Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: This study has several strengths, including the use of nationwide mobility data from over 2 million cell phone subscribers combined with population registry data, satellite data, and daily weather information to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on green space use in Norway. Specifically, we used objective measures to identify the number of daily dwells in green spaces and distinguished between different categories of activities such as working, staying at home, and non-home or non-work-related dwells. This methodology allowed us to capture a comprehensive picture of the impact of the pandemic on green space use across different socio-economic and geographic areas in Norway. However, there are also some limitations in this work that should be acknowledged. Our measure of daily dwells in green spaces did not differentiate between people living in an area and those visiting that area. Therefore, it is possible that some of the increases we observed in green space use were due to an influx of visitors from outside the area rather than an increase in usage by the local residents. To identify recreational dwells, we excluded dwells that were deemed work-related or overnight stays at home. However, we could not conclusively differentiate recreational dwells from other types of mobility, such as shopping or restaurant visits. Therefore, some dwells classified as recreational dwells in this study may have been of a non-recreational nature. Furthermore, in this study, we utilized the NDVI as a proxy for the amount of accessible green space in an area, but grid cells with a very high NDVI may be inaccessible for recreation use (e. g. , train tracks or private properties). Additionally, the mobility data in this study was likely biased toward middle-aged people and may under-represent children and elderly demographics. Moreover, the mobile company from which the data were obtained uses an algorithm that attaches the location of the mobile device to the nearest housing, which may mean that dwells in very remote wilderness areas may not be accounted for in the dataset. We also focused only on green space but did not consider blue spaces in this work. Indeed, it is likely that people living near open water used such areas for recreation during the pandemic (33). Additionally, our study focused only on Norway, and it is possible that the results may not be generalizable to other countries or regions with different cultural, socio-economic, and geographical characteristics. Despite these limitations, the findings of this study have several implications for public health and urban planning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study focused on green space use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway, detailing its methodology and limitations. However, it does not directly address or provide evidence linking access to green spaces with increased physical activity. The mention of limitations, such as the inability to distinguish recreational dwells from other activities, further suggests that the text does not support the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Comparing the behaviour of our model with or without cognitive bias we have shown that the confirmation bias is necessary for the emergence of oscillations in the dynamics of infection and vaccination coverage, at least in the parameter range we explore. Our model and that of d’Onofrio et al. differ by several hypotheses, which could explain why the conditions necessary for the emergence of oscillations differ between the two models. D’onofrio et al. assumed that memory is fading following an exponential rate and that the infection rate is frequency dependent while we supposed a memory fading at a linear rate and a density dependent infection rate. In all cases, our model is the first to show that confirmation bias can strongly facilitate cyclical dynamics. The propensity to seek out information that confirms one’s pre-existing belief, and the possibility for individuals to change their opinion as a function of the number of vaccinated individuals (i. e. confirmation bias) can thus explain variation into vaccination coverage. When vaccination coverage increases, the cost of vaccination increases too as more individuals suffer vaccination side effects. It leads to a rise in the number of individuals who become sceptical about vaccines. Those “sceptics” are more likely to overestimate the cost of vaccination as compared to that of infection, and thus when most of the population is vaccinated; sceptics perceive the infection as harmless. Eventually, this phenomenon leads to a decrease in vaccination coverage and subsequently, to the resurgence of diseases. In turn, as the number of infected individuals increase, a “pro-vaccine” opinion spreads leading to an increase in vaccination coverage. Those results are not different from those obtained in other models where vaccine cost appears large in comparison to that of infection as the population approaches herd immunity [41]. However, in some previous theoretical studies, the cost of vaccination does not change as a function of the number of people vaccinated. Rather, the increase in vaccination cost is imposed using an exogenous description of the evolution of vaccine risk [41], the inclusion of a cyclical period to simulate a vaccine scare [27,39] or through a decrease in the accessibility of vaccines [37,42,43]. While previous studies showed that a vaccine scare could lead to a decrease in vaccination coverage, the present model explicitly articulates a mechanism creating a vaccine scare (i. e. when the cost of vaccination is perceived to be greater than that of the infection cost). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how confirmation bias influences decision-making related to vaccination coverage. It describes how individuals' propensity to seek out information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs can lead to variations in vaccination rates, which demonstrates the impact of cognitive bias on decision-making. Additionally, it explains the cyclical dynamics that arise due to these biases, further supporting the claim that cognitive biases play a significant role in how decisions are made and perceived.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology will make manual labor in the supply chain industry obsolete. [SEP] Text: Additionally, a reliable identity management mechanism [53] allows for the collection of time, location, and other data at every action on a product in the supply chain. All data are synchronized to all stakeholders in real-time, which enhances trust among stakeholders within the supply chain network. Easy compliance: A blockchain-enabled supply chain network records all transactions with precise details, such as timestamps, environmental conditions, and location. These accurate, tamper-proof records can serve as the source of a business’s data integrity and be easily accessed for regulations and compliance. 4. 2 Challenges with blockchain technologyAlthough blockchain technology is widely recognized as a promising solution for issues with today’s supply chain, the application of it requires significant changes in both technological and cultural contexts. Additionally, more comprehensive evaluations of it are needed to unveil and address its challenges before the full potential of this new technology can be realized [22, 57]. Throughput and performance: Due to its decentralized architecture, each transaction is approved by all or a majority of nodes in a blockchain network. This approval process limits the throughput of a blockchain network; for example, Bitcoin, a public blockchain, can only process from 3 to 30 transactions per second. However, a private blockchain-based supply chain network must process far more transactions, possibly thousands per second, for the entire system. Thus, it is imperative to improve the transaction capacity of blockchain technology for full scalability. Fortunately, a private blockchain network’s ability to improve the throughput of transactions may mitigate this processing challenge. Standardization: Standardization is a critical concern for the adoption of blockchain technology in the supply chain. In essence, this technology offers a ubiquitous and general-purpose platform for digital data sharing and permanent storage. Interestingly, a major question still remains: what content and format should be adopted for transactional data that facilitates interpretation by all participants? A data standard must be established and agreed upon by the entire supply chain community. However, there is no existing standard that can be adapted for this purpose. In recent years, much effort, such as EPCIS [58] that proposed GS1, has been made to overcome this gap, however, it is still not widely accepted and implemented in supply chains. Data privacy: The immutability and transparency of blockchain technology raise a concern with data privacy when deployed for supply chains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges associated with implementing blockchain technology in the supply chain. It highlights that while blockchain has potential benefits, such as enhanced trust and data integrity, it requires significant changes in technological and cultural contexts and emphasizes the need for improved standardization and scalability. This indicates that manual labor and traditional practices may still have a role during the transition to a blockchain-based system, contradicting the notion that blockchain will render manual labor obsolete.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Human mobility data in the COVID-19 pandemic: characteristics, applications, and challenges. of Digital Earth. 2021;14(9):1126-47. 5. Yang B-Y, Zhao T, Hu L- Greenspace and human health: An umbrella review. The Innovation. 2021;2(4). 6. . Where greenspace matters most: A systematic review of urbanicity, greenspace, and physical health. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2022;217:104233. 7. Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance. Environmental Research. 2017;158:301-17. 8. An ecosystem service perspective on urban nature, physical activity, and health. Proceedings of the of Sciences. 2021;118(22):e2018472118. 9. Diener A, Mudu P. How can vegetation protect us from air pollution? A critical review on green spaces' mitigation abilities for air-borne p8605. 10. . and Temperature? . 2020;17(14). 11. Hofferth SL. Changes in American children's time - 1997 to 2003. . 2009;6(1):26-47. 12. Children and Adolescents and Digital Media. Pediatrics. 2016;138(5):e20162593. 13. . Outdoor Time, Screen Time, and Connection to Nature: Youth? Environment and Behavior. 2018;51(8):966-91. 14. . Evidence for a fundamental and pervasive shift away from nature-based recreation. Proceedings of the of Sciences. 2008;105(7):2295-300. 15. . Editorial JTH 16 --19 and implications for transport and health. J Transp Health. 2020;16:100853. 16. . Bias and precision of crowdsourced recreational activity data from Strava. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2023;232:104686. 17. . Access to Space in Cities of the Global South: A Review. [Internet]. 2018; 2(3). 18. Bessell S. The impacts of COVID-19 on children in Australia: deepening poverty and inequality. Children's Geographies. 2022;20(4):448-58. 19. Economic and social consequences of human mobility restrictions under COVID-19. Proceedings of the of Sciences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists primarily of citations and titles of scientific studies without any direct content that discusses the relationship between access to green spaces and physical activity. Therefore, it is irrelevant (pass) to the claim of a link between green spaces and increased physical activity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: The results reported here are contingent on the assumption that the vaccination decision-making process is sensitive to a confirmation bias. This cognitive phenomenon is only one among several, however, as other heuristics have been documented in previous research on vaccine acceptance [25,44], for instance omission bias (when people prefer act of omission over act of commission, even if the outcome of omission is worse) or ambiguity aversion (aversion of ambiguous outcomes). Further work explicitly comparing the significance of various cognitive biases may yield additional insight into the role of cognition in generating vaccine scares. Social learning and vaccinating decision-making A number of previous studies have investigated the role of social interactions in shaping the emergence of oscillations in vaccination coverage [13,17,27,29,35,45,46]. This is because vaccination coverage can be relatively stable in the absence of a vaccine scare and the feedback between the number of infected individuals and vaccination behaviour appears insufficient in accounting for the delay between reaching high vaccination coverage and the emergence of a scare. To account for the role of social interactions, behavioural epidemiology models usually consider that individuals imitate the most successful strategy among their neighbouring contacts [39,47] and such models are better than models considering a homogenous population for fitting data on vaccine scares [41]. The way social learning is modelled explicitly considers that individuals are rational agents maximizing their payoff. Individuals can be influenced by social interactions in different ways, however, and the role of social influence need not be connected to epidemiological risks [48]. For instance, it has been argued that mothers taking their children for vaccination has become part of their “habitus” (sensu Bourdieu, in [34]). Mothers elicit to vaccinate their children because “everyone else does” and ethnographic studies on the acceptance of vaccines in various populations revealed that peer opinion matters [34]. In the model developed here, individuals adopt the most common opinion in the population through the phenomenon of conformism. Conformism does not generate oscillations in vaccination coverage but increases the amount of time needed for a change in epidemiology to generate a cultural response. The role of conformism in increasing the time for cultural change has been observed in previous studies [39]. Limitations First, the model presented here assumes that both infection and health behaviour are transmitted within a homogeneously mixing population, and those are simplifying assumptions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing cognitive biases such as confirmation bias, omission bias, and ambiguity aversion, which influence the vaccination decision-making process. It states that these cognitive phenomena are part of how individuals make decisions, particularly regarding vaccine acceptance, thus supporting the assertion that cognitive biases significantly impact decision-making and perception.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology will make manual labor in the supply chain industry obsolete. [SEP] Text: Once data are stored in blockchains it cannot be changed, and, thus, it is imperative that a reliable mechanism that protects users’ privacy is designed. The task of balancing an individual’s right to privacy in an open blockchain network is very challenging. Currently, most blockchain networks, such as Bitcoin, provide limited control to users over the data and where they can transfer it to [22]. Most networks offer only pseudonymity to its users for privacy, so, although transactions are public for all nodes, the real identity of their owners is never revealed. This is unacceptable for supply chains, as nobody is willing to leak information to competitors about Confidential detail or the amount of merchandise moving in a network. Furthermore, with the limited number of stakeholders in the supply chain, it would be easy to figure out the owner of the transactional data and anonymity would disappear. To address this, private blockchain technology (such as Hyperledger Fabric) can support the creation of a channel for limited and trusted parties who are involved in specific transactions [44]. In this way, an unauthenticated user is forbidden to join the channel or access its data. It should be noted that a blockchain network can be designed to only serve as metadata of the workflow and the contents and details of all transactions within it are stored in external data repositories. Therefore, this technology provides a log of transactions on which no private data are stored [13]. 4. 3 Pilot initiativesSince late 2016, retail giants Walmart and IBM worked together for a pilot project to develop a blockchain-based system for tracking produce in the U. S. and pork in China. The project traced each product and collected its associated data, including origin farm/factory, storage temperature, and serial number. With this technology, tracking reports for each product were produced within minutes and the speed and accuracy of identifying and recalling contaminated food products were significantly improved [59]. 31, 2017, Walmart released the results of this pilot project and reported that blockchain technology helped them trace the origin of Chinese pork and U. S. mangoes in 2. 2 seconds, which would normally take as long as several weeks in a traditional supply chain platform [60]. Intel conducted a public demo to explore the implementation of blockchain technology for tracking seafood in the supply chain. They aimed to create a network that assists multiple parties with food storage condition (i. e. , temperature) control and with tracking food from sea to table. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing insights into the practical applications of blockchain technology in the supply chain, emphasizing that it does not eliminate manual labor but rather enhances the efficiency of processes like tracking and data management. For example, it mentions pilot projects where blockchain has improved the speed and accuracy of tracking food products, indicating that while blockchain can streamline operations, human oversight and manual tasks remain critical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 2020;117(27):15530-5. 20. Chen Y- in California by the COVID-19 Pandemic. of Preventive Medicine. 2022. 21. Wang Z, Tang K. -19: health equity matters. Nature Medicine. 2020;26(4):458-. 22. Racial and in COVID-19–Related Infections, Hospitalizations, and Deaths. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020;174(3):362-73. 23. Yancy CW. COVID-19 and African Americans. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1891-2. 24. Statistics Norway. Land use and land cover 2022 [Available from: 25. . Validation of the normalized difference vegetation index as a measure of neighborhood greenness. Ann Epidemiol. 2011;21(12):946-52. 26. Didkan K. MODIS/Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V061 [Data set]. . 2021 [ 27. Muñoz Sabater J. ERA5-Land hourly data from 1981 to present. (C3S) Store (CDS). 2019 [ 28. Pedersen W, Bakken A, von Soest T. Adolescents from affluent city districts drink more alcohol than others. Addiction. 2015;110(10):1595-604. 29. . Regression and other stories: Press; 2020. 30. . Nature's contributions in coping with a pandemic in the 21st century: A narrative review of evidence during COVID-19. Science of Environment. 2022;833:155095. 31. von Soest T, Kozák M, Rodríguez-és-García L, Ulset VS, et al. Adolescents’ psychosocial well-being one year after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. Behaviour. 2022;6(2):217-28. 32. . Visits and Barriers to Visiting during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Three-Representative Cross-of UK Adults. Land [Internet]. 2022; 11(4). 33. ä M. Crisis: Use in and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities. 2021;3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information regarding the relationship between access to green spaces and physical activity. Instead, it consists of various citations and references on different topics, including the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects, which do not directly address the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Humans are connected with a limited number of contact [49] and a number of studies has considered that social heterogeneity influences disease transmission [14,50,51], risk perception [15,20,52] and vaccination behaviour [15,48,53]. Clustered occurrence of beliefs can lead to the clustered occurrence of disease [54]. Nevertheless, in the context of information transmission, the assumption according to which the population is homogeneously mixed is valid if we focus on the role of the media, i. e. information that is globally available to everyone. The media has had a central role in disseminating vaccine scares and shaping the perception of disease severity [18]. The media also enables anti-vaccination movements to have a strong impact on vaccination decision-making [7,55]. Yet, if the proposed model may be appropriate for exploring the role of conformism, it is insufficient to explore other social transmission processes such as those resulting from the role of opinion leaders (e. g. cultural transmission through prestige-bias [56]). Religious leaders have been shown to be highly influential in promoting vaccine refusal in their communities (reviewed in [34]) and the role of prestige-biased cultural transmission for either accelerating the pace of change or stopping it altogether remains to be investigated. Second, one may argue that since the costs depend on the number rather than the frequency of individuals suffering side effects, the model is more likely to inform on information that is gathered during social interactions than knowledge acquired via the media. The media report both percentages and anecdotic evidence of side effects associated with vaccination and both are likely to be determinant in driving the formation of opinion. Yet, the relative role of each type of information deserves further investigation. Finally, we assumed that the rate of opinion change, while a function of epidemiological costs, is independent of the SIR class of the individual. However, an individual suffering infection may be less likely to switch from a positive to a negative opinion and thus we may have overestimated the occurrence of oscillations. Note however that for diseases with a strong epidemic potential, the cost of infection is always higher than that of vaccination and therefore oscillations do not emerge. This study, along a few others [22,28,29,48], offers an alternative to payoff maximization for understanding the emergence of oscillations in vaccination coverage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how social heterogeneity and the media influence risk perception and vaccination decision-making. It highlights that clustered beliefs, shaped by media narratives, can significantly impact individuals' decisions, demonstrating the role of cognitive biases in shaping perceptions and influencing choices related to vaccination.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial intelligence can identify and stop every cybersecurity threat before it happens. [SEP] Text: Abstract2021, the Commission published a draft proposal for a regulation on artificial intelligence (AI) systems aimed at striking a balance between the market need for a competitive and dynamic ecosystem and the need to minimise risks to the safety and fundamental rights of users and citizens. Among the set of obligations that apply to high-risk AI technologies, the AI Act includes a specific provision addressing the security and robustness of AI systems. This provision overlaps with existing legislation addressing cybersecurity, namely the certification process defined in Regulation 2019/881 on the Agency for Cybersecurity and on information and communication technology cybersecurity certification. Although the AI Act hints at a possible path towards mutual recognition of certifications, a deeper analysis of the provisions and a comparison between the underlying features of the certification mechanisms show that the different approaches adopted in the two acts may undermine the goal of certification mechanisms as trust-enhancing and transparency instruments. As a result, this paper provides evidence of the missed opportunity for the AIA proposal to link and coordinate in a more structured way with the cybersecurity framework. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 10. 1365/s43439-022-00053-yNotesSee the first reactions to the AIA Proposal by academics and civil society: Burri and von Bothmer (2021); Glauner (2021); Greenleaf (2021); Ebers (2021); BEUC (2021); EDRi (2021); ECNL (2021a). (2018). (2020a). (2020b). (2020c). (2020d). Note that the distinction is presented in the Explanatory memorandum to AIA, p. 12. See also Vaele and (2021, p. 3). See Art. 5 AIA. The definition of high-risk technologies includes a non-exhaustive list provided in Annex III of the AIA. The annex lists inter alia biometric identification and categorisation of natural persons, AI used in law enforcement activities, in migration, asylum and border control management, and in the administration of justice and democratic processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and complexities involved in the regulation of AI systems within the cybersecurity framework. It highlights that while there are obligations to ensure security and robustness in high-risk AI technologies, the proposal for the AI Act acknowledges limitations and overlaps with existing cybersecurity regulations. It suggests that different approaches may undermine the effectiveness of the certification mechanisms aimed at enhancing trust and transparency, indicating that AI might not be capable of fully preventing all cybersecurity threats as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 1 Results from multilevel mixed model analysis Daily dwells Fixed effects Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Intercept 4. 62 *** 4. 64 *** 4. 64 *** 4. 61 *** Covid dummy 0. 01 *** -0. 05 *** -0. 05 *** -0. 04 *** NDVI -1. 07 *** -1. 06 *** -0. 99 *** Neighborhood SES -0. 11 *** -0. 09 *** -0. 15 *** Neighborhood population density 0. 03 *** 0. 05 *** 0. 06 *** School holiday 0. 09 *** 0. 09 *** 0. 09 *** Public holiday 0. 01 *** 0. 01 *** 0. 01 *** Winter -0. 03 *** -0. 03 *** -0. 03 *** Summer 0. 03 *** 0. 03 *** 0. 03 *** Autumn -0. 02 *** -0. 02 *** -0. 02 *** Snow depth -0. 14 *** -0. 14 *** -0. 14 *** Solar radiation 0. 09 *** 0. 09 *** 0. 09 *** Temperature (celsius) 0. 10 *** 0. 10 *** 0. 10 *** Windspeed -0. 04 *** -0. 04 *** -0. 04 *** Covid dummy * NDVI 0. 14 *** 0. 05 *** Covid dummy * NDVI * Neighborhood SES -0. 12*** Covid dummy * NDVI * Neighboorhood population density 0. 04*** σ2 0. 29 0. 27 0. 27 0. 27 τ00 grid 1. 27 1. 18 1. 18 1. 18 τ00 neighborhood 0. 51 0. 24 0. 24 0. 24 ICC 0. 86 0. 84 0. 84 0. 84 N grid 12083 11979 11979 11979 N neighborhood 1459 1459 1459 1459 Observations 10 325 610 10 325 610 10 325 610 10 325 610 Marginal R2 Conditional R2 0. 000 0. 860 0. 164 0. 867 0. 165 0. 867 0. 175 0. 870 * p<0. 05 ** p<0. 01 *** p<0. 001 Supplementary FilesGraphicalabstract. pngGraphical abstract:PostedVersion 3posted You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionslets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about green spaces or their relationship with physical activity. It consists of statistical analysis results, which are not relevant to the claim regarding access to green spaces and physical activity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: It shows that a decrease in vaccine uptake when a disease is near eradication may not only emerge because of individual free riding but because of cognitive biases that maintain heterogeneity in how people perceive risks. While this study presents limitations that need to be explored in future work, i. e. considering heterogeneity in contact patterns as well as additional cognitive biases, we show that alternative notions of rationality, in particular that of an ecological rationality whereby individuals use simple cognitive heuristics, offer interesting new avenues for modelling vaccination behaviour. Supporting InformationS1 Fig. The effect of confirmation bias on oscillations. The effect of confirmation bias (i. e. with μ the weight given to the cost of infection and μ′ the weight given to the cost of vaccination) on the dynamics of susceptible (solid grey line), infected (thin line) and vaccinated individuals (thick line) is depicted. The amplitude and the frequency of oscillations are modified when the difference between μ and μ′ is high. Indeed, the bigger the difference between μ and μ′, the more the amplitude of oscillations increases and the more the frequency decreases. The situation is indicated for infections that are moderately infectious, with 2 reproductive ratio R0, 3 and 6 and with a rate of negative side effects from the vaccination δV = 1. S2 Fig. The effect of conformism and confirmation bias on the appearance of oscillations. The effect of conformism biased (D = 0. 7) and unbiased (D = 0) is depicted with and without confirmation bias. The number of susceptible individuals is represented by the solid grey line, the infected individuals by the thin line and the number of vaccinated individuals by the thick line. Without confirmation bias (μ = μ′ = 1), oscillations do not appear for both types of conformism (biased and unbiased). When the confirmation bias is added, oscillations do appear with no significant differences between the biased and unbiased conformism. The situation is indicated with the reproductive ratio R0 = 3 and with a rate of negative side effects from the vaccination δV = 1. 1. . Modelling the influence of human behaviour on the spread of infectious diseases: a review. J R Soc Interface. 2010. 1256. pmid:20504800 View 2. Bauch C, D’Onofrio A, Manfredi P. Behavioral epidemiology of infectious diseases: an overview. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cognitive biases, particularly confirmation bias, affect individuals' perceptions of risks associated with vaccination behavior. It highlights that cognitive biases not only contribute to individual decision-making but also influence the overall dynamics of vaccination uptake in relation to perceived risks. The mention of confirmation bias impacting oscillations in the dynamics of susceptible, infected, and vaccinated individuals further supports the idea that cognitive biases play a crucial role in decision-making processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial intelligence can identify and stop every cybersecurity threat before it happens. [SEP] Text: 41(2) AIA. See Art. 58 AIA. Note that the composition of the Board includes only representatives of the national regulatory authorities, with the possibility of involving external experts and observers only on request. Therefore, the European AI board also does not adopt a more inclusive approach to potential stakeholders. See Art. 43(1) AIA. As previously mentioned, Art. 40 AIA acknowledges that compliance with harmonised standards should be presumed to be in conformity with the regulation’s requirements. Note that point 4. 5 of provides that on a reasoned request the notified authority shall also be granted access to the source code of the AI system. Moreover, AI can play a major role in cybersecurity not only as a subject, i. e. as a technology that should be made responsive, robust and resilient to cyberthreats, but also as a tool able to ensure the responsiveness, robustness and resilience of other technologies. See Taddeo, McCutcheon and Floridi (2019). See also rec. 51 AIA, affirming “Cyberattacks against AI systems can leverage AI specific assets, such as training data sets (e. g. data poisoning) or trained models (e. g. adversarial attacks), or exploit vulnerabilities in the AI system’s digital assets or the underlying ICT infrastructure. To ensure a level of cybersecurity appropriate to the risks, suitable measures should therefore be taken by the providers of high-risk AI systems, also taking into account as appropriate the underlying ICT infrastructure”. Note that ENISA (2020b), on the other hand, acknowledges the interdependencies between AI and cybersecurity, distinguishing three main dimensions: cybersecurity for AI; AI to support cybersecurity; and malicious use of AI. (2020b, p. 27). Kamara (2020). 19. org/resources/eu-artificial-intelligence-and-human-rights/. Accessed 11 Oct 2021BEUC (2021) Regulating AI to protect consumers—Position paper on the AI act. Accessed 11 Oct 2021Burri T, von (2021) The new EU legislation on artificial intelligence: a primer. Accessed 11 Oct 2021Daskalova V, (2019) Challenges for responsible certification in institutional context: the case of competition law enforcement in markets with certification. In: (ed) Certification—Trust, accountability, liability. Springer, Cham, pp 23–710378. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and complexities of AI in the cybersecurity domain. It emphasizes that AI systems can be prone to vulnerabilities and can themselves be targets of cyberattacks, such as AI-specific threats like data poisoning and adversarial attacks. This indicates that while AI can enhance cybersecurity, it is not infallible and cannot stop every threat, which contrasts with the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 1078/1618-8667-00019. 850. 10. 1016/j. healthplace. 2007. 02. 001. 10. 1136/jech. 2009. 104695. 123. 10. 1016/S0272-4944(02)00109-3. 230. 10. 1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7. 146. 10. 1016/S0272-4944(02)00111-1. 858. 10. 1177/001391659803000605. 595. 10. 1016/j. healthplace. 2008. 09. 006. 199. 10. 1016/S0749-3797(01)00426-3. 354. 10. 1080/01490400701394865. 189. 10. 1111/j. 1467-789X. 2010. 00827. x. 822. 10. 1016/j. socscimed. 2009. 11. 020. 1132. 10. 1016/j. puhe. 2006. 10. 007. 1041. 10. 1016/j. healthplace. 2012. 06. 003. 10. 1186/1471-2458-8-206. 505. 10. 1016/j. ypmed. 2009. 10. 012. 10. 1136/jech. 2007. 064287. 10. 1186/1479-5868-6-42. 515. 10. 1016/j. amepre. 2011. 06. 046. 438. 10. 1016/j. amepre. 2009. 12. 032. 594. 10. 1016/j. healthplace. 2012. 01. 006. 1660. 10. 1016/S0140-6736(08)61689-X. 1. 2009, Edinburgh: 134. 575. 10. 1016/j. socscimed. 2010. 04. 015. 858. 10. 1136/jech. 2010. 119172. 2010. 2010, Edinburgh: Office of the 303. 10. 1016/j. ypmed. 2008. 04. 010. 176. 1757. 10. 2105/AJPH. 2009. 182006. 1589. 10. 2105/AJPH. 93. 9. 1583. 51. 10. 1016/j. ufug. 2007. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of DOIs and references without any content that discusses the relationship between access to green spaces and physical activity. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not support or contradict it in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Stimuli, timing details, and order of question prompts in the two experiments are also discussed in greater detail in the Methods section. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Stimuli and procedures for the 2IFC confidence-rating task. (A) Targets consisted of oriented (45° left- or right-tilted from vertical) Gabor patches presented at multiple near-threshold contrast levels; masks consisted of bandpass-noise filtered random RGB values (see Materials and methods). (B) Each trial consists of two intervals of discrimination in which the target stimulus (T) was forward- and backward-masked (M). Gabor patch targets were presented only in target-present (TP) intervals; in target-absent (TA) intervals, the target was replaced with blank frames. Otherwise timings of stimuli were matched between the two intervals. (C) Experimental tasks. Experiment 1 required subjects to bet on which discrimination they felt more confident before they indicated their orientation discrimination choices (left or right tilt of the Gabor) sequentially for both intervals. Shown is an example trial in which TP is presented before TA; in the experiment this order varied randomly from trial to trial. 2, subjects bet on the more confident interval after the discriminations, and feedback was given. (and methods for more details. ) For both experiments, we evaluated whether participants exhibited Performance without Awareness (Figure 2A) or Performance > Awareness (Figure 2B). In both cases, the response pattern of interest can be visualized as percent of time betting on the target-present interval as a function of percent correct orientation discrimination in the target-present interval. ‘Performance without Awareness’ (Figure 2A) would be supported if observers can discriminate the target above chance (>50% accuracy) while being unable to bet on their choices more often than betting on the target-absent interval (which necessarily yields chance-level performance). That is, observers correctly discriminate the target’s orientation more than 50% of the time, but bet on the target-present interval 50% of the time (i. e. , they bet randomly on the target-present versus target-absent interval), indicating they are not aware of the information that contributed to their discrimination decision. If this were to occur, it would most likely happen at low discrimination performance levels, yielding a pattern of behavior similar to that presented in Figure 2A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the concept of 'Performance without Awareness,' which refers to participants being able to discriminate the target's orientation above chance levels while simultaneously not being more confident in their choice than chance, indicating a lack of conscious awareness regarding the information that influenced their decisions. This aligns with the idea that priming can affect behavior unconsciously, as evidenced by the described experimental setup and results.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the difference in residue types may contribute to the accumulation of SOC based on chemical characteristics and other mechanisms. The general lack of annual crop rotation effect was consistent in a North American-wide assessment of SOM (Liptzin et al. 2022; Rieke et al. 2022). We suggest that the quantity of carbon inputs (i. e. , higher inputs with maize) and the duration of carbon inputs (i. e. , continuous living plants, alfalfa) are more important than the number of crop species rotated. The role of perennialization on SOC and soil health indicators has been well documented in Elora (Gaudin et al. 2015a; Jarecki et al. 2018; King et al. 2019; Chahal et al. 2021). However, it is not known whether carbon gains are due to the perennial nature of alfalfa or due to the influence of legumes on tightening of carbon and nitrogen cycles (Drinkwater et al. 1998). Congreves et al. (2015) demonstrated significant tillage system and crop rotation effects on soil health at these sites. Soils with no-tillage management in Ridgetown, Delhi, and Elora had higher OSHA scores, and there was no effect of tillage system in Ottawa. and Elora, the lowest OSHA scores were reported in crop rotations of continuous maize and maize in rotation with soybean, while crop rotations containing alfalfa or winter wheat had the highest scores. We observed a significant positive relationship between SOC concentrations and OSHA scores (Fig. 1), consistent with the role that SOM plays in influencing soil properties and the observation that SOM is typically around 50% carbon. But the relationship was only moderate (R2 = 0. 62; Fig. 1), which was not what we anticipated, and suggests that other environmental factors play a significant role. Further, we observed a very weak (R2 = 0. 11; Fig. 2), but significant (P < 0. 001), negative relationship between carbon deficits and OSHA scores. The negative relationship is consistent with our expectations that soils with smaller deficits would have higher scores, while soils with larger deficits would have lower scores, but clearly the potential to store additional carbon explains very little of the variation in the OSHA scores in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that a North American-wide assessment showed a lack of annual crop rotation effect on soil organic matter (SOM). It suggests that the quantity and duration of carbon inputs from crops like maize, rather than crop rotation, are more crucial for soil health. Therefore, it implies crop rotation may not significantly aid in maintaining soil health as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractBoth aging and physical inactivity are associated with increased development of insulin resistance whereas physical activity has been shown to promote increased insulin sensitivity. Here we investigated the effects of physical activity level on aging-associated insulin resistance in myotubes derived from human skeletal muscle satellite cells. Satellite cells were obtained from young (22 yrs) normally active or middle-aged (56. 6 yrs) individuals who were either lifelong sedentary or lifelong active. Both middle-aged sedentary and middle-aged active myotubes had increased p21 and myosin heavy chain protein expression. was increased only in myotubes from middle-aged active individuals. Middle-aged sedentary cells had intact insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation however, the same cell showed ablated insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. On the other hand, middle-aged active cells retained both insulin-stimulated increases in glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. Middle-aged active cells also had significantly higher mRNA expression of GLUT1 and GLUT4 compared to middle-aged sedentary cells, and significantly higher GLUT4 protein. It is likely that physical activity induces a number of stable adaptations, including increased GLUT4 expression that are retained in cells ex vivo and protect, or delay the onset of middle-aged-associated insulin resistance. Additionally, a sedentary lifestyle has an impact on the metabolism of human myotubes during aging and may contribute to aging-associated insulin resistance through impaired GLUT4 localization. Citation: (2013) Aging-Resistance in via Transporter Expression. 8(6): e66628. Antonio Musaro, University of Sapienza, ItalyReceived: March 15, 2013; Accepted: May 9, 2013; Published: June 21, 2013Copyright: © 2013 Bunprajun et al. This is an open-access 1. Characteristics of muscle satellite cell donors. Isolation and cells were isolated from vastus lateralis muscle biopsies as previously described [20]. Briefly, after removal of fat and connective tissue the muscle biopsy was minced into small pieces and digested in buffer containing 0. 05% typsin-EDTA, 1 mg/ml collagenase IV and 10 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 5 min at 37°C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about green spaces and physical activity. Instead, it focuses on the biological mechanisms of aging and insulin resistance affected by physical activity levels, but it does not make any connections to green spaces or their impact on physical activity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: p(correctorientationDiscrimination | target-present selected) and p(correctorientationDiscrimination | target-present not selected) (Figure 3C,F). This visualization revealed that subjects were worse at orientation discrimination when they did not select the target-present interval. This result is in keeping with typical observations of worse objective performance for low confidence trials, since not betting on the target-present interval is essentially an indication of low confidence in that discrimination choice. See also the 'Unconscious ‘hunches’? ’ section, below. Notably, the similarity in participants’ behavior between Experiments 1 and 2 reveals that receipt of feedback on confidence judgments, knowledge that one interval is physically blank, question order, and ability to monitor reaction time do not affect behavioral outcomes. Unconscious ‘hunches’? Throughout this report, we define conscious awareness of the target to occur when introspective assessment of the correctness of an orientation discrimination choice can differentiate between a target being present or not. In this sense, observers are unconscious of the information contributing to their decision if they can discriminate a target above chance, but doing so feels no different introspectively from discriminating (or guessing about) nothing at all. However, one concern might be that subjects are able to meaningfully rate confidence despite no subjective visual experience of the stimulus due to some sort of non-visual ‘hunch’ or ‘feeling’. Indeed, such metacognitive insights (the ability to introspectively distinguish between correct and incorrect responses) have recently been reported even in the absence of objective task performance sensitivity, although not in the context of perception (e. g. , Scott et al. , 2014). We think this issue is essentially one of terminology; our definition of conscious awareness follows a long history in psychology and psychophysics traditions in relating the ability to meaningfully rate confidence to subjective awareness (c. f. Kolb and Braun, 1995; Peirce and Jastrow, 1884), according to which, strictly speaking, a non-visual hunch is also defined as conscious so long as it meaningfully tracks visual processes; regardless of whether such ‘hunches’ are visual in nature, it is still meaningful to distinguish between having such introspective insight versus having no insight whatsoever. However, we also ran a control study in which the subjective task was to indicate which interval appeared more visible rather than confidence in the corresponding discrimination. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how participants' ability to discriminate targets above chance may occur without conscious awareness. It explains that observers may not consciously perceive information contributing to their decisions but can still exhibit behavior indicative of task performance, as evidenced by the description of unconscious 'hunches.' The implication of participants being able to rate their confidence without subjective visual experience aligns with the concept of behavior being influenced or primed without conscious awareness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: The weak relationship suggests that simply increasing SOM stores may not necessarily translate into improvements in soil health scores and that other factors, such as the biochemical composition of SOM (e. g. , Gillespie et al. 2014; Diochon et al. 2015) and (or) or inherent site factors, play an important and more significant role in determining soil health. Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Relationship between soil organic carbon concentration and (OSHA) scores (Congreves et al. 2015) in long-term agricultural experiments in Ontario (Delhi, Elora, Ottawa, and Ridgetown). Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Relationship between the soil organic carbon (SOC) saturation deficit and OSHA scores (Congreves et al. 2015) based on four long-term agricultural experiments in Ontario. Negative values indicate that the soils are saturated with organic carbon, while positive values indicate that soils are undersaturated with organic carbon (deficit). The majority of agricultural soils in Ontario have the potential to store 0–2 kg m−2 of additional carbon (Fig. 3). Given a conservative estimate of 5. 4 million ha of agricultural land in Ontario (2010), and assuming full potential of soil to store carbon, this could amount to a reduction of 108 million Mg of atmospheric C. Sequestering carbon in the soil has the potential to reduce atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and enhance soil health, though as previously mentioned, the effects on soil health may be less pronounced. Fig. 3. Fig. 3. Map of carbon storage potential of agricultural soils (0–20 cm) in Ontario. Negative values indicate that the soils are saturated with organic carbon, while positive values indicate a deficit and the potential to store additional soil organic carbon. Bins from −4 to −6 and −7 to −10 are not shown because there were no data in those bins. White areas have insufficient soil data to estimate the carbon storage potential. SOM is a key attribute of soil health and also defines the amount of carbon stored in the soil. Historically, agricultural practices have resulted in decreases in the stores of SOM. Declines in SOM may have compromised soil health and released significant quantities of CO2 to the atmosphere because of increased rates of decomposition associated with conventional tillage systems and reduced return of inputs to the soil from harvesting biomass. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that simply increasing soil organic matter (SOM) stores may not lead to improvements in soil health scores, highlighting other significant factors influencing soil health, such as biochemical composition. It suggests that while sequestering carbon in the soil can reduce atmospheric CO2 and enhance soil health, the effects on soil health may be less pronounced than one might expect. Additionally, the mention of historical agricultural practices compromising SOM stores indicates a negative impact, suggesting that the relationship between agricultural practices and soil health is more complex than the claim represents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Subsequently, digestion solution containing liberated muscle precursor cells were transferred to cold FBS to inactivate trypsin activity. The solution was centrifuged at 800 g for 7 min. The supernatant was removed and washed with F10/HAM. To minimize fibroblast contamination, the cell suspension was pre-plated in a culture plate for 3 hours in growth media containing 20% FBS, 1% PS and 1% FZ in F10/HAM. The unattached cells were seeded onto Matrigel coated culture flask (0. 01% Matrigel in F10/HAM, 30 min at 37°C) and cultured for 4 days in growth media in a humidified incubator with 5% O2 and 5% CO2 at 37°C. After 4 days of incubation, the cell culture medium was changed and then every second day thereafter. At 100% confluence, cells were transferred to intermediate medium (DMEM containing 1 g/L glucose, 10% FBS and 1% PS). After 2 days, medium was changed into differentiation media (DMEM containing 4. 5 g/L glucose, 2% horse serum and 1% PS) in order to induce differentiation into myotubes (myocytes). All experiments were performed on fully differentiated myocytes at 7 days of differentiation at passage 4 to 6. For experiments myocytes were serum starved in DMEM containing 1 g/L glucose for 2 hours. were treated with or without insulin (100 nM) during the penultimate 30 minutes of serum starvation. Cells were washed twice with Hepes buffered saline (140 mM NaCl, 20 m5 mM KCl, 2. 5 mM MgSO4 and 1 mM CaCl2, pH 7. 4). Cells were then incubated with Hepes buffered saline containing 10 µM 2-deoxy-D-[3H] glucose (1 µCi/ml) for 10 min. Nonspecific glucose uptake was determined in the presence of 10 µM cytochalasin B and subtracted from total uptake to get specific glucose uptake. The 2-deoxy-D-[3H] glucose uptake was terminated by removing uptake buffer and washing cells twice with 0. 9% ice-cold NaCl. Cells were then solubilized with 50 mM NaOH for 30 min and radioactivity was measured using scintillation counter (Tri-Carb 2810TR). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on a detailed biochemical and cellular methodology for studying muscle precursor cells and their differentiation into myotubes. There is no mention or discussion of green spaces, physical activity, or any related topics that would inform the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: In other words, it was akin to a 2IFC detection task rather than a metacognitive judgment. Results of this control study (10. 7554/eLife. 09651. 007 The model ‘performs’ a 2IFC confidence discrimination by comparing the posterior probability of left- or right-tilted source distributions given the data to perform the orientation discrimination task on each of the two intervals on each trial. Then, it uses the posterior probability of the choice it made on each interval as a measure of confidence (i. e. , p(correct)), and compares this measure between the two intervals to select the choice it is more confident in (see Figure 4 and Materials and methods – Bayesian ideal observer model). We also explored several model variants to establish the robustness of the model’s performance; see 19. 301, p <0. 001), indicating that the ideal observer model (σd = 0) best captures human performance, and that any suboptimal Performance without Awareness (σd >0) pattern fits human data more poorly than the ideal observer behavior – even without punishing the decisional noise model for having an additional parameter. Table 2 R2 values quantifying goodness of fit for ideal observer (σd = 0) and three alternative decisional noise magnitudes (σd >0) which cause increasing degrees of Performance without Awareness. Decisional noise greater than 0 – i. e. , increased level of Performance without Awareness – causes a drop in goodness of fit between model and human data. and 10. 7554/eLife. 09651. 008 ExptSubjectDecisional noise σd0 (Ideal observer)0. 10. 20. 3110. 4650. 4590. 4560. 44720. 5800. 5780. 5650. 54430. 4700. 4640. 4480. 42840. 3960. 3920. 3810. 36350. 6490. 6550. 6450. 62860. 4800. 4730. 4580. 43470. 4530. 4520. 4440. 42780. 6020. 5950. 5830. 56390. 5030. 5090. 5120. 504210. 6240. 6240. 6220. 61220. 7830. 7800. 7750. 76630. 7770. 7780. 7670. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing 'Performance without Awareness' and the implications of decisional noise on human behavior. It mentions that the model's performance can be impacted by the level of decisional noise, which aligns with the idea that priming can influence behavior without conscious awareness. The specific reference to 'increased level of Performance without Awareness' suggests that there can be effects on decision-making that are not consciously perceived, thus supporting the notion of unconscious influences on behavior.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: 008708. van Productivity limits and potentials of the principles of conservation agriculture. Nature. 2015;517:365-368. DOI: 10. 1038/nature138099. FAO. FESLM: Framework for Land Management. 73. 1993. Available from: [Accessed: 05 June 2019]10. . Nutrient losses from manure and fertilizer applications as impacted by time to first runoff event. Environmental Pollution. 2007;147(1):131-13711. . Response of nitrogen losses to excessive nitrogen fertilizer application in intensive greenhouse vegetable production. Sustainability. 2019;11:1513. DOI: 10. 3390/su1106151312. . Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and wheat straw application on CH4 and N2O emissions from a paddy rice field. of Soil Research. 2007;45:359-36713. Bayram M, Günal H, Özgöz E. Importance of soil quality in determination of sustainable soil tillage methods. of Agricultural Sciences. 2015;25(3):337-34614. Liu G, Yang X. Analysis of within a Field. In: Computer and in Agriculture. Boston, MA: Springer; Vol. II. 2007. 1344. DOI: 10. 1007/978-0-387-77253-0_7515. FAO. Cherish the Earth. for in the Tropics. Available from: [Accessed: 05 June 2019]16. NPIC. Management (IPM). Information Center. Available from: [Accessed: 05 June 2019]17. Edwards CA. The importance of integration in sustainable agricultural systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 1989;27(1-4):25-35 information 1. Introduction2. Principles of sustainable agriculture3. Why sustainable agriculture is important? 4. Sustainable agriculture practices5. Sustainable soil management6. Conclusions 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3. 0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about sustainable agriculture practices like crop rotation maintaining soil health and preventing erosion. Instead, it contains a series of citations and references related to agriculture but lacks specific information or context discussing the benefits of sustainable practices. Therefore, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Protein concentration was determined using the Bradford reagent. Glucose uptake experiments were carried out in cells from n = 5 individuals per group in triplicate. treatment, cells were washed in ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and lysed with lysis buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 7. 5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM EDTA, 0. 1% Triton X-100, protease inhibitor (1 tablet/10 ml), 1% phosphatase inhibitor cocktail). Cell lysates were centrifuged at 12000 g, 4°C for 5 min and supernatants were collected. Protein concentration was determined by the Bradford reagent. 20 µg of cell lysates were loaded on 4–15% precast gel (Biorad), transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes and immunoblotted with primary antibodies as indicated in the figure legends. Primary antibodies were detected using appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary IgG antibody. Protein signals visualized using FEMTO enhanced chemiluminescence and XRS imager. The signal bands were quantified using software ( The results were normalized with reactive brown stained total protein. RNA Isolation and Real-time was extracted from myocytes using TRIzol according to manufacturer’s instructions. Total RNA was dissolved in RNase-free water and quantified using a Nanodrop ND 1000 (Saveen biotech ApS, Arhus, Denmark). 0. 5 µg of total RNA was reverse transcribed using the kit () according to manufacturer’s protocol. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed in triplicate using an ABI-PRISM 7900 (Applied Biosystems). The sequences of the target primers are listed in Table 2. A pre-optimized assay for 18S rRNA was used as endogenous control (Applied Biosystems). Data analysis was performed using the comparative method (ΔΔCT). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Primer sequences. Immunoflourescence. were differentiated on coverslips pre-coated with poly-L-lysin and Matrigel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the relationship between access to green spaces and increased physical activity. It focuses on biochemical methods and experimental procedures related to protein concentration and RNA extraction, which are unrelated to the subject of physical activity or green spaces.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Procedure – Experiment 2 Request a detailed protocol Three subjects who had participated in Experiment 1 also participated in Experiment 2. Procedures for Experiment 2 were identical to those described above for Experiment 1, except for the feedback structure, observer’s knowledge about target-present versus target-absent intervals, and order of questions (Figure 1B). 2, we wanted to motivate subjects to bet on the target-present interval as much as possible, to maximize the possibility of observers performing optimally (i. e. , to alleviate any Performance > Awareness). So, we defined a ‘correct’ Type 2 judgment for the purposes of feedback only as a Type 2 hit, i. e. trials in which the observer correctly discriminated the target-present interval and bet on the target-present interval. Subjects were also informed that in one of the intervals the target was physically absent, and that betting on that interval would not earn them a point even if they ‘discriminated’ its orientation correctly (as before, they still had a 50% chance to earn a point for ‘correctly discriminating’ the target-absent interval; subjects were made aware of this structure). Additionally, we provided ‘correct/incorrect’ feedback on the Type 2 responses to further encourage betting on the target-present interval. Finally, we altered the question order such that after each interval was presented, subjects pressed a button to discriminate the interval, and then only after both intervals had been presented did they indicate which choice they would like to bet on. In this way, subjects were allowed the ability to monitor their own reaction times, which ought to be faster for target-present intervals on average (as target-absent intervals are simply guesses by definition); this would provide another source of potential information to contribute to confidence judgments, as it has been shown that subjects use reaction time monitoring to inform confidence judgments (Kiani et al. , 2014). Points were awarded as in Experiment 1, and the same bonus payment motivation was employed. Also as before, participants completed five behavioral sessions each for Experiment 2, and were paid $10 per session. Statistical analyses Request a detailed protocol For each subject in each experiment, data were collapsed across tilt (left/right), interval presentation order (first/second), and session for each contrast level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the experimental procedures designed to elicit responses (e.g., 'betting on the target-present interval') that demonstrate how participants can make judgments based on information processed without conscious awareness. The description of the feedback mechanism and the prompt to bet indicates an underlying process by which participants reacted to subliminal cues (target-present vs target-absent) that aligns with the concept of priming affecting behavior.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Total plant P uptake increases rapidly during tuber initiation, levels off to a constant rate during tuber bulking, and ceases with plant maturation occurs primarily through the transfer of P reserves from the vine and roots. Phosphorus uptake by potatoes is relatively low compared with uptake of potassium or nitrogen but similar to uptake of sulfur. The amount of P in the soil solution that is readily available for plant uptake is very small compared with the total amount of P in the soil. A general blanket application of fertilizer leads to its poor efficacy and wastage of costly resources as well as of environmental pollution. This becomes more relevant in case of P as unlike nitrogen applied P remains in soil and adds to its build up. In addition, this has resulted in severe imbalance of nutrients in soil (Kumar et al. , 2009). Keeping this in view, a multilocation experiment was conducted in the major potato growing states of India under the Project on Potato to evaluate suitable dose of P based on soil test on P economy in potato (table 52). Exact quantification of phosphorus fertilizer based on soil test is very important. 143 - 150 (8 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Maximum potato yield occurs when sufficient P is available during early vegetative development and the entire period of tuber growth. Total plant P uptake increases rapidly during tuber initiation, levels off to a constant rate during tuber bulking, and ceases with plant maturation occurs primarily through the transfer of P reserves from the vine and roots. Phosphorus uptake by potatoes is relatively low compared with uptake of potassium or nitrogen but similar to uptake of sulfur. The amount of P in the soil solution that is readily available for plant uptake is very small compared with the total amount of P in the soil. A general blanket application of fertilizer leads to its poor efficacy and wastage of costly resources as well as of environmental pollution. This becomes more relevant in case of P as unlike nitrogen applied P remains in soil and adds to its build up. In addition, this has resulted in severe imbalance of nutrients in soil (Kumar et al. , 2009). Keeping this in view, a multilocation experiment was conducted in the major potato growing states of India under the Project on Potato to evaluate suitable dose of P based on soil test on P economy in potato (table 52). Exact quantification of phosphorus fertilizer based on soil test is very important. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses phosphorus uptake in potatoes and the importance of soil management for crop nutrition, with no mention of hydroponics or soil-free growing methods. It primarily details the nutrient dynamics in soil which contrasts with hydroponic practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: At day 7 of differentiation, myotubes were serum starved in DMEM containing 1 g/L glucose for 2 hours before insulin treatment (100 nM insulin, 30 min). Myotubes were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS at room temperature for 10 min and then boiled in PBS for 5 min. Subsequently, myotubes were incubated with 647-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin for 1 hour, room temperature. Myotubes were then fixed again in 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 min. Following this membranes were permeabilized and blocked with 4% BSA and 0. 2% Triton-x 100 and incubated overnight, 4°C, with anti-GLUT4. Myotubes were subsequently incubated with 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG for 1 hour. After washing, cells were mounted onto slides using Vectashield mounting medium. Immunofluorescence was analyzed by a Zeiss LSM 710 confocal microscope with 63 X 1. 4NA oil-immersion objective. Anti-GLUT4 (Alexa 488) and anti-wheat germ agglutinin (Alexa 647) fluorescence were excited at 488 nm and 633 nm and detected with corresponding channels at 510–530 nm and >660 nm, respectively. Images were recorded at 16 bits and pinhole was set at 2 Airy units. Gain and offset were optimized to obtain best signal from both channels. All images were recorded with identical settings. Quantitative fluorescence intensity was analyzed using image analysis software from NIH. GLUT4 fluorescence signal was measured at the plasma membrane region based on WGA fluorescence signal [25]. Eight to ten cells were analyzed per group (n = 5 per groups). Membrane fluorescence intensity (GLUT4 signal at membrane region) was normalized by area and expressed as fold change from basal. For multiple comparisons statistical analysis was performed using one-way or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni corrections. For data that was normalized to basal (i. e. fold changes) statistical analysis was performed using a one-sample t-test. Data analysis was performed using Graphsoftware and considered statistically significant at P values <0. 05. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a series of experimental procedures related to myotubes and their analysis using confocal microscopy, with no mention of green spaces or physical activity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of model performance Request a detailed protocol We examined the relative agreement between our model’s predictions and collected behavioral data by calculating the multinomial likelihood of the model given the observed data, which has previously been used within a signal detection framework. Details of goodness of fit calculations are described in 4. To evaluate whether human participants exhibited Performance without Awareness, we needed to cause the model to also exhibit Performance without Awareness. We therefore degraded the 2IFC confidence judgment process in the following way: On each trial, after the orientation decision had been reached, we programmed an added decisional noise parameter, σd, such that the decision variable D calculated as in Equation 5 was corrupted by additive Gaussian noise with mean 0 and standard deviation σD, such that (6) D = log(p(Schosen,TP|dTP)p(Schosen,TA|dTA)) + σd This causes the model to perform closer to chance at higher levels of orientation discrimination performance, i. e. to exhibit Performance without Awareness at increasing objective performance levels (Figure 5). We tested three decisional noise magnitudes – 0. 1, 0. 2, and 0. 3 – and calculated the goodness of fit (see 1. “Do you personally believe that it is possible for a stimulus to be perceived subliminally, i. e. , to exert influence on neural processing and behavior without the relevant feature being perceivable at all? ” 2. “Do you personally believe that for some stimulus, there is a subjective threshold (for the subjective, conscious experience of seeing to occur) above an objective threshold (for one to be able to discriminate or identify the stimulus)? That is, do you think there exists a certain contrast level or duration of presentation such that subjects will be able to discriminate or identify the stimulus even though they cannot subjectively see the stimulus? ” 3. “If you answered 'yes' to the last question, do you think it has been demonstrated unequivocally in the literature? ” Results Eighty-seven individuals responded to our informal survey. We collected demographic data on the following: age, highest degree earned, year of highest degree, field of degree earned, current occupation/position, and number of publications related to subliminal perception. Most respondents held a research doctorate (66%), mostly in Psychology (39%), Philosophy (19%), or Neuroscience (18%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses an investigation into 'Performance without Awareness,' implying that models can indeed exhibit behavior influenced by stimuli without the conscious awareness of participants. The mention of the model's ability to perform closer to chance despite having a judgment process indicates that behavior can be affected by unseen influences, aligning with the claim that priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: one, 33(1): 1-18. Akbari, K. N. ; and Pandya, H. R. (1993). Distribution of available P, K and organic carbon in Mewar region. Ann. Arid Zone, 32(4) : 251-252. Alloway B. J. (1995). in Soils, 2nd edition, Wiley, New York. Alloway B. J. (1995a). Soil processes and their behaviour of metals. In: Alloway B. J. (ed), in Soils, 2nd edition. Wiley, New York, 38. Anonymous, (2002). (rabi). Division of (K), Shalimar Srinagar. Anonymous, (2003). (rabi). Division of (K), Shalimar Srinagar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides references to scientific literature and articles about soil, soil processes, and nutrient distribution, but it does not address hydroponics or the concept of growing crops without soil. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: of Aging and on In order to undergo myogenesis, myoblasts must exit the cell cycle and this is dependent on increased expression of p21 [26], [27]. Conversely, aging is associated with increased expression of p21 in human skeletal muscle [28], [29]. In line with this the protein expression of p21 was significantly increased in myotubes isolated from middle-aged sedentary individuals compared to the expression in myotubes from young individuals (Figure 1A and B). There was no significant difference between p21 protein expression in myotubes from middle-aged active individuals compared to young (P = 0. 1). Consistent with increased cell cycle exit, myotubes from middle-aged sedentary and middle-aged active individuals had a significantly higher protein expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) compared to myotubes from young (Figure 1A and C). There was also a significant increase in p21 protein in middle-aged compared to young irrespective of physical activity level (P = 0. 02). Importantly, p21 protein expression correlated to protein expression of MHC in the same cells (Figure 1D). The increase in MHC observed in the middle-aged myotubes represented total sarcomeric myosin heavy chain therefore, in order to look at the composition of myosin heavy chain isoforms in the cells we measured the mRNA level of MYH1, and 2. There was no difference in mRNA expression of MYH1 (type IIb/x fibers) in any group (Figure 1E) however, there was a significant increase in the expression of MYH2 (type IIa fibers) in myotubes from the middle-aged active group compared to the young group (Figure 1F) and a trend towards increased expression compared to the middle-aged sedentary group (P = 0. 06). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Effect of aging and physical activity on cell cycle and myogenic differentiation. Satellite cells were isolated from vastus lateralis biopsies from young or middle-aged volunteers: sedentary or active. Cells were grown in culture until mature myotubes were formed. (A) Lysates were immunoblotted to assess the total protein amount of MHC, p21 (Waf1/Cip1) and α-actinin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about access to green spaces and its link to increased physical activity. It focuses on cellular and molecular processes related to myogenesis and physical activity in different age groups, particularly discussing the expression of proteins such as p21 and MHC in myotubes, without addressing the concept of green spaces or their influence on physical activity levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Second, it is possible that there is phenomenal consciousness emerging without bottom-up attention, but empirical evidence for this is either lacking or too much controversial at present. Here, we consider some instances where simple conscious experience, i. e. , phenomenal awareness emerges without top-down attentional deployment: 1. Sensory experiences can be brought about artificially by brain stimulation such as when using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Visual scotomas (Murd et al. , 2010) or phosphenes as “visual echoes” (Jolij and Lamme, 2010) generated by early visual cortex stimulation serve as an example for simple conscious experiences evoked by TMS. Attention is not needed for these conscious experiences. Such artificial experience can be evoked at an unexpected moment and location and will become available for attention only subsequently. It could be argued that in the task where subjects evaluate their phosphenes or scotomas the subjects are still attending to these conscious phenomena. However, we claim that if a subject is performing an attending task unrelated to TMS and visual perception, but is unexpectedly given a single TMS pulse which elicits a phosphene, this phosphene will be consciously perceived. 2. Similarly, involuntary hallucinations and pathological sensations emerge without any attention to these contents. For example consider tinnitus or auditory verbal hallucinations. It would be a simple remedy for the patients if simply not attending to the hallucinations would make them disappear. Many such hallucinations come and go without the subject having any control of their duration or onset (Sacks, 2012). 3. No attention is required for dream episodes. Dreams are conscious experiences which are generally characterized by the lack of top-down attention (Hobson, 2002). The loss of top-down control and attention in typical everyday dreams is also evidenced by the peculiar feeling that accompanies lucid dreaming, where due to training some top-down control over the dream content becomes available for the subject (e. g. , Voss et al. , 2009). 4. Experiments and phenomenology on microgenetic formation of perceptual images and visual immediate (iconic) memory demonstrate that phenomenal-perceptual proto-objects or scenes can precede attentional selection (Bachmann, 2000; Lamme, 2004, 2010) and that non-attended objects are consciously experienced (Vandenbroucke et al. , 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing instances where conscious experiences occur without attentional deployment. For example, it mentions how sensory experiences can be artificially brought about by brain stimulation without the need for attention. Specifically, it states that 'Attention is not needed for these conscious experiences' and provides evidence that these experiences can be perceived without prior attentional focus. This supports the idea that priming can indeed affect behavior and conscious perception without the individual being consciously aware of it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Table 1: Survey for automatic hydroponic nutrient estimator. Khaoula et al. (2021) ML-based nutrient supply optimization Vernier sensors are connected to a to measure nutrients. There needs to be more information available regarding data storage or transmission. Gao, He & Yue (2018) To regulate and keep track of environmental and water quality factors A solar-based power source powers node. The sensor node’s Wi-Fi implementation increases power consumption and necessitates more Internet infrastructure. Arvind et al. (2020) Hydroponics system automation using hydroponics and machine learning (ML) edge computing technique Implemented cloud server to display sensor data It is only used on a small scale. Valiente et al. (2018) Systems for remote monitoring that use TDS sensors TDS sensors are subjected to calibration. The IoT-based system is missing a cloud server. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-1 Table 2: Nutrient consumption measured. Week number pH measured Average ppm measured/Week (EC X 700) Stage identified Week 1 5. 6 1,120 2 5. 8 1,330 3 5. 5 1,470 4 5. 8 1,575 5 5. 6 1,715 6 5. 4 2,100 7 5. 6 2,240 8 5. 5 2,250 9 5. 7 2,380 10 5. 5 2,390 11 5. 6 2,520 12 5. 3 2,555 13 5. 2 2,450 14 5. 5 2,660 15 5. 4 2,730 Fruit DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-2 Table 3: Accuracy analysis. Week number Stage identified 1–5 Vegetative 95. 5 94. 3 97. 5 Week 6–9 Flower 95. 7 96. 7 97. 5 Week 10–15 Fruit 96. 8 96. 6 99. 4 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-3 Tagle et al. (2018) created a hydroponic tower for urban farming. It was outfitted with various sensor modules to track growth parameters like water temperature and level, total dissolved solids, relative humidity, ambient temperature, and light intensity. A subsequent investigation has included an automated data acquisition system (DAQ) (Shetty, Pai & Mallya, 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides details on various hydroponic systems and associated technologies, including sensor modules and nutrient consumption measurements. However, it does not directly address the fundamental claim about hydroponics allowing crops to be grown without soil. The primary focus of the text is on automation, nutrient measurement, and monitoring within hydroponics rather than explicitly supporting or contrasting the claim regarding the requirement of soil.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Equal gel loading was ascertained by immunoblotting with an antibody against β-tubulin. Protein expression of (B) p21 and (C) MHC were quantified and expressed as arbitrary units. (D) Protein quantification of MHC was correlated to protein expression of p21 for all groups. Expression of (E) MYH1 and (F) MYH2 were measured by qPCR and using the delta CT method (AU). Values shown are the mean ±S. E. M from cells from 5 individuals for each group. An asterisk denotes a significant difference from young (*P<0. 05, **P<0. 01). Effect of Aging and on order to assess a functional outcome of insulin stimulation in human myocytes we measured the amount of glucose taken up into the cells in the absence and presence of insulin. Myocytes from young and middle-aged active individuals exhibited increased glucose uptake following insulin stimulation (Figure 2A). In myocytes from young individuals we noted a greater inter-subject variation and thus glucose uptake was not significantly induced until adjusting for this variation by instead presenting fold change, which was significantly increased from basal, 1. 4 and 1. 7 fold increased for young and middle-aged active respectively (Figure 2B). Interestingly, myotubes from middle-aged sedentary individuals did not exhibit any increase in glucose uptake following insulin stimulation (Figure 2A and B), despite having normal glucose plasma values in vivo (Table 1). Interestingly, there was a trend towards a significant difference (P = 0. 07) between insulin stimulated glucose uptake level between middle-aged sedentary and middle-aged active myotubes (Figure 2B). In order to understand the mechanism behind this insulin resistant phenotype in the middle-aged sedentary myotubes we measured the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream target GSK3. In all groups 473 phosphorylation was significantly increased following insulin stimulation (Figure 2C and D). There was no significant difference in the level of Akt protein in any of the groups. In line with intact Akt phosphorylation, insulin-stimulated GSK3 phosphorylation was also significantly increased in all groups (Figure 2C and E). Myotubes from middle-aged active individuals exhibited significantly elevated basal GSK3 phosphorylation compared to young (Figure 2B and E). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of protein expression and glucose uptake in myocytes, focusing on the effects of insulin stimulation and the differences between young and middle-aged individuals. It does not mention green spaces or any link to physical activity, which makes it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: However, if this null finding is consistent over several experiments with sufficient statistical power, this result is solid by any scientific standard. Taken together, these arguments support the view that attention and consciousness are independent from each other, but can interact. Phenomenal consciousness can emerge without attention. 387. doi: 10. 3389/fpsyg. 2011. 00387 | Text |. , and Murd, C. (2010). Covert spatial attention in search for the location of a color-afterimage patch speeds up its decay from awareness: Introducing a method useful for the study of neural correlates of visual awareness. Vision Res. 50, 1048–1053. doi: 10. 1016/j. visres. 2010. 03. 013 | Text |. A. , Cavanagh, P. , Chun, M. M. , and Nakayama, K. (2012a). The attentional requirements of consciousness. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 411–417. doi: 10. 1016/j. tics. 2012. 06. 013 | Text |. A. , Cavanagh, P. , Chun, M. M. , and Nakayama, K. (2012b). Response to Tsuchiya et al. : considering endogenous and exogenous attention. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 528. doi: 10. 1016/j. tics. 2012. 09. 002. A. (2002). Dreaming: to the Science of Sleep. Oxford: Press. Jolij, J. , and Lamme, V. A. F. (2010). Transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced “visual echoes” are generated in early visual cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 484, 178–181. doi: 10. 1016/j. neulet. 2010. 08. 045 | Text |. , and Tsuchiya, N. (2007). Attention and consciousness: two distinct brain processes. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 16–22. doi: 10. 1016/j. tics. 2006. 10. 012 | Text |. A. F. (2004). Separate neural definitions of visual consciousness and visual attention; a case for phenomenal awareness. Neural Netw. 17, 861–872. doi: 10. 1016/j. neunet. 2004. 02. 005 | Text |. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the independence of attention and consciousness, suggesting that phenomenal consciousness (which involves awareness) can emerge without attention. This implies that behavioral effects such as those seen in priming can occur without conscious awareness, aligning with the idea that such effects can operate outside of conscious attention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: The bottom trays of the mini-greenhouses itself contained 100 mL tap water to increase humidity in the mini greenhouse. Contact was ensured between the nutrient solution with the lower part of the tube to avoid cracking or germination medium sliding through the microtube tube. Additionally, the microtubes were fully filled to prevent air bubbles at the bottom of the tube, which would have hindered contact between the agar and the nutrient solution (Additional file 12). After 7 days the ventilation windows of the mini-greenhouses covers were gradually (3 day period) opened, 11 DAS the mini-greenhouse covers were removed. For the NaCl (Exp. 3) and Hoagland concentration experiments (Exps. 4 and 5), 20 DAS plant were transferred to 2 L containers (18 × 13 × 13 cm) that contained the treatment solutions. Dilution factor for each solution was accurately calculated using a R-script (Additional file 14) that was based on the Truesdell-Jones ion activity model as explained at EC, pH and dissolved oxygen where measured with a calibrated Orion Star™ A329 pH/ISE/Conductivity/sensor after the nutrient solutions were prepared. pH was set to 5. 6 but MES buffer was not used in these trails. In all experiments, nutrient solutions were aerated such that dissolved oxygen content did not drop below 90% saturation. Aeration was only required at final growth stages. Air bubbles were slowly released from the tube to perturbate the water slightly and break the surface tension to improve oxygen diffusion into the water. High root perturbation resulted in growth retardation and yellowing of leaves. Nutrient solution pH, EC and percentage of dissolved oxygen were measured at least three times a week, and, when setpoint deviations were observed, they were checked daily. Additionally, the ion concentrations, EC and pH of all nutrient solution formulations were tested before usage by a certified nutrient solution testing company (NL, Wageningen). Plant measurementsAt each harvest, fresh root systems and rosettes were separated and weighted. Leaves were cut and counted, a leaf was defined as being larger than 1 mm [44]. Afterwards leaf area was determined using a LiCoR-3100 and/or a compact camera followed by ImageJ (Wayne Rasband, 1. 51d, USA) analysis to measure leaf area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a set of experimental procedures involving nutrient solutions, aeration, and measurements in a mini-greenhouse setup. While it discusses nutrient solutions essential for plant growth, it does not explicitly mention the method of growing without soil, which is a key aspect of hydroponics. Rather, it focuses on the management of nutrient solutions and conditions under which plants are cultivated, implying the use of some medium, thereby conflicting with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Effect of aging and physical activity on insulin signaling pathway. Satellite cells were isolated from vastus lateralis biopsies from young or middle-aged volunteers: sedentary or active. Cells were grown in culture until mature myotubes were formed. Myotubes were treated with insulin (100 nM) for 30 mins before measuring glucose uptake into myotubes expressed as pmol/min/mg protein (A) or fold change from basal (B). (C) Immunoblotting of total protein lysate for phosphorylation of Akt Serine473 or GSK3 Serine21/9 and total protein amount of Akt. Equal gel loading was ascertained by immunoblotting with an antibody against β-tubulin. Protein expression of (D) Akt phosphorylation and (E) GSK3 phosphorylation were quantified and expressed as arbitrary units. Open bars = young, gray bars = middle-aged sedentary and black bars = middle-aged active. Values shown are the mean ±S. E. M from cells from 5 individuals for each group. An asterisk denotes a significant difference basal for each group (*P<0. 05, **P<0. 01). A ¤ denotes a significant change from young basal (¤¤ P<0. 01). Effect of Aging and on there were no differences in insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation between the groups we measured the expression of glucose transporters (GLUTs). GLUT1, the non-insulin dependent glucose transporter, was significantly increased at the mRNA level in middle-aged active myotubes compared to both middle-aged sedentary myotubes (Figure 3A) and young myotubes (Figure 3B). GLUT4, the insulin sensitive glucose transporter, showed a trend towards increased mRNA expression in middle-aged active myotubes compared to middle-aged sedentary (Figure 3C). GLUT4 expression in young myotubes had one subject who expressed 11 and 6 fold higher mRNA expression than the rest in two experiments respectively and was identified as an outlier using graph pad prism 6 software, therefore this individual was excluded from the statistical analysis and fold change analysis (Figure 3C and D). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of aging and physical activity on insulin signaling pathway and glucose transporters, with no mention of green spaces or their link to physical activity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: IntroductionDecades of literature on emotional information processing provides insight into the attentional, motivational, and physiological systems engaged when anticipating and perceiving unpleasant and threatening information, as well as how these systems are modulated by psychopathology (Bradley et al. , 2001; Lang et al. , 1997; Lang et al. , 2016). Multiple contextual factors impact the processing of emotional information (Bradley et al. , 2001; Wangelin et al. , 2011). Two such factors are anticipation and attentional demands (Judah et al. , 2016; Mills et al. , 2014; Sege et al. , 2015; Sege et al. , 2017; White & Grant, 2017), yet little is known how manipulation of attention impacts anticipation and perception of external threat. The purpose of this study was to document how manipulation of attention focus (i. e. , self-focus) impacts electrocortical markers of emotional processing for unpleasant pictures during anticipation and perception. Research on emotional processing using picture viewing tasks suggests that corresponding behavior, physiology, and attention largely represent appetitive or defensive motivations (Lang & Bradley, 2013). Unpleasant pictures activate defensive motivation systems, which regulate threat perception (e. g. , arousal, attention) to support behavioral responding, such as avoidance, escape, or fight (Bradley et al. , 2001). Consistent with this perspective, empirical data have demonstrated that unpleasant pictures elicit greater allocation of attention (Calvo & Lang, 2004). Utilizing the late positive potential (LPP), a positive-going event-related potential (ERP) occurring at posterior electrode sites between 400-1,000 ms after the onset of a stimulus (Hajcak & Olvet, 2008; Schupp et al. , 2006), which indexes motivated attention, researchers have found potentiation resulting from viewing unpleasant and threatening pictures compared with neutral pictures (Cuthbert et al. , 2000; Hajcak et al. , 2009; White & Grant, 2017). Collectively, these studies, as well as others (Bradley et al. , 2001), indicate that threatening and unpleasant pictures activate defensive motivation systems, including increased allocation of attentional resources during perception. One factor that impacts this emotional processing system is cueing (Grant et al. , 2015; Judah et al. , 2013; Sege et al. , 2015, 2018; White & Grant, 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how attention can be manipulated and how this manipulation affects emotional processing. It states that 'manipulation of attention focus (i.e., self-focus) impacts electrocortical markers of emotional processing,' suggesting that focusing attention differently can alter cognitive processes related to emotional responses. Additionally, it mentions that 'unpleasant pictures elicit greater allocation of attention,' which supports the idea that attention can be selectively focused.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: (2007) Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. 10:1135–1142. (1994) Nutrient dynamics and requirements of forest crops. J 24:133–168. Falkengren-Grerup U, Brink D-J, (2006) Land use effects on soil N, P, C and pH persist over 40–80 years of forest growth on agricultural soils. Manag 225(1–3):74–81. (2005) Lignin and cellulose degradation and nitrogen dynamics during decomposition of three leaf litter species in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Biochem 37:1083–1091. Gawęda T, Małek S, Zasada M, Jagodziński A (2014) Allocation of elements in a chronosequence of silver birch afforested on former agricultural lands. Drewno 57:107–117. Giertych MJ, Karolewski P, de Temmerman LO (1999) Foliage age and pollution alter content of phenolic compounds and chemical elements in Pinus nigra needles. 110:363–377 Hagen-Thorn A, Varnagiryte I, Nihlgård B, (2006) Autumn nutrient resorption and losses in four deciduous forest tree species. Manag 228:33–39. Hellsten S, Helmisaari H-(2013) Nutrient concentrations in stumps and coarse roots of Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch in Sweden, Finland and Denmark. Manag 290:40–48. Hermle S, Günthardt-Goerg MS, (2006) Effects of metal-contaminated soil on the performance of young trees growing in model ecosystems under field conditions. 144(2):703–714. (1999) Correcting estimates of root chemical composition for soil contamination. Ecol. 80(2):702–707. Hynynen J, Niemistö P, Viherä-(2010) Silviculture of birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh. ) in northern Europe. Forestry 83:103–119. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a collection of references and studies related to nutrient dynamics and limitations in various ecosystems, but it does not specifically mention hydroponics or the concept of growing crops without soil. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any supportive or contrasting information regarding the practice of hydroponics.