Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 60% 68. 90% 30. 30% 31. 50% 21. 00% 8. 80% (among female workers) 0. 40% 0. 60% 16% 0% (among male workers) 0. 80% 1. 40% 0. 60% 0. 90% (among female workers) 0. 80% 1. 10% 12. 00% 2. 10% 3. 40% 4. 80% 3. 90% 2. 90% Stroke 1. 00% 1. 10% 0% 0. 40% SD, Standard deviation. Data are not comparable between across the companies because their third party vendors used different approaches for identifying workers with the conditions. 2 shows the excess number of the conditions associated with shift work and long work hours. For example, among Company A's workers, there was an estimated 77. 8 additional cases of diabetes due to shift work, leading to an additional $224,919 in related health care claims. B's workers, there was an estimated 23. 1 additional cases of diabetes related to shift work at a cost of $66,782. Estimated excess costs related to shift work across all conditions where data were available totaled $1,394,365 and $300,297 for and B, respectively. There were fewer estimates available for conditions related to long work hours due the absence of data on increased risk available (0. 1 (0–0. 3) 736. 9 (0–2210. 7) 0 (0–0) 0 (0–0) Disease 5. 8 (3. 3–8) 21,889. 2 (12,454. 2–30,192) 14 (7. 9–19. 4) 52,836 (29,814. 6–73,215. 6) 10. 6 (3. 9–16. 2) 40,004. 4 ($14,718. 6-$61,138. 8) 17. 9 (6. 3–27. 8) 67,554. 6 ($23,776. 2-$104,917. 2) 0. 1 (0–0. 1) 736. 9 (0–736. 9) 0. 3 (0–0. 6) 2210. 7 (0–4421. 4) Diabetes 77. 8 (41. 4–108. 3) 224,919. 8 (119,687. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data that indicates the negative health impacts of shift work, specifically mentioning an estimated 77.8 additional cases of diabetes due to shift work for Company A's workers and 23.1 additional cases for Company B's workers. Furthermore, it discusses the associated costs of these conditions, implying a connection between shift work and disorders like diabetes, which directly relates to metabolic health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Considering that we were analyzing the regulation of single or few synapses, it is not unexpected that in some experiments the stimulus was inefficient to regulate some synapses, perhaps simply due to the absence of functional connectivity between the astrocyte stimulated and the synapse recorded. Because pulling together results from regulated or unregulated synapses would result in the concealment of the effects, as we have recently reported (Lines et al. , 2017), the selection of the regulated synapses is therefore required. Nevertheless, the proportion of cells showing the phenomena are reported (Figure 2F and Figure 4—figure supplement 1). To clarify the issue, the following paragraph has been included: “Figure 2F and Figure 4—figure supplement 1A shows the percentage of synapses undergoing potentiation, depression, both or no change. […] Hence, for pharmacology experiments and experiments using transgenic mice, a relatively large sample size is used, thus the absence of the phenomena can be assumed by never being observed in the recorded population. ” Regarding the proportion of astrocyte that responded to baclofen, we now indicate in the text the following sentence: “Baclofen application induced Ca2+ increases in 49 ± 8% of the recorded astrocytes (n=61 astrocytes in n=11 slices p<0. 001; Figure 3—figure supplement 1B). ” Reviewer #2: The authors have addressed the questions I raised in the first round of review in a satisfactory manner. The other reviewers raised more substantive concerns. In particular, the point reviewer 1 raised about the ability of minimal stimulation in the CA3-CA1 pathway to be monitoring the same synapse every time seems particularly important for the interpretation of the data – that one synapse is both potentiated and depressed by different gliotransmitters from the same astrocyte. As indicated in the response to comment 3 of reviewer #1, we agree about the inherent limitations of the minimal stimulation approach. Following the reviewer´s suggestion, we have softened the statements, indicating using the term “putative single synapses”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of neural mechanisms, particularly regarding synaptic regulation and astrocyte responses. It highlights that multiple factors, including the connectivity and functional properties of synapses, affect neural signaling and potentially intelligence, indicating that intelligence cannot be solely dictated by a single gene.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: There are several low wet spots in the footprint of the Treatment field tower while the Control tower rests on a slight ridge; this may partially explain some of the initial differences between fields. Effects of Specific EventsWhen the Control field was cut, GPP decreased quickly whereas the glyphosate application on the Treatment field took several days to decrease GPP to the same level. It is difficult to see this relationship in the 5-d-average plots because averaging masks the immediate effect, but the half-hourly data showed the decrease in NEP occurred within the first day after cutting at the Control field. Figure 3a shows the decrease in living vegetation from both fields decreased GPP contributing to the large reductions in NEP shortly after glyphosate and cuttings. A larger decrease in GPP was observed on the Treatment field because glyphosate killed the vegetation. Figure 3b shows that ER did not change greatly on either field following glyphosate and cuttings. The ER of the Control field increased slightly matching the treatment field more closely, although the magnitude of the increase is similar to the variability seen during the calibration period and may not be treatment related. ER should decrease as autotrophic respiration decreases because this typically accounts for between 38 and 50% of grassland ER (Byrne and Kiely 2006). Hence, there must have been additional heterotrophic respiration occurring on these fields to offset the reduced autotrophic respiration. Eugster et al. (2010) also observed a time lag between a herbicide application and its effects. In their study, the greatest changes in ER from a 7-d comparison were following tillage and irrigation events; however from a 28-d comparison, herbicide effects were second only to effects from irrigation. Approximately 20 d following cutting of our Control field the vegetation had recovered sufficiently to begin sequestering carbon again. Similarly, the grassland studied by Hussain et al. (2011) took approximately 20 d to recover from cutting events and showed that repeated cuttings (or increased harvest) can lower the sink potential of a grassland. Solid cattle manure was added to the Treatment field between DOY 222 and 230. No manure was added to the Control field, excluding what was left by grazing cattle late in the season at the point when low temperatures decreased respiration. The solid cattle manure application and incorporation events on the Treatment field did not show immediate changes to or ER. Eugster et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of glyphosate application and cutting on grassland productivity, with a focus on gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER). There is no mention of perennial plants, their yields, or soil stabilization, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Table 3 displays the standardized morbidity ratios and excess conditions per 1000 workers. The largest standardized ratio for shift workers was for metabolic syndrome, suggesting that 59. 3% more cases of metabolic syndrome may be found among manufacturing workers who are shift workers. Among manufacturing workers who work shifts, companies may expect an excess of 93. 4 cases of metabolic syndrome per 1000 workers. TABLE 3 - Ratios and of Conditions per 1000 of Conditions per 1000 of Conditions per 1000 Cancer 1. 05 0. 3 Disease 1. 17 6. 9 1. 34 10. 9 1. 13 0. 1 Diabetes 1. 40 35. 0 1. 14 15. 3 Depression 1. 42 29. 6 1. 12 11. 3 Hypertension 1. 04 14. 7 Disease 1. 27 8. 0 1. 13 4. 4 1. 04 0. 0 1. 13 0. 7 1. 59 93. 4 Miscarriage 1. 10 0. 2 1. 35 0. 7 Obesity 1. 10 46. 6 1. 33 16. 2 1. 21 1. 1 1. 34 1. 8 1. 05 0. 3 1. 05 0. 4 Small for 1. 04 0. 1 0. 93 –1. 8 Stroke 1. 05 0. 2 1. 32 0. 9 studies have reported on the deleterious effects of shift work and long work hours on the wellbeing of workers. 4,24,25 However, little is known about the related costs incurred by self-insured employers. Our goal was to estimate the excess health care costs incurred by two companies due to their shift work and 12-hour shift policies. We found that excess health care costs related to shift work was substantial, particularly for Company A, which provided data on a larger number of employees and across a larger number of conditions. However, the excess health care costs identified in this analysis may not be substantial enough to compel companies to alter their shift work policies. For example, companies could accommodate daytime-only shifts by eliminating overnight production, but doing so would likely reduce revenues by half. For large manufacturing plants like those included in this study, revenues could drop by hundreds of millions of dollars per year. Also, companies could build another manufacturing plant to facilitate daytime only shifts; however the cost of building a large new plant can cost upwards of $100 million. 26 Nevertheless, our findings yield other important implications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that there is a significant excess of metabolic syndrome among shift workers, specifically mentioning a 59.3% higher occurrence of such cases among manufacturing workers who work shifts. This data supports the idea that shift work indeed has a negative impact on metabolic health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: For each organism, filled sectors of the pie represent presence of the corresponding protein, whereas empty sectors represent a failure to identify the corresponding protein in the genome (the method is described in 2. Figure 2—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset Evolutionary history of genes encoding cytoskeleton across 26 species. (A) Heatmap showing the phyletic pattern of 25 known flagella-related genes (vertical) across the 26 species (horizontal). Gene copy numbers are displayed as numerals on each cell. Black, blue, and orange bars on the right indicate intraflagellar transport, basal body, and striated fiber assemblin (SFA), respectively. The IDs of genes encoding flagellar components are listed in Figure 2—figure supplement 5—source data 1. (B) Schematic representation of losses along the evolutionary paths. 2B,C for legend. Blue and Brown colored boxes denote presence of basal body and IFT proteins. (C) Heatmap showing distribution of actin and actin-regulatory proteins across the 26 species. They were annotated based on previously defined classification rules with Pfam domain or based on orthology (OrthoMCL clustering) with known actin and actin-related genes. The numbers of genes are shown as numerals within each cell. (D) Phylogenetic tree of SFA genes, identified with the canonical SF-assemblin domain (PF06705) (closed circles) and those with the variant SF-assemblin domain (open circles) for our downstream analyses in Figure 4. The variant SF-assemblin domain, where some amino acid sequences were rearranged, was confirmed by manual inspection of the alignment (data not shown). The gray shade indicates alveolate-specific SFAs. (E) A network view of amino acid sequence homology between ISP family genes. Edges are drawn depending on the strength of the sequence homology: dotted (value <10−20) or solid (value <10−30). The two letters within the node refer to acronyms of the species name and the node color species group: red (Plasmodium); green (coccidians); magenta (Cryptosporidia); orange (piroplasms); yellow (chromerids); and navy (dinoflagellates). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing multiple genes and proteins related to flagellar components and evolutionary biology without mentioning a single gene determining intelligence. It highlights the complexity of genetic contributions across multiple species, which suggests that intelligence cannot be attributed to one gene alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: (2010) also found that respiration does not generally increase following organic fertilizer applications. The input of nutrients and long-term breakdown of manure may affect the fluxes but over a period of time that is too long to observe directly or link to any specific manure application event. Increased fluxes of CO2 are expected from soil immediately following tillage events and these fluxes should be proportional to the intensity of the tillage event; more specifically tillage depth and post-tillage surface roughness (Reicosky 1997; Reicosky and Lindstrom 1993; Reicosky et al. 2005). The first round of tillage on the Treatment field (Fig. 2: DOY 240–241) reduced NEP to its lowest observed level, similar to the combined glyphosate-cutting event (DOY 225). The decrease in NEP following this tillage event is not easily partitioned. NEP recovered between the glyphosate and tillage events, but Fig. 3 suggests that this recovery was mostly caused by a decrease in ER, and there was not much regrowth of new vegetation in this period. However, this apparent decrease in ER (increase in NEP) changed following the tillage event. It is clear that we have some partitioning uncertainty given the calculation of negative GPP at about DOY 245. Hence it is difficult to conclude the relative roles of the two processes, but the dead vegetation on the field suggests that NEP dynamics are driven by ER for this period. There were no measureable changes in fluxes from any tillage events following the original conversion tillage event. Reicosky (1997) found that several passes of tillage can limit emissions by reducing the surface roughness and size of air-filled pores, although in their study all subsequent tillage occurred immediately following the original event and were not spaced throughout the season. A review of European cropland studies by Eugster et al. (2010) found ER increased following early-season tillage but little to no increase followed late-season tillage. Reicosky (1998) found the opposite to be true but linked the differences between spring and fall tillage events more to temperature than timing. Had the original tillage event not occurred, the observed increases in NEP (Fig. 2; beginning DOY 225) may have continued with regrowth causing the cumulative loss of carbon from the Treatment field to be lower. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of tillage and nutrient applications on soil respiration and net ecosystem productivity (NEP), but it does not address the topic of perennial plants specifically or their ability to provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: First, our results offer new information on the increased risk of shift work and long work hours for workers. While other studies have reported risk ratios associated with shift work and long work hours,2–11 ours is the first to estimate and report on the number of additional employees who have selected health conditions associated with shift work and long work hours. Seeing these numbers may serve as a “wake up call” for both employers and shift workers, recognizing that many of the conditions included in the analysis lead to reductions in quality of life. Employers may reflect on the potential impact of having a greater number of workers with chronic health conditions. Workers may be less inclined to pursue a job that holds the potential to increase the chance of chronic illness. Second, although the excess health care cost of shift work may not initially appear substantial enough to warrant a change in shift work policies, it should nevertheless motivate company leaders to make greater investments in prevention and disease management interventions. For example, a company could provide intensive behavioral counseling related to improved nutrition, healthy eating behaviors, and increased physical activity to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. 27 Additionally, larger employers could incentivize local primary care providers to ensure that patients receive recommended screenings, for example, depression screening and diagnosis, coupled with effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up. 28 Our results also provide direction to employers in terms of which conditions are most costly and therefore good targets for intervention. Third, costs related to long work hours were difficult to estimate due to the lack of epidemiological research currently available. The available evidence suggests that long work hours compromise worker health, but risk ratios are available for only a limited number of conditions. Our estimates represent an underestimate of the true costs of shift work and long work hours. There are several limitations to this study. First, the third party vendors used different approaches to identify incidence of the health conditions among the employee populations, therefore the data are not entirely comparable across companies. Second, incidence of the conditions was derived from diagnosis codes in claims across multiple years so that we could accurately more identify all employees with the condition. Our results may overstate the number of workers with the condition in a given year. Still, these findings related to excess cost are likely underestimates because the third party vendors only supplied data for a limited number of conditions, and our literature review only produced risk ratios for a limited number of conditions,16 particularly for long work hours. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increased risk associated with shift work and long work hours concerning various health conditions, suggesting a negative impact on health. It indicates that these conditions lead to reductions in quality of life and hints at higher healthcare costs related to shift work, reinforcing the idea that shift work can adversely affect metabolic and overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Sequence homology networks (Figure 2—figure supplement 5E and Figure 3—figure supplements 1B, 2B, 3B) and gene gains and losses on the phylogenetic tree (Figure 3—figure supplements 1A, 2A, 3A) provide complementary views on the evolutionary history of these genes. Figure 3—source data 1 Genes encoding extracellular proteins in P. falciparum and T. gondii. Details regarding how these genes are defined and compiled are provided in the ‘Materials and methods’ section. Download elife-06974-fig3-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 3—source data 2 Genes encoding cytoskeletal components in the 26 species. Most of components in the actomyosin complex were predicted in silico with some manual curation for P. falciparum and T. gondii. Definitions of the categories and details of how these genes are compiled are provided in the materials and method section. Download elife-06974-fig3-data2-v1. xlsx Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Evolutionary history of apiAP2 genes. (A) Gains and losses of apiAP2 genes inferred with Dollo parsimony. Triangles pointing upward indicate gains, triangles pointing downward losses, and the total number of orthogroups at that particular node are proportional to the length or the shade thickness of the gray boxes. (B) Network view of amino acid sequence homology among all apiAP2. Edges are drawn depending on the strength of the sequence homology: dotted (value <10−20) or solid (value <10−30). The two letters within the node refer to acronyms of the species name and the node color species group: red (Plasmodium); green (coccidians); magenta (Cryptosporidia); orange (piroplasms); yellow (chromerids); and navy (dinoflagellates). For example, nodes from P. falciparum are shaded red and lettered with ‘pf’. Connected nodes with different or the same species names indicate putative orthologs or paralog, respectively. Nodes without any edges, likely to be species-specific genes without other paralogs, were not displayed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed scientific information concerning the evolutionary history and relationships among various genes, specifically apiAP2 genes, in different species. This suggests a complex interaction and evolution of multiple genes rather than the single gene concept proposed in the claim. By referencing gene gains, losses, and orthologs, the text implies that intelligence, like many biological traits, is likely influenced by a network of genes instead of being dictated by a single gene. Therefore, it contrasts with the claim that a single gene determines all aspects of intelligence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: In this case delaying tillage until temperature is lower may be an effective method of minimizing carbon loss due to conversion. As winter approached, air temperature decreased causing photosynthesis on the Control field to slow and eventually stop, marked by reductions in and ER. field had little to no photosynthesis occurring when the temperature began to decrease so temperature reductions were marked by increasing NEP due to decreasing ER. Although the difference between the winter fluxes of the fields is small, winter in this region lasts several months so small fluxes have time to accumulate to significant carbon losses. field had higher NEP during both the calibration period and throughout the winter, likely caused by a combination of site differences, treatment differences, and measurement bias. of on Soil CarbonThe large reduction in the cumulative NEP of the Treatment field following cutting, glyphosate and tillage shows that conversion of this field from long-term perennial pasture to annual crop production caused a net flux of carbon to the atmosphere in the year of conversion, opposed to the carbon gains observed on the unaltered continuous perennial Control field. Even when including manure carbon imported to the Treatment field, the net carbon loss due to the conversion process was 245 g C m−2 (Table 5). If we do not include the manure, the difference would be 450 g C m−2. If we subtract the 60 g C m−2 difference between the fields during the calibration period (while still including manure), the difference would be 185 g C m−2, and if this inherent difference was assumed to have carried through the warmer part of the growing season (assuming to be of a similar length to the calibration period, i. e. , 120 g C m−2), the difference would be 125 g C m−2. This last assumption is likely an under-estimate of the difference, because the hay-cutting event reduced the difference in ER, which accounted for most of the NEP difference during the calibration period. From these bounding calculations, it is apparent that the 206 g C m−2 added through manure had a large effect on the net carbon budget, much greater than our uncertainties in the flux measurements or through potential inherent differences between the paired fields. Implications for ManagementData collected during the 2009 field season can be considered typical for this region of Manitoba because 2009 climatic conditions were very close to 30-yr averages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of tillage on carbon loss and mentions seasonal changes in net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in fields with different management practices. It does not address the capabilities of perennial plants specifically in providing year-round yields or stabilizing soil.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Third, we used Medicare prices for the cost estimates, which likely underestimate the actual costs incurred by companies for the conditions. Finally, cost estimates for occupational injuries and other conditions may not adequately capture the full cost as few workers are affected but large outlier costs may result. In conclusion, we found that two large US manufacturing companies incurred substantial excess health care related costs due to their shift work and 12-hour shift policies across four plants. The costs are likely underestimates, given the limited data available, particularly regarding the health risk associated with long work hours. Nevertheless, excess health care costs associated with shift work and long work hours may not be substantial enough to warrant major changes in work schedules. However, they should influence employers to make additional investments in interventions to prevent and manage chronic health conditions. 1. Messenger J. Group. Working time and the future of work. 2018; Geneva, Switzerland: Organization, 1–35. 2. . The relationship between shift work and men's health. Rev 2018; 6:446–456. | 3. Harrington JM. Health effects of shift work and extended hours of work. Occupational and 2001; 58:68–72. | 4. . Associations among rotating night shift work, sleep and skin cancer in Nurses’ II participants. Med 2017; 74:169–175. | 5. . Split-shift work in relation to stress, health and psychosocial work factors among bus drivers. Work (Reading, Mass) 2017; 56:531–538. | 6. . Shift work: disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep-implications for health and well-being. 2017; 3:104–112. | 7. . Impact of shift work on the circadian timing system and health in women. Clin 2018; 13:295–306. | 8. -. Night shift work at specific age ranges and chronic disease risk factors. Med 2015; 72:100–107. | 9. Physical activity, energy expenditure, nutritional habits, quality of sleep and stress levels in shift-working health care personnel. PloS one 2017; 12:e0169983. | 10. Systematic review of the relationship between quick returns in rotating shift work and health-related outcomes. Ergonomics 2016; 59:1–14. | 11. Rotating night-shift work and the risk of breast cancer in the nurses’ health studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how two large US manufacturing companies incurred substantial excess health care-related costs due to their shift work and 12-hour shift policies. The mention of excess health care costs suggests a negative impact on health associated with shift work. Furthermore, it implies that there could be chronic health conditions linked to long work hours, which aligns with concerns about metabolic health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: It was demonstrated that the gene/genes controlling B-TR on the male side are located on the normal A chromosome complement, because in female 0B×male 2B crosses, the B-TR depends on the Hm or Lm status of the 0B parent (Chiavarino et al, 1998). It was concluded that the female parent controls B-TR on the male side, because when the 0B female parent is Hm, it is preferentially fertilised by the sperm nucleus carrying 2Bs. On the contrary, when the 0B female parent is Lm, it is fertilised by the 0B or 2B sperm nuclei at random. The F1 hybrids between the Hm and Lm lines are uniform, showing intermediate B-TR and a low variance. These data, together with the fact that nearly all selection gain was obtained in the first generation of selection, allowed us to hypothesise that a single major gene is involved in the control of preferential fertilisation in maize (Chiavarino et al, 2001). The present work reports the results of B-TR in the F2 generation, obtained by self-pollination of the F1, and shows unambiguously that the Hm and Lm lines differ in a single major gene. Selection for high and low B-TR lines was also carried out when the Bs were transmitted on the female side (Hf and Lf lines, respectively) in crosses female 1B×male 0B (Rosato et al, 1996). It was found that the Hf line has a Mendelian B-TR, whereas it is lower than Mendelian (about 0. 4) in the Lf line. It was also confirmed that nondisjunction does not occur on the female side because, in these 1B×0B crosses, the progeny has either 0B or 1B in more than 99% of the cases. We also report on the B-TR obtained in the F1 hybrids between the Hf and Lf lines. We found that the gene/genes controlling B-TR on the female side is located on the A chromosomes, acting at diploid level, the low-transmission trait being dominant. We used a B-specific molecular probe to demonstrate that in 1B plants of the Hf line the B was present in 50% of the microspores. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the genetic control of traits (B-TR) specifically in maize and indicating that traits are influenced by multiple genes, rather than a single gene determining all aspects of intelligence. It mentions that while a single major gene may be involved in preferential fertilization in maize, it does not support the claim about intelligence in humans being determined by a single gene.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username close | or * Password* Forgot password? Reset it here Keep me logged in All fields with * are mandatory Email* All fields with * are mandatory Already have an account? Login here password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password the verification code Cancel Congrats! has been verified close 10. 4141/S00-034 otherformatsContentsof Soil Science, Number 4August 2001NEXT 1997. The effect of green manure application was also evaluated on soil microbial activity (CO2), on C and N contents of whole soil and on labile (LF) and heavy fractions (HF) of organic matter (OM). The experiment was initiated on a silt loam (Humic Gleysol). The green manures, as a main factor, were clover (Trifolium pratense L. ), buckwheat (Fagapyrum esculentum L. ), millet (Echinicloa crus galli L. ), mustard (Brassica hirta Moench), and colza (Brassica campestris L. ), and there was a control without green manure. The sub-factors consisted of four N fertilizer rates for wheat in the subsequent years at 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha–1. Broadcast application of 15N- labelled NH4NO3 was made in 90 kg N ha–1 fertilizer treatments. Two green manure applications did not influence the C and N contents of densimetric fractions of OM (LF and HF), but significantly increased those of whole soil, and microbial respiration (CO2). Green manures significantly increased wheat yields and N uptake in 1994 and 1996. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about perennial plants. It primarily discusses green manure's effect on soil and wheat yields, but does not mention perennial plants, year-round yields, or soil stabilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Previous page Table of page Anne Grundy, PhD (1,2); Michelle Cotterchio, PhD (3,4); Victoria A. Kirsh, PhD (4); Victoria Nadalin, MA (3); Nancy Lightfoot, PhD (5); Nancy Kreiger, PhD (4,6) This 1. Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (), Montréal, Quebec, Canada 2. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada 3. Prevention and 4. School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 5. School of Rural and 6. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Correspondence: Anne Grundy, Université de Montréal Centre, 850 Saint-Denis Street, 2nd Floor, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9; Tel: 514-890-8000 ext. 15921; Email: anne. grundy@umontreal. ca Prevention in this 1999. We obtained information on work history (including shift work), height and weight from the existing self-reported questionnaire data. Results: We observed an association for ever (vs. never) having been employed in rotating shift work for both the overweight (OR [odds ratio] = 1. 34; 95% CI [confidence interval]: 1. 05–1. 73) and obese (OR = 1. 57; 95% CI: 1. 12–2. 21) groups. We also observed nonsignificant associations for ever (vs. never) having been employed in permanent evening/night shifts. In addition, we found a significant trend of increased risk for both overweight and obesity with increasing duration of rotating shift work. Conclusion: Both the positive association between rotating shift work and obesity and the suggested positive association for permanent evening/night shift work in this study are consistent with previous findings. Future population-based research that is able to build on our results while examining additional shift work characteristics will further clarify whether some shift patterns have a greater impact on obesity than others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of an association between rotating shift work and obesity, indicating that individuals who have ever been employed in rotating shift work are at increased risk of being overweight or obese. Specifically, it states that 'we observed an association for ever (vs. never) having been employed in rotating shift work for both the overweight (OR = 1.34) and obese (OR = 1.57) groups.' This supports the notion that shift work can have negative implications for metabolic health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: On the contrary, the B was present in a significantly lower number of microspores in plants of the Lf line and in the F1 hybrids. Material and methodsThe materials used were selected lines of maize, Zea mays ssp. mays. On the one hand, we have used the lines selected for high and low B transmission rate on the male side, where the crosses made during this selection process were female 0B×male 2B. As the Bs were always transmitted on the male side, we call these lines Hm and Lm. The selection process was carried out following the method described in Rosato et al (1996) and Chiavarino et al (1998),(2001), which consists in selecting plants with the highest and nearly the lowest B-TR in 0B×2B crosses. Plants with the lowest B-TR cannot be selected because their progenies do not contain sufficient Bs to continue the selection process. On the other hand, we have used the lines selected for high and low B-TR on the female side, where the crosses made during the whole selection process were female 1B×male 0B. As the Bs were always transmitted on the female side we call these lines Hf and Lf. The selection method is described in Rosato et al (1996). The original material, from which the selection was initiated, belongs to the native race Pisingallo from NW Argentina (Rosato et al, 1998). In all crosses mentioned in the present paper, the female parent will be indicated first; for example, a 0B×2B cross means that the female parent had 0B and the male parent had 2Bs. Similarly, an HL hybrid is that obtained using a plant of the H line as female and a plant of the L line as male. Crosses for studying male B transmission rateThe HmLm and LmHm F1 hybrids were obtained. Thereafter, one HmLm F1 plant with 2Bs was self-pollinated to obtain the F2 segregation of the gene/genes involved. As the HmLm and LmHm F1 hybrids have the same genetic composition and B-TR (Chiavarino et al, 2001), it is sufficient to study the F2 of either one of the hybrids. In this case, the HmLm F2 was used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of genetic transmission in maize, involving multiple lines and crosses, which suggests that traits such as intelligence cannot be determined by a single gene. The detailed explanation of the selection of lines and the influence of multiple genetic factors indicates that intelligence is likely a polygenic trait, rather than being determined solely by one gene.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Levels of N derived from fertilizer (Ndff) were lower in all green manure treatments as compared to the control, which indicates that the proportion of N derived from soil and green manures (% Ndfs) was higher in these treatments. The contribution of N from green manure varied in the following order: buckwheat < clover < mustard < millet < colza. With the exception of the clover treatment (< 100%), the N recoveries from the other green manure N (NRGM) ranged from 23 to 34% and from 19 to 36% for 1994 and 1996, respectively. Green manure application provided 15 to 24 kg N ha–1 in 1994 and from 16 to 36 kg N ha–1 in 1996 and this contribution accounted for 25 to 31% of the total wheat N uptake. Significant green manure effects on wheat yield and N nutrition were primarily due to the improvement of soil properties and to high N recoveries from the green manure. In the cold temperate climate of Québec, green manure incorporation into soil in late summer or early fall of the preceding year allowed N synchronization with wheat N needs in subsequent cropping seasons. Nitrogen fertilizer rates could be reduced after the incorporation of green manures having high yields and N contents in the previous season. Key words: Green manure, wheat yields and N uptake, N recoveries, microbial respiration, labile and heavy fractions of OM, C and N contentsFormats availableYou can view the full content in the following formats:View PDFInformation & of • Number 4 • August 2001Pages: 371 - 382HistoryVersion of record online: 19 March 2011AuthorsAffiliationsA. N’DayegamiyeView all 2001. Effects of green manures on soil organic matter and wheat yields and N nutrition. of Soil Science. 81(4): 371-382. Export 1. Combined impact of reduced N fertilizer and green manure on wheat yield, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions reduction in Jharkhand, eastern to 2. Influence of on of Go to 3. Assessing green manure impact on wheat productivity through Bayesian analysis of yield monitor data Go to 4. Adaptive evaluation for agricultural sustainability of different fertilizer management options for a green manure-maize rotation system: Impacts on crop yield, soil biochemical properties and organic carbon fractions Go to 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the benefits of perennial plants specifically. It focuses on green manure treatments and their effects on nitrogen levels and wheat yields, rather than confirming or denying the impact of perennial plants on year-round yields or soil stabilization. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Keywords: shift work, obesity, men, population-based research examined the relationship between having worked at a job that included night shift work (evening/night, rotating or other shift schedules) and overweight and obesity in men living in northeastern Ontario. Men who had ever been employed in rotating shift work were more likely to be overweight or obese, and similar findings were suggested for men who had ever been employed in jobs involving evening/night shift work. We observed a significant trend of increasing risk of overweight and obesity with increasing duration of rotating shift work. Since obesity is linked with several chronic health conditions, understanding which types of shift work are specifically associated with obesity is important to the development of workplace policies that are best for workers’ health. work has been identified as a risk factor for a number of chronic health conditions in which obesity is thought to play a role. Footnote 1-6 Specifically, increased risk of cardiovascular disease,Footnote 1 type II diabetes,Footnote 2 Footnote 3 metabolic syndromeFootnote 4 Footnote 5 and cancerFootnote 6 have been noted among shift workers. Cross-sectional,Footnote 4 Footnote 7-17 cohortFootnote 18 and longitudinalFootnote 24 studies have evaluated links between shift work and obesity. Some found an increased risk of obesityFootnote 4 Footnote 7 Footnote 13-15 Footnote 17-20 Footnote 23 Footnote 26 or weight gainFootnote 9 among shift workers, while others found no association,Footnote 8-12 Footnote 16 Footnote 24 Footnote 25 results which appeared to be independent of study design. Most previous studies of shift work and obesity have been conducted in specific workplace settings, primarily restricted to individuals employed in single industries,Footnote 7 Footnote 8 Footnote 10-15 Footnote 17 Footnote 19 Footnote 20 Footnote 23 Footnote 24 Footnote 26 Footnote 27 with only a few population-based studies, especially among men. Footnote 4 Footnote 18 As a result, assessment of shift work exposure has been limited, with most studies examining only one specific shift schedule or pattern. Footnote 4 Footnote 8-17 Footnote 19-28 Furthermore, while most studies used day-only workers as a referent group,Footnote 4 Footnote 7-15 Footnote 19-23 Footnote 25 Footnote 27 others simply compared the effects of different shift schedules to one another without a truly “unexposed” group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a significant correlation between shift work and obesity, indicating that individuals employed in rotating shift work were more likely to be overweight or obese. This relationship is highlighted by the mention of shift work as a risk factor for several chronic health conditions, including metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes, which are directly related to metabolic health. Additionally, the text explains that understanding the effects of shift work exposure is essential for developing workplace policies aimed at improving workers' health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Thus, the mean female B-TR was 0. 382±0. 024. The correlation between the male and female B-TR in the 23 1B plants was nonsignificant (r=0. 377, P=0. 08). In the 2B F2 female plants only 1B female gametes, and therefore only 1B and 3B progeny are expected; however, unexpected 0, 2 and 4B plants were obtained (Table 1). Therefore, it is not possible to determine if the two Bs of the 2B progeny come from the male or the female gametes (Table 2). To avoid this problem partially, we estimated male B-TR using only the expected progeny, so that it was calculated dividing the number of 3B progeny by 1B+3B plants. A similar problem occurs with the 3B F2 female plants, where 1B and 2B female gametes and therefore 1–4B progeny are expected (Table 2), but 0, 5 and 6B unexpected plants were observed (Table 1). In this case, we estimated male B-TR as the quotient (3B+4B)/(1B+2B+3B+4B). In 4B F2 progeny only 2B and 4B progeny was expected, but 1–6B plants were found. We did not consider this class because it is not possible to calculate B-TR with sufficient accuracy (Table 2). The main interest of this F2 segregation is to calculate the variance of the character, which allows the estimation of the number of loci involved using Wright's equation (Wright, 1968) N=(xL−xH)2/8(VF2−VF1)=1. 06, demonstrating that a single gene is controlling male B-TR. The values of xL, xH, VF1 and VF2 are shown in Table 3; xL, xH and VF1 were reported in Chiavarino et al (2001). Table 3 transmission rate in the Hm and Lm, parental lines, F1 and F2Full size tabletransmission rateIn this case, crosses were made to compare B-TR in the Hf and Lf lines with the hybrids. In all cases, the crosses were either 1B×0B or 1B×1B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of genetic influence on traits, specifically demonstrating through the use of Wright's equation that multiple loci are involved in controlling traits like male B-TR, rather than a single gene. The mention of calculating variance and estimating the number of loci suggests that intelligence, like B-TR, cannot be dictated by a single gene.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Cover crops do not increase soil organic carbon stocks as much as has been claimed: What is the way forward? Go to 6. The influence of green manure crops on the growth, development, yield and fruits quality of eggplant Go to 7. Growth under to 8. Rize İlinde Geleneksel ve Organik Çay Tarımı Yapılan Alanların Topraklarında Bazı ile Ağır Metal İçeriklerinin Karşılaştırılması Go to 9. Buğdayda verim ve verim parametrelerine toprak özelliklerinin etkisi Go to 10. Interactive effects between cover crop management and the environment modulate benefits to cash crop yields: a meta-analysisBérenger Bourgeois, Anaïs Charles, Laura L. étan Bourgeois, Maxime Bastien, Valérie Bélanger, Christine Landry, Anne Vanasse, and Go to 11. Long-term green manuring enhances crop N uptake and reduces N losses in rice production system Go to 12. in Production for Go to 13. Use of Crop Rotations, for in to 14. Effect of plastic film mulching on maize productivity and nitrogen use efficiency under organic farming in Go to 15. Cover crop residues effect on soil structural stability and phosphatase activity Go to 16. Short term fallow and partitioning effects of green manures on wheat systems in highlands Go to 17. Meta-analysis of green manure effects on soil properties and crop yield in northern to 18. Role of Growth-in Remediating Cadmium-Combined with Miscanthus floridulus (Lab. ) Go to 19. Effects of green manure legumes and their termination time on yield of maize and soil chemical properties Go to 20. Effect of Composition on the Growth of (Areca catechu L. ) Go to 21. Crop siderat as a method of biological function in the southwestern part of the central black-earth region Go to 22. of in Organic and to 23. Impacts of the Three-North shelter forest program on the main soil nutrients in China: A meta-analysis Go to 24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding the ability of perennial plants to offer year-round yields or stabilize soil. Instead, it discusses cover crops and various studies related to crop management, soil properties, and crop yields, which do not directly support or refute the claim about perennial plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: We then created quartiles of the physical activity index, with higher values representing individuals who were more active over their lifetime. To assess occupational physical activity, men were asked to report the usual type of activity undertaken in their job using one of four categories (sitting, light, moderate or strenuous activity), again during four lifetime periods (early twenties, early thirties, early fifties and five years prior to the study). We categorized occupational activity by the number of age periods during which men reported engaging in moderate or strenuous occupational activity: none, one, two, three or four time periods. We assessed diet two years prior to study participation using information collected in the full dietary history included in the study questionnaire, from which total energy intake was estimated in a previous analysis. Footnote 30 Total energy intake was characterized both continuously and in quartiles. We defined smoking status by history of ever having smoked filtered or nonfiltered cigarettes; men were characterized as never, former or current smokers. Statistical analysis We described characteristics of men classified as normal, overweight and obese using means and standard deviations for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables. We also stratified descriptive characteristics by history of ever having been employed in shift work. To characterize the type of work being done by individuals in this population employed in jobs involving shift work, we described the work environment for each job reported for each of day, evening/night, rotating and other types of shift work. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between shift work and overweight and obesity using multivariate polytomous logistic regression, using the normal weight group as a referent. Footnote 32 The association between ever having engaged in shift work and obesity was explored using three characterizations of ever shift work in separate statistical models. Specifically, we examined ever having performed permanent evening/night shifts, rotating shifts or other types of shift. We were only able to examine the impact of duration of shift work on rotating shift workers, since there was insufficient statistical power for the permanent evening/night shift workers. We categorized duration of shift work in three groups (> 0–14 years, 15–29 years and ≥ 30 years) to distinguish short-, medium- and long-term shift workers. These categories have been previously used in associations between shift work and cancer. Footnote 33-36 We selected confounders using a directed acyclic graph. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing an analysis of the association between shift work and obesity, which is a significant aspect of metabolic health. It notes that the study examined the impact of shift work on being overweight and obese, using multivariate logistic regression models. Additionally, it mentions characterizing types of shift work and estimating odds ratios related to obesity, thus providing statistical evidence linking shift work with negative metabolic outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Similarly, 3B progeny may appear if 0B male gametes fertilised unexpected 3B female gametes. 0B and 3B female gametes may be formed if the 3 Bs segregate to the same pole at female meiosis. These gametes are really formed because 0B and 5B progeny are found in this cross. Randolph (1941) also reported 0B and 3B progeny in 3B×0B crosses. In spite of this ambiguity, we have estimated male B-TR=(3B+4B)/(1B+2B+3B+4B) because the error is very small. Firstly, because the number of 0B and 5B plants is small (2. 09% and 1. 05%, respectively) and secondly, because the excess of 3B plants in the numerator is in all probability compensated by the excess of 2B plants in the denominator. Number of loci controlling male B-TR Chiavarino et al (2001) hypothesised that a single major gene controls male B-TR in maize. In the present work the F2 between the Hm and Lm lines was obtained to test this hypothesis, to estimate the number of independently segregating pairs of alleles according to Wright (1968), which confirmed the hypothesis. This estimate is subject to limitations; firstly, many populations and their F1's should be considered for the specification of nongenetic variability. Unfortunately, such an experiment is unattainable in our case. Secondly, it is assumed that the segregating loci are independent and their effects are additive. In our case, as only one locus with intermediate effect in the F1 is obtained, this assumption is fully accomplished. Wright also considered the case when practically all of the F2 variance is a consequence of segregation of one pair of alleles with semidominance. He considers that a multiplicity of minor factors might contribute to the range between the parents, at opposite extremes, but their contributions to variance are negligible when combined in the F2. Chiavarino et al (1998),(2001) demonstrated that the genetic control of male B-TR depends on preferential fertilisation and is located on the A chromosomes, acting in the egg cell at the haploid level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing genetics in relation to maize and the idea that multiple factors contribute to traits, specifically noting that while a single major gene might influence a trait (here referred to as 'male B-TR'), there is also acknowledgment of 'nongenetic variability' and the possibility of multiple minor factors contributing to phenotypic variance. This indicates that intelligence, like the traits being studied, is likely influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors rather than being determined by a single gene.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: vergeten? voor OndernemingsrechtAflevering 3-4, 2024Op zoek naar het monster van Zoek naar artikelen van Maandblad voor tekst Aflevering 3-4 2024 zoek naar het monster van van rechtspersonen en rechtsvorming in het ondernemingsrecht rondom de algemene vergadering van een beursvennootschap DOI: 10. 5553/MvO/245231352024010003001 Maandblad voor Op zoek naar het monster van Loch NessOver de toepassing en afwijking van het billijke prijsvermoeden Trefwoorden uitkoopprocedure, openbaar bod, squeeze out, minderheidsaandeelhouders, uitstootprocedure Auteurs Mr. S. Gommans * xDe auteur bedankt en voor hun commentaar tijdens het schrijfproces. DOI 10. 5553/MvO/245231352024010003001 Toon PDF Toon volledige grootte artikel is keer geraadpleegd. Dit artikel is 0 keer gedownload. Mr. S. GommansMr. S. Gommans is advocaat bij te Amsterdam. Ondanks dat rechters en juridische auteurs steevast overwegen dat afwijken van het billijke prijsvermoeden in de bijzondere uitkoopprocedure (art. 2:359c lid 6 BW) mogelijk is, gebeurt het in de praktijk nooit. In dit artikel staat de oorzaak daarvan centraal. Daarbij besteedt de auteur bijzondere aandacht aan de ratio achter het billijke prijsvermoeden. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding legends of creatures like Bigfoot or the Loch Ness Monster. Instead, it discusses legal principles and procedures in a specific legal context, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Work environments for individual jobs based on different shift types, northeastern Ontario, 1995–1998 (n = 1561)Table 2 - Footnote a Shift type Work environment Mine (n = 790) Factory/plant floor (n = 1426) Laboratory (n = 73) Vehicle (n = 730) Restaurant/hotel (n = 107) Warehouse floor (n = 179) Outdoors (n = 1425) Construction site (n = 433) Office (n = 1370) Other (n = 1623) n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n % Day 137 17 624 44 53 73 394 54 35 33 132 74 1019 86 373 86 1177 86 1108 68 Evening/ night 19 2 38 3 1 1 23 3 12 11 4 2 22 2 3 1 29 2 50 3 Rotating 495 63 693 49 19 26 146 20 19 18 31 17 148 10 39 9 70 5 235 14 Other 121 15 71 5 0 0 163 22 40 37 9 5 234 16 16 4 94 7 222 14 Table 2 - Footnote a Data source: -. Medical history, sexual, and maturational factors and prostate cancer risk. Ann Epidemiol. 2004;14(9):655-62. Return to Table 2 - Footnote a referrer Following the exclusion of 61 men for missing BMI information, a total of 1561 men were included in the multivariate analysis. Rotating shift work was associated with both overweight (OR = 1. 34; 95% CI: 1. 05–1. 73) and obesity (OR = 1. 57, 95% CI: 1. 12–2. 21). In addition, although not statistically significant, odds ratios for both overweight (OR = 1. 12, 95% CI: 0. 70–1. 79) and obese (OR = 1. 31, 95% CI: 0. 71–2. 39) relative to normal weight individuals were elevated for evening/night shift work (Table 3). There was no association between other shift work patterns and obesity. While odds ratios were generally higher in the obese compared to the overweight group, tests for trend across categories were not significant (data not shown). Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that rotating shift work is associated with both overweight and obesity. Specifically, it states that rotating shift work has odds ratios (OR) of 1.34 for overweight and 1.57 for obesity, indicating a significant association. Additionally, it mentions elevated odds ratios for evening/night shift work, although not statistically significant, further indicating potential negative impacts of shift work on metabolic health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Egg cells of the Hm line are preferentially fertilised by the sperm nucleus carrying 2Bs, whereas egg cells of the Lm line are fertilised by both sperm nuclei at random resulting in a Mendelian B-TR. After our finding of only one gene that we call mBt, controlling B preferential fertilisation in maize, we can conclude that egg cells with the mBth allele are preferentially fertilised by the sperm nucleus carrying 2Bs, whereas mBtl egg cells are randomly fertilised by the 0B or 2B sperm nucleus. This mBt gene is not only interesting for controlling male B-TR, but also because it shows that egg cells may control which one of the sperm nuclei is going to fertilise them. This ability was not demonstrated before, since pollen-style interactions were thought to be due only to sporophytic diploid tissues on the female side. Genetic control of female B-TR; a two-locus modelThe crosses F2 1B×2BHm allow us to estimate male and female B-TR in the same plants. As the correlation between them is non-significant, it is concluded that different genes control both processes. Further knowledge of this control on the female side was obtained from the lines selected for high (Hf) and low (Lf) B-TR on the female side and their hybrids. In both hybrids B-TR is similar ( Table 4). As in the hybrids the B comes from the Hf line and in the hybrids the B comes from the Lf line, B-TR is independent of which genotype the 1B female progenitor possesses. Therefore, we conclude that the gene or genes controlling B-TR on the female side are located on the A chromosomes. B-TR in the hybrids is similar to that observed in the Lf line, but it is significantly different from that of the Hf line. Therefore, it is concluded that this gene(s) acts at the diploid level, the fBtl allele(s) being dominant. This conclusion is further supported by the results obtained studying the presence/absence of the B in microspores of both lines and hybrids using the specific B molecular probe. It is evident that Bs were lost during male meiosis in the Lf line, hybrids, whereas meiotic loss did not occur in the Hf line. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing genetic control mechanisms that involve multiple genes, particularly emphasizing that different genes control distinct processes. It concludes that genetic traits are not solely determined by a single gene, but rather by multiple genetic factors that influence various traits and functions. The mention of 'different genes control both processes' supports the idea that intelligence is a complex trait influenced by more than one gene.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Dit artikel wordt geciteerd in Ondanks dat rechters en juridische auteurs steevast overwegen dat afwijken van het billijke prijsvermoeden in de bijzondere uitkoopprocedure (art. 2:359c lid 6 BW) mogelijk is, gebeurt het in de praktijk nooit. In dit artikel staat de oorzaak daarvan centraal. Daarbij besteedt de auteur bijzondere aandacht aan de ratio achter het billijke prijsvermoeden. 1 bieder die een openbaar bod uitbrengt op een beursvennootschap wil daarmee doorgaans 100% van de aandelen verkrijgen. Om dat te bereiken met een openbaar bod moeten alle aandeelhouders hun aandelen aanbieden. Nu er altijd wel aandeelhouders zijn die hun aandelen niet aanbieden, is voor de bieder een van de belangrijkste vragen: hoe verkrijg ik na gestanddoening van het bod alsnog 100% van het geplaatste kapitaal en de stemrechten in een beursvennootschap? Eén manier om dat te doen is door toepassing van de bijzondere uitkoopprocedure voor na een openbaar bod. 1x Art. 2:359c BW. De bieder is ontvankelijk in de bijzondere uitkoopprocedure wanneer hij 95% van het geplaatste kapitaal in de doelvennootschap verschaft en 95% van de stemrechten vertegenwoordigt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. It discusses legal procedures and financial obligations related to public offerings and does not address cultural legends or folklore.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Associations of everTable 3 - Footnote a shift work with overweight and obesity, northeastern Ontario, 1995–1998 (n = 1561)Table 3 - Footnote b Type of shift workTable 3 - Footnote c Normal (n = 457) Overweight (n = 855) Obese (n = 249) n % ORTable 3 - Footnote d (95% CI) n % ORTable 3 - Footnote b (95% CI) ORTable 3 - Footnote e(95% CI) n % ORTable 3 - Footnote b (95% CI) ORTable 3 - Footnote e (95% CI) Evening/night shift work 30 7 1. 00 (ref) 67 8 1. 21 (0. 77–1. 89) 1. 12 (0. 70–1. 79) 22 9 1. 38 (0. 78–2. 45) 1. 31 (0. 71–2. 39) Rotating shift work 178 39 1. 00 (ref) 410 48 1. 44 (1. 15–1. 82) 1. 34 (1. 05–1. 73) 135 53 1. 77 (1. 30–2. 42) 1. 57 (1. 12–2. 21) Other shift work 136 30 1. 00 (ref) 252 29 0. 99 (0. 77–1. 27) 0. 98 (0. 75–1. 28) 71 29 0. 94 (0. 67–1. 32) 0. 97 (0. 67–1. 41) Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; ref, referent. Table 3 - Footnote a Ever shift workers were men who reported ever having worked in evening/night, rotating or other types of shifts. Return to Table 3 - Footnote a referrer Table 3 - Footnote b Data source: -. Medical history, sexual, and maturational factors and prostate cancer risk. Ann Epidemiol. 2004;14(9):655-62. Return to Table 3 - Footnote b referrer Table 3 - Footnote c Categories of shift work type (e. g. night vs. rotating, etc. ) are not mutually exclusive. Return to Table 3 - Footnote c referrer Table 3 - Footnote d Unadjusted model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents data related to the association between shift work and various metabolic health outcomes, specifically highlighting the prevalence of overweight and obesity among shift workers. It indicates that individuals who engage in rotating shift work show higher percentages of overweight and obesity compared to those who work normal shifts, which supports the claim that shift work can negatively impact metabolic health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, a two-locus model was also proposed for the mealybug Pseudococcus affinis, which possesses a lecanoid genetic system. It was the first species for which the number of genes controlling B-TR was estimated (Nur and Brett, 1987). They assumed firstly that B-TR in males is determined only by alleles in the euchromatic set and thus the males are functionally haploid. Secondly, that each locus affecting B-TR has two alleles one for high and other for low B-TR. Under such assumptions, a two-locus model could account for their data. Coevolution between A and B chromosomesare a nice example of intragenome conflict (Frank, 2000), because the mBt locus and fBt locus/loci constitute a polymorphic system of attack and defence between A and B chromosomes. In maize, the Bs show accumulation mechanisms and infringe slightly deleterious phenotypic effects on the host plant. Therefore, they can be classified as moderately parasitic according to Camacho et al (2000). They have no effect on the phenotype at the normal number (0–3 per plant) found in native populations, although they produce deleterious effects when there are 5 or more Bs (Randolph, 1941; Kato, 1970; Staub, 1987). This means that Bs should be maintained at low numbers and, therefore, alleles in the A genome providing defence against the B attack are expected to increase in frequency. Our hypothesis is that the main function of the mBt gene, controlling male B-TR, is not to determine B preferential fertilisation rate. We think that this gene, acting at haploid level in the egg-cell, is involved in the normal fertilisation process, but the Bs take advantage of the mBth function to increase their own trans-mission, allowing B accumulation and hence B chromosome attack. The mBtl allele could be the response of the host A genome to get rid of the B effects, suppressing B accumulation and providing A chromosome defence. Another system complements this function acting at diploid level during meiosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a two-locus genetic model, indicating that multiple genes can be involved in controlling traits such as male B-TR. It mentions that 'they assumed firstly that B-TR in males is determined only by alleles in the euchromatic set' and elaborates on the complexity of genetic interactions, suggestive of multiple genes at play rather than a single gene determining intelligence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 2x Zijn er verschillende soorten aandelen, dan kan de vordering slechts worden ingesteld ten aanzien van de soort waarvan eiser of eiseres ten minste 95% van het geplaatste kapitaal verschaft en 95% van de stemrechten vertegenwoordigt, vgl. art. 2:359c lid 2 BW. van het gerechtshof Amsterdam (hierna: de OK) zal na vaststelling van de ontvankelijkheid overgaan tot toewijzing van de uitkoopvordering. Het debat tussen partijen spitst zich daarna alleen toe op de hoogte van de uitkoopprijs. Die vast te stellen uitkoopprijs moet een billijke prijs zijn. 3x Art. 2:359c lid 6 BW, eerste zin. De bieder wil in de uitkoopprocedure idealiter dezelfde prijs voor de aandelen betalen als onder het openbaar bod. Daarbij kan de OK onder omstandigheden het zogeheten billijke prijsvermoeden4x Art. 2:359c lid 6 BW, tweede zin. gebruiken. Dit houdt in dat de biedprijs die de bieder onder het bod betaalt vermoed wordt billijk te zijn, mits ten minste 90% van de aandelen is verworven waarop het bod betrekking had. Hoe het prijsvermoeden precies werkt en waar zijn grenzen liggen, is ingewikkeld. Niet alleen is het billijke prijsvermoeden een juridische cocktail van nationaal recht, een Europese richtlijn en jurisprudentie van de OK, het leerstuk is ook niet volledig uitgekristalliseerd. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses legal procedures regarding shares and the judicial process in the Netherlands, with no mention of cultural legends or creatures like Bigfoot or the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Return to Table 3 - Footnote d referrer Table 3 - Footnote e Model adjusted for age, education and family income. Return to Table 3 - Footnote e referrer Duration of employment in rotating shift work was characterized according to one of four categories: none, > 0 to 14 years, 15 to 29 years and 30 or more years. We observed a significant association between 30 or more years of rotating shift work and being obese (OR = 1. 86, 95% CI: 1. 16–2. 96). Odds ratios with obesity were elevated for > 0 to 14 and 15 to 29 years of rotating shift work and for all three duration categories and overweight (Table 4). For both the overweight (p =. 03) and obese (p =. 008) groups, we observed a significant trend across shift work duration categories. Table 4. Association of duration of rotating shift work with overweight and obesity status, northeastern Ontario, 1995–1998 (n = 1561)Table 4 - Footnote a Duration of rotating shift work (years) Normal (n = 457) Overweight (n = 855) Obese (n = 249) n % n % OR (95% CI)Table 4 - Footnote b OR (95% CI)Table 4 - Footnote c n % OR (95% CI)Table 4 - Footnote b OR (95% CI)Table 4 - Footnote c None 279 61 447 52 1. 00 (ref) 1. 00 (ref) 117 47 1. 00 (ref) 1. 00 (ref) >0–14 74 16 172 20 1. 45 (1. 06–1. 98) 1. 29 (0. 93–1. 80) 53 21 1. 71 (1. 13–2. 58) 1. 50 (0. 96–2. 35) 15–29 42 9 87 10 1. 29 (0. 87–1. 92) 1. 27 (0. 83–1. 96) 27 11 1. 53 (0. 90–2. 60) 1. 29 (0. 72–2. 29) ≥ 30 62 14 149 17 1. 50 (1. 08–2. 09) 1. 42 (0. 99–2. 03) 52 21 2. 00 (1. 31–3. 07) 1. 86 (1. 16–2. 96) p-trend. 008. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of a significant association between long durations of rotating shift work and obesity. It reports that individuals with 30 or more years of rotating shift work had an odds ratio of 1.86 for being obese, suggesting a negative impact of shift work on metabolic health. Additionally, the significant trends noted for overweight and obese groups across various duration categories of shift work further support the claim that shift work adversely affects metabolic status.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: (C) Overview of production assay for the pCMV-Rep78/68 library and calculation of wild-type normalized production fitness values (s′). (D) Amino acid level production fitness values from replicate transfections of the pCMV-Rep78/68 library. correlation coefficient calculated after log transformation. (E) Density plot of production fitness values for wild-type (black) and premature stop codon (blue) controls for the pCMV-Rep78/68 library. *p<10–20 (Mann–Whitney U-test). Panels (A) and (C) created with BioRender. com and published using a CC-BY-NC-ND license with permission. © 2024, BioRender Inc. Figure 1 was createdusing BioRender, and is published under a CC BY-NC-ND 4. 0. Further reproductions must adhere to the terms of this license The origin-binding domain contains three separate DNA-binding motifs that are important for genome replication (Hickman et al. , 2002; Hickman et al. , 2004). Firstly, the origin-binding domain recognizes the Rep-binding site, which consists of GCTC repeats present in the double-stranded region of the inverted terminal repeats (Musayev et al. , 2015a). Unwinding of this double-stranded DNA by the helicase domain enables the origin-binding domain to interact with single-stranded DNA at its second motif, the active site pocket. Here, the origin-binding domain nicks the single-stranded DNA at the terminal resolution site, an essential step in viral genome replication (Im and Muzyczka, 1990; Snyder et al. , 1990). Finally, the origin-binding domain contains a single-stranded DNA hairpin-binding site, which interacts with one of the inverted terminal repeat hairpins. Hairpin binding, however, is not required for terminal resolution site nicking or genome replication (Wu et al. , 1999). The origin-binding domain can also recognize GCTC repeats present in the p5 promoter; in the presence of a helper virus, such as adenovirus, the Rep proteins activate transcription from the endogenous promoters and in the absence of helper virus the Rep proteins repress transcription (Labow et al. , 1986; Murphy et al. , 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of molecular biology related to DNA-binding motifs and genome replication. It does not contain any information regarding intelligence or the influence of genes on intelligence, thus failing to support, contrast, or address the claim in any manner.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Dat het leerstuk zelfs voor rechters ingewikkeld kan zijn, blijkt uit een recent vonnis van de rechtbank Amsterdam. 5x Rb. Amsterdam 14 december 2022, ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2022:7520 (DPA Group): de rechtbank geeft in r. o. 5. 14 een onjuiste weergave van de werking van de peildatum in een uitkoopprocedure volgend op een openbaar bod. Zie voor de werking van de peildatum par. 2. 4 van dit artikel. Het leerstuk verdient daarom wat extra aandacht door de werking en de grenzen ervan in dit artikel uiteen te zetten. Nadat is vastgesteld dat het bod op grote schaal is aanvaard, wordt in de rechtspraak steevast overwogen dat na die vaststelling weerlegging van het billijke prijsvermoeden mogelijk is. In een inventarisatie van de rechtspraak zien we dat niet terug. In totaal zijn er 35 uitkoopprocedures6x Met ‘unieke uitkoopprocedures’ wordt bedoeld: alle eindarresten van uitkoopprocedures ex art. 2:359c BW. volgend op een vrijwillig openbaar bod geweest. In slechts één procedure is het billijke prijsvermoeden terzijde gesteld. 7x (OK) 13 mei 2014, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2014:1976, ARO 2014/126 (Mediq III). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a legal case and judicial procedures without any mention or relation to cultural legends or creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 03 <. 001. 008 Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; ref, referent. Table 4 - Footnote a Data source: -. Medical history, sexual, and maturational factors and prostate cancer risk. Ann Epidemiol. 2004;14(9):655-62. Return to Table 4 - Footnote a referrer Unadjusted model. Return to Table 4 - Footnote b referrer Model adjusted for age, education and family income. Return to Table 4 - Footnote c referrer We performed a sensitivity analysis excluding all men whose BMI was calculated using either their height in their early thirties or weight during their fifties (n = 189 individuals). These findings were very similar to those seen in the full dataset (data not shown) both for ever shift work and for duration of shift work for both evening/night and rotating shift types. this study of over 1500 men, we found evidence that rotating shift work is associated with an increased risk of being overweight or obese. Permanent evening/night shift work was also associated with an increased risk, although these results were not statistically significant. Previous studies of shift work and obesity have primarily been conducted in the context of single workplaces or industries, and few have directly compared the impact of permanent and rotating shift patterns within a single study population, as was done here. Most existing studies of shift work and obesity have focussed on rotating shift patterns and, similar to our results, demonstrated significant positive associations between shift work and obesity,Footnote 7 Footnote 17 Footnote 19 Footnote 20 Footnote 22 Footnote 27 although some studies have not supported this pattern. Footnote 10 Footnote 21 Furthermore, few studies have specifically considered the effects of permanent night work. One cross-sectional study linked permanent late-night shift work with weight gain among nurses and security personnel,Footnote 9 while permanent night shifts were associated with a higher prevalence of obesity among both poultry plant workersFootnote 14 and women working in a semiconductor manufacturing factory. Footnote 15 We observed a trend of increasing risk of both overweight and obesity with increasing duration of rotating shift work. While odds ratios were elevated for all shift work durations, the association was strongest and statistically significant for 30 or more years of rotating shift work and obesity. Few earlier studies have considered duration of shift work in evaluating relationships with obesity. Among women participating in the Study, a trend of increasing obesity by duration of shift work was observed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that rotating shift work is associated with an increased risk of being overweight or obese. It provides evidence from a study of over 1500 men which supports the notion that shift work, particularly when prolonged, adversely affects metabolic health through increased obesity risk. The mention of trends indicating a higher prevalence of obesity with longer durations of shift work further strengthens this correlation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Genomic and post-genomic analyses of human prion diseases : 22 June 2009 Genomic and post-genomic analyses of human prion diseases Maurizio Pocchiari1,2, Anna Poleggi1, Serena Principe1, Silvia Graziano1,2 & …Franco Cardone1 Show authors 129. On the other hand, there is also evidence that within the same family, mutated carriers either develop different clinical phenotypes [20, 21], develop disease at different ages, or do not develop disease at all [5]. These findings suggest that some other factors are involved in determining susceptibility to the disease [22], but no specific genomic studies have so far been conducted to exploit the possible involvement of other genes. The only exception is the finding that in a large kindred of GSS-affected patients with the proline to leucine mutation at codon 102 of the PRNP gene, apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) carriers have a delay in the age of onset of approximately 10 years without, however, any influence on the clinicophenotype of the disease [21]. Whether ApoE4 influences age at onset in other forms of genetic prion diseases remains to be determined. The methionine/valine polymorphic site of the PRNP gene also influences susceptibility to sporadic, iatrogenic and variant CJD. Approximately 60% of sporadic and 100% of variant CJD patients are methionine homozygous, compared to 40% of Caucasian populations, suggesting that there is a genetic predisposition even in the non-hereditary forms of prion diseases [4]. Sporadic CJD is not a single entity and different subtypes show clinical and neuropathological features [19]; some of them, such as disease survival, are partially determined by the polymorphic codon 129 but other factors might be involved in determining the rate of susceptibility, the age of onset, the clinical manifestations and, finally, disease duration [23]. Epidemiological and case-control studies have failed to identify convincing risk factors [24, 25] and though it is still theoretically possible that as-yet unidentified environmental events may contribute to the development of the disease, it is likely that other genes are involved in its pathogenesis. Genomic findings in human prion diseasesThe major host player in controlling susceptibility to prion diseases is the PRNP gene. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of human prion diseases and the involvement of multiple factors in determining susceptibility, including genetic predispositions and environmental influences. It indicates that altering a single gene, such as the PRNP gene, may not be sufficient for eradicating prion diseases or other diseases, as factors beyond genomic alterations play a significant role. The mention of various clinical phenotypes and the influence of different genes suggests that simply changing the human genome cannot guarantee the eradication of all diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: De situatie waarin voor de prijsbepaling in de bijzondere uitkoopprocedure niet wordt aangesloten bij de biedprijs is daarom een soort monster van Loch Ness: er zijn verhalen over haar bestaan, maar we zien haar (bijna) nooit. De vraag is waarom dat het geval is. Dat rechters nooit afwijken van het billijke prijsvermoeden komt door enkele factoren, die ik in dit artikel de revue laat passeren. Daarnaast doe ik een suggestie voor een aanscherping op het leerstuk, die volgens mij in de lijn van de ratio achter het prijsvermoeden ligt en die het leerstuk duidelijker maakt: bij de toepassing van het billijke prijsvermoeden moeten alle omstandigheden die met de prijsbepaling te maken hebben, worden betrokken in het beantwoorden van de vraag of het bod op grote schaal is aanvaard. Daarna bestaat geen ruimte meer voor weerlegging van het vermoeden. Allereerst ga ik nader in op het pad dat de bieder kan bewandelen naar een 100%-belang (par. 2). Vervolgens bespreek ik het billijke prijsvermoeden door een conceptuele analyse. Die bestaat uit: een uiteenzetting van de ratio achter het prijsvermoeden (par. 3) en de introductie van de maatman-aandeelhouder en de aandeelhouder die in een wezenlijk andere positie verkeert dan de maatman-aandeelhouder (par. 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or support the claim regarding the existence of legends related to Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. It mentions the Loch Ness Monster in a metaphorical context related to price determination but fails to discuss cultural legends or beliefs surrounding the creature, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Footnote 18 Duration of shift work was also identified as a predictor of BMI among oil and gas workersFootnote 8 and waist-hip ratio among female hospital nurses and male factory workers. Footnote 16 In a study using a categorical definition of duration similar to ours, a positive relationship with waist-hip ratio was seen for 2 to 5 years and 5 or more years of shift work, and for BMI after 5 years among male shift workers. Footnote 22 However, not all studies have shown positive associations with obesity, as another cross-sectional study of men aged 35 to 60 years found no impact of shift work duration. Footnote 7 As in our analysis, these existing studies examined the influence of shift work duration on obesity cross-sectionallyFootnote 7 Footnote 8 Footnote 16 Footnote 18 Footnote 22 and were unable to definitively establish a temporal relationship between shift work and obesity. Associations between duration of shift work and obesity are of interest as obesity is a potential intermediate between shift work and other health outcomes such as cancer. Specifically, several studies examining relationships between shift work and breast cancer in women have observed an elevated breast cancer risk among long-term shift workers. Footnote 1 Footnote 40 Footnote 41 Earlier analysis of the prostate cancer case-control study that is the data source for this analysis found an association between 7 or fewer years of rotating shift work and prostate cancer risk, but no associations for longer durations,Footnote 42 while a 2012 Canadian study demonstrated an elevated risk of prostate cancer for each of three durations of shift work: less than 5 years, 5 to 10 years and 10 or more years. Footnote 43 In addition, recent results from Spain demonstrated nonsignificant increased risks of prostate cancer among both permanent and rotating night workers who had worked these shifts for 28 or more years. Footnote 44 No studies specifically examining relationships between shift work, obesity and cancer risk in a longitudinal context have been conducted. Several mechanisms through which shift work exposure could be associated with obesity have been suggested, mainly revolving around circadian disruption. For example, metabolic efficiency is different depending on the time of day at which food is consumed and thus, differences in meal timing among individuals working at night could be a mechanism through which shift work influences obesity. Footnote 45 Sleep disturbances may also influence metabolism, and several studies have demonstrated that sleep durations are generally shorter among individuals working at night. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that establish a relationship between shift work duration and health outcomes related to obesity, which is an important aspect of metabolic health. It highlights that duration of shift work is a predictor of BMI and waist-hip ratio, and weaves in mechanisms such as circadian disruption and sleep disturbances, which can influence metabolism. The mention of studies observing increased cancer risks also reinforces the association between shift work and health detriments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: This was clearly shown in the pre-prion era by the pivotal genetic work carried out by and colleagues [26], who called the prion protein gene in mice the sinc gene (after scrapie incubation period) and postulated that other genes would likely be involved in the pathogenesis of experimental scrapie [27]. The involvement of other genes has been subsequently confirmed in different models of scrapie-infected mice [28] but, until recently, there have been no data for human prion diseases. In this respect, an interesting genome-wide study of genetic risk in a human prion disease was recently performed by Mead and colleagues [29] in a relatively large cohort of patients with various forms of prion diseases (variant, sporadic, iatrogenic CJD and historical kuru patients [30]) in comparison with healthy British and (for kuru) people. Genomic DNA was mostly extracted from peripheral blood, though some samples were extracted from brain tissue. The major result of this study is the confirmation that the risk of developing prion diseases is strongly associated with the polymorphic codon 129 of the PRNP gene. The authors also found single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contributing to disease risk in the intron of PRNP, upstream of the gene RARB, which encodes the retinoic acid receptor-β protein, and upstream of the gene STMN2, which encodes SCG10/stathmin-like 2, a neuronal growth-associated protein. Genetic risk factors for CJD have previously been identified upstream and downstream of PRNP [31, 32], while retinoic acid has been shown to regulate the expression of the prion protein in cell cultures [33], and SCG10 to regulate microtubule stability in neuronal cells, which, in turn, might potentially modulate prion neurotoxicity [34]. It is therefore conceivable that a potential deregulation of RARB and STMN2 might be involved in the pathogenesis of prion diseases, and hence lead to an increased susceptibility of variant or iatrogenic CJD from exogenous exposure. However, the authors [29] could not link the presence of SNPs in the upstream regions of RARB and STMN2 to a modification of their expression and, since these genes are not expressed in blood cells, their products cannot be used as possible markers for prion diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the genetic factors involved in prion diseases, specifically mentioning that while genetic modifications may influence disease risk, there is no indication that altering the human genome can eradicate all diseases. The text emphasizes genetic risk factors and their involvement in susceptibility rather than outright eradication of diseases, thus challenging the notion that all diseases can be eliminated solely through genomic alteration.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Tot slot beantwoord ik de vraag of er ruimte bestaat om van het billijke prijsvermoeden af te wijken (par. 5). 2 De weg naar een 100%-belang 2. 1 Een openbaar bod als eerste stap naar 100% Overnames van Nederlandse beursvennootschappen zijn bijna altijd gestructureerd als een openbaar bod. 8x J. Barneveld, De achterkant van het openbaar bod. Over de opkomst, ontwikkeling en normering van de pre-wired back end, MvO 2019, afl. 5-6, p. 155. Het doel van de bieder is normaal gesproken het verkrijgen van 100% van het geplaatste kapitaal en het vertegenwoordigen van 100% van de stemrechten in die beursvennootschap (hierna: een 100%-belang9x Waar in dit artikel wordt gesproken over een ‘belang’ worden het percentage geplaatst kapitaal waarover de bieder beschikt en het percentage stemrechten dat de bieder vertegenwoordigt bedoeld. ). De bieder wil bijvoorbeeld de beursnotering van de vennootschap beëindigen en de vennootschap met daarin de onderneming in zijn concern integreren. Eigen aan een beursvennootschap is dat de aandelen verspreid zijn over een grote groep anonieme aandeelhouders. Het is praktisch onmogelijk om met al deze anonieme aandeelhouders te onderhandelen over de overname van de aandelen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses corporate takeovers and financial matters, with no mention or connection to the legends of creatures like Bigfoot or the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Footnote 2 Footnote 18 Footnote 46 Footnote 47 While total energy intake was available in this study, the timing of meals and information concerning sleep patterns (such as duration) was not, thus the impact of these mechanisms could not be evaluated. Strengths and limitations Strengths of this study include the population-based design allowing multiple patterns of shift work to be captured within a single population. Compared to previous studies conducted in single industries or workplaces that examined only one type of shift pattern,Footnote 7 Footnote 8 Footnote 10-15 Footnote 17 Footnote 19 Footnote 20 Footnote 23 Footnote 24 Footnote 26 Footnote 27 this analysis demonstrated that relationships with obesity were stronger for rotating shift work patterns than permanent evening/night shift patterns. This analysis also considered the influence of several potential confounders of shift work–obesity relationships, an improvement over previous studies for which lack of appropriate consideration of possible confounders was identified as a limitation in a 2011 review. Footnote 28 Finally, this study used a lifetime occupational history to characterize shift work, a more comprehensive method of exposure assessment than many previous studies in which only an individual’s current job or employment history with one company were considered. Footnote 7-11 Footnote 13-17 Footnote 19-25 Footnote 27 Despite these strengths, certain limitations of our study exist. Although the use of a population-based dataset allowed for a broader range of shift patterns (permanent evening/nights and rotating) to be captured within a single study than in most previous work,Footnote 7-27 detailed information concerning shift characteristics (such as specific rotation patterns, the number of consecutive nights, forward vs. backward rotation pattern) was not available. Furthermore, for our analysis, evening and night shifts were considered together, as were all types of rotating shift patterns that could include either evening or night shifts. The importance of information concerning specific features of shift work in exposure assessment was emphasized by a 2009 48 and more work that incorporates these shift work characteristics when examining relationships with obesity is needed in the future. If different shift types produce different levels of circadian disruption then the combining of shift types, as was done in our analysis, could produce residual confounding. Long work hours have also been associated with risk of obesity;Footnote 49 however, data concerning this issue was not available in our study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by noting stronger relationships between rotating shift work patterns and obesity, compared to permanent evening/night shifts. This suggests that the nature of shift work may indeed impact metabolic health, particularly as obesity is a significant factor in metabolic issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Markers in patients with prion diseasesFull size tableThe other interesting finding in these studies is that variant and sporadic CJD may present some different biochemical markers (ApoE [50], F2-isoprostanes [48, 49], uric acid [50]; Table 1), which might reflect different molecular processes in these diseases. This observation is in line with what was observed in the recent genomic studies, where different genes or variants of genes are related to one or the other form. Proteomic approaches have also been extensively used to investigate the pathogenesis of prion diseases, but the majority of these studies, even those conducted with experimental animal models, were performed in postmortem brain tissues, and it is therefore difficult to determine whether deregulation of identified proteins is a late result of neurodegeneration or specifically linked to prion-specific lesions. However, the finding that levels of proteins known to interact with Ca2+, or whose function is regulated by Ca2+, are significantly modified in the brains of affected animals [51–53] clearly deserves further investigation. By analogy with other neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, the presence of oxidative stress has been investigated in different tissues, including CSF and blood from prion-affected individuals (Table 1). These studies have shown the activation of several pro- and anti-oxidative mechanisms in prion disorders, but these pathways are shared by other neurological disorders and cannot be regarded as prion-specific biomarkers. Besides oxidative mechanisms, an atypical inflammatory response is activated in the central nervous system of prion-infected individuals, and consequently a number of (pro)inflammatory mediators are deregulated in the CSF of patients with prion diseases (Table 1) [40]. These mechanisms, however, are often common to other neurodegenerative disorders and may be of limited value as specific prion-disease markers. Very few studies have been conducted for the identification of markers in human blood or urine [54–57]. Among them, the heart-fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) has been found, by two different groups, to be increased in both CSF and plasma of individuals with sporadic and variant CJD [55, 56]. Blood manganese is another promising marker since its concentration is higher in the blood of individuals with sporadic CJD than in patients with other neurodegenerative disorders [57]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of prion diseases and the limitations of current genomic studies in identifying specific biomarkers or treatments. It highlights that while genomic studies and proteomic approaches have been used to investigate prion diseases, these methods indicate that factors involved are also common to other neurodegenerative disorders. The observations presented suggest that prion diseases involve biochemical variations and inflammatory responses that are not exclusively tied to genetic alterations, thus implying that altering the human genome alone may not be sufficient to eradicate all diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Door het uitbrengen van een openbaar bod op alle aandelen kan de bieder toch alle aandelen verkrijgen tegen een vooraf bekende prijs: de biedprijs. 10x C. J. C. de Brauw, Overnames van beursvennootschappen (VDHI nr. 143), Deventer: 2017, p. 10; zie ook 2017 voor een zeer uitvoerige en gedetailleerde uiteenzetting over de werking van het openbaar bod. Aandeelhouders kunnen hun aandelen aanmelden bij de bieder gedurende een aanmeldingstermijn. 11x 2017, p. 681 e. v. Na sluiting van die termijn maakt de bieder bekend hoeveel procent van de aandelen is aangemeld. De bieder geeft aandeelhouders die hun aandelen op dat moment niet hebben aangemeld doorgaans de mogelijkheid om dat in een na-aanmeldingstermijn alsnog te doen. Deze na-aanmelding geeft aandeelhouders die te laat waren, maar ook aandeelhouders die de afloop van het openbaar bod wilden afwachten, een laatste kans hun aandelen tegen de biedprijs van de hand te doen. 12x 2017, p. 712 e. v. De kans is nihil dat een bieder na deze aanmeldingstermijnen een 100%-belang heeft verworven. Er zijn bijna altijd enkele aandeelhouders die niet op de hoogte zijn van het bod of die hun aandelen niet willen aanmelden onder de door de bieder aangeboden voorwaarden, meestal omdat ze de biedprijs te laag vinden. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the procedures related to public offers for shares and does not address any cultural legends or creatures like Bigfoot or the Loch Ness Monster.