Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 5. BeckerKA. öneich1984Injection of murine embryonal carcinoma cells and embryo-derived pluripotential cells into mouse blastocysts. Cell Differ. 151952026. BrázJ. MRSharif-naeini-buyllaJ. LRubensteinand A. IBasbaum2012Forebrain GABAergic neuron precursors integrate into adult spinal cord and reduce injury-induced neuropathic painBráz, J. M. , R. Sharif-Naeini, D. Vogt, A. Kriegstein, A. Alvarez-Buylla, J. L. Rubenstein, and A. I. Basbaum. 2012. Forebrain GABAergic neuron precursors integrate into adult spinal cord and reduce injury-induced neuropathic pain. Neuron. . 746636757. BreviniT. 2008Parthenogenesis as an approach to pluripotency: advantages and limitations involvedRev. 41271358. CesselliDA. . . ABeltramiand PAnversa2009Multipotent progenitor cells are present in human peripheral bloodCirc Res. 104122512349. CharronDCSuberbielle-boisseland RAl-daccak2009Immunogenicity and allogenicity: a challenge of stem cell therapyJ Res. 213013810. ChenP. MM. LYenK. JLiuH. KSytwuand B. LYen2011Immunomodulatory properties of human adult and fetal multipotent mesenchymal stem cellsJ Biomed Sci. 18:49. 11. . JBühringUMattheusAMackH. . 2008Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult human testisNature45634434912. DingD. CW. CShyuand S. ZLin2011Mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Transplant. 2051413. 2009Multipotent adult germ-line stem cells, like other pluripotent stem cells, can be killed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes despite low expression of major histocompatibility complex class I moleculesBiol Direct. 4:31. 14. 2011Potential applications of germline cell-derived pluripotent stem cells in organ regeneration. Organogenesis711612215. GoreAZLiH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various studies and findings related to pluripotent stem cells. Specifically, it mentions the 'Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult human testis' which implies the process of reprogramming adult cells to achieve pluripotency. Additionally, the text contains references to the broader context of stem cell research, indicating an ongoing focus on converting adult cells into pluripotent options.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: and Pay in EMI's () E. Somasundaram, D. Udhaya Nandhini, M. of Origin: Imprint:NIPA eISBN:9789390083664 Binding:EOf Pages:410 Language:Price: 61. 76 USD 55. 58 USD Add to cart Contact for About the Book Content/Buy 34. 99 Add to cart Organic farming system in India is not new and is being followed from ancient time. It is a method of farming system which primarily aimed at cultivating the land and raising crops in such a way, as to keep the soil alive and in good health by use of organic wastes (crop, animal and farm wastes, aquatic wastes) and other biological materials along with beneficial microbes (biofertilizers) to release nutrients to crops for sustainable production. Presently the farming situation urges need to develop farming techniques, which are sustainable from environmental, production, and socio-economic points of view. Modern agricultural production throughout the world does not appear to be sustainable in the long run. Sustainable agricultural development “is the management and conservation of the natural resource base and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner to assure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for the present and future generations”. Such sustainable development in the agriculture, forestry and fishery sectors, conserves land, water, plant and animal genetic resources, is environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable. Consequently these concerns imparted a way to organic farming. It is the need of the day to understand the prospects and problems of organic farming to launch a successful and flawless organic production programme in the farm environment. There are many explanations and definitions for organic agriculture but all converge to state that it is a system that relies on ecosystem management rather than external agricultural inputs. It is a system that begins to consider potential environmental and social impacts by eliminating the use of synthetic inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides, veterinary drugs, genetically modified seeds and breeds, immunity booster preservatives, additives and irradiation. These are replaced with site-specific management practices that maintain and increase long-term soil fertility and prevent pest and diseases. 2 Scenario of Agriculture in India is not of recent origin, but has a long history dating back to Neolithic age (7500–6500 B. C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that organic farming relies on ecosystem management and the elimination of synthetic inputs, whereas renewable agriculture encompasses broader sustainable practices, including various methods that are not strictly organic. The text describes organic farming as a specific system focusing on organic wastes and biological materials, which suggests that while there may be some overlaps, the two concepts are not identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 77, 2003–2005, 2020. Brierley, A. S. and Kingsford, M. J. : Impacts of climate change on marine organisms and ecosystems, Curr. Biol. , 19, R602–R614, 2009. Brutemark, A. , Engström-Öst, J. , Vehmaa, A. , and Gorokhova, E. : Growth, toxicity and oxidative stress of a cultured cyanobacterium (Dolichospermum sp. ) under different CO2/pH and temperature conditions, Phycol. Res. , 63, 56–63, 2015. Bucklin, A. , Lindeque, P. K. , Rodriguez-Ezpeleta, N. , Albaina, A. , and Lehtiniemi, M. : Metabarcoding of marine zooplankton: prospects, progress and pitfalls, J. Plankton Res. , 38, 393–400, 2016. . , -Smith, R. D. , and Poloczanska, E. S. : Ocean community warming responses explained by thermal affinities and temperature gradients, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 959–963, 2019. Cardinale, M. and Svedäng, H. : The beauty of simplicity in science: Baltic cod stock improves rapidly in a “cod hostile” ecosystem state, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 425, 297–301, 2011. Casini, M. , Lövgren, J. , Hjelm, J. , Cardinale, M. , Molinero, J. C. , and Kornilovs, G. : Multi-level trophic cascades in a heavily exploited open marine ecosystem, P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. , 275, 1793–1801, 2008. Casini, M. , Bartolino, V. , Molinero, J. C. , and Kornilovs, G. : Linking fisheries, trophic interactions and climate: threshold dynamics drive herring Clupea harengus growth in the central Baltic Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to various studies about marine organisms and ecosystems but does not explicitly discuss the shifts in species distributions or ecosystem dynamics due to climate change. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: ROrtiz-gonzalez. CLowD. ALargaespadaand C. MVerfaillie2002Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature418414925. JohnsonT. VN. DBullD. PHuntNMarinaS. ITomarevand K. RMartin2010Neuroprotective effects of intravitreal mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in experimental glaucomaVis Sci. 512051205926. Kanatsu-shinohara2008Pluripotency of a single spermatogonial stem cell in miceBiol Reprod. ;7868168727. -yamamotoand TYamashiro2010Isolation of multipotent stem cells in human periodontal ligament using stage-specific embryonic antigen-4Differentiation79748328. KimDC. HKimJ. IMoonY. GChungM. YChangB. . YChaRLanzaand K. SKim2009Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by direct delivery of reprogramming proteinsCell447247629. KondoMA. JWagersM. GManzS. SProhaskaD. CSchererG. FBeilhackJ. AShizuruand I. LWeissman2003Biology of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors: implications for clinical application. Immunol. 2175980630. 2010Unique multipotent cells in adult human mesenchymal cell populations. 1078639864331. ListerRMPelizzolaY. SKidaR. DHawkinsJ. -bourgetR. . AThomsonR. MEvansand J. REcker2011Hotspots of aberrant epigenomic reprogramming in human induced pluripotent stem cellsNature471687332. LysaghtTand A. VCampbell2011Regulating autologous adult stem cells: the FDA steps upCell939339633. MaysharYUBen-davidNLavonJ. CBiancottiBYakirA. TClarkKPlathW. ELowryand NBenvenisty2010Identification and classification of chromosomal aberrations in human induced pluripotent stem cellsCell752153134. MödderU. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to various studies that exhibit the concept of pluripotency derived from adult stem cells, which supports the claim that scientists utilize cell reprogramming techniques to convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. For instance, the mention of 'Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by direct delivery of reprogramming proteins' confirms the process of reprogramming adult cells to achieve pluripotency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: 3 and (GoI 2002), for 2002 through 2007, has put emphasis on natural resource management through rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharging measures and controlling groundwater exploitation, watershed development, treatment of waterlogged areas. With regard to application of agricultural inputs like fertilizer and pesticides, the Plan stated that factors such as imbalanced use of nitrogenous (N), phosphatic (P) and postassic (K) fertilisers, increased deficiency of micronutrients and decreased soil organic carbon would be addressed through a holistic agri-environmental approach stressing Nutrient and Pest Management. Further, the document recognizes organic farming as a ‘thrust area’ in the sustainable use and management of resources in agriculture. The trajectory of Indian agriculture and its associated environmental problems has brought about recognition that future agricultural growth and productivity will have to occur simultaneously with environmental sustainability. The environmental challenges, especially in terms of land degradation and groundwater depletion, water logging and excessive use of chemical inputs are posing problems for the future of Indian agriculture. To address the problems, policies have laid emphasis on promoting sustainable agriculture including organic farming. Differential approaches and policy instruments, however, will be required to address these problems. The shift from input-intensive to sustainable, particularly organic farming is a difficult task as it involves a number of policy measures dealing with a variety of issues ranging from the transfer of information and technology to the development of markets. Another difficult task, and perhaps more difficult, relates to marginal and small farmers – which comprise a substantial part of Indian agriculture. Although these marginal and small farmers have been considered organic by ‘default’, severe resource constraints make a shift to the modern sense of organic farming prohibitive. government has been undertaking measures to promote organic farming with the aim to improve soil fertility and help to double the farmers’ incomes by the year 2022. Minister had visited Sikkim—which is India’s first organic state—and encouraged other states to replicate the “Sikkim model”. Some of the policy initiatives to promote organic farming and exports include development of an organic regulation for exports by the Agricultural and (APEDA), removal of quantitative restriction on organic food exports, providing subsidies to farmers under the (PKVY) in partnership with the state governments, and other schemes such as the Development for Region. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that organic farming is recognized as a specific thrust area within sustainable agriculture, indicating distinct methodologies and principles. It mentions the challenges involved in shifting to organic farming, which suggests that while both practices aim for sustainability, they are not identical in their approaches or requirements, as evidenced by the emphasis on ‘differential approaches and policy instruments’ needed to address agricultural problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 413, 241–252, 2010. Casini, M. , Kornilovs, G. , Cardinale, M. , Mollmann, C. , Grygiel, W. , Jonsson, P. , Raid, T. , Flinkman, J. , and Feldman, V. : Spatial and temporal density dependence regulates the condition of central clupeids: compelling evidence using an extensive international acoustic survey, Popul. Ecol. , 53, 511–523, 2011. Casini, M. , Kall, F. , Hansson, M. , Plikshs, M. , Baranova, T. , Karlsson, O. , Lundström, K. , Neuenfeldt, S. , Gårdmark, A. , and Hjelm, J. : Hypoxic areas, density-dependence and food limitation drive the body condition of a heavily exploited marine fish predator, Roy. Soc. Open Sci. , 3, 15, 2016. Casini, M. , Hansson, M. , Orio, A. , and Limburg, K. : Changes in population depth distribution and oxygen stratification are involved in the current low condition of the eastern cod (Gadus morhua), Biogeosciences, 18, 1321–1331, 2021. Christensen, O. B. , Kjellström, E. , Dieterich, C. , Gröger, M. , and Meier, H. E. M. : Atmospheric regional climate projections for the region until 2100, Earth Syst. Dynam. , 13, 133–157, 2022. Chust, G. , Allen, J. I. , Bopp, L. , Schrum, C. , Holt, J. , Tsiaras, K. , Zavatarelli, M. , Chifflet, M. , Cannaby, H. , Dadou, I. , Daewel, U. , Wakelin, S. L. , Machu, E. , Pushpadas, D. , Butenschon, M. , Artioli, Y. , Petihakis, G. , Smith, C. , Garcon, V. , Goubanova, K. , Le Vu, B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim directly. It consists of references to various studies concerning marine ecosystems, fish populations, and climate projections, but it does not mention how climate change specifically relates to shifts in species distributions or ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: RSchölerand SDing2008Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts by Oct4 and Klf4 with small-molecule compounds. Cell. 356857445. SlackJ. M2008Origin of stem cells in organogenesis. Science. 3221498150146. StroberST. 2011Translational studies in hematopoietic cell transplantation: treatment of hematologic malignancies as a stepping stone to tolerance induction. Semin Immunol. 2327328147. SungH. JS. CHongJ. HYooJ. HOhH. JShinI. YChoiK. HAhnS. HKimYParkand B. SKim2010Stemness evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells from placentas according to developmental stage: comparison to those from adult bone marrow. J Sci. 251418142648. 2007Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 13186187249. TangCA. SLeeJ. . RMosleyM. AInlayRArdehaliS. LChavezR. RPeraBBehrJ. CWuI. LWeissmanand MDrukker2011An antibody against SSEA-5 glycan on human pluripotent stem cells enables removal of teratoma-forming cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2982983450. TárnokAHUlrichand JBocsi2010Phenotypes of stem cells from diverse origin. Cytometry A. 7761051. TrounsonAR. 2011Clinical trials for stem cell therapies. BMC Med. 9:52. 52. . MBartoldand SGronthos2009Immunomodulatory properties of human periodontal ligament stem cells. J Cell Physiol. 21966767653. WagersA. Jand I. LWeissman2004Plasticity of adult stem cells. Cell. 11663964854. 2010The significance of CD14+ monocytes in peripheral blood stem cells for the treatment of rat liver cirrhosis. Cytotherapy. 121022103455. WilliamsA. Rand J. MHare2011Mesenchymal stem cells: biology, pathophysiology, translational findings, and therapeutic implications for cardiac disease. Circ Res. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning multiple studies and processes whereby pluripotent stem cells are induced from various cell types, including adult cells. Specifically, the reference to 'Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors' directly supports the assertion that scientists employ cell reprogramming techniques to convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Despite these initiatives, a recent survey-based study covering 418 organic farmers across different states of India suggests that a move to organic farming methods may not be that easy and organic farmers are not getting the expected premium price for their produce. 54 - 62 (9 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Plan (GoI 2002), for 2002 through 2007, has put emphasis on natural resource management through rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharging measures and controlling groundwater exploitation, watershed development, treatment of waterlogged areas. With regard to application of agricultural inputs like fertilizer and pesticides, the Plan stated that factors such as imbalanced use of nitrogenous (N), phosphatic (P) and postassic (K) fertilisers, increased deficiency of micronutrients and decreased soil organic carbon would be addressed through a holistic agri-environmental approach stressing Nutrient and Pest Management. Further, the document recognizes organic farming as a ‘thrust area’ in the sustainable use and management of resources in agriculture. The trajectory of Indian agriculture and its associated environmental problems has brought about recognition that future agricultural growth and productivity will have to occur simultaneously with environmental sustainability. The environmental challenges, especially in terms of land degradation and groundwater depletion, water logging and excessive use of chemical inputs are posing problems for the future of Indian agriculture. To address the problems, policies have laid emphasis on promoting sustainable agriculture including organic farming. Differential approaches and policy instruments, however, will be required to address these problems. The shift from input-intensive to sustainable, particularly organic farming is a difficult task as it involves a number of policy measures dealing with a variety of issues ranging from the transfer of information and technology to the development of markets. Another difficult task, and perhaps more difficult, relates to marginal and small farmers – which comprise a substantial part of Indian agriculture. Although these marginal and small farmers have been considered organic by ‘default’, severe resource constraints make a shift to the modern sense of organic farming prohibitive. government has been undertaking measures to promote organic farming with the aim to improve soil fertility and help to double the farmers’ incomes by the year 2022. Minister had visited Sikkim—which is India’s first organic state—and encouraged other states to replicate the “Sikkim model”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges associated with organic farming, which are not necessarily applicable to renewable agriculture. It discusses how the shift to organic methods is fraught with difficulties, particularly for marginal and small farmers, and how the Indian government has to address various issues through different policy measures. This suggests that organic farming is not identical in principles and methods to renewable agriculture, as organic farming may involve a unique set of challenges and considerations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: The unknown future of central herring, Front. Evol. Ecol. , 7, 143, 2019. Doney, S. C. , Ruckelshaus, M. ,. ,. , Polovina, J. , Rabalais, N. N. , Sydeman, W. J. , and Talley, L. D. : Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems, in: of Marine Science, Vol. 4, edited by: Carlson, C. A. and Giovannoni, S. J. , Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. , Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, 11–37, 2012. Ducklow, H. W. , Morán, X. A. G. , and Murray, A. E. : Bacteria in the greenhouse: marine microbes and climate change, in: Environmental Microbiology, edited by: Mitchell, R. and Gu, J. -D. , Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, New Jersey, 1–31, ISBN 978-0-470-17790-7, 2010. Dutheil, C. , Meier, H. , Gröger, M. , and Börgel, F. : Understanding past and future sea surface temperature trends in the Baltic Sea, Clim. Dynam. , 1–19, 2021. Dutz, J. and Christensen, A. M. : Broad plasticity in the salinity tolerance of a marine copepod species, Acartia longiremis, in the Baltic Sea, J. Plankton Res. , 40, 342–355, 2018. Eero, M. , MacKenzie, B. R. , Köster, F. W. , and Gislason, H. : Multi-decadal responses of a cod (Gadus morhua) population to human-induced trophic changes, fishing, and climate, Ecol. Appl. , 21, 214–226, 2011. Eero, M. , Vinther, M. , Haslob, H. , Huwer, B. , Casini, M. , Storr-Paulsen, M. , and Köster, F. W. : Spatial management of marine resources can enhance the recovery of predators and avoid local depletion of forage fish, Conserv. Lett. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references pertaining to various studies and topics in marine ecosystems and climate change, but it does not specifically address how climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. As such, the text does not provide supporting or contradicting information regarding the claim and is thus classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 10992394056. WobusA. MHHolzhausenPJäkeland JSchöneich1984Characterization of a pluripotent stem cell line derived from a mouse embryo. Res. 15221221957. YuJM. AVodyanikKSmuga-ottoJAntosiewicz-bourgetJ. . . ISlukvinand J. AThomson2007Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science. 3181917192058. ZarzecznyAand TCaulfield2009Emerging ethical, legal and social issues associated with stem cell research & and the current role of the moral status of the embryo. Rev. 59610159. 2006Identification of stem cells from human umbilical cord blood with embryonic and hematopoietic characteristics. Res. 3122454246460. ZhengKXWuK. HKaestnerand P. JWang2009The pluripotency factor LIN28 marks undifferentiated spermatogonia in mouse. BMC Dev Biol. 9:38. 61. ZiporiD2005The stem state: plasticity is essential, whereas self-renewal and hierarchy are optional. Stem Cells. 2371972662. ZulliAB. FBuxtonMMerrileesand D. LHare2008Human diseased arteries contain cells expressing leukocytic and embryonic stem cell markers. Hum Pathol. 39657665 information 1. Introduction2. Pluripotent stem cells3. Isolation of pluripotent adult stem cells4. Characterization of pluripotent adult stem cells5. Advantages of pluripotent adult stem cells over embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells6. Potential applications of pluripotent adult stem cells7. Summary 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2013 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3. 0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Continue reading from the same book by by Published: 28 August 2013 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the characterization and isolation of pluripotent stem cells, including those derived from adult sources, which supports the claim. It specifically mentions 'Isolation of pluripotent adult stem cells,' indicating that scientists are involved in the process of reprogramming adult cells to achieve pluripotency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Some of the policy initiatives to promote organic farming and exports include development of an organic regulation for exports by the Agricultural and (APEDA), removal of quantitative restriction on organic food exports, providing subsidies to farmers under the (PKVY) in partnership with the state governments, and other schemes such as the Development for Region. Despite these initiatives, a recent survey-based study covering 418 organic farmers across different states of India suggests that a move to organic farming methods may not be that easy and organic farmers are not getting the expected premium price for their produce. 4 Biodiversity and The word biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms (flora and fauna). Biodiversity or Biological diversity is defined as the variability among all living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and ecological complexes of which they are part. Wilson, 1988 defined ‘Biological diversity’ or ‘biodiversity’ as that part of nature which includes the differences in genes among the individuals of a species, the variety and richness of all the plant and animal species at different scales in space i. e. local, regional, country wise and global, andvarious types of ecosystems- both terrestrial and aquatic-within a defined area. The diversity of agro-ecosystems Biological diversity deals with the degree of nature’s variety in the biosphere. This variety can be observed at three levels i. e. , genetic, species and ecosystem. a) Genetic diversity refers to the variation at the level of individual genes. Tremendous amount of genetic diversity exists within individual species. This genetic variability is responsible for the different characters in species. Genetic diversity is the raw material from which new species arise through evolution. Today, the genetic diversity is made use to breed new crop varieties, disease resistant crops. Organic producers, on the other hand, are looking for varieties that are suited to their local climatic and soil conditions and are not susceptible to disease and pest attack. Research has shown that in general these characteristics are more likely to be found in the older native cultivars. For example, conventional wheat grown in an organic system will have reduced protein content, whereas the selection of a variety suitable for the particular growing conditions will provide higher protein, and thus higher baking quality wheat to be grown. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and differences involved in organic farming practices, specifically noting that organic producers seek varieties suited to their local conditions, which may not align with the principles of renewable agriculture. The mention of challenges in adopting organic methods suggests that organic farming cannot be simply equated with renewable agriculture, as both terms may involve different methodologies and objectives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 5, 486–492, 2012. Eero, M. , Andersson, H. C. , Almroth-Rosell, E. , and MacKenzie, B. R. : Has eutrophication promoted forage fish production in the Baltic Sea? , Ambio, 45, 649–660, 2016. Eero, M. , Cardinale, M. , and Storr-Paulsen, M. : Emerging challenges for resource management under ecosystem change: Example of cod in the Baltic Sea, Ocean Coast. Manag. , 198, 4, 2020. Eero, M. , Dierking, J. , Humborg, C. , Undeman, E. , MacKenzie, B. R. , Ojaveer, H. , Salo, T. , and Köster, F. W. : Use of food web knowledge in environmental conservation and management of living resources in the. Mar. Sci. , 78, 2645–2663, 2021. Eglite, E. , Wodarg, D. , Dutz, J. , Wasmund, N. , Nausch, G. , Liskow, I. , Schulz-Bull, D. , and Loick-Wilde, N. : Strategies of amino acid supply in mesozooplankton during cyanobacteria blooms: a stable nitrogen isotope approach, Ecosphere, 9, 20, 2018. Ehlers, A. , Worm, B. , and Reusch, T. B. H. : Importance of genetic diversity in eelgrass Zostera marina for its resilience to global warming, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 355, 1–7, 2008. Ehrnsten, E. : Quantifying biomass and carbon processing of benthic fauna in a coastal sea – past, present and future, 1–64, (last access: 30 March 2022), 2020. Ehrnsten, E. , Bauer, B. , and Gustafsson, B. G. : Combined effects of environmental drivers on marine trophic groups – a systematic model comparison, Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 492, 2019a. Ehrnsten, E. , Norkko, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that relates to the claim about climate change affecting species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Instead, it discusses various studies related to marine and ecological topics without addressing how climate change is influencing these factors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: The immune dampening was mediated by a special class of T cells that were different from helper T cells; this special type of T-cell population is known as suppressor T cells and is found in CD4+ population [6]. It is well understood that CD4+ Tregs are essential for normal immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Failure of immunologic self-tolerance often leads to the development of autoimmune disorders, which are estimated to afflict up to 5% of the population. Although there are a number of debates regarding the etiology of autoimmune diseases, it is well documented that T cells are the key mediators of many autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune arthritis, autoimmune thyroiditis, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). There are various mechanisms for establishing and sustaining immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. In addition to these, T cell-mediated suppression of immune responses toward self and non-self antigens (Ags) has recently attracted enormous interest [7]. T-cell–mediated suppression is mainly achieved by FoxP3+ Tregs, which play an important role in the prevention and suppression of autoimmunity. The deficiencies in Treg function have been identified in a wide variety of human autoimmune disorders, such as IPEX (immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome) [8–10]. As the Treg numbers are important for effective suppressive function, adoptive transfer of exogenous Tregs would be ideal for the treatment of autoimmunity or Treg-deficient diseases. Tregs comprise of 5–10% of the mature CD4+ T helper cell subpopulation in mice and about 1–2% of CD4+ T cells in human. As a result, it is crucial to develop large numbers of Tregs in vitro and adoptively transfer them for cell-based therapies. There has been no approach described for isolating a large number of Tregs with % specificity. Therefore, the attention has now been focused on utilizing pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as a source for obtaining Ag-specific Tregs. PSCs can be utilized to obtain a renewable source of healthy Tregs to treat autoimmune disorders as they have the ability to produce almost all cell types in the body, including Tregs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be utilized to obtain a renewable source of Tregs and that PSCs have the ability to produce almost all cell types in the body. This implicitly supports the idea that scientists use cell reprogramming to create these pluripotent stem cells from adult cells for therapeutic purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Research has also indicated that yields and disease resistance are better in native cultivars as opposed to modern varieties for vegetables (tomato, cucumber and melon) grown in an organic system. 63 - 90 (28 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart The word biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms (flora and fauna). Biodiversity or Biological diversity is defined as the variability among all living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and ecological complexes of which they are part. Wilson, 1988 defined ‘Biological diversity’ or ‘biodiversity’ as that part of nature which includes the differences in genes among the individuals of a species, the variety and richness of all the plant and animal species at different scales in space i. e. local, regional, country wise and global, andvarious types of ecosystems- both terrestrial and aquatic-within a defined area. The diversity of agro-ecosystems Biological diversity deals with the degree of nature’s variety in the biosphere. This variety can be observed at three levels i. e. , genetic, species and ecosystem. a) Genetic diversity refers to the variation at the level of individual genes. Tremendous amount of genetic diversity exists within individual species. This genetic variability is responsible for the different characters in species. Genetic diversity is the raw material from which new species arise through evolution. Today, the genetic diversity is made use to breed new crop varieties, disease resistant crops. Organic producers, on the other hand, are looking for varieties that are suited to their local climatic and soil conditions and are not susceptible to disease and pest attack. Research has shown that in general these characteristics are more likely to be found in the older native cultivars. For example, conventional wheat grown in an organic system will have reduced protein content, whereas the selection of a variety suitable for the particular growing conditions will provide higher protein, and thus higher baking quality wheat to be grown. Research has also indicated that yields and disease resistance are better in native cultivars as opposed to modern varieties for vegetables (tomato, cucumber and melon) grown in an organic system. 5 Practices (GAP) The increasing awareness of the deleterious effects of indiscriminate use of artificial inputs in agriculture such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides hasled to the adoption of organic farming as an alternative method for conventional farming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the differences between organic farming practices and the characteristics of native cultivars, highlighting that organic producers prioritize varieties suited to local conditions, which may differ from the principles of renewable agriculture. The mention of disease resistance in native cultivars versus modern varieties suggests that the methods and principles guiding organic farming are distinct from those that may be employed in renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Timmermann, K. , and Gustafsson, B. G. : Benthic-pelagic coupling in coastal seas – Modelling macrofaunal biomass and carbon processing in response to organic matter supply, J. Marine Syst. , 196, 36–47, 2019b. Ehrnsten, E. , Norkko, A. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Gustafsson, E. , and Gustafsson, B. G. : The meagre future of benthic fauna in a coastal sea – Benthic responses to recovery from eutrophication in a changing climate, Glob. Change Biol. , 26, 2235–2250, 2020. Eichner, M. , Rost, B. , and Kranz, S. A. : Diversity of ocean acidification effects on marine N2 fixers, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 457, 199–207, 2014. Ek, C. , Holmstrand, H. , Mustajärvi, L. , Garbaras, A. , Bariseviciute, R. , Sapolaite, J. , Sobek, A. , Gorokhova, E. , and Karlson, A. M. L. : Using compound-specific and bulk stable isotope analysis for trophic positioning of bivalves in contaminated sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol. , 52, 4861–4868, 2018. Engström-Öst, J. , Barrett, N. , Brutemark, A. , Vehmaa, A. , Dwyer, A. , Almen, A. K. , and De Stasio, B. T. : Feeding, survival, and reproduction of two populations of Eurytemora (Copepoda) exposed to local toxic cyanobacteria, J. Res. , 43, 1091–1100, 2017. Eveleens Maarse, F. , Salovius-Laurén, S. , and Snickars, M. : Long-term changes in the phytobenthos of the southern Åland Islands, northern Baltic Sea, Nord. J. Bot. , 38, 2020. Fleming-Lehtinen, V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding climate change's impact on species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. It primarily lists various studies and articles related to marine systems, benthic responses, and species interactions without explicit information about how climate change is influencing these dynamics. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant ('pass') to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: , low expression of PD-1), and have a greater ability to respond to homeostatic cytokines [71], which facilitates their survival. In addition, the “right” Tregs express high levels of molecules that facilitate their homing to lymph nodes (LNs), such as CD62L and CC-chemokine receptors (e. g. , CCR4, CCR7), and maintain stability or plasticity under certain inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, after an effective immune response, the “right” Tregs persist in a variety of differentiation states, providing protective immunity. Thus, the “right” Tregs are the superior subsets for use in cell-based therapies. Finally, because there are too few cells, harvesting sufficient numbers of tissue-associated Tregs from patients’ PBMC for TCR gene transduction can be problematic. Taken together, strong arguments support the development of Treg-based therapies in autoimmune disorders using engineered Tregs. While clinical trials show the safety, feasibility, and potential therapeutic activity of Treg-based therapies using this approach, concerns about autoimmunity due to cross-reactivity with healthy tissues remain a major safety issue [72, 73]. In addition, genetically modified Tregs using current approaches are usually intermediate or later effector Tregs [74], which only have short-term persistence in vivo. Advertisement 6. Stem cell-derived date, stem cells are the only source available to generate a high number of the “right” Tregs [75, 76]. It has been already demonstrated that induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) are like embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in different aspects, including the expression of definite stem cell genes and proteins, doubling time, embryoid body formation, viable chimera formation, potency and differentiability, chromatin methylation patterns, and teratoma formation [77]. However, the similarity between iPSCs and ESCs is still being assessed [78]. The generation of iPSCs from the mouse and human somatic cells has garnered considerable attention. Research has shown that iPSCs could be generated from the mouse and human somatic cells by introducing Oct3/4 and Sox2 with either Klf4 and c-Myc or Nanog and Lin28 using retroviruses or lentiviruses-mediated transduction [79–82]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) being generated from adult somatic cells. It specifically mentions that iPSCs can be created by introducing specific genes (Oct3/4 and Sox2) along with other factors (Klf4 and c-Myc or Nanog and Lin28) using retroviral or lentiviral methods. This aligns with the claim that cell reprogramming techniques are used to convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Farmers are adopting organic farming due to the advantages like, It is self-sustaining and socially and ecologically superior over the conventional farming. It makes use of cost effective management practices involving the use of farm inputs produced within the farm. It is less expensive. It is environment friendly as there is no pollution of soil and water. It enriches the soil and the local ecology. The produce is free of contamination from chemical residues has better taste, flavour and nutritional value. Seeds have more vitality and are good for successive generations. Growing markets for safe food 91 - 96 (6 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart The increasing awareness of the deleterious effects of indiscriminate use of artificial inputs in agriculture such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides hasled to the adoption of organic farming as an alternative method for conventional farming. Farmers are adopting organic farming due to the advantages like, It is self-sustaining and socially and ecologically superior over the conventional farming. It makes use of cost effective management practices involving the use of farm inputs produced within the farm. It is less expensive. It is environment friendly as there is no pollution of soil and water. It enriches the soil and the local ecology. The produce is free of contamination from chemical residues has better taste, flavour and nutritional value. Seeds have more vitality and are good for successive generations. Growing markets for safe food 6 of & Soil is a living system and soil fertility is the key to agricultural productivity. Any input that destroys this living system and undermines soil health basically undermines the agricultural productivity. The maintenance of the fertility of soil is the primary step in any permanent system of agriculture. Fertile land and sufficient water are vital for sustaining agriculture and livelihoods. Fertility of a soil is defined by its ability to provide all essential nutrients in adequate quantities and in the proper balance for the growth of plants – independent of direct application of nutrients – when other growth factors like light, temperature and water are favorable. This ability does not depend on the nutrient content of the soil only, but on its efficiency in transforming nutrients within the farm’s nutrient circle. In transformation of nutrients soil organisms play a key role. They break down biomass from crop residues, green manures and mulch and contribute to build up of soil organic matter, including humus, the soil’s most important nutrient reservoir. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that organic farming focuses on self-sustaining practices, ecological superiority, and the use of natural soil management techniques. While it mentions advantages such as enhancing soil and local ecology, it does not equate these principles with those of renewable agriculture. The detailed discussion on soil fertility, management practices, and the role of organic matter illustrates specific principles that may differ from those found in renewable agriculture, thereby indicating that organic farming and renewable agriculture are not identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Andersen, J. H. , Carstensen, J. , Lysiak-Pastuszak, E. , Murray, C. , Pyhälä, M. , and Laamanen, M. : Recent developments in assessment methodology reveal that the eutrophication problem is expanding, Ecol. Indic. , 48, 380–388, 2015. Flinkman, J. , Aro, E. , Vuorinen, I. , and Viitasalo, M. : Changes in northern Baltic zooplankton and herring nutrition from 1980s to 1990s: top-down and bottom-up processes at work, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 165, 127–136, 1998. Forsblom, L. , Linden, A. , Engström-Öst, J. , Lehtiniemi, M. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Identifying biotic drivers of population dynamics in a benthic-pelagic community, Ecol. Evol. , 11, 4035–4045, 2021. Friedland, R. , Neumann, T. , and Schernewski, G. : Climate change and the action plan: Model simulations on the future of the western Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst. , 105, 175–186, 2012. Frommel, A. Y. , Schubert, A. , Piatkowski, U. , and Clemmesen, C. : Egg and early larval stages of Baltic cod, Gadus morhua, are robust to high levels of ocean acidification, Mar. Biol. , 160, 1825–1834, 2013. . , Jilbert, T. , and Slomp, C. P. : Hypoxia sustains Cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea, Environ. Sci. Technol. , 48, 2598–2602, 2014. Gårdmark, A. and Huss, M. : Individual variation and interactions explain food web responses to global warming, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 375, 11, 2020. Gårdmark, A. , Lindegren, M. , Neuenfeldt, S. , Blenckner, T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies focused on different aspects of ecological research but does not directly address climate change's effects on species distributions or ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Thus, iPSC technology continues to progress rapidly, and clinically applicable iPSCs can be generated from patients with noninvasive medical procedures. Many genetic methods as well as protein-based approaches have been developed to produce iPSCs with potentially reduced risks, including that of immunogenicity and tumorigenicity [83]. Because of the plasticity and the potential for an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, iPSCs have great potential to be used in cell-based therapies for autoimmune disorders comparable to ESCs and HSCs. Previously, T cells have been demonstrated to be differentiated from ESCs and HSCs; recently T cells [84] and Ag-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) [85] have been confirmed to be differentiated from iPSCs. In these investigations, the researchers genetically modified mouse iPSCs with Ag (ovalbumin, OVA)-specific MHC II (I-Ab)-restricted TCR and FoxP3, and then in vivo differentiated the iPSCs into functional Ag-specific CD4+ Tregs, which dramatically prevented the mice from Ag-induced arthritis. Thus, a new approach to generate a high number of functional Tregs from iPSCs may be used for the treatments of autoimmune disorders. In fact, Ag-specific Tregs can be in vitro generated from iPSCs through a Notch-mediated signaling. It has been shown that Ag-specific Tregs were generated from iPSCs or ESCs genetically modified with the FoxP3 and Ag-specific TCR followed by stimulation with an in vitro Notch signaling. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of these stem cell-derived Ag-specific Tregs had the ability to secrete a large amount of suppressive cytokines, including TGF-β and IL-10, and suppressed autoimmunity [11, 75]. Additionally, forced expression of Ag-specific TCR can suppress the expression of recombination-activating (Rag) genes, resulting in a uniform expression of Ag-specific TCR on iPSC or ESC-derived Tregs. As a result, this method has a potential to develop a great number of single-type Ag-specific Tregs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing iPSC (induced pluripotent stem cell) technology, which involves reprogramming cells to attain pluripotency. It highlights the progress in generating iPSCs from patients using noninvasive methods and emphasizes their potential in cell-based therapies for autoimmune disorders. The mention of differentiating T cells from iPSCs illustrates the practical applications of reprogrammed cells, reinforcing the assertion that scientists effectively utilize cell reprogramming to create pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Presence of these organisms in crop fields is not a problem until their numbers increase beyond a level where they attack, and cause substantial reductionin field crop yields or quality of harvested and stored produce. The organic approach to plant pest, plant disease and weed management makes reference to the four principles of organic agriculture: the principle of health, the principle of ecology, the principle of fairness, and the principle of care. Generally, organic farmers aim at sustaining and enhancing the health of their soils, plants, animals, humankind and—in the widest sense—the planet. The health of individuals and communities cannot be separated fromthe health of ecosystems. Therefore, by providing healthy soils and a diversified natural environment, farmers are able to produce healthy crops that foster the health of animals and people. Healthy plants are also able to resist and tolerate physiological disruption and damage from disease-causing organisms and pests. Thus, organic farmers aim at optimizing the growing conditions for their crops to make them strong and competitive. At the same time they encourage natural control mechanisms to prevent pests, diseases and weeds to develop in a way that they cannot damage the crops. They, therefore, give priority to preventive measures to prevent and limit the spread of infections, instead of relying on direct control measures. Direct control measures are mainly applied when pathogens have already developed. 165 - 238 (74 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart From an ecological perspective all organisms are part of nature, irrespective of what they do. To a farmer, all organisms that reduce the yields of their crops are considered pests, diseases or weeds. Insects, birds or other animals are also pests whenever they cause damage to crops or stored produce. Fungi, bacteria and viruses are also recognized as disease causing organisms when they lead to conditions that interrupt or modify the vital functions of growing plants or stored produce. All unwanted plants that grow within crops and compete with them for nutrients, water and sunlight are considered weeds. Such plants can also be hosts for pests and diseases. Presence of these organisms in crop fields is not a problem until their numbers increase beyond a level where they attack, and cause substantial reductionin field crop yields or quality of harvested and stored produce. The organic approach to plant pest, plant disease and weed management makes reference to the four principles of organic agriculture: the principle of health, the principle of ecology, the principle of fairness, and the principle of care. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific principles of organic agriculture, such as the principle of health, the principle of ecology, the principle of fairness, and the principle of care. It implies that organic farming has distinct methods and principles focused on sustainability, health of ecosystems, and preventive pest management, which may differ from those of renewable agriculture. The detailed description of organic practices suggests that while they may share some similarities, they are not identical in principles and methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , and Vainio, J. : Sea ice in the – A review, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. , 70, 145–160, 2006. Griffiths, J. R. , Kadin, M. , Nascimento, F. J. A. , Tamelander, T. , Törnroos, A. , Bonaglia, S. , Bonsdorff, E. , Bruchert, V. , Gårdmark, A. , Järnström, M. , Kotta, J. , Lindegren, M. , Nordström, M. C. , Norkko, A. , Olsson, J. , Weigel, B. , Zydelis, R. , Blenckner, T. , Niiranen, S. , and Winder, M. : The importance of benthic-pelagic coupling for marine ecosystem functioning in a changing world, Glob. Change Biol. , 23, 2179–2196, 2017. Griffiths, J. R. , Lehtinen, S. , Suikkanen, S. , and Winder, M. : Limited evidence for common interannual trends in summer phytoplankton biomass, 15, e0231690, 2020. Groetsch, P. M. M. , Simis, S. G. H. , Eleveld, M. A. , and Peters, S. W. M. : Spring blooms in the have weakened but lengthened from 2000 to 2014, Biogeosciences, 13, 4959–4973, 2016. Gubelit, Y. I. : Climatic impact on community of filamentous macroalgae in the Neva estuary (eastern Baltic Sea), Mar. Pollut. Bull. , 91, 166–172, 2015. Gunderson, A. R. , Armstrong, E. J. , and Stillman, J. H. : in a changing world: The need for an improved perspective on physiological responses to the dynamic marine environment, in: of Marine Science, Vol. 8, edited by: Carlson, C. A. and Giovannoni, S. J. , of 357–378, 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information directly related to the claim about climate change causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Instead, it contains references and citations about various marine ecosystem studies without addressing the claim specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Telomere length in relation to immunological parameters in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Plos One. 2013;8(2):e55543. 71. Cutting Edge: Memory regulatory T cells require IL-7 and Not IL-2 for their maintenance in peripheral tissues. of Immunology. 2013;190(9):4483–7. 72. Facilitating matched pairing and expression of TCR chains introduced into human T cells. Blood. 2007;109(6):2331–8. 73. van Loenen MM, de cell receptor dimers harbor potentially harmful neoreactivity. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America. 2010;107(24):10972–7. 74. Engineered antigen-specific human regulatory T cells: immunosuppression of FVIII-specific T- and B-cell responses. Blood. 2014. 75. Programming of regulatory T cells from pluripotent stem cells and prevention of autoimmunity. of Immunology. 2012;189(3):1228–36. 76. . Directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells towards T lymphocytes. Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. 2012(63):e3986. 77. Induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells are distinguished by gene expression signatures. Cell. 2009;5(1):111–23. 78. Kiskinis E, Eggan K. Progress toward the clinical application of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. of Clinical Investigation. 2010;120(1):51–9. 79. Reprogramming of human somatic cells to pluripotency with defined factors. Nature. 2008;451(7175):141–6. 80. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 2007;131(5):861–72. 81. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006;126(4):663–76. 82. -Otto K, Antosiewicz- Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science. 2007;318(5858):1917–20. 83. . Immunogenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references to studies discussing the reprogramming of somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells. Specifically, it mentions 'Reprogramming of human somatic cells to pluripotency with defined factors' and 'Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors,' both supporting the idea that scientists can indeed use cell reprogramming to convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Generally, organic farmers aim at sustaining and enhancing the health of their soils, plants, animals, humankind and—in the widest sense—the planet. The health of individuals and communities cannot be separated fromthe health of ecosystems. Therefore, by providing healthy soils and a diversified natural environment, farmers are able to produce healthy crops that foster the health of animals and people. Healthy plants are also able to resist and tolerate physiological disruption and damage from disease-causing organisms and pests. Thus, organic farmers aim at optimizing the growing conditions for their crops to make them strong and competitive. At the same time they encourage natural control mechanisms to prevent pests, diseases and weeds to develop in a way that they cannot damage the crops. They, therefore, give priority to preventive measures to prevent and limit the spread of infections, instead of relying on direct control measures. Direct control measures are mainly applied when pathogens have already developed. 8 ITK’s in Agricultural scientists and policy makers have understood that continuation of modern agriculture might lead to severe ecological and economic problems. We are also convinced that modern agriculture may not be able to meet the requirements of the ever increasing population in the future. So, we are searching for alternative technologies. Several alternatives have been proposed such as low external input agriculture, sustainable agriculture, organic farming, biodynamic farming etc. However, they require, some times little or considerable external inputs whose availability may be uncertain in future. Hence for the developing countries, the other alternative viz. , traditional methods have special advantages over modern agricultural techniques. Also the capital and technological skill requirements in the use of traditional technologies are generally low and their adoption often requires little restructure of the traditional societies. The traditional technologies are nothing but indigenous technical knowledge. By adopting such indigenous knowledge, our ancestors did not face any problem of large-scale pest out break or economic crisis unlike the today’s farmers. 239 - 251 (13 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Agricultural scientists and policy makers have understood that continuation of modern agriculture might lead to severe ecological and economic problems. We are also convinced that modern agriculture may not be able to meet the requirements of the ever increasing population in the future. So, we are searching for alternative technologies. Several alternatives have been proposed such as low external input agriculture, sustainable agriculture, organic farming, biodynamic farming etc. However, they require, some times little or considerable external inputs whose availability may be uncertain in future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while organic farming is an alternative agricultural method aimed at sustainability and health of ecosystems, it is distinguished from other alternatives such as sustainable agriculture and low external input agriculture. The text explains that organic farming requires certain practices and inputs that are not identical to the methods described under renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Gustafsson, B. G. , Schenk, F. , Blenckner, T. , Eilola, K. , Meier, H. E. M. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Neumann, T. , Ruoho-Airola, T. , Savchuk, O. P. , and Zorita, E. : Reconstructing the development of eutrophication 1850–2006, Ambio, 41, 534–548, 2012. Guy-Haim, T. , Lyons, D. A. , Kotta, J. , Ojaveer, H. , Queiros, A. M. , Chatzinikolaou, E. , Arvanitidis, C. , Como, S. , Magni, P. , Blight, A. J. , Orav-Kotta, H. , Somerfield, P. J. , Crowe, T. P. , and Rilov, G. : Diverse effects of invasive ecosystem engineers on marine biodiversity and ecosystem functions: A global review and meta-analysis, Glob. Change Biol. , 24, 906–924, 2018. Hakala, T. , Viitasalo, M. , Rita, H. , Aro, E. , Flinkman, J. , and Vuorinen, I. : Temporal and spatial variation in the growth rates of Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras L. ) larvae during summer, Mar. Biol. , 142, 25–33, 2003. Hällfors, H. , Backer, H. , Leppänen, J. M. , Hällfors, S. , Hällfors, G. , and Kuosa, H. : The northern phytoplankton communities in 1903–1911 and 1993–2005: a comparison of historical and modern species data, Hydrobiologia, 707, 109–133, 2013. Hänninen, J. , Vuorinen, I. , Rajasilta, M. , and Reid, P. C. : Response of the Baltic and to river runoff from the Baltic watershed – Physical and biological changes, Prog. Oceanogr. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a list of research articles focusing on various studies related to ecology and marine biodiversity. However, it does not provide any direct evidence or arguments regarding the impact of climate change on species distributions or ecosystem dynamics. As a result, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs) could elevate stem cell therapeutics standardization to unprecedented levels. However, a unique optimized procedure for large-scale production of MSCs, of homogenous quality, from iPSCs (iMSCs) is missing. Main methods, culture components, and common MSC markers to produce iMSCs are provided here as reference resources for the establishment of harmonized Procedures towards obtaining clinical-grade iMSCs with improved CT performance. Citation: Dupuis V, Oltra E. Methods to produce induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Mesenchymal stem cells from induced pluripotent stem cells. 2021; 13(8): 1094-1111 URL: DOI: cells (SCs) are unspecialized cells capable of self-replication and of generating specific cell types through differentiation. They are necessary for the regular renewal of our tissues and organs such as the skin or gut´s lining, but also for the regeneration of damaged tissues upon injury; and, thus, for human homeostasis and survival. Most of the time SCs are found in a “dormant” state and become activated by signals received from tissues needing to be repaired. SCs, however, lose their potential for repair over their lifetime[1,2]. During embryonic development, SCs are very active, they can differentiate into a wide range of cell types and can migrate easily throughout the embryonic structure, whereas in the adult they decrease in number, restrict themselves to specific tissue locations and become more specialized. In particular, mesenchymal SCs (MSCs) are adult pluripotent SCs that can be found in various tissues at low numbers. They were initially (mid 60s) identified by Friedenstein in the bone marrow of mice[3], but later have been found in many additional human tissues[4] including adipose tissue[5], umbilical cord[6], neural crest cells[7], and dental tissues[8-11]. Basically, all vascularized human tissues seem to harbor MSCs[12]. MSCs are consensually described by fulfilling the minimal criterion established by the for (ISCT) including the presence of specific cell surface markers, their capacity for tri-lineage differentiation, their fibroblast-morphology, and adherent ability[13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their role in stem cell therapeutics, which inherently involves the process of reprogramming adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. It mentions the establishment of clinical-grade mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) from iPSCs, highlighting the connection between adult cell reprogramming and the production of pluripotent stem cell derivatives. This reinforces the concept that scientists utilize cell reprogramming techniques to convert adult cells into a pluripotent state.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Hence for the developing countries, the other alternative viz. , traditional methods have special advantages over modern agricultural techniques. Also the capital and technological skill requirements in the use of traditional technologies are generally low and their adoption often requires little restructure of the traditional societies. The traditional technologies are nothing but indigenous technical knowledge. By adopting such indigenous knowledge, our ancestors did not face any problem of large-scale pest out break or economic crisis unlike the today’s farmers. 9 Organic farming is a crop production method respecting the rules of the nature, targeted to produce nutritive, healthy and pollution free food. It maximizes the use of on -farm resources and minimizes the use of off – farm inputs. The general guidelines on organic production of crops are prepared based on for (NPOP) launched by Government of India. These guidelines enable the growers to attain more or less the same level of the productivity of conventional farming within a few years and at the same time maintain the fertility of the soil and protect the ecological balance. 252 - 269 (18 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Organic farming is a crop production method respecting the rules of the nature, targeted to produce nutritive, healthy and pollution free food. It maximizes the use of on -farm resources and minimizes the use of off – farm inputs. The general guidelines on organic production of crops are prepared based on for (NPOP) launched by Government of India. These guidelines enable the growers to attain more or less the same level of the productivity of conventional farming within a few years and at the same time maintain the fertility of the soil and protect the ecological balance. 10 Farming system approach addresses itself to each of the farmer enterprises; inter relationship among enterprises and between the farm and environment. Thus farming system research has the objective of increasing productivity of various enterprises in the farm. Farming system approach introduces a change in farming technique for high production from a farm as a whole with the integration of all the enterprises. The farm produce other than the economic products for which the crop is grown can be better utilized for productive purposes in the farming system approach. A judicious mix of cropping system with associated enterprises like dairy, poultry, piggery, fishery, sericulture etc. suited to the given agro-climatic conditions and socio economic status of farmers would bring prosperity to the farmer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the additional benefits and specific context of traditional agricultural methods compared to organic farming. It highlights that organic farming respects nature and aims to produce healthy food while maximizing on-farm resources, which may not wholly align with renewable agriculture's broader principles focused on sustainability. Furthermore, the text mentions traditional methods, indigenous knowledge, and the farming system approach, indicating differences in approaches rather than direct similarities between organic farming and renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Bly Joyce, K. , Ehrnsten, E. , Eilola, K. ,. , Saraiva, S. , and Tomczak, M. : Provision of aquatic ecosystem services as a consequence of societal changes: The case of the Baltic Sea, Popul. Ecol. , 63, 61–74, 2019. IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by: Pörtner, H. -O. , Roberts, D. C. , Masson-Delmotte, V. , Zhai, P. , Tignor, M. , Poloczanska, E. , Mintenbeck, K. , Alegría, A. , Nicolai, M. , Okem, A. , Petzold, J. , Rama, B. , and Weyer, N. M. , and 3–35, 2019. Ito, M. , Scotti, M. , Franz, M. , Barboza, F. R. , Buchholz, B. , Zimmer, M. , Guy-Haim, T. , and Wahl, M. : Effects of temperature on carbon circulation in macroalgal food webs are mediated by herbivores, Mar. Biol. , 166, 1–11, 2019. Jakubowska, M. , Jerzak, M. , Normant, M. , Burska, D. , and Drzazgowski, J. : Effect of carbon dioxide -induced water acidification on the physiological processes of the Baltic isopod Saduria entomon, J. Shellfish Res. , 32, 825–834, 2013. Jänes, H. , Herkül, K. , and Kotta, J. : Environmental niche separation between native and non-native benthic invertebrate species: Case study of the northern Baltic Sea, Mar. Environ. Res. , 131, 123–133, 2017. Jansson, A. , Lischka, S. , Boxhammer, T. , Schulz, K. G. , and Norkko, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists largely of citations and references to various studies and articles concerning aquatic ecosystems and responses to environmental changes, but it does not directly address or support the claim about climate change causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent an inexhaustible source for MSC production because they can be grown indefinitely in pluripotent state without signs of replicative senescence. Importantly, their phenotype and functions are better defined, and contrary to ESCs, they do not require destruction of embryos[37,38]. The differentiation of iPSCs into MSCs to produce iMSCs of homogeneous quality, therefore, holds great promise to overcome the actual limitations that adult MSC present for clinical applications. Various methods to produce iMSCs with potential for industrial scale-up have already emerged[39]. They are particularly mediated via various culture components and growth factor complementation, such as the use of coating materials and the addition of pathway inhibitors. Ectopic expression of MSC-related genes may also be used to further refine these protocols[40]. As iPSCs can spontaneously differentiate, a need to evaluate iMSC (MSCs from iPSCs) appearance in large-scale production protocols to support reproducible iMSC quality production results obvious. This review gathers information on the main current non-commercial protocols used to differentiate iPSC into iMSC, describes cell sources of the iPSCs assayed, and lists the characterization procedures applied to the obtained iMSCs based on cell surface markers. This information can guide future scale-up protocols, and required refinements, towards optimization of iMSC production of homogeneous quality fitting therapeutic demands. approaches to generate iMSCsWe have reviewed 32 selected studies describing original methods to generate iMSCs, and have classified the identified procedures according to the following five main strategies: MSC Switch (15/32), (EBs) (13/32), (5/32), (5/32), and (3/32). They will be presented by order of their frequency of use in the selected literature (Table 1-5). Some of the studies used more than one of these methods, as detailed in 1. To define the method variants used by different groups, an “iPSC to iMSC Protocol” column has been incorporated in each table (Table 1-5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their production from adult cells. It describes how iPSCs can be differentiated into mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs), indicating that scientists employ methods of cell reprogramming to create pluripotent stem cells from adult cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Combination of Integrated farming system (IFS) along with organic farming so called integrated organic farming system (IOFS)appear to be the possible solution to the continuous increase of demand for food production, stability of income and improvement of nutrition for the small and marginal farmers with limited resources. Integration of different enterprises with crop activity as base will provide ways to recycle products and waste materials of one component as input through another linked component and reduce the cost of production of the products which will finally raise the total income of the farm. This becomes quite essential as crop cultivation is subjected to a high degree of risk and provides only seasonal, irregular and uncertain income and employment to the farmers. With a view to mitigate the risk and uncertainty in agriculture, IOFS serves as an informal insurance. Production of agricultural crops, vary in response to changes of the seasons. In the recent period stable income of agricultural crops has become unstable. Redressing these by integrating crops with agro-based industries like livestock farming is essential. An integrated organic farming system applies the concept of “Agriculture” (LEISA) and this system develops the livestock business and the crop business in one location or area using local resources to optimize inputs. Designing a farming system to tie together principles of sustainability and productivity is complex. Organic farmers must consider how the various components of their system - rotations, pest and weed management, and soil health - will maintain both productivity and profitability. This section outlines the major principles incorporated into organic farming systems. 270 - 284 (15 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Farming system approach addresses itself to each of the farmer enterprises; inter relationship among enterprises and between the farm and environment. Thus farming system research has the objective of increasing productivity of various enterprises in the farm. Farming system approach introduces a change in farming technique for high production from a farm as a whole with the integration of all the enterprises. The farm produce other than the economic products for which the crop is grown can be better utilized for productive purposes in the farming system approach. A judicious mix of cropping system with associated enterprises like dairy, poultry, piggery, fishery, sericulture etc. suited to the given agro-climatic conditions and socio economic status of farmers would bring prosperity to the farmer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the specific features of integrated organic farming systems (IOFS) and emphasizing the complexity and diversity involved in such farming practices. It describes how organic farming must consider various components, such as rotations and pest management, while the farming system approach aims at increasing overall productivity through integration with other enterprises. This highlights that organic farming involves unique principles that may not necessarily be identical to those of renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Changing seasonality of the Baltic Sea, Biogeosciences, 13, 1009–1018, 2016. Karjalainen, M. , Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B. , Lehtiniemi, M. , Engström-Öst, J. , Kankaanpää, H. , and Viitasalo, M. : Nodularin accumulation during cyanobacterial blooms and experimental depuration in zooplankton, Mar. Biol. , 148, 683–691, 2006. Karjalainen, M. , Engström-Öst, J. , Korpinen, S. , Peltonen, H. , Pääkkönen, J. -P. , Rönkkönen, S. , Suikkanen, S. , and Viitasalo, M. : Ecosystem consequences of cyanobacteria in the northern Baltic Sea, Ambio, 36, 195–202, 2007. Karlberg, M. and Wulff, A. : Impact of temperature and species interaction on filamentous cyanobacteria may be more important than salinity and increased pCO2 levels, Mar. Biol. , 160, 2063–2072, 2013. Karlsson, K. and Winder, M. : Adaptation potential of the copepod Eurytemora affinis to a future warmer Baltic Sea, Ecol. Evol. , 10, 5135–5151, 2020. Kiljunen, M. , Peltonen, H. , Lehtiniemi, M. , Uusitalo, L. , Sinisalo, T. , Norkko, J. , Kunnasranta, M. , Torniainen, J. , Rissanen, A. J. , and Karjalainen, J. : Benthic-pelagic coupling and trophic relationships in northern food webs, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 65, 1706–1722, 2020. Kinnby, A. , Jonsson, P. R. , Ortega-Martinez, O. , Topel, M. , Pavia, H. , Pereyra, R. T. , and Johannesson, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists multiple studies and their authors related to various ecological topics but does not provide specific information about climate change impacts on species distributions or ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text:  NEAA + p/s, then, cells were cultured on gelatin coated plates; and (2) Cells cultured with iMSC media: KO-DMEM + L-Glutamine + 10% FBS + NEAA + p/s12Generation of valve interstitial-like cells from iMSC14Wang et al[52], 2018Amniocytes(1) iPSC cultured with induction medium: α-MEM + 10% FBS + p/s + L-Glutamine + NEAA + sodium pyruvate + l-ascorbate-2- phosphate; (2) Cells plated on gelatin-coated plates; and (3) Cells plated on uncoated plates with iPSC-MSC medium = High-Glucose DMEM + FBS + bFGF + EGF + p/s14Effect of Dexamethasone on iMSC3Wang et al[53], 2018cultured with MSC medium: Low-Glucose DMEM + 10% FBS + p/s + L-glutamineNAImmunomodulatory properties of MSC, transcriptome analysis8McGrath et al[54], 20191Dermal fibroblast(1) iPSC-MP thawed and expanded in + bFGF + L-Glutamine + MEM + NEAA + 20% FBS + Antibiotic-Antimycotic + β-ME; and (2) Cell are plated into gelatin coated-plates with + heparin + hPL + bFGF + L-Glutamine + + Antibiotic-Antimycotic + β-differentiation: GMP-compatible and xeno-free cultivation6 iPSC origin refers to the cell type used for reprograming; Time is indicated as the minimum number of days required to obtain iMSCs; 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the process of generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from different cell types, including dermal fibroblasts and amniocytes. It describes the culture conditions required, such as specific media compositions, which are indicative of cell reprogramming techniques aimed at producing pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Combination of Integrated farming system (IFS) along with organic farming so called integrated organic farming system (IOFS)appear to be the possible solution to the continuous increase of demand for food production, stability of income and improvement of nutrition for the small and marginal farmers with limited resources. Integration of different enterprises with crop activity as base will provide ways to recycle products and waste materials of one component as input through another linked component and reduce the cost of production of the products which will finally raise the total income of the farm. This becomes quite essential as crop cultivation is subjected to a high degree of risk and provides only seasonal, irregular and uncertain income and employment to the farmers. With a view to mitigate the risk and uncertainty in agriculture, IOFS serves as an informal insurance. Production of agricultural crops, vary in response to changes of the seasons. In the recent period stable income of agricultural crops has become unstable. Redressing these by integrating crops with agro-based industries like livestock farming is essential. An integrated organic farming system applies the concept of “Agriculture” (LEISA) and this system develops the livestock business and the crop business in one location or area using local resources to optimize inputs. Designing a farming system to tie together principles of sustainability and productivity is complex. Organic farmers must consider how the various components of their system - rotations, pest and weed management, and soil health - will maintain both productivity and profitability. This section outlines the major principles incorporated into organic farming systems. 11 and Legislation of In general, any business directly involved in food production can be certified, including seed suppliers, farmers, food processors, retailers and restaurants. Requirements vary from country to country, and generally involve a set of production standards for growing, storage, processing, packaging and shipping organic certification ensures: Avoidance of synthetic chemical inputs (e. g. Fertilizer, pesticides, antibiotics, food additives, etc) and genetically modified organisms; Use of farmland that has been free from chemicals for a number of years (often, three or more); Keeping detailed written production and sales records (audit trail); Maintaining strict physical separation of organic products from non-certified products and Undergoing periodical on-site inspections. In some countries, certification is overseen by the government, and commercial use of the term organic is legally restricted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that organic farming involves specific practices and regulations, such as the avoidance of synthetic chemicals and the need for specific certifications, which may not necessarily apply to renewable agriculture. It highlights the complexities and principles unique to organic farming, implying that while there may be overlaps, they are not identical in principles and methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Combining an ecological experiment and a genome scan show idiosyncratic responses to salinity stress in local populations of a seaweed, Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 12, 2020. Kiørboe, T. , Saiz, E. , and Viitasalo, M. : Prey switching behaviour in the planktonic copepod Acartia tonsa, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 143, 65–75, 1996. Klais, R. , Tamminen, T. , Kremp, A. , Spilling, K. , and Olli, K. : Decadal-scale changes of dinoflagellates and diatoms in the anomalous spring bloom, 6, e21567, 2011. Klais, R. , Tamminen, T. , Kremp, A. , Spilling, K. , An, B. W. , Hajdu, S. , and Olli, K. : Spring phytoplankton communities shaped by interannual weather variability and dispersal limitation: Mechanisms of climate change effects on key coastal primary producers, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 58, 753–762, 2013. Klauschies, T. , Bauer, B. , Aberle-Malzahn, N. , Sommer, U. , and Gaedke, U. : Climate change effects on phytoplankton depend on cell size and food web structure, Mar. Biol. , 159, 2455–2478, 2012. Klunder, L. , van Bleijswijk, J. D. L. , Schaars, L. K. , van der Veer, H. W. , Luttikhuizen, P. C. , and Bijleveld, A. I. : Quantification of marine benthic communities with metabarcoding, Mol. Ecol. Resour. , 22, 1043–1054, 2022. Kniebusch, M. , Meier, H. M. , Neumann, T. , and Börgel, F. : Temperature variability of the since 1850 and attribution to atmospheric forcing variables, J. Geophys. Res. -Oceans, 124, 4168–4187, 2019. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies related to ecological phenomena but does not directly address or support the claim regarding climate change's impact on species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 5% CO2 atmosphere); and (2) Cells cultured with ESC–MSC medium: + KOSR + NEAA + p/s + L-Glutamine + β-ME + bFGF + EGF + SB43154245Tumor tropism of iMSC79 iPSC origin refers to the cell type used for reprograming; Time is indicated as the minimum number of days required to obtain iMSCs; 2020. 1In 2020. 1In 3580. CHIR and SB-431542 had been used by Fukuta et al[66], as mentioned earlier, to induce neural progenitor-like cells before inducing MSC differentiation. In fact, some of the methods merge two of the five strategies here described for the production of iMSCs. Zhao et al[67], Jeong et al[46], and Chen et al[57] confirmed that this treatment worked with iPSCs. Indeed, SB431542 leads to the downregulation of pluripotency genes by inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway, promoting differentiation into MSCs. These results are encouraging because they show that MSC differentiation methods used earlier for the differentiation of hESCs[68-70] could be applied to produce MSCs from iPSCs. Only 3 of the 32 studies selected used media supplemented with human platelet lysate (hPL), in replacement of fetal bovine serum (FBS), to produce iMSCs. As the name suggests, it uses a lysate of platelets obtained from human peripheral blood to supplement iPSC´s growing media, replacing the FBS component, which by its animal origin raised ethical and safety concerns. This method, therefore, could improve the safety of the final iMSCs produced. McGrath et al[54], Frobel et al[71], and Luzzani et al[72] decided to use this method to grant a procedure free of animal components. The differentiation protocol is similar to the already described for the MSC Switch category, with the exception that the anticoagulant heparin is used in the media to prevent clotting. It should be highlighted that Frobel et al[71] revealed an incomplete reacquisition of the immunomodulatory properties of iMSCs obtained with this variant of the protocol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing methods and studies related to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), specifically mentioning the reprogramming of cells and the differentiation protocol used in inducing MSCs from iPSCs. It highlights the role of certain agents, like SB431542, in modulating pluripotency, thus supporting the claim that cell reprogramming is a method used by scientists to generate pluripotent stem cells from adult cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Certified organic producers are also subject to the same agricultural, food safety and other government regulations that apply to non-certified producers. 285 - 306 (22 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart In general, any business directly involved in food production can be certified, including seed suppliers, farmers, food processors, retailers and restaurants. Requirements vary from country to country, and generally involve a set of production standards for growing, storage, processing, packaging and shipping organic certification ensures: Avoidance of synthetic chemical inputs (e. g. Fertilizer, pesticides, antibiotics, food additives, etc) and genetically modified organisms; Use of farmland that has been free from chemicals for a number of years (often, three or more); Keeping detailed written production and sales records (audit trail); Maintaining strict physical separation of organic products from non-certified products and Undergoing periodical on-site inspections. In some countries, certification is overseen by the government, and commercial use of the term organic is legally restricted. Certified organic producers are also subject to the same agricultural, food safety and other government regulations that apply to non-certified producers. 12 Management of Optimal quality organic produce that combines the desired textural properties, sensory shelf-life, and nutritional content results from the careful implementation of recommended production inputs and practices, careful handling at harvest, and appropriate postharvest handling and storage. This section will focus on an overview of general postharvest handling considerations unique to the marketing of registered or certified organic produce. Maturity index for fruits and vegetables The principles dictating at which stage of maturity a fruit or vegetable should be harvested are crucial to its subsequent storage and marketable life and quality. Post-harvest physiologists distinguish three stages in the life span of fruits and vegetables: maturation, ripening and senescence. Maturation is indicative of the fruit being ready for harvest. At this point, the edible part of the fruit or vegetable is fully developed in size, although it may not be ready for immediate consumption. Ripening follows or overlaps maturation, rendering the produce edible, as indicated by taste. Senescence is the last stage, characterized by natural degradation of the fruit or vegetable, as in loss of texture, flavour, etc. (senescence ends at the death of the tissue of the fruit). Some typical maturity indexes are described in following sections. 307 - 335 (29 Pages) USD34. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the specific regulations and practices associated with certified organic farming, such as avoiding synthetic chemicals, maintaining records, and undergoing inspections. These points suggest that organic farming has distinct principles and practices that might not necessarily align with those of renewable agriculture, which could include a broader range of sustainable practices and technologies not limited to organic certification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Korpinen, S. , Honkanen, T. , Vesakoski, O. , Hemmi, A. , Koivikko, R. , Loponen, J. , and Jormalainen, V. : Macroalgal communities face the challenge of changing biotic interactions: Review with focus on the Baltic Sea, Ambio, 36, 203–211, 2007. Korpinen, S. , Uusitalo, L. , Nordström, M. C. , Dierking, J. , Tomczak, M. T. , Haldin, J. , Opitz, S. , Bonsdorff, E. , and Neuenfeldt, S. : Food web assessments in the Baltic Sea: Models bridging the gap between indicators and policy needs, Ambio, in press, 2022. Kortsch, S. , Frelat, R. , Pecuchet, L. , Olivier, P. , Putnis, I. , Bonsdorff, E. , Ojaveer, H. , Jurgensone, I. , Strake, S. , Rubene, G. , Kruze, E. , and Nordström, M. C. : Disentangling temporal food web dynamics facilitates understanding of ecosystem functioning, J. Anim. Ecol. , 90, 1205–1216, 2021. Kotta, J. , Vanhatalo, J. , Jänes, H. , Orav-Kotta, H. , Rugiu, L. , Jormalainen, V. , Bobsien, I. , Viitasalo, M. , Virtanen, E. , and Nyström Sandman, A. : Integrating experimental and distribution data to predict future species patterns, Sci. Rep. , 9, 1821, 2019. Kremp, A. , Godhe, A. , Egardt, J. , Dupont, S. , Suikkanen, S. , Casabianca, S. , and Penna, A. : Intraspecific variability in the response of bloom-forming marine microalgae to changed climate conditions, Ecol. Evol. , 2, 1195–1207, 2012. Kremp, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides citations of various studies related to macroalgal communities and food web dynamics but does not specifically address the claim about climate change causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. It lacks direct evidence or arguments that would support or contrast the claim, making it irrelevant to the topic.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Functional mesenchymal stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells attenuate limb ischemia in mice. Circulation. 2010;121:1113-1123. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 32. 0] [Analysis (1)] 42. -Griscelli A. Human mesenchymal stem cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells down-regulate NK-cell cytolytic machinery. Blood. 2011;118:3254-3262. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 8. 9] [Analysis (0)] 43. . One-step derivation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells on a fibrillar collagen coating. PLoS One. 2012;7:e33225. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 7. 8] [Analysis (0)] 44. -ünger C. A simple method for deriving functional MSCs and applied for osteogenesis in 3D scaffolds. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2243. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 9. 7] [Analysis (1)] 45. . Generation of functional mesenchymal stem cells from different induced pluripotent stem cell lines. Dev. 2014;23:1084-1096. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 11. 6] [Analysis (0)] 46. . Patient-tailored application for Duchene muscular dystrophy on mdx mice based induced mesenchymal stem cells. Pathol. 2014;97:253-258. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 1. 6] [Analysis (0)] 47. . Exosomes secreted by human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate limb ischemia by promoting angiogenesis in mice. Res Ther. 2015;6:10. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 29. 9] [Analysis (0)] 48. ünger C, Bolund L, Luo Y. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells retain adequate osteogenicity and chondrogenicity but less adipogenicity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and advancements related to human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are a result of cell reprogramming techniques applied to adult cells. The mention of functional mesenchymal stem cells derived from iPSCs supports the idea that scientists can reprogram adult cells to achieve pluripotency, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: 99 Add to cart Optimal quality organic produce that combines the desired textural properties, sensory shelf-life, and nutritional content results from the careful implementation of recommended production inputs and practices, careful handling at harvest, and appropriate postharvest handling and storage. This section will focus on an overview of general postharvest handling considerations unique to the marketing of registered or certified organic produce. Maturity index for fruits and vegetables The principles dictating at which stage of maturity a fruit or vegetable should be harvested are crucial to its subsequent storage and marketable life and quality. Post-harvest physiologists distinguish three stages in the life span of fruits and vegetables: maturation, ripening and senescence. Maturation is indicative of the fruit being ready for harvest. At this point, the edible part of the fruit or vegetable is fully developed in size, although it may not be ready for immediate consumption. Ripening follows or overlaps maturation, rendering the produce edible, as indicated by taste. Senescence is the last stage, characterized by natural degradation of the fruit or vegetable, as in loss of texture, flavour, etc. (senescence ends at the death of the tissue of the fruit). Some typical maturity indexes are described in following sections. 13 capacity of the soil is enhanced with the sowing of MVS which provides ideal condition for regeneration. It creates green cover dry leaf cover in the top soil (35-40 cm height) which will facilitate the multiplication of inoculated beneficial microbes in the soil. seeds sowing techniques MVS contains seeds of three to four crops belonging to each category viz. , cereals, pulses oilseeds, nitrogen fixing green manures and spices and condiments. The seeds of above crops may be mixed in different proportion based on their growth habit and seasonal requirement. For example in the summer the following mixture can be practiced with each of 1-1. 5 kg each. 336 - 346 (11 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Regeneration capacity of the soil is enhanced with the sowing of MVS which provides ideal condition for regeneration. It creates green cover dry leaf cover in the top soil (35-40 cm height) which will facilitate the multiplication of inoculated beneficial microbes in the soil. seeds sowing techniques MVS contains seeds of three to four crops belonging to each category viz. , cereals, pulses oilseeds, nitrogen fixing green manures and spices and condiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it provides information on organic produce, harvesting stages, and soil regeneration techniques, without comparing or contrasting organic farming with renewable agriculture. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Oja, J. , LeTortorec, A. H. , Hakanen, P. , Tahvanainen, P. , Tuimala, J. , and Suikkanen, S. : Diverse seed banks favour adaptation of microalgal populations to future climate conditions, Environ. Microbiol. , 18, 679–691, 2016. Kuosa, H. , Fleming-Lehtinen, V. , Lehtinen, S. , Lehtiniemi, M. , Nygård, H. , Raateoja, M. , Raitaniemi, J. , Tuimala, J. , Uusitalo, L. , and Suikkanen, S. : A retrospective view of the development of the Gulf of Bothnia ecosystem, J. Marine Syst. , 167, 78–92, 2017. Lappalainen, J. , Virtanen, E. A. , Kallio, K. , Junttila, S. , and Viitasalo, M. : Substrate limitation of a habitat-forming genus Fucus under different water clarity scenarios in the northern Baltic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. , 218, 31–38, 2019. Lefébure, R. , Degerman, R. , Andersson, A. , Larsson, S. , Eriksson, L. O. , Båmstedt, U. , and Byström, P. : Impacts of elevated terrestrial nutrient loads and temperature on pelagic food-web efficiency and fish production, Glob. Change Biol. , 19, 1358–1372, 2013. Lehmann, A. , Myrberg, K. , Post, P. , Chubarenko, I. , Dailidiene, I. , Hinrichsen, H. -H. , Hüssy, K. , Liblik, T. , Meier, H. E. M. , Lips, U. , and Bukanova, T. : Salinity dynamics of the Baltic Sea, Earth Syst. Dynam. , 13, 373–392, 2022. Leidenberger, S. , De Giovanni, R. , Kulawik, R. , Williams, A. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a list of studies and authors but does not discuss or provide evidence regarding climate change, its effects on species distributions, or any ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that climate change is causing shifts in these areas.