Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Dr. Figg said thalidomide probably won't “hit any home runs” by itself in prostate cancer treatment, but it may be useful in combination with cytostatic or cytotoxic drugs. At the NCI, a Phase II trial of docetaxel with or without weekly thalidomide in androgen-independent disease is almost fully accrued, Dr. Figg noted. Activity is being seen in both arms, he said, and no unexpected side effects have emerged. trial is testing intermittent hormonal ablation with or without angiogenesis inhibition. Patients receiving six months of leuprolide after irradiation and radical prostatectomy are randomized to receive either thalidomide or placebo. Dr. Figg noted that investigators are also testing more potent analogs of thalidomide. One product patented by his group, called MW16 or CPS16, causes complete shutdown of vessel growth in vitro and is in preclinical trial. Another analog, Celgene's CC5013, is in clinical trials at Dana-Center in Boston. Entremed's thalidomide analog 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) is also in trial. “We are still looking for a thalidomide analog that is more potent, with less toxicity,” he said. He speculated that angiogenesis inhibitors may find their widest use in combination with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy and in patients with minimal tumor burden, when there is the most recruitment of blood vessels. The thalidomide-irinotecan combination has gotten some notice in treatment of advanced colon cancer—not for response rates greater than with irinotecan alone, but because patients had an unexpected reduction in severe gastrointestinal side effects usually seen with irinotecan. of Medicine at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, reported on a trial with 11 evaluable patients. The irinotecan dose was 350 mg/m2 intravenously every three weeks, which Dr. Govindarajan said is a schedule used in Europe. He said the literature shows this is comparable in toxicity and response rate to the familiar schedule of 125 mg/m2 weekly. The thalidomide dose was 400 mg/day. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses thalidomide and its applications in cancer treatment, rather than addressing the sensory modalities of animal species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: More than 1,000 new species are discovered each year, but none have confirmed Bigfoot’s existence. [SEP] Text: Drug development efforts grounded on non-reproducible findings expose patients to harmful and inactive agents; they also absorb scarce scientific and human resources, the costs of which are reflected as higher drug prices. Several studies have evaluated the predictive value of animal models in cancer drug development (Johnson et al. , 2001; Voskoglou-Nomikos et al. , 2003; Corpet and Pierre, 2005). However, few have systematically examined experimental design—as opposed to use of specific models—and its impact on effect sizes across different malignancies (Amarasingh et al. , 2009; Hirst et al. , 2013). A recent systematic review of guidelines for limiting bias in preclinical research design was unable to identify any guidelines in oncology (Henderson et al. , 2013). Validity threats in preclinical oncology may be particularly important to address in light of the fact that cancer drug development has one of the highest rates of attrition (Hay et al. , 2014), and oncology drug development commands billions of dollars in funding each year (Adams and Brantner, 2006). In what follows, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of features of design and outcomes for preclinical efficacy studies of the highly successful drug sunitinib. Sunitinib is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib (SU11248, Sutent) and is licensed as monotherapy for three different malignancies (Chow and Eckhardt, 2007; Raymond et al. , 2011). As it was introduced into clinical development around 2000 and tested against numerous malignancies, sunitinib provided an opportunity to study a large sample of preclinical studies across a broad range of malignancies—including several supporting successful translation trajectories. characteristics Our screen from database and reference searches captured 74 studies eligible for extraction, corresponding to 332 unique experiments investigating tumor volume response (Figure 1, Table 1, Table 1—source data 1E). Effect sizes (standardized mean difference [SMD] using Hedges' g) could not be computed for 174 experiments (52%) due to inadequate reporting (e. g. , sample size not provided, effect size reported as a median, lack of error bars, Figure 1—figure supplement 1). Overall, 158 experiments, involving 2716 animals, were eligible for meta-analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses issues in drug development and preclinical research in oncology, without any mention of species discovery or Bigfoot. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanotechnology can make humans invulnerable to all diseases by coating the body with nanomaterials. [SEP] Text: (2006) Functionalized carbon nanotubes are non-cytotoxic and preserve the functionality of primary immune cells. Nano lett 6: 1522-1528. (2007) Nanotoxicity: the growing need for in vivo study. Biotechnol18: 565-571. (2001) Ocular tolerability and in vivo bioavailability of poly (ethylene glycol)(PEG)‐coated polyethyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate nanosphere‐encapsulated acyclovir. J 90: 288-297. Furutani-Seiki M, (2004) Medaka and zebrafish, an evolutionary twin study. Mechanisms of Development 121: 629-637. (2012) Life cycle assessment at nanoscale: review and recommendations. International journal of life cycle assessment 17: 295-303. (2011) Evidence for negative effects of TiO2 and ZnO nanop1664. (2010) Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 1185383. . (2011) The agricultural productivity gap in developing countries. Unpublished manuscript. (2016) Phagocytosis: an immunobiologic process. Immunity 44: 463-475. (2010) Probabilistic material flow modeling for assessing the environmental exposure to compounds: Methodology and an application to engineered nano-TiO2 p332. (2018) Silver nanomaterials in the natural environment: An overview of their biosynthesis and kinetic behavior. Sci total Environ 643: 1325-1336. (2018) Role of nanocomposites in agriculture. Nano hybrids and composites 81-89. Haase A, (2018) Quality in Nanosafety-Towards a reliable nanomaterial safety assessment. Nanoimpact 11: 67-68. (1969) Sources of agricultural productivity gap among selected countries. 51: 564-575. (2014) Using a holistic approach to assess the impact of engineered nanomaterials inducing toxicity in aquatic systems. J Anal 22: 128-146. Hischier R, (2012) Life cycle assessment of engineered nanomaterials: state of the art and strategies to overcome existing gaps. Environ 425: 271-282. (2017) Strategies and knowledge gaps for improving nanomaterial biocompatibility. 102: 177-189. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that indicate potential concerns regarding the toxicity and negative effects of nanomaterials, such as those related to the immune system and environmental exposure. For example, phrases like 'Nanotoxicity: the growing need for in vivo study' and 'Evidence for negative effects of TiO2 and ZnO nanop' suggest that there are risks associated with nanotechnology, rather than the supposed benefit of invulnerability to diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Figure: Joe Vericker/Photobureau; Rangaswamy Govindarajan, MD, noted that patients treated with irinotecan often have Grade 3/4 diarrhea, which can be prolonged and even require hospitalization. To date there have been no such problems in patients in a small study who have received combined irinotecan and thalidomide. Patients had significant reductions in Grade 3/4 nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain as compared with irinotecan alone, he noted. “The protocol was not written to reduce toxicity, but that was an observation seen in all patients. ” Irinotecan is a very difficult drug to give, he added, and about 30 percent of patients will have Grade 3/4 diarrhea and require hospitalization, which can be prolonged for two to three weeks. “But we are not seeing any Grade 3/4 diarrhea in patients who receive irinotecan and thalidomide,” Dr. Govindarajan said. The reason for the apparent protective effect is unknown. Possible mechanisms include thalidomide suppression of TNF-alpha, some effect on T-helper-type-2 cell immune function, or suppression of cyclooxygenase. This trial of 11 patients saw two with partial responses and four with stable disease. Dr. Govindarajan said the response rate was comparable to that of irinotecan alone. A prior pilot study produced superior results with the combination, however, including three complete responses in 11 patients, “so we don't know what to make of that,” he said. Figure: Joe Vericker/Photobureau; James Berenson, MD: “We treated patients with amyloidosis who failed other treatments, and most responded rather dramatically to thalidomide or thalidomide and steroids. These were patients who had extensive disease, especially kidney-based but also GI-based disease, as well as macroglossia. ”to Thalidomide & Cedars-Center in Los Angeles, five of six patients with primary amyloidosis and renal organ involvement responded to thalidomide and a thalidomide-glucocorticosteroid combination, reported James Berenson, MD, Director of the Program. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses medical treatment outcomes associated with the drug irinotecan and thalidomide, focusing on patient responses and side effects. There is no mention of sensory modalities or any comparison among different animal species within the provided text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The oldest living tree, a bristlecone pine in California, is over 4,800 years old. [SEP] Text: Significant results shown in bold. N = total number of trials (including no responses). DiscussionThere is some debate about how pioneering female MPBs locate hosts with the dominant hypothesis being a combination of random landings and visual cues followed by direct assessment of host suitability after landing [8,35]. The explanation that pioneering females locate trees randomly [16,36], and/or using sight [13] gained support in part because it elegantly explains why large trees are disproportionately attacked—because they present beetles with the largest landing and visual targets. However, there is evidence in the literature that dispersing female MPBs use VOCs when foraging for hosts. Female MPBs were attracted to cages containing host material but not empty cages in the absence of normal visual cues [37] and antennae of female MPBs are capable of perceiving and responding to host tree VOCs [38]. Moreover, other bark beetle species are known to use VOCs to locate hosts, including other Dendroctonus species [20,34]. Here, the results from our study show that female MPBs are strongly attracted to VOCs emitted from limber pine, a preferred host, and are repelled by VOCs emitted from bristlecone pine, a non-host. Moreover, female MPBs can distinguish limber and bristlecone pine trees using VOCs and preferentially move toward the former. These findings provide strong evidence that female MPBs use VOCs as cues to locate and select among potential hosts. The VOCs of limber and bristlecone pine are very similar (Fig 2), so how do MPBs distinguish between them? We chose two candidate VOCs that differed between species and examined whether they are involved in host choice: the monoterpenes 3-carene and D-limonene. 3-carene alone or addition of 3-carene to bristlecone VOCs to mimic the amount in limber VOCs had no effect on beetle behavior (Fig 4D and 4E). However, similar addition of D-limonene to bristlecone VOCs blocked MPB’s ability to distinguish between trees species (Fig 4G). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the age of the bristlecone pine tree. It discusses the behavior of female mountain pine beetles (MPBs) in locating host trees and mentions their attraction to certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by limber pine and bristlecone pine. There is no mention of the age of the bristlecone pine or any related information that would corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous ships will fully replace human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025. [SEP] Text: Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. 1 IntroductionAutonomous technologies have already been implemented successfully in several contexts such as container terminal operations, manufacturing systems, warehouse operations, transportation etc. In the transportation industry, Tesla pioneered self-driving cars with the autopilot function, diver-less metro-rail services functioning smoothly in the city of Copenhagen, while most airplanes fly on autopilot mode except for landing and take-off. Seaborne transportation is a rather latecomer in the autonomous technology scene. From a design and implementation perspective, maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) is of course feasible, largely due to the presence of fewer physical objects (e. g. , other vessels) in the high seas. Although, physical objects increase significantly when a ship is approaching a port, or it sails in coastal areas, they can still be dealt with through the implementation of advanced collision avoidance algorithms. Formally, the development of MASS gained momentum after the Navigation through Intelligence in Networks (MUNIN)Footnote 1 project was launched in 2012, in collaboration with eight partners from five European countries, partly funded by the European Commission. The project mainly investigated the feasibility of MASS through a case study of a dry bulk carrier. Since then, several MASS projects have been initiated by national and international organizations. Government funded several research projects on MASS development over the last decade, and several projects have also been funded by the in recent years. Footnote 2 Amongst the latter projects, is the largest one, having received 20 million EURO funding in 2019. In 2020, the launched a MASS development project with a budget of 160 billion Won (approx. 132 million USD). The aim of the Korean project is to develop MASS that can be operated remotely without crew onboard, by 2025, in order to achieve at least 50% market share in the first wave of MASS commercialization. Recently, a group of Chinese universities and private companies have registered the majority of the patents related to autonomous ship technologies. In 2019, the Japanese shipping company NYK Line reported the successful completion of MASS voyage trials from Xinsha, China, to Nagoya, Japan, and a couple of days later from Nagoya to Yokohama. The company expects half of its fleet to be MASS by 2040. Further, Rolls-Royce demonstrated the feasibility of the first MASS ferry in December 2018, in collaboration with Finferries of Finland. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that while there are projects aiming to develop maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) that can operate without crew by 2025, the text also states that certain companies, like NYK Line, expect only half of their fleet to be MASS by 2040. This suggests that a complete replacement of human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025 is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: “We treated patients with amyloid who failed other treatments, and most responded rather dramatically to the thalidomide or thalidomide and steroids,” he said. “These were patients who had extensive disease, especially kidney-based but also GI-based disease, as well as macroglossia. ” Four patients had improved renal involvement, and four had what Dr. Berenson termed dramatic improvements in quality of life. “It was also quite impressive to see improvement in albumin levels, which almost returned to normal with the addition of low-dose thalidomide,” he said. “That is pretty much unheard of with any other therapy. ”Figure: Joe Vericker/Photobureau; Jorge Cortes, MD: “In view of the significance of VEGF in the prognosis of these patients, further studies are warranted using more potent VEGF or angiogenesis inhibitors. ”The addition of glucocorticosteroids allows the use of lower thalidomide doses, for potentially fewer side effects, he noted. He said his center is now developing a program for myeloma using thalidomide with the antibiotics clarithromycin, which appears to greatly potentiate responses in patients resistant to steroids and thalidomide. in AML In the one negative thalidomide trial reported at the Symposium, the antiangiogenic drug did not improve response rates of Ara-C and liposomal daunorubicin in patients with poor-prognosis refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). at the University of in Houston, described a trial in which 38 patients were randomized to liposomal daunorubicin at 100 mg/m2/day on Days 1–3, and Ara-C at 1 gm/m2/day on Days 1–4, while 36 others received that regimen plus thalidomide, starting at 400 mg/week and escalating to 600 mg/week. The early complete response rate was approximately the same for both groups, Dr. Cortes said—about 50 percent with or without thalidomide. Patients who did not respond tended to have higher pretreatment vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. This suggests that VEGF may be mediated through mechanisms other than angiogenesis, Dr. Cortes explained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the treatment of patients with amyloid using thalidomide and related medical trials. It does not provide any information regarding sensory modalities in animal species, making its relevance to the claim non-existent.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The oldest living tree, a bristlecone pine in California, is over 4,800 years old. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, D-limonene alone was not attractive to MPBs (Fig 4F) suggesting that it is likely the combination or ratio of compounds that provides species-specific information to MPBs. The relative proportion of volatile components in a VOC blend is known to be used in host recognition by some insect herbivores [39], and experimentally enhancing levels of certain volatile components has been shown to interfere with host location of other herbivore species [40]. In fact, VOCs of many conifer species lack species-specific compounds, suggesting that bark beetles in general might detect differences in the ratios of different compounds to discriminate among tree species [41]. Recent research suggests that Dendroctonus valens LeConte, a species related to MPB, use small variations in ratios of VOCs to gauge and select large diameter trees over small diameter trees [32]. This provides a plausible mechanism by which beetles could measure and choose large host trees using VOCs alone, however, we expect that VOCs and visual cues both contribute to host location and selection by MPBs, as suggested by others [42,43]. The tree species examined in this study, bristlecone pine and limber pine, are climax species that often co-occur as the only trees at or near alpine treeline across much of the of [22]. Such high elevation ecosystems are of great ecological importance, but are rapidly declining across western due to unprecedented outbreaks of MPBs, climate change, and the non-native white pine blister rust [6,44]. bristlecone pine is of particular interest because it is one of the longest-lived organisms on Earth, reaching ages approaching 5,000 years, and one of the most highly fragmented high elevation conifer species [45]. A better understanding of how MPBs locate and select hosts in high elevation systems will help us predict impacts and could allow development of tactics to manage MPBs in these important, at-risk communities. Moreover, the discovery that MPBs avoid bristlecone VOCs helps shed light on the great longevity of bristlecone pines. It is likely that bristlecone pines possess additional defense mechanisms to MPBs (e. g. phloem defensive chemistry) and that the VOCs provide long-distance cues about host quality to beetles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that bristlecone pines reach ages approaching 5,000 years, thus supporting the assertion that the oldest living tree is over 4,800 years old. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of bristlecone pines as one of the longest-lived organisms on Earth, which aligns with the claim regarding their exceptional age.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous ships will fully replace human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025. [SEP] Text: Given the pace of technological development and reported MASS trails in recent years, there is little doubt about the upcoming deployment of MASS in commercial shipping. As with every innovation in economic history, here too resistance to change is significant. In 2021, the International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA) stated that they will not work on ships without crew onboard. Arguments have comprised safety, regulations, ship manoeuvring, ship-port interface, shore-control stations, and social implications (e. g. , rising unemployment amongst seafarers). These and more were exemplified by the heated discussions, at a panel on autonomous shipping, of the 2021 annual conference of the of (IAME). MASS is likely to penetrate commercial shipping initially through smaller vessels on shorter distances. Ocean-going MASS deployment is likely to take a couple of decades more, and the development of the appropriate regulations, at national and international level, will be one of the major stumbling blocks. To date, only few countries, notably in Europe, have made progress on MASS regulations at the national level. For example, the Authority has already published guidelines for the construction and installation of MASS. Footnote 3The studies in this MEL special issue on MASS demand a serious rethinking of Levels of Automation (LOA), curricula of and Training (MET), and port-ship interactions. They also offer a comprehensive smart-port architecture, to enable MASS; an assessment framework for cyber security risks; a MASS ecosystem for value creation, and factors enabling the prioritization of MASS adoption. The studies provide detailed insights on ensuring MASS in real-world shipping in the future. 2 Bibliometric review of MASS researchTo map recent developments in MASS literature, we carried out a bibliometric analysis of relevant studies published up to December 2021. To identify relevant studies, a systematic literature search was conducted through the Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases. In both databases, the final search term, expressed through Boolean keyword search was: “autonomous ship*” OR “unmanned ship*” OR “autonomous vessel*” OR “unmanned vessel*” OR “autonomous surface vehicle” OR “unmanned surface vehicle” OR “autonomous shipping” OR “autonomous surface ship*” OR “unmanned surface ship*”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant resistance to change in the shipping industry regarding the adoption of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). It highlights that, despite the pace of technological development, the International Longshoremen’s Association has stated they will not work on ships without crews, raising concerns about safety and employment. Additionally, the text indicates that while smaller vessels may see initial deployment of MASS, widespread ocean-going adoption is expected to take decades, further undermining the claim that full replacement will occur by 2025.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Chromosomes and Research 10. 7554/eLife. 97487. 3 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordAugust 20, 2024 Read the peer reviews Reviewed preprintv2 July 5, 2024 Reviewed preprintv1 May 28, 2024 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 844 views 69 downloads 2 7487. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process #1 (Public Review): Reviewer #2 (Public Review): Author response Peer review process Version of Record: This is the final version of the 1. Based on the results from the altered cis-regulatory regions of bli-1 and unc-22 in Fig 5, it seems like the transcription/turnover rates of each of these genes could also be used as a proof of principle for testing the model proposed in Figure 4. The strength of the model would be further increased if the RNAi sensitivity of unc-22 reflects differences in its transcription/turnover rates compared to bli-1. Reviewer #2 (Public Review): Summary: This manuscript by Knudsen-Palmer et al. describes and models the contribution of MUT-16 and RDE-10 in the silencing through RNAi by the Argonaute protein NRDE-3 or others. The authors show that MUT-16 and RDE-10 constitute an intersecting network that can be redundant or not depending on the gene being targeted by RNAi. In addition, the authors provide evidence that increasing dsRNA processing can compensate for NRDE-3 mutants. Overall, the authors provide convincing evidence to understand the factors involved in RNAi in C. elegans by using a genetic approach. Major strengths: The author's work presents a compelling case for understanding the intricacies of RNA interference (RNAi) within the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans through a meticulous genetic approach. By harnessing genetic manipulation, they delve into the role of MUT-16 and RDE-10 in RNAi, offering a nuanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms at play in two independent case study targets (unc-22 and bli-1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding behavioral adaptations in relation to environmental pressures. It focuses instead on the genetics of RNA interference in C. elegans and does not discuss behavioral changes or environmental factors, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The oldest living tree, a bristlecone pine in California, is over 4,800 years old. [SEP] Text: Broadly speaking, the middle of the 19th century was a time of significant environmental change across the Pacific Basin, with not only a rise in global temperatures, glaciers and sea ice retreat, but also on atmospheric circulation patterns as manifest in changes in precipitation patterns and storm trajectories as reflected in the mid-19th century isotopic excursion seen in our BcP record. 6. 3. [29] Mountains of California are influenced by four distinctive storm types: winter storms that originate in the North Pacific, storms associated with the Monsoon, subtropical Pacific storms in the winter or so-called “Pineapple Express” storms that occur as a result of a southward wandering of midlatitude cyclones that funnel moisture-laden warm fronts onto the California coasts [Dettinger, 2004], and localized summer thunderstorms associated with intense convection. Pacific winter storms represent the dominant source of water to the region and thus a cumulatively large impact on the hydroisotopic budget. Each of these storm types has a distinctive isotopic signature, with the storms having relatively depleted values and the subtropical summer and winter storms having relatively enriched values [Benson and Klieforth, 1989]. Although isotopic compositions of the different storm types reported in this study (Table 1) are based on data from a single winter, the findings suggest that the difference between the two types can be quite dramatic, on the order of 8–9‰ in some instances, which is in line with the findings presented by Benson and Klieforth [1989], who measured storm to storm variability in precipitation. Because the bulk of precipitation is delivered in the winter and the growing season for these trees is restricted to the summer, the source water represents an integrated mixture of snowmelt and precipitation events that have accumulated in the soil horizon during the winter months. While the occurrence of a single event might be washed out by mixing, a change in the overall contribution of storms that struck the region would result in a change in the isotopic composition of the cellulose. [30] Currently, storms, which occur between 0–4 times in a winter over the last 50 years [Dettinger, 2004], represent a small part of the overall water budget (approximately 10% for the Weather station in the White Mountains) and thus, impart a relatively small influence on the isotopic ratio of the BcP cellulose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the age of the oldest living tree. It discusses environmental changes and precipitation patterns impacting storm types in the Pacific Basin but does not mention the age of bristlecone pine trees or provide any information that could corroborate or refute the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous ships will fully replace human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025. [SEP] Text: The search returned 1006 records in WOS and 3907 in Scopus. After filtering by journal 2022. They were published in 47 journals and authored by a total of 351 authors. There were 20 single-author documents, with the rest being co-authored studies. Figure 1 depicts the publications trend in MASS research, excluding the pure technology development studies. The number of publications has been growing significantly during our sample period, at an average yearly growth rate of 10. 41%. The mean total 1. 6 million seafarers working in international shipping, many coming from emerging economies such as India, Philippines, Poland etc. While in the western world, MASS development projects have been fuelled by a lack of seafarers too, the real impact is likely to be on seafarers from emerging markets. Boguslawski et al. (2022) conducted a large-scale survey of professional maritime students from partner institutions of the of (IAMU). Their study found that job insecurity is not a real concern among students, which contrasts the on-going debates in the shipping industry. The majority of them believe that new shore-based job prospects will arise with the development of MASS, particularly at the Centres (RCCs). However, participants of both Boguslawski et al. (2022) and Kurt and Aymelek (2022) reported that the current and Training (MET) curricula do not as yet cover sufficiently MASS related training and education. According to Boguslawski et al. (2022), maritime students from and South-have reported comparatively higher relevance of their curriculum to MASS. In Fig. 2, countries from those parts of the world are also leading MASS research in terms of number of publications. Predictions of possible large-scale adoption of MASS have been scrutinized too. Boguslawski et al. (2022) and Kurt and Aymelek (2022) have asked maritime students and industry experts, respectively, about a possible MASS adoption timeline. Both studies argue that MASS will be successfully implemented by 2040, with smaller scale implementation even as early as 2030. Kurt and Aymelek (2022) have also focused on factors delaying MASS adoption. According to their study, experts believe that technological readiness is not yet at the level needed for the commercial adoption of MASS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing insights from Boguslawski et al. (2022) and Kurt and Aymelek (2022), which suggest that large-scale adoption of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) is expected by 2040, with limited implementation by 2030. This timeline indicates that the complete replacement of human-crewed vessels by 2025 is not supported by the experts' predictions in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: Major weaknesses: (1) It is unclear how the molecular mechanisms of amplification are different under the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway, since they are clearly distinct proteins structurally. It would be interesting to do some small-RNA-seq of products generated from unc-22 and bli-1, on wild-type conditions and some of the mutants studied (eg. mut-16, rde-10 and mut-16 + rde-10). That would provide some insights on whether the products of the 2 amplifications are the same in all conditions, just changing in abundance, or whether they are distinct in sequence patterns. (2) In the same line, Figure 5 aims to provide insights to the sequence determinants that influence on the RNAi of bli-1. It is unclear whether the changes in transcript stability dictated by the 3'UTR are the sole factor governing the preference for the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway. In line with the mutant jam297, it might be interesting to test whether factors like codon optimality, splicing,. . . of the ORF region upstream from bli-1-dsRNA can affect its sensitivity to the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway. Author response The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews Public Reviews: Reviewer #1 (Public Review): The goal of Knudsen-Palmer et al. was to define a biological set of rules that dictate the differential RNAi-mediated silencing of distinct target genes, motivated by facilitating the long-term development of effective RNAi-based drugs/therapeutics. To achieve this, the authors use a combination of computational modeling and RNAi function assays to reveal several criteria for effective RNAi-mediated silencing. This work provides insights into how (1) cis-regulatory elements influence the RNAi-mediated regulation of genes; (2) it is determined that genes can "recover" from RNAi-silencing signals in an animal; and (3) pUGylation occurs exclusively downstream of the dsRNA trigger sequence, suggesting 3º siRNAs are not produced. In addition, the authors show that the speed at which RNAi-silencing is triggered does not correlate with the longevity of the silencing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding behavioral adaptations in response to environmental pressures. Instead, it discusses molecular mechanisms and RNAi-mediated gene silencing without making any connections to behavioral responses or environmental adaptations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings can provide historical climate data, including droughts and volcanic eruptions. [SEP] Text: These events also present critical opportunities to advance volcano science [of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), 2017], and observations of large events with the potential to affect climate and life globally are particularly valuable. Recognizing this value, NASA recently developed a volcanic eruption response plan to maximize the quantity and quality of observations it makes following eruptions [NASA, 2018], and it is facilitating continuing research into the drivers and behaviors of volcanic eruptions to further improve scientific eruption response efforts. volcanic eruptions inject large amounts of gases, aerosols, and particulates into the atmosphere. Timely quantification of these emissions shortly after they erupt and as they disperse is needed to assess their potential climate effects. Scientists have a reasonable understanding of the fundamentals of how explosive volcanic eruptions influence climate and stratospheric ozone. This understanding is based on a few well-studied events in the satellite remote sensing era (e. g. , Pinatubo) and on proxy records of older eruptions such as the 1815 eruption of Tambora in Indonesia [Robock, 2000]. However, the specific effects of eruptions depend on their magnitude, location, and the particular mix of materials ejected. To affect global climate, an eruption must inject large quantities of sulfur dioxide (SO2) or other sulfur species (e. g. , hydrogen sulfide, H2S) into the stratosphere, where they are converted to sulfuric acid (or sulfate) aerosols over weeks to months (Figure 1). The sulfate aerosols linger in the stratosphere for a few years, reflecting some incoming solar radiation and thus reducing global average surface temperatures by as much as about 0. 5°C for 1–3 years, after which temperatures recover to preeruption levels. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now Fig. 1. In the top plot, the black curve represents monthly global mean stratospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD; background is 0. 004 or below) for green light (525 nanometers) from 1979 to 2018 from the Global Space-based Climatology (GloSSAC) [Kovilakam et al. , 2020; Thomason et al. , 2018]. AOD is a measure of aerosol abundance in the atmosphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how volcanic eruptions, which are events that can be studied using tree rings as proxy records, have significant impacts on climate. It mentions the historical context of large eruptions such as the 1815 eruption of Tambora, which is relevant for understanding past climate conditions. Additionally, it highlights how understanding these events contributes to climate science, reinforcing the connection between tree rings and historical climate data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous ships will fully replace human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025. [SEP] Text: While investigating possible impacts of MASS on ports, Kurt and Aymelek (2022) found that MASS navigation when approaching a port is likely to be dangerous, and crew is likely to be still required on a MASS for cargo handling operations. However, MASS has the potential of making port pilotage services smoother. Min (2022), another study in this special issue, outlined the detailed smart port architecture, which can improve MASS-Port interoperability. Of the various shipping sub-sectors, one may wonder which one is the most appropriate in terms of MASS adoption. Kurt and Aymelek (2022) found that container shipping is the most suitable, followed by dry bulk and ro-ro. Li and Yuen (2022) studied the critical success factors for MASS adoption, considering amongst them technological readiness, environmental fit, organizational resources, and stakeholder readiness. Similar to Kurt and Aymelek (2022), Li and Yuen (2022) also found that technological readiness is the most crucial factor for MASS adoption. Among the technological readiness factors, (i) relative advantage, (ii) compatibility, and (iii) ease of use of the technology were the most important ones. Surprisingly, they found that trialability and observability of the technology are the least important of all the 17 sub-criteria examined in their study. This indicates that the success of MASS mainly depends on what it has to offer to the industry, and its usefulness to the stakeholders. When a ship approaches coastal waters and heads for berthing, the number of physical objects in its surrounding increases significantly, thus also increasing the possibility of collision. Studies on collision avoidance during MASS manoeuvring have already received great attention by researchers, but port aspects have been greatly overlooked. Min (2022) presents the smart-port development requirements which can be useful in synchronizing MASS-port operations. The smart-port development components can comprise (i) smart infrastructure, (ii) smart traffic flow management, and (iii) smart logistics system design. With the development of these components, a smart port architecture can be designed in a cyber physical space through six modules: (i) digitalization module, (ii) end-point access automation module, (iii) network communication automation module, (iv) security and surveillance module, (v) analytics module, and finally (vi) performance monitoring module. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges and limitations in the adoption of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). It indicates that crew is likely still needed for operations such as cargo handling and that navigation approaching a port is particularly dangerous, implying that MASS cannot fully replace human-crewed vessels by 2025. Furthermore, it emphasizes the technological readiness and various operational factors essential for MASS adoption, suggesting that complete replacement of human crews is not imminent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: These insights are significant because they suggest that if we understand the rules by which RNAi pathways effectively silence genes with different transcription/processing levels then we can design more effective synthetic RNAi-based therapeutics targeting endogenous genes. The conclusions of this study are mostly supported by the data, but there are some aspects that need to be clarified. We thank the reviewer for their kind words and for appreciating the practical utility of our approach and discoveries. (1) The methods do not describe the "aged RNAi plates feeding assay" in Figure 2E. The figure legend states that "aged RNAi plates" were used to trigger weaker RNAi, but the detail explaining the experiment is insufficient. How aged is aged? If the goal was to effectively reduce the dsRNA load available to the animals, why not quantitatively titrate the dsRNA provided? Were worms previously fed on the plates, or was simply a lawn of bacteria grown until presumably the IPTG on the plate was exhausted? We have elaborated our methods section to describe that the plates were left at 4ºC for about 4 months before adding bacteria and performing the assay, with one possible reason for the weaker knockdown being that perhaps the IPTG in the RNAi plates is less effective. However, it is worth noting that the robustness of a feeding RNAi assay can vary from culture to culture and/or batch of plates. We therefore always perform RNAi assays with wild-type animals alongside test strains to gauge the strength of the RNAi assay for a given culture and batch of plates. We called the data in Figure 2E “weak” because of the response of wild-type animals was weak as evidenced by weak twitching in levamisole. Despite this reduced effect, we observed 100% penetrance in wild-type animals, enabling us to sensitively detect the reduced responses of the mutants. (2) Is the data presented in Figure 2F completed using the "aged RNAi plates" to achieve the partial silencing of dpy-7 observed? Clarification of this point would be helpful. No. The only occasion when plates were older was as in response to comment 1 above. (3) Throughout the manuscript the authors refer to "non-dividing cells" when discussing animals' ability to recover from RNA silencing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address behavioral adaptations or environmental pressures directly. Instead, it focuses on technical details related to RNAi pathways, experimental methods, and results from specific figures without discussing broader implications regarding behavioral changes in response to the environment.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings can provide historical climate data, including droughts and volcanic eruptions. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 20 Aug 2024 | 20 Aug 2024 Status: this preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP). Identifying climate variables that interchange with volcanic eruptions as cooling forces during the Common Era’s ice ages Seip, Øyvind Grøn, and Abstract. Volcanism is known to be an instigating factor for the Age (LALIA, 536–660) and the Age (LIA, 1250–1850), but little is known about when the effect of volcanism ends, and which other mechanisms prolong a cold period that includes the ice-ages’ cold periods, but also continued periods with persistent cooling. Here we show, with a high-resolution lead-lag method, where the stratospheric aerosol optical depth (SAOD) generated by volcanic emissions ceases to precede the summer temperature (NHST). We find that five climate mechanisms cool the (percentage time in parentheses): SAOD (51 %), total solar irradiance (TSI, 2 %), the oscillation (NAO, 11 %), the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO, 28 %) and CO2 (16 %). The last four variables overlap, and altogether the five climate variables cover 89 % of the cold period that includes LALIA and LIA. In contrast, we find an increase in atmospheric CO2 over a brief period just after large volcanic eruptions. During the cold period, the five variables lead NHST, are in a cooling mode, and have sufficient strength to cool the Northern Hemisphere. How to cite. Seip, K. L. , Grøn, Ø. , and Wang, H. : Identifying climate variables that interchange with volcanic eruptions as cooling forces during the Common Era’s ice ages, EGUsphere [preprint], 2024. Received: 21 Jun 2024 – Discussion started: 20 Aug 2024 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence supporting the claim by discussing how volcanic eruptions are interconnected with climate variables and can impact climate conditions over time. It highlights that climate mechanisms, such as stratospheric aerosol optical depth generated by volcanic emissions, contribute to cooling periods, which relates to understanding historical climate data and its relevance to events like droughts and eruptions. This suggests that similar methodologies may also apply to tree rings for historical climate analysis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous ships will fully replace human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025. [SEP] Text: The MASS operations and management systems will also largely depend on the cyber physical space. Although one of the goals of MASS is to increase reliability of shipping operations and reduce accidents, cyber-attacks on MASS cyber physical space could lead to disasters. Tusher et al. (2022) assessed the cyber security risks of MASS from a systems perspective using a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) framework. The MASS system was thus divided into five sub-systems: (i) navigational system, (ii) propulsion control system, (iii) port operations, (iv) shore or remote-control centres (SCCs or RCCs), and (v) shore-based management offices. The authors found that MASS navigational systems, particularly GNSS and ECDIS, followed by communications devices on RCCs, are the most vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Hence, successful MASS adoption, the authors claim, would need to meet safety standards from both physical and cyber-space technologies. Finally, the value proposition of MASS is not limited only to reducing crew onboard. In addition to cost reductions, improved safety, and increased revenue potential, MASS can add value to the whole logistics ecosystem. Tsvetkova and Hellstorm (2022) studied the value creation potential of MASS through expert interviews and desktop study of the opinions of innovation leaders. The study found that artificial intelligence (AI) enabled MASS will reduce inefficiency on the overall logistics chain by optimizing not only ship operations, such as route optimization and energy efficiency, but also other inter-related tasks, such as cargohandling operations, hinterland traffic flows etc. However, it should be noted that to achieve such ecosystem-level value, smart-port development (Min 2022) and ensuring cyber-security (Tusher et al. 2022) are prerequisites. As revealed by Li and Yuen (2022), the main driver of MASS for commercial adoption lies on its value to the whole maritime supply chain ecosystem including all stakeholders. 4 Conclusion and future prospectsThis special issue advances MASS research on certain, so far overlooked, themes and argues on the merits and demerits from the adoption of MASS in commercial shipping. As data related to actual MASS operations is not available yet, studies in this issue have mainly relied on surveys (Boguslawski et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current limitations and challenges of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), particularly focusing on the need for safety standards and cybersecurity measures. It highlights that successful adoption of MASS is contingent upon addressing these concerns and enhancing the overall logistics ecosystem, rather than indicating a full replacement of human crews by 2025. Furthermore, it suggests that the value and effectiveness of MASS cannot solely stem from reducing crew onboard but also requires the development of supporting infrastructures and technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: It is not clear what the authors specifically mean with the phrase "non-dividing cells", but as this is referred to in one of their major findings, it should be clarified. Do they mean the cells are somatic cells in aged animals, thus if they are "non-dividing" the siRNA pools within the cells cannot be diluted by cell division? Based on the methods, the animals of RNAi assays were L4/Young adults that were scored over 8 days after the initial pulse of dsRNA feeding. If this is the case, wouldn't these animals be growing into gravid adults after the feeding, and thus have dividing cells as they grew? We thank the reviewer for highlighting the need to explain this point further. Our experiment test the silencing of the unc-22 gene, which is expressed and functions in body-wall muscle cells. Most of the body wall muscles in C. elegans are developed by the L1 stage (reviewed in Krause and Liu, 2012), and they do not divide between the L4 and adult stages. Therefore, during the duration of the experiment where we delivered a pulse of dsRNA and examined responses over days, none of these cells divide. We have added a statement in the main text to explicitly say that the recovery from silencing by dsRNA that we observed cannot be explained by dilution during cell divisions. (4) What are the typical expression levels/turnover of unc-22 and bli-1? Based on the results from the altered cis-regulatory regions of bli-1 and unc-22 in Figure 5, it seems like the transcription/turnover rates of each of these genes could also be used as a proof of principle for testing the model proposed in Figure 4. The strength of the model would be further increased if the RNAi sensitivity of unc-22 reflects differences in its transcription/turnover rates compared to bli-1. We can get a sense of the relative abundances of unc-22 and bli-1 across development from the RNA-seq experiments that have been performed by others in the field (see below). However, these data cannot be used to infer either the production or the turnover rates. Future experiments that measure production (the combined rate of transcriptional run-on, splicing, export from the nucleus, etc. ) will be required to define the production rates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about behavioral adaptations in response to environmental pressures. Instead, it focuses on clarifying scientific methods and results related to gene expression and silencing in C. elegans, which is not directly related to behavioral adaptations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree-ring data has helped scientists track past solar activity and its effects on the Earth. [SEP] Text: Those major changes in solar activity seem to have created significant changes in the past Earth climate, making long-term records essential to solve critical issues of the 21st century. Even records of past solar activity that come from isotopic sources such as ice cores and tree rings rely on establishing a relationship between radiocarbon measurements and the direct observations of solar activity. Because the natural circulation of carbon in Earth’s atmosphere was affected by the explosive increase in the use of fossil fuel at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, only historical observations of solar activity can be used for calibrating radiocarbon data. The absolute radiocarbon standard is based on 1890 wood. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now Sometimes, historical records of direct observations of solar activity themselves may require critical analysis. Recently recalibrated records of sunspot numbers [Clette et al. , 2016] indicate, for instance, that solar cycle amplitudes may have been more uniform in the past 3 centuries than assumed until recently. If this result can be fully confirmed, it weakens the evidence for a solar cause of global warming. A series of images of the Sun taken 7–17 March 1989 shows the evolution of a large sunspot group (NOAA 5395) as it moves around the Sun. The top sequence, taken in white light, shows the sunspot as it appears in the photosphere (solar visible surface). The bottom images are magnetograms of the same sunspot region, showing variations in magnetic polarity. During its disk passage, this active region produced more than 100 X-ray flares, including 11 flares in the most powerful X class. This eruptive activity was the cause of the “great geomagnetic storm” of 13–14 March, which affected radio communications and satellite operations and caused the famous Quebec blackout on 13 March 1989. et al. [1989] for a detailed description of solar and geomagnetic activity associated with this active region. Credit: NOAO/AURA/NSF We also have historical time series of direct measurements of sunspot magnetic field strengths (e. g. , see Figure 1) and ultraviolet observations of the Sun going back more than a century. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between records of past solar activity, specifically highlighting that tree rings, among other isotopic sources, are essential for understanding solar activity and its effects on Earth's climate. It mentions that 'long-term records [are] essential to solve critical issues of the 21st century' and emphasizes the importance of establishing connections between radiocarbon measurements and observations of solar activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous ships will fully replace human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025. [SEP] Text: 2022; Kurt and Aymelek 2022; Tusher et al. 2022; Li and Yuen 2022), and interviews with maritime industry experts (Tsvetkova and Hellstorm 2022). Two of the studies are purely conceptual (Poornikoo and Øvergård 2022; Min 2022). The studies address several ongoing questions related to MASS adoption, including classification of status-quo, social impact and prospects of maritime employment, intelligent ship-port interfaces, cyber-threats, and finally value creation for all maritime stakeholders. To advance MASS adoption in merchant shipping, future research on several areas is needed. For instance, the choice of propulsion technology will be crucial. Battery, wind, solar or hybrid energy-based propulsion can make MASS more adaptable in various shipping routes including short- and long range voyages. The possibility of fuel cell-based propulsion, such as hydrogen, should be explored too. In the coming years, further development of niche themes is expected through new AI-based solutions combining big data, blockchain and internet of things (IoT). Such developments will create value through business model transformation in the shipping industry, leading to a servitization model. Also new ship financing models are likely to emerge, as the commercialization of MASS gets closer to reality with further development of international regulations and safety guidelines. Finally, MET in countries which supply the world’s seafarers need to adapt their curricula by incorporating training for MASS operations through remote control centres. NotesAccessed on March 04, 2022 from www. unmanned-ship. org/munin. Accessed on March 04, 2022 from Circular—Series V, No. : RSV 12-2020, accessed on April 11, 2022 from Implications of autonomous shipping for maritime education and training: The cadet’s perspective. & Logistics. Operational and economic advantages of autonomous ships and their perceived impacts on port operations. & Logistics. Autonomous ships: A study of critical success factors. & Logistics. Developing a smart port architecture and essential elements in the era of Industry 4. 0. & Logistics. Levels of automation in maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS): A fuzzy logic approach. & Logistics. Creating value through autonomous shipping: An ecosystem perspective. & Logistics. Cyber security risk assessment in autonomous shipping. & Logistics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing ongoing questions and research related to the adoption of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). It specifically mentions the need for further development and research in several areas including propulsion technology, regulatory frameworks, and the adaptation of maritime education and training to incorporate remote control operations. This indicates that the complete replacement of human-crewed vessels by 2025 is unlikely, as many elements still require investigation and adaptation to make MASS operationally viable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: Similarly, assays that detect the rate of degradation of transcripts without confounding presence from continued production will be needed to establish turnover rates. Future efforts to obtain values for these in vivo rates for multiple genes will help further test the model. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Expression data for unc-22. Author response image 2 Download asset Open asset Expression data for bli-1. Reviewer #2 (Public Review): Summary: This manuscript by Knudsen-Palmer et al. describes and models the contribution of MUT-16 and RDE-10 in the silencing through RNAi by the Argonaute protein NRDE-3 or others. The authors show that MUT-16 and RDE-10 constitute an intersecting network that can be redundant or not depending on the gene being targeted by RNAi. In addition, the authors provide evidence that increasing dsRNA processing can compensate for NRDE-3 mutants. Overall, the authors provide convincing evidence to understand the factors involved in RNAi in C. elegans by using a genetic approach. Major Strengths: The author's work presents a compelling case for understanding the intricacies of RNA interference (RNAi) within the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans through a meticulous genetic approach. By harnessing genetic manipulation, they delve into the role of MUT-16 and RDE-10 in RNAi, offering a nuanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms at play in two independent case study targets (unc-22 and bli-1). We thank the reviewer for their kind words and for appreciating our genetic analysis. Major Weaknesses: (1) It is unclear how the molecular mechanisms of amplification are different under the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway, since they are clearly distinct proteins structurally. It would be interesting to do some small-RNA-seq of products generated from unc-22 and bli-1, on wild-type conditions and some of the mutants studied (eg. mut-16, rde-10 and mut16 + rde-10). That would provide some insights into whether the products of the 2 amplifications are the same in all conditions, just changing in abundance, or whether they are distinct in sequence patterns. As we highlight in the paper, MUT-16 and RDE-10 are indeed very different proteins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding behavioral adaptations in response to environmental pressures. Instead, it focuses on the genetic mechanisms and the roles of specific proteins (MUT-16 and RDE-10) in RNA interference (RNAi) in C. elegans. There is no discussion of behavioral adaptations or environmental pressures within the provided text, which leads to the conclusion that it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree-ring data has helped scientists track past solar activity and its effects on the Earth. [SEP] Text: we describe five publicly available online labs, geared to undergraduate students, which focus on foundational tree-ring research. Students are introduced to basic dendrochronological concepts and practices (Lab 1) while learning about research that has implications for human well-being. Students learn about the way scientists use tree-ring records to reconstruct drought in the in (Lab 2), how tree-ring science began through its utility in putting exact calendar dates on ancestral pueblos (Lab 3), how tree-ring records can be used to put drought into a long-term context, reconstruct streamflow, and better manage water resources (Lab 4), and how tree rings have been used to reconstruct temperatures in the northern latitudes (Lab 5). These labs have the dual aim of guiding students to use many of the same tools as tree-ring scientists, while also giving them a sense of the nature-of-science and how scientists work. Throughout the labs, students are guided to explore virtual field sites, navigate public databanks, observe and measure tree-ring samples, and describe trends and extremes in paleoclimate records. Labs are designed for a 2 to 3-hour lab class and have been classroom-tested and assessed by faculty teams and students. aspects of dendrochronology are accessible to undergraduate students. Conceptually, tree rings are both visual and intuitive. Trees are part of the everyday experience of most students, and even non-experts can start to see patterns of climate variability through time just by looking at a cross-section of a tree. Many tree-ring scientists also travel to beautiful, remote regions across the world in search of long-lived, slow-growing trees that are capturing a climate signal in their annual growth rings. These remote field sites and scientific expeditions are of inherent interest to students and can be utilized to generate student interest in the nature-of-science and the methods scientists use to study past climate. Here, we present five publicly-available online labs designed for undergraduate instructors and students. Within these labs students learn about fundamental concepts, such as how scientists conduct research and by what means authentic tree-ring data can be used, for example, to learn about temperature variability of the past two thousand years in the (Wilson et al. 2016), to place exact calendar dates on ancestral pueblos in the U. S. Southwest (Douglass 1929), and to reconstruct streamflow estimates for the U. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how tree-ring records can provide crucial insights into past climate variability, including the reconstruction of temperatures and drought patterns. It specifically mentions that students learn about how scientists use tree-ring data to understand long-term climate contexts, which can include aspects relevant to solar activity and its effects on Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous ships will fully replace human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 7. 1% with respect to the fleet of conventional vessels. The main savings come from lower time charter costs and lower bunker costs. The results also suggest that a fleet configuration combining large with small vessels perform better, because of its better ability to accommodate to the asymmetry of the trade. The implementation of a flexible sailing schedule in the dynamic setting might lead to a great increase in the service level of the network, but at the expense of an increase in costs. IntroductionAutonomous vehicles have become a reality in the past decades and are progressively being adopted within all modes of transport. Autopilot systems have been used in aircraft and trains for many years and are now being developed for road transport by companies such as Tesla, Google, and General Motors. In maritime transportation, a number of initiatives towards autonomous shipping have gradually emerged. For example, in 2018, the world’s first fully autonomous ferry was demonstrated by Rolls-Royce and Finferries in Finland (Rolls-Royce 2016, 2018). The ferry navigated autonomously on one sailing leg whilst the remote control took over the return leg. In another initiative, has been developing the first zero-emission autonomous container vessel (Kongsberg 2018). These and other initiatives provide evidence that the development of autonomous ships has become technically feasible (Xue et al. 2019). Moreover, this development is expected to reduce the occurrence of navigational accidents, due to increased safety and security (Wróbel et al. 2017; Zhou et al. 2021a). It is also expected that the development of autonomous ships will have implications in environmental and social aspects, and that it will motivate new business models for ship manufacturers (Munim 2019). While there have been multiple research papers related to safety, navigation control, design, project and prototype, less attention has been paid to the interaction between economics and logistics aspects of autonomous ships (Gu et al. 2021). Some estimations emphasize the direct benefit of the reduction of crew cost, more cargo space, and lower fuel consumption, but also that new autonomous vessel will be more expensive to construct than the conventional ones (Authority 2016). Additionally, it has been argued that port-related costs and monitoring cost from onshore control centers will be potentially higher for autonomous ships (Hogg and Ghosh 2016; Kretschmann et al. 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing insights into the current state and challenges of autonomous shipping. It mentions that while autonomous vessels are being developed and their feasibility has been demonstrated, there are significant economic considerations, such as increased construction costs and potentially higher port and monitoring expenses. This indicates that full replacement of human-crewed vessels by autonomous ships by 2025 may not be realistic given the highlighted challenges in economics and infrastructure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: One possible hypothesis suggested by this difference is that different kinds of small RNAs are made when the underlying mechanism relies on MUT-16 versus on RDE-10. However, postulating such a difference is not necessary for explaining the data. Furthermore, since the amounts of 2º siRNAs do not have to be correlated with the strength of silencing (Figure 4E), this work raises caution against the over-reliance on small RNA sequencing for inferring gene silencing. Nevertheless, it is indeed an attractive possibility that the amounts of small RNA, their distributions along mRNA sequence, and/or the sequence biases of the accumulating small RNAs could be different when relying on MUT-16- or RDE-10-dependent mechanisms. Future work that directly examine the small RNAs that accumulate in different mutant strains after initiating RNAi can shed light on these possibilities. (2) In the same line, Figure 5 aims to provide insights into the sequence determinants that influence the RNAi of bli-1. It is unclear whether the changes in transcript stability dictated by the 3'UTR are the sole factor governing the preference for the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway. In line with the mutant jam297, it might be interesting to test whether factors like codon optimality, splicing,. . . of the ORF region upstream from bli-1-dsRNA can affect its sensitivity to the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway. 5, we eliminated the possibility that any gene that is transcribed using the bli-1 promoter would require NRDE-3, and showed using jam297 that modifications to the 3’ cis regulatory regions of a target can alter the dependence on NRDE-3 for knockdown. We agree that future experiments that control individual aspects of bli-1, potentially one feature at a time, can reveal the separate contributions of each characteristic of the gene to the observed dependence on NRDE-3 of the wild-type bli-1 gene. However, given the many ways that the same level of transcript knockdown can be achieved in our modeling (Figure 4 and its supplemental figures) we expect that multiple characteristics could contribute to NRDE-3 dependence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mechanisms involving small RNAs and their regulatory pathways, without addressing behavioral adaptations or environmental pressures. It mentions experimental hypotheses and genetic mechanisms, but does not relate to how behaviors may adapt in response to environmental stimuli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Seismic waves travel through the Earth at different speeds, depending on the material they pass through. [SEP] Text: g. Aki et al. , 1977). Models obtained with this technique using regional arrays are typically confined to the upper mantle. For the Alpnetwork the lower bound is around 600 km depth. Assuming a spherical chunk with a lateral extension similar to that of the seismic array (up to ∼10∘), below this depth only about one-fourth of the horizontal area spanned by this chunk is penetrated by intersecting rays, leading to smearing of anomalies along the rays within the remaining area (e. g. Sandoval et al. , 2004). Lateral resolution is limited by the station spacing of the array. The method is mainly sensitive to volumetric perturbations of seismic velocity and does not give constraints on the location of internal discontinuities. It has been used in many studies on mantle structure, for example Koulakov et al. (2002), Lippitsch et al. (2003), and Piromallo and Morelli (2003). A method which reaches beyond teleseismic tomography is full waveform inversion (FWI), where entire or partial waveforms are inverted for velocity and also density perturbations (e. g. Mora, 1987; Tromp et al. , 2005; Fichtner et al. , 2009; Zhu et al. , 2012, 2015; Butzer et al. , 2013; Schumacher et al. , 2016). Predictions of waveforms for given velocity models are obtained by full 3D numerical forward modelling, making the method very expensive with regard to storage requirements and computation time. When applied to teleseismic body waves, hybrid approaches are invoked to make the method numerically tractable (e. g. Monteiller et al. , 2013; Tong et al. , 2014a, b): full 3D forward modelling is only done in a regional box below the array while wave propagation from the distant earthquake to this box is done by less expensive methods which, however, assume laterally homogeneous or axially symmetric earth structure. One basic preparatory step for both methods is the determination of travel times. While the need for travel times is obvious for travel-time tomography, teleseismic full waveform inversion can also benefit from travel times in two different ways. First of all, FWI requires a good (ideally 3-D) starting model to ensure that the inversion converges to the global minimum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing seismic velocity and the techniques used to determine travel times, which are influenced by the materials within the Earth. It highlights that seismic waves are sensitive to volumetric perturbations of seismic velocity, indicating that their speed can vary based on the material they traverse, supporting the principle that seismic waves travel through the Earth at different speeds depending on the material.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous ships will fully replace human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025. [SEP] Text: The trade-off between cost savings and additional expenses is at the core of the discussion for liner shipping companies and other key players on the market to take actions towards or against the autonomous shipping trend. In Rolls-Royce (2016), researchers argue that business opportunities perceived by the main actors in the shipping industry are crucial in bringing technological opportunities for autonomous shipping into practice. The research question that triggers our work is what will be the impact of autonomous vessels in liner shipping network design. In addressing this question, our main goal is to derive insights on the potential economic and operational effects of the introduction of autonomous vessels to liner shipping networks. The liner shipping business plays a critical role in the global transportation service industry, which allows international trade of consumer goods between countries and continents. In fact, more than 80% of the world’s merchandise trade by volume is carried by sea, equivalent to about 11 billion tons yearly (Sirimanne et al. 2019). The competitive market and the environmental pressures foster shipping companies to embrace the continuous technological development as an opportunity for implementing innovative solutions and becoming more efficient (Hasanspahić et al. 2021). In this regard, operating costs are affected significantly by the design of sailing routes. Similar to the public transport system, like bus, subway, train or ferry, the liner shipping business has an arrival and departure schedule with a sequence of port calls and a specific group of similar vessels determined and known in advance for each of its services. How to structure the route network to minimize the total cost is the purpose of the liner shipping network design problem (LSNDP). A vast body of literature has been devoted to this problem. However, most of the extant work has been limited to conventional vessels and to static routes. As noted in Christiansen et al. (2020), which recently reviews the literature on the LNSDP, the introduction of autonomous vessels in the container shipping industry may significantly change the way a network is designed and operated. The review asserts that, in comparison with networks and operation of conventional vessels, the adoption of autonomy will imply more smaller vessels sailing on-demand (depending on the cargo), which will turn the network design process into a dynamic routing problem. Therefore, in contrast to previous literature, we study the effect of autonomous vessels in liner shipping networks, considering both static and dynamic settings for the design of routes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limitations surrounding the introduction of autonomous vessels. It highlights that the transition to autonomous shipping involves a consideration of various factors such as cost savings, operational design, and the need for dynamic routing due to the changed nature of networks. Specifically, it mentions that the existing literature primarily focuses on conventional vessels and that current research is exploring future impacts on liner shipping networks, implying that a full replacement of human-crewed vessels by 2025 may not be plausible given these complexities and the transition still in its evaluation phase.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: The Authors: Reviewer #1 (The Authors): (1) On page 5, the authors state that "MUT-16 and RDE-10 are redundantly or additively required for silencing unc-22"; however, based on their data in Figure 1D, it seems nearly 100% silencing of unc-22 is achieved in single mut-16 or rde-10 mutants. If this is the case, wouldn't it suggest that redundancy of MUT-16 and RDE-10, and not an "additive effect" of MUT-16 and RDE-10 function? Although, as the mutator complex nucleates around MUT-16, the data in Figure 1D suggests it is possible that the presence of MUT-16 or RDE-10 is sufficient for the recruitment of one or more factors that triggers the silencing of unc-22, and thus only one of these factors is necessary. Because we are seeing 100% silencing in wild-type, mut-16(-), or rde-10(-) animals in Figure 1D, this assay (where the silencing response is strong) does not allow us to discriminate between differing levels of silencing. The “weak” RNAi assay in Figure 2E provides the opportunity to observe differences in the contributions made by MUT-16 or RDE-10, supporting the idea that the 2º siRNAs and relative contributions to silencing can indeed be additive, explaining the complete loss of silencing only in the double mutant. While MUT-16 has been shown to be required for the recruitment of other Mutators in the germline, Mutator foci are not detectable in the soma. Given that unc-22 and bli-1 are somatic targets, we are hesitant to assume a mechanism for the production of small RNAs that requires a similar MUT-16-dependent nucleation in somatic cells. MUT-16 is clearly required for full silencing. But, if it functions similarly in the soma and the germline remains an open question. Indeed the mechanism(s) for producing small RNAs in somatic cells could be different from that used for production of small RNAs in the germline because of known differences in the use of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (e. g. Ravikumar et al. , Res. 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on specific genetic mechanisms and the role of particular genes (MUT-16 and RDE-10) in silencing the unc-22 gene, without discussing behavioral adaptations or environmental pressures. It mentions genetic and molecular factors but does not establish any link to behavioral changes in response to environmental conditions, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Seismic waves travel through the Earth at different speeds, depending on the material they pass through. [SEP] Text: Correlation techniques have been developed where selected wave packets of two different records of similar waveforms are correlated to determine their relative time shift. VanDecar and Crosson (1990) developed a multi-channel cross-correlation (MCCC) technique to obtain high-precision relative arrival times by correlating each trace with every other. This method was also used in a recent study by Zhao et al. (2016) where a finite-frequency kernel method was used for a tomography of the central European subsurface. However, this method does not produce absolute arrival times, which are a prerequisite for the stabilisation of the FWI. In this paper, we confirm that even advanced techniques of automatic reading of arrival times do not reach the accuracy required by teleseismic travel-time tomography on dense arrays. Using AlpArray data, we demonstrate that an appropriate combination of automatic picking, correlation measurements and beamforming can attain the required accuracy and provide both reliable travel-time residuals and absolute travel times. Applying this technique, we are able to map the propagation of P wave fronts across the AlpArray network and to obtain sufficiently accurate travel-time residuals at all stations of the network. By analysing records of hundreds of teleseismic earthquakes, we can show the coherency and reproducibility of the residuals and study their dependency on event azimuth and frequency. Stacking of event-specific travel-time residuals yields very stable patterns that already indicate the approximate location of high- and low-velocity anomalies in the upper mantle prior to any tomographic inversion. We shall use these time measurements in a later study for performing a teleseismic tomography and full waveform inversion. 2 Data basis Deployment of temporary stations of AlpArray backbone network Z3 was started in 2015 (Fig. 1) and continued until summer 2016 when the maximum number of 256 temporary broadband stations was reached. 2017 to February 2018, 24 ocean bottom seismometers were deployed in the by the and the AlpArray-FR project. The earliest complementary experiment, partly included in our dataset, is the (EASI) project with 55 stations deployed on a north–south profile at 13. 4∘ E, crossing the Alps from the northern Alpine foreland to the Adriatic Sea, which recorded ground motions for more than a year until August 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the analysis of travel-time residuals and wave propagation characteristics. It mentions the mapping of the propagation of P wave fronts and their dependency on various factors such as event azimuth and frequency, which supports the idea that seismic waves travel at different speeds through different materials, like high- and low-velocity anomalies in the Earth's upper mantle.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous ships will fully replace human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025. [SEP] Text: (2011) for how an approach accounting for uncertainty can be deployed in this respect. Whereas there is no crew on board while sailing at open sea, approaching and berthing require hiring a boarding crew at ports. Such a service might be offered by ports where local workers facilitate approaching and berthing of autonomous ships. This leads to an increase of 20% in port call costs (Kretschmann et al. 2017). A summary of operating costs per port and parameters for conventional and autonomous vessels are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Table 1 Operating costs at the different ports (in USD)Full size tableTable 2 Parameters for conventional and autonomous vessels according to their sizeFull size tableRegarding time at port, Brouer et al. (2014) use a 24-h port time for all vessels, including both feeders and trans-ocean container ships. In the example of the eight building-blocks of liner costs, Stopford (2009) estimate that the port time for a vessel of 1,200 TEU is 0. 7 days. Even though there is no linear relationship between the vessel size and time spent at port, it is reasonable to assume that smaller vessels use less time per port call than much larger vessels. Since the fleet employed in the Baltic instance involves only feeders with the maximum capacity of 800 FFE, the port time is estimated to be approximately 0. 5 days, for both conventional and autonomous vessels. Numerical resultsThe models are implemented in the modelling tool AMPL, using the solver version 9. 0. 2, with a time limit of 2 h. For the static model, we consider five different fleet configurations: a fleet of conventional vessels with a capacity of 450 FFE and 800 FFE; a fleet of autonomous vessels with those same capacities; a fleet of autonomous vessels combining capacities of 200 FFE and 450 FFE; a fleet of autonomous vessels combining capacities of 200 FFE and 800 FFE; and a fleet of autonomous vessels with an homogeneous capacity of 200 FFE. The results obtained are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Results of the static LSNDP (in thousand USD)Full size tableIt can be seen that the introduction of autonomous vessels leads to a decrease of total costs and, as a result, to an increase of profit due to a reduction of time charter costs and bunker costs compensated by higher port call costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while autonomous vessels operate without a crew at sea, they still require human intervention during critical operations such as approaching and berthing at ports. This implies that autonomous ships cannot fully replace human-crewed vessels in all shipping scenarios, particularly in port operations where local workers are necessary, which contradicts the notion of complete replacement by 2025.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: Peer review processEditorsReviewer #1Reviewer #2Author ResponsePeer review processRevised: Preprint has been revised by the authors in response to the previous round of peer review; the eLife assessment and the public reviews have been updated where necessary by the editors and peer reviewers. Read more about eLife’s peer review process. of of of of AmericaReviewer #1 (Public Review): : The goal of Knudsen-Palmer et al. was to define a biological set of rules that dictate the differential RNAi-mediated silencing of distinct target genes, motivated by facilitating the long-term development of effective RNAi-based drugs/therapeutics. This work provides insights into how 1) cis-regulatory elements influence the RNAi-mediated regulation of genes; 2) determines that genes can "recover" from RNAi-silencing signals in an animal; and 3) pUGylation occurs exclusively downstream of the dsRNA trigger sequence, suggesting 3º siRNAs are not produced. In addition, the authors show that the speed at which RNAi-silencing is triggered does not correlate with the longevity of the silencing. Overall, the work presented supports the conclusions of the authors. The insights are significant because they suggest that if we understand the rules by which RNAi pathways effectively silence genes with different transcription/processing levels then we can design more effective synthetic RNAi-based therapeutics targeting endogenous genes. : The authors use a combination of computational modeling, genetics, and RNAi function assays to reveal several criteria for effective RNAi-mediated silencing of two distinct targets. : It may be beyond the scope of this study, but it would be interesting to know the typical expression levels and turnover rates of unc-22 and bli-1. Based on the results from the altered cis-regulatory regions of bli-1 and unc-22 in Fig 5, it seems like the transcription/turnover rates of each of these genes could also be used as a proof of principle for testing the model proposed in Figure 4. The strength of the model would be further increased if the RNAi sensitivity of unc-22 reflects differences in its transcription/turnover rates compared to bli-1. #2 (Public Review): manuscript by Knudsen-Palmer et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding behavioral adaptations to environmental pressures. Instead, it primarily discusses RNAi-mediated gene regulation and insights related to drug development, which are not connected to behavioral responses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Seismic waves travel through the Earth at different speeds, depending on the material they pass through. [SEP] Text: We found that theoretical phase onsets can differ from actual arrivals by up to some tens of seconds, most probably owing to differences of the true physical properties in the global earth from those of the spherically symmetric earth model, uncertainties in origin time, dispersion processes along the travel path and the use of centroid times of the gCMT catalogue as earthquake origin times (which we want to use for the FWI). The resulting need for large cross-correlation shifts to catch all overlapping phases would involve a high risk of cycle skipping. An analysis of the necessary shift in travel times predicted by the standard earth model AK135 (Kennett et al. , 1995) for the final picks of 370 events in a frequency band between 0. 03 and 0. 5 Hz yielded an average value of −3. 71 s, implying that the average travel time in the area of study is less than that predicted by the AK135 earth model. The standard deviation is σ=5. 84 s. We found an absolute time shift of over 10 s for 22 events with a peak value of −53 s. Hence, it is not reasonable to directly use 1D theoretical onsets as starting points for a signal cross-correlation. Especially for lower-magnitude events and high-noise OBS records it may happen for some stations that useful automatic picks are not available. Provided that there are sufficient records left with a reliable automatic pick, we go back to theoretical travel times as correlation reference times which have been corrected by the median time difference between the available automatic picks and the corresponding theoretical travel times. In this way, we still obtain good time 3. 3 Correlation approach Applying a cross-correlation method to improve first arrivals on a large regional array like the AlpArray seismic network is based on the hypothesis of a high similarity of the waveforms of the selected phase across the array. We found this requirement to be satisfied especially well for teleseismic P waves travelling through the mantle but not for PKP phases that penetrate the core. In contrast to mantle P phases, PKP phases are composed of several arrivals which modify the shape of the waveform across the array owing to the different epicentral distances, making signal correlation challenging. We start by searching for a reference station which represents the waveforms of the entire array best for each single event. The most important criterion for such a station is a continuous operation with high data quality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the observed travel times of seismic waves, specifically teleseismic P waves and PKP phases, can differ due to variations in physical properties in the Earth compared to standard models. For example, it states that 'an average value of −3.71 s' means that actual travel times are less than those predicted by the standard earth model AK135, indicating that the speed of seismic waves is affected by the materials they move through.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous ships will fully replace human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025. [SEP] Text: This fact explains why the fleet of 200 and 800 FFE has performed the best among the autonomous fleets, as the smallest feeders are used to sail the Norwegian ports with low demands and the biggest feeders are used to sail the destinations with higher demands such as (RULED), Aarhus (DKAAR) or Gothenburg (SEGOT). The autonomous fleet with ships of 200 FFE, on the other hand, incurs high costs as it has to employ many small vessels to satisfy the demand in the farthest port, (RULED). The results on capacity utilization displayed in Table 5 give an idea of how well the fleets’ capacity fits in the network. The fleet of autonomous vessels of 200 FFE has the highest utilization rate among the different fleets, which can be explained by the ease of filling up smaller vessels. Note, however, that the fleet of only 200 FFE vessels has the highest operating cost compared to the other fleets, because it needs a considerable number of vessels to satisfy the demand. While the other fleets use from three to six container ships to serve the network, the 200 FFE fleet uses ten ships. The fleet of vessels of 200 and 800 FFE capacity, which has the lowest operating cost, has the lowest utilization rate. Table 5 Results of LSNDP for capacity utilization under the fixed scheduleFull size tableDynamic schedulingThe fleet of 200 FFE vessels is used in the dynamic model, and its result is compared with the result of the static model using the same fleet configuration. The use of vessels of 200 FFE capacity is in line with future perspectives on autonomy in shipping, which have pointed to the use of smaller vessels in more dynamic settings (Christiansen et al. 2020). Figure 3 shows the routes obtained for this case. Note we have used a demand threshold value equal to 75% of the capacity of a basic fleet (which consists of ten vessels of 200 FFE), to determine when a vessel sails. Table 6 outlines a comparison between the results of sailing a fleet of only 200 FFE vessels under a fixed schedule and flexible schedule. Table 6 Results of LSNDP under fixed schedule and dynamic schedule (in thousand USD)Full size table Fig. 3Routes obtained for the LSNDP with dynamic scheduleFull size image The results indicate that the fixed schedule outperforms the flexible schedule in both cost and capacity utilization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the operational challenges and cost implications associated with fully autonomous fleets. It highlights that the fleet of 200 FFE vessels, while performing well in terms of capacity utilization, incurs high operating costs due to the number of vessels required. The text indicates that smaller vessels may be more suitable in dynamic shipping contexts, suggesting that the transition to full autonomy with smaller autonomous ships will not necessarily mean replacing all human-crewed vessels universally by 2025.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: describes and models the contribution of MUT-16 and RDE-10 in the silencing through RNAi by the Argonaute protein NRDE-3 or others. The authors show that MUT-16 and RDE-10 constitute an intersecting network that can be redundant or not depending on the gene being targeted by RNAi. In addition, the authors provide evidence that increasing dsRNA processing can compensate for NRDE-3 mutants. Overall, the authors provide convincing evidence to understand the factors involved in RNAi in C. elegans by using a genetic approach. author's work presents a compelling case for understanding the intricacies of RNA interference (RNAi) within the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans through a meticulous genetic approach. By harnessing genetic manipulation, they delve into the role of MUT-16 and RDE-10 in RNAi, offering a nuanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms at play in two independent case study targets (unc-22 and bli-1). (1) It is unclear how the molecular mechanisms of amplification are different under the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway, since they are clearly distinct proteins structurally. It would be interesting to do some small-RNA-seq of products generated from unc-22 and bli-1, on wild-type conditions and some of the mutants studied (eg. mut-16, rde-10 and mut-16 + rde-10). That would provide some insights on whether the products of the 2 amplifications are the same in all conditions, just changing in abundance, or whether they are distinct in sequence patterns. (2) In the same line, Figure 5 aims to provide insights to the sequence determinants that influence on the RNAi of bli-1. It is unclear whether the changes in transcript stability dictated by the 3'UTR are the sole factor governing the preference for the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway. In line with the mutant jam297, it might be interesting to test whether factors like codon optimality, splicing,. . . of the ORF region upstream from bli-1-dsRNA can affect its sensitivity to the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses molecular mechanisms and genetic factors related to RNA interference in C. elegans, but it does not address the concept of behavioral adaptations or responses to environmental pressures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Seismic waves travel through the Earth at different speeds, depending on the material they pass through. [SEP] Text: After application of the cross-correlation correction, the resulting wave fronts no longer show the scatter inherent to the AIC onsets and become smooth except for some weak undulations (Fig. 8b). These seem to be produced by several adjacent stations and should be attributed to subsurface structures. Figure 8Travel-time fields of the Eastern Xizang–Region event on 17 November 2017. Onsets from (a) the AIC algorithm that were only corrected for severe outliers (noise picks or wrong phases) and (b) the combined cross-correlation AIC algorithm. Onset certainty increases with circle sizes. Isolines are linearly interpolated with isochrone contour intervals of 1 s. 9Wave fronts and travel-time residual patterns of different earthquakes. (a, c, e, g) Absolute travel times, distance of isolines 1 s, circle sizes inversely proportional to pick uncertainty. (b, d, f, h) Demeaned travel-time residuals relative to 1D earth model. (a, b) M6. 6 event, 29 May 2017, Sulawesi, Indonesia, BAZ=76∘, distance=104∘; (c, d) M6. 6 event, 25 November 2016, Tajikistan–=75∘, distance=45∘; (e, f) M6. 8 event, 22 June 2017, near the coast of Guatemala, BAZ=213∘, distance=52∘; (g, h) M6. 6 event, 18 August 2017, north of Ascension Island, BAZ=288∘, distance=89∘. illustrate the varying shapes of the wave fronts crossing the AlpArray network from different azimuths and epicentral distances, we have selected four different earthquakes as representative examples: two with nearly equal back-azimuth (75∘) but very different epicentral distances (104 and 45∘) and two others covering western (288∘) and southern (218∘) back-azimuths with differing epicentral distances (89 and 52∘) (Fig. ). In addition to the P wave fronts, we show the demeaned travel-time residuals associated with each particular event as defined in Eq. (1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing wave fronts and travel-time residuals of different earthquakes, implying that variations in wavefront shapes and travel times can be attributed to subsurface structures, which suggests that seismic waves do indeed travel at different speeds through different materials. Additionally, the detailed description of wave front behavior across different azimuths and epicentral distances supports the notion of speed variation based on the medium.