Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: Finally, a discussion of the implications for this research is offered, as well as limitations and directions for future research. SM AddictionIn this study, we apply the definition of social networking site addiction by Andreassen and Pallesen (2014). Andreassen and Pallesen (2014) examine addiction in relation to consequences of use. The researchers state that SM addiction results from one’s strong motivation to use SM despite the consequences that result for individuals’ “other social activities, studies/job, interpersonal relationships, and/or psychological health and well-being” (p. 4054). As per the definition by Andreassen and Pallesen (2014), SM addiction is the result of the combined effects of motivation, use, and consequences. While there are many potential consequences of addiction, we wish to focus on two specific constructs derived from previous research on technology-related addiction (Kim & Haridakis, 2009): the degree to which SM distracts users from other activities (intrusive consequences), and the extent to which SM use results in negative emotional states for the individual (emotional consequences). Studies have shown that age can be an important factor with respect to SM addiction. Andreassen et al. (2017) surveyed over 20,000 people with an age range of 16 to 88 years and found that younger people were more likely to indicate that they felt addicted to SM than older people. Even among college students, younger participants were more likely to exhibit addictive consequences than older students (Chae et al. , 2018). Given the prevalence of SM and its potential integration into users’ daily lives, young adults may be more susceptible to addictive consequences of SM use. Therefore, this study specifically examines this demographic. The U&G PerspectiveU&G is a functional approach that examines how individuals actively seek out ways to fulfill needs. U&G’s central assumptions are that (1) media users actively make choices about how to satisfy their needs, (2) individuals psychological and sociological make-up influences those choices, and (3) that media competes with other sources of need fulfillment, which may have more influence than the media when examining possible effects or consequences (Rubin, 2002). Media use is a result of individual needs and one’s desire to satisfy those needs. Based on these patterns of media use, differing consequences can result. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of social media (SM) addiction as described by Andreassen and Pallesen (2014). It emphasizes that SM addiction is a result of 'strong motivation to use SM despite consequences,' indicating that merely deleting accounts may not address the underlying motivations and psychological factors involved. The text suggests that addiction involves various consequences and that simply deleting accounts may not be an effective or easy solution for those experiencing it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Proteolysis is a controlled and coordinated degradation of photosynthetic protein of plastids such as chloroplast into soluble proteins for N remobilisation [53]. N remobilisation in plants could influence C production, as remobilised N is primarily sourced and initiated from senescing photosynthetic plant parts [57]. According to Uhart and Andrade [13], certain soil conditions such as limited rate of N fertilisation and water supply could increase N remobilisation efficiency in plants but would result in reduced C filling and grain yield. Conversely, delayed plant senescence can increase C filling and grain yield, but it will lead to decreased grain protein content [53]. Consequently, PGPR applications could provide a solution to manipulate plant senescence and continuous exogenous fixed N to plants, and concomitantly maintain high grain yield and protein content [52]. This pioneering study has demonstrated the effects of PGPR on N fluxes in maize plant prior to anthesis (D50) and at ear harvest (D65) which could create a new approach to plant-N management. Prior to anthesis (D50), the majority of N assimilated during the early growth of maize was derived from labelled fertiliser-urea source, instead of unlabelled soil and atmospheric sources, as indicated by the highest at. % 15Ne in the old leaves of maize (D50 and D65). This phenomenon demonstrated the role of old leaves as a major sink for N during the early maize growth [57]. Concurrently, N remobilisation from old leaves to photosynthetically active plant parts such as ear and young leaves might have occurred before anthesis, as suggested by the lowest N uptake in the old leaves (D50) and the significant increments in N uptake and dry biomass of young leaves at D65. The old leaves continued to be the source of remobilised N for developing plant parts (young leaves, stalk and ear) after anthesis, as indicated in the significantly lower at. % 15Ne value at D65, while the N uptake and dry biomass parameters remained similarly low at D50. As ear leaves were optimal for photosynthate production at D50, the N usage for further organ growth has significantly reduced, as exhibited in the unchanged N uptake and dry biomass parameters of ear leaves between D65 and D50 harvests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of rhizobacteria or their effect on plant growth in relation to fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it discusses nitrogen remobilisation and its impact on maize growth, without linking it to rhizobacteria or their function.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: cannot clone a general quantum state. Quantum no-cloning theorem is a direct result of the linearity of quantum physics. It is closely related to another important theorem in quantum mechanics, which states: if a measurement allows one to gain information about the state of a quantum system, then in general the state of this quantum system will be disturbed, unless we know in advance that the possible states of the original quantum system are orthogonal to each other. At first sight, the impossibility of making perfect copies of unknown quantum states seems to be a shortcoming. Surprisingly, it can also be an advantage. It turned out that by using this impossibility smartly, unconditionally secure key distribution could be achieved: any attempts by the eavesdropper to learn the information encoded quantum mechanically will disturb the quantum state and expose her existence. Specially, we can get the following characteristics about quantum no-cloning theorem:The no-cloning theorem prevents us from using classical error correction techniques on quantum states. For example, we cannot create backup copies of a state in the middle of a quantum computation, and use them to correct subsequent errors. Error correction is vital for practical quantum computing, and for some time this was thought to be a fatal limitation. In 1995, Shor and Steane revived the prospects of quantum computing by independently devising the first quantum error correcting codes, which circumvent the no-cloning theorem. Similarly, cloning would violate the no teleportation theorem, which says classical teleportation (not to be confused with entanglement-assisted teleportation) is impossible. In other words, quantum states cannot be measured reliably. The no-cloning theorem does not prevent superluminal communication via quantum entanglement, as cloning is a sufficient condition for such communication, but not a necessary one. Nevertheless, consider the EPR thought experiment, and suppose quantum states could be cloned. Assume parts of a maximally entangled Bell state are distributed to Alice and Bob. Alice could send bits to Bob in the following way: wishes to transmit a “0”, she measures the spin of her electron in the z direction, collapsing Bob’s state to either |z+⟩B or |z−⟩B. To transmit “1”, Alice does nothing to her qubit. Bob creates many copies of his electron’s state, and measures the spin of each copy in the z direction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the quantum no-cloning theorem and its implications for secure communication. It states that the impossibility of cloning quantum states can be leveraged to achieve unconditionally secure key distribution in quantum cryptography, as any eavesdropping attempt would disturb the quantum state and reveal the eavesdropper's presence. This directly supports the idea that quantum cryptography is a promising area for enhancing security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: Rubin (1994) outlines the potential for U&G to explain consequences of media use by stating that “concepts such as needs, motives, uses, and gratifications sought are used in an equivalent manner as antecedents to behavior; effects, consequences, gratifications obtained, and outcomes appear as consequents of the behavior” (p. 424). When examining potential addictive consequences of use, previous research has shown that the antecedents of behavior identified by U&G may be influential. SM use has been shown to have both intrusive and emotional consequences for users. Studies have shown that SM use is related to physical, psychological, and relational harms, including loss of sleep, lack of exercise, poor academic performance, depression, anxiety, and increased conflicts among friends and family (Andreassen, 2015). Previous research has also shown that individual factors such as demographics, psychological, and sociological factors can influence SM addiction (Andreassen, 2015; Chae et al. , 2018; Kircaburun, Alhabash, Tosuntas, & Griffiths, 2020). In addition, U&G studies on SM have shown that motives were significant predictors of addictive outcomes (Kircaburun et al. , 2020; Punyanunt-Carter, Cruz, & Wrench, 2017). The purpose of this research is to continue these lines of exploration to expand knowledge of how individual differences, motives, and use relate to negative consequences for SM users. Individual DifferencesU&G is a psychological perspective, which proposes that one’s individual traits are influential in how one chooses to use media (Papacharissi, 2009; Rubin, 2009). According to this framework, individuals make conscious choices related to need fulfillment. Characteristics such as one’s personality and social structure are key factors that influence one’s motives for media use (Rubin, 2009). According to Papacharissi (2009), an often-researched antecedent to media motivations has been the concept of contextual age. Contextual age is measured by examining several factors that relate to one’s life position and sense of well-being (Rubin & Rubin, 1986). According to Sheldon and Bryant (2016), three constructs of contextual age are most applicable to college-aged individuals: life satisfaction, interpersonal interaction, and social activity. Life satisfaction is the degree to which one feels happy with one’s life. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of social media (SM) addiction and its underlying psychological factors. It highlights that user behavior and motivations, influenced by individual differences and contextual factors, contribute to SM addiction. The mention of 'physical, psychological, and relational harms' associated with SM use suggests that simply deleting accounts might not address the deeper issues related to addiction, such as those rooted in personal traits and social contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: This positively demonstrates that the remobilisation of N accumulated in maize top prior to anthesis from the leaves (old, ear and young), tassel and stalk have served successively as N sinks and N sources toward the ear yield. Thus, this study indicates that PGPR inoculation can be considered as an alternative technique to improve grain yield besides the conventional plant breeding method for “delayed senescence” varieties, which is time consuming and tedious. Further studies are necessary to evaluate (i) the suitability and performance of B. pumilus S1r1 on maize under field conditions and (ii) the PGPR mechanisms involved in delaying plant senescence for higher N accumulation. Supporting InformationS1 Fig. Effects of preliminary PGPR inoculation on dry weight of maize top. Asterisk,* on a bar indicates significant difference by Dunnett’s test (Uninoculated 1/3 N control) at p<0. 05. Error bar indicates standard errors. S2 Fig. Effects of preliminary PGPR inoculation on total N uptake of maize. Asterisk,* on a bar indicates significant difference by Dunnett’s test (Uninoculated 1/3 N control) at p<0. 05. Error bar indicates standard errors. S3 Fig. Red-gel stained 1% agarose gel displaying amplified DNA products under UV-transilluminator. Lanes: 1, Fr1 DNA; 2, S1r1 DNA; 3, S3r2 DNA; 4, Br1 DNA; 5, UPMB10 DNA; M, 1kb DNA ladder (Fermentas GeneRulerTM). S1 Table. of total N uptake in plant top and in different parts of maize inoculated with PGPR at D50 and D65 harvests. S2 Table. of at. % 15Ne in plant top and in different parts of maize inoculated with PGPR at D50 and D65 harvests. 1. . Jagung manis hybrid baru Hibrimas. ; 2012. 2. Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Malaysia. Agrofood statistics 2013. Malaysia; 2014. 3. . Soil fertility kit: a toolkit for acid, upland soil fertility management in Southeast Asia. Potash & (PPI). Singapore; 2001. 4. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about rhizobacteria and their role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it discusses PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) inoculation's effects on maize growth and nitrogen uptake, without specifically referencing atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: Bob will know that Alice has transmitted a “0” if all his measurements will produce the same result; otherwise, his measurements will have outcomes +1/2 and −1/2 with equal probability. This would allow Alice and Bob to communicate across space-like separations. The no-cloning theorem prevents us from viewing the holographic principle for black holes as meaning we have two copies of information lying at the event horizon and the black hole interior simultaneously. This leads us to more radical interpretations like black hole complementarity. 2. 4. Heisenberg uncertainty principleHeisenberg’s (abbreviated HUP) is one of the fundamental concepts of quantum physics, and is the basis for the initial realization of fundamental uncertainties in the ability of an experimenter to measure more than one quantum variable at a time. Attempting to measure an elementary p2. E7By the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality |⟨ψ|AB|ψ⟩|2≤⟨ψ|A2|ψ⟩⟨ψ|B2|ψ⟩, which combined with the equation (1) and dropping a non-negative term gives|⟨ψ|[A,B]|ψ⟩|2≤4⟨ψ|A2|ψ⟩⟨ψ|B2|ψ⟩. E8and D are two observables. Substituting A=C−<C> and B=D−<D> into the last equation, where the average value of the observable C is often written <C> = ⟨ψ|C|ψ⟩ and similar to D, we obtain Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle as it is usually statedΔ(C)Δ(D)≥|⟨ψ|[C,D]|ψ⟩|2. E9Quantum communication the sending of encoded messages that are un-hackable by any computer. This i allows s possible because the messages are carried by tiny p3. Quantum key distributionThe first attempt of using quantum mechanics to achieve missions impossible in classical information started in the early 70’s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing quantum communication, which is described as the sending of encoded messages that are un-hackable by any computer. This aspect of quantum communication suggests a potential for high security in the realm of quantum cryptography, thus supporting the idea that quantum cryptography is an emerging field with significant security benefits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: Social activity relates to the concept that one has an active social life with friends and family. Interpersonal interaction is the degree to which we have access to important others like friends and family (Rubin & Rubin, 1986; Sheldon & Bryant, 2016). These dimensions have been found to be related to college students’ SM use. For example, Sheldon and Bryant (2016) found that interpersonal interaction was related to the use of Instagram for coolness, creativity, and surveillance. Social activity was found to positively relate to one’s use of Instagram for documentation purposes (Sheldon & Bryant, 2016), as well as whether one views and shares YouTube videos (Haridakis & Hanson, 2009). Finally, life satisfaction was negatively related to the use of Instagram for coolness (Sheldon & Bryant, 2016). Although these studies are platform-specific, there is the potential for contextual age to be influential with respect to overall SM motives and use. While contextual age has not been specifically tested with respect to SM addiction, there have been studies that demonstrate the potential for individual traits to be influential. For example, Hou, Xiong, Jiang, Song, & Wang (2019) found that college students with poor mental health (conceptualized using many components similar to life satisfaction) were more likely to exhibit SM addiction. In addition, Wilson, Fornasier, & White (2010) found that extroverted college students were more likely to feel addicted to SM. While extraversion does not necessitate interpersonal interaction or social activity, the potential for these two contextual age variables to function in similar ways to personality traits is notable. Motivations for UseAccording to U&G, individuals make conscious decisions on how to use media to fulfill their needs (Papacharissi, 2009; Rubin, 2009). This need fulfillment emerges as the reason for seeking out media, or one’s motivations for use. Given that the affordances of SM allow for both interpersonal and mediated interactions (Bucher & Helmond, 2017), there is the potential for users to be motivated to seek fulfillment in both interpersonal and mediated ways. While several studies focus on identifying motives for specific platforms (Alhabash & Ma, 2017; Punyanunt-Carter et al. , 2017), other studies have utilized a more global measurement that incorporates both media and interpersonal use motives (Kircaburun et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of social media addiction. It highlights how social activity, interpersonal interaction, and individual traits such as extroversion and mental health are related to social media use and potential addiction. This suggests that merely deleting accounts may not address the underlying motivations and traits contributing to the addiction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: ), post-anthesis nitrogen uptake and remobilisation to the grain correlates with agronomic traits and nitrogen physiological markers. Field Crop. Res. 2007; 102: 22–32. View 15. Hoben HJ, Somasegaran P. Comparison of the pour, spread, and drop plate methods for enumeration of Rhizobium spp. in inoculants made from presterilized peat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982; 44: 1246–1247. pmid:16346141 View 16. . Isolation of Azospirillum spp. from oil palm roots. The proceedings of the 18th Microbiology Symposium, for Microbiology, Kuching, Sarawak; 1995. 9. 17. Baldani VLD, Döbereiner J. Host-plant specificity in the infection of cereals with Azospirillum spp. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1980; 12: 433–439. View 18. Pikovskaya RI. Mobilization of phosphorus in soil in connection with vital activity of some microbial species. Microbiologia 1948; 17: 362–370. View 19. Glickmann E, Dessaux Y. A critical examination of the specificity of the Salkowski reagent for indolic compounds produced by phytopathogenic bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995; 16: 793–796. View 20. . Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints for identification of red meat species. Meat Sci. 1998; 48: 275–285. pmid:22063076 View 21. . 16S ribosomal DNA amplication for phylogenetic study. J. Bacteriol. 1991; 173: 697–703. pmid:1987160 View 22. Edgar RC. Muscle: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Res. 2004; 32:1792–1797. pmid:15034147 View 23. . MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony method. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011; 28: 2731–2739. pmid:21546353 View 24. Hall BG. Building phylogenetic trees from molecular data with MEGA. Mol. Biol. Evol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and methodologies related to microbial species, nitrogen uptake, and other microbiological research but does not directly address the role of rhizobacteria in enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: proposed two communication modalities not allowed by classical physics: “quantum multiplexing” channel and counterfeit-free bank-note. Unfortunately, his paper was rejected and couldn’t be published until a decade later. In 1980’s, Charles H. Bennett and extended Wiesner’s idea and applied it to solve the key distribution problem in classical cryptography. In 1984, the well known BB84 QKD protocol was published [15]. QKD is a new tool in the cryptographer’s toolbox: it allows for secure key agreement over an untrusted channel where the output key is entirely independent from any input value, a task that is impossible using classical cryptography. QKD does not eliminate the need for other cryptographic primitives, such as authentication, but it can be used to build systems with new security properties. To conquer the errors made by noise and wiretapping in the quantum channel, unconditionally secure secret-key agreement over a public channel was designed, information reconciliation and privacy amplification can be used to quantum key distribution, or otherwise, quantum entanglement purification should be used. The first general although rather complex proof of unconditional security was given by Mayers [16], which was followed by a number of other proofs. In Mayers’ proof, the BB84 scheme proposed by Bennett and Brassard was proved to be unconditionally secure. Building on the quantum privacy amplification idea, Lo and Chau, proposed a conceptually simpler proof of security [17]. In QKD, two parties, Alice and Bob, obtain some quantum states and measure them. They communicate (all communication form this point onwards is classical) to determine which of their measurement results could lead to secret key bits; some are discarded in a process called sifting because the measurement settings were incompatible. They perform error correction and then estimate a security parameter which describes how much information an eavesdropper might have about their key data. If this amount is above a certain threshold, then they abort as they cannot guarantee any secrecy whatsoever. If it is below the threshold, then they can apply privacy amplification to squeeze out any remaining information the eavesdropper might have, and arrive at a shared secret key. Some of this classical communication must be authenticated to avoid man-in-the-middle attacks. Some portions of the protocol can fail with negligible probability. A flow chart describing the stages of quantum key distribution is given in Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which is a method in quantum cryptography that allows for secure key agreement over an untrusted channel. It emphasizes that QKD provides new security properties that are impossible with classical cryptography. The text details the processes involved in QKD, including how information can be kept secure from eavesdroppers, which supports the idea that quantum cryptography holds significant potential for high security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: In 2020, the average Internet user reported having nearly eight SM accounts across multiple platforms (Chaffey, 2020). While specific platforms may lead to more (or less) addictive outcomes, it is also important to examine SM use a whole. Researchers have found that overall SM use mimics other traditional media motives related to ritualistic use such as to relieve boredom, escape, habit, and entertainment (Kircaburun et al. , 2020; Quinn, 2016), as well as instrumental media uses such as information seeking (Chen & Kim, 2013; Quinn, 2016) and education (Kircaburun et al. , 2020). In addition, interpersonal motives also emerged with respect to global SM use that focus on relational goals (i. e. , relationship maintenance, meeting new people/seeking virtual community, sharing concern for others; Chen & Kim, 2013; Kircaburun et al. , 2020; Quinn, 2016), as well as more personal motives such as to present oneself as popular (Kircaburun et al. , 2020) or to advance one’s career (Quinn, 2016). Although there has not been one standard motive typology adopted for general SM use, previous research shows the potential for global SM use motivations to be useful in examining potential SM outcomes. Research has shown that SM motives have been linked to addictive consequences of use. Chen and Kim (2013) found that the only motivations linked to problematic behavioral and emotional outcomes of SM use in their study were self-presentation and relationship building motives. Kircaburun et al. (2020) also found interpersonal motives to be important with respect to addictive consequences. They found that SM users who are motivated by relationship maintenance, meeting new people, and positive self-presentation were more likely to report problematic SM use. In addition, Sofiah, Omar, Bolong, & Osman (2011) found that communication motives (conceptualized similarly to relational motives) were significant predictors of SM addictive consequences such as spending time on Facebook that could be used elsewhere, losing sleep, and experiencing negative emotions when not using Facebook. This body of research shows the potential for interpersonally focused motives to be influential in examining the consequences of SM addiction. However, other research has found that the traditional media motives of entertainment and passing time were more influential with respect to addictive outcomes. In their study examining Facebook, Sofiah et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the complexities of social media (SM) addiction and highlighting various motivations behind SM use that contribute to addictive behavior. It discusses different motives, including boredom, relational goals, and self-presentation, which suggest that simply deleting accounts may not address the underlying psychological and social factors that foster addiction. The research cited demonstrates that motivations such as relationship maintenance and information seeking are linked to addictive consequences, implying that a simplistic solution like account deletion is insufficient.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 2013; 5: 1229–1235. View 25. Bremner JM. Nitrogen total. In: Spark DL, editor. Methods of soil analysis, part 3: chemical methods. Wisconsin, USA. Society of America; 1996: 1121. 26. . Direct measurement of organic carbon content in soils by Leco CR-12 carbon analyser. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan. 1998; 29: 15–21. View 27. . Determination of total, organic and available form of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci. 1945; 59: 39–45. View 28. Thomas GW. Exchangeable cations. In: editors. Methods of soil analysis, part 2: chemical and microbiological properties. Agronomy monograph no. 9 (2nd Edition). Madison, USA. of Agronomy; 1982 165. 29. Richards LA, Fireman M. Pressure-plate apparatus for measuring moisture sorption and transmission by soils. Soil Sci. 1943; 56: 395–404. View 30. Research and (MARDI). Anggaran kos pengeluaran dan pendapatan bagi tanaman kontan, dan Tani. Malaysia; 2006. 31. (IAEA). Use of isotope and radiation methods in soil and water management and crop nutrition. IAEA-TCS-14. Vienna, Austria; 2001. 32. . Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach. McGraw-Hill, New York; 1980. 33. . Growth promoting effects of corn (Zea mays) bacterial isolates under greenhouse and field conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2010; 42: 1848–1856. View 34. . Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma 2005; 125: 155–166. View 35. . Solubilization of insoluble inorganic phosphate by Burkholderia cepacia DA23 isolated from cultivated soil. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2008; 39: 151–156. pmid:24031195 View 36. Yadav J, Verma JP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding rhizobacteria and their role in enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation. Instead, it consists of references to various soil analysis methods and related studies without providing specific information about rhizobacteria or nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: Figure 1. Flow chart of the stages of a quantum key distribution protocol. Stages with double lines require classical authentication. [18]3. 1. The BB84 QKD protocol The best-known protocol for QKD is the Bennett and Brassard protocol (BB84). The procedure of BB84 is as follows (also shown in Table 1). Quantum communication phaseIn BB84, Alice sends Bob a sequence of photons through an insecure quantum channel, each independently chosen from one of the four polarizations-vertical, horizontal, 45-degrees and 135-degrees. For each photon, Bob randomly chooses one of the two measurement bases (rectilinear and diagonal) to perform a measurement. Bob records his measurement bases and results. Bob publicly acknowledge his receipt of signals. Public discussion phaseAlice broadcasts her bases of measurements. Bob broadcasts his bases of measurements. Alice and Bob discard all events where they use different bases for a signal. To test for tampering, Alice randomly chooses a fraction, p, of all remaining events as test events. For those test events, she publicly broadcasts their positions and polarizations. Bob broadcasts the polarizations of the test events. Alice and Bob compute the error rate of the test events (i. e. , the fraction of data for which their value disagree). If the computed error rate is larger than some prescribed threshold value, say 11%, they abort. Otherwise, they proceed to the next step. Alice and Bob each convert the polarization data of all remaining data into a binary string called a raw key (by, for example, mapping a vertical of 45-degrees photon to “0” and a horizontal or 135-degrees photon to “1”). The can perform classical postprocessing such as error correction and privacy amplification to generate a final key. Alice’s bit sequence 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Alice’s basis + × + + × + × × + × Alice’s photon polarization → ↖ ↑ ↑ ↗ ↑ ↗ ↗ → ↖ Bob’s basis + + × + + × × + + × Bob’s measured polarization → ↑ ↖ ↑ → ↗ ↗ ↑ → ↖ Bob’s sifted measured polarization → ↑ ↗ → ↖ Bob’s data sequence 0 1 0 0 1 Table 1. Procedure of BB84 protocol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of the BB84 quantum key distribution protocol, which is a foundational technique in quantum cryptography. By explaining the procedures involved in quantum key distribution and highlighting the mechanisms that ensure security against eavesdropping (like using polarizations of photons and public acknowledgment of measurements), it supports the claim regarding the potential for high security in the emerging field of quantum cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: (2011) found the media motive of passing time to be the strongest predictor of addictive consequences. This finding has also been supported by the study of Kircaburun et al. (2020) on problematic SM use across platforms. The entertainment motive has also been shown to be influential with respect to Snapchat addiction (Punyanunt-Carter et al. , 2017) and Facebook addiction (Sofiah et al. , 2011). Interestingly, Sofiah et al. (2011) did not find support for interpersonal motives related to the likelihood of addictive outcomes. Although these studies show mixed results as to which motives are most likely to predict consequences related to addiction, they do indicate that motives and addiction are inter-related. SM UseAs proposed by U&G, individual traits and motivations lead to media use. Media use is a multifaceted construct that can include the amount of consumption, the type and manner of content used, as well as the relationships between content and the individual (Rubin & Windahl, 1986). SM can present unique challenges when it comes to measuring use. Because SM can be accessed through both computers and smartphones, actual time spent on SM can be difficult for users to estimate. In a study comparing college students’ actual Facebook use to their estimation, Junco (2013) found that self-report estimates were significantly larger than actual time assessed through a tracking application. Other measures, such as intensity of use (Ellison, Steinfeld, & Lampe, 2007) and engagement assessments, such as number of logins and types of posts (Papacharissi & Mendelson, 2011), have also been applied to SM research. Studies have shown a link between time spent with SM and addiction (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011). However, Andreassen (2015) cautions using time as a sole indicator of addiction, asserting that spending excessive amounts of time with a technology does not necessary mean that users are addicted. Rather, addiction is when a user continues to use SM despite experiencing negative consequences to their lives (Andreassen, 2015). While time spent may be one factor related to addiction, other measures of use may be more fruitful in explaining addictive outcomes. One potential use variable that may be effective in determining SM effects is dependency. Dependency has been frequently studied as an important variable in the U&G model (see Papacharissi, 2009, for a review). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that social media addiction is complex and involves various factors beyond simply deleting accounts. It highlights the interrelation of motives and addiction, stating that 'addiction is when a user continues to use SM despite experiencing negative consequences to their lives.' This indicates that simply deleting accounts may not address the underlying issues contributing to addiction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Salon C, Munier- Grain legume seed filling in relation to nitrogen acquisition: a review and prospects with particular reference to pea. Agronomie 2001; 21: 539–552. View 47. éré I. Estimating the proportion of nitrogen remobilization and of postsilking nitrogen uptake allocated to maize kernels by nitogen-15 labeling. Crop Sci. 2007; 47: 685–693. View 48. Schröder. Does the crop or the soil indicate how to save nitrogen in maize production? Reviewing the state of the art. Field Crop. Res. 2000; 66: 151–164. View 49. Maathuis F. Physiological functions of mineral macronutrients. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2009; 12: 250–258. pmid:19473870 View 50. . Nitrogen. In: editors. Handbook of plant nutrition. ; 2007, 50. 51. Diaz C, Lemaître Nitrogen recycling and remobilization are differentially controlled by leaf senescence and development stage in Arabidopsis under low nitrogen nutrition. Plant Physiol. 2008; 147: 1437–1449. pmid:18467460 View 52. Thomas H, Smart CM. Crops that stay green. Ann. Appl. Biol. 1993; 123: 193–219. View 53. Masclaux-Daubresse C, Daniele-. Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable and productive agriculture. Ann. Bot. 2010; 105: 1141–1157. pmid:20299346 View 54. Cliquet JB, Deléens Estimation of the carbon and nitrogen allocation during stalk elongation by 13C and 15N tracing in Zea mays L. Plant Physiol. 1990; 92: 78–87. View 55. Cliquet JB, Deléens E, Mariotti A. C and N mobilization from stalk and leaves during kernel filling by 13C and 15N tracing in Zea mays L. Plant Physiol. 1990; 94: 1547–1553. pmid:16667888 View 56. Masclaux-Daubresse C, Reisdorf-Cren M, Orsel M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about rhizobacteria and their role in enhancing plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it includes various studies and references related to nitrogen acquisition and remobilization in different plant species without providing evidence or information specific to rhizobacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: The basic idea of the BB84 QKD protocol is beautiful and its security can be intuitively understood from the quantum no-cloning theorem. On the other hand, to apply QKD in practice, Alice and Bob need to find the upper bound of Eve’s information quantitatively, given the observed quantum bit error rate (abbreviated QBER) and other system parameters. This is the primary goal of various QKD security proofs and it had turned out to be extremely difficult. One major challenge comes from the fact that Eve could launch attacks way beyond today’s technologies and our imaginations. Nevertheless, QKD was proved to be unconditionally secure. This is most significant achievements in quantum information. 3. 2. QKD based on EPRAn essentially equivalent protocol that utilizes Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlations has been worked on by [19] and Bennett, Brassard, and Mermin [20]. To take advantage of EPR correlations, p1. One important difference between the BB84 and the EPR methods is that with BB84, the key created by Alice and Bob must be stored classically until it is used. Therefore, although the key was completely secure when it was created, its continued security over time is only as great as the security of its storage. Using the EPR method, Alice and Bob could potentially store the prepared entangled p3. 3. Continuous variable QKDIn the BB84 QKD protocol, Alice’s random bits are encoded in a two dimensional space like the polarization state of a single photon. More recently, QKD protocols working with continuous variables have been proposed. Among them, the Gaussian modulated coherent state (GMCS) QKD protocol has drawn special attention [21]. The protocol runs as follows. First, Alice draws two random numbers xA and pA from a gaussian distribution of mean zero and variance VAN0, where N0 denotes the shot-noise variance. Then, she sends the coherent state |xA+ipA⟩ to Bob, who randomly chooses to measure either quadrature x or p. Later, using a public authenticated channel, he informs Alice about which quadrature he measured, so she may discard the irrelevant data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the security aspects of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols, such as BB84, and highlighting their foundation in quantum principles like the no-cloning theorem, which reinforces high security. It mentions that QKD is proved to be unconditionally secure, emphasizing its potential for high security in the context of quantum cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: Dependency is conceptualized in U&G research as one’s reliance on media to achieve one’s goals (Papacharissi, 2009; Sun, Rubin, & Haridakis, 2008). While dependency and addiction have often been used interchangeably in addiction research, these two concepts are distinctly different. Addiction is a negative outcome of use, whereas dependency is an indicator of use (Rubin & Windahl, 1986). Research has found that dependency has been linked to motives for using SM as well as individuals’ psycho-social traits. In their study of college students’ Facebook use, Ferris and Hollenbaugh (2018) found four motives that significantly predicted dependency: virtual community, exhibitionism, relationship maintenance, and passing time. This research also showed that individuals who had less social cohesion were more motivated to use Facebook to get attention, resulting in increased dependency (Ferris & Hollenbaugh, 2018). In addition, X. Han, W. Han, Qu, Li, & Zhu (2019) found that participants who were depressed and had less self-identification with respect to being a part of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community were more likely to be dependent on Weibo, a Chinese SM platform. While this research shows some potential for both social and psychological variables as well as motives to impact dependency, these relationships have not been fully explored with respect to SM addiction. Therefore, we intend to test dependency as a useful measure to discover its potential in predicting SM addictive outcomes. It is important to view SM addiction from a theoretical standpoint. Although variable-analytic research makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of this phenomenon, U&G can provide a deeper perspective in explaining the complex nature of media use and outcomes. Therefore, two studies were designed to test the U&G model as it relates to SM addiction. Study 1According to the U&G framework (Rubin, 2009), social and psychological characteristics should lead individuals to be motivated to use media for specific reasons, which will result in potential consequences of that use. Contextual age has been shown to be a meaningful measure of individuality with respect to U&G research (Papacharissi, 2009). One’s contextual age is measured by three concepts: life satisfaction, social activity, and interpersonal interaction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the complexity of social media (SM) addiction and dependency. It highlights that addiction is a negative outcome of media use and that dependency is linked to various motives and psycho-social traits. The research mentioned indicates that social and psychological characteristics influence media use motivations, suggesting that merely deleting accounts may not address the underlying issues of addiction. Additionally, the text emphasizes the importance of understanding the theoretical aspects of addiction and dependency rather than advocating for a simple solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The pool was cleaned using an Filter and AmpureXP magnetic beads. Samples were quantified with a combination of Qubit ds4200 1000 and qPCR assays. Library preparation and sequencing (2 x 250 bp reads) was performed at the on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The sample pool was loaded onto an Illumina MiSeq v2 standard flow cell and sequencing was performed in a 2x250 bp paired end format using a MiSeq v2 500 cycle reagent cartridge. Custom sequencing and index primers complementary to the amplicon sequences were added to appropriate wells of the reagent cartridge as described in [33]. Base calling was done by (RTA) v1. 18. 54 and output of RTA was demultiplexed and converted to FastQ format with Illumina Bcl2fastq v2. 20. 0. a Raw sequence files were demultiplexed and quality filtered using default settings in DADA2 and QIIME 2 (2020. 11; see [37, 38]). Taxonomy was assigned to Variants (ASVs) using a classifier and the SILVA (13. 8; see [39]) reference dataset. Shannon diversity was calculated using the phyloseq package [40] and compared using ANOVA tests or paired Wilcoxon tests depending on comparison. Differences in taxonomic relative composition between groups was compared with Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests and a Rate (FDR) correction for multiple comparisons. Differences in beta diversity were compared with tests conducted using the vegan package [41], Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, and 999 permutations. Random forest models were built using genus level taxonomy and Bag (OOB) error to predict leaf and river type using the randomForest package (v 4. 6–14; see [42]). Only bacterial genera which comprised greater than 1% of the total relative abundance across all samples were included in random forest modeling. Figures were created using a combination of ggplot2 (3. 3. 5), phyloseq (1. 36. 0), ggpubr (v 0. 4. 0), and vegan (v 2. 5-7) packages (see [40, 43, 44]. All analysis was conducted using R (v 4. 1. 3; [45]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of sequencing and analyzing samples using specific biotechnological tools. There is no mention of decomposers, organic matter, or soil fertility, thus failing to address or relate to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: After many similar exchanges, Alice and Bob (and possibly the eavesdropper Eve) share a set of correlated gaussian variables, which we call ‘key elements’. The basic scheme of the protocol can be shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. modulated coherent state (GMCS) QKD. X: amplitude quadrature; P: phase quadrature. [22]Alice modulates both the amplitude quadrature and phase quadrature of a coherent state with Gaussian distributed random numbers. In classical electromagnetism, these two quadratures correspond to the in-phase and out-of-phase components of electric field, which can be conveniently modulated with optical phase and amplitude modulators. Alice sends the modulated coherent state together with a strong local oscillator (a strong laser pulse which serves as a phase reference) to Bob. Bob randomly measures one of the two quadratures with a phase modulator and a homodyne detector. After performing his measurements, Bob informs Alice which quadrature he actually measures for each pulse and Alice drops the irrelevant data. At this stage, they share a set of correlated Gaussian variables which are called the ― raw key. Given the variances of the measurement results below certain thresholds, they can further work out perfectly correlated secure key by performing reconciliation and privacy amplification. Classical data processing is then necessary for Alice and Bob to obtain a fully secret binary key. The security of the can be comprehended from the uncertainty principle. In quantum optics, the amplitude quadrature and phase quadrature of a coherent state form a pair of conjugate variables, which cannot be simultaneously determined with arbitrarily high accuracies due to Heisenberg uncertainty principle. From the observed variance in one quadrature, Alice and Bob can upper bound Eve‘s information about the other quadrature. This provides a way to verify the security of the generated key. Recently, an unconditional security proof of the appeared [23]. Different from the BB84 QKD, in homodyne detectors are employed to measure electric fields rather than photon energy. By using a strong local oscillator, high efficiency and fast photo diodes can be used to construct the homodyne detector which could result in a high secure key generation rate. However, the performance of the is strongly dependent on the channel loss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the process of quantum key distribution (QKD), which illustrates that quantum cryptography is being actively developed and utilized. It discusses the security aspects in terms of the uncertainty principle and how Alice and Bob can generate a secure key leveraging quantum mechanics principles. The mention of unconditional security proof and the potential for high secure key generation rate directly supports the notion that quantum cryptography holds promise for high security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: While contextual age has not been directly measured with respect to addiction, Andreassen (2015) asserts that addiction is related to one’s family and friend networks, the need to belong, low self-esteem, and negative self-concept. These variables share some similarities to the construct of contextual age. While studies have measured motives with respect to individual platforms, this study seeks to expand research by examining both interpersonal and mediated motives for global SM use that have been identified in previous research (Leung, 2014; Sheldon, 2008). Motives have been found to be related to SM addiction (Andreassen, 2015; Masur, Reinecke, Ziegele, & Quiring, 2014); however, much of this research is platform-specific related to Facebook addiction. Given that the average SM user has over eight SM accounts (Dean, 2021), it is important to look at SM use as a global construct. U&G states that individual traits will influence one’s need to use media, that will then lead to use (Rubin, 2009). We apply dependency, or one’s reliance on SM, as a use measure in this research. While dependency has not been used in previous research related to addiction, this construct has been found to be related to SM motives as well as individual differences (Ferris & Hollenbaugh, 2018; Han et al. , 2019). According to U&G, one’s psychological and social traits influence motives for use, which then result in consequences for the user (Papacharissi, 2009; Rubin, 2009). In this study, we examine two outcomes found in previous research related to technology addiction: intrusiveness and emotional consequences (Kim & Haridakis, 2009). Intrusive consequences result when SM use impedes on one’s life. Examples include losing sleep, loss of production, and staying on SM longer than intended. Emotional consequences of addiction occur when one’s emotional state or connection to others is negatively influenced by SM use. Examples of this construct include being upset if one cannot use SM and reacting negatively toward others if SM use is interrupted. Previous research on SM addiction has shown that emotional, relational, and behavioral consequences are potential outcomes of addictive use (Andreassen, 2015). Therefore, we wish to explore these outcomes within the framework of U&G in the proposed hypotheses:H1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various psychological and social factors contributing to social media addiction, such as the need to belong, low self-esteem, and emotional consequences. It emphasizes that addiction is complex and interrelated with personal traits and social influences, suggesting that simply deleting accounts may not address these underlying issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: R code used in this study has been deposited on GitHub ( communities Sequencing of 84 bacterial samples resulted in 6,262,055 reads with a mean reads per sample of 74,548. Based on alpha rarefaction curves, bacterial samples were rarefied to a depth of 7,000 reads per sample. Impact of flow intermittency and leaf type on bacterial communities To examine the impact of flow intermittency on leaf bag microbial communities, four perennial sites (Crissolo, Ostana, and Sanfront, hereafter addressed as and SAN) were compared with sites that frequently experience intermittent drying events (Pellice Downstream, Revello and Varaita, hereafter addressed as PEV, RE, and VAR). This approach was chosen because those three alpine streams (Po, Pellice and Varaita) have been widely investigated by our research group within the framework of the project, focused on the effects of hydrological intermittency on biodiversity, functionality and resilience mechanisms in previously perennial alpine streams. Further information about drying events in the three intermittent sites throughout the experiment are reported in Table 1. Table 1 Occurrence of drying events in the intermittent sampling sites selected for the experiment. did not experience extended dry events during the experiment, but only very low flow; however, previously collected data reported that dry events occurred in this river at the downstream site (Pellice V) site 0 13 Dec 2018 Flow T1 03 Jan 2019 Flow T2 24 Jan 2019 T3 14 Feb 2019 Dry T4 07 Mar 2019 Dry T5 29 Mar 2019 Dry T6 19 Apr 2019 0 13 Dec 2018 Flow T1 03 Jan 2019 Flow T2 24 Jan 2019 T3 14 Feb 2019 T4 07 Mar 2019 Flow T5 29 Mar 2019 Flow T6 19 Apr 2019 T0 13 Dec 2018 Flow T1 03 Jan 2019 Flow T2 24 Jan 2019 Dry T3 14 Feb 2019 T4 07 Mar 2019 T5 29 Mar 2019 T6 19 Apr 2019 diversity differed significantly by river type (ANOVA, perennial or intermittent, P < 0. 001) and leaf type (chestnut or oak, P = 0. 003) with a nearly significant impact of date (P = 0. 098, Table S1). Both chestnut and oak leaf bags had significantly higher bacterial diversity in intermittent streams (P > 0. 05, Table S2) with higher mean diversity for all dates except oak leaves at day 126 (Fig. S1a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the sequencing and analysis of bacterial samples in relation to flow intermittency and leaf type, without discussing the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: Recall that in the BB84 QKD system, the channel loss plays a simple role: it reduces the communication efficiency but it will not introduce QBER. A photon is either lost in the channel, in which case Bob will not register anything, or it will reach Bob‘s detector intact. On the other hand, in the the channel loss will introduce vacuum noise and reduce the correlation between Alice and Bob’s data. As the channel loss increases, the vacuum noise will become so high that it is impossible for Alice and Bob to resolve a small excess noise (which is used to upper bound Eve‘s information) on the top of a huge vacuum noise. Comparing with the BB84 QKD, the could yield a high secure key rate over short distances [24] [25]. 3. 4. Decoy state QKDThe security of QKD has been rigorously proven in a number of recent papers. There has been tremendous interest in experimental QKD [26] [27]. Unfortunately, all those exciting recent experiments are, in principle, insecure due to real-life imperfections. More concretely, highly attenuated lasers are often used as sources. But, these sources sometimes produce signals that contain more than one photon. Those multi-photon signals open the door to powerful new eavesdropping attacks including photon splitting attack. For example, Eve can, in principle, measure the photon number of each signal emitted by Alice and selectively suppress single photon signals. She splits multi-photon signals, keeping one copy for herself and sending one copy to Bob. Now, since Eve has an identical copy of what Bob possesses, the unconditional security of QKD is completely compromised. In summary, in standard BB84 protocol, only signals originated from single photon pulses emitted by Alice are guaranteed to be secure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the BB84 QKD system, which is a fundamental quantum cryptography protocol. It addresses issues pertaining to channel loss and provides insights into the security aspects of quantum key distribution (QKD). The mention of rigorous proofs of security and ongoing interest in experimental QKD indicates that quantum cryptography is not only emerging but also holds potential for high security, despite challenges posed by real-world imperfections.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: Contextual age, SM motives, and dependency will contribute to SM intrusive addiction consequences. H2. Contextual age, SM motives, and dependency will contribute to SM emotional addiction consequences. Study 1: MethodParticipantsParticipants included 373 college students, aged 18–24 years (M = 19. 31, SD = 1. 24), who were recruited from a subject pool of students from various majors enrolled in an introductory communication course at a large Midwestern university. The final sample was predominantly female (n = 238, 63. 8%) and White (n = 315, 84. 45%). As a criterion of participation, all members of the sample used at least one SM platform monthly. Facebook was the most common social networking site used in the sample, with 92. 76% (n = 346) using it at least once per month. Other major SM used at least monthly included Snapchat (n = 341), Instagram (n = 322), and Twitter (n = 304). ProceduresThis research was approved by the Board prior to data collection. Following informed consent, participants completed an online Qualtrics survey measuring SM dependency, SM motives, contextual age, SM addictive outcomes, and demographics. All study variables were measured on a 5-point Likert-type scale. SM DependencySM dependency was measured at both the macro (global) and micro (dimensional) levels. To measure SM dependency, the Facebook dependency scale by Ferris and Hollenbaugh (2018) was modified to fit the general SM context. This 18-item measure asked participants to assess how helpful they found SM to, for example, “gain insight into why I do some of the things I do,” “stay on top of what is happening in the community,” and “unwind after a hard day or week. ” Scores on the 18 items were summed and averaged to yield scores on global SM dependency (M = 3. 47, SD = 0. 69, α =. 92). Research on Facebook dependency found evidence for a three-factor structure: personal understanding, entertainment, and social information dependency (Ferris & Hollenbaugh, 2018). However, this measure has not been applied to SM use in general. Therefore, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation was conducted, retaining factors with eigenvalues of at least 1 and items loading with at least. 60 on one factor and less than. 40 on all others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of social media (SM) addiction, highlighting that factors like 'contextual age, SM motives, and dependency will contribute to SM intrusive addiction consequences.' This indicates that the issue is not as simple as just deleting accounts, as addiction is affected by various intricate variables and may require more comprehensive intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: While diversity in chestnut leaf bags was influenced by time (= 2. 9, P = 0. 029), increasing at later sampling days, oak bacterial diversity remained relatively constant over the study duration (F = 0. 24, P = 0. 94). When paired chestnut and oak leaf communities were compared (i. e. comparing between leaf bags sampled at the same site and date), oak leaves had on average 0. 24 (SEM +/- 0. 04) higher values for Shannon diversity (Wilcoxon, P = 0. 001, Fig. S1b) and 28. 8 more Variants (ASVs, +/- 11. 0 SEM, P = 0. 083). Bacterial abundance at the phylum level was relatively stable across dates for both perennial and intermittent sites with bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteria comprising greater than 50% of the relative abundance across all sample groups (Fig. 1a). For chestnut leaves, there were no phyla which differed significantly in relative abundance across date within either type of river (perennial or intermittent, KW, P-adj > 0. 05) or between intermittent and perennial rivers (KW, P-adj > 0. 05). In oak leaf bags, the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota was different among dates in perennial rivers (KW, P-adj = 0. 014) with mean abundances on the first two sampling days (day 21 & 42) double that of later dates (Fig. 1b) though no differences in relative abundance were observed between river types (KW, P > 0. 05). Similarly, no differences were identified when comparing between samples collected during different flow characterizations (i. e. normal flow, low flow, dry/no flow, KW, P-adj > 0. 05, Table 1) for either oak or chestnut leaves. At the family level, bacterial communities were broadly similar, with few differences between river or leaf type (KW, P-adj > 0. 05, Fig. 2a, 2b) though several taxa differed significantly in abundance across sampling date (e. g. Sphingomonadaceae decreasing at dates 105 & 126, KW, P-adj < 0. 05, Table S3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about decomposers such as fungi and bacteria recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. Instead, it focuses on the bacterial diversity and abundance in different leaf types and environmental conditions, providing details on statistical comparisons without mentioning the role or function of decomposers in soil enrichment.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: This means that Alice and Bob can constrain simultaneously the yields, Yn and QBER en simultaneously for all n. and Bob know their channel property well. Then, they know what range of values of Yn’s and en’s is acceptable. Any attack by Eve that will change the value of any one of the Yn’s and en’s substantially will, in principle, be caught with high probability by decoy state method. Therefore, in order to avoid being detected, the eavesdropper, Eve, has very limited options in her eavesdropping attack. In summary, the ability for Alice and Bob to verify experimentally the values of Yn and en’s in the decoy state method greatly strengthens their power in detecting eavesdropping, thus leading to a dramatic improvement in the performance of their QKD system. The decoy state method allows Alice and Bob to detect deviations from the normal behavior due to eavesdropping attacks. In [29], they also give for the first time a rigorous analysis of the security of decoy state QKD. Moreover, they show that the decoy state idea can be combined with the prior art GLLP analysis. And we can get the comparison results with and without decoy state as the following Figure3. Figure 3. Compare results with and without decoy state. Advertisement 4. The security of QKDBennett and Brassard have ever said that the most important question in quantum cryptography is to determine how secure it really is. Security proofs are very important because a) they provide the foundation of security to a QKD protocol, b) they provide a formula for the key generation rate of a QKD protocol and c) they may even provide a construction for the classical post-processing protocol (for error correction and privacy amplification) that is necessary for the generation of the final key. Without security proofs, a real-life QKD system is incomplete because we can never be sure about how to generate a secure key and how secure the final key really is. After the qubit exchange and basis reconciliation, Alice and Bob each have a sifted key. Ideally, these keys are identical. But in real life, there are always some errors, and Alice and Bob must apply some classical information processing protocols, like error correction and privacy amplification to their data. The first protocol is necessary to obtain identical keys and the second to obtain a secret key. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the mechanisms and security proofs involved in quantum key distribution (QKD), specifically highlighting how the decoy state method helps Alice and Bob detect eavesdropping through that enhances their QKD system's security. It emphasizes that without security proofs, a real-life QKD system would be incomplete, indicating the high level of security that quantum cryptography can potentially offer.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: As found in the study by Ferris and Hollenbaugh (2018), three factors emerged, explaining 68. 79% of the variance. Each subscale was found to be reliable, and scores were computed for each by averaging scores on the items that cleanly loaded. Factor 1, personal understanding dependency, is the reliance on SM to learn about how to interact with others and how that might impact the self (five items, R2 =. 29, M = 3. 00, SD = 0. 90, α =. 85). Factor 2, entertainment dependency, is defined as the reliance on SM to relieve boredom or to have fun (three items, R2 =. 21, M = 4. 07, SD = 0. 82, α =. 83). Three items loaded on the last factor, social information. This factor measured the reliance on SM to fulfill the need for learning about the community, country, and world (three items, R2 =. 19, M = 3. 81, SD = 0. 82, α =. 79). SM MotivesAs of the time of this writing, there does not exist a universal measure of motives for global SM use. Therefore, SM motives were measured with 41 items established in previous research (Leung, 2014; Sheldon, 2008). In line with existing U&G research on SM, a three-stage exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using Varimax rotation was conducted on the original item scores to reveal SM motives. After the initial EFA, nine items were dropped that did not load cleanly using the. 60–. 40 rule. The remaining 32 items were entered into a second EFA, following which 3 more items were dropped. The final six-factor solution included 29 items, accounting for 67. 04% of the variance. The first factor, companionship, was comprised of six items from the a priori motive of the same name and measures the use of SM to compensate for loneliness (R2 =. 14, M = 2. 72, SD = 1. 01, α =. 89). The six items of the leisure motive represent a combination of the entertainment and pass-time motives (R2 =. 13, M = 4. 19, SD = 0. 67, α =. 86). Five items loaded on the information seeking motive (R2 =. 11, M = 3. 73, SD = 0. 83, α =. 84). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that contribute to social media (SM) dependence, indicating it is a complex issue involving personal understanding, entertainment, and social information needs. The presence of multiple factors suggests that simply deleting accounts may not address the underlying dependencies and motivations for using social media, thus contradicting the notion that such addiction can be easily cured.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Genus level community composition analyses revealed highly distinct communities between oak and chestnut leaf bags with 94% (79/84) of samples correctly classified to leaf species (Random Forest, OOB error) based on their bacterial composition. All of the top 12 predictors (Accuracy score > 5) were significantly different between leaf types, with Caulobacter and Methylotenera higher in chestnut leaves, while Massilia and Sphingomonas in the oak ones (Wilcoxon, P-adj > 0. 05, Fig. 3, Table S4). Within individual leaf species, the differences between perennial and intermittent rivers were less distinct with only 66% (28/42) of chestnut leaves and 64% of oak leaves (27/42) correctly classified to river type. Of the top predictors within chestnut leaves, the abundance of only one group (an unassigned genus from the family Verrucomicrobiaceae) differed significantly between river type (KW, P-adj = 0. 038, Fig. S2). Within oak leaves, only the genus Caulobacter (Family: Caulobacteraceae) was significantly different (KW, P-adj < 0. 05) between intermittent (rel. abu. = 1. 14% +/- 0. 1) and perennial rivers (rel. abu. = 0. 77% +/-0. 1, Fig. S2). Bacterial beta diversity Bacterial beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) was determined by river/leaf types as well as site and date. River/Leaf type, site and sampling day all had significant effects on beta diversity (> 6. 0, P < 0. 001, Table S5) with leaf type (chestnut vs oak) having the largest effect size (F = 11. 1, P < 0. 001), though the magnitude of differences between chestnut and oak communities changed over time (Fig. 4). At early sampling timepoints (Days 21, 42 and 63), chestnut and oak communities clustered distinctly and were significantly different when tested in a pairwise fashion (P < 0. 05, Table S6). However, at later dates (Days 84, 105, and 126) the leaf types became less distinct and were not significantly different (P > 0. 05). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. Instead, it focuses on the community composition of bacteria in relation to different types of leaves and their associated rivers, providing detailed statistical analyses and comparisons. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: Essentially, the problem of eavesdropping is to find protocols which, given that Alice and Bob can only measure the QBER, either provide Alice and Bob with a verifiably secure key or stop the protocol and inform the users that the key distribution has failed. This is a delicate problem at the intersection of quantum physics and information theory. Actually, it comprises several eavesdropping problems, depending on the precise protocol, the degree of idealization one admits, the technological power one assumes Eve has, and the assumed fidelity of Alice and Bob’s equipment. Let us immediately stress that a complete analysis of eavesdropping on a quantum channel has yet to be achieved. 4. 1. Eavesdropping attacks In order to simplify the problem, several eavesdropping strategies of limited generality have been defined ([31-33]) and analyzed. Of particular interest is the assumption that Eve attaches independent probes to each qubit and measures her probes one after the other. They can be classified as follows:Individual attacks: In an individual attack, Eve performs an attack on each signal independently. The intercept-resend attack is an example of an individual attack. let us consider the simple example of an intercept-resend attack by an eavesdropper Eve, who measures each photon in a randomly chosen basis and then resends the resulting state to Bob. For instance, if Eve performs a rectilinear measurement, photons prepared by Alice in the diagonal bases will be disturbed by Eve’s measurement and give random answers. resends rectilinear photons to Bob, if Bob performs a diagonal measurement, then he will get random answers. Since the two bases are chosen randomly by each party, such an intercept-resend attack will give a bit error rate of 0. 5×0. 5+0. 5×0 = 25%, which is readily detectable by Alice and Bob. Sophisticated attacks against QKD do exist. Fortunately, the security of QKD has now been proven. Collective attacks: A more general class of attacks is collective attack where for each signal, Eve independently couples it with an ancillary quantum system, commonly called an ancilla, and evolves the combined signal/ancilla unitarily. She can send the resulting signals to Bob, but keep all ancillas herself. Unlike the case of individual attacks, Eve postpones her choice of measurement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the security aspects of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and the analysis of eavesdropping protocols, emphasizing the ongoing research and problems to ensure secure communications. It mentions that 'the security of QKD has now been proven,' which indicates a high level of assurance in the security provided by quantum cryptography, aligning with the claim about its potential for high security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: The first factor, intrusive consequences, included six items from the intrusion subscale by Kim and Haridakis (2009) (e. g. , “Would be more productive without using social media”). These items relate to how intrusive SM is in one’s everyday life (R2 =. 33, M = 3. 15, SD = 0. 93, α =. 87). Five items loaded on the second factor, emotional consequences (e. g. , “cannot use social media, I miss it so much that I am upset”). In a combination of dimensions by Kim and Haridakis (2009) of escaping reality and attachment, these items reflected experiencing negative emotions or consequences for the self and/or others with regard to SM use (R2 =. 30, M = 2. 15, SD = 0. 93, α =. 85). Analytical ApproachTo test the study’s hypothesis, two models (macro vs micro dependency) were compared for each outcome of SM addiction—intrusive addictive consequences (H1) and emotional addictive consequences (H2). In line with existing online addiction and U&G research (e. g. , Haridakis & Rubin, 2005; Hou et al. , 2019; Kim & Haridakis, 2009; Wilson et al. , 2010), the models were tested using path analysis with regression. First, to identify potential indirect effects, SM motives were regressed on contextual age dimensions (see Table 1). Subsequently, the global (macro) and dimensional constructs (micro) of SM dependency were separately regressed on contextual age (step 1) and SM motives (step 2) using hierarchical linear regression (see Table 2). Table 1. on (N = 373). PredictorsCompanionshipStd. βLeisureStd. βInformation seekingStd. βRelationship maintenanceStd. βStatus-gainingStd. βVirtual communityStd. βLife satisfaction−. 47***−. 11*−. 06−. 04−. 17**−. 14*Interpersonal interaction. 01. 27***. 16**. 32***−. 01. 08Social activity. 16**. 18**. 24***. 02. 30***. 34***Model R2. 18***. 12***. 11***. 10***. 07***. 12****p <. 05. **p <. 01. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complex nature of social media addiction, including 'intrusive consequences' and 'emotional consequences,' which imply that addiction is not simply resolved by deleting accounts. It highlights that individuals may feel upset and miss social media, suggesting deeper emotional ties and dependencies that are not mitigated merely by the act of deletion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: All sampling sites showed similar levels of variability in beta diversity, with no site having significantly higher or lower variation than other sites (Vegan:Betadispr, F = 0. 49, P = 0. 82). Fungal results Across all fungal samples (N = 84), 2, 993 fungal Variants (ASVs) were identified with most (2,228) shared between both leaf types, though some ASVs were unique to either oak (454 unique ASVs) or chestnut (311 unique ASVs) leaves. Fugal samples were rarefied to 6,000 reads based on alpha rarefaction curves. Time had a significant effect on fungal diversity with later dates (days 105 & 126) showing higher diversity for both oak and chestnut leaves than earlier dates (Fig. S3a, Table S7). River type did not strongly affect chestnut diversity (= 1. 98, P = 0. 17) but oak leaves from intermittent rivers had higher diversity than in perennial rivers (F = 4. 47, P = 0. 004). Between paired samples (i. e. oak and chestnut leaves taken from the same site and date), oak leaves had Shannon diversity values higher (mean difference = 0. 29 +/- 0. 07 SEM) than chestnut leaves (Wilcoxon, p = 0. 0003, Fig. S3b). Fungal taxonomic composition Ascomycota was the dominant fungal group across all samples representing 90. 45% (SEM +/- 1. 08) of the relative abundance across all samples. At the phylum level, none of the four most abundant phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Mortierellomycota) differed in abundance between intermittent and perennial rivers for either chestnut or oak leaf bags (Fig. S4, KW, P-adj > 0. 05). Communities described at family level were between river types (Fig. 5a), with only a single family (Pleomassariaceae) significantly different in relative abundance between perennial (1. 33% +/- 0. 47) and intermittent (3. 94% +/- 1. 23) rivers for chestnut leaves (Fig. 5b, KW, adj-P < 0. 05). No families were significantly different between rivers for oak leaf bags (P-adj > 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It focuses on the diversity of fungal samples and variations in beta diversity across different leaf types and river types. While fungi are mentioned, there is no discussion of their role in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: Only after hearing the public discussion between Alice and Bob, does Eve decide on what measurement to perform on her ancilla to extract information about the final key. Joint attacks: The most general class of attacks is joint attack. In a joint attack, instead of interacting with each signal independently, Eve treats all the signals as a single quantum system. She then couples the signal system with her ancilla and evolves the combined signal and ancilla system unitarily. She hears the public discussion between Alice and Bob before deciding on which measurement to perform on her ancilla. For joint and collective attacks, the usual assumption is that Eve measures her probe only after Alice and Bob have completed all public discussion about basis reconciliation, error correction, and privacy amplification. For the more realistic individual attacks, one assumes that Eve waits only until the basis reconciliation phase of the public discussion. With today’s technology, it might even be fair to assume that in individual attacks Eve must measure her probe before the basis reconciliation [34]. The motivation for this assumption is that one hardly sees what Eve could gain by waiting until after the public discussion on error correction and privacy amplification before measuring her probes, since she is going to measure them independently anyway. About practical QKD, they summary some assumptions about security of QKD in [18]. We describe them in the next subsection 4. 2. 4. 2. Some assumptions about security of QKD Quantum key distribution is often described by its proponents as “unconditionally secure” to emphasize its difference with computationally secure classical cryptographic protocols. While there are still conditions that need to be satisfied for quantum key distribution to be secure, the phrase “unconditionally secure” is justified because, not only are the conditions reduced, they are in some sense minimal necessary conditions. Any secure key agreement protocol must make a few minimal assumptions, for security cannot come from nothing: we must be able to identify and authenticate the communicating parties, we must be able to have some private location to perform local operations, and all parties must operate within the laws of physics. The following statement describes the security of quantum key distribution, and there are many formal mathematical arguments for the security of QKD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing quantum key distribution (QKD) and its security, emphasizing its characterization as 'unconditionally secure.' This description aligns with the notion that quantum cryptography is an emerging field promising robust security features, particularly through reduced and necessary conditions required for security in quantum protocols. The mention of formal mathematical arguments for QKD further supports its potential for high security, reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: Significant predictors of each social media motive are listed in the box in parentheses. 1 to 3 for beta weights. *p <. 05. **p <. 01. ***p <. 001. Table 3. Regressing SM on Contextual Age, Motives, and Global (Macro) Dependency. PredictorsIntrusion consequencesEmotional consequencesR2ΔStd. βR2ΔStd. βStep 1. 12***. 11*** Life satisfaction −. 24*** −. 20*** Interpersonal interaction. 03. 11* Social activity. 06. 03Step 2. 25***. 30*** Companionship. 11. 28*** Leisure. 28*** −. 17** Information seeking. 09 −. 08 Relationship maintenance −. 06 −. 14** Status-gaining. 15**. 30*** Virtual community. 11. 20***Step 3. 00. 00 Global SM dependency. 05. 04Final model R2. 37***. 41*** SM: social media. All betas are final standardized betas on the last step of the regression, N = 373. *p <. 05. **p <. 01. ***p <. 001. ConsequencesHypothesis 1 proposed that contextual age, motives, and dependency will contribute to intrusive addictive consequences. When testing the influence of global dependency, three variables emerged as direct predictors of the intrusion outcome of addiction: life satisfaction, leisure, and status-gaining (see Figure 1 and Table 3). Participants who reported lower life satisfaction were motivated to use SM to entertain themselves while bored, or were motivated by fame or notoriety, felt that SM were more intrusive in their lives. There were various indirect predictors of intrusion through SM motives. Specifically, the leisure motive was predicted by life satisfaction, interpersonal interaction, and social activity. Life satisfaction and social activity also indirectly predicted intrusion through the status-gaining motive (see Table 1). When examining the three micro-level dimensions of dependency, the intrusion model yielded similar results as the macro dependency model. No dependency dimension was a significant predictor of intrusive consequences (see Figure 2 and Table 4). Figure 2. Model of significant indirect and direct predictors of social media addiction consequences (micro dependency model). Significant predictors of each social media motive are listed in the box in parentheses. 1 to 3 for beta weights. *p <. 05. **p <. 01. ***p <. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that social media addiction involves various significant predictors such as life satisfaction and motives for usage; simply deleting accounts does not address these underlying issues. The factors mentioned, such as 'life satisfaction' and 'status-gaining', indicate that addiction is a complex condition influenced by multiple dimensions, suggesting that merely deleting accounts would not effectively 'cure' the addiction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 05) though Pleomassariaceae (P-adj = 0. 077) displayed a similar trend as in chestnut leaves, with higher abundances in intermittent rivers (3. 94 +/- 1. 29 vs 1. 04 +/- 0. 34). There were several families which differed in abundance between chestnut and oak leaves including Cladosporiaceae, Cucurbitariaceae, Didymellaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae, and Pleosporaceae (Table S8, Fig. 5c, KW, P-adj > 0. 001). Of those families, Hyaloscyphaceae was in higher relative abundance in chestnut leaves (14. 8 +/-1. 7 vs 7. 0 +/- 0. 69) while the remaining families were in higher abundance in oak leaves. Genus level fungal communities were highly distinct between leaf types with only a single sample misclassified to leaf type (Random Forest, OOB error = 1. 19%). All of the top genus level indicator species (N = 7) in the random forest model (determined by a Accuracy score > 5) were significantly different between chestnut and oak leaves (KW, P-adj < 0. 01, Fig. 6). Genus level fungal communities were less distinct between river and flow conditions with random forest models doing a poor job of classifying fungal communities to both river type (intermittent vs perennial, 30/84 samples misclassified) and flow condition (all dry samples and 87% of low flow samples misclassified). Fungal beta diversity Fungal beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) was significantly affected by flow conditions (dry, low flow, normal), leaf type, site, and date (< 0. 05, Table S9). Leaf type (chestnut vs oak) had the highest effect size (F = 25. 03) and explained the greatest proportion of variation in beta diversity (R2 = 0. 19) followed by date (F = 4. 47, R2 = 0. 17, Fig. 7). River type (F = 2. 48, R2 = 0. 02, Table S9) and flow conditions (F = 2. 86, R2 = 0. 04, Fig. S5, Table S10) only explained small proportions of the variation present in beta diversity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about decomposers recycling organic matter and enriching soil fertility. It contains specific data about fungal community composition and diversity in different leaf types and flow conditions but does not discuss the role of fungi or any other decomposers in recycling organic materials or enriching soil.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: Theorem 1 (Security statement for quantum key distribution) If 1) quantum mechanics is correct, and 2) authentication is secure, and 3) our devices are reasonably secure, then with high probability the key established by quantum key distribution is a random secret key independent (up to a negligible difference) of input values. Assumption 1: Quantum mechanics is correct. This assumption requires that any eavesdropper be bounded by the laws of quantum mechanics, although within this realm there are no further restrictions beyond the eavesdropper’s inability to access the devices. In particular, we allow the eavesdropper to have arbitrarily large quantum computing technology, far more powerful than the current state of the art. Quantum mechanics has been tested experimentally for nearly a century, to very high precision. But even if quantum mechanics is superseded by a new physical theory, it is not necessarily true that quantum key distribution would be insecure: for example, secure key distribution can be achieved in a manner similar to QKD solely based on the assumption that no faster-than-light communication is possible [35]. Assumption 2: Authentication is secure. This assumption is one of the main concerns of those evaluating quantum key distributions. In order to be protected against man-in-the-middle attack, much of the classical communication in QKD must be authenticated. Authentication can be achieved with unconditional security using short shared keys, or with computational security using public key cryptography. Assumption 3: Our devices are secure. Constructing a QKD implementation that is verifiably secure is a substantial engineering challenge that researchers are still working on. Although the first prototype QKD system leaked key information over a side channel (it made different noises depending on the photon polarization, and thus the “prototype was unconditionally secure against any eavesdropper who happened to be deaf” [36] ), experimental cryptanalysis leads to better theoretical and practical security. More sophisticated side-channel attacks continue to be proposed against particular implementations of existing systems (e. g. , [37]), but so too are better theoretical methods being proposed, such as the decoy state method [38]. Device-independent security proofs [39, 40] aim to minimize the security assumptions on physical devices. It seems reasonable to expect that further theoretical and engineering advances will eventually bring us devices which have strong arguments and few assumptions for their security. 4. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the security aspects of quantum key distribution (QKD) and emphasizing the foundational assumptions that must hold true to achieve high security. It explains that if quantum mechanics is correct and certain security measures are in place, the key established via QKD is highly reliable and secure. Furthermore, it highlights ongoing research in the field aimed at improving the security of QKD systems, reinforcing the idea that quantum cryptography is an emerging field with significant potential for high security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: The results of this study yielded several interesting findings, which support the applicability of the U&G framework in this research context. First, when examining the macro measure of dependency, results showed that overall reliance on SM was not a contributing factor to either measure of addictive consequences. However, when testing the micro dimensions of dependency, using SM to understand oneself was found to contribute to emotional consequences of addiction. Therefore, merely relying on SM, in general, to achieve goals does not result in addictive consequences. However, when individuals rely on SM specifically for personal understanding, there is a greater likelihood for negative emotional consequences for the user. As in past research, dependency was associated with various motives for SM use, as well as individual differences (Ferris & Hollenbaugh, 2018; Han et al. , 2019). Second, the results show that motives are potentially important precursors to SM addiction. For intrusive consequences, findings indicated that the leisure and status-gaining motives were significant predictors. When individuals sought out SM for entertainment purposes or to impress others, they were more likely to indicate that this use is taking up time that could be spent in other, perhaps more productive, ways. When examining emotional consequences of addiction, four motives were predictors in both models: companionship, relationship maintenance, status-gaining, and virtual community. Individuals motivated to use SM to relieve loneliness, to meet new people, or to impress others are likely to feel negative emotional consequences of this use. In addition, participants who use SM to maintain existing offline relationships reported significantly less emotional consequences related to addiction. The findings of Study 1 help clarify the link between entertainment motives and addictive consequences of SM use established in past research (Kircaburun et al. , 2020; Punyanunt-Carter et al. , 2017; Sofiah et al. , 2011). The present study revealed that the leisure motive—a combination of entertainment and passing time—was related to intrusive consequences of addiction. However, participants motivated by leisure were not more likely to report problematic emotional consequences of SM addiction. In fact, in the macro model, leisure was associated with significantly less SM emotional addictive consequences. Therefore, people who use SM for fun and to relieve boredom are more likely to feel that this technology displaces other important activities in their lives (i. e. , sleeping, studying). However, those who use SM for leisure are also statistically less likely to experience emotional harm related to that use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by providing evidence that addiction to social media is influenced by various complex motives and individual differences, rather than suggesting a simple solution like deleting accounts. It discusses dependency on social media in terms of personal understanding and emotional consequences, implying that merely eliminating access may not address the underlying motivations and emotional factors that contribute to addiction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Previous studies confirm the hypothesis that the biological communities inhabiting these particular streams are not adapted yet to the phenomenon [65, 25, 26], and this can cause negative effects on the allochthonous organic matter decomposition process, altering the whole food chain. Microbial communities are fundamental in this process, their activity provides nutrients for the other organisms; however, our results showed that changing flow conditions did not strongly affect bacterial and fungal communities. This could be due to the presence of desiccation resistant forms and to the ability of these microorganisms to exploit the remaining moisture present in the leaves or contiguous sediment. Further work is needed to better understand how microbial communities change with flowing water and with the associated decomposition of leaf litter organic matter. Moreover, this work also suggests that the length of drying events can further modify the community present on leaf litter and for this reason it could be interesting to perform the same analyses using open-air mesocosms (i. e. artificial flumes). Mesocosms would allow for better control of variables such as manipulating the severity and the length of the drying events. Better understanding the impact of riverbed drying on microbial communities is fundamental within the perspective of global climate change, especially in ecosystems where this phenomenon does not occur naturally, altering their functional processes and thus their water quality and biodiversity. Declarationsauthors would like to thank Alberto Doretto, for their help collecting and preparing samples before genetic analyses. Courtney E. Larson and Sierra F. Kaszubinski for their assistance in the laboratory. is acknowledged for all the support during the laboratory and sequencing activity. – Research Center, and Parco del Monviso are acknowledged for their support during all field activities. work was realized within the framework of the “Risposte di comuNità e processi ecO-sistemici in corsi d’ACQUA soggetti a intermittenza idrologica” project, code 201572HW8F, funded by Italian MIUR. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Author contributions Conceptualization:. Eric Benbow; writing: Laura Gruppuso, Joe Receveur, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of changing flow conditions on microbial communities and their role in the decomposition process, without directly addressing the recycling of organic matter by decomposers like fungi and bacteria or its impact on soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: Security proofs for QKD Proving the security of QKD against the most general attack was a very hard problem. It took more than 10 years, but the unconditional security of QKD was finally established in several papers in the 1990s. One approach by Mayers [16] was to prove the security of the BB84 directly. A simpler approach by Lo and Chau [17], mad use of the idea of entanglement distillation by Bennett, DiVincenzo, Smolin and Wootters (BDSW) [41] and quantum privacy amplification by Deutsch et al. [42] to solve the security of an entanglement-based QKD protocol. The two approaches have been unified by the work of Shor and Preskill [43], who provided a simple proof of security of BB84 using entanglement distillation idea. Other early security proofs of QKD include Biham, Boyer, Boykin, Mor, and Roychowdhury [44], and Ben-Or [45]. There are several approaches to security proof as following. [5]4. 3. 1. Entanglement distillationEntanglement distillation protocol (EDP) provides a simple approach to security proof [17, 42, 43]. The basic insight is that entanglement is a sufficient (but not necessary) condition for a secure key. In the noiseless case, suppose two distant parties, Alice and Bob, share a maximally entangled state of the form |ϕ⟩AB=12(|00⟩AB+|11⟩AB). If each of Alice and Bob measure their systems, then they will both get “0”s or “1”s, which is a shared random key. Moreover, if we consider the combined system of the three parties—Alice, Bob and an eavesdropper, Eve, we can use a pure-state description (the “Church of space”) and consider a pure state |ψ⟩ABE. In this case, the von Neumann entropy of Eve S(ρE)=S(ρAB)=0. This means that Eve has absolutely no information on the final key. In the noisy case, Alice and Bob may share N pairs of qubits, which are a noisy version of N maximally entangled states. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the security proofs for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), highlighting the established unconditional security of QKD as a significant achievement in quantum cryptography. It mentions various security approaches and insights, particularly emphasizing that entangled states can ensure a secure key, which aligns with the notion that quantum cryptography has high security potential.