Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Experimental research on effect of gensenoside Rg1 on expressions of P-Tau and caspase-3 in brain slices from AD model rats. Zhi 2010;35:369-372. . Ginsenoside-Rg1 inhibits cell apoptosis induced by beta amyloid. Zhi 2008;88:1763-1766. . Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on learning and memory impairment induced by betaamyloid peptide(25-35) and its mechanism of action. 2001;36:1-4. . Protective effect of extract of Astragalus on learning and memory impairments and neurons' apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids in 12-month-old male mice. (Hoboken) 2011;294:1003-1014. . Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates amyloid-beta content, regulates PKA/CREB activity, and improves cognitive performance in SAMP8 mice. J 2010;19:977-989. . Reductions in levels of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptide after oral administration of ginsenosides. 2006;20:1269-1271. . Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits betasecretase activity in vitro and protects against Abetainduced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. J 2009;11:604-612. . Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on expressions of phosphory protein tau and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B in rat brain slice model of Alzheimer's disease. Zhi 2010;35:3339-3343. . Effects of gensenoside Rg1 on tau protein phosphorylation induced by okadaic acid in rat brain slices. 2010;8:955-960. . Effect of 17-beta-estradiol and ginsenoside Rg1 on reactive microglia induced by betaamyloid peptides. J 1999;1:153-161. . Reciprocal activity of ginsenosides in the production of proinflammatory repertoire, and their potential roles in neuroprotection in vivo. 2005;71:476-481. . Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing multiple experimental studies that investigate the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on various aspects of brain function, including neuroprotection, cognitive performance, and inhibition of cell apoptosis. These effects support the notion that ginseng has adaptogenic properties, as adaptogens are known to help the body resist stress and improve overall cognitive function.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: J. : Glacial cooling and climate sensitivity revisited, Nature, 584, 569–573, 2020. a, bTzedakis, P. C. , Hooghiemstra, H. , and Pälike, H. : The last 1. 35 million years at Tenaghi Philippon: revised chronostratigraphy and long-term vegetation trends, Quat. Sci. Rev. , 25, 3416–3430, 2006. aTzedakis, P. C. , Crucifix, M. , Mitsui, T. , and Wolff, E. W. : A simple rule to determine which insolation cycles lead to interglacials, Nature, 542, 427–432, 2017. a, b, c, dUchida, T. , Miyamoto, A. , Shin'yama, A. , and Hondoh, T. : Crystal growth of air hydrates over 720 ka in (Antarctica) ice cores: microscopic observations of morphological changes below 2000 m depth, J. Glaciol. , 57, 1017–1026, 2011. a, b, c, dvon Schuckmann, K. , Cheng, L. , Palmer, M. D. , Hansen, J. , Tassone, C. , Aich, V. , Adusumilli, S. , Beltrami, H. , Boyer, T. , Cuesta-Valero, F. J. , Desbruyères, D. , Domingues, C. , García-García, A. , Gentine, P. , Gilson, J. , Gorfer, M. , Haimberger, L. , Ishii, M. , Johnson, G. C. , Killick, R. , King, B. A. , Kirchengast, G. , Kolodziejczyk, N. , Lyman, J. , Marzeion, B. , Mayer, M. , Monier, M. , Monselesan, D. P. , Purkey, S. , Roemmich, D. , Schweiger, A. , Seneviratne, S. I. , Shepherd, A. ,. , Timmermans, M. -L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information directly related to the age of glaciers or ice core sampling as a source of climate information. Instead, it lists various scholarly articles, which, while they may discuss topics related to glaciers and climate, do not explicitly support or contrast the claim about the age of glaciers or their role in climate research.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: kr 2024 NRF. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information about language translation or its implications on meaning. The content does not address or relate to the discussion on translation accuracy.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Benefi cial effect of ginseng root in SOD-1 (G93A) transgenic mice. J 2000;180:52-54. . Saponins from Panax japonicus protect against alcohol-induced hepatic injury in mice by up-regulating the expression of GPX3, SOD1 and SOD3. 2010;45:320-331. . Transcriptional activation of the Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase gene through the AP2 site by ginsenoside Rb2 extracted from a medicinal plant, Panax ginseng. J 1996;271:24539-24543. . Ginsenoside Rb1 reverses H2O2-induced senescence in human umbilical endothelial cells: involvement of eNOS pathway. J 2012;59:222-230. . Multiple sclerosis: mechanisms of disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis. Neurol 2010;6:654-655. Conway D, Cohen JA. Combination therapy in multiple sclerosis. 2010;9:299-308. . Linomide in relapsing and secondary progressive MS. Part I: trial design and clinical results. Linomide Investigators. Neurology 2000;54:1726-1733. Steinman L, Zamvil SS. How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis. 2006;60:12-21. Kieseier BC, Wiendl H. Oral disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis: the story so far. CNS Drugs 2007;21:483-502. . Activation of multiple effector pathways of immune system by the antineoplastic immunostimulator acidic polysaccharide ginsan isolated from Panax ginseng. 1997;17:323-331. . An acidic polysaccharide of Panax ginseng ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induces regulatory T cells. 2011;138:169-178. . American ginseng does not improve fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a single center randomized doubleblind placebo-controlled crossover pilot study. 2011;17:1523-1526. Cited by Anti-of Ginsenoside Rg5 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV2 vol. 14, 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies involving ginsenosides and their effects on different biological processes, such as the protection against alcohol-induced hepatic injury and the activation of immune pathways. These effects align with the concept of adaptogenic properties, indicating that ginseng may help the body adapt to stress and maintain homeostasis. Thus, the text corroborates the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: By contrast, the molecular states in the global ecosystem are dominated by transient energy flows, oscillating in a complex set of time scales as short as hourly to as long as geological epochs. Such variations in energy flows invite frequency analysis, characterized with Fourier transforms to provide underlying information. A “snowball” Earth [11], more or less covered by ice and snow as the ice cores were fashioned clearly has diminished total energy in terms of molecular quantum states affecting molecular vibration, rotation, translation − as well as sustaining the more coherent circulatory motions in the atmosphere and the ocean, transferring thermal energy towards the poles. A warm Earth as at present has all these flows in higher quantum states, raising their entropy as we have quantified for atmospheric molecules elsewhere [12]. Variation in physical parameters such as temperature is obvious but complex in causes, with any longer-term trends overlying daily or seasonal trends as a function of latitude. One state property that does not vary over time on Earth except geologically is atmospheric pressure, given that it is effectively based on the weight of the atmosphere, apart from variation for water, some 4% during the cycle [13]. The current IPCC consensus concludes that the most significant warming is from greenhouse gas content, such as that of CO2, methane and nitrous oxide, but this is not necessarily the major controlling cause of increasing temperature, given how negotiable thermal energy is. Globally, we are conducting a large uncontrolled experiment to see if CO2 is so important. Although originally thought that the CO2 data from ice cores might be considered as proof of its causal role in global warming, but given that changes in CO2 lag temperature changes its resultant release or absorption from solution in sea water is more likely the cause of correlations in the relationship. An additional causative factor controlling the atmospheric pressure of CO2 that seems to have been overlooked is varying acidity of waters, which can also respond to temperature. In warm periods with high oxygen levels, acidification by oxidation of reduced sulfur, nitrogen and carbon compounds is favored [14]. Alkaline conditions are favored anaerobically. The reduction of dimethyl sulfate, a major oxidant in sea water, can also lead to the evolution of reduced sulfur compounds, which can be converted to sulfuric acid in the atmosphere by ultraviolet oxidation. The alkaline pH of the ocean about 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of energy flows and molecular states within the global ecosystem, without supporting the specific point about glaciers being over 100,000 years old or their significance in climate information derived from ice core sampling. Instead, it provides complex details about atmospheric pressure, greenhouse gases, and temperature variations, which do not relate to the age or role of glaciers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Printable page What makes a parasite successful? Parasitoid wasp venoms evolve rapidly in a host-specific manner Élio Sucena based on reviews by Simon Fellous, alexandre leitão and 1 anonymous reviewer A recommendation of: Parasitic success and venom composition evolve upon specialization of parasitoid wasps to different host species Fanny Cavigliasso, Hugo Mathé-Hubert, Jean-Luc Gatti, Dominique Colinet, Marylène Poirié (2021), bioRxiv, 2020. 10. 24. 353417, ver. 3 peer-reviewed and recommended by Biology Read preprint in preprint server Now published in used for results -CN Submission: posted 26 October 2020Recommendation: posted 04 March 2021, validated 14 April 2021 Cite this recommendation as:Sucena, É. (2021) What makes a parasite successful? Parasitoid wasp venoms evolve rapidly in a host-specific manner. in Evolutionary Biology, 100124. 10. 24072/pci. evolbiol. 100124 wasps have developed different mechanisms to increase their parasitic success, usually at the expense of host survival (Fellowes and Godfray, 2000). Eggs of these insects are deposited inside the juvenile stages of their hosts, which in turn deploy several immune response strategies to eliminate or disable them (Yang et al. , 2020). Drosophila melanogaster protects itself against parasitoid attacks through the production of specific elongated haemocytes called lamellocytes which form a capsule around the invading parasite (Lavine and Strand, 2002; Rizki and Rizki, 1992) and the subsequent activation of the phenol-oxidase cascade leading to the release of toxic radicals (Nappi et al. , 1995). On the parasitoid side, robust responses have evolved to evade host immune defenses as for example the Drosophila-specific endoparasite Leptopilina boulardi, which releases venom during oviposition that modifies host behaviour (Varaldi et al. , 2006) and inhibits encapsulation (Gueguen et al. , 2011; Martinez et al. , 2012). Studies have shown that the wasp parasitic capacity is correlated to venom presence and its content (Colinet et al. , 2009; Poirié et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about languages evolving in a predictable and uniform manner. Instead, it discusses the evolution of parasitoid wasp venoms and their host-specific adaptations, providing no insights or evidence regarding the evolution of languages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1031391 Profiling of ginsenosides in the two medicinal Panax herbs based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry vol. 5, 10. 1186/s40064-016-3427-3 Ginseng and Ginsenoside-Rb1/-Rg1 by Suppressing Th1 and Th17 Cells and T Cells vol. 53, 10. 1007/s12035-015-9131-4 Effects of medicinal plants on Alzheimer's disease and memory deficits vol. 12, 10. 4103/1673-5374. 205108 Ginsenoside Rg1 Abnormalities and Modulates the Change in Mice of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 2017, 10. 1155/2017/6473506 Efficacy and Tolerability of Phytomedicines in Patients: A Review vol. 31, 10. 1007/s40263-017-0466-4 Exploring the Effect of Ginsenoside Rh1 in a Sleep Deprivation-Model vol. 31, 10. 1002/ptr. 5797 Ultra-fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry determination of eight bioactive components of Kai-Xin-San in rat plasma and its application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and Alzheimer's disease rats vol. 40, 10. 1002/jssc. 201601343 Complete genome sequencing of Arachidicoccus ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. , and its application for production of minor ginsenosides by finding a novel ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase vol. 7, 10. 1039/C7RA02612A Ginsenoside-Rb1-Mediated Anti-angiogenesis via Regulating PEDF and miR-33a through the Activation of PPAR-γ Pathway vol. 8, 10. 3389/fphar. 2017. 00783 Inhibition of Autophagy is Involved in the of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Injury 10. 1007/s10571-017-0527-8 Terpenoids as promising therapeutic molecules against Alzheimer’s disease: amyloid beta- and acetylcholinesterase-directed pharmacokinetic and molecular docking analyses vol. 44, 10. 1080/08927022. 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by mentioning various studies and publications related to ginsenosides, which are bioactive components of ginseng. It indicates the medicinal properties of ginsenosides in the context of health conditions, including their potential adaptogenic effects that contribute to various physiological responses. Specifically, the discussion about their impact on immune modulation and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease implies an adaptogenic role, corroborating the claim regarding ginseng's benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: We can identify no specific pattern in these coefficients regarding up and down sub cycles having larger or smaller coefficient. Overall, there is a significant CO2 delay across total Vostok data C1234 compared to the relative temperature. For individual cycles a more detailed cross correlation analysis should be done, especially following data insertion. We made very rough estimates above. For practical reasons, the most important figure to keep in mind is the current cycle C1 delay which points to 800–850 years or less. Figure 4. Total long term temperature and CO2 autocorrelations (left to right, above) and cross correlation (bellow) indicating inherent data periodicity. Figure 5. Cycle C1 temperature and CO2 autocorrelations (left to right, above) and cross correlation (bellow) indicating some periodicity within the cycle C1 itself. Figure 6. Cycle C2 temperature and CO2 cross correlation indicating some periodicity within the cycle C2 itself. Figure 7. Cycle C3 temperature and CO2 cross correlation indicating some periodicity within the cycle C3 itself. Figure 8. Cycle C4 temperature and CO2 cross correlation indicating some periodicity within the cycle C4 itself. Note at the end of this Section that the way various cycles are defined (Figure 1) also affects the analysis. In a follow up work we aim at repeating this analysis by defining cycles from minim to minimum CO2 values. Choice of maximum or minimum values may assist in determining what triggers cycle reversals. We have early indications that the dust might have a significant role in this reversal. Advertisement 6. Cycle C1 CO2 frequency analysisAs an illustration of frequency analysis we examine Cycle C1 CO2 data in details. Similar approach can be used for other data, such as temperature, methane, oxygen and dust. The first concern is to make the C1 CO2 data more homogeneous hence the sampling time can be more precise and useful. 6. 1 Data fillingThe original Cycle 1 Vostok data contains a total of 80 CO2 data points are very unevenly distributed in time. This poses issues with FFT or DFT harmonic analysis. Hence we corrected the situation somewhat by inserting certain number of additional “data points” using linear approximation between the original data points with the biggest time difference between the neighboring points, hence generating a total of 128 original and inserted data points. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses CO2 data analysis and cyclic patterns in Vostok data, without mentioning glaciers or ice core sampling. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim regarding the age and significance of glaciers in climate science.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: , 2014), including that evolution of venom protein composition is driven by different levels of host susceptibility to infection (Cavigliasso et al. , 2019). However, it had not been determined to this day, if and how parasitic range can affect venom protein composition and to which extent host specialization requires broad-spectrum factors or a plethora of specialized components. These outstanding questions are now approached in a study by Cavigliasso and colleagues (Cavigliasso et al. , 2021), where they perform experimental evolution of L. boulardi for 9 generations exposing it to different Drosophila host species and genetic backgrounds (two strains of D. melanogaster, D. simulans and D. yakuba). The authors tested whether the parasitic success of each selection regime was host-specific and how they influenced venom composition in parasitoids. For the first part, infection outcomes were assayed for each selection regime when cross-infecting different hosts. To get a finer measurement of the mechanisms under selection, the authors differentiated three phenotypes: overall parasitic success, encapsulation inhibition and escape from capsule. Throughout the course of experimental evolution, only encapsulation inhibition did not show an improved response upon selection on any host. Importantly, the cross-infection scenario revealed a clear specificity to the selected host for each evolved resistance. As for venom composition, a trend of differential evolution was detected between host species, although a significant part of that was due to a larger differentiation in the D. yakuba regime, which showed a completely different directionality. Importantly, the authors could identify some of the specific proteins targeted by the several selection regimes, whether selected or counter-selected for. Interestingly, the D. yakuba regime is the only case where the key parasitoid protein LbSPNy (Colinet et al. , 2009) was not counter-selected and the only regime in which the overall venom composition did not evolve towards the Ism strain, one of the two ancestral strains of L. boulardi used in the study. It is possible that these two results are correlated, since LbSPNy has been described to inhibit activation of the phenoloxidase cascade in D. yakuba and is one of the most abundant proteins in the ISy venom, making it a good target for selection (Colinet et al. , 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the evolution of venom protein composition in response to host susceptibility, without mentioning languages or their evolution. Therefore, it does not provide information related to the claim about linguistic evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Reviews. 31, 320-329 (2000). and McMurray, N. : Stress and psychosis: towards the development of new models of investigation. Review. 27, 307-317 (2007) Tsigos, C. and Chrousos, G. P. : Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. J. of Psychosomatic Research. 53, 865-871 (2002) Neveu, P. J. , Delrue, C. , and Cabib, S. : Influence of brain and behavioral lateralization in brain: Monoaminergic, neuroendocrine and immune stress responses. Annals of the Academy of Sciences. 741, 271-282 (1994) Pijl, H. and Meinders E. A. : Modulation of monoaminergic neural circuits: potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treatments in Endocrinology. 1, 71-78 (2002) Kalia, M. : Neurobiological basis of depression: an update. Metabolism. 54, 24-27 (2005) Jayanthi, L. D. and Ramamoorthy, S. : Regulation of monoamine transporters: influence of psychostimulants and therapeutic antidepressants. . 27, 728-738 (2005) Rege, N. N. , Thatte, U. M. and Dahanukar, S. A. : Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine. Phytotherapy Research. 13, 275-291 (1999) Bhattacharya, S. K. and Murugandam, A. V. : Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 75, 547-555 (2003) Reay, J. L. , Kennedy, D. O. and Scholey, A. B. : Effects of Panax ginseng, consumed with and without glucose, on blood glucose levels and cognitive performance during sustained 'mentally demanding' tasks. J. Psychopharmacol. 20, 771-781 (2006) Rausch, W. D. , Liu, S. , Gille, G. and Radad, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by citing a review that discusses the adaptogenic properties of several herbs, including ginseng. Specifically, it mentions the work of Reay et al., who analyzed the effects of Panax ginseng on cognitive performance and blood glucose levels during mentally demanding tasks, which suggests its potential adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants on the evolutionary tree. [SEP] Text: In contrast to Viridiplantae and especially Metazoa, we recovered a total of 40 CDIs from Fungi (Figure 8A and 8C). Thirty of these CDIs are from the Ascomycota, including five that are uniquely shared by two species of Aspergillus that appear to be closely related [47]. Fifteen of these CDIs mark a deep clade of Ascomycota (Pezzizomycotina) excluding Saccharomyces, which appears to be a very early branch of Ascomycota [47]. Nearly half (9/15) of these are also >1aa CDIs. This suggests that protein indels could be a useful tool for fungal phylogeny or as diagnostics at a number of different taxonomic levels. Evolutionary patterns in singleton indelsBy far the largest fraction of indels we identify are indels that appear as singletons for the taxa examined here. These singleton indels total 550, constituting roughly two-thirds (61%) of all the simple indels identified, and these indels show a very erratic distribution across the phylogeny (Figure 9). Singletons are expected to be most common in poorly represented major taxa, as many of these indels would probably be redefined as CDIs or homoplastic indels with additional taxon sampling. Thus it is perhaps not entirely surprising that the sole red alga in our data set, Cyanidioschyzon merolae, shows the largest number of singleton indels (63 indels, Figure 9). However, other single representatives of ancient lineages show much lower numbers of singletons, such as Monosiga, the sole choanoflagellate, (37 singleton indels) or Batrachochytrium, the sole chytrid (24 singleton indels, Figure 9). The average number of singleton indels per examined genome is also considerably lower in Metazoa (116/15 = 7. 7) than in Fungi (148/8=18. 5) or green plants (132/8=16. 5). Thus the frequency of indels in universal conserved proteins appears to vary widely among evolutionary lineages. Figure 9Phylogenetic profile of singleton insertions and deletions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the evolutionary aspects of Fungi in relation to both Metazoa (animals) and Viridiplantae (plants). It details findings about the distribution of singleton indels across these taxa, suggesting significant differences in their evolutionary patterns. The data shows that while Fungi exhibit a certain frequency of singleton indels, the average number in Metazoa is notably lower, indicating different evolutionary paths and likely not supporting the claim that Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: The authors also discuss the possibility that this difference is related to the geographical distribution of the strains of L. boulardi, since each coincide with either D. melanogaster or D. yakuba. This methodologically broad work by Cavigliasso and colleagues constitutes an important experimental contribution towards the understanding of how parasitoid adaptation to specific hosts is achieved at different phenotypic and mechanistic levels. It provides compelling evidence that venom composition evolves differently in response to specific parasitic ranges, particularly considering the evolutionary difference between the selective hosts. In line with this result, it is also concluded that the majority of venom proteins selected are lineage-specific, although a few broad-spectrum factors could also be detected. The question of whether parasitic range can affect venom composition and parasitic success is still open to more contributions. A potentially interesting long-term direction will be to use a similar setup of experimental evolution on the generalist L. heterotoma (Schlenke et al. , 2007). On a more immediate horizon, comparing the venom evolution of both L. heterotoma and L. boulardi under selection with different hosts and under cross-infection scenarios could reveal interesting patterns. The recent sequencing of the L. boulardi genome together with the vast number of studies addressing mechanisms of Drosophila resistance to parasitoid infection, will enable the thorough characterization of the genetic basis of host-parasitoid interactions and the deeper understanding of these ubiquitous and economically-relevant relationships. *This recommendation text has been co-written with Tânia F. Paulo who is not a recommender of PCI 2020. 10. 24. 353417, ver. 3 peer-reviewed and recommended by in Evolutionary Biology. Cavigliasso, F. , Mathé-Hubert, H. , Kremmer, L. , Rebuf, C. , Gatti, J. -L. , Malausa, T. , Colinet, D. , Poiré, M. and Léne. (2019). Rapid and of the of a Depending on the Host Strain. Toxins, 11(629). Colinet, D. , Deleury, E. , Anselme, C. , Cazes, D. , Poulain, J. , Azema-Dossat, C. , Belghazi, M. , Gatti, J. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the predictable and uniform evolution of languages. Instead, it discusses the evolution of venom composition in parasitoids and their adaptation to specific hosts. There is no mention or implication of language evolution in the content.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides. Exp (Wars). 66, 369-375 (2006) and Accame, M. E. : Neuroprotective effect of individual ginsenosides on astrocytes primary culture. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1770, 1308-1316 (2007). and Wu, C. F. : Anxiolytic effect of saponins from Panax quinquefolium in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 111, 613-618 (2007). and Oh, K. W. : Anxiolytic-like effects of ginseng in the elevated plus-maze model: comparison of red ginseng and sun ginseng. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry. 29, 895-900 (2005) Carr, M. N. , Bekku, N. and Yoshimura, H. : Identification of anxiolytic ingredients in ginseng root using the elevated plus-maze test in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 531, 160-165 (2006) Nguyen, T. T. , Matsumoto, K. , Yamasaki, K. , Nguyen, M. D. , Nguyen, T. N. and Watanabe, H. Effects of majonoside-R2 on pentobarbital sleep and gastric lesion in psychologically stressed mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 53, 957-963 (1996) Nguyen, T. T. , Matsumoto, K. , Yamasaki, K. and Watanabe, H. : Majonoside-R2 reverses social isolation stress-induced decrease in pentobarbital sleep in mice: possible involvement of neuroactive steroids. Life Sci. 61, 395-402 (1997). , Hwang, B. Y. , Eun, J. S. and Oh, K. W. : Anxiolytic-like effects of ginsenosides on the elevated plus-maze model in mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28, 1621-1625 (2005) Lee, S. P. , Honda, K. , Rhee, Y. H. and Inoue, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that highlight the neuroprotective and anxiolytic effects of ginsenosides from ginseng. It discusses the individual ginsenosides' effects on neuroprotection and anxiety, which are often related to adaptogenic properties. The citations of studies indicate that ginseng may support the body's response to stress, which aligns with the definition of adaptogens.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: chrysogenum, we analyzed different sRNA sequencing libraries from the industrial production strain P2niaD18, laboratory strain ∆ku70FRT2, lacking the Ku70 polypeptide of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) complex, and a Dicer-deficient mutant (∆dcl2∆dcl1) [25,26]. Sequencing of the small RNA transcriptome, followed by bioinformatic analyses to predict milRNAs and their putative targets, provide unequivocal evidence for Dicer-dependent sRNAs and milRNAs in P. chrysogenum. of small RNA libraries For a comprehensive survey of sRNAs from P. chrysogenum, low molecular weight RNA (18–50 nt) was isolated and used for small RNA sequencing. For RNA isolation, the industrial laboratory strain P2niaD18 was grown on four different media and harvested at three different time points (see Material and Methods). From these 12 differently grown cultures, RNA was isolated and pooled to generate a sample designated “RNA-Mix”. Two further small RNA libraries were generated from submerged cultures of ∆ku70FRT2 and Dicer-double mutant ∆ku70FRT2∆dcl2∆dcl1, hereafter referred to as ∆dcl2∆dcl1. After removing low quality reads and trimming of 3'- adaptor sequences, 46,240,082, 52,144,415, and 65,660,252 trimmed reads were obtained as "total" read datasets for the RNA-Mix, ∆ku70FRT2 and ∆dcl2∆dcl1. For subsequent analysis, the number of identical reads within each total dataset was calculated and all total reads were collapsed and transferred to a "unique" dataset. To avoid accumulation of rare reads, such as reads derived from degradation products, only unique reads with a read count of at least 10 were used for further analyses. Total and filtered unique reads were mapped to the reference genome of P2niaD18 [25]. For the RNA-Mix, we found that 84. 8% of all total reads (39,188,594) map at least once to the reference genome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the RNA sequencing libraries and different strains of P. chrysogenum without mentioning penicillin or its derivation from the Penicillium fungus. Thus, it does not provide any supportive or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: and Poirié, M. (2013). Extensive inter- and intraspecific venom variation in closely related parasites targeting the same host: The case of Leptopilina parasitoids of Drosophila. , 43(7), 601–611. Colinet, D. , Dubuffet, A. , Cazes, D. , Moreau, S. , Drezen, J. M. and Poirié, M. (2009). A serpin from the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi targets the Drosophila phenoloxidase cascade. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 33(5), 681–689. Fellowes, M. D. E. and Godfray, H. C. J. (2000). The evolutionary ecology of resistance to parasitoids by Drosophila. Heredity, 84(1), 1–8. Gueguen, G. , Rajwani, R. , Paddibhatla, I. , Morales, J. and Govind, S. (2011). VLPs of Leptopilina boulardi share biogenesis and overall stellate morphology with VLPs of the heterotoma clade. Virus Research, 160(1–2), 159–165. Lavine, M. D. and Strand, M. R. (2002). Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity. , 32(10), 1295–1309. Martinez, J. , Duplouy, A. , Woolfit, M. , Vavre, F. , O’Neill, S. L. and Varaldi, J. (2012). Influence of the virus LbFV and of Wolbachia in a host-parasitoid interaction. PloS One, 7(4), e35081. Nappi, A. J. , Vass, E. , Frey, F. and Carton, Y. (1995). Superoxide anion generation in Drosophila during melanotic encapsulation of parasites. of Cell Biology, 68(4), 450–456. Poirié, M. , Colinet, D. and Gatti, J. L. (2014). Insights into function and evolution of parasitoid wasp venoms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided contains references to scientific studies on parasitic interactions and does not discuss the evolution of languages at all. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding predictable and uniform language evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Chronic intake of panax ginseng extract stabilizes sleep and wakefulness in food-deprived rats. Neurosci. Lett. 111, 217-221 (1990). , Marsh, V. R. , Moore, B. and Ashton, H. : Electroencephalograph effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 75, 701-709 (2003) Kim, H. S. , Kang, J. G. and Oh KW. : Inhibition by ginseng total saponin of the development of morphine reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 26, 1071-1076 (1995) and Oh, K. W. : Blockade by ginseng total saponin of the development of cocaine induced reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 50, 23-27 (1995) and Oh, S. : Blockade by ginseng total saponin of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 27, 199-204 (1996) Kim, H. S. and Kim, K. S. : Inhibitory effects of ginseng total saponin on nicotine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity. Behav. Brain Research. 103, 55-61 (1999) Bu, Y. ,. , Rho, S. , Ha, N. , Park, S. K. , Kim, H. and Sun, Y. K. : Siberian ginseng reduces infarct volume in transient focal cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Phytotherapy Research. 19, 167-169 (2005) Choi, S. S. , Lee, J. K. and Suh, H. W. : Effect of ginsenosides administered intrathecally on the antinociception induced by cold water swimming stress in the mouse. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 26, 858-861 (2003) Banerjee, U. and Izquierdo, J. A. : Antistress and antifatigue properties of Panax ginseng: comparison with piracetam. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim regarding the adaptogenic effects of ginseng by citing various studies that demonstrate its diverse effects on stress-related responses and neurophysiological processes. For example, it mentions the 'antistress and antifatigue properties of Panax ginseng' suggesting its capability to help the body adapt to stress.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: The precursor sequence of most milRNAs occurred only once with a perfect match within the genome. Only the precursor sequence of milR-7 was found at three different loci (Table 3). To explore the location of milRNAs within the nuclear genome further, the mature sequence of milRNAs was also mapped to the genome. Twenty-four mature milRNAs mapped only once to the reference genome, and 10 (milR-6, milR-7, milR-8, milR-11, milR-12, milR-13, milR-14, milR-26, milR-27, milR-30) mapped at least twice. The most frequent milRNA sequences are milR-13, and milR-11, with 13 and 8 loci. While milR-13 was found in exons, introns, 5’-UTRs, and 3’-UTRs, all loci of milR-11 were located within the 5' end of the coding sequence of multiple copies of a putative RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase (RdDP). This RdDP was previously identified as the Copia13-like transposable element PCcopia13 [30]. All copies of PCcopia13 have highly complementary loci, including the mature milR-11 and milR-11-star sequence. MilRNA target gene prediction So far, no algorithms are available that have been adapted to fungal milRNAs. Therefore, target predictions were performed using three different programs, written for either animals or plants. The program miRanda was written for accurately detecting microRNA binding sites in animals, and the programs TAPIR and psRNATarget were originally written for predictions in plants [31–33]. Since no 3'-UTR database is available for P. chrysogenum, we extracted the 1 kb downstream sequences of all protein coding genes in the P2niaD18 genome. These 1 kb sequences were used as templates for target prediction. We succeeded in identifying mRNA targets for the predicted milRNAs described in this report. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the sequencing and mapping of microRNAs within the genome of a fungus, without mentioning penicillin, the Penicillium fungus, or antibiotics. Thus, it does not support, contrast, or otherwise relate to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: in Insect Science, 6, 52–60. Rizki, T. M. and Rizki, R. M. (1992). Lamellocyte differentiation in Drosophila larvae parasitized by Leptopilina. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 16(2–3), 103–110. Schlenke, T. A. , Morales, J. , Govind, S. and Clark, A. G. (2007). Contrasting infection strategies in generalist and specialist wasp parasitoids of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Pathogens, 3(10), 1486–1501. Varaldi, J. , Petit, S. , Boulétreau, M. and Fleury, F. (2006). The virus infecting the parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi exerts a specific action on superparasitism behaviour. Parasitology, 132(Pt 6), 747–756. Yang, L. , Qiu, L. , Fang, Q. , Stanley, D. W. and Gong‐Yin, Y. (2020). Cellular and humoral immune interactions between Drosophila and its parasitoids. Insect Science. PDF recommendation Conflict of interest:The recommender in charge of the evaluation of the 10. 1101/2020. 10. 24. 353417 Version of the preprint: 1 Author's Reply, 26 Feb 2021 Download author's reply Download tracked changes file Dear recommender and reviewers, we thank you for all your comments and advice. Attached you will find our responses and a version of the manuscript with the track change to follow our edits. The line number in our responses correspond to the number in version without track change (so the "real" line number). Best regards Decision by Élio Sucena, posted 10 Dec 2020 This manuscript by Cavigliasso, Colinet, Poirié and co-workers, tests the relationship between the evolution of parasitic success and venom composition in L. boulardi and several Drosophila hosts. It combines a wide range of techniques to connect the evolutionary process to its underlying molecular genetics. This is a thorough and courageous approach to a difficult problem of ultimately understanding the mechanisms that “make a parasite successful”. They also explore the specificity versus generality of the evolved responses touching upon another central question in evolutionary biology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the evolutionary biology of parasitic success and venom composition in insects, rather than the evolution of languages. There are no references or insights pertaining to language evolution in a predictable or uniform manner.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Latino Americana. 32, 277-285 (1982) Geller, S. E. and Studee, L. : Botanical and dietary supplements for mood and anxiety in menopausal women. Menopause. 14, 541-549 (2007) Fulder, S. : Ginseng and the hypothalamic-pituitary control of stress, Am. J. Chin. Med. 9, 112–118 (1981) Hiai, S. , Yokoyama, H. and Oura, H. : Features of ginseng saponin-induced corticosterone secretion, Endocrinol. Jpn. 26, 737-740 (1979) Hiai, S. Yokoyama, H. Oura, H. and Kawashima, Y. : Evaluation of corticosterone secretion-inducing activities of ginsenosides and their prosapogenins and sapogenins. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31, 168-174 (1983) Hiai, S. Yokoyama, H. Oura, H. and Yano, S. : Stimulation of pituitary adrenocortical system by ginseng saponin. Endocrinol. Jpn. 26, 661-665 (1979) Herman, J. and Cullinan, W. : Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Trends Neurosci. 20, 78-84 (1997) Murphy, B. Filipini, D. and Ghadirian, A. : Possible use of glucocorticoid receptor antagonists in the treatment of major depression: Preliminary results using RU 486. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 18, 209-213 (1993) Thakore, J. and Dinan, T. : Cortisol synthesis inhibition: a new treatment strategy for the clinical and endocrine manifestations of depression. Biol. Psychiatry 37, 364-368 (1995) and Song, D. K. : Inhibition of stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels by ginsenosides in mice: Involvement of nitric oxide. NeuroReport. 9, 2261-2264 (1998) and Song, D. K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes multiple studies discussing the effects of ginseng, particularly in relation to stress and hormone regulation, which corroborates the claim of ginseng having potential adaptogenic effects. References to ginsenosides inducing corticosterone secretion and inhibiting stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels suggest that ginseng could help in managing stress, a key characteristic of adaptogens.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: In contrast to siRNAs, miRNAs do not require full complementarity to bind and mediate silencing of target mRNAs. Thus, it is suggested that milRNA-mediated gene silencing in fungi is mostly caused by translational repression like it is known for animals and plants [1,12,43]. Therefore, further analyses of target-mRNA protein expression are necessary provide evidence for milRNA-target interactions and thus, milRNA mediated gene silencing in P. chrysogenum. Nevertheless, our small RNA sequencing approach identified novel milRNAs that are predicted to bind multiple target mRNAs, possibly as factors involved in a variety of different biological processes, like DNA-repair. Finally, results from sRNA identification and milRNA target predictions will serve as valuable clues for understanding sRNAs as regulators of gene expression in P. chrysogenum. A deeper understanding of sRNA-mediated gene regulation is an important prerequisite for developing more effective strategies to genetically manipulate this industrially important fungus to further improve production processes. Materials and and growth conditions For the RNA-Mix, P. chrysogenum strain P2niaD18 was grown as submerged cultures in 500 ml shaking flasks in 100 ml CCM and MM at 27°C and 120 r. p. m. , and as surface cultures on PAL 200 on solid Oatmeal and M322 media. All cultures were inoculated with 1. 0 x 107 conidiospores as previously described [44,45]. Liquid cultures were grown for 72, 96, and 120 hours, and surface cultures for 48, 72, and 96 hours. The mycelia of these 12 different cultures were frozen in liquid nitrogen and total RNA was isolated separately as described in the "Nucleic acid isolation" section. After purification, total RNA of the 12 samples were pooled in equal amounts to the so-called RNA-Mix sample. For the samples ∆ku70FRT2 and ∆dcl2∆dcl1 the recipient strain ∆ku70FRT2 and the Dicer-deficient double-mutant ∆dcl2∆dcl1 were grown for three days in shaking flasks containing CCM under the same conditions as mentioned above (S2 Table and S3 Table). Identification of RISC core components The recently published genome of P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about penicillin as it discusses gene silencing mechanisms in fungi, specifically miRNAs and their functions, without mentioning penicillin or its derivation from the Penicillium fungus. Thus, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: All three reviewers are generally positive about the manuscript, and concur on the originality and importance of the approach and of the question posed. However, they also suggest important clarifications, additions and extensions that would benefit the manuscript. A great deal of the proposed changes are mostly directed to improve the reading, the clarify of its data and message, and to deepen some aspects of its conclusions and discussion. Discussion/interpretation Several requests and recommendations have been put forward by reviewers that I summarize as: 1) Reviewer 2 expresses concern with the interpretation of mel SNasr venom composition evolution as it could derive from an experimental design artifact. Please address this concern argumentatively or experimentally; 2) The potential paradox between survival at 100% (sim and mel strains) and the evolution of venom composition (reviewer #2) must be addressed; 3) The relationship between the success of experimental evolution and the phylogenetic distance of the host used relative to the parasitoid strain; 4) Reviewer #3 has an interesting suggestion to correlate venom evolution with the two distinct strategies for parasitic success (avoidance and evasion), as well as some mention/discussion of parthenogenesis that you may consider; 5) Another potential relationship to explore and discuss pertains to the success of experimental evolution (replicate extinction) vis-a-vis the phylogenetic distance of the host used relative to the parasitoid strain. Analyses and Format: All reviewers have remarks concerning the presentation of the data that should be revised, mostly to ease the reader´s job. 1) Address the issue of infection status classification (reviewer 2#) 2) Reviewer #1 concerns and suggestions (shared by reviewer #2 and myself) regarding figures 1 and 3 and tables 1 and 2. In addition, please review some of the legends (tables and figures) to ensure all necessary elements are provided to fully understand the information they contain. For example, what is “estimate” on figures S2 and S3, how what is calculated and what does it mean? 3) Justify and explain the use of and address the apparent lack of nesting raised by reviewer #1 and correct the minor points on statistics presentation pointed out by reviewer #2. 4) I am not sure about this but I wonder if figure S1 should not be part of the main text. I find it really helpful… 5) Please consider the remaining small points included in all three reviews. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses feedback from reviewers about a manuscript's structure and content, focusing on clarifications and suggestions for improvement. There is no mention of languages or their evolution in a predictable or uniform manner.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Protection of ischaemic hippocampal neurons by ginsenoside $Rb_1$, a main ingredient of ginseng root. Neurosci. Res. 28, 191-200 (1997) Deng, H. and Zhang, J. : Anti-lipid peroxidative effect of ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$. Chin. Med. J. 104, 395-398 (1991) and Nah, S. Y. : Effect of ginsenosides on calcium channels and membrane capacitance in rat adrenal chromaffin cells. Brain Res. Bull. 46, 245-251 (1998) Liao, B. , Newmark, H. and Zhou, R. : Neuroprotective effect of ginseng total saponin and ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ on spinal cord neurons in vitro. Exp. Neurol. 173, 224-234 (2002). , Hong, H. N. and Nah, S. Y. : Protective effect of ginsenosides, active ingredients of panax ginseng, on kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 325, 129-133 (2002) Tohda, C. , Matsumoto, N. , Zou, K. , Meselhy, M. R. and Komatsu, K. : Axonal and dendritic extension by protopanaxadiol-type saponins from ginseng drugs in SK–N–SH cells. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 99, 254-262 (2002) Zhao, R. and McDaniel, W. F. : Ginseng improves strategic learning by normal and brain-damaged rats. NeuroReport. 9, 1619-1624 (1998) Zhong, Y. M. , Nishijo, H. , Uwano, T. , Tamura, R. , Kawanishi, K. and Ono, T. : Red ginseng ameliorated place navigation deficits in young rats with hippocampal lesions and aged rats. Physiol. Behav. 69, 511-525 (2000) Chang, M. S. , Lee, S. C. and Rho, H. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various studies that illustrate the protective and neuroprotective effects of ginseng and its active compounds, ginsenosides. For instance, it mentions studies on the neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides on hippocampal neurons and other brain functions, which aligns with the idea that ginseng may have adaptogenic effects by helping the body cope with stress or injury.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: Transformants obtained were selected on Czapek-sorbitol medium containing phleomycin, as was described Gil-Durán et al. (2015). After that, transformants were submitted to serial dilutions and seeded onto Czapek medium containing phleomycin to obtain homokaryotic strains. Finally, homokaryotic strains were transferred four times in PDA medium lacking phleomycin (non-selective growth conditions) aiming to induce the loss of phleomycin resistance. Loss of phleomycin resistance was confirmed by absence of growth of transformants upon they were plating again onto selective media. DNA from transformants was extracted as described by Gil-Durán et al. (2015) and used as a template for the amplification of the target region using suitable primers (Table 1). Amplicons obtained were cloned in pGEM-T Easy, and sequenced in Macrogen Inc. of conidial germination kinetics, production of conidia, and apical extension rates, were done according to the protocols described by Gil-Durán et al. (2015). For the production of benzylpenicillin, P. rubens was grown on Power medium agar (Fierro et al. 1996) at 28°C for 5 days. All the spores of a plate were collected and inoculated into 50 mL of the MCIP liquid medium (Pérez et al. 2014). The culture was incubated at 25°C and 250 rpm for 24 hours. After that, 10 mL of the culture were taken and inoculated into 100 mL of the MCFP medium (Pérez et al. 2014) and incubated under the same conditions at 72 and 96 hrs. The extraction of benzylpenicillin from these broths and its quantification were done as described by García-Estrada et al. (2007). Briefly, 5 mL of culture broth was centrifuged at 4,000 rpm to separate the broth from the mycelium. Mycelium was stored for further use (see below), whereas clean broth (approximately 3 mL) was acidified at pH 2. 0 with 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on methods for cultivating a specific strain and producing benzylpenicillin without directly addressing the relationship between penicillin and the Penicillium fungus. While it mentions the production of benzylpenicillin, it does not provide information confirming or contrasting the claim regarding the origin of penicillin from the Penicillium fungus.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: A final recommendation would be to revise the syntax throughout the manuscript. It need not be Shakespeare but some revision would ease the read. For example, the second term of the first two sentences of the introduction need revision: “and strong selection…success”; “but also host species”. **Additional requirements of the managing board**: As indicated in the 'How does it work? ’ section and in the code of conduct, please make sure that: -Data are available to readers, either in the text or through an open data repository such as Zenodo (free), Dryad or some other institutional repository. Data must be reusable, thus metadata or accompanying text must carefully describe the data. -Details on quantitative analyses (e. g. , data treatment and statistical scripts in R, bioinformatic pipeline scripts, etc. ) and details concerning simulations (scripts, codes) are available to readers in the text, as appendices, or through an open data repository, such as Zenodo, Dryad or some other institutional repository. The scripts or codes must be carefully described so that they can be reused. -Details on experimental procedures are available to readers in the text or as appendices. -Authors have no financial conflict of interest relating to the 332. ). If this phenomena occurs asymmetrically between the two cross directions, then at F2 the representation of each genotype can already be biased, given that we are dealing with a haplodiploid system. To exclude this hypothesis, the authors should test female fertility (measuring the sex ratio of the offspring) in the F1 of both cross directions. Minor points: 1) When possible, report actual p values, do not report things like p>0. 05 for a single p value. 2) When possible, report the statistical comparisons being made. For example: line 303 “This increase seemed to result solely from the increased capacity to escape from the capsule (Figure 1B, Table S2, GLMM, p = 0. 001”. What is the comparison reported in here? 3) I would suggest changing the nomenclature of generation to reflect the start of selection. F3, is one generation of selection which can be easily be mixed and interpreted as having 3 generations of selection. 4) The legend for figure 1 C is incorrect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the predictable and uniform evolution of languages. It focuses instead on revisions to a manuscript, data availability, and suggestions about statistical reporting. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Keywords: triethylene glycol, quercetin, foot-shock stress, body weight, thermoregulation, depression, anxiety Abbreviations TEG, triethylene glycol; QCR, quercetin; FUM, fumaric acid; DMF, dimethylfumarate; CMC, carboxymethyl cellulose concept that adaptogens help the body to better cope with stressful events originated in Russia during late 1940s and since then numerous traditionally known medicinal plants are often pharmacologically classified as herbal adaptogens1 Withania somnifera is one such medicinal herb widely used in traditionally known Indian systems of medicine and health care for prevention and cure of diverse spectrums of psychosomatic disorders, or for rejuvenating purposes. 2 The steroidal lactones commonly referred to as Withanolides and quercetin and other plant phenolics are well recognized bioactive secondary metabolites of the plant. 3 Although the Withanolides are in general considered to be the major bioactive constituents of medicinally used extracts of the plant2 several recent reports have also revealed and reconfirmed adaptogenic and other therapeutically interesting bioactivities of aqueous Withania somnifera extracts devoid of Withanolides. 4,5 More recently, it has been reported also that TEG encountered in aqueous Withania somnifera extracts is one of their bioactive constituents involved in their experimentally observed anti-cancer activities. 6 TEG, like quercetin, has since long been used in numerous consumer products as an eco-toxicologically safe disinfectant,7,8 Quercetin is pharmacologically the more extensively studied plant polyphenolic with bactericidal activity against diverse pathogenic bacteria9 and several reports have also revealed bactericidal, antiviral and antifungal activities of TEG. 10-13 Although quercetin is encountered in numerous edible and other medicinal plants and often considered to be one of their bioactive constituents, as yet very little efforts have been made to define its role in traditionally known medicinal uses as stress response modulating or adaptogenic herbs. It has recently been reported though, that repeated intraperitoneally administered quercetin doses of 10 mg/kg/day and higher suppresses stress triggered alterations in blood levels of cortisol and other markers of oxidative stress14 and that such treatment could also protect oxidative stress triggered ischemic cerebral damages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the concept of adaptogens and mentions Withania somnifera (commonly known as Ashwagandha), which is classified as an herbal adaptogen. It explains how adaptogens help the body cope with stress, a potential effect attributed to ginseng as well. Therefore, the text supports the claim that ginseng, like other adaptogens, may have beneficial effects in managing stress.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: More than 1,000 new species are discovered each year, but none have confirmed Bigfoot’s existence. [SEP] Text: Figure 6—source data 1 Summary data for Figure 6. Download elife-46827-fig6-data1-v1. csv In general, we would suggest that the best way for new PIs to engage with undergraduate teaching would be to focus on the supervision of undergraduate laboratory projects or literature projects, so that the teaching is directly contributing to their research programme. After 2–3 years of having their time 'protected' in order to establish their research programme, direct teaching commitments through lectures and examinations can begin. The fact that new female PIs have higher teaching loads (Figure 6B) and higher administration loads (Figure 6C) than new male PIs may contribute to the reduced grant success (and to the smaller lab sizes discussed below). These statistics suggest female PIs are over-committing themselves and/or are more frequently tasked with non-research roles than male PIs. Efforts by universities to ensure equal numbers of men and women sit on committees could contribute to the higher administration loads on female PIs (both new and established) because there are fewer female PIs overall. Mentorship and career development Support for new PIs is especially important when they take on roles they have no prior experience of. We found that almost 25% of all new PIs felt that they had no mentorship: moreover, the female PIs who did not have a mentor were the least optimistic for their career progression (Figure 7). All but 3% of lecturers reported having an annual review, but almost 18% of externally funded fellows did not have an annual review. However, these fellows benefited from forms of support not available to most lecturers (for example, funders organize meetings that bring together all the fellows they fund, and these meetings can be a valuable source of peer support and career advice). Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Mentorship and optimism. Women with mentors were more optimistic about the future than women without mentors. Men with mentors were a little more optimistic about the future than men without mentors. Figure 7—source data 1 Summary data for Figure 7. Download elife-46827-fig7-data1-v1. csv Most lecturers (88%) were provided with start-up funds, which were typically in the region of £20–60K, by their university (Figure 8). Once again there was a gender gap in favour of male PIs, who received an average of £14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses the roles and experiences of new Principal Investigators (PIs) in academia, their teaching loads, mentorship, and start-up funds, with no mention of species discovery or Bigfoot. Thus, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Line 845 “The host listed to the right of each bar plot is the “selection host”, those listed down below are the “tested hosts”, used for parasitism assays. ” It should be the other way around. 5) The discussion would benefit with the inclusion of a similar artificial selection study done with another parasitoid wasp species (Kraaijeveld, A. R. et al. (2010), Evolution, 55(9), 1821. ) Reviewed by Simon Fellous, 03 Dec 2020 A. rich manuscript describes the results of an experimental evolution project on the ability of parasitoid to infect different strains of hosts. Analysis is largely rooted in venom composition evolution, in line with previous work by the same research group. The methods are sound and the results prolific. The figures are sometimes complex and hard to grasp, but the writing is very clear. B. Overall assessment regarding impact and suitability for is work is at the intercept between evolutionary biology and mechanistic approaches. Indeed, the authors made a great deal of efforts at identifying venom molecules that underlay parasitoid success. This enabled investigating whether venom component had general or specialized effects relative to host strains. The discussion mostly compares current results to those of previous studies with the same species. Implications for general evolutionary theory are therefore scarce in the discussion - a little too scarce in my opinion as an evolutionary biologist. The manuscript may benefit from a more general rooting in the literature, beyond the specific cases of the species (sometimes even strains) of insects used. However, the obvious quality of the work justifies its recommendation once a couple of comments (listed below) have been addressed. C. Interpretations and discussion There are two elements about which I would welcome a deeper interpretation. 1. About selection on host strains (namely and Dsim) that both ancestral parasitoid could infect (and on which the cross had 100% sucses from the first generation) : there is nonetheless evidence for directional evolution of venom composition. This may seem a paradox (isn’t venom here to overcome host defenses? ), that the authors soIve by evoking unspecified “costs” (e. g. line 489-490). If parasitoids have 100% infection success form the first generation, that means selection occurred at the adult stage rather than the egg/larval stages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely focused on a scientific evaluation of a manuscript concerning parasitoid wasps and their evolution, specifically relating to venom composition and host strains. It does not address or provide any information regarding the evolution of languages, predictable patterns in linguistic change, or any uniformity in such processes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: v. 3(2); Jun 2023 10. 52361/fsbh. 2023. 3. e11 Biomater Health. 2023 Jun;3(2):e11. English. Published online Jun 30, 2023. © 2023 and (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) Helen H. Kang,1 and Si-Kwan Kim2 Author information Author notes Copyright and License 1. 2Department of Integrated Biosciences, College of Biomedical &. Correspondence: Si-Kwan Kim, PhD. Department of Integrated Biosciences, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju 27381, Korea. Email: skkim@kku. ac. kr 26, 2023; 19, 2023; 25, 2023. This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Go to: are defined as stress-response modifiers that increase an organism’s nonspecific resistance to stress by increasing its ability to adapt, survive and reproduce. Adaptogenic theory arose from Selye’s theory that repeated exposure to mild-level stressors help survival. This concept evolved into the Syndrome based on the 3 stages-alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Panax ginseng was defined as an adaptogen by Union of Republics pharmacologists Lazarev and Brekhman in the mid-1950s. The theory was succeeded by Petkov in Bulgaria after discovering ginseng’s effect on the central nervous system. In the early stage of the theory’s evolution, it was regarded as unscientific, but in these days, the theory is accepted worldwide without reservation, particularly in natural product chemistry and pharmacognosy. Adaptogens act bidirectionally, therefore, a chemical entity medicine which shows reaction of one way, e. g. , increase or decrease, cannot be an adaptogen. Adaptogens should stimulate or attenuate depending on the physiological situation. This pharmacological property is characteristic to herbal medicine because herbs contain multiple active ingredients. Consequently, adaptogens normalize or modulate diverse physiological processes, thereby helping maintain homeostasis. P. ginseng is one of the typical adaptogens with rare adverse reactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by defining Panax ginseng as an adaptogen and detailing its effects on increasing an organism’s nonspecific resistance to stress through adaptation. It describes adaptogens as substances that can modulate physiological processes, which aligns with the claim's assertion about ginseng's adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: More than 1,000 new species are discovered each year, but none have confirmed Bigfoot’s existence. [SEP] Text: Statistical analysis The effects of substrate heterogeneity on arthropod community composition during years 2 and 3 were examined by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) visualization and analysis. Data from the first year were omitted for clarity, as the community was beginning to develop, was drastically different, and would distort the mapping of the data points from other years. Bray–Curtis community similarity values of each plot were mapped on two NMDS axes, and a was performed on the Bray-Curtis values with treatment and roof as independent factors, for each year separately. The diversity in each plot is indicative of alpha diversity, while the community composition differences across roofs are indicative of beta diversity. The effects of substrate heterogeneity treatment on overall arthropod abundance and Chao diversity index, and abundance and Chao diversity index of specific arthropod groups (ants, Collembola, mites, and functional groups including herbivores, predators, and parasitoids), were tested with a repeated measures general linear model that included the total diversity or abundance of arthropods per year of the study as a dependent variable, year as the within-subject factor, and treatment, and school roof as between-subject factors. Generally, all three years of the study were used for analyses comparing treatments. In some cases, data from one of the years were not included in the analysis because the abundance or diversity of the arthropod taxon or functional group was uniformly low, and prevented a normal distribution of model residuals, as indicated in the results. Data were ln-transformed as needed to achieve the model requirements. Where Mauchly’s sphericity test indicated that sphericity could not be assumed, a Huynh-Feldt adjustment of degrees of freedom was used. An indirect effect of the heterogeneity treatment on arthropods, mediated by an effect on plant diversity (H′), was tested. A general linear model was used to test the effect of plant H′as a covariate on the abundance and diversity of arthropod functional groups in February-early March of years 2 and 3, with year included as a random factor and roof as a fixed factor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical analysis, arthropod community composition, and various methods related to ecological research. It does not mention species discovery or any references to Bigfoot, thus it does not corroborate or contrast the claim about species discovery or Bigfoot's existence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the fact that there is differential evolution of the venoms in different susceptible hosts suggests the costs of production of venoms components were host specific. I think these elements should be clarified and argued. 2. L472-479: interesting bit of discussion on survival (and later extinction) of the parasitoids on a host strain the two ancestors could not parasitize. This striking line of reasoning suggests ability to infect relied on codominance rather than the combination of alleles at different loci. This hypothesis may be further explored with the analysis of venom composition at F3 in the 1907 line (before the extinction of the parasitoid lines). Do you have the data? This is particularly important as the final sentence of the MS is about this phenomenon that is otherwise little discussed. The authors selected the parasitoids on standing genetic variation. This is different from de novo mutation as the phenotypic space and the nature of the trade-offs that can be revealed may differ. These are concepts the MS would probably benefit from citing and making clear. It would help comparing this study to the numerous others on the experimental evolution of parasite specialization (many of which using crosses and standing genetic variation). D. Presentation of the results: Fig 1C: if technically correct, the data could be presented in reader-friendlier way. I’d recommend having a table where host of origin and assayed host are on each axis, but not repeated as is on X axis. The three generations may be put next to each other, in the same table cell, so one could visualize the evolution of the phenotype in time. Specialization/local adaptation is often studied in an axis/off-axis framework, even if this is not studied as such statistically, using the same graphical representation would help. Also, please put the legend for the axes on the figure, not only in the legend. (this later comment is valid for several figures) Fig 3: the figure is gorgeous but frankly it is challenging to recognize what is described in the results. Treatments overlap too much for that. Table 1: is it necessary to keep all bands for which no significant change is reported? (i. e. blank lines). Maybe can you save space here. Table 2: an optional suggestion. Maybe have a colon for each host strain, just as in Table 1. Readers could see at a glance how bands varied together, or not on each host. E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses concepts of evolution and specialization in parasitoids and their venoms, but does not provide any information about language evolution or its predictability and uniformity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Theory; Panax ginseng; Non-Specific Resistance; Homeostasis; to: 1938, Hans Selye,1 a professor at the Department of Anatomy, Histology and reported his experimental results supporting the conception of adaptation energy. He suggested that by giving gradually increasing doses of various toxic chemicals, one may raise the resistance of animals in such a manner that even treatment which would cause marked thymus involution in normal animals. This conception receives further support by experiments showing that rats pretreated with a certain agent will resist such doses of this agent which would be fatal for non-pretreated controls. These findings are tentatively regarded by the assumption that the resistance of the organism to various damaging stimuli is dependent on its adaptability. This adaptability is conceived to depend upon the organism’s expenditure of its limited amount of energy. Thus, if energy is used for adaptation to certain stimuli it will necessarily decrease the energy stores for other purposes. Adaptation to any stimulus is always acquired at a cost, namely, at the cost of overall energy of organism. Todorova et al. 2 suggested that the term adaptogen was introduced for the first time in the 1940s by Dr. but information about the original 1954. 3 Although we cannot comprehend the 0. 01 to 10,000 ng/mL with effects of white ginseng (WG) and purified ginsenosides Rb1, Rg3, Rg5 and Rk1 on gene expression in isolated hippocampal neurons. The aim of their study was to predict the effects of differently expressed genes on cellular and physiological functions in organismal disorders and diseases. Their network pharmacological analyses of gene expression profiles showed that HRG exhibits predictable positive effects in neuroinflammation, senescence, apoptosis, and immune response, suggesting beneficial soft-acting effects in cancer, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems diseases and disorders in a wide range of low concentrations in blood. Hasoon and Jawad Kadhim28 at the Department of Biology, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq reported synergistic effect of P. ginseng toward doxorubicin (DOX), one of the most widely employed chemotherapeutic agents. Different cell lines (HCT-116, LNCaP, and normal cell line VERO) were treated with different inhibitory agents at different concentrations (1,000, 500, 250, 125, 62. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of adaptogens and their association with resistance to various stimuli, emphasizing the adaptability of organisms. It mentions the introduction of the term adaptogen and discusses Panax ginseng's role, suggesting that ginseng can have beneficial effects on adaptability and overall health. Additionally, research findings indicate that ginseng has positive effects on various physiological functions, linking it to the concept of adaptogenic benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: More than 1,000 new species are discovered each year, but none have confirmed Bigfoot’s existence. [SEP] Text: Drug development efforts grounded on non-reproducible findings expose patients to harmful and inactive agents; they also absorb scarce scientific and human resources, the costs of which are reflected as higher drug prices. Several studies have evaluated the predictive value of animal models in cancer drug development (Johnson et al. , 2001; Voskoglou-Nomikos et al. , 2003; Corpet and Pierre, 2005). However, few have systematically examined experimental design—as opposed to use of specific models—and its impact on effect sizes across different malignancies (Amarasingh et al. , 2009; Hirst et al. , 2013). A recent systematic review of guidelines for limiting bias in preclinical research design was unable to identify any guidelines in oncology (Henderson et al. , 2013). Validity threats in preclinical oncology may be particularly important to address in light of the fact that cancer drug development has one of the highest rates of attrition (Hay et al. , 2014), and oncology drug development commands billions of dollars in funding each year (Adams and Brantner, 2006). In what follows, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of features of design and outcomes for preclinical efficacy studies of the highly successful drug sunitinib. Sunitinib is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib (SU11248, Sutent) and is licensed as monotherapy for three different malignancies (Chow and Eckhardt, 2007; Raymond et al. , 2011). As it was introduced into clinical development around 2000 and tested against numerous malignancies, sunitinib provided an opportunity to study a large sample of preclinical studies across a broad range of malignancies—including several supporting successful translation trajectories. characteristics Our screen from database and reference searches captured 74 studies eligible for extraction, corresponding to 332 unique experiments investigating tumor volume response (Figure 1, Table 1, Table 1—source data 1E). Effect sizes (standardized mean difference [SMD] using Hedges' g) could not be computed for 174 experiments (52%) due to inadequate reporting (e. g. , sample size not provided, effect size reported as a median, lack of error bars, Figure 1—figure supplement 1). Overall, 158 experiments, involving 2716 animals, were eligible for meta-analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses issues in drug development and preclinical research in oncology, without any mention of species discovery or Bigfoot. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 579. Trait abbreviations: Plant height (Height), Petal width (PW), Petal length (PL), Flower diameter (FD), Benzaldehyde (Ben), Phenylacetaldehyde (PAA), α-Farnesene (FAR), Benzyl nitrile (BenN), 2-Amino benzaldehyde (Aben), Indole (Ind), Methyl anthranilate (MA), Phenylethyl alcohol (PA), Methyl salicylate (MS), Methyl benzoate (MB), Z-(3)-Hexenyl acetate (ZHA), 1-Butene-4-isothiocyante (ITC)Full size imagePredictions in the pollinator evolution experimentIn the bumblebee treatment, our predictions overestimated the evolutionary changes of flower morphological traits and correctly estimated the response of plant height and nine of the VOCs. Although the responses of the nine scent compounds were in the same direction and within the HPD intervals of their predictions, only seven of the predicted responses were significantly different from zero (phenylacetaldehyde, PAA; α-farnesene, FAR; 2-amino benzaldehyde, Aben; indole, Ind; methyl anthranilate, MA; phenylethyl alcohol, PA; methyl benzoate, MB; Fig. 2a; Table S6). Fig. 2Predicted and observed responses of measured traits to pollinator selection, in the bumblebee (a), and hoverfly (b) experiments. The total predicted response of each trait is decomposed into its direct and indirect components (see text). Green triangles are the observed changes. Black dots are the predicted selection responses. The solid horizontal lines indicate the 95% HPD interval of the predictions. Both predicted and observed changes were scaled by the phenotypic standard deviation of the trait. Sample sizes pollinator selection: plant height: 524, flower traits: 525, volatiles: 414. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses predictions in a pollinator evolution experiment and the responses of plant traits to selection without addressing the evolution of languages. It does not provide any information regarding language evolution, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 5, and 31. 25 µg/mL) as follows: G1 (methanol P. ginseng extract, PGE), G2 (DOX), and G3 (PGE + DOX). Each inhibitory agent group was used to treat the cancerous cell lines HCT-116, LNCaP, and normal cell line (VERO) to obtain IC50% by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The inhibitory ability of the 1,000 μg/mL PGE was significantly increased in all the 3-cell lines compared with other concentrations. The inhibition ability of PGE and DOX towards the HCT116 cell line significantly increased compared with the other cell lines. They demonstrated that safety of the PGE compound and its low toxicity toward normal cells, quite the opposite of cancer cells as compared to the common drug DOX and combined PGD (PGE + DOX). PGD combined with DOX (PGE + DOX) showed antagonistic results toward the HCT116, LNCaP, and VERO cell lines. From their report, we could understand that combination of anticancer agent with P. ginseng may elevate efficiency of chemotherapy with low toxicity. Mariage et al. 29 at Botalys SA, Ath, Belgium carried out a pilot clinical study to find preventive effect of P. ginseng containing preparation (HRG80, hydroponically cultivated P. ginseng) and traditionally harvested 6-year-old white P. ginseng standard preparation (PGS) with placebo in preventing symptoms of stress-induced failure of cognitive function in healthy subjects. The effects of HRG80, PGS, and placebo capsules were administered to 50 tired, healthy subjects in a 3-arm, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Efficacy-outcome measures included the accuracy of processing the d2 test for cognitive functions, obtained accuracy score in a computerized memory test, and the perceived-stress (PS) score. A statistically significant interaction effect between time and treatment (P < 0. 0001) was observed in the attention d2 and memory tests, indicating that HRG80 treatment was more beneficial than that with a placebo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that investigates the effects of P. ginseng and its potential to prevent symptoms of stress-induced cognitive function failure. The results indicate that treatment with P. ginseng was beneficial compared to a placebo, supporting the idea that ginseng may have adaptogenic effects, particularly in managing stress.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: More than 1,000 new species are discovered each year, but none have confirmed Bigfoot’s existence. [SEP] Text: After a local search for the antidote, he was treated three hours later, then kept under observation at the hospital for four days before being sent home to rest. Credit: On the surface, reducing snakebite deaths seems easy, says David Williams, a toxinologist who assesses antivenoms for the WHO. Dig a bit deeper, however, and the true complexity of the problem emerges. Not every country has the same variety of venomous snakes. Species with different toxins require different antivenoms. The world produces less antivenom than it needs, and production quality varies. The cost to manufacture the remedy is more than most patients can afford. And those bitten often live in remote areas where they can’t access antivenom quickly. The most intractable obstacle, however, is apathy. Snakebite envenomings are “the most neglected among the neglected,” says snakebite expert Faiz, a retired physician and current president of the of Bangladesh. Few politicians seem to care about solving the problem. Ending the snakebite crisis will require education, cooperation, research and, most of all, money. Countries need to make the problem a priority, Williams says: “If they choose not to invest in [the problem], then, to be perfectly honest, it doesn’t matter what the rest of us do. We will never change anything. ” Antivenom production today is a modernized version of a technique first used 120 years ago. Technicians inject minuscule quantities of venom into horses or sheep over several weeks, then harvest their blood and extract the antibodies—all of them. In most cases, Williams says, “What you’re getting in the vial is not just antibodies that are specific to the venom of the snake but antibodies for all the other antigens that horse was ever exposed to. ” Once the antivenom gets injected into a patient, some of those antibodies will bind to the various components of the snake venom and neutralize it. Because different kinds of snakes carry different toxins, the antivenom typically must match the species. The approach prevents venom from causing damage, but it can’t reverse damage that has already been done, so it works best in the first couple of hours after the bite. That means a person must reach a treatment facility quickly, the facility must have the appropriate antivenom in stock, and a doctor must administer it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the challenges of snakebite treatment and antivenom production without addressing or mentioning anything about species discovery or Bigfoot's existence. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Trait abbreviations: Plant height (Height), Petal width (PW), Petal length (PL), Flower diameter (FD), Benzaldehyde (Ben), Phenylacetaldehyde (PAA), α-Farnesene (FAR), Benzyl nitrile (BenN), 2-Amino benzaldehyde (Aben), Indole (Ind), Methyl anthranilate (MA), Phenylethyl alcohol (PA), Methyl salicylate (MS), Methyl benzoate (MB), Z-(3)-Hexenyl acetate (ZHA), 1-Butene-4-isothiocyante (ITC)Full size imageThe response decomposition analysis showed that most direct responses were much smaller and often in the wrong direction relative to the observed responses. The direct response was correctly predicted as positive for plant height and flow diameter (FD) among morphological traits, and phenylacetaldehyde, 2-amino benzaldehyde, indole, and methyl benzoate among VOCs (Fig. 2a). Selection gradients (direct responses) and observed responses were thus correctly aligned for those traits, making them good candidates for targets of direct selection, although the response of flow diameter was smaller than predicted. In contrast, the indirect components of the predicted responses were all positive and had much larger HPD intervals, often overlapping with zero (although not for morphological traits, α-farnesene, 2-amino benzaldehyde, indole, methyl anthranilate, and phenylethyl alcohol). Therefore, the indirect VOC responses compensated for negative direct selection responses in α-farnesene, methyl anthranilate, and phenylethyl alcohol (for those traits with correct and significant total predicted responses). In the hoverfly treatment, most VOC trait responses were small compared to the bumblebee treatment (Fig. 2b). Evolutionary predictions were mostly not different from zero except for plant height, flower morphology, α-farnesene and indole, although predicted responses of flower traits were opposed to their observations. Of the 12 VOCs, only α-farnesene’s response was within its prediction’s HPD interval and different from zero (Fig. 2b; Table S6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the evolution of languages; rather, it focuses on trait responses in plants and their evolutionary predictions. There is no mention of language or any indication of predictability or uniformity in this context, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: The effects of PGS were better than those of the placebo, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was significant difference between the effects of HRG80 and PGS (P < 0. 0001) that were observed after single (day 1) and repeated administrations on days 5 and 12 of treatment. They concluded that HRG80 treatment was in general significantly superior to that with the PGS and placebo regarding attention, memory, and PS scores after single and repeated administrations for 5 and 12 days. Gray et al. 30 studied the effect of P. ginseng on sperm function in zearalenol- and estradiol-supplemented spermatozoad. Zearalenol is a potent mycoestrogen that may be present in herbs and crops arising from contamination or endophytic association. They reported that P. ginseng exerted multiple activities in biological systems and is classified as an adaptogen. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of P. ginseng, zearalenol and estradiol in tests on spermatozoal function. The affinity of these compounds to estrogen receptor (ER)δ, α and β (ERα and ERβ)δ was assessed in receptor binding assays. Functional tests on boar spermatozoa motility, movement and kinematic parameters were analyzed using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer. Tests for capacitation, acrosome reaction, and chromatin decondensation in spermatozoa were analyzed by microscopic observation. Zearalenol showed adverse effects on sperm motility and function by targeting multiple signaling cascades, including P4, E2, and calcium pathways. However, P. ginseng protected against chromatin damage induced by zearalenol, indicating that ginseng is beneficial to reproductive fitness. From this report, we could anticipate beneficial effect of P. ginseng on male reproduction-associated factors. Chen et al. 31 at the Laboratory of in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, China reviewed clinical trial reports related to P. ginseng. They reported that made a great contribution to building up large research clusters and strong cooperation links and universities were the key contributors to ginseng clinical trials. They stressed that, however, more attention should be paid to different effects from different preparations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it explicitly states that P. ginseng is classified as an adaptogen, indicating its potential adaptogenic effects. Additionally, it mentions the beneficial impacts of P. ginseng on reproductive fitness, reinforcing the notion of its positive effects in biological systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Coelacanth, once thought to be extinct for 66 million years, was rediscovered alive in 1938. [SEP] Text: ), and Nicotiana gandarela Augsten & Stehmann, another endemic species, but from the Quadrilátero Ferrifero, Minas Gerais. The latest species is classified by the authors as (Augsten et al. 2022. 2022. Nicotiana gandarela (Solanaceae), a new species of 'tobacco' highly endangered from the Quadrilátero Ferrífero in Brazil. PhytoKeys 190: 113-129. ). From the Brazilian species, there is one known only from the type collection Nicotiana azambujae L. B. Sm. & Downs, described by Smith & Downs (1966Smith L, Downs R. 1966. Solanaceas. In: (ed. ) Catarinense. Itajaí, Herbário Barbosa Rodrigues. p. 247-60. ). The species was collected in Azambuja, Brusque municipality, dated 1948. Since the type species was collected, besides some field expeditions by many botanists in the type locality, no other individuals have been seen (73 years), thus being considered extinct (2014- do de Santa Catarina. 2014. Resolução nº 51 de 5 de dezembro de 2014. Reconhece a das Espécies da Flora Ameaçada de Extinção no Estado de SantaCatarina e dá outras providências. Available from: ). Surprisingly, in August 2021, during a field expedition in Alto Matador, in the municipality of Rio do Sul, we found a small population of this species. So, to improve the knowledge of this rare species, we made a detailed description based on the isotype and the new samples, accessed its conservation status, and brought field photographs of the species as well an updated distribution map. Material and methods The morphological description of the species was made from field observations and studying specimens housed in the HBR Herbarium and images of specimens kept in the US Herbarium (acronyms according to Thiers 2021Thiers B. 2021. Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. 12 Nov. 2021. , continuously updated). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the Coelacanth. It contains information about various species of plants, including the discovery of a rare tobacco species, but it does not mention the Coelacanth or provide any information supporting or contrasting the claim regarding its rediscovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: From the decomposition of trait responses, α-farnesene would be the most likely candidate for a trait under direct hoverfly selection. Other traits also had observed and direct responses aligned but their predictions were not significantly different from zero (benzaldehyde, 2-amino benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol, 1-butene-4-isothiocyanate) or did not include the observed change within their HPD (plant height, indole) (Table S6). The VOC indirect response components were all positive and not significantly different from zero (although not for α-farnesene). All morphological traits’ indirect responses were positive and significant (Fig. 2b; Table S6). Effects of genetic covariance on predicting evolutionary trajectoriesWe measured the overall constraining effect of genetic co-variation on the response to selection by comparing the angle θ between the selection response vector (△z) and the first PC of G (PC1, or gmax, see methods) with the angle γ between △z and the selection gradient (β). In the tall and short artificial selection experiments, the trait responses were strongly aligned with gmax, with θ angle of 8. 9 degree (95% HPD: 5. 5, 13. 7) and 20. 1 degree (95% HPD: 17. 5, 23. 5), respectively. Given the close association of gmax with the first trait axis (height) (Fig. 3c) and thus with the selection gradients under artificial selection, the angle γ between △z and β is 6. 8 and 16. 7 degree in tall and short, respectively. In contrast, under pollinator selection, △z is more aligned with gmax than β, with θ of 50. 6 degree (95% HPD: 44. 7, 55. 0) and 54. 3 degree (95% HPD: 52. 0, 57. 0), when compared to γ, equal to 62. 96 and 83. 2 degree for bumblebee and hoverfly treatments, respectively. Fig. 3Comparison of the size and orientation of the major and five first eigenvectors (PCs) of the G-matrices in the artificial selection experiment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic covariance and selection responses in traits, without addressing the evolution of languages or the predictability and uniformity of such evolution. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: This result demonstrates bidirectional adaptogenic effect of KRG on abnormal blood pressure. Olalde Rangel34 suggested that P. ginseng is a clear example of an herb with multiple bidirectionality, whose Rg1 ginsenosides (protopanaxatriol) can stimulate angiogenesis, while its Rb1 ginsenosides (protopanaxadiol) stimulate the exact opposite. Also, Rg1 promotes mitosis while Rb1 inhibits it in stimulated human lymphocytes. Rg1 stimulates the nervous system, while Rb1 calms (soothes) it. Finally, they suggested that P. ginseng has hypertensive and hypotensive properties. The former illustrates P. ginseng's potential to induce multiple bidirectional phenomena, i. e. , bi-directionality along different metabolic pathways. Adaptogenic effect of KRG on toxic environmental pollutant was carried out by Kim et al. 35 They exposed male guinea pig (GP) with trace amounts of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 1 µg/kg b. w. ) together with P. ginseng. TCDD is known to be one of the most toxic environmental pollutant generated by municipal garbage incinerators. The first experiment was carried out to investigate histopathologically the beneficial effects of P. ginseng extract on GP testes damaged by TCDD. P. ginseng water extract (PG-WE) was injected intraperitoneally for 28 days from 1 week before or after TCDD exposure. The decrease in testicular weight caused by TCDD was prevented by PG-WE. The maturation arrest in germ cells caused by TCDD was ameliorated in ginseng-treated groups. The testes demonstrated almost normal in groups pretreated with PG-WE. From this experiment, authors can understand the protective and therapeutic effects of P. ginseng on atrophy and testicular damage induced by TCDD. This finding provided strong evidence that P. ginseng might be a useful agent in preventing and treating male reproductive organ damage induced by environmental pollutants, thus indicating adaptogenic property of ginseng against chemical stress. They conducted the second study to further assess the effect of P. ginseng on survival and sperm quality of GPs exposed to TCDD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the adaptogenic effects of P. ginseng (ginseng), particularly its ability to influence blood pressure and to provide protective effects against toxic environmental pollutants. It mentions that P. ginseng demonstrates 'bidirectional adaptogenic effect' and has properties that can help mitigate testicular damage caused by TCDD, which aligns with the definition of adaptogens as substances that help the body adapt to stress.