Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Acasa > Reviste de specialitate > Medic. ro > Impactul microbiomului intestinal asupra sănătăţii fizice şi mintale microbiomului intestinal asupra sănătăţii fizice şi mintale Impact of the gut microbiome on physical and mental health Mihaela Ţăpescu, First published: 25 martie 2020 Editorial Group: : 10. 26416/Med. 133. 1. 2020. 2996 scientific research is laying the groundwork for a new approach in treating various pathologies, showcasing the interdependence in terms of intestinal, physical and mental health. Also referred as the second brain, the intestinal microbiome is a unique imprint for each individual, and its content of microorganisms, in terms of type and amount, establishes the overall health of the body. The new clinical findings highlight the significant role that the intestinal microbiome has in regaining homeostasis and correlate food patterns with the prevalence of certain pathologies. MyNewGut FP7 EU is an European project which performed a multidisciplinary approach to the microbiome issue by analyzing the interactions of food and environmental factors in altering the microbiota, leading to the development of metabolic and behavioural disorders. The project was developed and spanned over a period of five years, between 2013 and 2018, and managed to highlight, following interconnected translational research, the role of the intestinal microbiome in metabolic health, the negative impact of high fat diets on the nervous system and the intestinal microbiome, and the essential role of increased dietary fiber intake in decreasing the symptoms of depression, in adjusting body weight, and in reducing the development of chronic metabolic diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity of the gut microbiome and its relationship to physical and mental health, stating that 'the new clinical findings highlight the significant role that the intestinal microbiome has in regaining homeostasis and correlate food patterns with the prevalence of certain pathologies.' This supports the notion that a variety of dietary factors influence gut health rather than a single type of food being sufficient to balance the microbiome or resolve mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: For instance, the mixture of the roots of Securidaca longepedunculata, Allium sativum, Capparis tomentosa, Withania somnifera, and Cucumis ficifolius was powdered and smoked to treat the evil eye. A drink was prepared using a combination of the roots of Carissa spinarum, and Ruta chalepensis, along with the bulb of Allium sativum, to treat snakebites. Methods of preparation and route of administration of remediesThe communities in the study area utilized a variety of methods to prepare and administer traditional medicinal remedies. The most common preparation methods were extraction (17. 5% of preparations), decoction (13. 4% of preparations), and paste (10. 2% of preparations). Additionally, seven other preparation methods accounted for a total of 5. 2% of the remedies (Fig. 4). In terms of routes of administration, over half of the remedies (211 preparations, 56. 7%) were administered orally. This was followed by topical application, which accounted for 32. 5% of the preparations (121 in total) (Fig. 5). Fig. 4Methods of remedy preparation in Quara districtFull size imageFig. 5Route of administration of medicinal plants in Quara districtFull size imageEthnobotanical knowledge distribution among ethnic groupsThe study examined the ethnobotanical knowledge and use of medicinal plants across the three main ethnic groups in the district—the Amhara, Agew, and Gumuz using the Venn diagram (Fig. 6). Among the three ethnic groups, 57 plant species were reported by the Agew ethnic group, 70 by the Gumuz, and 107 by the Amhara ethnic groups. Analysis of the distribution of plant resources revealed that 28% of the plants studied overlapped among the three ethnic groups. The pairwise comparisons showed that the Amhara and Gumuz ethnic groups had the highest degree of similarity, sharing 15. 63% of their medicinal plant species. , followed by the Amhara and Agew groups (8. 6%), and the Agew and Gumuz ethnic groups had the lowest overlap, sharing only 2. 34% of their medicinal plant species. In total, the three ethnic groups collectively utilized 36 species of medicinal plants in common across the district. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Aloe vera specifically. Instead, it discusses a variety of traditional medicinal plants and their uses among different ethnic groups, including methods of preparation and administration. There is no mention of Aloe vera or its historic use in treating skin ailments, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Mutations in protein-encoding genes are frequently associated with ATPase dysfunction [26]. Failure in tRNA metabolism will lead to the deficiency of mitochondrial protein synthesis [27]. Defects in mitochondrial translation consequently result in a respiratory phenotype and a decrease in ATP production,may reduce the production of ROS,and subsequently have the potential role to affect the course of hypertension [28]. The mtDNA variations were mainly distributed in regions of ATP6 binding sites, and the site of highest mutation frequency was m. 8414C > T. Three single base pair changes were significantly different between the MIEH and control groups, namely C8414T in ATP8, and A8701G and G8584A in ATP6. It is becoming established that mitochondrial damage and dysfunction are important factors in cardiovascular disease [29]. To our best knowledge, this is one of the first large-scale population-based systematic screens for mitochondrial mutations and their effects on MIEH in the Chinese population. Systematic study of the relationship between disease and mtDNA mutation is important to assist with our understanding of the mechanism of the mutation and its relationship to disease, but is also able to improve diagnosis, prevention and treatment of EH. Blood glucose, blood lipids, creatinine, urea nitrogen and other biochemical abnormalities are all very closely related to the chance of developing primary hypertension [30]. In order to clarify whether mtDNA affects the biochemical indicators of the MIEH individuals, we compared and analyzed the biochemical abnormalities of the MIEH and normal individuals. Clinical examination and evaluation of all available members in this study suggested that MIEH subjects presented significantly higher values than those of non-maternal members in and BUN. In our study, participants with MIEH were overweight or obese compared to participants with normal blood pressure. A normal body weight (BMI 18. 5–24. 9 kg/m2) should be maintained for prevention and management of hypertension [31]. The occurrence and development of MIEH, can involve these factors or these factors might occur as a result of the development of MIEH, which leads to the damage or deterioration of the target organ. Many studies, including the analysis of maternally transmitted hypertension in a large pedigree, have acknowledged the role of inherited mtDNA mutations in familial MIEH [32, 33]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that many studies, including familial analysis, acknowledge the role of inherited mtDNA mutations in maternally transmitted hypertension, thereby supporting the idea that mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally. This supports the claim regarding maternal inheritance, even though the primary focus of the text is on its relation to hypertension and disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Keywords intestinal microbiome, microorganisms, nutrients, homeostasis, metabolic disorders, diet Rezumat Cercetările ştiinţifice recente pun bazele unei noi abordări în tratarea diverselor patologii, scoţând la lumină relaţia de interdependenţă între sănătatea intestinelor şi sănătatea fizică şi mintală. Numit cel de-al doilea creier, microbiomul intestinal are o amprentă unică pentru fiecare individ în parte, iar conţinutul acestuia ca număr şi tip de microorganisme dictează starea de sănătate a organismului. Noile descoperiri clinice pun în evidenţă rolul pe care microbiomul intestinal îl joacă în redobândirea homeostaziei şi corelează tiparele alimentare cu prevalenţa anumitor patologii. Proiectul european FP7 UE MyNewGut a abordat multidisciplinar problema microbiomului prin analiza interacţiunii factorilor alimentari şi de mediu cu căile de reglare ale microbiotei, care conduc la dezvoltarea afecţiunilor metabolice şi de comportament. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the intestinal microbiome is unique to each individual and highlighting the complex interdependence between gut health and physical and mental health. It suggests that a single type of food is insufficient to address the diverse factors influencing gut microbiome balance and the resulting health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 6Venn diagram of medicinal plants among the studied ethnic groups in Quara districtFull size imageInformant consensus factorThe study calculated the ICF to identify the most effective medicinal plants for treating common ailments in the district. The ICF values were calculated based on disease categories, which were determined using the of Diseases [37] with some modifications. Overall, 14 disease categories were identified, with ICF values ranging from 0. 75 to 0. 93 out of a maximum of 1. 0 (Table 3). The diseases categories with the highest ICF values were diseases of the circulatory system and blood/blood-forming organs (ICF = 0. 93), followed closely by infectious and parasitic diseases, and symptoms, signs, and clinical findings not elsewhere classified both with an ICF value of 0. 92. Table 3 ICF values of plants for treating human ailments in Quara districtFull size tableWhen analyzing the ICF in terms of the number of use 12. 93 across the different studied areas that were compared (Table 4). Table 4 Rahman’s similarity index between the present study (Quara district) and previous studiesFull size tableDirect matrix ranking exerciseA direct matrix ranking (DMR) exercise was conducted in the Quara district to assess and prioritize the most important medicinal plant species utilized by the local communities (Table 5). The results of the DMR exercise showed that Ziziphus spina-christi, Terminalia leiocarpa, and Ficus sycomorus were the top-ranked medicinal plant species. Furthermore, the DMR exercise also evaluated the various use categories for these plants in the district. Accordingly, use as medicine, livestock forage, and a source of food were the most common use categories in the district. Table 5 DMR of eight multipurpose medicinal plant species in the Quara districtFull size tableNovel ethnobotanical findingsThe current ethnobotanical study in the Quara district has uncovered several novel findings. Specifically, the research team identified nine medicinal plant species that were reported for the first time in Ethiopia through this study (Table 6). Of these nine newly documented medicinal plants, seven have been previously reported to have medicinal uses in other parts of the world. However, two species–Dracaena forskaliana and Ipomoea biflora–had not been associated with any known medicinal applications prior to this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the medicinal plants studied in the Quara district and their effectiveness but does not mention Aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments. The focus is on the informant consensus factor and various medicinal plants without providing any information about Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Here, we undertook mutational analysis of the mitochondrial DNA 7908–8816 region using PCR amplification and then sequence analysis of the PCR fragments. The present experiment showed that there were more mtDNA variations in frequency and density in the MIEH patients than those who were normotensives (NT). Among these mutations, ATP6 is a hotspot for pathogenic mutations associated with MIEH. The occurrence of mtDNA mutations in these genetically unrelated subjects affected by MIEH suggests that mutations may participate in key functional development processes of EH. There are hundreds of mitochondria and thousands of mtDNAs in a mammalian cell and the close proximity of mtDNA within mitochondria with ROS generation sites means that mtDNA is vulnerable to a high level of mutation without an efficient DNA protection and repair system [18]. Mutations of mtDNA may lead to disease, and the significant determinant of their clinical outcomes are likely to correlate with the amount of mutated mtDNA [34]. Some MIEH patients in the study were part of one family branch. Among the MIEH individuals, there was a high mutation frequency and density in mtDNA m. 8584G > A and m. 8701A > G mutations. Specifically, an amino acid change at the m. 8414C > T in the ATP8 gene (leucine to phenylalanine) shows that mtDNA variants may be able to affect the development of hypertension in China [35]. Ancestral variants of mtDNA define population-specific mtDNA lineages or haplogroups. These were first used to trace the origins of different races and allow reconstruction of the migration of humans throughout our ancient history [36]. MtDNA lineages have been shown recently to be more prone to certain disease symptoms, including type-2 diabetes, obesity and atherothrombotic cerebral infarction. Haplogroups can also protect against myocardial infarction and increase lifespan. MtDNA mutations, including point mutations, deletions, and duplications that affect transcription and translation of mtDNA are implicated in most mitochondrial diseases [37]. Our intriguing observation is that there was a m. 8273_8281del mutation in 59 MIEH patients. This 9-bp deletion polymorphism is a phylogenetic marker of studies into evolution trends and population migration [38]. Because of its location, this polymorphism could change either downstream or upstream gene expression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how mtDNA is utilized in studies to trace population-specific mtDNA lineages or haplogroups, which is relevant to archaeological and genetic lineage tracing. It mentions that 'Ancestral variants of mtDNA define population-specific mtDNA lineages or haplogroups' and elaborates on how these were first used to trace the origins of different races and allow reconstruction of human migration history, indicating the importance of mtDNA in archaeogenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Proiectul s-a desfăşurat pe parcursul a cinci ani (2013-2018) şi a scos în evidenţă, în urma studiilor translaţionale interconectate, rolul microbiotei intestinale în sănătatea metabolică, impactul negativ al dietelor bogate în grăsimi asupra microbiomului intestinal şi a creierului şi rolul esenţial al consumului crescut de fibre alimentare în scăderea simptomelor depresiei, în reglarea greutăţii corporale şi în reducerea dezvoltării bolilor metabolice cronice. Cuvinte cheie microbiom intestinal microorganisme nutrienţi homeostazie afecţiuni metabolice dietă Microbiomul intestinal la omul sănătos – „Superorganismul” Marea descoperire din anul 2000, care a oferit posibilitatea descifrării ADN-ului uman, a deschis drumul identificării întregului patrimoniu genetic, oferind posibilitatea cunoaşterii în detaliu a microorganismelor prezente în sistemul digestiv. Cercetătorii propun ca termen pentru întregul format din organismul uman şi microbiotă denumirea de „Superorganism”(1), având în vedere capacitatea microbiomului demonstrată de a influenţa în bine organismul în starea de eubioză sau în rău în starea de disbioză. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the negative impact of high-fat diets on the gut microbiome and the essential role of a high-fiber intake in alleviating depressive symptoms and maintaining metabolic health. This suggests that a diverse diet, rather than a single type of food, is necessary for a healthy microbiome and mental well-being.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the study reported 39 new use cases for medicinal plant species compared to what had been previously documented in other ethnobotanical studies published in Ethiopia (see 2). Table 6 Plants reported to treat ailments in Quara district for the first time in EthiopiaFull size tableThreats to medicinal plants and conservation effortsThe ethnobotanical study in the Quara district revealed several threats to the sustainability of medicinal plant resources and indigenous knowledge in the area. During group discussions, participants prioritized seven key threats to medicinal plants: use of herbicides/insecticides, human-induced fires, agricultural land expansion, construction activities, collection of fuel wood, use of plants for farm implements, and overgrazing. Additionally, the participants mentioned other threats such as the use of medicinal plants for house utensils, informal cross-border trade to neighboring Sudan, deforestation, seasonal migration patterns, and climate change-induced events like drought. The group participants also noted that there were minimal management practices in place for medicinal plants. To further understand the severity of these threats, we conducted interviews with 12 key informants, who were asked to rank the seven prioritized threats to medicinal plants. The results showed that agricultural expansion was considered the primary threat, followed by the collection of fuel wood and its use for construction purposes (Table 7). Table 7 Ranking of threats to medicinal plants in Quara districtFull size tableThe ethnobotanical study in Quara district has highlighted the significant threats facing several important medicinal plant species due to their extensive and unsustainable utilization. Ximenia americana is a vital medicinal plant in the region, with its root used to treat spider bites and diarrhea, and its stem bark used for jaundice and uvulitis. However, the excessive harvesting of the root and stem bark is leading to a concerning decline in the plant’s population. Similarly, Carissa spinarum is an important medicinal resource, with its root used to treat a variety of common illnesses, including snakebites, evil spirits, and the evil eye. The reported decline in the Carissa spinarum population in the area is particularly alarming. Securidaca longepedunculata is another highly sought-after medicinal plant, with its root extensively used to treat snakebites, the evil eye, and febrile illnesses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various medicinal plants and the threats they face, but does not mention Aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments. Hence, it does not address the claim in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-tests were used to compare all values in this study. SPSS v17. 0 and Graphv 6. 0 were used for all analysis, and p<0. 05 was the significance threshold. presentation The proband (Q5-III-3) was first diagnosed with CHD upon presenting at the of affiliated hospital of Qingdao university at age 40, after which he underwent a full medical evaluation. The patient was diagnosed with hypertension (159/99 mmHg), significant ischemia (65% narrowing was evident upon coronary angiography), and high cholesterol (LDL-C = 159 mg/dL, TC = 232 mg/dL). The patient was not affected by any other comorbid conditions such as diabetes or neurological disease. When family members of this patients were evaluated for these same conditions, 5 were diagnosed with all three of these conditions (Figure 1a and Table 1). In each case, any fathers with CHD had not transmitted it to their children, whereas mothers did transmit it, suggesting matrilineal inheritance consistent with mitochondrial involvement in this inherited CHD risk. Analysis of mitochondrial mutations To explore potential mitochondrial mutations linked with inherited CHD risk, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of this proband patient Q5-III-3. A total of 45 mutations were evident in their mitochondrial genome upon comparison with the Cambridge consensus sequence, and the mitochondrial haplogroup for this patient was identified to be M7b’c (Figure 2). As shown in Table 2, of these 45 variants, 19 were known silent variants, 14 were known D-loop variants, 8 were known missense mutations affecting protein-coding genes, 2 were known 12S rRNA variants, 1 was a known 16s rRNA variant, and one was a novel homoplasmy 15910C>T mutation in the tRNAThr gene (Figure 1B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing matrilineal inheritance in the context of congenital heart disease (CHD) and suggesting mitochondrial involvement. It explicitly states that 'mothers did transmit it,' indicating the maternal inheritance associated with mitochondrial DNA. Additionally, the analysis of mitochondrial mutations linked to inherited CHD risk demonstrates the relevance of mitochondrial DNA in genetic studies, thus supporting the claim regarding its use in archaeogenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Influenţa microbiomului merge dincolo de aparatul gastrointestinal, studiile evidenţiind rolul pe care îl are în sistemul respirator, circulator şi în sistemul imunitar şi metabolic. Intestinul uman este gazda unei comunităţi de microorganisme al căror număr este de zece ori mai mare decât al celulelor corpului uman şi al căror genom are de o sută de ori mai multe gene decât conţine genomul uman(2). Cunoscută şi sub denumirea de floră intestinală, microbiota este concentrată în cea mai mare parte în colon şi interacţionează cu gazda pentru a modula o serie de funcţii corporale în strânsă relaţie cu expunerea la mediu (stres, dietă, medicamente). Cele două caracteristici fundamentale, interrelaţionate, pe care se bazează, sunt în ordine: prima este specifică pentru indivizi şi rezistentă la tratamentele exterioare (hrană nesănătoasă, antibiotice), oferind individului stabilitate temporală şi reducând predispoziţia la boală, iar cea de-a doua este relativ flexibilă la schimbările fiziologice şi de schimbare de mediu (dezvoltarea imunităţii, disponibilitatea nutrienţilor în timpul sarcinii). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that gut microbiota is influenced by a variety of factors, including diet, environment, and overall health. It emphasizes that the composition of microbiota is unique to individuals and that it exhibits both stability and flexibility in response to external factors. This suggests that simply eating one type of food is insufficient to fully balance the gut microbiome or address mental health issues, as the dynamics of microbiota are complex and multifaceted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The root of this plant is commonly found in local markets and has even been reported to be illegally exported to neighboring Sudan for medicinal purposes, further exacerbating the threats to its population. Boswellia papyrifera is also facing threats due to the utilization of its stem bark for the treatment of scorpion stings, spider bites, and uvulitis, coupled with the various diseases affecting the plant, leading to a decline in its population. DiscussionSocio-demographics of the informantsThe ethnobotanical study conducted in the Quara district has yielded valuable insights into the socio-demographic factors influencing the knowledge and utilization of medicinal plants in the local community. Accordingly, the study found that men were more knowledgeable about medicinal plants than women. In the study area, men were more likely to be exposed to social affairs, which facilitates their acquisition of knowledge. Our data support the findings of [75, 76] who reported similar outcomes. It was also found that older informants, aged 60 years and above, demonstrated a higher level of knowledge of medicinal plants compared to the younger age groups (20–39 years and 40–59 years). This aligns with the findings of previous research [46], which suggest that the older generation’s extended cultural exposure, exchange, and practical experience contribute to their greater knowledge in this domain. Studies also identified a concerning trend that the indigenous knowledge on the use of medicinal plants is deteriorating due to the passing away of the knowledgeable older generation before they can effectively transfer their knowledge to the next generation [49, 77, 78]. This challenge is exacerbated by the younger generation’s lack of interest in learning from their elders. As a result, there is a risk of losing this invaluable indigenous wisdom as the older members of the community pass away. Among the three informant groups categorized by educational level, those who could read and write cited the highest number of medicinal plants, followed by illiterate informants, and those with formal education. This finding is consistent with other studies [49, 78], which suggest that lower levels of education are associated with greater knowledge of medicinal plants, possibly due to the impact of modern education [10]. The ability of those who can read and write to recall and utilize the medicinal plants they are familiar with may be connected to their overall higher level of knowledge compared to the illiterates. This finding highlights the complex interplay between formal education, literacy, and the retention and application of traditional medicinal plant knowledge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera and its historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, the text discusses the potential illegal export of another plant, Boswellia papyrifera, and offers insights into community knowledge and utilization of various medicinal plants, without directly addressing Aloe vera or its applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Other previously identified mutations include A4401G mutation in the junction between tRNAGln and tRNAMet genes, A4435G mutation in the tRNAMet gene,[56] and A4295G and A4263G mutations in the tRNAIle gene. [78] DCM is a heart muscle disorder which can be inherited as autosomal dominant, X-linked, or mitochondrial inheritance. [9] However, DCM is probably underdiagnosed and is believed to account for a much larger number of cases, as subjects may remain asymptomatic until a remarkable ventricular dysfunction has occurred. Although mtDNA defects have been described in an increasing number of cases of DCM, it has heretofore rarely been in association with the demonstrable A8701G mutation. DCM can be accompanied by hypertension. In these cases, DCM is different from hypertensive cardiomyopathy, which is characterized by hypertrophy and takes years to develop. So far, knowledge of the role of the mitochondrial genome in the pathogenesis of these diseases has not been completely clarified in Asian population. Consanguineous marriage, or marriage between relatives, has received a lot of attention as a potential risk factor for some inherited disorders including hypertension. [1011] On the other hand, very limited studies have been conducted to delve into the possible impact of consanguineous marriages and mtDNA on common multifactorial and polygenic adult disorders. Family based design is widely used in genetic association studies to detect disease susceptibility variants. Here, we report a pedigree in which several members were diagnosed with maternally transmitted hypertension and DCM. The family based study identified a significantly associated mitochondrial variant such as A8701G mutation, which was enriched in this family, may be due to the consanguineous marriage in the first generation. The mitochondrial genome in this Chinese family belonged to the eastern Asian haplogroup M. A8701G mutation in mtDNA, which is considered pathogenic, is absent in healthy control subjects and usually accompanied by affected levels of respiratory chain enzyme activity. [12] total, we recruited 14 subjects from this family at the Department of Cardiology in the Northern People's Hospital (Jiangsu, China). Figure 1 shows the pedigree of the reported family and sums up the clinical features of the individuals affected by hypertension and DCM. DCM was defined according to Organization (WHO)/and Federation of Cardiology criteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about mitochondrial DNA being used in archaeogenetics. Instead, it discusses various mutations in mtDNA related to diseases such as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and the potential role of hereditary factors, including consanguineous marriages, in these disorders. While it mentions maternal transmission of genetic traits, this information does not corroborate or contrast with the context of archaeogenetics, rendering the text largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Cele două se bazează pe echilibrul dinamic în menţinerea stării de homeostazie şi explică mecanismul complex care mediază progresia de la sănătate la boală(3). Microbiota omului sănătos este compusă din numeroase microorganisme, dintre care cele mai numeroase sunt bacteriile, care reprezintă mai mult de 99% din microbiota umană(4). Densitatea acestora variază în diferitele zone ale organismului uman, cea mai mare concentraţie pe mililitru se află în colon, cu o cantitate de 1014 bacterii, ceea ce constituie 98% din bacteriile din tot organismul uman(5). Aceste bacterii formează bacteriomul, care este constituit dintr-un număr de specii ce variază între 500 şi 1000, fiecare dintre ele identificate de un genom unic. Studiile ştiinţifice din ultimii ani s-au concentrat pe analiza ecosistemului microbiotei, astfel încât să poată identifica speciile microbiene ce se regăsesc în microbiomul persoanelor sănătoase, în aşa fel încât lipsa acestor microorganisme să ilustreze disbioza, respectiv prezenţa unor patologii. Totuşi, o definiţie complexă a microbiotei sănătoase are în vedere atât compoziţia, funcţia, dinamica, dar şi ecologia sistemică(6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and dynamic nature of the human microbiota, emphasizing that a healthy microbiome consists of a diverse population of microorganisms. It notes that the human microbiota is made up of 500 to 1000 different species, suggesting that simply eating one type of food would not provide the necessary diversity to maintain microbiome health or address related mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Key informants, such as herbal practitioners, cited more medicinal plants than the general informants, reflecting their full-time experience in utilizing these plants for treatment, as supported by previous research [49]. Although settlers (both formal and informal) and local inhabitants coexist harmoniously, the local inhabitants mentioned a larger number of medicinal plants compared to settlers. This could be because local inhabitants have lived in the area for a longer period and are therefore more familiar with the plants that grow there. ethnic group was found to be the most knowledgeable about medicinal plants compared to other ethnic groups in the study area. This can be attributed to the Gumuz people’s heavy reliance on flora and fauna for their health and everyday survival, as well as the exchange of indigenous knowledge, particularly medicinal plant knowledge, within their community and with neighboring Sudan. Medicinal plant diversityThe study identified a rich diversity of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in the Quara district, with a total of 128 medicinal plant species documented. This figure exceeds the counts reported in recent ethnobotanical studies conducted in other parts of Ethiopia. As an example, studies in the [7], [13], [66], Asagirt [49], and Ensaro [63] districts recorded 74, 98, 92, 103, and 101 medicinal plant species, respectively. Several factors may contribute to the greater number of medicinal plants utilized in the Quara district. These include ethnic diversity in the area, and the influx of settlers from different parts of the Amhara region; the rich plant diversity, particularly due to the presence of communal forest areas; the district’s proximity to Sudan, which has facilitated the exchange of indigenous knowledge; the remote location of the area and inadequate access to formal healthcare, leading the community to rely more on traditional medicine; and the prevalence of various human ailments, such as febrile illness, evil eye, evil spirit, snakebite, spider sting, tonsillitis, wound healing, intestinal parasites, diarrhea, and amoebiasis, which may necessitate the use of a broader range of therapeutic plant species (see 1). Furthermore, the large number of recorded medicinal plant species emphasizes the continued relevance and indispensability of plant-based remedies in fulfilling the primary healthcare requirements of the population, particularly in areas with limited access to conventional medical services. The dominance of the Fabaceae family among the medicinal plants identified can be attributed to the evolutionary adaptations of this plant family in the local environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the knowledge and utilization of a variety of medicinal plants by local inhabitants in the Quara district without specifically mentioning Aloe vera or its historical use in treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Table 1: Clinical characteristics of some members in the reported Chinese familyTable 2: Past histories and Laboratory examinations for some members of the reported Chinese familyAnalysis of mitochondrial sequence variants Because the pedigree analysis suggested a maternal inheritance pattern, we investigated the function of the mitochondrial genome of family members. For this purpose, DNA fragments spanning the mtDNA at positions 3777–4679 and 7908–8816 were PCR amplified, and each fragment was purified and subsequently analyzed by direct sequencing. We looked into the variants in two lists of pathogenic variants from MitoMap ( and mtDB ( The mtDNA variants identified by the sequencing in all the family members are listed in Table 3. Fisher's exact frequency difference test showed that A8701G mutation [Figure 4], a known missense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) substituting threonine for alanine in the ATP6 gene and belongs to haplogroup M, was the only significant variant, with a P value of 0. 005. Among seven other private variants in this matriline, three (m. 3970 C>T, m. 3915 G>A, and m. 4248 T>C) were located in the MT-ND1 gene, m. 8363 G>T in the MT-RNAlys gene, m. 4435 A to G in the MT-RNAmet gene, m. 8414 C>T in the ATP8 gene, and m. 8793 T>C in the ATP6 gene. All of these private variants were previously reported and had no potential pathogenicity except for m. 8701A>G, which was one of the primary high blood pressure mutations. There was no clear evidence for a synergistic effect between m. 8701A>G and other mutations in this matriline. In control group, 1 base change in the tRNA gene and 2 amino-acid substitutions were found. Table 3: mtDNA variants in the reported familyFigure 4: Identification of the 8701A>G mutation in the mitochondrial ATP6 gene. (a) Partial sequence chromatograms of the ATP6 gene from affected individual II-3 and a married-in control II-4. An arrow indicates the location of the base changes at position 8701. (b) The location of the 8701A>G mutation in the mitochondrial ATP6 gene. Pink arrow indicates the position of the ATP6 gene mutation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants in a family that shows a maternal inheritance pattern. This aligns with the claim's assertion that mtDNA is inherited maternally, as noted in the statement: 'Because the pedigree analysis suggested a maternal inheritance pattern, we investigated the function of the mitochondrial genome of family members.' This confirms the relevance of using mtDNA in studies related to maternal lineage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Un studiu transversal despre compoziţia microbiotei intestinale a arătat că, în cazul vânătorilor-culegători, microbiomul era format cu preponderenţă din speciile Prevotella, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Clostridiales şi Ruminobacter, în timp ce la populaţiile urbane predomină speciile Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium şi Firmicutes. Compoziţia microbiomul intestinal include următoarele: Bacterii (bacteriom, eubacterii) Arhee (arheom, arhebacterii) Virusuri şi bacteriofagi (euvirom – virom – fagom) Drojdii, ciuperci şi mucegaiuri (micobiom) Protozoare (protozom) Helminţi (helminthoma). Un impact major în compoziţia microbiotei intestinale îl au modificările de ritm circadian, mai specific disponibilitatea nutrienţilor, nivelul peptidelor antimicrobiene şi anticorpii gazdei(7). Studiile clinice au reliefat diferenţe în compoziţie şi funcţionalitate ale microbiotei în diferite momente ale zilei(8). O microbiotă sănătoasă interacţionează cu bariera intestinală prin intermediul bacteriilor, astfel încât să îi asigure funcţionalitatea corespunzătoare. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of gut microbiome composition, indicating that it is influenced by various factors such as nutrient availability and circadian rhythms. It presents evidence that the gut microbiome is diverse and varies between different populations, implying that relying on a single type of food is not sufficient to balance it. The text emphasizes that a healthy microbiome interacts with intestinal barriers and that its composition can vary throughout the day, which further contradicts the idea that one type of food could fully resolve gut health and related mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The ability of Fabaceae species to form symbiotic relationships and thrive in nitrogen-deficient soils, as well as their capacity to develop extensive root systems and outcompete other plants for resources, provides them with a competitive advantage in the area [79, 80]. This finding is consistent with previous ethnobotanical studies conducted in Ethiopia [49, 78, 81], and other parts of the world [82,83,84]. Regarding the habit of medicinal plants, the study found that the people of the Quara district utilized trees and herbs in nearly equal proportions. This observation aligns with the findings of a previous ethnobotanical study conducted in Ethiopia [78, 85], where a similar pattern was reported. However, it is important to note that in some other ethnobotanical studies, shrubs were reported to be the most widely used medicinal plant habit [13, 66, 75]. This variation may be attributed to differences in the local plant community composition and ecological conditions. Lowland areas with sufficient rainfall, like the Quara district, are typically dominated by woody species, forming woodlands, which could explain the prominence of trees and underneath herbs as medicinal plants in the present study. Plant parts and the conditions for preparing remediesThe study found that the most commonly used plant parts for remedy preparation were leaves, followed closely by roots. This observation is consistent with the findings of many other ethnobotanical studies conducted in Ethiopia [13, 46, 77, 78] and globally [83, 86]. The predominant use of leaves for remedy preparation in the study area can be attributed to several factors such as easy accessibility, abundantly availability, and their primary site for the accumulation of many bioactive compounds. Furthermore, picking leaves has less effect on the plant species’ survival. While roots have been reported as the most frequently used plant parts in a few other studies [75, 82, 87], the extensive use of roots can pose a risk to the long-term survival of medicinal plant populations [8, 88]. Consistent with previous studies conducted in Ethiopia [10, 49, 89], the majority of the remedies in the Quara district were prepared using fresh plant parts. The use of fresh plant materials is generally associated with higher efficiency of the bioactive components [75]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide any information specifically about Aloe vera or its historical medicinal uses. Instead, it focuses on the competitive advantages and uses of various Fabaceae species in ethnobotanical contexts, particularly in Ethiopia. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: association between hypertension and DCM of mitochondrial A8701G is apparently unique in this pedigree. Mother to son transmission was observed, but the high degree of consanguinity suggests recessive inheritance is more likely. It has been shown that consanguineous marriages have a higher prevalence of certain adult diseases and genetic disorders than nonconsanguineous marriages. [20] In accordance with previous reports, our findings showed that consanguineous marriage was an important factor causing illnesses in the offspring of this family. Nevertheless, hypertension and DCM as the clinical phenotype presented only in the maternal lineage of this pedigree. The pathogenesis of the role of genetic disorders caused by consanguineous marriage could not be clarified. The inherited pattern also provides a clear indication that the mtDNA variant contributes to the phenotype. Although deleterious mtDNA variants are generally heteroplasmic and induce severe clinical symptoms early at onset, mild mutations are often homoplasmic, can be observed in a general population, and may predispose to specific symptoms of diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, and obesity in various ethnic groups. [21] Clinical and genetic evaluation revealed the varying severity and age at onset in both hypertension and DCM. In this study, the age at onset for the affected matrilineal relatives in the family was between 45 and 60 years old, with an average of 50 years. It was previously reported that 20% of the cases of DCM were likely familial. [22] This mutation in structural gene has also been reported in patients with DCM and hypertension. [23] Multiple types of mutations in mtDNA that cause dysfunction of oxidative phosphorylation () enzymes have been investigated in patients with cardiomyopathy and hypertension or a combination of the two. [67] defects resulting in the reduction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation and longstanding increase of ROS production may be responsible for the pathogenesis of hypertension, cardiac contractile dysfunction and, subsequently, heart failure and death. In this family, the proband's mother died of cardiac failure several days after surgery and could not be investigated further. Three offspring carrying the mutant were diagnosed with hypertension and DCM, means the transmission was compatible with a maternally inherited trait. Apart from the involvement of variants of the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome, knowledge of the pathogenesis of mitochondrial disorder as a cause of cardiomyopathy remains incomplete. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the maternally inherited trait of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within a family, noting that 'the transmission was compatible with a maternally inherited trait.' This supports the idea that mtDNA is inherited maternally and reinforces its significance in genetic studies, aligning with the claim regarding its stability and applicability in fields like archaeogenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Bacteriile intestinale, în special lactobacilii şi bifidobacteriile, produc butirat, ce rezultă în urma fermentării carbohidraţilor, cu rol în blocarea dezvoltării bacteriilor periculoase(9). Astfel, în starea de eubioză, microbiota împiedică şi distruge înmulţirea bacteriilor patogene, în mod diferit faţă de tratamentul farmaceutic, care distruge atât patogenul, cât şi bariera protectivă intestinală. La nivelul tractului gastrointestinal se găsesc numeroase celule cu rol în protejarea organismului (limfocite, macrofage, celule dendritice etc. ), care sunt stimulate de microbiotă în starea de eubioză, pentru a proteja de agresiuni externe nu doar aparatul digestiv, ci şi aparatul respirator şi cutanat. O altă funcţie importantă a bacteriilor intestinale este cea nutritivă, permiţând sinteza vitaminei B2 (Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli), a vitaminei B12 (Lactobacillus reuteri CRL1098), a folaţilor (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidocaterium longum subsp. Infantis), a vitaminei K (Escherichia coli) şi a vitaminei B6 şi PP (Streptococcus thermophilus ST5, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, Bifidobacterium longum R0175), cu rol indispensabil pentru homeostazie(10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex role of gut bacteria, indicating that a diverse microbiome is essential for health. It explains that a variety of intestinal bacteria produce necessary substances and stimulate immune functions, which suggests that relying solely on one type of food may not be sufficient to achieve gut balance and address mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: However, the fact that most of the medicinal plants in the study area were trees, and the fresh parts were primarily collected, suggests that the availability of remedies may have been limited to certain seasons of the year, as many trees shed their leaves during the dry season. Ailments treated with medicinal plantsThe analysis of the data on the diversity of medicinal plant use revealed that more than three-quarters of the identified species were employed to treat multiple diseases. This finding suggests a widespread adoption and utilization of these medicinal plants by the local community, which agrees with [90]. The versatility of many medicinal plants reported in this study for treating different health conditions may be attributed to the combined action of the various bioactive constituents present in these plants. In association with this finding, [91] reported that the synergistic effects of the different medicinal components can potentially enhance the catalytic activity and facilitate the absorption of the beneficial compounds in the human body. These findings highlight the need for further scientific investigation into the phytochemical profiles and pharmacological properties of these versatile medicinal plants. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms that enable certain medicinal plants to treat a diverse array of ailments can contribute significantly to the development of more effective and holistic traditional medicine practices. This knowledge can be instrumental in improving the overall health and well-being of the local population. Methods of preparation and route of administration of remediesThe study found that the most frequent methods of preparing medicinal remedies in the Quara district were extraction, decoction, paste, and chewing. These preparation methods align with the findings of previous ethnobotanical studies conducted in different regions [51, 92, 93]. The informants reported that there was no standardized approach to administering the remedies, and the method varied depending on factors such as the patient’s age and health condition. This observation is consistent with the findings of other studies [94], indicating the flexibility and patient-specific nature of traditional medicine practices. Oral administration was identified as the primary route of delivering herbal remedies in the Quara district. This observation is in line with the findings of other ethnobotanical studies, which have also reported the oral route as the predominant mode of administration for traditional medicines [49, 95]. The diversity of preparation techniques and administration routes observed in the study highlights the depth of traditional knowledge within the local community. Healers and practitioners likely adjust their approaches based on the specific needs and conditions of the patients, drawing from a wealth of experiential knowledge accumulated over generations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. It discusses the use of various medicinal plants in a specific area and their methods of preparation and administration, but it does not mention Aloe vera or its application for skin issues, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Our results indicated that hypertension and DCM were prominent features in maternally transmitted disorders in conjunctions with mtDNA A8701G mutation. To date, there is very limited information on the importance of this mutation in cardiovascular disease in general. [24] The underlying contributing factors in the family remain poorly understood, but mtDNA A8701G mutation is potentially an explanatory variable. Due to the high mutation rate of mtDNA, it has accumulated sequential mutations stratified into different mtDNA lineages or haplogroups that have been used as genetic markers of human evolution. [19] mtDNA A8701G mutation in this Chinese pedigree belongs to the Asian haplogroup M. It was characteristically heteroplasmic and was not observed in healthy control subjects during the study period. In the mitochondrial SNP (mtSNP) 8701A/G, there is a 59th amino-acid substitution from threonine to alanine at ATPase6, the F0 subunit of complex V. Using trans-mitochondrial hybrid cells, mtSNP A8701G was shown to cause abnormal results in impaired mitochondrial pH and intracellular calcium dynamics and is suspected to be associated with the pathogenesis of some diseases. [25] or ATP synthase, the final enzyme of the system, enables protons to flow back to the matrix and uses the released energy to synthesize ATP. It is composed of at least 16 subunits, of which 2 (ATP6 and ATP8) are encoded by the mtDNA. So far, the most common noted result of ATP6 mutation has been confirmed to be neuropathy, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa, or maternally inherited Leigh's syndrome. [26] A previous study illustrated that mutations of the ATP6 gene were associated with a deficiency in the stability of complex V. [27] More recently, the nucleotide change A to G at position 8701 in ATP6 gene, part of the ATP synthase protein, has been demonstrated to reduce ATP synthesis and significantly impair the assembly or stability of the ATP synthase. [28] To our understanding, the present report of hypertension and DCM in a Chinese pedigree is directly caused by a maternally inherited point mutation in mtDNA and expands the knowledge of genetic heterogeneity. It is now clear that the mtDNA mutation may play an important role in the pathophysiology of hypertension and DCM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the maternally transmitted nature of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), specifically referencing the significance of mtDNA mutations, including the A8701G mutation, as related to maternal inheritance. It supports the idea that mtDNA is inherited maternally and highlights ongoing research into mtDNA's role in genetic disorders, thereby indicating its relevance in the broader context of genetics, including its stability over generations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Funcţiile microbiotei intestinale sunt: Funcţii metabolice Funcţii structurale Funcţii protective. Funcţiile metabolice se referă la capacitatea microbiotei de a produce metaboliţi rezultaţi în urma fermentaţiei bacteriene. Principalele bacterii răspunzătoare de această activitate sunt Bacteroide, Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Enterocateriacare şi Fecalibacterium(11). Capacitatea metabolică a microbiomului intestinal se evidenţiază prin următoarele mecanisme de reglare: pH-ul intestinal, gradientele oxigenului, conversia componentelor dietetice în produse utilizabile, îndepărtarea substanţelor toxice şi producerea fecalelor. De-a lungul colonului, pH-ul variază de la unul acid în colonul proximal la unul neutru în colonul distal. În ceea ce priveşte rezistenţa bacteriilor la pH-ul acid, studiile arată că specia Firmicutes este mai rezistentă decât specia Bacteroides. Într-un model in vitro s-a observat o modificare în activitatea dinamicii şi a compoziţiei microbiotei intestinale la un pH între 5,5 şi 6,5(12). Oxigenul este un alt factor care influenţează distribuţia spaţială a microbiomului, majoritatea bateriilor fiind anaerobe, limitate în creştere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed explanation of the multifaceted functions of the gut microbiome, emphasizing the complexity of its metabolic, structural, and protective roles. It mentions that factors such as intestinal pH and oxygen levels impact the diversity and function of gut bacteria. Specifically, the text implies that simply consuming one type of food is insufficient to adequately influence these complex factors and achieve a balanced microbiome. Therefore, it contrasts the claim that one type of food can fully balance the gut microbiome and resolve associated issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Ethnobotanical knowledge distribution among ethnic groupsThe study found that more than a quarter (28%) of the medicinal plants were mentioned across all three ethnic groups. However, the Amhara ethnic group reported a greater number of medicinal plants compared to the other groups. The higher mention of medicinal plants by the Amhara is likely due to their large population size and extensive agricultural land coverage in the area. Additionally, the seasonal movement of the Amhara people from neighboring highland districts to Quara for farming and livestock rearing may have facilitated the sharing of medicinal plant knowledge within their community. In contrast, the Agew ethnic group reported a smaller number of medicinal plants, possibly due to the secretive nature of their traditional knowledge, which is a common phenomenon observed in many traditional communities. The findings of this study, as well as several previous studies [96,97,98], emphasize that the diversity of medicinal plant knowledge is often influenced by the ethnicity and cultural background of the communities. These insights underscore the importance of considering the ethnic and cultural context when documenting and understanding traditional medicinal plant knowledge. Informant consensus factorThe study reported ICF values ranging from 0. 75 to 0. 03 indicating a strong consensus among the informants regarding the therapeutic uses and efficacy of certain medicinal plant species, as described in [99]. The highest ICF value of 0. 93 was observed for diseases related to the circulatory system and blood/blood-forming organs. This aligns with findings from other studies [100, 101] and suggests that the local community has confidence in the medicinal plants of the study area for treating these types of conditions. Specifically, hypertension and anemia were the two diseases highlighted in this high consensus category, with 71 and 15 use 12. 93% was found in a study carried out in the Metema district of northwestern Ethiopia [43]. This was followed by studies in the Habru district of northcentral Ethiopia with an RSI of 11. 48% [51] and in the Hawassa, Shashemene, and Dilla districts of southcentral Ethiopia with an RSI of 10% [54]. districts like the Adwa (RSI = 9. 47%) [46], the Erob and Gulomahda districts (RSI = 9. 31%) [47], and the district (RSI = 9. 09%) [44] also had higher RSI values. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention Aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses the distribution of medicinal plant knowledge among ethnic groups and highlights specific medicinal plants and conditions without referencing Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: DiscussionThe purpose of this study was to investigate mutations in mtDNA 3777–4679 region of the Chinese MIEH population. The results showed that the group of MIEH had more mtDNA variations, which mainly located at ND1 site and the highest mutation site was m. 3970 C>T. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important factor in cardiovascular disorders [20]. As far as we know, this is one of the first large-scale population-based studies about and the potential role of mtDNA in MIEH. The systematic screen of the association between MIEH and mtDNA mutation is not only essential to further our understanding of the specific mechanism of the mutation in disease etiology, but can also improve the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. In an attempt to determine whether mtDNA was involved in the biochemical indicators of the MIEH individuals, we compared and analyzed the biochemical abnormalities of all the participants. Clinical evaluation of all the participants suggested that MIEH subjects presented significantly higher values than those of control group in and renal function. Notably, MIEH individuals were obese or overweight in comparison to NT group. High BMI for EH was reported as a strong predictor of hypertension in a multivariate analysis [21]. Therefore, a normal body weight (BMI 18. 5–24. 9 kg/m2) should be recommended for the prevention and management of MIEH [22]. These factors might contribute to the occurrence and development of MIEH, or they might occur as a result of the progress of MIEH, which results in the damage of the target organ. Many studies have depicted the function of inherited mtDNA mutations in MIEH family, such as the analysis of maternally transmitted hypertension in a large cohort [23]. Here, we investigated the mtDNA 3777–4679 region using PCR amplification and the sequence analysis. Current results showed that eight SNPs were significantly different between the MIEH and the control groups: C3970T, G4048A, C4071T, C4086T, A4164G and T4248C in ND1 gene, T4386C and C4394T in tRNAGln gene. ND1 gene is a hotspot for mutations linked to MIEH. Notably, the impaired synthesis of ND1 (subunits of complex I) may be specifically responsible for the decreased activities of complex I [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relevance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in a population-based study and mentioning the function of inherited mtDNA mutations. It specifically states 'Many studies have depicted the function of inherited mtDNA mutations in MIEH family,' indicating the importance of maternally transmitted mutations, which supports the notion that mtDNA is utilized in genetic studies due to its maternal inheritance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Prin transformarea componentelor dietetice în componente finale absorbabile de către microbiotă, are loc şi modificarea pH-ului. Ultima fază a procesului digestiv presupune formarea masei de materii fecale, ce diminuează timpul tranzitului intestinal şi înglobează o parte din substanţele toxice care influenţează sănătatea organismului uman(13). La acest nivel, rolul microbiotei intestinale este de a digera anumite polizaharide, iar al amidonului, de a transforma polizaharidele în monozaharide, activând acizii graşi cu catenă scurtă (SCFA), care se leagă de receptorii proteici, inducând peptidul YY. Funcţiile structurale ale microbiotei au fost puse în evidenţă prin prezenţa următoarelor bacterii: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron are rol în menţinerea desmozomilor vilozităţilor epiteliale de la nivelul intestinului(14); Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG au rolul în a preveni apoptoza celulelor epiteliale prin producerea proteinelor solubile(15); Akkermansia muciniphilia are rol în diminuarea endotoxemiei, prin creşterea nivelurilor de lipide bioactive(16). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex interactions of various dietary components with the gut microbiome, stating that different bacteria have specific roles in digestion and health. For instance, it specifies that Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, and Akkermansia muciniphilia all contribute to gut health in different ways, suggesting that a single type of food would not be sufficient to balance the microbiome or address mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The RSI gradually decreased from the northern, northwestern, northcentral, and southcentral regions to the western, southwestern, southern, southeastern, and northeastern regions of the country. The high RSI between the current study and Metema district [43] can be attributed to the geographical proximity of these two neighboring districts. The similarities observed with other regions in the northwestern, northern, northcentral, and northeastern parts of Ethiopia can be explained by factors such as geography, cultural practice, and vegetation coverage [82, 104]. The gradual decrease in RSI from the northern to southern areas is likely influenced by the distance and geographical barriers that impede the exchange of information on the use of ethnomedicinal plants [82, 105]. These findings suggest that the use of traditional medicinal plants is more homogeneous in geographically proximate and culturally similar regions, while diversity increases with distance and geographic barriers. This highlights the importance of considering regional and cultural factors when studying traditional plant-based healthcare practices. Direct matrix rankingThe DMR exercise helped to determine the most heavily used multipurpose plant species in the Quara district, as well as the factors posing a threat to these plants. Accordingly, the top three most used multipurpose plant species were Ziziphus spina-christi, Terminalia leiocarpa, and Ficus sycomorus. These plants are currently exploited primarily for their medicinal properties rather than their non-medicinal uses. This finding aligns with previous research [106] that highlighted the use of medicinal plants for medicinal purposes as the primary threat among the five threats evaluated in the DMR exercise. The specific plant parts utilized for medicinal purposes play a crucial role in determining whether a plant is at risk. For instance, the root, root bark, and stem bark of Ziziphus spina-christi are used for various ailments, increasing the susceptibility of this plant to threats. Similarly, the stem and stem bark of Terminalia leiocarpa are utilized for treating different ailments, leading to its vulnerability. The findings from the DMR exercise suggest that the overexploitation of these multipurpose plants, particularly for their medicinal uses, poses a significant threat to their sustainability in the Quara district. This highlights the need for conservation strategies that consider the balance between medicinal and non-medicinal uses of these important plant resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the regional use of traditional medicinal plants, specifically mentioning species such as Ziziphus spina-christi and Terminalia leiocarpa without any reference to Aloe vera or its historical use for skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: 3970 C>T. Conclusions: The mtDNA mutations were involved in the process of MIEH. We identified mitochondrial genetic characteristics in MIEH patients in China. The present research serves as a solid foundation for further detailed research on the association between MIEH and mitochondrial dysfunction, and their causal relationship in Chinese and other populations with a similar lifestyle. hypertensionmaternal inheritance. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2BackgroundEssential hypertension (EH) is a common cardiovascular disorder, influencing about 1 billion people around the world [1]. It is generally believed that the interaction between genic and environmental factors affected EH, which may be caused by single-gene defects or multifactorial conditions[2]. Maternally inherited essential hypertension (MIEH) is EH that is consistent with the pattern of maternal inheritance [3]. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can cause mitochondrial diseases, which are transmitted from the mother exclusively. MtDNA mutations were marked in several pathogenic disorders including mitochondrial myopathy, stroke-like attacks, encephalopathy and maternally hereditary diabetes[4]. In addition, mutations in mtDNA have also been observed to play a role in the pathogenesis of MIEH [5]. The repair and protection systems of mtDNA are less efficient compared to that of nuclear DNA [6]. MtDNA mutations have been linked to MIEH through modifying several functional tRNAs [7]. In particular, a previous study identified that the mutation may reduce the steady-state level of mt-tRNAGln m. 4375C>T and subsequently cause the mitochondrial dysfunction that is responsible for hypertension[8]. So far, the mechanism of mtDNA mutations in MIEH has not been completely elucidated, especially on the interplay between mtDNA mutations and other risk factors, such as the development of blood pressure, nuclear genes, and environmental conditions[9]. While people are more concerned about the role of the nuclear genome[10], investigating the role of mtDNA sequence alteration may help to understand the genetic pathogenesis of MIEH. Mitochondrial genes in 3777-4679 region were proposed to be hot spots for mutations associated with hypertension as described previously[11]. In order to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying MIEH, we studied clinical and genetic evidence to investigate the association between the mtDNA mutations in 3777-4679 region and MIEH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its maternal inheritance pattern, particularly in the context of maternally inherited essential hypertension (MIEH). It emphasizes that mtDNA is transmitted exclusively from the mother and highlights the implications and characteristics of mtDNA mutations in various health conditions, which aligns with the claim's focus on the maternal inheritance and stability of mitochondrial DNA over generations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Activitatea protectivă a microbiomului intestinal se referă în special la lupta cu patogenii, prin producţia de substanţe capabile să inactiveze invadatorii, prin modificările de pH intestinal şi prin menţinerea integrităţii mucoasei intestinale(17). Principala linie de apărare a barierei intestinale o reprezintă ţesutul limfatic (MALT). Un aspect important pentru manifestarea tuturor funcţiilor microbiotei intestinale îl reprezintă starea de eubioză, mai precis echilibrul constant între compoziţia şi numărul microorganismelor care compun microbiomul individului. Interacţiunea dintre microbiomul intestinal şi creier (axa intestin-creier) Prin studiile clinice efectuate de cercetătorii implicaţi în MyNewGut s-a descoperit prezenţa unor tulpini şi specii de bacterii care par promiţătoare în lupta împotriva obezităţii, a tulburărilor de metabolism şi a schimbării dispoziţiei. Rezultatele preclinice au evidenţiat eficacitatea tulpinii bacteriene Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 împotriva disfuncţiilor sistemului imunitar şi a disfuncţiilor metabolice în obezitate. Rezultatul testelor a fost scăderea nivelurilor serice ale trigliceridelor, a intoleranţei la glucoză şi a greutăţii corporale(18). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the importance of maintaining a balance in the gut microbiome (eubiosis), rather than suggesting that a single type of food could achieve this balance. It mentions the interaction between gut microbiome and mental health (the gut-brain axis) and the potential benefits of specific bacteria strains, suggesting a more complex relationship rather than a simplistic solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Novel ethnobotanical findingsOut of the 128 medicinal plant species identified in the current study, 80 of them had been previously reported to have the same uses. This suggests a strong cultural exchange of traditional plant-based healthcare practices among communities across Ethiopia [55]. From the remaining 48 species, there were nine new reports of medicinal plants in Ethiopia, highlighting the incredible biodiversity of the area studied. Notably, two of these medicinal plants–Dracaena forskaliana and Ipomoea biflora–were not reported elsewhere in the world, making them novel global discoveries as well. The identification of these two species as new medicinal plants is particularly remarkable, as it suggests that the traditional health practices of the local communities in the Quara district encompass the utilization of plant resources that have not been recognized for their medicinal properties elsewhere. These discoveries expand the existing knowledge of traditional medicinal applications of plants in the Quara district. In addition to the new medicinal plant species, the study also reported 39 new use cases for plants that were already known. For instance, the study revealed that the leaf of Rumex nepalensis is used to treat malaria, whereas previous studies had reported its use for 24 different ailments [29, 30, 39,40,41,42, 45,46,47, 49, 51, 58, 59]. Similarly, the study found that the root of Albizia gummifera is chewed for snakebite treatment, whereas earlier studies had reported its use for 23 different ailments [43, 46]. Furthermore, the present study identified Amaranthus caudatus as a medicinal plant used for treating anemia, in contrast to the nine previously reported uses, including constipation, wound healing, febrile illness, urinary problems, common cold, malnutrition, rheumatism, stomachache, and diarrhea [29, 45, 47, 50]. The researchers were able to uncover these previously unmentioned medicinal plants and discover new uses for known plants by performing ethnobotanical investigations from an ethnic-based perspective and exploring new areas. Similarly, another study [107] reported new medicinal plant species by taking an ethnic-based approach in an area previously not studied. The discovery of these previously unreported medicinal plants in the Quara district highlights the potential for further documentation and exploration of traditional ethnobotanical knowledge in Ethiopia. To validate the efficacy of these newly reported uses and plants, further phytochemical research is needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera. It discusses ethnobotanical findings related to various medicinal plants in Ethiopia, but does not mention Aloe vera or its historical uses for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: 025) was m. 4611 delA mutation in 10 MIEH subjects. The results suggested that mtDNA mutations were positively correlated with MIEH. DiscussionThe purpose of this study was to investigate mutations in mtDNA 3777-4679 region of the Chinese MIEH population. The results showed that the group of MIEH had more mtDNA variations, which mainly located at ND1 site and the highest mutation site was m. 3970C>T. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important factor in cardiovascular disorders [20]. As far as we know, this is one of the first large-scale population-based studies about and the potential role of mtDNA in MIEH. The systematic screen of the association between MIEH and mtDNA mutation is not only essential to further our understanding of the specific mechanism of the mutation in disease etiology, but can also improve the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. In an attempt to determine whether mtDNA was involved in the biochemical indicators of the MIEH individuals, we compared and analyzed the biochemical abnormalities of all the participants. Clinical evaluation of all the participants suggested that MIEH subjects presented significantly higher values than those of control group in and renal function. Notably, MIEH individuals were obese or overweight in comparison to NT group. High BMI for EH was reported as a strong predictor of hypertension in a multivariate analysis [21]. Therefore, a normal body weight (BMI 18. 5-24. 9 kg/m2) should be recommended for the prevention and management of MIEH [22]. These factors might contribute to the occurrence and development of MIEH, or they might occur as a result of the progress of MIEH, which results in the damage of the target organ. Many studies have depicted the function of inherited mtDNA mutations in MIEH family, such as the analysis of maternally transmitted hypertension in a large cohort [23]. Here, we investigated the mtDNA 3777-4679 region using PCR amplification and the sequence analysis. Current results showed that eight SNPs were significantly different between the MIEH and the control groups: m. 3970C>T, m. 4048G>A, m. 4071C>T, m. 4086C>T, m. 4164A>G and m. 4248T>C in ND1 gene, m. 4386T>C and m. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the function of inherited mtDNA mutations in maternally transmitted hypertension and how mtDNA is investigated in a specific population. This suggests that mtDNA is relevant in genetic studies, particularly highlighting its maternal inheritance and stability, thus aligning with the claim regarding its use in archaeogenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: O altă descoperire semnificativă a grupului de lucru multidisciplinar a fost identificarea unui tip de bacterie Bifidobacterium longum care a avut impact pozitiv asupra eliberării de cortizol, a calităţii somnului şi a stresului perceput. Ipoteza grupului de lucru vizează posibilitatea transformării acestor tipuri de bacterii în viitoare probiotice de nouă generaţie care să fie folosite în tratarea patalogiilor metabolice de tipul obezităţii sau a problemelor legate de stres şi a schimbărilor de stare, cum este cazul depresiei(19). Teoriile clasice au demonstrat că stilul de viaţă influenţează creierul prin intermediul axei hipotalamus-hipofiză-suprarenale. Experienţa clinică a demonstrat că dereglările produse la acest nivel de stresul cronic sau de vulnerabilităţile genetice pot provoca tulburări ale sănătăţii mintale, demonstrate de creşterea citokinelor inflamatorii în ser. Noile teorii ce au la bază analiza ecosistemului reprezentat de microbiom reliefează interdependenţa dintre sănătatea intestinelor, starea de eubioză şi sănătatea sistemului nervos. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that multiple factors, including the ecosystem of the microbiome and lifestyle, contribute to mental health. It points out that while certain types of bacteria, like Bifidobacterium longum, can positively influence cortisol release and stress levels, the classical theories emphasize how lifestyle influences brain health through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, indicating that a single type of food is insufficient for achieving balance in gut health or resolving mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This research has the potential to provide valuable insights into medical sciences [108] and strengthen the traditional medicinal practices that have been passed through generations [107]. Threats to medicinal plants and conservation effortsThe greatest threat to medicinal plants in the district is agricultural land expansion, consistent with previous research in Ethiopia [10, 106, 109]. Other reported threats include deforestation, habitat loss, drought, furniture production, informal export, settlement, land degradation, and encroachment on communal forests. The main drivers of this agricultural land expansion are population pressure and low land productivity. The unsustainable exploitation of specific medicinal plants, such as Ximenia americana, Carissa spinarum, Securidaca longepedunculata, and Boswellia papyrifera, threatens their status. To address this, it is crucial to implement awareness programs and conservation education involving stakeholders and local communities to prevent disruptions in the population dynamics of these threatened species. However, the study area currently has limited conservation and management practices for medicinal plants. The local community’s reported conservation efforts include cultivating plants in home gardens and preserving them in agricultural lands. Beyond their medicinal applications, the medicinal plant species documented in this study also serve a multitude of other vital purposes within the local communities. These plants are cultivated and utilized for their aesthetic value, as living fences, as sources of food, and shade, and as fuel for firewood. This diverse spectrum of uses underscores the deep cultural and ecological significance of these natural resources. Strengthening the existing conservation and management practices surrounding these medicinal plants is, therefore, essential for ensuring their long-term sustainability and continued availability to the local population. Safeguarding these invaluable natural resources is not only crucial for preserving traditional medicine knowledge and practices, but also plays a critical role in bolstering food security within the area. This study contributes to environmental protection by prioritizing the major threatening factors to the study area’s natural resources. Identifying these key threats can help halt further degradation of the environment and enable the development of appropriate conservation and management strategies. This, in turn, will aid in protecting against the loss of species and other natural resources in the study area and similar environments. ConclusionThis comprehensive study represents the first detailed exploration of indigenous ethnomedicinal knowledge in the Quara district of Northwestern Ethiopia. The documentation of 128 medicinal plants used to treat 76 common ailments across 14 disease categories highlights the rich diversity of plant resources employed for healthcare purposes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera as it does not mention Aloe vera at all. Instead, it discusses the medicinal plants in general and their conservation, threats to their survival, and ethnomedicinal knowledge, but does not provide specific support or contradiction regarding the use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: 4394C>T in tRNAGln gene. ND1 gene is a hotspot for mutations linked to MIEH. Notably, the impaired synthesis of ND1 (subunits of complex I) may be specifically responsible for the decreased activities of complex I [24]. Mitochondrial encoded complex I is a crucial component in the respiratory chain. The ND1 variants in complex I early in the process, which may contribute to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and may participate in key functional development processes of EH[25]. Mutations of mtDNA may lead to disease, and the significant determinant of their clinical manifestation are susceptible to associated with mutations arising in mtDNA [26]. In this study, unlike mild elevation of total cellular ROS production, an increase in the cells carrying the m. 4248T>C and m. 3970 C>T mutations suggested that the defective mitochondria are the major producers of ROS. In turn, the increased levels of cytosolic ROS may produce damage to mitochondrial proteins, nucleic acids, stimulating a forward feeding loop of mitochondrial ROS generation and aggravated cell damage [27]. The reduced levels of mitochondrial proteins were observed in cell lines carrying hypertension associated homoplasmic tRNAGln m. 4386T>C and m. 4394 C>T mutations belonging to mitochondrial haplogroup M. Ancestral variations in human mtDNA define population-specific mtDNA lineages or haplogroups. Importantly, these were used to trace the origins of different races and provide a foundation for mitochondria based evolutionary medicine [28]. The association between mtDNA haplogroup/SNPs and hypertension has been attributed to a significant alteration in the structure of tRNA and may decrease the steady-state levels of tRNA and oxygen consumption rates that may affect protein levels [29]. Failing to keep the balance of oxygen consumption and production induces mitochondrial dysfunction which was implicated in hypertension pathophysiology, as mentioned earlier [30]. Therefore, mtDNA mutations are promising novel biomarkers for the early detection, prevention, and management of MIEH. MtDNA mutations, incorporating point mutations, deletions that affect transcription and translation of mtDNA are implicated in various mitochondrial disorders. Rocha et al. have previously revealed a strong correlation between mitochondrial genetics and respiratory chain deficiency in patients with single, large-scale mtDNA deletion [31]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), including its role in defining population-specific mtDNA lineages or haplogroups. It mentions that ancestral variations in human mtDNA have been used to trace the origins of different races, aligning with the claim that mtDNA is utilized in archaeogenetics due to its maternal inheritance and relative stability over time. This indicates that mtDNA mutations and their implications play a significant role in studying evolutionary processes and population dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: În ultima conferinţă, care a încheiat cei cinci ani de cercetare asupra impactului microbiomului, condusă de grupurile de cercetare MyNewGut, au fost prezentate mai multe studii logitudinale prin care s-a evidenţiat relaţia clară dintre consumul de alimente nesănătoase şi sănătatea mintală. Unul dintre aceste studii, desfăşurat pe parcursul a 6,2 ani, pe 8. 964 de participanţi spanioli, a concluzionat că mâncarea de tip fast-food sau din patiserie creşte riscul de depresie(21). Evidenţele s-au bazat pe modificări cauzate prin inducerea de alterări experimentale asupra microbiotei intestinale şi prin efectul pre- şi probioticelor asupra funcţiei creierului şi a disfuncţiilor neuropsihiatrice. Un alt studiu experimental din cadrul Departamentului de psihologie al Universităţii Oxford, desfăşurat de Johson şi Foster în anul 2018, a vizat legăturile dintre intestin, flora bacteriană şi creier(22). Acest experiment s-a bazat pe ipoteza posibilităţii manipulării comportamentale a organismului-gazdă de către microorganismele ce alcătuiesc microbiomul intestinal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting research findings that demonstrate a clear relationship between unhealthy food consumption and mental health issues. It emphasizes that the microbiome is influenced by a variety of dietary factors rather than a single type of food, which suggests that solely eating one food type cannot fully balance the gut microbiome nor resolve mental health problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This finding underscores the importance of further exploring and preserving the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plant use. The study also highlights the ethnic distribution of medicinal plant knowledge, with the Amhara, Gumuz, and Agew ethnic groups contributing to the documentation of medicinal plant species. This underscores the importance of cultural diversity and the role of different communities in preserving and sharing traditional knowledge. The high ethnobotanical indices of certain plants suggest the need for further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations to uncover their medicinal properties and potential use in drug development. Furthermore, this ethnobotanical investigation in the Quara district has uncovered both new medicinal plant species as well as new use reports that were previously undocumented. This makes it a valuable contribution to the understanding of traditional plant-based healthcare practices in Ethiopia, indicating the potential for further exploration and discovery of novel remedies. The comparison with previous studies in neighboring areas shows a high degree of use similarity, highlighting the shared traditional knowledge and practices in the region. The findings of this study also have implications for conservation efforts. The identification of threats to medicinal plants, such as agricultural land expansion and fuelwood use, underscores the need for integrated conservation strategies. Protecting and sustainably managing these plant resources is crucial to ensure their availability for future generations and to address the challenges they face. Overall, this ethnobotanical study provides valuable insights into the traditional use of medicinal plants in the Quara district, Northwestern Ethiopia. The documentation of plant species, their therapeutic uses, and the associated traditional knowledge contributes to our understanding of the local healthcare system and provides a foundation for further research and conservation efforts. The study highlights the importance of preserving cultural diversity, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration, and integrating traditional medicine with modern healthcare practices for the benefit of local communities and the broader field of medicine. Availability of data and materials The necessary data collected for this study was analyzed and included in this manuscript, and its supplementary information files are attached as 1, and 2. AbbreviationsDMR: Direct matrix ranking QDOA: Quara district office of agriculture ICF: Informant consensus factor RSI: Rahman’s similarity index 82. Geneva: Organization; 2013. 50. 60. 9170. p. 51. 85. 2015. . Mahiberesilasie community conservation area general management plan 2017–2026, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (unpublished document) 2016. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the exploration and preservation of indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants in the Quara district of Northwestern Ethiopia. While it highlights the therapeutic use of various medicinal plants and the role of traditional knowledge, it does not specifically mention Aloe vera or its historical use for skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: 3970 C>T. Conclusions: The mtDNA mutations were involved in the process of MIEH. We identified mitochondrial genetic characteristics in MIEH patients in China. The present research serves as a solid foundation for further detailed research on the association between MIEH and mitochondrial dysfunction, and their causal relationship in Chinese and other populations with a similar lifestyle. hypertensionmaternal inheritance. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2BackgroundEssential hypertension (EH) is a common cardiovascular disorder, influencing about 1 billion people around the world [1]. It is generally believed that the interaction between genic and environmental factors affected EH, which may be caused by single-gene defects or multifactorial conditions[2]. Maternally inherited essential hypertension (MIEH) is EH that is consistent with the pattern of maternal inheritance [3]. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can cause mitochondrial diseases, which are transmitted from the mother exclusively. MtDNA mutations were marked in several pathogenic disorders including mitochondrial myopathy, stroke-like attacks, encephalopathy and maternally hereditary diabetes[4]. In addition, mutations in mtDNA have also been observed to play a role in the pathogenesis of MIEH [5]. The repair and protection systems of mtDNA are less efficient compared to that of nuclear DNA [6]. MtDNA mutations have been linked to MIEH through modifying several functional tRNAs [7]. In particular, a previous study identified that the mutation may reduce the steady-state level of mt-tRNAGln m. 4375C>T and subsequently cause the mitochondrial dysfunction that is responsible for hypertension[8]. So far, the mechanism of mtDNA mutations in MIEH has not been completely elucidated, especially on the interplay between mtDNA mutations and other risk factors, such as the development of blood pressure, nuclear genes, and environmental conditions[9]. While people are more concerned about the role of the nuclear genome[10], investigating the role of mtDNA sequence alteration may help to understand the genetic pathogenesis of MIEH. Mitochondrial genes in 3777-4679 region were proposed to be hot spots for mutations associated with hypertension as described previously[11]. In order to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying MIEH, we studied clinical and genetic evidence to investigate the association between the mtDNA mutations in 3777-4679 region and MIEH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), particularly in the context of maternally inherited essential hypertension (MIEH). It describes how mtDNA is inherited exclusively from the mother, which supports the idea that mtDNA can provide useful information in studies related to maternal lineage and changes over generations. The mention of mutations in mtDNA being linked to various disorders also highlights its lasting presence in maternal inheritance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: În acest caz, comportamentul uman ar fi rezultanta manipulării microbiotei, astfel încât orice modificare la nivel de microorganisme produce efecte în sistemul neuroenteric prin intermediul comunicării dintre sistemele enterice şi cele nervoase(22). Mai specific, flora intestinală are capacitatea de a modula motilitatea intestinală prin intermediul metaboliţilor rezultaţi în urma fermentaţiei bacteriene, care ulterior influenţează producţia de serotonină prin intermediul nervului vag şi al neuronilor aferenţi(24). Alte studii completează această ipoteză şi evidenţiază rolul microbiotei intestinale în metabolismul precursorului serotoninei, triptofanul, care trece bariera hematoencefalică şi intensifică secreţia de serotonină în sistemul nervos central(25). Pe lângă modificarea comportamentului individual prin intermediul axei microbiotă-intestin-creier, microbiomul poate acţiona direct asupra sistemului imunitar, reducând răspunsurile inflamatoare din organism. Acest lucru a fost pus în evidenţă în anul 2017 de un grup de cercetători(26) care au desfăşurat un experiment pe şoareci de laborator, cărora le-au făcut transfer de fecale de la animale cu sindrom de colon iritabil. Rezultatul a fost un comportament anxios atunci când a avut loc un răspuns imunitar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that the gut microbiome influences mental health through complex interactions and that modifying the gut microbiota can lead to behavioral changes via mechanisms involving neurotransmitter production and immune responses. This indicates that merely eating a single type of food is unlikely to achieve a full balance of the gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Acemannan can also increase the number of macrophages and stimulates fibroblast to produce keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) for re-epithelialization process (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009; Sierra-García et al. , 2014; Surjushe et al. , 2008). This study aimed to determine the effect of Aloe vera extract in repairing post-burn skin in rats that were analyzed from the number of macrophages, fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness. MethodsThis is an experimental study in an animal burn model with a posttest-only control group design. This study is reported in lines with the in-vivo Animal Research: Reporting guidelines. EthicsThis study was approved by the Committee of Utara (No. 711/KEP/USU/2021). This study was conducted at the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara. Experimental animalHealthy male Wistar strain rats, 10–12 weeks old, weighing 150–200 g were purchased from the Department of Biology of Mathematics and Scientific Faculty, Utara. Before starting the experiment, the animals were adapted for 7 days. Of all rats, then every three rats were put into one cage with a size 55 × 40 × 27 cm (for and Reduction of Animal in Research strongly recommended height of the cage is 26-30 cm) and covered with fine wire mesh; the base of cages was covered with rice husks as thick as 0. 5-1 cm and replaced every day during the study. They were kept in 12 hours of daylight (06:00 A. M. – 06. 00 P. M. ) and 12 hours of dark cycle (06:00 P. M. – 06. 00 A. M. ) and fed with standard feed (CP 551 from PT Charoen Pokphand-Indonesia) and water was given ad libitum. They were kept in cages that were maintained at room temperature and humidity at normal ranges. Allocation and treatment groupsAll animals were randomly divided into three big groups by simple random sampling. (standard) consisted of normal rats, group II (negative control) was inflicted with a burn wound and treated with gel base, and group III (treatment group) was inflicted with a burn wound and treated with Aloe vera gel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses a scientific study exploring the effects of Aloe vera extract on post-burn skin in rats. While it touches on Aloe vera, it does not provide historical context or mention its traditional use for centuries in treating skin ailments, which is the essence of the claim.