Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to fully degrade. [SEP] Text: During the intensive rotting phase in all containers maximum temperatures exceeded 75°C with a cooling till the container opening. However, at the end of the intensive rotting the temperatures remained above 65°. The temperature development in containers 1, 3 and 4 was quite similar, in container 2 temperatures were around 5° higher. The temperatures in the post rotting weeks 3–5 varied strongly between 22 and 70°, indicating inhomogeneity in the composting process. After week 4 the temperature increased partially in the specifically dry nets after moistening. However, generally a tendency of cooling was detected with temperatures between 42 and 56° at the end of the composting time of 6 weeks. These high temperatures show that the material was still active, but suitable rotting degrees for marketing of the compost were reached. The inhomogeneity of the temperatures and the wide range of composting conditions in one net is shown in Figure 11. Formation of inhomogeneities initiates early due to the heterogeneous nature of the decaying material, and it progresses during composting as a result of diverse degradation processes stemming from material disparities. Additionally, varying water content levels arise due to aeration via unevenly distributed airflow, further increasing the inhomogeneities. Figure 11 Figure 11. Examples for the surface temperature distribution in the nets before placement in a container (left) and after removal from a container (right). 4. 2 Determination of BDP bag decomposition 4. 2. 1 Remaining BDP macrop12. Mass share of cleaned macrop13. Area number of pre-cleaned BDP macrop4. 2. 1. 1 Impact of washing Washing of pre-cleaned macrop4. 2. 1. 2 Remaining BDP macrop0. 1%). However, the parallel nets show larger remains. In conclusion, a complete decomposition was not achieved for either bag type. For TPS-blend bags a decomposition with only minimal visual residues seems in principle possible, but it requires stringent, homogeneous conditions, which may be challenging to replicate at practical scales without substantial effort. 4. 2. 1. 3 Remaining BDP macrop3. 3. 3 Area number determination of remaining BDP macrop13. 12 with the mass-related determination and Figure 13 with the area-related determination, the same trend is obvious. Considering the large efforts needed for washing, the area number has advantages in the simplicity of the method. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that complete decomposition of biodegradable plastics (BDP) was not achieved in the conducted composting process, implying that stringent and homogeneous conditions—indicative of industrial composting facilities—are necessary for effective degradation. It specifically states that although some decomposition was possible, it requires 'stringent, homogeneous conditions, which may be challenging to replicate at practical scales without substantial effort.' This aligns with the claim that industrial facilities may be needed for full degradation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, this analysis highlighted that for known mobile resistance genes already circulating in pathogens, there does not seem to be a requirement for a sample to have a high diversity of resistance genes to also show high abundances. For resistance genes identified from functional metagenomics studies, i. e. , mostly not detected in human pathogens, the picture was somewhat different, with a clearer relation between high diversity and higher abundance of resistance genes (Fig. 6b). Here, particularly the soil samples stood out as having richness as a strong driver of abundance, while human-associated samples (gut, skin, oral, urogenital) showed no such relationship. Notably, some of the samples from environments polluted by pharmaceutical production waste had markedly higher abundance of resistance genes not yet been found in human pathogens, indicating the potential these environments have to mobilize such genes and make them available to pathogens in the future [8]. Fig. 6Relationships between abundance and diversity of resistance genes. a Abundance of known mobile resistance genes circulating in pathogens (Resqu database) compared to their richness across samples. b Abundance of resistance genes not yet detected in pathogens (FARME database) compared to their richness across samples. High-risk environments, i. e. , high-richness or high-abundance settings, are indicated by dashed squaresFull size imageDiscussionCalls for monitoring antibiotic resistance in the environment have been frequently made in the recent past [25, 28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Such monitoring schemes are limited to targeting genes that are already known, and generally, a subset of genes known to cause clinical problems are investigated [25]. However, while the detection of genes already circulating among human pathogens is indicative of environmental dissemination of resistant bacteria, this may not always be the scenario that would be most relevant to monitor. In comparison, the emergence of novel resistance genes in pathogens may be the most severe long-term consequence of environmental selection for antibiotic resistance [8, 22]. This raises the question if resistance genes found in clinically relevant bacteria can serve as a proxy for the unknown resistance determinants in environmental bacterial communities and could therefore be used to rank environments in terms of risks to human health, regardless of perspective. The results of this study imply that recruitment of resistance genes from the environment is essentially stochastic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the complexity of resistance gene dynamics in different environments, particularly highlighting that high diversity of resistance genes does not guarantee high abundance or disease resistance across microbiomes. For example, it states that human-associated samples showed no relationship between diversity and abundance of resistance genes, thus suggesting that optimizing microbiome composition for complete disease resistance may not be feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: 21Le choix des lucioles – et non pas des papillons – est interprété par Lee, l’agent de Company, de la façon suivante : ces insectes sont des animaux qui évoluent là où l’air est pur et sain, le même genre d’environnement dans lequel les nouvelles générations pourraient créer leur propre histoire et voler de leurs propres ailes en prenant en compte et en respectant la nature. 42 Il continue en disant que le mur de briques représente le monde industriel que les adultes et les générations précédentes ont érigé, et sa destruction montre que ce modèle n’est pas (ou plus) viable. Les lucioles symbolisent un changement, une transition dans un environnent sain qui n’est possible que par le biais des nouvelles générations qui doivent se rappeler leur passé afin d’initier une nouvelle société43. Lors de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette en avril 2018, la présence du mur, des lucioles ainsi que de sirènes d’ambulance qui retentissent, incarnent ce passé et les affrontements douloureux qui le caractérisent. Ces trois éléments peuvent d’ailleurs suggérer l’influence de l’esthétique déployée dans le film Le tombeau des lucioles (1988) d’Isao Takahata44. Bien que l’intrigue se déroule au Japon (et non en Corée), le film narre l’histoire de deux jeunes adolescents qui périssent à la suite du conflit de la Mondiale. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various symbolic interpretations involving fireflies and industrialization in the context of a representation of 'Roméo et Juliette,' without addressing the topic of neuroethology or animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to fully degrade. [SEP] Text: It is suitable for an optical evaluation and comparison of composts. However, if data for the decomposition rates or p4. 2. 2 Remaining BDP meso- and microp4. 15 the area sums of micro- and mesop6. P16. Figure 14 Figure 14. Number of meso-and microp15. Area sum of meso-and microp16. Mass based decomposition level of BDP bags considering macro-. Meso-and microp4. 2. 2. 1 P4. 2. 2. 2 Area sums The area sums of mesop4. The results show, that although there is a deviation between the two methods, the scales match. Therefore, the approximation method based on the sieve fractions and a square p15. The results show that mesop4. 2. 2. 3 P3. 3. 2 Mass determination of BDP sample. It is based on the p1. However, the foil density serves as an estimate and may be slightly lower for degraded BDP bags due to a loss of compounds. Consequently, the mass values for micro- and mesop17. In tendency the mesop17. Distribution of residual BDP bag mass across marco-, meso-and microp4. 3 Decomposition levels of BDP bags Decomposition levels of BDP bags during composting under industrial conditions were assessed by considering BDP bag’s residual masses. The cumulative residual fractions of micro-, meso-, and macrop4. 2. 1 Remaining BDP macrop4. 2. 2 Remaining BDP meso- and microp16. The distribution of residual mass across cleaned macrop5. The highest levels of degradation reached were observed in samples S4, G4, and G5b, with approximately 99% degradation. A few further batches reached degradation levels above 95%. However, they all could be assigned to TPS-blend bags. None of the PLA-blend bags reached such high levels. The most favorable outcomes were achieved by sample B5b, with nearly 95% degradation. There was also a clear difference between the B- and the R-series with a lower decomposition level in the R-series due to the drawstring which seemed problematic to degrade due to their higher foil thickness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the decomposition levels of biodegradable plastics (BDP bags) specifically during composting under industrial conditions, where higher degradation levels were observed, suggesting the need for such facilities for effective degradation. It indicates that most PLA-blend bags did not reach high degradation levels, contrasting them with other BDP types that achieved near-complete degradation, thereby supporting the notion of industrial composting requirements for certain biodegradable plastics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Therefore, given a sufficiently large subset of known resistance genes, the total abundance and diversity of all resistance determinants can be predicted and environments can be ranked accurately, at least in most cases. Importantly, the required size of the subset is largely determined by how the set of genes to be investigated is selected. If selected at random, at least 40–50 resistance genes were needed to get a good predictive power for ranking, while if the genes were selected systematically, a subset of only three or four genes could predict total abundance and diversity fairly well. This means that even if the currently used resistance gene databases, such as CARD [35] and ResFinder [36], lack a vast majority of the resistance genes present in nature [15], the findings obtained using them can still guide risk ranking based on metagenomic sequencing data. In terms of implications for risk management, this suggests that environments with a high diversity and/or a high total abundance of resistance genes are good first candidates for mitigation efforts. This would highlight the importance of environments subjected to pollution from pharmaceutical production, as those were measured to contain the largest numbers of resistance genes, both known mobile and “novel” ones from the FARME database. The latter ones are derived from functional metagenomics studies identifying resistance genes not yet encountered in pathogens and may thus reflect a future potential to be recruited into human pathogens. Soil thereby seems to be the most important source of future resistance genes of all environments investigated. However, this could partially be due to a database bias in FARME, as soil has been one of the most common types of substrates used for functional metagenomics studies. Hence, genes from typical soil bacteria may be over-represented in the database [37, 38]. In any case, the results of this study again emphasize that the main risks in terms of recruitment of resistance factors from environmental reservoirs would be milieus exposed to relevant levels of antibiotics [39], including those exposed to waste from pharmaceutical production [9, 40], animal agriculture [41, 42], and untreated sewage [43, 44]. That said, monitoring of critically important resistance genes, such as the NDM and VIM beta-lactamases and mcr-1, can still be highly valuable for informing risk management related to dissemination of resistant bacteria through the environment, despite that these genes carry limited information on total resistance gene diversity in environmental settings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that despite the potential to predict resistance determinants based on a subset of resistance genes, the composition of a microbiome cannot be guaranteed to ensure complete disease resistance. It notes the complex factors influencing the abundance and diversity of resistance genes, including environmental conditions and the origin of those genes, suggesting a much more nuanced relationship between microbiome composition and disease resistance than what the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Malgré la disparition de leurs corps, les esprits des jeunes gens demeurent intacts : ils évoluent parmi les lucioles présentes sur la montagne surplombant la ville de Kobe, observant ainsi la reconstruction lente de la cité après la fin de la guerre. D’après Lee, le motif des lucioles dans la représentation n’est pas anodin : au croisement du mythe chinois des « amants papillons » et de la croyance japonaise selon laquelle l’âme des défunts s’incarne dans un animal, les lucioles ne peuvent exister que si l’environnement dans lequel elles évoluent est dépourvu de pollution. 45 Dans la mise en scène, cette pollution transparaît de façon littérale à travers l’importance qui est accordée à la nature, et de façon métaphorique, par le biais des relations tendues entre les hommes qui font obstacle à l’épanouissement de la nouvelle génération. Conclusion 46 Les tensions sont réapparues suite à des tirs de missiles effectués par la Corée du Nord en novembr (. . . ) 22Hyeon-mu, ou la Tortue-Serpent, figure de la mythologie coréenne responsable du maintien de l’harmonie dans la société ne réapparaît pas à la fin de la représentation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses themes of spirituality, nature, and post-war reconstruction in a metaphorical context, without addressing the concept of neuroethology or the assessment of animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to fully degrade. [SEP] Text: In terms of composting time, the first 3 weeks had the most significant impact on decomposition for TPS-blend bags. However, with PLA-blend bags, an increase in decomposition level was observed for a longer duration, as depicted in Figure 17. During decomposition rate calculations, microp5. 1 Evolution of temperature and water content during composting Composting time, water content, and temperature are paramount factors influencing decomposition of compostable materials. During the experiments composting period, the evolution of temperatures and water contents followed typical patterns observed in the composting of biowaste, albeit with some expected variations and inhomogeneities. In all containers, the recorded temperatures consistently surpassed the threshold of 75°C, indicative of robust microbial activity and effective decomposition processes. Towards the end of intensive rotting phase, temperatures remained elevated, exceeding 65°C. This sustained thermal profile not only met the hygiene standards outlined by the BioAbfVO (2022) regarding material sanitization but also underscored the vigorous degradation activity within the containers. However, the rotting material degradation was still ongoing. Maintaining appropriate water content throughout composting is crucial for effective decomposition, as indicated by guidelines set forth by BGK (2017, 2018). Initially, the water content of the incorporated rotting material fell within the recommended range of 50–65%, aligning with optimal conditions for composting. Instances of drying out connected with interruption of microbial degradation in general occurred in certain nets, where the average water contents dropped to approximately 20%, accompanied by lower temperature levels. This drying phenomenon can be attributed primarily to the intense aeration during the active decomposition phase. Additionally, water transfer occurred due to the higher water contents within the nets compared to the surrounding material. To address suboptimal water content levels, a targeted humidification process was implemented during the post-rotting phase. While this intervention positively influenced activity within the composting material, it did not result in significant changes in BDP decomposition rates. This lack of pronounced improvement in decomposition rates post-humidification suggests a potential disruption of the established BDP-relevant microbial biocenosis, likely induced by abrupt cooling coupled with heightened humidity levels. Nets with lower average water content in the rotted material (Figure 10) tended to exhibit more remaining BDP p5. 2 Decomposition of BDP bags—p6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the factors that influence the decomposition of compostable materials, including biodegradable plastics (BDP). It highlights the necessity for appropriate conditions such as temperature and water content for effective decomposition, indicating that some plastics, like PLA-blend bags, may require specific composting environments to achieve significant degradation levels. The mention of optimal conditions and ongoing decomposition suggests that industrial composting facilities may be required to ensure full degradation of certain biodegradable plastics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: An additional benefit of utilizing metagenomic sequencing over qPCR arrays is the possibility to computationally predict novel resistance genes from sequence data [53, 54], although this specific practice is quite unlikely to be employed as part of monitoring schemes. While smaller subsets of resistance genes are overall predictive of total resistance gene abundance and diversity, their prediction power is not equal across environments. For example, while most gene subsets performed well in animal-associated environments, the variation in prediction performance in wastewater/sludge samples was substantial. Interestingly, the gene sets often used or proposed for qPCR were better predictors of total abundance in wastewater samples than the gene sets identified to be most predictive in this study. This was in contrast to most other environments and likely reflects a bias in where resistance gene abundances have been studied the most [43]. Moreover, it is notable that while the abundance and diversity of resistance genes in environments exposed to pollution with pharmaceutical waste were fairly predictable, the abundance of resistance genes in the human gut was rather difficult to predict—much harder than predicting similar metrics in animal-associated samples. Unfortunately, it seems that the type of environment studied matters for the power to extrapolate to the total abundance and diversity of resistance genes and furthermore that it matters in a fairly unpredictable way. This highlights the continued need for further characterization of novel resistance factors and investigations of a wide range of resistance genes across diverse environments. The most appropriate measure for approximating resistance gene diversity has been debated, and there is currently no clear consensus on which method that is preferable [15]. This study shows very clearly that there are some methods that should be ruled out, because they render inaccurate predictions and perform poorly in terms of ranking environments. For example, the Simpson diversity index consistently showed poor performance, particularly when Resqu data was used to estimate the diversity of FARME genes. index performed relatively better, but there is still no reason to select the Shannon index over normalized (rarefied) richness of resistance genes. As shown before, the ACE estimator fluctuates substantially compared to the other diversity measures [15], while the Chao1 estimator more consistently showed performance very similar to richness. In addition, Chao1 was slightly better at predicting the total diversity from a small subset of genes. The bottom line is that either richness or Chao1 could be used with virtually the same ranking results, while the Shannon, Simpson, and ACE measures should clearly be avoided for estimating resistance gene diversity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the unpredictability and variability of resistance gene abundances in different environments, particularly highlighting the difficulty of predicting resistance gene abundance in the human gut compared to other environments. This suggests that optimizing everyone's microbiome for guaranteed disease resistance is not feasible, as there is no clear consensus on prediction methods, and environmental factors significantly influence resistance gene diversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Non pas parce que cette harmonie ne peut pas être atteinte, mais parce que la nouvelle génération qui est représentée par Roméo et Juliette – ou plutôt par les deux amants anonymes associés aux chants des oiseaux et aux deux lucioles qui s’envolent vers de nouveaux horizons – doit construire un nouvel équilibre en gardant à l’esprit les conflits passés pour mieux aller de l’avant. La dernière scène, dont l’interprétation est laissée au spectateur, a d’ailleurs pris une nouvelle dimension le lendemain de la représentation à Craiova. Kim Jong-un et Moon Jae-in, les dirigeants respectifs des deux Corées, ont franchi la zone démilitarisée se trouvant entre la Corée du Nord et celle du Sud et se sont rencontrés afin d’entamer une procédure pour dénucléariser la péninsule coréenne et mettre ainsi fin à la guerre entre les deux pays. Cette rencontre intercoréenne, même si elle s’inscrit dans un contexte sociopolitique international complexe, pourrait être vue à travers le prisme des lucioles dans la mise en scène d’Oh Tae-Suk : c’est un évènement qui a donné l’impression qu’une réconciliation était possible46. Bien sûr, il reste un long chemin à parcourir avant que cette lueur d’espoir ne se concrétise et donne place à une entente sur le long terme, en Corée ou ailleurs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses themes related to harmony and reconciliation in the context of a dramatic performance and an international political meeting between North and South Korea. There is no mention of neuroethology or the assessment of animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to fully degrade. [SEP] Text: In the other three series (G, B, R) it was not reached within the 6-week study period. 16 it can be estimated, that macrop5. 3 Decomposition of BDP bags—area based analysis The evaluation of decomposition through area-based analysis involved all p95. 5%. The residual area of mesop5. 2 Decomposition of BDP bags–p5. 4 Decomposition of BDP bags—mass based analysis The determination of the degree of decomposition of BDP bags requires analyzing both the masses before and after composting. In mass-based analysis, one focus lies on weighing the macrop10. 3389/fsufs. 2024. 1433460/full#supplementary-material 220. Available at: (17, 2024). 5. 2006 inklusiver Ergänzungen (4. Ergänzung 2015), Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost (BGK) e. V. , ISBN: 978-3-939790-00-6. (17, 2024). 4. April 2013 (BGBl. I S. 658), die zuletzt durch Artikel 1 der Verordnung vom 28. April 2022 (BGBl. I S. 700) geändert worden ist. Available at: (06, 2024). 10. 15480/882. 4374 (06, 2024). 2000. Berlin: DIN für Normung e. V. 3432. Berlin: für Normung e. V. Available at: (06, 2024). 2000. Berlin: DIN für Normung e. V (06, 2024). 4. html (06, 2024). 3. 8 (2006). 5 Auflage: Organischer Düngemittel, Bodenverbesserungsmittel und Substrate. Kapitel II c 3. 8. 240. doi: 10. 1002/jeq2. 20450 Pub| Text | 3460. doi: 10. 3389/fsufs. 2024. 1433460 Received: 15 May 2024; Accepted: 01 August 2024; Published: 13 August 2024. Edited by: by: Mohd Zainudin, University of © 2024 Sikander, Deegener and Körner. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the decomposition of biodegradable plastics (BDP bags) and the necessity of analyzing their mass before and after composting. This analysis implies that for a thorough evaluation of decomposition, certain conditions must be met—likely those found in industrial composting facilities. Thus, the information supports the claim that certain biodegradable plastics require specific settings to achieve full degradation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsThis study shows that the diversity and abundance of known antibiotic resistance genes can generally predict the diversity and abundance of undescribed resistance genes, although to what degree is dependent on the type of environment investigated and likely also many other parameters that were not measured in this study. This implies that the recruitment of novel antibiotic resistance genes from the environment to human pathogens is essentially random. Therefore, when ranking risks associated with antibiotic resistance in environmental settings, the knowledge gained from large-scale quantification of known resistance genes can be utilized as a (sometimes coarse-grained) proxy for the unknown resistance factors. Thus, milieus previously pointed out as high-risk environments for resistance development and dissemination based on broad screens for resistance genes remain the most likely to be important, including aquaculture, animal husbandry, discharges from antibiotic manufacturing, and untreated sewage [2, 8, 28, 55,56,57]. Further attention should probably be paid to antibiotic contaminated soils, as soils seem to be a vast source of resistance genes not yet encountered in human pathogens, as has also been suggested previously [4, 16, 58, 59]. Soil, however, is a globally present, very diverse habitat with microbial composition varying with biochemical properties and geographical gradients [60, 61], setting practical barriers for mitigation efforts aside from avoiding contamination of soils with antibiotics. The results of this study can be used to guide monitoring efforts for environmental antibiotic resistance, to design risk ranking strategies, and to choose appropriate measures and methods for describing resistance gene abundance and diversity in the environment. MethodsDataset and database selectionTo obtain a large number of samples that had both been sequenced using the same methodology and had a coherent environmental classification, this study utilized the datasets selected by Pal et al. [13], with the addition of 245 samples from the project [24]. These 1109 samples were all sequenced using Illumina technology and had a sequencing depth covering at least 10 million reads per metagenome (Additional file 5: Table S4). As a database representing well-known, mobile antibiotic resistance genes, Resqu was selected (version 1. 1; [9]). Resqu contains 3018 non-redundant protein sequences divided into 325 resistance gene types, all reported to have been horizontally transferred between at least two different bacterial species and conferring a verified resistance phenotype. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment and their unpredictable recruitment into human pathogens. It highlights that the diversity and abundance of antimicrobial resistance are influenced by various environmental factors, suggesting that optimizing microbiome composition is not as straightforward as guaranteeing complete disease resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Oh Tae-Suk encourage et met en scène de façon subtile dans son adaptation de l’histoire tragique des amants maudits cette espérance grâce notamment au symbolisme animal. Le metteur en scène emprunte à Shakespeare (faucon, cheval, signes du zodiaque européen) et au folklore coréen (Tortue-Serpent, renard, signe du zodiaque chinois, milan royal, lucioles) des éléments animaliers qu’il exploite et remanie pour se les approprier. Oh Tae-Suk crée son Roméo et Juliette qui, bien que sanglant, diffuse l’espoir d’une paix entre les peuples (et non pas seulement entre deux clans) et d’une cohésion entre les êtres humains, les animaux et la nature. La scène finale (pan de mur recouvert de lierre d’où les lucioles émanent), qui est absente dans le texte source, est peut-être une façon d’interpeller les spectateurs : il ne faut pas oublier les conflits qu’il y a eu dans le passé car ils font partie de notre histoire (tout comme les œuvres de Shakespeare), mais il faut les transcender et aller plus loin que nos prédécesseurs pour tendre vers une harmonie universelle. Haut de page Notes 1 Plusieurs photographies prises lors de la représentation sont disponibles sur le profil Facebook « Shakespeare, Craiova » (documents mis en ligne le 27 avril 2018), accessible en ligne sur : photographie de la toile est d’ailleurs accessible en ligne sur : consulté le 30 janvier 2020. 2 Musée National de Corée, Exposition « of the Deities from Gangseodaemyo », accessible en ligne sur : consulté le 07 décembre 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroethologists and their ability to determine animal intelligence. Instead, it discusses a theatrical adaptation by Oh Tae-Suk, touching on symbolism in animals and the relationship between humans, animals, and nature. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to fully degrade. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -15. 10 Committee D10 $ 73. 00 In stock Scope 1. 1 This specification covers cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products associated with food, landscape waste, and other compost feedstocks, which are intended to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial composting facilities, where thermophilic temperatures are achieved. 1. 2 This specification covers cellulosic-based uncoated and coated packaging materials and products and covers whole packaging products. Products covered in this specification include cellulosic fiber-based products produced from cellulosic pulp, corrugated materials, containerboard, paper, paperboard, and molded fiber. 1. 3 This specification excludes end items where thermoplastic polymer is laminated or extruded to cellulosic substrates. 1. 4 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities” in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Commission,2 provided the label includes proper qualifications as to the availability of such facilities. 1. 5 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if packaging materials and products will compost satisfactorily in large-scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting where maximum throughput is a high priority and where intermediate stages of biodegradation must not be apparent to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 6 This specification is technically equivalent to ISO 18606. 1. 7. 1. 7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1. 8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the specification covers cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials intended to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial composting facilities. This aligns with the claim that certain biodegradable plastics, similar to these cellulosic materials, require specific industrial composting facilities for their complete degradation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: This database was contrasted against FARME [38], a repository of genes found on inserts confirmed to provide antibiotic resistance based on functional metagenomics [62]. Some of these genes represent true resistance genes (with different degree of similarity to the genes in the Resqu database), forming an ideal testing set for the predictions made based on subsets of genes. However, the FARME database contains every gene found in the inserts from functional metagenomics, and hence, many of the sequences in FARME are not actual resistance genes. To circumvent this problem, the database was filtered according to the following. First, the protein sequences (26,253 in total) and the HMM analysis table were downloaded from the FARME website ( on 2017-02-16. Then, only the proteins with an annotated antibiotic resistance function in the HMM analysis table (column “Antibiotic Resistance”) were extracted from the protein FASTA file (4432 sequences). These were clustered into 90% identity clusters using Usearch [63] to reduce redundancy, resulting in 2612 non-redundant resistance genes used for the rest of the study (Additional file 6). Resistance gene quantificationTo make all metagenomes comparable, every library was randomly subsampled to 10 million reads using a custom Perl script. The datasets were analyzed similar to in Pal et al. [13]. Each subsampled library was searched against the Resqu and FARME databases using Usearch (v8. 0. 1445) with a sequence identity threshold of 90% (options “-usearch_global -id 0. 9 -maxaccepts 1 -threads 16”). Hits were organized into resistance gene types according to gene mapping files, and abundance matrices of raw counts were constructed using metaxa2_dc [64]. Statistical analysisAll statistical analyses were carried out in R version 3. 3. 2 [65] with the additional packages vegan version 2. 4-1 [66] and gplots version 3. 0. 1 [67]. For each sample, “true” target values were calculated for the sum of all resistance gene counts (total abundance), the richness of resistance genes (the number of different gene types found), the Shannon diversity index [68], the Simpson diversity index [69], the Chao1 estimator [70], and the ACE estimator [71]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limitations of resistance gene identification and quantification within the context of functional metagenomics. It indicates that while some genes may provide antibiotic resistance, not all identified genes represent true resistance (as noted in the FARME database), suggesting that optimizing microbiome composition may not guarantee complete disease resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: 3 Walker, « ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Korean style », 28 juillet 2010, consulté le 10 décembre 2018. 4 Transcription (partielle) de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), MIT Global Shakespeare, consulté le 15 mai 2019, p. 1. 5 Kim Yun-Cheol, directeur artistique du « Company of Korea », communication personnelle, 27 avril 2018, Craiova. 6 Shelly Wu, Chinese Astrology: Exploring the 2005, p. 14. Le zodiaque chinois comprend douze animaux : le Rat, le Bœuf, le Tigre, le Lapin, le Dragon, le Serpent, le Cheval, la Chèvre, le Singe, le Coq, le Chien et le Cochon. 7 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 3. 8 Simon Buia, « », photographie accessible en ligne sur : consulté le 30 janvier 2020. 9 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 3. 10 Simon Buia, op. cit. , consulté le 30 janvier 2020. 11 « In Korea, each animal has a certain character. We characterize each animal in term of human emotions or human characters. ‘Pig’ could be greedy; ‘snake’ could be very sly, etc. » Kim Yun-Cheol, communication personnelle, op. cit. 12 Shelly Wu, op. cit. , p. 11. Dans ce sens l’astrologie chinoise est similaire à l’astrologie européenne. C’est la nature des signes qui différe. 13 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 3. 14 William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, éd. René Weis, coll. Shakespeare, Londres, Bloomsbury, 2012, p. 123. Toutes les 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss neuroethologists, animal intelligence, or any related concepts. Instead, it contains a variety of unrelated references and discussions, primarily focused on astrology and a transcription from a representation of 'Romeo and Juliet'.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to fully degrade. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 03 Committee D20 $ 61. 00 In stock AbstractThis specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. The purpose of this specification is to establish standards for identifying products and materials that will compost satisfactorily in commercial and municipal composting facilities. Scope 1. 1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities, where thermophilic conditions are achieved. 1. 2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities. ” 1. 3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if end items (including packaging), which use plastics and polymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting facilities. Maximum throughput is a high priority to composters and the intermediate stages of plastic disintegration and biodegradation not be visible to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 17088. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the specification covers plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. It clearly outlines the focus on materials that will compost satisfactorily under these conditions, highlighting the need for such facilities for effective biodegradation. Therefore, the text supports the assertion that certain biodegradable plastics require industrial composting settings to fully degrade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining refers to the extraction of valuable materials from asteroids and other celestial bodies. [SEP] Text: 1). 14. To model the trajectory of a probe from the Earth to Venus, for example, we use the idea of patched conics. As long as the probe is in the sphere of influence of the Earth or of Venus, its motion is described by a conic section with the relevant planet at the focus (in motion relative to the Sun). Between the two, the motion is heliocentric, described by a conic section whose focus (the Sun) is fixed. The three conics are then patched together. However, to go from the Earth to a non-neighbouring planet (other than Venus or Mars), one can fly close by some intermediate planet. To model the trajectory from the Earth to Mercury under these conditions, one must patch together five conic sections. The third corresponds to a flight close by Venus (generally a branch of a hyperbola). The velocity relative to Venus has the same magnitude when it enters and when it leaves the sphere of influence, but the direction is significantly changed. This is called gravitational deflection. In this way the vectorial velocity relative to the Sun can be greatly modified without energy expenditure. To reach Mercury, the speed must be reduced. To reach Jupiter or the more remote planets, the speed is increased. This kind of maneuver is called a gravitational sling-shot. It is used quite systematically for long-distance journeys. The probe Ulysses, launched on 6 October 1990 to study the Sun, thereby reached a speed of 125 km/s (or 450,000 km/h). Using a Jupiter swing-by, it left the plane of the ecliptic to overfly the south pole of the Sun in 1994, then the north pole in 1995. Further examples are given below for the Galileo and Cassini probes. 15. Launched on 9 May 2003, the probe arrived in the vicinity of Itokawa on 12 September 2005 and flew close to the asteroid for some 2 years, coming near enough to take samples. On 18 October 2007, it left for the Earth, arriving on 13 June 2010. Before burning up in the atmosphere, the probe released a capsule which was recovered in the Australian desert. On 16 November 2010, the Japanese space agency JAXA announced that the samples they obtained were of extra-terrestrial origin. 16. Itokawa is an asteroid belonging to the Apollo family, which crosses the orbit of Mars. It was discovered by Linear on 26 September 1998. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the trajectory modeling of space probes and their missions to Venus, Mercury, and an asteroid named Itokawa. While the mission to Itokawa did involve sample collection from an asteroid, the text does not discuss the concept of space mining or extraction of materials, thus failing to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: 16 et John Young, « Early modern astrology », dans A to the Casebooks of 1596–1634, accessible en ligne sur : consulté le 24 janvier 2020. 17 Idem et J. W. Draper, « Shakespeare’s ‘Star-Crossed Lovers’ », of 15. 57, Jan. , 1939, 16-34, p. 20. Pour plus de détails concernant l’astrologie pendant la Renaissance, consulter (éd. ), A Companion to Astrology in the Renaissance, Leiden et Boston, Brill, 2014. 18 Shakespeare, Craiova, Facebook, photographie accessible en ligne sur : consulté le 30 janvier 2020. 19 Richard E. Strassberg, A Chinese Bestiary: from and Seas, Berkley, University of California Press, 2002, p. 88. 20 Shakespeare, Craiova, op. cit. , consulté le 30 janvier 2020. 21 Scène du balcon. Réplique affichée sur les écrans au-dessus de la scène lors de la représentation du 26 avril 2018 dans le théâtre national de Craiova. 22 William Shakespeare, éd. et trad. Jean-Michel Déprats et Gisèle Venet, Tragédies I (Œuvres complètes Shakespeare I), Gallimard, Paris, 2002, p. 281. 23 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 12. 24 Shakespeare, Craiova, op. cit. , consulté le 30 janvier 2020. 25 : Samuel Crouch, 1676, F1v. 26 Réplique de Tybalt affichée sur les écrans au-dessus de la scène lors de la représentation du 26 avril 2018 dans le théâtre national de Craiova. 27 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 21. 28 Simon Buia, op. cit. , consulté le 30 janvier 2020. 29 Shakespeare, Craiova, op. cit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various references about astrology and Shakespeare, with no mention of neuroethologists or animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to fully degrade. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 03 Committee D20 $ 73. 00 In stock AbstractThis specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. The purpose of this specification is to establish standards for identifying products and materials that will compost satisfactorily in commercial and municipal composting facilities. Scope 1. 1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities, where thermophilic conditions are achieved. 1. 2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities. ” 1. 3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if end items (including packaging), which use plastics and polymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting facilities. Maximum throughput is a high priority to composters and the intermediate stages of plastic disintegration and biodegradation not be visible to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 17088. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifying that the specification covers plastics designed to be composted in 'municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities,' indicating that these biodegradable plastics indeed require specific composting facilities to achieve satisfactory degradation. It makes clear that these plastics are intended to decompose under specific conditions that are typically found in industrial composting environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining faces significant technological and financial challenges for practical implementation. [SEP] Text: The OECD classifies the mining and quarrying sector as a “medium-low” R&D intensity industry, together with the textile, paper and food industry and far from other high-tech (pharmaceuticals, computers), medium high-tech (machinery, electrical equipment) and medium-tech (basic metals, plastic) industries (Reference Galindo-Rueda and VergerGalindo-Rueda and Verger, 2016). Reference BartosBartos (2007) similarly concludes that the mining industry is not a high-tech industry but is rather comparable to general manufacturing. As noted in 99. 9 percent. Crucially, that improvement led to a greater than 50 percent reduction in operating costs at the smelter. and BridgeWarhurst and Bridge (1997) look at the case of the INCO Sudbury nickel smelter. Increasing stringency governing SO2 emissions, as well as the smelter’s outdated design, meant that it was no longer viable. This led INCO to invest in new smelting technologies that immensely reduced SO2 emissions, which in turn led the smelter to become one of the world’s most productive and efficient nickel smelters. As these studies are mainly anecdotal, the results cannot be generalized to other mining sites or countries. To conclude, the literature brings important insights for our analysis. First, a large set of environmental regulations are likely to affect the development of clean technologies in mining. Second, since the scope for product differentiation is limited, there is no specific market demand for clean mining products, and we can expect environmental regulations to be particularly important. 6. 3 Innovation and Stringency 6. 3. 1 in the We measure technological innovation by patent counts, as established in the literature on clean technologies (Dechezlepretre et al. , 2011). Mining patent data were extracted from the and the 2017 autumn edition of the Office’s () using a search strategy outlined in Daly et al. (2019) to build a comprehensive database of mining patenting. For this analysis, the total number of clean mining patents invented in a given country-year was extracted from the database. Patents were counted by inventor. Footnote 8 The main unit of analysis is the first filing of a given invention, using the earliest filing date. Clean mining patents were defined as mining patents having a primary focus on the environment. Table 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the mining industry, as classified by the OECD, is a 'medium-low' R&D intensity industry and is not considered high-tech. This implies that significant technological advancements are indeed challenging to achieve within the sector, supporting the idea that technological challenges for space mining are noticed. Furthermore, it discusses the investment in new smelting technologies due to environmental regulations, suggesting financial challenges related to adapting to those regulations, thus reinforcing the claim regarding significant challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: , consulté le 30 janvier 2020. 30 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 25. 31 Shakespeare, Craiova, op. cit. , consulté le 30 janvier 2020. 32 Entretien filmé par lors de la conférence d’ESRA (Research Association) « Viewing & Reviewing : Shakespeare in Performance », Université de Craiova, 27 avril 2018, accessible en ligne sur : consulté le 22 janvier 2019, 06:45-08:25. 33 Simon Buia, op. cit. , consulté le 30 janvier 2020. 34 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 17. 35 Shakespeare, Craiova, op. cit. , consulté le 30 janvier 2020. 36 et Richard Rutt, Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary, Londres et New York, Routledge, 1999, p. 127-128. 37 Entretien lors de la conférence d’ESRA (Research Association) « Viewing & Reviewing : Shakespeare in Performance », Université de Craiova, 27 avril 2018. 38 Shakespeare, Craiova, op. cit. , consulté le 30 janvier 2020. 39 Entretien filmé par lors de la conférence d’ESRA (Research Association) « Viewing & Reviewing : Shakespeare in Performance », Université de Craiova, 27 avril 2018, accessible en ligne sur : 20:40-21:30. 40 La destruction du mur a été ajoutée quelques semaines seulement après l’élection présidentielle aux États-Unis. 41 Simon Buia, op. cit. , consulté le 30 janvier 2020. 42 Entretien filmé par lors de la conférence d’ESRA, op. cit. , 11:40-14:15. 43 Ibid. 44 Je suis redevable à Janice Valls-Russel pour cette référence. 45 Entretien filmé par lors de la conférence d’ESRA, op. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss neuroethology, animal intelligence, or any related topics. It appears to be references and transcriptions related to Shakespeare performances and events, which do not contain any information about neuroethologists or their capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: A randomized trial of genetic information for personalized nutrition access Published: 11 March 2012 A randomized trial of genetic information for personalized nutrition Daiva E. Nielsen1 & Ahmed El-Sohemy1 Genes & Nutrition pages 559–566 (2012)Cite this 0. 009). Participants in the intervention group were more likely to agree that the dietary recommendations they received would be useful when considering their diet (88% (I) vs. 72% (C); p = 0. 02) and wanted to know more about the recommendations (95% (I) vs. 76% (C); p < 0. 0001). Only 9% of participants in the intervention group reported feeling uneasy about learning their genetic information. These findings suggest that individuals find dietary recommendations based on genetics more understandable and more useful than general dietary advice. Very few feel uneasy about receiving their genetic information that relates to personalized nutrition. IntroductionRecent advances in genomics technologies have made the acquisition of personalized genetic information easily obtainable. Direct-to-consumer (DTC) personal genetic tests claim to provide consumers with information about their genetic ancestry, ability to metabolize nutrients and drugs, and risk for developing diseases (Janssens and van Duijn 2010). One class of genetic tests offers personalized dietary advice based on one’s DNA to improve health (Sterling 2008). Nutrigenomics (or nutritional genomics) is the study of the relationship between genes and diet, and is used as an umbrella term for two complimentary approaches: how nutrients affect gene function and how genetic variation affects nutrient response (Cahill and El-Sohemy 2011). The latter is sometimes referred to as nutrigenetics (El-Sohemy 2007) and includes the study of how genetic variations affect food intake and eating behaviors (Eny and El-Sohemy 2010; Garcia-Bailo et al. 2009). The DTC method of marketing facilitates the sales of genetic tests without the involvement of a healthcare professional (Norrgard 2008). These tests are commercially available through the Internet and are largely unregulated, though significant measures are being taken to regulate this emerging market in certain jurisdictions (McGuire et al. 2010). The cost of the different types of genetic tests available can range from approximately $99 to over $2000 USD (Bloss et al. 2011a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how personalized nutrition utilizes genetic information to provide dietary recommendations tailored to individuals. It mentions that genetic tests can offer personalized dietary advice based on one's DNA to improve health, indicating that the relationship between genes and diet is a key component of personalized nutrition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining faces significant technological and financial challenges for practical implementation. [SEP] Text: To our knowledge, only two studies have looked at the R&D and technology angle empirically (and WinklerFarole and Winkler, 2014; Reference GhebrihiwetGhebrihiwet, 2019). Both of them provide statistical insight using country-level survey data, with no global assessments available to date. In a multi-country survey, and WinklerFarole and Winkler (2014) have identified two channels of technology spillovers: licensing of patented technology and R&D collaboration. On average, licensing of patented technology was listed by respondents (domestic suppliers) among the top five forms of assistance provided by foreign customers, while R&D collaboration involved up to 65 percent of respondents. In this context, joint product development has reportedly resulted in upgrading of equipment and improved quality of inputs for ‘a significant number of companies’. However, there is strong variability across countries. The use of licensing and R&D collaboration is much more frequent in countries with relatively developed mining industries (and a minimum sufficient stock of absorptive know-how). Reference GhebrihiwetGhebrihiwet (2019) found R&D collaboration with foreign clients or suppliers having a positive and significant effect on the likelihood that firms introduce new product and process innovations. In line with the spillover literature, the likelihood and ultimate impact of collaboration on indigenous innovations differs based on the role of firms in the value chain. Suppliers are 0. 5 times more likely to introduce product innovations compared to mining companies and downstream firms. In addition, continuous in-house R&D efforts (e. g. local firms’ absorptive capacity), has a highly significant effect on the probability of introducing new methods of production. 3. 3. 2 A Framework for the Analysis of Innovation and in Mining FDI The spectrum of mining innovations is relatively wide and varied. It not only includes frontier technology solutions developed within and for the mining industry – such as new exploration, extraction or processing techniques – but also widely applicable technologies that, despite originating in other industries, are largely used in mining supply chains (3. 5). The purpose of this framework is to identify the main channels through which mining FDI can help move the technological frontier in host countries. We have identified three main channels and assessed them based on the impact on the host country’s technological development (from low/indirect to high/direct). Figure 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting insights into technological advancements and collaborations in mining, suggesting that there are mechanisms like licensing of patented technology and R&D collaborations that can facilitate technology transfer and innovation. It emphasizes that innovation in mining is not solely dependent on new technologies developed within the industry but also includes various other applicable technologies, indicating a potential for overcoming challenges. While the claim suggests significant challenges, the text highlights advancements and varying success based on country context, which implies that not all areas of space mining face insurmountable difficulties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: cit. , 05:53-11:05. 46 Les tensions sont réapparues suite à des tirs de missiles effectués par la Corée du Nord en novembre 2019. Philippe Mesmer, « La Corée du Nord reprend les provocations », Le Monde, 30 novembre 2019, accessible en ligne sur : consulté le 30 janvier 2020. Je suis redevable à Jean-pour cette référence. Haut de page Pour citer cet 2024. URL : DOI : de page Auteur Charlène CruxentUniversité Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3Haut de page Droits d’auteur Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence CC BY-NC-ND 4. 0. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire. Haut de page Sommaire - Document précédent - Document suivant Auteur Mots-clés Qui sommes-nous? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding neuroethologists and their ability to determine animal intelligence. Instead, it discusses missile tensions from North Korea, which is completely unrelated to animal behavior or intelligence assessment.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Ethics approval was obtained from the University of Review Board, and the study was registered with (NCT 01353014). Recruitment was carried out from May to August 2011. Participants provided informed consent by mail and then completed a baseline survey designed to assess the awareness and opinions of genetic testing and nutrigenomics using 4- and 5-point Likert scales. After the baseline survey was completed, participants were randomized to an intervention (I) or control (C) group using Software. Participants were recruited from the (TNHS, n = 1,639), which is a cross-sectional study examining the role of genetics in food intake and food selection as well as gene–diet interactions on the biomarkers of chronic disease in young men and women between the ages of 20–29 years at the time of recruitment. The TNHS cohort is multi-ethnic, with participants representing three major ethnic groups: Caucasian, East Asian, and (Table 1). Recruitment for the TNHS study was carried out at the University of Toronto from 2004 to 2010. Participants provided a blood sample, and genotyping was performed for several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in nutrient response and metabolism. A subset of the TNHS cohort (n = 354) was contacted by e-mail or phone to participate in the present study (Fig. 1). Since the recommendations in this study were based on caffeine, vitamin C, sugar, and sodium, eligible participants were those who consumed at least 100 mg of caffeine per day, 10% of total energy from added sugars per day, and 1,500 mg of sodium per day and did not take vitamin C-containing supplements. Three e-mail attempts were made, and if no response was received, one phone call was made. Eligible women who were pregnant or breast-feeding at the time of recruitment were excluded from the study. Table 1 Subject characteristicsFull size table Fig. 1Consolidated standards of reporting trials () diagram of subject flow through the trialFull size image InterventionParticipants in the intervention group (n = 92) were e-mailed a personalized dietary report providing recommendations for daily intakes of caffeine, vitamin C, sugar, and sodium based on genotypes for CYP1A2 (Cornelis et al. 2006; Palatini et al. 2009), GSTM1 and GSTT1 (Cahill et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study where participants received a personalized dietary report that provided recommendations based on their genotypes for specific nutrients. This indicates the use of genetic data to generate tailored diet recommendations, aligning with the essence of personalized nutrition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining faces significant technological and financial challenges for practical implementation. [SEP] Text: If scaled, they may be at the foundation of new clusters of economic activities and ultimately shape domestic patterns of innovation. 3. 4 of the of The framework and channels’ classification of Figure 3. 5 is valid in principle and can be applied to FDI in all industries. However, when it comes to R&D and innovation, the mining industry is quite peculiar. Despite signs of change, it has historically been less oriented to transformative innovation than other industries, as largely centred on cost-cutting incremental innovations (Reference BryantBryant, 2015; Deloitte, 2016 and 2017). Compared to other industries, mining MNEs’ contribution to global R&D is limited and sensitive to external shocks, such as commodity price cycles (Figure 3. 6). In 2016, top mining companies invested only 0. 4 percent of their sales in R&D activities, compared to 5 percent for MNEs in other, non-extractive sectors. Footnote 5 Furthermore, R&D expenditure by mining MNEs has witnessed a declining trend since 2012, as opposed to investment by other MNEs, including in oil and gas. In less than ten years, from 2008 to 2016, following a very challenging industry conjuncture since 2012, the R&D expenditure of large mining MNEs in ranking has decreased by 70 percent. This suggests that R&D investment in mining may not only be relatively limited compared to other sectors, but also sensitive to endogenous shocks, such as commodity price movements (see 3. 6 R&D expenditure of MNEs in top 100 ranking. Note: The sample of top 100 MNEs is based ranking of 2016 (2017). It includes five mining MNEs, six oil and gas MNEs, and eighty-nine other MNEs (operating in manufacturing and services, excluding financial services). Historic information on R&D expenditures and sales were extracted by ORBIS or derived from companies’ financial reporting. Source: Author’s calculationsIn this context, it is therefore particularly important to assess how feasible and/or realistic each channel is in the mining context. In the next sections, we attempt such an assessment by undertaking an empirical investigation of the current status and dynamics of R&D and innovation activity within mining MNEs. We focus on three key questions, each providing empirical background to one of the identified channels in Figure 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the mining industry's historical orientation towards cost-cutting incremental innovations rather than transformative innovations. It also points out the limited investment in R&D by mining MNEs compared to other industries, suggesting a lack of technological advancement necessary for practical implementation. Furthermore, the declining trend in R&D expenditure, alongside sensitivity to external shocks like commodity price cycles, indicates significant financial challenges, supporting the assertion that space mining faces obstacles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Présentation et adhésion L'identité de des membres Prix du mémoire Doctorats d’État et doctorats nouveau régime memoriam Liens Numéros en texte intégral 41 | 2023Shakespeare et le genre 40 | 2022Shakespeare et le dialogue des disciplines 39 | 2021Shakespeare et les acteurs 38 | 2020Shakespeare et le monde animal 37 | 2019Shakespeare désenchaîné 36 | 2018Shakespeare et la peur 35 | 2017Shakespeare après Shakespeare 34 | 2016Jeunesses de Shakespeare 33 | 2015Shakespeare 450 32 | 2015Nouvelles lectures de Love's Labour's Lost 31 | 2014La langue de Shakespeare 30 | 2013Shakespeare et la mémoire 29 | 2012Shakespeare et les arts de la table 28 | 2011Shakespeare et la Cité 27 | 2009Shakespeare et l’Orient 26 | 2008Costume et déguisement dans le théâtre de Shakespeare et de ses contemporains 25 | 2007Shakespeare et l'excès 24 | 2007Shakespeare Poète 22 | 2005Shakespeare et l’Europe de la Renaissance 23 | 2005Shakespeare et le jeu 21 | 2004Shakespeare et Montaigne : vers un nouvel humanisme 19 | 2002Shakespeare et le Moyen Âge 20 | 2002Shakespeare et ses contemporains 18 | 2000Shakespeare et la France 17 | 1999Shakespeare et la voix 16 | 1998Shakespeare et le cinéma 15 | 1997Comment le mal vient aux hommes 14 | 1996Variations sur la lettre, le mètre et la mesure : Shakespeare 13 | 1995vert : rites et renouveau 12 | 1994Cosmopolitisme et Insularité 11 | 1993Shakespeare et l’argent 10 | 1992Rhétoriques du texte et du spectacle 9 | 1991Shakespeare et le corps à la Renaissance 8 | 1990Shakespeare et la Guerre 6 | 1989Lieu et Temps 7 | 1989La folie - Shakespeare et les arts - Le tragique 5 | 1984Mythe et histoire 4 | 1983Du texte à la scène : langages du théâtre 3 | 1981Théâtre et idéologies : Marlow [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be an index or table of contents related to Shakespeare and various academic topics, but it does not mention neuroethology or the determination of animal intelligence at all. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: 2009; Horska et al. 2010), TAS1R2 (Eny et al. 2010), and ACE (Poch et al. 2001), respectively. The reports were developed in collaboration with Nutrigenomix Inc. (Toronto, Canada), which is a company that is developing a nutrigenetics test kit for registered dietitians. The reports provided participants with their genotype for each gene, an explanation of what the genotype means in terms of the dietary component and a personalized recommendation for daily intake of the dietary component (Table 2). Participants in the control group (n = 46) received general dietary recommendations from health organizations for the same dietary components without genetic information (Table 2). After participants read the dietary report, a post-intervention survey was completed to assess their opinions of the advice they were given. Table 2 Sample of dietary advice for caffeineFull size table SurveysSurveys were created using the online survey site SurveyMonkey ( Questions included were based on a literature review as well as issues raised in the (Personal genetics education project 2010). The baseline survey asked how much participants heard about DTC genetic testing to assess their awareness (Table 3). Participants were also asked how much they knew about nutrigenomics. Survey statements such as “I would take a genetic test to learn more about myself” were used to assess participants’ motivations to undergo genetic testing (Table 4). The post-intervention survey consisted of statements such as “The dietary recommendations will be useful when I consider my diet” to assess the participants’ opinions of the value of the dietary recommendations (Fig. 2). Table 3 Awareness of DTC genetic tests and nutrigenomicsFull size table Table 4 Attitudes toward nutrigenomics and genetic testingFull size table Fig. 2Comparison of “agree” between intervention and control groupFull size image Statistical analysisStatistical analyses were performed using the Software (version 9. 2; SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Nutrigenomix Inc. is developing a nutrigenetics test kit that provides participants with their genotype information and personalized dietary recommendations based on their genetic data. This aligns with the claim that personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining faces significant technological and financial challenges for practical implementation. [SEP] Text: 1 Tracking R&D Internationalization in mining databases extract patent data from the Office’s database. Patents belonging to the mining sector were identified through a triangulation approach which combines industry classification (two-digit ISIC Rev. 4 codes), list of mining companies provided by partner IP offices (Australia, Canada, Chile, Brazil and the US), and a combination of patent classification (IPC codes) and keywords. * The year of first filing of each patent is taken into consideration. For each patent, it identifies: the country where the patent is filed (filing country), the home country of the firm which files it (applicant country), and the residence country of the inventor/s of that patent (inventor country). ** The sample of top 100 patent applicants used in the analysis is derived from a ranking based on total mining patent applications from 2006 to 2015. The ranking only considers the last ten years of the sample because it aims at identifying top innovators based on recent performance. Additionally, singletons have not been taken into consideration for elaboration. Singletons, as highlighted in 3. 4. 3 R&D-Intensive FDI (channel 3) FDI in mining are traditionally natural-resource seeking, driven by the availability, price and quality of natural resources, infrastructure-enabling resources to be exploited and investment incentives. In this context, there is little scope for technology or innovation-driven FDI (‘strategic asset-seeking’ FDI). As confirmed by the analysis of FDI greenfield projects from 2007 to 2016, mining FDI are mostly concentrated in the activity of material extraction (68 percent), while a residual portion (32 percent) involves other types of activity such as sales (14 percent) and manufacturing (12 percent). R&D-oriented FDI are very limited, at 1. 5 percent of the total number of projects (Figure 3. 9, left-hand side). Noticeably, low development of R&D-intensive FDI is not an issue of mining FDI strictly speaking, but also for oil and gas and manufacturing industries close to mining, such as mineral and metal processing (Figure 3. 9, right-hand side). More generally R&D intensive FDI are concentrated in selected industries characterized by high technological intensity, such as ICT, automotive and pharma, or high-tech services. Figure 3. 9 Greenfield FDI by type of activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that R&D-oriented foreign direct investment (FDI) in mining is very limited, accounting for only 1.5 percent of total mining projects. This suggests that there are significant barriers to the adoption of technology and innovation in the sector, which directly indicates that the challenges are not only financial but also technological in nature. The mention that low development of R&D-intensive FDI affects not just mining but also related industries like oil, gas, and manufacturing further supports this contrast.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: AbstractTo further investigate the mechanism of surround inhibition (SI) and to determine whether adopting different attentional strategies might have an impact on the modulation of SI, the effects of adopting an external (EF) or internal focus of attention (IF) on SI and motor performance were investigated. While performing an index flexion with either an EF or IF, transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied at various time points in 14 healthy subjects. When adopting an EF compared to an IF, the results show an improved motor performance (+14. 7% in MVC) and a reduced bEMG in the adjacent APB (−22. 3%) during maximal index flexion. This was accompanied by an increased SI in the APB with an EF (+26. 4%). Additionally, the decrease in bEMG correlated with the magnitude of SI in APB. The current results demonstrate an efficient way to modulate SI by changing the attentional focus in healthy subjects and might, at least in part, explain the better motor performance being associated with an EF. The present findings help to better understand the positive mechanisms of an EF on SI in the healthy motor system and may also points towards a treatment strategy in pathologies with disturbed SI such as focal hand dystonia. Similar content being viewed by others Effects of an external compared to an internal focus of attention on the excitability of fast and slow(er) motor pathways 3. Thus, SI reflects the capacity of excited or active neurons to reduce the activity of the surrounding neurons. In the human motor system, SI can be demonstrated by applying supra-threshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) and measuring the amplitude of the resulting motor evoked potential (MEP) in the adjacent muscles2. In this specific context, SI within the primary cortex is expressed as the selective reduction in the MEP amplitude in the surrounding muscles before and during a contraction of the target muscle compared to a rest condition. By shaping neural drive during voluntary movements, SI in M1 is supposed to reflect the summation of inhibitory influences on the representation of surrounding muscles2,4,5,6 and is therefore considered to be essential for skilled motor behaviour3. For example, it was shown that the force level has an influence on the modulation of SI7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about neuroethologists and their ability to determine animal intelligence. Instead, it discusses surround inhibition and attentional strategies related to motor performance in healthy subjects, which is unrelated to assessing intelligence in animals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Participants who reported “strongly agree” or “somewhat agree” to statements on the post-intervention survey were grouped (“agree”), and the Chi-square test was used to compare the frequency of “agree” to all other responses (“strongly disagree,” “somewhat disagree,” and “neither agree nor disagree”). Fisher’s exact test was used when a response category consisted of fewer than 5 counts. Significant p values are two-sided and less than 0. 05. ResultsResponse rate and description of participantsOf the 157 participants who were sent the baseline survey, 149 participants completed the survey giving a response rate of 95% (Fig. 1). The mean ± standard deviation age of the participants was 25 ± 4 years old and 76% were female (Table 1). The participants were highly educated with 87% having a university or college degree. Of the 149 participants who completed the baseline survey, 138 were randomized into an intervention or control group. The remaining 11 participants did not respond to subsequent e-mail attempts. There were no significant differences between the characteristics of participants in the control or intervention group (Table 1). Baseline surveyApproximately half of the participants (52%) reported having heard “nothing” about DTC genetic testing, while 18% reported hearing “a fair amount” or “a lot”. A smaller proportion of participants reported knowing “nothing” about nutrigenomics (30%), with just over half reporting that they knew “a little bit” about the science (52%) (Table 3). Interest in the relationship between diet and genetics was high, with 90% of participants reporting either “strongly agree” or “somewhat agree” to the survey statement. The majority of participants (87%) also agreed that they would benefit from learning about how their genetic makeup would affect their diet. Consistent with this, 75% of participants agreed that learning about their genetic makeup would affect what they ate. The greatest motivators participants reported for undergoing genetic testing were to learn more about themselves and to encourage themselves to adopt a healthier lifestyle (86 and 83%, respectively), while 73% of participants agreed that they would take a genetic test to have their doctor monitor their health more closely. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing participants' interest in the relationship between diet and genetics, indicating that a significant majority believe that learning about their genetic makeup would affect their diet. Specifically, 75% of participants expressed that understanding their genetic profile would impact their dietary choices, aligning with the principles of personalized nutrition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining faces significant technological and financial challenges for practical implementation. [SEP] Text: Note: Greenfield project data from f(Jan 2007–Dec 2016), December 2018. ‘R&D-oriented’ greenfield is any greenfield investment project conducted in ‘Research and development’, ‘Design, development and testing’ and ‘Education and training’ as defined by the publisher. Product groups are aggregates of fsectors or subsectors. Ranking of technology intensity for manufacturing industries is adapted from the. 3 Definition. Downstream activities include petroleum refining, iron and steel mills, ferroalloy and steel production. Mining includes coal mining; gold ore and silver mining; copper, nickel, lead and zinc mining: iron ore mining: non-metallic mineral mining; other metal ore mining; and support activities for mining. Source: Author’s calculations3. 5 Despite the recent fall in mining FDI (Figure 3. 2), the role of MNEs and cross-border investment in mining remains crucial. On the one side, a significant portion of global mining production is performed by MNEs through their foreign operations (Figure 3. 1). On the other side, a number of countries, especially low income, heavily rely on mining FDI as a major source of foreign earnings and possible pathways to economic diversification. In a moment when the geography of investment in mining FDI is rapidly changing, particularly with the rise of Chinese MNEs (Figure 3. 3), the discussion of the development implications of mining FDI becomes crucial. The impact of mining FDI on host countries is multiple, involving primarily the economic dimension, the social dimension, the environmental dimension and the technological dimension (Figure 3. 4). Focusing on the last mentioned, compared to other industries, the technological or innovation dimension of mining FDI is less visible and recognized. This is due to the fact that the mining industry is perceived as having rather poor technological content and carrying out limited innovation (Figure 3. 6). In addition, a major driver for undertaking cross-border investment in mining is the access to mineral endowments, with no immediate connection to local technological development. However, insights from our analysis of the different channels of transmission of innovation and technology though FDI (Figure 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the mining industry is perceived as having 'rather poor technological content and carrying out limited innovation.' This implies that there are indeed significant technological challenges in the mining sector, which can be linked to its application in space mining. Furthermore, the text points out that the technological dimension of mining FDI is less visible and recognized, suggesting that overcoming these technological challenges might be further complicated, thus supporting the assertion that space mining faces hurdles for practical implementation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: More precisely, it was demonstrated that the level of SI increased at low-force levels but was absent at force levels higher than 40% of MVC, strengthening the assumption that SI is primarily involved in the generation of skilled motor tasks. This is further supported by a study of Beck and Hallett8, showing that SI is greater and appears earlier when task complexity is increased. Apart from the task, the phase of the movement also influences the level of SI. Surround inhibition is more pronounced during the preparation and initiation phase of a movement but is dramatically reduced or absent during the hold phase of a ramp-and-hold contraction4. Furthermore, it is widely accepted that certain pathologies can influence SI. In contrast to healthy individuals, patients suffering from focal hand dystonia (FHD)4,9 or Parkinson’s disease10 show much lower levels of SI. Disturbances of SI in the cortical motor system of those patients result in a reduced contrast of active target neurons and supposedly inactive neurons that are not directly involved and thereby lead to an overflow of muscle activation in surrounding and usually non-active muscles4. However, little is known about how the activity of the SI-network can be modulated in healthy subjects and in patients. Previous research has demonstrated that SI can be strengthened11,12 or weakened13,14 by motor training resulting in down- or upregulated MEP amplitudes in the non-trained adjacent muscles. However, in professional musicians, SI was shown to be significantly reduced14,15. The reduction in SI was assumed to favor functional coupling in order to facilitate synergistic finger movements13,14. However, at the same time, reduced SI has previously been shown to make these experts more prone to pathological states such as dystonia16. Thus, for both healthy subjects and patients it seems important to know how to (instantly) modulate SI and how this relates to behavioural outcome measures. It has been demonstrated that populations with low levels of intracortical inhibition demonstrate impaired motor control in general such as dexterity17 or interlimb coordination18. In this regard, the relation between intracortical inhibition and motor performance when adopting either an external (EF) or an internal focus of attention (IF) has previously been investigated19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroethologists' ability to determine animal intelligence. It discusses topics such as sensorimotor integration (SI), its relation to motor tasks and pathologies, and the modulation of SI in healthy subjects and patients, none of which directly supports or refutes the claim about measuring animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition uses genetic data to tailor diet recommendations to individuals. [SEP] Text: Only 7% of participants strongly agreed that they would be uncomfortable learning about their genetic makeup (Table 4). Post-intervention surveyAfter receiving the dietary report, a greater proportion of participants in the intervention group agreed that they understood the dietary advice they received (93% (I) vs. 78% (C); p = 0. 009). As expected, more participants in the intervention group agreed that the recommendations they received were new to them (86% (I) vs. 28% (C); p < 0. 0001). Participants in the intervention group were also more likely to agree that they enjoyed learning about the recommendations (96% (I) vs. 72% (C); p < 0. 0001), and only 9% agreed that they felt uneasy learning about their genetics (of which only one person reported “strongly agree”). In addition, participants in the intervention group were more likely to agree that the recommendations would be useful when considering their diet (88% (I) vs. 72% (C); p = 0. 02) and that they would like to know more about the dietary recommendations they were given (95% (I) vs. 76% (C); p < 0. 0001) (Fig. 2). DiscussionThe results of the present study demonstrate that individuals are interested in nutrigenomics and report finding dietary recommendations based on genetics more useful than general dietary recommendations. Although concern exists over the potential for genetic information to induce anxiety in some individuals, very few participants in the intervention group agreed that they felt uneasy learning about their genetic information. Rather, 96% of participants who received their genetic information agreed that they enjoyed learning about their genetic information and dietary recommendations. This finding suggests that providing this kind of information is not likely to induce anxiety and that young adults may embrace a new era of personalized nutrition that could emerge through the advancement of personalized genomics. However, the nature of the genetic information that was provided in this study might have been perceived as less serious than genetic information related to disease risk. Although the participants in this study had an awareness of the science of nutrigenomics, only 18% reported an awareness of DTC genetic testing while 52% reported no awareness. This finding is consistent with previous surveys of the general public conducted in the UK and US (Cherkas et al. 2010; Goddard et al. 2007, 2009; Kolor et al. 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that participants found dietary recommendations based on genetics more useful than general dietary recommendations, suggesting that personalized nutrition can effectively utilize genetic data to tailor diet advice. It mentions that a significant number of participants expressed enjoyment in learning about their genetic information and the dietary recommendations stemming from that information, which aligns with the concept of personalized nutrition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining faces significant technological and financial challenges for practical implementation. [SEP] Text: 3 Diversify FDI Portfolio (towards High-Value, Technology-Driven Industries) While research shows potential for and, to some extent, evidence of technology spillovers in some host countries, policymakers should maintain realistic expectations in mining FDI-led technological growth. This is due to some intrinsic characteristics of mining investment. Indeed, the industry has historically been resistant to groundbreaking innovation. Cross-border investment in the sector has traditionally been ‘resource-seeking’, with few technology-driven investments and those only rarely transnational (Figure 3. 9). For mineral-rich countries, diversification towards non-extractive value-added activities remains crucial. While resource extraction should be at the core of their industrial development strategies, it should be intended as a pathway to economic prosperity rather than a primary source of comparative advantage. Depending on context, local content policies should aim at nurturing infant downstream activities, beyond purely encouraging local firms and individuals to link up to upstream extractives. In the long term, mineral rents shall be reinvested in the development of economic and social infrastructure, rather than be channelled into more productive activities. Attracting (the right! ) global players and establishing sound public-private partnerships may well serve to this purpose. The diamond sector of Botswana is an exceptional case in point. Against the fashion at the time of discovery (1970s), the government did not nationalize the mines, but entered into a joint venture agreement with foreign investor De Beers. The government managed to negotiate favourable rent-sharing agreements and appropriate some 80 percent of the industry profits in the form of royalties, taxes and dividends. Much of these served to finance spending in infrastructure projects, education and health (Reference JefferisJefferis, 2014). As a result, ‘policy-driven’ linkages with downstream activities, such as diamond processing and polishing, have developed over time (Reference MbayiMbayi, 2011). As of 2016, cutting and polishing activities count twenty active firms generating some 2,270 local jobs (2016). DeBeers has lately moved its stone-sorting operations and international sales department from London to Gaborone. Mineral wealth can also be used to boost domestic R&D and upgrade the local skills base. While success requires some minimum absorptive capacity, the experience of Chile shows that this is actually doable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the nature of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the mining sector and underscores historical resistance to innovation in the industry. It highlights the lack of groundbreaking technological advancements and the tendency for mining investments to be resource-seeking rather than technology-driven. This suggests that similar challenges may prevail in space mining, reinforcing the claim that such ventures face significant technological and financial challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, when participants were verbally asked to adopt an EF, it was shown that they could prolong sustaining submaximal isometric contractions with their index finger (time to task failure) and that the activity of inhibitory intracortical circuits within M1 (expressed as SICI and subTMS-induced EMG suppression) was instantly enhanced contrasted to when using an IF strategy. Thus, manipulating the focus of attention did not only have a positive influence on motor performance but also had a direct and immediate effect on cortical inhibition within M1. However, this modulatory effect of intracortical inhibition was outlined in the prime-mover and the effects on surrounding muscles were not tested. According to previous research3,4, it seems that the local inhibitory GABAergic circuits within M1 play a crucial role in the generation of SI. This hypothesis was supported by showing that FHD patients do not only have a reduction in SI leading to abnormal motor execution, but also display a loss of inhibition on multiple levels of the central nervous system including SICI4,20,21. Based on these previous findings, it was hypothesized that changing the attentional focus may be a powerful tool to influence SI in M1, especially as it was previously suggested that SICI and SI might share common mechanisms4,22,23. Thus, adopting an EF might inhibit surrounding muscles what would reflect a focused neural drive and therefore enhanced movement efficiency. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the immediate influence of different attentional strategies (EF vs IF) on (i) motor performance when executing maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) of the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) and (ii) on the amount of SI within M1 influencing the activity of the adjacent muscle APB. MethodsSubjectsFourteen right-handed subjects (22–35 years; 3 women) agreed to participate in this study. All subjects were free from any known orthopaedic or neurological disorders. They gave their informed written consent before the experiments, which were approved by the local ethics committee (Commission cantonale d'éthique de la recherche sur l'être humain, CER-VD, Switzerland) and were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. RecordingAll tests were conducted in one laboratory session. During this session, participants were seated in a comfortable and adjustable chair in an upright position. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroethologists and animal intelligence. Instead, it focuses on the influence of attentional strategies on motor performance and cortical inhibition, without mentioning animal intelligence or the abilities of neuroethologists.