Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: In order to test the cytotoxicity of our derivatives, we measured the survival of HEK 293 cells over a period of 96 h. At 25 µm, resveratrol and all five of the synthesized derivatives had little to no effect on the growth of HEK 293 cells. At higher concentrations, Derivatives 3, 4 and 5 showed similar toxicity to resveratrol, but the other derivatives, 1 and 2, were less toxic (Fig. 5 and data not shown). After 48 h, at a concentration of 50 µm, less than 10% of the cells were alive in the dishes containing resveratrol or Derivative 3, whereas 38% of the cells remained alive when treated with Derivative 2. Interestingly, 61% of the cells remained alive when treated with Derivative 1, the most potent activator, demonstrating that the replacement of the 4’-hydroxyl with a thiomethyl group reduces toxicity to cells while enhancing the ability of this compound to activate SIRT1. Thus, cytotoxicity can be uncoupled from the ability to stimulate SIRT1. Large-scale synthesis of this compound is in progress with a view to testing its pharmacokinetic properties and against cancer and age-related diseases in mouse models. Figure 5Open in figure viewerPowerof resveratrol derivatives to mammalian cells. HEK293 cells were seeded on six-well plates and allowed to attach overnight. The following day, resveratrol, Derivative 1 (3,5-hydroxy-4’-thiomethyl-stilbene), Derivative 2 (3,5-hydroxy-4’-methyl-stilbene), or Derivative 3 (3,5-hydroxy-4’-ethyl-stilbene) was added at a concentration of 50 µm. Cells in replicate wells were periodically washed to remove any debris or detached cells, trypsinized, and counted using a Beckman-Coulter Z2 p0. 05; P values for Derivative 3 and 5 vs. no treatment < 0. 001). To our surprise, however, Derivative 5 extended lifespan the furthest (68%), despite its low in vitro potency. This may be attributable to the improved stability of Derivative 5 in solution (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of various derivatives of resveratrol on HEK 293 cells, particularly noting that while Derivative 5 extended lifespan by 68%, it did so despite its 'low in vitro potency.' This suggests that the efficacy of biohacking methods in reversing aging or extending lifespan is limited and not definitive, thereby rebutting the claim that such methods can achieve indefinite lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 3)114 was used to align bisulphite-treated reads to the S. polyrhiza reference genome93,94. Identical reads aligned to the same genomic regions were deemed as duplicated reads and thus were removed. Cytosines covered by less than five sequencing reads were excluded from the study. Only after applying these filters the sequencing depth and coverage were then summarized. The sodium bisulphite non-conversion rate was calculated as the percentage of non-converted cytosines to all cytosines in the reads that mapped to the chloroplast genome115 (GenBank: JN160603. 2). For each cytosine site, a binomial test was performed to determine if the cytosine was methylated. If the methylation frequency at the site was lower than the background, which was estimated as the non-conversion rate, then the site was considered unmethylated, and the reads supporting methylation at this site were excluded116. We calculated two different methylation parameters: the proportion of methylated cytosines (mC methylation) and weighted methylation level (wML)116. For both parameters, only cytosines covered by more than four sequencing reads were involved in the calculation. Those cytosines with low reads supporting methylation but not passing the binomial test were considered as un-methylated cytosines. The mC proportion was calculated by dividing the number of methylated cytosines by the total number of cytosines. Genomic regional wML was calculated using the methylKit (v1. 17. 5)117 and the regioneR (v1. 28. 0)118, with input based on the cytosine report generated with the Bismark pipeline. Line plots that show the wML patterns across the gene body and transposable elements, as well as their 2 kb flanking regions, were generated using ViewBS (v0. 1. 11)119. The hierarchical clustering, based on the methylation profiles’ similarity, was done using methylKit. The comparison between the genetic phylogenetic tree and hierarchical clustering based on the methylome was made using the R packages ggtree (v3. 4. 4)120, treeio (v1. 20. 2)121, ape (v5. 6. 2)122, and phytools (v1. 2. 0)123. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of genomic sequencing techniques and analyses related to methylation, focusing on experimental methods and data processing. It does not mention fossilized plants or their relevance to ancient climates and ecosystems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The placebo effect, where a patient experiences real improvements due to believing they're receiving treatment, is observed in many clinical trials. [SEP] Text: Natural honey has been shown to be just as effective as conventional pharmacological treatments [14, 22, 23], but it is likely to be the sweet taste of honey that is the major factor in its efficacy rather than any specific pharmacological property of the honey. A recent study comparing buckwheat honey with a matched sweet placebo on treatment of nocturnal cough in children has reported that honey is superior to matched sweet placebo [16]. However, the blinding of the study was not confirmed with any patient questionnaire or other means, and therefore the results could still be explained as comparing one sweet placebo against another sweet placebo, rather than honey having any specific effect on cough. Sweet cough syrups have been proposed to act as antitussives by sweet taste modulating the activity the nucleus tractus solitarius at the level of the brainstem as illustrated in Fig. 3 [2]. This hypothesis was tested using capsaicin induced cough in healthy subjects as a cough model and sweet but not bitter taste was shown to increase cough reflex thresholds [24, 25]. Sweet taste may therefore have a specific antitussive activity rather than just be a pleasing taste for the patient. This may also explain the traditional use of liquorice in the treatment of cough as the active constituent of liquorice, glycyrrhizin, is 20–50 times the sweetness of glucose weight for weight [26]. Fig. 3Gustatory effects on cough. Gustation is mediated by branches of the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) cranial nerves that supply the taste buds of the tongue, these gustatory nerves relay in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the brainstem. The NTS also serves as a relay for the vagal nerve fibers (X) that mediate the cough reflex. It is proposed that there may be some interaction (? ) between these gustatory and cough pathways in the NTS that influences cough, perhaps by the mediation of endogenous opioidsFull size imageA sweet taste may be only one way of enhancing the placebo effect of a cough medicine as the placebo effect may also be related to the organoleptic sensory impact of the medicine, and for some patients, an unpleasant taste of a medicine indicates a powerful medicine [27]. Capsicum flavor provides a powerful taste to some cough medicines and may also act as a gustatory stimulus to increase mucus secretions in the airway [28, 29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the sweetness of honey may enhance the placebo effect in treating nocturnal cough. It notes that the efficacy of honey compared to a matched sweet placebo might be due to the sweet taste rather than any specific pharmacological property. This implies a link between perceived treatment and patient's beliefs in the effectiveness of a sweet-tasting substance, thus supporting the idea of the placebo effect being influential in clinical outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Derivative 5, which is acetylated at the 4’ position, was the least efficacious of the STACs in activating SIRT1 in vitro, although the lifespan extension it produced was the largest achieved by treatment with a STAC to date, possibly because it remains more stable in the yeast medium than other STACs and is cleaved by esterases once it enters the cell, releasing free resveratrol and acetate and providing a steady stream of the active compound, but clearly more experiments will be required to confirm this. Although resveratrol has some liabilities as a pharmacological agent, one of its best attributes is its lack of toxicity. Cell toxicity is induced in mammalian cells upon prolonged exposure to doses typically in excess of 30 µm, whereas serum resveratrol concentrations peak well below 10 µm in rodents following a high dose of up to 50 mg kg−1 and decay with a half-life of ∼8–14 min (Asensi et al. , 2002; Marier et al. , 2002). No adverse effects have been detected in rats using doses as high as 300 mg kg−1. However, even minor changes to a non-toxic molecule can alter its toxicity so if any of these molecules are to be employed in higher animals, toxicity is an important consideration. At high concentrations, Derivative 1 was considerably less toxic than the other derivatives and even the parent compound. The observation that substitution of a less electronegative sulfur atom for the oxygen in the 4’-hydroxyl of resveratrol decreased toxicity while simultaneously increasing in vitro catalytic efficiency may be an important consideration in the design of STACs that achieve high in vivo concentrations. In summary, we have explored the effects of altering the structure of resveratrol on stability, toxicity, and potency of SIRT1 activation. We show that it is possible to improve upon numerous characteristics of this molecule and extend yeast lifespan further than can be achieved using natural molecules. We consider Derivative 1 (with its high potency and lack of toxicity) and Derivative 5 with its improved stability and potential as a prodrug form of resveratrol as the two most promising candidates to explore in studies of lifespan extension in higher organisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and ongoing research related to resveratrol and its derivatives. While it mentions that certain derivatives have shown potential in extending lifespan in yeast, it emphasizes that 'more experiments will be required to confirm this' and does not support the idea of fully reversing aging or extending lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: DeclarationsData availability The raw genomic and bisulfite sequencing reads involved in this study can be retrieved from NCBI under Accession numbers 701543 and 934173. The scripts for the data analyses are deposited in The authors declare that the data and corresponding computational codes supporting the conclusions of this study are available within the 3052. Parts of this research were conducted using the supercomputer Mogon and/or advisory services offered by the (hpc. uni-mainz. de), which is a member of the AHRP (Alliance for Computing in Rhineland Palatinate, www. ahrp. info) and the e. V. The authors gratefully acknowledge the computing time granted on the supercomputer Mogon at the (hpc. uni-mainz. de) and PALMA-II at the University of Münster. Author contributions Y. W. , P. D. and S. X. performed data analysis. A. C. performed the experiments. K. J. A. , H. Z. , A. W. , K. S. S. , and S. X. contributed to the giant duckweed collections and resources. S. X. and M. H. conceived and supervised the project. S. X. , Y. W. , and P. D. wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the final version of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. 2020. 2012. 2003. 410332 (2020). Bog, M. et al. Strategies for of Duckweed: Comparison of to the Spirodela polyrhiza. Plants (Basel) 11 (2022). Chen, J. , Glemin, S. & Lascoux, M. and the Efficacy of across Plant and Animal Species. Evol 34, 1417–1428 (2017). Zhou, Y. F. et al. The population genetics of structural variants in grapevine domestication. 5, 965–979 (2019). Guan, J. et al. Genome structure variation analyses of peach reveal population dynamics and a 1. 67 Mb causal inversion for fruit shape. 22 (2021). Cao, J. et al. Whole-genome sequencing of multiple Arabidopsis thaliana populations. 43, 956–963 (2011). . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data availability and the contributions of various authors to a study, without mentioning fossilized plants, ancient climates, or ecosystems. There is no relation to the context of the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The placebo effect, where a patient experiences real improvements due to believing they're receiving treatment, is observed in many clinical trials. [SEP] Text: Cooling, Warming, and Tingling EffectsCooling and warming agents are often added to cough medicines to increase the sensory impact of the medicine and perhaps increase its placebo effect. Capsicum is a flavoring agent that is an extract of peppers and contains capsaicin which interacts with oral sensory trigeminal nerve endings to activate TRPV1 receptors to give a sensation of burning irritation and warmth [30]. Capsicum flavor gives a powerful hot taste to lozenges such as ‘Fisherman’s Friend’ which have been marketed for over one hundred years to treat respiratory conditions such as cough [31, 32]. Menthol is included in many cough syrups and lozenges to give a cool sensation and is referred to as either a flavoring agent or an active ingredient. Menthol acts on the TRPM8 receptor on sensory nerves in the oral cavity and airway to give a cool sensation [33,34,35]. Apart from providing a sensory impact to a cough medicine menthol may also have some specific antitussive properties [24, 36,37,38] and menthol is recognized as an antitussive by regulatory authorities such as the US Food and Drug Administration. Capsicum and menthol have a long history as warming and cooling agents but they are now often replaced in cough medicines by new flavoring excipients such as cooling flavor 539692T and hot mix flavor 538842T which are dissolved in propylene glycol and manufactured and marketed by specialized flavoring companies. The placebo effect is influenced by the sensory impact of the cough medicine and this sensory impact can be enhanced by excipients that give a tingling sensation. Tingling flavor 538723T is added to some cough medicines to provide this tingling sensation. ViscosityAs mentioned above, most cough medicines are formulated as viscous syrups. The viscosity of the medicine may have a sensory impact that enhances a placebo effect in two ways. Firstly, a viscous thick syrup may be perceived by the patient as a more powerful medicine than a watery medicine. Secondly, a viscous medicine will tend to stick to the oral mucosa and esophagus and provide a more prolonged sapid stimulus than a watery medicine. Viscous syrups such as honey provide a more prolonged sweet taste than sugar water as they tend to stick to the oral mucosa and teeth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how the sensory impacts of cough medicines, such as the tingling sensation provided by certain flavoring agents, can enhance the placebo effect. It mentions that the placebo effect is influenced by the sensory impact of cough medicine and how additives can enhance a patient's perception of treatment effectiveness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Search withinThis JournalAnywhereSearch term Citation SearchSearch term Login login Institutional login 2 p. 192-202 New genes that extend Caenorhabditis elegans’ lifespan in response to reproductive signals of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of for more papers by this authorKan Chen, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of for more papers by this authorPriya Ramaswamy, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of for more papers by this authorCynthia Kenyon, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of for more papers by this author of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of for more papers by this authorKan Chen, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of for more papers by this authorPriya Ramaswamy, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of for more papers by this authorCynthia Kenyon, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of for more papers by this author First published: 15 November 2011 Three other genes encode proteins involved in lipid metabolism; one is a triacylglycerol lipase, and another is an acyl-CoA reductase. These genes do not noticeably affect bulk fat storage levels; therefore, we propose a model in which they may influence production of a lifespan-extending signal or metabolite. the germline of Caenorhabditis elegans, either by laser ablation of the germline precursor cells or by mutation of genes required for germ cell proliferation, extends lifespan by approximately 60% (Hsin & Kenyon, 1999). This lifespan extension appears to be caused specifically by loss of germline stem cells during adulthood (Arantes-Oliveira et al. , 2002). Removing germline stem cells in Drosophila adults increases the fly’s lifespan by up to 50% (Flatt et al. , 2008), and in mice, too, signals from the reproductive system can extend lifespan (Cargill et al. , 2003; Mason et al. , 2009). How the germ cells, which give rise to the progeny, also control the rate of aging of the body in which they reside is a fascinating but unanswered question. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific biological studies that suggest certain actions, such as removing germline stem cells, can extend lifespan in organisms like Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice, but it does not indicate that these methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. It points out that while lifespan can be extended, the mechanisms involved are complex and not fully understood, leaving the claim unsubstantiated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: & Drews, G. N. The AGL62 MADS domain protein regulates cellularization during endosperm development in Arabidopsis. 20, 635–647 (2008). Hoffmann, T. et al. The identification of type I MADS box genes as the upstream activators of an endosperm-specific invertase inhibitor in Arabidopsis. Biol 22 (2022). Lee, J. & Lee, I. Regulation and function of SOC1, a flowering pathway integrator. J 61, 2247–2254 (2010). Cokus, S. J. et al. Shotgun bisulphite sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome reveals DNA methylation patterning. Nature 452, 215–219 (2008). Ibanez, V. N. & Quadrana, L. Shaping inheritance: how distinct reproductive strategies influence DNA methylation memory in plants. 78 (2023). Alachiotis, N. & Pavlidis, P. RAiSD detects positive selection based on multiple signatures of a selective sweep and SNP vectors. 1 (2018). Pavlidis, P. , Zivkovic, D. , Stamatakis, A. & Alachiotis, N. SweeD: Likelihood-of in Thousands of Genomes. Evol 30, 2224–2234 (2013). Harris, A. M. & DeGiorgio, M. A for from Haplotype Data. Evol 37, 3023–3046 (2020). Demko, V. , Ako, E. , Perroud, P. F. , Quatrano, R. & Olsen, O. A. The phenotype of the 4 deletion mutant of Physcomitrella patens suggests a broad role in developmental regulation in early land plants. Planta 244, 275–284 (2016). Braud, C. , Zheng, W. & Xiao, W. Identification and analysis of LNO1-like and AtGLE1-like nucleoporins in plants. Behav 8, e27376 (2013). Zhao, H. , Xing, D. & Li, Q. Q. Unique features of plant cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor revealed by proteomic studies. 151, 1546–1556 (2009). Takatsuka, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants or ancient climates and ecosystems. It primarily discusses various scientific studies related to plant genetics and molecular biology, which is irrelevant to the claim of fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The placebo effect, where a patient experiences real improvements due to believing they're receiving treatment, is observed in many clinical trials. [SEP] Text: High concentrations of glucose and other sugars as well as inverted sugar will increase the viscosity of a cough medicine. Glycerol is a common component in cough medicines and it increases both the viscosity and the sweetness of the medicine [39]. The viscosity of cough medicines may be increased by addition of excipients such as carboxymethylcellulose sodium and carbomer, which can also act as coating agents to stick to the oral mucosa and prolong the sensory impact of flavors in the medicine [40]. ColorThe placebo effect of medicines such as tablets is influenced by the color of the tablet with red yellow and orange associated with a stimulant effect and blue and green associated with a tranquilising effect [41, 42]. Cough medicines are often colored and the most common colors are brown and red. The brown color often relating to the presence of a caramel flavor and the red color related to the addition of Ponceau 4R (E124). The brown and red colors may impart a sense of strength to the placebo effect although no published research has been found on the effect of color on the placebo effect of cough medicines. OdorNo information has been found in the literature on the use of odors to enhance or trigger placebo effects in cough medicines, but since odors have a great capacity to evoke memory and to influence behavior and emotion [43], it is likely that the odor of a cough medicine will influence the placebo effect of the medicine. Odor-evoked memories are especially visceral because of the neuroanatomy of olfaction and they evoke more emotional and evocative recollections than memories triggered by any other sensation [43]. Odors may be an under utilized tool in enhancing the placebo effect of cough medicines. Most cough medicines have a medicinal odor or a menthol odor and theses odors may trigger memory and influence the placebo effect. Large placebo effects have been reported for odors in aromatherapy, and a coffee-like scent which contains no caffeine can elicit a placebo effect and increase arousal [44, 45]BeliefA conscious belief in the efficacy of a cough medicine is probably the most important factor in determining the magnitude of the true placebo effect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the placebo effect can be influenced by various factors, including the color, odor, and a patient's belief in the efficacy of cough medicine. It highlights that a conscious belief in the efficacy of a cough medicine is a significant factor in determining the magnitude of the placebo effect, aligning with the claim that the placebo effect is observed in clinical trials.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Two transcription factors, the FOXO-family transcription factor DAF-16 and the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) DAF-12, are required for germline loss to extend lifespan in C. elegans (Hsin & Kenyon, 1999). DAF-16/FOXO is best known for its ability to extend lifespan in response to reduced insulin/IGF-1 signaling (Kenyon, 2010b). FOXO proteins have been linked to longevity in many animal species, and at least eight gene association studies suggest that they affect human longevity as well (Kenyon et al. , 1993; Hwangbo et al. , 2004; Giannakou et al. , 2004; Taguchi et al. , 2007; Willcox et al. , 2008; Anselmi et al. , 2009; Flachsbart et al. , 2009; Li et al. , 2009; Pawlikowska et al. , 2009; Soerensen et al. , 2010). In worms with reduced insulin/IGF-1 signaling, DAF-16 localizes to the nuclei of larval and adult tissues throughout the animal (Henderson & Johnson, 2001; Lee et al. , 2001; Lin et al. , 2001). Loss of the germline has a different effect on DAF-16 nuclear localization, causing DAF-16 to accumulate primarily in the nuclei of one tissue, the intestine, during adulthood (Lin et al. , 2001). The intestine appears to serve as C. elegans’ entire endoderm, carrying out functions associated with adipose tissue (fat storage), and the liver and pancreas (yolk production, and production of insulin and IGF-1-like hormones). DAF-16 functions in the intestine and other tissues to extend lifespan in response to inhibition of insulin/IGF-1 signaling, but it appears to function primarily in the intestine to extend lifespan in response to loss of the germ cells (Libina et al. , 2003). DAF-16’s function in the intestine/adipose tissue may potentially be conserved, as overexpressing dFOXO in adipose tissue extends fly lifespan, and down-regulation of insulin signaling in mouse adipose tissue extends lifespan as well (Bluher et al. , 2003; Giannakou et al. , 2004; Hwangbo et al. , 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific biological mechanisms related to lifespan extension in C. elegans, but does not support the notion that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. Instead, it focuses on the functions of certain transcription factors (like DAF-16) and insulin signaling pathways in relation to lifespan, indicating that while lifespan extension is possible under specific conditions, it is not an indefinite reversal of aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Umeda-Hara, C. & Umeda, M. Cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinases CDKD;1 and CDKD;3 are essential for preserving mitotic activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. 82, 1004–1017 (2015). . & Schultz, C. J. A fasciclin-like arabinogalactan-protein (FLA) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, fla1, shows defects in shoot regeneration. 6, e25154 (2011). Zhu, M. et al. Robust organ size requires robust timing of initiation orchestrated by focused auxin and cytokinin signalling. 6, 686–698 (2020). Zhao, H. et al. thaliana Y Transcription Factors. Sci 7, 2045 (2016). Chantha, S. C. , Gray-Mitsumune, M. , Houde, J. & Matton, D. P. and genes are essential for female gametophyte development in Arabidopsis thaliana. 16, 3–18 (2010). Chen, X. et al. Full-length EFOP3 and EFOP4 proteins are essential for pollen intine development in Arabidopsis thaliana. (2023). Zhou, Y. et al. Members of the ELMOD protein family specify formation of distinct aperture domains on the Arabidopsis pollen surface. Elife 10 (2021). Jossier, M. et al. vacuolar anion transporter, AtCLCc, is involved in the regulation of stomatal movements and contributes to salt tolerance. 64, 563–576 (2010). Gachomo, E. W. , Jimenez-Lopez, J. C. , Baptiste, L. J. & Kotchoni, S. O. 1 (GTS1), a member of Transducin/WD40 protein superfamily, controls seed germination, growth and biomass accumulation through ribosome-biogenesis protein interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biol 14, 37 (2014). Skalitzky, C. A. et al. a with Essential Functions. 155, 354–369 (2011). Jeon, Y. , Ahn, H. K. , Kang, Y. W. & Pai, H. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or indirectly, as it focuses solely on various studies related to Arabidopsis thaliana without mentioning fossilized plants or their significance to understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The placebo effect, where a patient experiences real improvements due to believing they're receiving treatment, is observed in many clinical trials. [SEP] Text: The factors listed above—taste, cooling, warming, tingling, viscosity, and color—all contribute to the sensory impact of the medicine and influence the perceived placebo effect, but if the patient does not believe in the efficacy of the medicine the sensory impact will have little if any influence on the true placebo effect. The sensory impact of the treatment can still provide a demulcent and soothing effect through stimulation of salivation and mucus production but unless the patient believes in the efficacy of the medicine it will not have a true placebo effect. The role of belief in the placebo effect has been discussed in detail by Evans in the book “Placebo. effect” [46], and a full discussion on the influence of belief on the placebo effect is beyond the remit of this review which is focussed on the role of belief in the efficacy of a cough medicine. Belief in the efficacy of a cough medicine is influenced by many different factors which have been described as the “psychosocial context around the therapy” [12]. Some of these factors are illustrated in Fig. 4. Belief about any cough therapy will first depend on the context of the therapy: is the patient consulting a healthcare practitioner such as a doctor, nurse or pharmacist in order to receive therapy or are they purchasing an over-the-counter (OTC) medicine from a supermarket or pharmacy outlet on their own initiative to obtain a cough therapy? In the first instance, the doctor–patient relationship and belief in the expertise of the practitioner will influence belief in the prescribed therapy, and in the second instance, purchase of an OTC cough medicine will be influenced by factors such as advertising claims, packaging, cost, previous experience, personal recommendations. The environment in which the therapy is prescribed or purchased will also influence belief as a prescribed therapy delivered in a famous research hospital by an eminent physician at great expense may influence belief about the efficacy of the therapy more than the belief associated with picking up a cheap OTC cough medicine from a supermarket. The placebo and the doctor–patient relationship has been discussed in detail by Benedetti [47] in terms of a new physiology which explores the relationship between belief and neurobiological phenomena. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of a patient's belief in the efficacy of treatment, which is fundamental to the concept of the placebo effect. It explains that for the placebo effect to be significant, the patient must believe that the treatment is effective. The discussion of belief's influence on the placebo effect aligns with the claim that such a phenomenon is observed in clinical trials.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Loss of the germ cells also increases the levels of TCER-1, a putative transcription elongation factor, in the intestine (Ghazi et al. , 2009). TCER-1 appears to have a rather focused activity in the worm, as its loss prevents germline ablation from extending lifespan, but does not affect normal lifespan (Ghazi et al. , 2009). A small set of genes up-regulated by DAF-16 in response to both germline loss and insulin/IGF-1 pathway inhibition has been identified, and TCER-1 is required for expression of some, but not all, of these genes in response to germline loss (Ghazi et al. , 2009). TCER-1 is not up-regulated in insulin/IGF-1-pathway mutants, and its activity is not required for their DAF-16-dependent gene expression or for lifespan extension. Likewise, an intestinal adaptor protein called KRI-1 is required for germline loss, but not insulin/IGF-1 pathway inhibition, to increase lifespan. Together, these and other findings indicate that DAF-16’s regulation and activity in the reproductive and insulin/IGF-1 pathways are distinct from one another (Kenyon, 2010a). -12 plays at least two distinct roles in germline-less animals. First, in animals that lack germ cells, DAF-12 is partially required for nuclear localization of DAF-16/FOXO (Berman & Kenyon, 2006). However, DAF-12 must play an additional role in the germline pathway, as a mutant DAF-16 protein that is constitutively localized to the nucleus cannot extend lifespan in response to germline loss without DAF-12 activity (Berman & Kenyon, 2006). DAF-12’s second role could be linked to that of another, recently described, -80, as DAF-12, but not DAF-16, is required for overexpression of nhr-80 to extend lifespan in germline-deficient animals (Goudeau et al. , 2011). How DAF-12 ultimately influences lifespan is not known. In intact animals, a set of potential longevity genes regulated by DAF-12 has been identified using microarray analysis (Fisher & Lithgow, 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various biological factors and pathways (such as DAF-16 and DAF-12) that influence lifespan in organisms, specifically mentioning that while certain genetic factors can impact lifespan in germline-deficient animals, these do not suggest that aging can be fully reversed or that lifespan can be extended indefinitely. The findings highlight distinct roles of genes in lifespan regulation without providing evidence for complete reversal of aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Functional characterization of chloroplast-targeted RbgA GTPase in higher plants. Biol 95, 463–479 (2017). McConnell, J. R. et al. Role of and in determining radial patterning in shoots. Nature 411, 709–713 (2001). Schwenk, P. et al. Uncovering a novel function of the CCR4-NOT complex in phytochrome A-mediated light signalling in plants. Elife 10 (2021). Farkas, I. , Dombradi, V. , Miskei, M. , Szabados, L. & Koncz, C. Arabidopsis PPP family of serine/threonine phosphatases. Sci 12, 169–176 (2007). & Shen, Z. G. The pentatricopeptide repeat protein GEND1 is required for root development and high temperature tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. 578, 63–69 (2021). Mochizuki, S. et al. 2 protein modulates root bending in response to environmental stimuli. 17, 537–547 (2005). Liu, C. H. et al. Repair of DNA by the and ATM in Arabidopsis. 27, 1788–1800 (2015). Bleuyard, J. Y. & White, C. I. homologue of Xrcc3 plays an essential role in meiosis. 23, 439–449 (2004). Lim, M. H. et al. A new Arabidopsis gene, FLK, encodes an RNA binding protein with K homology motifs and regulates flowering time via. 16, 731–740 (2004). Disch, S. et al. The E3 ubiquitin ligase controls arabidopsis organ size in a dosage-dependent manner. 16, 272–279 (2006). Li, H. F. et al. The AGL6-like gene OsMADS6 regulates floral organ and meristem identities in rice. 20, 299–313 (2010). Krizek, B. A. & Meyerowitz, E. M. homeotic genes 3 and are sufficient to provide the B class organ identity function. Development 122, 11–22 (1996). Lee, S. , Choi, S. C. & An, G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it seems to list various studies and articles about different aspects of plant biology without connecting to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s possible to erase painful memories through advanced neurological therapies. [SEP] Text: 0 bibliothekartag Bibliothekartag 2011 Bibliotheken Bibliotheks- und bibliothekspop bibliothekswesen bibliothekswissenschaft Call for Papers CfP Debatte digitale bibliothek ät Frankreich frei frei-tag 2011 frei-tag 2012 frei13 geisteswissenschaften Gesellschaft google iwp Kritik libreas libreas audio for methodologie open access Open Access-Zeitschriften podcast potsdam soziale software Unkonferenz urheberrecht usa visualisierung web 2. 0 wissenschaft wissenschaftliches publizieren wissenschaftskommunikation Wissenschaftssoziologie zitation Zukunft Öffentliche Bibliothekender Einträge Kommentare-Feed WordPress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to libraries, digital communication, and scientific publishing, without any mention of neurological therapies or memory erasure. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We then subjected these predicted overlapping subsets of genes again to BiNGO analysis for overrepresented gene ontology categories. For the predicted daf-12 targets, as before, neither the daf-16 enriched nor daf-16 un-enriched subsets showed any gene ontology categories overrepresented. Among the daf-16 targets, those showing daf-12 enrichment no longer showed overrepresentation for aging and lifespan-related biological processes, while those un-enriched still did. As discussed earlier, this is largely because the daf-16 targets that showed daf-12 enrichment from our array results in germline-deficient animals do not overlap significantly with previously published targets of daf-16 in the daf-2 pathway. Additionally, the daf-12 un-enriched daf-16 targets, that is, those daf-16 targets that we predict are not dependent on daf-12, also contained all of the genes responsible for overrepresentation of fatty acid metabolism in this group, and as a result, fatty acid metabolism is reported as overrepresented in the daf-12 un-enriched subset, but not in the daf-12 enriched subset. Regulatory analysis One possible source of additional information about the regulation of these genes could come from an analysis of overrepresented sequences in their promoter regions. To identify such sequences, we used RSAT oligo analysis of 1 kb upstream regions (van Helden et al. , 1998). For our predicted DAF-16 targets, the two most significantly overrepresented sequences were, first, and then. A portion of the first sequence, was identified previously as being overrepresented in the promoter sequences of DAF-16 targets in the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway (Murphy et al. , 2003) and was subsequently identified as a predicted erythroid-like transcription factor family (ELT) transcription-factor binding site that was overrepresented in the promoters of several aging-related gene sets (Budovskaya et al. , 2008). The second sequence was originally identified as a consensus binding sequence for mouse DAF-16/FOXO proteins (Furuyama et al. , 2000), and it was also found overrepresented in the promoters of DAF-16 targets in the C. elegans insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway (Murphy et al. , 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific biological analysis focused on genetic targets and their associations with aging. It highlights that certain predicted gene targets in daf-16 pathways do not show overrepresentation related to aging and lifespan processes, indicating that biohacking methods may not have sufficient scientific backing for the claimed ability to fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Rice SVP-group MADS-box proteins, OsMADS22 and OsMADS55, are negative regulators of brassinosteroid responses. 54, 93–105 (2008). . & Li, Y. H. Maternal control of seed size by EOD3/CYP78A6 in Arabidopsis thaliana. 70, 929–939 (2012). Sotelo-Silveira, M. et al. Cytochrome P450 CYP78A9 in Development. 162, 779–799 (2013). & Li, M. PaCYP78A9, a Cytochrome P450, Size in (Prunus avium L. ). Sci 8 (2017). Ellegren, H. & Galtier, N. Determinants of genetic diversity. Genet 17, 422–433 (2016). Theissen, G. & Theissen, G. Stranger than Fiction: Loss of MADS-Miniaturization of the of MADS-in Duckweeds. Genome, 91–101 (2020). et al. Unusual predominance of maintenance DNA methylation in <em>Spirodela polyrhiza</em&gt. bioRxiv, 2020. 2012. 2003. 410332 (2020). Underwood, C. J. et al. Epigenetic activation of meiotic recombination near Arabidopsis thaliana centromeres via loss of H3K9me2 and non-CG DNA methylation. Genome Res. 28, 519–531 (2018). Santamaria, L. Why are most aquatic plants widely distributed? Dispersal, clonal growth and small-scale heterogeneity in a stressful environment. 23, 137–154 (2002). Wang, Y. J. et al. Invasive alien plants benefit more from clonal integration in heterogeneous environments than natives. 216, 1072–1078 (2017). Gutekunst, J. et al. Clonal genome evolution and rapid invasive spread of the marbled crayfish. Evol 2, 567–573 (2018). Appenroth, K. -J. & Sree, K. in Stock Cooperative:. 180–186. Schubert, M. , Lindgreen, S. & Orlando, L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various proteins, genetic diversity, and studies related to plant biology without mentioning fossilized plants or their significance in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. There is no direct connection between the content of the text and the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity tends to increase ecosystem resilience, with diverse ecosystems being better able to recover from disturbances. [SEP] Text: AbstractThere is substantial evidence that biodiversity underpins ecosystem functioning, but it is unclear how these relationships change with multiple stressors in complex real-world settings. Coastal zones are affected by numerous stressors (for example, sediment input and nutrient runoff from land) and the cumulative effects of these stressors may result in pronounced and unexpected changes in the functioning of ecosystems. To investigate the cumulative effects of turbidity and elevated nutrients on coastal biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships, we performed a large-scale field experiment manipulating in situ sediment porewater ammonium concentrations and measured multiple ecosystem functions related to carbon fixation and mineralisation in 15 estuaries with varying levels of turbidity. The results indicated that the benthic macrofauna diversity (species richness, abundance, and functional richness) declined with increased porewater ammonium concentrations and there were clear thresholds in light levels at the seafloor in relation to the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships. Multifunctionality indices (an integrated index of all measured functions) in moderately turbid and turbid estuaries (daily mean seafloor PAR < 420 µmol m−2 s−1) decreased with the loss of macrofauna biodiversity. Functioning in low-turbidity estuaries (daily mean PAR > 420 µmol m−2 s−1) however remained relatively constant, suggesting that they were more resilient against the nutrient-induced biodiversity loss. Our results demonstrate that ecosystems already stressed by stressors that alter functional performance (turbidity) may be more prone to loss of overall functioning if biodiversity is reduced by another stressor (nutrient enrichment), highlighting the potential snowballing effects of cumulative change. Similar content being viewed by others at the Coast: Upland and Macrofauna and by Salinity 0. 04–2. 8 μmol l−1, NOx and P mostly below detection limits). The sites were located in sandy mid-intertidal sediments with natural densities of the bivalves Macomona liliana and Austrovenus stutchburyi. The sites were specifically chosen so that these functionally important species were present, indicating sites are in similar habitats and not heavily degraded (Clark and others 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating through a field experiment that biodiversity loss, particularly in benthic macrofauna, adversely affects ecosystem functions. Specifically, it states that the functioning in low-turbidity estuaries remained constant despite biodiversity loss, indicating resilience, whereas higher turbidity levels showed decreased multifunctionality with biodiversity loss. This suggests that greater biodiversity contributes to ecosystem resilience, as indicated by the results showing reduced ecosystem functioning in stressed environments when biodiversity is compromised.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The first category contained genes whose expression differed most significantly between the long-lived germline-deficient condition and all of the remaining non-long-lived conditions. These non-long-lived conditions included, in a glp-1(ts) background, the following strains: daf-16(+), daf-12(+) animals grown at 20 °C, and daf-12(−) and daf-16(−) worms mutants grown at either 20 or 25 °C. We began testing genes once we had carried out our first set of microarrays, which included only day-1 adults. We tested a total of 19 genes from this set (see Table S10). Among the genes we identified in this screen (#12 in our list) was tcer-1, the putative transcription elongation factor discussed earlier. This finding, too, validated our microarray strategy and also indicated that the increase in the TCER-1::green fluorescent protein (GFP) signal observed in germline-deficient animals (Ghazi et al. , 2009) likely results from changes in tcer-1 mRNA levels. We tested additional strains after completing all the arrays, which included mRNA samples from day 1–3 adults (Table S9). The second list we compiled and interrogated contained genes that were predicted to be (direct or indirect) DAF-16 targets in the germline pathway, and the third list contained genes that were predicted to be DAF-12 targets in the germline pathway. From this analysis, we identified several genes that were required for the increased longevity of germline-defective animals, but not for the longevity of wild type. These genes are discussed below. phi-62 encodes a conserved RNA-binding protein required for germline-deficient animals to live long phi-62 was identified in our initial day-1 ‘long- vs. short-lived’ comparison (#17 in our list), along with tcer-1. This gene encodes a small, 95-amino acid protein containing a predicted RNA-binding domain. phi-62 is C. elegans’ only member of a highly conserved protein family that has a single ortholog in many diverse animal species (Rampias et al. , 2008). capitata ortholog has been shown to have ribonuclease activity in vitro (Rampias et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific genes associated with longevity in germline-deficient organisms without suggesting that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or guarantee indefinite lifespan extension. The findings mentioned pertain to gene expression and conditions in 'long-lived' and 'non-long-lived' strains, emphasizing that while some genes support increased longevity, it does not imply full reversal of aging or extending lifespan indefinitely as per the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: AdapterRemoval v2: rapid adapter trimming, identification, and read merging. BMC 9, 88 (2016). Wang, W. et al. polyrhiza genome reveals insights into its neotenous reduction fast growth and aquatic lifestyle. 5 (2014). Cao, H. X. et al. The map-based genome sequence of Spirodela polyrhiza aligned with its chromosomes, a reference for karyotype evolution. 209, 354–363 (2016). Li, H. et al. Alignment/Map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 25, 2078–2079 (2009). McKenna, A. et al. Analysis Toolkit: A MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data. 20, 1297–1303 (2010). Danecek, P. et al. The variant call format and VCFtools. Bioinformatics 27, 2156–2158 (2011). Cingolani, P. et al. A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster strain w(1118); iso-2; iso-3. Fly 6, 80–92 (2012). Nelson, C. W. , Moncla, L. H. & : estimating evolutionary parameters to detect natural selection using pooled next-generation sequencing data. Bioinformatics 31, 3709–3711 (2015). Zhan, X. , Hu, Y. , Li, B. , Abecasis, G. R. & Liu, D. J. : an efficient and comprehensive tool for rare variant association analysis using sequence data. Bioinformatics 32, 1423–1426 (2016). Purcell, S. et al. PLINK: A tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. 81, 559–575 (2007). Raj, A. , Stephens, M. & Pritchard, J. K. fast: of in. Genetics 197, 573-U207 (2014). Zhang, C. , & Yang, T. L. PopLDdecay: a fast and effective tool for linkage disequilibrium decay analysis based on variant call format files. Bioinformatics 35, 1786–1788 (2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on various genomic and bioinformatics tools and studies, none of which address fossilized plants or their contributions to our understanding of ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity tends to increase ecosystem resilience, with diverse ecosystems being better able to recover from disturbances. [SEP] Text: Declining species richness resulted in a decrease in MFindex across the sites, but importantly this relationship was dependent on light group (significant light group × species richness interaction in linear mixed models; Table 2). The MFindex decreased with decreasing number of species in turbid and moderately turbid sites, but there was no significant relationship within the clear light group (Figure 3A; Table 2). The biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships were thus nonlinear in response to turbidity. The slopes and intercepts of the regression lines within the turbid and moderately turbid groups did not significantly differ from each other. Similar results were found when using abundance or functional richness instead of the number of species as the predictor representing the benthic macrofaunal community (see Table 3, 0. 05) of (S), Abundance (N), and (FRic) on the MFindex and the Indicated (see Table 2, 2006. Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. 9:1146–56. 2014. Linking biodiversity and ecosystem services: current uncertainties and the necessary next steps. BioScience 64:49–57. 1988. The effects of macrobenthic deposit-feeding on the degradation of chloropigments in sandy sediments. J 122:243–55. 2008. Functional consequences of realistic biodiversity changes in a marine ecosystem. 105:924–28. 31. égoire çon V, Gilbert D, Gutiérrez. 2018. Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters. Science 359: eaam7240. . 2019. of Multiple Stressors: Into the Influence of Timing and Sequence. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7. . 2014. Investigating the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality: challenges and solutions. Evol 5:111–24. 2012. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486:59–67. 2017. Bioturbation as a key driver behind the dominance of Bacteria over Archaea in near-surface sediment. 7:2400. 2017. Benthic primary producers are key to sustain the food web: stable carbon isotope analysis at landscape scale. Ecology 98:1498–512. 2020. The development of a national approach to monitoring estuarine health based on multivariate analysis. Bull 150:110602. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents evidence that supports the claim by discussing the relationship between species richness and the MFindex, indicating that as species richness declines, the MFindex also decreases in turbid and moderately turbid ecosystems. This decline highlights the importance of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem functioning, suggesting that diverse ecosystems are indeed better suited to withstand and recover from disturbances—aligning with the claim that biodiversity increases ecosystem resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: , 2003, and RNAi knockdown of phi-62 has been shown to accelerate protein aggregation in a worm model of polyglutamine-aggregation disease (Nollen et al. , 2004). We found that RNAi knockdown of phi-62 reduced the lifespan of germline-deficient animals approximately to that of wild-type, while reducing wild-type lifespan only slightly. This phenotype was similar to that caused by daf-16 RNAi (Fig. 2A). With this in mind, we asked whether phi-62 was required for the expression of known DAF-16-regulated genes using GFP reporters in transgenic animals. We examined dod-8 and sod-3, both of which are up-regulated in germline-deficient animals in a daf-16 dependent manner. Interestingly, dod-8 up-regulation was abolished by RNAi knockdown of phi-62, whereas sod-3 expression was unaffected (Fig. 2B). This target specificity was reminiscent of that of tcer-1, which is also required for germline-deficient animals to live long (Ghazi et al. , 2009). To investigate this apparent similarity more closely, we examined three more genes that were regulated by tcer-1. We found complete coincidence between the effects of phi-62 and tcer-1 on these genes (Fig. S2). These findings raise the interesting possibility that this putative RNA-binding protein functions in association (directly or indirectly) with TCER-1. Figure 2Open in figure viewerPowerPoint phi-62 is required for removal of the germline to increase lifespan. It is also required for up-regulation of dod-8, a known daf-16-regulated gene, but not for sod-3, another daf-16-regulated gene, in animals that lack the germline. (A) glp-1(e2141ts): vector-only control n = 96, m = 23. 8 days, phi-62(RNAi) n = 72, m = 16. 9 days, P < 0. 0001. (B) wild-type (N2): vector-only control n = 70, m = 19. 1 days, phi-62(RNAi) n = 62, m = 16. 2 days, P < 0. 0001. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific experimental results related to gene regulation and lifespan in a genetic model. It presents findings that indicate RNAi knockdown of phi-62 reduces the lifespan of germline-deficient animals to that of wild-type, suggesting that lifespan extension through biological means is not absolute or capable of reversing aging. The mention of specific genes and their effects on lifespan also implies limitations on the idea that biohacking methods can reverse aging indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Camacho, C. et al. BLAST plus: architecture and applications. 10 (2009). Yin, J. M. et al. A high-quality genome of taro (Colocasia esculenta(L. ) Schott), one of the world's oldest crops. Resour 21, 68–77 (2021). Kozlov, A. M. , Darriba, D. , Flouri, T. , Morel, B. & Stamatakis, A. RAxML-NG: a fast, scalable and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. Bioinformatics 35, 4453–4455 (2019). Flouri, T. et al. Likelihood Library. 64, 356–362 (2015). Darriba, D. et al. ModelTest-NG: A New and for the Selection of DNA and Models. Evol 37, 291–294 (2020). Letunic, I. & Bork, P. (iTOL) v4: recent updates and new developments. Res 47, W256-W259 (2019). Huerta-Cepas, J. , Dopazo, J. & Gabaldon, T. ETE: a python Environment for Tree Exploration. 11 (2010). Meinke, D. W. Genome-wide identification of -(EMB) genes required for growth and development in Arabidopsis. 226, 306–325 (2020). Racimo, F. Testing for Using Cross-population Differentiation. Genetics 202, 733–750 (2016). Bolger, A. M. , Lohse, M. & Usadel, B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30, 2114–2120 (2014). Krueger, F. & Andrews, S. R. Bismark: a flexible aligner and methylation caller for Bisulfite-Seq applications. Bioinformatics 27, 1571–1572 (2011). Wang, W. Q. & Messing, J. High-of (Duckweeds) from Total DNA. 6 (2011). Schultz, M. D. , Schmitz, R. J. & Ecker, J. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it references various research articles and authors that appear unrelated to the claim. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity tends to increase ecosystem resilience, with diverse ecosystems being better able to recover from disturbances. [SEP] Text: Testing the effects of diversity on ecosystem multifunctionality using a multivariate model. 18:1242–251. 2016. In situ soft sediment nutrient enrichment: a unified approach to eutrophication field experiments. Bull 111:287–94. 2017. Macrofaunal functional diversity provides resilience to nutrient enrichment in coastal sediments. Ecosystems 20:1324–36. 2018. Sedimentary environment influences ecosystem response to nutrient enrichment. 41:1994–2008. 2005. Major role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle. Biogeosciences 2:1–8. 2007. Rare species, habitat diversity and functional redundancy in marine benthos. J 58:291–301. 2008. Multiple functions increase the importance of biodiversity for overall ecosystem functioning. Ecology 89:1223–31. 2015. Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what’s known and what’s next? Oikos 124:252–65. 2019. Linking traits across ecological scales determines functional resilience. Evolut 34:1080–91. 2008. Oxygen dynamics of marine sediments. Res 4:243–89. 1997. Marine biodiversity: patterns, threats and conservation needs. 6:153–75. 2021. We should not necessarily expect positive relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in observational field data. 24:2537–48. 2015. Spatial and temporal changes in cumulative human impacts on the world’s ocean. 6:7615. 2007. Biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. Nature 448:188–90. 2019. Monitoring for tipping points in the marine environment. J 234:131–7. 2019. Assessing sensitivities of marine areas to stressors based on biological traits. 33:142–51. 1998. Effects of plant composition and diversity on nutrient cycling. 68:21–149. 2019. Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. E. S. Brondizio, J. Settele, S. Díaz, and H. T. Ngo (editors). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. P 1148. JBC. 2001. What was natural in the coastal oceans? 98:5411–18. 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that multiple studies address the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. For example, references such as 'Macrofaunal functional diversity provides resilience to nutrient enrichment in coastal sediments' suggest that diversity contributes to resilience in ecological contexts. Additionally, the phrase 'Multiple functions increase the importance of biodiversity for overall ecosystem functioning' reinforces the link between biodiversity and increased ecosystem resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: , 2006; Wang et al. , 2006; Li et al. , 2007). We found that RNAi knockdown of ftt-2 reduced the long lifespan of germline-defective animals to that of wild type (Fig. 3), while not shortening wild-type lifespan. Because FTT-2 has also been shown to interact with SIR-2. 1 (Berdichevsky et al. , 2006; Wang et al. , 2006), we tested the lifespan of a glp-1(e2141ts); sir-2. 1(ok434) double mutant. These animals were long-lived, indicating that SIR-2. 1 is not part of the germline longevity pathway (data not shown). These results suggest the possibility that PHI-62, TCER-1, FTT-2 and DAF-16 may act together in the regulation of DAF-16 target gene expression. Figure 3Open in figure viewerPowerPoint ftt-2 RNAi prevents loss of the germline from increasing lifespan. (A) glp-1(e2141ts): vector-only control n = 90, m = 24. 4, ftt-2(RNAi) n = 87, m = 16. 4, P < 0. 0001, (B) wild-type (N2): vector-only control n = 89, m = 18. 4, ftt-2(RNAi) n = 85, m = 17. 6, P < 0. 1. In an attempt to further characterize the regulatory relationships between TCER-1, PHI-62, FTT-2 and DAF-16, we asked whether the previously-reported lifespan extension of tcer-1-overexpressing worms was dependent on expression of the other three genes. As previously reported (Ghazi et al. , 2009), we saw a modest but statistically significant increase in the lifespan of tcer-1-overexpressing worms relative to wild-type, and this increase did not occur upon RNAi knockdown of daf-16 (Table S10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific biological mechanisms and experiments related to lifespan extension in worms, suggesting that while some genetic interventions may lead to modest increases in lifespan, they do not indicate that aging can be fully reversed or lifespan extended indefinitely. The results show that certain RNAi knockdown experiments affected long-lived germline-defective animals without confirming indefinite lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: AbstractMany insects with long-proboscid mouthparts are among the pollinators of seed plants. Several cases of the long-proboscid pollination mode are known between fossil insects (e. g. , true flies, scorpionflies and lacewings) and various extinct gymnosperm lineages, beginning in the and increasing during the to Early Cretaceous. However, details on the morphology of lacewing proboscides and the relevant pollination habit are largely lacking. Here we report on three lacewing species that belong to two new genera and a described genus from mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) amber of Myanmar. All these species possess relatively long proboscides, which are considered to be modified from maxillary and labial elements, probably functioning as a temporary siphon for feeding on nectar. Remarkably, these proboscides range from 0. 4–1. 0 mm in length and are attributed to the most diminutive ones among the contemporary long-proboscid insect pollinators. Further, they clearly differ from other long-proboscid lacewings which have a much longer siphon. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that these Burmese long-proboscid lacewings belong to the superfamily Psychopsoidea but cannot be placed into any known family. The present findings represent the first description of the mouthparts of long-proboscid lacewings preserved in amber and highlight the evolutionary diversification of the ancient plant-pollinator interactions. Similar content being viewed by others Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber 3. The antiquity of Neuroptera and their relictual nature are considered the reasons why the group today exhibits a rich diversity of radically divergent morphologies and highly specialized life histories4,5. Hitherto, the extant Neuroptera comprise 16 families in ca. 6000 species6, while the fossil record for lacewings is extremely rich and includes many extinct families that existed during the Permian and throughout the Mesozoic7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the pollination interactions between ancient insects and extinct gymnosperms, which, while related to the broader themes of paleobiology, does not provide specific insights into the climates or ecosystems inferred from fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity tends to increase ecosystem resilience, with diverse ecosystems being better able to recover from disturbances. [SEP] Text: Sedimentary environment influences the effect of an infaunal suspension feeding bivalve on estuarine ecosystem function. PloS One 6:e27065. 1994. Acute toxicity of ammonia to four species of marine amphipod. Res 38:1–15. 2012. What is bioturbation? The need for a precise definition for fauna in aquatic sciences. 446:285–302. 2010. A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology 91:299–305. 2014. FD-package measuring functional diversity from multiple traits, and other tools for functional ecology. See packages/FD/FD. pdf. Lam-. 2020. Ecosystem functioning and functional approaches on marine macrobenthic fauna: a research synthesis towards a global consensus. 115:106379. 2015. Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats. 6:6936. 2001. The function of marine critical transition zones and the importance of sediment biodiversity. Ecosystems 4:430–51. 2005. Rapid reworking of subtidal sediments by burrowing spatangoid urchins. J 321:155–69. 2015. The up-scaling of ecosystem functions in a heterogeneous world. 5:10349. 2001. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294:804–8. 2012. Assessment of anthropogenic threats to marine habitats. No. 93. 255 p. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington. FT, Castillo--Hueso R. 2012a. Species richness effects on ecosystem multifunctionality depend on evenness, composition and spatial pattern. J Ecol 100:317–30. 18. 2020. Shady business: the darkening of estuaries constrains benthic ecosystem function. 647:33–48. 2018. Redefining ecosystem multifunctionality. Evolut 2:427–36. 1996. Microphytobenthos: the ecological role of the “secret garden” of unvegetated, shallow-water marine habitats. II. role in sediment stability and shallow-water food webs. Estuaries 19:202–12. 2013. Response diversity determines the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change. 88:349–64. 2009. A review of land-based effects on coastal fisheries and supporting biodiversity in New Zealand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to studies that establish a connection between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, particularly emphasizing statements like 'Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats' and 'Species richness effects on ecosystem multifunctionality depend on evenness, composition and spatial pattern.' Such findings suggest that greater biodiversity contributes positively to the resilience and recovery capabilities of ecosystems following disturbances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We further saw that this increase of lifespan in tcer-1-overexpressing worms did not occur upon RNAi knockdown of ftt-2 or phi-62 (Table S10), suggesting that ftt-2 and phi-62 act downstream of, or in parallel to, tcer-1. To find out more about possible relationships between daf-16, ftt-2 and phi-62, we asked whether RNAi knockdown of ftt-2 or phi-62 could further shorten the already shortened lifespan of germline-deficient daf-16; glp-1 worms, and found that it could not in either case (Fig. S4). This finding is consistent with the possibility that these three genes play related roles in the lifespan extension of germline-deficient animals. We also asked whether the nuclear localization of DAF-16 in the intestines of germline-deficient animals was affected by RNAi knockdown of either phi-62 or ftt-2. We found that RNAi knockdown of phi-62 greatly reduced DAF-16 intestinal nuclear localization in germline-deficient animals, and knockdown of ftt-2 reduced it as well, although more modestly. This latter finding was unexpected. Previous groups have shown an increase in DAF-16 nuclear localization upon RNAi knockdown of ftt-2 and no effect upon RNAi knockdown of its close homolog par-5 (Berdichevsky et al. , 2006; Li et al. , 2007). However, these studies examined intact rather than germline-deficient worms and also employed an ftt-2 or par-5-specific RNAi construct, whereas the RNAi clone we used (from the Ahringer library) is likely to target both homologs. Therefore, we obtained the ftt-2- and par-5-specific constructs and repeated these measurements in both glp-1(−) and wild-type worms. Again, we saw that DAF-16 intestinal nuclear localization was decreased in glp-1(−) mutants and not increased in the wild-type (Fig. S5). Why do our findings differ? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific genetic experiments that show limitations on lifespan extension in organisms, specifically in regards to DAF-16 and its interactions with gene knockdowns. The findings mentioned do not support the notion that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely; instead, they highlight that lifespan extension in certain organisms is connected to specific genetic factors and their interactions, suggesting that there are biological constraints to lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The most dramatic diversity of lacewings occurred in the Jurassic and Cretaceous palaeofauna and gave rise many morphologically specialized groups, such as the giant butterfly-like Kalligrammatidae, the pinnate leaf-mimic Saucrosmylidae and the minute two-winged mantispid-like Dipteromantispidae8,9,10. Generally, adults of lacewings are predators. Nonetheless, there are minor exceptions, e. g. , some species of Osmylidae, Sisyridae (spongillaflies), Chrysopidae (green lacewings), Myrmeleontidae (ant lions) and Nemopteridae (spoon-winged or thread-winged lacewings), feed on plant material, such as bark flakes, pollen and honeydew. Among them is a species of Nemoptera (Nemopteridae) with relatively specialized mouthparts that are basically mandibulate with slenderly elongated parts of maxillae and labium; the morphological relevance of the proboscis with respect to pollen-feeding has been documented in detail11. Interestingly, recently discovered species of an extinct lineage of butterfly-like Kalligrammatidae were associated with a peculiar pollination mode due to the siphonate mouthparts that range from a slender proboscis of 11 mm to robust proboscides of 20–25 mm length12. Kalligrammatidae was considered to belong to the neuropteran clade Psychopsoidea, which currently also includes Psychopsidae, Osmylopsychopidae and Aetheogrammatidae10. Psychopsoids are characterized by broad wings mostly with dilated costal space, branched recurrent veinlet and richly branched veins13, but an unambiguous autapomorphy of this clade has not yet been established. Psychopsidae (silky lacewings) is the only extant family of Psychopsoidea and has been placed together with Nemopteridae, Nymphidae, Myrmeleontidae and Ascalaphidae in the well-defined monophyletic assemblage Myrmeleontiformia and today Psychopsidae comprises six genera and 27 species distributed in southern Africa, southeastern Asia and Australia6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses the diversity of lacewings and their morphological features without mentioning fossilized plants or their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Invasive species often disrupt local ecosystems by outcompeting native species for resources and habitat. [SEP] Text: Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. 2021, 422, 2Habitat overlap and body condition in aquatic turtles: are there additive effects between invasive and native species? Chevauchement de l'habitat et état corporel chez les tortues aquatiques: y a-t-il des effets additifs entre les espèces exogène et indigènes? Daniel Escoriza1*, Pau Sunyer2, Santiago Poch1,2 and Dani Boix1 1 of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain 2 Fundació Emys, Carretera de Santa Coloma, Km 21, 17421 Riudarenes, Spain * Corresponding author: daniel_escoriza@hotmail. com Received: 28 October 2020 Accepted: 5 January 2021 scripta (Reptilia, Emydidae) is among the most widespread invasive reptiles in the world. In general, it is assumed that this species has negative effects on native aquatic turtles based on experiments conducted under controlled conditions. Here, we analysed a 7‒year time series (2013‒2019) of data from captures of three species of turtles (two natives and one alien) from natural populations in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. We evaluated (i) the interspecific spatial overlap and (ii) the correlation between the scaled mass index (SMI) of the native turtles and the abundance of T. scripta, including an interaction effect between the species. The analyses revealed that T. scripta has relatively low spatial overlap with Emys orbicularis but high overlap with Mauremys leprosa. Overall, the abundance of T. scripta was not associated with significant variations in the SMI of the native species, although for the female E. orbicularis, we detected a negative trend. The analyses also indicated that the abundance of T. scripta does not have an additive effect on the SMI of other turtles, even if there is a negative effect between native species. These findings suggested that the impact of T. scripta on other turtles could be density-dependent. Résumé Trachemys scripta (Reptilia, Emydidae) est l'un des reptiles exogènes les plus répandus au monde. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the widespread invasive species Trachemys scripta and its interaction with native turtles. It notes that there are negative effects on native species and evaluates spatial overlap and correlation in body condition, implying that the invasive species can impact the native species, aligning with the claim that invasive species disrupt local ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: In our experiments, we initiated RNAi treatment at the time of hatching and examined the worms when they became adults, at 20 °C, after shifting the animals at the L2–L4 stage to 25 °C [as this removes the germline stem cells of glp-1(e2141ts) mutants]. Li et al. initiated RNAi in L4 larvae at 16 °C. They then examined L3 progeny, rather than same-generation adults. Berdichevsky et al. also initiated RNAi in L4 larvae and observed nuclear DAF-16 localization in their L3 and adult progeny. Whether the timing of treatment, temperature or another variable is responsible for the difference, the results reported here are relevant to regulation of DAF-16 in the germline context because (i) our treatment regime mimics exactly that used in the lifespan assays, whose outcomes we seek to understand, and (ii) work in our laboratory has shown that the up-regulation of DAF-16 reporters in germline-deficient animals is not noticeable until adulthood. Finally, we asked whether RNAi knockdown of ftt-2 might affect the expression of genes that are normally switched on in a daf-16-dependent fashion in germline-defective mutants. We assayed GFP reporters for sod-3, whose induction requires daf-16, and dod-8, whose induction not only requires daf-16 but also tcer-1 and phi-62. Surprisingly, we did not see any change in the up-regulation of these two genes (Fig. S6). lips-17 and fard-1 are lipid metabolism genes required for the longevity of germline-deficient animals lips-17 encodes a predicted triacylglycerol lipase and was present in our list of genes differentially regulated in long- vs. short-lived animals. Y71H10A. 2, which we named fard-1, encodes a predicted fatty acyl reductase and was identified as a gene up-regulated in germline-deficient animals in a daf-12-dependent manner in our microarrays. RNAi knockdown of either lips-17 or fard-1 shortened the lifespan of germline-deficient animals roughly to that of wild-type, while not shortening wild-type lifespan (Fig. 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific experiments involving RNA interference (RNAi) treatments and their effects on the lifespan of germline-deficient animals. It implies that while certain genetic manipulations can influence lifespan, they do not suggest an indefinite extension of lifespan or a complete reversal of aging. For instance, it details that knockdown of specific genes (lips-17 and fard-1) shortens lifespan but does not prolong wild-type lifespan, which indicates that the methods discussed may not fully reverse aging as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In addition, there are approximately 25 genera and 40 species of fossil psychopsids known from the Triassic to Tertiary13,14. Psychopsidae is regarded to be closely related to the extinct family Osmylopsychopidae which was a dominant psychopsoid group during the Mesozoic13. However, the taxonomy of fossil psychopsids is in great need of revision since many genera and species have uncertain familial positions due to poorly preserved, fragmentary or incomplete wings in fossils13. The natural history of Psychopsidae is poorly known for the majority of species15. The most intriguing biological trait of adult silky lacewings is the in-flight ovipositional behavior15, but there are no records on their feeding habits. The larvae of silky lacewings are carnivorous and are reported to feed on small arthropods living under tree bark16. The biology of other psychopsoid families, i. e. Osmylopsychopidae and Aetheogrammatidae, are completely unknown. Here we report on three lacewing species based on exquisitely preserved specimens from mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar. These species are considered to belong to the superfamily Psychopsoidea based on various wing features. However, they greatly differ from each other in details of the wing venation and cannot be assigned to any of the known families of Psychopsoidea. Strikingly, all these species possess highly specialized mouthparts with remarkably elongated elements. We compared the mouthpart morphology of these species with contemporary kalligrammatids that have siphonate mouthparts and found differences in detail that are possibly related to divergent host plants. These new fossil discoveries provide significant evidence for understanding the insect-plant interactions during mid-Cretaceous when angiosperms diversified. Systematic palaeontology Linnaeus, 1758 Handlirsch, 1906 sedis gen. nov. (Figure 1)Figure 1Fiaponeura penghiani gen. et sp. nov. (a) habitus photo, dorsal; (b) habitus drawing; (c) photo of proximal part of forewing; (d) photo of proximal part of hindwing; (e) photo of foreleg tarsus. Scale bar: 2 mm (a); 2. 5 mm (b); 0. 5 mm (c); 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it largely discusses the taxonomy and biology of fossil psychopsids without providing any specific information about how fossilized plants offer insights into ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Invasive species often disrupt local ecosystems by outcompeting native species for resources and habitat. [SEP] Text: En général, on considère que cette espèce a des effets négatifs sur les tortues aquatiques autochtones en se basant sur des expériences menées dans des conditions contrôlées. Nous avons analysé les données de 7 années (2013‒2019) de captures de trois espèces de tortues (deux autochtones et une invasive) issues de populations naturelles dans le nord-est de la Péninsule Ibérique. Nous avons évalué (i) le chevauchement spatial interspécifique et (ii) la corrélation entre l'indice de masse des tortues autochotones et l'abondance de T. scripta, y compris l'effet d'interactions interspecifiques. Nos analyses montrent que T. scripta présente un chevauchement spatial relativement faible avec Emys orbicularis, et élevé avec Mauremys leprosa. L'abondance de T. scripta n'est pas associée à des variations significatives du SMI de l'espèce autochtone, même si dans le cas de femelles E. orbicularis, une tendance négative a été enregistrée. Nos résultats indiquent que l'abondance de T. scripta n'a pas d'effet additif sur le SMI des autres tortues, même s'il y a un effet négatif entre les espèces autochtones. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'impact de T. scripta sur les autres espèces de tortues pourrait dépendre de leur densité. Key words: Alien species body mass competition Mediterranean Trachemys scripta Mots clés : Espèces exogène masse corporelle compétition Méditerranéen Trachemys scripta © D. Escoriza et al. , Published by EDP Sciences 2021 This is an 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the effects of the invasive species T. scripta on native turtle species. It indicates that T. scripta may have a negative impact on native turtle populations, particularly through its interactions with Emys orbicularis, suggesting a disruption in the local ecosystem. While the text notes low spatial overlap with Emys orbicularis, the mention of a potentially negative trend for females highlights competition for resources, which aligns with the claim of invasive species disrupting local ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: germline(−); fard-1(RNAi) P = 0. 02. germline(−) vs. all RNAi treatments, N. S. Animals lacking a germline have been shown to have greatly reduced staining with the dye Nile red, and RNAi knockdown of K04A8. 5 suppresses this abnormal Nile red phenotype (Wang et al. , 2008). We asked what effect RNAi knockdown of lips-17 and fard-1 might have on Nile red staining and found that knockdown of lips-17, and to a lesser extent knockdown of fard-1, increased Nile red staining in germline-deficient animals, while not increasing staining in wild-type animals, a phenotype reminiscent of the K04A8. 5-knockdown phenotype (Fig. 5). Nile red has been thought to stain fat in C. elegans, but it was shown recently to more specifically stain intestinal lysosomes (Schroeder et al. , 2007; O’Rourke et al. , 2009). Recently published work has suggested that oil-red-O staining is a better indicator of fat levels than is Nile red, as confirmed by solid-phase lipid extraction followed by GC/MS (O’Rourke et al. , 2009; Soukas et al. , 2009). Using oil-red-O staining, we found that overall fat storage was clearly increased in germline-defective animals relative to wild-type, as first observed by O’Rourke et al. (2009). This increase was not affected by RNAi knockdown of lips-17, fard-1 or K04A8. 5 (Fig. 4). This finding suggests that these lipid-metabolizing genes are unlikely to influence lifespan by mechanisms that involve gross changes in total lipid stores. Figure 5Open in figure viewerPowerand a hypothetical model. Upon removal of the germline, DAF-16 localizes to the nuclei of intestinal cells. Together with DAF-12, this causes up-regulation of fard-1 and lips-17, which may be involved in the production of a hypothetical lipophilic signal from the intestine to other tissues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the findings suggest certain lipid-metabolizing genes are unlikely to influence lifespan through mechanisms involving significant changes to total lipid stores. This indicates a limitation to the effectiveness of biohacking methods related to aging and lifespan extension, thereby challenging the claim that such methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2 mm (d); 0. 05 mm (e). Full size imageType species: Fiaponeura penghiani sp. nov. DiagnosisMedium-sized lacewings (forewing length ~11. 59 mm). Head (Fig. 1) orthognathous, feebly domed dorsally. Compound eye with maximum diameter nearly equal in length to distance between inner margins of eyes. Ocelli absent. Antenna filiform, densely hairy, at least longer than length of head plus prothorax. Mouthparts composed of a bifid labrum, reduced mandibles and conspicuously elongated maxillae and labium; maxilla with a long blade-like lobe putatively composed of galea or galea +lacinia, ~2/3 the length of maxillary palp; labium with elongated, distally bifid ligula, which is ~2/3 the length of labial palp. Pronotum about twice as long as wide, slightly narrower than head. Legs slender, each leg with a tibial spur. Wings broad, densely veined, with transversely band-like dark markings. Forewing subtriangular, with round distal margin; trichosores present on almost entire wing margin; a proximal nygma present; costal space narrow at base but distinctly broadened at middle, with a short simple humeral veinlet slightly bent to wing base and with simple and forked costal crossveins, among which no interlink veinlet is present; subcostal space ~1/4 as wide as costal space at middle; four or five ORBs and MA diverging from R; MA dichotomously branched at middle; MP initially branched near wing base, with both main branches dichotomously branched; CuA distally pectinately branched, CuP dichotomously branched from midlength; a short, oblique mp-cua crossvein present; A1 dichotomously branched; A2 short, but pectinately branched; A3 bifurcated; two gradate series of crossveins proximad outer gradate series. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to describe characteristics of a newly identified species of lacewing and provides detailed anatomical information. This information does not relate to fossilized plants or insights into ancient climates or ecosystems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Invasive species often disrupt local ecosystems by outcompeting native species for resources and habitat. [SEP] Text: 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. 1 spread of invasive species is one of the most compelling problems for biodiversity conservation globally (Early et al. , 2016). The number of species recognized as invasive is constantly increasing worldwide, possibly accelerated by human transport, deterioration of the quality of ecosystems, and global warming (Huang et al. , 2011). Some of these species are particularly harmful to native communities, and this effect is derived from competition, predation, or the transmission of pathogens (Strayer, 2010). An example of an invasive reptile is the pond slider, Trachemys scripta (Thunberg in Schoepff, 1792). This species was extensively commercialized as a pet in the last decades of the 20th century and has established breeding populations in numerous tropical and subtropical regions around the world (Burgin, 2006; Ramsay et al. , 2007; Tortato et al. , 2014). Once established, T. scripta may have negative effects on native turtle species due to competitive interference in dietary or thermoregulatory resources or by acting as a disease vector (Cadi and Joly, 2003; Lee and Park, 2010; Iglesias et al. , 2015; Balzani et al. , 2016). Interactions with other species of aquatic turtles are apparently unbalanced in favour of T. scripta due to its larger size and aggressive behaviour (Polo-Cavia et al. , 2009, 2011). However, negative effects from populations of this species on native freshwater turtles have not been reported in all regions where it appears (Wang et al. , 2013). In this study, we evaluated the patterns of spatial overlap of T. scripta with two species of native turtles, Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Mauremys leprosa (Schweigger, 1812) in the upper Tordera basin (northeastern Spain). Preliminary research suggested that these three species coexist in the same aquatic habitats, but it is not known how they overlap spatially (Escoriza et al. , 2020). In this sense, we expected that two types of patterns may appear: spatial partition (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that invasive species, such as the pond slider (Trachemys scripta), can have negative effects on native species due to competitive interference in dietary or thermoregulatory resources. It specifies that invasive species outcompete native ones and introduces competitive dynamics that disrupt local ecosystems. The passage also mentions that these effects can arise from competition, predation, and disease transmission, supporting the assertion that invasive species disrupt local ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: DAF-16, PHI-62 and FTT-2 (or their orthologs in other species) have been shown to interact physically and are all required for lifespan extension by germline ablation, suggesting the possibility that they may act together in this process. PHI-62 and TCER-1 are required for changes in the expression of some but not all DAF-16 target genes. mdt-15(RNAi) worms are short-lived One final RNAi knockdown, of mdt-15, produced a noteworthy phenotype. mdt-15 is a transcriptional mediator subunit orthologous to human MED15. In C. elegans, mdt-15 is required for expression of fatty acid desaturase genes, genes induced during fasting, and genes involved in metabolic adaptation to ingested material (Taubert et al. , 2006, 2008). mdt-15 was identified as a gene up-regulated in germline-deficient animals in a daf-16-dependent manner in our microarrays and was also previously identified as a daf-16-regulated gene in the insulin signaling pathway (Murphy et al. , 2003). In one trial, RNAi knockdown of mdt-15 was found to reduce the lifespan of germline-deficient animals. However, as reduction of mdt-15 function also shortens wild-type lifespan (Taubert et al. , 2008), mdt-15 may not act in a germline-specific fashion. It is not clear whether mdt-15 plays a role in the expression or action of the lipid metabolism genes discussed earlier, but that is an interesting possibility. this study, we used a block-design microarray approach to identify genes differentially expressed in long-lived germline-deficient animals. We further identified genes whose altered expression most strongly depended on either the DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor or the DAF-12 NHR. We found that many of the genes dependent on DAF-16 in this germline-deficient context were the same genes previously identified in a daf-2(−) context, suggesting that there exists a transcriptional signature common to these two lifespan-extending pathways. This interpretation is strengthened by the finding that the same upstream DNA sequences were overrepresented in DAF-16-regulated genes in these two longevity pathways. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific genetic interactions and mechanisms related to lifespan extension in C. elegans, as observed through various experiments. It explains that certain genes, like mdt-15, are involved in lifespan regulation and that changes in these genes can lead to both shorter and longer lifespans under different conditions. Importantly, the text does not suggest that these findings translate into methods that can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely, instead indicating that lifespan extension has complex, gene-dependent pathways that do not confirm the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Hindwing much narrower than forewing, ovoid, but strongly narrowed proximad; trichosores present along margin of distal half; a median nygma present between Rs and MA; Sc and R fused distally; single Rs + MA separating from R near wing base; base of MA oblique and slightly sinuate; MP probably dichotomously branched; CuA and CuP both distally pectinately branched; A1 straight with a marginal fork; A2 and A3 simple. EtymologyThe generic epithet is a combination of Fiap (FIAP = The Inter-Federation, which has long supported the author WZ’s work on philately) and neural (plural form of the noun neuron, nerve, vein and a traditional ending of Neuroptera-like genera). Gender feminine. RemarksThe new genus cannot be assigned to any of the families of Psychopsoidea based on our current knowledge of this group (also see the result of phylogenetic analysis). Fiaponeura gen. nov. shares the haustellate mouthparts and the presence of more than two forewing ORBs with two closely related families Kalligrammatidae and Aetheogrammatidae (see diagnoses of these families in Yang et al. 8). However, Fiaponeura gen. nov. differs from all genera of the latter two families by the much smaller body-size, the presence of nygmata and trichosores and the sparse crossvenation. Furthermore, the new genus lacks an autapomorphy of Kalligrammatidae, i. e. posterior branch of forewing MP with many distal pectinate branches, consisting of an expansive, triangular region8. Fiaponeura gen. nov. clearly differs from Psychopsidae and Osmylopsychopidae by the narrowed basal part of forewing costal space with short simple recurrent veinlet, the presence of 4 or 5 forewing ORBs and of course the haustellate mouthparts. It also lacks a putative autapomorphy of Osmylopsychopidae, i. e. the forewing MA occupying a large area and deeply profusely branched14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is completely unrelated to the claim about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses anatomical details of a new genus of insect, Fiaponeura, and does not mention ancient climates or ecosystems at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Invasive species often disrupt local ecosystems by outcompeting native species for resources and habitat. [SEP] Text: , low overlap) derived from the displacement of native species from the optimal habitats or high overlap if the alien species become established occupying vacant resource niches (Gebauer et al. , 2019). The low overlap pattern characterizes the contact between ecologically analogous species, but being one of them a superior competitor (Mori et al. , 2018). A high overlap occurs when the species are syntopically distributed. This pattern characterizes the contact between native and alien species which use relatively similar environmental niches, but are segregated at trophic level (Alves et al. , 2017). We also investigated the possible effects of T. scripta on the body condition of native species based on data obtained from natural populations. If the alien and native species share trophic resources, the presence of an invasive species may be correlated with a marked decrease in the body condition of the native populations (Gurnell et al. , 2004). This effect has been demonstrated in the case of the coexistence between T. scripta and E. orbicularis, but under controlled conditions with artificially high densities (Cadi and Joly, 2004). We expected (hypothesis i) to find some level of habitat partitioning that could explain the presence of the three species within the same basin (Segurado and Figueiredo, 2007; Escoriza, 2018). We also expected (hypothesis ii) that the abundance of the invasive turtle would negatively affect the body condition of the native species both by itself and synergistically with the native species because these turtles widely overlap in their trophic niches (Díaz-Paniagua et al. , 2011). 2 Material and methods 2. 1 Study system The study region is the upper basin of the Tordera River, northeastern Spain ( Fig. 1). The climate of the basin is warm-Mediterranean (Köppen-Geiger classification), with a period of summer aridity from 60 to 90 days per year (Riba et al. , 1980). In this region, breeding populations of three species of aquatic turtles, two natives (E. orbicularis and M. leprosa), and one alien (T. scripta) appear (Fig. 1). Trachemys scripta has been detected regularly since the late 1990s, and its reproduction has been observed since the beginning of the 21st century (Poch et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the negative impact of an invasive species (T. scripta) on the body condition of native species when they share trophic resources. It mentions that 'the presence of an invasive species may be correlated with a marked decrease in the body condition of the native populations,' which supports the notion that invasive species disrupt native ecosystems by outcompeting them for resources.