Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 37, 40 Byrsonima japurensis, is known in the región with the vernacular name of Moari. language moa is related to fish, and ri is related to fish food. The species is identified in the rain-forest for its fruit, which is red when it is ripe and smells like fat. Also its leaves, when they are young, are red. The plant is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. The remedy is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: indigenous people from the state of Vaupés, Colombia drink a tea using the leaves from this plant as a strong vermifugal agent. 35 The Ingaricó and Macuxi indigenous people from Perú acknowledge the antimalarial properties of three species from the same genus Byrsonima Rich. Ex Kunth41 Another species of the genus B. crassifolia (L. ) HBK, is reported as a good astringent and antipyretic. 37 Hiraea Apaporiensis, belongs to a group of native tropical plants known as “bejucos” which have long, thin, flexible stems sometimes used to make fabrics and wicker furniture. It grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The medicine is taken orally at room temperature and can be manipulated by both men and women. It has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: not reported. Pouteria cladantha is a native tree and known in the region with the vernacular name of Kabamedo. In the Cubeo language kamabe means cane and do means tree. The parts of the plant used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and the fresh root. The medicine can be extracted from both the adult and the juvenile plant. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and has no contraindications. Rhynchospora nervosa, it is known in the region with the vernacular name “Estrella”, meaning “star” in Spanish. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various plants, such as Byrsonima japurensis and Pouteria cladantha, and their medicinal uses among indigenous tribes. This indicates that ethnobotany encompasses a broader scope of plant knowledge and usage, which includes both indigenous and non-indigenous knowledge, rather than being exclusively about plants used solely by indigenous tribes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: As for the planet’s electroconductivity, the researchers believe it is distributed in depth (shells) as follows: the upper mantle has low electroconductivity and, predominantly, ionic conduction; in the C layer, semiconducting electroconductivity increases after transiting from the ionic conductivity; the lower’s mantle material is an electronic semiconductor; the Earth’s core is an electronic conductor with the specific conductance in the range of (0. 1 ÷ 1. 0) × 106 S・m−1 [16] [17] [21] [22]. That data implies that the globe can be presented as a spherical geothermoelecrical element (further, SGTE) (Figure 1(a)), which ends are the central part of the core and the C shell (most likely, its middle). The temperature difference of about +3200 K, …, +4500 K is attached to those ends. Then, according to the Seebeck effect, the thermo-EMF ΔφТ can be calculated [23] [24] : Δ φ T = ∫ T 1 T 2 β d T (2) where β is the averaged temperature coefficient, which is 0. 0001 V・deg−1. for pure metals, while it is 0. 0015 V・deg−1. for some semiconductors [24]. To find the parameters of the lower mantle thermocurrents Itop the following must be known: - thermofield intensity ET; - electron concentration per unit volume of the lower mantle ores (it equals n = Figure 1. Scheme of the electron flows movement within the spherical metal core and the spherical circle of the lower mantle: (a) projection of traces of oppositely moving electrons of the metal core (to the core’s center) and the lower mantle (to the Earth’s surface) on the equatorial plane; (b) projection of traces of unidirectionally moving electrons of the metal core and the lower mantle to the Earth’s surface on the equatorial plane; (с) dipolar poloidal magnetic field of the Earth. 1: electron; 2: electron trajectories; 3: the lines of force of toroidal field; 4: the lines of force of self-generated poloidal field. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the electroconductivity of the Earth’s layers, thermocurrents, and the behavior of electrons, but does not mention sea turtles or their navigation methods. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that sea turtles use the Earth's magnetic field for navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: It improves the external astrometric accuracy from a typical RMS 0. 3″ to RMS 0. 04″(a factor of 7 improvement). This accuracy in astrometric calibration brings down the RMS of the external astrometric residuals below the size of most observed offsets between predicted and precovered astrometry. Table 1Summary of the filters applied to the NEO candidates in step 3 of the precovery pipeline. 3. 4 Streak setection and association (step 4) In step 4, the pipeline deploys (Virtanen et al. 2016; Pöntinen et al. 2020) on the photometrically and astrometrically calibrated images to extract candidate streaks. is a package that was developed to identify streaks in ground-based and space-based imaging data. detects streaks in the images in four steps: segmentation of images, detection of streak-like objects, classification of objects to separate streaks from other astronomical objects, and derivation of their parameters (such as coordinates, total flux and length) by fitting a model. For the precovery pipeline, we optimized the configuration parameters for OmegaCAM. Once streak detection is done, then the pipeline searches for the best match between the streaks found within the 3σ uncertainty ellipse of NEOs and their predicted properties. The predicted properties used include the NEO length, the direction of motion, and the magnitude. This procedure is illustrated in Fig. 3. The matching procedure (alternatively called ‘association’) is done in two stages. In the first step, the pipeline filters out (excludes) the detected streaks with properties different from the predicted properties of the NEOs. The applied filters are where mdet, streak, ldet, streak, σdet, streak, and θdet, streak are respectively the observed apparent magnitude (in the given filter), length, width, and position angle of motion of the detected streak, while mpred, σpred and θpred are the same properties but predicted for the NEO. In the second step, for the detected streaks that satisfy the first step (if any), the pipeline estimates a difference score, which is the standardized Euclidean distance between the observed properties of a streak and the predicted properties of the NEO. The parameters used for measuring the distance are the angular length and the position angle of motion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a data mining technique used for classifying astronomical objects, specifically regarding the detection and classification of streak-like objects in imaging data. It details the processes involved in identifying and associating these candidates with Near-Earth Objects (NEOs), which exemplifies the application of data mining to classify astronomical objects from large datasets.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: It is a kind of native herb that grows wild. The whole adult plant is macerated and then used in a decoction for treating malaria. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be taken orally or used in baths. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the communities (Ilhéus, Baíia, Brazil) the speciesis used as an anti-inflammatory medicine. 42 Rudgea woronovii, it is known among the Desano people as Juako. Jua means fever and ko means, water, remedy or healing process. The species is a bush that when young, possesses big leaves with a purple underside. This native bush grows wild in the studied region. The part of the plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be extracted when the plant is young or adult. It can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, and in small doses to children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazon species of Rudgea can be cooked together with the crushed Persea gratissima seeds and Brownea wood, to prepare a contraceptive medicine, stopping the menstrual cycle for three to six months. 35 people in Peru use the leaves and the bark of R. loretensis Standl. to treat leishmanias is. 43 Virola decorticans is known in the region with the vernacular name of Eobukue Bijoiku. In the Cubeo language Eo means barbasco, bukue means old, Bijoi means to vomit, and ku describes the male gender or means tree. The species is recognized in the field because it gives off a red latex and contact with the hairy leaves and branches causes itchy skin. It is a native tree that grows wild in the study region. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from the juvenile plant, and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: people cook the leaves and bark of a species of this genus to prepare baths for the treatment of malaria. 41 Other species of the genus V. callophylla Warb. in Brazil (Prance 1972) and V. carinata (Benth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing examples of medicinal plant uses that extend beyond exclusive use by indigenous tribes. It discusses specific medicinal plants and their uses in various communities, not limited to indigenous tribes, implying that ethnobotany encompasses a wider scope than just indigenous practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1020 m−3 by default); - electron gas drift velocity v d - electron mean free path in a semiconductor l; - current density j. According to the (2), the maximum thermo-EMF ΔφТ for SGTE is 0. 45 V, and the electric field intensity can be found from the following equality: E T = Δ φ T l SGTE V m (3) where l SGTE is SGTE radius length, which equals the distance between the planet center and the middle part of the C shell and is defined as 5438 km or 5650 km to the upper mantle. Hence, the electric field ЕТ generated by the existing temperature difference ΔТ makes planetary flows of “hot” electrons move directionally from the planet center to its outer shells along the radii. At the same time the electron quantity (concentration) in a volume unit of metal (Fe) can be calculated with the formula [24] : n = ρ N A A m − 3 (4) where ρ is the metal Fe density in the inner core, (12. 2 g・cm−3); NA is the Avogadro constant, 6. 02 × 1023 mol−1; A is atomic mass Fe (55. 847 g). Substituting that data into the (4) we get n = 1. 32 × 10 29 m − 3. n should be compared to the calculation for the real conditions when electron gas is in free state at pressures p, that corresponds to the metal core, i. e. at p = 3. 55 million atm [25] [26] [27] : n = ( 5 m е ℏ 2 ( 3 π 2 ) − 2 3 ) 3 5 p 3 5 (5) Knowing that electron mass m e = 9. 11 × 10 − 31 kg and p = 3. 59 × 10 11 Pa a new magnitude can be found n = 3. 25 × 10 29 m − 3. Despite there is a slight discrepancy between magnitudes ni (just 2. 5 times), the magnitude n = 3. 25 × 10 29 m − 3 is used for the further calculations, as it meets the real planet conditions most. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles using the Earth's magnetic field for navigation. It discusses concepts pertaining to electrical fields, electron gas in semiconductors, and calculations related to metallic density in planetary conditions, without mentioning sea turtles or their navigational abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: Of the 49 precoveries, 27 were identified using the pipeline and 22 by visual inspection after step 3 of the pipeline. The close sky proximity of observations at the resolution of the figure means that multiple observations can appear to be a single data point. 4. 3 Precovery of NEOs in the full list 4, we summarize the results from precovery of the full list of NEOs. Queries to SSOIS led to identifying 186 476 frames. In the subsequent step, the query to Horizons removed more than two-thirds of the frames, due to the low S/N (S/N < 1) of the NEOs, which left 55 692 cases. Other filters were applied and in each step, a fraction of the precovery candidates were removed. The filters applied to the full list of NEOs were modified slightly to avoid the extra computation time for cases where the pipeline most likely does not detect any NEOs. For the full list of NEOs, we applied an extra filter on the predicted length of NEOs and did not attempt recovery of objects with predicted lengths smaller than 3″. These objects, as was seen earlier, are the trickiest to detect (using ), and they have a similar appearance to other sources (e. g. extragalactic objects and blended objects), which makes the matching process harder. Moreover, a lower limit on the 1σ uncertainties in position was introduced to focus our search on objects with a less certain positional prediction. After applying all these filters, 968 cases remained, about 0. 5% of the initial number of frames (from SSOIS). Out of 968, after visual inspection of the results, the pipeline successfully detected an NEO in 196 cases (listed in Table 5), about one-fifth of the total cases. Out of these 196 NEO appearances, 114 are true precoveries. Figure 9 shows the histogram of the time intervals for these true precoveries, which ranges between 1 day and 3653 days (for 2021 WO), with the majority identified between 1 and 200 days before the discovery date. The pipeline also resulted in 157 false positives (about 44% of automatic precoveries), of which 75% have a predicted S/N < 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a pipeline that utilizes data mining techniques to process and identify Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) from large sets of observational data. It details how various filters were applied to narrow down frames and how the pipeline was used to classify objects successfully, as evidenced by the identification of true precoveries and the handling of false positives. This aligns directly with the claim about the employment of data mining techniques in the classification of astronomical objects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: ) Warb among the Taiwanos people in the Colombian Amazon, are used as antimalarials. 35 Plinia cf. duplipilosa, is known in the region by the Carapana people as Makanuku uku. Maka means mountain, nuku refers to the section or islet where the plant is found, and ukumeans The species is recognized in the field due to its similarity to the guava plant. The species is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from both juvenile and adult stem bark. It can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and is contraindicated in children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found. Psidium acutangulum is known in the region by the Cubeo people as Nujoku. Nujo is an Amazonian fish and ku means tree. It is recognized by its fruit that is similar to the guava fruit. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild on the banks of the river. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark extracted from the adult tree. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is used as an emetic and is contraindicated during pregnancy and in patients with an advanced stage of malaria. Rudgea cornifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Adapedikoku. In the Cubeo language, Ada is snake or serpent and pedikoku is attributed to a tool used to scratch the bitter cassava, locally known as “rayo” or shaft. The species is recognized in the field by its leaves that break easily and by its white flowers. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild. The parts used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and fresh root taken from either the juvenile or adult plant. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and children should take only one tablespoon. The remedy is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazonian species of Rudgea are cooked with the crushed seeds of and Brownea wood to prepare a contraceptive drink that stops menstruation for three to six months. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various medicinal plants used by specific indigenous groups in the Amazon, such as the Taiwanos and Carapana people. It provides examples of these plants and their uses, indicating that ethnobotany involves a broader scope than just plants utilized by indigenous tribes—it also encompasses the practical applications and cultural significance such plants hold within those communities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In its turn, the total sum of electron gas in the metal core is defined as m Σ = 4 3 π R c 3 m е n = 5. 09 × 10 19 kg. The same must be performed for the lower mantle, spherical shell circle thickness is Δ R l m = 2. 22 × 10 6 m n = 1 × 10 20 m − 3 (average value for semiconductors from 5 × 1019 m−3 to 5 × 1020 m−3 [28] ), the electron mass m e is the same. Then m Σ l m = 4. 35 × 10 9 kg. To calculate the electron gas drift velocity v d according to the quantum theory of the electrical conductivity of metals, the following formula should be used [24] [26] [27] [29] [30] : v d = e E T l 2 m v m ⋅ s − 1 (6) where e is the effective electron charge, C (1. 6 × 10−19); m is the effective electron mass, kg (0. 91 × 10−30); l is the electron mean free path, it equals l = σ ℏ ( 3 π 2 ) 1 3 e 2 n 2 3 m (7) where σ is the planet’s core electroconductivity, S/m; ħ is the Plank’s constant, 1. 05 × 10−34, J・s; v is the average velocity of electrons thermal movement, it can be derived from the formula: v = 8 k T π m m ⋅ s − 1 (8) where k is the Boltzmann constant, 1. 38 × 10−23 J/K; As seen, it is necessary to calculate the velocity of the electron thermal movement at T = 6000 K preliminary, according to (8), to calculate ЕТ and the electron mean free path l between their concussions with the crystal cell to find v d. l directly depends on the metal core’s electroconductivity which can be taken as 105 S/m as the smallest magnitude from the above interval (0. 1 ÷ 1. 0) × 106 S・m−1. Substituting the corresponding values into (8), (7) and (6) one will get v = 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles and navigation as it discusses concepts related to the calculation of electron gas properties in metals and has no mention of sea turtles or navigation methods. Therefore, it passes as unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Simulations of galaxy formation help astronomers understand cosmic structure. [SEP] Text: October 01 2015 Astronomers observe a nascent galaxy stuck to the cosmic web A strand of the web appears to be conducting gas into the protogalaxy. Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1063/PT. 3. 2933 Open the PDF for in another window and Astronomers observe a nascent galaxy stuck to the cosmic web. 1 October 2015; 68 (10): 14–15. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search light, Dark matter, Galaxies, Active galactic nucleus, Space telescope, Star formation, Baryons, Educational assessment, Quantum fluctuations, clumpy universe we see today can be traced back to quantum fluctuations during the period of inflation, just after the Big Bang. Cosmologists think that as the universe cooled, the fluctuations seeded emerging matter that then collapsed into giant walls, and within those walls it collapsed further into filaments separated by great voids. The network of filaments, dubbed the cosmic web, is revealed—if indirectly—by astronomical surveys that show galaxies strung across the presumed filaments, with bigger galaxies and galaxy clusters at nodes where filaments intersect. Direct observation of the filaments themselves is difficult because their constituents, mostly dark matter and cold gas, are either invisible or too faint. But with help from a quasar 10 billion light-years from Earth, of Caltech and his colleagues have been able to take a close look at a strand of the cosmic web. 1 The astronomers trained the Palomar Observatory’s 200-inch (5. 1-meter) on the neighborhood of quasar QSO UM287 and observed, illuminated by the quasar’s intense UV radiation, a cosmic-web filament attached to a rotating, actively forming galaxy. A cosmic flashlight Astronomers have tried to get around the problem of the cosmic web’s faintness by looking at the spectra of background quasars. (Today, March 2005, page 19. ) The absorption of a quasar’s UV light by neutral hydrogen atoms in the intergalactic medium in the foreground shows up as a Lyman-α line. Unfortunately, the technique is essentially one-dimensional: It only detects hydrogen gas along the line of sight to the quasar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how astronomers observe the cosmic web, which is crucial in understanding the large-scale structures of the universe and galaxy formation. It explains that the cosmic web influences the formation and structure of galaxies, illustrating the dynamic interaction between matter and the cosmic web. Therefore, this supports the assertion that simulations of galaxy formation are beneficial for comprehending cosmic structure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 35 in Peru use the leaves and bark of R. loretensis Stand l to treat leishmaniasis. 44 Pleonotoma variabilis is known in the region with the vernacular name Piararuamu. In the Cubeo language, piara is an ant that bites known locally as yanave or tucandira, and mu indicates a vine-like plant known as a bejuco. The plant can be identified in the region by its quadrangular stems and three large leaves. The plant is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted from the adult plant by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The Miraña people use P. variabilis to treat blindness. 40 Clytostoma binatum is known in the region with the vernacular name gapui. It is a native vine that grows wild. The fresh root taken from the adult plant is used to prepare the malaria treatment. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by men and women. It is administered orally and no warnings were reported. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found Arrabidaea verrucosa is known in the region with the vernacular name Uraku (Cubeo). Yupari refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirrojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, ura means large and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field because it is a very strong vine, has small red flowers and round leaves that are arranged in pairs. It is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark which can be removed from both juvenile and adult plants. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is given orally. The traditional healer warns that this remedy should not be combined with other medications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The inhabitants of Park located in the Amazonas state reported this species for treating gastrointestinal disorders. 45 Callichlamys latifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Miyavikubobaku (Cubeo). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed examples of numerous plants used for medicinal purposes by various indigenous groups in the Amazon, indicating that ethnobotany involves a broader understanding and study beyond just indigenous plants. Specifically, it describes the use of different plants such as P. variabilis and Clytostoma binatum for treating ailments, which illustrates that the study of ethnobotany encompasses the various applications and knowledge surrounding these plants, rather than being exclusively focused on indigenous tribes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Then the total value of the lower mantle thermocurrents Itop, coming through its outer spherical surface SD with the radius RD can be derived from the following formula: I t o p = j S D (11) And, finally, according to the Biot-Savart-Laplace law, the Earth’s magnetic induction B Т Т t o p on the bottom surface equator can be calculated: d B Т Т t o p = μ 0 I t o p d R D sin 90 ∘ 4 π R Earth 2 (12) However, the magnetic moment of the current element I t o p d R D is considered here only in a one-dimensional space towards the current movement along the radius R D. Integration over d R D allows to find the total of the current elements I t o p R D just along the way R D. This won’t go for our case, when the radial currents, like Ilow, move from the source (sphere’s center) to the interface with the lower mantle spherical surface, directed azimuthally from 0 to 4π in a spherical conductor. There is no decision on valuation magnetic induction when currents move radially in a spherical conductor in technical literature. That’s why it is better to consider the following model. A small spherical conductor with the radius d R i is put into the spherical conductor with the radius R Σ. The currents, moving from the spheres center make a magnetic field in the volume of the initial small sphere. That field is always directed to its volumetric surface tangentially. Then, according to the circulation theorem, d B ⋅ 4 3 πd R i 3 = μ 0 μ r I i ⋅ 4 πd R i 2 where the currents I i coming through the small sphere surface 4 πd R i 2. When the current is distributed evenly over the sphere’s section I i = I l o w ( d R i R Σ ) 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mathematical modeling of magnetic induction and currents in conductors rather than the navigation of sea turtles using the Earth’s magnetic field. There is no mention of sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Simulations of galaxy formation help astronomers understand cosmic structure. [SEP] Text: If a foreground galaxy fortuitously lines up with that line of sight and the quasar’s absorption spectrum reveals the presence of hydrogen, astronomers can infer the inflow of filamentary gas into the galaxy. 2 But as Nicolas Bouché of France’s in Astrophysics and Planetology notes, “It is always clearer to see something directly. ” Last year a team led by (ETH Zürich) tried a different tactic. The researchers figured that a quasar would be like a cosmic flashlight that could illuminate cosmic-web filaments in its neighborhood. Those filaments in turn would produce faint Lyman-α emissions. Sure enough, Cantalupo’s team spotted a glowing thread near QSO UM287. However, the thread was much brighter than one would expect for a cosmic-web filament. 3 Enter Martin, who has been thinking about ways to image the cosmic web since his graduate student days in the 1980s. He and his Caltech team had recently built a new instrument called the Imager (CWI) for the Hale Telescope. Seen in figure 1, the CWI is a so-called integral field spectrograph that slices up a 2D image, feeds the slices into a spectrometer, and then reconstructs the data into hundreds of images at different wavelengths. By following Lyman-α lines through the different images and matching the wavelengths to redshifts, one can work out the kinematics of an emission source. View largeDownload slideFigure 1. Web Imager, attached to the bottom of the at the Palomar Observatory, is designed to detect faint emissions from the intergalactic medium. Caltech astronomer is shown inside the cage that holds the instrument. (Photo by Anna Moore. )View largeDownload slideFigure 1. Web Imager, attached to the bottom of the at the Palomar Observatory, is designed to detect faint emissions from the intergalactic medium. Caltech astronomer is shown inside the cage that holds the instrument. (Photo by Anna Moore. ) Close modal Martin, Cantalupo, and their coworkers identified the newly found filament as a perfect target for the CWI. “We knew it would be interesting and bright enough to say a lot about,” says Martin. They were right: Attached to the filament was a giant protogalactic disk, 400 000 light-years across. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how the research led by Cantalupo utilized observations of cosmic filaments to gain insights into the structure of the universe, particularly mentioning the discovery of a giant protogalactic disk associated with these filaments. This suggests the direct contribution of observational methods, like simulations of galaxy formation, in enhancing our understanding of cosmic structures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: there are no 27. 2 %, the species with the highest value. The revised herbarium labels contained the following reports for uses of A. grandifolia: the preparation of a poison applied to arrows for hunting known as "curare" (García-Barriga3714371, COAH; Gutiérrez 01, COAH; Pabón A29 620 COAH; La Rotta39 35 COL; La Rotta39 160 COAH; Pabón A. 30 621 COL; Pabón E30 704 1094 COAH), preparing poison for blowguns used in hunting (Balcázar, Castroy Suárez 584 ), for wound healing (López et al. 6002 COAH), to treat anemia (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH), for inducing abortion (Gaitán et al. 13 COAH), for the treatment of malaria (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH; Correa et al. 2756 COAH; Collazos y Narváez 46 COAH; Gaitán et al. 13 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88 COAH; 035 COAH; López et al. 6002 COAH; Caicedo y Oidor 1758 Pabón E. 1013COAH) and for alleviating symptoms associated with malaria (Correa et al. 16 2756 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88COAH; Pabón E. 621 COL). Furthermore, secondary metabolites and purified extracts from species of the genus Abuta (Menispermaceae) found in the Amazon, have presented effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 Steele et al. isolated three bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from the bark of A. grandifolia, of which kukrovine and limacine showed the highest antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum. 62 Garavito et al. 63 found that the crude alkaloid extract from the leaves of this species presented in vitro activity against the P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various medicinal uses of plants, indicating a broader context beyond just indigenous tribes. For example, it mentions specific uses of the species A. grandifolia for hunting, wound healing, and treating malaria, suggesting that ethnobotanical knowledge can be utilized in diverse practices and is not restricted to indigenous tribes alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Hence, after substituting and shortening, here is the Biot-Savart formula for calculating the magnetic field induction inside the sphere (metal core) as the following rationalized form: d B Т Т l o w = 3 μ 0 μ r I l o w d R i 4 π R Σ 2 or B Т Т l o w = 3 μ 0 μ r I l o w R Σ 4 π R Earth 2 sin α (13) where R Earth is the Earth’s radius, R Σ is the metal core radius. In its turn, the magnetic field on the Earth’s surface for the lower mantle spherical layer can be calculated with considering the thickness of that layer ΔRD, which is denoted as d R D in (12). B Т Т t o p = 3 μ 0 μ r I t o p Δ R D 4 π R l m 2 sin α (14) The heat Q, which is produced in the lower mantle Vlm because thermocurrents interact with active resistance of this mantle’s ores. It can be found from the following formula [23] : Q l m = 1 σ j 2 V l m Δ t (15) where j is the current density in the lower mantle, A・m−2; σ is the lower mantle’s electroconductivity Sm−1; Δ t is the time of producing heat for 31,536,000 c (year); V l m is the volume of the lower mantle’s spherical circle. All the calculations for the lower mantle, including the used constants, are tabulated to Table 1. As seen from the table, the value of the magnetic induction B T T t o p on the Earth’s surface is ~4. 62 × 10−6 T, which is much lower than the really measured for the same terrestrial conditions В 0 = 3. 4 × 10 − 5 T. The heat Q, which is produced in the lower mantle volume and determined by thermocurrents Itop, is 2. 84 × 1014 J per year (2. 84 × 1021 erg per year), and this is much lower than the thermal heat loss of the planet per year, which is determined by the value of 3 × 1021 J per year (3 × 1028 erg per year). 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. It discusses the Biot-Savart formula for calculating the magnetic field and provides equations related to the Earth's lower mantle and thermocurrents, none of which pertain to sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Simulations of galaxy formation help astronomers understand cosmic structure. [SEP] Text: The disk and filament are shown in figure 2 with the positions of QSO UM287 marked A, another nearby quasar marked B, and two star-forming regions within the disk marked C and D. By analyzing how the redshifts vary along the disk, the group deduced that the disk is rotating. They then fit the protogalaxy’s velocity profile to a rotating disk model and obtained good agreement with a gas disk embedded in a dark-matter halo of some 1013 solar masses. View largeDownload slideFigure 2. A thread in the cosmic web. The left panel shows the filamentary glow (bounded in white) near the quasar QSO UM287 (lighter colors indicate brighter sources). The quasar, whose overwhelming light has been removed, is labeled A, and another nearby quasar is labeled B. Two star-forming regions, labeled C and D, are in a rotating protogalactic disk. The simple map at the right illustrates the position of the disk, and the bit of cosmic thread that extends from it, in relation to QSO UM287. (Adapted from ref. 1. )View largeDownload slideFigure 2. A thread in the cosmic web. The left panel shows the filamentary glow (bounded in white) near the quasar QSO UM287 (lighter colors indicate brighter sources). The quasar, whose overwhelming light has been removed, is labeled A, and another nearby quasar is labeled B. Two star-forming regions, labeled C and D, are in a rotating protogalactic disk. The simple map at the right illustrates the position of the disk, and the bit of cosmic thread that extends from it, in relation to QSO UM287. (Adapted from ref. 1. ) Close modal The researchers also ran computer simulations, with the disk’s thickness and brightness as inputs, to estimate the protogalaxy’s baryonic mass. Baryons, the stuff of conventional matter, make up only about 1% of the protogalaxy—well below the cosmic average baryon component of 17%. Apparently, suggest Martin and company, the baryons have lagged behind the collapse of the dark-matter halo and will continue to accrete in the future. Cold flow The velocity of the gas in the extended filament is constant and matches that of the upper end of the disk where the two meet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how researchers ran computer simulations to estimate the protogalaxy's baryonic mass, which is critical for understanding galaxy formation and the cosmic structure. By providing insights into the dynamics, such as the rotation of the disk and the interaction with dark matter, the text aligns with the notion that simulations are integral to the analysis of cosmic structures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: of the consider the decoction of the leaves as a contraceptive. 35 Awe et al. 71 reported that the methanolic extract from the bark of M. indica presented antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis schizonts in the early stages of infection. In addition, it reduced yeast induced hyperpyrexia in rats. According to the authors, these effects can explain the use of the plant in traditional medicine to treat malaria and fever Valadeau et al. 49 tested in vitro antimalarial activity of 14 plant species, including M. indica, which was marginally active compared to the others. The leaves and bark of M. indica have a low toxicity with an LC50 of 3079. 1μg/mL and 2456. 0mg/mL respectively. 72 Matisia glandífera is a native tree species that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark and leaves are used for the treatment of malaria. The treatment is prepared by decoction. This species was reported by four traditional healers giving it a FI of 16%. Other uses reported by the traditional healers: To relieve headache and bone pain and as a fever reducer. For the species M. glandífera, no records of medicinal uses were found on the labels from the three herbariums used. On the other hand, one study reported that this plant is used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis in Loreto, Peru. 64 A species of the same genus M. cordata Bonpl. , is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people to treat "menstrual problems". 35 This species is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for the treatment Leishmaniasis. 36 is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark, which is prepared by cooking. On the revised herbarium labels for G. Guidonia, usage reports were found on two labels. The bark is scraped, placed in water and used as a purgativefor humans (Marín et al. 2386, COAH) and for dogs (Little Jr. 7469, COAH). The bark is also used for the treatment of malaria (Córdoba et al. 393,COAH). One report found that the aerial plant organs have antiplasmodial activity in vitro. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by showing that ethnobotanical research does not solely focus on plants used by indigenous tribes. It mentions multiple plant species with medicinal properties, including their uses in traditional medicine, which implies a broader scope of study beyond just indigenous tribal knowledge. For instance, M. indica is used to treat malaria, and its medicinal applications are discussed in a manner that suggests the existence of ethnobotanical practices in various communities, not limited to indigenous tribes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Calculations for the of the calculations were performed for the thermocurrents Ilow moving under the influence of thermoelectrical field ЕТ inside the metal core according to (3) too. To calculate its value two main parameters were taken into consideration: 1) the metal core radius, which is 3500 km (sum of thicknesses of the inner core, of the transitive F zone and the outer core) and 2) the discussed below difference of temperature ΔТ between the center of the planet and the border “core-lower mantle”. According to the literary sources the magnitude ΔТ is for the metal core is quite uncertain and fluctuates within extreme values from 0 K to 1957 K ± 227 K. At the same time, it is known from the same sources that such factors as pressure, electroconductivity, thermal conductivity in the metal core are particularly high, and the electron concentration doesn’t practically depend on tem- Table 1. Calculation of electrical and magnetic parameters of Earth’s lower mantle. perature [33]. It is also known that the velocity of seismic P-waves lengthwise the inner core radius doesn’t practically change and is about 11. 2 km・s, though the pressure changes from 320 to 360 GPa [18]. On the assumption of the said, temperature difference of 2000 K inside the metal core body is unlikely. Considering this and taking the core cooling close to 50 K × (109)−1 years [34] there are grounds to take the real value ΔТ for the metal core as 10 K for the first approximation. This amplitude of the temperature difference between coldnesses (ice ages) and warmings on the Earth’s surface is also in the works [35] [36]. That temperature difference is specified in the V. M. Kotlyakov’s work as “range of the isotopic curve oscillations from glacial periods to interglacial ones equals 10˚C in temperature” [37]. But there is a work where the temperature difference is defined as 14 K on the time period from “65 million years ago till today” [38]. Now let us calculate electric, magnetic and thermal parameters of the solid core, which has temperature dynamics. To do this, let us use the mentioned formulas (2)-(11) (13) (15). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss sea turtles or their navigation methods. Instead, it focuses on calculations related to the Earth's metal core, thermoelectrical fields, and seismic P-waves without making any mention of sea turtles or magnetic field navigation. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Simulations of galaxy formation help astronomers understand cosmic structure. [SEP] Text: The astronomers speculate that gas flowing down the filament imparts angular momentum to the disk, consistent with the so-called cold-flow model of galaxy formation. Martin likens the filament to a hose streaming water into one side of a circular tub. “The water will spiral down into the drain,” he explains. The group’s modeling indicates a gas temperature of about 30 000 K, much cooler than the plasma of the dark-matter halo and again consistent with the cold-flow model. The standard model of galaxy formation posits that when a dark-matter halo collapses gravitationally, the conventional matter embedded in the halo heats to high temperatures and then slowly cools to form stars. Any additional gas that falls into the nascent galaxy would also be shock heated to high temperatures. In that picture, galaxies formed slowly in the early universe. In the alternative cold-flow model, cool gas ready for star formation flows directly from filaments of the cosmic web into galaxies, as seen in figure 3. That scenario has galaxies build up rapidly from large gas disks connected to the cosmic web, much like the one discovered by Martin, Cantalupo, and their colleagues. (See the 43. ) View largeDownload slideFigure 3. A snapshot from a cosmological simulation shows relatively cool gas flowing into two rotating protogalactic disks (magenta) from filaments (gray-green) of the cosmic web. Hot ionized gas at temperatures greater than 106 K is shown in red. (Courtesy of Philip Hopkins/Caltech. )View largeDownload slideFigure 3. A snapshot from a cosmological simulation shows relatively cool gas flowing into two rotating protogalactic disks (magenta) from filaments (gray-green) of the cosmic web. Hot ionized gas at temperatures greater than 106 K is shown in red. (Courtesy of Philip Hopkins/Caltech. ) Close modal An intrigued of the explains that hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy formation show such filamentary inflows of cool gas. He adds, “Detecting them has been a key goal. This one looks filamentary and looks real. ” Martin and his colleagues have considered alternative interpretations of their data—for example, as arising from a galactic merger involving one or both quasars (A and B in figure 2) in the neighborhood. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy formation reveal filamentary inflows of cool gas into galaxies, which support current models of galaxy formation. It describes how these simulations indicate that cool gas ready for star formation flows directly from filaments of the cosmic web into galaxies, thereby enhancing understanding of cosmic structure. The explanation of both the cold-flow model and the standard model of galaxy formation directly connects to how simulations are utilized by astronomers to comprehend the formation and structure of galaxies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: In pharmacological terms, Potalia is the most important genre of the Gentianaceae family in South America. The species of this genus are widely used by native peoples in for the preparation of remedies commonly used for fevers, snakebites and inflammation. 82 In Colombia, the indigenous Barasana group of the Vaupés used the plant to treat eye inflammations and in Córdoba it is used in Shamanism. In Peru, the root is used to kill parasites. The root and resin are used in the province of Pasco for the treatment of rheumatism and anemia. The leaves are rubbed on the back to relieve pain and baths are made with the infusion of the plant to calm crying babies. In Ecuador, cooked and shredded leaves are used in the province of Napo to treat skin problems. There is a possibility that there are more uses reported for this species, since in some herbariums the specimens of P. resinifera have been named P. amara, determined by applying a sensu lato taxonomic criterion for the latter. 82 Abarema laeta is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extraction of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used used for treating malaria. In the Peruvian Amazon, A. laeta is used to treat malaria. 41,83,84 The species was reported as malarial by the Quechua indigenous group and by the Mestizos of Loreto (Peru), however no antiplasmodial activity was found. 84 natives of Perú use the bark in an infusion to treat malaria. 41 Jacaranda copaia is native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked bark is used for malaria treatment. From the herbarium labels the following uses are reported: the young leaves (called "cogollo" or tender hearts) are pulverized and used to heal skin infections (and Martinez 695, COL) and to treat skin ulcers. 36 The leaf is macerated, cooked in water to a honey-like consistency and the decoction is used to: heal skin lesions (Rotta 90, COAH); for bone pain, to attenuate forunculosis, treat venereal diseases, for cystitis and neuralgia. 36 The juice extracted from the macerated root is used to treat blindness (Pabón E. 548, COAH). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing examples of various plants and their medicinal uses not only among indigenous tribes but also among Mestizos and other populations in South America. For instance, it mentions the use of Potalia by both the Barasana group and the Mestizos of Loreto, indicating that the scope of ethnobotany includes broader applications beyond just indigenous practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In particular, we must use the initial data when calculating: μ 0 μ Fe = 1. 26 × 10 − 6 H m Earth’s radius, R Earth = 6. 37 × 10 6 m Inner core radius, R G = 1. 4 × 10 6 m Total radius, R Σ = R G + Δ R F + Δ R E = 3. 65 × 10 6 m Spherical surface SG area with radius RG: = 4 π R G 2 = 2. 46 × 10 13 m; Core electroconductivity, σ = 5. 0 × 10 5 S m. From the formulas (3) (4) (5) (7) (9) (10) accordingly we have: Thermofield density of the Earth’s core at the temperature difference ΔT = 10˚C and radius RΣ Е T = 2. 86 × 10 − 10 V m Electron concentration in a unit volume of metal (Fe), n 1 = 1. 32 × 10 29 m − 3 n 2 = 3. 25 × 10 29 m − 3 Fermi momentum, p F = 1. 41 × 10 − 23 m ⋅ kg s Electron mean free path, l = 0. 85 nm. Substituting the corresponding meanings of the calculated parameters to the current density formula (9), we get j = 1. 43 × 10 − 4 A m 2. From the formula (11) we can find the total amount of current of the inner core G: I l o w = j S G = 3. 52 × 10 9 A. According to the formula (15) let us additionally calculate the heat Q b c produced by the thermocurrents Ilow, which is 2. 25 × 1014 J year (2. 25 × 1021 erg per year) and is comparable with the thermocurrents Itop heat in magnitude. There is also a calculation of the Earth’s magnetic momentum M = 4 π R G 2 I l o w which is 8. 67 × 1022 А・m2 when the current Ilow is 3. 52 × 109 А and the spherical surface at the solid core radius is RG = 1400 km. That is close to the known magnitude М = 8. 2 × 10 22 А ⋅ m 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. It contains technical and mathematical information related to Earth's core and magnetic properties, but does not address the behavior or navigation methods of sea turtles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Δ(cro-ea59):tetR-bla], ΔprfA, ΔtolC0∆RF1∆arfA, ∆arfBAAFitness, conjugation, and viral infection (Figures 3 and 4) *All strains derived from ECNR2, as described in Wang et al. (2009). †for additional information on strains and sources. The GenBank accession number for E. coli MG1655 is U00096, and the GenBank accession number for GRO. AA is CP006698. ‡ Out of a total of 321 in the original ECNR2 strain. §RF1 terminates translation at UAG and UAA. Deletion of RF1 eliminates recognition of UAG during translation; translational termination continues through RF2, which recognizes UAA and UGA. #The ssrA gene encodes the tmRNA, which appends the ssrA degradation tag to stalled ribosomes. The wild-type sequence is mutation of the C-terminus to slows degradation of peptides to enable detection by mass spectrometry. Table 2 Components of peptide library constructed to search and analyze tandem mass spectrometry data. library was separate from the library that contained the entries of the first three rows of the table (see Supplementary file 3 and 4). Library componentExample peptides (from Figure 2A)Enables detection of…Complete peptide listAny one of 20 canonical amino acids inserted at the UAG codon-cognate suppressionSupplementary file 3Any length of C-tail following UAG codon to the next non-UAG stop codon or to 38 amino acids downstream of the UAG codon, whichever came firstframeshifting, and rescue by ArfA or ArfBSupplementary file 3degradation tagby tmRNA-SmpBSupplementary file 3All peptides of form where X is any amino acidof translational fidelitySupplementary file 4 Key resources table Genetic reagents, bacterial strains, antibodies, and software used in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic strains, methods of peptide analysis, and mass spectrometry, but does not mention astrobiological data or telescopes. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: (Peru) use boiled leaves of J. copaia, to cure malaria and for cutaneous leishmaniasis. In mild cases of leishmaniasis, the remedy is applied to the affected areas as a cataplasm (Céline et al. 2009). The plant is used to heal wounds by the Andoques and to treat blindness by the Huitotos. 85 The indigenous people of the scrape off the bark and prepare an infusion for the treatment of influenza and pneumonia. 35 Tabebuia serratifolia is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for treating malaria. The bark is used by the Wayãpi natives in the French Guyana, as a fever reducer. 83 The species contains alkaloids, lapachol or tacomine, catechins, steroids, simple phenols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, cyanogenic glycosides, resins, saponins, triterpenes and xanthones. 86 Crescentia cujete is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for malaria treatment. Three reports for medicinal uses of cujete in the herbarium specimens were found. It is used for reperatory problems (Cárdenas et al. 13849, COAH). The leaf is used in a poultice for headaches and the young fruit is used to prepare "melao" used as a cough suppressant (Cardenas and Romero 13226, COAH). The endocarp is cooked with “panela” or brown sugar and used to reduce inflammation resulting from hits or blows to the body (Marín et al. 2336, COAH). Ruiz et al. 56 report that C. cujete leaves are used as an antimalarial. 56 natives (Risaralda, Colombia) use the unripe pulp to treat diarrhea. 87 Mature pulp is employed to calm headaches, is cooked in a sweet broth and used as a febrifuge, purgative and expectorant, and the leaves applied on the belly facilitate parturition. 38 America, the fruit pulp is used for respiratory diseases,87 gastrointestinal illnesses, inflammation and urethritis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting details about various plants used for medicinal purposes by indigenous tribes in different regions. It describes specific plants and their applications, suggesting that ethnobotany encompasses not only the plants used by indigenous tribes but also their medicinal uses and applications beyond just the cultural aspect of these plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: For the readers’ convenience, all the calculations are presented in the compact Table 2. The table shows that the thermocurrents Ilow are all-sufficient, they are able not only generate the main dipole field of Earth В T T l o w but to maintain it for a long time at 3. 64 × 10−5 T level. This value is calculated for the points of Earth on its equator and, as seen, it is close to the real and modern intensity of the EMF. At the same time, the heat, produced by the thermocurrents Ilow, is only Q b c = 2. 25 × 10 14 J per year (2. 25 × 1021 erg per year) and is comparable to the heat of the thermocurrents Itop. The Earth’s magnetic moment was also calculated as M = 4 π R G 2 I l o w. At the current Ilow of 3. 52 × 109 А and spherical surface with the solid core’s radius of RG = 1400 km (see in Table 2) it is 8. 67 × 1022 Table 2. Calculation of electrical and magnetic parameters of Earth’s metal core. А・m2, which is close to the known value М = 8. 2 × 10 22 А ⋅ m 2. Let us briefly note, that a toroidal magnetic field forms within the metal core. The field’s field lines are spherical circles that do not leave the conducting core (Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b)). The centrifugal force F C f and the thermo e. m. f. ЕТ have been generating a through channel with electron deficit for 3. 5 billion years in the toroidal field in the core center. The channel is the entrance/exit for the poloidal magnetic field which is self-generating in the conductive medium. The field is definitely dipole and it has local poles with diameter to 500 km for entrance/exit of the field lines bundles of the poloidal field with tilt of 900 - 890. There is a confirmation for it [39]. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the Earth's magnetic field and its calculations but does not mention sea turtles or their navigation methods. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim about sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: lnunemprate *create an autocorrelation function or correlogram of the residuals from the regression model// racplot *generate the residuals from the model predict residuals, resid *create a graph partial autocorrelations pac residuals, yw *DW test estat dwatson *alternative DW test quietly: reg D1. lnenpub2yr D1. lntupub2yr D1. lnunemprate, rob estat durbinalt, force *time series regression model with an AR term calibrated via the Prais-Winsten (P-W)// estimator prais D1. lnenpub2yr D1. lntupub2yr D1. lnunemprate, rob *generate residuals from the P-W regression predict residuals_PW, resid *use the Cumby-Huizinga (C-H) general test of the residuals ssc install actest actest residuals_PW, lag(4) q0 rob *estimate an ARMAX model with first-order (AR1) and second-order (AR2)// autoregressive terms arima D1. lnenpub2yr D1. lntupub2yr D1. lnunemprate, ar(1 2 ) vce(robust) *examine the residuals from the ARMAX model to see if there is any autocorrelation and// conduct a final test predict residuals_ARMX12, resid actest residuals_ARMX12 lag(4) q0 rob *fit an ARMAX model to the data levels rather than their first-differences using the// diffuse option, showing with no interations (nolog) arima lnenpub2yr lntupub2yr lnunemprate, ar(1 2 ) rob diffuse nolog *C-H test is used to detect any remaining autocorrelation predict residuals_nsARMA12dn, resid actest residuals_nsARMA12dn, q0 rob lag(4) *To avoid “reverse causality”, regress enrollment on at least a one year lag of tuition. /// Include the lag operator (L1) in a re-calibrated ARMAX model and use data through 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various statistical methods employed in the analysis of data, such as creating an autocorrelation function, regression models, and ARMAX models. These techniques are indicative of advanced statistical methods that are crucial for analyzing data, which aligns with the claim regarding the analysis of astrobiological data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 89‒91 Decoction of the leaves and flowers is used in vaginal baths for leucorrea, to treat earaches, treat skin conditions such as scrapes, bumps or dermatitis, is used to treat hemorrhoids, treat tumors, expel the placenta, against venoms, and as a homeostatic. 92‒94 The leaves are used to treat anemia. 38,95 In India, the fruit pulp is used as a diuretic. 96 the leaves in infusion are used as a demulcent and antitussive, and the seeds administered orally are used as an anti venom. The leaves and fruit have the following properties: analgesic, antiseptic, appetizer, soother, anti-inflammatory, vermifuge, emmenagogue, emetic, expectorant, sudorific, and vulnerary. 38 Doliocarpus dentatus is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. indigenous group on the consider the "water" from D. dentatus stops the effects of malaria. 35 and Mixe indigenous groups (Mexico) use the species for different medicinal purposes. 97 community in northwest Peru, this lianais used to treat the sequelae of malaria. 98 Abuta rufescens is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. Indigenous groups in the state of Roraima, Brazil, use A. rufescens to treat malaria. 41 The Shipibo-Conibo people usethe leaf to prepare “curare” and a decoction of the bark to treat malaria, stomach ulcers, diabetes and liver pain. 84 A. rufescens presented leishmanicidal activity. 99 Extracts from the bark and leaves had antiplasmodial activity with IC50 from 2. 3 to 7. 9ug/mL. 84 This species was found to contain the alkaloids (+) - Aromaline, (+) - (-) -Krukovine, Nomifescine, Rufescine and Splendidine. 100 Citrus x lemon, is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. An extract of the root is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Antimalarial use of Citrus x lemon was reported in the Ucayali region of Peru. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing examples of various plants and their medicinal uses beyond just indigenous tribes, demonstrating that ethnobotany encompasses a broader scope than the use of plants solely by indigenous people. It describes the medicinal applications of various species, including those used by specific indigenous groups, but also mentions plants like Citrus x lemon, which is introduced, indicating that ethnobotany studies the interactions of different communities with plants, not limited to indigenous tribes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: of Earth’s First, let us pay attention to a feature of the core: its outer part (outer core) is in a melted state at the temperature T0, whereas the inner part (inner core), divided with the transitive F zone, is in a solid state, but at the lowered temperature Ti. Hence, we can conclude that the solid core can be colder than the outer one, and its temperature is Ti = T0 10 K. In its turn, it shows that there obviously must be geotemperature gradients, directed oppositely to the melted outer core. Those gradients generate thermoelectric currents “outer core-lower mantle” Itop, directed oppositely to the Earth’s surface, and “outer core-inner (solid) core’s center” Ilow to the planet’s center (Figure 1(a)). On the assumption of the known connection between an electrical current and the heat, produced by it, the inner core temperature Ti is expected to get T0, and then get higher than T0 i. e. Ti > T0. Such happens when the flows of the thermocurrents Ilow move to the Earth’s center and their electron concentration n in the inner core because of the absence of drains (outer borders) and, consequently, absence of dissipation of the charge energy. As a result, current density increases, which contributes to higher producing of Joule heat and its accumulation in the Earth’s central part. Eventually, the inner core’s temperature Ti reaches the temperature of the melted core T0 (Ti = T0) and at this moment the field intensity ЕТ gets equal to zero (ЕТ = 0) in the “outer core-inner core” branch. From that very moment thermocurrents Ilow stop moving, and the Earth’s dipole magnetic field disappears, but the lower mantle magnetic field В T T l o w remains. Nevertheless, thermocurrents Ilow of low intensity are able to not only appear for a short time and several times but change their directions to the opposite ones, because the thermal process is not homogeneous at different points of the inner core. The inner core temperature eventually gets higher and reaches a persistent state Ti > T0 because of the thermal process inertia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the geological and thermodynamic properties of the Earth's core rather than any aspect of sea turtle navigation or the use of magnetic fields for navigation. There is no mention of sea turtles, navigation, or Earth's magnetic field in relation to marine life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: arima lnenpub2yr L1. lntupub2yr lnunemprate, ar(1 2 ) rob diff nolog *Fit an ARIMA model to the same data, using slightly different Stata syntax where// the arima (2 0 0) indicates the model should include a first-order (AR1) and// second-order (AR2) autoregressive term, *no (0) differencing and no (0) moving average (MA) term. arima lnenpub2yr L1. lntupub2yr lnunemprate, arima(2 0 0) rob nolog diffuse *check the stability of the ARMAX model estat aroots, dlabel *Examples of - *open a panel dataset use "Balanced panel data - state. dta", clear *test for autocorrelation in the panel data xtserial lnnetuit lnstapr lnfte lnpc_income, output *Panel-Models with AR terms *fixed effects model with AR term xtregar lnnetuit lnstapr lnfte lnpc_income, fe *panel unit root tests (PURTs); install xtpurt (to install in Stata,// type "search xtpurt, all", click on "st0519" and install) or type: net install st0519, replace xtpurt lnnetuit xtpurt lnstapr xtpurt lnfte xtpurt lnpc_income *first-differenced variables in our final regression fixed- or random-effects// model with an AR1 *disturbance term qui xtregar D1. lnnetuit D1. lnstapr D1. lnfte D1. lnpc_income, re *generate residuals from the model predict ar_residuals_re, ue *conduct the C-H autocorrelation general test of the residuals actest ar_residuals_re, lags(10) q0 robust *Tests to Detect Cross-- Factors *install the Stata user-written routine, xtcsd ssc install xtcsd *use unbalanced panel dataset use "Unbalanced panel data - institutional. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of analyzing data using advanced statistical methods, such as fitting ARIMA models and conducting autocorrelation tests. These methods are indeed applicable to datasets that may include astrobiological data, as suggested by the claim. The mention of various statistical approaches indicates a correlation with the advanced statistical analysis implied in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 30 this study, most of the respondents are male. Men seem to possess more traditional knowledge of medicinal plants compared to women, possibly due to their increased access to the forest to hunt, collect wild fruits and plants, and obtain material for housing construction and development of tools. These activities allow them to acquire forest-related knowledge, while on the other hand, women are dedicated to the care of charges and care of the house. In the communities represented in this study, women have more access to plants grown in home gardens. The number of woman participants in this study is low because most plants used for malaria are found in the forest. This finding is consistent with research conducted by Boster101 and Garro102 who mentioned that the knowledge of any given person is determined by their role in society (gender, age, division of labor, individual experience), creating differences in access to knowledge. The largest number of species reported, is observed in the community of Puerto Laguna. This result could be due to the presence of the only Paye who participated in the study. is the most influential community member who passes on their knowledge to the younger generations. Yurupari, is a community that also reported a large number of species. This could be due to their proximity to and the observed relationship between the inhabitants of these communities, allowing transmission of knowledge between traditional healers. The families with more genera and species reported are Bignoniaceae (8 species/6 genera) and Fabaceae (4 species/4 genera). According to Gentry103 the Bignoniaceae family predominates among the plants with medicinal use. Gentry identified 27 genera of lianas and nine genera of trees, all with therapeutic properties. The finding in this study of several species belonging to the Bignoniaceae family with antimalarial use may be due to the wide geographic distribution of this family and the presence of secondary metabolites of naphthoquinone, such as lapachol. 104 On the other hand, the Fabaceae family is also often used for medicinal purposes. According Leonti, this is probably due to its abundance and high diversity of active constituent chemicals with organoleptic properties. 97 Alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols have been isolated from this family. The activity of these metabolites is associated with antidiabetic106 anti-inflammatory106 and antimicrobial effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants as being influenced by social roles, gender, and access to various plant species. It implies that ethnobotany encompasses a broader scope than just the plants used by indigenous tribes, as it also highlights the relationships between community members and the communal transmission of knowledge about different plant species. The emphasis on the variety of plants used by different genders and the roles people play in their communities suggests that ethnobotany includes diverse practices and knowledge from various sources, not limited to indigenous tribes alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: At this state thermocurrents of opposite direction instantly appear and signs of the inner SGTE charges finally change (Figure 1(b)). From the moment of the persistent state Ti = T0 thermocurrents Itop and Ilow move to the Earth’s surface unidirectionally and their mutual current I sums up. Ores of the lower mantle gets extra heat because a part of the thermocurrents Ilow permeates in. That heat spreads predominantly to the bottom surface’s side, and when it is reached, the Earth’s crust and atmosphere reach the mode of dynamic heating gradually. From the other hand, electron flows leave the core, and it slowly cools down after electron concentration gets less. But when the moment of the persistent state Ti < T0 comes, a new and opposite process begins-thermocurrents Ilow go to the inner core and warm it. At the same time the mutual current I decreases and Earth comes into its cooling mode, and the dipole magnetic field restores. The cycles repeat. 5. Briefly about the Cyclicity of Cooling and Warming of the Earth’s results of the calculations in Table 2 give us the following. First, the reason why cooling and warming alternate each other on the Earth’s crust surface and our planet’s atmosphere is the existing cyclic change of thermocurrents in the inner core Ilow (Figure 2). Secondly, geomagnetic polarity reversal can happen only when phases “warming-cooling-warming” change, probably, every 105 ÷ 106 years [7]. During the period of these reversals dipole magnetic field В T T l o w decreases (or increases) up to its momentary disappearance (increment), at the same time the magnetic pole, created by the lower mantle, always stays as 4. 6 × 10−6 T at any reversal sign. In this connection, there can be made a preliminary estimate of the time interval Δt between adjacent coinciding phases of Itop and Ilow thermocurrents movement, for example, to the Earth’s crust. In this case that interval can correspond to the period of two maximum Earth warmings or cooling if the thermocurrents move in an antiphase direction (Figure 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. It focuses on thermocurrents, magnetic fields, and geological processes without mentioning sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Restoration of mangrove forests enhances coastal resilience against climate change. [SEP] Text: IntroductionLiving at the interface between land and sea in the low latitudes, mangroves are sentinels for climate change. Their intertidal environment is physically and geologically dynamic, and it is primarily these forces, within the confines of changing climatic and environmental conditions, that sculpt mangrove ecosystems over time. Mangroves exhibit a high degree of ecological stability and community persistence in the face of environmental inconstancy. Their survival is due to a variety of key features that in toto result in ecosystems having properties of both terrestrial and marine biomes plus a few uniquely their own, such as large below-ground storage and transformation rates of carbon and nutrients; simple architecture and self-design; highly efficient but complex biotic controls; species redundancy; and multiple feedbacks which serve to either facilitate and augment recovery from, or resilience to, natural and anthropogenic disturbances [1, 2]. Human impacts on mangroves, including climate change, have received much attention of late mainly because mangrove deforestation is occurring at a rate of 1–2 % per year, which implies that most forests will disappear within this century [1]. Despite high rates of destruction, mangroves still play an important role in human sustainability and livelihoods in developing nations where poverty is rife and population growth is high [1]. Mangroves are important nursery grounds and breeding sites for fish, crustaceans, birds, reptiles, mammals, and many other semiterrestrial and estuarine organisms; they help to ameliorate coastal erosion and the impacts of extreme events, such as tsunamis and cyclones; they are a renewable source of wood for fuel and housing, and of food and traditional medicines; and they are biogeochemically important sites of sediment, carbon, nutrient, and contaminant accumulation [1]. The object of this review is to critically assess the impact of climate change on mangrove ecosystems. Sea level rise is the main focus considering their tidal nature, but changes in temperature, salinity, and rainfall patterns, and increases in greenhouse gas concentrations, especially CO2, are also considered. First, however, it is important to consider the evidence for how mangroves respond, and have responded, to environmental change; their history of adaptation that will likely offer some insight into their future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the crucial role of mangroves in providing ecological stability and resilience to environmental disturbances, including climate change. It notes that mangroves help to ameliorate coastal erosion and the impacts of extreme events, such as tsunamis and cyclones, which directly supports the assertion that their restoration can enhance coastal resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 107 The type of plant most reported by the traditional healers of the Vaupés medio was the tree, with 19 tree species reported. This can be easily explained due to the fact that most of the plants used to treat malaria were collected in mature forests or forests with little intervention, a pattern that has been observed in other studies. 2 The species collected and identified are mostly native (90. 24%). This is evidence that the species indeed grow wild in the study area and demonstrates the persistence of indigenous knowledge using native vegetation, consistent with what was found by Perez in the Peruvian Amazon. The part of the plant reported with the highest frequency for its use in the production of anti-malarial remedies was the stem bark. This may be due to the preference of the traditional healers to remove a part of the organ without damaging the whole plant, "so that it does not dry up. " Additionally, the traditional healers think that the substances responsible for the activity are concentrated in the bark and extraction of this part is simple. The leaves are used with a lower relative frequency compared to the other organs. It is noteworthy that the traditional healers do not use fruits for the treatment of malaria. This practice is possibly due to the fact that the fruits are not available permanently and malaria can occur at any moment. Among the species collected in this study, only four usage records were significant (i. e. they had higher citation frequency in the interviews conducted in the ten communities visited). Never the less, only Abuta grandifolia, with an FI of 36%, exceeded the 20% citation frequency. This is a strong indicator that this species deserves special attention for validation and scientific evaluation. on the Friedman’s consensus technique of informants, the species most reported as antimalarial by healers of the are: Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Matisia cf. glandifera and Pleonotoma jasminifolia. More studies are necessary to validate ethnobotany data. It is important to verify the efficiency of each plant to kill malaria parasites, especially giving special attention to the species Pleonotoma jasminifolia, which has no previous report in the literature as antimalarial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that ethnobotany is not limited to the plants used only by indigenous tribes but also involves understanding plant usage in varying contexts. The mention of traditional healers and the specific studies referenced indicates a broader focus on native plants within the ecological context rather than being exclusively related to indigenous tribes. Additionally, the text discusses the effectiveness of different plant species and emphasizes the need for validation and scientific evaluation, suggesting that ethnobotany encompasses a wider scope beyond just indigenous practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: That can be represented by the following model of multidirectional movements of thermocurrents Ilow towards the persistently unidirectional movement of thermocurrents Itop: 1st cycle: core-lower mantle; 2nd cycle: lower mantle-core; 3rd cycle: core-lower mantle. Figure 2. Graph of connection between EMF polarity reversal and warming and cooling periods on Earth with the change of the direction of the planetary currents Ilow vectors. 1―graph of the cyclic temperature at the Earth’s surface distribution; 2―directed movement of the lower mantle thermocurrents Itop; 3―directed movement of the inner core thermocurrents Ilow; 4―magnetic poles position at the EMF reversal. For a quantitative estimation of the model one should take into consideration drift velocity v d (7) of electrons, which move directionally in the electric field ЕТ from the inner core’s side to the upper mantle (1st, 3rd cycles) and backwards (2nd cycle). However, that velocity is average and it is defined from the interval v d between 0 and max. But if the velocity of an electron after the collision has nothing to do with its velocity before the collision [26] the calculated function of electron distribution according to their real velocities allows to calculate the drift velocity more accurately with the following formula [26] [40] [41] : v d = e E T l m v (6а) However the existing scientific argument if it is right to use the formula (6) or the formula (6a) can be resolved only in course of time and only by comparing theoretical calculations with the practice. All the calculations to define warming periods are in Table 3 with all the needed constants and formulas. Table 3. Calculation of warming periods on Earth. All the calculations to define warming periods are in Table 3 with all the needed constants and formulas. It is seen from Table 3 that the period of direct warming is about 83000 years, whereas the time lapse between the consecutive warmings Δt is about 249,000 years. The main error of this magnitude is determined by the value of the temperature coefficient β and the final electron concentration in the semiconductor when “hot” electrons move out of the core. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. It discusses complex scientific theories related to thermocurrents, their movement, and electron distribution without mentioning sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Restoration of mangrove forests enhances coastal resilience against climate change. [SEP] Text: For a large number of species, leaf anatomy, vascular vessel densities, diameter, grouping and length, and fiber wall thickness are affected by variations in salinity and flooding. Vessel density, for instance, increases in most species from low to high salinity, from high- to low-flooding level, and from short- to long-flooding period [45]. A few species (e. g. , Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa) have also demonstrated modification to bark anatomy in response to prolonged flooding, typically formation of hypertrophied lenticels, adventitious roots, and increased aerenchyma development in the bark. Over the past 165 years, specific leaf area of A. marina has correlated positively with atmospheric CO2 concentration and latitude, suggesting thicker, heavier leaves in future because of net photosynthetic carbon gain [46•]. Mangroves of the future may very well look and function differently, and be denser in terms of number of individuals per unit area [47, 48]. But, are mangrove forests keeping pace with current rates of sea level rise? A statistical analysis (Fig. 2) of mangrove sedimentation rates (mm year−1) versus mean sea level rise (mm year−1) suggests that, on average, accretion rates are keeping pace with sea level rise (see regression equation and line, Fig. 2). However, roughly one-half of the data are below the 1:1 relationship (red dotted line) which indicates that these mangroves are not keeping pace; nearly all of these data were derived from mangroves inhabiting low islands and coastal lagoons in the Caribbean and the Pacific, and in subsiding river deltas, such as the Mekong [18] and the Sundarbans [49]. Conversely, the three most rapid accretion rates were from Chinese, Indian, and Brazilian mangroves inhabiting highly populated and impacted catchments. The large scatter of data points underscores how mangroves of disparate coastal settings respond so differently to the same rate of sea-level rise in different parts of the world. These century-scale accretion rates derived from radionuclide distributions (e. g. , 210Pb) are unlikely to be reliable indicators of the net result of elevation capital, the accretion rate, and water level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about the benefits of restoration of mangrove forests for coastal resilience against climate change. Instead, it discusses the biological responses of mangrove species to salinity and flooding, sedimentation rates compared to sea-level rise, and variations in their growth depending on location. It does not provide information that corroborates or contrasts with the specific claim regarding restoration and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Through this work we were able to demonstrate that despite the social and cultural changes that lead to the rapid disappearance of ancestral knowledge, active traditional healers within the Colombian native communities still exists and hold an important place in society for the knowledge they possess. As for the medicinal flora, important information was gathered revealing 42 species with antimalarial use in these 10 indigenous communities. This work can support further phytochemical investigations, especially for those plants with no bibliographic reports so far. In such a small area of the Amazon species with no previous report of antimalarial activity were discovered. For this reason it is necessary to conduct more ethnobotanical studies in the region. OR contributed in collecting plant sample, SB contributed to design the study and critical reading of the manuscript, FC contributed in collecting plant sample and identification, confection of herbarium and morphological description of the species. AP designed the study, supervised the field work, and drafted the paper and contributed to critical reading of the manuscript. All the authors had read the final manuscript and approved the submission contributed to analysis of the data. project was funded by Colciencias grant 1115-489-25104 RC 506-2009, Universidad de Antioquia, sustainability strategy 2014-2015. The authors would like to thank the Herbarium of the Universidad de Antioquia and Dr. who gave valuable advice over a 4 month period. The authors would also like to thank the traditional healers representing the 10 communities, for their trust and cooperation. Without their permission and cooperation this investigation would not be possible. Conflict of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest. 2015. . Comparison of traditional wild plant knowledge between aboriginal communities inhabiting arid and forest environments in Patagonia, Argentina. J Arid Environ. 2007;69(4):695‒715. INS. de Salud- Dirección de Vigilancia y Análisis del Riesgo en Salud Pública. Informe de Vigilancia y control, Colombia; 2016. First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi. Malar J. 2014;13:68. . Malaria control in Africa and the role of traditional medicine. Traditional medicinal plants and malaria. 2004. p. 3‒18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that traditional knowledge and the use of medicinal flora are still relevant and active within Colombian native communities. It points out that there is significant knowledge about 42 plant species with antimalarial uses documented in these communities. This suggests that ethnobotany is not exclusively focused on plants used by indigenous tribes, but also includes ongoing research and discoveries that extend beyond these communities, illustrating a broader scope of study regarding traditional medicine and plant use in diverse contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In our case, the value of β for the lower mantle, whose ores are considered to be semiconductors, is taken speculatively, and it is 0. 0003 V・K−1, as in Table 1, and it is just three times more than the temperature coefficient for pure metals. However, if one takes the possibly minimum magnitude 0. 001 V deg−1. for semiconductors instead of 0. 0015 V deg−1. [29] then the time lapse from the beginning of the warming and its ending will be about 25,000 years, and the time lapse between the warming phases Δt will be 75,000 years. Periods of cooling and warming cycles also change noticeably, if n for the lower mantle ores is increased only by 1 order, i. e. n = 3. 25 × 10 23 m − 3 (the initial value for calculations is taken as n = 3. 25 × 10 22 m − 3 ). Then the period of direct warming is about 385,000 years, and the time lapse between the consecutive warmings Δt is now about 1. 15 million years. It appears from the roughly evaluative calculations, that despite the large range of numbers they are still within the assumptive time intervals, which the researchers get by an indirect analysis of geologic and climatological material of our planet, accumulated numerously [37] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]. According to geological data from different literary sources, the older the planet is, the shorter cooling periods (ice ages) and warming periods get, they fraction into subperiods, which can be explained by cycles getting gradually ordered and steady while the planet’s inner structure is forming [44] (Figure 3). 6. of the Warming of the Earth’s solve the task, we should consider the following conditions. Earth is now under a steady nonequilibrium thermodynamic state, because there are pressure and temperature gradients, that can be concluded from the I. R. Prigogine’s work [47]. Thermoelectrical currents Ilow of the solid and the melted cores move to the lower mantle. Their velocity, defined by the electron velocity, is about 2 × 10−8 m・s−1, and their distance, for example, for 103 years is not more than 60 - 70 km. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation methods. Instead, it discusses geological data and thermoelectric currents within the Earth's mantle, which is unrelated to how sea turtles might use the Earth's magnetic field for navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bycatch reduction devices are designed to minimize the unintended capture of marine species. [SEP] Text: Study findings provide evidence to support the identification and innovation of effective and commercially viable methods to mitigate odontocete depredation and bycatch. Citation: (2024) Exploring odontocete depredation rates in a pelagic longline fishery. 19(3): e0301072. de Souza, de do : October 19, 2023; Accepted: March 9, 2024; Published: March 28, 2024Copyright: © 2024 Gilman et al. This is an open access 1. IntroductionMarine mammals occupy a range of trophic levels and some species have important roles in regulating the structure, function, dynamics and state of marine communities and ecosystems [1–6]. Large changes in their abundance can therefore cause profound community- and ecosystem-level consequences that are protracted or irreversible. Some marine mammals, including sirenians and most toothed whales, are extremely sensitive to anthropogenic mortality due to having relatively low rates of potential population growth and other intrinsic life history characteristics, small population sizes, and extrinsic environmental variables such as narrow habitat requirements for foraging and breeding [7–9]. Fisheries bycatch in both in-use and derelict (abandoned, lost and discarded) fishing gear is the largest threat to many populations of marine megafauna, including marine mammals, and is an obstacle to sustainable seafood production [9–12]. Of the range of anthropogenic hazards faced by marine mammals, bycatch affects the greatest number of species, contributed to the presumed extinction of the baiji (dolphin, Lipotes vexillifer), and has contributed to reducing the abundance of several populations and species of cetaceans and pinnipeds to critical levels [9, 13, 14]. Furthermore, marine mammal depredation (removal and damage of catch and bait from fishing gear) causes substantial direct and indirect socioeconomic costs [15, 16]. Depredation can also result in fishers deliberately injuring and killing marine mammals, and alters marine mammals’ foraging behavior, distribution, diet and demographics [7, 15–19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the evidence supporting methods to mitigate bycatch, which aligns with the purpose of bycatch reduction devices. It highlights that fisheries bycatch is the largest threat to many marine species, including marine mammals, and emphasizes the need for effective strategies to reduce this unintended capture. This aligns with the claim by suggesting that innovative methods are indeed aimed at minimizing unintentional catches, which is the primary objective of bycatch reduction devices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Campuzano-Zuluaga G, Alvarez-Sánchez G, Escobar-Gallo GE, et al. Design of malaria diagnostic criteria for the Sysmex XE-2100 hematology analyzer. Hyg. 2010;82(3):402‒411. Bermúdez ázquez D. La investigación etnobotánica sobre plantas medicinales: una revisión de sus objetivos y enfoques actuales. Interciencia. 2005;30(8):453‒459. Rieckmann KH, Antuñano FJL. Chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Brazil detected by a simple in vitro method. Health Organ. 1971;45(2):157‒167. Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese drugs of plant origin. Chemistry, pharmacology, and use in traditional and modern medicine. Springer-Verlag. 1992. . Qinghaosu. The Lancet. 1993;341(8845):603‒608. Gentry AH. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests. . 1988;85(1):156‒159. Gari J. Biodiversity and indigenous agroecology in Amazonia: The indigenous people of Pastaza. Etnoecologica. 2001;5(7):21‒37. Guevara Garzón J. En busca de un modelo de salud para los pueblos indígenas. La experiencia del Vaupés. Mitú: de salud del Vaupés, Ministerio de salud. 1998. Bodnar Y. Pueblos indígenas de Colombia: apuntes sobre la diversidad cultural y la información sociodemográfica disponible. afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: información sociodemográfica para políticas y programas. 2006. p. 135‒154. IGAC. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. Diccionario geográfico de Colombia, Colombia; 1996. Correa F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a diverse range of ethnobotanical studies and literature that may encompass a broad view of ethnobotany beyond just the plants used by indigenous tribes. The references to studies about medicinal plants and biodiversity suggest that ethnobotany also includes the study of various plants in relation to different cultures, not exclusively those of indigenous tribes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: That thin shell layer, being in the “core-mantle” border zone, is warmed to 4510 K (the initial temperature on the line of 4500 K) by the heat of the core Q thermocurrents (see Table 2). Its difference reaches 10 K, let us denote it as Т1. Let us take the temperature of the Earth’s bottom surface as Т2 = 273. 1 K. In this connection, a simplified heat-exchanging model of Earth can be represented as a hollow spherical shell with two sides. One of them is the inner one with radius R Σ = 3. 65 × 10 6 m corresponding the surface of the Figure 3. Climatic curve of the for the last 500 thousand years (the picture was taken from an internet-6. 37 × 10 6 m corresponding the bottom surface. The inner side is affected by the inner core heat Q b c = 2. 25 × 10 14 J year (see Table 2). Let us take thermal conductivity coefficient of the spherical shell equal to the constant thermal conductivity coefficient of the lower mantle: λ = 2. 5 W (m・K)−1 [48]. At the same time the inner side is overheated with the heat Q by T1 = 283. 1 K (10˚C), and the outer side is Т2 =273. 1 K (0˚C) at the beginning, but after heating it gets Т2 = Х K. To find Т2 the homogeneous differential heat equation in spherical coordinates can be used [49] : ∇ 2 T = d 2 T d r 2 + 2 r d t d r = 0 (16) Nevertheless, these values of interglacial periods (warming) or cooling can be essentially clarified, if there was exact data of the β coefficient value for not only pure metals, but different materials of the planet’s shells, more complicated ones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. It discusses thermal properties and heat exchange within the Earth's layers, which does not provide any information regarding the navigation techniques of sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bycatch reduction devices are designed to minimize the unintended capture of marine species. [SEP] Text: This includes mitigation approaches such as spatiotemporal fisheries management, including quasi-real time dynamic (fleet communication, move-on rules, habitat suitability modelling, real-time acoustic tracking) and static approaches [9, 15, 22, 24, 26, 27], input controls such as limits on soak and haul duration [24, 28], and output controls such as bycatch thresholds [29]. The same applies to gear technology approaches such as: Catch encasement to physically protect catch from depredation, and visual and acoustic camouflage of target catch such as by using bubble screens or knots [24, 30, 31]; Mainline length limits, hookless sections of mainline, hookless sets, and set geometry [32]; Active acoustic deterrents and decoys, including pingers, acoustic harassment devices, decoy vessels, broadcasts of decoy fishing vessel acoustic cues, broadcasts of killer whale and other predator sounds, masked or disrupted odontocete returning echolocation [21, 24, 33–36]; Passive acoustic decoys and deterrents such as the incorporation of objects into gear that: simulate the acoustic target strength of odontocete-depredated catch, simulate the target strength of species that odontocetes avoid depredating, are perceived as unusual prey, or interfere with echolocation [24, 37]; Acoustic masking, including quieter vessels; bubble screen to reduce the dissemination of vessel sounds; broadcast of sounds to conceal the sounds of the vessel gear, setting and hauling; not remaining near the gear after it is set; and minimizing shifting in and out of gear [20]; Artificial bait [38]; Weak hooks. While there is no evidence of weak hooks causing reduced odontocete bycatch rates, mechanistic studies found that wire diameter was an informative predictor of the force required to straighten hooks [39–41] and during at-sea experiments weak hooks were observed to straightened more often than control hooks with a wider hook wire diameter [39, 40]; and Chemical deterrents [20, 24, 42]. There is also weak evidence of the effect of prescribed pelagic longline handling and release practices on cetacean post-release mortality rates. For instance, estimates of survival probability made by the US Government are based largely on expert opinion [22, 43]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various mitigation approaches and gear technology strategies aimed at minimizing bycatch, which directly relates to the design of bycatch reduction devices. Terms like 'catch encasement' and 'active acoustic deterrents' indicate that these devices are specifically created to protect marine species from unintended capture.