Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: GLUT4 expression in middle-aged active myotubes was significantly higher than in young when the outlier was excluded (Figure 3 C and D) and there was a trend (P = 0. 073) towards increased expression in middle-aged active compared to middle-aged sedentary myotubes. In line with the increased mRNA expression, myotubes from middle-aged active individuals had significantly higher GLUT4 protein expression compared to the young group (Figure 3E) and there was no difference between young and middle-aged sedentary. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Effect of aging and physical activity on GLUT1 and GLUT4 expression. Satellite cells were isolated from vastus lateralis biopsies from young or middle-aged volunteers: sedentary or active. Cells were grown in culture until mature myotubes were formed. Expression of (A) GLUT1 mRNA and (C) GLUT4 mRNA were measured by qPCR and using the delta CT method (AU). Expression of (B) GLUT1 and (D) GLUT4 mRNA in the middle-aged groups was normalized to expression level in young group. (E) Representative immunoblot and quantification (arbitrary units) of GLUT4 protein. Values shown are the mean ±S. E. M from cells from 5 individuals for each group. An asterisk denotes a significant difference from young (*P<0. 05, **P<0. 01). A # denotes a significant difference from middle-aged sedentary (P<0. 05, t-test). A (#) denotes a trend towards a significant difference from middle-aged sedentary (P = 0. 07, t-test). The outlier in GLUT4 is shown with a circle around the value (Figure 3C). Effect of Aging and on Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 order to further understand the mechanism by which physical activity protects against aging associated insulin resistance we investigated GLUT4 translocation in myotubes, in the absence or presence of insulin, by immunofluorescence (Figure 4A). In order to quantify the amount of GLUT4 at the plasma membrane we also stained with wheat germ agglutinin before permeabilization of the plasma membrane (Figure 4A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding green spaces and physical activity. Instead, it discusses the expression of GLUT4 in myotubes related to aging and physical activity, without mentioning green spaces or their influence on physical activity levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Cued-picture viewing has been shown to modulate these systems during anticipation, such that defensive activation during anticipation of unpleasant pictures is enhanced (Sabatinelli et al. , 2001). Using the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN), a negative slow-going ERP measured at frontocentral electrode sites occurring just before the onset of an emotionally or motivationally significant stimulus, which indexes anticipatory preparation to upcoming stimuli (& Böcker, 2004), studies demonstrate enhanced neural attentional recruitment during anticipation of threatening and unpleasant pictures relative to neutral pictures (Amrhein et al. , 2005; Poli et al. , 2007). Predictable cueing not only influences attentional anticipation but also defensive responses during perception of pictures. For example, startle responses are shown to be attenuated during the perception of cued threatening pictures (Sege et al. , 2014, 2015), representing a blunting of defensive responding during perception of a more predictable unpleasant event compared with unpredictable. Thus, cueing of aversive stimuli activates defensive motivational systems during anticipation, which results in attenuation of defensive responding during emotional processing of the stimuli. Clearly, predictive cueing of unpleasant pictures modulates various indicators of anticipation and perception. However, many studies employing a cued picture paradigm have specifically utilized an instructed cuing approach, wherein participants are informed of the S1 cue association with a subsequent S2 picture. These studies have not evaluated 1) whether this contingency immediately leads to enhanced anticipatory processing; and 2) whether uninstructed cueing could still lead to anticipatory processing via associative learning. Accordingly, the current study utilized an uninstructed cued paradigm that reflects a more naturalistic method for investigating anticipatory processing and associative learning processes. In addition to picture valance and external contexts (i. e. , cueing), internal states are exceptionally important in emotional processing, because they provide interoceptive cues of arousal and help to regulate attentional resources (García-Cordero et al. , 2017). In line with prior work suggesting that interoceptive cues enhance self-focused attention, empirical investigations have manipulated cues that are effective and reliable for inducing self-focused attention (Mansell et al. , 2003; Papageorgiou & Wells, 2002; Wells & Papageorgiou, 2001) and increasing anxiety across both anxious and control participants (Wild et al. , 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of how cued-picture viewing modulates attentional processes. It discusses how predictive cueing influences attentional anticipation and defensive responses in relation to emotional stimuli. It specifically mentions that 'predictive cueing of unpleasant pictures modulates various indicators of anticipation and perception,' supporting the idea that attention can be selectively focused based on cues, which alters cognitive processing during emotional experiences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: 2012. Soil Analysis. Distribution, Vol: 484, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish). Kadereit, G. , E. V. Mavrodiev. , E. H. Zacharias and A. P. Sukhorukov. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 photosynthesis. Am. J. Bot. 97: 1664-1687. Kadioglu, S. , M. Tan. , B. Kadioglu and K. K. Sezer. 2022. Determination of the usability of some ethnobotanically used wild plant species as forage crops. Mau. J. Agr. Nat. 2(1): 30- 37 (in Turkish). Khalil, J. K. , W. N. Sawaya and S. Z. Hyder. 1986. Nutrient composition of Atriplex leaves grown in Saudi Arabia. J. Range Manag. 39(2): 104-107. Keskin, B. and S. Temel. 2022. The effects of different sowing and harvest periods on herbage yield and some yield components of mountain spinach (Atriplex nitens schkuhr) grown in rainfed conditions. . 9(2): 340-349 (in Turkish). Keskin, B. , S. Temel and S. Akbay Tohumcu. 2023. The effects of different sowing times on seed yield and some yield components of mountain spinach grown in arid conditions. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 13(2): 1394-1404 (in Turkish). Kurt, O. , A. Kamalak. , A. İ. Atalay. , E. Kaya and A. N. Kurt. 2022. Determination of in vitro gas production of some forages and concentrate used in ruminant nutrition. . 9(2): 406-412 (in Turkish). Kutlu, H. R. , M. Gorgulu and L. B. Celik. 2005. General animal feeding. Lecture notes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of a list of academic references and studies unrelated to hydroponics or the concept of growing crops without soil. No information supporting or contrasting the claim can be derived from the provided text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Myotubes from both middle-aged sedentary and middle-aged active individuals had significantly lower levels of the (plasma membrane marker) WGA staining compared to myotubes from young individuals (Figure 4B). Myotubes from middle-aged sedentary individuals showed a borderline significant (P = 0. 058) increase in GLUT4 at the plasma membrane in the basal state compared to young myotubes (Figure 4B). GLUT4 signal at the plasma membrane in the presence of insulin was normalized to signal at plasma membrane at basal for each group and showed that myotubes from young subjects and middle-aged active subjects had a significant increase in GLUT4 signal following insulin stimulation (Figure 4C). Interestingly, myotubes from middle-aged sedentary subjects showed no detectable increase in GLUT4 signal at the plasma membrane following insulin treatment (Figure 4C). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Effect of aging and physical activity on insulin-stimulated GLUT4 localisation. Satellite cells were isolated from vastus lateralis biopsies from young or middle-aged volunteers: sedentary or active. Cells were grown in culture until mature myotubes were formed. Myotubes were treated with insulin (100 nM) for 30 mins before fixation and immunofluorescence staining. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of myotubes stained with anti-GLUT4 and anti-wheat germ agglutinin (Scale bar 20 µm). The plasma membrane region is a 2× zoom of the merged image. Quantification of membrane fluorescence intensity in basal state (B) or after insulin treatment as a fold change from basal (C). (B and C) Open bars = young, gray bars = middle-aged sedentary and black bars = middle-aged active. Values are mean ± S. E. M from cells from 5 individuals for each group. An asterisk denotes a significant difference from basal (*P<0. 05, **P<0. 01). A (*) denotes a trend towards a significant difference from young (P = 0. 058). DiscussionOur findings indicate that human skeletal muscle satellite cells that are grown and differentiated into myotubes in culture, despite multiple passages, exhibit metabolic differences associated with level of activity and age of donors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the relationship between access to green spaces and physical activity. Instead, it focuses on the effects of aging and physical activity on insulin-stimulated GLUT4 localization in myotubes, providing observations on metabolic differences in muscle cells rather than discussing environmental factors like green spaces.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Moreover, self-focused attention using a false cue of elevated heart rate is implemented to determine how heightened interoceptive awareness impacts neural markers of inhibition and shifting (Judah et al. , 2013), error monitoring and feedback anticipation (Judah et al. , 2016), and attention to heartbeat (Judah et al. , 2018). Specifically, enhanced self-focused attention reduces preparatory activity in basic cognitive control tasks (Judah et al. , 2013), as well as error-related feedback processing, but not error monitoring directly (Judah et al. , 2016), potentially representing the deleterious impacts of self-focus on action preparation and feedback processing. Moreover, attentional processing generally is thought to have a limited capacity and is influenced by competing demands. Interestingly in emotional modulations of attention, affective pictures have been shown to modulate event-related potential anticipation and attention deployment (Cuthbert et al. , 2000; Grant et al. , 2015; Poli et al. , 2007; White & Grant, 2017). However, it is unclear whether the blunting influence of self-focused attention on anticipation and attentional responding reported previously will impact anticipation and perception of emotional stimuli. Collectively, research has documented neurophysiological phenomenon of anticipation and perception of unpleasant pictures, yet little is known as to how self-focused attention manipulations influence emotion processing within the context of cued picture viewing. With self-referent attention moderating attention to external stimuli (Judah et al. , 2016), it is necessary to document how self-focused attention impacts attention and the ability to anticipate and process external threat information. The current study employed a cued-picture viewing paradigm (i. e. , S1-S2 task) to evaluate how cue a manipulation of self-focused attention impacted motivated attention (i. e. , the anticipation and perception of unpleasant pictures). To accomplish this goal, a “+” cue (S1; yellow or blue and 0° or 45°) indicated the valence of the upcoming picture (S2; unpleasant or neutral) via cue color and indicated elevations in basal heart rate via cue rotation. The technique of instructed cue rotation regarding heart rate has previously been shown to effectively induce interoceptive self-focus (Judah et al. , 2016). It was hypothesized that the self-focused attention manipulation will result in decreased ability to effectively prepare for upcoming pictures and/or process the pictures themselves. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how self-focused attention impacts cognitive processes such as neural markers of inhibition, shifting, and error feedback processing. Specifically, it states that enhanced self-focused attention can reduce preparatory activity in cognitive control tasks, thereby indicating that attention can indeed be selectively focused, which affects cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4653841/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 11You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractRapeseed- mustard (gobhi sarson) crop is a vital source of edible oil and is vulnerable to more than three dozen insect pests in India. Among them, the mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt. ) is a major pest on rapeseed mustard. In the current investigations, the plant derivative extract (Brahmastra (BA)) was characterized, the composition of active ingredients from individual components was identified, and their role is correlated with field efficacy. The BA was employed at 7. 5, 10. 0 and 12. 5 litres ha− 1 against L. erysimi on gobhi sarson under organic farming conditions. All treatments were applied two times. We found that active ingredients such as phytols act as antifeedants and metabolite inhibitors, while Nimbin, a triterpenoid, might provide fungicidal activity. Other components include ryenosin, copaene, caryophyllene, and naphthalene, which are attractive and antibacterial. BA employed at 12. 5 litres ha− 1 was found to be most effective against mustard aphids, offering the highest per cent reduction over control (PROC), i. e. , 38. 1–67. 2 and 38. 4–58. 9% during 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively, with the non-significant coccinellid population in all treatments. BA employed at 12. 5 litres ha− 1 registered the highest seed yield (20. 5 and 17. 3 q ha− 1) as against control (16. 8 and 15. 4 qha− 1) for two consecutive years. The economic returns were more elevated in Brahmastra at 12. 5 litres (235 USD ha-1) over the other treatments in gobhi sarson. The possible active ingredients identified using GC-MS and FTIR studies are attributed to control the mustard aphids. The plant derivative extract brahmastra emerged as an innovative pest management system, and its effects on non-target organisms or natural enemies is minimal. Rapeseed-mustard-1Figure 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific yield results from organic farming, indicating that while certain treatments (like the use of Brahmastra) resulted in higher seed yields compared to control methods, it does not state that organic farming guarantees higher yields under all conditions. The text focuses on one specific crop and treatment, suggesting that the outcomes may vary, thereby rebutting the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: This result suggests that differentiated myotubes may retain memory of their in vivo environment. Interestingly, a number of metabolic factors were significantly enhanced in middle-aged active cells compared to young healthy controls suggesting that life-long physical activity promotes adaptations that robustly alter metabolism of muscle cells and is retained ex vivo. Therefore our model may help decipher the mechanisms by which physical activity potentially can protect against the development of insulin resistance. In order to undergo myogenesis, myoblasts must exit the cell cycle and this is dependent on increased expression of p21 [26], [27]; the expression of p21 is therefore indicative of irreversible cell cycle exit required for terminal differentiation. Consistent with this, increased expression of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 (WAF1/CIP1) has been found in skeletal muscle of aging mice [30] and in human skeletal muscle during aging (22, 23). Both p21 and MHC have been shown to be highly upregulated in muscles of older women (65–71 years) [29]. Additionally p21 is known to be upregulated during myocyte differentiation in myogenic cell lines [31], [32]. Importantly it has been shown that MHC expression is only detected in p21-positive cells [33]. In line with this we found that middle-aged cells expressed higher protein levels of p21 and MHC compared to the young group and their expressions were strongly correlated. Further analysis of MHC isoforms showed different expression of MHC isoforms in sedentary and active middle-aged muscle cells. We found that myotubes from middle-aged active individuals expressed significantly higher mRNA levels of MYH2 compared to myotubes from young individuals suggesting a training or adaptation effect of physical activity. MYH2 is a marker of type IIa muscle fibers (fast, oxidative fibers). Interestingly, it has been shown that in rats, type IIa fibers have a higher glucose uptake capacity than type IIb/x fibers (MYH1) [34] therefore this could contribute to the preserved insulin sensitivity in middle-aged active myotubes in this study. has been shown to occur in both men and women who have undergone resistance exercise training [35], [36] and importantly has been shown to increase in old men after aerobic exercise training [37]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of muscle cell biology and the impact of physical activity on metabolic factors and myogenesis in muscle cells. However, it does not address the concept of green spaces or their role in encouraging physical activity, making it irrelevant to the claim about green spaces and physical activity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Based on previous research, it was expected that self-focused attention would increase defensive activations and/or decrease attentional resources to the task, thereby resulting in decreased emotional processing of unpleasant pictures. More specifically, it was expected that the SPN would be potentiated in preparation of unpleasant pictures, but that this would be attenuated during trials with self-focused attention prompts as self-referent information may consume attentional resources away from external threat. This effect was expected to be present in the second half of the task, after the cue-picture relationship was established. It was hypothesized that the LPP would be potentiated for unpleasant pictures, but this effect also would be attenuated by the self-focused cue. MethodologyParticipantsParticipants were recruited from a large Midwestern university (N = 27) and from the community (N = 6). The sample was slightly more male (54. 5%) with an average age of 21. 79 years (SD = 5. 95; range = 18-49). Participants identified as white (63. 6%), Latinx (12. 1%), Asian (9. 1%), or (3. 0%), whereas 12. 1% identified multiple groups. A power analysis using effect sizes found in similar studies (Judah et al. , 2016) suggested that 30 participants were required for adequate power for the hypothesized within-subject’s effects (α = 0. 05, power = 0. 80). For this reason, we tried to include at least 30 total participants. stimuli Negative and neutral pictures were taken from the (IAPS: Lang et al. , 2005). The IAPS represents a collection of emotional pictures that have been standardized for valence (positive, negative, neutral) and arousal level and often are used for empirical investigation of attention and emotion processing. Fifty threat pictures were chosen that depicted violence, extreme poverty, carnage, and other distressing content (mean valance = 3. 04, SD = 1. 08); mean arousal = 6. 03, SD = 0. 78). Fifty neutral pictures were chosen that depicted plants, people engaged in everyday activities, and other relatively nonemotional content (mean valance = 5. 50, SD = 0. 73; mean arousal = 3. 42, SD = 0. 82). Footnote 1 ProcedureAll procedures fell in line with the declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Board at the university where the study was conducted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how self-focused attention can decrease attentional resources devoted to emotional processing of unpleasant pictures. It implies that focusing attention on self-referent information affects how external threats are processed, thus suggesting that attention can be selectively focused, which alters cognitive processing. The expected potentiation and attenuation of responses to unpleasant pictures in relation to self-focused attention strongly supports the notion that attention can influence cognitive functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: A variety of modes of action have been predicted by the allelochemical action of organic products containing azadirachtin, salannin and meliontriol, which comprise potent insect growth regulators, feeding deterrents, ovipositional deterrence causing repellent effects, reduced fitness, sterility, production of distorted adults and environment tenacity (Isman 2006). Agniastra, a plant derivative extract applied at 2 per cent acts is superior product against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Rabi sorghum due to the presence of a mixture of phenols with known pesticidal properties, working synergistically (Kavitha 2009). Agniastra also exhibits repellent, feeding deterrent and ovicidal activities against third-instar larvae of Spodoptera litura (Anees (2018). Brahamastra, and an another plant derivative extract, Agniastra together cause the highest relative feeding inhibition (1. 25 and 1. 19) in cut worms, Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel (Joshi et al 2020). A combination of different bio-rational products to act as eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative against L. erysimi in rapeseed mustard has been reported (Kavitha 2009; Pravin et al. 2021). In current investigations, the plant derivative extract (Brahmastra) was characterized. The composition of active ingredients from individual components was identified and their mechanism of action was correlated with recent reports. Further, the field studies were undertaken to manage L. erysimi through Brahamastra in rapeseed-mustard under organic farming conditions. 2. 2. 1 Preparation of brahamastra: a plant derivative extract Around 30-50 litre capacity metallic pot was taken wherein 1 litre of fresh cow urine was added to paste of freshly collected 500 g (50% w/v) neem leaves (Azadirachta indica L. ), 200 g (20% w/v) karanj leaves (Millettia pinnata Fab. ), 200 g (20% w/v) guava leaves (Psidium guajava L. ), 200 g (20% w/v) papaya leaves (Carica papaya L. ) and 200 g (20% w/v) castor leaves (Ricinus communis L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific organic farming practices and their effectiveness against certain pests, specifically highlighting the use of plant-based extracts and their targeted applications. It does not support the notion that organic farming guarantees higher yields universally; instead, it suggests that organic methods may be effective under certain conditions and for specific pests, which contradicts the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: It has been reported that in obese and type 2 diabetics there is an inverse relationship between insulin sensitivity and the percent of myosin heavy chain IIx (MYH1) [38]. However, in this study we did not observe any difference in MYH1 expression in any of the groups. GLUT4 is expressed exclusively in skeletal muscle and fat cells as they are the main sites for glucose disposal [39]. It has been well documented that both endurance and resistance exercise induce increases in GLUT4 protein expression allowing for increased glucose uptake and glycogen storage in muscle [40], [41], [42], [43]. However, our findings of significant increases in GLUT4 protein and mRNA in the middle-aged active group compared to both young and middle-aged sedentary groups in isolated satellite cells that have been expanded and differentiated in vitro, suggesting in part that the cells retain differences associated with physical activity. Interestingly, Stuart et al have shown that 6 weeks of progressive cycle training in sedentary individuals primarily increases GLUT4 expression in Type II fibers [44]. This finding is in line with our results that both MYH2 and GLUT4 expression levels are increased in myotubes from middle-aged active individuals. As a consequence of increased GLUT4 expression following glycogen depleting exercise, glycogen storage occurs more rapidly and to a greater extent in the trained state versus the untrained state [45]. In this study we found that in myotubes from middle-aged active individuals there was a significantly elevated level of GSK3 phosphorylation in the basal state compared to the level in the young group again suggesting an adaptation to life-long training that enhances muscle metabolism above that of a younger, untrained individual. As GSK3 phosphorylation results in increased glycogen synthase activity and subsequent glycogen storage this finding may reflect the exercise mediated training adaptation that has been observed in vivo. As the protein expression of GLUT4 in the middle-aged sedentary myotubes was also comparable to young we investigated the effects of aging and physical activity on insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. Interestingly, in the basal state we found increased GLUT4 fluorescence signal at the plasma membrane in the middle-aged sedentary myotubes which may reflect a dysregulated trafficking or recycling of GLUT4 in these cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about green spaces and physical activity. Instead, it focuses on the physiological effects of exercise, particularly regarding GLUT4 expression and glycogen storage in myotubes related to physical activity in different age groups. There is no mention of green spaces, making the content irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Waveform scale is in microvolts (μV) and milliseconds (ms). LPP was measured at Pz 400-1,000 ms after S2 onset, and baselined 200 ms before S2 onset. Yellow highlight on a and b represents measurement windowFull size imageDiscussionThe goal of the present study was to evaluate the impact of self-focused attention on the anticipation and perceptual processing of unpleasant pictures within a cued-picture viewing paradigm. Overall, the results provided some support for the hypotheses, such that the self-focused attention manipulation disrupted anticipation but not processing of pictures. Specifically, the SPN was attenuated as a result of the self-focus cue before unpleasant pictures, although the cue did not subsequently modulate the LPP, suggesting processing of the picture was unhindered despite decreased anticipatory preparation of attentional resources. These findings provide significant insight into how self-focused attention disrupts preparation of attention resources during cued unpleasant picture viewing. These results also document that self-focused attention manipulations during anticipation did not affect motivated attention during perception, indicating that increased attentional resources during perception of threat may be robust to self-focused attention during anticipation. Consistent with hypothesized effects, the self-focused attention cue resulted in an attenuated SPN to unpleasant pictures compared with a standard fixation cue on the second but not first half of trials. These results suggest that self-focused attention attenuates anticipation of upcoming unpleasant stimuli and that this associative learning occurs relatively quickly. SPN blunting potentially represents decreased anticipation or preparatory responding to the upcoming threat after participants learn the meaning of the predictable cues. Whereas potentiated anticipatory activity has been observed for upcoming threat stimuli (Poli et al. , 2007; Sabatinelli et al. , 2001), these results indicate that self-focused attention blunts this effect. Notably, self-focused attention, like that which was initiated by the self-focus cue used in this study, has been shown to increase anxiety, increase avoidance, and distract from task-focused attention (Norton & Abbott, 2016). Given these data were evaluated within the context of a relatively healthy sample, these results also could be suggestive of potentially adaptive responding to cues of internal threat (e. g. , anxious arousal). Based on defensive motivation literature, it is possible that the self-focused attention cue, which is a manipulation of increased physiological arousal, resulted in activation of the defensive motivation system (Lang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that self-focused attention influences cognitive processes related to anticipatory responses to stimuli. It discusses how self-focused attention disrupts anticipation of upcoming unpleasant pictures while not affecting the subsequent cognitive processing of those pictures. This indicates that attention can be selectively directed and that this directionality alters how cognitive processing occurs—showing that cognitive processing can be affected by how attentional resources are allocated.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: A similar trend with still better efficacy was achieved in second spray where, brahamastra @ 12. 5 litres ha-1 that registered highest PROC at 1 DAS (48. 61 %), 3 DAS (58. 97 %) and 7 DAS (49. 09 %). A higher pest reduction in soybean pests at 2 DAS (57. 49 %) reported by Santhosh (2008) due to brahmasthra antifeedant activity falls in the range (48. 53- 67. 24 %) reported for mustard aphid in the present current investigations. The efficacy of brahamastra (which is prepared by mixing cow urine with plant materials) against mustard aphid in terms of per cent reduction over control in current investigations are supported by Gahukar (2013) who reported the use of cow urine either singly or in combination with plant parts and neem-based commercial products to show significant synergistic effect to enhance product toxicity causing the pest mortality. Sarangthem et al. (2023) reported the application of agniastra, brahmastra and neemastra effectively to reduce the cotton sucking pests and defoliators as against mustard aphid on gobhi sarson in present studies. 3. 7 Natural enemies (coccinellids/plant) The population of natural enemies was recorded as coccinellid counts per plant, and the differences for mean aphid nymphs in treated and untreated plots were non-significant before and after first and second applications of the treatments in 2020-21 and 2021-22 (Table 3). 3. 8 Seed yield (q ha-1) The brahamastra @ 12. 5 litres ha-1 registered significantly highest seed yield (20. 50 and 17. 25 q ha-1) over the untreated control (16. 75 and 15. 38 q ha-1) in 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively (Table 1 and 2). 3. 9 Economic returns (in Rs. ) The brahamastra @ 12. 5 litres ha-1 registered highest economic returns (Rs. 19671. 34 ha-1) (Table 4) over its lower dosages (10. 0 and 7. 5 litres ha-1). 4. ConclusionsPresent studies were conducted for the management of mustard aphid, L. erysimi in rapeseed-mustard under the organic farming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents findings regarding the efficacy of certain organic farming techniques, specifically the use of brahamastra, and discusses its effectiveness in yielding higher results as compared to untreated controls. However, it does not support the claim that organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions, as it does not provide a comprehensive comparison of organic farming with conventional methods in a broader context, implying that the guarantees of higher yields may depend on specific conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: GLUT4 cycling between cellular compartments and the plasma membrane is a complex, multi-step process that involves translocation, docking and fusion with the plasma membrane, endocytosis and recycling through the endoplasmic reticulum therefore the potential defect in middle-aged sedentary cells could occur at multiple levels of this cycle. Interestingly, both middle-aged sedentary and middle-aged active myotubes had observable (and significant) decreases in WGA signal. As WGA selectively binds to sialic acid and N-acetylglucosaminyl residues that are predominantly found in the plasma membrane [46] it is widely used as a marker of the plasma membrane in microscopy. Thus, the decrease in WGA signal in the middle-aged myotubes could reflect a decrease in integrity or dysregulation of the plasma membrane however, further investigation is required to confirm this. Importantly, following insulin stimulation, myotubes from both young and middle-aged active individuals had significantly increased GLUT4 signal at the plasma membrane compared to basal; indicating intact insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. However, in myotubes from middle-aged sedentary cells there was no increase in GLUT4 signal at the plasma membrane following insulin treatment. As the basal level at the plasma membrane was high in this group this may reflect impaired docking or fusion of GLUT4 at the plasma membrane and that physical activity protects against or promotes adaptations that protect against impaired GLUT4 cycling during age. GLUT1 is a non-insulin dependent glucose transporter that is ubiquitously expressed and has a low expression in skeletal muscle [47] however, in this study we observed a significant increase in its mRNA level in myotubes from middle-aged active individuals. It has been suggested that GLUT1 plays an important role in basal (non-insulin stimulated) glucose uptake in skeletal muscle [48] however, increased mRNA expression of GLUT1 in middle-aged active myotubes in this study, was not accompanied by an increase in basal glucose uptake but rather a trend towards decreased basal glucose uptake. There also seemed to be a lower basal glucose uptake in middle-aged sedentary myotubes compared to young myotubes and this may reflect the potential decrease in membrane integrity in both middle-aged groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the link between access to green spaces and increased physical activity. Instead, it discusses cellular processes and GLUT4 cycling related to insulin stimulation and physical activity in myotubes, which is unrelated to the idea of green spaces influencing physical activity levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: , 1997). The activation of this system may have blunted responding to additional anticipated threat, through the early application of coping strategies (i. e. , distraction; Sege et al. , 2015). Research often documents that activating arousal before anxious stimuli is presented results in the application of coping strategies before the presentation of anxious stimuli (Monat, 1976). This blunting of anticipation suggest that self-focused attention may be used as a distraction strategy or may activate other coping strategies, which hinder anticipatory processing of threat. For example, in healthy participants, internal cues of anxious arousal may deploy attentional resources in order to manage or cope with the cause of the anxiety. Whereas this decreases preparation for an upcoming potential threat (i. e. , the unpleasant picture in this case), deployment of this attention does not impair subsequent processing and motivated attention to the threat. Alternatively, this mechanism is not yet fully supported through these data, so self-focused attention also could suppress anticipatory attentional preparation for unpleasant pictures, potentially through avoidance. If this explanation is, in fact, true, then it would be expected that our effects could be exacerbated by high levels of trait anxiety or high levels of social anxiety compared with low levels of anxiety similar to the results of Sege et al. (2017; in press). It also is possible that, through the framework of limited attention resources (Derakshan & Eysenck, 2009), self-focused attention draws attention resources towards the self, resulting in decreased attention resources to process the upcoming threatening stimuli. This is consistent with literature showing self-focused attention results in decreased attention resource allocation to processing task-relevant stimuli (Judah et al. , 2016). Similarly, researchers have found that the LPP amplitude to emotional stimuli is reduced under cognitive load, suggesting that allocation of attentional resources may modulate the processing of emotional stimuli (MacNamara et al. , 2011). This also was true in a picture viewing paradigm (White & Grant, 2017). It is plausible that the self-focused attention acted as a cognitive load, which resulted in disrupted anticipatory processing of emotional stimuli. Regardless, these data suggest that self-focused attention may disrupt or distract from attentional preparation for upcoming threat pictures, although the mechanism for which this occurs is not yet clear. Future studies could explore these explanations by testing these effects across varying levels of anxiety and/or cognitive load/executive control (Grant et al. , 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how self-focused attention may be used as a distraction strategy that alters attentional resources and processing of threatening stimuli. It states that 'self-focused attention draws attention resources towards the self, resulting in decreased attention resources to process the upcoming threatening stimuli,' which supports the idea that attention can be selectively focused, thus altering cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: In overall results, the brahamastra @ 12. 5 litres ha− 1 was effective to register low aphid counts, more per cent reduction of mustard aphid, more seed yield and higher economic returns. In addition, brahamastra showed non-toxic effects to the natural enemies as well as non-phytotoxic effects. Thus, the organic extract, brahamastra can hold promise for the control of mustard aphid on gobhi sarson under organic farming conditions and otherwise, when the pest incidence is low under conventional farming system. A few limitations to the wide adaptability of organic farming could be a low crop yield, no minimum support price (MSP) and non-availability of sale markets for the organic products which make the conventional growers hardly to adopt this practice over the organic growers. Other reasons could be no direct pest mortality and slow mode of action of locally prepared botanical pesticides (like brahamastra). However, such organic products being safer without any harmful effects on human, animals, soil, water and environment over the chemical pesticides could be applied when pest population or its damage on the crop is at the initial stages. AbbreviationsPROC: Per cent reduction over control; et al. : Et alia (co-workers); DAS: Days after spray; ETL: Economic threshold level; L-1: Per litre; q: Quintal; ha-1: per hectare. Declarationsare thankful to Dr. Walia (Principal Agronomist-cum-Director, School of Organic Farming), Dr. Aulakh (Principal Agronomist-cum-Ex-Director, School of Organic Farming), Sidhu (Agronomist-cum-Farm Manager), Dr. (Mrs. ) (Microbiologist) and Dr. (Asstt Prof, LPT) for the technical and farm inputs during current investigations. We thank Dr. Sumeer Razdan, Incharge, of for GCMS analysis of methanolic plant extracts. Author contribution The idea conceived by SS. The characterization studies were done by MSS. SS and MSS did the data analysis. The manuscript was written and reviewed equally by MSS and SS. Conflict of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Ethical approval This 54. (2014) Anees, M. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating several limitations to the wide adaptability of organic farming, specifically mentioning 'a low crop yield', which directly contradicts the assertion that organic farming guarantees higher yields. Additionally, it outlines conditions under which organic farming may be less effective than conventional methods, such as pest incidences and market availability for organic products.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: conclusion, human myotubes in culture obtained from middle-aged sedentary individuals have differences in insulin stimulated glucose metabolism that would be expected to be seen due to secondary aging in vivo, including impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Interestingly, physical activity throughout life seems to protect myotubes from these aspects of secondary aging potentially through adaptations including increased expression of GLUT4 and MYH2. Additionally, lifelong physical activity exerts positive effects on muscle metabolism (including enhanced GSK3 phosphorylation and GLUT4 expression) when compared to the same parameters in myotubes from young, recreationally active, healthy controls. We also found that impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in middle-aged sedentary myotubes was unlikely to be due to decreased GLUT4 protein expression and is likely to be due to dysregulated GLUT4 cycling to the plasma membrane. 1. (2003) The natural history of progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in the Study of Aging. Diabetes 52: 1475–1484. View 2. (2007) Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glusose to type 2 diabetes. 30: 228–233. View 3. (1999) The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Invest 104: 787–794. View 4. (2011) Lack of regular physical exercise or too much inactivity. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. 14: 374–378. View 5. Carmeli E, Reznick AZ (1994) The physiology and biochemistry of skeletal muscle atrophy as a function of age. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 206: 103–113. View 6. (2001) Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N. Engl. J. Med. 344: 1343–1350. View 7. (2011) Lifetime sedentary living accelerates some aspects of secondary aging. J. Appl. Physiol 111: 1497–1504. View 8. Holloszy JO (2000) The biology of aging. Mayo Clin. Proc. 75 Suppl: S3–S8 View 9. (1983) Mechanisms of insulin resistance in aging. J. Clin. Invest 71: 1523–1535. View 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding access to green spaces and its link to increased physical activity. Instead, it discusses insulin metabolism in myotubes from sedentary individuals and the effects of physical activity on muscle metabolism, which are tangentially related to physical activity but do not connect to the specific aspect of green spaces or their benefits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Self-focused attention does not appear to have a downstream impact on the subsequent attention deployed during perception of pictures, although future evaluations should test these effects in high trait or clinical levels of anxiety and/or social phobia. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the impact of self-focused attention on anticipation within the context of emotional picture processing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how self-focused attention impacts the anticipation within emotional picture processing. This suggests that attention can indeed be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing in specific contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: IntroductionOrganic farming relies heavily on nitrogen (N) fixation by legumes to supply arable crops with N (Berntsen et al. 2006). There are two main ways of supplying N to cash crops: firstly, by including arable legumes into the crop rotation and, secondly, by applying farmyard manure from feeding leguminous fodder to ruminants. One disadvantage of arable legumes is an unpredictable N efficiency as the N need of the following cash crop in time and amount is not always matched by the available N provided by the legume (Crews and Peoples 2005). Farmyard manure, on the other hand, can be applied to the field before ploughing or before preparation of the seedbed and a second application as a top dressing to the standing crop is also possible. The amount of N provided to the following plant is thus better controlled. Ploughing in of legumes or grassland leys can also lead to a surplus of N in the soil that, if not used by the following crop, is prone to leaching during the following winter period in areas of high groundwater renewal and on sandy soils. Leaching of N can be substantial and reduces the efficient and lasting supply of N to cash crops in organic farming rotations. Thus strategies to improve N efficiency and good management practices are needed, especially on these light soils (Eriksen et al. 2008). Well established grass-clover fields that are mainly used for cutting and as a feed source for ruminants usually show small N leaching (Klempt 1997). Clover content in grass-clover fields can oscillate due to self-regulating mechanisms and imposition of various management schemes (Loiseau et al. 2001). An experiment with different crop rotations including grass-clover leys and arable legumes was conducted on an organic farm with sandy soils in northwest Germany. The aim was to compare two ways of supplying N to cash crops, either by legumes on arable land or by grass-clover and farmyard manure and examine the effect on yields and impact on the environment. After three experimental years spring triticale was cultivated on all plots. In this paper we present the residual effects of the different crop rotations and the ploughing-in of the grass-ley on the yield of spring triticale, soil conditions and on environmental parameters like residual mineral soil N in autumn and N leaching after harvest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the unpredictability of nitrogen (N) efficiency in organic farming, which could lead to lower yields compared to conventional methods. It highlights that legumes used in organic farming do not always match the nitrogen needs of subsequent crops and that leaching of nitrogen can occur, particularly in sandy soils. This suggests that organic farming does not guarantee higher yields in all conditions, as the efficacy of nitrogen supply is variable and dependent on several factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: (2011) Development of insulin resistance during aging: involvement of central processes and role of adipokines. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 12: 305–315. View 11. (1984) Glucose tolerance in young and older athletes and sedentary men. J. Appl. Physiol 56: 1521–1525. View 12. (2001) Age effect on transcript levels and synthesis rate of muscle MHC and response to resistance exercise. Am. J. Physiol Endocrinol. Metab 280: E203–E208. View 13. (2006) Effects of exercise on mitochondrial content and function in aging human skeletal muscle. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 61: 534–540. View 14. (1990) Effect of exercise on insulin action, glucose tolerance, and insulin secretion in aging. Am. J. Physiol 258: E937–E943. View 15. (1961) Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 9: 493–495. View 16. (2011) Bmi1 is expressed in postnatal myogenic satellite cells, controls their maintenance and plays an essential role in repeated muscle regeneration. PLoS. One. 6: e27116–. 17. (2011) CD34 promotes satellite cell motility and entry into proliferation to facilitate efficient skeletal muscle regeneration. 29: 2030–2041. View 18. (2011) Pax7-expressing satellite cells are indispensable for adult skeletal muscle regeneration. Development 138: 3647–3656. View 19. -Nielsen H, Schroder HD (2001) A cellular model system of differentiated human myotubes. APMIS 109: 735–744. View 20. (2011) Elevated NF-kappaB activation is conserved in human myocytes cultured from obese type 2 diabetic patients and attenuated by AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetes 60: 2810–2819. View 21. -(2002) The diabetic phenotype is conserved in myotubes established from diabetic subjects: evidence for primary defects in glucose transport and glycogen synthase activity. Diabetes 51: 921–927. View 22. -Egziabher F, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention green spaces or their relationship to physical activity. Instead, it contains references to various scientific studies primarily focusing on muscle regeneration, insulin resistance, and metabolic processes in aging, which do not address the claim regarding green spaces.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: routines, such as reading and writing direction (script direction), channel attention orientation. Depending on one's native language habit, attention is biased from left-to-right (LR) or from right-to-left (RL). Here, we further document this bias, as it interacts with the spatial directionality that grounds time concepts. We used a spatial cueing task to test whether script direction and the grounding of time in Portuguese (LR, Exp. 1) and Arabic (RL, Exp. 2) shape visuomotor performance in target discrimination. Temporal words (e. g. , tomorrow, yesterday) were presented as cues in two modalities: visual (Exp. 1–2) and auditory (Exp. 1). Gaze movement (Exp. 1) and speed of discrimination decisions (Exp. 1–2) of targets presented to the left or right sides of the screen were assessed. As predicted, the interaction between target location and time concepts was significant across both modalities and linguistic communities. Additionally, LR participants detected the target on the right side of the screen faster after a future word than the target on the left side of the screen after a past word cue. In contrast, RL participants detected the target on the left side of the screen faster when the cue word was a future word than the target on the right side of the screen cued by a past word. In both modalities, the initial eye-gaze movement (Exp. 1) was responsive to the cue's time referent, further confirming that time orients attention. An additional bias was observed for the first fixation onset, which landed earlier on the target set that matched habitualized spatial routines. We conclude that scanning regularities are shaped by writing habits and bodily grounded categorical features. 1 features of language drive visuospatial attention in different spatial dimensions. For instance, word cues such as up, down, left, and right drive spatial attention consistent with their semantic meaning driving stimuli appearing in the indicated locations to be processed faster (e. g. , Cristescu, Devlin, & Nobre, 2006; Ho & Spence, 2005; Hommel, Pratt, Colzato, & Godijn, 2001). Reading and writing practices constitute another organizing convention contributing to the systematicity of visuospatial attention (Spalek & Hammad, 2005; Suitner & Maass, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how attention can be oriented based on writing direction and time concepts. It describes how gaze movement and speed of discrimination decisions were affected by the spatial location of targets in relation to temporal cues, indicating a selective focus in attention that alters cognitive processing. For example, participants detected targets faster based on script direction and the associated past or future temporal cues, demonstrating how attention can be manipulated by external factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: It is most striking that the last crop had a significant effect on most yield-related parameters of spring triticale, but not on SMN, N leaching and concentrations of macronutrients. This indicates that effects of single crops were already levelled out by the yield response of spring triticale and that surplus N and K dynamics were actually influenced by differences in management, that is, application of farmyard manure and ploughing-in of grassland leys. Table 4 The chi-square probabilities for the Wald statistic (REML) of the effects of crop rotation treatment (CRT) and the last crop harvested before cultivation of triticale on plant parameters and on environmental and soil parametersFull size table Tables 5, 6, 7 present predicted means from the REML analysis for N yield and environmental parameters and reveal some interesting effects of single last crops on follow-up spring triticale. The tables give means for N yields of spring triticale and SMN and N leaching in the following autumn and winter for plots of former different crop rotations and the last crop cultivated before sowing of spring triticale. Field bean as a legume plant had no effect on grain N yield of spring triticale while 1-year grass-red clover provided enough N for the triticale to yield as much as ploughing-in of 3-year grassland leys and application of farmyard manure. The SMN and N leaching after harvest of spring triticale on the plots of the former 1-year grass-red clover, on the other hand, were much less than on the former 3-year grassland ley and even less than on the FYM plots. The proportion of red clover in the 1-year leys was about 30% in late summer 2005, while the proportion of white clover averaged around 50% for the same time period in the 3-year grassland plots with clover. The different contents of white clover in the grassland plots had only a minor effect on grain yield of the follow-up spring triticale and subsequent N leaching. But larger proportions of white clover resulted in increased grain N concentrations of spring triticale and larger SMN in autumn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed results from an analysis of spring triticale, showing that the yield response was influenced by management practices such as the application of farmyard manure and different crop rotations, rather than solely by being organic. For instance, it mentions that the different crop rotations and last crops had varying effects on nitrogen yield and soil parameters, indicating that factors beyond just the organic classification impact yields. This undermines the idea that organic farming guarantees higher yields under all conditions, suggesting that conventional methods may also achieve comparable results based on management practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: (2003) Reduced activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and increased serine 636 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 in primary culture of skeletal muscle cells from patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 52: 1319–1325. View 23. (2012) Satellite cells derived from obese humans with type 2 diabetes and differentiated into myocytes in vitro exhibit abnormal response to IL-6. PLoS. One. 7: e39657–. 24. (2012) Deficient leukemia inhibitory factor signaling in muscle precursor cells from patients with type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Physiol Endocrinol. Metab 303: E283–E292. View 25. -Rucker N, et al. (2005) Mouse and human resistins impair glucose transport in primary mouse cardiomyocytes, and oligomerization is required for this biological action. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 31679–31685. View 26. (1995) MyoD-induced expression of p21 inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase activity upon myocyte terminal differentiation. Mol. Cell Biol. 15: 3823–3829. View 27. (1995) Correlation of terminal cell cycle arrest of skeletal muscle with induction of p21 by MyoD. Science 267: 1018–1021. View 28. (2003) Gene expression profile of aging in human muscle. 14: 149–159. View 29. (2004) Skeletal muscle gene expression profiles in 20–29 year old and 65–71 year old women. Exp. Gerontol. 39: 369–377. View 30. (2007) Gene expression profiling of aging reveals activation of a p53-mediated transcriptional program. BMC. Genomics 8: 80–. 31. (1995) MyoD-induced expression of p21 inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase activity upon myocyte terminal differentiation. Mol. Cell Biol. 15: 3823–3829. View 32. (1995) Correlation of terminal cell cycle arrest of skeletal muscle with induction of p21 by MyoD. Science 267: 1018–1021. View 33. Andres V, (1996) Myogenin expression, cell cycle withdrawal, and phenotypic differentiation are temporally separable events that precede cell fusion upon myogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 132: 657–666. View 34. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not discuss access to green spaces or physical activity in any capacity. It focuses solely on various studies related to diabetes, muscle cells, and gene expression, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: In languages like English, reading and writing unfold from left to right. In contrast, in languages such as Arabic or Hebrew, these processes unfold from right to left. Such cultural scanning norms determine implicitly a preferential eye trajectory that generalizes to the scanning of visual objects. For instance, they shape the visual exploration of artwork (Chokron & De Agostini, 2000), agentic perceptions from faces (Mendonça, Garrido, & Semin, 2020b), or scanning p1. 1 Background and rationale The first factor we discuss is the spatial grounding of time. Time is spatially grounded. For instance, when reading and writing, we leave prior information behind, establishing a natural movement–space correlation that maps time in a script-consistent pattern (Casasanto, 2014). Time has been shown to activate spatial associations along the horizontal continuum (Blom & Semin, 2013; Boroditsky, 2011; Lakens, Semin, & Garrido, 2011). Temporal events are organized on an LR or RL horizontal timeline depending on whether samples come from English or Hebrew linguistic communities (Fuhrman & Boroditsky, 2010). Past terminology is anchored where writing typically begins: on the left for LR speakers and on the right for RL speakers. Consequently, future-related terms are anchored on the opposite end of the horizontal continuum: on the right for LR speakers and on the left for RL speakers (Ouellet, Santiago, Israeli, & Gabay, 2010; Torralbo et al. , 2006). The second factor concerns the influence of script direction on spatial asymmetries in the perception of agency and related categories (e. g. , time). Different explanations have been advanced for these asymmetries. Biological ones argue that right hemispheric dominance drives the leftward asymmetrical anchoring of visual space in visuospatial tasks (Brooks, Sala, & Darling, 2014). However, other research shows that the leftward attentional bias is shaped by written script, reading direction, as well as cultural experience (Kazandjian & Chokron, 2008; Rosenich, Shaki, & Loetscher, 2020). The preference for the left hemispace can be changed to the opposite direction when tasks are performed by readers from RL-speaking countries (Afsari, Ossandón, & König, 2016; Smith & Elias, 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cultural experiences and reading direction influence attentional biases and cognitive processing. It highlights that the leftward attentional bias can be altered depending on whether individuals come from left-to-right (LR) or right-to-left (RL) reading cultures, indicating that attention is shaped by cultural norms and contexts which directly relates to the claim of selective focus and alteration in cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: Spring barley as a last crop resulted in lower dry matter and N grain yields of spring triticale compared to winter-triticale and maize as last crops, while differences between these last crops for SMN and N leaching were relatively small. Table 5 Predicted means of grain N yield (kg ha−1) of spring triticale as an effect of different crop rotation treatments (CRT) and the last crop (LC) before cultivation of spring triticaleFull size table Table 6 Predicted means of residual SMN in autumn (kg ha−1) after spring triticale as an effect of different crop rotations (CR) and the last crop (LC) before cultivation of spring triticaleFull size table Table 7 Predicted means of NO3-N leaching (kg ha−1) in winter after spring triticale as an effect of different crop rotations (CR) and the last crop (LC) before cultivation of spring triticaleFull size table DiscussionThe design of crop rotations must ensure soil fertility for maintaining productivity and prevent problems with weeds, pests and diseases; the crop rotation is thus one of the building blocks of organic farming systems (Olesen 1999). One of the main rotational effects is increased N supply especially to cash crops and forage; the ratio of N fixing crops and arable cash crops has a major impact on agronomic success and the environment (Watson et al. 1999). The grain yields of spring triticale in our experiments, cultivated after 3 years of different crop rotations, ranged from 1. 6 t ha−1 following spring barley in the field bean rotation to 3. 1 t ha−1 after ploughing-in of grassland with 50% of white clover. Dry matter yields for spring triticale on the ‘Bakenhus’ farm were up to 3. 0 t ha−1, which was a satisfactory yield on these sandy soils (G. Wolters, farm manager; personal communication). Generally, yields were affected by weather conditions in early spring and summer. During spring, plant development was hampered by cold and wet weather and maturity was enhanced by hot and dry conditions in June and July 2006. Nitrogen transformation in soil and N uptake by plants might not have been optimal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific findings on the yields of spring triticale and emphasizing that yields were significantly affected by weather conditions and crop rotation practices. It states that the yield of spring triticale, after being cultivated under different crop rotations, varied greatly, indicating that these farming methods do not guarantee higher yields under all conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: (2012) Fiber type-specific differences in glucose uptake by single fibers from skeletal muscles of 9- and 25-month-old rats. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 67: 1286–1294. View 35. (2003) Gender differences in resistance-training-induced myofiber hypertrophy among older adults. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 58: 108–116. View 36. (2008) Response of growth and myogenic factors in human skeletal muscle to strength training. Br. J. Sports Med. 42: 989–993. View 37. (2012) Aerobic exercise training induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and age-dependent adaptations in myofiber function in young and older men. J. Appl. Physiol 113: 1495–1504. View 38. (2009) Effect of training with different mechanical loadings on MyHC and GLUT4 changes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 41: 129–136. View 39. Guillet-(1994) Expression and cellular localization of glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4) during differentiation of myogenic cells isolated from rat foetuses. J. Cell Sci. 107 (Pt 3): 487–496. View 40. (1994) Physical training increases muscle GLUT4 protein and mRNA in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 43: 862–865. View 41. (1992) Glucose transporter number, function, and subcellular distribution in rat skeletal muscle after exercise training. Diabetes 41: 1091–1099. View 42. (1990) Effects of exercise training on insulin-regulatable glucose-transporter protein levels in rat skeletal muscle. Diabetes 39: 1425–1429. View 43. Christ- (2004) Exercise training increases glycogen synthase activity and GLUT4 expression but not insulin signaling in overweight nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects. Metabolism 53: 1233–1242. View 44. (2010) Cycle training increased GLUT4 and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin in fast twitch muscle fibers. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 42: 96–106. View 45. (1997) Effect of endurance exercise training on muscle glycogen supercompensation in rats. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a series of references to various scientific studies related to exercise training, muscle composition, and glucose transport, but it does not address the claim regarding access to green spaces and physical activity. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Also, bidirectional readers show negligible lateralization in task performance (Rinaldi, di Luca, Henik, & Girelli, 2014). This indicates that reading direction may, at the very least, mitigate the predisposition to over-attend to the left side of space. No doubt, the nature of the task at hand, as well as the instructions given to participants, can constrain visual performance. For example, in addressing exploratory biases during the initial exploration of complex visual stimuli, Ossandón, Onat, and König (2014) reported a preference for initial saccades to the left space (in LR readers) in a task where participants were asked to freely explore a set of images. This is very different from a setup where, prior to target onset, the participants’ gaze is mandatorily anchored at the center of the screen, and stimuli are presented bilaterally. In such a setup, visual attention is expected to progress from the starting point in line with the reading direction (i. e. , right for LR readers and left for RL readers; Mendonça et al. , 2020a, 2021). In this case, attention would not regress to the habitual starting point of reading/writing. Once attention is set in motion, it would be costly and counterproductive to go against the habitual reading/writing trajectory and return to its initial location (attentional momentum; Pratt, Spalek, & Bradshaw, 1999). Indeed, when attention flows in a direction that is script-coherent, task performance is enhanced because one can anticipate the occurrence of future information (Pratt et al. , 1999; Spalek & Hammad, 2004). In sum, when people are provided with a specific instruction regarding what to do (e. g. , find the target), and a prime drives attention toward a specific location, attention is goal-driven and will progress according to (a) the grounding of the cue (in our case, time-related words) and (b) the direction of the language script. Consider a stimulus presentation in which two five-letter strings (one of which contains the target letter) are presented simultaneously to the left and right of the screen and preceded by the presentation of a time-related central cue (e. g. , yesterday, tomorrow) that anchors the starting position of the gaze movement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how attention can be directed and influenced based on specific instructions and cues provided to participants. It explains that attention is 'goal-driven' and will progress according to the grounding of the cue and the direction of language script. The reference to 'attentional momentum' supports the idea that attention can be focused selectively to enhance task performance, thereby altering cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: The control plots had received no N during the last 3 years apart from atmospheric deposition, mineralization and a rather moderate application of horse manure before cultivation of spring triticale of about 25 kg total N ha−1. The residual soil mineral nitrogen and leaching losses resulting from these soil and weather related processes were, in proportion to the other treatments, relatively high. This indicates that during the dry period in June and July 2006 N mineralization and N uptake in plants were reduced and after rewetting of the soil in August strong mineralization set in, leading to large residual soil mineral nitrogen. The mineralization of accumulated organic matter in the ploughed grassland leys and grass-clover plots and in the farmyard manure plots would have added to these effects. The year 2006/07 was relatively warm with larger leaching than average. A markedly mild period in mid-winter was accompanied by relative high rainfall and showed translocation of large amounts of nitrate. leached during this period was possibly not only residual but also from actual mineralization processes. Mineralization processes are influenced profoundly by temperature and temperature changes with a lower limit close to freezing. The majority of soil micro-organisms are mesophyllic and prefer moderate temperatures (optimum activity between 25 and 37°C) and a base temperature of 5°C. Freezing/thawing changes may have comparable effects to those of wetting/drying and result in the release of soluble materials and/or disruption of soil aggregates (Jarvis et al. 1996). Franko (1984) and Gill et al. (1995) confirm that mineralization can provide quite substantial N at low temperatures. During two weeks in mid January daily temperatures were on average 8. 5°C (5. 6–13. 2°C) and rainfall amounted to 100 mm of which 45 mm occurred within 3 days. leaching losses during that period accounted for 33% of the total N losses during the winter of 2006/07. This could help to explain further why N leaching losses were larger than the SMN in the previous autumn. Usually calculated N leaching is positively related to SMN at the end of the growing season and often amounts to 40–60% of the SMN depending on management and weather conditions (Kayser 2003; Wachendorf et al. 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex dynamics of nitrogen mineralization under varying soil and weather conditions. It details how mineralization processes can be significantly influenced by factors such as temperature and precipitation, and that nitrogen leaching losses can exceed soil mineral nitrogen levels depending on management practices and environmental conditions, suggesting that organic farming does not guarantee higher yields universally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 89526 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation by Mario Bernardo-the by Mario Bernardo-Filho, Danúbiada Cunha de Sá-Caputo and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. Introduction Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are diseases of long duration and are consequences of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors. The rise of NCDs heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and chronic lung disease has been driven primarily by four major risk factors: tobacco use, alcohol use, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diets [1]. Physical inactivity is a public health problem and is considered as one of the greatest challenges for the future [1]. The time we spend being physically active during leisure is not enough to compensate for the great reduction in everyday physical activity and the increase of sedentary activities associated with life of today. The negative consequences of inactivity are many; physical, mental, and social. For example, inactive people are more likely to be overweight, and inactivity causes many redundant deaths each year [2]. Physical activity is described as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles, which requires energy expenditure [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the relationship between access to green spaces and increased physical activity. Instead, it discusses the importance of accessibility to scientific research and outlines the impact of non-communicable diseases related to physical inactivity and various risk factors but does not mention green spaces specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: If the script direction bias is correct, then one would expect attention to progress from the center in a script-coherent direction (rightward for LR speakers and leftward for RL speakers). Therefore, cue words would speed up detection times and facilitate gaze movements if: (a) the cue word implies a reference to the side of the screen that is consistent with script direction (e. g. , tomorrow; right side of the screen advantage for LR speakers and left side of the screen advantage for RL speakers) and (b) the target letter is embedded in the letter string located on the side of the screen congruent with the indication of the word cue (right string for LR speakers and left string for RL speakers). The bias introduced by script direction is that the same detection speed and gaze advantage will not be to the same extent for the congruent conditions (e. g. , detection of a target letter presented to the left after the cue word “yesterday” and presented to the right after the word cue “tomorrow” for LR speakers). Rather, it will be differentiated in favor of the cue–target pairs that reflect the habitual script direction (target letter on the right after “tomorrow”). In the special combination of words, we have two biases operating simultaneously. The first is words as language, activating habitual script direction, and the second is time concepts anchored on the horizontal past–future dimension. Both induce moving in the same direction. By choosing cues that potentially bring together both the influence of script direction and of an abstract category (time), we introduce a critical experimental condition. In the case of an LR culture, future referent cues and targets on the right side of the screen should be processed significantly faster than past referent cues and targets on the left side of the screen rather than being processed symmetrically. This asymmetric processing should be reversed in the case of RL cultures. Additionally, presenting cue words in visual and auditory modalities would provide converging evidence of the process driving target detection and the function of cue words. If the pattern of speed and gaze outcomes in both modalities converges then one would infer that spatial bias is independent of the motor processes activated by reading. Previous cross-modal cueing experiments (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how attention is influenced by script direction bias and cue words, indicating that attention can be selectively focused in relation to the direction of the script and the implications of cue words. It details how detection times and gaze movements are facilitated by stimuli that are consistent with the individual's habitual script direction and temporal references, demonstrating selective attention in cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: In our experiments, the proportion of N leaching to SMN turned out to be on average 120% for the control plots, 147% for FYM 200 (164% for FYM 100), 139% for the field bean plots, 127% for the 3-year grassland plots, and 107% for grass-red clover. Similar relationships were also reported by Kayser et al. (2008) when permanent grassland was ploughed for arable use; after a relatively dry summer, they found N leaching in winter to be 135% of SMN in the first year and 95% in the second year. This indicates that the ‘normal’ relation between SMN and N leaching can be overruled by extreme weather conditions and strong mineralization in late summer and/or ongoing mineralization in winter. The explanation of such phenomena is also sensitive to technical aspects, as data from one point in time (SMN) are compared with a more continuous measurement like nitrate leaching by ceramic cups and permanent suction. Berntsen et al. (2006) report findings from ploughing of a 3-year-old grass-clover sward on sand and loamy sand soils in Denmark followed by spring barley. leaching was moderate during the pasture time (9–64 kg N ha−1), they found larger N leaching losses after ploughing which amounted to 63–216 kg N ha−1 in the first year and 61–235 kg N ha−1 in the second year. Estimations and modelling of the organic matter turnover should include an intermediate pool with a half-life of 2–3 years (Berntsen et al. 2006). The authors further conclude that careful management is required to handle and limit nitrate leaching after ploughing of grassland and grass-clover even in low input systems. Similar conclusions have been drawn by Kayser et al. (2008) from the break-up of permanent grassland on sandy soils in northwest Germany under conventional farming conditions. Leaching losses after spring barley + catch crop (yellow mustard) and maize without and with N fertilizer cultivated after ploughing of permanent grassland were 45–81 kg N ha−1 for barley and 118–216 kg N ha−1 for silage maize in the first year and 33–134 kg N ha−1 after silage maize in the second year (Kayser et al. 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various experimental findings on nitrogen leaching related to different farming practices without indicating that organic farming consistently yields higher results than conventional methods. It presents data showing variability in nitrogen leaching based on conditions such as extreme weather and technical management, suggesting that the performance of organic and conventional farming can be influenced by external factors and may not always favor organic methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: It is well documented that regular physical activity reduces the risk of the non-communicable diseases like hypertension [4], coronary heart disease [5], stroke [4], diabetes 2 [6], some cancer types [2], and mental illness [2]. Being physically active improves bone and functional health [7] and maintains energy balance and weight control [8]. There exist large differences in physical activity between the different geographic regions of the world. In 2016, more than a quarter of the world’s adults (27%) were insufficiently physically active. In the period between 2001 and 2016, the prevalence of insufficient physical activity ranged from 16% in Oceania to 39% in and the Caribbean [9]. During the same period, the frequency of physical inactivity increased more than 5% in high-income Western countries, while southeast Asia had a decrease of physical inactivity with 5% [9]. In 2016, insufficient physical activity in high-income countries was more than double compared to the prevalence in low-income countries. The prevalence increased over time in high-income countries from 32% in 2001 to 37% in 2016, whereas it was stable in low-income countries, 6% in 2001 and 2016 [9]. In addition to difference in physical activity levels between regions, there are also differences between genders. Women were less physically active compared to men in all regions except the east and southeast Asia. The lowest levels of reported physical inactivity were observed in men from the regions Oceania, east and southeast Asia, and sub-in 2016 [9]. This 2. Global determinants of physical activity Since the nineteenth century, there has been a steep increase in the knowledge of exercise and its effects on health. We have a large number of journals and books with quality research within the field. The main challenge today is the never-ending work of how to use the results of the research in line with the major changes in the society that do not inherently promote increased physical activity. We know it is important to be physically active, but we have not managed to decrease the negative trend of increased inactivity globally. The health effects of physical activity are the same all over the world, but the local society in which the activity (or no activity) is performed is continuously developing. 2. 1 Increased number of older inactive persons Older adults are more physically inactive compared to younger adults, and this is a major public health concern [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding access to green spaces and its impact on physical activity. Instead, it discusses various factors influencing physical activity on a global scale, such as demographic differences and trends over time, without mentioning green spaces specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: , where cue and target pertain to different modalities) typically report a facilitation in performance when the cue and target sensory modalities coincide in their directional content (Dufour, 1999; Spence & Driver, 1994, 1997). Moreover, visual attention is reflexively drawn to auditory-conveyed locations. Kean and Crawford (2008) manipulated the expectancies of the auditory cue informing visual target location (80%, 50%, and 20% probability) and observed significantly better behavioral and eye-movement performance for the cued side of the screen even when the target location was against probabilities. This processing advantage indicates that auditory information is unavoidable even when people are aware that the target is more likely to appear elsewhere. The structural link between vision and audition in attention orienting is likely biological and adaptive (Spence & Driver, 1997), as humans benefit from integrated and sensory-rich inspections of their vicinities. However, many perceptual phenomena are dominated by the visual modality over other sensory inputs (Spence, Parise, & Chen, 2011), making the relationship between vision and audition in cueing tasks rather complex. On the other hand, the structuring of time in space has consistently been reported in distinct tasks, not only in the visual but in the auditory modality as well (Lakens et al. , 2011; Ouellet et al. , 2010). However, to the best of our knowledge, prior research on the spatial mapping of time has addressed the impact of visual and auditory modalities in isolation. In this research, we shall be able to examine the relative contribution of each modality as well as their combined effect in inducing biased attention shifts. This will allow us to rule out spatial biases as a product of the directional act of reading the word prime. Newly, if reading and hearing the word cue yield similar effects, then we will be able to put together a solid research package showing that the mapping of time (a) is not modality dependent, (b) is above the relative LR spatial positioning of the effectors, and (c) is shaped by reading and writing scanning habits and is by no means universal. 1. 2 Overview of the present research The present studies were designed to examine how two habituated cultural forces facilitate the detection of targets presented on the left and right sides of the screen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how auditory cues can influence visual attention and enhance performance in cognitive tasks. The research illustrates that attention can be biased toward specific sensory modalities, indicating that cognitive processing is altered based on selective focus, as demonstrated by the better behavioral and eye-movement performance for the cued side of the screen even when the target was less probable in that area.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: The practice of applying 50% of FYM as a top dressing to winter triticale and to 100% after ploughing for spring-sown crops with only shallow incorporation in the previous years could have promoted gaseous losses and limited the N effect. When 1-year grass-red clover plots were ploughed, yields of spring triticale were almost level with yields obtained after break up of the 3-year grassland. However, SMN was on average 17 kg N ha−1 less and N leaching losses were smaller by 38 kg N ha−1. This suggests that plant residues and N from red clover in the 1-year leys were sufficient for providing the spring triticale with N but did not cause over fertilization like the ploughing-in of the 3-year grass and grass-clover swards. Askegaard and Eriksen (2007) found legume catch crops a valuable N source for grain production on a coarse sandy soil and reported fertilizer-replacement values in a following unfertilized spring barley to correspond to 120 and 103 kg N ha−1 for white and red clover, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of 1-year grass-red clover leys in our experiment seemed to be rather short lived as grass-clover leys that had been ploughed-in during the previous season did not show any effect on yield or N losses of spring triticale (see the triticale plots in the grass-red clover rotation). The proportion of red clover in late summer was about 40% in 2004 and 30% in 2005, the last year before cultivation of spring barley. These effects indicate that 3-year grassland leys differed from 1-year grass-red clover swards in management and resulting soil conditions. The residual effects of grass-red clover leys might thus be easier to predict from yield, N balance and proportion of clover while the situation becomes more complex with grassland ley swards that are >3 years. The effects might be much stronger for much older grassland. Eriksen et al. (2008) state that management strategies adopted in both the grassland and arable phases appear to be the primary instrument in avoiding nutrient losses in mixed crop rotations, irrespective of the grass proportion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of yield outcomes based on management strategies and soil conditions rather than guaranteeing higher yields from organic farming. It indicates that the benefits of grass-red clover management and its impact on nitrogen balance and yield can vary significantly and do not universally support organic farming yielding higher than conventional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Not only is physical inactivity identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality [11], but is it also a major contributing factor for disability and poor health outcomes [12]. Lack of physical activity is related to approximately 3 million deaths per year and to 6–10% of the occurrence of major non-communicable diseases [13]. Older adults have a more sedentary lifestyle [5]. Rates of self-reported physical inactivity in those aged 55 years and older varied from 5 to 29% across Europe [14]. 2. 2 Increased urbanization and decreased physical activity Urbanization leads to more violence, traffic, low air quality, and increased pollution. Many places lack access to parks and free sports and recreation areas. It seems that increased urban living discourage physical activity. Assah et al. found that living in an urban area was associated with lower levels of energy expenditure from physical activity and a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared to rural dwelling adults in Cameroon [15]. Similar differences in physical activity were found in urban versus rural dwelling minors in the [16] and female adolescents in Portugal [17]. Other studies [18, 19] have demonstrated no or an inverse relationship between physical activity and the degree of urbanization. 2. 3 Modernization leads to less physical activity Mechanization is the process of replacing manual labor with machinery. New technology improves task efficiency, personal safety, and mobility. On the other hand, technology decreases the physical effort required for self-transport and the performance of occupational and domestic activities. Mechanization and automatization contribute to less physical activity levels even in those cases where equivalent physical activity during the spare time place was equal [11]. 2. 4 Large variations in women’s physical activity level globally There are large differences in women’s level of physical activity in different countries. Women in Uganda are active during domestic work or house chores, farming, tending shops or small businesses, active transport to church, markets, and gardens [11, 20]. In comparison, only 34% of the women in Norway meet the national recommendation of physical activity [21]. Women living in countries with high gender equality were more likely to be physically active compared to their counterparts living in countries with low gender equality. This phenomenon is the same for men. Some of the barriers to physical exercise that women face include family responsibilities, as well as cultural or social beliefs, economic or employment status, and level of education. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various factors related to physical inactivity and urbanization, but it does not specifically address the relationship between access to green spaces and increased physical activity. Instead, it focuses on broader themes such as urban living discouraging physical activity and the impact of mechanization, which are not directly relevant to the claim about green spaces.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: As we suggested, the first is cues as words activating script direction (Román, Flumini, Lizano, Escobar, & Santiago, 2015), and the second is cues as time concepts anchored on the horizontal past-future dimension (Santiago et al. , 2007). To this end, we used a modified spatial cueing task (Mendonça et al. , 2020a). In contrast to the typical balanced congruency effects, we predicted an asymmetric performance favoring congruent cue–target combinations that match participants’ script direction. As the initial point of gaze movement is anchored in the center of the screen, attention was expected to progress in line with cultural reading and writing habits (Suitner & Maass, 2016) in addition to the horizontal grounding of the time cue. Thus, future words have a double processing advantage as cues. They facilitate target detection on the right side of the screen for LR speakers (Exp. 1) and on the left side of the screen for RL speakers (Exp. 2). This facilitation is expected to be revealed primarily by detection speed (Exp. 1 and 2) and the overall trajectory revealed by gaze movement (Exp. 1). We expected detection speed effects to be mirrored in the two languages (RL and LR). The asymmetry favoring the right or the left is, therefore, a product of the match between habitual script direction and horizontal semantic bias of the time referent word cue. 2 Experiment 1 The first experiment examined the detection speed of the target as a function of script direction (LR) and time-related words (cues). We predicted overall detection facilitation for congruent (vs. incongruent) cue—target conditions, that is, shorter response times when time-related cue word connotation is consistent with the target letter location. Moreover, we predicted that these specific effects to be asymmetric between congruent cue–target pairs. In other words, the joint influence of L-R script direction bias in L-R languages together with future-related cue words should yield shorter response times when the target location is on the right side of the screen relative to the response times of congruent past-related words and the target letter is on the left side of the screen. Neutral words, which should not induce a systematic horizontal movement, are not expected to produce differences in performance across both sides of the screen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how attention can be differentially allocated based on the congruency of cue-target pairings and cultural reading habits. It highlights that future words can facilitate target detection based on the alignment of cues with script direction and that these effects are asymmetrical, indicating selective focus in cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: IntroductionSince 1995, when Sweden joined the EU, the number of dairy cows has decreased by 134,000, while the number of suckler cows has increased by 40,000 (of Agriculture 2011a). Therefore, the total number of cows, and hence calves available for meat production, has decreased. beef production decreased from 140,000 t in 1995 to 131,000 t in 2010 (of Agriculture 2011a). Consumption of beef in Sweden increased during the same period from 163,000 to 239,000 t (of Agriculture 2011b). As a result, the degree of self-sufficiency in beef has decreased from 85 to 56 % since Sweden became a member of the EU. require national biodiversity to be maintained at the current level and used in a sustainable way. In order to do so, an existing agricultural sector with grazing animals is needed (Ministry of Agriculture 2010). Suckler cows are therefore very important for reaching the Objectives, especially the objective stating that 450,000 ha of semi-natural pasture be kept open for grazing (Objectives 2011). After a long period of decreasing semi-natural pasture area, the grazing acreage began to increase in 1995, when the current environmental payment system was introduced, until 2005, when the acreage started to decrease again, most likely due to a lack of grazing animals. In 2010, the semi-natural pasture acreage was 420,000 ha (of Agriculture 2011a), of which 160,000 ha are grazed by suckler cows and heifers (SCB 2010). One goal for the is to have 20 % of agricultural land in quality-assured organic production by 2013 (of Agriculture 2010a). In 2010, the proportion of certified agricultural land was 14 % (of Agriculture 2011c). A large proportion of Swedish suckler cow production is organic. According to one survey, 37 % of the nation's suckler cow operations receive environmental support for organic farming. Of the suckler cow operations with more than 100 cows, 70 % are organic (SCB 2010). The differences between organic and conventional cow-calf operations include a ban on pesticides and commercial mineral fertilisers and restricted use of veterinary medicines and concentrate feeds, which may result in lower yields, a need for lower stocking rates per hectare and longer grazing periods (KRAV 2012). agricultural acreage is only 8 % of the total land mass. The suitability for farming varies greatly throughout the country. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that organic farming methods may result in lower yields compared to conventional methods, as it mentions 'the differences between organic and conventional cow-calf operations...may result in lower yields.' This directly challenges the idea that organic farming guarantees higher yields under all conditions.