Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: 12 mm line was a good compromise between weaker lower frequencies and higher frequencies that would be more likely to be obscured by spectrally similar molecules in Earth’s atmosphere. To verify the result, the team conducted follow-up observations in 2019 using 43 radio telescopes of the Millimeter/(ALMA) in Chile’s Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on Earth. The expected strength of the 1. 12 mm absorption line was well within the capabilities of ALMA. But the real challenge came from detecting a single line against the optically thick layers of Venus’s atmosphere. Radio telescopes in the ALMA array in Chile were used to scan Venus’s atmosphere. Credit: Sangku Kim/ESO Could other gases absorb at wavelengths near the wavelength associated with phosphine? One possibility is sulfur dioxide, which Greaves and her team expected to produce a weak line in Venus’s cloud decks. That was easily ruled out as a contaminant because the spectral signature of SO2 could mimic that of PH3 only at temperatures much hotter than those measured in the upper clouds. Current databases do not show other chemical species that can explain the observed feature. Both the authors and outside scientists call for further work to confirm the presence of phosphine on Venus, and they note that PH3 has other potentially observable absorption lines. However, those higher-frequency spectral features could require a future large airborne or space-borne telescope to overcome obscuration by water vapor in Earth’s atmosphere. Another possibility for future confirmation is to make use of ground-based IR telescopes, which have previously been used to identify PH3 in the hydrogen-rich, reducing atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. Deep within those giant planets’ atmospheres, temperatures and pressures are high enough for phosphorus to exist as phosphine. Convection currents then transport the molecule to the upper atmosphere. Unknown chemistry The most provocative question is whether the phosphine has a biotic origin. On Earth, humans create PH3 as a pesticide in industrial settings, and the molecule has been found both in anoxic habitats and in laboratory mixtures of bacteria. But no known enzymes create phosphine. The molecule may be a decay product produced in anaerobic environments where living things have died. Life on a planet with acidic clouds would not look like life on Earth. Acid chemically extracts the water from sugars, such as those in cell walls or in RNA, and leaves behind charcoal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the uncertainty surrounding the biotic origin of phosphine (PH3) in Venus’s atmosphere. It mentions that while there are potential sources of PH3, such as industrial processes or anaerobic conditions on Earth, there are no known enzymes that create phosphine. This suggests that the presence of phosphine alone is not enough evidence for microbial life, as it could arise from non-biological processes. Therefore, the text casts doubt on the claim that phosphine detection may indicate the existence of microbial life.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: Overall satisfaction was measured with the conventional semantic differential (SD) scale as well as a comparative item (Cm) in relation to other competitors on seven-point scales ranging from one (much worse) to seven (much better). Other items were measured on five-point Likert-type (Lkt) scales ranging from one (disagree) to five (agree). Measurement validationInitially, I used a confirmatory factor analysis to assess the measurement validity for all constructs (construct validity) in the research framework. The confirmatory factor analysis was based on the methods Analysis (PCA) and Varimax with Kaiser Normalisation. The initial results did not indicate that any items loaded poorly on their respective scales. Consequently, it was not necessary to delete any items. Table 3 shows the results for the constructs, factor loadings and mean scores for each individual item. Table 3 Confirmatory factor analysis total sampleFull size tableA confirmatory factor analysis is often regarded as superior to other, more traditional criteria in terms of scale validation. 28 3, it is clear that all items relate strongly to the constructs and are close to one. For each construct (factor), the individual items are highly loaded, exceeding 0. 5. This means that the items are acceptable and reliable measures of the chosen constructs. For this reason, the measurement of the constructs and the resulting indicators allow valid theoretical generalisations to be made. The correlation coefficients for all the constructs in the study were measured with Pearson's r in order to assess discriminant validity. The point is frequently made that items of different constructs could possibly measure the same thing if they are too highly correlated. Therefore, researchers commonly use a rule of thumb of r=0. 85 as a cutoff for the assessment of discriminant validity. Table 4 contains a correlation matrix of the constructs. Table 4 Correlation matrix total sampleFull size tableThe interrelationships between the constructs are positive according to Pearson's r and the correlation coefficients are between 0. 5 and 1. 0, except for brand satisfaction and brand familiarity. Overall, there is a strong correlation between the constructs, but for no construct does the rule-of-thumb value exceed r=0. 85, indicating that the construct indicators do not measure the same thing. In order to consider the two hypotheses, the measurement validity for all the constructs (construct validity) was assessed with regard to the two customer groups of active and passive customers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodological aspects of measurement validity and factor analysis in research, with no mention of market segmentation or its role in targeting customer groups. It focuses on statistical assessments rather than marketing strategies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: and Pay in EMI's. S. Rathore, N. L. of Origin: Imprint:NIPA eISBN:9789390083862 Binding:EOf Pages:310 Language:Price: 106. 93 USD 96. 24 USD Add to cart Contact for About the Book Content/Buy 1. 1 to energy is a crucial enabling condition for achieving sustainable development. Prudent energy policies and research can play an important role in steering both industrialized and developing countries onto more sustainable energy development paths. Specifically, they can strengthen the three pillars of sustainable development: the economy, by boosting productivity, social welfare, by improving living standards and enhancing safety and security, and the environment, by reducing indoor and outdoor pollution and remediating environmental degradation. 1. 2 Energy and it’s in any form is necessary to meet many of our requirements. It’s varying definitions shows the importance of energy in our life. 1 - 18 (18 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 1. 1 to energy is a crucial enabling condition for achieving sustainable development. Prudent energy policies and research can play an important role in steering both industrialized and developing countries onto more sustainable energy development paths. Specifically, they can strengthen the three pillars of sustainable development: the economy, by boosting productivity, social welfare, by improving living standards and enhancing safety and security, and the environment, by reducing indoor and outdoor pollution and remediating environmental degradation. 1. 2 Energy and it’s in any form is necessary to meet many of our requirements. It’s varying definitions shows the importance of energy in our life. 2 Planning 2. 1 is one of the main input for rural development and economic development. The greater part of the world population lives at low standard and a quarter of the population or about 1. 5 billion, have an extremely low standard of life. Energy is one of the essential requirement of the quality of life the people. The industrial development or even large scale food production, water supply, textile manufactures & construction of building and other recreation items are not possible without adequate supply of energy. Therefore, one of the most important tasks is to provide adequate, reliable, convenient and efficient supply of energy, if quality of life of the people is to be raised from its present level of grinding poverty. Table 2. 1 project the global primary energy supply in six scenarios i. e A1 - its strong emphasis on oil and natural gas use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that 'energy is a crucial enabling condition for achieving sustainable development.' It discusses the role of prudent energy policies and research in steering countries toward sustainable energy development paths and highlights how energy contributes to the three pillars of sustainable development: the economy, social welfare, and the environment. This aligns with the idea that renewable energy sources are essential for fostering sustainability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: To test for life in a place where any known life should not exist, one needs to consider another reducing gas or look for complicated macromolecules that are not necessarily proteins or RNA. “It’s easier to prove it’s not life than get evidence that it is life,” says paper coauthor of MIT. Venus’s atmosphere is hot and dense, is composed mainly of carbon dioxide, and supports opaque clouds of sulfuric acid. Beyond that, “there’s a lot that we don’t really know,” Bains says. The team’s calculations of chemical products resulting from possible Venusian geologic and atmospheric activity, including lightning and meteorite strikes, could not explain the 20 ppb of phosphine in Venus’s acidic environment. There is too much oxygen to promote formation of phosphine, and any phosphorus should exist as phosphate in the highly oxidizing atmosphere. Instead, it is likely that the actual reaction pathway simply has not yet been considered. One major unknown is the photochemistry of the cloud droplets themselves. If there are phosphorous species in the atmosphere of Venus—and the Vega descent probe in 1985 indicated that there are—then some would dissolve in and react with the sulfuric acid and other chemicals in the cloud droplets. But precisely what happens to the droplets when irradiated by solar UV light is still a mystery. A reaction of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, for example, won’t directly yield PH3. UV light could alter that reaction and lead to other pathways. Further, the observations do not provide information about the temporal evolution or lifetime of phosphine. Uncovering new chemical pathways could help explain not only the formation of PH3 but also the rate at which it is ultimately destroyed—and why that rate is slower than expected in the oxidizing atmosphere. “Exploring the importance of potential loss pathways will help to define what processes must be overcome for the phosphine to be detectable,” says Kandi Jessup, a senior research scientist at the Institute who was not involved in the phosphine work. Chemists are beginning to explore cloud droplet photochemistry in laboratories on Earth. “Cook up something like the clouds of Venus, add phosphorus, get a UV source, and see what happens,” Bains says. “But make sure you have a good fume hood. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges in proving the existence of life in Venus's atmosphere despite the detection of phosphine. It mentions that there is too much oxygen in Venus's atmosphere for phosphine (PH3) to form naturally, suggesting that the presence of phosphine cannot be conclusively linked to biological processes. Additionally, it highlights the complexity and unknown variables surrounding chemical reactions in Venus’s atmosphere, implying that existing explanations stem from abiotic processes rather than suggesting the presence of microbial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: A second confirmatory factor analysis using PCA was also conducted, and the results for the individual construct and the factor loading for each group are presented in Table 5. Table 5 Confirmatory factor analysis for customer groupsFull size tableHere too, all items are highly related to the constructs and are close to one. For each construct, the individual items are highly loaded, exceeding 0. 5, meaning that the items are acceptable and reliable measures of the chosen constructs. Once again, this enables valid theoretical generalisations to be made about the differences between the two customer groups. A second analysis of the correlation coefficients was also conducted, using Pearson's r to assess discriminant validity. The analysis yielded similar results as in the previous analysis, proving that the items of the constructs do not measure the same thing. premise underlying the research is that there is a difference in the fundamental orientation between customer groups, as expressed in Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2. This refers to either the relational orientation (strong relationship) or the transactional orientation (weak relationship). It was assumed that customers with strong relationships should have high levels of trust and of commitment compared to customers with weak relationships. Table 6 shows that, according to the research results, there is indeed a difference between active customers and passive customers with regard to levels of trust and of commitment. Table 6 Differences among customer groupsFull size tableA t-test for an independent sample was used to assess whether the mean scores of the two groups – active customers versus passive customers – were statistically different. The t-test was deemed appropriate, because the research objective was to compare the differences between the mean scores of the two groups, relative to the spread or variability of the respective scores. If significant differences were to exist, it would then be evident that active customers and passive customers would differ from one another in terms of high levels of trust and of commitment. If active customers are seen as strong relationship customers, they should differ on a large number of items compared to passive customers. The active customers differ significantly on 22 of the 27 measured items, which corresponds to 81. 4 per cent. Consequently, it is quite evident that active customers are more relational and passive customers are less relational, which supports Hypotheses 1 and 2. It is clear that many of the differences are also highly significant at the 0. 001 level. Regarding the measured constructs, it is evident that some of the items do not yield significant differences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing research that identifies differences between customer groups, specifically active customers and passive customers. It discusses how these differences in relational and transactional orientations, as well as levels of trust and commitment, highlight the importance of understanding distinct customer segments. The mention of statistical analysis, including t-tests, demonstrates that the findings provide valid theoretical generalizations about these customer groups, which aligns with the assertion that market segmentation assists businesses in targeting specific groups effectively.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: A2 - which is coal-intensive. A3 - which emphasises the roles of natural gas, new renewables and nuclear in averting serious problems from emissions. B - Middle course. C1- with its emphasis on energy efficiency improvements, new renewables (especially solar in the longer run), but with nuclear power phased out by 2100 because unable to satisfy its critics and C2 - where nuclear power plays an expanding role. 19 - 38 (20 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 2. 1 is one of the main input for rural development and economic development. The greater part of the world population lives at low standard and a quarter of the population or about 1. 5 billion, have an extremely low standard of life. Energy is one of the essential requirement of the quality of life the people. The industrial development or even large scale food production, water supply, textile manufactures & construction of building and other recreation items are not possible without adequate supply of energy. Therefore, one of the most important tasks is to provide adequate, reliable, convenient and efficient supply of energy, if quality of life of the people is to be raised from its present level of grinding poverty. Table 2. 1 project the global primary energy supply in six scenarios i. e A1 - its strong emphasis on oil and natural gas use. A2 - which is coal-intensive. A3 - which emphasises the roles of natural gas, new renewables and nuclear in averting serious problems from emissions. B - Middle course. C1- with its emphasis on energy efficiency improvements, new renewables (especially solar in the longer run), but with nuclear power phased out by 2100 because unable to satisfy its critics and C2 - where nuclear power plays an expanding role. 3 for and Supply 3. 1 is now latest national thinking going on to conserve the known sources of energy such as firewood, cow dung, agricultural waste, kerosene, oil etc. i. e. by limiting their conventional uses and to propagate the use of non conventional energy especially in the rural area. The large scale indiscriminate use of non commercial fuels fully in the rural areas are not only providing to be inefficient but also inadequate to cope with the growing rural energy demand caused by growing population and growing consciousness among rural people for a better way of life. Planned input of energy are, therefore urgently require to protect the environment and to cope with raising rural energy demand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of new renewables in improving energy efficiency and coping with growing energy demands, particularly in rural areas. It emphasizes that 'energy is one of the essential requirements of quality of life' and outlines the necessity to promote non-conventional energy sources to ensure adequate energy supply for development, thereby supporting the idea that renewable energy sources are crucial for sustainable development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: In situ and UAV Lidar Retrieva. . . Moose’s Datas. . . Dataset of Nor. . . Dataset of Integrating Satelli. . . Argo-of FAO. . . No. 10 Vol. 9,2022 Dataset over. . . A Software for Geospatial Data. . . of the Koshi Riv. . . Dataset. . . on Panshi Qiantan. . . Enterprises. . . China’s Research on COVID-19 V. . . China’s Research on COVID-19 V. . . China’s Research on COVID-19 V. . . No. 09 Vol. 9,2022 GIES Case 3 Video on Rice Perm. . . GIES Case 6 Video on Chinese C. . . GIES Case 7 Video on Summer An. . . GIES Case 12 Video on Qiantang. . . GIES Case 11 Video on Panshi L. . . GIES Case 2 Video on Baoshan A. . . GIES Case 9 Video on Wheat-Mai. . . GIES Case 13 Video on Suining. . . GIES Case 5 Video on Yang Coun. . . "Flying Wings" Program for the. . . No. 08 Vol. 9,2022 0. 625°x0. 4712°. . . Reconstruction dataset of Stan. . . of 1-km Vegetatio. . . Islands in Area of. . . Dataset of the Globall. . . Water System, Basin and Elevat. . . Water System, Basin and Elevat. . . of Identi. . . No. 07 Vol. 9,2022 Ecosystem Dataset. . . Water System, Watershed and El. . . Reduction Effe. . . of Annu. . . Bathymetry and In. . . Spatial-temporal Distribution. . . Dataset of Spatio-temporal Cha. . . and Slope, Relief. . . No. 06 Vol. 9,2022 Lig. . . of Annu. . . 30-year Average Monthly/1-km C. . . High-temperature D. . . Erosion/deposition Changes Dat. . . of Land Use. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding phosphine and microbial life on Venus. It appears to consist of a fragmented list of datasets and topics unrelated to the claim about Venus, providing no supporting or contrasting information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: I will now analyse and comment on the individual constructs and their indicators in order to explain and interpret the difference between the active and the passive customers. With respect to organisational trust, only two items of five are significant at the 0. 001 level, one item at the 0. 05 level and two are not significant at all. The three items indicating high levels of trust are related to such indicators as expectations, reliability and confidence that could be interpreted as characterising active customers with relatively strong relationships compared to passive customers with weak relationships. With respect to commitment, four items of five are significant at the 0. 001 level and one is not significant at all. The four items indicating high levels of commitment are related to indicators such as pride and emotions regarded as characterising active customers with relatively strong relationships compared to passive customers. In terms of future intentions, three items of four are significant at the 0. 001 level and one is not significant at all. The three items are all related to such indicators as loyalty and relationship sustainability, which could be interpreted as characterising active customers with relatively strong relationships compared to passive customers. For brand satisfaction, all three items are significant at the 0. 001 level. The three items are all related to indicators such as quality and reliability, which could characterise active customers with strong relationships compared to passive customers. In terms of brand attitudes, three items are significant at the 0. 001 level and two at the 0. 05 level. All items relate to indicators associated with different components of the service offering, such as guarantees, fast delivery and satisfactory services as a whole, as well as to the design of photo bags and photo processing services, which could characterise active customers with relatively strong relationships compared to passive customers. The results also indicate that there are no significance differences between active and passive customers with regard to brand familiarity. A possible explanation might be the lack of interpersonal relationships as well as personal interaction between the company and its customers, a situation that makes it difficult to establish a meaningful personal relationship with the company. It could, however, also be the case that the wrong items were applied in measuring the construct or that too few items were measured. Finally, the results show that commitment compared to trust seems to be more strongly related to future intentions for active customers with respect to items that yield a high significance of difference to the degree of relational orientation. This could indicate a positive interrelationship among commitment, brand satisfaction and brand attitude in distinguishing active from passive customers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about market segmentation and its role in targeting customer groups. Instead, it delves into the analysis of active and passive customers regarding their trust, commitment, future intentions, and brand satisfaction. While the differentiation between active and passive customers may suggest a form of customer segmentation, it does not explicitly discuss how market segmentation helps businesses in their marketing strategies or targeting practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: The rural energy problem is multi dimensional & needs to be tackled through a multi dimensional integrated approach which would include augmentation of energy supply resources, technology transfer for optimum & productive use of resources, R & D inputs in particular for developing low cost energy options for the rural poor, education & training for rural users, linkage with various rural development programmes including village & small scale industries programme and adequate institutional & financial support. The multi dimensional approach for making a village self sufficient in energy planning is illustrated in Fig. 4. 1. 47 - 51 (5 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 4. 1 energy census survey has become the basis for planning & implementation of the village development based on conventional and non conventional sources which are appropriate to the local needs. The continuous and widespread use of non commercial sources of energy in the rural area is resulting in the large scale destruction of the environment. While the rural people get non conventional fuels at almost zero private cost, the social cost for meeting their energy needs has been increasing over the year. Hence the non conventional fuels acquired a special significance in the energy context. The rural energy problem is multi dimensional & needs to be tackled through a multi dimensional integrated approach which would include augmentation of energy supply resources, technology transfer for optimum & productive use of resources, R & D inputs in particular for developing low cost energy options for the rural poor, education & training for rural users, linkage with various rural development programmes including village & small scale industries programme and adequate institutional & financial support. The multi dimensional approach for making a village self sufficient in energy planning is illustrated in Fig. 4. 1. 5 Approaches for These three requirements are required to be followed in sequence for getting maximum benefits. However, integrated rural energy concept is a new area of work and not much experience is available in this field as compared to other rural development activities. It is difficult to give any guidelines for planning. One can only recommend approaches and not solutions to planning. The rural area in developing countries are almost always rich in one or another sources of energy, which could be used separately or in combination with other sources in decentralized small scale units, or even on a household scale. Thus, the problem is one of good planning, management and a strong educational and promotions campaign, rather than the non availability of resources or the lack of technology. Further, after planning, prefect development of device and their effective operation is required. The purpose of the project should be clearly defined. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the rural energy problem and the significance of integrating various energy supply resources, including renewable sources, to promote sustainable development. It states that 'the rural energy problem is multi dimensional' and emphasizes the importance of 'technology transfer for optimum & productive use of resources, R & D inputs in particular for developing low cost energy options for the rural poor,' which aligns with the notion that renewable energy is vital for addressing sustainable development challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 2 Baruch/Jeremiah: 1 Baruch: Greek,” in of the Bible, vol. 2: Scriptures, part 2B (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. F. Feder and M. Henze; Leiden: Brill, 2019), 11–15 [instead of just: T. Michael, “Greek,” in. . . ] For citation from the online edition use "cite this page" below the 9. 2. 3 Minor Prophets: Texts: Other Texts" in of the Bible, vol. 1: Bible (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. A. Lange and E. Tov; Leiden: Brill, 2016). 5, 2017. doi: [vol. 2:] T. Michael, “2. 1. 2 Baruch/Jeremiah: 1 Baruch: Greek” in of the Bible, vol. 2: Scriptures (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. F. Feder and M. Henze); Leiden: Brill, 2019), 5, 2020. doi: Title: of the Publisher: Brill Subjects: : (General Editor); (vol. editors for vol. 1); (vol. editors for vol. 2; 2B and 2C published in 2019, 2A to be published in 2020); and (d. 2020) (vol. editors for vol. 3 to be published in 2021-2023); and Andrès (vol. editors for Handbook series) In was the responsible editor for the primary versions as well as the and the Masoretic text including the corresponding overview 1. 1. 1 and 1. 2. 3 while worked on entries 1. 1. 2; 1. 2. 1; 1. 2. 2; 1. 4; 1. 7. 1 and 1. 7. 2. is professor for Judaism at the University of Vienna, the Director of Vienna University's Institute for Jewish Studies, a member of the editing the Scrolls, and a corresponding member of the of Sciences. He has published extensively on the Hebrew Bible, its textual criticism, Judaism, and the Scrolls. is senior academic researcher and project coordinator of the academy project Edition and Translation of the Coptic-Testament at the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a variety of topics related to biblical texts and the publication details of scholarly works, with no mention of lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms. Therefore, it does not provide any support, contrast, or relevant information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: study presented provides a new perspective on how customer groups might be differentiated in terms of weak or strong relationships in a firm's customer base. It is evident that a firm's customer base can be used for segmentation purposes by applying the concepts of trust, commitment and relationships in the managerial application of CRM. Some of the main findings and contributions from this research are considered below. 1 The study provides evidence of the existence of the a priori hypothesised groups of customers within a service provider's customer base, that is, active and passive customers. For this reason, the chosen constructs, as indicators, could be used in differentiating between high and low levels of trust and of commitment. 2 The study shows that these groups of customers differ significantly in terms of their levels of trust and of commitment to the service provider. The results also indicate that active customers seem to be more satisfied and committed than passive customers, having more trust and stronger future intentions as well as more favourable brand attitudes. 3 The study also identifies and highlights the main differences between the two groups of customers in terms of high or low levels of trust and of commitment as a basis for customer segmentation. It allows a firm to distinguish between transactional and relational strategies in developing long-term customer relationships. The research confirms the existence of differences regarding levels of trust and of commitment between customers with high or low relational orientations. In the present study, the active customers differ significantly with respect to 81 per cent of the measured items compared with 88 per cent from the study of Garbarino and Johnson. Some theoretical implications for the managerial school and marketing strategy will now be discussed. For some time now, the managerial school has been preoccupied with marketing management, planning and strategy. Marketing management is heavily associated with the development of a marketing mix, which in turn has led to a particular form of marketing strategy. The market segmentation process has been based on mass marketing and concerned largely or even exclusively with identifying market segments. The results from the current research indicate that in a traditional consumer mass marketing service context, according to the managerial school, there are customer groups with either a high or a low relational orientation that can be depicted on a transactional/relational continuum. In this consumer mass marketing service context, individual customers are not the focus of attention, in contrast to the relationship marketing management school, which emphasises customer and partner relationship management. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how customer groups, identified as active and passive customers, can be differentiated based on trust and commitment. It indicates that these groups can be used in segmentation practices, thus supporting the idea that market segmentation aids businesses in targeting specific customer segments. The mention of differences in satisfaction, commitment, and future intentions between active and passive customers further illustrates the benefits of employing market segmentation strategies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Meeting energy requirements for production activities which would create employment and productivity in rural areas. 77 - 88 (12 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 7. 1 has become a critical input for the economic development of the India because of the wide spread scarcity of oil and electricity and other commercial form of energy. The rural areas are often the worst affected because of these shortages and the rural population continues to depend on the inefficient non-commercial energy from like fire wood, cow dung, human and animal for meeting their energy requirement for subsistence, production and devolvement needs. The rural energy crises or “The energy crisis” has been getting increased attention from the policy makers to tackle the problem in a planned and integrated manner. The rural energy sector is concerned with two major planning issues. Provision of energy for meeting substance needs for cooking, heating and lighting of the rural areas of the country. This problem is also directly linked to the problem of deforestation and environmental destruction being caused in the rural area because of indiscriminate and wide spread use of non conventional energy sources. Meeting energy requirements for production activities which would create employment and productivity in rural areas. 8 Utilisation of for 8. 1 concept of social justice led to a raise the standard of living of the masses. This is only possible by meeting the energy needs of industry, agriculture, transport and domestic use. The energy of demand has been increasing tremendously all over the world science mid – nineteenth century due to rise in industrial and agricultural activities and was being met to a great extent by fossil fuels. Three factors led the mankind to look for alternative renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, hydro etc. (1) there is a danger that the rate at which the non renewable sources of energies are being consumed presently may lead to a global shortage in the near future. This has already happen in case of oil. (2) Use of fossil fuel involves emission of toxic gases polluting the environment causing health hazards of living being. and (3) the demand and supply gas of energy is continuously widening, thus necessitating to exploit renewable sources of energy. Out of various renewable energy sources, solar energy has been a promising one and lot of development has been taken in its technology for various uses. The numbers of technology engaged in developing solar energy for meaningful use are aiming to achieve the following objectives- 89 - 148 (60 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the scarcity of conventional energy sources has prompted a need for alternative renewable sources like solar, wind, and hydro energy. It highlights the importance of these sources in addressing energy crises in rural areas, which is critical for economic development and environmental sustainability. The mention of health hazards related to fossil fuel emissions and the necessity to exploit renewable energy sources further supports the claim that renewable energy is vital for sustainable development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Минералого-геохимическая специфика разновозрастных орогенных месторождений золотаВремя формированияМеталлогенический стильМеталлы-индикаторыРудные минералыЖильные минералыПримерыместорожденийИсточникиАрхейМафическийAu/Ag ˃ 5As, W, ± Пирит, арсенопирит, галенит, пирротин, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит-теннантит, сульфосоли, антимонит, Au, Ag, Pb и Bi теллуриды и сульфотеллуриды и др. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mineralogical and geochemical specifics of gold-bearing deposits without any mention of lunar ice, microorganisms, or related topics. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim in any manner.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 33 The foundation of relationship marketing has been customer-centric, so that it has been seen as a paradigm shift in marketing, in contrast to the seller perspective of marketing, where marketers consider the classic 4P's from a consumer-oriented perspective. The first theoretical implication is the shift from identifying consumer segments to identifying customer groups. In my research, as a basis for analysis, planning and strategy were related to the actual customer base of the company and not the anonymous consumer base in the market. The results support the notion that the only meaningful categorisation of customers is actual behaviour and not potential or speculative behaviour. This conclusion also confirms the importance of defining customers from a customer-centric perspective, in contrast to the perspective of consumers. This has been illustrated by the two-dimensional concept of segmentation. The second implication is the shift from the consumer as a transactional entity to the customer as a relational entity. In my research, the assumption is that the hypothetical customer groups are defined as active (relational) and passive (transactional). The results confirm that the two customer groups are different in terms of relational orientation with respect to the levels of trust and of commitment. The third implication is the shift from a goods-centered context to a service-centered context following Vargo and Lusch,4 which ‘combines tangible products with intangible services’ by Jansson. 34 The research indicates that the service offering of the company consists of the delivered photos –‘the tangible product’– and the processing –‘the intangible services’. In this case, the products form the basis for service provision. The main implication of the study is clear support for the notion that a paradigm shift is taking place from the traditional marketing mix to a focus on customers and relationships, or from the managerial school to the relationship marketing management school. study is one of the few empirical studies of relationship marketing concepts within a consumer mass marketing context of services. The context entails an indirect interaction between the firm, as a brand, and its customers in terms of nonpersonal relationships compared to interpersonal relationships, where the direct interaction is generally emphasised. A major conclusion is that in a consumer mass marketing context for services, it is possible to identify customer/supplier relationships related to the concepts of trust and of commitment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the shift from identifying consumer segments to identifying customer groups, emphasizing the importance of defining customers from a customer-centric perspective rather than just as anonymous consumers. It mentions the differentiation between active (relational) and passive (transactional) customer groups, which aligns with the fundamental principles of market segmentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: 1 concept of social justice led to a raise the standard of living of the masses. This is only possible by meeting the energy needs of industry, agriculture, transport and domestic use. The energy of demand has been increasing tremendously all over the world science mid – nineteenth century due to rise in industrial and agricultural activities and was being met to a great extent by fossil fuels. Three factors led the mankind to look for alternative renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, hydro etc. (1) there is a danger that the rate at which the non renewable sources of energies are being consumed presently may lead to a global shortage in the near future. This has already happen in case of oil. (2) Use of fossil fuel involves emission of toxic gases polluting the environment causing health hazards of living being. and (3) the demand and supply gas of energy is continuously widening, thus necessitating to exploit renewable sources of energy. Out of various renewable energy sources, solar energy has been a promising one and lot of development has been taken in its technology for various uses. The numbers of technology engaged in developing solar energy for meaningful use are aiming to achieve the following objectives- 9 Technology 9. 1 energy can be directly converted into electrical energy through photovoltaic route. Energy conversion devices which are used to convert sun light into electricity by use of the photovoltaic effect are called solar cells. The advantages of solar cells are: They are reliable, convenient and durable. It is green, sustainable and pollution free technology. Directly solar radiation can be converted into electricity (conversion of global solar light by flat plate photovoltaic). Maintenance cost is quite low therefore suitable even in isolated and remote area, since no moving parts are involved. Solar cells are quite compatible with almost all environments, respond instantaneously with solar radiation. Considerable expected lifetime i. e. 20 years or even more. No distribution system is required, because they are decentralized source of energy and located at the place of use. 149 - 170 (22 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 9. 1 energy can be directly converted into electrical energy through photovoltaic route. Energy conversion devices which are used to convert sun light into electricity by use of the photovoltaic effect are called solar cells. The advantages of solar cells are: They are reliable, convenient and durable. It is green, sustainable and pollution free technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of renewable energy sources in addressing global energy demands and environmental concerns. It states that due to the potential shortage of non-renewable energy sources, the danger posed by fossil fuel emissions, and the widening gap between energy demand and supply, there is a significant need to exploit renewable sources such as solar energy. Furthermore, it emphasizes the benefits of solar energy as being reliable, sustainable, pollution-free, and suitable for various environments, supporting the notion that renewable energy is crucial for sustainable development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Кварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлориты, турмалинЗападная Африка,КанадаBeziat et al. , 1999; Voicu et al. , 1999; Partinton & Williams, 2000; Ansdell & Kyser, 2002; Fougerouse et al. , 2017; Masurel et al. , 2017;ПалеозойМафическийAu ˃ AgAs, Pb, Sb, W ± TeПирит, пирротин, арсенопирит, галенит, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит-теннантит, Sb-As сульфосоли, Au, Ag, Pb теллуридыКварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлоритыДалрадианский пояс (Ирландия), Саяны, Урал (Россия)Parnell et al. , 2000Sazonov et al. , 2001Zhmodik et al. , 1995Горячев и др. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of a list of geological terms, locations, and references without any mention of lunar ice deposits or microorganisms. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: It is also evident that, within the customer base of a service firm, it is possible to identify different levels of trust and of commitment between two hypothetical groups of customers as a basis for customer segmentation and strategy. It is evident that customers characterised by strong relationships are highly satisfied and committed, with positive future intentions, while customers with weak relationships are passive, less satisfied and less committed, with less positive future intentions. In terms of relationship sustainability, customers with strong relationships seem to be more loyal partners, while customers with weak relationships seem to be more in the nature of sleeping partners, often referred to as defective customers. The results of my study conform to those of Pearson and Gessner,35 who discuss how a business firm can identify potentially defective customers through what they call ‘transactional segmentation’. The authors promote the concept of marketing to individuals rather than groups in using a firm's customer base to develop ‘a personal marketing strategy’. In my study, however, it has been shown that a segmentation approach in a CRM perspective, using the concepts of trust, commitment and relationships, allows a firm to develop and structure existing relationships in new ways. It is evident that active customers are characterised by high levels of trust and of commitment, which means that strong relationships exist over time. Active customers are loyal to the brand, proud of it and have feelings for it. For this reason, a firm should concentrate on developing a brand strategy that reinforces commitment to the brand through emotional, knowledge-based or other experiential elements of personal value to the customer. On the other hand, it has also been shown that passive customers are characterised by low levels of trust and of commitment, which means weak relationships that come and go from time to time. Passive customers trust the brand but are for certain reasons not so highly committed in terms of loyalty, pride or emotions as active customers. For this reason, a firm should concentrate on developing a brand strategy building and establishing relationships based on elements of personal value that could lead to commitment. In my study, the analysis gives support for the notion that levels of trust and of commitment exist among active as well as passive customers. But in order to build strong relationships with passive customers, it is obvious that commitment is the crucial factor in terms of a successful brand strategy. For this reason, a commitment-based approach will probably strengthen the relationships with both active as well as passive customers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of market segmentation based on different levels of trust and commitment among customer groups. It illustrates that businesses can identify active and passive customers and develop strategies tailored to each group's characteristics, which aligns with the concept of targeting specific customer groups through market segmentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Directly solar radiation can be converted into electricity (conversion of global solar light by flat plate photovoltaic). Maintenance cost is quite low therefore suitable even in isolated and remote area, since no moving parts are involved. Solar cells are quite compatible with almost all environments, respond instantaneously with solar radiation. Considerable expected lifetime i. e. 20 years or even more. No distribution system is required, because they are decentralized source of energy and located at the place of use. 10 Energy from Biomass 10. 1 term “biomass” generally refers to renewable organic matter generated by plants through photosynthesis. Materials having organic combustible matter is also referred under biomass. Biomass is an important fuel source in our overall energy scenario. Biomass is produced through chemical storage of solar energy in plants and other organic matter as a result of photosynthesis. During this process conversion of solar energy in sugar and starch, which are energy rich compounds takes place. The chemical reaction of photosynthesis can be written as: 171 - 194 (24 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 10. 1 term “biomass” generally refers to renewable organic matter generated by plants through photosynthesis. Materials having organic combustible matter is also referred under biomass. Biomass is an important fuel source in our overall energy scenario. Biomass is produced through chemical storage of solar energy in plants and other organic matter as a result of photosynthesis. During this process conversion of solar energy in sugar and starch, which are energy rich compounds takes place. The chemical reaction of photosynthesis can be written as: 11 Biodiesel-11. 1 Biodiesel is a mixture of methyl esters of long chain fatty acids like lauric, palmitic, stearic, oleic and so on. It is produced by the transesterification of animal fats and vegetable oils – all of which belong to a group of organic esters called triglycerides. Typical examples are rape/canola oil, soyabean oil, sunflower oil, palm oil and its derivatives, etc. from vegetable sources, beef and sheep tallow and poultry oil from animal sources and also from used cooking oil. The chemistry is basically the same irrespective of the feedstock. The chemistry of biodiesel is given in Fig. 11. 1. 195 - 204 (10 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing the benefits of solar energy and biomass as renewable energy sources. It notes that solar radiation can be converted into electricity efficiently, with low maintenance costs and decentralized usage, making it suitable for remote areas. Additionally, it highlights that biomass, which is renewable organic matter produced through photosynthesis, is a significant fuel source in the overall energy landscape. This information underscores the growing importance of renewable energy in achieving sustainable development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: В архейских и раннепротерозойских орогенных золото-кварцевых жилах турмалин и минералы Bi и Te являются обычными минералами, в то время как в фанерозойских золоторудных месторождениях они концентрируются в самостоятельном золото-висмутовом типе (интрузион-релейтед). А минералы Sb концентрируются в мезотермальном орогенном золото-кварцевом и эпитермальном типах оруденения. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses geological features and mineral concentrations irrelevant to lunar ice deposits or the possibility of microorganisms. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: In this sense, it does not matter what type of customer group, that is, active or passive, a firm should approach with its brand strategy in order to develop and maintain relationships. The notion here is that organisational trust already exists among both groups of customers. But in order to emphasise relationship development over time, commitment is the critical element of a firm's brand strategy. In this sense, active customers are already highly committed but passive customers are not. Finally, some of the limitations of the study should be mentioned. The research context is a profit-driven organisation in a service processing industry. It is possible that the generalisations derived from the study on differences among customer groups do not apply to other kind of firms, for example retail and banking organisations. In addition, the study is based on indirect interactions with the firm and its brand in terms of nonpersonal relationships rather than interpersonal relationships as in other studies. Therefore, further research is needed to validate and generalise the results. Finally, some crucial research questions that should be addressed in future research are: how to convert sleeping partners with weak relationships (passive customers) into strong relationships (active customers) and to determine how firms should differentiate their marketing programmes with regard to customers with strong or weak relationships. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly mention market segmentation or its role in targeting specific customer groups. Instead, it discusses the importance of relationship development and the differences between active and passive customers within a firm's brand strategy. While it touches on customer groups, it does not address how segmentation aids in targeting them, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: 13 Harnessing the Power from Wind 13. 1 are the motion of air around the earth. This movement in air is caused by the uneven heating of the planet’s surface by the sun. The idea of using wind as a form of power is not new. The traditional applications of wind were primarily as sources of kinetic energy for rural, agricultural and a limited number of industrial uses such as pumping water and grinding grain. Presently wind energy can be used for two major applications, such as wind mills for pumping water for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes and second application is as aero-generator for electricity generation for domestic and industrial uses. In addition to this, presently wind energy battery charger are also available, which can store energy for lights, radio communication, hospital equipment and to power various emergency related equipment. The wind energy has an enormous resource, but the problems of utilizing the winds are many and varied. Wind energy is very diffuse in nature and local topographical features significantly alter the prevailing winds thus leading to the extremely site specific nature of wind energy. Scientirsts have estimated that as much as 10 per cent of >the world’s electricity could be provided by wind generators by the middle of 21 century. India has estimated wind power potential of 45,000 MW. India now, ranks fourth in the world in wind power generation. The world’s largest wind farms are in California, where wind turbines can generate power upto about 1120 MW. The first wind mill used as source of electric power was built in Denmark in 1890. Presently in India about 2382 MW of electricity is being produced through wind energy. 221 - 244 (24 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 13. 1 are the motion of air around the earth. This movement in air is caused by the uneven heating of the planet’s surface by the sun. The idea of using wind as a form of power is not new. The traditional applications of wind were primarily as sources of kinetic energy for rural, agricultural and a limited number of industrial uses such as pumping water and grinding grain. Presently wind energy can be used for two major applications, such as wind mills for pumping water for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes and second application is as aero-generator for electricity generation for domestic and industrial uses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the various applications of wind energy, which is a renewable energy source. It highlights that wind energy can be used for electricity generation, irrigation, and powering emergency equipment. Additionally, it notes that a significant portion of the world's electricity could potentially be generated from wind, thereby supporting the notion that renewable energy sources are important for sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: On the contrary, the uracil moieties do not interact with the helicase with the exception of a hydrogen bond of U3 with the Ser 555 main-chain carboxyl group from the ratchet-like domain and a base stack between the U1 and Arg 562 which only occurs in one of the two alternative conformations. These Prp43-RNA interactions are, however, by far not enough for sequence-specific binding of a substrate RNA to Prp43. In addition to the unspecific RNA-binding mode of Prp43, RNA binding appears to be transient, as only four nucleotides are more tightly associated with Prp43. In the crystal structure presented, this corresponds to the nucleotides U4 to U7. At the 5’ end, the first three nucleotides are weakly bound by Prp43 since only 2 (conf. B) and 3 (conf. A) interactions are detectable, respectively. The weak interaction is additionally highlighted by elevated B-factors for this RNA region compared to the four other nucleotides (see Figure 1—figure supplement 3). After the first two nucleotides, a kink is introduced in the RNA backbone and the number of Prp43-RNA interactions gets more numerous and more intense. At the 3’end, the RNA does not interact with Prp43 as soon as the end of the RNA-binding tunnel is reached. The phosphate group of the eighth nucleotide is exactly located at the end of this tunnel. Compared to the nucleotides U4 to U7, this phosphate exhibits elevated B-factors. The U8 nucleoside was not defined in the electron density map and thus might indicate the presence of multiple RNA conformations at this site out of which none is clearly favorable due the lack of interactions with Prp43. Having determined the crystal structure of ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- another question concerning Prp43’s modus operandi did arise which is directly linked to its cellular role. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses specific interactions between the uracil moieties and Prp43, focusing on the weak and transient nature of these interactions rather than addressing how mechanical stress might lead to conformational changes in protein structures. The description of the crystal structure and RNA binding does not provide evidence or support for the assertion regarding mechanical stress.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 소개 학술지 논문 통계 한국어 English toggle menu KCI 후보 축제 방문객의 지리적 세분화와 심리적 세분화에 의한 표적시장 도출에 관한 연구: 울진워터피아페스티벌을 중심으로 A Study on the Market on the basis of : Focused on the Research 약어 : 2018 vol. 43, no. 3, 10. 32780/ktidoi. 2018. 43. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about market segmentation helping businesses target specific customer groups. Instead, it appears to be an introduction or reference to a study related to geographical and psychological segmentation in the context of a specific festival. There is no clear support or contradiction of the claim within the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: In addition to this, presently wind energy battery charger are also available, which can store energy for lights, radio communication, hospital equipment and to power various emergency related equipment. The wind energy has an enormous resource, but the problems of utilizing the winds are many and varied. Wind energy is very diffuse in nature and local topographical features significantly alter the prevailing winds thus leading to the extremely site specific nature of wind energy. Scientirsts have estimated that as much as 10 per cent of >the world’s electricity could be provided by wind generators by the middle of 21 century. India has estimated wind power potential of 45,000 MW. India now, ranks fourth in the world in wind power generation. The world’s largest wind farms are in California, where wind turbines can generate power upto about 1120 MW. The first wind mill used as source of electric power was built in Denmark in 1890. Presently in India about 2382 MW of electricity is being produced through wind energy. 14 14. 1 air pollution causes significant health problems for the two billion people worldwide who rely on biomass fuels for their cooking and heating needs. Over the last 30 years awareness of the environmental and social costs of using traditional fuels and stoves has grown. At the same time, studies of the problem have resulted in proven strategies to reduce both fuel use and harmful emissions. Unfortunately, the local stoves currently available do not always represent the best designs that modern engineering can offer. Although open fires are often used wastefully, carefully operated open fires can be fuel efficient and clean burning when tested in the lab. In many situations, cooks are not overly concerned with fuel use, and studies have shown that when fuel is plentiful three-stone fires can use an excessive amount of wood to cook a small amount of food. But in other places where fuel is scarce, open fires can be carefully controlled so that fuel efficiency rivals many first generation improved cook stoves. Modern cook stoves are designed to clean up combustion first. Then the hot gases can be forced to contact the pot and increasing efficiency without increasing harmful emissions. Fires can be clean burning when expert cooks push the sticks of wood into the fire as they burn, metering the fuel. The open fire can be a hot fire useful when food or drink needs to be prepared quickly. The energy goes into the pot, not into the cold body of a stove. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant role of wind energy as a renewable source, highlighting its potential to provide up to 10 percent of the world's electricity in the future. Additionally, it outlines India's advancements in wind power generation and the necessity of addressing the environmental impacts of traditional fuels. This supports the idea that renewable energy is vital for sustainable development due to its potential in reducing reliance on harmful energy sources and contributing to electricity generation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Target sites in rRNA maturation and pre-mRNA splicing are very different and thus selective RNA binding would not be compatible with Prp43’s mode of function. Furthermore, a tight binding of substrate RNA would be undesirable since it would decrease the efficiency of Prp43 and prolong the required time for the release of substrate RNA. The comparison of the RNA-binding mode of Prp43 with that of MLE, a DExH-box protein from D. melanogaster that was previously crystallized with a U10-RNA and the transition state analog ADP•AlF4- (Prabu et al. , 2015), reveals several differences but also striking similarities. Despite the fact that the architecture of the conserved domains is almost identical and the relative position of the bound RNA in the helicase is similar, MLE binds poly-uridine RNA in a sequence-dependent manner. Numerous bases are specifically recognized by MLE and a tighter and much more elaborated interaction network between MLE and the RNA is present. Nonetheless, there are also noticeable similarities concerning the RNA interactions. In Prp43, four main-chain amide interaction interactions between residues of the RecA1 or RecA2 domains and the RNA are present, one with each of the tightly bound nucleotides (U4-U7). Glu 316 interacts with U4, Gly 349 with U5, Arg 153 with U6 and Arg 180 with U7 (Figure 1e). There are also two threonine residues of conserved motifs that interact with the RNA. Thr 195 from motif Ib and Thr 381 from motif V are involved in hydrogen bonding via their sides chains with the phosphates of the nucleotides U7 and U5, respectively. Interestingly, these main-chain amide interactions are completely conserved in MLE. Despite the fact that the residues themselves are not conserved in MLE, the position at which the interaction takes place is virtually identical (Figure 1—figure supplement 4). The corresponding interacting residues and nucleotides in MLE are Trp 663-U6, Ser 692-U7, Arg 443-U8 and Arg 470-U9. Furthermore, the interactions with the conserved threonine residues are also present in MLE (Thr 486-U9 and Thr 717-U7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the interactions and binding modes of RNA within the context of Prp43 and MLE proteins, without mentioning mechanical stress or any related protein conformational changes. Thus, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 축제 방문객들의 거주지와 도달 시간의 지리적 세분화와 방문 의사결정 시점에 따른 심리적 세분화의 적용이 가능하다는 것을 확인하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the geographical segmentation of festival visitors and psychological segmentation based on the timing of their decision to visit. However, it does not provide information directly relevant to business market segmentation or its benefits for targeting customer groups, thus it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: FormalPoints for This study aimed to assess/evaluate the efficiency and efficacy of a telemedicine system/unit intervention, monetize the economic benefits, and conclude if it is desirable or not. A larger population translates to a higher number of air medical transportations per year that can be avoided. Telemedicine systems/units may have an advantage in terms of access, equality, and quality of primary health services. 1 IntroductionTelemedicine units exchange health data from one hospital or health center to another via electronic communications, providing real-time services to multiple healthcare centers regardless of their locations [1]. They have off-site command centers, usually in hospitals, where doctors and nurses are connected with distant patients through real-time audio, visual, and electronic means, enabling real-time monitoring of patient instability or any abnormality in the laboratory, ordering of diagnostics tests, diagnosis and treatment, and control of life-supporting devices [2]. A satisfying amount of research has been performed in the US and Europe, in order to examine the implementation and utilization of telemedicine systems/units to determine their efficiency and efficacy. The results concluded that current studies are early steps before telemedicine systems/units become widespread, especially in Europe, implying that there is a lack of concrete evidence with which to fully assess the economic impact of telemedicine systems. Some cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), cost-minimization analysis (CMA) and cost-utility analysis (CUA) studies demonstrated that telemedicine can reduce costs, but not all [3, 4, 6]. A CMA of telemedicine for two Greek islands was implemented, comparing the costs of telemedicine with those of referrals, where patients from remote areas travelled to the hospital for consultation, concluding that the costs of referrals were significantly greater than the costs of telemedicine [5]. Among the main limitations of the economic evaluations and assessments of telemedicine systems/units were the disparate estimation methods, a lack of randomized control trials, lack of long-term evaluation studies, small sample sizes, and absence of quality data and appropriate measures [6]. While many studies draw conclusions on cost based on decreased mortality and length of stay (LOS), actual cost was not reported [7–9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telemedicine units enable real-time monitoring and healthcare services to patients regardless of their location, thus potentially improving access to healthcare in remote areas. It emphasizes the advantage of telemedicine in providing primary health services and reducing the need for costly referrals for remote patients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: On consideration of ligand type alone, S4 sites - those with four Cys ligands, are the most labile type of structural Zn site, and are almost as reactive as a free thiol. 58 Most of the structural Zn sites identified in this study were of the S4 type (Table I), suggesting they are labile. Four catalytic Zn sites were also found in the dataset. These catalytic Zn sites are highly unusual because of their utilization of Cys as a ligand instead of the more usual His, Glu, or Asp. Two of the catalytic sites are within BHMT and MetH: enzymes of sulfur metabolism, which is redox-regulated in plants. 2 Selection of sulfur ligands for Zn in these enzymes may confer an additional level of redox control on sulfur metabolism. As an additional control, we checked whether metal atoms were expelled from oxidized structures. A metal atom is not present in over a third of the oxidized structures. For another structure, aspartate transcarbamylase (1tug), the metal site was only partially occupied in the oxidized chain. For the remaining structures where the metal atom is retained in the oxidized structure, the shortened SG-SG distance may be caused by a heterogeneous mix of oxidized and reduced, metal-bound structures in the ensemble. We reasoned that if the metal was expelled from some members of the ensemble, or partially expelled (still in the site but held, for example, by only two of four potential ligating Cys), then the B-factor should be higher than for chains where no shortened SG-SG distances are observed. Although B-factors cannot be compared between different structures, for some of the redox pairs, different chains of the same structure in different disulfide redox states could be compared. Our analysis confirmed that the B-factor of the metal was higher in the oxidized chains for 80% of structures (see Fig. 3). A similar result was obtained for proteins with Fe-S clusters. There were no instances of expulsion of the Fe-S cluster from the oxidized structure but oxidation of Fe-ligating Cys residues to form disulfides was generally associated with a higher B-factor of the relevant Fe atom than Fe atoms where the ligating Cys remained reduced. In contrast, in reduced structures all Fe atoms of the Fe-S cluster had similar B-factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of oxidation and metal coordination on structural changes in proteins, particularly focusing on how redox states and the presence of ligands like cysteine affect the structural integrity and reactivity of metal sites. It highlights that the presence of sulfur ligands and changes associated with oxidation may influence conformational states of proteins, which suggests a complex interaction but does not directly support the claim regarding mechanical stress.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: [학술지] 고미영 2012 추구편익을 활용한 지역축제 방문객 시장세분화 -제주올레걷기축제를 사례로- 관광학연구 36 (5) : 93 ~ 5 3. [학술지] 고호석 2005 경주 신라문화제 참여동기와 추구편익에 따른시장세분화에 관한 연구 관광연구 20 (2) : 1 ~ 2 4. [학술지] 김승수 2011 축제 참여 동기가 만족 및 행동의도에 미친 영향 연구 - 2011 한강 여의도 봄꽃축제를 중심으로 - 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지 5 (3) : 23 ~ 3 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information relevant to the claim about market segmentation. It mentions various studies related to regional festival participation and market segmentation but does not explicitly support or refute the role of market segmentation in helping businesses target specific customer groups.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: The equipment of a telemedicine system/unit consists of IT equipment (hardware and software), office equipment, the access control system, and medical equipment (high resolution camera for macroscopic examination, digital stethoscope, rinoscope, otoscope, 12-lead cardiograph, ophthalmoscope, dermatoscope, and vital signs monitor) [16]. (b) Operating costs of a telemedicine system/unit were €1500 per month. These costs include the total cost of the salary of one employee, who is responsible for the proper functioning of a telemedicine system/unit and the maintenance costs of the equipment [16]. (c) Average air transportation costs (average air transportation costs of each trip) were €5846 for helicopters, which were mostly used. The cost of each air transportation depends on various facts, such as the distance and means of air transportation [15]. (d) The life cycle of a telemedicine system/unit installation was 5 years. (e) Discount rate was 4%, representing the average return on deposits’ interest. 3 ResultsBased on statistical data, air medical transportations cannot be avoided completely [15]. Approximately 25% of cases demand air transportation to a hospital. As a result, from the 21. 95 air medical transportations from Leros per year, 16. 46 can be avoided, while from the 8. 44 air medical transportations per year from Patmos, 6. 33 can be avoided. Specifically, from 21. 95 and 8. 44 air medical transportations, only 25% of them (5. 49 and 2. 11, respectively) should be authorized. Taking into account the saved costs from the installation of a telemedicine system/unit, the net cash inflows per year (cash inflows per year minus operation costs per year) were amplified during the 5-year period of the project. Patmos cash inflows per year were the multiplying result of 6. 33 air medical transportations saved per year due to the implementation of telemedicine system/unit, with the average air transportation costs per trip. For Leros, were the multiplying result of 16. 46 air medical transportations saved per year due to the implementation of telemedicine system/unit, with the average air transportation costs per trip. This resulted in higher NPV and IRR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the implementation of a telemedicine system/unit can reduce the need for costly air medical transportations by allowing remote monitoring and evaluation of patients, therefore expanding access to healthcare services in areas like Leros and Patmos. It specifically mentions that certain air medical transportations can be avoided due to the telemedicine services, which implies an increase in healthcare accessibility in these remote locations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ox, oxidized structure; re, reduced structure; ref, evidence for redox activity; ActRIIA, activin receptor type II; AKT2, Rac-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase; AMA1, apical membrane antigen 1; APH, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase; CPDase, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase; DNAse I, deoxyribonuclease-1; FBPase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase; G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase; GAS6, growth-arrest-specific protein 6; gdhB, glucose dehydrogenase; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; His-tRNAs, histidyl-tRNA synthetase; Leu-tRNAs, leucyl-tRNA synthetase; p53BP1, tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1; PRD1p2, adsorption protein p2; Psi55s, pseudouridine 55 synthase; SMase, sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase; SPase I, signal peptidase I; SPE-H, superantigen spe-h; TAXI1, Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor I; TCRα 3A6, T-cell receptor α 3A6; TCRβ, T-cell receptor; TrmU, tRNA methyltransferase; TRPV2, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 2; Vit D; BP, vitamin D binding protein; Ac, Clostridium acetobutylicum; At, Arabidopsis thaliana, Bc, Bacillus cereus; Bp, Bacteriophage, Bs, Bacillus subtilis; Ec, E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists mainly of a list of acronyms and proteins without discussing mechanical stress or conformational changes. There is no indication or evidence in the text supporting or contrasting with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: [학술지] 김주호 2014 라이프스타일을 활용한 축제방문객 시장세분화 문화산업연구 14 (3) : 23 ~ 3 6. [학술지] 배만규 2010 축제 방문객 집단별 방문행태, 만족도, 개최성과 평가 비교: 대구약령시 한방문화축제를 중심으로 관광레저연구 22 (6) : 495 ~ 6 7. [학술지] 선종갑 2016 문화관광축제의 평가속성 만족을 활용한 시장세분화 - 마산 가고파국화축제를 대상으로 - 호텔리조트연구 15 (1) : 41 ~ 1 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists references that appear to discuss market segmentation and evaluations related to festival visitors, but it does not directly provide evidence or insights that address the claim about how market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Some of them tried to calculate the and payback period economic criteria, but in a cost-based method, having in mind the net savings from the use of telemedicine systems/units and ignoring factors that are crucial and important for the calculation of these criteria, such as the discount rate and the life cycle of the project [11, 12]. The main contribution of this original research, having in mind these economic evaluations and assessments, is to go one step further and calculate the and payback period economic criteria, in order to assess and evaluate the efficiency and efficacy of a telemedicine system/unit intervention, and monetize the economic benefits, concluding if it is desirable or not (from both economical and social perspectives). Some of the main limitations and weaknesses of the economic evaluation and assessment of telemedicine systems/units in Greek remote areas can be the lack of interested doctors, absence of funding or subsidizing of the project by the government, local treatment procedures, and organizational structures. These limitations and weaknesses can affect the validity of the results by canceling the whole project or increasing or decreasing the costs. Considering the results, a telemedicine system/unit installation on Leros seems to be more desirable due to a larger population, which indicates that the saved costs will be higher than on Patmos. A larger population translates to a higher number of air medical transportations per year that can be avoided. Specifically, the net cash inflows for Leros during the 5-year period are 4. 12 times higher than for Patmos (Table 2). As a result, Leros will depreciate the investment in 0. 70 years, while Patmos will take 3. 13 years (Table 3). Furthermore, the implementation of telemedicine systems/units may have some positive aspects, which may lead to the obviation of regional health disparities and create a sense of security for both patients and doctors, thus providing decent primary healthcare services to the residents of such remote/inaccessible areas. The installation of a telemedicine system/unit in a remote/inaccessible area aims to cover both emergency situations and some of the regular needs of each island on a healthcare level. It also aims to improve patients’ healthcare until their transfer to a hospital, but also the preparation of the doctors at the air medical transportation center. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telemedicine systems/units can address healthcare needs in remote areas. It highlights that the implementation of telemedicine can obviate regional health disparities and provide decent primary healthcare services, thereby expanding access for residents in remote or inaccessible areas. Additionally, it mentions the installation of telemedicine aiming to cover both emergency cases and regular healthcare needs for islands, further supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography allows for the visualization of complex biomolecules at atomic resolution. [SEP] Text: , 2008) and cholesterol oxidase (Zarychta et al. , 2015). Neutron crystallography provides an alternative approach to sub-atomic X-ray crystallography for the location of H atoms and is the only approach for the location of highly polarized H atoms and protons (H+) since these are invisible with X-rays. As the coherent neutron scattering length of H and its isotope deuterium (D) are of similar magnitude to the other common elements of a macromolecule (Table 1), their positions can be located at much lower resolutions than required with X-rays. Furthermore, H atoms observed in electron density maps at sub-atomic resolution are generally those with low thermal motion while the more mobile H atoms, often the most biologically interesting, tend to remain invisible, as their already weak scattering signal is further smeared out. Neutron crystallography has been shown to provide the positions of H atoms that are difficult to observe in sub-atomic electron density maps, despite the much lower resolutions of the neutron diffraction data sets (Gardberg et al. , 2010). Table 1Neutron coherent scattering lengths and incoherent cross sections, and X-ray scattering lengths for the common elements of a macromolecule Neutron coherent Neutron X-ray scattering lengths (10−12 cm) number scattering length (10−12 cm) incoherent cross section (Barn = 10−28 m2) sin θ = 0 (sin θ)/λ = 0. 5 Å−1 1H 1 −0. 374 80. 27 0. 28 0. 02 2H (D) 1 0. 667 2. 05 0. 28 0. 02 12C 6 0. 665 0. 00 1. 69 0. 48 14N 7 0. 937 0. 50 1. 97 0. 53 16O 8 0. 580 0. 00 2. 25 0. 62 31P 15 0. 513 0. 01 4. 23 1. 83 32S 16 0. 280 0. 00 4. 50 1. 90 A further advantage of using neutrons is that they do not cause any observable radiation damage to the crystal, such that data can be collected at room temperature, avoiding any potential cryo-cooling effects (Keedy et al. , 2014) and resulting in the determination of damage-free structures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing neutron crystallography, which highlights the limitations of X-ray crystallography in visualizing hydrogen atoms (H) and emphasizes that there are alternatives to X-ray methods. It states that ‘H atoms… are invisible with X-rays’ and that neutron crystallography can locate H atoms at lower resolutions. This indicates that while X-ray crystallography has its strengths, neutron crystallography is advantageous for certain atom locations, thereby undermining the completeness of the assertion regarding X-ray crystallography's capability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: [학술지] 송재영 2013 축제 방문동기에 따른 시장세분화연구 - 김제지평선축제를 중심으로 - 38 (2) : 19 ~ 2 9. [단행본] 안대희 2011 관광마케팅 백산출판사 10. [학술지] 양정임 2012 지역축제속성에 따른 축제방문객 만족 시장세분화 연구:광양국제매화축제를 중심으로 호텔관광연구 14 (4) : 221 ~ 4 11. [학술지] 오흥철 2003 기장대변멸치축제 방문객 동기분석에 기초한 시장세분화 연구 관광레저연구 12 (4) : 43 ~ 4 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various academic studies related to market segmentation in the context of tourism and festivals but does not provide direct support or contradiction regarding the claim about market segmentation helping businesses target specific customer groups. Instead, it is primarily a citation or reference list, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Summarizing, telemedicine systems/units are estimated to result in a significant reduction in the number and frequency of air medical transportations, which may consequently lead to the reduction of aviation accidents that may occur during the air medical transfer. Despite the potential advantage of a reduction in human lives lost, medical and technical equipment losses are also of great significance. The establishment of such telemedicine systems/units also enables patient and healthcare issues to be handled in the event of severe weather phenomena, where the remote/inaccessible areas are isolated with no accessibility by any means. 5 ConclusionGreece’s geography encompasses a total of 227 inhabited islands, 164 of which are located in the and 78 of them have more than 100 residents. The incomplete coverage of primary health services in remote/inaccessible areas, combined with Greece’s unique geography, suggests the need for telemedicine systems/units. Telemedicine systems/units should be designed and implemented in such way as to meet the primary health needs of every resident, in every island or remote/inaccessible area. However, air medical transportation of patients to air medical transportation centers may be deemed essential. The costs of these air medical transfers can be reduced with the use of telemedicine systems/units, thereby benefiting the residents and society generally. In conclusion, considering the available data, in both projects, the establishment of telemedicine systems/units in Patmos and Leros was evaluated and assessed positively, with the possibility of large savings, both economical and social, by reducing or even removing face-to-face contact between doctor and patient. Telemedicine systems/units may have an advantage in terms of access, equality, and quality of primary health services and seems to be a promising solution, especially in Greece, where the problem of primary healthcare services in remote/inaccessible areas is of great concern. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that telemedicine systems/units can help address the incomplete coverage of primary health services in remote and inaccessible areas in Greece. The text emphasizes that telemedicine can meet the primary health needs of residents on islands and in remote locations, ultimately suggesting that these systems provide significant benefits in terms of access and quality of healthcare, confirming the claim of expanded healthcare access through telemedicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography allows for the visualization of complex biomolecules at atomic resolution. [SEP] Text: atoms constitute around half of the atoms in a macromolecular crystal, their incoherent scattering signal contributes significantly to a high scattered background; H/D isotopic replacement therefore enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of the diffraction data by lowering the incoherent background, thereby extending the resolution limit. Secondly, as the coherent scattering length of D is positive and approximately twice that of H, D atoms are more readily located in neutron maps than H atoms. Neutron studies have been most commonly performed (64/83, 77%) using D-exchanged single crystals (Tomanicek et al. , 2010; Kovalevsky et al. , 2010, 2012; Fisher et al. , 2012; Yokoyama et al. , 2013; Casadei et al. , 2014; Huang et al. , 2014; Langan et al. , 2014; Oksanen et al. , 2014; Wan et al. , 2014; Unno et al. , 2015; Michalczyk et al. , 2015). H/D exchange can be achieved by vapor exchange or by soaking in D2O solutions and allows exchange of solvent-accessible H atoms attached to oxygen or nitrogen, but not those H atoms attached to carbon. Neutron data collected from D-exchanged crystals allows D atoms attached to O or N atoms to be readily visualized at 2. 5 Å resolution. In order to readily locate H atoms, data must extend to ∼1. 5 Å resolution (Chen et al. , 2012) since at lower resolutions cancellation effects (between positive and negative neutron scatterers) limit visualization of H atoms attached to C atoms (e. g. CH2, CH3 groups). Becoming more prevalent are studies performed using perdeuterated samples (19/83 structures overall, 23%; 17/49 structures since 2010, 35%), produced via bacterial expression on deuterated media (Petit-Haertlein et al. , 2009). As perdeuteration provides complete deuteration (i. e. all H replaced by D), neutron diffraction data from perdeuterated crystals have vastly improved signal-to-noise ratios, allowing shorter data collection times (Munshi et al. , 2012) and/or providing data to higher resolution (Cuypers et al. , 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing neutron diffraction techniques and H/D isotopic replacement, which are used for visualizing macromolecular structures. It emphasizes neutron studies and how they can enhance signal-to-noise ratios and resolution, implying that while X-ray crystallography is a method for visualization, neutron diffraction offers different advantages and does not directly support the claim about X-ray crystallography.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: [학술지] 이정규 2002 문화관광객의 가치에 따른 시장세분화와 선택행동분석 문화관광연구 4 (2) : 107 ~ 2 16. [학술지] 이주현 2012 방문객 체험영역에 따른 관광축제 시장세분화: Pine & Gilmore의 체험영역을 중심으로 관광학연구 36 (2) : 81 ~ 2 17. [학술지] 조문식 2015 단양군 대표축제 방문동기에 따른 시장 세분화 연구 - 온달문화축제를 중심으로 - 40 (4) : 215 ~ 4 18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a list of academic articles related to market segmentation but does not explicitly mention the relationship between market segmentation and targeting specific customer groups. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Last registered on January 23, 2023 History Pre-for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in -0010787 Initial registration date January 20, 2023 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published January 23, 2023, 7:22 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. -of (s) of Milan-development Start date 2023-02-15 End date 2025-04-15 code(s) Secondary Iwork This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs. areas in low-income countries have poor access to quality healthcare. One challenge in developing state capacity in remote areas is the difficulty in attracting skilled workers (doctors and nurses), to which a common solution is to engage less skilled workers (community health workers). A new solution is to bring higher-skilled professionals to rural areas through digital technology. Telehealth, which connects patients to qualified healthcare professionals via phone, provides a new opportunity for governments to reach remote areas with high-quality healthcare services at relatively low costs. Although the popularity of telehealth has dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is to date no causal evidence of its impacts in low-income countries. This project aims to provide the first experimental evidence on the impact of telehealth on healthcare utilization and health outcomes in low-income countries. The impact is ex-ante ambiguous: telehealth may expand access to healthcare in areas previously underserved by the health system, but it might also crowd out in-person care and lead to an overall drop in healthcare utilization by those most in need, who might be unable or unwilling to connect remotely with a health professional. The project will take place in 400 rural Indian villages that will be randomized into receiving telehealth or not, with or without a local facilitator, who will assist patients in connecting to the call and follow up with them after the visit. We will learn whether and under which conditions telehealth improves access and health outcomes for rural populations, and how it affects the divide in access by gender, income, and age. External Link(s) Citation Dahlstrand-Rudin, Amanda,. 2023. "for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Rural India. ". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'telehealth may expand access to healthcare in areas previously underserved by the health system' and discusses the potential of telehealth to connect patients in remote areas with qualified healthcare professionals. It highlights how telehealth provides opportunities for governments to reach these areas with high-quality healthcare services, thereby supporting the assertion that telemedicine has indeed expanded access to healthcare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The assimilation of oligosaccharides gradually decreased along with the fermentation, mainly due to the decline of the cell activity at the later stage of fermentation. The highest values of biomass, lipid concentration, and lipid content reached 50. 7 g/L, 31. 3 g/L, and 61. 7% (w/w), respectively. The overall lipid yield was 0. 18 g/g TRS, corresponding to a carbon yield of 34. 8%. The theoretical lipid yields on glucose and xylose are 0. 33 g/g and 0. 34 g/g [41], corresponding to theoretical carbon yields of 63. 8% and 65. 7%, respectively. However, the experimental data were rarely higher than 0. 22 g/g glucose, corresponding to a carbon yield of 42. 5% [42]. Recently, Fei and coworkers have reported a fed-batch culture using an automated online sugar control feeding mode, which obtained a very high lipid yield of 0. 29 g/g [43]. Thus, the lipid yield has some space to be further optimized in bioreactor by altering the culture conditions and the nutrients compositions of the media, which may exert significant effects on carbon-flux distribution between cell growth and lipid biosynthesis. Fig. 6Time course of sugars evolution during the fed-batch culture by C. oleaginosum on corn stover enzymatic hydrolysates. The culture was held at 30 °C, 200 rpm for 264 h. Corn stover hydrolysates containing 244. 5 g/L TRS were fed at 72 h and 156 h, respectivelyFull size image Table 4 Fed-batch culture results of C. curvatus on the corn stover enzymatic hydrolysatesFull size tableLignocellulose-derived oligosaccharides cannot be metabolized by some microorganisms and will be discharged along with fermentation wastewater, which means the loss of sugars. Xue and coworkers have stated that the release of oligosaccharides indicates a yield loss as they are recalcitrant for a majority of industrial ethanol-producing microorganisms [22]. High proportion of oligosaccharides is released when the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses is conducted at high solids loadings. For example, one-third of the total output sugars were oligomers or polymers when the enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted at 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the assimilation of oligosaccharides decreases during fermentation, which leads to a loss of sugars that could potentially be converted into biofuels. It mentions that oligosaccharides are recalcitrant and not metabolized by many industrial ethanol-producing microorganisms, resulting in a yield loss. This suggests challenges in achieving high yields of biofuels from sugars, as the release of oligosaccharides indicates inefficiencies in the production process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: [학술지] 조현호 2015 지역축제속성에 의한 시장세분화 - 외암마을 짚풀문화제를 대상으로 - 관광연구 30 (4) : 53 ~ 4 19. [학술지] Crompton, J. L. / 1997 Motives of visitors attending festival events Annals of 24 (2) : 425 ~ 2 20. [단행본] Kotelr, P. / 2000 Marketing management 21. [단행본] Kotler, P. / 1993 Marketing places: Attracting investment, industry, and tourists to cities, states, and nations Press 22. [학술지] Lee, C. K. / 2004 Segmentation of festival motivation by nationality and satisfaction 25 (1) : 61 ~ 1 23. [학술지] Pesonen, J. / 2013 Information and communications technology and market segmentation in tourism : A review 68 (2) : 14 ~ 2 24. [학술지] Smith, W. / 1956 Product differentiation and market segmentation as alternative marketing strategies Journal of Marketing 21 (1) : 3 ~ 1 25. [학술지] Tkaczynski, A. / 2011 Event segmentation : A review and research agenda 32 : 426 ~ 26. [학술지] Tkaczynski, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any explicit information about market segmentation helping businesses target specific customer groups. Instead, it references various academic sources and articles related to market segmentation, but does not discuss or support the claim directly.