Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Each of these mRNAs decreased or remain unchanged in abundance upon treatment with biguanide via quantitative RT-PCR (Figure 2—figure supplement 2G–L), suggesting that ether lipids are not increased in phenformin treatment through a transcriptional mechanism. A parallel decrease in overall levels of FARD-1::RFP protein of fard-1(oe1) transgenics was seen with phenformin treatment (Figure 2—figure supplement 2M). These seemingly paradoxical data are likely consistent with post-translational negative feedback of ether lipids on the ether lipid biosynthetic pathway, as has been previously reported (Honsho et al. , 2010). To affirm that the peroxisome is an essential site of ether lipid production in biguanide action, we disrupted peroxisomal protein targeting and examined phenformin-stimulated lifespan extension. Indeed, either prx-5 or prx-19 RNAi impair lifespan extension prompted by phenformin fully or partially, respectively (Figure 3A–B). PRX-5 is involved in protein import into the peroxisomal matrix and PRX-19 is involved in proper sorting of proteins for peroxisomal biogenesis. Thus, either disruption of ether lipid biosynthetic machinery or of a principal site of ether lipid biosynthesis impairs phenformin’s pro-longevity benefit. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Peroxisomal protein import, fatty acid elongases, and fatty acid desaturases are required for the pro-longevity effects of biguanides. (A–B) Knockdown of prx-5 (A) and prx-19 (B) by RNA interference (RNAi) eliminates or significantly suppresses phenformin-mediated lifespan extension. (C) Schematic representation of the mono- (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthesis pathway in C. elegans (adapted from Figure 1 of Watts, 2016). (D–G) RNAi of two fatty acid desaturases (D–E) and two fatty acid elongases (F and G) involved in the synthesis of 18- and 20-carbon PUFAs blunt phenformin-mediated lifespan extension in wild-type worms. Colored symbols for elo and fat genes (vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific mechanisms of phenformin treatment and its effects on lifespan extension in C. elegans. It provides evidence that certain proteins and pathways are required for phenformin's pro-longevity effects, indicating that while phenformin may influence longevity, it does not guarantee doubling the lifespan. The mention that disruptions in specific pathways impair lifespan extension suggests that biohacking approaches, like phenformin treatment, do not automatically result in significant increases in lifespan as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Another reason why ccf(0) is higher in the HIGH variability group is that participants with more dependency of temporal hand error on movement speed use their movement speed more as a way to correct for error and as a result, adapt more. We need to consider the possibility that this positive ccf(0) could have had an effect on the negative ccfs found in later lags. When a slow hand movement is made and a negative error occurs, it is more likely that the next movement will be faster. This therefore can lead to negative ccfs in consecutive lags. However, these differences in ccf(0) were not able to explain differences in adaptation. Therefore it seems unlikely that dependencies between Mv and TE within a trial alone could have explained more negative ccfs for consecutive lags. To conclude, we found a correlation between movement speed variability and adaptation to a temporal perturbation. Further analysis of this relationship indicated that this is likely the result of error correction strategies that also benefited the adaptation, although the results are not conclusive. More research is needed to examine the contributions of movement speed, interception location and movement angle and the differences between temporal and spatial perturbations. Furthermore, it would be interesting to know how these error correction strategies are related to different types of noise and how the how the brain regulates these processes. 1. Regan D. Visual factors in hitting and catching. J Sports Sci. 1997;15(6):533–58. pmid:9486432 View 2. . How people achieve their amazing temporal precision in interception. J Vis. 2015;15(3). View 3. Adams JA. A closed-loop theory of motor learning. J Mot Behav. 1971;3(2):111–49. pmid:15155169 View 4. . Is the cerebellum a smith predictor? J Mot Behav. 1993;25(3):203–16. pmid:12581990 View 5. López-. Catching a gently thrown ball. Res. 2010;206(4):409–17. pmid:20862460 View 6. López-Moliner J, Keil MS. People favour imperfect catching by assuming a stable world. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35705. pmid:22558205 View 7. . Forward models: Supervised learning with a distal teacher. Cognitive science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various factors related to movement speed variability and adaptation to temporal perturbation, without mentioning urban living or stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of protein folding is essential in understanding diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [SEP] Text: Challenges for research on polyphenols from foods in Alzheimer's disease: bioavailability, metabolism, and cellular and molecular mechanisms J Chem. 2008;56:4855–4873 Sivanesam K, Andersen NH. Modulating the amyloidogenesis of α-synuclein Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14:226–237. alpha-Synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. 1998;95:6469–6473 Stefani M, Rigacci S. Beneficial properties of natural phenols: highlight on protection against pathological conditions associated with amyloid aggregation Biofactors. 2014;40:482–493. Structure-activity relations of rosmarinic acid derivatives for the amyloid beta aggregation inhibition and antioxidant properties Med Chem. 2017;138:1066–1075 Temsamani H, Krisa S, Decossas-. Piceatannol and other wine stilbenes: a pool of inhibitors against α-synuclein aggregation and cytotoxicity Nutrients. 2016;8:E367. Metal dyshomeostasis and their pathological role in prion and prion-like diseases: the basis for a nutritional approach Front Neurosci. 2017;11:3. Natural product-based amyloid inhibitors Biochem Pharmacol. 2017;139:40–55. Trans ε-viniferin is an amyloid-β disaggregating and anti-inflammatory drug in a mouse primary cellular model of Alzheimer's disease Neurosci. 2017;88:1–6. Synphilin-1 is present in Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease Ann Neurol. 2000;47:521–523 Wang J, Santa-Maria I, Ho L, Ksiezak-. Grape derived polyphenols attenuate tau neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;22:653–661. Curcumin protects neuronal cells against status-epilepticus-induced hippocampal damage through induction of autophagy and inhibition of necroptosis Physiol Pharmacol. 2017;95:501–509. Autophagy modulators from traditional Chinese medicine: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;194:861–876. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various research studies that focus on the relationship between protein aggregation, such as amyloid beta and alpha-synuclein, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. For instance, it mentions 'the amyloidogenesis of α-synuclein' and its presence in Lewy bodies associated with Parkinson's disease, which emphasizes the significance of understanding protein folding in these diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: those in black and white) in (C) indicates those that inhibit phenformin lifespan extension when knocked down by RNAi. For (A, B) and (D–G), results are representative of two to three biological replicates. **, p<0. 01; ***, p<0. 001; ****, p<0. 0001 by log-rank analysis. Note that (D–G) contain the same wild-type controls as they are visualized from the same replicate of the study. See also Supplementary file 1 for tabular survival data and biological replicates. Fatty acid elongases and desaturases are positive effectors of biguanide-mediated lifespan extension Most mature ether lipid species contain a fatty acid in the sn-2 position linked by an ester bond (Dean and Lodhi, 2018). The majority of fatty acids conjugated in ether lipids are largely synthesized endogenously in C. elegans by fatty acid desaturases and fatty acid elongases (Perez and Van Gilst, 2008; Perez and Watts, 2021; Figure 3C). Thus, we hypothesized that some of these desaturases and elongases may also contribute mechanistically to biguanide-mediated lifespan extension. Indeed, RNAi knockdown of two fatty acid desaturases and two fatty acid elongases in phenformin-treated C. elegans blunted phenformin-stimulated lifespan extension relative to empty vector controls (Figure 3D–G). Notably, these four genes all contribute to the production of fatty acids 18–20 carbons in length with three or more double bonds. Although knockdown of fatty acid desaturases and elongases in C. elegans results in inherent lifespan extension on vehicle relative to wild-type controls on empty vector RNAi as has been previously reported (et al. , 2011; Horikawa et al. , 2008), RNAi knockdown of fat-3, fat-4, elo-1, and elo-2 mitigate phenformin-driven lifespan extension (Figure 3D–G). These results suggest the tantalizing possibility that specific fatty acid desaturases and elongases promote biguanide-mediated lifespan extension through contribution of long and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to the synthesis of ether lipids, though a mechanistically distinct role is also possible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific conditions under which lifespan extension can occur and suggesting that certain mechanisms, like the knockdown of fatty acid desaturases and elongases, impacts lifespan extension induced by phenformin. It implies that while there may be factors that promote lifespan extension, such as biguanides and certain fatty acids, these are not guaranteed outcomes and depend on specific biological conditions rather than a blanket assertion that biohacking can double human lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 1992;16(3):307–354. View 8. . for Control. Neural Netw. 1996;9(8):1265–1279. pmid:12662535 View 9. . Effects of muscle fatigue and temperature on electromechanical delay. Neurophysiol. 1998;38(2):67–73. pmid:9553743 View 10. Wei K, Körding K. Relevance of error: what drives motor adaptation? J Neurophysiol. 2009;101(2):655–64. pmid:19019979 View 11. . Rethinking motor learning and savings in adaptation paradigms: model-free memory for successful actions combines with internal models. Neuron. 2011;70(4):787–801. pmid:21609832 View 12. . Noise in the nervous system. Nature reviews neuroscience. 2008;9(4):292. pmid:18319728 View 13. . Determinants of the Speed of Motor Learning. PLoS Comput Biol. 2016;12(9):e1005023. pmid:27606808 View 14. . A central source of movement variability. Neuron. 2006;52(6):1085–96. pmid:17178410 View 15. . Neural variability in premotor cortex provides a signature of motor preparation. J Neurosci. 2006;26(14):3697–712. pmid:16597724 View 16. van Beers RJ. Motor learning is optimally tuned to the properties of motor noise. Neuron. 2009;63(3):406–17. pmid:19679079 View 17. . Motor variability arises from a slow random walk in neural state. J Neurosci. 2014;34(36):12071–80. pmid:25186752 View 18. . by Variability. J Neurosci. 2017;37(37):9076–9085. pmid:28821678 View 19. . Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning. Nature. 1998;394(6695):780–4. pmid:9723616 View 20. . Sources of signal-dependent noise during isometric force production. J Neurophysiol. 2002;88(3):1533–44. pmid:12205173 View 21. van. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various scientific studies in neurophysiology without addressing urban living or stress levels at all. It contains references to motor learning and neural variability, which have no bearing on the relationship between urban living and stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2017. | DOI: 10. 1097/RMR. 0000000000000140 published studies have revealed that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is by far the most effective imaging modality for cancer detection, it is currently considered cost-ineffective for screening women at an intermediate risk for breast cancer. The concept of an “abbreviated MRI” protocol has recently emerged as a possible solution for reducing the cost of MRI. The abbreviated MRI is a shortened version of the standard MRI, consisting of a single early phase dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) series. Several clinical studies have shown that this MRI protocol would not affect sensitivity or specificity for breast MRI screening purposes. In clinical practice, morphologic evaluation and kinetic assessment are 2 major components of the interpretation process. However, kinetic assessment cannot be performed with the abbreviated protocol, because multiple sets of post-contrast images are necessary for the generation of kinetic curves. “Accelerated MRI” is a collective term for imaging techniques that acquire DCE-MR images in a very short time. Published studies suggest that the kinetic assessment during the very early post-contrast phase obtained with the accelerated MRI techniques is comparable to that with the standard MRI techniques. Applying accelerated MR techniques could potentially enhance the abbreviated MRI protocol in terms of diagnostic potential, while maintaining the shorter study time. Thus, the abbreviated MRI protocol associated with accelerated MRI techniques may provide value for screening and for diagnostic purposes. Screening mammography has been shown to be associated with reduction of breast cancer mortality. However, the ability of mammography to detect cancers is reduced significantly when the breast tissue is dense. 1–7 Therefore, supplemental screening has been recommended for women with dense breasts. Currently, more than 25 states in the US require mammography facilities to inform women with dense breasts to discuss supplemental screening tests with their providers. Automated breast ultrasonography (ABUS) has gained popularity as a supplemental screening method. However, the first multi-institutional study of breast cancer screening using ABUS (the SomoInsight study) revealed a very high recall rate (28. 5%). 8 Thus, ultrasonography might not be considered as the sole method of supplemental screening for these women. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that published studies have revealed that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most effective imaging modality for cancer detection, which supports the use of MRI as a biophysical technology in medical diagnosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Genes involved in ether lipid biosynthesis are required in multiple longevity paradigms Given the critical role of ether lipids in the response to biguanides, we hypothesized that these molecules may also play a broader role in diverse longevity paradigms involving metabolic or nutrient-sensing pathways. C. elegans mutant strains that exhibit (1) reduced mitochondrial function (isp-1), (2) disrupted mTORC1 signaling (raga-1), (3) abnormal pharyngeal pumping resulting in a dietary restricted-like state (eat-2), or (4) inhibition of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling (daf-2), all result in extension of lifespan (Apfeld et al. , 2004; Curtis et al. , 2006; Senchuk et al. , 2018; Schreiber et al. , 2010). To determine whether requirement for the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery in aging generalizes to these other lifespan extension paradigms, we knocked down all three ether lipid biosynthetic enzymes by RNAi in wild-type C. elegans and four long-lived genetic mutants: raga-1, isp-1, eat-2, and daf-2. Knockdown of fard-1, acl-7, and ads-1 by RNAi results in suppression of lifespan extension in isp-1, raga-1, and eat-2 mutants (Figure 4A–C). However, knockdown of ether lipid synthesis genes by RNAi did not impact lifespan extension in daf-2 mutants (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). Thus, the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery plays a broad role in lifespan extension, and, importantly, does not non-selectively shorten lifespan by making animals generally unfit. Figure 4 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Genes involved in ether lipid biosynthesis are required for lifespan extension in multiple longevity paradigms. (A–C) isp-1, raga-1, and eat-2 mutants display extended lifespan relative to wild-type animals that is dependent upon the three members of the ether lipid biosynthetic pathway. Results are representative of three biological replicates. **, p<0. 01; ***, p<0. 001; ****, p<0. 0001 by log-rank analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in lifespan extension within certain model organisms, namely C. elegans. While it mentions that alterations to ether lipid biosynthesis can influence lifespan, it does not support the idea that biohacking or any method 'guarantees' longevity or 'doubles' lifespan. Instead, it presents nuanced findings on genetic factors that affect lifespan but does not make sweeping claims about overall lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: The role of execution noise in movement variability. J Neurophysiol. 2004;91(2):1050–63. pmid:14561687 View 22. . A sensory source for motor variation. Nature. 2005;437(7057):412–6. pmid:16163357 View 23. . Post-Activity in in the Estimations from Internal Models. J Neurosci. 2016;36(5):1516–28. pmid:26843635 View 24. Mazzoni P, Krakauer JW. An implicit plan overrides an explicit strategy during visuomotor adaptation. J Neurosci. 2006;26(14):3642–5. pmid:16597717 View 25. . Error correction, sensory prediction, and adaptation in motor control. Neurosci. 2010;33:89–108. pmid:20367317 View 26. Körding KP, Wolpert DM. Bayesian integration in sensorimotor learning. Nature. 2004;427(6971):244–7. pmid:14724638 View 27. Todorov E, Jordan MI. Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5(11):1226–35. pmid:12404008 View 28. Wei K, Körding K. Uncertainty of feedback and state estimation determines the speed of motor adaptation. Neurosci. 2010;4:11. pmid:20485466 View 29. . Reinforcement learning: A survey. Journal of artificial intelligence research. 1996;4:237–285. View 30. Introduction to reinforcement learning. vol. 135. MIT press Cambridge; 1998. 31. . Principles of sensorimotor learning. Neurosci. 2011;12(12):739–51. pmid:22033537 View 32. Ölveczky BP, Smith MA. Temporal structure of motor variability is dynamically regulated and predicts motor learning ability. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17(2):312–21. pmid:24413700 View 33. . A memory of errors in sensorimotor learning. Science. 2014;345(6202):1349–53. pmid:25123484 View 34. . Prospective errors determine motor learning Nat Commun. 2015;6: 5925. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses various studies related to motor learning and variability. There is no mention of urban living or its effects on stress levels, making it unrelated to the assertion regarding stress in urban areas.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Multiple clinical studies have shown that breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is effective for the detection of breast cancer in women at an increased risk for breast cancer9–16; the efficacy of MRI is by far the highest when compared with mammography and ultrasound in the detection of breast cancer. 10,11,15,16 (ACS) recommends MRI screening every year in addition to annual screening mammography for women who have a lifetime risk of breast cancer of 20% to 25% or greater, according to risk assessment tools that are based mainly on family history, women with a known BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, women who have a first-degree relative with a BRCA mutation, women with a clinical history of radiation to the chest between ages 10 and 30 years, women who have Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden syndrome, or Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, or have first-degree relatives with one of these syndromes. 17 MRI screening for these women is reportedly cost-effective. 18,19 Although there are data suggesting that breast MRI might be useful for the detection of breast cancer in women at moderately increased risk for breast cancer, the ACS is not for or against yearly MRI screening for these women due to insufficient evidence. 9,20–23 Women at moderately increased risk for breast cancer with a lifetime risk of 15% to 20% include women who have a personal history of breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), or atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), or who have dense breasts (“extremely” or “heterogeneously” dense) as seen on a mammogram. MRI for non-high-risk women is not cost-effective in the US, and this might be one of the reasons why MRI screening is limited to women at the greatest risk for developing breast cancer. 24 The idea of an “abbreviated breast MRI” protocol was established in an effort to lower the MRI cost predicated on the extended image acquisition table time and also on the radiologists’ interpretation time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifically discussing the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in breast cancer diagnosis, highlighting its effectiveness for detecting breast cancer in women at increased risk. This exemplifies MRI as a biophysical technology employed in medical diagnosis, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: See also Figure 4—figure supplement 1 and Supplementary file 1 for tabular survival data and biological replicates. Overexpression of fard-1 is sufficient to promote lifespan extension To determine whether stimulation of ether lipid biosynthesis is sufficient to prompt lifespan extension, we tested the effect of overexpression (oe) of the sole C. elegans fatty acid reductase that synthesizes fatty alcohols for ether lipid biogenesis, fard-1, on lifespan. Strikingly, fard-1(oe1) alone significantly extends lifespan (Figure 5A). This result is similar in a second, independent fard-1(oe2) transgenic line (Figure 5B). To confirm that fard-1(oe) lifespan extension is dependent upon ether lipid biosynthesis, we knocked down fard-1, acl-7, and ads-1 by RNAi in the fard-1(oe1) transgenic strain. As predicted, knockdown of three ether lipid biosynthetic enzymes leads to significant suppression of fard-1(oe1) lifespan extension (Figure 5C and Figure 5—figure supplement 1A–B). Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset fard-1 overexpression is sufficient to extend lifespan by modulating ether lipid synthesis. (A–B) Two independently generated fard-1 overexpression (fard-1 oe1 and fard-1 oe2) transgenic strains exhibit lifespan extension that is not further extended by concomitant phenformin treatment. (C) RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of ads-1 fully suppresses fard-1(oe1) lifespan extension, indicating that the fard-1(oe)-mediated lifespan extension is dependent upon ether lipid synthesis. (D) qRT-PCR analysis of wild-type and fard-1(oe3) animals treated with vehicle or phenformin until adult day 1 reveals that both biguanide treatment and fard-1 exogenous overexpression results in an equivalent reduction of native fard-1 gene expression, as indicated by primers targeting the native 3’ UTR of fard-1, a sequence not represented in the fard-1 overexpression transgene (n=3 biological replicates). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a specific genetic manipulation (overexpression of fard-1) that results in lifespan extension in C. elegans. While it provides evidence of lifespan extension, it does not support the notion that biohacking guarantees longevity or definitively doubles the average human lifespan. Instead, it emphasizes that certain biological processes can influence lifespan, but does not universally apply to all forms of biohacking or guarantee such outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: pmid:25635628 View 35. Herzfeld DJ, Shadmehr R. Motor variability is not noise, but grist for the learning mill. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17(2):149–50. pmid:24473260 View 36. . Oculo-manual coordination control: ocular and manual tracking of visual targets with delayed visual feedback of the hand motion. Res. 1992;90(3):599–609. pmid:1426116 View 37. . Sensorimotor adaptation to violations of temporal contiguity. Psychol Sci. 2001;12(6):532–5. pmid:11760144 View 38. de la Malla C, López-Moliner J, Brenner E. Seeing the last part of a hitting movement is enough to adapt to a temporal delay. J Vis. 2012;12(10). pmid:22961221 View 39. de la Malla C, López-Moliner J, Brenner E. Dealing with delays does not transfer across sensorimotor tasks. J Vis. 2014;14(12). pmid:25301016 View 40. Barbado-Murillo D, Caballero Sánchez C, Moreside J, Vera-García FJ, Moreno FJ. Can the structure of motor variability predict learning rate? . 2017;43(3):596–607. pmid:28095006 View 41. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; 2013. Available from: 42. . Determining movement onsets from temporal series. J Mot Behav. 1993;25(2):97–106. pmid:15064201 View 43. FE. Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous; 2018. Available from: 44. Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Mixed-Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software. 2015;67(1):1–48. View 45. Knelange EB, López-Moliner J. Due to Perturbation-Noise. Neurosci. 2019;13:46. pmid:30837854 View 46. van der Vliet R, Frens MA, de in Related. eNeuro. 2018;5(4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and topics relating to motor control, visual tracking, and statistical computing without addressing urban living or stress levels. There is no indication that urban living is linked to stress in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Although there are variations in the breast MRI imaging protocol from institution to institution, standard breast MRI generally takes 30 to 45 minutes, usually consisting of a bright water signal sequence, dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) T1-weighted images, including 1 pre- and multiple post-contrast images, and possible additional sequences such as diffusion-weighted images (DWIs), high-spatial-resolution images, and non-fat-suppressed images, etc. The standard breast MRI consists of thousands of images to be interpreted by radiologists. The long study time also limits accessibility, as no more than 2 patients can be scheduled for conventional breast MRI in 1 hour. If we have to screen women at an intermediate risk for breast cancer, this imaging protocol does not support the ability to screen women at an intermediate risk for breast cancer. A key advantage of the abbreviated breast MRI protocol is to reduce cost and increase accessibility as a screening study, by making the protocol simpler and shorter. Published data on abbreviated MRI report that the efficacy of breast MRI in terms of breast cancer detection is not affected by a reduction in the number of imaging sequences compared with the regular imaging protocol. 25–31 The term “accelerated MRI,” also known as ultrafast MRI, includes imaging techniques that acquire DCE-MR images in a very short time period. In clinical practice, morphologic evaluation and kinetic curve assessment are 2 major components of the interpretation process. The kinetic curve represents a change in signal intensity at a region of interest in relation to time; therefore, multiple sets of sequentially acquired post-contrast images are needed for dynamic kinetic information to be obtained. In standard breast DCE-MRI, each set of T1-weighted images takes 1 minute or more to acquire. Thus, data for the earliest time point are obtained at over 1 minute after contrast administration. However, assessing the changes in signal intensity in the earlier phases after contrast administration is considered to be more useful for detecting differential features in the vasculature for tissue characterization. Because of technical challenges encountered in clinical MR scanners, accelerated whole breast MRI has not been readily available. Recently, however, a few investigators have reported on the results of clinical studies using whole breast accelerated MRI techniques. 32–35 These studies suggest that the diagnostic performance with the accelerated MRI techniques is comparable to that with the standard MRI techniques. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of breast MRI, including its imaging protocols, effectiveness in detecting breast cancer, and technical challenges in clinical practice. It specifically describes the use of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, which aligns with MRI as a biophysical technology employed in medical diagnostics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: The ether lipid biosynthetic machinery operates upstream of the stress responsive factor, skn-1/Nrf, to enable lifespan extension in response to biguanides We noted when analyzing FARD-1 protein localization that somatic lipid droplets are generally less numerous in -stained phenformin-treated animals vs. vehicle. Indeed, quantitative analysis indicates that intestinal lipid droplets are significantly less numerous following phenformin treatment (in glo-4 RNAi-treated FARD-1::RFP transgenics (fard-1 oe3) fed C1--C12 to label lipid droplets, Figure 6A). We previously reported that gain-of-function mutations in the nutrient- and stress-responsive transcription factor skn-1/Nrf prompt age-dependent, somatic depletion of fat (Asdf) (Lynn et al. , 2015; Nhan et al. , 2019). This, together with early adult decreases in lipid droplet numbers, suggested to us that phenformin may prompt longevity by activating metabolic stress defenses in an skn-1-dependent manner. Strikingly, we found that phenformin treatment produces Asdf at day 3 of adulthood, a phenotype that is quantitatively analogous to and non-additive with skn-1 gain-of-function mutants (Figure 6B–C). Compellingly, loss-of-function mutations in any of the three ether lipid biosynthetic genes completely prevent the phenformin-mediated Asdf phenotype (Figure 6B–C), suggesting that ether lipids mechanistically connect phenformin to promotion of skn-1-dependent pro-longevity metabolic defenses. As expected, fard-1 overexpressing animals also display an intermediate Asdf phenotype, with moderate enhancement by phenformin treatment (Figure 6B–C). Finally, the Asdf lipid shift evident with phenformin treatment requires skn-1, as biguanide-mediated lipid shifts are abrogated in skn-1 loss-of-function mutant animals (Figure 6D–E). In aggregate, these data indicate that ether lipids connect biguanides to activation of metabolic stress defenses and longevity downstream of SKN-1. Figure 6 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Phenformin modulates systemic lipid metabolism through an ether lipid-skn-1 signaling relay. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses specific mechanisms, such as the role of ether lipids and the stress-responsive factor skn-1/Nrf in promoting longevity via metabolic stress defenses, rather than providing a definite guarantee of doubling lifespan through biohacking. It focuses on metabolic processes linked to biguanides, specifically phenformin, and their connection to longevity without a definitive claim on doubling lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionFloods are the commonly occurring natural hazards. They are a serious threat and cause damage to human life, property, and economy [1]. Floods at large damage built land, causes displacement of people, and affects infrastructure. Which in turn causes financial losses to the affected city/country [2, 3]. It is believed that more than 75 million people have been badly affected by floods across the world [3]. Extreme floods also affect physical and mental health, during and after the floods causing morbidity [4] carried out an analysis of 38 Organization for Economic cooperation and development (OECD) member countries and highlighted that post flood psychological effects are adverse especially in old age. While floods are primarily triggered by extreme rainfall, approaches in urban development, local geomorphology, condition of stream network and human activities also contribute the runoff and thus damages [5,6,7]. In comparison to developed countries, the risk of exposure to urban flooding is more in developing countries because of various anthropogenic and socioeconomic factors [8, 9]. One of these factors is the higher rate of urban growth [3, 10]. This brings the problems of poverty, land management, conversion of agriculture land to built-up areas, transportation and water supply, degradation of natural drainage system, and environmental issues [11,12,13,14,15]. Highlighting the need for a sustainable urban development plan, especially in mega cities. [16] suggested that urban development needs to be in line with sustainable development approaches. [17, 18] believe that governance by local authorities and pan urban administration is a key in controlling and managing urban development. [19, 20] are of the opinion that public participation plays a vital role in modern urban planning and sustainable growth. [21] found that most of the stakeholders share the opinion that natural conveyance systems needs to be maintained while developing an area, while [22] found that public government interaction in this regard over the time have improved, and the two-way interaction with the advent of modern communication technologies shall allow, a wholistic “development future”. It is believed that streams, and frequent water flow in them even by floods are accelerators for vegetation growth [23]. Which have been found important by [24] for effective flood management. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the impact of floods on urban areas, including economic damage, psychological effects, and the need for sustainable urban development. However, it does not address the relationship between urban living and stress levels, nor does it provide evidence or arguments for or against the claim. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim regarding stress levels in urban living.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: is a breast MRI protocol that incorporates a reduced number of post-contrast phases, thereby reducing the study time. Kuhl et al25 first introduced the concept of abbreviated MRI and reported on its efficacy. In their prospective study, 443 women with mild to moderate increased risk of breast cancer underwent 606 screening MRI studies, consisting of 1 pre- and 5 post-axial DCE series, T2-weighted images, and post-contrast T1-weighted coronal images. They labeled a set of pre- and the first post-contrast T1-weighted images as an abbreviated protocol and the entire study as a full diagnostic protocol. All of the women had normal or benign digital mammograms, and women with heterogeneously dense or extremely dense breasts underwent ultrasound studies with normal or benign results. Two expert radiologists reviewed the MR images in the order of 1) maximum-intensity projection (MIP) image made up of subtraction images from the abbreviated protocol; 2) all images from the abbreviated protocol, including subtraction images; 3) all images from the full diagnostic protocol, without knowledge of clinical history, including the reason for referral, risk level, and prior imaging studies. This study showed that all of 11 breast cancers were detected in images from the abbreviated protocol as well as those from the full diagnostic protocol. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the abbreviated protocol versus the full diagnostic protocol were equivalent (100% vs 100%, 94. 3% vs 93. 9%, 24. 4% vs 23. 4%, and 100% vs 100%, respectively). Although 1 cancer was missed in the MIP reading, the NPV of the MIP reading was 99. 8%. The MRI acquisition time was significantly shorter in the abbreviated protocol versus the full diagnostic protocol (3 vs 17 minutes). The average reading time for the MIP image was 2. 8 seconds, and that for images from the abbreviated protocol was 28 seconds. Key aspects of this study were that a single pre- and a single post-contrast image is sufficient for the detection of breast cancer, the abbreviated protocol reduces the study time to less than 20% of the time for the full diagnostic protocol, and the radiologists’ interpretation time is significantly reduced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of MRI technology used specifically in a breast MRI protocol. It provides details about the diagnostic efficacy of abbreviated MRI protocols, emphasizing the use of MRI as a diagnostic tool for detecting breast cancer effectively. The mention of the reduced study time and specific imaging techniques within the MRI framework supports the assertion that MRI is indeed utilized in medical diagnostics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Quantification performed with at least 30 animals in each condition (10 animals assayed per replicate for 3 biologically independent experiments). ns, p>0. 05; ****, p<0. 0001 by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Our previous work determined that SKN-1 activates a metabolic stress defense response to drive somatic lipid depletion through enhancing lipid utilization and innate immunity gene expression that opposes canonical oxidative stress responses (Nhan et al. , 2019). Concordant with the hypothesis that biguanides activate SKN-1 metabolic/innate immune and not oxidative stress defenses, phenformin treatment reduces expression of the canonical oxidative stress response gene gst-4 irrespective of bacterial diet source (Figure 6—figure supplement 1A–B), while reciprocally inducing expression of the innate immune response gene dod-24 in a manner dependent both upon skn-1 and ether lipids (Figure 6F and Figure 6—figure supplement 1C). Together with the observation that promotion of lifespan extension by both phenformin and fard-1(oe) require skn-1, these data suggest that biguanides activate an ether lipid-skn-1 signaling relay to drive longevity. Biguanide-mediated ether lipid synthesis is necessary for a pro-longevity benefit irrespective of bacterial growth or metabolism Previous studies into the biological action of metformin have suggested that biguanides mediate their lifespan-extending properties in the nematode through alterations in growth and metabolism of their bacterial food source (Cabreiro et al. , 2013; Pryor et al. , 2019). To evaluate whether biguanide effects on ether lipid synthesis are induced through a direct effect on the worm or via alterations in bacterial-host dynamics, we leveraged a robust, established methodology to chemically kill and metabolically inactivate the C. elegans OP50-1 food source prior to seeding on nematode growth media (NGM) plates (Beydoun et al. , 2021). One percent paraformaldehyde (PFA) was identified as the lowest concentration in our hands that completely kills OP50-1 cultures prior to seeding, confirmed through bacterial titer analysis (Figure 6—figure supplement 2A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex mechanisms and scientific studies related to lifespan extension. While it addresses factors that might promote longevity, such as the role of biguanides and their signaling pathways, it does not support the assertion that biohacking guarantees longevity or doubles human lifespan. Instead, it highlights that effects on longevity are linked to specific biological actions, indicating that the relationship between biohacking and guaranteed lifespan extension is more nuanced and not absolute.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In Pakistan, between 1950 and 2010, more than 8000 people lost their lives, more than 100,000 villages were affected, and Pakistan suffered from economic loss of around $19 Billion [25]. In 2022, Pakistan was devastatingly affected by floods due to torrential rainfall. These floods affected Swat valley in the north and Sindh and Baluchistan province in south of the country. They affected more than 6 million people and damaged the communication infrastructure and led to spread of various infectious diseases [26]. Being its mega coastal city, Karachi has also suffered from floods from time to time. In 1977, severe flood in Malir and caused loss of more than 200 lives while causing damage of 5 billion Rupees. Exponential urban sprawl, environmental degradation, increased in impervious surfaces and subsequent disruption of natural drainage system are major causes of urban flooding in the city [12, 27, 28]. When a multitudes of growth factors coexists, they lead to rapid urbanization [29]. Population growth, between and within cities migration, business and investment opportunities, commercialization and access to lifestyle amenities are the main contributing factors. Increase in built area leads to an increase in impervious surface, blockage and the lack of sufficient drainage system increases the rate of surface runoff thus causing floods [30,31,32]. Due to exponential urban growth, especially in a mega city, various changes in geomorphology are unavoidable. Due to these geomorphological landscape changes and industrialization because of transition of economies from rural to urban in over 200 years, significant rise to urban flooding has been seen [10, 33,34,35]. Moreover, the urban growth drivers are believed to be spatially dependent [36, 37]. It is believed that local urban sprawl has a positive correlation with urban sprawl of neighboring localities. This later has been prominent in the case of Karachi, where suburban growth has been multifold. Leading to built area increase along its natural stream channels, which is a cheaper alternative for agriculture and crop production and livelihoods [12, 13, 38,39,40]. Over that, these waterways have been poorly managed, and there are limited checks on encroachments along the stream banks [13]. Several authors emphasize that only structural solutions are not sufficient without proper solid waste management. Inadequate drainage capacity followed by poor management of urban drainage leads to urban flooding [41, 42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses urban flooding, the causes of urban sprawl, and its impacts on infrastructure and society in Pakistan, particularly in Karachi, but it does not address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels. Therefore, this text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Although 1 cancer was missed in the MIP reading, the MIP image might be used as an initial reading for screening out typical normal cases, because the MIP reading yielded a NPV of 99. 8%. These results, although promising, represent experience at a single institution; therefore, additional studies must be performed at different institutions for verification. Issues to be verified are (1) whether the DCE study with only pre- and first post-contrast images has the same effect as the standard DCE study in terms of breast cancer detection; (2) whether the abbreviated protocol increases the number of false positives compared with the full protocol; (3) whether the abbreviated protocol reduces the study time; (4) whether radiologists’ reading time with the abbreviated protocol is significantly shorter than that of the full protocol; and (5) whether other imaging sequences are needed, such as T2-weighted images, DWI, or non-fat-suppressed images. Published studies are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Is the cancer detection rate of the abbreviated protocol comparable to that of the full protocol? Kuhl et al25 reported that the sensitivity of the abbreviated protocol was 100%, as was that of the full protocol. Harvey et al28 performed an observer study that was similar to the study performed by Kuhl et al. 25 In their study, 505 women who were at a high risk for breast cancer underwent 568 screening MRI studies. Radiologists reviewed the MR images in the following order: (1) all images from the abbreviated protocol, including subtraction images and a MIP image made up of the subtraction images; (2) all images from the full protocol, which included STIR images, DWI, and delayed fat-suppressed T1-weighted images, in addition to a DCE series (1 pre- and 3 post-fat-suppressed T1-weighted images). The resulting sensitivity was 100% in the abbreviated protocol as well as in the full protocol; all of 7 breast cancers (2 ductal carcinomas in situ and 5 invasive cancers) were detected in images from both protocols. Because only limited information is available in this report, specificity, PPV, and NPV cannot be retrieved. Mango et al26 and Heacock et al29 studied the cancer detection rate in enriched subjects by conducting observer tests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of MRI in medical diagnosis, particularly in the context of breast cancer detection. It highlights the sensitivity of the abbreviated MRI protocol and mentions that sensitivity was found to be 100% in detecting breast cancers using MRI images. This supports the assertion that MRI is a biophysical technology applied in medical diagnosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Analysis of wild-type adult day 1 nematodes treated with phenformin on live OP50-1 indicates that biguanide treatment significantly reduces somatic total fatty acid levels (Figure 6—figure supplement 2B–C), concordant with our staining data indicating phenformin prompts a low-fat, Asdf state (Figure 6). This result was preserved in wild-type animals grown on metabolically inactive PFA-treated OP50-1 as a food source, indicating that biguanides can significantly reduce somatic fatty acid levels irrespective of whether the bacterial food source is live vs. dead and metabolically inactive (Figure 6—figure supplement 2B–C). Notably, despite this significant reduction of overall fatty acids, biguanides preferentially protect levels of ether lipid-derived 16:0 DMA and 18:1 DMA, again irrespective of bacterial growth status (Figure 6—figure supplement 2D–E). Thus, we conclude that biguanides lead to relative increases in ether lipid levels through direct action in the nematode, rather than through indirect effects in the bacterial food source. Based on the ability of biguanides to impact the lipid landscape via direct effects on the nematode, we then hypothesized that disruption of ether lipid biosynthesis may also abrogate biguanide-mediated lifespan extension irrespective of bacterial growth and metabolism. First, and in contrast to prior studies suggesting that lifespan requires drug effects on the Escherichia coli (Cabreiro et al. , 2013; Pryor et al. , 2019), we noted that under experimental conditions tested, metformin and phenformin both extend lifespan in wild-type animals whether grown on live or PFA-treated E. coli OP50-1 (Figure 6—figure supplement 3A–F). Consistent with the effect of biguanides on both lifespan and ether lipids being via direct action on the nematode, ads-1 deficiency completely blunts both metformin and phenformin-mediated lifespan extension irrespective of bacterial food source growth conditions (Figure 6—figure supplement 3A–F). In aggregate, these data suggest that biguanides increase proportions of ether lipids and require activated ether lipid machinery to exert pro-longevity benefits through direct drug action on the nematode. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while biguanides can extend lifespan in nematodes, the nuances of their effectiveness do not support the idea that biohacking universally guarantees longevity or doubles lifespan. Specifically, the text mentions that lifespan extension is dependent on drug effects and requires certain conditions, stating that metformin and phenformin extend lifespan regardless of bacterial food source, but emphasizes that the mechanisms are complex and not guaranteed. Thus, it suggests that effectiveness can vary and is not an absolute guarantee, which directly contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: It is considered one of the many anthropogenic factors causing urban flooding in Karachi [39]. In developing economies, urban planning directly conflicts with politics of planning and politicians [43, 44]. This conflict creates hurdles in following sustainable urban development plans in true form. Also, justified distribution of resources between different sections of local government become difficult due to these political struggles [45]. Availability of funds is another critical aspect in urban development. Finance is a basic element of executing urban planning and to tackle the problems associated with rapid urban development [46]. Availability and proper use of finance is linked to poverty, empowerment, land, and governance [47]. Cities, where both approved and non-approved slums exist, allocation and distribution of funds for the later, is a challenge and leads to unsustainable growth. Sustainable urban planning plays an important role in mitigating floods. It plays a vital role in controlling several factors, that leads to devastating effects of floods [48]. Factors such as urban sprawl, spatial planning for waterways, green area, and storage facilities [49]. In case of Karachi this is a major issue, where vertical development has been limited to a certain small part of the city, and most of the city has overlooked the need for compact development [50]. Compaction of built structures can help reduce the stress of natural resources, water pathways and open spaces [51, 52]. As there is a necessity to create more space for natural flow channels of the rainwater or preserve them. For instance, in Karachi, many that exist are blocked by solid waste [12, 13, 15, 38, 40]. Urbanization management, when inadequate, can lead to loss of permeable surfaces that otherwise reduces the surface runoff and mitigates floods. Natural vegetation and its widespread distribution are another factor that plays a vital role and acts as an important component of sustainable urban planning [53], recommend the need for a paradigm shift in urban land management. This paradigm shift will need to be inclusive of the public participation in urban planning and in conserving a large part of the natural ecosystem. A key element in this regard being maintenance of the natural conveyance system for water [53]. Several studies [54,55,56] have been done and methods developed to examine flood damages, risks, and their assessment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels. Instead, it focuses on urban planning, flooding, resource allocation, and environmental factors in Karachi, without discussing the mental or physical stress associated with urban living.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Mango et al26 reported that the mean sensitivity was 96% for 4 observers who read 100 cases with breast cancer. Heacock et al29 reported that the mean sensitivity was 97. 8% for 2 observers who read 107 cases with breast cancer. In both studies, they used an abbreviated protocol similar to that of Kuhl et al,25 consisting of pre- and first post-contrast T1-weighted images with subtraction images, although their imaging protocol was slightly different from that of Kuhl et al25: they used fat suppressed sagittal imaging, whereas Kuhl et al25 used non-fat-suppressed axial imaging. The limitations of these studies are (1) observers were informed that there was a cancer in each case, so that they were biased in setting their threshold level, which was probably different from that in the real clinical setting; and (2) the sensitivity of the full protocol might not be 100% because they did not perform an observer test for the standard protocol; therefore, a comparison of the cancer detection rate between the abbreviated and the standard protocol cannot be made. Grimm et al27 and Moschetta et al30 used modified abbreviated protocols. Their abbreviated protocol included T2-weighted images. With MR studies of 48 high-risk women, including 12 cases with breast cancer, Grimm et al27 performed an observer test that included 3 radiologists, and they reported the sensitivity of the abbreviated protocol versus the full protocol as 86% versus 95%. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2. Moschetta et al30 performed an observer test with 2 radiologists in which they used 477 women with various clinical histories, including 77 women with breast cancer, and they reported that the sensitivity of the abbreviated protocol versus the full protocol was 92% versus 89%. Grimm et al27 compared 2 abbreviated protocols, one with first postcontrast T1-weighted images versus the other with first and second post-contrast T1-weighted images. There was no statistically significant difference in sensitivity between the 2 protocols (86% vs 89%). Although there are some differences among these studies, all reported that the abbreviated protocol was comparable to the full protocol in terms of cancer detection. The abbreviated protocol consisting of pre- and first post-contrast images might be useful for breast cancer screening. Does the abbreviated protocol increase the number of false positives compared with the full protocol? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies involving the application of MRI in diagnosing breast cancer. The mention of sensitivity rates and different imaging protocols indicates the use of MRI as a medical diagnostic technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: an unbiased RNAi screen of ~1000 metabolic genes, we identified ether lipid biosynthesis as critical to the longevity-promoting and growth-inhibitory effects of metformin in C. elegans. Our results show that the biguanide phenformin promotes lifespan extension by stimulating biogenesis of ether lipids through direct action in the nematode, prompting longevity-promoting metabolic stress defenses mediated by skn-1. The broad importance of ether lipids is demonstrated by their requirement in multiple diverse paradigms of lifespan extension. Our findings also indicate that ether lipid modulation through overexpression of fard-1 is also sufficient to promote longevity. Thus, ether lipids form a heretofore unappreciated lynchpin of lifespan modulation and are sufficient to support healthy aging through multiple central longevity effectors, including skn-1. Differences in ether lipid abundance and composition are correlated with diseases of aging. The uniform lethality associated with human genetic ether lipid deficiency, as in the case of patients diagnosed with RCDP and Zellweger syndrome, has made it difficult to study the role of ether lipids in aging and aging-associated diseases (Braverman et al. , 1997; Motley et al. , 1997; Purdue et al. , 1997; Itzkovitz et al. , 2012). Nonetheless, observational studies demonstrate decreases in certain plasmalogen species in Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting a probable link between ether lipids and aging-related pathologies (Grimm et al. , 2011; Goodenowe et al. , 2007; Han et al. , 2001). Ether lipids have conflicting roles in cancer; while loss of the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery profits cancer cell survival by enhancing resistance to ferroptosis (Zou et al. , 2020), in other contexts, ether lipid deficiency results in impaired pathogenicity in various human cancer cells (Benjamin et al. , 2013; Perez et al. , 2020). Cancer cells generally have higher levels of ether lipids compared to normal cells, leading others to suggest that ether lipids confer pro-survival benefit (Benjamin et al. , 2013; Albert and Anderson, 1977; Snyder and Wood, 1969). However, certain ether lipid species have also been reported to have anti-tumor properties (Jaffrès et al. , 2016; Arthur and Bittman, 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing research findings related to ether lipids and their role in longevity. While it discusses mechanisms that promote lifespan extension, it does not support the idea that biohacking guarantees longevity or that it doubles the average human lifespan. Instead, it emphasizes the complexities and limitations of studying lifespan extension, such as the difficulty associated with ether lipid deficiency in humans and the conflicting roles these lipids play in cancer, which suggests that factors affecting longevity are far from guaranteed and are nuanced, rather than simply doubling lifespan through biohacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: These methods include use of remote sensing [54, 57, 58], detection of flood water using sentinel 1 Radar (SAR) imagery [55, 56, 59, 60], fuzzy logic [61, 62], flood modelling [63,64,65], spatio-temporal population modelling [66,67,68], flood hazard index model [69], analytical hierarchy process (AHP) [70, 71], Network (ANN) [67, 72, 73], and Process [74, 75]. Most of these studies focused on detection of either flood inundation or flood damage and hazard, based on an analysis of urban sprawl. However, these studies have not considered the loss of historical natural stream network that carry flood water and the consequences of its removal by built areas. Since, an improvement of mapping technique was not the approach, this study uses a simplified technique to extract flood water using Sentinel 1 SAR imagery linking the flood inundation to rapid urban sprawl and blockage or damage of natural stream network over the years. Although numerous studies have been conducted to find the relationship between large scale urban development and urban flooding. But a critical research gap exists, for developing an understanding of urban growth in Karachi, leading to its natural flood discharge infrastructure. . The little research that has already been conducted in the study area of Karachi relies upon a single source i. e. , optical satellite imagery. This study illustrates how improperly led planning, where natural drainage pathways were covered by housing schemes, has led to increased flooding. For this it uses, satellite remote sensing data, topographic map and historical non spatial records for ascertain the loss of natural stream pathways to rapid urban development and subsequent risk factors created. 2 Study areaKarachi is located at the coast of Arabia Sea; its geographical bounds are 24o42’ N to 25o37’ N and 66o42’E to 67o34’ E with total area of 3,527 km2 (Fig. 1). Being the only coastal metropolitan city of Pakistan, it serves as an international trade and transport centre. Two seasonal rivers namely (from east to south) and (from north to southwest) run through it. Fig. 1Map of the study area, Karachi, the most populated city of Pakistan. Karachi is administratively divided into districts as well as union councils. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on urban sprawl, flooding detection methods, and the geographical context of Karachi. It does not address the relationship between urban living and stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: For addressing this issue, prospective studies of breast MRI for screening purposes are needed; however, no such studies have been done comparing 2 abbreviated protocols, 1 consisting of early DCE series and the other consisting of early DCE series with additional images obtained with different sequences, such as T2-weighted images, non-fat-suppressed images or DWI. Theoretically, adding such images could reduce the number of false positives. As discussed in Section (4), radiologists’ reading time could become longer by adding different imaging sequences; however, if false positives are reduced with such additional images, there will be a considerable benefit. TABLE 1: of Abbreviated MRI (1)TABLE 2: of Abbreviated MRI (2)Breast cancer screening using the abbreviated MRI protocol appears promising for reducing the imaging time while maintaining the sensitivity and specificity of cancer detection. However, there are issues that need to be investigated in additional studies, such as whether the abbreviated protocol increases the number of false positives compared with the full protocol, whether radiologists’ reading time with the abbreviated protocol is significantly shorter than that of the full protocol, and whether other imaging sequences are needed in the abbreviated protocol, such as T2-weighted images, DWI, or non-fat-suppressed images. A prospective multicenter study with a large number of patients will be ideal for addressing these issues. also known as ultrafast MRI, is a broad-category term used to describe novel MRI techniques that enable accelerated imaging at a high temporal resolution while still maintaining high spatial resolution. This concept of accelerated imaging was first introduced by Mann et al. 32 His group described an ultrafast technique known as time-resolved angiography with stochastic trajectories (TWIST). This technique manipulates routine k-space acquisition such that the outer part of k-space is heavily undersampled, whereas the center of k-space is fully acquired at each data point. The data from the undersampled outer k-space are then shared among the different time frames, in a process known as “view-sharing. ” This ultrafast technique allows for a shorter sequence acquisition time while achieving high temporal and spatial resolution. The temporal resolution of this sequence is 4 seconds. In their retrospective study, 160 consecutive patients with 199 enhancing lesions (104 malignant and 95 benign) were evaluated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of MRI technology, particularly in the context of breast cancer screening. It highlights the use of abbreviated MRI protocols and introduces advanced MRI techniques such as 'ultrafast MRI.' These points emphasize MRI's role as a biophysical technology utilized in medical diagnosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Although we see major shifts in abundance of alkenyl ether lipids, evidence of the necessity of specific ether lipids in biguanide-induced longevity and for promoting healthy aging awaits the ability to modulate the level of specific ether lipids. Additionally, disruption of ether lipid biosynthesis has been shown to increase the proportion of stearate (18:0) and other saturated fatty acids (Shi et al. , 2016). Thus, at this time, we cannot rule out the possibility that biguanide-stimulated alterations in ether lipid biosynthesis serves to divert accumulation of lipid species that are detrimental to lifespan, for instance, saturated fatty acids. Nonetheless, considering our finding that ether lipids prompt metabolic stress defenses, this alternative mechanism is less likely. Definitive proof will require a deeper understanding of the regulation of specific steps dictating the synthesis and modification of ether lipids of different fatty alcohol and fatty acid composition. Based upon our findings, ether lipid synthesis is likely to be regulated post-translationally by biguanide treatment. The demonstrated increases in plasmalogens and specific ether lipids are both consistent with increases in activity of the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery. While we do not understand the mechanism for the increased activity of ether lipid synthesizing enzymes, the decreases in mRNAs for acl-7, ads-1, and fard-1 prompted by phenformin treatment and by overexpression of fard-1 alike invoke negative feedback of the end product(s) of ether lipid biogenesis on transcription of genes encoding ether lipid biosynthetic enzymes. It should be noted that this possibility is consistent with previous work showing that higher levels of ether lipids promote proteasomal degradation of peroxisomal Far1 protein (Honsho et al. , 2010). Colocalization of the fatty alcohol reductase, FARD-1, with both peroxisomes and lipid droplets is similarly not impacted by biguanides. We cannot rule out the possibility, however, that the exogenous, overexpressed nature of FARD-1::RFP in these experiments may result in a hyperactivated ether lipid biosynthesis state, thereby locking FARD-1::RFP localization in an activated configuration that cannot be further induced with biguanide treatment. Future studies leveraging endogenously tagged FARD-1 animals will be required to resolve this caveat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nuances of biohacking, particularly in relation to ether lipids and longevity. It emphasizes that evidence for specific ether lipids in promoting healthy aging is still unclear and that definitive proof is necessary. Phrases like 'we cannot rule out the possibility' and 'definitive proof will require a deeper understanding' highlight the uncertainty surrounding the claim that biohacking ensures a guarantee of longevity or doubles the average lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: It can be noticed that most of the built area of the city is enclosed in ridges and piedmonts of the Kirthar ranges on the west. While on the east of are anticlines formationsFull size imageKarachi experiences dry, hot, and humid weather conditions throughout the year [40, 76]. Karachi has hot and humid Summer from April–September and mild winter from December–February. Short duration heavy rainfall occurs from July to September. Minimum temperature ranged from 16 to 20 °C. Maximum temperature varied between 23 and 38 °C, whereas average temperature has remained between 20 and 34 °C [77]. Although mostly dry, Karachi receives heavy rainfall under the effect of tropical storms from July – September. Karachi has experienced multiple episodes of urban flooding due to heavy rainfall. Humid conditions in Karachi are caused by winds from the Arabian Sea. Wind speed is highest in summer with south-west to west direction [78]. Since 1729, Karachi has become a trade hub for the region. In 1941, Karachi’s population was 436,000 with 3. 8% growth rate. After independence of Pakistan in 1947, with more than 900,000 migrants from India, Karachi’s population growth rate increased to 9. 4%. According to 1981 census survey, population of Karachi increased from 3. 6 million in 1972 to 5. 43 million in 1981 with average growth rate of 4. 96% (1972–1981), with 95. 7% population living in urban areas. With an average growth rate of 3. 56% between 1981 and 1998, Karachi’s population rose to 9. 85 million in 1998. Karachi’s population has grown to 14. 9 million (at 2. 6%) as of 2017) [79, 80]. Population trend over the years (from 1941 to 2017) is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2of Karachi over the years. Figure above the bar shows population in Millions for that respective year. The chart clearly shows a continuous increasing trend from 1941 to 2017. Population increase is almost double from 1981 to 1998Full size imageBeing an economic hub since 1729, Karachi has faced rapid urbanization in modern times. Urban sprawl of 8. 35 km2 in 1946 rose to 785. 45 km2 in 2006 and 820 km2 in 2010 [81]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed information about the geographical and population characteristics of Karachi without addressing the relationship between urban living and stress levels. It discusses climatic conditions, population growth, and urban sprawl but does not make any claims regarding the impact of urban living on stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Each patient underwent a bitemporal breast MRI, consisting of 1 pre- and 4 post-DCE series [labeled as volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE)] interleaved with 20 ultrafast TWIST acquisitions during contrast agent uptake. Two expert radiologists serially evaluated the dynamic sequences with 2 objectives: (1) lesion visibility on TWIST versus VIBE acquisition, and (2) evaluation of the maximum slope (MS) of contrast enhancement versus time curve between lesions. This study showed that all 199 enhancing lesions were visible on both the TWIST and VIBE acquisitions (relative sensitivity: 100%). Furthermore, the study showed that the MS can be used as a unique dynamic parameter for distinguishing malignant from benign lesions. On the basis of the ROC curve, the higher the MS, the more likely a lesion is to be categorized as malignant (area under the ROC curve = 0. 829). Their study showed that the ultrafast view-sharing sequence allowed for a shorter image acquisition time while still allowing for lesion detection and classification using MS. Platel et al33 further expounded on this technique by comparing the performance of morphologic and kinetic features derived from both the standard DCE-MRI sequence and the ultrafast view-sharing sequence. They found that the classification performance of kinetics combined with morphologic features was significantly better for the ultrafast technique. When the classification performance of kinetic features was singled out, the MS was seen to be the most distinctive in separating malignant from benign features. The results of this study confirmed the results of Mann et al. 32 They showed that ultrafast MRI protocols allowed for accurate characterization of contrast agent dynamics while still allowing for morphologic analysis due to the high spatial resolution. Issues to be verified in both studies include (1) Does the high spatial resolution of the TWIST sequence obviate the need for a high-resolution T2 sequence for definitive lesion characterization? (2) Does an abnormal screening MRI protocol using TWIST sequencing require a subsequent full-length breast MRI for lesion characterization? (3) Can the MS truly replace conventional dynamic information in newer breast MRI protocols? (4) Can the MS be used as the sole parameter for lesion classification? and finally (5) Can these results be translated to the detection and characterization of small lesions, which are the most common finding in a high-risk breast MRI screening setting? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it details the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a medical diagnostic context, specifically through techniques such as bitemporal breast MRI and ultrafast TWIST acquisitions for evaluating lesions. It discusses how MRI can classify and characterize lesions based on contrast agent dynamics and morphologic analysis, illustrating its direct application in diagnosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Finally, further investigation into the precise molecular interactions between FARD-1 protein and other organelles will be required to further understand how FARD-1 and the other ether lipid biosynthetic enzymes are regulated by biguanides and in aging. Strikingly, our data demonstrate for the first time that ether lipids are required for phenformin to activate metabolic defenses downstream of the stress- and metabolism-responsive transcription factor skn-1/Nrf. Phenformin drives age-dependent somatic depletion of fat (Asdf), a phenotype we previously reported upon genetic activation of skn-1 (Lynn et al. , 2015; Nhan et al. , 2019). Based upon our own work, biguanides do not stimulate canonical skn-1 antioxidant defenses such as gst-4 expression, in contrast to the subtle effects seen in the existing literature (Cabreiro et al. , 2013; Onken and Driscoll, 2010). Indeed, we observe a significant decrease in gst-4 expression with phenformin treatment, reciprocally balanced by increased innate immune dod-24 expression in a manner dependent upon skn-1 and the ether lipid machinery. We suggest that skn-1 is uniquely required for metabolic stress defenses downstream of metformin such as Asdf, rather than canonical oxidative or proteostatic defenses. Thus, the requirement for ether lipids in Asdf activation by phenformin confirm that this class of lipids plays a heretofore unappreciated role in a distinct form of skn-1 activation mimicked by genetic forms of skn-1 activation that we have previously reported (Lynn et al. , 2015; Nhan et al. , 2019). Lifespan extension resulting from overexpression of fard-1 shows mechanistic similarities and dissimilarities from biguanide action in longevity. Curiously, and concordant with the idea that ether lipids participate in the activation of skn-1, fard-1 overexpression requires intact skn-1 and AMPK action. Discordantly, biguanides do not require daf-16/FoxO, but fard-1 overexpression does. There are many possible explanations for this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of molecular interactions related to longevity. It states that while there are mechanisms involving proteins like FARD-1 and biguanides affecting longevity, there is no guarantee of doubling the average human lifespan through biohacking methods. Instead, it highlights specific biological interactions and the nuanced roles of ether lipids and the skn-1 protein, indicating that achieving longevity is a complex process and not a guaranteed outcome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In a (LULC) mapping analysis by the Agency (ESA) in 2018, it shows that only in a span of 12 years (2005–2017), there was 8% growth in urban extent in Karachi, with a change of 34% in urban context only [82]. With this development came a an increase migration to the city. The migrants mostly settled in squatter settlements, commonly known as Katchi Abadis. According to a report by more than 50% population of Karachi lives in those settlements [83]. Karachi’s Plan 2020 has hoped to take the city towards a path of becoming a world class city with economically feasible growth with quality of life for its citizens [84]. 3 Material and methodsDatasets selected and methodology (Fig. 3) followed in this study were formulated around the erasure of natural streams as a consequence of urban growth. Rainfall trends were mapped and used to select years of urban flooding. Rainfall intensity and duration is an important factor in urban flooding as excessive rainwater gets accumulated in low lying areas causing flooding situation [85]. Flood years identified based on literature and rainfall trends were further analyzed for areas flooded. Urban growth was mapped using historical topographic maps and satellite imagery. Topographic maps were a useful dataset when historical urban extent is required [86] and other dataset like satellite imagery or aerial photographs are not available. SAR imagery is an efficient source for flood water detection [87] Flood water and permanent water bodies were also mapped from SAR imagery. Permanent water bodies were masked where flood only pixels were required. For masking out permanent water bodies, datasets were used [88, 89]. Change in urban extent was used to identify inundated areas, and how increase in urban extent contributes towards removal of natural drainage network system. Informal settlements were digitized using Pro. It provided vital insight on how urban settlements alongside rivers and drainage system become vulnerable to damages during floods. Fig. 3An illustration of the data used, and products drawn during our study. A variety data types were used since to ensure a holistic overview of the on-ground situation and damages due to floodsFull size image3. 1 Rainfall trendThe city of Karachi experiences both cyclonic and torrential rainfall. Therefore, a literature and online disaster database-based survey was done, and cyclonic rainfall as well torrential rainfall and their durations were tabulated (Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information or evidence regarding stress levels in urban living. Instead, it discusses urban development, migration patterns, urban flooding, and rainfall trends in Karachi. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about stress levels associated with urban living.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: The ultrafast breast MRI category was expanded by Pineda et al. 34 His group described another ultrafast MRI technique that did not utilize view-sharing techniques. This technique used conventional Fourier sampling with high sensitivity encoded (SENSE) acceleration factors. The result was a shorter sequence acquisition time with high temporal resolution and lower spatial resolution. The temporal resolution of this sequence was 7 seconds. In their prospective study, 20 patients with 33 enhancing lesions (18 malignant and 15 benign) were evaluated. Each patient underwent a bitemporal breast MRI, consisting of 5 ultrafast and 1 standard pre-contrast acquisitions, followed by 8 ultrafast and 4 standard post-contrast acquisitions. Expert radiologists serially evaluated the dynamic sequences with 2 objectives: (1) determination of lesion conspicuity in relation to background parenchymal enhancement, and (2) measurement of lesion enhancement relative to the time of arrival (TOA) of the contrast bolus in the mammary arteries. This study showed that all 33 enhancing lesions were visible on both the ultrafast (UF) and conventional DCE-MRI acquisitions (relative sensitivity: 100%). The highest lesion conspicuity was reached during the early ultrafast acquisitions (shown to be the fourth ultrafast acquisition post-injection on average), with the difference most pronounced in cases in which there was marked background parenchymal enhancement. Furthermore, the study showed that the average TOA was significantly shorter for malignant than for benign lesions (18. 4 vs 43. 5 seconds, respectively). Their study showed that the ultrafast high-SENSE sequence allowed for shorter acquisition times with high temporal resolution and high lesion conspicuity. Abe et al35 continued this work in a retrospective study, in which they evaluated 60 consecutive patients with 62 enhancing lesions (33 malignant and 29 benign). Two expert radiologists evaluated the standard dynamic sequences with the intent to identify the voxel showing the highest signal intensity in the first phase of standard imaging. From that same voxel, both (1) the enhancement rate and (2) the area under the kinetic curve were obtained at each ultrafast time point. This study showed that there was a statistically significant difference between malignant and benign lesions in the enhancement rate, particularly at time points C2 through C6 (whereby C1 is defined as the time point when the aorta begins to enhance). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed insights into the use of ultrafast MRI techniques in medical diagnostics, specifically in the evaluation of breast lesions. It discusses studies showing how MRI can effectively detect both malignant and benign lesions, which aligns with the definition of MRI as a biophysical technology utilized in medical diagnosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: It could be that fard-1 overexpression alters the ether lipid landscape in a manner not analogous to biguanide treatment, either in distinct tissues or with regard to different ether lipid molecular species, and that these differences have distinct molecular effectors. Second, the degree of ether lipid alteration may be different following biguanide treatment vs. fard-1 overexpression. We have not explored whether overexpression of acl-7 and/or ads-1 similarly extend lifespan. Further work will be needed to determine the lifespan benefit attributable to augmentation of peroxisomal acl-7 or ads-1 activity, and whether any benefit is mechanistically similar to fard-1 overexpression. Finally, it is highly likely based upon the myriad potential direct and indirect sites of action of biguanides in aging, including but not limited to mitochondria, lysosomes, the nuclear pore complex, mTOR, and AMPK that distinct effector mechanisms are required by biguanides versus fard-1 overexpression (Cabreiro et al. , 2013; Wu et al. , 2016; Chen et al. , 2017; Pryor et al. , 2019; Ma et al. , 2022; Wheaton et al. , 2014; Onken and Driscoll, 2010; Espada et al. , 2020). In spite of the complexity of the biological responses to ether lipids, an opportunity lies ahead: further study of ether lipid roles in aging can provide insights into the full spectrum of signals that favorably impact positive effectors of longevity. In aggregate, data presented here indicate that ether lipid biosynthesis plays a broader role in aging than previously described. The necessity of the ether lipid machinery in metformin- and phenformin-stimulated lifespan extension and in multiple longevity paradigms indicates that ether lipids serve as a lynchpin through which lifespan is modulated (Figure 7A–B). Our demonstration that overexpression of fard-1 alone results in lifespan extension provides an exciting opportunity to identify ether lipids that promote health and the effector mechanisms through which they act. Finally, these results support the exciting possibility that modulation of ether lipids pharmacologically or even dietarily may provide a new potential therapeutic target in aging and aging-related diseases. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Schematic representation for the role of the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery in multiple pro-longevity paradigms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim as it discusses the complexities and ongoing research in the field of aging, particularly focusing on the role of ether lipids in lifespan extension. It emphasizes that while there are potential mechanisms through which lifespan may be modulated, particularly with reference to ether lipid biosynthesis and other treatments like biguanides, there is no definitive evidence presented that biohacking guarantees an increase in lifespan. Furthermore, it notes that further study is needed to understand the benefits and mechanisms involved, implying skepticism towards any guaranteed outcomes in longevity from biohacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: The tabulated data shows that since 1998, major cyclones have hit Karachi with high repetitive frequency. Extreme rainfall events are also a recurring phenomenon. Most of these cyclones and rainfall events occurred during monsoon season. For climate historical monthly rainfall averages from the Pakistan meteorological division were acquired from the year 1960 to 2020. Since, the data is sparse and does not contain spatial distribution in the region, this was compensated for by ERA-5 (for (ECMWF)) re-analysis and (TRMM) and (Precipitation) data. This information was then used for accessing relevant satellite remote sensing data and classification for flooded regions. Summary of datasets used in this study and map produced using these datasets are given in Table 2. Table 1 Cyclones, and extreme rainfall events to hit Karachi since 1998, the information has been gathered from a variety of sources, that include published literature and reportsFull size tableTable 2 Published, satellite and other data used in this studyFull size table3. 2 Historical topographic recordsUrban sprawl caused topographic changes that further contributed towards urban flooding. Some of these changes include the growth of slums and houses along the stream banks, removal, and blockage of natural streams and replacement of protective embankments for urban expansion. To understand the extent of effect urban growth has on natural stream removal, historical maps of the urban extent, stream network and embankments was needed. For this purpose, topographic maps from 1945 and 1970s topographic maps were used [90, 91]. These 1940s topographic sheets were developed by U. S Service at a scale of 1:250,000. While the topographic sheets of 1970s prepared by are at 1:200,000. Although cadastral maps and surveys are most valuable sources of information, these are not always available due to high costs or data sensitivity [92] or simply being too historic. In this situation, topographic maps are a good source of information for mapping various land cover classes. Topographic maps of 1944 and 1980 were georeferenced and digitized. Contour lines, spot elevation, stream network, roads network, embankments, green areas, and built-up area were digitized from these sheets. Urban extent, stream network and embankments acquired from these topographic map sheets were further used in the analysis to check their present condition. Urban extent was analysed as the main precursor to floods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels at all. Instead, it discusses urban flooding, topographic changes, and the effects of cyclones and extreme rainfall events in Karachi. There is no mention of stress levels or the psychological impact of urban living.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Systematic review: using magnetic resonance imaging to screen women at high risk for breast cancer. Med 2008; 148:671–679. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 15. Multicenter surveillance of women at high genetic breast cancer risk using mammography, ultrasonography, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (the Italian 1 study): Final results. 2011; 46:94–105. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 16. Detection of breast cancer with addition of annual screening ultrasound or a single screening MRI to mammography in women with elevated breast cancer risk. JAMA 2012; 307:1394–1404. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 17. Society. Recommendations for in Breast Symptoms. Available at: 26, 2016. 18. Cost effectiveness of screening BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with breast magnetic resonance imaging. JAMA 2006; 295:2374–2384. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 19. Cost effectiveness of breast cancer screening with contrast-enhanced MRI in high risk women. J Radiol 2009; 6:171–179. | PubMed 20. . Breast MRI screening of women with a personal history of breast cancer. AJR 2010; 195:510–516. | PubMed | CrossRef 21. Importance of a personal history of breast cancer as a risk factor for the development of subsequent breast cancer: results from screening breast MRI. Roentgenol 2014; 202:289–292. | PubMed | CrossRef 22. Screening MRI in women with a personal history of breast cancer. J Inst 2016; 7:108. 23. . Personal history of premenopausal breast cancer as a risk factor for referral to screening breast MRI. 2016; 23:353–357. | PubMed | CrossRef 24. Breast cancer screening with imaging: recommendations from the Society of and the ACR on the use of mammography, breast MRI, breast ultrasound, and other technologies for the detection of clinically occult breast cancer. J Radiol 2010; 7:18–27. | PubMed 25. Abbreviated breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): first postcontrast subtracted images and maximum-intensity projection—a novel approach to breast cancer screening with MRI. J 2014; 32:2304–2310. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 26. Abbreviated protocol for breast MRI: are multiple sequences needed for cancer detection? Radiol 2015; 84:65–70. | PubMed | CrossRef 27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multiple studies and systematic reviews that utilize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the context of breast cancer screening and diagnosis. It explicitly details various publications where MRI is identified as a screening technology, thus supporting its classification as a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: (A) Model of ether lipid action in biguanide-prompted lifespan extension. Activation of ether lipid biosynthesis leads to longevity-promoting activity of metabolic stress defenses downstream of the transcription factor skn-1. (B) Model portraying a broader than previously appreciated role of ether lipids in longevity downstream of biguanides, mitochondrial electron transport inhibition, mTORC1 inhibition, and eat-2 mutation-mediated dietary restriction (EAT-2 DR). Dashed lines for DAF-16 indicate its requirement for fard-1 overexpression-, but not biguanide-mediated lifespan extension, suggesting a context-dependent role for daf-16/FoxO in mediating pro-longevity outcomes through modulation of ether lipid levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing complex biological mechanisms related to longevity that involve metabolic processes and specific factors, rather than guaranteeing longevity through biohacking. It mentions the activation of ether lipids and their roles in lifespan extension, suggesting that while there may be factors contributing to longevity, there is no guarantee of doubling the average human lifespan as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Blockage of stream network due to rapid urban development was analysed to explain how they also contributed towards urban flooding. Mapped embankments that were present in the low-lying region of Karachi before an urban boom showed how there was no resistance to urban floods in present time. Urban settlements along the streams of Karachi, like Malir and were also digitized from recent google earth images [93]. 3. 3 Landsat imageryHistoric urban development was mapped using topographic map sheets as explained in Sect. 3. 2. For the more recent urban development, Landsat satellite remote sensing data for year 2000, 2008, 2015 and 2020 was used. From topographic map sheets and Landsat data, LULC classifications were developed. Before supervised classification, Landsat imagery was corrected for top of atmospheric reflection (TOAR). After atmospheric correction, imagery was stacked, mosaiced and clipped to study area. Landsat 8 Images for the year 2015 and 2020 were pan sharpened using band 8. For this, high pass filter (HPF) resolution merge tool was applied in using technique provided by [94]. Supervised classification technique was then used to extract urban, water and green areas for the selected years. 3. 4 Sentinel 1 SAR imagerySentinel 1 SAR imagery is being commonly used in flood mapping, extraction of water surface, built-up area extraction etc. [95]. The data is easily available and suited to a variety of floods and surface water related studies [40, 96,97,98]. Sentinel 1 SAR products are weather and time independent (overall post even repeat time of 3 days) and can capture water bodies under the tree canopy [59]. Images from Sentinel—1 SAR were used for mapping flood extent of study area. Year 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020 were selected as identified by rainfall trends and floods literature. Data was downloaded from & Space Administration’s (NASA) Facility (ASF) portal maintained by (). Sentinel—1 ground range detected (GRD) product acquired with interferometric wide (IW) swath mode was chosen for water extraction. Post flood dates for each year were selected to extract flood extent. Sentinel 1 SAR data for flood years was used to extract flood extent of study area using Platform (SNAP) software. Pre-processing of raw SAR data was performed before extraction of flood water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses urban development and its impact on flooding in Karachi, focusing on geographical and satellite imagery analysis. It does not address stress levels associated with urban living, making it irrelevant to the claim about stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Abbreviated screening protocol for breast MRI: a feasibility study. 2015; 22:1157–1162. | PubMed | CrossRef 28. An abbreviated protocol for high risk screening breast MRI saves time and resources. J Radiol 2016; 13:374–380. | PubMed 29. Evaluation of a known breast cancer using an abbreviated breast MRI protocol: correlation of imaging characteristics and pathology with lesion detection and conspicuity. Radiol 2016; 85:815–823. | PubMed | CrossRef 30. Abbreviated combined MR protocol: a new faster strategy for characterizing breast lesions. Cancer 2016; 16:207–211. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 31. breast screening revisited. J 2017; 61:24–28. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 32. van Zelst J, et al. A novel approach to contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging for screening: high-resolution ultrafast dynamic imaging. 2014; 49:579–585. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 33. Automated characterization of breast lesions imaged with an ultrafast DCE-MR protocol. 2014; 33:225–232. | PubMed | CrossRef 34. Ultrafast bilateral DCE-MRI of the breast with conventional Fourier sampling: preliminary evaluation of semi-quantitative analysis. 2016; 23:1137–1144. | PubMed 35. Kinetic analysis of benign and malignant breast lesions with ultrafast dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: comparison with standard kinetic assessment. Roentgenol 2016; 207:1159–1166. | PubMed | CrossRef 36. Szabó é B. Dynamic MR. imaging of the breast: analysis of kinetic and morphologic diagnostic criteria. 2003; 44:379–386. | PubMed | CrossRef 37. Differentiation between benign and malignant breast lesions detected by bilateral dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: a sensitivity and specificity study. Med 2008; 59:747–754. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 38. Selection of diagnostic features on breast MRI to differentiate between malignant and benign lesions using computer-aided diagnosis: differences in lesions presenting as mass and non-mass-like enhancement. 2010; 20:771–781. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 39. Cluster analysis of signal intensity time course in dynamic breast MRI: does unsupervised vector quantization help to evaluate small mammographic lesions? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and protocols that utilize breast MRI, which is a specific application of magnetic resonance imaging technology used in medical diagnosis. By mentioning the abbreviation of MRI and its effectiveness in screening and characterizing breast lesions, it supports the idea that MRI is a biophysical technology employed in hospital settings for diagnostic purposes.