Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: it cannot fail; it ever speaks')Worship ("There is no worship now—the idol stands")of Lifeof the ("There is a winter in the godless heart")'s and the at ('I saw the city, 'twas not built by hands')The CrossNature ('Nature would speak through her first master man')and meat and drinkForgive me my trespassesin HeartThe ComplaintWhither shall I go from thy Spiritshall be LastThe LaborerThy Brother's of are passed away('They love me not, who at my table eat')The CityThe RoseFaith ('There is no faith; the mountain stands within')The JewSpring ('The stem that long has borne the wintry blast')and The EndNature ('The bubbling brook doth leap when I come by')! The Sign('I too will wait with thee returning spring')('Father! help them who walk in their own light')notice other days were pages givenThe CrocusThe PlantI am the WayThe kingdom of within you('There is no sound but thou dost hear my voice')The PreacherCome unto meFlee to the mountainsBlessed are they that mournFaith ('Hast thou but faith thou shalt the mountain bid')Redeeming the TimeTis FinishedEffortTo the pure all things are pureThe TaskSpring ('I have not lived the flesh has hedged me in')('The plant it springs it rears its drooping head')('Come thou and labor with me I will give')('The words I give thee they are not thine own')Joy ('The joy Thou giv'st no man can take away')HopeReliefJoy ('Thou hast a moon for every cloudy night')('I come the rushing wind that shook the place')of is every one who is born of the spiritThe SeedI am the Light of the the Bread of shall all the tribes of the earth mournRepent for the kingdom of Heaven is at handthe you is born a SaviourThe RedeemedHallowed be they NameTo him who overcomethof the Templeof as the World giveth('Open our eyes that we the world may see')Thy Father's HouseJacob's Wellof ('The voice that speaks when thou art in thy tomb')and ('Why are thou not awake my son? ')('not visit me? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely incoherent and does not provide any information related to owls or their vision capabilities. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim about owls being able to see in complete darkness due to magical abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: However, these models fail to replicate the persistent progression and substantial pathological involvement observed with Parkinson's disease in humans. Rotenone is a naturally occurring insecticide extracted from the roots of several plant species [39]. The rotenone-based animal models have recently gained particular attention asit replicates most of the histopathological features of PD such as Lewy bodies and motor symptoms [40]. Rotenone exerts its action by inhibiting complex one of the electron transport chains in mitochondria. This inhibition impairs ATP production which in turn affects the functioning of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump causing dysregulation in calcium homeostasis and inducing excitotoxicity leading to enhanced oxidative stress [41]. All these factors contribute to the aggregation of misfolded α-Syn protein [42] and its failure to degradation leads to the death of dopaminergic neurons and the onset of motor and cognitive dysfunctions. However, the precise mechanism of their loss is still unknown. At present, there is no definitive cure for PD, and the current treatment options mainly involve dopamine agonists and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors which only offer symptomatic relief from motor symptoms and very little help in improving the non-motor symptoms of the disease [43]. Even then they come with the cost of problematic adverse side effects. Recognizing the promising potential demonstrated by natural products in addressing various health issues, there is an urgent need to explore therapeutic possibilities of herbs, extracts from medicinal plants, and other botanical substances in the context of neurological disorders. In this pursuit, certain herbs have proven to be neuroprotective agents. One such herb is Bacopa monnieri, belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family, commonly referred to as Brahmi, which is an ayurvedic medicinal plant with known antioxidant, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial abilities [43]. CDRI-08 has proven to be effective in memory recovery following hypoxia-induced impairment [44]. Additionally, studies have shown that the Bacopa extract modifies GABA receptor function in the cortex of rats with epilepsy [45]. Furthermore, it elevates the presence of NMDAR1 on the postsynaptic membrane in different brain regions associated with memory in a rat model of schizophrenia [46]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifically mentioning Bacopa monnieri as an 'ayurvedic medicinal plant' known for its 'antioxidant, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial abilities,' and states that it has proven effective in memory recovery following impairment. It also discusses its role in modifying brain functions related to memory, further supporting the claim about its potential memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides work more effectively than all synthetic pesticides. [SEP] Text: 7)/EIQ+(0. 3±3. 1)+site effect, with F93 = 4. 23, p = 0. 0035. at the issue empirically, our results show that with regards to environmental impact, target selectivity and efficacy, the novel synthetic insecticides we tested have better performance than organic insecticides; suggesting that certain organic management practices are not more environmentally sustainable than conventional ones. It has been purported that organic systems are not just better for the environment, but are more economically sustainable because of the price premiums associated with organic food [9]. Consumers are often willing to pay more for products they believe are produced in the most sustainable way possible, but we have shown that the organic methods available are not always the most sustainable choice. Carefully designed integrated pest management systems are likely the best strategy for minimizing environmental impact of agriculture: where certified organic systems may reject the technology with the smallest environmental impact based on ideology [11], IPM maintains the flexibility to incorporate any strategy empirically determined to have the smallest impact. In fact, it has been argued that studies which have concluded that IPM has a greater impact than organic management [9] have simply tested a poorly designed IPM strategy in which the efficacy and impact of individual tactics included in the program were not effectively examined [12], did not accurately reflect IPM practice, or employed biased methods of evaluation [15]. Though IPM practice does not typically come with price premiums associated with the production of organic food, IPM strategies are still commonly used by many conventional farmers [31], and given increased consumer awareness of the benefits of IPM practice, adoption rates are likely to rise. It is for these reasons that we reject the organic-conventional dichotomy and emphasize that, in order to optimize environmental sustainability, individual tactics must be evaluated for their environmental impact in the context of an integrated approach, and that policy decisions must be based on empirical data and objective risk-benefit analysis, not arbitrary classifications. Materials and of insecticides for inclusion in experiments 2008, the Centre at AAFC provided us with a list of 14 potential insecticides for inclusion in our experiments. We reviewed each insecticide and eliminated those which had the same mode of action as any other insecticide registered for use against soybean aphid in Canada, and then contacted the suppliers to assess the economic feasibility of using these insecticides in field crops. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that synthetic insecticides outperformed organic insecticides in terms of environmental impact, target selectivity, and efficacy. It explicitly states that certain organic management practices are not more environmentally sustainable than conventional methods, thus undermining the assertion that organic pesticides are more effective overall.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: ')-ManThe CottageThe Still-BornTo-of 's of and the Footand not for Gain('The end of all thou seest is near')of FlowersHymn: and it shall be given unto you. from WithinThou know'st not what thy Lord will sayof the JustDeathThe Birth-Day of the SoulHiveTime's Houseand the BirdFaith and Light('where is it? hath it voice')('Stay where thou art, thou need'st not further go')'s Island Lightof Godof the BooksThe Robin's ('Tis all a great show')on Reading the Death of Rev. Henry Ware, Jr. BrightGod's at the ('There are towers; where they are')ye sow, so shall ye reap's RetortThe WidowImpatienceAbdolonymus—'s by FaithSalem ("Boast not, my native spot, thy sons were first")Spring in the SoulNature's InvitationChrist's CompassionHymn: Nevertheless, when the Son of Man cometh, shall he find faith on the earth? :8of 'to LiveThe Indian's the late in 's : Suggested by an EngravingThoughts and DesiresHymn ('As by the quickening breath of Spring')The Soul's : of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. , On reading his Collection of on the of J. Esq. July 22d, 1853the at the Thompson Jubilee, at Barre, Jany. 12, 1854: Sung at the Celebration of the Fourth of July, in Salem, 1854? To the Memory of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. and WorldlyHymn: So also will God, through Jesus, bring with him them who sleep'Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted' Math. 5:4To the Memory of the Rev. of -cleave not to the things of earth's the Rev. C. H. A. Dall, in IndiaHymn: Sung at the Dedication of Plummer Hall, Salem, Oct. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a collection of disjointed phrases and references that do not pertain to owls or their visual capabilities. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding owls' ability to see in darkness, as it does not address the topic at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Previous research also suggests that CDRI-08 could potentially restore spatial memory induced by STZ by modifying either the structure, properties, or quantity of AMPA receptors and consequently, altering the characteristics of the postsynaptic membrane in the hippocampus [9]. Therefore, extracts derived from this plant, CDRI-08, have demonstrated cognitive-enhancing effects in animal studies but the precise mechanism in general and the epigenetic mechanism in particular by which it exerts its effect is not yet known. As a result, we conjectured that it might yield advantageous outcomes in enhancing both the motor and non-motor manifestations of PD, with a specific focus on alleviating cognitive decline. We delved into the epigenetic processes associated with the memory-linked gene AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit to ascertain whether it could counteract the changes, as these processes are dynamic and reversible, and potentially serve as a therapeutic intervention for PD. The data from our rotarod experiment indicate that CDRI-08 enhanced balance and motor coordination in mice injected with rotenone. This improvement holds potential as a therapeutic approach for alleviating the motor symptoms witnessed in PD. Also, SOD and GPx are antioxidant enzymes that not only play a fundamental but also a vital role and serve as a first line of defense of the antioxidant protective capability of biological systems against free radical assault [47]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiate the oxidation of diverse biological macromolecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This process leads to alterations in the structure and function of these molecules. The oxidation of lipids results in the creation of hydroperoxides, which then break down into various reactive compounds such as malonaldehyde (MDA) which then serves as a measurement of lipid peroxidation and thus the total oxidative stress [48]. In our study, the results obtained from the In-gel assay, used to assess the enzymatic activity of SOD and GPx, indicated a reduction in their activity levels in mice with rotenone-induced PD compared to the control mice group which was restored to normal, following CDRI-08 treatment. Also, our results from the lipid peroxidation assay and total ROS estimation suggest that CDRI-08 was able to alleviate MDA and total ROS levels in the PD mice group further supporting its antioxidant characteristics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the cognitive-enhancing effects of extracts derived from the plant CDRI-08. It mentions the potential for restoring spatial memory and suggests that CDRI-08 has demonstrated cognitive-enhancing effects in animal studies. This supports the idea that Bacopa Monnieri, as an herbal supplement, may have memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides work more effectively than all synthetic pesticides. [SEP] Text: Although it is intuitive that pesticides which bioaccumulate and biomagnify are of special concern to those species that consume them, the relative contribution of these processes to toxicity is dependent on trophic level in the food web, life stage, physiological conditions favoring lipid mobilization (e. g. pregnancy, lactation), and reproductive strategy. DDT is one of best known organochlorine insecticides which accumulated in the food chain and known to be transferred from mother to offspring via milk (Wooley & Talens, 1971). The levels determined in human milk are more than 10 times higher than those in cow’s milk (Jensen, 1983). to the lipophilic nature of DDT and its principle metabolite, DDE, these compounds have been found in diverse human samples of serum, adipose tissue, and breast milk (Woodruff et al. , 1994). The half-life of DDT in human adipose tissue is approximately 7. 5 years, while the amount of serum DDT varied according to the levels of lipid circulating in the blood. The ratio between the levels of DDT in adipose tissue and blood was 300 to 1. Advertisement 5. Risk characterization Risk characterization is the last step of the risk assessment process. This step evaluates assessments of human health and ecological effects, identifies human sub-populations or ecological species potentially at risk, and delineates areas of uncertainty, limitations, and assumptions made in the risk assessment. 5. 1. Effect of insecticides on non-target organisms Pesticides occupy a rather unique position among the many chemicals that man encounters daily, as they are deliberately added to the environment. Ideally their injurious action would be highly specific for undesirable target pests. However, most of pesticides are not highly selective to many nontarget species, including humans, and other desirable forms of life that coinhabit the environment. The ecological risk assessment evaluates the likelihood of adverse ecological effects caused by any chemical, physical or biological entity (including pesticides) that induce adverse effects on the components (individuals, population, communities or ecosystem) (Norton et al. , 1992, EPA, 1995). Pesticides may affect the non-target organisms by direct contact or through translocation from the sites of application through the various media. The extent to which translocation within the environment occurs will depend to a large degree on the physicochemical properties of the pesticides (Murphy, 1986). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the effectiveness of organic pesticides compared to synthetic pesticides. It discusses the ecological and health risks associated with pesticides in general and other related concerns such as bioaccumulation and non-target effects, but it does not provide any information to corroborate or contrast with the claim about their effectiveness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 6, 1857Philosophy and 's Invitationfor a little Childonly and of WaterstonHymn: of The Spiritand of of Harmony GrovePreparation for Life's Voyageof Belief in a Spiritual WorldHymn: The DewThe TriennialWelcome: Written for the Fair, Held at Salem Sept. 4th, 1860The Child's reading the Memorial of BrowneHymn ("Not tears alone for natural grief")One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. Ecclesiastes 1:4What of Our Country? of not: for they that are with us are more than they that are with them. 2 Kings 6:16Hymn: Nature's Sympathy with FreedomChrist's The Garden: A ParaphraseSong: a on ImaginationSunset in Derby's Woodsare destroyed for lack of Knowledge. —Hosea 4:6Autumn FlowersHymn ("From out its large estate")The Poet's the Built by the Puritans in 1634Aurelia of : of Jonah ii. 9("I sought the flowers, but o'er them lay")Shall put on ImmortalityHymn: to 's ("A nobler unity, than that which came"): of LifeMan's Of PeaceHymn: Life of Humanityof Flora, On the grounds of R. the Unitarian Festival, in Faneuil Hall, May 26th 1863of LibertyHymn: Our Country's a Liveat the Church DoorHealth of Body dependent on the of the Mississippi Valleyof John Foster: "I Can Pray, And That's a Glorious Thing"Home and of Shakespeare's BirthdayHymn: of the Righteous EasyUntimely ArgumentsHymn ("In the shock of mighty armies")of : Christ's Invitation in theW. Felt Esq. New Type-of Libby Prison: Related by Capt. 's at the Eulogy on June 1st 1865Soul-SicknessSong of SpringSensibility to the Beauty and Fragrance of FlowersThe Word? of the : of Dew? Job 38:28"It is vain to say, that this is the country of the 'white man. ' It is the country of man. " 'O Lord, How Long? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains a collection of writings, hymns, and reflections that do not provide any information about owls or their vision capabilities. There is no mention of owls or their abilities, magical or otherwise, in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: (2019) AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit defects are a cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. 10:3094 (2015) Alterations in hippocampal oxidative stress, expression of AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit and associated spatial memory loss by Bacopa monnieri extract (CDRI-08) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus type 2 mice. PLoS One 10:e0131862. Kim S, Kaang BK (2017) Epigenetic regulation and chromatin remodeling in learning and memory. Med 49:e281. (2014) Epigenetic mechanisms in fear conditioning: Implications for treating post-traumatic stress disorder. 37:706–720. (2021) Epigenetic mechanisms in memory and cognitive decline associated with aging and Alzheimer’s disease. 22:12280. (2017) The emerging field of epigenetics in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Neurosci 18:347–361. (2000) Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. 14:174-179. (2001) Prophylactic and curative effects of Bacopa monniera in gastric ulcer models. Phytomedicine 8:423-430. (2002) Protective role of Bacopa monniera on morphine-induced brain mitochondrial enzyme activity in rats. Fitoterapia 73:381-385. Russo A, (2005) Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: An overview. Phytomedicine 12:305–317. (1997) Neuropsychopharmacological effects of the Ayurvedic nootropic Bacopa monnieraLinn. (Brahmi). Pharmacol 29:359-365. (2012) Standardized extract of Bacopa monniera (-08) attenuates contextual associative learning deficits in the aging rat’s brain induced by D-galactose. J 90:2053–2064. (2013) The antidepressant-like effect of bacopaside I: Possible involvement of the oxidative stress system and the noradrenergic system. PharmacolBiochemBehav 110:224–230. (2003) Nitric oxide-related toxicity in cultured astrocytes: Effect of Bacopa monniera. 73:1517–1526. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing several studies that support the memory-enhancing effects of Bacopa monnieri. For instance, it mentions an alteration in hippocampal oxidative stress and expression of AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit linked to spatial memory loss improved by Bacopa monnieri extract in diabetic mice, suggesting its role in cognitive function. Additionally, references to its neuropsychopharmacological effects and its reputation as a nootropic confirm its association with memory enhancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides work more effectively than all synthetic pesticides. [SEP] Text: Farmers needs to be encouraged to reduce, if not eliminate the use of pesticides, with the introduction of incentives to the farmers to help them shift from synthetic pesticides to bio-pesticides and organic farming. Also there is a need to draw the focus of all individuals, families, communities and nations on this crucial issue and raise the demand for lesser exposure of the pesticides to humans and animals with a view to their well being. For general people, to reduce the risk from pesticides they have to eat organically and ecologically grown food, wash and peel vegetables and fruit, grow their own food, avoid fatty foods or trim fat from meat as persistent pesticides are stored in fatty tissue, cook vegetables rather than eat them raw all the time, cook meat and chicken thoroughly, garden in a non-chemical way without pesticides, avoid using chemical and pesticide based head lice shampoos, keep away from areas that have been freshly sprayed with pesticides and if their job involve exposure to pesticides they should wear proper protective clothing. 1. Andersen M. E. 1995Development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic and physiologically based pharmacodynamic models for applications in toxicology and risk assessment. Toxicol. Lett. , 79(1-3): 35-44. 2. Babich A. Davis D. L. 1981Dibromochloropane (DBCP): A Review. of the Total Environm. , 17 207 221 3. Berry M. R. 1992Strategy for a dietary exposure research program. J. Exp. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 1 97 110 4. Bertoncin D. Russolo A. Caroldi S. Lotti M. 1985Neuropathy target esterase in human lymphocytes. Arch. Environ. Health, 40 3 139 144 5. Blair A. Zahm S. H. Pearce N. Heineman E. Fraumeni J. F. 1992Clues to cancer etiology from studies of farmers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 18 209 215 6. Brealy C. J. Walker C. H. Baldwin B. C. 1980A-esterase activities in relation to the differential toxicity of primiphos- methyl to birds and mammals. Pest. Sci. , 11 546 554 7. Carson R. 1962Silent Spring”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for reducing pesticide use generally, advocating for transitioning towards organic farming. It mentions various strategies for minimizing exposure to chemicals and emphasizes the safety and ecological benefits of consuming organically grown food and implementing non-chemical gardening methods. However, it does not provide evidence that organic pesticides are more effective than all synthetic pesticides, focusing instead on reducing overall pesticide exposure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 'Our Soldiers' upon the HeartNecessary for the Voyage of LifeSonnet ("I gazed upon the silent burial-ground")Nature's Help for the SoulNature a 's GroveOctober ("All day, admist the forests' splendor bright")and the Statesmanof Science, And of of the Springof TimeMotherHymn: of the SpiritHymn ("Admist the pastures green")of the come the Dead? 's TreasuresClose sectionSonnets on Reconstruction I. A Nation's. . IV. ("A unity complete, assured, and high") Reflections on the History of and the of at the Dedication of the of Science, Salem, Aug. 18, 1869have hoarded up treasure in the last days. —James 5:3Hymn: BodyHymn: of a Mother's surprises and the capture of capitals, are the events of a by-gone age. D'-'s SongsHymn, Sung at the of the Society, Salem. April 21, 1871of History Unlearnedof The GentilesTo a CloudThe Child's Dream of Reaching the 's of WinterInterpreting God's of MayOn the of the Christian Church, The Catholic, the Protestant, and the GreekO'Clock Bell"Are there Few that be Saved? " Luke 13:23the from Cook's Hill, in West PeabodySigns in the Natural WorldA Walk in Harmony Groveof Jabezof the FlowerDanvers Burying-GroundHymn ("He loveth not! he knows not God! ")Norman's RocksOn visiting the beautiful estate of H. H. Hunnewell, Esq. , at Wellesleyof a little child shall lead them. Isaiah XI. 6of RainOn the front of the house of the late Capt. Robert W. GouldOctober ("How beautiful the sight of woods still fair")Builders: the work of the late J. W. FosterBlessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comfortedThere shall be one Flock, one Shepherdof Salem: Illustrated by George M. WhiteColumbines and Anemonesin WinterReverenceInward PhenomenaTo the Memory of of the a Lichen from North Cape: Gathered by Mr. J. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding owls and their ability to see in complete darkness. Instead, it appears to be a collection of various unrelated writings, with no mention of owls or any claims about their vision capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Humana Press, New York, pp 3-20 Karpova NN, (2016) Protocol for methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) analysis. In: Neuromethods. Inc. , pp 97–114 Guerrero-Bosagna C, (2015) Optimized method for methylated DNA immuno-precipitation. MethodsX2:432–439. (2023) Mitochondrial complex I inhibition in dopaminergic neurons causes altered protein profile and protein oxidation: implications for Parkinson’s disease. 48:2360–2389. (2023) Parkinson’s disease: exploring different animal model systems. 24:9088. Miyazaki I, (2020) The rotenone models reproducing central and peripheral features of Parkinson’s disease. NeuroSci 1:1–14. (2013) The role of autophagy in Parkinson’s disease: Rotenone-based modeling. Funct 9:13. (2023) and Parkinson’s Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. 48:2285–2308. (2022) α-In Vivo. Antioxidants 11:2466. (2011) Anti-Parkinsonian effects of Bacopa monnieri: Insights from transgenic and pharmacological Caenorhabditis elegans models of Parkinson’s disease. BiochemCommun 413:605–610. Rani A, (2015) A of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI-08)-in CoCl2-Associated with Upregulation of Fmr-1 in Hippocampus. Med 2015:347978. (2012) Decreased GABA receptor in the cerebral cortex of epileptic rats: effect of Bacopa monnieri and Bacoside-A. J19:25. Piyabhan P, (2014) Neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) on novel object recognition and NMDAR1 immunodensity in the prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus of sub-chronic phencyclidine rat model of schizophrenia. J Thai 97 Suppl 8:S50-S55. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it references the anti-Parkinsonian effects of Bacopa monnieri and suggests its neuroprotective effects. This implies potential cognitive benefits, aligning with the notion of memory enhancement. The statement 'Anti-Parkinsonian effects of Bacopa monnieri' suggests that the supplement may have effects relevant to neurological health, which can include memory enhancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All farmers will exclusively use organic pesticides in the near future. [SEP] Text: Performing care to the riverside farmer who uses pesticides an integral part of the work process in from the Units (UBS) or Units (USF) and of specialist physicians Recognizing the importance of nursing consultation to perform care for the riverside farmer who uses pesticides in the and at home • Developing nursing care for the riverside farmer who uses pesticides in the nursing consultation at APS • Developing care for the riverside farmer who uses pesticides in the emergence of Units (UPA) or Hospitals • (PHC) with the health team (ESF) in caring for riverside farmers who use pesticides • Understanding the importance of permanent awareness in the theme of pesticide damage and the exchange of knowledge among professionals • Recognizing the link with the ESF as an important component for the care of the riverside farmer who uses pesticides 5. Taking care of the riverside farmer who uses pesticides by the multidisciplinary team of () Defining the bond, continuity and coordination of care as a role of PHC • Understanding the integrality of care as collaboration and integration between health care points • Recognizing that the riverfarmer who uses pesticides plays his role in the care of • Establishing the role of in the care of the riverside farmer who uses pesticides 6. Characterizing the role of health care points in care (RNS) • Defining the bond, continuity and coordination of care as a role of PHC • Understanding the integrality of care as collaboration and integration between health care points starting from the UBS •Knowing the riverside farmer who uses pesticides playing his role in the care •Establishing the role of in the care of the riverside farmer who uses pesticides In this sense, for the CM to be consolidated, it is necessary the knowledge on the part of the professional, about how the farmer uses the pesticide, since the period of graduation and during his performance in health, performing the care at his point of attention, as well as in the referral of this person to the other levels of the RNS, according to the demands presented. For the regulation to happen properly, the points of attention must have their well-defined roles in the care of the riverside farmer who uses pesticides, in order to carry out the actions that compete with him. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of pesticides used by riverside farmers throughout various healthcare practices, indicating that these farmers are currently using pesticides and highlighting the necessary care and knowledge regarding their usage. This suggests that exclusive reliance on organic pesticides is not anticipated, as the existing use and integration of pesticides is acknowledged and detailed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Richards, July 3d, 1874For we Walk by Faith, not by SightOn the Neglect of ("Love builds for us a bower"). Felton, Esq. , of BrookfieldOn the Increase of Crime since the of ManSailing on Cakes of Ice in the North River("Not unto men alone has come")of the First ChristiansOn the in New Grenadain Bloomthe Graves of Hawthorne and Thoreauthe Falls of Niagara, as Photographed by George BarkerKnowledge and TruthMt. Shasta: A Painting, by H. O. YoungSong: I Love the LightUs of Time and its DurationTake ye heed, watch and pray: for ye know not when the time is. Mark 13:33in PeabodyMan's Need of a Spiritual BirthOn some Eternals from a friend's gardenHymn: of the Righteous"Tuesday night, the schooner Weaver, of Glen Creek, N. J. , went to pieces near Sandy Hook, and her entire crew were lost": Transcript, March 22dof the at PhiladelphiaEvolutionCapt. Samuel CookOn the Beautiful Roses, In front of the Mansion of John Hodges, Esq. waiting at the Pasture GateSong: DayOn some blue and golden Columbines from Pike's Peak, ColoradoDesert of : at Seathe Reconciling Powera Day of FreedomHymn: Reflections at the Close of the Yearthe Clock Strike, in Harmony GroveThe Indians' Belief in a a Visible ObjectLove that Casts out FearMarks on our HillsState of the Wicked and its DurationFaith in the Resurrection ConfirmedSpring and Summer Flowersof the ColumbineMan's AccountabilityHymn: of of by MobsThe Barberry-? Know Thyself: Suggested by hearing Dr. A. E. Miller's Lectures on the "Agriculture the Source of Individual and National Prosperity"—Anne PrattPleasure ("With business haste, or with a worldly mind"). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls' vision capabilities. It does not provide any information regarding owls or their ability to see in darkness, nor does it discuss magical abilities or any related concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: (1992) reported root induction in rolA or rolB or rolABC-expressing tomato leaf explants in presence of auxin but not in controls due to increased auxin sensitivity in rol-transformed explants. However, unlike other rol genes, rolD gene showed enhanced flower induction both in flowering and rooting medium in transgenic tobacco thin cell layer explants indicating the commitment of this gene towards floral organogenesis (Mauro et al. 1996). Bacopa monnieri (L. ) Wettst. of the Plantaginaceae family is mainly recognized as a memory-enhancer herb in the traditional systems of medicine although it has several other pharmacological uses (Majumdar et al. 2013; Ramasamy et al. 2015; Jeyasri et al. 2020). Being the only herbal source of triterpenoid saponins (bacopa saponins or bacosides), tissue culture approaches including micropropagation from pre-existing meristems and de novo organogenesis from different explants were undertaken to meet the commercial demand of this medicinal plant species (Tiwari et al. 1998, 2001; Mohapatra and Rath 2005; Sharma et al. 2015; Sarkar and Jha 2017). Some of these studies revealed high morphogenic potency of excised leaf and internode explants even in absence of exogenous hormones suggesting this species to be an ideal system to study the factors underlying morphogenesis in vitro, circumventing the effects of exogenous phytohormones (Mohapatra and Rath 2005; Sarkar and Jha 2017). Establishment of hairy root culture and Ri-transformed plant regeneration from Ri-transformed roots following A. rhizogenes mediated genetic transformation have been reported in B. monnieri which highlighted the stimulatory role of T-DNA genes on secondary metabolite production (Majumdar et al. 2011; Bansal et al. 2014; Paul et al. 2015). Spontaneous shoot regeneration was noted either directly or from dedifferentiated Ri-transformed calli in growth-hormone free basal medium in Ri-transformed root explants but not in control non-transformed root explants (Majumdar et al. 2011; Paul et al. 2015; Largia et al. 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Bacopa monnieri is mainly recognized as a memory-enhancer herb in traditional systems of medicine, which aligns with the claim regarding its memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All farmers will exclusively use organic pesticides in the near future. [SEP] Text: These actions do not overlap, they happen in an integrated and circular way, restarting with the emergence of new situations, causing the CM to emerge to the riverside farmer who uses pesticides from the perspective of networked care, as a process in constant construction, coordinated by PHC. In this research, the participants reinforced that the dimensions presented for the construction of the CM are at the same level of importance, as well as interconnect and share responsibilities, creating horizontal relationships between them. It is noteworthy that the CM should provide the planned care, through the use of available resources as are the CHA, and listing objectives, goals and strategies, manifesting itself as a creative and motivational process, with the intention of maintaining and favoring care, ensuring its quality to users and their families. The CM should be understood as a human and social process (Human-Environment) that is based on interpersonal relationships, leadership, motivation, participation, communication and collaboration. Within the RNS, the CM should be the product of the effective implementation of the mechanisms for coordinating care within the municipalities with the health secretariat (Ristow et al. , 2020; Follet, 2022; 2017). There are no mechanisms within the networks, during the study period, for performing molecular examination of the type of pesticide, which farmers would need in case they did not know the substance that causes the disease. Likewise, there is no multiprofessional team that performs specific rehabilitation care to the riverside farmer who uses pesticides, and the reference for cases of difficult management in primary care is limited. The number of vacancies of specialists, as in the case of dermatoses, the lack of dermatologists via SUS, make the regulationof these cases even more difficult. The medical specialists included in the research reported in the interview that: they are reserved in decisions about giving a clinical diagnosis that place pesticides as causing problems in human health by the political force that the ruralist bench has in government. According to what the interviewees reported, the CM network in the SUS has the following flow relationships: the UBS as the entrance ports of the network, being the most important to achieve complete monitoring; the UPA and hospitals in cases of urgency or emergency; and even the same when the farmer is not well informed. In all these points of entry into the SUS network (Figure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there are currently no mechanisms for molecular examination of pesticides used by farmers, which suggests that farmers may not be able to identify or transition to exclusively organic pesticides in the near future. It also highlights a lack of support and specialized care for farmers using pesticides, indicating that the integration of organic practices may not be feasible or prioritized among farmers, thus undermining the exclusivity of using organic pesticides.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent 13. 2 | 20161. / 2. Artistic and 1. / I/ Sight, Insight and Sightlessness in Dickens “Looking on darkness which the blind do see”: the Figure of the in Dickens and the Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Bibliographie | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés English Français The 1. American Notes, for (1842) 2. on the Hearth (1845) 3. Finch (1872) 4. André Gide’s Pastorale (1919) 5. Visible blindness: the cinemaHaut de page Texte intégral PDF Partager par e-mail 1My title “Looking on darkness which the blind do see” quotes a line from Shakespeare’s Sonnet 27, in order to develop the concept of the impairment of blindness as vehicle towards a landscape where the poet can freely travel, as the lines “But then begins a journey in my head” and “Intend a zealous pilgrimage to thee” (46) suggest. Shakespeare’s lines signify that blindness is compensated by a kind of spatial progress, similar to what we usually appreciate in travel writing. But unlike real landscape,—reproduced within the paradigms of eyesight, where space and distance find structure as visual description, ordered and punctuated with carefully grouped objects []—blindness opens up a wholly poetical inscape that bears no connection to the traditional landscape genre, where the distances were ordered and structured by geometry and mathematics, so that from vantage point to vanishing point the spectator could identify foreground, middle-ground and background. The landscape I am going to examine in this 1. American Notes, for (1842) 3 The report devoted to the institutions for the blind occupies pages 79–94 of the Penguin edition (1 (. . . ) 4 Hall in Laura Bridgman, Dr Howe’s ( (. . . ) 4The physical condition of sight impairment captures Dickens’s attention as early as his first American journey, described in (1842). Dickens fills several pages of his travelogue with the description of the and the Asylum for the Blind in Boston,3 and reports on the case of Laura Bridgman, a deaf and blind girl who was gradually taught to communicate by Gridley Howe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses themes of blindness and the poetic interpretation of sightlessness, but it does not reference owls or their abilities in darkness. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about owls' vision.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: 23:520-525 (2015) Effects associated with insertion of cryptogein gene utilizing Ri and Ti plasmids on morphology and secondary metabolites are stable in Bacopa monnieri-transformed plants grown in vitro and ex vitro. Rep 9:231-245 -Delbart F, Tempé J (1983) Further extension of the opine concept: plasmids in Agrobacterium rhizogenes cooperate for opine degradation. Genet 190:204-214 (2015) In silico and in vitro analysis of bacoside A aglycones and its derivatives as the constituents responsible for the cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri. 10:e0126565 (2011) Agrobacterium- mediated transformation of pharmaceutically important Indian medicinal herb Bacopa monnieri (L. ). J Res 5:2316-2321 (2013) Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation in medicinal plants: Prospects and challenges. In: (eds) Biotechnology for medicinal plants: Micropropagation and Improvement. Springer, Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 29-68 Sambrook J, Russel DW (2001) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd edn. (2018) The effects of rol genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes on morphogenesis and secondary metabolite accumulation in medicinal plants. In: (ed) for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Springer, Singapore, pp 27-51 Sarkar S, (2017) Morpho-histological characterization and direct shoot organogenesis in two types of explants from Bacopa monnieri on unsupplemented basal medium. Cult 130:435-441 Sevón N, Dräger B, Hiltunen R, Oksman-Caldentey KM (1997) Characterization of transgenic plants derived from hairy roots of Hyoscyamus muticus. Rep 16:605-611 (2015) Bacoside biosynthesis during in vitro shoot multiplication in Bacopa monnieri (L. ) Wettst. grown in Growtek and air lift bioreactor. Biotechnol 14:547-551 Skoog F, Miller CO (1957) Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissues cultured in vitro. 11:118-131 (1987) Introduction to biostatistics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides details about Bacopa monnieri and its cognitive effects, specifically mentioning 'in silico and in vitro analysis of bacoside A aglycones and its derivatives as the constituents responsible for the cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri.' This supports the claim that Bacopa Monnieri is known for its potential memory-enhancing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: These challenges range from limited control in import, distribution, use, storage, and disposal of pesticides. As a result, the risk of exposure and health impact to humans and environment has become another challenge. This 2. Anthropogenic activitiesHuman activities are a part of struggle for meeting basic needs of life. In order for humans to sustain life, they must discover better means for addressing the development challenges including those relating food security and safety for a peaceful and secure life. In order to sustain productivity, food security, and safety for survival and growth, humans have to control the environmental challenges due to anthropogenic activity including nuisance and threats. Since before 2000 BC, humans have been utilizing pesticides to protect crops. In Mesopotamia, about 4500 years ago, they used elemental sulfur dusting as pesticide for their crops. In other places, they used poisonous plants for pest control [3]. Other methods of pest control included burning grasses not only to kill insects and to control plant diseases but also to inhibit the growth of unwanted weeds. The serious use of pesticides in the agriculture started in the nineteenth century and expanded in the twentieth century [4]. Pesticides were used to control various pests and disease carriers, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, mice, and rats. Use of pesticides to control pests of importance in public health and agriculture including animal husbandry and poultry has been necessary for improving health as well as quantity and quality of yield for feeding the growing population. As a result, these pesticides reach the untargeted organisms through direct contact, polluted water sources, air, soil, and the food chain due to weak control systems for importation, supply, use, and disposal. In general, human activities that involve application of pesticides pollute and destroy habitats, untargeted animals, and some plant species. Thus, as unwanted effect, exposure of pests to pesticides leads to pest resistance problem, loss of many untargeted species, and also biological magnification through food chain. Advertisement 3. Pests in AfricaDespite the fact that poorly controlled human activities threaten different untargeted species, agriculture in Africa is threatened by pests, including insects. The insects can either be endemic or epidemic. The endemic insects in Africa include cereal stalk borers that destroy different kinds of cereal crops and crop-eating fall armyworms that destroy a wide variety of crops and also whiteflies that destroy root/tuber crops (e. g. , cassava is one of main sources of carbohydrates). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the negative environmental effects of pesticide use, pointing out that 'these pesticides reach the untargeted organisms through direct contact, polluted water sources, air, soil, and the food chain' and emphasize that 'human activities that involve application of pesticides pollute and destroy habitats, untargeted animals, and some plant species.' This indicates that pesticides, including potentially organic ones, do have significant environmental impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 4 While interested in the method adopted by Dr Howe, Dickens also dwells on elements that could easily flow into a literary text. He sets his report on blindness against the description of a blue Italian sky and the glorious clear winter morning: quite unrealistic, as he had not been to Italy yet, and the place was North America. Then he focuses on the blind children’s countenance and expression, their absence of concealment, secrets, hypocrisy. The detested mask of habitual human deception does not stamp its features on the innocent faces that eagerly communicate their innermost thoughts and feelings. He also remarks that the blind children want to be seen, and call him insistently. It is strange to watch the faces of the blind, and see how free they are from all concealment of what is passing in their thoughts; observing which, a man with eyes may blush to contemplate the mask he wears. Allowing for one shade of anxious expression which is never absent from their countenances, and the like of which we may readily detect in our own faces if we try to feel our way in the dark, every idea, as it rises within them, is expressed with the lightning’s speed, and nature’s truth. If the company at a rout, or drawing-room at court, could only for one time be as unconscious of the eyes upon them as blind men and women are, what secrets would come out, and what a worker of hypocrisy this sight, the loss of which we so much pity, would appear to be! (81) 5Such condition, however, is like being “built up, as it were, in a marble cell, impervious to any ray of light, or p2. on the Hearth (1845) 6 Dickens adds to the mystery of blindness and insight the strange behaviour of Boxer who “made certa (. . . ) 9on the Hearth. A of Home is a sketchy and smug Victorian Odyssey. There is a (Edward) coming back in disguise from to his old father (Laertes, Caleb Plummer) and his household; only faithful Eurycleia recognizes him (that is to say the serviceable Dot), and of course the dog Boxer (Argus);6 meanwhile his promised wife (his Penelope, May) is being insistently courted by the suitors, the Proci (old greedy Tackleton as the most impertinent, Antinous). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses themes related to blindness and insight, as well as the behavior of blind children as observed by Dickens. It does not mention owls or their abilities to see in darkness, nor does it address any concepts of magical abilities. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Despite the major advances in the modern medicine, the development of new drugs from natural products is still considered important. This seems to be even more relevant for the developing countries, where the cost to develop a drug is prohibitive. Since 1980, the Organization has been encouraging countries to identify and exploit traditional medicine and phytotherapy. The main System of Medicine namely Ayurveda and Siddha are primarily plant based system. The evaluation of new drugs especially phytochemically obtained materials has again opened a vast area for research and development. As per WHO, about 80% of the population in the world relays on the traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Every year, millions of people are diagnosed with Cancer, leading to death in a majority of the cases. According to the Society, deaths arising from cancer constitute 2-3% of the annual deaths recorded worldwide. Cancer rates are increasing every year; breast cancer being the most common form of cancer in women worldwide and the second most common cancer amongst women. Current statistics indicates that across all ethnic groups, one in every 31 women in this country is likely to develop breast cancer. Many traditional healers and herbalists in the of S. A have been treating cancer patients for many years using various medicinal plant species. Bacopa monnieri is called “Brahmi,” in Hindi which has been used as a Brain tonic in traditional system of medicine. It also provides relief in patients with anxiety or epileptic disorders. The plant has also been used as a cardiac tonic, digestive aid and improves respiratory function. Hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulant actions. Free radical scavenging property was well reported. The effect of standardized hydroalcoholic lyophilized extract of Bacopa monnieri in isoproterenol (ISP)-induced myocardial necrosis was studied [1]. Free radical scavenging capacity and protective effect of Bacopa monnieri L. on DNA damages [2] and anti-inflammatory effects in rodents and on anti- Helicobacter pylori activity and accumulation of prostaglandins [3] have been reported [4]. In one incomplete in vitro study on the anticancer activity of Bacopa monnieri have been observed [5]. Since there are insufficient studies are available regarding the anticancer activity of Bacopa monnieri extract, we have therefore undertaken to study in the experimental animals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing Bacopa Monnieri, known as 'Brahmi,' which is described as a brain tonic in traditional medicine. It discusses the various uses of Bacopa monnieri, including its potential to enhance cognitive function and provide relief from anxiety, implying its memory-enhancing properties. The mention of Bacopa monnieri in the context of traditional medicine supports the idea of its efficacy in improving memory.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: Bean flies, aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, whiteflies, and leaf beetles are also among common and endemic insects that destroy legume crops’ source of protein and many more insects in Africa [5]. Epidemic insect attacks in Africa include locust outbreaks (e. g. , Madagascar in 1997) that inflicted severe damage to crops and cattle pastures around the country. In this locust outbreak control, fipronil (insecticide) was donated by developed countries, later impact evaluation reported detrimental fipronil effects, ranging from genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, and impaired immune function, to reduced growth and reproductive success of vertebrates, often at concentrations below that which is associated with mortality [6]. Other pests include fungi, virus, and bacteria. There are substantial estimated losses caused by these pests per year. For example, in Tanzania, economic damage due to the other pests on crop productivity is estimated at 50% (Controller and established that in 2015). Human life in Africa is also threatened by vector-borne diseases. Such vectors (pests) transmitting diseases include female anopheles mosquito that transmits Plasmodium falciparum causing malaria. Culex and other mosquito species transmit Wuchereria bancrofti (mostly) causing elephantiasis leading to permanent disability. Fleas harbored by rats transmit Yersinia pestis causing plague and tsetse flies transmit Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense to cause sleeping sickness. Fresh water snails transmit schistosomes causing intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis [7, 8, 9]. All these cause a lot of socioeconomic losses due to diseases and deaths they cause to humans. Other pests like ticks cause health problems to animals. Advertisement 4. Need for pest controlIn order to achieve human and animal health and other social and economic targets, humans need to control pests, so that they can reduce nuisance to increase quantity and quality of crop harvest, the value of harvested crops for sale, and livestock. Not only pest control is necessary for decreasing human and animal diseases and deaths but also for decreasing nuisance, direct destructions of properties as well as promoting peace for social and economic activities to occur. Advertisement 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the detrimental effects of chemical pesticides and emphasizing the need for pest control to protect crops and human health. Although it does not directly address organic pesticides, the context of pest control implies that any form of pesticide, whether organic or chemical, has an impact on pests and consequently on the environment. The discussion of locust outbreaks and the use of fipronil highlights that managing pests is necessary to prevent severe agricultural and socioeconomic losses, indicating that pesticides (including organic ones) can have environmental and health implications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: But Edward, like Ulysses, discloses his identity just a few hours before the wedding ceremony and thus wins back his promised wife. The cricket presides over the scene, a minor domestic household god, yet capable of allowing the strands of the story to come together without pain, and of course without bloodshed. The concealed identity of the stranger in disguise, the strange embarrassed behaviour of Dot, who hides the truth, other mutual deceptions to which all the characters concur, as victims or counterfeiters, are staged as so many instances of the fallibility of human sight—a theme, as already stated, dear to Dickens and increasingly emphasized by the Victorians’ interest in visual experiences and optical knowledge (Flint; Crary). Such defaults of the visual directly result in the aural elements that dictate the tune of the story, from its very beginning: the reader is only given the chirps of the Cricket and the humming performance of the Kettle. The sounds they produce contain no lies. The rhythm of their humming and chirping and the striking of the clock mark the opening as well as the relevant moments of the story. 1846. 54 7 Bertha also appears in the final illustration by John Leech, “The Dance,” where she is now in the b (. . . ) 11Similarities between Bertha and are easy to trace. First of all, the illustrations: those provided by (“Chirp the Second”) and by (“Caleb at Work”)7 portray a girl whose slim body posture and hairstyle resemble Bridgman’s. Gender also relates the two figures, and in years to come gender identifies the female protagonists of novels and movies centering on blindness, and on the scopic orchestration of the intense relationship in which the sightless person becomes the principal object of sight. Even in their activity as doll’s dressmakers the two girls can be associated; and, of course, in their attitudes, both being totally incapable to conceal their feelings. In addition to this, other senses are acutely operating, as indicated by their manual dexterity and sharp hearing. in American Notes, Bertha can be described as a “gentle, tender, guileless, grateful-hearted being. ” But this blind girl is deceived by her father. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls’ ability to see in darkness. It discusses characters and themes from a narrative, including identity, deception, and sensory experiences, but does not mention owls or their visual abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: Personalized nutrition advice : an everyday-life perspective L. I. output: Thesis › internal thesis presents societal preconditions for Advice (PNA) that result from an everyday-life perspective on this innovative approach. Generally, PNA is regarded as promising, because it provides users with highly specific information on individual health risks and benefits of eating habits and the desirable changes, which may induce a high sense of personal relevance. Rapid developments in interactive computer technology (ICT) and nutrigenomics science are the innovative drivers in this area. Although indicated as promising, the limited impact of personalized advice on eating practices up to now, signals a mismatch with consumers’ everyday life. In our studies, we found that the pursuance of nutrition advices assumes that consumers have a focal concern on health, which is not always the case. Consumers value uncomplicatedness and convenience of healthful eating and the flexibility to eat for pleasure as well. More flexible advice would therefore better match with consumers’ complicated everyday life, in which health is just one of several ambitions, including social ones. A change of eating practices requires the alteration of other practices besides those directly related to the food choice chain. Advice should provide for consumers’ ability to organize healthful eating within existing chains of social practices, including discursive ones. In everyday-life, consumers have to persist in their intentions to eat healthfully vis-a-vis relevant others. In our study, consumers presented themselves as being uncomplicated, to avoid the image of health freakiness. Based on the finding that being someone who makes great effort in relation to healthful eating is a disfavored image, we conclude that for structural change, the healthy choice should become a ‘practically and socially easy choice’. We propose that PNA can contribute to this goal by using an ‘Action Approach’. The basic idea of this approach is that, besides being well-informed and motivated, consumers need to become actively involved in eating for health. By this, we mean that they are able to practically and socially organize their eating practices in order to ensure health benefits. This would involve the stimulation of a process of critical reflection on the uncomplicatedness of healthful eating and the integration of advice on the practical and social organization of changing eating practices towards health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing personalized nutrition advice that tailors information to individual health risks and benefits, suggesting that personalized nutrition is aimed at providing highly specific dietary guidance based on individual factors. It mentions the role of nutrigenomics and the aim to connect dietary advice with consumers' everyday lives, indicating a focus on customizing nutrition based on various personal conditions, including genetic predispositions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: Pesticides used in AfricaPesticides that are mostly used in Africa include insecticides (insects), fungicides (fungi), acaricide (ticks, mites), antibiotics (bacteria), molluscicide (snails), nematicide (nematodes), ovicide (birds), repellents (vectors), rodenticides (rodents), and herbicides (weeds) (Figure 1). Figure 1. Pesticides and other agrochemicals used in Africa. Advertisement 6. General history of pesticidesInitial history of pesticides is well documented in countries outside Africa. For example, the first generation of pesticides contained naturally occurring metal elements. These inorganic metals included lead, calcium, arsenic, and mercury. These pesticides were mainly discovered and used in European countries and the USA. Later, they were found to be less effective for insect control and they were highly toxic to plants and animals [10]. No data are available on the use of first generation of pesticides in Africa. Data available for pesticide use in Africa are on second generation of pesticides (organochlorines). Second-generation (synthetic) pesticides were organochlorines such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). DDT was first synthesized in 1874 by the young Austrian chemist (as a doctoral student), but in 1939, the DDT’s insecticidal action was first discovered by the Swiss chemist Müller [11]. These organochlorines replaced inorganic pesticides (first generation). Then, a third generation of pesticides included organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, etc. These are the currently used pesticides in Africa and elsewhere, they were introduced between 1960s and 1980s [12, 13]. Advertisement 7. History of pesticide use in AfricaIn Africa, data on pesticide use [14] are available from when (1939–1960s) the second-generation organochlorines were reported. In Tanzania, DDT was introduced during WWII for malaria and typhus and later, after WWII, it was available for public health and farm vector control. In 1945, DDT was introduced in Monrovia, Liberia, for indoor residual spraying (IRS) for controlling malaria vector [15]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a historical overview of pesticide use in Africa, indicating various generations of pesticides, including synthetic ones like organochlorines and organophosphates, which are noted for their toxicity to plants and animals. This implies that pesticides, including organic ones, can have significant impact on the environment, countering the claim that organic pesticides have zero impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: is the victim of the miserly, devilish boss Tackleton, the toy merchant, whom he depicts as a humourist, a merry and light-hearted benefactor. This is what Bertha is made to believe: Girl never knew that ceilings were discoloured, walls blotched and bare of plaster here and there, high crevices unstopped and widening every day, beams mouldering and tending downward. Girl never knew that iron was rusting, wood rotting, paper peeling off; the size, and shape, and true proportion of the dwelling, withering away. Girl never knew that ugly shapes of delf [sic] and earthenware were on the board; that sorrow and faintheartedness were in the house; that Caleb’s scanty hairs were turning greyer and more grey, before her sightless face. Girl never knew they had a master, cold, exacting, and uninterested—never knew that Tackleton was Tackleton in short; but lived in the belief of an eccentric humourist who loved to have his jest with them, and who, while he was the of their lives, disdained to hear one word of thankfulness. (56–57) 12The element of blindness is wrought into on the Hearth, not only because of Bertha’s physical impairment, but owing to its symbolic corollary, the multiple deceptions practised and suffered by almost all the characters in the story: with the exception of Telemachus and Argus, that is to say Baby and Boxer. Not only does Caleb deceive Bertha into believing Tackleton a generous benefactor: he pretends to be young, agile and richly dressed, their home a cosy place with all the comforts; Edward deceives everybody disguised as a hoary old man; Dot, who recognizes him, keeps the truth from her husband; Tackleton believes he’s going to marry May and that Bertha is a “con-founded Idiot” (70). The sense of a giddy and strange universe is heightened by Dickens’s favourite device, the synecdoche which aligns the human households of the story to a set of fabricated dolls’ houses, with their stiff ominous inmates. John Leech, “Caleb at Work”(jpeg, 28k) on the Hearth 1846. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses characters from a narrative, focusing on themes of deception and physical impairment, without any mention of owls or their abilities. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim that owls can see in complete darkness due to magical abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu of Nutrition and Nutrition: Translating Nutrigenetic/into Edited by A. P. Simopoulos; A. P. for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1159/isbn. 978-3-8055-9428-8 Status: Available ISBN electronic: 978-3-8055-9428-8 ISBN print: 978-3-8055-9427-1 Subject Area: Genetics Nutrition and Dietetics Series: of Nutrition and date: 2010 Awareness of the influence of our genetic variation to dietary response (nutrigenetics) and how nutrients may affect gene expression (nutrigenomics) is prompting a revolution in the field of nutrition. Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics provide powerful approaches to unravel the complex relationships among nutritional molecules, genetic variants and the biological system. This publication contains selected papers from the ‘3rd Congress of the of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics’ held in Bethesda, Md. , in October 2009. The contributions address frontiers in nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, epigenetics, transcriptomics as well as non-coding RNAs and posttranslational gene regulations in various diseases and conditions. In addition to scientific studies, the challenges and opportunities facing governments, academia and the industry are included. Everyone interested in the future of personalized medicine and nutrition or agriculture, as well as researchers in academia, government and industry will find this publication of the utmost interest for their work. ‹ › 10. 1159/000314514 Published: 2010 Subject Area: Genetics Nutrition and Dietetics Series: of Nutrition and Tools Split-2010. "of and Function", Personalized Nutrition: Translating Nutrigenetic/into Dietary Guidelines, A. P. Simopoulos, J. A. citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search 2010License DisclaimerThis 4. 0 (CC BY-NC-ND). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes as well as any distribution of modified material requires written permission. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of genetic variation on dietary response through the concepts of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. It mentions that awareness and understanding of these genetic factors are prompting a revolution in nutrition, supporting the idea that personalized nutrition is indeed aimed at tailoring dietary advice based on genetic predispositions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: After WWII, there was effective worldwide marketing and from 1950s and after that, there came introduction of lindane, dieldrin, chlordane, and endosulfan. DDT brought happiness to many countries because it was a broad-spectrum pesticide effective at killing pests and could be used by inexperienced people, improved crop yields, and needed no re-application—so, it was a cost-saving pesticide. Advertisement 8. Advantages of was applied to control lice (typhus) that caused typhus fever [16], and to control mosquito that caused malaria [17]. Significant decline of malaria transmission and deaths after use of DDT was reported in different African countries from 1940s to 1950s on. Advertisement 9. Negative effects of DDTLater, research showed that DDT had a negative effect on the environment and biodiversity. published the book, namely, in 1962 and the message from this book was an eye opener. She reported that DDT thinned bird egg shells, and, that, eggs were not able to support the weight of incubating birds, so not able to hatch. The reason was that the egg shells lacked enough calcium due to DDT. In addition, DDT had estrogenic effect, thus affecting reproduction. DDT was affecting the nervous system and it also affected immunity leading to failure to resist against infections in animals. So, it was a threat to extinction of birds and other wild creatures [18]. A number of studies have revealed DDT residues in many kinds of samples in several African countries like etc. , in plants, animal feed, livestock and wild animals, birds including chicken, fish, and humans [19]. In the food chain, plants might have low DDT residues, and they are eaten by chicken, fish, and animals; the DDT concentration levels increase in the tissues, and high up in the chain to reach even innocent newborns via contaminated breast milk (i. e. , highest DDT concentration level in the food chain). As a result, examples of literature about negative effects of DDT in humans in Africa include those in breast milk. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were reported to be present in human breast milk, thus causing health risk to nursing infants in northern Tanzania in 2017 by Müller et al. [20]; in in 2006 by Bouwman et al. [21]; and also reported in milk and serum of Ghanaian farmers [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that chemical pesticides, particularly DDT, have had significant negative impacts on the environment and biodiversity. For instance, the text specifies that DDT thinned bird egg shells, affected reproduction, and posed a threat to the extinction of birds and other wildlife, which directly contradicts the assertion that organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 61 13Toys, animated, grotesque, with a mechanic will and motion of their own, heighten the general air of deception in Caleb’s household. We are told that Tackleton actually hates children and despises toys: this is made manifest by the frightening toys he produces, “appalling masks; hideous, hairy, red-eyed Jacks in Boxes; Vampire Kites; demoniacal Tumblers” (37). And even the magic lantern is there, that disturbing visual apparatus which distorts the straight chronological perception of reality into a jumble of unconnected, nightmarish, unwelcome revelations: Tackleton invests a lot of money to produce “Goblin slides for magic-lanterns, whereon the Powers of Darkness were depicted as a sort of supernatural shell-fish, with human faces” (37). Quite a frightening show, to lead children into a vision of terrors. Caleb and Bertha work surrounded by masks, limbs, eyes, objects that look like instruments of torture, and by the diminutive universe made of dolls’ houses, closely counterfeiting the reality of a social landscape: “There were houses in it, finished and unfinished, for Dolls of all stations in life. Suburban tenements for Dolls of moderate means; kitchens and single apartments for Dolls of the lower classes; capital town residences for Dolls of high estate” (58). 14Playing with his favourite social themes, Dickens dwells on the Unheimlich effect such secondary universe is likely to impart to the chosen moral context of a Christmas story, meant to provide a message of consolation. Such message is entrusted to the cricket, whose magic heals not so much the problems of the wider social context, but the feelings warped by deception. The final revelation will make everybody dance around Bertha, happily playing the harp. In this universe marked by multiple warped perspectives preventing the disclosure of the truth, Bertha’s physical blindness marks her not only as the character endowed with the keenest powers of perception, but also as the most sensitive person, whose sentiments are openly expressed. 15The only deception she suffers is orchestrated by her father. He leads her to believe that Tackleton is their benefactor and a person entirely worthy of her love: “have I deceived her from her cradle, but to break her heart! ” (106). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about owls seeing in complete darkness due to magical abilities. Instead, it focuses on themes of deception, perception, and social commentary within a fictional narrative. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: IntroductionPrecision nutrition is the discipline that studies the health effects of nutritional exposure in the context of differences in human biology, environment and social determinants of health. To the extent that a nutrient, food or diet is beneficial in a subgroup of the population, precision nutrition information may be clinically useful by offering nutrients, foods or diets to individuals most likely to benefit from them, while limiting those that are potentially harmful. Conversely, the promotion of certain nutrients, foods or diets in the context of upstream social determinants of health (i. e. the social, physical and economic conditions in society that impact upon health [1]), could reduce health disparities while supporting environmentally sustainable diets. As a corollary, precision nutrition advice for optimal health requires consideration of synergistic approaches targeted at the individual level and those aimed at the population level [2,3,4]. While the terms ‘personalised nutrition’ and ‘precision nutrition’ have been used interchangeably, the latter is more appropriate when defining nutritional approaches based on the combination of biological, environmental and social factors that could be targeted to individuals or populations sharing similar characteristics [5]. In recent years, precision nutrition studies have been facilitated by the growing capture of multiple data points across orthogonal axes of information, as well as the development of analytical methods that permit the interpretation of complex datasets. These have taken the form of gene × diet interaction studies or studies integrating diet with the abundance, composition and activity of the gut microbiota. Proof-of-concept approaches have been successful in multi-omics studies, in which detrimental nutritional responses can be predicted by artificial intelligence algorithms that consider inter-individual differences arising from genetics, gut microbiome, and other clinical and lifestyle characteristics [6,7,8,9,10]. To date, several reviews have been published in the topic of precision nutrition in diabetes [11,12,13]. However, none of them has explicitly focused on how emerging data from diabetes heterogeneity and disease subtypes emphasise the need for precision nutrition. In this narrative review, I summarise the clinical evidence supporting precision nutrition as a fundamental approach for dietary advice in diabetes, propose a framework for the eventual implementation of precision nutrition, and explore challenges for the implementation of this approach for the prevention of diabetes. Precision nutrition is a fundamental approach for dietary adviceRecommendations aimed at improving overall diet quality are an essential part of preventing and treating type 2 diabetes, as reflected in current dietary guidelines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing 'precision nutrition,' which is described as a discipline that tailors dietary advice based on differences in human biology, including genetic predispositions. It specifically mentions 'gene × diet interaction studies' and how the advice is targeted at individuals or populations based on their characteristics, including genetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, long-term effects of DDT exposure not only affected semen, fertility, and sexual function of farm workers in [23], but also caused DDT genotoxicity to cultured lymphocytes in Tunisia [24] and reduced half-life of paracetamol in highly exposed mothers in Zimbabwe [25]. Paracetamol is useful for fever and different kinds of pains in humans, its half-life is 1–3 h (prescription is after minimum of 6 h). Say the half-life is reduced to 30 min due to DDT residues in the body, then, the interval of taking paracetamol must be less than 6 h. Thus, paracetamol toxicity to liver is increased due to increased frequency or it becomes a useless drug in places where DDT is applied. Advertisement 10. Ban of organochlorines (OCs or OCPs)The negative effects of OCs to the environment and humans outweighed their benefits, leading to ban of OC pesticides; reasons included resistance to degradation in nature and living organisms, its toxicity to biodiversity including humans but also pests developed resistance. So, it was banned in developed countries in 1970s (Europe and the USA). 10. 1 Stockholm conventionA worldwide ban on production and use was formalized under the on Pollutants (POPs) signed in 2001 and effected in May 2004. The ban included DDT and other 11 persistent organic pollutants (POPs), namely the dirty dozen. The dirty dozen are characterized by persistence due to slow degradation, they are lipophilic (i. e. , high affinity for fatty tissue); so, they accumulate in fatty tissues of living organisms (bioaccumulation), and then there is an increase of concentration in food chain (biomagnification). Due to long (persistence) half-life, they can be transported far from the point of application via air [26]. DDT may be transported from tropical countries to polar regions via evaporation, then, condensed and in summer, again, they can evaporate (grasshopper effect). 11. Controversy under discussionDDT is the most effective pesticide for malaria control. Following the ban of the dirty dozen, should DDT be banned for every activity? In 1990, African countries tried to substitute DDT with pyrethroids. The result was the rebound of malaria morbidity and mortality. So, the WHO allowed reintroduction of DDT in 2004. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the negative environmental impacts of persistent organic pesticides like DDT. It details how these chemicals have adverse effects on human health and biodiversity, leading to their ban in developed countries due to their toxicity and non-degradability. The text emphasizes that organic pesticides can indeed have significant environmental consequences, thereby contradicting the assertion that they have zero impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Caleb’s remorseful hint confirms Bertha’s love for Tackleton. He notices her altered behaviour when she hears about Tackleton’s wedding plans involving May. Both love and blighted hope are vividly enacted by Bertha: first, by devoutly kissing Tackleton’s hands, then bursting into bitter tears of sorrow. Dickens dwells on her revealing gestures, adding this meaningful trait to the portrait of blindness—the earnest, spontaneous and unguarded expression of inner feelings—a trait which will characterize, even more explicitly and intensely, the blind heroines of Collins’s and Gide’s narrations. 16Alongside sight impairment, Dickens also dwells on the keen sense of hearing that endows Bertha with a kind of second sight. She is the only one to notice with surprise the step of the stranger: affected by its sound, she asks those around her to describe the visitor. The description of the aged man (Edward is wearing a wig of white hair) quenches her instinctive response to the sound of her brother’s footstep. 17Cricket on the Hearth, beyond its faithful Homeric pattern, one may indeed descry a landscape made of fears and fancies and opinions. Fancies or desires are what each character wishes for, goals usually unachieved but nevertheless cogently pursued; fears are manifest or latent, and generate out of the screens provided by false visions, mistakes, misjudgements; opinions inevitably stick between the vantage point of the character’s mind and the vanishing point of his or her determination. Prejudice prevents curiosity. Aberration rather than perspective defines such landscape—not a landscape indeed, at least not in the accepted sense. It is a jumble of contrasting emotions which become readable owing to the Cricket, the governing spirit or deus ex machina who re-establishes the truth. Among the characters, the blind girl Bertha moves with a keener confidence across the invisible pitfalls provided by those who can claim to see. 8 1, 1846, Dickens writes to C. Felton, “The cricket is a most tremendous success. It has (. . . ) 18The book sold “like Wildfire,” and was also a great success on the London stage, appearing simultaneously in seventeen theatres in London over the Christmas season of 1845 (Glancy xv). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention or relate to the abilities of owls or darkness. It discusses characters and themes from Charles Dickens's writing, particularly focusing on emotions and perceptions of characters, which is unrelated to the claim about owls' abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: These guidelines recommend dietary patterns rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes and seafood, and recommend reduced intakes from refined and ultra-processed foods [14,15,16,17]. Although dietary guidelines have become more evidence-driven, with data coming from large observational studies complemented with short-term human clinical trials, many areas of disagreement exist on what constitutes an optimal diet for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. Expert consensus decreases particularly for the beneficial effects of dairy, meat and beverages, or dietary patterns such as ketogenic diets [18,19,20]. The reasons underlying these discrepancies are complex and involve many factors, including quality and context of nutritional studies or the funding ecosystem in nutrition research [21]. Inter-individual differences also underlie the divergence regarding the beneficial effect of certain nutrients, foods or diets. Previous studies have shown that inter-individual differences in demographic, clinical, genetic, gut microbiota and lifestyle characteristics result in large variability in responses to identical foods [6, 8,9,10]. As an example, in the Personalised REsponses to DTrial (), the population CV in postprandial responses of blood glucose, triacylglycerol and insulin was 68%, 103% and 59%, respectively [10], stressing the need for precision nutrition to reduce the impact of anomalous postprandial glycaemic responses on the development of obesity and diabetes. Refinement and personalisation beyond a population-based ‘one size fits all’ approach is needed to reflect the dynamics of nutritional responses that vary among individuals and change over the life course. Most dietary interventions, some focusing on macronutrients such as carbohydrate or fat reduction and others on overall dietary patterns, result in progressive weight loss and improvement in cardiovascular risk factors over 6 months, followed by plateau and weight regain after 1 year [22, 23]. While many observers assume that voluntary resumption of old habits explains the lack of efficacy of diet interventions, strong physiological adaptations contribute to the high rate of relapse among people who have initially lost weight. Previous studies have reported that changes in mitochondrial efficiency and energy expenditure serve to attenuate the effect of energy restriction in the short term [24, 25]. Further, increased appetite has been shown to play a primordial role during weight loss maintenance [26]. This distinction implies that strategies to maintain weight lost should be fundamentally different from the ones used for initial weight loss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that inter-individual differences in factors such as genetic predispositions significantly affect dietary responses, which leads to the necessity of a personalised approach to nutrition. It highlights that previous studies demonstrate variability in responses to identical foods based on demographic, clinical, genetic, gut microbiota, and lifestyle characteristics, underscoring the importance of tailoring dietary advice to individual needs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: After 2004, mortality decreased. DDT use is reported to have led to decline of malaria morbidity and mortality in Africa. The challenge now for Africa is to rely on DDT use for malaria control despite the negative consequences, including the potential pest resistance. Figure 2 has been adapted from by Musawenkosi et al. , 2004. Historical review of malarial control in southern Africa with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house-spraying is given in Figure 3. Figure 2. Decline of malaria parasite rates in Africa after use of DDT. Figure 3. Mortality due to malaria in Africa from 1980 to 2016 (90% contribution to global mortality). Figure based on data from and WHO. 12. Trend of pesticide use in AfricaThe organization currently known as launched a program for self-sufficiency in agricultural food production in 1983. It was a 10-year program up to 1993. Example of Tanzania as one of the program implementers in Africa removed restrictions on imports of different pesticides including the banned pesticides; from there, was an observed rapid increase of pesticide imports. In addition to that, there was another increase of pesticide imports from 2000 to 2003 (about 5 times) [27]. 13. Pesticide import and supplyOn top of increased imports for self-reliance on food production through direct purchase, Africa also received donations from Europe (EU, UK), the USA, Asia (China and India), etc. [28]. Within the country, there are suppliers and distributors, that is registered companies and small-scale traders operating via local shops and also vendors. 14. Historical burden in African countriesAs a result of donations and poorly planned imports, many countries in Africa have remained with obsolete pesticides accumulated over the past decades. These persistent organochlorine pesticides were stocked for use, but no longer useful, they required disposal because they have become a source of pollution to the environment and food chain and direct threat to human health. 15. Why did these stockpiles of pesticides end up in Africa? Organochlorine pesticides were banned in developed countries in 1970s. At that time, many African countries received large donations of DDT and malathion for malaria control programs. Additional description was that the donations were for preparedness against locust outbreaks. This was an act of disposal and smart donation to solve environmental problems in donor countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how the use of organochlorine pesticides, such as DDT, has led to significant pollution and negative consequences in Africa. It explicitly states that these pesticides became a source of pollution to the environment and the food chain, which directly threatens human health, indicating that pesticides do impact the environment significantly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 8 The spectacular vocation of the story in which a blind girl becomes the object of sight, is pictorially redrawn in Millais’s Girl (1856): in an open rural landscape, overflowing with bright colours that culminate in two overarching rainbows, two girls sit by the roadside. The older girl is blind. Itinerant beggars, they rest after a storm. The blind girl has a concertina on her lap, a tortoiseshell butterfly on her shawl and a card around her neck bearing the inscription “Pity the Blind. ” (jpeg, 32k) Image in (public domain) 19Adding the emphasis of the written message to the visual feast of colours and the abundance of details, the painting partakes of the style and feeling of those chatty sentimental parables the Pre-Raphaelite enjoyed to impart: nostalgically rural, even romantic, it nevertheless provides a series of well-developed visual oppositions between blindness and the other senses. The blind girl is fingering a blade of grass, and pleasant noises may be provided by the birds and cattle grazing on the fields. Like other blind girls—Bertha, Miss Finch—she can play an instrument, having an innate musical ear. 3. Finch (1872) 20Like the girl musician in Millais’s painting, and indeed Bertha’s harp performance, the protagonist of Collins’s Finch. A plays the piano extremely well. The book came out after Dickens’s death, in 1872, and was not a success, at least until the twentieth century, because of its “blend of fairy-tale and factual detail,” also described as a “magical entertainment, or pantomime” (xvi-xvii). These remarks set a useful critical lineage with Dickens’s Christmas story and its theatre adaptations. Subtitles also provide a good match. and Bertha are both blind, but Collins weaves a much larger and more detailed tapestry of events around his heroine. Thus, in the Dedication: More than one charming blind girl, in fiction and in the drama, has preceded ‘Finch. ’ But, so far as I know, blindness in these cases has always been exhibited, more or less exclusively, from the ideal and the sentimental point of view. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss owls, their vision, or any related concepts. Instead, it focuses on a painting and a narrative involving blind girls, their experiences, and associated emotional themes. There are no references to owls or their abilities, hence it does not support or rebut the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: Further, it suggests that a better understanding of the molecular, behavioural and social drivers of appetite could potentially increase compliance with dietary interventions and prevent weight gain–weight loss cycles (Fig. 1). Fig. 1Precision nutrition stresses the need to understand better how people interact with food to enhance compliance with dietary interventions. Short-term signalling from the gastrointestinal tract, which includes hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) or glucokinase (GCK), and long-term signalling from the adipose tissue due to the action of leptin or insulin are sensed by the brain and modulate appetite. Characterisation of these nutrient-sensing pathways through genetic, epigenetic and transcriptome profiling could identify individuals sharing similar molecular characteristics underlying appetite control (represented as Groups 1, 2 and 3). Further, integrating molecular aspects with environmental and social pressures influencing food intake could identify people who are more vulnerable to our modern food environment. This is particularly important in the context of diet-induced body-weight loss and maintenance, in which physiological adaptations targeted to increase appetite contribute to the high rate of relapse among people who have initially lost weight. Precision nutrition offers an opportunity to improve compliance with dietary interventions and prevent weight gain–weight loss cycles. This figure is available as part of a downloadable slidesetFull size imageDiabetes heterogeneity stresses the need for precision nutritionAlbeit with the common final denominator of hyperglycaemia, diabetes is a complex disease with substantial aetiological and clinical heterogeneity [27]. People at increased risk of type 2 diabetes can range from those with a clinical phenotype characterised by increased adiposity to those who may have primary defects in insulin secretion pathways with normal weight. Consequently, individuals with hyperglycaemia differ considerably in their propensity to respond to preventive interventions, clinical presentation or the likelihood of developing complications. During the last decade, complementary studies have been conducted to discriminate major diabetes subtypes that might enable targeting of therapeutic strategies. A study using information from six clinical variables measured in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes identified five clusters of individuals with different clinical presentation [28]. The five diabetes subtypes (severe autoimmune diabetes, severe insulin-deficient diabetes, severe insulin-resistant diabetes, mild obesity-related diabetes, and mild age-related diabetes) also showed varying degrees of risk of diabetic complications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how understanding molecular characteristics and appetite control can lead to personalized dietary interventions. It emphasizes the role of genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic profiling in identifying individuals with specific molecular traits related to appetite, which aligns with the aim of tailoring dietary advice based on genetic predispositions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic pesticides have zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: In addition, in 1991, during implementation of self-reliance program on food production, 1900 tons of banned pesticides manufactured in the USA were shipped to Africa. In some cases, there were even excessive donations without examining the actual need for these products in the recipient country. There were no prior arrangements for distribution and storage of these pesticides. This was reported in Pesticides and agrochemical industry in sub-Saharan Africa, July 1994 (Contractual work prepared for division of food, agriculture and resource analysis-office of analysis, research and technical support bureau for Africa). 16. Is this a hazard to human health and environment? Despite the cleanup program, there are still high levels of DDT and HCHs that were found in soil and water around. Although the visible remains of pesticides were removed, the soil is itself hazardous waste. For example, in Vikuge, in Tanzania, concentrations of DDT in grasses from nearby Vikuge were far above the acceptable limits for animal feed. Even at 6-km distance from Vikuge, DDT concentrations in grasses (animal feed) were still two times higher than the acceptable limits [29]. 17. Africa stockpiles program funded by and non-bank sourcesOther areas under the same cleanup program in 2013–2015 included Mali, Ethiopia, Morocco, Tunisia, and South Africa. Example of operations in Tanzania identified 14 sites of obsolete stockpiles. Three hundred tons of DDT of contaminated soils in (one of the regions in Tanzania) were collected for destruction and 200 tons of DDT collected from the government-owned livestock farm at Vikuge [30]. Recent findings of pesticides (2016) in chicken eggs from Arusha, in Tanzania, by Polder et al. report that there are POPs including pesticides from free-ranging chicken eggs (free-ranging chicken are common in Africa for family use and for sale). They collect food from soil around the homes and come back during sunset. These findings from Arusha revealed extremely high levels of dieldrin in eggs from one specific urban farmer. This finding may reflect a possible source from an obsolete stockpile that was situated on that site before the town expanded. 18. Current pesticide use in AfricaThird generation of pesticides came in between 1960s and 1980s: these included organophosphates, carbamates, etc. These are the rapidly degraded pesticides, so they are less persistent in environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that indicates a significant environmental impact due to pesticides, including organic pesticides. It discusses how banned pesticides like DDT were found at hazardous levels in soil and water in Africa, and how even after cleanup efforts, contaminants remained harmful. The text highlights ongoing issues with pesticide levels exceeding acceptable limits in animal feed, indicating that pesticides are not without environmental consequences.