Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: , 2005). Releases would need to occur in local areas not treated with pesticide or herbicide, which would quickly become reservoirs of sensitizing drives that could spread into adjacent fields. Periodically releasing new drives could potentially allow any given pesticide or herbicide to be utilized indefinitely. Modeling experiments will be needed to evaluate feasibility for different target species. A second form of sensitizing drive could potentially render pest populations vulnerable to molecules that never previously affected them. For example, a gene important to fitness might be replaced with a version from another species or laboratory isolate whose function is sensitive to a particular compound. In principle, this approach could eventually lead to the development and use of safer and more species-specific pesticides and herbicides. Controlling invasive species One of the most environmentally damaging consequences of global economic activity is the introduction of invasive species, which often cause ecological disruption or even the extinction of native species. Isolated ecosystems such as those on small islands are especially vulnerable. RNA-guided suppression drives might be used to promote biodiversity by controlling or even eradicating invasive species from islands or possibly entire continents. The economics of invasive species control are also compelling: the top ten invasives in the cause an estimated $42 billion in damages every year (Pimentel et al. , 2005). Black and brown rats alone cause $19 billion in damages and may be responsible for more extinctions than any other nonhuman species. Deploying RNA-guided suppression drives against invasive species will incur two primary risks related to undesired spread. First, rare mating events may allow the drive to affect closely related species. Using precision drives to target sequences unique to the invasive species could mitigate or eliminate this problem. Second, the suppression drive might spread from the invasive population back into the native habitat, perhaps even through intentional human action. Native populations might be protected using an immunizing drive, but doing so would risk transferring immunity back into invasive populations. Instead, we might grant the invasive population a unique sequence with a standard drive (Figure 5C), verify that these changes have not spread to the native population, and only then release a suppression drive targeting the recoded sequences while holding an immunizing drive in reserve. Another approach might utilize a sensitizing drive to render all populations newly vulnerable to a specific compound, which could then be used as a pesticide for the local control of invasive populations. All of these possibilities will require modeling and experimentation to establish safety and feasibility before use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the necessity of modeling and experimentation to establish safety and feasibility of gene drives before their use, indicating that these technologies are not yet ready for unrestricted release. Furthermore, the mention of risks related to the potential spread of drives into non-target populations underscores ongoing ecological concerns surrounding their deployment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells will soon power the majority of household electricity needs. [SEP] Text: Previous experience with smaller units helped the team to foresee many of the complications that could affect the efficiency and reliability of stacked MFCs. One difficulty to overcome was the decline in power generation due to the progressive drop in fuel availability once the wastewater becomes purified. Despite the technical challenges, the project was a success, with the 1000-litre MFC producing 0. 015 kWh/m3 of electricity, with peaks of 0. 060 kWh/m3. The 1000-litre MFC was capable of both generating bioelectricity and purifying wastewater to legal requirements. The microbial species present were capable of both generating bioelectricity and purifying wastewater to legal requirements, removing up to 48% of ammonia and 65% of the organic micropollutants. The system operated with energy efficiency of 5. 8–12. 1%, the highest achieved so far among MFCs employed in wastewater facilities. It is also important to point out that the system was able to run all year round, even when the temperature of the sewage dropped during the winter months. Shewanella, a genus of bacteria with electrically conductive appendages called nanowires. see Source, CC BY 2. 5, via Future perspectives Despite its rather large dimension, the 1000-litre reactor is still only suited for smaller municipalities and would not meet the energy demands of wastewater treatment plants in larger cities. Some challenges remain to be overcome before MFCs can be built and operated at even larger scales. One of these is the higher costs associated with the extra materials needed for the construction of bigger reactors. Another important goal would be to find ways of achieving higher rates of power generation. The current average power of 0. 015 kWh/m3 is certainly helpful for the purpose of saving energy in the operation of wastewater plants but falls short of completely covering the power requirements of large wastewater treatment facilities. Fischer’s team is currently investigating how further improvements in design and the use of state-of-the-art technology could boost power production, with a view to enabling MFCs to completely cover the output of larger municipalities’ wastewater plants all year round. What attracted you to your current research field and what excites you most when you go into the lab? I heard about H Peter Bennetto’s work on biobatteries in the 1990s and thought it lent itself to further student research projects so we started to work with students in the field. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating the current limitations of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in power generation. It states that the 1000-litre MFC produces only 0.015 kWh/m3 of electricity and highlights the technical challenges and costs associated with scaling up, suggesting that while MFC technology is promising, it is currently suited for smaller municipalities and cannot yet meet the energy demands of larger wastewater treatment plants. Overall, the text points out that significant improvements are needed before MFCs could fulfill the claim of powering the majority of household electricity needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: 🌐 Gacor♨ �🚀 Spaceman, Starlight Princess, 🤠 & 📱,Mobile, slot merupakan salah satu cara untuk bermain slot online gratis. Dengan link slot online gratis pemain bisa bermain game slot tanpa uang asli. Seluruh game slot yang bisa anda coba di link slot online ini adalah game slot demo gratis yang diberikan oleh salah satu provider game slot online terbesar yaitu pragmatic play. Pragmatic play adalah perusahaan developer game slot yang memberikan versi demo slot gratis yang terbesar di Asia. Hari ini anda bisa memainkan game slot dengan ribuan tema dan bonus. Anda bisa coba ragam permainan slot demo yang membuat anda tertarik di situs slot online. Sebelum melakukan permainan slot online yang asli maka lebih baik anda bermain di game slot demo terlebih dahulu. Jika anda sudah percaya diri dengan kamampuan anda maka bisa bermain langsung dengan link slot online yang telah kami sediakan. Tentu saja resiko bermain slot demo tanpa uang asli sama sekali tidak ada. Itulah alasan banyak pemain mencari akun demo slot pragmatic play untuk melakukan permainan. Dengan daftar akun demo slot anda akan berhak menikmati permainan slot demo secara gratis di situs slot online ini. demo pragmatic play tercipta akibat inovasi dari pragmatic play. Banyak pemain slot yang ingin terlebih dahulu mencoba bermain game slot yang membuat mereka tertarik tanpa uang asli. Dengan adanya demo slot pragmatic ini pemain bisa merasakan bagaimana cara bermain slot online serta tema dan fitur yang lengkap. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses online slot games and demo versions provided by a game developer, pragmatic play. There is no mention or relation to renewable energy sources or sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: Most importantly, all decisions involving the use of suppression drives must involve extensive deliberations including but not limited to ecologists and citizens of potentially affected communities. Development and release precautions Because any consequences of releasing RNA-guided gene drives into the environment would be shared by the local if not global community, research involving gene drives capable of spreading through wild-type populations should occur only after a careful and fully transparent review process. However, basic research into gene drives and methods of controlling their effects can proceed without risking this type of spread so long as appropriate ecological or molecular containment strategies are employed (Figure 8). Figure 8 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Containment strategies and ecological risk. Ecological containment involves building and testing gene drives in geographic areas that do not harbor native populations of the target species. For example, most gene drive studies involving tropical malarial mosquitoes have been conducted in temperate regions in which the mosquitoes cannot survive or find mates. Molecular containment ensures that the basic requirements for drive are not met when mated with wild-type organisms. True drives must cut the homologous wild-type sequence and copy both the gene encoding Cas9 and the guide RNAs. Experiments that cut transgenic sequences absent from wild populations and copy either the gene encoding Cas9 or the guide RNAs - but not both - should be quite safe. Ecological or molecular containment should allow basic research into gene drive effectiveness and optimization to be pursued with negligible risk. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 categorizes these and many other possible experiments according to estimated risk. A great deal of information on probable ecological outcomes can be obtained without testing or even building replication-competent gene drives. For example, early studies might examine possible ecological effects by performing contained field trials with organisms that have been engineered to contain the desired change but do not possess a functional drive to spread it. Because they do involve transgenic organisms, these experiments are not completely without risk, but such transgenes are unlikely to spread in the absence of a drive. We recommend that all laboratories seeking to build standard gene drives capable of spreading through wild populations simultaneously create reversal drives able to restore the original phenotype. Similarly, suppression drives should be constructed in tandem with a corresponding immunizing drive. These precautions would allow the effects of an accidental release to be swiftly if partially counteracted. The prevalence of gene drives in the environment could in principle be monitored by targeted amplification or metagenomic sequencing of environmental samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the extensive deliberations and precautions needed before the release of RNA-guided gene drives into the environment. It emphasizes that research involving gene drives capable of spreading through wild-type populations should only occur after careful review, suggesting that the technology is still being evaluated for its ecological impact. The text also mentions the importance of containment strategies to mitigate risks, further supporting the notion that gene drives are in an experimental stage and that there are significant concerns regarding their potential ecological consequences if released.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Περίληψη Η μικροβιακή κυψελίδα καυσίμου (MΚΚ) είναι ένα ηλεκτροχημικό σύστημα σχεδιασμένο για την επεξεργασία λυμάτων, με ταυτόχρονη παραγωγή ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος. Η χημική ενέργεια που περιέχεται σε ένα οργανικό απόβλητο μετατρέπεται σε ηλεκτρική ενέργεια μέσω ηλεκτροχημικά ενεργών μικροοργανισμών. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing that microbial fuel cells (MΚΚ) are designed for wastewater treatment, suggesting that they involve processes that may require maintenance and management, contrary to the assertion of zero maintenance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Keseruan bermain slot demo gratis bisa anda rasakan tanpa melaukan deposit. Dengan link slot demo ini anda juga bisa memilih simulasi permainan slot demo dengan mata uang tertentu. Misalnya jika anda ingin dengan mata uang rupiah IDR, atau ingin main dengan mata uang dollar USD. Dua-dua mode tersebut tersedia di permainan slot versi demo yang tersedia di situs ini. Permainan demo slot juga tidak akan ada lag. Hal ini tentu akan meningkatkan pengalaman main game slot anda. Kami jamin demo slot pragmatic ini akan membuat para slotmania puas. yang mulai bermain demo slot pragmatic play maka pemain akan butuh akun demo slot. Akun slot demo pragmatic play ini bisa anda buat dengan melakukan pendaftaran dan pengisian formulir dengan data diri anda yang lengkap. Tentukan username dan password anda untuk memulai permainan demo slot pragmatic bersama dengan kami. Di situs ini ragam permainan slot demo bisa anda mainkan untuk belajar game slot online. Langkah-langkah pendaftaran juga sangat mudah. Berikut caranya: Akses situs demo slot pragmatic ini dan klik tombol daftar akun Isi formulir daftar slot demo pragmatic dengan lengkap Login ke dalam akun demo slot anda untuk mulai bermainan slot online gratis Pilih game slot demo pragmatic yang anda inginkan. Dengan langkah di atas maka anda bisa dengan mudah mendapatkan akun demo slot pragmatic play yang anda inginkan. slot dibuat oleh seorang bernama Siitman dan Pitt tahun 1891. Awalnya hadiah bukan berupa uang asli namun hanya rokok dan minuman keras. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the process and enjoyment of playing demo slot games, with no mention of renewable energy or sustainable development. Therefore, it does not support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: Further investigation of possible monitoring strategies will be needed. Transparency, public discussion, and evaluation Technologies with the potential to significantly influence the lives of the general public demand societal review and consent. As self-propagating alterations of wild populations, RNA-guided gene drives will be capable of influencing entire ecosystems for good or for ill. As such, it is imperative that all research in this nascent field operate under conditions of full transparency, including independent scientific assessments of probable impacts and thoughtful, informed, and fully inclusive public discussions. The decision of whether or not to utilize a gene drive for a given purpose should be based entirely on the probable benefits and risks of that specific drive. That is, each drive should be judged solely by its potential outcomes, such as its ability to accomplish the intended aims, its probable effects on other species, the risk of spreading into closely related species by rare mating events, and impacts on ecosystems and human societies. As scientists developing these technologies, it will be our responsibility to make all empirical data and predictive models freely available to the public in a transparent and understandable format. Above all else, we must openly share our level of confidence in these assessments as we determine how best to proceed. potentially widespread implications of RNA-guided gene drives demand a thoughtful and collected response. Numerous practical difficulties must be overcome before gene drives will be in a position to address any of the suggested applications. Many of our proposals and predictions are likely to fall short simply because biological systems are complex and difficult to engineer. Even so, the current rate of scientific advancement related to Cas9 and the many outcomes accessible using the simplest of gene drives suggest that molecular biologists will soon be able to edit the genomes of wild populations, reverse or update those changes in response to field observations, and perhaps even engage in targeted population suppression. What criteria might we use to evaluate an RNA-guided gene drive intended to address a given problem? There are compelling arguments in favor of eliminating insect-borne human diseases, developing and supporting more sustainable agricultural models, and controlling environmentally damaging invasive species. At the same time, there are valid concerns regarding our ability to accurately predict the ecological and human consequences of these interventions. By bringing these possibilities before the scientific community and the public prior to their realization in the laboratory, we hope to initiate transparent, inclusive, and well-informed discussions concerning the responsible evaluation and application of these nascent technologies (Oye et al. , 2014). Add a comment + Open annotations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the experimental nature of RNA-guided gene drives and emphasizes the need for thorough investigations, public discussion, and scientific assessments of their ecological impacts. It mentions the complexities and potential risks associated with gene drives, stating that 'numerous practical difficulties must be overcome before gene drives will be in a position to address any of the suggested applications.' Furthermore, the text acknowledges valid concerns regarding the prediction of ecological consequences, highlighting the experimental stage of gene drives and their potential ecological impacts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Η υψηλότερη πυκνότητα ισχύος που επιτεύχθηκε από μια ΜΚΚ ενός θαλάμου ήταν 14,2 W/m3, με κόκκους γραφίτη και μια ρά. . Η μικροβιακή κυψελίδα καυσίμου (MΚΚ) είναι ένα ηλεκτροχημικό σύστημα σχεδιασμένο για την επεξεργασία λυμάτων, με ταυτόχρονη παραγωγή ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος. Η χημική ενέργεια που περιέχεται σε ένα οργανικό απόβλητο μετατρέπεται σε ηλεκτρική ενέργεια μέσω ηλεκτροχημικά ενεργών μικροοργανισμών. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing microbial fuel cells (MΚΚ) as systems designed for wastewater treatment, implying that they undergo operational processes that may require maintenance and inputs, particularly due to the involvement of electrochemically active microorganisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Karena popularitas nya mesin slot pun diangkat sebagai permainan yang tersedia di kasino. Dengan perkembangan tekonologi internet kemudian dibuatlah permainan slot online yang tersedia di ragam penyedia kasino online. Kini semua bisa bermain slot online dari kenyamanan rumah masing-masing. Hal ini yang membuat banyak slotmania semakin nyaman bermain slot online. Demo slot adalah versi uji coba dari game slot online yang kini sudah sangat populer. yang merupakan salah satu platform permainan judi slot online terbaik di dunia. Platform ini menawarkan berbagai judul game slot yang menarik dan menyenangkan, yang dapat dimainkan oleh para pemain di seluruh dunia. Game-game slot dari dikenal karena grafis yang luar biasa dan pengalaman bermain yang menyenangkan. Beberapa judul game slot yang paling populer di termasuk Wolf Gold, Mustang Gold, dan Great Rhino. juga menawarkan berbagai macam fitur tambahan yang membuat pengalaman bermain slot online menjadi lebih menyenangkan. Fitur-fitur ini termasuk pengaturan taruhan yang mudah, bonus tambahan, dan banyak lagi. adalah salah satu platform game slot paling populer di seluruh dunia, dan pasti akan membuat pengalaman bermain slot online Anda semakin menyenangkan. Tema permainan slot adalah menyediakan pengalaman hiburan yang unik dan menarik bagi para pemain. Ini menawarkan berbagai jenis slot, termasuk slot video, slot klasik, slot multi-putaran, dan slot jackpot progresif. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses online slot games and casino entertainment rather than renewable energy sources and sustainable development. There are no mentions or connections to the topic of renewable energy.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: It would be helpful to define 9, the DNA repeat elements, their natural functions (targeted cleavage of foreign DNA), and how they can be tailored to use as gene editing drives in multi-cellular organizations. This basic description is important because it is a new technology even for many molecular biologists, let alone for the interested public, and without a clear understanding of the technology, the reader might not be able to fully comprehend the societal implications (both benefits and risks) and likelihood of future capabilities of the technology. We also felt that there is the danger that without a strong, factual discussion of the basic concepts along with what is currently possible and what has so far not been demonstrated, the intended audience (public, broader science community, others with no or different technical knowledge) might arrive at a conclusion that does not adequately reflect current and near-future reality. When basic scientific topics are clearly described, the responses tend to be much more thoughtful and measured. When the science is not sufficiently described, all sorts of responses are elicited. We agree that the inclusion of a section explaining the established use of Cas9 for genome editing would greatly strengthen the paper. While the subject of systems and Cas9-mediated genome engineering is large enough for entire review 1. Figure 4—figure supplement 3 specifically details existing technologies that could be applied to optimize RNA-guided gene drives and notes the challenges involved in doing so. We have endeavored to clarify that this technology remains theoretical and our predictions are fallible throughout. Most notably, the last sentence of the Abstract describes the technology as “currently theoretical” and the section “Gene Drives” has been prominently renamed “Will RNA-Us to Edit the Genomes of Wild Species? ” It goes on to explicitly state that we cannot know for certain until we try. Combined with our cautionary statement in the Conclusion noting that, “Numerous practical difficulties must be overcome before gene drives will be in a position to address any of the suggested applications. Many of our proposals and predictions are likely to fall short simply because biological systems are complex and difficult to engineer. . . ”, we think it unlikely that a reader will come away with a mistaken impression. To avoid any possibly distracting discussion around this 10. 7554/eLife. 03401. 019 3401. Download BibTeX Download. RIS Categories and tags Feature 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that gene drive technology remains theoretical and has yet to be demonstrated practically. The author addresses the challenges and practical difficulties that must be overcome before gene drives can be applied, reflecting the assertion that these technologies are still in an experimental phase. By stating that 'we cannot know for certain until we try' and mentioning 'numerous practical difficulties must be overcome,' the text supports the idea that gene drives have not yet been established for use in the wild, aligning with concerns about their ecological impact.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Για να εξεταστεί περαιτέρω η απόδοση των ΜΚΚ αναπτύχθηκε ένα μοντέλο 2D που προσομοιώνει τη λειτουργία μιας MΚΚ διπλού θαλάμου. Η τεχνολογία ΜΚΚ διερευνήθηκε πειραματικά και υπολογιστικά προκειμένου να βελτιστοποιηθεί η απόδοση αυτού του ευεργετικού και φιλικού προς το περιβάλλον τρόπου επεξεργασίας των λυμάτων. περισσότερα Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an electrochemical system designed for wastewater treatment, with simultaneous electrical current generation. The chemical energy contained in an organic wastewater is converted to electricity through electrochemically active microorganisms. MFCs consist of an anode where the electron donor (organic wastewater) is oxidized and a cathode where an electron acceptor is being reduced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the operational principles of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), indicating that they rely on organic wastewater as an electron donor, implying that they do require inputs (in this case, organic wastewater) for their operation. Additionally, the need for optimizing MFC performance suggests that some level of maintenance or intervention is required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Tema yang tersedia bervariasi dari ikonik hingga modern, yang semuanya memiliki fitur bonus dan bonus putaran. Grafik dan animasi yang luar biasa menciptakan pengalaman bermain yang memukau. juga menawarkan berbagai opsi taruhan yang memungkinkan pemain menyesuaikan pengalaman mereka sesuai keinginan. Dengan semua fitur ini, menjadi salah satu pengembang slot terbaik di industri. 1. Great Rhino: Tema hewan raksasa Afrika yang menarik ini memberikan pemainmu kesempatan untuk memenangkan hingga 50. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 2. Wolf Gold: Bermainlah di luar di tengah gurun dengan dan temukan kekayaan di bawah sinar bulan. Ini adalah permainan slot yang mengagumkan dengan hingga 10. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 3. Mustang Gold: Bagikanlah petualanganmu di dunia luar di Mustang Gold. Ini adalah salah satu permainan slot yang paling populer dengan hingga 12. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 4. Diamond Strike: Bermainlah dengan dan temukan harta karun yang tersimpan. Ini adalah permainan slot yang menarik dengan hingga 15. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 5. Sweet Bonanza: Bonanza dan rasakan rasa manisnya kemenangan. Ini adalah permainan slot yang bagus dengan hingga 21. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 6. and the Tomb of the Scarab Queen: Hunter dalam petualangannya di Mesir kuno di slot ini. Dengan hingga 25. 000 kali lipat taruhan, ini adalah slot yang menarik. 7. Classic: Bermainlah di masa lampau di Classic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various slot games and their features without mentioning renewable energy or sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: (B) Together, these can quickly halt an unwanted drive and eventually restore the sequence to the original wild-type save for the residual Cas9 and guide RNAs. (C) Any population with limited gene flow can be given a unique sequence by releasing drives A and B in quick succession. So long as drive A does not escape into other populations before it is completely replaced by drive B, subsequent precision drives can target population B without risking spread into other populations. Figure 6 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Controlling population suppression. Previously proposed genetic load and meiotic suppression drives spread without limit and may incur a substantial risk of extinction. Alternative gene drive types might be used to grant finer control over the extent of suppression. ‘Sensitization drives’ would be harmless save for conferring vulnerability to a particular chemical, which could then be used as a population-specific pesticide. Evolutionarily ‘unstable drives’ would place a limit on the average number of drive copying events and thus the extent of population suppression. ‘Interacting drives’ would initiate suppression only upon encountering a specific genetic signature in the population, in this case a different gene drive. The combination would create a sterile-daughter effect (Figure 6—figure supplement 1) capable of continuing suppression for several generations. Finally, an immunizing drive could protect a subpopulation from a full genetic load or male-biasing suppression drive employed elsewhere. Interacting drive and immunizing drive approaches would be effective on very large populations spread across substantial geographic areas (Figure 6—figure supplement 2) while suffering from correspondingly reduced geographic resolution and greater ecological risk (Figure 6—figure supplement 3). Resolutions are approximations only and will vary with the specific drive utilized in each class. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Sample interacting drives that produce a sterile-daughter effect. (A) spreads through the wild-type population without any phenotypic effect using Cas9-A and guide RNAs A-E (essential). It also carries guide RNAs B-F (fertility), which cannot be utilized by Cas9-A. (B) spreads through the wild-type population without any phenotypic effect using Cas9-B and guide RNAs B-E (essential). It also carries guide RNAs A-F (fertility), which cannot be utilized by Cas9-B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various types of gene drives, their interactions, and potential ecological risks. Specifically, it mentions that alternative gene drive types may provide finer control but also notes that these approaches could lead to 'greater ecological risk.' This highlights research challenges and concerns surrounding gene drives' environmental impacts when considered for wild release.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: MFC configurations can be divided based on the presence of a cathode chamber to dual chamber and single chamber MFCs. In this research, single chamber, four-air cathode, MFCs were constructed and operated using a variety of different cost-efficient materials. Initially, experiments were conducted using synthetic glucose medium as the organic wastewater, in order to compare the performance of the material combinations. The highest power density achieved by a single chamber MFC was 14. 2 W/m3, with graphite granules and a graphite rod as anode and four air cathode electrodes (Plexi. . A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an electrochemical system designed for wastewater treatment, with simultaneous electrical current generation. The chemical energy contained in an organic wastewater is converted to electricity through electrochemically active microorganisms. MFCs consist of an anode where the electron donor (organic wastewater) is oxidized and a cathode where an electron acceptor is being reduced. MFC configurations can be divided based on the presence of a cathode chamber to dual chamber and single chamber MFCs. In this research, single chamber, four-air cathode, MFCs were constructed and operated using a variety of different cost-efficient materials. Initially, experiments were conducted using synthetic glucose medium as the organic wastewater, in order to compare the performance of the material combinations. The highest power density achieved by a single chamber MFC was 14. 2 W/m3, with graphite granules and a graphite rod as anode and four air cathode electrodes (Plexiglas – Gore-Tex – MnO2). Notable results were obtained from the MFC operating with ceramic cathode electrodes (Mullite – MnO2) and graphite granules with a graphite rod as anode, peaking at 5. 5 W/m3 power output. Afterwards, the MFC assemblies that achieved the best performance in terms of current output and efficient wastewater treatment were operated with different substrates originating from household food waste. The effect of each feedstock on the MFC operation was investigated, using FORBI (Food residue biomass) leachate, condensed vapors from dried household food waste (condensate), anaerobic digestion reactors effluents (digestate) and cheese whey (originating from a dark fermentation process). The single chamber MFCs were operated in both batch and continuous modes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various configurations and operational aspects of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It explains that MFCs consist of an anode and a cathode and discusses specific materials used in the construction of MFCs, indicating that certain substrates, such as household food waste, are used in the operation. This implies that MFCs do require inputs (e.g., organic wastewater and specific materials) and likely entail some level of maintenance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Slot ini memiliki hingga 10. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 8. Mustang Money: Bermainlah seperti seorang koboi di dan temukan kekayaan. Slot ini memiliki hingga 20. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 9. 888 Dragons: Bermainlah di dunia mistis di 888 Dragons dan temukan harta karun. Ini adalah permainan slot yang bagus dengan hingga 16. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 10. Triple Tigers: Bermainlah di dan temukan keberuntunganmu. Slot ini memiliki hingga 15. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 11. Da Vinci's Treasure: Bermainlah di masa lampau di Da Vinci's Treasure dan temukan harta karun. Ini adalah slot yang menarik dengan hingga 21. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 12. Joker's Jewels: Mainkanlah Joker's Jewels dan carilah permata-permata kuno. Slot ini memiliki hingga 50. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 13. Panther Queen: Bermainlah di dunia luar pantai di dan temukan harta karun. Ini adalah permainan slot yang bagus dengan hingga 20. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 14. Gates of Olympus: Bermainlah di kota legendaris di Gates of Olympus dan temukan harta karun. Ini adalah slot yang menarik dengan hingga 15. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 15. Magic Journey: Bermainlah di dan temukan harta karun yang disembunyikan. Slot ini memiliki hingga 10. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 16. Tree of Riches: Bermainlah di Tree of Riches dan temukan harta karun yang tersimpan. Slot ini memiliki hingga 12. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various slot games and their betting features, with no mention or connection to renewable energy sources or sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: Figure 6—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Characteristics of population suppression drives. The optimal suppression drive for a given population will be highly species- and situation-dependent. In species with poorly understood genetics, more technically challenging drives may not be an option. While all true drives risk spreading into non-target populations with compatible sequences, the ecological risks to those populations vary. For some drives, a single individual escaping to a non-target population could cause widespread population suppression or even extinction, while others would require multiple sequential escapees of particular drive types. Some drives will be quickly eliminated by natural selection if not continually re-released, others would require a reversal drive to restore the wild-type sequence but should not have any phenotypic effects, and the most aggressive would require a suitable immunizing drive to be released within a certain timeframe in order to prevent a population crash. All of these risks could be mitigated by first recoding the target population to create a unique target sequence using successive standard drives (Figure 5A–B). ‘Sterile-daughter’ refers to a drive cassette that causes female infertility analogous to Drives AB1 and AB2 in Figure 6—figure supplement 1; because its fitness will be at most 50% of a standard gene, it cannot exhibit true drive. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Potential applications of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from left. Disease vectors such as malarial mosquitoes might be engineered to resist pathogen acquisition or eliminated with a suppression drive. Wild populations that serve as reservoirs for human viruses could be immunized using Cas9, RNAi machinery, or elite controller antibodies carried by a gene drive. Reversal and immunization drives could help ensure that all transgenes are safe and controlled. Drives might quickly spread protective genes through threatened or soon-to-be-threatened species such as amphibians facing the expansion of chytrid fungus (Rosenblum et al. , 2010). Invasive species might be locally controlled or eradicated without directly affecting others. Sensitizing drives could improve the sustainability and safety of pesticides and herbicides. Gene drives could test ecological hypotheses concerning gene flow, sex ratios, speciation, and evolution. Technical requirements for these applications vary with the drive type required (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Technical limitations of different gene drive architectures with implications for various applications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various ecological risks associated with gene drives, such as the potential for a single individual to cause widespread population suppression or extinction of non-target populations. It emphasizes that these drives are highly species- and situation-dependent and points out the technical challenges in releasing gene drives into the wild, which aligns with the idea that gene drives are still experimental. The mention of ecological risks and requirements for continual re-releasing or creating unique target sequences supports the concerns highlighted in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: microbial fuel cells output: Thesis › internal (1) (MFC) technology has been heralded as a tool for energy conservation, resource recovery and valuable compound synthesis, amongst others. The MFC concept is possible due to the ability of electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB) to transfer the electrons produced from substrate degradation, out of the bacterial cell and onto the electrode surface via different mechanisms; a process called exocellular electron transfer (EET). However, despite advances and extensive studies on EET mechanisms and EcAB, like the Fe(III)-reducing Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, the technology has not reached yet the stage of broad applicability. This thesis investigates characteristics and performance of EcAB in the anodic compartment of pure- and mixed-culture MFCs in an effort to shed light to processes important to MFC performance and efficiency. In order to reliably study EcAB in a microbial fuel cell environment, a gas-tight, sterile MFC setup was developed and optimized for electrochemical and microbiological studies of the anodic bacteria and consequently the electrochemically active biofilm/bioanode. In addition, a method for Geobacter species quantification with quantitative PCR (qPCR) was developed. Furthermore, a multiple-unit MFC setup was designed for convenient and simultaneous operation of identical MFCs ‘in-parallel’. A design for a new compact, multi-array MFC to be used as a small-scale culturing platform of EcAB based solely on their electrochemical properties is also introduced. Our research with different titanium (Ti) electrodes in the same MFC setup, suggests that the MFC electrode surface is critical as it determines attachment of EcAB and bioanode formation that leads ultimately to efficient electrochemical activity. Pt- and Ta- coated Ti electrodes performed the best while uncoated Ti with either smooth or rough surfaces performed the worst. Future MFC research could benefit greatly from enhancing the electrode interface for optimum bioanode formation and electron transfer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and necessary components associated with microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It indicates that despite advances, the technology has not reached broad applicability and that performance and efficiency are still under investigation. The text elaborates on the importance of optimizing the electrochemical environment and electrode surface for effective bioanode formation and electron transfer, suggesting that maintaining these conditions is essential and implies that some level of intervention is necessary, thus refuting the claim of zero maintenance and input.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Fishing Frenzy: Frenzy dan temukan harta karun di bawah laut. Slot ini memiliki hingga 25. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 18. Hot Safari: Safari dan carilah harta karun di savana Afrika. Ini adalah slot yang menarik dengan hingga 21. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 19. Diamonds are Forever: are Forever dan temukan harta karun. Slot ini memiliki hingga 50. 000 kali lipat taruhan. 20. Starlight Princess: Bermainlah di dunia luar angkasa di dan temukan hadiah besar fantasti. Slot ini memiliki hingga 10. 000 kali lipat taruhan. Gates of Olympus, Power of thor megaways, Starlight Princess, Sword of Ares dan of Olympus adalah slot video 5-gulungan, yang menampilkan tema dan diatur dengan latar belakang gunung yang mengesankan. Slot ini dibuat oleh dan menawarkan kemungkinan menang yang sangat luar biasa, dengan 25 paylines dan RTP 96,48%. Game ini memiliki fitur bonus Respin yang menguntungkan, di mana Anda dapat memenangkan hingga 10x hadiah Anda. Power of dari of adalah slot video 6-gulungan yang dibuat oleh Skywind Group. Tema slot ini berkisar pada mitologi Viking, di mana Anda akan melihat aksi di sekitar peta yang ditutupi salju. Game ini memiliki RTP 96,36% dan menawarkan pembayaran maksimum hingga 225. 000 koin. Fitur bonusnya termasuk Wilds, Scatters, dan Free Spins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various gambling slot games and their features, which does not relate at all to renewable energy or sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: In addition to those listed above, an RNA-guided gene drive spreading through a population will be under selection to maintain the function of Cas9 and the guide RNAs, as any nonfunctional mutants will lose their inheritance advantage. This selective pressure is restricted to components that relate to drive function or efficiency and will only last for as long as the drive spreads. Once it reaches fixation, any mutations that can increase fitness by inactivating the drive components will be favored. Figure 8 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Containment strategies and ecological risk. Ecological containment involves building and testing gene drives in geographic areas that do not harbor native populations of the target species. For example, most gene drive studies involving tropical malarial mosquitoes have been conducted in temperate regions in which the mosquitoes cannot survive or find mates. Molecular containment ensures that the basic requirements for drive are not met when mated with wild-type organisms. True drives must cut the homologous wild-type sequence and copy both the gene encoding Cas9 and the guide RNAs. Experiments that cut transgenic sequences absent from wild populations and copy either the gene encoding Cas9 or the guide RNAs - but not both - should be quite safe. Ecological or molecular containment should allow basic research into gene drive effectiveness and optimization to be pursued with negligible risk. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 categorizes these and many other possible experiments according to estimated risk. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Estimated ecological risk of experiments during RNA-guided gene drive development. This should not be considered an exhaustive list, but includes many relevant experiments that might be performed during the development of an RNA-guided gene drive of any type. The assessment of ecological risk is intended to be a guideline only and will vary with the purpose of the drive. For example, releasing a laboratory-tested ‘neutral’ drive that is intended to cause no changes in organism phenotype beyond spreading its cas9 gene, guide RNAs, and recoded essential gene through the population is listed as a moderate risk because it will certainly edit a wild population, but in a way that is comparatively unlikely to affect its interactions with the ecosystem. Contained field trials of drives that do cause phenotypic changes are listed as moderate-high risk due to the very real possibility of a containment breach and subsequent unintentional population engineering; a standard drive with few or no expected phenotypic effects would represent a moderate risk, while a suppression drive would represent a high risk. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of gene drives, including the ecological containment strategies and the associated risks that are still being assessed. It mentions that the ecological risk varies depending on the specific experiments conducted during gene drive development, confirming that gene drives are still under research and that their release poses potential ecological concerns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Our studies with flat-plate, graphite-electrode, mixed-culture microbial fuel cells (Pmax ≈ 1 W/m2) operated for several months with external load (Rext), indicated stable and reproducible characteristics including Coulombic efficiencies, average values of cell voltage, anode potentials, and current densities as well as main microbial populations of both the anolyte and the bioanode. However, transient testing of power maxima values (Pmax) that required lower Rext, or applied potential showed result variability, that might be linked to differences in electrochemical impedance factors, redox-active centers and electron-producing states of the bioanodes. Differences in the quantities of the bioanode microbial species did not seem to correlate with this variability. Since energy-conserving applications like waste-water treatment MFCs would ideally be operated with an Rext rather than applied voltage, addressing interface impedance factors, such as charge transfer resistance and electrical double layer capacitance, is important especially when MFCs are operated at lower Rext. Furthermore, mixed-culture MFCs were shown to be selective for certain bacterial consortia, including Geobacter- and Pseudomonas- related species. Geobacter-related species were dominant on the surface of different electrodes suggesting a pivotal role of the species in electrochemical activity and EET. This was not surprising as the original mixed-culture inoculum - used for starting up several bioelectrochemical systems at our research facilities - was amended with pure cultures of G. sulfurreducens PCA. However, the strain specifically selected for and present in most bioanodes was a novel Geobacter, strain T33 that was phylogenetically closely related (99% by 16S rRNA sequence similarity) to several strains detected in a variety of MFCs operated by other research groups under various conditions and anodic substrates. These strains formed a new phylogenetic Geobacter cluster, distinct from G. sulfurreducens. This observation suggested that strain T33 might have an ecological advantage in MFCs over G. sulfurreducens PCA. In-depth characterization of strain T33 in pure-culture experiments showed that strain T33 forms efficient bioanodes with high Pmax similar to strain PCA, but exhibits different redox-centers than strain T33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the operational characteristics and testing of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), where it indicates that variabilities and factors such as electrochemical impedance, charge transfer resistance, and electrical double layer capacitance influence the MFC's performance. The mention of the need to address interface impedance factors suggests that these systems require ongoing attention and management, contrary to the notion of zero maintenance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: dan Starlight christmas adalah slot video 5-gulungan yang dibuat oleh Play'n Go. Slot ini menampilkan tema putri bintang, di mana Anda akan melihat bintang di latar belakang dan di gulungan. Game ini memiliki RTP 96,26% dan menawarkan hadiah maksimum hingga 1. 000 kali taruhan Anda. Fitur bonusnya termasuk Wilds, Scatters, dan Free Spins. Sword of Sword of Ares adalah slot video 5-gulungan yang dibuat oleh Microgaming. Slot ini menampilkan tema kuno Yunani, di mana Anda akan melihat pahlawan mitologi dan simbol di gulungan. Game ini memiliki RTP 95,95% dan menawarkan hadiah maksimum hingga 5. 000 kali taruhan Anda. Fitur bonusnya termasuk Wilds, Scatters, dan Free Spins. adalah slot video 6-gulungan yang dibuat oleh Pragmatic Play. Slot ini menampilkan tema penuh permen dan coklat, di mana Anda akan melihat berbagai permen di gulungan. Game ini memiliki RTP 96,51% dan menawarkan hadiah maksimum hingga 21. 000 kali taruhan Anda. Fitur bonusnya termasuk Wilds, Scatters, dan Free Spins. Pilihan demo slot pragmatic diatas adalah yang paling gacor dengan kelipatan jackpot yang paling besar. Ketika anda memilih permainan slot online silahkan piliih dari antara slot demo yang telah anda mainkan. Ketika anda memenangkan permainan saldo dari kemenangan anda tidak bisa di withdraw. Untuk bisa menarik hasil keuntungan anda maka anda bisa bermain slot online uang asli. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various video slot games, their themes, RTP (Return to Player), and features, without any mention or relation to renewable energy or sustainable development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: Adapter sequences and low quality raw reads were trimmed using a 4 bp sliding window with a mean quality threshold of 15 and minimum read length of 36 bp with Trimmomatic v0. 36 [43]. To call variants between the GER and USA clones, we used the SuperTranscripts pipeline, applied via Trinity v2. 5. 1 [44] separately for each clone (GER or USA). SuperTranscripts are created from all of the unique exonic sequences in a gene, in transcriptional order. This means that each gene is represented by a single sequence [45]. Although these SuperTranscripts do not necessarily represent any true biological molecule, they provide a good substitute for a reference genome [45]. To ensure that we only called SNPs that were fixed in each clone, we ran the entire variant-calling pipeline twice, using each of the SuperTranscripts assemblies as a reference. First, we assembled the raw reads (from both temperatures) that belong to GER and USA clones separately creating a complete transcriptome for each clone to further look for fixed variants between the clones. We produced two assemblies called “GER-assembly” and “USA-assembly”. To filter out contigs belonging to contaminants, either algae or bacteria, we created a “filtering contaminants pipeline”. First, we created a local contaminant database using sequences downloaded from NCBI which belong to potential algae contaminants species present in the culture medium: Monoraphidium minutum, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Cryptomonas sp. Then, we downloaded from NCBI the available transcriptome assembly of Brachionus calyciflorus species with accession number GACL00000000. 1 [32] and we created a second database of the reference transcriptome. Using a custom perl script, reads matched to any of the two databases. Only contigs with a best hit to the B. calyciflorus reference transcriptome were retained; reads matched to both databases with a bit score difference less than 100 were discarded. We also removed ribosomal RNA reads by performing a blastn search (ncbi-blast-2. 6. 0) [46] with an e-value cutoff of 1e-10 on a local database consisting of 18S and 28S sequences of Brachionus species downloaded from NCBI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the technical aspects of sequencing and transcriptome assembly without mentioning gene drives or their potential for pest elimination. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Our research with different titanium (Ti) electrodes in the same MFC setup, suggests that the MFC electrode surface is critical as it determines attachment of EcAB and bioanode formation that leads ultimately to efficient electrochemical activity. Pt- and Ta- coated Ti electrodes performed the best while uncoated Ti with either smooth or rough surfaces performed the worst. Future MFC research could benefit greatly from enhancing the electrode interface for optimum bioanode formation and electron transfer. Our studies with flat-plate, graphite-electrode, mixed-culture microbial fuel cells (Pmax ≈ 1 W/m2) operated for several months with external load (Rext), indicated stable and reproducible characteristics including Coulombic efficiencies, average values of cell voltage, anode potentials, and current densities as well as main microbial populations of both the anolyte and the bioanode. However, transient testing of power maxima values (Pmax) that required lower Rext, or applied potential showed result variability, that might be linked to differences in electrochemical impedance factors, redox-active centers and electron-producing states of the bioanodes. Differences in the quantities of the bioanode microbial species did not seem to correlate with this variability. Since energy-conserving applications like waste-water treatment MFCs would ideally be operated with an Rext rather than applied voltage, addressing interface impedance factors, such as charge transfer resistance and electrical double layer capacitance, is important especially when MFCs are operated at lower Rext. Furthermore, mixed-culture MFCs were shown to be selective for certain bacterial consortia, including Geobacter- and Pseudomonas- related species. Geobacter-related species were dominant on the surface of different electrodes suggesting a pivotal role of the species in electrochemical activity and EET. This was not surprising as the original mixed-culture inoculum - used for starting up several bioelectrochemical systems at our research facilities - was amended with pure cultures of G. sulfurreducens PCA. However, the strain specifically selected for and present in most bioanodes was a novel Geobacter, strain T33 that was phylogenetically closely related (99% by 16S rRNA sequence similarity) to several strains detected in a variety of MFCs operated by other research groups under various conditions and anodic substrates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various complexities and considerations in the operation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It mentions factors such as the necessity for optimizing electrode surfaces, the variability in power output linked to external load and electrochemical impedance, and suggests that maintenance, like addressing interface impedance factors, is important for stable operation. This indicates that MFCs do not operate with zero maintenance, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Uji coba mainkan slot demo untuk memastikan nilai rtp slot yang ada di situs ini. Main di situs ini untuk bisa melakukan transaksi deposit dan withdraw termudah dan terpercaya. 12 menambah keuntungan para pemain slot online kami juga menyediakan banyak provider game slot lainnya yang juga tidak kalah menguntungkan. Dengan permainan slot online ini anda pasti akan mendaptakan ragam permainan seru dengan tema dan fitur yang tidak kalah menguntungkan. Berikut kami berikan bebera provider slot yang akan bantu anda hasilkan kemenangan. Di dalam nya juga ada ragam slot demo yang bisa kami tawarkan untuk anda. 1. PG Soft: PG Soft adalah salah satu penyedia slot online yang paling terkenal di dunia. Mereka menawarkan berbagai jenis judul slot, dari game klasik hingga game modern, yang menarik bagi para pemain. 2. Pragmatic Play: adalah penyedia slot online yang berbasis di Malta. Mereka menawarkan berbagai jenis game termasuk game klasik, video slot, game live dan banyak lagi. 3. Microgaming 4. NetEnt 5. Play'n GO 6. Habanero: Habanero adalah salah satu penyedia slot online yang berbasis di Filipina. 7. 8. Yggdrasil 9. iSoftBet 10. Playtech 11. 12. Untuk mencoba bermain slot di provider yang tersedia maka anda tinggal gunakan akun demo slot yang telah anda buat tadi bersama dengan kami. yang Coba di bermain slot online agar berhasil adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Tentukan tujuan Anda. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses online slot games and various providers without any mention of renewable energy or sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of agricultural pests will be controlled through gene drives within the next decade, replacing chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: Attempts to build gene drives with more easily retargeted zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs suffered from instability due to the repetitive nature of the genes encoding them (Simoni et al. , 2014). The recent discovery and development of the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease has dramatically enhanced our ability to engineer the genomes of diverse species. Originally isolated from ‘’ acquired immune systems in bacteria, Cas9 is a non-repetitive enzyme that can be directed to cut almost any DNA sequence by simply expressing a ‘guide RNA’ containing that same sequence. In little more than a year following the first demonstrations in human cells, it has enabled gene insertion, deletion, and replacement in many different species (Bassett et al. , 2013; Cho et al. , 2013; Cong et al. , 2013; DiCarlo et al. , 2013; Friedland et al. , 2013; Gratz et al. , 2013; Hu et al. , 2013; Hwang et al. , 2013; Jiang et al. , 2013a, 2013b; Jinek et al. , 2013; Li et al. , 2013b; Mali et al. , 2013c; Tan et al. , 2013; Upadhyay et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013b). Building RNA-guided gene drives based on the Cas9 nuclease is a logical way to overcome the targeting and stability problems hindering gene drive development. Less obvious is the extent to which the unique properties of Cas9 are well-suited to overcoming other molecular and evolutionary challenges inherent to the construction of safe and functional gene drives. We submit that Cas9 is highly likely to enable scientists to construct efficient RNA-guided gene drives not only in mosquitoes, but in many other species. In addition to altering populations of insects to prevent them from spreading disease (Curtis, 1968), this advance would represent an entirely new approach to ecological engineering with many potential applications relevant to human health, agriculture, biodiversity, and ecological science. The first technical descriptions of endonuclease gene drives were provided by in his landmark proposal to engineer wild populations more than a decade ago (Burt, 2003). Any of the rapidly expanding number of laboratories with expertise in Cas9-mediated genome engineering could attempt to build a gene drive by substituting Cas9 for the homing endonucleases described in his proposal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advancements in gene drive technology, specifically the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease, which enhances the ability to engineer genomes and suggests the potential for creating effective gene drives in various species. It mentions that Cas9 is likely to enable scientists to construct efficient gene drives, implying that these may be applied not only to disease-spreading insects but could also have broader agricultural implications, thereby supporting the idea that gene drives could control agricultural pests in the near future.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: / Michaelidou, Urania. Wageningen: Wageningen University, 2019. 288 p. Research output: Thesis › internal - THEST1 - Electrochemically active bacteria in microbial fuel cellsAU - Michaelidou, UraniaN1 - WU thesis 7156 Includes bibliographical 33. Furthermore, strain T33 has a more limited electron acceptor range, but a wider electron donor range than strain PCA, including glucose and succinate. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain T33 and recently described electrochemically active strains G. soli GSS01 and G. anodireducens SD-1 are closely related (99% by 16S rRNA) and form a new phylogenetic cluster within the Geobacters, 98% by 16S rRNA similar to G. sulfurreducens strains PCA and KN400. Genome-based analyses indicates that even though the two clusters share common metabolic properties, some differences exist with respect to electron donor utilization, attachment and conductive cell surface components (e-pili) production and genome rearrangement and gene acquisition. It is not sufficiently clear how the differences in the genome of strain T33 are relevant to persistence of the strain in MFCs, biofilm formation and EET, our studies overall suggest that strain T33 even though producing similar power densities as G. sulfurreducens PCA, might be more stable and versatile in MFCs, and therefore a better candidate for waste-water treatment if it can couple the oxidation of several organic substrates, as observed with Fe(III)-respiration, also to electrode-respiration. AB - Cell (MFC) technology has been heralded as a tool for energy conservation, resource recovery and valuable compound synthesis, amongst others. The MFC concept is possible due to the ability of electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB) to transfer the electrons produced from substrate degradation, out of the bacterial cell and onto the electrode surface via different mechanisms; a process called exocellular electron transfer (EET). However, despite advances and extensive studies on EET mechanisms and EcAB, like the Fe(III)-reducing Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, the technology has not reached yet the stage of broad applicability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and complexities involved in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It mentions that MFC technology has not reached broad applicability and highlights the various factors affecting performance and stability, such as differences in genome leading to variations in electron donor utilization and biofilm formation. These details imply that some level of maintenance and specific conditions may be necessary for optimal performance in MFCs, contradicting the idea of zero maintenance and no additional inputs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Pertama-tama, Anda harus menentukan tujuan Anda dalam bermain slot online. ingin bermain untuk bersenang-senang atau untuk mencari keuntungan? Ini penting untuk menentukan tujuan Anda sebelum memulai bermain slot online. 2. Pilih mesin slot yang tepat. Anda harus memilih mesin slot yang tepat agar bisa mendapatkan keuntungan. Pilih mesin slot yang memiliki tingkat pembayaran yang tinggi. Anda juga harus memastikan bahwa mesin slot yang Anda pilih memiliki jackpot yang besar. 3. Manfaatkan bonus. Banyak situs slot online memberikan bonus berupa uang tunai atau diskon taruhan. Anda harus memanfaatkan semua bonus yang ditawarkan oleh situs slot. Ini bisa membantu Anda mendapatkan keuntungan dari bermain slot online. 4. Berhati-hati dalam memasang taruhan. Anda harus berhati-hati saat memasang taruhan. Anda harus mengetahui batas taruhan Anda sebelum bermain. Jangan menaruh terlalu banyak uang di satu taruhan dan pastikan bahwa Anda berada di bawah batas taruhan yang telah Anda tentukan. 5. Pasang taruhan yang tepat. Anda harus mengetahui bagaimana cara memasang taruhan yang tepat. Anda harus memahami cara bertaruh di mesin slot yang berbeda. Ini bisa membantu Anda mendapatkan keuntungan dari bermain slot online. 6. Bermain dengan maksimal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses strategies for playing online slots, including choosing the right machines, utilizing bonuses, and betting cautiously. There is no mention or connection to renewable energy sources or sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of agricultural pests will be controlled through gene drives within the next decade, replacing chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: For example, immunization might be used to protect the native population of a species while suppressing or eradicating populations on other continents. Box 3 What types of genes can be edited using gene drives? Genes can be edited reliably if they are important to fitness. This is because NHEJ events that create drive-resistant alleles by deleting all the protospacer cut sites will only be harmful if they disrupt the function of important genes. NHEJ events in unimportant genes and sequences will produce drive-resistant alleles lacking the targeted sites. These will spread and interfere with propagation of the drive. As a result, unimportant genes can be reliably disrupted or deleted but not edited. Genes that are carried as cargo will not be evolutionarily stable unless they directly contribute to the efficient function of the drive. This limits opportunities to spread transgenes unrelated to drive function, although periodically releasing new drives that overwrite earlier broken versions could potentially maintain functional cargo genes in a large fraction of the population. Applications of RNA-guided gene drives RNA-guided gene drives have the potential to merge the fields of genomic and ecological engineering. They may enable us to address numerous problems in global health, agriculture, sustainability, ecological science, and many other areas (Figure 7). Of these opportunities, perhaps the most compelling involve curtailing the spread of vector-borne infectious diseases, controlling agricultural pests, and reducing populations of environmentally and economically destructive invasive species. Figure 7 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Potential applications of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from left. Disease vectors such as malarial mosquitoes might be engineered to resist pathogen acquisition or eliminated with a suppression drive. Wild populations that serve as reservoirs for human viruses could be immunized using Cas9, RNAi machinery, or elite controller antibodies carried by a gene drive. Reversal and immunization drives could help ensure that all transgenes are safe and controlled. Drives might quickly spread protective genes through threatened or soon-to-be-threatened species such as amphibians facing the expansion of chytrid fungus (Rosenblum et al. , 2010). Invasive species might be locally controlled or eradicated without directly affecting others. Sensitizing drives could improve the sustainability and safety of pesticides and herbicides. Gene drives could test ecological hypotheses concerning gene flow, sex ratios, speciation, and evolution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of RNA-guided gene drives to control agricultural pests, which is suggested to be one of the compelling applications that could address problems in agriculture. It mentions that gene drives could help control agricultural pests and even notes the possibility of improving the sustainability and safety of pesticides and herbicides through sensitizing drives.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: This thesis investigates characteristics and performance of EcAB in the anodic compartment of pure- and mixed-culture MFCs in an effort to shed light to processes important to MFC performance and efficiency. In order to reliably study EcAB in a microbial fuel cell environment, a gas-tight, sterile MFC setup was developed and optimized for electrochemical and microbiological studies of the anodic bacteria and consequently the electrochemically active biofilm/bioanode. In addition, a method for Geobacter species quantification with quantitative PCR (qPCR) was developed. Furthermore, a multiple-unit MFC setup was designed for convenient and simultaneous operation of identical MFCs ‘in-parallel’. A design for a new compact, multi-array MFC to be used as a small-scale culturing platform of EcAB based solely on their electrochemical properties is also introduced. Our research with different titanium (Ti) electrodes in the same MFC setup, suggests that the MFC electrode surface is critical as it determines attachment of EcAB and bioanode formation that leads ultimately to efficient electrochemical activity. Pt- and Ta- coated Ti electrodes performed the best while uncoated Ti with either smooth or rough surfaces performed the worst. Future MFC research could benefit greatly from enhancing the electrode interface for optimum bioanode formation and electron transfer. Our studies with flat-plate, graphite-electrode, mixed-culture microbial fuel cells (Pmax ≈ 1 W/m2) operated for several months with external load (Rext), indicated stable and reproducible characteristics including Coulombic efficiencies, average values of cell voltage, anode potentials, and current densities as well as main microbial populations of both the anolyte and the bioanode. However, transient testing of power maxima values (Pmax) that required lower Rext, or applied potential showed result variability, that might be linked to differences in electrochemical impedance factors, redox-active centers and electron-producing states of the bioanodes. Differences in the quantities of the bioanode microbial species did not seem to correlate with this variability. Since energy-conserving applications like waste-water treatment MFCs would ideally be operated with an Rext rather than applied voltage, addressing interface impedance factors, such as charge transfer resistance and electrical double layer capacitance, is important especially when MFCs are operated at lower Rext. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the operational conditions and requirements for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It mentions the development of a gas-tight, sterile setup for MFCs and the importance of optimizing various factors such as electrode surfaces and interface impedance. Additionally, the text discusses transient testing under different external loads, which indicates that external factors influence MFC performance. This suggests that MFCs do not operate with zero maintenance and imply that they require careful management of conditions and inputs to function effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Anda harus berusaha untuk bermain dengan maksimal untuk mendapatkan keuntungan yang maksimal. Anda harus memahami cara bermain untuk mendapatkan keuntungan yang tinggi. 7. Kurangi jumlah putaran. mulai kalah, Anda harus mengurangi jumlah putaran yang Anda mainkan. Ini akan membantu Anda menghindari kerugian yang lebih banyak. Dengan mengikuti tips di atas, Anda bisa bermain slot online dengan lebih berhasil. untuk adalah tingkat pengembalian (Return to Player/RTP) dari permainan slot online. RTP Slot yang bagus adaalah yang memberikan tingkat pengembalian antara 96% hingga 98%, yang berarti bahwa setiap kali pemain memasang taruhan, sebagian besar kembali ke pemain. Hal ini berarti bahwa pemain memiliki peluang lebih baik untuk memenangkan hadiah hadiah besar dibandingkan dengan jenis slot lainnya. para pemain berkesempatan untuk meningkatkan potensi kemenangan mereka. 1. Pertama-tama, Anda harus mencari situs web RTP yang tepat. Pastikan bahwa situs web ini menyediakan versi bahasa Indonesia sehingga Anda dapat memahami instruksi dan prosedur dengan mudah. 2. memilih situs web yang tepat, Anda harus membuat akun. Anda harus mengisi semua informasi yang diminta, termasuk nama, alamat, nomor telepon, dan informasi lainnya yang dibutuhkan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses strategies for playing online slot games and does not mention renewable energy or sustainable development in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of agricultural pests will be controlled through gene drives within the next decade, replacing chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: Technical requirements for these applications vary with the drive type required (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Eradicating insect-borne diseases The human toll inflicted by infectious diseases spread by insects is staggering. Malaria alone kills over 650,000 people each year, most of them children, while afflicting 200 million more with debilitating fevers (WHO, 2013). Dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas, and Lyme disease are also spread by insects. These afflictions could potentially be controlled or even eradicated by altering vector species to block transmission. Several laboratories have identified candidate gene disruptions or transgenes that interfere with the transmission of malaria (Ito et al. , 2002; Dong et al. , 2011; Isaacs et al. , 2012) and other well-studied diseases (Franz et al. , 2006). Depending on their effectiveness, these alterations may or may not allow the disease to be eradicated before the pathogen evolves resistance. Alternatively, the relevant vector species might be suppressed or eliminated using RNA-guided gene drives, then potentially reintroduced from sheltered laboratory or island populations once disease eradication is complete. In the case of malaria, gene drive strategies may represent particularly effective solutions to the emerging problem of mosquito vectors with an evolved preference to bite and rest outdoors, traits that render them resistant to current control strategies based on indoor insecticide spraying and bednets. Agricultural safety and sustainability The evolution of resistance to pesticides and herbicides is a major problem for agriculture. It has been assumed that resistant populations will remain resistant unless the relevant alleles impose a substantial fitness cost in the absence of pesticide or herbicide. We propose that RNA-guided sensitizing drives might replace resistant alleles with their ancestral equivalents to restore vulnerability. For example, sensitizing drives could potentially reverse the mutations allowing the western corn rootworm to resist Bt toxins (Gassmann et al. , 2014) or horseweed and pigweed to resist the herbicide glyphosate (Gaines et al. , 2010; Ge, 2010), which is currently essential to more sustainable no-till agriculture. Because these three organisms undergo one generation per year, comparatively large numbers of drive-bearing individuals must be released to quickly exert an effect, but fewer than are already released to control pests using the sterile-insect technique (Gould and Schliekelman, 2004; Dyck et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of gene drives as an effective strategy for controlling agricultural pests and diseases. It highlights that RNA-guided sensitizing drives could reverse the resistance of pests and restore vulnerability to pesticides, suggesting a future where gene drives might indeed replace traditional chemical pesticides for pest control.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: microbial fuel cells to generate electrons and protons that are involved in electrochemical reactions for the treatment of wastewater for the generation of power. Moreover, the efficiency of the treatment process and also the generation of power largely depend on the nature of the substrates used as feed, types of the microorganism used and the configurations of the cells. In view of an effective treatment process, various types of wastewater originated from a number of different sources have extensively been treated in microbial fuel cells using electrogenic microorganisms. Environment-friendly features of microbial fuel cells result in a better technology compared to the existing ones for the purpose. The present 10. 21741/9781644900116-11 Part of the book on Cells 1253. [2] D. Haldar, D. Sen, K. Gayen, Enzymatic hydrolysis of banana stems (Musa acuminata): Optimization of process parameters and inhibition characterization, Int. J. 15 (2018) 406-413. [3] R. Heede, N. Oreskes, Potential emissions of CO2 and methane from proved reserves of fossil fuels: An alternative analysis, Change 36 (2016) 12-20. [4] S. Chu, A. Majumdar, Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future, Nature 488 (2012) 294. [5] P. Hu, Y. Ouyang, L. Wu, L. Shen, Y. Luo, P. Christie, Effects of water management on arsenic and cadmium speciation and accumulation in an upland rice cultivar, J. Environ. Sci. (China) 27 (2015) 225-231. [6] J. F. Wang, G. X. Wang, H. Wanyan, Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment: wastewater recycling in the loess area of China, J. Environ. Sci. (China) 19 (2007) 1093-1099. [7] M. Sustarsic, Wastewater treatment: Understanding the activated sludge process, 2009, 29. [8] P. Rajasulochana, V. Preethy, Comparison on efficiency of various techniques in treatment of waste and sewage water – A comprehensive review, Resour. Effic. Technol. 2 (2016) 175-184. [9] M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the efficiency of microbial fuel cells depends on various factors, such as the types of substrates used as feed and the types of microorganisms involved, indicating that there are indeed requirements and considerations involved in their operation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Selain itu, Anda juga harus memilih metode pembayaran yang akan Anda gunakan. 3. Setelah membuat akun, Anda harus menyetorkan uang ke akun Anda. Sebagian besar situs web RTP menawarkan berbagai metode pembayaran, seperti kartu kredit, transfer bank, kripto, dan lainnya. Pilihlah metode pembayaran yang paling Anda sukai. 4. Setelah menyetorkan uang ke akun Anda, Anda dapat mulai memilih game yang Anda sukai. Beberapa situs web menawarkan berbagai jenis game slot. Pilihlah game yang Anda sukai dan mulailah bermain. 5. memilih game, Anda harus memasang taruhan. Pemain harus memastikan bahwa taruhan yang dipilih sesuai dengan jumlah uang yang telah disetorkan ke akun. 6. memasang taruhan, Anda dapat mulai bermain. Ikuti petunjuk yang diberikan oleh situs web untuk bermain. 7. selesai bermain, Anda dapat menarik uang yang Anda menangkan ke akun Anda. Pilih metode pembayaran yang Anda gunakan saat pendaftaran akun dan ikuti petunjuknya. Itulah cara menggunakan RTP untuk bermain slot di bahasa Indonesia. Pastikan untuk membaca semua persyaratan dan ketentuan yang diberikan oleh situs web sebelum mulai bermain, agar Anda tidak menemui masalah selama bermain. Selain itu anda juga bisa menguji coba RTP slot dengan slot demo gratis yang tersedia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods of payment and playing games online, with no connection to renewable energy sources or sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: (B) Together, these can quickly halt an unwanted drive and eventually restore the sequence to the original wild-type save for the residual Cas9 and guide RNAs. (C) Any population with limited gene flow can be given a unique sequence by releasing drives A and B in quick succession. So long as drive A does not escape into other populations before it is completely replaced by drive B, subsequent precision drives can target population B without risking spread into other populations. Figure 6 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Controlling population suppression. Previously proposed genetic load and meiotic suppression drives spread without limit and may incur a substantial risk of extinction. Alternative gene drive types might be used to grant finer control over the extent of suppression. ‘Sensitization drives’ would be harmless save for conferring vulnerability to a particular chemical, which could then be used as a population-specific pesticide. Evolutionarily ‘unstable drives’ would place a limit on the average number of drive copying events and thus the extent of population suppression. ‘Interacting drives’ would initiate suppression only upon encountering a specific genetic signature in the population, in this case a different gene drive. The combination would create a sterile-daughter effect (Figure 6—figure supplement 1) capable of continuing suppression for several generations. Finally, an immunizing drive could protect a subpopulation from a full genetic load or male-biasing suppression drive employed elsewhere. Interacting drive and immunizing drive approaches would be effective on very large populations spread across substantial geographic areas (Figure 6—figure supplement 2) while suffering from correspondingly reduced geographic resolution and greater ecological risk (Figure 6—figure supplement 3). Resolutions are approximations only and will vary with the specific drive utilized in each class. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Sample interacting drives that produce a sterile-daughter effect. (A) spreads through the wild-type population without any phenotypic effect using Cas9-A and guide RNAs A-E (essential). It also carries guide RNAs B-F (fertility), which cannot be utilized by Cas9-A. (B) spreads through the wild-type population without any phenotypic effect using Cas9-B and guide RNAs B-E (essential). It also carries guide RNAs A-F (fertility), which cannot be utilized by Cas9-B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing various methods of controlling gene drives to ensure they target specific populations effectively. It mentions that by using different gene drive types, such as 'sensitization drives' and 'interacting drives', it is possible to limit their effects to particular populations, thereby mitigating risks to other species. Specifically, it discusses the idea that 'drive A does not escape into other populations' and that 'subsequent precision drives can target population B without risking spread into other populations', supporting the claim that gene drives can be precisely controlled.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: C. Potter, Electrical effects accompanying the decomposition of organic compounds, Proc. . 84 (1911) 260-276. [10] in microbial fuel cell development and operation, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 76 (2007) 485-494. [11] B. E. Logan, B. Hamelers, R. Rozendal, U. Schröder, J. Keller, S. Freguia, P. Aelterman, W. Verstraete, K. Rabaey, Microbial fuel cells: Methodology and technology, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 5181-5192. [12] Y. Qiao, C. nanotube/polyaniline composit as anode material for microbial fuel cells, J. 170 (2007) 79-84. [13] J. Wei, P. Liang, X. Huang, Recent progress in electrodes for microbial fuel cells, Bioresour Technol. 102 (2011) 9335-9344. [14] M. Zhou, M. Chi, J. Luo, H. He, T. Jin, An overview of electrode materials in microbial fuel cells, J. 196 (2011) 4427-4435. [15] W. Liu, S. Cheng, J. Guo, Anode modification with formic acid: A simple and effective method to improve the power generation of microbial fuel cells, Appl. Surf. Sci. 320 (2014) 281–286. [16] Z. Changyong, P. Liang, Y. Jiang, X. Huang, Enhanced power generation of microbial fuel cell using manganese dioxide-coated anode in flow-through mode, J. Power Sourc. 273 (2015) 580-583. [17] U. Schroder, J. Niessen, F. Scholz, A generation of microbial fuel cells with current outputs boosted by more than one order of magnitude, Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 42 (2003) 2880-2883. [18] T. Zhang, Y. Zeng, S. Chen, X. Ai, H. Yang, Improved performances of E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting various citations that imply active research and development in microbial fuel cells, which traditionally involves inputs and maintenance. For example, references to the modification of anodes and the improvement of performance through different materials suggest that microbial fuel cells do not operate independently of maintenance or inputs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Energy is broadly classified into two types i. e. renewable and non – renewable. Non- renewable energy is again divided into four types as coal, crude oil, natural gas and nuclear. Renewable sources are also classified as wind, solar, hydro, geothermal and biogas. A flow graph of the proposed review work is also added (Figure 2). Figure 2. Flowgraph of the review paper NON––renewable energy sources refer to the energy source whose economic value cannot be replaced by other natural means on an equal level of consumption i. e. energy sources which are used cannot be used again. Generally, the formation of such non–renewable sources takes billions of years. Their use is generally not sustainable. Generally, most researches were based on obtaining maximum energy output, while using as minimum energy source required (Ming et al. , 2018). The impact of consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy on economic growth have also been compared. A research was done on long-run relationship exists between energy utilization and commercial improvement in 30 sub–countries, it could be seen that a 10% hike in non-renewable energy utilization leads to a hike of about 2. 11% in economic growth rate (Samuel et al. , 2018). The world’s energy consumption is presented as a figure (Figure 3). Figure 3. World’s energy consumption (Today energy, 2018) is the most widely used fossil fuel all over the world. Coal is mainly used as a fuel because of its readily available nature. In order to develop the efficiency of coal production, the was set up (Quing and Guihuan, 2017). For about the last three decades China stands first in the coal production globally (Coal production, 2018). Several kinds of researches were done in order to improve coal quality in recent times. One such research focused on fine-tuning of various combustion parameters of boilers in order to get best-optimized combustion possible (Quing and Guihuan, 2017). Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels often leads to NOX emission which is a crucial atmospheric pollutant, so in order to reduce NOX emission special prediction and optimization algorithms have been developed. Other such research focused on determining the coal quality by the use of a multivariable data analysis algorithm (Ming et al. , 2018; Binzhong and Graham, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the classification of energy types, focusing more on non-renewable sources such as coal and their production, than on the role of renewable energy sources in sustainable development. It does not provide evidence or arguments that directly relate to the claim about the importance of renewable energy for sustainability, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AUVs can operate independently of human control for extended periods, depending on their energy capacity. [SEP] Text: The organism manipulator end effector, which is rigid and must align precisely with experimental modules at different heights, is equipped with a collision-detection switch to halt z-motion before the robot is damaged. This sensor can also be used to detect the height of rigid module components. It is safe to leave MAPLE unattended (Video 3). (5) MAPLE components cost approximately $3500. Its bill of materials (Supplementary file 1, assembly instructions (Supplementary file 2), and code libraries (see Materials and methods for links) have been made public under open source licenses. MAPLE measures 43. 5 cm in the y-dimension permitting mounting in standardized 19’ rack systems, so multiple robots can be arranged compactly. Video 2 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as VR view from within MAPLE during an experimental procedure. Time-lapse view from a wide-angle camera mounted on the x-axis assembly of MAPLE during a procedure to move flies from a 96-well plate into social arenas, providing a clear view of the action of all three z-assemblies and end effectors. Moments when MAPLE flashes multiple times successively in the same position reflect an algorithm to vary the exposure time for image acquisition to detect the opening of a multi-position loading port. This video is available on YouTube at The viewing angle can be adjusted during playback in the YouTube viewer. Video 3 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as can operate autonomously. Wide-angle movie acquired by mounting the camera on the y-assembly as MAPLE conducts a social arena array loading procedure. After starting the protocol, confirming that the camera stays attached and trimming some zip-tie tails from the camera mount, the operator walks away while MAPLE continues the experiment. MAPLE conducts experiments on numerous species We first established that MAPLE can be used to automate experiments in a wide variety of lab organisms. Specifically, we implemented experimental MAPLE protocols for baker’s yeast S. cerevisiae, the nematode C. elegans, the slime mold P. polycephalum, and the fruit fly D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that MAPLE can operate autonomously, which aligns with the assertion that autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are capable of functioning without human control. Specifically, it mentions that after starting the protocol, the operator can walk away while MAPLE continues the experiment, reinforcing the idea of extended independent operation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Ren, Electricity generation using eight amino acids by air–cathode microbial fuel cells, Fuel 102 (2012) 478-482. [27] H. Liu, S. Cheng, B. E. Logan, Production of electricity from acetate or butyrate using a single-chamber microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 658-662. [28] P. D. Kiely, G. -term cathode performance and the microbial communities that develop in microbial fuel cells fed different fermentation endproducts, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 361-366. [29] S. Venkata Mohan, G. Mohanakrishna, P. N. Sarma, Composite vegetable waste as renewable resource for bioelectricity generation through non-catalyzed open-air cathode microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 970-976. [30] B. Jin, H. J. van Leeuwen, B. Patel, H. W. Doelle, Q. Yu, Production of fungal protein and glucoamylase by Rhizopus oligosporus from starch processing wastewater, Process Biochem. 34 (1999) 59-65. [31] R. production and removal of organic load from cassava starch industry waste by yeasts, J. Ferment. Bioeng. 67 (1989) 126-131. [32] T. Sangeetha, M. Muthukumar, Catholyte performance as an influencing factor on electricity production in a dual-chambered microbial fuel cell employing food processing wastewater, 33 (2011) 1514-1522. [33] N. Lu, S. -g. Zhou, L. Zhuang, J. -t. Zhang, J. -r. Ni, Electricity generation from starch processing wastewater using microbial fuel cell technology, Biochem. Eng. J. 43 (2009) 246-251. [34] S. Oh, B. E. Logan, Hydrogen and electricity production from a food processing wastewater using fermentation and microbial fuel cell technologies, Water Res. 39 (2005) 4673-4682. [35] B. K. Ince, O. COD production in a membrane anaerobic reactor treating brewery wastewater, Water Res. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and research articles related to microbial fuel cells, which implies that these systems are dependent on specific inputs, such as different substrates (acetate, butyrate, and various wastewaters) for electricity generation. The mention of 'cathode performance' and the 'microbial communities' also suggests ongoing maintenance and management are required, thus contradicting the claim that they operate with zero maintenance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: This method is superior to the traditional methods of determining coal constituents such as ash, moisture, fixed carbon content etc. , which is determined via lab samples from various expedition holes. is a dark colored liquid (oil) found deep in the earth’s crust it is generally separated into various components by a fractional distillation which separates out various components of petroleum at the various boiling point. The fractionating column consists of tall cylindrical vessels with a number of levels where different components are separated. Various researches are carried out in order to mitigate the effect of petroleum pollutants by physical, chemical and biological methods (Qaderi and Azizi, 2018). One such biological process is the moving bed biofilm reactor. It is observed that under optimal conditions the efficiency of the reactor was high and can be used for petroleum wastewater treatment (Qaderi and Azizi, 2018). Also, till date, it has been quite challenging to understand the energy efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the refineries because of their complexity and different variables within the refineries (Jeongwoo and Vincent, 2015). The categories of refineries were simplified and were broadly classified based on crude density (API gravity) and heavy product (HP) yields. The results show the effect of (GHG) emissions on refineries. Natural gas is a fossil fuel handled as a source of heating, cooking and electricity generation. It could also be benefited as a source of fuel for vehicles. It is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon in the form of a gas primarily subsist of CH4 and some fluctuating number of other higher alkanes and small amounts of CO2, N2, H2S or He (Saurabh et al. , 2011). It is set up due to the decomposition of plant and animal matter under intense heat and pressure over millions of years. The energy obtained from sunlight in plants is stored as chemical bonds in the gas. Switching from coal burnt to natural gas burnt energy generators are considered to be a step towards emission reduction. It could be seen that Natural gas can also be used for energy production (Saurabh et al. , 2011). warming is currently considered as one of the greatest threat in which the (GHG) emission is the leading problem today (Charikleia et al. , 2013). With the demand to satisfy energy needs and to reduce GHG emission has encouraged the usage of Nuclear energy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Instead, it discusses various aspects of petroleum, natural gas, and their impact on emissions and energy production. The emphasis is on fossil fuels and their environmental challenges rather than highlighting the role of renewable energy sources.