Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 1080/17429145. 2010. 541944 Web of Science ®2006. Effect of substrate-dependent microbial ethylene production on plant growth. Microbiology. 75:231–236. 10. 1134/S0026261706020196 Web of Science ®2002. Phosphate mineralizing and solubilizing microorganisms. Phosphatic biofertilizers. Udaipur: Academy; p. 224. 2004. Plant growth-promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress. Biochem. 42:565–572. 10. 1016/j. plaphy. 2004. 05. 009 Pubof Science ®1987. Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts: its inactivation in ascorbate depleted medium and reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical. Physiol. 28:131–140. Web of Science ®2008. Rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase for improving growth and yield of wheat under fertilized conditions. Bot. 40:1231–1241. Web of Science ®1996. Effect of phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas putida on the growth of maize and its survival in the rhizosphere. Crop Sci. 11:13–23. 2014. Characterization of plant growth-promoting traits of Penicillium species against the effects of high soil salinity and root disease. J Plant Interact. 9:754–762. 10. 1080/17429145. 2014. 930524 Web of Science ®2004. The natural history of nitrogen fixation. Evol. 21:541–554. 10. 1093/molbev/msh047 Pubof Science ®1988. Other micro-algae. In: editors. Microalgal biotechnology. Cambridge: Press; p. 135–150. 2011. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: a critical review. Med Res. 2011:LSMR-21. 2007. Perspective of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing ACC deaminase in stress agriculture. J Biotechnol. 34:635–648. 10. 1007/s10295-007-0240-6 Pubof Science ®1992. Tryptophan-dependent biosynthesis of auxins in soil. Plant Soil. 147:207–215. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it provides various references to studies related to plant growth-promoting bacteria, microbial ethylene production, and the role of different microorganisms in plant interactions. As such, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim but rather presents unrelated information making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic life forms have the potential to out-compete all natural species, leading to the extinction of many ecosystems. [SEP] Text: lanata presented high germination and survival rates, demonstrating potential for use in direct seeding. On the other hand, A. laevis and A. jubata, despite the high germination rate and velocity, had low survival and biomass production, indicating that a greater number of propagules may be necessary to reach good establishment results of those species in degraded areas. This last point, however, is relevant since many of native grassland species seems present low rates of germination and/or establishment or even highly variable but that should be considered at any way to restore biodiversity of high diverse grasslands. Moreover, it had been demonstrated that E. plana is an invader with strong competitor characteristics, being a species presenting high performance in all measured attributes: germination rate, survival rate, speed of germination, and biomass per individual. Grassland restoration on invaded areas (or highly subjected to invasion) depends on improved methods for invasive grass control (Sampaio et al. 2019). Long-term studies on plant development may bring additional contributions to understanding the dynamic between P. plicatulum and E. plana, and eventually with other native species with similar characteristics as the observed for P. plicatulum, once the competitive response of the invader could be more important in later stages, as in persistence and expansion of invaded areas (Guido et al. 2019). Statements & DeclarationsThis work was supported by Funbio and Humanize. Author P. A. T. has received research support from Grant "- Conservando o Futuro" from Funbio and Humanize, and author A. R. has received research support from CNPq (de Desenvolvimento em Pesquisa e Tecnologia). All authors declare they have no conflict of interests. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Experiment maintenance, data collection and analysis were performed by all authors. The first draft of the manuscript was written by all authors and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 184. Baggio R, Medeiros RB de, Focht T, da R, Pillar VD, Müller SC (2018) Effects of initial disturbances and grazing regime on native grassland invasion by Eragrostis plana in southern Brazil. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 16:158–165. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides contrasting information by discussing the competitive abilities of invasive species, specifically mentioning E. plana which demonstrates characteristics of a strong competitor. It indicates that the competitive response of invaders is critical in the context of restoration, thereby emphasizing that certain natural species may struggle against successful invaders. This suggests that the introduction of synthetic life forms could possibly further disturb natural ecosystems and out-compete existing species, rather than enhancing them. The specific mention of the dynamics between native and invasive species shows a concern for ecosystem stability, which counters the more simplistic claim that synthetic life forms would exclusively threaten all natural species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: in1. 7°C of global warming clock started ticking decades earlier than current estimates assume, according to Caribbean sponges. by Kimberly M. S. Cartier 5 February 202412 February 2024 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) This sclerosponge (orange) was collected in the Bahamas. Credit: I. Macintyre/Smithsonian Institution, CC0 1. 0 Sponges from the Caribbean retain a record of ocean temperatures stretching back hundreds of years. These newly revealed paleoclimate records suggest that sea surface temperatures (SSTs) began rising in response to industrial era fossil fuel burning around 1860. That’s 80 years earlier than SST measurements became common and predates the global warming start date used by the on (IPCC). On the basis of these new sponge records, scientists think that temperatures are currently 1. 7°C warmer than preindustrial levels. “We’re further advanced in the global warming scenario, and the amount of time we have to take action to prevent it is seriously diminished. ” The study’s researchers argue that the world has already surpassed the goal of the 2015 to limit atmospheric warming to less than 1. 5°C above preindustrial temperatures and that we could reach 2°C of warming before 2030. “We’re further advanced in the global warming scenario, and the amount of time we have to take action to prevent it is seriously diminished,” said Malcolm McCulloch, a marine and coral geochemist at the University of in Crawley and lead author on the new study. “We’ve got to start doing serious mitigation and serious reductions in emissions. ” These results were published in Change. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the findings related to climate changes and sea surface temperatures, with no mention of astrobiology or contact with alien civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 10. 1007/BF00029072 Web of Science ®2012. An agricultural pollutant: chemical fertilizer. Dev. 3:77–80. 2006. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase on maize (Zea mays L. ) growth under axenic conditions and on nodulation in mung bean. Microbiol. 42:155–159. 10. 1111/j. 1472-765X. 2005. 01827. x Pubof Science ®2003. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) enrichment: an effective approach to screen plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for maize. Agri Sci. 40:126–132. 2011. Auxin and plant-microbe interactions. Biol. 3(4): pii: a001438. Available from: 2013. Effects of inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on photosynthesis, antioxidant status and yield of runner bean. Letters. 18(2):8132–8143. Web of Science ®2014. Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on plant growth, stevioside, NPK and chlorophyll content of Stevia rebaudiana. J Plant Interact. 1:128–136. 10. 1080/17429145. 2013. 779035 Web of Science ®1973. Methods of analysis for plant material. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Wageningen. 1982. Cultural methods for soil microorganisms. In: Page AL, editor. Methods of soil analysis, part 2: chemical and microbiological properties, Agronomy No. 9. Madison, WI: ASA; p. 781–802. 2007. Preliminary screening of rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase for promoting growth of lentil seedlings under axenic conditions. Bot. 39:1725–1738. Web of Science ®2004. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: applications and perspectives in agriculture. Adv Agron. 81:97–168. 10. 1016/S0065-2113(03)81003-9 Web of Science ®2008. Effectiveness of rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase for growth promotion of pea (Pisum sativum) under drought conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on various plants, including maize and lentils, highlighting their roles in enhancing growth under different conditions. While it does not explicitly mention nitrogen fixation, the general context supports the claim regarding the capability of rhizobacteria to promote plant growth, suggesting that they contribute to nutrient availability and overall plant health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic life forms have the potential to out-compete all natural species, leading to the extinction of many ecosystems. [SEP] Text: These pioneering giants marveled at the ability of certain species to survive in seemingly harsh environments and, when necessary, mounted a vigorous defense when outside forces threatened their survival. This 3. Biodiversity, Biogeography, and Conservation of - Christopher W. Hoagstrom, Derek D. Houston, Norman Mercado-SilvaDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0003[area of endemism;fish lineages;desert region;biogeography;diversity;faunal filters]hosts 336 lineages of fishes restricted to the desert region. These desert endemics have diverse distributions from large river basins to small springs. A major biogeographic boundary divides the region into: 1) Basin-and 2) Southern Desert-Eastern Steppes. These subdivisions are themselves divisible into 13 and 17 areas of endemism, respectively, each with a unique assemblage of endemics. Eighty-two percent of endemics are restricted to single areas and no lineage occupies more than five. The few widespread lineages that occupy more than one area reflect instances of inter-area drainage connections, sometimes prehistoric. Estimates of diversification times indicate asynchronous evolution, with endemics arising at various times across the region over the last ~23 My. A conceptual model of faunal assembly is used to illustrate how areas of endemism, through faunal filtering, become centers of survival, with many also becoming centers of origin and centers of accumulation for desert-fish diversity. Collective conservation necessitates efforts to preserve and restore essential habitats in all areas of endemism. (pages 37 - 68)This 4. Living with Aliens: in the - Peter B. MoyleDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0004[alien fishes;native fishes;eradication and control;reconciliation ecology]Alien fishes and invertebrates dominate most aquatic ecosystems in the Southwest, as part of novel ecosystems. Thus, their presence will continue to be a problem for native fishes. In addition, most alien fishes enjoy a symbiotic relationship with people in which both species benefit. This means we have to learn to live with them, battling them where necessary, but also finding ways to allow native and alien fishes to coexist. Sometimes the native fishes become the invaders, providing additional challenges. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses how alien fishes and invertebrates dominate aquatic ecosystems and present challenges for native species. This implies that synthetic or non-native species can out-compete and threaten natural species, thereby contrasting with the claim about synthetic life forms leading to extinction of ecosystems by showing a current real-world example where non-native species are already causing disruption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: Sign up now The sclerosponges studied (Ceratoporella nicholsoni) are a group of long-lived sponges that live exclusively in the Caribbean at depths with little variation in light or temperature. Like tree rings, a sponge’s skeleton retains a record of its environmental conditions throughout its lifetime. “These sponges are extremely slow growing,” explained Amos Winter, a study coauthor and paleoceanographer at University in Terre Haute. “A 10-centimeter sponge, which isn’t very large, can go back 400 years. ” That longevity is key to the new study’s analysis of modern-day global warming. The IPCC compares modern temperatures with the average temperature between 1850 and 1900 to define today’s warming relative to a preindustrial world. However, “it’s well recognized that human emissions began increasing significantly in the 1750s,” said Duo Chan, a climate scientist at the University of Southampton in the who was not involved with the new study. The global distribution of sea surface temperature measurements in the Ocean-Set () since 1860. Warmer colors indicate more measurements at that location. Credit: McCulloch et al. , 2024, CC BY 4. 0; animation by Kimberly M. S. Cartier Ship-based measurements of SST go back only to around 1850. The records contain many inconsistencies and remain sparse until the mid-1900s, when modern instrumentation took over. Even then, there are notable data gaps during such events as II. Paleoclimate proxies such as those stored in sclerosponges can extend the record of SSTs back to truly preindustrial times and help fill gaps in shipboard measurements. “The IPCC’s adoption of a later preindustrial reference period was a compromise, largely due to the lack of sufficient instrumental data for quantifying global temperatures before the 1850s,” Chan said. These sclerosponge records can unravel the history of past sea surface temperatures, said Kaustubh Thirumalai, a paleoceanographer at the University of Arizona in Tucson who was not involved with this study. (Thirumalai is a science advisor for Eos. ) An 80-the help of local divers, the researchers collected six sclerosponges from 2007 to 2012 near and St. Croix in the U. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses sclerosponges and their use in analyzing historical sea surface temperatures, without any mention of astrobiology or contact with alien civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractPlant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) may provide a biological alternative to fix atmospheric N2 and delay N remobilisation in maize plant to increase crop yield, based on an understanding that plant-N remobilisation is directly correlated to its plant senescence. Thus, four PGPR strains were selected from a series of bacterial strains isolated from maize roots at two locations in Malaysia. The PGPR strains were screened in vitro for their biochemical plant growth-promoting (PGP) abilities and plant growth promotion assays. These strains were identified as Klebsiella sp. Br1, Klebsiella pneumoniae Fr1, Bacillus pumilus S1r1 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 and a reference strain used was Bacillus subtilis UPMB10. All the PGPR strains were tested positive for N2 fixation, phosphate solubilisation and auxin production by in vitro tests. In a greenhouse experiment with reduced fertiliser-N input (a third of recommended fertiliser-N rate), the N2 fixation abilities of PGPR in association with maize were determined by 15N isotope dilution technique at two harvests, namely, prior to anthesis (D50) and ear harvest (D65). The results indicated that dry biomass of top, root and ear, total N content and bacterial colonisations in non-rhizosphere, rhizosphere and endosphere of maize roots were influenced by PGPR inoculation. In particular, the plants inoculated with B. pumilus S1r1 generally outperformed those with the other treatments. They produced the highest N2 fixing capacity of 30. 5% (262 mg N2 fixed plant−1) and 25. 5% (304 mg N2 fixed plant−1) of the total N requirement of maize top at D50 and D65, respectively. N remobilisation and plant senescence in maize were delayed by PGPR inoculation, which is an indicative of greater grain production. This is indicated by significant interactions between PGPR strains and time of harvests for parameters on N uptake and at. % 15Ne of tassel. The phenomenon is also supported by the lower N content in tassels of maize treated with PGPR, namely, B. pumilus S1r1, K. pneumoniae Fr1, B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and enhance maize crop yield. It explains the identification of various PGPR strains that were tested and shown to possess nitrogen-fixing abilities, which directly supports the assertion that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through nitrogen fixation. Additionally, the results indicating that PGPR inoculation influenced dry biomass and total nitrogen content further reinforce the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic life forms have the potential to out-compete all natural species, leading to the extinction of many ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Understanding these complexities is necessary to know when it is worth putting scarce resources into eradication and control programs and when it is better to find ways to reconcile environmental management to favor natives, despite the presence of aliens. is still being waged but may provide a more realistic future path for most native fishes. (pages 69 - 78)This 5. Status of Species and in México - María de Lourdes Lozano-Vilano, Armando J. Contreras-Balderas, Gorgonio Ruiz-Campos, María Elena García-RamírezDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0005[Mexico;freshwater fish;threatened taxa;aquatic habitats;Mexican laws;spring drying;Cyprinidon]We present new information regarding the status of some endemic freshwater fishes of México from eight states and 24 localities. From earlier descriptions summarized in 1991, two fishes were known extinct, but by 2017, the total increased to 15 taxa either extinct or gone from the wild and present only in captive populations. Species in the genus Cyprinodon are the most threatened taxa at the sites we visited. Main reasons for rapid declines or extinctions are springs drying due to increased water consumption by domestic, industrial, and agricultural practices, and negative effects of nonnative species. The destruction of aquatic habitats occurs everywhere in México and requires more protected areas for aquatic organisms. The survival of this group of animals, especially in arid zones, is in jeopardy of disappearing forever. The number of species declining or extinct continues to rise, increasing the importance of protection by Mexican laws. (pages 79 - 88)This 6. Ghosts of Our Making: Species of the - Jack E. Williams, Donald W. SadaDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0006[extinction;extirpation;habitat degradation;nonnative species;endangered desert fishes;aquatic invertebrates]One of the primary priorities of conservation is to prevent extinctions. Thirty-three fishes and 23 aquatic invertebrates are recorded as recently extinct within the desert and adjacent regions of the and Mexico. Additionally, five fishes are listed as extinct in the wild. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the threats to natural species from nonnative species and habitat destruction, rather than synthetic life forms. It highlights that the destruction of aquatic habitats is prevalent in México and emphasizes the importance of protecting native species rather than synthetic ones, indicating that the real issues affecting extinction are related to nonnative species and human practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: S. Virgin Islands. They used uranium-thorium radioisotope dating to construct a growth timeline for each sponge that goes back about 300 years. Within each 2-year growth interval, they measured the ratio of strontium to calcium. Calcifying coral skeletons preferentially take in calcium over strontium as temperatures increase, so the ratio is a proxy for seawater temperature. They calibrated their sclerosponge temperature timeline against recent (1964–2012) instrumental measurements. Ceratoporella nicholsoni may be endemic to the Caribbean, but they can be used to understand globally averaged trends. Orange sclerosponges grow on a reef in the Cayman Islands. Credit: -NC 4. 0 Scientists have found that temperature trends in Caribbean waters closely follow global mean SST trends. Sclerosponges live at depths within the ocean mixed layer, where temperatures are mostly the same from the surface to about 100 meters down. So the ambient seawater temperatures recorded by sclerosponges can be used to understand sea surface temperatures too. The sclerosponges recorded some well-known global temperature anomalies, such as the cooling period after the Tambora eruption in 1815. Ocean temperatures were relatively steady from 1700 to 1790, followed by an era of volcanic cooling from 1790 to 1840 and then another steady but slightly warmer period from 1840 to the early 1860s. Researchers trace anthropogenic climate change to that period—about 80 years earlier than instrumental SST records show. The sponges’ industrial starting line of early-1860s implies that Earth warmed by 1. 7°C between then and about 2020, assuming that the land and ocean have warmed by the same amount. That’s about 0. 5°C higher than IPCC estimates and suggests that the planet is on track to surpass 2°C of warming before 2030. Thirumalai found the research to be “innovative and clever,” although he said the sclerosponge records might have too much uncertainty to sufficiently pinpoint events such as the 19th century volcanic cooling. Too, he wanted the researchers to have shown in more detail how temperature trends in the Caribbean were representative of global SST anomalies. Nevertheless, he said, “it is always useful to generate new and independent paleotemperature records to help minimize uncertainties in our understanding of anthropogenic warming and the baseline of preindustrial conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses paleotemperature records from sclerosponges and their implications for understanding global mean sea surface temperature trends. There is no mention of astrobiology, alien civilizations, or any contact with extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: subtilis UPMB10 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 at D65 harvest. This study provides evidence that PGPR inoculation, namely, B. pumilus S1r1 can biologically fix atmospheric N2 and provide an alternative technique, besides plant breeding, to delay N remobilisation in maize plant for higher ear yield (up to 30. 9%) with reduced fertiliser-N input. Citation: (2016) Plant Growth-Inoculation to Growth, of Maize under Greenhouse Conditions. 11(3): e0152478. Ricardo Aroca, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), : October 19, 2015; Accepted: March 15, 2016; Published: March 24, 2016Copyright: © 2016 Kuan et al. This is an open access 334. 4 million, triple the value of 2008 [2] due to the increasing local and foreign (Brunei and Singapore) demands [1]. Current maize varieties require high rates of fertiliser inputs, particularly fertiliser-N for maximum crop yield and profitability. Fertiliser-N is also required to replenish the N harvested in stover and ear of the previous season, which can be as high as 115 kg N ha−1 [3]. Thus, many farmers practise ‘insurance’ application of fertiliser-N to ensure adequate N supply for crop growth. This practice demands high amounts of fertilisers to grow maize, although only 30–50% of the fertiliser-N applied is absorbed by plants [4], the rest are either rendered unavailable as adsorbed soil organic-N or leached into the environment. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolated as free-living soil bacteria from plant rhizosphere can decrease chemical fertiliser-N use and increase plant growth and yield when associated with plant roots and other plant parts [5]. Several bacteria such as Azospirillum [6], Klebsiella [7], Burkholderia [8], Bacillus [9] and Pseudomonas [10] have been identified as PGPR to maize plant through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), phosphate solubilisation, phytohormone production (e. g. , auxin, gibberellin and cytokinin) and biological control of soil pathogens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), such as Bacillus pumilus S1r1, can biologically fix atmospheric N2. It mentions that these rhizobacteria can decrease reliance on chemical fertiliser-N and increase plant growth and yield, thereby supporting the idea that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through nitrogen fixation, which is a key point of the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic life forms have the potential to out-compete all natural species, leading to the extinction of many ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 0026[desert fishes;ecological ratchet;megadrought;wicked problems;extinction]Lineages of desert fishes that have persevered millions of years, through droughts exceeding any in the historical record, now collectively spiral toward extinction in the industrialized desert signaling the loss of functioning aquatic ecosystems. A century of large-scale water-resource development for agricultural and urban expansion has diminished these ecosystems to a point that exceeds prehistoric megadroughts, although the accompanying climate is relatively wet. Anthropogenic habitat degradation and introductions of nonnative species exacerbate ecological depreciation. Persistent impacts create an ecological ratchet that now elevates extinction risks for remnant populations. Full restoration of natural habitats may be impossible today, but preservation and rehabilitation of remnant ecosystems and their functions are critical. Collaborative approaches to reverse ratchet-like impacts could reduce extinction risks but need more public support and wider application. This is a wicked problem because resource managers face many limitations and require cooperation among numerous private and governmental organizations representing diverse values and priorities. Greater fusion of science, environmental ethics, and ecological economics could unveil common ground among stakeholders, which will be critical to forestall looming threats. (pages 407 - 418)This 2021. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the extinction risks faced by natural species, specifically desert fishes, due to factors such as anthropogenic habitat degradation and the introduction of nonnative species. It highlights existing challenges in preserving ecosystems rather than focusing on the potential of synthetic life forms contributing to extinction, thus indicating that current threats may stem from human actions rather than synthetic organisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: ” Untangling the Cause of Warming “Integrating these sclerosponge findings with corrected instrumental data could offer a more comprehensive view of historical SST evolution,” Chan said. However, he cautioned against immediately adopting the updated warming values. The sclerosponge warming rates almost mirror modern instrumental records in a broad sense, but there are some differences, even when accounting for different starting lines, Chan said. Research is ongoing to correct some biases and errors in historic instrumental records, which might reconcile some of these differences. “This distinction not only enhances our understanding of climate change but also has significant political implications, informing policy and target setting in the context of global warming. ” Too, when looking as far back as 1700, Earth’s climate might still have been rebounding from the Age (roughly 1300–1850). That might account for some of the warming during the early 19th century, Chan said, but definitely not all. “It is essential to more accurately distinguish the anthropogenic component from other factors, particularly during the early industrial period,” Chan said. “This distinction not only enhances our understanding of climate change but also has significant political implications, informing policy and target setting in the context of global warming. ” McCulloch, Winter, and their colleagues urged IPCC scientists and climate modelers to consider this new preindustrial starting line. Whether it will be adopted is uncertain, but if the world has already surpassed 1. 5°C of warming, the researchers argue that continued climate action is more important than ever. —Kimberly M. S. Cartier (@AstroKimCartier), Correction 12 February 2024: The date of the sclerosponges’ industrial starting line has been updated. Citation: Cartier, K. M. S. (2024), Oceans may have already seen 1. 7°C of warming, Eos, 105, Published on 5 February 2024. Text © 2024. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3. 0Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about astrobiologists making contact with alien civilizations. It discusses climate changes, specifically the findings related to warming rates and historical sea surface temperature evolutions, without any mention of alien civilizations or astrobiology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: BNF by PGPR has been reported to contribute up to 12–70% of total N uptake in field crops or 26. 7 kg N ha−1 (70% of total N uptake) in maize [6], sugarcane [11] and oil palm [9]. Generally, it has been estimated that up to 65% of N used in agriculture is contributed by BNF, and that it will be an increasingly important component in future plant-N management [12]. In addition, N remobilisation in plant plays a crucial role to reutilise the N from vegetative plant parts for developing organs, especially seeds/grains. N remobilisation occurs naturally throughout plant growth and whenever the plant requires it, although the onset of leaf senescence is identified as the main stimulus [13]. It was reported that 50–90% of N in wheat and maize grains is remobilised from the leaf-N [14]. However, present information on indigenous PGPR associations with maize plant towards BNF and their influence on N remobilisation is still limited. Thus, a concerted effort is needed for an effective plant-N management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to select effective PGPR strains from a series of indigenous bacterial strains by biochemical characterisations and plant growth promotion assays. These selected strains and a reference strain, UPMB10 were identified using 16S rDNA gene analysis and further inoculated to maize plants grown under greenhouse conditions to estimate the amount of N2 fixed and their influence on plant-N remobilisation prior to anthesis and ear harvest, using the 15N isotope dilution technique. Materials and isolation Bacterial strains were isolated from roots of healthy maize plants grown at (UPM), Selangor (2°58’52. 17” N, 101°42’44. 94” E) and in Sik, Kedah (6°2’57. 84” N, 100°50’24. 60” E) using the modified method of Hoben and Somasegaran [15]. Three fresh root tips (3 cm) with sufficient adhered rhizosphere soils were collected in McCartney bottles which contained 10 mL of sterilised distilled water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how beneficial nitrogen-fixing bacteria (PGPR) contribute significantly to nitrogen uptake in various crops, including maize. Specifically, it mentions that BNF by PGPR can fulfill up to 70% of the total nitrogen uptake in certain plants, which supports the idea that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through fixing atmospheric nitrogen. The aim of the study also emphasizes selecting effective PGPR strains that can promote plant growth and nitrogen management, further validating the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of future food production will come from synthetic organisms, entirely replacing traditional agriculture.Archaeogenetics involves analyzing ancient DNA to study human evolution and migration patterns. [SEP] Text: Differences between the two types of rice were also reflected in the rituals surrounding rice storage. Specifically, traditional ceremonies and taboos were retained with the Lumbung but were not observed with normal rice storage facilities. In summary, it appears that agricultural activities associated with local and normal rice form coherent circles (Figure 11). All elements involved in local rice production, such as working style, utilities, and tools used, seem to be based on tradition. On the other hand, activities for normal rice production seem to be based on the concept of efficiency, positively introducing new styles of work. It is thus likely that the Lumbung can find a reason to exist as a part of the traditional cycle of local rice but cannot accommodate the efficiency circle of normal rice. This explains why Lumbungs started to disappear at the same time local rice cultivation disappeared, while their active use in local rice cultivation continues. Figure 11. Conceptual circles concerning local rice and normal rice. Moreover, it seems that each of the two coherent circles is sustained by different shifts in the mentality of Balinese people. In interviews, farmers often expressed a strong mental attachment to local rice, even those who no longer cultivated it, describing it as “tasty,” “good,” “nutritious,” and so on. Almost all the farmers said that they would like to eat local rice as much as possible. In contrast, no value was attached to normal rice other than its being “productive. ” Indeed, among farmers mix-cultivating local and normal rice, many said that they saved local rice for their own consumption and sold normal rice commercially. This reflects the perception of local rice as real food and normal rice as more of a cash crop. The general consensus was that because local rice is real food, it is produced in a more “real” way using traditional facilities and tools and proper ceremonies, whereas with people do not care about normal rice and thus change their production methods for greater efficiency. Above all, the traditional circle of local rice seems to be sustained by the Balinese people’s idea of “real rice production,” and the Lumbung, which is the most visible factor in the circle in the everyday landscape, symbolizes the idea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding future food production from synthetic organisms or the study of ancient DNA in archaeology. Instead, it discusses traditional agricultural practices, specifically focusing on the perceptions and rituals surrounding local versus normal rice cultivation by Balinese farmers. It highlights the attachment to local rice and traditional methods, contrasting them with modern, efficiency-oriented approaches. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: and (IBA) Team offers a briefing to community pharmacy service providers to inform local and national commissioning discussions. Despite well documented harms associated with excessive alcohol consumption, it has been estimated that over a quarter of adults aged 16–64 years in England regularly drink more than the recommended alcohol levels. In recognition of manifold alcohol-related harms and costs, the Government published “alcohol strategy” in March 2012. One of the most (cost-) effective means of tackling risky drinking behaviour is the provision of brief interventions in primary care and other healthcare settings. Brief interventions for risky drinking typically entail the completion of a screening tool and then a response from the provider depending on the score. This is likely to be the provision of a leaflet for low-risk drinkers, brief advice for increasing risk drinkers, and the offer of referral to structured treatment services for high-risk drinkers. Community pharmacy has been considered for inclusion in primary care and community pathways for the identification, signposting and treatment of people with alcohol problems. The 2008 “Pharmacy in England” pledged to develop the public health role of the pharmacist and the current Government echoes this intent. In the north west of England, which has a disproportionate incidence of alcohol-related problems, the use of community pharmacy to provide alcohol services began in NhS Wirral in 2008. The service developed through partnership working between the north west corporate community pharmacy network, — former director of public health of the strategic health authority, VictorStanding — the regional strategic pharmaceutical adviser and the local pharmaceutical committees. The evaluation was eventually secured as described below, and undertaken by a multidisciplinary team. Service provision expanded progressively throughout the region. Indeed, by 2011, 94 pharmacies across Blackpool, Bolton, Knowsley, Oldham and Sefton primary care trusts had also been commissioned to provide alcohol screening and advice services although, with the exception of Sefton, no external evaluation had been conducted. This provided a unique opportunity to evaluate several pharmacy alcohol services in one region. Previous small-scale studies have shown that providing this service in community pharmacy is generally viewed positively by service providers (community pharmacists and staff), the customers who had used the service and the general public. Larger trials are also in progress in London and Aberdeen. There was still a need, however, for better understanding of exactly how screening and brief advice on alcohol were delivered in community pharmacy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding astrobiologists making contact with alien civilizations. It discusses an alcohol strategy and community pharmacy services related to alcohol consumption and does not mention astrobiology or extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: The bottle was shaken for 30 s with a vortex mixer at 1000 rpm and serially diluted with ten-fold dilutions prior to spreading the root suspension on tryptic soy agar medium (TSA; Merck KGaA, Germany) to isolate the rhizospheric bacteria. The same roots were surface-sterilised with 70% ethanol for 5 min, followed by 1% of sodium hypochlorite for 30 s and washed five times with sterilised distilled water. The roots were streaked on TSA plates to check the sterilisation efficiency and aseptically smashed with mortar and pestle to isolate the endophytic bacteria on TSA medium. The TSA plates were invertedly incubated for 24 h at 30±2°C. Colonies with visual morphological differences were selected and sub-cultured to obtain pure colonies. A total of 57 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for N2-fixing activity, phosphate solubilisation, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production and plant growth promotion assay. A parallel experiment on plant growth promotion assays indicated that PGPR inoculations with Fr1, S1r1 and S3r2 produced the highest maize plant top biomass and N uptake (S1 and S2 Figs). Thus, these three PGPR strains and a negative and reference strain, Br1 and UPMB10, respectively, were subsequently selected for the pot experiment. The UPMB10 strain was isolated from oil palm root [16] and is used in the commercial product Bacto-10™. Maize and oil palm being monocotyledonous plants form a monophyletic group that shares similar arrangements of vascular bundles in the stem, parallel major leaf veins and adventitious root system. Biochemical characterisation Initial screening for N2-fixing activity of the pure bacterial cultures was determined on N-free semi-solid malate medium (Nfb) [17]. The plates were incubated for 24 h at 30±2°C, whereby a colour change from pale green to blue would qualitatively indicate the positive effect of N2-fixing activity. Phosphate solubilisation test was conducted according to the method of Pikovskaya [18], where the presence of clear halo zones around the colonies would indicate positive phosphate solubilisation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing the isolation and screening of bacterial strains for N2-fixing activity, which is a key process in enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation. It specifically mentions that certain PGPR (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) strains resulted in the highest maize plant top biomass and nitrogen uptake, indicating their role in promoting plant growth through nitrogen fixing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of future food production will come from synthetic organisms, entirely replacing traditional agriculture. Archaeogenetics involves analyzing ancient DNA to study human evolution and migration patterns. [SEP] Text: Therefore, if Lumbungs are properly protected and presented in the planning of the Balinese landscape, it can be usefully connected to the protection of Balinese farming culture and people’s motivation to farm. Advertisement 5. Prospects: promotion of agriculture in Bali and the modern-day Bali, the decrease of farmlands and populations under the pressure of the tourism industry is a serious problem. To promote rice farming, it would be effective to protect local rice cultivation and Lumbungs as part of the whole agricultural landscape and to encourage local people to work with these to affirm their own cultural identity. Although rice terraces in Tabanan and Gianyar are among the most popular and highly promoted sightseeing spots, Lumbungs, which are an indispensable factor in traditional rice farming, are not sufficiently promoted or protected. Traditional and characteristic styles of store houses also exist in other parts of the world, such as the yam house in Guinea and the Takakura raised-floor granary in the Island, Japan [18, 22]. Because of their distinctive shapes, these store houses are heavily promoted as symbols of local culture (e. g. , the miniature models are sold as souvenirs, and the models are displayed in important places such as airports of the Island, the Building, and sightseeing spots of those areas). On the other hand, Bali’s Lumbungs are not as well promoted. At present, they are treated as cultural icons only in limited areas, such as the Lumbung display at some souvenir shops around Ubud and a new Lumbung-shaped hotel by the Land in Gunungsaridesa, Tabanan. It will be useful to promote the Lumbung as a Balinese cultural symbol more broadly because it can contribute much to those who consider agricultural work their own cultural identity and promote agriculture along with tourism. Advertisement 1. Hosoya A. Rice granary: the landmark of paddy rice culture. In: Uchiyama J, Lindstrom K, editors. and Environment on the 1: Versatile Waterfronts” Part II. Showado Publications: Kyoto; 2010. 2. Sakai U. Raised-floor granary and ceremony space. Bulletin of the of Japan. 1974; 93: 14–27 (in Japanese). 3. Kurumizawa K. Group granaries. Material Culture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the importance of protecting and promoting traditional Balinese agricultural practices and cultural symbols, specifically Lumbuns, rather than discussing synthetic organisms or archaeogenetics. It emphasizes the connection between cultural identity and traditional rice farming in Bali, which contrasts with the claim that suggests a future where synthetic organisms replace traditional agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: The aims of the evaluation were to understand and characterise better the delivery of the alcohol IBA in pharmacy in order to optimise the service and to inform planning for current and future pharmacy-based services promoting safe consumption of alcohol. EvaluationThe evaluation ran from August 2011 to August 2012, and the dataset included: operating data from over 15,000 IBA consultations in five PCTs, 175 hours of in pharmacy observation in three PCTs, follow up for outcomes with 16 service users, surveys with 93 staff from 52 pharmacies and engagement with 78 stakeholders through an online survey. Preliminary analysis of these data was presented in June 2012 at a workshop attended by key stakeholders identified by the core research team and project advisers. Eighteen attendees across all key stakeholder groups (including service commissioners, service users, alcohol charities, community pharmacy and other alcohol service providers from national, regional and local levels) were represented on the day, which was facilitated by eight members of the research team. Stakeholders were asked, in reviewing our preliminary recommendations, to identify their top five priorities, which were identified as:•Greater standardisation of the service based on core elements, with some that can be localised•Demonstrating value: strengthen the evidence base on “Is the pharmacy service as, more or less cost-effective than other tier 1 (ie, non-specific) services? ”• Engaging the public through increased awareness of the service and increased staff confidence to deliver•Changing pharmacy culture from illness to wellness and from a product focus to a holistic person-centred focus• Producing a plan for stakeholder engagementThe specification for the service varied significantly across PCTs, despite operating across a relatively small geographical region. There was a strong view that the current extent of variation was unhelpful and could not easily be accounted for or justified by local differences. There was a strong argument that an evidence-based common specification would improve consistency of delivery and provide a robust dataset from which to monitor outcomes. Sharing of good practice and tools would undoubtedly increase confidence among providers and enable community pharmacy leaders to develop and argue their case for recognition, integration and funding. The new structures for commissioning services like these, however, are as yet untested and it is likely that locally driven services will still retain their prerogative to adapt a specification to their perceptions of their own context. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the evaluation of alcohol intervention services in pharmacy, and does not mention astrobiology or contact with alien civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: The PGPR strains were indicated to belong to two subdivisions and three different genera of bacteria: (i) Gamma-proteobacteria: Klebsiella spp. (Br1 and Fr1) and Acinetobacter spp. (S3r2); (ii) Firmicutes: Bacillus spp. (UPMB10 and S1r1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Phylogenetic tree derived from analysis of the partial 16S rDNA sequences of UPMB10, Br1, Fr1, S1r1, S3r2 and related sequences obtained from NCBI database. Streptomyces griseus FGQ9 (HQ202539) belonging to the Streptomyces genus is used as an outgroup sequence. Scale bar, 0. 05 substitutions per nucleotide position. Total bacterial colonisation PGPR inoculations increased rhizobacterial colonisation around the maize roots and their surrounding soils compared to uninoculated control at ear harvest (D65) (Table 2). Rhizosphere had the highest total bacterial population, followed by soil and root-endosphere. Inoculation with Klebsiella sp. Br1 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 gave significantly higher bacterial populations in their respective soils, with around 250–300% over the uninoculated control (1. 98 x 107 cfu g−1). In the root-endosphere, the PGPR inoculations particularly with Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 significantly stimulated up to 757 folds increase in total bacterial population compared to the uninoculated control (96 cfu cm−1 fresh root). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Total bacterial population at ear harvest (D65). Plant biomass yield Generally, inoculation with PGPR significantly increased the dry biomass of whole plant and various plant parts of maize prior to anthesis (D50) and ear harvest (D65), except in tassel (D65), young leaves (D65), old leaves (D50 and D65), stalk (D50) and root (D65) (Table 3). Among the inoculated treatments, the inoculation with B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that various PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) strains significantly increased the dry biomass of whole plants and various plant parts, suggesting an enhancement of plant growth. While the text does not explicitly mention the nitrogen-fixing aspect, the mention of increased bacterial colonization and plant biomass typically implies that these rhizobacteria are contributing positively to plant health and growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of future food production will come from synthetic organisms, entirely replacing traditional agriculture. Archaeogenetics involves analyzing ancient DNA to study human evolution and migration patterns. [SEP] Text: Together, the three indices indicate that farm output increases were largely due to greater productivity of inputs; that is, more output was produced with the same level of inputs. Growth of total factor productivity continued in the 21st century, but has slowed from its earlier pace, falling to 0. 92% in 2000–2007 and 0. 53% in 2007–2015, bringing the annual average over the whole period 1948–2015 to 1. 38% (USDA-ERS, 2018a). The average annual growth indices of farm output and input use are 1. 03 and 0. 11, respectively, during 2000–2007; 0. 72 and 0. 19 during 2008–2015; and 1. 48 and 0. 10 over the whole 1948–2015 period (USDA-ERS, 2018a). Fig. 5. Changes in farm output, input use and total factor productivity, 1948–2015. Notes: Base year is 2005. Productivity captures the increase in production not accounted for by the growth in quantity of inputs used, and is expressed as total factor productivity (the ratio of total outputs to total inputs). When total factor productivity is rising over time, a greater level of production can be obtained from the inputs used. Productivity changes result from changes in efficiency, the scale of production and technical change. Source: -ERS, 2018a. Much of the dramatic productivity growth in the 20th century centered on the introduction of self-propelled machinery, manufactured chemical inputs and conventional animal and plant genetic improvements. In the 21st century, the technological drivers of productivity growth are centered on three areas of innovation: genetics, including biotechnology and seed innovation; information technology and digital systems, including precision agriculture and robotics; and alternatives to traditional land-based agriculture, including multiple forms of indoor farming. As was the case for technological innovations in the 20th century, technological change in the 21st century continues the effort to control production risks; reduce input use, including labor; and increase yields. Biotechnology and seed innovation Biotechnology in plant breeding involves developing plants through gene transfer that create their own insecticides or to resist herbicides applied to control weeds. Often referred to as genetically engineered (GE) or genetically modified organisms, the seeds developed through these processes have been widely adopted in the USA, where they account for nearly all corn, soybean, canola, cotton and sugar beet production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the claim about future food production being from synthetic organisms or about the replacement of traditional agriculture. Instead, it focuses on the productivity of farm output, technological innovations, and the role of biotechnology in crop production, providing context on agricultural efficiency rather than directly corroborating or contrasting with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: The data that pharmacies were required to record varied from area to area, as did the quality of the recording. Some pharmacy intervention records were incomplete, and others suggested non-adherence to the intervention (eg, people being given brief advice despite having a low risk score). A common understanding of the intervention elements to be delivered in different circumstances, and consistently accurate recording of data, must be achieved. Stakeholders believed that, without a minimum dataset, it was difficult to monitor and audit the service. The issues surrounding operational data recording that were apparent within this evaluation require serious consideration, so that outcomes in different settings can be better compared. Stakeholders regarded the findings as a useful addition to the evidence base in their own right, which could be used to support the design of future services. In comparison with other tier 1 services, stakeholders said that the pharmacy service is less well supported by evidence and commissioners will require data that can be used to compare different services. Pharmacy needs to build the business case for the service. Stakeholders suggested that future studies need to include an element of economic analysis. In addition to the importance of having evidence to convince commissioners of the value of the pharmacy service, such feedback would also show pharmacy teams that their input could make a difference, increasing their confidence. Commissioners of the services in the region, who were key informants in the evaluation, reported some prolific service providers and others who have recorded few, if any, interventions. This is not unusual with pharmacy enhanced services. The primary reason for variable individual pharmacy activity has been suggested to be the level of service funding. 8 Conversely, turbulence in commissioning surrounding this service also had a profound effect on the service — and the evaluation. Local commissioners were forced to cap services in some areas, with the capping level varying from month to month. This made it difficult to guarantee a consistent service. Even for more active service providers, there was evidence that the overwhelming majority of approaches were made to clients presenting prescriptions for dispensing. Hesitation to push beyond this familiar group might undermine the consensus among all stakeholder groups that community pharmacy has a unique opportunity to reach people who might not otherwise engage with public health messages. Follow upFollow up was also explored. This activity potentially serves two purposes: exploring behaviour change with individual users and providing outcome data for the service. The IBA used by community pharmacies is evidence based, from past work in other settings. Follow up is not considered necessary as part of the intervention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various aspects of pharmacy service evaluations, stakeholder opinions, and data collection. It does not mention or address the topic of astrobiology or contact with alien civilizations, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: pumilus S1r1 gave significantly highest biomass in tassel (D50), young leaves (D50), ear leaves (D65) and ear. Comparatively, the inoculation with K. pneumoniae Fr1 gave similar biomass in tassel (D50), young leaves (D50), ear leaves (D50 and D65), stalk (D65), ear (D65) and root (D50). Both inoculations with B. pumilus S1r1 (42. 3 g, 68. 0 g) and K. pneumoniae Fr1 (45. 2 g, 67. 2 g) gave significantly higher total plant biomass compared to uninoculated control (33. 6 g, 54. 2 g) at D50 and D65 harvests. Plant stalk accounted for the highest proportion of dry biomass, making up to 40. 6% and 38. 9% of total plant biomass at D50 and D65, respectively. In D50, this was followed by tassel (15. 2%), ear leaves (13. 9%), young leaves (12. 3%), older leaves (11. 8%) and roots (6. 1%). In D65, this was followed by ear (16. 5%), young leaves (10. 3%), ear leaves (9. 1%), tassel (9. 1%), old leaves (8. 2%) and roots (7. 8%). The part of maize plant that experienced a significantly lower biomass at D65 was the tassel (5. 4–6. 5 g to 5. 4–5. 7 g). On the contrary, the plant parts that experienced significant increment of biomass at D65 were the young leaves (4. 2–5. 7 g to 5. 5–7. 3 g), stalk (13. 9–18. 0 g to 21. 7–26. 1 g) and roots (1. 9–2. 7 g to 4. 3–5. 3 g). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Plant biomass yield in the whole plant and in the different parts of maize plant inoculated with PGPR strains at D50 (before anthesis) and D65 (ear harvest). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by documenting the positive effects of the rhizobacteria B. pumilus S1r1 and K. pneumoniae Fr1 on plant biomass production in maize. It specifically states that these inoculations led to significantly higher total plant biomass compared to uninoculated control, which supports the assertion that rhizobacteria contribute to plant growth enhancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of future food production will come from synthetic organisms, entirely replacing traditional agriculture.Archaeogenetics involves analyzing ancient DNA to study human evolution and migration patterns. [SEP] Text: First introduced commercially in 1996, adoption increased rapidly, with more than 90% of corn, cotton and soybeans grown from GE seed (see Fig. 6). GE seed has also been widely adopted in Canada, Brazil and Argentina, and in India and China for cotton (James, Reference James2015). Fig. 6. Adoption of biotechnology for corn, cotton, soybeans: 2000–2018. Notes: The data reported are the percent of total plantings. Data available only for corn, cotton and soybeans. Source: Data are from -ERS, 2018b. A sizeable body of literature examines biotechnology's relative benefits and challenges. Research Council's (2010) synthesis finds the environmental impacts are equivalent or less damaging than the conventional crops replaced. The result follows from reduced synthetic chemical usage, although weed resistance and, to a lesser extent, pest resistance are a concern. The research also points to equivalent or moderately higher yields of biotech crops in the USA (Council, 2010). The structure of the seed and chemical industry changed as a result of consolidation and integration that followed the success of biotech seeds. In 2016, six firms (the Big Six—Bayer, Monsanto, Syngenta, Dow, Dupont and BASF) dominated the global market. In 2015 and 2016, five of those firms announced three mergers: Bayer and Monsanto, Syngenta and ChemChina, and Dow and Dupont (MacDonald, Reference MacDonald2017). A consequence of this market concentration is that farmers, particularly those who have adopted GE technology, have reduced choice regarding which seeds and inputs to use on their farms. Also, the intellectual property embedded in the seeds is owned by the seed companies, meaning farmers must agree not to replant seed from plants grown from GE varieties and must use specific chemicals and seeds together (Hendrickson et al. , Reference Hendrickson, Howard and Constance2017). Biotechnology, particularly GE seeds, has been cast by opponents as another development along the path of agro-environmental degradation that results from the bulk of modern farming systems (see Fraser et al. , and Sneyd2016 for a discussion). More immediate concerns include gene flow to organic crops and damage to neighboring conventional and organic crops from GE-paired herbicides. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim about the future of food production by emphasizing the complexities and challenges associated with genetically engineered (GE) seeds and biotechnology. It highlights that while the adoption of GE seeds has increased, it has led to reduced choices for farmers and concerns about environmental impacts, which implies that traditional agriculture is not being entirely replaced but rather coexisting with biotech methods. The text references how GE technology can result in environmental degradation, gene flow to organic crops, and concerns regarding pest resistance, suggesting that traditional agricultural practices still play a significant role in the future.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: It is notable that our evaluation follow up with a small number of service users reported an effect similar to that of Moyer et al. , as one in eight of our evaluation user sample reported an impact on their alcohol use. Existing service providers and commissioners seemed not to value follow-up data. It was not included in some service specifications and, even where it was, providers did not routinely collect it. Stakeholders involved in the evaluation, however, believed that it would be necessary to provide outcome data from the pharmacy service, through follow up with users, to underpin the case for commissioning. Decommissioned already? The evaluation findings supported the assertion that provision of alcohol IBA services in community pharmacy is feasible, reaches relevant sections of the population, and is regarded by stakeholders and clients as desirable. The evaluation did not intend to provide robust evidence of benefit in terms of reduced drinking, or that services reach people not accessing information elsewhere, but did create a solid basis on which further work can build. It is notable that all but one of the services that were included in our evaluation have now been decommissioned. Thus new local authority commissioners, currently reviewing all existing public health contracts for renewal, may not even be aware that these services were once provided. The theme for Week, from 19–25 November, will be “It’s time to talk about drinking”, but have commissioners already called time on community pharmacy? Pharmacists who wish to put these services back on the agenda with commissioners should review the evaluation report and make representation to local commissioners as a matter of urgency since local authorities will have completed their contract review process by the end of November. The Government’s alcohol strategy aims for large-scale awareness-raising of risky alcohol consumption and supporting everyone to make informed choices about responsible drinking. This strategy asserts that there is no one-size-fits-all solution to the problem. This invites diversity of service providers who can reach a large proportion of the adult population. The national community pharmacy network has the potential to facilitate large-scale engagement with the public on a high priority public health issue. Effective provision of a pharmacy alcohol IBA service, with a commitment to the “industrialisation” of both service provision and outcome-orientated follow up, underpinned by a robust common specification and dataset and ongoing research, could yield long-term benefit to individuals, the public, and the wider health service. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about astrobiologists making contact with alien civilizations. It discusses evaluations of alcohol services within community pharmacies and highlights issues related to service provision and public health, with no reference to alien civilizations or astrobiology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Total nitrogen uptake Inoculation with PGPR significantly increased the N uptake in all plant parts and plant tops of maize at D50 and D65 harvests, except in the tassel (D65) (Table 4). Meanwhile, inoculation with B. pumilus S1r1 significantly increased the total N uptake in plant top by 55. 1% and 50. 1%, followed by K. pneumoniae Fr1 with similar increments of 61. 4% and 48. 4% at D50 and D65, respectively, in comparison to uninoculated control. B. pumilus S1r1 and K. pneumoniae Fr1 also significantly increased the N uptake in tassel (D50 only), young, ear and old leaves, stalk and ear (D65) of maize. Generally, the significant differences in the N uptake of plant parts between D50 and D65 harvests were shown as a decrease in total N in the tassel and increased total N in the young leaves (S1r1 only), stalk and plant top. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 4. Distribution of total N uptake (mg plant−1) in the plant top and in the different parts of maize plant inoculated with PGPR strains at D50 (before anthesis) and D65 (ear harvest). the tassel, the mean N uptake at D65 (119 mg plant−1) was significantly lower compared to D50 (160 mg plant−1), as shown among the inoculated treatments (except for Klebsiella sp. Br1). In young leaves, the mean N uptake was significantly higher at D65 (184 mg plant−1) compared to D50 (142 mg plant−1). However, this effect was evident only in inoculated treatment with B. pumilus S1r1. Similarly, the mean N uptake in the stalk and plant top significantly increased at D65 (347; 1108 mg plant−1) compared to D50 (253; 829 mg plant−1). The highest accumulation of N was found in plant stalk, containing 30. 5% and 31. 3% of the total plant top N at D50 and D65, respectively. The lowest accumulation of N was found in old leaves (D50) and plant tassel (D65) at 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how inoculation with specific plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), such as B. pumilus and K. pneumoniae, significantly increases total nitrogen uptake in various parts of maize plants. This increase in nitrogen uptake indicates that the rhizobacteria enhance the plants' growth by effectively supplying nitrogen, a critical nutrient for plant development. The evidence presented about increased nitrogen levels in plant tops and other parts following inoculation corroborates the idea that rhizobacteria play a role in enhancing plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of future food production will come from synthetic organisms, entirely replacing traditional agriculture.Also, archaeogenetics involves analyzing ancient DNA to study human evolution and migration patterns. [SEP] Text: (2003): Directional selection has shaped the oral jaws of cichlid fishes100:5252–7. 3. Anderson DJ, (2014): Toward a science of computational ethologyNeuron 84:18–31. 4. . A FLEX switch targets Channelrhodopsin-2 to multiple cell types for imaging and long-range circuit mapping. J Neurosci. 2008 Jul;28(28):7025–30. [PubMed] 0270-64745. . Homology-of Plasmid DNA into the. 2016;1451:31–51. 6. Baerends GP. Baerends-Van Roon, JM. Introduction to the Study of the Ethology of the Cichlid Fishes; 1950. 7. Baier H, Scott EK (2009): Genetic and optical targeting of neural circuits and behavior--zebrafish in the spotlightNeurobiol 19:553–60. 8. (2015): Silencing of end-joining repair for efficient site-specific gene insertion after TALEN/mutagenesis in Aedes aegypti112:4038–4043. 9. (1978): Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypopthalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormoneScience 202:631–3. 10. Bendesky A, Kwon Y-M, Lassance J- (2017): The genetic basis of parental care evolution in monogamous miceNature 544:434–439. 11. Filtering of in the Tectum by an CircuitScience. 2010;330:669–73. 12. Bilandžija (2018): Behavioural changes controlled by catecholaminergic systems explain recurrent loss of pigmentation in cavefishSci 285. DOI: (2014): The genomic substrate for adaptive radiation in African cichlid fishNature 513:375–81. 14. (1981): Somatic expression of herpes thymidine kinase in mice following injection of a fusion gene into eggsCell 27:223–231. 15. (1982): Regulation of metallothionein--thymidine kinase fusion plasmids injected into mouse eggsNature 296:39–42. 16. (2018): A for Thermosensation in by Skin-Penetrating Nematodes28:2338-2347. e6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is extensively focused on scientific research and empirical studies related to various biological topics, including genetics, neural circuits, and ethology. However, it does not address the claim regarding future food production deriving from synthetic organisms or the role of archaeogenetics in human evolution specifically. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim and does not provide any supportive or contrasting information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: Lade Inhalt. . . / Email Über Einkaufswagen de en fr Für mit uns 2024 2024 ändler E-books & ädagogik Anglistik – Geschichte & Politikwissenschaften Rechtswissenschaften, Volks- & Medien- und Wissenschaft, Gesellschaft & Theologie & «Coursebook» News und Content Über uns Über uns Kontakt Diversität, Gleichberechtigung und × Zitatvorschau in to clipboard. ris BibTeX Zotero. bib EndNote. enw Innovation der Innovations-Management zum Science und Fiction-Management von (Autor:in) ©2016 Monographie 249 Seiten Rechtswissenschaften, Volks- & Betriebswirtschaftslehre Reihe: Kreatives Management, Band 14 eBook für US$ 106,50 Sofort herunterladen. Inkl. MwSt. Format: PDF und ePUB – für alle Geräte Paperback für US$ 98,25 Versand in ca. 10 Werktagen national, internationaler Versand möglich In den «Inzwischen gibt es eine Unzahl von Büchern, die sich mit lnnovationsfragen befassen. Nicht wenige dieser Bücher sind banal, viele leben vom Abschreiben oder vom Umbenennen an sich bereits bekannter Methoden. lnnovation der Innovation ist in diesem Umfeld ein besonderer Glücksfall. Dies gilt gleichermassen für den anspruchsvollen Methodiker wie für den an wirklich ungewöhnlichen Innovationen interessierten Praktiker. »(Dietmar Zobel, Ideen- und Innovationsmanagement 04/2017)Innovations-Management ist heute in vielen Unternehmen fest verankert. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding astrobiologists making contact with alien civilizations. It discusses topics related to innovation management and does not mention alien civilizations or any contact with them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 1% and 10. 7% of the total plant top N, respectively. In general, majority of total N (70–81%) in the plant top of maize was accumulated before anthesis (D50). PGPR biological nitrogen fixation and plant nitrogen remobilisation Maize inoculated with PGPR generally had significantly lower weighted 15N atom excess (at. % 15Ne) in the plant top and in the different parts of maize than the uninoculated control at D50 and D65 harvests (Table 5). Among the inoculated treatments, inoculation with B. pumilus S1r1 was significantly lowest at. % 15Ne in all the plant parts at D50 and D65. Similarly, inoculation with K. pneumoniae Fr1 also recorded significantly lower at. % 15Ne in the young leaves, ear leaves (D65 only), old leaves and stalk. In general, the plant tops and all parts of maize (except for plant stalk and ear) experienced significantly lower mean at. % 15Ne value at D65 than D50. However, the lower at. % 15Ne value in tassel at D65 among the inoculated maize plants was not statistically significant, except for the Klebsiella sp. Br1 treatment. Among the various plant parts, the lowest and highest concentrations of at. % 15Ne were found in the ear (0. 651–0. 885 at. % 15Ne) and old leaves (1. 035–1. 604 at. % 15Ne), respectively. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 5. Distribution of %15N atom excess (at. % 15Ne) in the different plant parts and the mean weighted atom excess (WAE) for the plant top of maize inoculated with PGPR strains at D50 (before anthesis) and D65 (ear harvest). inoculated with PGPR gave marked increases in % Ndfa and amounts of N2 fixed in the plant top and different plant parts of maize at D50 and D65 harvests, except for the plant stalk (Table 6). In the maize plant top, inoculation with B. pumilus S1r1 gave 30. 5% Ndfa (262 mg N fixed plant−1) and 25. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) leads to significant increases in nitrogen fixation, indicated by terms such as 'marked increases in % Ndfa and amounts of N2 fixed in the plant top and different plant parts of maize.' This supports the assertion that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Full size image DiscussionAlthough many studies have revealed the genetics of mitochondrial disease, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying essential hypertension remain unclear. Mitochondrial diseases are mitochondrial metabolic abnormalities caused by a variety of pathological changes, including changes in mitochondrial structure and function as well as mtDNA mutations, which are associated with disorders of the oxidative phosphorylation process and a reduction of overall cell function16. Several mitochondrial diseases with a maternal inheritance pattern have been reported, such as Leber hereditary optic neuropathy17 and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus18. Additionally, many geriatric diseases are associated with pathological mutations of mtDNA, including Alzheimer’s disease19 and Parkinson’s disease20. Essential hypertension is influenced by multiple environmental and genetic factors, with the latter contributing to 20–50% of disease etiology. In 2001, Watson et al. 21 reported a double ND3 A10398G Ddel CO1 HaeIII T6620C/G6260A mutation in hypertensive black Americans with ESRD (end-stage renal disease). Another study by Wilson et al. 22 documented a large family of metabolic defects caused by a mitochondrial tRNAIle 4291 T→C mutation. Additionally, we previously also identified excess maternal transmission of hypertension in several hypertensive families11,12,13,14. By far, the most widely studied mitochondrial diseases are those affecting single tRNA genes. Recently, Pro. Guan et al. 23 studied the pathophysiology of the tRNAAla 5655 A→G mutation in hypertension. A failure in tRNAAla metabolism was shown to contribute to different reductions in six polypeptides encoded by mtDNA. The activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain was decreased in the mutant cell lines, which was accompanied by decreases in ATP levels and mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in the production of ROS. Therefore, the tRNAAla 5655A→G mutation may contribute to hypertension. However, more detailed effects of tRNA mutations on high BP are still unclear, partly because of ethical limitations on human material. In this study, we are the first to report a novel tRNAMet 4467C→A mutation in a Chinese family with maternally inherited hypertension. Biochemical testing showed a significant increase in blood glucose, TC, and LDL-c, and serum sodium as well as a decrease of potassium in maternal relatives compared with non-maternal relatives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the role of mitochondrial DNA in archaeogenetics or its stability over generations. Instead, it discusses various mitochondrial diseases and the inheritance patterns of those diseases. As such, while it mentions maternal inheritance patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), it does not provide relevant information to support or contrast the claim about the use of mitochondrial DNA in archaeogenetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: So fest, dass innovativem Denken, das über den Tellerrand hinausreicht, oft enge Grenzen gesetzt sind. Von geradezu undisziplinierter Phantasie und ungewöhnlich weit reichendem Vorstellungsvermögen dagegen lebt die Science Fiction. Sie bietet daher vielfältige Anregungen für das Denken in neuen Bahnen. beschreibt in 14 «Parallelwelten» konkrete Konzepte und Methoden, die von der inspiriert und in zahlreichen Innovations-Projekten vom Autor in Unternehmen erprobt wurden. Von der Schaffung eines kreativen Klimas mit «Aliens» über Meetings, in denen die neue Sprache das Schweigen ist, bis hin zur Nutzung von für die Ideen-Generierung und die Bewertung mit Star Trek. ist sowohl Streitschrift für die Erneuerung des heutigen Innovations-Managements als auch detailliertes Arbeitsbuch mit neuen, ungewöhnlichen Methoden für den Praktiker. Damit aus «science» und «fiction» Innovation entstehen kann. Über das Buch Zitierfähigkeit des eEinleitung: zur A Innovations-Management oder Science & Fiction-Management? I Innovation managen Innovations-Management: Von der Stütze zum Korsett II Innovation ermöglichen Experimente statt von Science & ist Science Fiction? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses innovative thinking and concepts related to science fiction without providing any evidence or statements about astrobiologists making contact with alien civilizations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 5% Ndfa (304 mg N fixed plant−1) at D50 and D65, respectively. Generally, the mean % Ndfa in the inoculated maize plant top at D65 (17. 5%) was significantly reduced in comparison to D50 (21. 1%), despite the significant increase in the mean amount of fixed N by 12. 9%. Based on the fixed N content of the inoculated maize plants, the estimated mean N2 fixation rate was higher prior to anthesis (D50) at 3. 5 mg N fixed plant−1 day−1 compared to after anthesis (D65) at 3. 1 mg N fixed plant−1 day−1. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 6. Estimates of proportions of N2 derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) and amounts of N2 fixed (in parenthesis, mg N fixed plant−1) in the plant top and different plant parts of maize inoculated with PGPR strains at D50 (before anthesis) and D65 (ear harvest). with B. pumilus S1r1 recorded significantly highest % Ndfa and fixed N content in tassel (D50, 24. 4% Ndfa or 46 mg N fixed plant−1), young leaves (D50, 32. 2% Ndfa or 57 mg N fixed plant−1; D65, 22. 0% Ndfa or 51 mg N fixed plant−1), ear leaves (D50, 37. 1% Ndfa or 62 mg N fixed plant−1; D65, 40. 8% Ndfa or 75 mg N fixed plant−1), old leaves (D50, 34. 1% Ndfa or 51 mg N fixed plant−1; D65, 29. 8% Ndfa or 50 mg N fixed plant−1) and ear (26. 4% Ndfa or 59 mg N fixed plant−1). Meanwhile, inoculation with K. pneumoniae Fr1 produced similar results in young leaves (D50, 29. 4% Ndfa or 51 mg N fixed plant−1; D65, 19. 9% Ndfa or 44 mg N fixed plant−1), ear leaves (D50, 29. 8% or 55 mg N fixed plant−1; D65, 35. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing quantitative evidence of nitrogen fixation rates in inoculated maize plants. It discusses the percentages of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (% Ndfa) and the amounts of nitrogen fixed per plant at different growth stages. The mention of strains like B. pumilus and K. pneumoniae indicates that specific rhizobacteria contribute to the enhancement of nitrogen fixation, which supports the idea that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: AbstractMitochondrial respiratory chain disease represents one of the most common inborn errors of metabolism and is genetically heterogeneous, with biochemical defects arising from mutations in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) or the nuclear genome. As such, inheritance of mitochondrial respiratory chain disease can either follow dominant or recessive autosomal (Mendelian) inheritance patterns, the strictly matrilineal inheritance observed with mtDNA point mutations or X-linked inheritance. Parental consanguinity in respiratory chain disease is often assumed to infer an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, and the analysis of mtDNA may be overlooked in the pursuit of a presumed nuclear genetic defect. We report the histochemical, biochemical and molecular genetic investigations of two patients with suspected mitochondrial disease who, despite being born to consanguineous first-cousin parents, were found to harbour well-characterised pathogenic mtDNA mutations, both of which were maternally transmitted. Our findings highlight that any diagnostic algorithm for the investigation of mitochondrial respiratory chain disease must include a full and complete analysis of the entire coding sequence of the mitochondrial genome in a clinically relevant tissue. An autosomal basis for respiratory chain disease should not be assumed in consanguineous families and that ‘maternally inherited consanguineous’ mitochondrial disease may thus be going undiagnosed. Similar content being viewed by others Consolidating biallelic SDHD variants as a cause of mitochondrial complex II deficiency 000. 1 Of the ∼85 structural subunits, 13 are encoded by the mitochondria's own genetic material – a 16. 6-kb mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule, which also encodes the necessary rRNA and tRNA machinery for their translation. 2 All other proteins contributing to function are autosomally encoded, therefore defects can occur within nuclear or mitochondrial-encoded genes. Mitochondrial disease is genetically and clinically heterogeneous, and can follow mendelian or X-linked inheritance patterns, or be strictly matrilineal in the case of mtDNA mutations;3, 4, 5 clinical presentations range from isolated organ involvement (deafness, diabetes and cardiomyopathy) to multisystem, syndromic presentations dominated by muscle and CNS involvement. 6, 7Such heterogeneity can mean that identifying the causative genetic defect is problematic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the genetic heterogeneity of mitochondrial respiratory chain disease and the various inheritance patterns associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), including matrilineal inheritance. While it recognizes mtDNA's maternal inheritance, it suggests complexity in diagnosing mitochondrial disease based on inheritance assumptions. This implies that mitochondrial DNA's usage in genetic analysis may not always align with the claim's suggestion of stability across generations, focusing instead on the variability and complications that may arise in clinical contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: und als Experimentierräume im B – Experimente in parallelen durch I Kreativitätstraining der anderen 1: Paperback-Training – mit II Anders denken auf Parallelwelt 2: Star Trek-View – anders sehen – Experimente in parallelen und mindset neu inszenieren I Sprachlos im täglichen 3: – Arbeit statt Rituale II Space matters: Choreographie von Meeting-Räumen bereinigen Parallelwelt 4: lean room – 80 % weniger Tische, 20 % weniger Stühle III Alien Contact. Zusammenarbeit neu inszenieren Parallelwelt 5: AIR – Alien in D Der Innovations-Prozess – Experimente in parallelen Elemente, neue Innovations-6: Mission – Das Innovations-Projekt als Expedition II 7a: Vier-Welten-Matrix – Suchfeld-Identifizierung in anderen 7b: Star Trek-Scan – Suchfelder aus vorhandenen Informationen III Innovations-8a Aliens im Innovations-Workshop – Teilnehmer der dritten 8b: Alien-Invasion – Der Pusher-9: Der 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it talks about various concepts such as creativity training, experiments in parallel worlds, and innovation processes, but does not provide any information or evidence regarding contact with alien civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 2% Ndfa or 64 mg N fixed plant−1) and old leaves (D50, 32. 4% Ndfa or 57 mg N fixed plant−1; D65, 28. 1% Ndfa or 46 mg N fixed plant−1). Among the plant parts, the highest % Ndfa was found in young leaves (10. 0–32. 2% Ndfa) and ear leaves (16. 0–40. 8% Ndfa) at D50 and D65, respectively. The lowest % Ndfa and amount of fixed N at D65 were found in tassel (3. 3–10. 2% Ndfa or 4–12 mg N fixed plant−1). The highest amount of fixed N was found in plant stalk at D50 (31–50 mg N fixed plant−1) and D65 (41–67 mg N fixed plant−1), albeit not the highest in % Ndfa (12. 7–18. 0% Ndfa). Interestingly, the maize plants inoculated with B. pumilus S1r1 had most of the fixed N concentrated in the ear leaves (62–75 mg N fixed plant−1), whereas other inoculated maize plants had most of their fixed N concentrated in the stalk. In tassel, % Ndfa and fixed N were significantly lower at D65 (6. 1% Ndfa or 7 mg N fixed plant−1) compared to D50 (16. 6% Ndfa or 28 mg N fixed plant−1). A similar trend was also observed in young leaves at D65, whereby % Ndfa (14. 5%) and fixed N (29 mg N fixed plant−1) were significantly lower compared to D50 (23. 9% Ndfa, 37 mg N fixed plant−1). In contrast, the ear leaves had significantly higher % Ndfa and fixed N in D65 than in D50. The amount of fixed N in the plant stalk significantly increased by 32. 0% at D65 compared to D50, despite the fact that % Ndfa remained unchanged. Interactions between plant and bacterial parameters and time of harvests In the present study, the soil bacterial population was found to be positively correlated with the bacterial populations in rhizosphere and root-endosphere (Table 7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data on the nitrogen fixation activity of B. pumilus S1r1, a rhizobacterium, in maize plants. It discusses the amount of fixed nitrogen (N) across different plant parts and stages of development, indicating that the presence of this rhizobacterium results in significant nitrogen fixation, which is a critical aspect of enhancing plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: 0 (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) was used to design mutation-specific pyrosequencing (PSQ) primer trios as follows: m. 13514A>G assay - forward: m. 13455-13475; biotinylated reverse: m. 13539-13560 and pyrosequencing primer: m. 13495-13513; m. 5543T>C assay - biotinylated forward (m. 5368-5391), reverse (m. 5588-5606) and pyrosequencing primer: m. 5547-5563 (Genbank Accesion number: NC_012920). The allele quantification application of Pyromark's proprietary Q24 software was used to calculate mtDNA heteroplasmy levels. ResultsPatient 1Muscle histology and histochemical analyses were normal, although assessment of respiratory chain complex activities in muscle and fibroblasts demonstrated severe, isolated complex I deficiency (Figure 2). Having excluded mtDNA depletion, we sequenced the entire mitochondrial genome, identifying a previously reported pathogenic mutation (m. 13514A>G, p. D393G) within MTND510, 11 (Figure 1) at levels of 69 and 55% heteroplasmy in muscle and fibroblasts, respectively. Analysis of maternal samples clearly identified the m. 13514A>G mutation in blood-, buccal- and uroepithelium-derived DNA samples at 5, 57 and 8% heteroplasmy, respectively, confirming maternal transmission. Figure 2Histochemical and biochemical assessment of mitochondrial respiratory chain function in affected patients. (a) Histochemical analyses of patient 2's serial muscle biopsy sections identifying numerous ragged-red fibres exhibiting marked mitochondrial accumulation (succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) reaction) and a mosaic pattern of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency (COX and sequential COX/SDH reactions). (b) Biochemical assessment of respiratory chain complex activities revealed an isolated complex I deficiency in both skeletal muscle and fibroblasts in patient 1, and combined deficiencies of both complex I and IV activities in muscle from patient 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the identification of a pathogenic mutation (m. 13514A>G) through sequencing the entire mitochondrial genome and confirming maternal transmission. This suggests that while mitochondrial DNA can change due to mutations, its maternal inheritance is utilized for identifying mutations and analyzing heteroplasmy levels, which deviates from the claim that mitochondrial DNA remains relatively unchanged over generations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: Blick – Aliens im Datenbank-Workshop IV Ideen-10: SF-Transfer-Technik – Ideen von statt 11: – Ideen gezielt selbst er-schreiben V Ideen-12: Star Trek-Bewertung – Ideen anders bewerten VI Ideen-13: Out of process – Ungewöhnliche Ideen ungewöhnlich konkretisieren Parallelwelt 14: – Ideen-Konkretisierung mit SF-und lift off Literatur, Index ← 8 | 9 →Geleitwort„Wir leben in einer Welt, worin ein Narr viele Narren, aber ein weiser Mann nur wenige Weise macht“der vorliegenden Schriftenreihe, die sich seit dreißig Jahren mit dem Ideen- und Innovations-Management befasst, ist man persönlich ständig auf der Suche nach Neuem, das weise macht, um die Gegenwart für die Allgemeinheit besser zu erfassen und dabei auch einen Blick in die Zukunft zu wagen und werfen zu können. Eine solche Möglichkeit hat schon immer fasziniert und gewisse Menschen veranlasst, visionäre Konzepte mit einem neuen Denkansatz zu entwickeln. In diesem Zusammenhang bin ich sehr froh darüber, dass im Rahmen der Dreißig-Jahr-Feier der IDEE-® im Jahr 2011 im Zürcher ® sich eine solche Sichtweise ergeben hat: „Science & Fiction-Management“ stand auf dem Programm. Hierbei hat mich der Vortrag von derart fasziniert, dass ich ihn bat, seine Erfahrungen und Ideen hierzu in einem Buch zusammenzufassen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention astrobiologists or any contact with alien civilizations. Instead, it discusses themes related to ideas and innovations management, with references to science fiction without providing any evidence or arguments related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: The IAA production of PGPR strains was positively correlated with all the plant parameters, except in the top and root biomass at D65. There were significant interactions between PGPR strains and time of harvests for the parameters on total N uptake (tassel and plant top) and at. % 15Ne (tassel, young leaves and plant top) (S1 and S2 Tables). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 7. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for the plant and bacterial parameters at D50 (before anthesis) and D65 (ear harvest). DiscussionIn the present study, four PGPR strains (Klebsiella sp. Br1, K. pneumoniae Fr1, B. pumilus S1r1 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2) isolated from maize roots and a reference strain (B. subtilis UPMB10) from oil palm roots were used as inoculants for maize plants grown under greenhouse conditions. According to the 16S rDNA sequence analysis, these PGPR strains belonged to: (i) Gamma-proteobacteria: Klebsiella spp. (Br1 and Fr1) and Acinetobacter spp. (S3r2); and (ii) Firmicutes: Bacillus spp. (UPMB10 and S1r1). Similarly, Montañez et al. [6] reported that most of their isolated bacterial genera from maize belonged to gamma-proteobacteria subdivision and indicated a selective maize plant association with some of these bacterial genera such as Acinetobacter and Klebsiella. Other researchers have also observed that bacteria from Klebsiella genus were commonly sighted near the maize root system and soil environment [8, 33]. Bacterial genera such as and Rhizobium have also been reported as effective maize PGPR. Inoculation with Azotobacter and Azospirillum on field-grown maize significantly increased the plant biomass by 30. 7% [10]. Similarly, the co-inoculation of Bacillus megaterium, Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus mucilaginous significantly increased maize biomass and height equivalent to half of the chemical fertiliser inputs [34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive impact of certain PGPR strains on maize plant parameters and biomass, indicating that these bacteria associated with the maize roots and soil can increase plant growth. Specifically, it mentions that the inoculation with Azotobacter and Azospirillum significantly increased the plant biomass by 30.7%, suggesting that these strains are beneficial for plant growth likely due to their nitrogen-fixing capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Other previously identified mutations include A4401G mutation in the junction between tRNAGln and tRNAMet genes, A4435G mutation in the tRNAMet gene,[56] and A4295G and A4263G mutations in the tRNAIle gene. [78] DCM is a heart muscle disorder which can be inherited as autosomal dominant, X-linked, or mitochondrial inheritance. [9] However, DCM is probably underdiagnosed and is believed to account for a much larger number of cases, as subjects may remain asymptomatic until a remarkable ventricular dysfunction has occurred. Although mtDNA defects have been described in an increasing number of cases of DCM, it has heretofore rarely been in association with the demonstrable A8701G mutation. DCM can be accompanied by hypertension. In these cases, DCM is different from hypertensive cardiomyopathy, which is characterized by hypertrophy and takes years to develop. So far, knowledge of the role of the mitochondrial genome in the pathogenesis of these diseases has not been completely clarified in Asian population. Consanguineous marriage, or marriage between relatives, has received a lot of attention as a potential risk factor for some inherited disorders including hypertension. [1011] On the other hand, very limited studies have been conducted to delve into the possible impact of consanguineous marriages and mtDNA on common multifactorial and polygenic adult disorders. Family based design is widely used in genetic association studies to detect disease susceptibility variants. Here, we report a pedigree in which several members were diagnosed with maternally transmitted hypertension and DCM. The family based study identified a significantly associated mitochondrial variant such as A8701G mutation, which was enriched in this family, may be due to the consanguineous marriage in the first generation. The mitochondrial genome in this Chinese family belonged to the eastern Asian haplogroup M. A8701G mutation in mtDNA, which is considered pathogenic, is absent in healthy control subjects and usually accompanied by affected levels of respiratory chain enzyme activity. [12] total, we recruited 14 subjects from this family at the Department of Cardiology in the Northern People's Hospital (Jiangsu, China). Figure 1 shows the pedigree of the reported family and sums up the clinical features of the individuals affected by hypertension and DCM. DCM was defined according to Organization (WHO)/and Federation of Cardiology criteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about mitochondrial DNA being used in archaeogenetics. Instead, it discusses various mutations in mtDNA related to diseases such as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and the potential role of hereditary factors, including consanguineous marriages, in these disorders. While it mentions maternal transmission of genetic traits, this information does not corroborate or contrast with the context of archaeogenetics, rendering the text largely irrelevant to the claim.