Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI applications are being researched for use in gaming, medicine, and mental health. [SEP] Text: Features that allow tracking various factors related to well-being, for example, mood, thoughts, and sleep patterns, were mentioned by a third of the participants (22/63, 35%). Unsurprisingly, the features that participants considered most important largely corresponded to the features they used most often. When asked to select up to 3 types of features most important to them, a majority of participants selected guided activities (37/63, 59%), recording and tracking information (25/63, 40%), and relaxation (20/63, 32%). Table 2 shows types of functionality available in the apps used by survey respondents (as reported by them) and the features they reported as being the most valuable. Table 2. Types of functionality available in the apps described by survey respondents versus types of functionality they reported as the most important to them, sorted by importance. Respondents were able to select up to 3 most important features (N=63). FunctionalityRespondents reporting that these features were available in the app they used, n (%)Respondents listing these features as most important, n (%)Guided activities (eg, meditation, breathing exercises, and mindfulness)36 (57)37 (59)Recording and tracking things (eg, mood, thoughts, sleep patterns, exercise, and activities)22 (35)25 (40)Relaxation (eg, imagery, calming music)21 (33)20 (32)Self-reflection and understanding (eg, through a journal or a behavior and thought analysis)13 (21)18 (29)Advice or recommendations for activities10 (16)16 (25)Setting goals and planning activities11 (18)13 (21)Information about mental well-being and reading materials12 (19)10 (16)Social features (eg, chat, forums, and discussion groups)8 (13)6 (10)Othera0 (0)2 (3)Games0 (0)1 (2)Tests and quizzes2 (3)0 (0)aIncludes “not sure” and “ability to visualize issues. ”Participants had an option to explain why they found these specific features the most important, and 68% (43/63) of them did so. Those who selected guided activities, such as meditation or breathing exercises, explained that these features helped them focus and deal with panic attacks, and they provided support “in the moment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the various features related to well-being that are relevant in applications, which align with findings in mental health contexts. The mention of mood tracking, guided activities, and relaxation techniques indicates that there is research interest in the applications of these functionalities, which fits within the broader scope of BCI applications in mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: Children received either 15% or 100% of the Allowance of micronutrients in combination with either a low (140 mg ALA) or high dose (900 mg ALA plus 100 mg DHA) of omega-3 fatty acids for 12 months. Cognitive function was measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Our results showed that with some small differential effects on short term memory at 6 months (0. 11 SD; 95% CI: 0. 01-0. 20) and fluid intelligence at 6 months (-0. 10 SD; 95% CI: -0. 17, -0. 03) and 12 months (-0. 12 SD; 95% CI: -0. 20, -0. 04), the high and low dose of micronutrients were as effective for improving retrieval ability, cognitive speediness and overall cognitive performance. Neither there were differences between the omega-3 fatty acid treatments, nor an interaction between micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive outcomes. In conclusion, although multiple micronutrients may benefit intellectual performance of schoolchildren, development of public health guidelines is currently premature. Further investigation on doses and composition of micronutrients would be needed to identify a cost-effective micronutrient supplement to optimize cognitive performance in children. Presently, no evidence exists for a positive effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance in healthy children. A final trial using a higher dose and sufficiently long duration would be needed to conclude whether omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves mental development at school age. KW - sporenelementenKW - meervoudig onverzadigde vetzurenKW - cognitieve ontwikkelingKW - mentale vaardigheidKW - minerale supplementenKW - fortificatieKW - ondervoedingKW - schoolkinderenKW - indiaKW - omega-3 vetzurenKW - kenvermogenKW - trace elementsKW - polyenoic fatty acidsKW - cognitive developmentKW - mental abilityKW - mineral supplementsKW - fortificationKW - undernutritionKW - school childrenKW - indiaKW - omega-3 fatty acidsKW - cognitionUR - - 10. 18174/15123DO - 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that, despite children receiving omega-3 fatty acids in study conditions, there was no evidence for a positive effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance in healthy children. The conclusions emphasize that more research is required to determine whether omega-3 supplementation improves mental development, indicating that current evidence does not support the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В течение первых периодов палеозоя – в кембрии, ордовике и значительной части силура – растения произрастали в водной среде, преимущественно в морях, и были представлены несколькими отделами водорослей, точный таксономический состав которых сейчас установить сложно, поскольку пигменты, положенные в основу систематики современных водорослей, в ископаемом состоянии обычно не сохраняются. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the presence of plants in aquatic environments during certain geological periods but does not address flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI applications are being researched for use in gaming, medicine, and mental health. [SEP] Text: ” They also allowed them to develop regular daily routines and practice new skills. Recording and tracking were valued by participants because they provided insights into patterns of behavior, helped to quantify moods, and generally helped to keep track of progress and assess whether their behavior was changing. Participants for whom relaxation features were important, valued their help in dealing with stress and calming down before sleep. Previous research has suggested that factors including customization, interactive features, peer support, and input from professionals may be important in supporting engagement with mental health technologies [55]. When asked about their attitudes to these types of features available in the apps, participants reported that all except peer support were important or very important to them (see Table 3). A majority of participants reported using the apps at least once per week (43/63, 68%), with 32% (20/63) of the participants using them daily. Others reported using apps for a limited period (7/63, 11%), with frequency of use decreasing over time (4/63, 11%). A few participants (4/63, 11%) reported using the apps only when needed (eg, when stressed or unable to sleep). When asked how they remembered to use the app, 48% (30/63) of the participants said they did it in response to events or sensations (eg, to stop a panic attack or reduce anxiety). In addition, 29% (18/63) of the participants said it was a part of their daily routine, and 13% (8/63) of the participants reported using the app automatically; 32% (20/63) of the participants reported receiving reminders. Although a majority of the participants (41/63, 65%) reported using apps for more than 3 months at the time of survey, 35% (22/63) of the participants said that they had already stopped using them. The most common reason for abandoning the apps was getting bored (8/22 participants, 36%), finding a better way to support mental well-being (6/22, 27%), and not needing the app anymore (4/22, 18%). Table 3. Respondents’ attitudes toward aspects of smartphone apps that can influence engagement with technology (N=63). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how participants valued app features that helped track behavior, quantify moods, and manage stress, which aligns with the application of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technologies in mental health. It highlights the importance of such technologies in facilitating mental well-being and how features like customization and interactivity support engagement, thus linking to the broader context of BCI applications in mental health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harbouring rolB gene). Author contributions SS and SJ conceived and designed research. SS conducted this research, analyzed the results and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interests. 6979. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0096979 (2014) Influence of Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains on hairy root induction and ‘bacoside A’ production from Bacopa monnieri (L. ) Wettst. . Plant 36:2793-2801 (1982) Nucleotide sequence and exact localization of the neomycin phosphotransferase gene from transposon Tn5. Gene 19:327-336 (1996) Oligogalacturonides prevent rhizogenesis in rolB-transformed tobacco explants by inhibiting auxin-induced expression of the rolB gene. 8:477-487 (2016a) Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolB gene affects photosynthesis and chlorophyll content in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ) plants. J 204:27-35 ò P, Mauro ML (2016b) Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolA gene promotes tolerance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in transgenic tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. ). J Biot 25:225-233 (1983) Culture: Theory and Practice. Amsterdam. (2018) The rolB plant oncogene affects multiple signaling protein modules related to hormone signaling and plant defense. 8:2285 (2003) The rolC gene in carnation exhibits cytokinin- and auxin-like activities. 97:321-331 -Delbart F, Tempé J (1982) Agrobacterium rhizogenes inserts T-DNA into the genomes of the host plant root cells. Nature 295:432-434 üller R (2008) Transformation of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana with rol-genes is useful in molecular breeding towards compact growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various research studies related to Agrobacterium rhizogenes and rol genes in plants but does not mention Bacopa Monnieri or its memory-enhancing properties. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or provide any related information about the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: С высокой степенью вероятности можно предположить, что в число отделов раннепалеозойских водорослей входили зелёные водоросли (отдел Chlorophyta, включая известь выделяющие формы, сходные с Tubiphites Maslov), бурые водоросли (отдел Phaeophyta), красные водоросли (отдел Rhodophyta). Доказано существование в девонском периоде харовых водорослей (отдел Charophyta). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses early Paleozoic algae and various types of algae (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, and Charophyta) without mentioning flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI applications are being researched for use in gaming, medicine, and mental health. [SEP] Text: [P12]Theme 2: Personalized and Actionable DataParticipants highlighted the effectiveness of technology at supporting the acquisition of new habits, as well as their desire to be able to track various aspects of their behavior:This to me was a great way to help me do some more meditation that I was trying to incorporate into my daily routine. [P67]Reminders are one of the features that could support this, but participants’ reports highlighted mixed attitudes toward them and the need for more sophisticated support that leads to action:Less reminders but more suggestions how to put it into a routine when to use it. [P10]Customization was seen as valuable, but participants regularly wished for greater flexibility and targeted customization to ensure the information they gathered was more meaningful and personalized:Change the mood tracking questions so that I can spot some variation in them. As it stood, I used the mood tracker for a while, but I always gave the same answers, so it wasn't worth the bother. [P51]There was also a strong desire that technology supports a more nuanced view of mental health:Could take more account of grey areas when it comes to mental health. [. . . ] Just cause [sic] I can do daily activities to some extent doesn't mean that I am having a good mental health day. [P52]As noted above, some participants had a tendency to contrast technology with face-to-face support, noting that face-to-face approaches provided greater flexibility:Although there were personalised [sic] elements (eg setting your own goals), it didn't always cover what I needed to cover (things that were later teased out from face to face CBT). [P97]Finally, although many participants recognized the benefits of activities, such as tracking, there was a clear desire for technologies that could translate this into recommendations for actions that are concrete, targeted, and personalized:I haven't come across any that seem to be effective, at least for me. Something combining tracking and action based specifically on the results of the tracking might be best. [P61]Theme 3: Trust is a issue of trust came up on 3 different levels: trust in the system, trust in the content, and trust in the community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effective use of technology in supporting mental health, which aligns with the stated research applications for BCI in both mental health and potentially medicine. It highlights participants' desires for technology that can provide personalized and actionable data in mental health contexts, such as mood tracking and managing daily habits, which are relevant aspects of BCI applications in these fields.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: é J (1981) Production of d’agropine par des racines transformes sous I’action d’Agrobacterium rhizogenes souche A4. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 292:153-156 Thorpe TA (1980) Organogenesis in vitro: structural, physiological and biochemical aspects. In: Vasil IK (ed) International review of cytology suppl 11 A. Perspectives in plant cell and tissue culture. Academic Press, New York, pp 71-111 (1998) Shoot regeneration and somatic embryogenesis from different explants of Brahmi [Bacopa monniera (L. ) Wettst. ]. Rep 17:538-543 (2001) Comparative studies of cytokinins on in vitro propagation of Bacopa monniera. Cult 66:9-16 (1980) Control of morphogenesis by inherent and exogenously applied factors in thin cell layers. 11A:175-194 van van van der (1992) Effects of the introduction of Agrobacterium rhizogenesrol genes on tomato plant and flower development. 83:77-85 Wabiko H, (1996) Exogenous phytohormone-independent growth and regeneration of tobacco plants transgenic for the 6b gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens AKE10. 112:939-951 (2001) Regeneration of plants from callus cultures of roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes on Alhagi pseudoalhagi. 11:279-284 (1985) Molecular and genetic analysis of the transferred DNA regions of the root-inducing plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. J Bacteriol 164:33-44 (2014) Strain specific Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Bacopa monnieri. J Biotechnol 12:89-94 (2010) Expression of rol genes in transgenic soybean (Glycine max L. ) leads to changes in plant phenotype, leaf morphology, and flowering time. Cult 103:227-236TablesTable 1 Adventitious root regeneration in leaf and internode explants derived from rolA-transgenic, rolB-transgenic, Ri-transformed and non-transformed plants of B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the production and regeneration of Bacopa monnieri in a scientific context, with no mention of memory enhancement or herbal supplement properties. It discusses various studies and techniques related to plant cell culture and transformation, but does not provide information supporting or contrasting the claim about memory enhancement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В позднем силуре фиксируется появление настоящих высших растений, имевших явные признаки адаптации к существованию в условиях суши: плотные покровные кутикулы, многочисленные споры с плотной, устойчивой к внешним воздействиям оболочкой, заключённые в терминальный или, реже, латеральный спорангий, проводящие элементы, состоящие из трахеид с лестничными и кольцевыми утолщениями стенок. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes the characteristics of higher plants that emerged in the late Silurian period, detailing their adaptations to land such as cuticles and spores. However, it does not directly address the impact of the evolution of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI applications are being researched for use in gaming, medicine, and mental health. [SEP] Text: In this framing, the expectations of technology are subtly different: it is no longer a second-best option; rather, it is a different option that offers people new opportunities to engage with their mental health. The onus for researchers then also shifts to understanding how technology can extend the overall mental health ecosystem, identifying the contexts and groups with whom different technologies are most effective, setting realistic expectations of technology, and communicating these new choices to end users. In this study, those who used technologies as an active choice—or used it as an adjunct to a traditional therapeutic relationship—had different expectations and a more positive experience of technology. Previous studies [9,57] also show that technology is viewed more positively when it matches the expectations of users and is an active choice. Viewed as a single option in an overall ecosystem, the choice to not use technology or limit its use will be a correct decision for some people. The challenge is to identify approaches that are effective and fit individual needs, irrespective of the medium. Apps and SmartphonesMany participants in this study combined different technologies, but smartphone apps were clearly the most widely used technology, either in isolation or in combination with others. Given that smartphones are also a common access point for social media and Web-based services, they clearly represent a vital part of the ecosystem of mental health technologies. Our findings corroborate the results of recent work by Schueller et al [47], which focused specifically on app use. Features such as tracking, notifications, interactivity, and customization are identified as important in both studies. Privacy, again identified as important in both studies, is discussed in greater detail below. Personal recommendations were the leading factor in people’s decision to use an app in both studies. Among our participants, only 6% of them were recommended an app by a health professional. This is lower than that reported by Schuller et al, but it is consistent with their finding that informal sources are currently more important than formal sources in identifying mental health apps. Interestingly, although the numbers in this study are too low to support strong conclusions, our findings indicate that health professionals in the are currently more likely to recommend Web-based resources than apps. It is possible that health professionals are less confident in the efficacy of apps, but it may also be because of institutional support from Web-based systems or a lack of awareness of available apps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of technology in the mental health ecosystem, indicating that various technologies, including smartphone apps, are utilized for mental health purposes. It emphasizes the importance of user engagement with these technologies as valid tools within therapeutic contexts, thereby supporting the notion that Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) applications, among others, are indeed being actively researched for use in mental health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The safety and effectiveness of nootropics can vary based on individual health factors. [SEP] Text: The use of a case‒control study design provided an excellent statistical approach to compare two study groups, cases and controls, in the event of multiple exposures with a single outcome. The design is also suitable for the preliminary investigation of suspected factors, and findings from this study may be used to justify longitudinal studies later. The study results are generalisable because the study used country-representative data. The use of multivariate analyses allowed the study to adjust for the effects of other variables. Observer bias was significantly minimised in this study because the primary data were not collected for the purpose of this study. This study is subject to the following limitations: the information provided by the respondents was self-reported and subjected to recall bias or concealing some of the information deemed confidential by the participant; ascertainment of outcome status did not include pregnancies lost through abortion; the use of secondary data made it impossible to study other variables, especially those under health service factors, because the dataset did not provide sufficient information on such; and the study design could not establish the temporal relationship between exposure and outcome. study sought to identify individual, familial, community and health service level factors associated with teenage pregnancy in Malawi. After adjusting for the effect of other independent variables in multivariate analyses, the individual-level factors: no teenage marriage; secondary education; higher education; being in the highest wealth index category and use of contraception were significant. At the familial level, domestic violence by the father or mother was statistically significant. Findings from this study will guide policymakers to develop focused and high-impact interventions to address the problem of teenage pregnancies in Malawi. Recommendations. Drawing from the list of identified factors associated with teenage pregnancy in this study, the following actions are highly recommended: The government should ensure effective implementation of the amended marriage legislation of 18 years as the legal age of marriage for Malawi [46]; sustain and expand the initiatives that promote girls’ education; introduce programs to address the low socioeconomic status of vulnerable adolescent girls; and find strategies to increase contraceptive use among teenagers before becoming pregnant. To address the study’s limitations and inconclusive results, future research should employ robust research methodologies that can yield more reliable results in determining the association between teenage pregnancy and health service factors. . . of Malawi. CI Confidence interval. of. COR Crude odds ratio. DHS Demographic and Health Survey. on Population and Development. and Health Surveys. SCI Save the Children International. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study on factors associated with teenage pregnancy in Malawi, without any mention of nootropics, their safety, effectiveness, or individual health factors. Therefore, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Из позднесилурийских высших наземных растений следует назвать куксонию (Cooksonia Lang), похожую на неё ярравию (et Lang), но не с грибовидными, а с эллиптически вытянутыми и лопастными спорангиями, и барагванатию (et Lang), внешне сходную с плауновидными и обладавшую многочисленными длинными филлоидами – микрофиллами1 [4, 5]. В раннем девоне растительный мир был настолько богат, что анализу его разнообразия можно посвятить большую монографию. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses ancient terrestrial plants like Cooksonia and their diversity in early Devonian landscapes, but it does not provide any information about flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI applications are being researched for use in gaming, medicine, and mental health. [SEP] Text: Mental health smartphone apps: review and evidence-based recommendations for future developments. . Mar 1, 2016;3(1):e7. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Blázquez Martín D, de I, Garcia-Zapirain B, Lopez-Coronado M, Rodrigues J. Managing and controlling stress using mHealth: systematic search in app stores. . May 9, 2018;6(5):e111. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Mental and emotional self-help technology apps: cross-sectional study of theory, technology, and mental health behaviors. . Oct 17, 2017;4(4):e45. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. for Mood Tracking: of Features and User Reviews. In: Proceedings Archive. 2017. Presented at: AMIA'17; November 4-8, 2017:295-504; Washington, DC. . Can smartphone mental health interventions reduce symptoms of anxiety? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord. Dec 15, 2017;218:15-22. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] A systematic review of cognitive behavioral therapy and behavioral activation apps for depression. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0154248. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. A review of free iPhone applications designed to target anxiety and worry. J Sci. Jan 11, 2017;2(2):61-70. [CrossRef]. Evidence-based apps? A review of mental health mobile applications in a psychotherapy context. Res Pr. Jun 2017;48(3):199-210. [CrossRef]. User experience of cognitive behavioral therapy apps for depression: an analysis of app functionality and user reviews. J Res. Dec 6, 2018;20(6):e10120. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]ș R, Soflau R, Dobrean A, et al. Anxiety: there is an app for that. A systematic review of anxiety apps. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34(6):518-525. [CrossRef] [Medline]-Page M, Jadad AA, et al. Finding a depression app: a review and content analysis of the depression app marketplace. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various mental health smartphone applications and their effectiveness. It mentions reviews, recommendations, and studies related to mental health interventions, indicating that research is ongoing in this area. This aligns with the claim's assertion that BCI applications (which can include various technologies) are being researched for mental health purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some nootropics work by increasing blood flow or modulating neurotransmitters. [SEP] Text: After administration of intravenous ephedrine, Vdiaduring contraction was restored to 74% of the precontraction value. After ephedrine washout, Vdiaand RI values during uterine contraction returned to baseline values (fig. 1). Table 2. ParametersData are mean ± standard error of the mean. *P < 0. 05 versus baseline. †P < 0. 05 versus ephedrine. HR = heart rate; SAP = systolic; DAP = diastolic; MAP = mean arterial pressure. View largeView largeDownload slideFig. 1. Box plots (median, 10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th percentiles) of peak systolic (Vsys) and end-diastolic (Vdia) flow velocities and resistance indices (RI) in the uterine artery at the peak amplitude of uterine contraction (A ) and between uterine contractions (B ). Values were obtained at baseline, immediately after administration of bolus intravenous ephedrine, and during recovery. *P < 0. 05 versus baseline; #P < 0. 01 versus baseline; §P < 0. 05 versus ephedrine. View largeDownload slideFig. 1. Box plots (median, 10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th percentiles) of peak systolic (Vsys) and end-diastolic (Vdia) flow velocities and resistance indices (RI) in the uterine artery at the peak amplitude of uterine contraction (A ) and between uterine contractions (B ). Values were obtained at baseline, immediately after administration of bolus intravenous ephedrine, and during recovery. *P < 0. 05 versus baseline; #P < 0. 01 versus baseline; §P < 0. 05 versus ephedrine. Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 2. Representative example of uterine artery velocity waveform in a single parturient at baseline (A and B ) and after 18 mg ephedrine (C and D ) in the absence of uterine contraction (A and C ) and at the peak amplitude of uterine contraction (B and D ). Arrows indicate peak systolic (Vsys) and end-diastolic (Vdia) flow velocities in the uterine artery. (B ) Dramatic reduction in Vdiaduring contraction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of intravenous ephedrine on uterine artery blood flow during contractions, specifically how it affects various flow velocities (Vsys and Vdia) and resistance indices (RI). While the text provides insight into blood flow dynamics, it does not cite any nootropics or suggest that such substances work through the mechanisms mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Подробное рассмотрение девонских растений выходит далеко за рамки настоящей статьи. Следует отметить, что в раннедевонских наземных экосистемах присутствовали хитридии, паразитировавшие на хламидоспорах, встречались гифальные филаменты и спорокарпии грибов-деструкторов как в осадочном матриксе, так и внутри тканей наземных растений, таких как Asterohylon mackiei Kidston et Lang, Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii Kidston et Lang, Aglaophyton major (Kidston et Lang) Edwards, Nothia aphylla Lyon, Horneophyton lignieri (Kidston et Lang) Barghoorn et Darrah [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses Devonian plants and their associated fungi, focusing on specific species and their interactions within ancient terrestrial ecosystems. However, it does not mention flowering plants or their evolutionary impact, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI applications are being researched for use in gaming, medicine, and mental health. [SEP] Text: 'is a Part of My Soul' – Bond with Phones. In: Conference on Computing, Systems, Services and Technologies. 2008. Presented at: '08; September 29-October 4, 2008:311-317; Valencia, Spain. [CrossRef]. Quantifying the changeable self: the role of self-tracking in coming to terms with and managing bipolar disorder. Interact. Feb 17, 2017;32(5-6):413-446. [CrossRef]Kersten-van. Personal informatics, self-insight, and behavior change: a critical review of current literature. Interact. Jan 19, 2017;32(5-6):268-296. [CrossRef] What does all this data mean for my future mood? Actionable analytics and targeted reflection for emotional well-being. Interact. Jan 4, 2017;32(5-6):208-267. [CrossRef]. as Lived Informatics. In: Proceedings of the on in Computing Systems. 2014. Presented at: CHI'14; April 26-May 01, 2014:1163-1172; Toronto, Ontario. [CrossRef]. Exploring the use of multiple mental health apps within a platform: secondary analysis of the IntelliCare field trial. . Mar 21, 2019;6(3):e11572. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Mobile mental health: navigating new rules and regulations for digital tools. Rep. 2016;18(10):91. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Current regulation of mobile mental health applications. J Psychiatry Law. Jun 2018;46(2):204-211. [CrossRef] [Medline]'Kane AA, Stawarz K. Can standards and regulations keep up with health technology? . Jun 3, 2015;3(2):e64. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Clinical review of user engagement with mental health smartphone apps: evidence, theory and improvements. Ment Health. Aug 2018;21(3):116-119. [CrossRef] [Medline]AbbreviationsCBT: : for Health ResearchEdited by G Eysenbach; submitted 18. 10. 18; peer-reviewed by comments to author 21. 03. 19; revised version received 30. 05. 19; accepted 31. 05. 19; published 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that supports the claim by discussing various applications related to mental health, such as the use of multiple mental health apps and user engagement with them. These references to mental health apps and their regulation suggest that research is being conducted in that area, which aligns with the claim regarding BCI applications in medicine and mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Figure 3: Representative traces of synaptic events recorded in piriform cortex both of the control slices and slices treated with aODNs or sODNs. The change proportion of potentiated slices after treatment with ODNs and the NMDAR activity in normoxic and anoxic conditions Analyzing these FPs after treatment with ODNs and TBS we focused on the time point of 45 min corresponding to a phase of LTP maintenance (Figures 1,2), the peak of NMDA and AMPA amplitudes marked as vertical dotted lines). In control nontreated slices, TBS resulted in significant increase of the AMPA and amplitudes (Figure 3B). amplitude in the slices treated with sODNs has become still higher, while the amplitude of decreased (Figure 3C). We revealed that the slight increasing of latency of the maximal amplitude occurred in this time point possibly due to asynchronic activation of the AMPAR. The formation of the plateau between AMPA and NMDA components of FPs after TBS indicated that in these slices the permeability of AMPAR to Na+ ions was inhibited (Figure 3C). At the same time, the increase of the amplitude may be a result of the enhanced permeability of NMDAR to Ca2+ ions thereby prolonging the time of the LTP A: FPs in control- marked by grey line. AP LOT-total action potential of lateral olfactory tract of presynaptic events. Postsynaptic AMPA and NMDA components of FPs. The thin black line represents the trace of FPs under APV application (50 µM) through A-C. Each FP (for A-C) is the result of summation of the five consecutive responses on the orthodromic single LOT stimulation with frequency 0. 003 Hz. The dash horizontal line-isoline, vertical lines indicate the peak of an amplitudes measuring for AMPA and. Calibration (A-C) is as indicated. B: FPs in slices treated with sODNs under “cognitive load” - TBS, marked by grey line. Indications the same. C: FPs in slices treated with aODNs under “cognitive load” - TBS, marked by grey line. Taking together, these data convincingly pointed out the possibility of sODNs to act as cognitive enhancer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the temporary effects of synaptic events and cognitive loads related to the treatment with sODNs and aODNs. The mention of the enhancement via sODNs indicates a potential for cognitive improvement, but it does not guarantee permanence, as it references the need for specific conditions (like TBS) and suggests latency changes rather than an unequivocal, lasting enhancement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Раннедевонские грибы из нижнего девона Райни (Шотландия) отнесены к родам ex Kidston et Lang [6], et al. [7], et al. [8]. Часть девонских сапротрофных грибов ещё ждёт описания и распределения по крупным таксономическим единицам. Такое разнообразие редуцентов-сапротрофов в раннем девоне указывает на вполне развитый растительный покров, существовавший на низменных участках суши, хотя, если исходить из данных геологической летописи, крупных растений ещё не было. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses early Devonian fungi and their connection to plant development but does not specifically address the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. As a result, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs face significant ethical and privacy concerns regarding access to neural data. [SEP] Text: Original PaperRachele Hendricks-Sturrup1,2,3, Lu2, MSc, PhD 1Duke-for 2Department of and 3Department of :Rachele Hendricks--for Health Policy1201 NW5th FloorWashington, DC, 20004United StatesPhone: 1 2026212800Email: rachele. hendricks. sturrup@duke. eduAbstractBackground: 2022 US decision to ban abortion care in Dobbs v Jackson Women’s sparked ominous debate about the privacy and safety of women and families of childbearing age with digital footprints who actively engage in family planning, including abortion and miscarriage care. Objective: To assess the perspectives of a subpopulation of research participants of childbearing age regarding the health-relatedness of their digital data, their concerns about the use and sharing of personal data online, and their concerns about donating data from various sources to researchers today or in the future. Methods: An 18-item electronic survey was developed using Qualtrics and administered to adults (aged ≥18 years) registered in the ResearchMatch database in April 2021. Individuals were invited to participate in the survey regardless of health status, race, gender, or any other mutable or immutable characteristics. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted using and manual queries (single layer, bottom-up topic modeling) and used to categorize illuminating quotes from free-text survey responses. Results: A total of 470 participants initiated the survey and 402 completed and submitted the survey (for an 86% completion rate). Nearly half the participants (189/402, 47%) self-reported to be persons of childbearing age (18 to 50 years). Most participants of childbearing age agreed or strongly agreed that social media data, email data, text message data, Google search history data, online purchase history data, electronic medical record data, fitness tracker and wearable data, credit card statement data, and genetic data are health-related. Most participants disagreed or strongly disagreed that music streaming data, Yelp review and rating data, ride-sharing history data, tax records and other income history data, voting history data, and geolocation data are health-related. Most (164/189, 87%) participants were concerned about fraud or abuse based on their personal information, online companies and websites sharing information with other parties without consent, and online companies and websites using information for purposes that are not explicitly stated in their privacy policies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concerns participants have about the use and sharing of personal data online, which aligns with ethical and privacy concerns relevant to Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and access to neural data. The mention of concerns about fraud or abuse related to personal information further emphasizes the need for ethical considerations in the context of digital data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: On the contrary aODNs decreased NMDA and amplitudes and promoted the induction of depressive potentiation. Phase of repolarization of AMPA component of FPs which reflected the outflow potassium current at that moment was found to be short (38. 0 % from the same of tetanized nontreated slices, U=9, n=11, p≤0. 05). Amplitude of reduced significantly (41. 0 % from the same of nontreated slices without TBS, U=10, n=11, p≤0. 05) (Figure 3C). The proportion of the slices with LTP after treatment with sODNs and aODNs under control (Cntr), oxygenated conditions and during 10 min anoxia. * p≤0. 05 (U-test of Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney). The TBS of LOT in control nontreated slices and in slices treated with sODNs induced NMDAR-dependent LTP in piriform cortex under normal oxygenation. In anoxic conditions (10 min) the irreversible blockade of the NMDAR activity in control nontreated slices took place (Figure 4). The treatment of slices with sODNs induced the significant changes in the NMDAR-dependent response to anoxia compared with control nontreated slices. Activity of NMDAR was unexpectedly protected even in conditions of severe anoxia. NMDAR activity were preserved within control values (75 % from control, p≥0. 05) (Figure 4). Treatment with sODNs increased the proportion of potentiated slices with the LTP form of plasticity (Figure 4). It is interesting, the aODNs treatment decreased proportion of the slices with LTP, possibly, due to development of the LTD in slices. It may be the result of the shift to the prevailing depressive form of plasticity involving the majority of synaptic transmissions. Figure 4: The effects of anoxia (10 min) on the NMDAR-dependent LTP in slices treated with sODNs and aODNs. is generally accepted that long-term synaptic changes such as synaptic plasticity and memory formation are associated with activation of glutamatergic synapses through the NMDAR-dependent ion channels [1,4-6,8,32-34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing research findings that suggest varying effects of nootropic treatments on synaptic activity and cognitive functions. Specifically, it indicates that the treatment with aODNs led to decreased synaptic enhancements (LTP), implying that these treatments do not guarantee improvement and might even result in negative effects such as a prevailing depressive form of plasticity. Therefore, it challenges the notion that nootropics assure permanent cognitive improvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Суммируя всё сказанное выше, можно кратко резюмировать следующие положения общепринятых представлений о колонизации суши растениями:кембрий, ордовик и ранний силур – растения произрастают в морской среде;поздний силур – растения переходят на сушу, скорее всего, в литоральной зоне;ранний девон – растения формируют первые наземные растительные сообщества. Против этих представлений возражал С. В. Мейен [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the colonization of land by plants during different geological periods, but it does not directly address the impact of the evolution of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. It mainly outlines the transition of plants from aquatic to terrestrial environments and cites a disagreement about these views. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs face significant ethical and privacy concerns regarding access to neural data. [SEP] Text: Free-text survey responses showed that participants were concerned about data use beyond scope of consent; exclusion from health care and insurance; government and corporate mistrust; and data confidentiality, security, and discretion. Conclusions: Our findings in light of Dobbs and other related events indicate there are opportunities to educate research participants about the health-relatedness of their digital data. Developing strategies and best privacy practices for discretion regarding digital-footprint data related to family planning should be a priority for companies, researchers, families, and other stakeholders. J Res 2023;25:e41937doi:10. 2196/41937Keywordsprivacy; digital data; research; abortion; women's health; reproductive health; reproductive informatics; digital footprint; family planning Introduction2022 of the ruling on Dobbs v Jackson Women’s has been an alarming development for many, especially women and families who may experience miscarriage or seek abortion regardless of medical necessity. Digital data today come from a variety of sources, including but not limited to period-tracking apps, electronic health records, and fitness-tracking apps and wearables, that are loosely regulated with respect to personal data privacy and discretion. It is therefore concerning that powerful entities like state law enforcement and large companies may have potentially unfiltered access to sensitive data that are suggestive of female fertility or family planning decisions. Several sources have amplified these concerns, and the future is unknown regarding the personal safety and privacy of women and families of childbearing age with digital footprints who actively engage in family planning, including abortion and miscarriage care [1-6]. v Jackson US ruling effectively reversed the 1973 US ruling in Roe v Wade, 410 US 113, that conferred on women the right to decisional privacy around abortion and miscarriage care. Prior to and at the time of Roe v Wade, the proliferation and oversupply of data was neither imagined nor a reality, affording women and families of childbearing age perhaps greater informational privacy and discretion around abortion and miscarriage care. Yet today, in light of ample and largely ungoverned opportunities to acquire potentially identifiable data from a wide variety of sources (eg, public websites, data brokers, and mobile apps), law enforcement access to identifiable or reidentifiable data to target women and families of childbearing age is easier than ever before. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing significant concerns related to privacy and data use. It highlights participants’ worries about data use beyond consent, mistrust of government and corporations, and issues regarding data confidentiality and security. Additionally, it underscores the ease with which law enforcement can access sensitive data, implying that similar concerns could arise within the realm of Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and their handling of neural data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: This activity depends on assembly, activation and modulation of the different subunits of NMDARs [35-37]. Our data have shown that the NMDARs and AMPAR-dependent long-term modification of synaptic plasticity readily developed in piriform cortex of slices after TBS. GluN1 subunit plays a main role in NMDAR functioning as an obligatory receptor subunit for receptor/channel function [1] and widely expresses in CNS [38-40]. It was shown that the rapid forms of NMDAR trafficking and the surface distribution of these receptors possibly regulated plasticity and modulate cognitive abilities [41-44]. We assumed that up- and down regulation of GluN1 subunit of these receptors may be involved in modification of synaptic plasticity in vitro. Indeed, when slices were treated with aODNs or sODNs the significant changes of the NMDARs and AMPAR-dependent LTP or LTD were determined. It should be point out that in slices treated with ODNs, without “synaptic loading” (low frequency, single impulse), which corresponded to a rest state of network, the baseline amplitude characteristics of FPs in slices were the same as in control, nontreated slices. It means that aODNs and sODNs did not changed neither excitability nor inhibition of synaptic network in olfactory slices. On the contrary, after exposure of slices to “cognitive load” (high frequency LOT tetanization), which corresponded to long-term synaptic alterations in slices, the LTP or LTD development were depended of the applied ODNs. Our findings showed that aODNs promoted both NMDAR- and AMPAR-dependent LTD development in slices. It should be noted, that the aODNs affected both NMDA and AMPA component of FPs. These data may indicate that aODNs reinforced the efficacy of the synaptic glutamatergic activity. Such readjustment of the receptor activity is an essential component for controlling the excitation/inhibition balance in long-term prosesses of learning in brain. The similar interaction of NMDAR and AMPAR activity was shown previously in the cortical slice preparation [45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and the role of various receptors (NMDARs and AMPARs) in learning and cognitive abilities, indicating that cognitive enhancement depends on the modulation of these receptors rather than guaranteeing permanent improvements. It emphasizes that the changes in synaptic characteristics required for cognitive improvement do not inherently result in permanent effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Согласно его гипотезе, высшие растения были сформированы в наземных условиях во внутренних областях континентов и лишь затем переселились ближе к побережью и в литоральную зону: «Почему бы не предположить, что заселение суши водорослями произошло в досилурийские времена, а преобразование водорослей в высшие растения происходило целиком в наземных условиях? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it discusses a hypothesis regarding the development of higher plants in terrestrial conditions and their subsequent migration, which is related but does not evaluate the impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs face significant ethical and privacy concerns regarding access to neural data. [SEP] Text: Participants were asked to indicate their level of agreement with statements that indicated the health-relatedness of various data sources (Table 2). Most participants agreed or strongly agreed that social media data (eg, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram), email data, text message data, Google search history data, online purchase history data, electronic medical record data, fitness tracker or wearable data, credit card statement data, and genetic data are health-related. Most participants disagreed or strongly disagreed that music streaming data, Yelp review and rating data, ride-sharing history data, tax records and other income history data, voting history data, and geolocation data are health-related. Participants were largely neutral about the health-relatedness of Snapchat data. Participants were asked to indicate whether they were concerned with 5 statements regarding the use and sharing of their personal data online (Table 3). Over 87% (164/189) of participants were concerned about fraud or abuse based on their personal information, online companies and websites sharing information with other parties without consent, and online companies and websites using information for purposes that are not explicitly stated in their privacy policies. Nearly 60% (111/189) of participants were concerned that information they share online with friends may be inappropriately disclosed by those friends to others. The lowest proportion of participants were concerned about people they know online not being who they say they are (87/189, 46%). Lastly, participants were asked to share their concerns (in free text) about donating their electronic data to researchers today or in the future. Illuminating quotes were captured from participants who expressed concern with every statement shown in Table 3 regarding the use and sharing of their personal data online (59/189, 31%; Textbox 1). Illuminating quotes were lightly edited to address typos, organized, and categorized along the following themes: data use beyond scope of consent; exclusion from health care and insurance; government and corporate mistrust; and data confidentiality, security, and discretion. Table 1. Survey participant education levels and age ranges (n=189). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing participants' concerns about the use and sharing of their personal data online. It reports that over 87% of participants expressed concern about issues such as fraud or abuse based on their personal information and the sharing of information without consent. Furthermore, quotes from participants reveal worries about data use beyond the scope of consent and the confidentiality and security of their data, which align with the ethical and privacy concerns associated with neural data access in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs).


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: The down-regulation of NMDAR activity by applied aODNs induced a reduction of the glutamatergic ionotropic receptor activity and corresponded to the data of protective action of these ODNs in hippocampal models in vitro [14,20] and in vivo [17-19]. Similar protective effect was revealed on brain slices in our study. So, under the aODNs treatment an inhibition of NMDAR and significant decrease of the AMPAR activity was registrated (Figure 3C). We may concluded that such down regulation of the NMDAR activity resulted in lowered effect that may have protective potential for the harmful hyperactivation of the ionotropic glutamate receptors. Our findings showed that treatment of slices with aODNs led to preservation of their receptor mechanisms in anoxic conditions (Figure 4). It is consistent with the current knowledge of their role in the prossess of learning. Our data showed that a transient down regulation of GluN1 subunit in some cases resulted in protective lowering of NMDAR activity. At the same time prolonged hypofunction of this activity may have a negative influence. In the GluN1 knock-out models for investigation in schizophrenia the hypothesis of cognitive dysfunction is connected the permanent hypofunction of the NMDAR [23-25,46]. It is interesting, that treatment of slices with sODNs directed to brief abundance of GluN1 subunit resulted in opposite effects. We showed that treatment of brain slices with sODNs significantly enhanced the NMDAR activity after “cognitive load” and promote the development both NMDAR- and AMPAR-dependent form of learning, as LTP. The amplitude of the NMDA component of FPs was almost equal to the same of the AMPA component (Figure 3C). It means that activity of these receptors are in the state of readiness for the favorable progression of learning. Indeed, the amplitudes of NMDA component and longitude of the potentiated state exceeded the control values. The AMPA component of FPs was activated in the phase of LTP initiation only. The state of LTP development was maintained due to the NMDAR activation. Thus, the treatment with sODNs induces enhancing effect on learning and possible on the forming of the memory traces. We supposed that such pharmacological processing resulted in improving of synaptic conductivity and eventually to facilitation of learning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting that while certain treatments can enhance cognitive and receptor activity temporarily (as noted with sODNs), there is also evidence that prolonged down-regulation or hypofunction of NMDAR activity can have negative influences, indicating that cognitive improvements are not guaranteed and can vary. For instance, 'prolonged hypofunction of this activity may have a negative influence,' suggesting that the effects of such treatments may lead to cognitive dysfunction rather than permanent improvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: На какой-то стадии этого процесса водоросли обрели способность обтягивать свои споры прочными, химически устойчивыми оболочками. Это событие мы и отмечаем в геологической летописи, когда оболочки спор появляются в силурийских породах. К концу силура уже развились несомненные высшие растения и некоторые из них отправились жить в воду, причём совершенно необязательно "обратно" в воду» [2, с. 23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the evolution of algae and their ability to develop chemically resilient spores as noted in Silurian deposits. While it mentions the evolution of higher plants, it does not address flowering plants or their specific impact on terrestrial ecosystems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs face significant ethical and privacy concerns regarding access to neural data. [SEP] Text: ”4 (2)3 (2)9 (5)24 (13)a149 (79)a“Yelp reviews and ratings contain health-related information. ”30 (16)a58 (31)a57 (30)41 (22)3 (2)“Ride-sharing history (Uber, Lyft, etc. ) contains health-related information. ”39 (21)a66 (35)a52 (28)27 (14)5 (3)“Fitness Tracker/Wearables history contains health-related information. ”3 (2)2 (1)15 (8)74 (39)a95 (50)a“Tax records and other income history contains health-related information. ”39 (21)a54 (29)a48 (25)40 (21)8 (4)“Credit card statements contain health-related information. ”32 (17)40 (21)39 (21)63 (33)a15 (8)a“Voting history contains health-related information. ”74 (39)a71 (38)a30 (16)12 (6)2 (1)“Geolocation (GPS from your phone or computer) data contains health-related information. ”27 (14)a42 (22)a54 (29)54 (29)12 (6)“Genetic data (23andMe, etc. ) contains health-related information. ”6 (3)10 (5)29 (15)70 (37)a74 (39)aaThese fields indicate highest proportions or skewed levels of agreement. Table 3. Respondents’ concerns about the use and sharing of their personal information online (n=189). StatementsRespondents, n (%)UnsureNoYes“share with friends online may be inappropriately disclosed by them to others. ”20 (11)58 (31)111 (59)“People who you only know from online are not who they say they are. ”52 (28)50 (26)87 (46)“Other internet users might try to defraud you or abuse your personal information. ”8 (4)17 (9)164 (87)“Online companies and websites might try and share your information to other parties without explicit consent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing concerns related to the shared use and potential inappropriate disclosure of personal information. Specifically, it highlights statements from respondents indicating worries about how their data might be shared without explicit consent, which aligns with the ethical and privacy concerns posed by Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) regarding access to neural data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: These data are entirely consistent with contemporary view about the role of NMDARs in the processes of learning [12]. It is known, that inappropriate NMDAR activation is involved in the etiology of several diseases including acute strokes [47,48] and epilepsy [49]. We examined the role of up regulation of GluN1 in anoxic conditions too. It was established, that brain slices are very sensitive to insufficient oxygen supply in vitro [50]. Previously, we showed that severe 10 min anoxia induced irreversible blockade of NMDAR-mediated synaptic activity [51,52]. It is surprisingly, that the treatment of slices with ODNs promoted the preservation of activity of NMDAR in conditions of the acute oxygene deprivation of (Figure 4). The treatment of slices with sODNs led to cognitive-associated enhancing of LTP in the same conditions. Implications of GluN1 subunit in regulation of synaptic plasticity determined in our study demonstrate that sODNs may enhance non-associative form of the learning in piriform cortex acting as cognitive enhancer. This assumption possibly may be applicable even in case of damaging influence of severe anoxia. important pharmacological implications of the sODNs impact consisted in the positive influence on LTP development in the rat piriform cortex. Therefore, in practical implications a capability of sODNs to enhance the NMDAR-mediated synaptic plasticity should be taken into attention for coordination of the receptor activity as specific target in cure of cognitive processes in normal and certain pathological conditions as well as the protective ability of aODNs to suppress the excessive NMDAR activation. 496. Ref. :. Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity of NMDA receptors. J Physiol. 2010; 588: 93-99. Ref. : NMDA receptor subunits: function and pharmacology. Pharmacol. 2007; 7: 39-47. Ref. : Cull-. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. SciSTKE. 2004; 255: 16. Ref. :. Rules of engagement for NMDA receptor subunits. PNAS. 2008; 105: 14163-14168. Ref. :. Arrangement of subunits in functional NMDA receptors. J Neurosci. 2010; 31: 11295-11304. Ref. : Rapid and transient learning-associated increase in 1 subunitin the rat hippocampus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of sODNs on synaptic plasticity and cognitive enhancement, but does not provide evidence or assurance that such enhancements lead to permanent cognitive improvement. Instead, it mentions specific conditions (like anoxia) and indicates potential benefits in specific contexts rather than guaranteeing lasting cognitive effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В увлажнённых субстратах могли присутствовать бактерии, одноклеточные водоросли и низшие грибы, на поверхности субстратов – лишайники. В современных пустынных экосистемах биомасса водорослей в бессточных плайевых котловинах достигает 500–600 кг на 1 га [9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the presence of bacteria, single-celled algae, lichens, and biomass of algae in desert ecosystems without mentioning flowering plants or their evolutionary impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs face significant ethical and privacy concerns regarding access to neural data. [SEP] Text: ”5 (3)9 (5)175 (93)“Online companies and websites might use your information for purposes not explicitly stated in the privacy policy. ”9 (5)14 (7)166 (88)Illuminating quotes about donating electronic data to researchers from participants with concerns regarding the use and sharing of their personal information online. Data use beyond scope of consent“Biggest concern would be security of that donated data and being sure that it was being used as intended. ”“My only concern is using the data for things other than health related issues. ”Exclusion from health care and insurance“I worry it could be used to deny me health or life insurance. ”“Security of data, insurance coverage discrimination. ”Government and corporate mistrust“I would distrust my info being used by certain corporations. ”“Privacy and info being sold or given to untrustworthy sources or companies. ”“I don't think protections for data to be misused are strong enough in this country. ”“After military service, I do not trust anyone with my health information. ”“Data breaches or that the health data would be sold to corporations who would use that to market for me; that it would be collected by a government entity and used against me in any type of criminal or civil liability case. ”“Releasing data of any kind raises my risk of adverse events, from identity theft to targeted biological warfare. ”Data confidentiality, security, and discretion“. . . potential for abuse. . . potential to find children people have lost custody of, like contacting them on Facebook instead of proper channels. . . harder to evade stalkers, etc. ”“I’d like to keep my privacy. I’d feel really exposed. I’d have to know for sure that my data would be kept confidential and used for something good. ”“I would have concerns regarding researchers keeping my information private, especially information regarding vaccine history. ”“All of my concerns have to do with privacy. I would worry about how my information would be used and protected, and I would be especially sensitive about my genetic information. ”“I have concerns regarding medical mistreatment due to past inaccurate diagnoses, and I am concerned about my health information being sold to advertisers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various concerns related to privacy and ethical issues surrounding the use of personal data. It mentions potential misuse of data, lack of trust in companies handling personal information, and worries about data being used beyond its intended purpose, such as in health or insurance discrimination. Specific quotes highlight fears of security breaches and the use of personal data against individuals, which aligns with the ethical and privacy concerns raised in the claim regarding Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and neural data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1317818/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 2posted You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractBackgroundThe clinical benefits of nootropics in the treatment of cognitive decline has been either limited or controversial. This study aimed to observe the effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) and nootropics combination in the treatment of cognitive impairment in dementia. MethodsData were based on electronic medical records in a university health system. Patients with mild-to-moderate dementia and no history of prior cognitive enhancer use were included (n = 583). The subjects were categorized into the ChEI only group and the ChEI and nootropics combination group. The primary outcome measure was the change in cognitive function, as assessed by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) from baseline to 300–400 days after the first ChEI prescription. Subsequent analyses were conducted in consideration of the dementia type, medical adherence, and type of nootropics. ResultsThe changes in MMSE scores from baseline to endpoint were not significantly different between the two groups. In Alzheimer’s dementia, the combination group showed significantly less deterioration in MMSE language subscale scores compared to the ChEI only group (F = 6. 86, p = 0. 009), and the difference was consistent in the highly adherent subjects (F = 10. 16, p = 0. 002). The choline alfoscerate and the ginkgo biloba extract subgroups in Alzheimer’s dementia showed more significant improvements in the MMSE language subscale scores compared to the other nootropics subgroup (F = 7. 04, p = 0. 001). ConclusionsThe present study showed that the effectiveness of ChEI and nootropics combination on cognition may appear differently according to the dementia type. It emphasizes the need for well-controlled studies to generalize the effectiveness of nootropics across various clinical settings. Cholinesterase inhibitorsNootropic agentsDementiaAlzheimer diseaseCognitive dysfunctionMental status and dementia testFiguresFigure 1BackgroundDementia is one of the most rapidly growing syndromes in aging societies, and it is also the leading cause of disability and caregiver dependency among older adults. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the clinical benefits of nootropics in treating cognitive decline are limited and controversial. Specifically, it notes that in the study of patients receiving both cholinesterase inhibitors and nootropics, the results showed no significant difference in cognitive function as measured by the MMSE between those who received only cholinesterase inhibitors and those who received the combination treatment. This suggests that nootropics do not guarantee cognitive improvement in a permanent or significant manner.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Думается, что первые примитивные наземные растительные сообщества, состоящие из бактерий, одноклеточных и нитчатых водорослей, а также грибов и лишайников, появились на Земле довольно рано. Безусловно, сообщества наземных и литоральных бактерий и водорослей уже существовали в позднем протерозое. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the early terrestrial plant communities composed of bacteria, unicellular and filamentous algae, as well as fungi and lichens, without mentioning flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs face significant ethical and privacy concerns regarding access to neural data. [SEP] Text: ”“I realize all sorts of data is collected by many organizations. I generally attempt to avoid volunteering my health data, as it is extremely personal and identifiable. ”“Don’t trust researchers’ ability to keep data secure. Anyone with a cyber security education or training could easily steal research data. ”Textbox 1. Illuminating quotes about donating electronic data to researchers from participants with concerns regarding the use and sharing of their personal information online. DiscussionPrincipal FindingsThis is the first and only study to explore the perspectives of a subpopulation of research participants of childbearing age about the health-relatedness of their digital data and accompanying privacy concerns. As mentioned, this assessment is part of a larger study to explore the privacy-related experiences and perspectives of US adults and their willingness to share real-world digital data with researchers [24]. Our findings indicate, in light of Dobbs v Jackson and other related events [28], a need to not only understand these phenomena, but also determine strategies and opportunities to educate research participants about how seemingly non–health-related data can become contextually relevant to abortion and miscarriage care. For instance, a recent 56. 9%) of those receiving abortion care nationally, though abortion ratios were highest among adolescents aged ≤19 years. Given the relatively low proportion of participants aged ≤20 years who completed our survey and given that the largest proportion of individuals engaged in the survey were aged 21 to 40 years, it is possible that the concerns and perspectives herein do not reflect those of adolescent women, who are most vulnerable to a lack of safe and affordable access to family planning services. Our survey was developed on the basis of a recent systematic review and a survey study that both determined that age, income level, and education level were the strongest predictors of online or digital-footprint activity [44,45]. Thus, we collected these demographic variables in the survey but not sex, gender, or gender identity, as these variables were not suggested to be predictors of online or digital-footprint activity. Yet it should be noted that since the start of this survey, a more recent assessment of ResearchMatch participants has shown a large and growing number of participants (n=154,200) within the registry, with nearly 70% reporting as female and nearly 42% reporting as female parents. Thus, there is opportunity to explore the effect of gender on ResearchMatch participants’ views on the health-relatedness of their data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting participants' concerns about the sharing and security of their personal health data. Phrases like "I generally attempt to avoid volunteering my health data" and concerns about researchers' ability to keep data secure indicate a significant apprehension about privacy and the ethical implications of data access. This aligns with the ethical and privacy concerns surrounding brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and their access to sensitive neural data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Currently, more than 55 million people worldwide are affected by dementia, and nearly 10 million new patients are diagnosed with dementia every year [1]. Dementia leads to deterioration in multiple domains of cognitive function, including orientation, memory, language, attention, and visuospatial construction. To date, no curative drugs for dementia have been widely implemented in clinical practice, and most clinicians still consider cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) as the first line of pharmacological treatment for cognitive deficits in dementia [2, 3]. Nootropics, which were originally described as compounds with similar pharmacology to piracetam, are now generally accepted as any and all compounds that are expected to improve learning and memory in experimental and clinical paradigms [4]. In Korea, apart from the general over-the-counter supplements, there are certain nootropics that need prescriptions for use; among those most frequently prescribed are choline alfoscerate, ginkgo biloba extract, acetyl-L-carnitine, nicergoline, and oxiracetam. Many clinicians often prefer concomitant use of ChEIs with nootropics, based on fragmentary evidence that augmentation could have certain clinical benefits [5, 6]. In fact, the clinical benefits of nootropics in the treatment of cognitive decline are either limited or controversial, with some studies showing improvements in cognitive function with choline alfoscerate [7–9], ginkgo biloba extract [10, 11], acetyl-L-carnitine [6, 12], and nicergoline [13, 14], while other studies demonstrated no clinical benefits of such nootropics [15–18]. Although nootropics alone may not significantly improve cognitive function, nootropics in combination with ChEIs may enhance cholinergic neurotransmission, neurogenesis, and microperfusion in the frontal lobe, hippocampus, and striatum, ultimately delaying cognitive decline in dementia, especially in those with mild-to-moderate disease severity [19–21]. This study aimed to elucidate whether the concomitant use of nootropics with ChEIs is effective in the treatment of cognitive impairment in patients with dementia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while nootropics may show some potential in cognitive enhancement, the clinical benefits are either limited or controversial. It highlights that although certain studies indicate improvements in cognitive function with some nootropics, other studies have shown no clinical benefits. Consequently, it suggests that nootropics do not guarantee permanent cognitive improvement but may offer limited improvements, particularly when combined with other treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Возможно, в таксономическом составе этих сообществ в литоральной зоне присутствовали представители вендотенид, обладавших плотными покровами и трилетными спорами2 с прочной оболочкой [10]. Когда же в этих изначальных наземных сообществах появились первые высшие наземные растения? Сейчас имеется всё больше оснований считать, что это произошло не в силуре, а, по меньшей мере, в середине ордовика. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the taxonomic composition of communities in a specific ecological zone, and mentions the appearance of higher land plants, but does not address flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs face significant ethical and privacy concerns regarding access to neural data. [SEP] Text: Although our survey was conducted in April 2021, prior to the June 2022 US ruling in Dobbs v Jackson, ResearchMatch participants’ data privacy concerns may have been affected by COVID-19 and other major events that occurred during 2020 [23]. This is especially relevant given that recent studies show that individuals’ data privacy concerns were likely heightened during the COVID-19 pandemic, as privacy laws and regulations were relaxed to accommodate digital public health surveillance and remote health care [19,46]. Therefore, further research should explore how this recent US decision might impact female and female parent perspectives on the health-relatedness of their data and their concerns about donating data to researchers today or in the future. decision in Dobbs v Jackson has sharpened the focus on the ways in which populations perceive the health-relatedness of their data, on discretion around how data are used and processed, and on the organizations with whom data can be shared or disclosed. Recent uses of digital-footprint data to convict women in courts of law for engaging in abortion or undergoing certain types of miscarriage are both controversial and alarming. Therefore, it has become drastically important to understand the perspectives of health research participants of childbearing age regarding the health-relatedness of their digital-footprint data and their privacy concerns about sharing their digital-footprint data with researchers. After Dobbs, opportunities to educate research participants about the health-relatedness of their digital data are paramount. Determining strategies and privacy best practices for using digital-footprint data related to family planning with discretion should be a priority for companies, researchers, families, and other important stakeholders today and in the future. 07. URL: https://www. brookings. edu/blog/techtank/2022/07/07/how-comprehensive-privacy-legislation-can-guard-reproductive-privacy/ [accessed 2022-08-15] Zweifel-Keegan C. A view from DC: Reflections on federal privacy legislation, the Dobbs ruling, FTC rulemaking and more. of Privacy Professionals. 2022 Jul 01. URL: https://iapp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the heightened privacy concerns individuals may have regarding their data, particularly in the context of health-related information and recent legislative changes. It emphasizes the need to understand participants' perspectives on the health-relatedness of their data and their privacy concerns, which aligns with the notion of ethical and privacy considerations surrounding access to neural data in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs). The mention of 'controversial and alarming' uses of digital-footprint data ties back to ethical implications, further supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: We hypothesized that dementia patients treated with both ChEIs and nootropics would show less deterioration in cognitive function as assessed by mini-mental state examination (MMSE) over a 1-year follow-up period compared to dementia patients treated with ChEIs only. We further hypothesized that this trend would be more evident in the neurodegenerative forms of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s dementia. population The present study aimed to observe the effectiveness of the concomitant administration of nootropics with ChEIs for the treatment of cognitive deficits in patients with dementia. Data were collected and extracted via the clinical data warehouse of a university health system consisting of three general hospitals with 4,050 beds in total. Patients with any diagnosis of dementia, defined according to the Classification of Disease and Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnostic codes F00, F01, F02, F03, F10. 7, G23. 1, G30, G31. 0, G31. 1, and G31. 8, between the ages of 60 and 89 years were selected. We extracted all diagnostic codes of the patients regardless of whether they were the main or sub-diagnoses. After screening the entire prescription histories registered on the clinical data warehouse, which was over 7 years of record, only the patients who had their first ChEI prescription between 2012 and 2015 were included in the study. Subjects were further narrowed down to only those with mild-to-moderate dementia, as defined by their baseline MMSE total scores from 10 to 26 (n = 583) (Fig. 1). Subjects were categorized into the ChEI only group (n = 410) and the ChEI and nootropics combination group (n = 173). Subjects in the ChEI and nootropics combination group were prescribed at least one of the following nootropics during the follow-up period: choline alfoscerate, ginkgo biloba extract, acetyl-L-carnitine, nicergoline, and oxiracetam. MMSE total scores and its six-subscale scores (orientation, immediate recall, attention and calculation, delayed recall, language, and visuospatial construction) were collected at the baseline (within 30 days of the first ChEI prescription of ChEI) and at the endpoint (300–400 days after the first ChEI prescription), respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that hypothesizes the potential benefit of nootropics in reducing cognitive deterioration in dementia patients but does not assert that taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. It focuses on the effectiveness of nootropics in combination with other treatments and acknowledges that the improvement measured by the MMSE is not guaranteed, especially since it deals with cognitive deficits rather than overall cognitive enhancement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Одна из работ, посвящённая описанию предположительно высшего растения ордовикского возраста Boiophyton pragense Obrhel, была опубликована И. Обргелом [11]. Внешне бойофитон действительно очень схож с травянистыми плауновидными с мелкими игловидными микрофиллами. Однако позднее был выражен определённый скепсис в отношении правильности отнесения бойофитона к растениям. Согласно альтернативной точке зрения, бойофитон и сходные с ним остатки принадлежали дендроидным граптолитам [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the impact of flowering plants on ecosystems. Instead, it discusses the plant Boiophyton pragense and its classification, without any mention of flowering plants or their effects on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic architecture incorporates natural elements into building designs to promote well-being. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4402600/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between certified green buildings and biophilic design principles, aiming to assess how biophilic design aligns with (GBRTs). To achieve this, three widely used GBRTs (and LBC) are compared to the which has best adopted biophilic design patterns. The research team conducted a thorough review of available crosswalks and alignment documents, using WELL as a benchmark against the other three GBRTs. They identified overlapping equivalency levels of the seven concepts of WELL and their related 100 features, assigning weighted scores accordingly. The findings reveal both opportunities and challenges in the alignment between WELL and other GBRTs. While partial equivalency is possible, achieving full compliance is unlikely due to the extensive scientific basis of WELL features requiring further testing and analysis. LEED stands out with the largest share of equivalent features, covering 59% of the total, indicating full compliance, while scored 36% for equivalent features. However, LBC performed differently, with only 8% of features deemed equivalent due to its reliance on actual performance rather than prescriptive measures observed in LEED and. This 61. the population continues to urbanize, humans’ disconnection with nature augments, leading to a negative impact on mental and physical health. Life with and after Covid-19 provides an opportunity for re-evaluation and re-shaping of the built environment. New insights about human, nature and built environment relationships can promote health and wellness —crucially needed than it has been before. (GBRTs) have grown in popularity in the last few decades, attracting both the building industry and construction interest in sustainability. These tools, though effective in minimizing the environmental impacts of buildings, show disparities in their use, particularly to recognize the health and well-being of the occupants. incorporates “biophilia” into green building rating tools. Biophilia —love of life and living systems—is a concept introduced in the 1980s by Edward O. Wilson avowing that humans have an innate connection with nature. uses this holistic approach to improve spaces where we live and work to promote health and wellness [1], [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how biophilic design incorporates natural elements into building designs to promote health and wellness. It mentions that 'biophilia'—the concept introduced by Edward O. Wilson—reflects humans' innate connection with nature and is used to improve spaces for better health and wellness, aligning directly with the essence of biophilic architecture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Baseline data on age, sex, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), education, alcohol use, tobacco use, concomitant psychiatric medications, and comorbid diagnoses were collected during the study period. Subjects were categorized by the type of dementia according to their main diagnosis in the highest order: Alzheimer’s dementia (n = 447), vascular dementia (n = 80), and other dementia (n = 56). For subgroup analysis, the ChEI and nootropics combination group of the Alzheimer’s dementia patients were further classified as follows: choline alfoscerate group (n = 74), ginkgo biloba extract group (n = 39), and other nootropics group (n = 21). This research protocol was exempt from an ethics review and informed consent was waived by the Board of Hospital (9-2020-0108). This study adhered to the doctrine of the Declaration of Helsinki for Biomedical Research. main outcome measure was the change in cognitive function from baseline to endpoint, as assessed by the MMSE total score and its six subscale scores. Since the primary analysis did not differentiate the dementia type, subsequent analysis was conducted by comparing the changes in cognitive function between the ChEI only and ChEI and nootropics combination groups for each type of dementia separately. Further analysis was conducted in consideration of adherence to ChEI and nootropics. We defined the proportion of days covered (PDC = [Number of days in period "covered" by prescription]*100/[Number of days in period]) ≥ 0. 7 to be highly adherent, based on previous studies on adherence [22]. In the subgroup analysis, MMSE score changes were analyzed among the subgroups (i. e. , choline alfoscerate vs. ginkgo biloba extract vs. other nootropics) to observe the effectiveness of each nootropic type. Statistical analysis Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between the two groups were compared by independent t-test for continuous variables and χ2 test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Two-sample t-tests were utilized to compare the two treatment groups at baseline and endpoint, as well as the change from baseline to endpoint. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that evaluates changes in cognitive function among patients with dementia undergoing treatment with nootropics. It emphasizes that the effectiveness of nootropics was assessed based on various outcomes and does not guarantee permanent cognitive improvement. The study's primary focus was on comparing cognitive function changes rather than promising lasting effects from nootropic use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Помимо бойофитона, И. Обргел описал ещё одно предполагаемое высшее растение из среднеордовикских отложений Чехии, которое было им отнесено к новым виду и роду Krejciella putzkeri Obrhel [13]. Крейчиелла была отнесена к плауновидным со знаком вопроса. Принадлежность этих остатков к граптолитам заведомо исключена. Внешне Krejciella putzkeri в самом деле проявляет сходство с декортицированным (лишённым кортекса, то есть коры) побегом плауновидного. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it discusses a specific fossil plant, Krejciella putzkeri, and its classification, which is unrelated to flowering plants or their evolutionary significance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic architecture incorporates natural elements into building designs to promote well-being. [SEP] Text: WELL features parallel either directly or indirectly with the 14 Patterns of [3], [4]. In this study, LEED v4 ND+C and for new construction, and LBC 3. 1 were compared to WELL v1 in terms of their contributions to building occupant health and well-being. The aim is to provide leading guidelines to shift the GBRTs towards a more human-centred biophilic approach. It is noteworthy that the literature review is dispersed across different sections of the paper, reflecting the uniqueness of our materials and the interdisciplinary nature of the study. This approach allows for a more comprehensive exploration of the topic and facilitates the integration of diverse perspectives into the analysis. 2. aim of this paper was twofold: (a) find out whether certified are also Biophilic, hence they benefit and promote occupants’ health and wellness. (b) assessing the alignment between WELL featuring biophilic design patterns and the three well-known GBRTs (i. e. , and LBC) to reshape the future built environment. We used the data secured from the official technical manuals and homepages of the certification organizations. We analysed the GBRTs’ attributes linked to indoor environmental quality and conducted a thorough review of a series of crosswalks and alignments documents. These newly released documents are intended to identify synergies between WELL and other green-related building standards. These documents streamline efforts for projects pursuing a dual rating by identifying areas where the criteria are considered equivalent and aligned with credits of the appropriate rating tool. The review process for the crosswalks guides included several steps. First, we interpreted the descriptions provided for each level of equivalency or overlap among the rating systems. Then, we assigned weights to each level of equivalency fulfilled. These weights ranged from one to three, with one representing a low level of equivalency and three representing a high level of equivalency. The weighted scores were summed to obtain the overall score of each level of overlap/equivalency in each GRBT with WELL building standard as well as the degree of achievements of alignments for each of the seven (7) concepts of WELL. The study ended by deriving conclusions on the level of compliance of the selected GBRTs and the correlations among them. The most recent edition of the WELL Standard (WELL v2) was released in 2020, however not all the documentation was fully ready. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the alignment of WELL certification with biophilic design principles which are aimed at promoting occupant health and wellness. It mentions that the aim of the paper involves determining whether certified buildings are biophilic and hence contribute to occupants’ health and wellness. This directly supports the idea that biophilic architecture integrates natural elements and promotes well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: There was no difference in the distribution of the type of ChEI prescribed between the two groups (p = 0. 446 for donepezil, p = 0. 334 for rivastigmine, p = 0. 092 for galantamine) (1). Change in cognitive function: ChEI only vs. ChEI and nootropics combination group (Table 2 inserted here) Results for the primary outcome measure are shown in Table 2. Two-sample t-tests at baseline and endpoint showed no difference between the two groups in terms of the MMSE total score and any of its six subscale scores. A linear mixed-effects model analysis with the MMSE total score as the dependent variable also revealed no significant treatment-by-time interaction (F = 1. 48, df = 1,581, p = 0. 224). None of the six-subscale scores showed any significant treatment-by-time interaction as well, albeit the change in language subscale score showed a trend of less deterioration in the nootropics combination group than in the ChEI only group (-0. 27 for the ChEI only group and − 0. 03 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 3. 43, df = 1,581, p = 0. 065). Change in cognitive function for each type of dementia: Alzheimer’s dementia, vascular dementia, and other dementia (Table 3 inserted here) Comparison of the change in cognitive function for each of the three types of dementia is shown in Table 3. Linear mixed-effects model analyses using the MMSE total score as the dependent variable revealed no significant treatment-by-time interaction in all three types of dementia (F = 2. 10, p = 0. 148 for Alzheimer’s dementia, F = 0. 38, p = 0. 540 for vascular dementia, F = 0. 04, p = 0. 906 for other dementia). Within the subjects diagnosed with Alzheimer’s dementia, the ChEI and nootropics combination group showed a significantly less deterioration in the MMSE language subscale score compared to the ChEI only group, revealing a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 34 for the ChEI only group and 0. 04 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 6. 86, p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there was no significant difference in cognitive function improvement when comparing groups taking ChEI only versus those taking a combination of ChEI and nootropics. Specifically, despite some trends noted, such as less deterioration in the language subscale score in the nootropics group, the overall analyses revealed no significant treatment-by-time interactions. Therefore, the text implies that nootropics do not guarantee permanent cognitive improvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Достаточно убедительная находка растительных остатков, разделённых на ткани, с элементами проводящей системы была сделана в ордовикских отложениях Центральной Европы [14]. Они были отнесены к двум разным родам –et Greguss и et Greguss. В верхнеордовикских отложениях формации Юниата (Juniata Fm, Пенсильвания, США) обнаружены палеопочвы с педогенными карбонатами, явно освоенные почвенной инфауной [15]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses findings related to plant remains and paleosols in the Ordovician deposits of Central Europe without addressing the evolution of flowering plants or their ecological impact.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic architecture incorporates natural elements into building designs to promote well-being. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the researchers used WELL v1 to gain insights into existing/available procedures. Data collection was based on identifying and describing the GBRTs that meet the research purpose. Then, thoroughly reviewing all available series of crosswalks and alignments documents. In this post-stage, WELL was benchmarking the other three GBRTs because WELL is paralleling the 14 patterns of biophilic design [3], [4]. Hence, it aims at creating optimal conditions for health and productivity and enhancing human potential. 3. present study focuses on the GBRTs that meet the following criteria: (a) worldwide well-known rating tool that focuses on assessing the environmental performance of buildings; (b) adopted by numerous certified projects; (c) prompt a significant academic interest; and (d) secure a considerable development date that permits interpreting the scheme’s structure and content. The GBRTs that meet all the previous four criteria are described in the following subsections and considered in the ensuing analyses. The characteristics of the selected GRBTs are summarized in 1. 3. 1 (), introduced in 1990, was the pioneering global (GBRT) designed to evaluate a building's environmental impact [5]. Widely utilized in the UK, it is recognized in the industry for its practical approach to environmental design, management, and performance assessment [6]. aims to minimize environmental impact, encourage best practices in design and operation, and enhance awareness of the environmental effects of buildings[7], [8]. This holistic sustainability assessment scheme provides an overall performance rating by evaluating ten categories: Management, Health & & Ecology, Pollution, and Innovation. Performance is measured against established benchmarks, and credits earned in each category are weighted and proportionally assigned to derive an overall score (Sev, 2011; Taylor & Ward, 2016). Certificates are valid for one year, and facilitates ongoing monitoring, reporting, and improvement through cyclical evaluation and recertification [7]. 3. 2 in Energy and (LEED) certification, developed by the Council (USGBC), ensures cost savings in energy, reduced carbon emissions, and improved environmental quality for various settings. [11], [12]. It has evolved since its inception in 1998, expanding to encompass existing buildings and neighbourhoods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the WELL v1 framework, which is mentioned as paralleling the 14 patterns of biophilic design aimed at creating optimal conditions for health and productivity. This indicates that biophilic architecture is indeed being utilized as a strategy within the WELL framework to promote well-being.