Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In particular, no significant variations in the concentrations of the compounds from leaf to leaf were observed, possibly because the plants did not grow under normal conditions. In addition, it was demonstrated that the concentrations of aloins did not seem to depend highly on the seasonal variation, but on the environmental growing conditions. 3. 4. 2. 4. Leaves harvested from plants under stress Different factors can cause stress in aloe plants. Some of the most well-known stressors are soil salinity, water-stress (high or very low) and light intensity [30, 31]. Several studies have, so far, been performed on how plant stress affects the concentrations of bioactive compounds. Indicators of aloe plants under stress involve the reddish-brown color of the leaves (visible stress symptom) and the smaller amount of gel (less evident trait) [32]. In this study, three plants were analyzed (plants #16–18) that had the typical appearance of aloe plants under stress (Fig. 4), and the obtained results are demonstrated in Fig. 2. A possible factor that caused plant stress is the long daily exposure to sunlight. The large variations in temperature may have also contributed to the plant stress. It is worth here to mention that the plants under study were grown in pots. Interestingly, it was observed that in the majority of the leaves, no latex was obtained. In each plant, only 3–4 leaves that were in the upper part of the plant in a position perpendicular to its roots were able to provide small amounts of latex. After analysis, the quantities of aloins were extremely low (p-value < 0. 001), although harvest took place in summer. 3. 4. 2. 5. Quantitation of Aloins in Offshoots Offshoots, which were produced in some of the plants under study, were analyzed and their aloin content was determined (Fig. 2). The procedure followed for latex extraction was the same as before. Although offshoots were harvested during different season periods, the concentrations of both aloins were similar (p-value < 0. 001). In addition, the ratio of aloin A to aloin B was very high. In particular, aloin A was almost 4. 5 times higher than aloin B. The concentrations of aloin A in offshoots were similar to the ones in leaves that were cut during the summer season. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the environmental factors affecting the concentrations of bioactive compounds in aloe plants, rather than discussing the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments. It provides information about plant stress and compound quantitation, which does not directly address any traditional medicinal applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Xu, C. Gao, Multifunctional, ultra-flyweight, synergistically assembled carbon aerogels, Adv. Mater. 25 (2013) 2554–2560. [118]. of graphene aerogel with high electrical conductivity, J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2010) 14067–14069. [119] C. Zhu, T. Liu, F. Qian, T. . Li, Supercapacitors based on three-dimensional hierarchical graphene aerogels with periodic macropores, Nano Lett. 16 (2016) 3448–3456. [120] H. Bai, C. Li, G. Shi, A pH-sensitive graphene oxide composite hydrogel, Chem. Commun. 46 (2010) 2376–2378. [121] H. Bai, C. Li, X. Wang, G. Shi, On the gelation of graphene oxide, J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011) 5545–5551. [122] O. C. Compton, Z. An, K. W. Putz, B. -free hydrogelation of graphene oxide by ultrasonication, Carbon 50 (2012) 3399–3406. [123] W. Chen, S. Li, C. Chen, L. Yan, Self-assembly and embedding of nanop5683. [124] Y. Tao, X. Xie, W. Lv, D. Tang, D. Kong, Z. Huang, H. Nishihara, T. Ishii, B. Li, D. Golberg, F. Kang, T. Kyotani, Q. Yang, Towards ultrahigh volumetric capacitance : Graphene derived highly dense but porous carbons for supercapacitors, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 1–8. [125] J. M. Chem, High-rate capacitive performance of graphene aerogel with a superhigh C/O molar ratio, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 23186–23193. [126] X. Meng, L. Lu, C. Sun, of three-dimensional MnO2/graphene hydrogel composites as a high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors, ACS Appl. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing multiple references to the research on graphene aerogels specifically for supercapacitors. For instance, it mentions supercapacitors based on three-dimensional hierarchical graphene aerogels with periodic macropores and highlights other studies indicating the high electrical conductivity of graphene and its applicability in energy storage devices. These references collectively suggest that a significant portion of ongoing graphene research is indeed directed towards its usage in supercapacitors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , Reference Maldonado-Gomez, Martinez, Bottacini, O’Callaghan, Ventura, van Sinderen, Hillmann, Vangay, Knights, Hutkins and Walter2016; Shepherd et al. , and Sonnenburg2018), taking into account factors such as geographical, genetic and lifestyle differences across populations (Deschasaux et al. , -Sietsma, van äckhed and Nieuwdorp2018). A dominant, lingering question is the definition of a healthy gut microbiome, and whether a universal microbiome indicative of health during ageing indeed exists (Hill, Reference Hill2020; Shanahan et al. , Reference Shanahan, Ghosh and O’Toole2021). Technological advances including high-resolution next-generation sequencing, metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and machine learning and our knowledge of microbial ecology will drive forward our understanding of the microbiota–gut–brain axis in healthy brain ageing. Further well-designed randomised-controlled clinical studies, mechanistic investigations and large-scale population studies must be conducted to better understand the role of microbiota-targeted therapeutics for brain health during ageing. Elucidating the factors which drive individualised responses and outcomes are key to designing personalised microbiome-targeted interventions to improve physiology and brain function in ageing. Disclosure statement The contributor is an employee of Société des Produits Nestlé S. A. Katherine E. Guzzetta, Caroline Wasén and Laura M. Cox declare that they have no competing financial interests. The publication did not receive any funding from Société des Produits Nestlé S. A. Research transparency and reproducibility Links to the 0592. Footnotes M. B. and K. E. G. are co-first authors and equally contributed. 662. Available at Accessed on the 19th November. CrossRef2019. 7(2), e105–e125. This inflammatory state is also noticeable within the ageing brain, and is related to increased activation of microglia, the brain’s primary immune cell. Furthermore, ageing is associated with a decline in blood–brain barrier integrity, demyelination, a reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis and increased inflammation resulting in more microglia activation, which all in all may contribute to ageing-related cognitive decline. Created with BioRender. com. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of the relationship between gut health and brain function, emphasizing the need for further research and well-designed studies to understand the microbiota–gut–brain axis. It highlights that factors such as ageing, inflammation, and brain health are interconnected, suggesting that simply improving gut microbiome health without other interventions may not be sufficient to eliminate anxiety symptoms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The results obtained here are in agreement with data reported by Sánchez-Machado [11]. 3. 5. Firstly, two separate PCAs were applied to the eighteen aloe vera plants (#1–18) to investigate the formation of groups according to seasonal variation (summer, winter) and cultivation conditions (pot, field). The first two components of the extracted model of the seasonal variation explained 60. 6% of the total variance in the data, while the first two components of the extracted model for cultivation conditions explained 93. 1% of the total variability. As observed from the obtained PCA scatter plots, in both cases, the samples were not clearly separated (Figures S1 and S2, Supporting Information). In addition, indoor cultivated plants and stressed plants were not properly separated. This can be attributed to the unexpected concentrations of aloin A and B detected in these plants, highlighting, once again, the significant effect of climatic and plant conditions on latex composition. It was considered necessary to exclude the indoor-grown plants and plants grown under stress from the chemometric analysis. Therefore, the twelve aloe plants (#1–12) cultivated under normal conditions were implemented as observations in the PCA data matrix. The extracted models were described by 81. 9% and 97. 6%, based on seasonal variation and cultivation conditions, respectively. As demonstrated in Figs. 5 and 7, the observations were completely separated. In the case of seasonal variation, plants, whose leaves were harvested in summer, differ from those harvested in winter, mainly due to the content of aloins A and B, which is significantly higher in the former (Fig. 6). As far as the cultivation conditions are concerned, the separation of potted plants and plants in the field is attributed to their contents of aloin B and aloin A, respectively (Fig. 8). The different proportions of aloins depend on the plant growing conditions, with aloins B and A found in greater amounts in potted and fielded plants, respectively. 3. 6. Quantitation of Aloins in Aloe-based the implementation of this study, thirteen aloe products were purchased from various stores in Cyprus and analyzed by use of the optimum HPLC-DAD method. Table 4 demonstrates the concentrations of aloins found in aloe commercial products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the results of PCA analyses related to the cultivation and seasonal variations of aloe vera plants. It does not mention the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments or provide any evidence supporting the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 16474–16481. [127] C. Wang, H. Chen, S. Lu, Manganese Oxide/Composites as an Electrode Material, Chem. Eur. J. 20 (2014) 517-523. [128] J. Chen, J. Song, X. Feng, Facile synthesis of graphene/polyaniline composite hydrogel for high-performance supercapacitor, Polym. Bull. 74 (2017) 27–37. [129] H. Zhou, T. Ni, X. Qing, X. Yue, G. Li, Y. Lu, One-step construction of graphene-polypyrrole hydrogels and their superior electrochemical performance, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 4134–4139. [130] S. Biswas, L. T. Drzal, Multilayered nanoarchitecture of graphene nanosheets and polypyrrole nanowires for high performance supercapacitor electrodes, Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 5667–5671. [131] C. Zhu, T. compressible 3D periodic graphene aerogel microlattices, Nat. Commun. 6 (2015) 1–8. [132] Q. Zhang, F. Zhang, S. P. Medarametla, H. Li, C. Zhou, D. Lin, 3D Printing of Graphene Aerogels, Small 12 (2016) 1702–1708. [133] B. Yao, S. Chandrasekaran, J. Zhang, W. Xiao, F. Qian, C. . Li, Efficient 3D printed pseudocapacitive electrodes with ultrahigh MnO2 loading, Joule 3 (2019) 458–470. [134] P. Lv, X. Tang, W. Wei, Graphene/MnO2 aerogel with both high compression-tolerance ability and high capacitance, for compressible all-solid-state supercapacitors, RSC Adv. 7 (2017) 47116–47124. [135] Y. Zhao, M. P. Li, S. Liu, M. F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references and studies that detail various graphene-based materials and their applications specifically in supercapacitors, which supports the claim that a significant focus of graphene research is on energy storage solutions due to its high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease access Published: 14 July 2017 (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease Thomas W. Buford1 Microbiome 34. Moreover, only a handful of studies to date have investigated the aging microbiome in humans (Table 1). Still, at least two early studies in this area have documented that advanced age is associated with changes to both the composition and stability of gut microbiota [40, 70]. Biagi et al. reported that a group of centenarian from displayed low species diversity compared to younger adults (~30 years of age). They also noted specific changes within Firmicutes (one of the two dominant phyla commonly found in the gut) subgroups and enrichment of Proteobacteria—a group containing many opportunistic bacteria which can overtake commensal bacteria and induce pathology [70]. These microbiome changes were also characterized by a loss of genes for short-chain fatty acid production and an overall decrease in the saccharolytic potential, while proteolytic functions were more abundant than in the intestinal metagenome of younger adults [71]. Interestingly, these changes in bacterial content were also moderately associated with circulating plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines interleukins six (IL-6) and eight (IL-8). Surprisingly, however, despite these interesting findings among the centenarians, this group did not find significant differences in microbiota composition between the younger adults and a group of older adults with an average age of 70 years. Table 1 Studies investigating aging and the gut microbiome humansFull size table In contrast, findings from the cohort [72] did indicate alterations in the core microbiota of persons over 65 years of age. These changes were generally characterized by a greater proportion of Bacteroides spp. and distinct abundance patterns of Clostridium groups compared to younger individuals. Older individuals also displayed a loss of diversity-associated taxa, including Prevotella and associated genera [40, 73], which can contribute to instability in the microbiome composition. However, the authors noted that the variability in the microbiota profiles of the older persons was quite large—making phenotype prediction difficult. Several key factors—particularly diet and the use of antibiotics—were key predictors of these changes in both community-dwelling seniors and residents of long-term care facilities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of changes in the gut microbiome associated with aging, indicating that multiple factors including diet, as well as the diversity of food, play significant roles in microbiome composition. Given the evidence that changes in gut microbiota are associated with aging, and hinting that a lack of diversity can contribute to microbiome instability, the text implies that eating only a single type of food is unlikely to be sufficient for balancing the gut microbiome or addressing mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: It was observed that aloins and aloe emodin were not detected in dried aloe gel and in any of the analyzed pills. Surprisingly, one of the two pills had a laxative effect and aloins were expected to be present. As far as the juice is concerned, in only two of ten aloe juices, both aloins were detected and quantified. In particular, in juice #3, 0. 34 µg/mL of aloin A and 0. 98 µg/mL of aloin B were quantified. In juice #4, aloin A was quantified at 1. 96 µg/mL and aloin B at 5. 52 µg/mL. As observed, in both cases, the amount of aloin B was greater than that of aloin A, as opposed to the aloe vera leaves. In another study performed by Brown et al. , it was demonstrated that aloin A was not always quantitatively superior [33]. Recovery studies performed in juices provided a range between 82. 7-110. 9%. Table 4 Concentrations of aloins, RSD% and recoveries. (µg/mL) a RSD% Recovery % Concentration (µg/mL) a RSD% Recovery % 1 Tap ND - - ND - - 2 Tap ND - - ND - - 3 Liq. 0. 34 1. 31 82. 7 0. 98 0. 60 88. 3 4 Liq. 1. 96 1. 88 110. 9 5. 52 1. 53 95. 8 5 Liq. ND - - ND - - 6 Liq. ND - - ND - - 7 Liq. ND - - ND - - 8 Liq. ND - - ND - - 9 Liq. ND - - ND - - 10 Liq. ND - - ND - - 11 Liq. ND - - ND - - 12 Liq. ND - - ND - - 13 Solid ND - - ND - - a ND: not detected It is important here to mention that the total aloin content found in both juices exceeded the maximum levels set by the European Union. However, they were below the 10-ppm limit set by the Science Council. is in the EU, the legislation must be followed, and both juices should be withdrawn from the market. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information on the chemical analysis of aloe products, specifically focusing on the detection of aloins in aloe juices and their regulatory compliance. However, it does not mention the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments or provide any evidence supporting or disputing the claim. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Islam, Superelastic pseudocapacitors from freestanding MnO2‑decorated graphene-coated carbon nanotube aerogels, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 23810-23819. [136] Z. Yu, M. Mcinnis, J. Calderon, S. Seal, L. Zhai, J. Thomas, Functionalized graphene aerogel composites for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors, 11 (2015) 611–620. [137] W. Chen, D. Gui, S. Yu, C. Liu, L. Zhao, J. Liu, E. D. Gui, Composites and its electrochemical performance for supercapacitor, Chem. Mater. 18 (2016) 249–252. [138] G. Wu, L. Wu, J. Jin, S. Yang, G. Li, Structure and electrochemical performance of melamine/graphene aerogel composite for supercapacitors, Mater. Sci. Forum 898 (2017) 1844–1849. [139] N. Phattharasupakun, J. Wutthiprom, N. Ma, P. Suktha, M. Sawangphruk, High-performance supercapacitors of N-doped graphene aerogel and its nanocomposites with manganese oxide and polyaniline, J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 (2018) A1430–A1439. [140] R. Liu, L. Wan, S. Liu, L. Pan, D. Wu, D. Zhao, An interface-induced co-assembly approach towards ordered mesoporous carbon/graphene aerogel for high-performance supercapacitors, Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 (2015) 526–533. [141] L. Pei, Y. Yang, H. Chu, J. Shen, M. Ye, Self-assembled flower-like FeS2/graphene aerogel composite with enhanced electrochemical properties, Ceram. Int. 42 (2016) 5053–5061. [142] N. Van Hoa, T. T. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple studies and publications that focus on the application of graphene in supercapacitors, which aligns with the assertion that graphene research is primarily centered on its use in energy storage applications. The documents referenced all discuss various graphene-based materials and their electrochemical performance specifically for supercapacitors, supporting the idea that graphene's high electrical conductivity is key in this area of research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: These factors, diet in particular, could potentially explain differences between findings from the Italian and Irish cohorts. As such, these and other relevant factors necessitate the continued study of the microbiome across populations. Notably, data from the cohort revealed an interesting potential association with physical frailty as evidenced by differences among older persons living in long-term care and/or rehabilitation facilities compared to community-dwelling peers [73]. These differences were also associated with several systemic markers of inflammation including IL-6, IL-8, CRP, and TNF-α. The association with frailty in the cohort was recently demonstrated more formally along with concordant findings from 728 female twins enrolled in the [41]. These findings were similar to those from a prior small cohort of older adults from [74]. Thus, available data suggest that the gut microbiome may play at least some role in the development of physical frailty among the elderly. Similarly, early findings now suggest that gut dysbiosis may contribute to age-related declines in cognitive function. Cattaneo et al. recently reported that brain amyloidosis and peripheral inflammation among cognitively impaired elders was associated with the abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory gut microbiota [42]. Indeed, brain amyloid content and circulating inflammatory analytes were positively associated with the inflammatory bacteria taxon Escherichia/Shigella and negatively associated with the anti-inflammatory E. rectale taxon. To my knowledge, these are the first data directly linking the gut microbiota to age-related cognitive decline, though numerous studies in other models (e. g. , Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, animal models of Alzheimer’s disease) exist to indicate a well-defined gut-brain axis which could contribute to age-related dementias [62, 75, 76]. Given the dramatic public health implications of understanding and intervening upon age-related dementias, continued research in this area seems highly warranted. Etiology of age-related changes in the microbiomeThe precise etiologic explanation for these age-related changes remains incomplete. Across the age-spectrum, dramatic increases in the use of antibiotics and increasing pervasiveness of a high-saturated fat and high-sugar “western” diet are proposed to directly contribute to the depletion of important beneficial components of the microbiome [50, 77]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that the gut microbiome is influenced by a variety of factors, including diet, age, and the use of antibiotics, rather than a single food type. It discusses the complexity of the microbiome and its association with physical frailty and cognitive decline, indicating that a multifaceted approach to understanding the microbiome and its effects on various health outcomes, including mental health, is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: It is recommended that better processing of raw materials should be followed in order to remove the substances with purgative action and ensure better quality. 4. ConclusionIn this report, a simple and fast HPLC method was developed and validated for the qualitative and quantitative determination of bioactive compounds in both aloe leaves and aloe-based products. The existence of a pattern in the concentrations of aloins, depending on the position of the leaves in the potted plants grown under normal conditions, is of great importance. In addition, it was demonstrated that environmental conditions influence the concentrations of aloins to a greater extent than seasonal variations. It was also observed that, in most aloe products, aloins and aloe emodin were absent, while in the case of two juices, they were quantified at levels above the permissible limits. - of Detection LOQ Limit of -/N signal-to-noise ratio -authors acknowledge the University of Cyprus for financial support. 30. Kumar S, Yadav JP (2014) Ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties of Aloe vera : A review. J Res 8:1387–1398. (2019) Therapeutic potential of Aloe vera — A miracle gift of nature. Phytomedicine 60:152996. . (2013) Therapeutic and of Aloe vera : A Review. 4:599–610. (2013) Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of phenolic compounds in Aloe barbadensis Mill by liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry-ion trap-time-of-flight and high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. J Anal 80:94–106. (2012) Simultaneous determination of aloin A and aloe emodin in products containing Aloe vera by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. 3612–3619. Gutterman Y, Chauser-(2000) Peripheral defence strategy: Variation of barbaloin content in the succulent leaf parts of Aloe arborescens Miller (Liliaceae). 132:385–395. Chauser-Volfson E, (1996) The barbaloin content and distribution in aloe arborescens leaves according to the leaf part, age, position, and season. 44:289–296. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides information about the processing and analysis of Aloe vera and its bioactive compounds rather than discussing its historical usage for treating skin ailments. The text focuses on HPLC methods and the concentration of compounds in Aloe products, which does not relate directly to the claim about the treatment of skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Quyen, N. Van. Nguyen, Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide-grafted polyaniline aerogel as an active material for high performance supercapacitors, Synth. Met. 223 (2017) 192–198. [143] Z. Gao, J. Yang, J. Huang, C. Xiong, Q. Yang, A three-dimensional graphene aerogel containing solvent-free polyaniline fluid for high performance supercapacitors, Nanoscale 9 (2017) 17710–17716. [144] Z. Song, W. Liu, N. Sun, W. Wei, Z. Zhang, H. Liu, G. Liu, Z. Zhao, One-step self-assembly fabrication of three-dimensional copper oxide/graphene oxide aerogel composite material for supercapacitors, Commun. 287 (2019) 27–30. [145] Y. Zhou, L. Le Wen, K. Zhan, Y. Yan, B. Zhao, Three-dimensional porous graphene/nickel cobalt mixed oxide composites for high-performance hybrid supercapacitor, Ceram. Int. 44 (2018) 21848–21854. [146] S. Mao, Z. Wen, H. Kim, G. Lu, P. Hurley, J. Chen, A general approach to one-pot fabrication of crumpled graphene-based nanohybrids for energy applications, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 7505–7513. [147] J. Luo, H. D. Jang, J. Huang, Effect of sheet morphology on the scalability of graphene-based ultracapacitors, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 1464–1471. [148] T. Derived, Design of 3D graphene-oxide spheres and their derived hierarchical porous structures for high performance supercapacitors, Small 13 (2017) 1702474. [149] E. Hee, J. Choi, S. Park, C. Min, H. Chang, H. Dong, Size and structural effect of crumpled graphene balls on the electrochemical properties for supercapacitor application, Electrochim. Acta 222 (2016) 58–63. [150] X. He, H. Zhang, L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple studies that focus specifically on the application of graphene in supercapacitors, highlighting its use as an active material for high-performance energy storage. The various references provided indicate a concentrated effort in the research community on this particular application of graphene, supporting the assertion that most research in this area revolves around energy storage solutions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: In turn, these changes contribute to chronic activation of the immune system and a dramatic rise in the prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders. These two factors also represent key modifiable health factors which may contribute to exacerbated dysbiosis among older adults. In the of America, rates of antibiotic prescription actually dropped from 2000–2010 among children and young to middle-aged adults [78]. In contrast, prescription rates increased among older adults with the most dramatic increases seen among persons ≥80 years of age [78]. Additionally, rates of antibiotic prescription have risen substantially in recent years in residential care facilities [79]. These trends may at least partially explain age-related changes in the microbiome, particularly those observed in the cohort among residents of long-term care facilities. Similarly, age-related changes in nutrient intake may also contribute to late-life dysbiosis. It is well-recognized that diet is one of the primary contributors to gut health. Advanced age is associated with deterioration in various aspects of nutrient intake and absorption including dentition, salivary function, digestion, and intestinal transit time [73, 80]. Sensory changes, including taste and smell, may also alter the appetite making certain foods unappealing and thus altering eating habits [81]. It is possible that these changes contribute to dysbiosis though it may be more likely that altered immune responses to “inflammatory” foods among older adults may exacerbate microbial changes. Another prominent possibility is that chronic activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems due to immunosenescence contributes to an altered bacterial composition in the gut. Such an affect may manifest at least partially due to known increases in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in advanced age [82] as HPA-mediated inflammatory stress responses are known to induce to both immune dysregulation [83] and dysbiosis [84]. Conversely, however, it remains possible—given the known inflammatory effects of dysbiosis—that changes to the microbiome due to other factors (e. g. , diet) exacerbate inflammation and altered immunity. Thus, it is presently difficult to decipher the temporal relationship between these changes. Furthermore, this known interplay suggests a tantalizing hypothesis that the processes of immunosenescence and dysbiosis may in fact be interdependent. Moreover, physical changes to the intestinal epithelial barrier may play a role in dysbiosis and age-related inflammation. Jakobsson et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of gut microbiome health, specifically mentioning that 'diet is one of the primary contributors to gut health' and expounding on how factors like aging, immune response variations, and changes in nutrient intake all contribute to dysbiosis. It suggests that there are multiple factors influencing gut health rather than a single type of food being sufficient to balance the microbiome or resolve mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (2004) Studies on the components of Aloe arborescens from Japan - Monthly variation and differences due to part and position of the leaf. Ecol 32:783–795. Sánchez-Machado DI, López-Cervantes J, Mariscal-Domínguez MF, Cruz-Flores P, Campas-Baypoli ON, Cantú-Soto EU, Sanches-(2017) An HPLC procedure for the quantification of aloin in latex and gel from aloe barbadensis leaves. J 55:251–257. (2013) Clear evidence of carcinogenic activity by a whole-leaf extract of Aloe barbadensis miller (aloe vera) in F344/N rats. 131:26–39. (2017) Aloin, a component of the aloe vera plant leaf, induces pathological changes and modulates the composition of microbiota in the large intestines of F344/N Male Rats. 158:302–318. (2004) Analysis of the anthraquinones aloe-emodin and aloin by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4:1739–1744. Durón (2008) Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatographic and thin-layer chromatographic methods for determination of aloin in herbal products containing Aloe vera. 91:1265–1270. (2018) Rapid quantification of aloin A and B in aloe plants and aloe-containing beverages, and pharmaceutical preparations by microchip capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection. J 41:3772–3781. (1995) High-performance liquid chromatographic profiles of aloe constituents and determination of aloin in beverages with reference to the EEC regulation for flavouring substances. J 718:99–106. (2021) Quantitative determination of aloin, antioxidant activity, and toxicity of Aloe vera leaf gel products from Greece. J Agric 101:414–423. (2021) Fast and easily applicable LC-UV method for analysis of bioactive anthrones from Aloe leaf latex. J Anal 195:113834. (2012) Mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling and antioxidant activity of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) in different growth stages. J Chem 60:11222–11228. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or refute the claim about Aloe vera being used for centuries to treat skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on various scientific studies that analyze the components and effects of Aloe vera and its derivatives without addressing its historical use in treating skin problems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Xiaojing, N. Xiao, J. Qiu, Direct synthesis of 3D hollow porous graphene balls from coal tar pitch for high performance supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014) 19633-19640. [151] L. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. Zhao, N. Chen, L. Qu, Graphene-based fibers for supercapacitor applications, Nanotechnology 27 (2016) 1-19. [152] X. Li, T. Zhao, Q. Chen, P. Li, K. Wang, M. Zhong, J. Wei, D. Wu, B. Wei, H. Zhu, Flexible all solid-state supercapacitors based on chemical vapor deposition derived graphene fibers, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 (2013) 17752–17757. [153] S. Chen, L. Wang, M. Huang, L. Kang, Z. Lei, Reduced graphene oxide/Mn3O4 nanocrystals hybrid fiber for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor with excellent volumetric energy density, Electrochim. Acta 242 (2017) 10–18. [154] V. Ruiz, C. Blanco, R. Santamaría, J. M. Ramos-Fernández, M. Martínez-Escandell, A. Sepúlveda-Escribano, F. Rodríguez-Reinoso, An activated carbon monolith as an electrode material for supercapacitors, Carbon 47 (2009) 195–200. [155] X. Ding, Y. Zhao, C. Hu, Y. Hu, Z. Dong, N. Chen, Z. Zhang, L. Qu, Spinning fabrication of graphene/polypyrrole composite fibers for all-solid-state, flexible fibriform supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014) 12355–12360. [156] V. A. Online, T. Huang, B. Zheng, L. Kou, K. Gopalsamy, Z. Xu, C. Gao, Y. Meng, Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple studies and articles that specifically focus on the application of graphene in supercapacitors, such as 'Direct synthesis of 3D hollow porous graphene balls for high performance supercapacitors' and 'Graphene-based fibers for supercapacitor applications.' This highlights that significant research is indeed centered on graphene's use in energy storage solutions, aligning perfectly with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: previously demonstrated that the composition of the gut microbiota is directly related to the leaky gut [85]. Recent evidence suggests now that intestinal permeability may increase with age. Man et al. [86] recently demonstrated that, compared to younger adults, ileal tissues from older adults demonstrated increased IL-6 concentrations that were accompanied by increased intestinal permeability as a result of elevated claudin-2. These data provide novel evidence from humans indicating the likelihood of a “leaky gut” during advanced age whereby the intestinal barrier preventing harmful substances from reaching the bloodstream is permeated. The leaky gut is well-associated with inflammatory bowel conditions but is now being proposed as a contributor to a wide variety of health conditions [87, 88]—with particular interest in a gut-brain axis which regulates the blood brain barrier [61, 62, 75, 76]. Though somewhat speculative at present, it is possible that the leaky gut is a primary source of inflammation long-observed within the circulation. Studies in Drosophila have reported that age-related changes in the microbiome increase intestinal permeability [89] and drive chronic inflammation [90]. More recently, Thevaranjan et al. [91] were the first to our knowledge to publish work from mammals directly supporting this hypothesis. Using germ-free and conventionally raised mice, this group reported that the germ-free animals did not display an age-related increase in systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, co-housing germ-free with old—but not young—conventionally raised mice increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines [91]. Anti-TNF therapy also reversed age-related microbial changes. These data are the strongest to date suggesting the critical role of gut changes in driving age-related inflammation and provide a solid backdrop for continued investigation in this area. Potential intervention strategiesThough additional research is certainly needed in this area, the aforementioned data do suggest that interventions designed to target the gut microbiome may be capable of producing beneficial effects on age-related inflammation and overall health. To date, research on such interventions is as limited as that on the aging microbiome in general. Still, within this small evidence base are some intriguing and promising findings that support the concept of intervening upon the microbiome. Interestingly, some of the most promising strategies are not truly “gut-specific” but rather well-known interventions which are increasingly recognized to have beneficial effects on the gut microbiome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the gut microbiome is complex and cannot be balanced by a single type of food. It mentions that interventions targeting the gut microbiome are limited and require further research. The idea that interventions designed to target the gut microbiome may produce beneficial effects suggests that a single food type cannot fully address the health issues related to gut microbiota and mental health, implying a need for a more diverse approach.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (2013) Chemometric studies on mineral distribution and microstructure analysis of freeze-dried Aloe vera L. gel at different harvesting regimens. Prod 51:194–201. (2020) UV of Aloin in Aloe vera (A. vera) on Processing. J 75:1137–1142. (2015) Multi-responses extraction optimization combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and chemometrics techniques for the fingerprint analysis of Aloe barbadensis Miller. J Anal 107:131–140. (2023) of and Screening of Markers of Aloe vera ( L. ) Burm. f. from Origins via Ultra-High-with Quadrupole – Orbitrap-High-. J 1–10. (2015) An analysis of the influence of growth periods on potential functional and biochemical properties and thermal analysis of freeze-dried Aloe vera L. gel. Prod 76:298–305. Ray A, (2018) Chemometrics for Distribution, and UV of Aloe vera L. Gel at Periods. Proc 5:22245–22253. (2011) Determination of aloe emodin in Aloe vera extracts and commercial formulations by HPLC with tandem UV absorption and fluorescence detection. 126:387–393. (2017) Profile of bioactive secondary metabolites and antioxidant capacity of leaf exudates from eighteen Aloe species. Prod 108:44–51. (2011) Processing food applications and safety of aloe vera products : a review. J food 48:525–533. Hazrati S, Tahmasebi-Sarvestani Z, Modarres-Sanavy SAM, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, (2016) Effects of water stress and light intensity on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and pigments of Aloe vera L. Biochem 106:141–148. Hazrati S, Tahmasebi-Sarvestani Z, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, Modarres-(2017) Effects of zeolite and water stress on growth, yield and chemical compositions of Aloe vera L. Manag 181:66–72. (2012) African aloe ecology: A review. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and analyses related to Aloe vera but does not provide any information on its historical use for treating skin ailments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera's historical applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Wei, Flexible high performance wet-spun graphene fiber supercapacitors, RSC adv. (2013) 23957–23962. [157] G. Qu, J. Cheng, X. Li, D. Yuan, P. Chen, X. Chen, B. Wang, H. Peng, A fiber supercapacitor with high energy density based on hollow graphene/conducting polymer fiber electrode, Adv. Mater. 28 (2016) 3646–3652. [158] S. Chen, W. Ma, H. Xiang, Y. Cheng, S. Yang, W. Weng, M. Zhu, Conductive, tough, hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene hybrid fibers for wearable supercapacitors, J. 319 (2016) 271–280. [159] Scalable non-liquid-crystal spinning of locally aligned graphene fibers for high performance wearble supercapapitors, 15 (2015) 642-653. [160] X. Zhao, B. Zheng, T. Huang, C. Gao, Graphene-based single fiber supercapacitor with a coaxial structure, Nanoscale 7 (2015) 9399–9404. [161] W. Ma, S. Chen, S. Yang, W. Chen, W. Weng, M. Zhu, Bottom-up fabrication of activated carbon fiber for all-solid-state supercapacitor with excellent electrochemical performance, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 14622–14627. [162] Y. Ma, P. Li, J. W. Sedloff, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Liu, Conductive graphene fibers for wire-shaped supercapacitors strengthened by unfunctionalized few-walled carbon nanotubes, ACS Nano 9 (2015) 1352–1359. [163] X. Jiang, Y. Cao, P. Li, J. Wei, K. Wang, D. Wu, H. Zhu, Polyaniline graphene carbon fiber ternary composites as supercapacitor electrodes, Mater. Lett. 140 (2015) 43-47. 10. 1016/j. matlet. 2014. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing several studies that focus on the use of graphene in supercapacitor applications. For instance, it mentions 'high energy density based on hollow graphene/conducting polymer fiber electrode' and 'conductive graphene fibers for wire-shaped supercapacitors', which supports the idea that a significant portion of graphene research is indeed directed towards energy storage solutions due to the material’s conductive properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: For instance, dietary habits appear to be one of the biggest drivers of gut health and microbiota composition [92,93,94]. Specifically, adherence to a high-fat diet commonly seen in Western cultures appears to be one of the driving factors in gut dysbiosis [95, 96]. Accordingly, interventions such as caloric restriction and/or implementing a Mediterranean-style diet may hold promise for balancing the gut microbiome [97, 98]. Moreover, studies exist to suggest potential benefits to specific dietary choices and/or nutritional supplements including (but not necessarily limited to) coffee [99], resveratrol [100], quercetin [100], and/or other polyphenol compounds [101]. Interestingly, many of these strategies have previously been purported to have anti-inflammatory and/or healthy aging properties. These new data suggest that perhaps influences at the level of the gut may be at least partially responsible for these purported benefits. However, studies are needed that specifically evaluate the influence of dietary changes on the gut microbiome and other health parameters among older adults. Similarly, physical exercise is a clinically recommended intervention with well-established health benefits which is now purported to have important benefits on the gut [102,103,104,105]. Recent studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that aerobic exercise provides a variety of beneficial effects on the gut including enhancing epithelial membrane integrity [106], increasing microbial diversity [106,107,108,109], and attenuating intestinal inflammation [106, 110, 111]. However, few human studies in this area have been published to date. Recently, Clarke et al. [112] recently reported that professional athletes (rugby players) displayed a higher diversity of gut micro-organisms compared to age-matched controls. However, extensive additional findings from humans—particularly in the form of longitudinal intervention studies—are needed to confirm these beneficial effects. Moreover, to my knowledge, no studies (human or animal) have evaluated the influence of exercise on the gut microbiome in late life. Additionally, questions remain regarding the effects of exercise modality and if these observed effects are specific to aerobic exercise compared to resistance training. Perhaps not surprisingly, dietary supplementation with probiotics also appears to be among the most promising interventions for re-balancing the gut microbiome. Well-known actions of probiotics include antimicrobial activity, enhancement of intestinal barrier function, and immunomodulation via actions on a wide variety of immune cells [113]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that dietary habits are complex and highlight the need for a variety of dietary interventions rather than just one type of food. It discusses the importance of diets such as caloric restriction and the Mediterranean diet for gut health, and suggests that other factors like exercise and probiotics play significant roles. The statement that 'studies are needed that specifically evaluate the influence of dietary changes on the gut microbiome' further implies that simply eating one type of food is insufficient to address gut microbiome balance and associated health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in Quara district, northwestern eeOpen access Published: 10 August 2024 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in Quara district, northwestern Tadesse1,2, Getinet Masresha1 & Ermias Lulekal3 Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 37. 5%), and leaves were the most commonly used plant parts (23. 1%). Oral administration (56. 7%) of plant extracts was the primary mode of remedy preparation and use. The highest ICF value (0. 93) was recorded for circulatory and blood-related disorders. The study identified nine plants and 39 therapeutic uses not previously reported in Ethiopia. The RSI showed high overlap with neighboring areas and low similarity with distant areas. Top-ranked multipurpose plants were Ziziphus spina-christi and Terminalia leiocarpa, with agricultural expansion and fuelwood collection identified as major threats. ConclusionThe findings demonstrate the rich diversity of medicinal plants and associated traditional knowledge in the Quara district. The high ethnobotanical indices warrant further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations. Integrated conservation efforts are recommended to address the challenges facing these valuable plant resources. BackgroundHumans have a long-standing relationship with plants, utilizing them for various daily needs such as food, shelter, fuel, medicines, and fodder [1]. Medicinal plants, in particular, have been integral to traditional healthcare systems, providing treatments for diverse human ailments [2]. The close interaction between man and nature has led to the accumulation of a wealth of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. Traditional knowledge refers to the unique knowledge held by a particular culture or society, acquired over time through traditional practices [1]. The use of medicinal plants has been an integral part of traditional healthcare systems since antiquity. Health Organization’s Strategy 2014–2023 acknowledges the critical role of traditional medicine, with traditional remedies, practitioners, and herbs providing healthcare for millions of people [3]. Approximately 80% of the global population still relies on traditional herbal medicines [4], and in developing countries, this figure can range from 50 to 95% [5, 6]. Ethiopia, a developing nation, exemplifies this widespread use of medicinal plants to treat various diseases in both humans and domestic animals [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the specific claim regarding Aloe vera and its historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses medicinal plants utilized in the Quara district for various human ailments, without mentioning Aloe vera specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: 162 [164] W. Cai, T. Lai, J. Ye, A spinneret as the key component for surface-porous graphene fibers in high energy density micro-supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (2015) 5060–5066. [165] B. S. Mao, Z. Wen, Z. Bo, J. Chang, X. Huang, J. Chen, Hierarchical nanohybrids with porous cnt-networks decorated crumpled graphene balls for supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) 9881-9889. [166] J. Y. Lee, K. . Lee, Sea-urchin-inspired 3d crumpled graphene balls using simultaneous etching and reduction process for high- density capacitive energy storage, Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 (2015) 3606–3614. [167] T. Kim, G. Jung, S. graphene-based carbons as supercapacitor electrodes with macro- and mesopores, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 6899–6905. [168] Z. Tang, X. Li, T. Sun, S. Shen, X. Huixin, J. Yang, Microporous and mesoporous materials porous crumpled graphene with hierarchical pore structure and high surface utilization efficiency for supercapacitor, Mater. 272 (2018) 40–43. [169] T. Ha, S. K. Kim, J. Choi, H. Chang, H. D. Jang, pH controlled synthesis of porous graphene sphere and application to supercapacitors, Adv. Powder Technol. 30 (2019) 18–22. [170] K. Xia, G. Wang, H. Zhang, Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped graphene hollow spheres as electrode material for supercapacitors, J. Nanopart. Res. 19 (2017) 2-11. [171] C. Zhang, L. Wang, Y. Zhao, Y. Tian, J. Liang, Self-assembly synthesis of graphene oxide double-shell hollow spheres decorated with Mn3O4 for electrochemical supercapacitors, Carbon 107 (2016) 100–108. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists multiple research studies that explicitly focus on the application of graphene in supercapacitors, highlighting their high energy density and electrochemical properties. This indicates a strong emphasis on the use of graphene for energy storage, directly supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: In line with these established mechanisms, studies among older adults have demonstrated beneficial effects of probiotic preparations on gut microflora composition [114,115,116] and systemic immunity [116,117,118]. van Beek et al. also recently reported that 10 weeks of supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 prevented age-related decline in the colon mucus barrier in a mouse model of accelerated aging [119]. Probiotics have also been proposed to potentially have anti-inflammatory properties [113]. Such an effect seems plausible given the effects of probiotics on the immune system. To date, several studies have investigated this potential anti-inflammatory affect with the overall effect appearing to be modest [116, 118,119,120,121,122]—though more definitive research in this area is certainly warranted. More research is also needed regarding the ability to utilize probiotics as a vehicle to deliver other therapeutic compounds. Indeed, genetically modified probiotics have been purported as highly promising treatment strategies [123,124,125] as they offer a potentially efficacious method to deliver drugs or other therapeutic proteins with precision and a higher degree of site specificity than conventional drug regimens [126]. For instance, Steidler et al. previously reported on the utility of Lactococcus lactis as a vehicle for delivering IL-10 for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease [127]. Elsewhere this strategy has been proposed as a potential method of delivering antihypertensive therapeutics [128, 129]. Given the relative infancy of this field, however, the overall body of literature in this area is sparse. Future studies are certainly warranted on the potential utility of genetically modified probiotics in the treatment of age-related inflammation and associated diseases. ConclusionsAs the population ages across developed nations worldwide, the need for healthcare solutions to ease the burden of age-related diseases grows. Treatments for chronic inflammation represent a particularly promising strategy given the observation of inflammation in “healthy aging” as well as nearly every age-related disorder or disease. Growing evidence indicates that the gut microbiome may represent a novel site of intervention for the prevention and/or treatment of late-life inflammation. A variety of biologic, medical, and lifestyle factors appear to contribute to gut dysbiosis in late-life, and interventions specifically designed to target these factors may be useful in restoring microbial balance and attenuating inflammation (Fig. 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that a single type of food is insufficient for balancing the gut microbiome. It discusses the complexity of factors that contribute to gut dysbiosis, emphasizing that 'a variety of biologic, medical, and lifestyle factors appear to contribute to gut dysbiosis in late-life,' suggesting that a multifaceted approach is necessary for restoring microbial balance and addressing related health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Traditional medicine serves as the primary healthcare source for around 80% of the Ethiopian population, with over 95% of medical preparations derived from plants [8]. However, the continued existence of these medicinal plants is threatened by various factors, including habitat destruction, urbanization, agricultural expansion, deforestation, firewood collection, and environmental degradation [9,10,11]. Ethiopia, renowned for its exceptional plant diversity, cultural richness, and ancient medical practices, is a hub for ethnomedicinal research [12, 13]. The northwestern lowland area of the country, home to several protected areas and communal forests, is particularly known for its diverse plant species [14,15,16]. Quara, a district in this lowland area, is inhabited by indigenous communities with diverse ethnic backgrounds, including Gumuz, Amhara, and Agew [17, 18]. Additionally, the district has experienced in-migration from different parts of the Amhara region of the country, driven by government resettlement programs [19] and through informal means driven by the search for agricultural and grazing lands [17]. The healthcare system in Quara includes various facilities such as a hospital, health stations, clinics, and pharmacies. However, this infrastructure is severely limited, with only 169 health professionals serving a population of 93,629 [20]. As a result, the local community continues to rely heavily on traditional medicinal plants and associated knowledge. The hot temperatures are prevalent across most of the kebeles in Quara leaving the population vulnerable to a range of diseases and insect-borne illnesses. The top ten human ailments recorded in the district in four successive years (2017/18-2020/21) included malaria, typhoid and paratyphoid, acute upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, functional intestinal disorder, fever of unknown origin, dyspepsia, helminthiases, amoebiasis and disorder of urinary system [20]. Adding to the burden of the inadequate healthcare system, the district experiences a high influx of seasonal agricultural laborers, further straining the limited resources. The remote location of Quara, its distance from major towns, and its proximity to the Sudanese border have facilitated the exchange of traditional medicinal plant knowledge across communities. This has likely led to the discovery of novel ethnobotanical findings in the area. Consequently, the local people have been compelled to rely on and share their knowledge of traditional medicinal plants to address their healthcare needs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the reliance on traditional medicine in Ethiopia and the various factors affecting the existence of medicinal plants. However, it does not mention Aloe vera or its use in treating skin ailments specifically, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 0. 05). MIEH subjects carried more amino acid changes and coding sequence variants (P < 0. 01) than control group. The allele frequencies of the eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly different between the two groups, including m. 3970 C > T, m. 4048G > A, m. 4071C > T, m. 4086C > T, m. 4164A > G and m. 4248 T > C in ND1 gene, and m. 4386 T > C and m. 4394C > T in tRNAGln gene(P < 0. 001). Fifty-five homoplasmic or heteroplasmic mutations were detected in 5 genes: ND1, tRNAIle, tRNAMet, tRNAGln and ND2 gene. The ND1 gene was the main mutation site, where the most mtDNA mutation was m. 3970 C > T. ConclusionsThe mtDNA mutations were involved in the process of MIEH. We identified mitochondrial genetic characteristics in MIEH patients in China. The present research serves as a solid foundation for further detailed research on the association between MIEH and mitochondrial dysfunction, and their causal relationship in Chinese and other populations with a similar lifestyle. reports BackgroundEssential hypertension (EH) is a common cardiovascular disorder, influencing about 1 billion people around the world [1]. It is generally believed that the interaction between genic and environmental factors affected EH, which may be caused by single-gene defects or multifactorial conditions [2]. Maternally inherited essential hypertension (MIEH) is EH that is consistent with the pattern of maternal inheritance [3]. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can cause mitochondrial diseases, which are transmitted from the mother exclusively. MtDNA mutations were marked in several pathogenic disorders including mitochondrial myopathy, stroke-like attacks, encephalopathy and maternally hereditary diabetes [4]. In addition, mutations in mtDNA have also been observed to play a role in the pathogenesis of MIEH [5]. The repair and protection systems of mtDNA are less efficient compared to that of nuclear DNA [6]. MtDNA mutations have been linked to MIEH through modifying several functional tRNAs [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternally inherited and specifically mentions that 'Maternally inherited essential hypertension (MIEH) is EH that is consistent with the pattern of maternal inheritance.' Furthermore, it describes how mtDNA mutations can lead to various inherited mitochondrial diseases, which aligns with the claim regarding the significance of mitochondrial DNA in tracing maternal lineage and its relatively stable inheritance over generations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Conference report: the importance of the gut microbiome and nutrition on health Published online by Press: 20 December 2021 [Opens in a new window] andShow author details Derek Ball* Affiliation: Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, University of : Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, * *Corresponding author. Email: derek. ball@abdn. ac. uk 0. 17 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to (28–29 March 2021) focussed on the gut microbiome and health that was divided across three separate but inter-related areas from the impact of nutrition on the gut microbiome, the cause and effect of nutrition and health on the gut microbiome to the interaction between pathogens and gut microbiota. The program was supported by two plenary lectures, the first discussed the computational methods commonly employed to examine gut microbiota and the concluding lecture presented the interaction between gut microbiome, nutrition and health in older populations. , 2021 e4 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Press on behalf of the complexity of the microbiome requires an interdisciplinary approach utilising molecular biology and bioinformatics. Glendinning (Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK) provided an excellent insight to the various computational approaches available to analysing the microbiota populations (Glendinning et al. , Reference Glendinning, Stewart and Pallen2020). She highlighted the requirements for good analytical practice based on; the type of data being generated; the experimental hypothesis being tested and the challenges arising to analyse the data. Further discussion focussed on the applications for analysing the taxonomy that exists in samples, that while informative do not necessarily indicate function. The discussion was expanded into the application of metagenomics to identify diversity changes and the identification of microbiota clustering with identification of the limitations to collecting and presenting data. A key message from the lecture was the importance of good communication between the wet and dry laboratories to both maximise and optimise data analysis. The use of animal models to understand the link between the gut microbiome, nutrition and growth was presented by Gardiner (of Technology, Ireland). Using a porcine model, discussed the relationship between gut microbiota, immunomodulation, feed efficiency and growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the gut microbiome and its complex interactions with nutrition, health, and microbiota, emphasizing that the relationship is intricate and cannot be addressed by simply eating a single type of food. It highlights the need for interdisciplinary approaches and the limitations of simplistic dietary changes, contrasting the claim that one type of food could fully balance the microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: However, there are growing concerns about the potential loss of this traditional knowledge and skill, primarily due to habitat degradation, modern education, acculturation, and the waning interest of younger generations [21, 22]. This problem is also prevalent in the lowlands of northwestern Ethiopia. Despite numerous ethnobotanical studies conducted across Ethiopia in recent years, the traditional medicinal plant knowledge of the Quara district remains undocumented. Given the district’s cultural diversity, rich vegetation cover, and other factors contributing to its reliance on traditional medicine, it is hypothesized that a wealth of valuable medicinal plant knowledge exists among the ethnic groups in Quara that warrants further study. Moreover, comparing the findings of such a study with the broader Ethiopian ethnobotanical medicinal plant database could provide valuable insights into the regional distribution and utilization of these plants, further enriching our understanding of Ethiopia’s remarkable traditional plant-based healthcare system. Given the unique cultural and ecological context of Quara, as well as the pressing need to document and preserve its traditional medicinal plant knowledge, the present study aims to (i) document the medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge used by the local communities, (ii) assess the major threats to the medicinal plants, and (iii) identify and report any new ethnomedicinal plant species data and usage information not previously recorded. The overarching goal of these research objectives is to contribute to the conservation and sustainable utilization of valuable plant resources in the unique cultural and ecological context of Quara. Materials and methodsDescription of the study areaThe study was conducted in Quara district, located in the Zone of the in northwestern Ethiopia (Fig. 1). The district is situated between 11°47′5. 4″ and 12°31′3. 6″ N latitude and 35°15′48″ to 36°48′51″ E longitude, with an altitude range of 530 to 1900 meters above sea level [23]. Fig. 1Map of Ethiopia showing the Amhara region and the study sitesFull size imageQuara district comprises 28 kebeles, which are the smallest administrative units. The average annual temperature in the district ranges from 25 to 35 °C, and the mean annual rainfall varies between 600 and 1200 mm [24]. The district experiences an unimodal rainfall pattern, with the rainy season starting in early May and ending in early October. The months between October and May are characterized by dry, hot weather conditions [23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses concerns about the loss of traditional medicinal plant knowledge in a specific region of Ethiopia, along with details about the Quara district’s cultural and ecological context. There is no mention of Aloe vera or its applications in treating skin issues; therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Indeed, we have previously reported the excess maternal transmission of hypertension in hypertensive families9,10,11,12,13,14 with the identification of several mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, including T3308C in ND1 9, A4435G in transfer tRNAMet 11, A4263G in tRNAIle 13, and A4401G in tRNAMet and tRNAGln 12. We showed that these mutations lead to a decrease in tRNAs and several polypeptides encoded by mtDNA11,12,13. However, the relationship between mtDNA mutations and high BP remains unclear. To investigate the effect of mtDNA mutations on hypertension pathogenesis, we performed a systematic mtDNA mutational screening in a large cohort of hypertensive subjects in the Clinic at the in China9,10,11,12,13,14. Here, we reported on a family with maternally inherited hypertension and the novel mutation tRNAMet C4467A. We carried out a systematic investigation of changes in oxidative stress and mitochondrial biogenesis that are associated with the tRNAMet C4467A mutation to further explore the possible mechanisms of mtDNA mutation pathogenesis in maternally inherited hypertension. ResultsPedigree analysisThe proband (III-10), a 42-year-old male, underwent a health evaluation at the clinic and was found to have borderline hypertension with a BP of 140/90 mmHg. He did not smoke or drink alcohol and did not have a history of coronary artery disease, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia. The pedigree originated from Province, China (Fig. 1). The proband’s mother and five sisters also presented with hypertension. Statistical analysis of the age of hypertension onset of relatives on the maternal lineage showed that the average age of onset for the second generation was 62. 0 ± 6. 2 years, while the average ages were younger for the third generation (46. 3 ± 5. 8 years) and fourth generation (23. 3 ± 2. 9 years) (Table 1). The blood pressure levels in this family are listed in Table 2. Figure 1Chinese family with hypertension carrying the mitochondrial tRNAMet 4467 C>A mutation. Arrowhead denotes the proband. Affected individuals are indicated by filled symbols. Full size image Table 1 comparison of age of onset and blood pressure of the individuals on maternal lineage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the topic of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in the context of hypertension in families, illustrating how mtDNA is transmitted through maternal lineage. The mention of 'maternally inherited hypertension' and the description of mutations in mtDNA clearly relate to the claim about maternal inheritance and the stability of mtDNA over generations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: The identification of farm-specific biomarkers was highlighted as a strategy to understand the relationship between feed efficiency and growth as opposed to identify feed-specific microbiota due to the variability as a function of the rearing environments. Furthermore, illustrated that reprogramming either the maternal or foetal microbiome did not necessarily restore the feed efficiency phenotype, and in some cases led to a retardation in growth. Linking the role of the gut microbiota on the availability and activity of a range of metabolites was presented by Rowland (University of Reading, UK). Microbiota metabolic activity significantly enhances the host’s capacity to metabolise a wide range of dietary components that subsequently extends the range of formed metabolites. Using the example of short-chain fatty acids, acetate, butyrate and propionate, demonstrated that fermentation of dietary carbohydrates by the microbiota, that increases short-chain fatty acid availability, not only led to metabolite expansion, but could also act as cell-signalling molecules (Rowland et al. , and Tuohy2018). He concluded his presentation that the large inter-individual variation in gut microbiota has consequences on both metabolism and health. The interplay between dietary fibre intake, gut microbiota and health was discussed by Edwards (University of Glasgow, UK). Focussing on the role of dietary fibre, provided evidence of the importance of dietary fibre on gut microbiota as a source of energy and that these can be present as a complex matrix of non-digestible components. A range of factors that influence the interaction between microbiota and dietary fibre was discussed that included method of presentation, dosage, interaction between dietary fibres (Edwards et al. , and Combet2017). Understanding the complex nature of this relationship was further illustrated by reference to barriers to dietary fibre intake, differences in gut physiology between individuals and the limitations of current models and tracers and the reporting of these studies. Manipulation of the microbiota to improve gut health in individuals with an underlying condition was addressed by Gerasimidis (University of Glasgow, UK). Focussing on Crohn’s Disease (CD), provided evidence that enteral nutrition in paediatric patients could reduce the biomarkers of gut inflammation during an 8-week period by alteration of the gut microbiota. There are limitations to this approach in relation to the volume of enteral nutrition required (120 L/week) and that following the cessation of treatment the symptoms had returned. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity of the gut microbiome's interaction with diet. It states that the inter-individual variation in gut microbiota has significant effects on both metabolism and health. This indicates that consuming a single type of food is insufficient to fully balance the gut microbiome or resolve mental health issues, as the balance is influenced by a variety of dietary factors and individual physiological differences. Additionally, the text notes limitations in manipulating the microbiota for health improvement, further undermining the claim that one type of food can achieve such balance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: According to the Agency [25], the district had a total population of 94,106, with 50,021 (53. 15%) men and 44,085 (46. 85%) women. Of the total population, 89,375 (94. 97%) resided in rural areas. The study area has a diverse ethnic composition, primarily consisting of the Amhara, Agew, and Gumuz communities. The predominant religion is Christianity. The primary language spoken in the area is Amharic, with other locally known languages including Agewgna, Gumuz, and Datsien [17]. In terms of topography, the district is characterized by flat to undulating plains that slope from south to north. The landscape features valleys, streams, scattered hills, and seasonal wetlands in the lowlands. As the terrain transitions to the midland agroecology, it becomes steep, rugged, and scenic. The lowland area of the district is widely used for investment in Ethiopia, and the main sources of income are mixed crop-livestock systems. These systems involve the production of sesame, sorghum, maize, and cotton, as well as the rearing of livestock such as cattle, goats, and equines [23]. The district’s vegetation is categorized under the Combretum-Terminalia woodland and wooded grassland vegetation type [26]. Additionally, the area contains other diverse ecosystem complexes, including intact scrublands, riverine vegetation, seasonal wetland vegetation, open wooded grasslands, and hilly area woodlands [27]. Research designReconnaissance survey and site selectionThe researchers obtained a formal letter from the for Research and of the University of Gondar to conduct the study with clearance number 1059/2022. Then, we presented this letter to the Quara district administration office and received permission to proceed with a reconnaissance survey and select sample kebeles for the actual study. The reconnaissance survey was carried out from July 15–22, 2022, in the Quara district. After the reconnaissance survey, ten kebeles were selected through stratified random sampling, based on the recommendations of district administrators, local authorities, and elders. The selected sample kebeles represented 35. 7% of the total 28 kebeles in the Quara district. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Aloe vera's use for skin ailments. It provides demographic and geographic information about a district in Ethiopia, detailing population statistics, ethnic composition, and local income sources, without mentioning Aloe vera or any related medicinal practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Full size table Table 2 for in a Pedigree. Full size table We performed segregation analysis to differentiate between different patterns of inheritance, including autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked, or mitochondrial inheritance8, as shown on the pedigree in Fig. 1. Autosomal inheritance would be indicated by an equal number of hypertensive offspring from hypertensive fathers compared to hypertensive mothers. However, 10 out of 17 offspring from hypertensive mothers exhibited hypertension, while both offspring of hypertensive fathers did not exhibit hypertension. Therefore, it is not consistent with autosomal inheritance. X-linked recessive inheritance would be indicated by a higher number of affected males than affected females. However, a difference was not observed between the number of affected females and males in this family, and therefore, an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern was also rejected. X-linked dominant inheritance would be indicated by hypertension in all daughters of hypertensive fathers, which was also excluded in this family. Therefore, the family presented with maternal inheritance, which could be explained by mitochondrial or imprinting inheritance. Imprinting was excluded because the ratio of affected offspring from hypertensive mothers should have been less than or equal to 0. 5 l however, the ratio for this family was 0. 56 (10 out of 18). Thus, mitochondrial DNA mutation was the most likely explanation of the hypertension etiology in this pedigree. Biochemical analysis of maternal and non-maternal individuals showed metabolic dysfunctionBlood specimens of 28 individuals from this pedigree were obtained for biochemical testing. Statistical analysis showed that individuals from the maternal lineage had significant increases in total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), blood glucose and serum sodium as well as a decrease in potassium compared with non-maternal relatives (P < 0. 05, Table 3 and Supplemental Fig. 1). Table 3 Biochemical test for members in this Chinese Pedigree. Full size table mtDNA sequence analysis and tRNA 2-D structure analysisBecause the transmission pattern of hypertension in this family appeared to be maternal inheritance, mtDNA may be involved in the disease pathogenesis. We therefore analyzed the whole mitochondrial genome of members in this family using PCR amplification and subsequent sequence analysis of the PCR fragments. The tRNAMet C4467A mutation was identified in the proband, as shown in Fig. 2. Sequencing of PCR fragments revealed that the tRNAMet C4467A mutation was absent from 366 Chinese controls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study of maternal inheritance patterns in a family pedigree, indicating that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may be involved in the etiology of hypertension in this family. It emphasizes that the transmission pattern of hypertension appeared to be maternal, which aligns with the claim that mitochondrial DNA is often used in archeogenetics due to its maternal inheritance. Additionally, the text explains that mutations in mtDNA, such as the identified tRNAMet C4467A mutation, could be an explanation of disease pathogenesis, highlighting how mtDNA remains relatively unchanged through maternal lines.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: He explained that alternative approaches were now being trialled using a novel ordinary diet-based therapy that was proving effective in children with CD. Returning to the theme of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), Frost (King’s College, London, UK) and Morrison (University of Glasgow, UK), explained that the gut microbiota generate short-chain fatty acids in the large intestine. In support of previous evidence, they discussed the multi-factorial effects that SCFA’s play in several tissues and highlighted the limited evidence from human studies that suggested a clear line for future study. Focussing on propionate they presented data from studies utilising inulin, as a vehicle to deliver propionate directly to the colon, and identified an effect from propionate on appetite regulation, beta cell function and glucose homeostasis as well as cardio-metabolic markers. On day 2, the session started with a discussion on the effects of parasitic worm infection on the gut microbiome. Reynolds (University of Victoria, Canada) provided a fascinating insight into Helminth infection on the small intestinal metabolome. Although parasitic worm infection can increase the risk of infection to the host, also explained that Helminth infection can also be immunosuppressive (Brosschot and Reynold, and Reynold2018) and for conditions where intestinal inflammation is a major pathology these treatment-induced infections can alleviate symptoms. Furthermore, the relationship between the local bacterial microbiota, metabolome and Helminth infection was illustrated by the changes in isovalerate levels. The final two presentations of the session focussed on specific pathologies within the intestinal tract that encompassed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), delivered by Hold (University of Wales, Australia) and gastric cancer, covered by Rossiter (University of Birmingham, UK). explained that while the rate of IBD appears to be low (0. 3% prevalence), the rates continue to increase and that microbial composition as evidenced through 16S rRNA sequencing expression is highly linked to classifying disease status. She further highlighted that metagenomics appears to be the best method to identify treatment response. Furthermore, stressed that a holistic understanding of the intestinal microbiota is essential if we are to comprehend the composition, function and metabolic capacity that can affect disease treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of the gut microbiome and the importance of a holistic understanding of its composition and function. It highlights that there are multi-factorial effects on gut health, mentioning multiple components including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the influence of parasitic worm infections, which together demonstrate that a singular approach of eating one type of food is insufficient to fully balance gut microbiota or address health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The criteria for selecting the sample kebeles included the presence of traditional healers, agroclimatic conditions (lowland and midland), ethnic distribution (Amhara, Agew, and Gumuz), and settlement history (local inhabitants and settlers). Sample size determination and informant selectionTo determine representative samples for the study area, Cochran’s formula [28] as cited in [29] was used. Accordingly, a total of 286 informants (195 males and 91 females) were chosen (Table 1). Among them, 58 were key informants, while 228 were general informants. The key informants were purposefully selected in consultation with local authorities and elders, as well as using the snowball sampling method. The general informants were selected through a random sampling method, considering factors such as age, sex, cultural background, settlement history, and agroecology. Table 1 Description of study kebeles of data collection within the study area, highlighting key geographical and demographical attributeFull size tableData collectionEthnobotanical information was collected through face-to-face interviews with informants. For this purpose, pre-planned semi-structured questionnaires, and standardized data collection protocols [30,31,32] were used. Extensive field trips, accompanied by informants, were conducted from August 2022 to October 2023 to identify and collect therapeutic plant species used in the district. The interviews were primarily conducted in the Amharic language, which is the common language of the study area. However, when informants spoke other languages, local translators were engaged. Subsequently, all the documented data were translated into English. The checklist contained questions focused on local names of medicinal plants, their habits, parts used, diseases treated, and mode of preparation and administration. In addition, for on-site data collection, guided field walks with the informants were carried out, during which notes were taken on local names, plant specimens were collected, and information on habits, habitats, status, and other relevant details of the therapeutic plant species were recorded. Moreover, four focus group discussions were held with seven key informants in each discussion. These discussions covered various topics, such as threats to medicinal plants, conservation practices, antidotes, and dosage following the approach outlined by [33]. The focus group discussions helped to validate the data collected from the informants. Specimen identificationThe collected voucher specimens were authenticated using taxonomic literature, reference voucher specimens, and various books on the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. It primarily discusses the criteria for selecting research samples, data collection methods, and the authenticity of specimens related to medicinal plants, without mentioning Aloe vera or its uses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Enzyme activities are expressed as nmol NADH oxidized per min per unit citrate synthase (CS) for complex I, nmol 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol reduced per min per unit citrate synthase for complex II (succinate:ubiquinone-1 reductase) and the apparent first-order rate constant per sec per unit citrate synthase for complexes III and IV ( × 103). Control values are shown as mean±SD. Full size imagePatient 2Histochemical analysis of a muscle biopsy sample revealed ∼80% COX-deficient fibres, a significant proportion of which showed evidence of subsarcolemmal mitochondrial accumulation, typical of ‘ragged-red’ changes (Figure 2). Respiratory chain analyses revealed severe biochemical deficiencies of complexes I and IV. Following exclusion of a mtDNA copy-number abnormality and large-scale mtDNA rearrangements, whole mitochondrial genome sequencing uncovered a previously reported pathogenic mutation, m. 5543T>C (Figure 1) within the MTTW gene encoding the mitochondrial tryptophan tRNA. 12 Pyrosequencing confirmed very high levels of mutated mtDNA in muscle and uroepithelium (99% and 92%, respectively), with lower levels in blood (42%) and buccal epithelium (55%). Analysis of maternal samples confirmed maternal transmission of the m. 5443T>C mutation, being present at low levels of heteroplasmy in blood-, urine- and buccal-derived DNA samples (8, 29 and 14% mutation load, respectively). DiscussionWe studied two patients with suspected mitochondrial disease – both born to consanguineous, first-cousin parents – identifying maternally transmitted, mtDNA mutations in each case: m. 13514A>G within MTND5 in Patient 1 and m. 5543T>C within MTTW in Patient 2. Quantitative assessment of these mutations in maternal DNA samples confirmed that mutations were not sporadic, having been maternally transmitted in both cases. Both asymptomatic mothers harboured their child's mutation in all available samples, albeit below the threshold required to cause a biochemical defect. Isolated complex I deficiency (Patient 1) represents the most frequent biochemical abnormality in paediatric presentations of mitochondrial disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed evidence of maternally transmitted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. It describes how the analysis of maternal samples confirmed the maternal inheritance of specific mutations in both patients, indicating that mtDNA is indeed inherited maternally. The presence of mutations in the asymptomatic mothers highlights the relevance of mtDNA transmission over generations, thus supporting the claim that mitochondrial DNA is often used in studies (like archaeogenetics) due to its maternal inheritance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Focussing on the upper gastrointestinal tract, discussed the link between the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, and gastric cancer and the relationship with other bacterial species and concluded that these relationship are not fully understood. She then presented data on H. pylori growth in a polymicrobial environment with the observation that Actinomyces oris completely inhibits H. pylori growth. However, she also indicated that co-infection with H. pylori and Actinomyces spp led to an increase in interleukin 8 expression in a gastric cell carcinoma model that could possibly exacerbate the inflammatory response. She concluded that understanding the gastric microbiota is required if we asre to unlock the mechanism between the bacterial population and gastric carcinogenesis. The second plenary lecture by Prof. Paul O’Toole (Cork, Ireland) discussed the diet-microbiome and health axis from the perspective of the ageing population. He described how the gut microbiome in an aged population differs significantly from a young population (O’Toole and Jeffery, Reference O’Toole and Jeffery2018) and this could be due to several factors and that one of these is a reduction in diet diversity. The changes in dietary habits correlates with increasing frailty and independence of residence. Changes in dietary intake, either by the use of probiotics or the adoption of a Mediterranean diet results in measurable changes in microbiota profile in humans. In addition, he reported that there is a positive relationship between the adoption of a Mediterranean diet and a delay in the onset of ageing-related health loss. He also highlighted the differences in body mass index between individuals that reside in the community and those in residential care and the impact this would have on metabolic status and that non-dietary factors should not be overlooked. In summary, the data presented and the roundtable discussions that took place after the presentation sessions illustrated the diversity of impacts from the gut microbiome on health, metabolic status, development and growth and maintenance through the lifespan. A significant number of presentations also discussed the merits and limitations of the different methodologies applied to understand the microbiota profile and the various models, from cell to organism and animal/human, to examine the function of the gut microbiota and its impact on whole body function. authors wish to acknowledge the support of in the organisation and running of the Spring conference. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that a reduction in diet diversity negatively affects gut microbiome balance, citing that changes in dietary intake can lead to measurable changes in microbiota profiles. It highlights the complexity of the gut microbiome and suggests that a single type of food is insufficient to achieve balance, as evidenced by the need for dietary diversity to support health. The mention of the Mediterranean diet and its positive effects further emphasizes that a varied diet is necessary rather than relying on a single food type.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Medicinal plant knowledge of the informants in Quara district (n = 286)Full size tableMedicinal plant diversityA total of 128 species of medicinal plants were found in the Quara district for treating human ailments. These species were distributed across 112 genera and 50 families (Material 1). Of the total number of families, 23 families (46%) had two or more species, while the remaining 27 families (54%) had only one species each. The family with the greatest number of species was Fabaceae (22 species), followed by Malvaceae (9 species) and Combretaceae (7 species). In terms of plant habit, trees accounted for 37. 5% of the species, whereas climbers (4. 7%) had the lowest proportion (Fig. 2). Fig. 2Habits of medicinal plants in Quara districtFull size imagePlant parts and conditions for preparing remediesDifferent plant parts were reported to be used in remedy preparation in the district (Fig. 3). The leaf was the most used plant part (23. 1%), followed closely by the root (22. 8%). Other plant parts like bulb, stem, root bark, flower, resin, seed pod gum, and tuber, accounted for a total of 8. 6%. Most of the remedies were prepared using freshly collected plant parts (61. 6%), followed by either fresh or dry parts (19. 6%), or dry parts (18. 8%). Fig. 3Plant parts used for remedy preparation in Quara districtFull size imageAilments treated with medicinal plantsThe study found that a total of 76 human ailments were treated using the 128 medicinal plant species identified in the district (see 1). Of the total medicinal plant species, the majority (101 species, 79%) were able to treat two or more ailments, while 27 species (21%) were used to treat single ailments. Some of the plants that demonstrated particularly broad medicinal application included Ximenia americana, Moringa stenopetala, and Terminalia leiocarpa, each of which was able to treat ten different ailments. Another plant, Solanum incanum, was used to treat nine ailments. In addition to using individual plant species, the traditional healers in the study area also combined multiple parts to create remedies for various ailments. A total of 28 plant species were used in two or more combinations for this purpose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about Aloe vera or its historical use in treating skin ailments. Instead, it presents data on medicinal plants in the Quara district and their application in treating various ailments, which makes it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: 9, 13 Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the largest component of the respiratory chain with 45 structural subunits, seven of which are mtDNA encoded; the remaining subunits and assembly factors are nuclear encoded. An estimated 25–30% of patients with isolated complex I deficiency harbour a mitochondrial DNA point mutation;14 nuclear defects must therefore account for the remaining patients. In a consanguineous family, the scope for offspring harbouring autozygous mutations is clearly increased; to date, there have been no reports linking pathogenic mtDNA mutations with isolated complex I deficiency in consanguineous families, while autosomal recessive mutations within nuclear-encoded structural genes or assembly factors are frequently reported. 9, 15 When isolated complex I deficiency is identified in non-consanguineous families, mutations of the matrilineal mitochondrial genome are also considered and mtDNA sequencing is performed routinely. The m. 5543T>C mtDNA mutation identified in Patient 2 lies within the gene encoding mitochondrial tRNATrp; mt-tRNA gene mutations are associated with diverse clinical presentations and are often heteroplasmic. Phenotypic variation in mitochondrial disease is thought to be related, at least partly, to the proportion of mutated mtDNA present in different tissues, each with their own disease threshold. The previous report of the m. 5443T>C mutation was apparently de novo, with no evidence of the mutation in maternal blood; however, it is well documented that heteroplasmy levels of many mt-tRNA gene mutations decrease with age in rapidly dividing tissues. 12 As such, the absence in maternal lymphocytes may be attributable to negative selection, while the mutations may have been detectable in other tissues with lower selective pressures, such as uroepithelial cells. This highlights a potential pitfall in screening familial samples for mt-tRNA mutations and the importance of selecting clinically relevant tissues for investigation. 16, 17 In our patient, the age of onset,14 in tandem with combined respiratory chain deficiencies and marked histological abnormalities, was highly suggestive of an mtDNA rather than nuclear genetic abnormality. Identifying the genetic basis of mitochondrial disease is essential for accurate genetic counselling and calculating the recurrence risks. 18 Although mtDNA mutations can arise sporadically,19 we demonstrate that in both our families, the causative mtDNA mutation has been maternally transmitted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its significance in genetic analysis. It highlights that 'the causative mtDNA mutation has been maternally transmitted,' which supports the claim about maternal inheritance. Additionally, the text discusses the process of mtDNA sequencing and its relevance in identifying genetic abnormalities, which indicates that mtDNA is often utilized for genetic studies, aligning with the claim about its use in archaeogenetics.