Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic tests can be done without any expert interpretation needed. [SEP] Text: And then there are other genes where perhaps only a single family or maybe two or three individuals have been reported. With those, we are questioning ourselves: Are we sure about this? Should those genes really be included on panels? Christian Schaaf: The first struggle that we experience both as clinicians and as molecular geneticists in the diagnostic lab is, which test should we order? There are hundreds of autism genes that appear on only 1 out of 20 panels. How is one gene list better than the other? It’s really difficult to compare. Sometimes as a clinician, it’s not easy to understand how a given group arrived at a gene’s respective classification or score. The GCEP has probably the most time-intensive approach out of many different groups that evaluate gene-disease relationships. But its greatest advantage, to me, is that it publishes its standard operating procedure and is very transparent as to how they got to the score. So when you as a clinician order a gene panel or exome sequencing and you get a variant on your report, then you can go back and look up the level of evidence that exists for that gene as it was evaluated by a group of experts. And that is particularly helpful. S: It’s interesting that a gene with so little evidence could even end up on a panel. ERR: That really speaks to how the genetic testing landscape has evolved over time. The way a lot of labs created the first panels, they were just collecting everything that had ever been suggested to be associated with a given disease. The consequence is that we’re putting all these so-called “genes of uncertain significance” on there. When we find variants in those genes, what do we do? We don’t know a lot about this gene, we can’t apply a lot of the evaluation criteria, and they get classified as a “variant of unknown significance,” or VUS. But when you get a VUS result back as a patient, or as a clinician, it’s incredibly frustrating. What do you do with that information? Is it going to eventually be your answer? Is it just going to sit at VUS for a long time? It’s really hard to deal with that. S: The panel decided to expand its scope to include new and disputed genes. Why? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the complexities involved in genetic testing. It discusses the challenges faced by clinicians and molecular geneticists in deciding which genetic tests to order and the difficulty in interpreting the results, particularly when it involves genes of uncertain significance. The mention of 'variant of unknown significance' (VUS) highlights that expert interpretation is essential to manage and understand these findings. Additionally, the text emphasizes the importance of transparency and the evaluation process conducted by expert groups, suggesting that expert input is crucial for accurate interpretation of genetic testing results.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant remains can always be accurately dated. [SEP] Text: The RR-BLUP models were trained with data on each trait from the first time point in a training set and used to predict the trait in all subsequent time points for the testing set. Inspecting the difference of performance between dynamicGP and the baseline for traits with different predictability, we found that the iterative version of dynamicGP outperformed the baseline RR-BLUP models consistently across all investigated time points, while the recursive version performed competitively, outperforming the RR-BLUP models for all time points between day 16 and day 33 (Fig. S8). Specifically, the mean prediction accuracy across all traits for the first time point, on which the models were trained, was 0. 24 (± 0. 15). While this accuracy was maintained when the baseline RR-BLUP models were applied to predict the traits over the first four subsequent time points, already at the second time point, both versions of dynamicGP outperformed the baseline (Fig. S8). The recursive version of dynamicGP was superior to the baseline for 12 time points, after which the accuracies of the two models were closely aligned (Fig. S8). Moreover, the iterative version of dynamicGP outperformed both the baseline and the recursive version of dynamicGP for every time point. We examined the differences in mean prediction accuracy across all time points between dynamicGP and the baseline models for each trait. The best performing trait using the recursive method, the standard deviation of the y values in the fluorescent xyz color space from top-down images, showed mean prediction accuracies above 0. 5 of all time points, which was 60% higher than the best performing trait in the baseline models (Fig. 4). In the iterative method the best performing traits, namely the average blue value of pixels as well as the average brightness measurements of green pixels and pixels with 27% saturation (Table S1), showed mean accuracies above 0. 7 of all time points, which was ~ 2. 4-fold higher than the best trait from the baseline model predictions (t-test, p-values < 0. 001 for all time points, Fig. 4). Furthermore, both versions of dynamicGP yielded mean squared errors much lower than the RR-BLUP baselines (Fig. S9). DiscussionDeveloping computational approaches that can predict the dynamics of crop growth and developmental plasticity for unseen genotypes in new environments holds the promise to revolutionize breeding practices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses the performance of machine learning models in predicting traits related to crop growth and development. It does not address the dating of plant remains or provide any information about methods to accurately date them. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the accuracy of dating plant remains.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation could complement traditional recycling methods. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4384267/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published31 Jul, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractAlthough plastic mulching films can help increase agricultural productivity, their removal poses a significant environmental danger. The use of biodegradable plastic mulches is an appealing eco-sustainable solution to environmental contamination problems for agroecosystems. Because the biodegradation of plastic pieces in soil is strongly dependent on microbial populations, it is critical to investigate whether and how microbial communities affect different types of mulch residuals in the soil. Through the study of the degradation of different mulches residues and of the microbial dynamics for a 6-month incubation of soil trial at three different incubation temperatures (room temperature, 30°C and 45°C) it was possible to evidence that biodegradation of mulch residual depending on of the catabolic activities of specific microbial population and the temperature of incubation. In particular, the increase of temperature up to 45°C determined a reduction of the degradation capacity for all types of mulch considered. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing bacterial alpha diversity was primarily influenced by plastic type and temperature, while fungal populations were mainly affected by temperature. Beta diversity was impacted by all experimental variables. Predicted functional genes crucial for degrading complex substrates, including those encoding hydrolases, cutinases, cellobiosidases, and lipases, were derived from 16S rRNA gene sequencing data. Cluster analysis based on predicted enzyme-encoding gene abundance revealed two clusters, mainly linked to sampling time. Finally, core microbiome analysis identified dominant bacterial and fungal ASVs in various soil-plastic ecosystems during degradation, pinpointing species potentially involved in plastic breakdown. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5on the practical qualities of plastics and their wide range of uses, 391 metric tons (Mt) of it were produced only in 2021 [1, 2]. This huge production along with ineffective plastic management techniques comprises a notable amount of plastic residues in the environment [3]. Several studies showed that severe plastic pollution compromises environmental protection [4–6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of microbial populations in the biodegradation of plastic mulches, indicating that microbial communities can significantly affect the degradation of plastics in agricultural settings. It highlights that studying the effects of different microbial populations can improve our understanding of plastic degradation, which can complement traditional recycling methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic tests can be done without any expert interpretation needed. [SEP] Text: ERR: A lot of the individuals in our group have a deep knowledge of the genes in this field. They’re wondering, “Hey, I just read this new paper,” or, “Hey, I’ve been getting a lot of VUS on this particular gene. What’s the evidence level? ” At that point, people started writing in with suggestions of genes to evaluate. CS: In some ways, ClinGen is crowdsourcing. The entire platform is always to be considered a work in progress. It’s never final. It’s always our best effort of evaluating the gene-disease relationship at a given time. We are very aware that that constantly changes, and that we always need to be open to reevaluation and adjustments. The task is really daunting. We are tasked with evaluating thousands of genes, and we need a huge workforce in order to do that. ERR: I don’t think it’ll ever be finished. S: It’s like how people say you can’t try every restaurant in City, because by the time you get through them all, there are new ones that have opened. ERR: Exactly. But to do this at the level that we do takes time. We could spend an entire hour discussing one gene-disease relationship. CS: And that’s only the discussion. Before that, there’s a whole process that takes many more hours. Our first step is deciding which genes to evaluate in the context of which condition or phenotype. And it’s not always an easy step. Sometimes, a given gene is listed in a database in connection with multiple disease entities. In those cases, we need to decide: Are these distinct entities? Is it a true example of pleiotropy, where variants in one gene can cause multiple traits across multiple diseases? Or is this all one group of disorders? Are there different disease mechanisms? Are there different modes of inheritance? So it’s a lot of work for each and every gene. S: Are there any implications of the work for genetics researchers? ERR: I would hope that they would be paying extra attention to the limited or disputed list. I hope they go find us the additional information that we need to move genes off that list. Sometimes what we need is additional functional information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that genetic testing requires significant expert interpretation and collaboration. It emphasizes the complexity of evaluating gene-disease relationships and the necessity of having knowledgeable individuals involved in discussions about genes and the evidence surrounding them. The dialogue mentions the ongoing evaluation process and the need for a considerable workforce, which contradicts the idea that genetic tests can be conducted without expert oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant remains can always be accurately dated. [SEP] Text: Such approaches can provide insights not only into how the genotype affects the time-resolved phenome, but also can highlight the temporal dependence between traits comprising the phenome. While there have been significant developments in GP of multiple-traits3–5, they essentially operate with snapshot data and do not capture the dynamics of crop traits. Here, we introduced dynamicGP, a computational approach that resolves the problem of predicting the growth dynamics across development in crops for which time-series phenome measurements for multiple genotypes are available from HTP platforms6–10. DynamicGP essentially applies GP to the building blocks of DMD, thus facilitating the prediction of multiple traits over time of unseen genotypes. Using a time-resolved HTP data collected for five days per week for five weeks beginning at day 15 after sowing from RILs of a maize MAGIC population, we showed that both the iterative and the recursive versions of dynamicGP outperformed the baseline GP approach. In addition, we showed that at the predictability threshold of 0. 5 for two of the traits, recursive dynamicGP exhibited better performance compared to the baseline GP approach. These traits were both top-down photographs measured in the fluorescence color space. For the iterative dynamicGP, we found three traits above a threshold of 0. 7 where dynamicGP outperformed the baseline, all measured in the visible colour space, namely the average blue-value of the plant pixel colors of images from above, average brightness of fraction of green-colored pixels in top-down images, and average brightness of fraction of pixels with mean 27% saturation in top-down images (Table S1). Further, we observed that the mean squared error of dynamicGP was lower for both the iterative and recursive versions than the baseline, with log-transformed MSEs of -3. 29 and − 3. 57 for iterative and recursive, respectively and − 0. 08 for the baseline (Fig. S9). Therefore, dynamicGP yields predictions which are closer to the true values than the RR-BLUP baseline models. The performance improvement of dynamicGP over the classical GP approach is due to the usage of time-resolved phenotypic data. While availability of such data is rapidly increasing due to deployment of HTP in controlled environments and on the field, dynamicGP is more resource intensive than the classical GP. However, dyanamicGP does not rely on model fitting (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the accuracy of dating plant remains. Instead, it discusses a computational approach (dynamicGP) for predicting growth dynamics in crops based on phenome measurements, which is unrelated to the dating of plant remains.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation could complement traditional recycling methods. [SEP] Text: Thermoanaerobaculum aquaticum MP-01, Arthrobacter nitrophenolicus SJCon, Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans Sphe3, Sphaerobacter thermophilus DSM 20745, and Neobacillus endophyticus BRMEA1 were detected only in the microbiota of soil with MB degradation (Table 1, Supplementary Fig. 2A). Other species present only in soils with LDPE belonged to the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Proteobacteria (Table 1). Soil with TMB was characterized by three species Dehalogenimonas alkenigignens IP3-3, Thermoflavimicrobium daqui FBKL4. 011, and Hydrogenispora ethanolica LX-B, shared with soils containing MB and LDPE (Table 1, Supplementary Fig. 2A). All fungal shared core members of the TMB-treated soil were in common with the other two mulch types (Table 2 Supplementary Fig. 2B). Between them, Lophiotrema rubi, unclassified Nectriaceae, and unclassified Agaricaceae were shared with both MB and LDPE soils. Cheilymenia sp. and Solicoccozyma aeria, were common between TMB and MB treated soils. Whereas TMB and LDPE shared Gibberella sp. , Preussia flanaganii, and Preussia flanaganii. Finally, Metacordyceps chlamydospore, Niesslia mucida, Unclassified Fusarium, and Unclassified Mortierellaceae, were detected only in the core microbiota of LDPE-treated soils (Table 2). degradation The findings of this study provide important insights into the biodegradation dynamics of various mulch films at different temperatures. The considerable degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch films (MB and TMB) during six months at RT demonstrates their promise as long-term alternatives to non-biodegradable options (LDPE). The biodegradation of TMB by 51. 36% and MB mulch by 69. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the biodegradation dynamics of biodegradable plastic mulch films, indicating their promise as long-term alternatives to non-biodegradable options. The mention of considerable degradation percentages for biodegradable plastics, such as TMB by 51.36% and MB mulch by 69%, supports the idea that bacterial plastic degradation could play a significant role in complementing traditional recycling methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic tests can be done without any expert interpretation needed. [SEP] Text: For example, for missense variants, is this common in the population? Is this really doing anything to the protein? CS: That’s a really important point. When you think about clinical practice, quite often we identify an additional case where a person has a variant. Say there are three case reports out there for the gene. They don’t see value in publishing yet another case report. But our work shows that there is value in doing exactly that. At those early stages, every case report counts. It’s also helpful if researchers and clinicians publish certain information that helps us assess the level of evidence. How was the variant found? Was it a candidate gene approach? Was it an exome or genome sequencing approach? How was a diagnosis of autism made? S: How does the panel’s work affect genetic diagnosis of conditions such as autism? ERR: ClinGen has a patient registry called Genome Connect, for anyone who has had genetic testing, regardless of why and regardless of the result. Through that process, we get a lot of VUS and gene-of-unknown-significance reports. One of our participants had a VUS in a gene of unknown significance, and the registry reached out to us to say, “Hey, it looks like there is more evidence out there. Can you guys evaluate it? ” And we did. We were able to say, “Hey, we do actually believe this gene is disease-causing. ” And once that is established, then the lab can go back and correctly apply the variant classification criteria and give the patient a more definitive answer. That’s a good example of how it comes full circle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the necessity of expert interpretation in genetic testing. It discusses the importance of evaluating genetic variants and highlights the process of how experts assess the significance of variants, particularly in relation to clinical practice and patient outcomes. The mention of ClinGen's work in evaluating variants and the role of expert input underscores that genetic tests cannot simply be interpreted without expert analysis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant remains can always be accurately dated. [SEP] Text: , of growth curves) and subsequent usage of the model parameters in GP, thus avoiding propagation of error and often unfounded assumptions about models that best describe the dynamics of single traits. Instead, dynamicGP builds on the advantages of DMD that allows the simultaneous investigation of multiple traits over time. Although dynamicGP is applicable with any time-resolved phenotypic data on multiple traits, we tested its performance with traits retained after correlation analysis. The selection of traits was conducted to avoid the consideration of highly correlated traits that may affect predictive performance. Like with any data-driven approach, we hypothesize that the performance of dynamicGP depends on the number of traits included and time points considered, which may vary between data sets. Both the recursive and iterative versions of dynamicGP offer the possibility to make predictions about plant phenotypes of unseen genotypes given measurements of specified time points in time, thus reducing the need for extensive temporal measurements. In this regard, while dynamicGP provides the means to overcome the challenge of predicting temporal phenomes for unseen genotypes, it inherits the limitations of GP, such as the transferability of the models to different populations and environments2. Future developments of dynamicGP can rely on extensions of DMD to consider effects of environmental factors18. These will facilitate further refinements of the proposed approach that are expected to have very substantial impact on breeding crop varieties adapted to particular regions as well as precision agriculture. generation In three independent high-throughput phenotyping experiments, 347 RILs and 9 founder lines of a MAGIC maize population19 were screened for natural variation in the HTP facility for large plants at the of Research in Gatersleben, Germany20. The panel was divided into three equal-sized subgroups and analysed in three consecutive experiments: 2113MH (116 RILs and 9 founders), 2121MH (116 RILs and 9 founders), and 2137MH (115 RILs and 8 founders). To ensure compatibility of the data, each HTP experiment was supplemented by an additional randomly drawn overlap of 21, 21 or 27 RILs, respectively, half of which came from each of the other two experiments. The experimental design followed a complete randomised block design with three replicates per genotype (three carriers with two plants each) overlapping with three blocks corresponding to four of the twelve lanes of the HTP system. Image acquisition began at 15 DAS for 31 time points per experiment and six days per week. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the accuracy of dating plant remains. It discusses a data-driven approach (dynamicGP) and its applications in predicting plant phenotypes based on various traits and time points, but fails to mention anything about the dating of plant remains or the reliability of such methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation could complement traditional recycling methods. [SEP] Text: Members of the Bacteroidetes family, including Flavobacterium, can facilitate the breakdown and use of complex polysaccharides [49], hence influencing the process of denitrification [50]. Evidence that biodegradable plastics tilled in agricultural soils contribute a little amount of carbon is another factor supporting these shifts. Soil bacteria in agricultural settings are often limited by carbon availability, therefore these inputs cause a response [19]. Furthermore, main variations were at RT and 30°C supporting the results of plastic breakdown and highlighting that burial of biodegradable plastics can lead to changes in soil microbial community structures [20, 22, 23]. LDPE treated soil showed slight changes in its bacterial community composition, as well as its profile was comparable to the control after six months. Otherwise, according to the phyla found, the literature suggests that microplastic cultures were enriched in polyethylene (or other polymers) degrading taxa, such as Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria [51, 52]. All samples incubated at 45°C showed a stable bacterial composition up to 6 months, probably due to bacterial decrease in activity with higher temperature occurrences [41], aligning with the absence of plastic degradation No fluctuations in the abundance of predominant fungal phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota were observed at RT and 30°C. Previous research showed that the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were responsible for the breakdown of oil-based polymeric polymers [19, 23, 53]. Therefore, these findings suggest that, at least throughout the 6-month trial, no mesophilic fungal communities linked to plastic degradation emerged. Otherwise, the shifts observed at 45° C in fungal community composition highlight the influence of both plastic and temperature on fungal dynamics, in absence of plastic degradation. In all samples, the Ascomycota and Aphelidiomycota decreased, and the unclassified fungi increased. These last can be assumed that the thermophilic phyla selected by the plastic and temperature are responsible for the shift in fungal profiles at 45°C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of certain bacterial taxa, such as those from the Bacteroidetes family, in the breakdown of complex substances, including biodegradable plastics. It mentions that soil bacteria and their activity in response to biodegradable plastics can affect soil microbial community structures, suggesting that bacterial degradation processes could work alongside traditional recycling methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Governments worldwide are being pressured to set stricter climate policies. [SEP] Text: The optimal mitigation pathways using the disutility approach is reflected by higher initial rates of increase in the global carbon-price followed by a slower rate culminating in a peak or level price by 2100 (Fig. 3c, in orange). In comparison, the standard utility approach (Fig. 3c, in blue) shows a preference for delayed deep mitigation. Correspondingly, a lower initial increase in the carbon price is followed by a steeply increasing rate across the century. This culminates in a carbon price at 2100 that is higher than with the disutility approach, and which continues to peak beyond the modelled timeframe. The above illustrates that taking into account the possibility that disutility of damages valued more strongly than the disutility of mitigation costs can have a strong impact on the optimal peak temperature and emission pathway. A simple sensitivity analysis (methodological details and results presented in Supplementary Information) confirms that this impact from capturing loss aversion p18. An important reason for this is that the costs and impact of mitigating climate change are more predictable than the impact of damages. The disutility approach described in this 22. Apart from the aggregated assessments of optimal emissions pathways, the disutility approach can also be used to address distributional concerns by incorporating the unequal incidence of climate impacts as seen in Denning et al. 23, with explicit representation of aversion towards them. Finally, alternative functional formulations of the disutility may also be explored further, such as by a concave (marginally increasing) function of accumulated damages with appropriate parametrisation of p11. Further research can experiment with different values for the damage aversion factor. Experimental methods and setup We run the model with welfare functions specified to include the disutility approach and with the standard utility approach of the predecessor model. Additionally, model runs are also performed by varying the damage loss aversion factor as well as with different values for the carbon budget, damage function specification and discount rate – or more specifically, the pure rate of time preference (PRTP). A summary of the variables and values is shown in Table 1 below. Outcomes are retained for analysis for the full factorial of these input combinations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding government pressure to adopt stricter climate policies. Instead, it focuses on modeling approaches and the implications of different methodologies for assessing climate change impacts and mitigation strategies. It discusses optimal emission pathways and frameworks for evaluating climate change costs, which does not provide evidence supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant remains can always be accurately dated. [SEP] Text: An image acquisition event was a carrier with two plants phenotyped by one image in top view and four images in side view at 22°, 45°, 112° and 135°. Altogether 347,740 images were taken (2113MH, 114710 images, 91768 side view, 22942 top view; 2121MH, 116840 images, 93472 side view, 23368 top view; 2137MH, 116190 images, 92952 side view, 23238 top view). Traits were derived from images by IAP version 2. 3. 021 and were analysed by alignment by days after sowing (DAS). A shift of the sowing date by one day in 2121MH allowed alignment to DAS for only 5 days per week, so that 2 days were missing each week. Consequently, the time points were not consecutive, but were organized in five-day blocks, with one measurement taking place each day and no measurements for two days over five weeks. The analysed data comprised measurements for 498 traits from side, top and combined categories derived from multi-colour-space image analysis (Fig. 3e, Tables S122 Heuermann et al. 2024). A linear mixed model with random effect of genotype, experiment, lane, genotype-by-experiment interaction and replicate nested in experiment was built for each time point. Trait heritability was calculated by the ratio between genotype variance component and total variance component. Summation of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) value of genotype and fixed effect of intercept were used as the final trait values. Genotyping data was available for 330 Maize RILs consisting of 79,557 high-quality SNPs derived from SPET genotyping23. Missing genotyping data were imputed using Beagle 5. 224. We then removed SNPs with a minor allele frequency < 0. 05, resulting in a final set of 70,846 SNPs for GP models. The phenotypic data sets used in this study are available at: Clustering and trait selection Traits were first clustered using the Mantel correlations over all genotypes and time points, represented as a matrix. To this end, a network was created with nodes representing traits and edges denoting inter-trait Mantel correlations of value above 0. 96. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the accuracy of dating plant remains. It focuses on the methodology and analysis of images of plants and genotyping data, without providing any information about dating or the accuracy associated with it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation could complement traditional recycling methods. [SEP] Text: The clustering of predicted functions demonstrated that potential gene abundances were strongly affected by sampling time since two major clusters were observed: I) samples collected after three months of incubation at 30°C and RT tilled with biodegradable mulch residues (MB and TMB), comprising three exceptions: t3-TMB_T 45°C, t6-C_T30°C and t3-LDPE_T 30°C; and II) all remaining samples. The increase in several encoding genes in cluster I, like cutinase (K08095) and esterase/lipase (K01066) suggests a potential active response to the presence of plastic residues [55, 57]. These enzymes are known to cleave the ester bonds and degrade polyurethane substrate, and therefore can act also on non-biodegradable plastics [56]. Cutinase can hydrolyze a broad variety of synthetic polymer esters, both soluble and insoluble, that are structurally related to cutin [57]. The increase of cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (K01225, cluster I) that hydrolyze cellulose releasing cellobiose, was probably induced by the presence of biodegradable mulch residues in soil [58]. Cluster II comprises all samples at the latter sampling time, controls, and samples incubated at 45°C. In particular, the presence of MB and TMB from later sampling times where plastic degradation occurred, suggests that there may be significant differences in some metabolic activities compared to the same samples after three months of incubation. This confirms that changes in the activities of bacterial populations over time reflect the dynamics of plastic degradation in soil. Over time, polymers degrade enzymatically, and microorganisms assimilate and utilize the degradation products, potentially causing shifts in the predicted coding genes [25]. Core microbiota associated with mulch plastic residues The microbial core investigation aimed to provide hints of potential microorganisms involved in plastic breakdown. The analysis was performed on all plastic-type soil systems at temperatures where breakdown occurred (RT and 30°C). There is still a lack of literature, on information on microbial species known for their ability to degrade plastics. Thus, core members found in this work could be evaluated based on their enzymatic kit to assess their potential action on natural and non-natural polymers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of bacteria to degrade plastics, as indicated by the presence of specific enzymes like cutinase and esterase/lipase that can act on non-biodegradable plastics. This suggests that bacterial degradation processes may indeed serve as a means to complement traditional recycling methods by breaking down plastics in environments where traditional recycling may not be effective.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: Haltinner and Sarathchandra found a political narrative around a global conspiracy as well as a religious narrative around “God’s plan”19. Gradualism had been a moderate discourse taken by the IPCC and others13, at least until recently. Gradualism, or ecological modernization8,20, expects that climate change solutions will be developed in time to limit the worst effects of climate change. The environmental movement has pointed to the potential for a catastrophic future if urgent action is not taken on climate change21. Al Gore’s 2006 film, Truth, is an example. Unfortunately, history shows “that exaggerated claims of catastrophic risks from even real and serious environmental problems can backfire in terms of stimulating public concern and appropriate policy responses”22. In response to failure to make significant progress on climate change, factions within the movement are now looking at alternatives to a discourse of catastrophism21. Lay understandings of climate change are formed through media discourse and other social contexts7. One of those understandings is that climate change is a future phenomenon, which lessens current concern7,23. Potentially offsetting that is a concern for future generations, such as one’s children24. Storytelling can be a way of conveying one’s knowledge or concern about climate change8,12. A “story is something with a beginning, a middle, and end. … [T]here is generally also a protagonist. … Then something happens”12. Analysis of storytelling considers why and how a story is told in a particular context12. In the psychological literature on reasoning processes, Evans25 asserts that there are two types of reasoning: heuristic and analytic. The purpose of heuristic processes is to decide what information is relevant, before feeding that information into the analytic process. In a different interpretation of the term ‘heuristics,’ the heuristic of representativeness is used to judge whether a particular instance of something can be categorised in a certain way26. In either interpretation, representativeness or the heuristic process of selection may be prone to bias27. Confirmation bias is “a tendency to look for confirmatory evidence for our hypotheses,” or to hold onto existing ideas and reject new ones that contradict them28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are factors which can diminish public concern about climate change, such as the belief that climate change is a distant future phenomenon. The text states, 'Lay understandings of climate change are formed through media discourse and other social contexts,' which implies that education alone may not be enough to foster greater concern if the public's perception is that climate change is not an immediate issue. Additionally, it mentions that 'exaggerated claims of catastrophic risks' can actually lead to a backlash rather than inducing concern, further undermining the idea that education always enhances concern.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Figures 6 figures Figures Figure 1 with 6 supplements Download asset Open asset Disrupting TC10 level or function reduced AMPARs on the cell surface. (A) Representative somata of cultured rat hippocampal neurons (E18) expressing mCherry-tagged GluA1 subunits, free Venus (Control), shTC10RNA or Venus-tagged TC10WT, TC10DN or TC10CA. Intact, live neurons (DIV18) were stained with anti-RFP antibody to visualize surface AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) and then fixed and processed. Images of the whole neuron for each of the shown somata are displayed in Figure 1—figure supplement 2. (Scale bar = 10 μm). (B) Representative dendrites of neurons expressing mCherry-GluA1 without TC10 or with TC10WT, TC10DN, or TC10CA. Arrows indicate dendrites expressing TC10 mutants (TC10DN or CA) with weak surface expression of GluA1; arrowheads mark dendrites expressing mCherry-GluA1 without TC10 mutant expression and normal GluA1 surface expression level. (Scale bar = 5 μm). (C) Representative dendrites of intact neurons expressing either free Venus (Control), TC10WT, TC10DN, or TC10CA and labeled with an N-terminal, anti-GluA1 mAb to visualize endogenous, surface GluA1 receptors. (Scale bar = 5 μm). (D) Quantification of the surface/total ratio of mCherry-GluA1 at the somata of transfected cells in (A). Data are shown as ± SEM; control cells (YFP) 100% ± 14%, n = 32; TC10WT cells 118% ± 22%, n = 17; TC10DN cells 53% ± 9%, n = 23; TC10CA cells 47% ± 9%, n = 14; and shTC10 cells 21% ± 7%, n = 10. (**p < 0. 03 relative to TC10WT). (E) Quantification of the surface/total ratio of mCherry-GluA1 in dendrites of transfected cells in (B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental methods related to cultured rat hippocampal neurons and does not provide any information regarding ancient agricultural practices or their changes over time.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation could complement traditional recycling methods. [SEP] Text: Among the identified bacterial species, Hydrogenispora ethanolica LX-B isolated from the mesophilic (35°C) anaerobic fermentation process of sludge, can ferment substrates with different carbon sources, including starch, glucose, maltose, and fructose [59], suggesting its potential involvement in the degradation of starch-based plastics. The species Thermoflavimicrobium daqui FBKL4. 01, a thermophilic bacterium isolated from the Daqu used to produce Chinese liquor Moutai, can ferments pure wheat [60], confirming its involvement in the degradation of starch and cellulose. The analysis of fungal core revealed 12 different species. Among them, Solicoccozyma aeria (Cryptococcus aerius) is known for its ability to produce amylases at 30°C, to digest raw starch [61]. These three microbial species were found in soils amended with MB and TMB and could therefore be of interest for the biodegradation of starch-based plastics. ConclusionsSustainable agricultural systems require to minimize the accumulation of plastic waste in soils through transitioning to effective biodegradable alternatives. This study examines how integrating both biodegradable and non-biodegradable mulch types into soil affects the microbial community over a six-month trial period. providing a direct comparison among the mulch sheets applied under the same conditions. The research observed a notable reduction in the weight of biodegradable plastics (MB and TMB), which is related to changes in bacterial community dynamics and their associated functions under mesophilic conditions. By analyzing the core microbiota of the plastic-influenced soil ecosystem, the study offers insights into identifying microbial groups with potential roles in plastic degradation. Nevertheless, the degradation of plastics in agricultural settings should take into account both biotic and abiotic factors, necessitating further study to inform and guide more sustainable agricultural management practices. DeclarationsAuthor ContributionI. R. and M. S. carried out the experiments and data analysis. I. R. wrote the main manuscript text. G. M. data analysis. V. V. reviewed and edited the manuscript. I. R. and V. V. participated in the experimental design. O. P. reviewed and edited the manuscript, conceived the concepts of the study and participated in its design. Data AvailabilityThe datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential involvement of various bacterial species, such as Hydrogenispora ethanolica LX-B and Thermoflavimicrobium daqui FBKL4. 01, in the degradation of starch-based plastics. It suggests that these microbial species, along with others identified, could play a role in reducing plastic waste in agricultural systems, thereby complementing traditional recycling methods. The findings regarding the notable reduction in the weight of biodegradable plastics (MB and TMB) also support this idea of bacterial degradation as a complementary approach.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: A smaller number of tweets about climate change during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to previously has been explained as evidence of a finite pool of worry33. As further confirmation, those tweets contained more positive sentiments and fewer negative sentiments, such as worry, than before the pandemic. Thus, other issues could crowd out worry about climate change. 32 interviews in this study were comprised of both closed-ended and open-ended questions. This analysis combines the responses of both types of questions. The first subsection describes the interviewees. The second subsection is a qualitative analysis of their responses to a question about whether they had seen changes due to climate change and a series of questions probing their individual level of concern. The responses provide insights into laypeople’s climate change discourse. The third subsection gleans information from the broader interviews on the social nature of these organizations and the potential for discussing climate change, as a pathway to climate action. Nature lovers In response to whether the interviewees considered their organization’s members to be nature lovers, 87 percent said yes. The others agreed that some of them were, but others may have been members for other reasons. On the yes side, I heard that “you wouldn't be a hiker unless you liked nature. ” A representative of a preservation organization stated that their supporters “are either into actually walking the trails and engaging with the outdoors or they are concerned about the environment. ” On the more nuanced side, one comment was that “I think anyone who likes to be outside, there's a piece of them that is, is concerned about the environment and is concerned about nature. But, but that's a pretty broad brush to say we're all like that. ” Extrapolating that to the interviewees themselves is also a little tenuous. Only 61 percent of interviewees were board members and could, therefore, be considered members. The remainder were employees, who might or might not also be members. There was no marked difference, however, in responses. Many employees indicated an environmental focus to their post-secondary education. For these reasons, it would be fair to say that the term “nature lover” would apply to the vast majority of the people interviewed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining a potential decrease in public concern about climate change, illustrated by a smaller number of tweets about climate change during the COVID-19 pandemic and a shift towards more positive sentiments in those tweets. It discusses how other issues may overshadow climate change worries, suggesting a disconnect between education and heightened concern in the public discourse. Therefore, the text provides evidence that contradicts the claim that education enhances public concern about climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Data are shown as ± SEM; control cells (YFP) 100% ± 12%, n = 23; TC10WT cells 133% ± 11%%, n = 23; TC10DN cells 53% ± 5%, n = 23; and TC10CA cells 54% ± 15%, n = 8. (*p < 0. 03 relative to YFP;**p < 0. 02 relative to TC10WT). (F) Quantification of endogenous surface GluA1 on dendrites in (C). Data are shown as mean ± SEM; control cells (YFP) 100% ± 11%; TC10WT cells 130% ± 17%; TC10DN cells 59% ± 8%; and TC10CA cells 62% ± 10% (n = 7–10 cells per group; **p < 0. 003 relative to TC10WT). (G) Representative whole-cell patch-clamp paired recordings showing the evoked presynaptic action potential (top) and the post-synaptic AMPAR-mediated current response (below). (H) -mediated EPSC amplitudes of untransfected neurons (control) 365. 2 ± 67 pA, n = 16 and neurons transfected with TC10WT 180. 3 ± 36 pA, n = 8; TC10DN 144. 5 ± 42 pA, n = 14; or TC10CA 139. 2 ± 24 pA, n = 11. (*p < 0. 04 relative to control;**p < 0. 02 relative to control). Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset TC10 RNAi (shRNA) knocked down endogenous TC10 expression in neurons. Cortical neurons were infected with lentivirus encoding FUGW empty vector or TC10 short hairpin RNA construct (shRNA) on DIV7 and lysed for real-time PCR on DIV11. shTC10 specifically knocked down TC10 mRNA level by 90%, but not the expression of Cdc42 and Rab11. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Low-magnification images of cultured rat hippocampal neurons (E18) corresponding to the somata shown in Figure 1A. Neurons express mCherry-tagged GluA1 subunits and either free Venus (Control), TC10WT, TC10DN, or TC10CA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address ancient agricultural practices or their continuity over time. Instead, it focuses on data related to cellular experiments and the effects of specific proteins on neuronal measurements. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim about agricultural practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation could complement traditional recycling methods. [SEP] Text: (2019) LDPE microplastic films alter microbial community composition and enzymatic activities in soil. 254:112983. (2020) Ecological influences of the migration of micro resin p1020. (2022) Deciphering the diversity and functions of plastisphere bacterial communities in plastic-mulching croplands of subtropical China. J 422:126865. (2020) Effects of co-loading of polyethylene microplastics and ciprofloxacin on the antibiotic degradation efficiency and microbial community structure in soil. Environ 741:140463. Wolińska A, Kuźniar A, et al (2017) Bacteroidetes as a sensitive biological indicator of agricultural soil usage revealed by a culture-independent approach. Ecol 119:128–137. (2010) Bacterial diversity at different stages of the composting process. BMC Microbiol 10:1–11. (2013) Diversity of bacterial isolates during full scale rotary drum composting. 33:1595–1601. (2017) Plastics in the garbage patch: A boat-microbe for hitchhikers and plastic degraders. Environ 599–600:1222–1232. (2018) Effects of soil residual plastic film on soil microbial community structure and fertility. 229:1–11 (2023) Mulches for Agroecosystem Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review. Agriculture 13 Patel H, (2021) Chap. 5 - Thermophilic fungi: Diversity, physiology, genetics, and applications. In: -N and FD in MB and B (eds). Elsevier, pp 69–93 Sharma H, Neelam DK (2023) Understanding challenges associated with plastic and bacterial approach toward plastic degradation. J 63:292–307. (2013) Communities of Associated with Biodegradation of Plastics. J 21:575–579. (2023) A review on cutinases enzyme in degradation of microplastics. J 347:119193. (2015) Microbial degradation of plastic: a review. J 6:952–961 Liu Y, Qiao J-T, Yuan X-Z et al (2014) Hydrogenispora ethanolica gen. nov. , sp. nov. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies and reviews that explore the role of bacteria in plastic degradation. It mentions the diversity and functions of bacterial communities associated with plastics, as well as the ecological influences of microplastics in soil, highlighting that bacterial activity can be significant in managing plastic waste. This indicates that bacterial degradation processes can indeed complement traditional recycling approaches.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: The other half were hiking and trail maintenance organizations. board member said, People are much more aware of weather and how that affects the different hikes. That's just growing in impact. You know, where before, people, I think, would say, ‘Oh, yeah, we know. It's just a little rain,’ it's, like, ‘Nope, gotta really take this seriously. ’ Concern about the future of one’s chosen recreational pursuit could be a pathway to action on climate change. Skepticism. Skepticism discourse asserts that climate change is not problematic, thereby creating a barrier to discussion18,19. Skepticism was paired with a limited amount of worry about climate change. Two older interviewees demonstrated confirmation bias against action on climate change. One of them, a hiker, noted that “there are more ticks along the trails that can cause Lyme disease. There are more opossums that eat the ticks, so they're a welcoming site [chuckling]. ” This alludes to the skepticism discourse that climate change is natural and also demonstrates my-side bias, giving preferential treatment to the appearance of opossums and downplaying the risk of Lyme disease. Two young interviewees expressed skepticism but also the belief that “we still have a lot of time to, you know, to reverse [climate change] to a certain extent,” evidencing temporal distancing7,23. One of them outlined a wide range of climate change conspiracy theories circulating among young people17,18,19. None of these four were outright deniers but might create obstacles to effectively talking about climate change. Gradualism. The gradualist discourse expects that solutions will be found in time to limit the consequences of climate change13, which could be a barrier to climate action insofar as it limits concern. Two older men were not worried about climate change, expressing hope in our institutions. One explained that “I do feel that we will end up arriving at solutions because they are economically smart decisions. ” This aligns with the ecological modernization discourse8,20 and is the same confirmation bias identified by Halford and Sheehan28. Two additional interviewees embraced the gradualist discourse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various forms of skepticism towards climate change, such as 'skepticism discourse asserts that climate change is not problematic,' which indicates a lack of concern. The text highlights how some individuals feel there is still time to reverse climate change and exhibit a lack of urgency, creating barriers to effectively discussing climate change. This suggests a general resistance to the idea that education on climate change increases public concern, as various factors are mentioned that lead to diminished worries about it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Intact, live neurons (DIV18) were stained with anti-RFP antibody to visualize surface AMPARs and then fixed and imaged. (Scale bar = 10 um). Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset TC10 mutants do not change synaptic density. The density of synapsin (SYN) puncta (number of puncta/um) remained unchanged when TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants were expressed (n. s. = not significant). Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset TC10 mutants do not change the expression level of GluA1. (A) Cortical neurons were infected with lentivirus encoding Venus-TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants on DIV1 and assayed for GluA1 expression with Western blot on DIV18. The expression of GluA1 remained unchanged. (B) Quantification of GluA1 expression level in (A), normalized to tubulin (n=3 experiments). Figure 1—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset A comparison of somatic ER and the distribution of exogenous mCherry-GluA1 subunits and endogenous GluA1 subunits. Cultured neurons expressing mCherry-tagged GluA1 (top panel) were stained with an antibody against the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker protein, protein disulfide isomerase, and compared against endogenous GluA1 in untransfected cells (bottom panel). Both exogenous and endogenous GluA1 exhibited similar distributions in somatic ER. (Scale bar = 10 um). Figure 1—figure supplement 6 Download asset Open asset The effects of TC10 mutants on AMPARs in the somatic Golgi and in dendritic shafts. (A) Cultured hippocampal neurons expressing mCherry-GluA1 with Venus, TC10WT, TC10DN, or TC10CA were fixed and stained for the Golgi marker, GM130 on DIV18. (Scale bar = 10 um). (B) Quantification of the intensity of mCherry-GluA1 co-localizing with GM130 in the somata. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental methods and results related to synaptic density and neuron expression rather than any agricultural practices or their changes over time. There is no mention or implication of ancient agricultural practices within the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: All issues (2016) Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain. , 1 (2016) 23 issuesForthcomingTopical issuesAbout the journal Aims and scopeEditorial boardEthical standardsIndexed inCopyright and license agreement MastheadLeaflet (PDF)Author information Instructions for authors10. 1051/rees/2016038 Published online 13 June 2016 1 Introduction 2 Number of jobs created by RES 3 RES job profiles, professions involved and skills required 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training 5 Conclusions 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 urgent need to drastically cut CO2 emissions makes the development of renewable energy (RE) technologies essential. Sources (RES) bring other benefits as well, such as the provision of electricity in areas not connected to a central grid or where the grid is unreliable and back-up systems are required. RE can enable economic development in developing countries, most of which are geographically well-placed to be able to exploit the RE potential. RES help address increasing concerns about future energy prices and energy security, in a context of a rapid global increase in demand for energy, driven mainly by rising living standards in developing countries. There are economic opportunities in RES, as several RE technologies are already competitive at market prices. In addition, decentralized electricity generation mobilizes small-scale private investments. As it has become clear and has been documented in practice the last years, investments in renewables offer significant potential for creating employment opportunities, a key public policy concern in many countries. This is particularly important nowadays due to the dramatic increase in unemployment, being among the most onerous consequences of the crisis experienced by the world the last years. It is therefore important to keep in mind how the possible options and/or choices, especially in the energy sector, are affecting employment. There is significant employment potential associated with RE equipment manufacture and distribution, project development, construction and installation, as well as operation and maintenance of facilities, for all RE technologies. Dozens are the professions directly or indirectly associated with RES, and a range of core skills is important for them. However, skills gaps and labour shortages are also a reality. Therefore, there is scope for governments and for the RE sector to assist providers of relevant training and education to develop their training programs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing the significant employment potential associated with renewable energy sources (RES). It mentions that investments in renewables are closely linked to creating employment opportunities, particularly important in the context of rising unemployment. The text outlines various aspects of job creation, such as equipment manufacture, project development, and operation of facilities, further illustrating that the renewable energy sector is indeed generating jobs. Therefore, it corroborates the idea that job creation in this sector has been robust compared to traditional energy jobs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: The social side of nature-oriented organizations Social opportunities and the degree of camaraderie offered by nature-oriented organizations constitute a pathway to talking about climate change. Hiking and cross-country ski groups primarily hold active outdoor events. One cross-country skiing group rents a bus to take them to skiing venues. “The bus is very social. Provides a really nice little venue for people to socialise. ” A hiker from an older adults group said, “The hiking community is a small community. We're retired. … So, it's a social network. ” Naturalist groups tend to have regular indoor meetings with invited speakers as well as organised nature walks. A naturalist noted that their indoor meetings are “a fairly social affair. ” Another shared that, after a nature presentation, “all the people … mingle. So they might talk about certain issues in their little group. ” Volunteer opportunities also tend to be social events. Trail-related groups organise trail maintenance days. Conservation and preservation groups organise tree plantings and invasive species removal. One interviewee suggested that their volunteers “just like the camaraderie. They like to come out and work with other people and accomplish stuff. ” Talking about climate change. There were three streams of comments about the potential for talking about climate change among members. The most prevalent was avoidance14. Three different interviewees said simply that climate change “doesn’t come up. ” A hiker said, “I think it's one of those things that, quite honestly, in many ways, it's almost like people just avoid it. ” The extremely alarmed interviewee shared that “one of our board members said to us one time, not that long ago, that… a lot of people don’t want to hear about climate change. ” The second stream was obstructionist, and was only heard in relation to hunting and fishing. One hunter said that, among their membership, “there are some extremists that think that climate change is a hoax. ” Another said, “there are [members] who are very vocal in their opposition, or their denialism, if you will, of climate change. ” It should not be construed from this, however, that all hunters and anglers are obstructionist as I also heard that most are ardent conservationists. The third stream was open-mindedness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a variety of social interactions within nature-oriented organizations, while highlighting a significant degree of avoidance about discussing climate change. Several interviewees mentioned that climate change 'doesn't come up' in conversations, suggesting a lack of public concern rather than an increase due to education. Additionally, the text mentions individuals in the hunting and fishing community who view climate change as a 'hoax,' indicating opposition to the topic, which further challenges the notion that education on climate change leads to greater public concern.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Expression of TC10 WT or mutants did not change its distribution: Control cells (normalized) 100% ± 2%, n=11; TC10WT cells 103% ± 3%, n=6; TC10DN cells 109% ± 10%, n=19; TC10CA cells 104% ± 3%, n=15. (C) Line profile of mCherry-GluA1 intensity along the dendrite when co-expressed with Venus or TC10DN. TC10DN expression results in mCherry-GluA1 accumulation in the dendritic shafts and not in the somata. (Scale bar = 5 um, n=4). Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset TC10 regulates AMPAR trafficking through an Arf6-containing endocytosis pathway in dendrites. (A) Effects of TC10 constructs on the co-localization between endogenous GluA1 subunits and transferrin receptors (TfRs). Cultured neurons were transfected with Venus-tagged TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants and permeabilized cells stained for total GluA1 and TfR (Tf-Alexa 647). GluA1 showed little co-localization with Tf-labeled endosomes in dendrites. (Scale bar = 5 μm). (B) Quantification of GluA1 and TfR co-localization. Images in A were analyzed to measure the percent of GluA1 puncta co-localizing with TfR puncta. Expression of TC10 constructs did not alter the degree of co-localization. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; control cells 4. 6% ± 0. 3%; TC10WT cells 4. 9% ± 0. 8%; TC10DN cells 4. 2% ± 0. 8%; TC10CA cells 5. 6% ± 1%, n = 5 for all groups. (C) Effects of TC10 constructs on the co-localization between GluA1 subunits and Arf6. Neurons were transfected with Arf6-HA and Venus-TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants. Cells were permeabilized and stained for Arf6-HA (Rb anti-HA) and total GluA1 (anti-GluA1 mAb). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the distribution and co-localization of certain molecular constructs in neurons, which has no relation to agricultural practices or their historical changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: 2 Number of jobs created by RES Employment in RE sector has grown fast the last years, in close relation to the RES increased exploitation. According to UNEP estimations [1], in 2009 more than 3 million people worldwide were working directly in the sector, about half of them in the biofuels industry, with additional indirect jobs well beyond this figure. China accounted for the largest number, with more than 1. 12 million workers estimated in the RE industry, with a growth rate of around 100,000 jobs per year. In the last available relevant report, IRENA [2] estimates that in 2013 globally 6. 5 million people were working directly or indirectly in the RE sector, based on a literature review and annual data collection from various sources. The status of RE employment is presented by technology and by selected countries, and its results (processed) are presented in Figure 1. Among all countries, and Germany are the top five largest employers for RE. Solar PV and wind power are the two most dynamic RE sectors, according to IRENA. Various studies also exist regarding the future employment in RES. One released by and EREC claims that the RE industry could provide 6. 9 million jobs by 2030, if world leaders seize the opportunity to invest in a greener future [3]. The EmployRES study (funded by EC) predicts that if the target of 20% penetration of RES is reached by 2020, 2. 8 million jobs will be created in Europe (together with an increase in GDP by 1. 1%) [4]. According to the same study, the RE sector employed 1. 4 million people and generated 58 billion € in 2005. An estimation/calculation of the jobs created per installed megawatt (MW) of various RE technologies is presented herein for Greece, a country where the impact of economic crisis is particularly acute, especially in unemployment. From the several calculation models of this type that exist nowadays, whose estimates are close enough since now there is extensive experience on which these models have been built, the methodology developed by the on behalf of the [5] was selected to be used. As RE jobs are created both locally (on the location of the power plant) and hyper-local (e. g. for the production of equipment), for calculating these jobs at the country level the percentage of RE equipment produced at national level – thus, not imported from a third country – is requested. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data on the significant growth in employment within the renewable energy sector. It mentions that in 2013, 6.5 million people were working in the sector, along with estimates suggesting that the RE sector could generate 6.9 million jobs by 2030. Additionally, it highlights that renewable energy (RE) jobs have increased rapidly, with employment in RE technologies like solar PV and wind power being described as dynamic, indicating a robust growth trend that supports the claim that job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: How do we empathize to create actionable and meaningful problem statements? a meaningful problem is the first step in policy analysis, design thinking, and conflict transformation. When understanding a problem, there’s always a risk of jumping to a solution too quickly. Personal biases and blind spots about the causes of the problems can lead to false conclusions. That is precisely why it was so important to cultivate curiosity and build the skills of inquiry first. There are also other challenges associated when creating problem statements specifically in the context of climate change due to psychological biases or political rhetoric. Ultimately, by applying the process of inquiry to assess real world problems associated with climate change in their region, students can begin to develop a collaborative project of their choice. Standards Anchor. A. 1 Empathy: Communicate with people to understand why they do things, what their physical and emotional needs are, how they think about the world, and what is valuable to them. Anchar. C. 2 Media Literacy: Metacognitively reflect on personal biases and blind spots. 0. A. 1 1. Explain how life, including human life, influences and is influenced by the environment 1. B Craft meaningful and actionable problem statements through the lense of the affected human population based on analysis and synthesis of diverse, relevant perspectives Activities 1. Carousel – In small groups, students find local problems related to climate change. Students map out the root causes using the iceberg diagram. Students rotate and debrief on what are common effects of climate change on everyday life. 2. – Using a common effect from the carousel activity, students identify an affected stakeholder. Teacher models how to conduct an empathy interview while students practice interviewing each other: (a) Jobs and Tasks: What is this stakeholder trying to get done in their work or in their life? (b) Pains: What annoys this stakeholder or prevents them from getting their jobs done? (c) Gains: What are the outcomes or benefits that your stakeholder wants? (d) For example: Jordanian residents are trying to use water for basic drinking needs, but water is too expensive. They want cheap and easy ways to access water. 3. – Students begin “Step 1: Defining Problem” of their own project. While students identify stakeholders to interview, teacher should guide students: (a) “Who would you specifically be interested to speak with regarding your topic? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding education on climate change leading to greater public concern. Instead, it focuses on the process of problem analysis and creating effective problem statements within the context of climate change. While it discusses students' activities related to climate change, it does not provide evidence or specific information to corroborate or contrast the claim about education's impact on public concern.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: (Scale bar = 5 μm). (D) Quantification of the overlap between GluA1 and Arf6. Images in C were analyzed to measure the Pearson's correlation coefficients (Rr) of GluA1 co-localization with Arf6. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; TC10WT 0. 46 ± 0. 04; TC10DN 0. 66 ± 0. 04; TC10CA 0. 31 ± 0. 04 (n = 7-10 cells per group; *p < 0. 02 relative to TC10WT; **p < 0. 05 relative to TC10WT). (E) Effects of TC10 constructs on GluA1 puncta density (number of puncta per 10 μm) in dendrites of neurons expressing Venus-TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; TC10WT 6. 9 ± 0. 4; TC10DN 5. 6 ± 0. 7; TC10CA 41. 7 ± 4. 8 (n = 5 fields per group; *p < 0. 0002 relative to TC10WT). Inset, histogram showing the distribution of small (diameter <200 nm) and large (diameter 200–1200 nm) GluA1 puncta (n = ∼100 puncta per group). (F) Quantification of the overlap (Pearson's correlation coefficients, Rr) between TC10 and Arf6 in (C). Data are shown as mean ± SEM; TC10WT 0. 77 ± 0. 03; TC10DN 0. 60 ± 0. 02; TC10CA 0. 84 ± 0. 02 (n = 7–10 cells per group; *p < 0. 0004 relative to TC10WT). Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Co-distribution of TfR staining and mCherry-Rab11. Hippocampal cultures were stained for TfR and Rab11 on DIV18. The two markers showed extensive overlap. (Scale bar = 5 um). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset AMPARs undergo dynamin-independent endocytosis. (A) mCherry-GluA1 and TfR internalization and block of dynamin function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the quantification of biological markers and their interactions within cellular contexts, with no reference to ancient agricultural practices or their continuity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: 2Labour years (direct in 20 years) per MW of new RES investments. Source: S. Psomas. Fig. 3Labour years per GWh from new RES investments. Source: S. Psomas. Fig. 4Labour years per million € of initial investment in RE technologies. Source: S. Psomas. 3 RES job profiles, professions involved and skills required As already mentioned, employment in RES is not located in the energy producing facility only. The RE industry has 4 major (and distinguished) sub-sectors: – manufacture and distribution of RE equipment, including the necessary research and development (R&D); – project development; – construction and installation works for the development of RE projects; – operation and maintenance (O&M) of RE facilities. There are also cross-cutting activities contributing to more than one sub-sector, such as policy/planning advice, energy consultancy, training, business development, marketing, etc. Bioenergy has an additional stage, the growing and harvesting of biomass. The employment patterns in RE equipment manufacturing and distribution are similar to those in other capital investment goods industries. Quite different are the patterns in project development and in construction and installation, as the work is project based. The patterns of employment in the O&M field are indeed more stable. Evidently, total employment tends to grow rapidly when significant new installations are implemented. This applies primarily to larger (in terms of installed capacity) projects. Smoother variation in demand over time appears if RES are introduced through a large number of smaller projects (e. g. PV systems in buildings). Dozens are the professions directly or indirectly associated with RES. Technicians are the action men of the RE world: they work with their hands and with tools and machinery, special equipment and vehicles. They ensure that RE products are manufactured to high standards, plants are assembled according to the drawings, and RE devices are installed properly in buildings, or they may work in the day-to-day O&M of RE facilities. In this category electricians, HVAC technicians, plumbers, drilling technicians, construction specialists, manufacturing processes operators, wind farm O&M technicians, PV modules installers, logistics operators, automation & control technicians, chemical laboratory assistants, etc. are included, just to name a few. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various aspects of employment within the renewable energy sector (RES). It identifies multiple sub-sectors such as manufacturing, project development, and operation and maintenance, suggesting that new installations in RES create significant job opportunities. Furthermore, it indicates that total employment in RES grows rapidly when new installations are implemented, particularly in larger projects, thereby supporting the claim that job creation in this sector is outpacing traditional energy jobs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: In contrast, while sample sizes are low for women in the more skeptical climate segments, women’s maximum (mode) vaccine membership follows a V shape such that women Alarmed on climate change are most likely to be vaccine Enthusiasts (30%), women in the Concerned and Dismissive climate segments are most likely to be vaccine Supporters (28% and 60%, respectively), climate Cautious and Doubtful women are most likely to be vaccine Socials (32% for both), and climate Disengaged women are most likely to be vaccine Hesitant (69%). This shows dramatic differences in attitudes to climate change and the vaccines between genders, with men much more consistently accepting of COVID-19 vaccines than their broadly spread attitudes to climate change, while women at the extreme (accepting and skeptical) on climate change are accepting of the vaccines, and women in the center on climate change are more skeptical of the vaccines. Table 5 Number of men and women respondents within each combination of COVID-19 vaccine and climate change segments. Full size tableReview of segment relationships across different age subgroups also showed nuances that were masked in the aggregate cross-segment analysis. Each age group showed small to moderate relationships between their vaccine and climate change segments (V18–29 years = 0. 221, p = 0. 001, V30–49 years = 0. 211, p < 0. 001, V50+ years = 0. 190, p < 0. 001). Comparisons of cross-segment distributions between age groups showed significant differences between 18 to 29 year-olds and both 30 to 49 year-olds (χ2 (20) = 1718. 673, p < 0. 001) and those of 50 or more years (χ2 (20) = 9546. 343, p < 0. 001) and between 30 to 49 year-olds and those over 50 (χ2 (20) = 6245. 849, p < 0. 001). Older people tended to have their maximum (mode) vaccine membership in the vaccine Enthusiast segment across the Alarmed (53% of climate segment), Concerned (57%), and Cautious (40%) climate segments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the varying attitudes towards climate change and vaccine acceptance among different demographic segments. It particularly notes that women who are Alarmed about climate change are vaccine Enthusiasts, while those who are in the Concerned and Dismissive segments have mixed attitudes toward vaccines (Supporters and Dismissive, respectively). This indicates a division in how climate change perceptions may not correspond uniformly to increased concern, as it showcases differing attitudes categorized by gender and climate skepticism, rather than a direct relationship between education on climate change and public concern.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Hippocampal neurons were transfected with mCherry-GluA1, and 1 day post-transfection, treated with 1% DMSO (control group) or 80 μM dynasore (to block dynamin function) for 30 min at 37°C. Neurons were then incubated with anti-RFP antibodies and Tf-Alexa 647 at 37°C for 40 min, acid washed to remove surface antibodies/dye, fixed, permeabilized, and imaged. With sham treatment (control), surface-labeled GluA1 and TfR were both internalized in the dendritic shaft (first row). Dynasore treatment had no effect on GluA1 internalization, but blocked TfR endocytosis (Tf-Alexa 647 labeling confined to surface and not present intracellularly, second row). (B) Intensity plots of internalized TfR (Tf-Alexa 647) with and without (sham) dynasore treatment as in (A). Dynasore greatly inhibited TfR internalization. (C) Quantification of GluA1 and Tf-Alexa647 internalization and block of dynamin function. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; GluA1 endocytosis, sham 100% ± 16%; dynasore 112% ± 12%. For Tf-Alexa647 endocytosis, sham 100% ± 23%; dynasore 30% ± 18%, (n = 5 for all groups; ***p < 0. 001). (D) Endogenous GluA1 and TfR internalization and block of dynamin function. As an alternative approach to measure GluA1 and TfR Internalization, cortical neurons were sham treated (with DMSO) or with dynasore as in (A). After, surface proteins were labeled with Sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin and cultured for 40 min at 37°C to allow for endocytosis. Biotin on proteins remaining on the cell surface was removed by glutathione treatment and cells solubilized. Internalized proteins were pulled down with streptavidin beads and analyzed by Western blotting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is entirely focused on a scientific experiment involving hippocampal neurons and does not mention agriculture or any practices related to it. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about ancient agricultural practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: ‘Best practices’ are the Windskill training strategy for the entire European wind market (funded by the IEE Programme), and the Network, an international academic network in the EU-MENA region aiming at contributing to the implementation of the through the provision of education and training in solar power [9]. Table 2Principal occupations difficult to fill per sub-sector. Source: REN Alliance survey [8]. 5 generation of employment opportunities is a major policy priority in countries with high levels of unemployment and underemployment, be it a long-term issue or the immediate consequence of the economic recession. As described above, developing the RE capacities can make a significant contribution to job creation, being one of the benefits of exploiting the economic opportunities in RE. However, to maximise the potential development of the RE industry, it is very important to get the right skills, in the right places, at the right time and in the right quantities. A key difficulty in ensuring an adequate supply of skills is that the RE sector requires substantial numbers of engineers and technicians. Shortages in these occupations are common in developed countries and can also occur in developing countries when there is a sudden increase in demand. Another problem identified is that the patterns of demand for labour in the RE sector make it difficult for providers of education and training in skills relevant to RE to match their activity to industry needs. Skills strategies for RES should be designed to mitigate this problem, and there is scope for governments and for the RE sector to assist providers of relevant training and education to develop their training programs. Social dialogue has a critical role to play both in identifying skills needed for the sector and in ensuring that adequate education and training provision is available. In this respect, the interaction between governments, employers/companies and their associations, the federations of workers, and training providers is important for the adaptation or creation of new curricula (and qualification schemes) for RE. To this end, the Occupational and Functional maps, as the one created for the RE sector in the UK by EU Skills [10] are crucial. map is a report about an industry or sector (e. g. the RE one) providing information on the numbers employed, industry trends, job titles, progression routes and Standards (NOS). A Functional map provides an overview of the types of major work tasks carried out in the industry/sector, and describes the outcomes of the works in broad terms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the development of renewable energy (RE) capacities can significantly contribute to job creation. It discusses the importance of skill development and education in the RE sector, highlighting job creation as a major policy priority in regions facing unemployment. This suggests a positive trend in job opportunities within the renewable energy sector, supporting the idea that it has outpaced traditional energy jobs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: Politically moderate women in the Concerned climate segment have a considerably higher proportion of members in vaccine Hesitant (29%) and Skeptic (21%) segments and the lowest proportion of vaccine Enthusiasts (6%), followed by conservative women (16%), with liberal women having the highest proportion of both vaccine Enthusiasts (31%) and Supporters (45%) and the lowest proportion of vaccine Hesitants (7%) and Skeptics (3%). Figure 1Vaccine segment distributions within the Concerned climate segment. Full size imageFigure 2Vaccine segment distributions within the Concerned climate segment for men and women. Full size imageFigure 3Vaccine segment distributions within the Concerned climate segment for participants with conservative, moderate, and liberal political identities. Full size imageFigure 4Vaccine segment distributions within the Concerned climate segment for men and women with conservative, moderate, and liberal political identities. Full size imageSimilar analysis of interactions between age and political identity within the Concerned segment found significant differences in vaccine segments across age groups for people with each political identity (χ2conservative (8) = 48. 262, χ2moderate (8) = 72. 653, χ2liberal (8) = 25. 340, all p ≤ 0. 001). For those aged 50 years or more, however, the sample size was too small to be confident in differences across political identities (post hoc power less than 80%). Figure 5 shows the distribution of vaccine segments for those in the Concerned climate change segment for each age group, and Fig. 6 shows the interaction of these with political identity. Within the Concerned climate segment’s youngest age group, liberals tended to have the highest proportion of vaccine Enthusiasts (21%) and Supporters (71%) compared with moderates and conservatives. Similarly, the largest proportion of Enthusiasts (21%) and Supporters (41%) in the 30–49 years age group were politically liberal, and the largest proportion of Skeptics were politically moderate (9%). Figure 5Vaccine segment distributions within the Concerned climate segment for each age group. Full size imageFigure 6Vaccine segment distributions within the Concerned climate segment for politically conservative, moderate, and liberal across each age group. Full size imageDiscussionThe aim of this study was to understand how people make sense of climate change and COVID-19 vaccines—two critical science and health issues—using an audience segmentation approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the distribution of vaccine sentiments among different political identities within the Concerned climate segment, rather than discussing education on climate change or its effects on public concern. The main topic of vaccine hesitancy and political identity does not provide evidence supporting or contrasting with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Displayed are GluA1, TrR, and actin bands (loading control) from whole cell lysates to estimate inputs for sham- or dynasore-treated neurons (left) and GluA1 and TfR bands from the streptavidin pull-downs to estimate internalized receptors for sham- or dynasore-treated neurons (right). (E) Quantification of GluA1 and TfR internalization and block of dynamin function. The levels of GluA1 endocytosis were reduced to 90% ± 9% vs sham treated by dynasore treatment. The levels of TfR endocytosis were reduced to 61% ± 6% (n = 3 experiments; ***p < 0. 01) vs sham treated by dynasore treatment. Total protein levels (inputs) for GluA1 and TfR were not affected by dynasore treatment. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Synaptic activity alters the endocytosis pathway taken by AMPARs. (A) Effects of TC10 constructs on chemically inducing LTP (cLTP) and chemically inducing LTD (cLTD). Hippocampal neurons were transfected with mCherry-GluA1 plus Venus, TC10DN, or TC10CA. 1 day post-transfection, cells were stimulated with a mixture of the NMDA receptor agonist, glycine, and GABAA receptors antagonists to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) chemically in hippocampal cultures. Then, surface exposed mCherry-GluA1 was stained live with anti-RFP antibody. In control cells, cLTP treatment caused a 39% increase in surface GluA1 (100% ± 9%, n = 10–139% ± 10%, n = 14). In cells expressing TC10DN and TC10CA, cLTP treatment also caused a 78% (37% ± 7%, n = 13–66% ± 9%, n = 12) and 54% (41% ± 4%, n = 21–63% ± 6%, n = 15) increase in surface GluA1, respectively. In parallel, transfected cells were treated with NMDA to chemically induce long-term depression (LTD) as well. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relating to ancient agricultural practices or their continuity into modern times. Instead, it discusses biological experiments involving neuron treatments and synaptic activity, which are entirely unrelated to the claim about agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2460691/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published11 Jan, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractIn this paper we present findings from a systematic review on job creation, quality, and skills, focusing on decarbonisation in the energy sector. We compare a range of gross job employment factors which indicate that overall, investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency can deliver more jobs than gas or coal power generation. In addition, we review a subset of recent studies which estimate the net employment effects of decarbonisation in the energy sector at a national scale, across various international contexts. These national studies largely agree that the most likely outcome over the next few decades is a modest net positive creation of jobs and moderate economic growth. In certain regions within these countries, jobs in fossil fuel industries may be lost faster than the pace at which low carbon energy sectors can offer new employment. There may be mismatches between regions where displaced workers live and where new opportunities become available, which may be a barrier to accepting alternative employment even if former workers have the requisite skills. In these cases national government transition plans are recommended, co-ordinated with local governments, to manage the impacts of displacement from carbon intensive sectors and respond to the need to build a new low carbon workforce including through skills development and training. We highlight a lack of metrics and data in the literature on job quality, skills, and the geographic distribution of employment impacts in decarbonising energy systems, and these should be priority areas for further research. Green jobsjob creationrenewable energyenergy efficiencydecarbonisationdecent workFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 41. IntroductionThere is a growing international momentum behind the setting of net zero emissions targets in law or policy (Climate Watch, 2023), and the introduction of Deals involving substantial investments in green jobs and infrastructure, for example in the US and EU (Green, 2022). Over the last decade, the costs of leading renewable energy technologies such as solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind power have fallen rapidly or substantially (IRENA, 2020; Jansen et al. , 2020). In 2021, there were at least 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency can deliver more jobs than traditional fossil fuel sources such as gas or coal power generation. It highlights findings from a systematic review that supports the assertion that job creation in the renewable energy sector is growing, particularly as the costs of renewable technologies decline. Moreover, it suggests that the overall impact of decarbonisation in the energy sector is a modest net positive creation of jobs, implying that renewable energy jobs are becoming increasingly significant compared to traditional energy employment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: global climate change is altering our inter-relationship with the environment, transforming comparatively stable climate factors and turning them uncertain, unpredictable and threatening (Ricart et al. , 2019). A large number of the developing countries relying on agriculture for the national economy are facing severe threat of climate change. As per Gori et al. (2018), the climate change has caused changes in the land use besides exerting pressure on water resources thereby, affecting the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production; ensuring an uninterrupted supply by freshwater resources supply; providing ecosystem services and; promoting the rural multi-functionality. Climate change is a great challenge for the agrarian economies like that of Pakistan (Mumtaz et al. , 2019) as its agriculture sector is highly vulnerable to climate change (Saleem et al. , 2019). Experts believe that owing to large dependence of country’s economy on agriculture, Pakistan ranks 12th amongst the most vulnerable countries to climate change, world-over (Noman and Schmitz, 2011; Ullah, 2017). This sector contributes approximately 25 percent to the national Product (GDP) and it absorbs about 42 percent of the labor force. The sector contributes in generating more than 75 percent of export revenue. However, agriculture sector in Pakistan is grappling with multidimensional impacts of climate–induced challenges, such as: rising temperatures; decline in rainfalls; floods; droughts; and yield losses (Noman and Schmitz, 2011). The variation in monsoons and increased temperature most likely is an impending real challenge to the agriculture sector in Pakistan. Abid et al. (2016) believe that evidences substantiate the argument that climate change will perpetually pose threats throughout this century despite international efforts to curtail greenhouse gas emissions. In order to confront the challenges, several climate change policies have been evolved at international; national; subnational; and local levels to address the impacts of climate change. Climate change has emerged as one of the most prominent challenges of the global concern today and consequently two pronged efforts, climate change adaptation, and climate change mitigation, has been launched to manage the cataclysmic repercussions of the phenomenon. Traditionally, the focus of emphasis of such policies remained on mitigation instead of adaptation measures; despite crucial and immediate need for devising adaptation strategies (Biesbroek et al. , 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that climate change is a profound challenge impacting various sectors, particularly agriculture in developing nations like Pakistan. It points out that despite awareness and international efforts to address climate change, the evidence suggests that climate change will continue to pose threats throughout this century. The need for adaptation strategies is emphasized, indicating that mere awareness alone will not resolve the intricate and multi-dimensional challenges created by climate change within a short timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Control cells showed a 62% decrease of surface GluA1 (100% ± 10%, n = 10–38% ± 3%, n = 11), while TC10DN and TC10CA expressing cells showed a 31% (67% ± 7%, n = 13–46% ± 3%, n = 10) and 55% (60% ± 5%, n = 5–27% ± 4. 2%, n = 6) reduction, respectively. (B) Effects of TC10 constructs on cLTP and cLTD. Data in (A) replotted and normalized to respective sham values in order to compare the changes with cLTP and cLTD. (C) Effects of TC10 constructs on synaptically induced LTD. Left: AMPAR-EPSC amplitudes, expressed as a percentage of baseline AMPAR-EPSC amplitude (10 min), before and after the induction of LTD by electrical LFS for 5 min (gap). Right: Bar graph of the average AMPAR-EPSC amplitude depression measured 20 min after LFS. Control cells showed a 52. 4% ± 0. 5% reduction in AMPAR-EPSC amplitude after LTD induction; TC10DN and TC10CA showed a 27. 5% ± 1. 0% and 48. 3% ± 1. 0% reduction in AMPAR-EPSC amplitude, respectively. (D) mCherry-GluA1 internalization after cLTP. Neurons were sham or cLTP treated and imaged for internalized mCherry-GluA1 and either TfR or HA-Arf6. GluA1 internalization increased by 24% ± 5% when treated with cLTP (n = 6; **p < 0. 01). (E) mCherry-GluA1 co-localization with TfR (left) and Arf6 (middle) after cLTP. Co-localization of internalized GluA1 with TfR increased with cLTP: sham-treated 21% ± 2%, n = 15; cLTP 56% ± 2%, n = 23 (***p < 0. 0001). Co-localization of internalized GluA1 with Arf6 did not significantly change: sham treated 52% ± 2%, n = 12; cLTP 47% ± 3%, n = 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental results related to cellular responses and synaptic functions. There is no mention of agriculture, ancient practices, or changes over time, making the content unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: 7 million people employed in renewable energy sectors worldwide, both directly and in wider supply chains, with the majority of these jobs concentrated in China, Brazil, the EU, the US and India (IRENA and ILO, 2022). Given the economic implications of the COVID-19 pandemic and recent gas and electricity price spikes (Fernández Alvarez and Molnar, 2021), a key question is whether investment in the low carbon transition can contribute to economic growth and resilience both in the short-term and longer-term (Figueres and Zycher, 2020). There have been various calls for investment in green jobs, skills and infrastructure to help consolidate economic recovery from COVID-19, in a way that is compatible with achieving net zero emissions and a societally just transition (Allan et al. , 2020; EEIG, 2020; IEA, 2020; Jung and Murphy, 2020; IRENA and ILO, 2021). There are various definitions of green jobs, and while it is important to clarify the scope of the present paper in relation to these, we do not set out to contribute further to the existing definitional debate. In the UK for example, the Taskforce consider a green job as “employment in an activity that directly contributes to - or indirectly supports - the achievement of the UK's net zero emissions target and other environmental goals, such as nature restoration and mitigation against climate risks” (Taskforce, 2021, p. 15). Green jobs may vary in ‘greenness’, for example in terms of the proportion of tasks carried out on ‘green’ or ‘non-green’ activities (Bowen, Kuralbayeva and Tipoe, 2018). Definitions of green jobs (e. g. Organization, 2018) may also include a quality aspect, suggesting that green employment needs to be characterised by ‘decent’ work or good quality jobs, e. g. in terms of adequate salaries and safe working conditions (Office for National Statistics, 2021). A key definitional issue relevant to this paper is the distinction between ‘gross’ and ‘net’ jobs. Gross effects include only the positive impact on employment which may be associated with a particular investment. For any specific energy technology, gross jobs refer to those which are created from project spending on equipment manufacturing, installation, operation, and maintenance (Blyth et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of significant employment in renewable energy sectors, stating '7 million people employed in renewable energy sectors worldwide.' This suggests robust job growth compared to traditional energy sectors, which aligns with the assertion that job creation in renewable energy has increased significantly in recent years.