Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides. Exp (Wars) 2006;66:369-375. . Ginsenosides: are any of them candidates for drugs acting on the central nervous system? CNS 2007;13:381-404. . Ginsenosides and their CNS targets. CNS 2011;17:761-768. . Neuroprotection in progressive brain disorders. 2003;5:576-580. . Strategies for the protection of dopaminergic neurons against neurotoxicity. 2000;2:99-114. de. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. 2003;24:197-211. Schapira AH. Molecular and clinical pathways to neuroprotection of dopaminergic drugs in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2009;72(7 Suppl):S44-S50. . Mechanisms underlying infl ammation in neurodegeneration. Cell 2010;140:918-934. . Protection against 1-methyl- 4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced apoptosis by water extract of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in SH-SY5Y cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;135:34-42. . Neuroprotective actions of the ginseng extract G115 in two rodent models of Parkinson's disease. 2003;184:521-529. . Rg1 reduces nigral iron levels of MPTP-treated C57BL6 mice by regulating certain iron transport proteins. 2009;54:43-48. . Rg1 protects the MPP+-treated MES23. 5 cells via attenuating DMT1 up-regulation and cellular iron uptake. Neuropharmacology 2010;58:488-494. . Rg1 protects iron-induced neurotoxicity through antioxidant and iron regulatory proteins in 6-OHDA-treated MES23. 5 cells. J 2010;111:1537-1545. Rouault TA, Cooperman S. Brain iron metabolism. Neurol 2006;13:142-148. . Iron elevations in the aging Parkinsonian brain: a consequence of impaired iron homeostasis? J Neurochem 2010;112:332-339. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides, which are compounds found in ginseng. However, it does not mention adaptogenic effects, which are related to the body's ability to respond to stress. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim because it does not provide any support or contradiction regarding the adaptogenic properties of ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Chen, X. Chen, X. Xu, Z. Yang, Z. Liu, L. Zhang, X. Xu, Y. Chen, S. Huang, Sulfur-doped porous reduced graphene oxide hollow nanosphere frameworks as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and as supercapacitor electrode materials, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 13740-13747. [80] Y. Wen, B. Wang, C. Huang, L. Wang, D. Hulicova-Jurcakova, Synthesis of phosphorus-doped graphene and its wide potential window in aqueous supercapacitors, Chem. : Eur. J. 21 (2015) 80-85. [81] P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K. S. Dhathathreyan, Phosphorus-doped exfoliated graphene for supercapacitor electrodes, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 13 (2013) 1746-1751. [82] V. Thirumal, A. Pandurangan, R. Jayavel, R. Ilangovan, Synthesis and characterization of boron doped graphene nanosheets for supercapacitor applications, Synth. Met. 220 (2016) 524-532. [83] Z. Peng, R. Ye, J. A. Mann, D. Zakhidov, Y. Li, P. R. Smalley, J. Lin, J. M. Tour, Flexible boron-doped laser-induced graphene microsupercapacitors, ACS Nano 9 (2015) 5868-5875. [84] D. -Y. Yeom, W. Jeon, N. . Chang, J. A. Lim, H. Kim, High-concentration boron doping of graphene nanoplatelets by simple thermal annealing and their supercapacitive properties, Sci. Rep. 5 (2015) 9817. [85] N. sulfur doping and exfoliation of graphene from graphite using an electrochemical method for supercapacitor electrode materials, J. Mater. Chem. A 4 (2015) 233-240. [86] E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references to research focused on the application of graphene in supercapacitors. It lists several studies that explore various forms of doped graphene used as electrode materials for supercapacitors, indicating a strong emphasis on energy storage applications which aligns with the claim regarding graphene's high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single probiotic supplement can cure depression by balancing gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: Consequently, suggestions have been made that the use of the antiprotozoal drug known as metronidazole could give rise to drug resistant Blastocystis subtypes [31]. Moreover, metronidazole, which is the first-line treatment, has been shown to exhibit side effects and quite often a low effectiveness of this drug during eradication is noted [32]. As an alternative, we have tried to explore the potential of probiotic bacteria. We studied the response of Blastocystis in vitro to two different strains of the Lactobacillaceae family—L. rhamnosus and L. lactis, as well as E. faecium. In addition, we tried to define the role of E. coli and two fungal strains from the Candidaceae family in protozoan development using concentrations similar to that in a healthy human colon. Our study shows the strong inhibitory effect of various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) at different concentrations on the proliferation of the Blastocystis from the beginning of co-incubation in xenic and axenic culture, whereas E. faecium and E. coli exhibited anti-proliferative activity after 4 days. In the case of co-incubation with E. faecium and E. coli, a high level of amoebic forms of Blastocystis was noticed. It may mean that the bacteria mentioned above are beneficial for Blastocystis development and confirms the previous research of Rajamanikam and Govind [33], who suggest that the amoebic form is found during optimal conditions for Blastocystis growth and plays a role in the exacerbation of intestinal symptoms during Blastocystis colonization. In our study, fungi from the Candidaceae family had little antiprotozoal influence, as well as forcing the vacuolar forms into cysts and granular forms. Those forms are usually observed during thermal stress, as Thergarajan et al. [34] reported in their research. Our experiments on axenic cultures of the parasite confirmed a strong negative influence of LAB on Blastocystis. The cell free supernatants of bacteria were used for further investigation to determine whether the bacterial metabolites showed similar results. Sarjapuram et al. [22] reported the inhibition of other protozoan proliferation by spent media of probiotic culture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research on probiotics' interaction with specific protozoa (Blastocystis) rather than asserting that a single probiotic can cure depression. The focus is on lactic acid bacteria's inhibitory effects on Blastocystis and does not provide evidence for the claim regarding depression, indicating that the relationship between probiotics and mental health issues like depression is more complex.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Experimental research on effect of gensenoside Rg1 on expressions of P-Tau and caspase-3 in brain slices from AD model rats. Zhi 2010;35:369-372. . Ginsenoside-Rg1 inhibits cell apoptosis induced by beta amyloid. Zhi 2008;88:1763-1766. . Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on learning and memory impairment induced by betaamyloid peptide(25-35) and its mechanism of action. 2001;36:1-4. . Protective effect of extract of Astragalus on learning and memory impairments and neurons' apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids in 12-month-old male mice. (Hoboken) 2011;294:1003-1014. . Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates amyloid-beta content, regulates PKA/CREB activity, and improves cognitive performance in SAMP8 mice. J 2010;19:977-989. . Reductions in levels of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptide after oral administration of ginsenosides. 2006;20:1269-1271. . Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits betasecretase activity in vitro and protects against Abetainduced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. J 2009;11:604-612. . Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on expressions of phosphory protein tau and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B in rat brain slice model of Alzheimer's disease. Zhi 2010;35:3339-3343. . Effects of gensenoside Rg1 on tau protein phosphorylation induced by okadaic acid in rat brain slices. 2010;8:955-960. . Effect of 17-beta-estradiol and ginsenoside Rg1 on reactive microglia induced by betaamyloid peptides. J 1999;1:153-161. . Reciprocal activity of ginsenosides in the production of proinflammatory repertoire, and their potential roles in neuroprotection in vivo. 2005;71:476-481. . Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines various experimental studies focused on ginsenoside Rg1 and its effects on cellular mechanisms, particularly related to Alzheimer's disease. However, it does not directly address or support the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Bekyarova, M. E. Itkis, P. Ramesh, C. Berger, M. modification of epitaxial graphene: spontaneous grafting of aryl groups, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009) 1336-1337. [87] J. Zhang, Y. Xu, L. Cui, A. Fu, W. Yang, C. Barrow, J. Liu, Mechanical properties of graphene films enhanced by homo-telechelic functionalized polymer fillers via π-π stacking interactions, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 71 (2015) 1-8. [88] Z. Lei, J. of chemically derived graphene for improving its electrocapacitive energy storage properties, Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (2016) 1891-1930. [89] A. K. Mishra, S. Ramaprabhu, Functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites for supercapacitor application, J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011) 14006-14013. [90] Z. Gao, F. Wang, J. Chang, D. Wu, X. Wang, X. Wang, F. Xu, S. Gao, K. Jiang, Chemically grafted graphene-polyaniline composite for application in supercapacitor, Electrochim. Acta 133 (2014) 325-334. [91] B. Song, J. Zhao, M. Wang, J. Mullavey, Y. Zhu, Z. Geng, D. Chen, Y. Ding, K. -S. Moon, M. Liu, C. -P. Wong, Systematic study on structural and electronic properties of diamine/triamine functionalized graphene networks for supercapacitor application, 31 (2017) 183-193. [92] B. Song, J. I. Choi, Y. Zhu, Z. Geng, L. Zhang, Z. level study of graphene networks functionalized with phenylenediamine monomers for supercapacitor electrodes, Chem. Mater. 28 (2016) 9110-9121. [93] G. Xie, R. Yang, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple studies and research articles that specifically focus on the application of graphene in supercapacitors and energy storage. For instance, references to works like 'Functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites for supercapacitor application' and 'Chemically grafted graphene-polyaniline composite for application in supercapacitor' indicate a strong emphasis on the use of graphene for energy storage devices, aligning with the claim regarding the focus of research on graphene's high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single probiotic supplement can cure depression by balancing gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: They noticed changes of the pH of microbiological media and adjusted it to eliminate its influence on Entamoeba growth [22]. Similarly, our study showed that not only living bacteria had a negative influence on Blastocystis, but also their metabolites. Zhang et al. [35] determined the optimal pH for Blastocystis growth to be 7. 0 [35]. Our study clearly shows the inhibition of Blastocystis proliferation by LAB, which suggests that people using probiotic rich diets and having a stable gut microbiota are more resistant to protozoan colonization. Several previous studies revealed that the total bacterial population, as well as bacterial groups such as Bifidobacterium sp. , Bacteroides spp. , and Clostridium sp. , shows a high degree of temporal stability [36,37,38,39]. However, the situation is different for the Lactobacillus population. et al. , Vanhoutte et al. , and Scanlan et al. studies of fecal samples from most human subjects showed temporal dynamics that were characterized by fluctuations and a lack of stability [36, 38, 40]. A lack of these bacteria in the large intestine caused by a poor diet, antibiotic therapy or taking drugs for gastrointestinal disorders such as proton pomp inhibitors (PPI) may influence the susceptibility to Blastocystis invasions [41, 42]. The interesting thing is that all of the bacterial concentrations used in this study affected the parasite proliferation. This suggests that lower bacterial CFUs may also be used for Blastocystis eradication. Molan in his research [18] suggested, which we validated in our work, that the factor which causes that inhibition may be the bacteria themselves or their chemical compounds. Lactobacilli increase their protective or therapeutic effect through the production of antimicrobial compounds [43], a reduction of gut pH by stimulating the lactic acid producing microflora [44], competition for binding of receptor sites that pathogens occupy and competition with pathogens for available nutrients [45, 46]. Nisin-producing L. lactis strains have high antimicrobial properties [47]. This study shows that lactic acid produced by the Lactobacillaceae family lowered the pH of the TSB medium, but not of the Jones’ medium during co-incubation with Blastocystis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of probiotics and gut bacteria on protozoan colonization and biodiversity in the gut, but does not mention depression or suggest that a single probiotic can cure it. It emphasizes that while probiotics like Lactobacillus can inhibit certain pathogens and affect gut pH, it does not provide any evidence that these effects directly correlate to alleviating depression.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Protective effects of ginseng saponins on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal degeneration in rats. Neuropharmacology 2005;48:743-756. . Ginsenosides protect striatal neurons in a cellular model of Huntington's disease. J 2009;87:1904-1912. . Neurochemical and histologic characterization of striatal excitotoxic lesions produced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. J Neurosci 1993;13:4181-4192. . 3-Nitropropionic acid animal model and Huntington's disease. Rev 1997;21:289-293. Kim SU, de Vellis J. Microglia in health and disease. J 2005;81:302-313. . Anti-infl ammatory mechanism of ginseng saponins in activated microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2009;209:40-49. . Anti-infl ammatory mechanism of ginsenoside Rh1 in lipopolysaccharidestimulated microglia: critical role of the protein kinase A pathway and hemeoxygenase-1 expression. J Neurochem 2010;115:1668-1680. Mulder DW. Clinical limits of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 1982;36:15-22. . Rats expressing human cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase transgenes with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: associated mutations develop motor neuron disease. J Neurosci 2001;21:9246-9254. . Onset and progression in inherited ALS determined by motor neurons and microglia. Science 2006;312:1389-1392. . Caspase-1 and -3 are sequentially activated in motor neuron death in Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase-mediated familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 2000;97:13901-13906. Rowland LP. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: theories and therapies. 1994;35:129-130. . Microarray analysis of the cellular pathways involved in the adaptation to and progression of motor neuron injury in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of familial ALS. J Neurosci 2007;27:9201-9219. . Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 2009;4:3. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses various scientific studies related to the effects of ginseng saponins on neurodegeneration and inflammation in animal models, without addressing or providing evidence for ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: 16 (2014) 3292-3298. [118] M. Devi, A. Kumar, In-situ reduced graphene oxide nanosheets-polypyrrole nanotubes nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications, Synth. Met. 222 (2016) 318-329. [119] M. Devi, A. Kumar, 85 MeV C6+ swift heavy ion irradiation of in-situ reduced graphene oxide-polypyrrole nanotubes nanocomposite films for supercapacitor electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 261 (2018) 1-13. [120] D. K. Avasthi, S. Ghosh, S. K. Srivastava, W. Assmann, Existence of transient temperature spike induced by SHI: evidence by ion beam analysis, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 219 (2004) 206-214. [121] V. Kumar, Y. Ali, K. Sharma, V. heavy ions induced surface modifications in Ag-polypyrrole composite films synthesized by an electrochemical route, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 323 (2014) 7-13. [122] S. Kumar, A. Tripathi, F. Singh, S. A. Khan, V. Baranwal, D. K. Avasthi, Purification/annealing of graphene with 100-MeV Ag ion irradiation, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 9 (2014) 126. [123] E. Frackowiak, S. Delpeux, K. Jurewicz, K. Szostak, D. Cazorla-Amoros, F. Beguin, Enhanced capacitance of carbon nanotubes through chemical activation, Chem. Phys. Lett. 361 (2002) 35-41. [124] J. M. Carlsson, M. Scheffler, Structural, electronic, and chemical properties of nanoporous carbon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 046806. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists several studies that investigate graphene's applications specifically for supercapacitors, indicating a strong focus on this area due to properties like electrical conductivity. This aligns with the claim that the majority of research is dedicated to energy storage applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single probiotic supplement can cure depression by balancing gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: That means the pH could not be a reason for the decline of Blastocystis, as has been reported about other protozoan parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia sp. or Eimeria sp. [19, 21, 22, 48]. The other situation has been demonstrated by E. faecium and E. coli. Some strains of the first of these bacteria has been reported to be an effective probiotic species [22]. Our study confirmed the data from the Sarjapuram [22] research. The authors reported that E. faecium inhibited Eimeria after 24 h of co-incubation with a total bacterial CFU of 108 cells/mL. Blastocystis ST3 seems to be more resistant to its influence. In our experiment, the more effective concentration was 1. 23 × 109 CFU/mL, as well as a longer incubation time—4 or 5 days. Most likely, it lasts longer because E. faecium produces strong antimicrobial, yet no antiprotozoal compounds, and it does not compete for enteric adherence sites. More likely, this is caused by competing for nutrients. This could be due to it being a lactic acid bacteria which colonizes differently, and competes with Blastocystis differently [49]. In human medicine, E. faecium has been used successfully in the treatment of acute diarrheal diseases and in the prevention of antibiotic—associated diarrhea [50, 51]. Starke et al. , as well as Klingspor et al. in 2015, investigated the intestinal microbiota of pigs whose components are similar to human gut microorganisms [52, 53]. They showed that the probiotic bacteria E. faecium modifies the porcine intestinal microbiota and modulates epithelial integrity, heat shock protein as well as the proinflammatory cytokine response in intestinal cells. That could lead to the eradication of intestinal pathogens, including protozoans. Our study showed the dependence of Blastocystis on a fecal bacteria presence. In axenic control cultures, there were far fewer Blastocystis cells than in xenic culture, which means the intestinal commensal bacteria have a role in parasite development. One possible explanation for Blastocystis eradication by E. faecium may be the direct growth inhibiting effect of the probiotic on other intestinal bacteria, such as E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of the probiotic E. faecium on intestinal bacteria, specifically mentioning its inhibiting effects on protozoans like Blastocystis and its applications in treating acute diarrheal diseases. It does not provide evidence or support that a single probiotic can cure depression, instead focusing on its role in the gut microbiota and its potential effects on intestinal pathogens. This suggests that while probiotics can influence gut bacteria, their role in addressing conditions like depression is not substantiated in this text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Benefi cial effect of ginseng root in SOD-1 (G93A) transgenic mice. J 2000;180:52-54. . Saponins from Panax japonicus protect against alcohol-induced hepatic injury in mice by up-regulating the expression of GPX3, SOD1 and SOD3. 2010;45:320-331. . Transcriptional activation of the Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase gene through the AP2 site by ginsenoside Rb2 extracted from a medicinal plant, Panax ginseng. J 1996;271:24539-24543. . Ginsenoside Rb1 reverses H2O2-induced senescence in human umbilical endothelial cells: involvement of eNOS pathway. J 2012;59:222-230. . Multiple sclerosis: mechanisms of disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis. Neurol 2010;6:654-655. Conway D, Cohen JA. Combination therapy in multiple sclerosis. 2010;9:299-308. . Linomide in relapsing and secondary progressive MS. Part I: trial design and clinical results. Linomide Investigators. Neurology 2000;54:1726-1733. Steinman L, Zamvil SS. How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis. 2006;60:12-21. Kieseier BC, Wiendl H. Oral disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis: the story so far. CNS Drugs 2007;21:483-502. . Activation of multiple effector pathways of immune system by the antineoplastic immunostimulator acidic polysaccharide ginsan isolated from Panax ginseng. 1997;17:323-331. . An acidic polysaccharide of Panax ginseng ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induces regulatory T cells. 2011;138:169-178. . American ginseng does not improve fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a single center randomized doubleblind placebo-controlled crossover pilot study. 2011;17:1523-1526. Cited by Anti-of Ginsenoside Rg5 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV2 vol. 14, 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on various studies related to the effects of ginseng, particularly its immunostimulatory properties and potential benefits in conditions such as multiple sclerosis. However, it does not provide direct evidence or commentary on its adaptogenic effects. The mention of ginsenosides and their biological roles does not specifically connect with the claim regarding adaptogens. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of graphene’s applications are still in the research phase, although it has shown promise in areas like electronics, energy, and biomedical devices. [SEP] Text: Finally, unlike hINO80, hINO80ΔCTD slides a centrally positioned 50N50 nucleosome away from the central position (Figure 6C). Consequently, we conclude that the hIno80 CTD not only regulates ATPase but also confers both coupling and DNA sensing abilities to the complex. Figure 6 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset hINO80ΔCTD has altered end sensing. (A) Initial sliding rates for hINO80 and hINO80ΔCTD on nucleosomes with different length overhangs. Full length hINO80 complex (right) senses DNA ends up to 60 bp while that of the hINO80ΔCTD complex (left) is reduced to under 40 bp. FRET-based assay data are shown in Figure 6—figure supplement 1. (B) hINO80ΔCTD has a reduced ability to centre nucleosomes. Although the majority of nucleosomes still reach the centre, the spread is much greater than for hINO80 (Figure 1 and Figure 3—figure supplement 2). (C) hINO80ΔCTD slides 50N50 nucleosomes away from the central location. These are unaltered by hINO80. In order to investigate this role further, we prepared the hIno80 CTD alone (residues 1250–1556) to analyse its intrinsic properties (Figure 7 and Figure 7—figure supplement 1). We find that the isolated CTD is a DNA-binding protein (Figure 7A) and is a monomer is solution (Figure 7B). Affinity measurements made by MST show that the binding of hIno80CTD to duplex DNA is cooperative with a Hill coefficient close to 2 (Figure 7C) but stoichiometry measurements were not possible due to aggregation of the complex at high protein concentrations. However, since two hINO80 complexes are required for sliding and binding, it seems likely that CTD dimerisation is induced by binding to duplex DNA and, like the nucleosome-dependent interaction between hINO80 complexes, this dimerisation is highly cooperative. The CTD, therefore, provides one interface between INO80 dimers although there may be others involving different subunits that we have yet to identify. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the properties and behavior of the hINO80 complex in nucleosome dynamics without any mention of graphene or its applications. Therefore, it does not provide any information that could corroborate or contrast with the claim about graphene.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single probiotic supplement can cure depression by balancing gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: coli, Clostridium sp. or other fecal commensal microorganisms. Bednorz et al. [54] showed in their data a minor influence of E. faecium on the overall population of non-pathogenic E. coli in healthy piglets. However, this same strain has a profound effect on mucosa-adherent E. coli. Russo et al. and Kaper et al. reported that E. faecium 10415 significantly reduced pathogenic organisms, such as extraintestinal E. coli (ExPEC) [55, 56]. To sum up, there may be two ways of Blastocystis eradication by E. faecium: directly by cellular compounds and nutrient competition, and indirectly by killing the beneficial intestinal bacteria. The results of our E. coli experiment were quite interesting. The number of Blastocystis cells increased, then after the 4th day began to decrease significantly. In the Ganas et al. study from 2012, E. coli was found to strongly support the growth of the parasite—Histomonas meleagridis, which may suggest it is a beneficial bacteria for protozoan parasite development [57]. That may be an explanation for the increase of Blastocystis proliferation, especially if E. coli is also an intestinal microorganism. The question remains as to why the number of Blastocystis cells decreased significantly after 5 days of co-incubation? One option may be the fact that the bacteria might be absorbed by Blastocystis at first while only low numbers of E. coli cells were in the incubated tubes. That supports protozoan proliferation. Another option is that E. coli produces endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which could negatively influence Blastocystis cells from inside after phagocytosis which was observed in amoebic form and destroy the parasite [57,58,59]. There are not many studies regarding the influence of Candida on protozoans. Mostly the researchers have focused on interactions between intestinal fungi and bacteria [60]. Our study focused on the interaction between Blastocystis and Candida albicans and Candida glabrata to determine if people who are colonized by that fungi as the natural microbiota of the human intestine are more susceptible or resistant to Blastocystis invasions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the effects of various strains of bacteria, including E. faecium and E. coli, on different microorganisms without mentioning any direct link between probiotics and curing depression. The focus is on interactions between intestinal fungi and bacteria and the proliferation of protozoa, rather than indicating that a single probiotic supplement can balance gut bacteria to cure depression.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 3390/ijms14059820 Attenuates 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Huntington’s-vol. 2013, 10. 1155/2013/237207 on Alpha-of Hyperplasia vol. 18, 10. 5213/inj. 2014. 18. 4. 179 Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-glucosidase from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and for of F2 vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0085727 Kyung-Ok--in Rats vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0087623 Identification and Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-Glucosidase from Pseudonocardia sp. Gsoil 1536 and for of Rg2(S) vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0096914 Renoprotective effect of red ginseng in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury vol. 94, 10. 1038/labinvest. 2014. 101 Sungshim-san-mediated Recovery of Cognition and in the vol. 26, 10. 7231/jon. 2015. 26. 3. 319 Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Metabolite Rh3 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Microglia: of 5′-Adenosine Monophosphate-Pathway vol. 63, 10. 1021/jf506110y Involvement of Connexin40 in the of Ginsenoside Rb1 vol. 36, 10. 1007/s10571-015-0299-y Correlation of cultivation time of Panax ginseng with metabolic profiles of nine ginsenosides and mRNA expression of genes encoding major biosynthetic enzymes vol. 38, 10. 1007/s11738-015-2049-7 Nitrogen and phosphorus as the factors affecting ginsenoside production in hairy root cultures of Panax quinquefolium cultivated in shake flasks and nutrient sprinkle bioreactor vol. 38, 10. 1007/s11738-016-2168-9 strain TH-10a vol. 46, 10. 1080/10826068. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any clear information regarding the adaptogenic effects of ginseng. Instead, it contains references to various scientific studies and topics related to ginseng but lacks a direct correlation or discussion about its adaptogenic properties. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of graphene’s applications are still in the research phase, although it has shown promise in areas like electronics, energy, and biomedical devices. [SEP] Text: Although the notion that ATPase activity of INO80 bound to nucleosomes is constant and continuous may be counter-intuitive, the rate is actually very low (1–2 s−1) compared to other SF2 helicases (Singleton et al. , 2007). Consequently, the amount of ATP consumed is small in comparison with the overall energy balance within a cell and, whatever the function of this may be, it appears to be worth paying the metabolic price. However, it is important to note that ATPase activity is only stimulated when INO80 is bound to nucleosomes so when chromatin becomes compacted, access is restricted and INO80 (presumably) is released. It is therefore possible that, when chromatin becomes unpacked for DNA repair after detection of a double-stranded DNA break, a constant monitoring of nucleosome location, by a bound and active INO80 complex near the repair site, would provide continuous access for repair machinery until the repair has been effected, after which the chromatin structure could be restored and INO80 released. Materials and methods Preparation of recombinant hINO80 complexes Request a detailed protocol Human Ino80 genes lacking the coding sequence for the N-terminal sub-domain (residues 1–266, NTD) or the NTD and C-terminal sub-domain (residues 1262–1556) were generated by PCR and then sub-cloned to append TEV protease-cleavable N-terminal 8-histidine and C-terminal twin Strep-tag II tags. The tagged subunit was then cloned with other genes of the hINO80 core complex using a modified MultiBac system (Berger et al. , 2004) as described previously (Willhoft et al. , 2016). Ino80 subunit DEAQ-box mutant (E563A) was prepared by InFusion-based mutagenesis. Catalytically inactive hINO80 core complexes and wild type sub-complex were expressed and purified in the same manner as the wild type complex (Willhoft et al. , 2016). Preparation of nucleosomes Request a detailed protocol Nucleosomes with varying flanking DNA lengths were prepared using a similar method described in (Willhoft et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses ATPase activity of the INO80 complex and nucleosome preparation, which do not relate to graphene or its applications in electronics, energy, or biomedical devices. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: Abstract Histopathologically, amyloids are known as β-sheet rich extracellular protein deposits that are generally associated with neuro-degenerative diseases of mammals including α-synuclein observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Microorganisms have been reported for the production of similar proteins with functional physiological traits also termed as “functional amyloids” helping them in the invasion, biofilm formation, host-colonization, and even in immune activation. The gut-associated micro-flora is known to aggravate neuro-degeneration and disease progression. In the present work, the authors have analyzed the possibility of interaction between α-synuclein with functional amyloids using in silico tools (phylogeny, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and visual MD visualization) and reviewed the reported (in vitro and in vivo) interactions. The interaction of functional amyloids and anti-Parkinsonian drugs with wild type α-synuclein (non-misfolded) was shown to be interacting with specific amino acids with the possibility of use of micro-biota even as psycho-biotics. Microbial exudates have been implicated with various disorders influencing human mental health with both negative and positive effects. The present review, analyzing the influence of gut-micro-flora crossing the gut-brain-axis, and enhancing the psycho-pathological health of the human brain can help future research in alleviating human mental health using the gut-brain axis. Keyword: Bacterial functional amyloids In silico Mental health Neuro-degeneration Psychobiotics α-synuclein Citation:. Effects of gut bacteria and their amyloids on mental health and neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease. J Biotech. 2023;11(3):38-46. Copyright: Author(s). This is an 1. than twenty different human amyloidosis diseases and other neurodegenerative disorders have been linked to misfolding of amyloid proteins and further aggregation and fibrillation. Parkinson’s disease (PD) (a neurodegenerative disease), has been associated with pathological amyloid- α-synuclein capable of aggregation and amyloidosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex interactions between gut bacteria, amyloids, and neurodegenerative diseases. It emphasizes that while gut-associated micro-flora does influence mental health, this influence is both negative and positive, indicating that mental health disorders cannot be attributed solely to gut bacteria imbalance. The text details the involvement of amyloid proteins and the gut-brain axis in neuro-degeneration, further supporting a multifactorial view of mental health rather than a simplistic cause-effect relationship.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1031391 Profiling of ginsenosides in the two medicinal Panax herbs based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry vol. 5, 10. 1186/s40064-016-3427-3 Ginseng and Ginsenoside-Rb1/-Rg1 by Suppressing Th1 and Th17 Cells and T Cells vol. 53, 10. 1007/s12035-015-9131-4 Effects of medicinal plants on Alzheimer's disease and memory deficits vol. 12, 10. 4103/1673-5374. 205108 Ginsenoside Rg1 Abnormalities and Modulates the Change in Mice of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 2017, 10. 1155/2017/6473506 Efficacy and Tolerability of Phytomedicines in Patients: A Review vol. 31, 10. 1007/s40263-017-0466-4 Exploring the Effect of Ginsenoside Rh1 in a Sleep Deprivation-Model vol. 31, 10. 1002/ptr. 5797 Ultra-fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry determination of eight bioactive components of Kai-Xin-San in rat plasma and its application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and Alzheimer's disease rats vol. 40, 10. 1002/jssc. 201601343 Complete genome sequencing of Arachidicoccus ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. , and its application for production of minor ginsenosides by finding a novel ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase vol. 7, 10. 1039/C7RA02612A Ginsenoside-Rb1-Mediated Anti-angiogenesis via Regulating PEDF and miR-33a through the Activation of PPAR-γ Pathway vol. 8, 10. 3389/fphar. 2017. 00783 Inhibition of Autophagy is Involved in the of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Injury 10. 1007/s10571-017-0527-8 Terpenoids as promising therapeutic molecules against Alzheimer’s disease: amyloid beta- and acetylcholinesterase-directed pharmacokinetic and molecular docking analyses vol. 44, 10. 1080/08927022. 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references and studies related to ginsenosides and their effects, but it does not directly address or support the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Thus, it is irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Prospects and Challenges of Graphene-to the statement made by IUPAC (of Pure and Applied Chemistry), graphene is distinguished as a carbon monolayer of the graphite structure. It can be described by analogy to a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon of quasi-infinite size. Over the past few years, graphene-based materials have gained immense attraction as next-generation material inherited with its better mechanical characteristics, excellent electrical conductivity and better thermal conductivity as contrasted with other similar materials. In the subsequent section, the new aspects of next-generation of supercapacitors with modified graphene materials including metal oxide/graphene composites, activated graphene, reduced graphene, doped graphene, and polymer/graphene composites will be reviewed and discussed. Moreover, advantages and drawbacks of these resultant composite materials applied in supercapacitor application are summarized in this 10. 21741/9781644900550-9 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 3852. [2] Q. Ke, J. Wang, Graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes–A review, J. Materiomics 2 (2016) 37–54. [3] M. Gocyla, M. Pisarek, M. Holdynski, M. Opallo, Electrochemical detection of graphene oxide, Electrochem. Commun. 96 (2018) 77-82. [4] M. Ye, Z. Zhang, Y. Zhao, L. Qu, Graphene platforms for smart energy generation and storage, Joule 2 (2018) 245–268. [5] H. Zhang, H. Guo, A. Li, X. Chang, S. Liu, D. Liu, Y. Wang, F. Zhang, H. Yuan, High specific surface area porous graphene grids carbon as anode materials for sodium ion batteries, J. Energy Chem. 31 (2019) 159-166. [6] J. . tuning of graphene-oxide-based-graphene to various end-uses, Mater. 14 (2018) 8–21. [7] C. (John) Zhang, V. Nicolosi, Graphene and MXene-based transparent conductive electrodes and supercapacitors, Mater. 16 (2019) 102–125. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the immense attraction of graphene-based materials for their excellent electrical conductivity and outlining their application in next-generation supercapacitors. It mentions specific modifications and composites related to graphene that are relevant for supercapacitor applications, supporting the assertion that research efforts are concentrated in this area due to graphene's superior properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: In diseases such as PD (α-synuclein), Alzheimer’s disease (amyloid-β), and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy’s (prions or Platelet-rich plasma [PrP]), the cause is typically related to the structural conversions due to misfolding of a single disease associated protein [7]. Pathological aggregation of α-syn, a neuronal protein has been characterized in many progressive and pathologically similar neurodegenerative disorders such as PD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Both in PD and DLB, α-syn aggregation is seen as Lewy neuritis (LNs) and LBs, while in MSA it is detected as Glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCI) within oligo-dendrocytes. Presence of these aggregates of α-syn (LBs and GCIs) with p62 and ubiquitin (of components of machinery for protein degradation) triggers the pathological cascade leading to neuro-inflammation and severe neuro-degeneration characteristic of the said diseases [8]. The wild type and misfolded α-syn are shown in Figure 1a and b. Figure 1: Pathological and functional amyloide interactions. Structure of α-synuclein (a) Wild type (1XQ8) and (b) Misfolded (2N0A); Structure of amyloids analyzed here, (c) Bacillus subtilis (50F1) TasA amyloid, (d) Bacillus atropheus (BATR1942) TasA amyloid (e) Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL 12 (Dshi_4130), (f) Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki YBT-1520 TasA and (g) Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS15252; Common drugs of Parkinson’s disease analyzed in the present work - (h) Benztropine, (i) Bromocriptine, (j) Trihexyphenidyl, (k) Selegiline, and (l) Levodopa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing neurodegenerative diseases and their causes, which are related to proteins like α-synuclein rather than gut bacteria. It emphasizes that conditions like Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease are linked to misfolded proteins and neuroinflammation, thus highlighting that the causes of these disorders are distinct from an imbalance in gut bacteria.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1334880 Effects of Kyung-Ok-Ko on in vol. 19, 10. 1089/rej. 2015. 1787 Forestalling the Epidemics of Parkinson's Plant-vol. 5, 10. 3389/fnut. 2018. 00095 vol. 16, 10. 1111/pbi. 12926 -Mix on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264. 7 Cells vol. 21, 10. 1089/jmf. 2018. 4180 -induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammation by modulating MAPK/NF-κB pathway vol. 9, 10. 1039/C8FO00795K Effect and Safety of Formula (还脑益聪方) on Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Donepezil-10. 1007/s11655-018-3054-7 Gintonin, a Ginseng-from Hypoxic and Re-oxygenation Stimulation of 10. 1007/s12035-018-1308-1 of Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Extract on Glutamate-Stress in HT22 Cells via HO-1/Nrf2 Pathways vol. 10, 10. 3390/nu10070926 Multi-Effects of Gintonin in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-of Parkinson’s Disease via Receptors vol. 9, 10. 3389/fphar. 2018. 00515 of Antioxidants in Huntington’s Disease: an 10. 1007/s12640-018-9989-9 in humans: Implications for research design and analysis 10. 1002/brb3. 1217 and its constituents, ginsenosides and gintonin, in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders: a patent review vol. 29, 10. 1080/13543776. 2019. 1556258 Characteristic study on the chemical components of Korean curved ginseng products vol. 37, 10. 5142/jgr. 2013. 37. 349 Panax ginseng is neuroprotective in a novel progressive model of Parkinson's disease vol. 50, pp. None, 2012, Chemical composition characteristics of Korean straight ginseng products vol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or reference the adaptogenic effects of ginseng. It discusses various studies related to the effects of ginseng and its components on neurological disorders, but does not provide information on its adaptogenic properties, making it irrelevant to the claim at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: [8] H. G. Kang, J. exfoliation and activation of graphite into porous graphene using microwaves for high–performance supercapacitors, J. Alloys Compd. 770 (2019) 458–465. [9] S. Sheng, W. Liu, K. Zhu, K. Cheng, K. Ye, G. Wang, D. Cao, J. Yan, Fe3O4 nanospheres in situ decorated graphene as high-performance anode for asymmetric supercapacitor with impressive energy density, J. Sci. 536 (2019) 235–244. [10] capacitive characteristics of activated carbons—comparisons of the activation methods on the pore structure and effects of the pore structure and electrolyte on the capacitive performance, J. 159 (2006) 1532–1542. [11] Y. Li, M. van Zijll, S. Chiang, N. Pan, KOH modified graphene nanosheets for supercapacitor electrodes, J. 196 (2011) 6003–6006. [12] -doped graphene for high-performance ultracapacitors and the importance of nitrogen-doped sites at basal planes, Nano Lett. 11 (2011) 2472–2477. [13] X. Zhao, A. Wang, J. Yan, G. Sun, L. Sun, T. Zhang, Synthesis and electrochemical performance of heteroatom-incorporated ordered mesoporous carbons, Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 5463–5473. [14] X. Zhao, Q. Zhang, C. M. Chen, B. Zhang, S. Reiche, A. Wang, T. Zhang, R. Schlögl, D. Sheng Su, Aromatic sulfide, sulfoxide, and sulfone mediated mesoporous carbon monolith for use in supercapacitor, 1 (2012) 624–630. [15] S. Shiraishi, M. Kibe, T. Yokoyama, H. Kurihara, N. Patel, A. Oya, Y. Kaburagi, Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references that highlight various studies on graphene's application in supercapacitors, supporting the claim that the majority of research in graphene is related to its use in energy storage. The references specifically mention 'high-performance supercapacitors' and 'supercapacitor electrodes,' which directly align with the claim regarding the focus of research on graphene's electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: [21] analyzed the protein sequences of apo-lipoprotein superfamily, a high level of conservation was revealed. This was assumed to be due to duplications of ancestral amino acid tandem repeats forming a number of structural features in the common background of the proteins. Thus indicating that during the evolution for various functions, the amyloid fold has been selected multiple times. As seen in a newly described class of FuBA, the amyloid formation can be an integral part of normal cellular physiology. Giraldo [3] studied the subtle differences among these functional amyloids with respect to pathogenic and transmissible amyloids especially RepA-WH1, a bacterial amyloidogenic functional protein controlling the plasmid replication [2]. 4. the evolutionary process, humans have developed a sturdy symbiotic relationship with their gut micro-biome consisting of a complex community of archaea, bacteria, protists and viruses (including bacteriophages). Each individual harbors unique set of gut bacteria that influence interpersonal heterogeneity. This micro-biota enhances the selective neurological disorders due to the metabolism of polyphenols that interfere with the key pathologic mechanisms. The accumulation of these flavonoid metabolites have the ability to interact with α-syn and play a major role in their misfolding, inflammations, α-synucleiopathies, and PD progression [21]. The conformational variation in Pseudomonad amyloid FapC can be used as a potential therapeutic target to understand the bacterial colonization and infection during Alzheimer’s disease [22]. Many bacteria among the mouth micro-flora have been reported for release of FuBA and extensive cases have been reported from Streptococcus mutans and other bacteria involved in periodontal infections [23-25]. Goya et al. [27] reported effect of B. subtilis strain PXN21 vegetative cells and spores as psychobiotics in inhibiting α-syn and synucleiopathy and recommend their use as dietary supplements. 5. --genesis has been known to be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Recent evidences have suggested the acceleration of amyloid aggregation due to non-identical amyloid proteins as seen in prion proteins due to possible cross-interactions between heterologous amyloidogenic proteins leading to amyloidogenesis and related disease pathology [7,27,28]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that mental health issues are influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and microbiological factors rather than solely by gut bacteria imbalance. It highlights that neurological disorders are affected by the metabolism of polyphenols from gut bacteria, and recent evidence suggests the involvement of amyloid aggregation influenced by various proteins, indicating a more complex interplay rather than an outright causal relationship between gut bacteria and mental health disorders.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1, 10. 1016/j. jef. 2014. 11. 007 Protopanaxtriol protects against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress in a rat model of Huntington's disease vol. 36, 10. 1038/aps. 2014. 107 of of Medicine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review vol. 44, 10. 1142/s0192415x16500853 to and Treatments with Medicine vol. 2016, pp. None, 2016, Use of Gold Nanop10. 4014/jmb. 1604. 04034 Recent advances in biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal plants vol. 61, 10. 1007/s11434-015-0929-2 Ginseng (Panax sp. ) proteomics: an update vol. 60, 10. 1007/s13765-017-0283-y Panax ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer's disease vol. 42, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2017. 12. 008 of a Traditional Multi-Kyung-Ok-Ko in an of Parkinson's Disease: Inhibition of MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways and Activation of Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway vol. 9, pp. None, 2012, A Review of in vol. 8, 10. 15171/apb. 2018. 066 Chinese herbal medicine Qinggongshoutao for the treatment of amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A 52-week randomized controlled trial vol. 5, 10. 1016/j. trci. 2019. 03. 001 Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rk1 of Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG0702: Effect on Scopolamine-Dysfunction in Mice vol. 11, 10. 3390/nu11051120ASK-1 and Activation of Nrf2-in Beta-Amyloid-Challenged SH-SY5Y Cells vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24152687 Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates CKD‐associated vascular calcification by inhibiting the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway vol. 23, 10. 1111/jcmm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information about ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Instead, it lists various studies and their respective DOI references related to ginseng but lacks any direct mention or evidence supporting its adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Tian, L. Wang, L. Sun, C. Chen, X. Nong, Y. Qiao, H. Fu, Highly concentrated, stable nitrogen-doped graphene for supercapacitors: Simultaneous doping and reduction, Appl. Surf. Sci. 258 (2012) 3438–3443. [31] Y. J. Kim, Y. Abe, T. Yanagiura, K. C. Park, M. Shimizu, T. Iwazaki, S. Nakagawa, M. Endo, M. S. Dresselhaus, Easy preparation of nitrogen-enriched carbon materials from peptides of silk fibroins and their use to produce a high volumetric energy density in supercapacitors, Carbon 45 (2007) 2116–2125. [32] N. D. Kim, W. Kim, J. B. Joo, S. Oh, P. Kim, Y. Kim, J. Yi, Electrochemical capacitor performance of N-doped mesoporous carbons prepared by ammoxidation, J. 180 (2008) 671–675. [33] T. E. Rufford, D. Hulicova-Jurcakova, Z. Zhu, G. Q. Lu, Nanoporous carbon electrode from waste coffee beans for high performance supercapacitors, Electrochem. Commun. 10 (2008) 1594–1597. [34] S. Liu, D. Lentz, C. C. Tzschucke, Conversion of pyridine N-oxides to tetrazolopyridines, J. Org. Chem. 79 (2014) 3249–3254. [35] T. Liao, C. Sun, A. Du, Z. Sun, D. Hulicova-Jurcakova, S. Smith, Charge carrier exchange at chemically modified graphene edges: A density functional theory study, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 8321. [36] R. Rajagopalan, A. Balakrishnan, Innovations in engineered porous materials for energy generation and storage applications, CRC Press, 2018. [37] K. N. Wood, R. O’hayre, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by listing several research studies that focus specifically on graphene's use in supercapacitors, which is a key application in energy storage. The citations provided demonstrate a trend in scientific research directed towards enhancing the performance of supercapacitors using graphene materials, which aligns with the assertion about the high electrical conductivity of graphene facilitating its use in energy storage technologies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: In recent years, lot of attention has been paid to the gut-brain axis with increasing data as symptomatic, physiological, and pathological findings accumulated [22]. The gut-brain bidirectional communication is controlled by the vagus nerve (VN) with the help of enteric nervous system (ENS). The neuro-pathological characteristic of PD is the widespread α-synucleiopathy in central and peripheral nervous systems including in ENS. The initiation of α-syn aggregation have also been linked to bacterial exudates of gut micro-biota in the ENS, which can then be transmitted to the CNS through VN in a prion-like manner [29]. Resident microbial community of the individual as micro-biota especially those capable of producing bacterial amyloids and other amphipathic metabolites have been known to influence the α-syn aggregation and influence the development of PD [30]. Microbial interaction with the VN and a similar cascade of event as given for neuro-pathological diseases has been reported for the action of psychobiotics in enhancing the mental health [31]. As seen in Figure 3, the interaction between bacterial amyloids with wild type α-synuclein resulted in specific regions being marked for repeated interactions [Figure 3a-e], which was correlating with the interaction potential of misfolded α-synuclein [Figure 3f]. Thus, the bacterial amyloids have the capability to interact with wild type α-synuclein and increase or decrease the progression of the PD in patients. Figure 3: Interaction of α-synuclein with bacterial functional amyloids. Docking studies for α-synuclein (1XQ8) with (a) Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS15252, (b) Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL 12 (Dshi_4130), (d) Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki YBT-1520 TasA, (e) Bacillus atropheus (BATR1942) TasA and B. subtilis (50F1) TasA amyloid (c and f). [Click here to view] Various bacterial functional amyloids are allowed in present work to interact with α-synuclein by docking studies using and using software and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations up to 100 ns for analyzing the interaction stability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the complexity of interactions between gut bacteria and the nervous system, specifically in relation to neuro-pathological diseases such as Parkinson's Disease (PD). It emphasizes that while gut bacteria and their metabolites can influence conditions like PD through mechanisms involving the gut-brain axis and the vagus nerve, it does not claim that they are the sole or entire cause of mental health disorders. The mention of ‘psychobiotics’ enhancing mental health further indicates that the relationship is multifactorial and not solely reliant on gut bacteria imbalances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 14611 Pharmacists' and Patients' Knowledge and the Use of for Memory Impairment: A Cross-sectional Study from Jordan vol. 12, 10. 3923/ajsr. 2019. 524. 534 Compounds: against vol. 2020, pp. None, 2020, Effects of Ginseng on vol. 14, pp. None, 2012, The “Treatise on the spleen and stomach” ( Pí Wèi Lùn ) as the first record of multiple sclerosis in the medical literature – A hypothesis based on the analys vol. 10, 10. 1016/j. jtcme. 2020. 02. 009 of Ginsenoside Rg5 by in Diabetic db/db Mice vol. 68, 10. 1021/acs. jafc. 0c00605 Anti-of in Lipopolysaccharide-Macrophages and Adipocytes vol. 17, 10. 3390/ijerph17134716 Vitamins combined with traditional Chinese medicine for male infertility: A systematic review and meta‐analysis vol. 8, 10. 1111/andr. 12787 and Prospects for in vol. 2021, pp. None, 2012, of Phytoconstituents in Management of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 2021, pp. None, 2012, Gintonin mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilization of Nrf2 signaling via stimulation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors vol. 93, pp. None, 2012, Description and Analysis of in the Database vol. 11, 10. 3390/biom11040486 Rg3-enriched Ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4 vol. 45, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2020. 09. 001 Phnomibacter ginsenosidimutans gen. nov. , sp. nov. , a novel glycoside hydrolase positive bacterial strain with ginsenoside hydrolysing activity vol. 71, 10. 1099/ijsem. 0. 004793 Ginseng affects ovalbumin-induced asthma by modulating IL-12, IL-4, and IL-6 levels and the NF-κB/COX-2 and PGE2 pathways vol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the adaptogenic effects of ginseng. Instead, it lists various unrelated studies and information concerning ginseng without mentioning its known effects or specific adaptogenic properties. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Pylypenko, Recent progress on nitrogen/carbon structures designed for use in energy and sustainability applications, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 1212-1249. [38] L. Zheng, H. Zheng, D. Huo, F. Wu, L. Shao, P. Zheng, Y. Jiang, X. Zheng, X. Qiu, Y. Liu, Y. Zhang, N-doped graphene-based copper nanocomposite with ultralow electrical resistivity and high thermal conductivity, Sci. Rep. 8 (2018) 9248. [39] N. E. Derradji, M. L. Mahdjoubi, H. Belkhir, N. Mumumbila, B. Angleraud, P. Y. Tessier, Nitrogen effect on the electrical properties of CNx thin films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering, Films 482 (2005) 258–263. [40] J. . Rothenberg, D. Eisenberg, Boosting the supercapacitance of nitrogen-doped carbon by tuning surface functionalities, ChemSusChem 10 (2017) 4018–4024. [41] M. An, C. Du, L. Du, Y. Sun, Y. Wang, C. Chen, G. Han, G. Yin, Y. Gao, Phosphorus-doped graphene support to enhance electrocatalysis of methanol oxidation reaction on platinum nanop8. [42] Y. Wen, B. Wang, C. Huang, L. Wang, D. Hulicova-Jurcakova, Synthesis of phosphorus-doped graphene and its wide potential window in aqueous supercapacitors, Chem. Eur. J. 21 (2015) 80–85. [43] M. Y. Rekha, N. Mallik, C. Srivastava, on alloy nanop8737. [44] L. Sun, J. Liu, Z. Liu, T. Wang, H. Wang, Y. Li, Sulfur-doped mesoporous carbon via thermal reduction of CS2 by Mg for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes and Li-ion battery anodes, RSC Adv. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and developments related to nitrogen-doped graphene and its applications in supercapacitors, which confirms that a significant focus of graphene research is indeed on energy storage technologies. Mentions of enhancing supercapacitance and improving electrical properties align with the assertion regarding the application's emphasis due to graphene's high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: Olsen [25] reported the link between the biomolecules (amphi-philes and proteins) released by Peridontotitis causative Porphyromonas gingivalis in enhancing the systemic inflammation and neuro-inflammation seen in AD and PD. The evidences suggest that the α-syn inclusions undergo template directed aggregation propagation (template-directed) among the brain and peripheral organs in a prion-like manner. Reports of integral loop of transmission of α-syn as a prionoid from periphery to the brain via specific pathways [9]. It is important to analyze and investigate other aspects of cross-reactivity among the bacterial functional amyloids and human pathological amyloids (α-synuclein) to understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop new treatments depending on the altered gut microbiome [28]. 25 major bacterial functional amyloid sequences were collected (from GenBank) and were used to build homology models (using Swissmodel, Phyre2 and -X servers and analyzed for protein parameters on Protparam site) [4]. The models were submitted to PMDB [1] and five among the models were selected for further analysis. The models were chosen according to their presence in the time tree clustering. Other than Curli and proteins from E. coli (E. coli K12 CsgA protein [P28307]) and Bacillus species (B. thuringiensis serovar kurstaki YBT-1520 (PBMB7635_08) and Bacillus atropheus 1942 (BATR1942_10625)), respectively, amyloid models were chosen from S. pyogenes MGAS15252 (MGAS15252_1626) and D. shibae DFL12 (Dshi_4130). The five selected amyloids were further analyzed by the MD simulation studies. Computational modeling is a tool that can complement and predict the time consuming and expensive in vitro experiments on the stability of amyloid oligomers and their assembly. MD simulation studies have potential to identify the stability determining factors of amyloid proteins oligomers [34]. the protein dimensions can be treated by considering a series of physiological parameters. This can be used for MD simulation of the effects on the protein molecule [4,5]. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various mechanisms related to neuro-inflammation and systemic inflammation, specifically citing the role of certain bacteria and their biomolecules in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD). It emphasizes the complexity of the interactions between gut bacteria and mental health, suggesting that while there are links to the gut microbiome, the causative factors involve multiple pathways and not solely an imbalance in gut bacteria. This indicates that the claim does not capture the multifaceted nature of the causes of mental health disorders.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Reviews. 31, 320-329 (2000). and McMurray, N. : Stress and psychosis: towards the development of new models of investigation. Review. 27, 307-317 (2007) Tsigos, C. and Chrousos, G. P. : Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. J. of Psychosomatic Research. 53, 865-871 (2002) Neveu, P. J. , Delrue, C. , and Cabib, S. : Influence of brain and behavioral lateralization in brain: Monoaminergic, neuroendocrine and immune stress responses. Annals of the Academy of Sciences. 741, 271-282 (1994) Pijl, H. and Meinders E. A. : Modulation of monoaminergic neural circuits: potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treatments in Endocrinology. 1, 71-78 (2002) Kalia, M. : Neurobiological basis of depression: an update. Metabolism. 54, 24-27 (2005) Jayanthi, L. D. and Ramamoorthy, S. : Regulation of monoamine transporters: influence of psychostimulants and therapeutic antidepressants. . 27, 728-738 (2005) Rege, N. N. , Thatte, U. M. and Dahanukar, S. A. : Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine. Phytotherapy Research. 13, 275-291 (1999) Bhattacharya, S. K. and Murugandam, A. V. : Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 75, 547-555 (2003) Reay, J. L. , Kennedy, D. O. and Scholey, A. B. : Effects of Panax ginseng, consumed with and without glucose, on blood glucose levels and cognitive performance during sustained 'mentally demanding' tasks. J. Psychopharmacol. 20, 771-781 (2006) Rausch, W. D. , Liu, S. , Gille, G. and Radad, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily lists various studies and articles related to different aspects of stress, neurobiology, and herbal medicine without explicitly mentioning ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: 8 (2018) 19964-19970. [45] B. Mensah, S. I. Kang, W. Wang, C. Nah, Effect of graphene on polar and nonpolar rubber matrices, Mech. Adv. Mater. Mod. Process 4 (2018) 1. [46] spacing of few-layer graphene sheets using molecular spacers: capacitance that scales with sheet number, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 1 (2018) 11420-11429. [47] W. Lv, F. . sandwich structure of graphene and nickel oxide with excellent supercapacitive performance, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 9014-9019. [48] J. Z. Wang, C. Zhong, D. -encapsulated Fe3O4 nanop667. [49] D. Chen, G. Ji, Y. Ma, J. Y. Lee, J. Lu, Graphene-encapsulated hollow Fe3O4 nanop3083. [50] Z. S. Wu, D. -W. Wang, W. Ren, J. Zhao, G. Zhou, F. Li, H. -M. Cheng, Anchoring hydrous RuO2 on graphene sheets for high performance electrochemical capacitors, Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 (2010) 3595–3602. [51] G. Wang, T. Liu, Y. Luo, Y. Zhao, Z. Ren, J. Bai, H. Wang, Preparation of Fe2O3/graphene composite and its electrochemical performance as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, J. Alloys Compd. 509 (2011) L216–L220. [52] S. Yang, X. Feng, L. Wang, K. Tang, J. Maier, K. Müllen, Graphene-based nanosheets with a sandwich structure, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 49 (2010) 4795–4799. [53] S. Yang, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Sandwich-Like, Graphene-based titania nanosheets with high surface area for fast lithium storage, Adv. Mater. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily provides a list of various studies and authors without directly addressing research focuses or specific applications of graphene. It mentions different studies related to graphene but does not corroborate or contrast the claim regarding the focus on supercapacitors and energy storage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon has been utilized in application of such microbes as psychobiotics [31]. 7. --causal effects of gut micro-biota on emotional experience particularly stress, depression and anxiety in patients enhanced the focus of the researchers on their contributions there has been enhanced studies dealing with neuroscience and biopsychology of interaction in the axis of brain-gut-microbiome [37]. Recent studies have revealed the use of this gut microbiome-brain axis in modifying cognitive and behavioral properties of patients using live beneficial microorganisms termed “Psychobiotics. ” Here, the introduction of these bacteria can either engage directly one or more gut-brain circuits or to alter the established gut micro-biota of the recipient modulating the signaling to the brain [38]. Elucidation of the effect of introduced gut-micro-biota on the germ-free laboratory animals (Mice) showed the increased effects on the function of hippocampus and amygdala resulting in effects on short-term recognition, working memory and display of altered social behavior [37]. Studies have found associations of microbiome function and composition influencing the neuro-behavioral and affective disorders including parameters of neuroimaging. The microbial re-colonization with respect to the age of the patients shows time-sensitive efficacy for microbial reconstitution with possibility of critical window for neurodevelopment within which abnormalities arising due to the absent micro-biota can be reversed by time dependent microbial re-colonization [38]. The uncertainties about the clinical applications of psychobiotics persists as the mechanics of action have not been identified yet and the time period as well as durability of their usage. The reports of changes in responses to psychobiotics in a wide range of brain regions have been questioned for possible inadequate questionnaires used for short-term studies. Effects of psycho-biotic-intervention may also depend on the pre-existing microbiome and neuro-anatomy, diet as well as genetics of the recipients. The studies on their clinical interventions in humans and corresponding effects on emotion, cognition and behavior have been met with scepticism due to the worldwide use of psycho-biotic microorganisms as probiotics without significant effects on psychological traits [37,38]. Various microorganisms breaching the gut-brain barrier and influencing the health of individual in positive and negative ways are listed in Table 1. Table 1: Effects of reported microorganisms on the brain health during Parkinson’s disease. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while there are indications of the gut microbiome influencing emotional and behavioral health, it does not support the notion that mental health disorders are caused 'entirely' by gut bacteria. It mentions various factors influencing the effectiveness of psychobiotics, such as the pre-existing microbiome, neuro-anatomy, diet, and genetics. Moreover, it notes the skepticism surrounding the effects of psychobiotic interventions in humans, suggesting a complex interplay rather than a straightforward cause-effect relationship. Thus, the text does not support the idea that gut bacteria are solely responsible for mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Effects of ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in mice. Neurosci. Letters. 343, 62-66 (2003) Tatum, A. L. and Seevers, M. H. Experimental cocaine addiction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 36, 401-410 (1929) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Inhibition by MK-801 of cocaine-induced sensitization, conditioned place preference, and dopamine-receptor supersensitivity in mice. Brain Res. Bull. 40, 201-207 (1996). , and Park, W. K. : Effects of ginseng total saponin on morphine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 60, 33-42 (1998) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Ginseng total saponin inhibits nicotine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 66, 83-90 (1999). , Park, W. K. and Jang, C. G. : Inhibition by ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 30, 783-789 (1998) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Inhibition by ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ of cocaine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference, and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 63, 407-412 (1999) Verkhratsky, A. and Kirchhoff, F. : NMDA Receptors in glia. Neuroscientist. 13, 28-37 (2007) Gardoni, F. and Di, L. M. : New targets for pharmacological intervention in the glutamatergic synapse. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 545, 2-10 (2006) Fan, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects. It discusses various studies on the effects of ginseng saponin and ginsenosides on different behaviors in mice, particularly in relation to cocaine and nicotine, without establishing a connection to adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Hu, H. Xue, H. Pang, Hierarchically nanostructured transition metal oxides for supercapacitors, Sci. China Mater. 61 (2018) 185–209. [61] unique strategy for preparing single-phase unitary/binary oxides–graphene composites, Chem. Commun. 46 (2010) 7957. [62] A. K. Mishra, S. Ramaprabhu, Functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites for supercapacitor application, J. Phys. Chem. C. 115 (2011) 14006–14013. [63] W. Shi, J. . Lu, X. Zhang, Y. Sharma, M. Srinivasan, H. Zhang, H. H. Hng, Q. Yan, Achieving high specific charge capacitances in Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 3422. [64] S. Huang, G. -N. Zhu, C. . Liu, Immobilization of Co–Al layered double hydroxides on graphene oxide nanosheets: Growth mechanism and supercapacitor studies, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4 (2012) 2242–2249. [65] X. Dong, L. Wang, D. Wang, C. Li, J. Jin, Layer-by-layer engineered Co–Al hydroxide nanosheets/graphene multilayer films as flexible electrode for supercapacitor, Langmuir 28 (2012) 293–298. [66] W. Zhou, J. Liu, T. Chen, K. S. Tan, X. Jia, Z. Luo, C. Cong, H. Yang, C. M. Li, T. Yu, Fabrication of Co3O4-reduced graphene oxide scrolls for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (2011) 14462-14465. [67] X. C. Dong, H. -Park, H. Zhang, L. H. Wang, W. Huang, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple citations of research articles that specifically focus on graphene's application in supercapacitors. It lists various studies that discuss functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications, as well as references to graphene oxide in the context of energy storage. This extensive mention of supercapacitors directly supports the idea that the majority of research in graphene is aimed at its applications in the energy storage sector.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: No. OrganismProductInteraction8. specific communication channels between the gut micro-biota and brain have already been elucidated to include - vagal nerve signaling, enteric nerve activation, entero-endocrine, and entero-chromaffin cells stimulation and the release of neuro-active products into circulation leading to modulation of neuro-immune response. As seen in the present review, the “functional amyloids” of microbial origin have the sites for interaction with wild type α-synuclein which are similar to the interaction of anti-Parkinsonian drugs. Thus these sites of interaction can be utilized for enhancement or control of amyloidosis and fibrillation in patients with PD earning the suitable name of – “Psychobiotics. ” Further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary for tapping the potential of psychobiotics and their “functional amyloids” for controlling PD. Elucidating the effects of psychological developments as well as cultural and social factors on the brain-gut microbiome axis can help for contextualizing the role of this axis and corresponding psychological interventions to improve the human health. 9. 10. ’ authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the 11. authors declare that no funding was received for the present work. 12. authors declare that there is no financial or any other conflicts of interest in this work. 13. study does not involve experiments on animals or human subjects. 14. data generated and analyzed are included within this research 15. ’journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation. 1. . Microcosm-based interaction studies between members of two ecophysiological groups of bioemulsifier producer and a hydrocarbon degrader from the Indian intertidal zone. 2016;23:14462-71. [CrossRef]2. . Analysis of nutritional factors influencing the biosynthesis of amyloid bioemulsifier BE-AM1 applicable in food industry. J 2021;11:e3170. [CrossRef]3. Giraldo R. SynBio and the boundaries between functional and pathogenic RepA-WH1 bacterial amyloids. mSystems 2020;5:e00553-20. [CrossRef]4. Mehta K, Markande A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence of the complexity of interactions between gut microbiota and brain function. It emphasizes that there are specific communication pathways involving the vagus nerve and other neuro-active mechanisms that influence neuro-immune responses, suggesting that mental health disorders are not solely attributable to gut bacteria imbalances. Additionally, the mention of psychological and social factors further supports the argument for a multi-faceted approach to understanding mental health, thereby rebutting the claim that gut bacteria are the sole cause.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Transcriptional activation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase genes by panaxadiol ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng. Phytother. Res. 13, 641-644 (1999) Nishiyama, N. , Cho, S. T. , Kitagama, I. and Saito, H. : Malonylginsenoside $Rb_1$ potentiates nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth of cultured chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17, 509-513 (1994) Bormann, J. and Feigenspan, A. : $GABA_C$ receptors. Trends in Nneurosci. 18, 515-519 (1995) Turner, A. J. and Whittle, S. R. : Biochemical dissection of the gamma-aminobutyrate synapse. Biochem. Journal. 209, 29-41 (1983) Fritschy, J. M. and Panzanelli, P. : Molecular and synaptic organization of GABAA receptors in the cerebellum: Effects of targeted subunit gene deletions. Cerebellum. 5, 275-285 (2006) Johnston, G. A. R. : $GABA_C$ receptors: relatively simple transmitter-gated ion channels? Trends in Pharmacol. Sci. 17, 319-323 (1996) Bao, H. Y. , Zhang, J. ,. and Kang, J. S. : Memory enhancing and neuroprotective effects of selected ginsenosides. Arch. Pharm. Res. 28, 335-342 (2005) Yun, Y. J. , Lee, B. , and Shim, I. : Neuroprotective effect of palmul-chongmyeong-tang on ischemia-induced learning and memory deficits in the rat. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30, 337-342 (2007) Bahrke, M. S. and Morgan, W. R. : Evaluation of the ergogenic properties of ginseng: an update. Sports Medicine. 29, 113-133 (2000) and Liu, D. : Modulation of American ginseng on brainstem GABAergic effects in rats. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. While it discusses various studies relating to the effects of ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng on biochemical and neuroprotective properties, it does not mention or provide evidence related to adaptogenic effects, which are typically associated with the ability of a substance to help the body adapt to stress and maintain homeostasis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Chen, 3D graphene–cobalt oxide electrode for high-performance supercapacitor and enzymeless glucose detection, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 3206–3213. [68] G. Xu, P. Nie, H. Dou, B. Ding, L. Li, X. Zhang, Exploring metal organic frameworks for energy storage in batteries and supercapacitors, Mater. Today 20 (2017) 191–209. [69] properties of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites, Prog. Mater. Sci. 90 (2017) 75–127. [70] Q. Xiao, X. Yi, B. Jiang, Z. Qin, J. Hu, Y. Jiang, H. Liu, B. Wang, D. Yi, In-situ synthesis of graphene on surface of copper powder by rotary CVD and its application in fabrication of reinforced Cu-matrix composites, Adv. Mater. Sci. 2 (2017). [71] -Phase MnO2/N-containing graphene composites applied as electrode active materials for flexible asymmetric solid-state supercapacitors, Nanomaterials 8 (2018) 924. [72] J. Wu, Z. Lan, J. Lin, M. Huang, Y. Huang, L. Fan, G. Luo, Y. Lin, Y. Xie, Y. Wei, Counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells, Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 (2017) 5975–6023. [73] Q. Wu, Y. Xu, Z. Yao, A. Liu, G. Shi, Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composite films, ACS Nano 4 (2010) 1963–1970. [74] D. W. Wang, F. Li, J. Zhao, W. Ren, Z. G. Chen, J. Tan, Z. S. Wu, I. of graphene/polyaniline composite paper via in situ anodic electropolymerization for high-performance flexible electrode, ACS Nano 3 (2009) 1745–1752. [75] H. Wang, J. Lin, Z. X. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and papers that directly relate to graphene's application in supercapacitors, confirming that a significant focus of research surrounds energy storage applications. For instance, it references multiple works on 3D graphene–cobalt oxide electrodes for supercapacitors and flexible graphene/polyaniline composite films, which underscores the claim regarding the concentration of research in these areas due to graphene's electrical properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: No. Organism name1Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LL3LL3_02659PM00808812Bacillus atrophaeus 1942 1942_10625PM00809073Bacillus halodurans C-125_flagellinBH1477PM00809084Bacillus licheniformis 9945A_TasABaLi_c27210PM00808825Bacillus licheniformis DSM 13_TasABli02637PM00808836Bacillus subtilis spizizenii W23 major biofilm matrix componentBSUW23_12190PM00808847Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki YBT-1520_TasApBMB7635_08PM00808858Caulobacter phage CcrSwiftD870_gp256PM00808869Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL_12Dshi_4130PM008088710Escherichia coli BW2952 curli assembly protein CsgEBWG_0888PM008088811Escherichia coli K12 DH10B curli assembly protein 10B_1111PM008088912Escherichia coli (strain K12)_CsgA_P28307PM008089013Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 curli assembly proteinS1105PM008089114Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 curlinNC_000913PM008089215Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 curlin subunitb1042PM008089316Escherichia coli O157H7 Sakai curli assembly protein CsgENC_002695. 1PM008089417Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 curlinNC_000913. 3PM008089718Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 curlin subunitb1042PM008089819Escherichia coli O157H7 Sakai curli assembly protein CsgENC_002695. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting an extensive list of bacterial species and their related proteins without indicating that they exclusively cause mental health disorders due to gut bacteria imbalance. This suggests that gut bacteria play a role, but it does not support the claim that they are the sole cause, indicating a more complex relationship.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Ethnopharmacol. 62, 215-222 (1998) Jang, S. , Ryu, J. H. , Kim, D. H. and Oh, S. : Changes of [3H]MK-801, [3H]muscimol and [$^3H$]flunitrazepam binding in rat brain by the prolonged ventricular infusion of transformed ginsenosides. Neurochem. Res. 29, 2257-2266 (2004) and Oh, S. : Changes of [$^3H$]MK-801, [$^3H$]muscimol and [$^3H$]flunitrazepam binding in rat brain by the prolonged ventricular infusion of ginsenoside Rc and $Rg_1$. Pharmacol. Res. . 43, 473-479 (2001) Shiah, I. S. and Yatham, L. N. : Serotonin in mania and in the mechanism of action of mood stabilizers: a review of clinical studies. Bipolar Disord. 2, 77-92 (2000) Mahmood, T. and Silverstone, T. : Serotonin and bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 66, 1-11 (2001) Shastry, B. S. : Bipolar disorder: An update. Neurochem. Int. 46, 273-279 (2005) Saxena, P. , Sitholey, A. K. , Saxena, S. , Vrat, S. , Kumar. and Shanker, K. : Platelet serotonin in juvenile mania. Biogenic Amines. 15, 413-421 (1999). , Dwivedi, Y. and Janicak, P. G. : Serotonin receptors in platelets of bipolar and schizoaffective patients: effect of lithium treatment. Pyschopharmacology. 170, 115-123 (2003) Pivac, N. , Kozaric, D. , Mustapic, M. , Dezeljin, M. , Borovecki, A. , Grubisic, M. and Muck, D. : Platelet serotonin in combat related posttraumatic stress disorder with psychotic symptoms. J Affect Disord. 93, 223-227 (2006) Plain, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to ginseng or its adaptogenic effects. Instead, it references multiple studies related to serotonin and bipolar disorder, which are unrelated to the claim about ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Shen, Polyaniline (PANi) based electrode materials for energy storage and conversion, J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices 1 (2016) 225–255. [76] B. Ma, X. Zhou, H. Bao, X. Li, G. Wang, Hierarchical composites of sulfonated graphene-supported vertically aligned polyaniline nanorods for high-performance supercapacitors, J. 215 (2012) 36–42. [77] K. . Wu, Graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composites as supercapacitor electrodes, Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 1392–1401. [78] W. Fan, C. . He, T. Liu, Graphene-wrapped polyaniline hollow spheres as novel hybrid electrode materials for supercapacitor applications, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 (2013) 3382–3391. [79] F. Chen, P. Liu, Q. Zhao, Well-defined graphene/polyaniline flake composites for high performance supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 76 (2012) 62–68. [80] X. Lu, H. Dou, B. Gao, C. Yuan, S. Yang, L. Hao, L. Shen, X. Zhang, A flexible graphene/multiwalled carbon nanotube film as a high performance electrode material for supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 56 (2011) 5115–5121. [81] H. Wang, Q. Hao, X. Yang, L. Lu, X. Wang, Graphene oxide doped polyaniline for supercapacitors, Electrochem. Commun. 11 (2009) 1158–1161. [82] D. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Chen, P. Yu, C. Wang, Y. Ma, Enhanced capacitance and rate capability of graphene/polypyrrole composite as electrode material for supercapacitors, J. 196 (2011) 5990–5996. [83] C. Zhu, J. Zhai, D. Wen, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references to research studies that focus on graphene and its derivatives, specifically in the context of supercapacitor and energy storage applications. Each citation emphasizes the use of graphene-based materials for enhancing the performance of supercapacitors, demonstrating that a significant portion of graphene research is indeed centered around energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: Effort-reward imbalance and common mental disorders among public sector employees of Iran: a cross-sectional analysis access Published: 30 May 2024 Effort-reward imbalance and common mental disorders among public sector employees of Iran: a cross-sectional analysis Nastaran Nasirpour1, Mohammadreza Shalbafan2, Ebtesam Savari1, Ahmad Pirani2, Baradaran3 & …Abbas Motevalian1,4 Show authors BMC 2. 1) during the baseline assessment to identify common mental disorders. Additionally, the validated Persian version of the 23-item ERI questionnaire was employed to assess effort, reward, overcommitment, and effort-reward ratio. To examine the association of ERI components with three common mental disorders (and OCD) over the past twelve months, multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. ResultsThe prevalence of effort-reward imbalance in the study sample was 47. 1%. Higher ERI score was significantly associated with MDD (OR: 3. 43, 95% CI: 2. 30–5. 13), GAD (OR: 2. 42, 95% CI: 1. 27–4. 63), and OCD (OR: 2. 23, 95% CI:1. 19–4. 19). The study participants who reported higher scores on work overcommitment had a higher likelihood of having MDD (OR: 1. 16, 95% CI:1. 10–1. 23), GAD (OR: 1. 07, 95% CI: 1. 01–1. 14), and OCD (OR: 1. 19, 95% CI: 1. 09–1. 29). ConclusionsAccording to the study’s findings, work-related stress, as determined by the ERI model, is a significant factor in the development of common mental disorders among employees in the public sector. reports BackgroundThe global prevalence, of major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders stands at 4. 7% and 8. 3% respectively over 12 months. However, in Iran, the prevalence of these disorders is higher with MDD affecting, around 12. 7% of the population and anxiety disorder impacting 15. 6% [1, 2]. Mental disorders are progressively emerging as the predominant factor necessitating sick leave and prolonged work disability [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by identifying work-related stress, as determined by the effort-reward imbalance model, as a significant factor in the development of common mental disorders. The findings indicate associations between mental disorders and work-related stress, rather than suggesting that these disorders are entirely due to imbalances in gut bacteria.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: and Berk, M. : The platelet as a peripheral marker in psychiatric illness. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. 16, 229-236 (2001) Askenazy, F. , Caci, H. , Myquel, M. , Darcourt, G. and Lecrubier, Y. : Relationship between impulsivity and platelet serotonin content in adolescents. Psychiatry Res. 94, 19-28 (2000). , Berk, M. , Plein, H. and Cloninger, C. R. : Relationship between serotonin and the temperament and character inventory. Psychiatry Res. 89, 29-37 (1999) Muck, M. , Jakovljevic. and Pivac, N. : Platelet 5-HT concentrations and suicidal behavior in recurrent major depression. J. Affect. Disord. 39, 73-80 (1996) Pivac, N. , Muck, D. , Jakovljevic, M. and Brzovic, Z. : Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function and platelet serotonin concentrations in depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 73, 123-132 (1997) Meszaros, Z. , Borsiczky, D. , Mate, M. , Tarcali, J. , Szombathy, T. , Tekes, K. and Magyar, K. : Platelet MAO-B activity and serotonin content in patients with dementia: effect of age, medication and disease. Neurochem. Res. 23, 863-868 (1998) Goveas, J. S. , Csernansky, J. G. and Coccaro, E. F. : Platelet serotonin content correlates inversely with life history of aggression in personality-disordered subjects. Psychiatry Res. 126, 23-32 (2004) Pivac, N. , Muck, D. and Jakovljevic, M. : Platelet 5-HT levels and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in schizophrenic patients with positive and negative symptoms. Neuropsychobiology. 36, 19-21 (1997) Muck, D. , Jakovljevic, M. and Deanovic, Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding ginseng and its adaptogenic effects. Instead, it consists of references to various psychiatric studies and relationships between serotonin and impulsivity, which are irrelevant to the claim about ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Dong, Graphene oxide/polypyrrole nanocomposites: one-step electrochemical doping, coating and synergistic effect for energy storage, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 6300-6306. [84] Y. Xu, Y. Wang, J. Liang, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, X. Wan, Y. Chen, A hybrid material of graphene and poly (3,4-ethyldioxythiophene) with high conductivity, flexibility, and transparency, Nano Res. 2 (2009) 343–348. [85] asymmetric supercapacitors consisting of polyaniline nanofibers and graphene nanosheets with proper complementary potential windows, Electrochim. Acta 55 (2010) 6015–6021. [86]. Lee, Y. S. Huh, High performance of a solid-state flexible asymmetric supercapacitor based on graphene films, Nanoscale 4 (2012) 4983-4988. [87] H. Gao, F. Xiao, C. B. Ching, H. Duan, High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor based on graphene hydrogel and nanostructured MnO2, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4 (2012) 2801–2810. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it references multiple research studies focused specifically on graphene in energy storage applications, including supercapacitors. For example, the mention of 'asymmetric supercapacitors' and 'high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor based on graphene' directly supports the idea that graphene research predominantly emphasizes its use in supercapacitors and energy storage technologies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: Mental well-being is linked to heightened productivity, creativity, enhanced social interactions, and elevated socioeconomic standing [3]. Stressful socio-environmental conditions are a pivotal factor influencing the development of mental disorders in workplace settings [4]. The Effort-(ERI) model, developed by Siegrist, stands as a widely accepted theoretical framework for assessing workplace stress [5, 6]. This model centers on the notion of an imbalance between the efforts exerted at work and the rewards garnered in return. Furthermore, the ERI model encompasses an overcommitment element, a personality trait that amplifies work-related stress and heightens susceptibility to this imbalance [4, 7]. A systematic review of 18 studies found that the range of effort-reward imbalance was between 4 and 81% [8]. Moreover, a cross-sectional study conducted in five educational medical centers in Iran reported that the prevalence of ERI was 55% among nurses [9]. Health workers who work under intensive workloads are at risk of experiencing ERI [8, 10]. The epidemiological evidence regarding the association between workplace stress and mental health is predominantly derived from high-income countries, specifically limited to the investigation of depression [11,12,13,14]. Based on the findings of two meta-analysis studies, it has been determined that exposure to ERI is a significant risk factor for the development of stress-related disorders and mental illnesses [15, 16]. Similarly, a cross-sectional study among Chinese public health workers revealed that effort and overcommitment were positively associated with depression and anxiety, while the reward was negatively associated with these disorders [17]. However, another similar study did not confirm the relationship between ERI factors with MDD and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) [18]. Some studies have shown that the effect size of the effort-reward ratio is greater than the effect size of individual effort or reward factors [19]. To date, there has been no research conducted on the impact of the ERI model on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, it is recognized that stress in the work environment can contribute to the development of this disorder [20]. The possible association between the ERI model and mental disorders may be ascribed to physiological, biological, and lifestyle risk factors [21, 22]. This imbalance can result in the experience of negative emotions and sustained autonomic activation, which in turn can have detrimental long-term effects on mental health [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining various factors influencing mental health, specifically emphasizing the role of workplace stress and the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) model. The statement details how stress from socio-environmental conditions and an imbalance in work efforts and rewards can significantly impact mental health, without attributing these disorders solely to gut bacteria imbalance. Furthermore, it mentions physiological and biological risk factors as contributors to mental disorders, indicating a multifactorial perspective rather than solely attributing them to gut bacteria.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Platelet serotonin in subtypes of schizophrenia and unipolar depression. Psychiatry Res. 38, 105-113 (1991) Muck-Seler, D. , Pivac, N. , Jakovljevic, M. , Sagud, M. and Mihaljevic, A. : Platelet 5-HT concentration and comorbid depression in war veterans with or without posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 75, 171-179 (2003) Praag, H. M. : The cognitive paradox in posttraumatic stress disorder: a hypothesis. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 28, 923-935 (2004). , and Charney, D. S. : Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 54, 749-758 (1997) Brady, K. , Pearlstein, T. , Asnis, G. M. , Baker, D. , Rothbaum, B. , Sikes, C. R. and Farfel, G. M. : Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA. 283, 1837-1844 (2000) Bhattcharyya, D. and Sur, T. K. : Effect of Panax ginseng and diazepam on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and its modification by diclofenac in rat. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 43, 505-509 (1999) Sheikh, N. , Ahmad, A. ,. and Palit, G. : Effect of Bacopa monniera on stress induced changes in plasma corticosterone and brain monoamines in rats. J. of Ethnopharmacol. 111, 671-676 (2007) and Kim, C. J. : Red ginseng inhibits exercise-induced increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in dorsal raphe of rats. J. of Pharmacol Sci. 93, 218-221 (2003) and Kim, S. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information directly related to the claim about ginseng and its adaptogenic effects. Instead, it lists various studies and articles that primarily involve different psychological and pharmacological topics, including serotonin concentration and effects of Panax ginseng on brain chemicals in rats, which are not sufficient to confirm or deny the claim about adaptogenic effects.