Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: Boats from across the world were landing Sebastes fish, some in deep water, some in shallow. There were a great many subtle variations in the fish and scientists met in Copenhagen in 1959 to pool their knowledge. Some suggested the fish were older than originally assumed, and if the fish were long-lived, recovery from industrial fishing would take a long time—or perhaps not even happen. This 7. ImperialismDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226443409. 003. 0007[Cod Wars;;;Zones;Yield;FCMA;EEZs;MSY]Iceland was still fighting against foreign boats taking its rich fish stocks. They successively increased their territorial limits, drawing opposition from European countries, especially the British, which sent its navy to protect its fishing boats in Icelandic waters. on the of the Sea in 1955 Yield (MSY) as the recommended goal for international fisheries management. The Americans, concerned about foreign boats (especially the Soviets) fishing in its waters, passed a bill to expand the study of the ocean, and a series of bills to subsidize the construction of fishing boats. The real turning point in the battle over foreign fishing came at the 1974 meeting of on the Law of the Sea () in Caracas. There was a widespread realization that overfishing and depletion were occurring, with no effective international organizations to manage. Developing coastal nations were frustrated that they could not develop their own fisheries, in the face of widespread depletion by foreign fleets. Conservation and (FCMA) was passed in 1976, creating a 200-mile Zone, and eight regional councils to manage fish stocks outside state waters. This 8. EnclosureDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226443409. 003. 0008[Marco Puretic;power block;mathematical models]Through the 1960s, the oceans were a hodge-podge of conflicting territorial claims. That changed almost overnight, as nations adopted expanded territorial waters, creating an immediate hardship for the crews of the factory processing fleets, especially the Soviets, the Japanese, and the Spanish. There were signs of overfishing, especially off Peru, where anchovy catches briefly soared. With the collapse in Peru, processing equipment was moved to other countries, such as South Africa. tuna man created a hydraulic power block in 1955, making it easier to pull in seine nets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the realization of overfishing and depletion occurring in fisheries, as noted in the 1974 meeting of the Law of the Sea, which highlights the widespread acknowledgment of fish population declines due to unsustainable foreign fishing practices. Additionally, it mentions specific regions like Peru experiencing overfishing and the resulting collapse of fish stocks, supporting the assertion that overfishing has led to declining fish populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: 1% 85. 6% 97. 2% 97% 89. 5% 88. 9% 97. 4% 96. 9% 77% 77% 99. 8% 97% 99. 8% 97. 4% SVC 97. 2% 97% 20% 98. 8% Table 7 performance comparison of models on default parameters and after hyper parameter tuning is performed tuning Parameters applied 86. 1% 85. 6% 99. 7% 97. 1% 89. 5% 88. 9% 98% 97. 1% 89. 5% 97. 3% 47% 47% 99. 8% 97. 4% 97. 2% 97. 3% SVC 20% 98. 8% 97. 1% 96. 4% Feature selection is the process of selecting essential features that are more uniform, non-redundant, and relevant for a machine learning model [51]. It is recommended to use feature selection because it helps to reduce the size and complexity of the dataset, which in turn requires less time to train a model and requires less computation cost to train a machine learning model. The student academic performance dataset has several features, and all features are not equally affecting the student's academic performance. Besides, all features are not equally important in affecting student academic performance. The purpose of this is to identify the features that have a significant impact on students’ academic performance. After training the prediction model, the decision tree model calculated feature importance by ranking the features. Features such as: entrance result, age, health, study time, father job, mother job, attendance, internet access, parents, sex, family size and address, extra class, another job, guidance, and counselling ranked as follows (see Fig. 10). The same features were also extracted by the second achieved classifiers (see Fig. 1). and the first three rank completely the same with the feature extracted by Classifiers. However, the academic performance of students was either lesser or not affected by additional features like extra classes, Another Job, and guidance and counselling. Therefore, they are eliminated and not further considered for the prediction of the model. 5 Conclusion and RecommendationUsing machine learning (ML) methods, educational data mining (EDM) is used to extract and identify interesting patterns from educational institutions databases [52]. This study aims to develop a machine learning model (ML) based on student statistics to forecast the students' early academic achievement. Several machine learning algorithms (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that not all features affect academic performance equally and that certain features like extra classes and guidance and counseling did not positively impact students' academic performance. This implies that digital learning platforms, which may include these additional features, do not guarantee improved outcomes for all students, as not all factors contribute to their academic success.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Constructed plasmids (pTB007-hyBE4max, pTB007-AncBE4max, pLdCH-hyBE4max, and pLdCH-hyBE4max-LmajDBD) were Sanger sequenced, covering completely the CBE in each plasmid. Following sgRNA cloning, each pLdCH-hyBE4max or pLdCH-hyBE4max-LmajDBD plasmid was Sanger sequenced using primer 1011F, while each pPLOT-T7GuideExpress plasmid was Sanger sequenced using primer M13 rev-29. All used primer sequences (Supplementary file 5) and plasmid maps (Supplementary file 7) can be found in the supplementary. Primers were all ordered as standard desalted oligos at 25 nmol scale (Sigma). a detailed protocol Parasites were transfected as described previously (Beneke et al. , 2017; Beneke and Gluenz, 2019) in 1× Tb-BSF buffer (et al. , 2011). Briefly, 5–10 µg of tdTomato expression construct (see description for ‘tdTomato reporter assays’ below) or plasmid DNA (circular for pLdCH-hyBE4max, pLdCH-hyBE4max-LmajDBD, and pPLOT-T7GuideExpress plasmids; PacI linearised for pTB007-hyBE4max and pTB007-AncBE4max) were diluted into 50 µl ultra-pure water and heat sterilised for 5 min at 95°C. Then, 50 µl sterilised DNA was mixed with 5 × 106 cells submerged in 200 µl of 1. 25× Tb-BSF buffer (final transfection µl with 1× Tb-BSF buffer) and transfected using one pulse with program X-001 on an IIb (Lonza). Cells were recovered in M199 culture medium as specified above and 6–16 hr post transfection the required selection drug was added. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it provides a detailed protocol on plasmid sequencing and transfection methods without specifically addressing CRISPR technology or its capabilities in genomic editing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: Simulated SP from age-structured population modelWe developed a model for age-structured population dynamics and subjected this model to simulated sequences of growing then reduced harvest rates similar to patterns seen in a variety of populations recently with initiatives for conservation and stock rebuilding. Simulated SP patterns were calculated from the model biomass and catch predictions under these simulated sequences using eq. 1. The model had the same basic structure as is used in most single-species stock assessments today, namely two basic dynamic equations for numbers at age and recruitment:(2)(3)Here Na,t is number at age a at the start of year t, S is natural survival rate (0. 8 year–1) in test simulations, va is vulnerability of age a animals (logistic form with mean age at recruitment 4 years in test simulations), ut is overall exploitation rate for year t, K is the Goodyear (1977) compensation ratio for parameterizing the Beverton–Holt stock–recruitment function (K = 3–10 in test simulations), Ro is mean recruitment for the unfished population, Eo is egg production for the unfished population, and Et is egg production in year t calculated as the sum over ages of fecundities at age times Na,t. Simulated body weights at age Wa were generated with a von Bertalanffy growth model (K = 0. 2 year–1) and cubic length–weight relationship and were assumed to be constant over time. Bt for SP calculations was taken to be just the sum of weights at age times vulnerabilities at age times Na,t. for the SP calculation was taken to be simply the ut times the sum over ages of vaWaNa,t. For the test simulations, we scaled Ro so as to imply unfished vulnerable biomass Bo = 14. 0 (this choice of absolute abundance units is purely arbitrary and has no effect on the predicted SP vs. B patterns). Simulations to demonstrate decreased SP during population recovery were conducted by starting with an unfished population, then simulating increasing exploitation rates over time to levels high enough to cause severe depletion (reduction in total biomass by 80% or more). Simulated exploitation rates were then reduced dramatically, to 0. 1FMSY or even 0. 0, so as to allow the most rapid possible recovery. Simulated SP patterns using EcosimWe used the Ecopath with Ecosim software (EwE 5. 1, www. ecopath. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a model for age-structured population dynamics that simulates the effects of increasing exploitation rates, which align with patterns of overfishing leading to severe depletion of fish populations. It describes how simulated exploitation rates, when reduced after causing an 80% or more reduction in total biomass, demonstrate decreased stock productivity during population recovery, which supports the idea that overfishing has detrimental effects on fish populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: , and Decision Tree) were applied to predict students’ performance. Tree models overtook other models by scoring a promising result of 97. 3% and were selected as the proposed model. We applied the parameter tuning technique to obtain the top parameter values that gave us the best results. And then, the performance of the model improved to 97. 3%. After parameter tuning was performed, the most important features affecting students’ performance were identified: Entrance result, study time, attendance, Internet, age, gender, father job, mother job, family size, and address were extracted. Our findings suggest that academic factors (entrance result, study time, attendance, and Internet access) and socio-demographic factors (age, gender, father job, mother job, family size, and address) had a greater influence on students' academic success. The academic performance of students was less or not affected by additional features like extra classes, another job, and guidance and counselling. The proposed model is considered an early warning method used by decision-makers to identify students at risk. Once the risks are identified, it is easy to take countermeasures. The proposed model is able to identify problems with students before they get worse. Therefore, a cloud-based student performance prediction model is developed, and a streamlit cloud is proposed to ease use. Student performance prediction models can help educational institutions take timely actions, like arranging appropriate training for students at risk, to increase their success rate. Moreover, this study contributed to the prediction model proposed to classify student status at a finer-grained level, such as ‘pass’, ’warning’, ‘academic dismissal with readmission’, ’academic and ‘dropout’ that haven’t yet been considered in previous work. 6 Limitation and Future implicationThe focus of this study is on University students’ academic performance prediction, and only three semesters of data are used. In the future, we intend to include the whole semester of student performance data. Moreover, the study focused on undergraduate students; however, in the future, we will include graduate students. There are also other factors that have to be included in the dataset, like ‘weather condition', 'motivation’, ‘interest on the joined campuses, and ‘interest on the joined department’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while digital learning platforms and academic factors can influence student performance, they do not guarantee improved performance for all students. The findings highlight that factors such as entrance result, study time, and attendance are significant predictors of academic success, implying variability in outcomes rather than a guarantee.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: A detailed protocol for transfecting CBE plasmids into Leishmania parasites can be found in the supplementary (Supplementary file 8) or on TdTomato reporter assays Request a detailed protocol To set up tdTomato reporter assays, we first generated a pPLOT-Neo-tdTomato plasmid. The plasmid pTSARib-tdTomato (Capewell et al. , 2016) was digested with HindIII and BamHI to isolate the tdTomato-coding sequence, which was then cloned into HindIII and BamHI sites of pPLOT-Neo (Beneke et al. , 2017). Then a tdTomato expression construct was generated, consisting of: (1) a neomycin drug resistance expression cassette, (2) a tdTomato expression cassette, and (3) two surrounding homology flanks allowing for integration into the 18S rRNA locus. The construct was produced by fusion PCR as previously described (Dean et al. , 2015). First, two fragments were individually amplified: (1) upstream and (2) downstream homology flanks from L. major Friedlin genomic DNA using primer 1000F/1001R and primer 1002F/1003R, respectively. Then both fragments were used to amplify the tdTomato expression construct from the pPLOT-Neo-tdTomato plasmid, using primer 1004F and 1005R as nested primers. Finally, PCR reactions were purified and transfected as described above. Following transfection into L. mexicana, L. major, L. donovani, and L. infantum, clones were isolated as previously described (Beneke et al. , 2017) and screened using a FACSCalibur cell analyzer (BD) to select a clone with high tdTomato expression. Subsequently, the chosen L. major tdTomato-expressing clone was again transfected with PacI linearised pTB007-hyBE4max and pTB007-AncBE4max plasmid DNA. Clones were again isolated, expression of tdTomato confirmed and the fastest growing clone picked for the tdTomato reporter assay. We did not assess how many copies of the tdTomato expression cassette were integrated in selected tdTomato clones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a protocol for transfecting plasmids into Leishmania parasites and generating tdTomato expression constructs, which does not provide any information regarding CRISPR technology or its applications in genomic editing. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about CRISPR's precision in editing genomic sequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: A circle indicates the first year of the time series, and a square shows the last year; arrows indicate time progression. The plot numbers correspond to the stock numbers in 2. Plots of surplus production (SPt) vs. biomass (Bt) for five substocks of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii). Note high surplus production rates even at low biomass in early years, when the stocks were overfished by a reduction fishery, followed by lower SP even at high biomasses as the stocks recovered and a roe fishery developed. Arrows indicate time progression, with 1951 indicated by a circle, 1971 by a triangle, and the last year (1997) indicated by a square. Years before 1971 are indicated with a broken line and from 1971 with a solid line. The classification of two SP vs. B plots into (i) stationary, (ii) upward or clockwise hooks–cycles, and (iii) downward or counterclockwise hooks–cycles produced a very disturbing result; by far the most common pattern was clockwise hooks–cycles (33–57 cases), followed by apparent stationarity (5–36 cases). SP collapse occurred in 4–18 cases. The least common pattern was downward hooks–cycles (8–11 cases). Interestingly, this last finding (roughly 10%) is similar to the proportion of cases that we found to have apparent downward hooks in stock–recruitment data sets, in analyses aimed at detecting possible cultivation–depensation effects on recruitment (Walters and Kitchell 2001). The preponderance of clockwise hooks–cycles in the data sets is strongly suggestive that much of the observed variation in SP over these cases can be explained by stock–recruitment anomalies, in which recruitment decline preceded stock decline, i. e. , was involved (along with fishing) in causing decline. A few stocks showed mixtures of short-term, clockwise hooks combined with longer term downward hooks in overall SP. All five of the major substocks of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) were fished to very low levels by a reduction fishery prior to 1970 and then recovered substantially as the current roe fishery developed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how all five major substocks of Pacific herring were fished to very low levels by a reduction fishery prior to 1970, indicating that overfishing directly caused significant declines in fish populations. This aligns with the claim that overfishing has led to declining fish populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city data can be used to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. [SEP] Text: On the one hand, in the process of smart city construction, the various information sharing platforms and industrial innovation bases will significantly reduce the cost of acquiring knowledge and information for innovative subjects, facilitating the joint participation of different subjects in innovative activities, effectively increasing the enthusiasm and vitality of innovative subjects such as enterprises, universities and institutions, ultimately generating sustainable innovation and development momentum. On the other hand, with the improvement of "new infrastructure" such as 5G and artificial intelligence, it will help all kinds of innovative subjects to select appropriate partners and investigate the professional capabilities of the target more precisely, which will virtually strengthen the cooperation between enterprises and research departments, and ultimately stimulate the enthusiasm of multiple innovative subjects to participate in joint R&D and collaborative innovation. It has been well demonstrated that technological innovation can effectively improve environmental pollution, compared to the traditional innovative model of "each subject working alone". The industry-university-institution collaboratively innovative model can avoid the duplication of research and development, save innovation costs, and exert their respective advantages. In general, collaborative innovation can better contribute to regional haze governance by strengthening joint research and development of core technologies in areas related to energy conservation and consumption reduction. Herein, we propose hypothesis H2a: smart city construction can indirectly improve urban haze pollution by enhancing the collaborative innovation capacity of industry, university, and institution. Secondly, with the advent of the digital economy, innovative activities will show a stronger openness. As an important application scenario of digital economy, smart cities have obvious characteristics of intelligence and digitalization. The rapid development of artificial intelligence will break the time and space constraints faced by traditional innovative activities and provide practical possibilities for cooperative innovative activities between different regions (cities). As there are significant differences in the innovation base and R&D capabilities of different cities, it is inevitable to consider the adaptability of each other when selecting partners. Smart city construction can help regions find the best partners and deal with the potential risks in the process of cooperative innovation through big data analysis, effectively enhancing the intensity of cooperation and innovation among different regions. With the increase of cross-regional cooperation and innovation, regions with relatively strong innovation capacity can accelerate the marketization process of R&D achievements through the spillover effect of technology. Meanwhile, regions with relatively weak innovation foundation can absorb the latest research results of developed regions in basic research and fill their own gaps in the process of cooperative innovation more conveniently and timely (Gomber et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the collaborative innovation in smart cities and the impact of digital economy on innovative activities, rather than addressing the specific application of smart city data for optimizing traffic flow and reducing congestion. Thus, it does not provide relevant information to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Chosen tdTomato clones were then transfected with pLdCH-hyBE4max and pLdCH-hyBE4max-LmajDBD plasmids, carrying tdTomato-specific sgRNAs. Meanwhile, tdTomato-pTB007-hyBE4max and tdTomato-pTB007-AncBE4max selected clones were transfected with pPLOT-T7GuideExpress plasmids, carrying also tdTomato-specific sgRNA target sequences. Non-clonal populations were analysed using a FACSCalibur cell analyzer (BD) several days post transfection (as indicated). FACS data were analysed using 2 (Turku Bioscience). To prepare parasites for FACS analysis, 400–800 µl of a dense culture was pelleted at 800 × g for 5 min, washed once in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7. 4) and then resuspended in 200 µl PBS. Motility analysis and light microscopy Request a detailed protocol Motility analysis was performed as previously described in Beneke et al. , 2019 using the method from Wheeler, 2017. Mean speed was measured in duplicates 14 days post transfection and in triplicates 28 and 42 days post transfection. 5 μl of cell culture (cell density ~6 × 106 cells/ml) was placed on a glass slide in a 250-μm deep chamber covered with a 1. 0-cover slip and imaged using darkfield illumination with a ×10 numerical aperture (NA) 0. 3 objective and an Allied-F-505B camera on a microscope at the ambient temperature of 25–28°C. Tracks were processed using a Fiji (Schindelin et al. , 2012) macro from Wheeler, 2017 and further processed by creating histograms of velocity per tracked cell with the following bin categories: 0. 01, 0. 1, 0. 3, 0. 7, 1. 0, 1. 5, 3. 0, 6. 0, 8. 0, 10. 0, 12. 0, 16. 0, and 30. 0 µm/s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the transfection of specific plasmids and the analysis of cell motility, with no direct mention or discussion of CRISPR technology or its applications in genomic editing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: Bt and SPt of age 3+ fish for these stocks can be calculated directly from catch-at-age, weight-at-age, and spawn survey data, without using any stock assessment model with attendant assumptions about stability of natural mortality rates or growth (Fig. 2). When we compare the mean SPt/Bt (production per biomass) vs. Bt relationship for the reduction fishery (1950–1970) with later years (1971–1998), all stocks have clearly shown a decrease in mean productivity at both low and high stock sizes. This decrease is explained at least partly by decreases in mean body weight at age (Tanasichuk 1997; Schweigert et al. 2002), but may also be related to loss of spatial stock structure; some spawning areas are no longer used (D. Hay, Fisheries and personal communication). Predicted production patterns from single-species modelsAs noted above, age-structured population models generally predict that recruitment anomalies should cause time-structured deviations from mean or equilibrium SP relationships in the form of clockwise loops. Such loop structures are very commonly seen in SP vs. B data plots. Some data sets show clockwise loop structures with much longer period (more years per cycle) than would be expected from single recruitment anomalies, suggesting strongly autocorrelated or persistent recruitment anomaly patterns. Such predictions and observations are not at all surprising. Age-structured models, however, make another type of prediction (noted by Ricker 1975; see e. g. , his figure 12. 7) that apparently is not widely recognized, in cases where recruitment compensation is not extremely strong (Goodyear compensation ratio less than 20, steepness less than 0. 9). Whenever exploitation rates are growing, SP is expected to be above average (above long-term equilibrium predicted by the age-structured model, as B declines). More importantly, whenever exploitation rates are reduced so as to allow growth in B, SP increases more slowly than expected from the equilibrium SP vs. B relationship (Fig. 3). That is, the transient of observed SP values during fishery development will be above the long-term sustainable (equilibrium) SP predicted by the age-structured model for each observed B, and population recovery following reduction in exploitation will be slower (lower SP) than expected from either the SP observed during population decrease or calculated from the equilibrium SP vs. B relationship. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how fish populations, specifically the production per biomass (SPt/Bt) relationship, have decreased over time within the context of a reduction fishery. It highlights the decline in mean productivity for fish stocks over the years, which aligns with the idea that overfishing has impacted fish populations negatively. The mention of losses in spatial stock structure and decreases in mean body weight at age further supports the assertion that overfishing is contributing to declining fish populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all crime by using surveillance technology. [SEP] Text: The visualization of videos is gaining more attention because of addressing challenges of data analysis arisen from video camera contents [1, 15, 16]. Over the past decade, VV usefulness for traffic surveillance [17, 18] application has been effectively demonstrated by researchers [3, 75, 76]. VV offers spatio-temporal summary and overview of large collection of videos, and its abstract representation of meaningful information assists the users in video content [3, 35]. Conversely, conventional techniques [67] of visual representation such as time series plot have difficulties in conveying impressions from large video collection [3]. In addition, there is need to present visual contents of videos in compact forms such that user can quickly navigate through different segments of video sequence to locate segment of interest and zoom in to different detail levels [1]. Viewing videos is time-consuming process, consequently it is desirable to develop methods for highlighting and extraction interesting features in videos. There are numerous techniques designed for data analysis in images and a variety of statistical indicators for data processing. On the contrary, there is lack of effective techniques for conveying complex statistical information spontaneously to a layperson such as a security officer, apart from using line graphs to portray 1D signal levels [1]. Many researchers studied video processing in the context of video surveillance [16], monitoring vehicles, and monitoring crowds. However, main problem in automatic video processing is communication of results of video processing to human operator. Since statistical results are not easily comprehensible, whereas sequences of difference images again need sequential viewing [1]. Conventional video surveillance systems heavily rely on human operators for activity monitoring and determining actions to be taken upon incident occurrence. There are several actionable incidents that miss-detect in such a manual system due to inherent limitations from deploying solely human operators eyeballing CCTV screens [58]. Hence, automatic VV [56] will prove very beneficial in improved traffic management. Miss-detections might be caused by monitoring excessive number of video screens to monitor as shown in Figure 1 and tiredness due to prolonged monitoring. In fact, numerous studies have shown the limits of human-dependent surveillance. conducted a study in which most people attention fell below an adequate level after only 20 minutes of video surveillance screen monitoring [67]. The video content analysis paradigm is shifting from a fully human operated model to an intelligent machine-assisted automated model [58]. Figure 1. Video wall. Advertisement 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations of current video surveillance systems, particularly the reliance on human operators, which can lead to miss-detection of incidents. It discusses the inherent challenges in communication and comprehensibility of statistical results in video monitoring and notes that human attention drops significantly over time. This indicates that while video surveillance may assist in crime prevention, it cannot eliminate crime entirely due to these operational shortcomings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Histogram data of replicates were then averaged and tested using the Cramér–von Mises criterion, allowing to identify which non-clonal mutant populations significantly developed a positively (right) skewed distribution due to the base editing (Supplementary file 1). For light microscopy, Leishmania parasites were prepared as described previously (Wheeler et al. , 2015) and imaged live using an inverted fluorescence microscope (DMI6000B, Leica) with a ×63 NA 1. 30 glycerine immersion objective and a Leica DFC365 FX monochrome digital camera at the ambient temperature of 25–28°C. Western blots Request a detailed protocol Cas9 and PFR2 protein was detected on western blots using the Guide-it Cas9 (Takara, 632607) and L8C4 (Kohl et al. , 1999) (a gift from K. Gull, University of Oxford) antibodies, respectively. Briefly, Leishmania promastigotes were washed in ice-cold PBS twice containing 1× (Thermo Fisher) and then heated in 1× Laemmli buffer for 10 min at 60°C. 2. 5 × 106 cell equivalents of Leishmania promastigotes were loaded and subjected to electrophoresis on 6% (for Cas9) or 10% (for PFR2) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)–polyacrylamide gels. Samples were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (GE Healthcare) and incubated in blocking buffer (PBS with 0. 05% [wt/vol] Tween 20 [PBST] with 5% milk for Cas9 and 1% milk for L8C4) for 1 hr. Then, membranes were incubated with primary antibodies (diluted in blocking buffer [Cas9 1:1000, L8C4 1:10]) for 1 hr, washed in PBST three times and incubated with secondary antibodies (IRDye LI-COR, 926-32211 for Cas9, 925-32210 for L8C4, both diluted 1:10,000 in PBST) for 1 hr. Membranes were washed again in PBST three times and imaged using a LI-. Miltefosine drug resistance and MTT viability assays Request a detailed protocol Transfected and non-transfected L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental methods and processes without mentioning CRISPR technology or its ability for genomic editing. It contains detailed technical information about microscopy and western blotting, which do not relate to CRISPR or genomic sequence editing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: It is easily verified with age-structured models as described above that these predictions are robust to the form of stock–recruitment relationship (Ricker vs. Beverton–Holt) and to age schedules of body growth, vulnerability, and fecundity. Fig. 3. A typical pattern of surplus production (SPt) vs. biomass (Bt) predicted by age-structured models for stocks that are fished down then allowed to recover, when the stock–recruitment curve is not too steep (Goodyear compensation ratio <20). The circle indicates the start of the simulation. The thick solid line with arrows indicates SP, the broken line shows the SP/B ratio, and the thin solid line is long-term equilibrium SP. Note the downward hook in SP, i. e. , lower production rates at each biomass as the stock recovers; this is due to reduced mean fecundity and recruitment per biomass relative to recruitments during the stock decline. Predicted downward hooks in SP following reduction in exploitation rates is particularly pronounced for simulated stocks with late maturity and weak recruitment compensation, indicating that the basic mechanism that causes low SP at each B during recoveries is reduction in mean fecundity and recruitment relative to the fecundities and recruitments exhibited during population decline. One might expect younger (lower proportions of older animals) recovering populations to exhibit higher production rates per biomass because of higher proportions of young, rapid-growing individuals, but models indicate that such growth effects are not large enough to compensate for negative effects of reduced mean fecundity. In short, unless masked by strong effects of recruitment anomalies or very strong recruitment compensation, single-species models very generally predict downward hooked patterns in SP vs. B relationships from stocks that are fished down then allowed to recover. Apparent examples of this effect in the data sets that we examined include two stocks off California (cowcod (Sebastes levis) and English sole (Parophrys vetulus)) and the hake (Merluccius merluccius) stock. We predict that data sets showing downward hooks in SP vs. B relationships, i. e. , slower biomass recoveries than expected from SP measured during population declines, will become much more common as many stocks undergo rebuilding programs. This prediction will fail if such stocks turn out to have very strong recruitment compensation, a possibility suggested for long-lived species by the meta-analysis of Goodwin et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing age-structured models which predict lower production rates as fish stocks recover from being fished down. It indicates that reduced mean fecundity and recruitment relative to levels during population decline contribute to this effect. Specifically, it mentions 'lower production rates at each biomass as the stock recovers' due to 'reduced mean fecundity and recruitment,' which directly supports the assertion that overfishing negatively impacts fish populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all crime by using surveillance technology. [SEP] Text: State of the artIn the field of visualization, Borgo et al. [51] carried out a comprehensive survey on video visualization. Effectiveness of VV for conveying meaningful information enclosed in video sequences was demonstrated by Daniel et al. [1]. Andrienko et al. [47] also illustrated visual analytical technique to visualize huge amount of video data. Data were clustered and aggregated to display on map by using color arrows. Wang et al. [48] presented situational understanding approach by combining the video frame in 3D environment. Romero et al. [49] used visualization approach to analyze human behavior and explored the activity visualization in normal settings over time. Hoummady proposed survey on sensory device shortcomings that are used for collection of traffic information real time [40], and video camera usage as data collection was also proposed for traffic management. This approach relies on computational device mainly for pedestrian recognition and vehicle, 2-wheel vehicles, etc. For traffic visualization, commonly employed approach is coloring the areas demonstrating roads on the map [44]. Ang et al. [46] presented analytical approach for management of traffic from multiple cameras. Vehicle trajectory estimation and extraction of features was done. Subsequently, Jiang [62] demonstrated the analytical technique for visualizing the huge video data. Data were clustered and aggregated to display them on map by using color arrows. Afterward, Botchen [53] proposed technique for flow and volume signature visualization. It discovered that common people can recognize events on the basis of event signatures quite than viewing entire video contents. End users and technology providers identify that manual process is inadequate to search comprehensively massive amount of video contents and screening timely. In order to lessen these issues of visualization, we try to project camera activity on and have summarized and holistic view of video contents. Massive video data render ineffectual manual analysis of videos; however, present automatic analytic techniques of videos undergo better performance. A state of art visualization technique for surveillance videos is presented and tested by using several traffic videos. It receives suitable visual representations to assist the process of decision making. One can perceive level and pattern of activities that are recorded from visualization of videos as it offers more spatial info than using statistical indicators. Semantic info is obtained from numerous surveillance videos which are connected to in order to perform 3D association. In the same time, glyph [5, 20] is familiar and conveys multi-field video visualization [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the visualization of video data and the analytical techniques used for processing surveillance videos. It highlights that while advanced techniques can assist in decision-making and understanding patterns from surveillance footage, it does not suggest that these technologies can entirely eliminate crime. In fact, it mentions that manual processes are inadequate for comprehensive search and analysis of massive video content, which implies that while surveillance can aid in understanding behavior, it is not a foolproof method for crime elimination.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: donovani parasites were treated for 48 hr with 20 µM miltefosine (pre-treated parasites) from 16 days post transfection onwards. Then cells were washed in PBS twice and cultured for another 72 hr. In the following, pre-treated and non-pre-treated parasites were aliquoted into a 96-well plate to measure cell viability in triplicates when incubated with different doses of miltefosine (Figure 6A). For each 96-well plate well, 5 × 104 parasites were resuspended in 85 µl cell culture medium and mixed with 5 µl of sterile ultra-pure water or miltefosine solution (Sigma M5571, dissolved in ultra-pure water at 10 mM) to a final concentration of either 5, 20, 50, 80, and 400 µM. Cells were cultured for 48 hr and then 10 µl of solution (MTT; Sigma M2128, dissolved in PBS at 5 mg/ml and 0. 2 µm sterile filtered) was added to measure cell viability and cells were incubated at 28°C in the dark for 3 hr. Subsequently, 100 µl of 10% SDS solution (dissolved in 0. 01 M HCl) was added and plates were incubated at 37°C in the dark overnight (not longer than 18 hr) (Tada et al. , 1986). Finally, the absorbance was read at 570 nm using a M200 (Sciences). For analysis, absorbance reads from the media control were subtracted from the absorbance read of each data point and then the ratio between wells with no added miltefosine and each different miltefosine concentration was calculated. The significance was calculated by using a one-way analysis of variance test with post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference (Supplementary file 3). DNA isolation, Sanger sequencing, and measurement of editing rates Request a detailed protocol Following transfection, DNA was isolated as previously described (Rotureau et al. , 2005). Briefly, 400–800 µl of a dense culture was pelleted, resuspended in 100 µl lysis buffer (10 mM Tris–HCl at pH 8. 0, 5 mM EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about CRISPR technology; instead, it discusses methods for treating donovani parasites and measuring cell viability, which is unrelated to genomic editing or CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: (2006) but not clearly supported for most species according to the meta-analysis of Myers et al. (1999), which shows that Goodyear (1977) compensation ratios most commonly are below 20. Predicted production patterns from Ecosim modelsFor the simple Ecosim food chain example, we found that overfishing the piscivore then allowing it to recover typically led to clockwise loops in the SP vs. B pattern (Fig. 4), with the loop becoming tighter (closer to stationarity or same pattern during biomass increase as during decrease) as we increased vulnerability exchange rates of prey so as to approach a simple Lotka–Volterra model. Overfishing the planktivore and then letting it recover led to a similar, but more dramatic clockwise loop. For both species, the cause of increased SP/B during recoveries was higher prey abundance, and SP/B was further enhanced in the planktivore fishing scenario by decreases in piscivore abundance (the simulated planktivore fishery took enough planktivore production to decrease the system carrying capacity for piscivores). Fig. 4. Surplus production (SP) patterns generated by a simple Ecosim model of a four species food chain: (a) responses when the top predator (piscivore) is overfished, (b) responses when planktivore is overfished. Overfishing either fish species causes a strong SP response in the other species as well. The plot for each species shows the sample sequence of biomasses (X axis) and SP rates (Y axis is SP = change in biomass + catch), with dots at the start of each simulation year becoming larger as time increases. axis crosses the Y axis at SP = 0, i. e. , points below the X axis represent periods of negative SP. For example, in the top left plot, SP increases as B decreases under increased fishing pressure, then rises rapidly as B recovers when pressure is reduced. SP at intermediate B is predicted to be higher during the recovery (larger dot years) than during the decline. Left column shows that overfishing the piscivore causes a positive SP transient in its planktivore prey; the right column shows that overfishing the planktivore causes a negative SP transient in the piscivore. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the consequences of overfishing on different fish species. It explains that overfishing leads to significant changes in surplus production (SP) patterns, indicating that the biomass of fish populations decreases under increased fishing pressure, supporting the assertion that overfishing has led to declining fish populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: connectivity, widespread use of sensors, adaption to conditions, feedback and increased monitoring of citizenry. Conscious cities include urban sensing, but more specifically what account for as ‘the city’s awareness of the motives, personalities and moods of its inhabitants’7. This includes conscious streets, buildings and cities that are sensitive ‘to the mood and context of their users’. What might all of this mean? Might it be 2. 0, the next round of Guy Debord’s psycho-geography that in the 1950s urged adherents to study ‘the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organized or not, on the emotions and behavior of individuals’1. This comes from a good place because Debord sought to awaken the masses ‘to the conditions that are imposed on them in all domains of life, and to the practical means of changing them’. Debord is not entirely clear on the politics of psycho-geography, but he seems to be simultaneously following Marxist and utilitarian suggestions of making more people happy, rather than just fulfilling the interests of a privileged few. Psycho-geography, then, has scope to be a critical method. Who is the city? There is a problem however with Palti and Bar’s phrasing. This might be semantic, but it is important that it is clarified. To speak of a city’s awareness is to speak of agency and consciousness; indeed by speaking in singular terms there is perhaps materialism, paternalism, or a gender-neutral ‘ism’ at play. Regardless, unless civic and political life is going really badly, and we live in a totalitarian mono-interest all-seeing state, a city is an assemblage of interacting and contradicting interests. However, on the broader message about sensitivity to mood and emotional life, this has merit: technologies that feel, or what elsewhere I have discussed in terms of ‘empathic media’ are certainly on the rise5. Also, who could argue with cities that are designed in such as way as to make citizens feel better, especially given the Debord context? The rub is in how this is achieved and what the results are. Psycho-geography today includes sentiment analysis, facial coding, biometrics (heart, skin, respiration, blood flow, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and interaction of various factors within a city, emphasizing that the city is an 'assemblage of interacting and contradicting interests.' It highlights that cities have agency and consciousness, which implies a level of human oversight and intervention is necessary for their operation. Furthermore, the mention of technologies that 'feel' suggests that human context and interaction are vital for understanding the emotional life of the city, rather than implying that cities can function autonomously without human input.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 5% SDS, 200 mM NaCl, and 100 μg/ml proteinase K) and incubated for 30 min at 65°C. Then, 250 µl of 100% EtOH was added and samples were centrifuged at 17,000 × g for 30 min (at 4°C). Supernatant was aspirated and DNA resuspended in 50 µl of ultra-pure water. To amplify amplicons for Sanger sequencing, 1 µl of DNA was added to a 50 µl PCR reaction. Amplicons were generated using two guide target locus spanning primers and were either directly purified or first ran on a 2% agarose gel and then purified following band excision from the gel. Depending on the location of the guide, the forward or reverse primer was then used for Sanger sequencing at Eurofins Genomics. Primers for amplification and Sanger sequencing are listed in Supplementary file 5. To measure the editing rate, sequencing reads were analysed and normalised using ICE (Synthego), allowing to compare the ‘before-editing’ read (control sample) with the ‘after-editing’ read (edited sample) by overlapping normalised peak heights at aligned positions. The resulting discordance between both reads was then mapped to guide positions and plotted as editing rate. Generation of sgplasmid libraries Request a detailed protocol To generate plasmid libraries, we cloned a pool of sgRNA sequences into pLdCH-hyBE4max and pLdCH-hyBE4max-plasmids. First, plasmid DNA was linearised and dephosphorylated by incubating the following mixture at 37°C overnight: 5 µg CBE plasmid, 2 µl BpiI (BbsI) (Thermo Fisher, ER1011), 2 µl FastAP (Thermo Fisher, EF0651), and 3 µl 10× (Thermo Fisher) (30 µl total volume with ultra-pure water). Then, sgRNA oligo pairs (Supplementary file 5) were all individually annealed and phosphorylated. 1 µl oligo 1 (100 µM), 1 µl oligo 2 (100 µM), 1 µl T4 DNA (Thermo Fisher), 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding CRISPR technology's ability to precisely edit genomic sequences. It primarily describes a laboratory protocol involving DNA amplification and sequencing without making any direct reference to CRISPR or its capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: Similar patterns were obtained for the simple food web example, overfishing either a piscivore (Fig. 5) or a planktivore (Fig. 6), though the patterns were somewhat more complex because of competition and predation interactions with the two unfished species. When the planktivore was overfished, its SP vs. B pattern (Fig. 6) did not show a clockwise loop, since its SP/B was reduced during recovery because of higher abundance of the competing, unfished planktivore species; for some vulnerability parameter combinations, we saw weak downward loops where planktivore SP was reduced during recovery. Fig. 5. Surplus production (SP) patterns from a simple Ecosim food web model with two piscivores and two planktivores. The plot for each species shows the sample sequence of biomasses (X axis) and SP rates with dots at the start of each simulation year becoming larger as time increases. axis crosses the Y axis at SP = 0. Only the first piscivore is subject to simulated overfishing, and this causes SP transients in the other three species. Fig. 6. Surplus production (SP) patterns from a simple Ecosim food web model with two piscivores and two planktivores. The plot for each species shows the sample sequence of biomasses (X axis) and SP rates with dots at the start of each simulation year becoming larger as time increases. axis crosses the Y axis at SP = 0. Only the first planktivore is subject to simulated overfishing, and this causes SP transients in the other three species. The first piscivore (main predator on the overfished planktivore) shows a negative SP transient (because of reduced food supply), while the other planktivore shows a positive transient because of reduced competition that causes positive response in the second piscivore. From more complex Ecosim models with size–age-structured predation and competition effects, we knew from past experience with Ecosim that downward hooks in predator (piscivore) SP can be predicted through cultivation–depensation effects, where fishing the adults of a dominant predator can lead to increases in prey species that are competitors–predators on the juveniles of the dominant predator (Walters and Kitchell 2001). As noted above, downward hooks in recruitment vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of overfishing on surplus production (SP) of fish species within an Ecosim model. It explains that overfishing a piscivore or planktivore leads to changes in the SP patterns of those species and others in the ecosystem, indicating a decline in populations due to the effects of predation and competition. Specifically, the negative SP transients mentioned suggest a reduction in biomass and productivity related to overfishing, which supports the idea that overfishing is detrimental to fish populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: ) and cellular understanding of the brain both in-house and ‘in-the-wild’. Seen positively, conscious cities involve use of communications technology to understand social feeling and increase citizen engagement, and to identify and react to complaints. In principle, reaction to civic feeling means things get done: maybe even the broken bin sensor on Dean St. This leads us to psycho-geographically enabled algocracy, which means that feelings, moods and emotions inform policy and municipal decision-making on how to spend resources. Things get interesting here because what companies such as Siemens offer is not only scope to model incoming data, but also capacity to predict the impact of decisions. By means of ‘command and control’ tablet dashboards, what Siemens offer are algorithmic answers to ‘what-if’ scenarios on the basis of citizen feedback. Indeed, in an academic interview with a representative of Siemens for a forthcoming book6, I asked: “Who would you trust more to make a citizen-centric decision: a roomful of politicians or an AI machine that has learned through machine learning what a citizen and city needs? ” He says: ‘In all honesty, the machine’. If the logic feels familiar, that’s because it is: it goes back to cybernetics, the science of feedback and self-regulating systems. The case above entails active feedback through social media and city apps. Conversely, passive technologies such as feeling-into online sentiment, gauging spending trends, profiling personal and emotional data through cameras, and charting citizen movement may be used to generate insight about citizen experience. The emotional experience of cities is also tracked through in-house techniques and questioning within research facilities (using market research techniques such as EEG, skin conductivity and facial coding), but also by out-of-lab mapping of cities and emotional topography. This is about how the brain responds to space, architecture and urban features, measured by wearable biometrics (such as mobile and heart rate capture). Psychologists of urban geography can topographically link arousal reactions with elements of the city and thereafter use this data to plan for future design3. Surveillance (don’t be afraid, developers aren’t) Readers should not hold back from using the correct word to identify these developments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the necessity of human involvement in the decision-making processes of smart cities. It mentions the role of citizens in providing feedback and engaging with the technology, such as 'active feedback through social media and city apps,' and discusses the importance of gauging citizens' emotions and needs, which implies that human oversight and interpretation are central to how technology is applied in urban governance. The representative from Siemens suggests a trust in AI for citizen-centric decisions, yet this reliance on machine learning is contextualized within a framework that requires human engagement and input, thus directly opposing the idea of complete autonomy in smart city operations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 5 µl T4-Polynukleotid-Kinase (Thermo Fisher, EK0031), and 6. 5 µl ultra-pure water were mixed, then phosphorylated at 37°C for 30 and 5 min at 95°C, and finally annealed by ramping down from 95 to 25°C at 5°C/min. All 26 individually annealed and phosphorylated primer pairs were then equally mixed (10 µl of each oligo pair) and the resulting pool was diluted 1 in 200 by mixing 5 µl of the oligo pool with 995 µl of ultra-pure water. Then the ligation of the library was set up by mixing 200 ng of PCR purified linearised and dephosphorylated plasmid DNA, 4 µl diluted oligo pool, 4 µl T4 DNA (Thermo Fisher) and 2 µl T4 DNA Ligase (Thermo Fisher, EL0014) (40 µl total volume with ultra-pure water). Ligations were incubated at 37°C for 2 hr, then mixed with 200 µl TOP10 competent cells, incubated for 30 min on ice, heat shocked at 42°C for 45 s and finally plated on two 10 cm LB agar plates (100 µl each plate), containing 50 µg/ml ampicillin. A negative ligation control without addition of the diluted oligo pool was processed alongside. Following overnight incubation at 37°C, transformation efficiency for all libraries was assessed to ensure at least 30× guide coverage (at least 820 colonies, assuming a 95. 8% cloning efficiency as stated above). Typically, 30–200× guide coverage is used for generation of sgRNA libraries (Sanjana et al. , 2014). Then all colonies were scrapped from the plate, collected in a 70-ml LB culture (containing 100 µg/ml ampicillin), incubated again overnight and processed the next day using a Macherey-100 kit (740573), yielding purified plasmid library DNA. Plasmid library delivered loss-of-function screen Request a detailed protocol To set up a plasmid library delivered loss-of-function screen, L. mexicana promastigotes were transfected as described above but using 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding CRISPR technology or its capabilities. Instead, it provides a detailed experimental procedure involving ligation, transformation, and plasmid library construction, which are methods that may relate to molecular biology but do not specifically discuss or reference CRISPR technology or the precise editing of genomic sequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: spawning stock size as predicted from such models have been found in a small percentage of the Myers stock–recruitment data sets (www. marinebiodiversity. ca/RAMlegacy/srdb). When we examined SP patterns in more complex Ecosim models that included populations represented using multistanza, age-structured population modeling, but did not include the specific linkage structure needed to cause cultivation–depensation effects, we found that such models typically exhibit downward hooks in SP vs. B when species are overfished and then allowed to recover. That is, multistanza Ecosim population submodels behave similarly to single-species models, producing weak downward hooks in SP even when there are no noticeable changes in abundances of species that compete with or prey upon juvenile stanzas of the species that are overfished. Such findings indicate that simple biomass dynamics models like the chain and web cases shown (Figs. 4–6) are likely to make overly optimistic predictions about SP and biomass recovery rates when they are used to predict recovery from overfishing. Finally, we examined SP patterns in three of the large (30–60 biomass compartment and population stanza) Ecosim models that have been fit to historical data by varying prey vulnerability parameters and primary production anomalies for the eastern Bering Sea, (British Columbia), and Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 7; for 7. A sample of surplus production (SP) vs. biomass (B) plots from large Ecosim models that have been fit to historical time series data on relative abundance and catch of exploited species in a variety of ecosystems by varying predator–prey vulnerability parameters and annual primary production anomalies. Note prevalence of clockwise loops in SP caused by positive production anomalies. DiscussionWhen we examine plots of SP vs. B like those in Fig. 1, it is easy to see why direct analysis of SP patterns has never been popular in fisheries assessment. Such plots are plagued by amplification of measurement errors in the Bt+1 – Bt component of SP, by hook or loop structures caused by recruitment process errors and in some cases by sudden and persistent changes in SP apparently unrelated to stock size (e. g. , owing to change in habitat area size, Jacobson et al. 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how models indicate a relationship between overfishing and stock recovery. It states that multistanza Ecosim population models behave similarly to single-species models when species are overfished, exhibiting downward trends in spawning stock versus biomass (SP vs. B). This indicates that overfishing produces negative impacts on fish populations, leading to overly optimistic predictions regarding their recovery. These findings suggest that overfishing results in declining fish populations, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: They are utterly based on surveillance and, what’s more, so-called smart city developers are not afraid to use this word, not least because it accurately refers to what they do: they architect data-based assemblages through which authorities and organisations may manage, influence and control citizenry. Visitors to smart city expos should recognise the lack of queasiness around the word ‘surveillance’, because it is seen as positive. See for example Geovision’s scheme for city surveillance4. The word is accurate in that the objective of sensor-enabled cities is management of large and small objects, systems, people, emotional life and all things that exist and flow throughout urban spaces. In 1992 published Postscript on the Societies of Control, an essay about the shift from ‘discipline’ to ‘societies of control’2. This charts the shift from control as that which takes places within places (such as schools and workplaces), to more generalised yet pervasive control-based activities. do not believe that readers of have dastardly plans in mind, they might consider what their work contributes to – particularly when their ideas are embedded in regions without democratic traditions. Indeed, Deleuze, some years ago, discussed a scenario where an identity card is required to navigate elements of the city. This also tracks and effects a ‘universal modulation’. What was once another oblique Deleuzianism is today clarified by visualisations on municipal dashboards of social sentiment, flow of citizens through urban space, feedback from sensors on buildings, and prescriptions on optimal civic decisions. City-as-platform 2. 0 depart is when the surveillance of personal data, sentiment, emotional life, spending and mobility begins to be monetised and securitised. This entails turning the city into a platform, that sees the datafication of citizens for advertising and retail purposes (by means of urban personalisation, sensors, device data, geo-location, cameras, microphones, screens and augmented reality). The logic for this is already in place as ‘programmatic platforms’ used in advertising already pull from a myriad of 1st and 3rd party data sources to deliver targeted advertising capable of interacting with people in public spaces in real time. The rationale of the city-as-platform is that revenue from public-private partnerships provides services such as Wi-Fi and other city development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that smart cities heavily rely on surveillance and data management as means of control over citizens. It highlights that the development of smart cities involves architecting data-based systems that are managed by authorities and organizations, indicating a significant level of human oversight and intervention is required for their operation. The text also discusses concepts such as surveillance infrastructure, monetization of personal data, and public-private partnerships, all of which imply that smart cities cannot function autonomously without human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 3 × 107 cells per transfection and 100,000 plasmid molecules per cell (15. 6 µg DNA of the pLdCH-hyBE4max plasmid library and 15. 8 µg DNA of the pLdCH-hyBE4max-LmajDBD plasmid library). Following the transfection, cells were resuspended in 8. 5 ml of culture medium. Immediately after resuspending cells, 750, 75, and 7. 5 µl of the suspension were further diluted in culture medium (to 4 ml total volume) and each dilution was plated on 32 wells of a 96-well plate (100 µl per well). Then, 6 hr post transfection, hygromycin B was diluted in culture medium and added to plates and each transfected population (final volume: plates 200 µl, flasks 10 ml [final concentration 40 μg/ml]). Each library was transfected in triplicates and each of those replicates was diluted to assess the transfection efficiency. Following transfection, populations were sub-cultured every 2–4 days from 7 days post transfection onwards. At least 13,000 cells per passage were transferred each time, ensuring a representation of 500 transfectants per guide on average throughout the screen. Plates were assessed 14 days post transfection by counting the number of isolated clones, allowing to calculate the number of transfectants per 106, 105, and 104 cells, respectively, for each dilution. Next generation sequencing and screen analysis Request a detailed protocol DNA was isolated as described above from at least 5 × 106 cells at 12 and 21 days post transfection. Then, 1 µg DNA from both time points and 10 ng DNA from plasmid libraries was amplified using Phusion High–Fidelity DNA Polymerase (Thermo Fisher, F530S, GC Buffer protocol) and standard desalted p5 and p7 primers (Sigma, Supplementary file 5), containing inline barcodes for multiplexing and partial adapters for Illumina sequencing. Inline barcodes had a hamming distance of at least 4nt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss CRISPR technology or its ability to edit genomic sequences. Instead, it describes a detailed protocol for transfecting cells and analyzing clonal populations, which does not provide any information about the specificity or precision of genomic editing associated with CRISPR.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: AbstractReefs formed by scleractinian cold-water corals represent unique biodiversity hot spots in the deep sea, preferring aphotic water depths of 200–1000 m. The distribution of the most prominent reef-building species Lophelia pertusa is controlled by various environmental factors including dissolved oxygen concentrations and temperature. Consequently, the expected ocean deoxygenation and warming triggered by human-induced global change are considered as a serious threat to cold-water coral reefs. Here, we present results on recently discovered reefs in the SE Atlantic, where L. pertusa thrives in hypoxic and rather warm waters. This sheds new light on its capability to adapt to extreme conditions, which is facilitated by high surface ocean productivity, resulting in extensive food supply. Putting our data in an Atlantic-wide perspective clearly demonstrates L. pertusa’s ability to develop population-specific adaptations, which are up to now hardly considered in assessing its present and future distributions. Similar content being viewed by others Expansion of corals on temperate reefs: direct and indirect effects of marine heatwaves 3. 7 mL L−1; Dullo et al. 2008) and NW Atlantic (~ 2 mL L−1; e. g. , Brooke and Ross 2014) reef sites. These observations are corroborated by laboratory experiments, revealing that L. pertusa individuals collected from DOconc of 6 mL L−1 at the Scottish margin, NE Atlantic, were unable to maintain normal aerobic functions at DOconc < 3. 2 mL L−1 (Dodds et al. 2007). Moreover, for L. pertusa specimens collected from DOconc of ~ 2. 8 mL L−1 in the Gulf of Mexico, 7-day exposure to DOconc of ~ 1. 5 mL L−1 proved fatal (Lunden et al. 2014). Furthermore, discoveries of L. pertusa in the oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) of the subtropical eastern Atlantic (Colman et al. 2005; et al. 2009) hinted to an even wider tolerance of L. pertusa to low DOconc. Nevertheless, the limited capability of L. pertusa to thrive under DOconc (artificially) reduced below those of their natural environment (Dodds et al. 2007; Lunden et al. 2014), questions its ability to cope with the global change-induced ocean deoxygenation expected for the coming century (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting how cold-water corals, particularly Lophelia pertusa, are affected by environmental factors, including temperature. It mentions that 'the expected ocean deoxygenation and warming triggered by human-induced global change are considered as a serious threat to cold-water coral reefs,' which supports the notion that coral reefs are sensitive to changes in water temperature.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: Of course, police and intelligence agencies also see great opportunity. Since Marconi, spooks and security agencies have used all communications technology at their disposal, so we can expect exponential increase in state surveillance and analytics in policing. Readers of will also know that the most substantial sensor-based investment is not taking place in Europe, US or Australasia; but in China, Nigeria, India, and the Middle East. Dubai is especially significant given that Dubai Holding, an investment company, is signing deals and building smart cities around the world. Dubai takes psycho-geography matters and data about emotional life seriously. Under the moniker of ‘Smart Dubai’, they use sensors, analytics and ‘empathic media’ to understand feelings and emotions to promote happiness. They do this by tracking what people do and how they behave, by tracking online sentiment, and through use of in-house psycho-physiological measures to analysis the brain’s behaviour to discern what factors make for happy citizens. They also have the Happiness Meter, a citywide live sentiment capture engine. This is not a cheesy add-on, but the happiness agenda impacts on all areas of public policy and spending, such as education, roads, health, policing, transport and management of borders. In theory this is the utilitarian doctrine in action: making happiness transparent so policy-makers can make decisions that promote overall net happiness. However, the question is this: does everyone in Dubai have equal rights to happiness and does each person’s happiness counts equally? Also, for the city-as-platform to work, legal structures need to be in place to facilitate this shared data structure. Key is the Law, which has been in force since 27 December 2015. More formerly known as “Law No. (26) of 2015 Dissemination and Exchange in the Emirate of Dubai” its aim is clearly stated in 17. 2 Deleuze, G. (1992) Postscript on the Societies of Control, October, 59(4): 3–7. 3 Ellard, C. (2016) Places of the Heart: of Everyday Life. New York: Press. 4 Geovision (2017) City Surveillance, accessed 05/06/17. 5 McStay, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how smart cities like Dubai integrate substantial human oversight and legal frameworks in their operations. It emphasizes the role of 'the Happiness Meter' and psychographic tracking, indicating that human considerations regarding happiness and emotional well-being impact public policy. The text also highlights the necessity of legal structures to facilitate shared data management, which implies that human governance and intervention are integral to the functioning of smart cities, contradicting the claim of them operating autonomously.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: To avoid over-amplification, sample days 12 and 21 were both amplified using 28 PCR cycles, while plasmid samples were amplified using only 18 PCR cycles (ideal number of PCR cycles was assessed by testing 16, 18, 20, and 23 PCR cycles for plasmid samples and 25, 28, 30, and 32 PCR cycles for sample days 12 and 21). Amplicons were pooled (6 amplicons per pool), each pool purified (Macherey-Nagel Nucleoand PCR Clean-up Kit) and send to for Illumina sequencing (Amplicon-EZ Sequencing Service, 250 bp paired-end sequencing). To analyse sequencing data, cutadapt (Martin, 2022) was used to trim FASTQ sequencing reads, to generate a reverse complement read of the forward read and then to de-multiplex inline barcoded pools (using a 0. 15 error rate). De-multiplexed forward and reverse reads were then analysed using MAGeCK (Li et al. , 2014) and guide sequences per sample were counted and normalised. Raw guide counts were used to confirm the unity of each library, highlighting that guide PF16-2 and MFT-2 were underrepresented in both plasmid libraries. Therefore, both were excluded in the further analysis, leaving 24 guides for analysis in each library. Normalised forward and reverse reads were then averaged and the ratio between each plasmid, day 12 and 21 sample was calculated. To calculate ratios for zero reads, a pseudo read value of 1 was inserted. Finally, ratios were z-scored and a 0. 8 confidence ellipse was calculated (Supplementary file 4). Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this manuscript and supplementary file. LeishBASEedit is an open-source primer design tool available under Code files for LeishBASEedit are included in the supporting files. 29. PubMed 924. PubMed 462. PubMed 1244. PubMed 0095. PubMed 7828. PubMed 210. PubMed 1295. PubMed 2005. PubMed 422. PubMed 7716. PubMed 8674. PubMed 0072. PubMed 823. PubMed 173. PubMed 8828. PubMed 5296. PubMed 0197. PubMed 4621. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses PCR amplification methods and sequencing processes without mentioning CRISPR technology or genomic editing directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: Even if links between temperature, spawning and the distribution of sparids were established unequivocally, it is unlikely that temperature would act alone. There may be many other important variables which may, and probably do, interact with the effect of water temperature (Bye 1984). Moreover, these interactions, and the relative importance of different variables, would probably vary from place to place and even from time to time. As with many marine fishes, particularly tropical species (Sheaves 1995; McCormick and Makey 1997), life histories of sparids have not been studied in detail. This is an unfortunate situation because, above all else, the data presented here emphasise that detailed knowledge of life-histories and the requirements of the various life-history stages, may be necessary to account for observed species distributions. Indeed, it may well be that subtle influences at crucial stages may have far reaching impacts on the distribution and abundance of many species. Furthermore, the effect of gamete, egg, larval or juvenile tolerances in constraining the distributions of taxa need not be limited to responses to high temperatures. Equally they could be responses to low temperatures, or the level (or range) of other physical, or indeed biological variables. Three questions concerning the timing of spawning of fishes were posited in the introduction. To address these: firstly, is seems that for sparids the exact timing of spawning is not an unchanging characteristic of a particular species, but varies over the range of the species. Secondly, it seems that SST is at least correlated with, and probably has an influence on, the timing of spawning in sparids. Thirdly, the relationship between SST and timing of spawning is not just a species level characteristic but is apparent at the levels of genus and family also. ConsequencesLinks between the physiology of early life-history stages and timing of spawning could have direct consequences for patterns of distributions over a number of taxonomic scales. However, the consequences of such links could be much more far reaching. For example, global warming is expected to cause substantial increases in water temperature over the next few decades (Parker 1992; Groger and Plag 1993). Even if only the direct effects of temperature rise are considered, and other effects such as changes to hydrological and nutrient cycles (Gucinski et al. 1990) are ignored, the consequences are manifest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) and the timing of spawning in marine species, including the likelihood of impacts that global warming may have on water temperature. It indicates that global warming is expected to cause substantial increases in water temperature over the coming decades, which supports the notion that coral reefs, being sensitive to temperature changes, are similarly impacted.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Economy in 3. 2 million people in 2015. During these past two centuries of growth of the agglomeration of Dakar, urban planning has served as a tool of social exclusion with poor living in unplanned wetland settlements characterized by lack of sufficient land allocated to streets and public spaces, and lack of security of tenure, the latter being the focus of the second section. These settlements are also characterized by insufficient coverage of basic infrastructure such as connection to piped water facilities, sewerage and drainage systems, energy source and solid management; this is analyzed in the third section. Building in unplanned wetlands without adequate drainage systems exposes the population of Dakar, particularly of the suburbs, to flooding that causes various material and financial damages and losses. The fourth section focuses on the flooding: occurrences, causes, consequences and responses. Today, national and local authorities are working together to make the city of Dakar a smart city through Urban and Programmes. Taking back the city of Dakar where it belongs, a green, smart city, will require transformative policies and actions including establishing new planned settlements and a re-planning of the city itself where agriculture activities and green spaces have their effective places. Directeur 2035 of Dakar as adopted in 2014 explores the foundations for sustainable urban development, with establishment of six new urban centers around the capital. The fifth section of this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 189. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 329. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others A review of the pathways, opportunities, challenges and utility of geospatial infrastructure for smart city in Nigeria 1. Once the land is acquired, another element that depends to legal institutional framework is the acquisition of a building permit, which is at the authority of the local governing body on land use and planning for construction or renovation of a property. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that establishing a smart city, like Dakar, requires 'transformative policies and actions' and emphasizes collaboration between national and local authorities. This indicates that human intervention and oversight are essential for the development and management of smart cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 5112. PubMed 1871. PubMed 944. PubMed 627. PubMed 529. PubMed 405. PubMed 437. PubMed 9760. PubMed 173. PubMed 1278. 1128. 477. PubMed 846. PubMed 109. PubMed 384. 424. PubMed 4774. PubMed 712. PubMed 1385. PubMed 554. PubMed 1161. PubMed 93. 2763. PubMed 1. 1 in Leishmania donovani using the 9 toolkit BioInternational 2017:4635605. PubMed 10. 157. PubMed 3053. PubMed 4438. 1212. 0768. PubMed 5358. 7960. PubMed 445. 209. PubMed 784. PubMed 682. PubMed 94. PubMed 235. PubMed 87. PubMed 1572. 1435. PubMed 8. PubMed 17. PubMed 1412. PubMed 138. PubMed 165. PubMed 1868. PubMed 519. PubMed 6525. PubMed 5848. 8964. PubMed 5353. PubMed 2023. évêque MF (2020a) Gene editing in trypanosomatids: tips and tricks in the -Cas9 era Trends in Parasitology 36:745–760. PubMed 3159. PubMed 210. 20. 0861. PubMed 16. PubMed 19. PubMed 750. PubMed 5622. PubMed 278. 416. 13/2018) Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (NUM Organostrat) The funders had no role in study design, data collection, and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication. thank for L. mexicana (WHO strain MNYC/BZ/62/M379) and L. major Friedlin, for L. donovani (strain BPK190, Decuypere et al. , 2005) and L. infantum (strain MHOM/FR/91/LEM2259, Sulahian et al. , 1997), for AncBE4max (Addgene #112100, Koblan et al. , 2018), for hyBE4max (Addgene #157942, Zhang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a collection of references and does not provide any direct information about CRISPR technology or its application for precise editing of genomic sequences. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: To illustrate, the spawning of warm water sparids in winter is quite different to the timing of spawning of many similar tropical fishes, such as lutjanids and serranids (Grimes 1987; Shapiro 1987; McPherson et al. 1992), which generally show extended spawning over the warmest part of the year (Cushing 1975). What would the effect of global warming be on such species? Species that could not withstand global warming-induced increases in water temperature would be left with two alternatives. Firstly, they could shift their geographic ranges to remain in waters of suitable temperature. Alternatively, if the adults could tolerate the increased water temperatures but gametes, eggs or larvae could not, they could adopt the tactic used by sparids (i. e. , spawning in cooler months); as long as they were able to respond fast enough. Indeed, such a response to warming is suggested for the gobiid, Pseudogobius olorum. Biannual spawning of P. olorum in the in temperate is thought to have developed in response to water temperature rises over the last 10,000 years (Gill et al. 1996). As summer water temperatures increased to a level outside the apparently, rather inflexible spawning temperature range of P. olorum, initial summer spawning is thought to have shifted progressively to produce a spring and an autumn spawning period. If tropical species were forced to shift their spawning season to cooler months, and possibly to reduce the duration of spawning, there could be far reaching consequences for the structure of tropical fish faunas and for tropical fisheries. For example, if timing of spawning and subsequent recruitment changed, reefs or estuaries relying on seasonal hydrographic patterns for larval supply could see impaired recruitment and/or the recruitment of different species (Gucinski et al. 1990). In addition larvae relying on seasonal hydrographic patterns for transport to juvenile habitats, could be transported to inappropriate areas (Norcross and Shaw 1984). This is because the appropriate distribution of eggs and larvae requires precise coupling between spawning and oceanographic transport systems (Norcross and Shaw 1984). Such changes in recruitment patterns could lead to major shifts in fish communities and patterns of biodiversity. The potential implications of global warming induced changes to spawning seasons do not just apply to tropical fishes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how global warming-induced increases in water temperature affect spawning behaviors of various fish species, which are crucial to the health of coral reef ecosystems. It explains that species unable to adapt to rising temperatures may alter their spawning seasons, which can disrupt the delicate ecological balance of tropical reefs. Furthermore, it highlights the implications of these changes on community structure and biodiversity, reinforcing the sensitivity of coral reefs to temperature variability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: Another element that lies to the authority is the cadaster system, which is a parcel based and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (i. e. , rights, restrictions and responsibilities). Indeed, security of tenure depends heavily to the land governance that establishes the rules, processes and structures through which decisions are made regarding access to and the use of land, the manner in which those decisions are implemented and the way that conflicting interests in land are managed. In many cities of the developing regions, poor land governance is surrounded by poor land administration or registration characterized by a poor determination, recording and dissemination of information about tenure, value and use of land during the implementation of land management policies. 2. Office for Reduction (). The reporting gaps underline the need for and partners to continue working with governments to establish robust and well-maintained national disaster loss databases to improve record-keeping and accountability. Universally acceptable loss indicators are currently under development to measure progress in reducing disaster losses as set out in the for Reduction 2015–2030. 3. The term hazard refers to a severe or extreme event such as a flood, storm, cold spell or heatwave which occurs naturally anywhere in the world. Hazards only become disasters when human lives are lost and livelihoods damaged or destroyed. Rises in the global population increase the risk of disasters because more people live in harm’s way (Reference: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology od Disasters (CRED) and Cost of weather related disasters (1995–2015)). 4. Some are exposed to the threat of eviction as it recently happened, in 2015, at the near the international airport. 5. Flood risk and land occupation in Dakar outskirts. Does climate variability reveal inconsistent urban management? of Environmental Sciences, Laboratoire d'Enseignem, Dakar, Senegal. An integrated analysis has been made using land use maps, local topography using DTM (SRTM) and field surveys to show factors and implications of flooding in the outskirts of Dakar called Yeumbeul. Physical and human driving factors are integrated in the analysis. The impacts on environment and health are analyzed against policy for flood aftermath and beyond with the so-called plan for flood prevention. 6. A Office for Reduction Perspective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing issues related to land governance, disaster management, and urban management, suggesting that proper decision-making and oversight are crucial. It highlights the importance of governance structures, decision implementation, and conflict management, indicating that smart cities require human involvement in governance and oversight rather than being able to operate autonomously.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 24733 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordFebruary 7, 2017 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 1,562 views 215 downloads 19 4733. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 6 figures, 4 videos and 1 additional file 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Loss-of-function mutation in erg-28 suppresses phenotypic defects of slo-1 gain-of-function mutant. (A) Mutation in erg-28 suppresses sluggish locomotion of slo-1(ky399gf) mutant. Average speed of animals with indicated genotypes on NGM agar plates without food. slo-1(gf) and erg-28 alleles are ky399 and cim16, respectively. +muscle #1, #2, #3: three independent lines of erg-28 slo-1(gf);cimEx[myo-3p::gfp::erg-28, ttx-3p::mRFP]. +neuron#1, #2: two independent transgenic lines of erg-28 slo-1(gf);cimEx[H20p::gfp::erg-28, ttx-3p::mRFP]. Error bars represent S. E. M. (standard error of the mean). n = 10. One way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. P values are presented in comparison to slo-1(gf). (B) ERG-28 is predicted to be an endoplasmic reticulum resident protein with four transmembrane domains and retrieval COPI binding motif. Mutation sites of cim16, tm6168, and gk697770 alleles are indicated. (C) Suppression of egg laying defects of slo-1(ky399gf) mutant by erg-28(cim16) mutation. Number of eggs retained in the animals. Error bars represent S. E. M. n = 10. ****p<0. 0001, one way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about CRISPR technology or its capability for precise editing of genomic sequences. Instead, it discusses specific genetic mutations and their effects in a different context, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: AbstractAlthough the debate about coral reef decline focuses on global disturbances (e. g. , increasing temperatures and acidification), local stressors (nutrient runoff and overfishing) continue to affect reef health and resilience. The effectiveness of foraminiferal and hard-coral assemblages as indicators of changes in water quality was assessed on 27 inshore reefs along the Reef. Environmental variables (i. e. , several water quality and sediment parameters) and the composition of both benthic foraminiferal and hard-coral assemblages differed significantly between four regions (Whitsunday, Burdekin, Fitzroy, and the Wet Tropics). Grain size and organic carbon and nitrogen content of sediments, and a composite water column parameter (based on turbidity and concentrations of particulate matter) explained a significant amount of variation in the data (tested by redundancy analyses) in both assemblages. Heterotrophic species of foraminifera were dominant in sediments with high organic content and in localities with low light availability, whereas symbiont-bearing mixotrophic species were dominant elsewhere. A similar suite of parameters explained 89% of the variation in the FORAM index (a Caribbean coral reef health indicator) and 61% in foraminiferal species richness. Coral richness was not related to environmental setting. Coral assemblages varied in response to environmental variables, but were strongly shaped by acute disturbances (e. g. , cyclones, Acanthaster planci outbreaks, and bleaching), thus different coral assemblages may be found at sites with the same environmental conditions. Disturbances also affect foraminiferal assemblages, but they appeared to recover more rapidly than corals. Foraminiferal assemblages are effective bioindicators of turbidity/light regimes and organic enrichment of sediments on coral reefs. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionCoral reefs are currently a focus of public and scientific debate because of their vulnerability to global disturbances such as rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification (e. g. , Fabricius et al. 2007; Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007). In addition to climate change, regional and local anthropogenic impacts such as overfishing and eutrophication continue to affect coral reefs and are likely to interact with global stressors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that coral reefs are a focus of debate due to their vulnerability to 'global disturbances such as rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification.' This indicates that changes in water temperature and acidity are indeed critical factors affecting coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: , 2017), the systems that are not single-purpose still require human intervention to load and unload individual flies. Some researchers have used flies' natural tendency to climb up (negative gravitaxis) to isolate individuals for behavioral analysis (von Reyn et al. , 2014), imaging (Medici et al. , 2015), or microsurgery (Savall et al. , 2015). But dependence on this particular behavior fundamentally caps throughput, inadvertently selects for a subset of a population, and limits eligible genotypes. An alternative approach, actively conveying flies with airflow (MacMillan and Hughson, 2014) permits moving animals on demand, and opens the door for increased throughput. The dearth of instruments for automating Drosophila experiments is representative of the situation for many other lab organisms, such as yeast and C. elegans, where there is no standard platform for automated handling of the organisms themselves. Here, we present an automated platform that is high-throughput and flexible enough to assist in conducting diverse experimental protocols in Drosophila and other species. Due to its modular design, the system can automate diverse assays in a wide variety of organisms (including yeast, C. elegans, the slime mold Physarum polycephalum, and the bumblebee Bombus impatiens, an assortment chosen to demonstrate the platform’s versatility). For fruit flies, where we developed significant capabilities, this instrument can conduct numerous protocols, including loading of individual fruit flies for circadian rhythm (Pfeiffenberger et al. , 2010; Geissmann et al. , 2017) experiments, or aiding with lab chores like collecting virgin female flies for genetic crosses or passaging individual flies in controlled culture conditions for longevity assays. The physical platform of this instrument integrates animal husbandry and phenotyping, permitting end-to-end experimental protocols. Its low cost (~$3,500), programmability, and scalability permit large-scale experiments that take advantage of the many benefits lab model organisms offer, such as huge fly genetic libraries containing thousands of lines (Jenett et al. , 2012; Thibault et al. , 2004). After demonstrating MAPLE’s breadth of utility across species, we highlight the depth of its capabilities with two particularly time- and manual labor-intensive fruit fly tasks: rapidly collecting virgin females, and large-scale longitudinal measurement of fly social networks and behavior. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the systems discussed require human intervention for certain tasks, such as loading and unloading individual flies, indicating that complete automation without oversight is not feasible. It discusses the dependence on manual handling and the absence of fully automated systems for various lab organisms, illustrating a need for human involvement that stands against the claim of fully autonomous operation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: (D) Suppression of defective asymmetric str-2 gene expression in slo-1(ky399gf) mutant by erg-28(gk697770). Mutants used in this experiment: erg-28(gk697770), slo-1(ky399), unc-36(e251), and unc-43(n498n1186). (Figure 1—source data 1: This file contains raw measurement data and statistical analysis summary for Figure 1A, C and D). Figure 1—source data 1 erg-28 mutation suppresses phenotipic defects of slo-1(gf) mutant. Raw data and statistics for the speed measurement (A) and egg laying assay (C). Download elife-24733-fig1-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Identification of cim16 mutation in erg-28 gene. (A) Genetic mapping and fosmid rescue were used to identify the genetic lesion of cim16. Genetic mapping was performed using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present between Bristol N2 and Hawaiian CB4856 strains. The erg-28 gene is a part of an operon with an upstream gene C14C10. 5. (B) Alignment of the predicted erg-28 coding sequence with the human homolog C14orf1. Alignment was performed using Jalview with color scheme ( (Waterhouse et al. , 2009). The predicted transmembrane domains (TM1~TM4) are boxed. The predicted ER retention/retrieval sequence motif (KKXX-COOH) is conserved in C. elegans and humans. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Both gk697770 and tm6168 alleles of erg-28 suppress the sluggish movement of slo-1(ky399) gain-of-function mutant. Speed measurement was performed as in Figure 1A. Error bars represent S. E. M. (standard error of the mean). n = 10. One way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. Figure 1—figure supplement 2—source data 1 Two other alleles of erg-28 suppress the locomotory defect of slo-1(gf) mutant. Raw data and statistics for the speed measurement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about CRISPR technology and its ability to edit genomic sequences. The focus of the text is on gene expression suppression and genetic mapping in specific mutant strains, without mention of CRISPR or precise editing techniques.