Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Moreover, by employing a daily detection approach that incorporates cross-validation with extensive climate reanalyses and modeling datasets, our study effectively overcomes the obstacles posed by the large internal climate variability and overcomes the constraint posed by limited observations of TWS at a global scale, facilitating the detection of warming-induced TWS trends at daily time intervals. The model-derived fingerprints may be complementary to the study of GRACE-derived TWS trends. Strongly decreasing TWS trends shown by the GRACE data7 alone call attention to the importance of improving current models that allow the incorporation of hydrological processes such as groundwater pumping and snowmelt to match independent observations. In this study, we reported that global TWS, excluding Antarctica and Greenland, mainly resides in the Northern Hemisphere, and the most pronounced signature for temperature is in the tropics and due to the large signal-to-noise ratio therein. The signal of forced climate change under RCP6. 0 emerges later than that under RCP2. 6, most likely due to higher climate variability under higher emission scenarios. is expected to decrease by about 40 kg m−2 under RCP6. 0, compared to about 20 kg m−2 under RCP2. 6. In conclusion, the ability to detect climate change signals in TWS from the global weather patterns on daily timescales has wide implications for climate science, the hydrological cycle, and climate adaptations. Our work is a first attempt to extend short-term detection and attribution to the water cycle. Because global and regional weather patterns are expected to be updated daily as time proceeds, this method can help detect climate change signals at the earliest possible moment using daily global data. This would be critical in regions such as Australia and South America, where only natural signals have been detected recently, but possible signals of anthropogenic climate change will be identified at a pivot point in the future. Furthermore, our study revealed that the already limited freshwater availability will likely become scarcer around the globe as we found a significant decline in the annual global average of TWS in response to global warming. The declining freshwater storage under climate change will jeopardize water ecosystem services worldwide as TWS provides a buffer against climate extremes such as droughts. The loss of water ecosystem services will exacerbate water-related risks on human and natural systems. Our findings therefore would be informative to adaptive management and the identification of nature-based solutions to climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about extraterrestrial signals. Instead, it focuses on the detection of climate change signals in terrestrial water storage (TWS) and discusses methodologies for climate research. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The result depicted that subcutaneous injection of carrageenan at 0th, 1st and 2nd hour showed no discernible (p > 0. 05) changes in the paw volume in both untreated (negative control) and treated rats (Cur-NS nanogel and positive control). Topical intervention with Cur-NS nanogel (0. 6%) at 3rd and 4th hour when compared to negative control rats demonstrate a significant (*p < 0. 05) reduction in the paw volume by 43. 97% and 72. 19% respectively. Similar but lesser effect was seen with topical intervention applied with marketed curcumin formulation (positive control), where the paw volume also showed significant reduction (*p < 0. 05) at 3rd (48. 19%) and 4th hour (50. 67%). DiscussionCurcuminoids, which are abundant in turmeric, have several biological functions. Curcumin, in particular, has been proven to have a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. Curcumin analogues' biological capabilities have recently been documented, with demethoxycurucmin (DMC) being shown to be very effective in suppressing MCF-7 cells and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) having the capacity to modify MDR-1 gene expression. Among all the known curcuminoids, except curcumin, both DMC and BDMC are not commercially available [43]. As a result, it is essential to isolate curcuminoids at a high purity in order to study their biological properties. The current study investigated the process of isolation and purification of curcumin from turmeric and formulation of novel nanogel for evaluation of its wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities in experitmental animals. Our reports demonstrated that among the LKD successive extracts, the yield percentage was found to be highest with that of LKDCH. The density of the color change during phytochemical screening of the LKDCH indicated the presence of a significant amount of phenolics, tannins, terpenes, and steroids. Our findings are consistent with those of previous research [44,45,46], where turmeric samples gathered from various parts of the world showed comparable and similar phytochemical profile. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the significant reduction in paw volume in treated rats with topical application of Cur-NS nanogel, which contains curcumin, indicating its anti-inflammatory effects. It also explicitly states that curcumin has been proven to have a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects, aligning with the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Field experiments Young and Yearian (1990b) tested the transmission of Heliothis NPV by Microplitis croceipes females to H. virescens larvae in caged plants in a field test. They found that mortality percent from NPV in larvae exposed to virus-sprayed parasitoid females was higher than when the females were previously allowed to oviposit in infected larvae. In addition, Young and Yearian (1989) reported that M. croceipes that emerged from NPV-infected larvae of H. virescens could transmit the virus, but its role in disseminating the virus in the field was small. In an experiment in a greenhouse cultivated with cabbage, Jiang et al. (2011) found that the population reduction of S. exigua was greater by Micropletis pallidipes females carrying SeNPV (82. 3–89. 7%) than by females without virus (59. 5–62. 4%). In greenhouse trials with GV against Lacanobia oleraceae larvae in tomato plants, Mathews et al. (2004) found that Meteorus gyrator was noticed to discriminate between healthy and infected host larvae. In addition, the parasitoid that transmitted the virus at low levels significantly increased total host mortality and decreased the damage in tomato fruits when combined with the virus. c. Development and survival of parasitoids in infected hostsIrabagon and Brooks (1974) reported that the late exposure of the baculovirus-infected host larvae to the parasitoids increased the percentage of successful development of the parasitoids. In this respect, Hochberg (1991) found that when there was either no interval or an insufficient interval between parasitism and virus inoculation, the number of eggs deposited by the parasitoid female was unaffected, but the parasitoids could not complete development because the larvae die of viral infection quickly and fewer parasitoids emerge from the host. Beegle and Oatman (1974) reported that larvae of the parasitoid Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck) inside Trichoplusia ni larvae infected with NPV prior to parasitism died when their host died from infection. Hutchkin and Kaya (1983) conducted a survey of several parasitoids for their ability to develop to pupae in virus-infected hosts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple instances of how pathogens can affect beneficial insects, specifically parasitoids. For example, it describes how exposure to NPV (a pathogen) can lead to higher mortality rates in larvae and discusses the challenges faced by parasitoids when infected hosts are involved, showing that the use of pathogens in pest control can indeed impact beneficial insects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: MethodsHydrological simulations and meteorological forcing dataSeven GHMs and LSMs were used to simulate AGTWS, essential components (e. g. , groundwater, snow, ice, and soil moisture), and primary hydrological processes through the terrestrial hydrological cycle (1). All GHMs/LSMs consider human activities (e. g. , land-use change, population growth, and economic development; Historical land-use patterns are from the HYDE3. 2 data76, and future land-use projections are generated by the land use model MAgPIE77. Climate variables were obtained from four general circulation models (GCMs): GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2--CM5A-LR, and MIROC5, and included near-surface air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and surface downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation. We evaluated hydrological simulations from 27 ensemble members (2). The bias-adjusted meteorological forcing and socioeconomic and human-influence data were downscaled to a 0. 5° × 0. 5° global grid43. All simulations were performed under the 2b protocol42. Three radiative forcing scenarios are considered in this study: the historical climate (HIST, 1861–2005), the stringent greenhouse gas emission scenario (RCP2. 6, 2006–2099), and a medium stabilization scenario (RCP6. 0, 2006–2099). We selected these two RCPs, as they are the only scenarios for which hydrological outputs from up to seven models are available in the 2b simulations. We considered two socioeconomic scenarios, which represent human influences such as land use, nitrogen deposition, fertilizer input, and water management. With most selected models, the simulation of land use and socioeconomic conditions varies (denoted as histsoc) in the historical climate (HIST), while it is fixed at the 2005 level (denoted as 2005soc) in the future climate (RCP2. 6 and RCP6. 0). Observations and reanalysis dataGRACE observations from April 2002 to July 2021 were used to evaluate the simulated AGTWS. To derive uncertainties, GRACE mascon solutions from the Center for and Laboratory were all used78,79,80. Data for the months not available on GRACE observations were gap filled using linear interpolation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses hydrological simulations, meteorological data, and models related to climate scenarios. There is no mention of extraterrestrial signals or their detection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The total residual solvent present in all the successive extracts were found to very minimum as evident from the results of studies, which depicted that the extract is free from harmful residual solvents used during extraction process. Literature demonstrated that the presence of residual solvent beyond the safety limits may be associated with carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, teratogenicity and may other toxic consequences in finished herbal medicinal products [47]. Based on the quantitative estimation, it was observed that total phenolic and tannin content was found to be highest with LKDCH extract (2. 16 ± 0. 62 mg GAE/g of dry weight extract) as compared to other successive extracts. The high phenolic content of turmeric may be attributed to the presence of curcuminoids and other phenolic components [48]. Research reported that the total phenolic content present in ordinary turmeric (Curcuma longa) was 1. 03 mg GAE/gm dry weight extract [49]. Based on these findings, it is evident that Lakadong turmeric grown in Meghalaya has a higher phenolic content (two-fold) than ordinary turmeric, which is in agreement with the literature which reports that LKD turmeric contains high levels of phenolic curcuminoids [50]. As evidenced by our HPTLC fingerprinting analysis, the LKDCH extract showed higher levels of curcumin in comparison to the reference curcumin, while BDMC and DMC were significantly less dense. This marks the initial instance of curcumin isolation from Lakadong turmeric, and the spectral data align precisely with the previously documented curcumin spectra in existing literature [17, 39,40,41, 43]. Scavenging of the stable free radical (DPPH) is regarded as a reliable test for assessing antioxidant scavenging activity of a substance [51]. Plant extracts containing polyphenol components have antioxidant action due to their ability to donate hydrogen atoms or electrons and trap free radicals [52]. According to research, the phenolic OH group or the CH2 group of the β-diketone moiety can both contribute to curcumin's ability to neutralize and scavenge free radicals [53]. In the current study, it was found that the LKDCH extract consists of a significant amount of phenolic and tannin contents, with curcumin as its main constituent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that curcumin, a main constituent of the LKDCH extract from Lakadong turmeric, demonstrates significant phenolic content, which is associated with antioxidant activity. This hints at the potential of curcumin as having physiological benefits, including anti-inflammatory properties, consistent with the claim. Furthermore, the text discusses curcumin's ability to scavenge free radicals, which is linked to anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: They found that the tachinid Compsilura concinnata (Meigen), the two ichneumonids Campoletis sonorensis and Hyposoter exiguae, and the braconid Cotesia marginiventris developed to pupae in the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta, infected with either NPV or GV. However, Chelonus insularis died when its host, P. unipuncta, infected with NPV or GV died, while the braconid Glyptapantele smilitaris (Walsh) died in NPV-infected P. unipuncta before the mortality of its host. In addition, H. exiguae, C. insularis, and C. marginiventris developed to pupae in GV-infected S. exigua larvae. Abbas (1987b) found that the ecto-larval parasitoid Bracon brevicornis (Wesm. ) developed successfully on its host, Heliothis armigera treated with NPV 24 h before exposure to the parasitoid females. When parasitism occurred 48 h post-larval infection, only 24. 6% of the parasitoid’s progeny developed to adults. However, all parasitoid’s progeny died when the host larvae were parasitized 3, 4, or 5 days post-infection. Eller et al. (1988) recorded a high mortality rate in Microplitis croceipes larvae when its host larvae, S. exigua, died from NPV infection. Murray et al. (1995) mentioned that the larval parasitoids Meteorus demoliter (Wesm. ), Cotesia kazak (Telenge), and Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg) required 3 days before the treatment of their host, H. armigera, larvae with NPV to complete their development successfully. Kunimi et al. (1999) came to almost similar results as they found that infection of Pseudaletia separata Walker with the GV of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (PuGV) negatively affected the development and survival of its larval parasitoid, Cotesia kariyai (Watanabe). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that the use of pathogens for pest control can negatively impact beneficial insects. For example, the text describes various parasitoids, such as Chelonus insularis and the braconids, that experienced high mortality rates or failed to develop when their host, infected with pathogens like NPV or GV, died. This contradicts the assertion that using pathogens will never affect beneficial insects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Figures 5 figures Figures Figure 1 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset Set7 methylates Gli3 full-length in vivo and in vitro. (A) Sequence alignment of the reported Set7 substrates with Gli3K436 and Gli3K595 (upper). Schematic representation of Gli3 protein and the truncated peptide used in in vitro methylation assay (B) and GST pull-down assay (C) (lower). (B) In vitro methylation assay with 3H-S-adenosine-methionine (3H-SAM), bacteria purified Set7 and MBP fusion protein. * and ** represent the MBP-K436 and MBP-K595 respectively. (C) GST pull-down assay using GST-Set7 and MBP tagged Gli3 truncated fragments described in (A). * and ** represent the MBP-K436 and MBP-K595 respectively. (D–F) Western blot of immunoprecipitates (top three panels) and lysates (bottom) from HEK293T cells expressing indicated siRNAs or proteins. * and ** represent the full-length and repressor forms of Gli3 respectively. (G–I) Western blot of immunoprecipitates (top three panels) and lysates (bottom) from NIH-3T3 cells stably expressing indicated shRNAs or proteins. (I’) Schematic representation of 6 PKA targeted serines which were mutated to nonphosphorylatable alanines in Gli3PA. (J) GST pull-down assay using GST-Set7 and flag-Gli3 in NIH-3T3 cells in the presence of Shh. Ctrl, Control. Me-K436, antibody anti methylated Gli3-K436; Me-K595, antibody anti methylated Gli3-K595. WCL, whole cell lysis. The protein level of Gli3 in (D–I) are normalized to the same. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The mass spectrometry results show the methylation modification in the full-length Gli3 on K436 and K595. (A) Sliver staining of the mass spectrometry sample. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on specific experimental procedures and findings related to the Gli3 protein, including methylation assays and Western blots, without mentioning extraterrestrial signals or their detection from Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The obtained properties might have resulted in non-adhesiveness, exudate absorption, retention of moisture, and gas permeability which were ideal for wound healing application [12]. Sufficient drug loading (61. 2 ± 4. 5%) was obtained by the method used for preparation of nanogel in the optimized Cur-NS. The high drug loading might be due to the method of preparation of gel by simultaneous addition method. From the ex vivo skin permeation Study using rat skin, Cur-NS-nanogel showed a much controlled permeation with higher steady state flux in comparison to gel. Similar results were obtained for the partition coefficients. This controlled permeation may be due to the presence of PLGA in the nanogel and may result in better anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity with reduced nanotoxicity on application. Stability studies of developed formulation showed that optimized formulation exhibited good stability behavior in terms of pH, physical appearance, viscosity, spreadability and drug content in different conditions. Different stages of wound healing like inflammation, proliferation and regeneration often overlap with each other and are difficult to differentiate resulting in enhanced qualitative and quantitative aspects of each stage which might hasten the healing process with reduced side effects [61]. In the current study, nanoformulation of curcumin was found effective in healing cutaneous wounds. The experimental groups receiving the tested CUR-Nanogel represented excellent wound healing capability with re-epithelialization, regeneration and reformation of fibroblast cells (FC), granulation tissues (GT), hair follicles (HF), collagen fibers (CF) and inflammatory cells (IC) (Fig. 6E, F). Fibroblast cells (FC) aid cell migration and proliferation by the production of primary extracellular matrix, including fibronectin, hexosamine, hexuronic acid in the wound bed and is primarily responsible for collagen formation [36, 62, 63]. These fibroblast cells are matured into fibrocytes with higher ability of collagen formation after discharging to the wound sites [64]. Moreover, the inflammatory cells intensify the inflammatory response with the release of certain chemotoxic agents to disinfect the wound area [61, 65]. However, a cumulative aggregation and cell hyperactivation in the wound area might result in pus formation in the wound site, leading to amputation and loss of tissues, and thus affecting the healing process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the nanoformulation of curcumin (CUR-Nanogel) was found effective in healing cutaneous wounds and exhibited better anti-inflammatory activity. It specifically mentions that the experimental groups receiving the CUR-Nanogel showed excellent wound healing capability, which is associated with reduced nanotoxicity and enhanced healing processes linked to inflammation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: No parasitoid larvae emerged from virus-infected host larvae when the 2nd and 3rd larval instars were infected and then exposed to the parasitoid in the 4th instar. Also, the parasitoid larvae could not develop in the virus-infected hosts when the 4th instar larvae were simultaneously parasitized and virus-infected. Similarly, Escribano et al. (2000) found that all S. frugiperda larvae that were treated with a lethal dose of SfMNPV were unsuitable for the development of the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus insularis. Also, the larval parasitoid, Campoletis sonorensis, did not survive in host larvae treated with the same virus immediately after parasitism, but its survival was possible with a 2-day delay between parasitism and viral infection. Furthermore, the percentage of parasitoid emergence increased significantly as the interval between parasitism and virus-infection increased. Mathews et al. (2004) reported that the survival of Meteorus gyrator within its host, Lacanobia oleraceae, infected with a GV increased as the time between parasitism and infection increased. No parasitoids could develop when parasitism occurred before GV infection whereas infection after parasitism had no effect on the larval or pupal developmental periods. Nguyen et al. (2005) found that survival of the developmental stages and the adults of Meteorus pulchricornis emerged from NPV-infected S. exigua larvae was adversely affected when the larvae were exposed to high doses of the virus 1–3 days post-parasitism. Also, Rabie et al. (2010) stated that NPV-infected Mamestra brassica caused deleterious effects to the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor Say. This deleterious effect was dependent on the interval between viral-infection, parasitism timing, and the dose of virus. Very few adult parasitoids could emerge from parasitized hosts treated with 180 PIBs/mm2 of the diet when exposed to the parasitoid 72 h post-infection. However, Cai et al. (2012) mentioned that the survival rate of adults of Microplitis bicoloratus Chen emerged from S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple instances where using viruses (pathogens) for pest control negatively impacts beneficial insects (specifically parasitoid larvae). It discusses various studies showing that certain strains of viruses led to the failure of parasitoids to develop or survive in infected hosts, indicating that the use of pathogens for pest control does indeed affect beneficial insects contrary to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: * represent the Gli3 full-length, ** represent the Gli3 repressor. (B and C) The mass spectrometry results of the methylation modification on K436 (B) and K595 (C) in the Gli3 full-length sample. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Sequence alignment of K436 and K595 sites of Gli3 in different species Sequence alignment of the methylation sites K436. (A) and K595 (B) in Gli3 from different species suggested that these two sites are evolution conserved. Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset The methylation antibodies can specifically recognize the mono methylated Gli3 peptides. (A) The sequences of peptides used for preparing antibodies. (B) Dot blots of peptides described in (A). Me-K436, antibody against methylated Gli3-K436; Me-K595, antibody against methylated Gli3-K595. Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset The methylation antibodies can specifically recognize the mono methylated Gli3 full length in embroynic lung Indicated tissues from mouse embryos (14. 5 dpc) were isolated and lysed. Methylation signals on Gli3 full length were detected by western blots. Figure 2 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset Methylation by Set7 promotes the Sonic Hedgehog signaling activity. (A–C) Shh luciferase reporter assays in NIH-3T3 cells expressing indicated siRNAs or proteins. (A’) Set7 level changes in NIH-3T3 cells expressing indicated Set7 siRNAs. n. s. p>0. 05, ***p<0. 005 versus siCtrl respectively in (A). (D and E) qPCR to detect Shh target gene, Gli1 and Ptch1, in Shh treated NIH-3T3 cells after Set7 knockdown. ***p<0. 005 versus siCtrl. (F) Western blot to detect protein level changes of Set7 and Gli1 in (D and E). (G) Shh luciferase reporter assay in Shh treated NIH-3T3 cells transfected with indicated siRNAs. ***p<0. 001, n. s. p>0. 05 versus siCtrl siCtrl respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the detection of extraterrestrial signals. It focuses instead on scientific methods related to methylation modifications in the Gli3 gene and associated assays, which have no relevance to the claim about extraterrestrial signals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Again, in the infection site, the formation of pus is aided by the formation of free radicals which can be scavenged by the use of antioxidants [66, 67]. The antioxidants in the curcumin would thus assist in complete healing of the wounds by scavenging the free radicals and pus within the infected area. Hence, in the current study, Cur-Nanogel demonstrated excellent cutaneous wound healing potential as compared to the marketed turmeric extract cream. λ-Carrageenan, a complex polysaccharide, is a routine inflammatory inducer that causes rapid inflammatory reactions, including increased pain sensitivity and skin redness. This is due to the activation of several proinflammatory pathways including histamine, bradykinin, tachykinins, cyclooxygenase, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These mechanisms all contribute to the development of enlarged paws produced by fluid leaking into injection sites. This phenomenon is a useful metric for assessing anti-inflammatory medicines and their biological mechanisms, particularly their influence on the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [68]. Carrageenan-induced paw edema is a popular experimental paradigm for evaluating anti-inflammatory drugs due to its dependability and precision in producing findings [69]. Turmeric and its bioactive constituent ‘curcumin’ are well known for their anti-inflammatory effects with well defined mechanism by regulating various inflammatory signaling pathways and inhibiting the production of proinflammatory mediators [70]. Many researches have demonstrated that curumin alone or its pharmaceutical formulation showed a dramatical inhibition on inflammation of the paw edema produced by carrageenan [71]. Our result is in accordance with the data reported in the literature, depicting that PLGA-based curcumin nanosuspension loaded in carbopol gel revealed significant anti-inflammatory effects in experimental rats. This increased anti-inflammatory activity in the Cur-NS Nanogel may be due to the more controlled permeation of the drug because of the presence of PLGA in the nanogel that may have resulted in better anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity [72]. Such controlled permeation of nanoformulation may be essential for ensuring reduced nanotoxicity on application. The observed behavior may also be due to the quality and purity of isolated curcumin from LKDCH, used in the Cur-NS nanogel in comparison to the marketed curcumin formulation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how turmeric and its active component, curcumin, are well known for their anti-inflammatory effects. It explains that curcumin regulates various inflammatory signaling pathways and inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, thus demonstrating its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: exigua larvae treated with SeMNPV decreased with increasing virus doses against the 2nd to 4th larval instars. Azam et al. (2016) treated the 2nd instar larvae of S. litura which developed from eggs parasitized with the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus inanitus with a GV. Their results showed that percentages of the emergence of the parasitoid larvae from the host larvae as well as their pupation rate and adult emergence were significantly lower compared to those from the uninfected ones. d. Effect on parasitoid adults fed on virusThe longevity of parasitoid female adults of Bracon brevicornis fed on honey or a mixture of honey and NPV (103 PIBs) 1:2 was not significantly affected (34. 5 and 33. 3 days, respectively) (Abbas 1987b). Hui-Fang et al. (2013) reported that the progeny of Meteorus pulchricornis female which ingested S. exigua NPV was significantly affected at 1 and 2 days post-ingestion. The average number of the offspring of treated females was 2. 6 cocoons/host larva compared to 4 cocoons for the control female (fed on honey only). However, no significant differences were observed in the number of produced cocoons/host between treated and control females at 3 or 4 days post-ingestion. e. Effect of parasitism on host susceptibility to virus infectionEller et al. (1988) found that when the larvae of H. zea were exposed to Microplitis croceipes females and then infected with HzMNPV, the rate of virus-induced mortality decreased with the increase of host age at the time of infection. The rate of pupated H. zea larvae as well as the cocoon formation of M. croceipes increased with the increase of host age at infection for both parasitized and unparasitized larvae. Santiago-Alvarez and Caballero (1990) noticed decreased virulence of GV of Agrotis segetum (Denis) to larvae parasitized with Apanteles telengi compared to unparasitized larvae. However, there was no difference in the virulence of GV between larvae parasitized with Campoletis annulatus and unparasitized ones. Murray et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that pathogens used for pest control do affect beneficial insects. For example, it discusses how the emergence of parasitoid larvae was significantly lower in infected host larvae compared to uninfected ones. This indicates that the use of viruses (pathogens) can adversely impact beneficial insects such as parasitoids, thus directly rebutting the assertion that there would be no effects on beneficial species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: (H–J) mRNA level changes of Gli1 and Ptch1 (H and I) and Shh luciferase activity changes (J) in Shh treated NIH-3T3 cells transfected with unmethylatable mutants, Gli3K436R and Gli3K595R. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001 versus Gli3WT (K and L) Shh luciferase assay in Shh treated NIH-3T3 cells expressing indicated siRNAs or/and proteins. , **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001 versus siCtrl Gli3WT or 3WT respectively. . Results in (A–E, G–L) are shown as mean ± SEM (n=3). All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Ctrl, Control. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Sonic hedgehog signaling increases the mRNA level of Set7. (A and B) qPCR of Set7 in NIH-3T3 cells treated with Shh (A) and SAG (B). **p<0. 01 ***p<0. 001 versus Ctrl. (C and D) qPCR of Gli1 (C) and Set7 (D) in NIH-3T3 cells transfected with Gli1 siRNA. **p<0. 01 ***p<0. 001 versus siCtrl. Results are shown as mean ± SEM (n=3). All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset The methtylation of Gli3 is regulated by the Shh signaling Western blot of endogenous Gli3 immunoprecipitates from NIH-3T3 cells with or without Shh treatment. * and ** represent the full-length and repressor forms of Gli3 respectively. The protein density of Gli3 full length and methylation signals is analyzed using ImageJ. Figure 2—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset In the Gli1-/-; Gli2-/- MEF cells, Set7 still regulates the Shh signaling. (A) qPCR to detect Ptch1 in Shh treated Gli1-/-;Gli2-/- MEF cells with Set7 knockdown. *p<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about extraterrestrial signals as it discusses mRNA level changes and Shh signaling in NIH-3T3 cells. There are no references or indications related to detecting signals from extraterrestrial sources.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: ConclusionFrom the study it may be concluded that the LKD show high curcumin content with its chloroform extract showing higher yield of curcumin of high purity with significant antioxidant effects. Homogenous curcumin nanosuspensions could be obtained by nanoprecipitation method using PLGA with suitable size distribution and physicochemical properties. LKD curcumin nanosuspensions could be converted into to stable Carbopol based nanogel with safe and controlled skin permeability with reduced nanotoxicity. This controlled and sufficient skin permeability of Cur-NS nanogel might result in significant and promising wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity in experimental rats. Hence LKD turmeric may be explored more for its high and pure curcumin content and suitable nanoformulations in the form of nanogel may be designed for better clinical applications of curcumin for inflammation and cutaneous wound healing. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AbbreviationsPLGA: Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid NS: Nanosuspension SC: Stratum corneum PVA: alcohol LKD: : : : : : Chromatography TP: Total phenolics TSP: Total simple phenolics TC: Tannin content (TC) HPTLC: : Methanol CHCL3: Chloroform FT-IR: : : : calorimetry DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide TMS: Tetramethylsilane ppm: Parts per million DPPH : 1, 1 Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl HRBC: Percentage stabilization of human red blood cell PDI: Polydispersity index DLS: Dynamic light scattering TEM: Transmission electron microscopy ICH: for : Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals IAEC: Institutional animal ethical Committee SEM: Standard error of mean ANOVA: Analysis of variance BDMC: Bisdesmethoxycurcumin DMC: Demethoxycurcumin 10. 1007/s10695-008-9266-610. 4236/ajps. 2011. 2201310. 3389/fnut. 2021. 74795610. 1016/j. jchromb. 2007. 03. 01010. 1016/j. ijpharm. 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing that the curcumin from LKD turmeric exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity in experimental rats. It mentions that the designed nanogel from curcumin nanosuspensions may lead to better clinical applications for inflammation and skin wound healing, directly supporting the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (1995) reported that the LD50 of H. armigera NPV for H. armigera larvae was higher in larvae parasitized with Microplitis demolitor (Wilkenson) than in unparasitized ones. Washburn et al. (2000) found that Manduca sexta (L. ) larvae infected with Autographa californica (Speyer) NPV died more rapidly and at higher rates when they were parasitized by Cotesia congregate (Say). However, Escribano et al. (2001) reported that the virulence of NPV to unparasitized larvae of S. frugiperda did not differ from that to larvae parasitized with Chilonus insularis. Mathews et al. (2004) reported that the percentage of mortality of GV-infected Lecanobia oleraceae larvae was significantly higher when a combination of the larval parasitoid Meteorus gyrator and the virus was used compared to either the virus or the parasitoid alone. Similarly, Cai et al. (2012) found that mortality percent of S. exigua larvae was significantly higher (more than 80%) when co-exposed to the virus, SeMNPV and the parasitoid Microplitis bicoloratus compared to the virus alone regardless of the virus doses or the timing of virus treatment. Hui-Fang et al. (2013) found that when the 3rd instar larvae of S. exigua were exposed to SeMNPV and Meteorus pulchricornis simultaneously, differences in virus-induced mortality varied in parasitized and unparasitized larvae according to virus concentration. Parasitism, significantly, increased the mortality in larvae infected at concentrations of 105, 106, or 107 PIBs/ml compared to unparasitized ones. However, at the concentration of 103 PIBs/ml, parasitized larvae were less susceptible to virus infection than unparasitized ones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing various studies that indicate the complex interactions between pathogens and parasitized larvae. For example, it states that 'parasitism significantly increased the mortality in larvae infected' with pathogens at certain concentrations, suggesting that the use of pathogens can affect not only the target pests but also the beneficial insects, as evidenced by differing mortality rates between parasitized and unparasitized larvae.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: 05 versus Ctrl. (B) qPCR to detect Set7 in Shh treated Gli1-/-;Gli2-/- MEF cells with Set7 knockdown. ***p<0. 001 versus Ctrl. Results are shown as mean ± SEM (n=3). All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Figure 2—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Non-methylation mutants show reduced Gli1 and Ptch1 mRNA level, and decreased Shh luciferase activity. (A and B) qPCR of Gli1 and Ptch1 (A) and Shh luciferase activity (B) in NIH-3T3 cells expressing indicated proteins. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. Results are shown as mean ± SEM (n=3). All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Figure 3 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Set7 improved the stability and DNA binding ability respectably through K436 and K595 methylation. (A and B) Western blot (A) and qPCR (B) of Gli3 in the condition of Set7 knockdown or overexpression in NIH-3T3 cells. n. s. p>0. 05 versus siCtrl (left) or PCDNA (right) respectively. (C and D) Western blot of Gli3WT, Gli3K436R or Glli3K595R in the condition of Set7 knockdown or overexpression in NIH-3T3 cells. (E and F) Western blot (E) and statistic (F) of Gli3WT, Gli3K436R or Gli3K595R in NIH-3T3 cells treated with cycloheximide (CHX) for the indicated times. (G) Schematic representation of three Gli3 binding sites on the promoter regions of Gli1. (H) qPCR of Set7 in Gli3WT-flag stable cell lines after Set7 knockdown in (I). **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 00 versus siCtrl. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental findings related to qPCR and Western blot analyses in cells rather than any information on extraterrestrial signals. It does not provide any evidence or context that relates to the detection of signals from space.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 2posted 4You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: As a chemical extensively used in industrial areas as well as formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco, acrylamide (ACR) has been known as well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study that assesses the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, highlighting it as the most active component in turmeric. The study looks into curcumin's effects on neurotoxicity caused by acrylamide in rats, particularly noting the detection of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which are relevant to understanding its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 1. 5 million types of fungi, of which nearly 400 species can infect animals and less than 400 species can infect humans. Nevertheless, some fungal diseases can result from opportunistic fungi. In general, a fungi cell wall is made up of chitin, 1,3-β- and 1,6-β-glucans, and proteins, together with other polymers. The cell wall composition is characterized by being so flexible and changes at regular basis during the cell separation. It was reported that the cell wall is associated with several hydrolytic enzymes, which are responsible for maintaining the cell wall flexibility beside their importance for crosslinking of polymers as well as cell division. However, fungi are eukaryotes, which mean that there are many common features in the structure of their cells together with those of humans. There are four types of antifungal agents that are commercially available: azoles, echinocandins, polenes, and pyrimidine analogs (Tawara et al. 2000). Continuous approaches have been developed to improve biological control as safe alternative to the use of fungicidal agents. Researchers found that many insects produce different compounds, which have antifungal activity. Numerous biologically active peptides have been produced by many insects and interestingly these peptides show wide biological activities as promising antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agents (Mishra and Wang 2012). Peptides showing promising antifungal activities include drosomycin produced by the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (et al. 2003), termicin produced by termites (Khaleel et al. 2013), heliomycin produced by the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (Fehlbaum et al. 1994), gallerimycin isolated from the greater wax moth “Galleria mellonella” larvae (González-Santoyo and Córdoba-Aguilar 2012), and cecropins A and B from the giant silk moth Hyalopora cecropia (Schuhmann et al. 2003). In this review, the potential use of fungi and insects as biological control agents against each other was highlighted. Describing the history of using EPF, their killing mode, host range, and the factors affecting EPF virulence were studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses various aspects of fungi, their structure, antifungal agents, and the biological control capabilities of fungi and insects, without mentioning beneficial insects or contrasting the idea that pathogens will not affect them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: (I) ChIP-qPCR analysis using Ctrl IgG (grey) or anti-flag antibody (black) in NIH-3T3 cells transfected with Ctrl or Set7 siRNAs. ChIP signal levels are represented as fold change of input chromatin. (J) Western blot of flag tagged Gli3WT and mutants in the stable cell lines used in (K). (K) ChIP-qPCR analysis using anti-flag antibody in NIH-3T3 cells expressing Gli3WT-flag, Gli3K436R-flag or Gli3K595R-flag. ChIP signal levels are represented as fold change of input chromatin. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001, n. s. p>0. 05 versus anti flag siCtrl (I) or Gli3WT-flag (K). Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n=3). All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. In all the experiments, cells are treated with Shh. Ctrl, Control. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Set7 does not influence the cilium translocation of Gli3. (A and B) Immunofluorescent staining of Ac-tubulin (blue) and Gli3 (red) in the absence (A-A’’) or presence (B-B’’) of Shh. (C and D) Statistic results of Gli3 accumulation at cilia tips in NIH-3T3 cells with Set7 knockdown (C) or Set7/Set7H297A over-expression (D). In all experiments of (C and D), cells were treated with Shh. Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n=3). Ctrl, Control. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Set7 improves the DNA binding ability of Gli3 on Gli1 promoter. (A) ChIP-qPCR analysis at Gli1 loci (Figure 3G) using control IgG or anti-Gli3 antibody in NIH-3T3 cells transfected with control or Set7 siRNAs. ChIP signal levels are represented as fold change of input chromatin. **p<0. 01, ***p<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses molecular biology techniques and results related to Gli3 and Set7 in NIH-3T3 cells, with no mention of extraterrestrial signals or their detection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results: Concurrent administration of curcumin at the oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg with ACR significantly protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss and motor function deficits, and improved the pathological alterations in the ACR-intoxicated brains. Curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced the TERT mRNA expression level and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats. The levels of -α and IL-1β in the cerebral homogenates were reduced, the contents of GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased by curcumin treatment, compared to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco at high temperature, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1-3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6-8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that curcumin has anti-inflammatory effects. It mentions that ‘these data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats.’ This directly supports the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the role of some insect’s products as antifungal agents was presented focusing on peptides with biological activities against fungi. Finally, future prospects concerning the use of those organism’s products in biological control process were discussed. Main textFungi as antiinsectEnormous application of pesticides not only excesses the cost of pest control, but also results in environmental hazards and pollution; also, arthropod pests are known to develop resistance to chemical pesticides; researchers have often resort to incorporate alternative control conductance to minimize injuries caused by them. In the previous 50 years, control of pest insects using EPF been received much attention from researchers and a large number of commercial products came into sight (Faria and Wraight 2007). Fungal pathogens play a vital role in suppressing insect population dynamics. Microbial control has been used as a part of IPM programs in many countries, including the African countries with a long history of projects, for example, the expansion of “Green Muscle” was the first procedural for the application of mycoinsecticides in Africa to control insect pests (Maina et al. 2018). Interestingly, many of the potent EPF are insect generalists (Moonjely et al. 2016). Till the first decade of the second millennium, more than 110 commercial products based on EPF were developed in different multinational agricultural chemical companies, such as and Arysta (Ravensberg 2015). Majority of those products was based on the 2 fungal strains, B. bassiana and M. anisopliaesensu lato (Faria and Wraight 2007). The remaining products are incorporating the fungal species, B. brongniartii, Isaria farinosus, I. fumosorosea, Lecanicillium muscarium, L. lecanii, and L. longisporum (Jaronski and Mascarin 2017). The potent fungus, B. bassiana, has been extensively used in fighting harmful insects attacking economically important crops such as cotton, maize, and wheat (Lopez et al. 2014). Also, it is used against insects invading crops of poppy, banana, and white jute (Biswas et al. 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the application of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) in pest control, emphasizing that these fungi play a significant role in suppressing insect populations. The mention that 'many of the potent EPF are insect generalists' suggests that these pathogens may not exclusively target pest insects and may also impact beneficial insect populations. This directly challenges the assertion that using pathogens will never affect beneficial insects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: 001, versus anti Gli3 siCtrl. (B) qPCR of Set7 in NIH-3T3 cells with Set7 knockdown. RNAi efficiency was shown. Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n=3). **p<0. 01 versus siCtrl. Ctrl, Control. All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Figure 3—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Set7 improves the DNA binding ability of Gli3 on the promoter regions of Hhip and Ptch1 ChIP-qPCR assays at Hhip. (A) and Ptch1 (B) loci using control IgG or anti-flag antibody in NIH-3T3 Gli3-flag stable cells transfected with control or Set7 siRNA. ChIP signal levels are represented as fold change of input chromatin. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001, versus anti flag siCtrl. Figure 4 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Methylation of Gli3 positively regulated the A549 proliferation and migration ability. (A and B) Shh luciferase reporter assay (A) and qPCR (B) of Gli1, Ptch1 and Set7 in A549 cells in the condition of Set7 knockdown. (C) Western of flagged Gli3WT, Gli3K436R, Gli3K595R or Gli3KRKR in A549 stable cells used in (D-M). (D and E) qPCR (D) of Gli1 and Ptch1 and Shh luciferase reporter assay (E) in A549 cells expressing Gli3WT, Gli3K436R, Gli3K595R or Gli3KRKR. (F) MTT assays in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. (G and G’) Photography (G) and statistic results (G’) of anchorage-independent growth assay in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. (H and I) Statistic (H) and photography (I) results of tumor size in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. (J) Tumor growth curves of A549 cells express indicated protein in a xenograft mouse model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about extraterrestrial signals. It discusses various biological assays and scientific results related to Gli3 and A549 cells without addressing or providing any information on the detection of extraterrestrial signals from Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11-14]. As the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15-18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson's disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin, which is highlighted as the most active component in turmeric, possesses anti-inflammatory properties. It mentions that curcumin has been considered a potential natural neuroprotective agent due to its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis activities, supporting the claim about curcumin's role in reducing inflammation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Fungus penetrates cuticle through non-sclerotized areas, wounds, and trachea or via mouthparts. Penetration process accomplishes by mechanical and chemical means including several enzymes. Some fungi have become known what types of enzymes that they produce, e. g. , B. bassiana is known to produce chitinases, proteases, and lipases (Zimmermann 2007), while others like M. acridium, for example, are still vague. The host insect exhibits humoral and cellular immune reactions in order to withstand fungi penetration such as production of phenoloxidase, which leads to pathogens melanization (Amparyup et al. 2013), hemocytes (Lavine and Strand 2002), encapsulation, excretion of antimicrobial peptides, phagocytosis, nodule formation (Hajdušek et al. 2013), and antifungal compounds (Zimmermann 2007). On the other side, fungi produce a set of enzymes and toxins to degrade the insect cuticle (Santi et al. 2010) in a collision, which will determine the successfulness of penetration process. After successful penetration process, hyphae exist in the haemolymph forming asexualfungalspore, i. e. , blastoconidia. An expanded vegetative growth of hyphal bodies is enabling the invasion of the fungi throughout the entire tissues of host insect causing physic, histolytic, and pathologic changes ultimately leading to the death of the host insect after 3–7 days post infection (Zimmermann 2007; Shahid et al. 2012). Host rangeAccording to the number and diversity of infectious insect hosts, host range of EPF can be determined. Scholars defined 2 types of host ranges; first is the ecological host range that refers to the number of insect species that pathogen could successfully infect under field conditions, while the second is the physiological host range, in which an EPF is able to infect under laboratory condition (Hajek and Goettel 2007). The ecological host range is more trustable as it conflicts the realistic risk for the environment. EPF have diverse host ranges as many insect orders can be infected by them; however, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera are the most common ones (Ramanujam et al. 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can infect a wide range of insect hosts, including beneficial insects. It indicates that the ecological host range represents real-world scenarios where various insect species can be infected, suggesting a potential risk to beneficial insects, which undermines the assertion that using pathogens for pest control will never affect them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: (K–M) Migration ability evaluated by wound healing assay (K) and transwell migration assay (L). Invasiveness evaluated by matrigel invasion assay (M) in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Data in (D–H, J) were represented as mean ± SEM (n=3). *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001 versus Gli3WT. Ctrl, Control. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The involvement of this Set7-Gli3-Gli1 axis in the development of NSCLCs (A) Comparison of mRNA levels of Gli1 and Ptch1 in Beas2B and A549 cells by qPCR. The qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Data wad represented as mean ± SEM (n=3). (B) Correlation of Set7 and Gli1 mRNA levels in NSCLC samples. Figure 4—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Methylation on the Gli3PA promoted the A549 tumorigenesis. (A) Western blot of flagged Gli3PAWT, Gli3PAK436R, Gli3PAK595R or Gli3in A549 stable cells used in (B-H). (B and C) Hh luciferase reporter assay (B) and qPCR (C) of Gli1 and Ptch1 in A549 cells expressing flagged Gli3PAWT, Gli3PAK436R, Gli3PAK595R or Gli3. (D) MTT assays in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. (E and E’) Photography (E) and statistic results (E’) of anchorage-independent growth assay in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. (F-H) Migration ability evaluated by wound healing assay (F) and transwell migration assay (G). Invasiveness evaluated by matrigel invasion assay (H) in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. (G’ and H’) Statistic results of migration (G’) and invasion (H’) ability of A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. Data in (B-D, G’, H’) were represented as mean ± SEM (n=3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about extraterrestrial signals, as it discusses methodologies in laboratory experiments related to tumorigenesis and cell migration assays in A549 cells. There is no mention or indication of extraterrestrial signals or their detection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Measurement of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ levels in cerebral homogenates The concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in cerebral homogenates were determined using using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (IL-1β: PeproTech Inc. , NJ, USA TNF-ɑ: R&). Statistical analysis All experiments were conducted with two technical replicates. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey test by SPSS 22. 0 software. P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01 was considered statistically significant. ResultsEffect of curcumin on ACR-induced body weight and neurobehavioral changes As shown in Fig. 1A, the animals in the ACR group began to show slow growth compared to the normal control group since 2 weeks of exposure (P < 0. 05). At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of curcumin on neurobehavioral changes and body weight in ACR intoxicated rats, indicating that curcumin administration led to protection against weight loss and improvement in motor functions, which can be associated with anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Most of them are capable of infecting a wide range of insect hosts; however, a few have an exiguous host range (Faria and Wraight 2007). Those who have a narrow physiological or ecological range of host insects are usually strenuous to mass produce (Gryganskyi et al. 2013). For example, EPF belong to the order Entomophthorales, which includes 4 families, Ancylistaceae, Completoriaceae, Entomophthoraceae, and Meristacraceae, which are capable of infecting a few hosts. While the fungus that belongs to order Hypocreales has 8 families and has a broad range of host insects (Faria and Wraight 2007). For example, the EPF B. bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) has an exceedingly considerable host list of more than 700 insect species from different orders (Table 1) (Goettel et al. 2000; Zimmermann 2007; Meyling et al. 2009). Table 1 Examples of insect pest species successfully controlled by the use of B. bassiana and M. anisopliaeFull size tableFactors affecting EPF virulenceEPF are involved in plenty of environmental interactions that affect it in multiple manners. The prosperity of EPF in the environment relies on conidial viability and to produce a suitable propagule (Olivera and Neves 2004). This ability contingent on many factors, the species and age of the arthropod host in this regard, is a key consideration in fungal success (Alves da Silva et al. 2015). Furthermore, the difference in host plant species may modulate the susceptibility of insect pest towards EPF (Ocampo-Hernández et al. 2019). The role of insect host species in inhibiting or stimulating the efficiency of EPF is due to the numerous defensive antimicrobial compounds within the cuticle of host insect that fungi have to overcome, in order to a successful virulence (Amparyup et al. 2013; Pedrini et al. 2013). Thus, EPF virulence is markedly in a relation with rapid germination on host insect cuticle. In order to have a successful germination after the attachment of fungi with the insect cuticle, it is essential for the fungi to confront with its favorable conditions of temperature and humidity. Environmental factors, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can infect a wide range of insect species, which implies that beneficial insects are not exempt from the effects of these pathogens. It mentions that EPF like B. bassiana has a host range of over 700 insect species, which strongly suggests that using such pathogens for pest control could potentially impact beneficial insect populations as well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3068673/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractGlobal terrestrial water storage (TWS) serves as a crucial indicator of freshwater availability on Earth, yet detecting climate change trends in TWS poses challenges due to uneven hydrological responses, limited observations, and internal climate variability. To overcome these limitations, we present a novel approach leveraging extensive observed and simulated meteorological data at daily scales to project global TWS based on its fingerprints embedded in weather patterns. By establishing the relationship between annual global mean TWS and daily surface air temperature and humidity fields in reanalyses and multi-model hydrological simulations till the end of 21st century, we successfully detect climate change signals emerging above internal variability noise. Our analysis reveals that, since 2016, climate change signals have been detected in approximately 50% of days for most years. Furthermore, the signals of climate change in global mean TWS have exhibited consistent growth over recent decades and are anticipated to surpass the influence of natural climate variability in the future under various emission scenarios. Our findings highlight the urgency of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions to not only mitigate warming risks but also to ensure future water security. This daily-scale detection of TWS provides valuable insights into the evolving impacts of climate change on global TWS dynamics, enhances our understanding of climate change impacts, and facilitates informed decision-making in multiple sectors. Earth and environmental sciences/Climate sciences/Climate change/AttributionEarth and environmental sciences/HydrologyFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionTerrestrial water storage (TWS) is the sum of all water resources stored on the land surface and in the subsurface as the net residual among precipitation, evaporation, and runoff over land. It is an essential component of the hydrological cycle that determines freshwater availability on Earth1 and reverses the sign of the rate of sea level rise when more water is stored on the continents2. In regions experiencing frequent water scarcity, TWS often provides the last critical buffer against extreme droughts through natural water storage systems such as underground aquifers, glaciers, and wetlands. TWS also regulates Earth’s energy budget, affects biogeochemical cycles, maintains freshwater ecosystems, and enables socioeconomic development3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses terrestrial water storage and the detection of climate change signals on Earth but does not address or mention extraterrestrial signals at all. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the detection of extraterrestrial signals from Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin. Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining revealed the significant increases of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduced the number of apoptotic cells (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01), suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons. TUNEL-positive cells in curcumin-treated ACR intoxicated brains had decreased to approximately 13. 8-22. 1% of those in the ACR model group. Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR In order to clarify the anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of MDA and GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in the brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of curcumin's protective effects in a study involving ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. It states that curcumin reduces neuronal loss and the number of apoptotic cells, indicating its anti-apoptotic and potentially anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, it discusses the enhancement of TERT mRNA expression and its significance in the context of ACR-induced damage, suggesting a broader mechanism of protective action consistent with anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Natural enemies play an important role in limiting potential pest populations [8]. Conservation biological control is one of biological control main branches [8], which can be first realized by reducing the use of pesticides, use of selective pesticides, careful timing and placement of pesticide applications. We have seen what happens when insecticides destroy the natural enemies of potential pests. Insects that were of little economic importance may become destructive pests. When nontoxic control method is used natural enemies are more likely to survive and reduce the populations of pests. During non-crop periods, natural enemies may need of benefit from pollen, nectar or honeydew (produced by aphids). Many crop plants flower for only short time, so flowering plants along the edges of the field or within the field may be needed for pollen and nectar [9]. Preservation of natural enemies can be achieved by providing habitat and resources for natural enemies [10]. They are generally not active during the winter. Unless they are re-released each year, they must have a suitable environment for overwintering [11, 12]. They usually pass the winter in crop residues, other vegetation or in the soil. Ground cover of fruit orchards, winter crops (like alfa alfa and breccias), usually provides shelter for overwintering natural enemies. Adding plants or other food sources for natural enemies must be done with knowledge of the behaviour and biology of the natural enemy and the pest [13–16]. It is widely known that the simplifications of agriculture systems towards monoculturing are mainly responsible for decreasing environmental quality, threatening biodiversity and increasing the possibility of insect outbreaks. Modern crops are often monocultures in highly specialized production units, where not only crop cultivation but also harvest and packaging techniques are specialized [17–19]. The development of farming systems (field or landscape) with greater dependence on ecosystem services, such as biological control of insect pests, should increase the sustainability of agro-ecosystems [20–22]. Farming systems like greenhouses, annual crop systems and other practices that end with removing the whole crop after harvesting, may give rise to elimination of biodiversity, and decreasing the population of natural enemies in the fields or in different agricultural environments [23, 24], as appeared in Figure 1. Collection and transferring of natural enemies to environmentally controlled habitats could be useful in utilizing these natural enemies until releasing them in the next crop season. Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the detrimental effects of pesticides, which can destroy natural enemies of pests. It highlights how the use of insecticides can lead to previously non-destructive insects becoming pests, indicating that biological control methods should be employed to help preserve these beneficial insects. This illustrates a potential impact of pest control methods on beneficial insect populations, opposing the notion that using pathogens will never affect them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: The global TWS is affected by climate change and exacerbated by multi-faceted human activities. Climate change impacts TWS because it accelerates the hydrological cycle through enhancing evapotranspiration and altering precipitation patterns across the globe. The climate-induced variations in the global TWS pose multiple risks on human and natural systems worldwide, in particular in the vulnerable regions where changes in the hydrological cycle on people and ecosystems are observed4. On the other hand, human activities, such as the impoundment of fresh water in reservoirs and groundwater mining, exacerbate the TWS variations in time and space as these activities contribute to changes in water and energy budgets which are tightly coupled through changes in phase5. Given the rapid population growth and urbanization coupled with climate change as a multiplier, the water insecurity issues will likely to be magnified in many vulnerable places, resulting in water-related risks and social unrest such as political instability, forced migration, social conflicts, and injustice6,7. Monitoring global TWS is thus crucial for the understanding of the status of the global hydrological cycle, freshwater availability over time and space, and socio-hydrological responses to climate change. Yet, it is difficult to obtain long-term trends in global TWS due to limited global observation records, decadal climate variability, highly uneven hydrological responses to climate change, and complicated interactions between climate, hydrological, and social systems2,8,9. Although recent development of big Earth data, especially the (GRACE) and GRACE-(GRACE-FO) missions2,10, has made it possible to assess global TWS change and anomalies, providing evidence to confirm changes in the global hydrological cycle predicted by hydroclimate models11, these data only cover a short period of time which makes it hard to understand climate-driven interannual-to-decadal variability in TWS2,12,13,14. However, some studies had been able to estimate linear trends in TWS and TWS anomalies from a short time series that helped to explain the natural spatial-temporal variability in TWS15–17. To address the data limitation and missing consideration of human factors, global hydrological and land surface models have been widely integrated into observation data to evaluate large-scale climate change and/or human impacts on TWS16,18–25. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about extraterrestrial signals. It discusses the global terrestrial water storage (TWS) and its interactions with climate change and human activities, without mentioning anything related to extraterrestrial signals or their detection from Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: As shown in Table 1, compared with the normal control group, the contents of MDA in cerebral homogenates showed a strong increase, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX markedly decreased in the ACR-treated group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, curcumin treatment significantly reversed the these alterations induced by ACR in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05;P < 0. 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, contribute to its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated rats. Effect of curcumin on cerebral contents of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0. 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15-20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [25]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11-14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that curcumin significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats. This suggests that curcumin has anti-inflammatory effects, aligning with the claim that it possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The hard plant parts are not very suitable for oviposition behaviour of predators and may disrupt their establishment [91]. Cutting soft stems of flowers may remove a potential new generation of natural enemies from the fields [50]. The same problem can also occur on tomato with the de-leafing practice that has a strong negative effect on the development of mired predator populations [92, 93] and Encarsia formosa by removing parasitized whitefly scales [94]. These problems may be solved by adapting the de-leafing strategy or providing host plants with suitable oviposition sites for natural enemies. A number of plants are considered as refuges for natural enemies [59, 95]. For example, the vein axils of sweet pepper plants are used by predatory mites for oviposition which reduced cannibalism and increased survival by providing such suitable microclimate [59]. tinus and Vitis riparia plants in roses enhanced mite control by predatory mites [60]. 3. 9. Planting suitable non-crop plants near fields Mirid predators often migrate from non-crop plants into tomato fields, where they add to the control whiteflies, leaf miners and T. absoluta [1, 63, 96]. The natural existence of predatory bugs in tomato fields seems to be strongly related to the surrounding landscape. Migration of Orius spp. from neighbouring wild plants into sweet pepper fields may compete with populations of released O. laevigatus [62]. Many studies suggested that preservation biological control of predators can be enhanced by planting suitable non-crop plants near fields either to support migration into the crop or to provide a shelter when field crops are harvested and plants removed [1]. Field surroundings may also contribute to the migration of parasitoids into fields [97]. Providing overwintering shelters may enhance lacewings by providing diapausing adults with artificial overwintering chambers in greenhouses [61]. These methods may contribute to early establishment of natural enemies in new season in the spring. 3. 10. Induced plant responses Induced plant resistance against insects includes direct traits, such as the production of toxins and feeding deterrents that reduce survival, host preference, fecundity or developmental rate of pests and indirect traits, which attract and/or retain natural enemies [64, 65]. The latter contains traits such as the plant producing volatiles and floral nectar [98]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how various agricultural practices, such as cutting soft stems and de-leafing, can negatively impact beneficial predator populations. For instance, it notes that de-leafing has a strong negative effect on mired predator populations, suggesting that pest control methods may disrupt beneficial insects rather than protect them. This indicates that using certain pest control measures could indeed affect beneficial insect populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Among these attempts, the detection of climate change signals in global TWS and their drivers to TWS anomalies have rarely been investigated but needs to be addressed to manifest the interplay between climate change and global TWS variability2. To examine anthropogenic climate change in observations or model simulations, climatologists usually apply detection and attribution (D&A) techniques which aim to determine whether modelled patterns of climate change and their magnitude are consistent with observations26. Detection of the evolving climate signals in observation data is usually based on identifying characteristic space-time patterns, typically referred to as fingerprints27,28. In Hasselmann’s early work, an optimal fingerprint pattern was derived to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, often defined as the leading empirical orthogonal function of the multi-model average from forced model simulations29,30. Recently, ridge regression is used to optimally estimate “regression coefficient” to produce weights that maximize climate change signals against internal climate variability for the target variable31. The regression coefficient’s spatial distribution provides weights for locations around the globe; once the weights are applied to all locations, their weighted average fits the target variable the best. Despite the advanced understanding of global TWS systems and their improved representations in global hydrological models (GHMs) and land surface models (LSMs)32,33, only a few regional studies have used D&A techniques to track climate change signals in river flow34–36. An important question yet to be addressed is whether externally forced climate changes are detectable in freshwater availability at the global scale37. The lack of work on this is partly due to the weakened global average signal in precipitation29, as the precipitation varies in the sign of change with regions under climate change and thus they cancel each other out in the global average11,38,39. On the other hand, the application of D&A techniques requires long-time data of terrestrial water mass to identify climate change signals through observed TWS at the global scale. Such data are impossible with the technical capacity and resources available to date, but efforts have been made by reconstructing past TWS anomalies using meteorological data and GRACE observations12,40–43. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the detection of climate change signals and techniques involved in such investigations. There is no mention or implication regarding the detection of extraterrestrial signals, thus it neither supports nor rebuts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program is closely associated with the development of various brain diseases [26]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is of extreme importance to adopt prevention strategies against neuronal cell apoptosis in attempt to limit the brain damage resulting from neuronal death [26]. So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [26]. In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [27,28]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone-9 hepatocytes [27]. Pirmoradi et al. [28] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [27,28], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects of curcumin, suggesting its potential in limiting brain damage associated with inflammation and neurodegenerative conditions. The mention of curcumin's role in preventing neuronal apoptosis indicates its anti-inflammatory properties, as inflammation is often linked to cell death in various diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Predacious mites Individuals of predacious mites carried on special materials are released for regulating spider mites and whiteflies in tomato and pepper in the greenhouses [49, 57]. 4. 9. Combination entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and egg parasitoid Natural enemies may be released in integration with each other to regulate one or set of insect pests. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and Trichogramma were used for S. cretica, C. agamemnon and O. nubilalis, respectively, in corn fields. The infested plants S. cretica were sprayed one time with 500 and 1000 IJs/ml of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Three releases of T. evanescens were conducted to control C. agamemnon and O. nubilalis [22]. 4. 10. Entomopathogenic nematods application Entomopathogenic nematods are injected in tunnels made by the red palm weevil larvae or sprayed around the trunks of infested trees to control the pest adults [147]. 4. 11. Evaluation of released natural enemies Evaluation of preservation biological control practices varies according to the pest, natural enemy species and target crops. Evaluation items include crop assessment, crop damage, pest and natural enemy populations. These evaluation criteria may include natural enemy efficiency and persistence in the target fields, predation rates, parasitization rates and pest population reduction. For field experiments, the standard equation of Henderson and Tilton [157] will be used. This equation is applicable for evaluating insect and natural enemy population, damage level and yield. Advertisement 5. of natural enemies are subjected to continuous deterioration especially in modern agricultural systems characterized by complete removal of plants after harvesting. Conservation biological control is the protection of NEs against adverse effects of pesticides and incompatible cultural practices and improving their efficiency via providing food sources. During non-crop periods, natural enemies may be in need of benefit from pollen and nectar. Preservation of natural enemies can be achieved by providing habitat and resources for natural enemies. This 1. : Enhancing pest control in annual crops by conservation of predatory Heteroptera. 2011; 59:13–21. 2. van Lenteren JC: The state of commercial augmentative biological control: Plenty of natural enemies, but a frustrating lack of uptake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the release of predacious mites and other biological control methods that involve natural enemies and the preservation of biological control practices. It states that the evaluation of natural enemies varies according to the pest and the species involved, implying that the introduction of entomopathogenic nematodes and other biological agents could have varying effects on both pest and beneficial insect populations, which challenges the assertion that such methods will never affect beneficial insects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: TWS at regional scale fluctuates with hydrological fluxes, namely precipitation，evaporation, and runoffs, which are strongly affected by daily weather patterns and extreme hydrological events such as floods and droughts. Weather events and climatological anomalies, driven by cyclones, frontal systems, stationary eddies and other atmospheric processes, often occur at much smaller scales than continental scales. While synoptic patterns and large-scale atmospheric circulations can influence hydrometeorological conditions over broader regions, the drying and wetting effects of weather events tends to occur on more localized or regional scales. The effects of daily weather and extreme events on global TWS can be significantly attenuated due to spatial average of the regional scale variations across the globe. Thus, it is possible to extract secular TWS trend from daily meteorological variables such as temperature and moisture through sophisticated statistical techniques. In the present study, we follow the machine learning approach developed in a recent work by Sippel et al. 31 to extract fingerprints that encapsulate the relationship between anomalies of the annual global average of terrestrial water storage (AGTWS, excluding Greenland and Antarctica) and global weather patterns, represented by daily surface air temperature and specific humidity. In doing so, we firstly derived TWS and meteorological data from seven physically-based GHMs and LSMs models provided by the 2b protocol44 (Table 1). Four general circulation models (GCMs)—GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2--CM5A-LR, and MIROC5—were used to obtain climate variables, including near-surface air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and surface downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation. Secondly, regularized linear regression models (i. e. , ridge regression) were trained, using the retrieved data, to linearly relate AGTWS anomalies to daily weather patterns of surface air temperature and specific humidity and to obtain fingerprints as maps of regression coefficients. Three radiative forcing scenarios were considered: the historical climate (HIST, 1861–2005), a stringent greenhouse gas emission scenario (RCP2. 6, 2006–2099), and a medium stabilization scenario (RCP6. 0, 2006–2099). The bias-adjusted meteorological forcing and socioeconomic and human-influence data were downscaled to a 0. 5° × 0. 5° global grid45 (Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the detection of extraterrestrial signals from Earth. Instead, it discusses terrestrial water storage (TWS) and its relationship with meteorological variables, without any mention of extraterrestrial signals.