Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Is agriculture only an activity on the field, or is it possible to produce more qualified by applying new production techniques? What methods should be applied to obtain sufficient product without damaging nature? are required to find answers firstly [2]. All of the work done on soil in order to grow the necessary and useful plants and animals for the survival of the people and to obtain the products is called agriculture. In order to meet the growing agricultural needs in a healthy manner, water resources should be protected and soil should be developed and original seeds should be stored and reproduced for the future. At the same time, an increase in soil fertility, protection of water, protection of valuable seeds and biodiversity need to be taken into account. In general, many methods are applied under the definitions of traditional, organic, industrial, ecological, smart and integrated, and each method differs from the others [3]. Sustainable agriculture mainly focuses on increasing the productivity of the soil and reducing the harmful effects of agricultural practices on climate, soil, water, environment and human health. Reduces the use of non-renewable sources and inputs from petroleum-based products and uses renewable resources to generate production. In general, it focuses on the needs, knowledge, skills and socio-cultural values of the local people. Advertisement 2. Principles of sustainable agricultureSome general principles of sustainable agriculture can be listed as follows:Soil must be protected and developed: Soil is absolutely necessary for good and healthy products. Soil should be enriched with natural fertilizers such as organic and green manure and compost. Natural fertilizers are healthier for soil, plants, water, air and people than chemical fertilizers. Water and water resources should be protected: As in life, it needs absolute water in agriculture. In arid regions, the best way to protect water is to grow plants that are suitable for the ecology of the region or that only need water during the rainy season. Green manure and mulch are useful in keeping water in soil. The contour barriers protect the water by preventing the water flow. Another method for preserving water is to apply drip irrigation instead of traditional irrigation methods and to make irrigation time planning. To control pests and diseases naturally: Instead of chemical control, natural or integrated protection management should be applied to balance nature, products, pests, diseases, weeds and soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various principles of sustainable agriculture that emphasize soil protection and development. It mentions that 'soil must be protected and developed' and highlights the use of natural fertilizers, which enhance soil health. The text also refers to methods like 'green manure and mulch' which help retain soil moisture and protect against erosion, aligning with the claim about sustainable practices supporting soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: Countries such as and Tanzania showed to be “very favorable” in the Social macro-category (Fig. 3). For instance, Rwanda is in the process of structural transformation, which has involved workers and capital in progressively higher productivity activities, resulting in rapid technological changes45. Sustainability at the edge: opening up the feasibility of vertical farming in AfricaThis study evaluates the overall feasibility of several macro-categories representing different domains. countries were “very favorable” for operating indoor vertical farms, being the ones with the highest synthetic feasibility index (SFI): (0. 66 SFI), islands such as Seychelles (0. 55 SFI), Mauritius (0. 52 SFI) and (0. 46 SFI), region (Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, with 0. 53, 0. 52, 0. 51 and 0. 49 SFI, respectively) and Nigeria (0. 46 SFI) (Fig. 5, Table 2). In these countries, a trend to innovate and improve the current agriculture systems with indoor vertical farms could be possible. With financial and technological support from governments and the private sector attraction to city dwellers and companies, the uptake of indoor vertical farms in Africa can be achieved. Countries that reached lower feasibility scores can opt for simplified vertical cultivation solutions adapted to the economic and social conditions and the locally available materials. Borgwardt and Endress46 developed a case study to implement a vertical farm in the Park in Botswana (0. 42 SFI; “favorable”), showing that conditions for sustainable food security through this cultivation system can be achieved with the ongoing development of the country. However, they also recognized that vertical farming applications and market scope would be limited compared to other continents, such as Europe. Furthermore, sustainability of resources and safety in the food production line is a significant issue globally that can make vertical farming a powerful way of cultivation through technological applications and soilless cultivation systems47. Africa must move from a scarcely productive farming system towards sustainable intensification and eco-friendliness48. In this study, Seychelles, as first, followed by and Egypt, were the three countries where the implementation of vertical farming systems could be more sustainable (Fig. 6, Table 3). From the Environmental analysis of sustainability, Seychelles, Tunisia and Algeria showed higher synthetic values (Fig. 6). These three countries have programs to implement more renewable energies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while certain African countries show potential for indoor vertical farming, it also acknowledges limitations and the need for technological support and financial backing. The statement about vertical farming applications being limited compared to other continents and the emphasis on different economic and social conditions implies that full sustainability without artificial inputs may not be feasible. Moreover, it mentions that sustainability of resources and safety in food production is a significant issue globally, suggesting that outdoor systems may not be entirely sustainable without some form of artificial input.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: Reports of it being without risk or side effects have suggested that the medication can be used by who happen to be bystanders positioned around the country with open arms and equipped with the life-saving antidote and unwavering willingness to assist doctors and reduce society concerns of opioid death. Caregivers must be educated about what to expect AFTER giving naloxone. . . sweating, goose-bumps, increased heart rate, agitation, withdrawal symptoms, and the lack of efficacy for overdoses of other medications that may be onboard including benzodiazepines, etc. It is also very important to remain aware that most opioids will last longer than naloxone-so good luck encouraging patients to head on down to the emergency room for additional doses of naloxone, and further care including management of withdrawal symptoms. Any physician, paramedic or researcher with experience injecting naloxone into an unconscious patient, unresponsive due to large doses of opioids on board, is well aware of dramatic increases in both blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) upon its pharmacological response. It is not surprising that rapid “withdrawal-like” symptomatology after IM or IV opioid antagonist treatment, including an unpleasant increase in severe anxiety, palpitations, and hypertensive changes will make this “marketed” and “inferred” safe and easy treatment a very difficult and even potentially dangerous situation for these non-medical professional bystanders who are only trying to help revive someone who may be unresponsive in their humble and untrained opinion. Safety and complications from treatment apparently are not being advertised as an issue with this newly marketed naloxone- injector according to evzio. com: “No clinically significant safety findings” “No serious adverse events” “No volunteer discontinuation or withdrawal” This is not really that surprising since “real- world- use” implies“ out of a hospital settings” with obvious reduced availability of heart rate or blood pressure monitoring devices or even medical professionals that could use them properly and death that occurred despite utilization of the naloxone-injector could be easily determined to be due to “late” administration of this anecdote. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the use of naloxone for opioid overdoses, detailing various side effects and complications associated with opioid treatment. It does not mention horticulture or food shortages, thus providing no support or rebuttal to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: In this regard, techniques such as choosing durable varieties, keeping proper distance between plants in planting, determining the timing of agricultural practices correctly, using natural predators and crop rotation are important for the success of the method. Cultivate different agricultural products: This is called product rotation. According to the characteristics of the products, for 3–6 years rotation or cultivating multiple crops are the methods of preventing diseases and pests. Thus, nutrients are kept in the soil and diversity in agriculture is ensured and healthy food is provided. Start with small changes first: Most agricultural techniques have been developed over a long period of time. However, new methods may not always be successful. New ideas should first be tried in small areas, and should be applied when it becomes clear and successful. Advertisement 3. Why sustainable agriculture is important? The world population is growing at a great pace. There are countries with a population expressed in billions of Asian countries, and in Europe and the Americas it is estimated that the population will soon find billions. This will certainly create a serious need for food in the future. One of the main objectives of industrial agriculture is to ensure that everyone has access to basic needs in the present and future years. Industrial agriculture, on the one hand, uses more chemical input to meet the increasing demand, on the other hand, agricultural and soil resources are polluted by chemical residues and production potential is reduced. In fact, this is a contradiction. At this point, the sustainable farming method protects both the soil and the environment and ensures the production and the long-term agricultural production. In summary, the benefits of sustainable agriculture are as follows:With sustainable agriculture method, it is possible to produce more than one product in small areas and high efficiency. An enterprise with sustainability will have a positive impact on the ecosystem. Efficient soils will have a habitat for animals, but will also contribute to agricultural production. The fertilization of the soil will ensure long-term use and increase of productivity. In addition to the benefits to agriculture, contributes to the creation of new areas of employment. Advertisement 4. Sustainable agriculture practicesAs a result of long years of practices and scientific studies, several common sustainable agricultural practices have been put forward in Figure 1. Figure 1. Common sustainable agricultural practices [4]. 4. 1 Precision chemical applicationIt can be defined as a set of methods that include mechanical and biological controls to reduce the use of pesticides and control pest populations [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of crop rotation as a sustainable agricultural practice that preserves soil nutrients and supports agricultural diversity. It states that 'nutrients are kept in the soil and diversity in agriculture is ensured,' which directly aligns with the claim's emphasis on maintaining soil health through sustainable practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: For instance, Tunisia and Algeria have set a target of 30% and 27% of renewable energy within their energy mix by 2030, focusing mainly on increasing solar and wind generation24,49,50. This renewable energy supply can enable more sustainable food production through indoor vertical agriculture while increasing its market potential51. Building a vertical farm requires a high initial investment (from the private sector or public programs), and production costs are higher than traditional farming52. Therefore, countries with good economic growth, capital generation, and proper urban development will be more suitable for sustainably implementing vertical farming in their cities. Among the nine most feasible countries, Nigeria, South Africa, and Egypt obtained the highest values in the Economic analysis for sustainability (Fig. 6). Vertical farming can create jobs in several sectors of engineering, biotechnology, construction, and research and development16. In this study, South Africa, Seychelles, and Egypt showed the best sustainability Social analysis scores (Fig. 6). Seychelles is one of the African countries where most of its labor force is with advanced education27, which is advantageous for the broad spectrum of job descriptions typically observed in a vertical farm. Locating food production in the African city centers is expected to increase economic growth in the area53. Future perspectivesCountries such as and Nigeria showed the best prospective for indoor vertical farming implementation. These are African countries where the integration of vertical farming into the urban areas may help reduce poverty, contribute to food safety and increase its contextual sustainability. However, its competitiveness in the local market could remain unclear with current providers still capable to sell cheaper products. In this regard, the indicator (% of price change of the average food basket purchased by households) showed that among the sustainably “very favorable” countries, Egypt and Nigeria are experiencing the higher inflation rates in the food basket while the others resulted to have a more stable trend54. Nevertheless, to enhance the environmental sustainability and improve the efficiency and sufficiency of food production supplies in African society, it is necessary to develop diverse and influential vertical cultivation systems adapted to the reality of each country. The least feasible countries can opt for modular and low-cost innovative solutions of vertical farming systems which can offer new opportunities for young or small-scale growers without being dependent on the high investments typical of high tech indoor vertical farms55. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while indoor vertical farming can be more sustainable when integrated with renewable energy sources, it requires high initial investments and production costs that exceed those of traditional farming. The text also emphasizes the need for diverse and modular cultivation systems that are adapted to the local reality, thus indicating that complete sustainability without artificial inputs may not be achievable due to economic and operational factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: With drug companies downplaying any cardiovascular complications or even side effects being associated with naloxone, it will be interesting to watch for sympathomimetic-catecholinergic surge with a corresponding rapid pulse following naloxone administration. Myocardial Infarction/Stroke complications can and will occur-especially in patients with risk factors including smoking history, obesity, sedentary lifestyle (from their chronic pain) or hypertension, hyperlipidemia and tachycardia. The development of a severe hypertensive response after the administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone was evaluated in one study that characterized the potentially dangerous role of blocking or antagonizing opioids and the potential alteration in the regulation of blood pressure in patients. One individual studied showed significant mean arterial pressure changes with a rise from a baseline of 107 mmHg to 147 mmHg 145 min after naloxone injection and infusion. After stopping naloxone, his blood pressure rapidly returned to baseline. Thus, endogenous opioids appear to regulate blood pressure in some hypertensive patients and opiate antagonists must be administered with caution to these individuals [4]. It is shocking that despite evidence of cardiovascular side effects in studies, few warnings have been provided about untoward side effects that could manifest as dramatic changes in vital signs following administration by lay people. This is not the first time that naloxone has been suggested as a panacea. Since naloxone is needed as rapidly as possible in an operating room situation-intravenously use to reverse opioid overdose is the most preferred route. Over the years, countless researchers have tinkered with oral formulations for both treatment and reduction of associated opioid agonist complications. A slowed gastrointestinal- related complication has plagued man since the first use of opioid agonists, and continues to contribute to both the unpleasantness and even immobility of chronic pain patients. It is not uncommon for patients on large doses of chronic and powerful opioids to require multiple daily doses of stimulant cathartics and stool-softeners in an effort to have regular bowel functions. The ineffectiveness of laxatives to target the underlying cause of opioid-induced inhibition of gastric motility and the resulting chronic associated constipation have led to the development of treatments that utilize opioid receptor antagonists including naloxone and methylnaltrexone to target receptors in the gut preferentially. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horticulture and global food shortages. It discusses the effects and complications of naloxone, a drug used for opioid overdose, and does not mention horticulture or food production in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: In this method, (VRA) is applied and unlike traditional agriculture, instead of homogeneous input, it is the application of measurement of productivity differences in the field and appropriate input according to the spatial needs resulting from these differences. 4. 2 Conservation reserve program (CRP)CRP is a land conservation program administered by the Agency (FSA). In return for a contract with farmers involved in the program, it is an incentive for farmers to make agricultural production that is sensitive to the environment and improves the environmental health and quality [6]. Contracts for land enrolled in CRP are 10–15 years in length. The long-term aim of the program is to restore valuable land cover to help improve water quality, prevent soil erosion and reduce loss of wildlife areas. 4. 3 TerracesIn particular, in order to make agriculture in high slope areas, it is the name given to the arrangement of the land in the form of steps and supported by walls. Thus agricultural applications are possible in these areas. 4. 4 ScoutingScouting is the most fundamental act of traveling in crop fields and make observations. The farmer is required to identify how different areas of development change in his land. If there are problems during the growing season, these problems affect the yield at the time of harvest, so the farmer tries to reduce them. If the problems are not noticed or resolved during the growing season, they may limit the yield, thus reducing the revenue generated. Traditional methods include walking in the field and observing plants manually, while methods such as global positioning systems (GPS) and drones (UAVs) help to make a more accurate decision by making fast and reliable measurements with the help of special equipment and precision sensors. 4. 5 Cover cropsCover plants (alfalfa, vetch, etc. ) can be cultivated during off-season periods when the soil is bare and can be grown between the main plant rows. These products prevent soil erosion, renew soil nutrients, keep weeds under control, and protect soil health by reducing the need for herbicides [5]. 4. 6 Crop rotation/diversityIt is the process of producing various products in the field one after the other from year to year respectively. Thus, different parts of the soil are utilized with different products, and pests and diseases that are specific to each product are prevented from spreading. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various sustainable agriculture practices that contribute to soil health and erosion prevention. Specifically, it mentions crop rotation as a method that utilizes different parts of the soil over time, helping to prevent the spread of specific pests and diseases, thereby maintaining soil health. Additionally, it references the use of cover crops, which prevent soil erosion and improve soil nutrients, further supporting the claim that sustainable agriculture practices help maintain soil health and prevent erosion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: Moreover, exploiting urban water resources, harvesting the rainwater or reusing the building's thermal mass56,57 are solutions other than those mentioned in the study, that could however lead to a greater sustainability of indoor vertical cultivations. MethodsIndicators represent quantitative tools that synthesize and simplify the data relevant to the assessment of specific phenomena. They are helpful for communication, evaluation and facilitate strategic decisions making. It can be assumed that indicators remain one of the primary instruments for monitoring sustainable development as they present this concept rationally and measurably. In the same way, for this study, indicators can be defined as a statistical measure informing about the feasibility and the sustainability in the social, environmental, and economic spheres58. For example, Erol et al. 59 conducted a feasibility assessment for blockchain applications in different industries by developing a list of helpful feasibility indicators. High-quality feasibility indicators should enable decision-makers to take informed decisions when developing business information technology strategies. The quality of an indicator can be assessed through six aspects: underlying data, suitability, measurability, representation of the case at hand, accuracy, and communicability to stakeholders. However, developing a complete list of indicators that can cover all these attributes may not always be possible; therefore, a more practical list is often created59. In developing such a list for vertical farming feasibility assessment, the critical task is to determine whether this technology is technically, strategically, and financially viable. The sustainability assessment is then carried on solely for the countries where the technology is feasible, tailoring the three pillars of sustainability, namely environmental, economic, and social, to the vertical farming technology. Two research questions were defined for this study: 1. How feasible is vertical farming with artificial lighting in the African countries? 2. How sustainable is vertical farming with artificial lighting for the countries that can implement this technology? Hypothesis and limitationsAssessing vertical farming feasibility and sustainability can require multidimensionality60. With the introduction of sustainable development as a concept in the 80s, different criteria and indicators have been selected to evaluate the sustainability of agriculture61. Consequently, there is no long-standing consensus on which indicators are more suitable or relevant to assess feasibility or sustainability62. Moreover, there are no frameworks for vertical farming implementation in a country. Therefore, there can be conceptual and methodological limitations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the sustainability of indoor vertical farming may depend on various factors and inputs, including artificial lighting. It mentions necessary assessments of feasibility and sustainability, particularly emphasizing that vertical farming relies on specific conditions in various countries. The mention of 'artificial lighting' as a part of vertical farming practices suggests that the technology may not be fully sustainable without such inputs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: Methylnaltrexone marketed under the name Relistor provides peripherally-acting-opioid antagonism that has the ability to reverse constipation in patients using opioid-agonists without affecting analgesia or even precipitating withdrawals. A permanently charged tetravalent nitrogen atom in its design prevents the crossing of the blood–brain barrier. This predominant antagonist effects counteracts troubling opioid-induced side effects such as itching and constipation, all while not minimizing opioid effects in the brain responsible for analgesia. is marketed as a prescription medication indicated for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in patients with advanced illness who are receiving palliative care, when response to laxative therapy has not been sufficient. Use of beyond four months has not been studied. The usual dose schedule for is once every other day, as needed, but no more than once in a 24-hour period [5]. It has been suggested that naloxone, when given orally, has negligible bioavailability but may actually counteract opioid-induced constipation by blocking the action of opioid medications locally in the gut. Because of a sophisticated understanding of pharmacokinetic properties, naloxone activity in the gastrointestinal tract presumably occurs before almost complete metabolism by the liver to the medications necessary reduction to negligible drug activity in the System (CNS) where opioid (pain) receptors are located. Central effects of the oral naloxone are minimized by utilizing sparse doses that benefit colon transit time and minimize complications that would impair analgesia. Utilizing this research, a new modified-release combination product containing the strong opioid oxycodone plus the opioid antagonist naloxone is being researched for the treatment of “severe pain, which can be adequately managed only with opioid analgesics”. It is believed that this combination has unique characteristics that “naloxone is added to counteract opioid-induced constipation by blocking the action of oxycodone at opioid receptors locally in the gut”. If research proves claims of “superior GI [gastrointestinal] tolerability compared to previous treatment in a clinical practice study” to be accurate, it will be just a matter of time before more and diverse opioids will be reformulated with a combined agonist/antagonist formula [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horticulture and global food shortages. It discusses the medication Methylnaltrexone, its mechanism of action, and other related pharmaceutical information, providing no information or support regarding horticulture's ability to address food shortages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: 7 No-till/conservation tillageIntensive or traditional agriculture causes physical and chemical degradation of soil, loss of organic matter, reduced biological activity in the soil and consequently a decrease in crop production. On the contrary, the method of sustainable agriculture envisages a sustainable and profitable farming system based on three basic rules, including soil-free agriculture, continuous soil surface covered with plant or plant debris, and crop rotation [7, 8]. 4. 8 Precision nutrient managementFertilization, which constitutes 10–15% of the costs of agricultural inputs, is critical for increasing product productivity by up to 50%. The application time and method are of great importance in the fertilization process which is applied to soil in order to meet the basic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium etc. ) which are not enough in agricultural soils. Data’s such as climate and weather conditions, soil characteristics and product types are important in determining the appropriate fertilization time. 4. 9 Reducing fuel useMechanization tools that reduce labor requirements in agriculture generally use fossil fuels. Nowadays, the use of fossil fuel energies directly or indirectly in agriculture has not been economically profitable for producers. In developing countries, large amounts of fossil fuels are used in agricultural production, in particular fertilizer production and machinery use. It is not possible to carry out modern agricultural production processes without using fuel. However, the use of combined agricultural tools and machinery in one pass and the use of renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels will reduce both the cost of fuel in agriculture and reduce the carbon emissions and make the agriculture sensitive to the environment. 4. 10 IrrigationEffective irrigation is possible by determining the optimum water amount using different parameters such as soil humidity, effective precipitation rate and evapotranspiration and by determining the correct irrigation time with climate, weather forecasts and real-time weather data. In this way, effective and economical irrigation will be provided by protecting the limited water resources and the environmental and agricultural negative effects of leaching, salinity and fungal diseases caused by excess water will be prevented. 4. 11 Water storage pondsAgricultural ponds are important water sources for irrigated areas. These structures collect water from small sources and allow for efficient storage and use of large flow rates when needed and help to regulate water flow. Advertisement 5. Sustainable soil managementSustainable land management includes many components. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing sustainable agriculture methods, including crop rotation, as a means to maintain soil health and prevent degradation of soil. It states that sustainable agriculture relies on principles including crop rotation, which is aligned with the claim that such practices help maintain soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: In this paper, the matrix was based on the macro-categories created for feasibility assessment, adapting them to the main dimensions of the vertical farming sector. Therefore, for this study, the sustainable assessment can be defined as a statistical measure informing the sustainability of vertical farming implementation in the African countries where it is most feasible. Furthermore, four more thematic areas (Urban development, Energy, Food Security, and Science and Technology) were added to the three main pillars of sustainability (Economic, Environmental and Social)63 according to their crucial role in ensuring vertical farming sustainability. The indicators include both stimulating and destimulating factors in the economic, social and environmental spheres. The central hypothesis of the study is that a change of the synthetic indicator, averaged from proposed indicators, leads to a change in the level of feasibility and sustainability potential of vertical farming64. This hypothesis lays the foundation for the study of the influence of contributing factors, here named “macro-categories”, for the construction of the algorithm, for future analysis in different territorial contexts (geographically and dimensions wise) and consequent decision making. To substantiate the proposed hypothesis and achieve the set goal, the following steps are proposed, both for the feasibility and sustainability assessment (Fig. 1): 1. Identification of suitable indicators based on technical, strategical, and financial requirements for vertical farming feasibility and sustainability in the African continent. 2. Retrieving the chosen data from the database in order to be gathered in observational matrices. 3. Determination of the main factors, here named “macro-categories”, suitable for hosting all the chosen indicators. An indicator can be placed in more than one macro-category, potentially increasing or decreasing its influence on the final scoring, depending on how the indicator is further classified. 4. Classification of all the chosen indicators in relation to the macro-category/ies they belong. They can be classified as stimulant, destimulant, or nominant65. 5. Normalization procedure through the Method (also known as Min-Max Normalization) according to how the indicator was classified58,66. 6. Construction of a Index and a Index for each of the 54 by averaging the 14 corresponding to each macro-category. 7. Feasibility and sustainability classification of the 54 based on a statistical comparison of the final Synthetic Indexes58,67. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the complexities involved in assessing the sustainability of vertical farming. It highlights the necessity of various indicators—economic, social, and environmental—that influence sustainability rather than suggesting that vertical farming can be fully sustainable without inputs. The mention of factors that can both stimulate and destimulate sustainability indicates that there are artificial inputs and influences that need to be managed, implying that vertical farming is not entirely self-sufficient or free from external contributions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: The marketing of oxycodone/naloxone tablets, and other fixed dose combination products including previously marketed pentazocine-naloxone and morphine/ naltrexone utilized agonist/antagonist has been attempted in an effort to prevent reactions from crushing or injecting these combination products. Naloxone was considered a wonderful deterrent to tampering with oral pain medications in an effort to prevent a patient from crushing and injecting an oral opioid with the hope of getting a “greater high or euphoria rush”. The providing of warnings by physicians and pharmacists were thought to reduce the incidence of severe and potentially lethal misuse-reactions. Unfortunately, the morphine/naltrexone formulation was withdrawn not due to any failure by the science of the formulation including any insignificant amount of sequestered naltrexone reaching systemic circulation, but because of reports of potentially fatal reaction upon patient tampering and the subsequent release of naltrexone blunting the euphoria of opioids and precipitating dangerous opioid withdrawal sequelae in opioid-dependent patient. Suboxone (buprenorphine and naloxone) has become a very popular treatment for opiate addiction and while abuse is still possible, it appears to have less euphoria and reduced analgesia effects compared with full-opioid agonists. Naltrexone basically has the same pharmacological effects as naloxone, but it is longer acting and does possess potent pharmacologic effects when used orally. Naltrexone is often utilized prophylactically to maintain abstinence from opioids and administered by specially trained medical supervision under anesthesia to provide rapid detoxification in addicted patients wishing to bypass the unpleasant withdrawal syndrome. Naltrexone for has not proven to be a breakthrough in allowing patients to remain free of opioids. Patients cannot be started on this preventative treatment until they have already been opioid free for at least a week due to its ability to precipitate an opioid withdrawal in opioid-tolerant patient. ® (naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension) is a long-acting opioid antagonist that was approved by the FDA in 2006. It has been used as a treatment for alcohol dependence and to prevent relapse to opioid dependence after opioid detoxification. The recommended dose is 380 mg intramuscularly once a month. Due to its powerful antagonistic properties, its use does have potential dangerous consequences with its use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses opioid medications, their formulations, and treatments related to opioid addiction, with no mention of horticulture or food shortages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: The multiplicity of components and the different prescriptions are due to the delicate but complex structure of the method and its applications. According to the FESLM: Framework for definitions by FAO, sustainable land management combines socio-economic principles with environmentally sensitive technologies, policies and activities [9]. In order for sustainable land management to be feasible, five objectives have been identified as Efficiency, Security, Protection, Vitality and Acceptability, and the implementation and findings of the SLM regulation have been identified as the main pillars to be tested and monitored. Each target has its own characteristics and can be explained as follows:Efficiency: The return obtained from SLM is more than just evaluating with financial gains, it is evaluated to include the benefits that will be obtained from the protective, health and esthetic purposes of land use. Security: The management models that support the balance between land use and the existing environmental conditions reduce the production risks, whereas only those approaches that emphasize commercial anxiety increase this risk. Protection: Soil and water resources should be taken under strict protection for future generations. Locally, there may be additional protection priorities, such as the protection of genetic diversity or the need to protect specific plant or animal species. Vitality: If the applied land uses do not match the local conditions, the use cannot survive. Acceptability: If the social effects of land use methods are negative, it is inevitable to fail over time. The part directly affected by social and economic impact is not always clear. Considering this framework, it should be produced safely in the field, established a production model that will protect the natural resources, the model should be economically feasible and socially acceptable. However, it should also be accepted that the system cannot be sustainable with the practices where the agricultural structure is not properly managed and the land is constantly destroyed. This method requires, in principle, to protect and improve soil fertility, to prevent and correct soil degradation and to prevent environmental damage. 5. 1 Maintaining and improving soil productivity5. 1. 1 Managing soil nutrientsIn agriculture, healthy nutrition of the plants and increasing the use of fertilizers depends on the application of nutrients at the time of need, with sufficient and correct methods. Correct plant nutrition management is in interaction with many factors. For example, increasing fertilizer usage efficiency depends on reducing the losses of plant nutrients from soil due to leaching, denitrification, evaporation, surface flow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of protecting and improving soil fertility, preventing soil degradation, and ensuring sustainable land management practices. It states that sustainable land management aims to maintain soil and water resources for future generations, directly supporting the idea that practices like crop rotation contribute to soil health and erosion prevention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: The main limitations of this study lie in: The level of definition of data on a geographical scale, as an analysis by country, that does not capture differences among vast portions of territory within national borders. The lack of data for some of the countries and indicators analyzed. The choice of the last five years of available data for each country as the reference time for the assessment, due to the greater availability of data and the intention to maximize the sample's representativeness. Method of choice for indicatorsDefining quantitative objectives depends on the nature of each variable. The following variables can be distinguished: stimulants, destimulants and nominants. Although many variables could be smoothly classified as stimulant and destimulant, none of them could be described as nominant (values that have their optimal in the interval between the minimum and the maximum). Consequently, there were no nominant variables in the indicators set as all the variables that have been processed in the present study were solely classified as stimulant or destimulant. It is paramount to stress that the same variable could be classified as stimulant or destimulant depending on its macro-category65. Classification of indicators into macro-categoriesThe main aim was to construct a synthetic index to assess vertical farming feasibility and sustainability in African countries. This measure encompasses the multiple factors influencing vertical farming suitability in three main areas, economic, social, and environmental. Specific indicators of development from the and FAO have been gathered in influence matrices and then selected for the chosen macro-categories (5, 6). The macro-categories for the feasibility analysis were grouped in 3 macro-areas (Fig. 4) for interpretation of results and were the following: (1) (Urban Development, Agriculture and Growth, Vulnerability), (2) Economic and (Economy and and Technology) and (3) Resources availability and (Energy, Water and Environment, Social). It was decided to perform two separate analyses, one for feasibility and a subsequent one for sustainability, corresponding to the two research questions stated above. The sustainability analysis considered the 3 main pillars of sustainability (Economical, Social and Environmental)63. Furthermore, 4 more thematic areas were added to the 3 domains previously mentioned (Urban development as Economic, Energy as Environmental, and Science and Technology as Social) due to their importance in vertical farming sustainability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various limitations and complexities of assessing the feasibility and sustainability of vertical farming. It highlights that sustainability is analyzed through multiple indicators and macro-categories, implying that vertical farming requires careful consideration of various inputs, including economic, social, and environmental factors. It does not support the idea that vertical farming is fully sustainable without artificial inputs or external influences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: The blocking of exogenous opioid effects could result in the necessity to utilize potentially life-threatening opioid doses to sufficiently overcome the competitive receptor blockade due to its unique pharmacological properties: it is injected into a muscle, and cannot be removed from the body, it duration (lasts for one month). Since the medication blocks the effects of opioid-containing medicines that might otherwise be prescribed for a patient for pain, cough, or diarrhea, a patient may be limited in their ability to receive any opioid agonist benefits if needed in the case of an emergency or severe illness. In addition, hepatotoxicity is a known consequence with oral or injectable naltrexone use. If symptoms or lab values indicate any potential liver damage or hepatitis including stomach area pain lasting more than a few days, yellowing of the whites of eyes, dark urine or even tiredness would necessitate a medical judgment to discontinue treatment would seem prudent. Stopping overdoses is obviously not enough to combat the current enormous multifactorial problem of opioid misuse and abuse. Recent government pressures have also been focused on rescheduling hydrocodone-based products in an effort to reduce the quantities available for illegal or even legally prescribed use to the more restrictive Administration (DEA) schedule/class “II”. Currently refills and telephoned prescriptions are available for the less restrictive class III-V opioid-based medications, with the proposed rescheduling to class-II, refills and telephoned prescriptions will no longer be allowed under the law. This of course does not reduce the amount of opioids prescribed, abused or diverted-it just makes prescribers of class-II more cognizant of its restrictive nature and requires more work for writer (physician), dispenser (pharmacist/nurse), and patient (potential chronic pain patient or possible abuser of medications). Pharmacist and Physicians for the most part do not support these rescheduling measures due to the proposed increase in record keeping requirements and additional roadblocks to filling what has been considered useful and first-line for the treatment of mild, moderate and moderately severe pain. With a potential switch from its long-time position as a class III controlled substance to the class II location, concerns about what forces-if any will prevent physicians from leap-frogging their patients to the more powerful morphine, methadone, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, or even oxycodone products? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horticulture and food shortages, as it discusses opioid medication and the complexities surrounding its usage and prescription. There is no mention or connection to horticulture or food supply issues within the provided text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Increased fertilizer use efficiency and the decrease in nutrient loss are proportional to each other [14]. Therefore, precision farming practices are one of the most important components of sustainable soil fertility and plant nutrition management. The aim of this course is to evaluate the soil conditions, product characteristics and the variable productivity related to agricultural conditions within the boundaries of agricultural land in variable rate fertilization technologies in precision farming and to determine the time and amount of fertilization. used in this direction indicate the variable applications to different geographical coordinates based on the analysis of these conditions. This technology is also effective in deciding the nature of the fertilizer to be used. Different areas within the field can be evaluated separately and variable nutritional needs can be calculated. With the use of advanced technologies, the topographic structure of the field (different slope levels and depressions), the soil color which varies according to the organic matter content and the temporal yield variability in the field are taken into consideration. With the inclusion of land sampling data, all information is classified and analyzed in different databases; accordingly, the need for qualitative and quantitative fertilizers of the field subfields is determined. 5. 1. 2 Managing soil physical conditionsThe soils under natural vegetation normally support the population of organisms and soil animals in an active biological activity. They live in plant roots and trash, digging and loosening the soil and use it as a nest. The vegetation is normally compressed by exposure to the effects of rain and soil processing and the effects of humans, animals and machinery. A certain proportion of compaction makes it suitable for the growth of plant roots in the soil and increases the ability of plants to retain the water they need to survive. Exposing the soil to compressing and then drying may cause the surfaces to crust. This reduces the water penetration rate and may cause water to flow from the surface and soil erosion. Larger land resources were needed to supply food to the growing population, and soils were put under intensive use for overproduction. On the other hand, as a result of the pressure of increasing population, the deterioration in the fertile soil resources and the result of the structuralization show the effects of the loss of the area. As a result of the increase in the need for land resources, many countries around the world need to map their land in detail and use the land according to their capabilities. When the sustainability of natural resources is mentioned, first of all, soil erosion and its negative effects on the environment are one of the first issues that come to mind. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of precision farming and its impact on soil fertility and management but does not explicitly mention sustainable agriculture practices like crop rotation or directly affirm the claim about maintaining soil health and preventing erosion. Instead, it focuses on the efficiency of fertilizer use and the management of different soil types, which are related but do not corroborate the specific claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) enable direct communication between the brain and external devices. [SEP] Text: We expect that such a framing effect could be more pronounced for enhancement purposes, since activating moral concerns against enhancement uses might be more impactful than for treatment uses, which might be seen as less abdicable. Interindividual differences in attitudes towards NTDs. First studies have also tried to understand the characteristics of respondents supporting or opposing NTDs. This research has yielded inconclusive results and has hardly investigated whether attributes of the NTDs are judged differently by different people [10, 38]. However, respondents’ individual perspectives and circumstances may affect their attitudes towards NTDs, as indicated by the research on prescription drugs used for enhancement, and less frequently for NTDs. Higher moral acceptance and use willingness can be expected among individuals who would have a greater need for NTDs, for example, to deal with stress and its negative consequences [29, 42–44]; to compensate for potential deficits, such as low levels of cognitive function [45]; and to cope with age-related cognitive and physical decline (such as vision or mobility) [46, 47]. Values and ideologies may also shape the moral evaluation and the willingness to use NTDs. For example, some might more strongly reject these technologies on the basis that they are “unnatural” and they transgress human boundaries. Others might have a lower affinity for technology, which is more likely in religious [8, 17, 48], older [17, 25, 32, 41], less educated [49], or female [17, 41] populations. Therefore, we examine the role of chronic stress, cognitive functioning, religiosity, age, education, and gender as indicators of needing to use NTDs and individuals’ values and ideologies towards such use. To gain more detailed insights about their role, we also investigate if individuals with certain respondent characteristics evaluate enhancement and treatment differently, since a need for using NTDs, or the values and ideologies towards them, may modulate the moral evaluation and use willingness of both uses differently (while one might argue that individuals with different characteristics also vary in their evaluation of whether NT is invasive vs. noninvasive, our exploratory analysis did not reveal any statistically significant interaction effects between the invasiveness factor and each investigated characteristic; thus, we do not further elaborate on this in the manuscript). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses individual attitudes towards neurotechnology devices (NTDs) and moral evaluations of their use, without directly addressing brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) or their capabilities. It explores moral concerns and personal characteristics related to NTDs, but does not provide any evidence supporting or contrasting the claim about BCIs' functionality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Q&A: How do plants sense and respond to UV-B radiation? and answer Open access Published: 30 June 2015 Q&A: How do plants sense and respond to UV-B radiation? Roman Ulm1 & Jenkins2 BMC Biology 8. UV-B photon absorption by a UVR8 homodimer leads to UVR8 monomerization and interaction with the downstream signaling factor COP1. This then initiates changes in gene expression, which lead to several metabolic and morphological alterations. A major response is the activation of mechanisms associated with UV-B acclimation and UV-B tolerance, including biosynthesis of sunscreen metabolites, antioxidants and DNA repair enzymes. To balance the response, UVR8 is inactivated by regulated re-dimerization. Apart from their importance for plants, UVR8 and its interacting protein COP1 have already proved useful for the optogenetic toolkit used to engineer synthetic light-dependent responses. What is UV-B radiation? Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between X-rays and visible light that is conventionally divided into UV-A (315 to 400 nm), UV-B (280 to 315 nm) and UV-C (100 to 280 nm) radiation. Whereas UV-C is entirely absorbed by the stratospheric ozone layer, UV-A and some UV-B radiation reach the Earth’s surface and thus can affect the biosphere. UV-B is the most harmful form of radiation from sunlight reaching the Earth mainly because it can cause photochemical DNA damage. Exposure to UV-B is thus particularly notorious for being a major risk factor for most human skin cancers. Why is UV-B an issue for plants? DNA is chemically the same in all organisms and thus similarly susceptible to damage by UV-B in plants and humans. Things are, however, additionally complicated for plants, as they cannot escape UV-B by behavioral responses (for example, moving to shadow, putting on clothes or sun cream). Rather, plants are sessile organisms that depend on sunlight as the energy source for photosynthesis. Thus, they need to achieve a balance between optimal light capture and UV-B protection. One way to escape UV-B exposure is by limiting their life to times/places when/where UV-B levels are lower (such as spring, autumn, in shade under canopy). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it focuses solely on how plants sense and respond to UV-B radiation, without any mention of human emotions or any ability of plants to respond to such emotions. It discusses the biological mechanisms plants use to protect themselves from UV-B light and does not relate to the sensory capabilities of plants in the context of human emotional states.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Under normal conditions, climate, soil, topography and vegetation are the main elements that complement each other. Soil erosion is the result of this interaction. It is clear that the risk of erosion in agricultural areas is high, and if the conservation measures required by sustainable agricultural techniques are not taken, it will be possible to reach irreversible levels. Moreover, our resources, which are already limited by accelerated soil erosion, may be under great threat in the future. Managing the physical properties of the soil includes the protection of the soil structure necessary for agricultural production, as well as the application of agricultural techniques and processing techniques to increase the long-term efficiency of the soil. Under these conditions, environment-friendly, healthy, economic and quality production conditions will be provided. Soil cultivation is also important for weed control, and this is usually one of the most important reasons for cultivating the soil. However, the introduction of herbicides has resulted in zero or minimum soil tillage techniques that eliminate the need to soil cultivation. Zero and minimum soil tillage techniques protect the soil from the direct impact of rain and wind by leaving crop remains on the surface. Surface residues prevent soil aggregates from being dispersed, transported by water or wind, the infiltration capacity of the soil is preserved, consequently there is no flow on the soil surface and erosion problem decreases. Generally, 56% water and 28% wind erosion are effective in soil degradation types. Among these reasons, agriculture has an important place with 28% (Figure 2) [15]. Figure 2. Types and causes of soil degradation [15]. Intensive and timeless machine operations cause compression on the soil surface, especially in deeper layers and deterioration of the soil structure. Soil compaction is a state of degradation of soil aggregates and reduced pores between aggregates. Reduction of pore density reduces soil aeration, water drainage and water penetration into the deep layers, causing surface flow in rainy conditions. Soil compaction also complicates germination of the seed, limits the growth of plant roots, affects the biodiversity of the soil and causes the surface soil crusting. Some of the issues to be taken into consideration for the protection of soil physical structure can be listed as follows [15];Reduce the number and frequency of vehicle traffic, avoid unnecessary operations. Select suitable machines for the soil properties and the work to be carried out, check the tire pressure to reduce the pressure on the surface and reduce it if necessary. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that sustainable agricultural techniques, such as conservation measures, are essential to prevent soil erosion and maintain soil health. It discusses how practices like soil cultivation, which is complemented by environmentally friendly methods, can protect the soil structure and reduce erosion, emphasizing the importance of managing soil properties for efficient and sustainable agricultural production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI applications are being researched for use in gaming, medicine, and mental health. [SEP] Text: [CrossRef] [Medline]Alvarez- On the : moderated online social therapy for long-term recovery in first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2013;143(1):143-149. [CrossRef] [Medline]Álvarez-Jiménez M. Moderated online social therapy: designing and evaluating technology for mental health. . Feb 1, 2014;21(1):1-26. [CrossRef]Baumel A. Online emotional support delivered by trained volunteers: users' satisfaction and their perception of the service compared to psychotherapy. J Ment Health. 2015;24(5):313-320. [CrossRef] [Medline]. #WhyWeTweetMH: understanding why people use twitter to discuss mental health problems. J Res. Dec 5, 2017;19(4):e107. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]M, De S. Discourse on Reddit: Self-Disclosure, Social Support, and Anonymity. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 2014. Presented at: AAAI'14; June 1–4, 2014:71-80; Michigan, USA. URL: The future of mental health care: peer-to-peer support and social media. Sci. Apr 2016;25(2):113-122. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. 'Facebook depression? ' social networking site use and depression in older adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2013;52(1):128-130. [CrossRef] [Medline]Veretilo P, Billick SB. Psychiatric illness and Facebook: a case report. Psychiatr Q. Sep 2012;83(3):385-389. [CrossRef] [Medline]-Duran NL. Facebook use and depressive symptomatology: investigating the role of neuroticism and extraversion in youth. Behav. Nov 1, 2014;40:1-5. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]van. There is an app for that! The current state of mobile applications (apps) for DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and mood disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34(6):526-539. [CrossRef] [Medline]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a variety of references related to mental health and technological interventions but does not specifically mention Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) or their applications in gaming, medicine, or mental health. Therefore, it is not relevant to the claim as it does not support, contrast, or address the topic of BCI applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: However, several plants, including crops, grow during summer under conditions with high UV-B without being sunburned, which can be appreciated in a green landscape on a hike in summer. But growth in bright sunlight is hazardous - simply consider a human exposed to sunlight during the entire day without clothes and sun cream protection! Thus, efficient UV-B protection mechanisms are of great importance to plants. Can plants specifically ‘see’ UV-B? Yes, plants can directly sense UV-B photons through a specific UV-B photoreceptor called 8 (UVR8) [1]. UVR8 is a seven-bladed β-propeller protein that exists as a homodimer held together by interactions between charged amino acids [1–3]. After UV-B absorption the UVR8 homodimer converts to monomers that initiate a signaling cascade, which ultimately leads to transcriptional regulation of target genes [1, 4, 5] (Fig. 1). The amount of UVR8 monomer is a measure for the prevailing UV-B levels, allowing appropriate responses. Importantly, UVR8 induces UV-B acclimation and UV-B tolerance [4–6]. Acclimation involves, for example, increased levels of DNA repair enzymes and accumulation of ‘sunscreen’ metabolites that absorb UV-B and thereby protect underlying tissues. Fig. 1The UVR8 photocycle. UV-B photon absorption by the UVR8 homodimer via a tryptophan-based mechanism results in UVR8 monomerization. The UVR8 monomer interacts directly with COP1 to initiate UV-B signaling, which results in changes in gene expression (including the induction of RUP1 and RUP2 expression) and ultimately regulates UV-B-induced photomorphogenesis and stress acclimation. Re-dimerization of UVR8 through the action of RUP1 and RUP2 disrupts the UVR8-COP1 interaction and regenerates the UVR8 homodimer again ready for UV-B perception. Image reprinted from [46]: thearabidopsisbook. org Society of Plant BiologistsFull size image How exactly does UVR8 act as a photoreceptor? UVR8 is unique among photoreceptors in that it does not employ a bound chromophore to absorb light of a particular spectral quality [2, 3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses how plants can sense UV-B light through a specific photoreceptor called UVR8, detailing the mechanisms by which plants respond to UV-B exposure. However, it does not address or provide any information related to the claim that plants can sense and respond to human emotions, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Variable rate applications can be done in optimum timing in fields varying in the field in terms of water requirement. 5. 1. 4 Pests and diseases managementManagement (IPM), as one of the effective methods used in modern agriculture, takes into account all plant protection methods available in the application. IPM implies the integration of appropriate measures that minimize the risks for human health and the environment by preventing the development of pest populations and by ensuring the use of plant protection products and other forms of intervention at economic and ecologically justified and reduced levels. A well-designed integrated pest management program (IPM) includes three main steps for maximum effectiveness and minimum environmental impact in pest, weed and disease control [16]:Find: Producers should first identify pests, diseases or weeds. Then, physical, chemical, biological and regulatory compliance options should be decided. Watch: Reproduction rates are noted after the identification of harmful species. The determination of the effects of the protection methods and the limit threshold where the plant protection products will be used should be determined. Select: When the density of harmful species reaches the threshold, many protection options are activated. With other protection methods, the use of pesticides that cause the least damage to the environment is the most effective protection method with harmful species. In addition, early harvesting or other physical protection methods can help minimize crop damage. When deciding on the protection method, the existence of useful species should be taken into consideration, and harmful species can be fought with the species which are the enemy of the pests without any application. IPM for the prevention or suppression of harmful organisms as well as chemical control; crop rotation, use of appropriate breeding techniques (planting dates and densities, protected cultivation, pruning and direct sowing), use of tolerant varieties and certified seed and planting materials, use of balanced fertilization, liming and irrigation/drainage applications and prevention of spread of harmful organisms by hygiene measures (regular cleaning of machinery and equipment), which can be considered as a number of methods are important for sustainable agriculture [16]. Energy-based innovative cultural techniques: leguminous rotations, use of organic wastes as well as farm based by-products, integrated pest management (IPM), pest and disease prediction, biological and cultural pest control, mulching and mechanical weed control, conservational tillage or no-till, mixed sowing and trap crops should be applied within the system [17]. 5. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing various sustainable agriculture practices, including crop rotation, as vital methods for maintaining soil health and preventing erosion. It states that practices like integrated pest management (IPM), balanced fertilization, and the use of leguminous rotations are important for sustainable agriculture, which directly supports the idea that methods such as crop rotation contribute to soil health management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs face significant ethical and privacy concerns regarding access to neural data. [SEP] Text: In fact, practical use-cases demonstrate that due to concerns about risk, most implementations end up with much higher budget than is necessary. Many mechanisms of differential privacy require noise to be added to the data in cases where the original data is highly skewed, resulting in reduced utility of the outputs, and in some cases rendering the whole exercise useless. In many specific fields of statistical analysis, users of micro-data are highly trained to use specific tools (and Python) and query procedures, which often do not support the complexity of differential-privacy-protected mechanisms. This presents a behavior-change challenge whereby analysts need to be convinced to abandon their familiar methods and tools (which they may have been using for decades) in favor of the interactive system where the privacy-protected data is available. Figure 1. Fake celebrity images created using generative modeling; none of these images are real people. Fortunately, deep generative models – a recent and novel approach in deep neural networks – provide an alternative for direct sharing of micro-data without privacy risk. With generative models, a deep neural network algorithm uses the existing micro-data to approximate, with high accuracy, the underlying probability distribution of the data in some high-dimensional latent space. Once the probability distribution is approximated, the trained model can be used to generate any number of synthetic records by randomly sampling from that distribution. Those generated records are related to the original data only through the shared underlying probability distribution, and thus does not include any information that can be linked back to the original (private) records. To further illustrate how synthetic data generation works, consider CelebA,1 a dataset with more than 200,000 synthetic celebrity face images, each with 40 automatically extracted attribute annotations. Using generative models, researchers have demonstrated the ability to learn the underlying distribution well enough to generate photorealistic celebrity faces as is shown in Figure 1 above. This same technique can be applied to many other types of data – music, text, videos as well as healthcare, financial or insurance data. In this 2. Generative models for synthetic dataGenerative models are a class of mathematical models that approximate a probability distribution of some dataset and can be used to generate samples of data according to the modeled (or approximated) distribution. Such generated data is often called “synthetic data,” “fake data,” or “realistic but not real. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing practical use cases that emphasize the need for privacy measures (like differential privacy) which complicate data utility. It outlines that implementations become costly due to privacy risks and that existing privacy-protected mechanisms can hinder analysts' work, suggesting that privacy concerns are a significant barrier to the effective use of neural data and not merely an ethical matter. Furthermore, it introduces generative models as solutions that mitigate privacy risks, indicating that while concerns exist, there are technological approaches to address them, contrasting the idea that BCIs are simply facing these ethical and privacy concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Instead UVR8 uses specific tryptophans in its primary sequence for UV-B photoreception [1–3, 7]. UVR8 has 14 tryptophans whose positions in the protein are highly conserved in evolution. Six of the tryptophans are in the β-propeller blades of the protein and appear to be important in maintaining blade structure; one tryptophan, of unknown function, is in the carboxy-terminal domain, and the remaining seven are arranged at the surface where two UVR8 monomers interact to form the dimer [7, 8] (Fig. 2a,b). Three of the tryptophans at the dimer interface (W233, W285 and W337; W = tryptophan in the amino acid single-letter code) are in very close proximity, and this ‘triad’ of tryptophans is close to W94 on the opposing monomer, forming a pyramidal arrangement. There are two such tryptophan ‘pyramids’ across the dimer (Fig. 2c). Fig. 2UVR8 structure and arrangement of its 14 tryptophans. a,b All UVR8 tryptophans in the monomer viewed from the side (except W400, which is in the carboxy-terminal domain that was not included in the solved structures, here shown for amino acids 14 to 380) (a) and from the dimeric interaction surface (b). Tryptophans in the protein core (blue) and at the interaction surface (red) are distinguished. Images modified from [8]. c Pyramidal arrangement of tryptophans across the UVR8 dimer interface. The triad tryptophans W233, W285 and W337 on one monomer of UVR8 are closely associated with W94 on the opposing monomer. Image modified from [7]Full size image Mutational studies, both in vitro with the purified protein [2, 3], and in vivo in yeast [1, 8] and plants [2, 8–10], implicate specific tryptophans at the dimer interface as being crucial for photoreception. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the biochemical properties and arrangement of tryptophans in the UVR8 protein related to UV-B photoreception in plants. There is no mention of human emotions or the ability of plants to sense them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: 5 Cover crop and rotationCovered plants provide important contributions to agricultural production at the point of protection of soil, temperature, humidity or light at the desired level, pest and weed control. The reduction of soil cultivation in sustainable agriculture has brought with it the weed problem. Many plants such as clover, vetch, trefoil, oats, rye, sorghum vary widely according to usage and production purpose. For example, cereals are preferred for weed control, and legumes cultivation is preferred for providing nitrogen to the crop plant. The most important point in the cultivation of cover plants is to know the balance between the cost and the benefits of the system. The system should both reduce the input cost and increase the product efficiency. Apart from its main purpose, cover crops have many other contributions to agriculture and production. The use of these plants allows increasing the amount of organic matter in the soil by protecting plant biomass and vegetative waste in the field. In this way, soil weathering improves, root growth of plants is encouraged and surface water flow decreases and aggregate formation increases. In addition, an increase in the population of living things such as microorganisms and worms, which contribute to the improvement of the nutritional cycle and soil structure, is achieved. On the other hand, it is possible to reduce soil tillage, increase soil organic matter, benefit from different depths of nutrients, protect soil moisture, increase soil water holding capacity and weed control. For this reason, cover crop and crop rotation in sustainable agriculture is one of the important applications to reduce production inputs and to make economic agriculture. Advertisement 6. ConclusionsThe management of agricultural areas by traditional methods, the evaluation and processing of soil characteristics using traditional habits alone are not sufficient for the past, present situation and future productivity of the soil. Therefore, an evaluation of the tillage systems where soil tillage is appropriate to the management objectives and the effects on soil functions can be determined precisely. In determining the soil tillage system, the most suitable tillage system should be selected by evaluating the soil structure and quality, not only for the purpose of loosening and aerating the soil and destroying weeds. In order to compare soil management and processing systems, different indicators can be used in soil quality assessments according to soil conditions. Today, the most important issue of researchers is the question of whether or not food can be produced enough to feed so many people in parallel with the rapidly increasing population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the positive contributions of cover crops and crop rotation in sustainable agriculture, such as enhancing soil health, increasing organic matter, and improving soil structure. It mentions that these practices lead to better root growth, improved moisture retention, and enhanced control of weeds, which align with the benefits of maintaining soil health and preventing erosion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs face significant ethical and privacy concerns regarding access to neural data. [SEP] Text: With real datasets (either de-identified or available through differential privacy mechanisms), an attacker knows for sure that each row in the datasets represents a real instance or person, only the privacy mechanisms attempt to conceal the privacy information in different ways. With synthetic datasets that is not the case, as the samples are randomly chosen from a probability distribution, and thus by definition do not reflect real people. In fact, as described at the beginning of this 7. Summary and conclusionIn this 1. . Issues encountered deploying differential privacy. In: WPES’18: Proceedings of the 2018 Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society; 2018. 137. DOI: 10. 1145/3267323. 32689492. Kingma D, Welling M. Auto-encoding variational bayes. In: ICLR; 2014. arXiv:1312. 61143. . Stochastic backpropagation and approximate inference in deep generative models. In: Proceedings of the 31st on (ICML); 2014. arXiv:1401. 4082v34. β-VAE: Learning basic visual concepts with a constrained variational framework. on Learning Representations. 2017;2(5):65. Van den. Representation Learning. In: NIPS; 2017. arXiv:1711. 00937v26. Goodfellow I, Pouget--Farley D, Ozair S, et al. Generative adversarial nets. In: Advances in Processing Systems. 2014. 2680. arXiv:1406. 2661v17. . SeqGAN: Sequence generative adversarial nets with policy gradient. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-on Artificial Intelligence, February 4-9, 2017. San Francisco, California: AAAI Press; 2017. 2858. arXiv:1609. 05473v68. . Generating multi-label discrete patient records using generative adversarial networks. In: for Healthcare Conference. PMLR; 2017. arXiv:1703. 06490v39. . Wasserstein GAN; 2017. arXiv:1701. 07875v310. Barth-Jones D. The “Re-identification” of governor William Weld’s medical information. In: A Critical Re-Examination of Then and Now. 2012. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how privacy mechanisms, such as differential privacy, attempt to conceal privacy information in datasets that represent real instances or people. This suggests that while there are methods to handle privacy, there is still a recognition that knowing that each row represents a real instance raises potential ethical and privacy concerns. The implication is that simply having mechanisms does not fully resolve the significant ethical and privacy issues tied to accessing neural data.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: In particular, mutation of either W285 or W233 to phenylalanine greatly impairs UVR8 function, indicating that these tryptophans have crucial, non-redundant roles in UVR8 photoreception. The function of the remaining tryptophans is poorly understood, although it has been suggested that tryptophans outside the pyramid absorb UV-B and transfer excitation to W233/W285 [11–13]. Furthermore, it is not clear how UV-B absorption by specific tryptophans actually leads to dissociation of the UVR8 dimer, which initiates signaling. Dimer integrity is maintained by electrostatic interactions between charged amino acids across the dimer interaction surface. Interactions between charged amino acids, notably R286 (R = arginine) with D96 and D107 (D = aspartic acid), and R338 with D44 and E43 (E = glutamic acid), are particularly important in maintaining the dimer, since mutations in these amino acids lead to weakening of the dimer or constitutive monomerization [2, 3]. The key charged amino acids are adjacent to the triad tryptophans, suggesting that UV-B excitation of tryptophans could result in proton-coupled electron transfer to specific charged amino acids, neutralizing interactions that maintain the dimer [2, 12, 14, 15]. In addition, there is evidence, from dynamic crystallography, that UV-B photoreception causes reorientation of W233 and W285, leading to ejection of an adjacent water molecule, which could weaken hydrogen bonds between monomers [13]. Associated conformational changes may further promote dimer dissociation. Thus, it has been established that UVR8 has a novel, tryptophan-based mechanism of UV-B photoreception, but further details of the processes involved remain to be elucidated. How does UVR8 initiate signal transduction and transcriptional regulation? UVR8 seems to be mainly active in the nucleus of plant cells. Despite being rather abundant in the cytoplasm as well, no cytoplasmic function of UVR8 has yet been reported. Indeed, UV-B activation results in the nuclear accumulation of UVR8 [16]. The UV-B-activated UVR8 monomer interacts with 1 (COP1) [5] (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the molecular mechanisms of UVR8 photoreception in plants, including tryptophan roles and dimerization, without any mention of plant responses to human emotions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: As a matter of fact, while focusing on this issue, it should not only be focused on the subject to feed of human, and should not be overlooked for the healthy and sustainable feeding. In particular, the non-cultivation agricultural system and protective agriculture in general are facing an ecologically and economically large potential for cultivated areas, whose productivity is decreasing day by day and becoming more open to erosion every day. On the other hand, the relationship between fertilizer, pesticide, tillage and crop rotation issues in sustainable systems and their effects on product yield and income should be well established. According to most of the researches, agricultural production programs will begin to decrease as a result of rapid soil deterioration with the applied agricultural production programs, carbon balance will deteriorate and it will be difficult to obtain a healthy, sufficient and qualitative product in the not too distant future. Therefore, it is now necessary to increase the agricultural production in a way to protect nature and it is inevitable that sustainable agricultural techniques will be applied to reduce soil erosion, salinization, pollution of water resources and other damages. When planning production growth in agriculture, we are faced with the need and the necessity to develop new methods that guarantee natural resources instead of intensive input techniques, which cause irreversible microorganism losses in agricultural areas. By applying the yield mapping system in agricultural production, it is necessary to determine the changes in the product characteristics in the land and thus the effective and economic planning of the amount of agricultural inputs to be used. In this direction, precision farming and variable rate applications are the most suitable methods to achieve maximum output by using the optimum and limited input. In contrast to traditional agricultural activities, this practice does not apply the amount of input to be applied to the field equal to each point, and applies variable rate according to the input maps created in line with the yield map. This application determines the need of appropriate input considering the specific conditions and the requirements of the land and weather conditions. Data maps are generated with the help of geospatial data, geographic information system (GIS) technologies and software which are acquired by various sensors on the harvesting machines. Drone and satellite technologies facilitate the creation of visuals that provide important information about land, soil and product structure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the necessity of sustainable agricultural techniques to reduce soil erosion and maintain soil health. It discusses how traditional agricultural practices have led to soil deterioration and emphasizes the importance of developing new methods, including sustainable practices, to protect natural resources and prevent erosion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-computer interfaces can already interpret specific thoughts and emotions in real time. [SEP] Text: A methodological framework for the real-time adaptation of classifiers for non-invasive brain-computer interfaces towards the control of home automation systems : (2022). A methodological framework for the real-time adaptation of classifiers for non-invasive brain-computer interfaces towards the control of home automation systems. Thesis (Doctoral), E. T. S. I. Telecomunicación (UPM). Description Title: A methodological framework for the real-time adaptation of classifiers for non-invasive brain-computer interfaces towards the control of home automation systems Author/s: Simeoni, Ezequiel Contributor/s: Arredondo Waldmeyer, María Teresa Item Type: Thesis (Doctoral) Read date: 22 June 2022 Subjects: Telecommunications Faculty: E. T. S. I. Telecomunicación (UPM) Department: Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería Licenses: Recognition - No derivative works - Non commercial Full text PDF - Requires a PDF viewer, such as GSview, Xpdf or (15MB) Abstract Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) have increasingly been brought to the research community’s attention for at least the past 20 years and considerable progress has been made in most of its research areas. According to the (WIPO) in the most recent report on assistive technologies trends, BCIs are considered as one of the key enabling technologies for the emerging assistive products. The quality of life of people suffering from a disability can improve if an assistive device such as a BCI can aid communication, house-environment management and mobility. Nonetheless, this technology is not yet ready to be used for out-of-the-laboratory applications, mostly due to its lack of usability and their classifiers’ frailty. Specifically, for the EEG-BCIs, signal stability in time and user-to-user signal variability are the main restrictions for their implementation into real scenarios. Moreover, BCIs’ usability, acceptance and universal design are the current researchers’ concerns, acknowledging BCI technology is in its infancy. Among the current barriers that prevent BCIs to be more usable, the most relevant are: 1) The difficulty to re-use the classifiers, implying the need to iteratively calibrate the system to maintain performance, consuming time and energy from users. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have garnered significant attention and progress in research, they are not yet ready for out-of-the-laboratory applications. It highlights limitations regarding usability and classifier reliability, mentioning that current BCIs are frail and face issues such as signal stability and user-to-user variability. These points suggest that BCIs cannot reliably interpret specific thoughts and emotions in real time as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: 1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase [17]. COP1’s function as a central repressor of photomorphogenesis requires accessory proteins of the SPA family and is associated with its substrate receptor function of CUL4-DDB1-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes [17, 18]. COP1 thereby targets several positive regulators of light responses for proteasomal degradation, particularly in darkness [17]. In light this activity is reduced through the activity of photoreceptors sensing visible light. Thus, in addition to UVR8, the red/far-red and blue light photoreceptors (phytochromes and cryptochromes, respectively) impinge on the activity of COP1 [17]; but how COP1 integrates these different inputs remains unknown. Independent of this, phytochromes and cryptochromes interact light-dependently with the SPA proteins, which consequently inactivates COP1 [19, 20]. It is interesting to note that UVR8 is the only photoreceptor to show a light-dependent interaction directly with COP1, independent of COP1 accessory SPA proteins [1, 21]. Similarly, the COP1 activity for early UV-B responses is independent of the SPA proteins [22]. Thus, even though phytochromes, cryptochromes and UVR8 all regulate COP1 function, the underlying mechanisms are apparently different. There is evidence that two separate domains of UVR8 mediate the interaction with COP1: the β-propeller core and the carboxy-terminal C27 domain. Monomerization of the UVR8 core domain is responsible for the UV-B-dependent interaction with COP1, which regulates COP1 activity through the C27 domain [23, 24]. Interaction of UVR8 with COP1 was found to dissociate the COP1-SPA core complex from CUL4-DDB1, forming a unique complex with UVR8 [18]. Interaction of UVR8 with COP1 stabilizes the 5 (HY5) transcription factor [5, 18], enhances the association of HY5 with target promoters, including its own [25], and activates transcription of many UVR8-regulated genes [4, 22, 26, 27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the biochemical mechanisms of COP1 and its interactions with photoreceptors and does not mention any relationship between plants and human emotions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -nutrient estimator: distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants based on plant growth View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871 Published 2024-02-23 Accepted 2024-01-22 Received 2023-09-29 -Time and hydroponic, Nutrient estimator, Mask R-sensors, Micro nutrients, Macro nutrients, Region proposal network Copyright © 2024 Sangeetha and This is an open access 2024. Automatic nutrient estimator: distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants based on plant growth. PeerJ 10:e1871 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 97. 5% accuracy for the first 5 weeks with 1,715 ppm of nutrition ingestion, identifying the vegetative state. The flowering stage is identified with 97. 5% accuracy in the 6–9th week with 2,380 ppm of nutrition consumption, and the fruiting location is determined with 99. 4% accuracy in the last 10–15th week with 2,730 ppm of nutrition consumption. world’s population is projected to increase from 6. 8 billion today to 9. 1 billion by 2050. This growth will necessitate a 25% increase in food production compared to the current levels (FAO, 2022a). According to research conducted by the FAO, meeting this demand and simultaneously addressing issues such as hunger, poverty, efficient management of finite natural resources, and adaptation to climate change will pose significant challenges for global agriculture in the upcoming decades. (FAO) (FAO, 2022b) projects that in India, more than 189 million people may receive less food in terms of quantity and quality for healthy growth by 2020. In India, the population is increasing rapidly, but at the same time, the percentage of agricultural land is decreasing. At the same time, inadequate water resources, fewer rainfalls, increased expenses, and sudden disasters decreased farmers’ interest in farming. As a result, many of them have transitioned into the real estate sector to seek higher profits within a shorter timeframe (Shirsekar et al. , 2021). Hydroponics is a branch of hydroculture that is the most suitable explanation for these difficulties. Hydroponics farming (Tagle et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing hydroponics as a branch of hydroculture, which confirms that crops can be grown using nutrient solutions instead of soil. It suggests that hydroponics is a suitable solution for agricultural challenges, implicitly supporting the idea that it relies on nutrient-rich water.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-computer interfaces can already interpret specific thoughts and emotions in real time. [SEP] Text: This is because EEG signal changes due to several factors, namely electrode movements (artifacts or signal drift), the subject’s mental state, skin conductivity changes, etc. Machine-learning classifiers are affected by these changes in signals and their performance decreases substantially. 2) BCIs’ low transferability between users, because of subject-oriented development strategies that prevent BCIs’ evolution and application in other use-cases. 3) The non-triviality of interfacing with the target entities (i. e. , a device to control), due to the high degree of technology fragmentation that ithe ndustry has created. Given these challenges, the objective of this work is to provide a methodological framework that contributes EEG-BCIs to overcome the mentioned barriers towards their home use, further expanding their consolidated application as an alternative communication tool. This will be achieved by addressing, on one end, the BCI classifiers’ real-time adaptation to inter-session and inter-subject variability, enabling BCIs’ repurpose. On the other end, through the creation of an interface with home automation systems that enables a secure access and interoperability among devices, simplifying the interaction between BCIs and automated homes. In particular, the Plan4Act project’s transfer learning method, which endows invasive brain readings’ classifiers with the power of inter-session effects’ mitigation, is extended to the EEG-BCIs domain. This method, named GED-based (GEDMR), enables EEG machine learning classifiers to mitigate the inter-session signal variability and inter-subject effects, enabling the possibility to re-use them. Furthermore, the Gateway (SHG) is created to provide a secure and scalable interface that enables devices’ interoperability, based on the Web of Things standard, reference ontologies (for home appliances and IoT devices) and standard communication protocols. GEDMR’s performance was evaluated using open-access EEG datasets from diverse sources and groups of patients; while SHG’s was evaluated and validated in Plan4act project’s mid-term and final demonstration, which consisted of a BCI actuating on the Living Lab’s devices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various challenges faced by brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) in interpreting thoughts and emotions. It highlights issues such as EEG signal variability caused by different factors, the low transferability of BCIs between users, and the non-triviality of interfacing with devices. The mention of the need for a methodological framework to overcome these barriers suggests that BCIs are not currently capable of reliably interpreting specific thoughts and emotions in real-time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Many of these target genes are associated with UV-B protection and UV-B-damage repair [4–6, 26]. How is UVR8 inactivated? Signaling pathways usually include negative feedback regulation to balance their output. In the case of UVR8 signaling, an exaggerated response would result in impaired growth and dwarfism (as illustrated, for example, by experimental UVR8 overexpression) [5]. Moreover, in general, receptors need to be inactivated and revert to their ground state in the absence of a stimulus. Indeed, UVR8 monomers can revert to homodimers in vivo in the absence of UV-B to regenerate the active photoreceptor [28, 29]. This involves the action of the -(RUP) 1 and 2 proteins that act as negative regulators of UV-B signaling by promoting the reversion of UVR8 to the homodimeric conformation [28, 30] (Fig. 1). This UVR8 re-dimerization activity requires direct interaction of RUP1 and RUP2 with the UVR8 C27 domain [23, 24, 29]. However, in contrast to COP1, RUP1 and RUP2 are also able to interact with C27 in the homodimeric form of UVR8 [23, 24, 30]. Interestingly, RUP1 and RUP2 gene expression is induced by UV-B through UVR8 signaling, providing a negative feedback loop to balance the UV-B response [30]. Can UVR8 be found in all plants? And beyond? Possible UVR8 orthologs can be identified in all plants where sequence information is available, including in single-celled green algae [1]. UVR8 signaling thus appears to be an evolutionarily ancient mechanism, consistent with a role in UV-protection of photosynthetic organisms [1]. UVR8 may indeed have been important early in the evolution of photosynthetic organisms to cope with the even higher doses of UV-B at that time and may have thus also helped the transition to terrestrial life, concomitant with the generation of the stratospheric ozone layer [31]. At present, there is, however, no evidence for the presence of a UVR8-type UV-B receptor outside of the plant kingdom. What is the link between UV-B acclimation and UV-B stress responses? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding plants sensing and responding to human emotions. Instead, it focuses on UV-B signaling pathways and their regulatory mechanisms in plants. There is no mention of emotional responses or interactions with humans, making the text irrelevant to the claim.