Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Coral mass bleaching and reef temperatures at Navassa Island, 2006. Estuarine, Coastal and 91:42-50. 2010. Assessing coral bleaching and recovery with a colour reference card in Park, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 655:99-108. 2001. Cloudy weather may have saved reef corals during the 1998 ENSO event. 222:209-216 Muscatine L, Porter JW. 1977. Reef corals: mutualistic symbioses adapted to nutrient-poor environments. Bioscience 27:454-460. 2001. Water-flow rates and passive diffusion partially explain differential survival of corals during the 1998 bleaching event. 212:301-304. 2014. When depth is no refuge: cumulative thermal stress increases with depth in Bocas del Toro, Panama. 33:193-205 ’. 2017. Caribbean massive corals not recovering from repeated thermal stress events during 2005–2013. Ecology and Evolution 7:1339-1353 Nyström M, Folke C, Moberg F. 2000. Coral reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15:413-417. 2008. The importance of zooplankton to the daily metabolic carbon requirements of healthy and bleached corals at two depths. Journal of Biology and Ecology 367:180-188 -Knowles N, Bay RA. 2014. Mechanisms of reef coral resistance to future climate change. Science 344:895-898. 2011. Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification. Science 333:418-422. 2015. Regional-scale dominance of non-framework building corals on Caribbean reefs affects carbonate production and future reef growth. Biology 21:1153-1164. 1989. Bleaching in reef corals: physiological and stable isotopic responses. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 86:9342-9346 Pörtner H-O, Roberts DC, Masson-. 2019. The ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. . 2013. Changes in bleaching susceptibility among corals subject to ocean warming and recurrent bleaching in Moorea, French Polynesia. 8:e70443. 2012. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching and related studies rather than plants and their cultivation in modern agriculture. There are no references to plants or agricultural practices within the text provided.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: For example, according to our results (Tables 6 and 7) the consumption of 1 kg of imported conventional beef in Qatar would imply the emission of 13. 87 kg CO2 (13. 43, 0. 15 and 0. 29 kg CO2-eq kg product−1 from production, packaging and transportation, respectively) (97% from production) if it is frozen meat transported from Australia by ship, or 28. 48 kg CO2 (13. 43, 0. 15 and 14. 90 kg CO2-eq kg product−1 from production, packaging and transportation, respectively) (47% from production) in case it is fresh meat imported from Australia by plane. These results suggest that even though the additional emissions from commercial livestock farming in Qatar are not known, emissions from transportation and packaging would be negligible compared to those from the production in the total balance when transporting by ship (i. e. frozen meat or fresh meat from nearby countries). An exception would be the traditional regional livestock. Traditional livestock species (e. g. camels, goats) which are used to the extreme conditions of Qatar could be fed by indigenous palatable plants and palatable halophytes, which consume less freshwater and, therefore, could be used as fodder or “pastures” [31]. These species could substitute the current exotic plants used for feeding the livestock [e. g. rhode-grass (Chloris gavana) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa)], which can consume up to 48,000 m3 ha−1 year−1 of water [96]. However, what is clear from our results is that decreasing the level of meat from ruminants could be an effective strategy to decrease the GHG emissions. Emissions from transportation and packaging remain similar but emissions from conventional production are three times lower for poultry meat, meaning a decrease in 8. 83 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1 (from 13. 43 to 4. 6 kg CO2-eq kg product−1). Considering the actual consumption of beef in Qatar, the shift from beef to poultry meat would lead to a decrease of about 74 kg CO2-eq per capita and year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that reducing meat consumption, particularly from ruminants, can effectively decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It mentions that decreasing the level of meat from ruminants could be an effective strategy to decrease GHG emissions and notes the potential reduction of about 74 kg CO2-equivalent per capita per year when shifting from beef to poultry meat. This supports the assertion that a plant-based or reduced meat diet contributes to a smaller carbon footprint compared to diets heavy in meat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Awareness of climate change will lead to immediate action without further advocacy. [SEP] Text: However, only the trend remains after this multi-model averaging is performed; interannual to decadal variability is an additional source of uncertainty in the projections that should be factored into future scenarios, for example, by taking past variability as an indicator of variability in the future [18,19]. Finally, we cannot set too much store by probabilistic projections because the ensemble of models used in the projections is not an accurate representation of the full range of possible futures [9]. The complexities of these considerations point to the importance of close collaboration between climate and health experts when conducting research on future impacts. Failure to capture the full range of uncertainty in decisions could lead to maladaptation [20]. Long-term impacts, short-term actionsIf long-term climate prediction is so uncertain, where is the value in modelling the health impacts of future climate change? Long-term projections are one of many lines of evidence that help to shape climate and health policy by their gradual influence on the culture and priorities of people and institutions. Research on the health impacts of future climate change thus plays an important role in the climate change discourse, but its value is primarily in shaping policy by providing material that can be used to advocate for both mitigation and adaptation programming rather than triggering practical actions. Much of the published information on climate change health impacts serves this advocacy agenda (e. g. , WHO’s Climate and [21]). The language used to promote such materials, however, often suggests that they are intended to guide practical adaptation decisions. The high precision of the information that is generally provided gives the misleading impression of high confidence in very specific outcomes. Practical adaptation measures need to focus on what can be accomplished today with available and reliable climate information while keeping the long term in mind. For example, warming in Ethiopia is raising the maximum elevation for malaria transmission in mountainous areas, exposing new highland populations to malaria risk, but projected temperature trends are uncertain [22]. A suitable adaptation response might use seasonal forecasts to advocate for new surveillance and clinics in marginal transmission zones, with higher vigilance during El Niño years when climate anomalies are more predictable [23] and highland warming is often strongest [22]. Such windows of enhanced predictability can be used to push for malaria eradication, a priority of the on Malaria Eradication, by putting additional resources into control programs like bednet distribution, indoor residual spraying, and vector control at these times [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the need for advocacy and collaboration despite awareness of climate change. It states that 'its value is primarily in shaping policy by providing material that can be used to advocate for both mitigation and adaptation programming rather than triggering practical actions.' This suggests that awareness alone is insufficient to prompt immediate action, necessitating further advocacy efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Endosymbiotic flexibility associates with environmental sensitivity in scleractinian corals. Proceedings of the B: 279:4352-4361 R Core Team. 2018. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. software. 2016. Cryptic genetic divergence within threatened species of Acropora coral from the Indian and Pacific Oceans. 17:577-591 Ritson-Williams R, Gates RD. 2020. Coral community resilience to successive years of bleaching in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i. 39:757-769. 2007. Energy reserves and metabolism as indicators of coral recovery from bleaching. Limnology and Oceanography 52:1874-1882 Roff G, Mumbay PJ. 2014. Global disparity in the resilience of coral reefs. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27:404-413 Rouzé -Lecellier V. 2019. Unique quantitative Symbiodiniaceae signature of coral colonies revealed through spatio-temporal survey in Moorea. 9:1-11. 2001. Coral bleaching and marine protected areas. . 1-96. 2008. Baselines and degradation of coral reefs in the Islands. 3:e1548. 2022. Evidence for de novo acquisition of microalgal symbionts by bleached adult corals. 16:1676-1679. 2005. Size matters: bleaching dynamics of the coral Oculina patagonica. 294:181-188 Shlesinger T, R. 2023. Oceanic differences in coral-bleaching responses to marine heatwaves. Science of the 871:162113 Siebeck U, Marshall N, Klüter A, Hoegh-Guldberg O. 2006. Monitoring coral bleaching using a colour reference card. 25:453-460. 2016. Re-evaluating the health of coral reef communities: baselines and evidence for human impacts across the central Pacific. Proceedings of the B: 283:20151985 é. 2014. A depth refugium from catastrophic coral bleaching prevents regional extinction. Ecology 95:1663-1673. 2015. Warm-water coral reefs and climate change. Science 350:769-771 -Guldberg O, Carter D. 2009. Stability of coral–endosymbiont associations during and after a thermal stress event in the southern Reef. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and findings related to coral, coral bleaching, and related ecological topics, with no mention of plants or their historical or current agricultural status.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: This relatively high reduction in the GHG emissions from the shift from ruminants to monogastrics is already very well-known and, therefore, in line with other studies showing differences between three times [98] until one order of magnitude [99], and suggesting that up to 65% of the world´s GHG from livestock would come from cattle [100]. Importantly, in terms of GHG emissions, the differences between the organic and conventional systems for the overall animal products are negligible. b. Plant-based productsIn our scenarios, we selected organic fruit and horticulture farming also due to the fact that they use organic inputs (residues from harvest, manure, pruning debris, sewage sludge, compost…) as fertilizers. However, they do not necessarily require soil, but they can be grown by using soil-free substrates) and water (i. e. soilless food production) or can be combined with aquaculture (i. e. aquaponics) [101]. In our study, emissions from the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides in the production of conventional vegetables averaged 0. 12 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1 (Fig. 6). Considering an emission factor from packaging of 0. 06 kg CO2 Kg product−1 (Table 5) and same emission factor for transportation than in the previous example for meat (Table 4), emissions from packaging and transportation would be higher than those from the production. Moreover, since the emissions from inorganic fertilizers and pesticides are relatively high compared to those from the organic system (Fig. 6), and considering the emissions from transportation and packaging, regional and organic farming might be considered as mitigating options. Another mitigating option also suggested by many authors since the last decade[100] is decreasing the level of meat and dairy consumption and, thus, increasing plant-based products consumption (i. e. adopting vegetarian or vegan diets). Despite main focus of this study is not assessing the shift from animal to plant-based products, according to our results, reducing the consumption of animal products to half of the current level and substituting them with plant-based products would save around 368 KgCO2 capita−1. Footnote 3 In this line, Joyce et al. [103] in a literature review found that shifting to non-meat diets could save up to half of the total diet-associated emissions compared to an average diet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that reducing the consumption of animal products and substituting them with plant-based products can lead to significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Specifically, it states that shifting to non-meat diets could save up to half of the total diet-associated emissions compared to an average diet. This directly supports the claim regarding the environmental benefits of plant-based eating.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Awareness of climate change will lead to immediate action without further advocacy. [SEP] Text: Approaches to decision-making under uncertainty are attracting attention and provide some promise for planners to incorporate uncertain future climate projections into planning decisions. Rather than a “predict then act” approach, they assess risks to policies [25]. These methods require deep consultation with stakeholders, considerable technical capacity, financial resources, and experience of facilitation. As yet, there are few practical examples in high-income countries and even fewer in low-income countries [26] although examples are now emerging, such as the implementation of a long-term water resources master plan in Lima, Peru [27]. Whilst flexibility can sometimes be built into long-term decisions—even in the case of sunk infrastructure projects [28]—more gradual adaptation options are also available, such as decisions to invest in monitoring and surveillance, reducing vulnerabilities, research, and capacity building [24,29,30]. The modelling of future health impacts has an important role to play in motivating these types of adaptation decisions so that the systems and expertise needed to manage changing climate-related health risks are in place. Studies that project the health impacts of climate change should avoid overselling the utility of this information for practical adaptation by clearly presenting uncertainties and being realistic about the value of projections for shaping policy, rather than triggering actions. 1. Health and 6: Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: overview and implications for policy makers. Lancet. 2009;374:2104–14. pmid:19942281 View 2. . Disconnect between science and end-users as a barrier to climate change adaptation. Clim Res. 2013;58(1):29–41. View 3. Ensuring climate information guides long-term development A shortfall in knowledge and data. Chang. 2015;5:812–4. View 4. Berrang-. Are we adapting to climate change? Chang. 2011;21(1):25–33. View 5. Development and implementation of South Asia’s first heat-health action plan in Ahmedabad (Gujarat, India). . 2014;11(4):3473–92. pmid:24670386 View 6. . Neonates in Ahmedabad, India, during the 2010 heat wave: a climate change adaptation study. J Health. 2014; 2014:946875 pmid:24734050 View 7. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that merely being aware of climate change does not necessarily lead to immediate action. It discusses the need for 'deep consultation with stakeholders' and 'considerable technical capacity' in decision-making processes, highlighting that effective adaptation requires significant resources and advocacy efforts. The mention of the necessity for realistic projections and understanding uncertainties further supports the idea that awareness alone is insufficient for triggering actions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 28:709-713 van Woesik R. 2019. A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades. 10:1264 Sully S, Hodgson G, van Woesik R. 2022. Present and future bright and dark spots for coral reefs through climate change. Biology 28:4509-4522. 2006. Highly stable symbioses among western Atlantic brooding corals. 25:515-519 -. 2011. A connection between colony biomass and death in Caribbean reef-building corals. 6:e29535. 2001. Repopulation of zooxanthellae in the Caribbean corals Montastraea annularis and M. faveolata following experimental and disease-associated bleaching. Bulletin 201:360-373. 2014. Opposite latitudinal gradients in projected ocean acidification and bleaching impacts on coral reefs. Biology 20:103-112. 1995. Effects of Cyclone ‘Joy’ on nearshore coral communities of the Reef. 128:261-270. 2012. Effects of coral colony morphologies on mass transfer and susceptibility to thermal stress. 31:633-639. 2022. Coral-bleaching responses to climate change across biological scales. Biology 28:4229-4250. 2019. The rarity of depth refugia from coral bleaching heat stress in the western and central Pacific Islands. 9:1-12 Veron JCE. 2011. Coral taxonomy and evolution. In: Coral reefs: an ecosystem in transition. Cham: Springer. 37-45. 2010. Species composition, habitat, and water quality influence coral bleaching in southern Florida. 408:65-78. 2020. Divergent symbiont communities determine the physiology and nutrition of a reef coral across a light-availability gradient. 14:945-958. 2021. Shifting baselines: physiological legacies contribute to the response of reef corals to frequent heatwaves. 35:1366-1378 Wall CB, Ritson-. 2019. Spatial variation in the biochemical and isotopic composition of corals during bleaching and recovery. Limnology and Oceanography 64:2011-2028. 2003. Resistance and resilience to coral bleaching: implications for coral reef conservation and management. 17:956-967. 2016. Package ‘ggplot2’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses coral bleaching and ecological research related to corals rather than addressing the cultivation of plants used historically in agriculture. There is no information in the text that supports, contrasts, or relates to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: Therefore, regional and conventional livestock farming of non-traditional animal species in Qatar would might not be beneficial in terms of overall GHG emissions. However, trade-offs between the local production of non-traditional animal products and GHG emissions might be unavoidable at the short-term, due to the unstable international food supply chains, mainly due to the current blockade that is affecting Qatar since 2017 by some surrounding countries of the and more recently to the COVID-19 crisis. Conversely, the production of plant-based products would emit around one order of magnitude less GHGs than animal products. However, in order to keep the emissions under a relatively low level when producing regionally, vegetables production in Qatar should be done in an efficient way and by using lower- or non-CO2 emission technologies (e. g. renewable energies, precision and smart farming, re-use of organic by-products, use of treated wastewater…) and by implementing emerging food-system innovations like combining the production of plant-based products with fish farming (i. e. aquaponics systems). Considering the application of these technologies, and according to our results, a combination of regional and organic agriculture should be considered as a suitable GHG emission-mitigation option. Therefore, we suggest a dietary change, which should be boosted by local authorities. According to our results, implementing the production and fostering the consumption of traditional organic animal products as well as the regional organic plant-based ones is highly recommendable in order to decrease the GHG emissions. In addition, implementing efficient and likewise sustainable innovations for indoor regional and organic agriculture should be prioritized. We encourage national authorities to include these recommendations in the Strategy (2018–2023), not only on the supply-side, where some of them are already included, but also regarding the need for adapting diets to local conditions. In this regard, future studies should focus on the feasibility of coupling the increase in the food self-sufficiency of the country and the improvement in the sustainability of Qatar´s food system. Availability of data and materials The relevant results are shown in the manuscript, whereas other supporting data are shown in the Supplementary Material. Change history08 April 2021Open access funding note missed in the original publication. Now, it has been added in the Funding section. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'the production of plant-based products would emit around one order of magnitude less GHGs than animal products', indicating that plant-based diets are superior in terms of greenhouse gas emissions compared to meat-heavy diets. Furthermore, it discusses the importance of dietary changes and the recommendation for fostering the consumption of regional organic plant-based products to decrease GHG emissions, reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: No data was missing from the dataset after the data was cleaned. Mahalanobis D-square values were examined in the CFA output to determine if outliers were present, with those values greater than 100 representing extreme outliers. Five observations were identified; these were iteratively removed during the model respecification process for a final sample size of 484. (MLE) was utilized to assess the model fit (Hair et al. 2010). The original model had a slightly low model fit; thus, the decision was made to iteratively run post hoc analyses to respecify the model. This process entailed systematically reviewing the MIs in the CFA output and making adjustments to the model, reviewing outliers and removing them, and assessing the reliability and validity of the model. Hair et al. (2010) note the goodness of fit measures may become more sensitive to a very large sample size. Particularly, the Goodness of (GFI) and the of (AGFI) may be affected and should be considered secondary indicators, greater than or equal to 0. 90. Covariance between error terms was reviewed as were regression weights between items and factors which may suggest cross-loading. The first specified CFA model had mixed results in terms of model fit, factor loadings, covariances, cross-loadings, AVE and convergent validity, discriminant validity, and construct reliability and Cronbach’s alpha values. The model was evaluated, and it was determined that the PHR factor and the item SE3 may need to be removed to improve the model. The literature was reviewed to confirm the process (Hair et al. 2010). The iterative process included first removing PHR items and repeating the respecification process to evaluate model fit, reliability, and validity. By the end of the process, the PHR factor, the three PHR indicator items, and SE3 were removed. A review of the CFA output of normality revealed no change in kurtosis (e. g. , all remained under 2. 0). Table 2 details the model fit indices of the final CFA model, shown in Fig. 2. The Chi-square value of the final specified model was 804. 63 (df = 369, p = 0. 000). The model fit was deemed acceptable. Table 2 Model fit indices of the final CFA modelFull size tableFig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data cleaning and model fit evaluation in statistical analysis without mentioning virtual reality or its application in educational settings. Therefore, it does not provide any information that corroborates, contrasts, or relates to the claim about virtual reality technology in classrooms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Skip to content (Set) PUSH (Seismic Hazard) STAMP (SiTe AMPlification) and (Web) Temblor (iOS) Temblor (Android) Insurance & a retrofit my building? buy insurance? Living with a safe home in earthquake country How to prepare for an earthquake How to get involved X-rays can reveal massive, ancient two-for-one earthquakes Posted on December 30, 2021December 31, 2021 by studying sedimentary layers beneath a lake in Indonesia, researchers developed a new technique that can date earthquake doublets within the hour. Koenig, Ph. D. , (@Lauren_A_Koenig) Reporting by (@geologiststephy) Citation: Koenig, L. , 2021, X-rays can reveal massive, ancient two-for-one earthquakes, Temblor, Resolving the details of prehistoric earthquakes is a notoriously difficult task, involving piecing together the zigs and zags of sedimentary layers and other lingering clues offset in their wake. But evidence of these ancient disruptions may actually have been caused by earthquake doublets – two earthquakes with similarly high magnitudes that rupture nearby faults within a few hours of one another – and there is now a way to prove it. In a study presented at the Union’s fall meeting last week, researchers describe a new technique to illuminate the paleoseismic record concealed beneath the murky waters of natural lakes. The methodology is based on analyzing the flow direction of turbidites, which are layers of sand and mud formed by underwater landslides. The study’s lead author, Katleen Wils, a postdoctoral fellow at Ghent University, and her colleagues identified the imprint left behind in the sediment when two consecutive earthquakes — like a heartbeat — pulsed and churned a natural lake in Indonesia. Wils’ new findings were born from a field expedition to Sumatra, Indonesia. The island is located along the Sunda megathrust, where the Indo-Australian tectonic plate dives beneath the Eurasian plate in one of the most active seismic zones in the world. The research team chose — located in the crater of a volcano — as their testing grounds. Surrounded by stunning mountain views, the stretch of sapphire water rests atop the Sumatran fault. On either side of the lake lie the Sumani and Sianok segments, which caused magnitude-6. 4 and magnitude-6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study regarding sedimentary layers and paleoseismology instead of archaeobotany. There is no mention of how ancient civilization collapses could be understood through archaeobotanical evidence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: An in vitro assay found plant-based proteins have lower numbers of simple protein structures (α-helices and β-sheets), which reduced digestibility and the release of fewer peptides relative to real beef (68). The body of evidence does not show a difference large enough to show the risk of insufficient amino acid absorption (63). More research is warranted to explore the bioavailability of amino acids in commonly consumed plant foods. Our study demonstrated that those who followed a PBD had significantly lower WCs than those following a regular meat diet. Positive associations between PBDs and weight status have been well-established in previous research. A recent meta-analysis reported that the consumption of PBDs (including vegans and LOVs) was associated with significantly lower body weight, BMI, and WC compared to RMEs. Moreover, when investigating vegans independently, they showed a 5% reduction in body weight (25). Other systematic reviews and meta-analyses, mostly RCTs, similarly reported lower BMI and body weight in those following vegan and LOV dietary patterns (69, 70). One of the few studies to include PVs and SVs is the Study on Women's Health, which found that compared to RMEs, body weight, BMI, and WC were significantly lower in PVs and body weight and BMI lower in LOVs, but not in SVs when compared to RMEs (20). The EPIC-found that when compared to RMEs, body weight, BMI, and WC were lower in PVs and SVs, akin to vegan and LOV dietary patterns (51). In contrast, a 6-month RCT of fifty overweight adults demonstrated vegans' weight loss was significantly different compared to RMEs, though not for SVs or PVs (71). Although WC was the only weight status measure to reach significance, previous literature reports positive associations between PBDs and all weight status markers, including body weight and BMI. Further research that examines weight status among various PBDs, including PVs and SVs, is warranted to substantiate the observations reported in this study. There are several strengths of the current study, the first being that we were able to examine the association between various PBDs on body composition, weight status, and bone health in individuals habitually consuming dietary patterns from the community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that individuals following plant-based diets (PBDs) had significantly lower weight categories (WC) compared to those on regular meat diets (RMEs). It highlights that previous research consistently shows associations between PBDs and lower body weight, BMI, and WC, suggesting that a diet with less meat aligns with better health outcomes, which can indirectly imply a lower carbon footprint as plant-based diets are generally associated with reduced environmental impact compared to meat-heavy diets.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: Participants responded as having low experience with VR, and the technology may not be readily accessible for use; this undoubtedly impacted their perspective of using the technology for training. User familiarity with the technology, and therefore confidence in using it, may be low. Students may benefit from understanding the advantages of learning with VR and gaining familiarity with the technology before it is incorporated as a training tool. The factors PHR and RU may not be of importance to students at this time, but that stance may change as VR becomes more available and is incorporated into the curriculum and federal regulations associated with flight training at Pilot Schools. Although PEXP did not influence ATU, the factors of PEU, PU, and PENJ were found to influence ATU directly. This perspective is insightful as it implies that students will be more willing to use VR for training if it is easy to use and will improve performance. Students must already prioritize their resources (e. g. , time, finances) and if the student does not perceive that VR will be beneficial for training, they will likely use other devices. Instructors, curriculum developers, and others can use this knowledge to design programs to educate students on how to use VR, the benefits of using VR for training, and encourage them to use VR for personal use to increase familiarity with and enjoyment of the technology. This model can be adapted for use by other researchers to gain insight into students’ attitudes toward and intention to use VR for training or educational purposes in different environments. The verbiage of the survey instrument can be modified for other immersive simulation technologies, including augmented reality, mixed reality, and simulators used in part-task training. This would enable a better understanding of how these factors explain user behavior with similar but less immersive technologies. Replication can validate the model and survey instrument and allow for comparison between training environments and populations. Other researchers may consider examining the factors of and PBC in the realm of immersive simulation technologies. This study has three main limitations. Although these limitations constrain the results of the study, the findings are no less diminished. First, the representation of this study may be limited. Although the findings are based on data collected from students at higher education institutions, the results may not generalize to all higher education students. However, results may be used to inform educators and instructors who are considering incorporating VR into other dynamic learning environments. Second, data were collected using a cross-sectional survey design over two months in 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing participants' low familiarity with virtual reality (VR) and how this may affect their perspective on using the technology in training. It emphasizes that VR may not be readily accessible and the importance of students gaining familiarity and understanding the benefits before it is incorporated into the curriculum. This suggests that while VR has potential for enhancing learning experiences, current limitations may hinder its use in classrooms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: 3 earthquakes to occur within two hours of one another in 2007. Because this event was confirmed to be a doublet at the time, Wils and her colleagues collected four cores from the lake and found a turbidite that could reveal what doublets look like in the sedimentary record. The boat used by the researchers to conduct coring on Lake Singkarak. Credit: How turbidites record the past The submerged slides of water and sediment that create turbidites, like the one Wils found in Lake Singkarak, are often triggered by an earthquake during a process called slope failure. As the motion subsides, denser and coarser grains sink from the current first, leaving finer grains and clay to alight atop the mass. The muddy material deposited between turbidites serves as a record of the amount of time between successive quakes. Turbidites are formed by underwater avalanches at the edge of continental shelves or deep lakes with steep slopes from the shelf along the shoreline. The material that settles at the bottom of the shelf tends to consist of sand and similar coarse material, grading upwards into siltstone which is formed by the fine grained mud that settles more. Credit: Oggmus (CC BY-SA 4. 0), via But when an earthquake doublet disturbs a lake, it does not result in separate turbidites. Instead, a single turbidite is made from multiple “pulses” to the coarse-grained lakebed. Because of the time-lag between the individual currents triggered by each earthquake, a distinct pattern forms: instead of settling into the normally graded “coarse-to-fine” deposit, the sediments are shaped into “coarse-fine-coarse-fine-clay” striations, like a hastily assembled layer cake. Finding evidence of multiple pulses closely offset in time that originated from the same area (as verified by flow direction indicators in the turbidites) are key for matching a particular turbidite to an earthquake doublet. Resolving grainy vision and her team began to analyze the turbidite from Lake Singkarak, they encountered an apparent paradox: they needed to examine the positions of the sedimentary grains at high resolution but moving the grains out of the core to do so would irreparably disturb their orientation. and some of her colleagues from Indonesia retrieve one of the sediment cores used to study the earthquake doublet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not relate to the claim about archaeobotany revealing the causes of ancient civilization collapses. Instead, it discusses geological processes related to earthquakes and the formation of turbidites in sedimentary records. As such, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: SWAP-MEAT Athlete (study with appetizing plant-food, meat eating alternatives trial) – investigating the impact of three different diets on recreational athletic performance: a randomized crossover trial Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 16 November 2022 SWAP-MEAT Athlete (study with appetizing plant-food, meat eating alternatives trial) – investigating the impact of three different diets on recreational athletic performance: a randomized crossover trial Aubrey K. Roberts1, Vincent Busque1, Jennifer L. Robinson1, Matthew J. : orcid. org/0000-0003-2285-77021 & …Christopher D. : orcid. org/0000-0002-7596-15301 Show authors 26. 2 ± 4. 4 years; sex: 10 female, 12 male; BMI: 23. 1 ± 2. 4 kg/m2). Mean differences in 12-minute timed run – WFPB vs. Animal (− 23. 4 m; 95% CI: − 107 to 60. 0 m) and PBMA vs. Animal (− 2. 9 m; 95% CI: − 119 to 113 m) – were not significant. Mean percent differences in composite machine strength – WFPB vs. Animal (− 2. 7%; 95% CI: − 5. 8 to 0. 4% and PBMA vs. Animal (− 0. 7%; 95% CI: − 3. 5 to 2. 2%) – were not significant. Average protein intake for all diets met for recommendations. ConclusionsOur findings suggest recreational athletes can maintain athletic performance on both an omnivorous diet and two diets that are predominately plant-based. Trial registrationNCT05472701. Retrospectively registered. reports IntroductionPlant-based diets—dietary patterns focusing on vegetables, legumes, fruits, nuts and seeds, and whole grains—are associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes and environmental sustainability compared to omnivorous diets [1,2,3]. Plant-based diets are high in fiber and low in saturated fat which leads to improvements in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, including lower LDL cholesterol, blood pressure, and body mass index [4]. Production of natural, plant-based foods also reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, pollution, and land and water usage compared to animal products [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Production of natural, plant-based foods also reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, pollution, and land and water usage compared to animal products,' thereby providing evidence that plant-based diets may lead to a smaller carbon footprint when compared to diets high in meat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: Both felt that this would be a continued challenge for them, but realized as more apps became available and as they continued in the teaching profession. However, having seen the increases in reading fluency and math concepts, the extra time spent on learning the information on the iPads was worth it in the long run. ConclusionsThrough it all, both teachers felt compelled to continue working with the iPads as they saw students become more engaged and “blossom” into deeper thinkers at a young age. Both teachers also agreed that the use of technology did not always equate to success for every student nor did always work for every student. Some students continued to be behavior problems; thus, they lost iPad privileges. Providing the devices in class and turning them on has never automatically made a difference in the lives of students. Prior planning was necessary. It was important to note that both Olivia and Katie felt that all this technology in the classroom was great, but two things did not happen. First, administrators did not provide professional development with the new iPads. Both teachers had to learn it on their own. Second, and more important, the school did not have the infrastructure for wireless connectivity, as was only discovered after iPads were purchased and students started using them. Wireless connectivity was constantly an issue. Katie said that the school “put the cart before the horse” and did not plan accordingly. The wireless infrastructure was not powerful enough to connect the entire class of iPads at one time. Therefore, Olivia and Katie needed to coordinate the use of iPads so that both classes were not using them at the same time. The iPad is essentially a device for an individual. and Katie found many issues around having a classroom set of iPads. Synchronizing content, having money to purchase apps, or charging a set of iPads was a seemingly constant issue. Overall, the increase in student engagement and the progression of student learning outweighed some of the more administrative challenges. iPad based learning will and cannot be the best suited learning devices for every student and learner, and there is the potential issue surrounding the costs to districts (especially in California where education funding is constantly cut). Further work in this area should continue as technology continues to advance at a rapid pace. Technology is simply another learning modality that, as teachers, we must learn to utilize in the classroom in order to reach some of the students that, for the most part, learn best in this type of format. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges of using technology, specifically iPads, in classrooms. While the text mentions that teachers saw increases in student engagement, it specifies that technology does not automatically lead to success for every student and highlights significant drawbacks, such as lack of professional development and inadequate wireless infrastructure. This suggests that while technology can enhance learning experiences, it is not universally effective or without complications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Credit: “The problem is that these lakes are mostly made of fine grains, and to see what’s going on you have to basically use a microscope without destroying the original alignment of grains,” says Wils. turned to high-resolution X-ray computed tomography — a CT scan, similar to what you might get for a complex bone fracture, except for rocks and sediment — as a means of keeping the sample intact while viewing it with astounding clarity. “The grains you can distinguish with certainty at this resolution are about 100 micrometers, or even less in size,” says Wils. “You can really look into detail at each individual grain that’s in this deposit. ” Because sedimentary grains tend to align in the same direction in a flow, Wils could use information about paleomagnetism and grain size to match the original slope failure to the location of the faults surrounding the lake. The last step was to confirm what she saw with the known timing of the individual earthquakes. “In this case, because the events happened in 2007, they know exactly what happened and it’s a very nice proof-of-concept,” says Belle Philibosian, a research geologist at the U. S. who was not involved in this study. “You can actually distinguish events on the order of hours, which is just phenomenal. ” New tools for old problems Paleoseismic researchers often rely on one of two classical techniques to date prehistoric earthquakes. Some measure landscape features, like small streams or gullies, that can exhibit a similarly sized offset if they were both shifted by the same earthquake. Others dig trenches into the earth and examine the walls for patterns of sedimentary disruption caused by earthquakes across different time scales. But ordinarily, these techniques cannot distinguish between events spaced hours — or even a decade — apart, says Philibosian. X-raying turbidites provides another tool to tackle this problem from multiple angles. “The real power of the turbidites is giving you that very fine time resolution,” says Philibosian. “We could go back and look at turbidite records of pre-historical earthquakes where we don’t know the sequence of events, and then combine that with paleoseismic trenching or other types of studies to build a picture of what happened. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses paleoseismic research and methods to study prehistoric earthquakes, rather than archaeobotany or the causes of ancient civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: both recognizes these environmental benefits and recommends that protein intake should primarily come from natural plant sources to promote cardiovascular health [6]. Panel on also recognizes consumption of plant-based diets as a key mitigation strategy for climate change [7]. Despite the benefits of plant-based diets, many athletes are reluctant to adopt them—fearing they will not consume enough protein and/or calories to build strength, recover, and perform [8]. However, medical professionals recognize that plant-based diets can meet the nutritional needs of athletes, and most Americans exceed daily protein recommendations [9, 10]. Critics are also concerned that “protein quality” is compromised on a plant-based diet. However, all 20 amino acids, including the 9 essential amino acids, can be obtained by consuming a well-balanced variety of plant foods [10, 11]. By overemphasizing protein intake, athletes can also neglect to consume enough carbohydrates, the body’s primary energy source, to fuel activity [12]. Interestingly, plant-based diets are high in carbohydrates which could enhance endurance performance by facilitating glycogen storage [13]. Plant-based diets are also associated with a reduction in inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein [14]. High fiber and low fat content may promote loss of body fat and increase lean muscle mass [13]. In addition, the low cholesterol content of plant-based diets reduces blood viscosity, promotes arterial flexibility, and increases tissue oxygenation [13]. Athletes may be missing benefits of plant-based diets–including adequate protein and carbohydrate consumption, reduced inflammation, higher proportions of lean muscle mass, and better cardiovascular health–by overemphasizing animal products and protein intake. Existing literature suggests consumption of plant-based vs. omnivorous diets does not lead to significant differences in athletic performance, but these studies are often cross-sectional which limits causal inference [15, 16]. Existing randomized crossover trials are sparse and have small sample sizes (n < 10), investigate only one type of athletic performance (endurance or muscular strength), or exclusively focus on elite male athletes [17, 18]. Most research focuses on traditional definitions of plant-based diets (i. e. , lacto-ovo-vegetarian, vegan), without exploring how consumption of emerging “plant-based meat alternative” products impact athletic performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by recognizing the environmental benefits of plant-based diets as a key mitigation strategy for climate change. It emphasizes the importance of shifting protein intake towards natural plant sources, which supports the assertion that plant-based eating can help reduce one's carbon footprint relative to meat-heavy diets.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: 2A) see section Procedures and also supplementary MovieS1. Fig. 2Study Design. (A) Conditions. On the left the within-subjects conditions: Sensory information (visual only vs. visuo-tactile) and Body site (back vs. arm), and on the right the between-subjects condition of context, which depicts also the VR scene neutral (top) and clinical (bottom). A male participant embodied in a gender-matched virtual body seeing himself from a first-person perspective (1PP) as reflected in the mirror in front of him, fixating on the green cross while the virtual woman delivers touch on his forearm (top) versus on his back (bottom). (B) Measures, including subjective ratings related to embodiment, co-presence, and the pleasantness and realness of a touch event. At the behavioural level, participant’s willingness to continue was taken as an index of engagement. A representation of the electrodes positioning to record heart rate. (C) Visualisation of trial structureFull size image3. 3 MeasuresThe data collected included subjective ratings and physiological data in the form of continuous heart rate measurements. We also gathered an implicit measurement of engagement with participants asked after the sixth trial in each block whether or not they would be willing to participate in additional optional trials. Our hypothesis was that participants’ willingness to continue with more trials would be influenced by their previous ratings of the touch experience, their perceptions of pleasantness of their back or arm, and the contextual setting. 3. 4 VR QuestionnaireDuring the VR experience, participants answered two questions with respect to the sensation of touch, namely how “pleasant” and how “real” it felt (Table S1 - Touch). The questions were presented to them every second trial (trials: 2, 4, 6, and 8 for those who decided to continue). After each condition or block, participants answered four questions about embodiment in the virtual body (Table S1 - Embodiment), and three questions about the virtual female avatar delivering the touch to assess co-presence (Table S1 - Co-presence). All questions were presented to them within the virtual environment and answered on a 1 (not at all) to 7 (completely) Likert scale. section was based on previous studies and addresses possession of a virtual body (Gallagher 2006; Lenggenhager et al. 2007; Lopez et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various experimental setups involving virtual reality (VR) and participant experiences but does not connect these applications to classroom settings or the enhancement of learning experiences. Instead, it focuses on subjective ratings and physiological measures related to touch and embodiment in a VR context, which does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: ” Double trouble Because this is the first time researchers have detected distinctive imprints left by an earthquake doublet, scientists can now better characterize the seismic hazard of a particular place prone to such dual events – even if it has not experienced extensive seismic activity since detailed records became available. Knowing that a second earthquake is likely to strike on the heels of the first is also essential for public safety and government planning. “If we see these duplex events are a regular pattern, we can start educating people, saying ‘okay, if you feel an earthquake, be prepared for a second one,’” says Wils. “Because when people start going back to their home and collecting things after an earthquake, that’s actually more dangerous. There might be a second shock just a few hours later. ” Cnudde, V. , & Boone, M. N. (2013). High-resolution X-ray computed tomography in geosciences: A review of the current technology and applications. Earth-Science Reviews, 123, 1-17. Libretexts. (2020, June 3). Turbidites. Geosciences LibreTexts. 17, 2021, from Wald, L. , & Scharer, K. (n. d. ). Introduction to paleoseismology. Introduction to Paleoseismology. 17, 2021, from Wils, K. , Daryono, M. R. , Praet, N. , Santoso, A. B. , Dianto, A. , Schmidt, S. , … & De Batist, M. (2021). The sediments of in reveal their earthquake, volcanic and rainfall history. Sedimentary Geology, 416, 105863. Wils, K. , Deprez, M. , Kissel, C. , Vervoort, M. , Van Daele, M. , Daryono, M. R. , … & De Batist, M. (2021). Earthquake doublet revealed by multiple pulses in lacustrine seismo-turbidites. Geology, 49(11), 1301-1306. Latest posts by Temblor (see all) Why do the largest continental earthquakes nucleate on branch faults? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the detection of distinctive imprints left by earthquake doublets and the implications for public safety and planning. There is no mention or connection to archaeobotany or the causes of ancient civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: Plant-based meat alternatives—such as plant-based burgers, patties, or sausages—are increasing in popularity and differ from traditional plant-based foods in that they are more convenient, processed, and designed to mimic animal meat. Evidence regarding cardiovascular benefits and environmental sustainability of plant-based meat alternative diets is mixed due to the high sodium and saturated content of the products, as well as their processed nature. However, recent reviews generally suggest improvements in these metrics when compared to animal meat, although benefits are attenuated when compared to natural plant-based foods [19]. The goal of the present study is to compare the impact of two predominately plant-based diets—whole food plant-based (WFPB) and plant-based meat alternatives (PBMA)—to an omnivorous diet (Animal) on endurance performance and muscular strength in recreational athletes. We define WFPB as a holistic diet pattern that emphasizes intake of natural, plant-based proteins and minimizes intake of dairy, egg, and processed food. PBMA emphasizes intake of plant-based meat alternatives as the primary protein source, whereas Animal emphasizes red meat and poultry as the primary protein source—permitting fish consumption only once per week. This study will also gather data on dietary composition and dietary adherence, and thereafter assess the feasibility of a larger randomized crossover trial. MethodsThe study protocol was approved on April 2, 2021 (Protocol ID #59905). All participants provided written informed consent. Study designSWAP-MEAT Athlete (Appetizing Plant-Food - Alternatives Trial) builds upon the SWAP-MEAT randomized crossover trial that investigated CVD risk factors in adults after 8-week PBMA and Animal diets [20]. SWAP-MEAT Athlete, a novel randomized crossover trial, explores athletic performance in 12 runners and 12 resistance trainers completing three 4-week diets—and Animal—in a random order, without washout periods. Consumption of two servings of diet-specific protein sources was required each day. Examples included quinoa, lentils, and beans (WFPB), Beyond Meat, Impossible Foods, or Gardein (PBMA), and poultry and red meat (Animal) (1). Participants were to maintain a consistent physical activity routine throughout the study. Each week, participants completed physical activity logs, food adherence surveys, and logged dietary intake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that recent reviews suggest improvements in environmental sustainability when comparing plant-based diets, particularly plant-based meat alternatives, to animal meat. Although it mentions mixed evidence regarding cardiovascular benefits and the processed nature of plant-based meat alternatives, the overall conclusion aligns with the claim that plant-based eating can lead to reductions in carbon footprint when compared to meat-heavy diets.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that VR can improve student engagement and retention of information. [SEP] Text: While practical experience is required throughout the program, the final term for fourth-year students consists of three 5-week practice experiences: community practice, hospital practice, and a specialty practice experience (eg, HIV/AIDS, academic detailing, international pharmacy practice [eg, Ghana], and psychiatry. )in Pharmacy course described in this manuscript is a mandatory, full academic year (2 terms, September to April) course offered in the third year of the BSP program. All students (approximately 90) attend two 80-minute lectures weekly. There are also 2 different tutorial times (half the class in each) during which more difficult concepts, such as financial and managerial accounting, are further discussed. There are 2 PhD instructors for the course, with each being responsible for the lecture material in 1 of the 2 terms. The course is labor intensive for 2 instructors primarily because of how the content is delivered and the way in which students are assessed. Course FocusThe redesign of this course took an almost exclusively andragogical14 learner-focused approach that was also focused on the self-directed learner. 15 This objective was based on the premise that the students will soon be practicing pharmacists who will need to be self-directed in the required continuing education inherent in being a practicing member of the profession. To foster an environment with an andragogical, self-directed-learner focus, the content of the course required students to take ownership of their learning and move away from the pedagogy, wherein instructor needs tend to take precedence over those of students. While it is easier on the instructor to conduct classroom lectures and use examinations as the sole assessment method, this approach does not truly foster learning. The course previously had a primarily lecture-based, pedagogical focus. Lectures tended to be primarily 1-way exchanges of information, wherein learning was not necessarily occurring. Examinations involved memorization and information dumps by students with little retention. This is a common occurrence when students are told what they have to learn to be successful in the course. There were a few small-group assignments but nothing too engaging, as the course was previously taught by only 1 instructor. As would be expected, more engaging exercises also require greater preparation and assessment/grading time. With the redesign of the course, instructors experienced some discomfort as they had to relinquish some control in the classroom if the course was to truly become self-directed and learner-focused. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address virtual reality (VR) or its impact on student engagement or retention of information. Instead, it discusses the redesign of a pharmacy course that focuses on a self-directed, learner-centered approach. While the mention of student engagement is present in the context of the course redesign, it does not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim regarding VR.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Andre F. Ribeiro1, Frank Neffke1 & Ricardo Hausmann1 123 Accesses 4 all metrics AbstractWe propose a new method to estimate causal effects from nonexperimental data. Each pair of sample units is first associated with a stochastic ‘treatment’—differences in factors between units—and an effect—a resultant outcome difference. It is then proposed that all pairs can be combined to provide more accurate estimates of causal effects in nonexperimental data, provided a statistical model relating combinatorial properties of treatments to the accuracy and unbiasedness of their effects. The 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 60. 485. GW. Better late than nothing: some comments on deaton (2009) and heckman and urzua (2009). J Econ Lit. 2010;48(2):399–423. Elsevier. Chap. 61. A. Instruments, randomization, and learning about development. J Econ Lit. 2010;48(2):424–55. DJC. Information theory, inference, and learning algorithms. UK; New York: Press, Cambridge; 2003. MATH 2008. 55. 6065. PMLR, 2019. Toward causal representation learning. Proc IEEE. 2021;109(5):612–34. Curran Associates, Inc. , (2017). Y, Blei DM. The blessings of multiple causes. J Assoc. 2020;114(528):1574–96. RJ. Evaluating the econometric evaluations of training programs with experimental data. Rev. 1986;76(4):604–20. 2009. Book MATH 353. R, Wahba S. Causal effects in nonexperimental studies: Reevaluating the evaluation of training programs. J Assoc. 1999;94:1053. 2006. Book 701. Causal inference from 2k factorial designs by using potential outcomes. (Stat Methodol). 2015;77(4):727–53. 3. the foundations of causal inference. 2010;40(1):75–149. G, Nielsen R. Why propensity scores should not be used for matching. Polit Anal. 2019;27(4):435–54. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a new method to estimate causal effects from nonexperimental data but does not mention archaeobotany or its role in understanding ancient civilization collapses. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about archaeobotany.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: A well-planned plant-based diet can provide all essential nutrients needed for a healthy lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Some of these molecules resemble hormones and neurotransmitters. Gut microbiome appear to alter gene activity, especially in the brain, as mentioned earlier. These molecules may also be involved in memory and learning. The mood changes in an individual are known to relate to the activity of the gut microbiota. This again depends on the type and quantity of diet we consume on an everyday basis. Evidence supporting a connection between gut ecology and human brain is trickling in. It is very likely that the microbes on our skin interact with those in the gut and thereby influence our behavior. The final question is about the kind of diet that could provide a healthy long life. Apart from healthy aging, an ideal diet should have components that can prevent illnesses such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Such a diet should be rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, with moderate amounts of protein and less added sugars and bad fats. It is impossible to point out one single nutrient in certain diets that provides health benefits such as reduced death from cardiovascular diseases, and many experts on human nutrition think that it is the result of various foods in combination that provide the most benefit. The important thing is to cut back on how much we eat overall. Therefore, a diet low in added sugars and bad fats, with moderate protein intake, and high in plants, nuts, and fruit, can currently be considered good for healthy aging and social well-being. 1. Finch CE. Evolution of the human lifespan and disease of aging: Roles of infection, inflammation and nutrition. Proceedings of the of Sciences, USA. 2010;107(Supplement 1):1718-17242. Thompson RC et al. Atherosclerosis across 4000 years of human history. Lancet. 2013;381:1211-12223. Pringle H. Long live the humans. Scientific American. 2013;309(4):34-414. Vince G. Adventures in the Anthropocene. A Journey to the Heart of the Planet we Made. London: Chatto & Windus; 2014. 145. Burnet M. A genetic interpretation of ageing. Lancet. 1973;II:4806. Gompertz B. On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies. In a letter to Fransis Baily, ESQ. FRS & c. of the of London. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of diet and nutrition but does not specifically address the claim regarding a plant-based diet or whether it can provide all essential nutrients. Instead, it emphasizes the importance of a diet that is rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and moderate protein while also mentioning the need to reduce sugars and bad fats. Thus, the text is somewhat related to dietary guidance but does not directly corroborate or contrast the specific claim about a plant-based diet.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 23443/v3This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published31 Oct, 2020Read the published version in BMC →Version 3posted 11You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: Realistic, portable, and scalable lectures, cadaveric models, 2D atlases and computer simulations are being combined more frequently for teaching anatomy, resulting in major increases in user satisfaction. However, while digital simulations may be more portable, interesting, or motivating than traditional teaching tools, whether they are superior in terms of student learning remain unclear. This paper presents a study in which the educational effectiveness of a virtual reality (VR) skull model is compared with that of cadaveric skulls and atlases. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of teaching with VR to those of teaching with traditional teaching methods by administering objective questionnaires and perception surveys. Methods: A mixed-methods study with 73 medical students was carried out with three different groups: the VR skull (N=25), cadaveric skull (N=25) and atlas (N=23) groups. Anatomical structures were taught through an introductory lecture and model-based learning. All students completed the pre- and post-intervention tests, which were composed of a theory test and an identification test. Results: The participants in all three groups had significantly higher total scores on the post-intervention test than on the pre-intervention test; the post-interview test score in the VR group was not statistically significantly higher than those of the other groups (VR: 30 [22-33. 5], cadaver: 26 [20-31. 5], atlas: 28[20-33]; p=0. 571). The participants in the VR and cadaver groups provided more positive feedback on their learning models than the atlas group (VR: 26 [19-30], cadaver: 25 [19. 5-29. 5], atlas: 12 [9-20]; p<0. 0001). Conclusions: The skull VLR was equally efficient with cadaver skull and atlas in teaching anatomy structures. Such a model can aid individuals in understanding complex anatomical structures with a higher level of motivation and tolerable adverse effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that while virtual reality (VR) can increase user satisfaction, it did not show statistically significant superiority over traditional teaching methods in terms of actual student learning outcomes. It states that the VR skull model was as effective as traditional cadaveric skulls and atlases, suggesting that VR may not completely replace traditional methods but could complement them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Due to the sign convention, the estimator sums the effects of variables in \(x_i\) but not in \(x_j\), subtracts the effects of variables in \(x_j\) but not in \(x_i\) and cancels out the effect of variables in both. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a mathematical method of estimating effects of variables, without any mention of archaeobotany or ancient civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 2020. We examined whether telehealth perceptions differed according to patients’ age, educational attainment, insurance status, and distance to clinical site and providers’ age and length of time practicing medicine using ANOVA test. We also examined whether the percentage of missed appointments differed between in-person and telehealth visits at a family practice clinic within the rural healthcare system from April to September 2020 using a Chi-square test. ResultsOver 73% of rural patients had favorable perceptions of telehealth visits, and satisfaction was generally higher among younger patients. Patients reported difficulty with scheduling follow-up appointments, lack of personal contact and technology challenges as common barriers. Over 80% of the 219 providers responding to the survey reported that telehealth added value to their practice, while 36. 6% agreed that telehealth visits are more efficient than in-person visits. Perception of telehealth value and efficiency did not differ by provider age (p = 0. 67 and p = 0. 67, respectively) or time in practice (p = 0. 53 and p = 0. 44, respectively). Technology challenges for the patient (91. 3%) and provider (45. 1%) were commonly reported. The percentage of missed appointments was slightly higher for telehealth visits compared to in-person visits, but the difference was not statistically significant (8. 7% vs. 8. 0%; p = 0. 39). ConclusionsTelehealth perceptions were generally favorable among rural patients and providers, although satisfaction was lower among older patients and providers. Our findings suggest that telehealth approaches may add value and efficiency to rural clinical practice. However, technology issues for both patients and providers and gaps in care coordination need to be addressed to promote sustainability of telehealth approaches in rural practice. reports IntroductionTelehealth approaches hold tremendous potential to address healthcare access barriers, particularly in geographically disperse rural settings, where patients often travel longer distance to receive care [1,2,3]. The efficacy of telehealth for provision of clinical care has been demonstrated in multiple settings [4,5,6,7,8]. In a systematic review of the literature, telehealth visits were consistently associated with high patient satisfaction and improved clinical outcomes [9]. Moreover, telehealth visits have been shown to add quality and value to clinical practice by improving efficiency, enhancing convenience for patients and providers alike, [10] and reducing provider stress and burnout [11, 12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that rural patients and providers generally have favorable perceptions of telehealth and find it to add value to clinical practice, especially during the pandemic period. The context of the examination highlights the increasing acceptance and efficiency of telehealth services amid challenges faced in traditional in-person visits. It also mentions that the study examined patients' experiences during a specific timeframe (April to September 2020), aligning with the heightened demand for telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: and Theoryvirtual realityanatomymedical educationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4BackgroundAlthough anatomy serves as the basis for other medical courses for medical students [1], universities have decreased the hours allocated to anatomy education in favour of applied clinical work [2]. Medical students need to supplement their anatomy education with plenty of traditional resources, including cadaveric dissection, preserved specimens, and various 2-dimensional (2D) image representations (e. g. , textbook illustrations, atlases, tomographic scans) [3]. The recent advancements in computer technology have led to many different forms of digital anatomy simulations [4]. Among them, virtual reality (VR) technology is one of the most promising teaching tools in medical education. VR can be used to deliver a highly immersive experience through head-mounted displays (HMDs) and a less immersive experience through a desktop system [5]. A wide range of virtual learning resources (VLRs) have been developed using 3-dimensional (3D) visualization technologies to supplement and even replace traditional instructional materials such as cadaver dissections [3]. Users can interact with vivid imagery for an active and self-directed learning experience without the limitations of ethical concerns, donation shortages [6, 7] or having to enter an anatomy laboratory [4]. In a few studies, the educational value of VLRs has been compared with that of conventional methods, and the results are generally inconsistent. When used either alone or to complement traditional written and online materials, VLRs showed better or similar effectiveness in terms of enabling students to learn anatomy [2, 8-11]. More importantly, VLRs are rated as more interesting and engaging [8], enjoyable [8, 9, 11], motivating [8, 12-14] and useful for understanding spatial relationships [11, 13, 15] than traditional tools. There is inherent appeal in these newer and more advanced visualizations in addition to their novelty [4]. However, studies have shown that compared with cadaver dissection and physical modes, VLRs are less effective in improving learning outcomes [16, 17]. The lack of tactile experience is regarded as a disadvantage. Although current studies suggest that VLRs cannot replace cadaver and physical models, they are perceived as promising supplementary resources in anatomy education. It is therefore important to evaluate the evidence from different aspects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while virtual reality (VR) is a promising supplementary resource in anatomy education, it cannot replace traditional methods such as cadaver dissection and physical models. It explicitly states, 'studies have shown that compared with cadaver dissection and physical modes, VLRs are less effective in improving learning outcomes' and emphasizes that 'current studies suggest that VLRs cannot replace cadaver and physical models.' This clearly demonstrates that VR may enhance education but does not fully replace established traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: IntroductionAfter death DNA is degraded by various biotic and abiotic processes, resulting in fragmentation and modification of original sequence information. The very details of the whole process of DNA preservation and the mode of modifications at sequence level are still subject to research (Gilbert et al. 2003, 2007a; Pääbo et al. 2004; Hansen et al. 2006; Stiller et al. 2006). It has emerged however, that cold, dry and/or low oxygen environments are beneficial for DNA survival; for this reason, freshly excavated material is best stored cold or frozen (Burger et al. 1999; Smith et al. 2001; Pruvost et al. 2007). These DNA fragments still contain information which may help us to understand agricultural or vegetation history. Archaeobotanists reconstruct the past by morphological analysis of all types of plant remains. Interpretation of botanical remains through morphological evidence has many advantages: the analysis is comparatively quick, technically simple and extensive reference collections are available to help interpretation. It does, however, also have some limitations. In the cases discussed below, substantial new information may be gained from ancient DNA (aDNA) research. 1. Archaeobotanical reconstructions depend on the level of identification of plant species and on their chance of being preserved in the archaeological record (Jacomet and Kreuz 1999). In the archaeological record, plant remains are preserved charred, waterlogged, desiccated or mineralized, depending on geography or on the context excavated. The chances of a plant species being detected and morphologically identified to a certain taxonomical level are strongly influenced by the type of preservation and by the plant’s morphology. Thus, both have a major impact on any conclusions to be drawn. In cereals, examples of ambiguity in morphological features, even at ploidy level, are the grains of so-called naked wheat common in the Neolithic (Jacomet and Schlichtherle 1984; Maier 1996; Zohary and Hopf 2000) or the “new glume wheat” found so far at Neolithic and sites (Jones et al. 2000; Kohler-Schneider 2003). The latter might be an extinct wheat cultivar or even—as suggested by aDNA—a wheat related to Triticum timopheevii with the G genome (Brown et al. 1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it discusses the preservation and analysis of DNA and plant remains in archaeology but does not provide insight into how archaeobotany can specifically determine the causes of ancient civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: Burgeoning evidence also suggests that telehealth approaches may enable accessible care by reducing missed healthcare appointments [13]. Despite the well-documented benefits of telehealth approaches, numerous barriers have impeded the widespread adoption of telehealth in clinical care. Commonly reported barriers to telehealth include the necessity of physical exams, technological literacy, cost and reimbursement challenges, and privacy and security concerns [14,15,16]. Nevertheless, the use of telehealth visits in clinical practice has increased in recent years, doubling from 14% of visits in the US in 2016 to 28% in 2019, [10] and expanding rapidly in response to the COVID-19 pandemic [17,18,19]. The rapid adoption of telehealth in clinical practice has been bolstered by expanded reimbursements for telehealth visits in an effort to promote continued access to care and prevent COVID-19 transmission [19, 20]. Important lessons from this period of deregulation can be used to inform post-pandemic telehealth regulations and maintain the momentum of telehealth approaches moving forward [19]. Indeed, given the substantial investment in telehealth infrastructure and training in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is strong impetus for health systems to systematically evaluate telehealth implementation efforts and to characterize perceptions of telehealth from both patient and provider perspectives. This is particularly relevant for rural populations who arguably stand to benefit most from telehealth approaches [1,2,3]. However, to our knowledge, no prior studies have simultaneously examined rural provider and patient perspectives of telehealth implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also unclear whether the transition to telemedicine has impacted the likelihood of missed healthcare appointments in rural clinical settings. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate patient and provider perceptions of telehealth visits implemented at a large rural healthcare system during the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to identify patient and provider barriers that may limit telehealth’s broader adoption, and assessed whether the percentage of missed appointments differed between in-person and telehealth visits. Materials and methodsStudy setting and proceduresThis study was conducted at (MHC), a large rural healthcare system serving over 500,000 residents across 30 rural counties in Northwest Michigan. The patient survey was distributed at (MFPC), a MHC-owned family practice office located directly adjacent to Center, the flagship community hospital of the MHC system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the increased use of telehealth services in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, as indicated by phrases like 'the use of telehealth visits in clinical practice has increased in recent years' and 'expanding rapidly in response to the COVID-19 pandemic'. Additionally, it mentions that telehealth adoption was bolstered by expanded reimbursements to promote access to care.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: However, current research is largely focused on the comparison between VLRs and 2D textbooks, online materials or physical models. Petersson et al. [16] and Codd et al. [17] both compared VLRs with cadaver dissection, but neither study used VLRs to deliver a highly immersive experience. Recent studies by Birbara et al. [18] and Shao et al. [10] did provide a fully immersive experience, but neither of the research groups compared VLRs with cadaver dissection, and the former group used only perception questionnaires. Objective assessments are crucial to evaluating participants’ performance, in which the identification test is considered a predictor of improved learning outcomes following 3D learning [21, 22]. Therefore, immersive VLRs and traditional teaching modalities, such as cadaver dissection and 2D atlases, should be compared further, and the different aspects of the assessments should also be considered to evaluate the impact of VLRs on anatomy education. Neurosurgery comprises some of the most challenging surgical procedures, and mastering the intricacies of cranial anatomy is a career-long endeavour for every neurosurgeon [10]. In this study, a coloured and detachable skull VLR was constructed. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of a skull VLR with the cadaver skull and the 2D atlas for anatomy education by administering objective questionnaires and perception surveys. Method3D skull model based on VR technology The virtual 3D skull model used in this study was constructed from computed tomography (CT) scans of a human skull from the (PUMC) Collection (Fig. 1). The CT scans were imported into Mimics 17. 0 (Materialise NV, Leuven, Belgium) and converted into STL (stereolithography) files. The method used to create a 3D model from CT scans was previously published by Shui et al. [19]. Several defective structures (ethmoid plate, crista galli, anterior clinoid process and inferior orbital fissure) on the 3D skull model were modified using 3D 2016 (). In addition, each bone was isolated from the whole skull and painted in a different colour (Fig. 2c & d). The model was then imported into the VR platform (Fig. 2a)) through the software development kit (Computer Corporation, Taiwan) and 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for comparisons between virtual learning realities (VLRs) and traditional education methods like cadaver dissection and 2D atlases. It mentions that current research has not yet established that VLRs can replace traditional education methods entirely, stating that 'immersive VLRs and traditional teaching modalities...should be compared further.' This indicates that traditional methods continue to play a role in education, rather than being completely replaced.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: 2006; Luo et al. 2007; Morrel and Clegg 2007), the value of ancient plant DNA studies is clear. Firstly, they allow the detection in situ and at a precise time of earlier temporal and spatial occurrences of species and their biodiversity, their migration and the routes involved. This is also valuable in respect of preserving lost genetic diversity information (Hodkinson et al. 2007). Secondly, they can provide the confirmation or rejection of models from modern DNA studies. Thirdly, aDNA is our only source of information in cases where wild ancestors or ancient cultivars are extinct. Fourthly, they are independent of recent cultural impact, and finally, aDNA studies enable us to test historical written sources (e. g. Vouillamoz et al. 2006). Potential of plant ancient DNA—studies of plant ancient DNAMost publications on plant aDNA in relation to archaeology focus on cultivated plants (see reviews Brown et al. 1993; Brown and Brown 1994; Jones et al. 1996; Brown 1999; Jones and Brown 2000). A few focus on wild plants, such as forest trees (see reviews Parducci and Petit 2004; Gugerli et al. 2005; Bennett and Parducci 2006). Regrettably, archaeological plant remains have attracted less attention from aDNA researchers than animal or human remains. And, just as in animal and human aDNA research, so far topics have often only been investigated briefly, studies rarely being followed up or satisfactorily completed. In the following section, we give an overview of research that has been carried out on ancient plants, without discussing the reliablity of the individual papers (see “Verification in plant ancient DNA research”). This is because even with all the criteria of authenticity fulfilled (Cooper and Poinar 2000), the authenticity of aDNA can never be fully guaranteed (Gilbert et al. 2005). In general, one can say that the earlier studies in the field used less stringent methods and arguments for authentication of aDNA results, while in the more recent studies, the lessons on contamination prevention and authentication learnt since then have been incorporated. Both aspects (prevention of contamination and authentication of results) must be kept in mind when judging the literature on aDNA. Cultivated plants—cereals and fruitsarchaeological sites cereals are mainly preserved in a charred condition. Grains and chaff predominate, ears are rare. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the value of ancient plant DNA studies in archaeology but does not specifically address the claim about archaeobotany revealing the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. While it mentions aspects of ancient DNA research and its potential uses, it does not confirm or deny the capability of archaeobotany in identifying causes of civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: All patients seen during the study period 11/2/2020 to 3/24/2021 were asked by office staff at telehealth visit check-in to complete the voluntary and anonymous online survey to assess telemedicine perceptions. Those who agreed to participate were sent a secure link to the survey following completion of their visit. With a MFPC patient population of 12,000, we aimed to collect 100 surveys to promote representativeness of the target patient population, using a confidence level of 95% and a 10% margin of error. Providers across the MHC system were sent an emailed link from the MHC digital health team to complete the voluntary and anonymous online provider survey. The online survey was developed using SurveyMonkey and the survey link was distributed via email from the MHC telehealth coordinator to 1,180 MHC providers and MHC-affiliated and independent healthcare providers from September 1, 2020 to October 1, 2020. A retrospective review of electronic health records for all patients with scheduled appointments at from April 2020 to September 2020 was conducted to assess the number missed visits by visit type (telehealth vs. in-person) as noted in the medical record. Patient surveyThe 12-question survey was based on a survey used in a prior study, [21] and assessed telehealth use, reason for use, and telehealth perceptions and barriers. Participants were asked to rate perceptions of telehealth on a Likert-scale ranging from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree”. Perceptions of telehealth were assessed using the following statements; “I like using telehealth visits”, “Telehealth visits are convenient”, “I am likely to request a telehealth visit in the future”, “I received high quality care”, “There was an efficient process for check-in”, “There was an efficient process for check-out/follow up”, “It is important that my healthcare provider be physically in the room”, “I felt comfortable with the plan of care and follow up”, “Telehealth was a reasonable way to maintain social distancing and stay at home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic while receiving health care services”, I am glad that I had the option for telehealth offered to me during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that telehealth was utilized during the COVID-19 pandemic and outlining how patients rated their perceptions of telehealth through a survey. The survey included statements like 'Telehealth was a reasonable way to maintain social distancing and stay at home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic while receiving health care services', showing that telehealth services were indeed prevalent and perceived positively during this time.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will completely replace traditional education methods. [SEP] Text: 001), more authentic (VR: 4 [IQR: 3-5], cadaver: 4 [IQR: 3-5], atlas: 2 [IQR: 1-3]; p<0. 001), and more efficient for memorization (VR: 3 [IQR: 2-4], cadaver: 3 [IQR: 3-4], atlas: 2 [IQR: 1-4]; p<0. 001) and spatial understanding (VR: 4 [IQR: 4-5], cadaver: 4 [IQR: 3-4. 5], atlas: 1 [IQR: 1-3]; p<0. 001). The VR group and cadaver group reported having a higher intention to include the study material for use in standard anatomy education (VR: 3 [IQR: 2-4], cadaver: 4 [IQR: 2. 5-4], atlas: 1 [IQR: 1-2]; p<0. 001). Discomfort during the learning session During the learning process, discomfort including headache, blurred vision and nausea were evaluated in the three groups (Supplementary file 2). Although participants in the VR group exhibited these adverse effects more frequently than in the other 2 groups, no significance difference was found (VR group: 24%, cadaver group: 12%, atlas group: 8. 7%, p=0. 357). Additionally, in VR group, the total scores of post-intervention tests did not vary in participants with and without discomfort (30 [IQR: 19. 25-32. 5] vs. 30 [IQR: 22-34], p=0. 726). DiscussionThis is the first study to compare VLR with two different traditional teaching methods in a randomized controlled study design, including both objective assessments and perception surveys, namely “various question types” in previous research [21]. The results of the objective assessment demonstrated that the skull VLR had the same efficiency with cadaver skull and atlas in enabling students to learn anatomy, despite the relative simplicity of the model used in this study. The post-identification score was higher in the VR group, though not significantly, in comparison with the other two groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that compares virtual reality (VR) with traditional methods, specifically cadavers and atlases, in learning anatomy. The study finds that VR has similar efficiency to traditional methods, as indicated by the results of objective assessments. It highlights that the VR model used was relatively simple yet still enabled effective learning, suggesting that VR does not completely replace traditional methods but rather functions comparably to them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Any study of the history of cereal crops in Europe and the would have to to be based on charred material. One of the economically important traits of wheat is the visco-elastic property of wheat dough, which is influenced by wheat storage proteins. These are highly variable, and certain glutenin alleles, e. g. those situated on the D-genome of wheat, have better bread-making qualities than others (Payne 1987). Hexaploid wheat such as Triticum aestivum is used today for bread-making, whereas tetraploid T. durum is used for making pasta. In the case of morphologically ambiguous wheat grains (Triticum species), genetic identification of wheat genomes by amplification of a genome-specific partial promoter region of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunit genes has aided in species designation by identification of ploidy level (Allaby et al. 1994; Brown et al. 1998; Schlumbaum et al. 1998; Allaby et al. 1999). Thus, for example, the presence of hexaploid wheat was established at one of the Neolithic lakeshore settlements in Switzerland (Schlumbaum et al. 1998). In certain regions, crop plants may survive through desiccation in deserts or in caves. Investigations of DNA from plant remains from archaeological sites in Egypt have been reported for radish (O’Donoghue et al. 1996), sorghum (Deakin et al. 1998a, b) and papyri (Marota et al. 2002). In the case of maize (Zea mays), its origin, its domestication and impact on diversity, and its subsequent spread over the American continent form one central topic in molecular genetic and archaeobotanical research (Benz 2001; Piperno and Flannery 2001; Doebley 2004). The first attempt to shed light on maize diversity used analysis of transposable elements (Mu) in pre-Columbian maize kernels (Rollo et al. 1994). The manner in which domesticated maize spread into and within was inferred from DNA analyses of allelic diversity in the alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) gene and of microsatellite loci in modern landraces and in desiccated maize cobs excavated in caves (Freitas et al. 2003; Lia et al. 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses aspects of archaeobotany, such as the study of cereal crops, genetic identification of wheat genomes, and the origins of maize, but does not address the specific claim regarding the ability of archaeobotany to reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: ” Participants were also asked to select reasons for liking telehealth from the following options: “I feel safer by reducing person-to-person contact during COVID-19″, “Less travel time”, “More convenient for my personal schedule”, “I do not need additional child care services”, “Less waiting time between check-in and seeing provider”. Participants were also asked to select reasons for disliking telehealth visits from the following options: “I did not have personal contact with my healthcare provider”, “I had technology problems or interruptions”, “Follow up was difficult to schedule”, “There was a barrier to communication (example: difficulty in accessing Services)”, “Other (please specify)”. Participants were asked to specify reasons for requesting telehealth visits in the future, and reasons why they would not request a telehealth visit in the future using open-ended text responses. Finally, participants were asked whether they experienced any of the following technical problems or barriers with telehealth visits; “Lack of smart phone, tablet, or computer”, “Internet/WIFI difficulties”, “Software or app problems”, “I have not experienced any technical problems/barriers”. Information on demographic factors (age, educational attainment, health insurance status, and approximate travel time in minutes from home to the clinic) were also ascertained. Provider surveyWe utilized a 14-question survey generated from a prior study conducted by the Association [10] to assess telehealth p0. 05 considered significant. In secondary exploratory analyses, we compared the percentage of all missed visits across groups defined by visit type (telehealth vs. in-person) using Chi-square tests with p-values < 0. 05 considered significant. All analyses were performed with SAS version 9. 4 statistical software. The study was approved by the Board. ResultsPatient characteristicsOverall, 100 patients responded to the patient survey, with 93 providing information on telehealth perceptions included in this study analysis. As shown in Table 1, 56% of patients surveyed were between 35 and 64 years of age and nearly a quarter of the rural patient population travelled over 30 min to the clinic. Over half of patient participants had high school education or less, and 25% received Medicaid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that participants reported various reasons for liking telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as feeling safer by reducing person-to-person contact. Additionally, it highlights patient perceptions and preferences regarding telehealth services, which supports the assertion that telehealth has become more popular during this time.