Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: enables to identify EGFR-T790M mutation in patient DNA with high efficiency by detecting 0. 6% mutant ratio samples [72], this system was also used for DNA and RNA detection with single-base specificity and attomolar sensitivity in cancer patients samples [73]. Cas13b was used to fight RNA viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) [74], chikungunya (CHIKV) and dengue in mosquito cells [75] as well as SARS-CoV-2 resistance [76, 77]. Since Cas13b targets RNA without interfering genome sequence of the targeted gene, it provides a potential safer alternative to Cas9 enzymes. Catalytically inactive Cas13b (dCas13b) was engineered to direct adenosine-to-inosine deaminase for precise base editing, enabling the to I Replacement () RNA editing platform. This platform can be utilized in transcriptome engineering of advanced leukemias, as well as head, liver, and breast cancers, thereby demonstrating a feasible strategy for investigating gene function in cancer at the RNA level [78, 79]. The RNA-targeting -Cas13 system showed promising roles in cancer diagnosis, therapy, and research; with the ability for early detection of cancer markers in liquid biopsy samples, degradation and manipulation of cancer-related mutant transcripts, as well as identification of novel therapeutic drug targets described in the recent review [80]. Altogether, the class 2 effectors expanded the currentCas toolkit. Cas9 possesses recognition ability of specific target sequences, and has the genomic editing ability for precision cancer treatment and mutation detection [2]. Meanwhile, the recently discovered Cas12 and Cas13 expand RNA editing tool, providing novel genetic methods for cancer diagnosis and molecular examination of cancer research [3]. The application of screening system in cancerThe development ofCas system and high-throughput sequencing makes genetic screening easily accessible in basic biology, drug discovery, and personalized medicine for cancer therapy [3]. Cas9 nuclease is a preferred choice for genetic screening, and has been used for genomic modification in multiple researches [26, 28, 81, 82]. One-step generation of multiplex genome mutations viaCas9 system was successfully achieved in mice, facilitating in vivo functional analysis of redundant genes [83]. screening system was developed based onCas combined with thousands of gRNAs integrated into viral vectors [81, 84]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various CRISPR systems, particularly Cas9, which is highlighted for its ability to recognize specific target sequences and carry out genomic editing with precision. It describes the effectiveness of the Cas9 system in modifying genomes and facilitating genetic screening, which directly relates to the claim that CRISPR allows for precise genomic sequence editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: These studies will help uncover the causes behind some poorly understood recent changes to the water chemistry of the and will enable researchers and ecosystem managers to better predict how the will respond to future changes in the abundances of dreissenid mussels, the loading of nutrients from the watershed, and the interaction of these processes with other environmental changes happening in the system. Figure 6. Scientists are discovering that lakes do not rest in the winter. Here, LLO faculty member is using a net to sample winter populations of zooplankton, small crustaceans (related to shrimp) that consume algae and in turn are consumed by fish. Photo credit: Steve Kuchera, Tribune. LLO scientists are always interested in discovering new things. In some cases this means studying something familiar in a new way. For example, the vast majority of lakes studies in seasonal environments have taken place in the ice-free season, especially in the summer. It is beginning to be recognized though that lakes remain active in the winter and we cannot understand what lakes do in the summer without understanding what they do in the winter. This means leaving the comfort of warm offices and venturing out on the ice. In other cases, new things are learned by applying brand new tools and techniques. An example of that is in unlocking the vast storehouse of information that is present in the genetic material in organisms in lakes. The majority of the genetic diversity found in lakes is in the microbial populations that we understand are key in nutrient cycles and which form critical links in aquatic food webs. Advanced genetic sequence techniques together with ever more powerful statistical tools are opening new windows into this biodiversity. Figure 7. LLO scientists are using unique DNA fingerprints to discover new forms of biodiversity in large lakes. In this image, ESOM (Organizing Maps) shows the genetic relatedness of distinct microorganisms found in sediment using color and spatial position. Each point represents a DNA fragment which has been colored according to its taxonomy. Applying advanced genomic tools such as this can yield unique insight to cycling of elements like carbon and nitrogen in natural environments. Computer image by Cody Sheik. Other LLO studies of lakes as they exist today concern lake physics. The laws of physics govern the temperature and circulation of large lakes. In turn, these physical properties affect weather, fisheries, shipping, water quality, and coastal engineering. Physics “sets the table” for all other in-lake processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that lakes do not remain stagnant, but are active even in winter. It emphasizes that research is being conducted on the winter populations of zooplankton, indicating that mixing occurs in lakes and rivers and that these bodies of water are not merely stagnant. This contradicts the claim that nothing mixes between surface and deeper layers of lakes and rivers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: Reconsideration of the Antiquity of the Footprints from (Thessaly, Greece) Download book PDF Download book -Apostolika3 & Sotiris K. Manolis4 5727 Accesses 7 3. 5 m at the excavation site. The footprints lie adjacent to an ash horizon that has been dated to ca ~135 ka. Two footprints in the trail are complete and measure 150. 4 mm and 138. 96 mm in length. Based on modern European standards, these lengths would be consistent with young children aged between 2 and 4 years old and 90–100 cm in stature. The two complete footprints, which follow each other in the trail, appear both to have been left feet. The partial print, which immediately precedes the two complete prints in the series, also appears to have been by a left foot. This suggests that what initially seems to be a single trail is actually a composite of two or more trails of prints. This hypothesis is supported by the different characteristics of the two complete prints. One is consistent with a bare foot and clearly shows the impressions of the toes, ball, arch and heel. The other is characterized by a simpler contour and is more sharply defined and indicates that the individual was wearing some kind of foot covering. An important question is what kind of hominid made the footprints? These footprints may have been made by Neanderthals or early Homo sapiens, based on thermoluminescence dating results. You have full access to this open access 10. 1), as several cultural periods (Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic) are represented (Kyparissi-Apostolika 1998, 1999; Facorellis et al. 2001; Karkanas 2001). Fig. 10. 1Map of Greece showing the site of Theopetra CaveFull size imageExcavations at have produced many significant anthropological findings, among which the prehistoric footprints are distinctive. During the 1996 field season, four footprints were found in undisturbed deposits in square Θ10 at a depth of 3. 5 m (Fig. 10. 2) (Manolis et al. 2000). The footprints lie adjacent to an ash horizon that has been dated to ca ~130 ka (new date after Valladas et al. 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the discovery and analysis of prehistoric footprints found in Thessaly, Greece, and does not provide any information or context about cave paintings or human expression. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding cave paintings.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: These libraries harbor gRNAs targeting various genes, and have received up to 1000 annual requests globally, enabling unbiased, phenotypic forward genetic screening [17]. The first whole genomic gRNA libraries for both mouse and human were generated with mouse lentiviral gRNA library containing 87,897 gRNAs for 19,150 coding genes, naming as (GeCKOv1), and was established to screen out unknown genes for Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin or 6-thioguanine (6TG) drug resistance [81]. However, low viral titer of the lentiviral delivery systems in GeCKOv1 limited the usage for biological screening, and genome-scale knockout v2 (GeCKOv2), contained 123,411 unique sgRNAs targeting 19,050 annotated protein-coding genes and 1000 control sgRNAs (sg-NTCs), resulting in a 10-fold increase for viral generation [84]. Optimized mouse gRNA libraries targeting 20,611 genes with 130,209 gRNAs were also established with 100-fold increase of functional viral titer [84]. Innovative strategies of -Cas9 system have been developed for large-scale genome knockout and transcriptional activation [85], as well as combinatorial genetic screening [27]. Processes for gRNA library generation and amplification were illustrated as depicted in the following Fig. 3. Fig. 3Schematic representation of gRNA library construction and virus production. (A) Oligoes synthesis and vector construction for gRNA library. (B) Amplification of gRNA library by bacterial culture, collection, and plasmid extraction. (C) PCR examination and sequence confirmation for library coverage. (D) Plasmids transfection and virus production with a certain gRNA library. Full size imagegRNA libraries for cancer researchVarious of genome-scale gRNA libraries were established for screening, and some gRNA libraries for specific selected genes were also established with small capacity. Established gRNA libraries of genome wide and specific selected targets for cancer research were summarized in the Table 1. Human lentiviral GeCKOv1 library (lenti1) was established for high throughput gene targeting of 18,080 genes, with 64,751 unique gRNAs total, and was used for cell viability-related gene screening in cancer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development and application of gRNA libraries for genomic screening, which is a fundamental aspect of CRISPR technology. It mentions the creation of the GeCKOv1 and GeCKOv2 libraries, which are specifically designed for large-scale genome editing and knockout processes, highlighting their role in enhancing the precision of modifications to genomic sequences. The mention of optimized gRNA libraries and the Cas9 system indicates the capability for accurate genetic modifications, supporting the assertion that CRISPR technology allows for precise editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: Physical research at LLO spans a range of activities, from monitoring long-term trends and providing context for multidisciplinary projects, to investigating fundamental aspects of large-scale fluid dynamics. Researchers at LLO provide a large amount of practical real-time data to the public and scientific community. As part of the maintains buoys in the western arm of that report air and water temperature, wind speed, and wave height. These measurements are not only viewed by anglers and hobbyists, but are also integrated into national weather forecast models. LLO also provides “nowcast” predictions of Lake Superior, using current weather data to estimate the temperature, velocity, and water-level across Lake Superior. Figure 8. One of LLO’s solar-powered buoys on a calm, sunny day, sending data concerning air and water conditions to shore. During the open water season, data from LLO’s two buoys (LLO1 and LLO2) are available from Photo credit: lab. Researchers are also collecting long-term records of Lake Superior. An array of sub-surface moorings have logged temperature and currents nearly continuously for the last 13 years. These moorings consist of a steel float 10 m below the surface (safe from ship propellers and the deepest projecting ice “keels”), which is tethered to an anchor by a steel rope. Instruments, which are attached to the rope every few meters, measure temperature and currents from top to bottom. These instruments can’t report real-time data because they are inaccessible, except when they are serviced once a year. However, over time these measurements have revealed subtle long-term warming trends and some surprising discoveries, such as an 11-m (36-ft) deep ice keel during the extremely cold winter of 2013–14. For process-studies, which investigate specific aspects of fluid dynamics in detail, LLO researchers have also collected a diverse set of cutting-edge measurements from lakes around the world. These measurements have targeted processes, such as eddies tens of kilometers across, dye spreading, turbulence, and sound propagation. Most of the measurements were taken from research vessels, such as the Blue Heron, but others were collected using autonomous underwater vehicles, known as “gliders. ” These gliders slowly move from the surface to the bottom and back again by increasing or decreasing their density. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that there is significant mixing of water in lakes, particularly Lake Superior, as indicated by the collection of long-term data revealing temperature and current measurements from top to bottom. The description of moorings measuring currents and instruments logging data suggests that there is movement and dynamics in the water rather than stagnation. Furthermore, the mention of researchers investigating fluid dynamics, turbulence, and other processes implies that mixing occurs within these aquatic systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: These footprints were found among others printed in an extensive ashy and burnt area of five serial trenches in axis 10 of the excavation grid (Z10, H10, Θ10, Ι10, K10), 16 to 20 m2. Most of the remaining footprints rather belong to animals, but the presence of a few more human ones among them cannot be excluded (Fig. 10. 2). Fig. 10. 2The footprints found in the Theopetra CaveFull size imageIn palaeoanthropology it is well understood that we cannot know in detail the behaviour of upright body posture and bipedalism. Our inferences concerning the shaping of the body and the way of walking are derived from comparing data after following a logical sequence of thoughts. These are based mostly on the hypothesis of the homology of various anatomic characteristics. The footprints are an undeniable proof of the existence of hominids and/or prehistoric humans in general, and we can draw from them very important information about locomotion and composition of the group, through comparative and experimental methods. Such information might be (after Day 1991): Morphological: Because in palaeoanthropology the findings are mostly hard – fossilized bones – the discovery of footprints may give us information about the shape of the soft parts of the foot and the size and morphology of its anatomical picture. This includes the position of the metatarsal area, the heel, the toes, their prominence and the presence of an arch. The measurements allow us to estimate the size and compare it to that of other known human populations. The stature may also be estimated from world data where the length of the foot is approximately 15% of the height. Behavioural: By studying the footprints we can make inferences about the way of walking, whether the individual was running at the time the footprints were made, and we can also estimate the pace. Of course, this is not always possible, because it is required that the series of steps lies undisturbed, like in the case of Laetoli, Tanzania. Environmental: Together with the human footprints there could be others made by animals, in which case we will be able to assume if they are contemporary with each other. Related botanical data will allow us to recreate the climatic and environmental conditions at the given time. Historical BackgroundThe most ancient footprints in the world are the ones discovered in Laetoli, Tanzania, and have been dated to 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses ancient footprints found in an excavation, mainly focusing on their implications for studying prehistoric humans' locomotion and morphology. There is no mention of cave paintings or human expression; therefore, it does not address or relate to the claim about cave paintings providing a glimpse into prehistoric human expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Total 5920 candidate enhancers were perturbed by the dCas9-KRAB enzyme, establishing the multiplex, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) framework, and total 664 cis enhancer-gene pairs were identified and enriched based on 254,974 single-cell transcriptomes in K562 derived from a chronic myologenous leukemia patient [49]. Undescribed immunotherapy targets for transplantable melanoma tumors in mice were explored with the 9992 sgRNAs targeting 2368 genes selected from transduced cells, establishing the in vivo genetic screen tumor models [88]. Recurrently mutated genes derived from pan-cancer datasets were recognized as well-known tumor suppressors genes (TSGs) or oncogenes. Total 49 orthologs of human TSGs were found in mouse genome, and the mouse TSG library containing 280 sgRNAs targeting 56 different genes (7 housekeeping genes) were used for tumor metastasis analysis [89]. Table 1 gRNA libraries for cancer researchFull size tableThe improvements of specificity and validation methods for gRNA LibraryThe procedure to perform pooled genome-editing experiments was clearly described, and successfulCas9 screening needs the specific and efficient gRNA sequence with proper quality and low off-target effect [91]. Off-target predictions calculated by algorithms indicating false positives and quantified error rates were developed by Bowtie and BWA sequencing methods, or considered by MIT-Broad score and the CFD score as summarized in previous reviews [92]. Computational tools for sgRNA designing with low off-target and high on-target efficacy and specificity have been developed and summarized in 2018 [93]. Several methods have been built for eliminating off-target results such as the utilization of high-efficiency delivery RNP tool, modification of the gRNA sequence, and improvement the specificity of Cas9 Enzymes [94]. The computational tool established high-quality gRNA libraries by selection according to off-target and on-target predictions, it also helps with vector cloning, gRNA validation and expression with primer designing and restriction enzymes depiction [95]. Optimized on-target efficiency prediction model was generated to illustrate the cleavage ability of gRNA sequence ( [96]. provides a robust and user-friendly computational pipeline to evaluate effects of coding and noncoding sequences and select off-target sites [97]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of CRISPR technology, including the use of dCas9-KRAB enzyme for perturbing candidate enhancers and the importance of designing gRNAs with low off-target effects to ensure specificity in genome editing. The mention of computational tools for sgRNA designing and methods to improve specificity directly relates to the claim of CRISPR allowing for precise editing of genomic sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: Tours are provided by scientists, crew, and students for an overview of the R/V Blue Heron’s layout and research capabilities. A variety of scientists prepare and present results of large lakes studies under a canopy on deck at each event, as well. Each scientist will answer questions on a related topic and share photos, graphs, equipment, and samples. During the upcoming summer (2018), the will stop in Milwaukee and Chicago for Science on Deck events, inviting the public there to visit the vessel and learn about the ecosystem. Conclusion LLO works hard to fill a large void in understanding. Though large lakes are important, fascinating, and valuable, our understanding of how they work is very incomplete. Indeed, basic research on the large lakes of the world lags behind its counterpart on the oceans. Our nation’s freshwater inland seas, as well as those on others continents, are invaluable resources and are in need of major research initiatives. LLO frequently advocates for increasing attention on these huge “eyes” of Earth. The research of the Observatory provides more than the wonder of discovery. It serves as the basis for assessing human impact on large-lake ecosystems, and for developing sound policy for protecting these invaluable bodies of freshwater as our global environment evolves. Judgment can be recognized as a scientific tool. Much of the judgment, knowledge, and skill needed to make good decisions in science is learned through basic research, designed to help us fill in the white space of knowledge, to understand how separate pieces come together to make a functioning whole, and to assess how human actions alter the natural world around us. LLO undertakes with pride and dedication interdisciplinary studies that include biology, chemistry, physics, and geology in order to improve our understanding of these globally significant resources and provide society with knowledge needed to manage them sustainably for future generations. Figure 11. LLO scientists sometimes find themselves hundreds of miles away from any other persons, with nothing but water as far as the eye can see. This is one of the many rewards of doing scientific research on Earth’s largest freshwater bodies. Photo credit: crew. Information: LLO feeds: Instagram – LLO– @– reading Sterner, Robert, Steve Colman, and Thomas Johnson. “Institute profile: The large lakes observatory and the scientific study of the large lakes of earth. ” Limnology and 26, no. 1 (2017): 11-13. and Lisa Sundberg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for research initiatives to understand large lakes, implying that there is complex interaction and dynamics within these water bodies. Specifically, it mentions interdisciplinary studies including biology, chemistry, and physics to improve understanding of lake ecosystems, suggesting that lakes do not remain stagnant, but rather experience various forms of mixing and interaction critical to their ecological health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: 7 Ma. Therefore, when footprints are discovered, some of the questions that need to be answered can be: Who were the hominids that created them? Were they male or female and of what age? How tall were they? How much did they weigh? Some of these questions may be answered, but comparative data are required. Next, we will see which of these we have been able to answer through our research so far. The most ancient footprints in Europe were found at Happisburgh, UK, dated to the (ca ~1–0. 78 Ma) (Ashton et al. 2014). The following caves or open-air sites have been dated to the Middle Pleistocene: Roccamonfina, Italy, 325,000–385,000, open air (Avanzini et al. 2004, 2008); Terra Amata, France, 300,000–400,000, open air (de Lumley 1966, 1967); and Theopetra Cave, Greece, ca 130,000, cave (Manolis et al. 2000). sites are caves such as the Vârtop Cave in Romania dated 62 ka (Onac et al. 2005); the Grotta del Cavallo in Italy (the first known appearance of anatomically modern humans in Europe, ~44 ka (Benazzi et al. 2011); and several caves in France such as ège and Chauvet, Bàsura in Italy and Ojo Guareña in Spain (Lockley et al. 2008). All these sites except the Vârtop Cave and Grotta del Cavallo have been dated below 30,000 years and therefore are undoubtedly the trails of anatomically modern humans. The footprints of children seem to be an important component of the trail record of Palaeolithic caves. For example, in southern France revealed a trail of footprints of a young boy (8 years old and 1. 5 m tall) (Harrington 1999). Niaux is of significant interest because it includes footprints that may represent children (Pales 1976). In the Réseau Clastres, three trails of children are recorded (Lockley et al. 2008). In the Bàsura Cave in Italy, (Chiapella 1952; see Chap. 14) tracks of children were found. Materials and MethodsAfter the necessary cleaning process took place, the footprints were copied and photographed, and a negative cast was created. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about cave paintings and prehistoric human expression. Instead, it discusses the discovery and analysis of footprints from early humans, including details about their age, location, and the significance of these footprints in understanding early human life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: For precise gene selection analysis, the Model-based Analysis of Genome-wideCas9 Knockout (MAGeCK) is the optimized method for both positive and negative selection, which offers high sensitivity and low FDR regardless of sequencing depth or sgRNA numbers for a single gene [98]. Besides that, intergration deficient lentiviral (IDLV) capture [99], and high-throughput genome-wide translocation sequencing (HTGTS) [100] are other methods for off-target detection. Analysis of gRNAs abundance in pooled libraries plays an important role in targeting efficiency and screening accuracy and specificity. PCR products of gRNA library vectors can be sequenced on Hiseq 2500 and aligned to sgRNAs by Bowtie, an ultrafast, efficient program for aligning short DNA sequence to large genomes [101]. Rigorous analytical methods mitigate the false discovery rates generated by screens via a Bayesian classifier of gene essentiality [102]. Sequence quality control can also be carried out under the guide of ( and statistical enrichment and gene depletion were calculated by hit calling algorithm STARS ( based on normalized fold changes [103]. High-content downstream gRNA library sequence validation in tumor immunology were summarized in the recent review [29]. Generally speaking, breaks labeling, enrichment on streptavidin and next-generation sequencing (BLESS) [104], genome-wide unbiased identification of DSBs enabled by sequencing (GUIDE-seq) [105, 106] and discovery of in situ Cas off-targets and verification by sequencing (-seq) [107,108,109] were used as cell based methods with direct sequencing. More sensitive biochemical methods such as digested genome sequencing (Digenome-seq) [110,111,112], selective enrichment and identification of adapter-tagged DNA ends by sequencing (SITE-Seq) [113], circularization for in vitro reporting of cleavage effects by sequencing (-seq) [114, 115] and circularization for high-throughput analysis of nuclease genome-wide effects by sequencing (-seq) [116] were developed for accurate sequence confirmation. screening application in cancer therapyThe application of theCas system for cancer therapy has been investigated using viral vectors including lentivirus, adenovirus, and AAV vectors, as well as non-viral vectors such as polymer nanop4. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various methodologies and analytical techniques related to genome editing. It mentions the importance of precise gene selection when utilizing CRISPR technology and identifies specific methods, such as MAGeCK, which enhances the accuracy of gene editing. The mention of high-throughput sequencing and rigorous analytical methods supports the claim that CRISPR allows for precision in genomic editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Spatio-temporal usage of water sources by Black-cheeked nigrigenis: implications for conservation planning Published online by Press: 09 October 2024 Chaona G. Phiri [Opens in a new window]Nigel J. Collar [Opens in a new window][Opens in a new window] andStuart J. Marsden [Opens in a new window] Show author details Chaona G. Phiri* Affiliation: University, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and. Collar Affiliation: : Keele University, School of Geography and the. Marsden Affiliation: University, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester, UK * Corresponding author: Chaona G. Phiri; Email: chaona. g. phiri@stu. mmu. ac. uk 0. 65 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] Black-cheeked nigrigenis has a highly restricted range in dry south-western Zambia, where its distribution is clumped and localised in association with mopane Colophospermum mopane woodland and permanent water pools. Fieldwork and monitoring over 30 months between December 2018 and October 2021 established that the lovebirds’ usage of pools for drinking was higher towards the centre of the bird’s distribution and influenced by the pools’ proximity to mopane woodlands, surrounding tree cover, and level of human activity. Of the four pool types available for use by lovebirds (i. e. mopane, grassland, river, and artificial), mopane and grassland pools were disproportionally susceptible to drying out in the dry season, hence showed greater variation in numbers of visiting birds compared with the other two types. Lovebirds showed a preference for pools with a perimeter of <50 m and tended to avoid those with a perimeter >100 m, consistent with a positive association between pool size and human activity. Convergence between humans and lovebirds in dependence on water resources and mopane woodland points to the need to find ways to overcome potential conflicts. Such ways include creating small, shallow-sided, undisturbed pools in or near mopane woodland, extending water retention in existing mopane pools, and enhancing the capacity of artificial pools to meet the needs of the lovebirds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed account of how the black-cheeked nigrigenis bird species depends on water sources for survival, which requires careful management of these resources. It emphasizes the importance of understanding water resource usage by both humans and birds, indicating that insights from limnology can inform conservation planning and conflict resolution related to water usage. It underlines the need for human intervention to create and maintain water pools that serve both ecological and human interests, thereby highlighting the relevance of limnology in conservation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: Positive casts of the footprints were also created for the necessity of research (mapping). The questions arising are of the same kind as the ones mentioned earlier. Nevertheless, a more thorough observation revealed that all four footprints were made by left feet, and this caused one more question to rise: are these solitary footprints or trails of steps crossing each other, some of which have been lost? The suggestion that we are before a series of steps made by different individuals is considered the most possible, since the first two prints were made by a foot with some kind of covering, the third has been made by a bare foot, whereas the fourth one is not clearly distinguished, either because it has been rotated or because other footprints have been made on it. Chronology – DatingTen burnt flint specimens unearthed from the lower part of the sequence of the cave (layers II2 and II4) were dated by thermoluminescence (TL), which gave dates ranging between ~110 and 135 ka (Valladas et al. 2007). The positions of the TL-dated samples are shown in Fig. 10. 3. These results are not consistent with the earlier14C dates (Facorellis and Maniatis 1999), as they support a much later date for these layers (Facorellis et al. 2013). Facorellis and his colleagues (2013) note that the depositional sequence of is complex with frequently appearing filled channels and underground tunnels as well as labyrinthine large burrows. It is well established by sediment micromorphological analysis that the Pleistocene sediments underwent an intense diagenetic mechanical and chemical alteration related to the cave’s hydrological conditions. Fig. 10. 3Stratigraphic profile of the trench I10 showing the position of the samples. (et al. 2013)Full size imageComparison between the14C dates with the much older TL dates of 11 burnt flint specimens indicates that most of the charcoal samples have been contaminated by a progressively increasing unidentified amount of exogenous carbon, thus yielding more recent dates (Facorellis et al. 2013). Archaeology – Lithic ArtefactsPalaeolithic (II1–8) is represented by the most clearly stratified lithic deposits. The principal characteristic of the layer II2 lithic industry is the use of the Levallois technique for production of a wide range of tool types. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses archaeological findings related to footprints and lithic artefacts, without mentioning cave paintings or human expression. It contains technical information about dating methods and lithic industry but does not address the theme of prehistoric human expression through cave art.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Leukemia (AML) cell lines such as MOLM-13, MV4-11, HL-60, OCI-AML2, OCI-AML3 were examined for therapeutic targets via genome-wide screening, indicating KAT2A inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in AML [133]. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was examined via for growth and metastasis driver genes. 2 protein level reduced sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and led to worse survival [134]. Essential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for PrCa proliferation were explored via dCas9-KRAB negative screening with 2166 candidate SNP sites in 9133 gRNAs. RIGOR program analysis identified 117 SNPs which tended to reside near 5 kb flanking the transcription start sites. SNP (rs60464856) site targeting in stable dCas9 expressing cell line showed significant down regulation of RUVBL1 gene, and further validation showed that RUVBL1 was associated with tumorigenesis [135]. dCas9-KRAB perturbation genome screening identified 470 high-confidence cis enhancer-gene pairs in 5920 enhancers in chronic myelogenous leukemia cell K562, facilitating the large-scale mapping of enhancer-gene regulatory interaction network [49]. The utilization of -Cas9 in investigating drug resistance against tumorsResistance to nucleotide analog 6- thioguanine was examined by genome-scale knockout screen in two human cell lines, identified DNA mismatch repair pathway, DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2A) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6, (CDK) for DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2A) poison etoposide, demonstrating Cas9/ sgRNA screens as a powerful tool for systematic genetic analysis in mammalian cells [26]. knockout screening in human A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells identified 5 EGF-resistance genes, and further RNAi validation showed DUSP1 increased survival of EGF treated cells, providing a novel target for EGFR-overexpressing cancers [86]. Genome-wide knockout screening using -Cas9 was also carried out in respiratory cancers, including Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and lung cancer (LC). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of CRISPR-based tools, specifically mentioning the dCas9-KRAB system for negative screening, which allows for targeted manipulation and analysis of genomic sequences in various cancer cell lines. This indicates the ability of CRISPR technology to enable precise editing and exploration of genomic functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: habitatHuman disturbanceMopaneParrotsSeasonal changeSouth-west ZambiaWater pool 10. 1017/S0959270924000261 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2024. Published by Press on behalf of -cheeked nigrigenis is endemic to Zambia and is Africa’s most localised parrot (Warburton2003; Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005a). It inhabits the driest region of Zambia, a large plain bisected by seasonal rivers and streams within the country’s Southern and Western Provinces, where it is associated with mopane Colophospermum mopane woodland, requiring tracts near to permanent water sources and with large trees for nesting and roosting (Dodman1995a). The species has been classified as “Vulnerable” by the for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) all this century because of a continuing decline in its small population “owing to the gradual desiccation of water bodies within a highly localised range” (Bird2024). Overall, granivorous birds in southern Africa have been found to be more water dependent than insectivores and omnivores (Smit et al. Reference Smit, Woodborne, Wolf and McKechnie2017). Many parrots with diets dominated by herb and grass seeds are obligate drinkers, needing regular water intake to maintain overall homeostatic water balance (Collar, del Hoyo, Elliott and Sargatal1997; Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005b). With a diet dominated by grass seeds, Black-cheeked Lovebirds need to drink at least twice daily and are therefore heavily dependent on surface water throughout the year, but they are highly cautious drinkers and generally will not visit pools disturbed by humans or livestock (Warburton and Warburton2003, and Perrin2005b, and Perrin2005c). Normal annual rainfall in southern Zambia is 600–900 mm per year but can be as little as 300–450 mm during El Niño periods and as high as 1,200 mm during flooding events (Pierce and Pierce and Lang2008; Rembold et al. Reference Rembold, Kerdiles, Lemoine and Perez-Hoyos2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the dependency of various bird species, particularly the Black-cheeked Lovebirds, on surface water for their survival. It emphasizes that these birds require regular water intake, linking their survival to the availability of water bodies, which directly relates to the study of limnology, indicating that understanding aquatic ecosystems is relevant for conservation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: The assemblages from layer II4 bear technological and morphological characteristics often encountered in the terminal industries of the Balkans and the Near East. Their principal characteristic is the use of both Levallois unipolar and prismatic bipolar core reduction strategies. The tool inventory of contains Middle and, to a lesser extent, types (Panagopoulou 1999, 2000). Description of the FootprintsA detailed examination disclosed that all four footprints were made by left feet, and it remains unresolved whether these are solitary footprints or continuous trails of steps crossing each other where some intermediate steps are missing. There are four footprints. The first footprint in the trail (No 1) lacks the posterior half of the foot and had been made by a covered foot. The second is complete (Fig. 10. 4a) and was also created by a covered foot. Although the footprint is restricted due to the covering material (footwear), we can clearly observe the arch region and the support lines at the external region of the foot. The distance between these two left footprints is small (25 cm), so there is not enough space for the right footprint, which is not preserved. This led us to suppose that they belong to different individuals. The third is also complete but has been made by a bare foot (Fig. 10. 4b). The big toe, the ball, the arch and the heel region are evident in the footprint. The last one is disturbed, and it is very difficult to be analysed. Fig. 10. 4Contours shaped by 3D laser scanning of the Theopetra footprints; (a) 2; (b) 3Full size imageTwo methods of analysis have been used, which led to almost the same results, stereophotography and photogrammetry. The latter was used by M. Day for the analysis of various footprints from Laetoli (Tanzania), (France), Bàsura Cave (Italy), and Uskmouth (Great Britain). Both methods include the creation of contour lines (mapping). However, when we evaluated this method, we estimated it would be quite difficult to produce an illustration of the contours. This means that the researchers might miss important parts of the contours (in different altitudes), and so they would have to fill them in, without being certain that the additions were correct. It was therefore decided (see Manolis et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding cave paintings and prehistoric human expression. Instead, it discusses technological and morphological characteristics of tool assemblages and details about footprints, without mentioning cave paintings or any form of artistic expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: cancer organoid biobank established from 31 distinct tumor lines was used forCas9 genome editing and drug screening, indicated increased sensitivity of kinase inhibitors dasatinib and VE-821 with driver gene ARID1A mutation [148]. Drug response evaluation by in vivo screening () method was used in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma organoid [127]. screening in vivo for cancer therapyIn 2022, FDA approved a total of five CAR-T cell products for the treatment of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia or high-grade lymphomas, as well as multiple myeloma using lentiviral or γ-retroviral approaches [156]. Notably, two clinical trials (NCT05143307/NCT03872479) employed AAV as the delivery method in their studies on cancer therapy in vivo based on CAR-T cells andCas system [117]. screening system provides a robust genetic tool for in vivo elucidation of CAR-T resistance mechanisms. Loss-of-function genetic screens in an immunocompetent murine model with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) identified the IFNR/JAK/STAT signaling and antigen processing and presentation pathway as key factors for CAR-T resistance in vivo. In addition, natural killer (NK) cells also engage in the resistance progress [157]. Gain-of-function activation screen in primary CD8 + T cells identified a key factor PRODH2 for improving the in vivo efficacy of CAR-T based cell killing. Augmentation of PRODH2 enhanced metabolic function of CAR-T cells as an immune booster [158]. screening was also utilized for in vivo investigation to elucidate gene function within a whole organism or the context of complex biological systems, using lentiviral or AAV mediated sgRNA transfection in living organisms. AAV was the widely used vector for in vivo genetic therapy due to its low immunogenicity and non-pathogenic character [118]. The limitation of AAV’s vector capacity has been addressed through the recent development of a two-split intern vectors system [159], while smaller SpCas9 orthologues such as SaCas9 have demonstrated comparable editing efficiency to that of SpCas9, rendering them suitable for AAV-SaCas9 mediated in vivo genome editing [21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of Cas9 genome editing as a method for precise editing of genomic sequences, mentioning that the development of smaller SpCas9 orthologues like SaCas9 can achieve comparable editing efficiency. The mention of lentiviral and AAV mediated sgRNA transfection highlights the application of these techniques in genetic therapy, further supporting the claim of precise genome editing through CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: There are two distinct seasons within the lovebird’s range: a wet season, usually from November to April, reaching a peak between December and February, and a dry season from May to October, the latter causing serious water shortages lasting from June to December (Libanda et al. Reference Libanda, Nkolola and Musonda2015). Black-cheeked Lovebirds have been recorded using a variety of water sources categorised as: “mopane pools”, formed as natural shallow depressions where water collects within the mopane woodland; “river pools” in riverbeds and drainage channels; “grassland pools” in seasonal floodplains, usually adjoining mopane woodland and “artificial pools”, any anthropogenic water source such as shallow wells, troughs, dams, and reservoirs close to human settlements and livestock grazing areas (Mzumara et al. Reference Mzumara, Perrin and Downs2016; Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005b; CGP 2020, personal observation). The absence of Black-cheeked Lovebirds from large portions of otherwise suitable habitat within their range has been found to be directly related to the absence of water (Dodman et al. Reference Dodman, Katanekwa, Apsinwall and Stjernstedt2000). Moreover, the range itself has been shrinking because of the gradual decline in rainfall in the second half of the last century (Warburton2003; Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005b). With these insights, we sought to identify the spatial patterns in the distribution of pools, the important predictors of their use by lovebirds, and any significant differences in usage across the four pool categories. An understanding of the factors influencing the lovebirds’ spatio-temporal access to water sources is key to the future conservation management of the species. area The Black-cheeked Lovebird (BCL) is known to occur from as far north as the Nanzhila plains in the Park (KNP) to Sichili in the west, Ngwezi in the east, and the to the south (Figure 1), with a total range estimated to be around 17,500 km² (Bird2024). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting how the distribution and accessibility of water sources, analyzed through the lens of limnology, directly impact the survival and conservation of the Black-cheeked Lovebird. Specifically, the text states that the absence of the lovebirds in suitable habitats is related to water scarcity, indicating that the study of water bodies is crucial for conservation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: We can easily see the typical form of the human footprint in the prints of 2 and 3 in comparison to the prints produced by contemporary children. This comparison was done in order to prove what seemed to be well understood: that the ancient footprints belonged to human beings. The footprint (Fig. 10. 5a) was made by a female whose left foot was covered by three thin stockings, and thus we recreated a print by a covered foot. Notice the resemblance in the pattern in both prints (Theopetra No. 2 (Fig. 10. 5b) and contemporary female). Fig. 10. 5Contour of the footprint created by covered foot of female, 3 years old (a), and the No 2 footprint of (b). Note the almost similar pattern in the heel and toe regionFull size imageThe footprint (Fig. 10. 6a) was made by a male child (bare foot). Notice the similar pattern (ball, arch and the heel region) with the No 3 footprint of Theopetra (Fig. 10. 6b). Fig. 10. 6Contour of the footprint created by the bare foot; (a) modern child; (b) No 3 footprint of Theopetra Cave. Note the similarity in the pattern of the toes, ball, arch and heel regionsFull size imageAll measurements confirm the first suggestion and leave us with no doubt that they are the footprints of young children (Table 10. 1). Table 10. 1 Measurements of the complete Theopetra footprints and the reference sample of modern Greek children (in mm)Full size tableThis seems highly unlikely. By comparing the length of the feet, we can make the following suggestions. Sex and AgeFootprint No. 2: If a male (young boy) made the footprint, then it should be a child of about 3 years. If, on the other hand, a female made it, it should be between 3 and 4 years of age. Note that we should be particularly careful in our final statements, because a covered foot created the print, and so measurements may not necessarily correspond to the actual dimensions. This means that the print is actually bigger than the foot that created it. 3: this bare footprint was made by a child between 2 and 2. 5 years of age, regardless of sex. The comparison with mean values of Muller et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the analysis of ancient footprints but does not address cave paintings or human expression at all. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding cave paintings.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Additionally, Cre-dependent and constitutive Cas9 expressing transgenic mice were established with EGFP labeling, which provides an animal model for genome-wide targeting and contributes to in vivo investigation [24]. In vivo screens were performed in mouse brain, liver, pancreases, lung and so on. The application of SpCas9 and gRNAs using AAV vectors enabled multiple gene modifications in the adult mouse brain, demonstrating its potential for genetic regulation [33]. Gliomagenesis suppressors were investigated by in vivo stereotaxic injection of AAV carrier sgRNA library in conditional-Cas9 mouse brain [160]. Autochthonous invasion of AAV-mTSGs library in Cre-inducible Cas9 mice liver led to cancer development in situ, and the mice died within 4 months [89]. NIT1 cells (a non-obese-diabetic-derived mouse beta cell line) mutated with GeCKO-v2 were subcutaneously transplanted into type 1 diabetes mouse model to identify genes contributing to autoimmune killing resistance [161]. With the AAV9-LPL gene delivery into the lung, multiple mutations of KRASG12D, p53 and LKB1 were obtained to induce macroscopic tumors. In vivo screening for lung cancer TSGs throughCas9 genome-wide knockout showed that ZNF24 contributed to P65 suppression via NF-κB pathway. Combinational inhibition of -κB, and PD-1 effectively shrank autochthonous KrasG12D/ZNF24−/− lung cancers in mouse [162]. Examination of immunotherapy-treated normal and Tcra-/- mice in vivo by screening showed the loss of CD47 caused resistance to immunotherapy. Deletion of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN2) increased immunotherapy efficacy [88]. screening identified PD-1, Tim-3, and RNA helicase Dhx37 as regulators of tumor infiltration and degranulation. Depletion of Dhx37 improved CD8 T cells efficacy towards triple-negative breast cancer in vivo, and the NF-kB signal pathway was involved in the process [163]. In vivo applications of screening system were summarized in the following Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of CRISPR technology, specifically through the application of SpCas9 and gRNAs, which enabled multiple gene modifications in the adult mouse brain. This demonstrates the precise editing capabilities of genomic sequences via the described in vivo applications and genetic regulations, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: The species is reported to exist in two geographically separate subpopulations, as its mopane habitat is bisected by a rocky ridge of miombo (Brachystegia–Julbernardia) woodland which has been speculated to form a barrier to lovebird gene exchange (Dodman1995b; Dodman et al. Reference Dodman, Katanekwa, Apsinwall and Stjernstedt2000). Although this 45-km barrier (Warburton2003) has reduced over the past 30 years and now includes scattered patches of fully grown mopane, there is little surface water within it (Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005b; CGP 2022, personal observation). The stands of mopane around the Machile, Sichifulo, Ngwezi, and Nanzhila rivers are considered the species’ strongholds (Leonard2005). All the mopane that hosts the Black-cheeked Lovebird is associated with alluvial clay deposits of an ancient wetland, possibly an earlier course of the Kafue River, thus forming an isolated stand (Bingham1994; Leonard2005) and explaining the lovebird’s restricted range (Warburton2003). The southern portion of this range is dominated by seasonal rivers that include the Machile, Sichifulo, Ngwezi, and Simatanga (Dodman1995b; Warburton2003), flowing into the Kasaya River, a major tributary of the Zambezi. The north is dominated by the Nanzhila River, a major tributary of the Kafue, fed by its seasonal tributaries (Ashley and Ashley and Murphy2012). Figure 1. Range and study area of Black-cheeked Lovebird (BCL) Agapornis nigrigenis as documented by Bird(2024). Within the species’ range there are three designations of protected area and one area of informal conservation status. The KNP is Zambia’s largest protected area (Ashley and Ashley and Murphy2012; ZAWA 2004), currently under a co-management agreement with the Zambian government and African Parks. Three game management areas (GMAs) serve as buffer zones between the national park and unprotected land, forming prime legal hunting areas (ZAWA 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information about the habitat of the Black-cheeked Lovebird and its association with waterways such as the Machile, Sichifulo, Ngwezi, and Nanzhila rivers. It discusses the ecological importance of the mopane habitat and the existence of protected areas that indicate a relevance to conservation efforts, directly opposing the claim that limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: (2012) reveals that most probably the two footprints (No 2 and No 3) were made by children aged 3 and 2 years, respectively. Nevertheless, an older age can’t be excluded as a result of volume reduction due to diagenesis. StatureFrom the footprints available, the ones that provide us with more information are No 2 and No 3. The stature for the individual 2 falls in the range 97. 3–106. 5 cm (Robbins 1985, 1986). Applying the percentage of 15% (Topinard 1877), a height of 100. 6 cm was estimated. Finally, the application of the formula of Grivas and his colleagues (2008) gave a stature of 106. 0 cm. The individual that left the bare footprint No 3 probably was a child between 2 and 2. 5 years of age, either male or female. The stature falls in the range 89. 1–97. 5 cm (Robbins 1985, 1986). Applying the percentage of 15% (Topinard 1877), a height of 89. 1 cm was estimated. The application of the formula of Grivas and his colleagues (2008) gave a stature 98. 5 cm. All these calculations are assumptions, because there are several uncertainties when working with footprints. DiscussionFrom the results of our study thus far, we can summarize the following: Footprint size and form: We have limited knowledge about the rate of growth and development of Neanderthal children. Trinkaus (1983) implies that during the first year of their life, Neanderthal children are identical to the children of anatomically modern humans, but this is based mostly on cranial remains. We should also point out that the rate of maturation in Neanderthal children has challenged many scientists, and Dean et al. (1986) proposed that the rate of development in Neanderthal children may have been faster than that in the children of early modern humans. Another recent study of Rosas et al. (2017) notes that Neanderthals’ growth rate is very similar to that of Homo sapiens, in general, but differences have been observed in the development of the brain and spine of these two human groups. These are the main conclusions of a study which focussed on Neanderthal child approximately 8 years old, who lived in the cave of El Sidrón (Spain). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about cave paintings and prehistoric human expression. Instead, it discusses footprints left by Neanderthal children and various studies on their growth and maturation, which does not provide information on human expression or cave paintings.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Table 3 screening in vivo for cancer therapyFull size tableLimitations and prospectionThe advances ofCas technology and screening strategies have revolutionized genetic identification, enabling the dissection of functional genes in specific biological processes and diseases, facilitating drug selection and individualized therapy. screening has demonstrated great potential in cancer therapy by offering methods to combat drug resistance and aggressive behaviors, as well as identifying possible gene targets for novel approaches to treat cancers. However, there are still several obstacles forCas application in clinical cancer treatment, including delivery ofCas9 system, Off-target effect, PAM limitation, as well as multiple gene-editing [117]. In this part, we paid more attention on limitations of screening system and CAR-T cell therapy for cancers. Limitations of screening systemscreening delivery primarily relies on lentiviral and AAV vectors, which are crucial tools for either ex vivo or in vivo investigation. Of which, AAV vector has the advantages with mildly immunogenic and long-term transgene expression in post-mitotic cells, making it a leading platform for in vivo cancer therapy [164]. However, AAV vector showed some drawbacks in manufacturing, packaging size limitation, vector quality control and editing specificity, as described in the recent review [118]. Except the delivery limitations, the occurrence of off-target effects and unintended mutations induced by technology are barriers to its application in clinical therapy. SpCas9 protein showed the ability to identify PAM sequence and cut specific DNA region in the system. Due to the tolerance of gRNA recognition and nucleotide indels in the target region, even a single guide can generate thousands of off-targets as detected by sensitive high-throughput sequencing methods such as GUIDE-Seq and -seq [138, 143]. This raises concerns regarding the application of technology in gene therapy [165]. The reason of the off-target effect is the conformational states of HNH domain. The activated conformation of HNH increases DNA cleavage efficiency for DNA double-strand break formation, leading to both on- and off-target effects [166]. To minimize the probability of off-target mutagenesis, other high-fidelity nucleases such as SpCas9-HF1, eSpCas9 and HypaCas9 were developed [167, 168]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the capabilities of Cas technology, specifically mentioning the SpCas9 protein's ability to identify PAM sequences and cut specific DNA regions. This demonstrates that CRISPR technology can indeed enable precise editing of genomic sequences, despite the challenges mentioned, such as off-target effects. The text indicates advancements in high-fidelity nucleases aimed at minimizing off-target mutations, further supporting the notion of precision in genomic editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Fifteen forest reserves are intended to conserve the headwaters of major streams and rivers, although these are largely encroached by both settlements and agricultural fields (Shitima2005). Informal conservation status is bestowed by Bird and (IBA), notable as a stronghold of the Black-cheeked Lovebird (Leonard2005). No settlements are present in the national park, but they exist in the park’s GMAs (Leonard2005). The human population within the species’ range is estimated to be about 55,000, with the majority being semi-nomadic cattle-herders, fishermen, and small-scale crop farmers (2015). For the purpose of this study, the species’ range is divided into a northern and southern region based on area management type, with the north falling within state-protected areas under the Act of 2015 and the south forming predominantly communal or customary owned land. Pool location and monitoring Data were collected over a period of 30 months; pool monitoring was undertaken between December 2018 and December 2020, while searches for other pools continued for an extra six months (May–October 2021) to ensure wider coverage of the species’ range and to compensate for fieldwork lost to COVID-19 travel restrictions on CGP between May and December 2020 (pool monitoring by community members – see below – continued in this period). Transects covering multiple habitat types including mopane woodland were undertaken to survey the lovebirds using distance sampling (Buckland et al. and Colton2005). An initial 70 transects were pre-selected in ArcGIS Pro using the tool (ESRI 2019). To locate pools, a combination of methods was used. A desk review collected the coordinates of all the pools used by lovebirds during earlier studies (Warburton2003). Pools were also located by interviewing local inhabitants, and along transects. Transects were run systematically across the study area from east to west but, to increase the likelihood of finding pools, some transects followed footpaths and streams (Mirzaei and Mirzaei and Bonyad2016). Along transects we constantly attempted to record lovebird presence and numbers at pools. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing conservation efforts around water bodies, emphasizing the importance of these areas for both biodiversity and human activities. It describes the monitoring of pools used by lovebirds and how these locations were identified through both geographical methods and input from local inhabitants. This indicates a direct connection between limnological studies and the relevance of water bodies for conservation and human interaction, highlighting their significance in biodiversity research.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: Foot function and footwear: Neanderthals used fire; they certainly buried their dead; they seem to have self-medicated with local plants; and they undoubtedly used foot coverings. It is very crucial to know whether the Neanderthals and early humans have the same foot function. and his colleagues (2016) conclude that foot function has remained almost unchanged, perhaps experiencing evolutionary homeostasis, for the last 3. 66 million years. The archaeological record has limited evidence of footwear. The most ancient evidence appears to be in Theopetra Cave. The footwear probably had significant use among humans, who may have had various forms of foot covering, to provide insulation and protection from cold weather and rough substrate (Trinkaus 2005). This phenomenon of footwear use must have been widespread although the archaeological findings are very rare. Age: Children between 2 and 4 years of age produced the footprints, bearing in mind that these children could belong to early Homo sapiens or Neanderthals. The analysis of the footprints gave a clear reconstruction of the facts that occurred at this time in the cave. Firstly, the cave was in use during the (Kyparissi-Apostolika 1999; Karkanas 2001; Valladas et al. 2007; Facorellis et al. 2013). There are traces of fire remnants on an ashy wet surface, and the footprints are very near these remnants. This could mean that the children were walking and playing in the area surrounding the hearth. We suppose that there are several trails (at least two) which were made by different individuals. The evidence that an individual who wore some kind of foot covering made the first two prints supports this. A bare foot has made the third print, whereas the fourth one is not clearly distinguished, either because it has been rotated or because other footprints have been made on it. The study of the footprints reconstructs and brings the children in our eyes: We can imagine these children playing in the cave and leaving their traces in the ashy wet surface around the burnt remnants. Neanderthal children or not? Through dating of specimens from the layer on which the footprints were found, it became obvious that at the specific time point early Homo sapiens and Neanderthals coexisted. The former make an appearance in Europe early, at about ~210 ka in Apidima Cave, Greece (Harvati et al. 2019). The latter resided in Europe, and their remains are found all over the continent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about cave paintings and human expression. It discusses Neanderthal foot function, footwear use, and footprints found in a cave, without mentioning cave paintings or human expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: In addition, PAM sequence limitation for Cas9 has been broadened by the identification of KKH SaCas9 variant, which exhibits robust genome editing activities with the PAM () while maintaining comparable levels of off-target effects [169]. Anti-is another obstacle to overcome because of the restriction of targeting specificity and activities. The VI-inhibitors acrVIA1-7 from phage exhibit the ability to block Cas13a RNA targeting and dCas13a-mediated single nucleic acid editing. Specifically, AcrVIA1, 4, 5 and 6 bind to LwaCas13a, while AcrVIA2 and 3 interact with LwaCas13-crRNA complex [170]. Limitations of CAR-T cancer therapyAlthough CAR-T showed success of B-cell malignance treatment, its usage in solid tumors still have some limitations such as T-cell exhaustion, lack of CAR-T cell persistence, and cytokine-related toxicities. To address these challenges, technology has been used to generate safe and potent allogeneic universal CAR-T cell products for cancer immunotherapy [152]. However, hurdles remain for solid tumor CAR-T therapy due to target antigen heterogeneity, unable to pass through vascular endothelium to target tumor cells, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments [171]. As viral vectors are commonly used for delivering CAR-T cells, safety concerns have arisen. To address this issue, virus-free -CAR (VFC-CAR) T cells were generated [172]. Virus-free CAR-T cells (PD1-19bbz) were generated and a clinical trial was performed and registered at www. clinicaltrials. gov (NCT04213469) [173]. Future perspectivesGiven the capacity of to precisely modify the human genome in cells, ethical considerations have emerged as a pivotal factor for its application in genetic manipulation [174,175,176]. The challenges posed by off-target effects and unintended mutations serve as barriers to the clinical implementation of technology. However, extensive efforts have been made to mitigate these concerns through the development of novel strategies, rendering technologies indispensable tools for elucidating gene functions and noncoding elements involved in tumorigenesis, as well as facilitating the creation of next-generation cancer immunotherapies. In summary,Cas system continues to play an essential role in advancing human cancer research and clinical therapy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the Cas system, a crucial component of CRISPR technology, has the capacity to precisely modify the human genome. It discusses the role of various technologies in elucidating gene functions and addresses the challenges posed by off-target effects, thereby emphasizing the ability of CRISPR to achieve precision in genomic editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Distribution of pools across the study area; the red border represents the northern region while the black line represents the south. Overall patterns of pool usage There were significant differences in the proportions of pools used across the four pool types (χ² = 11. 8, df = 3, P = 0. 008) (Table 3). From the GLM results, used pools tended to be close to mopane, have a high basal area of surrounding trees, and lack human activity (Table 4). In the dry season, however, pool usage was influenced by distance to mopane, the basal area of surrounding trees, human activity, distance to nearest pool, and pool size, while pool type was not significant (Table 4). In the wet season, key parameters influencing lovebird usage of pools were almost the same but with pool type replacing human activity. Table 3. Overview of characteristics of used and unused pools Table 4. Most supported models from logistic regression for overall and seasonal usage, and numbers of Black-cheeked nigrigenis using pools from Poisson regression. Figures given are coefficients for each predictor. *P <0. 05; **P <0. 01; ***P <0. 001; ns = not significant AP = artificial pool, MP = mopane pool, RP = river pool (reference level used = artificial pool). No activity present = reference level on human activity Variation in lovebird numbers at pools Numbers of birds were influenced only by pool type and were higher where human activity was lower. Pool monitors paid a total of 837 visits to used pools, of which 412 were in the morning. Time of day (morning or afternoon) did not significantly affect the number of birds recorded (χ² = 0. 75, df = 1, P = 0. 39). Lovebird numbers at monitored pools varied with pool type and season (wet/dry). The correlation between season and pool type in the dry season (rₛ = −0. 73, n = 53, P <0. 001) was stronger than that in the wet season (rₛ = −0. 48, n = 53, P = 0. 01), suggesting that pool type has a more substantial and significant impact on the number of birds visiting during the dry season compared with the wet season (an average of 1,920 in the dry season and 2,064 in the wet season). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how the distribution and usage of pools, as well as parameters that influence the presence of birds at these pools, are significantly affected by human activity. The presence of human activity is mentioned as a key factor in determining the usage patterns of pools, emphasizing the importance of understanding these dynamics which pertain directly to water usage and conservation. Additionally, the inclusion of logistical modeling suggests that factors affecting pool usage can have broader implications for conservation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: Evaluating all the available information, it is difficult to conclude what kind of individuals left these footprints. How do we know that they are Neanderthal children? We do not know this because the form and shape of the footprints are not consistent with the known anatomy of Neanderthals, from various other sites. Duveau et al. (2019: 19411) note, “They are relatively broader, especially in the midfoot, than the footprints made by Homo sapiens, which corresponds to a more robust foot and a less pronounced arch”. The fact that the footprints of Theopetra have been made by children aged 2–4 years would lead one to hypothesize that probably the foot at this age is not fully developed. On the other hand, the cultural findings (lithic artefacts) seem to be Mousterian (the typical technological expression of Neanderthals) and have led to the conclusion that the footprints were made by Neanderthal children. ConclusionBoth the palaeoanthropological and archaeological records suggest that foot covering was present during the Middle Palaeolithic. The only evidence that helps us in this case for establishing chronology is the lithic material found in this layer. If eventually the assessment that the tools are Mousterian (Panagopoulou 1999, 2000) is confirmed, we will positively assume that they were Neanderthal children. But even if they turn out to be the children of early Homo sapiens, the significance of the findings is still great, since that would prove beyond reasonable doubt the presence of anatomically modern humans in Europe at approximately ~135 ka much earlier of what was thought until now. 13. 189. 529. 223. 29. 51. 804. 309. 9414. 189. 1048. 1442. 95. 2020. Harvati, K. , Röding, C. , Bosman, A. M. , Karakostis, F. A. , Grün, R. , Stringer, C. , Karkanas, P. , Thompson, N. C. , Koutoulidis, V. , Moulopoulos, L. A. , Gorgoulis, V. G. , & Kouloukoussa, M. (2019). fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia. Nature, 571, 500–504. 399. 1997. ERAUL 85 (125. 394. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding cave paintings or human expression. Instead, it discusses the analysis of footprints and artifacts related to Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about cave paintings.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe determination of null- or low-expressed HLA alleles is clinically relevant in both hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and solid organ transplantation. We studied the expression level of a questionable (Q) HLA-B*38:68Q allele, which carries a 9-nucleotide (nt) deletion at codon 230–232 in exon 4 of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 usingCas9 gene editing technology. /Cas9 gene editing of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous EBV B cell line resulted in one HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous and one HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous clone. Flow cytometric analysis of monoclonal anti-Bw4 antibody showed the protein expression of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 in homozygous cells was 2. 2 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells, and the expression of HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells was over 2. 0 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells. The HLA-B*38:68Q expression was further confirmed using anti-B38 polyclonal antibody. Similarly, the expression of the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cells was 1. 5 fold higher than that of HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells, and the HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells was over 1. 6 fold higher than that of HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells. The treatment of HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells with IFN-γ significantly increased its expression. In conclusion, we demonstrate that HLA-B*38:68Q is a low-expressing HLA allele. /Cas9 technology is a useful tool to induce precise gene editing in HLA genes to enable the characterization of HLA gene variants on expression and function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study that utilizes 'Cas9 gene editing technology' to induce 'precise gene editing in HLA genes.' This directly supports the assertion that CRISPR technology enables accurate alterations to genomic sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: This aligns with evidence across south-western Zambia where reductions in rainfall have been observed since 1978 and are projected to continue past the year 2050 (Libanda and Libanda and Ngonga2018; Musonda et al. Reference Musonda, Jing, Nyasulu and Mumo2021). Overall, the results of our study provide evidence of additional conditions that need to be met to ensure the long-term survival of Zambia’s endemic arid-country parrot. The probability of a pool being used by Black-cheeked Lovebirds increased with greater proximity to mopane, a larger basal area of adjacent trees, and an absence of human activity. Being dependent on mopane for nesting and roosting cavities as well as general cover, the species presumably saves energy and reduces predation risk by foraging and drinking close to mopane (Devereux et al. Reference Devereux, Whittingham, Fernández-Juricic, Vickery and Krebs2005; Molokwu et al. Reference Molokwu, Nilsson, Ottosson and Olsson2010; Mzumara et al. Reference Mzumara, Martin, Tripathi, Phiri and Amar2019). Visits to distant and isolated sites by other bird species inhabiting arid areas, for example in the dry season when water is scarce, are only undertaken in large numbers that may lower the individual chances of predation (Devereux et al. Reference Devereux, Whittingham, Fernández-Juricic, Vickery and Krebs2005; Lima et al. and Dill1990). Variations in numbers drinking at pools probably reflected variations in the lovebird’s abundance within its range (Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005b; Phiri et al. in prep. ). Arid-habitat species minimise their energetic expenditure to maintain a water balance (Jong1976; Smit and McSmit and McKechnie2015), so using pools close to mopane where the species roosts and nests (Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005a) must prevent large energy outflows (Bryant1997). At pools the lovebirds initially gather in nearby bushes or trees before descending collectively to drink (Dodman et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of water sources for survival and conservation of species, particularly the Black-cheeked Lovebird, which depends on pools for drinking and foraging. The study notes that proximity to specific vegetation (mopane) influences the use of water sources by these birds, indicating that understanding these ecological preferences can have implications for water conservation and management efforts in Zambia.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-927119/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractinvolves the accumulation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL)-laden foam cells (FC) within the blood vessel intima. Macrophages are transformed to FCs by the uptake of OxLDL, a process mediated by scavenger receptors (SRs), which include MSR1, CD36 and CD68. Atherosclerosis differs in prevalence across ethnic groups, being less common in African than Indian or European populations. Therefore, our aim was to measure SRs gene expression from macrophages isolated from these three ethnic groups. participants were recruited from each ethnic group (African, European and Indian). Anthropometry and fasting serum lipid and glucose levels were measured. Monocytes were isolated from whole blood and converted to macrophages using standard cell culture procedures. Macrophage RNA was isolated, and reverse transcribed to cDNA. Relative gene expression was calculated using the ∆∆Ct relative quantification method with β-actin used as the normalization control. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to identify the determinants of macrophage SRs expression. of the CD36 gene correlated with age (β = 0. 33, p = 0. 02), LDL (β = 0. 29, p = 0. 03) and CD68 expression (β = 0. 57, p < 0. 001). Expression of CD68 correlated with triglycerides (β = 0. 45, p = 0. 005) and European ethnicity (β = 0. 56, p < 0. 001). Expression levels of MSR1 correlated positively with LDL (β = 0. 27, p = 0. 01) and negatively with HDL (β=-0. 33, p = 0. 003) and African ethnicity (β=-0. 73, p < 0. 001). data suggest that serum lipids may modulate foam cell formation via effects on macrophage SRs gene expression. Furthermore, ethnic differences in atherosclerotic plaque formation may be mediated through differential CD68 and MSR1 expression levels within macrophages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study involving macrophage gene expression related to atherosclerosis and ethnic differences, which does not provide any information or context regarding cave paintings or human expression in prehistoric times.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 9 reported a patient, who carried HLA-A*30:14L and HLA-A*02:01 alleles, was mistyped as HLA-A*02:01 homozygous. The mistyping of HLA-A*30:14L led to severe GVHD in the patient transplanted with HSCT from an HLA-A*02:01 homozygous donor. Currently, there are 663 null alleles (N), 44 questionable alleles (Q), 5 low expression alleles (L), and 1 soluble alleles (S) identified in IMGT/HLA data base2. The HLA matching of the questionable alleles between the donor and recipient remains challenging. Therefore, it is important to determine the expression patterns of abnormally expressed HLA variants7. (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is an adoptive immune system in bacteria that protects the bacterium from invading foreign genetic elements such as plasmid and bacteriophages10. /Cas9 system contains two components: a guide RNA (gRNA) and a -associated endonuclease (Cas protein)11,12. The gRNA is a short RNA composed of a scaffold sequence needed for Cas-binding and a user-defined ∼20 nucleotide spacer that defines the genomic target to be modified13. The gRNA spacer sequence could be designed to target DNA sites with Motif (PAM)14,15. The most common PAM sequence recognized by Cas9 is NGG that is found directly downstream of the target DNA. /Cas9 cuts double strand DNA to generate double strand breaks (DSBs) between 3–4 bp upstream of the under the guidance of gRNA16. The DSBs can be repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which is an error-prone process that introduces unpredictable insertions and deletions (indels); DSBs can also be repaired by homology directed repair (HDR) with the presence of DNA template, which induces desired DNA editing11,12,17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the mechanism of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which includes the guidance of the gRNA that defines the genomic target to be modified and the subsequent creation of double strand breaks (DSBs) that can be repaired using either an error-prone method or a method that induces desired DNA editing. This confirms the claim about CRISPR technology enabling precise genomic editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Reference Dodman, Katanekwa, Apsinwall and Stjernstedt2000; Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005b). They avoid pools that lack perches within 20 m of the water’s edge (Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005b; CGP 2021, personal observation), and in our study basal area of nearest trees served as a proxy for the quantity of available perches and cover near pools (Brumelis et al. 2020). Nevertheless, although our results confirm the strong association between lovebirds and mopane, some used pools were surrounded not by pure mopane but by mixtures of mopane and other tree species or by other species alone, including Combretum imberbe and Diospyros mespiliformis (Dodman et al. Reference Dodman, Katanekwa, Apsinwall and Stjernstedt2000; CGP 2019, personal observation). Overall, fringing vegetation at water points is known to be more critical for small and mid-sized forest birds, whose vulnerability to predation increases when they access drinking sites with too distant or no vegetation (Votto et al. Reference Votto, Schlesinger, Dyer, Caron and Davis2022). Lovebirds are extremely cautious drinkers that avoid drinking from a pool during periods of loud and obvious human activity (Mzumara et al. Reference Mzumara, Perrin and Downs2016; Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005b; CGP 2021, personal observation). In the flood months (February–April) water is abundant in most of the shallow wells within villages and livestock enclosures (Lewanika, Bernard, Mosepele and Ramberg2003; Thole and Thole and Dodman1997), reducing the need for human activity at natural pools. In the dry season, when smaller pools dry out, most pools, particularly the larger ones, saw an increase in human activity, coinciding with a steady increase in the number of lovebirds visiting river and artificial pools. Other factors known to influence the numbers of lovebirds using pools include local lovebird abundance, pool physical characteristics, and breeding regime (Mzumara et al. Reference Mzumara, Perrin and Downs2016; Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005b, and Perrin2005d). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various interactions between human activity and water sources, specifically noting how vegetation around water points is critical for bird species, thereby emphasizing the ecological importance of water bodies. It discusses how human activity at natural pools is influenced by water availability during dry seasons and how the presence of vegetation impacts species behavior related to water. This context illustrates that limnology, as a study of freshwater ecosystems, is indeed relevant to understanding human water usage and conservation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: PathologyAtherosclerosisFoam cellScavenger receptorsMacrophagesFiguresFigure 1BackgroundThe major cause of heart disease and myocardial infarction in western society is atherosclerosis (1). Atherosclerosis involves the accumulation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL)-laden foam cells (FC) within the blood vessel intima (1). Foam cell formation is the principal event in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Foams cells form from macrophages following macrophage uptake of oxidised-LDL (oxLDL) (2). The uptake of oxLDL is accomplished by specific receptors on the macrophage cell surface, the scavenger receptors (SRs). Scavenger receptors are a ‘superfamily’ of membrane-bound receptors that bind and internalize modified LDL. Identification of these SRs in macrophages was first described in the 1970s by Brown and colleagues (3). There are 3 main sub-types of SRs: macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1), CD36 and CD68 (2). The CD36 SR is an 88-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein receptor that belongs to the class B SR family (4). It is encoded by the CD36 gene, located on chromosome 7 (5, 6). This gene is expressed on various cell types including monocytes and macrophages and its expression levels are increased by a fat-rich diet, inflammation and oxidative stress (5, 6). The MSR1 protein is a 77-kDa cell surface glycoprotein and is a member of the class A SR family (7). It is highly expressed in macrophages but is also present on vascular smooth muscle and endothelial tissues and it mediates the uptake of oxLDL into macrophages (8). The CD68 molecule is a 110-kDa glycoprotein that is a member of the class D SR family (9). The CD68 gene is located on human chromosome 17 and it is highly expressed by monocytes and tissue macrophages (10, 11). Macrophages develop from monocytes in response to specific immunological stimuli, including macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) (12). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not relate to the claim about cave paintings and prehistoric human expression. Instead, it discusses the pathology of atherosclerosis and the biological functions of macrophages and scavenger receptors in the context of heart disease. There is no mention or connection to cave paintings or prehistoric expression.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Two types of the DNA template can be used for HDR: a small single stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligonucleotide with 30–67 nt homology arms flanking the gene editing site18 or a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) plasmid with long homology arms of 1–3 kb19. The recent discovery ofCas9 system provides a faster and more economical approach to gene editing20 compared to the traditional zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs)21 and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) methods22. The goal of this study was to generate homozygous and heterozygous cells carrying the HLA-B*38:68Q with deletion at codon 230–232 at exon 4 usingCas9 gene editing to study the effect of this mutation on HLA-B*38:01:01:01 expression. ResultscrRNA design and selectionWe identified a new HLA B allele that is similar to HLA-B*38:01:01:01 except for a nine-nucleotide deletion (5′--3′) at codon 230 to 232 that results in a coding shift at α3 domain of HLA-B38 (Fig. 1A). The sequence was submitted to the GenBank database (accession number MF069211) and IMGT/HLA databases (submission number HWS10028807). Since the expression level of this novel B*38 allele is unknown, it was named HLA-B*38:68Q. To determine if the deletion at codon 230–232 affected the level of protein expression, the homozygous HLA-B*38:01:01:01 EBV B cell line TEM665 was used to generate homozygous HLA-B*38:68Q alleles to study its expression (Fig. 1B). and was used to design crRNAs targeting the DNA sequences close to the 9-nt deletion site at exon 4 of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 (Fig. 1C). crRNA1 (5′--3′) was designed to recognize −12 to −31 bp upstream of the 9-nt deletion, and crRNA2 (5′--3′) was designed to recognize −2 to +9 bp sequence of the 9-nt deletion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of the Cas9 system for gene editing and the precise design of crRNAs that target specific DNA sequences. It describes efforts to create specific alleles with targeted deletions and the implications for gene expression, which supports the idea that CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genomic sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: In density surface models developed for the species (Phiri et al. in prep), mopane cover was a significant determinant of local abundance, which in turn will likely influence bird usage of pools. Our study also confirms that the physical features of pools play a significant role in determining their usage by lovebirds, aligning with previous findings related to desert birds (Fisher et al. Reference Fisher, Lindgren and Dawson1972). Mopane and grassland pools dried out by October, the former refilling after a heavy downpour, the latter refilling according to the flooding regimes of the adjacent river (Naidoo et al. and Du Preez2020). Consequently, these two pool types showed the most variation in the number of birds across the monitoring period. By contrast river pools, which form in major channels along seasonally dry riverbeds (Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005b) and last until the onset of the rains, generally hosted a constant number of birds, with a slight increase in the dry season. Similarly, artificial pools recorded the highest number of birds between October and December, when water is extremely scarce in the study area. Greater dependence on artificial pools has been reported previously in the lovebirds’ southern rather than in their northern subpopulation (Warburton and Perrin 2000b). The north is dominated by the and its inundated floodplains (Ashley and Ashley and Murphy2012), which have water all year round. In the south, locals dig small dams or maintain dams left after road maintenance activities for their livestock and gardens; we found that nearly 40% of all artificial pools located in the south were used by lovebirds. River pools and artificial pools evidently play a pivotal role in maintaining lovebird populations throughout the annual cycle. Potential management interventions to improve the long-term survival prospects of the Black-cheeked Lovebird include simply enhancing the capacity of artificial pools to meet the needs of the lovebirds, by ensuring that each pool’s characteristics meet the criteria of the best-fitting model. However, the creation of small, shallow-sided, undisturbed pools in or near mopane woodland with larger trees within 50 m must also be considered. This highlights the wider need to review existing best practices of water resource provisioning for wildlife species, to devise interventions that will extend the water retention of mopane pools beyond the wet season. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significance of artificial and natural pool types in supporting bird populations, specifically the Black-cheeked Lovebird, during dry seasons. It emphasizes the importance of water resource management interventions, which directly relates to human water usage and conservation efforts. The mention of local practices for maintaining water sources for livestock and gardens highlights that limnology plays a critical role in human interactions with water resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: This molecule is the main facilitator of the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages in vitro and its presence has been demonstrated in atherosclerotic lesions (13). The risk of atherosclerosis is modified by a number of factors and disease states. Thus, increasing age, high low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-C), low high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C) and high glucose levels, increased body mass index (BMI) and low socioeconomic status are all associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic disease (14). Atherosclerosis differs in prevalence across ethnic groups, being less common in African than Indian or European populations (15). Furthermore, in Norman and colleagues found that cholesterol-attributable mortality is highest in Indian subjects (22. 2%), followed by European (20. 5%) and mixed-ancestry (8. 8%) population groups. Cholesterol attributable mortality was lowest in the black African group, at only 1. 8% (16). The reasons for these ethnic variations in the prevalence of atherosclerosis and the contribution of cholesterol to mortality are not fully understood. Given that factors associated with a higher risk for atherosclerosis can modulate SR gene expression, we hypothesised that ethnic differences in the level of atherosclerotic disease may be related to differential macrophage expression of the SRs across ethnic groups. The aims of the current study were therefore to measure SR gene expression from macrophages isolated from African, European and Indian populations to determine if SR expression levels mirror the reported ethnic differences in the prevalence of atherosclerosis. We also sort to determine whether anthropometric, demographic and cardiometabolic factors influence macrophage SR gene expression. recruitment Ten healthy participants per ethnic group (African, European, Indian) aged ≥ 40 years were recruited to participate in the study from the greater Johannesburg area by convenience sampling. The three groups were matched for gender. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, and hip and waist circumferences) were collected for all participants and blood drawn through venous sampling. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using weight and height (BMI = weight (kg)/ height2 (m)). The participant’s ethnicity was self-reported. Participants receiving therapy for high lipid levels, participants with diabetes or those with a history of cardiovascular problems were excluded from the study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses scientific details about atherosclerosis, cholesterol, and ethnic differences in health, none of which relate to cave paintings or prehistoric human expression.