Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this study, the stems of tea plants with zigzag-shaped (QQ and LYQQ) and erect (C. sinensis var. Meizhan, MZ) shoots were collected and investigated for structural differences, transcription and metabolic regulation using section observation, transcriptome sequencing and metabolite detection, respectively, for the first time. In total, 46. 06 million reads were generated from nine samples, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and compared. A total of 2175 DEGs, including 998 upregulated and 1177 downregulated genes, were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to the erect shoots of MZ. The candidate DEGs, including genes associated with vesicular trafficking, cell expansion, transcription factors, and phytohormones and diverse genes involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, were seemingly related to zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plant. The results will contribute greatly to an improved understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation in woody plants. ResultsPhenotypic characterization and stem ultrastructure analysis of tea plants with erect and zigzag-shaped shoots Under natural conditions, the trees of MZ, QQ and LYQQ can grow upward uniformly (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). The leaves of MZ and QQ are flat, while those of LYQQ are folded inwards. In the MZ plant, the stems grew straight up, exhibiting normal shoot morphology; however, the shoots of both QQ and LYQQ tended to bend at each node and elongate in a zigzag fashion (Fig. 1a-c). Additionally, plants with zigzag-shaped shoots had shorter stems and fewer leaves than erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2a), and the internode distance (between two nodes) in plants with zigzag-shaped shoots was significantly shorter than that in erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2b). To precisely investigate the differences in zigzag-shaped stems at the ultrastructure level, we longitudinally dissected the stems of the and MZ tea plants. Observation of the stem longitudinal sections showed that the tissues were basically normal, but the cell arrangement and shape differed between zigzag-shaped and erect stems (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses an investigation into the structural differences of tea plants with zigzag-shaped and erect shoots, focusing on genetic and morphological characteristics rather than fossilized plants or their implications for ancient climates and ecosystems. Thus, it does not provide relevant information to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: Further work is required before it will be possible to reach a definite conclusion whether or not there is a net inward flow along arteries and net outward flow along veins as proposed in the glymphatic hypothesis. Transport across the blood–brain barrier can occur by a number of different mechanisms (see Fig. 3). The simplest of these, appropriate for small molecules that are lipid soluble, is diffusion across the lipid membranes and cytoplasm of brain endothelial cells (Sect. 4. 1 and 5. 1), but it is almost certainly not the main route for the net inward flux of water into the brain because it is not the main route for net inward flux of Na+ or Cl− (see [4, 41]). The net inward flux of water, which occurs primarily at the choroid plexuses, together with the metabolic production of water, must balance the net outward flow of water as CSF and ISF are returned to blood and/or lymph. With the polar solutes Na+, Cl−, and mannitol the small fluxes that have been observed in tracer studies may be via a small “leak” through the tight junctions (Sects. 4. 1 and 5. 6 and 4. 2 and 5. 2 through 5. 6). Not surprisingly GLUT1, the transporter for glucose, is highly abundant in the endothelial cell membranes and glucose transport is rapid (Sect. 5. 3 and 6. 2. While lactate is also transported rapidly across the blood–brain barrier at low concentrations (Sect. 5. 4), during nervous activity lactate must to some extent either be transferred to inactive regions within the brain or be effluxed to CSF or lymph. Amino acid transport (Sect. 5. 5) is more complicated in that there are many different amino acids that are to some extent inter-convertible by transamination. Furthermore there are many different transporters with differing but overlapping substrate p5. 5. 6). The largest fluxes of amino acids across the blood–brain barrier measured using radiotracers are for the large neutral amino acids. However, these occur via a system that mediates obligatory exchanges of amino acids without resulting in an overall net flux (Sect. 5. 5. 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the protective role of the blood-brain barrier against harmful substances. Instead, it discusses various mechanisms of transport across the blood-brain barrier, such as diffusion and specific transporters, without explicitly stating whether these mechanisms contribute to the protective functions of the barrier. Thus, the content is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Further exploration of these kinds of relationships, in newly characterized vent sites such as the ESR, might well reveal additional biochemical diversity, providing compelling reasons for on-going investigations. The benefits of such research are clearly illustrated by the recent discovery of hydrogen oxidation (so eclipsing human pretensions to the first hydrogen economy) in symbionts of Bathymodiolus mussels from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and probably other vent organisms (R. pachyptila and the shrimp R. exoculata) [33]. Several other redox reactions are plausible for, but as yet undiscovered in, vent systems [22]. The hydrothermal vent communities found at ESR site E9 differ in a further, significant way to most others. They are protected by the Convention on the Conservation of () ( and by the [34]. Nonetheless, both sites E2 and E9 are included within the Zone claims of the UK and Argentina [35]. Whilst sites north of 60°S remain the subject of dispute, competing claims for areas south of 60°S are essentially frozen under the [34]. includes rational use, it was established within the System specifically for the conservation of Antarctic marine ecosystems. While several hydrothermal vent systems elsewhere are included within marine protected areas, those in international waters enjoy no such conservation status [36]. Why should such protection be important for systems located so far below surface waters? In addition to their extraordinary ecosystems, deep-sea hydrothermal vents are characterized by an abundance of metal sulphides that precipitate out from the black smokers [37]. At the site off the coast of Guinea, deposits are thought to contain c. 7% copper by weight compared with levels a tenth as much found in copper mines on land [38]. In consequence, of Canada intends to start mining these deposits in 2013. Although the environmental impacts at this particular site will, apparently, be well managed, interest in mining deep-sea hydrothermal vents is likely to increase [37]. Indeed, the Authority ( approved, in July this year, four new applications for exploration of polymetallic sulphides associated with hydrothermal vents. The applicants will restrict activity to inactive sites, which do not play host to typical, living vent communities [29], but much concern has been expressed about the potential for damage to sites in international waters in the absence of an agreed and effective conservation policy (Figure 1) [37],[38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the extraordinary ecosystems found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, highlighting their biochemical diversity and the specific relationships of organisms such as Bathymodiolus mussels and certain shrimp that thrive in these environments. It emphasizes the significance of these ecosystems, especially regarding the unique biochemical processes and interactions that occur, thus supporting the idea that they are indeed reliant on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In the long-proboscid psychopsoids herein reported, we were unable to identify the presence of pollen grains attached to any specimen. Furthermore, we lack data on chemical compounds from mouthparts and digestive system for diet estimation. However, based on known life histories of modern lacewings, as well as the pollination habit of long-proboscid kalligrammatids, these long-proboscid amber lacewings are more likely to be pollinators feeding on nectar and possibly pollen, rather than hematophages or piercing-sucking herbivores. Remarkably, the proboscides of these amber lacewings are definitely among the shortest of mid-Mesozoic insect pollinators with haustellate or siphonate mouthparts. The temporarily formed proboscides of Fiaponeura gen. nov. and Burmopsychops gen. nov. are ~1. 0 mm in length, while in Cretanallachius the proboscis is considerably shorter (~0. 4 mm). In previous studies, candidate host plants for mid-Mesozoic pollinator insects with proboscides ranging from 0. 9 to 1. 8 mm in length were inferred to be Pentoxylaceae, which have a diminutive micropyle and salpinx tube (2 mm maximum length by 0. 1 mm diameter) and lineages of Bennettitales with surface accessible ovules25. Conversely, the distance and width of the conduit from the aperture entry to the pollen chamber was much greater in other plant lineages reported in mid-Mesozoic pollination mutualisms, such as Caytoniaceae, Cheirolepidiaceae, Czekanowskiaceae and Gnetales27. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that a pollination mutualism existed between the small-sized long-proboscid lacewings from the mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar and the above mentioned co-occurring plants (i. e. Pentoxylaceae and Bennettitales) with relatively shallow-seated pollen-receptive areas. However, it is noteworthy that angiosperms were also present in mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar and different types of angiosperm flowers, some of which are small-sized, are known in this deposit though they are still poorly identified24,29,30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information directly supporting or contrasting the claim about fossilized plants offering insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on a specific study of long-proboscid amber lacewings and their potential pollination habits, without mentioning fossilized plants or their implications for understanding ancient environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: 19)Footnote 23 system A: transport system for alanine and other amino acids, transports MeAIB; system ASC neutral amino acid transporter; system L: large neutral amino acid transport (4F2hc/Lat1 in the rat), transports BCH; system N: Na+-linked transport system for large N rich amino acids, e. g. glutamine, see SNAT; system x −c : cystine, glutamate exchange (mediated by 4F2hc/xCT); system X −AG : possible glutamate transport in luminal membrane; system y+: amino acid transport mediated by CAT1 at blood–brain barrier; system y+L: possible transport of neutral amino acids; ASCT2: Na+-dependent transporter for neutral amino acids (system ASC); ATA2: Na+-linked transporter—alanine preferring (system A); ATBo,+: neutral and basic amino acid transporter; CAT-1: cationic amino acid transporter 1; EAAT1, EAAT3: excitatory amino acid transporters 1 and 3 (abluminal membrane); Na+-LNAA: Na+ linked large neutral amino acid transporter (unknown gene); SNAT3: transporter for N rich amino acids (e. g. glutamine) linked to Na+/H+ exchange; 4F2hc/Lat1: heterodimeric transporter for large neutral amino acids, obligatory exchanger. 9. 4 Other transporters and enzymesBCRP: breast cancer resistance protein; gdh: glutamate dehydrogenase; GLUT1: glucose transporter 1 (not Na+-linked); g. s: glutamine synthetase; MCT1: monocarboxylate transporter 1; MRP1, MRP4: multidrug resistance proteins 1 and 4; OAT, Oat: organic anion transporter in HUMAN or other species; OATp, Oatp: organic anion transporting polypeptide in HUMAN or other species; OCT, Oct: organic cation transporter in HUMAN or other species; Pgp: p-glycoprotein; SLC (as in SLc22a8): gene name for a solute carrier (gene for Oat3); t. a: transaminase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the protective function of the blood-brain barrier. Instead, it provides a list of various amino acid transport systems and their mechanisms, which is unrelated to the claim about the blood-brain barrier's role in protecting the brain.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 6. 5 [11]. Basin vents are also highly unusual in faunal composition with many new species and numerous others that do not occupy nearby regional vents (e. g. , vents; [11, 13, 14]). Included in this group of unusual fauna was a very abundant white sea anemone (up to 68 individuals m−2 in some areas) that occurred in and amongst the siboglinid tubeworm Oasisia aff. alvinae, often very near to actively venting fluids (Fig. 1, [11]). Fig. 1Locations and in situ images of the actiniarian Ostiactis pearseae. a Location of Basin (SPB) vent fields Auka (in b) and JaichMaa ‘ja’ag (in c). Inset shows the location of SPB at the mouth of the Gulf of California between the tip of the and mainland Mexico. b Auka vent field samples and chimneys (samples symbolized as in c). c JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field samples and chimneys. Maps in b and c are at the same scale. All are in UTM Zone 12N. Legend shows the sample types. Maps a, b, and c show 1-m resolution bathymetry collected by mapping AUVs (owned and operated by the Institute). Color ramps show the depth ranges. d–f Specimens of Ostiactis pearseae collected from both vent fields (shown as yellow squares in b and c), indicated by arrows. g An individual O. pearseae near to the chemosynthetic tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinaeFull size imagePreviously, several unidentified Actiniaria (sea anemones) were reported to be quite depleted in tissue δ13C values (− 33 to − 38‰ [11, 15]), compare to anemones that feed via traditional suspension feeding or prey capture. This evidence, along with their unusual life position and abundance in zones of active fluid venting, hinted at their possible nutritional reliance on chemoautotrophic carbon production, as opposed to traditional suspension feeding or prey capture via cnidae; however, the specific details were not explored further. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that certain species, such as the actiniarian Ostiactis pearseae and the siboglinid tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae, are found abundantly near actively venting fluids, suggesting their nutritional reliance on chemoautotrophic carbon production. The mention of unusual life positions and tissue δ13C values indicates that these organisms may feed through chemosynthesis rather than traditional methods, directly supporting the idea that hydrothermal vents host ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Я убеждён, что эти организмы имелись на суше не только в течение раннего протерозоя, но и раньше" [1, с. 332, 333]. Эти утверждения в такой степени конфликтуют со сложившимися к настоящему времени представлениями о колонизации суши растениями, что для дальнейшего рассмотрения затронутой темы требуется сделать несколько общих замечаний. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that earlier earth colonization theories regarding plants conflict with established views. It implies that there are misconceptions or different understandings about the timeline of plants affecting terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: NotesThe limitation of movements from cisterna magna towards the IIIrd ventricle occurs presumably because the volume displaced in the to and fro fluid movements through the cerebral aqueduct [7, 602] is too small for efficient transfer of solutes. More movement occurs in the opposite direction as a consequence of net flow. However, (personal communication) has pointed out that simulation of the convective mixing in the IIIrd ventricle and aqueduct indicates that the transient jet of fluid entering the IIIrd ventricle from the aqueduct in each cardiac cycle (see the sub-figures for 0. 2 T and 0. 3 T in Figure 8 of [8]) is as long as the aqueduct itself implying that some transfer from the IVth to the IIIrd ventricle should occur. The data reported by Ringstad et al. [15] indicate that gadobutrol added to lumbar CSF does reach the IIIrd ventricle in control patients, but at a low concentration, while the concentration seen in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is substantially higher. This is consistent with the view that the net flow through the aqueduct is normally from IIIrd to IVth ventricle but in communicating hydrocephalus it is reversed in direction (for 4. 2. 2–4. 2. 5 in [41]). The effects of diffusion across the ependyma lining the ventricles are usually restricted to regions close to the ventricles [21, 25, 603,604,605]. However, in the presence of oedema or in the immediate aftermath of infusion of even quite small amounts of fluid into the parenchyma [129] flow across the ependymal layer lining the ventricles can be substantial (see e. g. [129, 606, 607]). Rosenberg et al. [65] investigated the penetration of sucrose from the ventricles into the parenchyma during ventriculo-cisternal perfusions. In grey matter they found concentration profiles in the parenchyma consistent with simple diffusion. However, in white matter the profile was altered as if there were a 10 µm min−1 flow of ISF towards the ventricles that countered diffusion into the tissue. Flow at this velocity could move solutes as far as a millimetre in 100 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses fluid movements and solute transfer within the brain's ventricles, specifically around the cerebral aqueduct and ependyma, without addressing the role of the blood-brain barrier in protecting the brain from harmful substances.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Here, by combining microbial community profiling, ultrastructural analysis via microscopy, and stable isotope measurements, we document the only known species of chemosynthetic sea anemone at vents deep in the Gulf of California, identified as Ostiactis pearseae (previously known only from whalefalls [5]). This dense population of O. pearseae likely receives nutritional supplementation of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur via intracellular bacteria within the SUP05 clade, housed in their epidermis, albeit direct evidence of nutrient transfer remains outstanding. ResultsActiniaria of various morphotypes were observed to be one of only a handful of dominant animal species in both the Auka vent field [11, 12] and the newly discovered JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field, both within ~ 2 km of each other in the Gulf of California (Fig. 1). A conspicuous white actiniarian species represented a significant fraction of the animal community and was collected from 5 vent edifices in zones of active venting, in the immediate vicinity of the obligate vent tubeworm, Oasisia aff. alvinae (Fig. 1). Several other sea anemones (by morphotype) were observed and collected near these same sites, usually in areas of less active fluid flow (Table 1). The white actiniarian morphotype was identified as Ostiactis pearseae [5], based on anatomical, cnidae, and DNA sequencing of preserved polyps. Basin populations of O. pearseae showed slight differences in morphology and cnidae to the description of specimens from the type locality and, thus, an amendment to the species diagnosis is provided. Table 1 Sample locations within the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California, along with dive information, depth, and specimen descriptions for Anthozoa other than Ostiactis pearseaeFull size tableOstiactis pearseae species diagnosis - AmendmentEhrenberg, 1834Haeckel, 1896Hertwig, 1882Rodríguez et al. 2014Carlgren, 1893Rodríguez et al. 2012Rodríguez et al. 2012Ostiactis pearseae Daly & Gusmão, 2007(Figs. 2 and 3, Table 2; Additional file 1: Table S1) Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by documenting the presence of a chemosynthetic sea anemone, Ostiactis pearseae, at deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Gulf of California. It highlights the unique ecosystem of these vents, detailing how the sea anemone likely relies on intracellular bacteria for nutritional supplementation, thereby exemplifying the concept of chemosynthesis in sustaining life in these environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: По моему мнению, и классическая трактовка освоения суши растениями, и концепция С. В. Мейена нуждаются в существенной корректировке. Совершенно очевидно, что до появления первых высших наземных растений суша не была безжизненной. Её населяли наземные бактерии, а в зоне литорали и зоне захлёста морских волн могли вполне успешно существовать одноклеточные и многоклеточные нитчатые водоросли. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that terrestrial ecosystems were not lifeless before the emergence of higher terrestrial plants. It mentions the presence of land bacteria and various kinds of algae, implying that ecosystems were already functioning and supported life prior to the evolution of flowering plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The relative lack of consideration of the choroid plexuses is not meant to suggest that the only important function of the choroid plexuses is to secrete CSF. The choroid plexuses are the "obvious" best route for transfer to or from the blood for anything that is intended to act on regions of the brain close to the surfaces of the ventricles or that is produced in those regions for actions elsewhere in the body. They must also be considered for transfer into the brain of anything that is needed neither quickly nor in large quantity such as Ca2+, Mg2+, micronutrients and some hormones. Finally they should be considered as a potential pathway for drug delivery to the brain via CSF [36]. While the tight junctions have a very low permeability to Na+ and Cl−, the passive influx or efflux of these across the blood–brain barrier may still be primarily paracellular as proposed by Crone [151]. However the passive influxes are almost equal to the passive effluxes and the net fluxes for Na+ and Cl− across the endothelial layer may be determined primarily by the mechanisms for transfer through the cells (see Section 5. 6 and Sections. 4. 3. 4 and 4. 3. 5 of [4] for further discussion). It is clear that extramural, fluid-filled perivascular spaces can exist, because large p0. 6 µL g−1 min−1 or more as discussed above) and the largest flow that could have been missed by Smith et al. [79] would be very welcome. Compared to the change in rate of efflux of inulin, Xie et al. [128] observed a much larger change in the rate of delivery of dextran from the cisterna magna to the parenchyma: 20-fold less influx when the mice were awake compared to when they were anaesthetized. Benveniste et al. [613] have also observed increases in delivery of a gadolinium chelate with anaesthesia. However, Gakuba et al. [147] using another gadolinium chelate, Evan's blue and indocyanine green have observed that anaesthesia greatly reduces the spread of the markers into the parenchyma from the cisterna magna. It is not yet clear how to reconcile these results (see also [426]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about the blood-brain barrier's protective function. It discusses the role of the choroid plexuses, mechanisms of ion transfer across the blood-brain barrier, and variations in delivery rates of substances under different conditions, but does not directly address or support the notion of the blood-brain barrier protecting the brain from harmful substances.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Position of Ostiactis pearseae specimens from vent communities is highlighted in the orange box; the position of an additional sea anemone (unidentified morphospecies Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’) is indicated by the light orange box. Bootstrap resampling values are indicated by black circles; only support values > 80% are shownFull size imageTable 2 Size ranges of the cnidae capsules of Ostiactis pearseae [5]. N total number of capsules measured. S ratio of number of specimens in which each cnidae was found/number of specimens examined. F frequency, +++ = very common, ++ = common, + = rather common, * = sporadicFull size tableDiagnosis: (amended after [5, 7], modifications in italics). Ostiactinidae with basilar muscles and mesogleal marginal sphincter. Body with well-developed base. Column not clearly divisible into scapus and scapulus; scapus without cuticle, maybe with scattered demarcated suckers distally; column without cinclides or with a distal row of round papillae with inconspicuous cinclides. Tentacles regularly arranged, not thickened on the aboral side. Six pairs of perfect and fertile mesenteries, hexamerously arranged, not divisible into macro- and micro-cnemes. Same number of mesenteries proximally and distally. Retractor muscles weak but restricted. No acontia. Some populations with chemosynthetic bacteria in tentacles. Cnidom: Robust spirocysts, basitrichs, holotrichs, and p-mastigophores A and B1. Ostiactis pearseae had been previously collected only in deep-sea waters (2800 m depth) of the Eastern Pacific, at a whalefall habitat in [5]. Newly collected specimens are from deep-sea waters (3655–3692 m depth) associated with Basin hydrothermal vents (Diane’s vent) in the Gulf of California (Pacific Ocean). Intrapopulation variability in morphology was observed in the Ostiactis pearseae specimens (Fig. 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of 'some populations with chemosynthetic bacteria in tentacles', indicating that certain marine life, specifically the Ostiactis pearseae specimens, are part of ecosystems that rely on chemosynthesis, particularly in the context of deep-sea hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: However, the ecological context and the hypotheses to elucidate an overall pattern beyond what previous studies have found are not clearly stated. In addition, the network analysis presentation disregards the hosts' functional traits and lacks ecological relevance. The assigned morphological characteristics of the species are not specified and could be biased. The PCO is not discriminated by functional traits (or factors), so observing grouping by sponge functional patterns is impossible. Overall, the discussion of the manuscript lacks the ecological context and background on sponge morphology (incorrect assignments for many species), sponge-host interactions and fails to support the conclusions. The discussion travels too far from the data. It does not focus on what the data prove or demonstrate how the obtained results expand previous knowledge or support and challenge previous paradigms. In addition, the manuscript's English language and writing style needs improvement. Experimental design The experimental design (how many studies and from which locations were finally used for this specific metanalysis? ) is not specified. How many records of host species were assessed per location? What is the bias in terms of replication? Please include this information in the methods. Also, the tables in the with associated fauna and records should be merged, and a column with the location for each study should be included. Validity of the findings PCO figure should be discriminated by functional traits (i. e. , morphology). The network, patterns, and major contributors to the network structure are poorly explained. Overall, the results do not clarify how host-guest interactions vary based on functional groups; what are the major patterns? And how it varies across species. Figure 1. This figure refers to all the records obtained by the network and is not specific to the records used in this study after filtration. I suggest correcting this figure and including only the records used in this study after the data was filtrated (many records come from the same authors, so that you could add numbers or color-code per author). Also, adding the replicates (n= the number of host-species interactions) per location can help to understand the contribution of the studies and the number of records per location. Figure 2- This figure, as it is, lacks the most relevant information related to the functional characteristics of sponges. To explicitly show the functional characteristics of sponges and how they connect to specific hosts, sponges should be divided by functional characteristics such as 1. generalists and specialists, 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by criticizing the manuscript's failure to provide adequate ecological context, functional traits, and morphological characteristics of the species. It states that the discussion lacks focus on the relationships and interactions among various marine species and hosts, which are critical to understanding the diversity in coral reefs. Therefore, rather than supporting the notion that coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species, the text outlines shortcomings that detract from the overall understanding of these ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: It is also unclear whether the effects of sleep/wakefulness/anaesthesia on influx of markers are mediated primarily in the subarachnoid spaces, in the perivascular spaces or within the parenchyma (see Section 2. 4 in [146]). The polar headgroups of lipid membranes produce a large dipole potential (membrane core positive) which favours permeation of anions over cations (see e. g. [529, 614,615,616,617,618,619]. None of the descriptors that are suitable for describing neutral molecules can be expected to allow the LFER approach to be able to cope with this difference. It is thus not at all surprising that when Abraham came to consider charged molecules explicitly, he found it necessary to introduce descriptors that allow for the charge on the molecule [168]. One difficulty encountered when attempting to correlate permeability and lipophilicity for ions is that it is only possible to measure Kn-octanol/water for neutral combinations of ions. This is an example of the consequences of the Principle of electroneutrality (see Section 6. 1. 2 in [4] for another example and further discussion). This difficulty could be avoided by measuring partition into unilamellar liposomes, lipid bilayers or biological membranes rather than into a hydrophobic solvent, because with these systems the counterions can remain in the aqueous phases. However, while partition into membranes has been measured, there has not been any attempt to correlate these measurements with blood–brain barrier permeability (see e. g. [161]). Both the Oat and Oatp transporters appear to be exchangers. oocytes transfected with Oat3, influx of labelled p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) or estrone sulphate was found to be coupled in some way to movement of glutarate, and probably other dicarboxylates, in the opposite direction, i. e. there was trans-stimulation of transport [620]. Interestingly however, influx of labelled estrone sulphate, was not stimulated by increased internal concentration of estrone sulphate, or PAH, i. e. there was no "self" trans-stimulation [236]. transporters the exchange has different properties. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the blood-brain barrier's protective role. It discusses the complexities of molecule permeability through membranes and transport mechanisms without specifically addressing or supporting the claim regarding the protective function of the blood-brain barrier.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: All molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on the concatenated mitochondrial 12S rDNA, 16S rgenes, and partial nuclear 18S rDNA gene, were congruent and revealed a well-supported clade comprised of specimens of Ostiactis pearseae from and the type locality of (Fig. 3). DNA sequences from the specimens were identical to the population for 3 of the genes analyzed and only differed from the type locality by 1-bp for the 16S rDNA gene. Ostiactis was recovered within Metridioidea, as sister to a weakly supported clade formed by deep-sea Actiniaria and those associated with chemosynthetic environments (e. g. , clades Deepsina + Chemosynthina, as part of the family Kadosactinidae, sensu [7]), a relationship consistent over different studies (e. g. , [7, 16,17,18]). Most representatives from these two clades are characterized by the loss of acontia (filament-like structures packed with nematocysts), the presence of which is a major synapomorphy for Metridioidea. The other actiniarian morphotype included here, identified as Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B,’ was recovered (only mitochondrial sequence data available for this specimen) sister to Alvinactis chessi, a sea anemone inhabiting hydrothermal vents in the southwestern Pacific (Fig. 3; [6]). Isotope signatures of Ostiactis pearseae from the Pescadero BasinTissue stable δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S isotope values were significantly different for Ostiactis pearseae than other anthozoans at the vent fields (ex. zoanthids; Fig. 4a). For example, O. pearseae had δ13C tissue values of − 29. 1 ± 4. 6‰ (− 40. 1 to − 24. 3‰, n = 9), while the others measured − 20. 6 ± 2. 7‰ (− 25. 4 to − 15. 5‰, n = 10; ± 1 SD; ANOVA p = 0. 0001; Fig. 4a). Similarly, O. pearseae had much more negative δ15N tissue values of 1. 6 ± 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing scientific evidence that connects specific species, such as Ostiactis pearseae, to their presence in deep-sea environments, including hydrothermal vents. It mentions that Ostiactis pearseae is associated with clades that are tied to chemosynthetic environments, thereby affirming the ecosystem characteristic described in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Hence, after substituting and shortening, here is the Biot-Savart formula for calculating the magnetic field induction inside the sphere (metal core) as the following rationalized form: d B Т Т l o w = 3 μ 0 μ r I l o w d R i 4 π R Σ 2 or B Т Т l o w = 3 μ 0 μ r I l o w R Σ 4 π R Earth 2 sin α (13) where R Earth is the Earth’s radius, R Σ is the metal core radius. In its turn, the magnetic field on the Earth’s surface for the lower mantle spherical layer can be calculated with considering the thickness of that layer ΔRD, which is denoted as d R D in (12). B Т Т t o p = 3 μ 0 μ r I t o p Δ R D 4 π R l m 2 sin α (14) The heat Q, which is produced in the lower mantle Vlm because thermocurrents interact with active resistance of this mantle’s ores. It can be found from the following formula [23] : Q l m = 1 σ j 2 V l m Δ t (15) where j is the current density in the lower mantle, A・m−2; σ is the lower mantle’s electroconductivity Sm−1; Δ t is the time of producing heat for 31,536,000 c (year); V l m is the volume of the lower mantle’s spherical circle. All the calculations for the lower mantle, including the used constants, are tabulated to Table 1. As seen from the table, the value of the magnetic induction B T T t o p on the Earth’s surface is ~4. 62 × 10−6 T, which is much lower than the really measured for the same terrestrial conditions В 0 = 3. 4 × 10 − 5 T. The heat Q, which is produced in the lower mantle volume and determined by thermocurrents Itop, is 2. 84 × 1014 J per year (2. 84 × 1021 erg per year), and this is much lower than the thermal heat loss of the planet per year, which is determined by the value of 3 × 1021 J per year (3 × 1028 erg per year). 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the Biot-Savart formula for magnetic field induction and calculations related to the Earth's lower mantle. It does not mention sea turtles, their navigation, or the Earth's magnetic field in relation to sea turtles, thereby providing no support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: For instance for Oatp1a4 (Oatp2) expressed in Xenopus oocytes suspended in low bicarbonate solution, increased concentrations of a variety of solutes present inside the cells, including taurocholate, glutathione, and glutathione conjugates, stimulate influx of labelled taurocholate [621]. However, when Oatp1a4 is expressed in a HeLa cell line suspended in bicarbonate buffered solution, the influx of taurocholate seems to be coupled to efflux of bicarbonate [622]. This coupling with bicarbonate has been confirmed using a number of different Oatp transporters expressed in CHO cells [623]. Exchangers are able to perform secondary active transport by coupling the downhill transport of one solute to the uphill movement of the other. Thus the demonstration of uphill transport from brain to blood might correspond to abluminal secondary active transport into the endothelial cells driven by an outward gradient of something like glutarate or glutathione or to luminal primary active transport out of the endothelial cells via an ABC transporter or to both. For instance PAH may be taken up into the cells by secondary active transport via Oat3 and subsequently expelled from them by primary active transport via an ABC transporter, possibly MRP4 [560]. Further work is required to establish the interplay of the effects of the various transporters. TfR has been shown to be accessible to antibodies on both surfaces of the endothelial cells [280, 624]. This suggests that transferrin could bind to or dissociate from TfR on either side. Furthermore there is effective transfer across the blood–brain barrier of low-affinity antibodies to TfR [625], which strongly suggests that there can be transcytosis of substances bound to the TfR. In terms of one current conceptual model (see Figure 1 in [280]) there are two possible fates of transferrin and iron after endocytosis. In the first fate, holo-transferrin is exocytosed across the abluminal membrane as in the original hypothesis. However the current consensus is that relatively little holo-transferrin is in fact exocytosed on the brain side [262, 279,280,281,282, 626,627,628]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various transport mechanisms relating to substances crossing the blood-brain barrier. It indicates that substances like transferrin can bind and be transported across the barrier, suggesting that the barrier does not completely prevent substances, specifically low-affinity antibodies and transferrin, from entering the brain. The mention of transcytosis and the fact that 'relatively little holo-transferrin is in fact exocytosed on the brain side' implies that the barrier may allow some substances to bypass its protective role.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: pearseae from the vents, compared to neighboring Anthozoa, including an unidentified zoanthid (“zoan”) and sea anemone (Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’). Bathymodiolus aduloides from muddy sediments off of taken from [20]Full size imageBacterial community analysis of Ostiactis pearseae from the Pescadero Basinpearseae, the tentacles are smooth, tapering, and relatively long when extended, with features similar to most other anemones, including cnidocytes (or cnidoblasts), cnidocysts, and glandular cells, all common cellular components of sea anemone tentacles [21]. The presence of bacteria in the type specimens of O. pearseae from was not detected [5]; however, the unusual isotope signatures of the specimens [11, 15] prompted a more careful examination of this possibility. Indeed, bacterial community analysis via 16S rRNA Illumina barcoding revealed a dominance of the gammaproteobacteria SUP05 clade (64–96% of the bacterial community), comprising 6 putative sulfide-oxidizing bacterial OTUs (= phylotypes, clustered at 99% similarity) associated with the tentacles of O. pearseae (n = 8 specimens; Fig. 5, Additional file 2: Table S2). This was in contrast to the sulfide-oxidizing gammaprotebacteria recovered from the nearby obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae (100% identical to persephone; Fig. 5a; [22]). The SUP05 clade was not detected in association with 6 other individual sea anemones (determined by morphotype or molecular sequencing), and the specific Ostiactis-associated SUP05 phylotypes were not detected in surrounding water samples (n = 3; Fig. 5). Three SUP05 OTUs comprised < 7% of the bacterial community in the surrounding water column (Fig. 5a), based on the semi-quantitative 16S rRNA barcoding, but were distinct, based on the 250-bp 16S rRNA Illumina barcode sequences (Additional file 3: Fig. S1 inset). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the unique ecology associated with the hydrothermal vent species Ostiactis pearseae, highlighting the dominant bacterial community (specifically the SUP05 clade), which plays a role in sulfide oxidation—an important process of chemosynthesis. This supports the assertion that hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Lycorine, hypericin, emodin, tylophorine, ouabain, mycophenolate mofetil, silvestrol, myricetin and scutellarein were also reported for their inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses [22]. Some phytoconstituents such as myricitrin, methyl rosmarinate, 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-2′-(3,3-dimethylallyl) isoflavone, 3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-hexahydroxy flavanone-3-β-D-glucopyranoside, (2S)-eriodictyol 7-O-(6′′-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, calceolarioside B, myricetin, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, licoleafol, and amaranthin were reported as potential lead candidates to develop novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs [23]. Moreover, anthraquinone derivatives were screened on the basis of binding energy against N-(NTD) of SARS-CoV-2. Emodin, Anthrarufin, Alizarine, Aloe- emodin, and Dantron showed the good binding affinity at three different active sites of N-of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid phosphoprotein. These compounds prevent the assembly of virus p4. ConclusionPlants and their secondary metabolites provide valuable leads for the development into drugs for the novel antiviral activities. Ivermectin is the FDA approved drug and inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV-2 [35]. Although there is an increase in the use of traditional medicine worldwide, researches in traditional medicines are insufficient. Assessments of the quality, safety, and efficacy of traditional medicines are needed to provide scientific information that regulations need. In the present review, antiviral activity mainly against coronaviruses of traditional medicines along with their phytoconstituents through the literature data relevant to their enzyme and receptor interactions given by different assays. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the derivation of traditional medicines from plants used by indigenous cultures. Instead, it discusses antiviral properties of various phytoconstituents found in plants and notes an increase in the use of traditional medicine but acknowledges insufficient research in this area. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: In the second fate, dissociation of the holo-transferrin occurs within endosomes in the endothelial cells with the iron being transported across the abluminal membrane by ferroportin. In this option, one that is preferred by Simpson et al. [280], the iron-free apo-transferrin is exocytosed, part across the abluminal membrane accounting for the observed transfer of transferrin from blood to brain but primarily across the luminal membrane back to blood. This model allows the possibility that transcytosis of apo-transferrin can occur from brain to blood. The site of dissociation of the iron from the holo-transferrin inside the endothelial cell layer and the intervening steps are still under active investigation [281, 282]). Simpson et al. [315] have calculated the distribution of glucose using estimates of the rates of metabolism and the rates of transport across the various barriers in the brain including diffusion through basal laminae and interstitial spaces and transport across the various cell membranes. Their calculated concentrations in ISF 1. 4 mM, in neurons 1. 2 mM and in astrocytes 0. 9 mM are consistent with the relatively uniform distribution of glucose over brain water found by NMR. There has been a claim that "The glymphatic [perivascular] pathway is important for the brain-wide delivery of nutrients, specifically glucose" [109]. This was based on results presented by Lundgaard et al. [629] for movements of a near-infrared 2-deoxyglucose probe (2DG-IR). However, Lundgaard et al. showed that 2DG-IR could not be delivered across the blood–brain barrier and thus it is at best a poor substrate for GLUT1. Since GLUT1 is essential for the normal entry and distribution of glucose, the results for 2DG-IR cannot be used to infer the relative importance of the blood–brain barrier and perivascular routes for the distribution of glucose. Petit and Magistretti [344] have also criticized the use of 2DG-IR as a probe for glucose movements into astrocytes and neurons. Lundgaard et al. [630] have shown that four different manoeuvres that decrease perivascular efflux of markers increase lactate levels in the brain and decrease them in the submandibular and parotid lymph nodes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim that the blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. Instead, it discusses various mechanisms of nutrient transport, particularly focusing on transferrin and glucose movement across the blood-brain barrier, but does not provide clear evidence or assertion about its protective role against harmful substances. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 5Relative abundance of 16S rRNA bacterial phylotypes, recovered from Ostiactis pearseae and comparison samples. a Relative abundance of bacterial families from Ostiactis pearseae from the vents, compared to neighboring Anthozoa, including unidentified zoanthids (“zoan”) and Kadosactinidae “sp. B,” nearby obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae, and seawater. Each color on the graph represents a distinct family-level phylotype or lowest level available. The top 15 dominant family phylotypes are indicated in the key. b Six distinct SUP05 OTUs (99% 16S rRNA sequence similarity) recovered from O. pearseae, compared to the surrounding seawater. The heatmap scale reflects the number of reads per sample. Phylogenetic relationships between the SUP05 OTUs are shown in Additional file 3: Fig. S1. c Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of microbial communities associated with O. pearseae, versus the other neighboring species and overlying seawater. Each point represents all 16S rRNA sequences recovered from a single specimen or sample. p < 0. 022, suggesting a significant difference between O. pearseae and any other sample set (ex. other sea anemones, water samples; R = 0. 88–1. 00). HTV, hydrothermal vent; spB, another undescribed sea anemone (Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’) from the Pescadero Basin; zoan, unidentified zoanthids from the Pescadero BasinFull size imageNMDS ordination revealed the total bacterial community of Ostiactis pearseae to be strongly differentiated from those associated with zoanthid specimens (analysis of similarity () R = 0. 99, p = 0. 002), the other unidentified sea anemone Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’ (= 0. 87, p = 0. 022), the water column samples (= 1. 00, p = 0. 006), and the neighboring obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae (= 1. 00, p = 0. 001; Fig. 5c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the unique microbial communities associated with Ostiactis pearseae at hydrothermal vents. It emphasizes the significant differences between these communities and those from surrounding environments, which implies a specialized, unique ecosystem that could be reliant on chemosynthetic processes. The reference to distinct phylotypes and their relative abundance further suggests that these ecosystems are notably different from typical marine ecosystems, aligning with the claim regarding the uniqueness of deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Campuzano-Zuluaga G, Alvarez-Sánchez G, Escobar-Gallo GE, et al. Design of malaria diagnostic criteria for the Sysmex XE-2100 hematology analyzer. Hyg. 2010;82(3):402‒411. Bermúdez ázquez D. La investigación etnobotánica sobre plantas medicinales: una revisión de sus objetivos y enfoques actuales. Interciencia. 2005;30(8):453‒459. Rieckmann KH, Antuñano FJL. Chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Brazil detected by a simple in vitro method. Health Organ. 1971;45(2):157‒167. Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese drugs of plant origin. Chemistry, pharmacology, and use in traditional and modern medicine. Springer-Verlag. 1992. . Qinghaosu. The Lancet. 1993;341(8845):603‒608. Gentry AH. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests. . 1988;85(1):156‒159. Gari J. Biodiversity and indigenous agroecology in Amazonia: The indigenous people of Pastaza. Etnoecologica. 2001;5(7):21‒37. Guevara Garzón J. En busca de un modelo de salud para los pueblos indígenas. La experiencia del Vaupés. Mitú: de salud del Vaupés, Ministerio de salud. 1998. Bodnar Y. Pueblos indígenas de Colombia: apuntes sobre la diversidad cultural y la información sociodemográfica disponible. afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: información sociodemográfica para políticas y programas. 2006. p. 135‒154. IGAC. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. Diccionario geográfico de Colombia, Colombia; 1996. Correa F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the derivation of traditional medicines from plants used by indigenous cultures. It mentions various studies and references related to health, diagnostics, and biodiversity but does not provide evidence or discussion that supports or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: In their view some lactate leaves the brain in CSF notably via the cribriform plate to the nasal mucosa from which it is removed in lymph. There may be removal of lactate from the brain via lymph, but Bradbury and Westrop [125] noted that while high molecular weight markers like albumin delivered to the nasal mucosa are removed from the mucosa by lymph, low molecular weight substances like lactate may be removed from the mucosa by the peripheral blood flow. Lundgaard et al's results provide no means to verify that the lactate found in the lymph nodes originated in the brain and even if the lactate in the glands originates by perivascular efflux from the brain, they do not quantify the rate of efflux. The effects of sleep and wakefulness on lactate clearance from the brain were considered further in [146]. Lundgaard et al's results indicate that the manoeuvres that affect perivascular efflux do not alter lactate concentrations in the brain of usually awake mice (dark phase of 24 h cycle), which is evidence that perivascular efflux is not important under just the circumstances when there is likely to be a need for lactate removal. The concentrations in plasma and CSF have been measured in samples of the fluids, but those in ISF have been measured using microdialysis. In the microdialysis procedure a probe is inserted and fluid perfused through the probe. To avoid grossly disturbing the ISF around the probe, the composition of the perfusion fluid must be close to that of ISF. The perfusate comes into contact with ISF only through a dialysis membrane. The diffusable solutes to be measured enter the perfusate during the relatively brief time that it is within the probe, and thus the slower the perfusion rate, the closer the concentration emerging from the probe is to the concentration in ISF in the region surrounding it. The ISF data in Table 3 were obtained by measuring concentrations at several different flow rates and extrapolating back to zero flow. However, even with these precautions, without measurements for substances whose concentrations are already known it is difficult to be certain that the ISF concentration measured is the same as that in ISF that isn't close to the probe. Because in all the studies in Table 3 the probe removes the substance being measured, there is an obvious risk of bias towards values that are too low. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of lactate clearance from the brain and the methodology of measuring interstitial fluid concentrations. However, it does not address the functionality or protective roles of the blood-brain barrier against harmful substances, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Bacterial community analysis revealed limited diversity within the tentacles of O. pearseae from the 5 different vent sites (Fig. 5a; Additional file 2: Table S2). Other bacteria uniquely recovered from O. pearseae tentacles included the BD1-5 group (a. k. a. Gracilibacteria; present in 5/8 O. pearseae specimens at 3–27%) and the OD1 group (a. k. a. Parcubacteria; present in 5/8 O. pearseae specimens at 1–16%; Fig. 5a). Additional bacterial groups present in non-Ostiactis sea anemones included Enterobacteriacea and Mollicutes (the latter 89% similar to one recovered from an ascidian; Fig. 5a; EF137402; [23]). Microbial groups that were more common in all 3 water samples included the Methylococcales marine group 2 (MMG-2), Rhodobiacea, and Thaumarcheota (Fig. 5a). To further characterize the SUP05 in association with Ostiactis pearseae, a longer region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified via direct PCR and sequenced. A 1334-bp long 16S rRNA sequence, only 1-bp different from barcode OTU21762, was 96. 5% similar to a free-living bacterium from a mud volcano in the Sea (AY592908; [24]) and 95% similar to the thiotrophic symbiont of Bathymodiolus aff. brevior from Ridge vents (DQ077891; [25]; Additional file 3: Fig. S1). There are no Bathymodiolus mussels at the vents, and the SUP05-related sequences recovered from O. pearseae are distinct from those recovered from Bathymodiolus from seeps, some of the closest known mussel populations (only ~ 96% similar for 250-bp barcode sequence; Additional file 3: Fig. S1 inset; [26, 27]). Several genes were additionally amplified and directly sequenced in order to inform the possible metabolic capabilities of the SUP05-related bacteria in O. pearseae. The napA gene, encoding a catalytic subunit of the periplasmic nitrate reductase alpha subunit (E. C. 1. 7. 99. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing specific bacterial communities and their characteristics found in the tentacles of the anemone Ostiactis pearseae, which is part of the ecosystem associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The mention of unique bacterial groups such as the BD1-5 and OD1 indicates these ecosystems support specific microbial communities. The text also addresses metabolic capabilities, suggesting potential chemosynthetic processes, thus reinforcing the claim about these unique ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: A: TLC chromatogram of LKD successive extracts; B, C, D: HPTLC fingerprinting of isolated curcumin from fingerprinting of purified LKD curcumin F MS spectra G 1H NMR of purified LKD curcumin H 13C NMR of purified LKD curcuminFull size imagePhysical evaluations and phytochemical studies of the LKD successive extractsPhysical properties of the LKD successive extractsVarious physical parameters were evaluated on the extracts including testing for organoleptic characters, nature of the extract, percentage yield; pH and solubility testing were determined [13]. Phytochemical evaluations and analytical process of curcumin from LKDPreliminary phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography and quantification of total phenolic contentPhytochemical screening of the LKD successive extracts was conducted to identify various classes of phytochemicals [14]. Prominent phytochemical classes that produced positive test results underwent further verification using Thin-(TLC) methods. For extracts abundant in curcuminoids, TLC analysis was executed following established protocols [15]. The procedure encompassed preparing sample extracts for analysis, selecting the stationary phase, optimizing the mobile phase, developing the chromatogram, and spotting detection, all in accordance with established guidelines. The stationary phase for TLC employed pre-coated silica gel 60 F254 aluminum sheets (Merck Ltd. ), while the mobile phase was composed of a mixture of chloroform and methanol in a 9:1 ratio. Subsequently, the TLC plates were observed using short UV light (264 nm), long UV light (366 nm), and visible light, both before and after applying the detecting reagent. Furthermore, the optimization of High-Performance Thin-(HPTLC) fingerprinting and the analysis of the curcumin-rich crude fraction after isolation via column chromatography were performed using equipment, which included the sample applicator, visualizer, and 4 software. Furthermore, based on the results of the preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC analysis, further studies were conducted for the total phenolic and tannin content estimation using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu-AA6300). The total phenolic content and total tannin content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with certain modifications [16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. Instead, it focuses on detailing the methodologies for phytochemical studies, including TLC and HPTLC analysis of curcumin, without addressing any health benefits such as anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: Evidence that these concerns are not just theoretical is provided by measurements for glucose. The early microdialysis measurements yielded values, e. g. 0. 47 mM [631] or 0. 35 mM [632], that are substantially smaller than the lower limit of ISF concentration obtained from NMR data, ca 1. 2 mM for 6 mM in plasma (see Sect. 5. 3). More recent microdialysis measurements have yielded larger concentrations [314], e. g 1 mM [633]; 1. 66, [634]; 1. 26 [635] and 1. 4 [636]. The results were later extended to allow calculation of Michaelis–Menten constants for each of the amino acids [372]. For the large neutral amino acids the Vmax and Km values varied from 30 nmol g−1 min−1 and 0. 12 mM for phenylalanine to 49 nmol g−1 min−1 and 0. 63 mM for valine. Competition reduces the fluxes seen for each amino acid but for any one transporter may have a Vmax for the combination of amino acids present somewhere in the range observed for the individual amino acids. Thus from these results from the rat studies the maximum collective influx of the large neutral amino acids is expected to be less than 50 nmol g−1 min−1. Smith and Stoll [43] provide a useful table of influxes from nearly normal composition of plasma with a total influx of 72 nmol g−1 min−1. It should be noted that (a) this total is for the influx not the net flux and (b) virtually all of the data for tracer influxes have been obtained with rats. It should be noted that the total net flux of N as part of amino acids is not zero in any of the studies measuring net fluxes. The estimates for studies that included glutamine and at least 10 other amino acids are + 26 nmol g−1 min−1 [588]; − 17. 3 nmol g−1 min−1 [589] and − 30 nmol g−1 min−1 [590]. Eriksson et al. [588] noted that their data could not be reconciled with N balance. The net effluxes found by Grill et al. [589] and Strauss et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information directly related to the blood-brain barrier's protective functions or its ability to prevent harmful substances from reaching the brain. Instead, it discusses microdialysis measurements of amino acid concentrations and other related biochemical data in rats, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: l Arrowheads (in green) point to bacteria possibly being endocytized via clathrin-coated pits, as well as nearby clusters of bacterial cells within the elongated epidermal cells of O. pearseae. nu, nucleus; bac, bacteria; cni, cnidae; meso, mesoglea; gastro, gastrodermis; epi, epidermis. Scale bars are 5 mm (a), 2 mm (b), 50 μm (c), 1 μm (d), 10 μm (e–g), 250 μm (h), 25 μm (i), and 1 μm (j–l)Full size imageDiscussionA conspicuous actiniarian species, identified as Ostiactis pearseae [5], was dominant at two neighboring hydrothermal vent fields in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California. Unlike most vent anemones, which are almost always observed in the vent periphery, this species was found very near to vigorous venting fluids on and amongst the obligate vent tubeworms Oasisia aff. alvinae and Riftia pachyptila (Fig. 1), known to rely exclusively on sulfide-based chemosynthesis for energy [31, 32]. Ostiactis pearseae, formerly named Anthosactis pearseae [7], had been originally described as the first and only endemic Actiniaria from a whalefall community [5]; however, this discovery at hydrothermal vents makes them one of the only sea anemones described from multiple chemosynthetic environments [6, 7]. The assumption, until now, was that most sea anemones at hydrothermal vents and methane seeps acquire nutrients via suspension feeding. There was no previous evidence that Ostiactis pearseae harbored chemosynthetic bacteria [5], suggesting that they fed upon dissolved and particulate organic matter and plankton. However, the significantly negative δ13C and δ15N tissue isotopic values of O. pearseae (at the time labeled as an unidentified species in [11, 15]) suggested an entirely different strategy dependent upon bacteria chemosynthesis. Indeed, distinct bacterial phylotypes related to the SUP05-group were associated with Ostiactis pearseae, compared to other nearby sea anemones and water column bacterial communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the discovery of the sea anemone Ostiactis pearseae near hydrothermal vents and highlighting that it may rely on bacteria involved in chemosynthesis for energy. It notes that, unlike most sea anemones, which were assumed to acquire nutrients via suspension feeding, Ostiactis pearseae is associated with 'distinct bacterial phylotypes related to the SUP05-group,' suggesting an adaptation to the unique chemosynthetic conditions found at hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: However, there is limited evidence in the possible ameliorative effect of curcumin against ACR-induced neurotoxicity. Prasad and Muralidhara [22] have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of curcumin in an ACR model of neurotoxicity in an insect species, Drosophila melanogaster. A recently published study [23] reported that curcumin would exert a protective effect against ACR-induced spatial memory impairment in rats. However, the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin have not been well evaluated in ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In the present study, we identified whether curcumin could exert protective effects against neuron apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by ACR exposure in rats. MethodsChemicals ACR and curcumin were respectively purchased from Amresco Co. () and Sigma chemicals Co. (St. ). Experimental design Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200–220 g, were obtained from Center (Hubei, China). Rats were housed in standard translucent cages (5 animals/cage) under controlled standard conditions (23 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 5% relative humidity, 12 h light/dark cycle) with restricted access to standard rat chow and free access to tap water. After a 1-week acclimation period, all animals were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 rats in each group: (1) normal control group; (2) ACR- intoxicated control group; (3) low-dose (50mg/kg) curcumin treatment group and (4) high-dose (100 mg/kg) curcumin treatment group. Animals in 2–4 groups were intraperitoneally injected with ACR dissolved in normal saline at the dose of 40 mg/kg every other day for 4 weeks. The normal rats received saline as control. Meanwhile, rats in the curcumin treatment groups were daily administered with curcumin at the corresponding oral administration dose for 4 weeks. The normal and ACR-intoxicated control animals were orally administered with the same volume of distilled water. Body weight and behavioral alterations were monitored once a week. At 24 h after the last administration, all animals were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, brain tissues were quickly collected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin have not been well evaluated in the context of ACR-induced neurotoxicity. Although it mentions that curcumin has demonstrated protective effects in other models, it emphasizes a lack of robust evaluation regarding its anti-inflammatory properties, which undermines the broader claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: [590] were dominated by net release of glutamine, which conceivably could be balanced by small net influxes for many amino acids, each below the limit of detection, or a net influx of NH4+ though there is no evidence for this [359]. balance is achieved remains to be clarified. This may explain the only modest success of attempts to understand the effects of raised concentration of one amino acid in plasma on the fluxes and ISF concentrations of other amino acids. Those attempts have considered only the concentrations in plasma while it is now clear that concentrations on both sides are important. (See [42] for discussion of the early work and [637] for a more recent example). The results of Kress et al. [514] differ from the earlier studies described above. Kress et al. have reported the fractions of Aβ and inulin remaining in the brain 1 h after parenchymal injection in young, middle aged, or old mice. In each group they found that the fraction remaining of Aβ was smaller than that of inulin but the difference between Aβ and inulin was much less marked than in the earlier studies primarily because more Aβ remained in the brain. It is difficult to suggest any reason for this discrepancy. In a number of studies (see e. g. [341]) the net flux during low nervous activity has been compared to an estimate of the transport maximum, Tmax. Tmax is typically two to threefold larger. However, Tmax gives a false impression of the transport reserve as these large fluxes can only be reached by increasing cplasma to levels that are never achieved. ("Systems" have functional definitions and may be mediated by one or more transporters. Transporters are gene products). Chikhale et al. [638] looked at the permeability of a series of peptides and found that the permeabilities did not correlate with the n-octanol/water partition coefficient but did correlate with the number of hydrogen bonds they could form. If the hydrogen bonds were formed only in the water and not in either n-octanol or the membrane core, then n-octanol would be expected to be a reasonable model for the core and the discrepancy they observed should not have been seen. See also [169]. 48. 92. 86. 19. 7. 9. 25. 702. 91. 5. 92. 35. 9. 30. 705. 75. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the blood-brain barrier's function. It discusses various aspects of amino acid fluxes and permeability studies, but does not mention the blood-brain barrier or its protective role against harmful substances.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: This association was pervasive and dominant, in that SUP05 bacteria were found in all 8 O. pearseae specimens analyzed, comprising up to 96% of the recovered microbial 16S rRNA genes. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria within the SUP05 clade, named after the discovery in the Suiyo seamount plume [33], have been found worldwide in marine oxygen-deficient marine environments, deep-sea hydrothermal systems, and productive upwelling regions [34,35,36]. They exist both as free-living cells [29] and in association with animal hosts (ex. Bathymodiolus mussels and some sponges [37]), where they participate centrally in the provisioning of fixed carbon to the animal. Intracellular SUP05 were observed exclusively in the epidermis of Ostiactis pearseae, which was unexpected given that most Cnidaria house symbionts, mainly photosynthetic, in the gastrodermis [38, 39]. Epidermal bacteriocyte-like structures containing Vibrio have been observed in Exaiptasia pallida [40] and bacterial “aggregates” containing Endozoicimonas have been observed in epidermal “caverns” in the sea anemone Metridium senile [41]. In both cases, however, the epidermal bacteria are pathogens commonly associated with animals [42, 43]. Octocorals harbored a coral-specific SUP05 clade that dominated their bacterial communities by up to 87%, albeit the specific location of the bacteria within the coral mucous or tissue was not determined [9]. Interestingly, bacteria on the tentacle surface of O. pearseae appeared to be in clathrin-coated pits in various stages of endocytosis. Further examination of this receptor-mediated process is necessary to establish whether bacteria are actively transported inside of host cells and if so, what influences the recognition and selectivity of this process. Hosting sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 in the outer epidermis may allow Ostiactis pearseae to avoid sulfide toxicity or the costly evolution of unique biochemistry to take up and transport sulfide [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of SUP05 bacteria, which are sulfur-oxidizing and found in deep-sea hydrothermal systems, indicating their significance in these unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. The mention of how these bacteria participate in the provisioning of fixed carbon to animal hosts supports the idea that chemosynthesis is a foundational process in such environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: However, there is limited evidence in the possible ameliorative effect of curcumin against ACR-induced neurotoxicity. Prasad and Muralidhara [22] have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of curcumin in an ACR model of neurotoxicity in an insect species, Drosophila melanogaster. A recently published study [23] reported that curcumin would exert a protective effect against ACR-induced spatial memory impairment in rats. However, the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin have not been well evaluated in ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In the present study, we identified whether curcumin could exert protective effects against neuron apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by ACR exposure in rats. MethodsChemicals ACR and curcumin were purchased from Amresco Co. () and Sigma chemicals Co. (St. ), respectively. Experimental design Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-220 g, were obtained from Center (Hubei, China). Rats were housed in standard translucent cages (5 animals/cage) under controlled standard conditions (23 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 5% relative humidity, 12 h light/dark cycle) with restricted access to standard rat chow and free access to tap water. After acclimation for 1-week, healthy animals were randomly assigned into 4 groups (10 rats per group): normal control group; ACR-intoxicated control group; low-dose (50mg/kg) curcumin treatment group and high-dose (100 mg/kg) curcumin treatment group. A dose of 40 mg/kg ACR (dissolved in normal saline) was intraperitoneally injected every other day for 4 weeks in all animals except the normal control group. The normal rats received saline as control. Meanwhile, rats in the curcumin treatment groups were daily administered with curcumin at the corresponding oral administration dose for 4 weeks. The doses of ACR and curcumin were chosen based on the previous study [5] and preliminary experiments. The normal and ACR-intoxicated control animals were orally administered with the same volume of distilled water. Body weight and behavioral alterations were monitored once a week. At 24 h after the last administration, all animals were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, brain tissues were quickly collected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin have not been well evaluated in ACR-induced neurotoxicity. While it mentions some protective effects of curcumin, it suggests limitations in the current evidence regarding its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: 29. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1968. p. 159–72. 77. 39. 91. 8. 39. 5. 340. 111. 311. 716. 40. 2005. 20. 3. 5629. 10. 68. 32. 76. 7680. 86. 51. 407. 26. 44. 1. Cambridge: Press; 1998. p. 188–97. 511. 25. 49. 94. 92. 305. 92. 70. 10. 14. 1979. 1996. 38. 8. 8. 5. 600. 99. 71. , Advances in pharmacologyLondon: Elsevier; 2014. p. 147–63. 31. 9. CAS PubMed 1. Cambridge: Press; 1998. p. 24–31. 13. 315. 9. CAS PubMed 44. 85. 86. 5024. 15. 84. 504. 501. 8635. 7679. 9. 2017. p. 105–27. 36. CAS PubMed 44. CAS PubMed 13. 76. 2. 64. 152. 2582. 81. 7. 5. 22. 9. 36. 94. 48. 85. 2018. Review: cerebral amyloid angiopathy, prion angiopathy, and the spectrum of protein elimination failure angiopathies (PEFA) in neurodegenerative disease with a focus on therapy. Neurobiol. 2013;39:593–611. 23. 9. 14. 14. 38. 26. 9. 41. 1434. 67. 9738. 2018. p. 1057816. . Magnetic resonance imaging provides evidence of glymphatic drainage from human brain to cervical lymph nodes. Sci Rep. 2018;8:7194. 65. 84. 8. 9. 40. 9. 6. 70. 52. 34. 73. 28. CAS PubMed 7. 2000. Exp Neurol. 1974;45:50–60. 103. , Handbook of experimental pharmacologyBerlin: Springer; 1992. p. 245–61. 56. 20. 32. 14. 63. 30. 94. 37. 46. 51. 64. 72. 42. 2017. p. 17–25. 2017. 103. 5793. 85. 53. 63. 51. 2. CAS 1943. 1967. 1952. 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a series of fragmented citations and references that do not engage with the claim about the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim and does not support or contrast it in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the epidermis in Anthozoa can function in nutrition [21], even more so than the gastrodermis, through direct uptake of dissolved organic compounds [44, 45], thus the positioning of nutritional bacteria in the epidermis may increase effective exchange of small molecules. Like other SUP05 cells, those associated with the tentacles of O. pearseae were small (~ 500 nm in diameter [46]). Presumably, these symbionts require both oxygen and sulfide near simultaneously, for example “autotrophicus,” a member of the SUP05 group, has an aerobic phenotype and uses sulfide while respiring oxygen [46, 47]. In this regard, it would be reasonable to house bacteria as close to the tissue surface as possible in order to accommodate gas exchange and meet symbiont metabolic demands. The assumption that the SUP05 group may perform a nutritional role for the Ostiactis pearseae is evidenced by the comparatively light tissue δ13C values (average − 29. 1‰). The contribution of chemosynthesis-derived carbon to O. pearseae biomass appears to exceed that reported for other deep-sea anthozoan species from the Gulf of Mexico (ex. Paramuricea [9]). The facultative, or rather mixotrophic, nature of the SUP05-Anthozoa symbioses proposed by [9] is also suggested for O. pearseae given the large range in negative δ13C values observed. Additionally, the SUP05 were found to not only have the gene repertoire necessary for chemosynthesis, but to be transcriptionally active, further supporting the possibility of SUP05 contributions to host nutrition [9]. Like all sea anemones (even those with photosynthetic symbionts), O. pearseae retains an arsenal of nematocysts by which to capture prey; thus, this tentacular team-up with SUP05 symbionts likely provides only a portion of their diet, indicating a mixotrophic strategy. The SUP05 clade is involved not only in mediating dark carbon fixation, but also in the cycling of nitrogen, whether by denitrification, as has been shown in free-living SUP05 populations [29, 36] or assimilatory nitrate reduction, as in the case of symbiotic SUP05 [9, 48]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of SUP05 bacteria in the nutrition of the sea anemone Ostiactis pearseae and providing evidence of their involvement in chemosynthesis. It specifically mentions the metabolic activity of SUP05 and how it contributes to the nutrition of the host, indicating a reliance on chemosynthesis for energy and growth in these unique ecosystems commonly associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (A) Schema of protein coded by oxt gene. Antibodies anti-OXT and PS45 were targeted to processed OXT and neurophysin respectively. SP denotes signal peptide, arrow indicates cleavage site. Validation of the EGFP-OXT fusion protein is shown in Figure 3H. (B–F) Confocal Z-stack images showing Fluorescent in situ hybdridization (FISH) of 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae using probes for avp (B) or oxt (C) mRNA (red), followed by PS45 staining. The neurosecretory preoptic (NPO) area in which oxytocin neurons were labeled is shown. Confocal maximum intensity projection (MIP) images showing immunostaining of 5-dpf old transgenic Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae using antibodies directed against GFP and neurophysin (NP). The whole neurohypophyseal tract (D) and the hypophyseal projections (E) are shown. Scale: 10 μM. Figure 6—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional render showing STORM images of endogenous OXT in neurohypophyseal synapses of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) old zebrafish larvae. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT levels via Cdc42. (A,B) Assessment of the effect of Oxytocin neuron-specific overexpression of actin-regulating protein Cdc42 in Tg(oxt:Gal4) larvae. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxt:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP or UAS:Cdc42(T17N)-EGFP. Larvae were fixed at 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) and immunostained with anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and neurohypophyseal synapse (NS) were identified as described earlier. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) reveals mosaic labeling of hypophyseal projecting axons (B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses scientific methods and observations related to neurohypophyseal synapses and oxytocin, with no mention of willow bark or its historical use for pain relief. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: , Handbook of physiologyBethesda: Society; 1984. p. 969–1000. 53. 69. 4. 26. 26. 1996. p. 311–37. 6. 40. 701. 9. 65. 14. 71. 73. 13. 3741. 41. 47. 51. 58. 38. 28. 83. 81. 45. 55. 13. 62. 38. 535. 1998. 96. 6. 72. 104. 2009. p. 585–606. 73. 62. 0412. 316. 809. 107. 2018. van van Deemter L, Mol CA, van der Valk MA, Robanus-Maandag EC, te Riele HP, et al. Disruption of the mouse mdr1a P-glycoprotein gene leads to a deficiency in the blood–brain barrier and to increased sensitivity to drugs. Cell. 1994;77:491–502. 8. 64. 30. 91. CAS PubMed 6. 69. 80. CAS PubMed 7. 41. 22. 63. 31. 7. 301. 11. 21. 60. 71. , Advances in pharmacologyLondon: Academic Press, Elsevier; 2014. p. 1–24. 9. 15. 41. CAS PubMed 9. 507. 6. 51. 80. 105. 312. 602. 24. 61. 76. 85. 28. 87. 51. 9. 314. 412. 2014. p. 273–301. 86. 36. 24. 65. 17. 63. 932. 72. 2006. p. 1435–41. 6. CAS PubMed 45. 40. CAS PubMed 2007. p. 593–615. 80. 9. 19. 28. 9. 214. 71. 2007. p. 575–91. 82. 19. 65. 66. 72. 503. 7. 39. 21. 13. 39. 304. 16. 28. 90. 57. 53. 5. 81. 59. 87. 6. CAS PubMed 64. 9. 83. 23. 6. CAS PubMed 1984. p. 383–404. 27. 96. CAS PubMed 33. 3. Washington, D. C: Society; 1960. 56. 30. 13. 39. CAS PubMed 6. CAS PubMed 16. 7. 8. 40. CAS PubMed 96. 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is primarily a reference list and does not contain any information that directly addresses or supports the claim regarding the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: , utilization of H2S, HS−, or other reduced S species, including endogenous elemental sulfur), or variation in the sulfur sourced from the petroleum-rich sediments of the Pescadero Basin. Many uncultivated candidate bacterial phyla have been discovered in recent years within a variety of environments [20, 58, 59]. They usually have small genomes (< 1 Mb) with dramatically reduced biosynthetic capabilities, and yet exist globally in both marine and terrestrial habitats [60]. Several of these candidate phyla, known as the OD1 and BD1-5 groups (also referred to as Parcubacteria and Gracilibacteria, respectively), comprised up to 16–27% of the Ostiactis pearseae bacterial community and are known to play an important role in sulfur cycling [60]. An ectosymbiotic or parasitic lifestyle for the OD1 has been proposed [61], given their inability to synthesize vitamins, amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids. Additionally, while most candidate phyla are found in anoxic habitats, some OD1 genomes contained genes suggestive of O2 use as a terminal electron acceptor [61, 62]. Although not previously associated with the sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 group, or any specific proteobacterial group, the role of OD1 in sulfur reduction [60] and their diverse repertoire for attachment and adhesion [61] forecasts a possible direct association with either the SUP05 bacteria or O. pearseae mucous, for example. ConclusionDespite 40+ years of appreciation for chemosynthetic symbioses and the continued search for their occurrence in the most well-known habitats, Cnidaria have only very recently been shown to associate with chemoautorophic bacteria. Here, we identify a hydrothermal vent sea anemone, Ostiactis pearseae, at 3700 m depth in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California, that appears to be nutritionally supported by internal chemoautotrophic bacteria. This species, one of only 2 dominant sessile animals observed on the vent chimneys, has an unusual life position, often located in and amongst vent-obligate siboglinid tubeworms, very near to actively venting fluids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by identifying a unique ecosystem at a hydrothermal vent, specifically mentioning the sea anemone Ostiactis pearseae, which is nutritionally supported by internal chemoautotrophic bacteria. This clearly indicates that these ecosystems are reliant on chemosynthesis, as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 10 Mar 2022 really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while Aloe vera has been shown to have active ingredients that may influence burn repair, it does not explicitly support the long-standing use of Aloe vera for various skin ailments. Furthermore, it indicates that the authors did not claim Aloe vera could be used as a pharmaceutical product, which weakens the assertion about its centuries-long traditional use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: CAS PubMed 82. 52. 10. 82. 38. 37. 91. 46. 42. CAS PubMed 34. 13. CAS PubMed 56. 1. Nature. 2014;510:121–5. 914. PubMed Pub39. 96. 66. CAS PubMed 96. 28. 76. 906. 25. 9. 14. 49. 55. 103. , Handbook of experimental pharmacologyBerlin: Springer; 1992. p. 65–117. 77. 408. 63. 6. 9. CAS 406. 7. 901. 56. 25. 74. 406. 8. 3. 96. CAS PubMed 6. 91. 9. 92. 400. 54. 51. 36. 519. 7. 44. 141. 9. 5. New York: Plenum; 1971. p. 235–47. 7. CAS PubMed 92. CAS PubMed 85. 57. 70. 201. 8. 36. 7. 9. 7. 98. 318. 8. CAS PubMed 99. 202. 45. 74. 22. 612. 709. 5. 7. 8. 9. 45. 2017. 545. 73. 84. 62. 11. 7. 99. CAS PubMed 32. 9. 33. 171. 1411. 8. 33. 54. CAS PubMed 75. 73. 3. J Flow Metab. 2011;31:1637–47. 51. 37. 42. 2011. 6. 1774. 56. 78. 42. 36. 6270. 53. 18. 9. 407. 48. 9. 14. 61. 25. 53. 80. 12. 20. 223. 93. 64. 61. 50. 304. 53. 44. 6379. 1. J Neurosci. 2013;33:19276–83. 160. 87. 36. 900. 24. 93. 44. 1. Neurosci. 2015;7:136. 65. 44. 70. 2323. e2321-2311. 31. 100. 4. 69. 93. 9. 31. 34. 8. 15. 8. 5. 90. 7. 53. 43. 38. 23. 93. 9. 13. 69. 33. 82. 16. 67. 85. 186. 52. 5. 6. 30. 83. 59. 33. 7. 59. 1636. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim directly or indirectly. It appears to consist mainly of references and citation data without any meaningful content related to the blood-brain barrier or its protective functions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Ostiactis pearseae houses putative sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 bacteria (Thioglobaceae) in its epidermis, with which it appears to have established a mixotrophic nutritional strategy, based on a broad range of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotopes. Facultative, or rather mixotrophic, nutritional symbioses are often more difficult to recognize, compared to obligate alliances, but they are surely more common in nature [63], particularly in Cnidaria which experience symbiont gain and loss readily and often retain an ability to capture prey [9, 64, 65]. So, too, is the difficulty in uncovering nested symbioses, often involving microbe-microbe synergies. In this study, an unusual abundance of two candidate phyla, Parcubacteria and Gracilibacteria (a. k. a. OD1 and BD1-5, respectively) within O. pearseae tentacles, hints at the roles they may play in the cycling of nutrients within and on animal hosts. Cnidaria symbioses are considered foundational for coral reefs, and perhaps they also play an important role at hydrothermal vents. It would be worth investigating additional Anthozoa species observed to inhabit venting fluids at other sites worldwide [66,67,68], to see whether they have also forged nutritional relationships with chemosynthetic bacteria, such as the versatile SUP05 group. MethodsSpecimen collectionsAll specimens and water samples were collected from active vent sites within the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California (~ 3700 m depth), using the ROV SuBastian during the R/V Falkor expedition FK103118 (October–November 2018), specifically from six sites at two vent fields within ~ 2 km of each other; the previously described Auka vent field [10,11,12] and a newly discovered JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field (Fig. 1; Table 1). Sea anemones were collected by ROV manipulator or suction sampler (5: Supplemental video) and preserved shipboard as described below in each analysis section. Targeted water samples (2 L) were collected, within ~ 0. 5 m from nearby anemones, via Niskin bottle mounted on the ROV SuBastian. Additional file 5 Sampling anemones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the nutritional strategies associated with deep-sea organisms, specifically mentioning the relationship between the sea anemone Ostiactis pearseae and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. The mention of chemosynthetic bacteria and their role in the nutritional relationships at hydrothermal vents supports the idea that unique ecosystems relying on chemosynthesis exist in such deep-sea environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support, contrast, or provide relevant information to the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. It discusses various aspects of a study involving Aloe vera and its effects on post-burn skin repair in rats, but it does not mention historical usage or traditional medicinal practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: 46. 403. 251. 65. 43. 53. 81. 32. 66. 37. 7. 177. 108. 61. 43. 60. 66. 4. 8. 252. 9. 5430. 14. 46. 8. CAS PubMed 309. 62. 6. 282. 75. 19. 12. 81. 36. 655. CAS PubMed 76. CAS 13. A new method for the characterization of GLC stationary phases—the Laffort data set. J Chem Soc-2. 1990. 49. 40. 94. 91. 72. 33. 8. 1. Nomenclature and rate equations. Acta. 1963;67:104–37. 77. 44. 77. 73. 26. 74. 92. 426. 1984. p. 411–66. 25. CAS PubMed 8. 35. 5. CAS PubMed 711. 2. J Neurochem. 2000;75:1907–16. 22. CAS PubMed 53. 40. 66. 67. 74. 75. CAS PubMed 64. 83. 12. 21. 9. 600. 72. 7. 92. 55. 41. 8. 11. 17. 9. CAS PubMed 1. 75. 8. 32. 19. 307. CAS PubMed 42. 6. 7. CAS PubMed 9. 43. 50. 7. 9. 42. 9. CAS PubMed 33. CAS PubMed 84. CAS PubMed 83. CAS PubMed 106. , SupplementumVienna: Springer; 2010. p. 3–13. 23. 26. 63. 8. 74. 21. 88. 87. 43. 8. 76. 164. 9. CAS 40. 5. 82. 6. 44. 32. CAS PubMed 29. 40. 6807. 24. 7. 6. 90. 9. 43. 73. 9. 9. 10. Arlington: of Pharmaceutical Scientists; 2014. 2004. 16. 8. 3. New York: Plenum; 1983. p. 381–404. 21. 8. 72. 15. 60. 77. 8. 31. 86. 27. 57. 1009. 132. 9. 78. 1. Spreadsheet to be used in fitting the carrier equations described in 1. If instead the rate of elimination is expressed per unit mass of tissue, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information about the blood-brain barrier or its function in protecting the brain from harmful substances. Instead, it appears to be a collection of numbers and references that lack the necessary context or information related to the claim.