Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: However, these studies should be replicated in both larger sample sets and other ethnicities. Neither whole-genome sequencing or genome-wide eQTL studies have been reported; this gap should be filled in order to confirm GWAS findings of imputed genotype and to ‘connect the dots’ between genotype and phenotype (Table 3). Table 3: Novel genomic methodologies not yet applied to sarcoidosisThe majority of recent transcriptomic studies have generally used outdated and insensitive techniques. Transcriptomic studies based on total mRNA or small RNA using RNA-sequencing technologies will, therefore, be essential to conduct in-silico functional studies. Similarly, epigenomics of sarcoidosis could benefit from the application of large-scale genome-wide arrays, such as the Illumina EPIC array that includes 850 000 methylation markers or methylation sequencing technologies, such as whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), methylation capture sequencing (MethylCap-Seq), methyl-CpG binding domain sequencing (MBD-Seq), and more recently nanopore sequencing, that offer extensive knowledge to understand regulation in gene expression and consequently biological processes in health and disease beyond sarcoidosis (Table 3). Finally, limited diversity in ancestry and clinical presentation of patients, few meta-analyses of multiple sarcoidosis studies, and lack of meticulous comparisons to other diseases leave us with findings in all aspects of genomics that are not broadly applicable. Although some studies explore common risk factors, like shared loci across disease [11▪], previous polygenic risk score [20] and cross-disease comparisons [21▪▪] should be repeated with recently proposed methodologies such as PRSice [50] and LDpred [51] software for calculating genetic risk scores and large-scale data to include recent findings and a greater breadth of the disease (Table 3). genomics studies discussed here have made advances in both new technologies and analysis methods, yet still suffer from significant limitations. Next-generation sequencing, genome-wide WES, spatial transcriptomics, single-cell RNA sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, and modern informatics methods like machine learning represent huge strides forward for genomics, yet have rarely been used in sarcoidosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide specific information regarding the relationship between epigenetics and gene expression modification by environmental factors. Instead, it discusses limitations in genomic studies and methodological advancements without directly addressing epigenetics or the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Although not a direct assessment of predation pressure, this increase in activity density of certain groups of natural enemies is consistent with most other studies (Pumariño et al. 2015) and indicates that biological control might still be part of the explanation between the reduced pest abundances in shady conditions. It should be noted however, that all our estimates of abundances and predation rates were snap-shots, and longer-term studies will be critical to properly evaluate the importance of biological control in this system. Moreover, the incorporation of more precise measures of pesticide use could be relevant as it affected both pooled predator abundances and parasitism rates in our study and is known to have strong effects on biocontrol services in general (Geiger et al. 2010). Microclimatic and bottom-up effects of shade on pestsBecause no conclusive effect of shade on biological control potential was detected, it is likely that other factors also contributed to the reduction in pest numbers. Shade induces changes in microclimate, which can have direct effects on invertebrate physiology and thereby regulate their populations. For example, invertebrate reproductive rates are usually lower in cooler conditions, and may also be affected by humidity (Burgess et al. 1996; Chaplin-Kramer and Kremen 2012). Moreover, most insects, including aphids, use olfactory cues to locate their host plants. Incorporation of trees in agroecosystems modifies wind speed and direction, and this may influence the crop’s olfactory signals for pest host location (Rao et al. 2000; Moser et al. 2009). Furthermore, the decreased temperature and increased humidity under shaded conditions can have an impact on plant quality and palatability, which may influence pest abundances. Shade can decrease the rate of photosynthesis (Sleeman and Dudley 2001), alter plant biomass, plant height, leaf area and protein content, and alter plant chemical composition (Olsson et al. 1998; Sleeman and Dudley 2001; Barber and Marquis 2011). Chemical changes induced by shade include the decrease in phenolic compounds, known to be important for plant defence (Barber and Marquis 2011). Shade trees may also modify a crop’s nutritional quality by either depleting soil nutrients following competition between crops and trees or by increasing fertilization by nitrogen-fixing trees (Rao et al. 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the incorporation of trees in agroecosystems influences various factors such as pest management, plant quality, and microclimate changes. These factors are crucial for promoting biodiversity and improving soil health. Specifically, the text mentions that shade from trees can alter plant biomass, nutrient content, and pest populations, all of which contribute to the environmental health and biodiversity of agroforestry systems. Additionally, the mention of nitrogen-fixing trees highlights how agroforestry can enhance soil nutrient levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Software-associated safety stems from error-free condition of software and other data arrays, which enables the vehicle to operate as required given the circumstances and data array parameters specified in the data sheets (Ljungholm, 2019). The information system of an AV can fail as a result of: (1) data-associated failure, an event that consists in hardware malfunction arising from errors in data arrays that resulted from incorrect data collection or the use of hardware reliant on such data; (2) loss of data due to hardware failure; (3) data error due to incorrect interpretation of, for example, traffic lights. Experiments have shown that traffic sign scans might contain errors that will jeopardize further decision-making. For the etiology of traffic crime, the so-called uncertainty is of utmost significance; the terms refers to a specific state of the information system arising from external circumstances such as change in weather, intransitive behavior of the operator, etc. Uncertainly is classified into three types: (1) uncertainty of the situation, in which the system needs to make a decision; (2) uncertainty of the requirements to be followed in decision-making; (3) uncertainty or randomness of the decision itself. This applies to autonomous vehicles, too. In that case, uncertainty of the situation is particularly important, as it exists objectively and stems from multiple circumstances including incomplete data on external influences, natural limitations, the properties of car systems and assemblies, etc. This uncertainty is descriptive of the situation that led to a traffic accident. Scientifically, the concept of situation remains disputable; researchers continue to debate not only the definition, but also the properties of situation (Dubovik, 1977). We believe that a road accident situation should be defined as the total of objective external circumstances, under which autonomous vehicles operate. Different types of situations are essentially different combinations of such circumstances. Criminologists identify three properties of situation: criminogenesis, cumulative, and conflict (Dubovik, 1977). Strictly speaking, these properties do not apply universally. That is easy to see by analyzing neutral situations, even more so by investigating obstructive situations. In other cases, only some constituents of a situation will be criminogenic. Besides, being a dynamic process, the situation can in fact mitigate some of the hazards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing several ways that autonomous vehicles are susceptible to accidents due to system failures and uncertainties. It states that the information systems of autonomous vehicles can fail because of data-associated failures, loss of data due to hardware malfunctions, and uncertainties in decision-making arising from external circumstances. This indicates that autonomous vehicles are not completely immune to accidents, as the text highlights multiple factors that can lead to errors and ultimately accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: To identify broadly applicable genotype-to-photype connections, it is imperative that sarcoidosis research utilizes both large, diverse cohorts and the innovative techniques employed in other human complex diseases. Acknowledgements None. Financial support and sponsorship This work was supported by grants from the Foundation for (Chicago, Illinois, USA), the of Health (R01HL113326-05, P30 GM110766-01, U54GM104938-06), and the Swedish Heart-(Grant No. 20170664). Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. 1. Grunewald J, Eklund A. Sex-specific manifestations of Lofgren's syndrome. 2007; 175:40–44. | 2. . Familial aggregation of sarcoidosis. A Case-Study of Sarcoidosis (). 2001; 164:2085–2091. | 3. . Genetics of sarcoidosis. Med 2015; 36:569–584. | 4. Terwiel M, van Moorsel CHM. Clinical epidemiology of familial sarcoidosis: a systematic literature review. 2019; 149:36–41. | 8633. | 6. High-density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility variants in sarcoidosis phenotypes and shows genomic-driven phenotypic differences. 2016; 193:1008–1022. | 7. Genome-wide association study of African and implicates multiple shared and ethnic specific loci in sarcoidosis susceptibility. PloS One 2012; 7:e43907. | 8. GenPhenReSa Consortium. A genome-wide association study reveals evidence of association with sarcoidosis at 6p12. 1. J 2011; 38:1127–1135. | 9. Genome-wide association study identifies ANXA11 as a new susceptibility locus for sarcoidosis. 2008; 40:1103–1106. | 10. Fine mapping of chromosome 15q25 implicates ZNF592 in neurosarcoidosis patients. 2015; 2:972–977. | 6. | 12. Role of NOD2 pathway genes in sarcoidosis sases with clinical characteristics of Blau Syndrome. 2015; 192:1133–1135. | 13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about epigenetics and gene expression being impacted by environmental factors. Instead, it discusses sarcoidosis research and genetic mapping without any reference to epigenetics or the modification of gene expression due to environmental influences. Therefore, the relationship is irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Plant nutritional quality can also be altered by decreased water stress induced by shading (Barber and Marquis 2011). Low water stress can decrease the soluble nitrogen content in brassica crops, while nitrogen is often a limiting factor for population growth of many insect pests (Burgess et al. 1996). Effects of bird predation on pestsIn our study, avian predation decreased aphid abundance, but had no effect on leaf damage by chewing herbivores. This result may seems surprising, as birds are known to decrease free-feeding caterpillar abundances and their leaf damage in kale agroecosystems (Hooks et al. 2003; Ndang’ang’a et al. 2013). However, similarly significant avian predation on aphids has been observed in kale fields of other regions of Kenya, yet only during the dry season (Ndang’ang’a et al. 2013). This difference in predation pressure with relation to the season cautions that effects found in a single season such as with our study can not necessarily be generalised as year-round mechanisms. Despite the beneficial effect of birds in reducing aphid abundances, the avian fauna is often considered harmful by local farmers, because some bird species are considered as pests, feeding on cereals and vegetables and spreading weeds and diseases (Chitere and Omolo 1993). Showing that birds can reduce pest damage by predation is thus of importance for promoting bird conservation. ConclusionThis study provided further evidence that agroforestry can be used to regulate crop pests (Schroth et al. 2000; Pumariño et al. 2015), as presence of shade trees reduced populations of both aphids and caterpillars on kale. However, in contrast to many other studies, our work found no conclusive evidence of more effective biological control by natural enemies in shady habitats (although abundances of ground-dwelling predators did increase with agroforestry practices). Direct effects of changes in microclimate on pest physiology as well as bottom-up effects mediated by changes in plant or soil quality were likely also part of the mechanism behind pest reduction—although they were not explicitly measured in our study. Further research is needed to disentangle more clearly the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up mechanisms behind the often observed reductions in pest populations under agroforestry management, and to assess how these effects vary within and among seasons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that agroforestry can regulate crop pests and discussing the beneficial effects of shade trees on pest populations, which relates to promoting biodiversity in agroecosystems. It specifically mentions that the presence of shade trees reduced populations of pests, highlighting a positive interaction between trees and crops that supports the claim about biodiversity and ecosystem health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: We believe that the situation properties are as follows: (1) specificity: a situation exists within a specific spacetime rather than universally; (2) systematicity and reproducibility, which enable defining the situation in the future by applying gnosiology and logic. However, it should be borne in mind that a situation does not reoccur in full; rather, only its general pattern reproduces itself in future situations. In other words, there arise the so-called relative situations; (3) informativity, i. e. the ability to carry sufficient information on the actual status of the environment; (4) the ability to capture the factors that could be further used to prevent adverse outcomes. development and adoption of autonomous vehicles, on the one hand, calls for advanced research of AV-involving road accident mechanisms to solve some potential problems of criminology, criminal law, and forensics; on the other hand, this is a challenging issue unless there is made an AV safety breach map that will also cover possible outside interference including tampering with the software or meddling with the road infrastructure, etc. We believe that in the current state of the art, focus should be made on researching the accident (crime) mechanism in general, further joining forces with AV design and engineering specialists to see which roles the AV components have to play in crime etiology. 6158. 124. [In Russ. ]. Dubovik, O. L. (1977). Prinyatiye resheniya v mekhanizme prestupnogo povedeniya i individualnaya profilaktika prestupleny [Decision-making as part of crime mechanism and case-by-case crime prevention]. Moscow: of the Academy of the. [In Russ. ]. Hamida, E. , Noura, H. , & Znaidi, W. (2015). Security of Transport Systems: Standards,. Electronics, 4, 380-423. Ishchenko, Ye. P. , Korma, V. D. , Chuchayev, A. I. , & Eminov, V. Ye. (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges associated with autonomous vehicles (AVs) and road accidents. It emphasizes the need for advanced research on accident mechanisms involving AVs and acknowledges that situations do not perfectly reoccur, which indicates that AVs cannot be considered immune to accidents. The mention of factors such as potential software tampering and road infrastructure issues further implies that accidents can still occur despite advancements in AV technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: SNP Variants in major histocompatibility complex are associated with sarcoidosis susceptibility-a joint analysis in four European populations. 2017; 8:422. | 14. Rivera NV, Hagemann- Common variants of T-cells contribute differently to phenotypic variation in sarcoidosis. 2017; 7:5623. | 15. Soubrier F. From an ACE polymorphism to genome-wide searches for eQTL. J 2013; 123:111–112. | 716. | 2964. | 19. Identification of immune-relevant factors conferring sarcoidosis genetic risk. 2015; 192:727–736. | 20. Polygenic risk assessment reveals pleiotropy between sarcoidosis and inflammatory disorders in the context of genetic ancestry. 2017; 18:88–94. | 667. | 22. Efficient generalized least squares method for mixed population and family-based samples in genome-wide association studies. 2014; 38:430–438. | 23. Schupp JC, Freitag-Wolf S, Bargagli E, et al. Phenotypes of organ involvement in sarcoidosis. J 2018; 51:1700991. | 10. 3390/ijerph16101830. : 31126090. | 25. Diaz-Gallo L-M, Brynedal B, Westerlind H, et al. Understanding genetic interactions and assessing the utility of the additive and multiplicative models through simulations. bioRxiv 2019; 706234doi: 10. 1101/706234. | 26. . HLA and environmental interactions in sarcoidosis. Dis 2008; 25:125–132. | 426. | 28. A genome-wide admixture scan for ancestry-linked genes predisposing to sarcoidosis in African-Americans. 2011; 12:67–77. | 29. Emerging phenotypes of sarcoidosis based on 18F-/CT: a hierarchical cluster analysis. 2020; 14:229–238. | 105. | 31. Molecular profiling and gene expression analysis in cutaneous sarcoidosis: the role of interleukin-12, interleukin-23, and the T-helper 17 pathway. J Dermatol 2012; 66:901. e1–910. e2. | 32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to epigenetics or how environmental factors affect gene expression. Instead, it discusses various studies related to genetic susceptibility and variations in sarcoidosis without any reference to epigenetic mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Regenerated trees in farmers’ fields increase soil carbon across the. : orcid. org/0000-0002-8579-12481, J. Sanou2, H. R. Bazié3, R. Coe4, A. Kalinganire1 & …F. L. Sinclair4,5 Show authors 3267 Accesses 4 all metrics AbstractIn the current debate on the role of increase soil carbon in addressing both climate change and food security, there is consensus that farmed lands have the higher potential provided the best management practices are implemented. In the Sahel where farms usually have few sparse old trees with declining soil fertility, there is an ongoing re-greening process with increases in tree cover for which there is still a dearth of quantified information on its impacts on soil properties. This research aimed at filling that gap. We sampled soil using a concentric zone design around individual trees of dominant species and at different soil depths (0–10, 10–30, 30–50 and 50–70 cm) in four Sahelian countries: Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal. The results showed increase total carbon content of the top 0–10 cm soil, generally with high sand content (> 70%), ranged from 0. 16 to 0. 44% (mean 0. 23%). Under trees it was a factor 1. 04–1. 47 higher than away from trees. Different tree species thrived in different ecological niches and had different impacts on soil properties, highlighting the need for site and species matching in restoration activities. These results suggest that increase vegetation cover in the Sahel is associated with an increase in soil total carbon and this trend is more pronounced on sandy soils. Similar content being viewed by others Changes in soil carbon and soil carbon sequestration potential under different types of pasture management in Brazil 0. 4% year−1 has been suggested as target, but it is not clear where and how this can be achieved (Minasny et al. 2017). Belowground organic inputs from root and rhizosphere turnover have been postulated as the primary source of SOC in the absence of soil tillage (McCormack et al. 2015). Increases in crop yield might stem from the provision of supporting ecosystem services by trees and shrubs, such as improving soil carbon and recycling nutrients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive impact of trees on soil health, specifically noting that increased tree cover leads to higher soil carbon content in the Sahel region. It highlights that different tree species have varying effects on soil properties, which implicitly supports the idea of combining trees and crops to enhance biodiversity and soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 93020 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechAnalysis and by Murat Darçın From the by Murat Darçın To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 2035. However, can AVs prevent traffic accidents? Results show that use of AVs will stay as a concern, and it will be hard to either champion or oppose them. From a positive perspective, AVs will contribute to traffic safety, increase economic and social benefits, and contribute to environmental protection. However, from a negative point of view, AVs would be hacked, expose our data to third parties, cause liability problems, increase carbon emissions into the atmosphere, risk our health, and constitute a financial burden in economies. The first section will introduce this 1. year approximately 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents that also cost most countries millions of dollars [1]. However, this unfortunate phenomenon mostly stems from humans. According to the US Department of Transportation’s Administration (NHTSA), 94% of the severe traffic accidents happen because of human errors [2]. defines the causes of traffic accidents as unsafe factors, unsafe road environments, insufficient driver knowledge, failure to recognize the danger, and improper thinking [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that autonomous vehicles (AVs) will not eliminate traffic accidents entirely, stating that the use of AVs will still be a concern and it will be difficult to either champion or oppose them. It specifically mentions that while AVs may contribute positively to traffic safety, they also expose users to potential risks such as hacking, liability problems, and increased carbon emissions, indicating that they are not completely immune to accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Longitudinal analysis of sarcoidosis blood transcriptomic signatures and disease outcomes. J 2014; 44:985–993. | 33. Parallel gene expression changes in sarcoidosis involving the lacrimal Gland, orbital tissue, or blood. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015; 133:770–777. | 34. Hypothesis: sarcoidosis is a STAT1-mediated disease. 2009; 132:174–183. | 35. Gene expression profiles in granuloma tissue reveal novel diagnostic markers in sarcoidosis. Pathol 2014; 96:393–399. | 36. Gene set analysis of lung samples provides insight into pathogenesis of progressive, fibrotic pulmonary sarcoidosis. 2010; 181:1367–1375. | 37. Maertzdorf J, 3rd, Mollenkopf HJ, et al. Common patterns and disease-related signatures in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. 2012; 109:7853–7858. | 38. Transcriptional blood signatures distinguish pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary sarcoidosis, pneumonias and lung cancers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70630. | 39. Gene expression profiling identifies MMP-12 and 1 as potential pathogenic mediators of pulmonary sarcoidosis. 2009; 179:929–938. | 40. sarcoidosis activates diverse transcriptional programs in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. 2016; 17:93. | 41. Progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis is associated with over-expression of TYK2 and p21Waf1/Cip1. Dis 2006; 23:101–107. | 42. Sarcoidosis extent relates to molecular variability. Immunol 2017; 188:444–454. | 43. Peripheral blood gene expression as a novel genomic biomarker in complicated sarcoidosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44818. | 44. Sarcoidosis blood transcriptome reflects lung inflammation and overlaps with tuberculosis. 2011; 184:1153–1163. | 45. RNA-sequencing identifies novel pathways in sarcoidosis monocytes. 2017; 7:2720. | 46. Kachamakova-Trojanowska N, Jazwa-Kusior A, Szade K, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to gene expression and disease outcomes in sarcoidosis but does not address or provide information on how epigenetics or environmental factors modify gene expression. Therefore, it is not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Sites with low tree cover are most often dominated by Faidherbia albida. The same is true for sites with high tree cover where Combretum micranthum is also found disproportionally often. Fields with new tree cover tended to be dominated by Balanites aegyptiaca or Piliostigma reticulatum (Table 1). Figure 6 shows the distribution of sand content of sites dominated by different species, revealing distinct niches for many of them. For example Acacia seyal and Anogeissus leiocarpus were only found on the least sandy sites (in line with their known preference for clayey soils and wet locations). Faidherbia albida and Combretum micranthum were found only on the most sandy sites. Adansonia digitata, B. aegyptiaca and P. reticulatum occurred more widely than other species. Fig. 6Distribution of sand content away from trees in areas dominated by different species in tree regeneration stage plots in four Sahelian countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal)Full size imageVariation in tree effectsFor sand content between 80 and 90% the average difference in carbon content was highest for low tree regeneration, with a mean increment of 0. 15%, an increase of about 50% over the baseline. A similar pattern was found in the level of exchangeable bases with the average difference between under and away from trees being very low for soils with lower sand content. It was about 0. 8 cmolc kg−1 for soils of 80–90% sand, an increase of 40% over baseline. Tree species apparently influenced the difference in topsoil carbon under and away them (Fig. 7a), with the common species Combretum micranthum, Piliostigma reticulatum and Faidherbia albida consistently showing a higher carbon content under trees than away. Tree species had less clear effects on the differences in exchangeable bases (Fig. 7b). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of different tree species on soil characteristics, such as carbon content and exchangeable bases. It highlights that sites with varying tree cover affect soil health, indicating that the presence of trees can enhance biodiversity and improve soil health, consistent with agroforestry practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: A study prepared by the NHTSA to be presented to the US Congress defines the causes of traffic accidents as driver-related, vehicle-related, roadway-related, and atmospheric condition-related factors [4]. Law firms approach problems from a different point of view since they aim to defend people at courts. As a result, they list the reasons for accidents in accordance with their legal bases. From the view of a law firm in the USA, causes of accidents are long listed as follows: distracted driving, speeding, drunk driving, reckless driving, rain, running red lights, running stop signs, teenage drivers, night driving, design defects, unsafe lane changes, wrong-way driving, improper turns, tailgating, driving under the influence of drugs, ice, snow, road rage, potholes, drowsy driving, tire blowouts, fog, deadly curves, animal crossings, and street racing [5]. Some may suggest that tire blowouts or unseen road signs are not human-related. However, while drunk driving or running red lights are explicitly related to drivers, a tire that is not changed in time or an unseen road sign that is not controlled by road authority employee is still implicitly associated with humans and human errors. Overall, it can be said that almost all accidents arise from the faults of humans, as suggested by NHTSA [2]. Nevertheless, are the humans aware that they are the main reasons for traffic accidents? A recent study [6] researched the reasons behind the accidents by gathering data from the interview with police officers and drivers and traffic accident reports. Two of the main findings of the study are as follows:the reasons for accidents differ between the genders and across the age groups andwhen police officers and drivers are asked to assign the reasons for accidents, they only generated 25 possible causes; however, real accident reports included 63 accident causes [6]. The second finding mentioned above shows that the perceptions of people regarding accidents’ causes are inadequate to understand the reasons and dynamics of accidents. Conversely, some factors such as uncorrected eyesight were listed by police officers and drivers; however, that did not take enough place in crash reports. While even police officers may have difficulty in identifying reasons behind accidents, how can we expect humans to take necessary actions to prevent traffic accidents? Or from another point of view, can AVs perform better than humans in driving? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex causes of traffic accidents and pointing out that almost all accidents arise from human faults. It emphasizes that even factors that may not seem human-related, such as tire blowouts or unseen road signs, can be implicitly linked to human errors. This highlights the limitations of relying solely on technology, such as autonomous vehicles, by suggesting that humans often misunderstand the dynamics of accidents. The mention of issues with human perception further implies that complete immunity to accidents is unrealistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/67851 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechby From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionPreimplantation embryo development follows a series of critical events. These events start at gametogenesis, formation of mature gametes, and lasts until parturition. Male and female gametes are derived from primordial germ cells (PGCs) by the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, respectively. PGCs have unique properties of gene expression, epigenetics, morphology and behaviour. Once the PGCs undergo mitosis, spermatogenesis and oogenesis progress differently. In spermatogenesis, spermatogonia undergo mitosis starting at puberty until death and each primary spermatocyte produces four spermatids at the end of meiosis. In oogenesis, PGCs differentiate into oogonia, they enter meiosis and arrest until puberty. Unlike meiosis II in spermatogenesis, secondary oocyte does not complete meiosis II until fertilisation. With completion of meiosis II, each oogonia produce a single viable oocyte [1]. At fertilisation, the oocyte completes meiosis and the fertilised oocyte is called the zygote. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about epigenetics and gene expression modification by environmental factors. While the text does mention primordial germ cells (PGCs) and their unique properties related to gene expression and epigenetics, it fails to explicitly connect this to environmental influences or modifications, which is the central focus of the claim. The rest of the text discusses the process of gametogenesis in males and females without addressing the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: 7Differences in a top soil carbon (%) and b exchangeable bases (cmolc kg−1) between measurements under the tree (T1) and away from trees (T0) for different dominant tree species in four Sahelian countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal)Full size imageThe factors associated with differences in topsoil properties under and away from trees—sand content, tree species and regeneration stage, were investigated. Simultaneously fitting linear models and using analysis of variance revealed clear and statistically significant (p < 0. 05) effects of sand content, species and levels of regeneration on total carbon and no important interactions between these (Table 2). However, there was a confounding effect between species and sand:regeneration interaction. The species differences identified could equally be attributed to an interaction effect, noticeable in Fig. 8a, with larger differences in C for low tree regeneration when the sand content is high. Table 2 Analysis of variance of contribution of sand content (classified as < 60%, 60–70%, 70–80%, > 80%), dominant tree species and level of tree regeneration to (a) differences in topsoil total C (%) under and away from trees and (b) differences in topsoil exchangeable bases under and away from trees in four Sahelian countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal)Full size tableFig. 8Differences in a top soil carbon (%) and b exchangeable bases (cmolc kg−1) between measurements under the tree (T1) and away from trees (T0) plotted against average sand content (%) away from the trees for three patterns of tree regeneration in four Sahelian countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal). Lines are smooth curves showing conditional meansFull size imageThe nature of the significant effects on topsoil total C are shown by predicted means (Table 3) for each factor. These confirm that the difference in C content between under and away from trees increased with sand content and was clearly positive for sand content > 70%. Thus the individual trees produce ‘hotspots’ of topsoil C in the sandiest soils, but not in less sandy soils. The hotspot feature is confirmed for F. albida, B. aegyptica and P. reticulatum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the differences in topsoil properties under trees compared to away from trees, highlighting significant effects of various factors such as tree species and sand content. The mention of ‘hotspots’ of topsoil carbon produced by individual trees suggests beneficial effects on soil health, which supports the idea that combining trees (as in agroforestry) with crops can enhance biodiversity and improve soil conditions. The statistical analysis reinforces the ecological roles that trees play within agroforestry systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Before digging into details, first, we must look at the basic definition and the history of AVs. Advertisement 2. The basic definition and a brief history of AVs 2. 1 The basic definition of AV AVs can be defined as the (self-driving) cars and trucks that combine sensors and software to control the vehicle safely without human drivers [7]. This definition mostly defines fully autonomous vehicles, which are not present now. However, there is a generally accepted road map and classification for autonomous cars prepared by the Society of (SAE) that will take humanity to a fully autonomous cars’ era. The classification consists of six categories to define the developmental level of autonomous vehicles ranging from Level 0 to Level 5 [8]. Figure 1 presents these classifications below. Figure 1. Levels of autonomy (courtesy of SAE international). 2. 2 The brief history of Ais hard to find a starting point for the evolution of AVs. suggests that AVs have taken place in science fiction works written by authors such as [9]. It is also claimed that the time of the emergence of AVs on earth is the 1920s, and radio- or wire-controlled cars are examples of them. Isaac Asimov’s short story “Sally” features autonomous cars that contain positronic brains and do not require human drivers [10]. The cars in this sci-fi example satisfy the basic definition provided in this section; however, it is hard to say that radio- or wire-controlled cars are the prototypes or precedents of today’s AVs because they are directly controlled by humans, and this situation does not comply with the definition. Modern (and capable) AVs can be said to show up through the challenges that were held by the (US) Agency (DARPA). In 2004, DARPA launched its first grand challenge to speed up the invention of the first fully autonomous ground vehicles. On the first grand challenge, 15 participant teams were asked to send their AVs from Barstow, California to Primm, Nevada (a 142-mile course in dessert terrain) on March 13, 2004 [11]. However, none of the AVs completed the route, and University’s Red Team’s AV “Sandstorm” was the car that took the farthest distance, only 7. 4 miles. Hence, the prize of $1 million went to none of the participants [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information about the current state of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and their historical context. It notes that fully autonomous vehicles are not yet present, implying that they are still under development and not immune to accidents. The text mentions the DARPA challenges where no AVs were able to complete the required course, indicating that AVs have not achieved full capability that would suggest immunity from accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Gene expression and small noncoding RNAs: microare a large family of short noncoding RNAs between 17 and 25 nucleotides (nt) in length [49]. MiRNAs were first identified in Caenorhabditis elegans over two decades ago [50] and since then many have been identified in multiple organisms, such as worms, flies, fish, frogs, mammals and plants, by molecular cloning and bioinformatics [51]. Most miRNA sequences are conserved among a wide range of mammalians [52], though there are some that differ from each other only by a single nucleotide [53]. The conserved miRNA sequences among different species can be distinguished by the nomenclature such that when only the first three letters differ this indicates the same sequence in different species, that is, hsa‐miR‐145 in Homo sapiens and mmu‐miR‐145 in Mus musculus [54]. MiRNAs have been shown to be of great importance in a wide variety of biological processes involving cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell differentiation, imprinting, homeostasis and development, including limb development [55], morphogenesis of lung epithelial [56], embryonic angiogenesis [57], formation of hair follicle and proliferation of T‐cell [58, 59]. They play key roles in regulating transcriptional and post‐transcriptional gene silencing in many organisms by targeting mRNAs for translational inhibition, cleavage, degradation or destabilisation [53, 60–64]. Each miRNA has multiple mRNA targets that may regulate up to 30% protein‐coding genes and shape protein production from hundreds to thousands of genes [65–67]. MiRNAs recognise their targets through base pairing of the complementary sequence of their seed sequence (2–8 nt of miRNAs) within the open reading frame (ORF) and 3′untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNA [68]. Although the targets of miRNAs are not fully known, bioinformatics studies show a range of possible target genes [69]. The functional activities and the predicted/observed targets of miRNAs can be identified using miRNA databases. These databases can be accessed using the following URL: ( and MiRNA biogenesisMiRNA biogenesis involves multiple important steps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about microRNAs (miRNAs) and their role in gene expression regulation. However, it does not specifically address how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors, which is central to the claim about epigenetics. Therefore, while the text is related to gene expression, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim effectively.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: AbstractHealthy soil is one of the most critical resources for the health and sustainability of ecosystems, including agroecosystems. Although the agroforestry community has long been convinced of the soil health benefits of agroforestry practices, many of such practices remain to be fully accepted by the mainstream agriculture community. Agroforestry, as a sustainable land management practice, has shown solid evidence of its role in improving soil quality and health based on at least four decades of data gathered from the world over. This thematic issue presents 28 papers that add further to the body of knowledge to reaffirm that agroforestry can improve the major measurable soil metrics that define soil health. Collectively, these papers show that agroforestry has the ability to (1) enrich soil organic carbon better than monocropping systems, (2) improve soil nutrient availability and soil fertility due to the presence of trees in the system, and (3) enhance soil microbial dynamics, which would positively influence soil health. It is imperative that agroforestry, as part of a multifunctional land-use strategy, should receive increased attention in our policy discussion for the future of soil and soil health. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionAgroforestry’s potential to improve soil quality has been widely recognized as a major benefit since its inception as a scientifically recognized discipline and practice (Young 1989; Nair 2011). In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in examining soil quality and soil health as indicators of agricultural sustainability. Agroforestry practices have been promoted for decades both in the tropics and temperate regions of the world for their perceived benefits of not only improving soil quality, but also providing other ecosystem services (Jose 2009). Many of the environmental benefits and ecosystem services expected from agroforestry would not be materialized unless these practices improved the capacity of soils to be productive and healthy over the long term. Healthy soil is arguably one of the most critical resources for the health of natural and agro ecosystems so that they can sustain food production as well as provision of ecosystem services. Although the term ‘soil health’ has been used synonymously with soil quality, Doran et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that agroforestry practices improve soil quality and health, emphasizing their role in enhancing soil organic carbon, nutrient availability, and microbial dynamics. It highlights the multifaceted benefits of agroforestry, which aligns with the claim's assertion that it promotes biodiversity and soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Eighteen months later, DARPA held its second grand challenge in the fall of 2005 with a prize of $2 million. At this challenge, 5 AVs of 195 were able to complete a 132-mile route in southern Nevada. Stanford University’s AV “Stanley” won the challenge with a time of 6 hours and 53 minutes [13]. This second grand challenge proved that it is possible to make an AV that can drive itself in a demanding territory. The next step was to have AVs that can operate on the streets of a city. In 2007, DARPA conducted its third challenge under the name of “Urban Challenge. ” This time, AVs are asked to drive through the streets of Victorville, California on November 1, 2007, and Tartan Racing’s Boss completed the race and won the prize of $2 million [14]. Besides the places they took, there were two factors that made different from the previous two Grand Challenges. required the participating teams to satisfy two primary necessities. The first one was to follow the California driving rules, and the second one was to succeed in the Event (NQE) [14]. It was apparent that the participants were supposed to follow the traffic rules. Besides, it was also noteworthy that referees gave extra points to AVs if they followed the rules. For instance, though Stanford University’s “Junior” completed the route 1 minute earlier than Tartan Racing’s “Boss”; however, the latter was announced as the winner since it earned extra points for obeying the traffic rules [14]. Another important part of the necessities to be satisfied was the NQE. Consisting of three parts, NQE was held before the to be sure that AVs were safe enough to self-drive through the streets of Victorville. The first part of the required AVs to merge into and out of two-way jammed traffic. NQE B tested the AVs’ ability to stay within a lane in an environment with obstacles and finally find an assigned place for parking. were tested for their abilities of intersection behaviors, U-turn, and road re-planning. As a result of overall NQE, 11 of 35 AVs were selected to attend [14]. It can be said that setting requirements such as following traffic rules and satisfying NQE are the milestones for AV regulations today. Advertisement 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and limitations faced by autonomous vehicles (AVs) during tests, such as the requirement to safely navigate through obstacles and obey traffic rules. It mentions that only 11 out of 35 AVs were approved to proceed past the safety assessments (NQE), which indicates that AVs are not infallible and can indeed be involved in accidents during their operation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: MiRNAs are first transcribed from genomic DNA into primary miRNA (pri‐miRNA), which contains a stem‐loop structure, by RNA polymerase II. These pri‐miRNAs are then processed by Drosha, which is a 30–160 kDa protein with one dsRNA‐binding and two catalytic domains [70]. In the presence of DGCR8, both strands of the hairpin are cut generating a pre‐miRNA product of approximately 70 nt in size [71]. These pre‐miRNAs are carried from the nucleus into the cytoplasm by Exportin‐5 (Exp5), which is a nucleocytoplasmic transporter in karyopherin family that has binding sites for pre‐miRNAs in the presence of RAs‐related nuclear protein (Ran) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) [72, 73]. These miRNAs are further cleaved by cytoplasmic RNase endonuclease, Dicer, making 21–22 nt double‐stranded structure. Although one of the strands is usually degraded, both strands of the pre‐miRNA may be associated with Argonaute (Ago)‐protein‐containing complex and they are mediated by RISC/miRNP (RNA‐induced silencing complex/mi‐ribonucleoprotein) to form single‐stranded mature miRNAs. MiRNAs associated with RISC mainly target mRNAs and they either inhibit their translation or cause degradation of mRNA that results in reduced protein synthesis [70, 74]. Studies showed that processing of miRNAs by Dicer was vital and any defects, such as deletion of Dicer in the developing animals, caused aberrations [75, 76]. Lack of Dicer in Drosophila germ line stem cells postponed the G1/S phase transition [77], suggesting that miRNAs may be vital for stem cells to bypass this checkpoint. Reduced and disorganised spindles, incorrect chromosome alignment and defects in gastrulation were observed with the Dicer‐mutant oocytes in mouse and in C. elegans, respectively [50, 78]. Injection of miR‐430 in zebrafish and C. elegans partially repaired the gastrulation, retinal development and somatogenesis [78]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about epigenetics and gene expression modification by environmental factors. Instead, it provides a detailed explanation of the biogenesis of miRNAs, their processing, and their role in regulating mRNA translation and degradation. While these processes may relate to gene expression, the text does not explicitly discuss their modification by environmental factors, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: (1996) defined soil health as “the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living system, within ecosystem and land-use boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, maintain the quality of air and water environments, and promote plant, animal, and human health. ” According to the USDA, soil health is “the continued capacity of the soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants, animals and humans” (USDA-NRCS 2018). Soil quality has been defined by the Society of on soil quality as “the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support human health and habitation” (Karlen et al. 1997). While soil quality is used in the context of both natural and managed ecosystems, soil health is primarily used in the context of managed ecosystems, primarily agroecosystems (Lal and Stewart 2011). The terms soil quality and soil health are used synonymously for the purpose of this thematic issue, which is a collection of papers related to some of the indicators used to assess soil health. It illustrates the role of agroforestry as a sustainable land management strategy that can improve a number of common indicators that define soil health. We have grouped the papers under three topics, the first set of papers discussing agroforestry’s role in enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC), the second set dealing with soil nutrient enrichment, and the third set on soil biota. Agroforestry enhances soil organic carbonThe SOC is a function of the rate of decomposition and replacement of the organic matter (OM) in the soil. Incorporation of trees in agroforestry enhances the soil OM by adding litter both above and belowground. Soil OM is the energy source of soil organisms and influences both soil biodiversity and associated soil biological functions. As a result, SOC is one of the important indicators used in assessing soil health. The first set of papers addresses the potential role of agroforestry in enhancing carbon storage and thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In their paper, Ramos et al. (2018) quantified the above- and below-ground C stock and their distribution at the landscape scale in two oil palm- and cacao-based agroforestry systems in Brazil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing agroforestry as a sustainable land management strategy that enhances soil health and biodiversity. It mentions that the incorporation of trees in agroforestry improves soil organic matter, which is crucial for soil biodiversity and biological functions. Additionally, it highlights the positive impact of agroforestry on soil organic carbon and its role in sustaining both plant and animal productivity, thus supporting the claim about promoting biodiversity and soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: How AVs work An AV uses several systems to replace a human driver and drive itself. Analogous to human body, a digital brain is necessary to manage all processes needed to drive a car. Gathering data from several sources such as radio detection and ranging (RADAR),1 sound navigation and ranging (SONAR),2 light detection and ranging (LIDAR)3 devices and cameras; employing computer vision to gather data and then processing those data; sending commands to mechanical parts to move AV such as making turns or stopping, and doing all these itself require an advanced computer program. Self-learning and self-acting capabilities cause these programs to be named as artificial intelligence (AI). So, what is AI? AI, one of the most popular phenomena of the last few years, is defined as “a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers” and “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior” [15]. Similarly, as intelligent agents, AVs are also expected to imitate human drivers’ behaviors. Typically, in addition to a conventional vehicle, an AV has sensors to see its surrounding environment, complex CNN4 or DNN5 type (or similar) algorithms to analyze the data gathered, a powerful processor to make decisions, and other parts to convert the decisions to necessary actions. While working, an AV senses and sees every detail around itself. A traffic sign, a pedestrian on a sidewalk, a traffic light, other cars passing by, buildings surrounding horizon, and even a street animal jumping into the road must be analyzed with the AI of AV to prevent any unwanted consequences. The second main part of an AV is its sensors. These sensors, as mentioned above, include mostly radars, lidars, sonars, and cameras. A radar is a device that transmits radio signals, receives them back and calculate the differences between those signals to detect objects, their sizes, velocities, and distances. Depending on its purpose and the platform it is used, a radar uses the signals at different wavelengths. A sonar works in the same manner; however, it employs sound waves (a specific subset of radio waves). A lidar, on the other hand, sends and receives millions of light beams. These systems have comparative advantages and disadvantages over each other, and AVs use them together to close any safety gap. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining how autonomous vehicles (AVs) operate and the advanced technologies involved. It highlights the need for AVs to detect and analyze their environment to prevent accidents, indicating that while they have sophisticated systems, they are not infallible and require constant interaction with their surroundings to avoid unwanted consequences. This implies that AVs are not completely immune to accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Dicer deletion in zebrafish, mouse and hippocampal initiated problems in the nervous system and led to the inability of forming mature miRNAs that resulted in variations of brain morphogenesis and differentiation of neurons [79, 80]. Although the axis formation and early differentiation of maternal‐zygotic Dicer‐mutant zebrafish and mouse embryos were normal, they still triggered defects in somitogenesis, morphogenesis that affected the brain formation, gastrulation, heart development and apoptosis in limb mesoderm, respectively [78, 81–83]. Apoptosis was enhanced in the developing limb mesoderm of Dicer null mouse [84]. Dicer deficiency mainly led to embryo death in mouse around embryonic day 7. 5 [50, 78, 85] and in zebrafish [86] that may indicate the importance of miRNA‐mediated gene silencing at maternal to zygotic transition. Complete loss of Dicer1 in somatic cells of mouse reproductive tract not only showed reduced expression of miRNAs but also caused the female mice to become infertile with compromised oocyte and embryo integrity [50, 87]. Dicer‐deficient male mice were shown to have poor proliferation of spermatogonia. Loss of Dicer1 in the germ line of male mice (homozygote Dicer1) led to decreased fertility due to abnormal spermatogenesis. The number of germ cells was reduced with abnormal spermatids, abnormal phenotype of spermatocytes with condensed nucleus, abnormal sperm motility and mutant testes with Sertoli tubules [88]. Studies suggest that the transfer of maternal cytoplasmic Dicer disguised the early abnormal phenotypes [78, 89]. Knock‐out of Ago2 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and haematopoietic cells caused decreased levels of mature miRNAs [61, 90, 91]. Ago2‐deficient oocytes were observed to develop the mature oocytes with abnormal spindles and chromosomes were not able to unite properly with reduced expression levels of miRNAs (more than 80%). Loss of Ago2 function leads to embryo death around embryonic day 9. 5 in mouse [92]. 3. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various effects of Dicer deletion on development and gene expression in models like zebrafish and mice, focusing on specific genetic and developmental outcomes rather than the broader concept of epigenetics and environmental impacts on gene expression. Therefore, it does not address the claim directly and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: They estimated greater above-ground C (litter and living biomass) in an oil palm + cacao than in an oil palm + herbaceous system. The above-ground C pool was heterogeneously distributed in the landscape. They also observed that SOC constituted the greatest pool of C in these systems and that this C pool did not vary with the system’s design. Noumi et al. (2018) compared the global C storage of Eucalyptus afforested plots with traditional Savannah in Cameroon. They observed that Eucalyptus stands stored more C than traditional Savannahs especially the oldest Eucalyptus stands. Osei et al. (2018) compared the soil C storage between woodlots, a maize-grazing rotation farmland and two traditional silvopastoral systems in Tanzania. SOC content did not differ significantly between these land uses though SOC in woodlots was composed of more recalcitrant C. They explained the SOC content similarities by the relatively young age of the systems and the slow OM accumulation under semi-arid climate. Hoosbeek et al. (2018) investigated how C, N and P stock as well as microbial respiration varied with distance from trees in silvopastoral systems composed of grazed open prairies with isolated trees, in Nicaragua. They measured higher C and N stocks under the canopy and area receiving litterfall than in the open prairie. However, OM was found to be more labile under the canopy, indicating that leaf litter deposition improves soil fertility, but most likely not the long-term SOC storage in those systems. Tree species’ effect was also evidenced. Dhaliwal et al. (2018) investigated the role of both water-stable (WSA) and dry-stable aggregates (DSA) in SOC storage. They compared WSA and DSA distribution as well as SOC content between two agroforestry systems and a maize-wheat rotation in a semi-arid area in India. They found that the SOC levels in both aggregate types were greater under the poplar-based and guava-based agroforestry systems than under the sole crop. These papers illustrate that land use type as well as agroforestry system design influence SOC storage efficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple examples of how agroforestry systems enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and promote soil fertility. The investigations mentioned, such as those by Dhaliwal et al. (2018), support the idea that agroforestry, which includes trees in agricultural systems, can improve SOC levels more than conventional cropping systems. This reflects a direct connection to the claim that agroforestry practices promote soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: In terms of range, radar has the advantage over lidar, sonar, and camera. Because lidar and camera require visibility all times, sonar has a shorter working range. On the other hand, since an AV is mostly interested in its close circumference, lidar is the most advantageous one because of its speed and high frequency-high quality data gathering capability [16]. Cameras are better in image gathering, and sonars are better in close range object detection. Advertisement 4. Are AVs really safe? When it comes to reliability, all of four common sensors of AVs have security deficiencies, for example, radars and sonars could be jammed with electromagnetic waves. When these two transmit the signals, someone can use an energy source emitting (reflecting) waves in the same wavelength from a different range or a different angle. When it comes to lidar, special devices can be used to create light noise to jam lidar. The exciting part is related to cameras. The AIs of AVs use camera data for image detection and recognition with high accuracy; however, a recent study proved that simple physical elements or invisible attack patterns could be used to mislead AIs [17]. Figure 2 shows a specific example to attack by using physical elements. In this figure, a regular stop sign was attached with some black and white tapes. While these taped patterns do not create suspicion in humans, it may cause severe consequences for AVs because this stop sign in Figure 2 is received by a CNN algorithm as a “45” sign as in Figure 3 with a probability of up to 100% [18]. Figure 2. A stop sign with camouflage art attack (reproduced based on figures in Table 1 of [18]). Figure 3. How the stop sign in Figure 2 is seen by AV (courtesy of Another issue regarding the safety of AVs is the possibility of being hacked. In a controlled experiment conducted in earlier July 2015, two security researchers took over the control of a [19]. The SUV was not an AV; however, it connected to the internet via an interface named Uconnect that was used in thousands of automobiles. The researchers hacked the Uconnect and conducted several actions such as blowing music out from speakers, killing the engine while running, disengaging the brakes, and finally pulling over the car. Upon this incident, Automobiles recalled 1. 4 million vehicles to solve the vulnerability issues of Uconnect [20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various vulnerabilities and security deficiencies associated with the sensors used in autonomous vehicles (AVs). It highlights that radars and sonars can be jammed, lidar can be disrupted by light noise, and camera data can be misled by simple physical manipulations. The mention of a hack on a connected vehicle also supports the notion that AVs are not completely immune to accidents, as it demonstrates a potential for external control that can lead to dangerous situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Expression of miRNAs in preimplantation embryosThe expression of miRNAs in preimplantation embryos has been mainly studied by knock‐out experiments, by cloning experiments and by identifying individual miRNAs by microarray analysis and real‐time polymerase chain reaction [93]. The expression studies have been carried out using animal models and tissues, cultured cells; that is, cancer cells and human embryonic stem cells; and mouse/bovine/human gametes and embryos. Human embryonic stem cells, which are derived from the inner cell mass of an embryo at the blastocyst stage and are characterised by their ability of self‐renewal and multipotency, are the key in gene expression research since the access of human embryos is difficult and these cells are one of the closest representations of human embryos. Studying miRNA expression in stem cells not only gives insight into potential miRNAs expressed in human embryos but also may show the important role of miRNAs in the stem cell functioning [94]. MiRNA expression has been observed as early as oogenesis and spermatogenesis in mouse, bovine and human [95, 96]. Differences in the miRNA expression have been observed between immature and mature oocytes that may represent the natural turnover and indicate that each embryonic stage is defined by a specific miRNA. Similar miRNA expression profiles in mature mouse oocytes and early developing embryos indicate that at these stages the zygote has maternally inherited miRNAs [50]. Similar to oocyte, sperm carries a range of miRNAs. Approximately 20% of these miRNAs are located in the nuclear or perinuclear part of the sperm indicating that these miRNAs are transferred to the zygote at the time of fertilisation [97]. It was suggested that the sperm‐borne miRNAs may down‐regulate the maternal transcripts in mammals. However, when this hypothesis was tested using microarray analysis, it was shown that none of these miRNAs in the sperm have significant importance since all of them were already present in the oocytes (meiosis II) [98]. Multiple miRNAs were involved in the formation of germ cell layers. MiR‐290, which was expressed at different levels during preimplantation embryo development of mouse embryos, had a negative effect on the germ cell and mesoderm differentiation in the mouse ES cells via targeting Nodal inhibitors [99]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides an in-depth look at miRNA expression in preimplantation embryos, detailing methodologies and findings related to gene expression but does not address the concept of epigenetics or the modification of gene expression by environmental factors. Therefore, the relationship with the claim is irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: With the aim of deriving general trends of SOC storage changes between agroforestry systems, agricultural systems and forests, Stefano and Jacobson (2018) performed a meta-analysis on the currently available literature. They found that, in general, shifting from systems without trees (un-cultivated, sole crop, pasture) to agroforestry systems resulted in an improved SOC storage. However, when shifting from forest to agroforestry systems, SOC storage decreased. The magnitude of the SOC storage difference when shifting from one system type to another differed with the soil profile depth considered. SOC storage potential in agroforestry systems is also likely to vary with maintenance practices like tillage, as evidenced by Borges et al. (2018) in chestnut orchards in Portugal. Indeed, they measured higher total OC, active, hot-water-extractable and particulate organic carbon in the surface horizon on the non-tilled orchard than that of the tilled orchard, both having equivalent design. Carbon storage is not only an important indicator of soil health, but also a mechanism for climate change mitigation. It can, however, be counterbalanced by high emissions of NO2 or CH4 from soil under certain management practices and environmental conditions. Priano et al. (2018) compared SOC storage and CH4 fluxes among prairies, woodlots and silvopastoral systems in Argentina. They found that SOC was greater under systems containing trees than under pasture. They also observed that all of these systems could be a sink of CH4. In particular, silvopastoral systems and pine woodlots produced less CH4 than prairies and eucalyptus woodlots. When comparing CO2, NO2 and CH4 in irrigated versus rainfed shelterbelts in Canada, Amadi et al. (2018) showed that greenhouse gas emission was greatly influenced by the water regimes. Overall, greater emission was measured in irrigated vs. rainfed systems. Moreover, shelterbelts with Caragana tree, an N fixing species, released more NO2 than pine tree-based shelterbelts because of higher N availability in the soil. Moore et al. (2018) measured greenhouse gas emission differences according to soil water content and N fertilizer inputs between an agroforestry orchard, a row-crop plot and a riparian forest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how agroforestry systems, which combine trees and crops, can lead to improved soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, an indicator of soil health. It states that transitioning from systems without trees to agroforestry results in better SOC storage, while also implying some benefits to biodiversity through various comparisons of agroforestry systems with other types of land use, such as pastures and forests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: All these threats are considered seriously by governments, universities, researchers, and AV manufacturers. Also, as said in the third section, several different types of sensors are combined to assure safety. For instance, NHTSA follows a comprehensive and systematic approach to develop layered security and conducts research activities such as anomaly based intrusion detection or cybersecurity for update mechanisms of firmware [21]. Advertisement 5. The pros, cons, and moral issues of AVs AVs are on the roads today, and they will unavoidably be a part of our lives. So, what are the pros of AVs? In other words, how can we benefit from them? Or, what are their cons; if there exist, what are the risks or dangers they will bring to our lives? There is an ongoing debate on this topic, and this section will try to clarify these questions. 5. 1 The pros of AVs 5. 1. 1 conducted a study for crash causation and examined accidents that occurred between July 3, 2005, and December 31, 2006 [4]. According to the study, 40. 6% of the 5096 accidents were related to recognition errors such as inadequate surveillance and internal/external distraction. About 34. 1% of accidents were related to decision errors such as misjudgment of other’s speed, driving too fast for conditions, and false assumption of other’s action; and 10. 3% of accidents were related to performance errors such as panics. While using AI, supported by several sensors, it might be claimed that AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans. Another issue with traffic accidents is the driver’s general or momentary consciousness status. Being tired, driving under the influence of alcohol or any other drugs and lacking experience are the factors that may result in or contribute to an accident; however, never can be associated with an AV. 5. 1. 2 Economic benefits The difference between the monetary values of a brand-new car and that of its salvaged version after a severe traffic accident is quite clear. The amount is a loss to the personal, national, and global economy. While it is expected that AVs will reduce the number of accidents, this loss will also be prevented. As mentioned in the first 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents, and injuries related to these accidents also cost most countries approximately 1–3% of their gross domestic products [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various types of errors that can lead to accidents, emphasizing that while autonomous vehicles (AVs) may be less prone to certain human errors, they are not entirely immune to accidents. It suggests that AVs will still be involved in accidents due to issues like recognition errors, decision errors, and performance errors, which indicates that they cannot guarantee complete immunity to accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: In zebrafish, however, miR‐290 cluster played an important role in regulating the mesoderm induction [100]. Therefore, it is not clear if miR‐290 has an inhibitory effect on the mesoderm differentiation. Other miRNAs have been shown to have an effect in mesoderm differentiation in zebrafish, such as miR‐15 and miR‐16 [100], which were also expressed in mouse preimplantation embryos [50]. Mainly, the same miRNAs are expressed during the cleavage divisions of the embryo in mouse and bovine. However, their expression levels often vary during these stages. In murine embryos, the level of miRNA expression is reduced by as much as 60% between one‐ and two‐cell stages. At the end of four‐cell stage, mouse embryos have approximately twice as much miRNA compared to the two‐cell stage embryo. This implies that the maternally inherited miRNAs degrade at this stage and the EGA starts between the one‐cell and four‐cell stages [50]. Even though the synthesis and degradation of miRNAs coexists during the preimplantation embryo development in mice, the overall miRNA expression increased towards the blastocyst stage [101]. More than 700 miRNAs have been identified in humans [87, 95, 96, 102]. The level of expression for the majority of these miRNAs stayed the same between the oocyte and the blastocyst stage [87]. More than 50% of the miRNAs expressed in human oocytes and blastocysts were shown to be involved in tumourigenesis, that is, let‐7 family, miR‐19a, miR‐21 and miR‐34 [103–109]. Advertisement 4. Gene expression and long noncoding RNAsIn the last few years, in addition to short noncoding RNAs, the lncRNA have gained importance in their roles to affect gene expression. The mammalian genomes consist of long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) that have been suggested to take a role in the regulation of pluripotency during preimplantation embryo development [110]. Human pluripotency transcripts 2, 3 and 5 (HPAT2, HPAT3 and HPAT5) were reported to adjust the pluripotency and ICM formation in preimplantation embryos. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding epigenetics and the influence of environmental factors on gene expression. Instead, it discusses the roles of miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in gene expression during embryo development, which does not provide information about how environmental factors modify gene expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: They found that N fertilization increased NO2 emission, but reduced CO2 emissions. Soil saturation also played a role in reducing CO2 emissions, but it increased CH4 emission. Overall, the riparian forest emitted more greenhouse gases than the other land-uses (Amadi et al. 2018). Agroforestry enhances soil nutrient availabilityThe occurrence of both competition and facilitation involving essential elements can be expected when different functional groups of plants are mixed in agroforestry systems (Jose et al. 2004). However, the facilitative role of trees in agroforestry systems through efficient cycling of nutrients is well understood, particularly in the tropics. Availability of these essential elements is an indication of soil health and the soil’s capacity for sustaining production and services. The second set of papers describes how land use and agroforestry system design can modify availability of these essential nutrients in soil. Yengwe et al. (2018) evaluated the nutritive potential of Faidherbia albida intercropped with maize in Zambia. They estimated that litter inputs from F. albida could supply more than 18 kg N ha−1 year−1 and increase the microbial diversity and abundance. Pérez-Flores et al. (2018) measured the litter production and nutrient imports from litter in two shaded cacao systems in Mexico, one being 35 years old and the other one 55 years old. They concluded that the younger system produced 23% more litter, which was due to a greater contribution of litter from younger cacao. Indeed, cacao litter decreased with age of cacao trees while that of the shade trees remained constant and abundant. They did not observe any effect of cacao tree age on N, K, Zn or S supply by litter, but an effect on P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Cu. Partey et al. (2018) compared the N-supply potential of tree leaves from Acacia auriculiformis, Baphia nitida, Albizia zygia, Azadirachta indica, Senna siamea, Senna spectabilis, Tithonia diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala for maize fertilization in Ghana. They estimated that tree leaves could supply up to 93 mg N kg−1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how agroforestry enhances soil nutrient availability and supports the cycling of essential nutrients through the interplay of different plant groups. It emphasizes the role of trees in improving soil health, which is vital for sustaining agricultural production and ecosystem services. Specific studies mentioned provide evidence that agroforestry systems using trees can contribute to increased nutrient supply and microbial diversity, directly aligning with the claim of promoting biodiversity and soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Since AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans, with a decrease in the number of accidents, we may also expect a lesser loss in GDP, in other words, an increase in the net GDP. 5. 1. 3 Social benefits Besides its economic burdens, traffic accidents create severe physical and emotional impacts for surrenders of accidents who became disabled. Reducing the number of accidents will prevent these consequences [23]. Another social benefit of AVs is helping the disabled, elderly, children, and other people who are in need to be transported without the help of others [24]. This help will increase the rate of disabled and older people’s contribution to the workforce. Eventually, those who were carried with AVs will reach what they need, and the overall quality of life of nations will increase. 5. 1. 4 Environmental impacts A new discussion is about ownership of, and beyond it, sharing AVs. For future projections, there are expected two different styles of ownership models for AVs: public service and individual owning [25]. According to the first option, an AV will be owned by a private company or a governmental agency or a municipality. The second option means that an AV will be owned by a person and become his or her private property. The owner will be able to put his or her AV into the service of others. In this way, the owner will be able to compensate for the (high) cost of his or her AV. Another study on possible energy impacts of using AVs suggests that factors such as ridesharing, less time for looking for parking can reduce fuel consumption by 90% [26], which also means lower carbon emission. 5. 2 The cons of AVs 5. 2. 1 Software-related problems One of the most common concerns and critics against AVs is their reliability in the context of cybersecurity. As mentioned in Section 4 of this 5. 2. 2 Privacy AVs rely on data and their processing to drive safely; however, it becomes another serious concern regarding AVs: the possible violation of personal privacy by obtaining these data illegally. An AV will have the ability to gather and process your personal data such as how you drive, whom you travel with, where you go, how much you stay there, whom you talk to on the phone, and so on. All these data might be used to analyze your personality traits or to track you. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the reliability concerns regarding autonomous vehicles (AVs). It explicitly mentions that one of the most common concerns about AVs is their 'reliability in the context of cybersecurity.' This implies that AVs can have vulnerabilities that could lead to accidents, thus contradicting the assertion that they are completely immune to accidents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Nature, 2002. 416(6880): 60. 10. Fuks, F. , et al. , The methyl‐CpG‐binding protein MeCP2 links DNA methylation to histone methylation. J Biol Chem, 2003. 278(6): 40. 11. Morgan, H. D. , et al. , Epigenetic reprogramming in mammals. Genet, 2005. 14 1: pp. R47–58. 12. Zhu, B. , et al. , 5‐Methylcytosine DNA glycosylase activity is also present in the human MBD4 (G/T mismatch glycosylase) and in a related avian sequence. Res, 2000. 28(21): 65. 13. Hardeland, U. , et al. , The versatile thymine DNA‐glycosylase: a comparative characterization of the human, Drosophila and fission yeast orthologs. Res, 2003. 31(9): 71. 14. Dean, W. , Lucifero, D. , and Santos, F. , DNA methylation in mammalian development and disease. 2005. 75(2): 111. 15. Oswald, J. , et al. , Active demethylation of the paternal genome in the mouse zygote. Curr Biol, 2000. 10(8): 8. 16. Mayer, W. , et al. , Demethylation of the zygoticpaternal genome. Nature, 2000. 403. 2. 17. Beaujean, N. , et al. , Non‐conservation of mammalian preimplantation methylation dynamics. Curr Biol, 2004. 14(7): pp. R266–7. 18. Reik, W. , Dean, W. , and Walter, J. , Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development. Science, 2001. 293(1089): 93. 19. Rougier, N. , et al. , Chromosome methylation patterns during mammalian preimplantation development. Genes Dev, 1998. 12(14): 13. 20. Dean, W. , et al. , Conservation of methylation reprogramming in mammalian development: aberrant reprogramming in cloned embryos. 2001. 98(24): 8. 21. Santos, F. and Dean, W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing references to research that discusses DNA methylation and epigenetic reprogramming, which are central concepts in the study of how environmental factors can influence gene expression. For instance, several studies are mentioned, such as those on DNA methylation dynamics during development and demethylation processes in zygotes, all of which imply that epigenetics encompasses how gene expression is altered by external factors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: The nutritive contents and mineralization rates of the leaves differed between the tree species, with T. diversifolia and G. sepium improving maize yield the best. The process of litter decomposition and mineralization supplies abundant nutrient stock in agroforestry systems and consequently improves crop yields. Litter decomposition, although being the major nutrient supply pathway, can be complemented by nutrient leaching from leaves and nutrient-enriched rainfall. Limon et al. (2018) compared nutrient leaching from leaves between three tree species, Emblica officinalis, Sesbiana grandiflora and Moringa oleifera. They measured higher leaching of NH4, K and PO4 from S. grandiflora and M. oleifera than from E. officinalis. Dawoe et al. (2018) calculated the nutrient content and annual fluxes in incident rain, throughfall and stemflow in shaded cacao systems and a forest. They concluded that K supply through rainfall was the main supply pathway, accounting for 50–65% of total K supply. But, for P, Ca, Mg and N, the rainfall contribution was low (5–21%). Throughfall was highly enriched in nutrients compared to the other fluxes and contributed significantly to the nutrient inputs received via rainfall. Not all the nutrient forms can be directly assimilated by plants. Nutrient speciation in soil is therefore a key factor of crop yield improvement. Nutrient availability in soil is directly affected by microbial activity and can vary with system design. Lana et al. (2018) compared OM accumulation and nutrient availability between two silvopastoral systems, one with Eucalyptus grandis and the other with Zeyheria tuberculosa in Brazil. They observed that the contents of essential macro- and micronutrients were greater in areas planted with Eucalyptus than in areas planted with Zeyherias. The same trend was observed for OM accumulation. They partly explained this difference by the presence of allelochemicals in Eucalyptus litter. de Souza et al. (2018) compared nutrient availability in soil solution between a preserved forest and a cacao-cabruca agroforestry system. Of the nitrogen species analyzed, NO3 was the most abundant in the forest while dissolved organic nitrogen was the most abundant in the agroforestry system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various studies related to agroforestry systems that highlight the positive impact of combining trees with crops on nutrient supply and soil health. For example, it mentions how litter decomposition in these systems improves nutrient stock, which benefits crop yields. Furthermore, the comparison of nutrient availability between different tree species supports the notion of agroforestry promoting biodiversity and improving soil nutrient dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, if these data are obtained by a criminal organization, it can also be used for blackmailing or any other cyber-crime against you. 5. 2. 3 that the car you drive collides with another vehicle. You stop, get off, and walk through the other vehicle to negotiate the accident with its driver. Suddenly, you see that there is no one in the car. After getting out of the shock, you notice that you had an accident with an AV. So, what is going to happen now? Who will be responsible or how will the responsibilities be shared between the driver (if exists), manufacturer, sensor producer, or programmer? Currently, lawmakers and government authorities work on it (up to a point). In the USA, the federal government, via NHTSA, sets the rules for new motor vehicles and their equipment. These rules are known as Standards (FMVSSs), and NHTSA enforces FMVSSs to ensure that manufacturers comply with them [24]. Besides, federal governments do not act to create nation-wide legislation; however, requests state governments to regulate the responsibilities [24]. In Germany, a law for AV-related liability issues was put into action on June 21, 2017 [27]. The law makes the liability be shared between the manufacturer and driver. Drivers are allowed to avert their attention from driving but not to sleep [27]. Also, the law only keeps drivers responsible for an accident unless they take control of the car within an “adequate time reserve. ” Nevertheless, this undefined “adequate time reserve” is still controversial [27]. It might be claimed in advance that the responsibility issue may remain as a concern, and it will be solved in time as long as AVs and their technology level developed. 5. 2. 4 Environmental issues Besides possible effects resulted from factors such as ridesharing, negative factors may result in an energy consumption increase by up to 150% [26]. As long as AVs become safer, particular speed limits might be set for them, and those limits might also be increased gradually. Also, the comfort that AVs would provide to us might cause them to be used more frequently than before. Nevertheless, higher speeds or frequent use result in more fuel consumption, which also means an increase in carbon emissions. 5. 2. 5 Car sharing-related health issues A recent pandemic caused hundreds of thousands of losses of human lives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing liability issues related to accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AVs). It suggests that AVs are not completely immune to accidents, as it describes scenarios where collisions can occur and emphasizes the ongoing debate regarding responsibility in such incidents. This indicates that there are circumstances where AVs can be involved in accidents, countering the assertion of complete immunity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: 20(1): 111. 44. Petropoulos, S. , et al. , Single‐cell RNA‐seq reveals lineage and X chromosome dynamics in human preimplantation embryos. Cell. 165(4): 26. 45. Amakawa, Y. , et al. , A new Xist allele driven by a constitutively active promoter is dominated by Xist locus environment and exhibits the parent‐of‐origin effects. Development, 2015. 142(24): 308. 46. Seki, Y. , et al. , Extensive and orderly reprogramming of genome‐wide chromatin modifications associated with specification and early development of germ cells in mice. Dev Biol, 2005. 278(2): 58. 47. Place, R. F. , et al. , MicroRNA‐373 induces expression of genes with complementary promoter sequences. 2008. 105(5): 13. 48. Plasterk, R. H. , Micro RNAs in animal development. Cell, 2006. 124(5): 81. 49. Tang, F. , et al. , Maternal microRNAs are essential for mouse zygotic development. Genes Dev, 2007. 21(6): 8. 50. Lee, R. C. , Feinbaum, R. L. , and Ambros, V. The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell. 1993. 75(5): 54. 51. Lee, R. C. and Ambros, V. , An extensive class of small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 2001. 294(5543): 4. 52. Niwa, R. and Slack, F. J. , The evolution of animal microRNA function. Genet Dev, 2007. 17(2): 50. 53. Tesfaye, D. , et al. , Identification and expression profiling of microRNAs during bovine oocyte maturation using heterologous approach. Dev, 2009. 76(7): 77. 54. Griffiths‐Jones, S. , et al. , miRBase: microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature. Res, 2006. 34(Database issue): pp. D140–4. 55. Harfe, B. D. , et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding epigenetics and gene expression modifications by environmental factors. Instead, it lists various studies and articles that may be related to gene expression and development but do not specifically mention environmental influences on epigenetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: The mineralization rate was found to be lower in the agroforestry system, which generated increased OM storage, but reduced nutrient availability. Prakash et al. (2018) compared P availability and speciation between a poplar-based agroforestry system and rice–wheat, maize-wheat and cotton-wheat rotation farmlands in India. They discovered contrasted P speciation with greater organic P and lower inorganic P as well as higher SOC content under agroforestry compared to other conventional land uses. Intercropping seemed to lower P nutrition due to lower P availability. Paul et al. (2018) compared SOC, P fractions and P cycling enzymes over 5 different land-uses including an uncultivated land, an apple orchard, an oak forest, wheat–maize rotation farmland and organic farming system in India. They showed that enzyme activities were very sensitive to land-use change. Soil under oak forest was the best in terms of enzyme activities, MO and P availability, followed by regularly manured apple orchard and organic farming. Salim et al. (2018) compared the soil fertility of homegardens and secondary forests with that of primary forest. They measured less organic carbon content in soil from homegarden compared to soil from secondary and primary forests, but greater P, Mg and Ca as well as lower pH. Overall, homegardens presented greater soil fertility than the forests despite the lower OM accumulation, because of greater nutrient availability. Soil health can also be impacted by pollutants and toxic elements. Agroforestry, in certain circumstances and with certain plant species, can be used for phytoremediation of contaminated sites. Kaur et al. (2018) gives an insight into how agroforestry trees helped remediate contaminated farmlands in India. The authors measured the tolerance to cadmium (Cd) and Cd accumulation potential of four tree species, Eucalyptus tereticornis, L. leucocephala, Melia azedarach and Dalbergia sisso. They found that all tree species were relatively tolerant to Cd contamination, with the greatest tolerance shown for M. azedarach. The trees decreased Cd contamination by 41–52%, with M. azedarach and L. leucocephala being the most efficient for phytoremediation in this context. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the benefits of agroforestry systems. It mentions increased organic matter (OM) storage and soil organic carbon (SOC) content under agroforestry compared to conventional farming, which aligns with the notion of promoting soil health. The reference to using agroforestry for phytoremediation of contaminated sites also suggests a beneficial interaction between trees and crops that supports environmental health, thereby indirectly supporting the claim of enhancing biodiversity and soil health through agroforestry practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Covid-19 proved that keeping physical (social) distance between people and following hygiene rules are crucial for avoiding contagions. Since it may not be possible to be sanitized between users, there would be a risk that AVs might be responsible agents for the spread of infection. If this happens, AVs would be banned for a while. In this case, severe health or transportation problems would be inevitable. 5. 2. 6 Financial-infrastructure burdens on states AVs require certain elements to ensure awareness of their surroundings, such as traffic lights, dyed lanes, and traffic signs. In many underdeveloped or developing countries, unordered traffic may be witnessed. What if an AV comes to an intersection with no traffic lights, no lanes, no signs, cars moving bumper to bumper ignoring safe distance, and drivers not yielding? How could an AV determine the right of the pass in a situation like that? To be able to have AVs on its roads, governments will have to order the traffic in their countries. They may also have to educate their citizens. Overall, this will become a financial burden because of the increase in spending on investments in transportation infrastructure and traffic education. 5. 3 Moral issues with AVs AVs mostly rely on AI technologies. However, as mentioned above, AIs can be attacked and misled easily. A 3D printed turtle was classified as an assault rifle by Google’s [28]. Another issue with AI is its moral dimension. Again, assume that an AV drives an individual or a group of people from someplace to another. Suddenly, a small child or an animal that is on the edge of extinction steps onto the road. There is no such possibility for AV to stop. Its only options are hitting itself to barriers and kill the passenger(s) it carries or killing the child or the animal in front of it. What do we expect from the AV to do in this scenario? Or if a human driver is seated behind the wheel, what do we expect from him or her? People can be kept responsible for their behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors. Hence, after an accident resulting from a human driver’s fault can be handled by law enforcement and judicial authorities easily. Nevertheless, when it comes to an accident caused by an AV, the situation changes. Because instead of instincts, education level, or experience, an AV acts on its codes compiled by someone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating various scenarios where autonomous vehicles (AVs) could be involved in accidents. It discusses unpredictable environments, such as unordered traffic without traffic signals or lanes, which poses significant challenges for AVs in determining safe maneuvers. Moreover, it highlights the moral dilemmas faced by AVs in emergency situations where they cannot stop, raising questions about their decision-making capabilities. The text emphasizes that AVs are not immune to accidents, contrary to the claim.