Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Presumably, the need for informational support may be of comparable importance, or even greater importance, to consumers who are considering taking carrier or prenatal DTC-GTs and then using the results in their reproductive decisions. ConclusionThis study summarized the risks and benefits associated with distinct DTC-GT aspects at a personal and a public level. Both the consumer journey and the checklist break the offer of a DTC-GT service down into key aspects that may impact and compromise the safety and autonomy of the individual and of public health. This framework helps policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers develop methods to interpret, assess, and act in the DTC-GT service market. This could serve as a backbone for future research into key themes such as the need for provision of information. The checklist could be further developed into a decision support tool to empower consumers in their decisions both before and after purchasing a DTC-GT service. 2. Authors' and TR contributed to conception and design of the study. SMO organized the database, analyzed the data, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors have contributed to manuscript revision and have read and approved the submitted version. Conflicts of InterestNone declared. Multimedia 637. [CrossRef]Wetterstrand K. DNA sequencing costs: data from the (GSP). Institute. 2016. URL: [accessed 2024-06-21] Ramos E, Weissman SM. The dawn of consumer-directed testing. . Mar 2018;178(1):89-97. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Valuable genomes: taxonomy and archetypes of business models in direct-to-consumer genetic testing. J Res. Jan 21, 2020;22(1):e14890. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Third party interpretation of raw genetic data: an ethical exploration. Hum Genet. Nov 23, 2017;25(11):1189-1194. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. "Bridge to the literature"? Third-party genetic interpretation tools and the views of tool developers. J Genet Couns. Aug 07, 2018;27(4):770-781. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Informational content, literacy demands, and usability of websites offering health-related genetic tests directly to consumers. Genet Med. May 2010;12(5):304-312. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the widespread availability of direct-to-consumer genetic testing services. Instead, it discusses the need for informational support for consumers considering DTC-GTs and mentions a study summarizing the risks and benefits, which implies some understanding of the services but does not corroborate or contrast with the claim about their availability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In these cases growth was resumed 20 and 25 hours after inoculation, respectively (data not shown), hence earlier and concentration dependent. Effects of endogenous L-AA production on strain robustness: recombinant strain behavior under acidic stress To test if the improved strain robustness could be extended to other environmental constraints, wild type and engineered strains were subjected to acidic stress caused by inorganic or organic acids. These are typical environmental conditions occurring during either lab-batch and industrial fermentations. To this purpose, we analyzed wild type and ascorbic acid producing strains grown in minimal medium brought to pH 2. 2 with HCl addition (acidic stress induced by inorganic acid), or with lactic acid (45 g/l) at pH 3 (this value was chosen in order to have the organic acid almost completely in the undissociated form, since its pKa is 3. 78). From the data presented in Figure 4, it is evident that also under these stress conditions the producing strains exhibit a strong robustness and increased tolerance when compared to control strain. At pH 2. 2 (Fig. 4a) the growth rate of the wild type strains are significantly delayed in respect to the growth rate of the engineered strains. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Growth curves of wild type and L-ascorbic acid producing yeasts under acidic stress. Growth curves of wild type and engineered GRF18U and BY strains (upper and lower panel, respectively) inoculated in minimal glucose media at low inorganic pH (panel A) or at low pH plus organic acid (lactic acid, 45g/l, panel B) or at low pH plus organic acid with L-AA added exogenously (panel C). Panels 4A and 4B: • GRF18U wild type; ▪ GRF18U[]; ▴ GRF18U[]; ○ BY4742 wild type; □ BY4742 []; ▵ BY4742 []; Panel 4C: • GRF18U wild type; ○ BY4742 wild type; − GRF18U or BY4742 wild type added with 30mg/l ascorbic acid; * GRF18U or BY4742 wild type added with 60 mg/l ascorbic acid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the growth behavior of engineered and wild type strains under acidic stress conditions during fermentation processes. It does not mention urban living or stress levels in any context, thus failing to address the claim directly or indirectly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Wageningen: Wageningen University, 2019. 169 p. Research output: Thesis › internal - THEST1 - Feed the crop, not the soil! T2 - Explaining variability in maize yield responses to nutrient applications in smallholder farms of western KenyaAU - Njoroge Kinyanjui, S. N1 - WU thesis 7390 Includes bibliographical 1. On 13 other fields from Phase 1, all plots received NPK in Phase 2. Yields and above ground biomass were measured every year, soil samples were taken in 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018 and plant samples were taken in 2016 and 2018. Spatial-temporal patterns in yield and yield responses were studied and compared with soil and farmer characteristics. Yield response to soil nutrient supply was studied with the model, and the RC-P model was used to study fate of fertilizer P. Nutrient balances were calculated. The frequency and magnitude of maize yield response to fertilizer N, P and K varied strongly over space and time, yet observed patterns were not adequately explained by soil chemical parameters or texture. Fertilizing with N, P, and K substantially reduced observed spatial-temporal variability in maize yield response, and resulted in consistently enhanced maize yields. All fields were responsive to N, most fields to P and only 7 to K. On average, NPK yields were about 5 to 5. 5 tons ha-1 in the short- and long rainy seasons respectively. Application of only NP or NK resulted in strongly declining yields within a few seasons, with large differences between farms in resilience of soil P and K stocks. Based on observed spatial-temporal patterns, we concluded that blanket fertilizer recommendations in such farming systems result in low fertilizer use efficiencies. We further concluded that current methods for soil analysis do not adequately explain the observed variation in maize yield response to application of N, P and K fertilizers under the highly variable soil fertility conditions encountered in smallholder farming systems. Accounting for past manure application in Phase 1 of the experiment improved our ability to explain the variation in maize yield response to fertilizer application. Mean maize yield response to N, P and K application was 2. 8, 1. 1 and 0. 6 t ha-1 in fields with animal manure previously applied, and 2. 3, 3. 0 and 1. 6 t ha-1 in farms without past manure applications over 7 cropping seasons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of nutrient applications on maize yields. It states that 'Fertilizing with N, P, and K substantially reduced observed spatial-temporal variability in maize yield response, and resulted in consistently enhanced maize yields.' This indicates that precise modifications through nutrient applications can indeed improve crop yield, which aligns with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: 3145), IMS Health and (p = 0. 0971), Nielsen Co. and data from the Kornfield et al. PLoS One study (p = 0. 073), and and PLoS One (p = 0. 2495). The only significant difference in reporting of total DTCA expenditure data sources was between IMS Health and PLoS One (p = 0. 017), in which IMS Health reported a $620,666,667 lower magnitude of DTCA expenditure than the PLoS One study. All data sources reported that DTCA expenditures first increased and then decreased over the time period reviewed and no significant difference in total, overall DTCA expenditure trends was detected. DiscussionOur examination indicates that the expenditure trend in traditional forms of DTCA (TV, print, radio) is statistically significantly different than that for eDTCA. Specifically, while traditional media types of DTCA expenditure has been diminishing, eDTCA expenditure has experienced three-digit percentage growth, though admittedly remains much lower in absolute spending compared to other historically dominant sub-categories of DTCA (primarily TV broadcast). However, given the popularity and increasing use of the Internet to search for and consume health information, it is not unreasonable to expect that increases in eDTCA expenditures will continue, though without reliable data, the growth and impact may not fully be understood [9, 10, 23]. Further, some observed lack of agreement across different data sources for DTCA expenditure indicates that there is a general absence of consistent, accessible, and high-quality data needed for future health policy and regulatory decision-making when assessing the changing use and impact of DTCA [1]. Despite a general alignment of aggregate DTCA expenditure and the trend directionality, lack of robust disclosure of DTCA expenditure and the sampling methodology used to collect such data makes comparisons difficult to validate. Despite these limitations, we nevertheless were able to identify that declining trends in aggregate DTCA spending contrasted with a rise of Internet-based DTCA, though variation in data sources makes it difficult to know the exact magnitude. While declines in aggregate DTCA are largely unsurprising, given recent challenges faced by the pharmaceutical industry and the US economy during the global financial crisis that led to declines in overall marketing budgets [20], our findings showing an increase in eDTCA expenditures seem to run contrary to these general market trends. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the availability of direct-to-consumer genetic testing services. The text primarily discusses the trends in Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (DTCA) expenditure, particularly noting a contrast between traditional and Internet-based advertising, without specifically addressing genetic testing services or their availability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: the addition of 45 g/l of lactic acid to the medium has dramatic effects on the wild type strains, which are completely inhibited in growth, and also on the [] expressing cells which are severely compromised, while the recombinant strains expressing all genes for L-AA production are still able to grow (Fig. 4b). Interestingly, the effect of L-AA produced intracellularly is much more profound than the effect of vitamin C added to the culture broth. Fig. 4c shows the growth curve of wild type control cells in presence of lactic acid (40 g/l) at low pH. The addition of ascorbic acid relieves the growth inhibition evidently, but even with 60 mg/l the effect is not as profound as with the low amounts produced intracellularly. The growth is resumed much later even while less lactic acid was added to the culture. Correlation of endogenous L-AA concentration, strain robustness and viability Having proven the positive effects on growth under stress conditions as described above, we wanted to deeper investigate the correlation between ascorbic acid endogenously produced by engineered yeast cells, enhanced tolerance to oxidative damage and cell robustness. The wild type and the recombinant GRF18U and BY strains were grown in minimal glucose medium with addition of 3. 0 mM H2O2, following the same experimental protocol described in Figure 3. At the time in which all strains start to recover from the imposed stress (each with a different kinetic: approximately after 2–3 duplications from the preinoculum–as example see Figure 3), samples were taken. Each sample was stained with Dihydrorhodamine123 for the detection of ROS [20], and PI (propidium iodide) to detect severely damaged and/or dead cells [21]. Samples were analyzed with a flow cytometer. The resulting dot plots are compared in Figure 5. On the dot plots (DHR123 vs. PI) each individual cell is represented by a single dot and it is quite easy to recognize at least four distinct yeast subpopulations. A first healthy subpopulation (named A in Fig. 5a, used as a schematic representation for the benefit of the following ones), having only the background signal (autofluorescence) for both fluorochromes (low DHR and low PI signal); a second subpopulation (named B in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of lactic acid on yeast strains and their growth under stress conditions, but it does not mention anything related to urban living or stress levels in any context. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Differences in maize yield response in fields with and without past manure applications were mainly related to enhanced soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) supply, and larger recovery of applied nitrogen (N) in fields with manure previously applied. Based on these findings, we concluded that the strong influence of past animal manure application on yield response to fertilizer applications merits the inclusion of past manure application as a co-variate in analysis of yield response data from smallholder cropping systems of SSA. Evaluation of the Fertility of () model did not adequately estimate crop yield responses to fertilizer applications under variable soil fertility conditions. This was linked to poor estimation of soil N, P and K supply based on current relationships for potential soil nutrient supply in the model. In particular, soil organic carbon (SOC) and P-Olsen were poor indicators of crop N and P uptake from the soil. Maize grain yield in unfertilized control treatment plots provided better estimates of potential soil N, P and K supply, resulting in improved predictions of maize yield response to fertilizer applications. These findings suggest that the standard soil parameters analysed do not accurately inform on the soil fertility status of the field and are of little use for smallholder farmers. Improved relations for estimation of potential soil nutrient in are required for better prediction of expected maize yield response to fertilizer application under variable soil fertility conditions. Maize crops in strongly nutrient-depleted soils responded strongly to balanced NPK fertilization, with yields comparative to long-term means within three seasons. Placement of P fertilizer strongly improved recovery, reducing the need for larger soil P stocks on soils that will typically develop a large insoluble P pool under P fertilization. The RC-P model provided insights in long-term recovery of P and could describe the observed P uptake patterns reasonably well. We concluded that strongly nutrient depleted tropical soils such as those in Siaya with high clay contents that are typical for western Kenya, do not require prior investments to rebuild nutrient stocks and soil organic matter to substantially increase crop yields to 5-5. 5 t ha-1. This has important implications for crop productivity intensification in SSA as a large proportion of soils under cultivation are strongly nutrient depleted, and earlier approaches have suggested the need for costly and capital intensive soil fertility replenishment. Results in this thesis clearly demonstrate that sustainable intensification of crop productivity on smallholder farms of SSA is very well possible on all fields under good management, even when soils are strongly nutrient depleted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of previous manure applications on soil nutrient supply and maize yield responses. It indicates that improved understanding of soil nutrient dynamics can lead to more effective fertilizer applications, thereby allowing for precise modifications that enhance crop yields and nutrient content. The findings suggest that better management practices can significantly increase maize yields even in nutrient-depleted soils.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 2013. Pharmacogenetic testing is an interesting market for DTC companies, since test results only become actionable when a relevant drug is prescribed, which may be at the point of testing or many years later. This contrasts with genetic testing for disease variants where the increased – or decreased – risk is of immediate relevance for the participant. It may be cost-effective for individuals to undergo pharmacogenetic testing once in their adult life, and store the results, informing physicians whenever a new drug is prescribed so any relevant gene-drug associations may be checked. Such pre-emptive pharmacogenetic testing may become routine practice, with data stored in the electronic health record (EHR), but there are few current implementations of this [2]. The introduction of DTC genetic testing has raised significant controversy amongst clinicians, academic researchers and the general public [3]. One of the major concerns is the potential for misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the test results, particularly when pre- or post-test genetic counselling is not provided. Here we study the pharmacogenetic tests offered by 23andMe to UK customers. 23andMe began offering health-related tests to a UK market in December 2014, when their US tests covered only ancestry testing, following FDA concerns over their health tests. Currently, 23andMe provides reports on over 100 health conditions and traits for UK customers. These reports include (1) recessive inherited variants for conditions such as cystic fibrosis and beta-thalassaemia, (2) dominantly inherited genetic risk factors like variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, (3) drug response tests like abacavir hypersensitivity and warfarin sensitivity and (3) prediction of traits such as hair colour and earwax type. 23andMe genotypes consumer’s DNA on the Illumina HumanOmniExpress-24 format chip, with more than 715,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), together with custom content specific for their tests ( accessed 3rd November, 2016). Consumer reports list each relevant genotype together with a summary, and further information on the test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limited implementation and significant controversy surrounding direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing services, specifically mentioning that while 23andMe provides various health-related tests, the introduction of DTC genetic testing has raised concerns regarding misunderstanding and misinterpretation of test results. This indicates that, despite their availability, there are major apprehensions regarding their use in the medical community.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 5a) of still viable but ROS accumulating cells (low PI, high rhodamine signal); a third subpopulation (named C in Fig. 5a) made of damaged cells displaying high ROS and high PI signals and finally a fourth subpopulation (named D in Fig 5a) of dead cells, presumably originated from subpopulation C by loosing all DHR signal. The data reported in the upper (GRF18U background) panels of Figure 5 (b, c, d) clearly show that in the wild type strain the oxidative stress induced by H2O2 strongly influences the intracellular ROS content and affects cell vitality. In fact, as clearly shown by Fig. 5b, a considerable portion of the analyzed cells (28%) shows high intracellular levels of ROS, and the fraction of dead cells (33%) exceeds that of viable cells (28%). By contrast, in the recombinant strains producing L-AA (Fig. 5c), we registered a clear reduction of ROS formation, (15% of the total population), together with a decrease of cell mortality (30%) and a consequent improved cell viability (44%). This trend is maximized in the strain expressing the RnFGT gene (Fig. 5d), where the majority of the cells (89. 5%) is still viable and healthy, while ROS formation (1. 1%) and cell mortality (8. 7%) are almost negligible. As already observed for the growth curves in limiting conditions, also in this experiment there is a direct and positive correlation between the levels of vitamin C produced (see Fig. 2) and cell viability. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Flow cytometric analysis of wild type and vitamin C producing yeasts under oxidative stress. Panel 5A: schematic representation of the different subpopulations that can be observed in the following panels, where wild type (5B) and recombinant strains (5C and 5D) grown in minimal glucose medium added with H2O2 3. 0 mM were analyzed after DHR123 and PI staining (rodamine signal is reported in the abscissa and PI signal on the ordinate axes). Upper panels: GRF18U background. Lower panels: BY background. (B): wild type. (C): [] transformed cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of oxidative stress on yeast cells and the impact of vitamin C on cell viability, without any mention of urban living or stress levels in humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: However, the need for P and K fertilizers and amounts applied should be tailored to specific field conditions to reduce farmer costs in the short term. Accounting for past farm management and assessment of current yields under minimal or no fertilizer applications provides a means for improved targeting of fertilizer applications at the farm level. In the long term, farmers should aim for balanced fertilization to prevent mining of soil stocks. Simplified decision support tools that use field level information to develop improved estimates of fertilizer N, P and K requirements based on refined relationships between soil nutrient supply, nutrient uptake and yield, are required to derive fertilizer recommendations in future. AB - Crop productivity intensification in smallholder farming systems of sub-(SSA) is urgently required to improve food self-sufficiency. Increased fertilizer use can address nutrient deficiencies that limit crop productivity in SSA. There is however large uncertainty in crop yield responses to fertilizer applications on farmer fields. This uncertainty has been linked to strong heterogeneity in soil fertility between and within farms. Fertilizer recommendations that account for this spatial heterogeneity are therefore required to better advise farmers, reduce investment and environmental risks for sustainable crop productivity intensification. The main objective of this study was to better understand and explain patterns of maize yield and yield responses to fertilizer applications under heterogenous fertility conditions in smallholder farming systems. This would allow for improved targeting of fertilizer applications, and enable better prediction of expected crop yield response to fertilizer use. A series of on-farm experiments assessing maize yield response to fertilizer application under variable soil fertility conditions were established on 23 farmers’ fields in Siaya, western Kenya across multiple seasons. Prior to experiment establishment, farmers were extensively interviewed to obtain information on past crop and nutrient management practices in selected fields. The experiment used was comprised of nutrient omission trials (NOTs) on farmer fields in Siaya to assess patterns of maize yield response to fertilizer applications of 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen (N), 40 kg ha-1 phosphorus (P) and 60 kg ha-1 potassium (K). 1, plots with treatments including control, and NPK were repeated for 7 consecutive seasons in the same plots. 2 of the experiment, a second set of NOTs including and NPK were established in every plot on 6 fields that were previously part of Phase 1. On 13 other fields from Phase 1, all plots received NPK in Phase 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the necessity for tailored fertilizer applications based on specific field conditions to optimize crop yield. It emphasizes the importance of understanding soil fertility and how specific fertilizer recommendations can lead to improved targeting of fertilizer applications, thereby enhancing both crop yield and nutrient content in a sustainable manner. It specifically states that 'simplified decision support tools' are required to develop improved estimates of fertilizer requirements based on soil nutrient supply and yield, which directly supports the idea of precise modifications to improve agricultural output.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: The company also sends the results directly to the physician for interpretation, thereby, technically no longer selling tests directly to consumers ( accessed 06/06/2010). The offer through physicians may eliminate some of the concerns that arose about information provision but does not remove the issue of the appropriateness of the test provided. In this context it becomes important whether physicians will take a role of gatekeeper for tests that may prove to be inappropriate. Furthermore, one must question whether physicians are appropriately educated to take on this role, and we must guard against physicians simply becoming tools for commercial genetic testing companies to look more legitimate and sell more tests. Moreover, it is no surprise that some companies have tried to get financial support from the healthcare system (Brdicka and Macek 2009) or insurance companies, and are attempting to gain the support of physicians working within the health care system. DTC GT companies are also developing tools to store genomic information in electronic health files as well as to enable physicians to access the genomic information of their consenting patients (Vanier 2009). Moreover, companies are also trying to establish collaborations with healthcare institutions and academic researchers. Ironically, the highly hyped DTC offer of genetic testing could vanish in this way, as it may merge into the regular healthcare system (while still, marketing tests directly to consumers and to physicians). Regulatory evolutionsNext to the volume of sales, the future of the DTC market will be highly influenced by regulations meant to govern the sales and marketing of DTC genetic testing services. Discussions about this phenomenon regularly reveal the deficiencies in the current regulatory frameworks (Kaye 2008). As many companies operate from the USA, it will be crucial to see how this country will develop regulatory oversight in the future. After the partnership announcement between and the drugstore chain Walgreens to sell DTC genetic tests, the US Food and (FDA) decided to investigate the activities of DTC companies more carefully (Allison 2010; Genetics and Center 2010). and July 2010, the FDA sent letters to various companies telling them that they were unable to “identify any Food and clearance or approval number” (Food and 2010b). Moreover, in mid-July 2010, the FDA held a meeting to discuss the oversight of laboratory developed tests (LDTs) (Food and 2010a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the shift of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing services towards a model where tests are interpreted by physicians rather than being sold directly to consumers. It raises concerns about whether physicians are suitable gatekeepers for these tests and suggests that the DTC market could diminish as these services become integrated into the regular healthcare system, indicating a move away from direct consumer availability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (D): [] transformed cells corresponding result has been observed for the BY yeast background (lower panels). While the general trend for both strains is similar, in this case, accordingly to the higher robustness observed for this genetic background (compare the behaviors of the GRF18U and BY cells in Figure 3 and 4 ) a lower accumulation of ROS has been detected. Taken together these data allow a more deeper analysis of the data shown in Figure 3 where increasing H2O2 concentration lead to longer delays of growth. These longer delays are clearly due to decreasing fractions of viable cells at the time of inolucum. The same cells analysed by flow cytometry can also be analysed with a fluorescence microscope for ROS accumulation. In the wild type strain, cells with a strong and granular rhodamine staining are quite frequent and well represented, while in the producing strain almost no signal for ROS is detectable (data not shown). All the described data demonstrate that the endogenous production of the antioxidant L-AA protects cells from oxidative damage, scavenging the intracellular production of ROS and/or increasing cell viability. DiscussionWe report for the first time the biosynthesis of vitamin C by recombinant S. cerevisiae cells starting from D-glucose. Accumulation of ascorbic acid was proven to be successful in two different strains (Figure 2). Furthermore, we proved that the intracellular accumulation of L-AA leads to an improved robustness of the recombinant yeasts during growth under different stress conditions. The recombinant yeasts that are functionally transformed to produce L-ascorbic acid generate lower levels of ROS (Fig. 5) and exhibit improved growth and a higher viability under conditions of organic (Fig. 4b) and inorganic (Fig. 4a) acid stresses as well as oxidative stress (Fig. 3c and d). These are physiological conditions often encountered during industrial large scale fermentations. For each yeast background, the degree of robustness seems to be directly related to the amount of intracellularly produced vitamin C (Fig. 2, 3 and 4). In accordance with our data it has been shown before that the addition of ascorbic acid to the growth medium has beneficial effects for heterologous protein production in yeasts [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the biosynthesis of vitamin C by recombinant yeast cells and their relationship with oxidative stress, without addressing urban living or its effects on stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Yields and above ground biomass were measured every year, soil samples were taken in 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018 and plant samples were taken in 2016 and 2018. Spatial-temporal patterns in yield and yield responses were studied and compared with soil and farmer characteristics. Yield response to soil nutrient supply was studied with the model, and the RC-P model was used to study fate of fertilizer P. Nutrient balances were calculated. The frequency and magnitude of maize yield response to fertilizer N, P and K varied strongly over space and time, yet observed patterns were not adequately explained by soil chemical parameters or texture. Fertilizing with N, P, and K substantially reduced observed spatial-temporal variability in maize yield response, and resulted in consistently enhanced maize yields. All fields were responsive to N, most fields to P and only 7 to K. On average, NPK yields were about 5 to 5. 5 tons ha-1 in the short- and long rainy seasons respectively. Application of only NP or NK resulted in strongly declining yields within a few seasons, with large differences between farms in resilience of soil P and K stocks. Based on observed spatial-temporal patterns, we concluded that blanket fertilizer recommendations in such farming systems result in low fertilizer use efficiencies. We further concluded that current methods for soil analysis do not adequately explain the observed variation in maize yield response to application of N, P and K fertilizers under the highly variable soil fertility conditions encountered in smallholder farming systems. Accounting for past manure application in Phase 1 of the experiment improved our ability to explain the variation in maize yield response to fertilizer application. Mean maize yield response to N, P and K application was 2. 8, 1. 1 and 0. 6 t ha-1 in fields with animal manure previously applied, and 2. 3, 3. 0 and 1. 6 t ha-1 in farms without past manure applications over 7 cropping seasons. Differences in maize yield response in fields with and without past manure applications were mainly related to enhanced soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) supply, and larger recovery of applied nitrogen (N) in fields with manure previously applied. Based on these findings, we concluded that the strong influence of past animal manure application on yield response to fertilizer applications merits the inclusion of past manure application as a co-variate in analysis of yield response data from smallholder cropping systems of SSA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the frequency and magnitude of maize yield response to fertilizers (N, P, and K) significantly enhances maize yields and adjusts to varying soil fertility conditions. The analysis showed that accounting for past manure application improved yield responses, further underlining the importance of precise modifications in nutrient application for optimizing crop yield and nutrient content.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: With this in mind, the of endorsed in June 2010 a statement in which it recommended to ensure, among other issues, the quality of the testing services, the provision of pretest information and genetic counseling, a face to face consultation, and oversight of this industry. (of 2010) As may be the case in the USA, stronger regulatory oversight may be forthcoming in Europe considering that the is in a process of revising the Directive 98/79/EC of the and of the Council of 27 October 1998 on Devices. A specific question addressed is the “need to create additional requirements or restrictions for direct-to-consumer genetic tests in order to ensure a better health protection” (European Commission. Health and Consumers Directorate-General. Consumer Affairs. Cosmetics and 2010). Further implementation of the concerning for to the Convention on Human rights and Biomedicine may lead to the legal obligation to ensure scientific validity and clinical utility of the tests offered as well as the need for individualized and face-to-face medical supervision (Borry 2008). Moreover, some individual European countries, such as Germany, Switzerland, and France have legislations that prohibit direct-to-consumer genetic testing. ConclusionAs it stands now, the many companies that have left the direct-to-consumer genetic testing market are an indication that hyped products and unrealistic expectations may not create the expected return on investment. Further regulatory oversight may well make it impossible for DTC genetic testing companies to operate using the same business model in the future. Although regulation may restrict or ban DTC genetic testing hereafter, these actions will not necessarily address important underlying issues within the DTC GT phenomenon, namely the questions of how and when to translate genomic discoveries into healthcare. Furthermore, important ethical and social issues regarding DTC GT including, among others, concerns regarding privacy, confidentiality, the use of consumers’ samples in research activities, the testing of minors, and the potential overconsumption of limited healthcare resources (Borry et al. 2009, 2010; Howard and Borry 2008; Howard et al. 2010) must also be addressed. The fact that some DTC GT companies stopped their online delivery of genetic tests and yet continued the DTC marketing and are now working through healthcare professionals strengthens the debate on the integration of genomics knowledge into healthcare. The healthcare system will have to be prepared for the implementation of useful testing as well as to resist collaboration with commercial companies that offer tests without clinical utility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and regulatory issues surrounding direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing services. It mentions that many companies have exited the market because of hyped products and unrealistic expectations. Furthermore, it notes that some European countries have legislation prohibiting DTC genetic testing, and calls for increased regulatory oversight, which could hinder the availability of such services.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the respective yeast strains are a major step for the development of a cell factory for the production of vitamin C itself, one of the most important specialty chemicals manufactured in the world. This aim has been long sought for, but never reached up to now [23]–[25]. In this respect, it is noteworthy that we have previously shown that (i) yeast cells do have one or more transporters which allow the accumulation of intracellularly produced ascorbic acid in the culture medium (i. e. , thus greatly facilitating the purification procedures) and (ii) that S. cerevisiae cells are quite tolerant to high concentrations of ascorbic acid (at least 40–50 g/L) [16]. Consequently, the industrial production of ascorbic acid by a one-step fermentation from D-glucose appears closer then ever. One final general consideration can be made considering the role of ROS. It is well known that the production of ROS is common for many types of cancer cells and that vitamin C has a positive effect in reducing the incidence of stomach, lung and colorectal cancer [26], [27]. On the other hand vitamin C can under certain circumstances even increase the generation of ROS and could have detrimental effects at least under certain circumstances [28]–[30]. Hopefully, S. cerevisiae cells endogenously producing vitamin C could represent a well suited cellular model to study the genesis/protection of ROS and genotoxicity in higher eukaryotic organisms. Materials and strains, transformation, media and cultivation The S. cerevisiae parental strains used in this study were GRF18U [31] (MATα; ura3; leu2-3,112; his3-11,15; cir+), and BY4742 (MATa; ura3Δ0; his3Δ1; leu2Δ0; lys2Δ0; cir+), EuroNo. Y10000- Yeast transformations were performed according to the LiAc/PEG/ss-DNA protocol [32] and both strains were transformed with one or more of the constructs described below, in parallel with the corresponding empty plasmid(s). The presence of the heterologous genes was confirmed by PCR analysis. For each set of transformation at least three independent clones were initially tested, showing no meaningful differences among them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses entirely on the biotechnological aspects of yeast strains and the production of vitamin C. There is no mention of urban living or stress levels, making this text unrelated to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4955618/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractPurpose: Climate fluctuations have produced uncertain situation for the farmers as many crops facing abiotic stresses at various stages which decreases the crop productivity. Rice crop is very sensitive at reproductive stage and can produce unfilled grains when faced elevated temperature. We hypothized that optimum level of growth regulators and boron nutrition may enhance the pollen strength which may improve fertilization and filled grains. Method: Two-year field experiment was designed to see the impact of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and boron (B) fertilization to boost the auxin along with pollen viability for better crop productivity. Fine rice genotype was grown under three cultivation systems i. e. S1 (Aerobic), S2 (Alternative wetting and drying) and S3 (Flooding). Moreover, at flowering stage foliar application of B and NAA was done as follows T0 (Control), T1 (Boron 0. 1%), T2 (NAA 40 μmol L-1), T3 (B + NAA). Results: Results revealed that combined application of NAA and B improved the plant auxin level along with boron contents which improved the sporogenesis process and enhanced the speikelet fertility. Improved physiological parameters were noticed in S3 (Flooded cultivation system) with T3 (B + NAA) application (S3T3) which lead toward higher thousand grain weight, grain yield and biological yield. Moreover, it improved the rice grain quality which was also maintained after cooking. Conclusion: Therefore, foliar application of NAA and boron at reproductive stage would be a useful strategy for improving rice growth, morpho-physiological and yield attributes in various cultivation systems. Fine riceAuxinBoroncultivation systemsterilitygrain qualityFiguresFigure 1Figure 2IntroductionDue to shrinking water resources, farmers are adopting water saving techniques in crop production. Rice consumes lot of water for successful production which is also passing in water wise cultivation. Adequate amount of water can be saved in water saving techniques but with compromising of yield losses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the combined application of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and boron (B) can enhance pollen strength, leading to improved fertilization and ultimately increased grain yield and quality. The results indicate that these modifications not only improve crop yield but also enhance the physiological aspects of the crop, thus supporting the claim about precise modifications aimed at better crop performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: , at-risk individuals’ intentions to seek testing for Huntington’s disease far outstripped uptake rates once testing became available) [53]. The affective forecasting literature from psychology also suggests a general tendency for people to overrate the intensity and duration of their emotional reactions to future events, which would include receiving genetic risk information for a variety of health conditions [54]. Given these limitations, future research is needed across all the domains described above. Such studies would benefit from designs that are prospective in nature, involve longitudinal follow-up and use of appropriate comparison groups, and access to more representative samples. Also welcome would be a focus on family-level responses and decision making [55]; despite the implications of genetic information for family members, relatively few studies have examined in detail how families (versus individuals) are impacted by the provision of DTC-GT results. Researchers have not typically had access to consumers’ own individual test results, hampering assessment of laypersons’ comprehension of their own results (e. g. , accuracy of risk perceptions) and understanding of their implications. One ongoing study, the NIH-funded Impact of (PGen) Study [56], is attempting to address this gap in its examination of consumers’ responses to their personal DTC-GT results (full disclosure: the lead author is joint on this project). The study has enrolled over 1,800 customers of two leading personal genomics companies who are followed over time to examine motivations and attitudes toward testing, understanding of their own results, and psychological and behavioral impact of test information. ConclusionsIn sum, the DTC-GT research to date provides support neither for the doomsday scenarios of industry critics nor the naïve optimism of its proponents. Given the current lack of evidence for either dramatic harms or widespread health benefits associated with DTC-GT, one may be excused for concluding that the charged policy debates of the past years have been a bit of a ‘tempest in a spit cup. ’ Of course, the DTC-GT landscape may change as the research in this area matures and the service delivery models in the field evolve. In the meantime, we should resist temptations to make sweeping generalizations about a heterogeneous industry and seek more a systematic, nuanced understanding of the benefits, risks and limitations of the DTC-GT approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the limitations and challenges associated with Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing (DTC-GT), such as the disparity between individuals' intentions to seek testing and actual uptake rates, the need for more representative studies, and the complexities of understanding test results. It implies that while DTC-GT services may exist, the actual engagement and implications for consumers and families are not yet fully understood or established.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: The resulting S. cerevisiae strains constructed in this study are listed in Table 2, with their respective genotypes. In GRF18U the plasmid integration is locus specific (the auxotrophies were generated by multiple point mutations of the target genes), while integration is randomly directed in cells of the BY background. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. List of yeast strains constructed and used in this study cultures were grown in minimal synthetic medium (0. 67% w/v YNB Biolife without amino acids) with 2% w/v of D-glucose as carbon source. When required, supplements such as leucine, uracil, lysine and histidine were added to a final concentration of 50 mg/l, while the antibiotic nourseotricine sulphate (clo) was added to a final concentration of 100 mg/l. In the case of growth under oxidative or acidic stress, the desired stress condition was imposed by adding different concentrations of H2O2 (specifically 2, 2. 5, 3 and 3. 5 mM) or of lactic acid (45 g/l) directly to the medium or by lowering the medium pH to 2. 2 with HCl 6N. In the case of lactic acid addition, the pH value was adjusted to 3 with NaOH 4N. Yeast cells were inoculated at an initial optical density of 0. 1 (always 660 nm where not differently specified) and then optical density was measured at specific intervals of time over at least 55 hours from the inoculum. Each experiment was repeated at least three times. All strains were grown in shake flasks at 30°C and 160 rpm and the ratio of flask volume/medium was of 5/1. Gene amplification and expression plasmid construction All genes for the reconstruction of the L-AA pathway in yeast were PCR amplified on a 9700 (PE Appl. Biosystems, Inc. ) using Pwo DNA Polymerase (Roche Diagnostics) and following the manufacturer's instructions. Template DNA for and AtMIP was a cDNA library from A. thaliana (ATCC 77500) [33]; template DNA for ScALO1 consisted of 50 ng of genomic DNA from S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the construction and growth conditions of yeast strains in a laboratory setting, without any mention of urban living or stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Likewise, NAA also improves the pollen viability, thereby enhancing the fertile grains which lead toward better crop yield and quality (Hussain et al. , 2021; Sajid et al. , 2016; Bakhsh et al. , 2011). Next to auxin, boron nutrient also has the very specific function in cell wall biosynthesis (Yuan et al. , 2022), pollen viability, grain filling and crop yield (Shahid et al. , 2018; Rehman et al. , 2014). Moreover, B has critical role in chlorophyll biosynthesis, refining gas exchange to regulate photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal CO2 in plants during stress conditions (Sarwar et al. , 2019). It has beneficial effects in heat stress conditions and the foliar application is the best agronomic strategy to mitigate the stress conditions and maintain optimum plant growth (Calderón-Páez et al. , 2021). The application of boron assists rice plant during reproductive stage as it reduces panicle sterility and increases its fertility which produces higher economic yield (Rehman et al. , 2015). Balanced plant nutrients and optimum level of growth regulators can manage the physiological mechanism of the plant under stressed environment. Plant produces defence compounds under worried environment which can also be regularized with proper management practices to make the defence stronger. As mentioned earlier that rice is very sensitive at reproductive stage and elevated temperature along with moisture stress can cause the productivity losses. So, the proper care at this stage with better nutrient management and to optimize the growth regulators can better the situation. We hypothesized that optimum application of boron and NAA in different rice cultivation systems may improve the crop productivity. Materials and methodsField experiment was conducted at agronomic research farm, department of Agronomy, University, Multan (30. 2705° N, 71. 5024°E) in 2018 and 2019 during the kharif (summer) season. Climate data were recorded during kharif season (June-November) during 2018 and 2019. Crop husbandry Piece of land was selected for the field experiment nearby water source to irrigate properly. Land was prepared to get the better tilth by using the tillage implements: rotavator, cultivator and planker. All residues of previous wheat crop were mixed into the soil and levelled. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the improvements in crop yield and quality due to the application of NAA and boron. It specifically mentions that 'the application of boron assists rice plant during reproductive stage as it reduces panicle sterility and increases its fertility which produces higher economic yield,' indicating that precise modifications in nutrient application can lead to better crop yield. Overall, the text supports the idea that managing nutrients and growth regulators can lead to enhanced crop productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: 5-and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms moderate effects of stress on rumination. Behav 2011; 10(7): 740-6. CrossRef PubMed 114 Colzato LS, Van der. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with higher anticipatory cortisol stress response, anxiety, and alcohol consumption in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36(10): 1562-9. CrossRef PubMed 115 The relationship between personality traits, the 5HTT polymorphisms, and the occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in elite athletes. PLoS One 2016; 11(6): e0156601. CrossRef PubMed 116 -Avila C, Salazar LA. Association of anxiety-related polymorphisms with sports performance in chilean long distance triathletes: A pilot study. J Med 2016; 15(4): 554-61. PubMed 117 Clark A, Mach N. Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: A systematic review for athletes. J 2016; 13(1): 43. CrossRef PubMed 118 Nestler EJ. Epigenetics: Stress makes its molecular mark. Nature 2012; 490(7419): 171-2. CrossRef PubMed 119 Heim C, Binder EB. Current research trends in early life stress and depression: Review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene-environment interactions, and epigenetics. 2012; 233(1): 102-11. CrossRef PubMed 120 Clow A, Hucklebridge F. The impact of psychological stress on immune function in the athletic population. Rev 2001; 7: 5-17. PubMed 121. Effect of physical and academic stress on illness and injury in division 1 college football players. J Res 2016; 30(1): 20-5. CrossRef PubMed 122 äkikallio TH, Tulppo MP. Self-rated mental stress and exercise training response in healthy subjects. 2012; 3: 51. CrossRef PubMed 123. A possible link between exercise-training adaptation and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate- an oldest-old female study. 2006; 3(4): 141-7. CrossRef PubMed 124. Changes in salivary testosterone concentrations and subsequent voluntary squat performance following the presentation of short video clips. 2012; 61(1): 17-22. CrossRef PubMed 125. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information that directly relates to the claim about genetic testing and personalized medical treatment plans. Instead, it discusses various polymorphisms and their associations with stress, anxiety, and performance in athletes, which does not directly support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae GRF18U, extracted with a standard method (according to [34], slightly modified) RnFGT was PCR amplified from a kidney cDNA library (Origene, CR-1003). The following primer pairs were used: for ALO1: ALO1for and ALO1rev for LGDH,: and for ME: and for MIP: and for and. The PCR fragments were sub-cloned into the pSTBlue-1 vector using the Cloning kit (Novagen) and checked by sequence analysis. The obtained sequences were the same as those reported in Genebank except for MIP in which two silent point substitutions (A271T and T685G) were detected. Finally, the coding sequences were EcoRI cut and sub-cloned into S. cerevisiae expression vectors of the YX series (R&D Systems, Inc. ) or derivates (pYX012bT and pYX062, generated for this study, see below) and into the centromeric expression vectors pZ3, pZ3bT [35] and pZ5 (this study, see below). In detail, ALO1 was sub-cloned into pYX042 (integrative, LEU2 auxotrophic marker, ScTPI promoter); LGDH was sub-cloned into pYX022 (integrative, HIS3 auxotrophic marker, ScTPI promoter), and ME and MIP into pYX062 (integrative, LYS2 auxotrophic marker, PCR amplified with oligonucleotides LYS2for and LYS2rev from S. cerevisiae genome and substituted to the URA3 auxotrophic marker in the plasmid pYX012 DraIII/NotI cut and blunt ended, ScTPI promoter) and pYX012 (integrative, URA3 auxotrophic marker, ScTPI promoter) respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical methods of molecular biology, specifically regarding the amplification and cloning of genes in yeast. It does not address urban living, stress levels, or any related concepts that would support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Soil sampling was done afterward to get the organic matter status and nutritional profile of the soil. Widely grown super basmati seed of fine rice cultivar was purchased from the rice research station kala shah kaku, Lahore. Seed was soaked with water and covered for 48 hours to make it moist. Sprouted seed was used for the nursery sowing. Nursery soil was prepared by using the local method. Firstly, ploughing was done with cultivator and Farm yard manure was mixed in the nursery soil. Prepared field was irrigated and sprouted seed was spreaded in the field. Field was also protected from the birds picking by adopting appropriate local strategies. Rice nursery was irrigated properly as per need by visual observations. Nursery was also provided with recommended NPK and protected from the pest to get the vigorous seedlings. Rice nursery (30 DAS) was transplanted in the main field and irrigation was managed as per treatment plan. There were three rice cultivation systems (S1: Aerobic (Direct seeded), S2: Alternate wetting and drying (Transplanting), S3: Flooded (Transplanting). Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement was used for this field experiment. In aerobic cultivation (S1) crop was was sown by direct seeded rice (DSR) technique in the 1st week of June of both years (2018, 2019). For transplanted rice i. e. (Alternative wetting and drying (S2) and Flooded (S3), nursery was transplanted on the same day of aerobic rice. Foliar application of boron and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was done according to the treatment plan i. e. T0: Control, T1: Boron (0. 1%), T2: NAA (40 µmol L− 1), T3: Boron + NAA (50, 50%) before flowering. Other than treatments, crop was fertilizer with macro nutrients NPK (140-80-60 kg ha− 1) in the form of Urea, DAP and SOP. All phosphorus and potassium were applied during the sowing of crop while N was applied in three splits, i. e. sowing, tillering and reproductive stage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing various agricultural practices such as soil sampling, careful management of irrigation, and the application of specific nutrients (NPK and boron, for example). These practices are aimed at optimizing the soil conditions and nutrient supply, ultimately leading to improved crop yield and nutrient content. The specific mention of treatments applied for the nursery and the controlled design of the experiment indicates an intention to make precise modifications to enhance agricultural outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: J Res 1997; 12(8): 1241-5. CrossRef PubMed 155 -Smith D, Hawley JA. Regulation of metabolic genes in human skeletal muscle by short-term exercise and diet manipulation. Metab 2004; 287(1): E25-31. CrossRef PubMed 156 Influence of preexercise muscle glycogen content on transcriptional activity of metabolic and myogenic genes in well-trained humans. J 2007; 102(4): 1604-11. CrossRef PubMed 157 Graham TE. Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. 2001; 31(11): 785-807. CrossRef PubMed 158 Doherty M, Smith PM. Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise testing: A meta-analysis. 2004; 14(6): 626-46. CrossRef PubMed 159. Efficacy of acute caffeine ingestion for short-term high-intensity exercise performance: A systematic review. J Res 2010; 24(1): 257-65. CrossRef PubMed 160 Loy BD, O’. Caffeine is ergogenic for Adenosine A2A Receptor gene (ADORA2A) T allele homozygotes: A pilot study. J 2015; 5(2): 73-81. CrossRef 161 Mujika I, Padilla S. Creatine supplementation as an ergogenic aid for sports performance in highly trained athletes: A critical review. 1997; 18(7): 491-6. CrossRef PubMed 162 Ling C, Groop L. Epigenetics: A molecular link between environmental factors and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2009; 58(12): 2718-25. CrossRef PubMed 163. Tour de born or made: where do we take the genetics of performance? J 2016; 6: 1-9. PubMed 164. Epigenetics in sports. 2013; 43(2): 93-110. CrossRef PubMed 165. DNA methylation-mediated epigenetic control. J 2009; 108(1): 43-51. CrossRef PubMed 166 Ehrlich M. DNA methylation in cancer: too much, but also too little. Oncogene 2002; 21(35): 5400-13. CrossRef PubMed 167 Impact of an exercise intervention on DNA methylation in skeletal muscle from first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61(12): 3322-32. CrossRef PubMed 168. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address genetic testing or its role in personalized medical treatment plans. It contains various references related to exercise, metabolism, and epigenetics, but none of these specifically support, contrast, or relate to the claim about genetic testing and personalized medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: ME EcoRI cut and blunt ended was also sub-cloned into pZ3bT (centromeric, G418R dominant marker, ZbTPI promoter) XbaI cut, blunt ended: the expression cassette bT promoter-AtME-polyA terminator was then PCR amplified with oligonucleotides btand polywhich has a recognition sequence for KpnI at the 5′ site; the cassette was then subcloned into pSTBlue-1 vector, and, after sequencing, KpnI excised and sub-cloned into pYX012-MIP KpnI cut, resulting in the pYX012 bTME-MIP expression vector. This construct allowed the integration of two heterologous genes into the yeast genome at the same time by the use of single marker of selection. cut was sub-cloned into pZ5. This is a centromeric vector derived from pBR1 (pYX022 in which the ARS-CEN fragment from Ycplac33 has been inserted [35]). pBR1 was cut KpnI and blunt ended, and the nourseotricine cassette (NatR) PvuII/SacI cut and blunt ended from pAG25 [36], has been inserted. All the restriction and modification enzymes used were from Biolabs (Hitchin, Herts, UK) or from (Mannheim, Germany). Standard procedures [37] were employed for all cloning purposes. All plasmids generated and utilized for the present study are described in Table 1. Determination of L-ascorbic acid For intracellular L-ascorbic acid determinations yeast cells were inoculated at an initial optical density of 0. 05 in minimal medium and grown for about 18 hours in order to reach a mid-exponential phase of growth. Cells were then harvested by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 5 min at 4°C, washed once with ice-cold distilled water and then resuspended in about three times volume of ice-cold 10% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid, vortexed vigorously, and kept in ice for 20 minutes. The supernatant was then cleared from cell debris by centrifugation. Ascorbic acid was determined spectrophotometrically following a method adapted from that of Sullivan et Clarke [16], [19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is entirely focused on genetic engineering and laboratory methods, discussing plasmid construction and procedures for determining L-ascorbic acid in yeast cells. It has no relevance to urban living or stress levels, thus rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: 1 µM EDTA, 75µM NBT, enzyme extract and 2µM riboflavin which was further proceeded for 15 min and illuminated with 20 W florescent tubes and reading was taken at 560nm wavelength. Peroxidase (POD) activity was noted by Shi et al. (2010). A mixture of 3. 0 ml was prepared by using 100µl guaiacol (1. 5%) v/v, 100µl enzyme extract, 100 µl H2O2, 2 mM EDTA, 2. 7 ml potassium sulphate buffer. The mixture then undergone through process and absorbance was noted at 470nm. Auxin contents were determined by using the method described by Hu et al. (2011). For this 0. 5 g fresh plant tissue was taken and homogenized in 50 ml of methanol/water (80/20, v/v) which contain 0. 01 butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and blended in a high speed blender. After that the solution was placed in -20 ℃ in refrigerator for 1 day then centrifuged to collect supernatant. Statistical analysis Data regarding all parameters were statistically analysed by fisher’s analysis of variance by using statistix software whereas the significance of the treatments was determined by least significance difference (LSD) test at 5% probability. of physiological parameters Experimental results revealed that NAA and B application improved the crop performance under sole application as well as its combined application in comparison with missing treatment. All cultivation systems responded positively to these amendments and exhibited its response as T3 > T2 > T1 under combined application. Flooded cultivation system (T3) provided exuberant response and intensified the photosynthetic rate (45. 48, 56. 26%), stomatal conductance (30. 57, 34. 80%), transpiration rate (52. 04, 55. 96%) and internal CO2 conc. (22. 27, 22. 18%) during both the years (2018, 2019) in comparison with control treatment i. e S1T0 (aerobic cultivation with missing NAA & B). Similarly combined application (T3) elevated the photosynthetic rate (43. 37, 54. 73%), stomatal conductance (25. 04, 31. 79%), transpiration rate (47. 07, 47. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the application of NAA and B (auxins and nutrients) positively impacted crop performance and physiological parameters such as photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. It states 'NAA and B application improved the crop performance under sole application as well as its combined application,' indicating that specific modifications to the cultivation practices can enhance crop yield and nutrient content.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The accuracy of genetic testing has improved significantly in recent years. [SEP] Text: Note that negative means unconfirmed sulfotyrosine whilst positive means experimentally verified sulfotyrosine. Full size imageThe major differences between the Sulfinator and the predictors constructed in this paper are the use of different algorithms as well as the different presentation approaches of amino acids to a machine learning model. HMM does not need an encoding process while the predictors constructed in this study use a hydrophobicity scale to encode the amino acids. It is known that the random forest algorithm and the support vector machine algorithm have been well-known in improving the generalisation capability of a model. The significant improvement in the prediction accuracy in blind data these models can result from the use of RF and SVM algorithms and the use of hydrophobicity scale. Finally, a single RF predictor is built using whole training data coded using 20-mer peptides (excluding any blind sequences). The RF predictor, a C program which is used to extract 20-mer peptides from a query sequence and encoding peptides using the Cornette scale, the whole training sequences and the blind sequences are available in the web site for free use, where a web tool is also available. The RF predictor is then used to make prediction on the 15 blind sequences. Its performance is the same as that obtained from cross-validation models. For instance, protein Q9PU41 is a Cholecystokinin with 130 residues. It is related to the release of pancreatic enzymes in the gut [49]. A high degree of identity was found between the sequence from chicken and chinchilla which inferred a homologous function [50]. The sulfotyrosine is the first residue of the peptide Cholecystokinin-7 (112-118). The residue has been accurately predicted by both cross-validation RF predictions and the single RF predictor, as well as using Sulfinator. Protein A2ZBG5 is a Phytosulfokines 2. Two sulfotyrosine sites have been found in the peptide Phytosulfokine-beta (110-113). This protein is associated with plant cell differentiation, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and cell proliferation. The sulfated tyrosine is for binding to a putative membrane receptor [51]. In this case both sites have been accurately predicted using the RF model. However, Sulfinator failed to predict both. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific algorithms and methods used in predicting peptide characteristics rather than discussing the general accuracy of genetic testing. There is no mention of improvements over recent years or any context that would support or contrast the claim about genetic testing accuracy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: We previously confirmed the identity of ascorbic acid by HPLC using yeast cells functionally transformed to produce ascorbic acid from L-galactose [16]. Flow cytometric analyses Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by Dihydrorhodamine 123 as described in [20]. Cells were incubated with Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123, Co. , St. ) for 2 h, washed twice with PBS buffer and subsequently resuspended in propidium iodide solution 0. 46 mM for the identification of dead or severely compromised cells. Samples were then analyzed using a Quanta™ SC flow cytometer () equipped with a diode laser (excitation wavelength 488 nm, laser power 22 mW). The fluorescence emission was measured through a 525–550 nm band pass filter (FL1 parameter) for DHR signal and through a 670 nm long pass filter (FL3 parameter) for PI signal. The sample flow rate during analysis did not exceed 600–700 cells/s. A total of 20,000 cells was measured for each sample. Data analysis was performed afterwards with WinMDI 2. 8 software, build#13 01-19-2000 (Purdue University, [ Fluorescence microscopy Samples of the same yeast cultures treated and FACS analyzed for ROS content were also directly analysed using a 90i fluorescence microscope (excitation, 488 nm) using standard FITC filters. Images were taken using the software Metamorph 2. 2. 1. (2003) Oxidative stress in submerged cultures of fungi. Biotechnol 23: 267–302. View 2. (2004) Stress in recombinant protein producing yeasts. J Biotechnol 113: 121–135. View 3. (2007) Mechanisms of cell death in oxidative stress. Signal 9: 49–89. View 4. (2005) Complex cellular responses to reactive oxygen species. Biol 15: 319–326. View 5. Apel K, (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. 55: 373–399. View 6. (1991) Vitamin C: newer insights into its biochemical functions. 49: 65–70. View 7. (1990) Cellular functions of ascorbic acid. Biol 68: 1166–1173. View 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about urban living and its relationship with stress levels at all. Instead, it discusses analytical techniques involving ascorbic acid and oxidative stress in yeast cultures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: 57%) and internal CO2 conc. (19. 56, 19. 75%) in AWD cultivation systems (S2) in both years (2018, 2019) as compared to control. Morover, this treatment combination also improved photosynthetic rate (36. 84, 48. 75%), stomatal conductance (18. 26, 22. 04%), transpiration rate (31. 40, 25. 24%) and internal CO2 conc. (13. 46, 15. 18%) even in aerobic cultivation system (S1) during both the years (2018, 2019). While the physiological performance of the crop was found inferior in all missing treatment and recorded lowest under aerobic rice cultivation (Table 2). Table 2 Gases exchange as affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems. Treatment 2018 2019 (µmol CO2 m− 2s− 1) (µmol CO2 m− 2s− 1) (mmol H2O m− 2s− 1) Internal CO2 Concentration (µmol CO2 m− 2s− 1) (µmol CO2 m− 2s− 1) (µmol CO2 m− 2s− 1) (mmol H2O m− 2s− 1) Internal CO2 Concentration (µmol CO2 m− 2s− 1) S1T0 22. 35h 4. 61i 10. 33k 281. 66k 18. 16i 4. 42i 10. 48i 284. 36i S1T1 32. 55f 5. 38g 13. 57hi 317. 33hi 30. 16f 5. 34g 13. 11fgh 324. 62fg S1T2 34. 87e 5. 46fg 14. 12gh 320. 75gh 33. 57e 5. 47f 13. 75efg 330. 15ef S1T3 35. 39de 5. 64ef 15. 06fg 325. 49fg 35. 44d 5. 67e 14. 02efg 335. 26de S2T0 27. 65g 4. 74i 12. 25j 309. 16j 25. 46h 5. 02h 11. 55hi 314. 35h S2T1 36. 38de 5. 82de 15. 82ef 332. 16ef 36. 52d 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it discusses improvements in physiological performance, such as increased photosynthetic rate and internal CO2 concentration, as a result of specific agricultural treatments. These improvements in crop physiology indicate precise modifications aimed at enhancing crop yield and nutrient content.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can predict all future health problems with absolute certainty. [SEP] Text: Conclusions: These results suggest that genetic information is not capable of accurately discriminating between elite athletes and nonathletic controls, illustrating that the use of such information as a talent-identification tool is currently unwarranted and ineffective. *The authors are with the Inst of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom. Pickering (craigpickering1014@hotmail. com) is corresponding author. (xlsx 13 KB) Email this content Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend Email this content or copy the link directly: The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfullyCopy link Journal of 1. Genome-wide linkage scan for athlete status in 700 British female DZ twin pairs. Hum Genet. 2007;10(6):812–820. PubMed ID: 18179392 doi:10. 1375/twin. 10. 6. 812 Genome-wide linkage scan for athlete status in 700 British female DZ twin pairs. Hum Genet. 2007;10(6):812–820. PubMed ID: 18179392 doi:10. 1375/twin. 10. 6. 81210. 1375/twin. 10. 6. 812)| falseSearch 2. ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. Hum Genet. 2003;73(3):627–631. PubMed ID: 12879365 doi:10. 1086/377590 ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. Hum Genet. 2003;73(3):627–631. PubMed ID: 12879365 doi:10. 1086/37759010. 1086/37759012879365)| falseSearch 3. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing for predicting sports performance and talent identification: consensus statement. Sports Med. 2015;49(23):1486–1491. PubMed ID: 26582191 doi:10. 1136/bjsports-2015-095343 Direct-to-consumer genetic testing for predicting sports performance and talent identification: consensus statement. Sports Med. 2015;49(23):1486–1491. PubMed ID: 26582191 doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that genetic information is not reliable enough to accurately discriminate between elite athletes and nonathletic individuals, which implies that genetic testing cannot predict health outcomes with absolute certainty. This suggests limitations in the predictive power of genetic information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (1986) New concepts in the biology and biochemistry of ascorbic acid. N Med 314: 892–902. View 9. (1998) D-Erythroascorbic acid is an important antioxidant molecule in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 30: 895–903. View 10. (2000) The biosynthesis of erythroascorbate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its role as an antioxidant. 28: 183–192. View 11. (2001) Deficiency of D-erythroascorbic acid attenuates hyphal growth and virulence of Candida albicans. 69: 3939–3946. View 12. (1998) The biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C in higher plants. Nature 393: 365–369. View 13. (1997) Ascorbate metabolism and its regulation in animals. 23: 793–803. View 14. Klis FM (1994) Review: cell wall assembly in yeast. Yeast 10: 851–869. View 15. (2000) Biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 186: 245–250. View 16. (2004) Production of L-ascorbic acid by metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Microbiol 70: 6086–6091. View 17. (2007) Arabidopsis VTC2 Encodes a GDP-L-Galactose Phosphorylase, the Enzyme in the Smirnoff-to in Plants. J 282: 18879–18885. View 18. (1998) GDP-L-fucose pyrophosphorylase. Purification, cDNA cloning, and properties of the enzyme. J 273: 30165–30174. View 19. (1955) A highly specific procedure for ascorbic acid. . 38: 514–518. View 20. (1999) Oxygen stress: a regulator of apoptosis in yeast. J 145: 757–767. View 21. (1987) Discrimination of viable and non-viable cells using propidium iodide in two color immunofluorescence. Cytometry 8: 413–420. View 22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains a list of scientific publications related to various studies, none of which address urban living or stress levels. There are no mentions or findings that relate to the impact of urban living on stress in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: 83e 14. 94def 338. 62d S2T2 38. 44bc 6. 02bcd 17. 26cd 341. 25cd 38. 42bc 6. 21c 16. 68cd 347. 52bc S2T3 39. 47ab 6. 15b 19. 52b 350. 16b 40. 12ab 6. 48b 19. 99b 354. 36b S3T0 31. 32f 5. 05h 12. 98ij 312. 45ij 28. 29g 5. 20g 12. 45ghi 320. 74gh S3T1 37. 35cd 5. 90cd 16. 66de 336. 26de 37. 16cd 6. 02d 15. 49cde 342. 42cd S3T2 38. 95bc 6. 11bc 18. 13c 345. 44bc 39. 10b 6. 34bc 17. 36c 351. 36b S3T3 41. 00a 6. 64a 21. 54a 362. 36a 41. 52a 6. 78a 23. 80a 365. 44a LSD0. 05 2. 00 0. 23 1. 06 7. 72 1. 80 0. 17 2. 00 8. 18 S1 = Aerobic Rice, S2 = Alternative wetting and drying (Transplanted), S3 = Flooded (Transplanted), T0 = Control, T1 = Boron (0. 1%), T2 = NAA (40 µmol L− 1), T3 = B + NAA (50%, 50%). Yield parameters Crop yield traits certainly enhanced by the cultivation systems and further refined by application of NAA and Boron during both the growing seasons (2018, 2019). NAA and B application improved the rice crop productivity in all cultivation systems, both in sole as well as under combined application. Results comparison exhibited that treatment T3 produced 53. 40, 52. 59% heavier grains, increased 34. 91, 34. 64% grain yield, 27. 19, 25. 69% biological yield and presented 38. 54, 38. 81% harvest index, respectively in 2018, 2019 as compared to S1T0 when grown in flooded cultivation system (S3). Likewise, similarly application contributed 47. 84, 46. 93% heavier grains, 32. 72, 32. 16% increased grain yield, created 25. 32, 24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how the application of NAA and Boron led to significant improvements in rice crop productivity and yield parameters across different cultivation systems. It mentions specific increases in grain yield and biological yield due to the modifications made during the growing seasons, thereby supporting the assertion that such interventions can enhance crop yield and nutrient content.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can predict all future health problems with absolute certainty. [SEP] Text: 1136/bjsports-2015-09534310. 1136/bjsports-2015-09534326582191)| falseSearch 4. . Similarity of polygenic profiles limits the potential for elite human physical performance. J Physiol. 2008;586(1):113–121. PubMed ID: 17901117 doi:10. 1113/jphysiol. 2007. 141887. Similarity of polygenic profiles limits the potential for elite human physical performance. J Physiol. 2008;586(1):113–121. PubMed ID: 17901117 doi:10. 1113/jphysiol. 2007. 14188710. 1113/jphysiol. 2007. 14188717901117)| falseSearch 5. . Genetics of muscle strength and power: polygenic profile similarity limits skeletal muscle performance. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(13):1425–1434. PubMed ID: 21867446 doi:10. 1080/02640414. 2011. 597773. Genetics of muscle strength and power: polygenic profile similarity limits skeletal muscle performance. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(13):1425–1434. PubMed ID: 21867446 doi:10. 1080/02640414. 2011. 59777310. 1080/02640414. 2011. 59777321867446)| falseSearch 6. Ruiz JR, Gómez-Gallego F, Santiago C, et al. Is there an optimum endurance polygenic profile? J Physiol. 2009;587(7):1527–1534. doi:10. 1113/jphysiol. 2008. 166645ómez-Gallego F, Santiago C, et al. Is there an optimum endurance polygenic profile? J Physiol. 2009;587(7):1527–1534. doi:10. 1113/jphysiol. 2008. 16664510. 1113/jphysiol. 2008. 16664519237423)| falseSearch 7. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(3):561–566. PubMed ID: 20044471 doi:10. 1152/japplphysiol. 01242. 2009 Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are limitations with genetic profiles, specifically mentioning that 'similarity of polygenic profiles limits the potential for elite human physical performance.' This suggests that while genetic testing can provide insights, it cannot predict all health outcomes with absolute certainty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (2006) Improvement of cell viability and hirudin production by ascorbic acid in Pichia pastoris fermentation. Biotechnol 72: 837–844. View 23. Hancock RD, (2002) Biotechnological approaches for L-ascorbic acid production. 20: 299–305. View 24. Bremus C, Herrmann U, Bringer-Meyer S, (2006) The use of microorganisms in L-ascorbic acid production. J Biotechnol 124: 196–205. View 25. (2006) Biotechnological production of vitamins. and Biotechnology 44: 381–396. View 26. (2006) Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Interact 160: 1–40. View 27. (1991) Dietary antioxidants and the risk of lung cancer. Epidemiol 134: 471–479. View 28. Naidu KA (2003) in human health and disease is still a mystery? An overview. 2: 7. View 29. O'(2003) Complexities of chromium carcinogenesis: role of cellular response, repair and recovery mechanisms. 533: 3–36. View 30. (2002) Role of ascorbic acid in stratum corneum lipid models exposed to UV irradiation. 19: 982–990. View 31. van Dijken JP, et al. (1999) NADH reoxidation does not control glycolytic flux during exposure of respiring Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures to glucose excess. 171: 133–140. View 32. (2002) Transformation of yeast by lithium acetate/single-stranded carrier DNA/polyethylene glycol method. 350: 87–96. View 33. (1992) Complementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae auxotrophic mutants by Arabidopsis thaliana cDNAs. 2: 417–422. View 34. Hoffman CS, (1987) A ten-minute DNA preparation from yeast efficiently releases autonomous plasmids for transformation of Escherichia coli. Gene 57: 267–272. View 35. (2004) The yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii: a new host for heterologous protein production, secretion and for metabolic engineering applications. 4: 493–504. View 36. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various biotechnological studies and does not address any issues related to urban living or stress levels. There is no content that supports, contrasts, or pertains to the claim regarding stress in urban environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: 18% biological yield and provided 38. 34, 38. 14% harvest index comparing with S1T0 when crop grown in alternative wetting and drying (S2) cultivation system. In addition, the T3 application produced 31. 58, 30. 77% heavier grains, 17. 60, 16. 60% grain yield and 13. 12, 11. 60% biological yield while provided 36. 32, 36. 17% harvest when crop grown in aerobic cultivation system (S1) during both the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 (Table 3). Table 3 Yield attributes as affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems. Treatment 2018 2019 (cm) 1000-Grain weight (g) (t ha− 1) (t ha− 1) (%) (cm) 1000-Grain weight (g) (t ha− 1) (t ha− 1) (%) S1T0 85. 44N. S 15. 62g 4. 40h 12. 77h 34. 46N. S 89. 55N. S 16. 69h 4. 47i 13. 10i 34. 12N. S S1T1 90. 33 21. 52de 4. 96g 13. 94g 35. 54 91. 36 22. 34efg 5. 06gh 14. 55fg 34. 80 S1T2 93. 50 22. 12de 5. 22fg 14. 46ef 36. 10 94. 65 23. 51def 5. 30efg 14. 46g 36. 70 S1T3 95. 36 22. 83de 5. 34f 14. 70ef 36. 32 96. 48 24. 11de 5. 36ef 14. 82ef 36. 17 S2T0 101. 42 18. 52f 4. 89g 13. 80g 35. 43 100. 82 20. 43g 4. 92h 13. 95h 35. 28 S2T1 103. 60 23. 36d 5. 41ef 14. 84e 36. 40 104. 84 24. 36de 5. 44e 14. 97e 36. 34 S2T2 108. 51 26. 53c 6. 03cd 16. 08c 37. 50 109. 42 25. 62d 6. 05c 16. 21c 37. 32 S2T3 109. 25 30. 26b 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it presents quantitative data on biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index associated with different cultivation systems and treatment applications. The descriptions of the outcomes demonstrate that specific modifications related to treatment applications significantly impacted crop yield and can enhance nutrient content, thereby supporting the idea that precise modifications improve agricultural results.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can predict all future health problems with absolute certainty. [SEP] Text: J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(3):561–566. PubMed ID: 20044471 doi:10. 1152/japplphysiol. 01242. 200910. 1152/japplphysiol. 01242. 2009)| falseSearch 8. . Genes and athletic performance: an update. Sci. 2016;61:41–54. PubMed ID: 27287076. Genes and athletic performance: an update. Sci. 2016;61:41–54. PubMed ID: 2728707610. 1159/00044524027287076)| falseSearch 9. . Single nucleotide polymorphisms in carnosinase genes (CNDP1 and CNDP2) are associated with power athletic status. . 2017;27(6):533–542. PubMed ID: 28871847 doi:10. 1123/ijsnem. 2017-0098. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in carnosinase genes (CNDP1 and CNDP2) are associated with power athletic status. . 2017;27(6):533–542. PubMed ID: 28871847 doi:10. 1123/ijsnem. 2017-009810. 1123/ijsnem. 2017-009828871847)| falseSearch 10. . The current use, and opinions of elite athletes and support staff in relation to genetic testing in elite sport within the UK. Biol Sport. 2018;35(1):13–19. PubMed ID: 30237657. The current use, and opinions of elite athletes and support staff in relation to genetic testing in elite sport within the UK. Biol Sport. 2018;35(1):13–19. PubMed ID: 3023765730237657)| falseSearch 11. . Current progress in sports genomics. Chem. 2015;70:247–314. PubMed ID: 26231489. Current progress in sports genomics. Chem. 2015;70:247–314. PubMed ID: 2623148910. 1016/bs. acc. 2015. 03. 00326231489)| falseSearch 12. ACVR1B rs2854464 is associated with sprint/power athletic status in a large cohort of Europeans but not Brazilians. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156316. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents information on various studies related to genetic testing and athletic performance but does not support the claim that genetic testing can predict all health problems with absolute certainty. Instead, the absence of definitive conclusions and the focus on associations rather than certainties suggests that genetic testing cannot guarantee predictions about future health problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (1999) Three new dominant drug resistance cassettes for gene disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 15: 1541–1553. View 37. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. New York: Press. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses scientific literature unrelated to urban living or stress levels. There are no references to stress, urban living, or any related topics that would allow for corroboration or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: 54ab 17. 10ab 38. 24 111. 32 31. 45b 6. 59ab 17. 28a 38. 14 S3T0 102. 44 20. 86e 5. 10fg 14. 25fg 35. 80 103. 52 21. 62fg 5. 15fgh 14. 40g 35. 76 S3T1 106. 42 27. 11c 5. 73de 15. 48d 37. 01 107. 01 28. 52c 5. 79d 15. 67d 36. 95 S3T2 112. 42 29. 51b 6. 31bc 16. 64b 37. 92 113. 52 30. 32bc 6. 35b 16. 79b 37. 82 S3T3 117. 36 33. 52a 6. 76a 17. 54a 38. 54 119. 76 35. 21a 6. 84a 17. 63a 38. 81 LSD0. 05 4. 01 1. 97 0. 35 0. 5 1. 43 7. 90 2. 46 0. 25 0. 35 1. 66 S1 = Aerobic Rice, S2 = and drying (Transplanted), S3 = Flooded (Transplanted), T0 = Control, T1 = Boron (0. 1%), T2 = NAA (40 µmol L− 1), T3 = B + NAA (50%, 50%). Quality parameters Significant variation was recorded for quality grains in different cultivation systems and with NAA & B application. Crop improved the filled grains and reduced the undesirable grains with NAA & B application in all cultivation systems. Comparison of values represented that combined application (NAA & B) T3 resulted in supreme me performance and produced 31. 58, 31. 82% higher normal kernel in both years (2018, 2019) in crop grown under flooded condition (S3) as compared with S1T0 combination found in aerobic rice along with missing amendments. Likewise, T3 yielded 27. 35, 27. 31% higher normal kernels in AWD (S2) during 2018 and 2019 in comparison with S1T0. Additionally, the application T3 made 13. 23, 15. 30% higher normal kernels under aerobic conditions (S1) comparing with S1T0. Similarly, the treatments which provided higher normal kernels significantly reduced sterile kernels. So, application of T3 provided 33. 61, 34. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how various treatments, specifically the combined application of NAA and B, led to higher normal kernel production and improved crop yield across different cultivation systems. It states that T3 resulted in significant increases in filled grains and reductions in undesirable grains, demonstrating that precise modifications can effectively enhance crop performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can predict all future health problems with absolute certainty. [SEP] Text: PubMed ID: 27253421 doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0156316 ACVR1B rs2854464 is associated with sprint/power athletic status in a large cohort of Europeans but not Brazilians. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156316. PubMed ID: 27253421 doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 015631610. 1371/journal. pone. 0156316)| falseSearch 13. AGTR2 and sprint/power performance: a case-control replication study for rs11091046 polymorphism in two ethnicities. Biol Sport. 2018;35(2):105–109. PubMed ID: 30455538 AGTR2 and sprint/power performance: a case-control replication study for rs11091046 polymorphism in two ethnicities. Biol Sport. 2018;35(2):105–109. PubMed ID: 3045553810. 5114/biolsport. 2018. 7159930455538)| falseSearch 14. TTN genotype is associated with fascicle length and marathon running performance. Sports. 2018;28(2):400–406. PubMed ID: 28581678 doi:10. 1111/sms. 12927 TTN genotype is associated with fascicle length and marathon running performance. Sports. 2018;28(2):400–406. PubMed ID: 28581678 doi:10. 1111/sms. 1292710. 1111/sms. 1292728581678)| falseSearch 15. Elite endurance athletes and the ACE I allele—the role of genes in athletic performance. Hum Genet. 1998;103(1):48–50. PubMed ID: 9737775 doi:10. 1007/s004390050781 Elite endurance athletes and the ACE I allele—the role of genes in athletic performance. Hum Genet. 1998;103(1):48–50. PubMed ID: 9737775 doi:10. 1007/s00439005078110. 1007/s004390050781)| falseSearch 16. ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene variants influence performance in elite sprinters: a multi-cohort study. BMC Genomics. 2016;17(1):285. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on specific genetic associations with athletic performance rather than offering definitive predictions of all future health problems. It discusses the association of certain genotypes with athletic traits and does not suggest that genetic testing can predict health issues with absolute certainty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: HIPK2 overexpression leads to stabilization of p53 protein and increased p53 transcriptional activity by decreasing Mdm2 protein levels 53. Instead, HIPK2 leads to a downregulation of p53-induced Mdm2 protein and this may lead to stabilization of p53. Overexpression of HIPK2 does not lead to a change of Mdm2 mRNA expression. The data suggest that HIPK2 plays a critical role in p53 mediated cellular responses by removing the p53 inhibitor protein Mdm2 via modification of the protein itself or its intracellular movement. BackgroundThe tumor suppressor protein p53 contributes to the control of cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis and is frequently lost or mutated in multiple types of human cancers [1]. DNA damaging agents induce p53 accumulation and induction of p53-mediated transcription [2, 3]. Several proteins are known to play a crucial role in the stabilization and activation of p53 [4, 5]. The association with murine double minute clone 2 (Mdm2) leads to a susceptibility of p53 for proteolysis [6, 7] and thus, p53 protein levels are regulated post-transcriptionally [8]. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) has been recently described as a member of a family of nuclear kinases that act as co-repressors for homeodomain transcription factors [9] and it is a potential interaction partner for interferon type I induced Mx GTPases with antiviral activity against several RNA viruses [10]. HIPK2 is regulated by the ubiquitin-like protein SUMO-1 and the covalent SUMO-1 modification correlates with its localization to nuclear speckles or nuclear dots [11]. Here we address the question whether HIPK2 modifies transcription regulated by transcription factors other than homeoproteins. We found that HIPK2 activates transcription mediated by p53 specific promoter elements. HIPK2 also enhances expression levels of p53 protein. Both effects on p53 are not observed with a kinase defective mutant and large amino and carboxy-terminal deletion mutants of HIPK2. The DNA damaging anti-cancer drug doxorubicin enhances HIPK2-induced expression or stability of p53. HIPK2 overexpression downregulates Mdm2 protein levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about urban living and stress levels as it discusses the role of the HIPK2 protein and its effects on p53 transcriptional activity and cellular responses, without addressing urban living, stress, or any related factors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: 20% less sterile kernels in flooded cultivation system (S3) as compared to S1T0. Likewise, this treatment reduced 23. 62, 23. 98% sterile kernels in AWD (S2) and 16. 23, 20. 85% sterile kernels in aerobic cultivation system (S1), respectively during 2018 and 2019. As far as protein contents are concerned, higher protein contents supplied by T3 which were 7. 03, 7. 00%, in flooded, 6. 29, 6. 21% in AWD and 4. 88, 4. 86% in aerobic cultivation system during 2018 and 2019 comparing with S1T0 however, there effect was non-significant. Furthermore, the amylose contents significantly reduced due to application of T3 to improve kernel quality. The application T3 provided 10. 75, 10. 61% in flooded cultivation system (S3), 9. 41, 9. 19% in AWD (S2) and aerobic cultivation system (S1) offered only 6. 44, 6. 87% reduced amylose contents in both the years (2018, 2019) comparing with S1T0 which gave substandard rice kernel (Table 4). Table 4 Quality parameters as affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems. 2018 2019 Kernel (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) S1T0 55. 66g 9. 61a 10. 71N. S 27. 62a 56. 35h 9. 59a 10. 76N. S 27. 51a S1T1 61. 33def 8. 33cd 11. 17 26. 11cd 62. 62ef 8. 21bc 11. 20 25. 91cd S1T2 62. 11de 8. 20cde 11. 21 25. 95de 64. 60de 8. 11bc 11. 26 25. 79cd S1T3 64. 15d 8. 05de 11. 26 25. 84de 66. 53d 7. 95cd 11. 31 25. 62de S2T0 58. 42fg 8. 77b 11. 07 26. 55b 59. 77g 8. 45b 11. 09 26. 34b S2T1 68. 53c 7. 89ef 11. 29 25. 67ef 70. 52c 7. 70de 11. 34 25. 30efg S2T2 73. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing specific improvements in crop characteristics due to different treatments. It states that the application of T3 lead to higher protein contents and reduced amylose contents, which are factors related to the quality of the crop. The information provided indicates that modifications through treatment T3 significantly affected the quality parameters of the rice, thereby supporting the idea that precise modifications can enhance crop yield and nutrient content.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can predict all future health problems with absolute certainty. [SEP] Text: 1186/s12864-016-2462-3 ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene variants influence performance in elite sprinters: a multi-cohort study. BMC Genomics. 2016;17(1):285. doi:10. 1186/s12864-016-2462-32707599710. 1186/s12864-016-2462-3)| falseSearch 17. . The association of sport performance with ACE and ACTN3 genetic polymorphisms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54685. PubMed ID: 23358679 doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0054685. The association of sport performance with ACE and ACTN3 genetic polymorphisms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54685. PubMed ID: 23358679 doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 005468510. 1371/journal. pone. 005468523358679)| falseSearch 18. Weyerstraß. Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status—a meta-analysis. J Sport. 2018;21(2):213–220. doi:10. 1016/j. jsams. 2017. 06. 012CrossrefPubMedWeyerstraß. Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status—a meta-analysis. J Sport. 2018;21(2):213–220. doi:10. 1016/j. jsams. 2017. 06. 0122866676910. 1016/j. jsams. 2017. 06. 012)| falseSearch 19. No association between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms and endurance running times in 698 Caucasian athletes. BMC Genomics. 2018;19(1):13. PubMed ID: 29298672 doi:10. 1186/s12864-017-4412-0 No association between ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms and endurance running times in 698 Caucasian athletes. BMC Genomics. 2018;19(1):13. PubMed ID: 29298672 doi:10. 1186/s12864-017-4412-02929867210. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that specific genetic polymorphisms, such as ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D, do not consistently predict athletic performance or endurance outcomes. This suggests that genetic testing does not provide absolute certainty regarding health or performance outcomes, thereby undermining the claim.