Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: ND: Not Detected. Palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acid compositions were greater (P<0. 05) in GP than in the PBMAs, although, oleic (C18:1) acid content in BMB2 and IFB2 was greater (P<0. 05) than GP. Substantial increases (P<0. 05) in oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acid content from IFB1 to IFB2 may be a result of sunflower oil which was used in addition to coconut oil in the IFB2 formulation [67]. Cocoa butter was substituted in the BMB2 formulation for sunflower oil, which may explain the increase (P<0. 05) in oleic acid (C18:1) content from BMB1 and decrease (P<0. 05) in linoleic acid (C18:2) content from BMB1 [67,68]. Linoleic (C18:2) and a-linolenic (C18:3) acids, cannot be synthesized de novo and are essential for human growth and development [69]. The BMB1 and BBB products proved to be a potentially excellent sources of these essential fatty acids compared to the other PBMAs. Conversely, GP was an excellent source of linoleic (C18:2) and arachidonic (C20:4) acid compared to BMB2 and IFB2. Fatty acids are readily absorbed in the human body, but the presence of fibrous materials and various thickeners and binders incorporated into PBMA formulations may inhibit fatty acid absorption [70,71]. Amino acid analysis Results from amino acid analysis for previous and current formulations of raw and cooked samples are reported in tables 10 and 11, respectively. Total essential amino acid content of raw BMB1, BMB2, and IFB1 ranged between 70 and 76mg/g while total essential amino acid content of raw GP and GB ranged between 66 and 68mg/g. Histidine, methionine, and lysine concentrations were greater (P<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific nutritional comparisons between plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) and animal meat (GP). It notes significant differences in fatty acid compositions, including greater levels of palmitic and stearic acids in GP compared to PBMAs, and also discusses differences in essential amino acid content, indicating that these two types of meat are not nutritionally identical. Additionally, the text mentions that the presence of fibrous materials in PBMA formulations may inhibit fatty acid absorption, suggesting further nutritional disparities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: We used flux balance analysis to screen putative gene knockouts in the mitochondrial compartment that would reproduce the S. cerevisiae 311 phenotype of lower biomass yields, higher ethanol yields and smaller oxygen demands than the wild-type strain. The best agreement with S. cerevisiae 311 pure culture data was obtained for deletions of two genes that encode the ubiquinol-6 cytochrome c reductase and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase enzymes involved in the electron transport chain. With the fluxes through the two reactions catalyzed by these enzymes constrained to zero, the oxygen demand was greatly reduced because oxygen was not needed to serve as a final electron acceptor for ATP synthesis. These results were consistent with more directed genetic engineering efforts to create respiratory-deficient S. cerevisiae mutants through direct removal of these two genes [40]. A preliminary version of the dynamic co-culture model was developed by directly combining the dynamic models of the two yeast species under the assumption that each species attempted to maximize its individual growth rate and the only interspecies interaction was competition for glucose substrate. By comparison of model predictions to batch co-culture data collected at several microaerobic conditions, we found that the preliminary model overpredicted the glucose consumption and S. cerevisiae biomass formation rates. Much improved predictions were obtained by reducing the S. cerevisiae maximum glucose uptake rate from its pure culture value of 21. 5 mmol/gdw/h to 18. 5 mmol/gdw/h. This parameter change suggested the presence of unmodeled species interactions that resulted in S. stipitis having an antagonistic effect on S. cerevisiae growth. Crabtree-negative yeasts like S. stipitis have an established advantage when competing against a Crabtree-positive yeast such as S. cerevisiae for the same growth-limiting substrate [48]. This effect is further magnified when the Crabtree-positive species is a respiratory deficient mutant [49]. One possible cause for this effect was the competition for nutrients other than glucose. Growth under nitrogen limited conditions has been shown to slow the uptake of glucose and other hexoses in wild-type S. cerevisiae[50]. Respiratory-deficient S. cerevisiae could be at a disadvantage in competing for nitrogen sources such as ammonium when grown with respiratory competent S. stipitis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses flux balance analysis of S. cerevisiae strains and their interactions with another yeast species (S. stipitis) under various conditions, focusing on biomass yields, ethanol production rates, and competition for glucose instead of directly addressing the design of bioengineered yeast specifically aimed at producing high yields of biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: Given that advancements in cooling UGS through RS are heavily influenced by research on LST and UHI, obtaining the necessary information and satellite imagery for such investigations must align with the fields of LST and UHI research [48]. Currently, the focus of research on UHI and green cover encompasses various aspects, namely, the selection of thermal infrared images, algorithms, spatiotemporal factors, spatial analysis methods, thermal comfort, and spatial simulations. Depending on the image source, a thermal infrared image can have a high, medium, or low spatial resolution, which is determined by ATLAS (5–10 m), Landsat 8 (30 m), Landsat ETM (60 m), (90 m), and MODIS (250 m). Furthermore, in certain instances, more detailed analyses necessitate the utilization of either QuickBird (0. 65 m), (1 m), Spot 5 (2. 5 m) or Sentinel-2 (10 m) images [79, 80]. When conducting comprehensive investigations on a large scale, implementing satellite maps and remote sensing methodologies to evaluate the collective cooling influence of a cluster of UGSs is a conventional approach. In recent years, there has been extensive empirical research on the topic of cooling effect, which has been exclusively investigated through remote sensing methods. Furthermore, in addition to remote sensing methods, numerous supplementary techniques have been employed in recent studies, including using portable field observations and temperature sensors to measure cooling intensity and distance accurately [60]. To delve deeper into the cooling effect of UGS, landscape ecology scholars have recently proposed analyzing spatial patterns based on landscape metrics that provide an efficacious foundation for quantifying the cooling intensity and distance. For instance, Wu et al. [61] employed eight metrics to evaluate the cooling efficacy of pocket green spaces (PGS) within densely populated urban regions of Shanghai. This study observed that the local cool island intensity could attain a maximum value of 3. 6°C with an average of 1. 2°C. Similarly, the maximum cooling area could be as large as 5. 7 ha on average, and both these values exhibited a logarithmic increase with the area of PGS. The maximum cooling distance was found to be 132 m on average, while the maximum cooling efficiency was observed to be 6. 8 times the size of PGS. The cooling effect was also found to be influenced by the vegetation type present in the PGS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the cooling effects of urban green spaces (UGSs) and how they can positively impact urban temperatures. It highlights empirical research showing significant cooling intensity associated with green spaces, including pocket green spaces (PGS), which emphasizes the relationship between increased green areas and reduced urban heat, thereby supporting the idea that rooftop gardens, as a form of UGS, contribute to alleviating urban heat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: 05) in GP compared to PBMAs. Conversely, GB was numerically greater than the PBMAs and GP in histidine, methionine, and lysine content, which may confer preferable anabolic capacity for the ABMs compared to the PBMAs [72]. Cooked BMB2 was greater (P<0. 05) than GP in isoleucine and phenylalanine content, probably as pea and mung beanprotein isolates (used in BMB2 formulation) are excellent sources of these essential amino acids [73,74]. Finally, IFB2 and BBB was either numerically or statistically less than (P<0. 05) GP in each essential amino acid; and were also less than (P<0. 05) BMB2 in each essential amino acid assessed, except threonine and tryptophan. Component BMB1 BMB2 IFB1 IFB2 * Arginine 15. 32±0. 55a 16. 5±1. 89a 9. 17±0. 79c 11. 4±0. 66b 8. 16±0. 3c 11. 08±0. 72b 11. 18 Cystine 2. 45±0. 17c 2. 55±0. 27c 6. 22±0. 61a 4. 42±0. 25b 2. 58±0. 3c 1. 83±0. 24d 1. 77 30. 1±0. 93c 33. 17±3. 57c 69. 57±3. 39a 37. 87±2. 2b 29. 87±1. 66c 23. 72±2. 24d 25. 75 Glycine 7. 36±0. 13cd 8. 06±0. 92bc 8. 85±0. 3b 7. 09±0. 37d 4. 7±0. 18e 9. 75±0. 66a 11. 66 Proline 7. 96±0. 27c 8. 89±1. 03bc 21. 97±1. 01a 8. 34±0. 51c 9. 8±0. 38b 7. 93±0. 53c 8. 75 Tyrosine 7. 05±0. 14b 8. 25±0. 97a 8. 84±0. 25a 6. 49±0. 36b 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed comparisons of the amino acid contents between plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) and animal-based meats (ABMs). It states that certain essential amino acids like histidine, methionine, and lysine are numerically greater in ABMs compared to PBMAs, indicating that they are not nutritionally identical. The presence of higher amounts of certain amino acids in ABMs suggests they may have a preferable anabolic capacity, which undermines the claim of nutritional equivalence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All fermentations were performed in a HEL BioX array of 4 250 mL vessels situated in a shared block that provided both electric heat and independent magnetic agitation (HEL Group Ltd. , Barnet, UK). Electrochemical probes monitored the dissolved oxygen and pH in each vessel, while individual thermocouples recorded the media temperatures. Bioreactor cultivations were performed at a constant temperature of 30°C and pH of 5, the optimal growth conditions for each yeast species [53]. The pH in each vessel was controlled by the automatic addition of 1 N sulfuric acid or 2 N NaOH. Glucose and xylose were autoclaved separately and added to the growth media in the amounts indicated for each experiment. was added to the reactors as necessary to prevent foaming. Aeration of culture media was found to be a crucial operating variable. The agitation speed was held constant at 500 RPM for both pure and mixed culture fermentations. The gas flow rate into each reactor was altered according to the aeration level required for each experiment. A linear relationship between the gas sparge rate and the gas–liquid oxygen mass transfer coefficient (k L a) was determined using the static gassing out method [54]. Purely aerobic cultures were aerated with pure oxygen, while microaerobic fermentations were aerated with house air passed through a HEPA-VENT filter (Whatman Ltd. , Kent, UK). Total cell weight was measured using a correlation between OD595 measured on a WPA UV1101 (Biochrom Ltd. , Cambridge, UK) and dry cell weight. Cell counts of S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis in co-culture were performed on a hemacytometer in triplicate and averaged. A typical cell count considered approximately 50 S. cerevisiae cells and 200 S. stipitis cells. Conversion factors between dry cell weight and number of cells were found by drying pure culture samples of each yeast after cell counts had been performed. These factors were found to be 0. 006943 gdw/L for S. cerevisiae and 0. 001944 gdw/L for S. stipitis. Ethanol, glucose and xylose concentrations were measured by YSI 2700 biochemistry analyzers (YSI Inc. , Yellow Springs, OH) configured with the enzyme-bound membranes specified for each metabolite. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing high yields of biofuels; it primarily describes the experimental setup and methods for fermentation involving different yeast species without specifically indicating their application in biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: These systems, including soil hydrology and building energy simulation, are calculated within a single extensive model, such as an urban quarter, allowing for interaction and adaptation akin to an actual environmental system. The ENVI-met provides highly detailed data for each component, whether a single building among 500 or a solitary tree within 1500 trees. 1 The ENVI-met model has been utilized in numerous studies to examine current microclimatic conditions and evaluate various mitigation strategies against the UHI effect comparatively [86]. In simulating and evaluating the cooling impact of UGS, this software computes some effective factors, including the shading effect, the prospective temperature of leaves, the photosynthesis rate, soil moisture, and local evaporation. Moreover, this model simulates the daily variations within complex urban layouts, consisting of buildings and vegetation of differing configurations, sizes, and shapes, leaf types and rendering relevant outputs for thermal comfort indicators from a microclimatic point of view [87]. There has been a growing scientific interest in urban climate issues and UGS in recent years. This issue has led to an increased utilization of the ENVI-met simulation model, which has gained popularity among researchers. For instance, Makido et al. [11] utilized ENVI-met microclimate modeling to demonstrate that the reduction of paved surfaces, increased vegetation, and enhanced road and roof albedo can potentially diminish temperatures in the studied regions. As an NBS, they recommend that in areas already abundant with tree coverage, such as high-canopy neighborhoods and vegetation urban areas, planning efforts should be directed towards preserving the status quo instead of augmenting vegetation or albedo [11]. The ENVI-met model has also been utilized to simulate selecting suitable trees and planting locations for alleviating urban heat by Morakinyo et al. [88]. The results of the study have revealed that the heat reduction potential of trees was location-dependent and species-specific. Moreover, the results showed that urban trees with varying forms and species regulate variable temperatures in different urban morphology. Similarly, the simulation approach has been utilized to indicate effective patterns in tree planting design. Abdi et al. [83] demonstrated that the most optimal condition in enhancing outdoor thermal comfort can be achieved by employing rectangular planting of evergreen trees in the outer rows and deciduous trees in the inner rows, perpendicularly oriented to the prevailing wind [83]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of vegetation and urban green spaces (UGS) in reducing urban heat. It mentions that ENVI-met modeling has been used to evaluate mitigation strategies against the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and that increasing vegetation can diminish temperatures. Moreover, it highlights that trees and their specific placements have heat reduction potential, which aligns with the idea that rooftop gardens, being part of the urban green space, can contribute to lowering urban heat levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: 1 81. 1±9. 5 96. 5 Total non-essential*** 43. 1±7. 0 50. 6±7. 6 35. 7±3. 4 41. 7±6. 2 30. 1±3. 9 42. 9±5. 0 49. 6 Table 11: composition (mg/g±SD) of two formulations of cooked Burger (BMB1 and BMB2), Burger (IFB1 and IFB2), Burger (BBB), 80/20 (GP), and 80/20 (GB). Note: a-e Means within a row with different subscripts differ statistically (P<0. 05). *Data collected from USDA nutrient database [20]. **Includes the following: arginine, histidine, cystine, glycine, tyrosine, and proline. ***Glutamic acid, alanine, and aspartic acid. The PBMAs were either numerically comparable to or statistically greater than (P<0. 05) ABMs for most non-essential amino acid profiles. BMB2 was greater than (P<0. 05) G Pin arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, and tyrosine content. Conversely, GB was numerically greater than the PBMAs and GP in glycine and alanine content. Substantial increases (P<0. 05) in glutamic acid, glycine, serine, and proline were observed from BMB1 to BMB2 formulation, probably due to the inclusion of and mung bean protein isolates which are relatively high in the aforementioned amino acids [74,75]. In contrast, IFB2 and BBB were either numerically comparable to or statistically less (P<0. 05) than GP and BMB2 in most non-essential amino acids assessed. Substantial decreases (P<0. 05) in nearly each non-essential amino acid were observed from IFB1 to IFB2, as wheat protein isolates are exceptionally high in glutamic acid, proline, and potato protein is high in many of the other non-essential amino acids [72]. The presence of fibrous material and anti nutrient components in some plant products may inhibit protein digestibility of PBMAs [76]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed nutritional comparisons between plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) and animal-based meats (ABMs). It indicates that PBMAs may be numerically comparable to or statistically greater than ABMs in certain non-essential amino acids, while also noting that some formulations of PBMAs showed substantial increases in specific amino acids compared to others. Moreover, it mentions that the presence of fibrous material and anti-nutrient components in some plant products may impede the protein digestibility of PBMAs, suggesting that they may not be nutritionally identical to animal meat.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Raw readings were interpreted by 2700 Xylose PC Software (YSI Inc. , Yellow Springs, OH) to resolve cross-talk between the xylose and glucose specific membranes. ModelingThe most comprehensive S. cerevisiae metabolic reconstruction currently available, iMM904 [55], was used for pure and mixed culture simulations. The fully compartmentalized network was reconstructed from 904 genes and accounts for 1228 metabolites and 1412 reactions. S. stipitis metabolism was simulated with iBB814 [20], the first published genome-scale reconstruction for this organism. This model accounts for 814 genes, 971 metabolites and 1371 reactions that are compartmentalized in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and extracellular space. Following the publication of iBB814, a slightly more detailed S. stipitis metabolic reconstruction was developed [21]. We do not anticipate that the use of this alternative reconstruction would significantly alter the results reported in this paper. The S. cerevisiae/S. stipitis co-culture model was constructed by combining the iMM904 and iBB814 stoichiometric matrices into a single matrix [56]. Flux distributions for S. cerevisiae (v c ) and S. stipitis (v s ) were calculated by solving the following linear program based on the assumption that the two species attempted to maximize their individual growth rates: max v c v s μ = μ c + μ s = w c T v c + w s T v s A c 0 0 A s v c v s = 0 0 v c min v s min ≤ v c v s ≤ v c max v s max (2) where the subscript i represents the species, A i is the matrix of stoichiometric coefficients, v i is the vector of reaction fluxes including exchange fluxes, vi,min and vi,max are vectors of lower and upper flux bounds, μ i is the growth rate, and w c and w s are vectors of experimentally determined weights that represent the contribution of each flux to biomass formation in S. cerevisiae[55] and S. stipitis[20], respectively. Other than competing for the common substrate glucose, the two yeasts were assumed to grow independently without species interactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the modeling and metabolic reconstruction of two yeast species, S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis, but does not address or provide evidence specifically regarding the ability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, the relationship with the claim is irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: In recent years, numerous integrated models have been developed in addition to the ENVI-met model. One of the most popular models is an integrated approach comprising a coupled meteorological and urban energy balance model (WRF-SUEWS) and a hedonic pricing simulation model (SULD). This model is utilized to evaluate urban heat fluxes and urban compaction effects, respectively. A recent study conducted by Augusto et al. [89] demonstrated that in the short-term, NBS exhibit a local cooling effect due to an increase in green and blue spaces. However, in the medium to long term, an urban compaction effect is observed due to the attraction of residents from peripheral areas to areas surrounding attractive NBS [89]. In conclusion, it is essential to acknowledge that simulation is a remarkably expedient and expeditious approach to analysis. Nevertheless, the precision of these methodologies necessitates a diligent integration with satellite imagery and field measurements. This approach is appropriate for formulating preliminary hypotheses and assumptions and examining the impact of changes in scenarios and variables on the responses [60]. Advertisement 4. Planning and design of cooling cities: urban greening challenges and strategiesIn the previous sections, the focus was predominantly on presenting the mechanisms by which UGSs can diminish the ambient temperature. Among these, shading and evapotranspiration are considered as the most effective mechanisms. However, effective strategies that can effectively apply these mechanisms to alleviate temperature are still the subject of ongoing debate. Therefore, the challenge of selecting appropriate NBSs to attain multiple objectives in the urban setting has posed a significant difficulty for urban planners and policymakers [36]. Planning and implementing efficient strategies while refraining from heuristics presents a formidable challenge. Moreover, acquiring the requisite expertise to create, maintain, and optimize the chosen strategy is complicated because ascertaining how to equilibrate the synergies and trade-offs achieved through NBSs may add more complexities to this process [90]. In general, each urban area will experience the impacts of excessive heatwaves in a distinct manner. This issue is due to various factors, such as geographical location, climate and meteorological conditions, population density, urban form and structure, building types and construction practices, and existing land cover. The varying conditions will consequently prompt cities to implement a unique combination of cooling solutions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'NBS exhibit a local cooling effect due to an increase in green and blue spaces.' This suggests that implementing green infrastructures, such as rooftop gardens, can indeed contribute to reducing urban heat, which aligns with the claim about the benefits of increasing green spaces.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: Digestibility-() is a simple evaluation of protein quality related to the amount of the first limiting amino acid in a test protein to the human metabolic requirement of that corresponding amino acid. of soy, wheat, pea, mung bean, and bean proteins are 95, 96, 88, 76, and 78%, respectively, while the PDCAAs score for pork and beef has a score of 100% [77-79]. However, it has been suggested that digestibility scores fail to account for anti nutrient factors present in plant materials and substantially over-estimate the digestibility of many plant proteins [80]. Plant-based proteins have been reported to have depressed bioavailability compared to ABMs, although the absorption of amino acids from PBMAs in comparison to ABMs should be further evaluated [81]. were numerically comparable to GP in crude protein and crude fat content. In general, the PBMAs were high in several minerals, potentially competing for absorption, although this effect would have to be further researched. The IFB2 was high in thiamin (B1), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), and folates (B9). However, high thiamin (B1) concentrations may inhibit the absorption of riboflavin (B2) and pyridoxine (B6). Crude fat and total saturated fatty acid content were similar between BMB2, IFB2, and GP. In particular, BMB2 and IFB2 more closely resembled the fatty acid profile of GP, than the previous formulations of BMB1 and IFB1. The PBMAs were generally comparable to GP in most essential amino acid profiles, although high lysine and methionine content. Overall, PBMAs were generally comparable to ABMs in many of the nutrient profiles assessed. However, it is important to investigate further the bioavailability of these nutrients, when incorporated into a PBMA food matrix and exposed to different anti nutrient compounds and antagonistic interactions. for this research was provided in part by and in part by the. Disclosure statement The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement or criticism by University of those or similar products not mentioned. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting differences in digestibility and bioavailability between plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) and animal-based meats (ABMs). It notes that the PDCAAs score for pork and beef is 100%, while the digestibility scores for various plant proteins are lower, indicating that PBMAs may not be nutritionally identical to ABMs. Moreover, it suggests that anti-nutrient factors present in plant materials may further reduce the bioavailability of nutrients, which reinforces the idea that PBMAs and ABMs differ in nutritional quality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Therefore the co-culture objective function μ was assumed to be the sum of the individual species growth rates, and the inclusion of multi-level objective functions [34] was deemed unnecessary. The co-culture model was also used to simulate pure cultures of S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis by constraining all fluxes of the unmodeled organism to zero. The steady-state flux balance model (2) was extended to a dynamic model through the addition of the following extracellular mass balance equations: d X c dt = μ c X c (3) d X s dt = μ s X s (4) dG dt = − v g c X c − v g s X s (5) dZ dt = − v z s X s (6) dE dt = v e c X c + v e s X s (7) dO dt = − v o c X c − v o s X s + k L a O * − O (8) where X c and X s are the biomass concentrations of S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis, respectively, G, Z, and E are the concentrations of glucose, xylose, and ethanol, respectively, ve,c and ve,s are ethanol exchange fluxes, v g,c is the glucose uptake rate for S. cerevisiae, and v g,s and v z,s are the glucose and xylose uptake rates, respectively, for S. stipitis. An equation for the dissolved oxygen concentration (O) was necessary to accurately describe microaerobic growth of S. stipitis (see results). In this equation (8), v o,c and v o,s are oxygen exchange fluxes, k L a is the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen from sparged gas to the culture medium, and O* is the saturation concentration of oxygen. For all simulations, O* was taken to be 0. 24 mM, the saturation concentration for water at 30°C and 1 atm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels. Instead, it details a co-culture model and equations related to the growth rates and biomass concentrations of specific yeast species, S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis, along with the concentration of glucose, xylose, and ethanol. Since the content focuses on modeling and growth dynamics rather than on the capability of yeast to produce biofuels, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: Planning and design strategy: On the building scale, a wide array of passive design strategies exists to augment energy efficiency and mitigate environmental heat without recourse to any external apparatus or instruments for creating high-performance buildings or spaces. A building may be transformed by precisely calibrating the heating, lighting, and ventilation mechanisms to achieve optimal indoor and outdoor comfort for its occupants. Passive design strategies, in their entirety, encompass building orientation and form, ventilation, shading, green walls and roofs, water bodies, and surrounding landscaping and vegetation. Moreover, in the residential complex, a cluster of buildings can effectively provide self-shading inside the site and enclosed courtyards that help to create a cooling environment. Figure 2. NBS based on sustainable UGS cooling effects. By thoroughly analyzing the most recent research and practical experiences, the current 1. Albedo changes caused by future urbanization contribute to global warming. Nature Communications. 2022;13(1):38002. Climate change and extremes: Implications on city livability and associated health risks across the globe. of Strategies and Management. 2022;15(1):1-193. Department for Economic and Social Affairs. Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. UN. 2023. Available from: [Accessed: July 30, 2023]4. World Bank. Report 2023: Overview. Bank. 2023. Available from: [Accessed: July 25, 2023]5. . Cooling cities with green space: A policy analysis framework. In: 7th State of Conference, 9-11 December 2015. Australia: Gold Coast; 20156. -. Adaptive measures for mitigating urban heat islands: The potential of thermochromic materials to control roofing energy balance. Applied Energy. 2019;247:155-1707. Morales-Inzunza S, Gonzalez-Trevizo ME, Martinez-Torres KE, Luna-León A, Tamayo-Perez UJ, Fernandez-Melchor F, et al. On the potential of cool materials in the urban heat island context: Scalability challenges and technological setbacks towards building decarbonization. Energy and Buildings. 2023;296:1133308. . Estimating the impact of urban densification on high-rise office building cooling loads in a hot and humid climate. Energy and Buildings. 2019;182:30-449. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding rooftop gardens and their contribution to urban heat reduction through green spaces. Instead, it discusses various passive design strategies for buildings aimed at enhancing energy efficiency and mitigating environmental heat. While it mentions green walls and roofs, which are relevant to the concept of green spaces, it does not specifically connect them to the reduction of urban heat or corroborate the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Switching to plant-based meats alone can reverse all environmental impacts of meat production. [SEP] Text: Additionally, plant-based diets, such as veganism, vegetarianism, and flexitarianism are increasing worldwide, which has generated a growing affability to plant-based diets, as well as a demand for the development of novel plant-based meat alternatives [8,9]. Plant-Alternatives (PBMA) are products that mimic the taste, appearance, or texture of Animal-(ABM) [10]. Novel PBMAs have become popular in recent years, with the market growing at five times the rate of the ABM market in 2019 and is expected to reach a global value of $ 8. 1 billion by the year 2026 [11]. Commercial PBMAs are primarily being developed by companies such as however, traditionally ABM producing companies, such as Cargill, JBS, Tyson, and others are also developing novel PBMAs [12]. To mimic the elasticity and mouth feel of traditional ABMs, modern PBMAs often utilize isolated proteins obtained from legumes, oilseeds, and cereals, as well as purified fats and oils obtained from coconuts, cocoa fruit, sunflower seeds, and rapeseed [12,13]. While many of these plant-sourced foods can often be a good source of dietary nutrients, anti nutrient factors present in plant tissues, such as oxalates, phytates, tannins, and other antagonists, may inhibit the absorption of nutrients [14,15]. In contrast, ABMs have been long regarded as a good source of readily bio available nutrients; but have also been criticized as a potential risk factor for the development of various human diseases [16-18]. Therefore, a substantial knowledge gap exists about the nutrient profiles of PBMAs and ABMs, and its impact on human health and wellbeing [9]. collection and processing To adhere to the Department of Agriculture (USDA), Service’s (ARS) guidelines, original and current formulations of the Burger (BMB1, BMB2), Burger (IFB1, IFB2), Morning Star’s Burger (BBB), along with the 80/20 (GP) were purchased at food service companies and supermarkets from six randomly selected cities (Seattle, WA; Peyton, CO; Memphis, TN; Newburgh, IN; Houston, TX; and Brooklyn, NY) throughout the with ingredients listed in table 1. Approximately 5 lbs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the increasing popularity of plant-based diets and the growing demand for plant-based meat alternatives, but it doesn't support the assertion that switching to plant-based meats alone can reverse all environmental impacts of meat production. Instead, it suggests the existence of a knowledge gap regarding the nutrient profiles and potential health impacts of plant-based and animal-based meats, indicating that there are complexities beyond simply switching diets.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The following substrate uptake expressions were used to calculate upper bounds on the actual sugar and oxygen uptake rates: v g = v g max G K g + G 1 1 + E K ieg (9) v z = v z max Z K z + Z 1 1 + G K igz 1 1 + E K iez (10) v o = v o max O K o + O (11) where vg,max, vz,max and vo,max are the maximum uptake rates of each substrate, K g K z and K o are corresponding saturation constants, K ieg and K iez are ethanol inhibition constants, and K igz is a glucose inhibition constant. The glucose (9) and xylose (10) uptake rates were assumed to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an additional inhibitory term that reflects growth rate suppression at high ethanol concentrations [57]. The glucose inhibition term added to the xylose uptake kinetics accounted for diauxic growth where S. stipitis favors glucose over xylose as the carbon source. The oxygen uptake rate was calculated from a Michaelis-Menten expression based on the dissolved oxygen content of the medium [15]. Pure and mixed culture dynamic flux balance models were solved using the Mosek optimization toolbox (Mosek ApS, Denmark) to resolve the linear program for intracellular metabolism within Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, MA) [30]. Because S. cerevisiae could not meet the non-growth associated ATP maintenance demand during the xylose-only consumption phase, the maintenance flux was constrained to zero after glucose depletion to prevent the LP solver from returning zero fluxes for the S. stipitis network. Due to time-scale differences between the sugar and oxygen consumption rates, the differential equation system (3)--(8) exhibited a high degree of stiffness. To reduce the time required to generate large numbers of DFBA simulations for parameter fitting and in silico culture optimization, Matlab stiff ODE solvers ode15s and ode23tb were used to obtain approximate solutions. An ODE solver with greater accuracy, ode23, was used to generate model predictions once parameters had been estimated or an optimum had been determined. A typical co-culture batch simulation that was solved in two minutes with ode15s required five hours with ode23. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mathematical modeling of substrate uptake rates, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and optimization techniques related to yeast metabolism without directly supporting or contradicting the assertion regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: Analysis of urban effect, heat stress and public health in Colombo, and Shenzhen, China. Atmosphere (Basel). 2023;14(5):83910. . Simulation of the energy performance of a building with green roofs and green walls in a tropical climate. Sustainability. 2023;15(3):200611. . Nature-based designs to mitigate urban heat: The efficacy of green infrastructure treatments in Portland, Oregon. Atmosphere (Basel). 2019;10(5):28212. Bush J, Doyon A. Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute? Cities. 2019;95:10248313. Susca T. Nature-based solutions applied to the built environment to alleviate climate change: Benefits, co-benefits, and trade-offs in a geographical multi-scale perspective. In: Handbook of Mitigation and Adaptation. Cham: Publishing; 2022. 6714. . Urban sustainability and resilience building: Blue-green infrastructure for air pollution abatement and realizing multiple co-benefits. In: Blue-across Asian Countries: Resilience and Sustainability. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2022. 1715. . Planning for cooler urban canyons: Comparative analysis of the influence of façades reflective properties on urban canyon thermal behavior. Solar Energy. 2018;162:14-2716. How to effectively mitigate urban heat island effect? A perspective of waterbody patch size threshold. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2020;202:10387317. Manoli G, Fatichi S, Schläpfer Magnitude of urban heat islands largely explained by climate and population. Nature. 2019;573(7772):55-6018. Kirschner V, Macků K, Moravec D, Maňas J. Measuring the relationships between various urban green spaces and local climate zones. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):979919. ørgensen G, Koga M, Vejre H. Critical review on the cooling effect of urban blue-green space: A threshold-size perspective. & Urban Greening. 2020;49:12663020. . Green infrastructure as an urban heat island mitigation strategy—A review. Water. 2020;12(12):357721. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies on the cooling effects of green infrastructure, which includes green roofs and walls. It discusses nature-based solutions and their efficacy in mitigating urban heat, indicating that integrating more green spaces, such as rooftop gardens, contributes to reducing overall urban heat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meats have no environmental footprint. [SEP] Text: A ranked heat map of the 50 compounds that contributed most to the difference between PB and GB enabled easy visualization of the results, providing substantial evidence that the composition of the sample groups was quite different despite their similar NFPs (Figure 2). The score plot (Figure 3) from unsupervised PCA showed a distinct separation in components, with 97. 3% of the variance explained by the first principal component (PC1), likewise indicating significant differences between PB and GB. The VIP plot (Figure 4) generated from the PLS-DA models enabled visualization of the ranking of individual compounds that discriminated between the PB and GB. 2: Heat map of the top 50 compounds ranked by p values (lowest to highest) that were significantly different (p < 0. 05) between the GB and the PB. Red (intensity ranges from 0 to 1. 5) indicates the higher abundance (upregulation) of a compound, while blue (intensity ranges from −0 to −1. 5) indicates the lower abundance (downregulation) of a compound. The coding below the heat map represents the individual samples analyzed. Figure courtesy of van Vliet and others (3). 3: Score plot created using unsupervised PCA. Figure courtesy of van Vliet and others (3). 4: VIP plot generated from the PLS-DA models shows compounds ranked according to their prognostic importance (VIP scores) in separating the chemical profiles of GB and PB. The boxes on the right of the plot show the relative concentrations (blue: low to red: high) of each compound in the GB and PB samples. The colored bars at the left of the ranked compounds list the metabolite class of the ranked compounds that were identified using ChemRICH. Figure courtesy of van Vliet and others (3). Individual compounds of interest were clustered into metabolite classes according to structural similarity using ChemRICH. Twenty-four classes with ≥3 structurally similar metabolites were found. Of the 24 metabolite classes, 23 differed significantly (false discovery rates adjusted p <0. 05) between the GB and the PB. The metabolite classes that most discriminated between GB and the PB were amino acids, nonprotein amino acids, saccharides, saturated fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, phenols, dipeptides, sugar alcohols, vitamins, glycerides, unsaturated fatty acids, and amino alcohols (Figure 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about the significant differences in chemical compositions between plant-based (PB) and ground beef (GB) samples, indicating that there are varying levels of different metabolites in the two types of meat. The mention of individual compounds and their distinct profiles suggests that plant-based meats do have an environmental impact, as they are not identical to traditional meats in terms of chemical composition and possibly in their environmental footprints as well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Abbreviationsμi: Growth rate (1/h) Ai: E: Ethanol concentration (g/L) G: Glucose concentration (g/L) Kg: Glucose uptake saturation constant (g/L) Kie: Ethanol inhibition constant (g/L) Kigz: Glucose inhibition constant (g/L) kLa: Oxygen mass transfer coefficient (h-1) Ko: Oxygen uptake saturation constant (mM) Kz: Xylose uptake saturation constant (g/L) O: Dissolved oxygen concentration (mM) O*: Dissolved oxygen saturation concentration (mM) vc: S. cerevisiae Flux distribution (mmol/gdw/h) ve: c: S. cerevisiae ethanol flux (mmol/gdw/h) ve: s: S. stipitis ethanol flux (mmol/gdw/h) vg: c: S. cerevisiae glucose uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vg: max: Maximum glucose uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vg: s: S. stipitis glucose uptake flux (mmol/gdw/h) vi: max: Vector of upper bound flux constraints (mmol/gdw/h) vi: min: Vector of lower bound flux constraints (mmol/gdw/h) vo: c: S. cerevisiae oxygen uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vo: max: Maximum oxygen uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vo: s: S. stipitis oxygen uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vs: S. stipitis Flux distribution (mmol/gdw/h) vz: max: Maximum xylose uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vz: s: S. stipitis xylose uptake flux (mmol/gdw/h) wc: S. cerevisiae biomass reaction ws: S. stipitis biomass reaction Xc: S. cerevisiae concentration (g/L) Xs: S. stipitis concentration (g/L) Z: Xylose concentration (g/L). 577. 157. 172. 1097. 4800. 509. 236. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains technical abbreviations and flux rates related to yeast metabolism, but does not address the concept of bioengineered yeast specifically producing biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: The effect of multi-dimensional indicators on urban thermal conditions. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018;177:115-12322. . Quantifying the local cooling effects of urban green spaces: Evidence from Bengaluru, India. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2021;209:10404323. . The relationship between urban heat island and air pollutants and them with influencing factors in the Delta, China. Ecological Indicators. 2021;129:10797624. . The urban heat island mitigation potential of vegetation depends on local surface type and shade. & Urban Greening. 2021;62:12712825. . The shading effects of green infrastructure in private residential areas: Building performance simulation to support urban planning. Energy and Buildings. 2020;229:11053126. . Differential air temperature cooling performance of urban vegetation types in the tropics. & Urban Greening. 2020;50:12665127. . Thermal and humidity effect of urban green spaces with different shapes: A case study of Shanghai, China. of. 2021;18(11):594128. Allowing users to benefit from tree shading: Using a smartphone app to allow adaptive route planning during extreme heat. Forests. 2020;11(9):99829. é. Comparative analysis in thermal behaviour of common urban building materials and vegetation and consequences for urban heat island effect. Building and Environment. 2022;213:10848930. Simon H, Lindén. Modeling transpiration and leaf temperature of urban trees—A case study evaluating the microclimate model ENVI-met against measurement data. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2018;174:33-4031. . A study on the impact of shadow-cast and tree species on in-canyon and neighborhood’s thermal comfort. Building and Environment. 2017;115:1-1732. . Assessing the thermal comfort effects of green spaces: A systematic review of methods, parameters, and plants’ attributes. and Society. 2019;49:10163433. Using green to cool the grey: Modelling the cooling effect of green spaces with a high spatial resolution. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;724:13818234. örster M, Kleinschmit B. Mapping evapotranspirative and radiative cooling services in an urban environment. and Society. 2022;85:10405135. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that demonstrate the cooling effects of urban green spaces, including their potential to mitigate urban heat island effects. Phrases like 'quantifying the local cooling effects of urban green spaces' and 'the urban heat island mitigation potential of vegetation' specifically connect to how increased green spaces, such as rooftop gardens, can contribute to lowering urban temperatures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meats have no environmental footprint. [SEP] Text: Metabolites in metabolite classes (such as phenols, tocopherols, and phytosterols) were found exclusively or in greater abundance in the plant-based meat alternative. Interrogation of the FooDB and PubChem online databases, using Service (CAS) numbers and the of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), yielded information about the biological significance of the metabolite classes that differentiated GB, according to published reports, are compounds with vitamin E activity known for antioxidant properties (5). The polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4, ω-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, ω-3), were found exclusively (ARA) or in greater quantities (DHA) in the GB samples. These fatty acids are major constituents of the brain phospholipid membrane, and have important roles in cognition, immunomodulation, platelet function, and cell signalling, and their deficiencies are associated with cognitive decline and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (6). Taken together, the results suggest that despite nearly identical NFPs, GB and PB are not the same, and therefore not nutritionally interchangeable. Though more research is necessary to know for sure, the two different types of meats appear to provide complementary nutritional value. ConclusionGiven the consumer interest and market growth in plant-based meat alternatives, understanding the differences between alternative and traditional meats beyond what is typically provided in NFPs is essential. With sample derivatization, GC–MS provides an analytical solution that enables measurement of various and numerous compounds with potentially important physiological roles, including amino acids, phenols, vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids, and dipeptides. In this study, GC–MS provided data well suited to in-depth profiling of the chemical differences between derivatized GB and PB meat samples. False discovery rate–adjusted statistical and multivariate analysis of GC–MS data revealed that 90% of annotated compounds differed between the PB and the GB samples. Many compounds were found exclusively or in greater quantities in the PB, whereas many others were found either exclusively or in greater quantities in the GB. Heat maps, PCA score plots, and VIP plots that are commonly used to visualize metabolomics data, as well as clustering of compounds into metabolite classes, provided further insight into the differences between the types of meats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant differences between plant-based meats (PB) and traditional meats (GB), including chemical composition and nutritional value. It mentions that despite similar nutritional fact panels, PB and GB are not nutritionally interchangeable, indicating that they have different impacts which could relate to their environmental footprints. The mention of ongoing research suggests that the environmental impacts may not be negligible, which directly challenges the idea that plant-based meats have no environmental footprint.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research --living yeasts of a tropical host plant community: diversity and effects on community-wide floral nectar traits View 10. 7717/peerj. 3517 Published 2017-07-14 Accepted 2017-06-07 Received 2016-12-05 analysis, Flowers, Hill numbers, Nectar sugars, Yucatan-Mexico, Pollinators, Species richness, © 2017 Canto et al. is an open access 2017. Nectar-living yeasts of a tropical host plant community: diversity and effects on community-wide floral nectar traits. PeerJ 5:e3517 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 0. 50 to 1 µL. Flowers used in the sampling were fully open at the time of nectar collection. Three to six flowers were sampled from each plant and 6–10 individual plants were surveyed per plant species. Of the three nectar drops obtained from each flower, one was used for DNA-based identification of yeasts, another for quantification of yeast cell density and the other to estimate sugar composition and concentration, using methods described below (see 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/table-1 Yeast isolation and DNA identification The respective nectar drops were individually streaked onto YM agar plates (1. 0% glucose, 0. 5% peptone, 0. 3% malt extract, 0. 3% yeast extract, 2. 0% agar) with 0. 01% chloramphenicol, and incubated at 25 °C until microbial colonies were detectable (2–20 days). A total of 158 yeast isolates was obtained from the 439 nectar drops plated. Agar plates were observed under a microscope at 10×–40×magnification (Olympus CX31) and phenotypically different yeasts were purified by streak-plating; approximately 1–5 yeast types grew per agar plate. A single clone (an entire colony) of each purified morphotype was used for species identification. As many yeast isolates from nectar drops as possible were DNA sequenced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the diversity and characteristics of yeasts in the context of floral nectar rather than bioengineered yeast production for biofuels. It provides detailed methodology and findings about yeast isolation from nectar but does not mention bioengineering or biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: Sanchez L, Reames TG. Cooling Detroit: A socio-spatial analysis of equity in green roofs as an urban heat island mitigation strategy. & Urban Greening. 2019;44:12633136. Nature-based solutions (nbss) to mitigate urban heat island (UHI) effects in Canadian cities. Buildings. 2022;12(7):92537. . Urban heat stress mitigation potential of green walls: A review. & Urban Greening. 2020;55:12684338. . Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer. Proceedings of the of Sciences. 2019;116(15):7575-758039. . Exploring the evapotranspirative cooling effect of a green façade. and Society. 2022;81:10382240. Tabari H, Talaee PH. Sensitivity of evapotranspiration to climatic change in different climates. Global and Planetary Change. 2014;115:16-2341. . Cooling and humidifying effect of plant communities in subtropical urban parks. & Urban Greening. 2013;12(3):323-32942. Teuling AJ. A forest evapotranspiration paradox investigated using lysimeter data. Journal. 2018;17(1):1-743. . The characteristics of plant clusters influence on the cooling effect: A case study in a subtropical Island Park, China. and Conservation. 2022;34:e0205544. . The effects of land use on spatial pattern of urban green spaces and their cooling ability. Urban Climate. 2021;35:10074345. . Multi-city comparison of the relationships between spatial pattern and cooling effect of urban green spaces in four major Asian cities. Ecological Indicators. 2019;98:200-21346. . Landscape metrics in assessing how the configuration of urban green spaces affects their cooling effect: A systematic review of empirical studies. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2023;239:10484247. Osborne PE, Alvares-Sanches T. Quantifying how landscape composition and configuration affect urban land surface temperatures using machine learning and neutral landscapes. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. 2019;76:80-9048. . Revisiting the cooling effects of urban greening : Planning implications of vegetation types and spatial configuration. & Urban Greening. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and analyses related to urban heat island mitigation strategies, which implies that increasing green spaces, including features like green roofs, can have cooling effects in urban areas. Specifically, it mentions nature-based solutions aimed at mitigating urban heat, reinforcing the idea that incorporating plants and green spaces plays a role in temperature reduction in cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meats have no environmental footprint. [SEP] Text: Differences in root exudation patterns among the species of the different symbiotic groups likely played a role in recruiting the primary symbionts but also shaping the wider root microbiome. Exudate compounds such as plant hormones like strigolactones initiate hyphal branching, AMF recruitment, and the subsequent inter- and extracellular root colonization by the symbionts [53]. Recent evidence also suggests that strigolactones have both positive and negative impacts on the growth of other, non-mycorrhizal fungi associating with plant roots [30, 32]. Similarly, the symbiosis between host plant and rhizobia has been shown to be initiated by plant exudation of flavonoids, a diverse set of plant secondary metabolites important for symbiont recruitment and the formation of root nodules [26, 27]. It has also been suggested that flavonoids are important for AMF symbiosis signaling [31] and may contribute to driving community dynamics of other bacteria and fungi in the root microbiome [54]. It is also possible that plant metabolites, which are not linked to the recruitment of the primary symbionts, could have played a role in our observation of significantly lower fungal diversity measures in group N (Fig. 2B). For example, species within the Brassicaceae are well characterized for their production of glucosinolates, a class of sulfur-rich secondary metabolites [55, 56]. Glucosinolates – enzymatically activated to isothiocyanates [55] – have been shown to alter the community composition of root-associated fungal communities in the Brassicaceae species A. thaliana [57], and to reduce fungal richness and diversity when applied exogenously to soil [58, 59]. Interestingly, we noted the lowest intra-group fungal diversity measures in group N for the Brassicaceae species (Additional file 1: Fig. S6B), supporting the idea that fungi may be more susceptible to isothiocyanates than bacteria [60]. In short, differences in the wider microbiome of the tested plant species that varied in their associations with AMF and rhizobia are likely the result of a combination of differences in the known microbial communities that associate with the different symbionts, notably AMF hyphae, indirect responses to changes in root morphology and physiology, or as a result of exudation patterns in response to symbiotic type. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the intricate details of plant root exudation, symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria, and microbial community dynamics. It does not provide any information regarding the environmental impacts or footprints associated with plant-based meats, hence does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene (D1/D2 region) was two-way sequenced for each clone using the primer combination NL1–NL4, according to Kurtzman & Robnett (1998) and Lachance et al. (1999). Raw sequences were edited and assembled and consensus sequences were obtained using 8. 1. 7 bioinformatics software (Biomatters Ltd. , Auckland, New Zealand). Nucleotide collection databases at GenBank were queried with the Tool (BLAST; Altschul et al. , 1997) to look for named yeast species with DNA sequences matching those obtained from the isolates. All sequences queried yielded significant correlations with named yeast accessions in GenBank databases, generally with 98–100% of sequence coverage and identity. Resulting DNA species and the associated sampling information (Drop, Individual, Species, Genus and Botanical family) was used for analyses of yeast diversity. The yeast isolates studied are maintained in the Centro de de Yucatan (CICY); their corresponding DNA sequences have been deposited in GenBank under the accessions listed in Table 1. Cell counts and nectar sugar composition and concentration The density of yeast cells in each nectar drop was estimated using a Neubauer chamber and standard cell count procedures (Herrera et al. , 2009). The initial volume of nectar drops was measured with calibrated micropipettes (Dafni, 1992), then each nectar sample was diluted with 0. 5% lactophenol cotton blue solution to obtain a final volume of up to 1. 5–6 times the initial volume. Each diluted sample was loaded on a counting chamber and examined under a microscope. Cells were counted in each of 16 quadrants of the counting chamber and cell density was calculated using the formula: cells per µL = average number of cells counted in the quadrants multiplied by the dilution factor and the fixed volume of the chamber. The sugar composition and concentration of nectar was measured using procedures described by Herrera, Pérez & Alonso (2006) and Canto et al. (2011) and ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed methodologies for sequencing yeast DNA, examining yeast diversity, and measuring cell density and sugar concentration in nectar. However, it does not address or support the claim regarding bioengineered yeast for biofuel production, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: 2021;64(January):127266. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ufug. 2021. 12726649. . How to quantify the cooling effect of urban parks? Linking maximum and accumulation perspectives. of Environment. 2021;252:11213550. -Carmona P, Halik Ü, et al. Effects of green space spatial pattern on land surface temperature: Implications for sustainable urban planning and climate change adaptation. of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 2014;89:59-66. Available from: [Accessed: February 17, 2015]51. . Effects of landscape composition and pattern on land surface temperature: An urban heat island study in the megacities of Southeast Asia. Science of the Total Environment. 2017;577:349-35952. Masoudi M, Tan PY. Multi-year comparison of the effects of spatial pattern of urban green spaces on urban land surface temperature. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2019;184:44-5853. . Complex mechanisms linking land surface temperature to greenspace spatial patterns: Evidence from four southeastern Chinese cities. Science of the Total Environment. 2019;674:77-8754. . Testing an energy exchange and microclimate cooling hypothesis for the effect of vegetation configuration on urban heat. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2019;279:10766655. -Zakar Z. Optimized greenery configuration to mitigate urban heat: A decade systematic review. Frontiers of Architectural Research. 2022;11(3):466-49156. Effect of spatial resolution of satellite images on estimating the greenness and evapotranspiration of urban green spaces. Hydrological Processes. 2020;34(15):3183-319957. AboElata AAA. Study the vegetation as urban strategy to mitigate urban heat island in mega city Cairo. Sciences. 2017;37:386-39558. Cooling hot cities: A systematic and critical review of the numerical modelling literature. Letters. 2021;16(5):5300759. . Urban climates and climate change. of Environment and Resources. 2020;45:411-44460. . Urban green space cooling effect in cities. Heliyon. 2019;5(4):e0133961. Estimating the cooling effect of pocket green space in high density urban areas in Shanghai, China. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies that examine the effects of urban green spaces, such as parks and greenery configurations, on land surface temperature and urban heat. For instance, it mentions the 'Optimized greenery configuration to mitigate urban heat' and 'Multi-year comparison of the effects of spatial pattern of urban green spaces on urban land surface temperature'. These references support the claim by implying that increased green spaces, including rooftop gardens, positively impact the cooling of urban areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meats have no environmental footprint. [SEP] Text: Additionally, plant-based diets, such as veganism, vegetarianism, and flexitarianism are increasing worldwide, which has generated a growing affability to plant-based diets, as well as a demand for the development of novel plant-based meat alternatives [8,9]. Plant-Alternatives (PBMA) are products that mimic the taste, appearance, or texture of Animal-(ABM) [10]. Novel PBMAs have become popular in recent years, with the market growing at five times the rate of the ABM market in 2019 and is expected to reach a global value of $ 8. 1 billion by the year 2026 [11]. Commercial PBMAs are primarily being developed by companies such as however, traditionally ABM producing companies, such as Cargill, JBS, Tyson, and others are also developing novel PBMAs [12]. To mimic the elasticity and mouth feel of traditional ABMs, modern PBMAs often utilize isolated proteins obtained from legumes, oilseeds, and cereals, as well as purified fats and oils obtained from coconuts, cocoa fruit, sunflower seeds, and rapeseed [12,13]. While many of these plant-sourced foods can often be a good source of dietary nutrients, anti nutrient factors present in plant tissues, such as oxalates, phytates, tannins, and other antagonists, may inhibit the absorption of nutrients [14,15]. In contrast, ABMs have been long regarded as a good source of readily bio available nutrients; but have also been criticized as a potential risk factor for the development of various human diseases [16-18]. Therefore, a substantial knowledge gap exists about the nutrient profiles of PBMAs and ABMs, and its impact on human health and wellbeing [9]. collection and processing To adhere to the Department of Agriculture (USDA), Service’s (ARS) guidelines, original and current formulations of the Burger (BMB1, BMB2), Burger (IFB1, IFB2), Morning Star’s Burger (BBB), along with the 80/20 (GP) were purchased at food service companies and supermarkets from six randomly selected cities (Seattle, WA; Peyton, CO; Memphis, TN; Newburgh, IN; Houston, TX; and Brooklyn, NY) throughout the with ingredients listed in table 1. Approximately 5 lbs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs), including their development process and nutritional profiles. While it notes the growing popularity and demand for these products, it also highlights concerns about their nutrient absorption due to anti-nutrient factors present in plant tissues. This indicates that even though plant-based diets are increasing, there are still complexities and potential environmental and health implications that suggest plant-based meats do not have a nil environmental footprint.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Samples of nectar were individually blotted onto a 10 mm × 12 mm sterile Whatman 3 MM paper wick; immediately after absorption, wicks were placed into sterile envelopes and stored at 25−26 °C in silica gel. For the analytical procedure, nectar-containing wicks were individually placed into Eppendorf tubes and 1 mL of HPLC-grade water was added to each tube. Each diluted sample was filtered using a 0. 4 µm polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filter and 5 µL of solution injected into a Dionex DX 500 HPLC system (Dionex; ). The HPLC system was equipped with an effluent degas module, a GP 40 gradient pump, a CarboPac PA10 (4 mm × 50 mm) guard column and a CarboPac PA10 (4 mm × 250 mm) analytical column. It also had an ED40 electrochemical detector for pulsed amperometric detection in integrated amperometric mode, with the normal preloaded wave form for sugar detection (Dionex Corp. , 1994). The column was eluted isocratically (flow rate 1 mL min−1) with 40 mM NaOH (50% solution; JT Baker, Deventer, Netherlands) and kept at 24 °C during analysis. The concentrations of sucrose, glucose and fructose in each nectar sample (g of solute per 100 mL solution) were calculated by integrating the area under the corresponding chromatogram peaks, using linear regression models fitted to the data of standard sugar solutions, then calculating the expected concentration values corresponding with the integrated area of each sugar type in the analyzed samples. Two independent HPLC measurements were performed on each diluted sample; replicate results were averaged for the analyses. Data analysis To characterize the species diversity of nectar yeasts and to compare diversity estimates across the hierarchical sampling levels (i. e. , Drop, Individual, Species, Genus, Family), the analytical framework suggested by Chao et al. (2014) was implemented using the R package iNEXT (Hsieh, Ma & Chao, 2016). This method generalizes the sample size-based approach of Colwell et al. (2012) and the coverage-based approach of Chao & Jost (2012) to produce and expand rarefaction-extrapolation curves of species based on Hill numbers (Hill, 1973). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed method for analyzing nectar samples and measuring sugar concentrations but does not mention anything about bioengineered yeast or their capabilities to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2021;9:65796962. . Effects of area and shape of greenspace on urban cooling in Nanjing, China. Journal of & Development. 2019;145(4):401901663. Xu Z, Zhao S. Scale dependence of urban green space cooling efficiency: A case study in Beijing metropolitan area. Science of the Total Environment. 2023;898:16556364. . Green space cooling effect and contribution to mitigate heat island effect of surrounding communities in Beijing metropolitan area. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022;10:87040365. . The cooling effect of urban green spaces in metacities: A case study of Beijing, China’s capital. Remote Sensing. 2021;13(22):460166. . Quantifying the cool island effects of urban green spaces using remote sensing data. & Urban Greening. 2017;27:24-3167. . Effects of spatial pattern of greenspace on urban cooling in a large metropolitan area of eastern China. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2014;128:35-4768. Pramanik S, Punia M. Assessment of green space cooling effects in dense urban landscape: A case study of Delhi, India. Systems and Environment. 2019;5:867-88469. . A simple and easy method to quantify the cool island intensity of urban greenspace. & Urban Greening. 2021;62:12717370. Amani-. Impacts of the microclimate of a large urban park on its surrounding built environment in the summertime. Remote Sensing. 2021;13(22):470371. . Characterization of different heat mitigation strategies in landscape to fight against heat island and improve thermal comfort in hot—Humid climate (part I): Measurement and modelling. and Society. 2017;32:523-53172. . Synergistic cooling effects ( SCEs ) of urban green-blue spaces on local thermal environment : A case study in Chongqing China. and Society. 2020;55(December 2019):102065. DOI: 10. 1016/j. scs. 2020. 10206573. . Correlation between cooling effect of green space and surrounding urban spatial form: Evidence from 36 urban green spaces. Building and Environment. 2022;222:10937574. Bowler DE, Buyung-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a variety of studies that emphasize the cooling effects of urban green spaces in different metropolitan areas. The mention of 'green space cooling effect' and 'mitigate heat island effect' indicates support for the claim that urban greenery, which includes rooftop gardens, helps reduce urban heat by increasing green spaces.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meats have no environmental footprint. [SEP] Text: 1 81. 1±9. 5 96. 5 Total non-essential*** 43. 1±7. 0 50. 6±7. 6 35. 7±3. 4 41. 7±6. 2 30. 1±3. 9 42. 9±5. 0 49. 6 Table 11: composition (mg/g±SD) of two formulations of cooked Burger (BMB1 and BMB2), Burger (IFB1 and IFB2), Burger (BBB), 80/20 (GP), and 80/20 (GB). Note: a-e Means within a row with different subscripts differ statistically (P<0. 05). *Data collected from USDA nutrient database [20]. **Includes the following: arginine, histidine, cystine, glycine, tyrosine, and proline. ***Glutamic acid, alanine, and aspartic acid. The PBMAs were either numerically comparable to or statistically greater than (P<0. 05) ABMs for most non-essential amino acid profiles. BMB2 was greater than (P<0. 05) G Pin arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, and tyrosine content. Conversely, GB was numerically greater than the PBMAs and GP in glycine and alanine content. Substantial increases (P<0. 05) in glutamic acid, glycine, serine, and proline were observed from BMB1 to BMB2 formulation, probably due to the inclusion of and mung bean protein isolates which are relatively high in the aforementioned amino acids [74,75]. In contrast, IFB2 and BBB were either numerically comparable to or statistically less (P<0. 05) than GP and BMB2 in most non-essential amino acids assessed. Substantial decreases (P<0. 05) in nearly each non-essential amino acid were observed from IFB1 to IFB2, as wheat protein isolates are exceptionally high in glutamic acid, proline, and potato protein is high in many of the other non-essential amino acids [72]. The presence of fibrous material and anti nutrient components in some plant products may inhibit protein digestibility of PBMAs [76]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the composition and nutritional content of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) in comparison to animal-based meats (ABMs). It highlights that the presence of fibrous materials and anti-nutrient components in some plant products may inhibit protein digestibility, implying that these plant products may have other ecological and nutritional drawbacks that could contribute to their overall environmental footprint. Therefore, the claim that plant-based meats have no environmental footprint is undermined by the details provided in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Hill numbers are a mathematically unified family of diversity indices, differing among themselves only by an exponent q. These indices provide a suitable framework for measuring diversity because (1) they are expressed in units of effective numbers of species, (2) by using algebraic transformation, they are easily associated with key diversity indices such as Shannon entropy and Gini-Simpson index, and (3) their estimations can be effectively generalized to incorporate hierarchical levels of diversity in a species assemblage (Chao et al. , 2014). For each sampling level (Drop, Individual, Species, Genus, and Family), an incidence matrix was built by recording the presence or absence across sampling units of each of the 158 DNA species identified. The first three Hill numbers (Hill, 1973), which are associated with estimators of species richness and species dominance, were calculated for each level; their corresponding rarefaction and extrapolation curves were constructed. The first Hill number (q = 0) used in the analysis estimates the expected yeast species richness (number of species) in the assemblage of nectar host plants. The second Hill number (q = 1) is the exponential of the Shannon entropy index and estimates yeast diversity with respect to equally common species and species richness (Shannon diversity). The third Hill number (q = 2) is the inverse Simpson concentration index and measures the dominance of yeast species in the species assemblage (Simpson diversity); see Hill (1973) for further details about Hill numbers. To compare hierarchical sampling levels, rarefaction and sample size-based extrapolation were produced for each level to provide asymptotic estimators of diversity based on Hill numbers with their respective 95% confidence intervals constructed by a bootstrap method (Chao et al. , 2014). One potential issue in our sampling is that it included many different plant species, each with a relatively low replication. To account for this as much as possible, first, all yeast species that occurred only once were excluded from the analysis, as they were likely to be allochthonous; second, an analysis of sampling completeness was conducted to estimate the sample size needed for the proportion of undetected autochthonous species to remain unchanged even when the sample size increases (Chao & Jost, 2012). To this end, a sample completeness curve was constructed by combining the sample size-based and the coverage-based estimations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast for biofuel production. Instead, it focuses on the mathematical concepts of diversity indices with regards to yeast species richness and dominance. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2010;97(3):147-15575. . Comparison of cooling effect between green space and water body. and Society. 2021;67:10271176. Yang G, Yu Z, Jørgensen G, Vejre H. How can urban blue-green space be planned for climate adaption in high-latitude cities? A seasonal perspective. and Society. 2020;53:10193277. Yu Z, Guo X, Jørgensen G, Vejre H. How can urban green spaces be planned for climate adaptation in subtropical cities? Ecological Indicators. 2017;82:152-16278. Barriuso F, Urbano B. Green roofs and walls design intended to mitigate climate change in urban areas across all continents. Sustainability. 2021;13(4):224579. . The application of very high resolution satellite image in urban vegetation cover investigation: A case study of Xiamen City. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2003;13:265-27080. Ju Y, Dronova I, Delclòs-Alió X. A 10 m resolution urban green space map for major cities from Sentinel-2 remote sensing images and OpenStreetMap. Scientific Data. 2022;9(1):58681. ørgensen G, Vejre H. Strong contributions of local background climate to the cooling effect of urban green vegetation. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1):679882. Analysis of cooling and humidification effects of different coverage types in small green spaces (SGS) in the context of urban homogenization: A case of HAU campus green spaces in summer in Zhengzhou, China. Atmosphere (Basel). 2020;11(8):86283. . Impact of small-scale tree planting patterns on outdoor cooling and thermal comfort. and Society. 2020;56:10208584. Blocken B. Computational fluid dynamics for urban physics: Importance, scales, possibilities, limitations and ten tips and tricks towards accurate and reliable simulations. Building and Environment. 2015;91:219-24585. Mirzaei PA. Recent challenges in modeling of urban heat island. and Society. 2015;19:200-20686. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses multiple studies and articles related to the cooling effects of urban green spaces, which includes green roofs. It emphasizes that urban greening can effectively cool towns and mitigate climate change, supporting the claim that increasing green spaces like rooftop gardens helps reduce urban heat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meats have no environmental footprint. [SEP] Text: Digestibility-() is a simple evaluation of protein quality related to the amount of the first limiting amino acid in a test protein to the human metabolic requirement of that corresponding amino acid. of soy, wheat, pea, mung bean, and bean proteins are 95, 96, 88, 76, and 78%, respectively, while the PDCAAs score for pork and beef has a score of 100% [77-79]. However, it has been suggested that digestibility scores fail to account for anti nutrient factors present in plant materials and substantially over-estimate the digestibility of many plant proteins [80]. Plant-based proteins have been reported to have depressed bioavailability compared to ABMs, although the absorption of amino acids from PBMAs in comparison to ABMs should be further evaluated [81]. were numerically comparable to GP in crude protein and crude fat content. In general, the PBMAs were high in several minerals, potentially competing for absorption, although this effect would have to be further researched. The IFB2 was high in thiamin (B1), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), and folates (B9). However, high thiamin (B1) concentrations may inhibit the absorption of riboflavin (B2) and pyridoxine (B6). Crude fat and total saturated fatty acid content were similar between BMB2, IFB2, and GP. In particular, BMB2 and IFB2 more closely resembled the fatty acid profile of GP, than the previous formulations of BMB1 and IFB1. The PBMAs were generally comparable to GP in most essential amino acid profiles, although high lysine and methionine content. Overall, PBMAs were generally comparable to ABMs in many of the nutrient profiles assessed. However, it is important to investigate further the bioavailability of these nutrients, when incorporated into a PBMA food matrix and exposed to different anti nutrient compounds and antagonistic interactions. for this research was provided in part by and in part by the. Disclosure statement The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement or criticism by University of those or similar products not mentioned. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) in relation to animal-based meats (ABMs), particularly focusing on the digestibility and bioavailability of nutrients. It suggests that there are complications related to the nutrient absorption of plant proteins due to anti-nutrient factors, indicating that plant-based sources may not be as straightforwardly beneficial as implied by the claim that they have no environmental footprint.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Extrapolations were extended up to double the initial sample size (i. e. , 122 nectar samples) for all sampling levels, which allowed us to make predictions about the yeast diversity that can be detected in each sampling level using a similar sampling effort. The number of nectar samples examined in each level was 122, 54, 17, 13, and 10 for Drop, Individual, Species, Genus, and Family, respectively. Correspondence analysis was conducted using the R package ca (Greenacre, Nenadic & Friendly, 2016) to obtain a statistical and graphical visualization of associations between nectar-living yeasts and host plants. This analysis is a geometric technique for displaying the rows and the columns of a contingency table as points in a low-dimensional space such that the positions of the row and column points are consistent with their associations in the table. The analysis produces correspondence-dimensions based on the profiles (relative frequency of yeast taxa corresponding with the respective host plant), weighted average of profiles (centroid of the space representation), chi-square Euclidean-distances (proximity between points), and the total inertia (total contribution of yeast taxa and host plant to the between-taxa correspondence). For yeasts and host plant data, contingency tables were produced using yeast species as column variables and plant species as row variables. All singletons were excluded from the analysis. The first three dimensions obtained from the analysis were plotted to generate biplots representing correspondence between yeast and host plant taxa. Given that the relationship between response and explanatory variables follows a power pattern (e. g. , the response variable is proportional to the explanatory variable raised to a power), a power regression model was used to test the association between yeast cell density (explanatory variable) and nectar sugar concentration (response variable) in nectar samples. To construct the power model and test it, first the logarithm of both variables was taken and plotted to verify the linear pattern; then, a linear regression was performed on the transformed data to test the relationship between variables. The inverse transformation was made on both sizes of the linearized function to obtain the power function and the exponential term (Rossiter, 2016). Data were plotted taking the logarithms of both variables. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses yeast diversity and statistical analysis regarding yeast and plant associations without mentioning bioengineering or biofuel production. The focus on nectar samples and yeast taxa relationships does not support or counter the claim about the capabilities of bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens provide access to fresh produce and foster social connections. [SEP] Text: Community gardens in urban areas: a critical reflection on the extent to which they strenghten social cohesion and provide alternative food E. J. & output: Thesis › internal (1) aims of this thesis are twofold; firstly, it aims to increase the understanding of the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion for those involved; secondly, it aims to gain insight into the importance community gardeners attach to food growing per se, and the extent to which participants perceive community gardens as an alternative to the industrial food system. I define community gardens as a plot of land in an urban area, cultivated either communally or individually by people from the direct neighbourhood or the wider city, or in which urbanites are involved in other ways than gardening, and to which there is a collective element. Over the last years, community gardens have sprung up in several Dutch cities. Although there are various reasons for an increasing interest in community gardens, there are two that I focus on in this thesis in particular. The first is the assumption made that community gardens stimulate social cohesion in inner-city neighbourhoods, to be seen in the light of the ‘participatory society’. The second is community gardens’ contribution to the availability of locally produced food, in the context of an increased interest in Networks (AFNs). government aims to transform the Dutch welfare state into a participatory society in which citizens take more responsibility for their social and physical environment. This way the government not only hopes to limit public spending, but also wishes to increase social bonding and the self-organisational capacity of society. Community gardens fit the rhetoric around the participatory society, as they are examples of organised residents taking responsibility for their living environment. Moreover, the literature suggests that gardens are physical interventions that may decrease isolation by acting as meeting places. However, both the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion and under what conditions they may do so are unclear, especially as gardens come in various designs, shapes and sizes. The popularity of community gardens also seems to be related to an overall increasing societal interest in food, and can be discussed in relation to Networks. AFNs are food systems that are different in some way from the mainstream, and are seen as a reaction to consumer concerns about the conventional food system. They are often considered to be dictated by political motivations and injected with a ‘deeper morality’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of community gardens in enhancing social cohesion and providing access to locally produced food. It states that 'community gardens stimulate social cohesion in inner-city neighbourhoods' and that they represent organized efforts by residents to take responsibility for their living environment, thus encouraging social connections. Additionally, it mentions the importance of community gardens as 'meeting places' which further supports the idea that they foster social connections.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: of Novel Plant-Alternatives and Traditional Animal-Swing1, Thompson1, Octavio Guimaraes1, Ifigenia Geornaras1, Engle1, Belk1, Gifford2 and Nair1* 1 Center for meat safety and quality, Department of states2 Department of animal science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United states *Corresponding Author(s): :+1 9704915622, Email:mahesh. narayanan_nair@colostate. edu Received Date: Jun 26, 2021 Accepted Date: Jun 30, 2021 Published Date: Jul 09, 2021 DOI:10. 24966/FSN-1076/100109 Abstract Plant-Alternatives (PBMA) are increasing in popularity and may provide essential nutrients for some populations. Therefore, different formulations of popular PBMAs, such as Burger (BMB1 and BMB2), Burger (IFB1 and IFB2), and Morning Star’s Burger (BBB), were assessed in comparison to traditional Animal-(ABM), such as 80/20 (GP) for nutrient composition. Sodium content was considerably greater (P<0. 05) in all PBMAs than GP, along with total saturated fat content being numerically greater when compared to GP. content of all PBMAs was numerically greater than ABMs. (EAA) content was numerically greater in BMB2 than in ABMs, although anabolically important EAA, such as methionine and lysine were substantially greater (P<0. 05) in GP. While PBMAs were comparable to ABMs in many nutrients, bioavailability should be further investigated. Keywords Animal-based meats; Essential amino acids; Nutrition; Plant-based proteins; Saturated fatty acids; nutrition and food insecurity are widespread challenges facing the world, with global estimations suggesting that, every year, over 2 billion people may suffer from a nutrient deficiency, 690 million people may suffer from hunger, 144 million children, under the age of 5, may suffer from stunted growth, and over 650 million people may suffer from obesity worldwide [1-4]. Additionally, an increasing global population, accompanied by changes in urbanization, industrialization, and globalization have compounded the challenges regarding poor nutrition and food insecurity as the global demand for animal proteins is expected to double by 2050 [5-7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nutrient composition of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) compared to traditional animal-based meats (ABMs). It indicates that while PBMAs are increasing in popularity, they may not be nutritionally equivalent to ABMs as certain essential amino acids, like methionine and lysine, are substantially greater in GP (the traditional meat). Moreover, it mentions that bioavailability of nutrients in PBMAs should be further investigated, suggesting that switching might not be easy for everyone due to potential dietary issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: To identify the contribution of different types of yeasts and host plants after removing the variance due to yeast cell density a least-square regression with two categorical co-factors was performed on the transformed data. Different groups of yeasts (Yeast) and different host plant species (Plant) were treated as co-factors. Sample sizes in several combinations of yeasts and host plants were less than five and yeast groups tended to not occur across all host plants, therefore, the Yeast was classified into groups to obtain a robust analysis. The groups of yeasts were Metschnikowia, Papilotrema, Ustilago, and Other yeasts. group included the closely related Metschnikowia ipomoeae, M. koreensis, M. lochheadii, and Metschnikowia sp. Similarly, the Papilotrema included Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii, P. nemorosus, and P. rajasthanensis. group included Ustilago sparsa and Ustilago sp. The yeast species with very small sample sizes were included in the Other yeasts group. Given that data are structured as an incomplete design, an interaction term (Yeast × Plant) was added to test multiplicative effects of yeasts and host plants, rather than additive effects. A Type III approach for unbalanced data was used to calculate the sums of squares (Zahn, 2010). (AIC) was applied to measure the goodness of fit of the model, taking into account the number of parameters included and to find the best model that fits the data with the minimum number of parameters. The AIC analysis drops terms from the full model and compares the original model to the reduced one. Analyses were calculated separately for sucrose, glucose, and fructose. In four cases, nectar samples produced more than one yeast species. In each of those cases, the yeast identity assigned in the analysis was selected at random from the co-occurring yeast species. Analyses were performed with R software (R Team, 2016). diversity A total of 39 species of yeasts was identified, composed of 48% Ascomycota and 52% Basidiomycota (Table 1). The number of colonies produced by each nectar drop is reported in the raw data file and the number of nectar drops by host plant species is reported in the 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various types of yeasts and their characteristics in relation to host plants but does not provide any information about bioengineered yeasts or their ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Battery storage systems help balance supply and demand for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: Energy and economic optimization of PV hybrid systems to supply buildings HVAC demand : battery modeling and control strategies Jiménez, (2018). Energy and economic optimization of PV hybrid systems to supply buildings HVAC demand : battery modeling and control strategies. Thesis (Doctoral), E. T. S. I. Telecomunicación (UPM). Description Title: Energy and economic optimization of PV hybrid systems to supply buildings HVAC demand : battery modeling and control strategies Author/s: Solano Jiménez, Contributor/s: Caamaño Martín, Estefanía Olivieri, Lorenzo Item Type: Thesis (Doctoral) Read date: April 2018 Subjects: Telecommunications Faculty: E. T. S. I. Telecomunicación (UPM) Department: Commons Licenses: Recognition - No derivative works - Non commercial Full text Preview PDF - Requires a PDF viewer, such as GSview, Xpdf or (14MB) | El objetivo principal de este trabajo de investigación es evaluar el potencial que tienen los sistemas híbridos fotovoltaicos para suministrar la potencia eléctrica necesaria a los sistemas de climatización en edificios. Los sistemas de climatización, o también llamados HVAC por sus siglas en inglés (Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning), son utilizados a nivel mundial tanto en edificios comerciales, como residenciales para el acondicionamiento ambiental. En particular, estos sistemas representan entre el 40% y 60% del total de la demanda eléctrica de los edificios. La hipótesis que se planeta en esta Tesis, sugiere que un sistema híbrido fotovoltaico, es capaz de suministrar la energía necesaria para mantener las condiciones de confort al interior de un edificio, a la vez que este sistema es rentable técnica y económicamente desde el punto de vista del consumidor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems, which include battery modeling and control strategies, can supply the electrical power necessary for HVAC systems in buildings. This highlights the role of battery systems in managing energy supply to meet current demand, thus supporting the idea that battery storage systems help balance supply and demand for renewable energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: Additionally, plant-based diets, such as veganism, vegetarianism, and flexitarianism are increasing worldwide, which has generated a growing affability to plant-based diets, as well as a demand for the development of novel plant-based meat alternatives [8,9]. Plant-Alternatives (PBMA) are products that mimic the taste, appearance, or texture of Animal-(ABM) [10]. Novel PBMAs have become popular in recent years, with the market growing at five times the rate of the ABM market in 2019 and is expected to reach a global value of $ 8. 1 billion by the year 2026 [11]. Commercial PBMAs are primarily being developed by companies such as however, traditionally ABM producing companies, such as Cargill, JBS, Tyson, and others are also developing novel PBMAs [12]. To mimic the elasticity and mouth feel of traditional ABMs, modern PBMAs often utilize isolated proteins obtained from legumes, oilseeds, and cereals, as well as purified fats and oils obtained from coconuts, cocoa fruit, sunflower seeds, and rapeseed [12,13]. While many of these plant-sourced foods can often be a good source of dietary nutrients, anti nutrient factors present in plant tissues, such as oxalates, phytates, tannins, and other antagonists, may inhibit the absorption of nutrients [14,15]. In contrast, ABMs have been long regarded as a good source of readily bio available nutrients; but have also been criticized as a potential risk factor for the development of various human diseases [16-18]. Therefore, a substantial knowledge gap exists about the nutrient profiles of PBMAs and ABMs, and its impact on human health and wellbeing [9]. collection and processing To adhere to the Department of Agriculture (USDA), Service’s (ARS) guidelines, original and current formulations of the Burger (BMB1, BMB2), Burger (IFB1, IFB2), Morning Star’s Burger (BBB), along with the 80/20 (GP) were purchased at food service companies and supermarkets from six randomly selected cities (Seattle, WA; Peyton, CO; Memphis, TN; Newburgh, IN; Houston, TX; and Brooklyn, NY) throughout the with ingredients listed in table 1. Approximately 5 lbs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) are becoming more popular and are developed to mimic traditional animal-based meats (ABMs), there are various anti-nutrient factors present in plant tissues that may inhibit the absorption of nutrients. This indicates that there could be dietary issues related to switching to PBMAs, as the knowledge gap about their nutrient profiles and overall impact on health introduces potential challenges for all people in making a seamless dietary transition.