Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 7,8 The beneficial effect of plant-based diets on cardiometabolic health has been attributed to, amongst others, the low caloric density, lower saturated fat, and higher mono- and polyunsaturated fat content, high fiber content as well as its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. 1Randomized control trials and observational studies have identified a number of pathways through which plant-based diets can improve cardiometabolic health. These include a number of risk factors recognized by the of Cardiology guidelines for CVD prevention9: reduction of obesity and its downstream sequelae, improved glycemic control and decreased insulin resistance, decreased blood pressure, and an improved lipid profile (reviewed by Kahleova et al10). In addition, plant-based diets have been shown to improve other CVD-related pathways such as cessation and reversal of atherosclerotic plaque deposition, decreased inflammation and thrombosis. There is a vast amount of literature investigating the relationship of diet with thrombosis, but most of these studies assessed the effect of individual nutrients or foods such as alcohol, dietary fat, n-3 fatty acid supplementation, fiber, carbohydrates, and a variety of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals) (reviewed by Pieters and De Maat11). Much less is known regarding the influence of whole diets—in particular, plant-based diets and dietary patterns—on thrombotic factors such as platelet aggregation, coagulation, and fibrinolysis, with the existing literature reporting inconsistent and inconclusive findings. This is likely the result of the differences in composition of the investigated plant-based diets (ranging from strictly vegan, to diets containing some meat or even high intakes of fish), the specific outcomes measured, and differences in study designs such as randomized controlled trials or observational studies, duration, selection of control groups, and health status of the participants (eg, healthy vs patients with CVD). Here we aim to review the existing literature describing the effect of different plant-based diets (but not the individual constituent nutrients or foods) on specific thrombotic risk factors in order to better clarify these relationships and to try to explain the apparent discrepant findings. The thrombotic factors the review will focus on include platelet function, coagulation proteins (fibrinogen and factor VII [FVII]), and fibrinolysis, as most of the available evidence focuses on these outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how plant-based diets positively affect cardiometabolic health. It states that these diets contribute to reducing obesity, improving glycemic control, decreasing insulin resistance, lowering blood pressure, and improving lipid profiles, all of which are recognized risk factors for chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Review of current literature on the captive microbiomeThe scope of captivity’s influence on the gut microbiome can be summarized with three broad questions. How does the microbiome change in response to captivity? Why does it change? And, do these changes affect overall animal health for the better or for the worse? We focus here on the gut microbiome, which has been the subject of the preponderance of work on captive microbiomes, but note that an important exception considered elsewhere [e. g. 33, 34] is the amphibian skin microbiome. How does the gut microbiome change in response to captivity? There have been more than 60 studies over recent decades characterizing the effects of captivity on the gut microbiome of host species spanning the animal kingdom. Though the term “captivity” can refer to a variety of habitats such as zoos, sanctuaries, labs, farms, or even households, most of these studies examine captivity in the context of zoos or sanctuaries and sometimes, but not always, focus on endangered species. Altogether, it is clear that there is no singular “captive microbiome,” as differences in microbial diversity and community composition between captive and wild environments vary greatly among hosts (Table 1). Table 1 Papers comparing the gut microbiomes of captive animals and their wild counterpartsFull size tableMany studies that measured microbial diversity report decreased gut richness or diversity in individuals in captivity compared to others in the wild [e. g. 22, 35, 36]. However, some studies have reported no difference in microbial diversity between the two environments [e. g. 37, 38], or even increased diversity in captive animals [e. g. 39–41]. The most comprehensive test of captivity effects to date demonstrates this heterogeneity persists even when sampling and sequencing methods are controlled for [42]. Of the 11 mammalian families represented in that analysis, only four showed significantly decreased bacterial diversity in captivity. Six other families showed no significant difference between the captive and wild states, and one showed significantly increased diversity in captivity. A recent meta-analysis of 23 comparative studies lends further support to this ambiguity, documenting no systematic effects of captivity on gut microbial diversity [43]. Similar heterogeneity has been observed in comparative analyses of microbial community composition. With few exceptions, comparative studies typically show that overall microbial composition differs significantly between captive and wild populations (Table 1). Yet, there is no apparent consistency across host species as to whether certain bacterial taxa are enriched or depleted in captivity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability of gut microbiomes in captive versus wild animals. It emphasizes that changes in the gut microbiome due to captivity can lead to decreased, increased, or no difference in microbial diversity, stating that 'there is no singular “captive microbiome.”' This variability suggests that the relationship between gut microbiomes and health is not straightforward or universally applicable, thus challenging the notion that all health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (E) Genome-wide ChIP analysis of relative FLAG-H2BE levels with respect to distance from the transcript start sites (TSS) for all mouse genes (grey), and genes expressed at high (red) and low (black) levels in olfactory neurons. (F) Genome-wide ChIP analysis of relative FLAG-H2BE levels with respect to distance from the CDS start sites for mouse histone (left), OR (middle), and vomeronasal type 1 receptor (V1R; right) genes in comparison to all genes. (G) Quantitative PCR analysis of relative FLAG-H2BE levels in the protein-coding regions of representative histone and OR genes. Analyses were performed on ligation-mediated-PCR-amplified Flag-H2BE and H3 samples. (H) Genome-wide ChIP analysis shows depleted FLAG-H2BE levels within representative OR CDS regions. Figure 14 Download asset Open asset H2BE's post-translational modifications (PTMs) differ from those of canonical H2B. (A,B,D,E) Representative images of H2B-Lys5-Me (A, B, D, and E) and FLAG-H2BE (A, B, and E) staining in the MOE of Flag-H2be (A and B), H2be-KO (D) or H2be-GF (E) mice. (B) High-magnification image of FLAG-H2BE and H2B-Lys5-Me colocalization shows that H2BE is depleted in nuclear regions enriched for H2B-Lys5-Me (arrowheads). Mouse ages: (A), (B), and (E), 10 weeks; (D), 34 weeks. (C) Confirmation of reactivity of the anti-H2B-Lys5-Me1 polyclonal antibody with the Lys5-Me PTM in the context of the H2BE protein sequence. Image (top) and quantification (bottom) of an ELISA assay for peptides corresponding to canonical H2B or H2BE and containing the Lys5-Me PTM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss the function of olfactory receptors or any quantum effects. Instead, it focuses on genome-wide ChIP analysis and the levels of certain proteins in olfactory neurons and other genes. There is no mention of quantum mechanics or its relation to olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Plant-based dietsWe first describe the composition of different plant-based diets and dietary patterns in order to better interpret their potential varying effects on the discussed thrombotic factors. The 2021 of Cardiology guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice recommend the adoption of a more plant-based and less animal-based food pattern consisting of less than 10% of total energy from saturated fatty acids, less than 5 g of salt, 30 to 45 g of fiber, at least 200 g of fruit, and at least 200 g of vegetables per day. They also recommend red meat consumption of no more than 350 to 500 g per week, with strict minimization of processed meat, (fatty) fish consumption 1 to 2 times per week, 30 g of unsalted nuts per day, no more than 100 g of alcohol per week, and discourage consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. 9 These guidelines, in essence, describe the underpinning of plant-based diets. Although plant-based diets center around plant-based foods, they do not necessarily exclude all animal products. Therefore, plant-based eating is comprised of a range of intakes that vary according to the type and the proportion of animal products included in the diet (Figure 1). Figure 1. Spectrum of plant-based diets (adapted from Kahleova1)Veganism is considered the purest form of plant-based eating, characterized by the omission of all animal products from the diet as well as foods that are high in fat, salt, and sugar while only whole food of plant origin is consumed. If not carefully planned and well-balanced, vegan diets can lead to deficiencies in, amongst others, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin B12 because of strict exclusion of animal products. 12 Lacto-vegetarian diets, while excluding meat and fish, include dairy products, whereas lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets include both dairy and eggs while excluding meat and fish. 13 Pescatarian diets, also referred to as pesca-vegetarian diets, include seafood along with eggs and dairy products while other animal products (poultry and red meat) are not consumed. 14 Flexitarian diets, also known as semivegetarian diets, are mainly plant-based but occasionally include meat, dairy and eggs and focus on variety while attempting to minimize animal product consumption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing guidelines from the 2021 Cardiology recommendations which advocate for the adoption of a more plant-based food pattern as a means to improve health outcomes. It emphasizes the benefits of plant-based diets, such as reduced saturated fat and increased intake of fruits and vegetables, which are associated with lower risks of chronic diseases. The text discusses various types of plant-based diets, indicating that they are grounded in health benefits and aimed at reducing health risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: But, the observed shift back towards a wild microbiome may not completely erase microbial signatures of an animal’s captive origin, as seen in Przewalski’s horses even after 10 years post-release [22]. It is worth noting compositional shifts following reintroduction are likely highly dependent on the environment to which animals are transplanted. In addition to moving animals from captivity to the wild, Chong et al. transplanted Tasmanian Devils from one wild location to another and saw a compositional shift towards a microbiome that resembled native Tasmanian Devils of the new location [50]. The lack of a universal “wild” microbiome, even for a single species, is ubiquitous and logical given findings that some gut bacteria may be geographically restricted or fluctuate seasonally [30, 52,53,54]. Table 3 Papers comparing gut microbiota before and after experimental transplantation from captivity to the wildFull size tableWhat drives gut microbiome changes in captivity? While it is clear that transitioning between wild and captive conditions can elicit changes to the gut microbiome, the ecological factors altered under captivity that specifically cause microbiome shifts often remain unspecified. Captive diets can vary widely from natural diets [3, 55], and diet has been shown to have a strong influence over gut microbial composition in captive animals [21, 31, 51, 56]. Even minor changes in diet can lead to shifts in microbial composition, as evidenced in captive sifakas [57]. Environmental conditions beyond diet can also matter, with one study demonstrating that rehousing lab mice in a room with altered temperature and humidity, but the same diet, resulted in significant changes in gut microbial composition [49]. Additionally, microbial dispersal from abiotic environmental substrates (water, soil, plants, etc. ), as well as from contact with conspecifics or other species (including humans), can influence the gut microbiome of captive animals and can vary between captive facilities [58]. Komodo dragons, for example, harbor gut microbes that are also present in their enclosures [59], while human handling has been implicated in the spread of microbes between mouse enclosures [48]. Animal social groups have a strong influence on gut microbial composition in the wild, likely affecting the microbiome by transferring bacteria between individuals through physical contact among social networks [e. g. 60–62]. It is reasonable to expect similar social dynamics transmit microbes among captive populations, although, beyond studies of cohousing [e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while gut microbiome changes occur and are influenced by various factors, including captivity and environmental conditions, it does not support the notion that all health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. It indicates that shifts in gut microbiomes are complex and depend on multiple ecological factors, and there is no universal microbiome, suggesting that health conditions cannot be solely or universally attributed to the gut.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (F) Two-color fluorescent western analysis of Lys5-Me modification of FLAG-H2BE in MOE lysates from WT and Flag-H2be (F-H) mice. No detectable H2B-Lys5-Me staining of the FLAG-H2BE bands (red; arrowheads) is observed. Approximate molecular weights (kDa) are indicated (left). The bands observed at approximately 30–35 kDa likely correspond to histone dimers. (G–I) Age-dependence of H2BE accumulation. (G and H) Images (left) and quantification (right) of FLAG-H2BE and H2B-Lys5-Me co-localization in 3- (G) and 34-week old (H) mice. Red lines, best fits. (I) Quantification of H2B-Lys5-Me levels in high-H2BE neurons (relative to apical sustentacular cells; n = 20 nuclei from two images per timepoint). (J) Two-color fluorescent western analysis (left) and quantification (right) of FLAG-H2BE relative to total H2B as a function of age in MOE lysates from WT and Flag-H2be (F-H) mice. Approximate molecular weights (kDa) are indicated (left). The bands observed at approximately 30–35 kDa likely correspond to histone dimers. **p<0. 01; ****p<0. 0001; n. s. , not significant. Scale bar for (A), (D), (E), (G), and (H), 20 µm; (B), 5 µm. Additional files Supplementary file 1 (A) Effects of H2be loss-of-function on gene expression, based on microarray analyses of whole MOE tissue from 6-month old H2be-KO and WT mice (n = 6 samples per genotype, two animals per sample). Top 100 genes that are up- (left) or down-regulated (right) in H2be-KO mice compared to WT controls are listed according to their unadjusted p-value rank. OR genes are highlighted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. Instead, it discusses the analysis of histone protein modifications and gene expression without any mention of olfactory receptors or quantum effects. Thus, the relationship is irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 15Within the context of the above-mentioned plant-based diets, a number of specific plant-based dietary patterns that fall within the pescatarian and flexitarian diets (depending on whether only fish or both fish and red meat are consumed) have been investigated, and demonstrated to have cardiometabolic health benefits. These include the Mediterranean, Nordic, Portfolio, and DASH diets. 13Mediterranean dietdiet is based on food patterns observed in the early 1950s in Greece, Crete, and the southern parts of Italy. Keys et al16 noticed in the Seven-that individuals who lived in those parts of the world (ie, in those parts of the Mediterranean region) had the lowest cardiovascular mortality rate whilst consuming the largest amount of fat among the countries included in the study. Traditional practices included: the addition of olive oil to vegetables and legumes to improve their palatability, fruit rather than sweetened foods was eaten as a daily dessert, salads and stews were accompanied by cheeses, while red meat was reserved for special occasions only. 17,18Today the diet typically does not limit caloric intake; rather, it accentuates variety and the consumption of plant-based foods with extra virgin, cold-pressed olive oil (up to 8 servings) as its principal fat source. Plant-based foods in the Mediterranean diet include vegetables (3–9 servings), fruit (0. 5–2 servings), breads and whole grain cereals (1–13 servings), potatoes, nuts, legumes pulses, seeds, and beans. Fish, poultry, dairy, and (red) wine are consumed in moderation while red meat, saturated fat, eggs, processed foods, and added sugars are limited. 13,19 It typically contains high amounts of fiber (>30 g/day), around 35% total fat of which 15% to 20% is monounsaturated fat and less than 10% is saturated fat. Daily caloric intake is in the order of 9300 kJ. 20Nordic dietdiet is considered a primarily plant-based diet with animal products used in moderation, mainly as side dishes. 21 Emphasis is placed on traditional Nordic food components, predominantly the healthier options, which are indigenous to and produced locally in the Nordic countries. Some region-specific variation exists such as the type of fish, berries, fruit, vegetables, and bread that are consumed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing specific plant-based dietary patterns like the Mediterranean and Nordic diets, which have been shown to provide cardiometabolic health benefits. It emphasizes the health advantages of consuming a variety of plant-based foods and limiting red meat and processed foods, which aligns with the idea that plant-based diets can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: 63, 64], this is rarely explicitly considered. It must be noted that diet and environmental exposures can be tightly linked, especially in wild environments, making it challenging to disentangle their microbial impacts. Diet has the potential to have both a probiotic and prebiotic influence on the microbiome as it exposes animals to environmental microbes in addition to providing direct substrates for bacterial growth [52, 65]. Animal diets also often vary as environmental conditions change. One study, for example, saw a strong effect of the amount of outdoor exposure on changes to the gut microbiome of colobine primates, but it could not be determined whether this was a result of the animals being exposed to new environmental microbes or eating a greater diversity of foliage [55]. Interaction with humans introduces additional stressors unique to the captive environment that can influence the microbiome. Most notably, administration of antibiotics reduces the natural flora of the gut and may even compound the effects of captivity by quickly removing large portions of the wild microbiota [66]. Isolation from natural pathogens like helminths through anthelminthic medicine or increased hygiene can induce changes to the microbiome by affecting the immune system [67, 68]. Additionally, direct physical interactions with humans, such as keepers or visitors, could both directly introduce human-associated microbes [44, 45] and cause stress, which itself can induce shifts in microbial composition [e. g. 69, 70]. Do gut microbial compositional changes in captivity affect microbiome function or host health? If so, how? While the reviewed studies clearly show that captivity can affect the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome, characterizing these two metrics is insufficient to determine whether the gut microbiome plays a role in captive animal health as they do not give insight into whether bacterial functions change [71]. To date, there have been few studies that compare functional capacity of the microbiome in the wild and in captivity in addition to composition. Of these, most have predicted functionality using reference genomes related to taxa represented in 16S rRNA gene sequencing data [e. g. 44, 72, 73] and a few have conducted functional metagenomic sequencing [e. g. 38, 40, 74, 75]. Most show that predicted function differs between captive and wild microbiomes (but see [76] for a case in which no functional difference was predicted) and argue the altered functional capacity of the bacterial community may have a realized impact on host biology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there is evidence that captivity can affect the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome, it does not establish that all health conditions can be traced back to it. Instead, it emphasizes the complexity involved in understanding the relationship between the gut microbiome and host health, suggesting that more research is needed to ascertain whether gut microbial changes directly influence health. Specifically, it notes that characterizing changes in composition and diversity alone is insufficient to determine their impact on health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: us Grants & prizes & media About us Join our communityMeet our membersUndergraduate and Master’sour membersPhysiology ECR Toolkit for lecturesPrizesEvents listingMeeting and workshop supportAdvice for attending your first meetingAwardGrant for carersExhibitors and sponsorshipProceedings abstractsPast eventsmagazineBlogPodcastYouTube channelNewsOur newslettersArtificial IntelligencePhysiology 2024: Manifesto for the General Election& and medicinePolicy ConsultationsWhat do physiologists do? Supporting your next career moveResearchTeachingScience communicationSport and exercise scienceHealthcareIndustryJobsWhat we doWhat is physiology? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address or provide information about olfactory receptors or their potential quantum effects. Instead, it discusses organizational aspects related to physiology and does not mention any scientific studies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 22The overall dietary pattern is based on 3 fundamental guidelines: 1) more calories from plant-based foods and less from animal-based foods (especially meat), 2) more foods from the sea and lakes, 3) more food from the countryside (indigenous game and vegetation). 23Plant-based foods native to the Nordic region include cruciferous vegetables (mainly cabbage), root vegetables (like potatoes), berries (such as bilberries, lingonberries, strawberries, blueberries, cowberries, and cloudberries) and other fruit (like apples and pears), cereals (oats, barley, whole grain, and rye bread) as well as legumes. The long coastline provides a rich source of fatty fish (salmon and herring) and other seafood (shellfish and seaweed). Lean game meat (venison, goose, duck) and low-fat dairy is also incorporated in the diet. 13,24-28Like the Mediterranean diet, the Nordic diet promotes the consumption of vegetables and fruit, whole grains, and fish, while restricting the use of saturated fat as well as red meat and processed foods. Instead of olive oil as in the Mediterranean diet, rapeseed oil (also known as canola oil) is used as the source of unsaturated fat. 22Portfolio dietAnother plant-based dietary pattern is the Portfolio diet, which was first formulated in the early 2000s. It consists of a “portfolio” of 4 core food components (all plant-based) that are known to lower cholesterol, namely: 1) nuts (tree nuts or peanuts); 2) plant-based protein (soy products, lentils, beans, chickpeas and other legumes); 3) viscous soluble fiber from fruit (apples, oranges, berries), grains (oats, barley, psyllium) and or vegetables (eggplant, okra); and 4) plant sterols (predominantly plant sterol-enriched margarine). 13,29-33Jenkins et al34 proposed an enhanced Portfolio diet in which carbohydrates are replaced by monounsaturated fat, which is then added to the established 4 components of the original Portfolio diet to provide around 25% of energy. DASH dietThe DASH diet, an acronym for “to Stop Hypertension,” is based on the benefits of a plant-based diet on blood pressure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing various plant-based dietary patterns, such as the Nordic diet and the Portfolio diet, which promote the consumption of plant-based foods known to provide health benefits, including lowering cholesterol and improving blood pressure. It emphasizes the importance of these diets in reducing the intake of saturated fats and processed foods, aligning with the claim that plant-based diets can reduce the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: However, altered functional capacity does not necessarily indicate changes in bacterial activity or host physiology [77]. There have been some instances, though, where microbial composition has been more directly tied to health outcome in captive animals. A handful of studies have correlated gut microbiome composition to specific disease phenotypes in captive animals, including chronic wasting disease in deer [78], gastrointestinal disease in wolves [31], and iron overload disorder in rhinoceroses [7]. That work provides support for a functional connection between microbial composition and health consequences in at least some contexts. Bolstering the idea that the wild microbiome specifically can be beneficial, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) of a wild microbiota community has been used in mammals to successfully reduce inflammation and improve survival against viral disease [79] and expand dietary niche [80], and probiotic supplementation improved body weight and fecal quality in cheetahs [81]. In most cases, however, the potential for microbial manipulations to lead to favorable health outcomes have not been explicitly tested, so the generalizability of these findings remains unknown. Microbial manipulations in captive livestock have also been used to try to address health concerns, although the mixed success of FMTs and dietary interventions in agricultural contexts underscores the likelihood that an altered microbiota will not cure all ills [82,83,84,85]. There are alternative interpretations of microbial differences between wild and captive animals that do not presume the captive microbiome is less favorable [e. g. 35, 86–88] or potentially detrimental [1]; these are important to consider in the absence of species-specific experimental evidence. First, microbiomes may have changed to match the new captive environment in a beneficial manner [89]. For example, natural selection could promote a microbiome better able to digest the captive diet while potentially reducing the animal’s capacity to digest a (no longer relevant) wild diet [21, 90]. Captive microbiome contributions to promoting growth or mitigating stressors may not fully outweigh the costs of a captive lifestyle, so captive animals may still be found to have worse health than wild individuals. Still, in these cases a return of a wild or ancestral microbiome to a captive animal would further diminish health in captivity. Second, microbiome changes under captivity may be constrained by tradeoffs such that the increase in some microbial functions, such as those relevant to captive environments, lead to the decrease or loss of other functions [77]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while there are instances where microbial composition is tied to specific health outcomes, it emphasizes that microbial manipulations do not guarantee health improvements and suggests that an altered microbiota will not cure all health problems. Additionally, it notes that the generalizability of the findings related to gut microbiome links to health remains unknown and that there are alternative interpretations of microbial differences, indicating that the claim's assertion of a direct link between all health conditions and the gut microbiome is not substantiated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Strategy 2023-27Excellence in physiologyNewsOur partnersOur historyBoard of Trustees, Committees & GroupsGovernanceStaffDiversity and InclusionContact usBecome a memberCheck out our Training HubResources for Society RepsCardiac & Vascular PhysiologyEpithelia & Membrane TransportHuman, Environmental & & TeachingMentoringMembers reflect on COVID-19Member supportPhysiology and COVID-19Questions from the front lineCOVID-19 Advisory Panelof Physiology’s ClubReturning to the labEngaging with your ThemeAwardEducation and Teaching AwardResearch and for carersInformation for Grant recipientsand LectureThe Bayliss-Lecture for Mid--Huxley-for Diversity in for Early-’s LectureThe Sharpey-Lecture for Translational PhysiologyParticipation in for and -of to --’ SymposiumGrant for carersof Physiology AccessLatest issueof Physiology NewsContributeand HealthRoadmap for ResilienceSupport the consensus statementClimate and NetworkDeveloping a Human-centred StrategyPhysiology, Heat and Mental HealthClimate Emergency: Physiology & Climate Changeand Research into health and workGrowing Older, BetterSupporting the development of public health guidance for long -(REF)Sport & Education: Impact on the UK EconomyScotland at the Heart of ChallengesPhysiology and Funding in IrelandContribution of physiology education and training to the UK economyMedical ObjectivesPhysiology and the COVID-19 responseAnimal researchThe use of animals in educating the next generation of life science researchersAge 16–19Undergraduate and MastersPhD and beyondReproduction and developmentImpact of exercise on healthMicrobiomes in the gutRespiration and lung functionSleep and circadian rhythmsExtreme environmentsSpace physiologyConservation of lifeExcellence in Physiology AwardSociety’s blue plaqueshighlightsSociety timelineObituariesOral historiesWhat is physiology? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about olfactory receptors and quantum effects. Instead, it covers various topics related to physiology and organizational matters, without addressing the claim at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: This dietary pattern was designed to both treat and prevent hypertension. 35,36 The design goal for the DASH diet was to establish plant-based patterns associated with lowering blood pressure while still incorporating a sufficient amount of animal-based products to ensure palatability of the diet for nonvegetarian users. 36This dietary pattern is low in fat and rich in carbohydrates. It encourages the intake of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and legumes while fish, poultry, and dairy products (fat-free or low-fat) are consumed in moderation and dietary cholesterol, total and saturated fat, red meat, processed and refined foods with added sugars are minimized. 13,37,38 Compared with regular omnivorous diets, the DASH diet provides more protein, fiber, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. 39Healthy vs unhealthy plant-based dietsIt is important to note that not all plant-based diets are healthy. Diets high in sugary drinks, refined carbohydrates, and sweets are also plant-based, but are not considered healthy nor do they have any protective effects in terms of CVD. 6,40 Healthy plant-based diets, therefore, contain high-quality whole plant foods that are typically rich in dietary fiber, antioxidants, unsaturated fatty acids, and micronutrients. Unhealthy plant-based diets, on the contrary, typically have a higher glycemic index and load, reduced fiber content, lower micronutrient and higher calorie content, and contain more processed foods. 40For this review, we used combinations of the following keywords in our search strings: plant-based diets, vegetarian, Mediterranean diet, DASH diet, Portfolio diet, Nordic diet and thrombosis, hemostasis, coagulation, fibrinogen, fibrinolysis, and platelet* (function, aggregation). We found 26 1. Fibrinogen and plant-based dietsNo. StudyStudy populationType of dietBiomarkerMain resultsCross-sectional1Corley et al41; the Cohort 1936792 participants (383 men and 409 women; mean age, 69. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the DASH diet, a plant-based dietary pattern, was designed to treat and prevent hypertension and suggests that it can lower blood pressure. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of healthy plant-based diets, which contain high-quality whole plant foods that are rich in dietary fiber and micronutrients, potentially providing protective effects against chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: If so, re-establishing a wild microbiome may improve some aspects of health while reducing others. Third, the captive microbiome may be caused by, rather than causative of, poor health, in which case treating the microbiome would not alter the underlying condition. Finally, changes in the microbiome under captivity may primarily be neutral given functional redundancy of gut microbiota [91]. Given the scope of the current evidence that exists, we cannot presume to know what effect the captive microbiome has on the health of any given species. To ensure our understanding is sufficient for conservation applications, more research must be done to indicate under which circumstances and for which species microbial manipulations can improve health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the effects of the captive microbiome on health are uncertain. It suggests that the microbiome may be a result of poor health rather than the cause, stating, 'the captive microbiome may be caused by, rather than causative of, poor health.' Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for more research to understand the relationship between the microbiome and health, thus indicating that not all health conditions can definitively be traced back to the gut microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Meet our membersBasis of 202419 – 20 December 2024 Join us Join our community Meet our members Undergraduate and Master’s for & Epithelia & Human, Environmental & & our members reflect on COVID-19 Member support Physiology and COVID-19 Questions from the front line COVID-19 of Physiology’s to the lab Engaging with your for & prizes and Research and for carers Information for Grant recipients Prize lectures and Bayliss-Lecture for Mid--Huxley-for Diversity in for Early-’s Sharpey-Lecture for Participation in for and -of to listing Meeting and workshop support Two--’ for carers Advice for attending your first meeting for carers Exhibitors and sponsorship Proceedings abstracts Past events Journals & media of magazine Latest issue of channel newsletters Intelligence and 2024: Manifesto for the & for the consensus statement Climate and a Human-centred Strategy Physiology, Heat and Climate Emergency: Physiology & and Research into health and work Growing Older, the development of public health guidance for long - Framework (REF) Sport & Education: Impact on the UK at the Heart of Funding in of physiology education and training to the UK economy Physiology and the COVID-19 response research The use of animals in educating the next generation of life science researchers Precision medicine do physiologists do? Supporting your next career move Age 16–19 Undergraduate and Masters PhD and beyond and development Impact of exercise on health Microbiomes in the gut Respiration and lung function Sleep and circadian rhythms Extreme environments Space physiology Conservation of life communication Sport and exercise science us What we do What is physiology? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It does not mention olfactory receptors, quantum effects, or any related studies. Instead, the text discusses various aspects of physiology, member activities, and events without addressing the specific claim at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 5 y); CRP >10 mg/ml excluded; ScotlandFood patterns associated with outcomes identified using principle component analysis:MediterraneanHealth-aware (high intake of fruit and carrots; low intake of meat, egg, spirits, and liqueurs)Fibrinogen (Clauss)Fibrinogen was inversely associated with the Mediterranean dietary pattern, fruit intake and combined fruit and vegetable intake. 2Famodu et al42; selection based on habitual intakes76 participants:vegans (mean age, 47. 1 y)lacto-ovo-vegetarians (mean age, 49 y)omnivores (age- and BMI-matched; mean age, 48 y); no comorbidities; NigeriaVeganLacto-ovo-vegetarianOmnivore (habitual African diet)Fibrinogen (clot weight)Fibrinogen was significantly higher in the omnivorous control group compared with lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans. Fibrinogen was significantly lower in the vegan group compared with lacto-ovo-vegetarians. 3Mezzano et al4354 participants with no comorbidities:vegetarians (12 men, 14 women) = 3 vegans and 23 lacto-vegetarians lacto-ovo-vegetarians (mean age, 39 y)omnivores (age-, sex-, and socioeconomic status–matched); ChileVegetarian (vegan and lacto-vegetarian lacto-ovo-vegetarian)Omnivore>1 year on dietFibrinogen (Clauss)Fibrinogen was significantly lower in the vegetarian group compared with omnivorous controls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data indicating that vegetarians and vegans have significantly lower levels of fibrinogen compared to omnivores. Since high levels of fibrinogen are associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, the text supports the idea that plant-based diets can contribute to reduced risk.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: #2 (Public Review): The study conducted by Benita et al studied the gut and nasopharyngeal microbiome in covid-19 severity. There are a lot of studies on this topic, and this study therefore cannot stand out from a pool of such similar studies. Beyond that, I have a number of major concerns: (1) The sample size is limited. There were 3 cohorts, but only ~100 subjects in total. This indicates that there were only a small number of subjects in each cohort (the authors did not list this information), and beyond that, there was a lack of healthy individuals as controls. A cohort-specific effect should usually exist, I believe with such a small number of patients (they were further divided into 3 groups), the authors cannot find reproducible data between cohorts. (2) The study did not meet the study goal. The authors say "Many factors have been described to be correlated with its severity but no specific determinants of infection outcome have been identified yet". However, numerous studies have shown the relationship between microbiome and covid. The present study only again showed a correlation between microbiome and covid severity and did not provide further insights, nor did they find specific determinants. (3) This study only studied 16s-seq for microbiome profiling, which made this study lack depth and resolution. Many peer papers have used metagenomics sequencing for in-depth interrogation. (4) Since there are fecal and nasopharyngeal microbiome data, the authors only listed their respective associations with covid severity yet did not provide further insights into whether and how these two microbiome types are linked to covid, or into whether there is a microbiome priority, resistance or transmission. (5) The abstract is amiss where each sentence lacks a key message - I don't understand each of the sentences or the underlying meanings. One example of an unclear expression is "this ratio" - what ratio? (6) The figures are all unclear and need significant improvement #3 (Public Review): Summary: How the microbial composition of the human body is influenced by and influences disease progression is an important topic. For people with COVID-19, symptomatic progression and deterioration can be difficult to predict. This manuscript attempts to associate the nasal and fecal microbiomes of COVID-19 patients with the severity of disease symptoms, with the goal of identifying microbial markers that can predict disease outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of a specific study about the gut microbiome's correlation with COVID-19 severity. It highlights concerns regarding the sample size, study goals, and depth of research, indicating that the study did not identify specific determinants tied to health outcomes. The analysis focuses on specific conditions rather than universally supporting the idea that all health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Strategy 2023-27 Excellence in physiology Excellence in Society’s blue plaques nomination form partners Our history Historical highlights Women in physiology The first Foundation of Society mascot Society timeline histories Board of Trustees, Committees & us this issue 2007 - 68 issue Previous issues 131-133 Issue 133 Issue 132 Issue 131 121-130 Issue 130 Issue 129 Issue 128 Issue 127 Issue 126 Issue 125 Issue 124 Issue 123 Issue 122 Issue 121 111-120 Issue 120 Issue 119 Issue 118 Issue 117 Issue 116 Issue 115 Issue 114 Issue 113 Issue 112 Issue 111 101-110 Issue 110 Issue 109 Issue 108 Issue 107 Issue 106 Issue 105 Issue 104 Issue 103 Issue 102 Issue 101 91-100 Issue 100 Issue 99 Issue 98 Issue 97 Issue 96 Issue 95 Issue 94 Issue 93 Issue 92 Issue 91 81-90 Issue 90 Issue 89 Issue 88 Issue 87 Issue 86 Issue 85 Issue 84 Issue 83 Issue 82 Issue 81 71-80 Issue 80 Issue 79 Issue 78 Issue 77 Issue 76 Issue 75 Issue 74 Issue 73 Issue 72 Issue 71 61-70 Issue 70 Issue 69 Issue 68 Issue 67 Issue 66 Issue 65 Issue 64 Issue 63 Issue 62 Issue 61 51-60 Issue 60 Issue 59 Issue 58 Issue 57 Issue 56 Issue 55 Issue 54 Issue 53 Issue 52 Issue 51 41-50 Issue 50 Issue 49 Issue 48 Issue 47 Issue 46 Issue 45 Issue 44 Issue 43 Issue 42 Issue 41 31-40 Issue 40 Issue 39 Issue 38 Issue 37 Issue 36 Issue 35 Issue 34 Issue 33 Issue 32 Issue 31 21-30 Issue 30 Issue 29 Issue 28 Issue 27 Issue 26 Issue 25 Issue 24 Issue 23 Issue 22 Issue 21 11-20 Issue 20 Issue 19 Issue 18 Issue 17 Issue 16 Issue 15 Issue 14 Issue 13 Issue 12 Issue 11 1-10 Issue 10 Issue 9 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Autumn 2007 - 68 Full issue Central CO2 chemoreception: how can it be done without the perfect receptors? Central CO2 chemoreception is a vital sensory function believed to be carried out by specific CO2 chemoreceptors. Recent studies suggest that brainstem neuronal networks may be able to achieve high CO2 sensitivity and a wide sensing spectrum by common pH-sensitive ion channels and synaptic interactions CO2 chemoreception: how can it be done without the perfect receptors? Central CO2 chemoreception is a vital sensory function believed to be carried out by specific CO2 chemoreceptors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address anything related to olfactory receptors or quantum effects. It primarily focuses on central CO2 chemoreception and other unrelated historical notes about physiology. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Foods and nutrients typically included in plant-based diets such as dark chocolate, foods with a low glycemic index, garlic, ginger, onion, grapes (and juice), berries, tomato, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals (flavonoids and antioxidants) have all been shown to reduce platelet aggregation (reviewed by McEwen,67 Pieters and De Maat,11 Dutta-Roy,69 Tubek et al,71 and Phang et al68). However, whether these changes are sufficient to alter thrombotic status is difficult to determine, as many of the micronutrients have limited bioavailability. The impact of alcohol (as the key component of the Mediterranean diet), on the other hand, is more complex and not yet fully elucidated, with a number of studies demonstrating inhibition of platelet activation, while evidence for enhanced platelet activation has also been reported (reviewed by Pieters and De Maat11). Another important component of plant-based diets is the type of fat consumed with typically proportionally higher intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids (olive oil) and varying ratios of n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Vegans have low intakes of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids while flexitarian pescatarian diets, such as the Nordic diet, containing fatty fish, have a high content. The influence of monounsaturated fatty acids on platelet function remains unclear with several studies reporting inhibited platelet aggregation, others reporting no effect, and others even found increased aggregability (reviewed by Rajaram66 and Pieters and De Maat11). The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on platelet function is largely dependent on being either n-3 or n-6, with n-3 inhibiting and n-6 promoting platelet aggregation by competing for cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase and in doing so, producing different eicosanoids (reviewed by Dutta-Roy69). Compared with omnivores, vegetarians, especially vegans, have lower n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the platelet membrane phospholipids, which are associated with increased collagen and adenosine diphosphate–stimulated ex vivo blood platelet aggregation (reviewed by Li12). Fish consumers, on the other hand, have high n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various foods and nutrients typically included in plant-based diets that have been shown to reduce platelet aggregation, which is a factor associated with chronic diseases. It highlights specific components of plant-based diets, such as dark chocolate, garlic, ginger, and berries, which have beneficial effects on health. These findings suggest an association between plant-based dietary choices and a reduced risk of certain chronic diseases, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Moderate and severe patients showed higher frequencies of the evaluated symptoms: dyspnoea, low oxygen saturation and increased respiratory or heart rates (p < 0. 05). However, no significant differences were observed in the percentage of the gastrointestinal complaints among the three groups of patients (Table 1). When the different comorbidities were considered, only those patients with severe symptoms showed a higher percentage of cardiomyopathy compared to those from mild or moderate symptomatology (p < 0. 05). Additionally, no significant differences were found in the prevalence of the other pathologies among groups. Regarding the counts of lymphocytes and neutrophils did not show meaningful differences between the three groups of patients. However, the plasmatic determinations of platelets, D-dimer, ferritin and C reactive protein correlated with the severity of the symptoms, being the severe group significantly different (p<0. 05) (Table 1). Table 1. Clinical data description of enrolled patients. Normal distributions are represented as mean土 SD while non normal distributions are represented by median and interquartile range. Categorical variables are represented with percentage. Groups with different letters statistically differ (p < 0. 05). Bacterial composition differs between sample type and severity index in SARS-CoV-2 infected patientsNasopharyngeal swabs and faeces were obtained from all the patients included in the study in the first seven days after symptom onset, and used for characterization of the microbiota composition. Microbiome diversity showed alterations that could be associated with the disease severity (Figure 1). Specifically, the α-diversity in the nasopharyngeal microbiota was reduced in the moderate and severe groups, in comparison with the mild group although it was only significant in patients with moderate symptoms (Figure 1A). Conversely, when α-diversity was examined in stool samples, no significant modifications were observed between groups (Figure 1B). On the other hand, ß-diversity analysis revealed statistical differences between groups for both samples, nasopharyngeal swabs and stools (p < 0. 001) (Figure 1C and 1D). Nasopharyngeal microbial populations could be grouped based on the severity of the symptoms and appear like three distinct and separate clusters corresponding to the patients with mild, moderate and severe symptoms (Figure 1C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there are alterations in microbiome diversity associated with disease severity, it also highlights that gastrointestinal complaints did not show significant differences among the patient groups and that the prevalence of other pathologies was similar across groups. This suggests that not all health conditions, particularly respiratory or other systemic health conditions referenced in the study, can be exclusively traced back to the gut microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Recent studies suggest that brainstem neuronal networks may be able to achieve high CO2 sensitivity and a wide sensing spectrum by common pH-sensitive ion channels and synaptic interactions Jiang, Junda Su,& Department of Only a handful of sensory functions remain without cellular identity. Central CO2 chemoreception is one of them. Since it was first described almost a half century ago, tremendous efforts have been devoted to identify the central CO2 chemoreceptors (CCRs). We now know their likely locations in certain brainstem nuclei in which several types of CO2-chemosensitive neurons have been observed. We even know some potential cellular and molecular mechanisms for CO2 sensing. However, the identity of the CCRs remains uncertain. As a result, several phenomena observed in central CO2 chemoreception are rather controversial. The ideal CCR cells would be highly sensitive to CO2, project to respiratory-modulated neurons, and dictate systemic CO2 responses. However, experimental evidence supporting the existence of such typical sensory cells is lacking. In contrast, neurons with various CO2 chemosensitivity are found in many parts of the medulla and pons, although their functional significance is still not fully understood (Richerson, 2004). The search for molecular CO2/pH sensors has led to a number of candidate molecules in the past decade (Jiang et al. 2005). Studies involving transgenic mice, however, indicate that CO2 chemoreception appears normal in animals lacking one or other of these putative sensing molecules, such as 5-HT2a receptor, TASK-1 channel and P2x receptor is disrupted (Linden et al. 2006; Popa et al. 2005; Rong et al. 2003). This raises the question as to how the results from previous physiological studies on these sensing molecules can be explained. Perhaps the most paradoxical phenomenon in central CO2 chemoreception is how the high CO2 sensitivity and a wide sensing spectrum are achieved. The respiratory neuronal networks are highly sensitive to CO2 over a wide sensing range (pCO2 20–90 mm Hg), allowing a 20–30% change in systemic ventilation with a minute increase (by 1–2 mm Hg) in pCO2 (Feldman et al. 2003). The high sensitivity and wide sensing spectrum cannot be produced by a single pH sensing molecule. As shown in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address olfactory receptors or quantum effects in any capacity. It discusses central CO2 chemoreception and the search for carbon dioxide chemoreceptors (CCRs), which is unrelated to the claim about olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. Hence, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Factor VII and plant-based dietsNo. AuthorStudy populationType of dietBiomarkerMain resultsCross-sectional1Mezzano et al4354 participants with no comorbidities:vegetarians (12 men, 14 women) = 3 vegans and 23 lacto-vegetarians lacto-ovo-vegetarians (mean age, 39 y)omnivores (age-, sex-, and socioeconomic status–matched);ChileVegetarian (vegan and lacto-vegetarian lacto-ovo-vegetarian)Omnivore (higher SFA intakes compared to vegetarian diet)>1 year on dietwas significantly lower in the vegetarian group compared with omnivores. 2Pan et al46114 participants with no comorbidities:Buddhist vegetarians (23 men, 32 women)omnivores (20 men, 39 women)Age, 20–30 y; Chinese participantsVegetarian (no fish or meat)Omnivore (higher SFA intakes compared to vegetarian diet)>2 years on the dietFVIIcNo significant difference in FVIIc between vegetarians and omnivores. 3Li et al49139 healthy men; age, 20–50 y:veganslacto-ovo-vegetariansmoderate meat-eatershigh meat-eaters;nonsmokingHabitual intakes (at least 6 months prior to study)VegansLacto-ovo-vegetarianModerate meat-eater (<285 g/day)High meat-eater (>285 g/day)(Higher SFA intakes in meat-eaters)FVIIact(ACL 200 system)Vegans had a significantly lower FVIIact than meat-eaters4Mia and Vorster48321 Indian adolescents:lacto-ovo-vegetarian (11 men, 20 women)290 omnivores (148 men, 142 women)Age, 16–18 y; South AfricaLacto-ovo-vegetarianOmnivoreIndian vegetarian diet was not lower in fat (>40% TE in both groups) or higher in fiber than the omnivore diet. did not differ between the lacto-ovo-vegetarian and omnivore groups. The number of vegetarians in this study was small (10%) and the results therefore cannot be extrapolated to the general vegetarian population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that supports the claim by discussing studies that compare plant-based diets (like vegetarian and vegan diets) with omnivorous diets. It highlights that vegetarian participants had significantly lower levels of a specific biomarker (Factor VII) compared to omnivores, which suggests a potential reduction in disease risk associated with higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) intakes from omnivorous diets. Additionally, while not all studies showed significant differences, the mention of lower FVIIact among vegans compared to meat-eaters further indicates health benefits associated with plant-based diets, supporting the claim that such diets may reduce the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Remarkably, faecal microbial communities of patients with severe symptoms differed significantly from those of mild and moderate ill patients using the unweighted Bray-Curtis metric, which compares samples based on bacterial presence-absence information (Figure 1D). Figure 1. Nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota composition is modified depending on the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. (A) Alpha diversity analysis of nasopharyngeal swab samples microbiota. (B) Alpha diversity analysis of stool samples microbiota. (C) PCoA for Bray-Curtis index of nasopharyngeal swab microbiota. (D) PCoA for Bray-Curtis index of stool samples microbiota. Values are represented as mean ± SD. Significant differences are represented as * = p < 0. 05. Similarly, the characterization of microbiota composition revealed heterogeneity in the microbiota profile associated with severity and disease progression in these patients (Figure Sx). At phylum level, in nasopharyngeal microbiota, the abundance of Bacillota was increased while the abundance of Bacteroidota and Actinobacteroidota was reduced in patients with severe symptomatology (Figure 2A). Conversely, the three groups presented a more homogeneous distribution of faecal microbiota than the nasopharyngeal one, being the most abundant phyla Bacillota and Bacteroidota (Figure 2B). Only the patients that had a worse prognosis showed a decrease of abundance in Bacteroidota (Figure 2B). Figure 2. Microbiota composition of nasopharyngeal and stool samples at phylum level is slightly modified by COVID-19 symptoms severity. In contrast, at genus level, severity increases the total amount of detected bacteria in nasopharyngeal swabs while in stool samples it is reduced. (A) Representation of the most abundant phyla in nasopharyngeal swab samples. (B) Representation of the most abundant phyla in stool samples. (C) Taxa identification of the most abundant genera in nasopharyngeal swab samples. (D) Taxa identification of the most abundant genera in stool samples. At genus level, symptom severity was associated with a higher number of detected genera (Figure 2C-D). Of note, the nasopharyngeal microbiome composition revealed significant differences between groups in genus abundance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the differences in fecal microbial communities in patients with varying severity of symptoms, indicating that not all health conditions can be solely traced back to the gut microbiome. It highlights how different microbiome profiles are associated with the severity and progression of diseases such as COVID-19, suggesting a more complex relationship between health conditions and the gut microbiome rather than a direct causal link.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 1, the pH sensitivity of a molecule is determined by the steepness of its pH titration curve. The steeper the curve (corresponding to a high ‘h’ value in the Hill equation), the narrower the pH-sensing range. Thus, a highly pH-sensitive molecule tends to work in a rather narrow pH range. On the other hand, the sensitivity becomes low if it senses pH in a broad range. Therefore, the sensor molecule that is supreme in both sensitivity and spectrum does not seem to exist. How does the respiratory neuronal network resolve the high sensitivity versus wide spectrum paradox? To address this, it is necessary to have a preparation that allows observation, as well as manipulation, of the cell-intrinsic membrane properties and neuronal interactions in their networks. For the latter simultaneous recordings from multiple neurons are essential. Thus, we have made primary neuronal cultures in a multi-electrode array (MEA) dish. Still in its infancy, the preparation has several weaknesses such as the loss of anatomical identity and the reduction in network components. Despite these problems, it is a useful preparation for the studies of both intrinsic membrane properties and synaptic interactions as well as simultaneous and repetitive recordings from multiple neurons. Using the MEA technique, we studied the paradox of high sensitivity versus broad spectrum. We have found that cultured brainstem neurons retain their high CO2 chemosensitivity in a broad sensing range in the MEA dish (Fig. 2). Blockade of inward rectifier K+ (Kir) channels disrupts neuronal sensitivity to moderate hypercapnia and hypocapnia, whereas inhibition of TASK channels abrogates the neuronal response to more severe hypercapnia. These are consistent with the pH sensitivities of the heteromeric Kir4. 1-Kir5. 1 and the TASK-1 channels, both of which are expressed in the brainstem, suggesting that the broad PCO2 spectrum can be covered by multiple sensors (Su et al. 2007). Since these molecules work in parallel for the detection of PCO2 levels in the same cells, we termed this sensing the ‘parallel process’ (Fig. 3). Although the parallel arrangement of multiple sensors helps neurons to preserve the CO2 sensitivity of each sensor, these K+ channels do not appear to be sensitive enough to transduce a change of 1–2 mm Hg PCO2 into a 20–30% change in cellular activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the pH sensitivity of neuronal sensors and their mechanisms in detecting PCO2 levels, without any mention of olfactory receptors or quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Fibrinolysis and plant-based dietsNo. AuthorStudy populationType of dietBiomarkerMain resultsCross-sectional1Famodu et al42; selection based on habitual intakes76 participants with no comorbidities; mean age, 48 y:vegans (mean age, 47. 1 y)lacto-ovo-vegetarians (mean age, 49 y)ominovers (age- and BMI-matched)NigeriaVeganLacto-ovo-vegetarianOmnivore (habitual African diet)ELT (modified method)ELT was significantly shorter in the lacto-ovo-vegetarian and vegan groups compared with the omnivores thus indicating higher fibrinolytic activity. ELT was also significantly shorter (thus higher fibrinolytic activity) in the lacto-ovo-vegetarian compared with the vegan group. 2Mezzano et al4354 participants with no comorbidities:vegetarians (12 men, 14 women) = 3 vegans and 23 lacto-vegetarians lacto-ovo-vegetarians (mean age, 39 y)omnivores (age-, sex-, and socioeconomic status–matched)ChileVegetarian (vegan and lacto-vegetarian lacto-ovo-vegetarian)Omnivore>1 year on diettPAagPAI-1agPlasminogenPAPPlasminogen was significantly lower in the vegetarian compared with the omnivore group. PAP, tPAag and PAI-1ag showed no significant difference between the groups. 3Pan et al46114 Chinese participants with no comorbidities:Buddhist vegetarians (23 men, 32 women)Omnivores (20 men, 39 women)Age, 20–30 yVegetarian (no fish or meat)Omnivore>2 years on the dietPlasminogenNo significant difference in plasminogen between vegetarians and omnivores. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that individuals following plant-based diets, such as vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, show significantly shorter ELT (indicating higher fibrinolytic activity) compared to those on an omnivorous diet. This suggests that plant-based diets may positively impact biomarkers associated with chronic disease risk.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: The mild group presented significantly higher abundance of Alistipes, Muribaculaceae and Lachnospiraceae (p < 0. 001), the moderate group showed a significant increase in Alcaligenes and Pseudorobacter (p < 0. 001) while the severe group had significantly higher relative abundance of and Veillonella (p < 0. 001) (Figure 2C). However, a reduction in the number of detected genera was observed in stool samples as symptom severity increased (Figure 2D). Concretely, mild patients showed more presence of Barnesiella, Muribaculaceae and different members of the Clostridia class (Clostridia, Coprococcus, Dorea, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia and Ruminococcus) (p < 0. 001). Although moderate ill patients presented different genera, only Streptococcus was significantly increased in this group (p < 0. 001). Remarkably, Anaerococcus, Dialister, Lachnocostridium or Peptoniphilus were more abundant in patients with severe symptoms (p < 0. 001) (Figure 2D). Differences in bacteria abundance could be used as biomarkers to predict disease severity and outcome in SARS-CoV-2 infectionWe investigated if some specific taxa could contribute to the severity of the symptoms. ASVs were evaluated to determine core taxa along with the specific bacteria of each group of patients and samples (Figure 3A,B). In nasopharyngeal swabs, Venn diagram analysis revealed that the three groups of study shared 51 core taxa. 60 specific bacteria were identified in patients with mild symptoms while 32 were seen in patients with moderate symptoms and 8 in patients with severe symptoms. In stool, 159 core taxa were shared by the three groups of patients, being 27 specific for mild patients symptoms, 33 for moderate patients and 27 for severe patients (For more details see Table S1). Figure 3. Differential analysis expression of microbiota composition from nasopharyngeal and stool samples revealed the presence of specific bacteria related to COVID-19 severity index. (A) Venn diagram showing ASVs distribution in nasopharyngeal swab samples. (B) Venn diagram showing ASVs distribution in stool samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific bacterial abundances in patients with varying symptoms of COVID-19, indicating that while gut microbiome composition may relate to certain health conditions, it is not comprehensive enough to claim that all health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. The presence of specific bacteria is linked to symptom severity and outcomes of COVID-19, suggesting a more complex interaction rather than a direct causal relationship as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: We have calculated the possible effect of the pH-sensitive Kir channels on membrane potentials, and found that at best they can produce a depolarization of ~1. 5mV 1 mm Hg PCO2. Clearly, the high CO2 sensitivity may not be produced by the primary sensory neurons alone. Therefore, we included neuronal network properties in our studies. We have found that CO2 chemosensitivity is greatly reduced when neurons are isolated from their networks, suggesting that the CO2 chemo-sensitivity relies on not only the cell-intrinsic sensing mechanism, but also on neuronal interactions through synaptic transmission. Indeed, our results show that several major excitatory neurotransmitters critical for respiratory control are involved in chemosensing synaptic transmission (Su et al. 2007). With intact network connections, some neurons increase their firing rate by 20–30% with a rise in1 mm Hg PCO2, suggesting that an amplification mechanism by pre- and post-synaptic neurons exists, which we termed the ‘serial process’ (Fig. 3). With the demonstration of the parallel and serial processes of CO2 chemosensitivity, we may find explanations for other controversial phenomena: why are the optimal CCRs hard to find? The systemic CO2 response can be fulfilled by neurons in several CO2-chemosensitive nuclei and their synaptic connections with respiratory neurons through signal amplification, but may not be accomplished by individual cells without the signal amplification; why are there so many CO2-chemosensitive neurons? The signal amplification may involve a large number of interneurons, motor neurons and peripheral sensory neurons as well if they are CO2-chemosensitive; why does knockout of a likely CO2 sensing molecule impose very few adverse consequences to the system? The overlap in the spectrum of the sensing molecules may allow them to compensate for the functional defect of each other, a likely evolutional strategy for the reservation of certain vital functions such as control of respiration. Of course, these observations need to be verified in other preparations, as they were made in an in vitro preparation of reduced neuronal networks. It is the reduced network preparation however that allows us to make a leap from individual cells to neuronal networks. We believe that with the emphasis on both individual neurons in several brainstem CO2 chemosensitive nuclei and the neuronal networks, better preparations can be developed, which will surely lead to an improved understanding of central CO2 chemoreception. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It discusses the effects of pH-sensitive Kir channels on membrane potentials and CO2 chemosensitivity in neuronal networks without mentioning olfactory receptors or any quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 7Haines et al50; controls were from the Heart Study332 non-smokers, not using oral contraception; age, 18–65 y:282 omnivores (211 men, 71 women)vegetarians (27 vegan, 23 lacto-ovo-vegetarian; 25 men, 25 women)Vegetarian (vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian)OmnivoreFibrinolytic activity (method of Fearnley and Chakrabarti expressed as the reciprocal of blood clot lysis time in hours × 100)Fibrinolytic activity was significantly lower in vegetarian men than in omnivorous men. Intervention8Kim et al91; randomized crossover study of two 4-week interventions with a washout period of minimum 2 weeks (average, 3 weeks)51 (15 men, 36 women) participants without type 2 diabetes; mean age, 35. 1 y; Australia New ZealandHMD = diet high in red (200–300 g/d) and processed meat (> 50g/d) and refined grainsHWD = diet high in whole grains, nuts, legumes and dairy. Total energy was matched, and vegetables and fruit were limited to 1–2 servings in both diets. PAI-1agPAI-1ag was higher after the HMD than after the HWD. There was a strong linear inverse association between PAI-1ag and whole grain intake in the HWD diet group. 9Lopez-Learrea et al90; an 8-week randomized, parallel trial (: Reduction in Navarra)96 Caucasian participants (51 men, 45 women) with obesity and metabolic syndrome features; mean age, 50 y:;diet (–30% energy, 30% energy from protein = higher total protein, significantly more meat-derived protein)Control diet: AHA diet (–30% energy, 15% energy from protein = lower total protein, significantly less meat-derived protein). Both groups had similar intakes of vegetable and fish proteins. PAI-1agPAI-1ag was significantly reduced in the control-diet, and only borderline significantly decreased in the (high protein) diet following the 8-week intervention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence supporting the claim by discussing studies that show lower fibrinolytic activity in vegetarian men compared to omnivorous men, which suggests a potential health benefit of plant-based diets. It also details a randomized trial indicating that diets high in whole grains, nuts, and legumes (which are components of plant-based diets) result in a significant reduction of PAI-1ag, a marker associated with cardiovascular disease risk. Therefore, the information presented in the text corroborates the claim that plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, in terms of beta diversity, previous studies have reported modifications in the microbiome composition from the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract in COVID-19 patients when compared to healthy subjects [19, 52]. In the present study, in both nasopharyngeal swabs and stools, every group of patients presented distinctly differentiated clusters. As previously reported, COVID-19 disease severity is more dependent on the presence or absence of certain bacteria rather than alterations in bacterial diversity and richness [14, 53]. Supporting this, characterization of bacterial microbiota composition at phyla and genera levels for nasopharyngeal and stool samples indicated a more evident association between changes on them and the severity of the disease. Specifically, in nasopharyngeal swabs, the presence of Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota has been previously linked to a better prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, since these bacteria have been proposed to exert beneficial effects by preventing respiratory diseases, including COVID-19 [54–58]. Moreover, in nasopharyngeal samples, the abundance of Bacillota and Pesudomonadota was increased in patients with severe symptomatology, thus supporting previous studies in which higher counts of Bacillota (Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. ) and Pesudomonadota (Pseudomonas sp. ) were associated with moderate and severe symptoms of COVID-19 [59]. The evaluation of genera abundance composition showed that Alistipes and Muribaculaceae were highly abundant in mild patients. While these bacteria have been well characterised in gut microbiota, little information regarding their presence in nasopharyngeal microbiota has been provided up to date. Different experimental studies in mice have suggested their role in viral infections. Thus, Muribaculaceae was found in the lung microbiota in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice that were treated with a selective inhibitor of the main protease (Mpro) [60]. In the case of Alistipes, in a study conducted in children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RVS), these bacteria were more abundant in the nasopharyngeal microbiota of non RVS-infected subjects [61]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific microbiome compositions related to respiratory diseases, particularly COVID-19, indicating that health conditions may not solely stem from the gut microbiome. It highlights significant associations between certain bacteria in the nasopharyngeal microbiota and the severity of COVID-19, suggesting a complex interplay between different microbiomes (gut and respiratory) rather than a singular focus on the gut microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Academy of Enter your Email address: Subscribe to eTOC Home > -Dementia, Studies. . . -16, 2007 Explained31. 1 months, 40 subjects had developed HIV-D dementia, and a decline in platelet count from baseline was associated with the development of dementia within 6 to 12 months. Dr. Harish Poptani: “There are no specific markers for HIV-dementia today, just viral load and clinical symptoms, so the status of disease is purely speculative. ” HIV-infected individuals with a decline in platelets from baseline values had a two-fold increased risk of dementia in several different analyses. “The specific timing of the association indicates that the levels of circulating platelets fluctuate as HIV-associated dementia develops,” the investigators wrote. Further analyses showed that the decline from baseline platelet levels was associated with a five- to six-fold increased risk of dementia in the first two years of follow-up, but it was not associated with an increased risk of dementia after two years. the second study, a team from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia used two-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (3-T MRS) to measure ratios of two possibly new neuroimaging markers for HIV dementia, lipid (Lip) and lactate (Lac) concentrations (2007;64:1249–1257). HIV causes inflammation and oxidative stress despite HAART, and the team found that Lip and Lac are more sensitive inflammatory biomarkers for differentiating oxidative stress than creatine. Creatine is currently measured to evaluate dementia — for HIV-D, as well as Alzheimer disease and other types of degenerative dementia — but it is less reliable with HAART. and Lip in the nuclei of brain cells might also serve as a biomarker of cell membrane turnover, according to the report. Poptani, PhD, and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania tested the procedure in 10 HIV-negative and 45 HIV-positive patients with different degrees of neurocognitive impairment — 15 were normal, 12 had mild impairment, and 18 had moderate to severe cognitive symptoms. No significant lenticular nuclei atrophy was detected across all of the groups, and both N-acetyl aspartate:Cr and choline:Cr ratios were similar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It discusses HIV-related dementia and various biomarkers for assessing cognitive impairment in HIV-positive patients without any mention of olfactory receptors or quantum phenomena.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Nutrients and foods that have, thus far, received the most attention include alcohol, fats (monounsaturated fatty acids, n-3 fatty acid supplementation), and a number of micronutrients such as vitamin C, D, and E, retinol, and zinc (reviewed by Lee and Lip87 and Pieters and De Maat11). For most of these, the number of investigations is limited, and the available evidence produced contradictory findings. Also, most of the studies investigated individual activators or inhibitors in the fibrinolytic pathway such as plasminogen, or tissue plasminogen activator or PAI-1 activity or antigen as surrogate markers of fibrinolytic activity, without directly measuring fibrinolytic potential. The evidence for dietary habits that can inhibit fibrinolysis is much stronger. Again, for individual nutrients and foods, the evidence is limited, but there is a strong relationship between consequences of overnutrition such as obesity and metabolic syndrome and decreased fibrinolytic potential and in particular increased PAI-1. A major source of PAI-1 is adipose tissue, with visceral fat producing more PAI-1 than subcutaneous fat, since it produces more proinflammatory cytokines, which stimulates PAI-1 secretion (being an acute-phase protein) and it contains more stromal cells, which is the cellular component of adipose tissue that produces PAI-1. 92-94 The metabolic syndrome is characterized by abdominal obesity, as well as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance (insulin resistance), all of which have been linked to increased PAI-1. 95,96 In fact, the relationship of PAI-1 with metabolic syndrome is so strong, that it is considered by some to be a true component of the metabolic syndrome. 97 In agreement with PAI-1, global fibrinolytic assays have also demonstrated decreased lysis in both obesity and metabolic syndrome, confirming their hypofibrinolytic effects. 98,99Thus, while the evidence for the effect of individual components of plant-based diets on fibrinolysis is still to be confirmed, the lower prevalence of obesity7 and metabolic syndrome in plant-based consumers (reviewed by Babio et al100)supports a beneficial relationship between plant-based diets and fibrinolytic potential. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the lower prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome among plant-based consumers, which supports the idea that plant-based diets can contribute to better health outcomes. It further explains the connection between metabolic syndrome and increased levels of PAI-1, thus indicating that dietary habits, such as plant-based diets, might improve fibrinolytic potential and reduce chronic disease risk.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, the detected genera for the severe illness group, Lachnocostridum, Anaerococcus and Peptoniphilus, have been recognised as opportunistic pathogens and could contribute to a poor prognosis through inducing gut inflammation [71]. Regarding these differences, both nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota composition could be used to identify specific bacteria to predict COVID-19 severity. In the present study, unique ASVs for each condition were identified. For nasopharyngeal samples, species belonging to the genus Lactobacillus (L. fermentum or L. reuteri) or Prevotella (P. pallens, P. ori and P. shahii) have been identified. The role of Prevotella sp. in COVID-19 infection has not been clearly elucidated. Published microbiome analysis have revealed that its abundance was higher in mild patients [72], although others have suggested that it could be a biomarker of critical phenotype in COVID-19 patients [73, 74]. In spite of the controversial results, the results obtained in this study would confirm the potential use of this species as a biomarker for mild symptomatology. Interestingly, Anaerococcus prevotii was one of the exclusive species found in stools in mild patients. This species has been linked to lower inflammation in COVID-19 patients [75]. Conversely, Coprobacillus cateniformis was solely found in severe patients, which could be involved in the development of a worse condition in these patients through ACE2 upregulation [18]. Even though these bacteria are unique for each group, LEfSe was performed to obtain specific biomarkers [76]. For mild patients, Burkholderia and Paraburkholderia were identified in nasopharyngeal swabs and B. coprocola and R. bicirculans in stool samples. Although the information regarding the first two species in humans is limited, a few studies have reported their presence in the commensal human microbiota [77, 78]. Contrarily, B. coprocola and R. bicirculans have been found in both healthy and COVID-19 patients [79] although the abundance of R. bicirculans was reduced in infected subjects [80]. In patients with moderate symptoms, P. veronii was detected in nasopharyngeal samples whereas P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific genera associated with health conditions, particularly in the context of COVID-19. While it mentions specific bacteria linked to mild or severe conditions, it does not support the idea that all health conditions stem from the gut microbiome. For instance, it highlights how certain bacteria may correlate with severity in COVID-19 cases but does not establish a direct link that all health conditions can be traced back to these gut microbiota. The presence of various bacteria in patients with differing disease severities implies that other factors contribute to health conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: However, the Lac:Cr ratio was significantly greater in HIV-positive patients with moderate to severe impairment compared with seronegative controls, and the lipid:Cr ratio was significantly higher in each HIV-positive subgroup than in seronegative controls. “There are no specific markers for HIV-dementia today, just viral load and clinical symptoms, so the status of disease is purely speculative,” Dr. Poptani told in a telephone interview, noting that the new findings are preliminary and need confirmation in larger studies. “In that respect our study is speculative, too,” he commented. Nonetheless, he said the findings may lead to important ways to help identify candidates for alternative therapies if physicians want to change a patient's course of treatment when early HIV-D is confirmed. The third paper, by researchers at Boston University's Center for Memory and Brain and Hospital's for Biomedical Imaging, described a new imaging technique (3-T single-voxel MRS) for detecting basal ganglia hypertrophy, which often accompanies HIV-related mild cognitive impairment. The technique may represent a structural imaging tool similar to functional imaging for detecting basal ganglia hypermetabolism in patients with mild cognitive impairment, according to the researchers (2007;64:1275–1280). Dr. Beau M. Ances: “This is an exciting time for those of us working in this field because the course of the disease has changed with HAART. Today, it is more of a chronic condition and we don't see that much frank dementia any more. Instead we see these mild cognitive changes and we're trying to develop novel approaches to detect these changes as soon as possible. ” J. Castelo, MA, and colleagues at Boston University's Lab conducted a cross-sectional study of subcortical morphometry and cognitive function by examining subcortical volumes in 22 non-demented, HIV-positive patients and a matched number of controls, using 3-T single-voxel MRS. The non-demented HIV patients had relative and isolated putamen hypertrophy, but not the controls; higher CD4 lymphocyte counts were associated with larger putaminal volume being related to motor slowing and immune status. Other subcortical volumes were similar in all groups, they found. They concluded that basal ganglia hypertrophy accompanies HIV-related mild cognitive compromise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects, as it discusses findings related to HIV and cognitive impairment without mentioning olfactory function or any studies on quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 2Mezzano et al4354 participants with no comorbidities:vegetarians (12 men, 14 women) = 3 vegan and 23 lacto-vegetarian lacto-ovo-vegetarian (mean age, 39 y)Omnivores (age-, sex-, and socioeconomic status–matched);ChileVegetarian (vegan and lacto-vegetarian lacto-ovo-vegetarian)Omnivore>1 year on dietdegradation productsPlasma levels of all coagulation or fibrinolytic factors and natural inhibitors synthesized in the liver were lower in vegetarians than in omnivorous controls. For hemostatic proteins of predominantly extrahepatic origin this tendency was not present. ATIII and total were significantly lower in the vegetarian group compared to omnivorous controls. PT was borderline significantly longer and prothrombin borderline significantly lower in the vegetarian group compared to the omnivorous controls. APTT, thrombin time, vfibrin degradation products did not differ between the groups. 3Haines et al50; controls were from the Heart Study332 non-smokers, not using oral contraception; age, 18–65 y:282 omnivores (211 men, 71 women)vegetarians (27 vegan, 23 lacto-ovo-vegetarian; 25 men, 25 women)Vegetarian (vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian)(biological)ATIII (immunological)There was no difference in or ATIII (biological) between vegetarians and omnivores. FII and ATIII (immunological) were significantly lower in vegetarian men than omnivorous men. 4Li et al49139 healthy men; age, 20–50 y:veganslacto-ovo-vegetariansmoderate meat-eatershigh meat-eaters;nonsmokingHabitual intakes (at least 6 months prior to study)VeganLacto-ovo-vegetarianModerate meat-eater (<285 g/day)High meat-eater (>285 g/day)PT (INR)significant difference between the 4 dietary groups for or ATIII. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by presenting data comparing vegetarians, including vegans and lacto-vegetarians, with omnivorous controls. It indicates that vegetarians have lower plasma levels of coagulation factors, suggesting a potential reduction in the risk of chronic diseases associated with blood clotting and cardiovascular health. Specifically, the text notes significantly lower levels of factors such as ATIII in the vegetarian group compared to omnivorous controls, which aligns with the claim that plant-based diets can positively influence health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: stercorea, B. cellulosilyficus, B. stercoris and P. copri were identified in stool samples. In general, these findings agree with previous studies in COVID-19 patients [81]. Thus, Xu et al. found that infected patients showed higher abundance of B. cellulosilyficus [82], whereas B. stercoris and P. copri were associated with ACE2 upregulation and increased proinflammatory cytokine production, respectively, in COVID-19 patients [79, 83]. In critically ill patients, the biomarkers found for nasopharyngeal microbiota were M. salivarium, P. dentalis, Leptotrichia and H. parainfluenzae. In stool samples, Escherichia sp. , E. durans, P. timonensis and P. bivia were the species recognised as biomarkers. In general, all of them have been observed in the microbiota of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Moreover, both P. bivia and P. timonensis have been defined as unique microorganisms in COVID-19 patients’ microbiota [79, 84], whilst M. salivarium, H. parainfluenzae and E. durans were related to a higher abundance and poor outcome in these patients [85–87]. Of note, the use of these bacteria as biomarkers of severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection is further supported by the fact that these species exhibited positive correlations with various clinical variables. Specifically, M. salivarium, H. parainfluenzae, P. dentalis, P. bivia and P. timonensis showed positive correlation with ferritin, CRP and D-dimer levels, as well as cardiomyopathy and respiratory rates. Several studies have revealed both the relationship between CRP levels, gut microbiota and COVID-19 severity [88], as well as the positive correlation of specific bacteria with D-dimer, CRP and the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in plasma [89]. When considering A. onderdonkii, it has been reported that this bacteria do not aggravate the symptomatology of the COVID-19 patients due to its anti-inflammatory properties [18]; however, there are conflicting evidences regarding its pathogenicity that indicate that A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating specific relationships between particular gut microbiota and COVID-19 severity, but does not support the universality implied in the claim that all health conditions trace back to the gut microbiome. While it discusses the correlation of specific bacteria with clinical variables in COVID-19, it does not substantiate the notion that every health condition is rooted in gut health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: In addition, they said these findings could be a structural imaging parallel to functional imaging — demonstrating basal ganglia hypermetabolism in non-demented HIV patients with mild cognitive compromise and early HIV-associated brain disease. . Sacktor noted that the University of Pennsylvania study is one of the first to describe 3-T MRS data in patients with HIV dementia, while the third paper, using 3-T single-voxel MRS, demonstrated an increased basal ganglia myoinosito:Cr ratio as well as lower frontal white matter glutamate-glutamine concentrations in individuals with HIV dementia. [Some research indicates that elevated myoinosito-creatine ratios in white matter and basal ganglia may be a biomarker of early AD, HIV-dementia, and hypertension in the brain. ]“The results from these two studies suggest that 3-T MRS, with its improved signal-to-noise ratio, is particularly useful for detecting the metabolites Lac, Lip, and glutamate-glutamine concentrations, which are associated with HIV dementia in patients undergoing HAART. ”Other functional or molecular imaging techniques may also provide important surrogate end points for diagnosing and tracking HIV dementia, according to Dr. Sacktor. New neuroimaging markers of HIV-associated cognitive impairment in individuals receiving HAART would have considerable prognostic value, as well as help monitor therapy, he said. The results suggest that despite HAART, patients with HIV dementia may continue to demonstrate measurable CNS anaerobic glycolysis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, a finding consistent with other recent studies, he noted. “Although the purpose of molecular imaging such as MRS is to provide early and sensitive surrogate markers for prognosis or therapeutic monitoring, a limited number of metabolites are available for interrogation and can only loosely be connected to the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism in most cases,” he said. “To link a noninvasive marker to a process such as oxidative stress would represent a major advance. ” Dr. Howard Fox: “I think the two imaging papers add emphasis to the fact that the brain is a target in HIV infection, and that many of the neurological changes take place long before dementia is obvious. These studies should help us understand this pathology — are these early cognitive and motor deficits the result of actual infection or part of a chronic virus-host reaction? We don't know. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses findings related to HIV dementia and neuroimaging without any mention of olfactory receptors or quantum effects. Therefore, it does not provide any support or opposition to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 5Suwannuruks et al4780 participants:vegans (15 men, 15 women)lacto-vegetarianslacto-ovo-vegetariansomnivores (not matched; 15 men, 15 women)No comorbidities; age, 18–50 y; ThailandVegetarian (vegan, lacto-vegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian)Omnivore>4 years on dietsignificant difference in and TT between the vegetarians and omnivores. Intervention6Mezzano et al62; a 90-day intervention42 healthy men (mean age, 22 y):-free supplied 27. 3 and 39. 9% of energy in the MD and HFD, respectively. White meat, fish and legumes were the main source of proteins in the MD, whereas the HFD was rich in red meat and low in fish. Both diets were isoenergetically supplemented with 240 ml/day red wine from day 31–60. Forearm bleeding timevWFagThe MD group had significantly longer bleeding times than the HFD after 30 days. There was no significant difference in vWFag. Red wine consumption did not significantly alter bleeding time or vWFag. Abbreviations: APTT, activated partial thromboplastin clotting time; ATIII, antithrombin III; FII, factor II; FVc, factor V coagulant activity; FX, factor X; PT, prothrombin time; TAT, thrombin-antithrombin complex; TT, thrombin time; vWF, von Willebrand factor; vWFag, von Willebrand factor antigen; others, see Tables 2 and 3ConclusionHealthy plant-based diets have established benefits for cardiometabolic health, and they may do so, in part, through effects on thrombotic factors. However, this relationship is complex and depends on the energy, nutrient, and food composition of the diet. Strictly vegan diets, if not carefully planned and balanced may result in deficiencies (eg, n-3 fatty acids and vitamin B12) that may have a negative impact on thrombosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'healthy plant-based diets have established benefits for cardiometabolic health,' which supports the idea that such diets may reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The mention of thrombotic factors further links plant-based diets to health outcomes, providing evidence in favor of the claim.