Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Particularly, machine learning module will produce a set of understandable and readable “if–then” conversation, which is easily to be explainable and follow a dialogue pattern similar to human conversation (Valtolina and Marchionna 2021). This will help to suggest mobility modes based on older people mobility needs and also able to check for anomalous situations that may lead falls, injuries, and accidents when older people walk within and across cites. Thereby providing suggestions to older people on how they can avoid these risks. 4. 2. 5. 2 Natural language processingUsually, a voice-assistants consists of automatic speech recognition and natural language processing. The NLP comprises of pre-processing and conversation embedding, which is based on paser, and NLP generator, recollector and summarizer, sentence-based representation model/training as well as sentence and word segmentation, and word embedding. As shown in Fig. 9 Microsoft’s native text-to-speech engine or (SDK) can be employed for text-to-speech and speech-to-text conversion. (SDK) is to be used as employed in prior studies (Tsiourti et al. 2016a), to convert text into natural spoken speech and vice versa. In addition to the natural speech communication support by NLP, older people can issue commands via human–computer interaction to the voice-assistants using buttons and features on the graphical user interface (GUI). 4. 2. 5. 3 Human–computer interaction (speech recognition)Older people will interact with the voice-assistants using a multimodal interface including a touch-based GUI and automatic voice recognition. Similarly, analogous with prior studies (de Arriba-Pérez et al. 2021), the AI-based voice-assistants can be automatically activated using audio sensors via the microphone of the device through voice commands. can be used to perform speech-to-text and text-to-speech conversions ( Similar to prior studies (Park et al. 2021), to support wayfinding for older people the prototype will provide visual recognition capabilities to intelligently recognize tracks along edges of sidewalks, and traffic warning symbols and signs via machine learning algorithm. In addition, the GUI is expected to be designed based on the user-centered design strategies taking into account the service design and functional requirements of voice-assistants designed for older people (as specified in Sect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how machine learning modules in AI assistants can lead to improved recommendations and personalized suggestions, particularly in the context of supporting older people's mobility needs. The reference to natural language processing and how voice assistants interact with users indicates an ability to understand and learn from user preferences, thereby enhancing the recommendations provided.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Hairy roots of willow (Salix spp. hybrid). P62. 5 million) of research by more than 400 multinational research consortia, that GM crops are “probably … safer than conventional plants and foods” for both the environment and human consumption (Bouchie 2001). Additionally, coordinated studies from U. S. and Canadian scientists have shown that the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn pollen from current commercial hybrids on monarch butterflies is negligible (Sears et al. 2001). Antibiotic resistance markers have been extensively used in food crop trials for at least 15 years (Stewart and Wheaton 2001). Alternative selectable markers being developed include the isopentenyl transferase gene from the plasmid embedded within a transposable element (Ebinuma et al. 1997). An estradiol-induced recombinase protein can excise DNA at specific recognition sites flanking a selectable marker gene (Ow 2001). Genes for detoxifying unusual substrates such as 2-deoxy-glucose-6-phosphate, or genes enabling unusual nutrients to be assimilated, such as phosphomannose isomerase (Hansen and Wright 1999), have also become available. Recent EU legislation limits the use of antibiotic resistance marker genes where there is evidence of significant potential damage to human health or the environment. Similarly, the potential risks from individual herbicide resistance genes being transferred to other plants must be put into context. Resistance to herbicides, such as Round-Up® or glyphosate, the most commonly quoted in anti-GM literature, can only become a significant problem if we rely on it as a sole source of killing weeds (Strauss et al. 1997). More important, it is often overlooked that use of herbicides in forestry is infrequent due to health concerns and there are distinct advantages in using non-persistent formulations with low ecotoxicity. It is likely that new and future generations of herbicides, with different modes of action, will be transferred from the annual crops arena to forest trees. This is likely to greatly reduce our reliance on glyphosate, the active ingredient in Round-Up®, as other herbicides become commonplace. Herbicide resistance genes may also provide new alternatives to the use of antibiotic resistance in future GM trees. The potential for trees to spread pollen over long distances is not disputed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors and conditions under which genetically modified (GM) crops, including trees, are evaluated in terms of safety. It highlights that while research indicates GM crops are 'probably ... safer than conventional plants and foods,' it also emphasizes the context-dependent nature of herbicide resistance, potential risks of gene transfer, and environmental concerns. This indicates a lack of a guarantee for safety across all ecosystems, thus challenging the absolutist nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In particular, we must use the initial data when calculating: μ 0 μ Fe = 1. 26 × 10 − 6 H m Earth’s radius, R Earth = 6. 37 × 10 6 m Inner core radius, R G = 1. 4 × 10 6 m Total radius, R Σ = R G + Δ R F + Δ R E = 3. 65 × 10 6 m Spherical surface SG area with radius RG: = 4 π R G 2 = 2. 46 × 10 13 m; Core electroconductivity, σ = 5. 0 × 10 5 S m. From the formulas (3) (4) (5) (7) (9) (10) accordingly we have: Thermofield density of the Earth’s core at the temperature difference ΔT = 10˚C and radius RΣ Е T = 2. 86 × 10 − 10 V m Electron concentration in a unit volume of metal (Fe), n 1 = 1. 32 × 10 29 m − 3 n 2 = 3. 25 × 10 29 m − 3 Fermi momentum, p F = 1. 41 × 10 − 23 m ⋅ kg s Electron mean free path, l = 0. 85 nm. Substituting the corresponding meanings of the calculated parameters to the current density formula (9), we get j = 1. 43 × 10 − 4 A m 2. From the formula (11) we can find the total amount of current of the inner core G: I l o w = j S G = 3. 52 × 10 9 A. According to the formula (15) let us additionally calculate the heat Q b c produced by the thermocurrents Ilow, which is 2. 25 × 1014 J year (2. 25 × 1021 erg per year) and is comparable with the thermocurrents Itop heat in magnitude. There is also a calculation of the Earth’s magnetic momentum M = 4 π R G 2 I l o w which is 8. 67 × 1022 А・m2 when the current Ilow is 3. 52 × 109 А and the spherical surface at the solid core radius is RG = 1400 km. That is close to the known magnitude М = 8. 2 × 10 22 А ⋅ m 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the navigation of sea turtles or their use of the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it presents complex calculations and data related to the Earth's core and its magnetic properties. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: 4. 2. 2 and Table 2), and feedback from older people representatives. The final prototype design of the GUI will be limited to necessary functions (to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents), as suggested in the literature (Tsiourti et al. 2016a), that provides clear feedback to the user on improve safe mobility and walkability. This design will enable a touch-based auditory interface. The AI-based voice-assistant is to be developed to provide personalized real-time information to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents by older people in both Android and iOS devices. and Swift will be used in Java programming and SQL databases as database management including local and Firestore for crowdsourcing abilities (Owens and Miller 2022). for safe routing and navigation is to be provided sourced from open-source platforms such as Mapbox as suggested in the literature (Park et al. 2021; Darko et al. 2022). The graphic appearance will comprise of large icon sizes and capitalized font, clear and simple font, strong color contrast with full-screen mode, and enabled volume settings (de Arriba-Pérez et al. 2021). 5 Discussion and implications5. 1 DiscussionPresently, voice-assistants such as Microsoft’s etc. are being deployed for older people to provide reminders, entertainment, control of home devices, companionship, and emergency communication (O’Brien et al. 2020). The significant uptake of voice-assistants provides potential benefits to provide recommendations for safe mobility and walkability of older people. These voice-assistants can enable personalizing to older people by providing assistance, reminder, monitoring, and guide to execute mobility and walkability activities (da Paixão Pinto et al. 2021). Results from O’Brien et al. (2020) suggested that voice-assistants could be helpful to provide cognitive, functional, and social motivation to homebound older people and support healthy aging. Findings from Ziman and Walsh (2018) indicated that multiple participants (mostly older people) expressed dissatisfaction as they struggle with the device keyboard to provide input but were satisfied when they use voice input as compared to typing words via keyboards (Ziman and Walsh 2018; Wiratunga et al. 2020). Thus, findings from the literature (Gudala et al. 2022), highlighted that older people preferred voice-assistants that could mimic natural interactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how voice-assistants are being deployed for older people to provide personalized assistance and recommendations related to mobility and safety. It highlights that these AI-based assistants can personalize interactions by providing tailored feedback and support while aiding in improvements for user experience based on preferences for voice input over keyboard typing, thus indicating an adaptation to user preferences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Where GM trees are concerned, scientists cannot yet completely guarantee that pollen formation can be prevented in every individual tree, although exercising flowering control has been suggested both for limiting invasiveness as well as potential for pollen transfer (Adams et al. 2002). Such an expectation, however, misses an important question: What impact would GM pollen grains have if released into the environment? There is currently no clearly compelling evidence of significant damage due to limited amounts of GM tree pollen being able to spread within the environment (Strauss et al. 2001). Plants, including trees, have been exchanging genetic material within and between species on a large scale for millions of years. As yet, this exchange does not appear to have produced large-scale ecological problems. If transfer of GM tree pollen really is a significant issue, then sterility systems for inducing reproductive incompetence (Mouradov and Teasdale 1999) or trunk grafting (Lev-Yadun and Sederoff 2001) will become more useful in alleviating these concerns and their use encouraged in GM trees (Strauss et al. 1995). Even if a distinct adverse effect of allowing GM trees to flower is found, beyond that of simply promoting genetic exchange, it is likely that any such effects could be ameliorated using short rotation forestry, with limited, or indeed no flowering potential. Once again, any risks introduced from limited GM tree pollen transfer must be placed into context versus the risks from introduced exotic germplasm (Richardson 1998). Additionally, recent evidence suggests that transgenic poplar DNA is unlikely to persist in soils for more than 4 months before being degraded, limiting potential for transfer to soilbased microbes (Hay et al. 2002)Two other potential concerns expressed about GM trees relate to their longevity and the potential for unexpected effects, once released into the environment. Unexpected effects might include gene silencing, in which expression of an inserted gene ceases. Releasing and monitoring a large number of independently genetically modified trees could overcome this potential problem, because the available evidence suggests the frequency of gene silencing events is rare (Dominguez et al. 2002a). A similar approach is already taken by commercial foresters, who generally wish to avoid monocultures. Additionally, our understanding of genetic stability is increasing as sequences such as matrix attachment regions (MARs), which appear to improve the consistency of gene expression, become more widely used (Allen et al. 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing uncertainties surrounding genetically modified (GM) trees, particularly regarding pollen transfer and its ecological impact. It states, 'scientists cannot yet completely guarantee that pollen formation can be prevented in every individual tree,' indicating that there is no absolute assurance of safety. Furthermore, it raises the question of potential ecological consequences from GM pollen, stating that while there is 'no clearly compelling evidence of significant damage,' limitations in guarantees signify that the claim of safety is not fully supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: For the readers’ convenience, all the calculations are presented in the compact Table 2. The table shows that the thermocurrents Ilow are all-sufficient, they are able not only generate the main dipole field of Earth В T T l o w but to maintain it for a long time at 3. 64 × 10−5 T level. This value is calculated for the points of Earth on its equator and, as seen, it is close to the real and modern intensity of the EMF. At the same time, the heat, produced by the thermocurrents Ilow, is only Q b c = 2. 25 × 10 14 J per year (2. 25 × 1021 erg per year) and is comparable to the heat of the thermocurrents Itop. The Earth’s magnetic moment was also calculated as M = 4 π R G 2 I l o w. At the current Ilow of 3. 52 × 109 А and spherical surface with the solid core’s radius of RG = 1400 km (see in Table 2) it is 8. 67 × 1022 Table 2. Calculation of electrical and magnetic parameters of Earth’s metal core. А・m2, which is close to the known value М = 8. 2 × 10 22 А ⋅ m 2. Let us briefly note, that a toroidal magnetic field forms within the metal core. The field’s field lines are spherical circles that do not leave the conducting core (Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b)). The centrifugal force F C f and the thermo e. m. f. ЕТ have been generating a through channel with electron deficit for 3. 5 billion years in the toroidal field in the core center. The channel is the entrance/exit for the poloidal magnetic field which is self-generating in the conductive medium. The field is definitely dipole and it has local poles with diameter to 500 km for entrance/exit of the field lines bundles of the poloidal field with tilt of 900 - 890. There is a confirmation for it [39]. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles navigating with the Earth's magnetic field. It discusses calculations of the Earth's magnetic field and thermocurrents, but does not mention sea turtles or navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this study investigates how to design a user-centered AI-based voice-assistants that is able to adapt its content, functionality, personality, auditory interface, and information access to improves its communication skills to older people to reduce the risk of falls, injuries, and accidents they face when they use public transportation and when they walk within and across urban environment. Moreover, this study identifies the techno–social inhibitors that may influence the use of AI-based voice-assistants by older people to provide better solutions that can support the mobility of older people. Findings from this study presents the user-centered service design and functional requirements to be considered in developing AI-based voice-assistants suitable for older people of present and of the future. This study builds on prior studies on voice-assistants by designing a high-level architectural model to be used in developing an AI-based voice-assistants that provide user-centered real-time information to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents by older people for safe mobility and walkability. Findings from Gudala et al. (2022) highlighted that older people who are fairly younger (those in their 60 s) have had experience with technology while they worked and may have learn to use similar technologies from family members are likely to accept and use novel technologies such as voice-assistants in particular. For such older people, technology readiness, familiarity, and uptake of voice-assistants to support safe mobility and walkability would not be a major barrier. On the contrary, for older people aged 70 years and above, especially for those who live alone technology familiarity could be low and this can act as an inhibitor to use of voice-assistants. Nevertheless, older people are a special user group in the society since they are often less acquainted with digital technology (Seiderer et al. 2020), and may not have equal access to a stable internet connection which is needed for most the functioning of the AI-based voice-assistants. Moreover, there are other techno–social inhibitors that restraint possible use of AI-based voice-assistants by older people, and in particular, security and privacy related to techno–social challenges use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the design of user-centered AI-based voice assistants that adapt their content and functionality to improve communication skills and support mobility for older users. It indicates that these assistants take into account user preferences and experiences, particularly noting that older users may accept and use these technologies, which aligns with the idea that AI assistants are learning user preferences to enhance their recommendations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: The relative longevity of trees is as much a benefit as a potential concern, because their potential economic or amenity value can extend for hundreds of years. Many of the publicized potential concerns about GM trees are either misplaced due to a lack of public understanding, or they may be actively managed until such times as further research, including field trials, can resolve these issues. It should not be forgotten that, since 1994, more than 3. 5 trillion GM plants have been grown in the alone, without any significant ecological or human health consequences being identified (Stewart and Wheaton 2001). These numbers include more than 250 field trials of GM trees, although most of these have been with poplars and eucalypts (Rautner 2001; Gartland et al. 2003). Our knowledge and understanding of how GM trees function and perform in the wider environment can only be aided by further field trials, using a wider range of trees, as they become available through advances in genetic modification and regeneration technologies. of the potential benefits that genetic modification can bring to forestry and arboriculture include improved yields; modifying lignin content; speeding up breeding cycles; the production of valuable pharmaceuticals from trees; cleaning up environmental pollution; more effective management of pests and diseases; and enhanced amenity and landscape restoration value. Increasing yields from plantation forests by genetic modification will allow more wild forests to be left undisturbed. To this end, findings that at least two species of aspen (Populus tremuloides and P. tremula) grow faster after genetic modifications are most encouraging (Hu et al. 1999; Tzfira et al. 1999) (Figure 2). Among the wood quality traits that can now be altered by genetic modification are the composition and processing properties of lignins. Using antisense technology to reduce expression of 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, a key step in lignin biosynthesis, reductions of up to 45% in the lignin content and increases of up to 15% in the cellulose content have been obtained in aspen. Enhanced leaf, root, and stem growth were also observed (Hu et al. 1999; Sederoff 1999). Being able to reduce the lignin content of trees or to improve pulping properties has also been achieved by reducing cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in 2-year-old poplar (P. tremula × P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing potential concerns about genetically modified (GM) trees and emphasizing that their ecological impact is still unresolved. It mentions that many concerns are misplaced due to public misunderstanding and highlights the importance of further research and field trials to understand GM trees' functions within ecosystems better. It does not support a blanket guarantee of safety for all GM trees in every ecosystem.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: of Earth’s First, let us pay attention to a feature of the core: its outer part (outer core) is in a melted state at the temperature T0, whereas the inner part (inner core), divided with the transitive F zone, is in a solid state, but at the lowered temperature Ti. Hence, we can conclude that the solid core can be colder than the outer one, and its temperature is Ti = T0 10 K. In its turn, it shows that there obviously must be geotemperature gradients, directed oppositely to the melted outer core. Those gradients generate thermoelectric currents “outer core-lower mantle” Itop, directed oppositely to the Earth’s surface, and “outer core-inner (solid) core’s center” Ilow to the planet’s center (Figure 1(a)). On the assumption of the known connection between an electrical current and the heat, produced by it, the inner core temperature Ti is expected to get T0, and then get higher than T0 i. e. Ti > T0. Such happens when the flows of the thermocurrents Ilow move to the Earth’s center and their electron concentration n in the inner core because of the absence of drains (outer borders) and, consequently, absence of dissipation of the charge energy. As a result, current density increases, which contributes to higher producing of Joule heat and its accumulation in the Earth’s central part. Eventually, the inner core’s temperature Ti reaches the temperature of the melted core T0 (Ti = T0) and at this moment the field intensity ЕТ gets equal to zero (ЕТ = 0) in the “outer core-inner core” branch. From that very moment thermocurrents Ilow stop moving, and the Earth’s dipole magnetic field disappears, but the lower mantle magnetic field В T T l o w remains. Nevertheless, thermocurrents Ilow of low intensity are able to not only appear for a short time and several times but change their directions to the opposite ones, because the thermal process is not homogeneous at different points of the inner core. The inner core temperature eventually gets higher and reaches a persistent state Ti > T0 because of the thermal process inertia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. It discusses geological features of the Earth’s core and thermoelectric currents, without mentioning sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Specifically, the architectural model is designed to provide available and accessible public transportation services, supported by ML, NLP, and speech recognition which helps to automatically adapt the conversation via human–computer interaction to older users’ toward reducing risks for improving safe mobility and walkability. This study offers important practical implications for the development of AI-based voice-assistants that will possess both text-to-speech and speech-to-text tools capabilities of converting spoken words by older users. Also, as suggested in the literature (Tsiourti et al. 2016b), older people can interact with the voice-assistants using a multimodal auditory interface that offers an automatic speech recognition and graphical touch-based user interface integrated in a simplified manner based on service design approach to ease the learning process enabling older people with different capabilities to use the voice-assistant system. 5. 3 Theoretical implicationsAmong the emerging technologies available, voice-based user interfaces may hold potential for increasing safe mobility and walkability for seniors by proving personalized support to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents faced by older people. This study explores how voice-assistants can make mobility management easier and safer for older people. Specifically, this 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how AI-based voice-assistants are being designed to adapt conversations and provide personalized support to older users. It mentions the use of machine learning (ML), natural language processing (NLP), and speech recognition to enhance interaction, which implies an ability to learn user preferences for improving recommendations, especially in context to increasing safety and mobility for seniors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: alba) (Lapierre et al. 1999). This process could reduce the energy inputs required and pollutants released by the pulping industry. Further enhancements of vegetative growth and rate of biomass increase may become possible by manipulating ammonium metabolism in trees. Increased cellular glutamine synthetase activity can enhance synthesis of nitrogenous compounds and biomass growth (Suarez et al. 2002). The understanding of how wood is laid down under stress conditions is being enhanced by studies on xylem tension stress-responsive genes (Samuga and Joshi 2002) and the effects of rol C gene expression in developing xylem in aspen (Grunwald et al. 2002). Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 2. Genetically modified Populus species hybrid. Some of the time-related limitations of conventional tree breeding may be overcome by expressing thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes, such as apetela 1, or leafy in trees. Already, apetela 1 expression has shortened generation times from seed to seed from at least 5 years to a single year in the commercial citrus production rootstock citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) (Pena et al. 2001). This result was achieved by converting apical and lateral shoots to flowers, and it is likely to have significant economic implications for the fruit tree industry. Similar results have been demonstrated in aspen, reducing flowering time to a mere 7 months (Nilsson and Weigel 1997; Martin-Trillo and Martinez-Zapater 2002). Although greater understanding of flowering control is still required, the combination of genetic modification and DNA sequence information gained from analysis of earlyflowering mutants from Arabidopsis seems very likely to speed up future breeding programs considerably (Egea-Cortines and Weiss 2001). GM trees also have potential to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Although at an early stage, rubber trees in Malaysia have been engineered to secrete human serum albumin. Other high-value commodities produced and easily harvested from GM trees, including vaccines in fruit, will no doubt become commercial realities in due course (Langridge 2000). GM trees have significant potential for dendroremediation—using trees to clean up environmental pollutants. Restoring contaminated land sites reduces risks to the environment and greatly enhances the value of these sites. Considerable progress has been made with both heavy metals and with organic pollutants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and ongoing research involved in genetic modification of trees. It highlights benefits such as the reduction of energy inputs and pollutants, the potential for enhanced growth and biomass, and applications in environmental remediation, but it does not mention any guarantees regarding the safety of genetically modified trees for every ecosystem. Furthermore, it points out the necessity of understanding flowering control and states that while genetic modification has significant potential, it is still at an early stage concerning applications like producing pharmaceuticals or cleaning up pollutants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: At this state thermocurrents of opposite direction instantly appear and signs of the inner SGTE charges finally change (Figure 1(b)). From the moment of the persistent state Ti = T0 thermocurrents Itop and Ilow move to the Earth’s surface unidirectionally and their mutual current I sums up. Ores of the lower mantle gets extra heat because a part of the thermocurrents Ilow permeates in. That heat spreads predominantly to the bottom surface’s side, and when it is reached, the Earth’s crust and atmosphere reach the mode of dynamic heating gradually. From the other hand, electron flows leave the core, and it slowly cools down after electron concentration gets less. But when the moment of the persistent state Ti < T0 comes, a new and opposite process begins-thermocurrents Ilow go to the inner core and warm it. At the same time the mutual current I decreases and Earth comes into its cooling mode, and the dipole magnetic field restores. The cycles repeat. 5. Briefly about the Cyclicity of Cooling and Warming of the Earth’s results of the calculations in Table 2 give us the following. First, the reason why cooling and warming alternate each other on the Earth’s crust surface and our planet’s atmosphere is the existing cyclic change of thermocurrents in the inner core Ilow (Figure 2). Secondly, geomagnetic polarity reversal can happen only when phases “warming-cooling-warming” change, probably, every 105 ÷ 106 years [7]. During the period of these reversals dipole magnetic field В T T l o w decreases (or increases) up to its momentary disappearance (increment), at the same time the magnetic pole, created by the lower mantle, always stays as 4. 6 × 10−6 T at any reversal sign. In this connection, there can be made a preliminary estimate of the time interval Δt between adjacent coinciding phases of Itop and Ilow thermocurrents movement, for example, to the Earth’s crust. In this case that interval can correspond to the period of two maximum Earth warmings or cooling if the thermocurrents move in an antiphase direction (Figure 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses thermocurrents, magnetic fields, and geological processes related to the Earth’s cooling and warming cycles without mentioning sea turtles or their navigation methods. There are no references to animal behavior or navigation in relation to Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: This conversation is part of a series of interviews in which JAMA Editor in Bibbins-and expert guests explore issues surrounding the rapidly evolving intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and medicine. This past April, researchers published a now well-known study that found that chatbot responses to a set of real patient questions “were preferred over physician responses and rated significantly higher for both quality and empathy. ” Since then, the study led by researchers at the University of California, (UCSD), has attracted substantial attention—including, perhaps unsurprisingly, some criticism from physicians. JAMA Editor in Bibbins-recently spoke with the study’s lead author, (Video), vice chief of innovation in the Division of & Health and deputy director of informatics at the Institute at UCSD. Video. for The two discussed the true takeaway from the study, as well as AI’s potential to aid in tailored public health messaging and the recent on AI. The following interview has been edited for clarity and length. Dr Bibbins-Domingo:You published an 3. 5, could answer patient questions. We compared its ability to answer questions, in terms of quality and empathy, to actual doctors. The first barrier we had to cross was getting the data. We turned to a Reddit forum called AskDocs, where hundreds of thousands of people submit questions, and a licensed health care professional, in this case a physician, will provide a response anonymously and free of charge and do so rather quickly through crowdsourcing techniques. We downloaded that data, and we had real patient questions and real physician responses. And then we compared those to responses generated by ChatGPT. ChatGPT won in a landslide. Our panel of health care professionals themselves were 4 times more likely to prefer the response written by ChatGPT than the one written by actual physicians. They were 4 times more likely to judge its responses being very good or good in quality compared to physicians. And they were 10 times more likely to judge a response by it as empathetic or very empathetic compared to actual physicians. It showed that this tool that exists cannot only help us with our process, but maybe it’s something that can help answer many of the questions that patients have that may now be going unanswered. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting how AI tools like ChatGPT showed superior performance in answering patient questions compared to actual physicians. The study mentioned in the text indicates that users preferred the AI responses, suggesting that AI is capable of understanding and catering to user needs, thereby improving recommendations. The preference exhibited towards AI responses can be interpreted as an indication of AI's capability to learn from interactions and adjust its responses based on user feedback.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) modified to express bacterial mercuric reductase grows vigorously in normally toxic levels of ionic mercury, being able to convert the highly toxic ionic mercury (Hg [II]) to the much less toxic elemental form (Hg [0]) up to twelvefold faster than untransformed poplars (Rugh et al. 1998; Meagher 2000; Rugh 2001). Using cultures of genetically modified poplar cells, Gordon et al. (1998) were able to degrade trichlorethylene, one of the world’s major pollutants. Field study data have shown that up to 95% of available trichlorethylene was degraded to chlorine ions and CO2. Similar approaches are being followed with a range of other organic pollutants, including the explosives RDX and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (Thompson et al. 1999). Using trees to clean up environmental pollutants, contaminated sites can be returned to useful service for housing, leisure, or light industry. Arboricultural benefits from genetic modification are also likely to come from improved resistance to pests and diseases. Examples include introduced resistance to the fungal pathogen Septoria musiva in poplar expressing chitinbinding proteins Ac-AMP1. 2 and ESF12 (Liang et al. 2002) and plum pox virus in Prunus domestica following expression of the viral coat protein (Ravelonandro et al. 1999). In Polish, Spanish, and Rumanian field tests, the GM plum trees allowed only low levels of viral multiplication from which the trees rapidly recovered. One such line was not infected at all over the 3-year duration of these trials, in contrast to the untransformed trees that all became infected during the first year (Ravelonandro et al. 2000). Resistance to the cottonwood leaf beetle (Chrysomela scripta), a major pest, may soon be possible among poplars following their genetic modification with Bt toxin genes (James et al. 1999). Similar trials are under way in China using the Cry 1 Ac gene in P. nigra to protect against the defoliators (Hu et al. 2001). Particular care is, however, likely to be needed when selecting appropriate Bt toxin strain genes due to regional differences in cottonwood leaf beetle susceptibility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific examples of genetically modified trees, such as yellow poplar and Prunus domestica, which are engineered for particular traits like pollution degradation and disease resistance. However, it also emphasizes that careful selection of gene strains is necessary due to regional differences in pest susceptibility. This suggests that while genetic modifications can provide benefits, they are not universally safe for every ecosystem without careful management and consideration of ecological dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: That can be represented by the following model of multidirectional movements of thermocurrents Ilow towards the persistently unidirectional movement of thermocurrents Itop: 1st cycle: core-lower mantle; 2nd cycle: lower mantle-core; 3rd cycle: core-lower mantle. Figure 2. Graph of connection between EMF polarity reversal and warming and cooling periods on Earth with the change of the direction of the planetary currents Ilow vectors. 1―graph of the cyclic temperature at the Earth’s surface distribution; 2―directed movement of the lower mantle thermocurrents Itop; 3―directed movement of the inner core thermocurrents Ilow; 4―magnetic poles position at the EMF reversal. For a quantitative estimation of the model one should take into consideration drift velocity v d (7) of electrons, which move directionally in the electric field ЕТ from the inner core’s side to the upper mantle (1st, 3rd cycles) and backwards (2nd cycle). However, that velocity is average and it is defined from the interval v d between 0 and max. But if the velocity of an electron after the collision has nothing to do with its velocity before the collision [26] the calculated function of electron distribution according to their real velocities allows to calculate the drift velocity more accurately with the following formula [26] [40] [41] : v d = e E T l m v (6а) However the existing scientific argument if it is right to use the formula (6) or the formula (6a) can be resolved only in course of time and only by comparing theoretical calculations with the practice. All the calculations to define warming periods are in Table 3 with all the needed constants and formulas. Table 3. Calculation of warming periods on Earth. All the calculations to define warming periods are in Table 3 with all the needed constants and formulas. It is seen from Table 3 that the period of direct warming is about 83000 years, whereas the time lapse between the consecutive warmings Δt is about 249,000 years. The main error of this magnitude is determined by the value of the temperature coefficient β and the final electron concentration in the semiconductor when “hot” electrons move out of the core. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses models of thermocurrents and their relationship with Earth's warming and cooling periods, without mentioning sea turtles or their navigation methods related to magnetic fields. There is no connection made between the information presented and the claim about sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Dr Bibbins-Domingo:Then, what I should take away about the fact that ChatGPT scored higher on the empathy scores is that the draft that’s coming to me to the review as the doc in the loop is something that patients would like to read and would be comfortable reading, and that I might be editing for content or for something else, but it’s a pretty good first start at that. Dr Ayers:I think what you’re seeing here is just simply the limitations of a human provider vs an AI that never fatigues, is always available. You see that both in terms of the quality metric and the empathy metric. Take an example of one of the questions in our study. A patient had swallowed a toothpick, and they were concerned they might have a puncture and bleed. The physician rightly responded, “That’s a very unlikely outcome. Don’t worry about it. ” But the AI was able to reveal all the considerations that went into that same response. “The likelihood of this happening is this, and if you have these symptoms, then you might want to go to the ER [emergency room] and talk to them, but don’t worry, toothpicks aren’t going to hurt you. ” Echoing back that the patient felt worried and understanding that. Doctors are trying to persuade patients to do what’s in the patient’s own self-interest, even though everything’s pulling them in the other direction. So really, we can start thinking about not only what is good content for messaging but what types of messages are potentially the most persuasive. And we can do that by looking at clinical end points, for example. Dr Bibbins-Domingo:You’ve said this now several times—we don’t just want to know that it was more persuasive. We want to think about the outcomes we actually care about in the end, which really is the clinical outcomes for patients. Our goal is not to use what could be very powerful tools to try to achieve a certain type of behavior, but ultimately, what we want to do is to achieve the better outcome for the patient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting how AI, such as ChatGPT, can provide better information and empathetic responses to patients than human providers, thus suggesting that AI can learn from user interactions and preferences to improve its recommendations. The discussion about how the AI understands patient concerns and tailors responses based on those considerations indicates an ability to adapt and personalize suggestions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Expression of the CTV viral p25 coat protein gene significantly increased viral resistance or delayed disease symptom onset in Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) (Dominguez et al. 2002b), while commercialscale production of GM papaya resistant to ringspot virus is well established in Hawaii (Ferreira et al. 2002). Genetic modifications can be used to restore trees to pest-damaged landscapes. Three potential examples are American chestnut (Castanea sativa), English elm (Ulmus procera), and some Southern pines (Pinus spp. ) in the United States. More than 3 billion American chestnuts have been lost since the 1930s to Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus. Genetic modification may prove beneficial in speeding up the breeding programs sponsored by the Foundation (Mehlenbacher et al. 2000). Hundreds of millions of elms throughout the northern hemisphere have been devastated by Dutch elm disease, a vascular wilt caused by the fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi (Dunn 2000). Within the alone, more than 20 million mature elms were lost in the 1970s, with fresh outbreaks still occurring as elm populations struggle to recover. However, biotechnology is making significant progress with English elm. Techniques for the transfer of genes into leaf and stem tissues using DNA-coated microprojectiles, and with both A. rhizogenes and A. tumefaciens, have been established. These techniques allow transgene expression to be investigated using biochemical reporter genes such as gus A and gfp (Davey et al. 1998). English elms with modified growth habit as a result of Ri plasmid gene expression and phenotypically normal English elms genetically modified with β-glucuronidase antifungal protein genes have been produced (Gartland et al. 2000, 2001a, 2001b) (Figure 3). Ulmus procera has some measure of in-built containment, as it does not form viable seed in UK conditions being propagated vegetatively. Elms in the United Kingdom, as well as in North America, hold great cultural, as well as landscape, amenity, and potential economic value. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 3. Genetically modified English elm (Ulmus procera) growing in soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and potential risks of genetic modifications in trees. It mentions the increased resistance to disease in modified trees, but does not guarantee safety for every ecosystem. The phrase 'Genetic modification may prove beneficial' indicates uncertainty rather than a blanket assurance of safety, thus contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In our case, the value of β for the lower mantle, whose ores are considered to be semiconductors, is taken speculatively, and it is 0. 0003 V・K−1, as in Table 1, and it is just three times more than the temperature coefficient for pure metals. However, if one takes the possibly minimum magnitude 0. 001 V deg−1. for semiconductors instead of 0. 0015 V deg−1. [29] then the time lapse from the beginning of the warming and its ending will be about 25,000 years, and the time lapse between the warming phases Δt will be 75,000 years. Periods of cooling and warming cycles also change noticeably, if n for the lower mantle ores is increased only by 1 order, i. e. n = 3. 25 × 10 23 m − 3 (the initial value for calculations is taken as n = 3. 25 × 10 22 m − 3 ). Then the period of direct warming is about 385,000 years, and the time lapse between the consecutive warmings Δt is now about 1. 15 million years. It appears from the roughly evaluative calculations, that despite the large range of numbers they are still within the assumptive time intervals, which the researchers get by an indirect analysis of geologic and climatological material of our planet, accumulated numerously [37] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]. According to geological data from different literary sources, the older the planet is, the shorter cooling periods (ice ages) and warming periods get, they fraction into subperiods, which can be explained by cycles getting gradually ordered and steady while the planet’s inner structure is forming [44] (Figure 3). 6. of the Warming of the Earth’s solve the task, we should consider the following conditions. Earth is now under a steady nonequilibrium thermodynamic state, because there are pressure and temperature gradients, that can be concluded from the I. R. Prigogine’s work [47]. Thermoelectrical currents Ilow of the solid and the melted cores move to the lower mantle. Their velocity, defined by the electron velocity, is about 2 × 10−8 m・s−1, and their distance, for example, for 103 years is not more than 60 - 70 km. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigational abilities related to the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it discusses geological data, thermodynamic states, and temperature gradients, which are unrelated to the navigation methods of sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Dr Ayers:Our studies showed that a tool not designed for health care delivery, not fine-tuned for health care, and now is severely antiquated to current models that are available, was already better than physicians in practice. Physicians who voluntarily wanted to be there, wanted to help people, wanted to respond. Unlike some of us who don’t want to be there—it’s been a long workday. And so, it could already do better. I think there’s a huge potential here, particularly when these systems get access to EHR [electronic health records]. AI that can help extract information for them and generate action points much like we do now with flowcharts in action items can do that for messaging too. I think it could be a game changer for health care. Dr Bibbins-Domingo:You work both in the space of AI and clinical practice but also AI and public health. You see the potential for AI as a tool to facilitate communication. Are those different challenges when we’re talking about public health messaging or the same things in different contexts? Dr Ayers:Public health is really complicated. On the one hand, we spend more on public health now than ever before. There’s more MPHs and PhDs graduating. There’s more deans out there in medicine trying to figure out how to start a school of public health. Yet life expectancy in the is declining. Thinking about AI in a way where it can help elevate what we do, and from a public health communication standpoint, should be prioritized potentially for study. We did a small-scale study on generative AI for public health–type questions where people are asking about suicide or addiction or other issues that we typically think about as behavioral medicine, which is the public health side—the leading drivers of premature mortality. And we showed that ChatGPT worked well there. And so, thinking about how these tools can [ask questions] like, “What does the suicide hotline look like [in the future]? What’s the smoker’s hotline look like in the future? Does utilization of those resources change the outcome? ” That’s the types of studies I think we should be doing in public health. Really, now we have the opportunity to deliver precision messaging. Our main tool for impact in public health is our voice, how we communicate to people. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of AI systems to 'extract information for [physicians] and generate action points,' suggesting that as AI tools evolve, they could effectively learn and respond to user needs, akin to improving recommendations. Furthermore, the mention of applying AI to public health communication indicates a capacity for these systems to tailor responses based on user inquiries, demonstrating an ability to adapt and enhance communication methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) has attacked pines in the (Pena and Seguin 2001). These trees, described by as the priests of pines addressing the surrounding forest, may benefit from a combination of genetic modification and genomics—the application of computer science to genetic structure and function. Gene mapping and genomic sequencing advances are likely to identify potential genes for resistance to white pine blister rust fungus. Such genes, once allied to suitable regulatory elements, could be transferred back into the pines by genetic modification, reducing future damage to the landscape. genetic modification is most likely to be acceptable to the public in two areas: where greater productivity from reduced plantation forest areas can be shown to increase areas left to nature’s own devices, and in restoring threatened trees to damaged landscapes, such as the elm. Whichever aspects of GM trees advance most rapidly in the future, environmental risk assessment should always be carried out, on a case-by-case basis, until a sufficient body of knowledge on the anticipated benefits and the possible risks of this exciting technology is established. © 2003, of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. ↵Adams, J. M. , G. Piovesan, S. Strauss, and S. Brown. 2002. The case for genetic engineering of native and landscape trees against introduced pests and diseases. Conserv. Biol. 16:874–879. OpenUrl↵Allen, G. C. , S. Spiker, and W. F. Thompson. 2000. Use of matrix attachment regions (MARs) to minimize transgene silencing. Plant Mol. Biol. 43:361–376. ↵Bouchie, A. 2001. Safety of GMOs reaffirmed by EU. Nat. Biotechnol 19:1095. OpenUrl↵Dandekar, A. M. , and D. J. James. 1998. High levels of expression of full-length cry IA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic somatic walnut embryos. Plant Sci. 131:181–193. OpenUrl↵Daniell, H. , and A. Dingra. 2002. Multigene engineering:Dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 13:136–141. ↵Davey, M. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that environmental risk assessment should always be carried out on a case-by-case basis. This indicates that the safety of genetically modified trees cannot be guaranteed universally; instead, it suggests that each case must be evaluated for potential risks and benefits. The statement that 'until a sufficient body of knowledge on the anticipated benefits and the possible risks of this exciting technology is established' further implies that there is inherent uncertainty regarding the safety of genetically modified trees in different ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: That thin shell layer, being in the “core-mantle” border zone, is warmed to 4510 K (the initial temperature on the line of 4500 K) by the heat of the core Q thermocurrents (see Table 2). Its difference reaches 10 K, let us denote it as Т1. Let us take the temperature of the Earth’s bottom surface as Т2 = 273. 1 K. In this connection, a simplified heat-exchanging model of Earth can be represented as a hollow spherical shell with two sides. One of them is the inner one with radius R Σ = 3. 65 × 10 6 m corresponding the surface of the Figure 3. Climatic curve of the for the last 500 thousand years (the picture was taken from an internet-6. 37 × 10 6 m corresponding the bottom surface. The inner side is affected by the inner core heat Q b c = 2. 25 × 10 14 J year (see Table 2). Let us take thermal conductivity coefficient of the spherical shell equal to the constant thermal conductivity coefficient of the lower mantle: λ = 2. 5 W (m・K)−1 [48]. At the same time the inner side is overheated with the heat Q by T1 = 283. 1 K (10˚C), and the outer side is Т2 =273. 1 K (0˚C) at the beginning, but after heating it gets Т2 = Х K. To find Т2 the homogeneous differential heat equation in spherical coordinates can be used [49] : ∇ 2 T = d 2 T d r 2 + 2 r d t d r = 0 (16) Nevertheless, these values of interglacial periods (warming) or cooling can be essentially clarified, if there was exact data of the β coefficient value for not only pure metals, but different materials of the planet’s shells, more complicated ones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses thermal properties and heat exchange models of the Earth's inner layers, without mentioning sea turtles or navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Now we have a technology that cannot only expand the speed at which we can speak to people but can tailor it to people. I think that’s going to be a huge opportunity for public health, and maybe we can reverse the downward trend in life expectancy that we experienced, when public health has become more and more salient. Unfortunately, a lot of what we do now, we don’t know if it works. We have all these resources. We need to start critically thinking about are they working, and then think about how we can use AI tools to make them work better. That would be an outcome we could achieve in public health maybe. Dr Bibbins-Domingo:You make a very compelling case about tailoring, because I know from the personal experience of trying to do public health messaging that that’s exactly what you need. But thinking about how to study AI for these types of outcomes for a suicide hotline or for a smokers quit line, it wouldn’t be that easy. Dr Ayers:I think AI is one of these things where it’s easy to get excited about it and it’s also easy to understand it’s very limited. Fortunately, we have the tool to resolve what the value add is for AI in health care and in public health, and that is science. That is investing in rigorous studies that have clinical end points, that ask the question, “Are we helping to fix the problem? Yes or no? ” And so, we can either rely on that tool or we can ignore it as so often we do in other settings. And we’ll either make a difference or we won’t. I know of scores of health care centers working with different industry partners to provide [patient] messaging. I don’t know if any of them are focused on clinical end points. They’re all focused on process indicators. And so, we really need to understand that the value add of this tool is going to be limited by the quality of the science we put into it. That’s not true just for messaging. That’s true of all of AI and health care, and public health as well. Dr Bibbins-Domingo:The president and the have just announced their framework for thinking about AI in the US. What is your reaction to that? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of AI to tailor communication to individual needs, which suggests that AI technology can learn and adapt to user preferences. The speaker emphasizes the need for tailoring in public health messaging, indicating that an understanding of user needs is critical for effectiveness, which aligns with the idea of AI assistants improving recommendations based on learning user preferences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Leple, W. Boerjan, V. Ferret, V. De Nadai, and L. Jouanin. 1999. Structural alterations of lignins in transgenic poplars with depressed cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase or caffeic acid O–methyl transferase activity have an opposite impact on the efficiency of industrial kraft pulping. Plant Physiol. 119:153–163. OpenUrlAbstract/↵Lev-Yadun, S. , and R. Sederoff. 2001. Grafting for transgene containment. Nat. Biotechnol. 19:1104. ↵and W. A. Powell. 2002 Enhanced resistance to the poplar fungal pathogen, Septoria musiva, in hybrid poplar clones transformed with genes encoding antimicrobial peptides. Biotechnol. Lett. 24:383–389. OpenUrlCrossRef↵Davey, M. R. , K. C. Lowe, and J. B. PowerMain, G. D. , A. . Mala, and K. M. A. Gartland. 1998. The use of gren fluorescent protein (gfp) as a reporter gene in tree genetic manipulations, pp 315–320. In Davey, M. R. , K. C. Lowe, and J. B. Power. (Eds. ). Towards the Millennium. Press, UK. ↵Martin-Trillo, M. , and J. M. Martinez-Zapater. 2002. Growing up fast: Manipulating the generation time of trees. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 13:151–155. OpenUrlPubMed↵Meagher, R. B. 2000. Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Curr. Op. Plant Biol. 3:153–162. ↵Mehlenbacher, S. A. , R. L. Phillips, and H. van Buijtenen 2000. The TACF breeding program review. J. Am. Chestnut Foun. XIV:16–24. ↵Mouradov, A. , and R. D. Teasdale. 1999. Genetic engineering of reproductive incompetence in radiata pine. Protoplasma 208:13–17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides details about various scientific studies and experiments involving genetically modified trees, such as their resistance to pathogens and alterations in lignin structure, but it does not guarantee their safety for every ecosystem. By discussing the potential impacts of genetic modifications, including efficiency in industrial processes and environmental interactions, the text contrasts the claim that all genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Without speaking much of deducing that solution, here is the final solution of the differential heat equation at the Dirichlet boundary conditions T ( 1 F o ) = T 1 = const for X > 273. 16 K и T 2 = 273. 16 K at τ = 0 [52] [53] : T ( X F o ) = T 1 + 2 [ T ( X 0 ) − T 1 ] ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n + 1 sin ( δ n X ) δ n X exp [ − ( δ n ) 2 F o ] (22) where F o = λ ⋅ τ c ′ p R 2 is Fourier’s number; Λ 1 = ( − 1 ) n + 1 sin ( δ n X ) X is the lambda function; X = r R is the dimensionless radial coordinate of a random point of the sphere; r is the radial coordinate a random point of the sphere, m; R is the inherent size of the sphere body, m; τ is the time, s; c ′ p = ρ ⋅ c p is the specific volumetric isobaric heat capacity of the lower mantle ores, which is distributed over both the upper mantle and the Earh’s crust contingently, J・(m3・K)−1; ρ is the average density of the ores of the lower mantle, the upper mantle and the Earth’s crust, 4500 kg/m3; cp is the specific mass isobaric heat capacity, 1260 J・(kg・K)−1 [54] T 1 is the temperature of the inner side (surface) when X = 0. 54 and τ = 0 equals 283. 2 K; δ n = n π at n = 1 2 ⋯ ∞ is nth root of the characteristic equation sin ( δ n ) = 0 for the Dirichlet boundary conditions; λ is the thermal conductivity coefficient, it is 2. 5 W/(m∙K) for the lower mantle [54] Substituting the above numbers into the Equation (22), here is the solution for the temperature, which is demonstrated in Figure 4 and Table 4. As seen from Figure 4. Graph of the temperature of the surface warming by the earth’s thermoelectric currents inner core. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. Instead, it discusses a complex mathematical solution related to the differential heat equation and thermal properties of the Earth's interior, which is entirely irrelevant to the navigation of sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Over the years a few studies have examined how to improve the mobility safety of older people as seen in Table 1. Table 1 Related studies on the mobility safety of older people in urban contextFull size tablePrior studies explored strategies to improve safe mobility of older people as discussed in Table 1. However, studies that investigated the safe mobility and walkability needs of older people in urban context by considering the techno–social perspective, as well as digital technologies such as AI-based techniques (ML, NLP, and speech recognition) can be adopted to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents by older people are scarce. AI-based voice-assistants can provide personalized real-time information to improve safe mobility and walkability for older people in urban context. Moreover, there are limited studies that explored which user-centered service design and functional requirements are to be considered in developing AI-based voice-assistants suitable for older people to improve safe mobility, walkability, and wayfinding. 4. 2. 2 User-centered service design and functional requirementsThis section aims to address RQ 1: Which user-centered service design and functional requirements are important for developers in implementing AI-based voice-assistants for older people? Grounded on the secondary data the user-centered service design and functional requirements for AI-based voice-assistants are discussed below. 4. 2. 2. 1 Service design requirements for older people centric voice-assistantsServices designed for older people have become more required than ever before (Su et al. 2017), as such there is need to identify the functional requirements needed to develop AI-based voice-assistants suitable for use by older people in the society. The service design captures the requirements mainly from the designer’s perspective. As such in designing the AI-based voice-assistants the system should comprise of readily available, low cost, and inexpensive, hardware components and open-source software if possible. It will be beneficial to the society if the integration of AI-based voice-assistants into existing technologies used by older people should be cost-effective not incur much increase in cost. AI-based voice-assistants should be designed adhering to privacy-by-design principles to improve the security and privacy of older users thereby establishing users trust of the system (Chen et al. 2021; Wedberg and Dalgren 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that AI-based voice-assistants should be designed adhering to 'privacy-by-design principles' to enhance the 'security and privacy of older users,' indicating that privacy concerns are acknowledged in the context of developing AI assistants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: OpenUrl↵Nilsson, O. , and D. Weigel. 1997. Modulating the timing of flowering. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 8:195–199. ↵Ow, D. 2001. The right chemistry for marker gene removal? Nat. Biotechnol. 19:115–116. ↵Pena, L. , and A. Seguin. 2001. Recent advances in the genetic transformation of trees. Trends Biotechnol. 19:500–06. . , M. Martin-Trillo, J. Juarez, J. A. Pina, L. Navarro, and J. M. Martinez-Zapater. 2001. Constitutive expression of or 1 genes in citrus reduces their generation time. Nat. Bioltechnol. 19:263–267. OpenUrl↵Rautner, M. 2001. Designer trees. Biotechnol. Dev. Mon. 44:2–7. OpenUrl↵Ravelonandro, M. , R. Scorza, J. C. . Bachelier, G. Labonne, L. Levy, V. Damsteegt, A. M. Callahan, and J. Dunez. 1999. Resistance of transgenic Prunus domestica to plum pox virus infection. Plant Dis. 81:1231–1235. OpenUrl↵Ravelonandro, M. , R. Scorza, A. Calahan, L. Levy, C. Jacquet, M. Monsion, and V. Damsteegt. 2000. The use of transgenic fruit trees as a resistance strategy for virus epidemics: The plum pox (sharka) model. Virus Res. 71:63–69. OpenUrlPubMed↵Richardson, D. M. 1998. Forestry trees as invasive aliens. Conserv. Biol. 12:18–26. OpenUrlCrossRef↵and S. A. Meikle. 1998. Development of transgenic yellow poplar for mercury phytoremediation. Nat. Biotechnol. 16:925–928. ↵Rugh, C. L. 2001. Mercury detoxification with transgenic plants and other biotechnological breakthroughs for phytoremediation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and advancements in genetic modification of trees, which suggests that not all genetically modified trees can be presumed safe. It mentions the potential for invasive species and the development of transgenic trees for specific resistances and phytoremediation, which implies that there can be varied ecological impacts based on the genetic modifications made. Thus, it challenges the notion that every genetically modified tree is universally safe for all ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Table 4. Calculation of bottom surface heat temperature by Earth’s thermoelectrical currents. the latter, the temperature graph goes asymptote at τ = 20 s and varies within (283. 125 ¸ 283. 175) K or (9. 966 ¸ 10. 015)˚C, that confirms the pervious calculation enough. Besides, Figure 4 also shows that it takes heat only 20 s. to move from the border “core-lower mantle” to the bottom surface. Note, that the performed calculations are simplified and preliminary for now, because the taken model does not take into consideration other values of the thermal conductivity coefficients of the transitive zone C shells, the lower mantle B and the Earth’s crust A. That is why accurate calculations for the spherically heterogeneous heat-exchange model of Earth can differ from the obtained results noticeably because the thermocurrens under different continents are heterogeneous. 7. Features of the Behavior of Earth’s Associated to the Core’s The calculated magnitude of the magnetic induction В T T l o w can be real only if the used physical parameters and constants strictly meet the requirements of the physical law within which one or the other phenomenon can be correctly described, emergence and development of the Earth’s magnetic field in particular. The calculations analysis shows that the main element of their conformity is geothermoelectrical field ЕТ with its small intensity according to (3). At the same time, the known scientific conception of a planet’s metal core allowed to use the averaged temperature coefficient β, which is 0. 0001 V/K for pure metals. The magnitude of the latter affects all the following parameters: ЕТ, j, Ilow, which form the magnetic induction of the Earth’s field В T T l o w. That is why all the deliberate deviations from this value makes the В T T l o w magnitude get too low or extremely high. Hence, the taken magnitude β which is close to 0. 0001 V/K indicates high probability of our planet’s core being metal. Besides, the planet’s inner core electroconductivity σ affects the В T T l o w magnitude, but in a less degree. Thus, for instance, σ, which was taken by selecting, is equal to 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field. Instead, it discusses calculations related to thermal conductivity and the properties of the Earth's magnetic field, which are unrelated to the navigation behavior of sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: 8Techno-social challenges that inhibits older people use of AI-based voice-assistantsFull size imageFigure 8 presents the techno–social challenges that influence the adoption of AI-based voice-assistants by older people. Each of the technological and social inhibitors are discussed below. 4. 2. 3. 1 Technological inhibitors that influence older people use of voice-assistantsFindings from da Paixão Pinto et al. (2021) reported that older people were apprehensive toward their loss of privacy and autonomy which stems from them providing personal data such as health information to voice-assistants. As findings from the literature stated that many older people were not at ease with devices listening to their personal conversations and they are not sure as to where their data is being used or where it could be sent to for data processing (Gudala et al. 2022). Thus, privacy concern was mentioned as a perceived inhibitor that limits the use of voice-assistants in the literature (Chen et al. 2021). Furthermore, the occurrence of technical errors faced by older people will increase their resistance toward the use of AI-based voice-assistants. Hence, designers should focus on developing applications that do not require much training or technical knowhow to be used (Bokolo 2023a). Also, the effort required to setting up voice-assistants is important and the capability of these systems to effectively manage any operational failure is a factor that impacts the future uptake of AI-based voice-assistants. Moreover, the technology should support contextual awareness of older people so that they can better connect to their surroundings to perform the right action (i. e. , safe mobility and walkability). Findings from the literature suggested that older people were interested and welcomed the use of technologies to improve their capability to manage their surroundings particularly using their voice (i. e. , actuation via voice, specifically for those with slight mobility impairment, as this functionality will help them reduce use of their limb needed to navigate the control panels of their mobility aids) (Pfeifer-Chomiczewska 2023). AI-based voice-assistants can support to achieve consistent monitoring situations that might lead to fatal dangers (e. g. , detections of accident-prone pedestrian areas and giving directions during extreme weather conditions to avoid falls, injuries, and accidents). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that older people are apprehensive about their privacy and autonomy when using AI-based voice assistants. It states that these individuals are concerned about the loss of privacy stemming from the personal data they provide, such as health information. Furthermore, it notes that many older adults are uneasy with devices that listen to their conversations and are uncertain about how and where their data might be used, thus reinforcing the notion that data privacy is indeed a significant concern related to the use of AI assistants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine translocation in poplar trees. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18:279–284. OpenUrl↵Trick, H. N. , and J. J. Finer. 1999. Induction of somatic embryogenesis and genetic transformation of Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra Willd. ). Cell. Dev. Biol. -Plant 35:57–60. OpenUrl↵Tzfira, T. , A. Vainstein, and A. Altman. 1999. rol-Gene expression in transgenic aspen (Populus tremula) plants results in accelerated growth and improved stem production index. Trees Struct. Func. 14:49–54. OpenUrl↵Wenck, A. R. , M. Quinn, R. W. Whetten, G. Pullman, and R. Sederoff 1999. High-efficiency Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Plant Mol. Biol. 39:407–416. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and transformations of genetically modified trees without affirming their safety for every ecosystem. The mention of specific genetic modifications and transformations suggests that these modifications could have variable effects, thereby contrasting the claim that they are guaranteed safe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 0 × 105 S/m and meets the calculated magnitude of the geomagnetic field on the planet’s equator, which is 3. 64 × 10−5 T. But if one takes the electroconductivity of about 1. 0 million cm/m, the magnetic field on the equator will be 6. 98 × 10−5 T, which is much higher than the real magnitude of В0. Therefore, the present range of the planet’s core electroconductivity 0. 1 ÷ 1. 0 million S/m can be constricted to some extent. Besides, the considered model allows to explain the tilt of the magnet axis toward the Earth’s one by the Coriolis forces affecting the electron currents. The preliminary calculation shows that the Coriolis forces can displace the normal from the axis of rotation to the electron circular path plane by about 100 - 110 to the West, which corresponds the modern magnetic axis of Earth. It is important to notice, that the suggested model allows to explain the causes of smallness or absence of magnetic fields of the other planets more correctly. In particular, any cooled planet with a cold metal core can have only a relict magnetic field. 8. 3. 52 × 109 А, see Table 2) because there are electrons in the core with sum mass of 5. 1 × 1019 kg. The latter’s moving cause appearance of the primary toroidal magnetic field, which is spherically asymmetric because of the thermo e. m. f. and the Earth’s inertial forces. The secondary poloidal field is self-generated through the central channel in the toroidal field and is dipole with two oppositely directed magnetic poles. Thermoelectrical currents energy, as the calculations show, is enough not only for generating the Earth’s main dipole magnetic field on its early formation phase, but for maintaining it at the modern level of (3 - 5) × 10−5 T for a long time. Thermoelectrical model of the Earth’s geomagnetic field is a brand new one and it is close enough to the real thermoelectrical processes of Earth. The latter are universal from the physical point of view and proceed inside our planet according to the known physical laws, which do not need any theoretical limitations or additions for the model to function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it focuses on technical details about the Earth's magnetic field, electroconductivity, and theoretical models related to geomagnetic processes. It does not provide information about sea turtles or their navigation methods, making it irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles and the magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this study investigates how to design a user-centered AI-based voice-assistants that is able to adapt its content, functionality, personality, auditory interface, and information access to improves its communication skills to older people to reduce the risk of falls, injuries, and accidents they face when they use public transportation and when they walk within and across urban environment. Moreover, this study identifies the techno–social inhibitors that may influence the use of AI-based voice-assistants by older people to provide better solutions that can support the mobility of older people. Findings from this study presents the user-centered service design and functional requirements to be considered in developing AI-based voice-assistants suitable for older people of present and of the future. This study builds on prior studies on voice-assistants by designing a high-level architectural model to be used in developing an AI-based voice-assistants that provide user-centered real-time information to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents by older people for safe mobility and walkability. Findings from Gudala et al. (2022) highlighted that older people who are fairly younger (those in their 60 s) have had experience with technology while they worked and may have learn to use similar technologies from family members are likely to accept and use novel technologies such as voice-assistants in particular. For such older people, technology readiness, familiarity, and uptake of voice-assistants to support safe mobility and walkability would not be a major barrier. On the contrary, for older people aged 70 years and above, especially for those who live alone technology familiarity could be low and this can act as an inhibitor to use of voice-assistants. Nevertheless, older people are a special user group in the society since they are often less acquainted with digital technology (Seiderer et al. 2020), and may not have equal access to a stable internet connection which is needed for most the functioning of the AI-based voice-assistants. Moreover, there are other techno–social inhibitors that restraint possible use of AI-based voice-assistants by older people, and in particular, security and privacy related to techno–social challenges use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'security and privacy related to techno–social challenges' as inhibitors to the use of AI-based voice-assistants. This statement highlights the ongoing concerns regarding data privacy that are relevant to AI assistants collecting user information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Tom 77 Nr 3 (2022) Artykuły Genetycznie modyfikowane topole o zwiększonej odporności na stresy abiotyczne - najnowsze osiągnięcia. Praca przeglądowa. Magdalena Sozoniuk+− Krzysztof Kowalczyk+− Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland PDF (English) DOI: Przesłane: 15 czerwca 2022 Opublikowane: 28-10-2022 ostatnich latach dokonał się ogromny postęp w zakresie poprawy odporności drzew leśnych na stres abiotyczny. Zastosowanie technik modyfikacji genetycznej pozwala na otrzymanie drzew odznaczających się dobrym wzrost w warunkach różnych czynników stresowych, takich jak wysokie zasolenie, susza, niska temperatura i zanieczyszczenie środowiska. Szczególnie podatna na modyfikacje genetyczne jest topola. Wobec nadchodzących zmian środowiskowych zastosowanie transformacji genetycznej w hodowli leśnej wydaje się być atrakcyjną perspektywą. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing advancements in genetic modification of trees, specifically stating that while these genetically modified trees exhibit good growth under various stress factors, it does not guarantee their safety across all ecosystems. The emphasis on potential environmental changes suggests that further consideration is needed regarding the impact of genetically modified trees, indicating that they may not be universally safe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: For the first time the considered EMF model in comparison with the magnetohydrodynamo model can give physically and logically reasonable answers to the questions related to the behavior of a geomagnetic field in space and time. In particular, this model lets us explain the cause of the magnetic fields inversion, forecasts the magnitude of the residual (mantle) magnetic field during the polarity reversal and cyclic change of warming and cooling periods, it also clarifies the magnitude of the Earth’s core electroconductivity and structure, allows to use a new and physically justified mechanism for calculating electrical and, indirectly, lithological characteristics of the Solar system planets. The latter, i. e. inversion problem solving, is likely if the magnetic fields of those planets are measures beforehand by spacecraft. For the first time the temperature which the bottom surfaces of the continents and oceans bottom warm up to in case when the core’s thermocurrents move to the lower mantle was calculated using the thermoelectrical model of the Earth’s magnetic field. Nevertheless, noe the considered thermoelectrical model of the Earth’s magnetic field is on its first stage, so this is a protomodel. It is based on the description of a homogeneous structure of a magnetic field, which should be the reason for developing a real heterogeneous model, using differential equations. to Abramovich S. А. for checking mathematical calculations and Proskurnina T. V. for efforts to translate the manuscript to English. The manuscript “Thermoelectric currents of earth’s core generate the earth’s magnetic field” was not published in any magazine and it is not being edited in any editorial office. An 2001. DOI:10. 1088/1755-1315/44/2/022001 I made the manuscript on my own in the University, where I am working. Here is no competing finantial or any other interests of any organization as I did not get any subsidies, grants or ordinary shares. I, A. N. Dmitriev, am the only author of the manuscript and there is no legal claim to me from anyone. The manuscript author, A. N. Dmitriev. Submit or recommend next manuscript to SCIRP and we will provide best service for you: Accepting pre-submission inquiries through Email, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it discusses various scientific models related to geomagnetic fields and thermoelectric currents within the Earth. There is no mention or evidence pertaining to sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: For example, findings from the literature have found that older adults are concerned about voice-assistants listening in on their personal conversations and they are anxious about privacy and how voice-assistants may use their private data (Colombo-Ruano et al. 2021). Evidence from the literature suggest that such setbacks can be overcomed by making the use of voice-assistants easy and proving support with the installation and usage (Gudala et al. 2022). 5. 2 Practical implicationsSafe mobility and walkability of older people is necessary to improve the quality of life of the aging society and also to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents faced by older people especially in harsh weather conditions (winter, rainy windy, etc. ) Currently, AI-based voice-assistants are becoming more popular as they allow the easiest and most natural communication with a computer system. Particularly, for older people such auditory interfaces enable interaction with assistive technologies. Regardless of the many technological advances in AI-based voice-assistant, there are fewer work conducted targeting older people as end users (de Arriba-Pérez et al. 2021). This has motivated this current study to adopt a user-centered service design approach for design of a personalized AI-based voice-assistants for the aging population. The goal of the AI-based voice-assistants is to support pre-emptive falls, injuries, and accidents faced by older people for mitigating risk in the bult environment. To this aim an architectural model is designed for an AI-based voice-assistant that simulates human-like behavior to provide mobility, walkability, and wayfinding guide through an auditory interface when older people walk in urban areas. The main objective of this work is to design an architectural model for an AI-based voice-assistant that uses auditory interface, in order to support the development of an AI-based voice-assistant application suitable for older people. AI-based voice-assistants must be easy to use, low-cost, and easy to be managed by older people in their houses for travel and walking purposes aimed to supports municipalities to provide personalized real-time information to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents by older people. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that older adults are concerned about voice assistants listening in on their personal conversations and about the privacy implications of how their private data may be used. This aligns well with the claim regarding data privacy concerns associated with AI assistants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: In recent times, Biotechnological tool such as genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology has proved its worth in achieving the sustainable development goals and enjoyed a great potential to mitigate the impact of climate change as well and opened new avenues for climate smart agriculture. However, while doing so we must take care of the ultimate stakeholder whether for the biodiversity or the technology i. e. the human beings and its environment. Fulfilling all these contradictory demands concurrently requires an elaborative and exhaustive framework involving robust protocols regarding safe designing, production, handling and transfer of GM crops. Keeping this in view, a series of meeting were held internationally to discuss the possible innovation or strategies to reduce the ill-effects of these technological interventions and to develop effective strategies for conservation and preservation of biological resources. One of the practical outcome of these discussion fruits in form of “Protocol on Biosafety, 2000” [1, 2]. Advertisement 2. protocol on biosafetyProtocol on Biosafety (CPB) was adopted on 29 January 2000 in Montreal with the holistic approach to addresses the probable threats from the transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) under the umbrella of Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 (Figure 1). Figure 1. Timeline of “Protocol on Biosafety”. Key: COP: Conference of the parties; CPB: Cartagena protocol on biosafety; IGC: Intergovernmental committee. The term “Biosafety” describes the principles, procedures and policies to be adopted to ensure the environmental and personal safety. The convention directs its to take appropriate measures to regulate, manage or control the risks that may arise due to use and handling of LMOs that may pose some threats to biological and to ensure the safe handling, transport and use of LMOs. Recognising the need of biosafety in genetic engineering research, the on Biosafety (CPB) was adopted with the following objectives:To set up the procedures for safe trans-boundary movement of LMOs. To harmonise principles and methodology for risk assessment and establish a mechanism for information sharing through the House (BCH) [3, 4]. 2. 1 Guidelines of promotes biosafety through well-defined guidelines for the safe transfer, handling and use of LMOs or GMOs, with a specific focus on regulating transboundary movements of these organisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for guidelines in the safe handling and management of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It discusses the principles of biosafety and the importance of regulating the risks associated with GMOs, suggesting that genetically modified trees, like any agricultural organisms, would still require care and management, including water and nutrients, as indicated by the emphasis on protocols for safe handling and transboundary movement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: A wide selection of journals (inclusive of 9 subjects, more than 200 journals) Providing 24-hour high-quality service User-friendly online submission system Fair and swift peer-review system Efficient typesetting and proofreading procedure Display of the result of downloads and visits, as well as the number of cited 308. Elsevier Pub. Co. [2] Bourgoin, M. , Odier, P. , Pinton, J. F. and Ricard, Y. (2004) Study of in Magnetohydrodynamics. Physics of Fluids, 16, 2529-2547. [3] Giesecke, A. , et al. (2010) in Non-Uniform Domains. Geophysical & Dynamics, 104, 505-529. [4] Gailitis, A. , Lielausis, O. , Platacis, E. , Gerbeth, G. and Stefani, F. (2003) Dynamo Experiment. Surveys in Geophysics, 24, 247-267. [5] Verhille, G. , Plihon, N. , Bourgoin, M. , Odier, P. and Pinton, J. F. (2010) Experiments. Reviews, 152, 543-564. [6] Sokolov, D. D. , Stepanov, R. A. and Frik, P. G. (2014) Dynamo: Models to Laboratory Experiment. Success of Physical Science, 184, 313-335. [7] Dolginov, A. Z. (1987) Origins of of Earth and Celestial Bodies. Success of Physical Science, 152, 231-262. [8] Zeldovich, J. B. and Ruzmaikin, A. A. (1987) as a Source of Planetary, Solar and Galactic Magnetism. Success of Physical Science, 152, 263-284. [9] Arseniev, S. A. (2015) of Field of Earth and Planets. of Humanitarian and Natural Science, 4, 313-321. [10] Elsasser, W. M. (1939) On the Origin of the Earth’s Magnetic Field. Physical Review, 55, 489-498. [11] Vestine, E. H. (1954) The Earth’s Core. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. It lists various academic journals and studies related to different scientific topics, including magnetohydrodynamics and Earth's magnetic field, but does not provide any information or evidence regarding sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: KeywordsPrivacy protectionProtection behaviorProtection activitiesPrivacy responsesTaxonomyClassificationModelUser-Centric 1 Introductionand smart devices have become omnipresent. Besides all their advantages, it also poses various information privacy risks. Devices and services in the Internet collect, send and receive personal data of its users. For example data from smartphone sensors, e. g. gyroscopes, can reveal the gender of the user [1]. And even a smart light bulb can reveal a user’s location [2]. Different parties collect these personal information, because they are valuable for them [3, 4], for example to offer personalized advertisement or to improve their products and services [5, 6]. However, these parties can misuse personal data for unforeseen and even illegal scenarios [3, 7]. Users in Germany are aware that they are tracked [8]. Although “[i]nvasion of privacy are increasingly regarded as acceptable” [9], recent studies show that users feel that governments and companies do not enough to protect personal data [10, 11]. With the rise of tracking activities in the web and with smart devices [12], users’ information privacy concerns rose accordingly in recent years [10]. Thus, individuals try to address their concerns by showing privacy protections behaviors [13] or coping strategies [14]. These can be manifold and vary in scope, goal and technique [15]. Thus they follow a multitude of specific responses. Scholars have investigated such privacy protection responses and suggested different classifications [e. g. 13, 16]. However, only few researchers visualize their work in a taxonomy or model [e. g. 17]. A structured visualization, could support users to identify behaviors that fit their needs or coincide their skills. For research a state-of-the-art classification can be a useful tool for investigating user behavior [14, 18]. There is an ongoing debate about if individuals should be responsible for their data protection and if they could protect effectively [19]. However, our work concentrates on creating a model of end-user privacy protection without considering this debate. Accordingly our research question is: How can end-user privacy protection behaviors be represented in a comprehensive model while incorporating prior classification approaches. To address this research question we conducted a literature review and identified 141 protection behaviors. In a next step, we mapped these behaviors to 38 distinct categories. Based on this we finally apply card sorting to created a hierarchical model. The remainder of this 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that smart devices and services collect personal data, which leads to various privacy risks. It mentions that users are aware of being tracked and raises concerns that governments and companies do not do enough to protect personal data, indicating that data privacy is a significant issue. Furthermore, it states that users engage in privacy protection behaviors to address their concerns about privacy, which aligns with the claim that data privacy issues persist regarding AI assistants.