Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: After all, the behavioral correlates of theta activity may not be that different across mammalian species. It has been proposed that the hippocampus may receive a corollary discharge of saccade motion, which may underlie predictive coding. This is supported by the finding that saccade modulation occurs before its onset (Fig. 1C). Saccades also evoke robust potentials in regions other than the hippocampus and medial temporal regions, including the medial septum and prefrontal cortex. Therefore, it is a reasonable hypothesis that saccades synchronize brain-wide activity in preparation for upcoming fixation to maximize information gathering. Coding in PrimatesAs discussed above, spike timing of hippocampal neurons may be important for neural plasticity and sequence learning, and spikes from different neurons can be coordinated by fluctuations in LFPs. Such temporal coordination among neurons within an assembly may underlie the mechanisms of memory and other cognitive processing, linking sequential events to form a coherent representation. Despite the clear differences in theta activity between primates and rodents, phase-coding appears to be conserved, at least to some extent, across mammalian species. First, human hippocampal neurons are phase-locked to low theta activity, showing preference at various phases [72]. Stronger phase-locking predicts more successful memory formation [73]. This supports the hypothesis that synaptic plasticity associated with theta phase-locking underlies memory-related behaviors. Moreover, neuronal firing in the hippocampus is locked to the theta phase that is correlated with upcoming navigational goals, without significant changes in firing rate [74]. In freely-moving macaques, hippocampal neurons are tuned to various oscillations in different bands. The vast majority of neurons show modulation by low theta activity, and spatially-tuned neurons show stronger phase-locking than neurons without spatial selectivity [35]. Thus, like rodents, theta phase-locking in primates may be an important form of neural code for higher cognitive processing, including memory and navigation [75, 76]. Another aspect of theta phase-coding pertains to phase-precession. Human hippocampal neurons exhibit theta phase-precession as a function of location or progression toward specific goals (Fig. 1E), although there is a lack of rodent-like place coding [65]. The goal-related phase-precession is interesting, for it extends spatial phase-precession in rodents to a more general regime in humans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various functions of the hippocampus that relate to memory formation and spatial navigation. It states that 'coding in primates' and 'neuronal firing in the hippocampus is locked to the theta phase that is correlated with upcoming navigational goals', highlighting that the hippocampus is involved in both memory processes and navigation. Additionally, it emphasizes that phase-locking to low theta activity is linked to successful memory formation, thereby supporting the claim regarding the hippocampus's key roles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: In some cases (for instance, if they are an ethnic minority group), they may lose their social identity or have it diminished. Some minority groups also lack sufficient skill and work experience to facilitate their employment outside their community. This is often coupled with a lack of social contacts outside their community. These factors create major barriers to the migration of some minority groups. Even when an economic development occurs within a minority area, members of the resident minority group may fail to share in its economic benefit to a significant extent. They may lack relevant skills and experience or face social discrimination in employment. Consequently, the bulk of the economic benefit may be captured by outsiders. Outsiders may have greater relevant know-how, more capital and superior political contacts. of Living in Remote Areas(especially those living in remote areas) on average have lower incomes, a lower life expectancy, a greater rate of unemployment and more health problems than most Australians (see, for example, Tisdell, 2014, Ch. 16). Particularly in remote areas, their comparative level of education is low. This is partly because the supply of educational services is limited and the demand for education is low. Basically, both an educational supply and a demand problem exist. The demand problem seems to exist because actual or perceived economic returns from education obtained by Aborigines living in remote areas are low. There is also the further problem that many find it psychologically difficult to migrate because the cultural identity of each group is closely linked to local landforms and connected to wildlife totems. Often minority ethnic groups living in remote regions in other countries find it difficult to escape from poverty and low levels of income within their communities, as experienced by Australian Aborigines. Furthermore, many of these groups are plagued by property rights problems. Their economic situations are jeopardized by lack of official recognition of their rights in land or natural resources which they have traditionally occupied or used. 23. 8Views differ about whether increased population mobility increases or decreases the depletion of natural resources. The following views exist:● If individuals relying on natural resources for their livelihood are able to migrate to improve their economic lot (or if their offspring can do so), they may have little economic incentive to conserve their natural resources. They may draw on these assets to finance their own migration, or particularly that of their offspring. In the latter case, they may look forward to receiving future remittances from their offspring. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how economic development, particularly in minority areas, can lead to environmental degradation and social issues. It indicates that economic benefits often do not reach local communities, which are sometimes left behind due to lack of skills and discrimination. Additionally, it notes that increased migration can exacerbate resource depletion, implying that economic growth does not come without costs to both social and environmental resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 최근 식물을 활용한 교육, 치유 등 다양한 프 로그램이 확대되고 있는데, 참여자가 어떤 식물을 선호하는가를 파 악하여도 프로그램 요소에 어떻게 결합해야 하는 지에 대한 어려움 이 있었다. 소재로서만의 식물이 아니라 식물을 통해 상징적으로 나타나는 함의를 찾아 프로그램과 활동요소에 결합한다면 더 유용 하게 식물 기르기 경험을 제공할 수 있을 것이기 때문이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various programs utilizing plants for education and healing, focusing on participants' preferences and symbolic meanings associated with plants. However, it does not directly address or support the claim regarding paleoethnobotany's examination of historical relationships between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: A rather low fraction of hippocampal neurons in both marmosets and macaques show theta phase-precession during free movement [33, 35] (Fig. 1E). One thing to note here is that, in the absence of a rodent-like place code, one can analyze phase-precession by comparing the frequency component of the spike phase autocorrelogram and non-oscillatory LFP [77]. in Rodents and BatsOriginally discovered in the rat hippocampus, place cells are perhaps one of the most striking examples of a “simple” correspondence between an internal neural code and the complex external environment. Place cells fire at specific locations, forming a precise population representation of the entire space the animals occupy [17]. The place-code is sparse (a given cell fires at one or only a few locations) and orthogonal (population activity is independent at different locations). A place-code can arise from and be modulated by the interplay among multiple factors, including self-motion, distal landmarks, local cues (including reward), trajectory planning, and likely many more. Lesion and single-cell manipulation experiments have established the causal role of the hippocampus in spatial cognition [7, 21]. In the adjacent entorhinal cortex, some cells have multiple fields that are organized in a periodic hexagonal pattern [23], therefore named grid cells. First found in the rat subicular complex, head direction cells show sharp tuning to the allocentric direction the animal faces [24]. These functional cell types have also been identified in the bat hippocampal formation, and they extend to three dimensions, although the exact properties differ from representations in two dimensions [19, 20, 25,26,27,28]. Since the discovery of place cells, it has been a long-standing question whether there is an analogous place-coding scheme in primates. Most studies along this line have been carried out during a virtual-navigation task in head- and body-restrained primates, including humans. Only a few studies have examined hippocampal response properties in partially or fully freely-moving monkeys. We discuss these findings below. Signals in RestraintIntracranial recordings in human patients have identified hippocampal neurons selective to locations in virtual reality, and also to navigational goals and often to the conjunction between variables [34] (Fig. 2A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence of the hippocampus's role in spatial cognition and navigation. It discusses the function of place cells in the hippocampus, which fire at specific locations, indicating a correspondence between the neural code and the external environment. Additionally, it mentions that lesion and single-cell manipulation experiments have established the causal role of the hippocampus in spatial cognition, reinforcing the idea that the hippocampus is critical for spatial navigation and forming new memories.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: ● The above suggests that those who do not have the possibility of migrating will conserve their natural resources because their user costs are high. 3 However, in some cases, their survival depends on the use of their natural resources unsustainably. Even though their user costs are high in this case, so too is their current need to utilize these resources. They may also over-exploit these resources in the expectation that their situation might improve in the future. Furthermore, they may be in a situation where many of the natural resources that they utilize are shared resources and subject to open access or increasing open access. Consequently, if they remain dependent on these resources they have no individual incentive to conserve these. The possibility was mentioned above that natural resources might be over-exploited to help finance the migration of family members in the expectation of this resulting subsequently in remittances being received in return. This process can include the funding of the education of offspring in anticipation of this assisting them to obtain employment elsewhere that pays well. Although this process may accelerate natural resource depletion initially, once remittances are received the opposite effect is likely to be observed. 4 Furthermore, in the long term, this process is likely to result in families abandoning their traditional location and dependence on natural resources there. This could further reduce pressure on the use of local natural resources. One cannot predict in this case what will happen a priori in the long term. For example, in the long term, in response to migration, subsistence or semi-subsistence farming and natural resource use in a geographical area may be replaced by large commercial farms and enterprises. This can result in the consolidation of rural holdings and privatization of some natural resources. This may or may not be favourable to natural resource conservation. The outcome depends on the particular circumstances. 3. 9 1. A different view of sustainable development (expressed by Daly, 1980 and Georgescu-Roegen, 1974) is that it is development enabling the human species to survive for as long as is possible. This view is discussed by Tisdell (1988); see also Tisdell (2005, 2. This is a problem experienced, for example, by many in India, for instance forest-dependent Santals. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the complexities and challenges of sustainable resource use. It explains that natural resources are often over-exploited due to immediate survival needs and that migration may lead to both over-exploitation and potential future benefits. Furthermore, it addresses that the outcome of reliance on natural resources is unpredictable and can lead to either conservation or further depletion based on circumstances, thus suggesting that economic growth cannot be achieved without environmental costs or trade-offs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 이는 식 물 기르기 경험이 있는 집단의 양육태도가 전체적으로 긍정적이었 다는 점에서 고무적이다. 둘째, 식물 선호도를 개방형 질문으로 하였는데 향후 선호 식물 을 좋아하게 된 계기, 떠오르는 이미지, 선호하는 정도 등 관련된 정 보를 정밀하게 파악하면 식물 선호와 도시농업, 원예치료 프로그램 등의 목적에서 얻어내고자 하는 효과에 더 직접적인 정보를 찾아낼 수 있을 것이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead discusses the positive nurturing attitudes of groups with gardening experience, along with plant preferences and their implications for urban agriculture and horticultural therapy programs. This lack of direct connection to paleoethnobotany renders the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Neurons with selectivity to virtual heading direction, spatial goals, and task progression have also been identified across human medial temporal lobe regions [78]. Like rodents, egocentric tuning (relative to a virtual body reference frame) is also present in the parahippocampal cortex [79]. This type of experiment, while proven to be useful to bridge the knowledge gap between rodents and humans, can fall short when translated into real-world situations. The main reason is that the subjects predominantly use visual cues (visual landmarks and optic flow) alone to move about in the virtual environment with a near absence of vestibular, proprioceptive, and motor inputs. This brings about sensory conflict, or a change of gain between sensory modalities, which could alter spatial representations in an unpredictable way. We know from rodent studies that clamping vestibular inputs disrupts or rescales place fields and changes theta oscillations [80,81,82]. Therefore, despite the fruitful findings about neural correlates of space in the human brain, the interpretation of these results awaits careful consideration due to the apparent limitations [83]. Fig. 2Task- and goal-dependent spatial responses in the primate hippocampus. A Upper, position-selective responses of two example neurons in the human hippocampus; cell 2 is position-selective only when searching for shop C (SC) but not other shops (SA and SB). Note the firing is more distributed than typical rodent place cells. Lower, firing rate histograms of two example goal-selective neurons when searching for different goals (P, passengers). B Upper, macaque monkeys are trained to perform an associative memory-guided foraging task (choose different targets depending on the material along the corridor) and a free-foraging task in the same spatial environment. Lower, firing rate maps of three example hippocampal neurons showing distinct activity patterns between the two tasks. A is adapted with permission from [34]. B is adapted with permission from [91]. Full size imageLike human studies, monkey studies have mostly used head-fixed preparations with a handful of exceptions. Perhaps unsurprisingly, these studies focus on looking for neural correlates of virtual space and other spatial variables during virtual navigation. Hippocampal neurons have been shown to be correlated with various spatial variables, including stimulus location, self-position, head direction, and attended location. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that hippocampal neurons are associated with various spatial variables and are involved in spatial navigation tasks. It describes how neurons in the hippocampus are correlated with elements such as self-position and head direction, which are fundamental aspects of navigation and memory formation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: The general hypothesis has been proposed by Klee (1980), for example, that people who depend primarily on (or are locked into) use of their own local ecosystem for their livelihood are more likely to conserve these than those who use global resources. Klee, following Raymond Dasmann, describes the former as ‘ecosystem people’ and the latter as ‘biosphere people’. However, the historical evidence does not support the view that ecosystem people have always conserved existing ecosystems (see Tisdell, 1990, 4. Some empirical evidence in support of this hypothesis can be found, for example, in Regmi and Tisdell (2002). 5. An example is the use of the proxy for the trust variable obtained from the Survey (Association, 2014) which in turn is sometimes used as a measure of social capital (see, for example, Salahuddin et al. , 2016). The proxied trust variable is the proportion of surveyed people in a country who answer ‘Yes’ to the question: ‘Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very careful in dealing with people? ’7. Barbier, E. B. (1987), ‘The concept of sustainable economic development’, Environmental Conservation, 14, 101–10. Bergson, A. (1938), ‘A reformulation of certain aspects of welfare economics’, of Economics, 52, 310–34. Daly, H. E. (1980), Economics, Ecology, Ethics: a Steady-: Freeman. Daly, H. E. (1999), and the Ecology of Economics: Essays in Criticism, Cheltenham, UK and : Publishing. Douglass, G. K. (1984), ‘The meanings of agricultural sustainability’, in G. K. Douglass (ed. ), in a : Westview Press, 30. Fukuyama, F. (2001), ‘Social capital, civic society and development’, Quarterly, 22(1), 7–20. Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1974), Law and : Press. Hartwick, J. (1977), ‘Intergenerational equity and the investing of assets from exhaustible resources’, Review, 66, 972–4. Klee, G. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relationship between local ecosystem reliance and conservation efforts, suggesting that those who are more dependent on their local environment ('ecosystem people') do not necessarily conserve these ecosystems, thereby implying that sustainable economic growth may involve costs or trade-offs. The mention of historical evidence contradicts the claim that it is feasible to achieve sustainable economic growth without environmental impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 이는 자녀양육 태도에 영향을 미친다는 변수와 식 물 선호도가 관련이 있다는 점에서 앞으로 심도 있는 탐색이 필요 하다. 셋째, 식물선호와 자녀양육태도의 관련성에 대한 깊이 있는 접 근이다. 선호하는 식물의 유형이 자녀양육태도와 관련되는 접점이 무엇인지를 세밀하게 찾아볼 필요가 있다. 초등학교 자녀가 3-4학 년인 집단에서 식재료 이용과 공예활동 등 가공이 가능한 식물을 선호한다는 것은 분명 연관성이 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the relationship between children's rearing attitudes and preferences for plants, but it does not address paleoethnobotany or the historical aspect of the relationship between people and plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: When sitting head-fixed in a chair in front of a monitor, some neurons in the macaque hippocampus show selectivity for objects, view location, or the conjunction between the object (or reward) and location (place in a scene) [84,85,86,87,88,89], which might be important for associative memory. When switched to a virtual-navigation task, many more hippocampal neurons become spatially responsive, the scale of which grows proportionally with the size of the virtual space; whereas a lower fraction of parahippocampal neurons shows spatial selectivity but more to virtual landmarks [90]. Such “spatial” responses could reflect the encoding of a combination of sensory, mnemonic, and spatial information. When visual cues are changed, population activity changes in a way predicted by visual features in the current and previous trials, suggesting a role of sensory input history (or memory) [91]. Coding of virtual space of the same environment also strongly depends on the task, be it a free foraging or a memory-dependent task [91] (Fig. 2B). During a goal-oriented virtual-navigation task in a 5-arm maze, head-fixed macaques must rely on distal landmarks to infer the hidden goal location—so this is more likely to be a hippocampus-dependent task. Unlike rodent place cells, hippocampal neurons carry position information along a trajectory in a complex way. Many of these cells also encode the specific landmark being viewed and the bearing to the landmark [38]. Therefore, when mapping hippocampal activity onto either position, direction, or point of gaze, the tuning curves typically look “noisy”. These results suggest that the primate hippocampal code is complex and multidimensional, at least in the present task, likely reflecting the various elements embodied in a memory. Entorhinal grid coding of self-location is even more scarcely investigated by direct recordings of single neurons in primates. The primate entorhinal cortex is not as easily accessible as the hippocampus, given its smaller size and more ventral-medial location. In human epileptic patients, rare opportunities for intracranial recordings from the entorhinal cortex reveal a grid-like code for virtual position [92, 93]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the hippocampus in memory and spatial navigation. It specifically mentions that 'some neurons in the macaque hippocampus show selectivity for objects, view location, or the conjunction between the object and location,' which relates directly to the formation of new memories. Additionally, the text highlights that many hippocampal neurons become 'spatially responsive' during virtual navigation tasks, supporting the idea that the hippocampus is crucial for spatial navigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Space tourism is currently an expensive venture, accessible only to wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: (37),2016] 판결요지 피고인이 트럭을 도로의 중앙선 위에 왼쪽 바깥 바퀴가 걸친 상태로 운행하던 중 피해자가 승용차를 운전하여 피고인이 진행하던 차선으로 달려오다가 급히 자기 차선으로 들어가면서 피고인이 운전하던 트럭과 교행할 무렵 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으로 트럭의 왼쪽 뒷바퀴 부분을 스치듯이 충돌하고 이어서 트럭을 바짝 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding space tourism as it discusses a vehicle collision involving a truck, with no mention of space tourism or its accessibility and cost implications. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting information or contrast regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 식물의 일상적인 돌봄(물주 기, 비료주기, 가지치기, 곁순 따기 등)을 선호하는 집단은 관상용 식물도 많이 선호하였다. 독립생장이 가능한 식물을 선호하는 집단 은 자녀에 대한 애정 면에서도 긍정적이었다. 이는 독립적인 삶의 태도나 관점과도 관련되었을 가능성이 있다는 점에서 향후 이에 대 한 지속적인 접근을 시도할 만하다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses preferences in plant care and their associations with group attitudes and parenting, but it does not provide any information about paleoethnobotany or its study of the historical relationship between people and plants. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments also reveal grid-like, 6-fold symmetry in blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals as a function of virtual movement direction [94]. However, these grid-like firing maps are noisier than rodent grid cells, and they are less frequently encountered. Moreover, human experiments usually involve memorizing specific locations and then performing memory-guided navigation, rather than the free-foraging paradigm used in rodent studies. It is possible, however, that memory-guided navigation in primates is analogous to free foraging in rodents, in terms of cognitive demands. Rodent grid cell firing in a 2D environment depends on head direction inputs [95]. It is likely that the reported grid codes in humans and rodents differentially rely on self-motion, and therefore may involve distinct mechanisms. Without further corroborative studies, particularly in freely-moving primates, it remains difficult to draw a direct comparison between species. Indeed, one study has shown that there is little grid firing in the entorhinal cortex of freely-foraging macaques [35]. Whether a grid code would emerge in a more cognitively demanding task and how it is modulated by other behavior-relevant variables calls for future studies along the same line. in an in the Monkey HippocampusIn another series of studies, macaques were trained to drive a cart using a joystick in an open environment [96,97,98]. Hippocampal neurons showed increased activity at specific locations, reminiscent of rodent place cells, though the peak firing rates were generally much lower, and the firing fields were less sparse (lower signal-to-noise ratio). A potential caveat here is that the cart was usually moved at very low speed and low acceleration, which may not necessarily trigger navigationally meaningful vestibular responses. Addressing these caveats, monkeys were placed in a test chair that was precisely controlled by a robot. Moving at a speed and acceleration surpassing the vestibular thresholds, some hippocampal neurons were tuned to linear translation and axial rotation but much less so to self-location [99]. These responses can be explained by a combination of vestibular and visual inputs. A much lower percentage of hippocampal neurons respond in a setting with lower cognitive demands, e. g. when remaining at a fixed location or when moved passively by an experimenter [97]. These results again suggest that hippocampal activity strongly depends on the specific task and concurrent cognitive demands. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the hippocampal neurons' activity that is closely related to specific locations during navigation tasks, which aligns with the role of the hippocampus in memory and spatial navigation. It mentions that 'hippocampal neurons showed increased activity at specific locations, reminiscent of rodent place cells,' indicating that the hippocampus is actively involved in encoding spatial information essential for memory formation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Space tourism is currently an expensive venture, accessible only to wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 '참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지? DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 Citeasy 이용하기 Citeasy 출시 기념 한시적 무료! Citeasy로 내보내기 서지가 내보내기 되었어요Citeasy에서 목록을 확인해보세요 Endnote Excel 복사인용 APA 7th 양식 변경 12 ### 논문을 읽고 계시네요! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the citation management features of a program called Citeasy and does not address or acknowledge space tourism or its costs. As such, it does not provide any support, contrast, or relevant information about the financial accessibility of space tourism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 또 자녀양육 태도 외에도 다양 한 영역에서 참가자의 태도나 행동과 관련성을 발견한다면, 식물을 통한 치유와 교육의 효과를 추구하는 활동 영역에서 의미 있는 작 업이 될 수 있을 것이다. 1. Choi M. The therapeutic factors in horticultural therapy. PhD Univ. Cheonan, Korea. 2010. 2. Choi YA. Development and its effect of horticultural therapy program for children. MS thesis Konkuk Univ. Seoul Korea. 2010. 3. Choi YK. Expression of desires stored in memory through modified plant image. MS thesis Hongik Univ. Seoul Korea. 2015. 4. Ham YE. The effects of learning through play about the appearance of plant on observation and classification ability of elementary school students. MS thesis Korea Natl. Univ. Cheongju Korea. 2014. 5. . Preference and image perception for color and shape in green interior. J. Korean Soc. Environ 2015;18(5): 413–420. 6. Jeong SH. A study of the prefernce of horticulture according to MBTI personality type in college students for the proposed measures in horticultural therapy. PhD Diss. Gyeongsang Natl. Univ. Jinju Korea. 2012. 7. . Elementary school students’attitude toward plants. J. Korean Soc. Environ 2015;18(1): 67–71. 8. Kang MJ. Nature of the medium forth recall memory. MS thesis Univ. Seoul Korea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding paleoethnobotany. Instead, it discusses various aspects of horticultural therapy and related studies, which do not pertain to the examination of historical relationships between people and plants. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Under truly unrestrained conditions, elevated firing at specific locations has been reported in the monkey hippocampus [33, 35, 100, 101]. The place responses recorded diverge in several regards from the counterpart in rodents. First, monkey hippocampal neurons almost always show mixed responses, encoding position, head direction, task, and many other behavior-relevant aspects. Second, the proportion of place-responsive neurons is much lower in monkeys. Last, monkey “place fields” are often dispersed and not as sparse, and the peak firing rate is much lower than that in rodents. Therefore, place itself does not appear to be the primary driver of firing in the monkey hippocampus. That said, the task-dependence of hippocampal responses may explain the low place selectivity reported so far. Free foraging per se may entail distinct navigation strategies in rodents and primates, that is, place navigation and beacon navigation (viewpoint-dependent), respectively. Growing place awareness can be brought about by increasing the task complexity, for example by using a dry land version of the Morris water maze task. It is also likely that room size or complexity affects hippocampal place responses. In a compartmentalized environment where monkeys are unable to see through but must navigate around to see what happens where, place selectivity may be increased [102]. This also suggests that when trajectories need to be learned, hippocampal spatial responses may be increased. In such segmented environments, it would be interesting to determine how the hippocampal spatial code remaps across subspaces, when one subspace is or is not directly visible from other subspaces [103]. The above primate studies have almost exclusively investigated hippocampal place responses in two-dimensional (2D) environments; three-dimensional (3D) properties are largely unknown. Many monkey species are arboreal, so whether extending the analysis to the third dimension would expand spatial responses remains to be seen. Initial results suggest that this is the case [101]. Nevertheless, a direct comparison between 2D and 3D place representations is needed. Despite the major differences in their spatial codes between primates and rodents, the firing statistics of hippocampal neurons appear to be consistent [96, 104, 105]. The firing rate distributions show a log-normal pattern, with the majority firing at a very low rate. The average firing rate is ~1 Hz. Such sparse activity is not trivial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the hippocampus in spatial navigation, particularly in relation to the firing patterns of neurons in the monkey hippocampus. It mentions that different navigation strategies may be employed in complex environments, indicating the hippocampus's involvement in these processes. Furthermore, the mention of how task complexity and environmental factors affect hippocampal responses suggests its critical function in forming spatial representations which is essential for navigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astronaut training is required for space tourists to prepare for the physical demands of space travel. [SEP] Text: Je peux changer comme je veux, mais après j’ai vu que j’ai quand même des habitudes qui s’installent. [Salariée, community manager, 20 ans] 24De même, chaque poste de travail des coworkers s’organise de façon identique. On y trouve l’ordinateur personnel de l’usager avec, dans la grande majorité des cas, un smartphone posé à côté, consultable à tout moment de la journée. Le temps de travail assis se partage pour l’essentiel entre ces deux équipements. « Je peux être à 80 % sur mon ordinateur » déclare par exemple un salarié dans la communication, parfaitement représentatif des comportements des autres pratiquants du lieu. 25Les observations ne révèlent donc pas un mode de travail alternatif à celui de l’entreprise, qui serait par exemple plus décontracté, plus relationnel, tel qu’on le dit souvent du coworking et ce malgré les banquettes moelleuses et les espaces ouverts sur d’autres pratiques que le travail (réunions informelles, repas, pauses-café, etc. ). Ces ressources, bien présentes chez Coworkingroup, sont finalement peu mobilisées par les coworkers qui restent attachés à leur poste de travail comme ils le feraient dans n’importe quelle entreprise. Même constat pour les horaires de travail qui adoptent les créneaux les plus courants du travail. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses work habits and coworking environments without any mention of astronaut training or space tourism. It does not provide any information supporting, contrasting, or relating to the idea of physical preparation necessary for space travel.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Home E-submission us and scope About the journal About the society Editorial board Journal management team Advertising policies Open access Revenue sources Direct marketing Access and subscription Archiving policy Contact us 564. Published online: October 31, 2020 DOI: between Parents and Children through the Agro-Kim1, Ryu2, Yun3*, Choi3 1Master student, Department of horticulture, Daegu catholic university, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea 2Doctoral student, Department of horticulture, Daegu catholic university, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea 3Professor, Department of horticulture, Daegu catholic university, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea *Corresponding author: Yun, yune1004@cu. ac. kr, First author: Kim, lkkim1105@hanmail. net, 27, 2020, 03, 2020, 10, 2020, Copyright © 2020 by of People, Plants, and is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. and objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of an agro-healing program on the relationship satisfaction and emotional change between parents and children. Methods: We sent an official letter to D Office of Education with information and recruitment for the agro-healing program. Office of Education has sent the official letter to elementary schools under the jurisdiction to recruit parents who were willing to participate in the programs with their children. The subjects were recruited by order of application, and 27 families participated, but 20 parent-child teams who attended all sessions and fully participated in the program were ultimately selected. 12 to November 16, 2019, a total of 6 sessions of the programs were held once a week at a care farm in Gyeongsangbuk-do. In the morning, they participated in a program that utilizes the resources of plants and animals in the care farm, and later participated in an indoor horticultural program in the afternoon. Results: In the parent-child relationship satisfaction test, it was found that communication was significantly increased after participating in the agro-healing program (p =. 047). There were no statistically significant changes in the sentence completion tests written by the children, but their potential perception or attitude towards their parents changed more positively than before according to the content of the sentences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an agro-healing program focused on parent-child relationships and the use of plants and animals in a care farm setting, without any mention of paleoethnobotany or historical relationships between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: It may reflect the unique computation performed by the hippocampal circuit, for example, to orthogonalize similar inputs and to increase storage capacity. This property could be the common core algorithm of the hippocampus across species, and it could bridge the gap in our understanding of hippocampal functions. Overall, neuronal correlates of place in the primate hippocampal formation are multiplexed and highly dependent on specific tasks. To fully explore the potential of the hippocampal response regime, future studies would require simultaneous recordings from many neurons across moderately complex tasks under ethological conditions. The resulting datasets will undoubtedly bring the complexity to another level, which will require the development of novel methodologies of data analysis. For example, recent applications of multimodal model-based approaches have revealed that neurons in many regions encode more features than previously thought [35, 106, 107], but only when all accessible variables are considered simultaneously. Coding and primarily rely on vision and internal maps to navigate. A rather fruitful line of research focuses on eye movement-related signals in the primate hippocampal formation. About 20% of hippocampal neurons selectively respond to view locations on a screen [108]. A similar proportion of entorhinal cortex neurons show visual spatial responses (grid and border) [37, 109] (Fig. 3A). A recent study extends this result to freely-behaving macaques and further shows hippocampal tuning to eye-in-head velocity (including saccadic eye movement) [35] (Fig. 3B). However, grid tuning in the visual space turns out to be much weaker than the rodent grid code. This raises the possibility that the primate grid code is different from that of rodents, although it remains to be determined if the neurons are from the subregion homologous to the dorsal-medial portion of the superficial entorhinal cortex in rats. In a goal-directed virtual-navigation task, macaques adaptively use their gaze to guide movement even after the transient appearance of the goal at a distance [110]. Likewise, human participants actively make rapid eye movements to interrogate the environment while keeping the goal location in their mind’s eye (i. e. , the goal is now at this gaze location) [111, 112]. Eye movement thus is a meaningful window in which to investigate trajectory planning and sequential decision-making during navigation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the functions of the hippocampus, particularly in relation to memory formation and spatial navigation. It highlights how the hippocampal circuit may increase storage capacity and the dependence of hippocampal neurons on visual cues and internal maps for navigation, supporting the claim about the hippocampus's key role in these processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Space tourism guarantees travelers will experience life on other planets. [SEP] Text: DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 '참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지? DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 Citeasy 이용하기 Citeasy 출시 기념 한시적 무료! Citeasy로 내보내기 서지가 내보내기 되었어요Citeasy에서 목록을 확인해보세요 Endnote Excel 복사인용 APA 7th 양식 변경 12 ### 논문을 읽고 계시네요! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a bibliographic management program and does not mention space tourism, life on other planets, or any related topic. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim in any manner.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Conclusion: The agro-healing program could strengthen the relationship between parent and child by improving the parent-child relationship satisfaction and children’s emotional attitude towards their parent. Key words: care farm, communication, education, elementary school, plants are the ones with whom children build their first human relations within the family that is their first society. It is a commonly known fact that parents have a significant impact on children’s development. In other words, parent-child relationship is the most fundamental human relations, and the first relationship built by the children (Chung, 1988). Parent-child relationship is the most fundamental and close relationship in children’s socialization process, and communication as a means to build and maintain this relationship is an important element in analyzing parent-child relationship as a verbal interaction (Kim, 1996). As building human relations based on mutual understanding requires smooth communication, so does parent-child relationship. Communication is the most important medium that strengthens or weakens parent-child relationship within the family and performs a key role in human relations by conveying attitudes, thoughts, affection, ideas, etc. (Thomas, 1977). Parents must build a relationship with their children based on active communication and understanding. Children consider their relationship with parents favorable when there is active communication at home, which makes them trust their parents and become more open, thereby showing smooth psychological growth and development (Kim, 2003). However, as the percentage of dual-income couples is increasing in the modern society, the hours for parent-child communication are gradually decreasing. According to the 2018 data by (2018), 46. 3% of married households are dual-income families, showing a 1. 7%p increase year on year. 4. 407 million households are married with children under the age of 18, and 51. 0% of them are dual-income households, showing a 2. 4%p increase year on year. The overall percentage of dual-income families with children has increased, and the increment of dual-income families with children aged 7–12 was the highest with 2. 9%p. As proved by this statistical data, the increase in dual-income households or both parents working is a poor condition for parents and children to spend enough time and have smooth communication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about paleoethnobotany. It discusses the dynamics of parent-child relationships, communication, and the effects of increasing dual-income households on family interaction, without any mention or connection to the study of historical relationships between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Forward sweeps from the current location to the goal location manifest possible behavioral correspondence of the neural pre-play reported in rodents during planning [113]. Further, gaze toward other locations could indicate subjects’ uncertainty (or deliberation) about the goal location. Future studies are needed to bridge the gap between such eye movements and their neural correspondence. Fig. 3Visual spatial responses and head versus eye reference frames. A An example neuron from the entorhinal cortex showing grid-like firing maps when the head-fixed macaque is freely viewing static pictures. From left to right: eye scan path on an example picture, spikes overlaid on eye movement trajectories [in degrees of visual angle (d. v. a)], color map of the neuronal firing (peak firing rate is indicated at the top), and autocorrelation of the firing map to the left [grid score (g) is indicated at the top]. B Firing rate maps of two example neurons as a function of eye-in-head position and velocity (Vel. ) in freely-moving macaques. Ver. , vertical; Hor. , horizontal. showing head facing location and eye spatial view. of neurons encoding facing location (FL), spatial view (SV), horizontal head direction (HD), and gaze direction (GD), across hippocampal regions (HPC, hippocampus; EC, entorhinal cortex; SUB, subicular complex). D Simplified schematic illustrating that integration of egocentric eye-in-head, allocentric 3D head orientation, and position gives rise to allocentric facing location and spatial view information. A is adapted with permission from [37]. B and Cb are adapted with permission from [35]. Full size imageThe above experiments were mostly carried out in stationary subjects, and it is currently unknown how these results can be extrapolated into naturalistic conditions. Eye movement patterns are likely different during free behavior from those during virtual navigation. During free behavior, we actively rotate our heads to face a certain direction and use our gaze to explore the details around that direction. This could link the implications of the hippocampus in spatial exploration and visual memory. Compared to rapid eye movement, head orientation appears to be a more stable anchor for firing fields to be attached to. Moreover, macaques use different strategies to make decisions in the real world: They are more risk-aversive during natural behavior while more risk-seeking under restrained conditions [114]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the hippocampus in spatial exploration and visual memory, indicating that it integrates various spatial information such as eye movements and head orientation. It suggests that these neural responses and behaviors are related to how the hippocampus functions during navigation, which supports the claim that the hippocampus plays a key role in spatial navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space tourism can replace traditional commercial air travel as the fastest way to travel across Earth. [SEP] Text: Imagine getting on a plane in London, taking a three-hour nap, and then waking up in City. For the start-up company Boom Supersonic, founded in 2014, this quick trip shouldn’t just be a high-flying dream for a limited amount of moneyed passengers. aims to bring supersonic air travel — that is, planes that fly above the speed of sound — to the masses, a practice that is now unheard of in commercial aviation. Most long-haul flights on giant airliners like Airbus’ A380 and Boeing’s 747 cruise at 550 miles per hour (885 kilometers per hour); Boom Supersonic’s lightning-fast planes trounce that number by almost 1,000 MPH with a cruising speed of 1,451 MPH — just shy of Mach 2, or twice the speed of sound. The plane has the capability of reaching Mach 2. 2. The thought of ripping through the air so quickly, of leapfrogging around the globe in the time it takes for a short trip by car, is undeniably gripping. Although like any startup Boom Supersonic’s success remains up in the air, some early signs indicate good things for the company. founder publicly backed the company. claims to have 76 orders for its planes, which could theoretically begin flight in 2023 following many years of test flights and improvements to their small (and forthcoming) fleet. The startup’s website promises “supersonic speeds” at “mainstream fares. ” Like any good startup, pitches big. Should it succeed, it would become a major player in commercial aviation. Just below the part of Boom Supersonic’s website where it affirms its commitment to low-cost supersonic travel, an important name is mentioned: the Concorde. For many people alive today, supersonic air travel is not an exciting new idea discovered by a small company; instead, it’s a dream that died with the advent of the 21st century. From 1976 until 2003, an airplane called the Concorde zipped through the skies at just over Mach 2, marking the debut of commercial supersonic air travel. Despite being internationally renowned, the Concorde didn’t allow for wide access to its lightning-fast flights. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while Boom Supersonic is working on supersonic air travel that could revolutionize commercial aviation, it also highlights the historical context of supersonic flights with the example of the Concorde, suggesting that the dream of affordable supersonic travel is not new and has previously failed to catch on. The mention of the Concorde 'zipped through the skies at just over Mach 2' implies that supersonic travel does not currently dominate commercial travel, thus supporting the notion that space tourism, which is not discussed in the text, is unlikely to replace traditional air travel.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: One of the main concerns dual-income parents have in educating and raising their children is the communication problem due to lack of time spent with children, which may even result in the children’s delinquency (Kong, 2009; Lee, 2012). To raise children healthy, it is important for parents to not only spend more time with their children but also have high-quality interaction with them within the given time (Kim, 2009). According to the Administration, agro-healing (or care farming) is defined as ‘using farming to provide care’, and it refers to ‘industries or activities that promote psychological, social, cognitive and physical health of the people using agricultural/rural resources or related activities and outputs’ (Gim et al. , 2013). European countries have already established the concept, purpose, scope, and target of care farming, and policy support for care farms is already activated at the national level, indicating that care farming has established itself as a major field of the agricultural industry. Care farms officially provide new therapeutic resources for schools, communities and hospitals, while also giving emotional stability to the participants and contributing to increasing farm income (Dessein and Bock, 2010; Di lacovo et al. , 2009; Hine et al. , 2008). Recently, the agricultural trend in Korea is also expanding to agro-healing that combined national health and rural experience beyond just tourism agriculture. Agro-healing, which refers to agricultural activities using farm landscapes and resources to improve physical and mental health of people today, is actively studied in terms of application in Korea, led by the Administration (Kim, 2019). Jeong et al. (2020) examined the different effects of agro-healing and discovered that agro-healing had active therapeutic effects on psychological and emotional variables such as stress, depression, and self-esteem regardless of age. Moreover, doing various five-senses activities in wide and unstandardized spaces such as care farms had better effect on reducing children’s daily stress than small and standardized spaces, thereby helping their emotional development (Kim and Koo, 2019). Even for adults, visual landscape elements and walking activities in wide open care farms instead of indoors relieve tension, and care farming activities lower cortisol, which is a stress hormone, thereby showing positive effects on both parents and children (Jang et al. , 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding paleoethnobotany as it discusses dual-income parents' concerns about education, introducing the concept of agro-healing, and its psychological and emotional benefits. It does not mention the historical relationship between people and plants, which is the focus of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Given the link between decision-making and eye movements during virtual navigation, it remains to be seen if such a change in decision strategies is reflected in subtle gaze behavior. Rodent studies have consistently failed to disambiguate head direction and gaze direction tuning. It is still unclear whether head direction tuning reflects gaze direction. Earlier studies by Rolls and colleagues using macaques in a cart (the head is held in a forward-looking position) have identified hippocampal neurons tuned to where the animal looks, i. e. , spatial view cells [36, 115]. These neurons are tuned to “visual space” but not to the animal’s location. More cells become selective to spatial view in a visually richer environment [116]. Some cells maintain the tuning when the view details are obscured, and some continue firing when that location is being viewed even in darkness when the head is steady [117, 118], suggesting a role in memorizing what and where something is seen at a distance. It should be noted that the overall responses are complex in that some cells lose their tuning when visual inputs are obscured. Although the animals could turn rapidly, the caveats in these studies include that the monkey’s head is held in an upright position and the peak translational velocity is relatively low at 0. 6 m/s [115], masking the possibility that natural head motion would make the story more complex. Indeed, when the monkey’s head is free to move in 6 degrees of freedom, facing location (where the head points) coding outperforms spatial view [35] (Fig. 3C). The same holds true for azimuth directional tuning. It remains to be seen if increasing visual richness of the environment would reverse this conclusion. Unlike in head-fixed animals, there is a near absence of grid tuning for where the monkey looks or where the head points in freely-behaving animals. Future studies need to examine what these visual grid cells do during free navigation. To compute spatial view or head-facing location, one needs to integrate a mixture of egocentric and allocentric coordinates, including eye-in-head position, head orientation, and location in the three-dimensional allocentric space (Fig. 3D). Such a transformation may involve many brain regions, of which the retrosplenial/precuneus complex may be at the core [119, 120], given its role in integrating internal hippocampal and external visual information [121, 122]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of hippocampal neurons in spatial view and their relationship to memory and navigation. It mentions that certain neurons are tuned to where an animal looks, indicating their role in gathering visual information about the environment, which is crucial for forming new memories and navigating through space. Additionally, it highlights the importance of integrating different types of coordinates and the complex responses of these neurons, linking them to spatial navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space tourism can replace traditional commercial air travel as the fastest way to travel across Earth. [SEP] Text: Tickets for the plane typically amounted to $12,000 USD round-trip, which in 2017 dollars amounts to just north of $22,000 USD. Airways and operated the planes, limited to high-volume routes like to New York’s JFK Airport, or Paris’ to Washington DC’s Dulles Airport. The plane’s seat capacity capped off at 130 passengers, well below that of the mega-airliners that debuted during the Concorde’s halcyon days, such as the Boeing 767, which can transport as many as 375 passengers. Yet if access to the Concorde was limited, its appeal is universal. Who enjoys sitting in a cramped airliner seat for eight hours or more? Plus, how many people can say they’ve flown at the speed of sound? An undoubtable luxury good, the Concorde pushed the limits of what people expected out of commercial flying. That is, until it took its final flight to some but not significant international fanfare in late 2003. Cities like San Francisco, Austin, and Denver are replete with start-ups, many of which anchor their business models on flashy but ultimately been-there-done-that ideas. Consider Chariot, an upstart that like began in 2014: the company proclaims that it is “reinventing mass transit” by offering individuals the chance to buy rides on shuttle vans that follow pre-assigned routes. In other words, Chariot “reinvented” the city bus, and naturally the only difference is that it’s more expensive. An anecdotal but telling example: in Austin, Texas, one of the few cities where Chariot is beta testing, it costs $7 USD for two rides, whereas a city bus trip will set you back $2. 50. I mapped out a frequent commute I take on the city bus in the Chariot interface and found the time difference to be negligible. Even if Chariot got me there faster, it wouldn’t be worth almost three times as much as a city bus commute. Supersonic fail to live up to its intentions, it would become the Chariot of Concordes: an idea that sounds new but only modifies a familiar mode of transport. The distinction between Concordes and city buses, however, is that for however slow the latter sometimes may be, they do work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and high costs associated with supersonic flights, such as the Concorde, and compares it unfavorably to traditional mass transit options. It states that the 'supersonic fail to live up to its intentions,' implying that the appeal of faster travel does not justify the costs when alternatives like city buses exist, which are more practical. This suggests that space tourism, which is likely to have similar high costs and limited availability, may not realistically replace commercial air travel.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Healing programs in care farms mostly use plants, animals, rural environments, and landscapes that can be commonly encountered due to the nature of the environment. Horticultural activities can promote internal change in parents and children, and the life cycle of plants enable parents to newly find the way in which they treat their children (Choi and Seo, 2007). Moreover, horticultural activities including comfort and stability that can be found in nature and plants may broaden the common ground of parents and children, relieve conflicts and stress between them with communion based on cooperative work, and further cement their relationship. Therefore, this study examines the parental satisfaction with parent-child relationship and children’s emotional change using the characteristics and purpose of agro-healing. It examines how horticultural activities and agricultural experiences using care farm resources affect changes in parent-child relationship and perception based on mutual understanding by activating parent-child communication and having them participate in the program together. recruit the subjects, the department to which the researchers belong sent an official letter to D Office of Education with attached information and recruitment file for the agro-healing program. Office of Education sent the official letter to elementary schools under the jurisdiction so that they were delivered home for parents to apply if they were willing to participate. The subjects were clearly notified of the research purpose before the program and were to submit the consent for use of personal information. The subjects were recruited by order of application, and 27 families participated. Among them, 20 parent-child teams who attended all sessions and fully participated in the program as well as the pretest and posttest were ultimately selected as the subjects. There were more mothers participating than fathers (13 mothers, 8 fathers), and there were 4 children aged 8, 2 children aged 9, 9 children aged 10, 3 children aged 11, and 2 children aged 12. Compared to other ages, 10-year-old children showed a high rate of participation (Table 1). design defined agro-healing as all activities for physical and emotional healing in care farms (Gim et al. , 2013). In the agro-healing program, both parents and children showed satisfaction with gardening activities, and cooking with agricultural products harvested from the garden provided a positive synergy to the happiness and emotional intelligence of parents and children (Lee at al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses agro-healing programs that utilize plants and horticultural activities to improve parent-child relationships, but it does not address paleoethnobotany specifically or its historical context. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim made about paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: However, encoding of different reference frames may manifest as a continuum rather than a clear cut along the medial temporal lobe-retrosplenial/precuneus-parietal circuits. Indeed, there is strong head-tilt tuning across hippocampal regions, similar to that reported in the mouse limbic system, the bat presubiculum, and the monkey anterior thalamus [26, 123, 124]. These results suggest that gravity is an important reference to anchor orientation tuning. Combining 3D head orientation and location, with environmental geometry, one can obtain facing location (where the head points, i. e. , the intersection between head pointing vector and environmental boundaries) (Fig. 3C). Hippocampal neurons are consistently best explained by this variable. We note here it remains to be explored what facing location truly means. For example, it is possible that facing location reflects egocentric directional tuning relative to certain landmarks in the environment, similar to what has been shown in the rodent hippocampal system [125]. Similarly, future analyses need to assess whether the rodent hippocampus encodes facing location. There are still a few missing pieces when translating between egocentric and allocentric reference frames. One of them is the differentiation between head orientation in the allocentric frame and head orientation with respect to the body. No study so far has differentiated the two reference frames in the hippocampal formation. There are some hints from rodent studies that the head-trunk relationship is encoded in the posterior parietal cortex [126]. To capture the full repertoire of primate behavior in an unrestrained condition, one needs to combine portable eye tracking and accurate tracking of the whole body (head, back, and limbs). Recent advances for markerless pose estimation are particularly helpful [127,128,129,130]. In this review, we have discussed progress towards understanding the hippocampal correlates of spatial behavior in primates at the level of single neurons and LFPs. There are some similarities but also marked differences between primates and rodents. The lower-frequency hippocampal theta in primates is intermittent and modulated by eye movements, whereas theta phase-coding is somewhat present. Hippocampal neurons often show mixed selectivity to various spatial variables, with head orientation and eye movement properties predominating over the place and grid code. The hippocampal spatial code is also highly task-dependent, manifesting the role of cognitive demands. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of hippocampal neurons in encoding spatial behavior and head orientation, which is essential for navigation. It discusses how hippocampal regions contribute to spatial memory and the complexity of encoding different reference frames in relation to spatial behavior, aligning with the claim that the hippocampus is crucial for forming new memories and aiding spatial navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space tourism can replace traditional commercial air travel as the fastest way to travel across Earth. [SEP] Text: lived up to its speedy reputation, but it did so at the cost of massive budget losses for both. Supersonic avoid the pratfalls of the Concorde and truly deliver supersonic travel to the masses? The story of Boom Supersonic, which still has yet to unfold, exists at the cross-section of tech, aviation, and finance. On paper the idea of commercial supersonic flight has its appeals: no long hours spent in mediocre-to-downright uncomfortable airplane seats, and quick commutes that lengthen the amount of time that can be spent exploring new places rather than looking down on them from a tiny window in the sky. But big dreams and noble intentions do not on their own ensure success. has gone off as well as one could hope a startup promising affordable supersonic travel could be, but with no commercial planes in the sky just yet, it’s still too early to say what the company’s legacy will be. Will it alter the landscape of commercial aviation, or will it — like Flight 4590, a doomed Concorde flight — crash in flames shortly after takeoff? In the final moments of the MayDay: Investigation episode devoted to AF4590, “Concorde — Up in Flames,” the narrator tells the audience that 2003, the year of Concorde’s final flight, marks the “end” of “the first era of supersonic passenger travel. ” Supersonic hopes to usher in the second era, it will need to be a dutiful student of history. What the history ultimately tells us is that for however strongly supersonic travel appeals in theory, the economics of aviation have changed in such a way as to make traveling at Mach 2 the an uphill climb. A of the ConcordeWhen it debuted, the Concorde immediately grabbed the attention of the aviation world, as well as the wider public. In contrast to the big, sometimes aesthetically unremarkable planes used by global travelers that made up the bulk of airline fleets, the Concorde looked and felt like a winged messenger from the future. Sleek-bodied, technologically advanced, and unprecedentedly swift, the Concorde aspired to what no other commercial airliner sought to do. On their own, commercial airplanes were enough of a feat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and economic issues facing supersonic travel, which is a form of advanced air travel that would be a competitor to both space tourism and traditional air travel. It highlights that despite the theoretical appeal of supersonic travel, as noted in the statement, 'the economics of aviation have changed in such a way as to make traveling at Mach 2 an uphill climb,' thereby implying that both supersonic and space tourism face significant obstacles that may prevent either from fully replacing traditional air travel.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Based on previous literature, this study can give an operational definition of agro-healing as activities carried out to promote relationship satisfaction and emotional stability of parents and elementary school children by designing an agro-healing program based on horticultural activities using elements such as animal resources, plant resources, landscape, and farm work in a care farm. Therefore, we designed a farm experience program for the morning and a horticultural program using plant resources in the farm for the afternoon. The program was carried out in total 6 sessions, comprised of activities using the farm landscape, experience centers and farm resources such as Korean native cattle, wildflowers, agricultural products, succulent plants, rice paddies, etc. This program was to achieve empathy and communication with the participation of both parents and children, as well as to seek emotional stability by improving the individual quality of life for parents and children (Son, 2012). The specific sessions of the program are as follows. In the morning of Session 1, there was an orientation to introduce the farm and use the cattle, which is the farm resource, for cart riding and cattle feeding. In the afternoon of Session 1, the subjects introduced themselves to build rapport and decorated photo frames with pressed flowers. They put photos of themselves or their family in the frame embroidered with beautiful pressed flowers to increase self-esteem and love for their family. In the morning of Session 2, the parents and children spent time to put up a tent and enjoy the view of the farm. In the afternoon, they transplanted the plants growing in the farm to small pots and had conversations about the things that give them a hard time. They could think and realize that, even though the plants are transplanted into a smaller space, they can still produce flowers if they are well managed; and like-wise, the things that give them a hard time can also turn their inner self into a beautiful person by well managing and overcoming them. 3, they harvested sweet potatoes they can cooperate in the farm, after which they participated in succulent art using a door frame in the theme of ‘Open the door to your heart’. They went into the greenhouse where succulent plants are growing and collected two types of the plants, and then decorated the door frame using adhesive soil. The parents and children could exchange various trivial questions they had about each other while decorating the door, leading them to open up to each other. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about paleoethnobotany. It discusses an agro-healing program that involves horticultural activities aimed at improving emotional well-being for parents and children, but does not address the historical examination of the relationship between people and plants or provide any insight into paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Below, we discuss some open directions that may be interesting to pursue. Regardless of what the hippocampal code is, it needs to be read and used by downstream regions, which often have topographical connections with the hippocampus. For example, the retrosplenial cortex receives strong projections from the posterior hippocampus while the orbitofrontal cortex mostly connects with the anterior portion [131, 132]. The hippocampus is also part of the Papez circuit and the default mode network [133, 134]. Understanding how networks of regions (centered on the hippocampus) communicate during online and offline processing is key to gaining a firmer grasp of the brain-wide mechanisms of spatial cognition and memory. The macaque model offers a unique opportunity to investigate this question at a high spatiotemporal resolution on a large scale. The anatomy of the macaque hippocampus embraces two key aspects that are distinct from rodents: first, the anterior portion of the hippocampus is disproportionally larger than the posterior part; and second, the hippocampi in the left and right hemispheres share much fewer direct connections than rodents [135]. Such anatomical differences may likely underlie more significant functional differentiations in the macaque hippocampus. Future studies need to examine simultaneous neural activity along the entire long axis and across both hemispheres. That said, the hippocampus is an evolutionarily old structure. There are good reasons to believe that the basic algorithms are preserved across mammalian species. However, such preservation may not be shown as a task-dependent spatial code at the single neuron level. It would be useful to determine how population activity patterns (ensemble dynamics) are similar or different across tasks, behavioral states, and even across species. In this way, we would better understand how the hippocampal circuit transforms its inputs to its outputs. This would require recordings from many neurons across many regions under different situations with multiple spatial and temporal scales. With the emergence of advanced techniques for monitoring the rich behavior of freely-behaving non-human primates, when combined with large-scale telemetric recordings and sophisticated tasks, the time is ripe for investigating the role of the hippocampal-neocortical networks in spatial cognition and other higher functions under moderately ethological conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the hippocampus in memory and spatial cognition. It emphasizes the importance of the hippocampus in how networks of brain regions, particularly during online and offline processing, contribute to spatial cognition and memory formation. The text also mentions the connections of the hippocampus with other brain regions and suggests that understanding these connections is crucial for grasping the underlying mechanisms of these cognitive functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space tourism can replace traditional commercial air travel as the fastest way to travel across Earth. [SEP] Text: To be able to traverse, for example, the in five or six hours when earlier modes of transport would have required days, if not weeks, represents a feat of human ingenuity that today is still taken for granted. For the Concorde, the marvel of human flight is all well and good, but it isn’t enough. If a plane could be designed to transport hundreds of people to far-flung locations, could it not be improved to be faster? In the 1970s, a joint venture by the English and French answered that question affirmatively. launched in January 1976, after years of research into the possibility of bringing supersonic speeds — which had only been reached by military planes — to the mainstream aviation marketplace. Because of the enormous research and development costs, in addition to the considerable expenses that go into maintaining a plane like the Concorde, the British and the French felt a cost-sharing agreement would be to their mutual benefit. Such a plane could distinguish them from American manufacturers like Lockheed and Boeing. The Concorde, a glamorous lawn dart of a plane, would quite literally shrink the world for anyone who could afford to pony up for a brief ride on the supersonic jet. A list of routes flown by the Concorde (Source: Aerospaceweb)Although the Concorde does mark the first instance of commercial supersonic travel, its clientele was slim, a far cry from the wide range of passengers that fill up jumbo jets like Boeing’s 747 or Airbus’ A380. Concorde: The FactsYears of practice flight, 1969; commercial existence, 1976-2003could carry as many as 128 passengers, though most flights operated by were designated to carry 90-100 passengers, and around nine crew members. In a sharp break from most airline ticketing practices, the Concorde didn’t have individuated classes, with a “first class” getting special treatment over and above what more basic tickets allowed for. Because of the high price of Concorde tickets, merely being on the plane itself constituted the luxury treatment. On one of the Concorde’s initial flights, from London to Bahrain, ran its customers £356 GBP, or in 2017 dollars around £2,700 GBP. This price, while high at the time, was only slightly more expensive than a first-class ticket on a more conventional airliner. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed account of the Concorde, which was a supersonic jet capable of reducing flight times significantly compared to traditional commercial air travel. It highlights the Concorde's operational history and its high ticket prices, alongside the limited number of passengers it could accommodate, implying that traditional commercial air travel has not been replaced by faster alternatives like the Concorde. The mention of the Concorde being the first instance of commercial supersonic travel emphasizes that while it was faster, it did not achieve widespread adoption, suggesting that space tourism may face similar limitations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 4, the subjects participated in archery and had a great time playing, after which they collected different plants in the farm and planted them together in the theme of one family. 5, they participated in rice field boat riding, and then made a wish box with flowers that gave a sense of achievement to both the parents and children, which they talked about with each other based on the results. 6, they picked apples in the morning and made homemade cheong (fruit preserve) using the applies in the theme of a positive future for the family. The subjects could realize that, as homemade cheong needs some time to mature, the parents and children can communicate while making cheong together and repeatedly spend time together to become more solid in their family relations (Table 2). Program implementation Total 6 sessions of the agro-healing program were carried out with children aged 8–13 and their parents at G (or Healing Farm) in Gyeongsangbuk-do every Saturday from October 12 to November 16, 2019. Each session was 4 hours long from 11 a. m. to 3 p. m. The morning session was from 11 a. m. to 12 p. m. , comprised of healing activities and experiences in the farm, after which the subjects had lunch and some free time in the farm for an hour and a half from 12 p. m. The afternoon session was from 1:30 p. m. to 3 p. m. , and the subjects participated in activities using various horticultural products in the farm and took home the results they produced every session. Assessment tool (1) Parent-child relationship satisfaction To examine whether parent-child relationship improved after the program, we used the parent-child relationship satisfaction scale analyzed by Byun (1999) on the parents. This test is divided into three categories: endopsychic aspect (8 items), relationship aspect (12 items), and communication aspect (10 items). They are comprised of total 30 items, with higher scores indicating that the parents relatively perceive high relationship satisfaction with their children. A Likert scale is used to give 5 points to positive items and 1 point to negative items, ranging from minimum 30 to maximum 150 points. This study conducted the parent-child relationship satisfaction test on the parents twice, before and after the program, and the reliability of the tool was Cronbach’s α. 857 and thus reliable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily describes activities related to an agro-healing program involving parents and children participating in various farming and cooking activities. It does not address the historical study of the relationship between people and plants, which is the focus of paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: hippocampus has long been observed to encode a representation of an animal's position in space. Recent evidence suggests that the nature of this representation is somewhat predictive and can be modeled by learning a successor representation (SR) between distinct positions in an environment. However, this discretization of space is subjective making it difficult to formulate predictions about how some environmental manipulations should impact the hippocampal representation. Here, we present a model of place and grid cell firing as a consequence of learning a SR from a basis set of known neurobiological features—boundary vector cells (BVCs). The model describes place cell firing as the successor features of the SR, with grid cells forming a low-dimensional representation of these successor features. We show that the place and grid cells generated using the BVC-SR model provide a good account of biological data for a variety of environmental manipulations, including dimensional stretches, barrier insertions, and the influence of environmental geometry on the hippocampal representation of space. 1 hippocampal formation plays a central role in the ability of humans and other mammals to navigate physical space (Morris, Garrud, Rawlins, & O'Keefe, 1982; Scoville & Milner, 1957). Consistent with behavioral findings, electrophysiological studies in rodents have uncovered a range of spatially modulated neurons—yielding important insights into how the brain represents space—including place cells (O'Keefe & Dostrovsky, 1971), grid cells (Hafting, Fyhn, Molden, Moser, & Moser, 2005), head direction cells (Taube, Muller, & Ranck, 1990), and boundary vector cells (BVCs) (Barry et al. , 2006; Lever, Burton, Jeewajee, O'Keefe, & Burgess, 2009; Solstad, Boccara, Kropff, Moser, & Moser, 2008). Yet how these neural representations combine to facilitate flexible and efficient goal-directed navigation, such as that observed in mammals (Etienne & Jeffery, 2004), remains an open question. One way is to approach this problem from the field of reinforcement learning (RL). RL (Sutton & Barto, 2018) seeks to address how an agent should act optimally to maximize expected future reward. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the hippocampus's involvement in encoding space, which is crucial for navigation. It explicitly states that the 'hippocampal formation plays a central role in the ability of humans and other mammals to navigate physical space,' supporting the assertion that the hippocampus is key for spatial navigation. Additionally, it emphasizes the role of various spatially modulated neurons and their contribution to understanding how the brain represents space, which aligns with the claim about memory formation and navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space tourism can replace traditional commercial air travel as the fastest way to travel across Earth. [SEP] Text: In a history of the Concorde written for The Atlantic, writes, “Early on, one-way tickets from JFK to Heathrow were roughly $1,500; by the 2000s, $7,000 was standard, and $10,000 round-trip was a deal. ” The mass of literature written about the Concorde will frequently cite a rounded-up, conservative estimate of $12,000 USD for a round-trip Concorde flight. During the Concorde’s farewell flights in 2003, charged £4,350 (£6,481. 50 in 2017) for a one-way ticket and £8,292 (£12,355 in 2017) for a round-trip ticket. If it wasn’t enough for the Concorde to fly at almost triple the speed of standard commercial planes, it also could fly up to 60,000 feet in the air — nearly double the altitude of its subsonic counterparts. At its famed Mach 2 speed, the Concorde would cruise at around 50,000 feet, 10,000 feet over the limits set by commercial airline companies. Supersonic flight doesn’t happen easily, a fact reflected by the Concorde’s fuel consumption. During flight the plane could gulp down 5,638 imperial gallons of fuel per hour during flight. This is a seat map for the Airbus A380, one of the world’s largest commercial planes, typically used on long-haul flights by major airliners like Lufthansa and Emirates. By contrast, the Concorde offers a much more limited range of seating. could get a considerably sized group of passengers from A to B faster than any commercial airplane by far, yet it transported a smaller amount of passengers, and it did so without providing the amenities that come with a first-class ticket on a standard commercial jumbo jet. Put simply, the Concorde’s main virtue, its speed, was its only selling point. If someone needed to get from London to in record time, the Concorde provided the only solution. If someone was wealthy and hated long flights, the Concorde would be his only means of avoiding the drudgery that accompanies air travel for most customers. Bramson, in his piece on the Concorde for The Atlantic, does point out that flight aboard the Concorde often game with branded gifts such as tie clips and flasks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by analyzing the historical context and operational limitations of the Concorde, a famous supersonic aircraft. It highlights that, despite flying significantly faster than traditional commercial planes, the Concorde catered to a wealthy clientele with limited seating and high ticket prices. The mention of the Concorde's fuel consumption issues and limited passenger capacity illustrates that while supersonic travel can be faster, it is not necessarily practical or affordable for the general public, which challenges the idea that space tourism could replace traditional air travel in terms of speed and accessibility.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: (2) Test (SCT) For the children, we used the Test (SCT) for children. The SCT is a test for respondents to complete multiple incomplete sentences however they want, and it is developed from the word association test. It is comprised of total 33 items, and only the subject and verb of each sentence are provided, and the respondents are to complete the sentences however they want. Tendler suggested that the SCT can distinguish the diagnosis of accident response and emotional response, and Rohde stated that it is effective in fundamentally determining the perception and inner side of the respondents that are difficult to express or reveal through a direct conversation (Choi, 2010; Lim, 2011). Accordingly, despite the diverse fields of writing, this study measured the changes in children’s thoughts and emotions toward their relationship with parents through the SCT. The test was taken twice, before and after the program, to examine the children’s perception changes toward their parents. For analysis and assessment of the text, we made revisions considering the criteria for quantitative and qualitative assessment of ‘Skills Assessment: (Kim, 2008)’. The sentences were scored with focus on written expression among the writing assessment criteria with the advice of early childhood education specialists, and 1–5 points were given to total 4 categories: vocabulary, expression, sentence organization, and content (Table 3). There are 13 categories according to the classification criteria of interpretation in the SCT, but this study only examined the ones relevant to family relations such as attitude toward the mother, attitude toward the father, attitude toward the family, and attitude toward relatives. Moreover, we added items that reveal the child’s emotional aspect of parents in items such as attitude toward negative things and attitude toward positive things. Based on the detailed criteria for assessment of written expression, we examined the change in emotional expression of the children toward their parents through the sentences they wrote. Data analysis Data in this study was analyzed as follows using (19. 0). The Cronbach’s α coefficient was used to assess the reliability of the scale by internal consistency, and the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to analyze whether the measured sample data has a normal distribution. We also analyzed parents’ relationship satisfaction with children and children’s perception change in the relationship with parents with the paired sample t-test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses the use of the SCT test to measure children’s thoughts and emotions toward their relationship with parents, without any reference to paleoethnobotany or the study of plants in history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Consequently, a quantity often used in RL is the value V of a state s in the environment which is defined as the expected cumulative reward R, exponentially discounted into the future by a discount parameter γ ∈ [0, 1]. (1) This equation can be rewritten by deconstructing value into the long-run transition statistics and corresponding reward statistics of the environment (Dayan, 1993). Here, the transition statistics, denoted by M, is called the successor representation (SR) which represents the discounted expected future occupancy of each state s′ from the current state s. (2) The SR M encapsulates both the short- and long-term state-transition dynamics of the environment, with a time-horizon dictated by the discount parameter γ. Furthermore, changes to the transition and reward structure can be incorporated into the value estimates V(s) by adjusting M and R, respectively. These adjustments can be made experientially using a temporal-difference learning rule, which uses the difference between predicted outcomes and the actual outcomes to improve the accuracy of the predicted estimate (Sutton, 1988). Thus, the SR allows the value of possible future states to be calculated flexibly and efficiently. Consequently, it has been proposed that the hippocampus encodes a SR of space (Stachenfeld, Botvinick, & Gershman, 2017)—a claim that is further evidenced by the SR providing a good account of experimental observations of both place and grid cells. This formulation of the SR typically involves discretization of the environment into a grid of locations, within which the SR can be learnt by transitioning around the grid of states. However, this fixed grid-world renders it hard to make predictions about how environmental manipulations, such as dimensional stretches, would immediately affect hippocampal representations. Furthermore, in very large state spaces, estimating the SR for every state becomes an increasingly difficult and costly task. Instead, using a set of features to approximate location would allow generalization across similar states and circumvent this curse of dimensionality. Indeed, it is clear from electrophysiological studies of the neural circuits supporting navigation that the brain does not represent space as a grid of discrete states, but rather uses an array of spatially sensitive neurons. In particular, boundary responsive neurons are found throughout the hippocampal formation, including “border cells” in superficial medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) (Solstad et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the hippocampus encodes a successor representation (SR) of space, which is linked to spatial navigation and has been evidenced by observations of place and grid cells. This suggests that the hippocampus is involved in processing spatial information and is integral to memory formation related to navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space tourism can replace traditional commercial air travel as the fastest way to travel across Earth. [SEP] Text: But in terms of seating arrangement, Concorde passengers fared only slightly better than what is now commonly called economy class on subsonic airliners. With the Concorde, you got where you needed to go quickly, but your seats weren’t much different from those paying far less to spend longer on a plane. High ticket prices and reduced cabin sizes established the Concorde’s glitzy exclusivity, but they also foreshadowed the unsustainable economic model of the plane itself. Considering that the Concorde was the only supersonic airplane of its kind, how is it that it could have been decommissioned? Flight of the Concorde: Why it HappenedFor all of its technological prowess and public renown, the Concorde faced numerous obstacles to success. The appeal for ultra-fast flight is not so strong that it can withstand any market forces exacted upon it. Of the numerous issues faced by the Concorde, the following stand out. Screen capture from the only video documenting the final moments of AF4590 (Source: YouTube)Base: attempted to market the Concorde as a reasonable option for anyone who would otherwise be paying for a first class ticket on a major airliner. Unfortunately for the Concorde, this group of people is still considerably smaller. To put the Concorde’s 128 person maximum seating arrangement into perspective, a present-day Boeing 777 can fit 122 people in the economy section of the plane alone. Airlines rake in the big bucks on premium first-class and business-class seats (and increasingly stratified sections like “Economy Plus”), but they do need to offer a range of ticket prices to draw in the most customers as possible. Due to its steep cost and small cabin size, the Concorde staked its fortunes on a small segment of the population. Cost: Even those with little knowledge about flight don’t have to think hard to imagine just how much energy it must require to send a commercial airliner into supersonic speeds. Conflicting reports abound on the profitability of the Concorde; the low if not nonexistent profitability of the Concorde was well known to industry experts throughout the plane’s 27 year existence, but at different times reported making money off the supersonic flights. Where numbers can be found or estimated, things look poor for the Concorde. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and historical issues faced by the Concorde, which was a supersonic aircraft that aimed to provide fast travel but ultimately failed due to high costs, low profitability, and a small market segment. It emphasizes that the appeal for ultra-fast flight is not strong enough to withstand market forces, which suggests that the viability of replacing traditional air travel with space tourism may be similarly challenged.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Results and test The one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine whether the collected sample data has a normal distribution. The values measured in the parent-child relationship satisfaction test are the endopsychic aspect (p =. 867), relationship aspect (p =. 735), and communication aspect (p =. 820), showing a normal distribution with p =. 973 for the total mean 115. 8 (SD = 13. 8) (Table 4). The values measured in the SCT are vocabulary (p =. 986), expression (p =. 982), sentence organization (p =. 575), and content (p =. 949), showing a normal distribution with p =. 990 for the total mean 14. 7 (SD = 1. 4) (Table 5). Therefore, the parametric test was conducted for both parent-child relationship satisfaction and SCT in the mean comparison before and after the program. Mean difference before and after the program Parent-child relationship satisfaction To determine the effects of a healing program carried out in a care farm on improving parent-child relationship, we measured parent-child relationship satisfaction of parents before and after the program (Table 6). The mean was 115. 8 (SD = 13. 8) before the program but 117. 0 (SD = 14. 6) after the program, showing no significant change (p =. 085). However, by sub-item, the endopsychic aspect was 33. 4 (SD = 4. 7) before and 33. 6 (SD = 4. 8) after (p =. 297), and the relationship aspect was 43. 0 (SD = 6. 0) before and 43. 5 (SD = 6. 4) after (p =. 171), showing no significant change, but the communication aspect was 39. 5 (SD = 6. 3) before and 40. 0 (SD = 6. 3) after, showing a significant increase (p =. 047). This is similar to the results that, after a mother-child healing program using garden products, the open communication between parent and child improved, which also significantly reduced the daily stress of the mother and child (Lee, 2004), and that doing horticultural work together with a shared goal helps learn how to build relationships and improve communication skills and interpersonal relations (Morgan, 1993). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical analyses related to a healing program for parent-child relationships, including satisfaction tests and communication improvements, without any mention of paleoethnobotany or the relationship between people and plants in history.