Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Identification of cuticular compounds and differences of their relative amounts between queens (Q) and workers (W) of each species; see also [26] for identification of compounds in T. unifasciatus]. The profiles of queens and workers were predominantly characterized by the linear alkane n-C27 (Additional file 1, 2), while individuals of T. recedens were characterized by several longer chained hydrocarbons. Due to their very low abundance, peaks 36 to 40 and a few other peaks marked in Table S1 (Additional file 3) with an asterisk could not be identified. However, the latter peaks had exactly the same retention time as peaks in other species, which could be identified and are therefore assumed to be chemically identical to these compounds. Table 3 between groups of queens and workers within six Temnothorax species based on their specific cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. Full size tableThe chemical distances between T. nylanderi and T. crassispinus queens are lower compared to the other pair-wise comparisons among queens (Figure 2; Table 4). The groups of T. recedens queens and workers are chemically most distant from the groups of the other three Temnothorax species (Figure 2; Table 4). Interestingly, distances among queens are higher than among workers in four of six pair-wise comparisons (Table 4). Figure 2PCO ordination based on the cuticular hydrocarbons profiles from four Temnothorax species. Bidimensional PCO ordination based on the cuticular hydrocarbons profiles of queens (Q) and workers (W) from four different species of Temnothorax ants involved in the mixed-species experiment: T. unifasciatus (Tu Q, n = 5; Tu W, n = 12), T. nylanderi (Tn Q, n = 6; Tn W; n = 9), T. crassispinus (Tc Q, n = 6; Tc W, n = 9), T. recedens (Tr Q, n = 10; Tr W; n = 34). The percentages of variance explained by the two main principal coordinates are given in parentheses. Full size imageTable 4 Chemical distances between queens and workers among four Temnothorax species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the identification of cuticular compounds and chemical profiles of different species of Temnothorax ants, suggesting that communication among ants is based on chemical signals rather than telepathy. It discusses specific hydrocarbons associated with queens and workers, indicating reliance on chemical cues, which directly rebuts the notion of telepathic communication.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: Pre-SMA, presuplemmentary motor area, LPFC, lateral prefrontal cortex, FEF, frontal eye field, IPS, intraparietal sulcus, LC/NA,locus coeruleus/noradrenaline, sympaticus, sympathetic system, MDT, mediodorsal thalamus, PPT, pedunculopontine nucleus, PAG, periaqueductal gray. The more something matters to us (the more we value it), the stronger the warning signal (and worries) issued by dACC when we might lose it or fail (loss of resources, loved ones, social bonds, time, health, prospects, job). So the strength of dACC recruitment will depend on our subjective values and p46. [Cross Ref],. Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science. 1998;280:747–9. [Cross Ref],. Functional MRI of pain- and attention-related activations in the human cingulate cortex. J Neurophysiol. 1997;77:3370–80. ,. Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict: effects of response modality and processing domain. Cereb Cortex. 2001;11:837–48. [Cross Ref],. Fronto-limbic and autonomic disjunctions to negative emotion distinguish schizophrenia subtypes. Psychiatry Res. 2007;155(1):29–44. [Cross Ref],. Forebrain neural patterns associated with sex differences in autonomic and cardiovascular function during baroreceptor unloading. . 2007;292(2):715–22. [Cross Ref]Critchley HD. Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration. J Comp Neurol. 2005;493(1):154–66. [Cross Ref],. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behavior. Brain. 1995;118(1):279–306. [Cross Ref],. Uncertainty, neuromodulation and attention. Neuron. 2005;46(4):681–92. [Cross Ref],. A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychol Sci. 1993;4(6):385–90. [Cross Ref],. On the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in phonation: a case report. Brain Lang. 1982;15:234–48. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely a list of brain regions and studies, without any direct mention or discussion of dopamine's role in reward processing and motivation. It focuses more on areas related to autonomic function and cognitive integration. Therefore, it is not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Interviewees presented concerns that arose as a result of families' responses to their recommended treatment approach. According to this theory, exceptional, emotionally charged and traumatic cases that raise doubts are the first to be recalled leading to availability bias. It is not surprising that availability bias was found in response to these scenarios as similar real-life situations often produce conflict. Such conflict is common and results from a lack of clearly defined clinical guidelines for specific health situations, related to clinical treatments for this patient population and ethical dilemmas associated with providing aggressive care that is medically futile. Interview length ranged from 9 to 28 minutes. This may be due to differences in participants' level of emotional comfort when discussing issues related to end of life and end stage dementia. The study took place in two major hospitals in Israel, in Hebrew, where the interviews were audio taped and transcribed. It may not be possible to generalize the findings to other circumstances because of the limited number of respondents, as well as possible culture factors. In addition, interviews were based on a hypothetical scenario to control for the complex hospital environment. Therefore, the responses might differ from that of real-life situations. studies may consider including participants from different cultural and religious backgrounds, as culture may influence perceptions of end-of-life issues in advanced dementia. In addition, it is recommended that perceptions of veteran staff be further compared to those less senior, since experiences may affect the anchoring, representativeness, and availability biases. Those who train professional caregivers of patients with patients with advanced dementia should receive awareness training of the potential biases when making treatment decisions for this patient population. Conclusions Decision-making is a major aspect of clinical care. According to traditional decision-making theory, decision-makers act rationally. and cognitive biases describe decision-making as not always rational, often relying on mental unconscious processes. This study found that anchoring, availability, and representative biases, based on the dual system theory, are part of end-of-life decision making of practitioners caring for those with advanced dementia. These biases may partially explain the provision of care that sometimes is contrary to guidelines promoted by geriatric organizations [3,25-27]. This study, adds to the understanding of cognitive biases in medicine, and the effect of biases on treatment decisions for patients with advanced dementia. Awareness of these potential biases may lead to an improvement in the quality of care and decision-making. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various cognitive biases—specifically, anchoring bias, availability bias, and representativeness bias—and their impact on decision-making processes in medical settings. It clearly states that 'cognitive biases describe decision-making as not always rational,' and provides examples of how these biases influence practitioners' treatment decisions, particularly in complex scenarios like end-of-life care for patients with advanced dementia. The mention of cognitive biases in the context of clinical care directly supports the assertion that these biases can significantly influence decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Full size tableWithin each species, chemical distances between groups of queens and workers are statistically significant and their cuticular profiles are classified correctly in a discriminant analysis (Table 3). Discussion and ConclusionsOur study about the cross-specificity of the chemical compounds used in the regulation of reproduction in colonies of Temnothorax ants reveals a promising new approach to answering the question of whether queen pheromones are manipulative or honest signals. Queen pheromones appear to be less active across species-borders than within species. No worker reproduction was observed in single-species colonies. In contrast, queens were not able to fully prevent ovary development and male-production by workers from non-related species, which indicates that queen pheromones are not fully conserved in evolution in this group of species. Furthermore, the rate of worker reproduction and ovary development of workers in mixed-species was lower than in queenless colonies, which speaks against the rapid evolution of queen pheromones expected from the queen control hypothesis. These behavioral results are reflected in the chemical profiles of queens and workers, which in most pair-wise comparisons differed more between queens than between workers from different species but not tremendously so. This might suggest that queen bouquets diverge slightly more quickly than those of workers, but not at an extremely rapid speed. A faster divergence of queen- than worker-specific substances is in agreement with the hypothesis of a queen-worker arms race with manipulation and counter-manipulation. However, it might also reflect other forces of selection. For example, if queen-specific cuticular compounds were involved in attracting mates, avoidance of hybridization would quickly lead to species-specific queen bouquets. More information about the contexts in which cuticular substances are used in communication is therefore needed. Studies on the paper wasp Polistes dominulus suggested a relatively high speed of evolution. Here, the cuticular hydrocarbons that differed between egg layers and non-reproductives varied even between different populations [27]. The observation that the chemical profiles of T. crassispinus and T. nylanderi queens are more similar compared to the other Temnothorax species, even though the two taxa diverged more than 1 Million years ago [28], makes similar intraspecific variation unlikely, but this remains to be investigated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of pheromones in ant communication, specifically mentioning queen pheromones and their significance in reproductive regulation within colonies of Temnothorax ants. It emphasizes that queen pheromones may not be fully conserved and that their evolution is related to species interactions, contradicting the idea of telepathic communication.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: [Cross Ref],. Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science. 2003;302(5643):290–2. [Cross Ref],. Effects of cingulate cortical lesions on avoidance learning and training- induced unit activity in rabbits. Res. 1991;86(3):585–600. [Cross Ref],. The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex. Neurosci. 2011;12(3):154–67. [Cross Ref]Eisenberger NI. The neural bases of social pain: evidence for shared representations with physical pain. Psychosom Med. 2012;74(2):126–35. [Cross Ref],. The phenomenology of error processing: the dorsal anterior cingulate response to stop-signal errors tracks reports of negative affect. J Cogn Neurosci. 2012;24(8):1753–6. [Cross Ref],. Human cingulate cortex and autonomic control: converging neuroimaging and clinical evidence. Brain. 2003;126(10):2139–52. [Cross Ref],. An fMRI study of the anterior cingulate cortex and surrounding medial wall activations evoked by noxious cutaneous heat and cold stimuli. Pain. 2000;85(3):359–74. [Cross Ref],. A common anterior insula representation of disgust observation, experience and imagination shows divergent functional connectivity pathways. . 2008;8:2939–47. [Cross Ref],. Anticipation of emotionally aversive visual stimuli activates right insula. Neuroreport. 2004;15(14):2261–5. [Cross Ref]Singer T. The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: review of literature and implications for future research. Rev. 2006;30(6):855–63. [Cross Ref],. Insula damage and quitting smoking. Science. 2007;317:318–9. [Cross Ref]Craig AD. How do you feel – now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Neurosci. 2009;10(1):59–70. [Cross Ref],. The unpleasantness of tonic pain is encoded by the insular cortex. Neurology. 2005;64(7):1175–83. [Cross Ref],. The neural basis of economic decision-making in the ultimatum game. Science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided contains various citations related to neuroscience, social pain, and cognitive processes but does not mention dopamine or its role in reward processing and motivation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about dopamine.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Training programs that raise the issue of cognitive clinical decision-making biases may improve the thinking processes of medical staff, while encouraging them to internally examine the extent to which they use both systems, System 1 and System 2, when making treatment decisions. 187. (2011) Thinking fast and slow. and Giroux, New York. on aging (2017) End-of-Life care for people with dementia. (2004) Dying with advanced dementia in the nursing home. Med 164: 321-326. (2009) The clinical course of advanced dementia. J Med 361: 1529-1538. (2008) Dying with advanced dementia in long-term care geriatric institutions: A retrospective study. J 11: 1023-1028. Tune- (2010) Challenges to improving end of life care for people with advanced dementia in the UK. Dementia 9: 259-284. (2013) From mindless to mindful practice - cognitive bias and clinical decision making. N Med 368: 2445-2448. (2012) Cognitive biases, heuristics and decision-making in design for behavioral change. . (2002-2003) Don’t believe everything you think: Cognitive bias in legal decision making. . 2779670. 8: 783-834. Blumenthal-Barby JS (2016) Biases and heuristics in decision making and their impact on autonomy. Bioeth 16: 5-15. (2008) Toward a physiology of dual- process reasoning and judgment: Lemonade, willpower, and expensive rule-based analysis. 19: 255-260. Erel M, Marcus E-L, DeF (2017) Barriers to palliative care for advanced dementia: A scoping review. Med 6: 365-379. (2016) Cognitive biases associated with medical decisions: A systematic review. 16: 138. (2016) A co-design process developing heuristics for practitioners providing end of life care for people with dementia. BMC 15: 68. lliffe S (2016) Making decisions at the end of life when caring for a person with dementia: A literature reviews to explore the potential use of heuristics in difficult decision-making. BMJ Open 6: e010416. (2018) Guiding practitioners through end of life care for people with dementia: The use of heuristics. PLoS One 13: e0206422. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the impact of cognitive biases on clinical decision-making, indicating that training programs addressing these biases may improve the decision-making processes of medical staff. It mentions the importance of recognizing the extent of System 1 and System 2 decision-making processes, which relate directly to the cognitive biases involved.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Our data do not reveal a clear trend in the chemistry of those hydrocarbons that differentiate queens and workers among the six investigated species. This matches the heterogeneous picture found in other, less closely related ants, where reproductives are characterized by particular long-chained hydrocarbons in some species but shorter or branched hydrocarbons in others [12, 15, 29–31]. However, it needs to be pointed out that it is usually not known, which of the large number of substances that differ between queens and workers are biologically active and which are mere side-products of the hydrocarbon metabolism without a function in communication [11]. Our study reveals a number of species idiosyncrasies that do not match phylogenetic relationships and are difficult to explain in the light of hypotheses about the nature of queen pheromones. For example, T. nylanderi and T. crassispinus workers seem to respond to the presence of a T. unifasciatus queen, while T. unifasciatus workers readily develop their ovaries in the presence of a T. nylanderi or T. crassispinus queen. This resembles the situation in honeybees, in which the presence of a heterospecific queen increases the rate of worker ovary activation strongly in Apis cerana but only slightly in Apis mellifera [32]. In contrast, workers of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris develop their ovaries in queenright colonies of the phylogenetically related B. lapidarius at a similar rate as under queenless conditions, but not in queenright homospecific colonies [33]. The results in these studies might have been affected by the presence of workers belonging to the species of the queen, as they might have an interest in preventing heterospecific workers from reproducing through aggression or egg eating. Worker nepotism might explain the common absence of reproduction by host workers in socially parasitic ants. Temnothorax workers are often parasitized by queens of slave-making species, such as Chalepoxenus, Myrmoxenus or Protomognathus. Though these genera are less closely related to Temnothorax than the pairs of species used in our study [e. g. , [34]], enslaved workers rarely produce males [e. g. , [35–37]]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the chemical communication of ants through hydrocarbons and the presence of pheromones. It notes that there are differences between the hydrocarbons of queens and workers but emphasizes that it is unclear which substances are biologically active in communication. This evidence indicates that pheromones play a role in ant communication, opposing the idea of telepathic communication.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: 2003;300(5626):1755–8. [Cross Ref]Price JL. Definition of the orbital cortex in relation to specific connections with limbic and visceral structures and other cortical regions. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2007;1121(1):54–71. [Cross Ref]Vadovičová K. Affective and cognitive prefrontal cortex projections to the lateral habenula in humans. arXiv:1402. 2196 [q-bio. NC], re-published in Neurosci. 2014;8:819. [Cross Ref]Beckstead RM. An autoradiographic examination of corticocortical and subcortical projections of the mediodorsal-projection (prefrontal) cortex in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1979;184(1):43–62. [Cross Ref],. Topography of descending projections from anterior insular and medial prefrontal regions to the lateral habenula of the epithalamus in the rat. neurosci. 2012;35(8):1253–69. [Cross Ref],. The globus pallidus sends reward-related signals to the lateral habenula. Neuron. 2008;60:720–9. [Cross Ref],. Sensitization of meningeal sensory neurons and the origin of headaches. Nature. 1996;384(6609):560–4. [Cross Ref],. Projections from the subfornical region of the lateral hypothalamic area. J Comp Neurol. 2005;493(3):412–38. [Cross Ref],. Dopamine agonists and stress produce different patterns of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the lateral habenula. Brain Res. 1994;633(1–2):21–6. [Cross Ref],. Stimulation of the lateral habenula inhibits dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the rat. J Neurosci. 1986;6:613–9. ,. Physiological evidence for habenula as major link between forebrain and midbrain raphe. Science. 1977;197(4298):89–91. [Cross Ref],. Negative reward signals from the lateral habenula to dopamine neurons are mediated by rostromedial tegmental nucleus in primates. J Neurosci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding dopamine's role in reward processing and motivation. Instead, it presents a list of scientific references and studies that discuss various neuroanatomical connections and functions related to different brain regions, particularly the lateral habenula and its interactions with dopamine neurons. As no explicit statement about dopamine's importance in reward processing or motivation is made, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. Crossref3. . Heuristics and Biases: of Intuitive Judgment. 1st ed. New York: Press; 2002. Crossref4. . Systematic errors in medical decision making: judgment limitations. J Med. 1987;2(3):183–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science5. Dawson NV. Physician judgment in clinical settings: methodological influences and cognitive performance. Clin Chem. 1993;39(7):1468–80. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6. Elstein AS. Heuristics and biases: selected errors in clinical reasoning. Acad Med. 1999;74(7):791–4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science7. . Emerging paradigms of cognition in medical decision-making. J Biomed Inform. 2002;35(1):52–75. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science8. Kahneman D, Tversky A. Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica. 1979;47(2):263. CrossrefWeb of Science9. Colman A. Group think: bandwagon effect. In: of Psychology. New York: Press; 2003:77. 10. Sugarman DB. Active versus passive euthanasia: an attributional analysis. J Psychol. 1986;16(1):60–76. CrossrefWeb of Science11. Keys DJ, Schwartz B. “Leaky” rationality: how research on behavioral decision making challenges normative standards of rationality. Sci. 2007;2:162–80. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science12. Society for Making. From evidence to decision making: role of behavioral economics in medicine. Available from: URL: Feldman-Stewart D, O’Brien MA, Clayman M, et al. 2012 updated 14. Trevena L, Zikmund-Fisher B, Edwards A, et al. 2012 updated 15. 2012 updated 16. 2012 updated 17. 2012 updated 18. Slovic P. The construction of preference. In: Kahneman D, Tversky A, eds. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. p 489–502. Crossref19. Ubel PA. Critical Decisions: the Choices Together. 1st ed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing various works related to cognitive biases and decision-making processes. For example, it mentions 'Heuristics and Biases: of Intuitive Judgment' and discusses 'Systematic errors in medical decision making,' indicating that cognitive limitations can significantly impact judgment in clinical settings. Additionally, it includes works by Kahneman and Tversky, who are prominent figures in the study of cognitive biases, signifying their influence on decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Either slave-making queens have evolved particularly manipulative queen pheromones, which are active across large phylogenetic distances, or their reproductive monopoly is additionally enforced by aggression. Indeed, both queens and workers of slave-making ants have been observed to attack host workers in a way resembling the dominance interactions among the slave-makers themselves [8, 37]. Though our results do not allow drawing final conclusions about the speed of queen pheromone evolution, comparisons of their cross-species activity might help to learn more about the nature of such pheromones and how quickly they diverge among species. The heterogeneity of queen substances might reflect an ongoing arms race between queens and workers [14]. However, it might also be a consequence of species-specific queen-bouquets serving to avoid hybridization. The fact that workers in mixed-species colonies did not behave like workers in queenless colonies strongly suggests that workers recognize queens belonging to another species and that queen pheromones regulating worker reproduction are partly conserved in evolution. This would be in agreement with the honest signal hypothesis. MethodsIn spring 2005 and 2006 we collected complete colonies of six different Temnothorax species: T. nylanderi (Förster, 1850) and T. affinis (Mayr, 1855) in Sommerhausen (Würzburg, Germany), T. crassispinus (Karavejev, 1926) in Unterisling (Regensburg, Germany), T. unifasciatus (Latreille, 1798) in Waldenhausen (Germany) and Gargnano (Lago di Garda, Italy) and T. recedens (Nylander, 1856) and T. lichtensteini (Bondroit, 1918) Gargnano (Lago di Garda, Italy). While T. nylanderi and T. crassispinus are closely related sibling species [38], the other four species are phylogenetically more distantly related (Additional file 4). Temnothorax colonies were collected from their nests in decaying branches on the ground and, in T. unifasciatus, T. lichtensteini and T. recedens, also from crevices in stone walls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of pheromones in ant communication. It mentions that 'queen pheromones regulating worker reproduction are partly conserved in evolution,' which indicates that pheromones are essential for communication among ants, directly contradicting the idea of telepathic communication.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: 2011;31:11457–71. [Cross Ref],. Possible glutamatergic/aspartatergic projections to the supramammillary nucleus and their origins in the rat studied by selective [3H]D-aspartate labelling and immunocytochemistry. Neuroscience. 2002;111(3):671–91. [Cross Ref],. Representation of negative motivational value in the primate lateral habenula. Nat Neurosci. 2008;12(1):77–84. [Cross Ref],. By carrot or by stick: cognitive reinforcement learning in Parkinsonism. Science. 2004;306:1940–3. [Cross Ref],. Genetic triple dissociation reveals multiple roles for dopamine in reinforcement learning. . 2007;104:16311–6. [Cross Ref],. Genetic contributions to avoidance-based decisions: striatal D2 receptor polymorphisms. Neuroscience. 2009;164(1):131–40. [Cross Ref],. Microcircuitry of the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia. Neuroscience. 1998;86:353–87. [Cross Ref],. Rescuing cocaine-induced prefrontal cortex hypoactivity prevents compulsive cocaine seeking. Nature. 2013;496:359–62. [Cross Ref],. Abstract reward and punishment in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci. 2001;4:95–102. [Cross Ref],. Error monitoring using external feedback: specific roles of the habenular complex, the reward system, and the cingulate motor area revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci. 2003;23:4308–14. ,. The efferent projections of the rat lateral habenular nucleus revealed by the PHA-L anterograde tracing method. 1988;441:319–30. [Cross Ref],. A conductor hidden in the orchestra? Role of the habenular complex in monoamine transmission and cognition. Rev. 2007;31:658–72. [Cross Ref],. Afferent connections of the habenular nuclei in the rat. A horseradish peroxidase study, with a note on the fiber-of-passage problem. J Comp Neurol. 1977;173:123–46. [Cross Ref],. Escalated aggressive behavior: dopamine, serotonin and GABA. Pharmacol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or support the claim regarding dopamine's role in reward processing and motivation. Instead, it lists various studies and articles related to neuroscience but does not provide specific evidence concerning dopamine's function in relation to reward and motivation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: . Measuring physicians’ tolerance for ambiguity and its relationship to their reported practices regarding genetic testing. Med Care. 1993;31(11):989–1001. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science33. . Probability judgment in medicine: discounting unspecified possibilities. Making. 1995;15(3):227–30. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science34. Zaat JO, van Eijk JT. General practitioners’ uncertainty, risk preference, and use of laboratory tests. Med Care. 1992;30(9):846–54. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science35. . Ambiguity seeking in multi-attribute decisions: effects of optimism and message framing. J Mak. 1994;7(3):169–82. CrossrefWeb of Science36. . Economic p2000. p 642–72. 37. . The influence of irrelevant anchors on the judgments and choices of doctors and patients. Making. 2007;27(2):203–11. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science38. Kremer MJ, Faut-Callahan M, Hicks FD. A study of clinical decision making by certified registered nurse anesthetists. AANA J. 2002;70(5):391–7. PubMed39. . Do people experience cognitive biases while searching for information? J Inform Assoc. 2007;14(5):599–608. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science40. . Believing is seeing: the influence of a diagnostic hypothesis on the interpretation of clinical features. Acad Med. 2002;77(suppl 10):S67–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science41. Seen through their eyes: residents’ reflections on the cognitive and contextual components of diagnostic errors in medicine. Acad Med. 2012;87(10):1361–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science42. . The influence of anchoring on pain judgment. J Manage. 2011;42(2):265–77. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science43. . Clinician judgments of functional outcomes: how bias and perceived accuracy affect rating. Med Rehabil. 2000;81(12):1567–74. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science44. . Clinician bias in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. Psychol Trauma. 2009;1(4):282–90. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references various studies and articles that examine the role of cognitive biases in decision-making, particularly in medical contexts. For instance, it discusses how ambiguity seeking and irrelevant anchors can influence judgments and choices in healthcare settings. This supports the claim by illustrating that cognitive biases do indeed play a significant role in decision-making processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: The colonies were transferred into small plastic boxes (10 cm × 10 cm × 3 cm) with a regularly moistened plaster floor and kept in incubators under artificial climate conditions with the temperature gradually being raised from spring (10°C night/20°C day) to summer (17°C night/28°C day) conditions [39, 40]. Twice per week, colonies were provided with water, honey, and pieces of cockroaches. Mixed-species colony set upIn 2005, colonies of T. nylanderi, T. crassispinus and T. unifasciatus, with a sufficient amount of larvae in each colony, were chosen for the mixed-species experiment (N = 45 colonies; Table 1). In 2006, the same mixed-species colonies were set up with additional mixed colonies plus T. recedens and colonies without a queen (N = 165 colonies; Table 1). The number of worker pupae in T. recedens colonies was restricted; therefore, only five mixed colonies with T. recedens worker pupae were set up (Table 1). Mixed colonies were set up in early summer, when most larvae had developed into pupae. We transferred 50 worker pupae of the same species into a nest with either a queen from a different species in mixed colonies or a con-specific queen in control colonies (Table 1). To obtain the required sample size of 50 pupae, worker pupae were taken from five different con-specific colonies. No larvae or eggs were added to the colonies. To allow worker pupae to fully develop, we placed 30 marked adult workers from the colony of queen origin into each nest and removed them four weeks later after most of the pupae had developed into adult workers. Several experimental colonies, in which the transferred worker pupae did not develop into adults (2005: 18 of 45 colonies; 2006, 8 of 100 colonies), had to be excluded from the study. Worker ovary activationIn 2005, worker ovary activation was investigated in all colony set ups. In 2006, we investigated worker ovary activation in all colonies without a queen, all colonies with T. recedens workers and a queen from a different species, and five randomly chosen colonies of each of the remaining colony set ups (total N = 145 colonies; Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed description of an experimental setup involving ant colonies, which does not mention telepathy as a communication method. The focus is instead on the biological aspects of colony management and worker pupae development, suggesting that the communication among ants is based on other mechanisms rather than telepathy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: 2005;526(1–3):51–64. [Cross Ref],. Alcohol consumption impairs detection of performance errors in mediofrontal cortex. Science. 2002;298:2209–11. [Cross Ref],. The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychol Rev. 2002;109(4):679–709. [Cross Ref],. Schizophrenia in translation: the presence of absence: habenular regulation of dopamine neurons and the encoding of negative outcomes. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32:417–21. [Cross Ref],. Larger error signals in major depression are associated with better avoidance learning. Front Psychol. 2011;2:331. [Cross Ref],. Measurement of 5-HT(1A) receptor density and in-vivo binding parameters of [(18)F]medway in the nonhuman primate. J Flow Metab. 2012;32:1546–58. [Cross Ref]Tunnicliff G. Molecular basis of buspirone's anxiolytic action. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1991;69:149–56. [Cross Ref],. Differential modulation of the default mode network via serotonin-1A receptors. . 2012;109(7):2619–24. [Cross Ref],. Elevated anxiety and antidepressant-like responses in serotonin 5-HT1A receptor mutant mice. . 1998;95(25):15049–54. [Cross Ref],. Increased anxiety of mice lacking the serotonin1A receptor. . 1998;95(18):10734–9. [Cross Ref],. Serotonin receptor 1A knockout: an animal model of anxiety-related disorder. . 1998;95(24):14476–81. [Cross Ref],. Serotonin1A receptor acts during development to establish normal anxiety-like behaviour in the adult. Nature. 2002;416(6879):396–400. [Cross Ref],. CSF 5-HIAA and family history of antisocial personality disorder in newborns. Psychiatry. 1997;154:1771–3. ,. Serotonin receptors and animal models of aggressive behavior. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1995;28(S2):80–90. [Cross Ref],. High opiate receptor binding potential in the human lateral pain system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding dopamine's role in reward processing and motivation. Instead, it discusses various studies related to error processing, alcohol consumption, and serotonin receptors without specifically connecting them to dopamine's function in motivation or reward. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Modeling patient decision-making: the role of base-rate and anecdotal information. J Med Settings. 2004;11(3):211–6. CrossrefWeb of Science57. Kenen R, Ardern-Jones A, Eeles R. Family stories and the use of heuristics: women from suspected hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) families. Illn. 2003;25(7):838–65. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science58. . The evaluation of medical symptoms by patients and doctors. J Behav Med. 1998;21(1):57–81. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science59. Poses RM, Anthony M. Availability, wishful thinking, and physicians’ diagnostic judgments for patients with suspected bacteremia. Making. 1991;11(3):159–68. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science60. . Effect of background case characteristics on decisions in the delivery room. Making. 2010;30(4):518–22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science61. . Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. Anaesth. 2011;108(2):229–35. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science62. . The inclusion of patient testimonials in decision aids: effects on treatment choices. Making. 2001;21(1):60–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science63. Volandes AE, Paasche- Video decision support tool for advance care planning in dementia: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2009;338:b2159. CrossrefPubMed64. . The role of irrational thought in medicine adherence: people with diabetic kidney disease. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2108–17. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science65. . Patient stories about their dialysis experience biases others’ choices regardless of doctor’s advice: an experimental study. Transplant. 2012;27(1):325–31. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science66. Cioffi J. Decision making by emergency nurses in triage assessments. Nurs. 1998;6(4):184–91. CrossrefPubMed67. Mamede S, van Gog T, van den Berge K, et al. Effect of availability bias and reflective reasoning on diagnostic accuracy among internal medicine residents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and evaluations that highlight how cognitive biases, such as availability bias and the influence of patient testimonials, affect decision-making processes in medical settings. This supports the claim that cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making, as it provides evidence of specific cognitive errors and biases influencing physicians' judgments and patient choices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: The colonies were frozen six weeks after the transferred worker pupae had developed into adult worker, and workers and queens were dissected to assess their ovary activation [41]. Workers having elongated ovaries (> 1 mm) with viable, oval eggs similar in shape and color to those found in the ovaries of queens were classified as "fertile". For statistical analyses, two sample permutation tests were used to assess the difference of numbers of fertile workers per colony between groups of control colonies and mixed colonies and between control colonies and colonies without a queen. Male-production by workersThe remaining 65 colonies of the 2006 set up were kept in incubators (gradual decrease of temperature to 0°C night/10°C day for 15 weeks and gradual increase again to 17°C night/28°C day thereafter) until hibernated brood had developed in 2007 (Tables 1 and 2). to August 2007 all freshly enclosed adult males were collected and frozen at -20°C for further analyses. After all male pupae had enclosed, all colonies were frozen and queens were dissected to determine their ovarian status. T. nylanderi, T. crassispinus and T. unifasciatus males are of dark brown pigmentation. T. recedens males have a pale pigmentation and could easily be distinguished from males of the other three species by inspecting their coloration. T. nylanderi, T. crassispinus and T. unifasciatus males are morphologically similar and thus were distinguished by electrophoresis of the glucose-6-phosoate isomerase [GPI; [27, 38]] or sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene. Allozyme analysesElectrophoresis of glucose-6-phosoate isomerase for Temnothorax ants has been described previously [27]. Electromorphs were named according to their migration velocities in the gel (fast f; medium m; slow s). T. crassispinus and T. nylanderi are fixed almost completely for the electromorphs m and f, respectively [27, 38] and T. nylanderi occasionally exhibits the electromorph s [27]. In T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various scientific aspects of ant biology, such as ovary activation, male production, and genetic differentiation using electrophoresis. It does not mention communication methods or pheromones but implies a detailed analysis of ant reproductive biology and ecology. This indicates that the claim about ants using telepathy instead of pheromones is contradicted by the lack of evidence or discussion of telepathy as a means of communication in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: NeuroImage. 2006;30(3):692–9. [Cross Ref],. In vivo distribution of opioid receptors in man in relation to the cortical projections of the medial and lateral pain systems measured with positron emission tomography. Neurosci Lett. 1991;126(1):25–8. [Cross Ref],. Identification of rat ventral tegmental area GABAergic neurons. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42365. [Cross Ref],. Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor imaging in major depression: focal changes in orbito-insular cortex. Psychiatry. 1997;171(5):444–8. [Cross Ref],. Simultaneous projections from prefrontal cortex to dopaminergic and serotonergic nuclei. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;14(3):289–302. [Cross Ref],. Mapping pain activation and connectivity of the human habenula. J Neurophysiol. 2012;107(10):2633–48. [Cross Ref],. Time spent with friends in adolescence relates to less neural sensitivity to later peer rejection. Affect Neurosci. 2012;7(1):106–14. [Cross Ref],. 5HT1A binding in dorsal and median raphe nuclei of suicide victims. Neurosci. 1998;24:1274. ,. Serotonin and dopamine sensitization in the nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, and dorsal raphe nucleus following repeated cocaine administration. J Neurochem. 1993;61(5):1611–9. [Cross Ref],. Pervasive competition between threat and reward in the brain. Affect Neurosci. 2013;9(6):737–50. [Cross Ref],. The serotonin hypothesis of major depression. In: editors. Psychopharmacology the fourth generation of progress. (NY): Raven Press; 1995. p. 933–44. ,. Antidepressant effect of optogenetic stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 2010;30(48):16082–90. [Cross Ref],. Regulation of striatal prodynorphin mRNA levels by the raphe-striatal pathway. Brain Res. 1988;4(1):15–22. [Cross Ref],. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references and summaries related to various neuroscience topics but does not specifically address the claim regarding the importance of dopamine in reward processing and motivation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: On the preference for action versus inaction. Making. 2011;31(2):237–44. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science80. Ross L, Anderson CA. Shortcomings in the attribution process: On the origins and maintenance of erroneous social assessments. In: eds. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Press; 1982. 81. . The effects of proficiency and bias on residents’ interpretation of the microscopic urinalysis. Making. 2002;22(4):318–25. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science82. Explicit reasoning, confirmation bias, and illusory transactive memory: a simulation study of group medical decision making. Research. 2009;40(3):271–300. CrossrefWeb of Science83. Mendel R, Traut-Mattausch E, Jonas E, et al. Confirmation bias: why psychiatrists stick to wrong preliminary diagnoses. Psychol Med. 2011;41(12):2651–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science84. . Adding asymmetrically dominated alternatives: violations of regularity and the similarity hypothesis. J Consum Res. 1982;9(1):90–8. CrossrefWeb of Science85. Redelmeier DA, Shafir E. Medical decision making in situations that offer multiple alternatives. JAMA. 1995;273(4):302–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science86. Strengthening acceptance for xenotransplantation: the case of attraction effect. Xenotransplantation. 2008;15(3):159–63. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science87. . Are more options always better? The attraction effect in physicians’ decisions about medications. Making. 1999;19(3):315–23. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science88. . Supervision of students may protect academic physicians from cognitive bias: a study of decision making and multiple treatment alternatives in medicine. Making. 2006;26(2):154–61. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science89. Tversky A, Knetsch J, eds. Anomalies: the endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias. In: Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. p 159–70. 90. . The default effect in end-of-life medical treatment p310. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various cognitive biases and their effects on decision-making. It references studies that explore biases such as confirmation bias and the attraction effect in medical decision-making, indicating that these cognitive factors do influence how decisions are made.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: unifasciatus, 32 of 36 workers from 20 colonies were homozygous for the electromorph s and 4 were heterozygous with electromorph genotype sm [see also [42]]. Queens were analyzed when necessary. The gasters of individual workers and queens were homogenized in 20 μl Tris-EDTA pH 7. 0 buffer. Proteins were separated by 90 min electrophoresis at 10 V/cm and 20 mA on 10 cm × 8 cm × 0. 75 mm 7. 5% polyacrylamide slab gels using a Tris-glycine pH 8. 3 buffer. The enzyme was stained using standard histochemical techniques [43]. Mitochondrial analysesWhen males could not be distinguished by electrophoresis, we in addition sequenced the cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene. DNA was extracted from the gasters of males using the CTAB method (1%) as previously described [44]. The mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene was analyzed using the primers CbI (CB-J-10933) and 16Sar (LR-N-13398) [45]. The 20 μl PCR reaction mixture consisted of 1 μl DNA, 0. 125 mM dNTPs, 0. 25 μM of each primer, 11. 1 μl dd H2O, 2 μl 10× PCR buffer (MBI), 2. 5 mM MgCl2 and 1 μl of 1 unit/μl Taq Polymerase. Genes were amplified at an annealing temperature of 48°C with 38 cycles. PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on a 1% ethidiumbromide-stained agarose gel (TAE buffer) for 30 min at 100 mA and then purified with PCR cleanup (Roche). Cycle sequencing was carried out with 3 μl of purified PCR-Product using ABI-Cycle sequencing 1. 1. Single-stranded PCR products were sequenced using an 310 automatic sequencer (Perkin-Elmer, Applied Biosystems). The first 450 base pairs of the Sequences representing the Cyt b gene were read and aligned with Software version 3. 4 (Perkin-Elmer, Applied Biosystems). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed methodology related to the analysis of ant genetics and mitochondrial sequences rather than supporting the claim regarding ant communication. It does not mention telepathy or pheromones, making it irrelevant to the claim, thus contrasting the assertion by lacking any supporting evidence for telepathy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: Cerebral correlates of depressed behavior in rats, visualized using 14C-2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. J Neurosci. 1988;8:1951–61. ,. Lateral habenula lesions improve the behavioral response in depressed rats via increasing the serotonin level in dorsal raphe nucleus. Res. 2008;188(1):84–90. [Cross Ref],. Short-term antidepressant administration reduces negative self-referential processing in the medial prefrontal cortex in subjects at risk for depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2011;17:503–10. [Cross Ref],. Habenular neuron responses to noxious input are modified by dorsal raphe stimulation. Neurol Res. 1990;12:117–21. ,. Simultaneous recording of spontaneous activities and nociceptive responses from neurons in the pars compacta of substantia nigra and in the lateral habenula. Neurosci. 1996;8(7):1474–8. [Cross Ref],. Naloxone-reversible analgesia induced by electrical stimulation of the habenula in the rat. Brain Res. 1987;406(1–2):118–29. [Cross Ref],. Lesion of the habenular efferent pathway produces anxiety and locomotor hyperactivity in rats: a comparison of the effects of neonatal and adult lesions. Res. 1996;81(1–2):43–52. [Cross Ref],. Involvement of the entopeduncular nucleus and the habenula in methamphetamine-induced inhibition of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra of rats. Bull. 1990;25(1):121–27. [Cross Ref],. A direct projection from superior colliculus to substantia nigra for detecting salient visual events. Nat Neurosci. 2003;6(9):974–80. [Cross Ref],. Neural correlates of high and craving during cocaine self-administration using BOLD fMRI. NeuroImage. 2005;26(4):1097–108. [Cross Ref]Wise RA. Neuroleptics and operant-behavior – the Anhedonia hypothesis. Sci. 1982;5:39–53. [Cross Ref],. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information regarding dopamine's role in reward processing and motivation. It discusses various studies related to behavior, lesions in the habenula, and other neural correlates, but it does not address the specific claim about dopamine's crucial role in reward processing or motivation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Mispredicting and misremembering: patients with renal failure overestimate improvements in quality of life after a kidney transplant. Health Psychol. 2008;27(5):653–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science103. . Misremembering colostomies? Former patients give lower utility ratings than do current patients. Health Psychol. 2006;25(6):688–95. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science104. Walsh E, Ayton P. What would it be like for me and for you? Judged impact of chronic health conditions on happiness. Making. 2009;29(1):15–22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science105. . Affective forecasting and advance care planning: anticipating quality of life in future health statuses. J Health Psychol. 2009;14(3):447–56. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science106. Walsh E, Ayton P. My imagination versus your feelings: can personal affective forecasts be improved by knowing other peoples’ emotions? J Appl. 2009;15(4):351–60. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science107. . Loss aversion in riskless choice: a reference-dependent model. In: Kahneman D, Tversky A, eds. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. p 143–58. Crossref108. Abhyankar P, O’Connor DB, Lawton R. The role of message framing in promoting MMR vaccination: evidence of a loss-frame advantage. Med. 2008;13(1):1–16. CrossrefPubMed109. . Loss-framed minimal intervention increases mammography use. Women’s Health Issues. 2005;15(6):258–64. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science110. . Evaluation of a “loss-framed” minimal intervention to increase mammography utilization among medically un- and under-insured women. Prev. 2002;28(5):394–400. Crossref111. . Framing effect debiasing in medical decision making. Couns. 2008;71(1):102–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science112. . Effect of framing as gain versus loss on understanding and hypothetical treatment choices: survival and mortality curves. Making. 2002;22(1):76–83. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science113. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various psychological aspects and biases that influence decision-making, such as mispredicting and misremembering quality of life and the effects of framing in choices. The mention of 'loss aversion' and 'the role of message framing in promoting MMR vaccination' indicates the significant influence of cognitive biases on health-related decisions, thereby supporting the claim that cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Cuticular hydrocarbons of queens and workers from different species of TemnothoraxantsTo estimate the chemical distances between the four species of Temnothorax ants used for the mixed-species colony set ups, queens and workers from T. nylanderi, T. crassispinus, T. unifasciatus, and T. recedens were analyzed. For the identification of queen specific signals, queens and workers from two additional species, T. affinis and T. lichtensteini, were included in the analysis. From each species the queens of 5 to 10 unmanipulated colonies plus 1 to 3 workers from each of the colonies were chemically analyzed. All colonies were collected in spring 2006 (see above). T. unifasciatus colonies were used only from the population in Italy. Chemical AnalysisHydrocarbons were extracted four to five weeks after colonies had been subjected to artificial summer condition (17°C night/28°C day; see above). Workers were frozen and hydrocarbons were obtained through solvent extraction by individually immersing each worker for 10 min in 20 μl pentane. After evaporation of the solvent, the residues were re-dissolved in 15 μl pentane, of which 2 μl were injected into an 6890N gas chromatograph. Hydrocarbons of queens were obtained through SPME (Micro Extraction) which gives qualitative and quantitative similar results [46]. A 30 μm polydimethylsiloxane fiber was gently rubbed for 10 min against the gaster of the immobilized queen and injected into the injection port of the same gas chromatograph as above. The gas chromatograph was equipped with a flame ionization detector and a HP-5 capillary column (30 m × 0. 32 mm × 0. 25 μm, J&W Scientific, USA). The injector was split/splitless and the carrying gas was helium at 1 ml/min. The same temperature program was used for the solvent and the solid phase micro extraction with the temperature initially held at 70°C for 1 min, increased from 70°C to 180°C at 30°C/min, from 180°C to 310°C at 5°C/min, and held constant at 310°C for 5 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a chemical analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons in ants, which strongly supports the idea that ants communicate using pheromones rather than telepathy. The extensive description of hydrocarbon extraction and gas chromatography indicates a scientific basis for pheromone communication among various species of Temnothorax ants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: In vivo imaging of cerebral serotonin transporter and serotonin (2A) receptor binding in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or “ecstasy”) and hallucinogen users. Psychiatry. 2011;68(6):562–76. [Cross Ref],. Serotonin selectively modulates reward value in human decision-making. J Neurosci. 2012;32(17):5833–42. [Cross Ref],. Control of serotonergic function in medial prefrontal cortex by serotonin-2A receptors through a glutamate-dependent mechanism. J Neurosci. 2001;21:9856–66. ,. Stimulation of 5-HT(1B) receptors enhances cocaine reinforcement yet reduces cocaine-seeking behavior. Addict Biol. 2009;14(4):419–30. [Cross Ref],. Increased vulnerability to cocaine in mice lacking the serotonin-1B receptor. Nature. 1998;393:175–8. [Cross Ref],. Serotonin differently regulates short- and long-term prediction of rewards in the ventral and dorsal striatum. . 2007;2(12):e1333. [Cross Ref],. Connections of the median and dorsal raphe nuclei in the rat: an autoradiographic and degeneration study. J Comp Neurol. 1974;156(2):179–205. [Cross Ref],. Hypothalamic serotonin in control of eating behavior, meal size, and body weight. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44(9):851–64. [Cross Ref],. Dexfenfluramine hydrochloride: an anorexigenic agent. Pharm. 1997;54:2059–72. ,. Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Nature. 2002;420(6911):70–4. [Cross Ref],. Synaptic correlates of fear exctinction in the amygdala. Nat Neurosci. 2010;3:489–94. [Cross Ref],. GABAA receptors in the dorsal raphe, nucleus of mice. Escalation of aggression after alcohol consumption. Psychopharmacology. 2010;211(4):467–77. [Cross Ref],. Amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity to social threat in individuals with impulsive aggression. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(2):168–78. [Cross Ref],. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of serotonin in reward processing and behavior but does not mention dopamine. There are multiple references to serotonin's influence on decision-making and reinforcement, which do not support or address the role of dopamine in reward processing and motivation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: The effects of message framing on mammography utilization. Health Psychol. 1995;14(2):178–84. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science114. Brandstätter E, Mücke R. Interpreting test results. Differ. 2009;46(2):183–6. CrossrefWeb of Science115. The effect of how outcomes are framed on decisions about whether to take antihypertensive medication: a randomized trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(3):e9469. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science116. ò A. Improving attitudes toward prostate examinations by loss-framed appeals. J Psychol. 2005;35(4):732–42. CrossrefWeb of Science117. . Emotion and the framing of risky choice. Polit Behav. 2008;30(3):297–321. CrossrefWeb of Science118. . An affective booster moderates the effect of gain- and loss-framed messages on behavioral intentions for colorectal cancer screening. J Behav Med. 2012;35(4):452–61. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science119. Foster KH, Harrison E. Effect of presentation bias on selection of treatment option for failed endodontic therapy. . 2008;106(5):e36–9. CrossrefPubMed120. é TT. Using message framing to achieve long-term behavioral changes in persons with diabetes. Res. 2011;24(1):22–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science121. . Message framing and perinatal decisions. Pediatrics. 2008;122(1):109–18. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science122. . Effects of framing on teratogenic risk perception in pregnant women. Lancet. 2001;358(9289):1237–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science123. Kalichman SC, Coley B. Context framing to enhance HIV-antibody-testing messages targeted to women. Health Psychol. 1995;14(3):247–54. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science124. Marteau TM. Framing of information: its influence upon decisions of doctors and patients. Soc Psychol. 1989;28(pt 1):89–94. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science125. Meyerowitz BE, Chaiken S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies concerning message framing and its effects on decision-making related to health, such as mammography utilization and medication adherence. By illustrating how outcomes are perceived differently based on their presentation, the text supports the claim that cognitive biases significantly influence decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: For identification of the peaks, the pooled extracts of 30 workers of each species were injected into a combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS; 6890N) equipped with a RH- 5 ms+ fused silica capillary column (30 m × 0. 25 mm × 0. 25 μm, J&W Scientific, USA). The injector was split/splitless (250°C) with the purge valve opened after 60 sec and the carrying gas was helium at 1 ml/min. Temperature was held constant for 1 min at 60°C, increased from 60°C to 300°C at 5°C/min and held constant for 10 min at 300°C. The electron impact mass spectra (EI-MS; Agilent 5973 inert mass selective detector) were recorded with an ionization voltage of 70 eV, a source temperature of 230°C and an interface temperature of 315°C. We identified n-alkanes by comparing mass spectra with data from a commercial MS library (). Methyl-alkanes were identified by diagnostic ions, standard MS databases (see above), and by determining Kovats indices by the method of Carlson et al. [47]. () for Windows was used for data acquisition. For statistical analysis of the chemical distance between the four species involved in the mixed-species experiment, we included peaks consistently present in queens and workers of all four species, plus peaks with a relative area of more than 1% that were present in at least 50% of individuals in a group of workers or queens within each species. Standardized peak areas were transformed by square root. Principle coordinate (PCO) analyses based on Gower's centered matrix was used to visualize the patterns of differences in the multivariate chemical structure among groups [48–50]. Euclidean distance matrix was analyzed based on centroids of groups calculated from principle coordinates. PCO and Euclidean distance analyses were performed using the program PCO [49]. For the identification of queen specific signals we analyzed each species separately and included peaks consistently present in the groups of queens and workers within each species. Standardized peak areas were transformed by using the formula: Zij = log[Xi, j/g(Xj)], with Xi, j being the standardized peak area i for the sample j, and g(Xj) the geometric mean of all peaks of the sample j [51]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses a scientific methodology for analyzing chemical signals in ants, which implies that ants communicate through chemical means, specifically pheromones, as indicated by the focus on mass spectrometry and the analysis of chemical distances and signal identification. The detailed method suggests a reliance on chemical communication rather than telepathy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: Gene–environment interactions and response to social intrusion in male and female rhesus macaques. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(4):323–30. [Cross Ref],. Cognitive inflexibility after prefrontal serotonin depletion. Science. 2004;304(5672):878–80. [Cross Ref],. Neurochemical modulation of response inhibition and probabilistic learning in humans. Science. 2006;311(5762):861–3. [Cross Ref],. Serotonergic intervention affects both social dominance and affiliative behavior. Psychopharmacology. 2002;161(3):324–30. [Cross Ref],. Evidence that 5-HT2A receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus mediate neuroendocrine responses to (-)DOI. J Neurosci. 2002;22:9635–42. ,. Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear. J Neurosci. 1988;8:2517–29. ,. Effects of alcohol on human aggression: an integrative research review. Psychol Bull. 1990;107(3):341–54. [Cross Ref],. Serotonin function in aggression: the effect of acute plasma tryptophan depletion in aggressive patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1994;35(8):570–2. [Cross Ref],. Plasma L-tryptophan depletion and aggression. Med Biol. 1999;467:57–65. [Cross Ref]Competing InterestsThe authors declare no competing interests. Publishing Notes© 2014 K. Vadovičová and R. Gasparotti. This work has been published open access under 4. 0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Conditions, terms of use and publishing policy can be found at www. scienceopen. com. The manuscript of this 1304. 4201 [q-bio. NC]. Author and 10. 14293/S2199-1006. 1. SOR-LIFE. . v1SO-VID: 13e62385-1fb0-4a49-9a5d-e435baa5b95e Copyright © © 2014 K. Vadovičová and R. Gasparotti. License: This work has been published open access under 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a variety of citations regarding neurochemical interactions and effects, primarily involving serotonin and other factors but does not specifically address dopamine's role in reward processing and motivation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: The effect of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions, and behavior. J Psychol. 1987;52(3):500–10. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science126. O’. Eliciting p63. CrossrefPubMed127. Oliver A. Testing the internal consistency of the standard gamble in “success” and “failure” frames. Med. 2004;58(11):2219–29. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science128. Percy ME, Llewellyn-Thomas H. Assessing p16. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science129. . Influence of critical illness on physicians’ prognoses for underlying disease: a randomized study using simulated cases. Med. 2008;36(2):462–70. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science130. Rönnlund M, Karlsson E, Laggnäs E, Larsson L, Lindström T. Risky decision making across three arenas of choice: are younger and older adults differently susceptible to framing effects? J Gen Psychol. 2005;132(1):81–92. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science131. . On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability. J Psychol. 2008;94(4):672–95. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science132. . The impact of educational message framing on adherence to continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Med. 2011;9(1):38–52. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science133. . Do physicians understand cancer screening statistics? A national survey of primary care physicians in the United States. Med. 2012;156(5):340–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science134. . Effects of message framing on breast-cancer-related beliefs and behaviors: the role of mediating factors. J Psychol. 2001;31(5):925–50. CrossrefWeb of Science135. . Using message framing to motivate HIV testing among low-income, ethnic minority women. Health Psychol. 2003;22(1):60–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science136. . Moving beyond the function of the health behaviour: the effect of message frame on behavioural decision making. Psychol Health. 2010;25(7):821–38. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science137. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references studies that explore the effects of message framing on various decision-making processes. For instance, it discusses how risky decision making can vary among different age groups based on cognitive biases that are influenced by message framing. The mention of biases such as the framing effect indicates that cognitive biases are significantly impacting decision-making, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: 2006. 05. 008. 297. 10. 1007/s00040-005-0808-y. 315. 127. 10. 1111/j. 1439-0310. 1996. tb01109. x. 328. 10. 1007/BF01242933. 18. 406. 10. 1007/BF02331567. 240. 10. 1155/1991/21921. 350. 10. 1007/BF02224298. 864. 10. 1006/anbe. 1996. 0511. 701. 21. 10. 1007/s00049-002-8322-4. 1865. 10. 1023/A:1022311701355. 338. 321. 10. 1093/chemse/bjq021. 34. 3. (PDF 164 KB)12862_2010_1664_MOESM2_ESM. PDFAdditional file 2: Proportion of peak areas. Proportions (%) of peak areas in chromatograms from cuticular hydrocarbon extracts of queens and workers in six Temnothorax species. Box plots show medians and 25% and 75% quartiles. Whiskers depict the range of 90% of all cases. Extreme outliers are denoted by circles. P-values of substances differing significantly between the various groups are given in Additional file 3. (PDF 122 KB)12862_2010_1664_MOESM3_ESM. PDFAdditional file 3: Table S1 - Identification of cuticular compounds. Identification of cuticular compounds and differences of their relative amounts between queens (Q) and workers (W) in five Temnothorax species. The number of samples of queens and workers is given in parentheses. Peak numbers correspond with numbers in Additional file 1 and 2. Directions of difference are shown in Additional file 2. Bold p-values from Mann-Whitney U-tests are significant at the 5% probability after Bonferroni's correction (p' < 0. 001); n. s = not significant. *Due to very low abundance, peaks marked with a star could not be identified. They had exactly the same retention time in GC as peaks in other species, which could be identified. We therefore assume these compounds to be chemically identical. (PDF 20 KB)12862_2010_1664_MOESM4_ESM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides an extensive list of references and data about cuticular compounds in ants, which suggests the importance of pheromones in their communication. The focus on chromatograms and statistically significant results, such as those derived from Mann-Whitney U-tests, indicates that chemical signals (likely pheromones) are indeed central to ant communication, contrasting the claim that they communicate through telepathy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: iii) The noncontingent Pavlovian procedure tested here doesn't address model-free learning, as measured in the papers referenced. Moreover, evidence for impaired model-based vs intact model-free control in PD (first evidenced by de Wit et al. in JoCN) is not directly relevant here, given the fairly wide gap between the type of inference that is measured in e. g. the two-step task and similar other learning tasks and the contingent reward motivation manipulation measured here. Some of these conclusions (e. g. (i)) also counter the hypothesis put forward later in the discussion and illustrated in Figure 6 about the two forms of motivation implicating distinct dopaminergic mechanisms. 6) Two sets of literature that are directly relevant to this research are absent from the manuscript and need to be incorporated. • The first is (pharmacological and lesion) evidence from work with experimental rodents, but also humans, on dopamine's role in the Pavlovian control of behavior, e. g. on conditioned reinforcement (Parkinson et al; Taylor and Robbins), Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (Dickinson et al. , 2001; Wyvell and Berridge, 2000; Talmi et al. , 2008), autoshaping, goal vs sign tracking etcetera. • The second is prior evidence for enhanced effects of reward motivation in PD patients OFF but not ON meds in a manner that depends on dopamine cell loss (Aarts et al. , 2012, and Timmer et al. , 2018). should reflect this prior evidence. In fact, the rationale for the current study is strengthened by the apparent discrepancy between this evidence for enhanced motivation in PD OFF meds (somewhat reminiscent of paradoxical kinesia) and the evidence previously obtained by the authors for reduced motivation in PD OFF meds. 7) The current version of the Introduction (as well as some of the Discussion) is structured based a contrast between model-based versus Pavlovian control of behavior that does not do justice our understanding of these concepts from classic learning theory. For example, the statement that “Motivation by reward expectation, independent of what an agent does, is model-free” should be rephrased. Pavlovian control can be model-free or model-based (Dayan and Berridge, 2014, CABN or Bornstein and Daw, 2011, Neurobiol). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim regarding dopamine's role in reward processing and motivation. Instead, it focuses on methodological concerns and references existing literature on learning mechanisms and dopamine's role in behavioral control, without explicitly affirming or denying the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Framing effects in choices between multioutcome life-expectancy lotteries. Making. 1999;19(3):324–38. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science138. Blumenschein K, Johannesson M. An experimental test of question framing in health state utility assessment. Health Policy. 1998;45(3):187–93. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science139. . Effect of framing on adolescents’ decision making. Skills. 1996;83(3 pt 1):811–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science140. . Framing bias among expert and novice physicians. Acad Med. 1991;66(9 suppl):S76–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science141. Cox D, Cox A. Communicating the consequences of early detection: the role of evidence and framing. J Marketing. 2001;65:91–103. CrossrefWeb of Science142. Donovan RJ, Jalleh G. Positive versus negative framing of a hypothetical infant immunization: the influence of involvement. Behav. 2000;27(1):82–95. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science143. Ferguson E, Gallagher L. Message framing with respect to decisions about vaccination: the roles of frame valence, frame method and perceived risk. Psychol. 2007;98(pt 4):667–80. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science144. . Perceived susceptibility to breast cancer moderates the effect of gain- and loss-framed messages on use of screening mammography. Health Psychol. 2011;30(2):145–52. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science145. . Using message framing to promote acceptance of the human papillomavirus vaccine. Health Psychol. 2007;26(6):745–52. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science146. . Behavioral frequency moderates the effects of message framing on HPV vaccine acceptability. Med. 2008;35(2):221–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science147. . Framing procedural risks to patients: is 99% safe the same as a risk of 1 in 100? Acad Med. 2000;75(8):840–2. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science148. Hull SJ. Perceived risk as a moderator of the effectiveness of framed HIV-test promotion messages among women: a randomized controlled trial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that illustrate how different types of framing effects influence decision-making in different contexts, such as health state utility assessment and vaccination decisions. For instance, it references studies like 'Effect of framing on adolescents’ decision making' and 'Framing bias among expert and novice physicians,' which present empirical evidence that supports the influence of cognitive biases, specifically framing, on the decision-making processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Automatic bird species recognition based on birds vocalization access Published: 14 December 2018 Automatic bird species recognition based on birds vocalization : orcid. org/0000-0003-3724-63571,2, Michal Munk3 & Lubos Juranek1 on Audio, Speech, and 81. 2% has been reached. For classification into families, the success has reached 90. 45%. 1 IntroductionWhen solving tasks of the bird vocalization automatic recognition, knowledge obtained during speech recognition research is the groundwork. The bird vocalization recognition and speech recognition are similar tasks to a large extent. In both of them, several basic problems need to be solved. As mentioned in the work [1] on human speech recognition, this is an interdisciplinary field in which findings from several scientific disciplines combine, such as physiology, acoustics, and signal processing. For the bird vocalization recognition, we also use knowledge of the vocalization production process on the basis of the voice organ physiology. We also take into account an acoustic nonlinearity of hearing the birds and try to extract key characteristics for the bird vocalization description and modeling through an appropriate parameterization method. Besides a properly chosen parameterization method, in both the cases, we have to cope with a noise in recordings and with a variety of human speech, or bird vocalization. Birds interchange a variety of information through each vocal expression. Through the so-called calls, which we can hear more often, birds can transmit various warnings about a danger approaching, identify individuals in a flock, demarcate and keep territories, etc. The call character indicates that these are rather shorter and more efficient vocal expressions. Bird songs are another type of the bird vocal expression. For most of the species, they cannot be heard for all the year round. Most frequently, they are produced by male birds in order to indicate a territory takeover and to call females at the beginning of a nesting period. In general, a song is a more complex vocal expression and longer in time duration than a call. 1. 1 Related worksIn literature [2], the author focused on recognition of particular bird individuals, who would not have to be subjected to catching and ringing. The applied Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based system reached 88% success of data, which was described as high quality. A hidden Markov model (HMM)-based system represents a bird species recognition experiment focused in a different way. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while birds can produce vocal expressions, such as calls and songs, these are not equivalent to perfectly mimicking human speech. Instead, it describes the complexity of bird vocalizations and how they serve different communicative purposes, indicating that not all bird species have the capability to mimic human speech at all, let alone perfectly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: Related to this is my issue with the conclusion in the Discussion (see above). 8) Some of the statistical choices need to be justified and, data presentation optimized. • The use of peak velocity residuals, corrected for amplitude, should be justified more clearly. • It would also be good to clarify the rationale for using these residuals rather than correcting the velocities for amplitude with a covariate of no interest e. g. in a trial-wise mixed linear regression analysis. • The use of mixed linear modeling would allow both between- as well as within-subject variability to be taken into account. Was this considered? • I suggest that readers get access to uncorrected, observed velocity data rather than only the residuals. • While individual datapoints are presented in the supplement, I see no principled reason to present aggregate dataplots in the main text. Why not move the supplementary figures with actual datapoints to the main text? Raincloud plots might increase the readability of these plots? Author response Revisions: Some concerns raised by both reviewers, regarding data analysis, interpretation and conclusions are outlined below. Of particular note, the authors need to better incorporate the reported findings into the extant literature. We thank the reviewers for their time and their helpful comments. We have addressed all of them, and believe it has made the manuscript more robust and readable. We address each of the points below. When adding individual data points and HC data to some figures, we had to split some figures into new separate ones. We also noticed that some participants had not been excluded from the autocorrelation and pupillometry data, so have redone those analyses to match the exclusions applied to the other data. This has resulted in a new cluster of significance in PD OFF which matches up with the previous ON vs OFF difference, so has not changed our findings. We also corrected a typo in the demographics Table 3 (PD ACE was wrong), and have moved legends and tables to the end of this file and uploaded figures separately as requested by eLife editorial support. 1) Given the involvement of dopamine in "expectation", did the authors investigate any potential impact of order effects? That is, if the subjects were tested ON or OFF medication first, did that impact subsequent responding? It may be that the sample size is too low for this analysis and/or for the correlations to be meaningful; nonetheless, this possibility should be discussed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that directly supports or contradicts the claim regarding the role of dopamine in reward processing and motivation. Instead, it discusses methodological concerns and revisions related to data analysis in a research study. It mentions dopamine's involvement in 'expectation' but does not explore its specific role in reward processing or motivation, making the text largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: J Med. 1994;9(1):20–3. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science183. . Do decision biases predict bad decisions? Omission bias, naturalness bias, and influenza vaccination. Making. 2008;28(4):532–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science184. -Buzaglo J. Cognitive processes and the decisions of some parents to forego pertussis vaccination for their children. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(6):697–703. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science185. Ritov I, Baron J. Reluctance to vaccinate: omission bias and ambiguity. J Mak. 1990;3(4):263–77. Crossref186. Ritov I, Baron J. Outcome knowledge, regret, and omission bias. Process. 1995;64(2):119–27. CrossrefWeb of Science187. . Feeling bad about immunising our children. Vaccine. 2005;23(12):1428–33. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science188. . Understanding and predicting parental decisions about early childhood immunizations. Health Psychol. 2004;23(1):33–41. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science189. Baron J. The effect of normative beliefs on anticipated emotions. J Psychol. 1992;63(2):320–30. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science190. Zikmund-. A matter of perspective: choosing for others differs from choosing for yourself in making treatment decisions. J Med. 2006;21(6):618–22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science191. Bond L, Nolan T. Making sense of perceptions of risk of diseases and vaccinations: a qualitative study combining models of health beliefs, decision-making and risk perception. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):943. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science192. Connolly T, Reb J. Omission bias in vaccination decisions: where’s the “omission”? Where’s the “bias”? Process. 2003;91(2):186–202. CrossrefWeb of Science193. Kahneman D, Tversky A. Conflict resolution: a cognitive perspective. In: Kahneman D, Tversky A, eds. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and findings related to cognitive biases and their influence on decision-making, particularly in the context of health-related choices like vaccinations. For instance, it mentions 'omission bias' and 'naturalness bias' which are specific cognitive processes that can affect parental decisions about vaccinations. This directly supports the claim that cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCCs) were chosen as feature vectors and a data set includes recordings of four different bird species (common blackbird (Turdus merula), common chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita), western jackdaw (Corvus monedula), and common raven (Corvus corax)). A difference consists mainly in the use of a large quantity of untreated and noised recordings from a portal xeno-canto. org [3]. The system also works with complete recordings, without the voice activity detection (VAD) module, and reaches 65% classification success [4]. Among research works abroad, the interesting work [5] compared MFCCs and human factor cepstral coefficients (HFCCs) for bird species recognition. For evaluation, recordings of five different species were used, from which bird vocalization parts were chosen using a simple VAD system. The results imply an improvement of classification success almost by 10% when using HFCCs and a hypercardioid microphone. When using HFCCs and a cardioid microphone, the improvement is by about 1%. On average, the total success for classification of five different species is 85% when using MFCCs and 90% when using HFCCs. In [6], the authors tested application of a completely different approach. In their research, they focused on syllables as basic structural units of bird vocalization. The classification success ranged between 76 and 80%. In the work from Briggs et al. [7],Footnote 1 several different approaches for classification of six bird species are compared. These are three different types of feature vectors. These are average values of mean frequency and bandwidth, spectrum density, and MFCC. The very classification is performed through k-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithm with several different metrics for evaluation of distances and support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The achieved success ranges from 42. 8 to 92. 5%. 1. 2 Used dataThe recordings used are taken from the commercial edition CD carriers [8]. The recordings include various types of voice expressions (various calls and songs) of various individuals, which were recorded in their natural environment. Some recordings include also other undesirable noises, above all vocalization of other bird species. In total, we have selected 18 different bird species from 6 different families and 4 different orders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various bird species and their vocalization capabilities, specifically addressing the classification accuracy and methods for analyzing bird vocalizations rather than asserting that every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. The focus on classification success percentages suggests variability in vocalization abilities among bird species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: We agree with the reviewer that order effects could be important. Including which session (ON/OFF) was performed first as a factor in the analysis revealed no effects of session order, or any interactions with session order, on any of the saccade measures reported. We have stated this in the Results section: “We additionally checked whether there were practice effects in the PD patients, in case patients behaved differently on their second session due to different expectations. We found no effects or interactions of session on any measure in PD patients (p >. 05). ” 2) As peak saccade velocity residuals were the primary outcome measure affected, this metric warrants further description and justification in the primary text, prior to the results. We have further explained this measure: “A saccade’s velocity is tightly governed by its amplitude, a relation known as the “main sequence” (Bahill, Clark and Stark, 1975). […] We did this regression for each participant and session separately, but across conditions. ” We have also added a panel to Figure 1 to have an illustrative example of residuals using sample data, and have updated the legend to: “Example of the main sequence and velocity residuals – the points show a subset of individual trials illustrating the “main sequence” relationship where larger saccades have greater velocity, shown by the regression line. The distance from each point to its line is the velocity residual, which we take as out main measure of response vigour. ” 3) It seems that HC subjects are not included in the primary analyses, but only compared to PD ON and PD OFF, in separate analyses, in the supplemental text. HC subjects should be included in the primary analyses, as they are shown in Figure 2. In relation, the authors should further interpret the fact that HC subjects differ from PD patients on measures of amplitude, saccadic RT and endpoint variability, but seem to resemble PD ON for peak velocity residuals (as shown in Figure 2). While the authors briefly discuss the negative results in HC subjects, it is not clear why there is no effect of motivation in these subjects, as one might expect. The pattern observed in HC subjects might help to explain the data from the PD subjects and therefore should be better incorporated into the manuscript. HC data should be included in Figure 3 and the accompanying analyses, as well. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding dopamine's role in reward processing and motivation. It discusses the effects of session order on saccade measures in patients and mentions the performance metrics but does not address dopamine or its significance in reward processing or motivation in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science219. Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: how presentation of recurrence risk influences decision-making. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(23):4299–305. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science220. Cranney M, Walley T. Same information, different decisions: the influence of evidence on the management of hypertension in the elderly. Gen Pract. 1996;46(412):661–3. PubMedWeb of Science221. . Reconciling population benefits and women’s individual autonomy in mammographic screening: in-depth interviews to explore women’s views about “informed choice. ”. 2005;29(1):69–77. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science222. Fagerlin A, Zikmund-. “If I’m better than average, then I’m ok? ” Comparative information influences beliefs about risk and benefits. Couns. 2007;69(1–3):140–4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science223. Gyrd-øe J, Nielsen JB. Effects of baseline risk information on social and individual choices. Making. 2002;22(1):71–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science224. . Communicating the benefits of chronic preventive therapy: does the format of efficacy data determine patients’ acceptance of treatment? Making. 1995;15(2):152–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science225. Impact of presentation of research results on likelihood of prescribing medications to patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Cardiol. 2001;87(2):203–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science226. . Effects of communicating social comparison information on risk perceptions for colorectal cancer. J Health Commun. 2006;11(4):391–407. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science227. . The framing effect of relative and absolute risk. J Med. 1993;8(10):543–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science228. Misselbrook D, Armstrong D. Patients’ responses to risk information about the benefits of treating hypertension. Gen Pract. 2001;51(465):276–9. PubMedWeb of Science229. . Measured enthusiasm: does the method of reporting trial results alter perceptions of therapeutic effectiveness? Med. 1992;117(11):916–21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how various factors, including the presentation of information, can influence decision-making processes in medical contexts. Specific examples are provided, such as how ‘the framing effect of relative and absolute risk’ alters perceptions and choices, which reflects the impact of cognitive biases on decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: The particular species are shown in Table 1:Table 1 Selected bird species used for classificationFull size tableRegarding the use of supervised learning algorithms, data labels were necessary to be provided in next steps. For this reason, manual evaluation of recordings was performed. Recordings were manually divided into bird vocalization segments and segments containing other noises or silence. Vocalization covered 41. 37% of the total length of the recordings. 2 MethodsThe system comprises several independent modules (Fig. 1), the first of which is the feature extraction from a signal. A wav format recording enters this module; the recording is divided into individual 15-ms-long frames. A 13-dimensional vector representing the given frame is calculated for each frame. Fig. 1Modules for recognition bird speciesFull size imageUsing the VAD module, only frames which were evaluated as vocalization are selected. A sequence of frames with bird vocalization forms code values of various lengths. The remaining parts of the recording are not used for processing anymore. This part is important for increasing the recognition accuracy, using HMM [4]. Afterwards, likelihood for each trained HMM model is calculated for each code value. In the last phase, such a model is selected that generates the highest likelihood rate for the given code value. 2. 1 Feature extractionFor human speech recognition, a short-term analysis method is often used, when a signal is divided into very short segments where the signal is stationary. In the next analysis, only these microsegments are processed. Sound production in birds is very similar as in humans [9]. The resulting signal is a convolution of the base signal, which is modulated by the vocal organ. For recognition purposes, deconvolution is performed and we further work only with the vocal organ function. In the convolution, the base signal is highly dependent on the particular individual [1]. For human speech, used for the common communication, the frequency range is 180 Hz–6 kHz [1]. For bird vocalization, the most frequently used frequencies range from 0. 5 to 6 kHz [2]. On this assumption, we further use methods for human speech processing. One of the most frequently used approaches is the MFCC calculation for each recording frame. During the calculation, nonlinearity of human hearing has also made provision for by nonlinearly placed triangular filters. A bank of filters for MFCCs only partly reflects nonlinearity of human hearing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the technical aspects of bird vocalization and human speech recognition, highlighting that sound production in birds is similar to humans, but does not support the idea that every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. The mention of differences in frequency ranges and specific processing methods suggests that there are limitations and variances among bird species in their vocal capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: But as the reviewer suggests, trial-wise mixed models can provide a much more sensitive test and account for the different numbers of valid trials between conditions and subjects. We performed this analysis. For velocity residuals we obtained the following results shown in Author response table 1: Author response table 1 3. 04881. 9220. 0546Contingency0. 13920. 08780. 9301Drug-0. 0539-0. 03390. 9729Motivation * Contingency0. 23800. 15000. 8808Motivation * Drug0. 54200. 34170. 7326Contingency * Drug2. 62391. 65420. 0981Contingency * Motivation * Drug3. 53182. 2266*0. 0260 In fact, for each variable, the pattern of significant effects turned out the same for both methods. Thus we added the following to the Materials and methods/analysis section: “All statistical analyses were also performed using a full linear mixed effects model including each trial, which produced in qualitatively identical results. ” • I suggest that readers get access to uncorrected, observed velocity data rather than only the residuals. We have included raw velocity as an extra panel in Figure 2, included the statistics in all main and supplementary results tables, and discussed this measure in the Results: “Raw peak velocity had an effect of motivation, as both types of motivation increased speed (Figure 2F, p=0. 0110), although this will include effects of changes in amplitude (via the main sequence) which showed a borderline significant effect of motivation (Figure 2C, p=0. 0607). ” • While individual datapoints are presented in the supplement, I see no principled reason to present aggregate dataplots in the main text. Why not move the supplementary figures with actual datapoints to the main text? Raincloud plots might increase the readability of these plots? We have added individual data points to the line graphs in Figure 2 (raincloud plots were very busy due to the 2*2*3 design). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the role of dopamine in reward processing and motivation. Instead, it discusses statistical analysis methods and results related to motivation and velocity data, which are not specifically tied to the claim about dopamine's significance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Expressing medicine side effects: assessing the effectiveness of absolute risk, relative risk, and number needed to harm, and the provision of baseline risk information. Couns. 2006;63(1–2):89–96. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science240. . Risk communication methods in hip fracture prevention: a randomised trial in primary care. Gen Pract. 2011;61(589):e469–76. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science241. . Does informed consent alter elderly patients’ p30. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science242. . The representativeness heuristic: influence on nurses’ decision making. Res. 2003;16(3):201–4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science243. Acute coronary syndromes without chest pain, an underdiagnosed and undertreated high-risk group: insights from the global registry of acute coronary events. Chest. 2004;126(2):461–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science244. Cioffi J, Markham R. Clinical decision-making by midwives: managing case complexity. J Adv Nurs. 1997;25(2):265–72. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science245. Ferrario CG. Experienced and less-experienced nurses’ diagnostic reasoning: implications for fostering students’ critical thinking. Classif. 2003;14(2):41–52. CrossrefPubMed246. Garb HN. The representativeness and past-behavior heuristics in clinical judgment. Res Pr. 1996;27(3):272–7. CrossrefWeb of Science247. Arkes H, Blumer C. The psychology of sunk cost. Process. 1985;35(1):124–40. CrossrefWeb of Science248. Coleman MD. Sunk cost and commitment to medical treatment. Curr Psychol. 2010;29(2):121–34. CrossrefWeb of Science249. . Rationality in medical treatment decisions: is there a sunk-cost effect? Med. 1999;49(2):215–22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science250. Braverman JA, Blumenthal-Barby JS. Assessment of the sunk-cost effect in clinical decision-making. Med. 2012;75(1):186–92. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science251. . Patient p71. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies related to cognitive biases, such as 'The representativeness heuristic: influence on nurses’ decision making' and 'The psychology of sunk cost.' These citations indicate that cognitive biases, like the representativeness heuristic and sunk cost effect, play a role in clinical decision-making, thus supporting the assertion that cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making.