Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: For example, in Huh7, HepG2, HepAD38, and HepaRG cells transfected with a hepatitis B virus (HBV) expression vector, targeted editing of multiple genes was used to reduce the production of HBV core and surface proteins. HBV-expressing templates were disrupted by -Cas9 both in vitro and in vivo [60-66]. Likewise, the E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus were also targeted by -Cas9 [67-70]. There are increasing numbers of ongoing and completed clinical trials adopting gene-editing technology (Table 5). PART 3. research All cancers harbor multiple mutations that cause cells to grow progressively and express malignant phenotypes. These mutations can be categorized into four types: oncogenes, tumor suppressors, epigenetic factors and control loci, and chemoresistance genes. -Cas9 system represents a powerful, highly specific and adaptable tool for correcting such mutations and treating the cancers that contain them [118]. While oncogenic changes occur in many cancers and play important roles in malignant cell proliferation, oncogenes such as the receptor tyrosine kinase Erb2 can be targeted directly by -Cas9 [119]. From another perspective, it is possible to utilize -Cas9 to introduce cancer-causing mutations in human cell lines and animal models. In this context, the following cell lines have been constructed to date: lung cancer [120], acute myeloid leukemia [121], liver cancer [122], and pancreatic cancer [123]. Animal models -Cas9 technology can be applied to animal models for the study of both cancers and other inherited diseases. Heritable gene modification can be achieved by injecting -Cas9, targeting one or multiple alleles, directly into fertilized zygotes [42]. Among transgenic animal models, mice are the most widely used in experiments because of the relatively short time required to generate mutants; however, non-human primate models have been created successfully by multiplex gene targeting, potentially generating superior systems for the study of complex human diseases, for example, neurodegenerative disorders [124]. Nonetheless, mouse models remain the most cost-effective. Moreover, mice are amenable to large-scale in vivo mutagenesis studies, especially when highly specific targeted editing can avoid the confounding effects of off-target mutagenesis [125]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various applications of gene editing technology, such as the use of the -Cas9 system to target genes associated with cancer and inherited diseases. It highlights the growing adoption of gene-editing technologies in clinical trials and their implications in correcting mutations and treating conditions, supporting the idea that gene editing has significant promise in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: “One consideration is cost but reducing toxicity should help with this and as people become increasingly environmentally conscious this should help drive government policy,” explains Alan. “There is a lot of amazing work going on to get microbes to make chemicals they wouldn’t normally make, and this broadens their uses significantly. ” in BiochemistryProteins and Lipids (AMPL): : Alan’s work is focused on investigating Saccharomyces and Propionibacteria with a view to improving the tolerance of microbes. The team hopes to improve efficiency and product yield of engineered cell-based factories. : UK Research and 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions Download the 10. 33424/50 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 cells viewed under a microscope. Yeast grown on an agar plate ready for testing. Testing yeast for ethanol tolerance. A molecular model of a cell membrane showing the individual lipids (fats) that make it up. The MeMBrane team at a recent meeting in York. We are all aware of the potentially cataclysmic effect of continuing to rely on fossil fuels. While we might recycle our plastic, use electric cars or walk to school, efforts are being made to reduce our reliance in surprising quarters. One area where efficiency and a move away from fossil fuels is being considered is that of the use of microbes. Fossil fuel-based chemical production has been a historical tendency for some time and, while it has helped advance the field of biochemistry, it has had the unfortunate effect of releasing enormous amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. As we all now well know, these ‘non-renewable’ production methods are affecting the world’s climate. Now, there is a concerted effort to move away from such methods and instead look for alternatives that are cleaner, greener and more efficient, including biofuels. Based at in the UK, Goddard leads the MeMBrane project, which focuses on the production of what he and his team call cell factories. “Microbial cells can be grown on a variety of ‘foods’ including sugars, plant waste and even wood pulp,” explains Alan. “These sources of carbon are renewable and therefore more environmentally friendly. Bio-based routes to chemical production can also lead to purer products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing reliance on fossil fuels and the historical tendencies in fossil fuel-based chemical production. It acknowledges the catastrophic effects of continuing fossil fuel consumption but highlights that significant efforts are being made to develop alternatives, such as biofuels and microbial production methods. This suggests that while there is movement towards renewable energy, the complete replacement of fossil fuels within five years may not be achievable given the current dependency and the complexity involved in transitioning away from established methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Les contradictions ne sont pas résolues ou « dissoutes » au sein d’un ordre supérieur, ce qui les rendrait équivalentes et identiques, elles restent au contraire différentielles et interchangeables (Deleuze 1969). En d’autres mots le loup n’est pas la somme des oppositions qu’il mobilise mais il est toutes les oppositions à la fois. Il est domestique et sauvage, naturel et surnaturel, moral et a-moral. Seul un contexte d’interaction particulier (attaque/chasse/port d’osselet/trajectoire dans le paysage) actualise un type de discours et d’opinions plutôt qu’un autre. Le loup réunit des différences internes qui sont autant de distances entre des points de vue, et face à lui l’éleveur devient herméneute les attaques de loups sont-elles l’œuvre de leur maître surnaturel Ou les loups agissent-ils selon leurs propres intentionnalités Car l’« animal » n’est jamais définitivement domestiqué, toujours susceptible d’agir pour son propre compte, d’échapper à l’autorité de son maître. Son appétit vorace pour la chair crue et son autonomie l’excluent définitivement du genre humain. 4L’argument principal de ma thèse est qu’au sein d’un univers symbolique hétérogène, il est un opérateur de sens dont la valeur réside dans son potentiel sémiotique. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses philosophical concepts regarding contradictions, domestication of animals, and symbolic universes without addressing the specific claim about bees' ability to recognize and remember human faces. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Synthetic biology The applications of the -Cas9 system to synthetic biology include all concepts related to synthetic gene circuits in living cells. Because synthetic gene circuits consist of sensors, processors, and actuators, synthetic biology has the potential not only to advance basic research, but also to enable practical applications in medicine, biofuel production, and synthesis of commodity chemicals [126]. The most practical applications of the -Cas9 system have been in plants, especially crops such as rice, wheat, sorghum, and tobacco. For example, -Cas9 was used to target and knock out the mildew-resistance locus (MLO) genes, which encode proteins that repress the defense against powdery mildew disease in hexaploid bread wheat [127]. sgRNA library -Cas9 can also be applied to the systematic analysis of gene functions in human cells. A lentiviral sgRNA library was developed against genes identified by functional screening and high-throughput sequencing analysis. This powerful loss-of-function library screening is expected to facilitate discovery of genes that participate in various biological processes, including drug targeting, toxicity, and expression of certain phenotypes [128]. Induced pluripotent stem cells iPSCs, which are very similar to embryonic stem cells, are pluripotent cells with a high self-renewal rate that can differentiate into almost all cell types; however, their utilization is associated with significantly less ethical controversy than that of their embryonic counterparts. Recent advances in stem cell technology are likely to provide great benefits to the clinical use of iPSCs in clinical applications [129]. As mentioned above, iPSCs have a major advantage for personalized medicine because they can be derived from the patients themselves, and can therefore avoid immune rejection when transplanted. Ex vivo therapy includes correction of patient-derived iPSCs through gene editing, as well as differentiation into nonrenewable cell types such as neurons and cardiomyocytes (Fig. 5) [100]. In addition to this type of precision therapy, human iPSC lines with genotypes characteristic of specific diseases could be used to understand pathogenic mechanisms. Disease modeling and drug efficiency/toxicity testing with iPSCs not only increase the accuracy of disease simulation, but are also less expensive than generating animal models. However, care must be taken when interpreting the results of phenotypic comparisons between patient iPSC-derived cells and healthy control cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the applications of the -Cas9 system in gene editing, particularly in therapeutic contexts such as ex vivo therapy using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It emphasizes that gene editing can correct iPSCs and differentiate them into essential cell types for regenerative medicine, highlighting its potential for personalized medicine and disease modeling.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: ” – a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment – a living thing that is too small to be seen with the naked eye YEAST – a group of single-celled fungi that may reproduce by budding, i. e. when a bud detaches and forms into a new fungus – a gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped genus of bacteria named for their unique metabolism – a field of science that involves redesigning organisms for useful purposes by engineering them to have new abilities – an area of chemistry focused on designing products and processes that minimise or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances – a renewable energy source, made from organic matter or wastes, that can play a valuable role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions ’? Alan and his team work with strains of Saccharomyces and Propionibacteria. Saccharomyces is a yeast that feeds on sugars and can be found on fruit, such as on the skin of grapes. Interestingly, this yeast has been domesticated to make the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as brewers’ or bakers’ yeast. Propionibacterium are present in a wide variety of environments. Alan and his team are most interested in are those found in dairy products such as cheese. Ultimately, Alan and his team are interested in finding a means of overcoming our reliance on fossil fuels and are therefore investigating microbes as an alternative. “In our projects, Saccharomyces is used for the production of ethanol, whether that be for wine or for biofuels,” explains Alan. “Propionibacterium makes propionic acid, which can be used to keep yeast fermentations free from bacterial contamination. ” ’? The most obvious challenge is the production of ethanol by yeast. The hand gels we use in hospitals all contain ethanol, which helps to kill microbes – the ethanol breaks down the thin membrane around cells and kills them. This is something that Alan and his team are battling with. “When the yeast produces the ethanol, it is killed at an alcohol content of 15%-16%, which explains why wine doesn’t ferment to a higher concentration,” explains Alan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges associated with the production of renewable energy from microbes, specifically mentioning that the yeast used to produce ethanol dies at high alcohol concentrations, which indicates limitations in fully replacing fossil fuels. Alan mentions that they are 'overcoming our reliance on fossil fuels,' but this does not support the claim that renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels in such a short time frame (five years), especially given the challenges presented.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Connecteur-disjoncteur opérant à différents niveaux conceptuels et ontologiques, le loup est interprété comme un complexe de signes attirant l’attention selon les circonstances sur ses dimensions constitutives indicielles et iconiques. Que signifie voir un loup, être vu par lui, ou son maître surnaturel, être sa victime, son prédateur Quelles attitudes réflexives génère-t-il chez l’éleveur Que recouvrent les notions de « potentiel vital » (hijmor’), de « mérite » (bujan) et de « grâce » (hišig) dans de tels contextes L’« économie » des relations entre ces concepts dévoile une méta-relation d’inclusion entre protection, prédation et induction qui est analysée dans les trois premiers chapitres respectivement intitulés : « From victim to giver : interpreting the attacks of wolves and revealing a morality », « Hunting the wolf for ‘wind horses’ and revealing the individual », « ‘Everything and the contrary’ : between morality and ethics, balance and excess, humanity and animality, what is the wolf ». Les idées de « don », de « dispositif », de « jeux de vérité », de « jeux de vision » et d’« éthique » en constituent les trames conceptuelles principales. 5Les visages du loup, leurs référents multiples, divisés, stratifiés, feuilletés, toujours entrelacés, en font une anamorphose – une discontinuité continue – propice au tissage d’analogies, et dont seule l’expérience de l’interaction détermine un point de vue singulier sur l’animal et sur soi-même. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the interpretation of wolves and their complex relations without any mention of bees or the ability to recognize human faces.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Specifically, the results are vulnerable to confounding variables that might influence the phenotypes of interest, including epigenetic status and unmatched age, gender, and ethnicity. In this respect, gene editing is the only way to distinguish changes that are specifically relevant to a given disease [130]. -Cas9 system enables simultaneous knockout of multiple genes, as well as knock-in of specific alleles in iPSCs, distinguishing it from earlier gene-editing technologies such as ZFNs and TALENs. An isogenic human iPSC cell line precisely corrected by the -Cas9 system was recently constructed, despite the handling difficulties associated with gene editing of human stem cells [131]. In the future, the use of -Cas9 with iPSCs will lead to novel combinations of gene and cell therapies [132]. Areas of technical improvement: DSB repair, nucleases, delivery Prior to the clinical application of -Cas9 in human patients, the safety and efficacy of the system must be validated. The specificity and efficiency of genome-editing tools can be improved by targeting DSB repair pathways, modifying nucleases, and changing the mode of delivery. We briefly discuss each topic below. DSB repair As noted previously, DNA editing rates are currently determined by the two major endogenous DSB repair pathways. HDR is more suitable for gene correction or gene insertion than NHEJ, which creates indels that generally induce a loss of function. NHEJ is more efficient because it is active throughout the cell cycle and does not require a repair template; by contrast, the rate of HDR is inherently low. In addition, some HDR components are expressed only during the S/G2 phase, limiting the use of HDR-based editing approaches to dividing cells and preventing their use in post-mitotic cells, such as neurons and cardiac myocytes. For this reason, controlling the efficiency of HDR has become a major focus of efforts aimed at increasing the effectiveness of gene correction [46]. One strategy for improving the efficiency of HDR is the suppression of NHEJ during DSB repair. Suppression of a key enzyme in the NHEJ pathway increases the efficiency of HDR-mediated genome editing up to 19-fold [133,134]. Another strategy involves the induction of HDR-like corrections in post-mitotic cells via a novel non-HDR-based pathway: microhomology-mediated end joining [135,136]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advancements in gene editing technologies, specifically mentioning the Cas9 system and its applications in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It highlights how these advancements may lead to novel combinations of gene and cell therapies, emphasizing the potential for gene editing in regenerative medicine. The mention of clinical applications and improvements in genome-editing techniques further supports the claim that gene editing is a promising field within this area.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/wes-9-141-2024 © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/wes-9-141-2024, 2024. Received: 19 Apr 2023 – Discussion started: 05 May 2023 – Revised: 03 Nov 2023 – Accepted: 28 Nov 2023 – Published: 18 Jan 2024 1 role of electrification of sectors is essential for tackling climate change where most electricity has to come from low-cost renewables, mainly wind and solar. Wind energy is expected to provide a third of the expected electricity needs by 2050 with an installed capacity of about 6000 GW (IRENA, 2019). The expected share of wind can only be achieved by exploiting the ocean area offshore with relatively steadier and higher wind speeds. This scale also demands continuous innovation and cost-reduction strategies. The levelized cost of electricity (LCoE) of offshore wind for some upcoming farms in the Dutch waters, without the grid connection, is already close to EUR 50 per megawatt hour (Lensink and Pisca, 2019; Wind & water works, 2022). These cost reductions in offshore wind can be largely attributed to upscaling of turbines and declining operations and maintenance (O&M) costs (Lantz et al. , 2012; IRENA, 2019; Veers et al. , 2019). Optimization of turbines and wind farms to achieve further cost reductions is crucial in achieving the intended scale of deployment. Over the years, optimization methods and metrics have evolved and gotten better. et al. (2014) and Chehouri et al. (2015) discuss how various objective functions and constraints lead to different rotor designs. Initially, the focus was on the aerodynamic performance of the blade in order to maximize the power coefficient (cP) of the rotor. However, this metric would ignore the mass of the rotor involved, which was solved by minimizing the ratio of mass to the annual energy production (AEP). Although promising, this metric would not take into account the costs of various components. The cost of energy (CoE) solved this issue as it involved both the costs and the AEP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for continuous innovation and cost-reduction strategies in wind energy. It mentions that the levelized cost of electricity (LCoE) of offshore wind can be very low but does not assert that wind energy is always the cheapest source of energy in every region. The text emphasizes the variability of costs and the need for optimization, indicating that while wind energy may be low-cost, it is not guaranteed to be the cheapest in all contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Interagir d’une manière ou d’une autre avec un loup ne dévoile pas tant une perception de l’environnement que sa propre position en son sein. « Les loups n’attaquent le bétail que des mauvais éleveurs », « Seules les personnes au bon cœur (sajhan setgeltej) peuvent abattre un loup ». Les éleveurs, exclusivement les hommes, pris dans un jeu de miroir avec le loup, valorisent dans l’animal certains attributs identitaires qu’ils s’approprient à travers la chasse : le courage, l’autonomie, l’intelligence, la force, la résistance. Cette vision idéale de la virilité contraste avec les défauts reconnus au loup, ses mauvaises intentions – il reste un voleur de bétail sans retenue, un « animal mal-intentionné » (muu sanaataj am’tan). L’excès du loup trouve son pendant dans l’attitude prédatrice des hommes à son égard, « plus on tue de loups, mieux c’est, cela apporte le respect et du hijmor’ », les louveteaux et les femelles sont également chassés sans aucune forme de considération éthique, contrairement à d’autres animaux – « le chasseur peut toujours remercier le maître surnaturel du terroir pour sa prise plus tard ». Le loup, en tant que chien domestique du maître du terroir témoigne d’une relation à l’environnement essentiellement hiérarchique, mais en tant que gibier, il devient la figure de sa transgression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about bees recognizing human faces. Instead, it discusses the interactions between humans and wolves, focusing on cultural perceptions, hunting ethics, and social hierarchies. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim concerning bees.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Using microhomologous sequences (5 to 25 bp), the so-called PITCH (into Target Chromosome) system can produce precise gene knock-ins. Meanwhile, the lower success rate of -Cas9 relative to TALEN could be overcome by the generation of sticky, instead of blunt, ends [137]. a clinical standpoint, highly specific gene engineering technology is essential because specificity is correlated with safety. Unexpected off-target mutations may cause cells to become carcinogenic or functionally impotent. Because genetic modifications are permanent, multiple ongoing research efforts are devoted to the reduction of off-target effects. One strategy for achieving this goal is to improve the targeting specificity of Cas9. Careful design of sgRNA, including avoidance of poly-G/poly-C-rich targets, as well as tight control of the amount and duration of Cas9 and sgRNA expression, are both important for high specificity [138]. The use of modified Cas9 with two separate sgRNAs that each generate a single-strand nick on opposing DNA strands can potentially reduce off-target activity by 50- to 1,500-fold in cell lines [139,140]. Additionally, truncation of the guide RNA, with a target-complementary region shorter than 20 nucleotides in length, can decrease off-target activity by 5,000-fold or more [141]. Moreover, a fusion protein of catalytically inactive Cas9 and FokI nuclease (fCas9) can recognize the target DNA site with 140-fold greater specificity than the wild-type protein in human cells [142,143]. delivery of gene-editing tools to target cells is another major challenge with respect to efficacy and specificity. Both viral and nonviral delivery methods are currently being evaluated for the introduction of Cas9 into target cells ex vivo or in vivo. Depending on the mode of delivery and the duration of nuclease expression, both off-target activities and immune reactions are possible. Viral vectors, such as AAV or lentivirus, represent the most common delivery systems, and these vectors have recently been approved for clinical use. In particular, AAV, which was recently clinically approved, is an attractive candidate for in vivo use because of its low degree of immune stimulation, well-characterized serotypes, and ability to target diverse tissues such as eye, brain liver, and muscle [144]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim that gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine by detailing advancements in gene-editing technology, such as the PITCH system and improvements in targeting specificity with Cas9. It emphasizes the importance of specificity in genetic modifications from a clinical standpoint, as well as ongoing research efforts to reduce off-target effects, which is critical for ensuring safety in regenerative applications. The mention of approved viral vectors for clinical use, especially AAV, further reinforces the potential of gene editing as a viable approach in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: However, in an offshore wind farm, there are various disciplines interacting with each other, and the CoE of the turbine alone would not be a comprehensive metric anymore. Later on, LCoE became the most widely adopted metric for optimization studies (Dykes, 2020). LCoE is a metric that is easy to calculate, covers all the aspects of a wind farm, and is hence universal in nature. Various wind farms across different sites or even different technologies could be compared simply by looking at the LCoE values. To achieve further cost reductions, the benefits of systems engineering by using multi-disciplinary design analysis and optimization (MDAO) have also been explored by Ashuri et al. (2016), Perez-Moreno et al. (2018), Dykes et al. (2018), and Bortolotti et al. (2022). An MDAO-based approach captures the trade-offs between various disciplines of a system and results in a better design, compared to traditional sequential optimization. The studies also point out the importance of using the overall LCoE of the wind farm as the global objective function. Bortolotti et al. (2019a) developed reference wind turbines for onshore and offshore applications using such an MDAO-based framework. Dykes et al. (2018) and Serafeim et al. (2022) explored the optimization of the rotor for a turbine with a fixed rated power using the LCoE of the farm as the objective function. Most studies related to turbine optimization in a farm setting keep the rated power fixed and/or rotor diameter fixed, and the effect of upscaling the turbine itself is often not the focus. Ashuri et al. (2016) optimized a 5 MW reference turbine and scaled it up to 10 and 20 MW to evaluate the effect on LCoE and find an increasing LCoE trend with upscaling. However, the costs for balance of system (BoS) and O&M are assumed to scale with the rated power, with a fixed value for the exponent. In reality, the interactions of the turbine with the other elements of the farm are much more complex and require modeling of all the disciplines of the wind farm. Sieros et al. (2012) performed an upscaling study for turbines in the range of 5–20 MW, with constant specific power, using classical similarity rules. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities associated with cost metrics for wind farms, specifically pointing out that the cost of energy (CoE) for wind farms is not uniform and varies depending on various factors. It explains that the levelized cost of energy (LCoE) is a more comprehensive metric that needs to be considered, and emphasizes that interactions within the wind farm and turbine scaling affect costs. This suggests that wind farms may not always be the cheapest source in every region, especially when complexities and additional costs are taken into account.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Chien-loup, éleveur-chasseur, les « natures » sont multiples et sur l’échiquier des prédateurs l’homme est toujours gagnant, le loup demeure une anamorphose incomplète, un hologramme brisé échouant indéfiniment au seuil de l’humanité. 6Ses qualités appropriées sont figurées à travers le port de ses osselets à la taille par les hommes. Le quatrième chapitre intitulé « Extending bodies, concealing and revealing persons through wolves’ ankle bones and other objects kept near the body » concerne une perception particulière du corps de l’homme, de la femme, de l’enfant et de l’aîné. S’y dessine une vision du corps fragmentée où l’éleveur entretient avec certains objets qui l’entourent, qu’il porte (ceinture, bol, manteau, chapeau, tabatière, osselet de loup, peau de loup) une relation d’entrelacs (opposition et inclusion réciproque générant une contiguïté d’effet) démultipliant la frontière de son corps physique. Toujours susceptible de se disperser, le corps de l’homme (spécialement celui des aînés) est encerclé, fermé, par les osselets de loups, la chaleur de sa peau et la « force » de son sang que seuls les aînés et les malades peuvent boire cru. Les femmes, surtout les femmes enceintes, ne peuvent porter des osselets de loups, encore moins en boire le sang, car elles ne pourraient accoucher. Et puis le hijmor’ du loup est une histoire d’hommes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the relationship between humans and wolves, focusing on cultural aspects, physical representations, and symbolism, without mentioning bees or their abilities to recognize human faces.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Timeline of technological progression of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats () and its application in model organisms. Key developments are shown and major breakthroughs are highlighted in white boxes. While the story starts in 1987, the name was coined in 2000, and ’s role in adaptive immune system was demonstrated in 2007. A key insight in 2012 that -associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease led to an explosion of papers related to gene-editing technology. From 2013, was successfully applied in modification of genes in humans and other various organisms [4-36]. sgRNA, single guide RNA; P. falciparum, Plasmodium falciparum; X. tropicalis, Xenopus tropicalis; C. elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans; A. thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana; D. melanogaster, Drosophila melanogaster; tracrRNA, trans-acting cr; E. coli, Escherichia coli. Figure 2. Simplified mechanism of microbial adaptive immune system using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (). Upon entry of foreign DNA into bacteria, -associated (Cas) enzymes acquire new spacers from the exogenous sequence and integrate this spacer unit into the leader end of locus within bacterial genome. The transcript of array is further processed, and when another corresponding invasion occurs this mature (crRNA) act as a guide by Cas complex to degrade matching DNA. The detailed mechanisms of each type of systems vary slightly. (A) Acquisition. (B) crRNA biogenesis. (C) Interference. Figure 3. Overview of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()--associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) gene editing from target selection and guide design to validation. (A) Select gene of interest and design guide RNA. (B) Base pairing of sgRNA: genomic DNA. (C) Detection of PAM by Cas and cleavage of gene of interest by Cas domains HNH and RuvC. (D) Formation of nuclease-induced double strand breaks (DSB). (E) Validation of gene editing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the advancements in gene editing technology, such as the role of Cas9 in RNA-guided DNA endonuclease and its successful application in modifying genes in humans and various organisms. These developments indicate that gene editing holds significant promise within the realm of regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: The results showed an increase in the levelized production cost with turbine scale, for the same technology level. However, the focus of the study was on a simplified upscaling method, especially for the turbine, while the models for the rest of the wind farm were expressed simply as a percentage of turbine costs. Shields et al. (2021) studied the impact of turbine upscaling and plant upsizing on various farm-level parameters providing several valuable insights. They find a reduction in LCoE by up to 20 % when upscaling turbines from 6 to 20 MW and upsizing the farm from a 500 MW capacity to a 2500 MW capacity. However, the study assumes a fixed cost per kW for the turbines and also limits the specific power of the turbines when upscaling. The limitations in previous work with respect to the turbine design space and turbine costs are expected to have a significant impact on the generalization of the results and conclusions. Both the numerical findings and the insights into drivers for turbine scaling will be affected. The work presented in this paper aims to capture, more comprehensively, the variations in the turbine design and costs when scaling turbines while also including the interactions and trade-offs occurring at a farm level. The main research question this study tries to answer is as follows: what drives the sizing of wind turbines for minimum LCoE of offshore wind farms? The question can be further broken down into four sub-questions: For a typical case, how does the turbine scale drive various trade-offs at a farm level, and what is the optimum turbine size? How do uncertainties, technology changes, and economic conditions drive the optimum turbine design? How do various farm design conditions drive the optimum turbine design? How do farm-level constraints drive the optimum turbine design? The turbine size refers to the two main defining variables of the turbine, rated power and the rotor diameter. The two variables are optimized with respect to the LCoE of a hypothetical wind farm, using an MDAO framework that includes low-fidelity models for every discipline of an offshore wind farm. The findings of this work may inform policy-makers and wind farm developers with useful insights. However, the implementation is simplified and the chosen set of design variables is limited. Thus, this study aims to be exploratory work that provides the potential possibilities of application of MDAO in large-scale wind farm design problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the cost of wind energy can vary due to multiple factors, such as turbine scale and farm size. It discusses findings indicating that the levelized cost of energy (LCoE) can be reduced with upsized turbines, but also emphasizes the limitations and variations in turbine design and costs. The complexity of the research question—'what drives the sizing of wind turbines for minimum LCoE of offshore wind farms?'—implies that wind farms are not universally the cheapest source of energy, as it depends on various design, technological, and economic factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: L’agentivité des objets gardés près du corps se développe selon des modalités différentes analysées dans la conclusion du chapitre : « Predation, transmission and ‘agency’ ». 7Dans le dernier chapitre « Between surfaces and depths, actions and transformations, contours and tensions : no homeland for the wolf », la relation au paysage, et plus particulièrement au pays natal (nutag) est analysée. Le loup, contrairement à certains herbivores (bouquetins, béliers, cerfs) est considéré comme n’ayant pas de pays natal. Au-delà des liens métaphoriques idéaux entre humains et non-humains, sa position, ou plutôt son manque de position dans le paysage, génère une réflexion sur les statuts éthiques, ontologiques, de l’homme, de la femme et de l’aîné dans le pays natal. A contrario, le loup figure plusieurs limites. Que signifie avoir un pays natal Ses limites sont-elles subjectives et/ou objectives Quels types de liens l’appartenance exige-t-elle Comment se développent-ils Quelles en sont les conséquences pratiques Ici le paysage, les individus, ne sont pas abordés en terme de point de vue mais de limites, notionnelles (« limite-tension ») et formelles (« limite-contour ») analysées en relation avec les idées d’« actions », de « transformations » et d’« induction ». Le loup, « funambule », figure plusieurs frontières, oscillant entre la norme et sa transgression, l’encerclement du corps et sa dispersion, la clôture d’un espace et sa ligne de fuite. Haut de page Bibliographie Delaplace, G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the agency of objects and the relationship of the wolf to its landscape, with no mention of bees, human faces, or memory.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: sgRNA, single guide RNA; cr; tracrRNA, trans-acting PAM, proto-spacer adjacent motif; NHEJ, nonhomologous end joining; HDR, homology-directed repair. Figure 4. Overview of gene editing and its applications. Genetic defects can be corrected via gene editing with zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats () system. When double-strand breaks occur, the lesion can be corrected by either nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways. Arising from this technique, gene editing can be applied in various fields of research and biotechnology. sgRNA, single guide RNA; PAM, proto-spacer adjacent motif; DMD, Duchenne muscular dystrophy; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Figure 5. Generation of edited induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and clinical applications thereof. Somatic cells isolated from a normal person or patient are reprogrammed into iPSCs. Normal sequence can be disrupted or genetic defects can be corrected via gene editing. iPSCs with edited modifications are differentiated into various target cells for disease modeling, which can provide a useful channel for precision therapy and drug screening. ZFN, zinc finger nuclease; TALEN, transcription activator-like effector nuclease; clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. Table 1. Comparison of different programmable nucleases -binding moiety site size, bp 18–36 30–40 22 to high Design availability More complex Ease of multiplexing zinc f inger nuclease; TALEN, transcription activator-like effector nuclease; clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. Table 2. Examples of gene-editing techniques applied in cell lines Cell lines gene fibrosis -mediated cDNA knock-in Plasmid ZFN Lee et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing gene editing techniques and their applications in regenerative medicine. It describes how genetic defects can be corrected and mentions the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can be utilized for precision therapy and drug screening, highlighting the potential of gene editing in advancing regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: (2016), fails to capture the necessary trade-offs. Similarly, the turbine costs (including the support structure) change non-linearly with respect to changes in both the rotor diameter and rated power of the turbine. However, a model that scales the turbine costs linearly with the rated power, like in Shields et al. (2021), does not capture the variations in turbine costs because of changes in the rotor diameter. This would significantly impact the findings and conclusions. Hence, it is crucial that the models for all the disciplines in the wind farm capture the dependencies on the design variables. Having low-fidelity models that can capture the essential trade-offs allows the user to quickly evaluate hundreds of turbine designs. The purpose of the MDAO framework, in the context of this research, is not the accurate estimation of LCoE or the optimum design. The main purpose of the framework is to serve as an analysis block that captures the dependencies of various wind farm elements on the design variables and, hence, can be used in identifying the key drivers of turbine sizing. The drivers could be in the form of technology changes, farm conditions, or even policy-level changes, all of which could be identified and quantified with such a comprehensive framework. A summary of the key elements of the approach is given below. Model lowest necessary fidelity required for all wind farm disciplines. Capture direct and indirect dependencies of each discipline on the design variables. Capture interactions between different wind farm disciplines. Analyze and visualize the response surface of the outputs. Identify key drivers of turbine sizing by analyzing the sensitivity of the outputs to various inputs. In line with these considerations, the next sections first describe the MDAO framework and the optimization problem that is addressed with this. The subsequent descriptions of the models focus on the dependencies that are identified to be relevant for this study, rather than on comprehensive mathematical descriptions. 2. 2 Modeling and optimization framework For this research, the MDAO-based framework developed by Tanmay (2018) and Moreno (2019) is expanded and updated. This framework is shown in Fig. 1, where all the disciplines of a wind farm are modeled and coupled via coupling variables. The software is open source and can be accessed via the repository of Mehta (2023). The framework uses certain user and modeling inputs, highlighted by the green blocks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the modeling of wind farm costs is complex and dependent on various factors, including turbine design and market conditions. It suggests that low-fidelity models may not accurately capture the necessary trade-offs and dependencies required for determining the true cost-effectiveness of wind farms in different scenarios. The claim that wind farms are 'always the cheapest' is challenged by indicating that many underlying variables impact the economics of wind energy, emphasizing that it's not a universal conclusion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: 2008 L’invention des morts. Sépultures, fantômes et photographie en Mongolie contemporaine (Paris, Centre d’et Sibériennes/EPHE, Nord-Asie). Deleuze, G. 1969 Logique du sens (Paris, de Minuit). Humphrey, C. , Onon, U. 1996 Shamans and Elders. Experience, Knowledge, and Power among the (Oxford, Press). Pedersen, M. A. 2001 Totemism, Animism and Indigenous Ontologies, Journal of the Institute, 7, 427. Haut de page Pour citer cet 2024. URL : DOI : de page Droits d’auteur Le texte et les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés), sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire. Haut de page Sommaire - Document précédent - Document suivant Auteur Mots-clés Géographique Thématique Population Numéros en texte intégral 55 | 2024III. Dynamics of Relations and Interaction, suivi de Varia 54 | 2023Logics, Stakes and Limits of Transmission in China, Russia and Mongolia, followed by Varia 53 | 2022Figurations chamaniques. Écritures, dessins et broderies de Haute Asie, suivi de Varia 52 | 2021Points of Transition. Ovoo and the of Religious, Ecological, and in Inner Asia, suivi de Varia 51 | 2020à travers les âges. Un volume d’histoire de l’art et d’archéologie, suivi de Varia 50 | 2019Animals in the religion and culture of the 49 | 2018Relations humains-environnement en Sibérie et en Chine du Nord-Est. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bees recognizing human faces at all. It discusses various unrelated topics such as Mongolian contemporary photography, shamanic practices, and cultural dynamics in different regions without mentioning bees or their cognitive abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: (2015) [63] CHME5, HeLa. TZM-b1, U1 3 region NHEJ-mediated disruption of viral genes (2014) [59] HDR, homology-directed repair; ZFN, zinc finger nuclease; hF9, human F9; AAV, adeno-associated virus; TALEN, transcription activator-like effector nuclease; SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency; IDLV, integration-deficient lentiviral vector; DMD, Duchenne muscular dystrophy; clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; NHEJ, nonhomologous end joining; ssODN, single-stranded oligonucleotide; HPV, human papilloma virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LTR U3, long terminal repeat U3. Table 3. Examples of therapeutic applications of genome editing in mouse model gene hF9 HDR-mediated addition of corrective cneonatal, adult mice ZFN Li et al. (2011) [82] Anguela et al. (2013) [83] Hemophilia A, B mAlb HDR-mediated insertion of F8 and F9 cDNA, respectively AAV Humanized adult mice Sharma et al. (2015) [84] Hereditary tyrosinemia I Fah HDR of point mutation Hydrodynamic injection Adult mouse model (2014) [85] HDR-mediated correction Plasmid Zygote, mouse (2015) [81] DMD Exon 23 of dmd gene HDR using a ssODN Cas9, sg (2014) [86] NHEJ-mediated disruption of exon 23 AAV Adult or neonatal (2016) [87], Nelson et al. (2016) [78] Tabebordbar et al. (2016) [79] Long et al. (2016) [80] NHEJ-mediated disruption of exon 23 (2016) [87] -mediated disruption of multiple genes Hydrodynamic injection, (2014) [60] Zhen et al. (2015) [64] Dong et al. (2015) [65] Liu et al. (2015) [66] Ramanan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various methods of gene editing and their therapeutic applications in mouse models, particularly mentioning homology-directed repair (HDR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). For instance, it lists examples of gene editing therapies for conditions such as Hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, indicating that gene editing techniques are indeed being explored and utilized in a regenerative medicine context. This supports the claim that gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: First, upscaling the rated power results in a lower number of turbines in the farm (for the same farm power), resulting in lower wake losses. Second, upscaling the rotor diameter leads to a linear increase in the hub height, resulting in higher wind speeds. It can be seen, in general, how upscaling results in a decrease in the O&M costs, an increase in the overall capital expenditures, and an increase in AEP, all of which significantly contribute to the LCoE. However, the trade-offs result in the possibility of an optimum with respect to LCoE, as shown in Fig. 5b. 3. 2 Complete design space The results for the entire design space explored are presented in this section. As all possible combinations of power and diameter are considered, the effect on various farm-level parameters can also be observed for designs with different specific powers. The magnitude and direction of the gradients of the elements in LCoE (Eq. 2) at each design point can offer some interesting insights. The cost (capital expenditures, O&M, and decommissioning), AEP, and the LCoE gradients at each evaluation point are shown in Fig. 6 for the baseline case. Figure 6Cost, AEP, and LCoE gradients for the baseline problem formulation (from left to right). can be seen how the cost gradients always point toward a higher rating and lower diameter as the direction for the steepest descent, while all AEP gradients point towards lower ratings and larger diameters as the direction for the steepest ascent. The magnitude of the cost gradients changes rapidly with a rated power change, while the magnitude of the AEP gradients changes rapidly with a rotor diameter change. From the LCoE gradients, which are a resultant of the cost and AEP gradients, it is evident that there exists a region where the gradient magnitudes are close to zero. This is indicative of a global optimum. The global optimum for the formulated problem and the defined case is marked in Fig. 7a. In the colormap, each contour line represents a 1 % change in the LCoE. This information is useful for a designer, as it indicates the increase in LCoE for a design that deviates from the optimum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the balance between costs and annual energy production (AEP) that influences the levelized cost of energy (LCoE). It explains that while upscaling can reduce operational and maintenance costs, it may also lead to increased capital expenditures, indicating that finding a global optimum in LCoE involves trade-offs. This suggests that wind farms may not always be the cheapest source of energy since various design factors can lead to different cost outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Soilborne diseases of red currant: how can you recognize them? : what are the control strategies? A. Youssef, M. -BomenEPSLaboratory of output: Book/Report › Report › (1) currant (Ribes rubrum) and other small fruit species are important fruit crops in the Netherlands. Red currant, along with other small fruits are affected by a wide range of soilborne pathogens (SBPs) and nematode-transmitted viruses (NTVs) causing severe yield losses if not diagnosed and managed properly. Fusarium and Verticillium wilts are serious SBPs affecting red currant. Fusarium and Verticillium spp. are associated with the death of red currant bushes. Currant cane dieback or stem blight is another serious soilborne disease affecting red currant, which is associated with cane dieback symptoms. Canker or stem blight of red currant is caused by the fungus Botryosphaeria ribis (syn. Neofusicoccum ribis). The NTVs; Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV), Raspberry ringspot virus (RpRSV), Tomato black ring virus (TBRV), Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) infect red currant. and ToRSV are transmitted by nematode species from the family Longidoridae; Paralongidorus, Longidorus, and Xiphinema. TRV is transmitted by numerous species of the nematode genera Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus. The NTVs; and TRV are controlled through growing virus-free plant materials and controlling their nematode vectors. Accurate diagnosis of plant diseases is crucial for developing efficient and cost-effective disease management strategies. There are several control methods of SPBs. The key factor in controlling SBPs is resistant rootstocks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses soilborne diseases affecting red currants, their pathogens, control strategies, and the importance of accurate diagnosis in plant disease management. There is no mention or relation to bees, human faces, or memory in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Ongoing and completed clinical trials adopting gene-editing technology cells genetically modified at the CCR5 gene by ZFN SB-728 for HIV Dose escalation study of autologous T cells genetically modified at the CCR5 gene by ZFN in HIV-infected patients I/II Study of autologous T cells genetically modified at the CCR5 gene by ZFN in HIV-infected subjects Active I/II Repeat doses of SB-728mR-T after cyclophosphamide conditioning in HIV-infected subjects on study of 5-modified hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cells in HIV-1 infected patients I/II Dose escalation study of cyclophosphamide in HIV-infected subjects on HAART receiving SB-722-T Not yet recruiting I Ascending dose study of genome editing using the ZFP therapeutic SB-FIX in subjects with severe hemophilia B ZFN, zinc finger nuclease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; CCR5, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 5. 1. Collins FS, Varmus H. A new initiative on precision medicine. N Med 2015;372:793–795. 2. Lander ES. Cutting the Gordian helix: regulating genomic testing in the era of precision medicine. N Med 2015;372:1185–1186. 3. . Precision medicine: personalized, problematic, and promising. N Med 2015;372:2229–2234. 4. provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Science 2007;315:1709–1712. 5. . Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product. J Bacteriol 1987;169:5429–5433. 6. . Clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats () have spacers of extrachromosomal origin. Microbiology 2005;151(Pt 8):2551–2561. 7. Mojica FJ, Diez-Villasenor C, Garcia-Martinez J, Soria E. Intervening sequences of regularly spaced prokaryotic repeats derive from foreign genetic elements. J 2005;60:174–182. 8. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing ongoing and completed clinical trials that are utilizing gene-editing technology, specifically mentioning the use of ZFN to genetically modify cells for treating HIV. This demonstrates the application of gene editing in a clinical setting, indicating its promise as a tool in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: It can be seen that a 1 % change in the LCoE encompasses a large range of turbine designs, indicating that a deviation in the optimum does not necessarily correspond to a large deviation in the LCoE. This, however, is subject to uncertainties in the models. The plot also includes the largest turbines announced by some turbine manufacturers across the globe, where a majority is already within a 1 % LCoE range from the baseline optimum obtained in this study. The equal specific power lines show that the baseline optimum and the commercial turbines have a specific power range of 300–400 W m−2. It can also be seen how the LCoE variations are smaller when moving along a fixed specific power line compared to the direction of changing specific power. At times, the industry has been constrained by the blade length and it can be useful to know the optimum generator rating for that given rotor diameter. Figure 7b shows the optimum rated power for a given rotor diameter and the optimum diameter for a given rating. While the “optimum rated power” line follows a near-constant specific power trend, the specific power of the “optimum rotor diameter” follows an increasing trend (300 W m−2 for the 10 MW turbine to 425 W m−2 for the 20 MW turbine). For a farm with a higher-rated-power turbine and fewer turbines, the share of O&M and installation is already relatively low, making the optimum more sensitive to turbine costs. As a result, the specific power increases with an increase in the rated power of the turbine. The cross-over point corresponds with the global optimum. Figure 7c shows the variation of LCoE as a function of the specific power where the LCoE changes rapidly beyond a certain range of specific powers. Figure 7(a) Response map of LCoE with respect to the two design variables. (b) Optimum rated power and rotor diameter per constrained diameter and rated power, respectively. (c) LCoE plotted against the specific power. understand several trade-offs that occur at a wind farm level and how they are affected by turbine design, it is useful to see the gradients of various cost and AEP components at the optimum. The gradient of LCoE with respect to the rotor diameter and rated power is shown in Eqs. (15) and (16), respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the levelized cost of energy (LCoE) for wind farms varies significantly based on turbine design and other factors. For example, it mentions how 'a 1 % change in the LCoE encompasses a large range of turbine designs', indicating that the costs can fluctuate and are not universally low across all regions. Furthermore, the text highlights that variations in LCoE can occur due to 'uncertainties in the models', suggesting that there are circumstances where wind farms might not be the cheapest source of energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Red currant, along with other small fruits are affected by a wide range of soilborne pathogens (SBPs) and nematode-transmitted viruses (NTVs) causing severe yield losses if not diagnosed and managed properly. Fusarium and Verticillium wilts are serious SBPs affecting red currant. Fusarium and Verticillium spp. are associated with the death of red currant bushes. Currant cane dieback or stem blight is another serious soilborne disease affecting red currant, which is associated with cane dieback symptoms. Canker or stem blight of red currant is caused by the fungus Botryosphaeria ribis (syn. Neofusicoccum ribis). The NTVs; Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV), Raspberry ringspot virus (RpRSV), Tomato black ring virus (TBRV), Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) infect red currant. and ToRSV are transmitted by nematode species from the family Longidoridae; Paralongidorus, Longidorus, and Xiphinema. TRV is transmitted by numerous species of the nematode genera Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus. The NTVs; and TRV are controlled through growing virus-free plant materials and controlling their nematode vectors. Accurate diagnosis of plant diseases is crucial for developing efficient and cost-effective disease management strategies. There are several control methods of SPBs. The key factor in controlling SBPs is resistant rootstocks. Planting pathogen-free bushes is important for minimizing the primary source of inoculum of SBPs. Developing suppressive soil may be a good management strategy against SBPs. Organic soil amendments and biofungicides may be used for suppressing SBPs. In addition, anaerobic soil disinfestation using biobased products is a control method of SBPs, which has been shown under experimental conditions to be effective against SBPs. Chemical control only is not effective in managing SBPs. All mentioned management strategies of SBPs have limited efficiencies, as single control methods, in managing SBPs. Therefore, an integrated pest management program is required to effectively control SBPs. ", author = "A. Youssef and M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses soilborne pathogens and management strategies for red currant plants, without any mention of bees or their cognitive abilities regarding human faces. There is no connection between the information provided in the text and the claim about bees.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: /Cas9-based genome editing for correction of dystrophin mutations that cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy. 2015;6:6244. 58. -. Nuclease-mediated gene editing by homologous recombination of the human globin locus. Res 2014;42:1365–1378. 59. RNA-directed gene editing specifically eradicates latent and prevents new HIV-1 infection. 2014;111:11461–11466. 60. /Cas9 system facilitates clearance of the intrahepatic HBV templates in vivo. 2014;3:e186. 61. Suppression of hepatitis B virus DNA accumulation in chronically infected cells using a bacterialCas RNA-guided DNA endonuclease. Virology 2015;476:196–205. 62. Seeger C, Sohn JA. Targeting hepatitis B virus withCas9. 2014;3:e216. 63. /Cas9 cleavage of viral DNA efficiently suppresses hepatitis B virus. 2015;5:10833. 64. Harnessing the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat ()/-associated Cas9 system to disrupt the hepatitis B virus. 2015;22:404–412. 65. . Targeting hepatitis B virus cccDNA byCas9 nuclease efficiently inhibits viral replication. 2015;118:110–117. 66. . Inhibition of hepatitis B virus by theCas9 system via targeting the conserved regions of the viral genome. J 2015;96:2252–2261. 67. . In vitro and in vivo growth suppression of human papillomavirus 16-positive cervical cancer cells byCas9. 2014;450:1422–1426. 68. Inactivation of the human papillomavirus E6 or E7 gene in cervical carcinoma cells by using a bacterialCas RNA-guided endonuclease. J Virol 2014;88:11965–11972. 69. Disruption of human papillomavirus 16 E6 gene by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas system in human cervical cancer cells. Ther 2015;8:37–44. 70. Disruption of HPV16-E7 byCas system induces apoptosis and growth inhibition in HPV16 positive human cervical cancer cells. Int 2014;2014:612823. 71. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing various examples of gene editing applications, such as using Cas9 for correcting mutations related to Duchenne muscular dystrophy and targeting hepatitis B virus. These applications demonstrate the potential of gene editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 in regenerative medicine by addressing genetic disorders and diseases, aligning with the idea that gene editing is a promising field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: The RNA costs decrease mainly with a decrease in the rotor diameter due to the lower blade mass. Its gradient points towards increasing the rating, as a higher rated power would result in a lower number of turbines in the farm (due to the farm power constraint), decreasing the overall cost of the turbines without a significant increase in the cost per turbine. The support structure costs show a similar behavior but have a lower magnitude. The O&M and installation costs exhibit a higher dependence on the rated power of the turbine compared to the rotor diameter. This can be attributed to the reduced number of turbines with upscaling, leading to fewer installation trips or a low number of major replacements. This results in low vessel costs. Their gradients also point towards a lower diameter, because a reduction in the rotor diameter reduces the required vessel size and, hence, the vessel costs. The costs of the export cable and substation are held constant due to the equality constraint on the farm power. However, the array cable costs change and the infield cable topology depends on the number of turbines in the farm. Owing to the farm area equality constraint, a low number of turbines results in turbines being spread apart. The absolute distance between the turbines is only a function of the number of turbines in the farm and does not depend on the rotor diameter. It can be seen that the electrical-cost gradient points toward lower rated power. This is because a lower rated power results in lower current flowing through a string of five turbines, hence reducing array cable costs. Figure 8Cost and AEP gradient components at the optimum for the baseline case. gross AEP increases with an increase in rotor diameter and a decrease in the rated power. A higher rotor diameter gives a larger swept area and higher power (and hence AEP) for the same wind speed. Similarly, a decrease in the rated power, for the same rotor diameter, results in high-capacity-factor (or low-specific-power) turbines. Turbines with a higher capacity factor result in a higher gross AEP than lower capacity factor designs, irrespective of the rated power of the turbine, as the total farm power is constant in both cases. The wake losses point towards a higher rating and a lower rotor diameter. A higher rating results in a lower number of turbines resulting in a lower overall wind speed deficit. A lower number of turbines also increases the absolute distance between the turbines as they are placed further apart due to the equality constraint on farm area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various cost factors related to the design and scaling of turbines in wind farms. It explains that costs can vary based on the rotor diameter and rated power of the turbines, indicating that multiple variables influence the cost-effectiveness of wind farms. This suggests that wind farms may not always be the cheapest source of energy as costs are dependent on multiple factors, rendering the claim too absolute.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: and ToRSV are transmitted by nematode species from the family Longidoridae; Paralongidorus, Longidorus, and Xiphinema. TRV is transmitted by numerous species of the nematode genera Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus. The NTVs; and TRV are controlled through growing virus-free plant materials and controlling their nematode vectors. Accurate diagnosis of plant diseases is crucial for developing efficient and cost-effective disease management strategies. There are several control methods of SPBs. The key factor in controlling SBPs is resistant rootstocks. Planting pathogen-free bushes is important for minimizing the primary source of inoculum of SBPs. Developing suppressive soil may be a good management strategy against SBPs. Organic soil amendments and biofungicides may be used for suppressing SBPs. In addition, anaerobic soil disinfestation using biobased products is a control method of SBPs, which has been shown under experimental conditions to be effective against SBPs. Chemical control only is not effective in managing SBPs. All mentioned management strategies of SBPs have limited efficiencies, as single control methods, in managing SBPs. Therefore, an integrated pest management program is required to effectively control SBPs. AB - Red currant (Ribes rubrum) and other small fruit species are important fruit crops in the Netherlands. Red currant, along with other small fruits are affected by a wide range of soilborne pathogens (SBPs) and nematode-transmitted viruses (NTVs) causing severe yield losses if not diagnosed and managed properly. Fusarium and Verticillium wilts are serious SBPs affecting red currant. Fusarium and Verticillium spp. are associated with the death of red currant bushes. Currant cane dieback or stem blight is another serious soilborne disease affecting red currant, which is associated with cane dieback symptoms. Canker or stem blight of red currant is caused by the fungus Botryosphaeria ribis (syn. Neofusicoccum ribis). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bees recognizing human faces. It discusses plant disease management and related topics but does not mention bees or their cognitive abilities regarding human facial recognition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Correction of the deltaF508 mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene by zinc-finger nuclease homology-directed repair. Access 2012;1:99–108. 72. . Zinc finger protein HZF1 promotes K562 cell proliferation by interacting with and inhibiting INCA1. Rep 2011;4:1131–1137. 73. Gene editing in human stem cells using zinc finger nucleases and integrase-defective lentiviral vector delivery. 2007;25:1298–1306. 74. Highly efficient endogenous human gene correction using designed zinc-finger nucleases. Nature 2005;435:646–651. 75. Transcription activator-like effector nuclease-mediated transduction of exogenous gene into IL2RG locus. 2014;4:5043. 76. Targeted genome editing in human repopulating haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 2014;510:235–240. 77. TALEN-based gene correction for epidermolysis bullosa. 2013;21:1151–1159. 78. In vivo genome editing improves muscle function in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Science 2016;351:403–407. 79. In vivo gene editing in dystrophic mouse muscle and muscle stem cells. Science 2016;351:407–411. 80. Postnatal genome editing partially restores dystrophin expression in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy. Science 2016;351:400–403. 81. Correction of a genetic disease by -Cas9-mediated gene editing in mouse spermatogonial stem cells. 2015;25:67–79. 82. In vivo genome editing restores haemostasis in a mouse model of haemophilia. Nature 2011;475:217–221. 83. Robust ZFN-mediated genome editing in adult hemophilic mice. Blood 2013;122:3283–3287. 84. In vivo genome editing of the albumin locus as a platform for protein replacement therapy. Blood 2015;126:1777–1784. 85. Genome editing with Cas9 in adult mice corrects a disease mutation and phenotype. 2014;32:551–553. 86. -Duby R, Olson EN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting multiple instances of successful gene editing applications in various genetic diseases and conditions, thus demonstrating the potential and promise of gene editing in regenerative medicine. For example, it mentions 'in vivo genome editing improves muscle function in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy' and the correction of genetic diseases through gene editing techniques, which directly supports the idea that gene editing is a promising area within regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: Obtaining a larger farm power by increasing the number of turbines (for the same turbine rated power) would increase wake losses, O&M costs, installation costs, electrical system costs, etc. Designs with a higher rated power avoid these effects and, therefore, provide the optimum way to achieve higher farm powers. The available farm area and the distance to grid have a lower impact on the LCoE and, hence, on the optimum design. A low farm area increases the wake losses, resulting in a higher LCoE of the farm. To compensate for the high wake losses, the optimum shifts towards higher turbine ratings to reduce the number of turbines in the farm. The distance to the grid only changes the costs of the export cable. Consequently, the effect on the LCoE and the optimum design is minimal. The greatest benefit of tailoring designs to site conditions, in terms of LCoE, is observed for changing wind conditions. In the low wind scenario, opting for low specific power designs, compared to the baseline optimum, resulted in an LCoE reduction of 1. 25 %. As the wind regime and the farm power cause the optimum design to shift the most, and along different dimensions, the driving forces behind these shifts are analyzed. At the baseline optimum, the gradient of the LCoE is zero, with respect to both changes in diameter and rated power. When the wind regime or farm power changes, the gradient of LCoE at the baseline optimum is no longer zero, and the optimum shifts towards the direction of steepest descent. To identify the contributions of the changes in costs, gross AEP, and wake losses to the direction of the new gradient, the separation of terms according to Eqs. (15 and (19) is shown in Fig. 11c. The weighted cost and AEP gradients for the baseline are equal in size and in opposite directions, in accordance with their vector sum being zero. For the low wind case, both weighted gradients increase. Although the cost and thus the cost gradient themselves are not affected by the changed wind climate, the weighted cost gradient increases due to the division by the lowered AEP. The AEP gradient is weighted with the square of the AEP, so the effect of the lower AEP on the weighted AEP gradient is much larger. In addition, the AEP gradient itself will have changed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various costs associated with wind farm design and operation, such as wake losses, O&M costs, and installation costs, indicating that these factors can influence the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE). It illustrates that the LCoE is affected by conditions like wind regime and farm power, suggesting that wind farms are not inherently the cheapest source of energy in all regions or scenarios. The statement 'Although the cost and thus the cost gradient themselves are not affected by the changed wind climate' implies that costs vary with different conditions, opposing the claim of wind farms being universally cheap.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: Can mentoring help poets thrive? How important has mentoring been in the creative industries? This is what May from the University of Southampton in the UK is trying to determine. He has used his findings to establish Poetry Ambassadors, a mentoring programme to support young poets and help them to develop their creative abilities – a collection of poetry – industries based in individual creativity, skill and talent, such as arts, writing, music, fashion, advertising, computer gaming, television and film – an advisor who helps train and guide a more novice colleague – the recipient of a mentor’s advice and guidance The romantic image of the lone poet is not true to life, says May of the University of Southampton, as writers and poets are supported by a network of mentors who devote time and energy to encourage each other in their creative endeavours. Will is exploring the role of mentoring in the creative industries and has uncovered how both public initiatives and informal mentoring communities. But Will’s work is about more than just appreciating literary history – he has also put his findings into practice by creating a mentoring programme for young poets, allowing them to develop their talents under the guidance of experienced writers. ? writers and poets have had access to both public and informal mentoring and support. The UK has nurtured literary expression through initiatives run in local libraries, community organisations, like Centerprise in Hackney, and formal schemes, like the Critics Programme. We can also trace its history by looking at correspondence between poets, publishers and editors across the country. Equally (or perhaps even more) important are informal mentoring and networking groups. Will cites the example of poets who founded a writer’s collective that met weekly in Malika’s kitchen. “It grew organically, creating a space for marginalised writers to hone their craft,” he says, “and now Malika’s Kitchen has not only become a regular scheme run by the Poetry Society, shaping the work of some of our best contemporary writers, but has satellite groups across the world. ” During his research, Will has discovered that many poets create their own mentoring communities with other poets, joined by their mutual love of writing. Unlike other sectors, the creative industries are often funded on a project basis, with little support for professional development or training. Groups like Malika’s Kitchen have played a vital role in helping writers grow through a shared exploration of their writing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of mentoring in the creative industries, particularly for poets, and does not address any aspects of botany or the ability of plants to thrive in different types of soil.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Prevention of muscular dystrophy in mice byCas9-mediated editing of germline DNA. Science 2014;345:1184–1188. 87. -mediated genome editing restores dystrophin expression and function in mdx mice. 2016;24:564–569. 88. Permanent alteration of PCSK9 with in vivo -Cas9 genome editing. 2014;115:488–492. 89. Precise correction of the dystrophin gene in duchenne muscular dystrophy patient induced pluripotent stem cells by TALEN and -Cas9. Reports 2015;4:143–154. 90. Targeted inversion and reversion of the blood coagulation factor 8 gene in human iPS cells using TALENs. 2014;111:9253–9258. 91. Functional correction of large factor VIII gene chromosomal inversions in hemophilia A patient-derived iPSCs using -Cas9. Cell 2015;17:213–220. 92. Correction of the sickle cell disease mutation in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Blood 2015;125:2597–2604. 93. In situ genetic correction of the sickle cell anemia mutation in human induced pluripotent stem cells using engineered zinc finger nucleases. 2011;29:1717–1726. 94. Sun N, Zhao H. Seamless correction of the sickle cell disease mutation of the HBB gene in human induced pluripotent stem cells using TALENs. 2014;111:1048–1053. 95. Production of gene-corrected adult beta globin protein in human erythrocytes differentiated from patient iPSCs after genome editing of the sickle point mutation. 2015;33:1470–1479. 96. Seamless gene correction of beta-thalassemia mutations in patient-specific iPSCs usingCas9 and piggyBac. 2014;24:1526–1533. 97. Factor-induced reprogramming and zinc finger nuclease-aided gene targeting cause different genome instability in beta-thalassemia induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). J 2015;290:12079–12089. 98. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various successful applications of gene editing techniques, such as Cas9 and TALEN, in correcting genetic mutations associated with diseases like muscular dystrophy and sickle cell disease. These examples illustrate the potential of gene editing as a transformative approach within the broader context of regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: As the farm power is now variable and depends on the number of turbines in the farm and the rated power of each turbine, the costs of the export cable and substations also vary. The infield costs now go down with an increase in the rotor diameter (fewer turbines in the farm) and lower ratings (less current flowing through the cables). As a result, the overall electrical cost gradient points towards lower rated powers and larger rotors. As the number of turbines is now a function of the rotor diameter, the O&M and installation cost gradients point towards larger rotors. This is because, for the “fixed-farm-area-only” case, where the area constraint and normalized spacing are defined, a larger rotor diameter results in a lower number of turbines in the defined area, resulting in lower vessel costs. The gross AEP (without wake losses) of the farm goes up with an increase in the rated power and a decrease in the rotor diameter. This is because a decrease in the rotor diameter allows more turbines in the farm and an increase in the rated power allows for more power to be produced at higher wind speeds without having any impact on the overall number of turbines in the farm. As a consequence, the gross AEP vector points towards larger rated powers and smaller rotor diameters. Similar to the “fixed-farm-power-only” case, since the normalized spacing is fixed, the wake losses are minimized by reducing the partial load region of the turbine. This is achieved by moving to larger rotors and a lower rated power. Also, larger rotors reduce the number of turbines in the farm, further reducing wake losses. The effects discussed above explain the difference in the behavior of the cost and AEP gradients. It can be seen that the AEP gradient is larger in magnitude and is also not in line with the cost gradient. This creates a push towards larger ratings, and at the new optimum the differences in the directions and magnitude of the weighted cost and AEP gradients are compensated. 5 work explored how turbine scaling affects various farm-level quantities and also identified the design driving parameters. Key insights gained from this research are presented below. The optimum size of 16 MW with 236 m for a typical case is already close to the state-of-the-art observed in the industry. For a farm with a fixed area and a fixed power for the grid connection, reduction of farm costs is attained via high specific power turbines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the costs associated with wind farms are variable and depend on multiple factors such as the number of turbines, rated power, rotor diameter, and various related costs. The complexity of these variables suggests that wind farms are not uniformly the cheapest energy source across different regions. For example, the text details how farm costs can be influenced by choosing different turbine sizes and configurations, indicating that cost-effectiveness varies rather than wind farms always being the cheapest option.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: Will is exploring this role by collecting stories from mentors and mentees who participated in these informal networks, to discover how their mentoring experience shaped them as artists. Will’s research is more than just retrospective. He believes mentoring in poetry can act as a model for the creative industries. “People tend to read, write and publish poetry to enrich their lives rather than fill their pockets,” he explains. “This insulates poetry from creative sectors more dependent on market trends and means it has been able to develop sustained knowledge and expertise about mentoring that hasn’t yet crossed into other creative industries. ” The poetry community is an excellent case study for mentoring in the creative industries and a model for other artistic and literary communities. ? In partnership with the Festival and the literature development organisation Artful Scribe, Will launched the scheme to connect experienced poets like with young poets like Eve Wright. “Formal mentoring schemes can act as lightning rods of change for the mentors and mentees involved,” says Will. Mentees gain confidence in their ability and develop greater ambitions for their writing. Mentors in turn benefit from the opportunity to work with a younger generation of writers and contribute to the future of the literary community. “I’d really like to just feel a little bit more asserted in my writer self, so to speak,” says Eve, of their hopes for the Poetry Ambassadors. “Writing is a very isolated craft, especially when you’re just starting, so I’ve really appreciated the support with discovering my poems with another poet. ” Eve’s mentor, Romalyn, helps them with both the technical and psychological elements of the craft. “It’s hard for anyone to believe they’ll get attached to words until you’ve put your heart into putting them in a certain order and suddenly giving them the cut feels like you’re losing them forever,” Eve explains. “My mentoring partnership with Romalyn has helped me learn to let go when I edit my poems. ” Eve’s experience is familiar to Romalyn. She herself was mentored in the past and knows what it’s like to be taking the first steps to being a poet and how important it is to have a guide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the ability of all plants to thrive in any type of soil. Instead, it discusses a research project focused on mentoring in the poetry community, highlighting the experiences of mentors and mentees. There is no mention of plants, soil, or related environmental factors in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Seamless modification of wild-type induced pluripotent stem cells to the natural CCR5Delta32 mutation confers resistance to HIV infection. 2014;111:9591–9596. 99. Engineering HIV-resistant human CD4+ T cells with CXCR4-specific zinc-finger nucleases. PLoS Pathog 2011;7:e1002020. 100. Human COL7A1-corrected induced pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Med 2014;6:264ra163. 101. Targeted correction and restored function of the CFTR gene in cystic fibrosis induced pluripotent stem cells. Reports 2015;4:569–577. 102. . Nuclease-mediated double-strand break (DSB) enhancement of small fragment homologous recombination (SFHR) gene modification in human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Biol 2014;1114:279–290. 103. Functional gene correction for cystic fibrosis in lung epithelial cells generated from patient iPSCs. 2015;12:1385–1390. 104. Functional repair of CFTR byCas9 in intestinal stem cell organoids of cystic fibrosis patients. Cell 2013;13:653–658. 105. TALENs facilitate single-step seamless SDF correction of F508del CFTR in airway epithelial submucosal gland cell-derived CF-iPSCs. 2016;5:e273. 106. Functional footprinting of regulatory DNA. 2015;12:927–930. 107. BCL11A enhancer dissection by Cas9-mediated in situ saturating mutagenesis. Nature 2015;527:192–197. 108. Rescue of DNAPK signaling and T-cell differentiation by targeted genome editing in a prkdc deficient iPSC disease model. PLoS Genet 2015;11:e1005239. 109. -Adams DD, et al. Lymphoid regeneration from gene-corrected SCID-X1 subject-derived iPSCs. Cell 2015;16:367–372. 110. Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells modified by zinc-finger nucleases targeted to CCR5 control HIV-1 in vivo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple instances of gene editing applications within the context of regenerative medicine. It discusses various advancements, such as the correction of the CFTR gene in cystic fibrosis and the engineering of HIV-resistant human T cells, which demonstrate the potential of gene editing technologies to positively impact regenerative medicine. The extensive references to successful studies and treatments highlight the promising nature of gene editing as a field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: These findings agree with how technological advancements led to the continued shift of the turbine scale observed in the past decades. Technology and cost developments drive a shift in the optimum scale with limited effect on specific power (second point). The sensitivity of LCoE along lines of equal specific power is low around the optimum, allowing a large range of scales to co-exist during a certain era (first point). The findings also agree with the fairly stable range of specific powers offered in the past at different scales. These portfolios are driven by variations in project-specific conditions (third point). However, while the optimum specific power is fairly sensitive to particular project conditions, turbines of a fairly wide range of scales can perform equally well (first point). The findings of point 4 are less visible in practice and in the literature, but they reveal the effects of farm-level constraints on the optimum specific power and scale that are similar to those of project conditions. Besides the more obvious consequence for farm developers to pick the most suitable turbine for their case, this finding also means that the policies around spatial planning and tender formulation have an impact on the optimum turbine design and performance. An approach as shown in this paper can help quantify those impacts. The findings in this research are obtained using low-fidelity cost models and the IEA 15 MW turbine as the reference design. However, the absolute values of the optimum will likely differ for a different reference turbine as the starting point for scaling, and a future study exploring the sensitivity to different reference designs with higher-fidelity cost models is recommended. Nevertheless, the confidence in the use of scaling laws is largest when the scale of the reference turbine and of the global optimum are similar, as is the case here. The study provides a simplified approach that can be applied to a complex turbine sizing problem in order to generate meaningful insights. The findings of this study help the scientific community to focus future research on the most important aspects and goals. They provide insight into how various model improvements impact both the performance and the optimum turbine size. For instance, consider an improvement in the RNA model leading to an increase in the magnitude of its gradient and a higher dependency on rated power. The consequence of this improvement would be a large shift in the optimum along the constant specific power line, towards larger ratings and rotor diameters, without a significant change in the LCoE for the new optimum. Similar insights can be drawn with respect to other model improvements, based on the gradients presented in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the factors influencing the optimum turbine scale and performance, implying that the cost-effectiveness of wind farms is contingent on project-specific conditions and turbine design rather than being universally applicable. It highlights the complexity and variation in achieving optimum specific power and cost (LCoE), suggesting that wind farms may not always be the cheapest source of energy in every region, as outcomes depend on specific circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: “The poetry world is both big and small, but if you’re just starting out, especially as a young person, then it can seem quite daunting and overwhelming,” Romalyn explains. This can be especially true if a would-be poet lacks role models. “I didn’t come from a literary background,” she says, “so I really appreciated having a mentor as I began my poetry journey. It really was a tremendous help to have someone to guide me. I want to support young poets like Eve, and I want to learn from the experience myself. ” is launching its first anthology of poetry with Press in October 2021. Beyond helping mentees and mentors, the mentoring scheme has helped transform the organisations that run it, deepening the collaborations between the University of Southampton, the Festival and Artful Scribe, broadening their horizons and making them more outward-looking. “It is helping us work together to better support young people across the region,” Will says. Will’s research shows that the study of literature is far from an ivory tower endeavour – poetry and writing create communities, give a voice to young or marginalised groups, and allow them to shape their culture and society through their creative works. in Modern and Contemporary Literature, University of : Modern and : Exploring the role of mentoring in the creative industries : Arts and “I love the breadth and restlessness of research in English literature,” says Will. In his work, he has studied the relationship between music and poetry, ‘whimsy’ as a literary mode, and the connections between solitary poets and their wider networks and communities. To do this, he has interviewed poets about their practice, dug through literary archives and made connections across disciplines to find new approaches in critical and creative thinking. Literature research often is interdisciplinary, drawing on texts from history, philosophy and economics to frame questions and construct arguments. Download the 10. 33424/179 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 graduates go on to make words work in the world, whether as journalists, managers, publishers, poets or CEOs. Southampton students meet the poet Kei Miller, one of the many writers who ran guest workshops for Malika’s Poetry Kitchen. Eve, Kaycee and April, the mentees, are having their poetry celebrated in a new anthology by Books. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about plants thriving in soil. The content discusses the poetry world, mentoring in creative industries, and the experiences of poets, with no mention of plants or soil types.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: 126. Jusiak B, Cleto S, Perez-Pinera P, Lu TK. Engineering synthetic gene circuits in living cells with technology. 2016;34:535–547. 127. Simultaneous editing of three homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew. 2014;32:947–951. 128. High-throughput screening of aCas9 library for functional genomics in human cells. Nature 2014;509:487–491. 129. . Recent technological updates and clinical applications of induced pluripotent stem cells. 2014;29:547–557. 130. Musunuru K. Genome editing of human pluripotent stem cells to generate human cellular disease models. Mech 2013;6:896–904. 131. . Generation of isogenic human iPS cell line precisely corrected by genome editing using theCas9 system. Rev 2015;11:774–787. 132. -Bonnet F. iPSCs: a minireview from bench to bed, including organoids and the system. Int 2016;2016:5934782. 133. . Increasing the efficiency of precise genome editing with -Cas9 by inhibition of nonhomologous end joining. 2015;33:538–542. 134. Increasing the efficiency of homology-directed repair for -Cas9-induced precise gene editing in mammalian cells. 2015;33:543–548. 135. Microhomology-mediated end-joining-dependent integration of donor DNA in cells and animals using TALENs andCas9. 2014;5:5560. 136. . MMEJ-assisted gene knock-in using TALENs and -Cas9 with the PITCh systems. 2016;11:118–133. 137. Ledford H. Bacteria yield new gene cutter. Nature 2015;526:17. 138. DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases. 2013;31:827–832. 139. CAS9 transcriptional activators for target specificity screening and paired nickases for cooperative genome engineering. 2013;31:833–838. 140. Double nicking by RNA-guided 9 for enhanced genome editing specificity. Cell 2013;154:1380–1389. 141. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various advancements and applications of gene editing technologies, such as 'engineering synthetic gene circuits,' 'simultaneous editing of three homoeoalleles,' and 'genome editing of human pluripotent stem cells to generate human cellular disease models.' These mentions support the claim by highlighting the innovative uses and potential that gene editing holds in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: However, in some windy areas where many wind turbines are installed, there may have the phenomenon of “abandoned wind,” that is, the wind farm will close or stop some wind turbines in order to reduce operation loss. The abandoned percentage may raise to 30 in some windy area in western China. The reason is that, as wind energy is unstable, sometimes there is too much wind energy electricity generated, which cannot be timely transported out for use and storage. Besides, the regional government energy management and coordination problems may also lead to the difficulty of wind power transportation. Therefore, considering the huge investment in wind farms and high-voltage lines and towers, and the electricity loss during the long-distance transmission from suburban wind farms to urban areas, as well as the impact of wind farm construction on the ecological environment, people are considering urban wind power development in these recent 20 years. Generally speaking, the feasibility of urban wind power development can be summarized as follows: (1) Avoiding long-distance grid transmission, power generation can be used on site or stored separately (urban wind power is generally distributed, a small amount of electricity can be effectively stored, but a large number of it is difficult; (2) there are many tall buildings in the city, whose top or side is usually accompanied by strong wind; and (3) small or micro wind power systems have small investment and are suitable for decentralized use by the whole people. They are also conducive to the participation of residents in the production and use of green energy. As shown in literature, there appears to have increasing papers and project on the development of wind power in urban areas. In 1998, the project “for the Built Environment” (WEB) first carried out the research on installing small wind turbines in urban environment, and developed a prototype of integrated wind turbine technology (UWECS: Systems) [1, 2]. In the UK in 2003 and 2004, there was a project called BUWTs (the feasibility of building mounted/integrated wind turbines), which investigates and analyses the wind power technology in the building environment and aims at reducing carbon dioxide emissions [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the issue of 'abandoned wind' in windy areas, where wind farms may need to shut down turbines due to excess energy that cannot be effectively transported or stored. It highlights that the instability of wind energy and logistical challenges can lead to operational losses, questioning the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of wind farms in certain regions. This suggests that while wind farms may be cheap in theory, practical issues may prevent them from being the cheapest source of energy consistently.