Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 46, Team) Those working in crisis services that are willing to offer support for this age range are impacted by the age restrictions of other services, due to the transition of care into and out of their service, making it difficult for them to manage. “not taking up to 18 year olds restricts HIT having full offer… not taking up to 18 year olds makes it difficult for GMAC and the wards to manage flow and discharges. ” (Participant 50, Assessment & & ) However, it was not just the transition to adult services that appeared to be an issue within current practice. The transition process between crisis services and beyond do not seem to be as efficient as they could be. “i think we need better transition between services. Often when we make recommendations after working intensively with young people (…) the recommendations are not adhered to and we are told that the young person needs a SPOA assessment by CAMHS which is a 90 minute assessment. It would work better if we were able to make referrals and recommendations for things such as psych reviews, family therapy, psychotherapy etc. ” (Participant 51, Team & ) This response demonstrates how referrals play a key role in the process of transition between services. Deeper analysis of referrals may assist in developing practical solutions to issues identified in the movement between services (see Fig. 1k), identified in the quantitative data. 2. 10. 2 ReferralsReferrals were identified by many participants as a source of contention. There were clear frustrations with current referral practices that prevented staff from referring to desired crisis services. There appeared to be challenges with referring into the Team. Participants requested easier referral access into the team from a range of services which are currently unavailable, including, “police and ambulance,” (Participant 51, Team & ) “GP’s and emergency services,” (Participant 33, Team) “liaison 24/7,” (Participant 50, Assessment & & ) and several requests for “A&E”. Put simply, “Rapid response are difficult to refer to” (Participant 13, Liaison). However, referring into the Team was not the only referral challenge identified. Survey responses also highlighted issues the Team faced when trying to refer outward. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about natural environments reducing stress and improving mental health. Instead, it discusses challenges related to referral processes in healthcare services, highlighting systemic issues within crisis services and transitions between care options. There is no mention of natural environments or their impact on mental health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: 58 Ma. Additionally, the divergence between subfamilies Disanthoideae and Hamamelidoideae was estimated to have occurred approximately 93. 93 (Ma), and the divergence of the five tribes within subfamily Hamamelidoideae was dated at around 86. 6 Ma for tribe Eustigmateae, approximately 83. 41 Ma between tribes Corylopsideae and Loropetaleae, and about 83. 07 Ma between tribes Fothergilleae and Hamamelideae; by comparison, the crown ages of the tribes Fothergilleae, Eustigmateae, Corylopsideae, and Loropetalea were estimated to be around 42. 38 Ma, 40. 44 Ma, 39. 84 Ma, and 33. 16 Ma, respectively. Fig. 3Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenetic dating of the “woody clade” in Saxifragales. The chronological estimates were performed using MCMCtree with the maximum likelihood (ML) tree as a topological constraint. Numbers superimposed on the branches represent mean divergent ages and 95% confidence interval of each node, respectively. The red dots represent the secondary calibration and fossil-calibration nodes. The divergence time and timeline are indicated in million years ago (Ma). FO, Fothergilleae; HA, Hamamelideae; EU, Eustigmateae; CO, Corylopsideae; LO, LoropetaleaeFull size imageDiscussionThe fossil-calibrated plastome phylogeny (Fig. 3) showed that all three of the WCS monotypic families (i. e. , Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, and Daphniphyllaceae) are deep clades, considering the ancient origin of their stem lineage ancestors (104. 79–100. 23 Ma) versus the relatively hysteretic divergence of their crown groups (37. 81–4. 61 Ma). Within Hamamelidaceae, a similar pattern of early stem ages (100. 3-83. 07 Ma) compared to relatively later crown ages (55. 03–33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed chronological estimates of divergence times between various tribes and subfamilies within certain plant families, linking these estimates to fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenetic data. This demonstrates the use of fossil records to trace evolutionary changes by estimating divergence ages, thus corroborating the claim that fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: When we step onto a plane or into a car, we do not necessarily describe these technologies as “trustworthy. ” Instead, we rely on the fact that they have been sufficiently tested and passed all necessary thresholds to be safe for us to use [71, 86]. If anything, we trust the humans that have been involved in ensuring these technologies are safe [12]. By extension, we trust the institutions, organizations and processes they have set up, are involved in and are accountable to. Calling an AI system “trustworthy” seemingly personifies the technology. Just as we may have to resort to trusting a person when we cannot know their intentions, trusting an AI system seems to imply that it has inaccessible intentions that we have no control over, and that we are fine with that status quo. This implicitly assigns human-like properties to the AI and weighs them more heavily than is desirable. Moreover, calling an AI system “trustworthy” downgrades the expectations we might rightly have about being able to access a sufficient understanding of the full complexities, mechanisms and safety implications of the AI systems we encounter, by virtue of ‘assumed trust’ through the AI system’s trustworthiness. Moreover, those using the term “trustworthy AI” risk conflating the meanings of trusted and trustworthy. An individual such as the ([documentary], Netflix 2022) appears to have been (unfoundedly) trusted but he was not actually trustworthy. As humans trusting other humans we mostly deal with incomplete sets of information about the individual. We have to infer through past actions, behaviors, social networks and adjacent signals whether engaging with an individual is safe. While the concept of trustworthy AI is intuitively appealing, “trustworthy” does not suffice in a space where we need to have a reliably and sufficiently complete set of information—either directly or validated through experts—to ensure that indeed, the technology we engage with is sufficiently safe and desirable. In particular, there is a nagging worry that the term appeals to an intrinsically human concept and strongly overemphasizes the degree to which we should trust an AI system without expert supervision and access to empirical facts. Even for some experts of the the range of interpretations of “trustworthy” and its relation to various actors in the ecosystem remain manifold and in need of clarification. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing the importance of human oversight and the incomplete understanding of AI systems. It emphasizes that calling AI systems 'trustworthy' risks diminishing the need for human supervision and expert validation, suggesting that without such involvement, AI may not be reliable or thorough enough to teach effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: “I think RRT should have more options to refer into/clearer pathways to do this as i find we are often struggling to get that support after the 72 hours. ” (Participant 46, Team) Referrals persisted throughout participant responses as a key challenge when navigating the pathway, which may explain the considerable number of negative responses to the eleventh statement (see Fig. 1k), identifying movement between services as a key area for improvement. As referrals act as a major route of access within the movement between services, expanding referrals between services is a clear action crisis services can take to improve accessibility and movement between services. 2. 10. 3 Single point of accessA solution suggested by participants for the challenges faced in the referral process was a single point of access and referral for crisis services. “Single entry pathways into the crisis pathway rather than referral to each separate service” (Participant 49, Other) A few specifically suggested this to be achieved through a phone line, with one specifically noting expanding the current role of 111 to support this. “For there to be there to be a single point of access phone number for Crisis services” (Participant 19, ) “Expanding the 111 and MHST pathway would enable further referrals into RRT” (Participant 49, Other) Having a single point of entry and referral would simplify the movement between services and enable service users and staff to better navigate crisis services, reducing the likelihood of incorrect referrals, causing longer waits for young people in crisis. 2. 10. 4 Length of service provisionHowever, once the service has been accessed there appeared to be some disagreement about the length of support offered. Survey responses to the fifth Likert scale statement (see Fig. 1e) also suggests dissatisfaction with the length of service provision, with 19. 23% of participants disagreeing with the statement that crisis services are offering the right amount of help for the right length of time. In response to the qualitative survey question, some participants indicated that the support offered is not long enough, suggesting that “some young people require longer than 3 days crisis support and need that time to build trust in the practitioners who offer support” (Participant 21, Other). Other responses noted that service users would prefer longer length of support also. “Learn from the feedback provided by young people - they are clear that would prefer longer term support. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. Instead, it discusses challenges in accessing crisis services and the referral process without mentioning the impact of natural environments on stress or mental health. Therefore, it does not provide any corroborating or contrasting evidence regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: 16 Ma) was observed in the subfamilies Exbucklandioideae, Mytilarioideae, and Disanthoideae, as well as in the five tribes (Corylopsideae, Eustigmateae, Fothergilleae, Hamamelideae, and Loropetaleae) belonging to the subfamily Hamamelidoideae. As suggested in previous studies [8, 16, 21, 27, 29], the presence of deep stems within these clades may be attributed to a lack of cladogenesis or extensive extinction of closely related taxa during their early evolutionary processes. Fossil evidence has disproven the hypothesis that cladogenesis was absent during the early evolution of the aforementioned WCS clades. The most typical example is Altingiaceae, within which three extinct genera, i. e. , Paleoaltingia, Protoaltingia, and Microaltingia, have been documented from the late Cretaceous of [56,57,58]. Similarly, three extinct genera (Allonia, Androdecidua, and Archamamelis) have been discovered in Hamamelidaceae [59,60,61]. Among them, Allonia and Androdecidua were delineated based on floral remains from the late Cretaceous of the and were assigned to tribe Loropetaleae of subfamily Hamamelidoideae [60, 62]. Archamamelis was also established based on floral remains with in situ pollen from the late Cretaceous of Sweden and was assigned to tribe Hamamelideae of subfamily Hamamelidoideae [59, 62]. Within Cercidiphyllaceae, four extinct genera (Jenkinsella, Joffrea, Nyssidium, and Trochodendroides) have been reported [63,64,65,66]. Among them, a Joffrea species has been documented from the late Paleocene of Canada [64]; 10 Jenkinsella, 13 Nyssidium, and 60 Trochodendroides species [67, 68] have been discovered across the spanning from early Cretaceous to Eocene epochs [67, 68]. Most of these extinct taxa have been identified through well-preserved reproductive organs utilizing various approaches such as scanning electron microscopy and cladistic analysis to explore their taxonomic affinities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how fossil evidence from extinct genera within various taxa (e.g., Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae) supports the understanding of evolutionary processes. It explicitly mentions that fossil evidence has disproven the hypothesis that cladogenesis was absent during the early evolution of certain clades, indicating that fossil records are crucial in documenting evolutionary changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: ALLAI, an organization founded by three members of the recently provided feedback on the European Commission’s proposal for a horizontal regulation for AI stating that [3]: “First of all, in the current wording the scoring should be aimed at evaluation or classification of trustworthiness of people. While we like the term trustworthiness for obvious reasons, in this context it is vague. What is considered the trustworthiness of a person? ” (p. 11). Footnote 8 Indeed, what is the trustworthiness of a person? If we can’t measure the trustworthiness of a person, why would we use this term to evaluate a technology, particularly when we seek to establish an evaluative framework that has clear, contextualized and verifiable metrics? The overall goal should be to encourage AI systems that function as expected, designed and deployed for, and are legal and robust. The goal is not to encourage systems that are trustworthy in the intuitive, colloquial sense. This would also match the actual work and suggestions of the. Another tempting (mis)interpretation may be that an AI system is in a way responsible for its ‘trustworthiness’. It should be noted that this is somewhat speculative and not reflective of any ongoing discussion in policy discourse. The speculative risk here, especially when it comes to using this term within a lay population, is that “trustworthy AI” subtly but distinctly deflects from who and what we want to trust. The terminology is capable of being interpreted, in a very subtle way, such that the responsibility to be trustworthy falls onto the AI system itself. As previously stated, presumably, what we do want to trust is that all the technical aspects of an AI system—everything that contributes to its functioning—have been adequately tested and developed. We want to trust that these technical aspects fulfill and pass all requirements necessary, that eventual misuses have been tested for and prevented to the best of the current state of the art of the technical research available. We want to trust that the AI system has been deployed in a manner that is in line with fundamental rights, the law and ethics. Presumably who we actually want to trust are the researchers, the individuals involved in the entire lifecycle of the AI system, those deploying it on the market and those testing the systems for benchmarks, certifications and standards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that trustworthiness in AI systems is complex and cannot solely rely on the systems themselves. It argues that trust should be associated with human developers and researchers involved in AI, highlighting that AI cannot be viewed as entirely autonomous or capable of perfect teaching without supervision. This points to the need for human oversight and a clear evaluative framework, suggesting that AI alone lacks the capacity to ensure complete accuracy or effectiveness in teaching.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: 1i) and the integration statement receiving a 26% negative response rate (see Fig. 1n). Not only did these statements receive high negative responses, but also high neutral responses. 19. 23% of participants reported to “neither agree or disagree” to the statement about working together effectively (see Fig. 1i), and a further 32% of participants responded as “neither agree or disagree” for the statement about service integration (see Fig. 1n). This may be in part be due to the lack of knowledge of crisis services, which is demonstrated in participants’ self-assessment of crisis services displayed in Table 2. With 85% of participants reporting to not have a full understanding of crisis services, it is understandable why the number of neural responses for these two statements were particularly high. The following sub-ordinate themes explore how crisis services can work together more effectively to become better integrated. 2. 11. 1 Crisis and community careMany responses to the survey requested there to be more integration between existing crisis services, such as, “and RRT to be more integrated. ” (Participant 19, ). But there appeared to be a particular demand for the Team and (HITT) to be better integrated, especially from participants associated with these services. “I think it makes more sense to have the RRT and HITT teams work together. ” (Participant 33, Team) “I feel that an integration of crisis teams and home treatment functions could work really well, and provide individuals with holistic and person-centered care. ” (Participant 5, Team) One response highlighted that the services the Team and Team provide have some overlap, which is why integration between these two services would be so desirable. “I think crisis services can be improved by considering a model that integrates RRT and the new HITT. Currently, RRT and HITT duplicate the initial intensive support needed and they run as two separate teams. ” (Participant 60, Team) However, it was not just services which offered similar care or crisis support which were requested to be better integrated. Survey responses also demonstrated the need for crisis services to be better integrated with broader services in the community. “There needs to be more integration with GP's surgeries and other locations within local communities which practitioners can base and support from. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the integration of crisis services and feedback from participants regarding those services. It does not provide any information or findings related to natural environments and their impact on stress or mental health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: The aforementioned evidence strongly supports that cladogenesis did occur during the early evolution of WCS clades. Although no Daphniphyllaceae fossil has yet been found, the currently available fossil evidence robustly supports the conclusion that the deep stems of the afore-mentioned WCS clades can be attributed to the prominent extinction of their closely related taxa during their initial evolutionary stages. Notably, the majority of extinct genera within the WCS (i. e. , Allonia, Androdecidua, Archamamelis, Paleoaltingia, Protoaltingia, and Microaltingia) disappeared from the fossil record after the Cretaceous period [56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 69]. Although the survival of Jenkinsella, Nyssidium, and Trochodendroides (Cercidiphyllaceae) extended to the Eocene, their species diversity had significantly declined since the Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary [65] and completely vanished prior to the Oligocene era [63,64,65, 67]. The fossil evidence suggests the extinction events in the early evolution of the WCS might have primarily occurred around the Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary. This temporal coincidence aligns with Earth’s most recent mass extinction event when over 75% of species became extinct [70,71,72]. For phylogenetic analysis, the families Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, and Daphniphyllaceae exhibit extremely deep stems that may expose them to long-branch attraction [73], potentially leading to erroneous grouping in evolutionary trees. Previous studies have demonstrated that MP phylogenies are more susceptible to long-branch attraction compared to BI and ML phylogenies [74, 75]. Consistent with this, our MP phylogeny revealed distinct tree topologies concerning the interfamilial relationships among Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, and Daphniphyllaceae when compared to ML and BI phylogenies (Figs. 1 and 2). These findings suggest that the reconstruction of the WCS’s phylogeny could be influenced by long-branch attraction effects, resulting in a certain degree of bias in topological estimation [73, 75, 76]. Consequently, significant extinction events during the early evolution of the WCS might contribute significantly to the recalcitrance observed in resolving deep relationships within this clade. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that fossil evidence supports the occurrence of extinction events and evolutionary changes in the WCS clades. It mentions that 'the currently available fossil evidence robustly supports the conclusion' about the evolutionary history of these clades, indicating that fossil records are essential for understanding the evolutionary changes and relationships among taxa.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: We want to ensure that they have good intentions and that their work is accessible for third parties to verify the accuracy and intent of it. And the way to do this is to verify our trust by outsourcing it to existing methods, be that audits, employment contracts, existing regulation or otherwise. 4. 1. 2 b. Rinse and repeat: ‘washing out’ any distinct meaningFinally, there is a danger that the seductive graspability and familiarity of the term “trustworthy” could be weaponized by some actors to obfuscate the development process of their AI systems. While the EU has been incredibly clear as to what obligations an AI system’s life cycle needs to fulfill for the system itself to be trustworthy, the meaning of the term is becoming more vague as it becomes increasingly popularized. Therefore, it can fall prey to being “green washed” [72] or “ethics washed” [9, 58, 59]. The term may be misused to reassure consumers about an AI system that may not actually adhere to any of the expected guardrails or checks. There is no law surrounding what can and cannot be called “trustworthy AI. ” In fact, the terminology might end up being used as a marketing tool more than to convey factual information about the AI system. In doing so, economic appeal may usurp ethical and legal rationales. This is particularly salient as a consideration for the review undertaken in the next section, 4. 2. In particular, it helps to place this concern within real-world circumstances, demonstrating that in fact the term already seems to be used as a marketing tool despite good intentions, and underlining why the high-level adoption of this term in international policy discourse, as discussed in Sect. 4. 2. 4d, may actually backfire on the original ambition of this term. 4. 2 Are you for real? It all boils down to memetic appealShort of finding a new term, all of the points put forward under Sect. 4. 1. suggest that it could be (at minimum) worth changing the term when used in its original sense (i. e. to indicate adherence to all three pillars as advocated by the ). For example, we could adopt the term “trustworthy AI™. ” Such a division would allow us to effectively distinguish between what the original term conceptualizes versus what people may change it to mean. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for trust and verification in AI systems, suggesting that without proper oversight and adherence to obligations, declaring an AI system as 'trustworthy' could be misleading. It highlights potential dangers of marketing that could undermine the ethics and legal standards expected of AI systems. This implies that AI systems cannot independently guarantee teaching effectively without human supervision.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 23, Safe Zones) “Being more integrated with social care so that those cases don't get confused with mental health services. ” (Participant 6, Team) There was a clear wish for a holistic integration of services, both community based and crisis specialist, to better support young people along their journey of mental wellness. 2. 11. 2 CommunicationHowever, to achieve better integration of services, communication needs to be improved. With so many services involved in the care of young people experiencing mental health crisis, it is important that communication routes are “watertight,” with current communication methods between services being perceived by some respondents as inefficient. “Bearing in mind how many other services crisis mental health services work with and are in contact with, communication methods must be watertight. A universal way of communicating the same information to a number of different services and agencies would be much more efficient. A lot of time is spent disseminating the same information to a number of different staff and services. ” (Participant 25, ) Participants recommended communication could be improved by, “being part of at least 1 huddle per day to exchange information”, (Participant 6, Team) or “to join all the crisis teams together (), working from a central office and having more streamlined management in place to feel better supported”, (Participant 3, Team) or through a “central hub” (Participant 15, Other). 2. 11. 3 Shared systemsHowever, the most popular recommendation that was made to better integrate services and enhance communication through improved information sharing, was through a shared system. “I think crisis mental health services for young people could be improved by having more cohesive methods of communicating the same information to multiple agencies, services, and professionals. A lot of time and work goes into communicating and disseminating important information, which is paramount. However this could be done more efficiently to avoid repetition and costing time, which could be spent on other important aspects of care and treatment. Perhaps one of the barriers is different services having their own different computer systems. ” (Participant 59, ) Within current practice, services use different systems to record information, making the process of sharing this information onwards more challenging. A shared system may ensure that all services have access to the same information, and reduce time spent disseminating information to other services. In turn, this would enhance the feasibility of integration across services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. Instead, it focuses on improving communication and integration within mental health services for young people. While effective communication and integrated services can influence mental wellness, the text does not mention or provide evidence regarding the impact of natural environments on stress reduction or mental health improvement.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: In addition, Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae have stipules and winged seeds, distinguishing them from the non-stipulate leaves and wingless seeds of Daphniphyllaceae [23, 24, 26, 84], supporting the transitional position of Cercidiphyllaceae as a phylogenetic link between Daphniphyllaceae and the clade Altingiaceae + Hamamelidaceae. The high levels of consistency between the nuclear genome phylogeny and morphological traits suggest that the cytonuclear discordance observed in the WCS phylogeny might have been caused by ancient interfamilial hybridization. Interestingly, a previous study [56] showed that interfamilial hybridization might have occurred during the early evolution of the WCS. Based on scanning electron microscopic investigations, tricolpate-reticulate pollen was found to attach to the stigmas of the fossil pistillate inflorescences of Microaltingia, an extinct Altingiaceae genus from the late Cretaceous of the [56, 85]. Within the WCS, tricolpate-reticulate pollen exists in Hamamelidaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, and Daphniphyllaceae but not in Altingiaceae [56, 85]. The fossil evidence implies that ancient hybridization between Altingiaceae and closely related families might be feasible. Therefore, chloroplast capture [17, 82] caused by ancient hybridization is likely a reasonable interpretation of the phylogenetic discordances detected in the deep relationships within the WCS. Concordant with fossil evidence [56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 69, 86], which suggests that the early evolution of the WCS might have experienced radiative lineage diversification, the results of divergence time estimation indicated that the WCS underwent rapid divergence in the crown groups during the early Cretaceous, leading to the occurrence of the stem lineage ancestors of Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae within a very short time span (within ∼4. 56 Ma, and between 104. 79 and 100. 23 Ma). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing fossil evidence that suggests evolutionary changes, particularly noting the transitional position of Cercidiphyllaceae and its relationship with Daphniphyllaceae and Altingiaceae, as well as mentioning ancient hybridization events that have ramifications for phylogenetic changes. It also refers to fossil findings about Microaltingia, which support the concept of evolutionary divergence over time, further emphasizing the role of fossil records in understanding evolutionary changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: “Trustworthy AI™” in its original composition appears to have had significant appeal to policymakers across the globe as Sects. 4. 2. 2b–4. 2. 4d will highlight similar terms, ideas and concepts that have populated the policy discourse in recent times. The following sections build on the aforementioned concerns about the conflation of meanings. In particular, they build the case that the term is prone to being ‘washed clear’ of its original meaning. In doing so, it investigates the shift “trustworthy AI™” has undergone in international policy discourse and how the term has been (mis)appropriated and changed throughout the course of its adaptation into different contexts. In the following sections, I establish the salience and timeliness of this discussion. First, I briefly introduce two regulatory developments to highlight the rapidly changing strategic and political landscape within which this term is being used. I will then highlight a number of relevant international policy efforts that seem to make use of versions of “trustworthy AI™” and are adjacent in intent to the EU’s original ambition. This will provide a better understanding of (1) how the EU’s conceptualization may have shaped international conversation and (2) how the term has been (re)used to hold multiple meanings and was consequently watered down to a suitcase word [57], void of specific meaning, content and subsequently, actionable intent. Footnote 94. 2. 1 a. Political shifts: salience and timelinessRecent research indicates that the number of bills passed into law containing 4. 2. 2 b. EU-adjacent effortsMany EU member states have adopted the EU’s concept for use within their own AI strategies and policy documents. These member states include Czechia (Czech [19], Luxembourg [50], Malta [53,54,55,56]), and the Netherlands [63]. This is unsurprising given (a) the novelty of the concept at a time when many countries did not yet have fully fleshed-out AI strategy and (b) the fact that the EU mandated a similar and cooperative approach to AI governance to combat fragmentation, as outlined in the Declaration on Cooperation [29] and the EU’s [28]. Relatedly, the recent AI Act [31] indicates that standards could play a crucial role in the conformity assessment procedures of high-risk AI systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities surrounding the term 'trustworthy AI™' and how it has been misappropriated in policy discourse. It highlights that the term's original meaning has changed and was 'watered down' to a vague concept, indicating that there are significant challenges and concerns in the regulatory and practical applications of AI. This suggests that AI systems, particularly in educational contexts, may not be capable of teaching effectively without human oversight, as the complexities of AI governance and accountability are emphasized.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: 2. 11. 4 Training and awarenessFinally, training persisted throughout survey responses as a key recommendation to enhance crisis service provision. More training was requested in general terms, with numerous forms of training being recommended. Training suggested ranged from basics, such as, “Baseline training for staff working with YP in metal health crisis situation,” (Participant 48, Safe Zones) to more specialised training, such as, “Training and awareness for young people presenting with complex trauma related symptoms as well as neurodevelopmental difficulties. ” (Participant 21, Other). Regardless of the type, training was viewed as a way of enhancing crisis support provided to young people in crisis; “further access to training options for staff within crisis teams so they can better support YP. ” (Participant 53, ). However, whilst training offers a route to enhance how to support young people in crisis, it can also be utilised to enhance integration, by developing an awareness and shared understanding of crisis services available, and how they can work together effectively. An “Increased understanding of everyone's role in supporting the young people and knowing which service provision suits the young person's needs the best,” (Participant 48, Safe Zones) could be achieved through training. Furthermore, the request for a better understanding goes beyond crisis services, with a desire for “More understanding of the community services we can refer to. ” (Participant 38, Liaison). Training that enhances staff’s understanding about how crisis services work together and with wider community services to provide support for young people could lead towards better integration of services, enhancing the accessibility and navigational challenges currently faced in practice. 3 DiscussionUndoubtedly, crisis mental health services for young people in have been enhanced through investment in the Pathway. It has provided young people in with new and improved services, which did not previously exist, providing more choice and support for those living in the city region. Nevertheless, the findings from this research indicate several areas of improvement for crisis services as identified by professionals working within them. How do professionals believe crisis services can be improved for young people in Greater Manchester, and what actions can crisis services take to improve their service provision? Analysis of the quantitative data found 6 clear areas for improvement from the evaluative indicators. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural environments reducing stress and improving mental health. Instead, it discusses training and awareness for crisis services and the improvements needed in mental health services for young people, which are unrelated to the impact of natural environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: The mutually supporting evidence suggests that, in addition to ancient hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting (the stochastic sorting of ancestral sequence polymorphisms) [16, 51] resulted from the process of radiative diversification during the early evolution of WSC may contribute to the observed phylogenetic recalcitrance in the deep relationships of the WCS. ConclusionThe WCS is a representative of the phylogenetically recalcitrant node in the angiosperm tree of life, within which the deep relationships remain poorly resolved. Based on a broad taxonomic sampling at the genus level across the four currently recognized families in the WCS, we recovered a robust maternal backbone phylogeny for this group. Based on molecular and fossil evidence, this study indicates that the early evolution of the WCS might have undergone radiative diversification of crown groups in the early Cretaceous, ancient hybridization, and prominent extinction events during the transition between the Cretaceous and Paleocene. These events most likely resulted in the phylogenetic reconstruction of the deep relationships within the WCS being adversely affected by incomplete lineage sorting, cytonuclear discordance, and long-branch abstraction, which inevitably led to serious topological estimation biases. Nevertheless, possible ancient hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting in the early evolution of the WCS inferred in this study are merely based on the phylogenetic incongruence between plastid and nuclear genomic data, and other supporting evidence is still lacking. This inference needs to be validated through in-depth analysis of the conflicts between the species tree and gene trees using nuclear genome data containing multiple single-copy orthologous genes. MethodsTaxonomic sampling, DNA extraction, and Illumina sequencingAccording to the most recent taxonomic revision of Altingiaceae [22], Cercidiphyllaceae [23], Daphniphyllaceae [24, 25], and Hamamelidaceae [26], the WCS comprises approximately 173 species belonging to 30 genera [7, 22, 23, 25]. In this study, 56 species representing all three genera in the three monotypic families (Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, and Altingiaceae) and 15 out of the 27 currently recognized genera in Hamamelidaceae were sampled. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of molecular and fossil evidence in understanding the early evolution of the WCS and its diversification during the early Cretaceous. It highlights that the phylogenetic reconstruction of deep relationships in the angiosperm tree of life is informed by fossil records and indicates events such as ancient hybridization and extinction that are part of evolutionary changes. The author suggests that the findings 'indicate that the early evolution of the WCS might have undergone radiative diversification,' demonstrating a clear link to evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: It leaves scope for standards or technical specifications to replace matching aspects in the conformity assessment, which high-risk AI systems would need to undergo otherwise. Currently, no matching standards exist. However, in light of the overall discussion in this paper, many of the legal obligations in the AI Act’s [31] conformity assessment match the areas under “trustworthy AI™”. This means that the original conceptualization has been highly influential beyond ethical considerations, feeding into regulatory and standardization efforts. It is noteworthy then, that standardization committees have now started working on trustworthy AI as a topic. One group that has adopted the term at a high level is the 24,028:2020Footnote 13 on “Information technology—Artificial intelligence—Overview of trustworthiness in artificial intelligence. ” This working group predominantly focuses on areas related to the legal obligations for the conformity assessment outlined in the AI Act under Art. 11, “Annex IV Technical Documentation,” and Art. 15, “Accuracy, Robustness and Cybersecurity. ” This matches at least one of the ethical key requirements outlined in the for Trustworthy AI [2] and demonstrates how the term’s original conceptualization has affected concrete policy action. Moreover, it indicates that standards committees have adopted some of the terminology and thinking of the EU to, at the very least, preempt upcoming regulation such as the AI Act [31]. Other standardization efforts, such as the US “S. 1849—Leadership in of 2021” [88] do not make any reference to trustworthy AI. 4. 2. 3 c. International partnerships, agreements and cooperation pipelinesMany international partnerships have used the term since its inception, often diluting and modifying the original meaning. on AI [70], signed by over 35 countries, recognize that “the trustworthiness of AI systems,” (p. 6) is a key factor of AI diffusion and consider it vital to foster the “adoption of trustworthy AI in society and to turning AI trustworthiness into a competitive parameter in the global marketplace,” (p. 6) Not only is the adoption of the original term evident, it is, moreover, clear that the trustworthiness of AI systems is seen as a competitive advantage. This matches policy documents from the EU, such as the Communication on in AI [30]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and regulatory challenges involved with artificial intelligence systems, particularly in relation to trustworthiness and adherence to legal obligations. It emphasizes that there is no existing standard for high-risk AI systems, indicating that they cannot operate perfectly without human oversight or clear guidelines, which undermines the assertion that AI can perfectly teach any subject independently.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Likert scale questions that returned over the required threshold of negative participant responses were: services delivering support at a time that worked for young people; delivering the right amount of help for the right length of time; providing services which are quickly available; services and agencies working together effectively; movement between services is clear and well planned; services are fully integrated. A further 3 super-ordinate themes were established through thematic analysis of the qualitative data that indicate a need for the further development of crisis services: the challenges of navigation, issues of accessibility into and between services, and the need to improve integration. Deeper analysis of those three themes explored the links between the quantitative and qualitative findings and suggested solutions to the issues identified with current crisis service provision as identified by professionals taking part in this survey. This study found that navigation of crisis services was a challenge for both service users and professionals, with a lack of understanding of crisis services reported by professionals in the qualitative and quantitative data (see Table 3 and Fig. 1). This issue was not helped by the inconsistency in offer of crisis services across Greater Manchester. However, this is not an isolated issue. Inconsistency in crisis service provision is widely reported [7], with an individual’s postcode being a crucial factor determining what care is available to them [23]. As A&E is a well-known, dependable emergency service which is offered 24 h a day, it is unsurprising that participants report an overreliance on A&E by young people in crisis. Other crisis service research has indicated that long wait times for specialist mental health support and insufficient information regarding where to go when in crisis, has resulted in emergency departments becoming the default option for CYP in crisis [13]. This is despite a reduction in avoidable mental health A&E attendances being a key policy goal for mental health services [10, 24]. However, as exemplified in this context of this study, alternative specialist crisis services for young people do exist, the issue identified in this study is how to enable young people in crisis to access these services, rather than needing to rely on A&E. From the challenges young people and their families face when navigating crisis services, it is easy to see why they turn to A&E when in crisis, as it is a consistent 24 h service, acting as the first point of emergency contact to everyone across the UK. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural environments and their impact on stress and mental health. Instead, it focuses on the challenges of accessing crisis services for young people and the issues surrounding emergency department reliance. There is no mention of natural environments or their potential benefits in reducing stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: 2 Ma. In addition, the earliest fossils of the extinct genera Trochodendroides [66], Allonia/Androdecidua [60, 62], and Archamamelis [59, 61, 62] were chosen to constrain the stem ages of Cercidiphyllaceae (100. 5 Ma), Loropetaleae (83. 6 Ma), and Hamamelideae (83. 6 Ma), respectively. These fossils are either infructescences/fruits or well-preserved flowers with pollen [60, 61, 66], and their systematic positions have been robustly verified and extensively used for calibrating the phylogeny of angiosperms [e. g. , 29, 62, 105]. We used the ML tree as a topological constraint. The uncorrelated log-normal relaxed clock model was employed, with a Yule tree prior and under a GTR sequence substitution model as recommended by Paup v4. 0 [106]. The MCMC was run for 500 million generations, sampling a tree every 1000 generations, with the first 20% of trees being discarded as burn-in. The convergence of the MCMC stimulations was inspected using Tracer v1. 7. 1 [99]. The ESS of the estimated parameters was, in most cases, > 200, and it was always > 125. Files containing the sampled trees were combined and annotated using LogCombiner v1. 10. 4 and Treeannotator v1. 10. 4, respectively, using the BEAST package. The maximum clade credibility tree with median ages and 95% highest posterior density intervals for all nodes was visualized using Figtree v1. 3. 1 ( Data availability The complete plastomes generated in this study are available at the database, with the accession numbers being presented in Table S1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing fossils of the extinct genera Trochodendroides, Allonia/Androdecidua, and Archamamelis, which have been used to constrain the stem ages of various angiosperm families. The mention of 'well-preserved flowers with pollen' supports the idea that fossils provide significant evidence for understanding evolutionary changes in plant lineages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: There, the EU envisions its approach to trustworthy and human-centric AI as one that strengthens its reputation for safe, reliable and ethical products. At the same time, although the OECD Recommendations on AI [70] match many of the original requirements outlined in the for Trustworthy AI [2], it does not match the full scope of “trustworthy AI™. ”The 2019 G20 on Trade and [42] reflects the EU’s vision as well. In particular, the section on the G20 AI Principles [42] focuses on the “responsible stewardship of trustworthy AI,” (p. 1) and “national policies and international co-operation for trustworthy AI,” (p. 3). refer back to the OECD Recommendations on AI [70], and do not define trustworthy AI. As such, they have completely detached themselves from the original meaning of “trustworthy AI™,” adopting what appears to be an intermediary use of the term without its original context. The 2022 on the Ethics of [82] also mention that the “the trustworthiness and integrity of the life cycle of AI systems is essential to ensure that AI technologies will work for the good of humanity, individuals, societies and the environment and ecosystems, and embody the values and principles set out in this Recommendation,” (p. 18). Most recently, the term has permeated international cooperation discourse, as evidenced by the EU-US Trade and Technology Council’s inaugural Pittsburgh statement [33]. This states that “Union and the affirm their willingness and intention to develop and implement trustworthy AI and their commitment to a human-centered approach that reinforces shared democratic values and respects universal human rights, which they have already demonstrated by endorsing the OECD Recommendation on AI. ” (p. 11). It is interesting that despite the EU being one of the two main leads in this discourse, the document itself refers back to the OECD Recommendations on AI [70] and not to the for Trustworthy AI [2] when referring to trustworthy AI. 4. 2. 4 d. International actorsBeyond international fora, AI strategies of international powers such as the have equally explored versions of trustworthy AI. There appears to have been a distinct uptake in the use of the term in US policy documents subsequent to the publication of the draft version of the final for Trustworthy AI [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the EU's vision for trustworthy and human-centric AI, which emphasizes the necessity of human-centered approaches and responsible stewardship of AI systems. It highlights that while AI may be developed with ethical considerations, there is no indication it can function perfectly to teach any subject autonomously without human involvement. This suggests a recognition that complete reliance on AI for teaching without supervision may not be feasible or advisable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Although not the preferred environment for CYP’s crisis care, the review of crisis service literature conducted by Edwards et al. demonstrates positive outcomes of crisis services initiated in [13]. Therefore, it is important that crisis care for CYP in A&E is not ignored in future research, and that this route within crisis care pathways is developed rather than completely cast aside for community and home treatment services. Department initiated crisis care can have positive outcomes, there is still an overwhelming push within policy and literature to provide crisis care services in the community. To be able to achieve this and avoid crisis mental health related A&E attendances, participants suggested that specialist CYP crisis services be provided on a 24 h basis. Although 24 h crisis service provision is already an aim set forth in the NHS’s Plan, results from this research echo the dissatisfaction reported with out-of-hours care and the need for accessible 24/7 care in other literature [13]. Participants in this research articulated the need to increase resources in this area of service provision to make 24/7 crisis care a viable option. Barriers and facilitators for CYP accessing crisis services has been explored in the research literature [13], but less emphasis has been put on the accessibility between crisis services. Accessibility between crisis services proved to be a challenge in the context of this research, contributing to issues of navigation into and between crisis services. Previous literature has illustrated the negative impact of poor transition between services on adherence to future treatment and health outcomes for young people [25]. Yet, movement between services was identified as key area for improvement from analysis of the quantitative data (Fig. 1). Through analysis of qualitative responses, a deeper understanding of this issue was identified. First, participants expressed their frustrations with crisis services limiting their care to young people aged 16, leaving a gap in crisis provision for young people aged 16–18. Conclusions drawn from the study, a body of research which investigated mental health pathways and care for adolescents in transition to adult services, promote standardised and robust policies and guidelines to ensure ideal transition between adolescent and adult mental health services [26], once again highlighting the need for consistency in service provision. The second issue professionals faced in relation to the movement between services was referrals. Challenges of referring into CAMHS has been explored in depth [27], particularly the impact on wait times and inequalities faced in this process [28, 29]. However, little is known about the referral process between services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about natural environments reducing stress and improving mental health. Instead, it discusses the challenges and suggestions surrounding crisis care for young people (CYP) in healthcare settings, focusing on accessibility and service provision rather than the benefits of natural environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: We then investigated whether the distribution of body size in Liolaemus has evolved around a given number of SVL optima (i. e. , whether stabilizing selection has promoted macroevolutionary convergences of the trait against one or more such peaks), using the ‘surface’ package in R [63, 64]. This surface method fits an adaptive radiation model in which lineages on a phylogeny may experience convergent shifts towards adaptive optima on a macroevolutionary Simpsonian landscape, importantly, without assumptions of whether some lineages correspond to particular optima [63, 64]. Based on an OU model [60] in which all species are pulled against a single adaptive optimum in morphospace, employs a stepwise model selection approach based on AICc, which allows for identification of the best model and the numbers and positions of adaptive peaks (i. e. , trait ‘regimes’), and hence, for convergence towards these optima over evolutionary time [63, 64]. We then modelled body size disparity through time (DTT). Based on size data from extant species (see above), this approach calculates the mean disparity for the trait over time, and compares the observed body size disparity with that expected under a null model of Brownian-motion by simulating body size evolution 10,000 times across the tree [12]. Then, the average body size disparity obtained from the real and the simulated data are plotted against node age to calculate the morphological disparity index (MDI). This index quantifies the overall difference in relative disparity for the trait among and within subclades (i. e. , differences in the range of variation) compared with the expectation under the null Brownian motion model [13, 62, 65]. Negative MDI values indicate lower than expected trait relative disparity under Brownian motion (i. e. , low average subclade relative disparity), which in turn indicates that most disparity occurs among subclades, and therefore, that they occupy smaller and more isolated areas of the morphospace [12]. In contrast, positive MDI values indicate that relative disparity among subclades shows stronger overlap in morphospace occupation [12]. Trait disparity analyses were conducted using the R package ‘geiger’ [62]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the fitting of an adaptive radiation model in Liolaemus, where lineages may experience convergent shifts towards adaptive optima. This aligns with the concept of adaptive radiation as it emphasizes how species can diversify in response to new adaptive landscapes, specifically highlighting how body size disparity and macroevolutionary processes are modeled over evolutionary time.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: Leadership in AI: A Plan for in Standards and [64] mentions “reliable, robust, and trustworthy AI technology development” (p. 4, p. 22). While it never concretizes the term, “reliability” and “robustness” match a subset of the original “trustworthy AI’s™” three pillars (i. e. pillar three). Looking at AI governance efforts in China, according to CSET’s translation of the 2021 for Artificial IntelligenceFootnote 17 (original text source: [60]) published by the PRC’s Ministry of Science and Technology, this policy document 4. 3 LessonsThere appear to be two intertwined lessons we can draw from the preceding sections. First, given the rapid rise in AI strategies, there was a significant policy vacuum that raised new considerations. This contributed to a situation in which governments and policymakers were under significant time pressure to develop relevant discourse. This, in turn, made it more appealing to align work with that of others who faced similar issues and to handle them in a similar manner, be that in concept or content. One area where this ‘copy-paste’ discourse was especially evident was in the development of Ethics Guidelines. Because all actors arrived at similar conclusions and were inconspicuously inspired by similar texts, almost all ended up developing a similar subset of areas [43, 47]. Footnote 18 Generally speaking, it makes sense that well thought-out and researched ideas would proliferate similar discourse and inspire adjacent strategies and documents. In many cases, this may even be a good thing, particularly if the original concept or idea is robust and translated into many different documents by virtue of reference or adaptation, without it being watered down or amended. A similar process applied to the conceptualization of what overarching class of AI systems governments wish to encourage, and thus “trustworthy AI™” inspired a class of efforts to use a variation of the term in their own documents and processes, for better or worse. Second, the preceding sections demonstrate that the EU has an opportunity to shape the AI policy space. Section 4 supports the idea that the EU has been wielding some degree of soft power with “trustworthy AI™” (albeit only in description and not in content). This may be indicative of the vacuum with regards to good AI policy approaches, as described above, as well as of the memetic appeal of the original term. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and considerations around the development of AI, emphasizing that AI technology is in a phase of developing standards and governance, particularly regarding 'trustworthy AI™.' It indicates that the rapid rise in AI strategies has caused a policy vacuum, suggesting that there is still significant work to be done in establishing effective AI approaches. This implies that AI may not yet be capable of teaching any subject perfectly or independently, correlating with the context of governance and ethical considerations noted in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: This study has illustrated the importance of referral procedures between crisis mental health services, highlighting the complexities professionals face when trying to support young people in crisis, exhibiting limits on professional freedoms to refer young people into other mental health and community services. It has been highlighted in other literature that poor communication and collaboration between services has caused CYP to fall between the gaps, acting as a barrier to receiving the right help and support [13]. This research argues that the findings from the study regarding the promotion of robust and standardised policies and guidelines when transitioning to adult mental health services [26], be expanded to the movement between all services providing crisis and step-down crisis care. Improving consistency in service provision, policies, and guidelines would not only help professionals when navigating access between services, but also for CYP accessing them. Lack of information for CYP has been identified as a barrier for accessing crisis mental health services, as they do not know where to go when experiencing crisis [13], which is most likely not helped by the current inconsistencies in service provision. The successful dissemination of appropriate information about crisis services to staff and CYP would be much more probable if it were less haphazard. The survey results highlighted a single point of access as another way of improving accessibility into and between services. A single point of access is recommended elsewhere as a general characteristic that crisis services should share [13]. Some participants specifically suggested that the NHS 111 telephone line could be utilised for this purpose. The use of 111 as a point of access to crisis care services is currently in the process of being implemented across the UK [30]. Although studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of telephony crisis services for CYP [13], the success of this working as a referral route used by professionals between services is less likely. Therefore, the development of a professional version of a 111 phone-line for movement between services, or another standardised process which streamlines the referral process between all services involved in crisis care is necessary to remediate current issues experienced by service users and professionals in the movement between services. Better referral routes would not only enhance the movement between services but may also impact professionals’ attitudes towards the length of service provision. This research unearthed discrepancies within professional attitudes towards the length of crisis support. Some of whom believe current crisis service provision is too short, and more flexibility to extent the length of care should be given. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the challenges faced by mental health professionals in crisis care services, discussing referral procedures, barriers to accessing help, and service provision without mentioning the effects of natural environments on stress or mental health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Red arrows indicate the position of the three body size peaks (in mm) identified by the surface analysis (see text for details)Full size image Our model-based analyses of body size diversification identified OU as the best approximation to the observed pattern of evolution of this trait in Liolaemus (Table 2). Therefore, our results suggest that body size diversification has been subject to stabilizing selection that has forced the expression of the trait around certain adaptive optima over time. and BM models were, respectively, the next best-fitted models, while the EB model was identified as the weakest approximation to describe the pattern of body size evolution (Table 2). Our subsequent convergence analyses of multiple body size peaks on a Simpsonian landscape revealed that three optima (or body size regimes) exist within Liolaemus, suggesting that species are pulled by stabilizing selection around the size optima 57. 96 mm, 80. 45 mm, and 87. 66 mm (Additional file 2: Figures S1 and S2). Table 2 Rates and modes of evolutionary diversification in Liolaemus body size based on comparisons of the fit of four evolutionary models. Fitted models are Brownian-motion (BM), Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU), Early-Burst (EB) and Delta. Best-fit of models based on (delta) bias-corrected Criteria (AICc)Full size table Finally, our analysis of trait-dependent macroevolutionary diversification identified a negative linear function as the best model. That is, diversification rates increase as a linear function of decreasing body size (Table 3). Table 3 QuaSSE trait-dependent lineage diversification in Liolaemus. Analyses based on selection from multiple models described by a linear, sigmoidal or hump-shaped function with (drift) and without a ‘drift’ or directional term added to the model fitting (see text for details). Best-fit of models based on (delta) bias-corrected Criteria (AICc)Full size table DiscussionRapid early bursts of phylogenetic, phenotypic and ecological diversification within a lineage entering a novel adaptive zone are central components of the definition of a process of adaptive radiation [2, 71]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Rapid early bursts of phylogenetic, phenotypic and ecological diversification within a lineage entering a novel adaptive zone are central components of the definition of a process of adaptive radiation.' This directly supports the idea that adaptive radiation is a significant factor in explaining species diversification in new environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: See: given the number of similar sounding terminologies that have been in use, including aspects discussed in Sect. 2 of this paper, it is difficult to say with certainty whether the US policy space’s frame of reference has indeed been shaped by the EU or whether they decided to use this term independently. See: should be noted, however, that it is difficult to capture an entire field and that this coherence may also be due to a simplification and accessibility concern for audiences. See: of the most commonly cited examples of the is the Regulation which California emulated when it passed the CCPA: Ethics guidelines for trustworthy artificial intelligence. Independent high-level expert group on artificial intelligence. 2019. EU proposal for artificial intelligence act, analysis and recommendation. 2021. D. Concrete problems in AI safety. arXiv [cs. AI]. arXiv. 2016. Autonomous vehicle technology: a guide for policymakers. RAND Corporation. 2016. S, Selbst AD. Big data’s disparate impact. Review. 2016. B, Alejandro N- Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI. Inform Fusion. 2020;58(June):82–115. 8253. Bietti E. From ethics washing to ethics bashing: a moral philosophy view on tech ethics. J Soc Comput. 2021;2(3):266–83. 27. to enact the Protection Act, the and the and to make consequential and related amendments to other Acts. House of Commons of Canada. Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry. 2022. A. effect: how the European union rules the world. Oxford: Press; 2020. Book 2020. No one should trust artificial intelligence. Innov Govern. 2018; 11: 14Calo R. Peeping HALs: making sense of artificial intelligence and privacy. . 2010;2(3):168–92. 2021. 2020. Book 2019. Republic. of the Czech Republic. Ministry of Industry and Trade. 2019. AI governance: opportunity and theory of impact. Effective altruism forum, 17th September. 2020. Danaher J. Automation and utopia: human flourishing in a world without work. Cambridge: Press; 2019. Book 2022. AI principles: recommendations on the ethical use of artificial intelligence by the Department of Defense. Board. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that there are significant limitations and complexities involved in artificial intelligence, particularly regarding its ability to fully capture entire fields of knowledge. It notes the challenges of simplification and accessibility, which imply that AI cannot teach perfectly without human oversight due to these intrinsic difficulties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: The sample of participants, although representative of some of the crisis services in (Safe Zone, the and ), it does not represent all professionals working with children and young people in crisis services across (in-patient facilities, A&E, crisis phone lines, police and ambulance etc. ). Therefore, this is only a snapshot of the wider picture available. That said, providers organising crisis services may be able to transfer relevant conclusions drawn from this small-scale study to their own context. Furthermore, we implore providers within other contexts to use this research in assistance to evaluate their own provision of crisis services, to act as a benchmark and foundation to draw from. Whilst this survey sufficiently answered our research questions, we recommend that crisis services have a clear and transparent evaluative process structured into their policies and practices, so that relevant data can be collected consistently for evaluative purposes. A cross-sectional survey, such as this one, is helpful for planning on retrospect, however, having access to detailed, longitudinal data would enable a deeper analysis of the different impacts of crisis services over time and determine what services and strategies work. Future research focused on the practical enhancement of crisis service provision should include a wider range of crisis services, beyond the bounds of the NHS, to explore the wider field of crisis services available to young people. Additionally, the comparison of professional perspectives with service users would elicit an even deeper understanding of current crisis services and how providers may enhance them. 5 ConclusionThis research found 7 clear actions to enhance the provision of crisis mental health services for young people in Greater Manchester: (1) 24/7 specialist crisis service provision for young people; (2) consistency in offer across locality; (3) extension of crisis services to 16–18 year olds; (4) clear and standardised referral routes between services; (5) a single point of access for young people, and for professionals making referrals; (6) enhance integration between crisis services, and between crisis services and step-down services, through service awareness training (specialist and community); (7) enhanced integration through developing a shared system for professionals working across services that offer support to young people in crisis, and post crisis, to share information and communicate better. Some of those points support current initiatives taken by the NHS to improve crisis services across the UK; others offer a novel perspective from professionals which may influence providers in their organisation of crisis services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the stress-reducing and mental health-improving effects of natural environments. Instead, it focuses on crisis services for young people and suggests improvements for those services without mentioning the role of natural environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: g. , 23], which would explain their differences in radiation patterns. Ecological opportunity is, however, unlikely to be a feature of islands only. Instead, we argue that ecological opportunity is temporally episodic and dependent on the environmental (i. e. , ecological, geographic, climatic) stability of a landmass. Islands are in general more unstable [76], while continents (given their larger area) are more stable over time. Therefore, the emergence of ecological opportunity is more likely to be a function of landmass area, and hence, it may only be less frequent in continents. In fact, continents are known to have been scenarios for active adaptive radiations driven by emergence of ecological opportunity, for example, following mass extinctions [1–3, 72]. In line with these views, the prolific continental radiation of Liolaemus lizards has been suggested to be importantly explained by large-scale ecological opportunity [6, 35]. Adaptive radiations can be triggered by extrinsic factors such as the arise of new ecological opportunity via emergence of novel environments, and/or by intrinsic factors (‘key adaptive innovations’) that increase the availability of niches to a diversifying lineage [1–3, 7, 9]. Pincheira-Donoso et al. [6] suggested that the onset of this lizard radiation resulted from a combination of both scenarios. Extrinsically, the emergence and uplift of the Andes over the last ~25My [77, 78] created unprecedented novel ecological opportunity (an enormous new high-elevation ecosystem), which is known to have also promoted biodiversity proliferations in a variety of other organisms [79–82]. Intrinsically, given that low-temperature environments impose strong selection against reptile developing eggs in nests [83, 84], successful colonization of cold Andean climates demanded the evolution of prolonged embryo retention, i. e. , viviparity [6]. In support of this view, the overwhelming majority of cold-climate Liolaemus species are viviparous [6, 36, 85], and the multiple independent events of phylogenetic oviparity-to-viviparity transitions are strongly correlated with multiple independent invasions of colder environments during the lineage history [6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how adaptive radiations can be triggered by extrinsic factors, such as the emergence of new ecological opportunity through novel environments. It illustrates this with the example of Liolaemus lizards, suggesting that their diversification is significantly explained by large-scale ecological opportunities created by environmental changes like the uplift of the Andes. The text emphasizes that both extrinsic and intrinsic factors contribute to adaptive radiation and species diversification, aligning well with the claim made.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can guarantee that all students will perform at the same academic level. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -distracted by electronic devices perform at the same level as those who are focused on the lecture View 10. 7717/peerj. 572 Published 2014-09-16 Accepted 2014-08-19 Received 2014-02-20 -Computer Interaction, Science and class room, Learning methods, Dental education Copyright © 2014 Nalliah and This is an open access 2014. Students distracted by electronic devices perform at the same level as those who are focused on the lecture. PeerJ 2:e572 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 9. 85 (9. 53 for distracted students and 10. 44 for non-distracted students). There were no significant differences in test scores between distracted and non-distracted students (p = 0. 652). Gender and types of distractions were not significantly associated with test scores (p > 0. 05). All students believed that they understood all the important points from the lecture. Conclusions. Every class member felt that they acquired the important learning points during the lecture. Those who were distracted by electronic devices during the lecture performed similarly to those who were not. However, results should be interpreted with caution as this study was a small quasi-experimental design and further research should examine the influence of different types of distraction on different types of learning. students currently enrolled in dental schools in the (US) were born in the 1980s or 1990s (Zickuhr, 2010; Elam, Stratton & Gibson, 2007). This generation is referred to as (Gen Y) and they function very differently to previous generations of dental students. Research in dental hygiene education has shown that students revel in group work and are sagacious technology users (Blue, 2009). Previous research has shown that passively listening to lectures is less effective than being engaged in a lecture where the student must solve “retrieval” questions that require them to go back to the information and find the answers (Karpicke & Blunt, 2011). The flipped classroom model is based on this concept, and retrieval questions and discussions are during the classroom session. students also have a proclivity to multitask and a need for immediate feedback, which the retrieval questions would provide (Blue, 2009). It is not currently known if multitasking during lectures impacts learning outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing performance differences among students based on distraction levels, indicating that not all students perform at the same academic level. It mentions that 'students distracted by electronic devices performed similarly to those who were not,' suggesting variability in performance that contradicts the notion that AI could guarantee uniform performance across all students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: and Outcome Disparities? — — August 25, 2016 Nicholas Lardinois, MPA; Debanjana Chatterjee, PhD Suggested citation for this 0126. DOI: icon. 1. 08% per year. Annual overall mortality rate reductions ranged from 0. 24% per year in Oklahoma to 1. 83% per year in Maryland. For disparities, the median for the black–white absolute gap was 3. 60% per year, and the median for the relative black-to-white ratio was 1. 19% per year. There was no significant correlation between the combined-race measure and either the absolute (0. 03) or relative disparity measure reductions (−0. 17). mortality in US states over a recent period, improvement in the population mean and disparity reduction do not usually occur together. The disparity reduction rates observed may provide realistic guidance for public and private policy makers in setting goals for reducing population health disparity and creating investment priorities. As a starting point for discussion, the observed national median annual percentage improvement of 1. 1 per year combined, 3. 6% per year absolute gap reduction, and 1. 2% per year relative gap reduction would be modest and reasonable goals. National and state health outcome goals are often framed in terms of improving the population mean and reducing or eliminating disparities within the population. For example, in 2020, the 2 overarching goals are 1) attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death, and 2) achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups (1). However as Keppel et al pointed out with regard to 2010, the first goal does not necessarily achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups (2). Different strategies are often needed for these 2 goals, and innovations often have higher effect, at least initially, on well-educated or advantaged populations, which can at least temporarily increase disparities (2–4). Trends in state health outcomes show large variations over time (5–8). Satcher et al showed that the black–white gap in mortality rates changed little between 1960 and 2000 (9). Another recent study found that large racial disparities in some states are explained by higher-than-average life expectancy among whites or lower-than-average life expectancy among blacks (10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mortality rates, health disparities, and statistical analysis concerning population health without mentioning natural environments, stress reduction, or mental health improvement.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Invasions of cold-climate Patagonia have followed exactly the same patterns, thus reinforcing the ‘key innovation’ nature of viviparity [6]. Remarkably, over 55 % of the Liolaemus species for which parity mode is known are viviparous [6, 85]. Therefore, this relatively young continental lineage is likely to have adaptively radiated driven by ecological opportunity, and about half of its exceptional diversity potentially evolved as a result of the viviparity innovation that allowed access to exploit such opportunities [6]. Interestingly, as indicated by Schulte et al. [36], our results also suggest that the enormous climatic crises caused by the Pleistocene do not seem to have had an important role in the diversification of Liolaemus lineages (Fig. 2). Our lineage through-time analyses support a density-dependent model of adaptive radiation, as shown by the DDL + E model identified as the best approximation for the diversification within Liolaemus. This analysis suggests that Liolaemus diversification has tended to decline over time as a function of accumulating species, although both the exponential and the decline phases of the diversification curve are only slightly pronounced (in fact, the Yule model was identified as the next best alternative; Fig. 2). These findings contrast with the model-based analysis of body size diversification, which identified the ‘early burst’ (EB) model as the less preferred alternative (and the OU as the best one), while the relative disparity through-time analysis returned a positive MDI value (i. e. , extensive trait diversification, but strong subclade overlap in the morphospace, [12]). Traditionally, negative MDI values are interpreted as consistent with phenotypic diversification during adaptive radiation [12, 13, 16, 86]. Therefore, in our analyses, the rates and trajectories of diversification are not consistent between lineage and phenotypic evolution (although a negative relationship between the two seems to have dominated the radiation history of this clade; Table 3). However, we argue that the high phenotypic diversification and morphospace overlap found in Liolaemus can in fact be consistent with a process of adaptive radiation. In this lineage, geographic overlap among main subclades tends to be limited [31, 36, 87], compared to other reptile radiations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Liolaemus species have adaptively radiated, driven by ecological opportunities and the innovation of viviparity. The phrase 'our lineage through-time analyses support a density-dependent model of adaptive radiation' directly aligns with the concept of adaptive radiation explaining species diversification in new environments. The analysis described in this text indicates that divergences within Liolaemus led to significant diversification, reinforcing the assertion that adaptive radiation is a key factor in species diversification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can guarantee that all students will perform at the same academic level. [SEP] Text: Lectures are designed to be uni-tasking experiences that require the student to be fully engaged in the verbal and (sometimes) visual dissemination of information. Traditional lectures do not support multitasking activities and may actually be in conflict with them. A recent study on the impact of lecture retention from fidgeting and mind-wandering showed that retention of lecture material declined as time spent on a task increased. Additionally, fidgeting also increased as time increased, and fidgeting had a negative impact on retention (Farley, Risko & Kingstone, 2013). This suggests that shorter time-span educational activities may be more effective for retention. This paper reports the outcomes of a small quasi-experimental pilot study that assessed the role of distraction versus not in learning outcomes of a single lecture at of (HSDM). The post-lecture test was designed to measure content retention from the lecture and the post-lecture survey is designed to determine what electronic activities, like texting and emailing, students were engaged in. The objective of the paper is to compare retention outcomes to level of engagement in electronic activities. Although engaging in electronic activities doesn’t necessarily mean the student was distracted, we have compared whether or not students engaged in these activities to their performance on a content-retention test. Materials and design The current study is a pilot cross-sectional study at of Dental Medicine. A traditional lecture (on special needs dentistry) was delivered and a post-lecture questionnaire was administered to a 3rd-year class at HSDM. After the traditional lecture, a post-lecture test including 12 multiple choice test questions relating to the lecture content was administered to evaluate how effectively students learned the information in the lecture. The post-lecture test measured understanding and knowledge of the important concepts from the lecture. The post-lecture survey (this was not anonymous) also asked several questions about what electronic activities students were engaged in during the lecture. exemption was acquired for this study. The protocol number is IRB13-1300. Analytical approach Simple descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. The primary outcome variable was the test scores (computed on a scale of 0 to 12). There were 12 multiple choice questions and each question was assigned one point. The primary independent variables of interest were if the students were distracted, type of distraction, and gender. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how traditional lectures may not be effective for all students due to factors such as distraction and varying levels of engagement. It highlights a study that suggests distraction negatively impacts content retention, indicating that not all students will perform similarly even in a structured educational environment. This implies that guaranteed uniform performance across all students is not realistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Webb et al constructed a health disparity index by race, which compared state performance but did not contrast disparity reduction with mean improvement (11). To our knowledge no jurisdiction in the has emphasized the potential trade-off between these 2 outcomes or given policy attention to how such trade-offs should be addressed. The objective of this study was to describe what US states recently experienced in overall mean improvement in mortality compared with the improvement in the black–white mortality gap. We tested the hypothesis that states that experience the greatest improvements in combined-race mortality also experience the greatest improvements in reducing racial disparities. We hope that such evidence will guide policy and investment planning so that the and the 50 individual states can set reasonable annual improvement targets to achieve in the coming decades. Data on age-adjusted mortality come from the publicly available CDC Wonder’s Database (12). We extracted mortality data on people younger than 75 years for all 50 US states and Washington, DC, for all sexes, for blacks, and for white non-Hispanics for all years from 1999 through 2013. Mortality was calculated per 100,000 people and age-adjusted by using the 2000 US standard population. We calculated the annual percentage change for the combined mortality of both races as well as by 2 mortality disparity measures for each state: racial gap as an absolute disparity measure and the black-to-white ratio as a relative disparity measure. Absolute disparity refers to the simple difference in a health outcome, whereas relative disparity refers to the health outcome of one group as a ratio of the other’s health outcome. To generate annual percentage changes, we used Stata/SE 14. 0 (StataCorp LP) to predict values from a linear regression of each measure on years for each state, providing a smooth linear trend (13). The absolute mortality gap by race was calculated by subtracting the white age-adjusted mortality from the black age-adjusted mortality for each year and each state. States that reported 50 or fewer deaths in 2000 in either racial category were excluded from our analysis because too few events can cause large variation in year-to-year mortality; for blacks, the states excluded were and Wyoming. Also excluded from our analysis were 4 states with a statistically insignificant relationship between the age-adjusted mortality racial gap and year according to a linear regression model of age-adjusted mortality racial gap and year: the excluded states were Alaska, Hawaii, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about natural environments and their impact on stress reduction and mental health improvements. Instead, it discusses health disparity indexes related to mortality rates among different racial groups and does not mention natural environments or mental health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Therefore, overlap in morphospace does not translate into spatial (i. e. , ecological) overlap, and hence, such high phenotypic relative disparity is likely to have evolved independently among subclades in different areas [12]. In other words, the Liolaemus genus as a whole may be a collection of replicated and independently radiating subclades where events of diversification are marginally or not influenced by other subclades within the genus. The role for limited spatial overlap among diversifying lineages in the rates of phenotypic diversification has also been suggested elsewhere [2, 8, 12]. The principle is that EB-like diversification is more likely to occur in lineages with a large proportion of sympatric species early in their history, given that saturation of ecological space is directly mediated by species interactions (e. g. , competition) and coadaptation [2, 8]. As indicated above, Liolaemus subclades tend to ‘specialize’ in different geographic zones, and important part of this territory is a highly complex Andean topography, that further increases spatial isolation between groups of species within subclades [35]. An interesting implication of this phylogeographic pattern is that continental radiations can face opportunities for more complex macroevolutionary patterns to emerge. For example, non-adaptively radiating subclades may evolve within a lineage that is fundamentally an adaptive radiation. Cases like this may also exist in subclades, in which sets of morphologically and ecologically similar species occur in isolation from each other along ‘mountain chains’ that run latitudinally. This idea was suggested by Pincheira-Donoso & Nuñez [31] who noted thatsome phenotypically and ecologically similar Liolaemus species (e. g. , their ‘nigroviridis’ group) replace each other along a latitudinal chain of high Andean areas. The same is true for the Liolaemus’ sister genus Phymaturus, which has emerged as a candidate case of non-adaptive radiation given the same pattern [88, 89]. What does define an adaptive radiation? Although our study reveals an apparent disconnection between dynamics of clade and phenotypic diversification, both findings are consistent with evolutionary patterns observed in a diversity of animal lineages [8, 16]. Most notably, Harmon et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Anderson's topography and ecological factors facilitate divergent evolution within the Liolaemus genus, suggesting that adaptive radiation occurs independently among subclades. It notes that 'the role for limited spatial overlap among diversifying lineages in the rates of phenotypic diversification has also been suggested.' Moreover, the implications of these phylogeographic patterns support the idea that adaptive radiations can emerge in new ecological conditions, thus aligning with the claim regarding species diversification in new environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can guarantee that all students will perform at the same academic level. [SEP] Text: The distribution of test scores was compared between distracted and non-distracted students using Mann-tests. Two multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the simultaneous influence of gender and distraction on test scores. In the first model, a composite variable (whether the student was distracted by any form) for distraction and gender were used as independent variables. In the second model, the different types of distractions (checking email, sending email, checking Facebook, or sending text) were used separately along with gender. In both models, the test scores were the outcome variable. Both regression models were fit using the Squares approach. All tests were two sided and a p-value of <0. 05 was deemed to be statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Version 22. 0 software (). were 27 students who participated in this lecture. One student did not complete the test or survey and was omitted from the evaluation leaving a final sample of 26 students. The final sample was comprised of 8 males and 18 females. During the lecture, 57. 7% reported that they checked their email and 11. 5% reported sending an email, 15. 4% checked Facebook, and 7. 7% sent a text message. Of those who checked their email, 69% used their smartphone, 18% used their laptop and 13% used an iPad. Seventeen of the 26 students (65. 4%) were distracted in some form during the lecture. There were 12 post-lecture multiple choice questions related to the lecture materials and the proportion of the class that got each question correct is listed: Q1, 73%; Q2, 65%; Q3, 69%; Q4, 96%; Q5, 81%; Q6, 81%; Q7, 85%; Q8, 92%; Q9, 96%; Q10, 58%; Q11, 88%; Q12, 100%. On a scale of 0 to 12 (with 1 point for each question), the mean score for the class was 9. 85 (standard deviation is 2. 89). The distribution of test scores are summarized in Table 1. The mean score amongst those that were distracted was 9. 53 (compared to 10. 44 for students that were not distracted. Overall, there was no significant difference in distribution of test scores between students that were distracted and not distracted (p-value from Mann-test is 0. 652). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study that found there is no significant difference in test scores between distracted and non-distracted students. This implies that academic performance can vary based on factors such as distraction, indicating that AI cannot guarantee that all students will perform at the same level.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: If a basic linear regression reveals statistically insignificant results, we cannot conclude that these states’ disparity reductions were statistically different from zero. Recently published research results note that decisions about measuring disparities using absolute or relative methods, such as group rankings and direction and magnitude of changes over time, has an effect on results (14–16). Therefore, we follow the recommendation to examine and report both absolute and relative disparity results. The relative disparity measure we examined was a black-to-white ratio of age-adjusted mortality for each state. Five additional states were found not to have significant annual percentage changes in relative mortality disparity and therefore were excluded from the relative-disparity portion of our analysis: Colorado, Iowa, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Utah. describes 1) the relationship across the states examined between annual state percentage improvement in mortality and 2) the change in the absolute racial gap and relative racial disparity from 1999 through 2013. The mean combined-race mortality rate of annual improvement was 1. 11%, (standard deviation [SD] 0. 42%). The range was from 1. 83% in Maryland to 0. 24% in Oklahoma. For annual percentage change in the racial gap, the mean was a reduction of 3. 64% per year (SD, 0. 97%). The range was from 6. 6% in to 2. 13% in Iowa. For annual percentage change in the black-to-white ratio, the mean was an annual reduction of 1. 2% (SD, 0. 4%). State mortality varied from 2. 47% in to 0. 43% in California. Figure 1 displays findings for the absolute disparity measure for all states examined. Figure 1. Racial gap between blacks and whites versus annual percentage change in combined-race mortality: variation in 38 states’ annual percentage improvement in combined-race mortality and in absolute racial gaps, 1999–2013. [A tabular version of this figure is also available. State abbreviations are spelled out in the table. ] The extent of improvement in combined mortality was not correlated with the reduction in the racial mortality gap (correlation coefficient = 0. 03). Some states (eg, Massachusetts, Georgia) improved substantially on both combined-race mortality and absolute racial gap outcomes while other states’ (eg, Oklahoma, Iowa) improvement on both was not as great. Similarly, states (eg, California, Illinois) did well on combined-race mortality improvement but not as well on absolute racial gap improvement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses statistical analysis related to mortality rates and racial disparities without mentioning natural environments, stress reduction, or mental health improvement.