Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All biodegradable plastics are safe for marine life and will not harm ocean ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Added text: “Ideally, the rate of biological change should be calculated using a non-linear model following the shape of the non-linear performance curve between pH and the tested parameter (e. g. Fig. 3b for % of abnormality). These performance curves can take many forms depending on the measured parameter and species. For example, common shapes of physiological performance curves include U-shape, sigmoidal, logarithmic, exponential, and inverted U-shape (Little & Seebacher, 2021). However, in practice the shape of these curves is often unknown and it would not be possible to derive relevant rates of change from biological observations over relatively short period of time. Under these circumstances, using a linear regression is good alternative. “ Reviewer comment: The model seems to be based on a single example, abnormality of Mytilus edulis. It is questionable that there is a linear relationship between chemical and biological change in all species and in all indicators. I suggest to use the large amount of laboratory results (OA-ICC at the database pangaea. de) and a variety of indicators to develop a more robust model. Author response: The reviewer is quite correct, and the example projections made in this manuscript are based on a non-linear dose response (from Ventura et al. 2016). We then illustrate what the output would be using linear regression (and the associated errors). While we agree that using this approach with other species or even higher taxonomic groups (using synthesis and meta-analysis) is an extremely valuable thing to do we would see this as the natural next step, following on from this current manuscript. As such we consider this new body of work to be beyond the scope of this current manuscript that focusses primarily on presenting a methodology that can be applied by others to do exactly the kind of activity proposed by the reviewer. Reviewer comment: The conclusion that insensitive systems require longer monitoring is trivial from the viewpoint of an experimental biologist as this must be considered when planning experiments and when interpreting results. While clearly illustrated in this manuscript, I doubt that this is new information to researchers involved in monitoring programs. Author response: The reviewer makes a fair point about researchers already involved in biological monitoring, we would respectfully argue that this paper is not solely being directed towards that existing community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding biodegradable plastics and their safety for marine life. It discusses non-linear models of biological change and their applicability, particularly in the context of Mytilus edulis, but does not mention biodegradable plastics or their impact on ocean ecosystems. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: On the whole I like the chart, but did find some sections where I could not find countries across time. For example Nepal/older in panel 3. older is the turquoise dot near Malawi, what is the purple dot? Would the addition of shapes help? Defer to the authors but think a critical review is necessary to make sure the changes in all countries can be easily located in each panel. 4. Very minor change - suggest rewording "Increases were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda in rural settings" to "Increases in rural settings were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda" 5. Is it possible to show change in education status, similar to what you did for wealth, to demonstrate both how mcp use has changed and how education status has changed? Fine if not, but it seems like it would compliment the wealth analysis. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes 1. Choi Y, M: in Equality for the Goals: A of for Family Planning. Sci Pract. 2018; 6 (2): 390-401 Pub| competing interests were disclosed. Family planning, demography, survey analysis I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (0) keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2022 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 08 Feb 2022 | for Version 2 Shawn Malarcher, Agency for 0 Views copyright © 2022 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it focuses on a peer review of a study pertaining to family planning, demography, and survey analysis, which is unrelated to the existence or absence of written records in ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events. [SEP] Text: Each hexagonal bin symbolizes the upper limit of the number of residential buildings that would not have flooded without the added impact of climate change in Harris County, Texas, during in 2017. (Adapted from ref. 16. )Figure 4. View largeDownload slideAdditional anthropogenic flooding. Each hexagonal bin symbolizes the upper limit of the number of residential buildings that would not have flooded without the added impact of climate change in Harris County, Texas, during in 2017. (Adapted from ref. 16. ) Close modal Census data further reveal that Hurricane Harvey’s flood damages were not equally distributed across socioeconomic groups. Hispanic households are about 36% of the population of Harris County, but they owned or rented roughly 50% of the flooded homes. Additional analysis reveals that in wealthy neighborhoods, damages increased for households with more wealth. In low-income neighborhoods, the opposite trend was found: that damages increased for households with less wealth. Given the relative contribution to increases in greenhouse gases from people who are wealthy compared with people who are economically marginalized, such analyses quantify environmental and other social injustices. 16 More than just a weather forecast Other human impacts of extreme weather can also be quantified. Of particular interest is whether climate change increases the number of deaths from heat waves. They are among the deadliest of all extreme weather events, and epidemiology studies have developed relationships between mortality risk and temperature. 17 At high temperatures, the relationship becomes more sensitive: In already hot weather, a small increase in temperature can cause large increases in mortality. Scientists can use the relationship when estimating the attributable human temperature increase to understand the change in mortality risk during a heat wave. Another method maps mortality and temperature curves onto temperature-change plots, like those in figure 1, to estimate the number of people who have died because of the influence of climate change on a heat wave and to determine how the probability of death has changed. 18 The models are not perfect. Incorporating adaptive measures—for example, cooling centers and other outreach that can reduce the heat wave mortality risk—into attribution statements is currently challenging. There are many additional factors to consider when extending attribution statements about the human influence on extreme weather events to attribution statements about the human influence on the events’ outcomes. The sixth assessment report of the on declares that “human-induced climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes in every region across the globe” (reference 3, page 8). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'human-induced climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes in every region across the globe' as noted in the sixth assessment report. This supports the assertion that climate change is linked to an increase in extreme weather events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All biodegradable plastics are safe for marine life and will not harm ocean ecosystems. [SEP] Text: While clearly illustrated in this manuscript, I doubt that this is new information to researchers involved in monitoring programs. Author response: The reviewer makes a fair point about researchers already involved in biological monitoring, we would respectfully argue that this paper is not solely being directed towards that existing community. Coupled ocean acidification and biological impact observation/monitoring is largely absent in many countries and we feel it is useful to clarify even some of the most fundamental principles for other audiences, to promote a greater awareness and engagement in other stakeholders who we would hope to encourage to implement greater biological monitoring, complemented with carbonate chemistry measurements. Many of these stakeholders are non-biologist academics, environmental managers, funders of monitoring programmes and marine industry partners. We should also not forget that for a truly global picture to emerge we also need to make this manuscript accessible to those researchers looking to develop capacity and capability in countries with little or no experience in this type of monitoring. Consequently, we would prefer to keep this part of the conclusion, even if it may seem somewhat basic for some readers. Reviewer comment: An innovative approach would allow to consider processes such as transgenerational effects of OA (see e. g. Parker et al. 2015) and multiple drivers of biological change. I suggest to include a figure that at least conceptually depicts how dose-response curves may be affected. Author response: The reviewer makes a good point. We did think that we had implicitly covered the potential modulating role of transgenerational acclimation, evolution or other drivers in leading to change in species sensitivity this in Figure 6. To make this point more clearly we have modified the text. Modified text: “It is also important to note that other parameters/stressors, short term variability, ecology and evolution can modulate the biological response and then influence the rate of biological change. As an example, we compared rates of biological changes in 3 ‘hypothetical model’ organisms with different levels of sensitivity to pH (Fig. 3b). This scenario could represent different populations of the same species adapted to different levels of pH variability (e. g. Vargas et al. , 2017, 2022) or with different modulating factors (e. g. temperature or food concentration) or evolution of the performance curve within one population through time as a consequence of transgenerational adaptation or evolution (Parker et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of understanding biological impacts in ocean ecosystems, specifically through proper monitoring and awareness. It suggests that there are various factors (e.g., short-term variability, stressors, temperature) that can influence biological responses, implying that biodegradable plastics may not be free from impact on marine life. It highlights that a comprehensive understanding of these interactions, including potential harmful effects, is necessary for safeguarding ocean ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 2020. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Fertility, family planning, demography I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about ancient civilizations having detailed written records. It discusses feedback on a specific report related to family planning and does not provide any information regarding ancient civilizations or their records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events. [SEP] Text: Developments in attribution science over the past two decades reinforce that statement by extending attribution statements about observed long-term climate change to encompass robust statements about the human influence on many types of individual extreme weather events. That includes heat waves, heavy precipitation events, and floods. Attribution methods for some classes of events have matured to the point where they could be operationalized to regularly inform the public about the current dangers of climate change. That would also greatly increase the number of events analyzed in that way and further understanding. Extreme weather happens everywhere, but most event-attribution studies have focused on events in nations that have the requisite human and computational resources. Groups like Attribution ( have begun to apply attribution science to significant weather events in low-income countries. Such organizations’ credibility is increased when they involve experts from those nations who better understand the details of local climate and associated impacts. The extension of attribution science to connect human increases to the socioeconomic damages and inequalities of extreme weather events is now underway. That work has the potential to inform low-income nations about their loss and damages, giving them the knowledge to negotiate for more assistance from recovery funds. 1. M. Allen, Nature 421, 891 (2003). Stott, D. Stone, M. Allen, Nature 432, 610 (2004). Masson-Delmotte et al. , eds. , 2021: Science Basis—I Contribution to the Report of the on Climate Change, Cambridge U. Press (2021). 4. G. J. van Oldenborgh et al. , Earth’s Future 10, e2021EF002271 (2022). Y. Philip et al. , Earth Syst. Dyn. 13, 1689 (2022). Bercos-Hickey, C. M. Patricola, W. A. Gallus Jr, J. Clim. 34, 8989 (2021). Clim. Extrem. 12, 24 (2016). D. Risser, M. F. Wehner, Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 12457 (2017). M. Patricola et al. , Weather Clim. Extrem. 36, 100440 (2022). Commun. 13, 1905 (2022). J. van Oldenborgh et al. , Environ. Res. Lett. 12, 124009 (2017). S. Wang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advancements in attribution science that connect long-term climate change with the increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as heat waves, heavy precipitation, and floods. It indicates that attribution methods have been developed to inform the public about the dangers of climate change and that studies have focused on establishing human influence on extreme weather events. The mention of 'robust statements about the human influence on many types of individual extreme weather events' supports the claim that climate change is affecting extreme weather patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All biodegradable plastics are safe for marine life and will not harm ocean ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , 2015; Thor & Dupont, 2015; et al. , 2016). ”Reviewer comment: Specific commentsL 63-66: This sentence suggests that there are few field (monitoring? ) studies on OA effects outside areas of unusually high CO2 levels. If this is so, I suggest to cite them and briefly summarize the state of the art here or in the following paragraph. This would give the reader a brief overview of what could be intensified/improved in the future. Otherwise, consider rephrasing this sentence and the sentence in l 462-464 of the conclusions. Also good to know here: Are there any monitoring data that allow the analysis of biological OA effects, and this just has not been done yet? Author response: As far as we know, linking chemical and biological monitoring data has not been done yet. We hope that this manuscript will stimulate such exercise after identification of suitable datasets but also motivate co-localized monitoring in stations that have already either chemical or biological observations. In the sentence 63-66, we referred to discrete observations and experimentation in the field. An example (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008) has been added Reviewer comment: L 75 ff Introduction: More explicitly name and address here and in the conclusions. Clearly point out and explain the contribution of ecophysiology/experimental studies to improving the framework with respect to OA here and in the conclusions (e. g. Hayes et al. 2015, Kissling et al. 2018, Pereira et al. 2013). I. e. what are the gaps this paper fills? Author response: The benefits of implementing our proposed response to the EOV-EBV framework have now been acknowledged in the introduction and conclusions. Reviewer comment: L 132: Replace “or” with “and”. Physiological data are important to attribute impacts to any environmental driver. Ecological data alone do not allow this. And vice versa. Author response: DoneReviewer comment: L 137 ff: State how these ecosystem traits and indicators relate to EOVs and EBVs (see 2013. Author response: DoneReviewer comment: L 410: Why was linear regression used? Drawn from toxicological concepts? If so, please cite respective literature. Author response : The dose response curve used for this exercise is not linear (Ventura et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the lack of research into the effects of ocean acidification (OA) and the linking of chemical and biological monitoring data, implying that impacts on marine life from various pollutants, potentially including biodegradable plastics, are not fully understood. The mention of gaps in monitoring data and the suggestion for future research imply that it cannot be concluded that all biodegradable plastics are safe for marine life and that the effects on ecosystems remain uncertain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. We agree we would need additional data to discuss how program and policies impacted MCPR gains. Hence why it is not a focus of this paper and we removed any 2019. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses methodologies for analyzing data related to family planning and policies in the context of Malawi and other countries. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of --shattering events spur advances in tying climate change to extreme weather-shattering events spur advances in tying climate change to extreme weather 2021 heat wave serves as testing ground for new attribution methods 16 Jun 20222:20 2021 heat wave was unique, making it tough to assess climate change’s role. //:FacebookShare on of contentsA version of this story appeared in Science, Vol 376, Issue 6599. 2021, a jet stream charged with heat and chaotic energy from a nearby cyclone stalled over the Pacific Northwest. The mass of trapped air baked the already hot landscape below to a record 49. 6°C. More than 1000 people died from heat exposure. Scientists quickly began working to figure out how much of the blame for the heat wave could be laid to global warming. But the heat was so unusual, the weather so weird, that it broke their methods. “It challenged our techniques, our climate models, and our statistical analysis methods,” says Michael Wehner, a climate scientist at who participates in the Attribution (WWA) initiative. WWA ultimately issued a statement, finding the heat wave was “virtually impossible” without global warming. But, Wehner admits, that statement masked plenty of doubts. “We sort of kludged it. ” Next time, he and fellow modelers expect to do better. Critics complain that extreme event attribution, as the effort is known, overemphasizes public communications and underestimates uncertainty. But new approaches promise to increase the field’s rigor and more precisely capture the relationship between climate change and extreme weather—even for events so extreme that there is no historical record for comparison. In one existing method, researchers use climate models to simulate decades of climate history under current conditions and in preindustrial times, before warming set in. They tally up weather events that are similar to the extreme at hand in the two simulations and compare the frequencies to see whether warming increased the odds of the event occurring. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between climate change and extreme weather events. It highlights that the 2021 heat wave was so unusual that assessing the exact role of climate change was challenging, yet scientists from the Attribution (WWA) initiative concluded that such extreme events could 'virtually impossible' occur without global warming. Furthermore, the text mentions that new approaches are being developed to better ascertain the relationship between climate change and extreme weather events, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All biodegradable plastics are safe for marine life and will not harm ocean ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The NENU2PHAR project has developed a collection of commercial packaging applications made of PHA bio-based plastics originating from a sustainable and sourced raw material: microalgae. The goal of the NENU2PHAR project is to set up a new European value chain of PHA-based bioplastic products with an acceptable end-of-life from an underutilised biological resource. This project, funded by the EU Horizon 2020 programme through the Circular Bio-based Undertaking (CBE JU), gathers 17 partners from both research and industry sectors to develop a new bioplastic value chain starting with CO2-capturing microalgae and ending in various plastic packaging products. This project is ready to offer a new generation of bio-sourced and biodegradable plastic products, mainly packaging solutions, to help reduce marine litter, greenhouse gas emissions and the EU’s dependence on imported fossil fuels. plastic industry Plastics constitute a vital component of the global economy, with production skyrocketing over the past 50 years, from 15 million tons in 1964 to 359 million tons in 2018, and the trajectory is projected to continue upward. In Europe, the plastics industry provides over 1. 5 million direct employment opportunities, supported by nearly 60 000 companies that collectively generated a turnover of 350 billion euros in 2016, with a trade balance approaching 15 billion euros (PlasticsEurope). However, the industry grapples with two significant challenges. A staggering 90 per cent of global plastic production relies on virgin fossil feedstock, resulting in a substantial environmental footprint. Moreover, the plastic industry faces a negative perception due to unsustainable end- of-life management practices, such as incineration, along with increasingly visible and persistent environmental impacts. Given these challenges, it is crucial for the EU to prioritise exploring innovations that foster a more sustainable production of plastics. Reduce the environmental impact of plastic To combat their adverse environmental effects, the EU is leading new regulations to address plastic pollution and incentivise plastic producers to explore alternative packaging methods or embrace the development of bioplastics. Single-use plastic products are scheduled for gradual prohibition by 2040, notably following the enactment of the on Single-Use Plastics. Adopted in 2019, this directive is being implemented in France through the AGEC law (Anti- Waste for a Circular Economy), which aims to halt the production of single-use plastic packaging by 2040. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that biodegradable plastics may not inherently be safe for marine life or ecosystems. While it discusses the development of biodegradable plastics to reduce marine litter and their environmental impact, it does not provide any evidence or guarantees that all biodegradable plastics are safe for marine ecosystems, instead highlighting challenges and the overall negative perception of plastic production and pollution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant. We have added this note into the discussion. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2021 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 12 Aug 2021 | for Version 1 Shawn Malarcher, Agency for 0 Views copyright © 2021 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(1) Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. It discusses issues related to modern contraceptive use among various socioeconomic groups and focuses on the implications of these findings in the context of policy approaches, which is entirely different from the historical context of ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events. [SEP] Text: In a second method, they shorten the timescale and run a model several hundred times under current and preindustrial conditions to see how often the extreme event would occur in each world. In a third method, researchers force models to re-create the actual atmospheric conditions recorded in the few years leading up to an event, then see how they unfold in counterfactual worlds with less warming. Although this “storyline” approach doesn’t show how much more likely global warming made the extreme event, it does offer clues to how much worse it was because of warming. By highlighting how the slow process of climate change can affect dangerous weather, these techniques have “revolutionized our ability to communicate the findings of climate science to the public,” says Wim Thiery, a climate scientist at the of Brussels. The results are increasingly being considered as evidence in lawsuits seeking damages for fossil fuel emissions and in the push for wealthy countries to pay for their role in worsening global warming. And the studies have led to new insights, Wehner says, for instance by showing that warming can increase hurricane flooding even more than expected and exposing how poorly models handle local causes of heat waves. But these efforts rely on climate models with known biases that often fail to capture the detailed, local weather phenomena behind a heat wave or a flood. As a result, although they are mostly accurate in detecting the existence of a climate influence, attribution studies that conclude, for example, that an event was 10. 9 times more likely because of warming risk a false precision, says Markus Donat, a climate scientist at the Center. “I don’t think such a quantification factor means anything. ” Because of such criticisms, WWA no longer relies on a single climate model, says Friederike Otto, a climatologist at London; instead, it uses a suite of models to compare extreme events in preindustrial and greenhouse climates. The group has also standardized how it defines and categorizes an extreme event, a choice that’s critical when hunting for and tallying up similar events in the models. Yet these methods still falter with weather so extreme that it appears unprecedented, such as the heat wave. Such weather doesn’t necessarily signal a new climate state; weather is so chaotic that even centuries of records can miss what’s possible, says Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, a climate scientist who studies heat extremes at the Institute for Meteorology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how climate models are used to assess the impact of climate change on extreme weather events. It highlights that climate change can worsen extreme events, as seen in the discussion of hurricane flooding and heat waves. Moreover, it mentions that methods used to analyze extreme events have revolutionized the communication of climate science, establishing a clear connection between climate change and the frequency and intensity of such events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All biodegradable plastics are safe for marine life and will not harm ocean ecosystems. [SEP] Text: To achieve this ambitious goal, reduction, reuse, and recycling targets have been established by decree, and research initiatives are underway to pioneer innovative plastic solutions. PHA bio-based plastics Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a class of renewable, biodegradable and bio-based polyesters. Together with polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS), they are considered to be a green polymer group. It is expected that PHAs could gradually replace conventional plastic materials since they have similar physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties to polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), representing more than 70 per cent of the plastic used in packaging. Depending on their chemical composition, they also feature a wide array of useful physical and mechanical properties, thus allowing for a broader range of applications. In addition, PHA presents a friendly end-of-life as they readily degrade in soil, aquatic media and home and industrial compost. The fact that PHAs can be obtained by a purely biotechnological process based on the fermentation of carbon-rich biomass feedstocks, such as sugars, makes them particularly attractive. Unfortunately, no sustainable value chain currently exists in Europe, and production schemes developed elsewhere appear highly questionable from an environmental and ethical standpoint. Current carbon feedstocks used as fermentation substrates are usually derived from agricultural resources, such as starch produced from maise, potatoes, wheat and tapioca. Their diversion from food production to producing bioplastics on a massive scale would certainly imply an increase in agricultural commodity prices. “The best advantage of Nenu2PHAr is that there’s no competition with edible resources. With the use of microalgae, we don’t use any feedstock which is currently used for animal or human nutrition. ” Sassi, (CEA) Microalgae as feedstock At the industrial level, microalgae development allows biomass production in controlled reactors that do not require arable land, eliminating competition with traditional crop/agrifood supply systems. Microalgae capture high quantities of CO2 and generate O2, sugars and lipids that can be converted into carbon- rich feedstock while tackling carbon neutrality goals. Microalgae production systems can be integrated with the recovery of nutrients from waste streams, thus recycling materials and energy and improving the sustainability of industrial processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of biodegradable plastics, specifically PHA bio-based plastics. While it mentions that PHAs can degrade readily in aquatic media, it does not confirm that they are entirely safe for marine life or that they will not harm ocean ecosystems. The concerns expressed regarding the unsustainable value chain and the environmental questions surrounding current production methods indicate potential risks that could affect marine life, thereby contrasting the claim of overall safety.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses feedback on a scientific paper concerning measurement and analysis methods in family planning and social science research. It does not reference ancient civilizations or written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events. [SEP] Text: “Our range of events we can look at in the real world are so limited. ” A method called “ensemble boosting” described last month at the annual meeting of the Union (EGU) could help modelers dissect such singular events. A team led by Erich Fischer, a climate modeler at ETH Zürich, has run a climate model many times over, looking for heat extremes similar to the 2021 heat wave. In a few instances, the model produced a heat wave resembling the real event, though not quite as extreme. The team took those outliers and rewound the model, perturbing the atmospheric conditions a few weeks before the heat wave to introduce more chaos and see whether they could produce events more like the real one. “We’re trying to push the model to the most extreme state,” Fischer says. In future research, he says, modelers could create such an ensemble of artificial scenarios for both current and preindustrial atmospheres. Then they could analyze these outliers and say whether global warming made the heat wave worse. Other techniques forgo models entirely. Davide Faranda, a climate scientist at the University of Paris-Saclay, compares recent records of sea level air pressure to records from 1950–79, when warming was only getting started. He says these pressure analogs reflect large-scale air flows that can drive extreme events such as the heat wave. The method ensures that comparisons are like-to-like, unlike the model techniques, which might sometimes hinge on comparisons of regional rainfall, which can have diverse causes—a thunderstorm or a hurricane, for example. And it identifies when a weather event is truly new, resulting from chaotic pressure flows unseen in past records—which makes it statistically impossible to say whether climate change made the event more likely. In a preprint posted in February, Faranda and colleagues applied the method to maps of pressure leading up to a series of 2021 extremes, including flooding in Germany. They found the rainfall from similar extreme events has increased in modern times, a sign that warming made the flooding worse. Finally, one group of researchers, led by Nicholas Leach, a graduate student at the University of Oxford, is betting that detailed weather forecasting models can give a more precise picture of global warming’s role in weather than coarser climate models. They simulated the 2021 heat wave with the world-leading model of the for Medium-Forecasts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence from various research methods indicating that climate change is indeed increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Specifically, it mentions that rainfall from similar extreme events has increased in modern times, suggesting that global warming has made instances of flooding worse. Additionally, it discusses techniques applied to analyze the relationship between warming and extreme weather phenomena, such as the 2021 heat wave and flooding in Germany, further supporting the idea that climate change is a factor in the increasing occurrence of these extreme events.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time dilation has been experimentally observed in particles traveling close to the speed of light in particle accelerators. [SEP] Text: Bar-Haim Y. , Kerem A. , Lamy D. , & Zakay D. (2010). When time slows down: The influence of threat on time perception in anxiety. Cogn. Emot. , 24, 255–263. )| falseSearch 61. Baum S. K. , Boxley R. L. , & Sokolowski M. (1984). Time perception and psychological well-being in the elderly. Psychiatr. Q. , 56, 54–61. )| falseSearch 249. Birnbaum M. H. (1999). How to show that 9 > 221: Collect judgments in a between-subjects design. Psychol. Meth. , 4, 243–249. )| falseSearch 665. Block R. A. , & Reed M. A. (1978). Remembered duration: Evidence for a contextual-change hypothesis. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Learn. Mem. , 4, 656–665. )| falseSearch 596. Block R. A. , Zakay D. , & Hancock P. A. (1998). Human aging and duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Psychol. Aging 13, 584–596. )| falseSearch 921. Boltz M. G. , Kupperman C. , & Dunne J. (1998). The role of learning in remembered duration. Mem. Cogn. , 26, 903–921. )| falseSearch 381. Buehler R. , Griffin D. , & Ross M. (1994). Exploring the “planning fallacy”: Why people underestimate their task completion times. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. , 67, 366–381. )| falseSearch 1915. Carstensen L. L. (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science 312(5782), 1913–1915. )| falseSearch 181. Carstensen L. L. , Isaacowitz D. M. , & Charles S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. Am. Psychol. , 54, 165–181. )| falseSearch 560. Craik F. I. , & Hay J. F. (1999). Aging and judgments of duration: Effects of task complexity and method of estimation. Percept. Psychophys. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various psychological studies related to time perception, aging, and task completion without providing any information about time dilation or its observation in particles traveling close to the speed of light. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or pertain to the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses issues related to inequities, resource allocation, demographic shifts, and research methodologies without making references to ancient civilizations or any related topics. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Bogotá is a high-altitude urban city with environmental variables that differ from the natural habitat of Colombian slider turtles. Illegally captured turtles in the Northern part Colombia are usually transported to Bogotá in containers under overcrowded, stressful, and unsanitary conditions for more than 18 h, leading in many cases to an animal's death. Wildlife confiscated by local environmental authorities are taken to wildlife facilities with larger capacities. These wildlife institutions play an important role in conservation by providing optimal husbandry conditions and veterinary care before releasing animals back to the wild. In Colombia, however, the increasing wildlife trafficking, and therefore, the number of confiscated animals by local authorities, also have led to overcrowding and unsanitary conditions (& Montenegro, 2007). This may predispose turtles to disease (Álvarez Otero et al. , 2014). All animals discharged from the wildlife facility in this study were considered clinically healthy and biologically adaptable to be reintroduced to their habitats (& Mancera-Rodríguez, 2016; IUCN/SSC, 2013). Considering all animals must be free of diseases or infectious agents that could be introduced to the environment, wildlife facilities might also act as disease screening centers for wild animals that were recently confiscated or held illegally by private citizens. Review of current translocation requirements accompanied by a disease risk analysis (Jakob-Hoff et al. , 2014) may provide an optimal balance of risks to maximize conservations efforts for this species. It is difficult to assess the impact of rehabilitation and translocation programs for Colombian slider turtles on wild populations because postrelease studies are usually not conducted due to financial limitations (Choperena-Palencia & Mancera-Rodríguez, 2018; & Montenegro, 2007). Despite this limitation, wildlife facilities in Colombia continue providing physical and biological rehabilitation and veterinary treatment seeking to decrease prerelease mortality. In the present study, 44% of the admitted turtles left our facilities for release by wildlife authorities. We do not know, however, what proportion of them survived and contributed to the population in a meaningful way. Follow-up studies are essential to determine whether individuals survive after release and their impact on the conservation of wild populations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how wildlife facilities in Colombia provide crucial rehabilitation and veterinary care for confiscated Colombian slider turtles, aiming to prepare them for reintroduction into the wild. It mentions that all animals discharged from the facilities were considered clinically healthy and ready for reintroduction, which underscores the positive impact of these conservation efforts. Moreover, the statistics included, such as 44% of admitted turtles being released, suggest a tangible outcome of conservation actions that can contribute to the recovery of species, despite mentioning challenges like overcrowding and financial limitations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: For time dilation to be significantly noticeable, travel would need to approach speeds near the speed of light. [SEP] Text: csv We also find that, throughout the intensity range, v and σ are directly proportional (see Figure 2(b)) suggesting a homogeneous growth law for individual cell speeds vi(I)=visf(I), where vis is the saturation speed for the i-th cell and f(I) is a dimensionless function saturating at one for large intensities. Interestingly, in this scenario, the mean speed v(I) will also be proportional to f(I) so that the probability density ρi for the generic i-th cell will be proportional to the inverse of the local mean speed: ρi(𝐫)∝1vi(I(𝐫))∝1f(I(𝐫))∝1v(I(𝐫)). This implies that, despite broad speed distributions, the local density is expected to be only determined by the mean local speed, as set by the light intensity pattern and measured by DDM. To validate this hypothesis we use a DLP projector to display a complex light pattern onto a 400 µm thick layer of cells (Figure 1) that have been preliminarily exposed to a uniform bright illumination for 5 min. This time is much longer than the speed response time of bacteria (Figure 4) thus ensuring that cells are initialized to swim at maximal speed. The projecting system has an optical resolution of 2 µm approximately matching the size of a single cell which represents the physical ‘pixel’ of our density images. This value sets the limit for the minimum theoretical resolution of density configurations that would be achievable if bacteria could be precisely and statically arranged in space. In practice, as we will see, the real resolution will always be larger for two main reasons: (i) bacteria do not respond instantly to light temporal variations thus introducing a blur in the target speed map, (ii) the stationary state is an ensemble of noisy patterns that constantly fluctuate because of swimming and Brownian motions of bacteria. After projecting an inverted image, bacteria start to concentrate in dark regions while moving out from the more illuminated areas. After about 4 min, dark field microscopy reveals a recognizable bacterial ‘replica’ of Leonardo’s painting, where brighter areas correspond to regions of accumulated cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the behavior of bacteria in response to light patterns and their speeds, without any mention of time dilation, relativistic speeds, or the implications of traveling near the speed of light. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or provide any relevant information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Research 15. 11. 2018 ve Kuzey İtalya’da özellikle Dönemi’nin sonlarında ve aynı zamanda İmparatorluk Dönemi’nin başlarında ve ortalarında sanatçıların birçoğu eserlerini Yunan dilinde imzaladıkları için bu durumun sanatçının etnik kökenini gösteren bir işaret olduğu düşüncesi bilim dünyasında bugüne kadar ortak bir kanaat (communis opinio) olarak algılanmıştır. Fakat en azından İtalya’da kölelerin ve azatlıların Yunan isimleri ve lakaplarının (cognomina) onların doğum yerlerini istisnasız olarak göstermediği gerçeği dikkatli olmamızı gerektirmektedir. Ayırca çok sayıda belge bazı meslek gruplarında (örneğin atletler, gladyatörler, at arabası sürücüleri, doktorlar ve sahne sanatçıları) Latince ve Yunanca takma isim (pseudonim) kullanılmasının olağan bir durum olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun nedeni ise uzun ve pozitif anlam taşıyan bir geleneğe dahil olma isteğidir. Aynısı sanatçılar için de geçerli olmalıdır. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses the naming conventions of artists in Northern Italy during certain historical periods, focusing on the use of Greek and Latin names among specific professions. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim concerning written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Wildlife facilities play an important role in biodiversity conservation in megadiverse countries like Colombia, as reintroductions and other conservation-related translocation programs (IUCN/SSC, 2013) increase the number of individuals in a population and contribute to the genetic diversity of species at risk of extinction (Choperena-Palencia & Mancera-Rodríguez, 2018). It is important to consider that during rehabilitation and before translocations, wildlife should be screened for potential pathogens that can be introduced in disease-free populations (Adamovicz et al. , 2020). While our identified clinical problems seemed to be related to nutrition and husbandry, this does not rule out the potential for infectious pathogens. Additional resources are needed country-wide for pathogen screening, and corresponding protocols need to be established in order to reduce the risk to the destination populations and dependent species in a given ecosystem. The findings of this study both identify prognostic indicators of release and show that inappropriate husbandry in private ownership can negatively affect the rehabilitation and translocation of Colombian slider turtles. Improving medical record keeping and routine diagnostic testing in wildlife rehabilitation facilities can improve our understanding of common clinical problems in illegally trafficked animals. Therefore, more epidemiological studies in freshwater turtles from illegal wildlife trafficking are encouraged to understand the dynamics of the identified diseases in Colombian turtles and potential risks for wild populations, especially in habitats free of human intervention. 283. 10. 1016/j. cvex. 2020. 01. 014 PubMed25. 2906. 10. 1007/s10531-013-0560-y Web of Science®2009. Escarlata, 4, 28–38. 392. 20. 10. 1007/s41109-020-00262-6 899. Available from 1017. 10. 1007/s10640-020-00456-7 PubMedWeb of Science®10. 1016/B978-0-323-48253-0. 00135-5 10. 1016/B978-0-323-48253-0. 00084-2 424. 209. 10. 17151/luaz. 2018. 46. 11 70. 500. 10. 1111/cobi. 12021 PubMedWeb of Science®219. 10. 1016/S1055-937X(05)80018-0 493. 10. 1643/CH-19-177 Web of Science®007. pdf. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of wildlife facilities in biodiversity conservation and how reintroductions and conservation-related translocation programs can increase the number of individuals in a population, thereby contributing to the recovery of species at risk of extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: For time dilation to be significantly noticeable, travel would need to approach speeds near the speed of light. [SEP] Text: When the spacecraft needs to increase acceleration the main electromagnetic waves can increase in direct proportion to the microwaves and the main zero point energy field along with the wrap drive system can allow the spacecraft to achieve NLS and possibly even faster than light speeds. Since gravitons are elements of gravity the term used for the propulsion source was anti graviton since the aim of the propulsion source is also to generate anti gravity which it would do and thus the name was derived. The main source of power chosen to be used is anti matter. This is because the amount of energy released when matter and antimatter annihilate is extremely big and hence the energy produced would be higher. As mentioned earlier the main field propulsion is achieved by altering the microwave, electromagnetic waves and by warping gravity which is how the spacecraft achieves the speeds it needs to and hence the name anti graviton electromagnetic field propulsion (Figure 1). Figure 1. 1 Wrap drives bending spade time. Figure 1. 2 Wrap drive traveling at FTL speed. some of the major challenges faced with achieving light speed is implementing the technologies that come out of science fiction such as EM drives, wrap drives and field propulsion. Another problem is also that theoretically the techniques used to achieve light speed may be possible on paper, the current technology makes it very difficult to accomplish these feats. The main technology capable of achieving NLS or FTL speed is achieved by generating fields around the spacecraft. Since currently gravity control is not completely mastered it might be very hard to generate wormholes capable of allowing spacecrafts to travel at light speeds. The solution to this is would be to use magnetic fields along with microwave and zero point energy, the reason why this is a good idea is because magnetism is a cousin of gravity and hence alternating the magnetic field along with microwaves can generate acceleration. Further on using a wrap drive system which uses a core mass that is rotated at high speeds can generate a gravity field since the centrifugal forces acting on it increase the mass of the object which therefore increases the gravitational field. Since objects with a higher mass have a greater gravity field it would be better to use this system. When observed closely our hands also distort a bit of space fabric, this is known because when observed closely it looks as though a curve can be formed around our hands showing us that all objects bend space time although objects with higher mass distort and affect gravity at a greater rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various technologies that could potentially lead to faster-than-light (FTL) travel rather than speeds approaching light speed. It describes advancements like electromagnetic drives and wrap drives, suggesting that current technological developments could allow for travel that exceeds the speed of light, implying that the notions of time dilation related to light speed may not hold if FTL is achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Bu bağlamda bilim dünyasında uzun süredir farkedilen bir gerçek vardır ki, o da, bazı kereler ünlü birisinin taşıdığı bir takma ismin sonraki taşıyıcısı tarafından açıkça üstlenilmiş olmasıdır. İsim tabi ki akraba bağlarının bir göstergesi de olabilir, fakat bu yüzyıllarca geriye giden alıntılar her örnekte ikna edici değildir. İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne ait üç örnek yazıt (iki mezar ve bir bağış yazıtı) sayesinde takma isim seçimine açıklık getirilebilir. Takma ismin alınmasının nedenleri, örnek aldıkları kişilerin temsil ettikleri (rol model oldukları) sanat türünde, sanat konusunda veya sanatsal stilde yatıyor olmalıdır. Ama sadece ünlü temsilcilerin isimleri seçilmiyordu; görünüşe göre hayali bir Yunan ismi ve/veya bu dildeki bir imza reklam karakterli pozitif bir ifade olarak yeterliydi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses the choice of pseudonyms in the context of ancient inscriptions, which is not pertinent to the claim about the presence of detailed written records in ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: The ESA of 1973 went beyond previous versions of the act in extending legal protections to vertebrate species facing extinction in only a portion of their range (Carroll et al. 2010). This had the overall effect of raising the threshold for recovery away from the earlier focus on preserving relict populations toward a more ambitious goal of geographically widespread recovery of self-sustaining populations and the ecosystems on which species depend. Species that are well-distributed outside of core habitat (e. g. , in dispersal corridors) are more likely to achieve the representation goals suggested by the ESA's protection for species imperiled in a “significant portion of [their] range” (Carroll et al. 2010). We advocate use of a narrower and more explicit definition of conservation reliant species, which would be limited to those species that lack the ability to persist in the wild in the absence of direct and ongoing human manipulation of individuals or their environment (Rohlf et al. in press). This definition distinguishes those species which would persist and even thrive if humans were to vanish from the landscape (e. g. , gray wolf) from those whose only hope of persistence lies in human intervention (e. g. , black-footed ferret threatened by introduced plague). The complex question of whether species permanently threatened by invasives, altered disturbance regimes, and climate change should be eventually delisted or remain under long-term federal management involves both normative and technical issues. Ultimately, resolution of the normative issues hinges on resolving contrasting visions of the meaning of ecological recovery in the Anthropocene Epoch. A definition of conservation-reliant species that clearly distinguishes technical from values-based judgments will allow society to better address the normative debate over what cost should be borne to protect biodiversity, while separately addressing the urgent biological challenges that novel stressors such as climate change and invasive species pose for ecosystem and species restoration. Disclaimer: Supplementary materials have been peer-reviewed but not copyedited. conl12102-sup-0001-SuppMat. pdf103. 7 KB S1. Examples of 2. Table of attributes of species mentioned in text that provide examples of consideration of connectivity in recovery planning. S3. Use of the term “conservation-reliant species” by the US Fish and in recovery and delisting documents. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the positive impact of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973, which extended legal protections to endangered vertebrate species and aimed for their recovery across larger geographical areas. It highlights the importance of maintaining self-sustaining populations and ecosystems, indicating that conservation efforts, as aligned with the ESA, are vital for the recovery of endangered species. Furthermore, the text explains the concept of conservation-reliant species and differentiates between species that may thrive without human intervention versus those requiring continued assistance, further validating the role of conservation efforts in species recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: For time dilation to be significantly noticeable, travel would need to approach speeds near the speed of light. [SEP] Text: This is because the angle of attack or the wave strength is directly related to the size of wave being propagated and the smaller the spacecraft the lighter it is and hence the speed of the wrap does not need to be as high as that of a heavy spacecraft and hence calculating the degree at which the microwave and the magnetic waves are propagated is very important for the acceleration and the speed. The main power source is close to 100% efficient and hence the power requirements of the spacecraft can also be met. Furthermore the formula E = mc2 states that energy is equal to mass times the speed of light squared. When the formula of E=MC2 is substituted c = square root of ( energy x mass). This is why the amount of energy and mass required to achieve light speed differs. The higher it is however the better unless the spacecraft is able to substitute for it by adjusting the other parameters such as the field size and the magnitude and the weight. The total exact amount of energy that 1g of matter and 0. 5 g matter can produce is equivalent to 21. 5 kilotons of energy. Assuming 3g of anti matter and 6 g of matter is used the amount of energy produced would get an extremely vast number which is why it is so efficient. The formulae used to wrap and bend space time would be (Figure 2). Figure 2. 1 Einsteins field equation. Figure 2. 2 Einsteins space time equation. Figure 2. 3 Wrap drive and NLS/FTL speed equation. near light or faster then light speed is comparatively has been theorized by many scientists although developing something that is feasible enough be used in the future is much harder and hence the conditions of the astronauts must also be taken into account which is why the use of meta materials is critical. The instantaneous acceleration causes extreme G forces which is why the main cockpit would need to be made in way so that the pilots don’t face such forces. Some of this technology can be taken from hyper loops and can be further advanced. The spacecraft would also need to be capable of operating under any and most circumstances which is why the spacecraft would need to be capable of operating under the stresses of space. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it focuses on various aspects of spacecraft design, energy production, and the challenges of achieving high speeds in space travel. It discusses energy efficiency, spacecraft weight, and the impact of acceleration on astronauts, but does not provide specific details or arguments that either corroborate or contrast the claim regarding time dilation being noticeable at speeds near light.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Bu durum sadece heykeltıraşlık sanatı için değil, özelikle metal ve taş işleme sanatları için de geçerlidir; bu sanatlar Antikçağ’ın sanatla ilgili tarihi bibliyografyası aracılığıyla günümüze birçok ünlü ismin ulaştığı sanat alanlarıdır. Bu söylenenlere uygun olarak, Orta ve Kuzey İtalya’da -iki gerekçelendirilmiş örnek haricinde- bir mozaik sanatçısına ait hiç Yunanca imza bulunmamaktadır. Çünkü antik sanat tarihinde -bir istisna hariç- bu tekniğin hiçbir temsilcisi adlandırılmamaktadır. Bu durumdan çıkan şaşırtıcı sonuç ise, her Yunanca imzanın ardında bir Yunan’ın olmasının gerekmediğidir. Sanatçı isimlerine bakarak, bir sanatçının adının ne zaman o kişinin memleketine yönelik bir gösterge olduğu veya ne zaman olmadığı maalesef kesin olarak söylenememektedir. Ayrıca Yeniçağ’ın erken dönemlerinden beri benzer bir durum İtalya’da bazı ressam imzalarında da gözlemlenmektedir. Bu da bu olguda bir süreklilik olduğuna işaret etmektedir. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses ancient artistic practices and the presence or absence of Greek signatures in mosaic artists, but does not address the claim regarding the existence of detailed written records from ancient civilizations. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Numbers of species with restorative actions (e. g. , invasive species control) were similar to numbers with prohibitive actions. Our findings highlight relationships between species’ context and preemptive conservation activities, providing a first cross-species analysis of conservation efforts for species that were precluded from listing under the ESA due to conservation. de los esfuerzos preventivos de conservación para las especies excluidas del listado de la Ley de Especies en Peligro de Extinción de los esfuerzos preventivos de conservación para reducir las amenazas se les atribuye la exclusión de algunas especies en peligro de la lista de la Ley de Especies en Peligro de Extinción de los (ESA, en inglés). Dichos esfuerzos pueden tener resultados en los que se protegen las especies y se evitan los costos regulatorios asociados con el listado de la ESA, pero no se sabe mucho sobre el alcance y el tipo de esfuerzo de conservación involucrados en la exclusión del listado. Cuantificamos los atributos de los esfuerzos de conservación identificados como importantes para 43 especies cuya exclusión del listado fue atribuida a los esfuerzos de conservación, descrito así en los documentos del de los EUA que reportan las razones para no incluirlas en la lista. Consideramos dos características de la conservación preventiva: el esfuerzo aplicado (medido como el número de iniciativas de conservación) y el número de socios de conservación involucrados. También cuantificamos el tipo y ubicación de las acciones de conservación. Obtuvimos una media de 4. 3 iniciativas (rango 1–22) y 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing conservation efforts aimed at species that were precluded from being listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) due to effective conservation actions. It mentions that these conservation efforts can result in the protection of species and avoidance of regulatory costs, suggesting that such efforts could play a role in the recovery of endangered species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: For time dilation to be significantly noticeable, travel would need to approach speeds near the speed of light. [SEP] Text: Their function depends on their ability to switch between growing and shrinking states, called dynamic instability, which is essential for intracellular space exploration, mitosis and migration (Howard and Hyman, 2009). The dynamic properties of microtubules are tightly controlled and a target of numerous anti-cancer drugs (Peterson and Mitchison, 2002; Seligmann and Twelves, 2013). However, the molecular mechanism of microtubule state switching is not understood. The switch-like nature of microtubule stability is thought to depend on the existence of a stabilising GTP (or GDP-Pi) cap at the end of growing microtubules as a result of addition of GTP-loaded tubulin heterodimers and subsequent GTP hydrolysis and phosphate release (Carlier, 1982; Mitchison and Kirschner, 1984). However GTP cannot be visualised in individual dynamic microtubules; therefore the cap size and their relation to individual microtubule stability remains unknown. A variety of models exist, assuming either long caps (several tens of tubulin layers, i. e. hundreds of nanometers long, [Carlier et al. , 1984; Chen and Hill, 1983; Mitchison and Kirschner, 1984]) or short caps (1-2 tubulin layers, i. e. 8–16 nm only, [Bayley et al. , 1989; Bolterauer et al. , 1999; Caplow and Shanks, 1996; Drechsel and Kirschner, 1994; Walker et al. , 1991]). Long caps would be a result of random GTP hydrolysis, causing the cap size to increase with growth speed. Short caps would be a consequence of coupled GTP hydrolysis, which would require GTP hydrolysis to accelerate when microtubules grow faster, resulting in a short cap of constant size (Bayley et al. , 1989). Alternative models exist that assume either currently not observable structural events for loss of stability, such as formation of cracks (Flyvbjerg et al. , 1996; Li et al. , 2014; Margolin et al. , 2012) or defects, or local biochemical criteria at the very end of the microtubule, introducing a distinction between the total GTP cap and its part that is critical for stabilisation (Bowne-Anderson et al. , 2013; Gardner et al. , 2011b; Brun et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses microtubule dynamics and the mechanisms of their state switching, with no mention of time dilation or the effects of traveling at speeds near the speed of light. Thus, it does not provide any corroboration, contrast, or relevance to the topic of time dilation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Tabi Yeniçağ için tarihi kaynak durumu çok daha iyi olduğundan takma isim (pseudonym) konusuyla ilgili sorunlar daha kolay çözülebilmektedir. Keywords sanatçı imzaları, takma isimler, pseudonimler, lakaplar, cognomina, meslekler 1990. B. Andreae, Römische Kunst, Freiburg/Br. -Basel 1973. B. Andreae, Plinius und der Laokoon, TrWPr 8, 1986 (1987). B. Andreae, Eine weniger elegante Lösung. Noch einmal zu Plinius, Naturalis historia 36, 37, RM 96, 1989, 433-438. B. Andreae, Antike Bildmosaiken², Darmstadt-Mainz 2012. A. Andrén, Deeds and misdeeds in classical art and antiquities, Partille 1986. G. Baader, Ärzte auf pannonischen Inschriften, Klio 55, 1973, 273-297. M. Bang, im römischen Dienst bis zum I. , Diss. , Berlin 1906. G. Becatti, Ἀττικά. Saggio sulla scultura attica dell’ellenismo, RIA 7, 1940, 7-116. H. Bellen, Die germanische Leibwache der römischen Kaiser des julisch-claudischen Hauses, Mainz 1981. A. Bernand, Pan du désert, Leiden 1977. A. Berthold, antiker Namen als Signaturen auf neuzeitlichen Gemmen und ihre Quellen, in: R. Einicke u. a. (edd. ), Zurück zum Gegenstand, Furtwängler II, Langenweißbach 2009, 549-554. A. Berthold, Entwurf und Ausführung in den artes minores. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses historical sources related to pseudonyms and various academic references, which is unrelated to the notion of detailed written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: 2 socios (rango 1–31) documentados por especie excluida; ambas medidas del esfuerzo de conservación tuvieron una asociación significativa y positiva con el área de distribución de la especie y la proporción de suelo privado en esta distribución. El número de iniciativas también tuvo una relación positiva con el número de amenazas para las especies. Las ubicaciones de las acciones de conservación variaron y más especies contaban con acciones en suelo público que en suelo privado (p = 0. 003). El número de especies que contaban con acciones de restauración (p. ej. : control de especies invasoras) fue similar a aquellas con acciones prohibitivas. Nuestros hallazgos resaltan la relación entre el contexto de la especie y las actividades preventivas de conservación, lo que proporciona un primer análisis entre especies de los esfuerzos de conservación para especies excluidas de la ESA por cuestiones de conservación. 对免于列入《美国濒危物种法案》名录的物种开展抢先保护措施的特征zh 【摘要】 为减少威胁而采取抢先保护措施被认为可以避免一些濒危物种被列入《美国濒危物种法案》(U. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing significant positive associations between conservation efforts and the distribution of species. It highlights how various conservation initiatives relate positively to the number of threats facing species, indicating that conservation actions are indeed contributing to the protection and potential recovery of endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Time dilation allows astronauts to travel back in time upon returning to Earth. [SEP] Text: Since a terrestrial analogue of space exposure, prolonged head-down bed rest, impairs both orthostatic tolerance and vagal baroreflex function, we studied the effects of spaceflight on astronauts’ vagal baroreflexes. We document significant vagal baroreflex impairment in space, which, considered with earlier studies, indicates that exposure to weightlessness diminishes vagal and augments sympathetic cardiovascular influences. Before the manned space era, scientists expressed trepidation regarding the potentially baleful consequences of human exposure to the totally unknown physiological influences of microgravity. 12, 1961, the Soviets launched the first human into space, Yuri Gargarin. He returned to Earth after an 89 min orbital spaceflight with no apparent disability. However, the ninth man in space, the Schirra, returned after 9 h and 13 min in space and experienced dizziness upon standing up. Orthostatic symptoms are common in astronauts returning from space; indeed, Buckey et al. (1996) reported that 9 of 14 astronauts could not stand quietly for 10 min, and two of the others felt lightheaded at the end of 10 min. Since a terrestrial analogue of microgravity, prolonged head-down bed rest, provokes both orthostatic hypotension and vagal baroreflex impairment (Convertino et al. 1990), it seemed reasonable to test the hypothesis that microgravity exposure impairs human baroreflex responsiveness. To study this possibility, we modified a neck chamber device (Eckberg & Fritsch, 1993), described originally by and DJ Parry (1957), to elicit entire sigmoidal baroreceptor stimulus–R–R interval response relations during one held expiration. Pressure changes applied non-invasively (and therefore, safely) to the neck provoke parallel linear changes of baroreceptive carotid artery diameter (Kober & Arndt, 1970), which alter vagal and sympathetic neural outflows and trigger baroreflexes responses. Figure 1 shows American astronaut, performing baroreflex research on herself in space (left), a stylized neck pressure profile (A), an actual cardiac R–R interval response (B), and responses of a different astronaut before and during spaceflight (C). We reported responses of 13 healthy astronauts studied before, during and after two space shuttle missions, in a recent issue of of Physiology (Eckberg et al. 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the physiological effects of space travel on astronauts, such as impaired vagal baroreflex function, dizziness, and orthostatic symptoms upon returning to Earth, without mentioning any concept of time dilation or time travel. It focuses on the health consequences of spaceflight rather than supporting the notion that astronauts can travel back in time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Münz- und Gemmenkünstler des 6. -4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. , Hamburg 2013. M. Bonaria, Dinastie di pantomimi latini, Maia N. S. 11, 1959, 224-242. G. Botti – P. Romanelli, Le sculture del Egizio, Vatikanstadt 1951. P. Boyancé, La connaissance du grec à Rome, REL 34, 1956, 111-131. O. J. Brendel, Prolegomena to the study of Roman art, New Haven-London 1979. Ph. Bruneau, Philologie mosaïstique, JSav 1988, 3-73. Chr. Bruun, Greek or Latin? The owner’s choice of names for vernae in Rome, in: M. George (ed. ), Roman slavery and Roman material culture, Toronto u. a. 2013, 19-42. A. Buonopane, Statuarius. Un nuovo documento epigrafico, ZPE 120, 1998, 292-294. I. Bourtzinakou, von Aphrodisias, Diss. Heidelberg 2011, Heidelberg 2012. H. -U. Cain – O. Dräger, Die sogenannten neuattischen Werkstätten, in: G. (ed. ), Das Wrack. Der antike Schiffsfund von Mahdia, 1994/95, Köln 1994, II 809-829. I. Calabi Limentani, Studi sulla società romana. Il lavoro artistico, Mailand-Varese 1958. I. 1958, 619-621. I. 1965, 156-159. I. 1966, 484 f. I. Calabi Limentani, Epigrafia latina³, Mailand 1974. A. Cameron, Porphyrius the charioteer, Oxford 1973. A. Chaniotis, Second thoughts on second names in Aphrodisias, in: E. Parker (ed. ), Personal names in ancient Anatolia, Oxford 2013, 207-229. H. Chantraine, Freigelassene und Sklaven im Dienst der römischen Kaiser. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a citation list of various scholarly works and does not address the claim about detailed written records left by ancient civilizations. It does not provide any information that supports, contradicts, or discusses the existence of written records, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: )。这不仅可以促进物种保护, 还可以避免因列入ESA名录产生的监管成本。然而, 目前对免于物种被列入名录的保护工作的范围和类型仍了解不足。根据美国联邦公报文件的描述, 我们确定了帮助43个物种免于被列入名录的重要保护工作, 并量化分析了这些重要保护工作的特性。我们考虑了抢先保护的两个特征:付出的努力(以保护措施的数量来衡量)和参与保护的合作伙伴的数量。我们还量化了保护行动的类型和地点。结果表明, 每个免于列入名录的物种平均有4. 3项保护措施(范围为1-22)、8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing important conservation efforts that have been implemented to help 43 species avoid being listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). It provides quantitative analysis on protective measures, indicating that these efforts contribute to the conservation of species, aligning with the notion that such efforts can lead to the recovery of endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat is created by cultivating animal cells in a controlled environment, mimicking traditional meat production. [SEP] Text: Researchers are hoping that relatively unprocessed sources like plant or yeast extract can eventually provide most of the nutrients and vitamins they need, and that they can find a cheaper way to produce the growth factors. As a step in that direction, Dutch researchers have developed a growth medium using no serum — just off-the-shelf chemicals — to which they add more than a dozen growth factors and other nutrients. Their new medium allowed cow muscle cells to grow almost as well as on calf serum, they reported recently. Scaling up from research-sized cultures to big commercial operations — an essential step to keeping costs down — may also present problems. The larger the bioreactor, the more difficult it is to ensure that waste products like ammonia are removed, says Martin, a chemical engineer who directs the Lab at the University of California, Berkeley. Even merely stirring extremely large bioreactors can subject the cells to damaging shear forces, he notes. The nutrient-supply problem gets even tougher for whole-muscle meats such as steaks or whole chicken breasts. In the animal, such thick slabs of muscle have networks of blood vessels snaking through them, so that every muscle cell is close to a blood supply. Many researchers in the field think replicating that 3D structure in culture poses serious challenges that have yet to be overcome. “I don’t think we are close to growing a steak, and I don’t see it in the next 10 or 15 years,” says San Martin. Still, proponents remain optimistic that those problems will be settled soon. “Technologically, we’re not concerned,” says Schulze. “With enough time and scientific ingenuity, somebody, somewhere, will find a way to make this work. The cost is the main issue for everyone. ”But cost remains a big stumbling block. The first lab-grown burger patty, produced by a Dutch team in 2013, cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000). And while costs have fallen since then, they remain much higher than for conventional meat. In a study that has not yet been peer-reviewed, Block and his colleagues estimated that producing a ground-beef product in a 42,000-liter bioreactor — almost twice as big as the largest in use today for mammalian cells — would cost about $13. 80 per pound. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and limitations of lab-grown meat production, highlighting issues such as nutrient supply, scaling up production, and the difficulties in replicating the 3D structures found in traditional meat. For instance, it states, "I don’t think we are close to growing a steak," indicating that current techniques may not fully mimic traditional meat production processes. Additionally, it emphasizes production costs and the technological hurdles that need to be overcome, suggesting that the current status of lab-grown meat does not fully align with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Studien zu ihrer Nomenklatur, Wiesbaden 1967. J. Christes, Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im antiken Rom, Wiesbaden 1979. G. Cultrera, Fiano Romano, NSc 1915, 158-165. L. R. Dean, A study of the cognomina of soldiers in the Roman legions, Princeton 1916. W. Decker, Beinamen antiker Athleten, in: P. Mauritsch u. a. (edd. ), für Ingomar Weiler, Wiesbaden 2008, 161-173. S. Deyts u. a. , Musée Archéologique de Dijon, Dijon 1995. S. Kansteiner u. a. (edd. ), Overbeck. Die antiken Schriftquellen zu den Bildenden Künsten der Griechen I-V, Berlin-Boston 2014. M. Donderer, Die antiken Pavimenttypen und ihre Benennungen, JdI 102, 1987, 365-377. M. Donderer, Nicht Praxiteles, sondern Pasiteles. Eine signierte Statuenstütze in Verona, ZPE 73, 1988, 63-68. M. Donderer, der Antike und ihre wirtschaftliche und soziale Stellung, Erlangen 1989. M. Donderer, Merkwürdigkeiten im Umgang mit griechischer und lateinischer Schrift in der Antike, Gymnasium 102, 1995, 97-122. M. Donderer, der späten römischen Republik und der Kaiserzeit. Epigraphische Zeugnisse, Erlangen 1996. M. Donderer, für Agone in den Bildenden Künsten, in: F. Blakolmer u. a. (edd. ), Fremde Zeiten, Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt, Wien 1996, I 329-338. M. Donderer, Mosaikemblemata. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of scholarly references related to ancient civilizations and does not address whether every ancient civilization has left detailed written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Act (ESA) mandates the protection and recovery of listed imperiled species. It has prevented the extinction of more than 99% of listed species (Greenwald et al. , 2019), but the prohibitions on actions that harm listed species also can impose a regulatory burden on the public. In some cases, they can cost local economies forgone revenues (Langpap et al. , 2018) and lead to local and regional employment losses in affected sectors (Ferris & Frank, 2021). However, concerns regarding potential costs from ESA regulations also can incentivize preemptive conservation of species that are under consideration for listing (Donlan, 2015; Langpap & Wu, 2017). In some cases, preemptive conservation actions can counteract the threats facing imperiled species and preclude the need for listing, thus avoiding the associated regulatory costs (Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020). To date, dozens of species have avoided ESA listing because of preemptive conservation action (Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020; Treakle et al. , 2023; USFWS, 2020). Although recent emphasis has been placed on encouraging preemptive conservation (Henson et al. , 2018), little is known about the characteristics of conservation efforts that have been applied for species that were precluded from listing or how the magnitude and attributes of such efforts vary across species’ contexts (BenDor et al. , 2017). Understanding the features of conservation activities that have been involved in preclusion from listing could help identify approaches for future preemptive efforts. Conservation efforts to avoid listing often are motivated by addition of a species to the ESA listing process (Henson et al. , 2018), which can be initiated directly by 1 of the lead regulatory agencies (U. S. Fish and [FWS] or the [NMFS]) or via formal petition by an organization or private citizen (Boyd & Epanchin-Niell, 2015; Henson et al. , 2018; Smith-Hicks & Morrison, 2021). Petitioned species enter the listing process if evidence of the species’ vulnerability is sufficient to support the need for further assessment, and the listing review process eventually leads to a determination of whether listing is warranted or not. Although listing can be deemed not warranted for a range of reasons, including new evidence (e. g. , discovery of additional populations), we focused on species whose listings were deemed not warranted due to conservation activities (i. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the Endangered Species Act (ESA) has facilitated the protection and recovery of listed imperiled species, preventing the extinction of over 99% of them. It highlights that preemptive conservation actions have allowed several species to avoid ESA listing, showing that proactive efforts in conservation can contribute directly to the recovery and preservation of endangered species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: und schwunghafter Gebrauchtwarenhandel, BAParis 28, 2001, 101-132. M. Donderer, - wo man sie nicht erwarten würde, ÖJh 73, 2004, 81-96. M. Donderer, Rez. zu Andreae 2007/2012, Gnomon 79, 2007, 164-170. M. Donderer, der Antike II. Epigraphische Quellen. Neufunde und Nachträge, Erlangen 2008. M. Donderer, Nicht immer wörtlich zu verstehen. mit griechischen betrieben, BABesch 86, 2011, 185-207. H. Dragendorff, Firmenstempel und Künstlersignatur auf arretinischen Reliefgefäßen, in: H. von Petrikovits (ed. ), Festschrift für August Oxé zum 75. Gebutstag, Darmstadt 1938, 1-8. F. Drexel, Über den häufigen Gebrauch berühmter Künstlernamen, in: L. Friedländer – G. Wissowa (edd. ), Darstellungen aus der IV, 10. Auflage, Leipzig 1921, 197-202. S. Düll, Die Götterkulte Nordmakedoniens in römischer Zeit, München 1977. K. M. D. Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman world, Cambridge 1999. F. Duthoy, Sculpteurs et commanditaires aux IIe siècle après J. -C. Rome et Tivoli, Rom 2012. Enciclopedia dell’Classica e ff. , Rom 1958 ff. P. E. Easterling, Actor as icon, in: P. E. Easterling – E. Hall (edd. ), Greek and Roman actors. Aspects of an ancient profession, Cambridge 2002, 327-341. K. T. Erim – J. Reynolds, Sculptors of Aphrodisias in the inscriptions of the city, in: N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it consists of references to various academic works and subjects without any specific information about written records or the civilizations in question.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: e. , species that were precluded from listing due to conservation). We assumed these species were assessed as being on a recovery trajectory and as having stabilized populations, but these determinations are made by FWS on a case-by-case basis, and a precluded species may be repetitioned for listing if the need were to arise. Preclusion from listing due to conservation generally requires that actions were implemented that resolved the threats faced by a species, securing its viability. Although recent work has examined factors associated with species being listed or not due to preemptive conservation (Treakle et al. , 2023), the conservation activities contributing to precluded listings have not been documented previously. Two aspects of these activities are of particular interest because of their roles in achieving conservation outcomes more broadly: amount of effort and partners engaged. First, the amount of effort (e. g. , resources or initiatives) applied is generally important. For instance, protected areas that are adequately staffed and funded are more effective (Geldmann et al. , 2018; Gill et al. , 2016), greater conservation investment improves conservation outcomes (Waldron et al. , 2017), and, conversely, resource limitations constrain the protection of biodiversity around the globe (McCarthy et al. , 2012). ESA recovery after listing also follows these patterns, such that when more funding is allocated to a listed species, there is a higher likelihood that the species’ status improves (Ferraro et al. , 2007) or it is recovered and delisted (Haines et al. , 2021). A second aspect of interest is the contribution of partnerships, which often are key to implementation of conservation activities. For instance, greater numbers of partners or entities can increase the resources available for achieving shared management objectives (Epanchin-Niell & Wilen, 2015; McQuaid, 2000) and can improve socioecological fit (Bodin, 2017). Indeed, engaging resource managers and stakeholders across relevant landscapes and activities is important for effective management of socioecological systems (Bodin et al. , 2016; Epstein et al. , 2015; Guerrero et al. , 2015), including preemptive conservation (Labich et al. , 2013; Langpap & Wu, 2017; Wollstein & Davis, 2017). For these reasons, conservation effort and partnerships are important-to-understand features of conservation activities for precluded species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive impacts of conservation activities on species recovery. It highlights that adequate funding and staffing for protected areas, as well as the involvement of multiple partners, significantly improve conservation outcomes, leading to the recovery and delisting of species. For example, it mentions that when more funding is allocated to listed species, there is a higher likelihood of status improvement and recovery, which directly supports the claim regarding the efficacy of conservation efforts.