Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Dr. Ashish Bavdekar, Associate Professor, Department of in his presentation, deliberated at length on the outcome of different clinical meta-analysis studies to demonstrate the efficacy of probiotics against different medical conditions in children. He began his talk by stating that currently probiotics are being administered for various indications like general health improvement, immune enhancement and the prevention and treatment of specific gut related diseases. Dr. Bavdekar further elaborated that the evidence for probiotic efficacy in many such disorders is not so strong, but there are well established benefits in a small number of conditions. Based on the data that emerged from meta-analyses of some clinical studies related to many diarrheal diseases, he contended that probiotics specifically Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri and Saccharomyces boulardii have been shown to significantly shorten the duration of acute diarrhea especially acute rotaviral diarrhea by one day and decreased the number of stools with a beneficial effect starting after 3 days [21]. Similarly, when used as a preventive agent, probiotics have shown reduced incidence of Antibiotic associated Diarrhea (AAD) by an average of 60%. The benefits however, were highly strain and dose dependent. Continuing further debate on the efficacy of probiotics, Dr. Bavdekar commented that probiotics have shown a modest benefit in preventing acute gastrointestinal tract infections in healthy infants and children in child care centers in developed countries. He also referred to a recent community based clinical trial conducted in Kolkata, India wherein Lactobacillus casei Shirota was orally fed to 1–5 years old children [22]. The outcome of the study revealed that daily intake of this strain showed a protective efficacy of 14% in preventing acute diarrhea. However, as far as prevention of atopic diseases and IBDs is concerned, there is insufficient scientific evidence to support probiotic efficacy against these conditions. Finally after critical appraisal of the outcome of the meta-analysis studies, he concluded that overall, the scientific data on all these cases have largely remained limited and hence, no recommendations can be made at the moment regarding the use of probiotics in these conditions. Dr. Consultant, Department of Neonatology, Centre for was the next speaker who delivered a talk on the application of probiotics in pre terms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while probiotics have shown some efficacy in treating specific gut-related medical conditions, the evidence for broad probiotic efficacy is limited. Dr. Bavdekar explains that probiotics are used for various purposes, but their benefits are highly strain and dose dependent, and there is insufficient evidence to support their use for many gut health issues, particularly in areas like prevention of atopic diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases. As summarised, 'no recommendations can be made at the moment regarding the use of probiotics in these conditions,' illustrating that probiotics alone cannot solve all gut health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Figure 2—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset Many uORF and IRES containing genes are translationally regulated. The table/heatmap shows mammalian genes with known translation regulation via upstream open reading frames (uORFs) or internal ribosome entry sites (IRES). The change in expression data is shown for the RNA and ribosome footprinting data for three replicates for ER stress. Eight genes have significant translation upregulation and are shown in the main text. The FDR is listed as the median value across the three replicates (if it is significant it is so in at least two replicates) and converted to a signed value, that is positive if translation regulation is positive and negative if negative. Therefore, values > 0. 80 denote an FDR < 0. 2 for significant upregulation and values < −0. 80 denote significant negative regulation. Figure 2E shows the subset of genes with uORFs and known roles under ER stress. sFDR - signed false discovery rate. Figure 3 with 7 supplements Download asset Open asset Integrated data reveal global and gene-specific regulation in response to misfolding stress. (A) The heatmap shows relative changes in RNA abundance, ribosome and non-ribosomal protein footprints, and protein abundance for 7,011 genes (rows) in duplicate after 1, 4 and 8 hr of tunicamycin or hydrogen peroxide treatment. Rows are sorted using complete-linkage hierarchical clustering and labeled according to their cluster number. We chose 20 clusters based on the ‘elbow method’ (Figure 3—figure supplement 3). (B) The heatmap indicates significant regulatory events for the genes at each regulatory level displayed along the top (false discovery rate <0. 2 for both replicates). (C) The heatmap shows function pathways that are significantly enriched in the gene clusters (p-value<0. 01). The order of the genes is the same across all three panels. FDR - false discovery rate; TRXP - transcription; TRL - translation; RNA-DEG - RNA degradation; PROT-DEG - protein degradation. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Replicates are consistent even prior to principal component analysis. The heatmap shows integrated data for the log base two transformed Z-scores calculated for each time series experiment, prior to removing one of the three replicates and processing by Analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mechanical stress and its potential to induce conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses translational regulation of genes, RNA abundance, and response to misfolding stress, which are not directly related to the mechanical stress aspect of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: It may be difficult at first to prune and disengage from social media so seek help from family and friends by publicly declaring you are on a break or that you have certain times when you are positively offline. 5. Using social media to keep abreast of your cousin’s life is fine, as long as you don’t neglect to visit or talk in person. Tweeting with a colleague can be engaging and fun, but make sure those interactions don’t become a substitute for talking face to face or via a live video platform. Social media are useful additions to our social lives, but only a flesh-and-blood person sitting across from you can fulfil the basic human need for connection and belonging. 6. is important to remember that your choices and use of social media affect others. Do not spend your time online being cruel to people. Rather, spend time supporting your contacts. It is not your job to judge others online. Criticisms and negativity can significantly impact on others’ mental health. Use your social media profile wisely, be supportive and understanding – do not cyberbully. 4. 1 @the. holistic. psychologist’s first Instagram post making her intentions on the platform explicit from its inception View in content Figure 4. 2 A post from @the. holistic. psychologist sharing the cycle of trauma responses, which received over 57,000 likes and 934 comments View in content Figure 4. 3 (a–d): BetterHelp’s static online creative You have by Loading. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that engaging less with social media can benefit mental health. It emphasizes the importance of in-person interactions over social media, stating that while social media can be a useful addition to our social lives, fulfilling the basic human need for connection requires face-to-face contact. The mention of not replacing real-life connections with online interactions aligns with the idea that breaks from social media may positively affect one's mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: The major focus of his presentation was on the prospects of probiotic therapy in the management of (NEC) - a serious GI disorder occurring in neonates. According to Dr. Garg, despite significant advancements in the neonatal care, the mortality resulting from NEC has not improved over the last three decades as can be reflected from high mortality rates which continue ranging from 10–30% [23]. Continuing further, he informed the house that there are only a few interventions which have shown some promise in the treatment of this life threatening disease. In this context, breast milk has been recognized as the best option in the prevention of NEC. However, there is a growing evidence that supplementation of probiotics to preterm infants in NICU may provide sufficient relief to the affected infants [24]. Finding the probiotic therapy an exciting novel strategy, he commented that the rationale for probiotic supplementation of preterm infants is based on the data demonstrating differences in the establishment of intestinal microbiota in preterm infants. In his opinion, administration of probiotics to this vulnerable population may be an effective way to change their gut colonization with the healthy bacteria and advocated exploring the same for disease management in preterms. To further support the efficacy of probiotic supplementation in preterm babies, Dr. Garg referred to the outcome of a recent meta-analysis study carried out in India which provided sufficient scientific evidence to establish the efficacy of probiotics in reducing death and disease in preterm neonates [25]. Based on this study, it was suggested that probiotics should now be offered as a routine therapy for preterm neonates and that additional placebo-controlled trials are not warranted. While concluding his talk, he cautioned that although probiotic supplementation appears to be a promising approach for prevention of NEC in very low birth weight babies, further studies are warranted to address various issues. Currently, there are no well defined regulatory guidelines in the country to ensure the safety and quality of commercially available probiotic preparations. Furthermore, the optimal probiotic combination and dosing strategy also need to be clearly elucidated. Future of probiotics in India - roadmap for researchDr. Sunita Grover, at delivered the first talk in this session and shared her thoughts and vision on reorienting the R&D program on probiotics and shape the future road map in the country in carrying forward this mission holistically through extensive networking and clustering. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while probiotics may have potential benefits, particularly in the management of NEC (a serious GI disorder in neonates), it emphasizes that probiotics alone are not a definitive solution for all gut health issues. Dr. Garg mentions that 'there are only a few interventions which have shown some promise in the treatment of this life threatening disease' and stresses the need for further studies to address various issues surrounding probiotic use. This indicates that probiotics are part of a broader approach to manage gut health, and not a standalone solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The total number of genes is 7,011, corresponding to the data shown in Figure 3, main text. For visualization purposes, the replicates are indicated in different shades of black/grey in the time triangles. Replicates are highly consistent with each other. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset The results are robust to different significance thresholds. The figure shows for all 7,011 genes from the core dataset (left) and 143 known UPR genes (right) the distribution of significant regulatory events as determined by PECA using different significance thresholds (false discovery rate, FDR, 0. 05, 0. 1, 0. 2; top to bottom). The main text focuses on results with FDR < 0. 2. In each case, we required both replicates to show a regulatory event at the given threshold at any time point. The results are similar across different thresholds and for the UPR subset. Figure 3—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Twenty clusters capture majority of biological variation. The sum of squares within groups (WSS) was calculated to identify the optimal number of clusters using the ‘elbow method’. Based on this, we chose the number of clusters in Figure 3 to equal twenty where the addition of further clusters does not markedly reduce WSS. Figure 3—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset ATF4 and other upstream regulators target specific groups of genes. We used IPA to screen for significantly enriched (p-value<0. 001, purple) upstream regulators in each respective cluster, based on prior knowledge of transcriptional regulators and their targets. Indeed, ATF4 and other stress-related transcription factors are strongly enriched in the UPR cluster (cluster 11, Figure 3C). Figure 3—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset Transmembrane proteins are often regulated at post-transcriptional levels. The subset of integrin related proteins display a negative trend in their transcript abundance during ER stress, however they are often upregulated at the protein level. A lack of translation induction for these genes suggests protein stabilization and decreased protein degradation. Alternatively, N-linked glycosylated proteins display decreasing ribosomal footprints, as well as significantly reduced protein occupancy in their 3’ UTR upon tunicamycin treatment. While many of these genes show significant increases in transcript levels, they display relatively stable protein abundance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gene numbers, replicates, regulatory events, clustering of biological variation, and transcript abundance in relation to stress but does not mention mechanical stress or its effects on protein conformational changes. Therefore, it does not provide any evidence or information that supports or contradicts the claim regarding conformational changes in proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: AbstractMotives for “friending,” following, or connecting with others on social network sites are often positive, but darker motives may also play an important role. A survey with a novel Scale (FMS) demonstrates accordingly that positive, sociable motives (i. e. , others providing a valued source for humor and information, others sharing a common background, as well as relationship maintenance) and inspirational motives (i. e. , others providing a target for upward social comparison) can be distinguished from darker motives related to insecurity (i. e. , others providing reassurance, preference for online interaction, mediated voyeurism, as well as social obligation), and even darker antisocial motives related to self-enhancement (i. e. , others providing a target for downward social comparison, competition, schadenfreude, gossip, as well as “hate-following”). Results show that lower self-esteem and higher levels of need for popularity, narcissism, and dispositional schadenfreude characterize users with stronger dark side motives, whereas users with more sociable motives report more satisfaction with life, thereby providing construct validity for the novel scale. Convergent validity is demonstrated by positive relations between following motives and both time spent and following counts on different social network sites. Moreover, an embedded experiment shows that antisocial motives predicted acceptance of a Facebook friendship request from a male or female high school acquaintance who suffered a setback in the domain of appearance or status (i. e. , a convenient source for self-enhancement), thereby providing additional convergent validity for the subscale. “Thank you for making me realize how little I care about my friends on Facebook. ”(Anonymous participant)One of the defining characteristics of social network sites (SNSs) is the user’s ability to choose who he or she wants to connect with, referred to as “friending” (on Facebook), “connecting” (on LinkedIn), or “following” (on Instagram and Twitter). However, studies addressing specific motives for following others on SNSs are lacking, as scholars have focused predominantly on motivations for general use and typically use measures that do not reflect specific features of SNSs (cf. Smock, Ellison, Lampe, & Wohn, 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing both positive and negative motivations for connecting on social network sites (SNSs). It highlights that while positive motives include humor and relationship maintenance, there are darker motives that include upward and downward social comparison. This indicates that social media does facilitate connections but also has a tendency to lead to social comparison, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Since, the diversity of human gut microbiota from different geographical regions, ethnicity, different age groups, populations from different dietary habits and other niches including the traditional fermented foods has not been investigated in India at molecular level and no database is available, it requires extensive efforts from all the cluster partners from different regions in the country to work in tandem towards development of database both under healthy and diseased conditions. Furthermore, in India no indigenous probiotic strain is available for commercialization and Indian market is having probiotic products with western strains. Hence, challenge before Indian researchers is to develop indigenous probiotic strains whose specific health claims and safety are scientifically proven and clinically validated in the target population in India. In order to achieve this objective, extensive networking and coordination amongst the researchers working in the area of probiotics, and Dairy and is required to share their expertise to see this dream come true. Dr. Grover also emphasized the need for developing an advanced centre of excellence in probiotic research and product development in the country to make probiotic research highly competitive and at par with the advanced countries. According to her, the centre of excellence should have state of the art infrastructural facilities to carry out work on genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, human gut models etc. The selection of the strains for functional properties must be based on strategies using ultra modern molecular tools. This centre will be wholly responsible for maintenance of indigenous probiotic strains, build database of gut microbiota originating from various regions of the country, proper documentation of probiotic strains with their functional properties, developing barcoding strategies for tracking probiotic strains besides providing support to researchers and industry working in the area of probiotics. The centre will also look into how to bring indigenous probiotic strains through developing novel functional foods supplemented with these strains to rural population suffering from under nutrition and malnutrition and other gut related diseases. Besides these, India should also have effective regulatory framework to put checks on spurious probiotic products in the country and also to see that the consumers are not misled. Dr. Professor, Department of also delivered a talk in this session and spoke on immune regulation by gut microbiota. She highlighted the importance of gut microbiota in different physiological functions in human gut including immune regulation and mucosal defense. The interaction between this flora and enterocytes is the initiating event in immune-modulation. Furthermore, the gutflora participates in the development of the postnatal immune system as well as oral tolerance and immunity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the need for extensive research and development of indigenous probiotic strains in India, as current probiotic products available are based on western strains and not tailored to the local population's gut health issues. It emphasizes that addressing gut health problems requires a comprehensive approach, including the development of advanced facilities, better regulatory frameworks, and understanding the diversity of gut microbiota, rather than relying solely on probiotics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Figure 3—figure supplement 6 Download asset Open asset Many cytosolic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases increase in transcription and translation during ER stress. The heatmap shows the expression data for the cytosolic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases found in our dataset. Many of the enzymes change significantly in expression at different levels, particularly in transcription and translation during ER stress. Figure 3—figure supplement 7 Download asset Open asset Genes that are translationally up-regulated under ER stress often function in neurodegenerative diseases. The heatmap shows 29 proteins localized to mitochondria and which are significantly translationally induced. They are largely components of cytochrome c oxidase, NADH dehydrogenase, and DNA-directed RNA polymerase and are involved in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. HD - Huntington’s disease; PD - Parkinson’s disease; AD - Alzheimer’s. disease. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Gene expression is differentially regulated across processes, time, and stress types. (A) RNA abundance, ribosome and non-ribosomal protein footprints, and protein abundance for genes involved in selected DNA repair pathways change in distinct ways, with significant regulation at each regulatory level as determined by PECA (false discovery rate <0. 2 in both replicates). Figure 4—figure supplement 1 shows the data for all DNA repair genes. (B) diagrams illustrate the overlap (intersection) between genes regulated at different levels at the example of the 30 DNA repair genes shown in (A). Concordant or discordant regulation can be extracted through comparison of the number of genes with significant regulatory events affecting gene expression in the same or different directions, respectively. These genes are in the intersection displayed in grey. RAD51 and MSH2 are two examples for such discordantly regulated genes in which transcription/RNA degradation is significantly upregulated, but translation is significantly downregulated. (C) Venn diagrams show concordant and discordant regulation for the entire dataset of 7,011 genes. Bar sizes represent relative gene numbers within each group, and the intersection in grey. The intersection/overlap contains the genes with concordant or discordant regulation: the genes show significant regulation for two processes. We used the hypergeometric test to determine if a significant number of genes was regulated by two processes and placed in the intersection (*p-value<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses transcription and translation changes under ER stress and gene regulation involving proteins related to neurodegenerative diseases, without mentioning mechanical stress or conformational changes in proteins. The focus is on gene expression and regulatory processes, not on how mechanical stress affects protein structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: For example, research from a uses and gratifications perspective (Katz, Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1974) has investigated motivations for general use of MySpace (e. g. , Raacke & Bonds-Raacke, 2008), Facebook (e. g. , Joinson, 2008; Papacharissi & Mendelson, 2011), Twitter (e. g. , Chen, 2011), or various SNSs (e. g. , Krishnan & Atkin, 2014). The number, naming, and types of motivations identified for general SNS use vary between these studies, but typically include maintaining existing relationships as well as seeking new ones, entertainment, passing time, information seeking, and self-presentation. Although such motivations may directly or indirectly influence the decision to follow others on SNSs, we argue that they do not fully reflect the wide variety of motives for the specific choice to follow others. For one thing, measures assessing motivations for general SNS use tend to be skewed to the positive and sociable, focusing on harmless enjoyment and strengthening social connections, thereby neglecting the dark side of SNSs in general (cf. Fox & Moreland, 2015), and following behavior in particular (cf. Wang, 2015). This lack of attention for darker motives in past research may partly reflect shifted norms and practices on SNSs over time. Indeed, the presence of darker following motives may help explain why current users tend to maintain relatively expansive social networks. Online social networks are distinct from offline networks in allowing interaction with, and social observation of, a greater number of weak ties (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2011). SNSs make these connections possible, but the motives for forming and maintaining them are less clear. The goal of the present research is therefore to identify a wide variety of motives for the specific choice to follow others on SNSs rather than for general SNS use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by exploring the motivations for using social networking sites (SNSs) such as MySpace, Facebook, and Twitter. It acknowledges the positive aspects of SNSs, such as maintaining social connections and seeking new ones but hints at a more complex picture by mentioning that the motivations for following others on SNSs can reflect darker influences. This aligns with the claim that while social media can foster connections, it can also lead to social comparison due to the presence of varied motives, including those that might be less positive.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: While elucidating the role of commensal gut microbiota in shaping the gut immunity, Dr. elaborated that the gut microbiota acquired during and immediately after birth is necessary for the newborn’s systemic and mucosal immunity. Quoting from some of the previous studies, she suggested that shift in the host microbial community may be associated with number of acute and chronic diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, eczema, vaginal infections etc. She discussed at length how the innate and adaptive immune response in the gut can be modulated effectively to manage these chronic inflammatory diseases by manipulating nutritional based strategies including probiotic interventions. Probiotics can influence the release of specific cytokines by different cell population as well as the crosstalk between the epithelium immune cells in the lamina propria and thus play a fundamental role in mucosal immunity. It has also been observed that the specific probiotic strains can stimulate the secretion of specific cytokines and facilitate the development of naive T-cells towards a particular immune pathway and enhance IgA production and other immunoglobulin in intestinal mucosa. Studies have demonstrated that host protection against gastro-enteric infections is provided by these beneficial bacteria through modulation of pro-inflammatory (e. g. IFNγ and TNFα) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. Thus, these characteristics support the preventive and therapeutic potential of the probiotics or beneficial microbes. She also shared some of her own data on these lines based on the outcome of metagenomic studies to demonstrate immune-modulatory role of probiotics in the management of common gut related inflammatory diseases. Novel probiotic foods and formulations-an industrial perspectiveThis session was chaired by Dr. V. Prakash, of CSIR, Mysore. Dr. Karen Scott, from RINH, University of Aberdeen, Scotland delivered her talk on the impact of diet (carbohydrates) on gut microbiota and consequences for health. In her presentation, she brought to focus dietary substrates playing a key role not only by influencing the gut microbiota but also the health of the host. The colonic microbiota degrades dietary substrates that are undigested or indigestible in the upper GIT, releasing various types of bacterial metabolites, which can either be beneficial or detrimental for gut health. Continuing further, she stated that advances in molecular biology techniques have facilitated detailed analyses of the composition of the bacterial community residing in the lower GIT. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of gut health and the role of various factors, including commensal gut microbiota acquired at birth and dietary substrates, in gut immunity and health. The mention of a shift in the host microbial community associated with several diseases and the need for nutritional strategies, alongside probiotic interventions, suggests that probiotics are not the sole solution for gut health issues. The presentation highlights the necessity of considering diet and the overall microbiota, indicating that probiotics alone cannot address all gut health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 1,**p-value<1×10^−3,***p-value<1×10^−6). For example, both tunicamycin and hydrogen peroxide treatment show a significant number of genes with discordant regulation in which transcription is upregulated, but translation decreases. These genes are enriched in DNA repair genes which are discussed in the text and shown panel (A) and (B, D) We deconvoluted the regulatory events identified for DNA repair genes with respect to time: graphs indicate when the event occurred during the 8 hr experiment, as averaged over two replicates. A positive y-axis shows upregulated genes (transcription), while negative y-axis represents downregulated genes (translation). (E) The panels show the time-dependent occurrence of significant events for the entire dataset shown in Figure 3. The panels show from top to bottom: TRXP/RNA-DEG; TRL; TRL/RNA-DEG; TRL/PROT-DEG. (F) diagrams illustrate at the example of the DNA repair genes the analysis of the relationship between the two stresses. RAD51 and MSH2 are both transcriptionally upregulated in response to either treatments, while MSH2 is decreases in translation in both treatments. The results for the entire data are discussed in Table 1. FDR - false discovery rate; TRXP - transcription; TRL - translation; RNA-DEG - RNA degradation; PROT-DEG - protein degradation. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset DNA repair pathways and their regulation during stress. The heatmap shows the extended data for DNA repair enzymes discussed in Figure 4A. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Translation regulation supports re-routing in energy metabolism. (A) The 7,011 proteins in the core dataset map to different subcellular localizations (Itzhak et al. , 2016). (B) Panels indicate the fraction of organelle-specific genes that are regulated within the different processes responding to the two types of stress. A positive y-axis represents upregulated genes, while negative y-axis represents downregulated genes. Fisher’s exact tests were used to assess whether up- or down-regulated genes were independent of each organelle. Significant differences in the distributions compared to all genes are indicated by * (adjusted p-value<0. 05). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the regulation of genes in response to mechanical stress and their implications in DNA repair rather than directly addressing the claim about mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. It provides information about upregulated and downregulated genes but does not mention protein conformational changes specifically, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: More specifically, using an online survey with a novel Scale (FMS) and an embedded experiment, we attempt to show (a) that positive, sociable motives for following others can be distinguished from darker motives related to social insecurity and from even darker antisocial motives related to a need for self-enhancement, (b) that these motives are related differently to personality traits, (c) that these motives are related to self-reported time spent as well as following counts on SNSs, and (d) that antisocial following motives predict the inclination to accept a hypothetical Facebook friendship request from a high school acquaintance who suffered a setback, thereby providing a convenient source for self-enhancement. Following Motives: The Good, the Bad, and the UglyOur approach to the development of the FMS was to identify a wide range of possible motives from relevant literature that could explain the specific choice to follow others on SNSs rather than general SNS use, thereby allowing for a more detailed understanding of how and why users relate to others on SNSs. These motives are reviewed below and can be grouped into three larger categories expected to yield discrete factors. Specifically, we distinguish between positive, sociable motives for following others (i. e. , the good), darker motives related to feelings of social insecurity (i. e. , the bad), and even darker antisocial motives related to a need for self-enhancement (i. e. , the ugly). We suggest that positive, sociable motives for following others are closely related to motivations that are commonly identified for general SNS use in studies from a uses and gratifications perspective. As noted earlier, maintaining relationships has often been found to be an important motivation for general SNS use. Scholars have emphasized the social capital provided by followed others (i. e. , resources and benefits accrued from network relations) as well as the importance of strengthening weak ties (e. g. , Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007). Relationship maintenance is therefore likely to be also an important motive for the specific choice to follow others on SNSs. Accordingly, early research into Facebook showed that users chose mostly to follow people who they met offline, or to engage in so-called social browsing (Lampe, Ellison, & Steinfield, 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how following others on social networking sites (SNSs) can stem from both positive sociable motives and darker motives related to social insecurity. It acknowledges the role of social capital and relationship maintenance as motivations for following others, which facilitates connections. At the same time, it implies that motivations related to social insecurity can lead to negative social comparisons, aligning with the claim's assertion that social media can create both connections and social comparison.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Such analyses have indicated that more than 1000 different bacterial species colonize an individual and that although, there is functional consistency in the resident bacterial groups, there is considerable inter-individual variation at the species and strain level. To further put forth her view point, she pointed out that whilst host genome has some impact on the species composition, dietary factors have a greater influence, with specific bacterial groups changing in response to specific dietary interventions. For instance, the number of the RosenburiaE. rectale group increases in the gut following starch supplementation in the diet. Since the metabolic activities of gut bacterial species differ, and can also respond to substrate availability, the consequences for health are dependent on both the specific diet and the composition of the microbiota. / E. rectale group are important butyrate producing bacteria, and butyrate is recognized as one of the most important bacterial metabolites for health, being both the preferred energy source for gut epithelial cells and also contributing to apoptosis of the cancerous cells in the gut [26]. Hence, any dietary change that can stimulate the growth of these bacterial species could be beneficial to health. In this context, she also touched upon the prospects of using probiotics and prebiotic supplementation in the gut which are considered beneficial for health and are included in an increasing number of food stuffs. However, before concluding her talk, she cautioned that there can be inter-individual differences in the responses to the same substrate that makes it difficult to generalize the claims relating to health benefits. Setting the standards for probiotics: How to meet the requirements and go beyond? Probiotics provided as natural ingredients to the food, dairy, dietary supplement, infant formula and pharma product have to meet high standards. To maintain high quality, safety, stability and efficacy of probiotic formulations during the entire processing, production and storage chain along with post marketing surveillance is quite challenging and can be achieved only when there is an effective regulatory framework in operation. Realizing the importance and need for having appropriate regulatory standards put in place for probiotics from consumer and industry perspective, Dr. Inge Tarnow, Scientific Advisor, Chr. Hansen A/S Denmark focused her talk on this topic and gave an overview of the global scenario of regulatory standards on probiotics. While discussing the same, she elaborated that probiotics have to be safe, stable and with proven efficacy before administrating them to the consumers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that gut health is influenced by a variety of factors, including dietary inputs, the individual’s genome, and the composition of different bacterial species. It specifically mentions that there is considerable inter-individual variation in gut bacteria and that while probiotics can be beneficial, they are only a part of a larger picture involving diet and other factors. Furthermore, the text cautions against generalizing the health benefits of probiotics due to these variations, indicating that probiotics alone cannot solve all gut health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: (C) Significant changes in translation of different pathways suggests rerouting of energy production to involve one-carbon metabolism. The diagram illustrates the simplified relationships between genes in panel (D). Translation up- or down-regulation of genes and pathways is indicated by color. (D) The heatmap shows the data collected for mitochondrial and related genes discussed in panel (C), responding to ER stress. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 summarizes the translation changes for genes from oxidative phosphorylation, the ATP synthase complex, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. FDR - false discovery rate; TCA - tricarboxylic acid; TRXP - transcription; TRL - translation; RNA-DEG - RNA degradation; PROT-DEG - protein degradation. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Translation changes of oxidative phosphorylation and related genes. The panels show the time-dependent changes in translation efficiency for specified gene families responding to tunicamycin treatment, as a summary of what is shown in Figure 5C,D in the main text. Changes in the log base 2 ratio of ribosome footprints by RNA abundance as a proxy of translation efficiency, averaged over all genes within a given group and replicates. Oxidative phosphorylation N = 46; ATP synthase N = 10; TCA cycle N = 7. Figure 6 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases show evidence for alternative splicing under stress. (A) Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes are extensively spliced. We detected a total of 82 exon skipping events, 26 alternative 5’ splice sites (Alt. 5’ SS), 25 alternative 3’ splice sites (Alt. 3’ SS), and two mutually exclusive exons amongst cytosolic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. (B) Alternative splicing for some genes correlates with the stress response, as illustrated for tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase responding to ER stress (Trp-t). The diagram is not drawn to scale. The long and short protein isoforms of Trp-tRS are known to be encoded by five transcript variants, each with a different 5’UTR that arises through alternative splicing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses translation changes in genes and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in response to stress but does not directly address the claim regarding mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: A strongly related motive for following someone on SNSs is that he or she shares a common background or social identity, although this does not necessarily require a pre-established offline relationship. In line with this notion, a study by Barker (2009) demonstrated that communication with peer group members was the most important motivation for general SNS use, especially for people who place a high value on group membership. Moreover, based on the aforementioned finding that entertainment and information seeking are often identified as important motivations for general SNS use, we assume that users are motivated to follow others when they are perceived as valued social sources for humor or information. Finally, consistent with the notion that social comparison processes may play an important role on SNSs (Haferkamp & Krämer, 2011; Vogel, Rose, Roberts, & Eckles, 2014) and that people are often motivated to engage in upward social comparisons with superior others to serve self-improvement goals (Lockwood & Kunda, 1997), we suggest that users can be motivated to follow others on SNSs because they provide a source for inspirational upward social comparisons. Several studies have alluded to darker motives for following behavior on SNSs that are related to social insecurity. Research has shown that some people feel safer, more efficacious, more confident, and more comfortable with online interpersonal interactions and relationships than with traditional face-to-face activities, a preference that has been linked to problematic Internet use (Caplan, 2002). Accordingly, we suggest that some users may be motivated to follow others on SNSs because they prefer to interact with them online. A related phenomenon is that people may want to observe others—both close friends and more distant acquaintances—from a safe distance by mediated surveillance (Ellison et al. , 2011). This behavior has also been characterized as mediated voyeurism, the discrete observation of others’ personal lives (Bumgarner, 2007), and is linked to a higher number of friends on Facebook (Joinson, 2008) and retention of friends on Facebook who are considered seldom contacts (Wang, 2015). Users may thus be motivated to follow others on SNSs to enable them to engage in mediated surveillance or voyeurism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how social media, particularly social networking sites (SNSs), serves as a platform for connections among users based on shared backgrounds and social identities. Moreover, it highlights that social comparison processes play a crucial role in SNS usage, notably how users may be motivated to follow others for inspirational upward social comparisons. This implies that while users connect with each other, they also engage in social comparison, which can be seen as a dual outcome of social media engagement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: According to her, probiotic efficacy has to be documented in well designed and properly powered randomized controlled human trials that are published in peer reviewed scientific journals. Speaking further on the subject, Dr. Inge advocated that studies conducted according to of harmonization-Practice (ICH-GCP) are the highest quality standard clinical trials. However, GCP is not mandatory for credible results. She also mentioned that due to stricter regulatory environment particularly in Europe, there is now a demand for high quality clinical data to obtain approval for health claims on food supplements. Furthermore, it is mandatory for probiotic products to be stable throughout shelf life to ensure efficacy. Stability data should be provided right from raw material to the packed consumer product at relevant storage conditions. Safety is of utmost importance and it must be documented and proven. Finally from an industry perspective, probiotic products should preferably be available in different dosage forms as well as customized solutions. This can only be accomplished through innovations and working partnerships. Dr. Inge concluded by suggesting that the industry has to live up to high quality standards and requirement set by regulatory bodies to ensure that consumers receive safe and efficacious products to derive maximal health benefits and specific health claims. Dr. Nagendra Shah, Professor of and Technology, University of while delivering his presentation enriched the delegates with an extensive overview on general and specific health benefits and safety of probiotic dairy products. Presenting the overall scenario of the functional food market, he focused on the various types of bacteria being utilized in the world for probiotic products formulation. Dr. Shah specifically mentioned that the most popular probiotic foods such as probiotic yoghurts contain probiotic bacteria as health promoting components and stated that the most common microorganisms used in fermented products belong to the genera lactococci, leuconostocs, pediococci, lactobacillus’and bifidobacteria. He further briefed the house that recently probiotics have been incorporated in drinks and also marketed as supplements including tablets, capsules and freeze dried preparations. Since a large number of probiotic bacteria are ingested orally, such a massive dose can pose a risk to some consumers and hence may require assurance of safety. Besides this, he also discussed the risks associated with some of the probiotic properties used for their selection such as adherence to gut epithelial cells, ability to survive in the gastric conditions and their colonizing potential. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity involved in ensuring probiotic efficacy. It emphasizes that probiotics require proper documentation through well-designed trials, stability throughout shelf life, and rigor in safety testing, indicating that probiotics alone cannot address all gut health issues without these considerations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: When exon II is spliced in, translation starts on exon II, leading to a full-length protein isoform. When exon II is skipped, translation starts on exon III, resulting in the truncated mini-TrpRS isoform. (C) Skipping of Trp-tRS’ exon II, which results in the mini-TrpRS isoform, increases after one hour of tunicamycin treatment in both the RNA and ribosome footprinting data. Expression of exon II decreases again after the first hour. (D) WARS’ exons -Ia and Ia are mutually exclusive. The fraction of reads including exon -Ia increases at one hour after tunicamycin treatment similar to the skipping of exon II shown in panel (C). The exon II skipping event is significantly more likely to occur when transcription starts on exon -Ia (p-value<0. 01, Figure 6—figure supplement 2). (E) Our data suggests two interdependent splicing events that promote production of the short isoform mini-Trp-tRS in response to tunicamycin treatment. The peptide spans the exon II/III junction and is only present in the full-length isoform,its expression is shown in Figure 6—figure supplement 2. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Alternative splicing for leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LARS). LARS represents another example for time dependent alternative splicing under stress. Using the same method as described for WARS, we find expression of a minor variant excluding exon four at four hours after hydrogen peroxide treatment (right) and of a minor variant excluding exon five at one hour after tunicamycin treatment (left). The difference between 0 and 1 hr is significant (p-value<0. 001). Supplementary file 6 shows further examples. Figure 6—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Extended analysis for splicing events in tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS). The two protein isoforms of tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase () are encoded by five different transcript variants, each with a different 5’UTR that arises through alternative splicing. When exon II is spliced in, translation starts on exon II, leading to a full-length protein isoform. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses alternative splicing events in response to tunicamycin and hydrogen peroxide treatments but does not link these events to mechanical stress or conformational changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: In addition, feelings of insecurity may lead people to seek contact with others who they expect will provide positive feedback on their activities on SNSs. Such reassurance seeking, which has been identified as a form of problematic Facebook use (Clerkin, Smith, & Hames, 2013), may therefore constitute another motive for following others on SNSs. Finally, social insecurity may prompt users to follow others because they do not want to hurt their feelings (i. e. , out of social obligation). Indeed, some people may accept others as “friends” on SNSs regardless of closeness, because rejecting or ignoring a friendship request is perceived as risky behavior (boyd, 2008). It should be noted that pursuing motives related to social insecurity (e. g. , reassurance seeking) often requires two-way, reciprocal connections (afforded by most SNSs but default on Facebook) to facilitate exchange, whereas one-way connections (as afforded by Twitter and Instagram) are sufficient for pursuing positive motives such as seeking information or inspiration from others. Available options for forming unidirectional and bidirectional links are thus a relevant affordance when considering motives across different SNSs. Some users may possess even darker antisocial motives for following others on SNSs that are related to a need for self-enhancement. Indeed, people’s need to view themselves positively is regarded by many contemporary psychologists as a primary drive of human behavior (e. g. , Baumeister, 1991). Consistent with the notion that people compare themselves with less fortunate others (i. e. , make downward social comparisons) to achieve, maintain, or protect a positive self-evaluation via contrast (Wills, 1981), research demonstrates that temporary exposure to SNS user profiles of inferior others increases positive affect (Haferkamp & Krämer, 2011) and self-esteem (Vogel et al. , 2014). In addition, a study by Johnson and Knobloch-Westerwick (2014) shows that more negative moods result in less selective exposure to user profiles of upward comparison targets and more exposure to those of downward comparison targets. We therefore assume that some users could be motivated to follow others because they provide an easy target for self-enhancing downward social comparison or opportunities to defeat them in competition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how social media can prompt users to seek connections for positive feedback due to feelings of insecurity, which aligns with the idea of facilitating connections. It also highlights how social comparison manifests in social networking sites (SNSs) as users engage in behaviors like reassurance seeking and making downward social comparisons to enhance their self-evaluation. The mention of users following others for self-enhancement indicates that social media not only connects users but also encourages comparative behaviors that can lead to social comparison.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: He also highlighted the possibility of probiotic translocation from gut to the vital organs through blood causing systemic infections and bacteremia. However, usually translocation is seen in compromised individuals only. Other possible risk factor which figured prominently during the discussions included transfer of antibiotic resistance associated with probiotics to commensal gut flora and the potential gut pathogens which can end up into serious health implications. Hence, safety of probiotic products must be thoroughly checked to rule out all the risk factors by testing both in-vitro and in-vivo conditions using appropriate models and also clinically. Probiotics for adults/elderlyDr. Colin Hill, Professor of Safety, and in his presentation shared his recent work on deciphering the possible mechanism of action of probiotics in control of infections. He began his talk by stating that in acute infection, probiotics may augment the protection afforded by commensal gut flora through competitive interactions, direct antagonism of pathogens and or production of antimicrobial factors. He informed that currently, the major goal of his group is to identify the precise mode of action of the specific probiotic effects. In order to analyze the mechanistic basis of the efficacy of selected probiotics against listeriosis, a highly infectious and fatal disease, he and his associates used a mice model system for listeriosis. After mass screening of probiotic strains, they came out with a promising strain i. e. Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118 that was very effective in protecting mice from infection. Interestingly, making further inroads into their initiative, he disclosed that the protective effect could be associated with the production of a bacteriocin by the probiotic strain which kills the Listeria in the GI tract before it can initiate infection [27] and claimed that identification of a single molecule for probiotic effect was the first, and opened the way for many follow up studies. Further elaborating their work on these lines, Dr. Hill also spoke about extending their work to examine the potential of probiotics and antimicrobial compounds in the treatment of Clostridium difficile - one of the main causes of diarrhea. The conventional antibiotic therapy although found effective in mitigating this disease resulted into a decrease in the proportion of sequences assigned to the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteriodes (useful gut flora) with corresponding increase in those assigned to protobacteria [28] leading to collateral damage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while probiotics can have beneficial effects, there are also significant risks and conditions under which their effectiveness and safety must be assessed. It discusses the potential for probiotic translocation leading to systemic infections and emphasizes that the safety and comprehensive testing of probiotic products are necessary. Furthermore, the text indicates that other treatment methods and considerations are needed to manage specific infections, thus suggesting that probiotics alone are not a complete solution to gut health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: When exon II is skipped, translation starts on exon III, resulting in the truncated mini-TrpRS isoform. For the RNA data, 26. 4% of the reads start at WARS exon -Ia skipping exon II, leading to the truncated mini-TrpRS isoform. In comparison, 11. 3% of reads starting at exon Ia. For ribosome footprints, 82. 8% of reads starting at WARS exon -Ia skip exon II, compared to 20. 9% for reads starting at exon Ia. The exon II skipping event is significantly more likely to occur when transcription starts on exon -Ia (p-value<0. 0001). The peptide spans the exon II/III junction and is only present in the full-length isoform. Abundance of the peptide defining the full-length TrpRS isoform decreases with tunicamycin stress. Figure 7 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Conserved RNA secondary structures are enriched in protein footprints. (A) Top panels show mean read depth (transcripts per million) of conserved RNA secondary structures in the 3’ UTR in a window ±250 nucleotides for protein footprints and RNA, respectively. Data was collected from untreated cells. Bottom panels show coverage for individual secondary structures over the 500 nucleotide window: each row corresponds to one secondary structure. Dashed lines indicate the midpoint of each secondary structure. (B) The sequence logos illustrate motifs enriched in sequences corresponding protein-bound RNA secondary structures. Probabilities describe change of the motif occuring in a ± 100 nucleotide window around the structure midpoints. PUM (Pumilio) is known to bind to single stranded RNA. SXL (Sex-lethal) does not have an ortholog in human, but the human RNA-binding protein ELAVL1 (HuR) has a similar binding motif. (C) The profiles show protein footprints (top) and RNA read coverage (bottom) for the 3’ UTR of the HSP90B1 chaperone, for one replicate after 0, 1, 4, or 8 hr of tunicamycin treatment. Dashed lines indicates the midpoint of the predicted RNA secondary structure; the structure location is indicated by the red bracket. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mechanical stress and its effect on protein structures. Instead, it focuses on the process of exon skipping and ribosome reads related to RNA secondary structures and protein interactions, which are not relevant to the influence of mechanical stress on protein conformations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Taking this one step further, people may actually derive pleasure from the misfortunes of others on SNSs or experience so-called schadenfreude. Schadenfreude reactions to media content have also been linked to self-enhancement. For example, research demonstrates that people with chronically low self-esteem, and whose self-evaluation is directly threatened, are more likely to experience schadenfreude when watching a contestant failing miserably in a televised talent show (Van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Van Koningsbruggen, & Wesseling, 2012). We therefore suggest that users may follow others on SNSs because they provide a target for schadenfreude. Another motive related to self-enhancement is the inclination to follow others so that one can gossip about them with third parties. Although people who gossip tend to be disliked (Farley, 2011), sharing information about others with third parties may elevate their power (Kurland & Pelled, 2000) and social status (Baumeister, Zhang, & Vohs, 2004). Moreover, it has been noted that negative gossip often proceeds from downward social comparison and can be understood as the gossiper’s pursuit of a positive self-view (Wert & Salovey, 2004). Finally, to establish their superiority, users may even want to connect to others who they scorn and dislike. To our knowledge, this phenomenon, referred to as “hate-following” by journalists (Golby, 2014; compare with television “hate-watching”), has not received any scientific attention. Based on the motives outlined above, the first goal of the present research is to develop an FMS to test the hypothesis below:H1. Positive, sociable motives for following others on SNSs are distinct from motives related to social insecurity and from antisocial motives related to a need for self-enhancement. To provide construct validity for the novel FMS, we investigate its relations with several personality traits. We have argued that darker motives for following others are related to social insecurity and a need for self-enhancement. It is therefore reasonable to assume that these following motives are inversely related to indices of social and psychological well-being such as self-esteem and satisfaction with life. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how social media can lead to phenomena such as schadenfreude, social comparison, and feelings of superiority. It suggests that users may engage with others on social networking sites (SNSs) for both social connection and the opportunity to enhance their self-image, which ties back to social comparison. The discussion of downward social comparison and its relation to negative gossip further emphasizes the claim that social media facilitates complex social dynamics, including social comparison.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: He also discussed at length one of the possible means to avoid this collateral damage by application of thiricin CD, a narrow spectrum bacteriocin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis DPC6431. It was demonstrated that thuricin CD was equally effective at killing C. difficile in the distal colon model, but had no significant impact on the composition of the microbiota. This offers the possibility of developing a targeted approach to eliminating C. difficile in the colon without any collateral damage. Dr. G. P. Talwar, Founder Director, of Immunology and the present delivered his talk on the role of probiotics in maintaining vaginal and reproductive health. While delivering his presentation, he touched upon the key role played by lactobacilli to maintain acidic conditions in vagina at pH 4 to keep it healthy. Elaborating further, he pointed out that the lactobacilli occurring in vagina prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria by decreasing the pH through production of D-lactic acid (which unlike L-lactic acid is not metabolized and hence accumulates in the gut and accounts for acidic pH), H2O2 and bacteriocins with anti-microbial activity. However, Dr. Talwar pointed out that, the resident probiotic lactobacilli may disappear under some conditions such as medication or by any other reason, and the vaginal pH surges beyond 5 and women become susceptible to recurring episodes of reproductive tract infections (RTIs). He also referred to a collaborative study conducted at Institute of wherein out of vaginal swabs collected from 210 women suffering from recurring infections whose vaginal pH was above 5, 126 women were indeed devoid of resident lactobacilli. However, one or more strains of lactobacilli were isolated from vagina of 84 women. To understand this anomaly, quantitative studies were carried out on the D-lactate secreted by strains of lactobacilli isolated from such women and it was found that the amount of D-lactate produced by such strains was too low as compared to those isolated from the vagina of healthy women [29]. Elaborating further on this observation, he explained the outcome of quantitative studies on the amount of D-lactic acid made and secreted by the strains of lactobacilli isolated from infected women. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while probiotics, particularly lactobacilli, play a significant role in maintaining vaginal and reproductive health, their resident populations may diminish under various conditions, leading to increased susceptibility to infections. Dr. Talwar points out that resident lactobacilli may disappear due to medication or other factors, indicating that probiotics alone cannot resolve all gut health issues without considering external factors and conditions affecting their efficacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The predicted RNA secondary structure on the right was generated using minimal free energy while incorporating structural reactivities acquired from publically available probing-based experimental data. Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Predicted conserved RNA secondary structures in the 3’UTR have a higher structure score than random 3’UTR control sequences. Using the database (Berkowitz et al. , 2016), we calculated structure scores based on the of RNA Structure (PARS). Mean aggregate scores (black lines)±one standard deviation (gray area) were calculated for 200 base pair regions surrounding the midpoint of 5504 predicted conserved secondary structures within 3’UTR regions used in our analysis (top left) (Figure 7, Table 2) and compared with 5504 randomly selected 3’UTR control sequences (bottom left). PARS scores reflect the accessibility of paired and unpaired regions to ribonucleases, with positive scores corresponding to double-stranded RNA and relies on experimental information (Wan et al. , 2014). We separated the 5504 predicted conserved secondary structures into those with observed protein binding (top right) (>10 reads in our protein occupancy profiling data) and those without (bottom right). Predicted 3’UTR regions that also showed footprints in our protein occupancy data were enriched for PARS structures, further confirming the validity of the predicted conserved structures. Figure 7—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Predicted conserved secondary structures in the 5’UTR of ferritin heavy and light chain mRNA (FTH1 and FTL) display ribosomal occupancy surrounding structure midpoints. Time-dependent read profiles for RNA (bottom, yellow) and ribosome footprints (top, green). Red dotted lines and brackets indicate the position of the conserved RNA secondary structure. Expression changes for these two genes are provided in the heatmap below. Figure 7—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Predicted conserved secondary structures in the 3’UTR of ER stress response mRNAs (HSPA5 and CALR) show stress dependent protein occupancy. Protein occupancy of conserved RNA secondary structures in the 3’UTR of ER stress response genes HSPA5 and CALR, (RNA - bottom, yellow; protein occupancy - top, teal). Expression changes for these two genes are provided in the heatmap below. 1 Many genes are regulated at different levels during stress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses RNA secondary structures and their relationship to protein binding and occupancy without any reference to mechanical stress or conformational changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: , 2007) to demonstrate convergent validity of the novel FMS, we formulate the hypothesis below:H3. Following motives will be positively related to (a) self-reported time spent on SNSs and (b) self-reported following counts on SNSs. However, it has been noted that self-report measures may not always accurately reflect actual usage and number of “friends” (Junco, 2013). For example, we have suggested that users with antisocial following motives may have a strong need for popularity. They may therefore over-report their number of “friends” to appear more popular, thereby artificially strengthening the association between antisocial motives and following counts. To provide additional convergent validity, especially for our measurement of antisocial following motives, we therefore include an online experiment in our survey. In this experiment, we present participants with a hypothetical Facebook friendship request from a high school acquaintance who suffered a setback, thereby providing an easy target for self-enhancing downward social comparison, schadenfreude, and gossip. Previous research (Haferkamp & Krämer, 2011) suggests that such self-enhancing benefits on SNSs may differ depending on the gender of the observer in combination with the gender of the comparison target (male vs. female) and the domain of comparison (status vs. appearance). Although this is not the main focus of the present research, we therefore assign participants to one of four experimental conditions in which these two factors are systematically varied:H4. Stronger antisocial following motives will increase (a) the inclination to accept a hypothetical Facebook friendship request from a male or female high school acquaintance who suffered a setback in the domain of status or appearance, (b) the level of schadenfreude toward this acquaintance, and (c) the intention to gossip about him or her with third parties. MethodParticipants and ProcedureThe study was conducted online using Internet-based survey software. The link to the survey (available in Dutch or English) was distributed among the networks of several university students, resulting in a convenient and purposive sample that contained predominantly students, a population known for their intensive use of SNSs. The survey was presented as a study on “social media use and personality” and as an incentive participants could enter a raffle to win a €100 prize by providing their email address upon completion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how users of social networking sites (SNSs) may engage in downward social comparison, specifically in relation to a hypothetical friendship request from someone who has suffered a setback. This illustrates how social media can facilitate connections between people while also leading individuals to compare themselves unfavorably against others, as referenced in 'self-enhancing downward social comparison, schadenfreude, and gossip.' The mention of antisocial motives further emphasizes how social media may reinforce social comparison dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Administration of probiotic lactobacilli of vaginal origin to RTI infected women restored the vaginal pH in the acidic range and protected the subjects from recurrence of RTIs. Dr. Talwar also discussed the efficacy of three of the promising strains of lactobacilli in a clinical study currently in progress at AIIMS and in women suffering from recurring episodes of RTIs with vaginal pH above pH 5. He informed that that the disease symptoms were cured by intake of a polyherbal microbicide followed by administration of 3 billion lactobacilli delivered in a veg. capsule. Dr. focused his talk to the evidence based efficacy of probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders. He however, cautioned the health professionals to be little more vigilant in establishing the efficacy of probiotic strains or formulations in terms of specific health health claims since conflicting conclusions have been recorded from the outcome of clinical studies largely attributed to variations in the agents used, their dose and duration along with evaluation parameter. Dr. Philips reviewed the findings of some investigators in this regard based on a recent meta-analysis which compared the efficacy of probiotics across various diseases [21]. Elaborating further, he particularly referred to some studies wherein probiotics reduced the risk of acute diarrhea of diverse causes by one third, more so among children of antibiotic associated diarrhea by one-half and of travelers’ diarrhea by 8% [30]. However, according to him, their use for prevention of pediatric antibiotic associated diarrhea needs more evidence. He also spoke about one community study conducted in India [22] that showed 14% reduction in acute diarrhea among unprivileged children given L. casei strain Shirota. Going further into the efficacy of probiotics health applications from broader perspectives, he stated that meta-analyses and systematic reviews have shown benefit in relief of individual symptoms or in global symptoms in patients with chronic diseases like irritable bowel syndrome [31], although constipation seems to be the symptom with least response to probiotic use. He also pointed out that the VSL#3, a probiotic consortium has been successfully used for the prevention and treatment of chronic pouchitis [32]. He finally concluded his talk by stating that note must be made of the fact that many of the observed effects are strain-specific and conclusions should not be extrapolated and also emphasized that a benefit-versus-potential risk must be considered especially in compromised individuals and in those with serious co-morbidities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while probiotics can be effective for certain conditions, such as reducing the risk of diarrhea and aiding in gastrointestinal disorders, efficacy varies based on specific strains, their application, and the nature of the health issue. Dr. Philips emphasizes that observations are strain-specific, and one cannot generalize the benefits of probiotics across all gut health issues, indicating that probiotics alone may not be a complete solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The table summarizes the numbers of genes with significant regulatory events as defined by the PECA analysis. The events are split into stress-specific and shared events as discussed in Figure 1. Some shared events show significant function enrichment (false discovery rate <0. 01, function annotation tool). * - Overlap significant with p-value<0. 01 (hypergeometric test) TRXP - transcription; TRL - translation; RNA-DEG - RNA degradation; PROT-DEG - protein degradation Data type (Layer 2)Data type (Regulation)Specific to ER stress (tunicamycin)Specific to H2O2 treatmentShared responseFunction enrichment amongst shared genesRNATranscription; RNA degradation (TRXP; RNA-DEG)Up889481123*DNA repairDown52941761*-Ribosome footprintsTranslation (TRL)Up70620440*-Down1,11624973*Cytoplasmic chaperonesProtein footprintsTranslation; RNA degradation (TRL; RNA-DEG)Up17127416*-Down37135940*Cell adhesionProteinTranslation; protein degradation (TRL; PROT-DEG)Up23561424-Down35849232- Table 2 Conserved RNA secondary structures accumulate ribosome and non-ribosomal protein footprints. The table summarizes the combined analysis of conserved RNA secondary structures as predicted by reference (Parker et al. , 2011) and the expression data. As expected, ribosome footprints accumulate around secondary structures in the 5’UTR of the genes more than in the 3’UTR, while this is the opposite for protein footprints. Listed numbers show data for all structures across the extended dataset (Supplementary file 1–3); the number of unique genes with predicted structures are indicated in parentheses. 5’ Untranslated region3’ Untranslated regionConserved RNA secondary structures predicted in human genes760 (626)5,504 (2,789)Conserved RNA secondary structures with RNA expression302 (277)2,697 (1,633)Conserved RNA secondary structures with ribosome footprints190 (183)154 (151)Conserved RNA secondary structures with protein footprints89 (81)1,808 (1,166) Key resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationCell line (H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on summarizing gene regulatory events and RNA structure analysis rather than discussing the effects of mechanical stress on protein conformational changes. There is no mention of mechanical stress or protein structure changes in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: 84 can derive pleasure from the stupid things they say or do (b2). 82 can gossip about them with others (a2). 77 can enjoy myself when I learn they fail or make a fool of themselves (b3). . 74 Because there is something addictive about being annoyed by them (c1). 70 can talk about their lives with others (a3). . 67 Because they show me that there is always someone who is worse off than me (d1). 60 Because, although I dislike them, I find them intriguing (c2). 54 Because they demonstrate that I am better off by comparison (d2). 54 want to know what they are doing, despite the fact I actually don’t like them (c3). 53 Because they make me feel superior (d3). 48. 30 want to know whether I am better or worse off than them (e1). 47. 32 enjoy competing with them (e2). 42. 29 Because I’m more confident about talking to them online (f1). 86 Because it’s safer to relate to them in an online setting (f2). 80 know they will say nice things about me (g1). 77 get along with them better in an online setting (f3). 73 know they will care about what I post (g2). 69 know they will like my posts (g3). 61 can observe them without them knowing (h1). 27. 41 like to compare their achievements with my own (e3). 30. 40 don’t want to hurt their feelings (i1). 39 feel socially obliged to do so (i2). 34 can get to see a side of them that I wouldn’t normally get to see (h2)a. 33. 31 Because a friend or family member pressured me to do so (i3)a. 29 like their sense of humor (j1). 78 Because they are funny (j2). 72 Because they share great jokes (j3). 69 Because they always have something interesting to tell (k1). 62 Because we have a lot in common (l1). 56 like them (l2). 56 Because they provide useful information on shared interests or hobbies (k2). 52 met them socially and want to learn more about them (m1). 46 know them from the past and want to keep in touch (m2). 45 Because we have similar backgrounds (l3). 27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting various ways that interactions on social media can lead to social comparison and connection. Phrases like 'can enjoy competing with them' and 'like to compare their achievements with my own' illustrate the aspect of social comparison, while 'can talk about their lives with others' and 'can observe them without them knowing' reflect the facilitation of connections through social media.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: The last speaker in the session Dr. & Health, Danisco, Australia focused his talk on probiotics that improve gastrointestinal symptoms. He briefed about the prospects of exploring the probiotic strains of proven functional efficacy in the management of Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as bloating/distension, abdominal pain and constipation which are commonly associated with functional bowel disorders (FBD) such as the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). According to him, FBD’s are relatively common and it has been estimated that IBS alone affects 3-25% of otherwise healthy people. Milder GI symptoms, not classified as FBD, are even more wide spread. apprised the delegates that Probiotic strains have been used in several clinical studies [33, 34] on subjects with GI symptoms and further conveyed that the outcome of such studies suggest that certain probiotic strains alleviate specific symptoms, particularly bloating/distension, abdominal pain and constipation. Elaborating further, he informed that a recent study [35] investigated the effect of Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 on the total GI transit time and a range of GI symptoms. Results from this study suggest that HN019 reduces the severity of symptoms by shortening the GI transit time. Results from another study suggest that certain probiotic strains, including Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, alleviate symptoms of lactose maldigestion. This effect may be mediated by microbial enzymes that aid in digestion of lactose in the upper GI tract. As could be evidenced from these studies along with others, probiotic cultures may be used to alleviate not only milder GI symptoms but also more complex FBD’s. In conclusion, it is anticipated that a dietary supplementation with this type of probiotic cultures would bring benefits to those who are affected by frequent GI symptoms and especially those that are affected by IBS and other FBD’s. Panel discussionThis was the last session moderated by Dr. A. K. Srivastava and the panelists included Drs. Seppo Salminen, Colin Hill, C. S. Yajnik, V. K. Batish and Sanjeev Ganguly. The key issues that emerged from the various plenary and technical sessions formed the subject of panel session and discussed at length amongst the panelists and the delegates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while probiotics can improve specific gastrointestinal symptoms, they are not a panacea for all gut health issues. The mention of specific conditions such as functional bowel disorders (FBD), the variability in the efficacy of different probiotic strains, and the emphasis on dietary supplementation to address frequent GI symptoms suggest that probiotics are part of a broader strategy for managing gut health rather than a standalone solution. The text also notes that IBS affects a significant percentage of the population, implying that probiotics alone may not be sufficient for all individuals suffering from gut health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: sapiens)CCL2ATCC Cat# CCL-2, RRID:CVCL_0030Authentication through Line TestingAuthenticated by STR profilingtechnologyCST C33E10, RRID:AB_2095847(1:2000)Antibodyanti-Phospho- 3179S, RRID:AB_2095853(1:2000)Antibodyanti-P-eIF2alpha9721S, RRID:AB_330951(1:2000)AntibodyAnti- β- 4967S, RRID:AB_330288(1:5000)179843, RRID:AB_2716714(1:1000)OtherCM-H2cientificC682710 μMSequence-based reagentRPL19_ F 5'--3'; RPL19_ R 5'- -3'PMID: 19137072Sequence-based reagentsXBP1 forward 5′ -3′; reverse 5’--3’)PMID: 22038282Commercial assay or kit23275Commercial assay or kit-18080051Commercial assay or kitqPCR (2X) KitKapa BiosystemKR0389 – v10. 16Commercial assay or kitTMT 10plexSigma-Aldrich90110Commercial assay or kitPlasmotestInvivoGenrep-pt1Commercial assay or kit30–1012KChemical compound, drugHydrogen PeroxideSigma-Aldrich216763Chemical compound, drugTunicamycinSigma-AldrichT7765Chemical compound, drug2,2,2-TrifluoroethanolSigma-AldrichT8132Chemical compound, drugIodoacetamideSigma-AldrichI6709Software, algorithmMaxquant (1. 5. 5. 1)PMID: 19029910RRID:SCR_014485Software, algorithm: 24229407, 29263799 Additional files Supplementary file 1 Input and output values for PECA analysis of RNA expression data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss mechanical stress, conformational changes in protein structures, or any related biological mechanisms. Instead, it lists various chemical compounds, antibodies, and reagents, along with identification codes and references, without providing any context that relates to the claim about mechanical stress and protein conformational changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: 43 Because they are friends and I want to know everything that happens in their lives (m3). 43 Because they are a great source for news (k3). 28. 39 can get a peek into their lives (h3). 38 Because their accomplishments help me set goals to improve myself (n1). 90Because they provide a standard I can aspire to (n2). 78Because their achievements provide a source of inspiration for me (n3). 64I: antisocial motives; II: insecurity motives; III: sociable motives; IV: inspirational motives. Only loadings >. 25 are depicted. aItem removed from further analyses. The resulting pattern matrix in Table 1 shows that the first factor clearly represents for following others and includes all items related to others being a target for gossip (a1–3), schadenfreude (b1–3), “hate-following” (c1–3), and downward comparison (d1–3), as well as two of the three items related to others being a target for competition (e1–2). The second factor represents for following others, and includes all items related to preference for online interaction (f1–3) and reassurance seeking (g1–3), two of the three items related to social obligation (i1–2), as well as one of the mediated surveillance items (h1), and the remaining competition item (e3) that in hindsight may reflect making social comparisons to gain self-knowledge about one’s abilities and thus can be interpreted as being related to insecurity. The third factor reflects for following others, and includes all items related to others being a valued social source for humor (j1–3) and information (k1–3), others sharing a common identity or being liked (l1–3), and relationship maintenance (m1–3), as well as one of the mediated surveillance items (h3) that in hindsight may not necessarily imply that surveillance takes place without knowledge of the target and thus can be interpreted as being related to relationship maintenance. Finally, all items related to others being a source for inspirational upward social comparisons (n1–3) loaded on a separate fourth factor and will therefore be referred to as for following others. The remaining item related to social obligation (i3) did not reach the recommended minimum factor loading of. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multiple facets of how social media impact relationships and personal perceptions. The references to 'insecurity motives' and 'social obligation' contribute to the understanding that social media can lead to competition and social comparisons. Specifically, phrases such as 'their accomplishments help me set goals to improve myself' and 'provide a standard I can aspire to' indicate how social media catalyzes upward social comparisons, where individuals assess their achievements in relation to their social network. Moreover, the mention of 'downward comparison' reflects how these dynamics can potentially influence self-esteem and social interactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: After having a thorough brainstorming, some of the crucial issues in terms of priority formed the basis of the following recommendations for further follow up action from PAi for immediate implementation at the governmental level so that it addresses the interest of all the stake holders. Since mother and infant relationship creates the first truly probiotic microbes transferred from the mother’s microbiota and breast milk, it is advisable that mothers should be encouraged to consume probiotic products that can play an important role in the development of infants. Multicentric well-designed placebo controlled double blind clinical studies on the target local population should be conducted at least at two different locations to establish the functional efficacy of novel probiotic strains or food formulation developed with the same for a specific health claim. More extensive efficacy and safety studies need to be carried out on Indian babies before recommending probiotic interventions for preterm neonates due to lack of sufficient clinical data available on these lines. The origin of the strains can also influence the efficacy of probiotics against a specific medical condition for a particular host or community. The specific probiotic strain originating from the gut of a particular ethnic community is likely to express its novel physiological function most optimally in the native population due to better colonization and adaptation in the gut relative to a heterologous host community with different food habits. However, there is a need to generate adequate comparative clinical data on efficacy of indigenous strains of probiotic lactobacilli or bifidobacteria in the local target population versus the proven probiotic strains of these organisms originating from western gut to establish differences in relative efficacy of these strains of different gut origin with scientific evidence as proof of this concept. Since novel physiological function of probiotics are highly strain specific, it is very crucial that the probiotic organisms must be identified accurately at strain level by using advanced molecular techniques which can discriminate between the genome of closely related species and strains of the same probiotic genera without any ambiguity. In this context, whole genome sequencing of the probiotic strain is now recognized as the most authentic gold standard for probiotic identity. The rich microbial diversity of Indian gut needs to be thoroughly investigated in search of novel probiotics due to different food habits, geographical, cultural and anthropological differences and the ethnicity. For achieving this long term objective, it is high time that an all India research coordinated project on these lines should be initiated on priority by identifying different groups from different geographical locations in the country through networking. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity of gut health and the necessity for extensive studies on probiotics. It highlights that factors such as the origin of probiotic strains and their specific functions play a crucial role in their effectiveness, which suggests that probiotics alone cannot address all gut health issues. The text calls for additional research and validation before recommending probiotic interventions, indicating that they cannot simply be relied upon to solve all problems related to gut health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Content: Worksheet 1: Description: Notes on columns in other worksheets; Worksheet 2: Total_RNA_Tunicamycin_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 1; Worksheet 3: Total_RNA_Tunicamycin_Rep2: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 2; Worksheet 4: Total_RNA_Tunicamycin_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 3; Worksheet 5: Total_RNA_H2O2_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 1; Worksheet 6: Total_RNA_H2O2_Rep2: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 2; Worksheet 7: Total_RNA_H2O2_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 3 Download elife-39054-supp1-v2. xlsx Supplementary file 2 Input and output values for PECA analysis of ribosome footprinting data. Content: Worksheet 1: Description: Notes on columns in other worksheets; Worksheet 2: RPF_Tunicamycin_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 1; Worksheet 3: RPF_Tunicamycin_Rep2: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 2; Worksheet 4: RPF_Tunicamycin_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 3; Worksheet 5: RPF_H2O2_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 1; Worksheet 6: RPF_H2O2_Rep2: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 2; Worksheet 7: RPF_H2O2_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 3 Download elife-39054-supp2-v2. xlsx Supplementary file 3 Input and output values for PECA analysis of protein occupancy profiling data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of a description of worksheets related to RNA and protein occupancy profiling data without any mention of mechanical stress or conformational changes in protein structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: (2000) to assess Need for Popularity (“At times, I’ve ignored some people in order to be more popular with others”/“I’d do almost anything to avoid being seen as a loser”/“It’s important that people think I’m popular”/“At times, I’ve changed the way I dress in order to be more popular”; M = 2. 85, SD = 1. 25, α =. 79), presented the (M = 2. 80, SD = 1. 63) developed by Konrath, Meier, and Bushman (2014), and included four items to assess dispositional schadenfreude (“At times it gives me pleasure when I compare myself with others who are worse off”/“I sometimes experience joy when I learn that someone else fails”/“Every now and then I cannot resist a little smile when another person suffers a setback”/“I sometimes think there is some truth in the saying that the best joy is malicious joy”; M = 2. 82, SD = 1. 43, α =. 86). Finally, we presented the short 6-item version of the Iowa–(M = 3. 75, SD = 1. 33, α =. 86) from Gibbons and Buunk (1999) to assess people’s general tendency to make social comparisons. Embedded ExperimentTo test whether antisocial following motives can predict the inclination to accept a hypothetical Facebook friendship request from a male or female high school acquaintance who suffered a setback in the domain of status or appearance, as well as the level of schadenfreude and intention to gossip about him or her with third parties, participants were asked to imagine themselves in a situation described in a short vignette. In this situation, they were invited to be a friend on Facebook by a high school acquaintance (“X”) who had suffered a setback in a certain domain. In the male comparison target/status setback condition, they read that X, who had excelled in high school, was now very unsuccessful (see Figure 1). Moreover, to make the described situation more realistic, they were presented with a screenshot depicting his latest status update (“Going on vacation tomorrow! ”) and a third-party comment (“No job but money for a vacation? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the motivations behind social media interactions that can lead to social comparison, specifically through the lens of popularity and schadenfreude. It highlights that social media, such as Facebook, creates a platform where users assess their own status in relation to others, reinforcing the idea that while social media can help facilitate connections, it also provokes social comparison, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Saccharomyces boulardii, which represent only a fraction of the gut microbiota, the key members of probiotic group are the major focus of attention at commercial level from health perspectives. Therefore, other potential organisms such as Bacteriodes which constitute the predominant flora in our gut needs to be targeted in search of novel probiotics for broader health applications. Selection of potential probiotic strains for product development is an extremely important pre-requisite to establish their efficacy and safety in the target human population. A well designed mass screening strategy based on specific functional biomarkers and in vitro tests and in vivo animal models needs to be worked out to shortlist the most promising strains for validation in clinical efficacy trials. Although, dairy based foods are considered as the best carriers of probiotics to confer their best health promoting functions in the consumers, there is a need to explore other food formulation also for probiotic supplementation to demonstrate their health efficacy. Traditional fermented foods which are already very popular and acceptable amongst the various ethnic groups in the country could be the most attractive targets that can be explored for value addition with proven probiotic strains. Since viability and stability of probiotic strains is very crucial to express their health promoting functions during processing of probiotic food formulations and in the gut, new innovative techniques like nano technology and improved food grade encapsulations need to be investigated for better performance in the gut functions. Although ICMR-DBT guidelines for evaluation of probiotics in foods have already been put in place in India, there is an urgent need to evolve effective Indian regulatory standards based on these guidelines. In this context, it was felt by all the concerned participating in the conference that PAi should establish immediate contact with FSSAI and expedite the formalities and implementation of regulatory standards on probiotics in the country in harmony with the International standards. ConclusionThis conference – a first of its kind initiative in the country from of India was primarily aimed at fostering probiotic movement in the country by highlighting the enormous potentials of probiotics and probiotic formulations in human health so that the health benefits attributed to them reach the target Indian population. In order to realize this dream, the Conference and the on Probiotics brought together a unique mix of several national and International experts on probiotics from leading universities, research institutions, health and nutritional professionals along with food processing and pharma Industry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by emphasizing that probiotics, specifically Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces boulardii, are only a fraction of the gut microbiota and suggesting that other organisms, such as Bacteroides, also need to be targeted for a broader approach to gut health. Furthermore, it discusses the necessity for comprehensive strategies that include various probiotic strains, proper validation through clinical trials, and regulatory standards, indicating that probiotics alone are insufficient for solving all gut health issues.