Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: The results showed here that leaves were the most commonly used component, contributing rather than harvesting a root and/or whole plant to the conservation of plants. In the same way, Hailemariam et al. [16], Giday et al. [14], and Chama [12] reported leaves as the predominant plant part used in their study site. In contrast, the most frequently used plant parts were roots in the Hadiya zone [15] and in Benna-Tsemaye [11]. Lulekal et al. [32] and Tolossa et al. [17] also noted roots were the most commonly used plant part in a study focusing on district and south Omo, respectively. The local people in the district use different remedy preparation process based on the type of disease to be treated. Eating, chewing, grinding, squeezing, drinking, smelling, powdering, painting, boiling, hold on, and spitting were some of the preparation methods used to treat human and livestock diseases. In this survey, eating and chewing were the most widely used process. Apart from Diguna Fango, the most widely used remedy preparation methods have also been identified in similar findings [11] [18] [20]. These were grinding, followed by chewing, boiling, eating, and in liquid form. The remedies prepared have been administered in various ways. Some of the administrative routes have been oral, dermal, and nasal. In the present region, most remedies have been administered orally and the dermal and nasal routes have been followed. In various parts of Ethiopia, similar findings have also been reported. In the district of the majority of medicinal plants were given orally [12]. Tolossa et al. [17] reported that the majority of plants were used in oral applications in the south Omo. Tolossa and Megersa [33] found that prepared remedies were widely administered orally in Berbere district, Bale zone of State. In the study area, the diseases affecting both humans and livestock were 28 in number. This indicated that the people of the district suffered from fewer ailments as compared to those in other areas, such as in the Berbere district, Tolossa and Megersa [33], district, [12] and the south Omo [17]. Moreover, a single human ailment found to be treatable by several medicinal plants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the specific usage of different plant parts for various remedies and suggesting that not all traditional methods may be effective for modern ailments. It notes that local people in a district use varied remedy preparation processes based on the diseases being treated, which implies a selective effectiveness rather than universal efficacy for all plants used in traditional medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Inhaled methoxyflurane provides greater analgesia and faster onset of action versus standard analgesia in patients with trauma pain: a randomized controlled trial in emergency departments. Med 2020; 75(3), 315–328. CrossrefPubMed3. Ricard-Hibon A. , Lecoules N. , Savary D. , Jacquin L. , Wiel E. , Deschamps P. et al. Inhaled methoxyflurane for the management of trauma related pain in patients admitted to hospital emergency departments. 2020; 27(6), 414–421. Crossref4. Coffey F. , Wright J. , Hartshorn S. , Hunt P. , Locker T. , Mirza K. et al. STOP! : a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of methoxyflurane for the treatment of acute pain. J 2014; 31(8), 613–618. CrossrefPubMed5. Lim K. , Koh Z. , Ng Y. , Fook-Chong S. , Ho A. , Doctor N. et al. Comparison of inhalational methoxyflurane and intramuscular tramadol for prehospital analgesia. J 2020 [Epub ahead of print]. 6. Marinangeli F. , Reggiardo G. , Sblendido A. , Soldi A. , Farina A. Prospective, multicentre trial of methoxyflurane for acute trauma-related pain in helicopter emergency medical systems and hostile environments. 2018; 35(11), 2081–2092. Crossref7. Wilkes M. , Heath E. C. , Mason N. P. Methoxyflurane for procedural analgesia at 4470 m altitude. Med 2018; 29(3), 388–391. CrossrefPubMed8. Mercadante S. , Voza A. , Serra S. , Ruggiano G. , Carpinteri G. , Gangitano G. et al. Analgesic efficacy, practicality and safety of inhaled methoxyflurane versus standard analgesic treatment for acute trauma pain in the emergency setting: a randomized, open-label, active-controlled, multicentre trial in Italy. 2019; 36(11), 3030–3046. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the use of methoxyflurane for pain management in trauma patients, with no mention of Europa, its subsurface ocean, or conditions suitable for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionUrban areas, with their artificial materials and specific morphology, act as an obstacle to the atmosphere, altering energy-balance, the chemical composition as well as the wind field (Landsberg 1981; Oke 1982; Oke and Cleugh 1987; Helbig et al. 1999). The urban heat island (UHI), describing the urban-rural surface and air temperature differences, is the most prominent and world-wide studied phenomenon of urban climate (eg Böhm and Gabl 1978; Katsoulis and Theoharatos 1985; Kuttler et al. 1996; Runnalls and Oke 2000; Johansson and Emmanuel 2006). In fact, the intensity of the urban heat island depends on eg land-use, building ratio, population density and vegetation (eg Landsberg 1981; Oke 1981; 1982; 1988). Before establishing mitigation and adaptation measures counteracting the urban heat island, city planners and officials need to comprehend the spatial and temporal dimensions of the meteorological and climatological conditions in a city (Matzarakis et al. 2008; Ketterer and Matzarakis 2014a, b). As city dwellers are the main target of city planners, the integral effect of air temperature, air humidity, wind speed and radiation fluxes on humans in a city has to be quantified and assessed (Eliasson 2000; Ketterer and Matzarakis 2014a, b). Hence, modern human-biometeorological methods for quantification of the spatial and temporal distribution of the UHI as well as to assess mitigation and adaptation measures for improving outdoor meteorological conditions have to be applied (Kuttler 2011, 2012; Matzarakis 2013). Urban planners require information about the human biometeorological conditions in terms of frequencies (eg number of days or hours per year or season), as well as the quantification of temperature differences between different planning scenarios Fröhlich and Matzarakis (2011, 2013). The quantification of heat stress and its reduction by planning measures is a big challenge, especially in the light of climate change (Matzarakis and Endler 2010). Due to climate change, the mean air temperature is expected to increase and also heat waves are assumed to became more frequent, more intense and longer lasting (Matzarakis and Amelung 2008; Meehl and Tebaldi 2004; Schär et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how urban areas, through their unique materials and morphology, modify local climate conditions. It acknowledges that the intensity of the urban heat island (UHI) is influenced by various factors such as land-use and population density, and emphasizes that urban planners need to address UHI phenomena, especially considering the predictions of increasing temperatures and more severe heat waves due to climate change. This implies that UHI is a significant factor that may worsen the already escalating effects of climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: This is in agreement with the findings of earlier studies [32], [33], [34] that found a single disease to be treated by several medicinal plants. The present study found that 22. 58% of medicinal plants were used to treat gastrointestinal diseases, with slightly lower rates for dermatological infections/diseases (12. 9%). Similarly, among the south Omo people, 24. 2% of medicinal plants were used to treat gastrointestinal complaints [17]. On average, the number of medicinal plants was substantially higher for informants under the age of 20 years than for informants above 35 years and by illiterate informants than literate ones. This may be due to the influence of modernization and a lack of interest among younger generations in botanical medicines that would contribute to the conventional knowledge of older people. Similar conclusions also show that there are substantial gaps between different age groups in traditional knowledge [34]. Unlike the study now underway, the literary young people Tefera and Kim [20] have a higher level of knowledge in the use of medicinal plants than analphabets and old people. For gastrointestinal disorders, the highest citation was found, followed by Fever. Similarly, the most frequently treated diseases in Hawassa [18] and [17] were gastrointestinal disorder and parasite infection. Furthermore, a study conducted in the Ethiopian community Sheko revealed that the widely treated diseases were skin and gastrointestinal problems [13]. In Berta, the ethnic group of Benishangul-Gumuz, diarrhea was a widely treated disease [35]. The disparity may be influenced by the climate, ethnicity, and hygiene variations in the regions. The highest-fidelity levels (100%) were found for Croton macrostachyus, Pentas spp. , Triticumdicoccon, and Commelinabenghalensis in the current study. The first two species were in the skeletomuscular system disorders categories and the following two species were in endocrine/metabolic/nutritional and dermatological infections/diseases categories, respectively. The category with the highest ICF values was cardiovascular system diseases, followed by Fever (Malaria). Similarly, the category with the highest ICF values was fever (malaria), followed by insects and ectoparasites diseases in Hawassa zuria district [20]. Regassa [18] reported stomachache had high degrees of ICF and that malaria showed the highest FL in Hawassa city. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various medicinal plants and their effectiveness in treating specific ailments. While it notes that some medicinal plants were identified for treating gastrointestinal diseases and skin issues, it does not support the idea that all plants used in traditional medicine are effective. The findings indicate a diversity in effectiveness based on factors such as the specific diseases being treated and the demographic of the users, suggesting that not all plants are universally effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Journal of of Coastal and > (3); 2018 > 133. Published online: June 30, 2018 DOI: 우리나라 항만 방파제 설계조건의 변화과정 분석 홍근*, 강윤구**, 김홍진***, 윤한삼****, 류청로***** *(주)삼영기술 **세광종합기술단 ***부경대학교 수산과학기술센터 ****부경대학교 생태공학과 *****부경대학교 해양공학과 Analysis of in the of in Hong*, Yoon-Koo Kang**, Hong-Jin Kim***, Han-Sam Yoon****, Cheong-Ro Ryu***** *Port & Harbor Division, Co. , Ltd. **Coastal and. , Ltd. ***& Technology Center, University ****Department of Ecological Engineering, University *****Department of author: Han-Sam Yoon, Department of Ecological Engineering, University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea, Tel: +82-51-629-7375, Fax: +82-51-629-7074, yoonhans@pknu. ac. kr 20, 2018 12, 2018 19, 2018Copyright: © of Coastal and This is an 3. 0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about Europa’s subsurface ocean and life. It appears to be an unrelated academic citation regarding coastal engineering, with no mention of Europa or astrobiology. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Maximum values of PET are represented by a similar picture; however, the PET is generally higher than air temperature, while extreme heat stress (PET > 41 °C) can occur in more than 20 days per year in the city stations. The daily minimum value of PET never exceeds the threshold of 18 °C in Stuttgart (the frequency is below 0. 1 %). Table 4. 4 Number of days on which defined thresholds are exceededFull size table Beyond the information given by the amount of days that manifest specific events, the amount of hours can describe more precisely the occurrence of specific conditions, thus providing more valuable information. Table 4. 5 depicts the total amount of hours for the thresholds for the examined stations in Stuttgart urban and rural area. It can be clearly observed that the amount of hours for Taand PET is quite higher in the urban areas than in the rural one, esp. for Ta > 35 and PET > 41 during day time (10 to 16 LST). At nighttime (22 to 6 LST) the picture is a clearer indication that urban areas are quite hotter than rural areas. Table 4. 5 Number of hours per year on which defined thresholds were exceeded in the period 2000–2010Full size table 4 Discussion and ConclusionThere is an increased demand for the quantification and the assessment of the Island (UHI). Most of the studies deal with the comparison of different station in urban and rural areas based on different temporal resolutions and many studies report about differences in air temperature about maxima of more than 10 K and for mean conditions about 2–3 K (Ketterer and Matzarakis 2014a, b). In fact, cities are warmer than rural areas and the formation of the UHI depends mostly on energetic aspects of the urban structures. Most influencing factors are the limited horizon, the storage of heat of urban fabrics and anthropogenic heat emissions (Landsberg 1981; Oke 1982). There are several aspects to quantify UHI beside the energetic aspects (heating and cooling) and air pollution. Recent studies focus on the reduction of UHI based on the modification of urban structures, using reflective materials or increasing evaporative cooling, however, these studies are mostly focusing only one some aspects of the energy budget of the urban areas and concentrate only on air temperature reduction. This aim is achieved using models with different spatial resolutions and designing exemplary measurements for case studies. All these results and information are demanded and can have a direct application. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that urban areas experience significantly higher temperatures than rural areas, indicating the presence of urban heat islands (UHI). It discusses the factors influencing UHI, such as the storage of heat by urban fabrics and anthropogenic heat emissions, which aligns with the notion that these heat islands can intensify the effects of climate change. The mention of increased heat stress and the quantification of temperature differences supports the idea that UHI contributes to climate change exacerbation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: The highest informant consensus value was found for Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) which was cited by 60 respondents for treatment of bone fractures and weight gain. Medicinal plants with higher informant consensus need to be seriously considered for further ethnopharmacological studies since they are species widely applied by many people and they have been utilized for a long time [36]. The output of the preference ranking indicated that Hageniaabyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. , Rutachalepensis L. , and Solanumincanum L. were the most commonly preferred medicinal plants as treatment for stomachache in humans in the study area. Similar findings for south Omo showed that the highest numbers of plant species were reported to treat abdominal or stomach disorders [17]. Acaciaabyssinica Benth, Syzygiumguineense subsp. Macrocarpum (Engl. ) F. White and Eucalyptusglobulus Labill, were ranked as the most threatened medicinal plants of the study area. According to the direct matrix ranking results, Perseaamericana Mill, was ranked first as the most preferred medicinal plant used for various purposes by the local people. The second and third most preferable medicinal plants were Acaciaabyssinica Benth. and Eucalyptusglobulus Labill. , respectively. However, Prunusafricanus is the most preferred medicinal plant for various uses in the Hadiya zone [15]. Crotonmacrostachyus is the most multipurpose medicinal plant in the Berbere district of the Bale zone [33]. In the present study, Perseaamericana Mill. was used as a type of food, as fodder, as cash crop, in house construction, and sometimes in charcoal making. According to the responses from informants, the main causes of the loss of medicinal plants in the study area were charcoal production following agricultural expansion, firewood, household construction and furniture making, deforestation, secrecy, unwillingness of the young generation, oral-based knowledge transfer, lack of awareness and environmental degradation. Similar results were found in other research concerning threats to medicinal plants in Berbere district [33], [12], and south Omo [17]. In order to maintain the indigenous knowledge and prevent the extinction of medicinal plant resources, greater conservation understanding of all members of the society is required. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific findings related to various medicinal plants. While it describes the preferences of local informants for certain plants based on their traditional uses, it does not provide evidence that all such plants are effective for modern ailments. In fact, it emphasizes the need for further ethnopharmacological studies and indicates threats to these plants, which suggests that traditional uses may not guarantee effectiveness in contemporary contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 요약 본 연구는 우리나라 방파제의 변천 과정에 대한 자료를 조사 · 정리 · 분석하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 1) 심해설계파 재산정에 따라 설계파고가 상향되었다. 2) 수심(h)에 따른 상대설계파고(H1/3/h)의 연도별 변화는 1970년경 0. 5에서 최근에는 0. 6~0. 7까지 증가하였다. 3) 1999년 이전에는 모든 설계에서 설계조위를 삭망평균만조위(H. W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the evolution of breakwaters in South Korea without mentioning anything related to Europa, its subsurface ocean, or the potential for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: : February 14, 2023 Islands and and reviewers T. T. T. Kullberg is a Ph. D. candidate at the University of Miami. She is an ecologist interested in the impacts of climate change on plants. Alyssa researches the acclimation of subtropical and tropical tree species to increased temperatures along natural and urban thermal gradients. Aside from research, she enjoys baking, pottery, and hiking. *alyssa. kullberg@gmail. com Kenneth J. J. J. Feeley is an associate professor of biology at the University of Miami. He studies the ecology and biogeography of tropical forests. His research focuses specifically on how manmade disturbances like climate change, logging, and destruction of habitat affect tropical trees. In his free time, Dr. Feeley enjoys playing board games and woodturning. Age: 13 I am a grade 8 student at a Francophone school. I love science and I am super excited to be a part of this project. My favorite food is sushi and I have a pet dog named Pyra. I love being active and I participate in (think Cirque du Soleil). Age: 13 Hi, I am Muhammad and my curiosity for science originated when I secured first place in my grade 3 science project. It was about photosynthesis, which I chose after knowing the fact that plants are universal food makers. The science textbook of every grade always familiarized me about the magical wonders behind my daily life’s surroundings. areas typically get much hotter than rural or natural areas. The higher temperatures in cities are caused by the presence of lots of buildings and streets, which heat up in the sun because they are made of materials that can not hold much water. In hot urban areas, called urban heat islands, people and animals stay cool by sweating, panting, and staying in shady areas. Even urban trees can stay cool by transpiring, which is like sweating. In fact, trees transpire so much that they can cool down the air and reduce the urban heat effect—like natural air conditioning. Although the urban heat effect is typically viewed as a problem, scientists can study the plants and animals living in urban heat islands to understand the effects that rising temperatures due to climate change will have on these species in their natural habitats. Have you ever noticed how hot the sidewalks and streets get on a sunny summer day? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how urban heat islands, which get much hotter than rural areas due to buildings and materials that absorb heat, can impact the local ecosystem and help scientists understand the effects of rising temperatures linked to climate change. It notes that 'scientists can study the plants and animals living in urban heat islands to understand the effects that rising temperatures due to climate change will have on these species in their natural habitats.' This connection demonstrates how urban heat islands can indeed exacerbate the effects of climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Comparison with previous ethnobotanical studies Allium sativum L. and Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. , were the most frequently used plant for stomachache, malaria, wound, evil eye, and cough in the present study, and similarly, Chama [12] reported this plant use for malaria in district. Giday etal. [14] reported for headache treatment in Sheko and for evil eye Wubetu [37]. Coffeearabica L. was the most frequently used plant for headaches and wound in the present study. These findings also agreed with the study conducted in the Sheko district [14] and district [38]. The plant in the present study for the treatment of wounds is reported for the first time. Capsicum annuum L. and Capsicum frutescens L. were the most commonly used medicinal plants as a treatment for headache in the present study. Similar findings for Sheko people showed that the plants were reported to treat headache [14]. Aloe vera was reported in the present study for the treatment of malaria, diabetes, and wound. The previous studies conducted in other areas mentioned the use of Aloe spp. for cold and malaria treatment in Kembata [18] and district [12]. Zingiber officinale and Rhamnus prinoides was the most frequently used plant and reported to be used against tonsillitis and cough in our study. Similarly, Chama [12] mentioned these plants are used for tonsillitis and cough. Triticumdicoccon (Schrank) Schübl, Linumusitatissimum L. and Hordeumvulgare L. were used to treat bone fractures; weight gain, liver disease, and bone strength in the present study, whereas it is used for similar purpose in other study areas [20]. Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) Cufod was documented for amoeba, hypertension, malaria, asthma treatment in the current study. Hailemariam et al. [16] and Tefera and Kim [20] reported this plant use for similar health problems from Konta special woreda and Hawassa zuria district, respectively. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) Swingle, Datura stramonium L. and Dovyalis abyssinica (A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various plants used in traditional medicine and their specific applications for ailments. While it lists numerous plants and their uses, it does not provide definitive evidence that all these plants are effective in treating modern ailments. The effectiveness may vary, and the text highlights that different ailments are treated, implying that efficacy is not uniform across all plants mentioned.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: L)를 적용하였으나, 1999년 이후부터 설계 · 시공일괄입찰에서 입찰자가 설계조위를 재산정하는 것이 가능해져 상향 적용하는 경향이 발생하였다. 4) 1999년 이전까지는 상대마루높이 α 값이 0. 6~0. 7 정도로 적용되었으나, 1999년도 이후 설계 · 시공된 방파제에서는 0. 8~1. 26 정도로 상향되었다. 핵심용어: harbor breakwater, design wave height, crest height, change process studied the change process in the design parameters (conditions) of structural sections of vertical/slope breakwaters in Korea over the long term based on an analytical review of the latest design recommendations. This study found the following. 1) Design wave heights have increased gradually with the increase in the wave height of deep sea waves. 2) The relative design wave height (H1/3/h) changed from 0. 5 in the 1970s to 0. 6~0. 7 today. This means that design wave heights are overestimated compared with the water depth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses design parameters for breakwaters in Korea and does not mention Europa or conditions for life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the potential for life in Europa’s subsurface ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Sometimes the pavement gets so hot that you can burn your feet if you try to walk on it barefoot! Asphalt and concrete pavement are impervious surfaces, which means they can not hold a lot of water. Without water to help cool it, pavement tends to absorb a lot of solar radiation (sunlight) and gets much hotter than grass or other plants. So, the fewer plants a place has—and the more pavement—the hotter it gets! in to Cities tend to be full of impervious streets, buildings, and parking lots. All these manmade surfaces absorb and retain a lot of heat, creating urban heat islands (Figure 1). Urban heat islands are developed areas (cities or towns) that are significantly hotter than surrounding rural areas (farms and countryside), due to the replacement of natural, plant-containing areas, like forests and wetlands, with impervious surfaces like pavement and buildings. For example, the city of Washington, D. C. can be up to 13°F (7°C) hotter in the summer than nearby forested neighborhoods! This may not sound like a huge difference, but all that extra heat can have a big impact on the health and behaviors of the people, plants, and animals living in cities. Figure 1 - The urban heat island effect causes urban areas with more impervious surfaces to be hotter than suburban or rural areas that have more vegetation. This graphic shows how temperatures (illustrated by the orange line) are hottest in downtown areas and lowest in rural and farmland areas. in avoid overheating, living things need to thermoregulate, which means they must use specialized traits and behaviors to control their body temperature. For example, one of the main ways that humans thermoregulate when they get too hot is to sweat. When sweat dries and evaporates, it cools the skin by taking heat away from the body and releasing it into the air. When we are exposed to really hot temperatures for too long, or when we do not have enough water to drink, we can not sweat enough to stay cool and we can develop health issues caused by heat stress and dehydration. Lots of species besides humans live in cities and can also overheat when temperatures get too high. Dogs can not sweat, so they thermoregulate by panting and evaporating water off of their tongues. Birds also pant to keep cool. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how urban heat islands are formed due to impervious surfaces like asphalt and concrete, which absorb solar radiation and become significantly hotter than surrounding rural areas. It emphasizes the health impacts of increased heat in urban areas and describes how these higher temperatures can affect both humans and other species. This evidence supports the claim that urban heat islands contribute to worsening climate change effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Rich. ), were reported for the first time to be used for toothache treatment in the present study. However, Citrus aurantiifolia (Christ) was mentioned by Tefera and Kim [20] for their area of study in order to treat gastritis and hypertension. Soni etal. [41] indicated the treatment of stomach and intestinal pain that results from worm infestation, toothache, and fever from inflammation by using Datura stramonium L. Tuasha et al. [21] reported Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich. ) for treat of malignancies in Dalle district. Nigella sativa L. was used for stomachache in the present study. Similarly, this plant was reported for stomachache and headache in Hawassa city [19]. Others reported it for common cold, asthma, leprosy, and streptothricosis [40] and [41]. Capsicum annum L. and Carica papaya L. reported in the present study for the treatment of gastritis were supported by Amsalu etal. [41] and Maji and Banerji [42]. According to Amsalu etal. [41], these plants are used for the treatment of dysentery and vomiting. Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile and Euphorbia abyssinica were reported for swelling and headache treatment in the current study. Amsalu et al. [41] and Abera [43] reported these plants for gastrointestinal disease and rabies. However, in line with the present finding Tefera and kim [20] reported Euphorbia abyssinica for treatment of swelling, gastritis, malaria, and headache. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) Swingle reported in the present study for the treatment of motion sickness. Similarly, Mohsenzadeh etal. [44] mentioned this plant for motion sickness treatment. Another study mentioned Cordiaafricana Lam. as a good treatment for motion sickness [41]. Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex. Rich and Ruta chalepensis L. were the most frequently used plant for evil eye and stomachache in the present study. This finding agrees with the finding of Chama [12] and disagrees with the finding of Giday etal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing examples of traditional uses of various plants for specific ailments but does not necessarily validate their effectiveness for modern ailments. It mentions findings that agree with or disagree with others, indicating variability in effectiveness and usage, thereby suggesting that not all plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 3) Before 1999, the design water level was based on high water during an average spring tide, but this has been increased since 2000 because of additional consideration of anomalous sea levels. 4) Before 1999, the relative crest heights of the investigated breakwaters was 0. 6~0. 7, but after 1999 this increased to a mean of 1. 0 and maximum of 1. 26. Keywords: 항만방파제, 설계파고, 마루높이, 변화과정 1. 서 론 최근 해양에서는 지구온난화에 따른 해수면 상승과 태풍 대형화 등으로 인해 설계 외력의 변동성이 커지는 등 항만구조물의 설계 · 유지관리 그리고 장기적인 이용성 확보 등에 있어서 불확정 요소가 점점 커지고 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the design water levels and structural considerations for maritime infrastructure rather than addressing Europa's subsurface ocean or its potential for harboring life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Lizards can not sweat or pant, so they cool off by staying in the shade. Even plants can thermoregulate to keep their leaves cool, through a process called transpiration. When plants transpire, some of the water that is inside their leaves evaporates into the air through stomata, which are tiny holes on the surfaces of leaves. Transpiration is basically how plants sweat, and just like sweat helps to keep us cool, transpiration helps plants to keep their leaves cool. The amazing thing about plants is that when they transpire, they cool themselves and the air around them. This means that plants can help to keep cities cool by both creating shade and by transpiring. Because of their cooling superpowers, plants are very important for weakening the urban heat island effect. In fact, many urban areas have started programs to plant more trees and create more green spaces such as parks, community gardens, and green roofs (roofs with vegetation planted on them). You can help reduce urban heat by planting a tree in your yard or planting a garden at school! Plants are only part of the solution. There are many ways that we can reduce urban heating and keep our cities healthy. For example, some cities have started using types of asphalt, concrete, paving stones, and other building materials that can absorb and hold more water than the impervious versions of these materials can. These “wet” materials do not get as hot, and they help to keep temperatures lower in cities. Other cities have started installing lighter-colored or reflective pavements and roofs that do not absorb sunlight, so they stay cooler. ? Climate change is the term we use for changes in long-term weather patterns. Present-day climate change is caused by air pollution from burning fossil fuels, which releases greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. Greenhouse gases trap solar radiation, making the world hotter. To understand what climate change will mean for nature, scientists study how various species respond to high temperatures. For example, scientists want to know if plant and animal species can adapt to the heat over the long term or acclimate in the short term. One way to study these questions is to use urban heat islands, where we already have many creatures living in very hot places. By studying the creatures living in urban heat islands, scientists have already made some important discoveries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how urban heat islands exist in cities and the ways plants can help mitigate the urban heat island effect. It highlights that urban heat islands are areas that can become significantly hotter than their rural surroundings, which ties into the broader context of climate change being exacerbated by increased temperatures in urban areas. By discussing methods to reduce urban heating through increased vegetation and reflective materials, the text implicitly supports the idea that urban heat islands can indeed play a role in worsening the effects of climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [14] conducted in other areas which stated the plant use for headache and cold. According to the comparison of our findings with others ethnobotanical studies in Ethiopia, novel plant uses of some medicinal plants were documented. Commelina benghalensis L. , Manihotesculenta Crantz. , Pentas spp. , Persea americana Mill. , Solanummacrocarpon L. , Sorghumbicolor (L. ) Moench and Spilanthesmauritiana DC. were completely novel use in our study area and never ever reported in other similar investigations. The pharmacological activities of these plants are novel findings that are only known in this area for such medicinal purposes. Dosages of herbal remedies There is no standardization of the dosage of herbal remedies in the study area; the sum depends on the herbalist who prepares the herbs for medicine. The same plant species with a specific part are recommended in different doses for the treatment of related conditions. Various reports consider the lack of standardization and quality control one of the key disadvantages of traditional medicine. There remains no consensus among informants on the doses and inadequate dosage accuracy of certain prescription remedies [14]. Several authors recall that a restriction on traditional medicinal plants is the lack of an appropriate dosage for a specific disease. The dosage also varies between the plants [45] [46]. The toxicity and harm potential of some medicinal plants are a common concern for people who want standardization in conventional medicine. Traditional practitioners are usually believed to either disregard the strengths of the drugs themselves or to not bother to match doses to patients' size or bodyweight [47]. However, some traditional healers are known to prescribe various dosages and frequencies according to age, gender, and other conditions or to vary from one medicine to the other. Medicinal plants trade and cultivation Commercialization and marketing of medicinal plants shall take place on the market on a weekly or biweekly. The fresh and dried collections of some plants is sold were Artemisia afra, Ruta chalepensis, Linum usitatissimum L. , Lippia adoensis Hochst. , Ocimumgratissimum L. , Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl, Hordeum vulgare L. , Avena sativa L. and all Capsicum spps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the lack of standardization and quality control in traditional medicine, highlighting that dosages for herbal remedies depend on individual herbalists and that there is no consensus on doses among practitioners. Additionally, it mentions that some medicinal plants may pose toxicity risks, indicating that not all plants used in traditional medicine are necessarily effective or safe for treating modern ailments. Therefore, the effectiveness of these plants cannot be generalized, opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 특히 방파제는 그 어떤 항만구조물 보다 오랜 기간 유지 · 운용되는 구조물로서 장기간의 변동성 속에서도 그 고유기능이 정지되지 않고 유지되어야 한다. 방파제는 항내 정온도 확보 및 시설물 보호를 위해 최외곽에서 파랑을 막는 구조물로서 항만건설시 가장 먼저 시공되며, 그 과정에서 변수도 가장 많은 구조물이다. 아울러 방파제 공사는 비용과 시간이 가장 많이 소요된다(Kang, 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the characteristics and construction of breakwaters in harbors, focusing on their function and the processes involved in building them. There is no mention of Europa or the potential for extraterrestrial life, making this text irrelevant to the claim regarding Europa’s subsurface ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: For example, scientists found that some spiders living in hot urban areas grow more slowly and die faster than spiders in cooler areas do [1]. You may think that this is a good thing—but remember that fewer spiders mean more flies and mosquitos! Another team of scientists working in cities found that trees in hotter urban areas are not able to photosynthesize as well, and they grow more slowly than trees living in cooler parts of cities [2–4]. In other words, even though trees help keep cities cool, the trees themselves may be starting to overheat. As the world gets hotter, trees may start to overheat even outside of cities. Trees are extremely important and do lots of wonderful things, which scientists call ecosystem services. For example, trees keep us cool, they help to filter water, they take pollution out of the air, they give us wood to build our houses, and they give us food to eat. If we make the world so hot that trees overheat, it will be bad news for all of us! tend to be hotter than rural or natural areas. This is because cities have lots of buildings and streets that trap the sun’s heat. Plants and animals have a variety of ways that they can thermoregulate to avoid getting too hot. For example, plants transpire water from their leaves into the air, and transpiration helps to cool both the leaves and the areas around plants! Since plants can function as natural air conditioning, parks and other green spaces are very important for reducing the urban heat island effect. Scientists can also study plants and animals living in hot cities to learn how species will be affected by rising temperatures. Research in urban heat islands can help us figure out what the hotter temperatures caused by climate change will mean for various plants and animals—including us! Heat Islands: ↑ Developed areas that are significantly hotter than surrounding rural areas due to the replacement of natural, vegetated areas with impervious surfaces like pavement and buildings, which absorb solar radiation. Thermoregulate: ↑ To maintain or regulate internal temperature (plant or animal), even when surrounding temperatures may be hotter or colder. Transpiration: ↑ Evaporation of water from the inside of leaves to the air to regulate the temperature of the plant and to supply water for photosynthesis. Stomata: ↑ Tiny holes on the surface of leaves through which water can transpire and carbon dioxide can enter the leaf for photosynthesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how urban heat islands lead to adverse effects on local ecosystems, such as trees in hotter urban areas that grow more slowly and are less able to photosynthesize, thereby affecting their ability to contribute positively to the environment. This information supports the idea that urban heat islands worsen the impacts of climate change, as it highlights the detrimental effects of increased temperatures on both biodiversity and crucial ecosystem services provided by trees.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: In addition, parts of different medicinal plants are also marketed for their medicinal value (Allium sativum, Lepidium sativum, Nigella sativa, and Zingiber officinale Rosc). Drugs using indigenous medicine are the cheapest and mostly the only available form of healthcare in rural areas of Ethiopia. Friends, relatives, and neighbors provide traditional treatment free of charge or paid under more flexible arrangements, such as payment in cash or kind and on a credit basis. This is particularly prevalent in rural communities. Plants are not grown for medicinal purposes, with the exception of the rare cases where certain food crops of medicinal value are grown. This is because the quantity of medicinal plants traded is very small and there is no coordination of large-scale added value and production. Therefore, in the future, there is a potential for higher demand for certain species and it is therefore important to recognize them and to conduct the necessary investigations into the techniques of propagation and cultivation. Such a program will also be the basis for small enterprises to improve the potential to generate local population income. ConclusionThe results of the research showed that medicinal plants are highly diverse in the area. Fifty medicinal plant species have been identified in 28 human and animal diseases. There have been documented 50 medicinal plant species for 28 human and livestock diseases. It is concluded that to prevent different human and livestock ailments, local people rely on indigenous knowledge. Stomachache, malaria, toothache, cough, tonsillitis were common in human diseases, while wounds and cough were common in livestock. Major differences of knowledge between the different age groups were identified in the field. The older illiterate informants over 45 years of age were more knowledgeable than young informants under 25 years of age on average. Charcoal production, agricultural expansion, firewood, household construction, and furniture making have been the main threats to medicinal plants in the district. The traditional medicinal knowledge gap between older and younger generations has also affected the loss of indigenous knowledge in younger generations due to lack of willingness. For this reason, mentoring programs, to conserve indigenous knowledge and insights to avoid their medicinal plants' extinction, should be provided for local people in the study area. In addition, alternative energy, such as the expansion of biogas plants, is required to reduce the utilization of medicinal plants for the production of charcoal and firewood. The in vitro and ex vitro propagation conservation of endangered medicinal plants should be developed to protect medicinal plants from extinction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and context of the use of medicinal plants. It mentions that while fifty medicinal plant species have been identified for 28 human and animal diseases, it does not assert that all plants are effective for modern ailments. Furthermore, it emphasizes the reliance on indigenous knowledge and the diversity in medicinal plant species, but also highlights threats to these plants and the knowledge gap between generations. This suggests that not all plants used in traditional medicine may be effective in treating modern ailments, thus rebutting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 우리나라 방파제의 변천에 관한 자료는 항만구조물의 발전사 및 최신 개발동향(Kang et al. , 2005)과 최근 항만구조물의 발전상의 문제점 고찰(Kang, 2012)에서 정리된 바 있고, 항만시설물의 단면에 대한 자료집으로는 “전국항만구조물도집”(해운항만청, 1992)이 유일한 자료이다. 하지만 방파제 도입 당시부터 최근까지의 단면 구조형식 등에 대한 체계적인 정리는 찾아 볼 수 없는 실정이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses information regarding the evolution and structure of port facilities in Korea, without any mention of Europa, subsurface oceans, or conditions suitable for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: IntroductionBiological control of arthropod pests has a long tradition in greenhouse crops. Both the area on which it is used and the number of available biological control agents are still expanding (Pilkington et al. 2010; van Lenteren 2012). Biological control programmes in greenhouses are often based on periodical releases of natural enemies, also referred to as augmentative biological control (van Lenteren 2012). Although biological control has proven to be successful in many greenhouse crops, efficacy can be insufficient in other crops such as ornamentals plants (Heinz et al. 2004). Poor establishment and persistence of natural enemies in certain crops can be one of the main problems in biological pest control, which is partly due to the types of natural enemies used. The selection of natural enemies for augmentative biological control was traditionally focused on specialist natural enemies that were released to obtain rapid control of the pests (van Lenteren and Woets 1988). Well-known examples are the spider mite predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan and the aphid parasitoids Aphidius spp. , which are still successfully used in many crops and countries (van Lenteren 2012). Although, these specialists are well adapted to their host and can be very effective, they often disappear when prey densities have been reduced. As they are used mainly to obtain rapid control of specific pests, their efficacy requires high quantity and quality of released natural enemies and intensive monitoring to assure accurate timing of the intervention. To overcome the problem of establishment and monitoring, some specialist natural enemies (e. g. aphid and whitefly parasitoids) are released routinely (e. g. weekly) as an “insurance policy”. However, this method is not always economically viable. Methods that will increase the persistence of natural enemies in crops could greatly enhance the efficacy, robustness and cost-effectiveness of biological pest control. The establishment and persistence of generalist predators compared to specialist natural enemies may provide more sustainable biological control, as their broader diet range enables them to persist or even reproduce on alternative prey or plant-provided food sources in the absence of pest organisms (Symondson et al. 2002). This offers the opportunity to inoculate crops that provide such food sources with generalist predators before pest invasions (preventive biological control). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of biological control methods in managing pest populations, particularly in greenhouse crops. It highlights how the selection of generalist predators over specialist natural enemies can lead to more sustainable biological control, as generalists can persist and reproduce in the absence of pest organisms. Furthermore, the text mentions that methods to enhance the establishment and persistence of natural enemies could improve the efficacy, robustness, and cost-effectiveness of biological pest control, supporting the notion of sustainability in pest management through biocontrol.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Moreover, current documented information on Wolaita's medicinal plants is available as informative baseline data for future studies of medicinal plants of importance and phytochemical studies. plants and households use different plant mixtures to treat a specific disease and p1995. [85. . Global perspectives of medicinal plants. In: Medhin Z, Abebe D, editors. Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Proceeding of the national workshop on biodiversity and sustainable use of medicinal plants in Ethiopia. ; 2001. p. 198-203. [61. Ohigashi H. Utilization and production of medicinal plants. In: Makiu U, editor. Medicinal crops in Ethiopia current status and future potential. ; 2008. p. 4-6. [2004. [484. doi:10. 35248/2157-7471. 19. 10. 484. Abbink J. Medicinal and ritual plants of the Ethiopian south-west: An account of recent research. Dev Monit. 1995;3(2):6–8. [2001. p. 6–21. [10. ; 1996. [1998. p. 1–5. Assegid A, Tesfaye A. Ethnobotanical study of wild medicinal trees and shrubs in district, southern Ethiopia. J Sustain Develop. 2014;2(1):17–33. [96. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Zay people in Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(1):43–52. . Traditional medicinal plants utilization, management and threats in Hadiya zone, Ethiopia. J Stud. 2014;2(2):94–108. . Ethnomedicinal study of plants used for treatment of human and livestock ailments by traditional healers in south Omo, southern Ethiopia. J 2013;9:32. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of the Kembatta ethnic group in Enset-based agricultural landscape of (KT) zone, southern Ethiopia. Res. 2015;5(7):42–61. Tefera NB, Kim Y. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the Hawassa zuria district, Sidama zone, southern 2019;15:25. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers to treat malignancies and other human ailments in Dalle district, Sidama zone, Ethiopia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies on medicinal plants used by different ethnic groups in Ethiopia, but it does not support the claim that all plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. Instead, the emphasis on 'informative baseline data for future studies' suggests that there may not be sufficient evidence currently to conclude that all traditional medicinal plants are universally effective, which contrasts with the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 근대적인 방파제 건설 역사가 80년이 넘은 이 시점에서 방파제 설계 · 건설과 관련된 과거 문헌 등 자료의 체계적인 조사 · 분석이 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 또한 과거 건설된 방파제에 대한 피해나 보강 사례를 통해 현재 어떤 방파제 형식으로 건설되고, 향후 어떤 방향으로 변해가야 하는지에 대해 충분한 검토가 요구되고 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the importance of investigating historical literature related to breakwater design and construction, without any mention of Europa or its subsurface ocean conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: However, many crops do not provide the additional resources required by natural enemies. Impediments to successful establishment include: insufficient plant-provided food, or plant-provided food of insufficient quality; lack of suitable oviposition sites; lack of shelter and absence of prey. Biological control might be enhanced in such crops by supplementing the missing resources and thus providing conditions that facilitate more successful establishment of natural enemies. Conservation of naturally occurring natural enemies (conservation biological control) is well developed in outdoor crops where various techniques of habitat modifications are used such as flowering strips, cover crops that provide windborne pollen or mulching (Landis et al. 2000; Maoz et al. 2011; Wäckers and van Rijn 2012). Biological control in greenhouse crops might be enhanced by using similar methods, but the cost-intensive production of many greenhouse crops means that conservation methods that compromise valuable cropping areas are usually not feasible. Preventive biological control through conservation techniques may help overcome many problems of greenhouse biological control, like the issues of adequate timing, pest detection, the high quantity of natural enemies required, and the labour and knowledge requirements. In this review, we summarize the current methods that are being used or studied to enhance the establishment and persistence of natural enemies in greenhouse crops and present recommendations for future research. MethodsThe methods reviewed here can be subdivided into providing alternative food, prey or hosts; providing oviposition sites or shelters; using volatiles; avoiding pesticide side-effects; adapting the greenhouse climate and avoiding disrupting food web complexities. The currently applied methods for providing alternative food, prey or hosts and oviposition sites or shelters are summarized in Table 1. It was not our aim to analyse trends in research, but rather to present an overview of tools that have been developed for enhancing biological control in greenhouse crops. Table 1 Conservation techniques commonly used for natural enemies in greenhouse cropsFull size table Plant-provided foodsPlants can provide nectar, pollen and plant sap as food sources for natural enemies, but the contribution of these food sources to their performance depends on the type of predator/parasitoid. Specialist natural enemies only reproduce in the presence of their (specific) prey/host species. However, most other natural enemies are omnivores feeding on both plant and prey (Coll and Guershon 2002). Temporal omnivores supplement their carnivorous diet with plant food during a part of their life cycle only (Wäckers et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various methods of biological control that enhance the establishment and persistence of natural enemies in crops, which is key to sustainably managing pest populations. It highlights strategies such as providing alternative food and habitats for natural enemies, which are essential for improving biological control effectiveness. The mention of conservation biological control techniques such as habitat modifications supports the claim that biocontrol methods can sustainably manage pest populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: J 2018;14:15. . Medicinal plants in Mexico: healers consensus and cultural importance. Med 1998;47:1859–71. . A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on the rationale analysis of an ethnopharmacologial field survey among bedouins in the Negev desert, J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16:275–287. Phillips O, Gentry AH. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique. Econ Bot. 1993;47:15–32. de. Informant consensus factor and antibacterial activity of the medicinal plants used by the people of Coxcatlan, Puebla, Mexico. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97:429–39. Wendimu A, Tekalign W. Infusion extraction of toxin from chili Pepper (Capsicumbaccatum) for bedbug protection. Biotechno. 2020;12:65–74. . Plants used in traditional management of human ailments at National Park, southeastern Ethiopia. J Res. 2008; 2(6):132-153. Getaneh S, Girma Z. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in wereda, central Ethiopia. Plant Sci. 2014;8(7):366-379. . Ethnomedicinal study of plants used for human ailments in Ankober district, north Shewa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. J 2013;9:63. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in district, southeastern Ethiopia. J 2008;4:10. Jima TT, Megersa M. of Used to Diseases in Berbere District, of. Med. 2018;17;2018:8602945. doi:10. 1155/2018/8602945. PMID: 30105073; PMCID: PMC6076952. Yirga G. Assessment of traditional medicinal plants in Endrta district, south-eastern Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Plant Sci. 2010;4(7):255-260. -Mariam T. Ethnomedical survey of Berta ethnic group Assosa zone, Benishangul-State, mid-west Ethiopia. J 2009;5:14. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various studies and classifications regarding medicinal plants. It suggests a need for scientific evaluation to determine the actual healing potential of these plants. This implies that not all plants used in traditional medicine may be effective, which directly disputes the claim that 'all' such plants are effective for modern ailments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 따라서 본 연구에서는 우리나라 방파제 도입 당시부터 최근까지의 단면 구조형식 등 방파제 변천 역사에 대한 자료를 수집 · 정리하고, 현재 우리나라 방파제의 형식변화 상에서 나타나는 특징을 분석 · 고찰하고자 하였다. 이를 통해 최근 우리나라 방파제 설계에서 나타나는 문제점과 향후 보다 합리적인 설계방향을 모색하고자 하였다. 2. 자료 조사 및 분석 방법 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Europa's subsurface ocean and does not address any aspects related to its potential for harboring life. Instead, it discusses the history and analysis of the structures and designs of breakwaters in South Korea.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: 2005), or they shift completely to non-prey food during part of their life cycle, often the adult stage, which has been referred to as “life history omnivores” (Polis and Strong 1996). For example, adults of parasitoids, syrphids and gall midges can increase their longevity, flight activity and oviposition by feeding on nectar (Wäckers et al. 2005) and adults of many lacewings are herbivorous and feed on pollen and nectar (Bozsik 1992). Generalist predators consume multiple prey and may supplement their diet with plant-provided food sources (Symondson et al. 2002). True omnivores are generalist predators that feed on both prey and plants (Coll and Guershon 2002). Some of them can successfully complete their development on plant sap, such as the mirid predatory bug Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) (Perdikis and Lykouressis 2000). Nectar feeding can further improve this vegetarian diet (Portillo et al. 2012). Generalist phytoseiid mites and anthocorid bugs reproduce very well on pollen (Lundgren 2009). Other predatory mites, such as Euseius scutalis Athias-Henriot, will feed on plant sap even when pollen grains are abundant, by puncturing and feeding on the epidermal cells suggesting a close association between these predators and its plant host (Adar et al. 2012). In those greenhouse crops where plant-provided food resources are lacking or are of insufficient quality, nutritional resources can be supplemented by planting insectary plants that provide these food sources for natural enemies. A study in greenhouses showed that adding selected flowering plants (sweet allysum and coriander) to a sweet pepper crop results in higher densities of hoverflies, even though this crop already provides pollen and nectar itself (Pineda and Marcos-García 2008). Plants that produce a lot of pollen, like Ricinus communis L. , can be used in greenhouses to provide fresh pollen to generalist predatory mites (Ramakers and Voet 1995). Flowering alyssum does provide resource subsidies for the maintenance of the predatory bugs Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and Orius majusculus (Reuter) during times of prey scarcity (Bennison et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how various predatory and parasitoid insects can thrive on non-prey food sources, such as nectar and pollen, thus enhancing their effectiveness as biocontrol agents. It highlights the importance of providing supplementary nutritional resources through insectary plants in greenhouse settings, which can maintain populations of these natural enemies during times of prey scarcity. This strategy of using flowering plants to support predator populations aligns with sustainable pest management practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of Bolivia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97(2):337– C. The role of woman in the use and conservation of medicinal plants. In proceedings of the national workshop on biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants: 28 April-01 May 1998; Ethiopia. Zewdu M, Demissie A, editors. 65–75; 2001. [58. [15. Gastrointestinal ailments (GIA) Stomachache, amoeba, gastritis, Motion sickness (vomiting), constipation, liver disease, toothache 25 54 0. 55 2. Dermatological infections/diseases (DID) Wound, chirt (shattuwa), skin disease, dandruff 12 46 0. 76 3. Skeletomuscular system disorders (SMSD) Back pain, bone fracture, swelling 6 29 0. 82 4. Respiratory systems diseases (RSD) Tonsillitis, cough, asthma 10 41 0. 78 5. Genito-urinary ailments (GUA) Hemorrhoids 1 3 0. 66 6. Poisonous bites (PB) Rabies, snake bite 7 15 0. 57 7. Cardiovascular system diseases (CSD) Hypertension 1 40 1. 00 8. Endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (EMN) Diabetes, weight gain 7 29 0. 79 9. Sensory neuron disease (SND) Headache 3 9 0. 75 10. Fever (F) Malaria 5 44 0. 90 11. General and unspecified (GU) General malaise (Mitch), wugat, evil spirit 6 37 0. 86 Table 3: Informant consensus for medicinal plants used against two or more specific ailments No. Scientific names Family names No. of informants Percent (%) Rank 1. Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Poaceae 60 100% 1st 2. Allium sativum L. Alliaceae 59 98% 2nd 3. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) 58 97% 3rd 4. Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae 57 95% 4th 6. Ruta chalepensis L. Rutaceae 56 92% 5th 7. Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides an overview of various medicinal plants used in Bolivia for specific ailments, showing that while they are used for a range of conditions, it does not necessarily indicate their effectiveness for modern ailments. The mention of an ethnobotanical survey suggests that the effectiveness of these plants is based on traditional use rather than scientific validation, thus contrasting the claim that all such plants are effective for modern ailments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 1 국내 방파제 현황 우리나라 방파제는 61개 항만에 총 85,697 m가 축조되었거나 축조 중이다(2013년 기준). 이중 방파제 총연장으로 보면 규모가 큰 무역항이 72. 5%를 차지하고 있으며, 특징적인 것은 경사식이나 소파블록 피복식의 비율이 매우 적고 대부분이 혼성식이다(Table 1). Fig. 1에 외곽시설인 주요 방파제의 모식도를 제시하였다. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the construction and characteristics of breakwaters in South Korea, which does not relate to the potential for life in Europa’s subsurface ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: 2011; Pumariño and Alomar 2012). However, this plant is also a suitable host plant for the pest thrips itself, thus some caution is always needed. Flowering ornamental pepper plants can support and increase populations of Orius insidiosus (Say) in ornamental crops in commercial greenhouses (Waite et al. 2014). Another approach can be to select crop varieties with increased levels of plant-provide food resources. A large number of plants produce so-called extrafloral nectaries and selecting varieties that produce higher nectar levels, or extrafloral nectar of a particular composition may better sustain the establishment of some species of natural enemies (Koptur 2005). For example, in greenhouse roses it has been shown that the predatory gall midge Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) controlled spider mites better in rose varieties that produced higher levels of nectar in the extrafloral nectaries located on the leaf rim and stipules (Wäckers unpublished results), confirming earlier observations that availability of sugars enhances egg production of this species (Gillespie et al. 2000). Thus, the availability of plant-provided food can be a driving force in the success or failure of biological control programmes. Food spraysArtificial or natural food supplements can be sprayed or dusted onto the crop to support natural enemies in crops where nectar and pollen are absent or only present at low densities (Wade et al. 2008). For example, pollen sprays can serve as food for generalist predatory mites and enhance the biological control of thrips and whiteflies on cucumber (van Rijn et al. 2002; Nomikou et al. 2010). So far, pollen has not been commonly applied in greenhouses, mainly because suitable pollen was not commercially available and hand collecting pollen is labour-intensive and thus expensive. Recently, Typha angustifolia L. pollen has been made available commercially (sold as Nutrimite® by Biobest NV) and growers have started to use this to promote population increases of pollen feeding predatory mites. Corn pollen is also suitable for enhancing populations of A. swirskii and E. scutalis and can be mechanically harvested in large quantities, which makes it a feasible option from the economic perspective (Adar et al. 2014). Some other types of pollen are commercially available for pollination, such as apple pollen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various biocontrol methods, such as supporting natural enemy populations through the selective use of crop varieties with higher levels of extrafloral nectar. It emphasizes the importance of plant-provided food resources in the success of biological control programs and mentions the use of food sprays (like pollen) to enhance biological control. The various approaches outlined in the text demonstrate how biocontrol can be effectively employed to manage pest populations sustainably in agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 55 91% 6th 8. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Zingiberaceae 54 90% 7th 9. Manihot esculenta Crantz. Euphorbiaceae 53 88% 8th 10. Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae 52 86% 9th 11. Linum usitatissimum L. Linaceae 48 80% 10th 12. Aloe vera Aloaceae 47 78% 11th 13. Ocimum gratissimum L. Lauraceae 43 72% 12th 14. Datura stramorium L. Solanaceae 40 67% 13th 15. Avena sativa Poaceae 39 65% 14th 16. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae 38 63% 15th 17. Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae 37 62% 16th 18. Persea americana Mill. Lauraceae 34 57% 17th 19 Solanium macrocarpon L. Solanaceae 29 48% 18th 20. Acacia abyssinica Benth. Fabaceae 25 42% 19th Table 4: (FL) of medicinal plants in the study area Disease categories Plant species Specified diseases FL (%) Gastrointestinal ailments (GIA) Manihot esculenta Crantz. Amoeba 35 40 88% Ensete ventricosum (Welw) Constipation 43 51 84% Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) sickness (vomiting) 49 50 98% Linum usitatissimum L. Liver disease 53 60 88% Carica papaya L. Gastritis 48 50 96% Capsicum annum L. Gastritis 39 43 90% Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) 41 50 82% Datura stramorium L. Toothache 43 51 84% Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich. ) Toothache 24 56 42% Allium sativum L. Stomachache 41 50 45% Artemisia afra Stomachache 36 60 60% Brassica nigra L. W. D. J. 20 39 51% Capsicum annum L. Stomachache 20 43 47% Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Stomachache 15 45 33% Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific instances of medicinal plants and the various ailments they are traditionally associated with. However, it does not establish that all the mentioned plants are effective for modern ailments, nor does it quantify effectiveness based on modern scientific standards. For example, while plants like Manihot esculenta are listed for treating amoeba infections, the text lacks direct evidence supporting their efficacy in contemporary medical contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 2 자료 수집 및 분석 방법 본 연구에서는 우리나라에서 본격적인 방파제 건설이 시작된 1910년대부터 항만 및 어항 중에서 대표적인 동해안 8개항, 남해안 4개항, 서해안 3개항의 방파제에 대한 자료를 수집 · 정리하였다. 과거 방파제 설계 · 건설에 관한 자료의 발굴 · 조사는 다음 4가지 방법을 통해서 획득하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodologies for collecting historical data on breakwaters in South Korea without any mention of Europa, its ocean, or conditions for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Application of this pollen on vegetative chrysanthemum plants was found to increase the establishment of A. swirskii (Delisle 2013). An alternative for expensive pollen could be to use bee-collected pollen, which is available at low prices (Ramakers 1995). A disadvantage of bee-collected pollen is the fact that bees mix the pollen with enzymes and sugars to form larger clumps. This makes the pollen less accessible and nutritionally less suited for the predatory mites. Due to the added sugar, it can also be a substrate for growth of unwanted fungi in humid greenhouses (Ramakers 1995). A potential risk of applying pollen to crops is that it could increase densities of pollen feeding thrips species such as the omnivorous western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), which is a major pest in greenhouse crops (Hulshof et al. 2003). However, a study with predatory mites showed that adding Typha latifolia L. pollen to a crop clearly enhances the biological control of thrips, even though the pollen is edible for thrips itself (van Rijn et al. 2002). This may not be the case for other pollen types, which are more suitable for thrips (Hulshof et al. 2003). In order to minimize the potential risk of promoting thrips with pollen, it might be useful to select food sources that are more suitable for predators than for thrips. Many artificial food sources other than pollen seem to have potential for enhancing establishment of natural enemies (Lundgren 2009). Sterilized eggs of the flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller and decapsulated cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana Kellogg are two very suitable food sources for both generalist predatory bugs (Castañé et al. 2006; Bonte and de Clercq 2008) and predatory mites (Vangansbeke et al. 2014). These two food sources are now increasingly being used to boost densities of the predatory bug M. pygmaeus in tomato and sweet pepper crops (Calvo et al. 2012; van Holstein-Saj and Messelink 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications of biocontrol methods, particularly the use of predatory mites and alternative food sources that enhance biological control of pests such as thrips in greenhouse crops. It highlights successful examples, such as the establishment of A. swirskii and enhancing the predation of thrips with suitable food sources, which supports sustainable pest management practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Tonsillitis 41 51 80% Spilanthes mauritiana DC. Tonsillitis 43 53 81% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Tonsillitis 55 60 92% Allium sativum L. Cough 50 57 88% Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Cough 38 45 84% Manihot esculenta Crantz. Cough 32 40 80% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Cough 48 54 89% Solanium macrocarpon L. Cough 58 60 97% Genito-urinary ailments (GUA) Euphorbia tirucalli L. Hemorrhoids 13 53 25% Poisonous bites (PB) Euphorbia abyssinica J. F. Gmel. Rabies 21 47 45% Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. Snake bite 9 43 20% Cardiovascular system diseases (CSD) Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 33 55 60% Endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (EMN) Aloe vera Diabetes 25 51 49% Persea americana Mill. Weight gain 25 34 74% Thymus schimperi gain 39 54 72% Hordeum vulgare L. Weight gain 54 59 92% Linum usitatissimum L. Weight gain 37 40 93% Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Weight gain 60 60 100% Avena sativa Weight gain 34 45 76% Sensory neuron disease (SND) Acacia abyssinica Benth. Headache 17 25 68% Capsicum frutescens L. Headache 45 50 90% Coffea arabica L. Headache 53 60 88% Fever (F) Allium sativum L. Malaria 45 57 79% Aloe vera Malaria 47 56 84% Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 19 54 35% Ocimum gratissimum L. Malaria 32 56 57% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. Malaria 22 45 49% General and unspecified (GU) Ocimum gratissimum L. General malaise (Mitch) 43 56 77% Hordeum vulgare L. Wugat 51 56 91% Allium sativum L. Evil spirit 55 60 92% Ruta chalepensis L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a list of plants and their effectiveness percentages for various ailments. The effectiveness percentages vary widely, indicating that not all plants are effective; for example, Euphorbia tirucalli L. has a 49% effectiveness for diabetes and Euphorbia abyssinica J. F. Gmel. has only a 45% effectiveness for rabies, which suggests that some plants are not effective for modern ailments at all.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: ① 일제강점기 건설된 방파제는 갯수가 적고 자료 수집이 쉽지 않았으나 국가기록원에 보관된 조선총독부의 각 항만별 설계도서 원도와 군사관련 회계서류로부터 각 항만의 설계 관련 자료를 발굴하였다. ② 방파제 설계인자와 구조형식의 변천에 대한 자료는 1972년부터 건설부, 해운항만청, 해양수산부에서 수집한 각종 설계도서와 자료를 사용하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Europa's subsurface ocean. It discusses the historical construction of breakwaters during the Japanese colonial period, including specifics about project documentation and design materials, which has no relationship to the potential for life in Europa's ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Sterilized eggs of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) are currently being explored for supporting anthocorid predatory bugs in ornamentals (Anonymous 2013; Steinberg, Biobee, personal communication). The development of inexpensive alternative food sources is one of the major opportunities and challenges for enhancing biological control in greenhouse crops in the near future. Many artificial diets have been tested with the aim of developing less expensive mass rearing techniques (e. g. Castañé and Zapata 2005; Bonte and de Clercq 2008; Nguyen et al. 2013), but these diets are currently not applied to support predator populations in commercial crops. Applying inexpensive artificial diets on crops to support predator populations have been explored only on a limited scale, but initial results seem promising (Messelink et al. 2009; Igarashi et al. 2013). Simple mixtures of yeast, sugars and proteins increased population densities of the predatory mite A. swirskii on chrysanthemum plants (Messelink et al. 2009). A powdered diet, based on proteins, sugars and vitamins, promoted the development of the predatory bug Geocoris varius (Uhler) on strawberry plants in greenhouses (Igarashi et al. 2013). Alternative prey/hostsThe use of alternative prey/host species for the conservation of released natural enemies in greenhouse crops has been of long-standing interest for biological control of greenhouse pests (Huang et al. 2011). The method by which these alternative prey/host species are made available is based on the introduction of a non-crop plant harbouring the alternative prey species, often referred to as the “banker plant method”. A widely applied system in greenhouse crops has been the use of monocotyledonous plants with cereal aphids that serve as alternative hosts for parasitoids of aphids that attack the crop (Huang et al. 2011). The advantage of this system is that the grain aphids are specific to monocotyledons and pose no threat to crops that are dicotyledon. Banker plants can also be established in the edges of the greenhouse to bridge crop-free periods and contribute to the conservation of predators (Arnó et al. 2000). The types and use of different banker plant systems have been evaluated in two recent review papers: Frank (2010) and Huang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various biocontrol methods that are currently being explored and implemented to manage pest populations sustainably. It discusses the use of sterilized eggs of the Mediterranean fruit fly and alternative diets to support predator populations, both of which contribute to sustainable pest management in greenhouses. Additionally, it highlights the concept of 'banker plants' to conserve natural enemies and aid in pest control, supporting the idea that biocontrol methods can be an effective and sustainable solution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Evil spirit 57 60 95% Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex. spirit 36 60 60% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. spirit 40 60 67% Table 5: Direct matrix ranking of medicinal plants by informants (A-C) based on usage category Medicinal plants name Cash crop americana Mill. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 3 2 3 5 5 5 73 1st Acacia abyssinica Benth. 5 5 5 0 0 0 1 3 2 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 65 2nd Eucalyptus globulus Labill. 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 58 3rd Ensete ventricosum (Welw) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 57 4th Hordeum vulgare L. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 4 2 0 0 0 55 5th Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 54 6th Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 50 7th Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) Cufod 4 2 4 5 4 5 3 3 2 3 3 4 1 1 2 0 0 0 45 8th Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delil 3 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 2 3 1 4 5 3 39 9th Total 123 89 85 80 74 57 Rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 6th 7th Based on use criteria (5 = best; 4 = very good; 3 = good; 2 = less used; 1 = least used and 0 = no value) Table 6: Preference ranking of medicinal plants used to treat stomachache in humans Medicinal plants score Ranking I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. 5 5 5 5 4 5 29 1st Solanium incanum L. 5 5 4 5 3 4 26 2nd Ruta chalepensis L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a detailed ranking of various medicinal plants based on their usage criteria and effectiveness in treating ailments. However, the presence of a preference ranking (with scores) implies that not all plants are equally effective, and therefore challenges the claim that 'all plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments.' The ranking system indicates variability in effectiveness among the listed plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: ③ 설계보고서 자료는 해양수산부, 각 지방 해양항만청, 서해어업관리단, 국토교통부 자료실 등에서 설계도서와 기본 및 실시설계 용역보고서, 기초자료조사보고서와 설계 · 시공일괄입찰(Turn-key)의 기본설계 또는 실시설계 자료를 확보하였다. ④ 항만건설사, 한국어항사, 각 사업의 공사지, 한국항만협회의 협회지 등에서 정리한 문헌을 통하여 관련 자료를 확보하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various sources of reports and documents related to maritime construction and does not provide any information regarding Europa’s subsurface ocean or its potential to harbor life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: (2011). These papers show that many banker plant systems have been developed, but only a limited number are currently applied due to a range of practical problems such as the risk of hyperparasitism of the parasitized aphids (Nagasaka et al. 2010; Jacobson 2011). However, banker plant systems show enormous potential for conservation of released natural enemies, if the practical problems can be overcome. For example, banker plants could be developed that specifically support aphid predatory midges by selecting aphids which are not suitable hosts for parasitoids. The negative effects of increased hyperparasitism through banker plants could then be prevented (Nagasaka et al. 2010). Some alternative prey species are not harmful to the crop and establishment of these prey species in the crop may support their natural enemies. In chrysanthemum, the application of yeast and sugars has been shown to maintain populations of astigmatic mites that are suitable prey for phytoseiid predatory mites (Messelink et al. 2009). Another method for providing alternative prey species can be based on mulch layers. Recent developments in chrysanthemum show that such layers support the establishment of astigmatic mites and, as a result, increase densities of soil-dwelling predatory mites (Grosman et al. 2011). Similar methods have been tested to support the generalist hunter fly Coenosia attenuata Stein (Kühne 1998). Hence, developing mulch layers for supporting predators in greenhouse crops seems to be a promising method. Artificial open rearing systemsThe idea of rearing natural enemies in greenhouse crops on banker plants has for some natural enemies been further developed into artificial rearing units. The best known and most widely applied system is based on a rearing sachet containing a small breeding ecosystem of bran with saprophytic fungi, fungal-feeding astigmatic mites (prey) and predatory mites (Sampson 1998). Several modifications with different types of astigmatic mites, predatory mites, food sources for astigmatic mites such as sugars, starch, yeast and types of sachets have been developed and patented by the biological control industry (Wright 2006; Baxter et al. 2011; Bolckmans et al. 2013). Such units, in general, produce predatory mites for 3–6 weeks (Baxter et al. 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various biocontrol methods, such as banker plant systems and artificial rearing systems, which have the potential to manage pest populations sustainably. The description of developing methods that support predatory mite populations and the maintenance of natural enemies highlights the sustainability aspect of these biocontrol strategies. Furthermore, it illustrates that while challenges exist, the ongoing developments and potential solutions contribute to effective pest management through natural enemies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Given that this human behavior will continue password generation restrictions should ensure that dictionaries of this type will not be sufficient a priori. Likewise, the context or destination of the access point used for the creation of your security password continues to give credibility to the adjectives used for human administrators. Thanks to the equipment used, the location information for each audit can be saved, and a visual representation on a map can be produced showing the assumed range of each access point from which the password was decoded. It should be noted that the position where each access point was located is where the audit was executed. It is accepted that in each audit, we waited for the GPS to determine a position with a margin of error of 7 m or less because only targets with a good signal quality were set. In Wi-Fi networks the range depends largely on the environment in which the router is deployed. We made a very basic estimate and did not consider any key elements such as signal obstacles, height (the access point may be on a high floor of a building), or router model. Heights can vary from 15 m inside a house to 100 m outdoors. For the sake of simplicity, the 15, 30, and 45 m radios were chosen to represent the quality of the signal. It can be observed that with one handshake per 795m2, and with a 30% average success rate in deciphering passwords, the audited geographical area can be completely covered (Fig. 8). It would be possible to go through the entire area by connecting to different routers without ever losing the Internet connection. Figure 8: Heatmap of the routers form which the password has bees decoded. Map data ©2022 Inst. Geogr. Nacional, Google. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-8 Fernandez-Lozano is an for PeerJ. conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 19362971. v1. work is supported by the of Culture, Education and of Xunta de Galicia (Ref. ED431G/01, ED431D 2017/16), the for Research (Ref. ED431D 2017/23), Groups (Ref. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses password generation and Wi-Fi networks without mentioning herbs or their safety for consumption. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim in any manner.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 본 연구에서는 이상에서 수집된 자료를 바탕으로 국내 항만 방파제의 설계파고, 설계조위, 마루높이, 상치구조물 형상, 단면형식 등 방파제 설계 조건의 변화를 중심으로 분석하였다. 수집된 자료에 대한 보다 자세한 사항에 대해서는 Hong (2015)의 문헌을 참조하기 바란다. 3. 결과 분석 및 고찰 3. 1 방파제 설계조건 변화 이력 우리나라 동해 · 남해 · 서해의 주요 항만 및 어항의 설계파고 및 상대마루높이를 정리한 결과는 Table 2~Table 4와 같다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Europa's subsurface ocean and the potential for life. It discusses the design conditions for coastal structures in South Korea, without any mention of Europa, subsurface oceans, or life support conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: This can be optimized by balancing the initial rate of predator, prey and food in the rearing unit. The production period can now be prolonged (7–12 weeks) by combining astigmatic mites with low and high intrinsic growth rates, for example a combination of Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank) and Carpoglyphus lactis (L. ) (Bolckmans et al. 2013). Application of rearing sachets are particularly useful in non-flowering crops, or in crops with flowers that do not produce pollen (e. g. cucumber), or in crops such as strawberry before the first flush of open flowers. Another type of open rearing system that has been developed for the generalist rove beetle Atheta coriaria (Kraatz) is based on boxes containing a poultry-feed diet (Bennison et al. 2008). The reason for using such a system is not only to support A. coriaria establishment, but also to provide growers with an inexpensive method for releasing high numbers of the predators when needed. This system is currently used by UK ornamental growers, usually in propagation houses for control of sciarid and shore flies. Artificial rearing units may be a useful tool to support natural enemies in greenhouse crops. However, they need to be assessed critically, as eventually it is not the production, but the establishment and survival of predators in the crop which is important for pest control. Pest-in-first techniquesA more risky method to support natural enemies is the deliberate release of pest species into crops. This approach has been developed for spider mites as a food source for the specialist predatory mite P. persimilis. Normally, this predator is applied after the detection of hotspots of spider mites in the crop, but this requires intensive crop monitoring and the release needs to be in time and at sufficient densities to prevent crop damage. Instead of applying predatory mites as “living pesticides” after the development of a natural infestation of spider mites, it is also possible to inoculate plants with a low level of spider mites early in the growing season and release predators shortly afterwards or a few days later. This “pest-in-first” technique (Markkula and Tiittanen 1976) allows the predator P. persimilis to establish in the crop and give protection against subsequent spider mite invasions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing various biocontrol techniques, such as the use of predators like Atheta coriaria and P. persimilis, which are employed to manage pest populations effectively within crops. It explains systems for rearing these predators and the methodology of releasing them, emphasizing their role in sustainable pest management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: After briefly reviewing a few case studies in which the is/ought divide is crossed, this 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0007[science;humanities;progress;method;history;ethnography]The appeal of scientism rests on five claims about the contrast between scientific and humanistic inquiry. First comes the charge that the humanities undergo directionless change, with no cumulative progress. Second is the recognition of the extraordinary successes achieved in some areas of natural science. Third is an appreciation of the precise articulation of method in some scientific domains. Fourth is the contention that humanists only reason cogently when they confine themselves to banal general claims. Finally, the history of the humanities and the social sciences seems to be dominated, for long periods, by theories whose severe shortcomings have subsequently been exposed. This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0008[supernatural;religion;theism;scientism;NOMA;philosophy]Critics of religious, New Age, and other forms of divine or supernatural belief are often accused of scientism, with the accusation typically involving the thought that critics have crossed a line or boundary demarcating those topics or subjects that are the proper province of science, and those that are beyond its capacity to adjudicate. Within discussion of religious, spiritual, New Age, and popular divine or supernatural beliefs, this boundary marking the "limits of science" is almost always supposed to play an immunizing role: to explain why science constitutes no threat to such beliefs. "You scientists," say the believers, "may come this far, but no further. " This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0009[anti-science;cognitive illusions;future discounting;pragmatism;science hype;scientific change;scientific progress;scientific realism;scientism]This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0010[inter-subjectivity;knowledge;natural science;rationality;pepeatability;scientism;Fundamental Argument]One influential version of scientism says that only natural science provides rational belief or knowledge. This paper spells out and defends what the author calls the against scientism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the safety or consumption limits of herbs. Instead, it discusses themes related to scientism, the contrast between scientific and humanistic inquiry, and the boundaries of science concerning various beliefs. As there is no mention of herbs or their consumption, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이를 항만별로 동일 사업의 방파제 구간에서 복수의 구조형식이 적용된 경우는 대표 구간의 형식을 기준으로 구분하였다. 이러한 경우 전체 대상 건수는 45건으로 이 중에서 절반정도가 1999년 이후 15년 사이에 설계 · 건설된 것이고, 신규로 축조된 것과 보강된 사업의 비율은 7 : 3 정도에 해당한다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses construction specifics related to breakwaters and does not mention Europa, its subsurface ocean, or conditions for life. Therefore, it does not provide any support or refutation of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Currently, this method is mainly used in sweet pepper crops. The method was not adopted immediately, but it promoted another way of thinking about pest control, based on living with the pest rather than trying to eliminate it. For generalist predatory mites, it has clearly been shown that pest diversity increases the population densities of generalist predatory mites (Messelink et al. 2010). Thus, allowing low levels of several species of pests, in numbers insufficient to risk crop damage, might be considered for the conservation of generalist predators. Mixed diet effectsIn addition, the reproduction of generalist predators in crops can be increased by providing mixed diets of prey, or mixes of prey and non-prey food sources. Survival and reproduction of the predator O. insidiosus were enhanced when diets of aphids were supplemented with thrips as a prey source (Butler and O’Neil 2007). Generalist predatory mites also benefit from mixed prey diets: juvenile development of the predatory mite A. swirskii was significantly improved on a mixed diet of thrips and whiteflies compared to a single pest diet (Messelink et al. 2008). Similar results were found for a red velvet mite predator, Balaustium sp. : this predator developed much better on a mixed diet of whitefly eggs and spider mites than on a diet of each prey alone (Muñoz-Cárdenas et al. 2014). Mixing diets of generalist predators may not only affect reproduction and survival, but also their behaviour. For example, supplementing a diet of thrips with pollen did not increase egg production by the predator O. laevigatus, but surprisingly increased predation rates of thrips larvae (Hulshof and Linnamäki 2002). Thus, supplementing diets of single pest species for generalist predators with alternative prey or food may be a useful method to increase predator densities and enhance pest control. Oviposition sites and sheltersThe establishment and reproduction of released natural enemies in greenhouse crops strongly depends on the plant characteristics of that specific crop. Suitable oviposition sites are crucial for reproduction of many predators. Important generalist predatory bugs such as Orius spp. and M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing biocontrol methods, specifically the role of generalist predatory mites in managing pest populations sustainably. It highlights that allowing low levels of various pest species can contribute to the conservation of these natural predators, which aligns with sustainable pest management practices. Furthermore, it details how mixed diets for predators enhance their reproduction and survival, suggesting that integrating biocontrol methods based on ecological principles leads to effective pest population management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: 581 × 1010 calories that is enough to support between 600 and 17 000 astronaut life years. The asteroid mass needed to support one astronaut for one year is between 160 000 metric tons and 5000 metric tons. Based on these results, this approach of using carbon in asteroids to provide a distributed food source for humans appears promising, but there are substantial areas of future work. foodasteroid miningasteroidskerogenresilient foodspace food 10. 1017/S1473550424000119 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0), which permits re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same licence is used to distribute the re-used or adapted 2024. Published by Space food is an area of intense research effort (Weiss, Reference Weiss1972; Mizuno and Weiss, Reference Mizuno, Weiss and Horton1974; Calvin and Gazenko, and Gazenko1975; Grover et al. , and Agarwal2022; Pandith et al. , Reference Pandith, Neekhra, Ahmad and Sheikh2022). The ability to create human-edible food in space is a key achievement that can foster economic exploitation of the asteroid belt (and Duke1992; Sommariva, Reference Sommariva2015; Ehresmann and Herdrich, and Herdrich2017; Calla et al. , Reference Calla, Fries and Welch2018) as well as being a requirement for long-term human space exploration (Fritsche et al. , Reference Fritsche, Romeyn and Massa2018; James, Reference James2018). Current technologies that can supply food to space travellers are dependent on consumables from resupply missions from Earth (e. g. , dried (Venir et al. , and Di Nardo2007; Park et al. , and Lee2009), freeze dried (Obrist et al. , Reference Obrist, Tu, Yao and Velasco2019), irradiated food (Pometto and Bourland, and Bourland2003) or frozen food (Geiges, Reference Geiges1996)). These systems are completely dependent on Earth resupply and thus far from optimized for energy or economics. For example, food demands for a Mars mission for six astronauts will weigh around 12 tons without packaging (Park et al. , and Lee2012). To explore further than Mars would entail massive quantities and masses of food. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while using asteroids for mining resources (like carbon) might be promising for supporting human food sources in space, there remain 'substantial areas of future work.' This implies that redirecting asteroids does not come without challenges or risks, as there are significant technological and logistical barriers that still need to be addressed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 특히 보강된 사업 13건 중에서 소파블록을 이용하여 보강하는 경사식과 소파블록피복 케이슨으로의 보강이 11건으로 대부분을 차지하며, 케이슨을 이용한 혼성식으로의 보강은 2건에 불과하였다. 이중 대표적으로 동해안 묵호항의 방파제 단면의 변화과정을 살펴보면 Fig. 2와 같은데, 1929년 사석방파제 건설과 아울러 케이슨이 도입된 1937년 이후 현재까지 총 3차의 보강공사가 이루어졌음을 알 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses construction projects and engineering details regarding caissons and breakwaters, with no relation to Europa or the potential for life in its subsurface ocean.