Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: тяжелых наркотиках, кто-то на дизайнерских, анаболиках, препаратах для похудения и т. д. 6 6. См. : Кондратьев М. В.  Оперативно-розыскные проблемы борьбы с организованной наркопреступностью/ Наркоконтроль. 2012. № 2. С. 21. 9 Таким образом, выпавшее из общей цепи какое-либо одно звено тут же заменяется на новое, и незаконный оборот этих средств продолжает функционировать. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the illegal drug trade and organized drug crime, suggesting that there is a context in which illicit substances are trafficked. This aligns with the claim about the dark web being involved in illegal activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: At the University of Wisconsin-Health Services, behavioral health providers are co-located in primary care, supporting primary care screening for alcohol misuse, depression, and interpersonal violence and providing patients with the services they need to address these issues. Internal utilization data from the program indicate that traditionally underserved populations, including students of color, male students, and international students, are more likely to access behavioral health treatment in this integrated model than through traditional mental health care services. The COPE (for Personal Empowerment) (Thinking, Emotions, Exercise, and Nutrition) Program is a school-based health promotion intervention for adolescents. The program includes a mental health component that was evaluated in a large study with 779 high school teens. (The evaluation was funded by the of Health/for Nursing Research. ) High school teachers taught the COPE program to teens as part of regular health classes. The program included seven cognitive-behavioral skill-building sessions along with eight nutrition and physical activity sessions. The teens who received this program had a lower average body mass index; healthier lifestyle behaviors; better social skills; higher academic competence as shown in health class grades; and less alcohol use than did their peers in the control group, who received standard health content. Fewer teens in COPE moved from normal weight to overweight and from overweight to obese than teens who received the control program. Symptoms of depression also were reduced into the normal range for those teens experiencing severe depression. These positive outcomes were sustained for several months after completion of the program. Other studies of primary care and school settings have also found that the seven cognitive-behavioral skills building sessions from the COPE program significantly reduce symptoms in teens suffering from depressive and anxiety disorders. Another successful program targeting mental health in young people focuses on violence prevention, integrating this curriculum with athletic coaching. We know that young people who experience violence are predisposed to experiencing emotional distress and engaging in risky lifestyle behaviors. into Men, funded by the Centers for and Prevention, is an evidence-based program designed to train and motivate high school coaches to teach their young male athletes healthy relationship skills and that violence never equals strength. After three months of participating in the program, athletes were significantly more likely to intervene when witnessing abusive or disrespectful behaviors among their peers than were those not in the program. One year later, compared to athletes who did not receive the program, participating athletes were more likely to report less abuse perpetration and less negative bystander behavior (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various behavioral health approaches to improving mental health outcomes through structured programs, such as the COPE program, which employs cognitive-behavioral skills and nutrition strategies. It highlights that these interventions, integrated into primary care and school settings, significantly reduce symptoms of depression and improve behaviors among adolescents, but it does not support the assertion that manipulating the microbiome alone can fully cure mental health conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 8% used a combination of in situ surveys and image or video analysis methods. Bleaching response metrics were widely inconsistent across studies (Table S2). For 62. 2% of studies (46 out of 74; Table S2), colonies were categorized as either completely bleached, mostly, somewhat, or slightly bleached, pale or mottled, affected by bleaching, “healthy”, or other ad hoc categories as denoted by authors. These studies used the proportion of colonies that fell within each category to quantify bleaching prevalence for a given genus and/or species. A similar approach used by 21. 6% of studies (16 out of 74; Table S2) involved scoring colonies by their bleaching severity category (0% bleached, 1–20% bleached, 21–50% bleached, etc. ) and calculating a weighted mean for each taxon representing bleaching index (also known as “BI”, Bleaching Response, or Index). Alternatively, rather than categorizing the bleaching state of an entire colony, 4. 1% of studies (three out of 74; Table S2) estimated the percentage of surface area within a colony that appeared bleached, although these within-colony observations were much less common. 10. 8% of studies (eight out of 74; Table S2) used qualitative observations (e. g. , “Acropora was more impacted than Porites”) based on descriptions from the field. One study (Knipp et al. , 2020) compared the health scores of individual colonies (via the color reference card from Siebeck et al. (2006)) against SST anomalies at the time of bleaching in order to rank taxa by their “cross-correlation coefficient”. To our knowledge, this is the only study to incorporate both regional thermal stress and coral color response data. 58. 1% of studies (43 out of 74; Table S3) designated bleaching observations only to coral genus rather than to the species level. Given that coral taxonomy is complicated, arbitrary whether through imagery or in situ, and continually changing (Veron, 2011), even species-specific studies sometimes grouped certain taxa by genus or species complex (e. g. , the Montastraea annularis species complex comprising M. annularis, M. faveolata, and M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding the cultivation of historically used plants in modern agriculture. Instead, it discusses various study methodologies concerning coral bleaching and does not mention plants or agriculture, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: При таких обстоятельствах все незаконные действия с наркотическими средствами сложатся в определенную цепочку, присущую деятельности с ними определенным лицам, что будет способствовать выявлению всех участников этой незаконной деятельности, распределению ролей между ними, выявлению каналов поступления этих средств к конкретному лицу или в преступное формирование, их реализации и иных обстоятельств, имеющих значение для объективного расследования кажд [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the chain of illegal actions related to drug trafficking and the identification of participants involved but does not specifically mention the dark web or corroborate the claim about it being a hub for illegal activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: We hypothesise that central heating, fabric works and kitchens and bathrooms affect damp and mould as well as temperature and humidity. Furthermore, new kitchens and bathrooms, which in the Glasgow case usually include new linoleum flooring, may help any problems related to infestations, dust-mites and cleaning. Few studies report effects on skin or allergy conditions, but those that do have found negative results. Kearns et al. [25] found higher reports of eczema in children following improved housing circumstances and Walker et al. [29] found a negative impact of central heating on nasal allergies. Migraines and headachesThe main risk factors for migraines or frequent headaches are stress, anxiety, depression, missed meals and certain foods and drinks. Stress has been related to overcrowding and depression to damp housing conditions. Given the potential for central heating and fabric works to reduce damp and increase the usable space in the house through improved warmth we test the relationships between these improvements and headache conditions. Improvement in energy efficiency through warmth interventions should also reduce fuel poverty, which may also have a positive impact on stress, anxiety and depression. New kitchens and bathrooms can help to reduce the incidence of mould, which is a cause of depression. New front doors are seen as a security improvement which may reduce anxiety about crime and antisocial behaviour, particularly in deprived areas. There is limited evidence relating to migraines or headaches, although Kearns et al. [25] found no differences post intervention. Mental health conditionsWe use mental health conditions to refer to long term stress, anxiety or depression. As described above relating to headaches, we hypothesise that central heating, fabric works, kitchens and bathrooms and new front doors will be related to mental health conditions. Central heating and fabric works may impact upon mental health through their contribution to reducing the energy inefficiency of housing, which affects mental health via the impacts of thermal discomfort [32] and condensation, damp and mould [33]. Energy efficiency improvements through warmth interventions may also have a positive impact on mental health by reducing stress anxiety and depression as a result of fuel poverty; reduction in financial stress has been identified as the most common cause of mental health improvements following energy efficiency works [34]. New kitchens and bathrooms may reduce depression if they eradicate mould, and may also enhance self-esteem where the occupants are given a choice of finishings in order to make the improvements their own. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how various housing conditions and improvements, such as central heating and new kitchens, can impact mental health through factors like energy efficiency and dampness. It suggests improvements may alleviate stress, anxiety, and depression, implying that while these improvements can enhance mental health, they do not provide a full cure for major mental health conditions as proposed in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: franksi, which have since been moved to Orbicella). In terms of sampling time frame, observations were taken anywhere between immediately at the onset of bleaching (32. 4% of studies), to weeks (27. 0% of studies) or months (12. 2% of studies) later, and up to a year post-bleaching (4. 1% of studies; Table S4), although some of these studies also measured recovery or mortality. Only 24. 3% of studies (18 out of 74; Table S4) had observations of coral bleaching at multiple time points before, during, or after the mass bleaching event. occurrence and magnitude of coral bleaching worldwide is increasing with the progression of climate change (Baker, Glynn & Riegl, 2008; Hughes et al. , 2017a). While the field of coral reef ecology has advanced considerably in the last few decades, bleaching responses are still challenging to predict on a smaller scale (i. e. , taxon or colony-level, or even among adjacent conspecifics). Variability in bleaching responses is to be expected since corals have distinct bleaching thresholds related to temperature fluctuations in a given location (Carilli, Donner & Hartmann, 2012). Variability could also be linked to contextual environmental factors such as high human influence and proximity to urban areas (Sandin et al. 2008; Smith et al. , 2016), although the relationship between isolation from local stressors and coral reef resilience has been contested (Baumann et al. , 2022). Further, while corals with a prior history of bleaching may be more acclimatized to warmer temperatures (Coles et al. , 2018; DeCarlo et al. , 2019) or exhibit local adaptation (Barshis, 2015), climate change is interfering with the potential for coral adaptive mechanisms to support physiological resilience and thermal tolerance (Ainsworth et al. , 2016). Indeed, cumulative and repeated thermal stress events can turn coral taxa previously deemed ‘winners’ into ‘losers’ (Grottoli et al. , 2014), and responses at the population or community level can be related to the extent and intensity of prior heatwaves (Fox et al. , 2021; Wall et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching and environmental factors affecting coral responses to climate change, without mentioning anything about plants or their cultivation in agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydrogen fuel cells are being researched as a potential large-scale energy storage solution for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: All issues (2016) Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain. , 1 (2016) 31 issuesForthcomingTopical issuesAbout the journal Aims and scopeEditorial boardEthical standardsIndexed inCopyright and license agreement MastheadLeaflet (PDF)Author information Instructions for authors10. 1051/rees/2016033 Published online 01 July 2016 1 Introduction 2 Future energy supply 3 Technical potential of renewable electricity – worldwide 4 Hydrogen as transport fuel 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 is the only country of the earth, in which the energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies is decided. The main reasons for this are mainly: – The damage of climate due to CO2-emissions is obvious right now and will increase further on (in spite of Kyoto-protocol). – The availability of fossil primary energies is limited to approximately 50–80 years (with respect to probable annual growing rates even less! ). – Fossil energy carriers are raw materials for organic chemistry → to valuable for burning. – The energy demand worldwide will increase (especially by the developing countries) and will aggravate the situation. – The introduction of a new energy-system will need in principal about 50 years for the first 10% of market penetration (Marcetti, 1980). The consequence should be: it is very high time to introduce CO2-free renewable energies (if necessary via primary energies with less CO2), with hydrogen as secondary energy carrier which can be stored, transported and used in manifold applications. 2 Future energy supply The availability of fossil primary energies and nuclear energy is shown in Figure 1. The aggregate supply of fossil and nuclear energy is expected to peak by around 2015. After the peaking of the oil supply (∼today) [1], the global supply of natural gas, coal [2] and nuclear fuel [3] is expected to reach a combined maximum by around 2020 – at the latest. This will have significant impacts on the total energy supply. With peak oil we are entering into a transition phase towards a post-fossil energy area. But the velocity for this energy change is not given by the reduced resources of fossil fuels, but by the efforts to avoid a climate change by CO2-emissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the need for CO2-free renewable energies and identifies hydrogen as a secondary energy carrier that can be stored, transported, and used in various applications. This aligns with the notion of hydrogen fuel cells being a part of renewable energy solutions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: The rate of recovery is greater than the rate of developing a condition, due to the different denominator population in each case. The mean number of health conditions reported across the sample has also increased, from 0. 42 conditions per respondent at T1 to 0. 67 at T2, with more people reporting an increased number of health conditions than a decrease. We have previously reported the growing problem of co-morbidity across our study groups [41]. Recovery from health conditionsTable 3 shows that between T1 and T2 between 45 % and 79 % of those who reported a long term health condition at T1 did not report it at T2. We tested the effect of specific housing improvements on reporting of health conditions for those who had reported long term health conditions at T1, based on the hypothesised relationships outlined in Table 1. We test twelve combinations and find two significant relationships between housing improvements and improved health conditions (Tables 4 and 5). Those who had central heating are more likely (OR = 2. 63) to have recovered from circulatory conditions between interviews than those who did not have central heating improvements. This is expected based on our conceptual framework as central heating is a warmth improvement and warmth is a key risk factor associated with circulatory health conditions. Although not reaching statistical significance, the effect of fabric works on circulatory health conditions operated in a similar curative direction (OR = 1. 60). Table 4 Curative effects: odds ratios (95 % CI) of not reporting health condition at T2, when it was reported at T1 (recovering from condition)Full size tableTable 5 Curative effects: odds ratios (95 % CI) of not reporting health condition at T2, when it was reported at T1 (recovering from condition)Full size tableWe also found that those who had fabric works were more likely,to not report mental health problems at T2 which they had previously reported (OR = 3. 55), than those who did not have fabric works. This is concurrent with our hypothesised relationship in Table 1 whereby we expect a positive relationship between fabric works and mental health due to improved external appearance of the home, which may affect how residents perceive their home and themselves in status terms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various health conditions and their recovery rates without mentioning microbiome manipulation or its effectiveness in fully curing mental health conditions. It indicates that certain housing improvements positively affect mental health indicators but does not support the notion that microbiome manipulation can lead to a 'full cure' for major mental health conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Here, we reviewed the various ways in which observational bleaching measurements are taken and, after standardizing past measurements, we explored whether coral genera and morphologies showed differential bleaching responses among regions. While coral genera have evolved independently over time and few genera are shared across regions, nor are they equally present within a given region, quantitative comparative studies such as this one can still reveal emerging patterns. Coral reefs are projected to decline in cover on a global scale (Hughes et al. , 2017a; Pandolfi et al. , 2011), yet different regions have been, and will likely continue to be, disproportionately affected by climate change impacts (Shlesinger & Van Woesik, 2023; Sully, Hodgson & van Woesik, 2022). Previously, coral genera were found to have contrasting susceptibilities to bleaching in different sites within (Guest et al. , 2012) and this was thought to correspond to each location’s thermal history; less severe bleaching was associated with greater historical temperature variability. Bleaching was also less common near the equator, where thermal variability is generally higher (McClanahan et al. , 2020; Sully et al. , 2019). Here, our finding that Acropora was less susceptible to bleaching in the Atlantic (Fig. 5) is interesting when considering Caribbean-wide mass declines of Acropora since the 1960s due to disease or local anthropogenic stressors (Cramer et al. , 2021; Cramer et al. , 2020; Perry et al. , 2015). However, perhaps following the loss of less-resilient colonies, the remaining Atlantic acroporids are more stress-tolerant (whether through the physiological traits of the symbionts hosted, a post-disturbance shift to more thermally-tolerant symbionts, and/or acclimatization of the holobiont). Nevertheless, given the inconsistencies in bleaching response metrics (Table S2), it is difficult to standardize results from observational studies on coral bleaching, as discussed by Grottoli et al. (2021) for experimental studies. For example, studies have reported bleaching “prevalence” (e. g. , Williams et al. , 2010), “susceptibility” (Chou et al. , 2016; Dalton et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching and the responses of coral genera to environmental changes, without mentioning anything about historical plants or their cultivation in modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydrogen fuel cells are being researched as a potential large-scale energy storage solution for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: The position of the Agency is: “We have to leave oil, before oil will leave us” (Fatih Birol, 2008). The limitation in availability of fossil energy resources as well as the threat of climate change to biosphere has led to the formulation of political goals with regard to security of energy supply and especially reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. All the underlying issues can be addressed in an efficient and sustainable way by energy conservation, by the increased use of renewable energy sources and by the use of hydrogen and fuel cells. In the long term, renewable energies will be able to provide more energy than all fossil and nuclear fuels will have been able to supply at their aggregate peak. On a global level, solar energy and wind power can become the major pillars of our energy system (Fig. 2). The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies is a transition from primary energy fuels (i. e. crude oil, natural gas, coal) to electricity (e. g. from photovoltaics, solar thermal power-plants, wind or hydropower). This will offer new options and opportunities but also new challenges for the future energy system. To a large extent, the transport sector will be electrified. In the last years, road vehicles have started to switch to renewable electricity as a “primary energy source”. Hydrogen will become a very essential partner for the future transport sector. As electricity from wind and solar energy is difficult to store, hydrogen will serve as electricity storage and as a transport fuel for future vehicles. Vehicles with longer operating ranges, higher payloads and fast refuelling capabilities very likely will have to be hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the foreseeable future. Fig. 1Contribution of fossil and nuclear energy sources. Source: LBST, 2005. Fig. 2Future primary energy supply. Source: LBST, 2005. 3 Technical potential of renewable electricity – worldwide Renewable electricity could become the most important energy of the world. Figure 3 summarises the technical potential for the production of renewable electricity from photovoltaics (PV), solar thermal power plants, wind and hydropower by world regions. Today's global electricity use lies in the order of 18,000 TWh per year. Fig. 3Potential of renewable electricity. Source: LBST, 2005. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing that hydrogen will serve as electricity storage and as a transport fuel for future vehicles. It emphasizes the importance of hydrogen fuel cells in the transition to renewable energy sources and highlights their essential role in the transport sector, which aligns with the idea of hydrogen fuel cells being researched as a solution for energy storage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Alternatively it might reflect a general worsening of the health of the population over time so that in 2011 (Wave 2–3 and Wave 1–3) respondents are more likely to report health conditions that those reported in 2008 (Wave 1–2). This would concur with our general observation of worsening morbidity over time in our study group. DiscussionWe have examined self-reported health conditions before and after four types of housing improvements. One of the main contributions of our work is to examine these conditions alongside disaggregating the package of housing works into specific types of improvement; many previous studies consider all housing improvement works together, either as a ‘retrofit’ or as a warmth intervention Given long established links between poor housing quality and health problems it can be expected that improvements to housing may lead to improvements in health. However, the evidence directly linking housing improvements to health improvement is limited and somewhat contradictory, in part due to the difficulties in undertaking longitudinal studies both before and after housing improvements, and with a sufficient follow-up interval. If poor housing is a causal factor for health conditions, then it can be expected that as well as potentially ameliorating existing health conditions (consistent with previous research that has found that housing improvements have a more noticeable effect when targeted at those in ill-health) improvements to housing conditions may also mitigate against developing poor health conditions. We therefore examined health conditions before and after housing improvements both for those with pre-existing health conditions and those without pre-existing health conditions, compared to those with the same health status but who did not experience housing improvements in the same time period. This seems worthwhile given that housing improvements might work in one of two ways, as curative or preventive, and appropriate to our study population which has high and rising rates of morbidity [9]. It is also to our knowledge the first time a housing intervention study has examined the treatment group in this way. In general, we find more indications of the curative effects of housing improvements than of their preventative effects. We hypothesised 17 pathways between the four housing improvements and six health conditions based on existing knowledge of housing-related risk factors for the conditions in question (see Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various health conditions in relation to housing improvements rather than microbiome manipulation. It highlights that while there might be indications of curative effects from housing improvements on health conditions, it does not provide evidence supporting that manipulating the microbiome can fully cure mental health conditions. The focus on housing as a factor related to health outcomes does not support the notion that microbiome manipulation alone can serve as a complete cure for mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , 2020), “sensitivity” (Darling, McClanahan & Côté, 2013), “frequency” (Montano et al. , 2010), or “severity” (Guest et al. , 2016), yet these metrics are not necessarily interchangeable since they do not quantify the same aspect of bleaching. Moreover, percent bleaching can refer to either the tissue area that is bleached within a single colony (Glynn et al. , 2001; Montano et al. , 2010) or the proportion of total colonies displaying signs of bleaching as opposed to those that were unaffected (Bruno et al. , 2001; Carroll, Harrison & Adjeroud, 2017; Miller, Piniak & Williams, 2011). Thus, there is a need to consolidate not only our methods for measuring bleaching, which in themselves range in spatial scale and level of resolution (Fig. 4; Table S1), but also our terminology when reporting bleaching. A robust, consistent metric for bleaching and recovery is critical for correctly determining the factors driving these processes. Given that in situ observations are usually taken after the onset of bleaching (Table S4), the timing of surveys with respect to a bleaching event can also confound our interpretations of results (Claar & Baum, 2019). Further, most studies do not identify corals to the species level (Table S3) nor track colonies through time (but see: Ritson-Williams & Gates, 2020). Species-specific measurements at the individual colony level would minimize some of the uncertainty seen in bleaching responses. Additionally, since bleaching incidence is more often observed in areas of higher accumulated thermal stress (Fig. 3), it may be necessary to take into account the magnitude and duration of thermal stress when characterizing bleaching responses. Such analyses are for the most part unprecedented (but see: Knipp et al. , 2020, in which coral coloration was cross-correlated with temperature data) and would lend themselves to more accurate inter-study comparison. We also need to account for prior bleaching history and environmental legacies (Bahr, Rodgers & Jokiel, 2017; Brown et al. , 2002; Wall et al. , 2021), since thermal adaptation and resilience has been demonstrated in some cases (Coles et al. , 2018; Guest et al. , 2012; Logan et al. , 2014; Palumbi et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim in any way. It discusses metrics and methods for measuring coral bleaching, thermal stress, and environmental factors affecting coral, which are unrelated to the cultivation of plants in modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydrogen fuel cells are being researched as a potential large-scale energy storage solution for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: 1 Renewable electricity generation The share of renewable electricity is expected to increase significantly since the largest potentials for renewable energies in Europe and Germany are identified as wind, hydropower, solar and geothermal electricity. In 2007, the Ministry for the Environment, has published the 2007 “Renewable Energies” [4]. This study predicts that the electricity production from renewable resources will increase from 74 TWh in 2006 to 156 TWh in 2020. With regard to the current and presumably also the future electricity production this represents more than 25% of the overall production. This scenario also reflects the already enacted and binding goals of the European Union. 3. 2 Renewable electricity storage With increasing share of renewable electricity our future energy system will require large scale storage systems for electricity. Today, pumped hydro power stations are the only widely used means to store electricity at industrial scale. But the potential for further extension and new installations is very limited. The only technology at present knowledge which has the potential for single storage systems in the 100 GWh range is the storage of hydrogen (with high energy storage densities) in underground salt caverns (Fig. 4). Fig. 4Energy densities for different energy storage systems. Source: KBB-UT. 3. 2. 1 Costs for electricity storage Pumped hydropower storage systems or (adiabatic) compressed air systems have high efficiencies, because the potential energy of different levels or compression can directly be converted to electricity. The efficiency of storing electricity by hydrogen is lower (∼50%) due to the additional conversions by electrolysis and fuel cells (or turbines), but the high energy density enables hydrogen to store huge amounts of energy. Figure 5 indicates the costs for “storage by weeks”, which is necessary for long-term fluctuations of renewable primary energies. Hydrogen has the best opportunities with respect to the triangle of energy density, efficiency and reasonable price. By this way, hydrogen makes the renewable primary energies ready for basic power supply. Fig. 5Storage costs for “Storage by weeks”. Source: Study of VDE, 2009. 4 Hydrogen as transport fuel In addition to the necessity to use hydrogen for storage and load compensation a further pathway for the utilisation of sustainably produced hydrogen will be its use in the transportation sector (Fig. 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing hydrogen as a viable storage technology for renewable electricity. It mentions that 'the only technology at present knowledge which has the potential for single storage systems in the 100 GWh range is the storage of hydrogen (with high energy storage densities) in underground salt caverns,' directly supporting the idea that hydrogen is being researched as an energy storage solution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: In our first set of analyses, we found evidence in support of three of these pathways: two warmth interventions – fabric works and central heating – were associated with a higher likelihood of recovery from circulatory conditions; fabric works were also associated with a higher likelihood of recovery from a mental health condition (anxiety, stress or depression). The first of these findings is in accord with previous studies and adds to a sparse evidence base. Review found only two studies that reported the effects of warmth interventions on circulatory conditions, both reporting beneficial effects: one of these reported a beneficial, curative effect on blood pressure [28]; the other reported beneficial preventative effects on heart disease and hypertension [19] – we did not find evidence for the preventative effect, but for a curative effect. The second finding on the curative effect of fabric works on mental health conditions adds to a conflicting evidence base but supports our earlier findings relating to the effect of fabric works on the SF-12 measure of mental health [10]. Of those studies that used mental health scales as the outcome measure, more found a positive impact of warmth interventions [17, 38, 42] than not [16, 19]. Where self-reported mental illness was used as the outcome, a beneficial effect of housing warmth interventions was reported, as in our study [11]. LimitationsThe poor model fit in our models suggests that we do not adequately include all factors affecting health conditions and that the overall contribution of housing improvements is limited. Below we discuss some of the limitations of the study. There are several key elements which are not measured in our study. We have no measure of the quality of homes prior to the intervention, so the degree of housing quality gain is not measured. This may explain why in some cases we do not find relationships as expected. For example, in other contexts studies have focused on the heating of homes which had not had a heating system before; in our case, the intervention may be the replacement of an unsatisfactory but nonetheless operational system, so controlling for the existing quality may have demonstrated an effect only where there was substantial quality improvement. We also have no measure of the severity of the health conditions, which means that we might not have picked up on cases where symptoms may have been alleviated, but not entirely cured. Alternatively those who did not have conditions may have developed health conditions in both groups, but they may be less severe among the intervention group and we would not have detected this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there is evidence suggesting warmth interventions can have a positive impact on mental health conditions, it also notes the limitations of the study, stating that it does not fully measure all factors affecting health conditions or the severity of those conditions. The statement that symptoms may have been alleviated 'but not entirely cured' directly challenges the claim that manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , 2014). For a more nuanced perspective on bleaching, post-stress recovery, and the underlying factors contributing to resilience and/or resistance at physiological and ecosystem scales, it is important to continue monitoring the same individual coral colonies in the long term (>1 year) where possible. Conclusions Here, we show that in situ coral responses to thermal stress not only vary by region, genus, and morphology but also that some genera or morphologies have unique regional responses to thermal stress. This may be due to different regional stressors and adaptation, the duration of incurred thermal stress, and/or population or community-level differences in symbionts and holobionts. However, inconsistencies in bleaching measurements and reporting between studies can obscure specific findings as well as possible causes of this variability. Standardized, quantitatively-compatible bleaching response metrics that incorporate the severity of thermal stress and other contextual factors (e. g. , local stressors) would be more useful for predicting bleaching susceptibility, and will improve comparability across studies. It should be noted that this is inherently complicated since corals exist in different environmental contexts, each with their own thermal history experiencing distinct combinations of local and global stressors, and comparing one reef to another may not always be appropriate. Still, disentangling some of these discrepancies will lead to a better understanding of coral bleaching and recovery dynamics and could help to inform more effective management of coral reefs in the face of climate change. Coral bleaching literature review full dataset and associated metadata Compiled coral bleaching observations by taxon and standardized bleaching severity scores. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/supp-1 bleaching literature review subset Compiled coral bleaching observations by taxon and standardized bleaching severity scores (only including common genera and morphologies; used for statistical analysis). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/supp-2 code for coral bleaching data subset Visualizing and analyzing genus or morphology-specific responses by region. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/supp-3 tables Overview of each study’s (1) method of determining coral bleaching, (2) coral bleaching response metric, (3) level of taxonomic resolution, and (4) sampling time frame with regard to the bleaching event. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching, recovery dynamics, and the complexities involved in studying coral responses to thermal stress rather than any information pertaining to plants or their cultivation in agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydrogen fuel cells are being researched as a potential large-scale energy storage solution for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: The current discussions on CO2 reduction and the availability of fossil fuels show, that car industry is speeding up with their efforts to develop hydrogen powered vehicles and that first vehicle sales can be expected for 2015 followed by a broad market entry from 2017 corresponding to newest announcements of different car manufacturing companies. Furthermore, it can be observed that hydrogen propulsion in passenger cars is as twice as efficient end-use technology than today's direct injection engines and thus displaces conventional fuels and power trains more efficiently than using hydrogen in stationary conversion units (combined cycle power plants or fuel cell systems) where it competes for the time being with almost as efficient natural gas-based end-use technologies. Finally it should be mentioned, that these topics – large-scale storage of hydrogen, utilisation of hydrogen as a storage medium for electrical energy and the utilisation of surplus energy in the transportation sector – only played a sub-ordinate role in R&D activities in the past. Based on the above-mentioned possibilities this technology can provide, it is urgently needed that both industry and politics attend to this topic and provide the required resources allowing to find suitable answers to the pending changes in the energy landscape. One example for the construction and design of a fuel cell vehicle is given in Figure 7 by a B-Class car from Daimler. This car was fabricated under serial conditions with corresponding approvals. A tour with 30,000 km around the world in 2011 demonstrated the applicability of this technology for general use. Other car manufacturers in Europe, Asia and US are going similar ways, sometimes in bilateral cooperation. A start for the market penetration is announced within this decade. Another actual mobile application of hydrogen is the use in urban busses. Many cities (i. e. Hamburg, Cologne, Berlin, London…) are using hydrogen–hybrid busses since several years. It is planed to extend the numbers of these busses significantly. New technical concepts with fuel cells as range extenders for trolley busses are just in preparation, for example in Riga. Fig. 6Ways of hydrogen storage and utilization. Fig. 7B-Class of Daimler with fuel cells. 4. 1 Special aspects of fuel-cell-vehicles with respect to alternatives Very often electric vehicles with battery storage systems are considered as competitors to electric vehicles powered by hydrogen via fuel cells. But in reality both types of electric vehicles complement one another. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing hydrogen's potential role as a storage medium for electrical energy and emphasizes the ongoing research and development in the area of hydrogen propulsion and fuel cell technology. It highlights the 'large-scale storage of hydrogen' and its utilization for electrical energy, indicating that these topics are crucial and need further attention from industry and politics, thus supporting the notion that hydrogen fuel cells are being explored as viable solutions for energy storage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Although we did ask respondents to self report whether their conditions had improved, the response rates were too low for analysis. The time elapsed since interventions and the length of time living in the house prior to interventions are also potentially crucial elements which we have not considered here. Whilst we have controlled for socio-demographic characteristics, deprived populations experience many other disruptive events in their lives over short time periods, which can affect their health and which we have not been able to take into account here. There are other ways in which the analysis for a study such as ours could be set up. Although the improvements are not prioritised by individual need, it may be that those properties eligible or programmed for each type of improvements are those in the worst condition. This may mean that the occupants are more susceptible to developing health conditions or less able to recover so that, despite housing improvements, health is no different among those who have received them due to living in poorer conditions for a length of time. In order to consider this, we would need both better measures of housing conditions for properties receiving and not receiving housing improvements, as well as better measures of the severity and duration of the health conditions of dwelling occupants. The small sample sizes in some cases mean that the power of our models to find significant effects is restricted. This increases our chances of a type II error, or false negative results. In this study this applies mainly to the small sample sizes in Tables 4 and 5, modelling the curative effects of housing improvements. There are effect sizes which may be considered substantive, but which are not statistically significant and this highlights a need for larger studies of these particular health conditions and housing improvements. Those which might warrant further study include: the effect of fabric works on circulatory health and headaches; kitchen, bathroom and rewiring on digestive conditions; and the effects of doors and new kitchens, bathrooms and rewiring on mental health. When looking at the preventative effects in Tables 6 and 7, the sample sizes are larger so we would expect significant effects to be detected. Furthermore the effect sizes are generally small so it seems less likely that we are not finding substantive effects due to limited statistical power. Nevertheless, some of the relationships may warrant further investigation including: fabric works on respiratory and circulatory conditions; central heating on respiratory conditions and kitchen, bathroom and rewiring on allergies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing limitations in the analysis of health improvements related to interventions, specifically mentioning that the improvements in health are not fully prioritized by individual needs and that other factors, such as living conditions and sample sizes, affect health outcomes. It does not provide support for the idea that manipulating the microbiome can fully cure mental health conditions, instead emphasizing the need for better measurement and larger studies to analyze these health conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 16100/supp-4 We thank J Shurin and three anonymous reviewers for feedback on this manuscript. authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 8058. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2016. Climate change disables coral bleaching protection on the Reef. Science 352:338-342. 2001. Indicators of UV exposure in corals and their relevance to global climate change and coral bleaching. Human and Assessment: Journal 7:1271-1282. 2020. Large-scale mapping of live corals to guide reef conservation. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 117:33711-33718. 2017. Impact of three bleaching events on the reef resiliency of Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i. Frontiers in 4:398. 2020. Ko’a Card: coral health and bleaching assessment color reference card for Hawaiian corals. SN 2:1-15 Álvarez--. 2018. A decline in bleaching suggests that depth can provide a refuge from global warming in most coral taxa. 603:257-264 Baird A, Marshall P. 2002. Mortality, growth and reproduction in scleractinian corals following bleaching on the Reef. 237:133-141 Baker AC. 2003. Flexibility and specificity in coral-algal symbiosis: diversity, ecology, and biogeography of symbiodinium. of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34:661-689. 2008. Climate change and coral reef bleaching: An ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends and future outlook. Estuarine, Coastal and 80:435-471. 2013. Long-term monitoring of algal symbiont communities in corals reveals stability is taxon dependent and driven by site-specific thermal regime. 479:85-97 Barshis DJ. 2015. Genomic potential for coral survival of climate change. In: Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Dordrecht: Springer. 133-146 -Irwin JM. 2023. Transformation of coral communities subjected to an unprecedented heatwave is modulated by local disturbance. 9:eabq5615. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the cultivation of historically used plants in modern agriculture. It primarily discusses research related to coral ecosystems and climate change, with no mention of plants or agricultural practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydrogen fuel cells are being researched as a potential large-scale energy storage solution for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: Both fuel types – liquid from biomass and hydrogen from renewable electricity – are needed to reduce CO2-emissions in mobility, but preferably each one for its best efficiency-range. 6, it was just indicated, that after hydrogen production by electrolysis a further conversion by Sabatier process to methane is possible. This conversion to “synthetic natural gas” (SNG) can be handled as compressed natural gas (CNG), using the existing infrastructure. By this way the use of SNG as fuel in vehicles is also possible – in internal combustion engines. Even if the efficiencies of ICE's are significantly lower, there is the argument, that the initial energy as “surplus of renewable electricity” is free of cost. 11, it is shown the efficiency chain from renewable electricity to the wheel of a passenger car for the energy path of hydrogen production, transport and use in fuel cells in comparison to the energy path via CNG and ICE. It is remarkable, that the energy loss by Sabatier-process for methanisation is nearly the same as the energy demand for transport and compression of the hydrogen path. The main difference of efficiency is the end-use in the car for the normalized (NEDC) by internal combustion engine (22%) and fuel cell (52%). So, in summery the overall efficiency for the SNG-ICE-path is 12% in comparison to 29% for the H2-FC-path. From the first point of view this seems not to be very severe, because the initial energy as “surplus” of fluctuating renewable energy is free of cost. But a more rigorous view is given by an efficiency consideration starting from a normalized numerical value of 1 for the used end-energy at the wheel (Fig. 12). By this consideration it becomes clear, that for the same final energy at the wheel and under the same meteorological conditions the primary energy for the SNG-ICE-path (8,1) is bigger by a of 2,4 than for the H2-FC-path. This means the size of primary energy plants (incl. the corresponding investment cost) has to be higher by the same factor. Therefore, the efficiency of fuel cells has highest importance for a decision of energy paths. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the efficiency of hydrogen production and fuel cells in comparison to other energy paths. It highlights that the 'H2-FC-path' has a better overall efficiency (29%) than the 'SNG-ICE-path' (12%), indicating a preference for hydrogen fuel cells as a viable energy storage and conversion method for renewable energy, thus supporting the idea of hydrogen fuel cells as a potential large-scale energy storage solution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Therefore, although controlled experimental design is usually heralded as being more robust for evaluating the effects of interventions on health outcomes, this may not be true when the expected benefits are at the population level rather than being an immediate cure for an individual health problem. ConclusionIn many other studies, it is not always clear whether the effect of the housing intervention is curative or preventive, as all that is usually reported are the comparative health statuses post-intervention, unless a study is focused only on those with a health particular condition, which is sometimes the case. The fact that we found evidence for some curative effects of housing improvements, but no evidence for their preventative effects is therefore important as it indicates which of these types of impact is the more likely, at least for a deprived and relatively unhealthy population group. It also provides support for two of the main conclusions of the recent Cochrane review of housing improvements and health, namely that health gain is most likely where housing improvements are targeted at those in most need, and that short term health impacts from improvement programmes delivered across an entire area (as is the case in Glasgow) are less clear [4]. 2013. Accessed: 4/12/14. 2009. Association. Housing and health: building for the future. 2003. ISBN: 0 7279 1778 1. 2013. Book 460. 14. . Inequalities in Mortality in Scotland, 1981–2001. MRC Social and no. 16. Glasgow: MRC Social and Sciences Unit, 2007; 2007. ( Accessed 4/12/14. 1992. BMJ. 1994; 309. doi: Health outcomes over time Glasgow: GoWell/GCPH. . Physical and mental health outcomes following housing improvements: evidence from the GoWell Study. J Health. 2014; ISSN 0143-005X (doi:10. 1136/jech-2014-204064) (Publication). Shortt N, Rugkåsa J. “The walls were so damp and cold” fuel poverty and ill health in Northern Ireland: Results from a housing intervention. Health Place. 2007;13(1):99–110. 298. Hyndman SJ. Housing dampness and health amongst in East London. Med. 1990;30:131–41. 67. . Effects of damp and mould in the home on respiratory health: a review of the literature. Allergy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of evaluating health interventions, stating that it is not always clear whether effects are curative or preventive. It emphasizes the importance of study design and suggests that while some housing improvements showed curative effects, the clarity and scope of 'curative' outcomes for individual health problems are ambiguous. This implies that simply manipulating an external factor like the microbiome is unlikely to yield a complete cure for conditions as complex as mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 2022. Remoteness does not enhance coral reef resilience. Biology 28:417-428 -Y, Tan C-J. 2015. Towards automated annotation of benthic survey images: variability of human experts and operational modes of automation. 10:e0130312. 2006. The role of zooxanthellae in the thermal tolerance of corals: a ‘nugget of hope’ for coral reefs in an era of climate change. Proceedings of the B: 273:2305-2312. 2016. Exploring the symbiodinium rare biosphere provides evidence for symbiont switching in reef-building corals. 10:2693-2701 Brandt M. 2009. The effect of species and colony size on the bleaching response of reef-building corals in the during the 2005 mass bleaching event. 28:911-924 Brown BE. 1997. Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. 16:S129-S138. 2002. Experience shapes the susceptibility of a reef coral to bleaching. 21:119-126. 1994. Solar damage in intertidal corals. 105:219-230 Bruno JF, Côté IM, Toth LT. 2019. Climate change, coral loss, and the curious case of the parrotfish paradigm: why don’t marine protected areas improve reef resilience? of 11:307-334. 2001. El Niño related coral bleaching in Palau, western Caroline Islands. 20:127-136 Bryant D, Rodriguez-Ramirez A, Phinn S, González--Guldberg O, Dove S. 2017. Comparison of two photographic methodologies for collecting and analyzing the condition of coral reef ecosystems. Ecosphere 8:1-17. 2004. Potential contributions of climate change to stresses on coral reef ecosystems. Virginia: Coral reefs and global climate change. on Change. . 2012. Historical temperature variability affects coral response to heat stress. 7:e34418. 2017. Susceptibility of coral assemblages to successive bleaching events at Moorea, French Polynesia. Marine and 68:760-771 Chirayath V, Earle SA. 2016. Drones that see through waves—preliminary results from airborne fluid lensing for centimetre-scale aquatic conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and 26:237-250 -. 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral reef resilience, climate change, and coral bleaching events, with no mention of plants or agriculture. Thus, it does not address the historical and modern cultivation of plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydrogen fuel cells are being researched as a potential large-scale energy storage solution for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: A lot of more concepts for the mobile application of H2/FC-systems are considered at present: – for ships and airplanes as auxiliary power unit for big systems or as propulsion for small ones, – for materials handling systems, – for small propulsion systems (bicycles, wheel chairs). For more details of these new mobile applications of fuel cell systems pleas see [7]. One example for a just existing fuel cell propulsion in a ship is shown in Figure 13. The “Zero-Emission-Ship” (ZEM-Ship) is operated in the harbor of Hamburg for round trips. An example for the H2/FC-application in airplanes is shown in Figure 14. An APU in an Airbus is used for power generation with different additional benefits like battery reduction, water production, use of O2-degraded air for tank-inerting system, ground support, etc. The system is still in development. In a summary of basic statements it can be recapitulated: – Hydrogen makes renewable primary energies ready for basic power supply, – Hydrogen makes the energy transition affordable (due to its energy-storing capability and a lot of further applications), – Hydrogen introduces renewable energies into mobility, – Hydrogen enables electric vehicles to reach long distances, – Hydrogen makes mobility CO2-free. Hydrogen and fuel cells are strong partners of renewable primary energies and are essential elements for the energy transition. Fig. 8Market segments of battery- and fuel-cell-vehicles. Source: Coalition study [5]. Fig. 9Energy management of a hybridized battery/fuel-cell car. Fig. 10Comparison of efficiencies for a fuel cell system and internal combustion engine. Source: IBZ. Fig. 11W-t-W with renewable electricity: H2 or CNG for mobile application of passenger cars in NEDC. Original source of figures: Kreyenberg [6]. Fig. 12W-t-W with renewable electricity: H2 or CNG for mobile application of passenger cars in NEDC (normalized to 1 for final energy at wheel). Fig. 13“Zem-Ship” with hydrogen-fuel cell-propulsion in the harbor of Hamburg. Fig. 14Airbus with APU with hydrogen and fuel cell. 2. English-Version: Hydrogen and – Technologies and Market Perspectives, in preparation, to be published in Oct. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how hydrogen and fuel cells are essential in making renewable primary energies ready for basic power supply and highlights their role in the energy transition. It states that hydrogen's energy-storing capability and various applications contribute to affordability and integration with renewable energies, thus supporting the idea that hydrogen fuel cells are being researched as a potential large-scale energy storage solution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Drug metabolism: manipulating the microbiomeUnderstanding how symbiotic bacteria that help maintain health interact with medicines is an emerging field of research. Microbiome 27 March 2015 link to page Download PDF For the first time, a drug is being developed to work by modulating the activity of the microbiome (found in the intestinal villi, pictured)/ LibraryWithin the next two years, scientists are likely to begin clinical trials of a drug aimed at alleviating debilitating side effects from irinotecan, a chemotherapy agent used in advanced colon and pancreatic cancer. This drug doesn’t target biochemical processes in human cells, nor is it an antimicrobial that kills ‘foreign’ organisms. Instead, for the first time, it works by modulating the activity of the microbiome, the 100 trillion bacteria that inhabit the human gut. “Our goal is to keep patients on the drugs that are keeping them alive. And we’re doing that through the microbiome, which is a new paradigm,” says Matthew Redinbo, a biochemist at the University of in Chapel Hill. Redinbo led studies demonstrating in mice that manipulating the microbiome in this way can prevent the severe diarrhoea that often limits the use of irinotecan and related molecules[1]. He’s now creating a spin-off company, Symberix, to commercialise the drug. The work would represent the first clinical application of insights into how the symbiotic bacteria that help maintain our health interact with the pharmaceuticals we take to improve our health. It’s a field of study so new that no one even agrees on what to call it. Candidates include pharmacomicrobiomics and pharmacometabonomics, among others. And yet, in principle it isn’t new at all. “The general concept that the microbiome is involved in drug metabolism is actually fairly old,” says Peter Turnbaugh, a microbiologist at the University of California, San Francisco. “This idea has been around for decades. ”But over the past few years, the idea has come into the spotlight. Several studies have shown the wide variety of effects the microbiome can have on drug metabolism. Microbes can activate or inactivate drugs, generate toxic byproducts of drug metabolism, and alter drug metabolism by human cells in both direct and indirect ways. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while there is emerging research into the microbiome's role in drug metabolism and its potential to alleviate side effects of certain drugs, it does not support the idea that manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. Instead, it highlights that manipulating the microbiome is primarily focused on improving drug efficacy rather than curing mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Differential response of coral assemblages to thermal stress underscores the complexity in predicting bleaching susceptibility. 11:e0159755. 2019. Timing matters: survey timing during extended heat stress can influence perceptions of coral susceptibility to bleaching. 38:559-565. 2020. Dynamic symbioses reveal pathways to coral survival through prolonged heatwaves. 11:1-10 -. 2018. Global patterns and impacts of El Niño events on coral reefs: a meta-analysis. 13:e0190957. 2010. Environmental symbiont acquisition may not be the solution to warming seas for reef-building corals. 5:e13258 ’ulei. 2018. Evidence of acclimatization or adaptation in Hawaiian corals to higher ocean temperatures. PeerJ 6:e5347. 1990. Elevated temperatures and bleaching on a high latitude coral reef: the 1988 Bermuda event. 9:45-49. 2017. Mass coral bleaching due to unprecedented marine heatwave in Papahānaumokuākea Monument (Islands) 12:e0185121. 2021. The transformation of Caribbean coral communities since humans. Ecology and Evolution 11:10098-10118. 2020. Widespread loss of Caribbean acroporid corals was underway before coral bleaching and disease outbreaks. 6:eaax9395. 2020. Successive marine heatwaves cause disproportionate coral bleaching during a fast phase transition from El Niño to La Niña. Science of the 715:136951 ôté IM. 2013. Life histories predict coral community disassembly under multiple stressors. Biology 19:1930-1940 -Metalpa R, D’. 2019. Acclimatization of massive reef-building corals to consecutive heatwaves. Proceedings of the B 286:20190235 de -. 2022. Community composition of coral associated Symbiodiniaceae differs across fine-scale environmental gradients in Kāne‘ohe Bay. 9:212042 de -. 2023. Importance of depth and temperature variability as drivers of coral symbiont composition despite a mass bleaching event. 13:8957. 2017. A new, high-resolution global mass coral bleaching database. 12:e0175490 -Guldberg O. 2005. Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral assemblages, thermal stress, and marine environmental conditions rather than addressing the cultivation of historical plants in modern agriculture. There are no references to plants, their uses, or agriculture in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: On a regional scale, the presence of renewable generators often induces additional costs for network reinforcement to limit the risks of congestion. Indeed, the favorable conditions for wind energy exploitation are often found in remote area (windy coast, offshore) where the network infrastructures are weak or non-existent. Since a regional network is sized according to the maximum transit power, to prevent power congestion, it is necessary to size the network infrastructures to match the total installed capacity. As the load factor of wind energy is about 25 %, the ratio of the cost for network strengthening over the aggregated energy produced for wind (or solar) energy is higher to that of the other (non intermittent) sources of energy. The renewable generations capacity will have to take into account the preservation of the reliability and the safety of the networks. The objective is that renewable generators must not entail the degradation of the supply security nor imply dramatic cost increase for the consumers. Energy storage technologies are identified as key elements for the development of electricity generation exploiting renewable energy sources. They could contribute to remove the technical constraints that limit the contribution of renewables into electrical networks. As mentioned above, these technical limits are present both on the regional scale and on the scale of the whole network. More generally, energy storage could propose valuable services by reducing the instantaneous variations of the injected power. A simple approach consists in storing a part of the random production that would be add up to the future production to decrease the amplitude of variation of the injected power. That approach, however, does not guarantee the availability of stored energy, nor the level at which the power will be injected to the network. Furthermore, a trade-off must be estimated carefully to ensure the benefits will surpass the cost associated with the deployment of energy storage facilities. In this 2. Energy storage technologies for renewable energy power smoothingEnergy-storage technologies are vital for the large-scale exploitation of renewable energies since they could ensure secure and continuous supply to the consumer from distributed and intermittent supply base. Many techniques can be used to stored electrical energy [1]. First, it must be transformed into a storable form of energy that could be mechanical, chemical or thermal. Then, there must be a process that gets back the stored energy into a usable form. Within the scope of this 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Energy storage technologies are identified as key elements for the development of electricity generation exploiting renewable energy sources.' It emphasizes that energy storage is vital for the large-scale exploitation of renewable energies, ensuring secure and continuous supply, which aligns with the claim's assertion about the importance of energy storage technology in managing the availability of renewable energy during high demand.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: In many ways, the field is a natural extension of pharmacogenomics, the study of how variations in human genes contribute to individual differences in drug metabolism and effectiveness. In addition, the Project —established to characterise the human microbiota and analyse their role in human health and disease — has focused attention on the big variations between the normal microbiota of different individuals. You can give two people the same drug and they will respond differently. And it’s not because of their genes but because of the genes of the microbes they carry“You can give two people the same drug and they will respond differently. And it’s not because of their genes but because of the genes of the microbes they carry,” says Ramy Aziz, a microbiologist in the Faculty of Pharmacy at Cairo University. As a result, Aziz and other scientists say, the development of truly personalised medicine will have to consider humans as a superorganism, composed of ten times as many bacterial cells as human ones, and will have to take into account the idiosyncrasies not just of a single human genome but of the one to two thousand bacterial genomes that come along with it. Fortunately — and perhaps the biggest reason for the current flowering of this area of research — the advent of high-throughput sequencing, advanced bioinformatics, and techniques such as metagenomics are enabling scientists to get a handle on this complexity. Historical mysteriesIt is bioinformatics that has enabled researchers to confirm hunches and test hypotheses about microbes and drugs that in some cases are decades old. Around 30 years ago, scientists traced differences in how individuals process the cardiac medicine digoxin to a gut bacterium called Egerthella lenta, which is capable of inactivating, or reducing, digoxin[2]. Only people who harbour E. lenta in their gut are able to inactivate the drug, scientists found. Yet not everyone with E. lenta does so. “And so there was this real mystery,” says Turnbaugh. It was a mystery with enormous therapeutic consequences, because those who inactivate the drug may get little therapeutic benefit from it, while a too-high dose given to someone who doesn’t could prove toxic. Turnbaugh and his colleagues solved the mystery by sequencing RNA from E. lenta. They identified a pair of genes, called the cgr operon, that work together to metabolise digoxin[3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity of individual responses to treatments, including the role of gut bacteria. It emphasizes that while the microbiome has a significant effect on drug metabolism and effectiveness, the response to medications varies widely among individuals, suggesting that a simple manipulation of the microbiome is insufficient for fully curing major mental health conditions. The discussion of the scientific studies and the need for personalized medicine indicates that the relationship between the microbiome and health outcomes is not straightforward enough to support the assertion that manipulation can lead to a full cure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Biology 11:2251-2265. 2020. Nitrogen pollution interacts with heat stress to increase coral bleaching across the seascape. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 117:5351-5357. 2021. Local conditions magnify coral loss after marine heatwaves. Science 372:977-980. 2019. The 2014–2017 global-scale coral bleaching event: insights and impacts. 38:539-545. 2004. Satellite observation of (Reef) 2002 coral bleaching using data. 23:123-132. 2021. Increasing coral reef resilience through successive marine heatwaves. Letters 48:e2021GL094128. 2019. Trophic plasticity in a common reef-building coral: insights from δ13C analysis of essential amino acids. 33:2203-2214 Glynn PW. 1984. Widespread coral mortality and the 1982–83 El Niño warming event. 11:133-146 Glynn PW, Maté ón MO. 2001. Coral bleaching and mortality in Panama and Ecuador during the 1997–1998 El Niño–event: spatial/temporal patterns and comparisons with the 1982–1983 event. Bulletin of 69:79-109 Goreau TF. 1964. Mass expulsion of zooxanthellae from Jamaican reef communities after Hurricane Flora. Science 145:383-386. 2000. Conservation of coral reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event. 14:5-15 Goulet TL. 2006. Most corals may not change their symbionts. 321:1-7. 2004. Lipids and stable carbon isotopes in two species of Hawaiian corals, Porites compressa and Montipora verrucosa, following a bleaching event. 145:621-631. 2006. Heterotrophic plasticity and resilience in bleached corals. Nature 440:1186-1189 van. 2021. Increasing comparability among coral bleaching experiments. 31:e02262. 2014. The cumulative impact of annual coral bleaching can turn some coral species winners into losers. Biology 20:3823-3833. 2012. Contrasting patterns of coral bleaching susceptibility in 2010 suggest an adaptive response to thermal stress. 7:e33353 és. 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching and related studies, with no mention of plants or the cultivation of historically used plants in modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: Installed capacity of various energy storage systems (from [2])A summary of the various applications of energy storage aimed to support the electrical network expressly in the case of high rate of intermittent generations is reported in [3-7]. These 1. Characteristics of energy storage systemsTypologyElectro-chemical energy storageConventional BatteriesHigh temperature BatteriesRedox flow BatteriesTechnologyPbALi-ion1 kWh – 40 MWh1 Wh – 50 MWhUp to 100 KWh400 kWh – 245 MWh100 kWh – 2 MWh2 MWh – 120 MWhRated Power1W to 10 MW– 50 MW5 kW - "/> 500 kW50 kW - "/>10 MWkW to MWkW to MWCycle Efficiency70% – 85%80% - 90%85% - 90%85% - 90%75-80 DC65-70 AC/80%-85% DC65%-75% ACResponse time 1/200 sec. 1/200 sec. 1/200 sec. 1/200 sec. 1/200 sec. 1/200 sec. Cycling tolerance<1500 at 80% DoDUp to 7000 at 80% DoD3000 at 80 % DoD4500 at 90 % DoD1000-2000 at 80 % DoD"/>13000 at 100% DoDSelf discharge1% to 5% per month2% to 10% per monthDue to thermal loss(up to 18%/days)Due to thermal loss(up to 20%/days)1 %/h due to diffusion of dibrome through the membraneUp to 10% due to auxiliary consumptionPower capital cost <500€/kW500 – 2000 €/kW- €/kW1500-1800 €/kW1000-2000 €/kW1750€/kWEnergy capital cost<50€/kWh (car batt. )to250€/kWh700 – 1500€/kWh500€/kWh200 – 250 €/kWh600 – 800 €/kWh215 €/kWh – 450 Maturity statusMature technology for large number of applicationsMature technology for handheld electronic devices. Numerous demonstrators for electric cars and "/>1 MW stationary units. Commercial units for embedded applications. Few stationary demonstrators. Commercial units for stationary application (small market)Prototypes and few industrial unitsPrototypes and demonstration units. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the characteristics and applications of various energy storage systems, particularly in supporting the electrical network during periods of high demand and intermittent generation. It highlights the importance of energy storage technology in managing the supply of renewable energy, which aligns with the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: “If you compare different E. lenta strains, you find that only some of them carry the operon,” says Turnbaugh. The group also showed that E. lenta carriers who have a high proportion of bacteria with the cgr operon metabolise a high proportion of digoxin, while those colonised primarily with strains that lack the operon inactivate very little of the drug. Now, Turnbaugh and his colleagues are investigating how to manipulate this process — for example, by blocking E. lenta’s action to ensure that more active digoxin reaches the heart. The cgr operon is less active in the presence of the amino acid arginine, and the researchers have found that mice colonised with E. lenta fed a high-protein diet have higher blood digoxin levels compared with those given a protein-free diet. Next, they plan to see whether arginine supplementation alone can achieve the same effects. Redinbo’s work on preventing side effects from irinotecan also rests on relatively familiar observations about the microbiome. Scientists have long known that the liver processes many drugs by adding a sugar called glucuronic acid. This both detoxifies the molecule and ‘tags’ it for transport to the intestine and elimination. Meanwhile, around half of the microbes that inhabit the human gut produce an enzyme called beta-glucuronidase, which enables them to scavenge that glucuronic acid from these molecules and reactivate them, a process called enterohepatic recycling. In the case of a highly toxic drug like irinotecan, such recycling could be disastrous. “This hypothesis had been out in the literature for a while — that it was the bacterial beta-glucuronidases that were reactivating irinotecan and causing the toxicity,” says Redinbo. and his colleagues set out to test this hypothesis by looking for a drug that would inhibit bacterial beta-glucuronidase, without harming the microbes themselves or interfering with the action of the body’s own versions of the enzyme. The researchers screened thousands of chemicals and found several that could prevent irinotecan-induced diarrhoea in mice, they reported in 2010[1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the manipulation of specific bacterial actions in relation to drug metabolism rather than addressing a full cure for mental health conditions. The attempt to manipulate E. lenta’s action and the examination of enterohepatic recycling of irinotecan do not imply any connection to curing mental health issues but rather focus on drug processing and its side effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 27 years of benthic and coral community dynamics on turbid, highly urbanised reefs off Singapore. 6:36260 Gunderson LH. 2000. Ecological resilience—in theory and application. of Ecology and Systematics 425-439 Heenan A, Williams ID. 2013. Monitoring herbivorous fishes as indicators of coral reef resilience in American Samoa. 8:e79604. 2016. Warming trends and bleaching stress of the world’s coral reefs 1985–2012. 6:1-14 Hoegh-Guldberg O. 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Marine and 50:839-866 Hoegh-Guldberg O, Salvat B. 1995. Periodic mass-bleaching and elevated sea temperatures: bleaching of outer reef slope communities in Moorea, French Polynesia. 121:181-190. 2018. Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science 359:80-83. 2017a. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature 546:82-90 Álvarez Noriega M, Álvarez. 2017b. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature 543:373-377. 2004. Global warming, regional trends and inshore environmental conditions influence coral bleaching in Hawaii. Biology 10:1627-1641. 2008. A community change in the algal endosymbionts of a scleractinian coral following a natural bleaching event: field evidence of acclimatization. Proceedings of the B: 275:1359-1365 Jones RJ, Yellowlees D. 1997. Regulation and control of intracellular algae (=zooxanthellae) in hard corals. of the of B: 352:457-468 Kassambara A. 2020. ggpubr:‘ggplot2’ based publication ready plots. R package version 0. 4. 0 software. 2021. ARTool: aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial ANOVAs. R package version 0. 11. 0 software Kemp DW, Hernandez-Pech X, Iglesias-. 2014. Community dynamics and physiology of Symbiodinium spp. before, during, and after a coral bleaching event. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral reefs, bleaching events, and ecological resilience without any mention of plants, agriculture, or their historical cultivation. Therefore, it does not provide any information that would support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: Few industrial unitsEnvironmental or statutory constraintsExplosion risk if electrolyte gases leak. Need electronic supervision of each cell for safe operation. Low environmental impact if reactants are adequately confinedLow environmental impact if reactants are adequately confinedLimited environmental impact if reactants are adequately confined. Possible H2 emission to be accounted for. Low environmental impact. Recycling ability90%Recycling of the electrode metalsUp to 100%Up to 98% with specific treatment of solid sodiumRecycling of the electrolyteTable 2. Characteristics of electrochemical energy storage systemsThe potential and opportunities of the storage of energy in the distribution networks is investigated in [2]. This study focuses on the technologies of storage susceptible to be installed on the levels of tension of distribution networks (unit power capacity in the range of 10 to 20 MW in production and less than 40 MW in consumption). The author highlights the technologies that do not present major environmental or statutory constraints that could limit their deployment and that are susceptible to reach both technical and commercial maturity by 2015. In this 2. 1. Tables nomenclaturesPHES: energy storageCAES: : Flywheel energy systemSC: SupercapacitorsPbA: Lead-AcidLi-ion: Lithium-: : Vanadium-VanadiumZnBr: Zinc – BromineNaS: Sodium – 3. Pumped hydroelectric energy storagePumped hydroelectric storage (PHES) systems exploit gravitational potential energy. Energy is stored by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. The amount of stored energy is proportional the volume of water in the upper reservoir. When needed, water flows from the upper reservoir to the lower reservoir to release the stored energy with round trip efficiency in the range of 70% to 80%. PHES is the major energy storage technology; it account for 97% of the world total storage capacity [2]. The energy can be stored several days and high power ramp can be achieved during both the charge and discharge phases (0–1800 MW in 16 s at the Dinorwig pumping station for example, [8]). The PHS technology suffers low modularity and can only be installed on site with particular topology. PHES is a key asset for wind energy as it enables the grid to operate securely while incorporating high wind penetrations. There may be additional benefits when using PHES that can charge and discharge at the same time (see Figure 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) technology, stating that it is a major energy storage technology, responsible for 97% of the world's total storage capacity. It emphasizes that PHES is a key asset for wind energy as it enables the grid to operate securely while accommodating high wind penetrations, effectively supporting the claim that energy storage ensures renewable energy can meet demand even when generation is low.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Pharmacologists often struggle to explain so-called ‘idiosyncratic toxicity,’ the serious, 1-in-10,000 adverse reactions that lead to black box warnings on drugs. “One clear cause of idiosyncracy, potentially, is differences in the gut microflora,” says Wilson. One clear cause of idiosyncracy, potentially, is differences in the gut microfloraThe microbiome may also influence the effectiveness of a drug by shaping the activity of other body systems, especially the immune system. Two studies published in 2013 suggest that gut microbiota play a role in the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy by modulating inflammatory and immune responses that target tumours. In one study, a team of French scientists showed that cyclophosphamide, an anticancer drug that acts by coordinating the body’s immune system to fight a tumour, is less effective in mice that lack gut microbes or have had their microbiome knocked down by large doses of antibiotics[6]. The researchers also conducted experiments to show the mechanism behind these effects: cyclophosphamide alters the composition of the gut microbiota and increases permeability of the intestinal wall. In response, certain species of bacteria move from the gut into nearby lymph nodes, where they guide the maturation of immune cells called T cells that go on to attack the tumour. In the second study, led by scientists at the US Institute (NCI), researchers showed that antibiotic-treated mice or those without gut microbiota don’t respond as well to a type of cancer treatment called CpG-oligonucleotide immunotherapy or to the platinum-based drugs oxaliplatin and cisplatin, compared with mice that have healthy gut microbiota[7]. Both studies were conducted in mice that had cancer cells injected under their skin, and it’s not yet clear what the results mean for humans undergoing cancer treatment. Still, the results hint that it might be possible to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy by manipulating the microbiome. For example, in the future, oncologists might think twice about giving their patients preventative antibiotics before a course of chemotherapy. Or they may even administer helpful microbes — the presence of bacterial groups called Alistipes and Ruminococcus was correlated with chemotherapy effectiveness in the NCI-led study. Microbiome-host interactionThe gut microbiota consists of approximately 100 trillion microbial cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the complexities of the microbiome's role in drug effectiveness, particularly in cancer treatment, rather than its capability to fully cure major mental health conditions. While it suggests that manipulating gut microbiota could enhance chemotherapy effectiveness, it does not provide evidence supporting a complete cure for mental health issues, indicating that the relationship between the microbiome and different health conditions is far from conclusively established.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Limnology and Oceanography 59:788-797. 2020. Contrasting color loss and restoration in survivors of the 2014–2017 coral bleaching event in the Turks and Caicos Islands. SN 2:1-11. 1996. Bacterial infection and coral bleaching. Nature 380:396. 2018. Systematic revision of Symbiodiniaceae highlights the antiquity and diversity of coral endosymbionts. 28:2570-2580. 2016. Most low-abundance background Symbiodinium spp. , are transitory and have minimal functional significance for symbiotic corals. 71:771-783. 1990. Bleaching in coral reef anthozoans: effects of irradiance, ultraviolet radiation, and temperature on the activities of protective enzymes against active oxygen. 8:225-232. 2018. Assessing the spatial distribution of coral bleaching using small unmanned aerial systems. 37:373-387 -Karger FE, Vega-. 2014. Reef-scale thermal stress monitoring of coral ecosystems: new 5-km global products from NOAA coral reef watch. 6:11579-11606. 2014. Incorporating adaptive responses into future projections of coral bleaching. Biology 20:125-139. 2001. Coral bleaching: the winners and the losers. 4:122-131 Marshall P, Baird A. 2000. Bleaching of corals on the Reef: differential susceptibilities among taxa. 19:155-163 McClanahan T. 2004. The relationship between bleaching and mortality of common corals. 144:1239-1245. 2004. Comparing bleaching and mortality responses of hard corals between southern Kenya and the Reef, Australia. Bulletin 48:327-335. 2014. Coral reefs in a crystal ball: predicting the future from the vulnerability of corals and reef fishes to multiple stressors. in 7:59-64 ’agata. 2020. Large geographic variability in the resistance of corals to thermal stress. and Biogeography 29:2229-2247. 2016. Marine protected areas increase resilience among coral reef communities. 19:629-637. 2007. Real-time PCR reveals a high incidence of Symbiodinium clade D at low levels in four scleractinian corals across the Reef: implications for symbiont shuffling. 26:449-457. 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses coral bleaching and associated research without any mention of plants or agriculture. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: This can be achieved in a single PHES facility by installing two penstocks as point out in [9]; a double penstock system enables the PHES to store excess wind energy while at the same time providing ancillary services to the grid. The results of the techno-economic studies [9] suggest that, the double penstock system could be economically credible while enable the wind energy penetration to increase above 40%. However, the economic value of PHES is sensitive to changes in fuel prices, interest rates, and total annual wind production. Figure 2. A double penstock PHES system Advertisement 4. BatteriesThe terminology “batteries” encompasses electrochemical storage cellular technologies that consist of an arrangement (in series or in parallel) of cell units. Each cell is made of two electrodes and an electrolyte secured into a sealed container. Batteries store chemical energy and generate electricity by a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction. Batteries energy storage systems have been studied for almost 150 years, most research effort now aimed at cost reduction and high power application. The following section proposes a description of some promising batteries technologies. An overview of electrochemical energy storage systems is given in [10]. 4. 1. Lead-acid batteriesLead-Acid batteries are the most used devices for low to medium scale energy storage application. Lead-acid batteries have a low-cost ($300–600/kW), high reliability, high power ramp capabilities and efficiency in the range (65%–80%). However, the performance of Lead-Acid battery will deteriorate quickly in the case of frequent charge-discharge cycles. The weak tolerance to high number of cycles limits the use of PbA batteries in application such as wind variations smoothing. 4. 2. Lithium-ion batteriesLithium-ion batteries are ideal for portable applications; they are widely use in mobile phone and in almost any other electronic portable device. They tolerate over 3000 cycles, have 95% efficiency at 80% depth of discharge and have high power ramp capability. Nowadays, the emergence of electric cars drives numerous researches on Li-Ion technology and materials to obtain reliable high power system [11]. Since their lifetime is related to the cycles’ depth of discharge, Li-Ion should not be use in application where they may be fully discharged. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) and batteries in managing renewable energy resources, specifically stating that PHES can store excess wind energy while facilitating grid services. It highlights the economic benefits of energy storage technologies like double penstock systems and batteries in increasing renewable energy penetration, supporting the idea that energy storage is vital when renewable generation does not meet high demand.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: The metabolic activities of these microbes expand host metabolic capabilities by activating or inactivating drugs, generating toxic byproducts of drug metabolism, and altering drug metabolism by human cells in both direct and indirect ways. A) Activation: Gut microbes can convert prodrugs into active drugs, (eg, sulfasalazine)B) Deactivation: Gut microbes can encode enzymes that detoxify drugs, eg, digoxin is inactivated by the gut-residing lentaC) Direct binding: Gut microbes can bind directly with drugs, compromising their bioavailability, eg, levadopa is converted to dopamine in the gut, preventing it from reaching the brain D) Intermediates: Some metabolic pathways share steps between host enzymes and those encoded by gut microbes. Intermediate microbial products can lead to pathogenesis; the best known example of this is not a therapeutic drug but a toxin called melamineE) Altered kinetics: Gut microbial metabolites compete with drugs for enzyme-binding sites, leading to alterations in the drug efficacy or toxicity, e. g. paracetamolF) Immune response: The gut microbes can impact drug efficacy by stimulating the host immune system, e. g. cyclophosphamide increases gut permeability leading microbes to translocate into the lymph nodes G) Enterohepatic cycling: The liver processes many drugs by adding glucuronic acid, which detoxifies the drug and ‘tags’ it for transport to the intestine and elimination. Gut microbes produce an enzyme called beta-glucuronidase, which enables them to scavenge the glucuronic acid and reactivate the drug, leading to toxicity, e. g. irinotecanH) Altered gene expression: Gut microbes can alter the hepatic expression of key host enzymes involved in drug metabolism, e. g. CYP450 (pictured), leading to alterations in drug efficacy or toxicitySource: Journal of 2014Systematic knowledgeApproximately 60 drugs are known to be affected by gut microbes, according to the PharmacoMicrobiomics database, an online, open-source resource that represents the first systematic collection of emerging knowledge in the field[8]. The real number is probably much higher, scientists agree. But even for those drugs where some microbial effect is known to occur, details are often sketchy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how gut microbes interact with drug metabolism and efficacy rather than discussing their role in curing mental health conditions. It emphasizes that gut microbes can alter the effectiveness and toxicity of various drugs, suggesting complexity in their influence that does not support a straightforward cure for mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Coral mass bleaching and reef temperatures at Navassa Island, 2006. Estuarine, Coastal and 91:42-50. 2010. Assessing coral bleaching and recovery with a colour reference card in Park, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 655:99-108. 2001. Cloudy weather may have saved reef corals during the 1998 ENSO event. 222:209-216 Muscatine L, Porter JW. 1977. Reef corals: mutualistic symbioses adapted to nutrient-poor environments. Bioscience 27:454-460. 2001. Water-flow rates and passive diffusion partially explain differential survival of corals during the 1998 bleaching event. 212:301-304. 2014. When depth is no refuge: cumulative thermal stress increases with depth in Bocas del Toro, Panama. 33:193-205 ’. 2017. Caribbean massive corals not recovering from repeated thermal stress events during 2005–2013. Ecology and Evolution 7:1339-1353 Nyström M, Folke C, Moberg F. 2000. Coral reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15:413-417. 2008. The importance of zooplankton to the daily metabolic carbon requirements of healthy and bleached corals at two depths. Journal of Biology and Ecology 367:180-188 -Knowles N, Bay RA. 2014. Mechanisms of reef coral resistance to future climate change. Science 344:895-898. 2011. Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification. Science 333:418-422. 2015. Regional-scale dominance of non-framework building corals on Caribbean reefs affects carbonate production and future reef growth. Biology 21:1153-1164. 1989. Bleaching in reef corals: physiological and stable isotopic responses. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 86:9342-9346 Pörtner H-O, Roberts DC, Masson-. 2019. The ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. . 2013. Changes in bleaching susceptibility among corals subject to ocean warming and recurrent bleaching in Moorea, French Polynesia. 8:e70443. 2012. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching and related environmental studies, which do not address the historical cultivation of plants in modern agriculture.