Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rainwater harvesting alone can fully address water scarcity in any region. [SEP] Text: One of the temple ponds is shown below (Figure 4) and all these are ideal and common traditional water harvesting structures seen in Kerala. Figure 4: A temple pond, traditional water harvesting structure in Kerala. Sacred groves (Kavukal) in with different types of flora such as mangroves, freshwater swamps, mixed trees, medicinal herbs and so on. The one of the oldest types of nature worship is occurring in Sacred groves and each sacred grove is dedicated to serpent God. Even though worship of serpent common in the temples of India but in Kerala State. The serpent worship is mainly done in sacred groves and salient features of Sacred groves include Sacred groves are common in occur in Western Ghats, Central India, northeast India where the indigenous communities live, Function as hub for biodiversity conservation, Several medicinal plants that rare in the forest are common in sacred groves, Endangered, threatened and endemic species are found in sacred groves, and The sacredness, religious beliefs and taboos play a significant role in promoting sustainable utilization and conservation of flora and fauna of the sacred groves. district of Kerala, tanks ponds are acting as common recharge structures to ground water reservoir and are also acting as traditional water harvesting system generally practiced in the rural areas of the district. In vernacular language tanks ponds are known as the kulams or eris [6] The ponds tanks of the Palakkad spread an area of 1-2 acres and very larger ones with a spread area of 3-4 acres. The ponds are in the Palakkad district are mainly used for agricultural purposes. Figure 5: A Kulam (Pond) in Palakkad district, Kerala. Figure 6: A large Ambalapuzha temple kulam (Pond), Alappuzha District, Kerala. and other districts of the most common traditional harvesting structures such as ponds were totally reclaimed or converted for buildup purposes. Now these structures were silted up and water storage capacity drastically reduced. Usually people of the area divert the rain water to the tanks ponds before sowing season and they clean the channel before the onset of monsoon. The tanks ponds function as storage structure (water harvesting) and source of water for agriculture practices especially paddy cultivation. The cluster of ponds, shallow pits and drainage networks enhanced storage and conservation of water in the terrain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various water management practices, particularly highlighting that traditional water harvesting structures like ponds are primarily used for agricultural purposes in Kerala. It notes that while these ponds can store and harvest rainwater, they have been converted for other uses and their water storage capacity has been reduced due to siltation. This indicates that rainwater harvesting alone is insufficient to fully address water scarcity, as there are many external factors affecting the effectiveness of such systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: In this scenario, viral genes are under such strong selection that deviations from the consensus protein sequence produce enough of a fitness difference to eliminate the viral mutant. The viral genes included in this analysis mapped to cellular genomes, and therefore are likely to be auxiliary metabolic genes carried on viral genomes, suggesting that AMGs carried by viruses are subject to purifying selection to a greater degree than their cellular counterparts. This scenario becomes more complicated as a result of the relationship between virus and host. If a virus were primarily lytic, then a selective sweep could act directly on the viral p1. Assignment of metagenomic contigs for the cellular metagenome (A) and the viral metagenome (B), based on di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide abundance determined by PhylopythiaS (McHardy et al. , 2007). Boutique PhylopythiaS training datasets were created to classify contigs in the cellular and viral metagenomes as archaeal, bacterial, archaeal virus or bacterial virus. Figure S2. Coverage and length of assembled contigs in the viral metagenome. Average coverage, shown on the x-axis, indicates the average coverage per base pair across the entire contig. Contig length is shown on the y-axis. Contigs are colored according to the assigned taxonomy. Figure S3. These graphs accompany Figs. 3 and 4 in the main document, but include the original virome for comparison. One asterisk indicates a significant difference between the viral subset and the cellular metagenome; two asterisks indicate a significant difference between the original virome and the cellular metagenome. Figure S4. Mean percentages of 20 cellular metagenomes and 23 viral metagenomes annotated according to the KEGG Orthology annotation system. Metagenomes were annotated in MG-RAST with a minimum e-value of 1e-03, minimum identity cutoff of 60%, and minimum alignment length of 15, and were derived from studies that directly compared viral and microbial metagenomes. Data from Dinsdale et al. 2008. Error bars indicate standard deviation of the mean. Figure S5. Histograms of dN/dS for genes in three different genomes mapped by the cellular metagenome, virome, and virome subset. Caminibacter mediatlanticus TB-2 and Nitratiruptor sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses the selection of viral genes and their mapping to cellular genomes, which does not provide any insights into hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their potential role in understanding the origins of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: and lactobacilli counts but no lactobacilli species were associated with plaque acidogenicity [46]. Some lactobacilli species were isolated in high counts from surface and deep dental caries [47], however, lactobacilli were isolated also from healthy oral cavity [48, 49]. Higher prevalence of L. gasseri and L. ultunensis was detected on dentine containing caries lesions [48]. Examinations involving periodontology showed the prevalence of L. gasseri and L. fermentum in healthy individuals while L. plantarum prevailed in patients with chronic periodontitis [49]. Lactobacillus reuteri can be used to reduce gingival inflammation and dentine plaque in patients with medium to serious gingivitis and can also decrease proinflammatory cytokines in gingival fluid (Krasse et al. , 2006; Twetman et al. , 2009). From the healthy oral cavity were mostly isoltated L. fermentum, L. plantarum, L. salivarius and L. rhamnosus [48]. Streptococcus salivarius as oral probiotics Streptococcus salivarius is Gram-positive bacterial comensus and a progressive oral cavity coloniser, producing ribosomally synthesized protein bacteriocins. Some strains of Streptococcus salivarius such as K12 and M18, are currently used as probiotics worldwide due to their ability to produce various types of bacteriocins, called lantibiotics such as salivaricin A, salivaricin B, salivaricin 9, and salivaricin G32 [50]. They are safe for the consumer, do not induce inflammation and do not damage the non-pathogenic microflora of the oral cavity. These two strains specifically reduce the levels of cariogenic pathogens in the mouth, also by production of bacteriocin like inhibitory substances (BLIS) [51]. Generally, these BLIS proteins prevent from many oral health disorders, such as halitosis or dry mouth, particularly by suppressing growth of other micro-organisms present in the mouth. For example, BLIS produced by bacterium Streptococcus salivarius K12 was named BLIS K12 [52]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various strains of probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus and Streptococcus salivarius, which are beneficial for oral health. It mentions that these bacteria can reduce inflammation, inhibit harmful pathogens, and produce substances that are helpful in preventing oral health disorders. This aligns with the claim about probiotics being beneficial live bacteria, as the text provides specific examples of their health advantages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rainwater harvesting alone can fully address water scarcity in any region. [SEP] Text: Most of the ponds in the area are owned by common men and temple authorities than Govt. departments and these ponds are fitted with energized pump systems and resulted in the change in the water use pattern of the area. Figure 7: The high bund (varambu) of the pond. (northern most district) the terrain is characterized by high discharge in rivers during monsoon and local population utilizing groundwater for domestic and agricultural purposes. The surangams are the water harvesting structure common in the area. The surangam thurangam thorapu is a horizontal well excavated in the sloping laterite formation (Figure 8) and is common in Kasaragod district and areas bordering the district of Karnataka and the water coming out of the tunnel is collected in an open pit outside the structure [9]. The suramgams with 0. 45-0. 70 m width, 1. 8-2. 0 m height and length of 3-300 m. The surangams are similar to qanats which once existed in Mesopotamia and Babylon and had spread to Egypt, Iran and India. Figure 8: Surangam found in Kasaragod district, Kerala. Figure 9: Water from Surangam collected in a sump, Kasaragod district, Kerala. Role of coconut and arecanut basins in The word Kerala is derived from ‘Kera’ which in malayalam means ‘coconut’. The coconut tree is an integral part of the landscape of and has an important role in the traditional lifestyle and economy of Kerala. Coconuts in Kerala are more than just a beautiful part of the landscape, the rich and abundant coconut plantations play a major role in the water conservation. The most common traditional practices adopted for water conservation are Mulching coconut/arecanut basins with leaves, coir pith etc. , Coconut husk burial in the interspaces of coconut/ arecanut garden, Half-moon bund around coconut basin reinforced with pineapple, and Trench filled with coconut husk. Husk burial in the interspaces of coconut palms helps to absorb and retain large quantities of water. Mulching coconut basins with leaves, coir pith etc. prevents evaporative loss of water and helps in retention of soil moisture during summer months. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various water management practices and structures in the region, such as ponds owned by common men and temple authorities, energized pump systems, and surangams (water harvesting structures). It emphasizes that these additional methods contribute to the local water use patterns and conservation efforts, indicating that relying solely on rainwater harvesting would be insufficient to fully address water scarcity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: SB155-2 are not shown because the virome subset mapped only to four and zero genes in each of these genomes, respectively. Number of genes included in each histogram is indicated in parentheses. Figure S6. Values of dN/dS for genes mapped by the virome versus dN/dS for the same genes mapped by cellular metagenome. The line has a slope of 1. Figure S7. Box-and-whisker plots of dN/dS values for genes mapped each of the three metagenomic datasets. Genes are categorized according to KO annotation. A dotted line indicates where dN/dS = 1 and selection is neutral. Boxes indicate upper and lower quartiles; whiskers denote 1. 5 times the interquartile range. Numbers below gene categories indicate the number of genes included for that category for the cellular and viral metagenomes, respectively. Table S1. Summary of temperature and bacterial and viral counts from Hulk vent in the Field. Temperature minimum was measured by temperature probes on a hydrothermal fluid sampler, temperature maximum was extrapolated based on dissolved silica concentrations. Table S2. List of viruses used to train PhylopythiaS for distinguishing between archaeal viruses and bacterial viruses. Table S3. Pfam domains included in search for genes associated with mobile genetic elements. Table S4. Numbers of proviruses identified in hydrothermal vent bacterial and archaeal genomes using (Bose et al, 2006). Table S5. Annotation and best hit of reads within the low-coverage region of fragment recruitment from the Hulk cellular metagenome to the longest contig in the Caminibacter mediatlanticus TB-2 draft genome. See methods for details of fragment recruitment. Annotations are as listed by the draft annotation file released by the JCVI. Organism best hit determined by using blastn against the nr database. Table S6. List of viral and cellular metagenomes used for functional profiling of viral and cellular metagenomes using the KEGG Orthology database. Metagenomes obtained from the MG-RAST database were first analyzed by Dinsdale et al. (2009). File S1. Supplementary methods regarding the analysis of in the metagenomes. 1. Anderson RE, Beltrán (2013) Microbial community structure across fluid gradients in the Juan de hydrothermal system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data related to virome subsets and gene mapping in hydrothermal vent samples, without making any specific references to the origins of life or the implications of studying hydrothermal vent ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: BLIS K12 is also name of commercially available product now available in chewable tablets, fast-soluble tablets, lozenges, chewing gums and powders [51]. Toxicology studies in animals did not reveal any adverse effect of multiple dosing Streptococcus salivarius K12. Meanwhile, Streptococcus salivarius K12 assessed for tolerance and safety in humans in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial [51]. Streptococcus salivarius is a non-pathogenic predominant colonizer in the oral microbiome, reduces the frequency of colonization of major pathogens involved in upper respiratory tract infection [53]. Streptococcus salivarius strain K12, are often used as probiotic bacteria in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis, tonzilitis and acute otitis media [54]. The strains Streptococcus salivarius K12, Streptococcus salivarius (RS1) and (ST3) bind effectively to FaDu human epithelial cells of the pharynx and in this way antagonise Streptococcus pyogenes its adhesion and growth. However, the strains RS1 and ST3 do not possess genes encoding production of bacteriocins, while the strain K12 strain provides a positive signal for two bacteriocins, lantibiotics: and B from Streptococcus salivarius (ST3) and (RS1) inhibit the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes [55]. A recent study showed that the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 can induce anti-inflammatory response in epithelial cells under in in vitro conditions, which indicates potential support of cell health and homeostasis [56]. Streptococcus salivarius, found in oral probiotics, naturally destroys Streptococcus mutans and thus prevent susceptibility of teeth to dental caries [32]. Streptococcus salivarius produces urease and dextranase which helps to dissolve and release the sticky dextran. Activity of these exoenzymes helps to reduce the progression of dental caries by reducing accumulation and acidification of dental plaque created by Streptococcus mutans [25]. Streptococcus salivarius K12 has shown a therapeutic potential in the treatment of halitosis [52]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the probiotic properties of Streptococcus salivarius K12, stating that it is used as a probiotic in the treatment of various conditions and highlighting its role in promoting oral health and preventing dental caries. The mention of the strain inducing an anti-inflammatory response also suggests a beneficial effect on health, aligning with the claim that probiotics are beneficial for gut and overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rainwater harvesting alone can fully address water scarcity in any region. [SEP] Text: This low-cost traditional water harvesting system had twin benefits of recharging the ground water as well as increased yield in crops. This method was practiced by farmers in olden days for runoff retention and infiltration which were best suited to the topography and soil conditions of the state but with the advent of modern technologies in the form of energized wells, land reclamation for developmental activities, change in cropping pattern etc, this system took a back seat. As a part the Program of the Government of India, farmers were involved for ground water conservation activities and this was availed by the implementing agencies to revive such age-old traditions. Figure 10: Half-moon bund around the coconut basin reinforced with pine apple. Figure 11: Trench filled with coconut husk. Figure 12: Simplest traditional rainwater harvesting. State and Karnataka people usually uses saree to catch rain water and thus employing various processes of water harvesting such as catchment, transport and filtration by using saree. A makeshift arrangement, the traditional method of RWH is deployed for three months of monsoon in some heavy rainfall areas. State it is used in Kuttanad (Alappuzha district). Kuttanad, situated below mean sea level does not have water scarcity, but the water is non-potable. Families boil the water before drinking and also not hesitant to drink rain water. author is grateful to the. of India, Thiruvananthapuram for all the encouragements given during the course of the work. Thanks, are also due to Krishnan, better half the author for the data entry and editing of the manuscript. 3. (CGWB). Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. pp 215. Census of India (2011): Abstract. Figures at a Glance- Kerala. Anon (1995): of Kerala State. 17. Basak, P, James, E J and Kandasamy, L C (1989): Tanks and ponds of Kerala. Report submitted to Government of Kerala, Unpub. and Mays, L W (1988): Applied Hydrology. Mc Graw-Company, New York, 572 pp. Rai, V K (1993): Water resources planning and Development. Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi, 229 pp. (2010) Sustainability of tunnel wells in a changing agrarian context: A case study from South India. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while traditional rainwater harvesting systems had benefits such as recharging groundwater and increasing agricultural yields, these methods have become less prevalent due to modern technologies and practices. Additionally, it highlights that regions like Kuttanad, where rainwater harvesting occurs, still face challenges such as non-potable water, indicating that rainwater harvesting alone is insufficient to completely address water scarcity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: (2010) TagCleaner: Identification and removal of tag sequences from genomic and metagenomic datasets. BMC Bioinformatics 11: 341 View 32. . (2009) Geneious v4. 7. Biomatters Ltd. 33. McHardy AC, Martín (2007) Accurate phylogenetic classification of variable-length DNA fragments. 4: 63–72 View 34. Leplae R, Lima-Mendez G, (2010) : a CLAssification of Mobile genetic Elements, update 2010. Res 38: D57–61 View 35. (2010) protein families database. Res 38: D211–22 View 36. (2012) KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets. Res 40: D109–14 View 37. (2003) The COG database: an updated version includes eukaryotes. BMC Bioinformatics 4: 41 View 38. (2005) Chuang, (2005) et al. The subsystems approach to genome annotation and its use in the project to annotate 1000 genomes. Res 33: 5691–5702 View 39. Rodriguez-(2006) An application of statistics to comparative metagenomics. BMC Bioinformatics 7: 162 View 40. (2004) Versatile and open software for comparing large genomes. 5: R12 View 41. Schmieder R, (2011) Quality control and preprocessing of metagenomic datasets. Bioinformatics 27: 863–864 View 42. (2011) Selection in coastal Synechococcus (cyanobacteria) populations evaluated from environmental metagenomes. PLoS One 6: e24249 View 43. (2012) The M5nr: a novel non-redundant database containing protein sequences and annotations from multiple sources and associated tools. BMC Bioinformatics 13: 141 View 44. (2009) New dimensions of the virus world discovered through metagenomics. 18: 11–19. View 45. (2013) Evaluation of methods to concentrate and purify ocean virus communities through comparative, replicated metagenomics. 15: 1428–1440 View 46. (2011) Is the genetic landscape of the deep subsurface biosphere affected by viruses? Microbiol 2. 47. (2006) Genomic islands and the ecology and evolution of Prochlorococcus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, discussing various bioinformatics references and methods without addressing hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their potential implications for understanding life's origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: 2 µm polycarbonate filters (Merck Millipore), where 50 μl of DAPI solution [1 mg/ml] is directly applied on the wet filter and incubated at room temperature during 10 min. The wet filters are moved on a glass slide, mounted with a drop of (Vector Laboratories, Peterborough, UK) and a cover slide is fixed around edges with transparent nail polish. Then the slides are examined with epifluorescent microscopy in our case Z1 epifluorescence microscope with 38H and 49 detecting the carboxyfluorescein CF and DAPI, respectively. Rel 4. 8 software is used for the analysis of microphotography. This method is used for visualization of no cultivable or hardly cultivable bacteria from samples of the dental biofilm. No exact identification of bacterial compounds presents limitation of this method. It is possible to check the dental plaque of hardly cultivated bacteria in samples, e. g. spirochetes (Figure 4). Detection of spirochetes namly Treponema denticola in tested samples is possible by PCR with help of primers: -3′ and 5′--3 and with amplification conditions: 95 °C for 2 min, 36 cycles [at 95 °C for 30 s, a 60 °C for 1 min, at 72 °C for 1 min] and a final step of 72 °C for 2 min according [68]. Figure 4: Different bacterial morphology detected in dental biofilm with for example Spirochetes (red circle) detected by DAPI (blue middle left) or other Bacillus bacteria detected by CFDA which confirm their metabolic activity (green midle right). The detection of production the bacteriocines salivaricin and reuterin by PCR methods Many bacteria use bacteriocines, like strategies for surviving in biofilms. This substance is interesting also in search of probiotic potential, because their can kill or inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria. Many of pathogenic bacteria have similar bacteriocin dependent strategies, like in case of Pseudomonas aeruginiosa or Escherichia coli [69, 70]. Potential benefitial oral microbiota can synthesize reuterin produced by Lactobacillus reuteri or salivaricine produced by Streptococcus salivarius [71, 72]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the beneficial effects of certain bacteria, such as Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptococcus salivarius, which can produce substances like reuterin and salivaricin that inhibit pathogenic bacteria. This aligns with the claim that probiotics, which are live bacteria, can have beneficial effects on health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Several car manufacturers are actively developing autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: The first relates to day-to-day mobility, with an explicit mandate to record and theorise shifts away from private car use towards more sustainable transport modes in car oriented cities. The second is on the general links between the built environment and health. The various health impacts of transport, including the advantages and disadvantages to health of private car dependency, exist as the nexus between these two research themes. Jennifer publishes regularly in high ranking scholarly journals and her work has been used to inform policy development in NSW and Australia. Email: Jennifer. kent@sydney. edu. auIn their comprehensive research report on autonomous vehicles (AVs) in Australia, Austroads paint positive and negative scenarios for the futureFootnote1 (Austroads, Citation2017). It is the positive scenario that suggests AVs could lead to less car ownership and use. In this scenario, a homogenous fleet of highly automated vehicles roams the city. Cars and rides are shared, a practice enabled through technologies of connectivity, matching people and trips. And, just like car sharing cars today, AVs are primarily used to fill the gaps in the timetables and fixed routes of the public transport network, which is also enhanced by technologies of connectivity (Duarte & Ratti, Citation2018). The critical points here for reduced car ownership and use are that: AVs are shared, andAVs complement a robust public transport system that accommodates most trips. I have been researching the cultural and structural contours of private car dependency for almost ten years now. In this piece I draw from three case studies in the low-density, car-dependent city of Sydney, to highlight three warning signs that show AVs will not lead to less car ownership and use. is used here as an example, many of the structures and practices described are common internationally, particularly in nations that are seeking to transition away from car-dependence. One: to the Expediency of OwnershipReduced private car ownership requires that we own less cars – hence the assumption that AVs will be shared vehicles. Shared. Really? You see, sharing a ride does not only mean sharing the space that is the car. It means sharing your car boot, or whatever other space in the car where you stash your gym clothes, spare umbrella and shopping bags. It means sharing your music, climate control, car-based conversations and habits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any specific information about car manufacturers or their active development of autonomous vehicle technology. It discusses various research themes related to transport, health, and car ownership but does not explicitly corroborate or contrast the claim regarding the development of autonomous vehicle technology by car manufacturers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Science (80–) 311: 1768–1770 View 48. Cuadros-(2007) Martin-Cuadrado (2007) Legault B, D’Auria G, Zhaxybayeva O, et al. (2007) Genomic plasticity in prokaryotes: the case of the square haloarchaeon. ISME J 1: 235–245 View 49. Rodriguez-(2009) Martin-Cuadrado (2009) Rodriguez- (2009) Explaining microbial population genomics through phage predation. Microbiol 7: 828–836 View 50. (2005) Caminibacter mediatlanticus sp. nov. , a thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Microbiol 55: 773–779 View 51. Reiter W-D, Palm P, (1989) Transfer RNA genes frequently serve as integration sites for prokaryotic genetic elements. Res 17: 1907–1914 View 52. (2009) Adaptations to submarine hydrothermal environments exemplified by the genome of Nautilia profundicola. PLoS Genet 5: e1000362 View 53. (2008) Functional metagenomic profiling of nine biomes. Nature 452: 629–632 View 54. (2005) cyanophage genomes: signature features and ecological interpretations. PLoS Biol 3: e144 View 55. - (2010) Genomic analysis of oceanic cyanobacterial myoviruses compared with T4-like myoviruses from diverse hosts and environments. 12: 3035–3056 View 56. (2003) Marine ecosystems: Bacterial photosynthesis genes in a virus. Nature 424: 741 View 57. (2004) Transfer of photosynthesis genes to and from Prochlorococcus viruses. 101: 11013–11018 View 58. (2006) Prevalence and evolution of core photosystem II genes in marine cyanobacterial viruses and their hosts. PLoS Biol 4: e234. View 59. (2012) Metagenomic exploration of viruses throughout the Indian Ocean. PLoS One 7: e42047 View 60. (2006) Marine cyanophages and light. 8: 2074–2082 View 61. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided lists various scientific studies and articles related to different microbial and genomic research topics, including hydrothermal environments, but does not directly discuss how hydrothermal vent ecosystems relate to the origins of life. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: Table 2: PCR conditions used for detection of genes coding production of bacteriocines: salivaricine and reuterin Target gen Primers PCR protocol Product size Literature salA (salivaricine) SalAUS 5´3` SalADS 5`3` 95 ºC, 13 min 30x [95 ºC, 30 sec, 55 ºC, 1 min, 72 ºC, 1 min] 72 ºC, 5 min 338 bp [73-75] Lactobacillus reuteri glycerol dehydrogenase gldC (reuterin) GD1f 5′3′ GD1r 5′3′ 94 °C, 5 min, 34x [94 °C, 1 min, 58 °C, 30 sec, 72 °C, 50 sec] 72 °C, 7 min 562 bp [76] isolation of potencial beneficial microbes from oral cavity for next deep research is the first step of preparing functional beneficial microbes, which can be used as prevention or also used for treatment of oral diseases. -TOF Biotyper identification is a perfect tool for quick identifications of isolated dental biofilm strains, pathogenic or non-pathogenic. For better declaration of your identification, you can use the PCR methods and next sequencing of products. Isolates bacteria can be also identified with biochemical or serological methods. The mechanisms of probiotic action are associated with resistance to colonisation and immunomodulation [27], adherence of bacteria and interspecies interactions [27, 78]. During recent years there has occurred a shift towards ecological and microbial community-based approach to the therapy of oral cavity diseases. With the increasing resistance to antibiotics, the use of probiotics appears as a prospective alternative treatment or preventative measure in the control of these diseases. From the clinical point of view, it is not yet possible to give direct recommendations for the use of probiotics. However, the available scientific evidence indicates that probiotic therapy is a promising approach also in the field of stomatology. The potential beneficial strains of Streptococcus salivarius or Lactobacillus reuteri and others bacterial strains isolated from many oral biofilms can be selected for next research based on their production of bacteriocines and on growth inhibition level against oral pathogenic bacteria not only in human but also in social animals like dogs and cats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus reuteri on oral health. It mentions that probiotics can act as a preventative measure against oral diseases, and highlights mechanisms such as immunomodulation and resistance to colonisation, which are important aspects of probiotics' actions. The mention of probiotic therapy being a promising approach in stomatology, along with the isolation of beneficial microbial strains, supports the notion that probiotics, which are live bacteria, can indeed be beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Several car manufacturers are actively developing autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: Citeasy 다운로드 하기 모두 자동으로 입력해주는 일주일간 보지 않기 닫기 Citeasy 이용 기간 종료 체험 기간이 종료되었거나, 소속 기관의 싸이티지 이용이 중단 되어 이용할 수 없습니다. 확인 우리기관에 요청하기 싸이티지 설치형 프로그램은 모바일과 mac OS를 지원하지 않습니다. 확인 제휴문의 DBpia와 구독·저작권 계약, 기타 제휴를 원하시면 해당 부서로 연락 바랍니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses aspects unrelated to car manufacturers or autonomous vehicle technology. Instead, it appears to be about a software service and user instructions, providing no information supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Advertisement intended for healthcare professionals in through your institution issuesearch term 2024 (In Progress) 2023 Browse all Advance 10. 1111/j. 1574-6968. 1999. tb13542. x Published: 01 May 1999 10. 1111/j. 1574-6968. 1999. tb13542. x Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issuesearch term issuesearch term ebg (evolved β-galactosidase) operon of Escherichia coli has been used since 1974 as a model system to dynamically study the evolutionary processes which have led to catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity in enzymes. Wild-type ebg β-galactosidase, encoded by ebgA, is a catalytically feeble enzyme that does not hydrolyze lactose or other β-galactosides efficiently enough to permit growth on those substrates. Each of two specific base substitutions at widely separated sites increases catalytic activity sufficiently to permit growth, and the combination of the two mutations further increases catalytic effectiveness and expands the substrate range of the enzyme in a non-additive fashion. Experimental studies suggested that in the 3126 bp coding region those two substitutions were the only mutations capable of increasing activity toward lactose sufficiently to permit growth. Alignment of EbgA with the LacZ β-galactosidase showed that both mutations were in active site amino acids. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis of EbgA, LacZ, and 12 other related β-galactosidases showed that EbgA and LacZ diverged from a common ancestor at least 2. 2 billion years ago, that they belonged to different subclasses of the family of 14 β-galactosidases, that the two subclasses differed at 12 of the 15 active site residues, and confirmed that the two previously identified mutations in ebgA are the only ones that can lead to enzyme with sufficient activity on lactose to permit growth. Studies of the catalytic mechanism of Ebg β-galactosidase have allowed the widely accepted Albery and Knowles model for the evolution of catalysis to be rejected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the evolutionary processes of the ebg β-galactosidase enzyme in Escherichia coli rather than providing any information about hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their relevance to the origins of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: J 54: 1-5. [Crossref] 25. (2013) Influence of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius strain M18 on indices of dental health in children: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J 62: 875-884. [Crossref] 26. (2016) Antimicrobial effect of probiotics on bacterial species from dental plaque. J Ctries 10: 214-221. [Crossref] 27. Meurman JH (2005) Probiotics: do they have a role in oral medicine and dentistry? 113: 188-196. [Crossref] 28. (2011) Probiotics in periodontal health and disease J Periodontol 15: 23-28. [Crossref] 29. (2012) Probiotics and oral health. Des 18: 5522-5531. [Crossref] 30. (2012) Probiotics and oral health. Dent 4: 348-355. [Crossref] 31. (2017) Probiotics: A in Dental Health. (Basel). [Crossref] 32. (2008) Probiotic bacteria affect the composition of salivary pellicle and streptococcal adhesion in vitro. Immunol 23: 336-343. [Crossref] 33. (1991) The prevention of dental caries by BLIS-mediated inhibition of mutans streptococci. N Z 87: 80-83. [Crossref] 34. (2018) of the Streptococcus salivarius (K12) on Streptococcus Pharyngitis: A In Schools. 37: 619-623. [Crossref] 35. (2017) Use of Probiotics and Oral Health. 4: 309-318. [Crossref] 36. Oldak A, et al. (2017) Comparison of of Lactobacillus plantarum from Kinds of from Poland: Oscypek and Korycinski Cheese. Int 2017: 6820369. 37. Koll P, Mändar (2008) Characterization of oral lactobacilli as potential probiotics for oral health. Immunol 23: 139-147. [Crossref] 38. (2004) Lactobacillus reuteri in bovine milk fermented decreases the oral carriage of mutans streptococci. 95: 219-223. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and trials that investigate the impact of probiotics, specifically mentioning strains such as Streptococcus salivarius and Lactobacillus reuteri, which are effective for oral health and possibly for gut health as well. This aligns with the claim that probiotics, being live bacteria, can provide health benefits. Overall, the references to clinical trials and positive outcomes support the associated health benefits claimed.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: is a multicomponent human-machine system that comprises multiple subsystems. Transport as a system comprises (a) machinery; (b) information; (c) situation; and (d) operator. This research is an attempt to model the mechanism of road accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AV) in order solve several problems of criminology, forensics, and criminal law; to that end, the authors use the existing theory on the mechanism of traffic crime. The latter is a far broader concept in criminology than it is in criminal law. The concept covers multiple sociopsychological phenomena and describes safety-compromising interconnection and interaction of the constituents of a human-machine system. These phenomena are objective and do not depend on how crime is characterized by word of law. From the standpoint of criminal law, the mechanism of crime specifies the criminological etiology and shows how crime results in legal consequences. This paper highlights the constituents of the crime mechanism involving autonomous vehicles (the vehicle, the information system, and the situation); it describes the essence and the role of each component in the accident etiology. The paper also maps further research of this mechanism on the basis of the so-called AV safety breach map, which includes possible outside interference (tampering with software, meddling with the road infrastructure, etc. ). Keywords: Autonomous vehicle, road accident, accident mechanism, mechanism components, information system, situation vehicle that is claimed to be autonomous must contain systems that control the core vehicle controls: braking, steering, gearbox, and fuel supply. Vehicle robotization is an essential and yet the easiest step towards autonomous vehicles. The next step is to equip cars with instrumentation to monitor the traffic. A driverless car needs cameras to watch the road and stay within the road/lane, to scan the signs, and to recognize traffic lights. It also needs ‘vision’ to steer itself in the traffic, including a precise global navigation satellite system, an inertial navigation system, a lidar, ultrasonic sensors, and stereo cameras mounted on the front stands inside the cabin. All the systems must be connected to a computer to process the input and control the movement. The computer is also tasked with applying image recognition to the input from the cameras. Engineering a vehicle capable of self-driving requires a comprehensive approach to the development and implementation of various subsystems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of the human-machine system involved in autonomous vehicles and highlighting that even with autonomous systems, factors such as outside interference and the intricacies of vehicle control may still lead to accidents. It specifically mentions the various components necessary for autonomous vehicles and emphasizes the potential for safety breaches, thereby suggesting that road accidents cannot be entirely eliminated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Escherichia coli, Experimental evolution, Evolutionary potential, Ebg, β-Galactosidase, Enzyme kinetics, Transition state 1 evolutionary processes which have led to catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity in enzymes are currently under intense investigation using tools provided by nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparison, three-dimensional protein structure, and phylogenetic relationships. In purely pragmatic terms, both an understanding of catalysis per se and the evolutionary processes that led to efficient catalysis are essential to solving a variety of technological problems ranging from improving enzymes for bioreactors, through bioremediation of toxic wastes, to rational drug design. Genes for enzymes with new or improved catalytic activities do not arise from random DNA sequences; they evolve from existing genes whose products exhibit activities that are more or less related to the ‘novel’ activity. The evolutionary processes that lead to altered substrate specificities, and the constraints upon those processes, are poorly understood. The evolution of catalysis is a dynamic process, and like any dynamic process it can be better understood by observing the process itself than by simply observing one point in the process, the outcome. Several studies, mostly in Drosophila melanogaster[1–3], had tried to study adaptive processes dynamically, but because the selected traits were complex, the starting populations were genetically heterogeneous, and because enhancement of the selected traits was generally attributable to variation already present in the population, it was difficult to interpret the results in any but the most general of terms. The ebg operon of Escherichia coli has been used for the last 25 years as a system specifically designed to study the evolution of a new catalytic function dynamically. E. coli strains that carry a deletion of the lacZ gene cannot utilize lactose or other β-galactoside sugars as carbon and energy sources because they do not synthesize the lacZ encoded β-galactosidase enzyme. All of the other functions for lactose metabolism, including lactose permease and the pathways for metabolism of glucose and galactose, the products of lactose hydrolysis, remain intact, thus re-acquisition of lactose utilization requires only the evolution of a new β-galactosidase function. The ebg operon, located at 69. 4 min on the E. coli genome map, is on the opposite side of the chromosome from the Lac operon that is located at 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their relationship to the origins of life. Instead, it discusses the evolution of catalytic functions in Escherichia coli, enzymes, and the dynamics of evolutionary processes, which is unrelated to hydrothermal vents or clues about life's origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: [Crossref] 39. Mortazavi S, (2012) mutans and Lactobacilli levels following probiotic cheese consumption in adults: A double blind randomized clinical trial (*). J Sci 17: 57-66. [Crossref] 40. (2009) Probiotic effects of orally administered Lactobacillus salivarius WB21-containing tablets on periodontopathic bacteria: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J 36: 506-513. [Crossref] 41. (2008) Improvement of periodontal condition by probiotics with Lactobacillus salivarius WB21: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J 35: 897-905. [Crossref] 42. (2014) Lactobacillus salivarius WB21--containing tablets for the treatment of oral malodor: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. 117: 462-470. [Crossref] 43. (2010) Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 on halitosis and oral health: an open-label pilot trial. 110: 201-208. [Crossref] 44. (2007) Molecular and biochemical characterizations of human oral lactobacilli as putative probiotic candidates. Immunol 22: 111-117. [Crossref] 45. (2005) Cariogenicity of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus salivarius in rats. 39: 479-483. [Crossref] 46. Almståhl A, Carlén A, Eliasson L, Lingström P (2010) Lactobacillus species in supragingival plaque in subjects with hyposalivation. Biol 55: 255-259. [Crossref] 47. (2004) Quantitative analysis of diverse Lactobacillus species present in advanced dental caries. J 42: 3128-3136. [Crossref] 48. ópez ME, Nader-Macías ME (2000) Surface properties of lactobacilli isolated from healthy subjects. 6: 227-233. [Crossref] 49. Kõll-Klais P, Mändar öm L, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies involving Lactobacillus, a genus of bacteria often classified as probiotics. It mentions multiple clinical trials and studies that explore the effects of Lactobacillus salivarius on health, including dental health and halitosis. These studies imply that Lactobacillus has health benefits, which supports the claim that probiotics, being live bacteria, can indeed be beneficial for gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: The first step is to design individual automated driving assists as well as automatic controls for some of the vehicle assemblies. The next step is to merge these L1 systems into larger autonomous vehicle control modules. The third step is to create a single module that combines all the assemblies and units present in a vehicle into a single System. The next step is to create a single traffic control system to control vehicle behavior. Despite all the progress in this industry, many issues remained unresolved. One such pressing issue is the causation and mechanism of road accidents involving autonomous vehicles. Transport is a human-machine system that comprises multiple subsystems. Transport as a system comprises (a) machinery; (b) information; (c) situation; and (d) operator. It is therefore necessary to model the mechanism of road accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AV) in order solve several problems of criminology, forensics, and criminal law; to that end, the authors use the existing theory on the mechanism of traffic crime. The latter is a far broader concept in criminology than it is in criminal law. The concept covers multiple sociopsychological phenomena and describes safety-compromising interconnection and interaction of the constituents of a human-machine system. These phenomena are objective and do not depend on how crime is characterized by word of law. From the standpoint of criminal law, the mechanism of crime specifies the criminological etiology and shows how crime results in legal consequences. Purpose of the paper highlights the constituents of crime involving autonomous vehicles (the vehicle, the information system, and the situation); it describes the essence and the role of each component in the accident etiology. The paper also maps further research of this mechanism on the basis of the AV safety breach map, which includes possible outside interference. The methodology hereof comprises engineering and legal (doctrinal) methods. The proposal is to introduce and substantiate criminal sanctions on the operation of autonomous vehicles on the basis of the identified AV specifications and AV accident mechanism. apparent reasons, the mechanism of road accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AV) has not been researched yet, as specialists focused on the mechanism of drivers’ crimes (Ishchenko et al. , 2014). However, with the ever-larger scale of AV development and adoption coupled with AV-involving road accidents (RA) that are already happening (Chuchayev & Malikov, 2019), this becomes a pressing issue to research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that, despite advances in autonomous vehicle technology, unresolved issues surrounding the causation and mechanism of road accidents involving autonomous vehicles remain. It indicates a need for research into these mechanisms since accidents involving AVs are occurring, implying that complete elimination of road accidents is not currently achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: 8. It includes three structural genes, ebgA, ebgC and ebgB[4]. ebgA encodes the α subunit and ebgC encodes the β subunit of the heteromeric α4β4 Ebg β-galactosidase enzyme [5], while ebgB (ygiI in [6]) encodes a protein whose function is unknown but which is structurally related to transport proteins. The operon is subject to negative control by the ebg repressor that is encoded by ebgR, a gene that is adjacent to ebgA[5, 7, 8]. Despite considerable efforts to discover it (Hall, unpublished results), the natural function of the ebg operon remains unknown. Strains in which the ebgR encoded repressor is defective synthesize Ebg enzyme constitutively as about 5% of the soluble protein of the cell. Even when expressed at that constitutive level wild-type Ebg enzyme is too catalytically feeble a β-galactosidase to permit growth on lactose [4]. The ebg operon has served as an excellent model system for studying the evolution of a new function because (1) intense selection can be applied to enormous populations to reveal spontaneous mutations that permit lactose utilization, (2) selective conditions can be manipulated very precisely, and (3) both the wild-type (i. e. parental, or unevolved) and the mutant (i. e. evolved) states can be characterized and compared in order to determine exactly what genotypic and phenotypic changes are responsible for the newly evolved Lac+ phenotype. Although evolution of the EbgR repressor is itself an interesting story, this review will focus on the evolution of the Ebg enzyme in strains that express that enzyme constitutively. This study was initiated in 1974 to understand how ΔlacZ strains could re-acquire the ability to utilize lactose as the result of mutations in another gene that is located on the opposite side of the chromosome and that encodes an enzyme with properties distinct from those of the lacZ encoded enzyme [9]. Some of the questions we hoped to answer included: How many mutations are required to generate an enzyme that will allow good growth on lactose? How many different outcomes are possible? How many different evolutionary pathways could lead to equally good lactose utilization? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the ebg operon and its mutation studies in relation to lactose utilization. There is no mention of hydrothermal vent ecosystems nor their potential connection to the origins of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: (2005) Oral lactobacilli in chronic periodontitis and periodontal health: species composition and antimicrobial activity. Immunol 20: 354-361. [Crossref] 50. Barbour A, K Philip (2014) Variable characteristics of bacteriocin-producing Streptococcus salivarius strains isolated from Malaysian subjects. PLoS One 9: e100541. [Crossref] 51. (2013) Persistence of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius M18 is dose dependent and megaplasmid transfer can augment their bacteriocin production and adhesion characteristics. PLoS One 8: e65991. [Crossref] 52. Tagg, JR (2009) Streptococcal Bacteriocin-Substances: Insights into the Bacteriocin-Produced by and Bad. Proteins 1: 60-66. [Crossref] 53. Santagati M, Scillato M, Patanè F, Aiello C, (2012) Bacteriocin-producing oral streptococci and inhibition of respiratory pathogens. 65: 23-31. [Crossref] 54. (2016) Effect of administration of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on the occurrence of streptococcal pharyngo-tonsillitis, scarlet fever and acute otitis media in 3 years old children. Sci 20: 4601-4606. [Crossref] 55. (2010) Oral bacteria as potential probiotics for the pharyngeal mucosa. Microbiol 76: 3948-3958. [Crossref] 56. (2008) The commensal Streptococcus salivarius K12 downregulates the innate immune responses of human epithelial cells and promotes host-microbe homeostasis. 76: 4163-4175. [Crossref] 57. (2010) Data for the salivarius K12. Proteins 2: 135-144. [Crossref] 58. (2006) A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters. J 100: 754-764. [Crossref] 59. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies on oral bacteria, specifically Streptococcus salivarius, that indicate their potential as probiotics and their benefits in promoting health. For example, the mention of 'oral lactobacilli' and 'bacteriocin-producing oral streptococci' supports the idea that these types of bacteria can be beneficial, aligning with the claim about probiotics being beneficial for gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: In general, accident is a subject matter of multiple disciplines. For instance, forensics studies the forensic mechanism of road accidents or human as a source of danger (Korma, 2006). Nevertheless, all authors recognize a road accident as an event. This interpretation emphasizes road accidents as a cause of further criminal procedure. However, it fails to disclose the essence of this phenomenon. Besides, accident alone does not necessarily result in a criminal procedure, since the latter require filing a case. The case is the legal fact that actually triggers a criminal procedure. Secondly, criminal law does not use the concept of the subject matter of criminal justice response; instead, the term it uses is ‘act’. Traffic accident is recognized as an event in criminal law literature; however, the interpretation is different. Road accident is defined as “an event that disrupts traffic, results from the loss of control over a vehicle, and is associated with human toll and damages. ” (Lukyanov, 1983, p. 34). Without criticizing this definition (in particular the fact that it incorporates loss of control, i. e. , a timeframe of uncontrollability, etc. ), we’d like to note that (a) it interprets a road accident as a traffic disruption, and (b) renders it as an umbrella term that incorporates traffic crime. In criminal law, accident as such has no significance; in the crime-accident relation, crime is a part and accident is the whole. In other words, criminal law highlights the relations between the combination of circumstances (or elements of a single object) and the linkage that unites such circumstances and complements their combination with new, integrative properties and patterns that are not inherent in such circumstances in their diversity. With this in mind, it seems acceptable to investigate the mechanism of accidents as the basis for further research of the mechanism behind AV-involving traffic crimes (so far, Russian criminal law does not identify such acts). In criminology, traffic crime mechanism is interpreted as the interaction and interconnection of the driver and the machinery/information/situation (external factors), all of which determine the driver’s behavior and cause a violation of traffic rules (Belokobylskiy & Chuchayev, 1991). Traffic crime mechanism comprises the following constituents: the driver, the vehicle, information system, and situation (Shemyakin, 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of road accidents and how they are influenced by multiple factors, including human behavior and external circumstances. It states that accidents are events that can disrupt traffic and have a legal interpretation within criminal law, which further emphasizes that accidents are not solely caused by vehicle control but also human actions and situational factors. This indicates that even with autonomous vehicles, the potential for accidents may not be completely eliminated due to the multifaceted nature of traffic interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: If several pathways led to selectively equivalent outcomes, how many of the mutations would be common to all pathways? How many different genes could evolve to replace the β-galactosidase function encoded by lacZ? The answers to several of those questions are now known. Selection for spontaneous lactose utilizing mutants from ΔlacZ ebgR− (constitutive) strains always results in mutations in ebgA[10]; thus within the limits of this experimental system there is only one gene that can evolve to replace lacZ. Among hundreds of independent ebg+ mutants, selection has produced only two classes of ebg+ mutants [10]. mutants grow well on lactose with a first order growth rate constant of 0. 4 h−1, while Class II mutants grow more slowly, with a rate constant of 0. 2 h−1 on lactose [11]. I mutants have a G→A mutation in ebgA that results in an Asp-92→Asn substitution, while all Class II mutants have a G→(T or C) mutation in ebgA that results in a Trp-977→Cys substitution [5, 10]. Class II mutants differ from in two respects: (1) they grow more slowly than mutants on lactose (galactosyl-β-1,4-d-glucose), and (2) they grow well (0. 26 h−1) on lactulose (galactosyl-β-1,4-d-fructose), while mutants do not grow on lactulose at all [11]. When selection for lactulose utilization is applied to the parent strain, only Class II mutants are detected [5, 10]. Ebg enzymes, both wild-type and mutant, have been purified and characterized in terms of catalytic constants on a variety of β-galactoside sugars [12](Table 1). The growth properties of the two classes are entirely consistent with the catalytic properties of the corresponding enzymes. In addition to the substrates in Table 1, the wild-type enzyme was assayed for activity toward all of the β-galactoside sugars that were commercially available at the time, and none were hydrolyzed even as effectively as lactose, nor did any of those substrates serve as effective inducers of the wild-type operon (Hall, unpublished results). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about hydrothermal vent ecosystems and their contribution to understanding life's origins. Instead, it discusses specific mutations and growth characteristics of bacterial mutants related to lactose utilization, which is unrelated to the claim about hydrothermal vent ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: 유산균은 전통적으로 오랜 기간 동안 김치, 발효유, 젖갈, 장류, 치즈 등 다양한 발효식품의 제조에 이용되어 왔기 때문에 일반적으로 안전하다고 인식되는 미생물(GRAS, generally recognized as safe)로 간주되고 있다. 최근 학계와 산업체에서는 β-glucosidase 활성이 높고 GS의 전환능이 우수한 다양한 종류의 유산균들을 이용하여 고분자 GS를 생리활성이 뛰어나고 생체 흡수율이 높은 compound K(CK)로 전환시키는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the traditional use of probiotics, referring to them as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). It mentions that these live bacteria have been utilized in the production of fermented foods and highlights ongoing research into their beneficial properties, which aligns with the assertion that probiotics can be beneficial for gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: All of them are present in road accidents, too. All the authors that researched the mechanism of crime in general and the mechanism of traffic crime in particular highlighted the driver (personality) as the core element of such crime. Here, we should mind the definition: an autonomous vehicle is a one that is capable of self-driving. In general, ‘conventional’ vehicles constitute a monocomponent human-machine system, i. e. its objects are involved in all kinds of interaction, but it is human that guides such interaction. Thus, it may seem first that the personality factor is part of traffic crime etiology. The problem is that AVs are essentially designed to be self-driving, i. e. to plot their route and control their speed using data their software receives from the Internet, traffic scans, traffic lights, etc. Humans are only involved in the development of such software. Therefore, traffic safety may be jeopardized before travel if automated systems are not duly developed and tested. That means the personality factor is no longer a part of the traffic crime mechanism, which should be borne in mind when criminalizing the core act: making of poorly programmed software rather than traffic violations. It should be borne in mind that the manufacturer or the software developer might insist on timely full or partial software updates. Shall the vehicle operator/owner ignore this requirement, then human factor applies as part of the road accident mechanism. Perhaps this should be interpreted as failure to comply with passive safety requirements, which cover the structural, technological, and operating vehicle properties intended to prevent or mitigate road accidents. We believe that this should also be included in criminal law as an independent element of offence. The information system is a fundamental component of the road accident mechanism (Hamida et al. , 2015; Lemann, 2019; Vellinga, 2017). In case of self-driving cars, it functions both as an information system as such, and as a driver. The system ensures that the vehicle operates safely by providing two independent arrays of data: external data, which the driver receives personally while driving by monitoring the information model, the traffic lights, etc. ; and internal data stored in the memory. The information system assists the safety ‘hardware’, i. e. fully operational assemblies and components, to ensure that the vehicle operates normally. This is why the theory of reliability identifies two aspects of accident-free transport operation: hardware and software. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of human factors in road accidents even with autonomous vehicles. It emphasizes that the human element remains significant in the development and maintenance of the software that governs AVs. Moreover, it states that if vehicle operators neglect software updates or improvements, the human factor can still contribute to road accidents, implying that AVs alone cannot guarantee the complete elimination of all road accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, activity of the wild-type enzyme toward O-nitrophenyl and P-nitrophenyl d-fucosides and l-arabinosides was only 1–2% of its activity toward the corresponding galactosides [12]. Although the natural function of Ebg enzyme probably does involve hydrolysis of a β-galactoside sugar, the natural substrate remains unknown. 1 Open in new tab Kinetic properties of Ebg and LacZ β-galactosidases EnzymeLactoseLactuloseGalactosyl-arabinoseLactobionateWild-typeKcat1. 460. 620. 12no detectable activityKm15018064Kcat/Km0. 00920. 00350. 0019Growth rate0000Class IKcat8. 20. 160. 43no detectable activityKm223413. 9Kcat/Km0. 370. 00480. 029Growth rate0. 400. 030Class IIKcat5. 44. 30. 82no detectable activityKm592625Kcat/Km0. 0910. 170. 033Growth rate0. 190. 260. 020Class IVKcat3. 40. 991. 70. 24Km0. 827. 93. 015. 4Kcat/Km4. 20. 130. 560. 015Growth rate0. 370. 0180. 0130Class VKcat1. 40. 490. 800. 85Km0. 696. 54. 93. 0Kcat/Km1. 950. 0760. 160. 28Growth rate0. 180. 10. 070. 2LacZKcat15019. 637. 5not determinedKm1. 211. 450. 62not determinedKcat/Km12413. 560. 5not determinedEnzymeLactoseLactuloseGalactosyl-arabinoseLactobionateWild-typeKcat1. 460. 620. 12no detectable activityKm15018064Kcat/Km0. 00920. 00350. 0019Growth rate0000Class IKcat8. 20. 160. 43no detectable activityKm223413. 9Kcat/Km0. 370. 00480. 029Growth rate0. 400. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their relationship to life's origins. Instead, it discusses the kinetic properties of enzymes and their activity towards different substrates, which is unrelated to the topic of hydrothermal vents or origins of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: PPD계 Rb1, Rb2, Rc는 Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Provotella oris 등의 장내세균이 생산하는 β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, α-arabinofuranosidase, α-arabinopyranosidase의 작용에 의해 당이 분해되어 CK로 전환 되고(Bae et al. , 2000; Bae et al. , 2002a; Bae et al. , 2002b; Hasegawa et al. , 2000; Kim, 2009), PPT계는 Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium 등이 생산하는 α-rhamnosidase와 β-glucosidase에 의해 Rh1 또는 protopanaxatriol로 전환된다고 보고되었다(Bae et al. , 2000; Bae et al. , 2005). PPD계 GS는 위에서 분해되지 않고 장내세균에 의해 CK로 대사되어 체내로 흡수된다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various gut bacteria (Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium) and their enzymatic activities in the gut, indicating their role in metabolizing substances which suggests a beneficial impact on gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Software-associated safety stems from error-free condition of software and other data arrays, which enables the vehicle to operate as required given the circumstances and data array parameters specified in the data sheets (Ljungholm, 2019). The information system of an AV can fail as a result of: (1) data-associated failure, an event that consists in hardware malfunction arising from errors in data arrays that resulted from incorrect data collection or the use of hardware reliant on such data; (2) loss of data due to hardware failure; (3) data error due to incorrect interpretation of, for example, traffic lights. Experiments have shown that traffic sign scans might contain errors that will jeopardize further decision-making. For the etiology of traffic crime, the so-called uncertainty is of utmost significance; the terms refers to a specific state of the information system arising from external circumstances such as change in weather, intransitive behavior of the operator, etc. Uncertainly is classified into three types: (1) uncertainty of the situation, in which the system needs to make a decision; (2) uncertainty of the requirements to be followed in decision-making; (3) uncertainty or randomness of the decision itself. This applies to autonomous vehicles, too. In that case, uncertainty of the situation is particularly important, as it exists objectively and stems from multiple circumstances including incomplete data on external influences, natural limitations, the properties of car systems and assemblies, etc. This uncertainty is descriptive of the situation that led to a traffic accident. Scientifically, the concept of situation remains disputable; researchers continue to debate not only the definition, but also the properties of situation (Dubovik, 1977). We believe that a road accident situation should be defined as the total of objective external circumstances, under which autonomous vehicles operate. Different types of situations are essentially different combinations of such circumstances. Criminologists identify three properties of situation: criminogenesis, cumulative, and conflict (Dubovik, 1977). Strictly speaking, these properties do not apply universally. That is easy to see by analyzing neutral situations, even more so by investigating obstructive situations. In other cases, only some constituents of a situation will be criminogenic. Besides, being a dynamic process, the situation can in fact mitigate some of the hazards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting several factors that contribute to the risk of accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AVs). It outlines potential failures in the information system, such as data-associated failures and the uncertainty inherent in decision-making. The mention of errors in traffic sign scans and uncertainties from external circumstances emphasizes that AVs cannot guarantee a zero-accident outcome, as these vulnerabilities could lead to traffic accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: 030Class IIKcat5. 44. 30. 82no detectable activityKm592625Kcat/Km0. 0910. 170. 033Growth rate0. 190. 260. 020Class IVKcat3. 40. 991. 70. 24Km0. 827. 93. 015. 4Kcat/Km4. 20. 130. 560. 015Growth rate0. 370. 0180. 0130Class VKcat1. 40. 490. 800. 85Km0. 696. 54. 93. 0Kcat/Km1. 950. 0760. 160. 28Growth rate0. 180. 10. 070. 2LacZKcat15019. 637. 5not determinedKm1. 211. 450. 62not determinedKcat/Km12413. 560. 5not determinedData on Ebg β-galactosidase from [12]. Data on LacZ β-galactosidase from Hall, unpublished results. Kcat: moles of substrate hydrolyzed per second per mole of enzyme at 37°C. Km: mM substrate. Growth rate: h−1 at 37°C. 1 Open in new tab Kinetic properties of Ebg and LacZ β-galactosidases EnzymeLactoseLactuloseGalactosyl-arabinoseLactobionateWild-typeKcat1. 460. 620. 12no detectable activityKm15018064Kcat/Km0. 00920. 00350. 0019Growth rate0000Class IKcat8. 20. 160. 43no detectable activityKm223413. 9Kcat/Km0. 370. 00480. 029Growth rate0. 400. 030Class IIKcat5. 44. 30. 82no detectable activityKm592625Kcat/Km0. 0910. 170. 033Growth rate0. 190. 260. 020Class IVKcat3. 40. 991. 70. 24Km0. 827. 93. 015. 4Kcat/Km4. 20. 130. 560. 015Growth rate0. 370. 0180. 0130Class VKcat1. 40. 490. 800. 85Km0. 696. 54. 93. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses solely on the kinetic properties of enzymes (Ebg and LacZ β-galactosidases), providing numerical data related to enzyme activity, growth rates, and other biochemical metrics. It does not discuss hydrothermal vents, ecosystems, or any implications regarding life's origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: 최근의 보고에 의하면 유산균 대사산물과 사균체도 다양한 생리활성을 발휘하는 것으로 입증되어 프로바이오틱스의 개념이 사균체와 대사산물의 영역까지 확대되고 있으므로, 발효인삼의 제조에 생물전환능이 우수한 유산균을 활용함으로써 안전한 스타터로서의 이용뿐만 아니라, GS 유효성분의 함량 증가 및 흡수율 개선, 유산균의 건강기능성 효과, 관능성 개선 등의 상승효과를 기대할 수 있을 것이다. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria (probiotics) and their metabolites, indicating that they have various physiological activities. Additionally, it mentions that using lactic acid bacteria with excellent bioconversion ability can improve health effects, thereby supporting the idea that probiotics are indeed beneficial for gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: We believe that the situation properties are as follows: (1) specificity: a situation exists within a specific spacetime rather than universally; (2) systematicity and reproducibility, which enable defining the situation in the future by applying gnosiology and logic. However, it should be borne in mind that a situation does not reoccur in full; rather, only its general pattern reproduces itself in future situations. In other words, there arise the so-called relative situations; (3) informativity, i. e. the ability to carry sufficient information on the actual status of the environment; (4) the ability to capture the factors that could be further used to prevent adverse outcomes. development and adoption of autonomous vehicles, on the one hand, calls for advanced research of AV-involving road accident mechanisms to solve some potential problems of criminology, criminal law, and forensics; on the other hand, this is a challenging issue unless there is made an AV safety breach map that will also cover possible outside interference including tampering with the software or meddling with the road infrastructure, etc. We believe that in the current state of the art, focus should be made on researching the accident (crime) mechanism in general, further joining forces with AV design and engineering specialists to see which roles the AV components have to play in crime etiology. 6158. 124. [In Russ. ]. Dubovik, O. L. (1977). Prinyatiye resheniya v mekhanizme prestupnogo povedeniya i individualnaya profilaktika prestupleny [Decision-making as part of crime mechanism and case-by-case crime prevention]. Moscow: of the Academy of the. [In Russ. ]. Hamida, E. , Noura, H. , & Znaidi, W. (2015). Security of Transport Systems: Standards,. Electronics, 4, 380-423. Ishchenko, Ye. P. , Korma, V. D. , Chuchayev, A. I. , & Eminov, V. Ye. (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors and challenges associated with the development and adoption of autonomous vehicles (AVs), particularly in relation to road accidents. It highlights the need for advanced research on AV-involving road accident mechanisms, suggesting that there are significant issues that need to be addressed rather than the notion that AVs will completely eliminate road accidents. The text mentions the complexities of creating a safety breach map and acknowledges potential outside interferences, indicating that while AVs may improve safety, they may not fully eliminate accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: 0Kcat/Km1. 950. 0760. 160. 28Growth rate0. 180. 10. 070. 2LacZKcat15019. 637. 5not determinedKm1. 211. 450. 62not determinedKcat/Km12413. 560. 5not determinedEnzymeLactoseLactuloseGalactosyl-arabinoseLactobionateWild-typeKcat1. 460. 620. 12no detectable activityKm15018064Kcat/Km0. 00920. 00350. 0019Growth rate0000Class IKcat8. 20. 160. 43no detectable activityKm223413. 9Kcat/Km0. 370. 00480. 029Growth rate0. 400. 030Class IIKcat5. 44. 30. 82no detectable activityKm592625Kcat/Km0. 0910. 170. 033Growth rate0. 190. 260. 020Class IVKcat3. 40. 991. 70. 24Km0. 827. 93. 015. 4Kcat/Km4. 20. 130. 560. 015Growth rate0. 370. 0180. 0130Class VKcat1. 40. 490. 800. 85Km0. 696. 54. 93. 0Kcat/Km1. 950. 0760. 160. 28Growth rate0. 180. 10. 070. 2LacZKcat15019. 637. 5not determinedKm1. 211. 450. 62not determinedKcat/Km12413. 560. 5not determinedData on Ebg β-galactosidase from [12]. Data on LacZ β-galactosidase from Hall, unpublished results. Kcat: moles of substrate hydrolyzed per second per mole of enzyme at 37°C. Km: mM substrate. Growth rate: h−1 at 37°C. II mutants utilized lactulose, but mutants did not, selection for lactulose utilization was applied to mutants. The resulting double mutants, designated Class IV, grew slightly slower than on lactose (0. 37 h−1), and somewhat slower than Class II on lactulose (0. 18 h−1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their connection to the origins of life. Instead, it discusses data on enzyme activity and growth rates, which is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 12562026 Export as PDF Can taking probiotics ('friendly' bacteria) improve metabolic health and wellbeing in people who are overweight or obese? Share on on on Submission date 04/03/2019 Registration date 12/03/2019 Last edited 19/05/2023 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category Nutritional, Metabolic, registered analysis plan participant data and study aimsProbiotics are ‘friendly bacteria’ that are known to improve health in human beings by, amongst other ways, interacting with the bacteria that already live in the gut. The aim of this study is to see if the daily consumption of a probiotic supplement can improve metabolism and general wellbeing in overweight and obese people. Who can participate? Adults aged between 30 to 65 years with a waist circumference of >89 cm (women) or >100 cm (men) and a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 34. 9. What does the study involve? The study is called a double-blind study which means that participants will be randomly assigned to take a capsule containing either the active product (the probiotic) or an identical inactive product (the placebo) every day for 180 days. There will be an equal chance for the participant to be assigned to take active or placebo with neither the participant or research staff aware of who is taking what. During the trial, the participants will also be asked to complete a series of questionnaires (relating to their general well-being and health) and provide blood samples and stool samples (optional) at beginning and end of trial. After enrolment to the study, participants are asked to complete a general wellbeing questionnaire, undergo body measurements (e. g. weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure), provide a fasting blood sample and a stool sample (which is optional and may be done at home if necessary). Participants will then be randomly assigned to receive capsules containing either the placebo (dummy) or probiotic that are to be taken every day for the following 180 days. During the study, participants will also be asked to record the occurrence of any symptoms they experience on a symptom diary and revisit the trial centre on day 90 and the end of the study (day 180) in order to complete wellbeing questionnaires, undergo body measurements and provide blood and/or stool samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that probiotics are described as 'friendly bacteria' that are known to improve health in human beings by interacting with the bacteria that already live in the gut. This indicates that probiotics are indeed live bacteria and highlights their potential health benefits, which aligns directly with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 93020 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechAnalysis and by Murat Darçın From the by Murat Darçın To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 2035. However, can AVs prevent traffic accidents? Results show that use of AVs will stay as a concern, and it will be hard to either champion or oppose them. From a positive perspective, AVs will contribute to traffic safety, increase economic and social benefits, and contribute to environmental protection. However, from a negative point of view, AVs would be hacked, expose our data to third parties, cause liability problems, increase carbon emissions into the atmosphere, risk our health, and constitute a financial burden in economies. The first section will introduce this 1. year approximately 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents that also cost most countries millions of dollars [1]. However, this unfortunate phenomenon mostly stems from humans. According to the US Department of Transportation’s Administration (NHTSA), 94% of the severe traffic accidents happen because of human errors [2]. defines the causes of traffic accidents as unsafe factors, unsafe road environments, insufficient driver knowledge, failure to recognize the danger, and improper thinking [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and concerns regarding autonomous vehicles (AVs) in relation to road safety. It states that while AVs may contribute positively to traffic safety, they also present various negative aspects such as hacking, liability problems, and increased carbon emissions. Moreover, the text mentions that concerns about AVs preventing accidents remain, indicating that they will not achieve complete accident elimination. This directly opposes the claim that AVs will completely eliminate all road accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: They clearly constitute a new class with properties distinct from both the parent mutants and from the Class II mutants. Genetic analysis suggested, and later sequencing confirmed, that Class IV mutants were simply Class I-Class II double mutants. The two mutations were clearly not simply additive in their effects, either in terms of growth or in terms of the catalytic properties of the enzymes (Table 1). In terms of the range of sugars utilized, Class IV mutants grew modestly well on galactosyl-arabinose, while both I grew extremely slowly, at 0. 02–0. 03 h−1, which corresponds to a doubling time of 1 to 1. 5 days. As would be expected, when Class II mutants were subjected to selection for growth on galactosyl-arabinose Class IV mutants resulted [13]. In vitro purified Class IV enzyme exhibited detectable activity toward a fourth β-galactoside sugar, lactobionate (galactosyl-β-1,4-gluconate), whereas no activity was detectable either in the wild-type or in or Class II mutant enzymes [12](Table 1). IV activity toward lactobionate was insufficient for growth, so selection for lactobionate utilization was applied to a Class IV strain and lactobionate utilizing mutants, designated Class V, were obtained [11]. V enzyme showed considerable improvement in activity toward lactobionate, but that activity came at the expense of decreased activity toward the other three substrates [12]. Class IV mutants exhibited one additional truly novel activity. In order for or Class II mutants to utilize lactose or lactulose, IPTG (isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside) must be present as a gratuitous inducer of the lacY lactose permease gene. IPTG is required because lactose is not itself an inducer of the lac operon and must be converted to allolactose, the natural inducer, by the transgalactosylation activity of lacZβ-galactosidase [14]. I nor Class II Ebg enzymes have the required transgalactosylation activity. Class IV mutants can convert lactose to an inducer of the lac operon, and thus have a novel transgalactosylation activity [15, 16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not relate to the claim regarding hydrothermal vent ecosystems or the origins of life. Instead, it discusses the genetic analysis of various classes of mutants and their enzymatic activities, which is unrelated to the biological implications or studies about hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: At the end of the study, scientists will use the information and samples collected to determine if there was any benefit to taking the probiotic supplement. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? It is considered that the daily intake of the probiotics will improve quality of life and wellbeing and will also provide benefits related to metabolism (all the chemical processes that occur within the human body in order to maintain life) although, due to the chance that the participant may receive the placebo, it is perceived that these benefits will be confined to the participants who are randomly assigned the intervention. Participation in the study will bring more information and will improve our understanding of the benefits of daily probiotic supplementation. There have been no adverse reactions associated with the probiotic product but participants may experience mild side effects such as a change in bowel habit and/ or increased flatulence (intestinal gas) during the first few days of taking the supplement. Where is the study run from? The trial is managed and will take place at the 'Comac Medical' in Sofia, Bulgaria. When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? May 2017 to July 2018Who is funding the study? (UK)Who is the main contact? Michael darynm@cultech. co. uk Study website Contact information Contact name Contact details Unit 2 12 7BZ 01639 825100 darynm@cultech. co. uk Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers _Version 0. 1 Study information Scientific title The impact of PMetabolic status And GENeral well-being in an overweight population () hypothesis Daily probotic supplementation would positively benefit metabolic status and general well-being. Ethics approval(s) Approved 21/06/2017 Ethics committee at MC "Comac Medical" (Business Centre, 38 (5th floor), Manastirski Livadi, West 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria; +359 2 892 10 00; clients@comac-medical. com), ref: 112/20. 06/2017 Study design Single-centre randomised double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group study Primary study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) type information sheet Not available in web format, please use contact details to request participant information sheet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the expected benefits of daily probiotic supplementation, including improvements to quality of life, well-being, and metabolic status. It highlights that the study aims to determine potential benefits associated with taking the probiotic supplement, reinforcing the idea that probiotics can be beneficial for gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: A study prepared by the NHTSA to be presented to the US Congress defines the causes of traffic accidents as driver-related, vehicle-related, roadway-related, and atmospheric condition-related factors [4]. Law firms approach problems from a different point of view since they aim to defend people at courts. As a result, they list the reasons for accidents in accordance with their legal bases. From the view of a law firm in the USA, causes of accidents are long listed as follows: distracted driving, speeding, drunk driving, reckless driving, rain, running red lights, running stop signs, teenage drivers, night driving, design defects, unsafe lane changes, wrong-way driving, improper turns, tailgating, driving under the influence of drugs, ice, snow, road rage, potholes, drowsy driving, tire blowouts, fog, deadly curves, animal crossings, and street racing [5]. Some may suggest that tire blowouts or unseen road signs are not human-related. However, while drunk driving or running red lights are explicitly related to drivers, a tire that is not changed in time or an unseen road sign that is not controlled by road authority employee is still implicitly associated with humans and human errors. Overall, it can be said that almost all accidents arise from the faults of humans, as suggested by NHTSA [2]. Nevertheless, are the humans aware that they are the main reasons for traffic accidents? A recent study [6] researched the reasons behind the accidents by gathering data from the interview with police officers and drivers and traffic accident reports. Two of the main findings of the study are as follows:the reasons for accidents differ between the genders and across the age groups andwhen police officers and drivers are asked to assign the reasons for accidents, they only generated 25 possible causes; however, real accident reports included 63 accident causes [6]. The second finding mentioned above shows that the perceptions of people regarding accidents’ causes are inadequate to understand the reasons and dynamics of accidents. Conversely, some factors such as uncorrected eyesight were listed by police officers and drivers; however, that did not take enough place in crash reports. While even police officers may have difficulty in identifying reasons behind accidents, how can we expect humans to take necessary actions to prevent traffic accidents? Or from another point of view, can AVs perform better than humans in driving? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing numerous causes of traffic accidents, asserting that almost all accidents stem from human fault. It emphasizes that factors such as distracted driving and drunk driving are human-related causes, suggesting that even with the introduction of autonomous vehicles (AVs), human errors will still influence road safety. The study's findings indicate significant gaps in human understanding of accident causation, leading to the implication that AVs may not completely eliminate accidents, particularly when human error or perception affects their operation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Selections for growth using different β-galactoside sugars which produced these proteins are summarized in Fig. 1. 1Pathway for evolution of Ebg operon. Open in new tabDownload slide 2 Analysis of catalysis and his colleagues have studied the mechanisms of catalysis, including the transition state structure and constructed free energy profiles, for the wild-type enzyme (Ebg0), enzyme (Ebga), Class II enzyme (Ebgb), two different Class IV enzymes (Ebgab and Ebgabcd) and the enzyme (Ebgabcde) [17–23]. IV enzymes consist of two subclasses, Ebgab and Ebgabcd, and require some explanation. In addition to the two mutations that are found in all Class IV enzymes, one of the Class IV mutants carried two mutations that apparently occurred simultaneously with the Class II mutation. One mutation was Ser-979→Gly in the large α subunit, and the other was Glu-93→Lys in the small ebgC encoded β subunit. Those changes were kinetically silent with respect to the substrates in Table 1. enzyme was, however, the parent of the enzyme that permitted lactobionate utilization. Ebg utilizes the simple double displacement mechanism shown below where X represents the aglycone group and · represents a covalent bond between the enzyme and substrate: The enzyme first binds the galactose moiety of the substrate, then the bond between the galactose moiety and the aglycone is broken and the aglycone is displaced (released), and finally the bond between the enzyme and galactose is hydrolyzed and the galactose is displaced. Detailed kinetic analyses showed that the two additional amino acid substitutions present in the Ebgabcd enzymes were not only not kinetically silent, they were essential to the evolution of the lactobionate hydrolyzing Ebgabcde enzyme. The substitutions in Ebgab decreased the rate of the final step, degalactosylation of the E·β-Gal intermediate, about 40-fold relative to the wild-type enzyme [20]. The presence of the two additional substitutions in Ebgabcd enzyme increased the degalactosylation rate by 2. 2-fold so that the rate was only 18-fold below the wild-type rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses enzyme evolution and catalytic mechanisms, focusing on specific mutations and kinetic analyses. It does not address hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their relevance to the origins of life, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: of probiotic supplementation on healthy overweight and obese individuals active product contains Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL60 (NCIMB 30157), Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL21 (NCIMB 30156), Lactobacillus plantarum CUL66 (NCIMB 30280), Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL20 (NCIMB 30153) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis CUL34 (NCIMB 30172) at a total of 50 billion cfu per day. The placebo contains microcrystalline cellulose. Trial subjects were allocated in a 1:1 ratio into two parallel study arms (active arm or placebo arm) according to a randomisation protocol provided by an independent statistician. The intervention comprised a daily dose of active product that contained 50 billion bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis) or a daily dose of placebo that did not contain any bacteria and was identical in appearance to the active product. The intervention period was 180 days. Intervention type outcome measure 1. Plasma total cholesterol at baseline (day 0) and day 1802. Plasma HDL-cholesterol at baseline (day 0) and day 1803. Plasma LDL-cholesterol at baseline (day 0) and day 1804. Plasma triacylglycerol at baseline (day 0) and day 1805. Body weight measured on scales at days 0, 90 and 1806. Waist circumference measured by tape at baseline (day 0) and day 1807. Blood pressure measured by a blood pressure monitor at days 0, 90 and 180The methods of analysis for the blood and faecal tests have yet to be finalised. Secondary outcome measures 1. General well-being assessed using a quality of life questionnaire at days 0, 90 and 1802. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating, nausea and infection, recorded daily throughout the intervention period using a daily symptom questionnaire 3. Microbiota composition/functionality assessed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and/or microbial culture at days 0 and 1804. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifying that the active product contains various live bacteria, including Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium species. The reference to these specific probiotic strains supports the idea that probiotics, which are live bacteria, can play a role in health, particularly gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Before digging into details, first, we must look at the basic definition and the history of AVs. Advertisement 2. The basic definition and a brief history of AVs 2. 1 The basic definition of AV AVs can be defined as the (self-driving) cars and trucks that combine sensors and software to control the vehicle safely without human drivers [7]. This definition mostly defines fully autonomous vehicles, which are not present now. However, there is a generally accepted road map and classification for autonomous cars prepared by the Society of (SAE) that will take humanity to a fully autonomous cars’ era. The classification consists of six categories to define the developmental level of autonomous vehicles ranging from Level 0 to Level 5 [8]. Figure 1 presents these classifications below. Figure 1. Levels of autonomy (courtesy of SAE international). 2. 2 The brief history of Ais hard to find a starting point for the evolution of AVs. suggests that AVs have taken place in science fiction works written by authors such as [9]. It is also claimed that the time of the emergence of AVs on earth is the 1920s, and radio- or wire-controlled cars are examples of them. Isaac Asimov’s short story “Sally” features autonomous cars that contain positronic brains and do not require human drivers [10]. The cars in this sci-fi example satisfy the basic definition provided in this section; however, it is hard to say that radio- or wire-controlled cars are the prototypes or precedents of today’s AVs because they are directly controlled by humans, and this situation does not comply with the definition. Modern (and capable) AVs can be said to show up through the challenges that were held by the (US) Agency (DARPA). In 2004, DARPA launched its first grand challenge to speed up the invention of the first fully autonomous ground vehicles. On the first grand challenge, 15 participant teams were asked to send their AVs from Barstow, California to Primm, Nevada (a 142-mile course in dessert terrain) on March 13, 2004 [11]. However, none of the AVs completed the route, and University’s Red Team’s AV “Sandstorm” was the car that took the farthest distance, only 7. 4 miles. Hence, the prize of $1 million went to none of the participants [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current state and limitations of autonomous vehicles (AVs). It mentions that fully autonomous vehicles are not yet present and references the challenges faced in past competitions where AVs failed to complete the required routes, indicating that the technology is still in development. These points imply that AVs, as they stand now, will not completely eliminate all road accidents.