Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: 3 million farmers in 28 countriesCitation11 have collectively voted by their actions that the benefits outweigh the risks. On the other hand, in several developed countries, particularly in Europe, consumers have not seen what benefits might accrue to them, and have resisted introduction of GM foods. Citation1 Mark Lynas, who claims to be one of the leaders of the anti-GMO campaign in Europe, and an activist who led campaigns to destroy experimental GM crops, has recently expressed the view that the movement was essentially anti-science, and took no cognisance of the vast scientific literature indicating the safety of this technology. Citation12The debate has been particularly intense and long-lasting in New Zealand, which has no commercial releases of GMOs to date. In contrast, its near neighbor Australia has adopted this technology, with Bt cotton (a source of fiber, but also cotton seed oil—a food ingredient) grown since 1996. GM carnations have also been grown since 1996. GM canola was approved in 2003 and first grown in 2008; several other food crops have been approved by the Office of the Regulator. Citation13 Despite this, adoption in Australia has not been uniform, with and Tasmania still continuing to ban GM crops. Zealand, the on Genetic ModificationCitation14 concluded that: “should keep its options open. It would be unwise to turn our back on the potential advantages on offer, but we should proceed carefully, minimising and managing risks. ” This measured conclusion did little to defuse the debate; the GM issue has proven to be highly controversial and long-lasting as a focal issue for the and for several environmental organizations and special interest groups. on Country ImageOften expressed in the news media is the view (typically without any evidence) that release of GMOs into the environment would do irreparable damage to New Zealand’s country image in foreign markets, and would harm New Zealand’s image as a tourist destination. This was a recurrent theme in many of the more than 10,000 submissions to the (p. 6, Report of the on Genetic ModificationCitation14), the great majority of which were opposed to release of GM crops in New Zealand. Furthermore, such views have kept reappearing in the media. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating the differences in regulation of gene-edited crops across countries, as shown by the contrasting approaches of New Zealand and Australia regarding GMOs. New Zealand has no commercial releases of GMOs, while Australia has embraced the technology with various GM crops approved and grown. This highlights the variance in regulations and attitudes toward gene-edited crops in different countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: As shown in supplementary Figure 2, the bacterial functional amyloids were able to form stable connections with wild type α-synuclein and the major interacting amino-acids seen to be interacting with PHE4, LYS97, MET5, and ALA90 consistently while for B. subtilis (50F1) TasA amyloid, interaction at THR137 consistently even with misfolded α-synuclein [4]. The mid protein interaction of BaFu exhibited their effects on protein folding of α-synuclein which converts to misfolded pattern in 60 ns when checked in MD simulation studies [2]. Although α-synuclein aggregates are considered prion-like for their communicable form of disease progression, the preclinical models of disease progression are facing the limitations of proof of causality especially when there exists confounding effects of like long incubation periods, host factors such as inflammation and immune response [32]. Werner et al. [29] reported the possible role of gut-microbiome (CsgA from E. coli) in initiation, modulation or enhancement of human neurodegenerative disease (α-synuclein causing PD). They also reported the possibility of in vitro cross-reactivity and the phenomenon as widespread among the other proteins. Sampson et al. [28] reported the enhancement of pathology in brain of α-synuclein over-expressing mice when infection and colonization of curli (bacterial functional amyloid) producing E. coli. The aggregation of α-synuclein was found to be accelerated when these mice were treated with purified Curli subunits. The amyloidogenic CsgA protein from E. coli biofilms has been reported to trigger PD in mice [28]. Nerius et al. [34] investigated the pathogenesis of PD and role of common GI infections and the most frequent among those are the causative agents of colitis and gastroenteritis followed by viral intestinal infections. The studies by Yamasaki et al. [10] suggest the possible interaction between gut microbiome and certain dietary factors which can be used as an effective modulators for pathologic propagation of α-syn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that gut microbiome can influence neurological conditions, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), through mechanisms involving proteins like α-synuclein. It cites studies indicating that the bacterial functional amyloid CsgA from E. coli can trigger PD in mice, thus suggesting a link between gut bacteria and mental health effects. Furthermore, it mentions the modulation of human neurodegenerative diseases by gut microbiome interactions, thereby directly opposing the claim that gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Although the hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) of the whole biomass has been investigated by various studies previously in the aspect of the composition of different sugars in hydrolysates or residues individually [17–19], only few investigations took a whole view of both hydrolysates and pretreated materials to understand the dissolution and degradation trends of sugars and even put a perspective on the functional relationship between the hydrolysate composition and the high-value-added chemicals production. Unveiling the dissolving trends of hemicellulose-derived sugars from the cell wall of lignocellulose under HTP process will facilitate building on the relationship between operated conditions and the furfural yields. Our previous studies showed that tin-loaded montmorillonite (Sn-MMT) had a great catalytic ability and stable recyclability for the furfural production from xylose, water-insoluble hemicelluloses and water-soluble fraction of corncob in a biphasic system with 2-sec-butylphenol (SBP) as the organic extracting layer and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the co-solvent in contact with an aqueous phase saturated with NaCl (SBP/NaCl-DMSO) [20]. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel approach: microwave-assisted HTP of corncob, followed by the heterogeneously catalyzed conversion of the hemicellulose-derived sugars in hydrolysates over Sn-MMT in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system for the furfural production. This approach has several advantages: uniform and selective heating of microwave, efficient utilization of corncob sugars, the avoidance of corrosion and pollution of mineral acids, as well as the ability of depressing the side reactions [21]. The dissolution and depolymerization of hemicelluloses from corncob by the microwave-assisted HTP were assessed, the optimum microwave-assisted hydrolysis conditions were identified, and the relationship between the hydrolysate composition and the furfural yield was investigated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels. Instead, it discusses the hydrothermal pretreatment of biomass and the conversion of sugars derived from hemicellulose for the production of furfural. There is no mention of bioengineered yeast or its role in biofuel production, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Balmford and BatemanCitation8 recently warned that countries such as the UK and the EU, which are adopting mostly land-sharing policies with the intention of reducing farming’s environmental impact – including agri-environment schemes, rewilding and organic farming – may unwittingly accelerate global biodiversity loss and negative climate impact by reducing domestic production and driving up food imports unless corresponding policy action is taken to deliver yield increases elsewhere to maintain and expand domestic food production. In a follow-up 23. 4 million hectares of additional cropland would have been required to produce the global volumes of canola, cotton, maize and soybeans produced in 2020. Citation19 This is an area equivalent to the combined agricultural area of the Philippines and Vietnam. The science and evidence therefore tell us that the best way forward for future land use and agricultural production systems is to recognize that a combination of high yield farming, natural habitat and lower-yielding farming systems is required and that where agriculture takes place, there is a need to sensibly combine production methods and techniques used in both high- and lower-intensity production systems and embrace (not reject) the adoption of new innovations and technology like improved plant genetics, digital agriculture and precision farming. FootnotebReturning to GBF, simply put, global biodiversity will not improve without investments into innovative products and technologies that are capable of achieving the 23 proposed targets. Regulatory burdens and regulations that are risk inappropriate have contributed to limiting higher crop and food production over the past 30 years that might otherwise have been achieved by discouraging the commercial adoption of productivity-enhancing technologies in many parts of the world. For example, in 2020, only 1. 8% of the total global GM crop planted area was in Africa and the GM crop area found in the (EU) was even smaller at 0. 1% of the global GM crop area. Citation19 In the EU, the GM crop is limited to a single insect resistant trait found in some maize varieties grown only in Spain and Portugal, which was first approved for cultivation in 2003. This GM maize trait is no longer present in maize varieties grown in the main GM maize adopting countries in 2020 having been replaced many years ago by superior performing GM traits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that different countries have varying regulations regarding genetically modified (GM) crops. It highlights the limited GM crop area in Africa and the EU, which reflects how regional regulations can restrict the adoption of gene-edited agricultural technologies. Furthermore, it notes that in the EU, the GM crop is confined to a single insect-resistant trait, illustrating how regulatory environments can differ significantly from one region to another.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: Olsen [25] reported the link between the biomolecules (amphi-philes and proteins) released by Peridontotitis causative Porphyromonas gingivalis in enhancing the systemic inflammation and neuro-inflammation seen in AD and PD. The evidences suggest that the α-syn inclusions undergo template directed aggregation propagation (template-directed) among the brain and peripheral organs in a prion-like manner. Reports of integral loop of transmission of α-syn as a prionoid from periphery to the brain via specific pathways [9]. It is important to analyze and investigate other aspects of cross-reactivity among the bacterial functional amyloids and human pathological amyloids (α-synuclein) to understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop new treatments depending on the altered gut microbiome [28]. 25 major bacterial functional amyloid sequences were collected (from GenBank) and were used to build homology models (using Swissmodel, Phyre2 and -X servers and analyzed for protein parameters on Protparam site) [4]. The models were submitted to PMDB [1] and five among the models were selected for further analysis. The models were chosen according to their presence in the time tree clustering. Other than Curli and proteins from E. coli (E. coli K12 CsgA protein [P28307]) and Bacillus species (B. thuringiensis serovar kurstaki YBT-1520 (PBMB7635_08) and Bacillus atropheus 1942 (BATR1942_10625)), respectively, amyloid models were chosen from S. pyogenes MGAS15252 (MGAS15252_1626) and D. shibae DFL12 (Dshi_4130). The five selected amyloids were further analyzed by the MD simulation studies. Computational modeling is a tool that can complement and predict the time consuming and expensive in vitro experiments on the stability of amyloid oligomers and their assembly. MD simulation studies have potential to identify the stability determining factors of amyloid proteins oligomers [34]. the protein dimensions can be treated by considering a series of physiological parameters. This can be used for MD simulation of the effects on the protein molecule [4,5]. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential influence of gut bacteria on conditions linked to mental health, such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD). It highlights evidence of systemic inflammation and neuro-inflammation caused by gut bacteria, suggesting that the gut microbiome can affect brain health and potentially alter mental states.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Results and discussionThe dissolution and depolymerization of hemicelluloses from corncob by microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentRecent studies showed that hemicelluloses fraction in lignocellulosic materials (LCMs) can be effectively depolymerized into soluble monomers, oligosaccharides, and lower molecular weight polymers during the HTP process [22, 23]. The proportion of the soluble compounds depends on the operation conditions. In the present study, microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatments of corncob were performed as the first stage at given temperatures (120–180 °C) for desired periods, and the main components of hydrolysates are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Composition of hydrolysates (mg per gram sample, mg g−1) after the microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentFull size table The pH of hydrolysates decreased as the temperature rose and time prolonged, which was expected to be the reason that part of the acetyl groups present in the hemicelluloses of biomass was cleaved to generate acetic acid [24]. This was also verified by the steady increase of acetic acid content with increasing the reaction temperature and time in Table 1. In addition, furan compounds, such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), obtained from the further dehydration of the released monosugars during the HTP process, could be degraded to form organic acids, such as formic acid, which also reduce the pH of hydrolysates. The reaction severity for the furfural formation was much more moderate than that for HMF as observed in Table 1, which was ascribed to the higher xylose amount than glucose in hydrolysates because hemicelluloses are generally easier degraded than cellulose. Due to the higher temperature and longer pretreatment time being in favor of the furfural and HMF formation as well as their degradation, the yield of the formic acid was enhanced with the increase of the process severity. As a result, higher acidity was obtained at harsher treatment conditions, which in turn aids in a series of autohydrolysis process [25]. Although furfural was our target product, its yield was low at these given reaction conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the dissolution and depolymerization of hemicelluloses from corncob using microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatment. While it discusses byproducts like acetic acid and compounds formed from the degradation of sugars, it does not address bioengineered yeast or their capability to produce biofuels, thus not corroborating or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Blind Citation39 usefully classified regulation into a number of categories: Economic regulation which tries to avoid market failure;Competition regulation: which provides a framework for competition, aiming to maximize competition in markets and minimize barriers to entry to a market;Social regulation, which targets the removal of externalities such as pollution and environmental damage;Labor and consumer safety regulation which aims to protect the health and safety of consumers and workers;Institutional regulation: which covers product liability (which overlaps with health and safety regulation) and the definition of intellectual property rights which are important for encouraging innovation. Each of these categories of regulation target avoidance or correction of some form of market failure, and their success or failure depends on the ability to correct the market failures relative to the costs that the regulation imposes on operators in the market. In the context of regulation of new innovation technologies that may stem from GE, the primary categories of regulation this falls into are social regulation and consumer safety regulation. These regulations aim to protect consumers and animals from possible health risks that could arise from consumption of products that contain or are derived from GE technology and to protect society and the environment from possible adverse impacts or ‘pollution’ that might arise from their use in agricultural production systems. The ideal ‘innovation-friendly’ form of GE regulation will limit the impacts of compliance costs and promote/encourage or provide incentives to innovate mainly by reducing risk and uncertainty for the developers of products containing or derived from GE technology. The actual impact of regulation on innovations using this technology will depend on the extent to which GE innovators have to divert resources away from the productive activities of developing profitable new products (e. g. , new seeds with desirable traits that improve the productivity and quality of crops) to meet the regulatory compliance requirements. However, this does not mean that innovators view regulation purely in a negative light because there are costs associated with compliance. From the perspective of new product developers using GE, regulation of the technology is important because it plays a positive role in ensuring consumer confidence in products with costs associated with meeting regulatory requirements considered as a necessary and important component of bringing a new innovation to market. In addition, regulation can have an incentive effect by providing innovators with greater market clarity and risk/uncertainty reduction. For this to happen, innovators expect regulation to be science-based, have a transparent process, be predictable, and show clearly how risk is being assessed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various forms of regulation, including social regulation and consumer safety regulation, that target gene-edited (GE) technologies. It highlights how the effectiveness of these regulations can differ, reflecting the varying approaches countries might take in regulating GE crops. The mention of ‘innovation-friendly’ regulation and the need for a science-based and predictable process further underscores the notion that regulations concerning GE crops might not be uniform globally, supporting the claim of variation by country.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: CROSS--are made to interfere and target the sites of misfolded proteins and also hamper the nucleation of proteins in the cells reducing the burden of pathological trait of α-syn aggregation leading to synucleiopathies [8]. Some of the drugs which have been analyzed in the present review are given in Figure 1h-l. Antiparkinsonian agents such as bromocriptine, levodopa, benztropine, trihexyphenidyl, and selegiline were docked against native (non-misfolded) α-synuclein and analyzed for interaction stability using MD simulation (up to 100 ns) (in present study) [Figure 4a-e]. The interactions were found to be mirroring the interactions by bacterial functional amyloids except Trihexyphenidyl which had a weaker interaction at the THR137. Pretorius et al. [36] reported the binding of lipopolysaccharide binding protein in controlling the nucleation and amyloid fiber elongation in PD. Figure 4: In silico interaction studies between α-synuclein and anti-Parkinsonian drugs. Interaction of wild type α-synuclein (1XQ8) with (a) Bromocriptine, (b) Levodopa, (c) Benztropine, (d) Trihexyphenidyl, and (e) Selegiline using AutoDock Vina. [Click here to view] Many anti-Parkinsonian agents (levodopa, selegiline, and bromocriptine) have been reported to exhibit in vitro inhibition of photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified amyloid proteins involved in neuro-degeneration (Alzheimer’s and PD), while some (Trihexyphenidyl) could not interact with these proteins and could be involved with other pathways for Parkinson’s treatment [36]. Shirasaka et al. [7] reported the amyloidogenesis of α-synuclein without interaction with monomeric or fibrillar prion protein (PrP) nucleation domains, thus indicating the possible interactions (by binding) at partially unfolded state of transiently accumulated intermediate. Thus the interactions of microbial functional amyloids have the additional ability to act as anti-Parkinsonian drugs and thus can enhance mental health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of microbial functional amyloids and their ability to act as anti-Parkinsonian drugs, indicating that interactions with gut bacteria can enhance mental health. It suggests a link between gut bacteria and neurodegenerative diseases, thereby implying that gut bacteria have an effect on mental health, which directly counters the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The objective of our work at the first stage was to obtain as many hydrophilic products (soluble polysaccharide, oligosaccharides and monosaccharide) as possible, which could give the better opportunity to contact different sugars with solid catalysts for the further furfural production at the second stage. Therefore, the hydrolysate composition should be seriously considered and the operation conditions should be carefully selected in the first stage due to the purpose of the high furfural yield and selectivity in the second stage. The Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the raw corncob as well as the hydrothermally treated samples at different temperatures (120, 140, 160 and 180 °C) of constant reaction time (0 min), and different time (0–120 min) at the temperature of 160 °C were subsequently conducted to evaluate the cleavage of acetyl groups in corncob during the HTP process (Fig. 1). Bands around 1735 and 1250 cm−1 are mainly ascribed to the stretching vibration of C=O and C–O bonds of the acetyl ester units in hemicelluloses, respectively [26]. The decrease in the intensity of these bands was indicative of the dissolution of hemicelluloses from corncob and the deacetylation of hemicelluloses, which was consistent with the results that the acetic acid content in the hydrolysates enhanced (Table 1) and the weight percentage of xylose in the corncob residues decreased (Table 2) with increasing the pretreated temperature and time. The peak at 1515 cm−1 is attributed to the skeletal vibrations of the lignin aromatic rings [27]. Only a slight increase was observed for the intensity of this peak, which was also evident from the increase of the acid-insoluble fraction in the treated corncob analyzed by the NREL method (Table 2). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the hydrolysis of corncob and the production of furfural rather than bioengineered yeast or its potential for producing biofuels from sugars. The technical details provided do not relate to the claim about yeast and biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: If regulatory systems deliver on all of these expectations, this minimizes uncertainty and risks associated with regulation, with the costs of regulation being ‘calculable’. Assessing whether a and ‘Innovation Friendly’Delivering this optimal regulatory system is the challenge, especially when developing a system to regulate a new technology like GE. However, much can be learned from the experiences of regulatory system operation and its impact on innovations derived from similar technologies like genetic modification (GM) over the last 25 years, as well as innovations and regulations of new food products such as those classified as novel foods or foods that have health claims. One way of assessing the impact of regulation on innovation is to explore the costs of meeting regulatory requirements on the expected returns that a business might reasonably expect to earn if it brings a new product to market. A decision on whether or not to innovate is inherently risky given a number of unknown factors, including the outcome of prospective research, market uptake for any new product and the behavior of competitors. One particularly important consideration for any company assessing the viability of investment is the anticipated return on this investment, which is determined to a significant extent by the time taken for a new product to come to market. Regulatory procedures, both how they are designed and how they are implemented, are therefore of utmost importance to a company’s innovation strategy. Quantifying the costs associated with bringing a GM crop trait to commercialization inclusive of the costs of meeting regulatory requirements has been the focus of many researchers over the last 25 years. Phillips and WilliamsCitation40 have painstakingly summarized much of this research in their meta-analyses of GM crops regulatory approval costs. A lot of the studies cited were conducted in the first decade of this century (2000–2010) and suggested an average cost of regulatory compliance for a single new crop trait seeking regulatory approval in a single market to be $7. 8 million (range $0. 53 million to $14. 8 million). As most GM crop trait innovations were targeted at approval in more than one country for planting and several (export) markets for importation and use, the aggregate regulatory cost suggested in this paper was estimated at $55 million (assuming two country approvals for planting and five for importation and use). This compared with industry estimates for the period 2008–2012 of about $35. 1 million (Phillips MacDougal for Crop(2011)). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complexities and costs associated with regulatory systems for gene-edited (GE) crops, noting that these regulatory procedures are crucial to a company's innovation strategy. Specifically, it underscores that regulatory approvals for GM crops often require consideration for multiple countries, as demonstrated by the example that aggregate regulatory costs were estimated assuming approvals in more than one country. This implies there are indeed variations in regulations by different countries, aligning with the claim that regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon has been utilized in application of such microbes as psychobiotics [31]. 7. --causal effects of gut micro-biota on emotional experience particularly stress, depression and anxiety in patients enhanced the focus of the researchers on their contributions there has been enhanced studies dealing with neuroscience and biopsychology of interaction in the axis of brain-gut-microbiome [37]. Recent studies have revealed the use of this gut microbiome-brain axis in modifying cognitive and behavioral properties of patients using live beneficial microorganisms termed “Psychobiotics. ” Here, the introduction of these bacteria can either engage directly one or more gut-brain circuits or to alter the established gut micro-biota of the recipient modulating the signaling to the brain [38]. Elucidation of the effect of introduced gut-micro-biota on the germ-free laboratory animals (Mice) showed the increased effects on the function of hippocampus and amygdala resulting in effects on short-term recognition, working memory and display of altered social behavior [37]. Studies have found associations of microbiome function and composition influencing the neuro-behavioral and affective disorders including parameters of neuroimaging. The microbial re-colonization with respect to the age of the patients shows time-sensitive efficacy for microbial reconstitution with possibility of critical window for neurodevelopment within which abnormalities arising due to the absent micro-biota can be reversed by time dependent microbial re-colonization [38]. The uncertainties about the clinical applications of psychobiotics persists as the mechanics of action have not been identified yet and the time period as well as durability of their usage. The reports of changes in responses to psychobiotics in a wide range of brain regions have been questioned for possible inadequate questionnaires used for short-term studies. Effects of psycho-biotic-intervention may also depend on the pre-existing microbiome and neuro-anatomy, diet as well as genetics of the recipients. The studies on their clinical interventions in humans and corresponding effects on emotion, cognition and behavior have been met with scepticism due to the worldwide use of psycho-biotic microorganisms as probiotics without significant effects on psychological traits [37,38]. Various microorganisms breaching the gut-brain barrier and influencing the health of individual in positive and negative ways are listed in Table 1. Table 1: Effects of reported microorganisms on the brain health during Parkinson’s disease. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant role that gut microbiota play in emotional experiences, stress, depression, and anxiety. It mentions that studies have found associations between microbiome composition and neuro-behavioral disorders, thus supporting the notion that gut bacteria can influence mental health. Phrases such as 'causal effects of gut micro-biota on emotional experience' and 'altered social behavior' directly contradict the claim that gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1FT-IR spectra of the solid residues obtained after the microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentHTP: (a) raw corncob, (b) hydrolysis at 120 °C for 0 min, (c) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 0 min, (d) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 0 min, (e) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 0 min, (f) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 30 min, (g) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 60 min, (h) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 90 min, (i) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 120 minFull size image Table 2 Composition of solid residues (weight percentage, wt%) after the microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentFull size table The morphological structures of the treated samples are illustrated in Figure S1 (Additional file 1). Substantial changes in the surface morphology and pore structure could be observed after the microwave-assisted HTP. The network structure of the raw material and the regular pore construction were destroyed under harsh conditions. However, there was no obvious change of the pretreated corncob’s crystal structure after the HTP process (Additional file 1: Figure S2). The process liquids were also analyzed for monosugars, oligosaccharides and water-soluble polysaccharides as described in the “Methods” section, and the results are shown in Table 1. During the HTP under 200 °C, almost all of hemicelluloses and a portion of cellulose can be released from the biomass to form water-soluble polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. These polysaccharides and oligosaccharides can further hydrolyze to produce monosaccharides in particular conditions [28]. Xylose, as the predominant neutral monosaccharide, was present at low productivity (<12 mg g−1) under mild conditions (≤140 °C and ≤120 min). Increased xylose monomer yield was achieved through prolonging reaction time or improving reaction temperature, indicating that the degree of the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses was enhanced by the increase of the treatment intensity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels. Instead, it focuses on the hydrothermal pretreatment of biomass to release sugars, particularly outlining the process of breaking down biomass to produce monosugars and oligosaccharides. While it discusses the generation of sugars, it does not mention yeast or the subsequent production of biofuels, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Citation44 found that if a gene-edited crop was commercialized as equivalent to a GM crop, it would cost US$24. 5 million and take 14 years. If the gene-edited variety was regulated as equivalent of conventional varieties, not requiring additional risk assessments, the cost drops to $10. 5 million and time drops to 5 years. The risk to investment associated with the uncertainty of how long the regulatory approval process takes to complete was examined further by Smyth, McDonald and Falck-Zepeda. Citation45 They explored the link between investment uncertainty and regulatory approval delays for new plant breeding innovations based on GMOs. This research concluded that regulatory decisions that take longer than 6 years create a level of investment uncertainty that results in businesses suspending further technology investments. This research also concluded that regulatory agencies that provide consistent, timely and science-based regulation do not unduly generate levels of investment uncertainty, in contrast to regulatory systems based on the precautionary principle (e. g. , the EU), which create a level of regulatory uncertainty that has discouraged investment in GMO-related innovations. The impact of regulatory delays and the uncertainty that this can lead to have also been examined in detail by Brookes and DownesCitation46 in relation to the impact of the EU’s regulations of novel food products and health claims on innovation in the specialty food ingredient market. In the case of novel foods, the regulatory procedures for authorizing new products in many countries typically take 12–18 months. A 12–18 month authorization procedure will generally deliver a rate of return of between 16. 1% and 25. 8% (average 21. 3%) within a company’s typical target internal rate of return of 15%–25% and payback time of 4 years. In contrast, the average EU authorization time takes 36 months, which leads to an internal rate of return on investment of between 7. 3% and 13. 4%. The EU’s regulatory system with its relatively long approval process was considered to be a dis-incentive to bringing new products to this market. In addition, the global nature of the specialty food ingredient market means that a divergence between the EU and other regulatory systems has more far-reaching consequences for companies’ innovation strategies. As EU procedures are typically longer than the authorization processes in other markets, delays incurred through the EU’s regulatory system may significantly inhibit the company’s global returns. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the regulatory systems for gene-edited crops differ internationally. It highlights the contrast between the EU's longer regulatory process compared to other countries, which can create investment uncertainties and impact the market and innovation strategies. This variability in regulatory frameworks aligns with the claim that regulations for gene-edited crops are not uniform across different countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: No. OrganismProductInteraction8. specific communication channels between the gut micro-biota and brain have already been elucidated to include - vagal nerve signaling, enteric nerve activation, entero-endocrine, and entero-chromaffin cells stimulation and the release of neuro-active products into circulation leading to modulation of neuro-immune response. As seen in the present review, the “functional amyloids” of microbial origin have the sites for interaction with wild type α-synuclein which are similar to the interaction of anti-Parkinsonian drugs. Thus these sites of interaction can be utilized for enhancement or control of amyloidosis and fibrillation in patients with PD earning the suitable name of – “Psychobiotics. ” Further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary for tapping the potential of psychobiotics and their “functional amyloids” for controlling PD. Elucidating the effects of psychological developments as well as cultural and social factors on the brain-gut microbiome axis can help for contextualizing the role of this axis and corresponding psychological interventions to improve the human health. 9. 10. ’ authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the 11. authors declare that no funding was received for the present work. 12. authors declare that there is no financial or any other conflicts of interest in this work. 13. study does not involve experiments on animals or human subjects. 14. data generated and analyzed are included within this research 15. ’journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation. 1. . Microcosm-based interaction studies between members of two ecophysiological groups of bioemulsifier producer and a hydrocarbon degrader from the Indian intertidal zone. 2016;23:14462-71. [CrossRef]2. . Analysis of nutritional factors influencing the biosynthesis of amyloid bioemulsifier BE-AM1 applicable in food industry. J 2021;11:e3170. [CrossRef]3. Giraldo R. SynBio and the boundaries between functional and pathogenic RepA-WH1 bacterial amyloids. mSystems 2020;5:e00553-20. [CrossRef]4. Mehta K, Markande A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the established communication pathways between gut microbiota and the brain that can influence mental health outcomes. It describes mechanisms such as vagal nerve signaling and neuro-active product release, suggesting that gut bacteria do have significant effects on the brain and can modulate neuro-immune responses, thereby undermining the claim that gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, the yield of xylose decreased under intense conditions (160 °C for 120 min), which was ascribed to the reason that xylose can be further dehydrated to form furan compounds [29]. Note that the xylose quantities reported here are more than sufficient to explain the apparent reduction in the xylose content reported for the analysis of structural carbohydrates in solid residues (Table 2). A maximum yield of xylose was detected at 160 °C for 90 min (99. 94 mg g−1). Arabinose was another monosugar in the filtrate obtained from the HTP of corncob. It presents in a form of arabinoxylan in corncob hemicelluloses [30]. The linear β-(1,4)-d-xylopyranose backbone is substituted by α-l-arabinofuranosyl units in the positions 2-O and/or 3-O [31]. The yield of arabinose increased with the increase of pretreatment time at relative low temperatures (120 and 140 °C). Additionally, it is noteworthy that there was no big gap between the yields of xylose and arabinose in mild conditions, suggesting that the degradation of hemicelluloses side chains and the backbone undergone at the same time. About 39. 34 % of arabinose could be obtained from the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses at 140 °C for 120 min, while only 3. 78 % of xylose was achieved. This indicates that the hydrolysis of side chains was much easier than that of the backbone, which was resulted from the higher structural angle strains in the furanoside sugar units (arabinose), whereas pyranose rings (xylose) are strain-free [32]. Nearly all the arabinose component in corncob was dissolving out at high treatment severity (after 60 min at 160 °C or the temperature higher than 160 °C, Table 2). However, when the temperature was up to 160 °C, the yield of arabinose in hydrolysates increased first and then decreased with prolonging the pretreatment time, which was ascribed to the side reactions in intense conditions [33]. Moreover, the yield of arabinose was much lower than that of xylose at high temperatures (160 and 180 °C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or assess the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses yields of xylose and arabinose under varying pretreatment conditions without mentioning bioengineered yeast or biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: In such cases, there has been an additional incentive not to bring innovative products to the EU market, to delay European marketing until other markets have been established or even to not bring a product to the entire global market. Here, the ultimate impact on global returns depends upon the importance of the EU market share (Fig. 1) and while the EU market is a key part of expected global sales, the EU regulatory delays may result in a new innovative product not being brought to any market, not just the EU market. Figure 1. Impact of the EU’s longer authorization process for novel ingredients/products on global returns (% internal rate of return): average returns basis. Source: Brookes and Downes (2017). Display full sizeAn alternative way in which regulation has impacted on innovation is via its impact on trade, access to and use of agricultural commodities that are derived from new technologies. The use of new seed technologies, notably those utilizing GMOs in the production systems of major exporting countries of these commodities, has been directly influenced by the timing of regulatory approval for importation and use in major importing countries of these commodities. Asynchronous approval of GMOs in different jurisdictions can result in disruption to trade in commodities if approval for importation and use in an importing country is slower than the approval for planting in a major exporting country of that commodity. This is made additionally worse by the near-universal policy of importing countries mandating zero tolerance for the adventitious or low-level presence (LLP) of unapproved GMOs being found in import shipments. The asynchronous nature of different GMO approval systems allied to the operation of zero-tolerance policies for LLP of unapproved GMOs and their impact on trade have been documented through the ex-post reporting of LLP incidents and impacts on trade. Several were summarized in Kalaitzandonakes et al. ,Citation47 with the study concluding that LLP incidents cause abrupt, large-scale trade disruptions, induce sustained changes in trade patterns and impose significant economic losses on both importers and exporters. The study also concluded that there is evidence that the asynchronous nature of GMO regulatory approvals and LLP can cause delays to the introduction of some crop seed innovations and hinder the future development of others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the asynchronous approval of GMOs in different jurisdictions leads to variations in regulation that directly impact trade and innovation in gene-edited crops. It highlights that regulatory delays, like those experienced in the EU compared to other countries, can disrupt trade and hinder the development and introduction of new crop seed innovations. This illustrates that regulations governing gene-edited crops differ by country and can significantly affect global agricultural markets.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: MEGA5:Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Evol 2011;28:2731-9. [CrossRef]18. -. Estimating divergence times in large molecular phylogenies. 2012;109:19333-8. [CrossRef]19. Rzhetsky A, Nei M. A simple method for estimating and testing minimum-evolution trees. Evol 1992;9:945-67. 20. . Functional bacterial amyloids in biofilms. In:editors. Highlights. Berlin Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag;2011. 41-62. [CrossRef]21. A structural model for apolipoprotein C-II amyloid fibrils:Experimental characterization and molecular dynamics simulations. J 2011;405:1246-66. [CrossRef]22. Heterogeneity in gut microbiota drive polyphenol metabolism that influences a-synuclein misfolding and toxicity. J 2019;64:170-81. [CrossRef]23. Accelerated amyloid beta pathogenesis by bacterial amyloid fapC. 2020;7:2001299. [CrossRef]24. Paranjapye N, Daggett V. De novo designed alpha-sheet peptides inhibit functional amyloid formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms. J 2018;430:3764-73. [CrossRef]25. . Periodontal disease and neurodegeneration:The possible pathway and contribution from periodontal infections. J Res 2018;12:DE01-5. [CrossRef]26. Olsen I. Possible link between Porphyromonas gingivalis and amyloidosis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. 2020;1:1-12. [CrossRef]27. -Torres-Quevedo C, Arnaouteli S, Riquelme-Dominguez L, Romanowski A, et al. subtilis protects against a-synuclein aggregation in C. elegans. 2020;30:367-80. e7. [CrossRef]28. A gut bacterial amyloid promotes a-synuclein aggregation and motor impairment in mice. Elife 2020;9:e53111. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research findings that indicate a link between gut bacteria and neurodegeneration, specifically noting that 'a gut bacterial amyloid promotes a-synuclein aggregation and motor impairment in mice.' This suggests that gut bacteria can influence neurological conditions, which provides evidence against the claim that gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This observation offered the hypotheses that the cleavage of β-(1,4)-d-xylopyranose backbone played the most important role at high temperatures. Small amounts of glucose were also recovered during the HTP process. According to the literature, it is believed that the glucose was from glucuronoarabinoxylans and xyloglucans in corncob [30]. Low yields of glucose (≤7. 40 mg g−1) were detected in all process liquids (Table 1), implying that cellulose was more difficult to hydrolyse than hemicelluloses during the HTP process. The glucose yield decreased coupling without HMF produced when prolonging the reaction time at 120 and 140 °C, which may be ascribed to the occurrence of rehydration reaction at low temperatures [34]. However, it decreased first and then increased when the temperature was up to 160 °C. More interestingly, the content of glucose in corncob residues increased first and then decreased at 160 and 180 °C, respectively. In summary, the following results could be obtained by these observations: (1) The glucose rehydration rate was higher than the cellulose hydrolysis rate at mild conditions (≤140 °C), thus leading to the decreasing of glucose yield. (2) Longer reaction time at high temperatures (≥160 °C) lead to the cellulose hydrolysis reaction, which resulted in the unstable trend of glucose yield. Since hemicelluloses are the major biomass components released by the HTP process, xylose oligomers (XOS) are other primary substances in hydrolysates. XOS are generally considered as oligosaccharides containing two to ten xylose molecules linked by β-1-4 glycosidic bonds [35]. Due to the lack of the standards with the degree of polymerization (DP) ≥7, the amount of each sample was reported up to DP 6 and the results are shown in Table 1. The contents of xylobiose (X2), xylotriose (X3), xylotetraose (X4), xylopentaose (X5) and xylohexose (X6) in hydrolysates steadily increased with increasing reaction time from 0 to 120 min at 120 and 140 °C, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the hydrolysis of biomass components, specifically glucose and hemicellulose yields under varying temperatures, which is relevant to biomass processing but does not specifically mention yeast or its ability to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Brookes and KayhanCitation48 examined the impact of the asynchronous nature of Turkey’s GMO regulatory approval system for the importation and use of agricultural commodities relative to the timing of cultivation approvals in the main agricultural producing and exporting countries of the world over the period of 2009 to 2020. The study estimated the cost burden incurred by the Turkish agri-food sector as a result of the GMO import regulations came to between $1. 53 billion and $2 billion over this period. It also identified that the Turkish GMO regulations had contributed to the domestic agri-food sector having higher costs of production, lower levels of profitability and higher levels of risk and uncertainty associated with accessing raw materials. This resulted in lower levels of investment, value added and employment than would otherwise have occurred if the GMO regulations were based on a more science-based approval system and operated in a transparent and timely manner. Some agri-food processing and manufacturing businesses indicated to the researchers that they have closed down some trading and processing operations in Turkey because of the negative impact on raw material procurement caused by the GMO regulations. In addition, others have chosen to site new investment in other countries because these locations provide for more competitive, stable and less risky access to raw materials. The potential for trade disruption and impacts on downstream user sectors has also been explored in a number of ex-ante studies. One of the most notable ones was a 2010 analysis of the economic impact of the EU GMO regulations and potential for disruption to trade in and importation of GM-derived commodities and derivatives used in the livestock production sectors undertaken for the of Agriculture of the European Commission. Citation49 This study concluded that the potential impact of short-term disruption to trade in these products would impose a significant cost burden equal to about €10. 5 billion which could be passed down the supply chain to EU consumers of livestock products. Overall, the findings of the literature exploring the impacts of regulation on investment and innovation are fairly consistent. The contribution of regulatory costs (e. g. , the generation of safety or environmental impact data, or clinical/animal trials) to the total costs of research and product development varies by sector. In general, costs associated with meeting regulatory requirements can be up to 50% of the total costs of bringing a product to market. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the specific regulatory framework in Turkey related to GMO imports and how it affects agricultural operations. It describes the implications of these regulations on the Turkish agri-food sector compared to the 'main agricultural producing and exporting countries of the world,' indicating that regulatory environments differ significantly across countries. This variation in regulations and its impacts on trade and investment highlight the discrepancy in GMO regulatory practices internationally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: [CrossRef]29. Werner T, Horvath I, Wittung-Stafshede P. Crosstalk between alpha-synuclein and other human and non-human amyloidogenic proteins:Consequences for amyloid formation in Parkinson's disease. J 2020;10:819-30. [CrossRef]30. CI, França Antifungal and antivirulence activity of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. Products against Candida vaginal isolates. Pathogens 2019;8:150. [CrossRef]31. Miraglia F, Colla E. Microbiome, Parkinson's disease and molecular mimicry. Cells 2019;8:222. [CrossRef]32. Del Toro-Barbosa M, Hurtado-Romero A, Garcia-Amezquita LE, García-Cayuela T. Psychobiotics:Mechanisms of action, evaluation methods and effectiveness in applications with food products. Nutrients 2020;12:3896. [CrossRef]33. . Alpha-synuclein:Prion or prion-like? 2019;138:509-14. [CrossRef]34. Nerius M, Doblhammer G, Tamgüney G. GI infections are associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Gut 2020;69:1154-6. [CrossRef]35. . Structure and dynamics of amyloid-b segmental polymorphisms. PLoS One 2012;7:e41479. [CrossRef]36. . Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) can reverse the amyloid state of fibrin seen or induced in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2018;13:e0192121. [CrossRef]37. . Effects of antiparkinsonian agents on b-amyloid and a-synuclein oligomer formation in vitro. J 2013;91:1371-81. [CrossRef]38. . A psychology of the human brain-gut-microbiome axis. 2017;11:e12309. [CrossRef]39. . Psychobiotics:Shaping the mind with gut bacteria. Gastroenterol 2019;114:1034-5. [CrossRef]40. Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents multiple studies and references that discuss the relationship between gut bacteria and mental health. Specifically, it mentions 'Psychobiotics: Shaping the mind with gut bacteria,' indicating there is a recognized influence of gut microbiota on mental processes, which directly contradicts the claim that gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon indicated that the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses was smooth in mild conditions. However, when the temperature was up to 160 °C, the basic trends of the XOS contents increased first and then decreased, which was due to the continued hydrolysis of XOS into smaller oligosaccharides or monosaccharide in harsher environments. The highest total xylose content of monosaccharide and XOS (DP ≤ 6) in hydrolysates was obtained at 160 °C for 60 min (272. 06 mg g−1). It is believed that the dissolution of hemicelluloses is controlled by their chain length; namely, whether hemicelluloses could be presenting in the liquor depends on their molecular weights [18]. In this paper, lower molecular weight polymers were separated from hydrolysates by the ethanol precipitation procedures demonstrated in the “Methods” section, and the results of their molecular weights and compositions are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Weight-average (M w), number-average (M n) molecular weights, polydispersity (M wM n), and monosaccharide compositions (wt%) of ethanol-precipitated fractionsFull size table As shown in Table 1, with the dissolution and depolymerization of hemicelluloses, no ethanol-precipitated hemicelluloses (EPH) could be obtained within short treatment time at 120 °C (<90 min) and 140 °C (<30 min). However, the general trends of the extraction yields at different temperatures were similar except 160 °C under the investigated conditions. The yield of the precipitated hemicelluloses increased first, and then decreased linearly and even no precipitates could be observed, which was ascribed to the further depolymerization of the polymers into oligosaccharides and monosaccharide [18]. Different phenomenon at 160 °C may be due to the long interval of the pretreatment time at the relatively high temperature. The weight-average (M w) and number-average (M n) molecular weights of the precipitates and their distribution were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) techniques and the results are shown in Table 3 and Fig. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and its ability to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses and their molecular characteristics at various temperatures, which is unrelated to the use of yeast for biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Secondly, the different nature of regulatory systems operating around the world can have a negative impact on innovation through different data requirements, different interpretations of (the same) data and a lack of clarity and transparency on how interpretations and decisions are made. These differences cause delays in the approval process, which negatively impact potential returns on investment not only in a specific market where a regulatory delay occurs but also can negatively impact a new innovation being commercialized in any market. The differences in the nature of regulatory systems also generate uncertainty, which further discourages innovation. The lack of a global ‘harmonisation’ of regulations across a range of subjects including GMOs, novel foods and health claims is widely perceived as contributing to slowing down the process of bringing products to market in different regions and countries. In particular, the regulatory approval systems in the EU (notably GMOs, but also for novel foods, health claims, food additives and enzymes) are widely perceived to take longer and have a higher degree of regulatory uncertainty than regulatory approval systems in other countries/regions of the world. Much of the ‘blame’ for the negative impact on innovation of the EU’s various regulatory approval systems can be attributed to the EU’s systems being significantly influenced by application of the precautionary principle. This affects the process of risk analysis and management by implying that regulatory approval systems should ensure that risks are avoided even when there is incomplete scientific evidence as to their magnitude or potential effects. This approach allows regulators to make subjective assumptions about the risks associated with new technologies possibly being infinite whilst possible benefits are uncertain. Citation50 As a result, evidence standards and limits can lack clarity, the role of science and evidence becomes unclear, and the whole regulatory process lacks transparency. In such a system, evidence of a product’s safety and benefits can be ignored in favor of a ‘best not,’ total avoidance of risk approach. Inevitably, such a system adds cost, delays and uncertainty to the process of new product or technology development and penalizes innovation. a risk-appropriateMoving to the subject of regulation of the newly emerging GE technologies, what does constitute a risk-appropriate regulatory system? Given that these technologies are relatively new and there is incomplete evidence of potential impact magnitude or effects, a precautionary approach might be considered as was practiced in some countries and regions of the world in the 1990s when GMOs were first regulated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the differences in regulatory systems across the world and how these variations create uncertainty and delays in the approval process for innovations such as gene-edited crops. It highlights that European regulatory systems, influenced by the precautionary principle, take longer to approve GMOs and related products in comparison to other countries. This directly supports the claim that regulatory frameworks for gene-edited crops are not uniform and vary significantly from one country to another.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: 2015;30:1351-60. [CrossRef]41. . Desulfovibrio bacteria are associated with Parkinson's disease. 2021;11:652617. [CrossRef]42. Haikal C, Ortigosa- The bacterial amyloids phenol soluble modulins from Staphylococcus aureus catalyze alpha-synuclein aggregation. 2021;22:11594. [CrossRef]43. Influence of probiotic bacteria on gut microbiota composition and gut wall function in an in-vitro model in patients with Parkinson's disease. 2021;3:100087. [CrossRef]44. Castelli V, d' Effects of the probiotic formulation SLAB51 in in vitro and in vivo Parkinson's disease models. Aging (Albany NY) 2020;12:4641-59. [CrossRef]45. Neuroprotective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 on MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model mice. J 2021;85:104635. [CrossRef]46. . Functional amyloid materials at surfaces interfaces. 2018;6:462-72. [CrossRef]47. . Pseudomonas syringae:What it takes to be a pathogen. Microbiol 2018;16:316-28. [CrossRef]48. Gut microbiota-derived propionate mediates the neuroprotective effect of osteocalcin in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Microbiome 2021;9:1-17. [CrossRef]49. Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium, a natural tool for activation of prodrug 6MePdR and their combination therapy in murine melanoma model. Biotechnol 2013;97:4393-401. [CrossRef]50. . Therapeutic effect of GLP-1 engineered strain on mice model of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. 2020;10:1-3. PMid:32333225 PMCid:PMC71826531: The homology proteins generated and their. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that indicate a relationship between gut microbiota and neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease. For example, it mentions the influence of probiotic bacteria on gut microbiota composition and the neuroprotective effects of specific strains such as Lactobacillus plantarum DP189. This suggests that gut bacteria do have effects on mental health, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, thereby contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All of the fractions exhibited low M w ranging between 2519 and 11,950 g mol−1, representing the average degree of polymerization (DPw) ranging between 19 and 90. w of the precipitates decreased as the increase of pretreatment time, which was ascribed to the further hydrolysis to a lower degree of polymerization (DP) of the dissolved oligomers. However, when the temperature was up to 160 °C, the M w of the precipitates increased as increasing the treatment temperature (160 °C for 0 min, and 180 °C for 0 min), indicating that higher molecular weight hemicelluloses corresponding with a more branched fraction could be obtained at higher temperature and short reaction time in our studies [36]. The trend of M n was similar to that of M w. Fig. 2Molecular weight distribution of precipitates isolated from hydrolysatesFull size image The monosaccharide compositions of the EPH are also presented in Table 3. The dominating monomeric sugar components of EPH were identified as xylose, followed by glucose, arabinose and galactose, while glucuronic acid was a trace constituent. These sugar compositions suggested that the EPH were mainly potential galactoarabinoxylan-type polysaccharides and glucuronoarabinoxylans. The ratio of xylose to arabinose is indicative of the degree of linearity or branching of hemicelluloses. The xylose/arabinose ratio in the EPH continuously increased as increasing pretreated temperature or time, suggesting that long chain polymers with small amounts of branching with other monosaccharide compositions could be obtained in relatively higher treatment severity [30]. However, it decreased when prolonging the treatment time up to 120 min at 140 °C and 10 min at 180 °C, which was due to the degradation of the backbone. Opposite trend was observed for the total sugar amounts. The total sugar components of EPH decreased continuously with increasing temperature or time, which was due to the co-precipitation of lignin in acid conditions. Based on these results, it may be inferred that the majority of lignin in the precipitates is lignin–carbohydrate complex, which is called LCC-lignin [37]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the molecular weight distribution of precipitates and the sugar composition of enzymatic hydrolysates, without making any reference to bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: The science and evidence do not, however, support implementing a ‘best not’ largely risk avoidance regulatory system for GE technology for the following reasons: The evidence to date regarding the benefits from biotechnology and its commercialization are consistent, with exceptionally robust supporting data. This evidence will be required where countries are yet to formalize appropriate regulation of gene-editing technologies and already has been drawn on by regulators in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan and the USA. All of these countries have independently concluded that if no foreign DNA is present in the commercialized product from the application of gene-editing technologies, then no additional risk assessment is required, such as is required for genetically modified crop traits. Citation51 This regulatory confirmation will provide all firms, from the large multinational firms to the small and medium-sized enterprises with the greater certainty required to make new agricultural trait and product development investments, knowing that the developed products will be less susceptible to delays from regulations that are not appropriate with the level of risk and founded on a strict version of a precautionary principle;The review of the impacts of GMO regulatory systems over the last 25 years shows that regulatory systems where a precautionary principle dominates have created investment uncertainty, increased the cost of bringing products to market, reduced the returns on investment, caused disruption to agricultural commodity trade, added cost to supply chains and discouraged investment;The science and evidence show that the best way to address the urgent global food security, climate and environmental challenges that we face is to embrace (not reject) the adoption of new innovations and technology like plant genetics, digital agriculture and precision farming. Returning to the Global Bio-diversity Framework (GBF), simply put, global biodiversity will not improve without investments into innovative products and technologies that are capable to achieving the 23 proposed targets. In looking at the potential of GE technologies to contribute to addressing the challenges of food security, climate change and biodiversity protection, an important differentiating factor between GE and GM technologies as applicable to crops has an additional potential to affect development and adoption. This relates to how long the research and development process takes. New variety development containing traits developed using GMO technology commonly take at least 12 years before a trait is ready for commercialization and that assumes timely regulatory approval processes. GE technology has the potential to reduce this to 8–9 years and have a significantly lower overall cost of $12–18 million for a single or stacked trait. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the differing regulatory approaches among various countries regarding gene-edited crops. It mentions that countries like Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan, and the USA have independently established their own regulations concerning gene-editing technologies, specifically regarding the absence of foreign DNA and the associated risk assessments. This supports the idea that regulations for gene-edited crops are not uniform and indeed vary by country.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: 1PM008089920Escherichia coli SE11 curli assembly protein _1100PM008090021Escherichia coli SE11 curli assembly protein _1101PM008090122Rahnella sp. Y9602 curli assembly protein CsgERahaq_1142PM008090223Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c Hsp70YLL024CPM008090324Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS15252MGAS15252_1626PM008090425Treponema pedis TA4 fibronectin type_0967PM0080905 1: Time tree of bacterial functional amyloids. [Click here to view] 2: Misfolding of α-synuclein to amyloid folds in first 40 ns under molecular dynamics simulations. [Click here to view] Reference 1. . Microcosm-based interaction studies between members of two ecophysiological groups of bioemulsifier producer and a hydrocarbon degrader from the Indian intertidal zone. 2016;23:14462-71. . Analysis of nutritional factors influencing the biosynthesis of amyloid bioemulsifier BE-AM1 applicable in food industry. J 2021;11:e3170. Giraldo R. SynBio and the boundaries between functional and pathogenic RepA-WH1 bacterial amyloids. mSystems 2020;5:e00553-20. Mehta K, Markande A. In silico analysis of bacterial functional amyloids and their interactions. 2018;6:1360-5. Mehta K, Markande A. In silico Analysis and interaction studies of functional and pathological amyloids. 2018;5:13-7. 6. Expression and purification of amyloid β-protein, tau, and α-synuclein in Escherichia coli: A review. Biotechnol 2020;40:475-89. . α-Synuclein chaperone suppresses nucleation and amyloidogenesis of prion protein. 2020;521:259-64. . In search of effective treatments targeting α-synuclein toxicity in synucleinopathies: Pros and cons. 2020;8:559791. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information about bacteria and their interactions, suggesting a focus on the biochemical processes that may link bacteria to other biological functions. While it does not explicitly state a relationship between gut bacteria and mental health, it implies that certain bacterial proteins (like amyloids) may have biological implications. This inherently contrasts the claim that gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood by suggesting that they could be involved in significant biological processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The content of lignin in the ethanol-precipitated hemicelluloses increased with the decrease of the hydrolysates’ pH, which may impede the dissolution and degradation of hemicelluloses due to the mass transfer effects. This result was also corresponding to the decrease of the total xylose content of monosaccharide and oligosaccharides at harsh conditions (Table 1) [18]. The FT-IR spectra of the EPH with different treatment temperature and time are shown in Fig. 3, and the peak assignments are conducted according to the literatures [18, 30, 36]. All samples give similar characteristic bands, which indicate that the structures of EPH have no big change after treated at different temperature and/or time. The band at 892 cm−1 is assigned to C1 group frequency or ring frequency, indicating the existence of β-glucosidic linkage between the xylopyranose units in the main xylan chains [30]. An intense band at 1051 cm−1 is respected to the stretching and bending vibrations of C–O, C–C, and C–OH and the glycosidic C–O–C of hemicelluloses [30]. Bands at 1375 and 1245 cm−1 are due to the C–H stretching and OH or C–O bending vibration [30]. A small signal at 1506 cm−1 arising from the C=C stretching of the lignin aromatic ring reveals the presentation of lignin in EPH. The band at 1639 cm−1 is presumed to be due to the water-related absorbance, while the band at 1739 cm−1 is corresponding to the carbonyl stretching assigned to the acetyl, glucuronic acid and ferulic ester groups of polysaccharides [36]. Bands at 3381 and 2914 cm−1 are due to the stretching vibrations of OH and CH, respectively [36]. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the chemical properties and structural analysis of hemicelluloses and lignin, without addressing the production of biofuels by bioengineered yeast. There are no references or information that connect the discussion of these compounds to the ability of yeast to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Citation52 These features on their own lower the barriers to entry into the market for products using GE technology and offer the potential for a larger number of (smaller) players to bring GE innovations to the market than has been possible with GM technology. This hypothesis relating to the significant economies in development scale between GE and GM technologies was also highlighted by Bullock, Wilson and Neadeau. Citation53The economies of research and development scale that GE technology offers and the nature of the urgent issues facing the world reinforce the importance of regulatory approval systems for GE technology being appropriate to the risks involved. If the regulation of this technology around the world fails to use science and evidence to appropriately reflect the risks involved and is instead overly precautionary in nature, GE technology will not fulfill much of its promise. Evidence to date of the impact of regulatory systems in place for assessing and approving GE technology applications in agriculture is currently in an early phase. Argentina was one of the first countries to introduce a specific regulation to approve applications that use GE technology in its agricultural sector back in 2015. The regulation sets out specific scientific criteria to be applied on a case-by-case basis to applications for approval to determine if they should be considered ‘as GMOs’ for the purpose of assessment or considered as conventional technology and not subject to the more onerous, costly and time-consuming process inherent in GM technology approval. Whelan, Gutti and LemaCitation54 examined the experiences relating to products derived from GE breeding techniques coming to market in Argentina over the first 4 years of its operation. Their findings largely confirm the conclusions drawn by Bullock et al. Citation53 in that GE products have followed a much faster development rate than GM-derived innovations. This rapid rate of adoption was driven by a wider range of developers, led by small and medium-sized enterprises and public research institutions. Finally, the product profiles are more diversified in terms of traits than under GM technology. ConclusionsInefficient and inappropriate regulations result in the creation of barriers to innovation. Regulatory barriers lead to two key outcomes: reduced innovation investments and fewer commercialized products and technologies. For the Framework to successfully achieve its targeted objectives by 2030 and for sustainable agricultural production systems to be meaningfully developed and widely adopted, it is of fundamental importance that empirically based regulations, as highlighted in the GBF, as well as underpinning the Goals (SDGs), be globally enacted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the variation in regulatory approaches to gene-edited (GE) technology across different countries. It highlights Argentina’s specific regulations for GE applications, noting that their approval system was established in 2015 and is based on scientific criteria to differentiate between GE and genetically modified organism (GMO) technologies. This indicates that regulations do vary by country, as evidenced by the example of Argentina, which adopted a unique regulatory framework.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease: Does a prion-like mechanism of propagation from periphery to the brain play a role? Neuroscientist 2021;27:367-87. . Gut microbiome-modified polyphenolic compounds inhibit α-synuclein seeding and spreading in α-synucleinopathies. 2020;14:398. -. Bacterial amyloids: Biogenesis and biomaterials. 2019;1174:113-59. . Effects of all-atom force fields on amyloid oligomerization: Replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of the Aβ 16-22 dimer and trimer. 2011;13:9778-88. . MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7. 0 for bigger datasets. Evol 2016;33:1870-4. Nei M, Kumar S. and Phylogenetics. New York: Press; 2000. 15. Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Evol 1987;4:406-25. 16. Felsenstein J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 1985;39:783-91. . MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Evol 2011;28:2731-9. -. Estimating divergence times in large molecular phylogenies. 2012;109:19333-8. Rzhetsky A, Nei M. A simple method for estimating and testing minimum-evolution trees. Evol 1992;9:945-67. 20. . Functional bacterial amyloids in biofilms. In: editors. Highlights. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2011. p. 41-62. A structural model for apolipoprotein C-II amyloid fibrils: Experimental characterization and molecular dynamics simulations. J 2011;405:1246-66. Heterogeneity in gut microbiota drive polyphenol metabolism that influences α-synuclein misfolding and toxicity. J 2019;64:170-81. Accelerated amyloid beta pathogenesis by bacterial amyloid fapC. 2020;7:2001299. Paranjapye N, Daggett V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the role of gut microbiota in influencing conditions related to α-synuclein, which is connected to Parkinson's disease. Specifically, it mentions that 'heterogeneity in gut microbiota drive polyphenol metabolism that influences α-synuclein misfolding and toxicity,' which suggests that gut bacteria do have an impact on neurological processes related to mood and mental health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 3FT-IR spectra of the ethanol-precipitated hemicelluloses from hydrolysates: (a) hydrolysis at 120 °C for 90 min, (b) hydrolysis at 120 °C for 120 min, (c) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 30 min, (d) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 60 min, (e) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 90 min, (f) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 120 min, (g) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 0 min, (h) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 30 min, (i) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 0 min, (j) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 5 min, (k) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 10 minFull size image Heterogeneous conversion of hemicellulose-derived sugars over Sn-MMT in the biphasic systemTo understand the relationship between the hydrolysate composition and the furfural yields, three specific samples with the maximum xylose content (160 °C, 90 min), the maximum xylobiose (X2) content (180 °C, 15 min), and the maximum total xylose content in monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) (160 °C, 60 min) were selected for the following experiments. Our group previously found that Sn-MMT had the excellent catalytic performance in the conversion of xylose into furfural in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system [20]. However, no detailed and systematic studies were displayed for the furfural production from corncob hydrolysates by a two-step process. In the present work, the obtained hydrolysates from the microwave-assisted hydrolysis of corncob were subjected to further hydrolysis and dehydration to yield furfural using Sn-MMT as a solid catalyst in a biphasic system (SBP/NaCl-DMSO) as the second stage of the process and the results are presented in Table 4 and Fig. 4. Table 4 Composition of products (mg per gram sample, mg g−1) after the heterogeneous reactionFull size table Fig. 4Furfural yields of different hydrolysates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It focuses on hydrolysis processes and furfural production from corncob hydrolysates, without mentioning yeast or biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: 3 million people died in 2019 from antimicrobial-resistant infections, according to a comprehensive global estimate. Such infections are a leading killer, causing more deaths than AIDS and malaria, according to the study, published on 19 January in The Lancet. GALÁhas approved a new marine reserve near the Galápagos Islands that increases an existing protected ocean area by 43%, a boon for the region’s endangered marine species. Scientists with the MigraMar marine research network had collected data to justify creating the 60,000-square-kilometer Reserve. sets rules for edited crops China’s agriculture ministry this week unveiled safety evaluation guidelines for gene-edited crops as the country moves toward approving their sale. The guidelines, being implemented on a trial basis, are simpler and call for less field testing than is required for genetically modified (GM) crops, in which genes from other species are inserted. Consumer resistance and bureaucratic caution have left China far behind other countries in adopting GM crops, with only a single variety of GM papaya in domestic production. Now, Chinese researchers are well along in developing gene-edited varieties of corn, rice, soybeans, wheat, and other crops, which they hope will be more acceptable to the public and reduce dependence on food imports. China is also revising its regulations for GM crops, and transgenic corn and soybeans might be commercialized this year. Both kinds of genetic engineering give crops useful traits, such as resistance to herbicides sprayed in fields. prevention gets big gifts Two of the world’s largest foundations last week pledged $150 million each to the nonprofit Coalition for Innovations (CEPI), a global partnership working to prevent, prepare for, and equitably respond to future epidemics and pandemics. Leaders of the Bill & Foundation and the called on nations to pony up at a CEPI “replenishment” conference scheduled for March to help it raise $3. 5 billion for the next 5 years. CEPI has financed development of the University of Oxford–AstraZeneca and Novavax vaccines. Its 5-year plan starting this year aims to shorten vaccine development time to less than 100 days after a new pathogen is sequenced, far shorter than the 11 months it took for the first COVID-19 vaccine. doi: 10. 1126/science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how China has recently unveiled safety evaluation guidelines for gene-edited crops, indicating a specific regulatory framework distinct to that country. It contrasts this with the regulatory landscape for genetically modified crops (GM), suggesting that different nations may implement varying rules concerning gene editing in agriculture. This supports the notion that regulations for gene-edited crops differ by country.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: De novo designed alpha-sheet peptides inhibit functional amyloid formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms. J 2018;430:3764-73. . Periodontal disease and neurodegeneration: The possible pathway and contribution from periodontal infections. J Res 2018;12:DE01-5. Olsen I. Possible link between Porphyromonas gingivalis and amyloidosis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. 2020;1:1-12. -Torres-Quevedo C, Arnaouteli S, Riquelme-Dominguez L, Romanowski A, et al. subtilis protects against α-synuclein aggregation in C. elegans. 2020;30:367-80. e7. A gut bacterial amyloid promotes a-synuclein aggregation and motor impairment in mice. Elife 2020;9:e53111. Werner T, Horvath I, Wittung-Stafshede P. Crosstalk between alpha-synuclein and other human and non-human amyloidogenic proteins: Consequences for amyloid formation in Parkinson's disease. J 2020;10:819-30. CI, França Antifungal and antivirulence activity of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. Products against Candida vaginal isolates. Pathogens 2019;8:150. Miraglia F, Colla E. Microbiome, Parkinson's disease and molecular mimicry. Cells 2019;8:222. Del Toro-Barbosa M, Hurtado-Romero A, Garcia-Amezquita LE, García-Cayuela T. Psychobiotics: Mechanisms of action, evaluation methods and effectiveness in applications with food products. Nutrients 2020;12:3896. . Alpha-synuclein: Prion or prion-like? 2019;138:509-14. Nerius M, Doblhammer G, Tamgüney G. GI infections are associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Gut 2020;69:1154-6. . Structure and dynamics of amyloid-β segmental polymorphisms. PLoS One 2012;7:e41479. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that indicate a connection between gut bacteria and neurological conditions. For example, it mentions 'A gut bacterial amyloid promotes α-synuclein aggregation and motor impairment in mice,' suggesting that certain gut bacteria can influence neurological health. Additionally, it references 'Microbiome, Parkinson's disease and molecular mimicry,' indicating a link between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease, which impacts mental health and mood. Overall, these references imply that gut bacteria do indeed have an effect on mental health, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Filled square pretreated temperature: 180 °C, pretreated time: 15 min; filled triangle pretreated temperature: 160 °C, pretreated time: 60 min; filled circle pretreated temperature: 160 °C, pretreated time: 90 minFull size image Experiments for the conversion of hydrolysates to furfural were performed in an autoclave using the drying oven as the heating source, since they are common and provide moderate heating to avoid the rapid degradation of the target products. During the furfural production process, XOS and polymers are hydrolyzed to form monomeric pentoses first, followed by dehydrating them to yield furfural. As observed in Table 4, hydrolysates employed in this study with the highest total xylose content of monomeric and oligosaccharides (160 °C, 60 min) resulted in the highest monomeric pentose yields. It should be noted that the xylose yield obtained here was lower than that in the first stage, which suggested that the dehydration reactions were much faster than the hydrolysis reactions. The highest furfural yield (57. 80 %) was obtained at 190 °C after 10 min from the hydrolysates with the highest monomeric pentose content conducted at 160 °C for 90 min in the first process. This yield is only slightly better than the one we reported previously (54. 15 % from water-soluble fraction of corncob treated at 140 °C for 5 h) [20], which may be due to the different molecular weights of the oligosaccharides in the hydrolysates. In addition, the decrease in treatment time also can lead to the reducing consumption of energy. However, the hydrolysate with the highest xylobiose (X2) as well as the second largest total xylose content (180 °C, 15 min) has the lowest furfural yield (Fig. 4). These results indicated that the production of furfural has a direct connection with the monomeric pentose content in the hydrolysates. Controlled experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of the initial xylose concentration of the hydrolysates on the furfural production, and the results are shown in Table 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the production of furfural from hydrolysates, focusing on various temperature and time conditions for conversion. However, it does not provide information on bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars; hence, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has been used to develop crops with improved nutritional profiles. [SEP] Text: Focus on 2024 It’s a wonderful year for a Moon dance Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Focus on 2024 Hydrogen makes itself at home Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? Focus on 2024 Will AI replace doctors’ ‘gut instincts’? Generative AI is upending industries, but little is certain about how this technology will fare amidst a range of issues in a fiercely crowded market. Focus on 2024 The challenges ahead for generative AI Transport is one of the world’s biggest polluters, but on the path to net zero, aviation is reinventing itself, potentially building a new kind of jet age. Focus on 2024 Aviation flying high on alternative sources of power As the year comes to a close, 360info is turning to the experts to find out what issues are set to define 2024. Focus on 2024 What does 2024 hold in store? New data about the mental health of young people raises red flags about cost-of-living pressures – and offers a glimpse at a better approach. Focus on 2024 Why pessimism has taken hold of Australia’s youth In less than two years, Albanese has gone from clear choice to fighting for majority support in the polls. What happened? Focus on 2024 Australian politics set for shakeup after Labor’s 2023 slide Related content Indonesia’s wedding-party democracy is a marriage on the rocks Elections remain a cause for celebration in Indonesia, but without firming up the processes around it, the party might end up being just a democratic facade. The challenges ahead for generative AI Generative AI is upending industries, but little is certain about how this technology will fare amidst a range of issues in a fiercely crowded market. Hydrogen makes itself at home Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Editor's picks AI can be a boon for educators AI offers significant potential benefits yet has not been accepted completely by educators. This needs to change. needs Israel’s forever wars Fuelled by ideology and self-interest, Netanyahu sees Israel’s forever war as protection against corruption charges and a potential key to re-election. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address gene editing or crops with improved nutritional profiles. Instead, it discusses various topics such as the potential of hydrogen in clean energy, the role of AI in healthcare, and upcoming political changes in Australia. There is no relevant information that corroborates, contrasts, or relates to the claim about gene editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) can reverse the amyloid state of fibrin seen or induced in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2018;13:e0192121. . Effects of antiparkinsonian agents on β-amyloid and α-synuclein oligomer formation in vitro. J 2013;91:1371-81. . A psychology of the human brain-gut-microbiome axis. 2017;11:e12309. . Psychobiotics: Shaping the mind with gut bacteria. Gastroenterol 2019;114:1034-5. Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease. 2015;30:1351-60. . Desulfovibrio bacteria are associated with Parkinson's disease. 2021;11:652617. Haikal C, Ortigosa- The bacterial amyloids phenol soluble modulins from Staphylococcus aureus catalyze alpha-synuclein aggregation. 2021;22:11594. Influence of probiotic bacteria on gut microbiota composition and gut wall function in an in-vitro model in patients with Parkinson's disease. 2021;3:100087. Castelli V, d' Effects of the probiotic formulation SLAB51 in in vitro and in vivo Parkinson's disease models. Aging (Albany NY) 2020;12:4641-59. Neuroprotective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 on MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model mice. J 2021;85:104635. . Functional amyloid materials at surfaces interfaces. 2018;6:462-72. . Pseudomonas syringae: What it takes to be a pathogen. Microbiol 2018;16:316-28. Gut microbiota-derived propionate mediates the neuroprotective effect of osteocalcin in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Microbiome 2021;9:1-17. Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium, a natural tool for activation of prodrug 6MePdR and their combination therapy in murine melanoma model. Biotechnol 2013;97:4393-401. . Therapeutic effect of GLP-1 engineered strain on mice model of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various studies and findings that illustrate a connection between gut bacteria and neurological conditions, particularly Parkinson's disease. It mentions 'Gut microbiota-derived propionate mediates the neuroprotective effect,' indicating that gut bacteria have a significant role in mental health and may influence brain function. Additionally, references to psychobiotics also suggest that gut bacteria can shape mental processes, thereby contradicting the assertion that gut bacteria do not affect mental health or mood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Compared with the hydrolysates (Table 5, entry 1), lower furfural yield was obtained using the pure xylose solution as the reagent (Table 5, entry 2), which presented the same initial xylose concentration in the hydrolysates. Moreover, the furfural yield from the pure xylose solution was much lower than that from the hydrolysates with the same total xylose amount in monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) (Table 5, entry 3), which may be ascribed to the reason that the slow release of pentose monomers from the oligomers can impede the formation of humins. These phenomenons were in good agreement with the hypothesized that furfural yields from biomass hydrolysates may exceed those from pure xylose solution [38]. In addition, the yield of furfural decreased with the increment of the initial xylose content in the hydrolysates (Table 5, entries 1, 4 and 5). This is because the condensation loss reaction easily occurs in higher xylose concentration, leading to the formation of furfural–pentose [38]. Table 5 Comparison of the hydrolysates and the pure xylose solutionFull size table An advanced and comprehensive hydrolysis approach is imperative for the biomass-to-furfural technologies. To improve furfural yields in an eco-friendly and effective manner, we will couple this approach with ball milling with the small amount of dilute acid before the experiments in our future study, which will produce higher yield of monomeric sugar in the first pretreatment stage. ConclusionsA two-step process was proposed to yield furfural from corncob using microwave-assisted HTP as the first stage and heterogeneously catalyzed conversion as the second stage. The dissolution and depolymerization of sugars from corncob and the relationship between the hydrolysate composition and the furfural yields were investigated. In the first stage of the process, the released hemicelluloses from corncob were mainly in forms of monosaccharide, oligosaccharides, and water-soluble polysaccharides. About 86. 67 % yield of xylose presented as monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) after the microwave-assisted HTP at 160 °C for 60 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the yields of furfural from corncob and the efficiency of biomass-to-furfural technologies, which does not directly relate to the design or capacities of bioengineered yeast for biofuel production. It focuses on the processing of xylose and the conditions affecting furfural yields rather than the ability of yeast to produce biofuels.