Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We find that the full set of adult glutaminergic MBONs are made during embryogenesis, however. Most take up similar positions in the larval medial lobe while the ‘extra’ cells are modified to function in the larval vertical lobe. In this way, they temporarily substitute for the late-born cells that normally supply vertical lobe compartments. Many of the neurons that supply the larval-specific compartments of the intermediate peduncle and vertical lobes are neurons fated for non-MB circuits, and modified in the larval for only temporary use in the MB. Many are fated for adult-specific neuropils, such as the central complex or the optic lobes (Figure 13). These temporary, larval MB neurons appear most frequently in lineages that also make permanent MBONs or MBINs. These cells already have the appropriate lineage information to produce the desired phenotypes; they only need to alter the phenotypic read-out of their temporal information and/or Notch state. We suggest that a hypothetical ‘larval specifying factor(s)’ is involved in altering the interpretation of the temporal and spatial factors that establish neuronal phenotypes. The expression of such a factor would maintain the larval state but its disappearance at metamorphosis would mean that the larval phenotype could no longer be maintained, and the neurons could change to a mature phenotype appropriate to their temporal and spatial instructions. Indeed, recent studies show that the BTB/POZ transcription factor, Mamo, appears at metamorphosis and is need for the partially dedifferentiated larval neurons to acquire their adult state (Lai et al. , 2022). While the existence of a larval specification factor is hypothetical in this context, three transcription factors, chinmo, broad, and E93, act as master genes to specify the different life stages of Drosophila (Truman and Riddiford, 2022). Also, in some insects, the larval stage is actively maintained by the sesquiterpene hormone, juvenile hormone, acting through its major target, the Krüppel-homolog 1 transcription factor (Jindra et al. , 2013). These genes may provide an entry into discovering how the development of terminal fates can be temporarily diverted to produce a novel, larval identity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the existence of larval stages in insects, specifically Drosophila, and how certain transcription factors and hormones regulate these stages. It indicates the role of larvae in metamorphosis and hints at the transition from larval to adult forms, supporting the concept of complete metamorphosis in some insects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Bright UV-light closes all pupils because R7s express UV-sensitive Rh3- and Rh4-rhodopsins, and in R1-R6s’ Rh1-rhodopsin is electrochemically coupled to UV-sensitive sensitizing pigment. Redrawn and modified from (Franceschini and Kirschfeld, 1976; Elyada et al. , 2009). 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 042 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 043 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 044 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 045 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 046 0. 1 resolution. (B) Under-sampling the same image by an ordered matrix leads to aliasing: ghost rings appear when the image (of the function) is sampled with 0. 2 resolution. Aliasing is a critical problem, as the nervous system cannot differentiate the fake image rings from the original real image. (C) Sampling the image (A) with a random matrix may lose some of its fine resolution, due to broadband noise, but such sampling is anti-aliasing; sampling with random points at 0. 2 resolution. (D) Color photoreceptor distributions across macaque (Field et al. , 2010) (red, green and blue cones; left) and Drosophila retina (Vasiliauskas et al. , 2011) (R7y and R7p receptors; right) show random-like sampling matrixes, suggesting that this sampling matrix sensitivity randomization would have an anti-aliasing role. (E) Crucially, by integrating and redistributing R1-R6 outputs with additional gap-junctional inputs from randomized R7/R8 color channels (Wardill et al. , 2012) (D) and 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 047 2. 1). (B) The signal (average response) standard deviation (SD) in 10 ms windows to bursty stimulation vary much more than that to white-noise. The noise variability (blue traces) in the two sets of responses (SD in 10 ms time windows) is similar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the 'signal (average response) standard deviation (SD) in 10 ms windows to bursty stimulation vary much more than that to white-noise.' This suggests variability in responses to different types of stimuli, thereby implying that not every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: The revisions observed in these two cases were restricted to informing or to adjusting existing public policy and planning processes. Implementation of revised policies that could be attributed to the assessment process was not observed. Revision of policy because of research and assessment findings at the subnational level will likely be difficult. The experiences in the three provinces pointed to difficulties in responding to external drivers that depended much more on markets and national policy. There were also other scale issues arising from differences in the roles and traditions of governance actors working at different levels in the administrative hierarchy. Provincial plans are forward looking in the sense of pursuing visions and targets. On the other hand, subdistrict plans are mostly framed as reactions to problems that have arisen or goals that were set elsewhere. This multilevel complexity and differences in associated planning capacities make coproduction with local communities or experts more difficult. In summary, governance capacities associated with exploring, accessing, and using scientific knowledge were influenced by the content, vocabulary, and procedures of an ecosystem services assessment. The three assessments started with similar initial designs, but diverged as governance actors interacted with and influenced the detailed agendas pursued by technical teams. our analysis of science capacity, we focused on the efforts of scientists and experts to understand and engage governance actors and public processes. As for governance capacity, we considered exploration, consultation, evaluation, and revision components (Fig. 2). varied in their capacity to engage with public policy issues in each of the assessment areas. In Nan, the assessment team was particularly active and innovative in using different modes of communication; these included programs on local radio and drama events about the problems and future of the upland agricultural areas. Experts widely recognized that frequent communication with stakeholders was important to maintain the stakeholders’ interest in the assessment process; however, an important overlooked consequence was that those engaged experts were also exposed firsthand to the opinions and positions of the stakeholders. That two-way communication was arguably an important precursor to the relationships that built coproductive capacity. Exploration of issues with other stakeholders raised fundamental issues of language. Researchers in all assessments struggled at times to effectively translate terms from the ecosystem services and assessment framework into words and phrases that farmers, officials, and other stakeholders could understand. Several different but related terms were used in Thai, some more akin to “utility” or “usefulness” and others more allied to “benefit” or “service. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or support the claim that ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. Instead, it discusses governance complexities and challenges associated with ecosystem services assessments and the communication between experts and stakeholders. It mentions the importance of effective communication and engaging with stakeholders but does not link these points to the benefits of ecosystem services for human well-being.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: However, in this study, high Tg expression levels are only achieved at the juvenile stage, whereas high TSH is achieved at D32, and at the juvenile stage, they are already at their lowest levels. This is exactly our point. We observe two peaks in TSH expression, one at D3 and one at D32. The peak at D3 coincides with high thyroid hormone levels on the same day, and while we have not measured TH at D32, existing literature shows that there is a peak in TH during that time (e. g. , de Jesus et al. , 1998). Similarly, there is a small peak of Tg at D3. Our manuscript focused more on the upregulation of these genes at D3, which has not been reported before in the literature and raised the question of the role of TH so early in the larval development, outside of the metamorphosis period. Regarding the respective levels of TSH and Tg, we first would like to add that their respective order of appearance before metamorphosis (TSH at D32, Tg after) is consistent with what we would expect. We agree however that the strong increase of Tg and TPO expression is later than expected. We will make this clear in the revised manuscript. It is very difficult to conclude anything with the TH and cortisol levels measurements. The authors only measured up until D10, whereas they argue that metamorphosis occurs at D32. In this way, these measurements could be more helpful if they focus on the correct developmental time. The data is irrelevant to their hypothesis. We respectfully disagree with the reviewer, considering that 1) TH levels have already been investigated in groupers coinciding with pigmentation changes and fin rays resorption, 2) that there is also evidence in numerous fish species that TH level increase is concomitant with increase of TH related genes, and 3) that we observed in our data an increase in the expression of TH related genes as well as pigmentation changes and fin rays resorption. Based on our experience in fish metamorphosis and the literature we can say confidently that those observations indicate that metamorphosis is occurring between D32 and the juvenile stage. To reinforce our point, we plan to add a figure to the revised manuscript, which puts our data in the context of earlier studies done in grouper. This will clearly show that our inference is correct. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing metamorphosis in the context of developmental stages in fish, specifically noting that metamorphosis is occurring between D32 and the juvenile stage. The reference to increased hormone levels and related genes during larval development supports that these are metamorphosis-related transitions, which aligns with the concept of complete metamorphosis described in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (C) Signal-to-noise ratio is much greater in the responses to light bursts than to white-noise stimulation; it was calculated as the ratio between signal SD and noise SD, using 10 ms time resolution. 63. 3 o/s. The shuffled yaw (gray trace) is generated by randomly selecting angular velocity values from the recorded walk (in C). (E) These three different yaw signals (o). were then used to sample intensity values from the linear line scans (in B; here shown for #8 and #15) at each 1 ms time-bin, generating unique light intensity time series from the panoramic image. Here the corresponding traces are shown for the first 4 s to highlight how differences in locomotion cause large differences in temporal light stimulation (i. e. light input to photoreceptors). Video 1 shows how these three different walking (or locomotion) dynamics (saccadic, linear and shuffled) affect the image stream to the eyes, using the panoramic ‘swamp forest’ scene (Figure 6C). 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 052 3. 3 s window; magenta: 10 kHz, 1 s window; gray: 30 kHz, ∼0. 3 s window). (E) The time-normalized shapes of R1-R6 output emphasize similar aspects in NS, regardless of the used playback velocity (here from 0. 5 to 30 kHz). R1-R6s integrate voltage responses of a similar size for the same NS pattern, much irrespective of its speed. Mean ± SD shown, n = 7 traces. (D–E) Data is from (Zheng et al. , 2009) (Figure 4). 4. 1 gives their geometrical relation. (C) Light diffraction at the ommatidial lens and the rhabdomere tip strongly affects the optical quality of the image pixel that a photoreceptor samples. D = ommatidial lens diameter; d = rhabdomere tip diameter; f = focal length; λ = wavelength. Redrawn from (Land, 1997). 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 056 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 058 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 059 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 060 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that differences in locomotion cause large differences in temporal light stimulation, suggesting that individuals respond differently to environmental stimuli, particularly in relation to their locomotion dynamics. It states that three different yaw signals affect how the image stream is processed, highlighting that varying responses occur based on the nature of the stimuli and individual movement patterns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: This key policy question went through several iterations because different stakeholders wished to emphasize different framings of the key issues (Table 1), but ultimately agreement was reached among the central management group, the Poverty-Environment Initiative, and the assessment technical teams. In the case of Khon Kaen, having a negotiated, focal policy question received less emphasis than in the other two provinces; the final report, for instance, had no explicit question up-front, although earlier drafts had versions that were used in Table 1. This difference was partly because of the complexity of the issues, but also partly because of lack of adequate consensus brought about by the contested character of development in this province. A provincial-level working group consisting of multiple stakeholders also met to review progress and provide feedback to the technical assessment teams in each province. Kaen, an external review of the draft report was also done by an independent expert panel. Monitoring and evaluation by the central advisory group, which included several members of the management group, gave feedback on activity plans and draft reports prepared by the technical assessment team at key steps along the process. The advisory group helped the technical assessment team prioritize and deal with requests and demands from governance actors at the provincial and central levels. Potential users and members of governing and central technical advisory bodies for an assessment were always looking for ways to extract more information and improve the quality of reports and analyses. Clear terms of reference for the team leading the assessment became important to manage expectations. Experts responsible for technical review, data collection, and analyses needed encouragement to share their findings early and regularly with other stakeholders rather than wait until they had the best analysis or everything was complete. Key users did not want to wait until the assessment process was complete, but wanted to immediately start exploring the relevance of initial findings and evidence for their work. These are examples of tensions that arose in coproduction. In summary, science capacities associated with exploring, accessing, and using insights from governance policy actors and processes were substantially different among the three technical assessment teams. These differences had repercussions for the details of how the ecosystem services assessment process unfolded. Examples include the degree of engagement with other scientific experts, and, even more importantly, the level of use of information from peer-reviewed scientific literature on ecological processes and depth of policy analysis. analysis of coproductive capacity considered issues of legitimization in addition to more standard explorations of evidence of collaborative compilation and interpretation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the complexities and governance of the ecosystem services assessment process rather than directly addressing the benefits of ecosystem services to human well-being. It discusses stakeholder engagement, challenges in reaching consensus, and technical review processes without mentioning how ecosystem services relate to human wellbeing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In order to clarify our message further, we have changed some of the mentions of “metamorphosis” to “larval development” throughout the manuscript and added other improvements to avoid any confusion between the two periods we are studying: early larval development (between D1 and D10) and metamorphosis (between D32 and juvenile stage). Moreover, as stated in the previous review, a classical sign of teleost metamorphosis is the upregulation of TSHb and Tg, which does not occur at D32 therefore, it is very hard for me to accept that this is the metamorphic stage. With the lack of TH measurements, I cannot agree with the authors. I think this has to be toned down and made clear in the manuscript that D32 might be a putative metamorphic climax but that several aspects of biology work against it. Moreover, in D10, the authors show the highest cortisol level and lowest T4 and T3 levels. These observations are irreconcilable, with cortisol enhancing or participating in TH-driven metamorphosis. We thank the reviewer for this comment, but we think that there might be a misunderstanding here. (1) We clearly observed an increase of TSHb (that occurs between D18 and juvenile stage) and an increase of tg from D32 which coincide with the activation of other genes involved in TH pathway (dio2, dio3, and also a strong increase of TRb). All this and put in the context of what we know from previous grouper studies, clearly supports our conclusion that TH-regulated metamorphosis is starting at around D32 in grouper. We also observed morphological changes such as fin rays resorption and pigmentation changes between D32 and juvenile stage. Such morphological changes have already been associated as corresponding to metamorphosis in groupers (et al 1998) as they occur during TH level increase, and they also happen to be under the control of TH in grouper (et al 1998). Based on this study but also on studies (conducted on many other teleost species) showing that the increase of TH levels is always associated with an activation of TH pathway genes and morphological and pigmentation changes we concluded that metamorphosis of E. malabaricus occurs between D32 and juvenile stage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the process of metamorphosis, specifically in the context of the grouper species. It details the stages of development, including early larval development and metamorphosis, as well as the hormonal and morphological changes occurring during these stages. The mention of the changes between larval stages and the juvenile stage reflects the concept of complete metamorphosis, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The difference between the optical axes, as indicated by the two scans, was ~3o. (B) Examples of R1-R6 photoreceptors’ intracellular responses that show slow spontaneous voltage drifts, saccades, jumps or modulation (red arrows and boxes) during repeated light intensity time series stimulation from a fixed point source. Characteristically, these perturbations do not correlate with the light stimuli but are erratically superimposed on the responses’ normal adapting trends. Because they occur in the time scale of seconds and show variable rhythmicity, they are likely caused by intrinsic eye muscle activity. Before the recordings, the light stimulus source (3o light-guide-end, as seen by the fly) was carefully positioned at the center of each tested photoreceptor’s receptive field. 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 063 4. 5 o) collect light from neighboring visual areas, but their receptive fields (RFs) overlap, having twice as large acceptance angles, ∆ρ ~ 9. 5 o. Right, neighboring photoreceptors in the same ommatidium collect light from neighboring visual areas with their RFs overlapping. By comparing the resulting variable photoreceptor outputs from a small visual object (0. 5 o vertical grey bar), neural circuitry may resolve objects finer than the inter-ommatidial angle (∆φ). 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 069 1. 39×10−5) with the center stimulus. However, time-to-peak of the responses to center and side light-points shows more variability between individual cells (p = 0. 125). Mean ± SD; two-tailed t-test; nwild-type = 6 cells. 3. x was the object’s travelling time. (C) An example of the linear correlation between t2 and x. Below each data point is its corresponding stimulus (dot) velocity. (D) An example of the linear correlation between t4 and x. Again, the corresponding dot velocities are shown. 0. 01 ≤ p ≤ 2. 18 x 10−14, 9 ≤ n ≤ 12 trials, two-tailed t-test). (G) Because the response rise and decay times changed in unity, the resulting response half-widths to corresponding back-to-front and front-to-back object motion were largely similar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that individual photoreceptors show variable responses to the same light stimuli. Specifically, it states that 'the time-to-peak of the responses to center and side light-points shows more variability between individual cells,' indicating that not every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: initial logic was to seek endorsement from individuals in positions at as high a level as possible, such as the governor’s office. This was important for enabling the assessment process to go forward, but initial commitment did not always translate into further significant engagement. As the process unfolded, it became clear that it was also important to engage with senior bureaucrats who had a genuine interest in and motivation to be part of the process because their contributions were more likely to be sustained. In each province, partnerships were made with key agencies striving to mainstream poverty-environment linkages and keen on incorporating the ecosystem services assessment process into their designated functions and roles (Table 1). The regional offices of of Environment and were key partners in provinces. Songkhram, the chamber of commerce represented small businesses including ecotourism. In Nan, the Organization, an elected local government body at the provincial level, actively committed to the project. The governance structures that guided the assessment, both provincial level and the central advisory group, were dominated by government officials and experts from research organizations; there was no direct representation of vulnerable or poor groups. Songkhram, an argument could be made that the community organization that led the assessment process had some capacity to represent these interests. The private sector was an important actor in each province but was not regularly engaged by the assessment process. In all three provinces the policy question on which the assessments were supposed to focus was a negotiated text among key stakeholders and was not politically neutral. Songkhram, the policy question reflected the interests of those concerned with conserving culture and lifestyle while pursuing a particular vision of the environment. The initial idea was to focus on industrial development on the coast, but this focus was expanded to a more general concern about the impacts of national development policies. Environmental Office, for instance, strongly argued for the need to include the tourism sector as an important stakeholder; this was done to make the activity more attractive to provincial-level policy makers concerned with the policy tension around mass versus local ecotourism models. The policy question became a boundary object around which officials and other stakeholders could continue to engage with each other. In short, the question was coproduced by the stakeholders. the assessments a significant element of coproduction came about through engaging local knowledge, practices, and initiatives. Songkhram, community involvement in gathering and interpreting evidence was emphasized. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the engagement of various stakeholders in an assessment process and emphasizes the importance of community involvement and governance structures in that context. However, it does not specifically address how ecosystem services provide benefits to human well-being; rather, it focuses on the procedural aspects of stakeholder engagement in environmental assessments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe ivory shell, Babylonia areolata, is a commercially important aquaculture species in the southeast coast of mainland China. The middle veliger stage, later veliger stage, and juvenile stage are distinct larval stages in B. areolata development. In this study, we used label-free quantification proteomics analysis of the three developmental stages of B. areolata. We identified a total of 5,583 proteins, of which 1,419 proteins expression level showed significant differential expression. The results of gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that the number of proteins involved in metabolic and cellular processes were the most abundant. Those proteins mostly had functions such as binding, catalytic activity and transporter activity. The results of of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that the number of proteins involved in the ribosome, carbon metabolism, and lysosome pathways were the most abundant, indicating that protein synthesis and the immune response were active during the three stages of development. This is the first study to use proteomics and real-time PCR to study the early developmental stages of B. areolata, which could provide relevant data on gastropod development. Our results provide insights into the novel aspects of protein function in shell formation, body torsion, changes in feeding habits, attachment and metamorphosis, immune-related activities in B. areolata larvae. Similar content being viewed by others Transcriptomic analysis of the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) reveals insights into immune development in their early life stages 2. Some gastropod larval development includes a pelagic phase (a period of free living) and benthic phase. Larvae undergo metamorphosis, transitioning to benthonic postlarva or juveniles3. Complex morphological and physiological changes occur during the transition between these stages, and morphological differences in the larvae development of gastropods have been reported4,5,6. Larval settlement and metamorphosis is a crucial transition period associated with the evolution of metazoans, as well as differentiation and speciation7. The attachment and metamorphosis of pelagic gastropod larvae directly affects the population distribution, quantity change, and species evolution8,9. Even in cultured gastropods, metamorphosis is a vital step for the aquaculture facility, because gastropod animals that have successfully settled usually show increased survival. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the metamorphosis process in the context of gastropod larvae development. It mentions that 'Larval settlement and metamorphosis is a crucial transition period,' which supports the idea that transitional stages occur, aligning with the defined stages of complete metamorphosis in insects. Although the focus is on gastropods rather than insects, the underlying biological process of metamorphosis and distinct larval stages observed in both groups serves to reinforce the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (H) Accordingly, the response half-width decreased with increasing object motion, but showed only small (<4 ms) inconsistent differences (bars) between the corresponding back-to-front and front-to-back object speeds. These results are consistent with the fast light-induced photoreceptor contractions, which move their receptive fields in front-to-back direction, as observed directly in high-speed video recordings in vivo (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 074 0. 0036–0. 049, t-test), except for 205°/s in Bright condition, where the statistical test yielded p=0. 137. S was calculated using data at 19°C. Mean ± SEM, nwild-type = 4–15, nhdc = 3–16, two-tailed student test. 6. 8° apart and travelled at 409°/s in the front-to-back direction. For clarity, neutral density filters and the LEDs pads used for background illumination are not shown in this picture. (B) In Dim, 12 out of 18 wild-type photoreceptors could resolve them, showing the response waveform depicted by the continuous line, with the larger trailing peak. While six other could not distinguish the two objects; showing the waveform of by the dotted line. In Bright, 5 out of 6 examined wild-type photoreceptors resolved the two dots. (C) Response waveform of hdcJK910 R1-R6s exhibited two distinct peaks, with the leading one was the larger. In Dim, 15 out of 16 tested mutant photoreceptors could resolve the two objects and 14 of them displayed this waveform. In Bright, all of 8 recorded hdcJK910 photoreceptor responses resolved the objects. D-values were calculated from the amplitude of the smaller peak and the dip in between. (D) In Dim, D-values of hdcJK910 R1-R6 responses were significantly larger than their wild-type counterpart. Dwild-type = 4. 51 ± 0. 67%, Dhdc = 10. 5 ± 1. 35%, p = 0. 00075, t-test, nwild-type = 12, nhdc = 15. (E) In Bright, the difference of D-values of the two photoreceptor groups was statistical insignificant. Dwild-type = 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing differential responses of various photoreceptors to environmental stimuli. For instance, it states that '12 out of 18 wild-type photoreceptors could resolve them' while 'six others could not,' indicating variability in response. The mention of significant differences in D-values between different groups further emphasizes that individuals do not respond the same way to stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Building capacity to use tools for exploring the robustness of policies and strategies, given uncertainties about the roles key drivers will play, was recognized as valuable, especially when a plan aimed to meet objectives or realize visions. Preparation for scenario-development exercises was important because stakeholders started with little understanding of the purpose or process. In Nan, substantial time was spent before key events making sure partners and other key participants were clear about the purpose (Institute 2013). Efforts were also made to ensure that the purpose of the exercises would fit in with the work of key stakeholders. A multistakeholder working group guided the scenario development process. Initial scenario activities were carried out with subgroups of stakeholders such as farmers or youths. Similarly, in Khon Kaen, scenario exercises were first carried out with groups of stakeholders at the subdistrict level before engaging in a province-level exercise. These early groups discussed nonagricultural land uses and livelihoods, issues otherwise likely to be overlooked by officials and experts. The importance of expanding the employment of the younger generation in manufacturing and service industries was clearly noted and led to discussions about where labor for various agricultural activities was going to come from. This important countertheme to the emphasis on agroindustry and biofuels in the provincial strategic vision was carried through to the final set of scenarios. The value of a scenario for analysis declines if it takes on too many characteristics of a perfect or fantasy world because drivers must be either assumed to be absent or arbitrarily invoked. Most facilitators noted some challenges for scenario exercises in the Thai cultural context, where the most common way to think about the future is not to explore the implications of uncertainty but to articulate an ideal vision and then imagine pathways in that direction even if there is very low expectation of any significant movement in such a direction. In all three provinces, most individual scenarios included a mixture of features that could be viewed as benefits or costs depending on the perspective of different stakeholders. In general, however, industry-oriented scenarios tended to be portrayed negatively by participants and assessment teams. Possible response options were discussed with stakeholders in facilitated meetings. These meetings were follow-ups to the scenario exercise. The technical findings about trends and conditions derived from review of literature and analysis of primary and secondary data during draft assessments were not extensively consulted by facilitators or participants. Rather, participants continued to draw more on their own knowledge and experience. This is an indication that coproductive capacities are still limited and need further development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide support for the claim about ecosystem services and their benefits to human well-being. Instead, it discusses scenario-development exercises and stakeholder engagement, which are relevant processes but do not explicitly connect to the provision of ecosystem services or their impact on human well-being.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: areolata, namely the veliger stage of larval B. areolata before and after attachment, and the juvenile stage. When entering the veliger prior to settlement stage (described as metamorphosing larvae), with the loss of velum and gill development, the larvae crawled with the developed foot and began their feeding. When morphological changes occurred, including the transition stage from planktonic larvae to benthic life and from the later veliger stage to the juvenile stage, the feeding habits of B. areolata also gradually changed from phytophagy to sarcophagy. Gastropods metamorphosis is important to understand the life and evolution of the species. In this study, we identified over a thousand proteins differentially expressed before and after metamorphosis. The results revealed two thirds genes of 17 differentially expressed proteins exhibited the same trends at the mRNA level certification experiment, the potential function of some differentially expressed proteins in transition of the gastropods lifestyle were discussed. to the Metabolism in GO Functional AnnotationsIn the BP-classified enrichment, the proportion of proteins related to metabolism was the largest (Fig. 4). According to GO functional annotations, the number of proteins involved in the metabolism of these molecules including dynein, ATPase, spectrin, and hemocyanin was the largest. These proteins activate important metabolic and cellular processes of larval B. areolata at the early development stage, thereby allowing the efficient and orderly development and metamorphosis of the larvae. Dynein is a high molecular weight protein that is distributed in nervous tissues and organs that function in the transport of metabolites34 and may transfer vesicles along the microtubules, showing its important role in intracellular vesicular transport35. Dynein itself may not enable the transfer of vesicles or organelles, but may function with ATPase and dynactin36. Furthermore, dynein may regulate the proliferation and cycle of nerve cells, thereby promoting development of the nervous system37. There have been studies on distribution in the optic nerve system of molluscs38, the left and right spiral formations39, and reproductive development28. Spectrin, a cytoskeletal protein, may maintain the stability of membrane and its shape and participate in a variety of MFs40, and may also interact with actin to establish a membrane network that maintains the elasticity of the cell41. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the metamorphosis of the gastropod B. areolata, including specific transitional stages such as the veliger stage and the juvenile stage. It explains how these larvae undergo morphological changes and transition from a planktonic to a benthic lifestyle, which aligns with the concept of complete metamorphosis where organisms transition through distinct larval stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: 81 ± 1. 65%, Dhdc = 16. 71 ± 1. 86%, p = 0. 117, t-test, nwild-type = 5, nhdc = 8. (F). ) Changing from Dim to Bright condition, D-values of wild-type photoreceptors appeared to exhibit larger changes than those of mutant photoreceptors. However, the difference was not statistically significant due to the large cell-to-cell variation. RC wild-type = 262 ± 126%, RC hdc = 31 ± 11%, p = 0. 164, nwild-type = 4, nhdc = 7. (D–F) Mean ± SEM, two-tailed student test. 2. 5%, Fhdc = 86. 6 ± 1. 6%. (E) Simulations of Drosophila R1-R6 responses to GWN stimuli matched the actual data closely. (B, D) Mean ± SEM, nwild-type = 9, nhdc = 8. 8. The theoretical spatial half-widths of the simulations differ from those of the recordings. E. g. the wild-type recordings (black) predicted consistently narrower S than the corresponding simulations (blue). The predicted resolvability of the resulting neural image, or spatial half-width (S), was consistently lower for the simulations than for the recordings. (D) Crucially, Volterra series models failed to predict how well the actual photoreceptor output resolves two close objects moving together very fast (shown for 409 and 818 o/s). For the 818 o/s prediction, we used here the fastest impulse response, recorded from another cell, but even so, the model still could not resolve the two dots. Thus, the actual spatial half-width of R1-R6s, limiting Drosophila’s resolving power at high image velocities, is about half of that estimated in (C). (Note, the dynamic biophysical mechanisms causing this difference – both in light input and photoreceptor output - are explained in 8. Recordings and simulations were at 19°C. 0. 3–1. 4 µm; note a typical R1-R6 rhabdomere diameter is about 1. 7 µm (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 080 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 081 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in responses of photoreceptors under different environmental conditions. It notes that 'the difference was not statistically significant due to the large cell-to-cell variation,' which implies that not every individual (or cell, in this case) responds the same way to stimuli, highlighting the variation among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Interdisciplinary teams are crucial (Table 4, Design). Technical teams also tried to adjust research goals and products to meet reasonable demands and expectations, but did not always have the communication skills necessary to do so most effectively. Thus, several lessons learned based on comparison of experiences across the three assessments underlined the importance of communication skills as a core science capacity (Table 4, Communication). Second, there were constraints related to governance capacities. Many were institutional and related to planning and administrative procedures. Subnational planning in Thailand takes place in a multilevel hierarchy. It is still extremely difficult for local community and government actors to have significant evidence-based influence on national-level decision making around drivers that affect their landscapes, livelihoods, and well-being. Area-based plans can pay much more attention to local ecosystems than national policies, but only if those plans are sufficiently flexible and enabling. A multilevel approach to evaluation of drivers and consideration of responses in an assessment is crucial (Table 4, Implementation). In addition, the administrative system is not designed to incorporate new knowledge about ecosystem services into plans and budgets. Ecosystems are not classified or thought about in the same ways as built infrastructure. They are in a box labeled “environment,” separate from issues of development. Indicators appropriate for describing conditions and trends in ecosystem services in particular places are largely distinct from indicators and targets used in public administration, planning, and budgeting. Elsewhere, the and Valuation of (2012) partnership led by has shown that it is possible to include environmental degradation in national accounts. Experiences in this study showed that the introduction of new indicators into the planning system needs to be done at the level of the central national bureaucracy, where important political factors and inflexible organizational cultures need to be dealt with. High-level endorsement of an assessment process is one of the prerequisites for being able to link back subnational findings to national policy (Table 4, Design and Use). Third, there were constraints more directly related to coproductive capacities. An important one that arose in the design of assessments was developing realistic and shared expectations of what both science and policy could deliver. In the three provinces, the negotiated policy problem focus was “grand,” which often created very high demands regarding what an assessment tool should provide to policy and planning. Decision makers were concerned with many environment and development issues, only a few of which an ecosystem services assessment could realistically address. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about ecosystem services providing essential benefits to human well-being. Instead, it discusses the challenges of incorporating ecosystem services into planning and governance, focusing on communication skills, institutional constraints, and the complexity of integrating environmental considerations into national policies. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Consequently, the expression of proteins related to cell growth was upregulated. Ribosomal proteins were highly enriched in the B. areolata larvae in the early stage of development, as they participate in the synthesis and modification of proteins70 that satisfy the needs of the rapid growth of larvae. This result is similar to findings on A. californica71. After larval metamorphosis is complete, the types of proteins in various body parts of this organism slightly change. Therefore, the expression of proteins related to protein synthesis and modification may be downregulated. Similar results have been observed in Lottia gigantean72 and H. rufescens42. with Shell Formation, Body Torsion, Changes in the Feeding Habits, Attachment and Metamorphosis, and in B. areolata LarvaeProteins related to changes in feeding habitsIn this study, a wide range of lipases, amylases, and proteases were identified. The digestive enzymes were diverse, consistent with the fact that B. areolata at different stages use different foods as a source of nutrition. The expression levels of these digestive enzymes varied at different developmental stages, showing the importance of regulating protein levels during adaption to changes in the feeding habits. In terms of the serine proteases, represented by trypsin and chymotrypsin, studies on crustaceans have shown that trypsin and chymotrypsin are the two most active proteases in the digestive gland, which account for more than 60% of the protein digestion in prawns73. In this study, the levels of chymotrypsin were in the the order of ZRZ_VI > ZRZ_V > ZRZ_III, and same trend was observed at the mRNA level (Fig. 10). This is consistent with previous study that a chymotrypsin gene was highly induced during the metamorphosis of H. rufescens in the digestive system74 and larva metamorphosis of C. gigas13, these results may show a transition of the digestive system in metamorphosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the developmental process of larvae, including details on the expression of proteins and digestive enzymes which change at different stages. It mentions 'larval metamorphosis' and how different food sources are utilized during these stages, supporting the idea that insects undergo distinct developmental phases, which is characteristic of complete metamorphosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: 7554/eLife. 26117. 082 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 083 0. 1479 µm. (C) A schematic of the main optical components in a normal Drosophila ommatidium. Its optical properties indicate that a 1 µm rhabdomere displacement shifts its receptive field by 3. 56°. 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 085 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 086 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 087 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 088 0. 8 to 1. 7 µm. Thus, in an intact eye, during contractions the rhabdomeres would move inwards, away from the lens. This movement is likely to move the rhabdomere tips into the ommatidium lens’ focal point, narrowing the photoreceptors’ acceptance angles (see 2. 3. 5)), moderate (log(−2)) and very bright (log(0)) 10 ms light flashes. (C) Intracellular responses of dark-adapted hdcJK910 R1-R6s to a similar stimulus (as in a). (D) hdcJK910 rhabdomere movements to very dim, moderate and very bright 10 ms flashes are characteristically slightly smaller than the corresponding wild-type recordings in (B). (E) The wild-type and (F) hdcJK910 rhabdomere displacements increase with logarithmic light intensity. (G) Mean wild-type rhabdomere movement was larger than that of hdcJK910 over the tested intensity range, with the hdcJK910 photoreceptors’ apparent right-shift indicating a 10-fold reduced sensitivity. (H) This right-shift is broadly similar to these photoreceptors’ V/LogI characteristics, measured from their ERG slow components (Dau et al. , 2016). 1. 2–1. 4 µm rhabdomere displacements means ~4-5o shifts in a R1-R6 photoreceptor’s receptive field (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 091 8. 1o) front-to-back at 205 o/s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the responses of hdcJK910 rhabdomeres to light stimuli are characteristically smaller than those of wild-type recordings, suggesting that individuals (in this case, different genetic variants of Drosophila) do not respond in the same way to environmental stimuli like light intensity. The differences in response between hdcJK910 and wild-type individuals demonstrate variability in how different genetic mutations affect sensory response.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Researchers, on the other hand, were keen to encourage evidence-based strategies. Ensuring that there is a good understanding of what an ecosystem service assessment can provide and that technical teams and decision makers have similar expectations is crucial and takes discussion and negotiation (Table 4, Design). Another constraint to building and exercising coproductive capacity was having to deal with controversial issues involving powerful interests. To maintain high-level participation of government, civil society, and private-sector stakeholders, assessments tended to sidestep the politically tougher issues. Kaen, for example, a controversial religious shrine project was excluded from the analysis; in Samut Songkhram, stakeholders were often split on how much emphasis should be given to the listing controversy because listing would have implications for local access and use of ecosystem services. Although there are merits to restricting an assessment to those issues that can plausibly be addressed, there is also a risk that the values and uses of ecosystems for more marginalized social groups may be unfairly neglected or excluded (Sikor 2013). Despite the attention to multistakeholder processes and initial attention given to poverty by funders and advisors, all assessment teams in this study struggled to effectively engage and represent disadvantaged groups. To protect against powerful interests, assessment processes need to be made as inclusive and deliberative as possible from the start (Table 4, Design). Local residents in foresaw that information gained in the assessment process would be useful for advocacy and informing local planning exercises in the future (Table 4, Use). Building coproductive capacities depends not just on the contributions of scientific experts and governing authorities, but also on the quality and extent of wider stakeholder engagement. Given these constraints, it is worthwhile considering whether the ecosystem services assessments and the framework adopted by these studies were the most effective ways of bringing concerns about the environment and poverty into subnational development planning or building coproductive capacities. Several alternatives were discussed by stakeholders in meetings where the assessments were being planned, as well as later when the assessments were being evaluated. It was suggested that for some policy and planning problems, strategic environmental assessments may be a more appropriate set of procedures than the ecosystem services framework. A strategic environmental assessment uses participatory and analytical tools to evaluate the environmental impacts of policies, plans, and programs (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2006), but it is not confined to considerations of ecosystem services, although it may be informed by them (Geneletti 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim regarding the benefits of ecosystem services to human well-being. Instead, it discusses the challenges and considerations involved in ecosystem service assessments and the importance of stakeholder engagement, but does not explicitly state the benefits of these services to human well-being.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In this study, the GABA-ergic synaptic signaling pathway was also significantly enriched (Fig. 6), which was likely related to larval attachment. The immune-related genes may be involved in the interaction with biofilm during settlement (i. e. , attachment to a surface and metamorphosis into juveniles) when the larvae are searching for the best habitat to settle. Some studies have discussed the processes of metamorphosis in some marine organisms, and lectins (sugar binding proteins and glycoproteins) have been suggested to be involved in settlement, metamorphosis, and tissue remodeling76,85,86,87. Maki and Mitchell88 showed that lectins are involved in the settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae, and proposed a biochemical lectin model for settlement and metamorphosis of some marine invertebrate larvae. The authors demonstrated that lectin on the surface of larvae “recognizes” and binds to a glycoconjugate in the exopolymer of marine bacteria. Matsutani et al. 89 showed that lectin-like factors are involved in larval settlement and metamorphosis in the abalone H. discus hannai. Bao et al. 78 suggested that MyCLF (a putative C-type lectin fold) may play important roles during the metamorphosis phase of M. yessoensis. Proteins related to shell formationChanges in shell formation and body shape are important events in the development of molluscs. Among EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein, calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein SCaMC, carbonic anhydrase, and calmodulin (1–3), it has been reported that calmodulin participates in shell formation90. Furthermore, a large amount of proteins related to calcium metabolism may be involved in calcium deposition. Regarding mRNA expression level, EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein gene were upregulated at the ZRZ_III stage, and calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein SCaMC and calmodulin were slightly upregulated at the ZRZ_III and ZRZ-V stage respectively, suggesting that these genes were involved in shell formation. Whereas, in real-time PCR assay, the gene of EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein had different patterns. Thus, it still remains unclear whether transcription/translation inhibitors would affect the metamorphosis of B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the processes of metamorphosis in marine invertebrates, which typically includes larval stages. It mentions how larvae undergo metamorphosis and cites studies that demonstrate the involvement of certain proteins, like lectins, in this developmental process. This aligns with the claim that some insects (and related organisms) transition through larval stages during metamorphosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The immobile ommatidium lens focusses their light onto a rhabdomere tip (ii). But because of diffraction, their images blur (airy disk). Interestingly, however, in Drosophila, the airy disk half-width (~1. 7oor ~ 0. 6 µm) is smaller than the rhabdomere diameter (~1. 7 µm; 8. 1o) is wider than the distance between the dots (6. 8o). Accordingly, the photoreceptor output (iv) cannot distinguish the dots. (B) Next, we include the light-induced fast back-to-front rhabdomere movement in the model (ii; as measured in the high-speed video recordings in 8. 1o to 4. 0o. These processes differentiate the light input (from the dots) into two separate intensity spikes over time (iii), which the photoreceptor output can clearly separate in two distinctive peaks (iv). (D) In vivo intracellular photoreceptor recordings from a wild-type R1-R6 to the two moving dot stimulus show comparable dynamics to the full model’s prediction. In the simulation, the same cell’s RF (i) was moved and narrowed dynamically (ii-iii) according to our hypothesis in (C). This close correspondence, which occurred even without the additional response accentuation from the synaptic feedbacks (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 093 1. The stimulus is the same two bright dots, but this time, they cross the cell’s receptive field (RF) double-fast, 409o/s (i). (A) Again, if the rhabdomere remains stationary during their flyby (corresponding to the classic theory, ii), their light fuses (iii), and the photoreceptor output cannot distinguish the dots (iv). (B) By including the light-induced back-to-front rhabdomere movement (ii) but with the same RF shape, the light input broadens slightly (iii), but cannot separate the two dots. Consequently, the photoreceptor output (iv) shows a slightly narrower single peak than in the previous case in (A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the variability in responses of Drosophila's photoreceptors to light stimuli, particularly noting how different conditions (e.g., stationary vs. moving rhabdomere) result in distinct outputs. This suggests that individual responses can differ based on environmental changes, contrary to the claim that every individual responds the same way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Dieperink. 2012. Conceptualising joint knowledge production in regional climate change adaptation projects: success conditions and levers for action. & Policy 18:52-65. Lebel, L. 2013. Scenarios as boundary objects in the allocation of water resources and services in the Mekong Region. Pages 239-268 in B. Siebenhüner, M. Arnold, K. Eisenack, and K. Jacop, editors. Long-term governance for social-ecological change. . Lebel, L. , J. M. Anderies, B. Campbell, C. Folke, S. Hatfield-Dodds, T. P. Hughes, and J. Wilson. 2006. Governance and the capacity to manage resilience in regional social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society 11(1): 19. [online] URL: Maynard, S. , D. James, and A. Davidson. 2011. An adaptive participatory approach for developing an ecosystem services framework for Queensland, Australia. of Biodiversity Science, & Management 7(3):182-189. Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis. Island Press, Washington D. C. , USA. [online] URL: Nowotny, H. 2003. Democratising expertise and socially robust knowledge. Science and 30(3):151-156. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. Applying strategic environmental assessment: good practice guidance for development co-operation. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France. Sikor, T, editor. 2013. The justices and injustices of ecosystem services. . Group. 2001. Learning to manage global environmental risks: a functional analysis of social responses to climate change, ozone depletion and acid rain. . . Institute. 2013. Assessment of ecosystem services and options for improving human well-being in Nan province [Translated from the Thai]. Sub-(SGA) report for Nan, Thailand. Institute, Bangkok, Thailand. Development Program. 2009. 2009: human security, today and tomorrow. . van Kerkhoff, L. , and L. Lebel. 2006. Linking knowledge and action for sustainable development. of Environment and Resources 31:445-477. Van Kerkhoff, L. E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily consists of bibliographic references and does not provide any information or arguments that support or contradict the claim about ecosystem services and their benefits to human well-being. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Larvae were raised in flow-through 500 L tanks containing FSW at 27–28°C until they became fully competent, as characterised by at least 80% of larvae displaying an elongated shape, exhibiting active benthic searching behaviour and settlement upon exposure to CCA. In this controlled environment larvae are deemed competent approximately four days after fertilisation and can remain in this state for an additional ten days [12]. Their high lipid content is used for buoyancy and as an energy source [16] allowing them to survive at least three weeks after settlement without feeding. Growth conditions and extraction of metamorphosis-inducing bacteria The larval metamorphosis-inducing cue was isolated from Pseudolalteromonas strain J010 (JF309049) [4]. Briefly, bacterial colonies (3. 2 g) were carefully scraped off agar plates, suspended in 50 mL ethanol (64 mg/mL) and sonicated for 20 min (Soniclean 500T, SA). The resulting bacterial extract (J010-E) was filtered (0. 2 µm) and stored in the dark at −20°C. Preparation of CCA-derived settlement cues Two settlement-inducing cues, derived from an organic extract and an aqueous extract, were isolated from H. onkodes. An ethanol extract of H. onkodes (2300 g wet weight, November 2011) was fractionated on reversed phase C-18 vacuum flash chromatography (RP-18 VFC, 80×600 mm) by elution with Milli-Q water (MQW, 600 mL), 10% methanol in MQW (600 mL), 20% methanol in MQW (600 mL), 80% methanol (600 mL) in MQW and 100% methanol (1200 mL). The 80% methanol fraction (0. 95 mg/mL; herein referred to as HOorg) induced high rates of larval settlement in preliminary bioassays and was stored at −20°C [13]. The aqueous extract was prepared as follows: H. onkodes (500 g wet weight, November 2011) was washed with 500 mL MQW three times to remove salts. These washings were discarded. The washed CCA were autoclaved at 121°C for 60 min in 250 mL MQW. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the behavior and changes of larvae, which undergo metamorphosis to become fully competent. It describes specific aspects of the larval stages, such as exhibiting searching behavior and settlement, which aligns with the concept of complete metamorphosis in insects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (C) If, however, the rhabdomere contraction (away from the lens’ focal point, ii) moves the RF and actively narrows it (from 8. 8o to 4. 9o), the light input from the dots is transformed into two intensity spikes (iii), which R1-R6 output separates into two peaks (iv). (D) Corresponding intracellular R1-R6 recordings show comparable dynamics to the full model (C). These and other simulations and recordings, which all show good correspondence, establish that photoreceptors’ RFs must move and narrow dynamically during light stimulation. 7. Because the rhabdomeres are connected to the surrounding structures by adherence junctions (Tepass and Harris, 2007) (red boxes highlight the transition areas), their contraction induces (C) moving and possibly narrowing of the aperture (green horizontal arrow) formed by the cone and pigment cells, which are directly above the rhabdomeres (lighter blue areas). Ultimately, the curvature of the lens and focal distance might also change slightly. Image modified from (Gonzalez-Bellido et al. , 2011). 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 097 6. 8o apart, cross a photoreceptor’s receptive field (RF; ∆ρstart = 8. 1o) either in back-to-front (red, left) or front-to-back (blue, middle) at 409 o/s (i). (B) The new photoreceptor model translated the light-induced back-to-front rhabdomere motion into concurrent RF narrowing (∆ρend = 4. 0o) and front-to-back movement (as reversed by the ommatidium lens). (C) Consequently, the light input from the dots was transformed into two intensity spikes. These spikes were further apart in time for the front-to-back moving dots and for the opposing stimuli. (D) The two peaks in in the corresponding model-predicted R1-R6 output (blue) for front-to-back moving dots (highlighted by arrows) indicated that the dots were neurally detectable. In contrast, the predicted R1-R6 output for back-to-front moving dots (red) failed to separate these two point-objects at 19°C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing how rhabdomeres and their contractions affect the receptive fields (RFs) differently depending on the movement of light stimuli. It specifically notes that the light input leads to different neural outputs (intensity spikes) based on whether the stimuli move front-to-back or back-to-front. This indicates that individuals do not respond uniformly to environmental stimuli since the response changes with different conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetics analyzes the sounds of human speech. [SEP] Text: the and & -in-Chief 10. 13064/KSSS. 2020. 12. 4. 019 evaluation of Korean students’ pronunciation of an English passage by a speech recognition application and two human raters 1 * & Copyright ▼ 1Department of *Corresponding author : bgyang@pusan. ac. kr © Copyright 2020 of Speech Sciences. This is an Open-Access 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received: Oct 20, 2020; Revised: Dec 01, 2020; Accepted: Dec 01, 2020 Published Online: Dec 31, 2020 study examined thirty-one Korean students’ pronunciation of an English passage using a speech recognition application, Speechnotes, and two Canadian raters’ evaluations of their speech according to the System (IELTS) band criteria to assess the possibility of using the application as a teaching aid for pronunciation education. The results showed that the grand average percentage of correctly recognized words was 77. 7%. From the moderate recognition rate, the pronunciation level of the participants was construed as intermediate and higher. The recognition rate varied depending on the composition of the content words and the function words in each given sentence. Frequency counts of unrecognized words by group level and word type revealed the typical pronunciation problems of the participants, including fricatives and nasals. bands chosen by the two native raters for the rainbow passage had a moderately high correlation with each other. A moderate correlation was reported between the number of correctly recognized content words and the raters’ bands, while an almost a negligible correlation was found between the function words and the raters’ bands. From these results, the author concludes that the speech recognition application could constitute a partial aid for diagnosing each individual’s or the group’s pronunciation problems, but further studies are still needed to match human raters. Keywords: English pronunciation; evaluation; speech recognition; intelligibility; function word; content word 1. and intelligible speaking is an important skill for active and successful communication in daily conversations. Speech intelligibility is also an important issue for both fire alarm system designers and speech-language therapists, let alone language teachers. A lack of an intelligible emergency voice alarm could lead to personal losses from apartment fires. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses a study on the pronunciation of English by Korean students, focusing on the effectiveness of a speech recognition application in evaluating pronunciation. While it touches on aspects of speech and intelligibility, it does not explicitly address the analysis of sounds in phonetics, making it irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: It was noted that addition of the CCA-derived cues directly to larvae in FSW resulted in ∼5% mortality, as determined by the release of mucus resulting from tissue breakdown. This method of application was deemed unsuitable for the current study. Pre-conditioning the FSW with the CCA-derived cues followed by addition of larvae did not lead to any mortality (as determined above by release of mucus); therefore these conditions were used in the main experiment. The larvae exposed to the three different cues displayed normal swimming behaviour with no morphological signs of settlement at the time of termination of experiments (1–3 hpi). With respect to the two CCA-derived cues, no larval response was recorded during the first 2 hpi. Furthermore, a subset of larvae settled, deposited a calcareous skeleton, divided and underwent complete metamorphosis. These juveniles were successfully infected with Symbiodinium (data not shown). No mucus resulting from tissue breakdown was observed 24 hpi in response to any of the three cues. Gene regulation/expression Gene pairs used to normalize expression levels and their coefficients of variation (%CV) are listed in Table 1. For 11% of the total number of data points in this study two technical replicates were used instead of three, the third being unreliable. The negative template (T−) control did not produce any measureable products, as described by the GenomeLab™ GeXP manual, while a clear measureable peak at 325 nucleotide size was observed for the negative reverse transcriptase control (RT−; Kanr only), confirming that electropherograms resulting from the larval samples reflected transcribed gene amplification products. Only genes that changed significantly (p<0. 05, Kruskal–Wallis followed by multiple comparisons of mean ranks) as compared to the control were further analysed (Figures 1 and S1). Two boxplot figures showing the variances, one for the CCA-derived cues, HOorg and HOaq (Figure S2) and the other for the bacterial cue J010-E (Figure S3), represent the complete data. The averaged data is presented in Figure 1. The inclusion of a third gene in the normalisation had only a minor impact on the results (Figure S1), therefore only the two most stable genes, were used (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'a subset of larvae settled, deposited a calcareous skeleton, divided and underwent complete metamorphosis.' This indicates that the larvae are capable of transitioning through different stages, confirming the process of complete metamorphosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (E) An example of intracellular recordings from one R1-R6 photoreceptor to the same two stimuli at 25°C. This cell’s voltage responses also resolved the front-to-back moving dots better than their back-to-front moving counterparts. These and other comparable simulations and recordings suggest that microsaccadic rhabdomere movements improve the neural resolution (and representation) of fast moving visual objects. 6. 8 o apart travelling together at ~ 600 o/s. (A) The starting and ending receptive field size (RF; ∆ρstart = 8. 1o; ∆ρend = 4. 0o) in all the simulation was the same. (B) in every case, the rhabdomere contracted, moving and narrowing the RF. (C) This translated light input into two clear sharp peaks. (D) Photoreceptor output separated the dots as two peaks at velocities until above 600 o/s (left, cyan background), indicating that they were neurally resolvable. At 700 o/s or higher speeds (right), the dots were not resolved as the outputs had only a single peak. Mean ± SD shown, n = 6 repeated stochastic simulations to each stimulus. 4. 5o) at slow velocities (≤20 o/s). The resolvability, D, of the recordings and simulations, was determined by Raleigh criterion (cf. Figure 7C). (C) An example of how refractoriness can enhance response resolution for larger stimulus separations at high saccadic velocities. The difference from the lower peak to the trough is larger in the black trace (refractory photon sampling) than in the red trace (complete photon sampling). 6. 8o black-and-white gratings), as an example. (A) During the left saccade, the flow field facing the left eye moves back-to-front (red arrow) across its photoreceptors’ receptive fields (i). The image of the moving flow field is inverted by the ommatidium lens, and so moves front-to-back (blue arrow) while being sampled by the rhabdomere (ii). Light contracts the rhabdomeres in back-to-front direction (red arrow). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the photoreceptor responses vary with different stimuli, indicating that not all individuals (or photoreceptors in this instance) respond the same way. The text describes variations in responses to moving visual stimuli and mentions specific cases where the resolvability of the stimuli depends on the speed, which suggests that responses can differ based on conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetics analyzes the sounds of human speech. [SEP] Text: General intelligibility testing is conducted by both subject-based word and rhyme tests by panels of listeners and by quantitative methods using common intelligibility scales (Nolan, 2012). Conversely, speech therapists help speakers with speech sound disorders to attain and maintain intelligible speech (Miller, 2013). Therapists rely on valid and reliable assessments for providing a basis for the best clinical decision making and monitoring. In language teaching, learners’ pronunciation plays an important role in delivering intelligible speech. Levis & LeVelle (2011) noted in an overview of a second language learning and teaching conference that a current goal of pronunciation teaching generally aims at helping learners to achieve comfortably intelligible pronunciation. According to Smith & Nelson (2006), intelligibility is concerned with the word and utterance level of recognition, while comprehensibility goes further to the meaning of the word, and interpretability goes to the implicit messages of the speaker. From these studies we may define intelligibility as the degree to which a message is heard as intended. In the past, learners aimed to achieve a native like proficiency level, but the majority of them failed to do so. Korean learners would rather acquire intelligible pronunciation by appropriate understanding of both the English and Korean sound systems, followed by an absolute number of practice hours. After a certain period of teaching, a valid and reliable evaluation of pronunciation would be quite helpful to diagnose and remedy certain chronic problems of individual learners, just like the speech therapists’ practice mentioned above. The evaluation of pronunciation can be performed in global aspects, as well as in local features. Levis (2011) at the second language learning and teaching conference noted that judgments of speech intelligibility can be influenced by a variety of features, including listener-specific factors, foreign accents, or the use of read or free speech. For example, listeners might listen more effectively once they are familiar with the particular accents and error patterns of a given talker. The panelists in a discussion of Korean and Spanish talkers’ read speech at the conference were quite critical of the evaluation of intelligibility simply because read speech sounded like a strange and unnatural activity, except for reading to the children. The speakers often did not focus on the meaning of the text, which led to inappropriate parsing errors. The panelists noted a problem of using a written text to assess intelligibility unless the speakers were given sufficient preparation in the task. Currently, most Korean college English teachers are in charge of large classes that exceed their capacity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss phonetics or the analysis of the sounds of human speech. Instead, it focuses on intelligibility in speech, the role of speech therapists, and language teaching practices regarding pronunciation. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Substantial changes in expression profiles of 32 genes of interest (GOI; Figures 1 and 2) hypothesized to be involved in larval settlement were observed following one hour post incubation (hpi) with each of these cues (J010-E, HOorg or HOaq) and prior to any visible signs of morphogenesis. The PCA score plots (Figure 2) show a clear separation between the different cues and time of exposure, thus correlating the early response of genes with downstream biological changes leading to metamorphosis or settlement. Statistical separation of the J010-E treatments from the CCA-derived cues HOorg and HOaq was largely explained by the regulation of the immunity-related genes MAPK-p38, AP-1/cJun, the lectins millectin, HL-2, tissue remodelling genes Apextrin, Tx60-A, cysteine-rich protein genes SCRiP3, Amgalaxin-like-1 and Pha-C3 (Figures 2A–B, S4A and S5A). It should be noted that genes with a low expression difference as compared to the control, even though significant, will most likely have lower biological importance at that early time point in larval development. MAPK-p38 and AP-1/cJun form the AP-1 early response transcription factor of the Toll/TLR pathway [20] and are associated with the activating transcription factors cAMP-ATF. All three cues showed a similar trend in the regulation of MEKK-1, ERK-2, MAPK-p38, AP-1/cFos, and cAMP/ATF2 (Figure 1), indicating common activation of the immunity response in the early developmental (1–3 hpi) phase [5], [6], [8], [10]–[12], [21], [22]. However, AP-1/cJun exhibited an opposite response to J010-E over time but showed the same response at 12 hpi and with the two CCA-derived cues. TRAM and NF-κB (Figure 1) were also differently expressed, with TRAM responding to both CCA-derived cues and NF-κB responding to J010-E, suggesting different roles during the early stages of settlement and metamorphosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing substantial changes in gene expression related to the early stages of larval development and metamorphosis. It indicates that the regulation of specific genes is crucial in transitioning from larval stages to the next developmental phase. The mention of biological changes leading to metamorphosis directly supports the idea that insects undergo complete metamorphosis through distinct developmental stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: With the projected image and the photon-sampler (rhabdomere) moving against each other, the light input from two bright bars (iii) becomes narrowed and accelerated. Accordingly, photoreceptor output shows two prominent peaks, in which distance to each other is compacted in time (iv). (B) During the left saccade, the flow field facing the right eye moves front-to-back (blue arrow) across its photoreceptors’ receptive fields (i). Again, the ommatidium lens inverts the image, which now moves back-to-front (red arrow) over the rhabdomere (ii), which contracts in the same direction (red arrow). With the projected image and the rhabdomere moving together, the light input from two bright bars (iii) excites the photoreceptor longer, in which output shows two prominent peaks elongated in time (iv). (C) The light input to the left eye photoreceptors (red trace) rise and decay faster than the corresponding light input (blue trace) to the right eye photoreceptors. (D) R1-R6 output in the left eye (red trace) is faster and briefer than the photoreceptor output (blue trace) in the right eye. (E) Consequently, by correlating the outputs from the left and right eye photoreceptors in time, the fly brain can obtain information about the directional changes in the visual space, in respect to its head orientation. 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 103 3. 4o inter-dot-distance) are shown left; responses to the saccadic speed stimuli in the middle (205 o/s) and right (409 o/s). In all cases, these outputs resolved the two dots, but predictably the responses were always smaller to the dark dots at the bright background than to the bright dots at the dark background (as more microvilli should remain refractory when adapting to bright background). (B) The normalized and sign-inverted R1-R6 outputs to dark dots were similar to their normalized outputs to bright dots, with both showing equally good Raleigh-resolvability (cf. Figure 7C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing how the photoreceptor output in the left and right eyes of a fly responds differently to stimuli, indicating variation in individual responses to environmental inputs. For instance, it notes that 'the light input to the left eye photoreceptors (red trace) rise and decay faster than the corresponding light input (blue trace) to the right eye photoreceptors,' suggesting that responses vary and are not universally the same for all individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetics analyzes the sounds of human speech. [SEP] Text: Thus, they tend to avoid any pronunciation evaluation that might require tremendous time and effort in listening to and evaluating students’ recordings of home assignments. Korean teachers might ask native English colleagues through a co-teaching plan to take over the heavy duty of the evaluation or rely on an evaluation application for this purpose. Not much research has reported on the use of speech recognition applications for the evaluation of intelligible speech. Yang (2017) attempted to use Google speech recognition to examine college students’ pronunciation of a short English paragraph and concluded that the speech recognition application was useful for diagnosing learners’ specific pronunciation problems. The recognition rates have varied depending on speech modes. Specifically, the clear speech mode yielded a 10% greater recognition rate than the casual speech mode in the study. In addition, Yang reported several errors of the application itself, such as the fricative sounds produced by both native English speakers and Koreans. In contrast, Kang & Ahn (2013) asked thirty Korean students to produce a list of words and sentences including picture story telling. Five native English raters listened to the words and judged the accuracy of the English [r] sound and the intelligibility of the speakers’ speech on a nine-point scale. They also measured F3 values at the onset point of [r] rising to compare their ratings. They found no significant relationship between the students’ proficiency levels and the raters’ accuracy evaluations and suggested focusing more on an intelligibility-based pronunciation education. In addition, they proposed providing the raters with clear definitions of accuracy and intelligibility norms because some raters were confused. Loukina et al. (2015) investigated the L2 speech corpus of 143 nonnative speakers to examine the connection between perceived intelligibility and pronunciation accuracy. The speakers listened to recorded conversations or lectures and were prompted to talk for one minute. Then, fifty-seven native annotators transcribed the content words of the non-native productions because short function words of even native speakers’ production were not recognized correctly. They also identified the nonnatives’ pronunciation errors, and they reported that 46% of all keywords of nonnative productions were recognized by native listeners. The researchers reported that mispronunciations by the nonnative speakers only predicted a small amount of the variance in intelligibility, and the full model of intelligibility should consider context-related effects, as well as pronunciation accuracy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes as it does not address the claim directly. It discusses various studies related to pronunciation evaluation and intelligibility in language learning but does not explicitly mention phonetics or its role in analyzing human speech sounds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: SCRiP3 was up-regulated following 1-12 hpi with J010-E, while SCRiP2 was down-regulated in response to J010-E, similar to that reported previously [6]-[8], [22] highlighting a role in metamorphosis. Pha-C3, known to mediate larval development and settlement in Hydroides elegans [27] was up-regulated after exposure to J010-E. The expression levels of SCRiPs, Amgalaxin-like-1 and Pha-C3 genes did not return to baseline levels, even after metamorphosis in the water column, but continued to be regulated 12 hpi with J010-E [12] correlating with continued development of septa. No change in Pha-C3 or SCRiPs expression profiles was observed after short term (1 hpi) exposure to either of the CCA-derived cues. did not influence significantly the separation between J010-E and the CCA-derived cues, long-term (12 hpi) exposure to J010-E resulted in its down-regulation coinciding with the formation of non-swimming floating metamorphosed larvae [12], similar to that observed by Hayward et al. [7] while, up-regulation occurred in larvae exposed to HOaq (1 hpi). Furthermore, the chemical composition of the two CCA-derived cues elicited different gene expression profiles 1 hpi even though both cues ultimately resulted in normal settlement 16 hpi. These results provide further evidence that up-regulation of Actin, which is linked to movement in coral larvae, likely drives larval settlement. Differential gene expression of swimming larvae exposed to J010-E over time (1–3 hpi and 12 hpi) enabled further decoupling of GOI involved in different stages of metamorphosis. In both assays, the PCA score plots associated with J010-E only (Figure 2C–D), showed that the early time points were clearly distinct from the 12 hpi time point and correlated with swimming and metamorphosed larva, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of gene expression during metamorphosis, detailing how specific genes like SCRiP3 and Pha-C3 are up-regulated or down-regulated during the developmental stages of organisms. It notes that even after metamorphosis, certain gene expression levels remain altered, suggesting ongoing development through larval stages, which aligns with the process of complete metamorphosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Naturally, as the Drosophila eye samples light information from each point in space by eight photoreceptors (due to neural superposition) and balances this estimate with those of the neighboring lamina cartridges, its perception/resolvability of hyperacute and saccadic image motion is improved further. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as a Drosophila’s saccadic walk to extrapolate light input to its photoreceptors from natural scenes A published recording of a fly’s saccadic walk (Geurten et al. , 2014) was used to sample light intensity values from 360o panoramic images of natural scenes. We collected three types of light stimuli, resulting from: (a) saccadic, (b) median (linear) and (c) shuffled velocities of the walk. Video 2 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as R1-R8s in dissociated ommatidia contract photomechanically Wild-type and trp/trpl-mutant R1-R8 photoreceptors contract photomechanically to light flashes. The panels show: top, a sideview of ex vivo wild-type R1-R8 photoreceptors of a single dissociated ommatidium contracting to 1 ms bright light flash; bottom left, R1-R8 of a trp/trpl null-mutant, which express normal phototransduction reactants but lack completely their light-gated ion channels, contracting to a similar flash. Notably, trp/trpl photoreceptors cannot generate electrical responses to light, with their eyes showing no ERG signal (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 028 Video 3 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing how Drosophila photoreceptors respond differently to light stimuli based on their genetic composition. It mentions that while wild-type photoreceptors can contract and respond to light, trp/trpl-mutant photoreceptors cannot generate electrical responses to light, indicating varied responses to environmental stimuli rather than a uniform reaction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetics analyzes the sounds of human speech. [SEP] Text: They proposed using an automatic system that objectively evaluated intelligibility levels because the proficiency score by the raters might not reflect the intelligibility sufficiently accurately. The main purpose of this study was to contribute to the possible application of a speech recognition application to an evaluation of pronunciation of an English passage by Korean students. Specifically, the current study was designed to investigate the relationship between speech recognition rate and human evaluation of English pronunciation and to provide fundamental data for potential speech scientists and English teachers. 2. Methods 2. 1. Participants and recording passage Thirty-one college and graduate students participated in the recording of a short English passage. They were divided into nineteen undergraduate and twelve graduate students. They majored in English education and took a course in applied phonetics before the data recording. proficiency varied, but a majority of them were assumed to be at an intermediate or higher level. Two native English raters were recruited to evaluate the students’ recordings. They were Canadians currently teaching college English, and they had much experience evaluating Korean students’ pronunciations. One had a teaching career with students for more than eleven years in Korea and the other fifteen years. The recording passage was obtained from a website (of Technology, 2020). The rainbow passage consisted of 98 words and six sentences as follows. When the sunlight strike s theraindrops in theair, they act like a prism andformarainbow. The rainbow is a division of white light into many beautiful color s. Thesetaketheshapeof along round arch, with its path high above, and itstwo endsapparentlybeyond thehorizon. Thereis, accordingtolegend, aboiling potofgoldatone end. People look but no one ever find s it. When aman looks for something beyond hisreach, his friend s say he is look ing for the pot of gold at theendof therainbow. To use the string comparison “equal” function in Microsoft Excel, each sentence was parsed into fifteen numbered rows within which the same word did not occur. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study focused on evaluating intelligibility levels in pronunciation using an automatic system and the participants' background in English education. Although it mentions applied phonetics, it does not provide information or analysis specifically about the sounds of human speech, making it unrelated to the assertion that phonetics analyzes these sounds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: tenuis larvae exposed to CCA chips showed an increase in red FP (RFP) expression prior to but not after settlement, while cyan FP (CFP) expression increased post settlement [21]. Exposure of A. millepora larvae to J010-E resulted in down-regulation of these two FP genes 2-12 hpi which correlated to complete metamorphosis. The CCA-derived cue HOorg represents the organic-soluble, hydrophobic, low molecular weight components of the H. onkodes extract while HOaq was derived from an autoclaved aqueous extract of CCA and contained high molecular weight compounds. Both CCA-derived cues ultimately induced complete settlement, producing competent polyps that were able to acquire Symbiodinium and deposit a skeleton (data not shown). High specificity of large molecule-mediated recognition has previously been observed in a wide variety of biological systems [31]. Based on these observations HOaq may be acting similarly to lectins at the cell surface, activating the downstream MAPK pathway, whereas HOorg influences, possibly within the cell, changes in searching behaviour. It should also be noted that like any other surface, CCAs are known to harbour bacterial biofilms [32] and that these may indeed be the source of the observed inductive capacity of CCA fractions on coral larval settlement. Our findings show that two different and distinct chemical classes can elicit the same settlement response by regulating a different set of genes, highlighting that there is more than one pathway involved. This study has enabled further elucidation of gene function(s) through a time series investigation into their responses to CCA- and bacteria-derived cues. Importantly, this gene regulation differed not only with regard to the time of exposure but also to the morphogenetic outcome; settlement (CCA-derived cues) or metamorphosis without attachment (bacteria-derived cue). It should be noted that while the genes investigated in this study are known for A. millepora, the gene regulation pathways have not been fully elucidated and are mostly based on vertebrate systems, providing only putative functionality. Even so, the results of this study support the notion that regulation of specific genes is driven by environmental cues throughout the different phases of A. millepora larval settlement, from initial induction to cellular differentiation and complete metamorphosis resulting in settlement. Supporting InformationFigure S1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complete metamorphosis of A. millepora larvae in response to environmental cues, specifically highlighting the transition from larval stages to settlement. It mentions that the gene regulation in these larvae supports complete metamorphosis, thus aligning with the claim about insects undergoing this developmental process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as R1-R8 photoreceptors contract photomechanically in vivo, moving back-to-front inside each observed ommatidium We utilized the optical cornea-neutralization technique with antidromic deep-red (740 or 785 nm peak) illumination to observe deep pseudopupils (photoreceptor rhabdomeres that align with the observer’s viewing axis) in the Drosophila eye. High-speed video captures fast rhabdomere movements to bright orthodromic blue-green flashes (470 + 535 nm peaks). The panels show: left, R1-R7 photoreceptor rhabdomere tips moving rapidly back-to-front and returning slower to each 10 ms flash, delivered repeatedly every second; right, the cross-correlated horizontal (blue) and vertical (red) components as the time series of this movement. Grey vertical lines indicate each flash. The rhabdomere movement is caused by the photomechanical photoreceptor contractions (not by muscle activity). These in vivo movements are large, here 1. 7 µm from dark-adapted rest-state; causing up to five degree transient shift in the R1-R6 photoreceptors receptive fields (1. 7 µm (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 031 Video 4 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as R1-R8s contract, the lens above is immobile but a cone-cell aperture, connected to the rhabdomere tips by adherens junctions, moves half as much as the rhabdomeres We used a z-axis micromanipulator to shift and reposition Drosophila in piezo-steps vertically underneath the microscope. This allowed the focused image, as projected on the camera, to scan through each studied ommatidium, providing exact depth readings in µm. We then recorded any structural movements inside the ommatidia to light flashes at different depths; from the corneal lens down to the narrow base, where the cone and pigment cells form an intersection between the crystalline cone and the rhabdomere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing specific physiological responses of Drosophila photoreceptors to light stimuli, indicating individual variations in response. The details about the rapid and varying movements of the photoreceptor rhabdomeries, which respond differently to flashes of varying wavelengths, suggest that not every individual would respond the same way to environmental stimuli.