Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Nigella sativa L. cumin Tikur azmud (A) Karetta sawuwa (W) The fresh leaves of Nigella sativa is crushed and pounded with Ruta chalepensis, Lepidium sativum and sometimes Allium sativum. Thereafter, the ground mixture is taken orally with a spoonful of honey before breakfast. Ocimum gratissimum L. Gulluwa (W), Damakese (A) malaise (Mitch), fresh leaves of Ocimum gratissimum are boiled in hot water and the juice is taken orally. Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. , Gulluwa (W), Damakessie (A) The fresh or dried leave of Ocimum lamiifolium is crushed and added to already prepare coffee. Or, the fresh or dried leaves are squeezed with water and take orally before food in morning. Pentas spp. , (W) Herb HL fractures The fresh leaves of the plant is boiled with hot water and given orally. The fresh leave of the plant is crushed and squeezed. Then, the thick liquid is filtrated and taken orally twice a day or one, accordingly. Persea americana Mill. , Abokkaduwaa (W), Abokados (A) The fresh fruit of Persea americana is peeled and the flesh taken orally. Fruit Dandruff, skin disease The fresh fruit of Persea americana is applied on the injured skin surface. Rhamnus prinoide L′Hér. Geeshuwa (W), Gesho (A) The fresh leaves or ripened fruit of Rhamnus prinoide are chewed and the juice is swallowed. Ruta chalepensis L. Xalotiya (W), Tena adam (A) The fresh leaves of Ruta chalepensis are boiled with tea or coffee and taken orally. Or, the leaves are squeezed with water and the juice is taken orally. spirit 'Goromootiya' or 'Buda'. The fresh leave of Ruta chalepensis is given to Evil spirited patients directly or in mixture with already prepared coffee or tea. If the patient is hesitate to take due to it's smell, then, they conclude that the patient is evil spirited. Solanium macrocarpon L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Aloe vera; instead, it discusses various other plants and their traditional uses for different ailments, without mentioning Aloe vera at all. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: The farmers can login to the farmer’s web portal with registered username and password to receive the recommendations given by the agriculture scientists. These recommendations help farmers to avoid both over watering and shortage irrigation of plants and also increase the crop yield. The ACS has a push service unit that pushes the recommendations to the farmers via Service (SMS) in emergency scenario. As a whole, the proposed system helps both the scientists and farmers to frequently examine the dynamic nature of soil moistures in the cultivation fields without frequently visiting the lands with manual interventions. Based on the dynamic nature of the lands, the scientists can guide the farmers about the duration and quantity of water supply via farmer web portal and SMS. The proposed approach significantly increases the accuracy of soil moisture measurement with the help of multi-depth sensors and hence conserves the water in dry areas. This water conservation extends the water availability, where water is a scarce resource. The proposed system also conserves the battery energy in ISMSUs and saves electricity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a system that helps farmers manage water supply based on the dynamic nature of the soil moisture. This approach conserves water in dry areas and directly relates to maximizing water efficiency, aligning with the techniques employed in desert agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: Although the share of biofuels in road transport quadrupled between 2004 and 2007, statistics demonstrate that there is a significant gap between bioethanol production and capacity, and overall consumption has repeatedly fallen short of EU targets [4]. It is therefore evident that EU bioethanol expansion is constrained by various technological, economic or political bottlenecks. Concerns regarding GHG savings, land-use change and rising food prices associated with first-generation biofuels derived from food crops, have resulted in research and policy support favoring production of lignocellulosic (second-generation) biofuels. However, the ability of biofuels to positively contribute to climate change mitigation continues to be a hotly contended issue [5]. Although environmental assessments of the potential GHG savings achieved from biofuels vary (particularly in relation to the controversial issue of land-use change) the majority indicate that second-generation biofuel production from sustainably sourced lignocellulosic resources would indeed lead to lower overall GHG emissions when compared with first-generation biofuels and fossil alternatives [5]. Poplars (Populus spp. ) have been the subject of significant interest due to their: 1) potential for management under short- (including very short) rotation coppice (SRC) harvest cycles, 2) wide genetic diversity and available genome sequence, 3) strong heterosis in interspecific hybrids, 4) low nutrient demand and 5) high biomass yield on different types of land [6, 7]. Poplars are important forestry and SRC species in Europe with about 950,000 ha of poplar plantation and 130,000 ha of natural forests with indigenous poplar [8]. This interest has been supported by a number of and nationally-funded projects on poplars for biofuel, with the present work being undertaken within the Commission of the European Committee’s (CEC) Programme (FP7) Project EnergyPoplar (FP7-211917). Due to the natural recalcitrance of lignocellulose, a pretreatment stage is considered necessary to achieve the high sugar release believed to be essential for economic success [9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant constraints on biofuel production that indicate it is not yet commercially viable to meet fuel demands fully. It discusses the gap between bioethanol production and capacity, the falling short of consumption targets in the EU, and issues related to first-generation biofuels. The text elaborates on challenges like technological and economic bottlenecks and the ongoing debate over biofuels' contribution to climate change mitigation, suggesting that while research is ongoing, a clear commercial viability for all fuel needs has not been established.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Santta buluwa (W), Embuaye (A) fresh leave of Solanium macrocarpsm is ground and mixed with butter. Thereafter, the mixture is boiled and taken orally. Solanium incanum L. apple Bulluwa (W) Embuaye (A) The fresh root of Solanium incanum is chewed and the juice is swallowed. Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench, Maldduwa (W), Mashila (A) disease The dried or sometimes fresh seeds of Sorghum bicolor are chewed and the juice is spit on skin. Spilanthes mauritiana DC. , Aydamiia (W), The fresh fruit of Spilanthes mauritiana is chewed and the juice is swallowed. Syzygium guineense subsp. Macrocarpum (Engl. ) F. Water berry Ochchaa (W), Doqima (A) The fresh bark of Syzygium guineense is ground and mixed in water to be taken orally. Thymus schimperi Ronniger, Zimbanuwaa (W), Tosign (A) The dried leaves are chopped and boiled with water to make a tea of Thymus schimperi. Or, the dried stem or leaves of Thymus schimperi is ground and the powder would be added to already prepared coffee or tea is taken orally. Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Shuqquwa (W), Abish (A) The dried seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum are ground and its powder is used for wound dressing. Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl, Banggaa (W), Sinde (A) Herb HL fractures, Weight gain The dried seeds of Triticum dicoccon are directly given to eat. (L). The dried seeds of Triticum dicoccon is ground to make porridge. Thereafter, the porridge is given orally. (H). Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. , Yahiya joro (A) bite The fresh or dried root of Verbascum sinaiticum is crushed slightly and given for chewing soon after snake bait. Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention aloe vera or any information related to its traditional use for treating skin ailments. Rather, it discusses various other plants and their uses, which are irrelevant to the claim about aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: The area has tropical climate with relatively high rainfall of about 15-41mm with a peak in summer (March to October). Temperature ranges between 20oC to 21oC in winter and between 38oC to 42oC in summer. The brinjal crop with drip irrigation is considered for this experiment as shown in Figure 6. The distance between adjacent plants is 40cm and the drip irrigation pipe is designed to watering the plants near the root region. 5 DiscussionsThis section gives the results and analysis of the proposed system. The performance of the proposed system has been evaluated and compared with the existing static depth soil moisture measurement approach (Prijono & Bana (2015)). The experiments were conducted for 15 days continuously in the depth of 10cm, 20cm and 30cm, respectively. Value (ESM) is a reference value that can be configured with users choice as it highly depends on the nature of soil, crop type, and crop period. From the experiments, it is found that the proposed system provides high level of flexibility to the agriculture scientists to set these values. We can find the similar straight line fitting to the data when the land depth is 10cm, 20cm, and 30cm. The ESM values and the ASMR calculated by both the proposed and existing static measurement approach proposed by Gutierrz et al. (2014) in different days are tabulated in the Tables 5, 6 and 7 and comparison graphs are shown in figures 7, 8 and 9. Table 5 Content of the soil in 10 cm depth (ESM) (%) ASMR calculated by (%) ASMR calculated by Approach (%) Gutierrz et al. (2014) 03-08-2018 0. 06 0. 056 0. 012 04-08-2018 0. 065 0. 06 0. 019 05-08-2018 0. 07 0. 065 0. 019 06-08-2018 0. 075 0. 07 0. 026 07-08-2018 0. 08 0. 074 0. 029 08-08-2018 0. 085 0. 081 0. 03 5, it is observed that the proposed model predicts the soil moisture more accurately than the static measurement approach at 10cm depth. Table 6 Content of the soil in 20 cm depth (ESM) (%) ASMR calculated by (%) ASMR calculated by Approach (%) Gutierrz et al. (2014) 09-08-2018 0. 08 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that 'the brinjal crop with drip irrigation is considered for this experiment,' indicating the use of drip irrigation, a technique known for maximizing water efficiency, in growing a specific crop.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: Pretreatment technologies applied to poplar include dilute acid (DA), liquid hot water (LHW), ammonia fibre expansion, sulphur dioxide steam explosion and lime, some of which have achieved sugar yields of up to 90% of the original cellulose content [9–13]. Although pretreatment adds to costs within the biochemical conversion process, the low sugar yields achieved in the absence of pretreatment result in greatly reduced ethanol yields, thereby effectively negating the savings achieved by the removal of this step [9]. It has been stated that ‘the only operation more expensive than pretreatment is no pretreatment’; and that an economically feasible process is only attained through minimizing pretreatment costs whilst maximizing sugar yields [9]. The presence of lignin in plant cell walls is understood to not only impede enzyme accessibility to cellulose, but to also reduce the relative amount of cellulose present on a mass balance basis [14–16]. However, this does not mean that reducing lignin results in higher cellulose biosynthesis [16–19]. Modern molecular biotechnology offers alternative approaches to conventional plant breeding techniques for enhancing the chemical composition of biofuel feedstocks, including the altered expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of the p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl and syringyl building blocks of lignin [14, 19, 20], or the engineering of entirely new lignin structures using synthetic biology [21, 22]. Recent studies have successfully demonstrated that by reducing the lignin content in poplar and other woody species, improved accessibility is achieved during enzymatic saccharification [14, 19, 20, 23–26]. However, the impact that these modifications may have from an economic perspective is currently unknown. Though there are several techno-economic assessments carried out on poplar-to-bioethanol processes, these are limited to variations of feedstock and process design [27–29]. Here, we evaluate the potential for bioethanol production from SRC poplar in five EU countries from technology, economic and policy standpoints, thereby providing a coherent framework to facilitate dialogue between scientists, economists and policymakers on addressing the major bottlenecks within the supply chain, which currently hamper the commercial viability of bioethanol from poplar in the EU. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the economic challenges and bottlenecks in the commercial viability of bioethanol production from poplar, indicating that current methods lack economic feasibility despite advancements in biotechnology and pretreatment techniques. It highlights that 'the impact that these modifications may have from an economic perspective is currently unknown,' suggesting that bioethanol, a type of biofuel that may compete with algae biofuel, is not yet commercially viable, thereby challenging the assertion that algae biofuel is already viable for all fuel needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: , bitterleaf Garaa (W), Girawa (A) leaves of Vernonia amygdalina are mixed with Rumex nervosus and Justicia schimperiana leave. Thereafter, the mixed leaves are squeezed together with water and the resulting juice is taken orally. Vernonia hymenolepis' dried or sometimes fresh leaves are crushed and placed on a wound is to stop bleeding. spirit The fresh shoot of Vernonia amygdalina is ground and mixed with water, filed in the beaker and stand in front of the room. When an evil spirited person enters to the home, the water in the beaker fall and the patient is identified. Zingiber officinale Rosc. , Yenjjeeluwa (W), Zinjibil (A) The peeled fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale is chewed and the resulting juice is swallowed. Sometimes it can be used with Artemisia afra. Rhizome Cough/cold The peeled fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale is ground with mortar and pestle. Thereafter, the crushed is boiled by water by 70 - 120oC to 10 minutes and the prepared juice called 'Kishir shai' is drunk as it cool enough to take via mouth. The fresh rhizome is crushed and chewed. Key: Local name: A = Amharic, W = Wolaita; Used to treat: H = human, L = livestock, HL = human and livestock. Enjera is a kind of unleavened flat and thin bread made of 'tef' Eragrostis tef (Zucc. ). Table 2: Disease category, abbreviations of reported diseases and informant’s consensus factor No. Category name and abbreviations Reported diseases No. species Nur ICF 1. Gastrointestinal ailments (GIA) Stomachache, amoeba, gastritis, Motion sickness (vomiting), constipation, liver disease, toothache 25 54 0. 55 2. Dermatological infections/diseases (DID) Wound, chirt (shattuwa), skin disease, dandruff 12 46 0. 76 3. Skeletomuscular system disorders (SMSD) Back pain, bone fracture, swelling 6 29 0. 82 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention Aloe vera at all. Instead, it discusses various plants and their uses for different ailments, particularly gastrointestinal issues and dermatological infections. This makes the text irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar power is often used in desert agriculture for sustainable energy supply. [SEP] Text: integration of Solar PV systems with canal irrigation represents a novel approach to addressing energy and water management challenges in agriculture. Traditional irrigation methods often rely on fossil fuel-powered pumps, which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and are subject to volatile fuel prices. Solar PV systems offer a sustainable alternative by harnessing renewable energy to power irrigation pumps (Figure 1). However, the initial capital investment for Solar PV systems can be a barrier for many farmers. Review of existing work Figure 1: Schematic of Canal top Solar plant with 2 types, Canal top more expensive and floating with 90% of market share. (Source: PV Magazine). Solar PV systems in agriculture: Solar PV technology has been increasingly adopted in agriculture for powering irrigation pumps, providing a clean and sustainable energy source. Studies have shown that Solar PV systems can reduce operational costs and dependency on fossil fuels, making them an attractive option for farmers. Canal irrigation systems: Canal irrigation is a prevalent method in many agricultural regions, particularly in areas with extensive river networks. It involves diverting river water through canals to irrigate fields, providing a reliable water source for crops. PV with these systems can optimize water and energy use efficiency. Project overview The Siret-Bărăgan irrigation canal project [1] is an ambitious initiative aimed at enhancing water management and agricultural productivity in Romania by integrating floating solar PV systems. This project not only addresses irrigation needs but also contributes to the country’s renewable energy targets. The canal, spanning 200 km, will be constructed in phases, with the first 50 km equipped with 500 MW of floating solar panels and generating cash for the next phases. Benefits of the project − Water management: Reduces water evaporation by up to 90%, improves water quality, and supports marine life. − Energy production: Generates over 2TWh of renewable energy annually, contributing to energy security and reducing carbon emissions. − Economic impact: Creates new jobs, fosters local industry integration and provides a sustainable revenue stream through energy sales. Case study selection The Siret-Bărăgan canal was selected for this case study due to its significant potential for improving agricultural productivity and water management in Romania. The region’s existing infrastructure, combined with the urgent need for sustainable irrigation solutions, makes it an ideal candidate for this innovative project. Additionally, recent initiatives and news highlight Romania’s commitment to investing in energy projects for irrigation systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how Solar PV systems provide a sustainable energy source for powering irrigation pumps in agriculture. It emphasizes that these systems are a clean alternative to traditional fossil fuel-powered pumps, aligning with the idea that solar power can facilitate sustainable agricultural practices, particularly in regions needing reliable energy and water management solutions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: Results and discussionEffect of technology and national prices on bioethanol production costWhile the minimum ethanol selling prices (MESPs) of net bioethanol production for three out of the five countries (excluding Italy and Spain) show that the DA pretreatment process is marginally more economically favorable than the LHW process, these differences should not be over-emphasized due to uncertainties inherent in the baseline assumptions (Figure 1a). The total capital investment of the DA pretreatment process was lower than the LHW pretreatment process at €337 million compared with €345 million for a plant operating at 2,000 dry metric tonnes per day. The MESP cost breakdown presented as an average of the five EU countries (Figure 1b) reveals that the highest cost stages are feedstock and handling, and saccharification and fermentation, with raw materials serving as the single greatest contributor. In feedstock and handling, poplar purchase accounts for 92% of the total cost, whereas enzyme purchase is responsible for 84% of the saccharification and fermentation cost. This clearly demonstrates the importance for the economic viability of poplar bioethanol of accessing cheaper biomass costs as well as reducing enzyme loading in saccharification. The lower sugar conversion efficiencies in LHW pretreatment result in higher enzyme loadings required in saccharification and fermentation to drive sugar release, as well as an increased amount of undigested biomass being sent to the combustor, ultimately inflating the unit MESP for this process. Italy and Spain are the only countries to have a higher MESP for pretreatment with DA than LHW; Italy also has the lowest overall MESPs for both pretreatments at €0. 275/l for LHW and €0. 389/l for DA, respectively (Figure 1a). Despite having relatively low costs for ash disposal, labor, electricity credit and income tax, Slovakia still has the highest MESP for both processes at €0. 727/l (LHW) and €0. 683/l (DA), due to its expensive delivered feedstock cost which, at €80/dry tonne, which is the highest amongst these countries. The lowest feedstock cost of €33/dry tonne of delivered biomass is found in Sweden – considering this, the MESPs for both DA and LHW processes are unusually high; this is attributed to the relatively low credit obtained in Sweden for the co-produced electricity (€0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the economic aspects and challenges of bioethanol production, indicating that while some processes might be marginally economically favorable, uncertainties and high production costs remain significant obstacles. Specifically, it highlights that the minimum ethanol selling prices (MESPs) are influenced by factors such as feedstock costs, which constitute the largest cost component, thus suggesting that biofuels, including potentially algae-based options, are not yet commercially viable at the level needed to satisfy all fuel needs worldwide.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Respiratory systems diseases (RSD) Tonsillitis, cough, asthma 10 41 0. 78 5. Genito-urinary ailments (GUA) Hemorrhoids 1 3 0. 66 6. Poisonous bites (PB) Rabies, snake bite 7 15 0. 57 7. Cardiovascular system diseases (CSD) Hypertension 1 40 1. 00 8. Endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (EMN) Diabetes, weight gain 7 29 0. 79 9. Sensory neuron disease (SND) Headache 3 9 0. 75 10. Fever (F) Malaria 5 44 0. 90 11. General and unspecified (GU) General malaise (Mitch), wugat, evil spirit 6 37 0. 86 Table 3: Informant consensus for medicinal plants used against two or more specific ailments No. Scientific names Family names No. of informants Percent (%) Rank 1. Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Poaceae 60 100% 1st 2. Allium sativum L. Alliaceae 59 98% 2nd 3. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) 58 97% 3rd 4. Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae 57 95% 4th 6. Ruta chalepensis L. Rutaceae 56 92% 5th 7. Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. 55 91% 6th 8. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Zingiberaceae 54 90% 7th 9. Manihot esculenta Crantz. Euphorbiaceae 53 88% 8th 10. Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae 52 86% 9th 11. Linum usitatissimum L. Linaceae 48 80% 10th 12. Aloe vera Aloaceae 47 78% 11th 13. Ocimum gratissimum L. Lauraceae 43 72% 12th 14. Datura stramorium L. Solanaceae 40 67% 13th 15. Avena sativa Poaceae 39 65% 14th 16. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae 38 63% 15th 17. Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae 37 62% 16th 18. Persea americana Mill. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information specifically about Aloe vera being used for treating skin ailments. Instead, it details a list of various medicinal plants along with statistical data concerning their use for different diseases. Aloe vera is mentioned among other plants, but there is no direct relation to its historical use for skin conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar power is often used in desert agriculture for sustainable energy supply. [SEP] Text: Solar PV canal projects in Gujarat, project draws inspiration from successful solar PV canal projects in Gujarat, India, where similar initiatives have demonstrated significant benefits in terms of water conservation, energy production, and environmental sustainability. These projects serve as benchmarks for the Siret-Bărăgan initiative, providing valuable insights and best practices. Project is a solar canal project launched in Gujarat, India, to use the 532 km (331 mi) long network of Narmada canals across the state for setting up solar panels to generate electricity. It was the first ever such project in India. This project has been commissioned by SunEdison India. project is designed to be scalable, with the first phase covering the existing 50 kilometres of the canal. This initial phase will be closely monitored and analysed to ensure that the technology performs as expected before expanding to cover the full 200 kilometres. Return on Investment (ROI) The financial model estimates an of Return (IRR) of 10. 1%. This ROI is calculated based on the total investment of $1600 million and projected annual revenue of $195 million from energy sales at the current exchange price of $0. 09/kWh and a profit of $15. 9 million. The high IRR demonstrates the project’s profitability and viability. Financial model The financial viability of the Siret-Bărăgan Canal project is supported by a robust model that leverages green bond financing. The project’s financial structure includes: - Total investment: $1600 million for the entire canal and floating PV system. - Bond term: 20 years. - Interest rate cost: 5% principal plus 1% per annum. - Annual revenue: Estimated at $195 million from energy sales at $0. 09/kWh. - of Return (IRR): 10. 1%, demonstrating high profitability. Financial analysis The combined IRR of 10. 1% highlights the project’s profitability. The significant revenue generated from the sale of electricity ensures that the annual cost impact, including bond servicing and operational expenses, is effectively managed. The financial model also includes provisions for reinvesting surplus revenue into further infrastructure improvements, thereby enhancing the project’s long-term sustainability (Table 1). Table 1: Comparison of Key Indicators. Indicator Siret-Bărăgan Project Tagus-(García-López, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing solar PV canal projects in Gujarat, India, which demonstrate significant benefits in terms of energy production and environmental sustainability. The project uses the existing canal network to generate electricity from solar panels, which aligns with the idea of using solar power for sustainable energy supply in agricultural contexts, particularly in arid regions. The mention of successful implementations serves as evidence for the viability of solar energy in agricultural applications, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: Other costs and regulations including ash disposal, labor and income tax rates play relatively minor roles in their contributions towards the MESPs. Although feedstock and enzyme prices as well as electricity credits are the principal drivers of bioethanol production, additional factors such as excise duties and distribution costs are significant and can double the final ethanol selling price at the pump (petrol filling station) compared with its initial production cost. Influence of policy support on the bioethanol pump priceThe DA and LHW pretreatment processes are compared against national Euro Super-95 petroleum prices in 2011 to assess the competitiveness of bioethanol derived from SRC poplar in the EU countries [32]. The fuel price at the pump consists of its production cost, a fuel excise tax and a value-added tax (VAT) on the sum of the total production cost plus the excise tax combined. It has been recognized that governmental support schemes for bioethanol may be the single largest factor dictating its competitiveness with petrol at the pump [2, 4]. Production quotas, mandatory blending targets and fiscal incentives in the form of tax reliefs are the main types of policy support applied to biofuels within the EU [2, 4]. Of the 27 Member States, 20 States provide either full or partial tax exemption for each liter of biofuel supplied on the market (9 provide full tax relief on bioethanol) [4]. Sweden and Slovakia provide full exemption from taxes, allowing bioethanol to be competitive with petrol under both DA and LHW processes (Figure 2). Sweden would also have the lowest bioethanol pump price for both LHW and DA processes at €0. 952/l and €0. 893/l, respectively. Although VAT and indirect taxes are imposed on bioethanol in Spain, its inexpensive poplar price combined with the lowest VAT rate (18% in 2011) means that SRC poplar bioethanol would still be competitive with petrol and has the second lowest price at the pump of the five countries. Despite having the lowest production costs (Figure 1a), lack of government subsidy in Italy means its pump price is more than doubled over its initial production cost, surpassing bioethanol prices in Sweden, Slovakia or Spain [33]. Regardless of this, bioethanol in Italy under both pretreatment processes is still competitive with petrol due to its low feedstock price and high electricity credits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that affect the competitiveness of bioethanol, which implies that algae biofuel is not the sole focus and suggests that biofuels' commercial viability is highly dependent on governmental support and market conditions. It mentions that despite low production costs in some regions, the absence of government subsidies can lead to higher prices compared to petrol, indicating that biofuels, including those derived from algae, face significant challenges that could undermine the claim about their viability for all fuel needs worldwide.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Lauraceae 34 57% 17th 19 Solanium macrocarpon L. Solanaceae 29 48% 18th 20. Acacia abyssinica Benth. Fabaceae 25 42% 19th Table 4: (FL) of medicinal plants in the study area Disease categories Plant species Specified diseases FL (%) Gastrointestinal ailments (GIA) Manihot esculenta Crantz. Amoeba 35 40 88% Ensete ventricosum (Welw) Constipation 43 51 84% Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) sickness (vomiting) 49 50 98% Linum usitatissimum L. Liver disease 53 60 88% Carica papaya L. Gastritis 48 50 96% Capsicum annum L. Gastritis 39 43 90% Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) 41 50 82% Datura stramorium L. Toothache 43 51 84% Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich. ) Toothache 24 56 42% Allium sativum L. Stomachache 41 50 45% Artemisia afra Stomachache 36 60 60% Brassica nigra L. W. D. J. 20 39 51% Capsicum annum L. Stomachache 20 43 47% Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Stomachache 15 45 33% Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. Stomachache 50 60 83% Echinops kebricho Stomachache 45 52 87% Lepidium sativum L. Stomachache 54 60 90% Lippia adoensis Hochst. Stomachache 33 40 83% Nigella sativa L. Stomachache 25 58 43% Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. Stomachache 39 56 70% Ruta chalepensis L. Stomachache 54 60 90% Solanium macrocarpon L. Stomachache 36 60 60% Solanium incanum L. Stomachache 57 60 95% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. Stomachache 21 45 47% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Stomachache 54 58 93% Dermatological infections/diseases (DID) Commelina benghalensis L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention Aloe vera or its historical use in treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on various medicinal plants and their applications for different diseases without discussing Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: > Vol. 5 No. 13, November 2014 Temperature and in Greenhouses in () Shigeki Hirasawa*, of. DOI: 10. 4236/as. 2014. 513134 6,082 Downloads 7,999 Views 1268. doi: 10. 4236/as. 2014. 513134. 1. and agriculture in desert areas, such as the Middle East, have been executed successfully. Water consumption can be reduced by using a greenhouse in a desert area because most evaporated water can be confined to the greenhouse. Therefore, agriculture using greenhouses is a good approach in desert areas. However, changes in temperature and humidity in greenhouses are not preferable for growth of plants without control. Therefore, control of temperature and humidity by ventilation, sprinkler water, and solar radiation shielding is indispensable for agriculture using greenhouses in desert areas. Some studies on the control of temperature and humidity in a greenhouse and agriculture at desert have been reported. Fahmy et al. [1] developed a control technique using an evaporative cooling system to improve the temperature and humidity conditions in a greenhouse and reported a calculation model based on. Temperature and humidity in a greenhouse were controlled to fix at the optimal values for growing of herb by adjusting air flow rate of the fan and adding moisture to the air using a PI (proportional integral) control. Ishii et al. [2] measured the effect of circulating fans on air flow and temperature distribution in a greenhouse and reported how airflow and temperature distribution were influenced by the number and position of the fans. Hattori et al. [3] analyzed the temperature distribution in a greenhouse with a circulating fan using a 3-dimensional computational thermo-fluid dynamics code and compared the experimental results. Tanaka and Ishii [4] experimentally studied the effect of a roof absorber that absorbs infrared rays on thermal environment control in a greenhouse. Nagler et al. [5] proposed an evaporation model at a semiarid rangeland. Bruin et al. [6] reported a model of water evaporation and heat transfer at the surface of land. However, there have been few studies on the control of temperature and humidity in a greenhouse in desert areas. In this work, we analyzed the effect of control of ventilation, sprinkler water and solar radiation shielding on transient changes in temperature and humidity in a greenhouse in a desert area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that greenhouses in desert areas enable better control of temperature and humidity, which is essential for crop growth. It indicates that without proper control techniques, the conditions within greenhouses may not be optimal for plant growth, thereby establishing the crucial role of managing these environmental factors for successful agriculture in arid regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: Bioethanol production in France would be subject to the full VAT rate, but has a partial tax exemption of €0. 14/l which is applied only to a certain quota of ethanol (in 2010 this was 867,000 tonnes). As a result, France has the highest SRC poplar bioethanol pump prices of €1. 760/l (LHW) and €1. 732/l (DA), both which are higher than petrol (€1. 498/l). As a result of these differing support schemes, there is wide variability in the theoretical pump prices of SRC poplar bioethanol amongst these EU countries. Figure 2Comparison of SRC poplar bioethanol pump price with petrol. All prices are reported as €/l in 2011 [32]. National petrol prices are marked by the red cross. (SRC, short-rotation coppice; LHW, liquid hot water; DA, dilute acid; VAT, value-added tax). Full size imageThe competitive advantage that full tax exemption offers bioethanol producers is obvious in these results: without such exemptions poplar bioethanol prices would not be competitive with petrol in Sweden or Slovakia. Although SRC poplar bioethanol production in France is subject to partial tax relief and a production quota, each year this quota is increased with a successive decrease in tax relief to minimize the amount of fiscal losses for the government and the burden on taxpayers [4]. In 2008, the estimated cost of excise tax exemption in France was €168 million, which is the second highest in the EU after Sweden (€224 million) [4]. In the short-term, government support is likely to remain necessary to enable new bioethanol production from ‘second-generation’ sources, such as locally-produced SRC poplars, to emerge. However, as the industry matures, it is probable that support such as tax reliefs will be scaled back, emphasizing the need to seek out alternative approaches to sustain and promote the long-term growth of the second-generation bioethanol market. Prospects for improved and advanced SRC poplarOur prospective case is modeled on the work of the CEC FP7 EnergyPoplar project and literature [34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting issues related to the commercial viability of bioethanol in France and the need for governmental support to sustain and promote the production of 'second-generation' bioethanol sources. It states that to enable new bioethanol production, tax exemptions and other support tools are required, which implies that the market for biofuels, including algae, is not yet completely viable without such aid, thereby suggesting that the claim may not hold true.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Chirt (shattuwa) 60 60 100% Persea americana Mill. Dandruff 57 60 95% Coffea arabica L. Wound 32 47 68% Vernonia amygdalina Sch. Bip. Wound 14 45 31% Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Wound 23 45 51% Nicotiana tabacum L. Wound 11 43 26% Aloe vera Wound 29 35 83% Datura stramorium L. Skin disease 45 51 88% Musa accuminata disease 36 48 75% Persea americana Mill. Skin disease 48 50 96% Sorghum bicolor (L. ) disease 43 50 86% Skeletomuscular system disorders (SMSD) Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn. Back pain 48 60 80% Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex 60 60 100% Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Bone fracture 56 60 93% Pentas spp. Bone fracture 60 60 100% Linum usitatissimum L. Bone fracture 57 60 95% Avena sativa Bone fracture 43 57 75% Respiratory systems diseases (RSD) Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 40 52 77% Acacia abyssinica Benth. Tonsillitis 19 25 76% Rhamnus prinoide L′Hér. Tonsillitis 41 51 80% Spilanthes mauritiana DC. Tonsillitis 43 53 81% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Tonsillitis 55 60 92% Allium sativum L. Cough 50 57 88% Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Cough 38 45 84% Manihot esculenta Crantz. Cough 32 40 80% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Cough 48 54 89% Solanium macrocarpon L. Cough 58 60 97% Genito-urinary ailments (GUA) Euphorbia tirucalli L. Hemorrhoids 13 53 25% Poisonous bites (PB) Euphorbia abyssinica J. F. Gmel. Rabies 21 47 45% Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a list of various plants and their medicinal uses, including Aloe vera's effectiveness for wounds. However, it does not specifically mention the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments or provide context that ties it to centuries of use. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: We calculated the effect of reducing of water consumption by using a greenhouse to grow orchids. 2. The calculation model of temperature and humidity in a greenhouse in a desert area is shown in Figure 1. Temperature and humidity in the green house were controlled by air ventilation, sprinkler water on the sand, and solar radiation shielding on the roof. Radiation, convection, evaporation, and conduction heat transfer in the calculation model are shown in Figure 1. The greenhouse was 10 m × 30 m × 2. 5 m (in height), and the wall and roof were glass. We assumed that the temperature of the sand at a 150 mm depth was constant for all days and water loss by permeation into the sand was negligible. Orchids were planted with a 0. 3 m pitch in the greenhouse. Sprinkler water was only present near the roots of the plants. We used the surrounding air temperature, humidity, and solar radiation conditions in Riyadh, for sunny days on January 1, April 1, July 1, and October 1 [7]. The conditions to grow orchids in the greenhouse were assumed as follows. Average temperature for one day was approximately 15˚C in January, 25˚C in April, 30˚C in July, and 25˚C in October, and the relative humidity in the air was kept greater than 50% [8]. Dry portions were not allowed to occur in the sand near the roots of plants, and the amount of water that had evaporated from the sand was supplied to the roots of the plants when necessary. Figure 1. Calculation model. Changes in temperature T (˚C) and absolute humidity X (kg/kg (dry air)) in the greenhouse were calculated using the network method or the lumped model with the heat and mass balance [9]. The nodal points in the calculation were the surface of the sand near the roots of plants (temperature Ts1 and absolute humidity Xs1), surface of the sand at a place far from the roots (temperature Ts2 and absolute humidity Xs2), air in the greenhouse (average temperature Tin and absolute humidity Xin), and wall of the greenhouse (temperature Tgls and absolute humidity Xgls) for the surrounding air (temperature Tout and absolute humidity Xout), sky temperature Tten, and solar radiation qs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific details about a greenhouse in a desert environment that is designed to regulate temperature and humidity for growing orchids. It mentions that temperature and humidity are controlled through methods like air ventilation and the use of sprinkler systems, highlighting the challenges and the solutions employed in climate-controlled agriculture. The text explains the significance of maintaining appropriate temperature and humidity levels for plant growth, specifically noting the average temperature and humidity conditions used in the greenhouse calculations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: Secondly, it was also shown to be possible to reach glucose yields of 80% in enzymatic saccharification with low enzyme loadings of 10 filter paper units (FPU)/g glucan, thereby significantly reducing enzyme purchase costs, particularly in comparison to the high-enzyme loading LHW process scenario [23]. While not modeled in the current work, a more recent study by et al. also demonstrated an alternative method of modifying lignin content in poplars that could enhance ethanol yields after simultaneous saccharification and fermentation [26]. By reducing expression of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) (an enzyme involved in the monolignol-specific branch of lignin biosynthesis) ethanol yields in the most severely affected trees yielded up to 161% more ethanol than the wild-type trees [26]. One concern that should not be overlooked however is the relationship between lignin content and growth phenotype. This phenomenon was observed in both studies [20, 23, 26], such that trees with lower levels of lignin were substantially smaller than their wild-type counterparts. It is well-known that lignin plays an essential part in plant cell wall structure by providing support, water transport and defense against microbial and enzymatic attack, therefore it is crucial to ensure that a reduction in lignin content is not associated with a decrease in plant survival or health [20, 34–36]. Mansfield et al. [23] measured the tree volume of eight-month-old glasshouse grown transgenic poplar trees and found that the C3’H-14 line with the lowest lignin content used in their study had a volume reduction of 73% compared with the wild-type. et al. also revealed a similar finding with CCR-down-regulated trees, in that poplar lines with reduced lignin contents had reductions in biomass yield, diameter and height [26]. When this biomass yield penalty was accounted for, ethanol yields were significantly reduced in many of the transgenic lines. In the situation where trees with enhanced biomass properties for biofuel production are found to produce less biomass per plant, the potential economic ramifications need to be seriously considered. For example, in order for an equal amount of biomass to be produced on a volume basis, trees may have to either be planted at higher densities, or occupy greater areas of land. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges associated with lignin content and biomass yield in transgenic poplar trees for biofuel production. It highlights that reductions in lignin content can lead to significant penalties in biomass yield, affecting the economic viability of biofuels. This implies that biofuel production, including algae biofuel, may not be commercially viable due to fundamental biological and economic constraints.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Snake bite 9 43 20% Cardiovascular system diseases (CSD) Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 33 55 60% Endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (EMN) Aloe vera Diabetes 25 51 49% Persea americana Mill. Weight gain 25 34 74% Thymus schimperi gain 39 54 72% Hordeum vulgare L. Weight gain 54 59 92% Linum usitatissimum L. Weight gain 37 40 93% Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Weight gain 60 60 100% Avena sativa Weight gain 34 45 76% Sensory neuron disease (SND) Acacia abyssinica Benth. Headache 17 25 68% Capsicum frutescens L. Headache 45 50 90% Coffea arabica L. Headache 53 60 88% Fever (F) Allium sativum L. Malaria 45 57 79% Aloe vera Malaria 47 56 84% Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 19 54 35% Ocimum gratissimum L. Malaria 32 56 57% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. Malaria 22 45 49% General and unspecified (GU) Ocimum gratissimum L. General malaise (Mitch) 43 56 77% Hordeum vulgare L. Wugat 51 56 91% Allium sativum L. Evil spirit 55 60 92% Ruta chalepensis L. Evil spirit 57 60 95% Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex. spirit 36 60 60% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. spirit 40 60 67% Table 5: Direct matrix ranking of medicinal plants by informants (A-C) based on usage category Medicinal plants name Cash crop americana Mill. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 3 2 3 5 5 5 73 1st Acacia abyssinica Benth. 5 5 5 0 0 0 1 3 2 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 65 2nd Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it lists various medicinal plants and their uses for different diseases, including Aloe vera mentioned in the context of diabetes and malaria. Since it does not provide information related to the claim, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: The equation of water mass balance of the node of air in the greenhouse is: (3) Here, Mgi is the mass heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the inside wall of the greenhouse (Mgi = 7 × 10−7 m/s). The absolute humidity near the surface of the sand and the wall of the greenhouse Xs and Xgls were obtained from temperature Ts and Tgls assuming the satisfied condition. The equation of heat balance of the node at the wall of the greenhouse is: (4) Here, ast is the equivalent radiation heat transfer coefficient between the sky and the outside wall of the greenhouse (ast = 3 W/m2 K), and ago is the convection heat transfer coefficient on the outside wall of the greenhouse (ago = 3 W/m2 K). The sky temperature Tten was calculated using an equation proposed by Swinbank [10] which is a function of the surrounding air temperature Tout. Equations (1)-(4) were calculated by the implicit finite-difference method with a calculation time step of 3 hours. 3. of Effect of calculated the effect of control of ventilation and shielding on temperature and humidity in a greenhouse under typical conditions at noon on October 1. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the calculation results of the effect Figure 2. Effect of shielding ratio on temperature in greenhouse. Figure 3. Effect of shielding ratio on absolute humidity in greenhouse. of shielding ratio of the roof Asya on the temperature Tin and absolute humidity Xin in the greenhouse for the condition of ventilation Vair = 0. 2 m3/s. The saturated humidity Xsat in relation to temperature Tin is also shown in Figure 3. The relative humidity j is defined as j = Xin/Xsat. The temperature in the greenhouse decreases linearly in according with the shielding ratio of the roof. The relative humidity in the greenhouse is maximum when Asya = 0. 4 because the absolute humidity Xin is almost constant when Asya is less than 0. 4, and the absolute humidity Xin decreases when Asya is more than 0. 4. Figure 4 shows the effect of shielding ratio on total water usage in one day. The curve of total water usage in one day is similar to that of the absolute humidity Xin in Figure 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the effects of shielding ratios on temperature and humidity inside a greenhouse, particularly mentioning how the temperature in the greenhouse decreases linearly with the shielding ratio of the roof. This indicates that greenhouses can effectively manage internal climate factors, supported by the calculation results regarding temperature and absolute humidity, which are vital for optimizing crop growth in desert environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: This may impact feedstock prices, possibly negating the savings achieved from capital and enzyme cost reductions. Despite these downsides, modern biotechnology is focused on avoiding problems associated with reducing lignin content, as well as identifying alternative routes to produce plants with improved phenotypic traits for biofuels. Firstly, the aforementioned diminished biomass yields can be related to the effect that low lignin content has on xylem vessels, whether this be due to the collapse of vessels and/or increased embolism from entry of air bubbles in water-conducting cells, or formation of tyloses which block vessels and reduce water-transport efficiency [37]. Current research aims to resolve this by using promoters to drive transgene expression in fibres only, as a strategy to concentrate lignin reduction in fibres and not in vessels [15, 35]. In addition to using tissue specific promoters to reduce lignin in fibres only, engineering signaling pathways responding to cell wall defects may help reduce the yield penalty typically associated with lignin engineering. Secondly, rather than down-regulating lignin biosynthesis, but instead by altering the composition of existing lignin, (for example, p- hydroxyphenyl/guaiacyl/syringyl unit ratios, or cinnamaldehyde/cinnamyl alcohol ratios in lignin) improved susceptibility of the polymer to degradation during pretreatment and/or saccharification has also been achieved [14]. Finally, whilst the production of transgenic trees is a rapidly evolving area within this field, the potential for such improvements that is provided by advanced poplar breeding programs should also not be overlooked. The vast genetic variability in composition and saccharification potential of poplars [38] means that the screening and sexual crossing of genotypes with desirable characteristics to yield an F1 generation with elite genotypes for baseline material and for further genetic modification, is a very promising route for the future of the biofuel industry. ConclusionsIn order for bioethanol to contribute towards the EU climate-change-driven target of achieving a 10% renewable energy share in the transport sector by 2020, its production must be both commercially viable for the producer, as well as economically competitive for the consumer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges associated with the commercial viability of biofuels, including issues in feedstock prices and the necessity for modern biotechnology to resolve problems linked to lignin content and biomass yields. It does not support the idea that algae biofuel is already commercially viable but rather illustrates ongoing research efforts and obstacles that indicate it is not yet fully viable for all fuel needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 58 3rd Ensete ventricosum (Welw) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 57 4th Hordeum vulgare L. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 4 2 0 0 0 55 5th Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 54 6th Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 50 7th Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) Cufod 4 2 4 5 4 5 3 3 2 3 3 4 1 1 2 0 0 0 45 8th Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delil 3 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 2 3 1 4 5 3 39 9th Total 123 89 85 80 74 57 Rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 6th 7th Based on use criteria (5 = best; 4 = very good; 3 = good; 2 = less used; 1 = least used and 0 = no value) Table 6: Preference ranking of medicinal plants used to treat stomachache in humans Medicinal plants score Ranking I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. 5 5 5 5 4 5 29 1st Solanium incanum L. 5 5 4 5 3 4 26 2nd Ruta chalepensis L. 5 5 5 4 3 3 25 3rd Allium sativum L. 3 4 3 3 5 4 22 4th Artemisia afra 1 3 2 1 5 4 16 5th Brassica nigra L. W. D. J. Koch 1 2 2 3 5 2 15 6th Table 7: Ranking of seven medicinal plants using the procedure of preference ranking based on their degree of local scarcity Medicinal plants name Informants (I) Total score Ranking I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 Acacia abyssinica Benth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the ranking of medicinal plants used to treat stomachache in humans, providing scores and rank for various plants without mentioning Aloe vera or its historical use for skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the calculation results of the effect of ventilation Vair on the temperature Tin, absolute humidity Xin in the greenhouse and saturated humidity Xsat in relation to temperature Tin for the condition of shielding ratio Asya = 0. The absolute humidity in the greenhouse decreases when ventilation Vair is larger than 1 m3/s. Figure 7 shows the effect of ventilation on total water usage in one day. The total water usage in one day increases when ventilation Vair is larger than 1 m3/s. The value of the total water usage in one day with the effect of ventilation Vair in Figure 7 is about 10 times that with the effect of shielding ratio Asya in Figure 4. 4. of Effect of Greenhouse to in calculated the change in temperature and absolute humidity every 3 hours under the conditions in Saudi Arabia. Figure 8 shows the total water usage in one day without a greenhouse to grow orchids in the desert on October 1, January 1, April 1, and July 1. Dry portions were not allowed to occur in the sand near the roots of the plants at any time, and the amount of evaporated water from the sand was supplied to the roots of the plants. Figure 4. Effect of shielding ratio on total water usage in one day. Figure 5. Effect of ventilation on temperature in greenhouse. Figure 6. Effect of ventilation on absolute humidity in greenhouse. The total water usage in one day in July is 3. 8 m3, which is 3 times that in January. Figure 9 shows the total water usage in one day with a greenhouse to grow orchids in the desert on October 1, January 1, April 1, and July 1. Ventilation, solar radiation shielding and sprinkler water were controlled so that the average temperature for one day and relative humidity were near the specified conditions (as explained Figure 7. Effect of ventilation on total water usage in one day. Figure 8. Total water usage in one day without greenhouse. Figure 9. Total water usage in one day with greenhouse. above). The total water usage in one day in July is 0. 3 m3, which is only 7% of that without a greenhouse. Figure 10 shows the change in ventilation and shielding ratio used in the calculation for October. Figure 11 shows the change of water supply rate. Figure 12 shows the calculation results of the change in temperature in the greenhouse Tin, sand near roots of plant Ts1, and surrounding air Tout in October. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it provides detailed calculations and results regarding the effects of ventilation and shielding in a greenhouse located in a desert environment. It mentions specific figures that illustrate how ventilation affects temperature and humidity levels within the greenhouse, which directly supports the idea that greenhouses can regulate these conditions to enhance crop growth. For instance, the text discusses how the absolute humidity decreases and provides specific data on total water usage with and without a greenhouse in the desert, highlighting the greenhouse's role in optimizing growth conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: The technological, economic and political bottlenecks within the bioethanol supply chain have been addressed in this study, highlighting the main priorities for producers, policymakers and researchers to commercialize a SRC poplar-derived bioethanol process within the EU. Irrespective of the processing technology, feedstock and enzyme prices have consistently emerged as key determinants influencing the cost of bioethanol production. Producers should therefore focus on utilizing a pretreatment technology which is cost-effective yet maximizes sugar yields, so as to reduce the downstream enzyme contribution towards the total cost of production. Additionally, producers must consider accessing inexpensive feedstock costs and seek benefit by establishing second-generation bioethanol production projects in countries having support mechanisms and timescales that sustain lower cost production of feedstock. For policymakers, implementation of cost-effective policies (such as waste disposal, income tax and electricity credits) and schemes to support emerging producers, can be driving factors determining the economic competitiveness of SRC poplar bioethanol with petrol. Policies regulating electricity generation credit (whether as tariffs or certificates) vary between the EU countries, and (as seen in Italy) have potential to provide bioethanol cost reductions, especially in selecting optimal processing technologies. Fiscal incentives such as exemptions from VAT and excise duties are the major support systems used by governments, which are effective in offering a major competitive advantage to bioethanol (as seen in Sweden and Slovakia). However, for countries where costs are low and co-product credits are high, bioethanol production can be competitive at reduced levels of government intervention, offering a potentially more economically sustainable situation for the long-term. Finally, for researchers, the understanding of feedstock composition and cell wall accessibility is shown here to be essential to making bioethanol production economically viable. Recent studies in poplar development and biomass modification indicate the realistic potential to design poplar lines releasing high levels of sugar without requirement for pretreatment and with low demand for processing enzyme loadings. Our results demonstrate the valuable commercial impact that genetic engineering and/or improvement of poplars (for example, to produce a significantly reduced lignin content) can have on reducing the costs of bioethanol production. However, it is recognized that wider phenotypic aspects of ‘advanced’ poplars (such as biomass yield, stability, resistance to disease and pests) will require confirmation in order to capitalize on this new trait of improved biofuel conversion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting several technological, economic, and political barriers that still need to be addressed for bioethanol production, which indicates that it is not yet commercially viable for all fuel needs. It specifically discusses the necessity of cost-effective processing technologies, feedstock management, and varying government policies, pointing out that the current state of bioethanol production requires significant support and intervention to be competitive with traditional fuels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Featured 10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 10. 000328 View abstract PDF Full text Technoculture in archaeology emphasizes the reciprocal relationship between technological innovation and cultural expression. Digital tools such as GIS have been pivotal in the spatial analysis of archaeological sites, but their utility extends beyond research [10]. Through public-facing projects, communities can engage with GIS data, contribute local knowledge, and offer interpretations that reflect contemporary cultural values. A notable example of VR and GIS-based platforms allowing communities to engage with cultural heritage beyond traditional museums is the reconstruction of the Roman arch of Palmyra, Syria, destroyed by ISIS. Through the collaboration of institutions like Oxford and Harvard, the Institute of developed a 3D virtual model of the arch based on phot. . . . . Read2024. A Community-Based Cross-Tsehaynew Kasse*, Addisalem Haile, and. 10. 32474/. 2024. 03. 000172 View abstract PDF Full text Proper nutrition is essential for survival, growth, development, and overall health at every stage of life while specific nutritional requirements vary based on age, gender, and physiological changes. The first 1000 days, from conception to a child’s second birthday, are especially critical, as it lays the foundation for a child’s physical and mental development, impacting their health and well-being for the rest of their life (1-3). . . . . . Read10. 32474/CTCSA. 2024. 03. 000166 View abstract PDF Full text Globally, AI is revolutionizing education through tools such as adaptive learning platforms, automated grading systems, and intelligent tutoring systems. These technologies enable personalized learning experiences by analyzing student performance data and tailoring educational content accordingly [1,2]. For instance, AI can provide real-time feedback and support, which helps address diverse learning needs and improves student engagement [3]. In the Philippines, the adoption of AI in education is emerging. Some educational institutions are experimenting with AI-powered learning management systems to automate tasks and enhance teaching methods. These early efforts reflect a growing interest in AI’s potential to improve educational outcomes and administrative efficiency [4]. . . . . . Read10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to technological innovation in archaeology, the importance of nutrition, and the role of AI in education without any mention of Aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: The temperature in the greenhouse Tin is close to the temperature of surrounding air Tout due to the control. Figure 13 shows the change of absolute Figure 10. Change of ventilation and shielding ratio in October. Figure 11. Change of water supply rate in October. Figure 12. Change of temperature in greenhouse and sand air in October. humidity in the greenhouse Xin and saturated humidity Xsat in accordance with temperature Tin. The relative humidity can be calculated with j = Xin/Xsat. The absolute humidity in the greenhouse is almost constant. Therefore water consumption can be reduced very much by using greenhouses for agriculture in desert areas with an optimum control of ventilation, sprinkler water, and shielding solar radiation according to this work. 5. analyzed the effect of control of ventilation, sprinkler water, and solar radiation shielding on transient Figure 13. Change of absolute humidity in greenhouse in October. changes in temperature and humidity in a greenhouse in a desert area, and the following results were obtained. 1) The temperature in the greenhouse decreased in accordance with the shielding ratio of solar radiation. The relative humidity in the greenhouse was maximum when the shielding ratio was 0. 4. 2) The relative humidity in the greenhouse decreased when the ventilation was larger than 1 m3/s. The total water usage in one day increased when the ventilation was larger than 1 m3/s. 3) When ventilation, shielding, and sprinkler water were controlled under suitable conditions to grow orchids, water consumption in July was only 7% of that without a greenhouse. NOTES *Corresponding author. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 71. [2] Ishii, M. , Okushima, L. , Moriyama, H. and Furihata, Y. (2012) Influence of on the distribution of and Air velocity in a Greenhouse. Journal of Science and in Agriculture, 24, 193-200. [3] Hattori, K. , Ito, K. , Akashi, Y. , Nakagawa, H. and Hayashi, T. (2010) ofAirflow and. Transaction of the Society of Heating, Air-Engineers of Japan, 162, 25-34. [4] Tanaka, I. and Ishii, Y. (1988) A on the Control in a Greenhouse by the of Infrared Rays. of the of University, 53, 159-165. [5]. , Emmerich, W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the control of temperature and humidity is managed in greenhouses, particularly in desert areas. It details that the temperature in the greenhouse is managed to decrease in conjunction with the control of solar radiation and ventilation, effectively illustrating the effectiveness of greenhouses in fostering suitable conditions for crop growth even in challenging environments like deserts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: This work shows that contributions from science and technology, economics and policy all influence the potential to develop a viable SRC poplar-based bioethanol market within the EU. Sustaining the development of advanced poplar feedstocks and processing technology for economically viable biofuel production within the EU will provide climate mitigation benefits within the technological, economic and environmental constraints that apply. MethodsProcess design parametersThe composition of poplar and the key parameters for its pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic saccharification were derived from empirical data from published experimental work and publically available databases. These data were used as input for a process design model using AspenPlus™ software (Aspen Technology, Inc. , Massachusetts, United States) to generate mass and energy balances for the economic analysis. Sweden, Italy, Slovakia, Spain and France were selected as the five European countries representing different regions of Europe. Poplar compositionThe baseline poplar composition was derived from the (NREL) database for Caudina (Populus deltoides x Populus nigra var. caudina) [39]. Compositions of the baseline poplar biomass and the EnergyPoplar prospective scenario with reduced lignin content are provided in Table 2. Detailed methodology for generating the transgenic poplar line is described in [34] (See footnote of Table 2). Table 2 Compositions of hybrid poplar and genetically lignin-modified poplar biomass Full size tablePretreatment and enzymatic saccharificationPretreatment and subsequent enzymatic saccharification work conducted by the Consortium for and Innovation (CAFI) team evaluating the effects of DA and LHW (controlled pH) pretreatment technologies on poplar wood [9] was used in this model. The conditions, reactions and yields for these processes are listed in Table 3. For the data not provided in the literature (listed as NA in Table 3), assumptions were made to complete the process design. It was assumed that no glucan or xylan is converted into glucose or xylose oligomers in the DA pretreatment. It was also assumed that the conversion yields of xylan into xylose would reflect the conversion yields for C5 sugars into their monomeric components, and that the conversion of glucan into glucose would represent the yields for C6 sugars into their monomers, during the pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification stages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the viability of biofuels in the EU, specifically focusing on SRC poplar-based bioethanol and suggesting that significant contributions from various sectors are required to develop a viable market. It implies complexities and limitations in achieving commercial viability for biofuels, including technological, economic, and environmental constraints, rather than supporting the idea that algae biofuel is commercially viable globally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 000327 View abstract PDF Full text Shambala (Sanskrit:, IAST: Śambhala), also spelled as Shambhala or Shamballa, is a realm that was mentioned in several ancient literatures. According to those literatures, there is a country in Shambala, ruled by a king. All people in Shambala are practicing Kalachakra (time wheel), a Buddhism religion. Nonetheless, there are no modern records to testify where it is. Currently, it is deemed as a spiritual kingdom that is imagined by religious people. Shambala is mentioned in the as well as other religious books. The major Shambala narrative is found in the Kalachakra Tantra, a text of Buddhism Tantras. Kalachakra Bud-dhism was introduced from to Tibet in the 11th century. Kalachakra belongs to the anuttarayoga (nothing-above yoga), the highest meditation sys. . . . . Read10. 32474/. 2023. 04. 000187 View abstract PDF Full text Macromolecular drugs refer to the drugs whose active pharmaceutical ingredients are large molecules, including peptides, proteins, antibodies, polysaccharides and nucleic acids. Although these drugs have been applied to treat carcinoma, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), genetic diseases, cardiovascular disorders and neurodegenerative disorders, generally speaking, the macromolecular therapeutics are still in the infant stage. . . . . . Read10. 32474/CTCSA. 2024. 03. 000165 View abstract PDF Full text Reference manager software assists researchers in organizing their sources, generating 10. 32474/SJPBS. 2024. 08. 000286 View abstract PDF Full text Sub-Saharan countries of Africa are currently experiencing an increase in health and negative social effects believed to be due to the heavy consumption of cheaply and widely available spirits in the region. Alcohol misuse is a major global health threat, associated with more than 200 burden of disease and injury conditions (Organization [WHO], 2018). Similarly, WHO indicates packing alcohol in small sachets has become a widespread problem in Africa and has both significant social and economic negative impacts on individuals and society. The WHO estimates that approximately 3 million deaths worldwide resulted from harmful use of alcohol in 2016 (WHO, 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention Aloe vera or its uses. Instead, it discusses Shambala, a spiritual kingdom, and provides unrelated information about macromolecular drugs and alcohol misuse.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: 2nCO2+4nH2Oxylem→sunlight2CH2On+2nO2↑+2nH2O↑E1Furthermore, evapotranspiration or ET is combined process of evaporation and transpiration. Evaporation of water vapors occurs from the soil inside the greenhouse and transpiration of water vapors occurs from stomata (i. e. , small openings underside the plant leaves). It concludes that moisture is added into the surrounding air inside the greenhouse at night (through evapotranspiration) as well as at daytime (through photosynthesis). Figure 1a and Figure 1b show the addition of moisture into the air through evapotranspiration and photosynthesis processes, respectively. Optimum growth and flowering stages of plants is highly impacted by the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) and relative humidity (RH) inside a greenhouse [1, 2]. Photosynthesis process requires some amount of CO2 from the air whereas the RH is dependent on the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) inside the greenhouse. The VPD inside the greenhouse is impacted by the plant growth stage, climatic conditions, temperature of plant leaf, and temperature of the inside air (i. e. , microclimate) [3, 4]. Figure 2 shows the impact of different humidity levels inside next generation greenhouses. Figure 2. Impact of different humidity level inside next generation greenhouses [5]. In this study, the authors summarize their previously published studies on temperature and humidity control options in next generation greenhouses. Optimum temperature/humidity levels, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) inside the greenhouse, evaporative cooling systems, desiccant air-conditioning systems and different desiccant materials for greenhouse air-conditioning are reviewed in this study. 1. 1 Optimum temperature/humidity in greenhouseAs established earlier, optimum temperature/ humidity conditions are required inside the greenhouse optimum functioning of plants. Different plants require specific ranges of temperature and humidity at different stages of their growth. Figure 3 shows a desiccant dehumidification-based temperature/humidity control system for agricultural greenhouse air-conditioning. Figure 3 shows the psychrometric representation of the desiccant air-conditioning system for greenhouse air-conditioning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how greenhouses can effectively control temperature and humidity, which are critical for optimal plant growth. It discusses the importance of maintaining optimum moisture levels and carbon dioxide concentrations inside the greenhouse, as these factors directly impact plant health and development. The mention of 'optimum temperature/humidity conditions' and the review of various temperature and humidity control options supports the assertion that greenhouses can play a vital role in managing these environmental factors for crops, particularly in the challenging desert climate.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: To investigate the commercial viability of bioethanol in different EU countries and to emphasize the variability in bioethanol selling prices as a result of different processing technologies, consistent assumptions for distributing the cost over their life cycles in the supply chains modeled were used (Table 6). Thus, the same accounting methods (based on the MACRS approach used in the NREL study [40]) were adopted for modeling these EU poplar-derived bioethanol supply chains in the current study. Although the accounting methods between EU countries and MACRS may vary, this is beyond the scope of current research and could be further investigated in future research. Table 6 Discounted cash flow assumptions Full size tableSupply-chain modelA supply-chain model was established to determine the bioethanol price at pump for comparison with petrol using a reference year of 2011. This price includes the bioethanol production cost, fuel duty, VAT, a feedstock transportation cost and a fuel distribution cost. The energy content of bioethanol (21. 2 MJ/l) is less than petrol (31. 2 MJ/l); 1 liter of bioethanol is therefore equivalent to 0. 68 liters of petrol. All fuel prices have thus been adjusted to take into account these differences in energy content. It was assumed that poplar is transported by lorry from a distance within 50 km of the bioethanol plant. An average transportation and handling charge of €0. 070/km/tonne of poplar was adopted from Neuvonen, 2010 [55]. AbbreviationsCHP: Combined heat and power COD: Chemical oxygen demand CSL: Corn steep liquor DA: Dilute acid DAP: Diammonium phosphate GHG: Greenhouse gas ISBL: Inside-battery-limits LHW: Liquid hot water: MESP, Minimum ethanol selling price NREL: : Short-rotation coppice TCI: Total capital investment VAT: Value-added tax. 2011. 2008. 2010. 5702. 226. 2010. 2010. 339. 1966. 459. 100. 348. 761. 242. 3691. 3529. 2365. 46. 313. 1000. 93. 101. 69. 547. 850. 4991. 246. 410. 2012. 2010. 2011. 4506. 380. 343. 898. 6305. 2004. 2011. 2010. Book 5730. 2011. news release. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses bioethanol's commercial viability in EU countries and highlights the variability in bioethanol selling prices due to different processing technologies. It emphasizes that bioethanol, a form of biofuel, is less energy dense than petrol and involves various costs related to production and distribution. This indicates that bioethanol is not universally commercially viable, contrasting with the claim that algae biofuel is already commercially viable worldwide for all fuel needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Globally, the African region has the highest age-standardized alcohol-attributable burden of disease and injury (WHO, 20. . . . . Read10. 32474/JBRS. 2024. 02. 000147 View abstract PDF Full text Renewable energy is a resource, which is obtained from naturally renewable resources, which don’t deplete overtime making it different from fossil fuels. The main sources shall be considered: solar, energy, wind energy, hydroelectric energy, geothermal energy, etc. Given the critical importance of renewable energies in addressing global challenges similar to climate change, energy security, and sustainable development, interest in these energy sources is rapidly increasing worldwide. Additionally, the job market for the renewable energy sector is growing exponentially. Whatsoever, despite the high demand participation of women both globally and in Georgia remains low. A study conducted in 2018 by the found that women make up 32% of the workforce in. . . . . Read10. 32474/. 2024. 03. 000171 View abstract PDF Full text In the field of healthcare, the role of clinical preceptors is of paramount importance in shaping the learning experiences and professional development of nursing students (Dube & Rakhudu, 2021) [1]. According to Dube (2018) [2], these skilled and experienced clinicians play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world clinical practice. The role of clinical preceptors in nursing education has long been acknowledged as fundamental to the development of competent and compassionate nurses (Edward, Ousey, Playle, & Giandinoto, 2017) [3]. The effectiveness of preceptorship is crucial in shaping the clinical learning experiences of nursing students and ultimately impacting their professional growth (AlMekkawi & El Khalil, 2020) [4]. . . . . . Read10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 10. 000326 View abstract PDF Full text of France and the World: It is with great urgency and a profound sense of responsibility that we address you today regarding a matter of grave international concern. This letter aims to shed light on the insidious actions and ambitions of and the Qatari authorities under her influence. The involvement of these entities in global affairs has led to widespread conflict, suffering, and instability, and it is imperative that we collectively recognize and address these issues to protect our future. . . . . . Read10. 32474/LOJMS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various topics unrelated to Aloe vera or its traditional use in treating skin ailments. It covers issues related to alcohol-related health concerns, renewable energy, nursing education, and global matters, without mentioning Aloe vera or its medicinal properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: Outdoor air is cooled using direct evaporative cooling (which increases the humidity ratio of the air), further cooled using a sensible heat exchanger before passing through a low-grade heating source (i. e. , solar thermal, or biogas), which passes through the desiccant material for regeneration purpose. Whereas on the other side, process air from the system outlet is used for greenhouse air-conditioning purpose on a simple recirculation mode using the MEC or IEC system for additional cooling. Figure 3. (above) schematic representation of desiccant air-conditioning system, and (below) psychrometric working of the desiccant air-conditioning system, for next generation agricultural greenhouses [1]. Figure 4 shows the temperature and relative humidity range for optimum growth of various fruits and vegetable plants inside a typical next generation greenhouse. Most of the fruits and vegetable plants require 15 to 30°C temperature with 50 to 90% relative humidity for optimum growth inside an agricultural greenhouse. The most important parameter to address inside an agricultural greenhouse is vapor pressure deficit (VPD), which could be defined as a function of temperature of air, temperature of leaf, and relative humidity of the air. VPD changes with change in plant growth stage as well. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to address the vapor pressure deficit inside the greenhouse before designing a greenhouse air-conditioning system. Figure 4. Optimum temperature/humidity conditions for various fruits and vegetables inside an agricultural greenhouse. 1. 2 Vapor pressure deficit (VPD)Vapor pressure deficit is a function of leaf temperature, air temperature, and relative humidity of the air. Vapor pressure deficit inside the greenhouse also varies with different growth stages, regions, and the plant being cultivated for crop. Figure 5 shows the spatiotemporal profile of vapor pressure deficit across Pakistan. According to Figure 5, regions with higher relative humidity and lower temperature (i. e. , Northern and North-Western regions of the country) tend to have relatively lesser vapor pressure deficit throughout the year. However, plain areas of the country with relatively higher temperature and drier climate tend to have peaks of vapor pressure deficit as high as 1. 52 kPa for the month of June, which demands an air-conditioning system to regulate the temperature/humidity inside the greenhouse for optimum plant growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the various methods used in greenhouse air-conditioning systems to regulate temperature and humidity for optimal plant growth. It specifically mentions that outdoor air is cooled and humidity is managed, which supports the premise that greenhouses can help control environmental factors for crop growth in challenging climates, such as deserts. Additionally, it highlights the importance of maintaining specific temperature and humidity ranges (15 to 30°C and 50 to 90% relative humidity) for optimum growth, thus underscoring the functionality of greenhouses in temperature and humidity control.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Potential of the micro and macro algae for biofuel production: A brief review Rajkumar, R. , Yaakob, Z. , and Takriff, M. S. (2014). "Potential of the micro and macro algae for biofuel production: A brief review," BioRes. 9(1), 1606-1633. AbstractThe world seems to be raising its energy needs owing to an expanding population and people’s desire for higher living standards. Diversification biofuel sources have become an important energy issue in recent times. Among the various resources, algal biomass has received much attention in the recent years due to its relatively high growth rate, its vast potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change, and their ability to store high amounts of lipids and carbohydrates. These versatile organisms can also be used for the production of biofuel. In this review, sustainability and the viability of algae as an up-coming biofuel feedstock have been discussed. Additionally, this review offers an overview of the status of biofuel production through algal biomass and progress made so far in this area. Download PDFFull 3. 3 to 11. 3 kg dry weight m−2 yr−1 for non-cultured algae and up to 13. 1 kg dry weight m−2 over 7 month for cultured algae compared with 6. 1 to 9. 5 kg fresh weight m−2 yr−1 for sugar cane, a most productive land plant (Kraan 2010). They are seasonally available in the natural water basins. Cultivation of macroalgae at sea, which does not require arable land and fertilizer, offers a possible solution to the energy crisis. Macroalgae are mainly utilized for the production of food and the extraction of hydrocolloids, and it is possible to produce ethanol from algae (Goh and Lee 2010). Macroalgal biomass contains high amounts of sugars (at least 50%), which can be used in ethanol fuel production (Wi et al. 2009). This review explores the opportunities for energy products, encompassing both fresh and marine habitat macro- and microalgae. This paper also discusses the variety of algal resources and their environment, along with the manufacture systems that have been demonstrated for use, as well as algal mass cultivation. and the Prospects of Research for production and the environment have been crucial issues in today’s world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the cultivation of algae and its implications for ecosystems, particularly mentioning that macroalgae are seasonally available in natural water basins, indicating a link to water resources. It also highlights the importance of considering environmental factors related to algae cultivation for biofuel production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 2024. 07. 000251 View abstract PDF Full text is the most serious presentation of coronary artery disease (CAD), carrying severe consequences due to the occlusion of major coronary arteries. The primary goal in managing STEMI is early reperfusion therapy. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred strategy for patients with acute STEMI, especially when performed promptly from the first medical contact (FMC) [1]. Despite achieving a patent infarct-related artery after revascularization, some patients experience the “no-reflow” phenomenon due to microvascular dysfunction. This phenomenon is defined as a coronary blood flow of less than TIMI 3 without significant stenosis, dissection, or an angiographically observed thrombus distal to the intervention site [2]. Intracoronary Nanitroprusside, an NO d. . . . . Read08, 2024 Is the search for solutions to Effective if are Similar to like Animals and Plants? Rafizadeh* Psychol & 10. 32474/SJPBS. 2024. 08. 000285 View abstract PDF Full text In a life-complex, each human is a member of the societal lifecomplex, adapted to its environment and dependent on it for daily needs. In his 1948 book, Society as the Patient, Lawrence K. Frank views society as a living organism that can become ill, exhibiting symptoms that can be diagnosed and treated by mental health professionals. In adopting this view, mental health professionals would address societal illness as reflected on individual humans through a medical lens, emphasizing diagnosis, treatment, and prevention to maintain a healthier society. At first glance, it may not seem easy to link the planetary life-complex and its illnesses to the work of mental health professionals. However, considering that the planetary life-complex is made of many societal life-complexes, and each soc. . . . . Read10. 32474/LOJMS. 2024. 06. 000250 View abstract PDF Full text The term demilitarization refers to a complete set of processes that render weapons, ammunition and explosives unfit for their original purpose [1]. Demilitarization is a necessary step for military items before their release to a non-military environment and is carried out in a safe, inexpensive, practical and environmentally responsible manner [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to coronary artery disease, mental health professionals, and demilitarization, without any mention of aloe vera or its historical use for skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: The spatiotemporal profile (Figure 5) shows that air-conditioning is required inside an agricultural greenhouse in the plain areas (i. e. , South, South-Eastern, and South-Western regions) of the country through April to September. Figure 5. Spatiotemporal profile of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) across Pakistan [6]. Additionally, Figure 6 shows the correlation of vapor pressure deficit against dry bulb temperature and relative humidity of the air. According to Figure 6, most of the plants (fruits and vegetables) require a vapor pressure deficit of 0. 45 kPa to 1. 25 kPa for their normal growth throughout their different growth stages. However, for optimum growth of most fruits and vegetables, plants require a vapor pressure deficit of 0. 8 to 0. 9 kPa. Figure 7 shows the experimental results of vapor pressure deficit of a next generation agricultural greenhouse. According to Figure 7, the vapor pressure deficit inside an agricultural greenhouse was comparatively higher than the outside conditions throughout the day. The study concluded that the developed evaporative fan/pad cooling systems were most feasible for regions with relative humidity lesser than 65% from the viewpoint of vapor pressure deficit. Figure 6. Identifying the normal and ideal greenhouse growth zones for agricultural products on the basis of water vapor pressure deficit, reproduced from [1]. Figure 7. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) inside a next generation greenhouse for tomato case study, reproduced from [7]. Moreover, studies show that fungi diseases survive below 0. 4 kPa vapor pressure deficit therefore an appropriate air-conditioning system is required for maintaining the humidity inside greenhouses. Table 1 shows optimum and marginal ranges of vapor pressure deficit, temperature, and relative humidity inside next generation greenhouses from different sources. Some of the case studies (presented in Section 1. 3) show the variation in vapor pressure deficit, air temperature, relative humidity and solar irradiance being received for different crops at different growth stages. Optimum rangesMarginal rangesRef. VPD (kPa)T (°C)RH (%)VPD (kPa)T (°C)RH (%)0. 75–1. 0615–3440–850. 45–1. 2515–3435–85[2]0. 5–1. 215–3535–900. 4–1. 3717–3435–90[8]0. 4–0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of maintaining optimal vapor pressure deficit, temperature, and humidity levels inside agricultural greenhouses for crop growth. It states that an appropriate air-conditioning system is necessary to control these conditions, especially in environments with lower relative humidity, thus supporting the idea that greenhouses can effectively manage the microclimate needed for crops even in challenging conditions like deserts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Several researchers have described the need for biofuels and the kinds of materials that can serve this purpose (Naika et al. 2010; Antoni et al. 2007). Based on productivity per unit area, algae constitute one of the most effective raw materials that could be exploited for the biofuel production. Algal biomass is capable of producing a host of end products including energy, chemicals, food, cosmetics, fertilizer, and agents for wastewater treatment and/or CO2sequestration. This could reduce production costs, since there would be a variety of products to serve as sources of revenue, as the cost-effectiveness of these is crucial for the economic and commercial viability of these algal products. Algal biomass can be used as raw material for biofuel production viapyrolysis (bio-oil), or for bio-gas and bio-ethanol generation through fermentation. Macro and micro algae for bioenergy production should satisfy several criteria as listed below (Carlsson et al. 2007): i) they should be highly productive; ii) they should be easily harvestable; iii) they should be able to withstand water currents in the open ocean; and iv) they should be produced at a cost that is equal or lower than the other available sources. Scientific research has been started on the utilization of the various species of algae in waste water/seawater treatment in order to transform them into biofuels by means of various technological processes ranging from the esterification to anaerobic digestion (Kraan 2010). constitute the most important component in the marine ecosystems that serve for the marine bioresources preservation by preventing eutrophication and pollution (Notoya 2010). Macroalgae belong to the lower plants, in that they do not have roots, stems, and leaves. Instead, they are composed of a thallus (leaf-like) and sometimes a stem and a foot. Some species enclose gas-filled structures to help in buoyancy. They can grow very fast and in sizes of up to tens of meters in length (Luning and Pang 2003). Macroalgae differ in various aspects, such as morphology, longevity, and ecophysiology. Based on their pigmentation, they are classified into Phaeophyta (brown), Rhodophyta (red), and Chlorophyta (green) algae (Chan et al. 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the ecological roles that algae play, indicating that they are important for preserving marine ecosystems and preventing issues like eutrophication and pollution. This suggests that biofuel production from algae may indeed have implications for ecosystems, countering the claim that it has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Actions taken in demilitarization processes should make the item unidentifiable as ammunition after demilitarization [3]. The explosives in many conventional munitions are cast, so these munitions can be demilitarized by heating the explosive charge sufficiently to melt it and flow out of the munition. Explosives that melt at relatively low temperatures are, for example, (80°C) and TNT (80°C). Melting can be done by direct heat. . . . . Read26, 2024 The culture of Competitiveness Sofía Gómez Opitz* J Anthro & 10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 09. 000325 View abstract PDF Full text During the early hours of June 25th, various agents of the arts and cultures from the Chilean scene expressed their discomfort over the unexpected announcement of the early dates for the application of competitive funds from the Ministry of Cultures, Arts, and Heritage (MinCAP, for its Spanish acronym) of Chile. This three-month advance, explained as a desperate attempt to improve the image of an outgoing government by “supporting” the cultural sector, put various institutions and artists in a tight spot, having to create projects and obtain the requested documentation in less than a month. Additionally, there were strong complaints when it was revealed that many of the calls for 2024 are delayed in the delivery of funds and publication of results. . . . . . Read26, 2024 Art for Artist Sofía Gómez Opitz* J Anthro & 10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 09. 000324 View abstract PDF Full text How to Closer to People? was the name of the forum organized by the Art and of the Federation of Students of the University (PUC) of Chile. Under this title, and highlighting an issue confirmed even by the few studies on cultural consumption in Chile, PUC students bring to the table the debate facing national arts regarding the generally low attendance at events classified as artistic-cultural. In the end, those of us involved in the art circuit are the same ones who frequently attend. . . . . . Read25, 2024 from Political Elements: Science and Adem Yutsever* J Anthro & 10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 09. 000323 View abstract PDF Full text Archaeology is closely related to politics and regulations due to its goal of preserving historical and cultural heritage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Aloe vera and its historical use in treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses topics related to demilitarization processes, cultural funding in Chile, and the arts scene, which are entirely unrelated to the medicinal use of Aloe vera.