be inferred that datasets with many subjects may contain more who are BCI-illiterate, and whose performance did not improve, while high BCI performers who achieved controllable performance already with existing algorithms improved their performance further. Another approach is beyond feature extraction algorithms that use the brain’s plasticity to modulate the brain activity related to specific BCI tasks that use external stimuli. This approach focuses more on the subject. Specifically, to target the brain activity related to motor imagery, two stimulation methods have been applied most frequently: vibrotactile stimulation and electrical brain stimulation. In the vibrotactile stimulation, it is known that somatosensory stimulation modulates corticospinal excitability and the stimulation can increase motor evoked potentials (MEPs) [18]. Previous studies have investigated vibrotactile stimulation’s effects during motor imagery and found that it improved motor imagery BCI performance by enhancing the brain activity on the electrode channels around the motor cortex [19, 20]. Further, they have observed that vibrotactile stimulation during a motor imagery task enhanced event-related desynchronization (ERD) and improved motor imagery BCI performance. In addition to sensory stimulation, the other stimulation method is electrical brain stimulation, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) [21, 22]. Baxter et al. investigated the stimulation effects of high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) by placing anode and cathode electrodes between the CP3/P3 electrode channels and observed that anodal stimulation decreased the mean time to achieve right hand imagery successfully and increased alpha and beta band power at the C3/CP3 channels after the stimulation session [21]. However, previous tDCS studies have reported mixed effects with respect to the ERD after the tDCS session. In particular, some previous studies found an increase in ERD in the hemisphere stimulated during motor imagery tasks [23–25], while one found a decrease in ERD following the tDCS session [26]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of BCI technology, specifically mentioning that low BCI performers have achieved less than 50% accuracy in motor imagery tasks, indicating that full control of electronic devices by thought alone is not currently possible. The mention of BCI illiteracy and the mixed performance outcomes further highlights that the technology is not capable of allowing full control as suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Firstly, on the basis of our characterization of the DHS population, the hybrid zone width appears to be relatively narrow (approx. 150 m in the DHS), thereby indicating little overlap of the NEA and SEA lineages at a local scale. Hence, though 20 more scattered individuals are generally collected and analyzed in each population, it is possible that one lineage is excluded owing to sampling within a limited altitudinal range. By examining the GPS locations of trees sampled by Guo et al. (2014), we found that pure NEA populations found to the North of Mts. Taihang and Yanshan are generally distributed at altitudes higher than 700 m, whereas pure SEA populations in this region are typically found at altitudes lower than 500 m (Fig. 1b), which is consistent with the distribution pattern identified in the DHS. Secondly, as a consequence of human population density in North China, particularly in the region to the North of Mts. Taihang and Yanshan, large areas of natural forest have disappeared at low altitudes 36,37, which may have led to the local extinction of SEA lineages in many Acer populations in this region. Consequently, we speculate that the secondary contact zone between the NEA and SEA lineages of Acer should be more extensive than it now appears. Confirmation of this supposition will, nevertheless, necessitate further extensive sampling along altitudinal gradients in North China. The natural long-persisting pattern of the isolation of NEA and SEA lineages along an altitudinal gradient in the DHS (and potentially for other populations in North China) may reflect the local adaptation of Acer prior to secondary contact. Generally, the SEA lineage is found at low latitudes, where it is mainly distributed at high altitudes in warm temperate forests, whereas the NEA lineage occurs at higher latitudes, and is distributed primarily in cool temperate forest (Fig. 1b). The bioclimatic conditions characterizing NEA and SEA habitats are relatively distinct 38. Bioclimatic divergence as well as allopatric distribution can be considered prerequisites for the evolution of local adaptation, which can lead to niche divergence when different lineages subsequently meet 39–41. In this context, species of Acer are not the only one for which the local adaptation of NEA and SEA lineages has been reported (eg. Juglans mandshurica species complex 16, Lindera obtusiloba 38). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants and ancient climates. Instead, it discusses the distribution patterns and local adaptations of two lineages of the Acer species, without making any reference to fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: We therefore tested the parents’ attained age GRS; the sample size needed for an 80% chance of detecting an association of this magnitude (R2=0. 002 in UKB) with p<0. 05 was 3,924. In Cox’s proportional hazards survival models against both dead and alive parents attained ages in HRS (n=12,345, number of events=9,809), increasing GRS was associated with longer survival (mortality Hazard Ratio=0. 961, 95% CIs=0. 942 to 0. 980, p=6x10-5, adjusted for offspring age, sex, and genetic principal components 1-5). In the WLS (n=7,437, number of events=6,683, errors clustered by family), increasing GRS was associated with longer survival (mortality Hazard Ratio=0. 963, 95% CIs=0. 938 to 0. 988, p=4x10-3, adjusted for age at saliva collection, sex, and genetic principal components 1-5). Functional implications and pathways analysis We investigated effects of the parents' attained age SNPs on expression of genes in multiple tissues, such as whole blood [15], using the FUMA tools [16]. Expression of 53 genes were associated, including 8 of the 10 nearest genes to the variants identified above (5 and 6). gene-set analysis, only two pathways were significantly enriched after correction for multiple testing, both related to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding and downstream events (4). Sensitivity analyses of combined parents' attained age analyses We generated QQ plots for all GWAS (2) and observed some genomic inflation (Lambda GC for parents' attained age = 1. 199), consistent with human longevity being highly polygenic, but perhaps also representing some effect of relatedness in inflating results. The BOLT-LMM software used for analysis accounts for relatedness in the methods, but we investigated further; the 10 variants associated with attained parental age were tested in Cox proportional hazards (CoxPH) models against parents’ attained age, to assess whether the associations observed with rank-normalized Martingale residuals were robust. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing research that investigates the associations of parental attained age and genetic risk scores (GRS) with longevity and survival. It highlights that increasing GRS is associated with longer survival, suggesting a genetic basis for longevity. The text also focuses on genetic markers and variations linked to parental age, which aligns with the objective of anti-aging research to study genetic markers related to longevity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: Still another study found that tDCS did not affect frequencies above 9Hz [27]. Rather than developing new feature extraction algorithms, external stimulation sources may have greater potential to solve the BCI illiteracy problem as the stimulation methods affect brain activity. In contrast, feature extraction algorithms may fail to identify the robust features if they do not exist in the brain signals recorded from BCI-illiterate individuals. However, some limitations exist in the stimulation-based approaches to be addressed. One consideration is the lack of a comparative study of vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS, the stimulation method used most frequently to modulate brain activity during motor imagery and improve motor imagery BCI performance. The difficulty in conducting a comparative study originates from the stimulation paradigm. In general, vibrotactile stimulation is delivered while subjects are performing a motor imagery task because the stimulation enhances the cortical activation that motor imagery induces [20] and thus concurrent stimulation effects can be investigated. However, with tDCS, the stimulation effects are investigated following the stimulation session because recording EEG during the stimulation session is not applicable, and appropriate stimulation is necessary to modulate brain activity. Thus, to compare the stimulation effects, the stimulation paradigms should be equal. Here, we conducted a study to compare the stimulation effects of vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS with the same stimulation paradigm by assessing the effects of the vibrotactile stimulation following the stimulation session. Another consideration when investigating the stimulation effects is to divide the subjects according to BCI efficiency. Previous studies have found that inefficient (low performers) and efficient BCI users (high performers) exhibited different neurophysiological characteristics. One study incorporated brain network features into ERD to improve low performers’ motor imagery BCI performance [28]. They found that the subjects benefited from brain network features (functional connectivity), and suggested that low performers may engage in motor imagery differently than high performers, and thus existing features, such as ERD, cannot capture the engagement although the brain network showed the possibility. Similarly, another study divided the subjects recruited into two groups based upon BCI performance, compared their brain networks on multiple network scales [29], and found significantly higher phase synchronization values in the right hemisphere during high performers’ motor imagery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing limitations in current brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies, specifically in the context of user control and stimulation methods. It mentions 'stimulation methods affect brain activity' and describes that 'inefficient (low performers) and efficient BCI users (high performers) exhibited different neurophysiological characteristics.' This implies that full control via thought is not universally achievable, highlighting the disparities in BCI performance and the need for improvements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: However, species of Acer are the first for which niche divergence along an altitudinal gradient in has been described. However, establishing whether this pattern is typical of NEA–SEA divergent species (or pairs), will necessitate further analyses. Post-pollination barriers contribute predominantly to the reproductive isolation of NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages Our results reveal that both adult and offspring populations of the NEA and SEA lineages of Acer are characterized by a typical bimodal genetic pattern, with most hybrids being later generation F1 individuals, which thus tends to indicate a reduction in inter-lineage gene flow, although introgression between lineages does indeed occur. Nevertheless, even though the two lineages are isolated in terms of altitudinal distribution, they are still comparatively spatially adjacent (over a range of approx. 6–1800 m). In this regard, the findings of a study examining the mating patterns and population genetic structure of an Acer population in Beijing 42 have revealed that long-distance pollen dispersal can occur with a high probability. Moreover, it has been reported that the mean pollen dispersal distance of protogynous morphs of Acer opalus subsp. granatense, is 2. 8 km 43. Hence, we speculate that spatial isolation is unlikely to be a major factor limiting inter-lineage gene flow. Given the evolution of local adaptation and ecological niche divergence in the NEA and SEA lineages, as discussed above, there are opportunities for reproductive barriers to develop. Therefore, we infer that a reproductive barrier rather than spatial isolation between lineages, is a major factor contributing to a limited inter-lineage gene flow in the DHS. The very limited number of identified hybrids and narrow hybrid zone in the DHS are indicative of a reproductive barrier between the two lineages, which is predicted to be strong 29,44. On the basis of our observations, we infer that the reproductive barrier between the NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages probably operates prior to seed development and maturation, which tends to be supported by the consistent genetic structure between seed and adult populations (Fig. 2b). Generally, prezygotic barriers, such as assortative mating, evolve more rapidly than postzygotic barriers 30, and can lead to a pronounced reduction in inter-lineage gene flow and the development of narrow hybrid zones 29,45,46. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on genetic diversity, reproductive barriers, and pollen dispersal patterns among specific lineages of the Acer genus, which is irrelevant to the claim about fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: These models also excluded related (≥3rd-degree) participants, leaving a reduced sample size of n=326,864, including n=153,101 with censored data due to at least one parent still being alive. Five of the 10 loci remained genome wide significant (p<5x10-8) in these models; 3, and ATAXN2/SH2B3 (3) with the remaining five directionally consistent and associated at p≤3. 1*10-6. We performed sensitivity analyses only including parents who had died (Figure 1B; Table 2), as the ages of living parents at the UKB study baseline are clearly an incomplete measure of their longevity. This analysis included a smaller sample size of n=208,118 UKB participants with both parental ages of death known. The same five of the ten loci reported above remained genome-wide significant (3, and SH2B3) with the remaining loci remaining nominally significant. Two additional variants not identified in the previous analysis emerged as candidates for follow-up: rs1627804 (32% frequency, p=4x10-8), in an intron of BEND3, a transcriptional repressor which associates with the NoRC (nucleolar remodeling complex) complex and playing a key role in repressing ribosomal DNA transcription; and rs146254978 (2% frequency, p=4. 6x10-8), located in an intron of both FPGT and TNNI3K. GWAS of both parents achieving longest 10% survival We next tested binary associations with having both parents surviving to the longest 10% of lifespans, using sex-specific age-at-death cut-offs (father ≥87, mother ≥90, including living parents aged over these age cut-offs), to assess whether associations were attributable to longer lives rather than early deaths. This analysis confirmed associations (Figure 1C; Table 1) with variants in the 3, LPA and CDKN2B-AS1, with a suggestive association with ATXN2 (p=3. 4x10-6). Two further loci just reached significance in this analysis: rs28926173 (4. 7% frequency, p=2. 3x10-8) in an intron of gene MC2R, and rs139137459 (0. 4% frequency, p=2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it provides detailed analysis of genetic loci associated with longevity, particularly in the context of parental lifespans. It mentions performing a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of parents achieving the longest 10% of survival, which directly relates to the study of genetic markers and their association with longevity in populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: In addition to brain network measures, a difference between low and high BCI performers’ frequency band power has been reported during the rest or pre-stimulus period, showing that subjects with higher alpha band or sensory motor rhythm (SMR) power during those periods are more likely to achieve better BCI performance [30–32]. Based upon the previous findings, it can be expected that vibrotactile stimulation or tDCS affects low and high performers differently because the two show different characteristics and may engage in the same task in different ways. In addition to the neurophysiological perspective, they may differ from the behavioral perspective. High performers who achieve controllable BCI performance before the stimulation session have a sense of control already, and their brain activity is optimal and stable in the task. Therefore, external changes are less likely to affect them. On the other hand, low performers do not have this sense of control, and their brain activity is not yet optimal and is unstable. Therefore, low performers may have more potential to change. In this study, we propose to compare vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS’s stimulation effects on brain activity related to motor imagery among inefficient BCI users. Through this study, we investigated which brain activity can be modulated by vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS and whether they can help improve low performers’ BCI performance. 2. Methods2. 1 We recruited a total of 44 healthy subjects for this study, and assigned them randomly to three groups—sham (control), vibrotactile stimulation, and tDCS. This experiment was conducted in a quiet space, and the subjects were seated in a comfortable chair approximately one meter from a 24-inch screen. The subjects were asked to place both of their hands on a desk to prevent hand movement while they performed the motor imagery tasks. We used OpenViBE software [33] and custom-built scripts to acquire EEG, process online signals, and present the motor imagery task. As shown in Figure 1, EEG were recorded first for one minute during the eyes-open resting state. Thereafter, the subjects performed a left- and right-hand motor imagery task that consisted of two offline and two online blocks each. The subjects received different stimuli while performing the four offline motor imagery blocks according to their assigned groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the performance variations among BCI users. It explains that not all users achieve controllable BCI performance, with low performers lacking a sense of control and their brain activity being unstable. This indicates that full control of devices through thought alone is not currently achievable for all users, which contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Flowering phenology and/or pollinator community divergence between lineages are common pre-pollination barriers that can contribute to assortative mating 27,47,48. In the present study, we found that the NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages differ with respect to almost all the flowering phenology indices we assessed (Table 1), thereby indicating trait divergence. However, we established that a majority of the individuals surveyed in the DHS are duodichogamous (82. 76%), characterized by two separate functional male stages. Consequently, the prolonged male function can give rise to an overlap of the blooming periods of the female and male flowers on trees of the opposite lineage (Table 1), even though blooming rhythms differs. Furthermore, given that we found no evidence of any appreciable differences between lineages with respect to flower shape, and that inter-lineage spatial isolation is relatively limited in the DHS, we would tend to assume that there is no divergence between the two lineages regarding the insect pollinator community. Accordingly, although further verification is necessary, we speculate that post-pollination rather than pre-pollination barriers, are the major factor contributing to the reproductive isolation of lineages in the DHS. Such post-pollination barriers including pre-mating barriers associated with the stigma, as well as prezygotic or postzygotic barriers downstream of the stigma 30,49. Morphological divergence of NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages corresponds to A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum Notably, NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineage trees can be differentiated with respect to the morphologies of both leaves and fruits (Fig. 3a and b, Table 2). NEA-DHS typically produce larger seven-lobed leaves, characterized by a heart-shaped leaf base, whereas the generally smaller leaves of SEA-DHS typically have five lobes and a truncate-shaped leaf base. In terms of fruit, NEA-DHS have smaller seeds and seed wings spreading at larger angles compared with those produced by SEA-DHS. Furthermore, whereas the wings of SEA-DHS seeds are as long as the seeds (1. 06 ± 0. 02), those of NEA-DHS seeds tend to be longer than the seeds (1. 24 ± 0. 01). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various traits and reproductive barriers among lineages of flowering plants but does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: 7x10-8) in an intron of USP2-AS1 (near USP2). The MC2R variant was associated at p=6. 4x10-6 with parents’ attained age, but the USP2-AS1 variant had a low population frequency (0. 4%) and was not significant in the continuous trait analyses. Genetic risk score associations with centenarian status and offspring health status in UKB There were 691 UKB participants with a centenarian mother (the longest lived 0. 1% of maternal deaths in the sample), and 747 with a father aged ≥98 years (the corresponding age cut-off of longest lived 0. 1%); only five participants had both parents in the longest lived 0. 1%. Although this relatively small group (0. 3% of the full attained age sample) were included in the discovery analysis, we tested the GRS for association with having a centenarian parent (in the un-related UK Biobank participants, n=1,181), against controls whose (both) parents died before age 80 (n=66,280). Increasing attained age GRS was associated with increased odds of having a centenarian parent (OR per standard deviation of GRS=1. 193, 95% CIs=1. 130 to 1. 260, p=3. 0x10-10). GWAS of mothers' and fathers' age at death separately We tested for parental gender differences by conducting separate GWAS for mothers' and fathers' attained ages (including living parents). Eleven additional genetic variants were identified, three only associated with mother’s age at death, eight associated with father’s age at death (Table 2). Results included variants previously associated with the autoimmune diseases psoriasis and idiopathic membranous nephropathy (for mothers), and an independent nicotine-dependence locus on chromosome 20 for fathers. Novel gene-longevity associations included genes MICA/B (a locus previously linked to auto-immune conditions rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis), TOX, ZW10, SEMA6D, EGLN2/CYP2A6, EXOC3L2/MARK4 and C20orf187. Comparison with recently reported GWAS analyses of longevity A recent large analysis by Joshi et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing genetic variants and their associations with longevity, particularly in relation to individuals with centenarian parents. It mentions 'novel gene-longevity associations' and describes various genetic markers connected to longevity, indicating that studying these genetic associations is a key focus of anti-aging research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: After the stimulation session, they performed the same motor imagery task that they performed before the stimulation session, and eyes-open resting state EEG were recorded before and after the stimulation session. EEG were recorded from 19 wired dry electrode channels, referenced by the left and right earlobes at 300Hz (DSI-24, Wearable Sensing, USA). This experiment was approved by the Board at of Science and Technology (20210806-HR-62-03-02), and all subjects were informed about the experimental procedure and signed informed consent. In the motor imagery task, the subjects performed left- and right-hand motor imagery rather than actual movement. The subjects were asked to imagine hand movements in a kinesthetic rather than visual way, as a previous study reported that kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI) and visual motor imagery (VMI) showed different brain activations [34]. Each trial began with a fixation cross for the first 1. 5 seconds. During the next 4 seconds, an orange-colored circle appeared in the center of the screen, and an instruction bar appeared on the left or right side. The subjects were instructed to keep imagining left- and right-hand movements according to the direction of the bar until the blank screen, which remained blank for 1. 5 seconds. This trial was repeated 40 times and included shuffled left- and right-hand trials for each block. During the offline phase (two blocks), there was no motor imagery feedback. After the offline phase, the subjects’ EEG data were used to train common spatial pattern (CSP)-based spatial filter and Fisher’s linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) classifier. Thereafter, the subjects performed the online phase that consisted of two motor imagery blocks that showed visual feedback for 1. 5 seconds by moving the circle to classified directions. For CSP-FLDA, an epoch was extracted from each trial at [1000-3500] ms to the stimulus onset, and band-pass filtered with cutoff frequencies of 8 and 30Hz using the 4th-order Butterworth filter. However, we note that hyper-parameters for online classifiers were changed after the first ten subjects. Specifically, for the first ten subjects, CSP-FLDA was trained by 19 electrode channels and the first and last two CSP filters were selected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a study involving motor imagery tasks and brain activity measured through EEG, without any indication that users achieved full control of electronic devices by thought alone. The processes described, such as imagining hand movements and using classifiers for interpreting neural data, suggest preliminary BCI principles rather than the claimed complete control of devices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Although the criteria used to differentiate A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum are not identical among the different Floras, our morphological characterization in this study would tend to be consistent with the identity of NEA-DHS individuals as A. pictum subsp. mono and SEA-DHS individuals as A. truncatum. Given that there are no other closely related Acer species in North China, we are thus reasonably confident in assigning NEA and SEA lineages in the DHS as A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum, respectively. Moreover, the clear indication of a reproductive barrier between the NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages provides compelling evidence regarding the current classification status of these two controversial species. However, despite this convincing support for the separate species status of A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum, we suggest that leaf and fruit morphologies would not constitute solid identification criteria. Both species in the DHS tend to be characterized by large-range morphological variation, with a certain degree of overlap between species (Fig. 3a and b). Moreover, the presence of hybrids may exacerbate the difficulty in identifying these species based solely on morphology. If indeed niche divergence of the two species along an altitudinal gradient in the DHS is confirmed to be common phenomenon throughout the secondary contact zone, a combination of morphological and habitat-related criteria may provide relatively reliable and readily assessed clues that could be used to identify A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum in North China. For conclusive verification, however, the most precise approach to identification is one based on the analyses of molecular markers, such as nSSRs or nuclear single-copy genes 18,50,51. ConclusionCollectively, the findings of our detailed genetic structure and trait analyses of Acer population in the DHS clarify the identities of A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum as two separate species, which correspond to the NEA and SEA lineages, respectively, identified in a previous phylogeographical study. Within the study region, the two species are characterized by ecological niche divergence and different habitats along an altitudinal gradient. Although we detected introgression between the two species, interspecific gene flow appears to be uncommon and the established hybrid zone is narrow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genetic structure and morphological characteristics of specific species within the Acer genus, rather than providing information about fossilized plants or their contributions to understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: [2], with up to 294,998 participants in their analysis of European parents' attained age, included the first third of UK Biobank genotyping data plus 26 other cohorts. For survival past age 40 years, associations were confirmed for APOE and CHRNA3/5, plus novel associations with overall longevity (deaths or survival to age 40 years and over) with HLA-DQA1/DRB1 and LPA, and with replication of CDKN2A/B and SH2B3. While these results overlap with our attained age analysis, they also reported an association with FOXO3A variants, but we found no significant associations for this locus (p>0. 01) (see 2 for details). No analyses of longer or extreme survival were reported. McDaid et al. [6] undertook a Bayesian association scan of general lifespan (in the first third of UK Biobank), weighted for 58 disease related GWAS studies, and identified 16 individual variants at genome wide significance. Of these, four (25 and APOC1) reached conventional GWAS significance in our analyses, and CELSR2 only reached significance for mothers' age at death. While the above studies focused mainly on overall lifespan, for aging research survival to extreme ages is of special interest. In a powerful study of extreme longevity, Fortney et al. used samples including 801 centenarians and 5406 subjects aged 90 plus. Disease GWAS results were used to weight genetic variants, using a false discovery rate of 10% [5], at which associations with 2B3/ATXN2, and HLA were reported (although only APOE reached conventional genome wide significance). Fortney et al. also identified variants at KCNT2 and FADS1, which were not associated with parents’ attained age in our analysis, with the (rs514659) only just reaching nominal significance (p=0. 015). A previous meta-analysis comparing older individuals (age 80 or 90+) to younger controls reported a genome wide association at the 5q33. 3 locus, but no significant associations were found for the other two loci (p>0. 01). Various other variants, including in mitochondrial DNA, have been suggested as associated with longevity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing research studies that identify genetic variants associated with longevity, such as associations with genes like APOE and FOXO3A. It specifically discusses a variety of analyses that focus on different aspects of longevity, including studies of centenarians and the general lifespan of older individuals, thus supporting the notion that anti-aging research is investigating genetic markers linked to longevity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: However, electrodes around the eyes and occipital areas often yielded notable noise with high variation attributable to non-brain activity, such as motion artifacts, eye movements, and bad contacts. As a result, for the remaining subjects, nine electrode channels around the central area, including the F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, and P4 channels, were used to train CSP, and the first and last CSP filters were selected to train FLDA. In this study, we calculated offline BCI performance to compare BCI performance with the same hyper-parameter over all subjects, as described in section 2. 3. 2. 2 this study, we compared the stimulation effects on brain activity modulation and relevant BCI performance. Depending upon the stimulation group, each subject performed a stimulation session in the middle of two motor imagery sessions. The stimulation groups consisted of the vibrotactile stimulation group, tDCS group, and sham stimulation group. Figure 4. 2 illustrates the stimulation session for each group. All stimulation group subjects performed four blocks of offline motor imagery task while receiving stimulation. With respect to vibrotactile stimulation (Figure 4. 2A), two vibration motors (Model 310-113, Precision Microdrives, England) activated by a board were used to deliver vibrotactile stimulation to the left and right index fingertips. Each motor is 10 mm in diameter with a 1. 34G vibration amplitude. board was triggered through serial communication with scripts for closed loop vibrotactile stimulation. Recent studies have shown that EEG-guided stimulation can enhance the stimulation effects in vibrotactile stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) by targeting motor cortex excitability states [20, 35]. Researchers have observed that stimulation triggered by the EEG alpha falling phase outperformed continuous stimulation with respect to the motor evoked potential (MEP) [35] amplitude and motor imagery BCI performance [20]. In this respect, our study applied vibrotactile stimulation according to the EEG alpha (8 ~ 13Hz) phase at the electrode channels on the left (C3) and right motor cortex (C4) as in [20]. Specifically, during the vibrotactile stimulation session, the subjects were instructed to place their left and right index fingertips on each vibration motor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology. It highlights technical challenges such as noise from non-brain activity, implying that current BCI technology does not provide fully reliable control over electronic devices solely by thought, mentioning specific electrode channels used and performance comparisons in various tasks. The detailed processes presented indicate that complete control via thought alone remains unachieved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Our observations tend to indicate that post-pollination rather than pre-pollination mechanisms constitute a major reproductive barrier between the two species. Although the species differ significantly with respect to both leaf and fruit morphologies, we detected a large variance in these traits and a degree of overlap between the species, thereby indicating that neither trait would be a reliable criterion on which to base the differentiation of this cryptic species pair. This study is the first that has focused on the evolutionary and ecological consequence of the convergence of Tertiary relict NEA and SEA lineages. Although secondary contact between Juglans mandshurica (NEA lineage) and J. cathayensis (SEA lineage) has previously been examined in the Mt. Taihang and Mt. Yanshan regions, which probably generates a hybrid lineage in the latter region. 16, the ecological consequences for the Juglans species pair in the secondary contact zone have yet to be studied. Similarly, the sympatrically distributed Quercus mongolica and Q. liaotungensis have also be found meet in the region to the north of Mt. Taihang and Yanshan, although to date no clear niche divergence, morphological divergence, or reproductive barriers have been identified in this secondary contact zone 20,52. Moreover, the Quercus species pair appears to be not typical NEA–SEA distribution pattern, and it remains to be determined whether the differences in distribution contribute to different ecological consequence for Acer and Quercus. Given the paucity of evolutionary and ecological studies focusing on secondary contact zones in North China, it has yet to be established whether the pattern identified for the Acer species pair is a more widespread common feature of these zones. However, as is considered a key secondary contact region for Tertiary relict NEA and SEA lineages, we believe that further evolutionary and ecological studies should be conducted to gain a better understanding of the origins and maintenance of biodiversity in this high-latitude region. area Reserve (hereafter “DHS”) is located to the east of Mt. Yanshan, with altitudes ranging from 590 to 1074 m. The regional climate is temperate monsoon with an annual average temperature of 4. 9–7. 5℃ and annual precipitation of 400–450 mm. The vegetation in the reserve is typical temperate deciduous forest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses reproductive barriers, species differentiation, and ecological studies related to specific tree species in North China without mentioning fossilized plants or their implications for climate or ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: 7E-062C … AP5B1eGFR [20]rs63318511100593538GC0. 285-0. 01120. 00258. 9E-0642[44]rs562898211911188247GA0. 8820. 01550. 00357. 3E-064 … [40]rs65117201911202306GT0. 8810. 01650. 00351. 8E-06[45]rs177249921918454825AG0. 7330. 01240. 00258. 6E-07PGPEP1BMI [17] BP = Genomic position, build 37 (hg19), BETA = Effect on outcome with respect to A1 (the effect allele), P = p-value this analysis we aimed to extend our previously published GWAS study of parental longevity to include the newly available full UKB data, achieving an unprecedented sample size for longevity studies. We have confirmed associations with APOE and CHRNA3 variants, and additionally identified 8 novel genome wide significant variants for our principal phenotype of combined parents’ attained age, plus several additional variants for our related longevity phenotypes. Overall, the findings suggest that human longevity is a polygenic trait, influenced by large numbers of modest effect variants. Many of the variants identified have been previously implicated in age-related diseases or traits, notably with coronary artery disease and lipid levels. Several loci are near genes involved in inflammation, an important pathway in the development of biological aging [21]. In additional analyses of mothers’ and fathers’ attained ages separately we identified 11 additional genetic variants, three only associated with mother’s age at death and eight associated only with father’s age at death. Parental lifespan-associated variants included rs1556516, located in an intron of CDKN2B-AS1 (ANRIL), a long non-coding RNA; variants in this region, 9p21. 3, have previously been associated with CAD, type-2 diabetes, and cancer [14]. ANRIL is known to regulate neighbor tumour suppressors CDKN2A (encoding proteins p14arf and p16) and CDKN2B (encoding protein p15) epigenetically through directing polycomb gene regulators to modify the chromatin state [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing genetic variants associated with parental longevity, confirming relationships between these genetic markers and longevity traits. Specifically, it mentions a study that identified novel genome-wide significant variants related to human longevity, thus supporting the idea that anti-aging research involves studying genetic factors linked to longevity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: In the functional connectivity analysis, we observed a consistent trend in the results of BCI performance and pre-stimulus band power by dividing subjects into low and high BCI performers. With respect to motor imagery BCI performance, only low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation group showed significant improvement. The tDCS group also demonstrated improved BCI performance, although it was not statistically significant. The low performers in the sham stimulation group showed no change after the sham stimulation. Similarly, a significant increase in the pre-stimulus alpha band power was observed in the low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation group only. Eventually, the global PLVs over the sensorimotor areas showed significant increases for low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups. In contrast, no significant change was observed in the sham stimulation group. High performers’ BCI performance decreased across all stimulation groups, and no significant change was observed in the brain activity except in a few cases. 4. DiscussionThis study compared the stimulation effects of vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS on BCI performance and brain activity. In addition, subjects for each stimulation group were divided into low and high BCI performers under the assumption that the external stimulation would affect the two differently. Our results demonstrated the stimulation effects according to stimulation types and BCI efficiency with respect to BCI performance and brain activity. 4. 1 We investigated stimulation effects with respect to motor imagery BCI performance and brain activity, including the pre-stimulus band power and global functional connectivity. First, with respect to BCI performance, the BCI performance of low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups improved by as much as 9. 13% for vibrotactile and 5. 13% for tDCS groups, respectively, after the stimulation session, but only the vibrotactile stimulation group subjects showed statistically significant differences (p=0. 0053). During the stimulation session, all groups of subjects performed four blocks of offline motor imagery tasks while they received sham, vibrotactile stimulation, and tDCS. As a result, all subjects performed four blocks of motor imagery before, during, and after the stimulation session, and this repetition could affect performance changes as subjects became accustomed to the task. Therefore, the results should be investigated further to determine whether the performance changes were attributable to the repetition of motor imagery alone rather than vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of BCI (Brain-Computer Interface) technology, which focuses on performance improvements of low performers in specific stimulation groups rather than demonstrating the capability for users to fully control electronic devices by thought alone. It mentions that only low performers showed some improvement in BCI performance under certain conditions, while high performers did not exhibit significant changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Genetic structure of the parental population On the basis of previous study 14, we selected a 5. 5-km-long, 20-m-wide hillside transect in DHS, where the two genetic types of Acer might coexist. Along this transect, from the foot of the hill to the summit, we located all accessible Acer adults using a mobile phone with a location error within 4 m. In total, we located 70 individuals, with an average diameter at breast height (DBH) of 37. 07 ± 1. 66 cm (Figure S4). Leaves were collected from all identified individuals and desiccated using silica gel at room temperature until used for DNA extraction. Total genomic DNA was extracted using a plant genomic kit (Tiangen, Beijing). All individuals were genotyped by 11 previously used microsatellite loci (Table S1) 42,53. The 20-µL PCR mixtures contained 10–20 ng DNA, 0. 4 µL of each forward and reverse primer (10 µM), 7. 7 µL of ddH2O, and 10 µL of 2x (Co. , Ltd. ). Reactions were performed in a thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems) using the following amplification program: an initial denaturation of 94℃ for 5 min; six cycles of 94℃ for 50 s, locus-specific annealing temperatures ™ for 50 s, and 72℃ for 30 s; a following 24 cycles of 94℃ for 30 s, locus-specific annealing temperatures for 50 s, and 72℃ for 50 s; and a final extension at 72℃ for 10 min. Allele sizes were determined using GeneMarkerv. 2. 2. 0 54, with all alleles being assessed independently by two persons to reduce scoring errors. To infer the genetic structure of the DHS population, we implemented both a Bayesian clustering approach and principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA), the latter of which was conducted using GenAlex6. 5 55. Bayesian clustering was conducted using. 2. 3. 4 56 with K values from 1 to 10 and an admixture model and correlated allele frequencies being applied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic analysis and methodologies related to Acer plants, without mentioning fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: ANRIL therefore plays a key role in regulation of cell proliferation and senescence. It is interesting to note that removal of CDKN2a expressing senescent cells achieved significant rescue of aging phenotypes in mice [23]. Intriguingly, the variants in 9p21 associated with lifespan are predominantly related to arterial disease (coronary and peripheral arterial disease), rather than those influencing cancer or type II diabetes risk (Figure 2). Decreased expression of specific ANRIL isoforms is reported to affect expression of 1 (adiponectin receptor with a role in fatty acid catabolism and inflammation), VAMP3 (membrane protein with a role in phagocytosis) and C11orf10 (in proximity to genes associated with metabolic syndrome) [24]. The lifespan-increasing allele for the lead SNP (rs1556516-G) is known to increase expression of ANRIL [25]; atherosclerosis-related phenotypes are associated with lower expression of ANRIL, suggesting a causal mechanism of action for this SNP on lifespan. rs11065979 (chromosome 11) is located near the ATXN2 gene, which is known to be associated with autoimmune disease and blood traits [14]. The variant is also highly correlated (R2=0. 91) with an exonic variant in SH2B3, previously linked to CAD, blood pressure, TNF-α, cell counts and colorectal cancer [14]. SH2B3 encodes the lymphocyte adapter protein (LNK), which plays a key role linking inflammation and hypertension, particularly in the kidney and blood vessels [26]. EPHX2 is a hydrolase involved in the degradation of vasoactive and anti-inflammatory acids, with possible function in LDL-cholesterol metabolism [27]. Exonic polymorphisms in EPHX2 are associated with coronary artery calcification [28]. PROX2 is a transcription factor of unknown function implicated in cardiac muscle and neuron differentiation by gene ontology [29]. Genetic variants in FURIN, a gene located in chromosome 15, were previously associated with blood pressure and are here associated with parents’ attained age; the protein is a widely-expressed membrane-bound protease, and is essential for regulatory and effector T-cell function [30]. Other novel genes implicated include MC2R, where the rare allele is associated with 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing genetic markers, specifically mentioning variants associated with lifespan and their roles in health conditions like arterial disease. For instance, it talks about 'variants in 9p21 associated with lifespan' and how certain SNPs influence gene expression linked to aging phenotypes, thus supporting the focus of anti-aging research on genetic markers of longevity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: In this respect, the sham stimulation group subjects performed the same task, in that they also performed motor imagery tasks during the sham stimulation session. In contrast to the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups, the sham stimulation group subjects showed no notable change in BCI performance, but their BCI performance improved by as much as 0. 24% after the sham stimulation session. Therefore, we can infer that the repetition of the motor imagery task without external stimulation did not affect the changes in low performers’ BCI performance. Although BCI performance needs to be improved further, the vibrotactile stimulation group subjects achieved performance significantly better than random chance, 60. 69% obtained by the current test trial numbers and statistical significance at α=0. 05, after the stimulation session, indicating that longitudinal stimulation may improve BCI performance. High performers suffered large performance decreases after the stimulation session in all groups, although it may not be applicable because there were only three and four high performers in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups, respectively. In contrast to low performers, high performers had achieved controllable BCI performance already before the stimulation session, indicating that they can generate distinct brain activity during motor imagery, so they had a good strategy and sense of control. External stimulation may be unnecessary for these individuals, or the fatigue attributable to the task’s repetition may have affected them more than the stimulation. Another assumption is that a longer stimulation session may be necessary to modulate brain activity as a single day session may be too short. With respect to the pre-stimulus band power, Maeder et al. found that trials with a higher SMR amplitude during the pre-stimulation period yielded better BCI performance than lower amplitude trials [31]. They suggested that ongoing SMR may play a key role in motor imagery BCI and other motor-related tasks in general. Inspired by their findings, we assumed that external stimulation could enhance the pre-stimulus band power and improve BCI performance simultaneously. In this study, we investigated the pre-stimulus (1000ms preceding the stimulus onset) band power, including alpha (8-13Hz), low-beta (13-20Hz), and high-beta (20-30Hz) bands, before and after the stimulation session. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing BCI performance improvements due to experimental conditions such as vibrotactile stimulation and sham stimulation. It indicates that while there are variations in BCI performance among subjects, especially between high and low performers, the conclusion drawn is that external enhancements are still necessary for better performance. The phrase 'BCI performance needs to be improved further' suggests that current BCI technology does not yet allow for full control of devices by thought alone, directly challenging the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: For each K, we ran 10 independent simulations with a burn-in of 1,000,000 iterations followed by 2,000,000 rounds MCMC sampling. The optimal K was determined using 56,57 based on both the maximum likelihood value (lnPD) and change rate of lnPD (△K) 58. To verify the Bayesian clustering results obtained for the 70 trees sampled in the DHS, we conducted an additional run for K = 2 for a separate dataset comprising the 70 individuals examined in the present study and a further 1208 individuals analyzed by Guo et al. 2014 from sites other than the DHS. Given that Guo et al. assessed only six SSR loci, we used a sub-dataset of the 70 individuals screened with the same six loci during the additional calculations, the procedure of which was the same as that described above. Using NewHybridsv. 1. 1 59, we quantitatively determined the posterior probability that each individual fell into one of the following six categories: the two pure parents, first-generation hybrids (F1), second-generation hybrids (F2), and backcrosses to the two pure parents. MCMC sampling was set as 100,000, preceded by a burn-in of 100,000 iterations with “Jeffreys-type” priors. Assignment of categories was based on the highest probability greater than 85%. Genetic analysis of offspring populations To determine whether random mating occurs between the different genetic types, we collected seeds during September in both 2020 and 2021. However, in these two years, we collected sufficient amounts of viable seed for analysis from only 20 and 17 individuals, respectively (Fig. 2a). Most of the remaining focal trees either failed to produce seeds or had produced only a few seeds that were inaccessible at the canopy. DNA was extracted from a total of 410 seeds, which were genotyped using the aforementioned 11 microsatellite loci. Assignment analysis for K = 2, applied using. 2. 3. 4, was conducted for the 410 seeds, as well as the 70 parental trees. The experimental procedure and parameter settings were the same as those described above. Flowering phenology The sexual system of Acer has four phenotypes: duodichogamous, protogynous, protandrous, and male 42. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides details about genetic analysis, MCMC sampling, and seed collection methods, but does not mention fossilized plants or their relevance to understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: 7% increased likelihood of both parents reaching the top 10% of survival. This gene encodes the adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor, involved in the secretion of cortisol. This pathway is key to the stress response, which is regarded as a pillar of the aging process [31]. Lack of this functioning receptor can result in chronic hormone-imbalance and various conditions, including subclinical Cushing syndrome, plus impaired blood sugar regulation and immune system function [32]. For four of the novel parents’ attained age-associated variants it is the rare allele that is associated with increased lifespan; rs602633 near CLESR2 and PSRC1; rs28383322 near HLA-DRB1 and HRL-DQA1; rs7844965 in EPHX2; and rs61978928 in PROX2. This is unusual, as for the other genetic variants it is the common allele that confers the advantage (the rare variant tends to be associated with increased disease-risk, such as CAD). We have shown that a genetic risk score based on the 10 variants associated with combined parents' age of death is associated with parental survival in two independent US aging cohorts, suggesting that our overall findings are robust. In addition to the more common variants identified (i. e. minor allele frequency >1%) there were several rarer variants, such as rs139137459 in USP2-AS1 (0. 4% frequency): these associations are less certain, as the GWAS significance level of p<5*10-8 may not be sufficiently rigorous for testing low frequency variants. The identified SNPs previously linked to GWAS traits (such as a variant in IL6R) have a high prior probability and are especially likely to be robust. This study is limited to European ancestry (white British) UK Biobank participants, and results may not be applicable to other populations. UK Biobank is a healthier volunteer study with a sample that was less likely to be obese, to smoke or to drink regularly, compared to the general population [33], perhaps reducing our power to detect variants associated with health behaviors, although the sample still contains many participants who were exposed to these factors. We were not able to verify reported parental ages or ages of death, perhaps introducing misclassification. Also, ages of birth of deceased parents were not recorded, so it is not possible to compare study and national cohort survival. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the association of specific genetic variants with increased lifespan and parental survival, particularly in the context of certain populations (European ancestry). It mentions the identification of age-associated variants and the implications of these findings for understanding longevity, which directly relates to the focus of anti-aging research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: However, in practice, a hybrid method requires the subjects to receive multiple stimulation types each time they perform BCI tasks, which can tire the users more despite the fact that incorporating vibrotactile stimulation may improve BCI performance. Instead, if stimulation effects last after the stimulation session, and the subjects achieve the desired BCI performance after multiple stimulation sessions over multiple days or months, they may be able to perform the BCI task more effectively without the stimulation. Although this study included only a single day session, and thus stimulation effects were investigated immediately after the stimulation session, our results showed that vibrotactile stimulation could modulate brain activity and improve BCI performance. 4. 3 Limitations and One limitation in this study is that the sample size was too small to investigate low and high performers fully. Although we recruited a large number of subjects (N=44) and 39 remained for the analysis, the subjects were divided into groups according to the stimulation types, sham, vibrotactile, and tDCS. Moreover, each group was sub-divided according to their initial BCI performance to investigate low and high performers separately. As a result, there were only three and four high performers, respectively, in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups, so it is necessary to observe the trend found in high performers carefully. Therefore, one can argue that dividing subjects may be not appropriate. However, as we observed, the sub-divided subjects showed different characteristics with respect to BCI performance, pre-stimulus band power, and functional connectivity. In addition, the stimulation effects for those features were distinguished for low and high performers. Previous studies have found that low and high performers showed different characteristics with respect to band powers [9, 31] and functional connectivity [29]. Further, we observed that low and high performers exhibited different effects depending upon vibrotactile stimulation or tDCS. However, recruiting a larger number of subjects is necessary to investigate the differences between low and high performers in response to stimulation methods precisely. Moreover, a single day session may be not sufficient for some subjects to entrain their brain activity. This analysis showed significantly improved performance in the vibrotactile stimulation group. In contrast, the tDCS group did not show a statistically significant change even though the subjects achieved improved performance, and there were significant changes in their brain activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that BCI (Brain-Computer Interface) performance still relies on multiple stimulation methods and does not allow for full control of electronic devices by thought alone. It highlights limitations in current BCI technology, such as the necessity for stimulation and the complexity associated with high and low performers, indicating that users cannot yet fully control devices solely through thought.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Hence, there are three functional sex types: (1) “Male I” flowers open earlier than “Female” flowers, with mature stamens, no style and ovary; (2) “Female” flowers have mature pistils, short filaments and indehiscence anthers; (3) “Male II” flowers open later than “Female”, with mature stamens, ovary, and separated stigmas. Duodichogamy is characterized by “Male I,” “Female,” and “Male II” types; protandry by “Male I” and “Female” types; and protogyny by “Female” and “Male II” types 42. To investigate the divergence of flowering phenology among the different genetic types, we recorded flowering phenology during the period from April 20 to May 18, 2020. Daily observations of flowering were performed for 29 individuals with readily accessed branches, among which there were 9 SEA lineage, 14 hybrid, and 6 NEA lineage trees based on analysis of the parental population (Fig. 2a). Initially, we selected four branches on each tree, evenly distributed in the four cardinal directions, which were marked for subsequent daily investigation. The total numbers of focal flowers produced by each tree were counted at the alabastrum stage, and during the monitoring period, the sex of each blooming flower was recorded. The data obtained for the numbers of flowers of each sex blooming (hereafter Blooming#-“sex”) are presented as the numbers recorded daily. No further flowers bloomed on focal branches after May 16. On the basis of the daily Blooming#-“sex” data for each tree, we calculated indices of flowering phenology for each individual, including the commencement, peak, and cessation of each sex blooming. Using these data, we examined the potential phenological divergence among genetic types by performing a one-way ANOVA. Analysis of leaf and fruit morphology 2020, we collected a total of 690 healthy leaves from the 70 focal trees, which were scanned using an HP LaserJet 1100A scanner, and used 4. 5. 2 to measure six indices reflecting leaf size and shape (Figure S5a and Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the classification of flowering phenology among different sex types in plants and does not mention fossilized plants, ancient climates, or ecosystems. There is no discussion of how fossilized plants might offer insights into such topics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: We are limited by the coverage of the available genotyping microarray, and have used data on imputed SNPs from the Consortium panel, with imputation using the UK10K reference panel to follow. As with all GWAS discovered loci, the identification of affected genes is not straightforward, but we have followed the convention of highlighting the nearest genes, which for 8 of the 10 attained age variants was confirmed by the eQTL data. We studied the normal range of parental ages at death, as well as the top end of longevity (top 10% of survival), to establish whether associations were driven by early deaths. Our longest lived 10% analysis is similar in age (87+ years for fathers, 90+ for mothers) to those studied in many of the previous GWAS of longevity [3,4]. Analyses with bigger samples of those attaining extreme ages are needed, but unfortunately our sample with extreme surviving parents (e. g. centenarians) is too small for GWAS analyses. In addition to these limitations, our analysis has several strengths. Our sample size yielded unprecedented power to detect variant associations: indeed the power (>99% to detect an allele of 1% minor allele frequency accounting for 0. 1% of phenotype variance) is sufficient to suggest that we have identified all moderate to larger effect common genotyped or imputed variants in our studied population. Our analyses were undertaken in a single cohort: previous longevity GWAS combined data from diverse cohorts, which has been suggested as explaining difficulties in detecting and replicating longevity variants [34]. Future work Replication and extension of the novel associations in other large cohorts and in different ancestries is needed, especially for variants narrowly achieving genome wide significance. The associations identified should be examined in future studies of age-related traits and disease. More work is needed to characterize the variants identified for biological functions; this could include epigenetic and gene expression studies, such as analysis of allele-specific expression imbalance in heterozygote individuals to determine the gene of action for genetic variants [35]. The variants identified in our analysis may provide useful information for designing targeted prevention or precision treatments to promote human longevity, perhaps particularly related to targets in inflammatory pathways and cardiovascular disease. analysis of parental longevity involved the largest sample size thus far achieved, with ample power (>99%) to detect even modest associations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the investigation into genetic variants associated with longevity, particularly in relation to parental ages at death and extreme survival, highlighting a focus on associations in populations that traditionally exhibit longevity. It addresses the need for further research into these genetic markers, effectively supporting the idea that anti-aging research includes studying genetic factors linked to lifespan.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: Key Words: Left ventricular assist device; Axial flow; Mechanical circulatory support; Heart failure; Continuous flow Core tip: Left ventricular assist devices provide a durable, long-term alternative to heart transplant for those with end-stage heart failure. In an era of limited transplant donor supply, axial flow pumps are a viable alternative. Citation: Bansal S, Sai-. Outcomes of continuous flow ventricular assist devices. 2014; 4(1): 1-8 URL: DOI: is estimated that 5 million individuals are affected by heart failure. In general patients with heart failure have a poor prognosis and while cardiac transplantation is an effective long-term therapy for a select group of patients, the number of transplants have plateaued[1]. While pharmacologic therapy and cardiac resynchronization have improved symptoms and survival in heart failure patients, the survival for patients on inotropes is approximately 6% at 12 mo[2,3]. Due to the severe organ shortage and marginal improvements in outcomes with medical management alternate therapies such as mechanical circulatory support have developed. Since the first generation pulsatile pumps were developed approximately 50 years ago, improvements have been made to the design and have largely been replaced by axial pumps[4]. This 2003. Primary endpoints for bridge to transplant (BTT) patients included rate of survival to transplant or survival at 180 d. The primary endpoint for destination therapy patients was a composite endpoint at 2 years that included survival, adverse events and pump durability. The study found improved survival rates, improvement in quality of life and functional status in both groups. Axial flow devices, specifically the Heartmate II, were approved by the Food and in 2008 as a bridge to transplant and in 2010 as destination therapy[9]. Since then a more recent review of outcomes for destination therapy demonstrates 74% survival at one year[10]. generation and third generation axial flow devices have a high degree of reliability. This has resulted in a tenfold increase in their use[4]. Current indications include, myocardial recovery, BTT, bridge to decision and destination therapy. Device strategy is dependent on the patient’s clinical status, co morbidities, end organ dysfunction and social support. Bridge to recoveryVery few patients after LVAD placement will have myocardial recovery. A recent analysis of approximately 1100 Heartmate II patients showed a 1. 8% rate of recovery[11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), which are not BCI devices but involve surgical procedures and are not portable. It emphasizes the reliance on mechanical circulatory support with devices that do not align with the claim's assertion that all BCI devices are portable and non-surgical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Similarly, we collected and scanned a total of 615 fruits from 22 trees, among which, 170 were from SEA-DHS maternal sources, 256 from Hybrid-DHS, and 189 from NEA-DHS, as identified based on analysis of parental population (Fig. 2a). 4. 5. 2, we obtained values for eight indices reflecting fruit size and shape (Figure S5b and Table 2). To visualize potential morphological divergence among the different genetic types of leaf and fruit traits, we performed principal component analysis using R 4. 1. 2 software. Statement of ethical approval All the plant materials were sampled from natural populations in and no damages were caused to the studied trees. This study was conducted in accordance with local legislation and permission was issued to collect such samples. Each individual was marked with a tag which was possible to check in future. Voucher specimens collected were deposited at University Herbarium. Declarationswork was supported by the of China [32071494, 32171654] and the Program of China [2019FY101700]. and Ge JP designed the work. Yang R, conducted all field work. W performed molecular trials and analyzed data; Yang R, Deng YW and Wang HF drafted the work. Deng YW and Wang HF substantively revised it. All authors interpreted results and contributed to the final manuscript. details are available in Figures S1-S5 and Tables S1–S3. All sample, SSR, flowering and morphological data are available on Dryad repository ( research collaboration was developed with local government during all field work, including locating focal trees, collecting genetic samples, recording flowering phenology and scanning leaves and fruits. All collaborators are included as co-authors. The research addresses a priority concern, in this case the identify and conservation of Tertiary relict species hybrid zone in North China. The results of research have been shared with all collaborators and local government. All data have been shared with the broader public via appropriate biological databases. 10. 1111/j. 1420-9101. 2012. 02599. x (2013). Arnegard, M. E. et al. Genetics of ecological divergence during speciation. Nature 511, 307, doi:10. 1038/nature13301 (2014). Lamichhaney, S. et al. Rapid hybrid speciation in Darwin's finches. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is mainly focused on the collection and analysis of genetic samples and fruits from various trees, detailing the research methodology and collaborations involved. It does not discuss fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates or ecosystems, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: The results indicate that human longevity is a polygenetic trait, including likely prominent effects involving cell senescence, inflammation, autoimmunity and the stress response, plus lipid levels and vascular disease. The results suggest that the identified variants are involved in achieving long lifespans, and are not limited to causing early deaths. The results also suggest that there may be gender differences in routes to longevity, with autoimmune variants being particularly important in women. Overall these results are consistent with some previous analyses in humans and with certain key hallmarks or pillars of the biology of aging. The variants identified may be useful for identifying targeted prevention and precision treatments for extending human lifespans. age at death and longevity phenotypes Participants were asked the age at which their parents had died (or their current age if still alive). Analyses were performed separately on mother’s age at death and father’s age at death, and also on a combined phenotype. To reduce the effect of higher ages at death of mothers (compared to the fathers) we first z-transformed the mothers and fathers age at deaths before combining the z-scores into a single summed phenotype. Offspring of parents who died prematurely were excluded because the cause of death of the participant’s parents was not asked, so we could not exclude accidental deaths explicitly. To determine the age at death considered to be too young to be part of the normal distribution of age-related mortality, we used previously described methods to define a normal distribution of ages at death for mothers and fathers separately, as described previously [9]). In brief, non-linear least square regression models were used to fit a normal curve on age at death data from the modal (M) age at death to the oldest ages; the younger (left) half of the curve is then imposed, to avoid the severe skewing of the distribution caused by the excess of deaths below the modal age. The analysis identified the following early death cut-points (based on modal age at death minus 1 Standard Deviation): mothers 57 years, fathers 46 years. In addition, combined parents’ age (including alive parents) were derived from Cox’s proportional hazards regression models using Martingale residuals, as described by Joshi et al. [13]. Events were defined as the both parents having died. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing genetic variants that are associated with human longevity. It mentions that the identified genetic variants may be useful for identifying targeted prevention and precision treatments for extending human lifespans. This aligns with the claim that anti-aging research focuses on studying genetic markers related to longevity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: In a few, long term left ventricular unloading may provide reversal of atrophy in the cardiomyocytes and recovery of left ventricular geometry and function[12]. One such strategy includes the addition of pharmacological therapy to patients with continuous flow devices, to promote reverse remodeling. Birks et al[13] showed in a small group of patients the addition of high dose ACE inhibitors, beta blockers plus clenbuterol promotes myocardial recovery. While much is unknown about myocardial recovery after LVAD implantation, a considerable amount of research is being performed in this area. Bridge to decisionPatients receiving mechanical circulatory support prior to determining eligibility for transplant are considered bridge to decision. In these patients end organ dysfunction including pulmonary hypertension, renal failure, obesity, medical compliance, tobacco abuse can be absolute or temporary contraindications for heart transplant. For a few of these patients, organ dysfunction will be reversible with mechanical circulatory support or afford them the opportunity to modify lifestyle making them eligible for transplantation. Bridge to transplantBridges to transplant are patients who are eligible for cardiac transplant but have had progression of their disease. On any given day, there are 3000 patients on the waitlist per day, since survival is poor, approximately 43% will require mechanical circulatory support to “bridge” them until an organ is available[14]. The goal is to prevent end organ dysfunction for continued eligibility. Additionally, during that wait-list time, the patient is able to be out of the hospital, enjoying a reasonable quality of life and gaining strength and conditioning. The use of LVAD therapy in candidates for heart transplant is not benign and careful consideration should be made regarding the risks and benefits. While LVAD therapy will support end-organ function and improve quality of life, LVAD therapy will require an additional sternotomy for placement and redo sternotomy at the time of transplant. Additional concerns include blood transfusions at the time of placement, infections, stroke, and complications with the pump. Destination therapyMost patients in heart failure are not candidates for transplantation. Without advanced therapy, many will die within a year or continue to have poor function and quality of life. trial was the first study to compare mechanical circulatory support to medical management. In this landmark trial the survival rate was 52% in the patients receiving mechanical circulatory support and 23% in the medical management group[5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of LVAD (Left Ventricular Assist Device) therapy, which requires surgical procedures, specifically the need for sternotomy for placement and redo sternotomy at the time of transplant. This indicates that not all BCI devices, such as LVADs, are portable and necessitate surgical intervention, directly refuting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Science 359, 224-227, doi:10. 1126/science. aao4593 (2018). Weigend, M. Observations on the biogeography of the Amotape-in northern Peru. Bot. Rev. 68, 38-54, doi:10. 1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0038:ootbot]2. 0. co;2 (2002). Petit, R. et al. Glacial refugia: hotspots but not melting pots of genetic diversity. Science 300, 1563-1565, doi:10. 1126/science. 1083264 (2003). Hao, M. D. et al. Regional assemblages shaped by historical and contemporary factors: Evidence from a species-rich insect group. Mol. Ecol. 29, 2492-2510, doi:10. 1111/mec. 15412 (2020). Bernatchez, L. & Wilson, C. C. Comparative phylogeography of nearctic and palearctic fishes. Mol. Ecol. 7, 431-452, doi:10. 1046/j. 1365-294x. 1998. 00319. x (1998). Liu, K. B. Quaternary history of the temperate forests of china. Reviews 7, 1-20, doi:10. 1016/0277-3791(88)90089-3 (1988). Qian, H. & Ricklefs, R. E. Large-scale processes and the Asian bias in species diversity of temperate plants. Nature 407, 180-182, doi:10. 1038/35025052 (2000). Ying, T. S. Species diversity and distribution pattern of seed plants in China. 09, 393-398, doi:10. 17520/biods. 2001058 (2001). Qiu, Y. X. , Fu, C. X. & Comes, H. P. Plant molecular phylogeography in China and adjacent regions: Tracing the genetic imprints of Quaternary climate and environmental change in the world's most diverse temperate flora. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 59, 225-244, doi:10. 1016/j. ympev. 2011. 01. 012 (2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of references and does not provide information directly related to the claim that fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. It includes citations from various studies unrelated to fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: We also defined a binary phenotype by determining the top 10% of age at death for mothers (≥90 years) and fathers (≥87 years) separately. Controls were participants where both parents died before the age of 80. We were able to increase the number of “long lived” parents by including alive participants beyond the cut-off. UK 2006 and 2010, 503,325 volunteers (aged 45 to 69 years old) were recruited from across the to the UK Biobank study [36]. Of these, 389,166 participants met the inclusion criteria for at least one analysis: participants with complete genetics data and either date of death of their parents or their current age if alive. Participants were excluded if they reported themselves as adopted, or whose parents died more than 1 standard deviation below the modal age of death (mothers <57 years, fathers <46 years). Several longevity phenotypes are defined below based on the age at death of the participant’s parents. Genetic data was available on 488,377 UK Biobank participants after genotype calling and quality control performed centrally by the UK Biobank team [37]. We selected 451,447 participants identified as ‘white European’ through self-report and verified through principal components analysis based on genotypes. Briefly, principal components were generated in the 1000 using high-confidence SNPs to obtain their individual loadings. These loadings were then used to project all of the UK Biobank samples into the same principal component space and individuals were then clustered using principal components 1 to 4. Related individuals were identified through kinship analysis, although these participants were included in genome-wide analysis using BOLT-LMM (see below), those related to the third-degree or closer were excluded in sensitivity analyses. Imputation of 39,235,157 genetic variants from the Consortium panel was performed using 4 centrally by the UK Biobank team [37]. After filtering for variants with MAF ≥0. 1%, missingness <1. 5%, imputation quality >0. 1 and with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) P>1x10-6 within the white British participants 11,516,125 imputed autosomal variants were eligible for the analyses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that investigates genetic data from participants with long-lived parents, thus aligning with the focus of anti-aging research on genetic markers associated with longevity. It emphasizes the participant criteria and genetic analyses aimed at understanding longevity, which directly supports the claim regarding the study of genetic markers and their relationship to longevity in specific populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: In 2002 the first generation pumps were approved and in 2010 the second-generation pump was approved for destination therapy. Since then the survival rates have improved and mechanical circulatory support provides patients equivalent survival to transplant patients at one year[6,15]. With the support of LVAD’s, destination therapy patients have improved quality of life and improvement in their function. A study from Rogers et al[16] reported on functional capacity and quality of life of patients under long-term LVAD support. NYHA functional class, 6-min walk distance, patient activity scores as well as quality of life (Failure and Cardiomyopathy Questionnaires) were collected before and after LVAD implantation. Following implant, 80% of destination treatment patients at 6 mo and 79% at 24 mo improved to NYHA functional class I or II. Mean 6-min walk distance in these patients was 204 m in patients able to ambulate at baseline, which improved to 350 and 360 m at 6 and 24 mo. There were also significant and sustained improvements from baseline in both quality of life scores. The relative bridge to recovery is minimal between indications. is a continuous axial flow device. It contains an internal rotor with helical blades that curve around a central shaft. As blood enters the chamber the internal blade rotates and converts the radial velocity of the blood flow to an axial direction, hence the term axial pump. The pump weighs 350 g and can flow up to 10 L/min. The inflow cannula is placed in the left ventricle apex and the outflow graft is connected to the ascending aorta. Due to pump size the pump housing is placed in the left upper quadrant in the pre-peritoneal pocket. The device is connected to controller via a driveline that is tunneled thru the subcutaneous tissue and brought out to the skin. Jarvik 20002000 is a continuous flow pump that unlike the Heartmate II is placed within the left ventricle. It weighs approximately 85 g. A single impeller is housed within titanium housing completely inside the ventricle. Interestingly the outflow can be connected to either the ascending or descending aorta. The pump flows up to 7 L/min. One added benefit of the Jarvik pump is the skull mounted driveline. Unlike other pumps the skull implant is designed to be resistant to infection and allows patients to shower, bath or swim[17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the surgical processes involved with mechanical circulatory support devices, specifically LVAD (Left Ventricular Assist Device) pumps, which require surgical implantation. The explanation includes that the inflow cannula has to be placed in the left ventricle apex and the outflow graft connected to the ascending aorta, which directly contradicts the assertion that all BCI devices require no surgical procedures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Milne, R. I. & Abbott, R. J. The origin and evolution of tertiary relict floras. Adv. Bot. Res. 38, 281-314, doi:10. 1016/s0065-2296(02)38033-9 (2002). Milne, R. I. Northern hemisphere plant disjunctions: A window on tertiary land bridges and climate change? Ann. Bot. 98, 465-472, doi:10. 1093/aob/mcl148 (2006). Guo, X. D. et al. Evolutionary history of a widespread tree speciesAcer mono in East Asia. Ecol. Evol. 4, 4332-4345, doi:10. 1002/ece3. 1278 (2014). Liu, C. P. et al. of Acer mono var. mono in South and Northeast China. PLoS One 9, doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0087187 (2014). Bai, W. N. , Wang, W. T. & Zhang, D. Y. Phylogeographic breaks within Asian butternuts indicate the existence of a phytogeographic divide in East Asia. New Phytol. 209, 1757-1772, doi:10. 1111/nph. 13711 (2015). Ye, J. W. et al. Sharp genetic discontinuity in the aridity-sensitive Lindera obtusiloba(Lauraceae): solid evidence supporting the Tertiary floral subdivision in East Asia. J. Biogeogr. 44, 2082-2095, doi:10. 1111/jbi. 13020 (2017). Chen, R. Z. Phylogeoraphic structure of Acer pictum: based on nuclear single copy genes, University, (2018). Song, X. Y. et al. Blow to the Northeast? Intraspecific differentiation of Populus davidiana suggests a north-eastward skew of a phylogeographic break in East Asia. J. Biogeogr. 48, 187-201, doi:10. 1111/jbi. 13992 (2021). & Zhang, D. Y. Geographic variation in the structure of oak hybrid zones provides insights into the dynamics of speciation. Mol. Ecol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily lists various research studies and their associated DOI references without directly addressing or providing evidence about fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. There are no discussions or insights mentioned regarding fossil records or any implications for climate and ecosystems derived from fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: This research uses data from the Study (WLS) of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Since 1991, the WLS has been supported principally by the on Aging (AG09775, AG21079 and AG33285), with additional support from the Trust, the Foundation, the and the of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. A public use file of data from the WLS is available from the Study, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and at ( This material is the result of work supported with resources at the William S. . 1. Kenyon CJ. The genetics of ageing. Nature. 2010; 464:504–12. [PubMed] 2. Genome-wide meta-analysis associates HLA-DQA1/DRB1 and LPA and lifestyle factors with human longevity. Nat Commun. 2017; 8:910. [PubMed] 3. GWAS of longevity in consortium confirms APOE and FOXO3 candidacy. . 2015; 70:110–18. [PubMed] 4. ðbjartsson Genome-wide association meta-analysis of human longevity identifies a novel locus conferring survival beyond 90 years of age. Genet. 2014; 23:4420–32. [PubMed] 5. . Genome-Informed by Age-for Longevity. PLoS Genet. 2015; 11:e1005728. [PubMed] 6. üeger Bayesian association scan reveals loci associated with human lifespan and linked biomarkers. Nat Commun. 2017; 8:15842. [PubMed] 7. . Genetic influence on human lifespan and longevity. Hum Genet. 2006; 119:312–21. [PubMed] 8. ánsson K. Inheritance of human longevity in Iceland. Hum Genet. 2000; 8:743–49. [PubMed] 9. . Longer lived parents: protective associations with cancer incidence and overall mortality. . 2013; 68:1409–18. [PubMed] 10. . Aging children of long-lived parents experience slower cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement. 2013; 10:S315–22. [PubMed] 11. . Longer-: 8-Year Follow-186,000 U. K. Biobank Participants. J Cardiol. 2016; 68:874–75. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing references to various studies and their findings related to genetic markers and their association with longevity. For instance, it includes mentions of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that confirm the candidacy of specific genetic markers like APOE and FOXO3 in relation to human longevity. This aligns directly with the claim's focus on genetic markers associated with longevity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: Further, the instantaneous gamma frequency fluctuations that we have shown to be instrumental in regulating synchronization, have also been observed in the rat hippocampus by Atallah and Scanziani (2009). Their analysis suggested that these fluctuations, which reflected rapid phase shifts due to changes in excitation-inhibition balance, might be critical for gamma-mediated information flow. Likewise, Nguyen et al. (2009) observed instantaneous frequency modulations during ripples in rodent hippocampus, revealing dynamics that may be indicative of processes related to learning and memory. These findings support our proposal that cycle-by-cycle modulations in frequency that regulate gamma synchronization also happen in other frequency bands and in other brain regions or structures. Nevertheless, future studies are required to test to what extent weakly coupled oscillator principles apply to different frequency bands across brain regions. Importantly, as long as the instantaneous phase of a neural rhythm can be determined, the methods used in this study can be applied. Instantaneous phase extraction has been for example applied to theta rhythms (Belluscio et al. , 2012; Buzsáki, 2002) or alpha rhythms (Lakatos et al. , 2005; Samaha and Postle, 2015; Schwabedal et al. , 2016). In future studies, optogenetic tools (Boyden et al. , 2005; Fenno et al. , 2011; Zhang et al. , 2007) will be highly useful to modify oscillation properties like detuning in a precise manner. Variation of sensory or cognitive variables can also be a powerful and natural way of modulating network states if enough is known about the system (e. g. , Bosman et al. , 2012). Interaction strength could be estimated from anatomical knowledge or manipulated by optogenetics (e. g. by targeting cell-types involved in a specific type of anatomical connectivity and varying oscillation amplitude). Aside of emerging new technological possibilities for network state modulation, a tight combination of experimental and dynamic systems theory will be critical for fruitful analysis and interpretation of neural oscillatory data. In summary, the present paper offers the first predictive theory of synchronization, which we suggest can be used to assess the mechanisms of synchronization in various frequency bands, and to assess their contribution to diverse forms of cognition. Materials and methods Species used and surgical procedures Request a detailed protocol Two adult male rhesus monkeys were used in this study. A chamber was implanted above early visual cortex, positioned over V1/V2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses a study that involved surgical procedures for implanting a chamber above the visual cortex in adult rhesus monkeys, which implies that at least some BCI devices require surgical intervention, contradicting the claim that all are portable and non-invasive.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 20, 4995-5011, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2011. 05354. x (2011). Jiggins, C. D. & Mallet, J. Bimodal hybrid zones and speciation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 250-255, doi:10. 1016/s0169-5347(00)01873-5 (2000). Vedenina, V. Y. & von Helversen, O. Complex courtship in a bimodal grasshopper hybrid zone. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 54, 44-54, doi:10. 1007/s00265-003-0595-2 (2003). Minder, A. M. , Rothenbuehler, C. & Widmer, A. Genetic structure of hybrid zones between Silene latifolia and Silene dioica (Caryophyllaceae): evidence for introgressive hybridization. Mol. Ecol. 16, 2504-2516, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2007. 03292. x (2007). Gay, L. , Crochet, P. A. , Bell, D. A. & Lenormand, T. Comparing clines on molecular and phenotypic traits in hybrid zones: A window on tension zone models. Evolution 62, 2789-2806, doi:10. 1111/j. 1558-5646. 2008. 00491. x (2008). Zielinski, P. et al. Differential introgression across newt hybrid zones: Evidence from replicated transects. Mol. Ecol. 28, 4811-4824, doi:10. 1111/mec. 15251 (2019). Coyner, B. S. , Murphy, P. J. & Matocq, M. D. Hybridization and asymmetric introgression across a narrow zone of contact between Neotoma fuscipes and N. macrotis(Rodentia: Cricetidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 115, 162-172, doi:10. 1111/bij. 12487 (2015). Schumer, M. et al. Assortative mating and persistent reproductive isolation in hybrids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses various studies on hybridization and genetic structure in different species, which is unrelated to the role of fossilized plants in understanding ancient climates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] 12. Human longevity is influenced by many genetic variants: evidence from 75,000 UK Biobank participants. Aging (Albany NY). 2016; 8:547–60. [PubMed] 13. . Variants near CHRNA3/5 and APOE have age- and sex-related effects on human lifespan. Nat Commun. 2016; 7:11174. [PubMed] 14. . a curated resource of SNP-trait associations. Res. 2014; 42:D1001–06. [PubMed] 15. van Iterson M, van Galen M, Arindrarto W, van ’t Hof P, Mei H, van van Rooij J, Verkerk M, et al. Identification of context-dependent expression quantitative trait loci in whole blood. Nat Genet. 2017; 49:139–45. [PubMed] 16. Watanabe K, Taskesen E, van Bochoven A, Posthuma D. FUMA: functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations. bioRxiv. 2017; 110023. 17. -, and LifeStudy, and and AGEN-BMI Working Group, and 4D Consortium, and CKDGen Consortium, and GLGC, and ICBP, and and and MIGen Consortium, and PAGE Consortium, and ReproGen Consortium, and and Consortium. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature. 2015; 518:197–206. [PubMed] 18. , and BOCS, and kConFab Investigators, and AOCS Group, and NBCS, and. Genome-wide association analysis of more than 120,000 individuals identifies 15 new susceptibility loci for breast cancer. Nat Genet. 2015; 47:373–80. [PubMed] 19. , and LifeStudy. Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature. 2016; 533:539–42. [PubMed] 20. , and ICBP Consortium, and AGEN Consortium, and and CHARGe-Group, and. Genetic associations at 53 loci highlight cell types and biological pathways relevant for kidney function. Nat Commun. 2016; 7:10023. [PubMed] 21. Castelo-Branco C, Soveral I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence supporting the claim by mentioning genetic variants that influence human longevity, particularly the references to studies involving UK Biobank participants and other genetic associations related to lifespan. This aligns with the claim's focus on studying genetic markers associated with longevity.