Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: It was reported (Chandrasekharam& Bundschuh, 2008) that developing countries can access all low-temperature geothermal and EGS sources for green electricity generation immediately. The basis, on which today’s EGS projects are developed were laid out in the early 1970s, when an EGS (hot dry rock (HDR)) development concept was implemented at National lab, involving drilling a well into hot crystalline rock, using pressurized water to create a large vertical fracture, and ultimately to drill a second well to access that fracture at some distance above the first wellbore (Huenges, 2010; Stephens & Jiusto, 2010). It was the first attempt anywhere to make a deep, full-scale HDR reservoir. Significant research and production plants are under construction or operation to take advantage of this abundant renewable energy opportunity (Kalra et al. , 2012). For example, power plants driven by EGS are currently being developed and tested in and Switzerland (DiPippo, 2008; Azim et al. , 2010). The largest EGS project in the world is a 25 MWe demonstration plant currently being developed in Cooper Basin, Australia. There are several EGSprojects that are already or will soon produce power. Someof them are just forresearch and development (R& D) and some are for commercial purpose. Examples of theEGS projects around the world with their location, capacity, welldepth, plant type, and the project type are summarized in Table 3. Figure 3. A conceptual model showing how EGS works (Source: (MWe) Depth (km) Soultz (EU) R&D France 1. 5 Binary(ORC) 4. 2 R&D USA 11-50 Binary(ORC) (Unknown) Germany (EU) 3 Binary(ORC) 3. 3 Paralana (phase I) 7-30 Binary(ORC) 4. 1 250-500 Binary (Kalina) 4. 3 (Unknown) Flash 3. 5-3. 8 Ogachi R&D Japan (Unknown) Flash 1. 0-1. 1 10 Binary(ORC) 4. 5 Kingdom 3 Binary(ORC) 3-4 Table 3. EGS-based projects around the world (Azim et al. , 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) and their development for power generation, stating that developing countries can utilize low-temperature geothermal sources for green electricity. It explains the process of accessing geothermal heat by drilling into hot rock and using water to create fractures to facilitate energy harvesting. This supports the idea that geothermal energy is derived from heat beneath the Earth's surface for power generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: The cultivation analysis focused on anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria, especially bifidobacteria and clostridia, lactic acid bacteria, and coliforms, detected culturable microbes and emphasized typical bacterial species present in the microbiota of captive Southern Tamanduas. These findings can help optimize breeding and dietary conditions and prevent possible microbial infections connected to fecal microbes. 2023. of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2. ISSN 2307-8235 F, et al. Convergence of gut microbiomes in myrmecophagous mammals. Mol Ecol. 2014;23(6):1301–17. 104. 76. 2023. 04. 21. 537829. . Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae). Mamm Species. 2018;50(956):1–13. 42. 4. 95. 704. 13. Cheng S-C, et al. Hologenomic insights into mammalian adaptations to myrmecophagy. Rev. 2022;10(4). Caporaso JG, et al. Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample. . 2011;108(SUPPL. 1):4516–22. 2. Nat Biotechnol. 2019;37(8):852–7. 3. 66. 9490. 5273. 6. 13. 77. 7. Martino ME, et al. Bacterial adaptation to the host’s diet is a key evolutionary force shaping drosophila-lactobacillus LESymbiosis. Microbe. 2018;24(1):109. 51. 2660. 0509. 2200. 53. 559. 8. Li C, et al. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate the intestinal microbiota differentially and restore the relative abundance of specific gut microorganisms. J Dairy Sci. 2020;103(7):5816–29. 13. 13. Song SJ et al. Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and with their dogs. eLife. 2013;2013(2). Hauffe HC, Barelli C. Conserve the germs: the gut microbiota and adaptive potential. Conserv Genet. 2019;20(1):19–27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variety of bacterial species in the microbiota of Southern Tamanduas. It emphasizes the diversity of gut microbes and their adaptation to specific dietary and environmental factors, suggesting that microbiome compositions are not identical but can differ significantly among individuals and species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: L1996DAMB, a novel dopamine receptor expressed specifically in Drosophila mushroom bodiesNeuron 16:1127–1135 M. G. et al. 2002A Drosophila dopamine 2-like receptor: Molecular characterization and identification of multiple alternatively spliced variants99:14554–14559 D. P. et al. 2005Rapid, nongenomic responses to ecdysteroids and catecholamines mediated by a novel Drosophila G-protein-coupled receptorJ Neurosci 25:6145–6155 Y. C. Lee H. G. Seong C. S. Han K. A2003Expression of a D1 dopamine receptor dDA1/DmDOP1 in the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogasterPatterns 3:237–245 M. Pauls D. Han K. A. Stocker R. F. Thum A. S2009The role of dopamine in Drosophila larval classical olfactory conditioningPLoS One 4 Y. C. Lee H. G. Han K. A2007D1 dopamine receptor dDA1 is required in the mushroom body neurons for aversive and appetitive learning in DrosophilaJ Neurosci 27:7640–7647 S. Schwarzel M2016of a Type 2 Supports Anesthesia-Resistant MemoryJ Neurosci 36:7936–7945 M. et al. 2019Suppression of GABAergic neurons through D2-like receptor secures efficient conditioning in Drosophila aversive olfactory learning116:5118–5125 I. Kurshan P. T. McBride E. Jackson F. R. Kopin A. S2007Locomotor activity is regulated by D2-like receptors in Drosophila: an anatomic and functional analysis67:378–393 K. et al. 2017The complete connectome of a learning and memory centre in an insect brainNature 548:175–182 N. K. Tanimoto H. Ito K2008Neuronal assemblies of the Drosophila mushroom bodyJ 508:711–755 T. Kraft K. F. Technau G. M. Urbach R2012Origin of Drosophila mushroom body neuroblasts and generation of divergent embryonic lineagesDevelopment 139:2510–2522 M. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address or reference the claim about olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. It focuses on various studies and findings related to dopamine receptors and their roles in Drosophila behavior and memory formation, which do not connect to quantum effects in olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: An EGS project has several stages (Majorowicz& Grasby, 2010; Huenges, 2010; DiPippo, 2008); namely: (1) Identifying a potential site possessing the necessary characteristics through surface exploration, (2) Drilling an injection well to the depth required to reach the desired temperature, (3) Fracturing the rock in the subsurface by hydraulic stimulation (i. e. injecting a fluid at sufficient pressure to propagate fracture), (4) Creating and testing of the EGS reservoir storage capacity, (5) Drilling a production well for a doublet system or twoproduction wells for a triplet system (one injection & two production wells), (6) Creating fracture connectivity between the injection andthe production wells, (7) Extracting heat energy from the rock by injecting cool fluid (typically water) through the injection well and producing hot fluid (in some cases steam)from the production wells, and (8) Operating the ORC power plant and maintain the EGS reservoir. EGS for power generation is still relatively novel technology and remains to be proved on a large scale. Engineers & researchers in several countries throughout the world have been working on advancing EGS technology for few decades, but the technology has received limited attention and minimal financial support from either the public or private sector, with the exception of Australia’s significant market investments. The high cost of drilling, which is estimated to account for a third to a half of EGS projected costs, is a major challenge to the technology (Stephens & Jiusto, 2010). The risks and uncertainties associated with EGS technology are other barriers as well. 3. 2. Environmental and economic aspectsof EGS for power generation It was reported (Grasby et al. , 2011) that impacts of geothermal development are relatively minor compared to many other energy developments, however there are still importantchallenges to be addressed. More particularly, it was reported (Azim et al. , 2010) that the overall impact of EGS power generation plants on environment is remarkably lower than other conventional fossil fuel-fired and nuclear power plants. In addition, EGS plants may have lower impacts in comparison with other renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and biomass on an equivalent energy-output basis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the stages involved in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) for power generation, which explicitly involves extracting heat energy from rock beneath the Earth's surface by injecting cool fluid and producing hot fluid, thereby confirming the process of harnessing geothermal energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: The composition of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal bacteriome is species dependent access Published: 16 October 2024 The composition of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal bacteriome is species dependent Zakaria Lahrach1,2, Jean Legeay2, Bulbul Ahmed2 & …Mohamed Hijri1,2 Show authors 6. 5 × 6. 5 × 8. 5 cm each), each featuring a cut side and a mesh nylon membrane of 44 μm. These pots were then attached to each other and sealed with silicone adhesive to create a unit with two compartments, allowing connectivity through two nylon membranes (Fig. 1). One pot was designated for plant growth (root compartment, RC), while the other facilitated hyphal proliferation (root-free compartment, RFC) and allowed microbial inoculation with a soil suspension. Both pots were interconnected through two 44 μm membrane layers (), allowing only the passage of hyphae while excluding roots. Fig. 1An overview of the experimental design, the arrangement of the microcosm units, and the treatments. This figure was created using BiorenderFull size imageWe utilized a randomized block design with six replicates, incorporating two factors: (1) three distinct AMF species (M1: Rhizophagus irregularis isolate DAOM 197198, M2: Rhizophagus clarus isolate DAOM 234179, and M3: Rhizophagus cerebriforme isolate DAOM 227022, all cultivated in vitro under identical conditions) provided by Premier Tech, Rivières du Loup, QC, Canada; and (2) two levels of microbial inoculation (B0 and B1). This resulted in six treatment combinations: M1B0, M1B1, M2B0, M2B1, M3B0, and M3B1. Additionally, two control groups without AMF spore inoculation (M0) and with autoclaved distilled water (B0) were included to evaluate plant growth and root colonization, resulting in two combinations (M0B0 and M0B1). The experiment was arranged on a mesh table to prevent cross-contamination between experimental units via water. The microbial suspension was made from soil collected from the rhizosphere of an old maple forest at the Reserve in Mont Saint-Hilaire, QC, Canada [33, 34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the composition of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal bacteriome is species dependent, suggesting variation in microbiome compositions among different species. This implies that microbiome compositions are not identical across all individuals, which directly contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 2002Embryonic and larval development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies: concentric layer subdivisions and the role of fasciclin IIDevelopment 129:409–419 A. et al. 2016in Larval Drosophila26:661–669 F. et al. 2003Targeted gene expression in Drosophila dopaminergic cells using regulatory sequences from tyrosine hydroxylaseJ Neurobiol 54:618–627 G. U. Cervantes-Sandoval I. Davis R. L2010Olfactory learning in DrosophilaPhysiology (Bethesda 25:338–346 S2013Reinforcement signalling in Drosophila; dopamine does it all after allNeurobiol 23:324–329 Y. Rubin G. M2016Dopaminergic neurons write and update memories with cell-type-specific rulesElife 5 M. et al. 2003Dopamine and octopamine differentiate between aversive and appetitive olfactory memories in DrosophilaJ Neurosci 23:10495–10502 Y. et al. 2012Three dopamine pathways induce aversive odor memories with different stabilityPLoS Genet 8 P. Worden K. Aso Y. Rubin G. M. Keene A. C2015A dopamine-modulated neural circuit regulating aversive taste memory in Drosophila25:1535–1541 C. et al. 2012A subset of dopamine neurons signals reward for odour memory in DrosophilaNature 488:512–516 C. J. et al. 2012Layered reward signalling through octopamine and dopamine in DrosophilaNature 492:433–437 N. et al. 2015Distinct dopamine neurons mediate reward signals for short- and long-term memories112:578–583 T. et al. 2018A for in Drosophila23:652–665 Y. et al. 2010Specific dopaminergic neurons for the formation of labile aversive memory20:1445–1451 C. Lee D2014Pre- and of Dopamine D2 Receptor DD2R in Associative LearningBiology (Basel 3:831–845 K. Hwang R. Y. Tracey W. D. 2012Optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits and behavior in Drosophila larvae7:1470–1478 E. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a list of various studies and their findings related to Drosophila and dopamine neurons. It does not directly address or provide evidence concerning olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim, categorized as 'pass'.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: This is primarily because a geothermal energy source is contained subsurface and need not to be exposed in the atmosphere and the surface energy conversion system (e. g. ORC unit) is relatively compact, thus making the overall size of the entire system attractively small. EGS power plants also provide environmental benefits by having minimal GHGand other emissions (zero emissions for the case of using ORC technology). Distinct from the conventional fossil fuels, there are minimal discharges of CO2, nitrogen or sulphur oxides or particulate matter resulting from its use, and there is no need to dispose radioactive materials. However, still there are impacts that must be considered and managed if enhanced geothermal energy resource is to be developed as part of a more environmentally sound, sustainable energy source for the future. The major environmental challenges for EGS are associated with ground water use and contamination, with related concerns about induced seismicity or subsidence as a result of water injection and production. Induced seismicity is a phenomenon in which a change in fluid pressure within a stressed rock formation leads to movement of the fractured rocks; the energy released is transmitted through the subsurface rock and may reach the surface with enough intensity to be heard or felt by people in the surrounding region (DiPippo, 2008; Majer et al. , 2007). To mitigate risks related to induced seismicity, strategies and procedures are needed to set requirements for seismic monitoring and for prolonged EGS field operation. Technologies for imaging fluid pathways induced/injected by hydraulic stimulation in EGS fields would constitute a key improvement of the EGS concept. Issues of noise, safety and land use associated with drilling and production operations are also important but can be fully manageable (Huenges, 2010; Majorowicz& Grasby, 2010; Azim et al. , 2010). EGS technology has impacts on the global and local environment (Huenges, 2010; DiPippo, 2008). Therefore, it is important to identify and evaluate any impact which results from the implementation of an EGS plant at the beginning of a project. The goal must be to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on the environment during all stages of an EGS project (e. g. , construction, operation, and deconstruction) and to meet the objectives and requirements of environment protection and preservation of finite resources (Huenges, 2010; Stephens & Jiusto, 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that geothermal energy sources are located subsurface and are harnessed without needing exposure to the atmosphere. It implies that energy generation through enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) involves utilizing the heat stored beneath the Earth's surface for power generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 3The relative abundances of the 10 most common bacterial taxa in hyphosphere soils (A and B) and AMF mycelia (C and D) are depicted in terms of Phylum (A and C) and Genus (B and D), with all remaining taxa grouped under “Others”Full size imageBacterial diversity and composition of AMF mycelia and soil communitiesMiSeq sequencing, a total of 10,207,763 bacterial 16 S rRNA gene reads were generated. Through the bioinformatic pipeline, 3,813,362 non-chimeric reads were retrieved from 72 samples after filtering, trimming, denoising, and merging. The reads ranged from 31,424 to 84,914 per sample. These reads were assigned to 8819 bacterial ASVs and further classified into 49 phyla, 119 classes, 297 orders, 386 families, and 965 genera. The rarefaction curves demonstrated that all samples had reached saturation (Figure S4). The bacterial community of AMF mycelia was predominantly comprised of the phylum Planctomycetota, representing 42% of the total ASVs, followed by Pseudomonadota (13%), Chloroflexota (11%), Actinomycetota (9%), and Verrucomicrobiota (7%). Similarly, Planctomycetota constituted the majority of the bacterial soil community, accounting for 41% of the total ASVs, followed by Chloroflexota (13%), Pseudomonadota (12%), Bacillota (7%), and Acidobacteriota (6%) (Fig. 3). Among the mycelia, the predominant genera were Pirellula (7%), Gemmata (4%), Pir4 lineage (4%), and Roseimicrobium (2%). Conversely, common genera in the soil were Pirellula (6%), Gemmata (4%), and Bacillus (2%). A substantial proportion of bacteria (47% in the mycelia and 58% in the soil) belonged to unknown genera. Furthermore, 2191 ASVs were exclusively found in the mycelia, 4145 were unique to the soil, and 2051 were shared by both biotopes (Figure S5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed findings on the bacterial diversity and composition within different environments, specifically AMF mycelia and soil communities. It highlights that the bacterial community comprises various taxa with differing abundances, and mentions that 2191 ASVs were exclusively found in the mycelia and 4145 were unique to the soil, indicating significant variation in microbiome compositions across different samples. Such differences directly undermine the assertion that everyone's microbiome is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Zhang F. Bamberg E. Nagel G. Deisseroth K2005Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity8:1263–1268 P. Felsenberg J. Waddell S2018Do the right thing: neural network mechanisms of memory formation, expression and update in DrosophilaNeurobiol 49:51–58 D. Waddell S2015Olfactory learning skews mushroom body output pathways to steer behavioral choice in DrosophilaNeurobiol 35:178–184 R. L2005Olfactory memory formation in Drosophila: from molecular to systems neuroscienceNeurosci 28:275–302 Y. et al. 2014The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learningElife 3 G. S. Marin E. C. Watts R. J. Luo L2002Development of neuronal connectivity in Drosophila antennal lobes and mushroom bodiesNeurobiol 12:80–86 M. Borst A. Wagner S. Byers D1985Drosophila mushroom body mutants are deficient in olfactory learningJ Neurogenet 2:1–30 Belle J. S. Heisenberg M1994Associative odor learning in Drosophila abolished by chemical ablation of mushroom bodiesScience 263:692–695 R. L2011Traces of Drosophila memoryNeuron 70:8–19 J. et al. 2011Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory memory retrieval in Drosophila14:903–910 D. et al. 2015Activity of defined mushroom body output neurons underlies learned olfactory behavior in DrosophilaNeuron 86:417–427 T. Fischer M. Schulz R. Heisenberg M2000Localization of a short-term memory in DrosophilaScience 288:672–675 S. M. Davis R. L2009Dynamics of learning-related cAMP signaling and stimulus integration in the Drosophila olfactory pathwayNeuron 64:510–521 L. R. et al. 1992learning and memory gene rutabaga encodes a Ca2+/Calmodulin-responsive adenylyl cyclaseCell 68:479–489 T. Louis T. Jindachomthong K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects. It primarily discusses various studies on the neural mechanisms of memory and olfactory learning in Drosophila. As such, it does not provide relevant information to corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Typical EGS drilling costs as a function of well depth (Azim et al. , 2010). 3. 3. EGS using CO2 as the working fluid for green power generation and simultaneous carbon sequestration It was reported (Pruess, 2006) that previous attempts to develop EGS in Japan, USA, Europe and Australia have all employedwater as a heat transmission fluid. Although, water has many properties that make it a favorable medium for this purpose, it also has serious shortcomings. An unfavorable property of water is that it is astrong solvent for many rock minerals, especially at elevated temperatures. In this case, injecting water at high pressure intohot rock fractures, as part of an EGS resource operation & utilization, results in strong dissolution and precipitation effects that change fracture permeabilityand make it very difficult to operate an EGS reservoir in a stable manner. In 2000, Brown, D. (Pruess, 2006) proposed a novel EGS concept that would utilize supercritical CO2 instead of water as heat exchange (carrier) fluid, and would simultaneously achieve CO2 geologic sequestration as an additional benefit. There are only very few investigations that characterized the performance of CO2 as working fluid in EGS applications. For example, Pruess (Pruess, 2006) performed numerical simulations and evaluated thermophysical properties in order to explore the heat transfer and fluid dynamics characteristics in an EGS reservoir that would be operated with CO2. It was found that CO2 is superior to water in its ability to exchange heat from hot fractured rock. Carbon dioxide also offers certain advantages with respect to wellbore hydraulics, in that its larger compressibility and expansivity as compared to water would increase buoyancy forces and would decrease the parasitic power consumption (thus reduce pumping cost) of the EGS fluid circulation system. This is because the larger expansivity of CO2 would generate large density differences between the cold CO2 in the injection well and the hot CO2 in the production well, and therefore provide buoyancy force that would reduce the power consumption of the fluid circulation system. Another interesting feature of CO2 is that its lower viscosity, tend to yield larger flow velocities for a given pressure gradient. In addition, CO2 would be much less effective as a solvent for rock minerals, which would reduce or eliminate scaling problems, such as silica dissolution and precipitation in water-based systems (Pruess, 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), which utilize heat from underground rock formations. It mentions CO2 being used as a working fluid in EGS applications to effectively exchange heat from hot fractured rock, supporting the idea that geothermal energy systems harness subsurface heat for energy generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, at the genus level, the majority of genera were shared between the mycelia and the soil, with 281 genera common to both, 109 found only in the soil, and 44 exclusive to the mycelia (Figure S5). Fig. 4Alpha diversity, assessed using the Shannon (A) and Simpson (B) indices across various biotopes of AMF mycelia and hyphosphere soils and treatments: microbial amendment (B1), no microbial amendment (B0), R. irregularis (M1), R. clarus (M2), and R. cerebriforme (M3)Full size imageInfluence of AMF identity and microbial inoculation on bacterial communities in mycelia and soilAccording to the Kruskal–Wallis test, there was a significantly higher alpha diversity in the soil compared to the mycelia (p < 0. 001). No significant difference in alpha diversity was observed between the B0 and B1 treatments (Table 1; Fig. 4). In both the B0 and B1 treatments, the species of inoculated AMF did not have an impact on the alpha diversity in either the mycelia or the soil. Overall, the alpha diversity remained consistent throughout the experiment when calculated using either the Shannon or Simpson indices. Table 1 Factors significantly influencing the alpha diversity assessed by Shannon and Simpson indices across different biotopesFull size tableWe observed significant differences in the bacterial community between the mycelia and the soil (p < 0. 001). The factors influencing the beta diversity varied between these two environments. In the soil, there were no significant changes in the bacterial community structure between the B0 and B1 treatments or between the AMF species (Table 2; Fig. 5). However, in the mycelia, both the B0/B1 treatments and the inoculated AMF species had a significant effect on the bacterial community structure (p = 0. 025 and p = 0. 005, respectively); however, the interaction between microbial treatment and AMF species inoculation was not significant (Table 2; Fig. 5). The “betadisperse” function indicated higher dispersion among the communities in the mycelia (0. 42) compared to those in the soil (0. 34). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant differences in microbial community structure between mycelia and soil. Specifically, it notes that 'the majority of genera were shared between the mycelia and the soil,' yet there were also '109 found only in the soil, and 44 exclusive to the mycelia,' indicating diverse microbiome compositions rather than identical ones.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe intricate relationship between the dopaminergic system and olfactory associative learning in Drosophila has been an intense scientific inquiry. Leveraging the formidable genetic tools, we conducted a screening of 57 dopaminergic drivers, leading to the discovery of DAN-c1 driver, uniquely targeting the single dopaminergic neuron (DAN) in each brain hemisphere. While the involvement of excitatory D1-like receptors is well-established, the role of D2-like receptors (D2Rs) remains underexplored. Our investigation reveals the expression of D2Rs in both DANs and the mushroom body (MB) of third instar larval brains. Silencing D2Rs in DAN-c1 via microRNA disrupts aversive learning, further supported by optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 during training, affirming the inhibitory role of D2R autoreceptor. Intriguingly, D2R knockdown in the MB impairs both appetitive and aversive learning. These findings elucidate the distinct contributions of D2Rs in diverse brain structures, providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms governing associative learning in Drosophila larvae. eLife assessment This study presents a valuable finding on the role of dopamine receptor D2R in dopaminergic neurons DAN-c1 and mushroom body neurons (Y201-GAL4 pattern) on aversive and appetitive conditioning. The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid and promotes the investigation using fly larvae, which have interesting advantages in the time required for obtaining experimental animals and the use of optogenetics. The work will be of interest to researchers studying neuronal control of behaviour and learning and memory in general. of findingsvaluable: Findings that have theoretical or practical implications for a subfieldlandmarkfundamentalimportantvaluableusefulStrength of evidencesolid: Methods, data and analyses broadly support the claims with only minor weaknessesexceptionalcompellingconvincingsolidincompleteinadequateDuring the peer-review process the editor and reviewers write an eLife assessment that summarises the significance of the findings reported in the 1. On the cellular and physiological level, learning and memory is achieved by neuroplastic changes in circuits, including neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. Usually distinct types of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, modulate these changes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the functioning of olfactory receptors through quantum effects. It focuses instead on the role of dopamine receptors in associative learning in Drosophila, which is not directly related to the claim about olfactory receptors and quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: It was also reported (Pruess, 2006) that while the thermal and hydraulic aspects of aCO2-based EGS system look promising, major uncertainties remain with regard to geochemical interactions betweenfluids and rocks. It was concluded in (Pruess, 2006) that an EGS system running on CO2 has sufficiently attractive features to warrant furtherinvestigation. It was suggested that an EGS using CO2 as heat transport and exchange fluid could have favorable geochemical properties, as CO2 uptake and sequestration by rock minerals would be quite rapid. Supercritical CO2 can also be used as the working fluid of the power cycle before it is sent back to the EGS reservoir. For example, ina study by (Gurgenic et al. , 2008), it was reported that there is a significant potential to use supercritical CO2 as working fluid in the power loop as illustrated (Gurgenic et al. , 2008) in Figure 5. Significantly higher energy conversion efficiencies were predicted using a single-loop system with the CO2 being both the heat exchange and the power cycle working fluid. It was reported (Gurgenic et al. , 2008; Atrens et al. , 2011) that the loops in either of the two cycles (i. e. subsurface loop and surface power loop) do not have to be closed. For example, if there is ready access to CO2 (e. g. , at a geothermal installation situated close to a coal-fired power plant), the captured CO2 from the plant can be run through the geothermal reservoir first and then sequestered in a geologic sequestration site of choice. CO2-based EGS has been examined in (Atrens et al. , 2011) from a reservoir oriented perspective, and as a result thermodynamic performance was investigated. It was reported (Atrens et al. , 2011) that economics of the system are still not well understood, however. In their study, the economics of the CO2–based EGS technology was explored for an optimized power plant design and best-available cost estimation data. It was demonstrated in (Atrens et al. , 2011) that near-optimum turbine exhaust pressure can be estimated from surface temperature. It was found that achievable cooling temperature is an important economic site consideration alongside EGS resource temperature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a CO2-based Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) which involves harnessing thermal energy from the Earth's subsurface. It emphasizes the application of supercritical CO2 as a working fluid in the energy conversion process, supporting the notion that geothermal energy derives its power from the heat found beneath the Earth's surface.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 5PCoA plots displaying the bacterial communities categorized by their respective biotopes (hyphosphere soils and AMF mycelia), based on the inoculation of AMF species and microbial suspension amendmentFull size imageTable 2 Factors significantly influencing the beta diversity of bacterial communities including the inoculated mycorrhizal species, represented by “AMF”, and the B0/B1 treatment of bacterial community inoculation, denoted by “MI”. “*” denotes statistical significance, “**” represents high significance, and “•” indicates a tendencyFull size tableIndicator species profilesThe analysis of indicator species revealed 126 ASVs across all treatments and sample types (Tables S2–S5). Of these, 77 ASVs (81%) were associated with AMF species treatments (Tables S2 and S4), with 53 ASVs enriched in the mycelia and 24 in the soil. Furthermore, 13 ASVs were linked to the mycelia of R. irregularis, 19 to R. clarus, and 21 to R. cerebriforme. Conversely, six ASVs were enriched in the soil of R. irregularis and nine each in the soil of R. clarus and R. cerebriforme. In contrast, 18 ASVs (19%) were identified as indicator species under microbial suspension amendment, with 10 ASVs enriched in the mycelia and 8 in the soil. Notably, Herpetosiphon sp. , Pirellula sp. , and one ASV belonging to the CPla-3 termite group were the most abundant ASVs in the mycelia under microbial amendment (Table S2). However, two ASVs belonging to the phylum Verrucomicrobiota (Ellina 516 and Candidatus Xiphinematobacter) and one ASV belonging to Acidobacteriota were identified in the soil (Table S4). Additionally, Sulfurifustis sp. , Pirellula sp. , Candidatus Omnitrophus, and Noviherbaspirillum sp. were the most dominant ASVs associated with R. irregularis mycelia (Table S2). The most abundant ASVs associated with R. clarus were Herpetosiphon sp. , Fimbriiglobus sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant diversity in bacterial communities influenced by different treatments and environments, such as AMF species and microbial suspensions. It outlines how various ASVs (Amplicon Sequence Variants) are associated with these different treatments, indicating that microbiome compositions vary across individuals, instead of being identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Dopamine (DA) plays an important role in many mammalian brain functions, including motor functions, motivation, reinforcement, addiction, and learning and memory2–4. Dopaminergic neurons (DAN) are mainly located in the mesencephalon: DANs in the substantia nigra (SN) are responsible for motor functions, while those in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are important in reward, addiction, learning and memory3,5. Dopamine achieves its functions via two families of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR): excitatory D1-like and inhibitory D2-like receptors4. All D1-like receptors are located post-synaptically; in contrast, D2-like receptors both function post-synaptically and play an important presynaptic role, regulating dopamine release through negative feedback4. All these receptors are important in mammalian associative learning6,7. D1-like receptors elevate intracellular cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase (AC) via Gαs, while D2-like receptors repress cAMP by inhibiting AC via Gαi/o. cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), leading to the phosphorylation of DARPP-32 (dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32kDa), ion channels, and CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein). In addition, dopamine receptors also activate the PLC-and CaMKII pathways2–4,8–10. Although mammalian studies reveal mechanisms more relevant to human beings, the complexity of the nervous system impedes our understanding about the basic or more universal principles of learning and memory applicable generally to all nervous systems11. With a simple central nervous system (CNS) and powerful genetic tools, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become a popular model organism in learning and memory research12,13. With conserved genes in dopamine metabolism and signaling14, as well as fundamental similarities in the olfactory circuitry compared to mammals15,16, Drosophila can perform olfactory associative learning in both larvae17–19 and adults20–24. Olfactory associative learning is a type of classical conditioning in which flies are trained under positive or negative reinforcement paired with an odorant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on dopamine's role in brain functions and learning in mammalian systems, and while it mentions olfactory associative learning in Drosophila, it does not address or support the idea that olfactory receptors function through quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: The role of sequestration as part of CO2–based EGS was also examined in (Atrens et al. , 2011), and it was concluded that if fluid losses occur, the economic viability of the concept depends strongly on the price associated with CO2 (Atrens et al. , 2011). Potential barriers to implementation of CO2–based EGS technology include access to CO2 at an acceptable cost, proximity of the EGS to the electricity grid, and access to cooling water. Similar issues related to long-term responsibility for the resultant reservoir, including the liability for future CO2 leakage from the geologic sequestration site. In another study by (Randolph & Saar, 2011), it was suggested that using CO2 as the working fluid in geothermal power systems may permit utilization of lower temperature geologic formations than those that are currently deemed economically viable,l eading to more widespread utilization of geothermal energy. However, additional exploration of economics regarding the opportunities and issues for CO2–based EGS technology for combined carbon sequestration and power generation is needed. Figure 5. A conceptual model showing a single-loop system with CO2 used for combined heat exchange and power cycle (Gurgenic et al. , 2008). Advertisement 4. increasing concern of environmental issues of emissions & pollution, in particular global warmingand the constraints on consuming conventional energy sources has recently resulted in extensive research into innovative renewable and green technologies of generating electrical power. One of these innovative emerging technologies includes renewable low-temperature (low-enthalpy) geothermal energy source for clean electrical power generation. This promising technology offers potential applications in generation of electric power which can be produced using the vast renewable low-temperature geothermal energy resources available worldwide. In this 1. Atrens A. D. Gurgenic H. Rudolph V. (2011 2011 Economic optimization of a CO2-based EGS plant. Energy & Fuels, 25 3765 3775 ACS Publications. 2. Azim M. R. Amin M. S. Shoeb A. 2010 Prospects of enhanced geothermal system in baseload power generation. IEEE, 10 176 180 0000-9781 3. Cengel Y. A. Boles M. A. 2008 Thermodynamics: an engineering approach (6th ed. ), McGraw-Hill press, 978-0-07352-921-4 New York. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential applications of low-temperature geothermal energy sources for clean electrical power generation, emphasizing that this technology can utilize vast renewable geothermal energy resources available worldwide. The mention of 'renewable low-temperature (low-enthalpy) geothermal energy source for clean electrical power generation' aligns directly with the claim about harnessing heat from beneath the Earth for energy production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: , two ASVs of Haliangium sp. , Rivibacter sp. , and unidentified Burkholderiales (Table S2). With the R. cerebriforme mycelia, the most predominant ASVs were an unidentified ASV belonging to Planctomycetota, another belonging to Xanthomonadales, KCM-B-112, which belongs to Acidithiobacillaceae, two Roseimicrobium sp. , and one belonging to the Burkholderia–Caballeronia–Paraburkholderia group (Table S2). In the R. irregularis soil, an unidentified ASV belonging to the Gemmataceae family was the most abundant (Table S5). In addition, one ASV of Rhodopirellula was identified in the soil of R. clarus (Table S5). However, two ASVs belonging to the Hydrogenispora order and Blastocatellaceae family and one to Nitrosomonadaceae Ellin6067 stood out in the soil of R. cerebriforme (Table S5). Common bacterial core in the mycelia of different AMF species and soilA total of 29 bacterial core taxa were shared among all biotopes and treatments. Interestingly, the majority of these bacterial core taxa (29) were found in the mycelia of both the B0 and B1 treatments, with more core taxa present in the B0 treatment compared to the B1 treatment (Fig. 6). Among the various mycorrhizal species, R. cerebriforme (M3) exhibited more core taxa in its mycelia than the other AMF species. However, in the soil, R. irregularis (M1) had more core taxa (Figure S6). Most of the core taxa were common to all three AMF species in both the mycelia and the soil, with 78 taxa in the mycelia and 111 in the soil. Interestingly, the bacterial core taxa of R. cerebriforme (M3) were greatly increased by B1 treatment, rising from 1 to 138. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the variations in microbiome composition across different species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), indicating that diverse bacterial taxa exist within different environments and conditions. It highlights that while there are core taxa shared among biotopes, overall composition changes considerably among different AMF species and their respective soil, with references to specific taxa and their abundances. This shows that microbiome composition is not identical for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Different from the naïve reaction to the odorant, flies approach the odorant after being trained with rewards (e. g. , sucrose; appetitive)21, but avoid the odorant when trained with punishments (e. g. , electric shock, bitter taste chemicals; aversive)20. Several genes related to the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway, including dunce (dnc)25 and rutabaga (rut)21, are expressed in the mushroom body (the center for Drosophila learning and memory)26,27. Mutations of these genes lead to learning deficiencies, indicating their roles in olfactory learning21,25. Drosophila larvae offer several advantages for studying olfactory learning compared to adults. Notably, compared to neural circuits underlying olfactory learning, their simpler neural circuitry28, characterized by fewer olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)29,30, projection neurons (PNs) 31, mushroom body neurons (MBNs)32, and dopaminergic neurons (DANs)33,34, facilitates the elucidation of underlying mechanisms. Additionally, larvae exhibit simpler behavioral patterns, facilitating experimental manipulations and observations. Furthermore, their translucent cuticles enable convenient application of techniques such as optogenetics35, further enhancing the experimental versatility of larval studies. Like in mammalian brains, dopamine achieves its functions via four dopamine receptors in flies, two D1-like receptors dDA136 (or Dop1R1) and DAMB37 (or Dop1R2), one D2-like receptor D2R38 (or Dop2R), and one non-canonical receptor DopEcR14,39. dDA1 is mainly found in the mushroom body40,41 and is necessary for appetitive and aversive olfactory learning in larvae and adults41,42. D2R in the mushroom body is necessary for anesthesia-resistant memory43. In addition, D2R in GABAergic anterior paired lateral (APL) neurons is known to secure aversive conditioning in adult flies44. Although D2R expression has been reported in the ventral nerve cord45, neither its expression in larval brains, nor its functions in larval olfactory learning have been investigated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information related to quantum effects in the functioning of olfactory receptors. Instead, it discusses olfactory learning in Drosophila and the roles of specific genes and neural pathways. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Chandrasekharam D. Bundschuh J. 2008 Low-enthalpy geothermal resources for power generation CRC & Francis Group, 978-0-41540-168-5 New York. 10. 1201/9780203894552 5. Cui J. Zhao J. Dai C. Yang B. 2009 Exergetic performance investigation of medium-low enthalpy geothermal power generation. 636 639 0000-9780 6. Dickson M. H. Fanelli M. (2005 2005 Geothermal energy: utilization and technology, Earthscan, an imprint of James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. in Association with the for Environment and Development, 1-84407-184-7 7. R. 2008 Geothermal power plants: principles, applications, case studies and environmental impact 2nded, Elsevier, 978-0-75068-620-4 New York. 8. R. 2007 Ideal thermal efficiency for geothermal binary plants. Geothermics, 36 276 285 0375-6505 9. Energyinformative. How enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) work. Available from: 10. Frick S. Kaltschmitt M. Schröder G. (2010 2010 Life cycle assessment of geothermal binary power plants using enhanced low-temperature reservoirs Energy 35 2281 2294 0360-5442 11. Galanis N. Cayer E. Roy P. Denis E. S. Desilets M. 2009 Electricity generation from low temperature sources. Journal of Mechanics, 2 2 55 67 1735-3645 12. 2012 Geothermal: International market overview report. Available from: 13. Grasby S. E. Allen D. M. Bell S. Chen Z. Ferguson G. Jessop A. Kelman M. Ko M. Majorowicz J. Moore M. Raymond J. Therrien R. 2011 Geothermal energy resource potential of Survey of Canada, 6914. Available from: 10. 4095/288745 14. Gupta H. Roy S. 2007 Geothermal energy: an alternative resource for the 21st century, Elsevier, 978-0-44452-875-9 New York. 15. Gurgenic H. Rudolph V. Saha T. Lu M. 2008 Challenges for geothermal energy utilisation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various aspects of geothermal energy and its utilization for power generation. Specifically, it mentions low-enthalpy geothermal resources for power generation, which directly relates to harnessing heat from beneath the Earth's surface.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 6Venn diagram illustrating the core taxa shared between the two biotopes (AMF mycelia and hyphosphere soils) and the two treatments, B1 (microbial inoculation) and B0 (control)Full size imageDiscussionThe microcosm used in this experiment was designed to investigate the impact of AMF identity on the structure of soil bacterial communities in both enriched and non-enriched microbial environments. Additionally, this provided an opportunity to assess whether the mycelia from different AMF species, which were closely related and cultivated under identical in vitro conditions, would lead to the selection of distinct bacterial communities. This system also facilitated the assessment of the impact of microbial bioaugmentation on plant growth via AMF mycelia. The predominant bacterial taxa identified in the soil affected by AMF mycelia in the root-free compartment differed from those reported in other studies conducted on the hyphosphere [47, 48] or mycelia [49] of AMF without experimental designs separating them from the roots. Furthermore, the distribution of their abundance differed from that reported in a meta-analysis by Basiru et al. [31] on microbial communities associated with AMF. Interestingly, the dominant bacterial taxa exhibited greater similarity to the bacterial community found in the hyphosphere fungal mats of Basidiomycota species [50], characterized by a prevalence of the phyla Planctomycetota, Chloroflexota, and Pseudomonadota, and at the genus level, an abundance of Pirelulla, Pir4 lineage, Gemmata, and Massilia. However, the most abundant genera differed between these studies and ours. Consequently, our findings for the soil influenced by the hyphosphere more closely resemble those found in fungal mats compared to those in mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with plant roots. The absence of plant influence due to the microcosm units, separated by two nylon membranes with an opening size of 44 μm, altered the bacterial community. The soil community in our study appeared to consist of taxa belonging to the “mycophilic guild” [50]. Notably, the phylum Planctomycetota, which predominated in our study, appeared to be enhanced by the absence of plant roots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that the composition of bacterial communities in soil affected by AMF mycelia differs significantly from other environments and studies. It highlights the uniqueness of bacterial communities impacted by specific AMF species, indicating a diversity of microbiome compositions rather than a singular, identical profile across all individuals or environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: By using a GFP-tagged D2R strain, we detected the expression pattern of D2R in the third- instar larval brain, specifically in dopaminergic and mushroom body neurons. Knockdown of D2Rs in DAN-c1 impaired aversive learning, while knockdown of D2R in mushroom body neurons led to deficits in both aversive and appetitive learning. These results revealed that D2Rs in distinct brain structures mediate different learning tasks. The newly discovered roles of D2R in the larval brain provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying larval associative learning. ResultsDistinct dopaminergic neurons innervate different compartments of the mushroom bodyThe connectome of larval learning has been investigated in both first- and third-instar larvae28,46. The mushroom body works as the learning center in Drosophila, which is composed by αβ, α’β’, and γ neurons in adult brains47. In larvae, axons from γ neurons bifurcate and form the vertical and medial lobes, as αβ and α’β’ neurons are not mature33,48,49. These lobes are divided into 11 compartments (refer to Figure 1) based on the coverage of neurites from both mushroom body extrinsic neurons (MBEN) and mushroom body output neurons (MBON)28. Around 21 dopaminergic neurons are found in each brain hemisphere, and categorized into 4 clusters: DM1 (dorsomedial), pPAM (primary protocerebral anterior medial, or DM2)50, DL1 (dorsolateral), and DL234. DL1 neurons project to the vertical lobe41, while pPAM neurons innervate the medial lobe50 (refer to Figure 1a-c). Figure 1. Identification of driver strains for single dopaminergic neurons in the Drosophila larval brain. (a) A schematic diagram shows the dopaminergic neuron (DAN) clusters and the mushroom body (MB) in the third-instar larval brain. (b) & (c) Schematic diagrams show the innervation patterns from distinct DANs to different compartments in the MB. All 11 MB compartments are shown, note that there is no synapse formed from dopaminergic neurons to the calyx and intermediate peduncle (IP). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is unrelated to the claim as it discusses the role of D2 receptors (D2Rs) in the Drosophila larval brain and how they mediate different learning tasks related to dopamine signaling, without mentioning olfactory receptors or any quantum effects. Therefore, it does not provide evidence or insights that support or rebut the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Proceedings, 33rdWorkshop on 16. Hammons T. J. 2004 Geothermal power generation worldwide: global perspective, technology, field experience, and research and development. Components and Systems, 32 529 553 1532-5008 17. Hettiarachchi H. D. M. Golubovic M. Worek W. M. Ikegami Y. 2007 Optimum design criteria for an organic Rankine cycle using low-temperature geothermal heat sources Energy, 32 1698 1706 0360-5442 18. Holdmann G. 2007 ORC technology for waste heat applications. Presented at the Recovery and 2007. Available from: 19. Holm A. Blodgett L. Jennejohn D. Gawell K. Geothermal Energy. Association G. E. A. 2010 Geothermal energy: International market update. Available from: 20. Huenges E. (2010 2010 Geothermal energy systems, Wiley-& Co. 978-3-52740-831-3 KGaA, Weinheim, Germany. 10. 1002/9783527630479 21. Hung T. -C. 2001 Waste heat recovery of organic Rankine cycle using dry fluids and Management 42 539 553 0196-8904 22. Ismail B. I. 2011a Advanced electrical power generation technology using renewable & clean low-enthalpy geothermal energy sources. on Mechanical Engineering, 4 2 168 179 0187-4477 X 23. Ismail B. I. 2011b Power generation using nonconventional renewable geothermal and alternative clean energy technologies, Chap. 18, in: Planet earth 2011 Global warming challenge and opportunities for policy and practice, Edited by Carayannis, E. G. , 978-9-53307-733-8 Croatia. 24. Kalra C. Becquin G. Jackson J. Laursen A. L. Chen H. Hardy A. Klockow H. Zia J. 2012 High-potential working fluids and cycle concepts for next generation binary Cycle for enhanced geothermal systems. Proceedings, 37th Workshop on 25. Maizza V. Maizza A. 2001 Unconventional working fluids in organic Rankine-cycles for waste energy recovery systems Engineering 21 381 390 1359-4311 26. Majer E. Baria R. Stark M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of geothermal energy and its applications, including power generation, thereby corroborating the claim that geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. References to studies and technologies related to geothermal power highlight its significance and usage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Surprisingly, bioaugmentation using the microbial suspension made from forest soil did not significantly alter the soil bacterial community structure in the root-free compartment. This result does not corroborate the first hypothesis, which proposed that amending the microbial suspension from natural soil would enhance bacterial diversity and modify the community structure. Overall, the diversity of the soil community appeared to be reduced, as there was also no evidence of AMF species influencing the soil. Another study utilizing a similar compartmented rhizobox system, albeit with a sterilized soil substrate [51], demonstrated very significant differences between the hyphosphere soil communities of different AMF species, contrary to our findings; the overall bacterial community also differed greatly in this study compared to ours. Consequently, AMF seemed to exhibit reduced host specificity in the hyphosphere soil within a soil-based substrate already containing an indigenous microbial community compared to a sterilized one. However, this does not necessarily mean that the AMF had no effect on the overall soil, as demonstrated by the impact of AMF on a forest soil bacterial community [51]. Rather, the hyphosphere soil community appeared to be highly conservative, as evidenced by the fact that microbial inoculation did not alter its composition in our study. The unexpected variability observed in the mycelial bacterial community when compared to the hyphosphere soil community is another intriguing finding. This result partially supports our second hypothesis. It is possible that AMF mycelia acted as a bacterial highway, facilitating the transportation of microbial communities from the root compartment to the root-free compartment through the nylon membranes. This is supported by de Novais et al. [52], who demonstrated that AMF hyphae facilitated the movement of bacteria between two interconnected plants via the same mycorrhizal network. Another potential mechanism is that AMF mycelia recruited part of their bacterial community from the amendment made by the microbial suspension. These recruited communities did not disperse in the hyphosphere soils but remained attached to the surfaces of the hyphae and spores, which likely explains the shifts observed in the bacterial communities between the mycelia and hyphosphere soils. Moreover, the taxonomic composition of the bacterial community observed in the mycelia differed significantly from that reported in an AMF inoculum of R. irregularis by Agnolucci et al. [53], as well as in another study by the same authors focusing on the spores of other AMF species [53]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing variability in microbial communities, as indicated by phrases like 'the overall bacterial community also differed greatly in this study compared to ours' and 'the taxonomic composition of the bacterial community observed in the mycelia differed significantly.' This supports the notion that microbiome compositions can vary significantly among different contexts and conditions, undermining the assertion that everyone's microbiome is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: DANs in DL1 (b) and in pPAM (c). (d-m) Drivers covering DANs in the DL1 cluster (d-h). Drivers covering DANs in the pPAM cluster (i-m). The first column shows drivers covering distinct dopaminergic neurons. Neurons under the drivers are labeled by GFP, the mushroom body (MB) is labeled by RFP, and dopaminergic neurons (DANs) are marked by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody. The second column (d’-m’) shows the GRASP signals from DANs under the driver to the corresponding compartments in the MB. The green channel represents the GRASP signals, and RFP marks the morphology of the MB. In the first column, white arrows mark the DANs under the driver strains. Yellow arrows in (d) show the pPAM neurons not labelled by TH-GAL4 driver strain. The yellow arrowhead in (k) showed the DL1 neuron not innervating the MB. Scale bars: 50 µm for the first column, and 20 µm for the second column. Abbreviations: DL, dorsolateral; DM, dorsomedial; IP, intermediate peduncle; IT intermediate toe; IVL, intermediate vertical lobe; LA, lateral 1. In this study, we wanted to functionally identify individual DANs that mediate larval olfactory learning. The first step was to search for DAN-specific driver strains that mark single dopaminergic neurons, which subsequently can be used to target genetic manipulations of corresponding neurons. A total of 56 driver strains identifying dopaminergic neurons were screened in this study (Table 1). These strains were chosen based on previous studies, either identifying a single dopaminergic neuron in larvae, or identifying only several in adult brains and indicating the potential of identifying single DAN in larvae. TH-GAL4, a traditional dopaminergic neuronal driver51, identifies all dopaminergic neurons except those in pPAM (Figure 1d, Figure S1a). Split-GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (GRASP) technique was used to investigate the “direct” synaptic connections from DANs to the mushroom body (MB), in which portions of GFP were specifically expressed in corresponding neurons (Figure S2d). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the identification of dopaminergic neurons and their functional relationships in the context of larval olfactory learning. There is no mention of olfactory receptors or any claim related to quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Oates S. Bommer J. Smith B. Asanuma H. (2007 2007 Induced seismicity associated with Systems. Geothermics, 36 185 222 0375-6505 27. Majorowicz J. Grasby S. E. 2010 Heat flow, depth-temperature variations and stored thermal energy for enhanced geothermal systems in Canada. J. Geophys. Eng. , 7 232 241 1742-2132 28. Panea C. Rosca G. M. Blaga C. A. 2010 Power generation from low-enthalpy geothermal resources. Journal of Sustainable Energy, 1 2 1 5 2067-5538 29. Pruess K. 2006 Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) using CO2 as working fluid- A novel approach for generating renewable energy with simultaneous sequestration of carbon. Geothermics, 35 351 367 0375-6505 30. Randolph J. B. Saar M. O. 2011 Coupling carbon dioxide sequestration with geothermal energy capture in naturally permeable, porous geologic formations: Implications for CO2 sequestration. Energy Procedia, 4 2206 2213 31. Rosca M. G. Karytsas K. Mendrinos D. 2010 Low enthalpy geothermal power generation in Romania. 2010. 32. Ruggero-Bertani E. 2007 World geothermal generation in 2007, GHC Bulletin, 1 12 33. Saleh B. Koglbauer G. Wendland M. Fischer J. 2007 Working fluids for low-temperature organic Rankine cycles Energy, 32 1210 1221 0360-5442 34. Schuster A. Karellas S. Kakaras E. Spliethoff H. 2009 Energetic and economic investigation of Cycle applications. Engineering, 29 1809 1817 1359-4311 35. Stephens J. C. Jiusto. S. 2010 Assessing innovation in emerging energy technologies: Socio-technical dynamics of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) in the USA. Energy Policy, 38 2020 2031 0301-4215 36. Wei D. Lu X. Lu Z. Gu J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies and articles related to geothermal energy systems and their utility for power generation, indicating that geothermal energy indeed involves utilizing heat stored beneath the Earth's surface. For instance, it mentions works like 'Power generation from low-enthalpy geothermal resources' and discusses enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), which are fundamentally tied to the harnessing of subterranean heat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it can be inferred that substrate composition has an impact on the bacterial communities associated with plant roots [54], which in turn could influences AMF mycelial bacteriome. Certain bacterial taxa, such as Chloroflexota, which were abundant in the mycelia in our study, were not present in the spores in these two studies, suggesting a context-specific association with mycelia development in the soil. Despite the substantial beta diversity difference observed between the hyphosphere soils and mycelia, a significant number of ASVs, as well as the majority of bacterial genera, were shared between the two biotopes, indicating a certain degree of connectivity between them. Consequently, our findings suggest a higher level of host selectivity within the mycelia compared to the hyphosphere soil, and/or a lack of consistency in the mycelia bacterial community, which may result in some stochastic effects, consistent with the increased dispersion observed in mycelia communities. The bacterial community profiles associated with different AMF species varied. In particular, the species R. cerebriforme exhibited a strong correlation with three bacterial genera, including Glomeribacter, known for forming symbiotic associations with AMF species [55]. Additionally, R. clarus and R. irregularis each showed a correlation with one bacterial genus. These data support the third hypothesis, suggesting that while all AMF species establish some level of association with certain bacterial taxa, the primary selection process predominantly occurs within the mycelia and is less pronounced in hyphosphere soils. The observed variation in the bacterial community selection by AMF aligns with previous findings, indicating that some AMF taxa possess a higher enrichment of secreted protein genes compared to other species [10], which may lead to a more selective association with the bacterial community. Although the three AMF species belong to the same genus Rhizophagus, with R. irregularis and R. clarus being closely related compared to R. cerebriforme, we observed variations in the bacterial communities associated with their mycelia, suggesting the organismal phylogeny influence of bacterial communities associated with AMF mycelia. Notably, the mycelial bacterial community of R. cerebriforme contained 60 bacterial core taxa exclusive to it, while R. clarus and R. irregularis had 25 and 9 exclusive taxa, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that microbiome compositions vary significantly among different AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) species and their associated bacterial communities. For example, it explains that 'the bacterial community profiles associated with different AMF species varied,' and highlights that even closely related species exhibit differences in their associated bacterial taxa, such as the exclusive bacterial core taxa found in R. cerebriforme and the variances in communities associated with R. clarus and R. irregularis. This indicates that microbiome compositions are not identical but rather context-specific and subject to variation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: GRASP results showed neurons under TH-GAL4 formed synapses in the vertical lobe and lower peduncle (white dash lines in Figure 1d’), consistent with previous electron microscopy data46. We found three DAN driver strains that identify single dopaminergic neurons in the third-instar larval brain hemisphere. DAN driver R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD identifies a dopaminergic neuron innervating the lower peduncle (LP), which would be DAN-c1 based on previous published nomenclature28 (Figure 1f). MB296B driver identifies the dopaminergic neuron (DAN-d1) projecting to the lateral 1. Driver strains screened for dopaminergic neurons in the third-instar larval brain. Strains are listed with their published names and names used in this work. The numbers of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons in the third-instar larval brain are described. The identities of dopaminergic neurons from distinct clusters are also listed, especially for those in DL1 and pPAM. The analogs column lists the labelled neurons in previous publications. Source/Gift column shows the original papers in which these strains were described, as well as the laboratories these strains were obtained from. Several, 2-5 neurons; some, 6-10 neurons; lots, >10 neurons. In pPAM, R58E02 driver identifies DAN-h1, i1, and j1, innervating the shaft (SHA), intermediate toe (IT) and upper toe (UT) (Figure 1i), and R30G08 driver identifies DAN-h1 and i1 (Figure 1j). As described in a previous report28, SS864 driver identifies DAN-i1, innervating the upper toe (Figure 1l), and SS1757 driver identifies DAN-k1 which innervates the lower toe (LT) (Figure 1m). In contrast, SS1696 driver identifies not only DAN-h1, but also i1 and one DL1 neuron not innervating the mushroom body (Figure 1K). In summary, our results show that five DL1 and four pinnervate nine distinct mushroom body compartments in a one-to-one pattern (Figure 1b and c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses the identification of dopaminergic neurons in the larval brain and their connections rather than providing any information about olfactory receptors or quantum effects. There is no mention of olfactory receptors or their potential quantum functionalities, making the text unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Thermodynamic pre-determination of power generation potential in geothermal low-temperature applications access Published: 26 April 2014 Thermodynamic pre-determination of power generation potential in geothermal low-temperature applications Henrik Öhman1 & Per Lundqvist2 0. 5-MWe plant is considered. Obviously, the relative cost will then rise significantly for small-scale power plants and could prohibit the use of such. In order to simplify and increase the confidence of second law analysis output, Öhman and Lundqvist ([2012]) suggested a simplified analysis method using a finite Carnot cycle analogy determining the Carnot Efficiency, ηc, Il, as the potential ratio of output work, W ˙ NPO to input heat, Q ˙ 1 a. η c Il = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n η c l i (1) where i is a very small, finite Carnot process in a series of n and ηc, l is the Carnot efficiency of i. Note that the small, finite and constant size step is taken in the dimension of heat flux from the heat source and that ‘finiteness’ or apparent specific heat capacity of both source and sink is required to determine ηc, l. The reason for using this summation is, as described in ( Öhman and Lundqvist [2012]), the lack of possibility to solve the equivalent integral analytically. One may bear in mind that is possible to derive by exergy analysis or entropy analysis, though an iterative procedure is required. The function of η c ˙ 1 is determined by ending the summation in Equation 1 at Q ˙ 1. This also gives a relation of ηc, Il(ψ U ), where ψ U is the utilization of the available heat transport from source to sink by a reversible power cycle. Though the calculations of is relatively simple and straight-forward (see Equation 1), it would still require the local engineer to set up a model in a suitable software by himself or purchase a commercial software, in order to perform his investigation. Making software is prone to cause errors and purchasing commercial software is likely to be non-attractive from a cost perspective. Small-scale power plants, using low-temperature heat, LTPCs, have entered the market in a number of formats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the utilization of geothermal energy for power generation, specifically low-temperature applications. It mentions thermodynamic analysis and efficiency which are relevant to the harnessing of heat from geothermal sources, thereby supporting the assertion that geothermal energy is derived from beneath the Earth's surface for generating power.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: This supports the hypothesis that R. cerebriforme exhibits a highly selective association with its bacteriome, whereas R. irregularis demonstrates a comparatively weaker selection. Further research employing a variety of AMF species from different genera and families, coupled with both taxonomic and functional analyses, is required to elucidate the impacts of organismal phylogeny and life history strategies on the recruitment of bacterial communities by AMF. ConclusionsOur study employed a meticulously designed microcosm to explore how the identity of AMF influences the soil bacterial community structure in both enriched and non-enriched microbial environments. We also delved into whether mycelia from closely related AMF species cultivated under similar conditions would selectively shape distinct bacterial communities. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of AMF species, microbial bioaugmentation and their interactions on plant growth through AMF mycelia. Our findings unveiled notable disparities in the predominant bacterial taxa between soil influenced by AMF mycelia and those reported in previous studies on AMF hyphospheres or mycelia without experimental designs separating them from the roots. Intriguingly, our study’s bacterial communities closely resembled those found in hyphosphere fungal mats compared to those in mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with plant roots, indicating a significant alteration due to the absence of plant roots in our experimental setup. Unexpectedly, microbial bioaugmentation using a forest soil-derived microbial suspension did not significantly alter the soil bacterial community structure in the RFC. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in overall soil community diversity, suggesting no apparent influence of AMF species on the soil. The unexpected variability observed in the mycelial bacterial community compared to the hyphosphere soil community suggests that AMF mycelia may serve as a conduit for microbial transportation between compartments. Additionally, our study highlighted the impact of substrate composition on the bacterial communities associated with AMF mycelia. Furthermore, we observed a higher level of host selectivity within mycelia compared to hyphosphere soil, suggesting a more tailored interaction between AMF and the bacterial communities within mycelia. The distinct bacterial community profiles associated with different AMF species further support the hypothesis that selective association processes occur primarily within mycelia. This selective process appears to be influenced by organismal phylogeny, as evidenced by the variations observed in the bacterial communities associated with different AMF species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in bacterial communities influenced by different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species. It explains that the study observed notable disparities in bacterial taxa associated with AMF, indicating that microbiome compositions can differ due to factors like organismal phylogeny. This suggests that microbiomes are not identical across individuals or conditions, directly rebutting the claim of identical microbiome compositions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: DL1 neurons innervate the vertical lobe and peduncle, while pPAM neurons project to the medial lobe. The single neuronal driver strains screened can be used to investigate the roles of individually identified DANs in larval olfactory learning. Dopamine release from DAN-c1 is both necessary and sufficient for larval aversive learningDopamine plays an important role during olfactory associative learning in both adults and larvae52,53. In adults, dopaminergic neurons in PPL1 regulate aversive learning54–57, while those in PAM mediate reward signals in appetitive learning58–60. In larvae, DL1 neurons innervating the vertical lobe and the peduncle are required for aversive learning18,41, while those in pPAM projecting to the medial lobe are involved in appetitive learning50. 1 and Table 1, three driver strains identifying single dopaminergic neurons in DL1 were discovered, which could be candidates to investigate their roles in larval aversive learning. The R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD strain identifies MB-MP1 in the adult brain61, which is a dopaminergic neuron involved in adult aversive learning62. This driver strain identifies one neuron per hemisphere in the third-instar larval brain (Figure 2a-c, Figure S1c). Using a UAS- DenMark;UAS-sytGFP strain, its dendrites were labeled with RFP and axonal terminals were marked by GFP. Its dendrites were localized in the dorsomedial protocerebrum (dml), and its axonal terminals located in the lower peduncle of the mushroom body (Figure 2a and d), with GRASP results supporting the existence of synapses in this compartment (Figure 2E). All these characteristics are consistent with the previously published nomenclature28, indicating that this neuron is DAN-c1 (Figure 2f), thus, this strain will now be referred to simply as DAN-c1. Figure 2. DAN-c1 is both necessary and sufficient for larval aversive learning. (a-f) R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD driver is used as it covers one dopaminergic neuron, DAN-c1, in each brain hemisphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the roles of dopaminergic neurons in larval olfactory learning and aversive learning without mentioning olfactory receptors or quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Öhman and Lundqvist ([2013]) investigated a large sample of operating plants as well as commercially available, standardized LTPCs. It showed that performance of all plants is a function of the ratio of utilized to potential heat transport from heat source to heat sink. With this knowledge, the need to simulate a particular thermal process, such as cycles (ORC; Schuster et al. [2009]), Kalina cycle (Walraven et al. [2013]), cycle (TFC; Fischer [2011]) or any other cycle becomes unnecessary for pre-optimizing plants and business cases. In order to offer a correct and cost-efficient tool, a graphic model was therefore developed in order to allow the simplest possible access to Equation 1. Combined with a calculated absolute maximum rate of heat exchange from the heat source Q ˙ CA any practitioner is able to present a scientific best estimate of the maximum expected power output and the corresponding required utilization of available heat exchange between source and sink. This allows for estimating size and cost of the major cost items as well as the expected sales volume of electric power. The authors' intention is to enhance the use of small-scale LTPCs by offering this simplified analysis procedure. model is dependent on a number of parameters making a detailed graphic version multidimensional and too complicated. Therefore, a reduction of dependent parameters was performed by analysing the model sensitivity to each parameter. Intuitively, we understand that the entry temperatures of source and sink, T1 and T2 and the thermal capacity of the fluid streams are parameters affecting the potential power generation of a power cycle. More often overlooked is the dependence on the utilization as defined in Equation 2. ψ U = Q ˙ 1 Q ˙ CA (2) where Q ˙ CA corresponds to the heat transfer rate from the source when exit temperature of source and sink coincide and work is produced entirely reversibly, see Equations 4 and 5. Q ˙ 1 represents the particular rate of heat transferred from the heat source to the process. Figure 1 shows the thermal entities of a general power cycle in an application with relatively low temperature difference between source and sink. As heat transfer from the source is used as the abscissa; the temperature gradient of the source flow is shown linearly. Please note that the graphic model developed in this 2. Full size imageEfficiency is also included in Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the performance of geothermal plants and their reliance on heat transport from heat sources to sinks. The mention of investigating the potential power generation based on heat transfer rates and cycle efficiency directly relates to harnessing the Earth's heat for energy production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Intestinal anastomotic injury alters spatially defined microbiome composition and function access Published: 15 September 2014 Intestinal anastomotic injury alters spatially defined microbiome composition and function Shogan1, Smith2 nAff4, Scott Christley1, Gilbert2,3, Olga Zaborina1 & …Alverdy1 Show authors Microbiome 0. Point sizes represent the higher point-in-time average abundance of the group relative to the entire microbial community. Groups comprising less than 1% of the total community on POD0 and POD6 are excluded. Full size imageFigure 3Comparative analysis of bacterial abundance in anastomotic tissues at POD0 and POD6. The analysis is presented at phylum, order, class, family, and genus levels. Full size imagePredicted functional profiling suggests the potential of virulence-associated pathways in post-anastomotic tissuesThe functional potential of the microbiota associated with the intraluminal contents (stool) and tissue before (POD0) and after anastomosis (POD6) was predicted using [6]. There were no statistically significant functional differences for the intraluminal contents between POD0 and POD6, while the microbiota associated with intestinal tissue revealed multiple significantly altered functional attributes after anastomosis (Table 1). The upregulated functions in tissue-associated microbiota can be traits of Escherichia and Enterococcus. The virulence-associated functions such as pore formation by hemolysin E [7], bacterial attachment to mammalian cells via AIDA-I adhesin-like protein [8], cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells by cytolethal toxins [9] and cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 [10], increased motility (outer membrane usher protein, fimbrial-like protein, type 1 fimbrial protein, fimbrial chaperone protein) [11], and invasion of epithelial cells via invasion B [12] can be attributed to Enterobacteriaceae, particularly, Escherichia. The proteolytic cleavage by coccolysin also known as gelatinase can be attributed to Enterococcus[13, 14]. Importantly, gelatinase GelE of Enterococcus faecalis has been shown to degrade collagen, a critical component for anastomotic tissue healing [15, 16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how intestinal anastomotic injury alters the microbiome composition and function, indicating that there can be significant variations in microbiome profiles among individuals, especially in response to specific physiological changes. This suggests that microbiome compositions are not identical for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (a) Dendrites and axons of DAN-c1 are labeled by DenMark and sytGFP, correspondingly. (b-e) The innervation patterns of DAN-c1. DAN-c1 is labeled with GFP, the MB with RFP, and DANs with TH antibody (blue color). Only one DAN soma is identified (c), axons from DAN-c1 innervate the lower peduncle (LP) of the MB (d), and synapses from DAN-c1 to the LP of the MB are shown by GRASP (e). A schematic diagram (f) shows the innervation patterns of DAN-c1. Modified from Eichler et al. 46, and Saumweber et. al. 28. (g) A schematic paradigm for larval olfactory learning (top) and two different training paradigms for thermogenetics (bottom). (h-j) Blocking dopamine release from DAN-c1 during learning using shibirets1 strain under 34°C impairs larval aversive learning. (k-l) Activation of DAN-c1 with dTRTPA1 under 34°C induces aversive learning. QUI, quinine. DW, distill water. SUC, sucrose. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S2. Scale bars: 50 µm (a and b), 20 µm (c, d and e). To reveal the role of DAN-c1 in larval olfactory learning, a single odor learning paradigm and thermogenetic tools were applied17,18,63. Compared to those trained with distilled water (DW), control larvae exhibited repulsion to the odorant pentyl acetate (PA) after being trained with quinine (QUI) paired with PA, reflecting aversive learning. In contrast, larvae were attracted to PA after being trained with sucrose (SUC) paired with PA, reflecting appetitive learning. The extent of repulsion or attraction was represented with a response index (R. I. ) that is compared to the DW group (Figure 2g). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mechanisms of larval olfactory learning and dopamine release in a specific experimental setup, but does not address or provide any information regarding the function of olfactory receptors or their potential quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 84390 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation by Basel I. From the by Basel I. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. natural heat energy produced from the Earth is called “geothermal heat energy. ” It is proved to be an environmentally friendly clean energy source that could significantly help to mitigate GHG emissions when used for power generation [1]. The source of geothermal energy is the continuous heat energy flux flowing from the interior of the Earth toward its ground surface. The geothermal resources of the Earth are vast. For instance, the amount of geothermal energy stored at a depth of approximately 3 km is estimated to be 1,194,444,444 TWh which is much larger compared to all fossil fuel resources combined, whose energy equivalent is estimated to be 1,010,361 TWh [1, 2]. Unlike other renewable energy resources, geothermal energy has distinct characteristics; namely, it is available and stable at all times throughout the year, has an inherent storage capability, and is independent of weather conditions [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how geothermal energy is derived from the continuous heat energy flux flowing from the interior of the Earth toward its ground surface. It also describes geothermal heat energy as a clean energy source that can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions when utilized for power generation. Therefore, it supports the assertion that geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for the purpose of generating power.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: We further performed enrichment analysis for KEGG metabolic pathways to determine what metabolic changes occur at post-anastomotic tissues versus stool. The analysis indicates there are substantially more metabolic changes for tissue-associated microbiota than for the microbiota in the luminal contents, as expected based on changes in microbial community structure (Figure 4). Furthermore, the analysis of post-anastomotic tissues predicts virulence-associated metabolic pathways such as lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, bacterial secretion system, and shigellosis, which are not represented in the stool microbiota. The metabolic pathways were linked to the OTUs responsible for the functions (Figure 5). The analysis demonstrated a shift in the primary contributors to the metabolic functions such as genus Lactobacillus, order Clostridiales, and genus Ruminococcus for pre-anastomotic tissue versus family Enterobacteriaceae, genus Enterococcus, and genus Bacteroides for post-anastomotic tissue (Figure 5). Table 1 Predicted upregulated functions in tissue-associated microbiota after anastomosis Full size tableFigure 4Enriched metabolic pathways for pre- and post-anastomic tissue and stool. Pathway enrichment for KEGG metabolic pathways using HUMAnN followed by statistical comparative analysis using LEfSe was performed to determine differential enrichment between POD0 and POD6 for tissue and stool. Red color indicates that the KEGG metabolic pathway is enriched in comparison to the corresponding POD for either tissue or stool. Tissue and stool were not directly compared with each other, so common metabolic pathways do not indicate equivalent levels of enrichment for both. Full size imageFigure 5Contribution of taxonomic groups to the enriched metabolic pathways for pre- and post-anastomotic tissue. There is a shift in the primary contributors to the metabolic functions from taxa such as genus Lactobacillus, order Clostridiales, and genus Ruminococcus for pre-anastomotic tissue to taxa such as family Enterobacteriaceae, genus Enterococcus, and genus Bacteroides for post-anastomotic tissue. Values are scaled to a 0–1 range for each KEGG metabolic pathway (ko) individually, with 1 indicating the highest contributing OTU and 0 indicating no contribution by the OTU. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing substantial metabolic changes and differences in microbial community structure between post-anastomotic tissues and stool, indicating that microbiome compositions are distinct rather than identical. Specifically, it highlights that different taxa contribute to metabolic functions in pre-anastomotic versus post-anastomotic tissues, undermining the assertion of uniformity in microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: To examine the role of DAN-c1 in aversive learning, we used a Shibirets1 strain, which encodes a thermosensitive mutant of dynamin blocking neurotransmitter release when the ambient temperature is higher than 30°C by repressing endocytosis and vesicle recycling functions17. When trained at 34°C, the complete inactivation of dopamine release from DAN-c1 with Shibirets1 impaired aversive learning (Figure 2h), while Shibirets1 did not affect learning when trained at room temperature (22°C). These data indicated that dopamine release from DAN-c1 is necessary for larval aversive learning to occur. In the next experiments, a fly carrying temperature-sensitive cation channel, dTRPA1, was used to excite the DAN-c1 neuron because it can be activated at temperatures higher than 30°C58. Activation of DAN-c1 with dTRPA1 at 34°C during training induced repulsion to PA in the distilled water group (Figure 2k). These data suggested that DAN-c1 excitation and presumably increased dopamine release is sufficient for larval aversive learning in the absence of gustatory pairing. Combining the blockade results with Shibirets1, these data revealed that dopamine released from DAN-c1 activation is both necessary and sufficient in larval aversive learning. However, when paired with a gustatory stimulus (QUI or SUC), activation of DAN-c1 during training impairs both aversive and appetitive learning (Figure 2k). We suggest that these data indicate a critical role for the amount of DAN-c1 dopamine release in larval associative learning, as dTRPA1 stimulation may result in excessive dopamine release. The expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brainAlthough dopamine D1-like receptors have been proven important for learning42, the role of D2-like receptors has not been fully investigated. In addition, the expression pattern of D2R in fly brains was not reported. A fly strain expressing GFP-tagged D2R (BDSC#60276) was used to reveal the expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brain (Figure 3a). D2Rs were found in dopaminergic neurons and the mushroom body. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of dopamine and specific neuronal activity in aversive learning in fruit flies, without any mention of olfactory receptors or quantum effects. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: It was estimated that the world net electricity demand is going to increase by approximately 85% from 2004 to 2030, increasing from 16,424 TWh (in 2004) to 30,364 TWh (in 2030), so that the utilization of geothermal energy for electric power production continues to be a promising solution, more particularly with the new discoveries of innovative technological methods of power generation cycles and drilling technologies. The utilization of geothermal energy resources can also be used for direct heating applications [1]. In general, the utilization of geothermal energy is divided into two parts: (a) electricity generation and (b) direct heating (non-electrical) applications. Recently, this form of renewable energy source has grown in 25 countries, with installed geothermal-electric capacity up to 11 GWe in 2010 [1, 2], and is increasingly contributing to the electric power supply worldwide [1, 2, 3]. Geothermal energy resources vary from one geographic location to another, depending on the depth, temperature, and pressure of the geothermal resource, the abundance of ground water, and the underground chemical composition. Geothermal energy resources typically differ in temperature from about 50 to 350°C. The high-temperature geothermal resources (with temperature >200°C) are typically found in volcanic regions and island chains, whereas the medium-temperature (150–200°C) and low-temperature geothermal resources (<150°C) are usually found widely in most continental regions and by far the most commonly available geothermal resource [2, 3]. The increase in temperature with depth in the Earth’s crust can be expressed in terms of what is known as the geothermal temperature gradient. Down to the depths accessible by drilling with state-of-the art technology (over 10 km), the average geothermal gradient is about 2. 5–3. 0°C/100 m [2]. For example, at depth around 3 km below ground surface, the estimated temperature is approximately 90°C. There are, however, regions in which the geothermal temperature gradient is far from the average value. For instance, in some geothermal areas, the gradient is 10 times the average value due to composition of these areas and geothermal structure [2]. It was also reported that the emissions of GHG from geothermal power plants, in general, constitute less than 2% of the emission of these gases by fossil-fuelled power plants [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the utilization of geothermal energy for electric power production and explaining how geothermal energy resources are harnessed based on their temperature and depth. It mentions that geothermal energy can be used for electricity generation and that it contributes to the electric power supply worldwide, highlighting its relevance as a renewable energy source that taps into the heat beneath the Earth's surface.