Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 우리 기관에 요청하기 공지사항바로가기 추가했던 서지는 체험 종료 이후에도 쭉 이용가능 Citeasy DBpia에서 국내 연구자를 위한 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)를 오픈했어요. 워드는 물론, 한글까지 인용 정보를 관리할 수 있어요. 내가 인용한 논문을 저장해놨다가 참고문헌으로 쓴다고요? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses a specific organizational announcement regarding a citation management program (Citeasy). It does not address the role of language in identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many companies are exploring drone technology to reduce delivery times and improve logistics efficiency. [SEP] Text: They have successfully transported microbiological samples, blood products, vaccines, medications, medical equipment and relief materials to rural and remote areas affected by crises14,20. Drones also play a crucial role in assessing damage, mapping affected regions and facilitating rescue operations. They can generate geo-referenced or 3D maps that are faster and more detailed than conventional satellite imagery. This mapping helps establish early warning protocols, reduce risks, assess damage, improve logistics, conduct rescue operations and monitor situations19. In the aftermath of disasters such as the earthquake, cholera epidemic and in Haiti, drones were employed to register lands, assess destroyed houses, conduct censuses of public buildings, shelters, hospitals and schools, evaluate flood and drought damage and monitor internally displaced persons and camps. This information enabled aid workers to determine when shelters were empty and camps could be closed19. One notable innovation, NASA’s for Disaster and (), is equipped with ultra-sensitive sensors that can detect the heart rates and breathing patterns of individuals trapped under rubble, greatly aiding rescue operations21. Improving accessibility to remote healthcare Various factors influence access to healthcare, broadly categorised into geographical and nongeographical factors22. Geographical factors consider the time and distance between health service providers and consumers, while nongeographical factors include social class, income, age, sex, health-seeking behaviour, cultural traits and knowledge of health and healthcare. In Africa, access to healthcare services is already challenged by insufficient numbers and an imbalanced skill mix of health workers. These issues are further exacerbated by geographical barriers that hinder people from reaching the necessary care promptly23. The WHO recommends that everyone live within a 5 km radius or a maximum travelling time of 60 min to a health facility, using travel time as a measure of geographical accessibility24. However, this milestone is only achieved in some areas of Africa, and even where it is, other factors like the range of services provided at those facilities come into play. Often, primary healthcare facilities, which are more common in the region, offer only basic preventive and curative services and must be operational 24/7 or equipped with the necessary medical equipment. This leads to referrals to secondary and tertiary healthcare centres, usually farther from rural centres, creating barriers to accessing essential healthcare services23. To address these challenges, drone-enabled telemedicine services have emerged as a promising solution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how drones have successfully transported essential goods like microbiological samples, vaccines, and medical equipment to remote and crisis-affected areas, thereby improving logistics. It emphasizes the role of drones in assessing damage and enhancing operational efficiency in delivering aid, all of which aligns with the idea that companies are exploring drone technology to enhance logistics efficiency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All sleep monitors are fully accurate and provide reliable medical recommendations. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 71. 4 % (median; interquartile range 66. 7 % - 85. 7 %) of clinical prevention and population health knowledge questions; men scored higher than women (median 83. 3 % vs. 66. 7 %, p<0. 02). Students showed high willingness to provide information and strategies for harm reduction apart from risk elimination, while respecting patient autonomy. Willingness to recommend elimination of high-risk behaviors “always or nearly always” was high for smoking (78. 5 %), alcohol consumption in a patient with indications of alcoholism (64. 5 %), and diet and exercise in a sedentary and overweight individual (87. 1 %), and low for the 16-year-old considering initiating sexual intercourse (28. 0 %; Friedman test, p<0. 001). Willingness was not associated with the respondent’s background knowledge of population health principles or gender. ConclusionStudents showed high willingness to educate and respect patient autonomy. There was high willingness to recommend elimination of risk behaviors for smoking, alcohol, and poor diet/exercise, but not for sexual intercourse in an adolescent considering sexual debut. Further research should address promoting appropriate science-based preventive health messages, and curriculum should include explicit discussion of content of recommendations. reports BackgroundBehavioral and lifestyle factors exert important influence on health, and in the US approximately half of deaths are linked to preventable behavioral and social risk factors, with smoking and poor diet and exercise as leading causes [1]. Physicians have historically been trusted sources of information and recommendations regarding associated health risks and their mitigation. Ideally, preventive health recommendations should be clear, science-based, and artfully proffered so as to respect individual autonomy. to Services [2] and the U. S. Task Force’s Guide to Services [3] are useful resources for evidence-based prevention measures on various health topics. Both include an assessment of the underlying science for each prevention measure, ranging from “insufficient evidence” to “recommended. ” Professional and community organizations, such as the Society, of Pediatrics, Alcoholics Anonymous, and others also provide educational materials and preventive health recommendations, although these are not always evidence-based. In the clinical setting, physicians have the opportunity to provide prevention messages directly to patients, yet many clinical encounters do not include prevention counseling [4, 5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the accuracy and reliability of various health recommendations provided by physicians and organizations, suggesting that not all recommendations, including those about preventive health, are based on sufficient evidence. It indicates that some educational materials and preventive health recommendations are not always evidence-based, which implies that similar issues may exist with sleep monitors and their accuracy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 '참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지? DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 Citeasy 이용하기 Citeasy 출시 기념 한시적 무료! Citeasy로 내보내기 서지가 내보내기 되었어요Citeasy에서 목록을 확인해보세요 Endnote Excel 복사인용 APA 7th 양식 변경 12 ### 논문을 읽고 계시네요! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a reference management program called Citeasy and its features for generating bibliographies in scholarly writing. It does not address language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many companies are exploring drone technology to reduce delivery times and improve logistics efficiency. [SEP] Text: and Automation > Vol. 15 No. 1, February 2024 Intelligent Decision-Making in Warehouse Management: and Compared to () Department of. DOI: 10. 4236/ica. 2024. 151001 243 Downloads 1,014 Views 8. doi: 10. 4236/ica. 2024. 151001. 1. are crucial in modern supply chains as centers for warehousing goods and handling the complexities of order fulfillment and delivery. But as e-commerce has developed, so too have the needs for faster delivery, the complexities of handling returns, and the growth of SKUs, making warehouse operations more difficult. The intricacy of this situation presents difficulties for basic operations like order fulfillment, inventory management, and logistics planning [1]. As a result, warehouse managers are forced to improve decision-making procedures to increase output, reduce expenses, and uphold excellent service standards. Even while cutting-edge technology like drones has great potential, it is essential to recognize that they have limitations when helping with crucial warehouse activities that need sophisticated decision-making. By combining data analytics, machine learning, and automated systems, AI automation, on the other hand, becomes a holistic solution for optimizing complex warehouse procedures [1]. This 2. A successful supply chain must include precise inventory tracking, effective order fulfillment, and optimized logistics. Conventional manual procedures feature drawbacks such as labor-intensiveness, proneness to errors, and restricted visibility [2]. This study of the literature investigates how supply chain operations might be optimized and how these issues are addressed by AI automation, which includes technology such as sensor-enabled shelves, robotic process automation (RPA), machine learning algorithms, and drones. 2. 1. Sustaining a balanced supply chain and satisfying customer needs depend heavily on accurate inventory tracking. Traditional manual methods are insufficient since they are labor-intensive and prone to mistakes. On the other hand, AI automation—like RPA and sensor-enabled shelves—has become revolutionary [3]. By enabling real-time changes of inventory information, these solutions help businesses avoid overstocking and stock-outs. Although drones can potentially augment human stocktakes, they are not equipped to track in real-time. AI technology’s increased inventory transparency makes it possible to make wise judgments about stock placement and reordering, which improves planning and cuts down on waste [2]. Thus, integrating AI into inventory tracking is crucial for improving supply chain effectiveness. 2. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increasing complexity of warehouse operations in the context of e-commerce growth and highlighting the potential roles of cutting-edge technologies, including drones, in supply chain management. It mentions that 'drones can potentially augment human stocktakes,' which aligns with the idea of companies exploring drone technology to improve logistics efficiency. Additionally, the text discusses the integration of AI automation and advanced technologies to optimize supply chain processes, further supporting the notion that businesses are actively searching for innovative solutions such as drones.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All sleep monitors are fully accurate and provide reliable medical recommendations. [SEP] Text: Only 28 % of students were willing “always or nearly always” to recommend sexual abstinence to the 16-year-old patient, and 15. 1 % indicated they would “never” recommend sexual abstinence in this situation. In contrast, no student indicated he or she would “never” recommend risk factor elimination in the case of smoking and the sedentary, overweight individual, and 2. 1 % of students indicated they would “never” recommend risk factor elimination in the patient with signs of alcoholism. Willingness to recommend risk factor elimination was similar for smoking, alcohol, and diet and exercise, and statistically significantly lower for adolescent sexual activity including intercourse (Friedman’s rank test; p < 0. 001). Clinical prevention and population health knowledge score and respondent sex were not correlated with willingness to provide information on risks associated with the health behavior, to recommend risk factor elimination as the most efficacious means for reducing risk, to discuss alternative strategies for reducing risk apart from eliminating the risk factor, or to assure patients they would continue as their physician whether or not recommendations were accepted. DiscussionHarms associated with the vignette topics illustrated here are well known, and our findings suggest that this common knowledge is reflected in the willingness of entering medical students to educate regarding these behavioral risk factors. Students also showed high levels of respect for patient autonomy, as indicated by willingness to assure patients of continued care whether or not the patient accepted the proffered health recommendations. With respect to recommending risk factor elimination, students were most willing to recommend elimination of diet and exercise risk factors in an overweight and sedentary individual, followed by smoking and continued alcohol use in a patient with indications of alcoholism. The most marked (and statistically significant) finding relates to the adolescent contemplating initiation of sexual intercourse: only 28 % of students were willing “always or nearly always” to recommend avoidance of sexual intercourse, and 15. 1 % indicated they would “never” recommend abstinence in this context. Neither respondent gender nor population health knowledge score affected willingness to educate, offer preventive advice, or respect patient autonomy. Health professionals have historically relied on scientific information to craft educational messages and make recommendations. There are many examples in addition to those illustrated in this study: rather than simply providing facts about seat belts, speeding, fire safety, and other health topics involving behavioral health risk factors, health professionals have taken the additional step of making clear recommendations based on the underlying science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the willingness of medical students to recommend health interventions based on underlying science but does not support the idea that all sleep monitors are accurate or reliable. It implies variability in health recommendations and suggests that reliance on scientific information is crucial for making those recommendations. This indicates that monitoring and recommendations can vary in reliability, contradicting the claim that all sleep monitors provide fully accurate and reliable medical advice.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 이 저널의 양식으로 변경하시겠어요? 인용언어설정 일부 서지항목은 국/영문 정보가 없을 수 있으므로 확인 후 사용하세요. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses settings related to a journal format and citation languages without addressing the topic of language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drone delivery systems use GPS and AI to navigate and avoid obstacles during their flight. [SEP] Text: Such systems will be seen tomorrow providing next generation ad-hoc wireless networks[17], carrying out infrastructure inspections, for disaster mitigation[3] or to monitor ground traffic. The need of this technology is also evident from the current market of such systems. Elistair[18], Fotokite[19], and Hoverfly[20] are a few of the leading companies in the area of tethered drones. As compared to traditional drones, tethered drones offer various perks such as unlimited flight time (continuous power via tether), faster and secure data transmission, safer operation, better aerial surveillance, and no fear of communication loss. Active manipulation of tethered drones, where tension in tether controls the drone actuation so the drone can be maneuvered using the tether, forms the need of the hour. This is because, to the best of our knowledge, existing tethered drone solutions are not designed to move/coordinate with a moving ground station or rover which forms a technological gap this paper attempts to address. Moreover, active manipulation of drones alleviates the need of knowledge of drone piloting skills[11,21]. Such actively manipulated tethered drones can be attached to a moving emergency vehicle, robot, or even a ship. When the ground entity (car, robot, etc. ) moves, the drone is required to coordinate with the motion of the ground entity. Given the benefits offered by such systems, these drones can be leashed with ground rovers in space too for interplanetary exploration where there are no obstacles such as trees, buildings and electric wires. Such systems are especially suited for space applications due to unlimited flight time and safer operation during an emergency or technical malfunction. Active manipulation of the tethered drone can be achieved via either position control (using sensors such as GPS or cameras to estimate the relative position of the ground robot with respect to the drone) or force control (based on the tether tension). The paper focuses on a force-based control method that enables the use of such systems in GPS denied environments such as mines, space and remote construction sites. In this approach, the tethered drone is not required to know its position or the position of the ground robot. A force sensor can be attached to the drone or the ground vehicle to implement the controller. This research is inspired by force-based control or passive control used for applications such as multi-drone cooperative transport (CT) and human-drone interaction (HDI) tasks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that active manipulation of tethered drones can be achieved via position control using sensors such as GPS or cameras. This indicates that GPS technology is integral to the navigation capabilities of such drone systems, aligning with the claim about the use of GPS in drone delivery systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All sleep monitors are fully accurate and provide reliable medical recommendations. [SEP] Text: 35 However, the success of high-frequency stimulation is greatest for mapping of the primary motor cortex and has been found to be less sensitive than bipolar mapping for identifying motor responses in the premotor frontal cortex and supplementary motor areas. 15 This may be due to the higher density of pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex compared to the supplementary motor areas. Importantly, high-frequency stimulation is able to achieve successful mapping with low rates of intraoperative seizure, ranging between 0% and 3%. 24,37Our case series examined the advantages of high-frequency TOF stimulation delivered using a bipolar electrode, compared with the more traditional low-frequency stimulation. Using this technique, we achieved a significantly higher rate of positive stimulation sites and a low rate of intraoperative seizures. Of the 5 transient neurological deficits that occurred, 2 were in patients who had positive stimulation when using both TOF and low-frequency techniques, and 3 were in patients who had only positive TOF stimulation mapping. Patients who had positive sites with both high- and low-frequency techniques had concordant localization of the motor cortex. All of the motor sites identified by only positive TOF motor localization were in agreement with phase reversal and gross anatomical localization. Since no deficit was permanent or severe and all improved, these were not considered related to inaccurate motor mapping, but rather were deficits secondary to postoperative edema or injury to supplementary motor areas. 26 In previous studies, monopolar stimulation, with either high- or low-frequency stimulation, had been demonstrated to achieve higher rates of eliciting an MEP while at lower thresholds than bipolar stimulation. 35 However, monopolar stimulation has a radiant spread that can decrease spatial accuracy, given the typically distant placement of the reference electrode. By using a bipolar wand, where one of the electrodes serves as the reference, our results indicate that high-frequency TOF stimulation can provide spatially accurate motor mapping with extremely low rates of seizures and acceptable postoperative morbidity. It is difficult to confirm whether our higher rate of positive stimulation with the TOF technique was due to a true increase in sensitivity or was actually a false positive. However, given the appropriate correlation of our positive bipolar TOF mapping sites with modalities, such as phase reversal and anatomical landmarks, we favor these sites to be true positives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the sensitivity and specificity of different stimulation techniques in mapping motor responses, highlighting that accuracy in medical mapping (and by extension, monitoring) is complex and can vary with techniques. It indicates that while some methods can achieve success in specific contexts, they do not guarantee full accuracy or reliability in medical recommendations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 참고문헌 내주 각주/미주 인용정보가 복사되었어요인용할 위치에서 붙여넣기 하세요 한 문장에 2개 이상의 연구 인용 도움말 (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) 한 문장에 1개의 연구 인용 도움말 (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018) 사용 가능한 기관 소속입니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it appears to be a series of citation instructions and provides no content that supports, contradicts, or relates to the notion that language functions as a marker of identity and cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drone delivery systems use GPS and AI to navigate and avoid obstacles during their flight. [SEP] Text: DAA systems can be decomposed into three functions, namely, (i) “Detect” – situational awareness; (ii) “Alert” – determination and announcement of traffic that may be in conflict, evaluation of the de-conflicting flight path; and (iii) “Avoid” – de-confliction maneuver execution, and determination of “clear of conflict”. The “Detect” function of a DAA system depends on sensor characteristics, e. g. , signal-to-noise ratio of the target vs. background, false alarm rate, and processing/thresholding methods chosen, etc. The “Alert” function is determined by a conflict prediction algorithm and human factors requirements. The “Avoid” function depends on the RPAS performance, airspace specifics, and size of the protection volume (e. g. , the remain well clear (RWC) and collision avoidance (CA) sub-functions as per DO-365 (RTCA 2017)). In 2016 Canada published “for ” (USC 2016) based on recommendations established by the Canadian UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) Working Group. The working group recommended a performance-based warning requirement for the DAA system as eq. (1). The DAA system must compute a CA maneuvering time, Tman, which is the minimum time by which a maximum-effort maneuver would be able to achieve the desired miss distance (e. g. , 500 ft. horizontal, 100 ft. vertical) for a given set of RPA (remotely piloted aircraft) performance characteristics, and the relative velocity between RPA and intruder. (1)where Rmin is the minimum range at which a CA maneuver can be performed and still guarantee the minimum miss distance, and can be derived from Tman if the closing velocity between the RPAS and intruder Vclose is known. A DAA sensor must demonstrate detection range performance greater than Rmin to successfully track the intruder over several observations and establish a high-confidence threat status. In 2019 (TC) proposed a “modified” from the for Rulemaking on (2019), approach to enable approval of BVLOS operations (TC 2019). This approach defines a as the ability of the complete, “end-to-end” DAA system to mitigate potential collisions with conflicting traffic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the functions of DAA (Detect-and-Avoid) systems relevant to drone operations. It describes how the 'Detect' function is crucial for situational awareness, which is a key component for navigation, and outlines the 'Avoid' function that includes de-confliction maneuvers to avoid potential collisions, indirectly supporting the use of advanced technologies like GPS and AI as essential elements in navigating and avoiding obstacles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All sleep monitors are fully accurate and provide reliable medical recommendations. [SEP] Text: In addition, although the total number of concordant cases was low for TOF and low-frequency mapping, in those cases there was strong concordance of the positive sites between traditional low-frequency bipolar stimulation and our technique. This suggests that high-frequency TOF stimulation does indicate positive cortical motor sites. Ultimately, this preliminary report points to an additional reliable technique to identify motor cortex. Our series is limited by the lack of comparison with a monopolar TOF stimulation, potential unconscious bias, lack of blinding, and the small sample size limiting the power of the study. Ideally, our study would have also elucidated the reliability of monopolar TOF mapping of the motor cortex. A future prospective study may further clarify its role. However, some caution may be advisable in a study looking at multiple electrical stimulation techniques given the increased operative time and the increased theoretical risk of seizures. Our higher seizure rate in the low-frequency group may be confounded by the fact that TOF stimulation was performed prior to low-frequency stimulation. This prior stimulation could theoretically prime the tissue for seizure. However, given that the seizure rate for low-frequency stimulation is consistent with the prior literature, we do not believe this to be the case. In addition, we rarely exceeded 12 mA of stimulation when using the low-frequency technique out of concern of eliciting seizures at higher amplitudes. We felt this was reasonable given the consistent concordance between our phase reversal and TOF mapping results. That said, it is likely that higher-stimulation amplitudes using the low-frequency technique would have elicited MEPs. Given that direct cortical stimulation is considered the gold standard in functional mapping, the variable responses between the different techniques suggest an interesting issue in calculating sensitivity or specificity of the cortical stimulation methods. How we discern and define true positives and true negatives requires further consideration and discussion among those in the neurosurgical community. That said, our pilot study does not conclude that high-frequency bipolar TOF stimulation provides superior motor cortex identification. Rather, we believe it is an additional reliable tool for motor mapping, which can be challenging in patients with brain tumors and associated edema. It is important to note that there did not appear to be variability in the identification of the motor cortex when both techniques produced positive results. As such, our technique provides an additional reliable modality that reinforces the crucial role of intraoperative mapping for the determination of safe operative corridors and complete tumor resections. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nuances and limitations of medical techniques in mapping the motor cortex. It highlights that while a certain technique ('high-frequency bipolar TOF stimulation') can be considered an additional reliable tool, it does not conclude that these techniques, similar to the claim about sleep monitors, are fully accurate or infallibly reliable. Specifically, it notes limitations such as potential unconscious bias and the need for further studies, indicating that the reliability of the methods is not absolute and cannot be deemed fully accurate for medical recommendations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 인용양식 244개 무제한 사용 한글/워드 자동 인용 프로그램 지금 신청 시 기관 이용 종료 시까지 무제한 무료 사용 가능 네 이용할래요 DBpia 정기구독 이용자는 싸이티지를 사용할 수 있습니다 인용양식 244개 무제한 사용 한글/워드 자동 인용 프로그램 출시기념 2025년까지 무료 이용 가능 네 이용할래요 소속기관이 없거나, 정기구독권이 없는 회원이시네요 인용양식 244개 무제한 사용 한글/워드 자동 인용 프로그램 소속기관/학교인증 바로� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an automatic citation program in Korean and does not address the role of language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification is caused by the increased absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: | for (NCEI) High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring CCE1_122W_33N in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0144245) Preview graphic This dataset includes surface chemical, meteorological, physical time series data collected from Mooring CCE1_122W_33N in the Ocean from 2008-11-11 to 2023-07-26. These data include air-sea difference - partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), barometric pressure, oxygen, pCO2 - atmosphere, pCO2 - water, sea surface salinity, sea surface temperature, pH on the total scale, total chlorophyll, nephelometric turbidity and salinity-compensated dissolved oxygen. The instruments used to collect these data include Bubble type equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement, Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Humidity Sensor, oxygen meter and thermosalinographs. CO2 Time-series and involves international groups from 18 countries who have mounted sensors on moored buoys to provide high resolution time-series measurements of atmospheric boundary layer and surface ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). The CO2 Time-series and is coordinated by (IOCCP). Cite as: Sutton, Adrienne J. ; Sabine, Christopher L. ; Send, Uwe; Ohman, Mark; Dietrich, Colin; Maenner Jones, Stacy; Musielewicz, Sylvia; Bott, Randy; Osborne, John (2016). High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring CCE1_122W_33N in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0144245). [indicate subset used]. for Environmental Information. Dataset. Accessed [date]. 10. 3334/cdiac/otg. tsm_cce1_122w_33n gov. noaa. nodc:0144245 0144245 ISO 19115-2 Metadata gov. noaa. nodc:0144245 · XML & (download)Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. FTP (download)These data are available through the Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data from high-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements, highlighting the relevance of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in both the atmosphere and the water. It details measurements of pCO2 in the atmosphere and water, which directly relates to the process by which ocean acidification occurs due to increased atmospheric CO2 absorption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All sleep monitors are fully accurate and provide reliable medical recommendations. [SEP] Text: JNS14208726495941)| falseSearch 7010. 1126/science. 121. 3144. 468)| falseSearch 8310. 3171/jns. 1989. 71. 3. 0316)| falseSearch 1410. 3171/2013. 12. JNS1318424484232)| falseSearch 3710. 1093/brain/60. 4. 389)| falseSearch 0910. 1227/01. NEU. 0000336331. 88559. CF)| falseSearch 1310. 3171/2014. 1. JNS13909)| falseSearch 1610. 3171/2015. 4. JNS1433326406788)| falseSearch 0210. 1136/jnnp. 72. 2. 22111796773)| falseSearch 9110. 3171/jns. 1991. 75. 1. 00622045920)| falseSearch 0810. 1056/NEJMoa06781918172171)| falseSearch 0110. 3171/2011. 2. JNS10998)| falseSearch 9810. 3171/jns. 1998. 88. 2. 0349)| falseSearch 9710. 1016/S0090-3019(96)00340-0)| falseSearch 1610. 3171/2015. 5. JNS14283326544767)| falseSearch 0810. 1227/01. neu. 0000317304. 31579. 1718425006)| falseSearch 7610. 1097/01. wnp. 0000237073. 70314. f7)| falseSearch 1110. 1016/j. clinph. 2010. 12. 05521330203)| falseSearch 9310. 1227/00006123-199302000-000118437660)| falseSearch 1310. 1159/00035002024108152)| falseSearch 1110. 17925/USN. 2011. 07. 01. 64)| falseSearch 9910. 3171/jns. 1999. 91. 6. 092210584836)| falseSearch 1210. 1227/NEU. 0b013e318271bc6122986591)| falseSearch 4. xml The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing numerous sources linked to false searches, suggesting that there are inaccuracies or issues within these studies. This implies that not all sleep monitors can be deemed fully accurate or reliable in medical recommendations, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��기 싸이티지 미구독기관 회원이시네요. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim regarding language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It appears to be a non-informational or unrelated string of characters in Korean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification is caused by the increased absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: | for (NCEI) High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring BTM_64W_32N in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0100065) Preview graphic This dataset includes chemical, physical and time series data collected from Mooring BTM_64W_32N in the Ocean from 2005-10-22 to 2007-10-01. These data include air-sea difference - partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), barometric pressure, oxygen, pCO2 - atmosphere, pCO2 - water, salinity and sea surface temperature. Autonomous pCO2 [MAPCO2 (trademark of NOAA)] instruments used to collect these data include Bubble type equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement, Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Humidity Sensor, and oxygen meter. CO2 Time-series and involves international groups from 18 countries who have mounted sensors on moored buoys to provide high resolution time-series measurements of atmospheric boundary layer and surface ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). The CO2 Time-series and is coordinated by (IOCCP). Cite as: Sabine, Christopher L. ; Bates, Nicholas; Maenner Jones, Stacy; Bott, Randy; Sutton, Adrienne J. (2012). High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring BTM_64W_32N in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0100065). [indicate subset used]. for Environmental Information. Dataset. Accessed [date]. 10. 3334/cdiac/otg. tsm_btm_64w_32n gov. noaa. nodc:0100065 0100065 ISO 19115-2 Metadata gov. noaa. nodc:0100065 · XML & (download)Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. FTP (download)These data are available through the Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e. g. , FileZilla or WinSCP). for other distribution options and instructions. for Environmental Information+1-301-713-3277NCEI. Info@noaa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about high-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements, indicating that the dataset includes measurements of atmospheric CO2 partial pressure and its interaction with the ocean. This supports the claim that ocean acidification is associated with the increased absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, as it highlights the monitoring of CO2 levels affecting the ocean's chemistry.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 83492 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation and by John P. the - Risk, Exposure, Response, and by John P. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. power plants (NPPs) have negligible cradle-to-grave environmental impacts. In spite of this fact, nuclear power plants (NPPs) are potentially high-risk facilities, since the consequences of a severe accident at a nuclear power plant can be enormous. Severe accidents of NPPs affect large area and have environmentally regional and economically global character [1]. The accident at the Chernobyl NPP shows the extent and severity and long-term consequences of the nuclear disasters. Natural hazard safety of nuclear power plants became an eminent importance after the earthquake on the 11th of March 2011 and subsequent disaster of the NPP. The case of the NPP demonstrated the tragic outcome of the interaction between severe natural phenomena and nuclear power plant, that is, the severe natural phenomena are a great threat per itself, but their damaging effects could be multiplied when a natural phenomenon damages a hazardous facility like a nuclear power plant. The importance of the preparedness to the natural hazards at NPPs has recently been demonstrated when the September 2018 endangered the NPPs in North and South Carolinas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the risks associated with nuclear power plants (NPPs), stating that they can be potentially high-risk facilities and that severe accidents can have enormous consequences. It highlights the possibility of substantial environmental and economic ramifications, particularly referring to historical incidents such as the Chernobyl disaster. The acknowledgment of risks and the potential for severe accidents demonstrates that nuclear facilities, including fusion reactors, are not entirely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 인용양식 244개 무제한 사용 한글/워드 자동 인용 프로그램 확인 Citeasy 신청 완료 이제 싸이티지의 모든 기능을 사용할 수 있어요! 프로모션 기간 종료 후에도추가했던 서지는 무제한 이용할 수 있어요 확인 Citeasy 신청 완료 2025년까지 싸이티지의 모든 기능을 사용할 수 있어요! 물론 프로모션 기간 종료 후에도추가했던 서지는 쭉~ 이용가능해요 확인 우리기관에 요청하기 내년에도 서지를 계속 추가하고 싶다면? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it appears to be promotional content related to a citation tool, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification is caused by the increased absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: | for (NCEI) High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring Stratus_85W_20S in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0100075) Preview graphic This dataset includes chemical, meteorological, physical and time series data collected from Mooring Stratus_85W_20S in the Ocean from 2006-10-16 to 20210924. These data include air-sea difference - partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), barometric pressure, oxygen, pCO2 - atmosphere, pCO2 - water, salinity, sea surface temperature, oxygen, pH on total scale, total chlorophyll, nephelometric turbidity unit and salinity-compensated dissolved oxygen. Autonomous pCO2 [MAPCO2 (trademark of NOAA)] instruments used to collect these data include Bubble type equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement, Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Humidity Sensor, and oxygen meter. CO2 Time-series and involves international groups from 18 countries who have mounted sensors on moored buoys to provide high resolution time-series measurements of atmospheric boundary layer and surface ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). The CO2 Time-series and is coordinated by Project (IOCCP). Cite as: Sutton, Adrienne J. ; Sabine, Christopher L. ; Dietrich, Colin; Maenner Jones, Stacy; Musielewicz, Sylvia; Bott, Randy; Osborne, John (2012). High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring Stratus_85W_20S in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0100075). [indicate subset used]. for Environmental Information. Dataset. Accessed [date]. 10. 3334/cdiac/otg. tsm_stratus_85w_20s gov. noaa. nodc:0100075 0100075 ISO 19115-2 Metadata gov. noaa. nodc:0100075 · XML & (download)Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. FTP (download)These data are available through the Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a dataset that includes measurements of atmospheric and oceanic pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide). It explicitly mentions high-resolution measurements of CO2 from the atmosphere and surface ocean, which directly relates to the concept of ocean acidification being driven by the increased absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. By providing data on air-sea differences in pCO2, the text supports the idea that rising CO2 levels in the atmosphere contribute to changing ocean chemistry.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Majority of the existing nuclear power plants will be operated during the twenty-first century, and there are ongoing new construction projects. There are prestigious institutions and authors justifying that the nuclear power is needed for sustainable power supply (e. g. , [2]). There are good enough reasons for continuous efforts to ensure and enhance the nuclear safety. Protection of NPPs against natural hazard effects has been required since earlier times of industrial deployment of nuclear power. Related design requirements were getting more and more stringent with accumulated knowledge on hazards, with their consequences, as well with the development of design methodologies and supporting empirical evidences. All probable at the site natural hazards should be accounted for in the design of NPPs. The risk due to NPPs is controlled and reduced by design means ensuring very low annual probability of a large release of radioactive substances. The acceptable annual probability limit for large release is ≤10−6. The concept of defense in depth (DiD) is applied for protection of the people and environment [3, 4]. According to this, a hierarchy of protective means and procedures should be designed and implemented for preventing the escalation of a failure to accidents and to maintain the integrity of physical barriers between the radioactive substances and environment, even if a protective feature fails. There are a series of physical barriers nested inside one another for separation of the radioactive substances from the environment: the fuel matrix, the fuel cladding, the primary pressure boundary, and the containment. The effectiveness of barriers should be maintained in every operational state, and the last barrier, the containment, should perform its retaining function as long as possible during accident sequences. In this 2. Hazards and their severity Nuclear power plant can be constructed and operated at a particular site without undue risk to the health and safety of the public by ensuring the confinement of radioactive substances. From the technical point of view, this means that some fundamental safety functions should be ensured during and after the natural phenomena: the reactor should be shut-down, subcriticality of the reactor core and the spent fuel pool should be ensured, and the fuel in the reactor core and the spent fuel pool should be cooled. The most important function is the retaining capability of the reactor containment that should be kept leak-tight as long as possible. Plants are designed per principle of defense in depth (DiD) [3, 4], applying overlapping provisions (design, operational, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various safety measures and risk management strategies in nuclear power plants. It emphasizes that although nuclear power is necessary for a sustainable energy supply, there are significant safety concerns and risks associated with the operation of these plants. The mention of stringent design requirements and the concept of defense in depth (DiD) indicates that while efforts are made to minimize risks, the claim that fusion reactors are entirely risk-free is not supported by the information provided.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 인용양식변경 공지사항바로가기 Close 즐겨찾기 양식명 버전 즐겨찾기가없어요 자주 사용하는 인용양식을 검색 후 즐겨찾기에 등록하세요. 검색 자주 사용하는 인용 양식을 검색하세요. (저널명 or 학회명) search 검색하기 양식 저장 Close 국내 연구자를 위한 한국형 서지관리 서비스 DBpia에서 국내 연구자를 위한 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)를 오픈했어요. 워드는 물론, 한글까지 인용 정보를 관리할 수 있어요. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses citation management services and procedures related to academic research, without addressing the relationship between language and identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification is caused by the increased absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: 3 (download)published 2016-02-29T19:22:250100077 v4. 4 NCEI Accession 0100077 v4. 4 (download)published 2016-08-23T13:03:090100077 v5. 5 NCEI Accession 0100077 v5. 5 (download)published 2016-12-10T05:09:270100077 v6. 6 NCEI Accession 0100077 v6. 6 (download)published 2017-10-07T03:07:080100077 v7. 7 NCEI Accession 0100077 v7. 7 (download)published 2018-09-11T20:47:100100077 v8. 8 NCEI Accession 0100077 v8. 8 (download)published 2020-02-03T21:48:330100077 v9. 9 NCEI Accession 0100077 v9. 9 (download)published 2021-01-27T22:20:380100077 v10. 10 NCEI Accession 0100077 v10. 10 (download)published 2022-01-20T22:08:18Z Lineage information for: dataset Parameter or Variable: Date Time; Abbreviation: Date Time; Unit: Date and Time (UTC); In-situ Manipulation Response variable: in-situ. Parameter or Variable: xCO2 SW (wet); Abbreviation: xCO2 SW (wet); Unit: (μmol/mol) Mole fraction of CO2 in air in equilibrium with the seawater at sea surface temperature and measured humidity. ; Controlled vocabulary name: partial pressure of carbon dioxide - water; In-situ Manipulation Response variable: in-situ; Sampling instrument: MAPCO2 (trademark of NOAA). Parameter or Variable: CO2 SW QF; Abbreviation: CO2 SW QF; Unit: Flag for xCO2 sw (wet); In-situ Manipulation Response variable: in-situ. Parameter or Variable: H2O SW; Abbreviation: H2O SW; Unit: (mmol/mol) Mole fraction of H2O in air from equilibrator. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a detailed description of dataset lineage and parameters related to CO2 measurements without directly addressing the claim regarding ocean acidification and the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It provides information on CO2 concentrations and the methodology used to measure them, but it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: ), so that, if a failure were to occur, it would be detected and compensated for or corrected by appropriate measures returning the plant to the normal operational conditions. In case this is not succeeding, a hierarchy of protective means and procedures are designed in preventing the escalation of a failure to accidental event, even if a protective measure fails. These protective means are redundant safety systems that are conservatively designed to withstand even effects of natural hazards beyond those accounted for in the design. The effects of natural hazards selected for the basis of design are loads defined conservatively and used in the design calculations according to codes and standards. Therefore, in deterministic sense, the effects of natural hazards within the basis of design should not cause accidents, or any failures, called initiating events, leading to accident sequences. Off course, the probability of failure of some systems or structures is not equal to zero, but the adequate design ensures low probability of failure with high confidence. The conservative design ensures sufficient margin to resist the effects exceeding in some extent the design-basis level. DiD also means a box-in-box design of physical barriers for confining the radioactive substances. The first barrier is the fuel matrix, the ceramic uranium dioxide pellets, and the second one is the cladding of fuel pins. The third barrier is the pressure-retaining boundary of the primary circuit, and the fourth and very last barrier is the containment building. The heat generation by the decay of fission product in the fuel lasts long after the chain reaction is stopped. If the residual heat will not be removed, the first two barriers the fuel matrix and the cladding tubes containing the pellets will be overheated, melted, and damaged. The third barrier is the pressure-retaining boundary of the primary circuit. The fourth barrier is the containment building. Severity of natural hazards can be categorized according to the level of DiD affected, complexity, and duration of post-event situation. The highest level of severity is caused by rare, sudden, non-predictable, beyond-design-basis events with high damaging potential that can cause sudden loss of safety functions (that is called as cliff-edge effect). Retaining capability of the containment can be lost, and significant amount of radioactive material can be released. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the safety measures and potential risks associated with fusion reactors. It discusses the existence of protective measures and redundancy in safety systems designed to prevent failures, but also acknowledges that the probability of failure is not zero. Furthermore, it describes the consequences of not adequately removing residual heat, leading to potential overheating and damage of barriers, which emphasizes that risks and safety concerns are inherent in the operation of fusion reactors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 인용은 물론 참고문헌 삽입까지한번에 내가 인용한 논문을 저장해놨다가 참고문헌으로 쓴다고요? DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 ‘참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 겹낫표등의한국형 논문 출처 표기까지 가능해요 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 내가 투고할 학회의 서지정보가 이미 등록되어 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a citation management program and does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Since the content is focused on technical aspects of referencing academic papers, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification is caused by the increased absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: | for (NCEI) High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring Papa_145W_50N in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0100074) Preview graphic This dataset includes chemical, meteorological, physical and time series data collected from Mooring Papa_145W_50N in the Ocean from 2010-06-15 to 2023-04-13. These data include air-sea difference - partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), barometric pressure, oxygen, pCO2 - atmosphere, pCO2 - water, salinity, sea surface temperature, oxygen, pH on total scale, total chlorophyll, nephelometric turbidity unit and salinity-compensated dissolved oxygen. Autonomous pCO2 [MAPCO2 (trademark of NOAA)] instruments used to collect these data include Bubble type equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement, Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Humidity Sensor, and oxygen meter. CO2 Time-series and involves international groups from 18 countries who have mounted sensors on moored buoys to provide high resolution time-series measurements of atmospheric boundary layer and surface ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). The CO2 Time-series and is coordinated by (IOCCP). Cite as: Sutton, Adrienne J. ; Sabine, Christopher L. ; Dietrich, Colin; Maenner Jones, Stacy; Musielewicz, Sylvia; Bott, Randy; Osborne, John (2012). High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring Papa_145W_50N in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0100074). [indicate subset used]. for Environmental Information. Dataset. Accessed [date]. 10. 3334/cdiac/otg. tsm_papa_145w_50n gov. noaa. nodc:0100074 0100074 ISO 19115-2 Metadata gov. noaa. nodc:0100074 · XML & (download)Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. FTP (download)These data are available through the Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing high-resolution measurements of pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) in both the atmosphere and the water, indicating that these measurements are directly relevant to understanding the processes that contribute to ocean acidification. The presence and monitoring of atmospheric CO2 are essential to link the absorption of carbon dioxide by ocean waters, thus supporting the idea that ocean acidification results from increased atmospheric CO2 levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Compared to the above case, less severe are the hazard consequences, when the fundamental safety functions can be restored or ensured by severe accident management measures, that is, the accident sequence can be controlled, and the off-site releases can be limited. Moderate severity are those hazards, effects of which are within the design margins. In this case, the control of accident sequences for limiting the radiological releases and preventing escalation to severe accidents can be ensured by design means and procedures. Less severe are the hazards with effects within the design basis, especially, if a forecast or warning of the occurrence of dangerous event is possible. The effects of these hazards are manageable by operational features and measures. The economic losses are strictly correlated by the extent of damage, possibility, and effort needed for restoring and restarting the plant operation, doses from releases, needs, and extent of off-site measures (evacuation and decontamination of large area). Ranking the hazards with respect to safety and economic significance:Sudden, non-predictable, beyond-design-basis event with high damaging potential, beyond-design-basis, significant damages over large region hindering accident management—Large releases due to containment failure, loss of plant, and evacuation of large area (Fukushima Dai-ichi 2011). Sudden, non-predictable, beyond-design-basis event with high damaging potential but within the designed margins—Justification of safety and restoration works (Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP, Niigata-Earthquake, 2007, NPP, 2011). Sudden, non-predictable event with high damaging potential within the design basis—Outage for limited time (Onagawa NPP, tsunami due to Earthquake 2011). Events with damage potential, warning, and preventive measures are possible—Outage for limited time or restart after the event (NPPs impacted by Katrina hurricane, 2005; floods at Blayais NPP, France, 1999, and at in 2011). Warning is possible, and effects are manageable by operational features and measures—Operation at a reduced power level and no safety consequences (Cernavoda NPP, Romania, ow-river level 2009). An exhaustive list of external hazards that can affect the safety of nuclear power plants, including the list of possible correlated and independent concurrent hazards, are given, for example, in [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various safety hazards associated with nuclear reactors, indicating that they are not entirely risk-free. It discusses how hazards can be managed and the potential for severe accidents, such as containment failures and large releases, which contradicts the assertion that there are no safety concerns or radiation hazards.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 한글/워드 서지관리 프로그램 바로받기 Close DBpia 밖의 서지정보를 인용하고 싶다면? 크롬 익스텐션으로 외부 서지정보를 내서재에 담아보세요! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to provide information about a bibliographic management program and does not discuss language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: interactions between predators and prey constitute a key component of the ecology and evolution of marine systems, and animal behavior can affect the outcome of predator–prey interactions. It has been recently demonstrated that CO2-induced ocean acidification can alter the behavior of marine organisms and potentially alter predator–prey dynamics. This study combines both quantitative (meta-analysis) and qualitative approaches to review the effects of ocean acidification on behavioral prey defenses in marine invertebrates. A systematic literature search identified 34 studies that experimentally assessed behavioral defenses under elevated pCO2 spanning three phyla: crustaceans, echinoderms, and molluscs. A meta-analysis suggested that exposure to elevated seawater pCO2 can negatively affect behavioral defenses in bivalve molluscs and malacostracan crustaceans. By contrast, defenses of cephalopod molluscs seem to be positively impacted by elevated pCO2, whereas gastropods and echinoids appear unaffected. A qualitative assessment of studies on combined effects of ocean acidification and warming revealed that combined effects typically differ from ocean acidification–only effects. Based on a qualitative assessment of three studies to date, neurological interference of GABAA receptors under elevated pCO2 may play a major role in ocean acidification effects on prey defense behaviors; however, more research is needed, and other mechanistic underpinnings are also important to consider. Ultimately, the results of this study suggest that behavioral prey defenses in some shellfish taxa may be vulnerable to ocean acidification, that the effects of ocean acidification are often different under warming scenarios than under present-day temperature scenarios, and that GABAA interference may be an important mechanism underpinning behavioral responses of shellfish prey under ocean acidification. Despite the importance of shellfish behavioral defenses in the ecology and evolution of marine biological communities, however, research to date has only scraped the surface in understanding ocean acidification effects. Increased research efforts on the effects of multiple stressors, acclimation and adaptation, environmental variability, and complex situational and ecological contexts are needed. Studies of fish behavioral defenses under ocean acidification can help streamline hypotheses and experimental approaches, particularly given the similar effects of elevated pCO2 on GABAA function. between predators and their prey constitute an integral part of the ecology and evolution of marine organisms, as well as the structure and function of biological communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'behavioral prey defenses in some shellfish taxa may be vulnerable to ocean acidification' and highlights that CO2-induced ocean acidification negatively impacts behavioral defenses in specific marine invertebrates, including bivalve molluscs and malacostracan crustaceans, which are types of shellfish.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: The nuclear safety regulations use a generic formula requiring identification and characterization of natural phenomena that are specific to the region and which have the potential to affect the safety of the nuclear installation [8, 9, 10, 11]. Examples of hazards and their possible primary consequences are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Hazards, hazard effects, and possible consequences at NPPs. 1 examples of hazards are indicated, which can be or should be excluded by proper site selection (collapse of karst, avalanches, landslides). There are examples in Table 1 for hazards, which can be excluded by engineering means (flood protection, soil improvements). Although the possibility of mitigation of some volcanic effects (tephra fallout, missiles, gas emissions, debris flows) is considered as realistic [12], it is preferable to exclude the volcanic hazard from the design basis of nuclear power plants. The hazards accounted for in the design of the plant should be differentiated with regard their basic features: possibility of forecast, characteristic time for evolvement of phenomenon, possibility to avoid administrative or operational measures, possibility of protection of the site, and modification of adverse site features. The earthquakes affect the site and large surrounding region. It is impossible to foresee and it happens suddenly. The effects of earthquake should be “as far as reasonably practicable” managed by design solutions even for the cases exceeding the design basis. The operators should be prepared to manage the post-earthquake extreme situations. Here, the long-lasting effect is caused by the damages at the site and in the area surrounding the plant. The dwellings of the operational personnel and the local infrastructure (transportation, communication) can be affected [13]; therefore, arrangements should be in place for the replacement of personnel and logistical support of the plant. Contrary to the above example, reliable forecasts can be made for the majority of hydrometeorological extremes, like hurricanes, tornados, typhoons, extreme precipitation and temperatures, and floods. This allows implementation of protective measures and preparation of the NPP for the extreme situation. The operators should have procedures and means for preparedness to the possible abnormal situations. For most meteorological extremes, the implementation of protective design solutions can be combined with operation procedures for both, ensuring the safety and possible fast recovery of normal operation. Reduction of cooling capacity due to clogging of cooling water system can be managed in a similar way. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various hazards and safety concerns related to nuclear installations, including the need for safety regulations and the management of potential natural disasters such as earthquakes and hydrometeorological extremes. It emphasizes that operators must be prepared for abnormal situations and that design solutions must account for potential risks, indicating that fusion reactors do pose some safety considerations that cannot be ignored.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 크롬 익스텐션 살펴보기 클립보드 복사가 완료되었습니다 단, 출처 표기 시 주의하세요 1같은 논문을 2번 인용한다면, 짧은 내주 짧은 각주 형태로 인용해야해요 (조형교육학회 등) 2자료 유형에 따라 문장부호를 다르게 사용해야 해요 3참고문헌의 언어별로 양식 규정이 달라요! (한국노년학회등) 4투고하는 학회가 달라지면 인용양식도 달라져야 해요! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it focuses on citation rules and referencing styles in academic papers without any discussion related to the role of language in identity or culture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 2013) and the burrowing behavior of the softshell clam Mya arenaria (Clements et al. 2017). Similarly, hypoxia has been documented to reduce the burrowing capacity of the infaunal clam Macoma balthica (Tallqvist 2001). Consequently, behavioral prey defenses (along with a swath of other behaviors) are vulnerable to a changing marine environment (Wong & Candolin 2015), and behavioral alterations brought about by environmental change in the global ocean have the potential to influence entire marine ecosystems (Nagelkerken & Munday 2016). One marine global change stressor that has received much attention over the past 15 y is ocean acidification—the alteration of seawater carbonate chemistry resulting from the absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 by the oceans (Doney et al. 2009, Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2014). Research investigating the impacts of ocean acidification on marine life has primarily focused on calcifying marine organisms, in large part because of the anticipated vulnerability of the calcification process to changes in seawater pH (Orr et al. 2005, Ries et al. 2009, Kroeker et al. 2010, 2013). Recent evidence, however, suggests that ocean acidification can also have drastic effects on the behavior of marine organisms (see reviews by Briffa et al. 2012, Clements & Hunt 2015). Thus, although the vulnerability of morphological defenses such as shell has been relatively well studied, less is known of the impacts of ocean acidification on shellfish behavioral defenses (see Fig. 2 in Kroeker et al. 2014). In this 0. 66, P < 0. 001; Fig. 1), but not exposure time (r = –0. 11, P = 0. 377) or sample size (r = 0. 16, P = 0. 219); therefore, pCO2 offset, but not exposure time or sample size, was included in the AIC models as a continuous predictor variable. Predictor variables were not significantly correlated (r < 0. 36 for all pairwise correlations) with the exception of phylum and class (r = 0. 93); therefore, models including both phylum and class as predictor variables were excluded from AIC selection. A “null” model (i. e. , model with no fixed predictor variables and only a random factor of measurement nested within study) was also included in AIC selection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the specific vulnerability of calcifying marine organisms to ocean acidification. It mentions that research has primarily focused on these organisms due to their anticipated vulnerability to changes in seawater pH, indicating that shellfish with calcium carbonate shells, like clams, are indeed at risk from acidification processes. This aligns with the claim's assertion about their special vulnerability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: There are meteorological extremes with extended duration, for example, heat wave and drought. These long-lasting conditions can also affect the operational personnel and the logistical support of the site. There are hazards having similar effects, for example, the straight wind and tornado missiles and hail cause an impact effect. Obviously, the hazard with the largest impact effect will dominate the design of structures important for safety. Simultaneously occurring hazards should also be considered in the design. It is interesting to mention that almost 600 possible combinations can be identified according to [7]. There are causally connected hazards where one hazard may cause another hazard, but the other hazard can occur by themselves (like earthquake and tsunami). There are simultaneous hazards when one hazard is a prerequisite for a correlated hazard (earthquake-liquefaction). There are associated hazards, which are probable to occur at the same time due to a common root cause or having same physical origin, for example, the storms and lightning and storms and extreme precipitation. The analysis of the probability of event combinations should consider the duration of the events. The exact coincidence of the demand is decisive for the design and safety. It is possible for more than one independent natural event to occur simultaneously at the site. Combinations of frequent hazards with similar effects should be considered carefully, since the simultaneous effects can be superimposed. It should be noted that simultaneous occurrence of two independent low-frequency hazards is considered as unreasonable. Advertisement 3. Designing for safety As it is shown above, the risks of nuclear power plants due to natural hazards can be controlled in two ways:The hazards can be avoided via site selection deeming the sites unsuitable for the location of NPP. Appropriate design and/or administrative measures shall be implemented for site and plant protection. In the first case, if the effects of external events affecting the sites and the region cannot be compensated by proven engineering solutions for protection of the NPP, the site should be discarded. The hazards can be qualified as avoided, if it is physically impossible to occur under the conditions at the site or if the hazard can be considered with a high degree of confidence to be extremely unlikely. For example, landslides should not be expected, if the site is located in a flat area; collapse of karst should not be expected if there are no karst formations below the site. Specific considerations on how to define the acceptable low probability will be given below. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are numerous natural hazards that could impact nuclear power plants, indicating that they are not entirely risk-free. It discusses various meteorological extremes and potential operational hazards, suggesting that safety design must account for these risks. The necessity to consider hazards in site selection and design underscores that there are significant safety concerns associated with nuclear reactors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Citeasy 다운로드 하기 모두 자동으로 입력해주는 일주일간 보지 않기 닫기 Citeasy 이용 기간 종료 체험 기간이 종료되었거나, 소속 기관의 싸이티지 이용이 중단 되어 이용할 수 없습니다. 확인 우리기관에 요청하기 싸이티지 설치형 프로그램은 모바일과 mac OS를 지원하지 않습니다. 확인 제휴문의 DBpia와 구독·저작권 계약, 기타 제휴를 원하시면 해당 부서로 연락 바랍니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is unrelated to the claim as it discusses technical information regarding a service, including its usage periods and compatibility, without any reference to language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Studies on bivalves, gastropods, and echinoids spanned across the larval, juvenile, and adult life stages of these organisms, whereas studies on juvenile cephalopods were absent, and studies on malacostracan crustaceans have been restricted to adults (Fig. 2B). A total of 19 studies assessed the effect of ocean acidification on the behavioral defenses of adult prey, whereas five and six studies tested such effects in juveniles and larvae, respectively (see Fig. 1B for life stage percentages for each taxonomic class). Importantly, only 15% of the studies (n = 5 of 34) included predator cues in their experiments testing for effects of ocean acidification on prey defense behaviors. Thus, most behaviors, although relevant to prey defense, were measured in the absence of predator cues. Seven studies reported strictly negative (i. e. , all experiments finding a significant negative effect of ocean acidification) functional effects of ocean acidification on behavioral prey defenses (n = 5 bivalve + 2 gastropod studies), whereas four studies reported strictly positive effects (n = 2 cephalopod + 2 gastropod studies) (Fig. 2B). Null responses to ocean acidification were observed in 15 studies; n = 6 gastropod + 6 echinoderm + 3 malacostracan studies) (Fig. 2B). Six studies on molluscan taxa reported mixed responses to ocean acidification (n = 2 bivalve + 1 cephalopod + 3 gastropod studies) (Fig. 2B). A META--Analysis ResultsEffects of ocean acidification on shellfish behavioral defenses were predominantly driven by pCO2 offset, taxa, and life stage. When all pCO2 conditions were considered, AIC model selection revealed the model including pCO2 offset + class + life stage as the “best” model (Table 2). This model explained 59% (R2 = 0. 59) of the variance in individual effect sizes. A second model including pCO2 offset + life stage could not be excluded (delta AIC = 1. 75) and explained 58% (R2 = 0. 58). When only near-future pCO2 anomalies where considered, a number of candidate models (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing studies that have assessed the impact of ocean acidification on various marine organisms, specifically shellfish such as bivalves and gastropods. The mention of negative effects on behavioral defenses, particularly in shellfish, strongly supports the assertion that these organisms are vulnerable to changes in pH levels due to acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Rules and requirements for site survey and selection are given, for example, in [8, 10]. Agency published a series of design guidances focusing on different hazards [12, 14, 15, 16]. In the second case, the hazards shall be properly identified, characterized, and accounted for in the design basis as required in [10]. The performance of the plant safety features should be ensured by the design and/or administrative measures for the design-basis hazard effects, that is, for the case of design-basis hazards, very low probability of failure of the safety-related SSCs should be justified with high confidence. The generic design rules and requirements are set, for example, in the [9]. Agency published series of design guidance focusing on different hazards [17, 18]. The applicable design requirements are as follows:Apply reasonable design conservatism for design-basis hazards that provides sufficient margins for the case, if the effects of hazards exceeding the level accounted for in the design. Apply passive safety features (no need of external or emergency power supply). Develop pre-event preparedness and post-event procedures. Apply adequate means and procedures to coop with hazards that are predictable. Ensure that the safety systems intended to be used in design-basis accidents will be not adversely affected by the natural hazards. Ensure sufficient resources at multiunit sites. Consider temporary limitation of the off-site logistical support. The generic design principles applicable are related either to system engineering or structural and layout aspects. These are:Diversity via employing different principles of operation. Redundancy of components and systems. Independence of system and components. Using failsafe components. Avoiding structural interactions. Ensuring physically separation of redundant safety systems. The design solutions can also be classified as:Systems-solutions: inherently safe design, use of preferable passive safety systems capable to function even in the case of beyond-design-basis hazards. Structural solutions: optimized for hazard effect structures with sufficient capacity to avoid sudden loss of function. Layout solutions: separating the redundant safety systems. For the optimal use of design means, the SSCs are usually categorized in accordance of their safety relevance and intended function during and after the natural phenomena. This allows to implement the graded approach regarding design conservatism, quality, and reliability requirements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining various safety measures, design requirements, and the necessity of addressing hazards in fusion reactor design. It emphasizes that hazards must be identified, accounted for, and requires safety features to be justified with high confidence, indicating that safety concerns and radiation hazards are indeed considered in the design of fusion reactors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 구독 계약 문의 4년제 대학교, 해외 도서관, 공공기관, 국책연구원, 기업, 전문대학 등 DBpia 구독을 희망하시나요? 담당부서 : 영업기획팀 trial@nurimedia. co. kr 데이터 구매 문의 인공지능 학습, 연구동향 분석 등 목적으로 DBpia의 메타 및 원문 데이터가 필요하시나요? 담당부서 : 마케팅팀 marketing@nurimedia. co. kr 저작권 계약 문의 학회지, 연구기관 보고서, 정기 간행물 등 학술 콘텐츠가 DBpia에서 서비스 되길 원하시나요? 담당부서 : 콘텐츠영업팀 copyright@nurimedia. co. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it discusses subscription inquiries and data acquisition related to an academic database, which is irrelevant to the concept of language as an identity marker.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Given that the magnitude and temporal duration of pCO2 extremes are expected to increase under ocean acidification (Kwiatkowski & Orr 2018, Pacella et al. 2018), the results herein suggest that shellfish behavioral defenses for some taxa are likely vulnerable to pCO2 variability under current conditions and near-future ocean acidification, particularly when pCO2 conditions are elevated for periods of weeks to months. Interpretive CautionIt is important to note for this section that this meta-analysis is based on a relatively small number of studies. Given the high degree of heterogeneity observed (i. e. , Q-statistics; Table 3), the small number of studies makes definitive conclusions regarding effects difficult. Consequently, the null effects reported here may represent “true” null effects or may be a symptom of low sample sizes (i. e. , an inability to detect an effect). Thus, the meta-analysis herein provides a quantitative synthesis of studies to date, and definitive conclusions regarding effects await further research. assessing the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming on shellfish prey defense behaviors were less common than acidification-only studies (n = 7 acidification–warming studies; 21% of all studies), with one reporting on a bivalve, five reporting on gastropods, and one on a malacostracan crustacean (Table 4). A meta-analysis of acidification–warming effects on behavioral prey defenses was not conducted, given the low number of available studies, and thus acidification–warming studies are described qualitatively. All acidification–warming studies used temperature increases consistent with near-future predictions (2°C–5°C), with the exception of Zhang et al. (2014), who used a temperature increase of 14°C (Table 4). In the single study on bivalves, increased seawater temperature reversed the effect of sediment acidification on the burrowing behavior of juvenile Mya arenaria (Clements et al. 2017), whereas the single study on a malacostracan crustacean reported no effect of ocean acidification or warming on the self-righting response of adult Hyas araneus (Zittier et al. 2013). In gastropods, effects of ocean acidification and warming varied within and across species. For juvenile Concholepas concolepas, there was no effect of ocean acidification or warming on behavioral lateralization (i. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the vulnerability of shellfish behaviors to pCO2 variability, particularly under conditions of ocean acidification. It suggests that shellfish behavioral defenses are likely affected by increased pCO2 levels. The mention of increased magnitudes and durations of pCO2 extremes implies that marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells, like shellfish, face significant threats under acidification conditions. The analysis touches on the implications of both acidification and warming, supporting the idea that these marine organisms are particularly susceptible.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: The safety systems are usually in the highest category that should be designed to withstand high-magnitude low-annual-probability hazardous effects, while the systems needed for the continuous operation only are designed in accordance of nonnuclear building/construction codes and standards for a moderate magnitude and for 10−2–10−3 annual probability effects, as usual. It should be emphasized that the natural hazards affect the entire plant, all facilities at the site, or even the whole region. Therefore, the events could simultaneously challenge several redundant or diverse trains of a safety system, causing multiple failures of SSCs. In the state-of-the-art practice, plant conditions more severe and complex as those accounted for in the design basis are considered as design extension conditions. In design extension conditions, prevention of severe accident, mitigation of the consequences of complex plant conditions, and the integrity of the containment should be maintained by additional safety features or extension of the capability of safety systems as far as is reasonably practicable. The chances for multiple failures and complex plant conditions due to natural hazards can be rather large, if the magnitude of event exceeds those accounted for in the design. Advertisement 4. Safety goal, design basis, and beyond-design-basis hazards Let us start with a simple consideration. The simplest formulation of the risk due to some damaging effect is the R = P fail · C where P fail is the probability of the failure caused by that effect and leading to the consequences with measure C. The probability P fail depends on the probability of occurring of an event with damaging effect E, P E and on the conditional probability of failure if the effect is equal to E, that is, P fail if E. Thus, the total probability of failure can be written as P fail = P E · P fail if E. The state-of-the-art design procedures and standards ensure a very low probability of failure with respect to the effects accounted for in the design, E DB this can be expressed as P fail if E ≤ E DB ≪ 1. There are hazards damaging the potential of which can be characterized by several parameters; thus, E = E 1 E 2 ⋯ E n. In the practice of the nuclear industry, the term “fail” could have several meanings. The term “failure” can be associated to a single component, to a system performing certain safety function, and to the entire plant, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the safety systems and potential risks associated with fusion reactors. It emphasizes that systems are designed to withstand certain hazards but acknowledges that natural hazards can affect entire plants and lead to multiple failures. It explains that the design considers risks and the probability of failure, indicating that while precautions are in place, there are still safety concerns and risks present.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: kr 기타 제휴 문의 서비스 제휴, 기술 제휴 등 DBpia와 기타 제휴를 원하시나요? 담당부서 : 서비스기획팀 dbpia@nurimedia. co. kr 레이어닫기 앱 다운로드 iPhone, iPad, Android 스마트폰/태블릿의 기기를 지원합니다. 안드로이드 스토어 바로가기 IOS 스토어 바로가기 레이어닫기 상세검색 닫기 검색어 입력 검색어는 최대 5개까지 추가하실 수 있습니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses service inquiries and app downloads without referencing the relationship between language, identity, and cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: e. , right–left turning preference), movement time, or self-righting response (i. e. , recovery in orientation after displacement); however, ocean acidification and warming acted synergistically, causing a net negative effect on decision time, whereas warming antagonistically reversed the effect of ocean acidification on route-finding ability (Manríquez et al. 2016, Domenici et al. 2017). Under 500 and 900 μatm increases in pCO2, warming increased swimming speed in Nassarius festivus, whereas ocean acidification had no effect (Zhang et al. 2014). By contrast, ocean acidification significantly reduced the swimming speed of Nassarius conoidalis, and although warming did not impact the ocean acidification effect under the 500 μatm increase in pCO2, warming partially alleviated the effect of ocean acidification under an 894 μatm pCO2 increase (Zhang et al. 2014). Warming was also reported to reverse the ocean acidification effect on speed in adult Nucella lapillus (Quierós et al. 2014). For two Antarctic gastropods, warming did not influence the negative effect of ocean acidification on the escape speed of Nacella concinna but reversed the effect of ocean acidification on the escape speed and self-righting response in Margarella antarctica (Schram et al. 2014). TABLE 4. Summary of experimental studies assessing the combined effects of elevated pCO2 and temperature on the behavioral prey defenses. Although the low number of studies precludes any confident conclusions regarding the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming on shellfish behavioral defenses, it is clear that multiple stressor effects most often differ from single stressor impacts. Of the total number of species (n = 8) in the seven studies highlighted earlier, 75% (n = 6) exhibited different responses when both ocean acidification and warming were considered in combination when compared with ocean acidification considered alone; the combined effects were variable (Table 4). It is thus clear that the effect of ocean acidification on shellfish behavioral defenses can be influenced by seawater temperature and that future ocean warming is likely to influence the impact of ocean acidification on this behavioral response. studies have suggested a potential biological mechanism underpinning behavioral sensitivity to elevated pCO2: GABAA neurotransmitter interference (see Tresguerres & Hamilton 2017 for review). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of ocean acidification on various marine organisms, specifically noting that ocean acidification significantly reduced the swimming speed of certain species and influenced behavioral responses in shellfish. It also points out that the combined impact of ocean acidification and warming varies, but emphasizes that ocean acidification still poses a notable threat to shellfish behavioral defenses. This supports the idea that marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells face vulnerabilities due to acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: As it has been mentioned above, for ensuring the confinement of radioactive substances, the nuclear power plants are designed per principle of defense in depth. Failure of some structures, systems, and components (SSCs) can trigger a sequence of events at the plant deviating from normal operational conditions. If a sequence was considered in the design basis of the plant, the safe stable condition of the plant should be ensured by safety systems. The safety systems shall ensure the control of reactivity, that is, the chain reaction in the reactor shall be stopped, the heat generated by decay of radioactive fission elements shall be removed from the reactor core to the ultimate heat sink (to the environment), and the radioactive substances shall be confined in the fuel elements. Thus, the term “fail” can be first linked to the core damage (CD) and to the loss of the first two barriers (fuel matrix and cladding). The annual probability of the core damage, P CD is limited by the nuclear regulations. The acceptable value for a new design should be less than 10−5 summarized over all accident sequences. This can be expressed as P CD = P fail if E · P E ≤ 10 − 5. Thus, the safety systems should withstand the effects of natural hazards and fulfill their intended functions for avoiding the core damage. The acceptable probability of loss of any safety function due to failure caused by natural hazards should not exceed 10−6/a. In very improbable cases when the safety features fail, and the conditions are more severe than those accounted for in the design, the radioactive releases shall be kept as low as practicable. The most important objective of this level is the protection of the confinement function. In this case, the term “fail” is linked to the large release (LR) of radioactive substances to the environment. It is as dangerous as earlier it happens in the course of the severe accident. The annual probability of the early large releases, P LR is also limited by the nuclear regulations. Its allowable value for a new design should be P LR = P fail if E · P E ≤ 10 − 6 summarized over all accident sequences. It means the acceptable value for a singular sequence should be less approximate by an order of a magnitude. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the safety measures and potential risks associated with nuclear power plants, including fusion reactors. It explains that while safety systems are designed to prevent core damage and manage radioactive substances, failures can occur, leading to possible radiation hazards. The mention of safety probabilities and regulatory limits on the likelihood of core damage and large radioactive releases indicates that there are safety concerns, directly opposing the assertion that fusion reactors are entirely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 다국어입력 입력 지우기 한자 음가로 찾기 한자 부수로 찾기 러시아어 옛한글 일본어 부수외 획수 선택 전체 논문명 저널명 발행기관명 저자명 검색조건추가 주제분야 대분류 인문학 사회과학 자연과학 공학 의약학 농수해양학 예술체육학 복합학 중분류 ISSN - Print/Online 모두 검색 가능 언어 전체 한국어 영어 중국어 일본어 기타 이용형태 원문이용 외부링크 검색값 초기화 검색 ‘’ 소속이시네요! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information or insights related to the claim that language can be a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it appears to be a technical statement concerning language input and search conditions, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Transgenerational exposure of bivalves to ocean acidification renders offspring more vulnerable to low pH and additional stressors. Sci. Rep. 7:11394. 47. Hagen, N. T. , A. Andersen & O. B. Stabell. 2002. Alarm responses of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, induced by chemically labelled durophagous predators and simulated acts of predation. Mar. Biol. 140:365–374. 48. Hamilton, T. J. , A. Holcombe & M. Tresguerres. 2014. CO2-induced ocean acidification increases anxiety in Rockfish via alteration of GABAA receptor functioning. Proc. Biol. Sci. 281:20132509. 49. Harrell, F. E. , Jr. 2017. Hmisc: Harrell miscellaneous. Available at: 50. Harvey, B. P. , D. Gwynn-Jones & P. J. Moore. 2013. Meta-analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming. Ecol. Evol. 3:1016–1030. 51. Hatfield-Vaughan, M. L. 2011. Effects of ocean acidification on predator-prey interactions in echinoderms. MSc thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 52. Heck, K. L. & T. A. Thoman. 1981. Experiments on predator-prey interactions in vegetated aquatic habitats. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 53:125–134. 53. Hedges, L. V. & I. Olkin. 1985. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. New York, NY: Academic Press. 54. Hedges, L. V. , J. Gurevitch & P. S. Curtis. 1999. The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80:1150–1156. 55. Heithaus, M. R. , A. Frid, A. J. Wirsing & B. Worm. 2008. Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23:202–210. 56. Helmuth, B. , B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text indicates that transgenerational exposure of bivalves to ocean acidification makes their offspring more vulnerable to low pH levels, which supports the claim regarding the vulnerability of marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells, such as shellfish, to acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: It is obvious from the above consideration that a hazard could be screened out and neglected on the basis of probabilistic consideration, if the probability of occurrence is less than the acceptable for severe accident probabilistic limit with a high degree of confidence, that is, 10−7/a or less. Since the consequences of nuclear accidents caused by natural hazards can be enormous, the risk should be reduced by selecting effects for the basis of design with very low annual probability. Therefore, the magnitude of natural hazard accounted for in the design basis should be associated to the probability 10−4–10−5 per year depending on the strength or capacity assured by the design. Some exception is the regulation regarding the tornado hazard in the USA, where the tornado hazard is a reality due to meteorological and topographical conditions. has determined the best-estimate design-basis tornado wind speeds for new reactors, which correspond to the exceedance frequency of 10–7 per year [19]. Probably, the reason for this conservative approach is the complexity of post-event conditions. The SSCs should be categorized regarding their safety relevance/function. A target performance, P T should be set to each category. The hazard exceedance frequency for the design of the particular SSC, H D should be selected taking into account the achievable resistance, R H that is the conditional probability of failure for the effects with H D that is, P T = H D · R H. Care should be taken to the convolved frequency, where there are multiple parameters used to define an event. For example, it is not reasonable to consider a 10−4 intensity of a storm with a 10−4 duration of a storm unless there is a clear correlation. Obviously, there is a strong correlation between the phenomena having the same physical origin. Regarding combinations of independent events, the same probabilistic criterion can be applied as for the single event, that is, a 10−4/a earthquake should not be combined with a 10−4/a strong wind. Contrary to this, for example, the combination of a big storm with a high tide could lead to the external flooding of a power plant. Specific considerations are made in case of causal-related events, like earthquake and liquefaction, earthquake and tsunami, or earthquake and failure of structures protecting the sites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential hazards associated with nuclear reactors, emphasizing that risks should be managed through careful design and probabilistic assessments. It highlights that serious nuclear accidents can occur due to natural hazards, implying that fusion reactors do have safety concerns that need to be addressed, rather than being entirely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 종료기간이 없는 싸이티지(Citeasy)로 업그레이드 하세요 ‘’ 기관은 소속 이용자에게 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지를 제공하도록 DBpia와 계약하였습니다. 무료로 싸이티지의 이용 기간을 연장할 수 있습니다. 업그레이드 하기 다시보지 않기 레이어 닫기 체험형 싸이티지(Citeasy)의 이용기간이 종료되어 서지를 추가할 수 없습니다. 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)의 구독 기관 소속이신 경우 일반형으로 업그레이드가 가능합니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses features of a bibliography management program and does not relate to the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.