Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: According to the Agency [25], the district had a total population of 94,106, with 50,021 (53. 15%) men and 44,085 (46. 85%) women. Of the total population, 89,375 (94. 97%) resided in rural areas. The study area has a diverse ethnic composition, primarily consisting of the Amhara, Agew, and Gumuz communities. The predominant religion is Christianity. The primary language spoken in the area is Amharic, with other locally known languages including Agewgna, Gumuz, and Datsien [17]. In terms of topography, the district is characterized by flat to undulating plains that slope from south to north. The landscape features valleys, streams, scattered hills, and seasonal wetlands in the lowlands. As the terrain transitions to the midland agroecology, it becomes steep, rugged, and scenic. The lowland area of the district is widely used for investment in Ethiopia, and the main sources of income are mixed crop-livestock systems. These systems involve the production of sesame, sorghum, maize, and cotton, as well as the rearing of livestock such as cattle, goats, and equines [23]. The district’s vegetation is categorized under the Combretum-Terminalia woodland and wooded grassland vegetation type [26]. Additionally, the area contains other diverse ecosystem complexes, including intact scrublands, riverine vegetation, seasonal wetland vegetation, open wooded grasslands, and hilly area woodlands [27]. Research designReconnaissance survey and site selectionThe researchers obtained a formal letter from the for Research and of the University of Gondar to conduct the study with clearance number 1059/2022. Then, we presented this letter to the Quara district administration office and received permission to proceed with a reconnaissance survey and select sample kebeles for the actual study. The reconnaissance survey was carried out from July 15–22, 2022, in the Quara district. After the reconnaissance survey, ten kebeles were selected through stratified random sampling, based on the recommendations of district administrators, local authorities, and elders. The selected sample kebeles represented 35. 7% of the total 28 kebeles in the Quara district. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the demographics, geography, and socioeconomic aspects of a district in Ethiopia, without mentioning Aloe vera or its uses. There is no connection to the treatment of skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: 17 (2015) Isolation of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from oily sludge and its degrading characteristics. 9(07):3538– (2014) Enhanced bioelectricity generation by improving pyocyanin production and membrane permeability through sophorolipid addition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-inoculated microbial fuel cells[J]. 167(1):490– (2018) Role of respiratory terminal oxidases in the extracellular electron transfer ability of cyanobacteria[J]. Biotechnologyï¼† Bioeng 115(5):1361– Wang LL (2016) Isolation, screening and biological characteristics reasearch of highly-effective electricigens for phenol degradation[D]. of Science and (2011) pH regulation of sediment microbialfull cellperformance[J]. 30(6):1162– (2021) Effect of pH on bacterial distributions within cathodic biofilm of the microbial fuel cell with maltodextrin as the substrate. Chemosphere 265:129088 (2015) Sediment microbial fuel cell prefers to degrade organic chemicals with higher polarity[J]. 190:420– (2012) Electricity generation from cyanobacteria by sediment microbial fuel cells. J Biotechnol 87(11):1567– (2018) Analysis of functional genomes from metagenomes: Revealing the accelerated electron transfer in microbial fuel cell with rhamnolipid addition[J]. Bioelectrochemistry 119:59– (2011) The direct electrocatalysis of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid excreted by Pseudomonas alcaliphila under alkaline condition in microbial fuel cells[J]. 102(14):7099– (2011) Electrochemical analysis of Clostridium propionicum and its acrylic acid production in microbial fuel cells[J]. Sci 11(3):238– (2021) Porous graphitic carbon from mangosteen peel as efficient electrocatalyst in microbial fuel cells[J]. Environ 764:142918 (2008) Microbial fuel cell based on Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various research findings and characteristics of microbial fuel cells, which rely on the use of bacteria to enhance bioelectricity generation and facilitate organic matter degradation. It mentions specific bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium propionicum in the context of their roles in microbial fuel cells, confirming their involvement in the conversion of organic matter into electricity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: For example, the settings of “waterfront areas with beach” and “forested areas with no obvious trails,” while containing elements of forest and water, were rated in the neutral range of preference, and visitors showed the most variation in rating these two settings (SD = 3. 04 and 3. 03, respectively). Nearly as many people rated the two settings as not preferred as they did preferred. Privacy preference was quite diverse for forested areas with no obvious trails, where 16. 1% rated it the lowest in preference while 12. 3% rated it the very highest. Issues of safety and comfort, no doubt, are at play in the ratings of these types of forested areas for some visitors. Functions of PrivacyIf one accepts the argument that privacy is a basic psychological human need (Altman 1975), that considerable amounts of privacy can be obtained in urban forests and parks, that people spend an average of 2+ hours per visit being away to these privacy refuges, and that certain settings (habitats) within the refuges are preferred over others for privacy, then an important question is “What are the functions that privacy is serving within these refuges? ” Westin (1967) suggests four basic functions of privacy, which were defined earlier in this paper (e. g. , personal autonomy, emotional release, selfevaluation, and limited protected communication). Twentyseven specific function items, based on Westin’s four basic functions, were rated by refuge visitors as to how important each specific function of privacy is to them when visiting urban forests/parks. When the 27 items rated for privacy importance were analyzed for underlying functions in Cleveland, Ohio, forest/park environments, four functions or factors were derived. Twenty items met the factor analysis criteria for inclusion in the analysis and were grouped under four dimensions of privacy functions: reflective thought, distancing/emotional release, creative thought, and intimate communication (Table 3). A discussion of these factors follows. View this table:View inlineView popupTable 3. Privacy function dimensions, based on factor analysis of individual items in the urban forest privacy-function scale. Reflective thought was rated the most important ( on a 7-point scale) function that privacy served in the surveyed urban forest environments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of urban forests and parks as privacy refuges and essential areas for psychological well-being. It mentions that considerable amounts of privacy can be obtained in these spaces and highlights the specific functions of privacy that are important to visitors, suggesting that such environments serve critical psychological needs that vertical forests alone may not fulfill.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The criteria for selecting the sample kebeles included the presence of traditional healers, agroclimatic conditions (lowland and midland), ethnic distribution (Amhara, Agew, and Gumuz), and settlement history (local inhabitants and settlers). Sample size determination and informant selectionTo determine representative samples for the study area, Cochran’s formula [28] as cited in [29] was used. Accordingly, a total of 286 informants (195 males and 91 females) were chosen (Table 1). Among them, 58 were key informants, while 228 were general informants. The key informants were purposefully selected in consultation with local authorities and elders, as well as using the snowball sampling method. The general informants were selected through a random sampling method, considering factors such as age, sex, cultural background, settlement history, and agroecology. Table 1 Description of study kebeles of data collection within the study area, highlighting key geographical and demographical attributeFull size tableData collectionEthnobotanical information was collected through face-to-face interviews with informants. For this purpose, pre-planned semi-structured questionnaires, and standardized data collection protocols [30,31,32] were used. Extensive field trips, accompanied by informants, were conducted from August 2022 to October 2023 to identify and collect therapeutic plant species used in the district. The interviews were primarily conducted in the Amharic language, which is the common language of the study area. However, when informants spoke other languages, local translators were engaged. Subsequently, all the documented data were translated into English. The checklist contained questions focused on local names of medicinal plants, their habits, parts used, diseases treated, and mode of preparation and administration. In addition, for on-site data collection, guided field walks with the informants were carried out, during which notes were taken on local names, plant specimens were collected, and information on habits, habitats, status, and other relevant details of the therapeutic plant species were recorded. Moreover, four focus group discussions were held with seven key informants in each discussion. These discussions covered various topics, such as threats to medicinal plants, conservation practices, antidotes, and dosage following the approach outlined by [33]. The focus group discussions helped to validate the data collected from the informants. Specimen identificationThe collected voucher specimens were authenticated using taxonomic literature, reference voucher specimens, and various books on the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the methodology of a study involving the selection of sample kebeles and informants to gather ethnobotanical information, but it does not mention Aloe vera specifically or its historical use for treating skin ailments. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: Electrochemically active bacteria in microbial fuel cells output: Thesis › internal (1) (MFC) technology has been heralded as a tool for energy conservation, resource recovery and valuable compound synthesis, amongst others. The MFC concept is possible due to the ability of electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB) to transfer the electrons produced from substrate degradation, out of the bacterial cell and onto the electrode surface via different mechanisms; a process called exocellular electron transfer (EET). However, despite advances and extensive studies on EET mechanisms and EcAB, like the Fe(III)-reducing Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, the technology has not reached yet the stage of broad applicability. This thesis investigates characteristics and performance of EcAB in the anodic compartment of pure- and mixed-culture MFCs in an effort to shed light to processes important to MFC performance and efficiency. In order to reliably study EcAB in a microbial fuel cell environment, a gas-tight, sterile MFC setup was developed and optimized for electrochemical and microbiological studies of the anodic bacteria and consequently the electrochemically active biofilm/bioanode. In addition, a method for Geobacter species quantification with quantitative PCR (qPCR) was developed. Furthermore, a multiple-unit MFC setup was designed for convenient and simultaneous operation of identical MFCs ‘in-parallel’. A design for a new compact, multi-array MFC to be used as a small-scale culturing platform of EcAB based solely on their electrochemical properties is also introduced. Our research with different titanium (Ti) electrodes in the same MFC setup, suggests that the MFC electrode surface is critical as it determines attachment of EcAB and bioanode formation that leads ultimately to efficient electrochemical activity. Pt- and Ta- coated Ti electrodes performed the best while uncoated Ti with either smooth or rough surfaces performed the worst. Future MFC research could benefit greatly from enhancing the electrode interface for optimum bioanode formation and electron transfer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the process in microbial fuel cells, specifically how electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB) transfer electrons produced from the degradation of substrates to the electrodes, effectively converting organic matter into electricity. It explains the mechanism known as exocellular electron transfer (EET), which is central to the function of microbial fuel cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: Urban forests served Cleveland respondents by providing a relaxed period where past experiences can be reflected upon—where people can be alone with individual thoughts/feelings, can recover from troubled or depressing moments, for exploring/thinking through personal concerns, and regrouping thoughts. When “always on the go,” it is difficult to reflect and integrate one’s experiences into directed and meaningful patterns (Hammitt and Brown 1984). As pointed out by Midgley (1978), periods of integration are essential so that human behavior does not become diffused, disorganized, and counterproductive. Lacking periods of reflection and integration of one’s thoughts and actions is both maladaptive and uncomfortable, and prohibits a state of cognitive clarity when contemplation and problem solving might occur (Kaplan 1978). People can seek natural environments and places (e. g. , urban forests) to regain a desired state of cognitive clarity. Closely associated with the function of reflective thought is a “relaxed period,” where resting of the mind from society and mental fatigue and the release of psychological stress can occur. Being away from everyday routine, social roles, and accompanying stresses—to an environment that affords a relaxed period—is essential to clear the head so that the functions of regrouping, recovering, evaluating, and reflecting can proceed. Survey results indicate that urban forests are resources that aid this important function of privacy in our lives. Distancing/emotional release was rated the second most important function of privacy by survey respondents. The function of disengaging from every day social roles where one can experience a period of time away from others’ expectations is important as an emotional release from everyday life (Westin 1967). The individual item, “as an emotional release from everyday life” was rated the highest in importance of the original 27 privacy items. Two other items related to limiting interactions with strangers and maintaining a desired mental distance from others were correlated with the functions of disengaging from social roles and emotional release in everyday environments. Although the emotional release function is somewhat similar to the reflective thought function, they remain distinct in that emotional release could occur without reflective thought. However, reflective thought cannot occur without emotional release. One must be able to release the “baggage” carried around in the head from the often emotionally filled everyday environment before reflective thought can occur (Kaplan 1978). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the essential role of urban forests in providing reflective and private spaces for individuals to regain cognitive clarity and emotional release. It states that these environments are critical for personal reflection and mental recovery, suggesting that urban green spaces are not only beneficial but necessary for individual well-being. This directly contradicts the idea that vertical forests could eliminate the need for such spaces.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Medicinal plant knowledge of the informants in Quara district (n = 286)Full size tableMedicinal plant diversityA total of 128 species of medicinal plants were found in the Quara district for treating human ailments. These species were distributed across 112 genera and 50 families (Material 1). Of the total number of families, 23 families (46%) had two or more species, while the remaining 27 families (54%) had only one species each. The family with the greatest number of species was Fabaceae (22 species), followed by Malvaceae (9 species) and Combretaceae (7 species). In terms of plant habit, trees accounted for 37. 5% of the species, whereas climbers (4. 7%) had the lowest proportion (Fig. 2). Fig. 2Habits of medicinal plants in Quara districtFull size imagePlant parts and conditions for preparing remediesDifferent plant parts were reported to be used in remedy preparation in the district (Fig. 3). The leaf was the most used plant part (23. 1%), followed closely by the root (22. 8%). Other plant parts like bulb, stem, root bark, flower, resin, seed pod gum, and tuber, accounted for a total of 8. 6%. Most of the remedies were prepared using freshly collected plant parts (61. 6%), followed by either fresh or dry parts (19. 6%), or dry parts (18. 8%). Fig. 3Plant parts used for remedy preparation in Quara districtFull size imageAilments treated with medicinal plantsThe study found that a total of 76 human ailments were treated using the 128 medicinal plant species identified in the district (see 1). Of the total medicinal plant species, the majority (101 species, 79%) were able to treat two or more ailments, while 27 species (21%) were used to treat single ailments. Some of the plants that demonstrated particularly broad medicinal application included Ximenia americana, Moringa stenopetala, and Terminalia leiocarpa, each of which was able to treat ten different ailments. Another plant, Solanum incanum, was used to treat nine ailments. In addition to using individual plant species, the traditional healers in the study area also combined multiple parts to create remedies for various ailments. A total of 28 plant species were used in two or more combinations for this purpose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the specific claim about aloe vera and its historical use for skin ailments. It discusses the diversity of medicinal plants in the Quara district and their applications without mentioning aloe vera specifically. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: Our studies with flat-plate, graphite-electrode, mixed-culture microbial fuel cells (Pmax ≈ 1 W/m2) operated for several months with external load (Rext), indicated stable and reproducible characteristics including Coulombic efficiencies, average values of cell voltage, anode potentials, and current densities as well as main microbial populations of both the anolyte and the bioanode. However, transient testing of power maxima values (Pmax) that required lower Rext, or applied potential showed result variability, that might be linked to differences in electrochemical impedance factors, redox-active centers and electron-producing states of the bioanodes. Differences in the quantities of the bioanode microbial species did not seem to correlate with this variability. Since energy-conserving applications like waste-water treatment MFCs would ideally be operated with an Rext rather than applied voltage, addressing interface impedance factors, such as charge transfer resistance and electrical double layer capacitance, is important especially when MFCs are operated at lower Rext. Furthermore, mixed-culture MFCs were shown to be selective for certain bacterial consortia, including Geobacter- and Pseudomonas- related species. Geobacter-related species were dominant on the surface of different electrodes suggesting a pivotal role of the species in electrochemical activity and EET. This was not surprising as the original mixed-culture inoculum - used for starting up several bioelectrochemical systems at our research facilities - was amended with pure cultures of G. sulfurreducens PCA. However, the strain specifically selected for and present in most bioanodes was a novel Geobacter, strain T33 that was phylogenetically closely related (99% by 16S rRNA sequence similarity) to several strains detected in a variety of MFCs operated by other research groups under various conditions and anodic substrates. These strains formed a new phylogenetic Geobacter cluster, distinct from G. sulfurreducens. This observation suggested that strain T33 might have an ecological advantage in MFCs over G. sulfurreducens PCA. In-depth characterization of strain T33 in pure-culture experiments showed that strain T33 forms efficient bioanodes with high Pmax similar to strain PCA, but exhibits different redox-centers than strain T33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of bacteria in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), specifically mentioning Geobacter-related species that are crucial for the electrochemical activity and electron transfer in these systems. It describes how mixed-culture microbial fuel cells are selective for certain bacterial consortia, indicating that bacteria are indeed utilized to generate electricity from organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: Creative thought was equal in importance to distancing/emotional release as a privacy function. The function concerns an environment/place that allows for considering unexplored new ideas, enjoying one’s imagination, taking new and creative perspectives, and inspiring creative thought. This function is different from the reflective thought function in that it deals with new information rather than the integration and reflection of old or existing information. This is not to infer that reflective thought cannot lead to different ideas and does not involve new perspectives, but its major privacy function in this study seems to be related to the recovering, thinking through, and reflection upon past experiences. Intimate communication as a form of limited communication was the fourth and least important privacy function for respondents. A private setting for communicating and talking over personal matters with intimate friends, and an opportunity for sharing confidences or intimacies with those trusted, is a function served by urban forests. The three items in this factor loaded the highest (had highest correlations) of any of the privacy scale items. People often have the need for disclosing and sharing intimate thoughts and feelings; however, most people are reluctant to go public with personal concerns or with items that are not well thought out. A friend before whom one can “think aloud,” an individual whom one can trust with intimacies, is a valuable asset. Likewise, a private environmental setting and refuge that fosters disclosure of personal thoughts, and at the same time allows for the sharing of these ideas with selected individuals, can be an asset. Urban forests in Cleveland are one such environmental setting where this function might occur, considering that 67% of survey respondents visited the areas alone or with only one other individual. and solitude have long been known to be major attributes and benefits of remote forest and wilderness environments (Hendee et al. 1990). However, less is known about the privacy aspects of close-to-home, forested areas in urban environments. This research, though one study, indicates that urban forests and parks also can serve as refuges where everyday privacy can be found. Specific findings from the Cleveland, Ohio study indicate that more privacy is achieved by survey respondents at urban forests and parks than at work and home environments. a high degree of privacy can be obtained during forest/park visits. visitors to the forests and parks in Cleveland are attracted to these areas, rather than just escaping from less private places. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the importance of urban forests and parks as refuges that provide privacy and emotional benefits. It states that urban forests in Cleveland serve as places where individuals can seek privacy and disclose intimate thoughts, which implies a continued need for these green spaces rather than their elimination. The mention of survey respondents finding a higher degree of privacy in urban forests and parks directly counters the claim that vertical forests could replace them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: For instance, the mixture of the roots of Securidaca longepedunculata, Allium sativum, Capparis tomentosa, Withania somnifera, and Cucumis ficifolius was powdered and smoked to treat the evil eye. A drink was prepared using a combination of the roots of Carissa spinarum, and Ruta chalepensis, along with the bulb of Allium sativum, to treat snakebites. Methods of preparation and route of administration of remediesThe communities in the study area utilized a variety of methods to prepare and administer traditional medicinal remedies. The most common preparation methods were extraction (17. 5% of preparations), decoction (13. 4% of preparations), and paste (10. 2% of preparations). Additionally, seven other preparation methods accounted for a total of 5. 2% of the remedies (Fig. 4). In terms of routes of administration, over half of the remedies (211 preparations, 56. 7%) were administered orally. This was followed by topical application, which accounted for 32. 5% of the preparations (121 in total) (Fig. 5). Fig. 4Methods of remedy preparation in Quara districtFull size imageFig. 5Route of administration of medicinal plants in Quara districtFull size imageEthnobotanical knowledge distribution among ethnic groupsThe study examined the ethnobotanical knowledge and use of medicinal plants across the three main ethnic groups in the district—the Amhara, Agew, and Gumuz using the Venn diagram (Fig. 6). Among the three ethnic groups, 57 plant species were reported by the Agew ethnic group, 70 by the Gumuz, and 107 by the Amhara ethnic groups. Analysis of the distribution of plant resources revealed that 28% of the plants studied overlapped among the three ethnic groups. The pairwise comparisons showed that the Amhara and Gumuz ethnic groups had the highest degree of similarity, sharing 15. 63% of their medicinal plant species. , followed by the Amhara and Agew groups (8. 6%), and the Agew and Gumuz ethnic groups had the lowest overlap, sharing only 2. 34% of their medicinal plant species. In total, the three ethnic groups collectively utilized 36 species of medicinal plants in common across the district. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a variety of traditional medicinal remedies used by different ethnic groups without mentioning Aloe vera specifically or its historical use for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: Our research with different titanium (Ti) electrodes in the same MFC setup, suggests that the MFC electrode surface is critical as it determines attachment of EcAB and bioanode formation that leads ultimately to efficient electrochemical activity. Pt- and Ta- coated Ti electrodes performed the best while uncoated Ti with either smooth or rough surfaces performed the worst. Future MFC research could benefit greatly from enhancing the electrode interface for optimum bioanode formation and electron transfer. Our studies with flat-plate, graphite-electrode, mixed-culture microbial fuel cells (Pmax ≈ 1 W/m2) operated for several months with external load (Rext), indicated stable and reproducible characteristics including Coulombic efficiencies, average values of cell voltage, anode potentials, and current densities as well as main microbial populations of both the anolyte and the bioanode. However, transient testing of power maxima values (Pmax) that required lower Rext, or applied potential showed result variability, that might be linked to differences in electrochemical impedance factors, redox-active centers and electron-producing states of the bioanodes. Differences in the quantities of the bioanode microbial species did not seem to correlate with this variability. Since energy-conserving applications like waste-water treatment MFCs would ideally be operated with an Rext rather than applied voltage, addressing interface impedance factors, such as charge transfer resistance and electrical double layer capacitance, is important especially when MFCs are operated at lower Rext. Furthermore, mixed-culture MFCs were shown to be selective for certain bacterial consortia, including Geobacter- and Pseudomonas- related species. Geobacter-related species were dominant on the surface of different electrodes suggesting a pivotal role of the species in electrochemical activity and EET. This was not surprising as the original mixed-culture inoculum - used for starting up several bioelectrochemical systems at our research facilities - was amended with pure cultures of G. sulfurreducens PCA. However, the strain specifically selected for and present in most bioanodes was a novel Geobacter, strain T33 that was phylogenetically closely related (99% by 16S rRNA sequence similarity) to several strains detected in a variety of MFCs operated by other research groups under various conditions and anodic substrates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how different bacterial species, such as Geobacter and Pseudomonas, are crucial in the electrochemical activity of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It discusses the role of bacteria in forming bioanodes and transferring electrons, which is fundamental for converting organic matter into electricity in MFCs, thus directly supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: heavily forested settings, when associated with nearby running water and/or unpaved trails, are most preferred by respondents for finding privacy. privacy in forest/park refuges serves several potential beneficial needs and psychological functions of human well being. Thus, there is preliminary data to support the concept of urban forests and parks as refuges of privacy. However, a cautionary note is in order concerning the concept of refuge privacy. Privacy has self-determined (human) as well as setting-determined aspects. It is important to realize that the amount of privacy achieved depends on the desired forest/use conditions and the ability of forest visitors to seek and create privacy states, in addition to preferred forest settings. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest some preliminary management implications for managing urban forests as refuges for privacy benefits. For example, preferred and potential privacy settings would be expected to better serve the functions of privacy for individuals seeking privacy benefits. Identification of these preferred settings, their preservation and management, and manipulation through silvicultural, arboricultural, and recreation trail management, should serve to enhance the privacy refuge attributes of these areas. However, future research is needed before specific and definitive management prescriptions can be made. For example, future studies need to address the more specific questions and potential outcome implications of the following questions. Do visitors specifically seek particular places and settings within the urban forest context and achieve more desired privacy than while in less-specific places? Is it necessary to manage specific kinds of places and settings in the urban forest for supporting privacy or can places that are meant for other uses achieve equal levels of privacy? Is privacy achieved as a function of duration in specific settings or the nature of the setting itself? Does it matter whether one sets out to find privacy or happens upon it? Perhaps the ultimate outcome from this line of research should be to verify just how large, or small, a beneficial role that privacy derived from urban forest recreation plays in society for some people, considering the prevalence and importance of privacy as a human psychological need (Altman 1975). 1975. : Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, Crowding. Brooks/Cole, Monterrey, CA. ↵Appleton, J. 1975. of Landscape. Wiley, London, England. ↵Barnhart, C. L. (Ed. ). 1960. College Dictionary. . ↵Dillman, D. A. 1978. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of privacy provided by urban forests and parks, implying that they serve beneficial psychological functions for human well-being. It emphasizes that preferred settings in forests or parks are sought for privacy, which suggests that these spaces are still necessary despite the presence of vertical forests. Furthermore, the text points out the need for managing these settings to enhance their privacy attributes, indicating that urban forests and parks cannot be completely replaced by vertical forests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 6Venn diagram of medicinal plants among the studied ethnic groups in Quara districtFull size imageInformant consensus factorThe study calculated the ICF to identify the most effective medicinal plants for treating common ailments in the district. The ICF values were calculated based on disease categories, which were determined using the of Diseases [37] with some modifications. Overall, 14 disease categories were identified, with ICF values ranging from 0. 75 to 0. 93 out of a maximum of 1. 0 (Table 3). The diseases categories with the highest ICF values were diseases of the circulatory system and blood/blood-forming organs (ICF = 0. 93), followed closely by infectious and parasitic diseases, and symptoms, signs, and clinical findings not elsewhere classified both with an ICF value of 0. 92. Table 3 ICF values of plants for treating human ailments in Quara districtFull size tableWhen analyzing the ICF in terms of the number of use 12. 93 across the different studied areas that were compared (Table 4). Table 4 Rahman’s similarity index between the present study (Quara district) and previous studiesFull size tableDirect matrix ranking exerciseA direct matrix ranking (DMR) exercise was conducted in the Quara district to assess and prioritize the most important medicinal plant species utilized by the local communities (Table 5). The results of the DMR exercise showed that Ziziphus spina-christi, Terminalia leiocarpa, and Ficus sycomorus were the top-ranked medicinal plant species. Furthermore, the DMR exercise also evaluated the various use categories for these plants in the district. Accordingly, use as medicine, livestock forage, and a source of food were the most common use categories in the district. Table 5 DMR of eight multipurpose medicinal plant species in the Quara districtFull size tableNovel ethnobotanical findingsThe current ethnobotanical study in the Quara district has uncovered several novel findings. Specifically, the research team identified nine medicinal plant species that were reported for the first time in Ethiopia through this study (Table 6). Of these nine newly documented medicinal plants, seven have been previously reported to have medicinal uses in other parts of the world. However, two species–Dracaena forskaliana and Ipomoea biflora–had not been associated with any known medicinal applications prior to this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the medicinal plants in the Quara district and their effectiveness, without mentioning Aloe vera or its uses for skin ailments. The information presented primarily focuses on other medicinal plants and their properties, making it not pertinent to the claim about Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: / Michaelidou, Urania. Wageningen: Wageningen University, 2019. 288 p. Research output: Thesis › internal - THEST1 - Electrochemically active bacteria in microbial fuel cellsAU - Michaelidou, UraniaN1 - WU thesis 7156 Includes bibliographical 33. Furthermore, strain T33 has a more limited electron acceptor range, but a wider electron donor range than strain PCA, including glucose and succinate. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain T33 and recently described electrochemically active strains G. soli GSS01 and G. anodireducens SD-1 are closely related (99% by 16S rRNA) and form a new phylogenetic cluster within the Geobacters, 98% by 16S rRNA similar to G. sulfurreducens strains PCA and KN400. Genome-based analyses indicates that even though the two clusters share common metabolic properties, some differences exist with respect to electron donor utilization, attachment and conductive cell surface components (e-pili) production and genome rearrangement and gene acquisition. It is not sufficiently clear how the differences in the genome of strain T33 are relevant to persistence of the strain in MFCs, biofilm formation and EET, our studies overall suggest that strain T33 even though producing similar power densities as G. sulfurreducens PCA, might be more stable and versatile in MFCs, and therefore a better candidate for waste-water treatment if it can couple the oxidation of several organic substrates, as observed with Fe(III)-respiration, also to electrode-respiration. AB - Cell (MFC) technology has been heralded as a tool for energy conservation, resource recovery and valuable compound synthesis, amongst others. The MFC concept is possible due to the ability of electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB) to transfer the electrons produced from substrate degradation, out of the bacterial cell and onto the electrode surface via different mechanisms; a process called exocellular electron transfer (EET). However, despite advances and extensive studies on EET mechanisms and EcAB, like the Fe(III)-reducing Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, the technology has not reached yet the stage of broad applicability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and the role of electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB) in these systems. It highlights how bacteria transfer electrons produced from substrate degradation to the electrode surface, which is essential for converting organic matter into electricity. The mention of the application of MFC technology for energy conservation and the abilities of bacteria in this process corroborate the claim that MFCs utilize bacteria for electricity generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: AbstractTo make the most efficient use of scarce recreation resources, urban forest managers need to know what features of recreation sites are the most important for creating high-quality recreation environments. In this study, observers viewed photographs of urban forest sites in the Chicago area and described the features of the sites that they liked and disliked. Natural features such as trees, grass, and water were most frequently mentioned as features they liked and manmade objects, problems with vegetation, and poor maintenance were most frequently mentioned as features they disliked. Observers who had lived in urban areas for most of their lives preferred more developed recreation areas and more often viewed urban forests as sites for particular recreation activities than those who lived in suburban or rural areas most of their lives. Urban parks and forests provide important recreation opportunities for residents of cities and towns. In large metropolitan areas, urban forests may supply the only opportunities for city dwellers to experience nature without traveling long distances to backcountry areas. As fuel prices rise and it becomes even more difficult to travel to distant recreation sites, the importance of urban parks and forests will increase. At the same time, inflation and scarce public funds make managing urban recreation sites an increasingly difficult job. To make the most efficient use of scarce resources, managers need to know what specific features and characteristics of urban forest recreation sites are the most important to users. That is, exactly what is it about some sites that make them attractive, desirable places to visit? And what are the major features that detract from the quality of some urban sites and make them less enjoyable for recreation? With answers to these questions urban park and forest managers can focus their efforts on the specific features that are most likely to increase the quality of the recreation opportunities they offer. This 1. Example of an attractive recreation site. This scene shows natural features such as trees, water, and open space. The area appears well maintained and the vegetation is healthy. Although no specific facilities are visible, the large open area would provide opportunities for a variety of outdoor activities. View this table:View inlineView popupTable 1. Features mentioned as desirable for urban forest recreation sitesWater resources, especially lakes and ponds, are the next most frequently mentioned preferred features, with fields and open space forming a third category of natural features. A few people indicated that a mixture of open spaces and wooded areas was most desirable. As with vegetation, nonurban individuals were more likely than urban ones to mention water and open fields as preferred features. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of urban parks and forests for recreation opportunities in urban areas. It highlights that urban parks and forests may be the only means for city dwellers to experience nature and that the value of these spaces is expected to increase, especially as travel to distant outdoor areas becomes more challenging. The text provides evidence that urban recreation sites are vital, contradicting the notion that vertical forests could eliminate the need for traditional green spaces.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the study reported 39 new use cases for medicinal plant species compared to what had been previously documented in other ethnobotanical studies published in Ethiopia (see 2). Table 6 Plants reported to treat ailments in Quara district for the first time in EthiopiaFull size tableThreats to medicinal plants and conservation effortsThe ethnobotanical study in the Quara district revealed several threats to the sustainability of medicinal plant resources and indigenous knowledge in the area. During group discussions, participants prioritized seven key threats to medicinal plants: use of herbicides/insecticides, human-induced fires, agricultural land expansion, construction activities, collection of fuel wood, use of plants for farm implements, and overgrazing. Additionally, the participants mentioned other threats such as the use of medicinal plants for house utensils, informal cross-border trade to neighboring Sudan, deforestation, seasonal migration patterns, and climate change-induced events like drought. The group participants also noted that there were minimal management practices in place for medicinal plants. To further understand the severity of these threats, we conducted interviews with 12 key informants, who were asked to rank the seven prioritized threats to medicinal plants. The results showed that agricultural expansion was considered the primary threat, followed by the collection of fuel wood and its use for construction purposes (Table 7). Table 7 Ranking of threats to medicinal plants in Quara districtFull size tableThe ethnobotanical study in Quara district has highlighted the significant threats facing several important medicinal plant species due to their extensive and unsustainable utilization. Ximenia americana is a vital medicinal plant in the region, with its root used to treat spider bites and diarrhea, and its stem bark used for jaundice and uvulitis. However, the excessive harvesting of the root and stem bark is leading to a concerning decline in the plant’s population. Similarly, Carissa spinarum is an important medicinal resource, with its root used to treat a variety of common illnesses, including snakebites, evil spirits, and the evil eye. The reported decline in the Carissa spinarum population in the area is particularly alarming. Securidaca longepedunculata is another highly sought-after medicinal plant, with its root extensively used to treat snakebites, the evil eye, and febrile illnesses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding Aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses the threats to various medicinal plants and their uses in treating different ailments, none of which are related to Aloe vera specifically. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: This thesis investigates characteristics and performance of EcAB in the anodic compartment of pure- and mixed-culture MFCs in an effort to shed light to processes important to MFC performance and efficiency. In order to reliably study EcAB in a microbial fuel cell environment, a gas-tight, sterile MFC setup was developed and optimized for electrochemical and microbiological studies of the anodic bacteria and consequently the electrochemically active biofilm/bioanode. In addition, a method for Geobacter species quantification with quantitative PCR (qPCR) was developed. Furthermore, a multiple-unit MFC setup was designed for convenient and simultaneous operation of identical MFCs ‘in-parallel’. A design for a new compact, multi-array MFC to be used as a small-scale culturing platform of EcAB based solely on their electrochemical properties is also introduced. Our research with different titanium (Ti) electrodes in the same MFC setup, suggests that the MFC electrode surface is critical as it determines attachment of EcAB and bioanode formation that leads ultimately to efficient electrochemical activity. Pt- and Ta- coated Ti electrodes performed the best while uncoated Ti with either smooth or rough surfaces performed the worst. Future MFC research could benefit greatly from enhancing the electrode interface for optimum bioanode formation and electron transfer. Our studies with flat-plate, graphite-electrode, mixed-culture microbial fuel cells (Pmax ≈ 1 W/m2) operated for several months with external load (Rext), indicated stable and reproducible characteristics including Coulombic efficiencies, average values of cell voltage, anode potentials, and current densities as well as main microbial populations of both the anolyte and the bioanode. However, transient testing of power maxima values (Pmax) that required lower Rext, or applied potential showed result variability, that might be linked to differences in electrochemical impedance factors, redox-active centers and electron-producing states of the bioanodes. Differences in the quantities of the bioanode microbial species did not seem to correlate with this variability. Since energy-conserving applications like waste-water treatment MFCs would ideally be operated with an Rext rather than applied voltage, addressing interface impedance factors, such as charge transfer resistance and electrical double layer capacitance, is important especially when MFCs are operated at lower Rext. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB) in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), detailing how they contribute to the electrochemical activity that ultimately converts organic matter into electricity. The emphasis on the performance and efficiency of MFCs, alongside the description of the microbial processes and bioanode formation, supports the assertion that bacteria are integral to the functioning of MFCs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: A different type of response concerning features of preferred sites involved the suitability of the sites as settings for particular activities. Trail activities (e. g. , hiking and bicycling) and passive uses (e. g. , sitting and relaxing) were mentioned most frequently. Urban people were more likely to give responses relating to the ability to engage in activities at the sites than nonurban people. The most frequently mentioned man-made feature contributing to high site quality in this study was paths. Apparently, the ability to move through an area safely and comfortably is important to users, and paths provide this ability. The nonurban group was most sensitive to this feature. Other preferred characteristics indicate that naturalness, upkeep, and absence of crowds are important features in high-quality recreation sites. Features of low-quality sitesThe most frequently mentioned features that detracted from site quality were man-made objects (Table 2, Fig. 2). The urban and nonurban groups were strikingly different in that the majority of the nonurban group mentioned some kind of undesirable manmade feature whereas the majority of the urban group did not. Fences were mentioned most frequently, with playgrounds and pavement also being cited as undesirable by many of the nonurban respondents. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 2. Example of an unattractive recreation site. The fence is an undesirable man-made feature dominating the scene, and litter is very evident. The trees have no leaves and there appears to be no large open area for recreation activities. View this table:View inlineView popupTable 2. Features mentioned as undesirable for urban forest recreation sitesProblems with vegetation also detracted from site quality. These problems concerned both the quantity and the condition of the vegetation. Nonurban individuals most frequently indicated that their least-liked places had too few trees, while urban individuals were more likely to dislike places with too many trees. Poor maintenance in general was frequently mentioned as a cause of dissatisfaction with particular recreation sites, as were urban areas surrounding the parks, and crowds of people. Litter and large empty areas are further elements reducing site quality. A few people said that they disliked certain sites because they looked boring, unsafe, or too wild and overgrown. Additional informationPhotographs can effectively convey information about what features are present in a recreation site. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of various site features for recreational activities and responses from urban and nonurban individuals regarding the quality of recreation sites. It emphasizes that urban areas often have issues with vegetation and man-made objects that detract from site quality, which indicates that urban green spaces and parks are still necessary for engaging in recreation activities. The mention of specific preferences for paths, naturalness, and proper maintenance underlines the need for green spaces rather than eliminating them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The root of this plant is commonly found in local markets and has even been reported to be illegally exported to neighboring Sudan for medicinal purposes, further exacerbating the threats to its population. Boswellia papyrifera is also facing threats due to the utilization of its stem bark for the treatment of scorpion stings, spider bites, and uvulitis, coupled with the various diseases affecting the plant, leading to a decline in its population. DiscussionSocio-demographics of the informantsThe ethnobotanical study conducted in the Quara district has yielded valuable insights into the socio-demographic factors influencing the knowledge and utilization of medicinal plants in the local community. Accordingly, the study found that men were more knowledgeable about medicinal plants than women. In the study area, men were more likely to be exposed to social affairs, which facilitates their acquisition of knowledge. Our data support the findings of [75, 76] who reported similar outcomes. It was also found that older informants, aged 60 years and above, demonstrated a higher level of knowledge of medicinal plants compared to the younger age groups (20–39 years and 40–59 years). This aligns with the findings of previous research [46], which suggest that the older generation’s extended cultural exposure, exchange, and practical experience contribute to their greater knowledge in this domain. Studies also identified a concerning trend that the indigenous knowledge on the use of medicinal plants is deteriorating due to the passing away of the knowledgeable older generation before they can effectively transfer their knowledge to the next generation [49, 77, 78]. This challenge is exacerbated by the younger generation’s lack of interest in learning from their elders. As a result, there is a risk of losing this invaluable indigenous wisdom as the older members of the community pass away. Among the three informant groups categorized by educational level, those who could read and write cited the highest number of medicinal plants, followed by illiterate informants, and those with formal education. This finding is consistent with other studies [49, 78], which suggest that lower levels of education are associated with greater knowledge of medicinal plants, possibly due to the impact of modern education [10]. The ability of those who can read and write to recall and utilize the medicinal plants they are familiar with may be connected to their overall higher level of knowledge compared to the illiterates. This finding highlights the complex interplay between formal education, literacy, and the retention and application of traditional medicinal plant knowledge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Aloe vera specifically or its historical use for skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on the ethnobotanical knowledge of local communities regarding various medicinal plants, including Boswellia papyrifera and other socio-demographic studies, without making any reference to Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, mixed-culture MFCs were shown to be selective for certain bacterial consortia, including Geobacter- and Pseudomonas- related species. Geobacter-related species were dominant on the surface of different electrodes suggesting a pivotal role of the species in electrochemical activity and EET. This was not surprising as the original mixed-culture inoculum - used for starting up several bioelectrochemical systems at our research facilities - was amended with pure cultures of G. sulfurreducens PCA. However, the strain specifically selected for and present in most bioanodes was a novel Geobacter, strain T33 that was phylogenetically closely related (99% by 16S rRNA sequence similarity) to several strains detected in a variety of MFCs operated by other research groups under various conditions and anodic substrates. These strains formed a new phylogenetic Geobacter cluster, distinct from G. sulfurreducens. This observation suggested that strain T33 might have an ecological advantage in MFCs over G. sulfurreducens PCA. In-depth characterization of strain T33 in pure-culture experiments showed that strain T33 forms efficient bioanodes with high Pmax similar to strain PCA, but exhibits different redox-centers than strain T33. Furthermore, strain T33 has a more limited electron acceptor range, but a wider electron donor range than strain PCA, including glucose and succinate. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain T33 and recently described electrochemically active strains G. soli GSS01 and G. anodireducens SD-1 are closely related (99% by 16S rRNA) and form a new phylogenetic cluster within the Geobacters, 98% by 16S rRNA similar to G. sulfurreducens strains PCA and KN400. Genome-based analyses indicates that even though the two clusters share common metabolic properties, some differences exist with respect to electron donor utilization, attachment and conductive cell surface components (e-pili) production and genome rearrangement and gene acquisition. It is not sufficiently clear how the differences in the genome of strain T33 are relevant to persistence of the strain in MFCs, biofilm formation and EET, our studies overall suggest that strain T33 even though producing similar power densities as G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of bacterial species, specifically Geobacter-related species, in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) where they are implied to be essential for electrochemical activity and electron transfer (EET). The text explains how these bacteria contribute to the bioanodes' formation and efficiency, indicating their involvement in converting organic matter into electricity, which aligns with the fundamental concept of how microbial fuel cells operate.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: Some important characteristics of sites, however, cannot be captured in photos and the respondents in our study mentioned a number of things they would need to know before they could decide whether the recreation sites would be enjoyable places to visit (Table 3). The location of the area and its surroundings figured most prominently in these responses. Individuals wanted to know where the areas were located, as well as what kinds of neighborhoods they were in. Safety was also mentioned frequently, as would be expected from residents of a large city. Several people indicated that a single photograph was insufficient to let them know how the whole area looked. Other features that could not be told from the photographs included the facilities and activities available, accessibility, the number and kinds of users, and the amount of noise at the site. View this table:View inlineView popupTable 3. Additional information desired about urban forest recreation sitesDiscussionSeveral prominent results emerge from examination of individuals’ responses to the questions about urban recreation site quality. Vegetation, especially trees, and other natural features are important items that enhance site quality. The tendency of people to mention “nature” and “peace and quiet” as desirable attributes suggests that urban parks and forests are seen as opportunities to temporarily withdraw from built-up urban environments and enjoy contact with more natural surroundings. Consistent with this conclusion is the fact that man-made elements such as fences and pavement were the most frequently mentioned features detracting from site quality. These elements intrude on the naturalness of the site. Problems with vegetation also detract from the enjoyment of recreation sites. Problems include an insufficient amount or, occasionally, unhealthy or unmaintained plants. Poor maintenance stands out as an important concern in those sites that were seen as undesirable places to visit. Individuals also expressed concern about safety and the kind of neighborhood surrounding the recreation site. Apparently, while seeking an escape into more natural surroundings, people do not lose sight of the fact that the forest may be affected by conflict and crime in the surrounding urban environment. Superimposed on these general trends in preference are some interesting variations between individuals and groups. People from urban areas are less likely to mention vegetation as a desired feature of urban forests and more likely to look at urban forest sites in terms of what opportunities are present for certain activities. Individuals from nonurban areas are much more likely to mention man-made features as contributing to poor site quality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the importance of urban parks and forests as places for recreation and interaction with nature. It emphasizes that individuals desire contact with natural surroundings and highlights various factors that enhance or detract from site quality, such as vegetation and safety, which suggests that urban green spaces are still valued and sought after. The mention of people's desire for an escape into natural environments indicates that urban green spaces remain essential, undermining the idea that vertical forests could replace them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Key informants, such as herbal practitioners, cited more medicinal plants than the general informants, reflecting their full-time experience in utilizing these plants for treatment, as supported by previous research [49]. Although settlers (both formal and informal) and local inhabitants coexist harmoniously, the local inhabitants mentioned a larger number of medicinal plants compared to settlers. This could be because local inhabitants have lived in the area for a longer period and are therefore more familiar with the plants that grow there. ethnic group was found to be the most knowledgeable about medicinal plants compared to other ethnic groups in the study area. This can be attributed to the Gumuz people’s heavy reliance on flora and fauna for their health and everyday survival, as well as the exchange of indigenous knowledge, particularly medicinal plant knowledge, within their community and with neighboring Sudan. Medicinal plant diversityThe study identified a rich diversity of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in the Quara district, with a total of 128 medicinal plant species documented. This figure exceeds the counts reported in recent ethnobotanical studies conducted in other parts of Ethiopia. As an example, studies in the [7], [13], [66], Asagirt [49], and Ensaro [63] districts recorded 74, 98, 92, 103, and 101 medicinal plant species, respectively. Several factors may contribute to the greater number of medicinal plants utilized in the Quara district. These include ethnic diversity in the area, and the influx of settlers from different parts of the Amhara region; the rich plant diversity, particularly due to the presence of communal forest areas; the district’s proximity to Sudan, which has facilitated the exchange of indigenous knowledge; the remote location of the area and inadequate access to formal healthcare, leading the community to rely more on traditional medicine; and the prevalence of various human ailments, such as febrile illness, evil eye, evil spirit, snakebite, spider sting, tonsillitis, wound healing, intestinal parasites, diarrhea, and amoebiasis, which may necessitate the use of a broader range of therapeutic plant species (see 1). Furthermore, the large number of recorded medicinal plant species emphasizes the continued relevance and indispensability of plant-based remedies in fulfilling the primary healthcare requirements of the population, particularly in areas with limited access to conventional medical services. The dominance of the Fabaceae family among the medicinal plants identified can be attributed to the evolutionary adaptations of this plant family in the local environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses the general knowledge and usage of various medicinal plants in the Quara district, highlighting the diversity and reliance on traditional medicine among local inhabitants. Since it does not address the claim specifically, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These cells have potential applications in wastewater treatment for energy generation. [SEP] Text: The characteristic of a given waste upon treatment with peroxidases is sufficiently changed so that it is more amenable to subsequent treatments. Being enzymes, they have higher reaction rates, milder operating conditions (relatively low temperature and in the entire aqueous phase pH range) greater stereo-specificity, and consequently in comparison to chemical catalysts are selective and efficient. Although, biocatalysts have been exploited in several areas, their use in dealing with environmental problems is the need of the time. Soluble form of enzymes has inherent limitations of stability and the complexity of effluents make them vulnerable to denaturation and consequently loss of catalytic potential. To a certain extent these limitations can be overcome by immobilizing these enzymes on suitable supports which would improve their catalytic parameters. Peroxidases in conjunction with hydrogen peroxide have been extensively used in removal of aromatic compounds present in effluent discharge. Enzymatic treatment of wastewater has certain merits over conventional strategies. While there is simplicity in controlling the enzymatic processes, they can be exploited in a wide range of pH, temperature, salinity, contaminant concentration, recalcitrant materials. Nevertheless, the effective use of these enzymes was limited due to their non-reusability, high purification cost and sensitivity to the denaturants in wastewater. In order to overcome some of these constraints immobilization of these enzymes on various supports opens up new avenues for exhaustive utilization. With the advancement of technology, enzymes can be immobilized optimally at large scale on several different supports by cross-linking and entrapping. The current 2. Enzyme Immobilization: Characteristics and applications2. 1. Immobilization of polyphenol oxidase on Celite 545Achieving immobilization of enzymes by simple adsorption has a practical advantage of regeneration of support and consequently easy replacement of deactivated enzymes with a fresh batch of active catalysts [3]. An insoluble support is not only inexpensive but the relatively simple adsorption techniques make the approach interesting. Polyphenol oxidases (PPO) finds application in the analytical determination of cyanide, azide, aromatic amines, phenols and catechols such as neurotransmitter substances and related metabolites [4-6]. PPO have been immobilized on various supports and used for the treatment of wastewater [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of enzymes, specifically polyphenol oxidases, in the treatment of wastewater. It mentions that these enzymes have been immobilized on various supports and utilized effectively, indicating their potential role in environmental applications, specifically in wastewater treatment, which aligns with the claim about energy generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: Nonurban individuals also seem to favor larger amounts of vegetation, citing too few trees as a problem more often than urban individuals. Urban individuals were more likely to complain that there were too many trees (Fig. 3). Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 3. Recreation site preferred by nonurban but not by urban individuals. Nonurban individuals generally thought the naturalness of this forest was an attractive feature, while urban people generally thought this site was too wild and not suitable for recreation. Although these results must be interpreted cautiously due to the limited samples of individuals and photographs employed, they do suggest some approaches for improving the quality of urban forest recreation sites. Given the importance of vegetation, it would be appropriate to focus management efforts on providing the right amount of trees and grass and on maintaining them carefully. Man-made objects should be used sparingly and should be unobtrusive so they blend into the natural surroundings. Good maintenance of urban recreation sites is crucial so efforts to prevent litter, vandalism, and deterioration from overuse will be helpful. Preference variations between urban and nonurban individuals suggest that forest sites in suburban areas should emphasize attractive natural areas with few man-made features, while urban parks should provide a variety of recreation activities. The concern for safety and for knowledge about the areas surrounding the urban recreation site remind us that urban forests do not exist in isolation, but are part of the larger urban context. Although managers may have no direct control over land uses and neighborhood quality in areas surrounding urban recreation sites, they should be aware of the influence these adjoining areas can have on recreation site quality. The results of this preliminary report raise several interesting questions for further study. Safety has been identified as an important concern of urban forest recreation site users. We are now conducting a study to determine what site features contribute to the users’ feelings of insecurity and fear. In future research we will investigate how people’s p1978. Estimating psychological disutility functions from damaged forest stands. 24:424-432. OpenUrl↵Daniel, T. C. & R. S. Boster. 1976. Measuring landscape esthetics: The scenic beauty estimation method. -167, 66 pp. Forest and. ↵ T. C. Daniel, E. H. Zube, and B. L. Driver (eds. )Kaplan, R. 1979. A methodology for simultaneously obtaining and sharing information. In T. C. Daniel, E. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of vegetation and the preferences of urban and nonurban individuals regarding trees and parks. It suggests that urban parks should provide a variety of recreation activities and maintain an appropriate amount of vegetation, indicating that green spaces are still necessary and valued in urban settings. The mention that 'urban forests do not exist in isolation' underscores this necessity, as integration with the larger urban context is crucial for recreation and vegetation management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The ability of Fabaceae species to form symbiotic relationships and thrive in nitrogen-deficient soils, as well as their capacity to develop extensive root systems and outcompete other plants for resources, provides them with a competitive advantage in the area [79, 80]. This finding is consistent with previous ethnobotanical studies conducted in Ethiopia [49, 78, 81], and other parts of the world [82,83,84]. Regarding the habit of medicinal plants, the study found that the people of the Quara district utilized trees and herbs in nearly equal proportions. This observation aligns with the findings of a previous ethnobotanical study conducted in Ethiopia [78, 85], where a similar pattern was reported. However, it is important to note that in some other ethnobotanical studies, shrubs were reported to be the most widely used medicinal plant habit [13, 66, 75]. This variation may be attributed to differences in the local plant community composition and ecological conditions. Lowland areas with sufficient rainfall, like the Quara district, are typically dominated by woody species, forming woodlands, which could explain the prominence of trees and underneath herbs as medicinal plants in the present study. Plant parts and the conditions for preparing remediesThe study found that the most commonly used plant parts for remedy preparation were leaves, followed closely by roots. This observation is consistent with the findings of many other ethnobotanical studies conducted in Ethiopia [13, 46, 77, 78] and globally [83, 86]. The predominant use of leaves for remedy preparation in the study area can be attributed to several factors such as easy accessibility, abundantly availability, and their primary site for the accumulation of many bioactive compounds. Furthermore, picking leaves has less effect on the plant species’ survival. While roots have been reported as the most frequently used plant parts in a few other studies [75, 82, 87], the extensive use of roots can pose a risk to the long-term survival of medicinal plant populations [8, 88]. Consistent with previous studies conducted in Ethiopia [10, 49, 89], the majority of the remedies in the Quara district were prepared using fresh plant parts. The use of fresh plant materials is generally associated with higher efficiency of the bioactive components [75]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various aspects of medicinal plant usage and ethnobotanical studies but does not mention Aloe vera or its use for skin ailments. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera's historical use.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These cells have potential applications in wastewater treatment for energy generation. [SEP] Text: Immobilized enzymes exhibited an enhancement in catalytic activity as against soluble states which were able to exhibit half of its initial activity after an incubation of 2 h. Treatment with 4. 0 M urea for 2 h under similar conditions did not cause much loss in catalytic potential. Effluent discharge is also loaded with several detergents. It was observed that soluble form of peroxidases in 1. 0% SDS for 1 h lost 61% of its original activity, the immobilized counterparts retained over 83% of initial activity under similar experimental conditions. Potato PPO on incubation with increasing concentration of 100 and Tween 20 (0. 2 – 1. 0%, v/v) underwent catalytic stimulation. Immobilized preparations of PPO were more activated as compared to soluble states of enzymes. Findings are suggestive of existence of potato PPO in its partially active form, which was fully activated in presence of lower concentrations of various detergents [16, 17]. The activation of immobilized potato PPO activity by the presence of some pure detergents suggested that this behavior is significantly fruitful for using such preparations for the treatment of organic pollutants even in the presence of such type of detergents. The behavior of soluble and immobilized enzyme preparations upon exposure to various water-miscible organic solvents like (dimethylformide) DMF, dioxane, n-propanol and acetonitrile suggested that the immobilized enzyme preparation exhibited retention of very high enzyme activity even when the strength of the organic solvent was very high whereas the soluble enzyme preparation lost its activity rapidly when exposed to water-miscible organic solvents. The immobilized enzymes exhibited over 38% of its initial activity as compared to soluble form which could retain only about 24% activity under identical exposure to 60% dimethylformide. In the presence of 60% n-propanol immobilized enzymes showed enhanced activity whereas soluble form underwent a decrease in activity, manifesting only 75% of its initial activity. An exposure of these two states of enzymes to 60% (v/v) acetonitrile suggested better performance of immobilized preparation expressing 40% in comparison to soluble forms with only 19% of the original activity. The activity of Celite bound PPO and free form enzymes underwent stimulation in enzymatic activity at concentrations of organic solvent up to 30% (v/v). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of immobilized enzymes, such as potato PPO, in retaining high catalytic activity in the presence of organic solvents. It implies that these immobilized enzymes can be utilized for the treatment of organic pollutants, suggesting a utility in wastewater treatment applications. Furthermore, the enhanced activity of immobilized enzymes in challenging conditions indicates their potential for energy generation through biochemical processes in wastewater treatment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1226791/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under RevisionVersion 1posted 3You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractUrban green spaces (UGS) have the potential to play an increasingly important role in biodiversity conservation. To realize this potential, fine-scale, site-specific, and easily accessible understanding of UGS habitat value is needed, as planning and management of UGS occur primarily at local levels. This camera-trap case study compared mammalian wildlife in two large, Seattle-area UGS, St. Park (SESP) and Park (JWP). The parks are ecologically similar, but differ in the principal dimensions of urbanization-related habitat impacts: habitat size, fragmentation, and matrix quality, with JWP more heavily urbanized than SESP. Equal sampling effort in two habitat types (riparian forest, 1157 camera-days; upland forest, 1094 camera days) documented greater native mammalian species richness and diversity in SESP in both habitats. Two species, flying squirrel and Townsend’s chipmunk, were detected only at SESP. Species occupancy patterns indicated that bobcat, Douglas squirrel and mountain beaver were more likely to be present in SESP, while raccoon, coyote, and black-tailed deer, as well as six non-native species, did not show consistent differences between parks. The predator community of SESP showed a higher overall level of activity, and differed from JWP in species’ relative prominence. These results show in a straightforward and accessible manner the critical importance of urbanization impacts in determining the capacity of UGS to support wildlife—particularly small species and “urban avoiders”—and the range of habitat value across large UGS as they exist in a metropolitan area. Species we found to be largely restricted to SESP may be tractable indicators of UGS habitat quality in the urbanized region, and SESP provides a possible example of a regional reference site for forested UGS habitat quality. Similar studies can produce analogous applied outcomes in urban settings elsewhere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the critical importance of urban green spaces (UGS) in biodiversity conservation. It discusses a case study that emphasizes the habitat value of UGS for supporting wildlife, indicating that parks like SESP are necessary for species richness and diversity. This directly undermines the idea that vertical forests could eliminate the need for such spaces, as it illustrates the value and role of existing urban parks in providing essential habitats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: However, the fact that most of the medicinal plants in the study area were trees, and the fresh parts were primarily collected, suggests that the availability of remedies may have been limited to certain seasons of the year, as many trees shed their leaves during the dry season. Ailments treated with medicinal plantsThe analysis of the data on the diversity of medicinal plant use revealed that more than three-quarters of the identified species were employed to treat multiple diseases. This finding suggests a widespread adoption and utilization of these medicinal plants by the local community, which agrees with [90]. The versatility of many medicinal plants reported in this study for treating different health conditions may be attributed to the combined action of the various bioactive constituents present in these plants. In association with this finding, [91] reported that the synergistic effects of the different medicinal components can potentially enhance the catalytic activity and facilitate the absorption of the beneficial compounds in the human body. These findings highlight the need for further scientific investigation into the phytochemical profiles and pharmacological properties of these versatile medicinal plants. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms that enable certain medicinal plants to treat a diverse array of ailments can contribute significantly to the development of more effective and holistic traditional medicine practices. This knowledge can be instrumental in improving the overall health and well-being of the local population. Methods of preparation and route of administration of remediesThe study found that the most frequent methods of preparing medicinal remedies in the Quara district were extraction, decoction, paste, and chewing. These preparation methods align with the findings of previous ethnobotanical studies conducted in different regions [51, 92, 93]. The informants reported that there was no standardized approach to administering the remedies, and the method varied depending on factors such as the patient’s age and health condition. This observation is consistent with the findings of other studies [94], indicating the flexibility and patient-specific nature of traditional medicine practices. Oral administration was identified as the primary route of delivering herbal remedies in the Quara district. This observation is in line with the findings of other ethnobotanical studies, which have also reported the oral route as the predominant mode of administration for traditional medicines [49, 95]. The diversity of preparation techniques and administration routes observed in the study highlights the depth of traditional knowledge within the local community. Healers and practitioners likely adjust their approaches based on the specific needs and conditions of the patients, drawing from a wealth of experiential knowledge accumulated over generations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Aloe vera specifically or its historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses the broader context of medicinal plants, their diverse applications, and the preparation methods used by local communities without mentioning Aloe vera or skin treatment.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These cells have potential applications in wastewater treatment for energy generation. [SEP] Text: Bioaffinity based media can be prepared for immobilizing enzymes obtained from crude preparations. Turnip peroxidase (TP) was immobilized on Con A-cellulose support and it retained 672 U of TP/g of the matrix [24, 31, 32]. Con A-cellulose bound TP exhibited very high stabilization against the inactivation induced by pH, heat, urea and guanidinium-HCl denaturation. Several earlier investigators have also reported about the use of support for high yield and stable immobilization of glycoenzymes [31, 33]. Lower concentrations of various detergents enhanced activity of soluble and immobilized TP. Immobilized TP preparation was sufficiently stable against high concentration of several detergents. Such immobilized systems could be used for treatment of hazardous aromatic substances. Enzymatic structure are affected by pollutants in wastewater. cellulose bound TP was remarkably more resistant against the inactivation mediated by DMF, dioxane and n-propanol. Akhtar et al. [24] have demonstrated that bitter gourd peroxidase immobilized on Con A-Sephadex support behaved differently compared to soluble enzyme in aqueous–organic co-solvent mixtures. Fernandes et al. [34] improved HRP organic solvent tolerance by immobilization. The immobilized soybean seed coat peroxidase exhibited full activity in the presence of organic solvent of concentration range (5-70%, v/v). The soluble form of enzyme was almost inactive in 50% (v/v) of solvents assayed. Enzyme catalysis in organic solvents is possible if structural losses are kept minimum in organic solvents and to achieve such performances from enzymes the Con A- cellulose associated TP seems feasible [35, 36]. Stability to heat, pH, urea, guanidinium-HCl, detergents and several water-miscible organic solvents is remarkable on using Con A-cellulose as matrix to immobilize TP. Immobilization of glycoenzymes on lectin support improves the stability against several denaturants as reported elsewhere and consequently holds potential in wastewater treatment [31, 37]. 2. 4. Concanavalin A-wood shaving immobilized turnip peroxidase in dye color removalWood shaving (WS) is an inexpensive support that finds use in immobilizing enzymes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Immobilization of glycoenzymes on lectin support improves the stability against several denaturants as reported elsewhere and consequently holds potential in wastewater treatment.' This indicates that the use of certain enzymes can be beneficial in treating wastewater, which aligns with the claim about potential applications in that field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: urbanizationurban green spaceurban wildlifebiodiversity conservationwildlife habitatindicator speciesFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4IntroductionUrbanization is a major and increasing cause of biodiversity loss worldwide (Seto et al. 2011; McDonald et al. 2018), reducing, fragmenting, and degrading natural habitats on which native species depend (McDonald et al. 2008). Invasion by human commensals and other non-native species further degrade habitats and reduce native biodiversity in urban areas (McKinney 2006; Shochat et al. 2010) With ongoing and projected human population growth and migration to cities (2019), the negative impacts of urbanization on biodiversity are likely to intensify in the future (Seto et al. 2012). Against this backdrop, urban green spaces—parks and other undeveloped lands within urban and suburban areas—have the potential to play an increasingly important role in biodiversity conservation (Aronson et al. 2014, 2017; Ives et al. 2016), although this potential has been under-appreciated (Soanes et al. 2018). For some local endemics, urban habitats harbor the only remaining individuals of a species (McDonald et al. 2008; Soanes and Lentini 2019), the global persistence of which is entirely dependent on maintenance of the urban green space the species inhabits. More commonly, urban green spaces support populations of more widely distributed species, and thus provide a defense against local extinctions and population reductions, e. g. , defaunation (Dirzo et al. 2014), that result in reduced local diversity, and can ultimately lead to species extinction (Ceballos et al. 2017). Beyond the conservation of biodiversity itself, urban green spaces support valuable ecosystem services provided by the biodiversity that they host (Nowak and Dwyer 2007; Luederitz et al. 2015; Zari 2018). Furthermore, because of their proximity to human population centers, urban green spaces conserve the experience of nature and biodiversity (Pyle 1993; Miller 2005), including wildlife (Belaire et al. 2015; McCance et al 2017), for large numbers of people, with important implications for quality of life (Bertram and Rehdanz 2015; Cameron et al. 2020), environmental justice (Nesbitt et al. 2019; Schell et al. 2020), and the future of conservation (Stokes 2006; Soga and Gaston 2016; Hughes et al. 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of urban green spaces for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. It argues that urban green spaces play a crucial role in maintaining species and provide necessary habitats, countering the assertion that vertical forests could eliminate the need for such spaces.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Ethnobotanical knowledge distribution among ethnic groupsThe study found that more than a quarter (28%) of the medicinal plants were mentioned across all three ethnic groups. However, the Amhara ethnic group reported a greater number of medicinal plants compared to the other groups. The higher mention of medicinal plants by the Amhara is likely due to their large population size and extensive agricultural land coverage in the area. Additionally, the seasonal movement of the Amhara people from neighboring highland districts to Quara for farming and livestock rearing may have facilitated the sharing of medicinal plant knowledge within their community. In contrast, the Agew ethnic group reported a smaller number of medicinal plants, possibly due to the secretive nature of their traditional knowledge, which is a common phenomenon observed in many traditional communities. The findings of this study, as well as several previous studies [96,97,98], emphasize that the diversity of medicinal plant knowledge is often influenced by the ethnicity and cultural background of the communities. These insights underscore the importance of considering the ethnic and cultural context when documenting and understanding traditional medicinal plant knowledge. Informant consensus factorThe study reported ICF values ranging from 0. 75 to 0. 03 indicating a strong consensus among the informants regarding the therapeutic uses and efficacy of certain medicinal plant species, as described in [99]. The highest ICF value of 0. 93 was observed for diseases related to the circulatory system and blood/blood-forming organs. This aligns with findings from other studies [100, 101] and suggests that the local community has confidence in the medicinal plants of the study area for treating these types of conditions. Specifically, hypertension and anemia were the two diseases highlighted in this high consensus category, with 71 and 15 use 12. 93% was found in a study carried out in the Metema district of northwestern Ethiopia [43]. This was followed by studies in the Habru district of northcentral Ethiopia with an RSI of 11. 48% [51] and in the Hawassa, Shashemene, and Dilla districts of southcentral Ethiopia with an RSI of 10% [54]. districts like the Adwa (RSI = 9. 47%) [46], the Erob and Gulomahda districts (RSI = 9. 31%) [47], and the district (RSI = 9. 09%) [44] also had higher RSI values. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address Aloe vera or its historical use in treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses the distribution of medicinal plant knowledge among different ethnic groups in Ethiopia and the consensus regarding the therapeutic uses of certain medicinal plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These cells have potential applications in wastewater treatment for energy generation. [SEP] Text: The performance of the reactors was quite efficient as they fulfilled the following requirements: (i) limited accessibility to the immobilized enzyme does not seem to play a role since decolorization by free enzyme was never better than with immobilized preparation [43], (ii) retention of the immobilized enzyme in the reactor in order to maintain an effective operation [44], (iii) maintenance of a good flow rate in order to ensure efficient dye decolorization/degradation [45], and (iv) the performance of the continuous reactor was improved in terms of dye degradation by using activated silica in the second reactor, which helped in the adsorption of toxic reactive species [46]. Water free of dyes (DR 23 and mixture) was obtained when applied on to a double reactor system. ITP present in the first column acted on the dyes which were adsorbed in the second column containing activated silica. The reactors functioned efficiently for over 90 days. In the presence of redox mediator, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT); ITP caused significant dye color removal of DR 23 and its mixtures. While studying the absorption spectra it was noticed that the disappearance of peak in the visible region was either due to the removal of pollutants in the form of insoluble products or due the degradation of chromophores in the dyes [24, 47, 48]. The decolorization efficiency of DR 23 and mixtures were different. As compared to individual phenol/dye, biodegradation of complex mixtures of dyes and phenolic compounds were quite slower [24, 49]. One of the possible explanations could be the competition between various phenols/dyes for the enzyme catalytic site or the compounds were recalcitrant and underwent slow transformation. Argument supports the view that industrial effluents containing dyes and its mixtures could be subject to treatment by ITP. In the presence of ITP the treated polluted water had significantly lower level of TOC (total organic carbon). ITP treated dye solutions exhibited greater loss of TOC. Immobilized HRP removed ~88% of TOC from simulated wastewater containing mixture of chorophenols [50]. Significant amount of TOC from polluted water containing dyes/dye-mixtures and dyeing effluent was removed when treated with soluble and immobilized bitter gourd peroxidase [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effective removal of pollutants, particularly through the use of immobilized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the treatment of simulated wastewater containing dyes and phenolic compounds. It highlights the treatment’s ability to significantly lower total organic carbon (TOC) levels and suggests that industrial effluents containing dyes could benefit from this treatment method. The mention of ITP's efficiency over a significant duration supports the potential applications of these cells in wastewater treatment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: To maximize the conservation potential of urban green spaces, thorough understanding of their value as refugia for native biodiversity and the impact of urbanization on that value is needed (Knapp et al. 2021). Importantly, this understanding must correspond to the scales at which urban land-use planning and green space conservation and management occur. As the legal, regulatory, and cultural frameworks guiding urban development and green space protection and management—e. g. , land-use decisions, ordinances, regulations, community action—primarily occur at the local (city, county, or other local jurisdiction) level (Lawrence 2005; Azerrad and Nilon 2006; Miller et al. 2009), fine-scale, local, and accessible understanding of biodiversity impacts of different degrees, forms, and extents of urbanization will be important in informing these planning and management processes (Stokes et al. 2010; Molina-Holgado et al. 2020; Allred et al. 2021). Relevant questions include: Are there meaningful differences in the habitat value of urban green spaces at the scales at which they vary within a metropolitan area? What is the range of species responses to the kinds of habitat changes that attend ongoing urbanization? Are there easily monitored species that can serve as indicators (Crooks 2002; McKenzie et al. 2018; Lopucki et al. 2019) of habitat value of a municipality’s green spaces? Can we identify a regional standard for urban green space habitat quality, i. e. , an urban green space reference site (Klaus and Kiehl 2021). We addressed these questions through a case study using camera-trap data to compare mammalian wildlife diversity in two substantial Seattle-area urban green spaces that are similar in location, vegetation, topography, and anthropogenic history and use, but differ in degree of urbanization-related habitat alteration of the types expected to directly impact biodiversity (McDonald et al. 2020): patch size, fragmentation, and matrix quality. St. Park (SESP) is a large (128 ha; in the top 1% of urban Seattle-area parks in size), predominantly native forest habitat patch that is relatively unfragmented and bordered by a mix of developed and undeveloped lands. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of urban green spaces for biodiversity conservation and management. It discusses the need for an understanding of their value and habitat quality, indicating that these spaces play a vital role that cannot be negated by vertical forests. The text identifies various considerations and questions relevant to urban green spaces, suggesting that they are essential rather than expendable.