Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Ethnobotany of hill tribes of northern Thailand. I. Medicinal plants of Akha. Econ Bot. 1986;40(1):38–53 Durkee L. Flora Costaricensis: family. Acanthaceae. Field Bot. 1996;l(18):1–87. . Ethnobotany of acanthaceae in the mount cameroon region. J Res. 2013;7(38):2859–2866. . Scientia research library ISSN 2348-0416. J Res. 2014;2(2):36–42. Mabberley D. The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants second edition; 1997. Mabberley DJ. Mabberley's plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classifications and uses (No. Ed 3) Press; 2008. Prasad MP. Studies on phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Acanthaceae species. Curr Res. 2014;6(9):8630–8637. . Identification and properties of Asteracantha longifolia (L. ) Nees byGC-MS analysis. J Life Sci. 2017;5(1):1–6 Clinacanthus nutans: a review of the medicinal uses, pharmacology and phytochemistry. J Trop Med. 2016;9(4):402–409. Kavitha K, Sujatha, Manoharan S. Antidiabetic potential of acanthaceae family. . 2016;6(1):30–37. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Nandi people in Kenya. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116(2):370–376. Hussain M, Ghani A. Herbal remidies used for gastrointestinal disorders in Kaghan valley, NWFP, Pakistan. Res. 2008;14(3-4):169–200. Assessment of bioactivity of Indian medicinal plants using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay. Eng. 2005;3(2):125–134 Genus ruellia: pharmacological and phytochemical importance in ethnopharmacology. Acta pol pharm. 2015;72(5):821–827. Bishay D, Abdel-Baky A, El-Moghazy S, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple references to ethnobotanical studies that focus on the medicinal uses of plants. For instance, it mentions the 'medicinal plants of Akha' and discusses various studies related to the pharmacological and medicinal significance of Acanthaceae species, as well as specific ethnobotanical studies on medicinal plants used by the Nandi people in Kenya. These references indicate that ethnobotany is also concerned with plants used for medicinal purposes, directly contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: The collection of clinical data encompassed various categories such as demographics (age, gender), complications (bleeding gastrointestinal varices, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy [HE]), biochemical indicators (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], total bilirubin [TBIL], serum albumin [ALB], ɣ-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT], white blood cell count [WBC], neutrophil count [NC], lymphocyte count [LC], platelet count [PLT], creatinine [CREA], prothrombin time [PT], international normalized ratio [INR], Alpha-fetoprotein [AFP]), and routine laboratory tests which involved computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, conducted every 3–6 months 2. 3 Construction of ANN The artificial neural network (ANN) is composed of complex and interconnected processing units called neurons. These neurons are connected through weighted connections and organized into an input layer, output layer, and one or more hidden layers (23, 24). Some advantages of using an ANN include its ability to self-learn, self-adapt, and perform inference processes. The ANN learns by examining examples and adjusting the weights of the connections between neurons to establish a relationship between input and output. When applied to data, the input is passed through the layers of neurons until an output is generated. Following this output, a process of self-adaptation occurs. The produced output is compared to the desired output, and if there is a difference, an error signal is generated. This error signal is then used in a back propagation (BP) method to modify the weights of the connections between neurons. This modification aims to minimize the overall error of the network. Throughout the learning process, the error between the produced outputs and the desired outputs gradually decreases until it reaches a minimum, indicating convergence of the network. Once this convergence is achieved, the ANN can perform an inference process. During this process, new input data can be used to generate outputs or predictions based on the knowledge gained during the training process. This allows the ANN to accurately predict outcomes on different data sets (25, 26, 27) In this investigation, the 5-year progression of PVT in the 637 layers of cirrhosis input contained neurons that imported the available data, encompassing a variety of clinical, demographic, and laboratory information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the construction and functioning of artificial neural networks (ANN) within a clinical context, focusing on various clinical data and their implications rather than applications in predicting protein structures. There is no mention of protein structures or their prediction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The behavior activity did not increase significantly in parallel with the episodic burst of PER2::LUC. Correlation analysis failed to reveal any significant relationship with respect to AUC and the peak level between activity bouts and accompanying bioluminescence or between episodic bursts of bioluminescence and accompanying behavior activity in all clock gene reporters. Thus, there was no evidence for a stoichiometric correlation between the episodic burst and the activity bout. DiscussionCircadian rhythms in Per1-luc, PER2::LUC and Bmal1-ELuc in the SCN of freely moving mice were measured continuously for up to 3 weeks using an in vivo monitoring system. The circadian period of each reporter matched the period of behavior in vivo, indicating that the reporter rhythms reflected adequately the circadian oscillation. Bioluminescence recorded by the present in vivo measurement likely drives primarily from the dorsal area of the SCN, since the intensity of bioluminescence at the ventral area of the SCN is estimated to decay by 70% (Bmal1-ELuc) or 50% (Per1-luc, PER2::LUC)8. Contamination of the signal by peri-SCN bioluminescence seems to be negligible, since the bioluminescence intensity at the border of SCN or outside the nucleus was less than 10% of the brightest area in the SCN (S3). The value was not large enough to modify episodic bursts, taking a 2 to 3 fold fluctuation range of bioluminescence from the circadian baseline into account. The circadian peaks of clock gene bioluminescence were located at different times of day for the three reporters and almost antiphasic between PER2::LUC and Bmal1-ELuc, which were expected based on previous investigation12,14. The ex vivo circadian peak was slightly but significantly phase-advanced as compared with the in vivo peak by approximately 3 hours, regardless of the clock genes. The reason for these phase-advance shifts is unknown, but preparation of SCN slices for culturing could influence the circadian rhythm in culture15. The in vivo monitoring technology enabled us to precisely analyze the temporal profiles of clock gene expression with respect to behavior outputs. Notably, this is the first demonstration of episodic bursts of clock gene reporters in vivo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the circadian rhythms in the SCN were measured continuously and that the circadian period of the clock gene reporters matched the behavior in vivo. This indicates that the SCN reflects adequate circadian oscillation, supporting the notion that it acts as a master clock.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Macro-and micromorphology of the leaf and stem of ruellia brittoniana leonard cultivated in egypt. BullPharm Sci. 2009;32:279–300. Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences. . 2002;3(2):752–761 Perveen A, Qaiser M. Pollen flora of Pakistan-LXVII: Acanthaceae. Bot. 2010;42:175–191 Atal C, Chandhoke N. Chemistry and pharmacology of vasicine: A new oxytocic and abortifacient: regional research laboratory Jammu; 1980. . Medicinal plants of India; Inc, Reference Publications: 1991. Maurya S, Singh D. Quantitative analysis of total phenolic content in Adhatoda vasica Nees extracts. PharmTech Res. 2010;2(4):2403–2406. Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Medicinal uses and pharmacological actions of five commonly used Indian medicinal plants: a mini-review. Pharmacol Ther. 2008;7(1):107–114. Chakraborty A, Brantner A. Study of alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica Nees on their antiinflammatory activity. Phytother Res. 2001;15(6):532–534. Jayapriya G, Shoba FG. Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial efficacy and determination of bioactive components from leaves of justicia adhatoda (Linn). Res. 2015;5(2):43–51. Folklore medicinal plants of Mewat (Gurgaon district), Haryana, India. pharm. 1992;30(2):129–134. Balkwill MJ, Balkwill K. A preliminary analysis of distribution patterns in a large, pantropical genus, Barleria L. (Acanthaceae). J Biogeogr. 1998. p. 95–110. . Validated method for estimation of curcumin in turmeric powder. Trad Know. 2011;10(2):247–250. Amutha K, Doss D. In vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of barleria cristata L. Leaves. Pharm Phytochem. 2009;1(3):209–212. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a variety of studies and research focused on the medicinal uses of plants. It includes references to multiple scholarly articles discussing the pharmacological actions of plants, such as the anti-inflammatory activity of Adhatoda vasica Nees and the medicinal uses of Indian plants. This indicates that ethnobotany encompasses medicinal applications, contradicting the notion that it focuses only on plants used for food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: The output layers consisted of neurons that exported the corresponding predictive results. The hidden layers were utilized to facilitate intricate interactions between the input and output neurons. Factors significantly linked to PVT in patients with cirrhosis were used to construct artificial neural networks (ANNs) employing Mathematica 11. 1. 1 for (64-bit), a graphical tool for neural network development. A total of 912 patients were assigned to either a training group (n = 637, 70%) or a validation group (n = 275, 30%). The backpropagation (BP) algorithm was employed in the learning process of this ANN, which involved assessing the errors between the generated and desired outputs. The connections between neurons were adjusted by modifying the weights to minimize the overall network errors. The learning (training) process would be terminated once the sum of squared errors reached a minimum compared to the cross-validation dataset. Ultimately, the final model provided the development of PVT risks over a 3/5-year period for each patient. 2. 4Statistical analysis The data were expressed in the form of median (range) or n (%) as applicable. To assess the statistical significance of differences among continuous and categorical variables, we employed Student's t-test (or Mann-Whitney test if appropriate) and chi-squared test (or Fisher's exact test if appropriate). Once the relationship between demographic, biochemical, and clinical variables (inputs) and prognosis (outputs) was determined, we selected the variables with statistically significant differences or important clinical characteristics as the input layers for constructing artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the development of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in patients over a period of 3 years and 5 years. We presented hazard ratios (HR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), along with p values. To evaluate the discriminatory performance, we utilized receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The area under the ROC curve was computed to generate Harrell's c-index. Furthermore, we compared the performance of the ANN model with that of Model for End-Disease (MELD) in the ROC curves [28,29,30]. The scores for MELD were calculated based on the published scoring formula. To visually assess the agreement between the predicted probability of PVT over 3/5 years by the model and the observed probability, we employed a calibration plot. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the use of machine learning in predicting protein structures. It discusses the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in predicting portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in patients with cirrhosis, which is unrelated to protein structures. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, episodic bursts of bioluminescence and activity bouts frequently initiated simultaneously, suggesting a common trigger of both processes. Episodic bursts have also been demonstrated in multiple unit activity (MUA) of the SCN in freely moving animals19,20. Unlike our data, MUA episodes occurred when a behavior bout subsided. Causality between MUA and activity bout is not known. Although the origin of episodic bursts remains to be studied, the site of action is most likely intracellular processes. Recently, episodic bursts of gene transcription were demonstrated in cultured single cells across the mammalian genome21,22. The frequency and size of episodic bursts varied among genes and were modulated by transcriptional activators22,23. In the present study, the frequency and size of episodic bursts increased around the circadian peak phase of that gene, suggesting transcriptional activation is involved in the modulation of episodic bursts. However, episodic bursts have never been observed in cultured SCN slices (Fig. 1a), even when bioluminescence was measured at 1 min intervals (S4). The reason for this discrepancy is not known but could be explained by following mechanisms. Episodic bursts in dispersed single SCN cells, if any, could be cancelled by mutual couplings of single cells in the SCN tissue. Mutual couplings may synchronize individual circadian rhythms, which could obscure episodic bursts by smoothing. On the other hand, the discrepancy in episodic burst between the in vivo and ex vivo experiments could be explained by a shutdown of episodic inputs from outside the SCN. Episodic inputs of extra-SCN origin may trigger episodic changes of neuronal activity in the SCN cells, which ultimately synchronizes and/or enhances the episodic transcription of clock genes in the cells. Further studies are required to test this hypothesis. In conclusion, clock gene expression in the SCN is under the regulation of two oscillatory mechanisms with different time scales, one is the circadian oscillation and the other is the ultradian rhythm with a period of approximately 3 h. The frequency and size of episodic bursts are modulated by the circadian rhythm of respective genes, indicating that clock gene expressions in the SCN are more dynamic in vivo than that expected from an auto-regulatory feedback loop for the circadian rhythm generation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating clock gene expression, emphasizing that 'clock gene expression in the SCN is under the regulation of two oscillatory mechanisms with different time scales,' thereby supporting the assertion that the SCN functions as a master clock in circadian regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: As a perennial herb, A. sinensis grows to heights of approximately 0. 4–1 m (Flora of China). The whole root is yellowish-brown to brown, about 25 cm long, and irregularly cylindrical with some branch roots stemming from the lower end. The leaves have alternating ovate blades that can range in size between 8 and 18 cm long and 15–20 cm wide. The fruit is elliptical to ovate, and the flowers have 4–7 cm long stems and compound umbels [2]. Figure 1. Photographs of A. sinensis. 2. 2. Chemical constituents Studies have shown that A. sinensis contains polysaccharides, flavonoids, volatile oils, trace elements, amino acids and vitamins, which account for approximately 0. 4–0. 7% of the total content. Phthalides, polysaccharides and organic acids are the main chemical components concerned to the bioactivities and pharmacological properties of A. sinensis [3]. Phthalides, as one of the characteristic components, have used for the quality control of A. sinensis. Ligustilide is also used as an important component for assessing the quality of A. sinensis, which can account for 0. 5–5. 0%, and the concentration of Z-ligustilide in A. sinensis varies within the range of 1. 26–37. 7 mg/g [4]. A. sinensis is rich in all types of amino acids, containing as many as 17 types and accounting for approximately 6. 5% of the total chemical composition of A. sinensis. The seven types of non-synthesized amino acids are essential, and content variations can cause great differences among the amino acids extracted [5]. Flavonoids have also been isolated from A. sinensis, and total flavonoids have been shown to provide with antibacterial and antioxidant activities [6]. Moreover, phospholipids, adenine, uracil and choline were recently found in A. sinensis, a total reported nucleosides content with the range of 1. 507–3. 119 mg/g [7]. The plant also contains vitamin B12, vitamin A and xanthotoxin, as well as several microelements, including sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese, among others [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the chemical constituents and medicinal properties of A. sinensis, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses more than just plants used for food. The text mentions bioactivities and pharmacological properties, suggesting that ethnobotany also includes medicinal aspects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: Additionally, we conducted decision curve analysis (DCA) to compare the clinical net benefits of the new model compared to previous models. For all statistical tests, a p-value of less than 0. 05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. We performed the statistical analysis using SPSS 22 () and R version 3. 3. 2 (R core development team, 2010). Results 3. 1 Baseline characteristics Between 2008 and 2016, we conducted a study involving the participation of 986 patients. These patients were randomly divided into two datasets, namely the training dataset (n = 685) and the validation dataset (n = 301). Within the three-year period, 121 patients (19. 0%) developed PTV in the training group, while 151 patients (23. 7%) developed PTV within five years. In the validation group, there were 46 patients (16. 7%) who developed PTV within three years and 66 patients (24. 0%) who developed PTV within five years. The characteristics of the two groups were comparable as shown in Table 1. In the training set, a great majority of the participants, specifically 439 individuals (69. 0%), were male, and their median age was 52. 8 years (interquartile range: 40–74 years). Importantly, no significant differences in baseline characteristics were observed between the two sets(Table 1) Table 1 Basic clinical characteristics of patients with HBV-related cirrhosis. patients (n = 912) (n = 637) (n = 275) P value Age, years 53. 0 (41. 0–73. 0) 52. 8. 0 (40. 0–74. 0) 52. 9(43. 0–75. 0) 0. 436 Male sex, n (%) 611 (67. 0) 439(69. 0) 172(62. 5) 0. 320 Smoking, n (%) 210(23. 0) 149(23. 4) 61 (22. 2) 0. 846 Alcohol consumption, n (%) 195(21. 4) 123 (19. 3) 62(22. 5) 0. 579 Diabetes, n (%) 152 (16. 7) 103(16. 2) 49(17. 8) 0. 174 Hypertension, n (%) 129 (14. 1) 95 (14. 9) 34 (12. 4) 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about machine learning in predicting protein structures. It focuses on clinical study design and statistical analysis of patient data rather than any information related to machine learning or protein structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The day of release into DD was defined as Day 0. Bioluminescence emitted from the SCN was counted every minute via an optical fiber which was connected to a photon counting device (In vivo Kronos, Atto) equipped with a PMT (Hamamatsu Photonics). When bioluminescence was not detected in the first several days of measurement, the recording was stopped. SCN slice preparationIn the ex vivo experiment, mice reared in LD were euthanized by cervical dislocation and decapitated. The brain was rapidly removed and 300 μm coronal slices including the SCN was made by a microslicer (D. S. K: DTK-1000; Dosaka EM) in cooled Hanks’ Balanced salt solution (SIGMA). A trimmed slice of bilateral SCN was placed on a culture membrane (Milicell-CM, Millipore Corporations) in a 35-mm Petri dish. The slice was cultured in air at 36. 5 °C with 1. 2 ml Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Invitrogen) with 0. 1 mM D-luciferin K and 5% supplement solution, the composition of which was described previously26. Bioluminescence from the SCN slices was measured for 1 min at 10-min intervals or 1min intervals with a luminometer (Lumicycle, Actimetrics or Kronos, Atto). The day of slice preparation was defined as day 0. To examine the spatial distribution of bioluminescence intensity in the SCN and peri-SCN regions, image records of the cultured SCN were obtained with a CCD camera and analyzed on a pixel level. Coronal SCN tissue slices were prepared from the mice carrying the same reporter genes used in the in vivo experiment. The analyses of SCN images were done at the circadian peak phase. Data analysisBioluminescence and behavior values were integrated in 5 min bins and the time series record of both measures were analyzed from Day 1 (1st circadian cycle) to Day 5 (5th circadian cycle) under DD. The onset of the 1st circadian cycle was assigned to 24 h in local time (CT18) of Day 0. Significance of periodicity in the ultradian as well as circadian range was evaluated by Chi square periodogram (p < 0. 05). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the experimental methods used to study the SCN and its role in circadian rhythms. It describes the measurement of bioluminescence emitted from the SCN and the analysis of SCN slices, which are directly tied to understanding the SCN's function as a master clock in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: In addition, 8,11-dyhydroxyl-ligustilide, 2,7-hydrox-ligustilide and magnolol have been found in A. sinensis [9]. The major organic acids in A. sinensis are shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. Chemical structures of the major organic acids in A. sinensis [10]. 2. 3. Pharmacological studies A. sinensis has been used for thousands of years as a health food and drug in Asian countries and also as a dietary supplement in women’s care in Europe. In China, the roots of A. sinensis have been extensively used in traditional medicine and have been primarily used for treatment of gynecological disease such as dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea and blood disease such as blood deficiency [10]. Modern pharmacological research indicated that A. sinensis also exerted pharmacological activities of anticancer, neuroprotective effect [11], antioxidant [12], hepatoprotective effect [13], radioprotection [14], immunoregulation [15], anti-inflammatory [16], antifungal effects and mosquito deterrence [17]. 2. 4. Application in formulation These are ready-made combinations of herbs available to the general public to treat certain conditions without reference to a complete system of medicine. One company alone manufactures 280 of these formulations, designed for specific indications. Of these, 71 contain danggui [10]. Some of the herbs are traditionally put together (“Classic Pairs”), such Danggui and (Ligusticum chuanxiong) or Danggui and Radix astragali or in “Standard Combinations”. Tang is available in various formulations ranging from the TCM “Drug Pair” A. sinensis and R. astragali in a ratio of 5:1. Its suggested use for gynecological disorders such as anemia, infertility, has proved to be of potential for the perimenopause and menopause [18]. Moreover, there are also some popular formulations for Women’s Health: Tang (four substance decoction) formulated with varying ratios of A. sinensis (dang gui), Radix rehmanniae (shu di huang), Radix paeoniae alba (bai shao yao) and Rhizoma ligustici (chuan xiong). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the medicinal uses of A. sinensis, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses not just food plants but also those with pharmacological benefits. It states that A. sinensis has been widely used in traditional medicine for treating gynecological and blood diseases, thereby demonstrating that ethnobotany includes medicinal applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: 835 Ascites, n (%) 197(21. 6) 134 (21. 0) 63 (22. 9) 0. 485 Encephalopathy, n (%) Gastrointestinal varices with bleeding, n (%) 41(4. 5) 134(14. 7) 30 (4. 7) 88(13. 8) 11 (4. 0) 46(16. 7) 0. 458 0. 348 CTP score 7. 0 (5. 0–10. 0) 7. 0 (6. 0–9. 0) 7. 0 (5. 0–10. 0) 0. 626 MELD score 10. 1 (7. 8–12. 9) 10. 1 (8. 0-12. 6) 10. 1 (7. 7–13. 6) 0. 851 Alanine aminotransferase, U/L 41. 3 (26. 5-105. 8) 43. 6 (27. 1-112. 4) 37. 5 (25. 1–95. 5) 0. 164 Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L 47. 9 (30. 8-106. 1) 48. 6 (32. 1-107. 9) 46. 7 (29. 7–98. 1) 0. 282 Total bilirubin, µmol/L 22. 4 (14. 2–39. 2) 22. 7 (14. 1–38. 5) 22. 3 (14. 5–40. 7) 0. 805 Albumin, g/L 33. 6 (30. 3–39. 2) 33. 8 (30. 4–40. 1) 33. 2 (30. 1–38. 4) 0. 258 Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, U/L 56. 3 (37. 2–97. 8) 55. 3 (36. 1–99. 7) 57. 3 (40. 4–95. 6) 0. 497 White blood cell count, ×109/L 3. 9 (2. 8–5. 3) 3. 9 (2. 8–5. 3) 3. 8 (2. 7–5. 3) 0. 451 Neutrophil count, ×109/L 2. 2 (1. 5–3. 1) 2. 2 (1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses medical data (including scores and laboratory results) rather than machine learning or protein structure prediction. There is no mention of machine learning techniques or their applications in protein structure, indicating the lack of connection to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: overt expression of circadian rhythms is a manifestation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This integrated complex function based on the transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TFFLs), neurotransmitters, genes, networking, and synchronization is essential for this molecular mechanism to operate effectively. Neurotransmitters by participating in the entrainment to the environmental light conditions and synchronization contribute to the robustness of the rhythm. Neurotransmitter signaling is the hallmark of circadian rhythm expression. Even during development, neuropeptides contribute to the dramatic cellular, genetic, and network circuit changes. Participating neurotransmitters are seen in afferent inputs, efferent output, and the SCN. There are numerous neurotransmitters involved in SCN function. Astrocytes co-exist with neurons in the SCN. Autonomous clocks seen in astrocytes can drive circadian behavior like neurons. Astrocytes and neurons are acting as two arms of the clock. Coupling through glutamate released from astrocytes gives additional evidence for the role of astrocytes. Glutaminergic signaling from astrocytes may also be responsible for timekeeping. The neurotransmitters can independently and in combination execute the functions making SCN a unique pacemaker for the overt expression of circadian rhythms. This reassessment also highlights its role in underlying molecular mechanisms, genetic linkage, and the recently known role of astrocytes. suprachiasmatic nucleus, neurotransmitters, astrocyte, neurotransmitter signaling, genetic linkage IntroductionNeurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neuromodulators in a broader sense synthesized by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons participate in the coordination of endogenous oscillators and entrainment of the SCN. Neuronal diversity along with diverse neurotransmitters and their abundance in the adult SCN makes the study of neurotransmitter function complex. Our timekeeping system focused on the SCN requires a multitude of peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. Hundreds of neuropeptides and small molecules like gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nitric oxide (NO), and others are present in the SCN [1]. An estimate shows that among the heterogeneous population of neurons of about 20,000, they secrete more than 100 neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, cytokines, and growth factors [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information about the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms. It explains that the overt expression of circadian rhythms is a manifestation of the SCN and discusses its complex functions involving neurotransmitters and genetic mechanisms. The reference to the SCN as a unique pacemaker for circadian rhythms directly supports the claim that it regulates these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: It is traditionally used as a decoction. Its function is to tonify and activate blood, smooth the liver and regulate menstruation [19]. 2. 5. was reported that no obvious acute toxicity appeared through oral A. sinensis polysaccharide iron complexes (APIC) in mice and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of APIC in mice was 4800 mg/kg, 1920 times the adult daily dose. Thus, APIC was considered safe for oral use [20]. The toxicity of A. sinensis injection in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model was explored. Results indicated that survival of chick embryos was not inhibited by A. sinensis injection. Furthermore, there were no differences between the treatment groups and the negative control, indicating that the resulting toxicity was very limited. Acute toxicity studies indicate that administration of A. sinensis produces no effects at doses up to 5000 mg/kg; similar results were observed in sub-chronic studies [21]. Therefore, A. sinensis is “generally recognized as safe (GRAS)” by the FDA but a number of side effects have been reported. 2. 6. Cultivation practices At present, the market supply of angelica is cultivated varieties. The proper field production altitude is from 2000 to 2500 m above sea level, while the proper seedling field is from 2500 to 2700 m above sea level. The annual average temperature of 4. 5–5. 7°C and average rainfall of 570–650 mm are suited for cultivating A. sinensis. It is also advisable to choose soil with a rich organic matter content, gray cinnamon soil and a neutral to weak alkaline of pH. The seedling fields should be chosen in uncultivated land, shifting land and especially in fertile uncultivated land with thick soil layer from 2500 to 2700 m above sea level. The most appropriate seedling field is a cool and humid place, short sunshine duration, and north-facing slope at an incline from 5 to 25°. The sowing time begins during the early to mid-June. After sowing, the seedling fields need to be kept humid and covered by grass cover in order to make it grow early, even and strong. The seedlings should be stored with a cellaring or piled storage before the ground freezing. There are two methods for seedlings storage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and applications of A. sinensis that highlight its medicinal properties, specifically its use as a decoction for tonifying blood, smoothing the liver, and regulating menstruation. This indicates that ethnobotany also encompasses medicinal uses of plants, thereby refuting the notion that it is solely focused on food-related applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: 5–3. 2) 2. 2 (1. 5-3. 0) 0. 434 Lymphocyte count, ×109/L 1. 1 (0. 8–1. 6) 1. 1 (0. 8–1. 6) 1. 1 (0. 7–1. 6) 0. 921 Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio 2. 0 (1. 4–2. 7) 2. 0 (1. 4–2. 8) 1. 9 (1. 4–2. 6) 0. 598 Platelets, ×109/L 87. 0 (65. 8-118. 6) 87. 0 (65. 0-116. 0) 89. 0 (67. 0-121. 0) 0. 199 Creatinine, µmol/L 66. 0 (56. 0–76. 0) 66. 1 (56. 1–76. 2) 65. 0 (56. 0-73. 9) 0. 602 Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L 5. 1(4. 0-6. 7) 5. 1(4. 0-6. 7) 5. 2 (4. 1–6. 7) 0. 717 Prothrombin time, s 14. 3 (12. 7–16. 3) 14. 3 (12. 8–16. 1) 14. 1 (12. 5–16. 7) 0. 801 Prothrombin activity, % 67. 0(54. 0–80. 0) 67. 0(54. 0–80. 0) 67. 0(53. 0–81. 0) 0. 944 International normalized ratio 1. 2 (1. 1–1. 3) 1. 2 (1. 1–1. 3) 1. 2 (1. 1–1. 4) 0. 865 Width of portal vein,mm 7. 1 (3. 4–30. 1) 7. 2 (3. 4–30. 5) 6. 7 (3. 3–26. 0) 0. 375 3-year PVT, n (%) 5-year PVT, n (%) 167(18. 3) 217(23. 8) 121(19. 0) 151(23. 7) 46(16. 7) 66(24. 0) 0. 202 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided includes numerical data and medical metrics that do not address or relate to the claim about the use of machine learning in predicting protein structures. It contains tables of lymphocyte counts, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratios, and other lab results, making it irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Studies have also shown five different classes of neurons in the SCN based on the co-expression of various neuropeptides [3]. Another report [4] has identified eight major cell types with each group having a pattern of circadian gene expression. Based on connections, chemo architecture, anatomically and functionally distinct regions of the core that lie adjacent to optic chiasma and shell surrounding the core, are demarcated in the SCN, although the demarcation of core and shell is hardly clear-cut [5]. Studies have demonstrated [6] that core synthesizes GABA, calbindin (CalB), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calretinin (CALR), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), neurotensin (NT) while arginine vasopressin (AVP) expressing neurons are seen in the shell. Others in the shell include angiotensin II (ANGII), met-enkephalin (m ENK), and galanin (Gal). The core receives dense visual and midbrain raphe afferents, and the shell has more non-visual cortical and subcortical inputs. It is seen that mouse SCN and its connections are observed in hamsters, rats, and humans [5, 6]. An estimate in rats has put 37% AVP, 24% and GRP each 14%, while others NT, ENK, somatostatin (SSA), and substance P (SP) constitute less than 5% each [7]. It is remarkable that a relatively small area of the brain, SCN, with a small number of neurons and one-third as many astroglia can synchronize circadian rhythms in the body and guide so many rhythms. A probable answer to this lies in the fact that genes within cells and cells in circuits work together coherently to carry out complex functions to enable normal body function. The intimate linkage of genes and neurotransmitters observed in the molecular basis of the working of the clock also multiplies the relevance of neurotransmitters in SCN function. The very fact that the in Medicine and Physiology for the year 2017 was awarded to three pioneers working in the molecular mechanisms in the circadian field speaks volumes about the research going on in the field and the fertile nature of this ongoing research area. The complex heterogenous structure with histological diversity underlies the functional specificity of the SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in synchronizing circadian rhythms, mentioning how it is a relatively small area of the brain with a small number of neurons that can synchronize these rhythms and guide various bodily functions. It highlights the SCN's complex structure alongside its physiological role in the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Crop rotation is a key measure of controlling soil-borne disease in cultivation practices of A. sinensis. The crop rotation in previous crop had better grains with a rotation cycle of 3 years. The optimal transplanting period is the middle of April. The reserve density is 9–12 plats/m2. Combined with tillage, weeding should be carried out timely during growing period. Early bolting stage usually occurs in the middle of June, so it should be timely to remove of the plants of early bolting in case of water and fertilizers waste and affecting normal plants growing. Organic manure (4500–7500 kg/ha) as base fertilizer with timely topdressing the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer should be combined. Ditylenchus destructor and root rot disease are the main diseases during the growth period of A. sinensis. The strategy of integrated pest management (IPM) is relied mainly on agricultural control while making insecticide chemical control subsidiary for controlling the diseases. The optimal harvest period of A. sinensis is during the mid-to-end of October. Fumigating by burning broad bean stalks and branches of poplars and/or willows is a traditional drying method. Introducing a modern drying technology for improving quality and increasing processing efficiency is the direction of future eﬀorts. Dried angelica should be stored in clean, cool, dry, ventilates, moisture-resistant and smelling free storehouse, and a regularly checking store process is very necessary. Advertisement 3. Radix astragali 黄芪 (Huangqi, R. astragali) 3. 1. Botanical identity R. astragali has a long history of medicinal use in Chinese herbal medicine and is one of the most popular herbal medicines worldwide. It is the dried root of A. membranaceus (Fisch. ) Bge. (A. membranaceus) or A. membranaceus (Fisch. ) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge. ) Hsiao. A. membranaceus and A. membranaceus var. mongholicus are mainly grown in as well as in Mongolia and Korea, and they have some different botanical characteristics. A. membranaceus var. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that R. astragali (Huangqi) is noted for its long history of medicinal use in Chinese herbal medicine, directly indicating that ethnobotany does consider medicinal uses of plants, contrary to the claim that it solely focuses on food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: 172 CTP, Child-Turcotte-Pugh; MELD, model of end-stage liver disease; 3. 2 Construction of ANN model Table 2 presents the results acquired from the Cox regression analysis. The analysis demonstrated significant associations between several factors and the occurrence of PVT. Age (HR = 1. 045, 95% CI 1. 029–1. 061, p < 0. 001), gastrointestinal varices with bleeding (HR = 0. 767, 95% CI 1. 420–3. 265, p < 0. 001), ALT (HR = -0. 002, 95% CI 0. 996–0. 999, p = 0. 004), ALB (HR = -0. 029, 95% CI 0. 947–0. 997, p = 0. 028), NLR (HR = 0. 286, 95% CI 1. 262–1. 403, p < 0. 001), PLT (HR = -0. 022, 95% CI 0. 972–0. 985, p < 0. 001), International normalized ratio (HR = 0. 559, 95% CI 0. 936–3. 628, p = 0. 008), and Width of portal vein (HR = 0. 002, 95% CI 0. 996-1. 000, p = 0. 003) were all identified as significantly associated with PVT occurrence in the training group. Table 2 Factors associated with prediction incidence of PVT analysis β HR (95% CI) P value Age (yr) 0. 044 1. 045 (1. 029,1. 061) < 0. 001 Sex(male) 0. 267 1. 306 (0. 873,1. 954) 0. 194 Smoking 0. 081 0. 922 (0. 605,1. 405) 0. 706 Alcohol consumption 0. 161 1,175 (0. 767,1. 800) 0. 458 Diabetes 0. 255 1. 291 (0. 807,2. 064) 0. 287 Ascites 0. 660 1. 935 (1. 354,2. 766) < 0. 001 Hepatic encephalopathy 0. 255 1. 291 (0. 807,2. 064) 0. 287 Gastrointestinal varices with bleeding 0. 767 2. 153 (1. 420,3. 265) < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of machine learning in predicting protein structures. Instead, it discusses a Cox regression analysis related to various factors and their association with portal vein thrombosis (PVT), which is unrelated to the use of machine learning for protein structure prediction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Electrically, chemically, and peptidergically, the heterogenous nature of the neurons is a fundamental feature of the SCN and these neurons individually generate circadian oscillations [8, 9]. An internal molecular oscillating clock based on transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFLs) of clock genes [10, 11] drives circadian rhythms in electrical activity and is more active during the day than at night [12]. This landscape nature regarding excitability within the SCN is being reinforced by external signals from the retina [13]. Genetic studies indicate autoregulatory feedback loops form the basis of circadian rhythms not only in the SCN but also in extra SCN oscillators [14]. TTFL generates noisy oscillations of gene expression and firing rates [15] of nearly all neurons because of the orchestrated coupled network of these neurons. Synchronization among the cells [16] with high precision [17] produced by the coupling mechanism is attributed to a variety of neuropeptides mainly VIP and AVP [18–21]. SCN generates rhythms of firing rate by adjusting light inputs through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) [22]. The connectome of the SCN along with afferent inputs and neural and humoral outputs are considered important aspects of the synchronization process of the SCN to signal time to the rest of the body [23]. Neurotransmitters are classified based on various parameters but no rigid classification is possible as parameters can be overlapping. An immunocytochemical analysis to identify and locate 25 neurotransmitters in the SCN and its projections has been reported. Many reviews have been cited [24–29] in the literature highlighting various neurotransmitters and their function. The purpose of this review is to revisit the neurotransmitters since there are new additions to the list of neurotransmitters, neurotransmitter-based changes in the molecular mechanism of the clock working, and advancement in the knowledge regarding genetically linked neurotransmitter working. Not only neurons but astrocytes are also reported to have circadian clocks and molecular mechanisms like the one seen in neurons. Neurotransmitters are secreted by the glia as well and are important for the integrated clock function. Hence a discussion on the role of astrocytes is also in order. The review is divided into two parts: part 1 is devoted to SCN, connections, input and output, receptors, and neurotransmitters present. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in generating circadian oscillations and rhythms, emphasizing its importance as the master clock for regulating these rhythms in response to external signals like light. It mentions that the SCN adjusts its output based on light inputs, indicating its central role in circadian control.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Other components found in the herb include γ-aminobutyric acid, l-canavanine, phytosterols (and other volatile oils) [24], fatty acids, choline, betaine, sterols, 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine, (−)-syringaresinol, (+)-lariciresinol, lupenone [25], bifendatatum, coumarin and amino acids [26]. Trace elements including zinc, iron, copper, magnesium, manganese, calcium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, silver, chromium, tin, vanadium and cobalt may also be present in varying quantities [27]. Figure 4. Chemical structures of the major compounds from Astragalus [23]. 3. 3. Pharmacological studies name Huangqi is the symbol of the “yellow leader” in china, linking to the yellow root and its status as one of the most important tonic herbs in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It was recorded in “Jing”, the first book of Chinese herbal medicine, and was classified under the group of “qi”-tonifying drugs [28]. Huangqi is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in TCM and was included in many TCM preparations with a wide range of biological functions [23]. In traditional Chinese medicine, A. membranaceus has been used for the treatment of general weakness and chronic illness and to increase overall vitality. Modern pharmacological studies indicated that A. membranaceus showed different peripheral effects such as immune modulation [29], anti-diabetic activity [30], anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions [31], antitumor activity [32], antiviral actions [33] and enhancement of cardiovascular functions, the protection of cardiovascular function might be explained in terms of protection against membrane lipid peroxidation [34]. 3. 4. Application in formulation A. membranaceus has been formulated as the main ingredients TCM formulations to treat pati-ents with “qi”-deficiency symptoms, which present as a lack of strength, anorexia, edema, abscesses and spontaneous sweating. Other indications include shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating and frequent cold, night sweating and edema [35]. Some TCM herbal formulations included A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the extensive medicinal uses of plants, specifically focusing on the herb Astragalus, which has significant applications in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It details its various pharmacological benefits such as immune modulation, anti-diabetic activity, and other health improvements, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses more than just food, but also medicinal uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: 001 Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) -0. 002 0. 998 (0. 996,0. 999) 0. 004 Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) -0. 002 0. 998 (0. 996,0. 999) 0. 323 Total bilirubin (mg/dl) -0. 003 0. 997 (0. 992,1. 001) 0. 114 Albumin (g/L) -0. 029 0. 972 (0. 947,0. 997) 0. 028 gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L) 0. 001 1. 001 (0. 998,1. 003) 0. 637 White blood cell count (×109/L) -0. 007 0. 993 (0. 913,1. 079) 0. 861 NLR 0. 286 1. 331 (1. 262,1. 403) < 0. 001 Platelets (×109/L) -0. 022 0. 979 (0. 972,0. 985) < 0. 001 Creatinine (µmol/L) 0. 001 1. 001 (0. 995,1. 007) 0. 758 International normalized ratio 0. 559 1. 749 (0. 936,3. 268) 0. 080 Width of portal vein -0. 002 0. 998 (0. 996,1. 000) 0. 063 OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; MELD model of end-stage liver disease These factors were also incorporated in constructing the artificial neural network (ANN) model available at The multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a frequently used structure for ANN, consisting of input, hidden, and output layers. The input layer comprises clinical and biochemical parameters, while the output layer entails corresponding prognosis outcomes (22). The ANN model for predicting the 3/5-year risk of PVT development in patients with cirrhosis can be accessed at In the model, neurons are interconnected through weighted links, resulting in a total of 8 input neurons and two output neurons. To optimize the MLP's performance, we incorporated four hidden layers after rigorous debugging and testing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. Instead, it discusses an artificial neural network (ANN) model and mentions clinical parameters and prognosis outcomes, without making any reference to protein structures or the application of machine learning in that specific area.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Astrocytes in the SCN are also discussed. Part 2 of the discussion is about individual neurotransmitters their properties and their involvement. Part 1: neurotransmitters—integral part of the suprachiasmatic nucleusNeurotransmitters in general and their receptorsThe identification of the neurotransmitter dates to the identification of SCN as the seat of the biological clock. A list of the neurotransmitters with their probable location is given in Table 1. The molecular mechanism involved in the function of SCN is complex and by no means fully established at present. It is generally observed that a particular neurotransmitter of the SCN has more than one function. Neurotransmitters may influence the function by way of acting by itself and by way of modification of function. Colocalization of peptides is seen in the SCN. However, coexpression is not seen in all SCN neurons [30]. In some neurons, there is VIP and CALR, whereas in others it is GRP and CALR. VIP, peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), and GRP are also reported in some neurons. Another report [31] states that 91% of SP cells, 42% of GRP cells, and 60% of VIP cells in the core of SCN coexpress CalB. Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the seat of the biological clock and mentions the role of neurotransmitters in its function. The identification of neurotransmitters is linked to the SCN, supporting the idea that it regulates circadian rhythms. Furthermore, the complexity of the molecular mechanisms involved suggests an integral role of the SCN in biological timing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: membranaceus have been evaluated and screened. A TCM formulation called “Shi-quan-da-bu-tang”, comprising Astragalus and Ligusticum, has shown to improve the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation in various animal and clinical studies [36]. The prescription is capable of prolonging survival, preventing the recurrence of malignancies and increasing resistance to immunosuppression that resulted from antineoplastic and radiotherapy drugs through stimulation of the macrophages to produce IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and is most effective in stimulating hematopoietic factors and interleukin (IL) production [29]. Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang was determined to be the most commonly prescribed formula for treating elderly patients with weakness and fatigue, especially for female AD patients. Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang led to elevated levels of dopamine and noradrenaline in the cortical tissues of mice, as well as improved attention, learning function and memory [37]. Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang was also used to treat elderly patients with weakness and fatigue [38]. 3. 5. Safety Generally, R. astragali was regarded as a safe drug, no incidence of poisoning related with the use of R. astragali or its main active ingredients, has been reported in vivo or in vitro so far. It is determined that the LD50 of a crude extract of R. astragali is 40 g/kg using intraperitoneal injection (i. p. ) in rats [39], and that did not show any adverse effects when raw herb was given to rats by lavage at the high dose 100 g/kg [40]. Moreover, the herbal extract (0. 5 g/kg, i. p. ) was injected to rats for 1 month, which caused no abnormal changes in food intake, urine/fecal production or behavior [41] Recently, the sub-chronic toxicity of the Astragalus extract, consisting of its active polysaccharides and saponins, has been evaluated the safety dosage range in clinical application. The application ranges 5. 70–39. 90 g/kg in rats, which are equivalent to 70 and 35 times in humans (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that ethnobotany involves medicinal uses of plants as it discusses Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulations like 'Shi-quan-da-bu-tang' and 'Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang' that utilize plants for therapeutic purposes. The mention of these formulas and their effects on health indicates that ethnobotany encompasses more than just food-related plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: Application of the ANN model for risk stratification We categorized all patients into three different groups based on the upper quartiles and lower quartiles of the ANNs model scores: Strata 1, representing low risk, Strata 2, medium risk, and Strata 3 representing high risk. In the training cohort, when comparing Strata3 to Strata 1 as reference, the hazard ratios (HRs) for Strata 3 were 0. 8 (95%CI 29. 11–86. 82) (P < 0. 0001). Similarly, in the validation cohort, we observed noticeable survival differences across all stratifications. The ANNs model was successful in accurately distinguishing between patients based on their different risks, whether it was in the training cohort or validation cohort. In terms of the validation cohort, the positive predictive value for low risk was 26. 2% (95%CI 25. 0-27. 4), while the negative predictive value was 98. 7% (95%CI 95. 2–99. 7). On the other hand, the positive predictive value for high risk was 54. 7% (95%CI 48. 6–60. 7), with a negative predictive value of 91. 6% (95%CI 89. 4–93. 4). In another instance of the validation cohort, the positive predictive value for low risk was 20. 9% (95%CI 19. 6–22. 2), and the negative predictive value was 100% (-). Likewise, the positive predictive value for high risk was 41. 5% (95%CI 32. 8–50. 8), and the negative predictive value was 91. 9% (95%CI 88. 6–94. 3) (Table 3). Table 3 Positive predictive and negative predictive values. 3-year risk of PVT 5-year risk of PVT Positive(%)(95%CI) Negative(%) (95%CI) Positive(%)(95%CI) Negative(%) (95%CI) Training ANN(low) ANN (high) 26. 2(25. 0-27. 4) 54. 7(48. 6–60. 7) 98. 7(95. 2–99. 7) 98. 6(89. 4–99. 4) 23. 2(21. 0-28. 4) 52. 7(49. 6–60. 7) 97. 7(95. 2–99. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the application of an artificial neural network (ANN) model for risk stratification in patients rather than addressing the use of machine learning in predicting protein structures. It provides detailed predictive values and risk categories but does not relate to protein structure prediction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neurotransmitters and their probable locationNeurotransmittersAfferent inputSCNEfferent outputArginine vasopressin (AVP)++Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)+++gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)+++Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)+Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)+Dopamine+Glycine++Glutamate++Serotonin (5HT)+Neuropeptide Y+Acetylcholine+Cholecystokinin+Melatonin+Melanopsin++Prokineticin 2++Orexin+Pigment dispersing factor (PDF)+Nitric oxide (NO)+Histamine+Neurotensin (NT)+Met-enkephalin (m ENK)+Substance P++(NMS)+Somatostatin (SSA)++Calbindin (CalB)++Calretinin (CALR)++Angiotensin II (ANGII)++Galanin (Gal)++Oxytocin (OX)+Display full sizeSCN: suprachiasmatic nucleus; +: presence of the neurotransmitterIt is reported [26] that a wide range of neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors are present in the neurons of the SCN for the execution of its function. These neuropeptide receptors mediate input from extra SCN afferent pathways as well as intra-SCN networks. Various signaling pathways are identified within SCN. As regards the action of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, it is known that they activate receptors and ion channels on the plasma membrane to produce intracellular signaling events. This includes the activation of guanine nucleotide (G) protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), G protein-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, ionotropic receptors, and tyrosine kinase receptors (Trk) [32]. Trk receptor belongs to a family of tyrosine kinases that regulate synaptic strength and plasticity in the mammalian nervous system. Neurotransmitters in afferent and efferent pathwaysNeurotransmitters are seen in the afferent inputs to the SCN, efferent output, and in the clock itself. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing detailed information about the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain, stating that it contains a wide range of neuropeptides and receptors that are crucial for its function. This indicates the SCN's involvement in regulating functions like circadian rhythms through its complex signaling pathways and neurotransmitter activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: glabra is a more western species, found in Spain, Italy, Turkey, the Caucasus, and the western China, whereas G. uralensis is distributed in Central Asia, Mongolia and China [43]. Photographs of G. uralensis are shown in Figure 5. Figure 5. Photographs of G. uralensis are shown. In the Northwest of China, G. uralensis mainly contains botanical characteristic as follows: calyx 5-lobed, two teeth than under three short; anther size (five big, five small), anther cell united at the top, different length of filaments. The ground part of different level is glands, glandular hairs and bristles, cilia, viscose or shen raised. A variety of underground part of the root and rhizome sweet taste needs to supplement the characteristics of some legumes as moniliform, ovule 1–11. The root and rhizome sweet including glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, not sweet taste is some kind of glycyrrhetinic acid or glycyrrhetinic acid compounds (glycyrrhizic acid two yuan), some kinds of the above substances are not contained [44]. 4. 2. Chemical constituents G. uralensis, commonly known as Chinese licorice, is an ancient herb of the legume family that is native to Asia. Its root is known to produce a variety of phytochemicals, plant secondary metabolites, including many terpenoids saponins (glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid) and flavonoids flavonoids (liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and glabridin). Among them, glycyrrhizin (I), liquiritin (II), isoliquiritin (III), liquiritigenin (IV) and isoliquiritigenin (V) (Figure 6) are believed to be bioactive contents [45]. Figure 6. Structure of glycyrrhizin (I), liquiritin (II), isoliquiritin (III), liquiritigenin (IV) and isoliquiritigenin (V) [45]. 4. 3. Pharmacological studies R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing G. uralensis (Chinese licorice) and its phytochemical constituents, emphasizing its medicinal properties and bioactive compounds. The work highlights the role of this plant in pharmacological studies, indicating that ethnobotany includes medicinal uses, not just those relating to food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: 7) 98. 6(88. 4–99. 5) Validation ANN(low) 20. 9 (19. 6–22. 2) 100(-) 19. 9 (19. 6–24. 2) 97. 9 (89. 6–98. 3) ANN(high) 41. 5(32. 8–50. 8) 91. 9 (88. 6–94. 3) 31. 5(28. 8–51. 8) 98. 9 (88. 6–99. 3) From there, we inputted the patient information into the Ann model, enabling us to determine the patient's risk of developing PVT over a span of 3–5 years, and subsequently classify the patient's risk accordingly (Fig. 2). Within the training set, 159 patients (25. 0%) were part of the low risk group, 318 patients (49. 9%) were in the intermediate risk group, and 160 patients (25. 1%) were classified as high risk. In the training cohort, we noticed that the predicted cumulative PVT incidence aligns with the observed Kaplan-Meier PVT incidence in the low and medium risk groups (Fig. 3-AB). Similarly, within the validation set, the plots indicate a remarkable consistency between the observed and predicted cumulative incidence (Fig. 3-CD) Discrimination and calibration of the ANN model In the training cohort, the occurrence of PVT was accurately predicted by the ANN model, with an AUROC of 0. 9718 (95%CI 0. 9588–0. 9847) and C-index values of 0. 9543 (95% CI 0. 812–0. 974) (Table 4). The performance of the ANN model, as measured by AUROC and C-index values, was significantly superior to that of the MELD and CTP models (p < 0. 001). Similarly, in the validation cohort, the ANN model demonstrated excellent predictive capability for PVT, with an AUROC of 0. 9633 (95% CI 0. 9369–0. 9897) and a C-index value of 0. 9309 (95% CI 0. 853–0. 965). These values were significantly higher than those of the MELD and CTP models (p < 0. 001). (Fig. 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about machine learning being used in predicting protein structures. Instead, it discusses the performance of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model in predicting the risk of developing PVT (Portal Vein Thrombosis) based on patient data. There is no mention of protein structures or even any biological predictions related to protein formation, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neurotransmitters in the input to the SCN perform the light-dependent entrainment. These afferent projections with their neurotransmitters were described in the early 1980s in hamsters. Earlier reports suggested that about 40 brain regions have monosynaptic projections to the SCN [33]. However, recent research reports suggest at least three principal afferent inputs of which two are the photic inputs from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by way of the RHT and from intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) by way of geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT). RHT from the photosensitive ganglion cells in the retina mediates circadian rhythmicity by photic regulation and in this utilizes glutamate secreted into the core region of the SCN having VIP neurons. These inputs are mainly to the core part of the SCN and spread sparsely to the shell. Retinorecipient core region of SCN is delineated by whereas the shell region has cells expressing AVP and receives input from the core containing VIP receptor 2 (VPAC2). RHT is the main afferent input to the SCN and terminates in the retinorecipient core area of the SCN and carries non-image forming visual input from intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (ipRGCs) sufficient to entrain SCN. Melanopsin, a photopigment expressed by the ipRGCs causes depolarization in response to light and releases glutamate as well as pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) from RHT terminals in the SCN. Photo-sensitive ganglion cells by secreting glutamate into the core VIP region of SCN participate in the entrainment. RGCs also possess PACAP that helps to relay information about light. PACAP from RGCs relays light information for potentiation of glutamate’s action on the SCN. GHT has neurotransmitters like neuropeptide Y (NPY), GABA, and m ENK out of which NPY is the primary one acting on the pacemaker neurons of the SCN. GABA is reported to have a dual effect of excitatory during the day and inhibitory during the night and NPY acts pre-synaptically to inhibit GABA-mediated transmission to the SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of various inputs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of circadian rhythms. It describes how neurotransmitters, particularly from retinal ganglion cells, engage with the SCN to mediate circadian rhythmicity, emphasizing that the core region of the SCN responds to light inputs. This information supports the assertion that the SCN functions as a master clock by facilitating light-dependent entrainment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: glycyrrhizae is one of the most famous herbal drugs used in TCM and has been used for several centuries. It has been frequently used in different formulations for the purposes of nourishing Qi (vital energy and functional activity of life), reducing spasms and pain, moistening the lungs and relieving coughs, detoxification, anti-inflammation and treating gastric ulcers [46]. According to modern pharmacological studies, its major constituents revealed various activities, providing concrete evidence for its extensive therapeutic use. The main saponin, glycyrrhizin, and its aglycone, glycyrrhetinic acid, has shown anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory [47] and antivirus activities; flavonoids, including flavanones such as liquiritin apioside, liquiritin and liquiritigenin, and chalcones, such as isoliquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin, isoliquiritigenin, etc. , have shown antitussive, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-tumor effects [48]. In addition, glycycoumarin, a species-specific compound to G. uralensis, has antispasmodic and antibacterial activities. 4. 4. Application in formulation A systematic database was constructed to investigate the frequency of reporting formulations and crude drugs described in Shang-Han-Lun (known as the Treatise on Disorders), a famous prescription in TCM. It consists of 112 kinds of genuine formulations from a total of 430 formulations but due to overlapping or repetition. The best three frequently mentioned prescription were Da-cheng-qi-tang (DCQT), Guizhi-tang (GZT) and Shaoyao-gancao-tang (SYGCT) [46]. Da-cheng-qi-tang, also known as Dai-joki-to in Japanese, is a formulation composed mainly of used for the treatment of interior heat- and excess-syndrome. Clinically, DCQT was widely prescribed to promote the recovery of gastrointestinal motility after abdominal surgery and to treat acute abdominal diseases, such as acute pancreatitis, adhesive bowel obstructions and acute appendicitis [49]. Guizhi-tang contains R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing extensive information on the medicinal uses of glycyrrhizae in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It details its various therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, and antispasmodic effects, demonstrating that ethnobotany encompasses a broad range of plant uses beyond food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: Table 4 Comparison of performance and discriminative ability among the current model and other models. 3-year risk of PVT 5-year risk of (95%CI) C-index (95%CI) AUROC (95%CI) C-index (95%CI) Training ANN 0. 9718(0. 9588–0. 9847) 0. 9543(0. 812–0. 974) 0. 9749(0. 9548–0. 9915) 0. 9580(0. 9467–0. 9914) Validation ANN 0. 9633 (0. 9369–0. 9897) 0. 9409 (0. 853–0. 965) 0. 9727(0. 9445–1. 0009) 0. 9480(0. 9487–0. 9824) Indecision curve analysis further confirmed the superiority of the ANN model over the MELD and CTP models in both the training and validation cohorts (Fig. 4). The calibration curves also indicated good agreement between the predicted probability of PVT-free by the ANN model and the observed probability over 3/5 years in both the training (Fig. 5AB) and validation cohorts (Fig. 5CD). These findings suggest that the ANN model exhibits better clinical practicability compared to other models. DiscussionPortal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a frequently occurring complication in individuals with advanced cirrhosis. The presence of PVT exacerbates complications such as stubborn ascites and upper gastrointestinal bleeding by diminishing hepatic blood flow and elevating portal pressure. PVT serves as an indication of advanced disease and directly influences a patient's prognosis. However, detecting PVT in patients with cirrhosis and its treatment can be challenging due to the lack of apparent clinical manifestations during the early stages. Consequently, severe complications often arise, adversely impacting the prognosis of individuals with liver cirrhosis. Thus, early identification of high-risk factors contributing to PVT formation is crucial for preventing its development. This approach significantly delays the progression of liver cirrhosis and enhances the survival rate of patients. The current study employed a machine learning-based artificial neural network (ANN) prediction model specifically designed to assess the probability of PVT occurrence within a 3–5 year timeframe for individual patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the application of a machine learning model (ANN) in predicting the probability of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) occurrence in patients with liver cirrhosis, rather than focusing on protein structure predictions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A third input is from the median raphe nucleus and has serotonin (5HT) as a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters in the efferent projection mainly are AVP and VIP. GHT and RHT have a partial overlap in innervation within the SCN. 5HT from the median raphe nuclei is delivered to the retinorecipient core regions of the SCN rich in VIP neurons [34]. 5HT can regulate SCN neurons by both presynaptic and post-synaptic mechanisms. It modulates pacemaker responses to light within the SCN by potentiating glutamate input during daytime and inhibiting input at nighttime. Afferent projections other than these to the SCN carry cholinergic neurotransmitters [35]. Monosynaptic efferent projection from the SCN to the nearby hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei also terminate in them. These projections with major neurotransmitters present namely VIP and AVP coordinate peripheral circadian clocks. NPY, dopamine (DA), and 5HT are the principal mediators for non-photic entrainment. These inputs and outputs to the SCN [36] determine the working of the clock and coordinate with peripheral clocks (Figure 1). Display full sizeFigure 1. SCN with its afferent connection and output. 3V: third ventricle dorsal shell ventral core; IGL: intergeniculate leaflet; AVP: arginine vasopressin; VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide; GRP: gastrin releasing peptide; CALR: calretinin; NT: neurotensin; ENK: enkephalin; SSA: somatostatin; SP: substance PTo begin with, before discussing the individual neurotransmitters, some of the neurotransmitters in the molecular mechanism leading to the integrated overt expression of circadian function, having a stable and plastic 24-hour rhythm function in the SCN are being addressed. Their role in network and coupling, circuity and signaling, gene expression, underlying electrical activity, and cation chloride co-transporters in the circadian system are described. Network and coupling in the SCNThe robust pacemaker, SCN is adaptable to the changes imposed by the environmental cycles. The circadian clock relies on molecular mechanisms to generate rhythmicity in all cells. Circadian oscillations occur at the molecular and cellular levels as indicated by the molecular mechanism in the working of the clock. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the functions and mechanisms of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as a central component of circadian rhythms. It describes how the SCN acts as a robust pacemaker that adapts to environmental cycles and regulates rhythmicity through neurotransmitters and molecular mechanisms, aligning with the assertion that the SCN is the master clock of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: glycyrrhizae, as major crude drugs and is used for the treatment of exterior cold- and deficiency-syndrome [46]. Shaoyao-gancao-tang (SYGCT) in Chinese or Shakuyaku-kanzo-to in Japanese is a traditional herbal formula used for analgesic purposes and consists of two herbs, the Radix of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. ; PL and the Radix et Rhizome of G. uralensis; GU, in a ratio of 1:1. SYGCT has been clinically and pharmacologically applied to prevent muscle cramps and inhibit the contraction of skeletal muscle [50], reduce uric acid, regulate autonomic functions [51], relax intestinal smooth muscle [52] and relieve painful peripheral neuropathy [53]. 4. 5. acute toxicities of licorice extract containing approximately 53% glycyrrhizin have similar acute toxicity doses and are low in mice and rats. Glycyrrhizin administered 70 mg/kg intravenously has shown acute toxic effects of convulsions and slight hemolysis in mice, whereas toxic effects did not see at lower doses of glycyrrhizin. The majority of short-term toxicity effects on the pituitary-adrenal axis have indicated that glycyrrhizin induced the pseudoaldosteronism at dose and time dependent manner, but the establishment of a clear no observed effect levels (NOEL) is difficult due to the differences in agents tested, animals used and end-points studied. The 90-day NOEL for licorice extract (53% glycyrrhizin) in rats is at the range of 0. 31–0. 63 g/kg, which delivers approximately glycyrrhizin 165–334 mg/kg [54]. However, for glycyrrhizin, the 30-day NOEL in rats is below 15 mg/kg [55]. In contrast, a two-year disodium glycyrrhizinate administered as high as 229 mg/kg/day or females administered as high as 407 mg/kg/day in mice showed no significant effects on average body weights or mortality, nor any signs of tumorgenicity among male animals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about medicinal uses of specific plants, such as glycyrrhizae and the traditional herbal formula Shaoyao-gancao-tang, which are used for various therapeutic purposes. This demonstrates that ethnobotany concerns itself not just with edible plants but also with those utilized for medicinal applications, contradicting the assertion that it solely focuses on food-related plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: The well-established deep neural network model showcases robust capability in predicting concurrent PVT in patients diagnosed with cirrhosis. It serves as a user-friendly and easily implementable tool for clinical application. Regular evaluation and examination of relevant indicators throughout the management of cirrhosis patients are crucial. This approach enables early identification of high-risk PVT patients and facilitates appropriate clinical decision-making to improve their prognosis SummaryThis study employed an ANN model to construct a predictive tool for estimating the 3/5-year risk of PVT development in patients with cirrhosis. The ANN model demonstrated promising individualized prediction performance, thereby offering valuable assessment of PVT risk in clinical settings for patients with cirrhosis. Declarationsand consent to participate The study was approved by the of. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient. All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the of 1975, as revised in 2008. Consent to Publication-NA statement The dataset used and analysed during the study can be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request Conflict of authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with regard to the publication of this research report. work was supported by Programme（QMl220201802），the Chinese medicine science and (No. Qn-2020-25), Application of of of Science and Technology commission (z181100001718052)，Administration of Program(PZ2024034) 48. . Portal vein thrombosis, cirrhosis, and liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2012;57(1):203–12. de Causes and consequences of portal vein thrombosis in 1,243 patients with cirrhosis: Results of a longitudinal study. Hepatology. 2015;61(2):660–7. Thrombotic risk factors in patients with liver cirrhosis: Correlation with MELD scoring system and portal vein thrombosis development. J Hepatol. 2009;51(4):682–9. . De novo Thrombosis in Virus-Related Cirrhosis: and Long-Term Outcomes. Gastroenterol. 2013;108(4):568–74. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the application of artificial neural networks (ANN) in predicting portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in patients with cirrhosis, which is not directly related to the claim regarding predicting protein structures using machine learning. Thus, the text does not provide any evidence or discussion relevant to the claim about machine learning in protein structure prediction and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This efficient nature of the pacemaker for circadian timekeeping is possible with the help of multiple autonomous oscillator networks and their tight coupling to the long day (LD) cycle as well as to each other by intercellular coupling. Interaction between cell-autonomous oscillators determines the robust nature of the clock and its resilience to phase shifts [37]. Although each of the SCN neurons possesses an intrinsic circadian oscillator [15, 38] they display heterogeneity of circadian period and amplitude. Connections among the different peptidergic cell types of the SCN are highly essential for the network organization. An analysis of the contacts among AVP and m ENK-containing neurons of the shell and and CALR-containing neurons of the core which holds the key for the circadian timing has shown [30] that there is less contact of AVP fibers with VIP neurons and the reverse is true more in the wild type (WT) of mice. Similarly, AVP contacts to GRP are more than in the reverse direction. Networking is dependent on coupling, coupling among the different oscillators, molecular coupling involving TFFL, cellular coupling, cell-to-cell communication, core, and shell region coupling, clock coupling with non-SCN tissues, and systemic coupling, all are involved. SCN neurons which are the clock units are coupled using a system of signaling mechanisms like chemical synapses, gap junctions, and paracrine signaling [39]. Spontaneous oscillations in membrane excitability during the LD cycle are seen among SCN neurons [22, 40]. It has been demonstrated that SCN neurons have a diurnal electrical activity with higher activity during the circadian day and low during the night [22, 41] and this circadian pattern of electrical activity is seen even when isolated from the circuit present since the SCN neurons have stable sustained oscillators to generate circadian rhythms in electrical activity. Experiments with blockage of neural transmission with chemicals produce neuronal desynchronization and decreased or reduced gene expression [16]. Thus, the molecular loop depends on electrical activity and interneuronal signaling for which neurotransmitters and gene expression are essential. It is seen that whatever may be the coupling, all rely on the neuronal activity and the molecular mechanism of clockwork. This includes the TFFL, genes, and the neurotransmitters related to it [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as a central component of circadian rhythms. It discusses the interaction of SCN neurons, their intrinsic oscillators, and the complex signaling mechanisms involved in clock regulation. The text emphasizes the importance of SCN neurons being described as 'the clock units' and notes their diurnal electrical activity which plays a critical role in generating and maintaining circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Other studies in vivo showed no teratogenic effects when glycyrrhizin salts were given maternally to mice, rats, hamsters or rabbits during gestation at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day. However, dominant lethal testing in male rats suggests that an intake of glycyrrhizin 4000–5000 mg/kg/day could result in mutagenic effects in offspring [56]. Microbial experiments indicated that licorice extract and glycyrrhizinates were non-genotoxic and had some anti-genotoxic effects. 4. 6. Cultivation practices A climate condition with an average height of 1000–1500 m above sea level, annual average temperature of 6–8°C and average rainfall of 150–300 mm is suited for cultivating glycyrrhiza. Soil types of chestnut soil, brown soil, sierozem, dark loessial soils, salinized desert meadow soil and a weak alkaline (pH of 8–9) are the most suited for the cultivation of glycyrrhiza. The seedling fields should be chosen in the land of flat terrain, layers deep and fertile soil. Sow the seeds in drills 3–4 cm deep and 20 cm apart. The proper seed sowing time is in the end of April to early of May. Lifting seedling is in the day before transplanting. Transplanting is same as sowing time. Each plot at planting time, spacing of 10–15 cm and 25–30 cm row spacing planting are generally adopt. An under-mulch-drip irrigation or drip irrigation is usually a much better irrigation mode. Combined with tillage, weeding should be carried out timely during growing period. About 45,000 kg/ha of organic manure as base fertilizer with irrigation topdressing PK should be combined depending on soils and plant nutrition. Adopting measure of agricultural and biological prevention and cure control the diseases of rust disease, powdery mildew and brown spot, as well as insects of leaf beetle and Porphyrophora sophorae (Arch. ). Seed breeding for 3–4 years, rhizomes multiply for 2–3 years can be harvested. When the stems and leaves withered in late September and early October, licorice roots could be excavated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the cultivation and medicinal properties of glycyrrhizin, which is derived from licorice, indicating that ethnobotany includes the use of plants for medicinal purposes. It outlines the non-teratogenic and anti-genotoxic properties of glycyrrhizin, suggesting that ethnobotany considers the medicinal applications of plants, thus refuting the notion that it is solely focused on food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: Noronha-- Incidence, predictive factors and clinical significance of development of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: A prospective study. Liver Int. 2019;39(8):1459–67. Nonselective beta-blockers and the risk of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis: results of a prospective longitudinal study. Ther. 2019;49(5):582–8. Development of a Model to in Candidates:. Liver Transplant. 2019;25(12):1747–55. Decreased portal vein velocity is predictive of the development of portalvein thrombosis: A matched case-control study. Liver Int. 2018;38(1):94–101. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in candidates for liver transplantation:usefulness of screening and anticoagulation. Gut. 2005;54(5):691–7. in Cirrhosis. Hepatol Commun. 2019;3(4):504–12. Giannitrapani L, Granà. Nontumorous portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: Possible role of β-blockers. Pract. 2018;27(5):466–71. a, Gunson B, Mirza D, Karayalçin K, Olliff S, Buckels J, et al. Portal vein thrombosis in adults undergoing liver transplantation: riskfactors, screening, management, and outcome. Transplantation. 2000;69(9):1873–81. -Nonselective beta-blockers and development of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology International. 2019;13(4):468–81. Lisman T, Porte RJ. Rebalanced hemostasis in patients with liverdisease: Evidence and clinical consequences. Blood. 2010;116(6):878–85. High von May BeInvolved in Severity of Cirrhosis and Portal VeinThrombosis. 2016;64(4):1383–5. Resistance to thrombomodulin is associated with de novo portal vein thrombosis and low survival in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2016;36:1–9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about machine learning and its application in predicting protein structures. Instead, it focuses on various studies related to portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis, which is entirely unrelated to machine learning or protein structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Further, it is observed [51] that disassortativity of the SCN network has a role in the synchronization in the SCN neurons with an increase in synchronization with an increase in disassortativity. The heterogeneity of the SCN neurons seems vital for rhythm generation among weakly coupled oscillators and is probably a method for strengthening the circadian rhythm [52]. Circuitry and signalingThis is another area of the SCN function where neurotransmitters have a major role. and GABA signaling are among the notable participants in this function of which VIP and GABA have major roles in synchronizing [49, 53–55]. A direct role for AVP in synchronization is now reported [39, 56]. In addition, others like GRP, SP, and neuromedin S (NMS) also have their role in coupling. Although AVP is considered traditionally an output signal, AVP projects within SCN neurons and exogenous AVP can regulate the activity of neurons of the SCN. The role of AVP in synchronization through vasopressin 1a (V1a) and V1b receptors [57] is evident as the loss of these receptors leads to loosening of coupling. Loss of AVP signaling does not preclude circadian oscillations, but in the absence of receptors, there can be a phase shift more rapidly to resetting ones which shows weaker coupling across the network [26]. A report [43] states that mice with a brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1) deletion, specific to AVP-producing neurons showed marked lengthening of the free running period as well as activity time of behavioral rhythms. It is known that mice with BMAL1 deletion are used as a tool for the study of the nature of coupling. Of late, it has been reported that glial cells also participate [58, 59] along with neurons in the SCN in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Glial cells and astrocytes possess persistent circadian gene expression to participate in daily rhythms in neurons [60]. Yet another study [61] based on the deletion of BMAL1 in the astrocytes had shown a role for them in circadian locomotor behavior for the first time. Circadian rhythms present at the cellular level and the intercellular interactions among neurons not only synchronize but also amplify and finally stabilize them [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of circadian rhythms. It emphasizes the importance of synchronization among SCN neurons and notes that various signaling mechanisms, including AVP, GABA, and glial cells, play significant roles in this process. Furthermore, it underscores the functional aspects of SCN neurons in maintaining rhythm generation, which aligns with the claim that the SCN serves as the master clock for circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Owing to deep roots, licorice should dig deep and not be broken or hurt the root bark. After sorting taproot and lateral root and removing reed head and bristles dried in the sun to a half dry state, tied into small, and then the sun to totally dry. Advertisement 1. . Flora of Committee (ED), Flora of China Vol. 14. Garden Press, St. Louis, Missouri, 2005. 205. (In Chinese)2. Zhao, R. M. , Chen, H. , Guo, F. X. , Wang, Y. , Zhang, S. Z. , Wang, Q. R. Comparative study on distributed feature of wild Angelica sinensis resources and the different in growth characteristics with its cultivars to of Gansu. Sin. ; 2014. 23: 29–37. 3. Fang, L. ,. Recent advance in studies on Angelica sinensis. Chin. Herb. Med. ; 2012. 4: 12–25. DOI: 10. 3969/j. issn. 1674-6384. 2012. 01. 0044. Chen, X. P. , Li, W. , and pharmacological studies on sinensis. Chin. J. Nat. Med. ; 2013. 11: 577–587. DOI: 10. 1016/S1875-5364(13)60067-95. on the content of amino acid and micro-element. Biot. Resour. ; 1992. 2: 49. (In Chinese)6. on the extraction for total flavonoids from Angelica sinensis (Oliv. ). Diels and its antibacterial effect. Lishizhen Med. Mater. Med. Res. ; 2010. 22: 310–311. (In Chinese)7. Cao, Y. , Yan, H. ,. , Hem, Z. Q. Analysis of nucleosides in the dried roots of Angelica sinensis from different regions. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal. ; 2010. 30: 2026–2030. (In Chinese)8. . , Shen, X. Determination of trace elements for Angelica sinensis by ICP-OES with microwave digestion. Stud. Trace Elem. Health; 2011. 28: 18–20. (In Chinese)9. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the medicinal uses of Angelica sinensis, as evidenced by references to pharmacological studies and the exploration of antibacterial effects derived from the plant. This indicates that ethnobotany encompasses more than just food-related uses and includes significant attention to medicinal applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: High levels of factor VIII and risk of extra-hepatic portal veinobstruction. J Hepatol. 2009;50(5):916–22. Presence of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis is strongly associatedwith low levels of -13: a pilot study. Med. 2016;11(7):959–67. . Inherited thrombophilia and portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2019;3(4):658–67. Causes of portal venous thrombosis in cirrhotic patients: The role ofgenetic and acquired factors. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;17(7):745–51. Engelmann B, Massberg S. Thrombosis as an intravascular effector ofinnate immunity. Immunol. 2013;13(1):34–45. Jiménez-Alcázar. DNA:Cause or Consequence of Thromb Hemost. 2017;43(6):553–61. Berzigotti A, Piscaglia F. Ultrasound in – Part 1. Ultraschall Med. 2011;32:548–71. - factor levels predict clinical outcome in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Gut. 2011;60(8):1133–8. Hypercoagulability in patients with chronic noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis. Hepatol. 2012;10(1):72–8. Ariëns. Subunit antigen and activity levels of blood coagulation factor XIII in healthy individuals:Relation to sex, age, smoking, and hypertension. Arterioscler ThrombVasc Biol. 1999;19(8):2012–6. Calibrated automated thrombin generation measurement in clotting plasma. Thromb. 2003;33(1):4–15. Martínez-Zamora MA, Tàssies Higher levels of procoagulant microp52. . Levels of Cell-of Coagulation. Liver Transplant. 2018;24(12):1716–25. . Reduced plasma fibrinolytic potential is a risk factor for venous thrombosis. Blood. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to thrombosis, liver cirrhosis, and blood coagulation factors without mentioning machine learning or protein structure prediction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Spatiotemporal gradients in electrical activity at the network level are also an output of interaction among the SCN neurons which can be adjusted to environmental conditions [62, 63]. Gene expression and neurotransmitters in the SCNCircadian gene expression in the SCN depends on metabolism, protein biosynthesis, and degradation [64]. Secreted substances, and prokineticin 2 (PK2) are under circadian control in the SCN at the transcriptomic or proteomic level [65, 66]. The molecular mechanism operating in the circadian clock is based on and driven by TFFLs having circadian clock genes [67]. The genes in question in mammals are period (Per 1, Per 2, Per 3) cryptochrome (Cry 1 and Cry 2) clock, and BMAL1. This core TFFL loop operation involves activation of period (Per 1, Per 2, Per 3), and cryptochrome (Cry 1 and Cry 2) gene transcription by a BMAL1/clock heterodimer [68]. Light entrainment of the clock involves the induction of c-Fos [69] and clock genes Per 1 and Per 2 [70, 71]. Possible clock genes for glutamate and PACAP appear to be Per 1 and Per 2 which are induced by light, in the SCN at night. VIP also induces Per 1 and Per 2 expressions in a phase-dependent manner [72] indicating that VIP causes light-induced phase shift at night. PACAP mediates synchronization of the SCN neurons through PAC1 receptor targeting signaling pathways that produce immediate early gene (IEG) FOS as well as Per 1 and Per 2 [73–75]. Melatonin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) along with PACAP and glutamate can transmit light information to the SCN neurons. Light signaling causes induction of the expression of IEG Fos, early growth response protein 1 (ERG1). In mice light entrainment and phase shift of circadian rhythms utilizes PAC1 receptor and PACAP signaling [74, 76–78]. Mice lacking receptors for PACAP show smaller phase delay in the early part of the night [76, 78]. In a recent study [79] it was observed that PACAP signaling through RHT is involved in light induction of EGR1 expression in SCN neurons. Clock-related genes are one of the factors that modulate the working of the clock. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information on the function of the SCN in regulating circadian rhythms. It describes how spatiotemporal gradients in electrical activity among SCN neurons can adapt to environmental conditions, emphasizing the SCN's role in the molecular mechanisms underlying circadian clocks, including the transcriptional regulation of clock genes like Period and Cryptochrome. The mention of light entrainment and the role of specific substances like PACAP in the synchronization of SCN neurons further supports the claim that the SCN is indeed the master clock for circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Isolation and identification of the chemical constituents from roots of Angelica sinensis (Oliv. ) Diels. J. Shenyang Pharm. Univ. ; 2013. 30: 182–185. (In Chinese)10. Wei, W. L. , Zeng, R. , Gu, C. M. , Qu, Y. , Huang, L. F. Angelica sinensis in China—A review of botanical profile, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and chemical analysis. J. Ethnopharmacol. ; 2016. 190: 116–141. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jep. 2016. 05. 02311. Bunel, V. , Antoine, M. H. , Nortier, J. , Duez, P. , Stévigny, C. Nephroprotective effects of ferulic acid, Z-ligustilide and E-ligustilideisolated from Angelica sinensis againstcisplatin toxicity in vitro. Toxicol. In Vitro; 2015. 3: 458–467. DOI: 10. 1016/j. tiv. 2014. 12. 01712. . , Zhu, M. , of ferulic acid on antioxidant activity in Radix, chuanxiong Rhizoma, and their combination. Chin. J. Nat. Med. ; 2015. 13: 401–408. DOI: 10. 1016/S1875-5364(15)30032-713. Hua, Y. , Xue, W. , Zhang, M. , Wei, Y. , Ji, P. Metabonomics study on the hepatoprotective effect of polysaccharides from different preparations of Angelica sinensis. J. Ethnopharmacol. ; 2014. 151: 1090–1099. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jep. 2013. 12. 01114. Zhao, L. , Wang, Y. ,. , Wang, Y. , Han, T. , Yin, M. , Zhang, Q. Y. Structural characterization and radioprotection of bone marrow hematopoiesis of two novel polysaccharides from the root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv. ) Diels. Fitoterapia; 2012. 83: 1712–1720. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple studies and reviews on the medicinal properties and uses of Angelica sinensis. It highlights the ethnopharmacological significance of this plant, which indicates that ethnobotany includes not only plants used for food but also those utilized for their medicinal properties, thereby addressing the claim that ethnobotany ignores medicinal uses.