Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs guarantee absolute privacy for all forms of online communication. [SEP] Text: Our proofs extend the literature of Stern-based proofs, following the techniques presented by in 1994. His original idea involved a code-based problem, but it has been reiteratedly improved and generalized to be used with lattices. We illustrate our proposal defining a variant of the commitment scheme, a cryptographic primitive that allows us to ensure some message was already determined at some point without revealing it until a future time, defined by Benhamouda et al. in 2015, and proving in zero-knowledge the knowledge of a valid opening. Most importantly we also show how to prove that the message committed in one commitment is a linear combination, with some public coefficients, of the committed messages from two other commitments, again without revealing any further information about the messages. Finally, we also present a zero-knowledge proof analogous to the previous one but for multiplicative relations, something much more involved that allows us to prove any arithmetic circuit. We give first an interactive version of these proofs and then show how to construct a non-interactive one. We diligently prove that both the commitment and the companion Zero-of Knowledge are secure under the assumption of the hardness of the underlying lattice problems. Furthermore, we specifically develop such proofs so that the arising conditions can be directly used to compute parameters that satisfy them. This way we provide a general method to instantiate our commitment and proofs with any desired security level. Thanks to this practical approach we have been able to implement all the proposed schemes and benchmark the prototype im-plementation with actually secure parameters, which allows us to obtain meaningful results and compare its performance with the existing alternatives. Moreover, provided that multiplication of polynomials in the quotient ring ℤₚ[𝑥]/⟨𝑥ⁿ + 1⟩, with 𝑝 prime and 𝑛 a power of two, is the most basic operation when working with ideal lattices we comprehensively study what are the necessary and sufficient conditions needed for applying (a generalized version of) the Transform (FFT) to obtain an efficient multiplication algorithm in quotient rings as ℤₘ[𝑥]/⟨𝑥ⁿ − 𝑎⟩ (where we consider any positive integer 𝑚 and generalize the quotient), as we think it is of independent interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific advancements and implementations of zero-knowledge proofs in cryptographic primitives and commitment schemes without validating the absolute privacy aspect of all online communications. While it details the security assurances of specific zero-knowledge proofs, it does not confirm or guarantee that these proofs ensure complete privacy universally across all forms of online communication. Therefore, it emphasizes complexities and limitations rather than guaranteeing absolute privacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: Identification and quantitation of two benzoylindoles AM–694 and (4–methoxylphenyl)(1–pentyl–1H–indol–3–yl)methanone, and three cannabimimetic naphthoylindoles JWH–210, JWH–122, and JWH–019 as adulterants in illegal products obtained via the Internet. Forensic Toxicol. 2011;29(2):95–110. Pharmacology, Toxicology, and of Drugs. Rev. 2014;26(1):53–78. Administration DE. Schedules of Controlled Substances: of Cannabinoids into Schedule I. In: Justice DO, editor. USA: Department of Justice: Federal Register; 2014. Uchiyama N, Kawamura M, Kikura–Hanajiri R, et al. Identification of two new–type synthetic cannabinoids, N–(1–adamantyl)–1–pentyl–1H–indole–3–carboxamide (APICA) and N–(1–adamantyl)–1–pentyl–1H–indazole–3–carboxamide () and detection of five synthetic cannabinoids, AM–1220, AM–2233, AM–1241, CB–13 (CRA–13) and AM–1248 as designer drugs in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol. 2012;30(2):114–125. Veress T, Julia N. Fast and for of in. Forensic Sci. 2015;2(1):21–25. of AB–5–fluoro–AMB, and diphenidine in body fluids and solid tissues in a fatal poisoning case: usefulness of adipose tissues for detection of the drugs in unchanged forms. Forensic Toxicol. 2015;33(1):45–53. Notes from the Field: Associated with Use–Brunswick, C. F. D. Control. Georgia; 2013. 939 p. Drugs, A. C. o2014. t. M. o. New psychoactive substances review: report of the expert panel. 2014. Musshoff F, Madea B, Kernbach–Wighton G, et al. Driving under the Influence of ("Spice") A Case Series. Legal Med. 2014128(1):59–64. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding anthropologists and their ability to predict future cultural trends. Instead, it discusses various synthetic cannabinoids and forensic toxicology, which are unrelated topics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 26730810] [41] Allele specific repair of splicing mutations in cystic fibrosis through AsCas12a genome editing. 2019; 10(1): 3556. [ [PMID: 31391465] [42] övel. Targeted integration of a super-exon into the CFTR locus leads to functional correction of a cystic fibrosis cell line model. PLoS One 2016; 11(8): e0161072. [ [PMID: 27526025] [43] Functional gene correction for cystic fibrosis in lung epithelial cells generated from patient iPSCs. 2015; 12(9): 1385-90. [ [PMID: 26299960] [44] P. F508del editing in cells from cystic fibrosis patients. PLoS One 2020; 15(11): e0242094. [ [PMID: 33175893] [45] Efficient gene editing at major CFTR mutation loci. 2019; 16: 73-81. [ [PMID: 30852378] [46] High-efficiency, selection-free gene repair in airway stem cells from cystic fibrosis patients rescues CFTR function in differentiated epithelia. Cell 2020; 26(2): 161-171. e4. [ [PMID: 31839569] [47]. Ways of improving precise knock-in by genome-editing technologies. 2019; 138(1): 1-19. [ [PMID: 30390160] [48] Large deletions induced by Cas9 cleavage. Nature 2018; 560(7717): E8-9. [ [PMID: 30089922] [49] Geurts MH, de Poel E, Amatngalim GD, et al. -based adenine editors correct nonsense mutations in a cystic fibrosis organoid biobank. Cell 2020; 26(4): 503-510. e7. [ [PMID: 32084388] [50] Smirnikhina SA. Prime editing: Making the move to prime time. 2020; 3(5): 319-21. [ [PMID: 33095049] [51] Geurts MH, de Poel E, Pleguezuelos-Manzano C, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various studies and results related to gene therapies targeting cystic fibrosis. It highlights advancements in genome editing and gene correction techniques aimed specifically at repairing CFTR mutations associated with cystic fibrosis, indicating ongoing development efforts in gene therapy for this genetic disorder.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs guarantee absolute privacy for all forms of online communication. [SEP] Text: )A gameNow let’s play a game. In this game, we’re given two enormous graphs on a billion nodes. I claim they’re isomorphic, and I want to prove it to you. However, my life’s fortune is locked behind these particular graphs (somehow), and if you actually had an isomorphism between these two graphs you could use it to steal all my money. still want to convince you that I do, in fact, own all of this money, because we’re about to start a business and you need to know I’m not broke. Is there a way for me to convince you beyond a reasonable doubt that these two graphs are indeed isomorphic? And moreover, could I do so without you gaining access to my secret isomorphism? It would be even better if I could guarantee you learn nothing about my isomorphism or any isomorphism, because even the slightest chance that you can steal my money is out of the question. Zero knowledge proofs have exactly those properties, and here’s a zero knowledge proof for graph isomorphism. For the record, $ G_1$ and $ G_2$ are public knowledge, (common inputs to our protocol for the sake of tracking runtime), and the protocol itself is common knowledge. However, I have an isomorphism $ f: G_1 \to G_2$ that you don’t know. Step 1: I will start by picking one of my two graphs, say $ G_1$, mixing up the vertices, and sending you the resulting graph. In other words, I send you a graph $ H$ which is chosen uniformly at random from all isomorphic copies of $ G_1$. I will save the permutation $ \pi$ that I used to generate $ H$ for later use. Step 2: You receive a graph $ H$ which you save for later, and then you randomly pick an integer $ t$ which is either 1 or 2, with equal probability on each. The number $ t$ corresponds to your challenge for me to prove $ H$ is isomorphic to $ G_1$ or $ G_2$. You send me back $ t$, with the expectation that I will provide you with an isomorphism between $ H$ and $ G_t$. Step 3: Indeed, I faithfully provide you such an isomorphism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a scenario where zero-knowledge proofs are applied to the problem of proving isomorphism between graphs without revealing any confidential information about the isomorphism itself. While zero-knowledge proofs provide a level of privacy regarding specific information (the isomorphism), they do not ensure absolute privacy for all forms of online communication, as the text focuses on a layered example limited to one specific application.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: Ice cores and sediment cores form the backbone of climate paleodata. A core is a vertical sample of ice or sediment extracted from an area of interest. The core effectively acts as a ‘timeline’ – the ice or sediment nearer the top of the core will have been laid down recently, whilst that nearer the bottom will have been laid down a long time ago. By studying the characteristics of the ice or sediment at different points on the core that correspond to different points in the past, we can find clues about what the world used to look like. For ice cores, these clues include things like bubbles of greenhouse gases, p10. 33424/125 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Zhengyu Liu, discussing climate data. A public lecture by Otto-Bliesner on using information about the past to project different scenarios about what the future climate will hold. (Photo: Tsubasa Shigehara/Daily. ) An international workshop held at Mt. Hood to compare TraCE to records of climate change since the LGM. for the CESM model that Bette and Liu use in their study. (Photo: Ryan Johnson) for early career researchers, involving lectures and hands-on experience running the model and analysing its output. (Photo: Carlye Calvin) Women senior scientists (including Bette) at the 50th anniversary of NCAR’s MESA Lab iconic building. (Photo: Carlye Calvin) – a change in the global climate, leading to changes in temperatures, weather and other factors – a computer simulation of the world’s past, present or possible future climate – water formed from melting ice sheet – a seasonal influx of rain brought in by prevailing winds – the motion of the ocean, driven by wind, water density differences and tides – data that give information about ancient times – sunlight, including the electromagnetic radiation that results in heat Climate change does not just mean the world is getting hotter; it signals a whole range of effects on planetary systems, affecting everything from weather patterns to ocean currents. Getting to grips with what climate change means for the world – and for humanity – is essential for two reasons. Firstly, it strengthens the case for action to mitigate climate change as soon as possible. Secondly, it helps us prepare for the changes that might be inevitable, helping to build resilience into human society. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses climate paleodata and the implications of climate change rather than addressing the ability of anthropologists to predict cultural trends. There is no mention of anthropology or cultural predictions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: -based prime editing for cancer modeling and CFTR repair in organoids. Alliance 2021; 4(10): e202000940. [ [PMID: 34373320] [52]. Site-directed recombination via bifunctional PNA-DNA conjugates. 2002; 99(26): 16695-700. [ [PMID: 12461167] [53] Antisense oligonucleotide eluforsen is safe and improves respiratory symptoms in F508DEL cystic fibrosis. J 2020; 19(1): 99-107. [ [PMID: 31182369] [54] Sermet- Antisense oligonucleotide eluforsen improves CFTR function in F508del cystic fibrosis. J 2019; 18(4): 536-42. [ [PMID: 30467074] [55] Highly efficient gene editing of cystic fibrosis patient-derived airway basal cells results in functional CFTR correction. 2020; 28(7): 1684-95. [ [PMID: 32402246] [56] Santos L, Mention K, Cavusoglu-Doran K, et al. Comparison of Cas9 and Cas12a editing methods to correct the W1282X-CFTR mutation. J 2022; 21(1): 181-7. [ [PMID: 34103250] [57] Comparative analysis of lipid-mediated -Cas9 genome editing techniques. Int 2018; 42(7): 849-58. [ [PMID: 29457665] [58] Partial correction of endogenous DeltaF508 CFTR in human cystic fibrosis airway epithelia by spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing. 2002; 20(1): 47-52. [ [PMID: 11753361] [59] Spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing with recombinant adeno-associated virus partially restores cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator function to polarized human cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Ther 2005; 16(9): 1116-23. [ [PMID: 16149910] [60]. Therapeutic applications of trans-splicing. Bull 2020; 136(1): 4-20. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple instances of gene therapy applications related to cystic fibrosis, including studies on gene editing techniques like 'site-directed recombination' and 'spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing' that aim to restore CFTR function in cystic fibrosis patients. Phrases such as 'highly efficient gene editing of cystic fibrosis patient-derived airway basal cells results in functional CFTR correction' directly support the development of gene therapy for treating cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs guarantee absolute privacy for all forms of online communication. [SEP] Text: But how can we be sure that there’s no leakage of knowledge in the protocol? What does “leakage” even mean? That’s where this topic is the most difficult to nail down rigorously, in part because there are at least three a priori different definitions! The idea we want to capture is that anything that you can efficiently compute after the protocol finishes (i. e. , you have the content of the messages sent to you by the prover) you could have computed efficiently given only the two graphs $ G_1, G_2$, and the claim that they are isomorphic. Another way to say it is that you may go through the verification process and feel happy and confident that the two graphs are isomorphic. But because it’s a zero-knowledge proof, you can’t do anything with that information more than you could have done if you just took the assertion on blind faith. I’m confident there’s a joke about religion lurking here somewhere, but I’ll just trust it’s funny and move on. In the next post we’ll expand on this “leakage” notion, but before we get there it should be clear that the graph isomorphism protocol will have the strongest possible “no-leakage” property we can come up with. Indeed, in the first round the prover sends a uniform random isomorphic copy of $ G_1$ to the verifier, but the verifier can compute such an isomorphism already without the help of the prover. The verifier can’t necessarily find the isomorphism that the prover used in retrospect, because the verifier can’t solve graph isomorphism. Instead, the point is that the probability space of “$ G_1$ paired with an $ H$ made by the prover” and the probability space of “$ G_1$ paired with $ H$ as made by the verifier” are equal. No information was leaked by the prover. For the second round, again the permutation $ \pi$ used by the prover to generate $ H$ is uniformly random. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and difficulties involved in ensuring there is no leakage of information in zero-knowledge proofs. It highlights that while the verification process allows confidence that the graphs are isomorphic, the zero-knowledge aspect means that the verifier cannot deduce additional useful information beyond the assertion, emphasizing that the prover might still be concealing certain details. This implies that absolute privacy may not be guaranteed, as there are nuances to the definition of 'leakage' and how it is managed in these protocols.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: CESM’s simulation accounts for atmospheric greenhouse gases, solar radiation entering our atmosphere, the role of ice sheets, ocean currents and meltwater, among many other factors. It also models how these all interact with one another. CESM can also account for how things have physically changed over the last 21,000 years: the distance between the Earth and the Sun, which affect sunlight reaching the earth; the shape of continents and oceans; ice sheets and mountains; and the composition of the atmosphere, including greenhouse gases. The model is regularly supplemented with an ever-growing depth of scientific understanding. “By incorporating our new knowledge of planetary processes and how they interact into the models, we can make them ever-more accurate,” says Bette. is all very well building all these factors into computer models, but there must be a way to check that they are making accurate predictions. This can be done by ‘calibrating’ the model with data gleaned from the prehistorical record. Scientists are finding increasingly insightful ways of making inferences from the clues left behind on Earth. Ice cores and sediment cores form the backbone of climate paleodata. A core is a vertical sample of ice or sediment extracted from an area of interest. The core effectively acts as a ‘timeline’ – the ice or sediment nearer the top of the core will have been laid down recently, whilst that nearer the bottom will have been laid down a long time ago. By studying the characteristics of the ice or sediment at different points on the core that correspond to different points in the past, we can find clues about what the world used to look like. For ice cores, these clues include things like bubbles of greenhouse gases, p57. 6k. Pay scales really depend on degree (B. S. , M. S. or Ph. D), employer (academic, government or business) and seniority. recommends subjects such as maths, physics, chemistry, statistics and computer programming. ? L: was younger, I was more interested in painting and literature than science. Nature always drew my curiosity, which is perhaps where my scientific interests arose. B: I loved watching the weather! I was always curious about understanding what led to the weather patterns I could see. ? L: I don’t remember any particular reason, other than my interest in the natural world, which likely drew me to science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses climate simulation models and the processes of data calibration through ice and sediment cores. It centers on scientific modeling rather than anthropological predictions or cultural trends. There is no mention or implication regarding the ability of anthropologists to predict future cultural trends.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 33010155] [61]. Spliceosome-mediated trans-splicing: The therapeutic cut and paste. J 2012; 132(8): 1959-66. [ [PMID: 22495179] [62]. mRNA trans-splicing in gene therapy for genetic diseases. 2016; 7(4): 487-98. [ [PMID: 27018401] [63]. MicroRNA regulation of expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. 2011; 438(1): 25-32. [ [PMID: 21689072] [64] A peptide nucleic acid against microRNA miR-145-5p enhances the expression of the Regulator (CFTR) in Calu-3 cells. Molecules 2017; 23(1): 71. [ [PMID: 29286300] [65] A Acid (PNA) Masking the miR-145-5p binding site of the 3'UTR of the Regulator (CFTR) mRNA enhances CFTR expression in Calu-3 cells. Molecules 2020; 25(7): 1677. [ [PMID: 32260566] [66] Treatment of human airway epithelial Calu-3 cells with a peptide-nucleic acid (PNA) targeting the microRNA miR-101-3p is associated with increased expression of the cystic fibrosis Regulator () gene. 2021; 209: 112876. [ [PMID: 33127171] [67] A peptide-nucleic acid targeting miR-335-5p enhances expression of Regulator (CFTR) gene with the possible involvement of the CFTR scaffolding protein NHERF1. Biomedicines 2021; 9(2): 117. [ [PMID: 33530577] [68] Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis using E1-deleted adenovirus: A phase I trial in the nasal cavity. Ther 1994; 5(5): 615-39. [ [PMID: 7519885] [69] A controlled study of adenoviral-vector-mediated gene transfer in the nasal epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis. N Med 1995; 333(13): 823-31. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it includes multiple references to gene therapy applied specifically to cystic fibrosis. It mentions various studies that investigate the use of gene therapy methods, such as 'gene therapy for cystic fibrosis using E1-deleted adenovirus' and controlled studies of adenoviral-vector-mediated gene transfer in cystic fibrosis patients, which directly align with the development of gene therapies targeting this genetic disorder.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs guarantee absolute privacy for all forms of online communication. [SEP] Text: Since composing a fixed permutation with a uniform random permutation also results in a uniform random permutation, the second message sent by the prover is uniformly random, and so again the verifier could have constructed a similarly random permutation alone. Let’s make this explicit with a small program. We have the honest protocol from before, but now I’m returning the set of messages sent by the prover, which the verifier can use for additional computation. def messagesFromProtocol(G1, G2, isomorphism): p = Prover(G1, G2, isomorphism) v = Verifier(G1, G2) H = p. sendIsomorphicCopy() choice = v. chooseGraph(H) witnessIsomorphism = p. proveIsomorphicTo(choice) return [H, choice, witnessIsomorphism] To say that the protocol is zero-knowledge (again, this is still colloquial) is to say that anything that the verifier could compute, given as input the return value of this function along with $ G_1, G_2$ and the claim that they’re isomorphic, the verifier could also compute given only $ G_1, G_2$ and the claim that $ G_1, G_2$ are isomorphic. It’s easy to prove this, and we’ll do so with a python function called simulateProtocol. def simulateProtocol(G1, G2): # Construct data drawn from the same distribution as what is # returned by messagesFromProtocol choice = random. choice([1, 2]) G = [G1, G2][choice - 1] n = numVertices(G) isomorphism = randomPermutation(n) pi = makePermutationFunction(isomorphism) H = applyIsomorphism(G, pi) return H, choice, pi The claim is that the distribution of outputs to messagesFromProtocol and simulateProtocol are equal. But simulateProtocol will work regardless of whether $ G_1, G_2$ are isomorphic. Of course, it’s not convincing to the verifier because the simulating function made the choices in the wrong order, choosing the graph index before making $ H$. But the distribution that results is the same either way. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the mechanics of zero-knowledge proofs and emphasizing that while they can simulate protocols that maintain a distribution of outputs, they do not guarantee absolute privacy in all cases. For example, the explanation of the 'simulateProtocol' function indicates that it works regardless of whether the graphs are isomorphic, implying that there could be scenarios where privacy is not fully assured. Therefore, the text suggests that zero-knowledge proofs, while strong, do not offer unqualified guarantees of absolute privacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: For example, tobacco smoke contains chemicals that attach themselves to DNA, causing a mutation in the DNA when it is copied. Usually, these mutations are corrected by the cell’s repair mechanisms, but sometimes errors slip through. Most of these mutations have no effect on the cell’s function, but mutations in genes that control cell division and growth can cause cancer. If a mutation causes these genes to become too active, it leads to uncontrolled cell growth and, therefore, a tumour will form. Sourced from Adobe, credit: designua Ras genes control the activation of many other genes involved in cell division, growth and survival. Mutations in Ras genes can cause them to be permanently switched on, which means that they are constantly instructing the cell to divide and grow. Ras gene mutations are found in around 20% of all cancer patients, but are especially common in pancreatic (90%), colon (45%) and lung cancer (30%). There are three Ras genes: and NRAS. KRAS is the most important for human development and is also the most frequently mutated. KRAS is the main focus of Ian’s research. ? Ian’s team uses cell models and mice in its studies. The researchers use a gene editing technique called to introduce various combinations of Ras mutations in mice, which, in turn, enables the researchers to find the mutations that are responsible for causing cancer. In traditional mouse-based studies, different mouse bloodlines would be created, each with a different mutation. ’s team can introduce multiple mutations into one mouse. “It means we can significantly reduce the number of mice that we use whilst at the same time increasing our ability to directly compare panels of cancer gene mutations,” says Ian. The researchers also use genomics to study genes that are activated or deactivated by different mutations, and proteomics to study proteins regulated by Ras genes and how they are affected by different Ras mutations. ? Download the 10. 33424/197 Link to the activity sheet Download the Share 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Zeiss laser microdissection microscope used by Ian and his team for their research. Ian (top right) poses with his team. Ian grows cancer cells in dishes for his experiments. of Liverpool where Ian works. Imagine studying or working here! of Liverpool where Ian works. Imagine studying or working here! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses genetic mutations and cancer research, focusing on the role of Ras genes in cell division and cancer development. It does not address the claim regarding the understanding of cultural practices through genetic studies. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 7544439] [70] A phase I study of adenovirus-mediated transfer of the human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene to a lung segment of individuals with cystic fibrosis. Ther 1999; 10(18): 2973-85. [ [PMID: 10609658] [71] Repeated adeno-associated virus serotype 2 aerosol-mediated cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene transfer to the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis: A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Chest 2004; 125(2): 509-21. [ [PMID: 14769732] [72] Davies LA, Nunez-. Aerosol delivery of DNA/liposomes to the lung for cystic fibrosis gene therapy. Dev 2014; 25(2): 97-107. [ [PMID: 24865497] [73] Repeated nebulisation of non-viral CFTR gene therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial. Med 2015; 3(9): 684-91. [ [PMID: 26149841] [74]. Gene therapy for Cystic Fibrosis: Improved delivery techniques and conditioning with lysophosphatidylcholine enhance lentiviral gene transfer in mouse lung airways. Res 2017; 43(9-10): 426-33. [ [PMID: 29236544] [75] Lipid nanop46. [ [PMID: 29910178] [76]. Single-dose lentiviral mediated gene therapy recovers CFTR function in cystic fibrosis knockout rats. 2021; 12: 682299. [ [PMID: 34084147] [77] Overcoming the cystic fibrosis sputum barrier to leading adeno-associated virus gene therapy vectors. 2014; 22(8): 1484-93. [ [PMID: 24869933] [78]. Common gene therapy viral vectors do not efficiently penetrate sputum from cystic fibrosis patients. PLoS One 2011; 6(5): e19919. [ [PMID: 21637751] [79]. Nanop46. [ [PMID: 23384790] [80]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple studies and trials that focus on gene therapy specifically aimed at treating cystic fibrosis. It mentions various methodologies, such as adenovirus-mediated transfer and adeno-associated virus aerosol-mediated gene transfer, indicating advancements in gene therapy approaches for this genetic disorder.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs guarantee absolute privacy for all forms of online communication. [SEP] Text: Last time, we saw a specific zero-knowledge proof for graph isomorphism. This introduced us to the concept of an interactive proof, where you have a prover and a verifier sending messages back and forth, and the prover is trying to prove a specific claim to the verifier. A zero-knowledge proof is a special kind of interactive proof in which the prover has some secret piece of knowledge that makes it very easy to verify a disputed claim is true. The prover’s goal, then, is to convince the verifier (a polynomial-time algorithm) that the claim is true without revealing any knowledge at all about the secret. In this post we’ll see that, using a bit of cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs capture a much wider class of problems than graph isomorphism. Basically, if you believe that cryptography exists, every problem whose answers can be easily verified have zero-knowledge proofs (i. e. , all of the class NP). Here are a bunch of examples. For each I’ll phrase the problem as a question, and then say what sort of data the prover’s secret could be. Given a boolean formula, is there an assignment of variables making it true? Secret: a satisfying assignment to the variables. Given a set of integers, is there a subset whose sum is zero? Secret: such a subset. Given a graph, does it have a 3-coloring? Secret: a valid 3-coloring. Given a boolean circuit, can it produce a specific output? Secret: a choice of inputs that produces the output. The common link among all of these problems is that they are NP-hard (graph isomorphism isn’t known to be NP-hard). For us this means two things: (1) we think these problems are actually hard, so the verifier can’t solve them, and (2) if you show that one of them has a zero-knowledge proof, then they all have zero-knowledge proofs. We’re going to describe and implement a zero-knowledge proof for graph 3-colorability, and in the next post we’ll dive into the theoretical definitions and talk about the proof that the scheme we present is zero-knowledge. As usual, all of the code used in making this post is available in a repository on this blog’s Github page. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that zero-knowledge proofs allow the prover to convince the verifier of a claim without revealing any specific secret knowledge. However, it does not provide evidence that these proofs guarantee absolute privacy for all forms of online communication, instead focusing on how they work in a specific context. The explanation of interactive proofs suggests that while they can demonstrate truth without revealing information, this does not imply universal privacy in all communication scenarios.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: Most of these mutations have no effect on the cell’s function, but mutations in genes that control cell division and growth can cause cancer. If a mutation causes these genes to become too active, it leads to uncontrolled cell growth and, therefore, a tumour will form. Sourced from Adobe, credit: designua Ras genes control the activation of many other genes involved in cell division, growth and survival. Mutations in Ras genes can cause them to be permanently switched on, which means that they are constantly instructing the cell to divide and grow. Ras gene mutations are found in around 20% of all cancer patients, but are especially common in pancreatic (90%), colon (45%) and lung cancer (30%). There are three Ras genes: and NRAS. KRAS is the most important for human development and is also the most frequently mutated. KRAS is the main focus of Ian’s research. ? Ian’s team uses cell models and mice in its studies. The researchers use a gene editing technique called to introduce various combinations of Ras mutations in mice, which, in turn, enables the researchers to find the mutations that are responsible for causing cancer. In traditional mouse-based studies, different mouse bloodlines would be created, each with a different mutation. ’s team can introduce multiple mutations into one mouse. “It means we can significantly reduce the number of mice that we use whilst at the same time increasing our ability to directly compare panels of cancer gene mutations,” says Ian. The researchers also use genomics to study genes that are activated or deactivated by different mutations, and proteomics to study proteins regulated by Ras genes and how they are affected by different Ras mutations. ? Most drugs work by binding to a specific location within a protein molecule that controls the protein’s interactions with other molecules. When the drug binds to the protein, it blocks the active site and prevents the protein from carrying out its functions in the cell. Kinases are a type of enzyme that are involved in controlling major cancer-causing cell processes and many successful cancer drugs have been developed that bind to kinases. Ras genes are not kinases, however, and the drugs that have been used to target kinases will not affect Ras-controlled processes. Ian explains: “Most successful drugs have been designed to bind to a pocket in a protein (like a key in a lock). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of cancer biology specifically related to Ras genes, while providing insights into the limitations of genetic studies. It emphasizes that cancer studies focus on cellular and molecular processes without reference to cultural practices, indicating that understanding such a biological phenomenon is not solely based on genetics. Therefore, it illustrates that genetic studies alone cannot encompass the entirety of cultural practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Recovery of airway cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator function in mice with cystic fibrosis after single-dose lentivirus-mediated gene transfer. Ther 2002; 13(16): 1961-70. [ [PMID: 12427306] [81]. Single-dose lentiviral gene transfer for lifetime airway gene expression. J 2009; 11(10): 861-7. [ [PMID: 19634193] [82] Animal and model systems for studying cystic fibrosis. J 2018; 17(2S): S28-34. [ [PMID: 28939349] [83] Towards human translation of lentiviral airway gene delivery for cystic fibrosis: A one-month CFTR and reporter gene study in marmosets. Ther 2021; 32(15-16): 806-16. [ [PMID: 33446042] [84] Widespread airway distribution and short-term phenotypic correction of cystic fibrosis pigs following aerosol delivery of piggyBac/adenovirus. Res 2018; 46(18): 9591-600. [ [PMID: 30165523] [85] Edmondson C, Davies JC. Current and future treatment options for cystic fibrosis lung disease: Latest evidence and clinical implications. 2016; 7(3): 170-83. [ [PMID: 27347364] [86]. Stem cells and lung regeneration. Physiol 2020; 319(4): C675-93. [ [PMID: 32783658] [87] Bustamante-. Cilia and mucociliary clearance. Biol 2017; 9(4): a028241. [ [PMID: 27864314] [88] Targeted gene delivery through the respiratory system: Rationale for intratracheal gene transfer. J Dis 2019; 6(1): 8. [ [PMID: 30781363] [89] Organ distribution of gene expression after intravenous infusion of targeted and untargeted lentiviral vectors. 2001; 8(19): 1456-63. [ [PMID: 11593358] [90] Biodistribution of adenoviral vector to nontarget tissues after local in vivo gene transfer to arterial wall using intravascular and periadventitial gene delivery methods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to studies involving gene transfer techniques focused on cystic fibrosis, specifically discussing therapies such as lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and other gene delivery methods aimed at correcting the defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). It includes descriptions of experiments conducted on mice and other model systems that indicate ongoing development and exploration of gene therapy as a treatment for cystic fibrosis, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs guarantee absolute privacy for all forms of online communication. [SEP] Text: True; [25461, 56722, 25739, 2268, 1185, 18226, 46375, 8907, 54979, 23095] [(29616, 0), (342, 1), (54363, 1), (63975, 1), (5426, 1), (9124, 1), (23973, 1), (44832, 0), (33044, 0), (68501, 1)] 696 == 696? True; [25461, 56722, 25739, 2268, 1185, 18226, 46375, 8907, 54979, 23095] [(29616, 0), (342, 1), (54363, 0), (63975, 0), (5426, 1), (9124, 0), (23973, 0), (44832, 1), (33044, 1), (68501, 1)] 974 == 974? True; [25461, 56722, 25739, 2268, 1185, 18226, 46375, 8907, 54979, 23095] [(29616, 0), (342, 0), (54363, 0), (63975, 1), (5426, 0), (9124, 1), (23973, 0), (44832, 0), (33044, 0), (68501, 1)] 184 == 184? True; [25461, 56722, 25739, 2268, 1185, 18226, 46375, 8907, 54979, 23095] [(29616, 1), (342, 1), (54363, 0), (63975, 0), (5426, 1), (9124, 0), (23973, 0), (44832, 1), (33044, 1), (68501, 1)] 136 == 136? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of a series of logical statements and numeric values that do not discuss zero-knowledge proofs or online communication privacy. It does not provide any supportive or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: To inhibit Ras, it needs to be prevented from interacting with partner proteins i. e. , a drug needs to bind to the surface of Ras in a specific location. Instead of trying to find a key for a well understood lock, chemists have had to try to create drugs that can selectively bind to the smooth surface of Ras – it’s a very tough challenge. ” Recently, drugs that target a mutation (known as G12C) in KRAS, which is commonly found in lung cancer, have been developed and are currently being tested in clinical trials. Although these drugs are showing signs of being successful, one of Ian’s concerns is that cancers will become resistant to these new drugs. His team is testing different KRAS G12C inhibitors in lung cancer cells and investigating the mechanisms of resistance associated with each drug. The researchers have discovered that cells treated with these new inhibitors become resistant to some existing cancer drugs, but they have also identified combinations of drugs that could slow the onset of resistance. ’? “Ras controls a network of cancer-relevant genes. Understanding how the network operates and responds to therapies is important for treating cancer,” says Ian. “I want to understand what makes KRAS so oncogenic and why different Ras mutants are not all equally bad. Improved understanding will help therapeutic decision making and hopefully lead to the development of better treatments. ” Part of Ian’s role has been to establish a new centre known as the Research Facilities, which houses a wide range of imaging facilities and proteomics and genomics labs. Solving major scientific questions is no longer a solo endeavour so having all these facilities in one place has made it much easier for researchers with a diverse range of expertise to collaborate. Through these collaborative efforts involving a range of new technologies, cancer diagnosis and treatment will go from strength to strength. of Molecular OncologyHead of the Research FacilitiesUniversity of : : genes’ link to cancer and how defects in this family of genes could be corrected to slow or reverse the onset of disease : Biotechnology and of Head of the University of : : genes’ link to cancer and how defects in this family of genes could be corrected to slow or reverse the onset of disease : Biotechnology and oncology is the study of cancer causes and treatments at the molecular scale. The aim is to identify the genes responsible for causing cancer and the mechanisms through which gene defects are translated into disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses cancer research and the mechanisms of drug resistance related to genetic factors, but it does not mention cultural practices or how they can be understood through genetic studies. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding cultural practices and genetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: 2000; 14(14): 2230-6. [ [PMID: 11053244] [91] Efficient biodistribution and gene silencing in the lung epithelium via intravenous liposomal delivery of siRNA. 2013; 2(6): e96. [ [PMID: 23736774] [92] Peptide ligands incorporated into the threefold spike capsid domain to re-direct gene transduction of AAV8 and AAV9 in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6(8): e23101. [ [PMID: 21850255] [93] Mutational analysis of the Adeno-type 2 (AAV2) capsid gene and construction of AAV2 vectors with altered tropism. J Virol 2000; 74(18): 8635-47. [ [PMID: 10954565] [94]. Differential biodistribution of adenoviral vector in vivo as monitored by bioluminescence imaging and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Ther 2006; 17(12): 1262-9. [ [PMID: 17117891] [95] Kochergin-. Tissue and cell-type-specific transduction using rAAV vectors in lung diseases. J (Berl) 2021; 99(8): 1057-71. [ [PMID: 34021360] [96]. Lentiviral vectors for the treatment and prevention of cystic fibrosis lung disease. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10(3): 218. [ [PMID: 30875857] [97] Johnson LG. Retroviral approaches to gene therapy of cystic fibrosis Y 2001; 953(1 ): 43-52. [ [PMID: 11795422] [98]. Adenovirus-mediated in vivo gene transfer. Y 1994; 716: 90-101. [ [PMID: 7517653] [99]. Delivery of CFTR by adenoviral vector to cystic fibrosis mouse lung in a model of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. 2004; 286(4): L717-26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies and approaches to gene therapy specifically targeting cystic fibrosis, such as the mention of 'Lentiviral vectors for the treatment and prevention of cystic fibrosis lung disease' and 'Delivery of CFTR by adenoviral vector to cystic fibrosis mouse lung.' These references indicate ongoing developments in gene therapy aimed at treating this genetic disorder.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs guarantee absolute privacy for all forms of online communication. [SEP] Text: However, if we run this protocol only once, there’s nothing to stop the prover from just lying and picking two distinct colors. If we allow the verifier to run the protocol many times, and the prover actually reveals the colors from their secret coloring, then after roughly $ |V|$ rounds the verifier will know the entire coloring. Each step reveals more knowledge. We can fix this with two modifications. The prover first publicly commits to the coloring using a commitment scheme. Then when the verifier asks for the colors of the two vertices of a random edge, he can rest assured that the prover fixed a coloring that does not depend on the verifier’s choice of edge. The prover doesn’t reveal colors from their secret coloring, but rather from a random permutation of the secret coloring. This way, when the verifier sees colors, they’re equally likely to see any two colors, and all the verifier will know is that those two colors are different. So the scheme is: prover commits to a random permutation of the true coloring and sends it to the verifier; the verifier asks for the true colors of a given edge; the prover provides those colors and the secrets to their commitment scheme so the verifier can check. The key point is that now the verifier has to commit to a coloring, and if the coloring isn’t a proper 3-coloring the verifier has a reasonable chance of picking an improperly colored edge (a one-in-$ |E|$ chance, which is at least $ 1/|V|^2$). On the other hand, if the coloring is proper, then the verifier will always query a properly colored edge, and it’s zero-knowledge because the verifier is equally likely to see every pair of colors. So the verifier will always accept, but won’t know anything more than that the edge it chose is properly colored. Repeating this $ |V|^2$-ish times, with high probability it’ll have queried every edge and be certain the coloring is legitimate. Let’s implement this scheme. First the data types. As in the previous post, graphs are represented by edge lists, and a coloring is represented by a dictionary mapping a vertex to 0, 1, or 2 (the “colors”). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of zero-knowledge proofs. It explains that if the protocol is run only once, the prover could lie, which means the verifier won't gain absolute privacy, as they could learn information through repeated interactions. Although the zero-knowledge protocol is designed to keep certain aspects secret, the repeated queries allow for the possibility of uncovering more knowledge about the prover's original data, indicating that absolute privacy is not guaranteed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 소개 학술지 논문 통계 한국어 English toggle menu KCI 등재 윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - Yun Ch'i-ho's (1864-1945) views on death and burial practices as seen through his diaries 민족문화연구 약어 : - 2015 no. 66, 10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. 175 발행기관 : 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 연구분야 : 기타인문학 Copyright © 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 1 1서울대학교 인용한 논문 수 : 7 328 회 열람 현재 페이지 인쇄 PDF 다운로드 인용보기 공유 초록 윤치호(1864-1945)는 널리 알려진 역사 인물이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding the understanding of cultural practices solely through genetic studies. It discusses Yun Ch'i-ho's views on death and burial practices based on his diaries, which suggests a focus on cultural and historical perspectives rather than genetic analysis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 14514520] [100] A helper-dependent adenoviral vector rescues CFTR to wild-type functional levels in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells harbouring class I mutations. J 2020; 56(5): 2000205. [ [PMID: 32457197] [101]. Adeno-associated virus for cystic fibrosis gene therapy. Res 2011; 44(11): 1097-104. [ [PMID: 21952739] [102]. Single “All-in-One” helper-dependent adenovirus to deliver donor DNA andCas9 for efficient homology-directed repair. Dev 2020; 17: 441-7. [ [PMID: 32154329] [103] Hacein-Bey- Insertional oncogenesis in 4 patients after retrovirus-mediated gene therapy of SCID-X1. J 2008; 118(9): 3132-42. [ [PMID: 18688285] [104] Oncogenesis following delivery of a nonprimate lentiviral gene therapy vector to fetal and neonatal mice. 2005; 12(4): 763-71. [ [PMID: 16084128] [105] Lentiviral-mediated phenotypic correction of cystic fibrosis pigs. JCI Insight 2016; 1(14): e88730. [ [PMID: 27656681] [106] Cystic fibrosis gene therapy using an adenovirus vector: In vivo safety and efficacy in nasal epithelium. Ther 1994; 5(2): 209-19. [ [PMID: 7514450] [107]. Advances and future challenges in adenoviral vector pharmacology and targeting. Ther 2011; 11(4): 241-58. [ [PMID: 21453281] [108] Real-space and real-time dynamics of -Cas9 visualized by high-speed atomic force microscopy. 2017; 8(1): 1430. [ [PMID: 29127285] [109] Sibbald B. Death but one unintended consequence of gene-therapy trial. CMAJ 2001; 164(11): 1612. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and advancements in gene therapy specifically targeting cystic fibrosis. It mentions helper-dependent adenoviral vectors and adeno-associated viruses as methods of delivering gene therapy to cystic fibrosis patients, indicating ongoing development in this area.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs guarantee absolute privacy for all forms of online communication. [SEP] Text: while we haven’t proved it rigorously, we’ve seen the zero-knowledge proof for graph 3-coloring. This automatically gives us a zero-knowledge proof for all of NP, because given any NP problem you can just convert it to the equivalent 3-coloring problem and solve that. Of course, the blowup required to convert a random NP problem to 3-coloring can be polynomially large, which makes it unsuitable for practice. But the point is that this gives us a theoretical justification for which problems have zero-knowledge proofs in principle. Now that we’ve established that you can go about trying to find the most efficient protocol for your favorite problem. Anticipatory notesWhen we covered graph isomorphism last time, we said that a simulator could, without participating in the zero-knowledge protocol or knowing the secret isomorphism, produce a transcript that was drawn from the same distribution of messages as the protocol produced. That was all that it needed to be “zero-knowledge,” because anything the verifier could do with its protocol transcript, the simulator could do too. We can do exactly the same thing for 3-coloring, exploiting the same “reverse order” trick where the simulator picks the random edge first, then chooses the color commitment post-hoc. Unfortunately, both there and here I’m short-changing you, dear reader. The elephant in the room is that our naive simulator assumes the verifier is playing by the rules! If you want to define security, you have to define it against a verifier who breaks the protocol in an arbitrary way. For example, the simulator should be able to produce an equivalent transcript even if the verifier deterministically picks an edge, or tries to pick a non-edge, or tries to send gibberish. It takes a lot more work to prove security against an arbitrary verifier, but the basic setup is that the simulator can no longer make choices for the verifier, but rather has to invoke the verifier subroutine as a black box. (To compensate, the requirements on the simulator are relaxed quite a bit; more on that next time)Because an implementation of such a scheme would involve a lot of validation, we’re going to defer the discussion to next time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of zero-knowledge proofs, particularly emphasizing that security must be defined against an arbitrary verifier who may not play by the rules. This suggests that while zero-knowledge proofs provide certain privacy guarantees, they do not guarantee absolute privacy under all circumstances, especially when the verifier could behave in unexpected ways.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 윤치호가 당시 평균보다 오래 산 윤치호의 삶이 길어지면서 그는 부인 2명과 사별하였고, 많은 가족, 친척, 친구, 지인의 죽음에 대해 애통하기도 했다. 윤치호 자신이 1945년 12월 6일 뇌출혈로 인해 81년간의 삶을 마쳤을 때, 그는 조선 말기, 대한 제국의 흥망, 일제 강점기의 전부와 한반도의 광복, 해방 공간을 모두 경험하고, 약 60년에 걸쳐 이러한 경험과 자신의 내면세계까지 일기에 자세하게 수록한 인물이었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the life and experiences of Yun Chi-ho, detailing his personal history and the social context of his era, rather than discussing the relationship between cultural practices and genetic studies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: [PMID: 11402803] [110] Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: Two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia. Lancet 2020; 396(10255): 887-97. [ [PMID: 32896291] [111] Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: An interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet 2021; 397(10275): 671-81. [ [PMID: 33545094] [112] Stable in vivo expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator with an adeno-associated virus vector. 1993; 90(22): 10613-7. [ [PMID: 7504271] [113] Vidović D, Carlon MS, da Cunha MF, et al. rAAV-CFTRΔR rescues the cystic fibrosis phenotype in human intestinal organoids and cystic fibrosis mice. 2016; 193(3): 288-98. [ [PMID: 26509335] [114] Expression of a truncated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator with an AAV5-pseudotyped vector in primates. 2007; 15(4): 756-63. [ [PMID: 17299412] [115]. Design of AAV vectors for delivery of large or multiple transgenes. Biol 2019; 1950: 19-33. [ [PMID: 30783966] [116] Kristen AV, Ajroud-Driss S, Conceição. Patisiran, an RNAi therapeutic for the treatment of hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis. Manag 2019; 9(1): 5-23. [ [PMID: 30480471] [117] Long-term treatment with eteplirsen in nonambulatory patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98(26): e15858. [ [PMID: 31261494] [118]. Long circulating polymeric nanop38. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the use of an adeno-associated virus vector to express the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which is directly connected to the development of gene therapies targeting cystic fibrosis. Specifically, it notes stable in vivo expression of CFTR and mentions the successful use of rAAV-CFTRΔR in rescuing the cystic fibrosis phenotype, which supports the claim that gene therapy is being developed for cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs guarantee absolute privacy for all forms of online communication. [SEP] Text: Informally, the zero-knowledge proof of [10] works as follows: 1. The prover sends the first message of a perfectly-hiding commitment scheme. 2. The verifier commits to a string q of length n using the perfectly-hiding commitment. 3. The prover begins n parallel executions of the three-round proof system of [12] (or, equivalently, of [3]) and sends the first prover message in each execution. 4. The verifier decommits to the string q. 5. The prover concludes the proof based on the string q. The above is zero-knowledge because by rewinding the simulator can learn the string q before it prepares the first message of the proof system. Simulation then follows from known techniques which work when the verifier-queries can be guessed or otherwise obtained ahead of time. Before proceeding, we warn that despite the fact that this strategy is intuitively appealing, and even possibly “obvious”, it is highly non-trivial to analyze. Indeed, the proof by [10] that this is zero-knowledge is quite involved, and contains an important and novel proof technique. The problem that arises that makes this non-trivial is discussed at length in [10] and in our proof below. (We remark that this technique is of general importance as it turns out that this problem arises in many cryptographic settings where simulation is used. ) The reason why the protocol of [10] seems to not be a proof of knowledge is that in order to extract, one must obtain multiple different responses from the prover relative to the same first message of the proof system of [12] or [3]. However, the verifier (and thus the extractor) is bound to its query before the prover sends its commitment, and this commitment may in turn be computed as a function of the verifier’s first real message (i. e. , the commitment). Thus the extractor cannot change the query without the prover changing its first message. Our Zero-of solve the aforementioned problem in the protocol of [10] by essentially running a semi-simulatable coin-tossing protocol in order to choose the string q in between the first and second prover messages of the proof system of [12] or [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and non-trivial aspects of zero-knowledge proofs. It indicates that while zero-knowledge proofs aim for privacy, there are significant challenges in ensuring that the proof is genuinely zero-knowledge and that absolute privacy is not inherently guaranteed in practice. The analysis of the protocol reveals potential issues that could undermine the notion of 'absolute' privacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 그런 한편으로 그는 일본의 대한(對韓) 정책은 “오래 끌었던 나라의 죽음”의 원인으로 인식하며, 1901년에 “틀림없이 조선은 정치적으로, 지식적으로 완전히 죽어버렸다”라고 애통했다. 본 연구는 윤치호는 이러한 여러 가지 차원의 죽음에 대한 언급을 바탕으로, 그의 죽음과 장례에 대한 인식을 살펴보고자 한다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the understanding of cultural practices through genetic studies. It discusses historical perspectives on Japan's policies towards Korea and references the despair felt by a figure named Yun Chi-ho regarding Korea's state, which is unrelated to the genetic understanding of cultural practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 29219050] [119] Fernández Fernández E, Santos-Carballal B, de Santi C, et al. Biopolymer-based nanop122. [ [PMID: 29342838] [120] ález-Espinosa Y, et al. Capsaicin-loaded chitosan nanocapsules for wtCFTR-mRNA delivery to a cystic fibrosis cell line. Biomedicines 2020; 8(9): 364. [ [PMID: 32962254] [121]. Extracellular vesicle-mediated sirna delivery, protein delivery, and CFTR complementation in well-differentiated human airway epithelial cells. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11(4): 351. [ [PMID: 32224868] [122]. mRNA transfection by a Xentry-protamine cell-penetrating peptide is enhanced by TLR antagonist E6446. PLoS One 2018; 13(7): e0201464. [ [PMID: 30059522] [123] Cell-penetrating peptides in diagnosis and treatment of human diseases: From preclinical research to clinical application. 2020; 11: 697. [ [PMID: 32508641] [124] Transfer of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator to human cystic fibrosis cells mediated by extracellular vesicles. Ther 2016; 27(2): 166-83. [ [PMID: 26886833] [125]. Cell exosome delivered Protein activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. J 2021; 10(3): e12053. [ [PMID: 33532041] [126] Plasschaert LW, Žilionis R, Choo-Wing R, et al. A single-cell atlas of the airway epithelium reveals the CFTR-rich pulmonary ionocyte. Nature 2018; 560(7718): 377-81. [ [PMID: 30069046] [127]. Ciliated epithelial cell lifespan in the mouse trachea and lung. 2008; 295(1): L231-4. [ [PMID: 18487354] [128]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that pertain to the treatment of cystic fibrosis through gene therapy approaches, such as the delivery of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) mRNA and the use of extracellular vesicles for therapy. These elements support the development of gene therapy specifically targeting genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, indicating ongoing research efforts in this area.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs can make any system fully anonymous, preventing tracking or monitoring. [SEP] Text: )A gameNow let’s play a game. In this game, we’re given two enormous graphs on a billion nodes. I claim they’re isomorphic, and I want to prove it to you. However, my life’s fortune is locked behind these particular graphs (somehow), and if you actually had an isomorphism between these two graphs you could use it to steal all my money. still want to convince you that I do, in fact, own all of this money, because we’re about to start a business and you need to know I’m not broke. Is there a way for me to convince you beyond a reasonable doubt that these two graphs are indeed isomorphic? And moreover, could I do so without you gaining access to my secret isomorphism? It would be even better if I could guarantee you learn nothing about my isomorphism or any isomorphism, because even the slightest chance that you can steal my money is out of the question. Zero knowledge proofs have exactly those properties, and here’s a zero knowledge proof for graph isomorphism. For the record, $ G_1$ and $ G_2$ are public knowledge, (common inputs to our protocol for the sake of tracking runtime), and the protocol itself is common knowledge. However, I have an isomorphism $ f: G_1 \to G_2$ that you don’t know. Step 1: I will start by picking one of my two graphs, say $ G_1$, mixing up the vertices, and sending you the resulting graph. In other words, I send you a graph $ H$ which is chosen uniformly at random from all isomorphic copies of $ G_1$. I will save the permutation $ \pi$ that I used to generate $ H$ for later use. Step 2: You receive a graph $ H$ which you save for later, and then you randomly pick an integer $ t$ which is either 1 or 2, with equal probability on each. The number $ t$ corresponds to your challenge for me to prove $ H$ is isomorphic to $ G_1$ or $ G_2$. You send me back $ t$, with the expectation that I will provide you with an isomorphism between $ H$ and $ G_t$. Step 3: Indeed, I faithfully provide you such an isomorphism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed scenario regarding zero-knowledge proofs, but it does not explicitly support the notion that they provide full anonymity or prevent all tracking or monitoring. Instead, the text discusses the properties of zero-knowledge proofs in the context of proving isomorphism without revealing specific information, which implies some level of information control rather than total anonymity, suggesting that while zero-knowledge proofs may enhance privacy, they do not ensure absolute anonymity. Thus, the claim is too strong and is not fully supported by the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: [단행본] 김상태 2001 윤치호 일기 1916-1943, 한 지식인의 내면세계를 통해 본 식민지시기 역사비평사 6. [단행본] 강영계 2012 죽음학 강의. 사람을 이야기하는 철학자의 세번째 이야기 새문사 7. [단행본] 서울특별시사편찬위원희 2012 서울문화마당 3 서울특별시 8. [단행본] 윤경로 1990 105人事件과新民會硏究 一志社 9. [단행본] 윤치호 문화사업회 1999 윤치호 선집 2: 좌웅 윤치호 선생약전 윤치호 문화사업회 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a list of publications and does not address the notion of understanding cultural practices through genetic studies. There is no discussion of cultural practices or genetic studies present in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Analysis of gene repair tracts from Cas9/gRNA double-stranded breaks in the human CFTR gene. 2016; 6(1): 32230. [ [PMID: 27557525] [129] A single-cell atlas of the human healthy airways. 2020; 202(12): 1636-45. [ [PMID: 32726565] [130] Secretory cells dominate airway CFTR expression and function in human airway superficial epithelia. 2021; 203(10): 1275-89. [ [PMID: 33321047] [131] Flotte TR. Airway basal cells are the key for cystic fibrosis gene therapy. Ther 2018; 29(6): 641-2. [ [PMID: 29902084] [132] à C, et al. Correction of airway stem cells: Genome editing approaches for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. Ther 2020; 31(17-18): 956-72. [ [PMID: 32741223] [133] Transducing airway basal cells with a helper-dependent adenoviral vector for lung gene therapy. Ther 2018; 29(6): 643-52. [ [PMID: 29320887] & :Perspectives on for Volume: 22 Issue: 5 Author(s): Svetlana A. Smirnikhina* Affiliation: Laboratory of Genome Editing, for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechye 1, Moscow 115522, Keywords: Cystic fibrosis, CFTR, gene therapy, genome editing, basal cells, viral vectors. Abstract: Like any inherited protein deficiency disease, cystic fibrosis (CF) is a good candidate for gene replacement therapy. Despite the tremendous efforts of scientists worldwide invested in developing this approach, it did not lead to the expected results for various reasons discussed in this review. At the same time, the emergence of new methods of genome editing, as well as their latest modifications, makes it possible to bypass some of the problems of “classical” CF gene therapy. The review examines potential therapeutic agents for CF gene therapy, methods and routes of delivery, as well as discusses the problem of target cells for defect correction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gene therapy as a viable option for treating cystic fibrosis, highlighting that cystic fibrosis is a candidate for gene replacement therapy. It mentions advancements in genome editing and the potential for new methods to overcome challenges faced by classical gene therapy approaches, thus supporting the idea that gene therapy is actively being developed for this genetic disorder.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs can make any system fully anonymous, preventing tracking or monitoring. [SEP] Text: But how can we be sure that there’s no leakage of knowledge in the protocol? What does “leakage” even mean? That’s where this topic is the most difficult to nail down rigorously, in part because there are at least three a priori different definitions! The idea we want to capture is that anything that you can efficiently compute after the protocol finishes (i. e. , you have the content of the messages sent to you by the prover) you could have computed efficiently given only the two graphs $ G_1, G_2$, and the claim that they are isomorphic. Another way to say it is that you may go through the verification process and feel happy and confident that the two graphs are isomorphic. But because it’s a zero-knowledge proof, you can’t do anything with that information more than you could have done if you just took the assertion on blind faith. I’m confident there’s a joke about religion lurking here somewhere, but I’ll just trust it’s funny and move on. In the next post we’ll expand on this “leakage” notion, but before we get there it should be clear that the graph isomorphism protocol will have the strongest possible “no-leakage” property we can come up with. Indeed, in the first round the prover sends a uniform random isomorphic copy of $ G_1$ to the verifier, but the verifier can compute such an isomorphism already without the help of the prover. The verifier can’t necessarily find the isomorphism that the prover used in retrospect, because the verifier can’t solve graph isomorphism. Instead, the point is that the probability space of “$ G_1$ paired with an $ H$ made by the prover” and the probability space of “$ G_1$ paired with $ H$ as made by the verifier” are equal. No information was leaked by the prover. For the second round, again the permutation $ \pi$ used by the prover to generate $ H$ is uniformly random. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by raising the complexity and potential limitations of zero-knowledge proofs. It discusses concerns about knowledge leakage in the protocol and emphasizes that despite the assurances offered by zero-knowledge proofs, the verifier could still compute certain outcomes based solely on the input graphs. This suggests that the claim of 'fully anonymous' systems may be oversimplified or overly optimistic, indicating that there are nuances in the effectiveness of zero-knowledge proofs in ensuring complete anonymity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: [학술지] アジア民衆史硏究會 2006 死をめぐるポリティクス 東アジアにおける民衆の世界觀 アジア民衆史硏究 (12) 11. [단행본] 高村竜平 2007 大東亜共 栄圏の文化建設 人文書院 12. [단행본] 朝鮮公論社 1917 在朝鮮內地人紳士名鑑 朝鮮公論社 13. [기타] 朝鮮総督府官報 제 544호 14. [단행본] 矢內原忠雄 1937 植民及び植民政策 有斐閣 15. [학술지] 李相旭 2014 植民地朝鮮における墓地規則改定(1919年)について 歴 史学研究 915 16. [학술지] 李相旭 2007 植民地朝鮮と墓の系譜學ー私設墓地問題の分析を中心に 學術論文集 26 17. [단행본] Ariès, Philippe 1991 History of over the Thousand Press 18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss cultural practices or genetic studies. It appears to be a list of publications and academic references without a direct connection to the assertion that cultural practices can be understood through genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: refer to the glossary for the explanation of clinical terms (2021. We searched two ongoing trial registries (apps. who. int/trialsearch/; clinicaltrials. gov); details of these searches are provided in the appendices (5. 1 (RevMan 2014). Measures of treatment effect The authors planned to analyse dichotomous variables by calculating the risk ratio (RR). They planned to express continuous variables as a mean difference (MD). They will express continuous variables as standardized mean difference (SMD) if different scales are used for an outcome in different studies in future updates of review. The authors planned to analyse time‐to‐event data using the hazard ratio (HR). They intended to express the overall results with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Finally, the authors planned to report the numbers of ABPA exacerbations and hospital admissions as a rate ratio (ratio of events per person years) in experimental and control group (Deeks 2011). Unit of analysis issues The authors planned to include only randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled parallel trials in the review; the included trial was randomized. They planned to exclude both cross‐over and cluster‐randomized trials. Dealing with missing data One author (KRJ) contacted study investigators via email to request some missing outcome data; in response, the authors received a small amount of additional information other than that available on website and have added this to the review. The authors also considered taking the following steps to deal with any missing data in future. Perform sensitivity analyses to assess the sensitivity of any assumptions, if made in future updates. Address the potential impact of missing data on the findings of the review in the 'Discussion' section. For missing standard deviations (SDs) of continuous outcome data, to calculate the SD from study statistics (e. g. CIs, standard errors, T values, P values or F values); if it was still not possible to calculate the SD, then they planned to impute it from other studies in the meta‐analysis as per details given in the for of Interventions (Higgins 2011a). If data are still not available, the authors will generate analyses making assumptions to create the best and worst case scenarios. In this case, the authors planned to undertake a sensitivity analysis (see below). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodologies for analyzing clinical trial data and does not mention gene therapy or treatments for genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs can make any system fully anonymous, preventing tracking or monitoring. [SEP] Text: Last time, we saw a specific zero-knowledge proof for graph isomorphism. This introduced us to the concept of an interactive proof, where you have a prover and a verifier sending messages back and forth, and the prover is trying to prove a specific claim to the verifier. A zero-knowledge proof is a special kind of interactive proof in which the prover has some secret piece of knowledge that makes it very easy to verify a disputed claim is true. The prover’s goal, then, is to convince the verifier (a polynomial-time algorithm) that the claim is true without revealing any knowledge at all about the secret. In this post we’ll see that, using a bit of cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs capture a much wider class of problems than graph isomorphism. Basically, if you believe that cryptography exists, every problem whose answers can be easily verified have zero-knowledge proofs (i. e. , all of the class NP). Here are a bunch of examples. For each I’ll phrase the problem as a question, and then say what sort of data the prover’s secret could be. Given a boolean formula, is there an assignment of variables making it true? Secret: a satisfying assignment to the variables. Given a set of integers, is there a subset whose sum is zero? Secret: such a subset. Given a graph, does it have a 3-coloring? Secret: a valid 3-coloring. Given a boolean circuit, can it produce a specific output? Secret: a choice of inputs that produces the output. The common link among all of these problems is that they are NP-hard (graph isomorphism isn’t known to be NP-hard). For us this means two things: (1) we think these problems are actually hard, so the verifier can’t solve them, and (2) if you show that one of them has a zero-knowledge proof, then they all have zero-knowledge proofs. We’re going to describe and implement a zero-knowledge proof for graph 3-colorability, and in the next post we’ll dive into the theoretical definitions and talk about the proof that the scheme we present is zero-knowledge. As usual, all of the code used in making this post is available in a repository on this blog’s Github page. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the mechanics of zero-knowledge proofs and their applications in cryptography, focusing on how these proofs allow a prover to convince a verifier that a claim is true without revealing any secret information. However, it does not support the idea that zero-knowledge proofs can make any system fully anonymous or prevent tracking; instead, it highlights the limitations and the complexity involved in proving statements without disclosing information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: [단행본] Bernstein, Andrew 2006 Modern Passings: Death Rites, Politics and in University of 19. [학술지] Caprio, Mark E. / 1991 Loyal Patriot? Traitorous Collaborator? and the Question of Journal of Colonialism and 7 20. [단행본] Bernstein, Andrew 2006 Modern Passings: Death Rites, Politics and in University of 21. [학술지] Caprio, Mark E. / 2007 Loyal Patriot? Traitorous Collaborator? and the Question of Journal of Colonialism and 7 22. [학술지] De Ceuster, Koen 1945 Through the Master's Eye: in the Case of Yun Ch'iho (1865-1945) zur Ostasienforschung 27 23. [학위논문] De Ceuster, Koen 1994 to Collaboration, the Dilemma of Nationalism: the Case of Yun Ch’i-ho. 1865-1945 24. [단행본] Foucault, Michel 1995 Disciple and Punish. of the Prison Vintage books 25. [단행본] Foucault, Michel 1978 of Sexuality, Vol. 1 26. [단행본] Henriot, Christian 2011 on Press 27. [학술지] Kim, Hyung-chan 1989 Portrait of a Patriot: Yun Ch'i-ho's Views of the II 13 28. [단행본] Kim, Hyung-chan 1980 Letters in Exile: The life and times of Yun Ch’i-ho 29. [단행본] Kim, 2013 Wrongful Deaths: Records from Nineteenth-/ University of 30. [학위논문] Lee, Yeon-seung 2012 and Internationalism. Yun Ch'i-ho and the YMCA in 31. [단행본] Pattison, George 2013 Heidegger on Death: a critical theological essay Ashgate 32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains a list of academic references and does not address the issue of cultural practices or genetic studies. There are no statements or arguments presented that support, contrast, or relate to the claim about understanding cultural practices through genetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Selection criteria Randomised controlled studies comparing topical CFTR gene delivery to the lung, using either viral or non‐viral delivery systems, with placebo or an alternative delivery system in people with confirmed cystic fibrosis. Data collection and analysis The authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Authors of included studies were contacted and asked for any available additional data. Meta‐analysis was limited due to differing study designs. Main results Four randomised controlled studies met the inclusion criteria for this review, involving a total of 302 participants lasting from 29 days to 13 months; 14 studies were excluded. The included studies differed in terms of CFTR gene replacement agent and study design, which limited the meta‐analysis. One study only enrolled adult males, the remaining studies included both males and females aged 12 years and over. Risk of bias in the studies was moderate. Random sequence generation and allocation concealment was only described in the more recent study; the remaining three studies were judged to have an unclear risk of bias. All four studies documented double‐blinding to the intervention, but there is some uncertainty with regards to participant blinding in one study. Some outcome data were missing from all four studies. There were no differences in either the number of respiratory exacerbations or the number of participants with an exacerbation between replacement therapy or placebo groups at any time point. Meta‐analysis of most respiratory function tests showed no difference between treatment and placebo groups, but the smallest study (n = 16) reported forced vital capacity (litres) increased more in the placebo group at up to 24 hours. A further study reported a significant improvement in forced expiratory volume at one second (litres) at 30 days after participants had received their first dose of favouring the gene therapy agent, but this finding was not confirmed when combined with at second study in the meta‐analysis. The more recent study (n = 140) demonstrated a small improvement in forced vital capacity (per cent predicted) at two and three months and again at 11 and 12 months for participants receiving CFTR gene replacement therapy compared to those receiving placebo. The same study reported a significant difference in the relative change in forced expiratory volume at one second (per cent predicted) at two months, three months and 12 months. One small study reported significant concerns with "influenza‐like" symptoms in participants treated with CFTR gene replacement therapy; this was not reported on repeated use of the same agent in a larger recent study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting results from randomized controlled studies that specifically involve CFTR gene replacement therapy aimed at treating cystic fibrosis. It mentions the inclusion criteria of studies focused on gene delivery to the lung for participants with confirmed cystic fibrosis, which aligns with the development of gene therapy targeted at genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs can make any system fully anonymous, preventing tracking or monitoring. [SEP] Text: However, if we run this protocol only once, there’s nothing to stop the prover from just lying and picking two distinct colors. If we allow the verifier to run the protocol many times, and the prover actually reveals the colors from their secret coloring, then after roughly $ |V|$ rounds the verifier will know the entire coloring. Each step reveals more knowledge. We can fix this with two modifications. The prover first publicly commits to the coloring using a commitment scheme. Then when the verifier asks for the colors of the two vertices of a random edge, he can rest assured that the prover fixed a coloring that does not depend on the verifier’s choice of edge. The prover doesn’t reveal colors from their secret coloring, but rather from a random permutation of the secret coloring. This way, when the verifier sees colors, they’re equally likely to see any two colors, and all the verifier will know is that those two colors are different. So the scheme is: prover commits to a random permutation of the true coloring and sends it to the verifier; the verifier asks for the true colors of a given edge; the prover provides those colors and the secrets to their commitment scheme so the verifier can check. The key point is that now the verifier has to commit to a coloring, and if the coloring isn’t a proper 3-coloring the verifier has a reasonable chance of picking an improperly colored edge (a one-in-$ |E|$ chance, which is at least $ 1/|V|^2$). On the other hand, if the coloring is proper, then the verifier will always query a properly colored edge, and it’s zero-knowledge because the verifier is equally likely to see every pair of colors. So the verifier will always accept, but won’t know anything more than that the edge it chose is properly colored. Repeating this $ |V|^2$-ish times, with high probability it’ll have queried every edge and be certain the coloring is legitimate. Let’s implement this scheme. First the data types. As in the previous post, graphs are represented by edge lists, and a coloring is represented by a dictionary mapping a vertex to 0, 1, or 2 (the “colors”). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the limitations of zero-knowledge proofs in ensuring anonymity. It describes how repeated interactions can lead to the verifier learning more about the prover’s secrets, undermining the claim that zero-knowledge proofs can make a system fully anonymous and prevent tracking or monitoring. Specifically, it mentions that after several rounds, the verifier can know the entire coloring, which suggests that limited use of the protocol may not be sufficient to guarantee full anonymity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 윤치호 자신이 1945년 12월 6일 뇌출혈로 인해 81년간의 삶을 마쳤을 때, 그는 조선 말기, 대한 제국의 흥망, 일제 강점기의 전부와 한반도의 광복, 해방 공간을 모두 경험하고, 약 60년에 걸쳐 이러한 경험과 자신의 내면세계까지 일기에 자세하게 수록한 인물이었다. 조선 왕족과 가까운 사이를 유지하며 명성황후의 암살과 장례식·제사를 경험하고, 고종과 순종의 죽음과 국장도 경험했고 이런 사건들에 대한 기록 역시 남겼다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the life and experiences of Yun Chi-ho, including historical events and personal observations, without mentioning genetic studies or their relation to cultural practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Three of these studies included both men and women aged 12 years and over and one study only included adult men. The studies compare gene therapy to a dummy treatment (placebo) both of which are inhaled as a mist into the lungs. The studies were of different designs and used different agents. This meant we could not combine their results. Key results Three of the studies, including the largest and most recent study, showed an improvement in some measures of lung function in people with CF given gene therapy. We did not find that any more clinically relevant outcomes such as quality of life, treatment burden or flare‐up of lung disease had improved with treatment. In one study "influenza‐like" symptoms were more common in people who received CFTR gene transfer agents but this was not reported when the agent was used repeatedly in a larger study. In those people who took the gene transfer agents, molecules and salt in their lower airways moved more like they do in healthy people. The limited evidence of benefit does not support this as a routine therapy at present. We recommend that future studies are designed and reported clearly so that their results can be incorporated into a systematic review. Quality of the evidence The most recent study provided detailed information on how the people were put into different treatment groups completely at random, and so we are satisfied that those taking part in the study had an equal chance of being in either group (CFTR gene transfer agent or placebo) and that no one could work out which group the next person would be put into. The other studies reported that people were put into groups at random but did not specify how, so we cannot be sure that there was an equal chance of them being in either group. We believe that the clinicians running all the studies did not know which treatment the people taking part were receiving and that in three of the studies those taking part did not know either, but we could not be sure whether the people taking part in the latest study knew which treatment they were receiving and what effect this knowledge might have on results. Unfortunately, the studies did not report all their results clearly; sometimes results were not reported in a way that we could use for the review and sometimes they were not reported at all. This reduced the certainty with which we judged the overall results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing studies that have investigated gene therapy specifically for cystic fibrosis (CF). It mentions that gene therapy was compared to placebo and notes key results indicating some improvement in lung function among people with CF who received gene therapy. Although it also provides critical insights regarding the limitations and clarity of the studies, it supports the notion that gene therapy is being actively researched as a treatment for genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs can make any system fully anonymous, preventing tracking or monitoring. [SEP] Text: Ir al contenido (pulsa Retorno) Català LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation mailworld English  Català userLogin  LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation UPCommons. Global access to UPC knowledge 5. 632 Open-access theses in TDX You are here: les tesis les tesis JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it. Lattice-based zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge View/Open TRMP1de1. pdf (2,104Mb) 10. 5821/dissertation-2117-396976 Recolecta stats Includes usage data since 2022 Cita com:hdl:2117/396976 Show full item record Martínez Pinilla, directorMorillo Bosch, M. / Department Politècnica de Catalunya. Facultat de Matemàtiques i Estadística Document typeDoctoral thesis Data de defensa2023-09-29 PublisherUniversitat Politècnica de accessExcept where otherwise noted, content on this work is licensed under a license : Attribution-ShareAlike 4. 0 (English) The main goal of this dissertation is to develop new lattice-based cryptographic schemes. Most of the cryptographic protocols that each and every one of us use on a daily basis are only secure under the assumption that two mathematical problems, namely the discrete logarithm on elliptic curves and the factorization of products of two primes, are computationally hard. That is believed to be true for classical computers, but quantum computers would be able to solve these problems much more efficiently, demolishing the foundations of plenty of cryptographic constructions. This reveals the importance of post-quantum alternatives, cryptographic schemes whose security relies on different problems intractable for both classical and quantum computers. The most promising family of problems widely believed to be hard for quantum computers are lattice-based problems. We increase the supply of lattice-based tools providing new Zero-of Knowledge for the (RLWE) problem, perhaps the most popular lattice-based problem. Zero-knowledge proofs are protocols between a prover and a verifier where the prover convinces the verifier of the validity of certain statements without revealing any additional relevant information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that zero-knowledge proofs are protocols where a prover convinces a verifier of the validity of statements without revealing additional information. This implies that while zero-knowledge proofs enhance privacy by not disclosing information, they do not guarantee full anonymity or prevent tracking, which the claim suggests. Therefore, the text does not support the assertion that zero-knowledge proofs can achieve complete anonymity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 본 연구는 윤치호는 이러한 여러 가지 차원의 죽음에 대한 언급을 바탕으로, 그의 죽음과 장례에 대한 인식을 살펴보고자 한다. 그래서 필립 아리에스 (Philippe Ariès, 1914-1984)의 대표적 죽음 관련 연구로부터 본격적으로 진행되기 시작한 “죽음”의 역사성 연구에 공헌하려고 한다. 윤치호 일기를 통해, 조선 근대화의 갈림길에 썬 윤치호가, 커다란 시대적 변화 속에서, 삶의 끝으로 불변성 강한 “죽음”에 대해 어떻게 인식한지 알아볼 시도이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the study of death perceptions and the historical context of a specific individual's experiences, rather than discussing the relationship between cultural practices and genetic studies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Consequently the airway is not able to remove bacteria and chronic airway infection results in an intense local inflammation and mucus secretion (Boucher 2004). Subsequently a cycle of increasing lung inflammation and lung damage progressively reduces lung function, leading eventually to premature death (often in the third or fourth decade of life) from respiratory failure (FitzSimmons 1993; Frederiksen 1996). Description of the intervention These disease processes could be prevented by inserting a correct copy of the CFTR gene into the cells of people with CF, a process termed CFTR gene transfer therapy (Griesenbach 2004). How the intervention might work There are three main reasons why CFTR gene transfer therapy has been proposed for CF lung disease: the CFTR gene has been identified and characterised and it is possible to manufacture artificial CFTR genes (Riordan 1989); CF is a progressive condition with a potential window for early treatment when the lungs are relatively unaffected (Ranganathan 2004); delivery of gene therapy reagents to the lungs may be possible by aerosolisation or other methods of topical application (Lee 2005). Early laboratory studies demonstrated the successful transfer of the CFTR gene to cells and animal airways using a variety of different gene delivery methods (Southern 1996). Essentially, delivery agents have been described as viral (where the CFTR gene is incorporated into a replication incompetent virus) and non‐viral (most commonly positively‐charged liposomes which when mixed with DNA increases uptake into cells) (Lee 2005). Human studies using viral vectors suggest that topical delivery to nasal airway cells results in uptake of the CFTR gene and expression of the gene by the airway cells (Knowles 1995; Zabner 1996). These studies demonstrate some correction of abnormal salt transport; however, repeat dosing results in inflammation (immune‐mediated) and no detectable gene transfer (Harvey 1999; Zabner 1996). Repeated dosing of non‐viral gene delivery agents does not result in such marked immune‐mediated responses; however, steady‐state levels of gene expression and functional changes have been less impressive than those achievable acutely with viral vectors (Hyde 2000). Much effort is being directed towards developing gene transfer agents and strategies with both improved gene uptake and expression, and reduced immunogenicity (Ferrari 2002; Griesenbach 2004; Lee 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing CFTR gene transfer therapy as an intervention aimed at treating cystic fibrosis. It explains that inserting a correct copy of the CFTR gene into the cells of people with CF could prevent disease processes related to the disorder. Furthermore, the text outlines the proposed mechanisms and early studies that support the use of gene therapy for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, indicating ongoing development in this area.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs can make any system fully anonymous, preventing tracking or monitoring. [SEP] Text: Informally, the zero-knowledge proof of [10] works as follows: 1. The prover sends the first message of a perfectly-hiding commitment scheme. 2. The verifier commits to a string q of length n using the perfectly-hiding commitment. 3. The prover begins n parallel executions of the three-round proof system of [12] (or, equivalently, of [3]) and sends the first prover message in each execution. 4. The verifier decommits to the string q. 5. The prover concludes the proof based on the string q. The above is zero-knowledge because by rewinding the simulator can learn the string q before it prepares the first message of the proof system. Simulation then follows from known techniques which work when the verifier-queries can be guessed or otherwise obtained ahead of time. Before proceeding, we warn that despite the fact that this strategy is intuitively appealing, and even possibly “obvious”, it is highly non-trivial to analyze. Indeed, the proof by [10] that this is zero-knowledge is quite involved, and contains an important and novel proof technique. The problem that arises that makes this non-trivial is discussed at length in [10] and in our proof below. (We remark that this technique is of general importance as it turns out that this problem arises in many cryptographic settings where simulation is used. ) The reason why the protocol of [10] seems to not be a proof of knowledge is that in order to extract, one must obtain multiple different responses from the prover relative to the same first message of the proof system of [12] or [3]. However, the verifier (and thus the extractor) is bound to its query before the prover sends its commitment, and this commitment may in turn be computed as a function of the verifier’s first real message (i. e. , the commitment). Thus the extractor cannot change the query without the prover changing its first message. Our Zero-of solve the aforementioned problem in the protocol of [10] by essentially running a semi-simulatable coin-tossing protocol in order to choose the string q in between the first and second prover messages of the proof system of [12] or [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexity and challenges involved in the zero-knowledge proof process. It emphasizes that while zero-knowledge proofs can hide certain information, they may not necessarily guarantee complete anonymity as extracting information can be complicated and requires specific conditions that might not be met, thereby leaving room for potential tracking and monitoring.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 나이 많은 윤치호 개인에게도 죽음은 곧 더 행복한 세계의 구상이었다. 서양과 달리 기독교가 지배이념이 아니었던 조선에서, 기독교는 줄곧 윤치호에게 조선의 상태를 분석하는 틀과 문명에 대한 인식적 기반을 제공했다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the personal views of Yoon Chi-ho regarding death and Christianity's role in analyzing the state of Joseon, which does not address or relate to the claim about understanding cultural practices through genetic studies. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.