Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: In case of luciferase the amount of active protein was highest for XylS/Pm ML1-17 both according to activity measurements (see above) and deduced as soluble protein (Figure 3, Panel A). However, the very high level of transcription in the LacI/P T7lac system resulted in a correspondingly big production of insoluble and inactive luciferase protein, not seen to a comparable extent for any of the other systems. Figure 3Correlation between the accumulated transcript and protein produced after induction. The five proteins (Panels A-E) were expressed in E. coli ER2566 harboring pMB1-based plasmids. Five hours after induction, samples were collected for relative quantification real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and SDS-PAGE. Accumulated transcript data were correlated to the XylS/Pm system (M2x; gene x under conrol of the Pm wildtype promoter, pMB1 replicon). The total protein fractions were separated into the soluble supernatant and the insoluble pellet fraction after sonication and separated through SDS-PAGE followed by staining with blue. Further information about the naming system can be found in Table 1. Neg: Negative control. Full size imageFor GFP and HGH (and D) production of soluble protein was very effective in both XylS/Pm ML1-17 and LacI/P T7lac and the final outcome at the protein level was more similar for these proteins than for luciferase. Generally, LacI/P T7lac had an apparent advantage by its performance at the transcriptional level, but this potential was often not reflected at the translational level, such that the system often produced a vast amount of transcripts that were either translated into inactive protein or were not translated at all. Note also that the amounts of protein and transcript correlated well for XylS/Pm and XylS/Pm ML1-17 (except for scFv173-2-5-AP, Panel B), probably mainly because the amounts of transcript were generally much lower than for LacI/P T7lac and therefore did not overload the translational machinery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the use of chassis organisms like E. coli for synthetic gene construction directly. It discusses the production of luciferase and other proteins using different systems and promoter constructs, specifically mentioning E. coli ER2566, but does not confirm or deny the claim about E. coli as a chassis organism for synthetic gene construction. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cancers are treated more effectively with therapies tailored to specific genetic mutations. [SEP] Text: 4 Comparison 3 Ivacaftor (VX‐770) versus placebo in people with at least one R117H CFTR mutation, Outcome 4 Adverse events in > 15% of participants. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 5 Comparison 3 Ivacaftor (VX‐770) versus placebo in people with at least one R117H CFTR mutation, Outcome 5 Summary of pulmonary exacerbations. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 6 Comparison 3 Ivacaftor (VX‐770) versus placebo in people with at least one R117H CFTR mutation, Outcome 6 Time to first pulmonary exacerbation. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 7 Comparison 3 Ivacaftor (VX‐770) versus placebo in people with at least one R117H CFTR mutation, Outcome 7 FEV1 predicted % absolute change from baseline. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 8 Comparison 3 Ivacaftor (VX‐770) versus placebo in people with at least one R117H CFTR mutation, Outcome 8 BMI absolute change from baseline. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 9 Comparison 3 Ivacaftor (VX‐770) versus placebo in people with at least one R117H CFTR mutation, Outcome 9 Sweat chloride concentration ‐ change from baseline. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Summary of findings for the main comparison. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses Ivacaftor (VX‐770) as a treatment specifically used for individuals with at least one R117H CFTR mutation. This aligns with the claim that certain therapies can be more effective when tailored to specific genetic mutations, as Ivacaftor targets a particular mutation in the CFTR gene. While it does not directly mention cancer, the example supports the idea of personalized medicine based on genetic markers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: KeywordsWater resourcesClimate adaptationClimate variability and changeWater supplyHydropowerHydrologyStationarityUtility economicsPublic finance IntroductionThere is international agreement at the about the need for collective action to address the likely impacts of global warming on human societies. One response has been to encourage all sectors of society to identify and implement actions that can help adapt to the emerging impacts of climate change and work to mitigate its drivers. Water resources and the services dependent on them are an integral part of the climate system (Chahine 1992). Because of this, the managers of water resource systems and of the services that depend on them must develop appropriate responses to the potential impacts of climate change (Strzepek et al. 2011). continent is considered to be particularly vulnerable to these impacts both because of their magnitude and because African societies have less physical, financial, and human resources available to address these impacts. A further challenge is that the impacts of climate change on water resources are local, diverse, and not well-characterized. Unlike the general global warming trend, for which there is robust evidence that is consistent with the predicted impact of anthropogenic activities, direct evidence of significant changes in hydrological variables is not nearly as strong and consistent. For example, it appears that at a global level, precipitation is increasing (Adler et al. 2017). However, models predict increases in drought frequency over significant areas due to warming (Ukkola et al. 2020) although empirical evidence in support of this is limited (Hegerl et al. 2019) and predictions are based on various definitions of drought. While warming trends are a direct result of anthropogenically induced atmospheric changes that act through a single dominant mechanism at global level, the impacts on the main hydrological processes – evaporation, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration – are secondary and tertiary effects that are further influenced by a wide variety of mechanisms at a local, regional, and global level. So while there is only a limited increase in global precipitation averages, there are more extensive regional variations and substantial changes in parameters such as rainfall intensity (Trenberth 2011) which, coupled with the impact of warmer temperatures on aridity, lead to changes in tertiary variables such as stream flow. The likely impact of climate change on hydrological processes is generally still too uncertain to make it possible for water resource planners and managers to identify locally specific adaptive measures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while climate adaptation is necessary, the impacts of climate change on water resources and hydrological processes are complex, uncertain, and influenced by various factors. It states that 'the likely impact of climate change on hydrological processes is generally still too uncertain,' suggesting that adaptation alone may not be sufficient to fully counteract the diverse and unpredictable impacts of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: It is also interesting to note that, in terms of both active and total protein produced, XylS/Pm ML1-17 and LacI/P T7lac generally performed best. For scFv173-2-5-AP (Figure 3, Panel B) a more complex picture was observed, but this could be mainly related to the effects of toxic protein production on host growth or variability among the systems in the kinetics of induction [46]. Uninduced expression levels are highest for LacI/P trc and lowest for AraC/P BAD The tightness of the different regulator/promoter systems is another important feature, particularly for production of host-toxic proteins [47]. We studied this with the same set-up as for induced conditions, using luciferase, scFv173-2-5-AP and GFP, and as expected the background increased for all systems when the higher copy number vectors were used. The increase was in most cases approximately proportional to that of the plasmid copy number. Therefore, only findings collected from strains harboring pMB1-based plasmids are presented (Figure 4). Figure 4Investigation of the tightness of different regulator/promoter systems in combination with the pMB1 replicon. Protein activity was determined in parallel with induced cultures at the time point corresponding to five hours after induction. The data presented are from independet biological replica. The following E. coli strains were used as expression hosts. Panels A-C: ER2566. Panels D-E: DH10B. The capital letters represent the regulator/ promoter systems according to Table 1. Uninduced expression of GFP in DH10B was very close to the detection limit in LB medium and was left out. Full size imageGenerally, LacI/P trc tended to be the leakiest system producing 3. 8 to 8. 2 times more active protein than XylS/Pm under uninduced conditions. Similarly, XylS/Pm ML1-17 displayed 2. 8- to 5. 8-fold higher background expression than the wild-type system. AraC/P BAD appeared to be, as expected, the tightest system giving rise to 0. 1 and 0. 4 times the background level for luciferase and scFv173-2-5-AP, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the performance of different regulator/promoter systems in terms of protein expression levels and does not specifically address the use of chassis organisms like E. coli for synthetic gene construction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cancers are treated more effectively with therapies tailored to specific genetic mutations. [SEP] Text: Combination therapy versus placebo No deaths were reported in either the lumacaftor‐ivacaftor or tezacaftor‐ivacaftor studies in people with two copies of the F508del mutation and there were improvements in quality of life and lung function. Rates of pulmonary exacerbations (a flare up of symptoms) were also lower. Neither combination therapy was associated with severe side effects, although people on lumacaftor‐ivacaftor regularly experienced shortness of breath for one to two weeks at the start of treatment, which usually resolved without further intervention. Of more concern was that in longer studies some people receiving lumacaftor‐ivacaftor experienced a rise in blood pressure; of these, two people (out of more than 500 who received the combination in these studies) discontinued lumacaftor‐ivacaftor treatment because of high blood pressure. These side effects were not reported for the tezacaftor‐ivacaftor combination. Tezacaftor‐ivacaftor therapy has not yet been assessed in children with CF younger than 12 years of age. Quality of the evidence We judged the overall quality of the evidence for the outcomes measured to vary from low to high. Study design was generally poorly reported, which did not allow us to make clear judgements on any potential bias, but we had fewer concerns with the six larger and more recent studies. We did find that some results were omitted from the analysis or not reported in seven studies. Some findings were based on single studies that were too small to show important effects and for five studies the results may not be applicable to all individuals with CF due to the ages of people recruited into the studies (i. e. adults only, children only) or an unusual design used in which people receive monotherapy and then combination therapy. Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice Data from the Phase 3 studies of both lumacaftor and tezacaftor combined with ivacaftor suggest that these compounds are influencing the basic defect associated with the F508del mutation; with small but consistent and statistically significant improvements in key clinical outcomes. The size of these studies and the low‐ to moderate‐quality evidence from the studies gives us good confidence in the validity of these results. Overall the drugs appeared well‐tolerated, but there were some important adverse effects, in particular with the lumacaftor‐ivacaftor combination. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the effectiveness of therapies tailored to the F508del mutation in cystic fibrosis, which suggests that treatments can lead to improvements in clinical outcomes when they are specifically tailored to a genetic mutation. The mention of 'small but consistent and statistically significant improvements in key clinical outcomes' reinforces the idea that targeted therapies can be more effective.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: So climate change models and predictions cannot usually guide well-founded planning and operational decisions although they do help to suggest the boundaries for extreme events. However, policy-makers like the UN High-on Water want to know what impacts global warming will have on water systems and how they will be dealt with. It is suggested that an appropriate response is to continue to build on the great strength of best practice in water resource science and management, which is its ability to characterize and manage climatic variability. This requires that the approaches used move beyond the assumptions of a stationary hydrology and can accommodate a changing climate (Brekke et al. 2009). Yet water managers are already responding to climate change through their management of current climate variability. However, to make this case convincingly, they must demonstrate that current methodologies are adequate for the task. To address this in an African context, this 2022. Even before the drought ended, implementation had begun of infrastructure projects that had earlier been rejected – including water reuse and groundwater development as well as additional surface water. Consideration is also being given to a large desalination installation which could be used during drought periods. The vulnerabilities of the WCWSS are now obvious. The system depends on rainfall over a small (800km2) area of mountain catchments supplying dams whose storage is less than 2 years of “normal” use. Climate change dynamics are also under review. lies at the edge of dominant rain-producing weather systems and has long been identified as an area vulnerable to climate change-driven rainfall reductions (Archer et al. 2019). From an adaptation perspective, the questions are whether the shift of weather system is permanent and the nature of an appropriate adaptation response. The city’s new postcrisis strategy (2019) acknowledges continued dependence on surface water for 75% of its supplies for at least the next decade, while alternative sources such as reuse, groundwater, and desalination are developed to provide a greater proportion of supplies in the future. Climate uncertainty is specifically addressed. The program aims to increase the assurance of supply from the system from 98% to 99. 5% but acknowledges that there might be “a step change in rainfall due to climate change …. If this turns out to be the case, the programme will be both accelerated and expanded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that climate adaptation measures, while necessary, are not sufficient to fully counteract the effects of climate change. It discusses the inadequacy of current methodologies in dealing with climate variability and stresses the need for continual adaptation and infrastructure projects, acknowledging a dependence on surface water. The text supports the notion that alongside adaptation, ongoing assessment and expansion of strategies are critical, suggesting a multifaceted approach rather than relying solely on adaptation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: LacI/P T7lac was also quite tightly regulated although it generated the highest background expression for GFP (Figure 4, Panel C). The ratio between the induced and the uninduced expression levels was protein dependent with relatively small induction windows for svFv173-2-5-AP (1. 2-25) and large for luciferase (60–3,000). In strain ER2566, XylS/Pm and LacI/P T7lac displayed the highest induction windows, while LacI/P trc was by far the least inducible system (0. 1-0. 2 times compared to XylS/Pm). In DH10B, induction ratios for AraC/P BAD were 1. 3-27 times higher than the ratios of XylS/Pm and XylS/Pm ML1-17. These results are consistent with a previous report documenting that the induction ratio in the AraC/P BAD system can reach up to 1,200-fold when functionally compared for the phoA reporter gene [11]. As for XylS/Pm[24, 25], the induction level can also be modulated over a wide concentration range by varying the inducer concentration. In addition, uninduced levels can be even further reduced by the presence of glucose, which represses the expression in this system [47]. The main disadvantage of the AraC/P BAD system is that the inducer can be metabolized in most strains of E. coli. The predicted translational efficiencies of the ribosomal binding sites vary over a wide rangeThe DNA region corresponding to the 5′-UTR plays a central role in regulation of gene expression [48–50]. It covers the untranslated nucleotides at the 5′ end of the mRNA [51, 52], including the ribosome binding site (RBS) that together with the translational start site influence expression [28, 49, 53]. One program frequently used to analyse the expected efficiency of these nucleotide sequences is the RBS calculator [54]. We applied its reverse engineering function on the various 5′-UTR-gene combinations used in the study and determined the translation initiation rate (TIR) values of the respective expression systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific details about gene expression systems, induction ratios, and regulation without mentioning the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic gene construction. It focuses on the performance of various expression systems rather than supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cancers are treated more effectively with therapies tailored to specific genetic mutations. [SEP] Text: II F508del A full length of CFTR is produced, but this is structurally abnormal and destroyed by the cell before it reaches the cell membrane. This is called a defect in the intracellular trafficking pathway. Small amounts of CFTR do reach the cell membrane; however here, they display defective ion transport, demonstrating that the phe508del mutation is more than just a processing defect. Individuals have minimal CFTR function. III G551D CFTR is produced and embedded in the cell membrane, but the chloride channel does not respond ('switch on') to normal stimulation from the cell. This means there is no meaningful ion transport across the protein. Individuals have minimal CFTR function. IV R347P CFTR is transported to the outer cell membrane, and responds to normal stimulation, but functions at a low level because chloride ions do not cross the channel appropriately. Individuals have some residual CFTR function. V A455is produced, but the amount of protein is reduced. Individuals have some residual CFTR function. CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator The commonest CF causing mutation, F508del (also known as ΔF508 or phe508del), is found in the majority of pwCF (up to 80% to 90% of some populations, e. g. pwCF from a heritage). For individuals with F508del, a full length of protein is transcribed but recognised as misfolded by the cell and is degraded before reaching the cell membrane, where it needs to be positioned to effect transepithelial salt transport. Hence this is a severe mutation associated with no meaningful CFTR function. This type of mutation is called a class II mutation (or trafficking defect) and much research has explored masking the molecular defect, bypassing the cellular mechanisms and enabling the F508del protein to traffic to the cell membrane, where it may have some normal salt transport capability. Description of the intervention Increasing understanding of how different mutations affect the production, structure, and function of CFTR has led to the concept of mutation‐specific therapies (Table 1). For class II mutations a full length of protein is produced, but recognised as abnormal by the cell and degraded before reaching the cell membrane. This is called a defect in intracellular trafficking. Scientists have recognised that certain laboratory manoeuvres can affect this process, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how understanding specific genetic mutations, such as variations in the CFTR gene, can lead to mutation-specific therapies. It highlights that research has focused on addressing the molecular defects of these mutations to improve their function, which aligns with the idea that tailored therapies based on genetic differences can enhance treatment effectiveness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: ”The strategy also acknowledges that water investments must provide regular supplies during periods of low rainfall: “All water schemes provide insurance against periods of low rainfall, which may become more frequent and more severe as a result of climate change. ” It recognizes that expensive supplies from reuse and desalination will not be used all the time but concludes: “…this will not have been wasteful expenditure. The future is uncertain, and the cost of very severe restrictions is much higher than the cost of insuring against this likelihood. ”In this regard, the city’s strategy now explicitly addresses climate change. But rather than placing reliance on forecasting future availability, it seeks to increase reliability (through infrastructure investment originally proposed to address variability) to “buy time” for implementing rapid interventions such as desalination if required. Mombasa, Kenya: Climate-Constrained by Institutions and FinanceGreater Mombasa, Kenya’s second largest city, had a population of approximately three million people in 2018. It is Kenya and the region’s primary port and is also a center for international beach tourism which complements the country’s inland game park complexes. Water supply is deeply deficient. Water requirements are estimated to be in the region 250 Ml/day, but the city is in a permanent state of water crisis, able to provide less than 30% of this potential amount (Foster et al. 2020). Small supplies from local coastal aquifers are at the limit of their available capacity and face problems of salinization. The city’s primary supply comes from two distant groundwater sources, the (200 km away) and Baricho (100 km). Unusually, local surface water sources had not been tapped although the need for a new source had already been identified in the early 1990s. The preferred augmentation project, now in preparation, is a dam on the small, local Mwache River. All five projects in the 2015 infrastructure resilience study (Cervigni et al. 2015) which included Mwache faced considerable uncertainty about future rainfall under climate change. In none was there even a consensus on whether it would be higher or lower than present-day averages, let alone by how much. This was a particular concern for Mombasa whose rainfall derives from a combination of systems since 61% of the 121 climate future scenarios generated for Mwache showed lower safe yields than the present-day design assumptions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the inadequacy of climate adaptation measures in Mombasa, Kenya. It illustrates that despite investment in infrastructure to address water supply issues, there remains considerable uncertainty regarding future rainfall due to climate change. The text emphasizes that no consensus exists about whether future rainfall will increase or decrease, indicating that climate adaptation strategies are insufficient to fully counteract the effects of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: The most striking finding was that the relative differences between the calculated TIRs of the four cognate RBSs were rather similar for all the five genes studied (Figure 5), although there were exceptions (see LacI/P T7lac for HGH and AraC/P BAD for IL-1RA). Generally, the calculator predicted that the TIR values of the LacI/P T7lac and the AraC/were higher than those of XylS/Pm and LacI/P trc RBSs, suggesting a more efficient translation. The relative differences between the TIRs of the LacI/P trc and XylS/Pm RBSs depended on the coding sequence. Figure 5Theoretical analysis of the translational start site by calculating the translation initiation rate (TIR). The complete 5′-UTR sequences in combination with the first 50 nucleotides of the respective genes (luc S (Panel A), scFv173-2-5-phoA (B), gfpmut3 (C), GH1 S (D) and IL1RN S (E)) were used as input sequences for the RBS calculator [54]. Full size imageTo correlate the calculated TIR values with our experimental data is not straight forward because the total protein levels are obviously also dependent on the efficiencies of the promoter sequences, which are not a part of the calculation of the TIR values. However, by comparing both transcript and protein amounts available from the data presented in Figure 3 such effects can at least partly be taken into account. The amounts of accumulated transcripts derived from LacI/P T7lac were generally highest and combined with a predicted more efficient TIR one might expect that this system would come out best at the protein level in all cases. However, this prediction was only in agreement with the luciferase data, and with the ScFv-173-2-5-AP and IL-1RA data to a more limited extent. In contrast, for GFP and HGH the experimental data did not support the prediction. It should also be remembered that efficient translation in itself may contribute to more accumulated transcript due to translation-mediated transcript stabilization [55, 56]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the theoretical analysis of translational initiation rates (TIR) for different genes and their corresponding RBSs, without mentioning E. coli or synthetic gene construction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is used in personalized medicine to predict treatment outcomes. [SEP] Text: Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that repress or degrade mRNA targets to downregulate genes. In cancer occurrence, the expression of miRNAs is altered. Depending on the involvement of a certain miRNA in the pathogenetic growth of a tumor, It may be up or downregulated. The “oncogenic” action of miRNAs corresponds with upregulation, which leads to tumor proliferation and spread meanwhile the miRNAs that have been downregulated bring tumorsuppressive outcomes. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are among the genes whose expression is under their control, demonstrating that classifying them solely as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes alone is not only hindering but also incorrect. Apart from basic tumors, miRNAs may be found in nearly all human fluids and can be used for cancer diagnosis as well as clinical outcome prognostics and better response to treatment strategies. The overall variance of these tiny noncoding RNAs influences patient-specific pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-cancer medicines, driving a growing demand for personalized medicine. By now, microRNAs from tumor biopsies or blood are being widely investigated as substantial biomarkers for cancer in time diagnosis, prognosis, and, progression. With the rise of COVID-19, this paper also attempts to study recent research on miRNAs involved with deaths in lung cancer COVID patients. With the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms, personalized treatment via microRNAs has lately become a reality. The present review 314. [ [PMID: 24079833] [2] Nana-. MicroRNAs in cancer: personalizing diagnosis and therapy. Y 2010; 1210(1): 25-33. [ [PMID: 20973796] [3]. MicroRNAs in personalized cancer therapy. 2014; 86(1): 68-73. [ [PMID: 24635652] [4] Fabbri M. MicroRNAs and cancer: Towards a personalized medicine. Med 2013; 13(5): 751-6. [ [PMID: 23642056] [5] Kong YW, Ferland-. microRNAs in cancer management. 2012; 13(6): e249-58. [ [PMID: 22652233] [6]. microRNAs make the call in cancer personalized medicine. 2017; 5: 86. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how microRNAs can influence patient-specific pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-cancer medicines, thereby driving a growing demand for personalized medicine. It highlights that personalized treatment via microRNAs has become a reality, which supports the idea that AI and other methodologies are being utilized in personalized medicine to predict treatment outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Bank study took a measured response to this systemic uncertainty. It distinguished between project sensitivity to climate change and project vulnerability; sensitivity refers to the possible reduction in physical “output,” while vulnerability considers the impact on economic return. In this view, even if a project’s performance is potentially sensitive to climate change, “the project’s economic worthiness is not necessarily in question. ” This would include cases where the project was robust to a high degree of climate variability “and in the bargain, to climate change” so that its benefits and revenues would meet the required criteria. “It is thus important to distinguish between climate sensitivity and vulnerability” emphasized the report, noting that both sensitivity and vulnerability would depend on the metrics used to assess performance and that factors other than climate change, such as price and demand, could be equally important. For Mwache, although limited hydrological information was available, the design chosen was considered to have low climate risk since the river flow is considerably in excess of supply requirements and there is a low risk that the dam will not meet its target yield (2018b). Funding has not yet been approved, not due to climate change risks but because the financial and institutional arrangements for the dam’s management must still be resolved. Kenya’s 2010 Constitution makes water supply the responsibility of local counties. But Mombasa’s current supplies come from other counties, and the itself will be built in a neighboring county. Current proposals are to establish a regional institution that would manage all the different sources into a single system, providing bulk supplies to the major centers of four counties. This would help to address climate risks since linking different sources into a single system would increase its resilience to climate variability, maintaining supplies even if one source in the system fails. But achieving financial agreement between four counties and national government is proving to be more difficult than finding a climate-resilient dam design. Windhoek, Namibia: as StorageNamibia’s capital Windhoek, high in the center of the arid and sparsely populated country, was established in 1892 by German colonists, attracted by the secure source of water from local springs. This groundwater resource served the growing settlement well until the 1960s when, after a series of dry years, it became obvious that additional supplies were needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of climate adaptation measures. It highlights that project performance sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change do not guarantee economic worthiness, emphasizing the need to consider factors beyond climate change, such as price and demand. This indicates that adaptation alone may not be sufficient to counteract the effects of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: For XylS/Pm ML1-17 there appeared to be more protein per transcript compared to LacI/P T7lac and the total amounts of protein were at least equally good for this system, presumably indicating a better balance between the capacities of the transcriptional and translational systems. For LacI/P trc the calculator correctly predicted a very poor expression of HGH. In general, it is possible to some extent to use the RBS calculator to predict which regulator/promoter system would produce most protein. However, RBS function is just one among several parameters that affect the final protein production level. We have analyzed the previously reported very efficient UTR variants obtained by screening [28]. Despite the great stimulatory effect of these screened UTRs on protein expression (up to 20-fold), the calculator only predicted minor improvements relative to the wild-type sequence (between 1. 5 and 3. 6 times for the best variants). Flow cytometry analysis of GFP expression in individual cells revealed significant differences among the various regulator/promoter systemsAnalyses of recombinant protein expression are mostly carried out at the level of cell populations, potentially masking significant differences in the level of expressed proteins between individual cells, which are known to occur [57, 58]. If such heterogeneity exists it may represent another possibility for system improvement, e. g. by finding ways to reduce the fraction of cells with low expression level. This is also relevant in metabolic engineering projects involving metabolite flux control in biochemical pathways [59]. To analyze the level of homogeneity we used flow cytometry to quantitate GFP as it can be easily detected and because it was shown to be produced at high levels from the regulator/promoter systems used in this work, thus representing a relevant example in recombinant protein production. The fluorescence level, which reflects the number of GFP molecules, among the majority of cells harvested at a given time point typically varied in a 5–10 fold range (Figure 6). In most cases, the fluorescence values fell within a signal peak, which moved to higher intensities with extended time after induction, as expected. The highest production levels were found in cells expressing GFP from XylS/Pm ML1-17, LacI/ P T7lac and AraC/P BAD (where a different host strain was used), also consistent with what was observed at the population level. However, the analysis also revealed several new observations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about chassis organisms like E. coli and their use in synthetic gene construction. Instead, it discusses various aspects of protein expression, including specific systems, regulators, and experimental results related to protein production. As such, it does not provide relevant information to either support or disprove the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is used in personalized medicine to predict treatment outcomes. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 29682211] [53]. Colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed: a long noncoding RNA with an imperative role in cancer. Onco2018; 11: 3755-63. [ [PMID: 29988699] [54] Aberrant expression of oncogenic and tumor-suppressive microRNAs in cervical cancer is required for cancer cell growth. PLoS One 2008; 3(7): e2557. [ [PMID: 18596939] [55]. In vivo delivery of miRNAs for cancer therapy: Challenges and strategies. 2015; 81: 128-41. [ [PMID: 24859533] & :: 12 Issue: 2 Author(s): Saeid Hatam* Affiliation: Department of Innovation and Industry, Science and of Fars, ExirBitanic Co. , Shiraz, of Health and of : MicroRNAs, biomarkers, drug response, COVID-19, cancer treatment, oncogenes. Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that repress or degrade mRNA targets to downregulate genes. In cancer occurrence, the expression of miRNAs is altered. Depending on the involvement of a certain miRNA in the pathogenetic growth of a tumor, It may be up or downregulated. The “oncogenic” action of miRNAs corresponds with upregulation, which leads to tumor proliferation and spread meanwhile the miRNAs that have been downregulated bring tumorsuppressive outcomes. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are among the genes whose expression is under their control, demonstrating that classifying them solely as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes alone is not only hindering but also incorrect. Apart from basic tumors, miRNAs may be found in nearly all human fluids and can be used for cancer diagnosis as well as clinical outcome prognostics and better response to treatment strategies. The overall variance of these tiny noncoding RNAs influences patient-specific pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-cancer medicines, driving a growing demand for personalized medicine. By now, microRNAs from tumor biopsies or blood are being widely investigated as substantial biomarkers for cancer in time diagnosis, prognosis, and, progression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of microRNAs in personalized medicine and their influence on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-cancer medicines. It specifically mentions that these miRNAs can be used to classify treatment responses and predict clinical outcomes, which directly supports the claim that AI is leveraged in personalized medicine to predict treatment outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: In 1968, a “direct potable reuse” plant was built that treats wastewater for reinjection into the city’s main supply. Subsequently expanded, it can now provide 20% of the city’s potable supply. An ambitious longer-term plan envisaged a phased regional scheme, the (ENWC), drawing from Southern Africa’s third largest river, the Okavango, on Namibia’s border with Angola, 700 km from Windhoek. The full project has not yet been completed, but growing demand has been met by intermediate interventions, including the development of new groundwater sources on the ENWC route. Throughout this period, the city’s local groundwater complemented other sources. The use of these multiple sources varies in response to the extremely variable climate, with surface water predominating in wet seasons and greater use of groundwater and reuse in dry periods. Local aquifer recharge has recently been introduced to store surplus water in wet periods, reducing evaporative losses from the surface reservoirs and increasing system yield (Murray et al. 2018). However, while diversification of sources provides some additional resilience to inter-seasonal climate variability, the assured yield still depends on local natural recharge supplemented by surface water imports. Drought in 2015/2016 showed that despite tightly managed demand, additional supply was needed and attention turned once again to imports through the ENWC. Although capital and operating costs appear to be prohibitive, this would substantially reduce climate risk by diversifying to an unconstrained source. In this difficult environment, available hydrological tools have consistently provided good estimates of the volumes of water available at different levels of assurance to guide system management. The technical analysis of the recharge and storage potential of the Windhoek aquifers has also provided the basis for implementation. Although the impacts of climate change on regional precipitation and flows are uncertain (Hughes et al. 2011), Namibia’s requirement is only around 2% of the total flow, suggesting that the objections of environmentalists in Botswana, the downstream riparian, are ill-founded. The other long-term policy option is to break the “path dependence” since Windhoek was made the country’s capital 130 years ago and promote economic development in Namibia’s more humid northern region rather than increase the city’s water supply. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while the city of Windhoek is implementing measures such as diversifying water sources to enhance resilience against climate variability, these adaptations alone are not sufficient to fully counteract the effects of climate change. The mention of reliance on local natural recharge and the necessity for additional water imports during drought periods, as in 2015/2016, indicates that climate adaptation strategies are limited and must be supplemented by other measures, which suggests that adaptation alone is inadequate to address the challenges posed by climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: For the two XylS/Pm-based systems the distributions were broader for the wild-type system (Figure 6, Panel A) than for XylS/Pm ML1-17 (Figure 6, Panel B), meaning that the promoter mutations improved culture homogeneity. The reasons for this are not clear but they might be related to differences in the efficiency of transcription initiation. Fluorescence distributions of cells expressing GFP from LacI/P T7lac (Figure 6, Panel C) were quite unique compared to those from the other systems. The expression profile at the time of induction is surprisingly broad in this system compared to the profiles of the remaining systems, possibly indicating low and varying (between individual cells) levels of T7 RNA polymerase production. Secondly, from two hours post induction onwards, two peaks became visible, one at rather low and one at rather high fluorescence values. The peak heights were also strongly reduced at the end. Most probably, the peak around lower fluorescence values late after induction reflects the formation of two subpopulations of cells as described by Zhao et al. [60], one being soluble GFP bearing and the other being dominated by inclusion bodies. Our findings also support those of a previous report where GFP expression was studied from a pET vector context [4]. Figure 6Analysis of the distribution of expression using flow cytometry. Strains were grown under standard conditions. At the time point of induction (t= 0 min) and at several points afterwards (t= 20–300 min), samples were collected, snap-frozen, and collectively analyzed with a flow cytometer. The spread is represented by the coefficient of variation (CV). Panels A-D: ER2566, Panel E: DH10B. Full size imageThe LacI/P trc system (Figure 6, Panel D) is characterized by a very even signal distribution throughout the entire induction period. Interestingly, the mean fluorescence remained constant already two hours after induction, possibly a consequence of a very fast activation of transcription after inducer addition in this system. The AraC/P BAD system, displayed a similar behaviour as XylS/Pm meaning that it takes an extended time until all cells are induced as reflected by a tail of the distribution towards low fluorescence values (Figure 6, Panel E). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss chassis organisms or the use of E. coli in synthetic gene construction. Instead, it focuses on specific experimental results related to fluorescence distribution and transcription initiation efficiency in various systems, without addressing the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is used in personalized medicine to predict treatment outcomes. [SEP] Text: AbstractIntroduction: Obesity impacts the global population. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and cardiopulmonary exercise test [CPET]) may help modify the treatment. Objectives: We aimed to compare BIA and CPET results in obese and lean indivisuals, assess changes in BIA and CPET during obesity treatment, and indentify parameters predicting treatment outcome. Patients and methods: We enrolled 200 obese patients, of whom 45 underwent a lifestyle modification treatment, and 32 lean individuals (controls). Lifestyle modifications included diet, rehabilitation, education, and behavioral therapy. The diet was based on body composition assessed by BIA and fat metabolism assessed by CPET. The intensity of exercise in the rehabilitation program was based on CPET, mainly peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), fat metabolism (FAT), and fat heart rate (FAT HR). The protocol duration was 12 weeks. Results: Obese patients differed from lean controls with regard to VO2peak (P <0. 0001), oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (P <0. 0002), respiratory exchange ratio (P <0. 014), oxygen uptake to work rate slope (P <0. 0004), FAT (P <0. 001), FAT HR (P <0. 0008), anaerobic threshold heart rate (P <0. 0003), as well as fat mass (P = 0. 01), fat-free mass (P = 0. 007), resting metabolic rate (RMR) (P = 0. 007), total body water (P = 0. 01), and extracellular water (P = 0. 004). The treatment resulted in increased RMR (P <0. 02) and VO2peak (P <0. 002), as well as reduced fat tissue (P <0. 006) and resting heart rate (P <0. 017). The prediction model based on FAT HR, resting heart rate, and FAT enabled the prediction of treatment outcomes in 92% of patients. Conclusions: Obese patients had pathological FAT and impaired exercise tolerance. Changes in BIA and CPET prove the metabolic impact of lifestyle modification treatment. IntroductionThe number of patients with obesity is increasing worldwide. 1,2 It had tripled between 1975 and 2016, affecting more than 650 million adults (13%) in 2016, and 41 million children under the age of 5 years were overweight or obese. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that a prediction model based on parameters including FAT HR (fat heart rate) and resting heart rate was able to predict treatment outcomes in 92% of patients. This suggests an application of predictive analytics, which aligns with the use of AI in personalized medicine to tailor treatment strategies for obesity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Absent such a radical policy shift, the incremental completion of the ENWC is a rational approach to making Windhoek’s water supply more resilient since the scope for further savings through demand-side interventions is limited. The city’s century-long hydrological history and the acute nature of the water challenges that it faces have produced a good understanding of the options available to build systems that are resilient to the risks posed by long periods of multi-season drought. As a result, if adequate financial resources are available, the strategies already adopted to manage current climate variability will enable the city to meet its needs, even under conditions of climate change. Beira, Mozambique: the of Beira faces many climate-related challenges given its location which is regularly hit by tropical storms. Established in 1890 as a port and regional railway hub on low-lying land at the mouth of the Pungwe River, urban water supply is difficult because fresh groundwater is very limited and the river’s estuary is saline. While river flow is adequate to meet the city’s needs, extensive saline intrusion, exacerbated by growing upstream water use, required its intake 80 km from the city to be moved further 20 km upstream. However, water quality problems continued for a nearby irrigation scheme whose intake the city had shared. While the intake could have been protected by building a weir downstream to obstruct tidal influx or storage dams upstream to maintain minimum dry season flows, these options were rejected on environmental grounds (1997). While climate change impacts are obvious, hydrological analysis has characterized the salinity dynamics and helped to identify appropriate responses to the impact of increased water utilization and sea level rise. The immediate water management challenges have been well-characterized, and the priority is to coordinate responses to protect economic activity. However, in the longer term, the city’s vulnerable location may require radical relocation rather than water management solutions. and the River System: Sustaining a “Problemshed”In economic terms, the (IVRS) is the most important water resource development in Southern Africa. It supplies water to around 20 million people in a region that produces almost 50% of South Africa’s GDP and includes the country’s administrative capital (Pretoria) as well as Johannesburg, its largest city. If its functioning is impaired by climate change impacts, the entire country will suffer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations of climate adaptation alone. It indicates that while incremental strategies may improve resilience to water challenges, the vulnerable location of cities like Beira may require 'radical relocation rather than water management solutions' in the longer term. This suggests that adaptation measures are insufficient by themselves to fully counteract the impacts of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: One hour after induction, the distribution fell into a single, rather narrow peak that was shifted towards higher fluorescence values over time. The outcomes of the flow cytometry experiments showed that there is a quite big variation in GFP expression level among individual cells. By better understanding the factors controlling this variability it may become possible to improve expression at the population level. This conclusion is supported by the observation mutations in the Pm promoter region lead to more homogeneity. ConclusionsDevelopment of efficient recombinant gene expression protocols is often based a lot on case-specific trial and error approaches, and the results reported here contribute to the understanding of why. We have summarized the various observations (Table 3), and the LacI/P T7lac system can be distinguished from all the other systems by its general tends to give rise to more transcript than all the other systems. The difference relative to the XylS/Pm system may be reduced or eliminated by incorporating more mutated control elements, but at the moment this would lead to very high levels of protein synthesis also in the absence of inducer [31]. Since we have shown before that even the wild-type XylS/Pm system can in some cases generate protein production at industrial levels it is clear that LacI/P T7lac will only have an important advantage in those cases where the amount of transcript is the bottleneck. The experiments with and IL-1RA illustrate cases where this has limited or no relevance (compared to XylS/Pm ML1-17). In contrast, for luciferase the amounts of transcript appears to be very important, but the potential in the LacI/P T7lac system is in this case lost by the excessive production of inactive protein. LacI/P trc generally has the advantage (for applications where this might be relevant) of a fast onset of protein production and a homogenous expression profile. However, both high levels of expression in the absence of inducer and comparatively low total production make it the least desirable if one is aiming at highest possible level of expression. AraC/P BAD seems to be best with respect to tight regulation of the uninduced state coupled with high expression when induced. The XylS/Pm system has a big advantage of not being strain dependent in E. coli, and it is probably easiest to adapt to new bacterial hosts for cases where E. coli cannot be developed to perform in a satisfactory way. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various recombinant gene expression systems and their characteristics, including the LacI/P T7lac and XylS/Pm systems, but it does not specifically address the use of chassis organisms like E. coli for synthetic gene construction. Therefore, it does not support or oppose the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is used in personalized medicine to predict treatment outcomes. [SEP] Text: 1,2 Obesity decreases the lifespan and is related to multiple coexisting diseases. 3-7 Current treatment methods include education, lifestyle modification, dietary treatment, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. 8 Unfortunately, despite widespread prophylactic efforts and public health campaigns, the number of obese patients is increasing dramatically. 2 On the other hand, the number of medicines available is limited, and surgical methods are most effective in the treatment of morbid obesity and severe obesity with 1 or more significant comorbid conditions when less invasive methods of weight loss have failed and the patient is at risk for obesity-associated morbidity and mortality. The classic assessment of the patient’s eligibility for treatment is based on the body mass index (BMI). However, a more detailed insight into the pathophysiology of obesity is becoming more popular nowadays. System is a new tool that can stratify patients into groups depending on the type of treatment they require (noninvasive methods, bariatric surgery, or palliative treatment). 9 We hypothesized that the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) may help improve the therapy, adjust the treatment with diet or exercise in patients treated with lifestyle modification, and also increase the safety of treatment. The aims of the study were to compare the results of BIA and CPET in obese and lean patients, to analyze changes in BIA and CPET during the treatment of obesity with a lifestyle modification program, and to identify parameters that could be used to develop personalized treatment. However, the overriding aim of the study was to investigate obesity treatment based on and lifestyle modification. Patients and methodsA total of 200 consecutive adult obese patients were invited to the study, of whom 45 individuals decided to participate. All patients gave their informed consent to undergo a lifestyle modification treatment for obesity. Contraindications to the treatment included heart, lung, liver, and kidney deficiency, neoplastic disease, active autoimmune diseases, mental retardation, pregnancy, lactation, drug and alcohol abuse, and lack of compliance. The size of the study group was assessed based on a pilot study that showed that peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) results were lower than predicted in 60% of obese patients regardless of age and sex. Additionally, a body mass reduction greater than 5% was found in 60% of participants who completed the treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of a new tool that can stratify patients into groups depending on the type of treatment they require, which suggests the application of personalized medicine. Specifically, it mentions a hypothesis that involves improving therapy with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), indicating a focus on tailoring treatments based on individual patient parameters, thereby supporting the idea that AI can assist in predicting treatment outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: The IVRS region lies across the watershed of the country’s two largest rivers, the Orange and the Limpopo, which discharge into the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, respectively. By the 1960s, demand for water for domestic and economic purposes had outstripped the reliable flow of the main local source, the Vaal River, a tributary of the Orange River, which is also highly variable. A national policy review (1970) recommended a system approach to identify and introduce new sources. This coincided with the emergence of new techniques to undertake the required analysis (Maass et al. 1962). For four decades, system models guided decisions on expansion and operation (Basson and 2001) that have successfully sustained water security in the expanding system. Throughout this period, the objective was to manage the extreme climate variability, with drought risk as the key metric since there was little useful information about potential climate change risks. An important element of the system is the (LHWP), a multiphase scheme which diverts water that flows south from Lesotho in the Orange River, northward to its tributary. In terms of a binational Treaty, uses Lesotho territory to discharge the waters closer to the centers of demand, with considerable cost-savings. Climate variability and change are addressed in the Treaty only insofar as provision for joint action in the event of force majeure, covering “disturbance due to an extreme hydrological or other natural event, including extreme drought, and affecting the delivery of water to South Africa. ” Similarly, while the 1998 on Phase 1B of the project (which was successfully completed in 2002) makes no explicit mention of climate variability and change, it locates the purpose of the project as “reducing drought risk” in the system. The LHWP’s further phases are seen as low-risk, least-cost alternatives to augment the system’s capacity. Phase 2, the construction of the on another tributary, was included in the World Bank’s “RDM study” (Cervigni 2015). As with the in Kenya (see above), the study considered whether alternative configurations might be less economically vulnerable if climate change reduced project performance. Noting considerable climate uncertainty, the study suggested an alternative design could reduce the risk of financial losses due to climate change by up to 30%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while climate adaptation measures such as the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) have been implemented to manage hazards like droughts, it does not imply that these adaptations can fully counteract climate change effects. The mention of climate variability and change being addressed only 'insofar as provision for joint action in the event of force majeure' suggests that these adaptations are limited and reactive, rather than fully preventive measures against all consequences of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: In parallel, pair Pwitw4_AscI and Pwitw5_SpeI was used to amplify pSB-M1b [31] excluding the RK2 ori (trfA coding region and the oriV origin of replication). After digestion with AscI and SpeI of both the amplified pMB1 ori and the pSB-M1b -resulting PCR product, the two fragments were ligated to each other resulting in plasmid pSB-M2b. The difference between copy-numbers of RK2- and pMB1-based plasmids was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Construction of pSB-P0b introducing different regulator/promoter systems: Three different regulator/promoter systems were chosen to substitute the region spanning xylS/Pm in pSB-M1b and pSB-M2b. The lacI/P T7lac region was amplified from pET16b using ET_AgeI_fwd and ET_NdeI_rev and inserted into the two depicted backbones using NdeI and AgeI, generating pSB-E1b and pSB-E2b. The lacIq/P trc region was amplified from pTrc99A using TRC_AgeI_fwd1and TRC_NdeI_rev1 prior to insertion into pSB-M1b and pSB-M2b using AgeI and NdeI, generating pSB-T1b and pSB-T2b. Finally, the PCR product covering the araC/P BAD region from pBAD/gIII_calmodulin generated with the primers BAD_BbsI_fwd and BAD_NdeI_rev was inserted into the above mentioned backbones using BbsI and NdeI, creating pSB-B1b and pSB-B2b. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it provides detailed information about plasmid construction and amplification methods without directly mentioning E. coli or the use of chassis organisms in synthetic gene construction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is used in personalized medicine to predict treatment outcomes. [SEP] Text: Comparison of the resting heart rate (HR), heart rate with maximal fat acid oxidation (FAT HR), anaerobic threshold (AT HR), and maximal heart rate (HR MAX) according to a body mass reduction cutoff value of 5% or greaterAbbreviations: see Figure 1The next step of the analysis focused on the most promising parameters described above: and body volume measured by BIA, as well as resting and AT HR measured by CPET at the baseline visit. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was done to assess the sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of achieving the 5% or higher body mass reduction (Supplementary material, Table S10). The analyses which showed the highest sensitivity and specificity were FAT HR (with a cutoff value above 130 bpm) and resting HR (cutoff above 103 bpm). Both parameters had the area under the curve of 0. 80. We also analyzed the results of treatment in patients who achieved a 10% body mass reduction (Supplementary material, Figure S1, Table S11). As in the analysis of the group who achieved a body mass reduction of 10% or higher, the optimal results were achieved in patients with a cutoff level for FAT HR of 121 bpm (area under the curve >0. 80). The prevalence of coexisting diseases indicted that coronary artery disease and hypercholesterolemia were more prevalent in patients who did not achieve the body mass reduction of 5% or higher (Supplementary material, Table S12). Based on the results of the previous analyses, age, and coexisting diseases, the naive Bayes prediction model was developed. The best results were achieved in the model based on patient age, FAT HR, resting HR, and FAT. The described model enabled the correct prediction of the treatment results in 92% of patients (Table 5). Table 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of a naive Bayes prediction model, which achieved a 92% success rate in predicting treatment results based on various parameters including patient age, heart rates, and other factors. This indicates that AI is employed to predict outcomes, aligning with the assertion about its use in personalized medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: This only considered assumptions about water prices and demand and not the wider societal costs of supply failure, a conservative approach since, for many societies, higher water costs are preferable to the costs of unexpected supply failures (as is formally stated in the new water strategy (2019)). Subsequent studies concluded that the would meet its intended delivery targets under a wide range of climate scenarios with deficits occurring only in the very driest 16 of 122 scenarios. The IVRS also illustrates the benefits of a “problemshed”-based analysis (Mollinga 2020) which encompasses the actual physical and institutional boundaries within which water is managed not simply an individual “watershed” approach. Whereas hydrological models are based on the natural “watersheds” before human activity intervenes, water management requires models that reflect the interaction between human activities and the natural system. The IVRS shows how hydrological tools can effectively be applied to manage substantial climate variability in complex multi-basin systems. Coordination: Drought Risks, Discount Rates, and HydropowerThe final case, the proposed in the transnational Basin, illustrates the challenges of evaluating climate change’s impacts in a complex system and uncertain economic and institutional context. In a basin that already suffers extreme climate events, the implications of climate change for hydropower expansion are a concern. Hydropower is the main source of electricity for the riparian countries and offers further opportunities to support their socioeconomic development. Dam project illustrates the challenges of identifying adaptive approaches that optimize the benefits that hydropower can provide while minimizing the risk. The history of Zambezi hydropower is as much about national and regional politics as hydrology or economics. Its potential was recognized early in the twentieth century, but it was only in the 1950s that it was decided to construct the Kariba Dam, creating what is still the world’s largest dam reservoir by volume. Built by the Government of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Kariba’s initial installed capacity of 1300 MW was sufficient to meet the needs of the Federation. It was controversial because a smaller project could have been built on the Zambezi’s Kafue tributary in Northern Rhodesia, closer to the mines that were the main centers of electricity demand. But political imperatives supported the larger project to reinforce the Federation although Northern Rhodesia, later Zambia, withdrew in 1963. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges of addressing climate change effects within hydropower expansion in a basin that suffers extreme climate events. It indicates that adaptation strategies face significant hurdles, as seen in the discussions about the limitations of existing water management models, the influence of socioeconomic factors, and the need for comprehensive evaluations that encompass both institutional and environmental interactions. This suggests that adaptation alone may not be sufficient to fully counteract the multifaceted impacts of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: In order to insert the Pm variant ML1-17 [27], pSB-M1b and pSB-M2b were digested with XbaI and PciI removing the Pm core promoter region which was replaced by two annealed oligonucleotides that constitute the double-stranded Pm ML1-17 fragment with XbaI and PciI compatible ends, creating pSB-M1b-1-17 and pSB-M2b-1-17. Introduction of other genes of interest: All pSB-P0b variants, except for pSB-B2b, were digested with NdeI and BamHI to excise the bla gene and to insert the lucS gene from pIB11-lucS instead, generating pSB-P0l variants. pSB-B2b and pSB-M1l were digested with NdeI and KpnI. The resulting DNA fragment corresponding to the pSB-B2 backbone and the lucS gene were ligated to each other to generate pSB-B2l. The scFv173-2-5-phoA gene was PCR cloned from pHOG-173-2-5-AP with primer pair pelB_fwd and APhis_rev2. The enzyme combination NdeI and BamHI was used to replace the bla gene from pSB-M1b with the digested scFv173-2-5-phoA PCR product resulting in pSB-M1s. From there on NdeI and BamHI were used to generate all pSB-P0s variants, except for pSB-B2s. This construct was generated by digesting pSB-B2b and pSB-B1s with BamHI and ligating the pSB-B2 backbone with the scFv173-2-5-phoA BamHI digested insert from pSB-B1s. gfpmut3 originating from pBAD24-GFP was inserted into the pSB-P0b variants using NdeI and BamHI with the exception of pSB-B2b. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various technical methods and procedures used in DNA manipulation and gene construction but does not explicitly mention chassis organisms such as E. coli or their role in synthetic gene construction. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is used in personalized medicine to predict treatment outcomes. [SEP] Text: Prediction models assessing the result of the treatment with intensive lifestyle modificationComponents of the prediction modelAccuracy, %Results predicting the lack of treatment efficacy in patients who achieved the treatment outcomeResults predicting treatment efficacy in patients who did not achieve the treatment outcomeresting HR, FAT, kg9211resting HR, FAT, kg, TBW, %, AT HR8812Age, FAT, kg8804resting HR8322FAT HR, resting HR, FAT, kg8331Abbreviations: see Tables 3 and 4 We also assessed the likelihood of achieving a body mass reduction of 5% or higher or of more than 10%, depending on the initial resting and AT HR (Supplementary material, Figure S2). Patients with a resting HR above 81 bpm showed a greater probability of a body mass reduction of 5% or higher (odds ratio [OR], 19. 5; 95% CI, 1. 5–245; P = 0. 003), with a similar result observed for a FAT HR above 103 bpm (OR, 19. 5; 95% CI, 1. 5–245; P = 0. 003). Additionally, the probability of a body mass reduction of more than 10% was higher for a FAT HR above 103 bpm (OR, 12; 95% CI, 1. 02–139; P = 0. 01). DiscussionNoninvasive obesity treatment using lifestyle modification including diet, medical rehabilitation, behavioral therapy as assessed by CPET and BIA can result in a body mass reduction of 5% or higher in 70% of patients, and a reduction of 10% in 43% of patients. Moreover, the treatment outcome can be predicted in 92% of cases using a prediction model based on age, the results of CPET such as FAT HR and resting HR, as well as fat tissue measured by BIA. The extent of the obesity pandemic requires the development of effective methods that can be used across large groups of patients. The body mass reduction and percentage of dropouts reported in our study are similar to the results of other studies, including those by Goodpaster et al,13 Christiansen et al,14 Share et al,15,16 and, finally, a large multicenter study (Health in Diabetes). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how prediction models are used to assess treatment outcomes related to lifestyle modification in obesity treatment. It indicates that a prediction model utilizing variables like age and physical assessments (such as resting HR) can predict treatment success in 92% of cases, which aligns with the claim of using AI for personalized medicine to forecast outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Mozambique’s Dam, with an installed capacity of 2075 MW, had similar political drivers to Kariba; it used cheap electricity to reinforce the political relationship between the Portuguese colonial power and South Africa. This relationship was even shorter-lived – Mozambique became independent in 1975, just as was completed and the reservoir began to fill. With the development in Zambia of the 900 and some smaller projects, there is now almost 5,000 MW of installed hydropower generation capacity in the basin with an average total energy production of around 30,000 GWh/year, of which 23,000 is “firm energy,” available at high reliability and very low cost, since most initial construction loans have long been repaid. This economic benefit of large water infrastructure is seldom accounted for although the resulting “path dependency” is often commented upon (Haasnoot et al. 2019). The total energy production could be doubled to around 60,000 GWh/year through the extension of existing facilities and the construction of new dams. This would meet most of the current electricity demand of the eight riparian states although optimal production will require hydrologically informed cooperation between operators. The resilience of new schemes to climate variability and change has come under particular scrutiny as international development finance institutions consider their financial viability. While individual projects have been assessed in some detail, it is important to understand how they would function in a future system, which includes irrigation and urban uses, under conditions of climate change. At present, evaporation from the Kariba and lakes is by far the largest “consumptive use” of Zambezi water, accounting for 85% of the 12. 5 km3 average “consumption”; all other uses (agriculture, urban, and industrial) account for just 1. 9 km3, just 2% of the available runoff. With the growth of population and economies, water consumption will reduce flows, impacting on hydropower production. A 2010 “Multi-Opportunity Analysis” (MSIOA) investigated the potential impacts of such new developments and the benefits for the riparian countries of coordinating their development plans, to reduce uncertainty about hydropower potential (2010). The study included an economic assessment tool and considered possible climate change impacts. Its main finding was that coordinating investments and infrastructure operation could significantly increase the economic benefits compared to stand-alone project development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the resilience of hydropower projects to climate variability and change is under scrutiny, indicating that climate adaptation alone is not sufficient to address all impacts of climate change. It emphasizes the importance of cooperation and coordinated investments to mitigate uncertainties related to hydropower production, suggesting that merely adapting without broader strategic efforts may not fully counteract climate change effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Instead, BamHI was used to excise the gene from pSB-B1g and to place it into pSB-B2 backbone (originating from pSB-B2l) to generate pSB-B2g. Genes GH1S and IL1RNS were excised from pMA-GH and pMA-T-IL-1RA with NdeI and BamHI and transferred to the pSB-P0b variants with the Pm, Pm ML1-17, P T7lac and P trc promoter using the same enzymes, resulting in pSB-P0h and pSB-P0r variants. Growth conditions for comparative expression studiesThe general cultivation protocol was based on recommendations published by the (EMBL) [63]. For E. coli cultivations LB medium was chosen because it is widely used among molecular biologists and at the same time it was avoided to use media with glucose as a carbon source due to the influence of glucose on background expression from P T7lac and P BAD through catabolite repression [64]. A growth temperature of 30°C was applied for slowing down the growth rate of E. coli, as this generally leads to more soluble protein [65]. Initially the kinetics of protein accumulation was studied for all expression cassettes, using GFP (fluorescence) and luciferase (activity) as the main models. The inducer concentrations and culture harvesting times post induction were varied and we found that five hours induction was sufficient to reach a plateau of accumulated protein per OD unit of cells. For GFP the accumulation rate was nearly constant (slightly lower from 3–5 hours) over this time-period. For most of the proteins it was complicated to follow the kinetics accurately since there was no quantitative method for measurement available, and in case of luciferase activity measurements may not necessarily correlate exactly with the accumulation kinetics of the insoluble fraction. Recombinant E. coli ER2566 and DH10B strains were grown in 2 ml LB supplemented with 50 μg/ml kanamycin at 30°C over-night. Then 15 ml of LB with kanamycin in shake flasks were inoculated with the overnight culture to an initial OD600 of 0. 05. Following incubation at 200 rpm and 30°C expression was induced at OD600= 0. 5-0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses specific methods involving E. coli but does not mention its status as a chassis organism for synthetic gene construction. Instead, it describes experimental protocols and conditions used in gene expression studies that involve E. coli without addressing the broader context of its common use in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is used in personalized medicine to predict treatment outcomes. [SEP] Text: We also performed a gene expression study,38 which compared the whole genome expression in obese patients and controls regarding CPET. The differences observed indicated abnormalities in fat oxidation and maximal oxygen uptake. The genes with major differences in expression were CLEC121, 4, HLA-A29. 1, IFIT1, and LOC100133662. Interestingly, the IFIT1 gene expression was different in obese patients with asthma. 39Prediction of treatment effectivenessThe results of our study prove that it is possible to predict the results of obesity treatment. The crucial values are patient age (optimal <45 years), and resting HR (>81 bpm). The results of CPET enable finding the HR with optimal FAT during exercise (optimal >103). The BIA measures fat tissue, which if above 36 kg, predicts a good treatment outcome. The analysis based on the above factors enables the proper prediction of the result in 92% of patients. Current studies indicate several factors that should be considered, such as physical activity, compliance, and time of treatment. 14,15 A lower initial BMI predicts the worst treatment outcome,15 which was confirmed in our group. The results of the study indicate that optimal assessment of the treatment should be done after 2 months with initial assessment after 6 weeks. 17,40,41 Treatment modification may be based on additional patient visits or phone calls, which increases the success rate by 8%. 42-44 The results of BIA indicate the muscle tissue as the important factor responsible for the treatment outcome. 6 The age-dependent decrease of muscle tissue may be increased by a restrictive diet6,37; however, it can be prevented by additional medical rehabilitation. 6,37 An interesting factor described recently is FAT HR. It differs in obese and normal weight teenagers33 and women. 24 Patients with low FAT HR may benefit from exercise of a long duration rather than more intense exercise. 33 More intense training leads to anaerobic FAT and the ineffectiveness of treatment. 33The results of our study provide the doctors and patients with a new tool in the treatment of obesity. The combination of BIA and CPET in addition to simple clinical parameters may predict the outcome of obesity treatment. It may also modify the diet and medical rehabilitation in obesity. We are aware of the limitations of our study. The results are promising but should be validated in a study on a larger group of patients and a longer follow-up. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the study's results indicate the possibility of predicting treatment outcomes in obese patients. It mentions specific factors, such as patient age and heart rate, that are relevant to treatment effectiveness. Moreover, it highlights the use of genetic expression analysis and clinical parameters, suggesting that these insights can aid in personalized treatment approaches for obesity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Beyond the hydrological uncertainties, the political challenge is to achieve an equitable sharing of the costs and benefits. However, economic analysis is particularly challenging for investments such as water resource infrastructure which have a high initial cost but yield benefits over a very long period. The imputed value of long-term production depends heavily on assumptions about future prices as well as the “discount rate” applied in the analysis, and there is limited consensus about the appropriate approach, not least because the choice is usually determined by policy objectives (Fankhauser and Stern 2016) in which climate change adaptation strategies are not always adequately reflected. These issues were illustrated in the analysis of Batoka in the 2015 RDM study (Cervigni 2015). site is on the main stem of the Zambezi, downstream from and upstream from Kariba. It has limited storage and will depend on natural river flows which, although moderated somewhat in the extensive wetlands of the upper catchment, are very variable and subject to drought, making it particularly vulnerable to climate change (Harrison and Whittington 2002). In this context, the RDM study noted that: “In drier futures, smaller facilities yield higher net benefits, as less investment is underutilized during the dry periods. In wetter futures, larger facilities that can better take advantage of high flow periods yield higher net benefits. ” Batoka it found, “shows significant sensitivity to climate change with up to a 33 percent decrease or a 15 percent increase in average power production. ” (Cervigni 2015) Over 30 years, the difference between the worst- and best-case scenarios was estimated at around US$4 billion, in 2015 values, based on average energy prices in the Power Pool. But in a dry period, electricity prices would rise as all supplies would be reduced in a system that was dependent on hydropower. While in 2015 this effect was not yet evident because the region still had coal-fired alternatives, over the next five decades, coal-fired power will be constrained, and carbon taxes will increase its price, further supporting hydropower prices. Even without these considerations, Batoka showed that “economics of projects of this type could be highly sensitive to the price of power” (Cervigni et al. 2015). Once again, it was emphasized that a project that was financially sensitive to climate change impacts was not necessarily financially vulnerable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the challenges and uncertainties surrounding climate adaptation strategies. It states that climate change adaptation strategies are not always adequately reflected in policy objectives, suggesting that relying solely on adaptation may be insufficient. The mention of economic analyses being complicated by climate change's uncertainty further illustrates that adaptation alone cannot fully counteract its effects, as indicated by the significant variations in power production based on climate scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: 6 as follows: 2 mM m-toluate for strains harboring Pm- based constructs, 1 mM IPTG for those with P T7lac 0. 2 mM IPTG for P trc and 0. 015% L-arabinose for P BAD. Growth was continued for 5 more hours at 30°C. Transcript analysis by qRT-PCRAt harvest, 0. 5 ml of culture was stabilized with RNA protect (Qiagen) prior to freezing. The subsequent total RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis and relative transcript quantification by qRT-PCR was performed as described previously [28]. Primer pairs used during amplification are listed in Table 4. Transcript generated from the 16S rRNA gene was used for normalization. Activity measurements of the different reportersThe luciferase assay was performed using the Luciferase assay System (Promega). At harvest, the cell culture was normalized to an OD600 of 0. 5. 90 μL of this mixture was supplemented with 10 μL of K2HPO4, pH 7. 8, 20 mM EDTA prior to lysis with the Reagent (CCLR, Promega). The remaining steps of the protocol were carried out according to the manufacturer’s instructions except that the luciferase activities were determined from 10 μL lysed culture mixed with 50 μL of substrate. The alkaline phosphatase assay was performed as described previously [66]. Fluorescence measurements of strains expressing GFP were performed with the FLUinstrument (BMG Labtech) together with the corresponding Omega Software. Fluorescence intensity was determined directly from the cultures using an appropriate filter set (excitation: 485 nm; emission: 520 nm). Values were normalized against the optical density. Data were acquired from three biological and thereof three technical replica. Protein analysis by SDS--PAGE analysis 50 ml culture volume was used. Because of impaired growth of recombinant strains expressing scFv173-2-5-AP, 3xLB was used to get sufficient cell mass for analysis. The general growth conditions were as described above for the comparative expression studies. At harvest, bacterial pellets were washed with 0. 9% NaCl and 100 mg pellet (wet weight) was frozen until further processing. Pellets were resuspended in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli for synthetic gene construction. It primarily describes experimental procedures and methods for transcript analysis, protein analysis, and growth conditions. There is no mention of E. coli specifically as a chassis organism or its role in synthetic gene construction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering in agriculture can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: Printable page Tell us how you can be, and we’ll make you better: exploiting genetic variability in personality traits to improve top-down control of agricultural pests based on reviews by Pannebakker, François Dumont, Byrne and A recommendation of: Consistent variations in personality traits and their potential for genetic improvement of biocontrol agents: Trichogramma evanescens as a case study Silène éraldine Groussier, Vincent Calcagno, Philippe Louâpre, François-Xavier Dechaume-Moncharmont, and Jérôme Moreau (2020), bioRxiv, 2020. 08. 21. 257881, ver. 4 peer-reviewed and recommended by in Ecology Read preprint in preprint server Data used for results -CN Submission: posted 24 August 2020Recommendation: posted 13 January 2021, validated 14 January 2021 Cite this recommendation as:Montserrat, M. (2021) Tell us how you can be, and we’ll make you better: exploiting genetic variability in personality traits to improve top-down control of agricultural pests. in Ecology, 100069. 10. 24072/pci. ecology. 100069 in the XXI century faces the huge challenge of having to provide food to a rapidly growing human population, which is expected to reach 10. 9 billion in 2100 (UUNN 2019), by means of practices and methods that guarantee crop sustainability, human health safety, and respect to the environment (UUNN 2015). Such regulation by the ultimately entails that agricultural scientists are urged to design strategies and methods that effectively minimize the use of harmful chemical products to control pest populations and to improve soil quality. One of the most, if not the most, sustainable, safe, and environmentally friendly approach to apply against pests is Control (BPC, hereafter), that is, the use of natural enemies to control the populations of pest organisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of genetic variability to improve biological control of agricultural pests. It indicates that agricultural scientists are encouraged to develop methods that sustainably manage pest populations, hinted through the use of natural enemies. This approach ties back to the broader notion of genetic engineering that can enhance crop resilience against pest threats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: These economic studies are highly dependent on the discount rates chosen. The RDM study used a policy discount rate of 3% for assessing social policy objectives. But for Batoka, both the MSIOA and the RDM analyses used a “finance discount” rate of 10% (2010) to ensure adequate financial returns to repay loans. The danger is that using present-day markets to estimate long-run prices ignores the potential increase in the value of output as a result of climate change policies, devalues the long-term benefits of cooperation, and thus does not adequately reflect the policy goals of climate change mitigation. A final gap in these attempts to integrate policies for climate resilience more effectively fully into hydrological and economic analysis has been the failure to consider the “water use efficiency” of energy generation in the Zambezi Basin. Presently, over 10% of the Zambezi’s flow is lost to evaporation from the two large hydropower reservoirs. Full development of the basin will not require the significant expansion of storage to manage hydrological variability, and the proposed cascade of three dams in the lower Zambezi will benefit from the hydrological security provided by the Kariba and reservoirs upstream. While the MSIOA notes with concern that the output of those projects could vary between +9% and − 13% by 2100 (2010), it makes no allowance for value inherent in increasing “water use” efficiency by increasing the energy produced per unit of water. These analyses of the and the broader strategies to ensure optimum management of the Zambezi Basin’s waters show that the challenges of assessing the economic benefits and risks of large water investments are at least as complex as those of managing the hydrological uncertainties. Discussion: Principles to under UncertaintyThe cases presented illustrate the contexts within which major water resource investment decisions are taken and the limited contribution that can be made by emerging climate change science beyond the charting of the range of future uncertainty. Nevertheless, the focus on potential climate change impacts does provide useful guidance for the planners, developers, and operators of major water resource infrastructure working in “difficult hydrologies. ”PrinciplesFrom these cases, some general principles can be identified that could help water resource managers to develop coherent adaptive strategies for the projects or systems for which they are responsible and assist them in communicating their approaches to their wider communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of solely relying on climate adaptation strategies without considering integrating climate change mitigation policies. Specifically, it points out the inadequacy of current economic analyses to fully represent the long-term benefits of cooperation and climate change policies. It emphasizes that strategies concerning water resource management in the Zambezi Basin illustrate the complexity of managing hydrological uncertainties, thus implying that adaptation alone is insufficient without broader considerations of climate change mitigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: 0, 1 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl, 8 mM MgCl2). The solution was sonicated using a DSM tip (sonication for 3. 5 minutes on ice, duty cycle 35% and output control 3. 0). Soluble and insoluble fractions were separated by centrifugation and treated with 62. 5 U/ml Benzonase nuclease (Merck). Protein gels were run under denaturing conditions using ClearPAGE 10% gels and -R Run buffer (C. B. S. Scientific) followed by staining with blue R-250 (Merck). Flow-cytometryCultures were grown essentially as decribed for SDS-PAGE analysis. At various time points after induction, 1 ml of culture was collected, supplemented with glycerol to 10% and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen until further analysis. For single-cell fluorescence measurements, samples were thawed on ice and diluted in PBS. Flow cytometry was performed using the CyFlow® Space flow cytometer (Partec) equipped with a 488 nm blue solid state laser (200 mW) and a 536/ 40 nm band pass filter. For each sample, 150,000 events were collected at a rate between 800 and 2,000 events per second. Data were analysed with the Windows™ XP FloMax(R) software (Quantum Analysis). The mean and spread (coefficient of variation (CV)) of the distributions were calculated over all collected values after gating. Abbreviations5′-UTR: 5′-untranslated region qRT-PCR: Relative quantification real-time RT-PCR scFv173-2-5-AP: Single-chain antibody fragment 173-2-5 alkaline phosphatase fusion protein GFP: Green fluorescent protein HGH: Human growth hormone IL-1RA: Human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist EMBL: -PAGE: Sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis RBS: Ribosome binding site TIR: Translation initiation rate CV: Coefficient of variation LB: NEB: : Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside 222. 10. 1007/s00253-006-0465-8. 6862. 10. 1128/AEM. 71. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed technical procedures related to laboratory methods, such as sonication, centrifugation, and flow cytometry analysis, without mentioning chassis organisms or their use in synthetic gene construction. There is no information that supports or contradicts the specific claim about E. coli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering in agriculture can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: In my humble opinion, what makes the paper of Lartigue et al. (2020) a remarkable contribution to the field of genetic breeding of BCAs is that it opens a new window of opportunities to the field, by exploring the possibilities for artificial selection of behavioral traits (Réale et al. 2007) to "create" strains of natural enemies displaying behavioral syndromes (Sih et al. 2004) that makes them better at regulating pest populations. The behavioral approach for breeding BCAs can then be extended by crossing it with known abiotic and/or biotic hostile environments (e. g. warm and drought environments, presence of predators/competitors to the BCA, respectively) and engineer strains more prompt to display particular behavioral syndromes to help them to overcome the overall hostility of specific environments. I strongly believe that the approach proposed in Lartigue et al. (2020) will influence the future management of agricultural systems, where strategies including the genetic breeding of BCAs’ behavior will contribute to create better guards and protectors of our crops. 10. 1002/ps. 5857 CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity, 2011. Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing, Hörstadius, S. (1974). Linnaeus, animals and man. of the Linnaean Society, 6, 269-275. doi: Koch, R. L. and Galvan, T. L. (2008). Bad side of a good beetle: the experience with Harmonia axyridis. BioControl 53, 23–35. doi: Konishi, M. and Ito, Y. (1973). Early entomology in East Asia. In: (Eds. ), History of Entomology, Inc. , Palo Alto, California, 20. Lartigue, S. , Yalaoui, M. , Belliard, J. , Caravel, C. , Jeandroz, L. , Groussier, G. , Calcagno, V. , Louâpre, P. , Dechaume-Moncharmont, F. -X. , Malausa, T. and Moreau, J. (2020). Consistent variations in personality traits and their potential for genetic improvement of biocontrol agents: Trichogramma evanescens as a case study. bioRxiv, 2020. 08. 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic breeding of biological control agents (BCAs) can enhance their behavioral traits to better regulate pest populations, which directly supports the idea that genetic engineering can improve crop resistance to pests. The mention of creating strains that display particular behavioral syndromes to help them overcome hostile environments suggests that genetic approaches can lead to improved management of agricultural systems, aligning with the claim of enhancing crop resistance through genetic engineering.