Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography allows for the visualization of complex biomolecules at atomic resolution. [SEP] Text: As the attempt to produce perdeuterated AxCytCp has failed thus far, new D-exchanged crystals with improved volumes (∼2. 0 mm3) have been grown. 2015, we hope to collect a complete data set using LADI-III on these larger AxCytCp crystals with the aim to extend the resolution yet further and improve the precision and accuracy of the resulting structure. Table 5Neutron data-collection and processing statistics for AxCytin parentheses are for the highest-resolution shell. Neutron source, instrument -III Space group P6522; No. 179 Unit-cell parameters a = 53. 0 Å, b = 53. 0 Å, c = 177 Å, α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120° Wavelength range (Å) 3. 10–4. 05 Number of images 16 Angle between images (°) 7 Average exposure time (min) 934 Resolution (Å) 44. 41–2. 1 (2. 21–2. 1) Total number of reflections 51767 (3500) Unique reflections 6316 (682) Completeness (%) 70. 9 (54. 4) Multiplicity 8. 2 (5. 1) I/σ(I) 11. 2 (6. 5) Rmerge 0. 143 (0. 216) Rp. i. m 0. 042 (0. 081) 12. to the recent enhancements in capability and capacity for neutron macromolecular crystallography there has been a marked increase in the number of neutron structures deposited in the PDB. The limits of the field continue to expand with new examples illustrating further reductions in crystal volume or data collection time, and increases to resolution or unit-cell volume achievable. Moreover, the feasibility of neutron cryo-crystallography has been demonstrated, allowing a greater array of studies to be performed. This trend is set to continue through further improvements planned to existing instrumentation, such as the addition of new detectors for the iBIX and MaNDi instruments, and the construction of new instrumentation, such as the TOF Laue diffractometer `NMX' at the Source. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses advancements in neutron macromolecular crystallography and indicates ongoing efforts to improve resolution, which relates directly to the capability of techniques like X-ray crystallography for visualizing complex biomolecules at atomic levels. Phrases such as 'aim to extend the resolution yet further' and 'the limits of the field continue to expand' imply the role of crystallography methods in achieving high-resolution structures, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change can be completely reversed by planting one trillion trees. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Percent change of ecosystem C pools in aboveground biomass (a) and litter mass (b), belowground biomass (c), and soil C stock (d) from natural forests to plantations in different geographic regions. Values near each bar indicated the number of cases synthesized. DiscussionThe results obtained from this synthesis suggested some mechanisms underlying the difference in ecosystem C stock between plantations and natural forests. There were consistent decreases in ecosystem C pools with decreasing ANPP, aboveground litterfall and rate of soil respiration in plantations relative to natural forests. The decrease in fine root biomass could also explain the decreased amount of C input into plantations observed [21]. The decreases in soil available N, P and K concentrations were concerned with the lower litterfall in plantations relative to natural forests. In addition to the lower litterfall, the mean leaf litter N concentration, an important index of litter quality, was 14% lower in plantations than in natural forests, based upon 18 study cases from our literature. The lower soil nutrient availabilities in turn limit tree growth, and then constrain C sequestration in plantations. Thus, there was a potential negative feedback between ecosystem C cycle and plantations relative to natural forests. Methodological considerations It is important to note that there were uncertainties in ecosystem C stock for this meta-analysis. There were not many formal field studies examining the difference in ecosystem C cycle between plantations and natural forests, as most data came from the studies that were not established specifically to address this issue. For some variables, the number of study cases were rather small (Table 1), and the weighted response ratio (RR++) might be sensitive to additions or deletions of published studies. Study sites were not randomly distributed in global forest ecosystems, and datasets compiled for this meta-analysis came from the regions where ecologists have extensively conducted relevant studies, while many other plantation regions have not attracted an attention from ecologists. These might cause biases in evaluation of the impacts of plantations. Thus, more experimental studies on ecosystem C cycle for plantations in comparison with natural forests are needed in the future. However, the general pattern of the decrease in ecosystem C pools in plantations relative to natural forests was independent of biomes, geographic regions or other factors (Figs. 2–4). The uncertainties are unlikely to change this general pattern. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how ecosystem C stocks decrease in plantations compared to natural forests, indicating that planting trees alone may not result in increased carbon sequestration or reversing climate change. It highlights that plantations have lower nutrient availabilities and other mechanisms that restrict tree growth, thus limiting carbon storage potential. The results imply that simply planting trees, without addressing underlying ecological differences, may not lead to the complete reversal of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: (2011) showing that PAC has similar effect against breast cancer 21,24. PAC decrease the cell proliferation through the deregulation of the cell cycle. Indeed, PAC treated cells showed high expression of CDKIs including p21, p27, p16 or p53 and Rb. It is well known that these genes suppress tumors, known for being inactive in most types of cancer and also for inhibiting genes with oncogenic functions like cyclin D1 or c-Myc. These molecules have a history of playing a major role in the cell-cycle arrest at G2/M, and ultimately induce inhibition of oral cancer cell proliferation. This is mediated by inhibiting several signaling pathways involved in cancer such as MAPK, Wnt and NF-kB. These data are in accordance with previous studies conducted by Al-Hujaily et al. (2011) and Al-Howail et al. (2016) reporting that PAC could be considered as a powerful nontoxic new chemotherapeutic agent against ER-negative tumors by triggering breast cancer cell apoptosis more than curcumin 21,24, downregulating ERα, c-Myc, cyclin D124 and inducing cell-cycle arrest at G2/M of this cancer cells 21. Also, our results demonstrate that PAC strongly induces oral cancer cell apoptosis mediated via the mitochondrial pathway by increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression ratios, activating caspase-3/9 and cleaving PARP-1. We conclude that the PAC anti-oral cancer properties were controlled by impairing pro-survival signaling pathways and activating apoptosis pathways such as ERK1/2 activation, but not MEK1/2, AKT activation, NF-kB 35; 36;37 and β-catenin,38 known to be implicated in tumor progression and as well for their resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy in several cancer types. Indeed, it is clearly reported that several oncoproteins such as cyclin D1 and p21 are strongly destabilized by inhibition of ERK1/2 activation. Wnt/β-catenin is the key oncogenic signaling pathway found to be highly active in various types of cancer, including oral cancer 38,39. Similar observation was reported on breast cancer cells being treated with PAC 21;24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide information about curcumin or turmeric; instead, it discusses the properties of PAC (presumably a different compound) in relation to cancer treatment. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Evolutionary engineering strategies to enhance tolerance of xylose utilizing recombinant yeast to inhibitors derived from spruce biomass access Published: 11 May 2012 Evolutionary engineering strategies to enhance tolerance of xylose utilizing recombinant yeast to inhibitors derived from spruce biomass Rakesh Koppram1, Eva Albers1,2 & Lisbeth Olsson1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 3400. The yeast was evolved for a period of 429 and 97 generations in repetitive batch cultures and chemostat cultivation, respectively. During the evolutionary engineering in repetitive batch cultures the maximum specific growth rate increased from 0. 18 h-1 to 0. 33 h-1 and the time of lag phase was decreased from 48 h to 24 h. In the chemostat adaptation, after 97 generations, the specific conversion rates of HMF and furfural were found to be 3. 5 and 4 folds higher respectively, compared to rates after three generations. Two evolved strains (RK60-5, RKU90-3) and one evolved strain (KE1-17) were isolated from evolutionary engineering in repetitive batches and chemostat cultivation, respectively. The strains displayed significantly improved growth performance over TMB3400 when cultivated in spruce hydrolysate under anaerobic conditions, the evolved strains exhibited 25 to 38% increase in specific consumption rate of sugars and 32 to 50% increased specific ethanol productivity compared to TMB3400. The evolved strains RK60-5 and RKU90-3 were unable to consume xylose under anaerobic conditions, whereas, KE1-17 was found to consume xylose at similar rates as TMB3400. ConclusionUsing evolutionary engineering strategies in batch and chemostat cultivations we have generated three evolved strains that show significantly better tolerance to inhibitors in spruce hydrolysate and displayed a shorter time for overall fermentation of sugars compared to the parental strain. BackgroundIncreasing the use of biofuels such as bioethanol for energy generation is of great interest nowadays because they allow alleviation of green house gas production and supply means of energy security in longer perspective [1]. The raw material for bioethanol production should come from non-edible biomass to avoid competition between feedstocks for food and fuel production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how evolutionary engineering strategies were employed to enhance yeast strains for better performance in converting sugars into biofuels, specifically mentions that 'the evolved strains exhibited 25 to 38% increase in specific consumption rate of sugars and 32 to 50% increased specific ethanol productivity compared to TMB3400.' This demonstrates that bioengineered yeast has been effectively designed to improve biofuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change can be completely reversed by planting one trillion trees. [SEP] Text: Altered ecosystem C processes ANPP of plantations, with stand ages ranging from 32 to 50 years, was 11% lower than that of natural forests. The decrease in ANPP could result primarily from the differences in fine root biomass and leaf area index between plantations and natural forests. As well as fine root biomass (Fig. 1), leaf area index was significantly lower (−13%) in plantations than in natural forests based on nine field cases [23]–[26]. In addition, the reduction of ANPP could have resulted from decreased soil available N, P, and K concentrations in plantations relative to natural forests (Fig. 1). Due to the combined effects of reduced fine root biomass, leaf area index and soil nutrient availability, plantations might assimilate less atmospheric CO2 into ecosystems than natural forests. Our results on ANPP were inconsistent with the traditional opinion that plantations might have higher yield than natural forests [e. g. , [5], [9], [14]]. The traditional opinion concerned the wood increment of main stems in plantations. All else being equal, the increment of stem wood is far smaller than ANPP in plantations. Aboveground litterfall was 34% lower in plantations than in natural forests (Fig. 1), which is in agreement with many field studies [e. g. , [6], [19]]. The decreased aboveground litterfall could be explained by the differences in ANPP and leaf area index between plantations and natural forests. Generally, a lower ANPP may generate less aboveground litter. The leaf portion may be high in aboveground litter stock [21], [27]. The lower leaf area index means that plantations had lower aboveground litterfall in comparison with natural forests. The decreased aboveground litterfall suggests that plantations might have decelerated ecosystem nutrient cycling processes in comparison with natural forests. The rate of soil respiration was lower in plantations than in natural forests in 12 of 14 cases (Table 1). Belowground biomass and fine root biomass as well as soil microbial biomass are important to regulate the rate of soil respiration. Our results showed that all of belowground biomass, fine root biomass and soil microbial C concentration were lower in plantations than in natural forests. In addition, the change in soil respiration rate may be mediated by alteration of soil moisture [28]. A meta-analysis showed that soil moisture decreased by 25% in plantations relative to natural forests [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that plantations, which may be planted to combat climate change, actually show lower ecosystem processes (ANPP) when compared to natural forests. It indicates that plantations might assimilate less atmospheric CO2 due to significantly lower fine root biomass, leaf area index, and soil nutrient availability, all of which are critical for carbon assimilation. Therefore, the text suggests that merely planting trees (i.e., plantations) may not effectively reverse climate change as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the strong PAC-dependent apoptosis could be of great value for inhibiting of oral cancer cell proliferation and inducing their death. In a recent study carried out by Al-Qasem et al. (2016), they have published the same effect of PAC on colon cancer cells. They concluded that PAC exhibits anti-colon cancer properties that have potential, by targeting cyclin D1 and suppressing JAK2/STAT3, AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK signaling pathways as well as their common downstream effector which is cyclin D1 25. We suggest that PAC suppresses the activation of MAPK and the induction of caspase cleavage, leading to the downregulation of several MAPK targets including cyclin D1, p53, and caspases, as Bax, Bcl-2 and cytochrome C. All these are playing key roles in oral tumorigenesis 40–42. We demonstrated that PAC promoted oral cancer cell autophagy and reduced oxidative stress via ROS production. Our results obtained here are in disagreement with several current research studies focusing on the use of anticancer treatments having an effect while apoptosis in cancer cells is induced by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, our findings are also in concordance with others recent studies reporting that increase in cellular O2 − and H2O2 by NADPH oxidase 43 are leading the stimulation of cancer cell proliferation by ROS-sensitive AKT/ERK signaling pathways and the reduction of cancer cell growth by blocking this enzyme 44; Dikalova et al. , 2010) by using mitoTEMPO, they significantly reduced ROS in cells and inhibited NADPH oxidase activity 43. As for Nazarewicz et al. (2013), they also reported that mitochondrial ROS scavenging by mitoTEMPO can block ROS-sensitive signaling pathways in cancer cells, cancer metabolism and induce cell death 45. Our data suggests that diminishing ROS production, by PAC-treated oral cancer cells, is altering cell signaling mediated by ROS-sensitive 1/2, and p38 as well as inducing cell death. The PAC-attenuation effect from these signaling pathways was the principal factor leading to dramatic changes in oral cancer cell metabolism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding curcumin and its anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it discusses the effects of PAC on cancer cells, focusing on pathways and mechanisms related to cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. There is no mention or evidence provided about curcumin or turmeric, making this text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, it has an innate ability to metabolize HMF and furfural to the less inhibitory compounds 5-hydroxymethyl furfuryl alcohol and furfuryl alcohol, respectively [10, 20, 21]. However, on the downside, S. cerevisiae cannot utilize xylose, an abundant pentose sugar in lignocellulosic hydrolysates [22]. Several metabolic engineering strategies have been performed for the development of recombinant S. cerevisiae strains to utilize and ferment xylose [23–25]. Previous investigations have demonstrated that a combination of metabolic engineering and mutagenesis was successful in developing superior recombinant xylose utilizing S. cerevisiae[26]. In the present study, we used a xylose utilizing recombinant S. cerevisiae[26] as the initial strain to enhance inhibitor tolerance in two modes of evolutionary engineering, one in repetitive batch cultures of defined medium containing a cocktail of inhibitors that are constituent of spruce hydrolysate and another in chemostat cultures using spruce hydrolysate. The aims of the present work were to compare the fermentative performance of evolved strains with that of parental strain using spruce hydrolysate and to compare the outcome of two modes of evolutionary engineering. ResultsEvolutionary engineering in repetitive batch cultures with inhibitor cocktailA cocktail of 12 different inhibitors spanning three different inhibitor categories: furans, weak acids and phenolics (Table 1) were used to evolve S. cerevisiae TMB3400 in repetitive batch cultures aiming at enhancing its inhibitor tolerance. Initially, the innate level of inhibitor tolerance of the strain TMB3400 was tested by cultivating in minimal medium containing various concentrations of inhibitor cocktail. The growth was followed by measuring the optical density at different time intervals. In presence of 100% inhibitor cocktail the μmax was estimated to 0. 03 h-1, however, in presence of 20% inhibitor cocktail the strain was able to grow at a μmax of 0. 18 h-1 which was 55% lower compared to μmax of 0. 40 h-1 in absence of inhibitors (Figure 1). Considering the scope for improvement, the evolution was initiated in presence of 20% inhibitor cocktail and gradually the concentration was increased in steps of 20%. The progressive development during the evolutionary engineering was followed as a function of increased μmax and reduced lag phase time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development and enhancement of recombinant S. cerevisiae strains designed to utilize xylose, a sugar present in lignocellulosic biomass, for biofuel production. Specifically, it highlights metabolic engineering strategies to improve yeast strains' performance, which is essential for achieving high yields of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change can be completely reversed by planting one trillion trees. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, the rate of soil respiration might have been higher, otherwise soil C stock would not decrease in plantations when compared with natural forests. Of course, the reduction of soil C stock can also contribute to the decreased rate of soil respiration. Thus, it is necessary to quantify the overall change in other C fluxes and parameters of ecosystem, in addition to the rate of soil respiration, for a full understanding of the effects of plantations on soil C stock. Decreased ecosystem C stock This meta-analysis demonstrated that ecosystem C pools, including those in above- and belowground biomass, aboveground litter mass and soil, was 28% lower in plantations than in natural forests. Our results about the amount of ecosystem C pools were consistent with those from studies by Dixon et al [4]. The decrease in ecosystem C stock is likely a combined result of both decreased NPP and litterfall, and the length of time since plantation establishment. On average, ANPP and aboveground litterfall decreased by 11% and 34% in plantations in comparison with natural forests, respectively. However, neither of RRs of the above two variables were observed to be significantly correlated with stand age of plantations (both P>0. 1). The decreased ANPP leads to less atmospheric C, via photosynthesis, into plants and soils, meaning decreased soil C stock [21]. The decreased aboveground litterfall could result in less aboveground litter mass, and then less litter C incorporated into soils when the litter decomposed [27]. As a consequence, plantations sequestrated less C into ecosystems through the changes in ecosystem C fluxes. pools discussed above were statistically different between plantations and natural forests, such differences were affected by various factors (Figs. 2–4). High variabilities were observed in the differences between the two different groups in relation to these factors in our meta-analysis, indicating that caution is needed in predicting the differences on the basis of mean effects. Many of these factors are well known to affect ecosystem C pools [7], [8]. For example, stand age of plantations and site preparation for plantation establishment might have impact on the accumulation of aboveground biomass and litter, and then affect ecosystem C sequestration. In tropics, high mean annual precipitation and temperature might have stimulated tree growth, and thus more C is fixed into ecosystems [21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that plantations do not sequester carbon as effectively as natural forests, stating that ecosystem carbon pools in plantations are significantly lower (by 28%) than those in natural forests. It mentions factors such as reduced aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and litterfall, which lead to decreased soil carbon stock in plantations, suggesting that merely planting trees (even at a large scale, as implied by the claim) is insufficient to fully reverse the impacts of climate change. The text emphasizes that a deeper understanding of ecosystem carbon fluxes is necessary, thereby indicating that simply planting trees does not guarantee a complete reversal of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: As well, its anticancer activity toward mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (GSH) is closely associated with inhibition of ROS-sensitive AKT/ERK survival signaling pathways and glycolysis in human oral cancer cells. GSH is our body’s antioxidant powerhouse that is protecting our cells from free radical damage. It has been well reported that antioxidants have beneficial health effects at physiological concentrations 46. However, in normal situations, the basal level of ROS is crucially good to cell viability. It may prevent oxidative stress by maintaining the balance in ROS homeostasis, especially in cancer cells known for having much faster metabolism and higher ROS levels compared to our controls 46. Inhibition of mitochondrial superoxide may represent a novel, specific anticancer treatment strategy reducing side effects that are cytotoxic. Indeed, our work as well shows that PAC reduced mitochondrial ROS and decreased MMP. Oxidative stress is also known to induce disruption of the latter47 MMP is occurring to play a key role in mitochondrial homeostasis through selective elimination of those that are dysfunctional48. But MMP was considered as the central bioenergetic parameter for transporting ions and proteins that are indispensable for the control of normal mitochondrial function and are correlating with cell differentiation, tumorigenesis and being malignant 49. Many other studies reported that carcinoma-derived cells possess a higher mitochondrial membrane potential than normal ones 50;51 In addition, Schieke et al. (2008)52 published that higher MMP is linked with a tumorigenic property52. After inhibition of MMP by rapamycin treatment on stem cells having a high protonmotive force, its tumorigenicity decreased drastically. Moreover, our findings indicate that PAC induces intracellular ROS, generates mitochondrial superoxide and diminishes MMP leading to the release of cytochrome C in mitochondria and to the enhancement of oxidative stress in oral cancer cells. present study examined the antioral cancer and preferential killing effects of PAC, new analog of curcumine. Our results demonstrate the PAC preferential killing against oral cancer cells without effects on normal oral cells involving the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy and oxidative stress. Therefore, PAC inhibits intracellular ROS, increased MitoSOX, diminished MMP, and PAC plays a crucial role in producing GSH, an antioxidant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it discusses the anticancer effects and oxidative stress regulation linked to other compounds like PAC and GSH, while mentioning curcumin only in relation to the study of PAC. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding curcumin's anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For instance, cells from third round of cultivation (RK40-3) and thirteenth round of cultivation (RK40-13) were compared for HMF and furfural conversion, glucose consumption and ethanol production (Figure 3). There was a significant improvement in fermentation time in terms of glucose consumption and ethanol production. RK40-13 consumed all glucose and reached maximum ethanol concentration (8. 6 g l-1) in 35 h, whereas, RK40-3 consumed all glucose and reached maximum ethanol concentration (8. 3 g l-1) in 45 h (Figure 3a). The rate of HMF conversion was increased marginally, however, no significant difference was observed in the rate of furfural conversion (Figure 3b). Also, RK40-3 and RK40-13 consumed 16% and 10% of the supplied xylose, respectively during the time span of 12 h after the depletion of glucose until the subsequent cell transfer (data not shown). To increase genetic variability, cells from twelfth round of cultivation (RK40-12) were subjected to UV irradiation for 30, 60 and 90 seconds, respectively. The growth curve in presence of 40% inhibitor cocktail of strains resulting from 30 and 60 seconds UV exposure were indistinguishable, whereas, strain that was exposed to UV for 90 seconds consumed glucose relatively faster (data not shown). Figure 3Progression of glucose consumption, ethanol production and inhibitors conversion, in repetitive batch culture. (a) glucose consumption and ethanol production, (b) Conversion of HMF and furfural by RK40-3 (open symbols) and RK40-13 (closed symbols) during the evolution in 40% inhibitor cocktail in minimal medium containing 20 g l-1 of glucose and xylose, respectively. Glucose (diamonds), ethanol (circles), HMF (squares), furfural (triangles). Full size image60% inhibitor cocktailDirected evolution in presence of 60% inhibitor cocktail was started with RK40-12 exposed to UV for 90 seconds and RK40-13. Two culture lineages were developed, in which UV and non-UV treated cells were evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail for 84 and 116 generations, respectively. The μmax of the non-UV treated lineage remained nearly constant at 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides details about the experimental conditions under which bioengineered yeast strains RK40-3 and RK40-13 were cultivated to improve glucose consumption and ethanol production. It states that RK40-13 achieved a maximum ethanol concentration of 8.6 g l-1 in 35 hours, demonstrating the capability of bioengineered yeast to yield high amounts of biofuels, specifically ethanol, from sugars. This directly supports the claim that such yeast can be designed for enhanced biofuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change can be completely reversed by planting one trillion trees. [SEP] Text: RRs of soil C stock, for example, was not significantly correlated with stand age of plantations, latitude (north/south) and mean annual precipitation and temperature of the study sites (all P>0. 1). Thus, the differences in ecosystem C pools between plantations and natural forests were related to the interactions of these factors. Any differential effects resulting from the two different groups in one of these factors could be swamped by the others for such differences. findings had at least two implications. First, plantations, with reduced ecosystem C stock, failed to function as C sink as originally intended, in comparison with natural forests. Over the last two decades, C sequestration strategies might have overstated the role of plantations in climate change mitigation [1], [8], [11], [30]. It is acknowledged that plantations established on non-forested fields such as agricultural lands do accumulate considerable C into woody biomass. However, a recent meta-analysis showed that conversion from non-forested lands to plantations caused a 6. 7% decrease in soil C stock globally [22]. In addition, mean rate of soil uptake of CH4, another important greenhouse gas, significantly decreased by 80% in plantations when compared with the natural forests based on 11 field cases [31]–[35]. Moreover, on the lands where plantations can grow, if other conditions are equal, secondary forests can develop well through natural succession [e. g. , [6], [12], [13]]. Thus, current strategies concerning C sequestration through creating plantations had better be adjusted by governments in international conferences like the United Nations' Conference. Second, our results on ecosystem C cycle provided an interpretation of ecosystem degradation associated with plantations [e. g. , [6], [17], [36]]. For example, both plant biomass and soil organic C stock decreased respectively by 24 and 10% from the first to the second rotation for C. lanceolata plantations, and by 39% and 15% from second to the third rotation [37]. Of course, the decrease in ecosystem C stock was partially due to an increased output as plantations and (/or) wood products were harvested [3], [22]. Additionally, improperly silvicultural activities in plantations might have accelerated ecosystem C loss in plantations [6], [22], [36]. Site preparation with burnt treatment, for example, increased soil C loss, compared with unburnt one (Fig. 3b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how plantations do not function as effective carbon sinks in comparison to natural forests. It notes that plantations, despite accumulating carbon in biomass, have shown a reduction in soil carbon stock globally, which is a critical aspect in the overall carbon sequestration process. Furthermore, it states that current strategies for carbon sequestration through plantations may have been overstated and suggests that adjustments are necessary for climate change mitigation efforts. Thus, the claim that planting one trillion trees can completely reverse climate change is challenged by demonstrating the limitations and challenges associated with tree plantations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: With its preferential killing ability, PAC may provide a potential for improving oral cancer therapy without a cytotoxic side effect to normal oral cells. The future studies will be to combine cisplatin with this new curcumin analog (PAC), to normalize cisplatin side effects and potential drug resistance on oral cancer. AbbreviationsBcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2. CDKI: Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor. DMSO: Dimethyl Sulfoxide. EMT: Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. FBS: Serum. FCS: Serum. GSH: Glutathione. GEC: Cells. LDH: lactate dehydrogenase. MTT: 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Y1)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide. MEK/ERK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase/Extracellular signal-regulated Kinase. MMP: Potential. NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B. OC-SCC: Carcinoma. PAC: (3,5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone). PARP1: Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1. ROS: Species. SD: Standard Deviation. DeclarationsConflicts of Interest: All authors declare no conflict of interest. Authors’ contributions: AS conducted all experiments, analyzed, interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. CC conducted western blotting experiments. FC is supervisor and finalize the manuscript. BA and IA synthetized PAC All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: This work was supported by the Colgate-Palmolive Compagny10. 7860/JCDR/2014/8506. 4560 (2014). Silverman, S. , Jr. Oral cancer: complications of therapy. 88, 122–126, doi:10. 1016/s1079-2104(99)70103-4 (1999). Zheng, J. W. , Qiu, W. L. & Zhang, Z. Y. Combined and sequential treatment of oral and maxillofacial malignancies: an evolving concept and clinical protocol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address curcumin or its properties directly. Instead, it discusses a curcumin analog (PAC) in the context of oral cancer therapy and does not mention anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding curcumin's anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: KE1-17 and KE1-5 from the chemostat adaptation were chosen for further physiological characterization. Fermentation characteristics of evolved strainsThe fermentation performances of the selected strains were compared in anaerobic batch cultures in minimal medium and spruce hydrolysate. Anaerobic fermentation in minimal medium was performed with 20 g l-1 glucose and xylose each as carbon source. To quantitatively compare the fermentation performance, physiological parameters were calculated and it was found that all the evolved strains, but KE1-5, performed better than parental strain TMB3400. The strains RK60-5, RKU90-3 and KE1-17 exhibited 10 to 20% higher μmax than TMB3400, whereas, KE1-5 displayed 8% lower μmax than TMB3400 (Table 2). All the strains displayed maximum ethanol concentrations ranging between 8. 2 to 8. 7 g l-1 and the ethanol yields for all evolved strains showed a marginal increase of 3 to 5% higher than TMB3400. However, the specific glucose consumption rate and specific ethanol productivity of RK60-5, RKU90-3 and KE1-17 were significantly increased by 16 to 32% compared to TMB3400 (Table 2). It was observed for TMB3400, KE1-5 and KE1-17 strains that during the initial exponential growth on glucose, almost no xylose was consumed, as soon as glucose was depleted, growth ceased and cells started to utilize xylose. The specific xylose consumption rate calculated after the depletion of glucose, was significantly reduced by 50% in KE1-5 (0. 05 g g cell dry weight-1 h-1) and 20% in KE1- 17 (0. 08 g g cell dry weight-1 h-1) compared to the value for TMB3400 (0. 10 g g cell dry weight-1 h-1). Also, the xylitol yields for KE1-5 (0. 74 g g consumed xylose-1) and KE1-17 (0. 66 g g consumed xylose-1) were higher than the yield exhibited by TMB3400 (0. 61 g g consumed xylose-1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the physiological characterization and fermentation performance of bioengineered yeast strains, specifically highlighting their ability to utilize glucose and xylose. It discusses how the evolved strains showed improved maximum ethanol concentrations and yields compared to the parental strain, indicating their efficacy in producing biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change can be completely reversed by planting one trillion trees. [SEP] Text: To avoid ecosystem degradation associated with plantations, restoration measures need to be implemented to engineer ecosystems toward their natural potentials. The shifts from natural forests to plantations can also generate other ecological problems. For example, soil bulk density, representing the degree of soil compaction, was 12. 9% higher in plantations relative to natural forests [29]. Increased soil compaction may limit roots' access to water and nutrients, destroy soil structural units, slow gaseous diffusion, and reduce litter decomposition in plantations. Additionally, it has been reported that plantations decrease stream flow by 227 millimetres per year globally, and that climate feedbacks were unlikely to offset such water losses [38]. On the other hand, plantations can substantially provide human demands, e. g. , domestic and industrial timbers. Therefore, we are now facing a great challenge of developing a management policy for plantation practice that minimizes their negative impacts on ecosystems but maximizes their traditional values. Materials and sources To avoid bias in publication selection, the following five criteria were set for the inclusion of data related to ecosystem C stock and other related variables for plantations and natural forests. First, the reference ecosystems relative to plantations were primary and secondary forests which were naturally generated and free from disturbance (i. e. , natural forests). As a result, secondary forests were dominant in the reference ecosystems in this synthesis. Second, the trees in plantations were arboreal species, not including bamboos, shrubs, or fruit and non-timber species such as apple, coffee or rubber trees. Third, field studies were conducted by paired-site design in fields where there were both of plantations and natural forests [7], [8]. For studies conducted by chronosequence design for plantations compared with natural forests, the oldest plantations were included. For studies with repeated-sampling design for plantations compared with natural forests, the datasets sampled in the last time were collected. Fourth, studies were free of experimental treatments (e. g. free-air CO2 enrichment and warming) which did not belong to the normal range of silvicultural activities. Fifth, for soil variables, data were collected from the samples of soil surface layer. If data from the samples of different layers in a soil profile had been compiled into one, the compiled one was employed. Databases of and Web of Science, licensed to library, were used to search for source data from inception to September 2009. Study sites were located in all continents except for Antarctic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and negative ecological impacts of plantations. It highlights that simply planting trees does not inherently restore ecosystems to their natural states, as shifts from natural forests to plantations can lead to issues such as increased soil compaction, diminished water flow, and other ecological problems that exacerbate climate challenges rather than fully reversing them. Thus, the text suggests that a more complex management strategy is necessary rather than relying solely on tree planting to combat climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Chainoglou, E. & Hadjipavlou-Litina, D. Curcumin analogues and derivatives with anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activity: Structural characteristics and molecular targets. 14, 821–842, doi:10. 1080/17460441. 2019. 1614560 (2019). Al-Howail, H. A. et al. PAC down-regulates estrogen receptor alpha and suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 16, 540, doi:10. 1186/s12885-016-2583-8 (2016). Al-Qasem, A. et al. PAC exhibits potent anti-colon cancer properties through targeting cyclin D1 and suppressing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. 55, 233–244, doi:10. 1002/mc. 22271 (2016). Semlali, A. , Witoled, C. , Alanazi, M. & Rouabhia, M. Whole cigarette smoke increased the expression of and proinflammory cytokines by human gingival epithelial cells through different signaling pathways. PLoS One 7, e52614, doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0052614 (2012). Alanazi, H. , Park, H. J. , Chakir, J. , Semlali, A. & Rouabhia, M. Comparative study of the effects of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarettes on human gingival fibroblast proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Toxicol 118, 390–398, doi:10. 1016/j. fct. 2018. 05. 049 (2018). Semlali, A. , Chakir, J. & Rouabhia, M. Effects of whole cigarette smoke on human gingival fibroblast adhesion, growth, and migration. J 74, 848–862, doi:10. 1080/15287394. 2011. 570230 (2011). Tang, J. Y. et al. A novel sulfonyl chromen-4-ones (CHW09) preferentially kills oral cancer cells showing apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. 33, 1195–1203, doi:10. 1002/tox. 22625 (2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties, as it discusses various studies and their findings without mentioning curcumin or its effects. The content includes references to different studies on cigarette smoke, cancer properties, and other compounds rather than addressing the specific claim about curcumin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis of alkaline organosolv-pretreated corn stover facilitating high concentrations and yields of fermentable sugars for microbial lipid production access Published: 22 January 2020 Fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis of alkaline organosolv-pretreated corn stover facilitating high concentrations and yields of fermentable sugars for microbial lipid production : orcid. org/0000-0003-0868-51581,3, Xuemin Wang1, Wei Yuan1, Yanan Wang2, Wenting Zhou1,3, Guanghui Wang1 & …Yi Liu1,4 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 146. 7 g/L, 58. 7 g/L, 15. 6 g/L, and 24. 7 g/L, respectively, when the fed-batch hydrolysis was started at 12% (w/v) solids loading, and 7% fresh substrate and a standardized blend of cellulase, β-glucosidase, and hemicellulase were fed consecutively at 3, 6, 24, and 48 h to achieve a final solids loading of 40% (w/v). The total conversion of glucan and xylan reached 89. 5% and 88. 5%, respectively, when the oligosaccharides were taken into account. Then, a fed-batch culture on the hydrolysates was investigated for lipid production by Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum. Biomass, lipid content, and lipid yield were 50. 7 g/L, 61. 7%, and 0. 18 g/g, respectively. The overall consumptions of cello-oligosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides reached 74. 1% and 68. 2%, respectively. ConclusionsHigh sugars concentrations and yields were achieved when the enzyme blend was supplemented simultaneously with the substrate at each time point of feeding during the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis. Oligosaccharides were co-utilized with monosaccharides during the fed-batch culture of C. oleaginosum. These results provide a promising strategy to hydrolyze alkaline organosolv-pretreated corn stover into fermentable sugars with high concentrations and yields for microbial lipid production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a process that achieves 'high concentrations and yields of fermentable sugars for microbial lipid production,' suggesting that these sugars can be utilized by organisms designed for biofuel production. The mention of 'lipid production by Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum' indicates that the sugars derived from corn stover can be converted into biofuels, supporting the idea that bioengineered yeast could be similarly designed to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change can be completely reversed by planting one trillion trees. [SEP] Text: To evaluate the effects of climatic warming to Larix decidua, Betula pubescens, Tilia platyphylla, Fagus sylvatica, Tilia cordata, Quercus rubra, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelcior, Quercus petraea, Picea abies and Pinussylvestris in and in Germany, both models were fitted to long series of observations on the date of leaf unfolding of these tree species. The impact of the two scenarios (uniformly and non-uniformly changing winter temperature) on the date of leaf unfolding and on the probability of freezing temperature around that date was evaluated. To test the importance of adaptation to local climate, hypothetical provenance transfers were analysed. For tree species in and Germany the probability of spring frost damage will decrease, provided the variability in temperature does not change. The contradictory results found in literature could be ascribed to differences among provenances adapted to their local climate, rather than to differences between either the models or the climatic warming scenarios used in these studies. PlasticityTo evaluate the potential response of individual trees to climatic warming, phenological observations of clones of Larix decidua, Betula pubescens, Tilia cordata, Populus canescens, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, and Picea abies transferred over a large latitudinal range in Europe were analysed. The magnitude of the clone's response was compared to that of genetically different trees of the same species along a part of the latitudinal range, which were assumed to have adapted to their local climate. The responses of the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall of the clones to temperature are similar in magnitude to those of the genetically different trees. This demonstrates that trees possess a considerable plasticity and are able to respond phenotypically to a major change in their local climate. For the clones of Larix decidua and Quercus robur the growing season may shorten with increasing temperature, because leaf fall is advanced more than leaf unfolding. pubescens and Populus canescens, leaf unfolding and leaf fall are advanced equally, whereas in Tilia cordata and Fagus sylvatica the date of leaf fall seems to be unaltered but leaf unfolding advances with increasing temperature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex effects of climatic warming on various tree species and their adaptive responses to local climate conditions. It does not support the idea that climate change can be completely reversed through tree planting, as it highlights ongoing challenges, such as the variability in temperature and its effects on tree phenology, suggesting that simply planting trees may not fully mitigate the broader impacts of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Rivera, C. Essentials of oral cancer. Pathol 8, 11884–11894 (2015). Omura, K. Current status of oral cancer treatment strategies: surgical treatments for oral squamous cell carcinoma. 19, 423–430, doi:10. 1007/s10147-014-0689-z (2014). Hewlings, S. J. & Kalman, D. S. Curcumin: A Review of on Human Health. Foods 6, doi:10. 3390/foods6100092 (2017). & Aldebasi, Y. H. Role of Curcumin in and Treatment. Res 7, 38, doi:10. 4103/abr. abr_147_16 (2018). Vyas, A. , Dandawate, P. , Padhye, S. , Ahmad, A. & Sarkar, F. Perspectives on new synthetic curcumin analogs and their potential anticancer properties. Des 19, 2047–2069 (2013). Cao, Y. & Karin, M. NF-kappaB in mammary gland development and breast cancer. J 8, 215–223, doi:10. 1023/a:1025905008934 (2003). Haffner, M. C. , Berlato, C. & Doppler, W. Exploiting our knowledge of NF-kappaB signaling for the treatment of mammary cancer. J 11, 63–73, doi:10. 1007/s10911-006-9013-5 (2006). Van Waes, C. Nuclear factor-kappaB in development, prevention, and therapy of cancer. Res 13, 1076–1082, doi:10. 1158/1078-0432. CCR-06-2221 (2007). Paul, S. & Dey, A. Wnt signaling and cancer development: therapeutic implication. Neoplasma 55, 165–176 (2008). . & Ralhan, R. Wnt signaling pathway in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: relationship between beta-catenin, dishevelled and cyclin D1 expression. Oncology 73, 112–117, doi:10. 1159/000120999 (2007). Billard-Sandu, C. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information about curcumin or its anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it contains a list of citations and references on various topics related to cancer research and treatment, without addressing the claim about curcumin specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: tyrobutyricum ZJU8235 [13], C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T offers the highest butyric acid yields and final concentrations and so is the preferred strain. Since the cost of culture media components has a great influence on the overall cost of butyric acid produced by fermentation [2, 10], we wanted to utilize cheaper substrates for butyric acid production. One such substrate, sucrose, is an important and relatively cheap carbon source and is readily available in nature. It forms more than 90% of the total carbohydrates in sugar canes [14] and sugar beet in which sugars can account for 12% to 20% of the plant's dry weight. Sucrose also constitutes large percentage of the total sugar content in molasses. Consequently, our lab seeks to use sucrose as a carbon source for butyric acid production. In previous studies, several research groups evaluated the use of co-culturing to address limitation in substrate utilization by individual strains for the eventual production of different fermentation products. For example, Zhang et al. (2009) [3] discussed the possibility of using Clostridium thermocellum in a co-culture with Clostridium thermobutyricum for butyric acid production from cellulose, while Chang et al. (2008) [15] reported that the combination of aerobic Bacillus and anaerobic Clostridium may play the key role in the future of biofuel production from biomass. Their rationale was that strains of Bacillus generally have a high growth rate and secrete many saccharification-related extracellular enzymes into the medium, such as amylase, pectinase, protease, cellulose, and hemicellulase. Trana et al. (2010) [16] have recently shown the potential of co-culturing Bacillus subtilis with Clostridium butylicum for butanol production from starch. However, the Bacillus species used in the above studies are aerobic and, as such, they cannot be stably used in co-cultures for long periods with Clostridia, which are anaerobic. In contrast, Bacillus strains which are facultative anaerobes such as Bacillus licheniformis, will be more appropriate for long term co-culturing with Clostridium strains under anaerobic conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the use of sucrose as a carbon source for producing butyric acid through fermentation, highlighting the importance of utilizing sugars, which relates directly to the claim about biofuels derived from sugars. Additionally, it mentions that combining strains like Bacillus and Clostridium could enhance biofuel production, suggesting a potential pathway for engineering such processes, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change can be completely reversed by planting one trillion trees. [SEP] Text: It is unclear whether the disparity is because: (1) different models were used, (2) different climatic warming scenarios used, or (3) the tree species at the different locations respond differently to warmer winters. To evaluate the effects of climatic warming to Larix decidua, Betula pubescens, Tilia platyphylla, Fagus sylvatica, Tilia cordata, Quercus rubra, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelcior, Quercus petraea, Picea abies and Pinussylvestris in and in Germany, both models were fitted to long series of observations on the date of leaf unfolding of these tree species. The impact of the two scenarios (uniformly and non-uniformly changing winter temperature) on the date of leaf unfolding and on the probability of freezing temperature around that date was evaluated. To test the importance of adaptation to local climate, hypothetical provenance transfers were analysed. For tree species in and Germany the probability of spring frost damage will decrease, provided the variability in temperature does not change. The contradictory results found in literature could be ascribed to differences among provenances adapted to their local climate, rather than to differences between either the models or the climatic warming scenarios used in these studies. PlasticityTo evaluate the potential response of individual trees to climatic warming, phenological observations of clones of Larix decidua, Betula pubescens, Tilia cordata, Populus canescens, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, and Picea abies transferred over a large latitudinal range in Europe were analysed. The magnitude of the clone's response was compared to that of genetically different trees of the same species along a part of the latitudinal range, which were assumed to have adapted to their local climate. The responses of the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall of the clones to temperature are similar in magnitude to those of the genetically different trees. This demonstrates that trees possess a considerable plasticity and are able to respond phenotypically to a major change in their local climate. For the clones of Larix decidua and Quercus robur the growing season may shorten with increasing temperature, because leaf fall is advanced more than leaf unfolding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities of tree response to climate change, emphasizing that various factors such as different climatic scenarios and local adaptation confound the straightforward notion of reversing climate change solely through tree planting. It discusses how the responses of tree species to warming temperatures can vary significantly, indicating that simply planting trees may not be a comprehensive solution to reversing climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: CDK4/6 inhibitors in P16/HPV16-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Otorhinolaryngol 277, 1273–1280, doi:10. 1007/s00405-020-05891-2 (2020). Lee, J. H. et al. KCP10043F Represses the Proliferation of Human Non-Cells by Caspase-via STAT3 Inactivation. J 9, doi:10. 3390/jcm9030704 (2020). Xie, L. et al. Expression and prognostic significance of the P53-related DNA damage repair proteins checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) and growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 alpha (GADD45A) in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. 128, 128–135, doi:10. 1111/eos. 12685 (2020). Dikalova, A. E. et al. Therapeutic targeting of mitochondrial superoxide in hypertension. 107, 106–116, doi:10. 1161/. 109. 214601 (2010). Brar, S. S. et al. An NAD(P)H oxidase regulates growth and transcription in melanoma cells. Physiol 282, C1212-1224, doi:10. 1152/ajpcell. 00496. 2001 (2002). Nazarewicz, R. R. et al. Does scavenging of mitochondrial superoxide attenuate cancer prosurvival signaling pathways? Signal 19, 344–349, doi:10. 1089/ars. 2013. 5185 (2013). Bouayed, J. & Bohn, T. Exogenous antioxidants–Double-edged swords in cellular redox state: Health beneficial effects at physiologic doses versus deleterious effects at high doses. 3, 228–237, doi:10. 4161/oxim. 3. 4. 12858 (2010). Shih, H. C. et al. Cracking the cytotoxicity code: apoptotic induction of 10-acetylirciformonin B is mediated through ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction. 12, 3072–3090, doi:10. 3390/md12053072 (2014). Zorova, L. D. et al. Mitochondrial membrane potential. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about curcumin or its anti-inflammatory properties at all. Instead, it discusses various studies and articles related to cancer research and antioxidants without any mention of turmeric or curcumin’s potential effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 69 for pdc (Additional file 1: Table S1B); therefore, the acetolactate decarboxylase (AldC) to be engineered should have a strong affinity for the substrate acetolactate to compete with ZMO1141, thus ensuring carbon flux toward acetoin and 2,3-BDO. Construct heterologous 2,3-BDO pathway in Z. mobilis and optimize flask fermentation conditionsThe gene expression cassettes containing the sequences of three codon-optimized 2,3-BDO pathway genes (als, aldC, and bdh) from B. licheniformis and E. cloacae as well as wild-type version from E. cloacae were then designed and synthesized (Table 2). As discussed above, Z. mobilis has three als gene homologs, but does not have the aldC and bdh genes needed for 2,3-BDO production. Additionally, since Z. mobilis Pdc is a very abundant and efficient enzyme with low Km (<0. 31 mM) and high k cat (>100 1/s), a strong als gene may be needed to divert carbon flux from ethanol production to 2,3-BDO. We, therefore, constructed several pathways with either two genes (aldC and bdh) or three genes (als, aldC, and bdh). These genes were assembled using the Biobrick-based metabolic pathway engineering strategy and cloned into the minimized shuttle vector pEZ (Table 1). The results indicated that the three-gene pathways produced more 2,3-BDO than did the two-gene pathways (Table 2; Fig. 2). Table 2 The source and components of the 2,3-BDO pathway constructed and the corresponding 2,3-BDO titer (g/L) after 24-h post-inoculation in Z. mobilis 8bFull size table Fig. 2Biomass (OD600 nm), acetoin, 2,3-BDO, and ethanol titers after 24-h post-inoculation in either a Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the engineering of yeast strains, specifically Zymomonas mobilis, to produce biofuels such as 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) from sugars. It discusses the construction of metabolic pathways using various genes and indicates that optimized pathways can yield higher amounts of 2,3-BDO, which supports the idea that bioengineered yeast can be effectively designed for biofuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change can be completely reversed by planting one trillion trees. [SEP] Text: It is unclear whether the disparity is because: (1) different models were used, (2) different climatic warming scenarios used, or (3) the tree species at the different locations respond differently to warmer winters. To evaluate the effects of climatic warming to Larix decidua, Betula pubescens, Tilia platyphylla, Fagus sylvatica, Tilia cordata, Quercus rubra, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelcior, Quercus petraea, Picea abies and Pinussylvestris in and in Germany, both models were fitted to long series of observations on the date of leaf unfolding of these tree species. The impact of the two scenarios (uniformly and non-uniformly changing winter temperature) on the date of leaf unfolding and on the probability of freezing temperature around that date was evaluated. To test the importance of adaptation to local climate, hypothetical provenance transfers were analysed. For tree species in and Germany the probability of spring frost damage will decrease, provided the variability in temperature does not change. The contradictory results found in literature could be ascribed to differences among provenances adapted to their local climate, rather than to differences between either the models or the climatic warming scenarios used in these studies. PlasticityTo evaluate the potential response of individual trees to climatic warming, phenological observations of clones of Larix decidua, Betula pubescens, Tilia cordata, Populus canescens, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, and Picea abies transferred over a large latitudinal range in Europe were analysed. The magnitude of the clone's response was compared to that of genetically different trees of the same species along a part of the latitudinal range, which were assumed to have adapted to their local climate. The responses of the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall of the clones to temperature are similar in magnitude to those of the genetically different trees. This demonstrates that trees possess a considerable plasticity and are able to respond phenotypically to a major change in their local climate. For the clones of Larix decidua and Quercus robur the growing season may shorten with increasing temperature, because leaf fall is advanced more than leaf unfolding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of tree species' responses to climatic warming and the potential for phenological changes. It describes that factors like local climate adaptation and the variability in temperature play critical roles in tree response to climate changes, indicating that simply planting trees may not be sufficient to completely reverse climate change effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to This 10. 7554/eLife. 45650 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordOctober 5, 2020 Version of RecordJune 24, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptJune 10, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,144 views 254 downloads 16 5650. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 7 figures, 1 table and 7 additional files 1 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Identification and quantification of synaptic OXT content in neurohypophyseal axonal termini. (A–C) Scheme describing the neurohypophyseal vasculature and synapses in 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:EGFP). The dense neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) were used as an anatomical landmark to localize the larval neurohypophysis prior to tissue preparation for Microscopy (TEM) imaging (A). TEM image showing cross-section of axons (yellow dashed line) and neurohypophyseal synapses (red dashed line) (B,C). Large dense core vesicles with electron-dense neuropeptides are visible in NS (white arrows). Membranal fusion resembling exocytotic pit (black arrow), membranal invagination resembling endocytic pit (red arrow head) and empty vesicle resembling recycled vesicle (white arrow head) are visible in NS (B’,C’). Ax: axon, BM: basement membrane, EC: endothelial cell and NS: neurohypophyseal synapse. Scale: 500 nM (B,C) and 100 nm (B’, C’). (D,E) Oxytocin neuron-specific labeling of synapses using EGFP-fused synaptic vesicle marker synaptophysin-B (D). Whole-mount confocal microscope imaging of hypophysis of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) transgenic Tg(oxt:Gal4;UAS:SYP-EGFP) zebrafish following immunostaining with anti-EGFP and a specific antibody against endogenous OXT protein (E). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses neurohypophyseal synapses and imaging methodologies without mentioning willow bark or its historical use for pain relief. There is no connection to the claim about willow bark and salicylic acid.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis 8b and 22C background host with control plasmid pEZ15Asp (pEZ), or two-gene construct pEZ-GS2, or the three-gene construct pEZ-BC5 at 33 °C, 120 rpm with 40 mL RMG8 in 125-mL flaskFull size image Three constructs (vector control pEZ, two-gene pathway plasmid pEZ-GS2, and three-gene pathway plasmid pEZ-BC5) were further compared in two strain backgrounds of 8b or 22C (Table 1). The introduction of heterologous als gene significantly increased 2,3-BDO production by shifting carbon flow away from ethanol production (Fig. 2). Clearly 2,3-BDO production could be significantly enhanced if the native ethanol production pathway was impeded by knocking out key ethanol production genes of pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (adh), which has been demonstrated in S. cerevisiae that 2,3-BDO production increased in Pdc-deficient mutants [5, 7–10]. We have attempted to knock out or knock down the pdc gene to divert carbon to 2,3-BDO production without success, a result consistent with previous reports that pdc is essential for native Z. mobilis and cannot be completely knocked out. Furthermore, our efforts testing pdc knockout in 2,3-BDO production strains, such as 9C-BC5 and 9C-BC11, were also not successful. We will continue to work on blocking the route from pyruvate to ethanol to maximize the potential 2,3-BDO titer with balanced redox using similar strategies as reported in yeast [5, 6, 72–74]. To optimize the 2,3-BDO production, different flask fermentation conditions were first investigated using the three-gene pathway construct in the 22C background (22C-BC5) and using the empty vector pEZ as a negative control (Table 1; Fig. 3a). Results indicate that 2,3-BDO can be produced using mixed sugar conditions (glucose, or glucose and xylose), as well as from DMR-pretreated biomass (Fig. 3b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the production of 2,3-BDO using bioengineered yeast, specifically mentioning the optimization of conditions for fermentation of mixed sugars. It notes that '2,3-BDO can be produced using mixed sugar conditions (glucose, or glucose and xylose)' which supports the idea that bioengineered yeast can yield biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change can be completely reversed by planting one trillion trees. [SEP] Text: However, we have shown that it is likely impossible in the future, even with late ripening varieties, to find the same cool ripening conditions that we experience today (Duchêne et al. , 2010). Indeed, there is a continuously increasing gap between the "cool ripening period", shifting later and later in fall, and the onset of ripening, shifting towards the warmest period of summer. This analysis does not apply when ripening already starts in present days before the peak of high temperatures in summer. We should pay as much attention to the ability of genotypes to maintain some required characteristics under warm conditions as to phenological stages. 2. Water use The crop Efficiency (WUE) is a key parameter of the adaptation to the expected dryer summers in the future. There are many ways to define this parameter (see Flexas et al. , 2010 for a review). From a practical point of view, which can be the one of vine growers, it is the amount of water needed to produce one kilogram of mature grapes. There are many studies on the more efficient management techniques to maximize the WUE (Flexas et al. , 2010). WUE will also depend on the scions and rootstocks used, as well as on the timing of water availability. WUE can be studied at different scales within a plant (Flexas et al. , 2010) and through different physiological processes (Flexas et al. , 2010; Tomás et al. , 2014). There are many studies comparing the behaviors of different grapevine genotypes under water restriction, and classifications have been proposed (Bota et al. , 2001; Gaudillère et al. , 2002; Tomás et al. , 2014). The understanding of the genetic determinism of traits relevant for water stress tolerance is, however, still limited, the first difficulty being to choose a relevant trait to study. Classification under isohydric or anisohydric is one the methods proposed for describing cultivar behavior under water restriction (Schultz, 2003). Isohydric cultivars are characterized by a high capacity to maintain a high leaf water potential during the day, while the leaf water potential of anisohydric cultivars in the same conditions will drop significantly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges associated with maintaining cool ripening conditions for crops in the face of climate change. It highlights that it is 'likely impossible in the future' to find the conditions present today, suggesting that merely planting trees will not suffice to reverse or adequately counteract the effects of climate change. The text implies that adaptation strategies like improving water use efficiency (WUE) are necessary, indicating that the issue is more complex than simply planting trees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Mean weighted colocalization coefficients for OXT fluorescence with respect to GFP fluorescence = 0. 87; n = 5 larvae (and methods for detailed description). Scale: 5 μM. (F) Scheme describing the pipeline for detection of neurohypophyseal synapses. Whole-mount confocal microscope imaging of hypophysis of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:EGFP) zebrafish following immunostaining with anti-EGFP and a specific antibody against endogenous OXT protein. Analysis of GFP-positive neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) and OXT puncta were performed by using the ‘object identifier’ function in Volocity software on individual channels. Scale: 5 μM. Figure 1—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 1: colocalization analysis of synaptic OXT and EGFP fluorescence. The excel sheet includes values for weighted colocalization coefficients calculated from confocal images of immunostained transgenic (oxt:gal4; UAS:Syp-EGFP) larval neurohypophysis. Download elife-45650-fig1-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 1—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Z-stack images and three-dimensional render of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) transgenic reporter zebrafish Tg(oxt:EGFP) following immunostaining with anti-EGFP and a specific antibody against endogenous OXT protein. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Osmotic challenge decreases synaptic OXT neuropeptide content. (A) Transgenic Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae at eight dpf were treated with hypertonic solution (25% artificial sea salt in Danieau buffer) for 20 or 60 min. The larvae that underwent 60 min treatment were allowed to recover in isotonic Danieau buffer for another 60 min. The mean number and volume of NS (B,C) and OXT puncta overlapping with GFP +NS (D,E) were quantified (**p<0. 01 and ***p<0. 001; one-way ANOVA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental data related to neurohypophyseal synapses and OXT fluorescence in transgenic zebrafish, with no mention of willow bark, salicylic acid, or pain relief.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Growth conditions that varied the shaking speed and medium volume affecting oxygen dispersion impacted acetoin and 2,3-BDO production (Fig. 3b). For example, acetoin titers rose above 10 g/L when the shaking speed was increased to 200 rpm with 40 mL medium in the 125-mL baffled flask (Fig. 3b). Fig. 3Biomass (OD600 nm), acetoin, 2,3-BDO, and ethanol titers after 24-h post-inoculation under different fermentation conditions which varied shaking speed (120 or 200 rpm), volume (100 or 40 mL in 125-mL flask), and media (RMG8, RMG8X6, and DMR) for control strain 22C(pEZ) (a) and three-gene pathway construct Z. mobilis 22C-BC5 (b) at 33 °CFull size image Optimize heterologous 2,3-BDO pathway to increase 2,3-BDO titerInitial 2,3-BDO engineering efforts in introducing heterologous aldC and bdh genes into Z. mobilis resulted in the 2,3-BDO production of about 3. 7 g/L, which confirms that both aldC and bdh genes are required for 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis. Furthermore, the addition of a heterologous als gene from E. cloacae increased 2,3-BDO titers to about 5. 0 g/L (Table 2), which again upheld the assumption that an additional als gene may be needed to redirect carbon flux from ethanol production into 2,3-BDO to compete with the abundant and highly active Z. mobilis Pdc enzyme. Our data thus suggested that the bottleneck reactions to increase 2,3-BDO production could be acetolactate generation from pyruvate and 2,3-BDO production from acetoin. We hypothesize that stronger als and bdh genes, or genes encoding more active enzymes, will boost BDO production. To ascertain whether other heterologous als genes with higher specific enzymatic activities than E. cloacae one as reported in E. coli [16] could improve carbon flux from ethanol production into 2,3-BDO, als genes from B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the engineering of Z. mobilis for increased production of 2,3-BDO, which is a type of biofuel. It mentions strategies like introducing heterologous genes and optimizing fermentation conditions to enhance production yields. The focus on boosting 2,3-BDO production through genetic modifications supports the idea that bioengineered yeast can be effectively designed for high yields of biofuels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Earth’s climate has always been exactly the same until the last 100 years. [SEP] Text: 14-16 Ultrasonographic features offer some guidance. Nodules that are principally solid, hypoechoic, have irregular margins, lack a halo, contain microcalcifications, or have increased vascular flow are more likely to be malignant. As the specificity of each discriminatory feature increases, its incidence and, therefore, its sensitivity tend to drop. 17,18 In those without a history of ionizing radiation or a worrisome family history, small nodules, whether or not they are hypoechoic or solid, should not be aspirated unless there are other suspicious ultrasonographic features. 5 There is substantial variation in the way FNA results are reported and even used by different authorities. For example, the AACE/AME guideline2 refers to "suspicious" as synonymous with "indeterminate" in their text. The term includes follicular neoplasms, Hurthle cell neoplasms, and lesions suspicious for papillary cancer and lymphoma. Yet their algorithm for palpable nodules groups "malignant" with "suspicious" while their incidentaloma algorithm omits the designation "suspicious" entirely, using "follicular neoplasia" for "indeterminate". The ATA3 uses the term "indeterminate" to cover "suspicious, follicular lesion", or "follicular neoplasm" as well as "suspicious" for "papillary carcinoma or Hurthle cell neoplasm". Yet their algorithm separates "indeterminate" into "suspect for neoplasia" and "suspect for cancer". I favor the Mayo Clinic's approach19 which categorizes those aspirates with sufficient material to make a diagnosis as benign, malignant or suspicious. Within the suspicious or indeterminate group are those consistent with follicular neoplasm, Hurthle cell lesion, or suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The former two designations carry a risk of malignancy of approximately 15%,20 while the latter according to the Mayo and others carries a risk in excess of 50% of being malignant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses ultrasonographic features and classifications related to thyroid nodules and malignancy without any reference to climate or temperature changes over time. It does not provide any information that supports, contrasts, or is related to the climate claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (F–J) Cell-specific blockage of synaptic release using botulinum toxin light chain B increases hypophyseal OXT levels (F). The mean number and volume of mCherry +NS (G,H) and oxytocin puncta overlapping with mcherry +NS (I,J) were quantified in 8-dpf old larvae of Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:NTR-mCherry) labeled as BoTx- (n = 13 larvae) versus Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:BoTxLCB-GFP; UAS:NTR-mCherry) at isotonic Danieau buffer (BoTx+ (n = 14 larvae)) or upon 60 min treatment with hypertonic solution (ST BoTx+; n = 12 larvae). (***p<0. 001, ****p<0. 0001; one-way ANOVA). Error bars indicate SEM in (B-E and G-J). Figure 2—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 2: Neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters upon hyperosmotic challenge. The excel sheet includes values for number and volume of neurohypophyseal synapses and OXT puncta upon hyperosmotic challenge. Download elife-45650-fig2-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Actin polymerization regulates synaptic OXT content. (A–D) Spatial relationship between actin and neuropeptide in hypophysis revealed by super-resolution microscopy. Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) images of the neurohypophyseal area of 6 days post-fertilization (dpf) Tg(oxt:gal4; UAS:lifeact-EGFP) larvae stained using anti-OXT and anti-GFP antibodies (A). (B–D:) Magnifications of squared areas. Scale bars: 1 µm. (E–H) Assessment of the effect of cytochalasin D treatment on synaptic properties in Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae. Larvae were treated with DMSO or cytochalasin D at 400 nM between 4 and 5 dpf, stained using anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and quantified following imaging as in Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about willow bark and its historical use for pain relief. It discusses the effects of botulinum toxin on synaptic release and the relationship between actin and neuropeptides in hypophyseal samples, which has no connection to willow bark or salicylic acid.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The interactions among these pathways can help understand the impact of host carbon and energetic metabolism as well as oxygen levels on heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering in Z. mobilis Full size image The highest 2,3-BDO yield (0. 16 g/g glucose) was achieved under shake flask fermentations and the highest ethanol yield (0. 44 g/g glucose) was obtained under anaerobic conditions using N2 purging (Additional file 1: Table S1C). As oxygen supplementation increased, acetoin yields also increased; however, these conditions also produced lower ethanol yields. In addition, the yields of all fermentation products (ethanol, lactate, glycerol, and acetate) were reduced with the increasing oxygen levels. For example, ethanol yields decreased from 0. 46 g/g glucose under anaerobic conditions to 0. 15 g/g glucose in the 10 % DO culture (Additional file 1: Table S1C). Conversely, the ratios of the heterologous products, acetoin and 2,3-BDO, to fermentation products increased from 0. 04 g/g glucose under anaerobic conditions to 1. 65 g/g glucose when 10 % DO was used, which reflects the higher acetoin yields and also correlated to lower ethanol yields under aerobic conditions (Additional file 1: Table S1C). We saw a similar result with shake flask fermentations. Higher acetoin production was accompanied by lower ethanol titer under more aerobic conditions (40 mL media in a 125-mL flask at 120 rpm) (Fig. 3b). mobilis has attracted great attention due to its unique metabolic characteristics [49, 77–83]. Although it is missing two tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) enzymes, malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (Ogdh), as well as one key enzyme in the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway (phosphofructokinase Pfk), Z. mobilis has outstanding fermentation performance consuming sugars at very high ethanol productivity rates and producing high ethanol titers through the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway to provide energy for efficient growth. Glycolytic pathway enzymes are abundant in Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides substantial evidence that supports the claim regarding bioengineered yeast by detailing the fermentation performance of Z. mobilis, specifically mentioning its capability to efficiently consume sugars and produce high ethanol titers. Furthermore, the text explains how various conditions, such as oxygen levels, affect the yields of fermentation products including ethanol, which is a type of biofuel. The mention of high ethanol productivity rates indicates that bioengineered yeast like Z. mobilis can indeed be designed for high yields of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/tc-18-2691-2024 © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/tc-18-2691-2024, 2024. Received: 24 Aug 2023 – Discussion started: 27 Sep 2023 – Revised: 02 Mar 2024 – Accepted: 22 Mar 2024 – Published: 11 Jun 2024 1 Introduction – The importance of studying melting and affected ice cores Polar ice cores are widely recognised for their ability to archive past climates on local to global and sub-annual to multi-millennial scales (2004; 2013; NEEM community members, 2013). Beyond the polar regions, ice cores from alpine glaciers, ice fields or lower-elevation coastal domes and islands (Porter et al. , 2021; Winski et al. , 2018; Thomas et al. , 2021; Fritzsche et al. , 2005) provide an opportunity to reconstruct more local and regional climatic change. Rising global temperatures (IPCC, 2021) and accelerated melting of the most vulnerable parts of the cryosphere (IPCC, 2019) cause glaciers across the globe to shrink, thereby hampering our ability to reconstruct past climate from ice cores across the globe. On the snow surface of a glacier, melting and refreezing leave an imprint on the snowpack, i. e. typically centimetre-thick, bubble-free melt lenses and layers with fuzzy edges (Fig. 1). Wind abrasion, deposition hiatus, and other factors, which are still under discussion, can also lead to distinct, millimetre-thick, high-density bubble-free layers like wind crusts and glaze that are structurally similar to melt layers (Fegyveresi et al. , 2018; Frezzotti et al. , 2002; Orsi et al. , 2015; Weinhart et al. , 2021; Zhang et al. , 2023), but water is absent during the formation process. Presence and impact of the water phase are what makes melt a major constraint for the selection of ice-core drilling sites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the accelerated melting of glaciers and parts of the cryosphere due to rising global temperatures, as stated: 'Rising global temperatures (IPCC, 2021) and accelerated melting of the most vulnerable parts of the cryosphere (IPCC, 2019).' This indicates that melting is not only possible but is occurring at an accelerated rate, challenging the notion that the polar ice caps cannot melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: The number and mean volume of neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) (E,F) and the number and mean volume of NS-associated OXT puncta (G,H) was quantified. p<0. 01, Student’s t-test, Cohen’s d = 1. 54 (E); p<0. 1, Student's t-test, Cohen's d = 0. 85 (F); p<0. 05, Student's t-test, Cohen's d = 1. 17 (G); p<0. 01, Student's t-test, Cohen's d = 1. 43 (H), n = 8, 12 for DMSO and cytochalasin D treatment, respectively. (I–N) Assessment of the effect of oxytocin-neuron specific perturbation of actin. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxytocin Gal4 driver (oxt:Gal4) were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP (I) or UAS:Cofilin-EGFP (L) expression cassettes. All the injected larvae were sorted for fluorescent heart selection marker and were subjected to immunostaining with anti-EGFP and anti-OXT antibody. 5-dpf larvae with and without expression of EGFP-labeled neurohypophyseal synapses were imaged using confocal microscopy as in Figure 1F. The number (J,M) and volume of OXT puncta (K,N) were quantified. (J-M: ns, non-significant; N: p<0. 05; Student’s t-test with Cohen’s d = 0. 92). Error bars indicate SEM in (E-H, J,K,M and N). Figure 3—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 3: Neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters upon actin perturbation. The excel sheet includes values for number and volume of neurohypophyseal synapses and OXT puncta from confocal imaging of larvae that were subjected to DMSO vs cytochalasin treatment or embryos that underwent transgenesis experiment for OXT-neuron specific EGFP vs cofilin expression. Download elife-45650-fig3-data1-v3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about willow bark and its historical use for pain relief. It provides detailed experimental data related to neurohypophyseal synapses, but does not mention willow bark or salicylic acid at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Since shake flask conditions achieved higher 2,3-BDO and ethanol yields with lower acetoin production than either 1 or 10 % DO fermentation conditions (Fig. 5b), we will further explore oxygenation levels and its impact on 2,3-BDO production and develop a strategy to balance redox to ensure maximum 2,3-BDO production under “anaerobic” or microaerophilic conditions. The different physiological changes of a 2,3-BDO producer, therefore, could be contributed to the complex interplay between oxygen availability, the respiratory chain, oxygen and NADH cofactor requirement for heterologous 2,3-BDO biosynthesis and native glycolysis and ethanol fermentation pathways of Z. mobilis. In the presence of oxygen, Z. mobilis is able to oxidize NADH to NAD+ by the NADH oxidase Ndh in the respiratory chain. High levels of acetoin formation under these conditions suggested that NADH is oxidized to NAD+ by the NADH oxidase with high oxygen levels and will then not be available for the conversion of acetoin to 2,3-BDO by butanediol dehydrogenase (Bdh). Certainly, it is also possible that the activity of the Bdh is not optimal under these conditions and thus Bdh cannot compete with NADH oxidase. Further research will be needed to investigate the impact of oxygen, the fate of the NADH, and the Bdh enzymatic performance to optimize 2,3-BDO production and develop strategies for “anaerobic” production of 2,3-BDO in Z. mobilis. ConclusionIn summary, we have demonstrated the successful redirection of carbon flux from ethanol production in Z. mobilis to production of other hydrocarbon intermediates, such as 2,3-BDO, from glucose and xylose or mixed sugars from pretreated biomass hydrolysate. Our results indicate that all three genes of the heterologous 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway are essential for high 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis, and the bottleneck reactions are both the acetolactate generation from pyruvate and the 2,3-BDO production from acetoin. Pathway engineering to introduce Als with strong enzyme activity on pyruvate for acetolactate generation increased 2,3-BDO titer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the successful redirection of carbon flux in Zymomonas mobilis from ethanol production to the production of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) from sugars, including glucose and xylose. It indicates that the engineered pathways for 2,3-BDO production allow for high yields, thereby supporting the assertion that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: While melting is rare and related alterations of climate indicators are still of little concern to some researchers working on ice cores from central Antarctica, key climate proxy records like δ18O have already been obliterated through melting in numerous low-latitude high-altitude glaciers (Thompson et al. , 2021) and are gradually deteriorating at (sub-)polar sites like Svalbard (Spolaor et al. , 2024). Unlike the original climate signatures preserved under dry conditions, palaeoclimate reconstructions based on ice cores from melt-affected drilling sites require caution and have been hampered by insufficient knowledge about the effects of melting on ice-core proxy records and how to correct for them in the past. In recent decades, alpine ice-core scientists faced with this issue regularly have made significant advances regarding the interpretation of melt-affected ice-core records (Avak et al. , 2018). Improvements have also been made on the wider subject of snowmelt with interdisciplinary methodical approaches ranging from detection with remote sensing (Alimasi et al. , 2020; Dell et al. , 2021; Bell et al. , 2017) to field-based snow pits (Moran and Marshall, 2009; Spolaor et al. , 2021; Avak et al. , 2019), firn sintering and elution experiments (Cragin et al. , 1996; Trachsel et al. , 2019), modelling (Hu et al. , 2021), and ice-core studies (Orsi et al. , 2015; Avak et al. , 2018; Vega et al. , 2016). However, among polar ice-core scientists, there is still only limited agreement about the informational value of melt-affected ice cores. On the one hand, chemical records of refrozen melt layers are often considered lost or altered and likely to lead to misinterpretations of proxy records (Koerner, 1997). On the other hand, these structural features have been used as proxies for warm summer temperatures in multiple studies from the Arctic and Antarctic (Das and Alley, 2008; Koerner and Fisher, 1990; Abram et al. , 2013). Figure 1Examples of melt layers reported in snow and ice profiles from around the world using various techniques. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the melting of ice cores and glaciers in various locations, including central Antarctica and Svalbard. It states that alterations due to melting have significantly impacted climate proxy records and that there are instances where important climate signatures have been lost through melting. This suggests that while some researchers may view melting as rare, evidence contradicts the claim by indicating that significant melting does occur, leading to valuable data loss and alterations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: xlsx Figure 3—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional render showing STORM images of endogenous OXT and Lifeact-EGFP in neurohypophyseal synapses. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic actin dynamics. (A) robo2 is expressed in larval zebrafish neurosecretory preoptic area (NPO) and colocalizes with Oxytocin neurons. Confocal Z-stack images showing fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of transgenic larvae Tg(oxt:EGFP) (3 days post-fertilization (dpf)) using probes directed against robo2 mRNAs (magenta), followed by anti-EGFP staining. The neurosecretory preoptic (NPO) area in which OXT neurons were labeled is shown. Scale bar: 20 µm. (B,C) Real-time monitoring of synaptic actin dynamics in live transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:Lifeact-EGFP) larvae mounted in 0. 1% low-melt agarose and imaged using multi-photon microscopy upon after Photobleaching (FRAP) (B). Time-series images of FRAP experiment in a neurohypophyseal synapse with Lifeact-EGFP expression (C). Scale bar: 200 nm. (D–F) Assessment of synaptic actin dynamics in robo2 mutant using the transgenic actin dynamics reporter Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:Lifeact-EGFP) larvae. Graph showing the normalized FRAP profile of Lifeact-EGFP fluorescence intensity in 6-dpf robo2+/+ (n = 19 synapses from seven larvae) and robo2-/- (n = 21 synapses from seven larvae) (D) (***p<2e-16) for genotypeXtime interaction effect in a linear mixed effects model to account for inter-synapse and inter-genotype variability (see Materials and methods). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses synaptic actin dynamics in zebrafish and does not mention willow bark, pain relief, or salicylic acid. Therefore, it does not provide any corroborating or contrasting information regarding the historical use of willow bark for pain relief.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: lipolytica to produce biodiesel from raw starch access Published: 15 September 2015 lipolytica to produce biodiesel from raw starch Rodrigo Ledesma-: orcid. org/0000-0002-6679-972X1,2,3, Thierry Dulermo1,2 & Nicaud1,2,3 Biotechnology for Biofuels 5. 7 times more than the modified strain in the wild-type background. Media optimization to increase the C/N ratio to 90 increased total lipid content up to 27 % of DCW. We also tested these strains in industrial raw starch as a proof of concept of the feasibility of the consolidated bioprocess. Lipid production from raw starch was further enhanced by the expression of a second copy of each enzyme. Finally, we determined in silico that the properties of a biodiesel produced by this strain from raw starch would fit the established standards. ConclusionsIn this work, we performed a strain engineering approach to obtain a consolidated bioprocess to directly produce biolipids from raw starch. Additionally, we proved that lipid production from starch can be enhanced by both metabolic engineering and culture condition optimization, setting up the basis for further studies. BackgroundThe excessive use of petroleum sources cannot cope with the increasing worldwide energy consumption and the environmental requirements to prevent global warming. Bio-lipids produced either by plant or microorganisms are one of the most promising sustainable and renewable alternative sources of energy [1]. Microbial oils present several advantages over plant-based oils: they (1) sometimes can be synthesized from waste products as carbon source (such as glycerol or lignocellulosic materials), (2) they are independent of climate and seasonal conditions, (3) they have short process cycles, (4) industrial-scale fermentations can be rapidly adapted to market needs, (5) the land area needed for microbial cultivation is much smaller than that required for plant growth and importantly (6) microorganisms can be modified by metabolic engineering approaches, which can be utilized to enrich specific desired fatty acids within the microbial oils [2]. However, there are also drawbacks in the use of microbial oils mostly associated to the production costs. The requirement of a controlled environment of aeration, temperature and agitation, the need for aseptic conditions and the recovery of the oil from the cells increase the cost of the whole process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the engineered strain of lipolytica, which is utilized to produce biodiesel from raw starch. It highlights that metabolic engineering and optimization of culture conditions can enhance lipid production, aligning with the idea that bioengineered microorganisms (including yeast) can effectively convert substrates (sugars or starches) into biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: The grey scale bar at the bottom right of each panel equals 1 cm, and the top of each snow, firn, or ice section is at the top of each panel: (a) two melt layers, 4–6 mm thick, from the NEEM Greenland ice core at ∼ 44. 3 m depth (digital photo, credit Kaitlin Keegan, Orsi et al. , 2015); (b) sequence of melt layers ranging from 3 to 13 mm at ice core, at ∼ 138. 04 m depth (line scan image, Westhoff et al. , 2022, CC-BY 4. 0); (c) two distinct melt layers ∼ 15–20 mm thick at at 78. 1–79. 2 m depth (line scan image, Taranczewski et al. , 2019); (d) four ∼ 20–35 mm melt layers at 0. 3–0. 5 m depth in an ice core from the Cap, Canada (digital photo, credit James Zheng, Fisher et al. , 2012, reproduced with permission from Elsevier); (e) varying appearances of 3–7 and 25–41 mm melt layers in an ice core from Mount Hunter, Alaska (digital photo, Winski et al. , 2018); (f) ∼ 15–20 mm melt at ∼ 0. 04 m depth in surface snowpack from Davos, (3D X-ray tomography scan, Heggli et al. , 2011); (g) segment at ∼ 3 m depth from the ice core with melt >45 mm thick (digital photo, Moser et al. , 2021, CC-BY 4. 0); (h) melt sequence between 133. 82 and 133. 92 m depth in the ice core from Island, (line scan image, Abram et al. , 2013, reproduced with permission from SNCSC); (i) a 1 mm melt layer in the surface snow at 0. 008 m depth at Siple Dome, Antarctica (digital photo, Das and Alley, 2005). In the past, studies about melt in ice cores were focused on alpine settings (Eichler et al. , 2001; Kang et al. , 2008; Yuanqing et al. , 2001; Avak et al. , 2018). Such mountain glaciers around the Earth are vanishing (IPCC, 2019), because a rise in local equilibrium lines driven by global heating exposes most of their surfaces to melt as a cause of ablation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that mountain glaciers around the Earth are vanishing due to a rise in local equilibrium lines driven by global heating, which exposes most of their surfaces to melt as a cause of ablation. This suggests that melting is occurring and could lead to significant reductions in ice masses, supporting the idea that complete melting is plausible.