Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees are being researched to enhance carbon capture capabilities. [SEP] Text: alba) (Lapierre et al. 1999). This process could reduce the energy inputs required and pollutants released by the pulping industry. Further enhancements of vegetative growth and rate of biomass increase may become possible by manipulating ammonium metabolism in trees. Increased cellular glutamine synthetase activity can enhance synthesis of nitrogenous compounds and biomass growth (Suarez et al. 2002). The understanding of how wood is laid down under stress conditions is being enhanced by studies on xylem tension stress-responsive genes (Samuga and Joshi 2002) and the effects of rol C gene expression in developing xylem in aspen (Grunwald et al. 2002). Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 2. Genetically modified Populus species hybrid. Some of the time-related limitations of conventional tree breeding may be overcome by expressing thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes, such as apetela 1, or leafy in trees. Already, apetela 1 expression has shortened generation times from seed to seed from at least 5 years to a single year in the commercial citrus production rootstock citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) (Pena et al. 2001). This result was achieved by converting apical and lateral shoots to flowers, and it is likely to have significant economic implications for the fruit tree industry. Similar results have been demonstrated in aspen, reducing flowering time to a mere 7 months (Nilsson and Weigel 1997; Martin-Trillo and Martinez-Zapater 2002). Although greater understanding of flowering control is still required, the combination of genetic modification and DNA sequence information gained from analysis of earlyflowering mutants from Arabidopsis seems very likely to speed up future breeding programs considerably (Egea-Cortines and Weiss 2001). GM trees also have potential to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Although at an early stage, rubber trees in Malaysia have been engineered to secrete human serum albumin. Other high-value commodities produced and easily harvested from GM trees, including vaccines in fruit, will no doubt become commercial realities in due course (Langridge 2000). GM trees have significant potential for dendroremediation—using trees to clean up environmental pollutants. Restoring contaminated land sites reduces risks to the environment and greatly enhances the value of these sites. Considerable progress has been made with both heavy metals and with organic pollutants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the genetic modification of trees and suggests various enhancements in tree growth and biomass, which can relate to improving their carbon capture abilities. It mentions manipulations in metabolic processes and references studies that could lead to significant advancements in tree growth and implications for carbon capture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: A combination of geographical and meteorological conditions (a valley affected by frequent atmospheric inversions), heavy industry and the fact that industrial production exists in the OSTR region continually for almost three centuries creates a specific situation suitable for research on environmental air pollution and human health. Given these characteristics a higher number of differentially expressed genes was expected to be found in subjects living in the polluted region. The rationale behind this hypothesis was that the protection of the organism against deleterious effects of air pollution would require greater changes in the transcriptome than in the control subjects. Unexpectedly, despite lower concentrations of air pollutants a higher number of deregulated genes and affected KEGG pathways was found in subjects from Prague. In both locations differences between seasons were observed. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed a significant decrease in expression of 1, IL1B and RAD21 in subjects from Ostrava, in a comparison of winter and summer seasons. In the control subjects, an increase in gene expression was observed for GADD45A and PTGS2. et al. [105] concluded that high concentrations of pollutants in Ostrava do not increase the number of deregulated genes. This may be explained by adaptation of humans to chronic exposure to air pollution. To further explain this phenomenon analyses focused on regulation of mRNA expression are necessary. For the first time, this study measures the levels of biomarkers in subjects exposed to air pollutants in this region. Simultaneous assessment of oxidative stress markers, DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and transcriptomics is a new approach that can bring more clarity to the mechanisms of pollution effects. Advertisement 6. In vitro studiesA wide variety of in vitro systems was developed in order to study the genotoxicity of chemicals and their mixtures, including complex mixtures of environmental pollutants adsorbed onto respirable air p2. 5). Complex mixtures of organic compounds to which humans are exposed through air pollution are only partially characterized with respect to their chemical composition due to difficulties with chemical analysis of the individual components. Therefore, assays based on biological effects of complex mixture components may be a suitable alternative to a circumstantial chemical analysis. Using rat liver microsomal fraction (S9), it has been repeatedly shown that PAHs formed DNA adducts after metabolic activation by P450 enzymes to diol epoxides. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding air-purifying skyscrapers and their ability to solve air pollution issues. It discusses the effects of air pollution on gene expression in specific regions affected by industrial activity and environmental conditions. There is no mention of skyscrapers, air purification technology, or solutions to air pollution problems, thereby not supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Отсюда огромная популярность сонористики во всем ее фактурном многообразии. Вот здесь-то и возникают новые проблемы! Мы не знаем, как структурировать сонористику — это слишком молодое направление, и накопленный опыт пока недостаточен. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses the popularity and challenges of sonoristics without mentioning insects or their ability to communicate through sounds and music.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees are being researched to enhance carbon capture capabilities. [SEP] Text: White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) has attacked pines in the (Pena and Seguin 2001). These trees, described by as the priests of pines addressing the surrounding forest, may benefit from a combination of genetic modification and genomics—the application of computer science to genetic structure and function. Gene mapping and genomic sequencing advances are likely to identify potential genes for resistance to white pine blister rust fungus. Such genes, once allied to suitable regulatory elements, could be transferred back into the pines by genetic modification, reducing future damage to the landscape. genetic modification is most likely to be acceptable to the public in two areas: where greater productivity from reduced plantation forest areas can be shown to increase areas left to nature’s own devices, and in restoring threatened trees to damaged landscapes, such as the elm. Whichever aspects of GM trees advance most rapidly in the future, environmental risk assessment should always be carried out, on a case-by-case basis, until a sufficient body of knowledge on the anticipated benefits and the possible risks of this exciting technology is established. © 2003, of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. ↵Adams, J. M. , G. Piovesan, S. Strauss, and S. Brown. 2002. The case for genetic engineering of native and landscape trees against introduced pests and diseases. Conserv. Biol. 16:874–879. OpenUrl↵Allen, G. C. , S. Spiker, and W. F. Thompson. 2000. Use of matrix attachment regions (MARs) to minimize transgene silencing. Plant Mol. Biol. 43:361–376. ↵Bouchie, A. 2001. Safety of GMOs reaffirmed by EU. Nat. Biotechnol 19:1095. OpenUrl↵Dandekar, A. M. , and D. J. James. 1998. High levels of expression of full-length cry IA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic somatic walnut embryos. Plant Sci. 131:181–193. OpenUrl↵Daniell, H. , and A. Dingra. 2002. Multigene engineering:Dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 13:136–141. ↵Davey, M. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of genetic modification in trees, specifically addressing how advancements in genomics and gene mapping could enhance the resistance of pines against threats like white pine blister rust. It implies that genetic modification could lead to improved tree performance, which aligns with the broader theme of researching genetically modified trees for enhanced capabilities, including carbon capture. The mention of genetic modification being applicable to increasing productivity and restoring threatened trees supports the idea of enhancing the ecological role of trees through such research.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Drone delivery systems offer fast, contactless delivery for small packages. [SEP] Text: It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1. 1. Version D7386-12 D7386-16 Active D7386-08 is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! Price: Add to & and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS). Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery. . Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations. Customs duty and taxes are the responsibility of the consignee. Shipping & Handling charges follow the rate schedule, below: Shipping & Up to $50. 00 $18. 00 $50. 01 to $100. 00 $20. 00 $100. 01 to $150. 00 $28. 38 $150. 01 to $250. 00 $37. 59 $250. 01 to $500. 00 $54. 09 $500. 01 to $750. 00 $73. 48 $750. 01 to $1000. 00 $89. 57 $1000. 01 to $1500. 00 $116. 61 $1500. 01 to $2500. 00 $152. 29 $2500. 01 to $4999. 00 $201. 00 $5000. 00 to $higher $225. 00 Shipping and Handling charges are approximate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses standards and procedures related to delivery, including shipping costs and customs regulations, without mentioning drone delivery systems or their characteristics like speed or contactless delivery. It does not provide any information supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Мы структурируем ее не «изнутри», а «снаружи», то есть во всех вариантах — будь то некий «сюжет», на который все накручивается-наверчивается, или «сверху спущенная» блок-схема, как в программировании, — мы вначале конструируем форму и лишь затем насыщаем ее сонорным содержанием. Так или иначе, пусть мы знаем мало и умеем не много, но думать о структуре необходимо. Однако среди молодых это делают единицы! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses structuring ideas and thoughts rather than insects or their communication methods. There is no mention or implication of insects, sounds, or music in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: IntroductionGlobal changes, such as climate change, habitat loss, and invasive organisms, are impacting tree growth, productivity, and survival (Parker and Gilbert 2004; Niu et al. 2014). Many native tree species are having trouble coping with these changes and are at risk of extinction, an ecological and economic loss (Thomas et al. 2004; Bellard et al. 2016). Some species have increased tolerance to certain stressors resulting from global change (e. g. , drought, extreme temperatures, invasive pests and diseases), and incorporation of the genes responsible for this tolerance could be an option in supporting at-risk species. One method of incorporation is through hybridization, the crossing of two different species (Allendorf et al. 2013). Hybridization breeding of native to non-native species is currently being evaluated to aid in restoration of several tree species, such as the American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh. ) Borkh. ; Clark et al. 2019), butternut (Juglans cinerea L. ; Brennan et al. 2020), and American elm (Ulmus americana L. ; Pinchot et al. 2017). A second method is genetic modification, or genetic engineering, defined as adding, removing, or changing specific genes through biotechnology (FAO 2010). This approach has been explored less often than hybridization for at-risk tree species restoration, but the American chestnut is a well-known example in which genetic modification has been used to incorporate tolerance to chestnut blight (Jacobs et al. 2013). In addition to incorporation of stress-tolerance genes to support at-risk species, potential advantages of hybridization and genetic modification include accelerating the tree improvement process, improving tree growth and production, and helping solve problems with food supply (Fernandez-Cornejo et al. 1999; Harfouche et al. 2012). However, many concerns, both ecological and economic, have also been associated with the use of both biotechnologies. These include the potential for invasiveness, genetic swamping (when genetic material transfers from one species to another through hybrids and overtime results in one species dominating over the other), high cost, and lack of performance knowledge (Vila et al. 2000; Allendorf et al. 2013; Tsatsakis et al. 2017; NASEM 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of genetic modification and hybridization as methods to aid in the restoration of at-risk tree species. It mentions that genetic modification has been used to improve the American chestnut's tolerance to blight and emphasizes that these biotechnological approaches could help address ecological challenges. This supports the idea that genetically modified trees can play a role in complementing natural reforestation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some companies are piloting drone delivery for items like medical supplies. [SEP] Text: Although these issues apply to all UAV flights, they are particularly important to consider before health systems can utilize UAVs for transport, as most applications require long-range transport, either start or end in urban locations, and in emergency situations may not be able to wait for dawn to take flight. The complexity of health supply chains in low-resource settings requires dedicated stakeholder engagement. Often supply chains involve public, private, and nonprofit actors, national and international entities, siloed transport and tracking systems, and insufficient resources to strengthen them. However, UAV operations will be much more cost-effective if the technology can be used across silos and by multiple institutions. 1 Although using UAVs for public benefit is often met with enthusiastic response, stakeholders have demonstrated concerns about value for cost, privacy, security, how UAV regulations can be enforced,30–32 and noise. 33 These concerns can pose real barriers to implementation. Recently, the Government of Ghana’s plan to use UAV services to deliver blood products was opposed by the Association, a stakeholder that was not sufficiently engaged before decision making and felt the investment misplaced. 34,35Using UAVs for public benefit is often met with enthusiastic response, yet stakeholders have demonstrated concerns, including value for cost, privacy, and security. Many organizations have been working to ensure that decisions to use UAVs are made with as much information as possible. Over 5 years ago, a collaborative forum was developed to foster discussion and dissemination of UAV delivery work. for (UPDWG) currently has over 200 members from public, private, and nonprofit institutions. Recently, a more formal organizing body was created to strengthen coordination between stakeholders and share resources:. As UAV technology has evolved, challenges have arisen in aligning technology partners with stakeholder needs. Ensuring applications of this technology address relevant problems by teams who understand both local contexts and the parameters of the technology remains a challenge. In lower- and middle-income countries, the use of UAVs involves multiple entities: companies who develop and implement the technology, international health and development organizations who implement programs, and national entities who manage the delivery of health care and commodities and implement regulations. We observed a need for a decision-support tool for implementers who are considering UAV technology for transporting medical goods that educates both operators and implementors on relevant considerations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the challenges and considerations involved in utilizing UAVs for transporting medical goods but does not provide any specific information or evidence about companies piloting drone delivery for items like medical supplies. As such, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim but is irrelevant to it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Это то же самое, как если бы вы в лесу нашли пень, напоминающий кого-то, кого все знают, и выдали бы его за свою художественную работу. Я часто привожу такой пример. Допустим, я вхожу в зону действия сильного магнитного поля и широким жестом сеятеля разбрасываю металлический порошок. Под действием магнитного поля он ложится ровными красивыми спиралями. Есть ли логика в получившейся картине? Несомненно, есть! Значит, мы можем говорить о гармонии? Разумеется, можем. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding insect communication through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses an analogy related to perception and aesthetics in nature, without mentioning insects or communication methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: As scientists continue to research and evaluate the safety and effectiveness of hybridized and genetically modified (GM) trees, the success of restoration efforts using these trees will be strongly dependent on land manager and public perceptions and acceptance of their use (Hall 2007; Jacobs et al. 2013; Martín et al. 2019). Studies of perceptions towards genetic modification have been primarily focused on agronomic crops and food and were found to be complex, divided, and often negative (Hallman et al. 2003; Costa-Font et al. 2008; Frewer et al. 2013). However, there is limited information on perceptions of GM and particularly hybrid trees, which may differ due to the nature of the plant types and intended use. While some trees are used for food production, trees are more widely used for various other purposes, such as timber production, green infrastructure, wildlife habitat, restoration, and recreation. These could be considered more acceptable uses of hybridization and genetic modification than food production (Merkle et al. 2007; Gamborg and Sandøe 2010). Additionally, with regards to species restoration and conservation, the spread and proliferation of specific pest and disease resistance genes in hybrid or GM trees to wild populations is seen by some stakeholders as a potential goal (Merkle et al. 2007; Strauss et al. 2009). Conversely, given that trees are generally able to spread their pollen and seed further than other types of plants, cultivated hybrid and GM trees in production forest settings may mate and spread into nearby native populations, raising ecological concerns towards the safety of nearby ecosystems (Williams 2005; Hall 2007). Further, trees are much longer-lived than most agronomic food crop plants, which are typically annuals, and the long-term ecological implications of hybrid and GM trees could mean greater hesitancy and decreased acceptance to their use (Williams 2005; Hall 2007; Merkle et al. 2007; Gamborg and Sandøe 2010). So far, research of perceptions towards the use of hybrid and GM trees is limited. Jepson and Arakelyan (2017a) compared perceptions of GM native trees to those of agricultural food crops among informed (knowledgeable) members of the public in the UK. They found that while there was a strong correlation between acceptability of both types, there was stronger approval for GM trees planted in both natural woodland and production forest settings than for GM food crops. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential acceptance of genetically modified (GM) trees in various ecological uses, such as restoration. It notes that while perceptions toward genetic modification in agronomic crops can be negative, the acceptability of GM trees may be higher when used for purposes like species restoration and conservation. It emphasizes that some stakeholders see the introduction of specific pest and disease resistance genes in GM trees as a goal that could support restoration efforts, thereby suggesting that GM trees could complement natural reforestation initiatives.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones will replace all traditional delivery vehicles within the next few years. [SEP] Text: 1 of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan 2 of and Technology, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan 3 Faculty of 939-0398, Japan * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Views:779 Downloads:101 10. 35534/dav. 2024. 10008 Received: 11 May 2024 Accepted: 21 June 2024 Published: 24 June 2024 © 2024 The authors. This is an open access 4. 0 ( : In recent years, there has been a growing interest in utilizing drones for parcel delivery among companies, aiming to address logistical challenges. However, effective optimization of delivery routes is essential. A theoretical framework termed the Flight Speed-aware Problem (FSVRP) has emerged to address the variability in drone flight speed based on payload weight. Several approximate methods have been proposed to solve the FSVRP. Our research endeavors to optimize parcel delivery efficiency and reduce delivery times by introducing a novel delivery problem. This problem accounts for multiple deliveries while considering the variability in flight speed due to diverse payloads. Through experimentation, we evaluate the efficacy of our proposed method compared to existing approaches. Specifically, we assess total flight distance and flight time. Our findings indicate that even in cases where the payload exceeds maximum capacity, all parcels can be delivered through multiple trips. Furthermore, employing a multi-trip FSVRP approach results in an average reduction of 10% in total flight time, even when payload capacities are not exceeded. Keywords: Delivery drones; Vehicle routing problem; Multi-trip routing 1. delivery has emerged as a transformative force within modern logistics and distribution sectors. Offering rapid and efficient on-demand delivery, drones markedly diminish the necessity for physical store visits and waiting times, providing consumers with unparalleled convenience compared to conventional delivery methods. Their capacity to reach remote and infrastructure-limited areas holds promise for substantial enhancements in material supply, particularly in rural or emergency contexts. Operating around the clock, drones offer flexible and expeditious services to both daily life and business operations. Moreover, given that the majority of drones operate on electricity, they notably curtail carbon emissions in comparison to traditional fuel-powered delivery vehicles, thus making a significant contribution to environmental conservation [1]. In enhancing accessibility, drones facilitate the delivery of basic goods, such as medical supplies and food, to remote or underserved areas, thereby easing the acquisition of necessary materials for residents in these regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while drones are emerging as a transformative force in modern logistics, they do not fully replace traditional delivery vehicles in the near future. It discusses the optimization of delivery routes and mentions operational challenges such as the need for multiple trips when payloads exceed capacities. Although drones are advantageous for rapid delivery and reaching remote areas, the need for optimization and existing limitations suggest that they will not replace all traditional vehicles imminently.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Но является ли это произведением искусства? Нет, конечно, как не является произведением искусства морозный узор на окнах. И картина, нарисованная хвостом непокорного мула, тоже — как бы она ни была любопытна и оригинальна. Для меня пространство, организованное без участия интеллекта творца, никак не может быть произведением музыкального искусства. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the nature of art and creativity, without addressing the topic of insect communication through sounds or music.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: The percent of land managers self-reporting hybrid tree use is presented by characteristic in Table 4. Land managers in local government or non-profit organizations were more likely to use hybrid trees than those in state government (p = 0. 040 and 0. 035, respectively; Table 5). The type of land managed was also significantly associated with whether hybrid trees were used; those managing urban lands were more likely to use hybrid trees (p = 0. 001). Those with higher levels of ecological concerns were less likely to use hybrid trees (p = 0. 001), while the level of economic concern was not significantly associated with hybrid tree use. There was also no relationship between hybrid tree use and age, gender, education, region of Indiana, or agreement with tree improvement advantages of hybrid trees (see Table 5 for the full statistics). Table 4 Self-reported use of hybrid trees by characteristics of land managers in IndianaFull size tableTable 5 Logistic estimates of the empirical models for estimating use of hybrid trees by land managers in Indiana (n = 230). Full size tableGM tree perceptionsPerceived GM tree improvement advantagesOverall, there was more agreement than disagreement regarding the tree improvement advantages of GM trees (Fig. 3a). Respondents had the greatest agreement (agree or strongly agree) with using GM trees for the purposes of “greater stress and pest resistance” (68%) and “improved tree growth and production” (61%). In contrast, respondents had the least agreement (strongly disagree or disagree) with using GM trees for “greater site suitability and functionality” (19%) and “herbicide tolerance” (19%). It should be noted that disagreement was fairly consistent across the tree improvement advantages. While gender, education, region of residency in Indiana, and land type managed were not associated with agreement regarding tree improvement advantages of GM trees (see Table 6 for full statistical values), age was negatively associated with agreement with GM trees having tree improvement advantages (χ2 = 4. 602; p = 0. 032). Fig. 3Survey respondents perceived a tree improvement advantages of GM trees, in order of decreasing agreement, and b concerns, in order of decreasing concern (n = 260)Full size imageTable 6 Summary of statistical relationships between land manager characteristics and perceptions of GM treesFull size tableConcerns about GM treesTrends in level and type of concerns about GM trees closely followed those about hybrid trees. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating a general agreement among respondents regarding the perceived advantages of GM trees, such as greater stress and pest resistance and improved tree growth, which can support reforestation efforts. With a noted majority (68% agree or strongly agree) in favor of the benefits of GM trees indicates that these benefits could complement natural reforestation initiatives.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones will replace all traditional delivery vehicles within the next few years. [SEP] Text: In natural disasters or other emergencies, their rapid response capabilities and delivery of essential goods strengthen relief efforts. Drones are also utilized in assessing and surveying disaster-stricken areas, aiding in the efficiency of rescue operations [2,3,4]. From an economic perspective, the drone delivery industry is anticipated to create millions of new jobs in manufacturing, maintenance, and operation. The industry is expected to promote online shopping and support the growth of e-commerce businesses while further streamlining logistics and supply chains across various industries, ultimately leading to cost reductions and increased efficiency. Numerous studies have reviewed the literature on package delivery drones [5,6,7,8,9]. However, challenges such as safety concerns, privacy issues, noise pollution, the need for regulatory and legislative measures, and batteries also exist. Extensive research in the domain of delivery drones has delved into numerous facets of their operation and utility, as highlighted in various studies [10,11,12]. In the field of package delivery, many studies have focused on arc routing [13,14]. Furthermore, there are studies pertaining to hybrid truck-drone delivery systems [15,16]. In the context of orchestrating deliveries to multiple consumers, the Problem (VRP) has been put forth as a viable framework. VRP is a family of optimization problems that deal with finding the most efficient routes for vehicles, given a set of customer locations to be visited and constraints such as vehicle capacity and travel time. Various variations of VRP exist and are not well-defined [17]. However, the predominant focus of VRP research has traditionally been on vehicular deliveries, specifically trucks, casting doubts on its direct applicability to drone-based delivery systems. Considering this, Poikonen et al. have pioneered an alternative approach specifically tailored for delivery drones, with an emphasis on minimizing delivery time [18]. While there are other contributions in the field of delivery drone routing, they generally presuppose a uniform flight speed for the drones [19,20,21,22,23]. This assumption presents a discrepancy from the dynamics observed in real-world delivery scenarios, where flight speed varies considerably. To address these limitations, Funabashi et al. devised the Flight Speed-aware Problem (FSVRP), which incorporates considerations for variations in flight speed attributable to differing payload weights and formulated a dynamic programming strategy to tackle FSVRP [24,25]. The implementation of additional constraints within this algorithm could necessitate substantial modifications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various applications of drones in delivery and logistics, while highlighting the challenges they face, such as safety concerns, regulatory issues, and the need for additional technological developments. It also emphasizes that traditional vehicular delivery methods have been the primary focus of research, casting doubt on the immediacy of drone replacement for all traditional delivery vehicles. Furthermore, the mention of hybrid truck-drone systems indicates a complementary rather than an entirely replacement approach.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: И применяться интеллект должен прежде всего через художественный образ, который соединяет в себе созерцание, субъективную интерпретацию и авторскую оценку. Все это порой бывает очень трудно объяснить молодому композитору, который, находясь под сильным впечатлением от своих находок, не понимает, почему звучание не самодостаточно и зачем нужно городить огород: применять интеллект, выстраивать систему образов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses the application of intellect through artistic images and interpretation, without mentioning anything related to insect communication or sounds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: Additionally, given how heavily agrarian the state of Indiana is, future research should explore perceptions of different land manager populations and in other parts of the US and world where land may be used and valued differently. Overall, the majority of land managers in our study agreed with a variety of advantages and purposes of use for hybrid and GM trees compared to disagreement or neutrality. Thus, if or when using these tree types are deemed an appropriate choice for restoring at-risk species (and approved legally), most land managers in Indiana might be agreeable to recommendations from researchers about using these tree types. It was also made very clear throughout the study that despite indicating a high degree of agreement towards using hybrid and GM trees, land managers still had very strong ecological concerns about their use and suitability as a native replacement. In order to alleviate these concerns, it will be essential that the traits of hybrids and GM trees be thoroughly vetted, particularly ecologically. Land managers have a clear stake in the issue and would ultimately be responsible for any widescale implementation of hybrid and GM trees. It is important for scientists to understand that land managers, as well as other environmental managers, are specialists with pre-existing knowledge and experience with at least some of the issues surrounding hybrid and GM trees and other environmental issues, and have formed a set of values and perceptions around them. Rather than assuming an information deficit, this pre-existing knowledge and set of values should be acknowledged and used as a starting point when scientists engage with land and environmental managers about management decisions in a rapidly changing world (Nisbet and Scheufele 2009). Further, researchers evaluating hybrid and GM trees should not only clearly and regularly communicate the results and recommendations from their work after completing a project, but seek to engage, consult, and co-generate ideas and solutions with land managers, environmental managers, and other stakeholders from the beginning. This can provide useful direction for research projects, such as identification of key tree traits and areas of concern to focus on that might not be as readily apparent to scientists who often work in more controlled, smaller scale settings. Ultimately, inclusion of land managers in the research process will also build greater ownership and involvement, and thus, greater success for hybrid and GM tree research and its applications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the agreement among land managers in Indiana on the advantages and purposes of using hybrid and genetically modified (GM) trees for restoration efforts. It highlights that if these tree types are deemed appropriate for restoring at-risk species and are legally approved, land managers may support their use based on the ecological concerns raised. The mention of the need for thorough vetting of the traits of hybrids and GM trees indicates that they could be integrated into reforestation strategies, suggesting a potential complement to natural methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones will replace all traditional delivery vehicles within the next few years. [SEP] Text: In contrast, employing Multi-trip approach allows for the delivery of all loads. Figure 5. Results of scenarios where total payload exceeds drone’s capacity. (a) Normalized total flight distance; (b) Normalized total flight time. 5. this study, we introduced the concept of the FSVRP tailored to scenarios involving multiple deliveries. By segmenting deliveries across several trips, our approach not only augments the capacity for deliverable loads but also yields a decrease in overall delivery time. To evaluate the efficacy of our proposed methodology, we conducted a series of experimental analyses, contrasting it against traditional methods across a diverse set of 320 problem scenarios. The empirical data revealed that, in instances where the parcels were within the payload capacity, the FSVRP-Multi-trip approach resulted in a reduction of total flight time by approximately 10%. Looking forward, our research will venture into exploring the application of multiple drones in addressing routing problems that consider load-dependent variations in flight speed. 1. ’. Energy use and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of drones for commercial package delivery. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1–13. [2. Ma Y-H, Shieh T-H, Hung L-C, Tsai L-C. Research on the new drones design to improve transportation of supplies and medical care for remote mountain area in Taiwan. of the 2021 9th on (ICOT), Tainan, Taiwan, 16–17 December 2021. 3. Maximilian K, Christian W. Containing the COVID-19 pandemic with drones—Feasibility of a drone enabled back-up transport system. Transp. Policy 2021, 106, 141–152. [4. . Assessing the sustainability of using drone technology for last-mile delivery in a blood supply chain. J. Modell. Manag. 2021, 16, 1376–1402. [5. Hossein E, Enkhsaikhan B. Last-mile drone delivery: Past, present, and future. Drones 2023, 7, 77. [6. Mohammad M-J, Matthias W. Applications and research avenues for drone-based models in logistics: A classification and review. Expert Syst. Appl. 2021, 177, 114854. [7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations of drones compared to traditional delivery methods. It discusses the introduction of a Multi-trip approach that allows for the delivery of loads in ways that optimize capacity, suggesting that while drones can enhance delivery efficiency, they do not have the capability to entirely replace traditional vehicles. The study further emphasizes the importance of routing problems that consider multiple deliveries rather than suggesting that drones alone can fulfill all delivery needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Приходится возвращаться назад к вопросу: а что такое вообще музыка? И порой встречаются такие, кто удивляется, что не все то музыка, что звучит. Студентам-первокурсникам очень важно сразу объяснить, как работают интуитивное и рациональное начала, то есть где следует опираться на ощущение, а где — на расчет. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insect communication through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses the concept of music and how it is understood, which is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: AbstractGenetic modification using Agrobacterium- or biolistic-mediated gene transfer can overcome the limitations of conventional tree breeding. Alternatives to the use of antibiotic resistance selectable markers and how they might be used to overcome potential public concerns are described. Applications of genetic modifications to trees include altered wood properties, speeding up breeding cycles, forests as pharmaceutical factories, dendroremediation, and improved resistance to pests and diseases, as well as the restoration of sensitive landscapes. Key WordsGenetic modificationtreesforest biotechnologyforestrygeneticsTrees make up more than 30% of the land biosphere and play an essential part in our lives by photosynthesizing, cleaning the air, and contributing to the beauty of landscapes as well as being a major source of fuel and processed products. Progress in improving trees using genetic modification (GM) is discussed herein. Technologies for speeding up tree breeding using biolistics and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic modifications are described. These technologies lead to applications including modifying wood composition and structure, manipulating growth and development, improving pest or disease resistance, and landscape restoration. approaches to tree improvement have involved the identification of mature trees with desirable phenotypes, followed by their incorporation into breeding programs. The length of time needed for trees to reach reproductive maturity, often in excess of 20 years, before controlled crosses can be made is the limiting factor for tree improvement (Martin-Trillo and Martinez-Zapater 2002). Furthermore, there is no guarantee that the desired progeny phenotypes will be identified. The application of biotechnology can overcome many of the drawbacks associated with conventional breeding strategies. This may be achieved using micropropagation or somatic embryogenesis techniques (Dandekar and James 1998) to produce large numbers of phenotypically similar plants, at rates exceeding those attainable in nurseries, or via the use of genetic modification technologies (Trick and Finer 1999) (Table 1). View this table:View inlineView popupTable 1 Genetic manipulation technologies. There is enormous potential for speeding up tree breeding cycles by the use of genetic modification. Systems have been developed for gene transfer, selection of novel gene-containing shoots, and stimulating regeneration for both broadleaved and coniferous trees (Fenning and Gartland 1995; Wenck et al. 1999). The systems use either the soil-based microorganism Agrobacterium or DNA-coated p1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various applications of genetic modification in trees, including speedier breeding cycles and improved resistance to pests and diseases. These advancements could enhance natural reforestation efforts, as stated in the text’s mention of 'landscape restoration' and 'improving pest or disease resistance', which directly relates to the idea of complementing reforestation efforts through biotechnology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones will replace all traditional delivery vehicles within the next few years. [SEP] Text: 11 T2 - of F - of O - of P - 1 EP - 6 PB - Group SN - 2328-7616 UR - AB - In a world where most businesses are innovating or digitally transitioning, neglecting to experiment puts businesses at a disadvantage by making them increasingly irrelevant to the consumers, resistant to change, and unable to compete with larger and more efficient rivals. According to a survey by McKinsey, 84% of professionals feel that future success is dependent on continuous innovation in order to gain competitive advantage in the industry and respond to the competition. 13, 2022, Amazon announced its plans to make its first drone deliveries in Lockeford, California. The idea of delivery with the help of drones represents a true innovation in the e-commerce business, fastening the delivery service in a way that was almost unimaginable a few years back. However, the company faces diverse challenges endangering its project, including ever changing regulations, skepticism from the customers, and safety concerns. All of this leads to a launch that has been postponed for years, questioning the viability of the project. Indeed, Amazon has the potential to be a huge success once it finally launches its operations as it can develop a strong competitive advantage. This case analysis aims at discussing the factors involved in the implementation of the Air project to investigate whether delivery drones can possibly be a disruptive technology. This case analysis is intended to be a helpful source for class discussions as well. VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing Amazon's plans to implement drone deliveries, but notes significant challenges such as changing regulations, customer skepticism, and safety concerns that have delayed the launch for years. This indicates that the complete replacement of traditional delivery vehicles by drones in the near future is not certain, as the project has yet to be successfully implemented.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: И очень важно, чтобы студент действительно осознавал, что такое фундаментальные понятия в музыке — не как-то интуитивно, а чтобы мог четко изложить, что такое гармония и форма… Парадоксально, но многие даже опытные музыканты, уже в возрасте, не понимают элементарных вещей. Именно поэтому периодически вспыхивают острые и оживленные дискуссии, например, о том, умерла мелодия или еще жива. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insect communication through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses fundamental concepts in music, such as harmony and form, which are unrelated to insect behavior or communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: Hairy roots of willow (Salix spp. hybrid). P62. 5 million) of research by more than 400 multinational research consortia, that GM crops are “probably … safer than conventional plants and foods” for both the environment and human consumption (Bouchie 2001). Additionally, coordinated studies from U. S. and Canadian scientists have shown that the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn pollen from current commercial hybrids on monarch butterflies is negligible (Sears et al. 2001). Antibiotic resistance markers have been extensively used in food crop trials for at least 15 years (Stewart and Wheaton 2001). Alternative selectable markers being developed include the isopentenyl transferase gene from the plasmid embedded within a transposable element (Ebinuma et al. 1997). An estradiol-induced recombinase protein can excise DNA at specific recognition sites flanking a selectable marker gene (Ow 2001). Genes for detoxifying unusual substrates such as 2-deoxy-glucose-6-phosphate, or genes enabling unusual nutrients to be assimilated, such as phosphomannose isomerase (Hansen and Wright 1999), have also become available. Recent EU legislation limits the use of antibiotic resistance marker genes where there is evidence of significant potential damage to human health or the environment. Similarly, the potential risks from individual herbicide resistance genes being transferred to other plants must be put into context. Resistance to herbicides, such as Round-Up® or glyphosate, the most commonly quoted in anti-GM literature, can only become a significant problem if we rely on it as a sole source of killing weeds (Strauss et al. 1997). More important, it is often overlooked that use of herbicides in forestry is infrequent due to health concerns and there are distinct advantages in using non-persistent formulations with low ecotoxicity. It is likely that new and future generations of herbicides, with different modes of action, will be transferred from the annual crops arena to forest trees. This is likely to greatly reduce our reliance on glyphosate, the active ingredient in Round-Up®, as other herbicides become commonplace. Herbicide resistance genes may also provide new alternatives to the use of antibiotic resistance in future GM trees. The potential for trees to spread pollen over long distances is not disputed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the advancements and potential applications of genetically modified (GM) species, including trees. It highlights that herbicide resistance genes could provide alternatives for forest trees, thereby indicating that genetic modification of trees could enhance forestry practices and possibly aid in reforestation efforts. The mention of different modes of action for new herbicides being transferred to trees demonstrates an inclination towards improving tree management through GM techniques.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones can operate in any weather condition without issues. [SEP] Text: 5) A i ≤ 2 ( x i + 1 − ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) ) g i ( ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) ) + ( ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) − x i ) g i ( ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) ) = ( 2 x i + 1 − ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) − x i ) g i ( ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) ) ≤ 2 ( x i + 1 − x i ) g i ( ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) ). Similarly, we have (4. 6) B i ≤ 2 ( x i + 1 − x i ) g i ( ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) ). On the other hand, for all x i ≤ x s ≤ x i + 1 we have G i ( x s ) ≤ G i ( s s ) ≤ ‖ α ‖ ∞ x i + 1 − x i 1 α ∞ 2 ( x i + 1 − s ) ( s − x i ) ≤ ‖ α ‖ ∞ 1 α ∞ 2 x i + 1 − x i 4 which implies that (4. 7) g i ( x ) ≤ ‖ α ‖ ∞ 1 α ∞ 2 x i + 1 − x i 4 ∫ x i x i + 1 w ( s ) d s ≤ 1 4 ‖ α ‖ ∞ 1 α ∞ 2 ‖ w ‖ ∞ ( x i + 1 − x i ) 2. Thus, it follows from (4. 4), (4. 5), (4. 6), and (4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains mathematical expressions and does not address the capabilities or limitations of drones in various weather conditions. It does not provide any information regarding the operational capacity of drones, hence it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim at all.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Никому не приходит в голову, что ответ на этот вопрос лежит на поверхности — в определении понятия мелодии. И когда говоришь или пишешь, что мелодия — это просто главный голос в гомофонной (или гомофонической) фактуре, на тебя смотрят с таким изумлением, будто ты изложил теорему Гаусса. То же самое с гармонией. Необходимо знать, что гармония — это система связи формообразующих элементов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses concepts of melody and harmony without any reference to insects or their communication methods. This indicates that the content does not address the premise of the claim at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: Where GM trees are concerned, scientists cannot yet completely guarantee that pollen formation can be prevented in every individual tree, although exercising flowering control has been suggested both for limiting invasiveness as well as potential for pollen transfer (Adams et al. 2002). Such an expectation, however, misses an important question: What impact would GM pollen grains have if released into the environment? There is currently no clearly compelling evidence of significant damage due to limited amounts of GM tree pollen being able to spread within the environment (Strauss et al. 2001). Plants, including trees, have been exchanging genetic material within and between species on a large scale for millions of years. As yet, this exchange does not appear to have produced large-scale ecological problems. If transfer of GM tree pollen really is a significant issue, then sterility systems for inducing reproductive incompetence (Mouradov and Teasdale 1999) or trunk grafting (Lev-Yadun and Sederoff 2001) will become more useful in alleviating these concerns and their use encouraged in GM trees (Strauss et al. 1995). Even if a distinct adverse effect of allowing GM trees to flower is found, beyond that of simply promoting genetic exchange, it is likely that any such effects could be ameliorated using short rotation forestry, with limited, or indeed no flowering potential. Once again, any risks introduced from limited GM tree pollen transfer must be placed into context versus the risks from introduced exotic germplasm (Richardson 1998). Additionally, recent evidence suggests that transgenic poplar DNA is unlikely to persist in soils for more than 4 months before being degraded, limiting potential for transfer to soilbased microbes (Hay et al. 2002)Two other potential concerns expressed about GM trees relate to their longevity and the potential for unexpected effects, once released into the environment. Unexpected effects might include gene silencing, in which expression of an inserted gene ceases. Releasing and monitoring a large number of independently genetically modified trees could overcome this potential problem, because the available evidence suggests the frequency of gene silencing events is rare (Dominguez et al. 2002a). A similar approach is already taken by commercial foresters, who generally wish to avoid monocultures. Additionally, our understanding of genetic stability is increasing as sequences such as matrix attachment regions (MARs), which appear to improve the consistency of gene expression, become more widely used (Allen et al. 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing several points that suggest genetically modified (GM) trees may be managed to minimize ecological risks while potentially benefitting reforestation. For instance, it states that 'any risks introduced from limited GM tree pollen transfer must be placed into context versus the risks from introduced exotic germplasm,' indicating that GM trees might be preferable over other non-native species from a reforestation standpoint. Additionally, the discussion about 'using short rotation forestry' and 'monitoring a large number of independently genetically modified trees' suggests that GM trees could be cultivated responsibly to mitigate concerns associated with their introduction into ecosystems, which aligns with the idea of complementing natural reforestation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones can operate in any weather condition without issues. [SEP] Text: Its low cost (~$3,500), programmability, and scalability permit large-scale experiments that take advantage of the many benefits lab model organisms offer, such as huge fly genetic libraries containing thousands of lines (Jenett et al. , 2012; Thibault et al. , 2004). After demonstrating MAPLE’s breadth of utility across species, we highlight the depth of its capabilities with two particularly time- and manual labor-intensive fruit fly tasks: rapidly collecting virgin females, and large-scale longitudinal measurement of fly social networks and behavior. The latter experiment reveals previously unknown stability of Drosophila social interactions, and confirms that both olfaction and vision are required for dyad-specific social interactions in this context. physical implementation With the high level goals of modularity, scalability, and automatability in mind, we designed the MAPLE system with the following design constraints: (1) It features a large, flat experimental workspace with room for multiple flexibly-configurable experimental modules. (2) This workspace is physically open for user convenience, and transparent on the top and bottom for in situ optical phenotyping. (3) Multiple end-effectors can move throughout the workspace to handle organisms, capture images, and manipulate experimental modules. (4) It features failsafe mechanisms so that users can leave it unattended without worrying that it would damage itself or experimental modules. (5) It is relatively inexpensive and scalable. MAPLE (Figure 1, Figure 1—figure supplement 1A) was built using extruded aluminum rails to support x-, y-, and z-carriages mounted on linear rails in a Cartesian configuration. We employed the CoreXY system (Moyer, 2012), which reduces the mass of the moving part of the X/Y gantry by fixing the stepper motors on the frame. (However, for the speeds at which we run MAPLE, which are roughly 80% as fast as human hands conducting experiments (Video 1), mounting the y-axis stepper motor on the x-axis carriage would likely not reduce performance. ) Figure 1 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset MAPLE, a robotic platform for conducting experiments with many species. (A) Schematic of MAPLE with workspace dimensions indicated and an expanded schematic of the end effectors. Colors indicate different robotic systems. (B–F) Demonstrations of MAPLE experiments in yeast, C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a robotic platform (MAPLE) designed for conducting experiments with various species but does not mention drones or their capability to operate in different weather conditions. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or provide any insight related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: На уровне формы целого она применяется не к «первокирпичам», а к уже полученным минимальным структурно-семантическим единицам музыкального языка, и выстраивает смысловую организацию на следующем этапе, где, если условно провести параллели с естественным человеческим языком, слова соединяются в осмысленные предложения. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the application of musical language in terms of structural and semantic units but does not provide any information about insect communication. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: The relative longevity of trees is as much a benefit as a potential concern, because their potential economic or amenity value can extend for hundreds of years. Many of the publicized potential concerns about GM trees are either misplaced due to a lack of public understanding, or they may be actively managed until such times as further research, including field trials, can resolve these issues. It should not be forgotten that, since 1994, more than 3. 5 trillion GM plants have been grown in the alone, without any significant ecological or human health consequences being identified (Stewart and Wheaton 2001). These numbers include more than 250 field trials of GM trees, although most of these have been with poplars and eucalypts (Rautner 2001; Gartland et al. 2003). Our knowledge and understanding of how GM trees function and perform in the wider environment can only be aided by further field trials, using a wider range of trees, as they become available through advances in genetic modification and regeneration technologies. of the potential benefits that genetic modification can bring to forestry and arboriculture include improved yields; modifying lignin content; speeding up breeding cycles; the production of valuable pharmaceuticals from trees; cleaning up environmental pollution; more effective management of pests and diseases; and enhanced amenity and landscape restoration value. Increasing yields from plantation forests by genetic modification will allow more wild forests to be left undisturbed. To this end, findings that at least two species of aspen (Populus tremuloides and P. tremula) grow faster after genetic modifications are most encouraging (Hu et al. 1999; Tzfira et al. 1999) (Figure 2). Among the wood quality traits that can now be altered by genetic modification are the composition and processing properties of lignins. Using antisense technology to reduce expression of 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, a key step in lignin biosynthesis, reductions of up to 45% in the lignin content and increases of up to 15% in the cellulose content have been obtained in aspen. Enhanced leaf, root, and stem growth were also observed (Hu et al. 1999; Sederoff 1999). Being able to reduce the lignin content of trees or to improve pulping properties has also been achieved by reducing cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in 2-year-old poplar (P. tremula × P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetically modified (GM) trees can bring various benefits to forestry, including improved yields, better management of pests and diseases, and enhanced landscape restoration value. It mentions that increasing plantation forest yields through genetic modification allows for more wild forests to remain undisturbed, thereby complementing natural reforestation efforts. Furthermore, evidence of GM trees growing faster and the potential ecologically safe applications described supports the idea that GM trees can be integrated positively into reforestation practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones can operate in any weather condition without issues. [SEP] Text: Either significantly positive or negative values of this index indicate social interaction. We found that male-female and female-female, although not male-male, dyads produced the same distribution of interactivity indices (Figure 5—figure supplement 1A). Most social experiments were performed with virgin female-female dyads, although for some control groups we also included male-female dyads. We programmed MAPLE to load pairs of flies from the FlyPlate into social arenas according to three different dyad schemes (Figure 5E). These varied from high-throughput (testing 162 flies at a time), with each fly tested in just a single dyad, to low-throughput (10 flies total) but saturated with respect to all possible dyadic pairings. Using the high-throughput scheme, we first measured the interactivity indices of wild type (Canton-S) flies separated by open-clear barriers. The observed distribution was significantly different compared to shuffled controls that scramble dyadic pairings (Figure 5—figure supplement 1B; p<0. 0001 by KS-test), indicating that interactions are dyad-specific. Dyads separated by barriers that limit sensory cues exhibited significantly lower mean absolute interactivity indices (Figure 5F), indicating that both olfactory and especially visual cues drive differences in dyadic interactions. This is consistent with reports that visual cues can mediate social modulation of behavior (Kim et al. , 2012). Consistently, anosmic Orco mutant flies (Vosshall and Hansson, 2011) showed a significant 65% reduced mean absolute interactivity index, even with open-clear barriers (p=0. 00048 by t-test). Blind NorpA mutant flies (Kim et al. , 1995) did not differ significantly from wild type flies in mean absolute interactivity index (p=0. 26 by t-test). Flies with mutations in the white gene (w1118) have reduced visual acuity (Markow and Scavarda, 1977) but showed a 50% increase in absolute interactivity index which was statistically significant (p=0. 013 by t-test), suggesting that social partner visual recognition does not require fine acuity (Justice et al. , 2012). The increased inter-dyad variability seen in w1118 animals may be consistent with increased inter-individual variability in phototactic preference exhibited by this genotype (Kain et al. , 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses social interactions among flies and various experimental methodologies, without mentioning drones or their operational capabilities in weather conditions. Therefore, it does not provide any supportive or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Эта иерархия также обязана иметь центральный элемент, и тональность, таким образом, есть сквозное главенство центрального элемента на уровне композиции в целом. На определенном этапе гармония превращает множество в пространство, в котором появляются измерения (координаты). Считается, что звук не имеет отношения к пространству — очевидно, речь здесь идет о привычном трехмерном пространстве «длина-ширина-высота». [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insect communication through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses abstract concepts of hierarchy, tonality, and spatial dimensions related to sound. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: alba) (Lapierre et al. 1999). This process could reduce the energy inputs required and pollutants released by the pulping industry. Further enhancements of vegetative growth and rate of biomass increase may become possible by manipulating ammonium metabolism in trees. Increased cellular glutamine synthetase activity can enhance synthesis of nitrogenous compounds and biomass growth (Suarez et al. 2002). The understanding of how wood is laid down under stress conditions is being enhanced by studies on xylem tension stress-responsive genes (Samuga and Joshi 2002) and the effects of rol C gene expression in developing xylem in aspen (Grunwald et al. 2002). Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 2. Genetically modified Populus species hybrid. Some of the time-related limitations of conventional tree breeding may be overcome by expressing thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes, such as apetela 1, or leafy in trees. Already, apetela 1 expression has shortened generation times from seed to seed from at least 5 years to a single year in the commercial citrus production rootstock citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) (Pena et al. 2001). This result was achieved by converting apical and lateral shoots to flowers, and it is likely to have significant economic implications for the fruit tree industry. Similar results have been demonstrated in aspen, reducing flowering time to a mere 7 months (Nilsson and Weigel 1997; Martin-Trillo and Martinez-Zapater 2002). Although greater understanding of flowering control is still required, the combination of genetic modification and DNA sequence information gained from analysis of earlyflowering mutants from Arabidopsis seems very likely to speed up future breeding programs considerably (Egea-Cortines and Weiss 2001). GM trees also have potential to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Although at an early stage, rubber trees in Malaysia have been engineered to secrete human serum albumin. Other high-value commodities produced and easily harvested from GM trees, including vaccines in fruit, will no doubt become commercial realities in due course (Langridge 2000). GM trees have significant potential for dendroremediation—using trees to clean up environmental pollutants. Restoring contaminated land sites reduces risks to the environment and greatly enhances the value of these sites. Considerable progress has been made with both heavy metals and with organic pollutants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of genetically modified (GM) trees in various applications that align with reforestation goals. It highlights that GM trees can enhance vegetative growth and biomass increase, which could be beneficial for natural reforestation efforts. Furthermore, it mentions GM trees' capabilities in dendroremediation, indicating their role in restoring contaminated sites, which supports environmental sustainability tied to reforestation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones can operate in any weather condition without issues. [SEP] Text: Its effectors move slightly slower than the hands of a trained experimentalist, so its advantages derive from it not growing tired or losing focus. MAPLE does not execute every action with 100% success. For example, attempts to remove an awake fly from a behavioral arena, using vacuum through a loading port, succeed approximately 90% of the time. Given this error rate, the experimental procedures that include removing flies from arenas use the camera to inspect the arena after each attempt to confirm if the fly has been successfully removed. Similarly, our procedure to transfer yeast colonies used the collision-detector to confirm that the object manipulator had successfully removed petri dish lids. These checks reduce the efficiency of MAPLE-conducted experiments (particularly compared to manual experiments), but mean that the operator can walk away from the device confident that MAPLE will eventually get it right. Given its redundancies and fail-safes, MAPLE can work autonomously for long periods (e. g. 12 hr for the Physarum experiment) without getting stuck. A potential advantage of using MAPLE for fly experiments specifically is the option to avoid anaesthesia. Dispenser releases awake animals into the MAPLE system, and these can then be moved between the FlyPlate and behavioral arenas using the multi-position loading ports we developed. Avoiding anesthesia has multiple benefits, including reducing the distortion of behavioral (Bartholomew et al. , 2015) and physiological measurements (Colinet and Renault, 2012), which, depending on the form of anaesthesia, can last for hours or days (MacMillan et al. , 2017). Even seemingly benign manual aspiration can disrupt the expression of sensitive phenotypes (Trannoy et al. , 2015). Automated, anesthesia-free animal-handling thus has the potential to standardize handling effects. MAPLE’s modularity means that the platform's versatility and capabilities can be expanded in the future. As examples, we are developing fly sink modules for culturing thousands of animals in the style of population cages, facilitating selection experiments and experimental evolution. We are developing a high-resolution imaging source/sink module into which flies could be deposited, imaged in dorsal and ventral views, and released back into experimental workflows. This device is inspired by the system (Medici et al. , 2015) but can be loaded with a fly on demand, rather than relying on flies to enter the imaging chamber on their own. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the MAPLE system, which is an automated platform, does not achieve 100% success in its operations and has an error rate, which implies that there are limitations to its performance. This suggests that while MAPLE can operate autonomously and has advantages, it may not function optimally in all conditions, similar to a drone that may face issues in specific weather scenarios. The mention of checks to confirm actions and the reduction in efficiency due to these checks further indicates that there are operational challenges, which contrasts the claim that drones can operate without issues in any weather condition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Это так, конечно, но музыка создает свое пространство, причем многомерное! Я не стану загромождать текст лишними определениями — каждый может сам посмотреть, что такое пространство в математике, и убедиться, что любое музыкальное произведение точно отвечает всем необходимым и достаточным условиям этого определения. Международные мастер-классы — вещь, безусловно, полезная. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses music and its mathematical space without mentioning insects or their communication. There is no indication or information provided about insect communication through sounds or music.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) modified to express bacterial mercuric reductase grows vigorously in normally toxic levels of ionic mercury, being able to convert the highly toxic ionic mercury (Hg [II]) to the much less toxic elemental form (Hg [0]) up to twelvefold faster than untransformed poplars (Rugh et al. 1998; Meagher 2000; Rugh 2001). Using cultures of genetically modified poplar cells, Gordon et al. (1998) were able to degrade trichlorethylene, one of the world’s major pollutants. Field study data have shown that up to 95% of available trichlorethylene was degraded to chlorine ions and CO2. Similar approaches are being followed with a range of other organic pollutants, including the explosives RDX and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (Thompson et al. 1999). Using trees to clean up environmental pollutants, contaminated sites can be returned to useful service for housing, leisure, or light industry. Arboricultural benefits from genetic modification are also likely to come from improved resistance to pests and diseases. Examples include introduced resistance to the fungal pathogen Septoria musiva in poplar expressing chitinbinding proteins Ac-AMP1. 2 and ESF12 (Liang et al. 2002) and plum pox virus in Prunus domestica following expression of the viral coat protein (Ravelonandro et al. 1999). In Polish, Spanish, and Rumanian field tests, the GM plum trees allowed only low levels of viral multiplication from which the trees rapidly recovered. One such line was not infected at all over the 3-year duration of these trials, in contrast to the untransformed trees that all became infected during the first year (Ravelonandro et al. 2000). Resistance to the cottonwood leaf beetle (Chrysomela scripta), a major pest, may soon be possible among poplars following their genetic modification with Bt toxin genes (James et al. 1999). Similar trials are under way in China using the Cry 1 Ac gene in P. nigra to protect against the defoliators (Hu et al. 2001). Particular care is, however, likely to be needed when selecting appropriate Bt toxin strain genes due to regional differences in cottonwood leaf beetle susceptibility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various instances where genetically modified trees, such as the yellow poplar, are utilized to clean up environmental pollutants and demonstrate improved resistance to pests and diseases. These qualities indicate that genetically modified trees can indeed complement natural reforestation efforts by enabling the restoration of contaminated sites and improving overall tree health, which benefits reforestation goals.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4384267/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published31 Jul, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractAlthough plastic mulching films can help increase agricultural productivity, their removal poses a significant environmental danger. The use of biodegradable plastic mulches is an appealing eco-sustainable solution to environmental contamination problems for agroecosystems. Because the biodegradation of plastic pieces in soil is strongly dependent on microbial populations, it is critical to investigate whether and how microbial communities affect different types of mulch residuals in the soil. Through the study of the degradation of different mulches residues and of the microbial dynamics for a 6-month incubation of soil trial at three different incubation temperatures (room temperature, 30°C and 45°C) it was possible to evidence that biodegradation of mulch residual depending on of the catabolic activities of specific microbial population and the temperature of incubation. In particular, the increase of temperature up to 45°C determined a reduction of the degradation capacity for all types of mulch considered. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing bacterial alpha diversity was primarily influenced by plastic type and temperature, while fungal populations were mainly affected by temperature. Beta diversity was impacted by all experimental variables. Predicted functional genes crucial for degrading complex substrates, including those encoding hydrolases, cutinases, cellobiosidases, and lipases, were derived from 16S rRNA gene sequencing data. Cluster analysis based on predicted enzyme-encoding gene abundance revealed two clusters, mainly linked to sampling time. Finally, core microbiome analysis identified dominant bacterial and fungal ASVs in various soil-plastic ecosystems during degradation, pinpointing species potentially involved in plastic breakdown. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5on the practical qualities of plastics and their wide range of uses, 391 metric tons (Mt) of it were produced only in 2021 [1, 2]. This huge production along with ineffective plastic management techniques comprises a notable amount of plastic residues in the environment [3]. Several studies showed that severe plastic pollution compromises environmental protection [4–6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the biodegradation of plastic in soil is not uniform and is strongly influenced by factors such as microbial populations and temperature. Specifically, it mentions that the effectiveness of biodegradation decreases with rising temperatures, stating, 'the increase of temperature up to 45°C determined a reduction of the degradation capacity for all types of mulch considered.' This implies that bacterial plastic degradation may not operate effectively in all natural environments, as temperature variations can hinder the process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Хотя бы потому, что молодые композиторы точнее узнают, чем дышат коллеги-ровесники, что происходит в мире. На мастер-классах существенно расширяется кругозор. Но ни на каких мастер-классах — мне, во всяком случае, такие неизвестны — никто не объясняет, как из такого-то тематизма сделать пьесу или симфонию, или концерт… Это возможно только в классе. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insect communication through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses young composers and their experiences in master classes, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: Expression of the CTV viral p25 coat protein gene significantly increased viral resistance or delayed disease symptom onset in Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) (Dominguez et al. 2002b), while commercialscale production of GM papaya resistant to ringspot virus is well established in Hawaii (Ferreira et al. 2002). Genetic modifications can be used to restore trees to pest-damaged landscapes. Three potential examples are American chestnut (Castanea sativa), English elm (Ulmus procera), and some Southern pines (Pinus spp. ) in the United States. More than 3 billion American chestnuts have been lost since the 1930s to Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus. Genetic modification may prove beneficial in speeding up the breeding programs sponsored by the Foundation (Mehlenbacher et al. 2000). Hundreds of millions of elms throughout the northern hemisphere have been devastated by Dutch elm disease, a vascular wilt caused by the fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi (Dunn 2000). Within the alone, more than 20 million mature elms were lost in the 1970s, with fresh outbreaks still occurring as elm populations struggle to recover. However, biotechnology is making significant progress with English elm. Techniques for the transfer of genes into leaf and stem tissues using DNA-coated microprojectiles, and with both A. rhizogenes and A. tumefaciens, have been established. These techniques allow transgene expression to be investigated using biochemical reporter genes such as gus A and gfp (Davey et al. 1998). English elms with modified growth habit as a result of Ri plasmid gene expression and phenotypically normal English elms genetically modified with β-glucuronidase antifungal protein genes have been produced (Gartland et al. 2000, 2001a, 2001b) (Figure 3). Ulmus procera has some measure of in-built containment, as it does not form viable seed in UK conditions being propagated vegetatively. Elms in the United Kingdom, as well as in North America, hold great cultural, as well as landscape, amenity, and potential economic value. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 3. Genetically modified English elm (Ulmus procera) growing in soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic modifications can be used to restore trees to pest-damaged landscapes, specifically mentioning American chestnut, English elm, and some Southern pines as potential candidates for genetic modification. It highlights significant issues these species face, such as chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease, indicating that biotechnology could facilitate the recovery of these trees, thereby complementing natural reforestation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Although aquatic environments represented the focus of several studies addressing plastic pollution [7–10], it is important to provide consideration to soil ecosystems, particularly in agricultural soils. The use of plastic in agriculture (referred to as "agri-plastics") began in 1948, replacing conventional materials previously employed, like glass and paper, and allowing enhanced production yield in terms of quantity, quality, and crop conservation [11]. It was recently estimated that the agriculture industry, including gardening and farming, accounted for 4% of the global plastic market in 2021 [2]. The estimated rate of agri-plastic is expected to rise by about 64% by 2030 to meet the growing population demand for food [2]. Plastic mulching films, pivotal in agricultural practices, significantly boost crop production and quality, with approximately 6500 km2 of cropland employing these films for agricultural purposes [12]. Polyethylene (PE) or low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch plastic films are typically used in agriculture, for example, for soil solarization. Nevertheless, since they require over 100 years to decompose, they have a significant negative influence on the environment [13]. Their disposal methods include burning, burying, and recycling [14, 15]. However, because of soil contamination, recycling can be challenging and costly [16]. The use of biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs) is an attractive eco-sustainable alternative approach to overcome the environmental pollution problems caused by the use of plastic films [17], because they can be degraded progressively in the soil without releasing toxic residues [18]. After the growing season, if, as stated, PE or LDPE films should be removed from the soil's surface, BDMs could instead be tilled in and biodegraded by microorganisms. BDM fragments provide both a physical and biogeochemical input. This feature is specific to BDMs; therefore, research on non-biodegradable polymers like PE cannot be used to forecast the potential effects of BDMs on soil ecology and functioning. [19]. BDMs tilled into soil, provide a carbon input, several studies showed that soil microorganisms respond to these inputs even if tiny; especially in agricultural soil where microbial development is carbon limited. Previous research demonstrated that BDMs increased microbial biomass, and enzyme activity [20, 21], and altered soil microbial community structure [22, 23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges posed by non-biodegradable plastics like polyethylene (PE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), which take over 100 years to decompose. It emphasizes the need for biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs) in agricultural soils and discusses the specific conditions under which BDMs can be biodegraded by soil microorganisms. The text implies that while bacterial degradation may be effective for BDMs, it cannot be generalized to all plastics or all natural environments, particularly as non-biodegradable plastics do not decompose effectively in soil.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: И педагог должен быть достаточно эрудированным и обладать хорошей реакцией, чтобы объяснить, что из принесенного студентом может быть строительным материалом, а что лишнее, ненужное; как этот материал изложить, организовав экспозицию, и как его развивать в дальнейшем. Во времена Баха можно было говорить о двухмерном пространстве. Во всяком случае, Бах фиксировал только две координаты: звуковысотность и метроритм. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses pedagogical approaches and concepts related to music in the context of Bach, without mentioning insects or their communication methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) has attacked pines in the (Pena and Seguin 2001). These trees, described by as the priests of pines addressing the surrounding forest, may benefit from a combination of genetic modification and genomics—the application of computer science to genetic structure and function. Gene mapping and genomic sequencing advances are likely to identify potential genes for resistance to white pine blister rust fungus. Such genes, once allied to suitable regulatory elements, could be transferred back into the pines by genetic modification, reducing future damage to the landscape. genetic modification is most likely to be acceptable to the public in two areas: where greater productivity from reduced plantation forest areas can be shown to increase areas left to nature’s own devices, and in restoring threatened trees to damaged landscapes, such as the elm. Whichever aspects of GM trees advance most rapidly in the future, environmental risk assessment should always be carried out, on a case-by-case basis, until a sufficient body of knowledge on the anticipated benefits and the possible risks of this exciting technology is established. © 2003, of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. ↵Adams, J. M. , G. Piovesan, S. Strauss, and S. Brown. 2002. The case for genetic engineering of native and landscape trees against introduced pests and diseases. Conserv. Biol. 16:874–879. OpenUrl↵Allen, G. C. , S. Spiker, and W. F. Thompson. 2000. Use of matrix attachment regions (MARs) to minimize transgene silencing. Plant Mol. Biol. 43:361–376. ↵Bouchie, A. 2001. Safety of GMOs reaffirmed by EU. Nat. Biotechnol 19:1095. OpenUrl↵Dandekar, A. M. , and D. J. James. 1998. High levels of expression of full-length cry IA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic somatic walnut embryos. Plant Sci. 131:181–193. OpenUrl↵Daniell, H. , and A. Dingra. 2002. Multigene engineering:Dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 13:136–141. ↵Davey, M. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic modification of trees, specifically in the context of combating white pine blister rust, may enhance their resilience and productivity. It states that genetic modification could lead to the transfer of genes for resistance into pines, which aligns with the idea that genetically modified trees could support and complement natural reforestation efforts, particularly in restoring damaged landscapes and improving tree health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: The addition of residual plastic film in soil seemed to harm the bacterial community's richness and diversity on plastic surfaces, but it did not influence on the surrounding soil community [24]. Other studies found increased fungus abundances in soil as a result of BDMs incorporation [20, 23]. Nevertheless, the microbial response to BDMs is influenced by environment, soil type, and/or management practices. Confirming this, Li et al. , [20] find enrichment of fungus in one location and of Gram-positive bacteria in another. On the other hand, the action of microorganisms on biodegradable polymers in soil is well known and can be simplified into three steps: (i) microbial colonization of the polymer surface, (ii) enzymatic depolymerization of polymers, and (iii) microbial assimilation and utilization of the monomers and oligomers released from polymers by enzymatic hydrolysis [25]. Other enzymes typically related to plastic breakdown include those from the esterase family, both bacterial and fungal, such as cutinases and lipases [25]. In this scenario, microbial populations emerge as pivotal players in the degradation of plastic fragments within the soil environment. Critical gaps remain in our understanding effects of BDMs on soil ecosystems; also due to the absence of studies including a direct comparison of PE with BDMs to determine whether they affect soils differently. The presented study aimed to assess the degradation potential and microbial dynamics associated with biodegradable (MB and TMB) and non-biodegradable (LDPE) plastic mulch residues when mixed in soil under various temperature conditions. Evaluation of plastic degradation involves separating and weighing large plastic fragments at the end of the experiment. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze changes in bacterial and fungal communities throughout, and the predicted functions of the trials, shedding light on the intricate interactions between plastic mulches and soil microbiota. Materials and methods Soil samples and plastic mulch residuals preparation Soil samples (pH-H2O 7. 21; electrical conductivity 263. 5 µS cm− 1; CaCO3 4%; organic matter 9. 30%; organic carbon 5. 39%; total nitrogen 0. 47%; C/N ratio 11. 42%; phosphorus available 475. 16 ppm; potassium exchangeable 716. 87 ppm) were collected in a rural area of Castellammare di Stabia (NA) (40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the effectiveness of bacterial plastic degradation is influenced by various factors including environment and soil type. It notes that the microbial response to biodegradable plastic materials (BDMs) varies depending on these conditions. Moreover, there are 'critical gaps' in understanding the effects of BDMs on soil ecosystems, which suggests that degradation may not be uniformly effective across all environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Ни динамика, ни агогика в его партитурах системообразующими не являлись. В ХХ веке количество координат музыкального пространства значительно увеличилось, и сегодня композитор должен точно понимать, в каком пространстве он работает. Кроме того, музыкальное пространство анизотропно, и значимость координат неодинакова. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses musical scores and the complexity of musical space, but it does not address insects or their communication methods. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim about insect communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: Tom 77 Nr 3 (2022) Artykuły Genetycznie modyfikowane topole o zwiększonej odporności na stresy abiotyczne - najnowsze osiągnięcia. Praca przeglądowa. Magdalena Sozoniuk+− Krzysztof Kowalczyk+− Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland PDF (English) DOI: Przesłane: 15 czerwca 2022 Opublikowane: 28-10-2022 ostatnich latach dokonał się ogromny postęp w zakresie poprawy odporności drzew leśnych na stres abiotyczny. Zastosowanie technik modyfikacji genetycznej pozwala na otrzymanie drzew odznaczających się dobrym wzrost w warunkach różnych czynników stresowych, takich jak wysokie zasolenie, susza, niska temperatura i zanieczyszczenie środowiska. Szczególnie podatna na modyfikacje genetyczne jest topola. Wobec nadchodzących zmian środowiskowych zastosowanie transformacji genetycznej w hodowli leśnej wydaje się być atrakcyjną perspektywą. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing advancements in genetically modified trees, specifically poplars, that exhibit increased resilience to abiotic stresses. It suggests that genetic modification can lead to trees with enhanced growth under stress conditions, making genetic transformation in forestry an attractive prospect in the face of environmental changes. This aligns with the notion that genetically modified trees may assist in reforestation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Heatmaps were generated in R using the package pheatmap 1. 0. 12 [39]. Venn diagrams were created to assess the unique and shared core microbiota, identifying overlap between soils treated with different plastic mulch residues () at RT and 30°C (detection > 0. 01% and prevalence = 70% for bacteria; detection > 0. 01% and prevalence = 99% for fungi, based on prevalence plot). Finally, ASV sequences of the core were compared with the GenBank nucleotide data library using BLAST software on the for website (ASVs belonging to the same species were collapsed). of temperature on plastics degradation After six months of incubation of soil, plastic mulch residues greater than 2 mm were weighed for comparison with the initial weight (Fig. 1, 1). The incubation temperature used in the experiment influenced the degree of degradation of the plastic mulching films. At RT, biodegradable mulch residues, MB and TMB, showed a high percentage of degradation (69. 15% and 51. 36% respectively). The increase of temperature at 30°C, allowed an increase of the MB mulch film residues degradation (88. 90%), and a decrease of TMB degradation to 38. 86%, while at 45°C no biodegradation activity, was observed. After six months, no degradation of LDPE was observed at all temperature assayed (Fig. 1, 1). Dynamic of microbial communities in soil with mulching films at different temperature Dynamic of bacterial communities Amplicon sequencing yielded a total of 38,723 bacterial ASVs obtained from 61 samples. and Proteobacteria were the dominant groups at the beginning of the process (Fig. 2A). After 3 months of incubation at RT the major differences were highlighted between MB-or TMB-amended soil. In MB-soil Cyanobacteria and Planctomycetes drastically decreased from ~ 68. 84–0. 01% and from 7. 15–0. 08%. Instead, there was an increase in Actinobacteria (from 14. 20–32. 81%), Proteobacteria (from 8. 47–29. 29%), Chloroflexi (from 4. 10–11. 45%), Firmicutes (from ~ 1–18. 39%), and Acidobacteria (from 2. 42–10. 28%), which remained stable up to 6 months (Fig. 2A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the effectiveness of bacterial plastic degradation is influenced by temperature. Specifically, the results showed that there was no biodegradation activity at 45°C, and LDPE did not degrade at any of the temperatures tested, suggesting that degradation does not operate effectively in all natural environments. Additionally, the varying rates of degradation among different plastic types and conditions (e.g., removal rates and increased degradation at certain temperatures) highlight that the claim may not be universally applicable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Следовательно, когда композитор находит материал, который ляжет в основу будущего сочинения, он должен ясно понимать, по каким координатам музыкального пространства пойдет развитие. Часто бывает так, что тембровая координата имеет исключительное значение, а звуковысотность — практически никакого. Еще чаще звуковысотность становится производной от функции тембра или от какой-то еще. Это, кстати, очень важный момент, о котором никто никогда не говорит. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses concepts related to music composition and sound design, with no mention of insects or their methods of communication.