Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: Hence, alterations of the type of AHL will not affect the efficacy of lactonases. Apart from that, algae and higher plants have been found to produce several different compounds that interfere with QS, and thus the application of plant or algal extracts or exudates might also reduce the risk of resistance development. The red marine alga D. pulchra, for instance, produces several different, but structurally related, brominated furanones [59]. The production of different QS inhibitory compounds might be an evolutionary adaptation that avoids resistance development by fouling bacteria. Indeed, although there are approximately a million different bacterial species in the marine environment [60], none have developed resistance to the collection of furanones produced by D. pulchra since the alga is not colonized by bacteria. Another strategy might be the development of non-competitive or uncompetitive inhibitors rather than competitive inhibitors. Such inhibitors would not suffer from titration effects due to overexpression of QS core genes (e. g. , differences between strains in the production of signal molecules). Further, QS disruption could be combined with other treatments to obtain a synergistic effect. QS-disrupting compounds have been shown, for instance, to increase the susceptibility of biofilm bacteria for antibiotic treatments [14]. Finally, the major virulence factors responsible for infection of the host could be targeted directly instead of blocking their expression by QS disruption (for reviews on this strategy, see [61], [62]). However, resistance to this strategy might also evolve if the virulence factor that is inactivated affects pathogen fitness under in vivo conditions. 1. Hall BG (2004) Predicting the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes. Microbiol 2: 430–435. View 2. (2001) Regulation of gene expression by cell-to-cell communication: acyl-homoserine lactone quorum sensing. Genet 35: 439–468. View 3. (1997) Cell-cell communication in Gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol 51: 527–564. View 4. Milton DL (2006) Quorum sensing in vibrios: complexity for diversification. 296: 61–71. View 5. (2002) Structural identification of a bacterial quorum-sensing signal containing boron. Nature 415: 545–549. View 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different compounds produced by organisms such as D. pulchra are an evolutionary adaptation that helps avoid resistance development by fouling bacteria. This indicates that microorganisms like bacteria can indeed evolve and adapt to environmental changes, such as the presence of these inhibitory compounds. Furthermore, the mention of resistance development evolving due to changes in virulence factors under in vivo conditions further supports the rapid evolutionary capabilities of microorganisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: congestion is a problem facing today's world, especially in smart cities where the economy is booming. Solving this issue by upgrading the traffic infrastructure of the city might be very cost-inefficient as well as time-consuming. With the help of recent technologies, traffic can be predicted to give the authorities the time to react before congestion evolves. As traffic is affected by several external factors, such as weather and anomalies (accidents, not expected road closures etc. ), understanding the relationship between traffic and these factors can improve the prediction even further. In this study, a new method, the weather-based traffic analysis (hereafter WBTA), is utilised to investigate the temporal correlations between the traffic flow and the exogenous weather factors at different frequencies and time intervals. In addition, a novel method, the wavelet-attention-based calculation (hereafter WABC) is introduced to help to understand the importance of each external factor, compared with the others. Five weather factors (temperature, wind speed, rain, visibility, and humidity) are analysed, weighted, and merged with each other as one auxiliary input to improve traffic prediction accuracy. Based on that, the wavelet-attention-based prediction model is introduced, where the mean squared error is reduced by 32. 3% and 24. 52% for one future time step prediction, and 14. 9% and 18. 22% for five, compared with using the traffic time series alone, and with external factors without weights, respectively. 1 transportation system (ITS) improves traffic efficiency in smart cities by utilising modern technologies and techniques. This has become more important amid global warming as ITS services can reduce traffic congestion, thus decreasing the carbon footprint of vehicles [1]. Reducing traffic congestion can also help smart cities, with large economical and technical development, to mitigate the issue without the need to construct new transport infrastructure [2]. This can be done by making accurate predictions of the traffic flow (which can be used for early congestion detection), therefore the city operators can intervene through the ITS system before the congestion even happens. Traffic prediction has improved a lot recently due to the latest achievements in machine learning and the existence of large and well-collected datasets [3]. However, traffic is affected by external factors, such as weather, which makes the prediction more complicated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that traffic congestion remains a significant issue even in smart cities. It indicates that congestion may not be easily solved, stating that upgrading traffic infrastructure is 'cost-inefficient as well as time-consuming.' Furthermore, the text stresses that traffic prediction can only improve congestion management, not eliminate it. It mentions that traffic is affected by various external factors, which complicates accurate predictions, suggesting that while smart cities may improve traffic flow, they are unlikely to completely eliminate traffic-related issues as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 11 «Трансграничная передача персональных данных» — передача персональных данных на территорию иностранного государства органу власти иностранного государства, иностранному физическому лицу или иностранному юридическому лицу. 2. ОБЩИЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the transmission of personal data and does not mention sea turtles or navigation, thus offering no support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: (2005) Making ‘sense’ of metabolism: autoinducer-2, LuxS and pathogenic bacteria. Microbiol 3: 383–396. View 7. Jayaraman A, Wood TK (2008) Bacterial quorum sensing: signals, circuits, and implications for biofilms and disease. 10: 145–167. View 8. (2000) Bacterial quorum sensing in pathogenic relationships. 68: 4839–4849. View 9. (2000) Quorum sensing and the population-dependent control of virulence. 355: 667–680. View 10. (1998) Quorum sensing: a novel target for anti-infective therapy. J 42: 569–571. View 11. (2002) Halogenated furanones inhibit quorum sensing through accelerated LuxR turnover. Microbiology 148: 1119–1127. View 12. (2007) The natural furanone (5Z)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-3-butyl-2(5H)-furanone disrupts quorum sensing-regulated gene expression in Vibrio harveyi by decreasing the DNA-binding activity of of the transcriptional regulator protein LuxR. 9: 2486–2495. View 13. (2009) A naturally occurring brominated furanone covalently modifies and inactivates LuxS. 19: 6200–6204. View 14. øiby N, (2003) Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence by quorum sensing inhibitors. EMBO J 22: 3803–3815. View 15. (2004) An inhibitor of bacterial quorum sensing reduces mortalities caused by vibriosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Microbiol 27: 350–359. View 16. (2006) Quorum sensing-disrupting brominated furanones protect the gnotobiotic brine shrimp Artemia franciscana from pathogenic Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio campbellii and Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates. Microbiol 72: 6419–6423. View 17. Skindersoe ME, Ettinger-de Nys R, (2008) Quorum sensing antagonism from marine organisms. 10: 56–63. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes references to studies and findings related to bacterial quorum sensing, which is a mechanism that allows bacteria to coordinate their behavior based on population density. This suggests an ability of bacteria to adapt to their environment in response to changes in their surroundings, thereby supporting the claim that microorganisms like bacteria can evolve rapidly and adapt to environmental changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: In the case of heavy rain, for example, pedestrians rush to arrive at their destination, which may cause traffic problems especially on roads close to restaurants and tourist attractions [4]. Drivers, on the other hand, tend to move slower under heavy rain as visibility becomes bad and roads might be slippery. This can also affect the traffic flow, in addition to increasing the possibility of having more accidents. Utilising external datasets, such as weather forecasts, can improve traffic predictions [5]. In Ref. [6], the authors study the effect of weather variables on road occupancy and vehicle speed values of several freeways of the Twin Cities. This study shows that severe rain, snow and low visibility cause the most significant reductions in capacities and operating speeds. Temperature does not show a statistically significant reduction, except for the case of extremely low temperatures. The study also shows that reductions caused by wind speed are not statistically significant. Research paper [7] concludes that the impact of rain increases as its intensity increases with the reduction of speed by an average of 1. 2%–18. 4% and traffic volume by an average of 1. 1%–16. 5%. Researchers in Ref. [8] studied the effect of rainfall on traffic data collected from the highway of Hainan province, China. The study shows that the maximum flow rate decreases by 15. 7%, 19. 1%, 32. 5% compared with normal weather for light, moderate, and heavy rain, respectively. This study [9], illustrates the reduction of speed during reduced visibility caused by fog compared with the one caused by rain. A slight reduction in speed during fog, while a significant drop in speed during rain is concluded. Authors in Ref. [10] illustrate the effect of different weather variables on traffic and show that rain affects the traffic but not as much as snow does. However, as snow happens infrequently, collecting data when snow occurs is more difficult. In this study, the precipitation variable, which includes rain, sleet, and snow, referred to as rain, together with temperature, visibility, humidity, and wind speed are analysed and used to improve traffic prediction accuracy. Predicting future traffic values depends on historical and current ones to forecast what the next values can be. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining how weather conditions, such as heavy rain and snow, can significantly impact traffic flow and safety. It discusses research findings indicating that severe weather can reduce traffic capacities and operating speeds by notable percentages, suggesting that even with advancements in smart city technologies, eliminating all traffic-related issues is unlikely due to these external factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Акцепт Пользователем оферты на сайте означает согласие Пользователя на обработку персональных данных, а также согласие с настоящей Политикой конфиденциальности и условиями обработки персональных данных Пользователя, а также на трансграничную передачу. Оформление отдельного согласия на обработку персональных данных Пользователя не требуется. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses user consent and the handling of personal data without any mention of sea turtles or navigation based on the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : pathogens that afflict humankind spill over from natural reservoirs in animals. Health & How viruses evolve: Lessons for the pandemic Pathogens that switch to a new host species have some adapting to do. How does that affect the course of a pandemic like Covid-19? Holmes 07. 16. 2020 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today The unusual cases of pneumonia began to appear in midwinter, in China. The cause, researchers would later learn, was a coronavirus new to science. By March, the infection began to spread to other Asian countries and overseas. People were dying, and the Organization issued a global health alert. Viral variants: to the flu Free online event: Wednesday, November 17New variants of the coronavirus behind the Covid-19 pandemic arise constantly, with some, such as Delta, driving new waves of infections and subsequent deaths. What kinds of genetic changes make some variants of SARS-CoV-2 more dangerous and why have virologists long been concerned about coronaviruses in particular? Join us for a discussion and Q&A with two experts and get your questions answered. And, if you can't join us live, please register and we'll send a link to the replay following the event. Register now! But this was 2003, not 2020, and the disease was SARS, not Covid-19. By June, the outbreak was almost gone, with just 8,098 confirmed infections and 774 deaths worldwide. No cases of SARS have been reported since 2004. Contrast that with the closely related coronavirus that causes Covid-19 today: more than 13,600,000 confirmed cases as of July 16, and more than 585,000 deaths. Why did SARS go away while today’s coronavirus just keeps on spreading? Why, for that matter, did both these coronaviruses spill over into people at all, from their original bat hosts? And just as vital as those questions is another: What happens next? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how viruses, specifically coronaviruses, evolve and adapt to new hosts, referencing the emergence of new variants that drive infections during pandemics. It mentions how pathogens that switch to a new host species must adapt, implicating that rapid evolution enables these microorganisms to survive and thrive amidst environmental changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: For five future time step predictions, a prediction error reduction of 14. 9% and 18. 22% is achieved for using the traffic time series alone and with unweighted factors, respectively. While these improvements are noticed for one and five future time steps, no significant improvements are seen for ten. Table 5 provides another evidence for the results, where the error is measured by the mean absolute error (MAE). It illustrates the improvements of using weighted external factors as an auxiliary input to the prediction model. Prediction results of the three cases are illustrated visually by comparing them with the original data in Figures 10-12 for one future time step, Figures 13-15 for five, and Figures 16-18 for ten. The blue lines represent the ground truth values, while the green are the predicted ones. For better visualisation, these figures illustrate the last 10 days of the data with their predictions, while the whole test prediction lasts for about 24 days. From these figures, the importance of our method can be noticed when there are unusual changes in the pattern of data, such as around 150 and 225. Whether it is a small change, around 150, or a severe one, around 225, our method responds to these changes better than the other two cases. In other words, one can easily notice the failure of using traffic time series alone to predict these changes, while our method can mitigate this problem by taking external factors into account. 10Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time step, traffic alone 11Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time step, with external factors, not weighted 12Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time step, with external factors, weighted 13Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time steps, traffic alone 14Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time steps, with external factors, not weighted 15Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time steps, with external factors, weighted 16Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time step, traffic alone 17Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time step, with external factors, not weighted 18Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time step, with external factors, weighted 6 transform analysis is used to decompose the time series into its frequency spectra that are used to calculate mutual changes in time series using the cross wavelet transform. Important features are highlighted after being compared with a background spectrum, the average cross wavelet spectrum, with a 95% confidence level. These important features are used to calculate the input weights that tell how each of the external factors affects the traffic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that while prediction models for traffic can improve with the inclusion of external factors, no significant improvements are observed for longer time frames, specifically ten future time steps. This suggests that traffic-related issues may not be fully alleviated as claimed within the specified timeline, indicating limitations in the effectiveness of current models and methods in resolving all traffic-related problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 В случае несогласия с условиями Политики конфиденциальности Пользователь должен прекратить использование сайта. 2. 3 Настоящая Политика конфиденциальности применяется только к сайту Оператор не контролирует и не несет ответственность за сайты третьих лиц, на которые Пользователь может перейти по ссылкам, доступным на сайте. 2. 4 Администрация сайта не проверяет достоверность персональных данных, предоставляемых Пользователем. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses policies regarding user data and site responsibility, providing no information related to sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: Health & Disease Mini-organs push along Covid-19 and other virus research Health & time of trials: Waiting for a coronavirus vaccine Health & in on the new coronavirus Health & of smell, confusion, strokes: Does Covid-19 target the nervous system? As we face the current pandemic, it will be important to understand how SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, is likely to evolve in the months and years ahead. It’s possible the virus could lose its lethal character and settle into an evolutionary détente with humanity. It might end up as just another cold virus, as may have happened to another coronavirus in the past. But it could also remain a serious threat or perhaps even evolve to become more lethal. The outcome depends on the complex and sometimes subtle interplay of ecological and evolutionary forces that shape how viruses and their hosts respond to one another. “One thing you learn about evolution is never to generalize,” says Edward Holmes, an evolutionary virologist at the University of Sydney, Australia, and author of an 1919. The 1918-1920 pandemic killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide. : nicer — or nastierSARS-CoV-2, of course, is well past the teetering stage. The big question now is: What happens next? One popular theory, endorsed by some experts, is that viruses often start off harming their hosts, but evolve toward a more benign coexistence. After all, many of the viruses we know of that trigger severe problems in a new host species cause mild or no disease in the host they originally came from. And from the virus’s perspective, this theory asserts, hosts that are less sick are more likely to be moving around, meeting others and spreading the infection onward. “I believe that viruses tend to become less pathogenic,” says Burtram Fielding, a coronavirologist at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. “The ultimate aim of a pathogen is to reproduce, to make more of itself. Any pathogen that kills the host too fast will not give itself enough time to reproduce. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, is likely to evolve over time in response to ecological and evolutionary forces. It mentions that the evolution of viruses can lead them to become less lethal as they adapt to coexisting with their hosts, which illustrates the capacity of microorganisms like viruses to evolve and adapt to environmental changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of cities around the world will soon be fully automated, with no need for human oversight. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is highly likely that Japan’s smart city plan will promote retrofit-type smart cities, in which existing brownfields are converted into smart cities. Although smart city planning is expected to be a key to DX for regional development in response to changes in socioeconomic conditions caused by changes in regional social structures due to rapid population decline and super-aging, it has been found that various issues have arisen upon its introduction. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the process of introducing retrofit-type smart city plans in Japan, identify issues at each stage, and evaluate and discuss smart city plans by adapting them to a corporate R&D process model. Specifically, we conducted a literature review using Aizuwakamatsu City, Fukushima Prefecture, as the target model and clarified the relationship among each stakeholder in Aizuwakamatsu City. Advertisement 2. Smart city2. 1 What is a smart cityRecently, the term “smart city” is often used to refer to cities that have been made smarter through the use of information and communication technology. In other words, the definition of “smart city” is determined by the business policies of those who implement smart city plans, and thus, a wide variety of definitions exist. In fact, there are cases where a “smart city” includes “smart community,” “smart infrastructure (smart grid),” or “smart mobility. Incorporating advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data robots, artificial intelligence (AI), automated driving, and 5G in urban planning is simply to achieve economic development and solve social issues by utilizing these advanced technologies. The reason for incorporating advanced technologies such as AI and 5G is to achieve economic development and solve social issues by utilizing these advanced technologies in urban planning. Economic development here means strengthening the competitiveness of existing industries and creating new industries. In Japan, economic development and the solution to social issues utilizing smart cities are in full swing, as proposed in the Plan (FY2016-2020), which is called “Society 5. 0 (super-smart society)“. In this paper, we would like to adopt the following definition of a smart city. A “sustainable city or district where management (planning, maintenance, management, operation, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges associated with implementing smart city plans. It highlights that while advanced technologies like AI and IoT are integrated into urban planning, various issues have arisen during their introduction. Furthermore, the focus on defining what constitutes a smart city indicates that human oversight is still a significant factor in managing and adapting these urban environments, undermining the claim that there would be no need for human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: ПРЕДМЕТ ПОЛИТИКИ КОНФИДЕНЦИАЛЬНОСТИ 3. 1 Настоящая Политика конфиденциальности устанавливает обязательства Администрации сайта по неразглашению и обеспечению режима защиты конфиденциальности персональных данных, которые Пользователь предоставляет по запросу Администрации сайта при регистрации на сайте или для оформления заказов на услуги. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a privacy policy and the responsibilities of a website's administration regarding user data, without mentioning anything about sea turtles or navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: ” If SARS-CoV-2 can spread faster and further by killing or severely harming fewer of the people it infects, we might expect that over time, it will become less harmful — or, as virologists term it, less virulent. This kind of evolutionary gentling may be exactly what happened more than a century ago to one of the other human coronaviruses, known as OC43, Fielding suggests. Today, OC43 is one of four coronaviruses that account for up to a third of cases of the common cold (and perhaps occasionally more severe illness). and a few others think it could also have been the virus behind a worldwide pandemic, usually ascribed to influenza, that began in 1890 and killed more than a million people worldwide, including Queen Victoria’s grandson and heir. “Everyone has influenza,” says the headline in a French publication from January, 1890. : can’t prove that, because no virus samples survive from that pandemic, but some circumstantial evidence makes the case plausible, Fielding says. For one thing, people who were infected in the 1890 pandemic apparently experienced nervous-system symptoms we now see as more typical of coronaviruses than of influenza. And when Belgian researchers sequenced OC43’s genome in 2005 and compared it to other known coronaviruses, they concluded that it likely originated as a cattle virus and may have jumped to people right around 1890. They speculated that it may have caused the 1890 pandemic and then settled down to a less nasty coexistence as an ordinary cold virus. Other evolutionary biologists disagree. The pandemic certainly faded as more people became immune, but there’s no solid evidence that OC43 itself evolved from highly virulent to mostly benign over the last century, they say. Even if it did, that does not mean SARS-CoV-2 will follow the same trajectory. “You can’t just say it’s going to become nicer, that somehow a well-adapted pathogen doesn’t harm its host. Modern evolutionary biology, and a lot of data, shows that doesn’t have to be true. It can get nicer, and it can get nastier,” says Andrew Read, an evolutionary microbiologist at University. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how SARS-CoV-2 may evolve over time, particularly in becoming less harmful to its hosts, which reflects the adaptability of microorganisms to environmental pressures. It presents an example through the evolution of OC43, a coronavirus that transitioned from potentially virulent to a benign coexistence as an ordinary cold virus. This aligns with the idea that microorganisms can adapt rapidly in response to changes in their environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of cities around the world will soon be fully automated, with no need for human oversight. [SEP] Text: Source: [5] (Prepared by the author). Figure 3. Issue model in smart cities. Source: Prepared by the author with reference to the technology development model [6] (Prepared by the author) [1]. Advertisement 5. Problems with smart city planning5. 1 The problem of the river of evil in smart city planningBased on a study by Kono [1], the “ river of evil “ in smart city planning is “the failure to form a council-style promotion structure” (hereinafter referred to as “council”) with the participation of various stakeholders, including local industry, government, and academia. In order to overcome the river of evil, it was found that two roles are necessary: (1) a promoter to match the solutions of the private sector with local needs and (2) an accelerator, a powerful flag-bearer to verify business models for local technology implementation in collaboration with the private sector. 5. 1. 1 Collaboration involving a wide range of stakeholdersPromoters to match the private sector’s solutions to local needs are the councils. The river of evil in smart city planning starts with a hazy idea from the local government. In the process of incorporating this hazy idea into a more concrete plan, a council-style promotion system involving various stakeholders, including local industry, government, and academia, is necessary. This is because it is only possible to formulate a concrete plan to address the issues by extracting the issues (needs) of the community from the council. Since retrofit-type smart cities are basically built to address issues that already exist in the community, a mechanism is needed to bring these issues (needs) to the surface. Only by examining and organizing these issues (needs) can private companies adapt their solutions to the needs and begin to introduce and develop smart city-related technologies. 5. 1. 2 Existence of a strong acceleratorAccelerators, which are powerful flag-bearers that work with the private sector to verify business models for local technology implementation, include consulting firms and other organizations that have the capability to lead the council. In order to match local issues (needs) with existing local resources and propose what can be done specifically, it is necessary to utilize the capabilities of organizations with expertise, such as consulting firms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of human involvement in smart city planning, highlighting the need for stakeholder collaboration to address local issues. It emphasizes that a council-style promotion system is essential for formulating concrete plans, indicating that human oversight is crucial rather than dismissible. The need for promoters and accelerators to match local needs with private sector solutions further supports that full automation without oversight is not currently feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Персональные данные, разрешённые к обработке в рамках настоящей Политики конфиденциальности, предоставляются Пользователем путём заполнения формы на сайте в соответствующих разделах и включают в себя следующую информацию: 3. 2. 1 фамилию, имя, отчество Пользователя; 3. 2. 2 адрес электронной почты (e-mail); 3. 2. 3 место жительство Пользователя; 3. 2. 4 платежные реквизиты Пользователя; 3. 2. 5 домашний, рабочий, мобильный телефоны. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes as it provides information about personal data and privacy policies, which is unrelated to the claim regarding sea turtles' navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: (Holmes is blunter: “Trying to predict virulence evolution is a mug’s game,” he says. )To understand why it’s so hard to predict changes in virulence, Read says it’s important to recognize the difference between virulence — that is, how sick a virus makes its host — and its transmissibility, or how easily it passes from one host individual to another. Evolution always favors increased transmissibility, because viruses that spread more easily are evolutionarily fitter — that is, they leave more descendants. But transmissibility and virulence aren’t linked in any dependable way, Read says. Some germs do just fine even if they make you very sick. The bacteria that cause cholera spread through diarrhea, so severe disease is good for them. Malaria and yellow fever, which are transmitted by mosquitos, can spread just fine even from a person at death’s door. Respiratory viruses, like influenza and the human coronaviruses, need hosts that move around enough to breathe on one another, so extremely high virulence might be detrimental in some cases. But there’s no obvious evolutionary advantage for SARS-CoV-2 to reduce its virulence, because it pays little price for occasionally killing people: It spreads readily from infected people who are not yet feeling sick, and even from those who may never show symptoms of illness. “To be honest, the novel coronavirus is pretty fit already,” Geoghegan says. Nor are there many documented instances of viruses whose virulence has abated over time. The rare, classic example is the myxoma virus, which was deliberately introduced to Australia in the 1950s from to control invasive European rabbits. Within a few decades, the virus evolved to reduce its virulence, albeit only down to 70 to 95 percent lethality from a whopping 99. 8 percent. (It has since ticked up again. )But myxoma stands nearly alone, Parrish says. For instance, he notes, there is no evidence that recent human pathogens such as Ebola, Zika or chikungunya viruses have shown any signs of becoming less pathogenic in the relatively short time since jumping to humans. After rabbits were introduced to Australia, their population exploded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how evolution favors increased transmissibility in microorganisms, highlighting their ability to adapt to different environments. It discusses the evolution of viruses, such as the myxoma virus, and contrasts the transmission dynamics of various pathogens, showing that adaptability is a key trait for microorganisms in response to environmental changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of cities around the world will soon be fully automated, with no need for human oversight. [SEP] Text: It is also necessary to make the use of big data, including data sharing infrastructure and urban OS, an issue in mayoral elections to attract citizens’ interest in the use of big data and to provide them with opportunities to express their will on the use of big data through voting. 5. 2. 2 Provision of funds to lead to the operational phaseThe regulator needs to play a role in creating an institutional environment that supports the deployment of smart city technology. The main roles of the regulator, including the government, will be to provide hardware support, such as the development of an institutional environment that supports the technological deployment of smart cities, and software support, such as the relaxation of laws and regulations and provision of funds to promote the distribution of big data. Especially for local governments that are in a difficult financial situation, financial support such as government subsidies are extremely important, and subsidies are the key to whether or not local governments will be able to introduce data-sharing infrastructure and urban OS. 5. 3 problem in smart city planningSea in smart city planning is “the lack of a gradual increase in the number of services/applications and users that are truly accepted by citizens. In order to overcome the Darwin Sea, it is important to (1) provide a demonstration field and development environment for technology and (2) play the role of an accelerator to verify business models for technology implementation in cooperation with private companies [1]. 5. 3. 1 Dissemination to citizens, who are the main actorsAccelerators, which provide technology demonstration fields and development environments and work with private businesses to verify business models for technology implementation, mainly refer to local governments. Accelerators played the role of verifying what kind of local issues the service/application would solve from the perspective of citizens during the period of the River of Evil. However, accelerators in the period are assigned new roles, such as verifying whether services/applications have marketability and facilitating competition in the market for services/applications. More specifically, local governments need to provide not only data-sharing infrastructure, city operating systems, and standard APIs to the private sector but also information on local needs and technical and financial support. The goal is to start swimming in the Darwin sea, and at the finish line, a dramatic change awaits us, where society actually moves, and great demand is created, changing people’s lives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of human involvement in the deployment of smart city technology, emphasizing the role of local governments and regulators in supporting technology adoption. It outlines the need for collaboration with citizens and private companies, which suggests that human oversight is essential for the successful implementation of automated systems in smart cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 Администрация сайта осуществляет сбор статистики об IP-адресах своих посетителей. Данная информация используется с целью выявления и решения технических проблем. 3. 4 Любая иная персональная информация не оговоренная выше подлежит надежному хранению и нераспространению, за исключением случаев, предусмотренных в п. п. 5. 2. и 5. 3. настоящей Политики конфиденциальности. 4. ЦЕЛИ СБОРА ПЕРСОНАЛЬНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЯ 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on website administration and privacy policies, with no mention of sea turtles or navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: “They are very plentiful here,” says the handwritten inscription on the back of this postcard from around 1930. Scientists eventually introduced the myxoma virus to control the rabbit plague. :. / ones that went awayThe faded nightmares of our past — pandemics that terrorized, then receded, such as SARS in 2003 and flu in 1918-20 and again in 1957, 1968 and 2009 — went away not because the viruses evolved to cause milder disease, but for other reasons. In the case of SARS, the virus made people sick enough that health workers were able to contain the disease before it got out of hand. “People who got SARS got very sick, very fast and were easily identified, easily tracked and readily quarantined — and their contacts were also readily identified and quarantined,” says Mark Cameron, an immunologist at in Cleveland, who worked in a Toronto hospital during the height of the SARS outbreak there. That was never going to be as easy to do for Covid-19 because people who don’t show symptoms can spread the virus. Flu pandemics, meanwhile, have tended to recede for another reason, one that offers more hope in our present moment: Enough of the population eventually becomes immune to slow the virus down. The H1N1 influenza virus that caused the 1918 pandemic continued as the main influenza virus until the 1950s, and its descendants still circulate in the human population. What made the virus such a threat in 1918-20 is that it was novel and people had little immunity. Once much of the population had been exposed to the virus and had developed immunity, the pandemic waned, although the virus persisted at a lower level of infections — as it does to this day. It appears less lethal now largely because older people, who are at greatest risk of dying from influenza, have usually encountered H1N1 influenza or something like it at some point in their lives and retain some degree of immunity, Read says. With the new coronavirus, Parrish says, “we’re sort of in that 1918 period where the virus is spreading fast in a naive population. ” But that will change as more people either catch Covid-19 or are vaccinated (if and when that becomes possible) and develop some level of immunity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how viruses, including the myxoma virus and H1N1 influenza, persist and evolve in response to population immunity and environmental pressures. It notes that the H1N1 virus continued circulating due to its adaptability, suggesting that microorganisms can indeed evolve rapidly to adapt to changing conditions, as mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic design incorporates natural elements, such as plants and water features, into buildings to improve well-being. [SEP] Text: An approach to internet interventions that enables and informs such informal help seeking would be a natural fit to this pattern of behavior. An evidence-based approach toward men’s mental health and well-being that addresses the problems outlined above should therefore be (1) accessible on the internet, (2) action-based and informal (not clinical), (3) anonymous with the potential for social connection, (4) self-directed, and (5) based in subcultures men are already present in [7]. Importantly, women should not be excluded as in addition to benefiting from the intervention themselves, they can also act as supportive others, connecting these interventions and other mental health initiatives to the men in their lives. Sports and video games are mainstream topics with significant male fan bases. The sporting code that is the focus of this study, League (AFL), is a type of Australian football and enjoys the support of 6 million people across Australia [9]. Similarly, a recent nationwide survey reports that over three-quarters of Australians aged 15 to 34 years play video games and that 70% of all men surveyed were video game players [10]. Both cultures are further combined in esports (competitive video gaming) [11]. esports is a growing industry popular among younger people, with nearly as many millennials preferring watching their favorite esport to watching their favorite traditional sport (40% vs 42%) [12]. Furthermore, many sporting leagues including AFL have partnered with esports teams [11] and video game companies to host esports events [13]. Although they remain distinct subcultures, sports and video games are highly compatible, mainstream in the general population, and well suited to utilization in a mobile health (mHealth) app intended to promote mental health and well-being. Gamification and Applied GamesThe general usage of games and game features for nonentertainment purposes is known as “applied games” [14]. This includes not just applying commercial video games outside of an entertainment context, for example, psychological therapy [15], but also serious games (video games developed for a primary purpose other than player enjoyment [16]) and gamification [17,18]. In the same way that traditional video game design works to engage both the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation of its players, applied games have inherent “effectiveness potential” [19], where users of interventions that incorporate applied games can be motivated to explore the intervention deeper for additional motivations besides self-improvement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of internet interventions, mental health, and gamification, without mentioning biophilic design or the incorporation of natural elements into buildings. There is no support or contrast to the claim within the provided text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Персональные данные Пользователя Администрация сайта может использовать в целях: 4. 1. 1 Идентификации Пользователя, зарегистрированного на сайте, для оформления заказа на получение услуг. 4. 1. 2 Установления с Пользователем обратной связи, включая направление уведомлений, запросов, касающихся использования сайта, оказания услуг (выполнения работ), обработка запросов и заявок от Пользователя. 4. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses user data and website administration without any mention of sea turtles, navigation, or the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: “There’s no question that once the population is largely immune, the virus will die down,” Parrish says. The question is how long that immunity will last: for a lifetime, like smallpox, or just a few years, like flu? In part, that will depend on whether the vaccine induces a permanent antibody response or just a temporary one. But it also depends on whether the virus can change to evade the antibodies generated by the vaccine. Although coronaviruses don’t accumulate mutations as fast as flu viruses, they do still change. And at least one, which causes bronchitis in chickens, has evolved new variants that aren’t covered by previous vaccines. But at this point, no one knows what to expect from SARS-CoV-2. There is, at least, one encouraging aspect to all this. Even if we can’t predict how the virus will evolve or how it will respond to the coming vaccine, there is something all of us can do to reduce the risk of the virus evolving in dangerous ways. And it doesn’t involve any complicated new behaviors. “Viruses can only evolve if they’re replicating and transmitting,” Streicker says. “Anything that reduces the replication of a virus will in consequence reduce the amount of evolution that happens. ” In other words, we can do our part to slow down the evolution of the Covid-19 virus by behaving exactly as we’ve been told to already to avoid catching it: Minimize contact with others, wash your hands and wear a mask. This 10. 1146/knowable-071520-1 is a science writer in Edmonton, Canada, who hopes not to contribute to the further evolution of SARS-CoV-2. 10. 1146/knowable-071520-1 is a science writer in Edmonton, Canada, who hopes not to contribute to the further evolution of SARS-CoV-2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how viruses can change and evolve over time, particularly noting that coronaviruses can develop new variants that evade previous vaccines. It emphasizes that the ability of a virus to evolve is tied to its replication and transmission rates, supporting the idea that microorganisms can adapt to changes in their environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of biophilic design projects aim to reconnect people with nature in urban settings. [SEP] Text: DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 '참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지? DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 Citeasy 이용하기 Citeasy 출시 기념 한시적 무료! Citeasy로 내보내기 서지가 내보내기 되었어요Citeasy에서 목록을 확인해보세요 Endnote Excel 복사인용 APA 7th 양식 변경 12 ### 논문을 읽고 계시네요! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a bibliographic management program and citation processes without any mention of biophilic design or its goals. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim in any manner.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 Создания учетной записи, если Пользователь дал согласие на создание учетной записи. 4. 1. 4 Обработки и получения платежей, оспаривания платежа. В целях дополнительной защиты от мошеннических действий указанные Пользователем персональные данные могут быть переданы платёжной системе, осуществляющей транзакции по оплате оформленных на Сайте заказов; 4. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses account creation and payment processing, with no information related to sea turtles or navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to mutations can rapidly evolve to directly benefit self and cooperative partner despite unfavorable conditions Mock HartChi-of Basic Sciences, United States; London, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution (CLOE), United Kingdom; Jan 27, 2021 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJune 7, 2021 Accepted ManuscriptJanuary 27, 2021 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 1,535 views 199 downloads 12 7838. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 10. 7554/eLife. 57838. sa1 Author response […] All reviewers agree that this is an interesting piece of work that shows how a mutation that is selected because it imparts a benefit, can also impart a benefit to non-mutated cells with which the mutant exchanges metabolites and/or predispose the mutant to engage in a mutualistic partnership. However, all reviewers also raised a few salient questions, in particular about 1) the underlying molecular mechanism and 2) the exact nature and ecological and evolutionary novelty and relevance of the observation. As far as we understand, the ecm21 mutation increases the uptake rate of lysine because the LYP1 permease becomes more highly expressed, thereby giving the mutants a (temporary? ) fitness benefit (they are fitter than cells not carrying the ecm21 mutation), but as far as we can tell, the yield coefficients (i. e. the efficiency of metabolism) do not change, and we would not be surprised if the ecm21 mutants will in fact have a lower fitness (division rate) once they outcompeted all non-mutant cells because overexpression of the LYP1 lysine permease. This would also mean that at this point, the secretion of hypoxanthine may drop back to what it was in cultures with cells not carrying ecm21, or perhaps even lower. Point 0: In limiting lysine (Figure 2A, 0. 3~2 µM lysine), a pure ecm21 culture always grows much (several-fold) faster than a pure ancestral culture. Note that the fitness difference between a mutant and the population mean is always a function of genotype composition and the environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how mutations can lead to rapid evolution in microorganisms, enhancing their fitness compared to non-mutated cells. It specifically highlights that the ecm21 mutation increases the uptake rate of lysine, which gives the mutant cells a fitness advantage over ancestral strains under certain nutrient-limiting conditions. This illustrates the capability of microorganisms to adapt quickly to environmental challenges, thereby corroborating the claim about their rapid evolutionary potential.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of biophilic design projects aim to reconnect people with nature in urban settings. [SEP] Text: To be socially just, ensuring the right to nature access, to fresh air and water, and to natural light in living spaces must be equally available to all: Biophilic design is justifiably critiqued for its inequity: the health, happiness and productivity of humans is privileged over that of other species, and (de facto) the approach is most accessible among clients of means. (Africa et al. 2019: 2) Addressing this barrier and imagining a more inclusive biophilic design need to be more prominently addressed at all scales, from single rooms, to cities, and to the entire planet. 4. 1 to Systems: Rewilding and Ecosystem DesignSuccessful ecological and urban landscapes can join up existing urban green spaces for greater access and can create pollinator pathways, which further supports life on the planet. For example, parks and roadside verges in London’s City initiative can help achieve their regional goal to green and rewild the city for people and nature. This initiative is “an acknowledgement to how vitally urban lives are bound up with and enriched by nature” (Macfarlane 2020). Such greening and rewilding pathways are being extended across living walls, roofs, courtyards, and gardens of the urban built environment (e. g. 2020). As building designs blur outside/inside envelops, pollinator pathways can now continue right up to the biophilic desk plant, rewilding the building and enabling living biophilia. Biophilia – and in particular the encouragement of a deeper connection to nature – has the potential to shift nature-based design and policy from the nice-to-have towards a holistic, ecosystem-friendly approach, enabling deeper regenerative meaning and uptake by buildings, cities, and regions. This has been happening in some design community circles which are viewing the non-human (nature, place), human (culture), and built environment habitats through a different biophilic lens. Practical examples at a project level include biophilic design workshops that have incorporated mindfulness approaches and encouraged the exploration of the relationship with place. This places the design team in a state of mind that asks the land for permission to build and seeks reciprocity with soils, native plants, and biodiversity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that biophilic design has been critiqued for its inequities, as it often prioritizes the health and happiness of humans, particularly those of means, over other species. It discusses the need for more inclusive biophilic design that addresses social justice issues regarding access to natural environments, rather than simply focusing on reconnecting people with nature in urban settings. The emphasis on equitable access and the challenges in achieving that suggest that not all biophilic design projects successfully aim to reconnect people with nature for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 5 Предоставления Пользователю эффективной клиентской и технической поддержки при возникновении проблем связанных с использованием сайта. 4. 1. 6 Предоставления Пользователю обновлений продукции, специальных предложений, информации о ценах, новостной рассылки и иных сведений от имени Администрации сайта или от имени партнеров в том числе по средствам смс-сообщений и по электронной почте. 4. 1. 7 Осуществления рекламной деятельности. 4. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. It discusses user support services and promotional activities associated with a website, without mentioning anything related to sea turtles or their navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: To cut a very long story short, it took us a few years to figure out the right way of measuring phenotypes (Hart et al. , PLoS Biology 2019) and the right definition of partner-serving phenotype (Hart et al. , eLife 2019). Eventually, we submitted this 1. 5 μm lysine), all evolved strains grew much faster than the ancestor (see Points 0 and 1A). We have also added a supplementary figure showing that ecm21 outcompeted the ancestor in a mixed chemostat culture (see Point 1B). Exchange ratios, which can be interpreted as yield coefficients, of pure ecm21 and pure ancestral chemostat monocultures are plotted in Figure 3B, with ecm21 displaying an increased hypoxanthine release rate per lysine consumed. We are unable to differentiate hypoxanthine released from different strains in a coculture. My feeling is that if the ecm21 mutation does not affect the efficiency of the metabolism (i. e. biomass yield coefficients for hypoxanthine or lysine are unaffected by the mutation), we are looking at a effect (i. e. : the fitness gain is only relative to the WT, but disappears when the WT cells are not present (anymore)…) 0 and Point 1C. 1) It is often observed that cells growing in medium with one limiting nutrient evolve mutations that increase the uptake rate (but not the metabolic efficiency), for example by increasing the expression of (functional) permeases (see for example work by and many others). This yields a competitive advantage against wild-type, but after the wild-type is outcompeted, the growth rate drops back to wild-type levels, since there is no change in the concentration of the limiting nutrient, nor the efficiency with which the nutrient is metabolized). In evolutionary terms, this is a effect (or even tragedy of the commons, in case cells are wasting energy to increase the uptake rate). Is this also the case here? In other words, what are the yield coefficients for biomass and hypoxanthine per lysine consumed? What is the specific growth rate of the cells (in pure and mixed cultures)? And, how this depend on the concentration of lysine? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how evolved strains of microorganisms grew much faster than their ancestral counterparts, indicating their ability to adapt to environmental factors. Specifically, it mentions how mutations can lead to a competitive advantage in nutrient-limited environments, thus highlighting the capacity of microorganisms to evolve and adapt.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of cities will adopt biophilic design principles, leading to urban environments that resemble forests. [SEP] Text: Σχετικές εγγραφές (με βάση τις επισκέψεις των χρηστών) Περιβαλλοντικός αστικός σχεδιασμός και βιοκλιματική ανάπλαση των ελληνικών πόλεων Αξιολόγηση της επίδρασης των παραμέτρων σχεδιασμού στη διαμόρφωση του μικροκλίματος των αστικών υπαίθριων χώρων και στις συνθήκες θερμι. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or give information relevant to the assertion about the adoption of biophilic design principles in cities. Instead, it discusses environmental urban planning and the microclimate effects of design parameters, which does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 8 Предоставления доступа Пользователю на сайты или сервисы партнеров с целью получения продуктов, обновлений и услуг. 5. СПОСОБЫ И СРОКИ ОБРАБОТКИ ПЕРСОНАЛЬНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention sea turtles, navigation, or the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it primarily addresses access to partner services and the processing of personal information.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 13504/fig-3 Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the predominant groups of Bacteria. The order of relative abundance of these two bacterial groups at the five sites was: Mp1000 (73. 1%) < Tea-garden (74. 0%) < Mp1200 (74. 3%) < Mp1600 (76. 0%) < Mp1400 (76. 2%), thus showing an increasing trend with increasing altitude. The bacterial groups following in relative abundance were and other bacteria (Fig. 3B). Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the predominant groups of Fungi. The order of relative abundance of these two fungal groups at the five sites was: Tea-garden (89. 4%) < Mp1000 (92. 2%) < Mp1200 (93. 3%) < Mp1400 (94. 2%) < Mp1600 (94. 4%), thus showing an increasing trend with increasing altitude. Moreover, ascomycetes increased with elevation and their relative abundance decreased significantly whereas basidiomycetes showed an obvious increase with elevation. The relative abundances of the two groups showed increasing trends with increasing altitude. The fungal groups following in relative abundance were Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, other Fungi, and unclassified Fungi (Fig. 3C). Myoviridae, Podoviridae, and Siphoviridae were the predominant virus groups. The order of relative abundance of these groups at the five sites was: Mp1600 (42. 1%) < Tea-garden (48. 7%) < Mp1000 (49. 6%) < Mp1200 (50. 8%) < Mp1400 (54. 5%). The groups following in relative abundance were Phycodnaviridae, Tectiviridae, Mimiviridae, unclassified virus, Caudovirales, and other viruses (Fig. 3D). Clustering of the different soil microbial groups (Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses) at the genus level showed significant differences with altitude. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the relative abundance of various microorganisms, such as Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and several viral groups, in different environments. By highlighting these microbial groups, the text supports the assertion that microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses, play a significant role in ecological contexts, which can relate to the contribution of these organisms to human diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic design guarantees increased life expectancy for people who live or work in such environments. [SEP] Text: , 1994; Guthrie, 1996; Mayou et al. , 1991; McDaniel et al. , 1995; Turner & Kelly, 2000; Zabora et al. , 1997). There is research evidence that corroborates that the physical qualities of the setting in which a patient receives healthcare positively influence health outcomes in those mental disorders (Evans, 2003; Galea et al. , 2005; Laursen et al. , 2014; Moore et al. , 2018; Rao et al. , 2007; Ulrich et al. , 1991; Yadav et al. , 2018). In this context, it has become progressively important to review hospital design, and with it the concept of therapeutic environment, as it should not only be a place where patients are treated with the most advanced medicine and technology but also a place that supports their users (staff, and patients and their families), in psychological, emotional, and social terms (Smith & Watkins, 2016; Ulrich, 2008). Since the 1950s, research has been increasingly investigating optimal healing environments (e. g. , stress recovery theory, attention restoration theory, therapeutic environment theory, salutogenesis, supportive design theory), bringing to the forefront the need to include other parameters in our design briefs, where the role of nature, and with it, the application of biophilic design, proves to be paramount. Biophilic design as a discipline refers to an innate human connection to nature and natural processes, and the fulfilment of this connection promotes health and well-being in the environment we inhabit (Kellert et al. , 2011; Kellert & Calabrese, 2015; Kellert & Wilson, 1993). Exposure to nature is associated with multiple health benefits (Kuo, 2015; Mcsweeney, 2014), including pain reduction, less medication, lower blood pressure, faster recoveries, and decreased all-cause mortality in general (Park & Mattson, 2009; Ulrich, 1984). Additionally, biophilic design can have a profound impact on supportive care, especially for patients suffering chronic diseases, who often experience psychological distress, fatigue, anxiety, or depression (Clarke & Currie, 2009; DeJean et al. , 2013; Evans, 2003; Laursen et al. , 2014; Moore et al. , 2018; Turner & Kelly, 2000; Ulrich et al. , 1991). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how biophilic design promotes health and well-being but does not guarantee increased life expectancy. While it mentions multiple health benefits associated with exposure to nature, it does not assert that these benefits automatically lead to increased life expectancy, thus contradicting the definitive tone of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Обработка персональных данных Пользователя осуществляется не дольше срока, отвечающего целям обработки персональных данных, любым законным способом, в том числе в информационных системах персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации или без использования таких средств. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the processing of personal data and does not mention anything related to sea turtles or navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: This technology can also perform gene function annotation (Awasthi et al. , 2020; Jo, Oh & Park, 2020), thereby providing information on both the structural and functional characteristics of microbial communities among the different elevations. Mountain mid-subtropical mountain forest ecosystem ranges from 650 to 2,179 m a. s. l. , but our study focused on the 1,000 to 1,600 m a. s. l. range. Future studies on soil microbial community distribution patterns should disentangle the links between the environmental variables (vegetation types, edaphic factor, microclimate, etc. ) and the detailed functions of the microbial communities along wider elevation gradients in this typical subtropical, non-karst mountain forest ecosystem. Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota were the predominant phyla of soil Archaea in the P. massoniana forest across the different elevations. Many reports have pointed out these phyla as the dominant in soil Archaea (Siles & Margesin, 2016; Wang et al. , 2015), making important contributions to the biogeochemical cycles of soil carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen, among many other elements. A good example of this paramount ecological function is that of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing Archaea who perform a key step in the nitrogen digestion process in soils (Leininger et al. , 2006; Zhang et al. , 2012). The present study found that the abundance of Archaea had a lightly increasing trend with increasing altitude at 1,000–1,600 m a. s. l. on Leigong Mountain. This finding is consistent with results reported for the 1,000–1,500 m a. s. l. range on Mount Fuji, Japan (Singh, Takahashi & Adams, 2012). Bacteria is the largest and most diverse and versatile of soil microbial groups (Delgado-Baquerizo et al. , 2018). Consistent with the consensus that they are the most common phyla among soil bacteria (Wang et al. , 2015), Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the predominant soil bacterial groups in the present study, both playing a very important role in the soil-matter cycle (carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, and other elements) and in the construction of the ecological environment (Barns et al. , 2007; Spain, Krumholz & Elshahed, 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various microorganisms, specifically Archaea and bacteria, and their significant roles in soil ecology and biogeochemical cycles. It emphasizes the diversity and ecological importance of bacteria in soil, indicating their foundational role in the environment, which aligns with the idea that microorganisms are crucial to understanding various biological processes, including those that may lead to diseases in humans.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic design guarantees increased life expectancy for people who live or work in such environments. [SEP] Text: , 2016Nature in the Space• with nature • Non-Visual connection with nature • Non-rhythmic sensory stimuli • Thermal & airflow variability • Presence of water • Dynamic & diffuse light • Connection with natural systemsNatural Analogues• Biomorphic forms & patterns • Material connection with nature • Complexity & orderNature of the Space• Prospect • Refuge • Mystery • Risk/PerilThe scoping review of the literature by the authors confirms that there are three areas in which biophilic design has been developed: as investigated in research institutions, as used in design practice, and as established in building standards. Examining each of these areas uncovers several issues and disconnections. In scientific academic environments, there is abundant research on many of the different parameters of biophilic design, but this research examining the effects of nature on humans has happened separately for specific aspects of the design parameters and has not been brought together in a holistic and coherent way to support the frameworks. The design recommendations provided by the existing frameworks, the and the Challenge (certification schemes created to support the nourishment of wellness in the built environment; Future Institute, 2019; 2020), are too broad and generic and developed from a Western perspective. These biophilic design frameworks don’t differentiate the level of value of each design parameter for each context and therefore, as design instruments, are too vague. Our position is that a biophilic design framework can only be efficient if it is specifically adapted to building function and geographical and cultural context. For instance, these frameworks recommend daylight as a parameter beneficial to humans but don’t specify adjustments regarding the daylighting requirements needed in a hospital of those needed in an educational building, or regarding the biological needs of people who live in extreme climates (e. g. , northern latitudes or desert climates), or even regarding cultural dictates that might prioritize some parameters over biological needs (e. g. , privacy over daylight in Muslim cultures). Therefore, to be able to provide efficient design guidance, it is necessary to determine a selective hierarchical structure for each context, as specific parameters from within the established general frameworks become especially relevant for the users. …a biophilic design framework can only be efficient if it is specifically adapted to building function and geographical and cultural context. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while there is abundant research on the effects of nature on humans, the existing frameworks for biophilic design are too broad and generic and lack specificity. The text argues that a biophilic design framework can only be efficient if adapted to specific building functions and cultural contexts, suggesting that the guarantee of increased life expectancy is not inherent in biophilic design without these adaptations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Пользователь соглашается с тем, что Администрация сайта вправе предоставить персональные данные третьим лицам, в частности, курьерским службам, организациями почтовой связи, операторам электросвязи, партнерам исключительно в целях оказания услуг. 5. 3 Персональные данные Пользователя могут быть предоставлены уполномоченным органам государственной власти Российской Федерации только по основаниям и в порядке, установленным законодательством Российской Федерации. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation as it discusses user agreements related to personal data and third-party sharing in the Russian Federation, which has no connection to the navigation abilities of sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 1 InfectionsIn the middle of the nineteenth century, it became clear that micro-organisms could cause disease. Effective treatment, however, was not possible at that time; prevention and spread of infectious diseases depended solely on proper hygienic means. At the beginning of the twentieth century, passive and active vaccination procedures were developed against a number of these -to prevent the diseases in question (rabies, diphtheria, tetanus, etc. ). Thanks to the discovery of antimicrobial chemicals (by Paul Ehrlich) and antibiotics (by Fleming), the threat of infectious diseases seemed to be minimised. Large-scale vaccination programmes against childhood diseases (diphtheria, whooping cough, and polio), started in the early 1950s, raised hopes of finally being able to eradicate these diseases from the planet. This approach was successful for smallpox (1980). However, new infectious diseases have emerged [e. g. , (HIV), Helicobacter, SARS, etc. ], and new vaccines and antibiotics are needed. Furthermore, due to intensive medical treatment with antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs, hospital infections are a growing problem. Bacteria hitherto deemed harmless are causing in immunocompromised patients. The pathogens have developed resistance to many antibiotics, and sometimes no effective antibiotics are available to treat these patients. To make the story even more serious, man is surrounded and populated by a large number of different non--. In the normal, healthy situation, there is a balance between the offensive capabilities of micro-organisms and the defences of the human body. The body’s defences are based on vital non-specific and specific immunological defence mechanisms. An infection means that the micro-organism has succeeded in penetrating those lines of defence, signalling a partial or complete breakdown of the body’s defence system. 2 Natural ResistanceThe body’s comprises the intact cell layers of skin and mucous membrane, which form a physical barrier. The skin’s low pH level and bactericidal fatty acids enhance the protection provided by this physical barrier. The defences in the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract are mucus, the ‘ciliary elevator’ of the epithelium, and the motility of the small intestine. The presence of normal microbial flora (colonisation resistance) in the intestine also plays a role in protection against colonisation by external bacteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how microorganisms can cause disease, highlighting historical evidence of this relationship. It mentions that infections became understood as caused by microorganisms in the nineteenth century and discusses how treatment and prevention against these diseases have evolved. Furthermore, it acknowledges ongoing threats from new infectious diseases and the emergence of antibiotic resistance, reinforcing the idea that microorganisms are indeed a significant cause of human diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic design guarantees increased life expectancy for people who live or work in such environments. [SEP] Text: As such, the maximization of accessibility and the removal of barriers were stressed. This included rapid and easy access between outdoor settings, foyer-waiting rooms, and treatment settings (Study 5) with safety considered as an over-arching priority in relation to movement. For example, the use of nonslip surface materials, smooth paved paths, ramps rather than steps and color contrasting curbing along pathways were mentioned. Barriers to be avoided included mention of heavy doors, narrow doorways and pathways (Study 3). In order to provide physical access to the outside, all barriers and thresholds should be removed for patients with automatic doors suggested improving ease of access (Study 3). Patients also suggested collaborating with volunteer services to provide opportunities for assisted walks outside the hospital building and visits to hospital gardens and courtyards, as well as contact with therapy animals (Study 1). The material choice and heating system were another concern in terms of thermal comfort of the patients, as it was reported that the environment often tended to be over hot in hospitals. 2, it was suggested that plastic materials be avoided as furniture options as it increases temperature perception. One patient said: “The seats make you very hot. That was one thing that we did [give feedback about] because they’re plastic” (Study 2, p. 4). Study 5 claimed that providing optimum thermal comfort is challenging, often depending on individual differences and p3. Summary of recommendations for informing design practice in clinical environments. ConclusionIn the context of the modern healthcare environments, it was confirmed that emotional, mental, and spiritual health issues are typically disregarded, while the main foci are physical treatment and cost. The environment has an influence on patients, particularly those affected by chronic illnesses as they visit hospitals regularly, as well as staff where under-resourced environments can give rise to health and well-being issues such as stress, depression, anxiety, and fatigue. The studies reviewed here focus on how the provision of biophilic design can mitigate these problems and promote a more welcoming and relaxing environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how biophilic design can improve emotional, mental, and spiritual health in clinical environments, but does not provide evidence that it guarantees increased life expectancy. The focus is on emotional well-being and reducing health issues such as stress and fatigue, rather than solely extending life expectancy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 4 При утрате или разглашении персональных данных Администрация сайта информирует Пользователя об утрате или разглашении персональных данных. 5. 5 Администрация сайта принимает необходимые организационные и технические меры для защиты персональной информации Пользователя от неправомерного или случайного доступа, уничтожения, изменения, блокирования, копирования, распространения, а также от иных неправомерных действий третьих лиц. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the handling of personal data by a website's administration, which does not relate to the navigation of sea turtles or the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: The most important humoral resistance factors are complement, interferon, and a number of (see Chaps. 6 and 8). are widely expressed as part of the professional phagocyte antimicrobial arsenal and rapidly induced at epithelial surfaces. They are found in mammals, invertebrates, and plants. In general, they are small, amphipathic molecules, contain positive charge, and can be structurally divided into several categories. The mode of action goes beyond their antimicrobial capacities, and they elicit a complex array of responses in different cell types. The most extensively studied mammalian gene families are the cathelicidins and. In general the disrupt lipid membranes and thereby induce microbial killing. Micro-organisms have developed several countermeasures against but the many structurally different peptide classes still provide protection against infection (Table 10. 1). Table 10. 1 Some examples of important human pathogensFull size tablewhich is found in almost all body fluids, degrades sections of the cell wall of Gram-positive and—in combination with complement—Gram-negative bacteria. This causes the otherwise sturdy cell wall to leak and the bacterium to burst. Interferons are glycoproteins and may inhibit the replication of viruses. Within several hours after the onset of a virus infection, are produced in the infected cell and help protect the neighbouring unaffected cells against infection. This protection is brief, but high concentrations of are produced at a time when the primary immunological response is relatively ineffective. such as -2 (IL-2), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), stimulate non-specifically the proliferation, maturation, and function of the cells involved in defence (see Chap. A6). Innate immune cells recognise microbes by TOLL-(TLR) (see section Pathogenesis of SHOCK), giving rise to the above production of in the early phase of the response. Micro-organisms that succeed in penetrating the are ingested, killed, and degraded by phagocytic cells [(PMN) or and ], which are attracted to a microbial infection through. The ingestion by phagocytic cells of the micro-organism is enhanced by serum proteins (opsonins), such as and the C3b component of complement, which are recognised by specific on the. After ingestion, the p10. 1) (see Chap. 8). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various immune responses to microorganisms, including how essential proteins such as interferons and complement play roles in protecting against infections. It highlights the mechanisms of action against microbes and mentions the existence of important human pathogens, thus supporting the claim that microorganisms can cause diseases in humans.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic design guarantees increased life expectancy for people who live or work in such environments. [SEP] Text: The synthesis of findings helped to identify and rank the biophilic design parameters that appear the most critical for promoting and supporting human health and well-being in clinical therapeutic environments, within and across three different user categories: outpatients (fresh air, light-daylight, thermal comfort, welcoming and relaxing), inpatients (feeling relaxed and comfortable, prospect refuge, security and protection, light-daylight, view), and staff (privacy-refuge, quietness). This review also showed that inpatient, outpatient, and staff users had similar desires but sometimes divergent priorities and requirements and that the provision of the same or similar biophilic elements to different groups could support distinct affordances. Therefore, future research should investigate the different building typologies and programs based on their specific user groups and contexts to provide efficient and rigorous biophilic design frameworks. This analysis also provides an up-to-date compilation of crucial design interventions related to biophilic parameters (summarized in Figure 3) and as such provides benchmark information for future research and design guidance in these environments. The main limitation of this review was that not all the examined studies had as their main aim to produce data directly related to the assessment of biophilic design but rather to general hospital design environments. However, this could also be a benefit allowing a better understanding of the value of nature-based design where it fits within general healthcare design. It was also noticed that the available case studies were limited in number, however, they were systematically selected based on our criteria. This stringent selection is actually very important, because it frames the research to meet our specific goals and provides the necessary rigor to produce a substantive contribution to this early literature by revising it within this specific frame. The selected studies were localized in industrialized Western countries and typically of less than high methodological quality. Studies 8 and 9, showing the lowest level of reliability, proved not to contradict the high-quality studies but did not offer any further evidence to the synthesis, having no input into the design recommendations. Climate and culture influence human perceptions of nature, so as more research is conducted in various regions, climates, and cultures, a wider range of data will contribute toward more effective biophilic design frameworks. A previous study by the authors focused on nonclinical therapeutic environments in the (Tekin et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while biophilic design parameters support human health and well-being in clinical environments, it does not guarantee increased life expectancy. The findings detail how certain design features aid different user groups in healthcare settings and discuss the limitations of existing studies, indicating that they do not focus solely on biophilic design aimed at assessing life expectancy. Instead, the text emphasizes the need for further research to contextualize the impact of biophilic design across various environments without making definitive claims about its guaranteed effects on life expectancy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 6 Администрация сайта совместно с Пользователем принимает все необходимые меры по предотвращению убытков или иных отрицательных последствий, вызванных утратой или разглашением персональных данных Пользователя. 6. ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬСТВА СТОРОН 6. 1 Пользователь обязан: 6. 1. 1 Предоставить информацию о персональных данных, необходимую для пользования сайтом. 6. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the obligations and privacy measures related to user data on a website and does not provide any information regarding sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: Fig. 10. 1Schematic representation of the progressive steps of phagocytic endocytosisFull size imageA special role in cellular resistance is reserved for the (NK cells), which display considerable activity against virus-infected cells. This NK activity is stimulated by and, at a very early stage in the infection, serves to reinforce the non-specific defence mechanism. 3 Specific ResistanceIn the specific immune response, elements of the defence mechanism are directed against a specific enemy. Depending on the micro-organism, either the cellular defence mechanism (tuberculosis) or the humoral -dependent defence mechanism (influenza) is of primary importance. In many cases, a joint cellular and humoral response is needed to provide an effective immune defence (typhus). and play a role in cellular defence. During the first contact with an antigen, process the antigen and present its protein fragments (T-cell ) to T cells, which then proliferate and remain present for years in the body as memory cells. When a second encounter occurs, T cells produce lymphokines, which activate the. These activated grow larger, produce more and better degrading enzymes, and are now able to eliminate micro-organisms, which otherwise would have survived intracellularly (tuberculosis, typhoid fever). from non-immune animals are not able to eliminate these micro-organisms. Five different classes of can be distinguished in man, namely, and IgE. They differ from one another in size, charge, amino acid composition, and glycosylation (see Chap. 4). In principle, the structure of the is the same, i. e. two heavy and two light chains: it is the variable part of these chains that recognises the micro-organism. The biological function (see below) is determined by the constant part (Fc) of the heavy chain. With the exception of IgD, all these are important in antimicrobial activity. IgA, which is found in all external secretions, reacts with the surface of micro-organisms, preventing them from adhering to sensitive cells and mucous membranes. IgG neutralises microbial toxins. IgG, IgM, and C3b serve as opsonins, which promote phagocytosis. IgG, IgM, and to a lesser extent IgA activate the complement system after binding to the micro-organism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the immune defense mechanisms that target microorganisms like viruses and bacteria. It explains how natural killer (NK) cells and various classes of antibodies, such as IgG and IgM, are critical in eliminating microorganisms that can cause diseases like tuberculosis and influenza. This supports the assertion that microorganisms, including viruses and bacteria, are significant contributors to human diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: On 23 April 2009, the and the Council adopted the Directive 2009/28/EC. It establishes a common framework for the promotion of energy from renewable sources. This directive opens up a major opportunity for further use of heat pumps for heating and cooling of new and existing buildings. Heat pumps enable the use of ambient heat at useful temperature level need electricity or other energy form to function [2]. Furthermore, EU member states must stimulate the transformation of existing buildings undergoing renovation into nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEBs). Conversion to heating and cooling systems based on ground-source heat pumps and air-to-water heat pumps is a well-proven measure to approach nZEB requirements. Ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems use the ground as a heat source/sink to provide space heating and cooling as well as domestic hot-water. The GSHP technology can offer higher energy efficiency for air-conditioning compared to conventional air-conditioning (A/C) systems because the underground environment provides higher temperature for heating and lower temperature for cooling and experiences less temperature fluctuation than ambient air temperature change [3]. To date, the GSHP systems have been widely used in both residential and commercial buildings. It is estimated that the GSHP system installations have grown continuously on a global basis with the range from 10 to 30% annually in recent years [4]. A ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) system consists of a conventional heat pump coupled with a ground heat exchanger (GHE) where water or a water-antifreeze solution exchanges heat with the ground. The GHE may be a simple pipe system buried in the ground; it may also comprise a horizontal collector or, more commonly, borehole heat exchanger (BHE) drilled to a depth between 20 and 300 m with a diameter of 100–200 mm [5]. The widespread distribution of heat pumps as single generators in heating systems has mainly been in new, rather isolated buildings, thus having limited unit loads. This has enabled the use of low-temperature terminal units, such as fan coil units and, especially, radiant systems [6]. After the introduction of plastic piping water-based radiant heating and cooling with pipes embedded in room surfaces (floor, wall, and ceiling), the application increased significantly worldwide. Due to the large surfaces needed for heat transfer, the systems work with low water temperature for heating and high water temperature for cooling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of heat pumps for heating and cooling in buildings. It explains how these systems are necessary for maintaining temperature control in both new and existing buildings, which implies that buildings cannot solely rely on biophilic principles without the need for artificial systems. Furthermore, the mention of nearly zero-energy buildings and the increasing adoption of ground-source heat pump technology indicates that there are still artificial systems required to achieve energy efficiency and comfort in living spaces.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Обновить, дополнить предоставленную информацию о персональных данных в случае изменения данной информации. 6. 1. 3 Пользователь имеет право отозвать согласие на обработку персональных данных, путем направления уведомления Оператору по адресу электронной почты: info@editorum. ru. 6. 2 Администрация сайта обязана: 6. 2. 1 Использовать полученную информацию исключительно для целей, указанных в п. 4 настоящей Политики конфиденциальности. 6. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to personal data and privacy policy, with no mention of sea turtles or navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: Activation products C3a and C5a ensure that the phagocytes are attracted to the inflammatory response. IgG and IgM, in combination with complement and lysozyme, have a lytic effect on Gram-negative bacteria and enveloped viruses. IgG and IgM inhibit the mobility of micro-organisms by attaching specifically to the flagellum. Thereby the chance of phagocytosis increases, and the chance of spreading of disease decreases. IgG, together with the killer or K cells, can eliminate infected host cells which carry viral or other foreign antigens on their surface. IgE is of importance in parasite infections. At the site of the infection, mast cells, bearing specific IgE, release large quantities of vasoactive amines, which cause the contraction of smooth muscle tissue and increase the permeability of the blood vessels. In the intestine, this results in worms being detached and eliminated. 4 Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and ParasitesSeveral non-invasive bacteria, i. e. those that do not invade the body, cause disease through the production of (tetanus, diphtheria, cholera). neutralises the toxin with the aid of (IgG, IgM). If the individual has not been inoculated, the toxin will act on certain cells in the body directly through a. This bond is very strong (i. e. has a high ) and is difficult to break by the administration of. In practice, if there are clinical symptoms of the disease, then large doses of antitoxins must be administered. If one is trying to prevent the development of the disease, then the presence of small quantities of specific (IgG) is sufficient. of bacteria to cells is effectively blocked by IgA. Oral vaccination against cholera, for example, is aimed at obtaining sufficient specific IgA in the intestine, so that no colonisation of this bacterium can take place and the cholera toxin can no longer adhere to its. In general, defence against invasive bacteria is provided by (IgG, IgM) that are directed against bacterial surface. In many cases, these bacteria have a which interferes with effective. against the of these capsules neutralise the interference, with subsequent elimination of the bacteria by. () in combined action with complement kill bacteria by producing holes in the cell wall of the bacterium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various mechanisms through which the immune system interacts with microorganisms, specifically noting the roles of IgG, IgM, and IgE in combating infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It acknowledges the impact of non-invasive bacteria and how they produce diseases, further emphasizing the significance of microorganisms in human diseases. The mentions of various immune responses highlight the relationship between microorganisms and diseases.