Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: A similar pattern is found for the final frequency of neutral mutants (s=0), which is largest at intermediate ρ. Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset A simple lattice model reproduces strong impact of environmental heterogeneity on evolutionary dynamics. (a,b) The mutant frequency fMT as a function of the selective advantage s of the mutants always increases with s to a degree that depends on the density ρ and the transparency k of the disorder sites. (c,d) Parametrizing the mutant frequency for various values of k and ρ heuristically with fMT=f0ekss (panel a, inset), we fit the neutral diversity f0 (shown in panel d) and the selection efficacy ks (panel c). The selection efficacy ks serves as an inverse selection scale, describing the dependence of fMT on s. (e) A scatter plot of the fit parameters f0 and ks for all values of k and ρ reveals that they are effectively not independent parameters, but that f0 entirely determines ks and vice-versa (for a given population size N and mutation rate μ; here, N=105 and μ=0. 0005). The dashed line represents the expect neutral diversity for a circular colony, where f0=μR, with R=N/π the colony radius (Fusco et al. , 2016). (f) Rescaling all curves by fitted values of ks and f0, all points fall close to a master curve given by ekss (dashed line), motivating the parametrization introduced in (a). Figure 5—source data 1 Source data for Figure 5. ks_values. csv. Source data for panel c (fit parameter ks for various parameter values ρ and k). f0 values. csv Source data for panel d (fit parameter f0 for various parameter values ρ and k). rescaled fMT data. xlsx Source data for panel f (rescaled fMT for various parameter values ρ and k). Download elife-44359-fig5-data1-v2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the behavior and impact of genetic mutations—specifically, it details how mutant frequency increases with selective advantage, suggesting that mutations can lead to evolutionary changes that provide benefits. The mention of how the model reproduces evolutionary dynamics implies that mutations are pivotal for adaptation, which supports the notion that they are a natural and beneficial part of evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution for reducing meat-related emissions. [SEP] Text: Researchers are hoping that relatively unprocessed sources like plant or yeast extract can eventually provide most of the nutrients and vitamins they need, and that they can find a cheaper way to produce the growth factors. As a step in that direction, Dutch researchers have developed a growth medium using no serum — just off-the-shelf chemicals — to which they add more than a dozen growth factors and other nutrients. Their new medium allowed cow muscle cells to grow almost as well as on calf serum, they reported recently. Scaling up from research-sized cultures to big commercial operations — an essential step to keeping costs down — may also present problems. The larger the bioreactor, the more difficult it is to ensure that waste products like ammonia are removed, says Martin, a chemical engineer who directs the Lab at the University of California, Berkeley. Even merely stirring extremely large bioreactors can subject the cells to damaging shear forces, he notes. The nutrient-supply problem gets even tougher for whole-muscle meats such as steaks or whole chicken breasts. In the animal, such thick slabs of muscle have networks of blood vessels snaking through them, so that every muscle cell is close to a blood supply. Many researchers in the field think replicating that 3D structure in culture poses serious challenges that have yet to be overcome. “I don’t think we are close to growing a steak, and I don’t see it in the next 10 or 15 years,” says San Martin. Still, proponents remain optimistic that those problems will be settled soon. “Technologically, we’re not concerned,” says Schulze. “With enough time and scientific ingenuity, somebody, somewhere, will find a way to make this work. The cost is the main issue for everyone. ”But cost remains a big stumbling block. The first lab-grown burger patty, produced by a Dutch team in 2013, cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000). And while costs have fallen since then, they remain much higher than for conventional meat. In a study that has not yet been peer-reviewed, Block and his colleagues estimated that producing a ground-beef product in a 42,000-liter bioreactor — almost twice as big as the largest in use today for mammalian cells — would cost about $13. 80 per pound. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of lab-grown meat development, including high production costs and technical difficulties in replicating the complex structures of whole-muscle meats. For example, the text notes that 'scaling up from research-sized cultures to big commercial operations' presents significant challenges such as ensuring waste removal and managing shear forces. Additionally, it highlights that many researchers are skeptical about the feasibility of growing complex cuts of meat like steaks within the next 10 or 15 years, which undermines the assertion that lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Calabi Limentani, Epigrafia latina³, Mailand 1974. A. Cameron, Porphyrius the charioteer, Oxford 1973. A. Chaniotis, Second thoughts on second names in Aphrodisias, in: E. Parker (ed. ), Personal names in ancient Anatolia, Oxford 2013, 207-229. H. Chantraine, Freigelassene und Sklaven im Dienst der römischen Kaiser. Studien zu ihrer Nomenklatur, Wiesbaden 1967. J. Christes, Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im antiken Rom, Wiesbaden 1979. G. Cultrera, Fiano Romano, NSc 1915, 158-165. L. R. Dean, A study of the cognomina of soldiers in the Roman legions, Princeton 1916. W. Decker, Beinamen antiker Athleten, in: P. Mauritsch u. a. (edd. ), für Ingomar Weiler, Wiesbaden 2008, 161-173. S. Deyts u. a. , Musée Archéologique de Dijon, Dijon 1995. S. Kansteiner u. a. (edd. ), Overbeck. Die antiken Schriftquellen zu den Bildenden Künsten der Griechen I-V, Berlin-Boston 2014. M. Donderer, Die antiken Pavimenttypen und ihre Benennungen, JdI 102, 1987, 365-377. M. Donderer, Nicht Praxiteles, sondern Pasiteles. Eine signierte Statuenstütze in Verona, ZPE 73, 1988, 63-68. M. Donderer, der Antike und ihre wirtschaftliche und soziale Stellung, Erlangen 1989. M. Donderer, Merkwürdigkeiten im Umgang mit griechischer und lateinischer Schrift in der Antike, Gymnasium 102, 1995, 97-122. M. Donderer, der späten römischen Republik und der Kaiserzeit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists several scholarly works and authors related to ancient civilizations and their studies, but it does not directly address the claim regarding the existence of detailed written records from every ancient civilization. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Since mutations occur only within the growing population at the front, the properties of the front dictate the evolutionary dynamics, including the strength of selection and the size of individual clones. Local pinning impacts the dynamics at the front by reducing the expansion speed of some parts of the population, leading to an effective reduction in the number of expansion paths that can actively contribute successful mutations. Thus, most individuals and their clones will get stuck in dead-ends, and only a few lucky individuals will be able to find the paths along unpinned front positions and be able to establish a large clone. Once established, though, the size of a mutant clone is roughly independent of its fitness because it is constrained by the network of obstacles. Thus, the evolutionary success of a mutation, that is whether a sector can form or not, and how large a mutant clone can get, depends entirely on where it arises and not at all on its fitness. In this sense, locally pinned expansions bear little resemblance to unconstrained radial expansions (see Figure 7). Rather, expansions along each available path more closely correspond to linear expansions, for example along a coastline, where mutations spread deterministically after local establishment (Fisher, 1937). Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Cartoon of how environmental heterogeneity shapes evolutionary dynamics during range expansions. In homogeneous environments (a), a locally established beneficial mutation (orange star), having survived genetic drift, can expand freely (arrows). By contrast, in heterogeneous environments (b), a beneficial mutation can become trapped in pinned stretches of the population, whereas expansion along open paths resembles a one-dimensional expansion. While we have focused here on microbial populations, we expect these results to hold more generally. This is one of the conclusions of our deliberately minimal model, which showed that simple uncorrelated heterogeneities are enough to create a strong impact on the population genetics and morphology of the range expansions. These effects persist even when the heterogeneity does not present as impassable obstacles but merely slows down growth. This is because the properties of the front dictate the evolutionary dynamics, since mutations occur only within the growing population at the front, such that a slowdown have comparable effects on the evolutionary dynamics as a complete halt. Since our model does not include any particular biological details, its results may apply generally in systems with front-limited growth and environmental heterogeneity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how mutations influence evolutionary dynamics and can lead to the establishment of beneficial mutations in both homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. It emphasizes that mutations are an integral part of the population dynamics, stating that once a beneficial mutation is established, it can expand freely, which directly supports the idea that genetic mutations can be beneficial in the evolutionary process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution for reducing meat-related emissions. [SEP] Text: To bring the cost down under $6 per pound, only a little pricier than conventional ground beef, would require a much larger, 260,000-liter bioreactor. The first meat from cultured cells was produced in 2013 by (pictured) and his colleagues at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands. The patty shown here (raw on left, cooked on right) cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000 at 2013 exchange rates). Costs have come down since then, but cellular meat is still more expensive than conventional meat. : cultured meat may not have to match the price of ground beef or chicken to be commercially viable. Some consumers will probably pay higher prices to avoid the ethical and environmental costs of conventional meat, just as they do today for plant-based meat substitutes like Impossible and Beyond Meat. And some conventional products such as caviar, foie gras or bluefin tuna are so expensive that cultured versions could probably be cost-competitive pretty soon, says Swartz. That would give manufacturers a way to bring in some profits even as they work to bring costs down further. Another intermediate step could be to use cultured meats to enhance the flavor of plant-based products, as is doing now with the part-cultured-meat, part-plant-based meat patties they sell in Singapore. Manufacturers could also add cultured animal fat cells to give a meatier flavor to a plant-based product. “You only need maybe 5 percent animal fat to achieve that,” says Swartz. Such hybrid products, he thinks, are likely to be the dominant role for cellular meat in the next decade. Similar first steps could help cultured-milk companies generate revenue before they can match cow’s milk in price. Breast milk offers enough advantages over infant formula, says Swartz, that many consumers are likely to pay high prices for cultured human milk from BioMilq and other companies. “There are a variety of proteins and fatty acids and sugars that are simply not there if you don’t have breast milk,” says Nurit Argov-Argaman, a lactation physiologist at the of Jerusalem. Argov-Argaman is also chief scientist at Wilk, an Israeli company that is culturing human breast cells to extract high-value components such as fatty acids and lactoferrin, a protein essential to iron uptake, to enrich infant formula. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the cost and economic viability of lab-grown meat compared to conventional meat. It suggests that while lab-grown meat can be commercially viable, it does not need to be the 'only' solution, as consumers may pay more for various meat alternatives, including hybrid products. Additionally, it mentions the potential for cultured meat to enhance plant-based products rather than being the sole sustainable option.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Epigraphische Zeugnisse, Erlangen 1996. M. Donderer, für Agone in den Bildenden Künsten, in: F. Blakolmer u. a. (edd. ), Fremde Zeiten, Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt, Wien 1996, I 329-338. M. Donderer, Mosaikemblemata. und schwunghafter Gebrauchtwarenhandel, BAParis 28, 2001, 101-132. M. Donderer, - wo man sie nicht erwarten würde, ÖJh 73, 2004, 81-96. M. Donderer, Rez. zu Andreae 2007/2012, Gnomon 79, 2007, 164-170. M. Donderer, der Antike II. Epigraphische Quellen. Neufunde und Nachträge, Erlangen 2008. M. Donderer, Nicht immer wörtlich zu verstehen. mit griechischen betrieben, BABesch 86, 2011, 185-207. H. Dragendorff, Firmenstempel und Künstlersignatur auf arretinischen Reliefgefäßen, in: H. von Petrikovits (ed. ), Festschrift für August Oxé zum 75. Gebutstag, Darmstadt 1938, 1-8. F. Drexel, Über den häufigen Gebrauch berühmter Künstlernamen, in: L. Friedländer – G. Wissowa (edd. ), Darstellungen aus der IV, 10. Auflage, Leipzig 1921, 197-202. S. Düll, Die Götterkulte Nordmakedoniens in römischer Zeit, München 1977. K. M. D. Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman world, Cambridge 1999. F. Duthoy, Sculpteurs et commanditaires aux IIe siècle après J. -C. Rome et Tivoli, Rom 2012. Enciclopedia dell’Classica e ff. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ancient civilizations leaving behind written records. Instead, it lists various academic works and references related to ancient studies without discussing any specific ancient civilization or their records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Thus, we would expect a reduced selection efficacy to generalize to other dense cellular populations in disordered environments, such as tumors and biofilms, but also to macroscopic range expansions of invasive species (With, 2002). When a population undergoes a range expansion, it will arguably not experience a completely homogeneous environments: at the very least, some areas will be more hospitable than others, but other parts of the environment may also be entirely inaccessible to the population because of, for example rivers and lakes, a strong local competitor or predator, or lack of resources. Environmental heterogeneity is thus arguably the rule rather than the exception. Despite its simplicity, our minimal model reproduces many experimental findings qualitatively, such as a rougher colony morphology and a reduced efficacy of selection in the presence of environmental heterogeneity (in experiments, by a factor of 2. 5 - 4 depending on fitting strategy). However, the model cannot quantitatively account for all our experimental results. For instance, the model predicts that the frequency of neutral and deleterious mutants should be greater in heterogeneous than in homogeneous environments (Figure 5d). By contrast, in our experiments, we find only about half as many neutral mutants in rough colonies as in smooth colonies and comparable mutant frequencies for deleterious mutations (Figure 2d). A potential reason for this discrepancy may be that the random pattern imposed in our experiments is not correlation-free as in the simulations (Figure 1—figure supplement 3), which may impact the dynamics of mutant clones as follows. A beneficial mutation has to overcome genetic drift, and to do so, it must grow to a lateral size large enough for selection to take over (Gralka et al. , 2016b). However, if the characteristic length scale of the environmental heterogeneity is smaller than this 'establishment size’, then the evolutionary dynamics is effectively neutral. On the other hand, a deleterious mutation born on a ridge or in a trough never grows to large enough size to 'see’ the disorder in the first place and thus its dynamics are largely unaffected by the environmental heterogeneity. In the simulations, however, the heterogeneity can be felt on all length scales, such that it affects mutant clones of all sizes the same way. We expect environmental heterogeneity to impact not only the fate of beneficial mutations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of beneficial mutations in evolutionary dynamics, stating that 'a beneficial mutation has to overcome genetic drift, and to do so, it must grow to a lateral size large enough for selection to take over.' This indicates that beneficial mutations are indeed part of evolutionary processes, supporting the assertion that genetic mutations can be advantageous.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi × on 2024, Volume: 71 Issue: 4, 511 - 522 Şükrü Orkan Yılmaz Aral Güzin İplikçioğlu Aral present cultured meat as a viable alternative to traditional animal-based meat production to meet the increasing demands of the growing population. This review aims to compare this subject across various dimensions, such as resource requirements, nutritional aspects, cost structure, consumer acceptance, and market trends, by focusing on recent publications. Cultured meat can be produced by applying existing cell culture practices and bio-manufacturing methods to produce tissue or dietary proteins suitable for human consumption. Studies have shown that cultured meat has some advantages over conventional meat in issues such as the environment and animal meat-related diseases. Cultured meat is a promising but early-stage technology with significant technical challenges in terms of production costs and optimized methodology. Cultured meat cannot completely achieve the texture, taste, and nutritional values of conventional meat. Religious beliefs, price, ethical values, and regional factors are important considerations in consumers' perceptions of cultured meat. Currently, the level of research conducted on aspects such as consumer acceptance, cost, texture, taste, and other characteristics closely resembling conventional meat will directly influence its entry into the market, its success in the market, and its acceptance by consumers. There is a need for further research and analysis with the joint participation of academic and sectoral stakeholders to address all technical, social, and economic dimensions. meat, conventional meat, meat industry, meat production 75. Akın (2023): Determining the variables affecting the prices of animal products by the network analysis in Türkiye. Derg, 70 (4), 359-366. (2019): Lab-grown meat and veganism: a virtue-oriented perspective. J J Ethics, 32, 127-141. Anil K, (2021): Market by Type (Red Meat, Poultry and Seafood), (Household and Food Services: Analysis and 2022-2030. (22, 2023) (2017): Explicit and implicit attitude toward an emerging food technology: The case of cultured meat. Appetite, 108, 245-254. Ben-Arye T, (2019): Tissue engineering for clean meat production. Food Syst, 3, 46. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that cultured meat is still in an early stage of technology with significant technical challenges and that consumer acceptance is influenced by various factors including religious beliefs, ethical values, and regional considerations. This suggests that cultured meat is not universally accepted and faces barriers to acceptance across different cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: , Rom 1958 ff. P. E. Easterling, Actor as icon, in: P. E. Easterling – E. Hall (edd. ), Greek and Roman actors. Aspects of an ancient profession, Cambridge 2002, 327-341. K. T. Erim – J. Reynolds, Sculptors of Aphrodisias in the inscriptions of the city, in: N. Başgelen – M. Lugal (edd. ), Festschrift für Jale Inan, Istanbul 1989, 517-538. K. T. Erim – C. M. Rouché, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. J. Fejfer, Roman portraits in context, Berlin-2008. K. Fittschen, Über den Beitrag der Bildhauer in Athen zur Kunstproduktion im römischen Reich, in: St. Blizos (ed. ), Athens during the Roman period. Recent discoveries, new evidence, Athen 2008, 325-335. L. Friedländer, Dissertationis de nominibus clarorum artificum frequentatis pars I-II, Königsberg 1859. M. Fuchs, In hoc etiam genere Graeciae nihil cedamus. Studien zur Romanisierung der späthellenistischen Kunst im 1. Jh. v. Chr. , Mainz 1999. B. und H. Galsterer, Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen, in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. des öffentlichen Raumes, 1990, Köln 1992, 377-389. A. Garcia y Bellido, Esculturas romanas de España y Portugal, Madrid 1949. Chr. Gill – T. P. Wiseman (edd. ), Lies and fiction in the ancient world, Exeter 1993. A. Giuliano, Iscrizioni romane di pittori, ArchCl 5, 1953, 263-270. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the existence or absence of written records from ancient civilizations. It lists various scholarly works and authors related to ancient art and inscriptions but does not corroborate or contrast the specific claim about detailed written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: pB10 is a 65 kB plasmid isolated from sewage sludge that confers resistance to several antibiotic resistance including tetracyclines and has an inserted RFP gene. Hence, cells containing pB10 ('wild type’) are red fluorescent and resistant to tetracycline. The plasmid is lost sporadically (et al. , 2007), and the resulting cells ('mutants’) are non-fluorescent and susceptible to tetracycline, but display a higher growth rate in the absence of antibiotics (characterized below). We refer to the loss of the plasmid as a 'mutation’ of known fitness effect and occurrence rate, both of which we characterize below. All experiments were performed in LB at 37 °C in a humidified environment. For solid media, 2% agar was added before autoclaving. Varying concentrations of doxycycline, a tetracycline that displays higher stability in agar plates than tetracycline itself, were added to freshly autoclaved media after cooling to about 60 °C and poured immediately. Plates were dried in the dark for at least 24 hr before use. Fitness measurements Request a detailed protocol We measured the fitness difference s between wild type and mutant cells using the colliding colonies assay (Korolev et al. , 2012; Gralka et al. , 2016b). Briefly, a mutant clone was first isolated and then grown independently of the wild type overnight. In the wild type, the plasmid was maintained by adding 10 μg/ml doxycycline to the overnight culture. After growth overnight, cultures were diluted 1:10, grown for about 1. 5 hr, and then washed twice in PBS to remove residual doxycycline. 1 μl droplet of each strain were spotted on agar plates about 2 mm apart. After drying, colonies were grown for 3 days and then imaged under the a v16 microscope. The resulting images were used to estimate fitness differences by fitting a circle onto the mutant-wild type interface. The results are shown in Figure 2—figure supplement 1: without doxycyline, mutants have a 20–25% advantage over the wild type. Both strains have equal growth rate around ≈0. 35 μg/ml, and the mutants grow more slowly than the wild type at higher concentration of doxycycline. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing how the loss of the pB10 plasmid, which is characterized as a 'mutation,' results in cells that are non-fluorescent and susceptible to tetracycline but have a higher growth rate in the absence of antibiotics. This indicates that such mutations can confer advantages in specific environments, corroborating the idea that genetic mutations can be beneficial within the context of natural selection and evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: S, (2016): Meat: The balance between nutrition and health. A review. Meat Sci, 120, 145-156. (2021): 2021-2041: Technologies, Markets, Forecasts: a Technology and of the (starter. ), and Market Forecasts. IDTechEx Research. (13, 2023) (2019): Environmental effects of the livestock industry: The relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among students in israel. 16, 1359. (2012): Water use by livestock: a global perspective for a regional issue? Anim Front, 2, 9-16. Dupont J, (2020): Attitudes and acceptance of young people toward the consumption of insects and cultured meat in Germany. Prefer, 85, 103983. (2020): Infectious diseases and meat production. Econ, 76, 1019-1044. (2017): Archive:Farmers in the EU - statistics. (5, 2023) (2013): Building a $325,000 Burger. York Times. (20, 2023) (2020): Sensorial and nutritional aspects of cultured meat in comparison to traditional meat: much to be inferred. Front Nutr, 7, 35. (2020): GAO-20-325 Report (to Prepare for Oversight of Cell-Cultured Meat, Issue. (30, 2023) (2022): How much will large-scale production of cell-cultured meat cost? J Res, 10, 100358. (2019): Market in India: Structure and Costs. India Briefing. (12, 2023) González A, (2019): The $280,000 lab-grown burger could be a more palatable $10 in two years. (2022): of Exposure to Reforms on Opposition: A Randomized Experiment. Anthrozoös, 35, 773-788. (2015): Educated consumers don't believe artificial meat is the solution to the problems with the meat industry. J Integ Agric, 14, 273-284. Hocquette J-F (2016): Is in vitro meat the solution for the future? Meat Sci, 120, 167-176. (2007): Water footprints of nations: water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Manage, 21, 35-48. Hopkins PD, (2008): Vegetarian meat: Could technology save animals and satisfy meat eaters? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning that 'educated consumers don't believe artificial meat is the solution to the problems with the meat industry,' indicating skepticism about acceptance of artificial meat, suggesting it is not universally embraced across all cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Gummerus, Darstellungen aus dem Handwerk auf römischen Grab- und Votivsteinen in Italien, JdI 28, 1913, 63-126. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 14, 1915, 129-189. H. Gummerus, Industrie und Handel, RE IX, 1916, 1381-1535. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 15, 1918, 256-302. H. Gummerus, Cognomen und Beruf, in: Commentationes philologicae in honorem I. A. Heikel, Helsinki 1926, 48-74. H. Gummerus, Der Ärztestand um römischen Reich nach den Inschriften, Helsinki 1932. G. Hafner, Sternstunden der Archäologie, Düsseldorf-Wien 1978. M. -Chr. Hellmann, Choix d’inscriptions architecturales grecques, Lyon 1999. N. Himmelmann, in der griechischen Kunst der archaischen und klassischen Zeit, Berlin 1994. G. Horsmann, der römischen Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart 1998. A. Hug, Spitznamen, in: 1929, 1821-1840. J. M. Hurwit, Artists and signatures in ancient Greece, 2015. P. Huttunen, The social strata in the imperial city of Rome, Oulou 1974. M. Junkelmann, mit dem Tod. So kämpften Roms Gladiatoren, Mainz 2000. J. Kaimio, and the Greek language, Helsinki 1979. I. Kajanto, A study of the Greek epitaphs of Rome, Helsinki 1963. I. Kajanto, Cognomina, Helsinki 1965. I. Kajanto, The significance of Non-Latin cognomina, Latomus 27, 1968, 517-534. I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various scholarly works, publications, and archaeological references without directly addressing the claim that every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: The following data sets were generated (2019) & Data for: Environmental heterogeneity can tip the population genetics of range expansions. 4104. PubMed 4502. PubMed 925. PubMed 10. 1017/CBO9780511599798 1151. PubMed 8005. 835. PubMed 6008. PubMed 656. PubMed 950. PubMed 1812. 09279 463. PubMed 2905. PubMed 239. 979. PubMed 351. PubMed 81. 10. 1098/rsif. 2017. 0073 PubMed 369. 2760. PubMed 10. 1101/332700 272. PubMed 898. PubMed 5011. PubMed 0400. 10. 1103/PhysRevLett. 109. 088101 PubMed 9930. PubMed 0780. PubMed 5003. PubMed 8104. PubMed 224. 892. PubMed 134. PubMed 0106. PubMed 216. PubMed 4554. PubMed 490. PubMed 1718. PubMed 552. PubMed 6008. PubMed 3013. 3035. 2808. PubMed 8102. PubMed 852. 467. PubMed 283. PubMed 4615. PubMed 13. 1042. PubMed 1488. 6003. PubMed 5982. PubMed 5947. PubMed 3153. PubMed 8312. PubMed 2343. PubMed 923. PubMed 1672. 1093. PubMed 2020. PubMed 300. PubMed 2985. PubMed 1080. 1203. 1767. PubMed 4359. Download BibTeX Download. RIS Share this 10. 7554/eLife. 44359 Categories and tags Research 3. 7-fold higher in S. laevis than in S. leprosula. This difference in the somatic mutation rate was scaled with the slower growth rate of S. laevis compared to S. leprosula, resulting in a constant somatic mutation rate per year between the two species. We also found that somatic mutations are neutral within an individual, but those mutations transmitted to the next generation are subject to purifying selection. These findings suggest that somatic mutations accumulate with absolute time and older trees have a greater contribution towards generating genetic variation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the accumulation of somatic mutations, which suggests that these mutations contribute to genetic variation. It states that while somatic mutations are neutral within an individual, the mutations passed to the next generation are subject to purifying selection, indicating a role in evolutionary processes. Thus, the text supports the idea that genetic mutations can be beneficial for evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: (2020): Considering plant-based meat substitutes and cell-based meats: a public health and food systems perspective. Food Syst, 4, 134. (2019): A comparative analysis of the attitudes of rural and urban consumers towards cultured meat. J, 121, 1782-1800. (2019): Extracellular heme proteins influence bovine myosatellite cell proliferation and the color of cell-based meat. Foods, 8, 521. (2022): Stem cells-derived in vitro meat: from petri dish to dinner plate. Nutr, 62, 2641-2654. (2018): If you build it, will they eat it? Consumer p437. (2020): An analysis of culture medium costs and production volumes for cultivated meat. Food Institute. 1-30. (2006): Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organization. (16, 2023). (2018): Bringing cultured meat to market: Technical, socio-political, and regulatory challenges in cellular agriculture. Sci Technol, 78, 155-166. -Albridge EL, et al (2020): Engineering carotenoid production in mammalian cells for nutritionally enhanced cell-cultured foods. Metabol Engine, 62, 126-137. (2022): Maillard reaction of food-derived peptides as a potential route to generate meat flavor compounds: A review. Int, 151, 110823. (2018): Nanomedicine in cancer stem cell therapy: from fringe to forefront. Res, 374, 427-438. Tarcan B, Küplülü Ö (2024): of chicken meat ratios in by Reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy. Derg, 71 (3), 311-319. Tubb C, (2021): Rethinking food and agriculture 2020-2030: the second domestication of plants and animals, the disruption of the cow, and the collapse of industrial livestock farming. Indust Biotechnol, 17, 57-72. Tucker CA (2014): The significance of sensory appeal for reduced meat consumption. Appetite, 81, 168-179. Tuomisto HL, Teixeira de Mattos MJ (2011): Environmental impacts of cultured meat production. Technol, 45, 6117-6123. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses various studies and analyses regarding attitudes towards cultured and plant-based meat substitutes, indicating that acceptance may vary rather than being universal across cultures. Specifically, the mention of comparative analyses suggests differing perceptions and cultural implications surrounding the acceptance of artificial meat.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Kajanto, Minderheiten und ihre Sprachen in der Hauptstadt Rom, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 83-102. F. Kiechle, Sklavenarbeit und technischer Fortschritt im römischen Reich, Wiesbaden 1969. R. Vollkommer (ed. ), Künstlerlexikon der Antike I. II, München-Leipzig 2001-2004. N. J. Koch, Techne und Erfindung in der klassischen Malerei. Eine terminologische Untersuchung, München 2000. J. Korpela, im antiken Rom, Helsinki 1987. D. Kreikenbom, Originale und Kopie. Signaturen an späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Skulpturen, in: N. Hegener (ed. ), Künstler-Signaturen von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Petersberg 2013, 60-75. E. Kroker, Gleichnamige griechische Künstler, Leipzig 1883. F. Kudlien, des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft. Freigeborene Römer, Eingebürgerte, Peregrine, Sklaven, Freigelassene als Ärzte, Stuttgart 1986. B. Kübler, Decurio, in: RE IV, 1901, 2319-2352. E. Künzl, Quod sine te factum est hoc magis archetypum est? (Martialis 8,34), AKorrBl 8, 1978, 311-317. G. Lahusen, Grabrelief des Alcamenes, in: P. C. Bol (ed. ), Forschungen zur Villa Albani. Katalog der Bildwerke I, Berlin 1989, 271-274. M. Lambertz, Die griechischen Sklavennamen, LVII. Jahresbericht über das k. k. Staatsgymnasium im VIII. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. It instead references various scholarly works and authors without engaging with the issue of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Two experimental approaches, ancestral sequence reconstruction and experimental evolution, can be used to recapitulate ancient adaptive pathways and provide insights into the mutational steps that constitute an organism’s genetic heritage. Ancestral sequence reconstruction follows a backwards-from-present-day strategy in which ancestral forms of a gene or protein are reconstructed and studied mechanistically. Experimental evolution, by contrast, follows a forward-from-present-day strategy in which microbial populations are evolved in the laboratory under defined conditions. describe a novel hybrid of these two methods, in which synthetic components constructed from inferred ancestral gene or protein sequences are placed into the genomes of modern organisms that are then experimentally evolved. Through this system, we aim to establish the comparative study of ancient phenotypes as a novel, statistically rigorous methodology with which to explore the impacts of biophysics and chance in evolution within the scope of the Extended Synthesis. (pages 264 - 276)This 12. Revisited: Chance and Contingency in the Ediacaran-Cambrian RadiationDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226401911. 003. 0012[Burgess Shale;Cambrian;Ediacaran;contingency;macroevolution]In his 1989 book Wonderful Life, Gould employed the fossils of the middle Shale to argue for a pervasive role of contingency in the history of life. wrote at the advent of an explosion of research in the Ediacaran-Cambrian diversification of animals, before ‘tree-thinking’ had made great inroads into the reconstruction of phylogeny, and with just the first glimmer of data on the remarkable conservation of developmental genes across major animal clades. More than twenty years on, not only have views of the fossils undergone considerable change, but the role of contingency has become more widely accepted among paleobiologists. Yet much of Gould’s argument that if one ‘played the tape again’ the outcome would differ is difficult to accept. In this contribution I review new views of the Ediacaran-Cambrian explosion relevant to the role of chance in evolution as an example of a larger tension between historicity and laws in evolution. (pages 277 - 298)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses experimental evolution and ancestral sequence reconstruction, which are methods meant to explore how genetic variations can reflect an organism's genetic heritage and evolutionary pathways. The mention of comparative studies of ancient phenotypes implies that genetic mutations and adaptations have played roles in evolutionary processes, supporting the notion that these mutations can be beneficial.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: Department of Economic and Pd (2022): World population prospects 2022: Summary of results (/POP/ 2022/TR/NO. 3). (5, 2023). (2019): First glimpse on attitudes of highly educated consumers towards cell-based meat and related issues in Brazil. PloS one, 14, e0221129. (2015): ‘Would you eat cultured meat? ’: Consumers' reactions and attitude formation in Belgium, Portugal and the United Kingdom. Meat Sci, 102, 49-58. (2015): Challenges and prospects for consumer acceptance of cultured meat. J Integ Agric, 14, 285-294. (2012): Application of nanotechnology as a tool in animal products processing and marketing: an overview. Food Technol, 7, 445-451. (2020): Consumer acceptance of cultured meat in Germany. Meat science, 162, 107924. Wilks M, Phillips CJ (2017): Attitudes to in vitro meat: A survey of potential consumers in the United States. PloS one, 12, e0171904. (2019): Testing potential psychological predictors of attitudes towards cultured meat. Appetite, 136, 137-145. (2009): Minding the stock : bringing public policy to bear on livestock sector development (English). Washington, D. C. (44010-GLB). (3, 2023) (2013): Novel aspects of health promoting compounds in meat. Meat Sci, 95, 904-911. (2003): Tissue engineering: The beat goes on. Nature, 421, 884-887. (2020): Challenges and possibilities for bio-manufacturing cultured meat. Sci Technol, 97, 443-450. Zidarič T, Milojević M, Vajda J, et al (2020): Cultured meat: meat industry hand in hand with biomedical production methods. Rev, 12, 498-519. Year 2024, Volume: 71 Issue: 4, 511 - 522 Şükrü Orkan Yılmaz Aral Güzin İplikçioğlu Aral Abstract 75. Akın (2023): Determining the variables affecting the prices of animal products by the network analysis in Türkiye. Derg, 70 (4), 359-366. (2019): Lab-grown meat and veganism: a virtue-oriented perspective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and surveys regarding consumer attitudes towards cultured meat in different countries, including Brazil, Belgium, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and Germany. This indicates that acceptance of artificial meat varies across cultures and that there are challenges regarding its acceptance rather than suggesting universal acceptance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: für das Schuljahr 1906/1907. K. Lapatin, Luxury arts, in: B. E. Borg (ed. ), A companion to Roman art, Chichester 2015, 321-343. M. Lejeune, Recueil des inscriptions gauloises I. Textes gallo-grecs, Paris 1985. H. Leppin, Histrionen. Untersuchungen zur sozialen Stellung von Bühnenkünstlern im Westen des Römischen Reiches zur Zeit der Republik und des Principats, Bonn 1992. W. Liebenam, und Organisation des römischen Vereinswesens, Leipzig 1890. W. Liebenam, Städteverwaltung im römischen Kaiserreiche, Leipzig 1900. W. Liebenam, Duumviri, in: RE V, 1905, 1798-1842. G. Lippold, Kopien und Umbildungen griechischer Statuen, München 1923. G. Lippold, Praxiteles 5, in: 1954, 1788-1808. J. Liu, Professional associations, in: P. Erdkamp (ed. ), companion to ancient Rome, Cambridge 2013, 352-368. E. Loewy, Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer, Leipzig 1885. R. Marichal, de la Graufesenque, Paris 1988. M. Mattern, Römische Steindenkmäler aus Hessen südlich des Mains sowie vom bayerischen Teil des 13, Mainz 2005. R. Merkelbach, Mithras, Königstein 1984. H. Mielsch, und Datierung der Knöchelspielerinnen des Alexandros, RM 86, 1979, 233-248. H. Mielsch, und die Kunstsammlung der Könige von Pergamon, AA 1995, 765-779. G. Mihailov, in Bulgaria repertae II/IV, Sofia 1966/1968. E. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead appears to list various academic references concerning ancient Roman art and inscriptions, without providing any specific information about the written records of ancient civilizations. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: In both cases, we could not reject a mean effect of zero (B: and F: ). Despite the large, beneficial effects for ID11 (4. 48 and 4. 11 doublings per hour for B and F, corresponding to selection coefficients of 0. 32 and 0. 29, respectively), these two mutations tended, on average, to have little or no effect on fitness in new genotypes (Figure 1 and Table 1), but exceptions should be noted. two-sample -tests and a Bonferroni correction for 16 tests, we found that none of the mutations was significantly deleterious at the 5% significance level, but four were significantly beneficial: B in WA6 and F in NC2, NC10, and WA6. These results are consistent with the presence of magnitude epistasis but fail to provide evidence for sign epistasis [18] for beneficial mutations. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Fitness effects across genotypes of the ssDNA bacteriophage growing on Escherichia coli. Error bars give standard errors. We cannot reject a mean effect of zero for addition of either mutation to each of the eight new genetic backgrounds. Bars with “*” above them indicate effects that are significantly different from zero after a Bonferroni correction. The deviations from the dashed lines correspond to the values of which measure the deviations from additivity. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Effects of beneficial mutations in new genotypes. contrast to our results, Sanjuán et al. [7] and Rokyta et al. [9] measured the effects of pairs of beneficial mutations and found sign epistasis to be common. In fact, in both studies, some pairs of mutations showed decompensatory epistasis such that double mutants were less fit than either of their constituent single mutants. Sign epistasis is also common in studies decomposing adaptive walks by constructing all of the possible intermediate genotypes between the ancestor and evolved strains [10]–[14]. In contrast, parallel substitutions in different genotypes adapting to the same selective conditions can be common [2], [4] (although exceptions exist [6]), a situation that explicitly requires a lack of sign epistasis in agreement with our results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of genetic mutations and explicitly stating that some of these mutations were significantly beneficial. It mentions that while some mutations had little or no effect on fitness, four were found to be significantly beneficial, indicating that genetic mutations can contribute positively to evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: Anthrozoös, 35, 773-788. (2015): Educated consumers don't believe artificial meat is the solution to the problems with the meat industry. J Integ Agric, 14, 273-284. Hocquette J-F (2016): Is in vitro meat the solution for the future? Meat Sci, 120, 167-176. (2007): Water footprints of nations: water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Manage, 21, 35-48. Hopkins PD, (2008): Vegetarian meat: Could technology save animals and satisfy meat eaters? J Ethics, 21, 579-596. (2021): A holistic approach to access the viability of cultured meat: A review. Sci Technol, 110, 700-710. (2020): Cultivated meat modeling consortium: Inaugural meeting whitepaper. Authorea Preprints. (2003): Tissue engineering skeletal muscle. 377-392. In: (Eds) Engineering. Springer, New York. (2018): Will lab-grown meat find its way to your table. YU Observer. (27, 2023) Kurrer C, (2018): What if all our meat were grown in a lab? Research Service. (12, 2023). (2015): Is the future of meat palatable? Perceptions of in vitro meat as evidenced by online news comments. Nutr, 18, 2457-2467. Liu J, Hocquette É, Ellies-Oury M-P, et al (2021): Chinese consumers’ attitudes and potential acceptance toward artificial meat. Foods, 10, 353. Lynch J, (2019): Climate impacts of cultured meat and beef cattle. Food Syst. 5. Mancini MC, (2019): Exploring consumers' attitude towards cultured meat in Italy. Meat Sci, 150, 101-110. (2015): Analogies, metaphors, and wondering about the future: Lay sense-making around synthetic meat. Sci, 24, 547-562. (2015): Anticipatory life cycle analysis of in vitro biomass cultivation for cultured meat production in the United States. Technol, 49, 11941-11949. (2019): Adipogenesis from bovine precursors. Myog: 111-125. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that educated consumers do not perceive artificial meat as a solution to the issues in the meat industry. This suggests a lack of universal acceptance, as attitudes toward artificial meat vary across different cultures and consumer groups.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Moormann, La bellezza dell’immondezza. Raffigurazioni di rifiuti nell’arte ellenistica e romana, in: Sordes urbis. La eliminación de residuos en la ciudad romana, Actas de la reunión, Roma 1996, Rom 2000, 75-94. L. Moretti, urbis Romae IV, Rom 1990. C. W. Müller, der Silberbecher von Hoby. frühgriechischer Literatur in der römischen Bildkunst der augusteischen Zeit, JdI 109, 1994, 321-352. R. Osborne, The art of signing in ancient Greece, Arethusa 43, 2, 2010, 231-251. A. Oxé, Zur aelteren Nomenklatur der römischen Sklaven, RhM N. F. 58, 1903, 107-140. A. Oxé – H. Comfort, Corpus vasorum Arretinorum. A catalogue of the signatures, shapes and chronology of Italian sigillata, Bonn 1968. R. Pagenstecher, Die calenische Reliefkeramik, Berlin 1909. D. Palombi, Un nuovo esemplare di ceramica «calena», ArchCl 44, 1992, 273-286. M. Paz de Hoz, Inscripciones griègas de España y Portugal, Madrid 2014. H. von Petrikovits, des römischen Handwerks, in: H. Jankuhn u. a. (edd. ), in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit I, AbhGöttingen 3. Folge 122, 1981, 63-132. H. Philipp, Tektonon Daidala. Der bildende Künstler und sein Werk im vorplatonischen Schrifttum, Berlin 1968. Ch. Picard, Dionysios de Colophon exportateur a Rimini (Italie). Terres cuites architecturales et «pocula» inscrits, RA 1965, I, 210-213. M. G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists mainly of citations and references to various academic works, largely related to ancient art and inscriptions. It does not address the claim directly, nor does it provide information about whether every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Sign epistasis may be most prominent in adapting populations in which the mutations involved have large beneficial effects potentially affecting the same or similar phenotypes or are compensatory for antagonistic pleiotropic effects of beneficial mutations. Genotypes that have diverged more extensively through drift or adaptation to different environments may be less likely to harbor strongly epistatic mutations for beneficial mutations under new selective conditions that potentially affect previously less-significant phenotypes. Epistasis for Even in the absence of sign epistasis, the nature of epistatic interactions can be further characterized by measurement of deviations from additivity for mutational effects. Because our fitness measure is a growth rate, if epistasis is not present, the two mutations should have the same additive effects across the eight new genotypes as for ID11. We can measure a deviation from additivity in a method similar to that of Rokyta et al. [9] by where and represents the eight new genotypes (Table 1). The wild-type (ID11) genotype is represented by subscript 1. Note that we deviate from the typical definition of in that refers to a genetic background rather than an individual mutation. We are therefore measuring epistasis between one mutation (B or F) and all of the mutations in the new genotype relative to the original ancestor. Although any of our genotypes could conceivably serve as the reference genotype in the calculations of our a priori knowledge that the mutations have large benefits for ID11 makes this genotype the only meaningful choice. We want to know whether or to what extent the benefits conferred on the ID11 genotype by these mutations are transferred to new genotypes. Because we are dealing with beneficial mutations, would indicate negative or antagonistic epistasis. Synergistic epistasis would give Figure 1 clearly shows a predominance of antagonistic epistasis because only a single mutant (WA6 with F) has a mean effect larger than the corresponding effect in the wild type, and all remaining cases have mean effects lower than that for the wild type. For the B mutation, For the F mutation, In both cases, the average deviation differs by more than three standard errors from zero. Epistasis is therefore antagonistic, a pattern that appears to be consistent for beneficial mutations [9], [13], [14]. Our results suggest more generality for this pattern than previous studies which only considered interactions between a small number of beneficial mutations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of genetic mutations, specifically beneficial mutations, in adaptation and evolution. It mentions 'mutations involved have large beneficial effects' and 'we are dealing with beneficial mutations,' which supports the idea that genetic mutations can contribute positively to evolution. Additionally, the text investigates the nature of epistatic interactions affecting these beneficial mutations, thus reinforcing the notion that such mutations play a crucial role in evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3423564/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published13 Jun, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted 8You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractMen tend to eat more meat than women, but it is not clear why. We tested three hypotheses in cross-cultural design (20,966 individuals in 23 countries across four continents): that gender differences are a) a function of biological differences in dietary needs and are thus universal, b) related to gender roles and thus weaker in countries with higher gender equality, or c) related to opportunities to express gender roles and thus stronger in countries with higher economic development. Across all countries, men tended to consume more meat than women. However, this difference increased significantly in countries with greater human development and gender equality. The paradoxical gender gap in meat consumption aligns with previous research that suggests greater differences in behavior across genders in contexts that are more developed and gender equal. We discuss implications for theories of culture and gender as well as practical implications for global meat reduction. Biological sciences/Psychology/Human behaviourEarth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciencesparadoxical gender effectgendermeat consumptionequalitycultureFiguresFigure 1Figure 2IntroductionMeat consumption represents one of the most significant threats to environmental sustainability, human health, and social justice worldwide [1-5]. Meat consumption is reliably higher among men than women in and European samples [6-9], but reasons for this difference remain unclear. Understanding this difference can shed light on how gender interacts with culture and may pave ways to reduce meat consumption and its negative impacts. We used data from 23 countries from four continents to test three competing hypotheses about gender differences in meat consumption. The first hypothesis is that gender differences in meat consumption are universal. Universalism is typically tied to arguments related to biological sex differences in dietary needs that operate independent of culture and context [10]. For instance, Fessler [11] argued that women experience hormonally-mediated immunosuppression during menstruation and pregnancy that leads them to avoid meat consumption. Other theorists have speculated about differential evolutionary pressures [12], such as a more complete profile of amino acids that promotes muscle and bone strength [13] and protects against injuries that may be more common in men given their greater tendency towards risk taking. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing cultural differences in meat consumption patterns influenced by factors such as gender roles and economic development. It highlights that while meat consumption is typically higher among men than women, the variations are correlated with country development levels and gender equality, suggesting that acceptance of dietary practices, including potentially artificial meat, is not uniform across cultures. This implies that artificial meat's acceptance is not a universally shared phenomenon.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Picozzi, Una collezione romana di antichità tra XVII e XVIII secolo. La raccolta Vitelleschi, BdA 78 Nr. 82, 69-82. L. Stefanelli, L’argento dei Romani, Rom 1991. H. Poeschel, Kunst und Künstler im antiken Urteil, München 1925. V. H. Poulsen, von Hoby, AntPl 8, 1968, 69-74. B. Poulsen, A signed mosaic from a Roman villa by lake Nemi, loc. S. Maria, in: St. Faust u. a. (edd. ), Antike, Architektur, Geschichte, Festschrift für Inge Nielsen, Aachen 2015, 167-179. G. Prachner, und Freigelassenen im arretinischen Sigillatagewerbe, Wiesbaden 1980. G. Prachner, Bemerkungen zu den ältesten römischen Sklaveninschriften, in: Migratio et commutatio. Studien zur alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, Thomas Pekáry zum 60. Geburtstag dargebracht, St. Katharinen 1989, 201-217. J. L. Ramírez Sádaba, La epigrafía griega hallada en la Península Ibérica, in: A. Martínez Fernández (ed. ), Estudios de epigrafía griega, 2009, 57-77. G. M. A. Richter, Three critical periods in ancient Italy, Oxford 1951. G. M. A. Richter, Ancient Italy. A study of the interrelations of its peoples as shown in their arts, 1955. G. M. A. Richter, Inscriptions on engraved gems of the Roman period and some modern or problematical representations, ArchCl 25/26, 1973/74, 631-638. L. Robert, Pantomimen im griechischen Orient, Hermes 65, 1930, 106-122. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various scholarly references and works related to ancient Roman antiquities but does not address whether every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: We show that, when strongly beneficial mutations are considered, this pattern also holds for the interactions between one beneficial mutation and the many mutations separating naturally diverged genotypes. Note that the values of would obviously change if measured with respect to different reference genotypes (Table 2), but we only know that the B and F mutations are large-effect beneficial mutations for ID11. The other ancestral genotypes might have yielded entirely different sets of beneficial mutations under the same selective pressures or, even if the B and F mutations were beneficial, their effects might have been small relative to other accessible beneficial mutations. Nonetheless, for the four cases for which mutations were significantly beneficial in backgrounds other than ID11 (B in WA6 and F in NC2, NC10, and WA6), we found that for the mutation assuming the corresponding ancestor as reference (Table 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Deviations from additivity assuming different reference genotypes. number of factors could contribute to the deviations from additivity for the B and F mutations. Most obviously, we expect that the effects of the mutations should be more similar to the effects in ID11 for genotypes that are more closely related to ID11 [6]. The location of isolation, being a proxy for similarity of historical selective pressures, might have led to distinct phenotypic properties among the isolates that could contribute. Bull et al. [19] noted that, for the related phage X174, the magnitude of the beneficial effect of a mutation could be negatively correlated with the fitness of the genotype into which it is added. We might therefore expect the mutations to have larger effects (and therefore be closer to additive) in genotypes with lower initial fitnesses. Finally, idiosyncratic properties of the mutations themselves could contribute, if, for example, one mutation exhibited stronger epistatic interactions than the other. We tested for these effects using an analysis in R [20]. We used as our response variable and included mutation identity (B or F) and isolation location (ID, NC, or WA) as categorical explanatory variables. Percent genetic divergence from ID11 (Table 1) and the initial (i. e. , ancestral) fitness of the genotypes were included as continuous explanatory variables. In the full model, the only significant explanatory variable was initial fitness ( for all other variables); the mininum adequate model, including only initial fitness, gives and (Figure 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of beneficial mutations, specifically stating that 'when strongly beneficial mutations are considered,' there is a pattern of interaction among mutations that result in those beneficial effects. It emphasizes that mutations can have significant benefits under different selective pressures, thus supporting the idea that genetic mutations, as part of evolution, can indeed be advantageous.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: Similarly, evolved social norms in which men tend to be rewarded for being good hunters [14] could have contributed to its being more valued, both in terms of taste and social status, among men [15]. However, cultural and economic dynamics have played an important role in meat consumption throughout history [16]. In many cultures, meat consumption is linked to masculinity and masculine identity [9, 17-19]. There is evidence that vegetarian men are viewed as less attractive than omnivorous men in some cultures [20]. Moreover, age differences between men and women in heterosexual marriages decrease with a country's greater gender equality [21], as does male-perpetrated partner violence [22]. Thus, it could be that meat consumption is influenced by cultural norms that associate meat consumption with positive traits, such as masculinity and virility for men, and thus would be higher in countries with stronger gender role norms. The third hypothesis is less intuitive. Previous research has identified paradoxical gender effects, such that gender differences in certain psychological variables such as personality traits [23-24], interests [25], and self-esteem [26] are actually greater in countries with greater gender equality. Two possible explanations have been offered for this paradoxical gender effect. First, it has been suggested that gender equality, being associated with greater wealth and increased purchasing power [27-29], provides opportunities for natural expression of certain behaviors [24]. For instance, research suggests that women in more gender equal countries are less influenced by marketing emphasizing social norms [30]. In this case, gender differences in meat consumption would be greater in countries with greater gender equality. A second possible explanation involves reference group effects [31]. In countries with higher gender equality, people responding to questions about themselves may be more likely to compare themselves to the general population, whereas in countries with lower gender equality, respondents may be more likely to compare themselves to others of their same gender [32]. This would have the effect of obscuring actual gender differences in less gender-equal countries. Given that the frequency of meat consumption is a more behavioral criterion than those for which paradoxical gender effects have been observed, such as self-reported personality traits, interests, or self-esteem, comparisons of meat consumption rates across cultures should be less prone to reference group effects. Understanding cross-cultural differences in the meat consumption gender gap may provide insights regarding the role of culture in gender differences and test the limits of paradoxical gender effects that have been observed for other psychological variables. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing cultural and economic dynamics that influence meat consumption. It highlights how meat consumption is often linked with masculinity and masculinity identity in various cultures, indicating that there may not be universal acceptance of artificial meat as a replacement for conventional meat. The mention of social norms and gender roles suggests that attitudes towards meat consumption, including artificial meat, vary significantly across different cultures, thereby opposing the idea of universal acceptance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Robert, Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient grec, Paris 1940. R. Robert, Ars regenda amore. Séduction érotique et plaisier esthétique: de Praxitèle à 104, 1992, 373-438. C. Roueché – K. Erim, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. G. Rupprecht, Untersuchungen zum Dekurionenstand in den nordwestlichen Provinzen des römischen Reiches, Kallmünz 1975. D. Schäfer, Frauen in der Arena, in: H. Bellen – H. Heinen (edd. ), Fünfzig zur antiken Sklaverei an der 1950-2000, Stuttgart 2001, 243-268. H. -G. Schalles, Nochmals zur sog. Kunstsammlung der pergamenischen Herrscher, in: J. Gebauer u. a. (edd. ), Bildergeschichte, Stähler, Möhnesee 2004, 413-428. I. Scheibler, Vasen, in: RE Suppl. XV, 1978, 663-700. A. Schulten, in Spanien, RhM N. F. 85, 1936, 289-346. Chr. Schwanzar, des Alexandros im Archeologico in Neapel, in: W. Alzinger u. a. (edd. ), Pro arte antiqua, Festschrift für Hedwig Kenner, Wien 1985, II 312-318. M. Sève, Rapports avec l’archéologie, BullEp 1992, p. 446-456. E. Simon, Augustus. Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende, München 1986. R. R. R. Smith, Greeks, foreigners and portraits, JRS 71, 1981, 24-38. H. Solin, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Personennamen in Rom, Helsinki 1971. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various academic references without discussing the existence of detailed written records from ancient civilizations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: We were able to reject our null models, which demonstrates that statistical power is not an issue, but whether the inclusion of additional mutations would significantly alter the overall results is uncertain. We selected the two largest-effect mutations of the original set of nine because these mutations were the most likely to show strong epistatic effects. These mutations were therefore also most likely to have the strongest influence on the fit of the model. Despite these mutations affecting different genes, their epistatic patterns were similar enough that mutation identity was not found to be a significant factor in our which suggests that the patterns for additional mutations would be similar. All major types of epistasis can emerge naturally from the additive phenotypic model because the relationship between phenotype and fitness is nonlinear (Figure 5). Antagonistic epistasis, under which the effects of mutations are less than additive, can arise when a mutational vector is moved from its original genotype to a new genotype in a region with a more concave phenotype-fitness relationship. Likewise, synergistic epistasis, in which the effects of mutations are more than additive, can arise when a mutation is moved to a region with a more convex phenotype-fitness relationship. Sign epistasis [18], e. g. , the case in which a beneficial mutation becomes deleterious in a new background, can arise when a mutation overshoots the optimum in one genotype but not another (Figure 5). Understanding epistasis is critical for understanding, for example, the rate of adaptation [13], the evolution of sexual reproduction [25], [26], and reproductive isolation between incipient species [27], [28]. Under this model, epistasis is not a mysterious intrinsic property of particular genotypes but a reflection of the curvature of the phenotype-fitness map [29]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Nonlinearity in the phenotype-fitness relationship can produce commonly observed epistatic patterns. Three hypothetical genotypes (A, B, and C) with different phenotypes are all given the same mutation with the same phenotypic effect (). If the mutation were moved from background A to background B, we would see antagonistic epistasis. Moving it from B to A would give synergistic epistasis, and moving it from A to C would give sign epistasis. most obvious limitation of our analysis is the restriction to a single phenotypic dimension. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing epistasis and its role in adaptation and evolution, indicating that genetic mutations can have varying effects depending on the genetic background and the fitness landscape. It highlights how beneficial mutations can arise and their significance in evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: It may also provide clues about how to reduce meat consumption globally. If gender differences in meat consumption are universal, strategies designed to reduce meat consumption may vary across genders [33], but the gender-specificity of such strategies would not depend on culture. Finding that gender differences in meat consumption were stronger in countries with lower gender equality would highlight the role of masculinity and related stereotypes in reducing meat consumption among men [20]. A paradoxical gender effect in which gender differences in meat consumption are higher in more developed countries would suggest that meat consumption is a function of social opportunity and highlight the potential effectiveness of different kinds of strategies in different cultural contexts. In summary, the purpose of this study was to use cross-cultural data to examine gender differences in meat consumption. We expected men to consume more meat than women, on average, across all countries, and people in more developed and gender-equal countries to eat more meat. Our primary focus was on testing three competing hypotheses about gender differences across countries: that they would not differ, that gender differences would be greater in countries with stronger gender roles and human development, or that gender differences would be weaker in countries with stronger gender roles and human development. Methodmethods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Participants from 23 countries on four continents (see Table 1 for list of included countries) were recruited using a stratified sampling approach created by the survey platform Cint. We recruited 1000 participants per country such that participants from each country were representative of the nation in terms of gender, age groups. Among the 28,229 participants who provided any data, the research team excluded participants who did not correctly respond to validity checks (e. g. , not selecting the option ‘apple’ after being instructed to do so), provided nonsense responses to open-ended questions, or did not complete the survey, and reopened the survey to more potential participants (n =7,263). We also removed participants who did not identify as a man or woman (n = 164) for this study, resulting in a sample of 20,802 participants. rated the frequency of their consumption of various classes of food from "1 = Never" to "11 = Two or more times per day". We calculated land animal consumption by summing scores for the categories "Cow/beef", "Pig/Pork", "Chicken or other fowl", and "Other land animals". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of meat consumption across cultures, emphasizing that 'strategies designed to reduce meat consumption may vary across genders' and highlighting the influence of gender roles and social opportunities on meat consumption. The findings suggest that acceptance of alternative meat sources, such as artificial meat, would likely vary significantly based on cultural and gender contexts, rather than being universally accepted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Solin, Zu den griechischen Namen in Rom, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 161-174. H. Solin, der orientalischen Sklaven, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 205-220. H. Solin, Namenwechsel und besondere Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Philologus 133, 1989, 252-259. H. Solin, Namenpaare. zur römischen Namengebung, Helsinki 1990. H. Solin, Anthroponymie und Epigraphik. Einheimische und fremde Bevölkerung, Hyperboreus 1, 1994/1995, Fasc. 2, 93-115. H. Solin, Die sogenannten Berufsnamen antiker Ärzte, in: Ph. J. van der Eijk (ed. ), Ancient medicine in its socio-cultural context, 1992, Amsterdam-Atlanta 1995, I 119-142. H. Solin, Namensgebung und Politik. und besonderen Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Tyche 10, 1995, 185-210. H. Solin, Die stadtrömischen Sklavennamen. I-III, Stuttgart 1996. H. Solin, Coppie di nomi, in: Epigrafia e territorio. Politica e società romane IV, Bari 1996, 353-369. H. . Architectus, Arctos 31, 1997, 135-142. H. Solin, Nochmals zu Berufsnamen bei antiken Ärzten, Acta34-35, 1998-99, 389-393. H. Solin, der sog. Nomina artis im antiken Rom, in: Onomastik, Akten des XVIII. für Namenforschung, Trier 1993, Tübingen 1999, III 15-23. H. Solin, Nomi greci nel mondo romano, in: P. Poccetti (ed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the existence of detailed written records from ancient civilizations. It appears to be a bibliographic reference to various academic works by H. Solin, focusing on names and epigraphy in ancient Rome, but it does not provide evidence or counter-evidence concerning the overall documentation practices of every ancient civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Had we rejected the model, this restriction might have been significant, because assuming more phenotypes would have improved the fit of the model. Though the two mutations affect different genes, they can reasonably be assumed to affect the same single phenotype. Despite being in different genes, the mutations lie in the same region of the capsid structure; the -carbons for the positions of the B and F mutations are separated by only 19. 2 Å in the structure of the related phage X174 [30], [31]. Perhaps more troublesome is the assumption that the ancestral genotypes differ primarily in this one phenotype. Rokyta et al. [4] adapted eight different microvirid genotypes, including two of those from the present study, to the same culture conditions used for the study reported here. They found that adaptation took on average three substitutions and that parallel evolution was common even across different genotypes. These two observations suggest that the phages are not maladapted in many ways and that the same traits are responding to selection in the different genotypes. In effect, our approach can be viewed as being similar to a principal-components analysis in which we try to identify a single axis in phenotypic space that best explains our data. The model described above is effectively a one-dimensional version of Fisher’s geometric model [32]. Fisher’s model has defined how evolutionary biologists think about the genetics of adaptation since its introduction more than 80 years ago [32]. It led directly, for example, to the generally accepted expectation that adaptation should occur primarily through small-effect mutations, an expectation that has not always been met empirically [15], [19], [33] and that has since been shown to be an overly simplistic view of the implications of the model [34]–[36]. The assumption is that, to be fit, an organism must match its environment in some number of phenotypes. Each of these phenotypes is treated as an orthogonal axis in a continuous metric space. The evolving genotype then moves toward the optimum by means of selection acting on mutational vectors that can point in any direction in the space, affecting one or more phenotypes. This framework has been used to study, for example, the probability that a mutation is beneficial [32], the evolution of sex [37], development [38], dominance [39], the cost of complexity [40], and epistasis [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how mutations can affect phenotypes, which are essential for adaptation and selection in evolutionary biology. It states, 'the evolving genotype then moves toward the optimum by means of selection acting on mutational vectors that can point in any direction in the space, affecting one or more phenotypes,' highlighting that mutations can contribute to beneficial adaptations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: 28*** [-. 33, −. 24] <. 001 γ20 (ageij) −. 07*** [-. 09, −. 06] <. 001 −. 07*** [-. 09, −. 06] <. 001 γ30 (ageij2) −. 02*** [-. 03, −. 01] <. 001 −. 02*** [-. 03, −. 01] <. 001 γ01 (moderatorj). 18** [. 04,. 31]. 009. 17* [. 03,. 30]. 014 γ11 (moderatorj) x (genderij) −. 07** [-. 12, −. 02]. 003 −. 09*** [-. 13, −. 05] <. 001 σ² σ² µ0j (countries). 104. 107 µ1j (genderij). 010. 007 rij (residual). 866. 931 Pseudo-R2 moderator x gender R2 = 32. 47% R2 = 52. 60% Note. Gender effects for female gender. Dependent variable was the Score. HDI (human development) and GGGI (gender equality) were centered on the global mean. Age was grand-mean centered. Explanation of parameters: see equations 1. 1–1. 4. The range of HDI and GGGI does not exceed 0. 4 in the sample. Pseudo-R2 represents the increase in explained residual variance of genderij through the inclusion of the respective moderator. *p <. 05 **p <. 01 ***p <. 001 Cross-level interactions indicated that gender differences in meat consumption are larger in countries with greater human development and gender equality, consistent with the gender paradox hypothesis. These interactions are depicted in Fig. 1. DiscussionIn this study, we used data from 23 countries from four continents to test gender differences in meat consumption across cultures. As expected, we found that men tend to eat more meat than women, and that people in more developed countries eat more meat than people in less developed countries. Of primary interests was the interaction between gender and culture. Similar to previous research with attributes such as personality and self-esteem, we found greater gender differences in meat consumption in countries with higher levels of gender equality and human development. This finding supports the paradoxical gender effect and extends it to a variable that is less prone to norm reference effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing gender differences in meat consumption across cultures and suggests that factors like human development and gender equality influence meat consumption patterns. Specifically, it points out that men tend to eat more meat than women, and that cultural variations affect meat consumption, which implies that artificial meat is not universally accepted in the same way across different cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: ), L’onomastica di Roma. Aspetti linguistici, storici, culturali, tipologici e classificatori, Rom 2009, 61-83. M. Squire, Ars in their “I“ s. Authority and authorship in Graeco-Roman visual culture, in: A. Marmodoro – J. Hill (edd. ), The author’s voice in classical and late antiquity, Oxford 2013, 357-414. M. Squire, Roman art and the artist, in: B. Borg (ed. ), Wiley-Blackwell companion to Roman art, Malden, MA 2015, 172-194. E. M. Štaerman, Die Blütezeit der Sklavenwirtschaft in der römischen Republik, Wiesbaden 1969. E. M. Štaerman, L’esclavage dans l’artisanat romain, DialHistAnc 2, 1976, 103-127. A. F. Stewart, Attika. Studies in Athenian sculpture of the hellenistic age, London 1979. P. Stewart, The social history of Roman art, Cambridge 2008. G. Susini, Il coroplasta Dionisio di Colofone, ArchCl 17, 1965, 302-305. L. R. Taylor, Freedmen and freeborn in the epitaphs of imperial Rome, AJPh 82, 1961, 113-132. E. Thomas, Nochmals zu den beiden Bechern des Chirisophos, KölnJb 33, 2000, 251-260. E. Thomas, verarbeitender Künstler und Kunsthandwerker in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: From the parts to the whole, Acta of the. 1996, Portsmouth 2002, II 241-247. E. Thomas, ΜΝΗΣΘΗ Ο ΑΓΟΡΑΖΩΝ. Bemerkungen zum Selbstverständnis und zur Einschätzung von Künstlern und Kunsthandwerkern in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: D. Boschung – H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it appears to be a list of scholarly references concerning various aspects of ancient Roman art and culture, without discussing the existence or details of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Epistasis is a phenomenon resulting from how phenotypes are translated into fitness [29]. Phenotypic effects are additive under Fisher’s model, but fitness effects may not be. If correct, Fisher’s model provides a simple explanation for patterns of epistasis and implies that most of the interesting biological phenomena might arise in the relationship between phenotypes and fitness, rather than genotype and phenotype. Importantly, the genotype-phenotype relationship, usually involving a complex developmental pathway, is much more difficult to characterize than the phenotype-fitness relationship. When we fit a model in which mutations are nonepistatic phenotypic vectors, our data are consistent with Fisher’s model. In previous work with these mutations [9], phenotypic effects of individual beneficial mutations were determined to be additive when the mutations were added as pairs to the same genotype by means of a modeling framework similar to that of the present study. These results only address epistasis for mutations between genotypes differing by at most one mutation and therefore only establish applicability of the model to small, local regions of genotypic space. In contrast, the genotypes in this study differ by from tens to hundreds of mutations with unknown effects and therefore provide a broader test of the model, dramatically increasing the generality of the result. Previous results also provided support for Fisher’s model [29], [41] but tested downstream predictions of the model, which rely on assumptions about the phenotype-fitness map, distribution of mutations, and distance from the optimum. We tested the underlying assumption upon which these others are built: that mutations behave like vectors in phenotypic space. Our results, though limited in scope to two mutations in nine genetic backgrounds, could have important implications for understanding epistasis and parallel evolution. Whether different genotypes or species adapt through the same mutations to similar selective pressures could depend more on phenotypic properties than on simple genetic distance. In other words, parallel evolution might be more likely between phenotypically similar organisms; propinquity in genotypic space might be important only insofar as it predicts the relationship in phenotypic space. This pattern may serve as a mechanism for historical effects to impinge on the predictability of adaptive evolution and suggests the testable hypothesis that species with more similar past selective pressures are more likely to adapt by similar mechanisms even if they are not particularly closely related. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how mutations can lead to beneficial phenotypic effects, particularly within the context of Fisher’s model. The reference to 'individual beneficial mutations' and their 'phenotypic effects' being 'additive' supports the idea that genetic mutations play a significant role in evolution, which can be beneficial as indicated in the statement. Furthermore, the text suggests that the relationship between mutations and evolution is complex, yet it reinforces the notion that genetic mutations contribute to adaptive evolution, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe that terraforming Mars would take centuries, if not millennia, to achieve. [SEP] Text: That would allow us to function as humans in the environment without the need for domes or habitats. Interviewer: Ellie MackayBruce is talking about the concept of terraforming Mars – modifying the atmosphere to make the planet more Earth-like, and therefore habitable. But it’s not just the temperature that’s an issue. For us to live there, the atmospheric pressure of Mars would need to be 150 times greater than it is today. Yet proposals to terraform Mars have become increasingly popular. I asked Bruce how realistic the concept of terraforming Mars actually is. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWhat you can’t see is that I’m smiling at that question, because the less we know about how we would actually terraform Mars, the easier we think it is, and as you begin to explore it, it gets harder and harder. Right now, it’s in the realm of science fiction because we don’t really know how to do it, and I think the fact that we’re changing the environment on the Earth inadvertently underscores the fact that we really don’t understand how climates work. Despite that, a lot of people have been speculating in the press lately about how easy it might be to terraform Mars. Our paper will be an interesting contrast to that, in terms of dashing some people’s hopes, to be honest. Interviewer: Ellie MackayWell that doesn’t sound very encouraging, but to start off with, can you explain what’s actually being proposed? So, from a scientific point of view, how might we overcome these barriers of temperature and pressure? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIf we wanted to terraform Mars, the way we would do it would be to put a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. That would serve both functions of increasing the pressure and by trapping heat from the sun, increasing the temperature. And that really depends on the availability of greenhouse gases or our ability to manufacture them. The most available and accessible greenhouse gas at Mars would be carbon dioxide – CO2. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, and so this is what your research was looking at? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges of terraforming Mars. Interviewee Bruce Jakosky states, 'the less we know about how we would actually terraform Mars, the easier we think it is, and as you begin to explore it, it gets harder and harder.' This implies that the process is not straightforward and suggests that it may take a significant amount of time, which supports the idea that achieving terraforming is a long-term endeavor, aligning with the claim that it may take centuries or millennia.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Hellenkemper (edd. ), Kosmos der Zeichen. Schriftbild und Bildformel in Antike und Mittelalter, Wiesbaden 2007, 319-338. J. M. C. Toynbee, Some notes on artists in the Roman world, Brüssel 1951. N. Tran, Les membres des associations romaines, Rom 2006. S. Treggiari, during the late republic, Oxford 1969. V. Velkov, des Handwerks in den Städten Thrakiens und Untermoesiens, in: J. Hamatta (ed. ), Studien zur Geschichte und Philosophie des Altertums, Amsterdam 1968, 382-387. M. -L. Vollenweider, und ihre Künstler in spätrepublikanischer und augusteischer Zeit, Baden-Baden 1966. R. Vollkommer, Greek and Roman artists, in: C. Marconi (ed. ), handbook of Greek and Roman art and architecture, Oxford 2015, 107-135. J. P. Waltzing, Étude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les Romains depuis les origines jusqu’ à la chute de l’empire d’occident I-IV, Löwen 1895-1900. B. Wesenberg, Für eine situative Deutung des polykletischen Doryphoros, JdI 112, 1997, 59-75. R. Weis, des Griechischen im Rom der republikanischen Zeit, in: C. W. Müller u. a. (edd. ), mit fremden Sprachen in der griechisch-römischen Antike, Stuttgart 1992, 137-142. W. L. Westermann, Sklaverei, in: RE Suppl. VI, 1935, 894-1068. P. Zanker, Grabreliefs römischer Freigelassener, JdI 90, 1975, 267-315. M. -K. Zapheiropoulou, Emblemata vermiculata. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a bibliography or citations of various works related to ancient history and art, without providing any specific affirmation or negation of the claim regarding written records of ancient civilizations. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: For epistasis, our results show that the complex patterns for epistatic interactions are likely to be unpredictable from a knowledge of genotype alone and will probably change dramatically across environments as the phenotype-fitness map shifts. Rather than focusing on the identification of the most abundant class of epistatic interaction (e. g. , antagonistic or synergistic), a more informative focus might be the common forms of phenotype-fitness maps. Materials and the Mutants and The ancestral bacteriophage genotypes used in this study were unadapted, natural isolates from wastewater facilities or barnyards [16]. Our NC2 ancestor had a silent nucleotide change of C to T at position 961 relative to the published sequence. The nucleotide change was in codon 301 for the A gene and 88 for the A* gene. NC13 had a nonsynonymous change at position 3122 of T to C, resulting in an amino-acid change of S to P in position 174 of gene F, the major coat protein gene. WA2 had two nucleotide changes: a silent G to T transversion at nucleotide position 433 (amino-acid position 125 in gene A) and a nonsynonymous C to A transversion at position 1465. This transversion resulted in an amino-acid change for genes A and A* (amino-acid positions 469 and 256, respectively) from N to K and was also silent in gene B at amino-acid position 64. The differences from the published sequences either represent sequencing errors in the originals or mutations acquired by chance in the choice of isolates for the present study. Because the differences are present in both the ancestors and the constructed mutants, they should have no effect on our results. The isolation and characterization of the two beneficial mutations from the microvirid bacteriophage ID11 have been previously described [3], [15]. mutation is a G to T transversion at nucleotide position 2534, resulting in an amino-acid change of V to L at position 20 of the J protein. mutation is a C to T transition at nucleotide position 3665, resulting in an amino-acid change from P to S at position 355 of the F protein. The sites of these mutations in the eight other genotypes were determined on the basis of homology; the actual nucleotide position varied with genome length. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing genetic mutations, including specific changes in nucleotide positions that result in amino-acid alterations. It mentions the isolation and characterization of 'beneficial mutations,' which directly supports the assertion that genetic mutations can be advantageous in the context of evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe that terraforming Mars would take centuries, if not millennia, to achieve. [SEP] Text: Interviewee: Bruce JakoskySo, we wanted to look at the inventory of CO2 on the planet – where reservoirs of CO2, if you will, reside, how much would be there, and how easy it would be to mobilise it and put it back into the atmosphere. Interviewer: Ellie MackayEssentially, that’s what we’re doing to this planet with global warming and we’re trying to force a way to do that somewhere else. So it’s like we could send all of our industry and all of our fossil fuel burning over to Mars, and it would have a beneficial effect over there, instead of… Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThat’s absolutely right. We don’t even need to send the manufacturing and industry to Mars, we could just ship all the CO2 there. And that would solve both planets’ problems. It’s totally facetious and absolutely unworkable. We don’t have that much CO2 in our atmosphere, and the number of rockets you would have to ship to get the CO2 there is immense. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, so if we can’t ship it there, let’s get back to this idea of using reserves of CO2 on Mars. Your paper mentions several possible sinks – there’s CO2 in the polar ice, there’s some in minerals called carbonates, and there’s gas that gets bound to the layer of soil called the regolith on the surface of the planet. So, that seems like a lot of different places for the CO2 to be trapped. How might we mobilise or release it from these sources? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyProbably the easiest is the CO2 locked up in the polar ice. All you need to do is spread dark dust over the polar caps, and it would absorb more sunlight and heat up. That’s the easiest one, and if that sounds hard, you may not like the next ones. The carbonates you have to heat up to temperatures at which they break apart, and that’s around 300 °C. That automatically means a large scale industrial operation, and it wouldn’t get you very much. I think the most difficult CO2 to mobilise is gas that is physically attached to the soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the time frame associated with terraforming Mars, as it discusses the feasibility of mobilizing CO2 and the challenges involved in this process. It mentions the difficulty of utilizing CO2 found on Mars but does not provide any information that corroborates or contrasts with the specific claim about the lengthy time required for terraforming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Hellenistische und spätrepublikanische Bildmosaiken, Paderborn u. a. 2006. L. Zgusta, des Griechischen im römischen Kaiserreich, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 121-145. G. Zimmer, Römische Berufsdarstellungen, Berlin 1982. O. Zwierlein, Plinius über den Laokoon, in: H. -U. Cain u. a. (edd. ), Festschrift für Nikolaus Himmelmann, Mainz 1989, 433-443. E. Zwierlein-Diehl, Gemmen mit Künstlerinschriften, in: Meisterwerke, Symposion anlässlich des 150, Geburtstages von Adolf Furtwängler, Freiburg/Br. 2003, München 2005, 321-343 (mit Ergänzungen in SEG 55, 2005 [2009], 2020). Nicht hinter jeder griechischen Signatur muss ein Grieche stecken. Pseudonyme unter Bildenden Künstlern des antiken 2018, Volume: 16, 205 - 227, 15. 11. 2018 Abstract 1990. B. Andreae, Römische Kunst, Freiburg/Br. -Basel 1973. B. Andreae, Plinius und der Laokoon, TrWPr 8, 1986 (1987). B. Andreae, Eine weniger elegante Lösung. Noch einmal zu Plinius, Naturalis historia 36, 37, RM 96, 1989, 433-438. B. Andreae, Antike Bildmosaiken², Darmstadt-Mainz 2012. A. Andrén, Deeds and misdeeds in classical art and antiquities, Partille 1986. G. Baader, Ärzte auf pannonischen Inschriften, Klio 55, 1973, 273-297. M. Bang, im römischen Dienst bis zum I. , Diss. , Berlin 1906. G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information or arguments concerning the existence of written records left by ancient civilizations. Instead, it appears to be a citation-heavy scholarly context focused on art and inscriptions of the ancient world without addressing the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna (Austria). URL 21. (2000) Big-benefit mutations in a bacteriophage inhibited with heat. Evol 17: 942–950. View 22. (2010) Diminishing returns from beneficial mutations and pervasive epistasis shape the fitness landscape for rifampicin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genetics 186: 1345–1354. View 23. Sousa A, Magalhães S, (2012) Cost of antibiotic resistance and the geometry of adaptation. Evol 29: 1417–1428. View 24. (2005) Missense meanderings in sequence space: a biophysical view of protein evolution. Genetics 6: 678–687. View 25. (1997) Deleterious mutations, variable epistatic interactions, and the evolution of recombination. Biol 51: 134–147. View 26. Otto SP (2009) The evolutionary enigma of sex. 174: S1–S14. View 27. (1936) Studies on hybrid sterility. II. Localization of sterility factors in Drosophila pseudoobscura hybrids. Genetics 21: 113–135. View 28. Muller HJ (1939) Reversibility in evolution considered from the standpoint of genetics. Soc 14: 261–280. View 29. (2007) Distributions of epistasis in microbes fit predictions from a fitness landscape model. 39: 555–560. View 30. (1992) Atomic structure of single-stranded DNA bacteriophage øX174 and its functional implications. Nature 355: 137–143. View 31. (1994) Analysis of the single-stranded DNA bacteriophage øX174, refined at a resolution of 3. 0 Å. J Mol Biol. 237: 517–543. View 32. Fisher RA (1930) The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford (UK): Press. 33. (1992) The genetics of adaptation: a reassessment. 140: 725–742. View 34. Orr HA (1998) The population genetics of adaptation: the distribution of factors fixed during adaptive evolution. Evolution 52: 935–949. View 35. (1998) Towards a theory of evolutionary adaptation. Genetica 102/103: 525–533. View 36. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses multiple studies related to genetic mutations, fitness landscapes, and their impact on evolutionary processes, indicating that mutations can have beneficial impacts in specific contexts. For instance, it references benefitting mutations related to antibiotic resistance and adaptation, which supports the claim that genetic mutations play an essential role in evolution and can be advantageous.