Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 2 − − −1 Open in new tab Measures of congruency of chemical blends from abdominal glands of Heliconius species with their molecular phylogeny. Columns represent different sets of data used for analysis with the number of characters included indicated in parenthesis. (A) Values of consistency and retention indices (CI, RI) obtained from chemical data (top) are compared with the mean (± SD) of 2000 randomized replicates (bottom). Congruency with the phylogeny was significantly higher than in a random distribution of chemicals across species with P < 0. 0001 for all datasets (Z test with two tails). (B) Bootstrap support of species association using compounds as characters from 2000 trees obtained with maximum parsimony. Small letters represent clades marked in the pruned molecular‐based phylogeny of the group (Fig. 2), with bootstrap values higher than 5%. A dash represents a value lower than 5%. All compoundsHigh volatilityHigh volatilityLow volatilityLow volatilityChemical groups(93)A(67)B(55)A(26)B(38)(34)ACI 0. 567 0. 573 0. 534 0. 553 0. 623 0. 486 0. 397±0. 007 0. 405±0. 008 0. 399±0. 009 0. 378±0. 013 0. 396±0. 011 0. 348±0. 011RI 0. 567 0. 558 0. 5 0. 588 0. 662 0. 542 0. 139±0. 026 0. 129±0. 03 0. 138±0. 034 0. 16±0. 047 0. 144±0. 001 0. 186±0. 041Ba1001009998. 710099. 3b 67. 5 12. 3 6. 373. 5 74. 384. 7c 45. 9 55. 753. 5 − − 9. 1d 80. 2 59. 258. 558 56. 872. 3e − 13. 911. 2 − − −All compoundsHigh volatilityHigh volatilityLow volatilityLow volatilityChemical groups(93)A(67)B(55)A(26)B(38)(34)ACI 0. 567 0. 573 0. 534 0. 553 0. 623 0. 486 0. 397±0. 007 0. 405±0. 008 0. 399±0. 009 0. 378±0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about natural selection and evolution. It provides detailed data regarding chemical blend congruencies and molecular phylogenies of Heliconius species, but it does not discuss natural selection, survival, or evolutionary processes. Therefore, the text is classified as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Studies need to be in appropriate patient populations: in this instance in people with anxiety or depression, either clinically diagnosed or by being above cutoffs in anxiety or depression scores. Reiki should be administered by a trained Reiki practitioner, and it would be useful to compare it with something that facilitates blinding of the participants and different forms of Reiki (e. g. distance Reiki). Outcomes should include measures of anxiety or depression measured after a reasonable period. These outcomes should be measured again some time after the treatment sessions have stopped to check on the persistence of any effect. Studies should be large enough to answer questions about whether such treatments are efficacious. Studies should be reported in full within a reasonable time of the last outcome being measured. of the condition Anxiety and depression are highly prevalent disorders and are often comorbid with each other. of reported that mental disorders account for 9. 1% of the global burden of disease in the world, almost one‐half of which is accounted for by anxiety and depressive disorders (Andrews 1998). Anxiety is a natural response and a necessary warning adaptation in humans. However, anxiety can become a pathologic disorder when it is excessive and uncontrollable, requires no specific external stimulus, and manifests with a wide range of physical and affective symptoms as well as changes in behaviour and cognition (Rowney 2014). Anxiety disorders include generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (also known as social phobia), specific phobia, panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety secondary to medical condition, acute stress disorder (ASD), and substance‐induced anxiety disorder, as defined by the Diagnostic and of (DSM‐IV) (APA 1994). In a community sample, the one‐year prevalence for GAD was approximately 3%, with a lifetime prevalence of 5% (APA 2000; APA 1994). For acute anxiety disorder, prevalence ranged from 14% to 33% in individuals exposed to severe trauma (APA 2000; APA 1994). Community‐based studies suggest a lifetime prevalence for PTSD of 8% of the USA adult population (APA 2000; APA 1994). As these definitions are redefined occasionally future versions of this review will use the most recent definitions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'anxiety and depression are highly prevalent disorders and are often comorbid with each other.' Furthermore, it mentions that mental disorders account for 9.1% of the global burden of disease, with almost half of this attributed to anxiety and depressive disorders, indicating their commonality globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 4 %) [22], compared to a ‘wet diet’ were noteworthy in having a higher abundance of bacteria previously associated with both gingival health (including Porphyromonas and Capnocytophaga [14]) and periodontal disease (including Porphyromonas [11–13] and Treponema [14]), from analysis of the feline oral microbiome in different health states. Furthermore, we found that cats consuming a dry-food diet exclusively had higher bacterial diversity per se compared to cats fed canned wet food and/or fresh meat. Human oral microbiome studies have found higher bacterial diversity accompanying periodontal disease compared to oral health [23]. However, NGS analysis of the feline oral microbiome in the settings of gingival health and mild periodontal disease prior to our investigations found no difference in the overall diversity between these health states [14]. A critical deficiency in the literature is that cats with severe periodontal disease have not been subjected to this type of quantitative NGS analysis [14]. It is important to note that in this previous study [14], the age of the cats (ranging from 1 to 18 years) was not accounted for in the comparison of overall diversity between cats with gingival health and mild periodontal disease. We have shown that feline oral bacterial diversity significantly increases with advancing age of the patient, although the strength of this result is tempered by the small sample size of our study. The lack of clarity from our study about the relationship between (i) the feline oral microbiome composition, (ii) the two disparate diets and (iii) gingival health probably relates to the limitations of our study, which includes the small sample size and lack of cats with a broad range of gingival health states. To adequately address the question of how diet impacts the feline oral microbiome and oral health, a case-matched study design would be ideal. This would involve comparing the oral microbiome of cats in two groups, one consuming a wet and one consuming a dry diet for identical time periods that were matched for age, breed and gingival health. A minimum of 50 cats per group would provide adequate power. A further consideration is that case recruitment would be challenging, as while periodontal disease is common, most people feed variable combinations of dry and wet diets, so finding cats where only one type of diet is consumed would require considerable time and effort. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research that indicates a relationship between diet and the composition of the microbiome. Specifically, it notes that cats consuming a dry-food diet had higher bacterial diversity compared to those fed wet food and/or fresh meat. This suggests that dietary changes can influence the microbiome, which directly contradicts the claim that changing one's diet has no impact on microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 013 0. 396±0. 011 0. 348±0. 011RI 0. 567 0. 558 0. 5 0. 588 0. 662 0. 542 0. 139±0. 026 0. 129±0. 03 0. 138±0. 034 0. 16±0. 047 0. 144±0. 001 0. 186±0. 041Ba1001009998. 710099. 3b 67. 5 12. 3 6. 373. 5 74. 384. 7c 45. 9 55. 753. 5 − − 9. 1d 80. 2 59. 258. 558 56. 872. 3e − 13. 911. 2 − − −Despite the phylogenetic signal of chemical blends found with the consistency and retention indices, not all species associations (clades) were recovered when chemicals were used as characters and analyzed with maximum parsimony. Only nodes marked with letters a to e in the pruned phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2) had bootstrap support higher than 5% (Table 1b). Species associations obtained from these analyses show the highest support for the pair H. cydno–H. pachinus (clade a), which remained high regardless of the dataset used. Although with lower bootstrap support, the clade that include H. sapho, H. hewitsoni, and H. sara (clade d) also emerged from trees derived from all sets of chemical data. Support for other species associations was also found with particular groups of chemicals. For example, H. sapho and H. hewitsoni (clade c) clustered in about half of the trees only when volatile compounds were taken into consideration. Likewise, the high support that appeared for the clade that comprise H. ismenius, H. hecale, and H. numata (clade b) was produced by changes in chemical composition of the less‐volatile compounds, but dropped dramatically when only volatiles were included. Consensus trees are shown in the Supporting information. Chemical distances calculated with the Jaccard index were relatively high, with an average close to the maximum value (0. 98 ± 0. 10) (Fig. 3A). Even the species with the most similar blend, H. sapho and H. hewitsoni, had a distance of about 0. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding natural selection and differential survival. Instead, it discusses species associations based on chemical blends and phylogenetic analysis, without linking these findings to natural selection or evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Depressive disorders include major depressive disorder, major depressive episode, depressive disorders not otherwise specified and dysthymic disorder, as defined by DSM‐IV. According to DSM‐IV the lifetime prevalence for dysthymic disorder is six per cent. The point prevalence of major depressive disorder in a community sample of adults has been estimated at 5% to 9% for women and from 2% to 3% for men (APA 2000; APA 1994). Description of the intervention The most frequently used treatments for anxiety and depressive disorders include antidepressant and anti‐anxiety medications; however these can be unpopular with people, due to side effects and the dislike of taking long‐term medication. For example, from a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) 36. 9% of people treated for anxiety with the second‐generation antipsychotic drug quetiapine withdrew during the studies (Depping 2010); and 33. 9% of people with depression withdrew due to side effects from treatment for depression (Arroll 2009). Psychological therapies may also be used as treatments for anxiety and depression and these are preferred over drugs (Prins 2008); however, a lack of trained practitioners and funding mean that many people explore self‐help options. There is interest from the community in the use of self help and complementary therapies for anxiety and depression. A study in the US found that 20% of people with anxiety, and 19% with depression visited a complementary or alternative therapy provider (Kessler 2001), with 2. 8% and 5. 4% choosing 'energy therapy'. 'Energy therapies' are based on the belief in a universal flow of healing energy that flows around and through all living beings (Trepper 2013). Many ancient cultures have a name for this universal flow, for example: 'Prana' in India, 'Chi' in China, 'Ruarch' for Hebrews, 'Mana' in Hawaii and 'Wairua' for the people. One of the complementary 'energy therapies' is the Japanese healing art of Reiki. In the Japanese language ‘rei’ means universal and ‘kei’ means life energy. A number of hospitals are now offering Reiki alongside other complementary therapies for management of pain and post‐operative depression. A website 3. Quality of life measures, such as the SF12 or SF36 (Ware 1993) 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing statistics on the prevalence of depressive disorders, indicating that the point prevalence of major depressive disorder ranges from 5% to 9% for women and from 2% to 3% for men. This suggests that depression is indeed a common mental health disorder. Additionally, it discusses anxiety and depression treatment, which are both acknowledged as prevalent issues based on the description of available interventions and statistics referenced.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Intuitively, the oral microbiome of any mammal, including humans, would be impacted by dietary composition. For example, increased carbohydrate intake has been associated with accelerated development of periodontal disease in controlled animal studies [24], ancient DNA analysis of fossilised human dental plaque from past agriculturist and hunter-gatherer populations [5] and human observational research [25]. are obligate carnivores that have undergone reductive evolution through obtaining their dietary requirements from the flesh of prey. Prey are composed of protein, mineral and fat, the only carbohydrate being represented by plant ingesta in the gut and glycogen in the liver. Most animal tissues are generally well hydrated, with a water content of approximately 70 %. Changes in the oral microbiome would therefore be anticipated when diets were shifted by consumption of commercial cat foods (which were introduced in the 1970s and refined subsequently), especially dry diets based on carbohydrates from cereal (typically corn or wheat) mixed with rendered animal protein and coated with phosphoric acid, salt and fat to improve palatability. Cats fed commercial kibbles have a much higher intake of carbohydrate at 12 % [26] or higher, compared to cats consuming a prey-based diet, which has carbohydrate content in the order of 2 % [27]. In addition to food macronutrient composition, the mechanical properties of food are also likely to play a role, especially where diets contain meat on the bone, where there is a requirement to masticate, salivate (cat saliva is high in bicarbonate) and mechanically debride wearing dental surfaces due to the ‘flossing action’ of stripping meat from the bone. As well as physically removing plaque and even calculus, the debriding action of a flesh-eating lifestyle is likely to better buffer plaque pH [28]. The various points raised lend themselves to experimental interventions, specifically to determine the relative contribution of dietary composition as opposed to dietary texture. ConclusionsCommonly fed domestic diets influence feline oral microbiome composition, including the overall diversity and abundance of bacteria associated with both health and periodontal disease. From our preliminary analysis of the feline oral microbiome, we could not determine whether a dry kibble- or wet meat-based diet was preferable to ensure optimal gingival health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing substantial evidence that dietary composition significantly impacts the oral microbiome of mammals. For instance, it states that 'the oral microbiome... would be impacted by dietary composition' and discusses how increased carbohydrate intake correlates with the development of periodontal disease. Furthermore, it explains that 'common domestic diets influence feline oral microbiome composition,' indicating that variations in diet, such as a shift from a prey-based diet to a carbohydrate-rich kibble diet, affects the diversity and abundance of microbiome bacteria. Thus, the text directly challenges the claim that changing one’s diet has no effect on microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Divergence in composition of blends between species was weakly correlated with their phylogenetic distances when all pairs of species were considered (Pearson's correlation R= 0. 34, Mantel test P= 0. 02). Correlations were, however, much higher when only pairs of species within the pupal (Pearson's correlation R= 0. 8, Mantel test P= 0. 005) or the nonpupal mating clade were included (Pearson's correlation r= 0. 82, P= 0. 013). The rate of chemical composition change in the two major clades of Heliconius differs in the direction expected under the influence of sexual selection, given their contrasting mating systems (Fig. 3). Chemical composition has diverged faster among species with higher female remating rates (nonpupal mating clade) than among those in which females remate much less frequently (pupal mating clade). At any given level of genetic distance, pairs of species that belong to the pupal mating clade (squares) have pheromones more similar to each other than pairs of species in the nonpupal mating clade (triangles) (Fig. 3A). Identical results were obtained using sets of data separated by chemical volatility. Figure 3B, C shows this pattern for the first division of compounds (high/low volatility A), but identical results were obtained for the second division of data (B), shown in Supporting information. 3Divergence in chemical composition of blend from abdominal glands and phylogenetic distance between pairs of Heliconius species. Squares represent pairs of species that belong to the pupal mating clade; triangles, pairs of species in the nonpupal mating clade; and pluses, pairs of species that belong to two different clades. (A) Chemical distance using all compounds, (B) distance using highly volatile compounds with the first volatility division (A), and (C) distance using low volatile compounds with the first volatility division (A). Open in new tabDownload slideAlthough it is possible that the whole mixture of chemicals serve as a signal to courting males, individual major volatile compounds seem to be enough to reduce the attractiveness of mated females in greenhouse bioassays. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about chemical composition changes and mating behaviors among Heliconius species but does not directly address the concept of natural selection or differential survival as a driver of evolution. Instead, it focuses on the correlation between chemical composition and mating clades, which is more related to sexual selection, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: NeuroImage, 26, 493–501. 2001. Sex differences in event-related risk for major depression. Psychol Med, 31, 593–604. 2012. There is no news like bad news: women are more remembering and stress reactive after reading real negative news than men. PLoS One, 7, e47189. 2013. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome. Syst Rev, 6, CD001396. 2013. The experience of symptoms of depression in men vs women: analysis of the Survey Replication. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 1100–1106. 2012. Menopausal transition stage-specific changes in circulating adrenal androgens. Menopause, 19, 658–663. 2013. Immune-neural connections: how the immune system’s response to infectious agents influences behavior. J Exp Biol, 216, 84–98. 2011. Men and women are different: diffusion tensor imaging reveals sexual dimorphism in the microstructure of the thalamus, corpus callosum and cingulum. NeuroImage, 54, 2557–2562. 2011. Estradiol and progesterone modify the effects of the serotonin reuptake transporter polymorphism on serotonergic responsivity to citalopram. Psychopharmacol, 19, 401–408. 2009. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry, 65, 732–741. 2013. The serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-) and cortisol stress reactivity: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry, 18, 1018–1024. 2004. Lack of efficacy of estradiol for depression in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry, 55, 406–412. 2003. Widespread increases of cortical serotonin type 2A receptor availability after hormone therapy in euthymic postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril, 80, 554–559. 2006. New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study. JAMA, 296, 2582–2589. 2013. Network beyond IDO in psychiatric disorders: revisiting neurodegeneration hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry. doi: 10. 1016/j. pnpbp. 2013. 08. 008. 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a collection of citations and references related to various studies and reviews regarding mental health but does not directly address or corroborate the claim concerning the prevalence of depression and anxiety as common mental health disorders globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Findings from our pilot study indicate unequivocally that further research is warranted to determine the impact of dietary macronutrients, texture and related variables on the feline oral microbiome and to establish which diet type best promotes gingival health. MethodsPopulationWe assessed the effect of diet on the oral microbiome of 10 cats. Supragingival swabs were collected as part of routine physical examination at the time of annual health checks. Consent was obtained from the owner of the cats, and a high standard (best practice) of veterinary care was adhered to. The characteristics of the cats, including age, breed, gender, diet, gingival health and household location, are provided in Table 1. The cats were fed either an exclusive dry extruded kibble diet (highly refined, cereal-based, dehydrated rations, generally a single brand only) or a composite wet diet (canned, sachet and/or fresh meat combinations; various commercial wet diets were fed, the variety representing variation within a brand and between different brands, and also a variable content of either fresh meat or fresh meat on the bone). Critically, cats in the ‘wet-food group’ were not ever fed kibbles. Dry-food diets consisted of 7. 2–12 g/100 kcal of carbohydrate and 8. 2–10 g/100 kcal of protein, while commercial wet-food diets consisted of 0. 5–6. 9 g/100 kcal carbohydrate and 7. 1–15 g/100 kcal protein (Additional file 3). Stated another way, the percentage of carbohydrate as a percentage of what is fed was 0. 6 to 4. 8 % for commercial canned or sachet food, compared with 25 % for commercial premium kibbles. Cats fed a mixture of dry food and wet foods were deliberately avoided, although they would be a pertinent group in future work as this reflects the most common way owned cats are fed, at least in Australia [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that a study assesses the effect of different diets on the oral microbiome of cats. It mentions that further research is warranted to determine the impact of dietary macronutrients on the microbiome, which directly suggests that changing one’s diet does have the potential to influence microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: This is not unexpected as these are completely interfertile species that appear to have diverged very recently (about 500,000 years ago), and exist as allopatric populations (Kronforst et al. 2006; Beltrán et al. 2007). Overall, these results suggest that divergence of antiaphrodisiac components across species is higher than that expected if gradual changes over evolutionary time have governed this pheromone's evolution (Symonds and Elgar 2008). Second, there has not been a consistent rate of evolution in the chemical composition of antiaphrodisiacs across all species in the genus. As expected in the case of lineages that differ in the potential for sperm competition (Arnqvist 1998), more gradual shifts in composition were detected among species in the clade with mostly monoandrous (pupal mating), than in the clade with polyandrous mating system (nonpupal mating). With the exception of results of CI and RI indices, this difference was found in all analyses. Divergence in chemical composition among pairs of species measured with the Jaccard index accumulated faster with the increase of phylogenetic distance in the nonpupal than in the pupal mating clade. Similarly, consensus trees tracked phylogenetic relationships of the group more closely in the pupal than in the nonpupal mating clade. Recently diverged species (Beltrán et al. 2007), such as H. melpomene and H. cydno or the sister species H. ismenius and H. numata in the later clade were never clustered together in consensus trees. Furthermore, support for the cluster of H. numata, H. hecale, and H. ismenius was due mostly to the likely loss of multiple compounds in their closest common ancestor and not to the chemical similarity of their blends. These three species have only few compounds in their glands, with few commonalities between H. hecale and H. numata and only one compound with H. ismenius. Variation in signals that reduce female attractiveness is not exclusive to Heliconius but has also been found among other butterfly species (Andersson et al. 2000, 2003) and Drosophila strains (Scott and Jackson 1988). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the divergence of species and chemical composition of antiaphrodisiacs but does not explicitly address or support the claim that natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Depression and Anxiety identified to be the Health problems by : General practitioners (GPs) regularly provide care for adult patients with psychological/psychiatric problems and prescribe appropriate medications (either independently or in consultation with a psychiatrist). Objectives: We established a list of the most common mental health problems GPs encounter during daily practice and suggested solutions to increase their competence in identifying and selecting appropriate treatments. Methods: We designed and conducted a voluntary survey; we collected data from 55 outpatient GPs at multiple outpatient clinics in Novi Sad, Serbia, which has a Care System. Collected data were analyzed using including descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: Psychological/psychiatric problems were most commonly identified during GPs’ interviews with patients (70. 9%) and by utilizing evidence-based behavioral health-screening instruments. Anxiety (80. 0%) and depression/depressed mood (78. 2%) were the two most frequently reported problems. To increase competence in diagnosing and treating patients with psychological/psychiatric problems, 76. 3% of GPs identified the need for additional educational opportunities that address psychotropic medications used for depression, and 54. 5% identified the need for topics related to initiating and managing antidepressant therapy. Conclusions: The most common psychological/psychiatric problems that GPs encounter in their practice are anxiety and depression. To increase competency in treating these problems, GPs will benefit from additional learning opportunities and training related to assessment and pharmacological treatment of patients with depression and anxiety disorders. practitioner, psychological problems, psychiatric problems, depression, anxiety, antidepressant drugs, education and Anxiety identified to be the Health problems by According to the Organization, mental health problems present with a range of symptoms and negatively affect many areas of life [1]. Mental health disorders can present as changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior, and they can affect familial relationships and social interactions. Furthermore, a large percentage of the World population with mental health disorders does not have timely access to psychiatric care [2-4]. Anxiety and depression are among the most common mental health disorders that general practitioners (GPs) encounter in their daily practice. They are often comorbid with other mental health disorders [5]. Both depression and anxiety disorders can present at different developmental stages, in children, adolescents, and the adult population, and symptoms can present in both males and females regardless of geographical location [6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that anxiety and depression are among the most commonly identified psychological problems encountered by general practitioners in their daily practice. It specifies that a significant percentage of GPs reported these issues, with depression and anxiety being the most frequently reported problems. Additionally, it discusses the prevalence of these disorders across different developmental stages and among various demographics, supporting the idea that they are common mental health disorders on a global scale.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Representative sequences were aligned using PyNAST [34] against the Greengenes reference dataset (version gg_13_8). This alignment was used to build a phylogeny with RAxML version 730 [35]. Statistical analysisStatistical analysis of the quality-filtered and classified sequence data was undertaken in R (version 3. 1. 2), primarily using the Phyloseq package (version 1. 10. 0) [36]. Alpha diversity: Within-sample diversity was estimated per sample on the quality-filtered data, which had not been submitted to any further pre-processing, such as removal of singletons. The α-diversity metrics, ACE and Simpsons Index, were calculated for all samples. To assess the impact of diet on α diversity, while controlling for age of the cat, we used an. This test assumes the ACE, and values will be normally distributed. Residual plots of the ACE and values indicated they were non-normally distributed. To improve the distribution, ACE and values were log transformed. was performed on the log-transformed values of ACE and in R. Pre-processing of sequences: Before undertaking further statistical analyses, very low abundant sequences were removed in line with current recommendations [37]. We removed OTUs that were singletons and had an abundance below 0. 005 % of all the sequences. Differential OTU test: The DESeq2 package [20, 21] was used to test for the presence of differentially expressed OTUs between two diets. The test is a negative binomial generalised linear model (GLM), Wald statistic. The GLM is used to model the counts of OTUs per sample using a negative binomial distribution. The experimental design for the test was set to compare the OTUs from the dry- and wet-food diet groups. All OTUs that significantly (α = 0. 01) differed in abundance between the two diets according to the DESeq test results were reported. All reported p values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg, false discovery rate procedure. Normalisation of OTU count data: To account for variation in sequence depth between samples, we used a variance stabilised transformation (VST) to produce normalised sequence data by library size. All abundances of OTUs reported are from the VST data. Consent for publicationNot applicable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about a study that assesses the impact of diet on microbiome composition. It mentions the use of different diets (dry and wet food) and performing statistical tests to determine the presence of differentially expressed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) between these diets. This implies that there is a measurable effect of diet on microbiome diversity, which directly challenges the idea that changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Conflict, receiver bias and the evolution of signal form. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 349:337–344. 1998. Comparative evidence for the evolution of genitalia by sexual selection. Nature 393:784–785. 2000. The evolution of polyandry: multiple mating and female fitness in insects. Anim. Behav. 60:145–164. 2005. Sexual conflict. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton NJ2001. Mating behavior and chemical communication in the order Hymenoptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 46:31–78. 2006. Courtship and copulation, but not ejaculates, reduce the longevity of female field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus). J. Zool. (Lond) 268:341–346. 2007. Do pollen feeding, pupal mating and larval gregariousness have a single origin in Heliconius butterflies? Inferences from multilocus DNA sequence data. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 92:221–239. 1997. Effect of male body size on sperm precedence in the polyandrous butterfly Pieris napi L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Behav. Ecol. 8:518–523. 1979. Resource allocation and reproductive strategies in several Heliconiine butterfly species. Univ. of Texas, Austin. 1990. A general model of the role of male‐donated nutrients in female insects’ reproduction. Am. Nat. 136:598–617. 1979. Male contribution to egg production in butterflies: evidence for transfer of nutrients at mating. Science 206:83–84. 1998. Principles of animal communication. Sinauer Associates, Inc. , Sunderland MA. 1981. The biology of Heliconius and related genera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 26:427–457. 2004. Structure of the pheromone communication channel in moths in R. T. Cardé, and J. G. Millar, eds. Advances in insect chemical ecology. Univ. Press, Cambridge. 2001. Seminal fluid‐mediated fitness traits in Drosophila. Heredity 87:511–521. 2004. Functions and analysis of the seminal fluid proteins of male Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various studies and concepts related to evolutionary biology, such as sexual selection and mating behaviors, but does not specifically address or provide evidence regarding natural selection and differential survival as the primary driver of evolution, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Depression, if severe, can be debilitating and affect all areas of a person’s life, including family and work, and be accompanied by a loss of energy; sleep disturbances; memory problems; somatic symptoms; and feeling sad, hopeless, helpless, guilty, and suicidal, which, in some cases, requires urgent assessment and hospitalization [7]. Clearly, diagnosing mental disorders early and effectively referring the individual to a psychiatrist for treatment is of vast importance [7]. Further, there is a reported increase in mortality and decrease in life expectancy in people with mental illness [8, 9]. Suicide as well as declining physical health are major concerns in patients with mental illness. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among 15–29-year-olds [10]. In addition, 78% of global suicides occur in low- and middle-income countries [10]. Patients with mental illnesses have more co-occurring chronic illnesses compared to the general population including high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, and diabetes [11, 12]. In addition, there are multiple causes for decrease in life expectancy in mentally ill patients, including poor compliance with treatment, not seeing a GP on a regular basis, medication side effects, increased smoking, and lifestyle issues. These findings highlight the importance of GPs working closely with psychiatric patients and coordination between psychiatrists and other subspecialties, focusing on prevention, lifestyle changes, and monitoring patients’ compliance. The role of GPs will only become more vital as the shortage of mental health workers expands and wait time for appointments increases [4]. Therefore, we sought to identify how GPs assess, diagnose, treat, and refer patients with mental health disorders as well as to identify the most common mental disorders they encounter and their comfort level treating those disorders. The study was conducted in Novi Sad, Serbia within the Care System. study was approved in October 2017 by an ethics committee of the center in Novi Sad, Serbia and conducted at multiple outpatient GP clinics. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. The study on which one was based was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, College of and participants were family practice providers and pediatricians [13]. Our thirteen-item questionnaire was adjusted to the System in Novi Sad; Serbia and a replication study was conducted. We designed and conducted a survey and collected data from 55 GPs working at outpatient clinics in Novi Sad, Serbia. Participants were recruited from November 1 to December 31, 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant impact of depression, mentioning severe cases, and addressing other aspects such as the need for urgent assessment and hospitalization. It highlights the concerning statistics related to suicide and the increased prevalence of co-occurring chronic illnesses in patients with mental health disorders, indicating the commonality and seriousness of these conditions. Thus, the content lends support to the assertion that depression and anxiety are prevalent mental health disorders worldwide.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Zusammenfassungim Bereich neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen deuten vermehrt darauf hin, dass die Ernährung und damit assoziiert die Zusammensetzung des Darm-Mikrobioms einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Entstehung und den Verlauf verschiedenster Krankheiten haben. Die sogenannte Darm-Hirn Achse, oder präziser die Darm-Mikrobiom-hat dadurch deutlich an Aufmerksamkeit gewonnen. Dabei kann der Darm das zentrale Nervensystem auf unterschiedliche Weisen beeinflussen, I) direkt durch bakterielle Bestandteile und Metaboliten von Bakterien, II) durch Manipulation der im Körper zirkulierenden Immunzellen, oder III) durch direkten Kontakt, z. B. über den N. vagus. Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Molekularbiologie, wie das Sequencing ermöglichen aufgrund ihres hohen Auflösungsvermögens die genaue Identifikation von Bakterien und die Kompositionen ganzer Mikrobiome. Dadurch ist es möglich, die Interaktionen zwischen dem intestinalen Mikrobiom, dem Metabolom und dem Darm- assoziierten Immunsystem detailliert zu erforschen. In dieser Arbeit diskutieren wir den Einfluss des Mikrobioms, der Ernährung und den damit verbundenen Gesundheitszustand auf die Neuroregeneration. liegt dabei auf der Möglichkeit, wie dieses Wissen in Zukunft für therapeutische Zwecke genutzt werden kann. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that nutrition significantly influences the composition of the gut microbiome, which is tied to the development and progression of various diseases. It highlights the importance of diet on microbiome composition and the interactions between the microbiome, metabolites, and the immune system, demonstrating that dietary changes do, in fact, affect microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Peptides 25:1477–1490. 1994. Mate competition in butterflies. Nature 370:23–24. 1925. On the abdominal glands in Heliconius (Lepidoptera). Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 269–275. 2009. Sexual behavior, intraspecific signaling and the evolution of mimicry among closely related species. Univ. of Texas, Austin. 2002. Patterns of pollen feeding and habitat preference among Heliconius species. Ecol. Entomol. 27:448–456. 2010. Sex‐specific chemical cues from immatures facilitate the evolution of mate guarding in Heliconius butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 277:407–413. 1989. The retention index and homoplasy excess. Syst. Biol. 38:406–407. 1989. Mating in the afternoon: time saving in courtship and remating by females of a polyandrous butterfly Pieris napi L. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25:349–356. 2005. Butterfly anti‐aphrodisiac lures parasitic wasps. Nature. 433:704. 2008. Male‐derived butterfly anti‐aphrodisiac mediates induced indirect plant defense. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:10033–10038. 2006. : a program for calculating patristic distances and graphically comparing the components of genetic change. BMC Evol. Biol. 6:1. 1976. Postmating female odor in Heliconius butterflies: a male‐contributed antiaphrodisiac? Science 193 419–420. 2003. Adaptive novelty through introgression in Heliconius wing patterns: evidence for a shared genetic ‘toolbox’ from synthetic hybrid zones and a theory of diversification. 2007. Evolution in the fast lane: rapidly evolving sex‐related genes in Drosophila. Genetics 177:1321–1335. 1969. Multiple sex pheromones of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor L. Nature 222:180–181. 2001. Non‐warning odors trigger innate color aversions—as long as they are novel. Behav. Ecol. 12:134–139. 1969. Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text mainly consists of references and summaries of various studies related to butterflies and their behavior, without directly addressing the concept of natural selection or its role in the evolution of species. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Collected data were statistically analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. 1: The most common psychological problem encountered in general practitionersâ€™ practice Figure 2: Reported symptoms of anxiety by age of the patients Figure 3: The most common way psychological/psychiatric problems are identified during a general practitioner visit Figure 4: Anxiety interventions reported by general practitioners Figure 5: Feelings of competency recommending or prescribing antidepressants among general practitioners R e s u l t s Results indicated that most patients in our sample were older than 65 (89. 1%). Anxiety and depressed mood were the two most frequently reported problems (Figure 1). Anxiety was most commonly reported in the population 18–50 years old (Figure 2). Psychological/psychiatric problems were most commonly identified during GPs’ interview with a patient by utilizing evidence-based behavioral health screening instruments (Figure 3). Further, lifestyle changes were most commonly recommended in patients presenting with anxiety symptoms, followed by the scheduling of a follow-up visit for close monitoring (Figure 4). Overall, 45. 5% of GPs did not feel comfortable prescribing antidepressant medications (Figure 5). Lastly, to increase competence in diagnosing and treating patients with psychological/psychiatric problems, 76. 3% of GPs identified the need for additional educational opportunities that address prescribing psychotropic medications for depression, and 54. 5% identified the need for topics related to initiating and managing antidepressant therapy. D i s c u s s i o n The most common psychological/psychiatric problems that GPs encounter in their practice are anxiety and depression. Most providers were routinely using screening instruments to diagnose depression (e. g. , Health Questionnaire) as well as patient interviews. Depression was most prevalent in the youngest patient population, even though they were the least represented sample. Several conclusions and recommendations can be drawn from our results. First, it is critical to be diligent when working with patients with mental health disorders and regularly using evidence-based screening instruments to look for signs and symptoms of anxiety and depression. This might help identify patients that require referral to a psychiatrist for treatment. In addition, about half of the GPs did not feel well equipped to treat depression or anxiety without consultation with a neuropsychiatrist. Consequently, GPs require increased education and training to promote their competence in prescribing psychotropic medications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by reporting that anxiety and depressed mood are the two most frequently reported psychological problems encountered in general practitioners’ practices. It specifically states that these issues are prevalent among patients, with anxiety being most commonly reported in the population aged 18-50 years and depression being most prevalent overall. This data supports the assertion that depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: AbstractRecent advances in the field of neurodegenerative disorders point to a possible association between diet, gut microbiota composition and disease incidence. Hence, the so-called gut-brain axis, or more precisely the gut-microbiome-brain axis, has gained increasing attention. There are several ways in which gut content can impact the central nervous system, i. e. either I) directly via bacterial components and dietary metabolites that are systematically available, II) by intermediates, such as circulating immune cells or III) via direct neuronal connections, i. e. the vagus nerve. New technologies for the identification of bacteria, like next generation sequencing, are enabling a higher resolution understanding of microbiota composition. Therefore, it is now possible to elucidate direct interactions between the gut microbiome, the metabolome, and the gut-associated immune system. In addition to these interactions and of equal importance are the interdependencies of gut metabolites with cells of the central nervous system. In this review, we discuss how the gut microbiome can promote neuronal regeneration or degeneration, depending on health status and diet, and how its modulation may be exploited for novel therapeutic applications. IntroductionThe gut and its microbiomeColonization of the human gut by various bacterial species occurs initially during or shortly after birth. Already the method of birth, i. e. by caesarean section or naturally, is the key factor for the abundance (Toscano et al. , 2017) and amount of gut bacteria (Huurre et al. , 2008). In addition to the vaginal passage (Dominguez-Bello et al. , 2010), another factor known to contribute to the origin of gut microbiota, is breast-feeding (Backhed et al. , 2015). Also, the possibility of colonization in utero is currently being examined (Willyard, 2018), which is supported by the presence of bacterial DNA in the placenta (Aagaard et al. , 2014). In humans, the colon is the organ containing the highest number of microbial species (Sender et al. , 2016). The majority of these microbes are members of three bacterial phyla, referred to as enterotypes, namely Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria (Tap et al. , 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relationship between diet and gut microbiota composition. It indicates that diet can influence the gut microbiome, as it notes how gut microbiota can impact neuronal health depending on dietary factors. This suggests that altering one's diet can indeed have an effect on microbiome composition and potentially health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Syst. Zool. 18:1–32. 2006. Linkage of butterfly mate preference and wing color preference cue at the genomic location of wingless. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:6575–6580. 2008. Gene flow persists millions of years after speciation in Heliconius butterflies. BMC Evol. Biol. 8:98. 2008. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2. 5. Null models for the number of evolutionary steps in a character on a phylogenetic tree. Evolution 45:1184–1197. 1995. Why are there so many mimicry rings? Correlation between habitat, behavior and mimicry in Heliconius butterflies. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 55:159–180. 2007. Natural hybridization in heliconiine butterflies: the species boundary as a continuum. BMC Evol. Biol. 7:28. 1997. Avian vocalizations and phylogenetic signal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:3833–3836. 2005. Foraging polymorphism in Heliconius charitonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): morphological constraints and behavioral compensation. J. Trop. Ecol. 21:407–415. 1989. Graded levels of chemical defence in mimics of lycid beetles of the genus Metmorrhynchus (Coleoptera). Aust. J. Entomol. 28:229–233. 1990. Methylalkylpyrazines in aposematic insects, their hostplants and mimics. Chemoecology 1:43–51. 2002. Sequestration of defensive substances from plants by Lepidoptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47:57–92. 2006. Tracing the origins of signal diversity in anole lizards: phylogenetic approaches to inferring the evolution of complex behaviour. Anim. Behav. 71:1411–1429. 2003. Phylogenetic signal in the song of crests and kinglets (Aves: Regulus). Evolution 57:616–629. 2007. Can chemical communication be cryptic? Adaptations by herbivores to natural enemies exploiting prey semiochemistry. Oecologia 153:1009–1019. 1977. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to evolutionary biology and genetics, but does not specifically address the concept of natural selection or how it drives evolution through differential survival. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: We suggest exploring existing educational opportunities and making them available to GPs, including lectures given by neuropsychiatrists that are tailored to the needs of GPs with busy practices. GPs are often the first healthcare provider that assesses adults with mental health symptoms, which can be a challenge if they have very busy practices. Assisting GPs in screening and identifying patients with mental disorder might be beneficial. Providing education regarding antidepressant and antianxiety medications to GPs may increase their comfort in treating these disorders and decrease the need to refer to psychiatrists. In addition, special consideration should be given to younger patient populations, who, according to our results, tend to present with prominent levels of depression and anxiety compared other age groups. When symptoms are detected, monitoring patient and offering longer follow-up visits might be helpful until refer to a psychiatrist is available. This study had some limitations, including a relatively small sample size and that the survey has not been validated. However, despite these limitations, our study indicates that additional education for GPs might provide long-term benefits for both patients and providers. Conflicts of authors do not have any conflicts of interest to report. 10. 31487/j. PDR. 2018. 10. 004 Lidija Petrović-Smiljanić Petrović-ć-of Psychiatry, College of & 1: The most common psychological problem encountered in general practitioners’ practice Figure 2: Reported symptoms of anxiety by age of the patients Figure 3: The most common way psychological/psychiatric problems are identified during a general practitioner visit Figure 4: Anxiety interventions reported by general practitioners Figure 5: Feelings of competency recommending or prescribing antidepressants among general practitioners 1. Organization. Mental disorders–Fact sheet, April 2017, accessed 18. 02. 2018. 2. Wang PS, Aguilar‐ (2007) Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the. Lancet 370: 841‐850. [Crossref] 3. (2016) Community mental health care worldwide: current status and further developments. 15: 276-286. [Crossref] 4. Organization. Atlas 2014, 2015. 5. Klemenc-Ketiš Z, Kersnik J, (2009) The presence of anxiety and depression in the adult population of family practice patients with chronic diseases. 48: 170-176. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that general practitioners frequently encounter mental health symptoms, particularly noting that younger patient populations present with significant levels of depression and anxiety compared to other age groups. This suggests that depression and anxiety are prevalent issues within the population that GPs serve, supporting the idea that these disorders are common globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Due to the enormous number and diversity of these gut-dwelling bacterial species, the human organism is capable of digesting several food-derived nutrients by taking advantage of bacterially-derived enzymes. Bacteroides thetaiotamicro, for example, produces a variety of enzymes that can degrade a range of carbohydrates (Xu et al. , 2003). This symbiotic relationship that enables a broad range of nutritive sources has figured largely in human evolution. Perhaps the most prominent example involves mitochondria, bacteria that lost their cellular autonomy and became endosymbiotically-derived organelles (Stilling et al. , 2014, Archibald, 2015, Raina et al. , 2018). The primary metabolites and end products of bacterial fermentation include short chain fatty acids (SCFA) (Salminen et al. , 1998), micronutrients such as vitamins (Fresia Fernandez, 1987), and secondary bile acids (Ajouz et al. , 2014). These microbial products diffuse passively, or are actively transported across gastrointestinal tract endothelia, where they become available for downstream organs via blood circulation (Conlon and Bird, 2014). However, this route is not only used by essentially beneficial metabolites, but also by potentially harmful products of pathogenic bacteria or pathobionts. However, during a state of healthy homeostasis, or eubiosis, these potentially harmful metabolites are less relevant, since non-pathogenic bacteria outnumber, and thus suppress the growth of pathogenic species (Kamada et al. , 2012). In addition to the influence of host genetics (Bonder et al. , 2016), use of antibiotics (Dethlefsen et al. , 2008), or immune defense (Wang et al. , 2015), the contribution of diet is known to be a key regulator of microbial composition (Ley et al. , 2008). Diet begins shaping development of the gut microbiome immediately following birth. For example, components of breast milk (as opposed to formula milk) already affect bacterial gut composition in newborns (Harmsen et al. , 2000). During the first three years of life, this composition of bacterial communities evolves towards those found in adults. Furthermore, the composition of fecal microbiota differs between human populations of different origins, highlighting the influence of additional selective pressures, such as dietary habits, hygiene, and general lifestyle, i. e. exercise and smoking. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that diet is a key regulator of microbial composition, stating that 'the contribution of diet is known to be a key regulator of microbial composition.' It also provides evidence of diet's influence on the microbiome, such as how components of breast milk affect bacterial gut composition in newborns, and that the composition varies with dietary habits, hygiene, and lifestyle.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Influence of the seminal plug on mating behaviour in the garter snake. Nature 267:344–345. 2001. Novel chemistry of abdominal defensive glands of Nymphalid butterfly Agraulis vanillae. J. Chem. Ecol. 27:1219–1228. 1999. The evolution of multimodal warning displays. Evol. Ecol. 13:655–671. 1995. Female responses to ancestral advertisement calls in túngara frogs. Science 269:390–392. 1989. Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy. Evolution 43:1781–1795. 1993. Specific mixtures of secretions from male scent organs of African milkweed butterflies (Danainae). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 342:161–181. 2007. Macrolides from the scent glands of the tropical butterflies Heliconius cydno and Heliconius pachinus. Org. Biomol. Chem. 5:3434–3441. 2008. An antiaphrodisiac in Heliconius melpomene butterflies. J. Chem. Ecol. 34:82–93. 1986. Sexual mimicry regulates the attractiveness of mated Drosophila melanogaster females. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8429–8433. 1988. Interstrain comparison of male‐predominant antiaphrodisiacs in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Insect Physiol. 34:863–871. 2008. Better to be bimodal: the interaction of color and odor on learning and memory. Behav. Ecol. 19:425–432. 2001. Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton and Oxford. 2009. Sperm precedence in monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus). Behav. Ecol. 20:328–334. 1999. Discrimination of flying mimetic, passion‐vine butterflies Heliconius Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266:2137–2140. 1995. The chemistry of eavesdropping, alarm, and deceit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:23–28. 2000. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of various studies related to different biological topics, such as mating behavior in garter snakes and the chemistry of butterfly scent glands. It does not specifically address the mechanism of natural selection or its role in the evolution of species. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 12299326 Export as PDF A research study in Pakistan to test a family involvement intervention, designed to improve care for people living in the community with common mental health conditions Share on on on Submission date 03/06/2019 Registration date 05/06/2019 Last edited 06/12/2022 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category Mental and Prospectively registered analysis plan participant data and study aimsInvolvement intervention has been developed from existing approaches called Trialogue and psychoeducation. A key part of these approaches is bringing together several people living with mental health difficulties, their family members and mental health professionals into regular meetings. These different groups meet as equals to discuss topics that they have previously agreed on, share experiences and to learn from one another. This study aims to find whether can help to improve care for people living with common mental health conditions (mild-to-moderate depression and anxiety) in Pakistan. More specifically the aim is to find out how patients, family members/friends, and health professionals experience of improves outcomes like quality of life and symptoms for patients. Who can participate? Patients aged 18-65 years with mild-to-moderate depression and/or anxiety, who are enrolled in individual counselling on the programWhat does the study involve? The patients receive the intervention at an agreed community location once per month over a 6-month period. One or two family members/ friends are recruited for each patient. These participants attend the monthly meetings with their relatives. Three counsellors are recruited to help facilitate the meetings. Involvement intervention is based on principles of Trialogue and psychoeducation. It involves bringing together several patients, one or two of their family members/friends and one or two mental health professionals in monthly meetings, as equals, so that they may discuss pre-agreed topics, share experiences and mutual learning. Patients, family members/friends and clinicians are interviewed at the end of the study to see how they experienced the intervention. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? Common mental health conditions including depression and anxiety cause distress to affected individuals. In countries such as Pakistan there is often a lack of human and financial resources for specialised mental health services in the community. This study will provide evidence on how to include effective and long-lasting local based interventions for community based mental health programs in the country. Overall, the study will build both mental health and research capacity within Pakistan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a research study aimed at improving care for individuals with common mental health conditions, such as mild-to-moderate depression and anxiety, through a family involvement intervention. It mentions how this program is intended to enhance outcomes like quality of life and symptoms for patients, aligning with the idea that early intervention can foster improvements in mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Additionally, gut bacterial diversity increases, in a population-independent manner, during adolescence (Yatsunenko et al. , 2012). The effect of dietary change on the microbiome, as an important environmental factor, depends on the duration of change. Short-term alterations in dietary behavior can influence microbial composition without a large effect on the enterotypes. By contrast, sustained and long-lasting changes to diet are able to affect enterotype states (Wu et al. , 2011). In general, a typical human diet consists of three major components, i. e. carbohydrates, proteins, and fat, which also serve as different substrates for our gut bacteria. In the Western diet these substrates upon reaching the colon, mainly consist of dietary fibers, which comprise non-starch polysaccharides. Additional substrates found here include simple sugars, oligosaccharides, starch, proteins, and lipids (Conlon and Bird, 2014). Importantly, consuming a high amount of dietary fiber is beneficial for health, as it has been shown repeatedly to reduce risk of coronary heart disease (Liu et al. , 1999) and diabetes (Montonen et al. , 2003). Furthermore, organic acids, the resulting end products of carbohydrate catabolism, serve as additional energy sources for resident bacteria. It is also here where SCFA, in particular, exert a vast number of effects, especially by acting on the immune system once they have been absorbed by the gut epithelium (Conlon and Bird, 2014). However, the direct effects of SCFA on the central nervous system (CNS), need to be better understood. Dysbiosis and diseaseSymbiosis between the commensal microbiome and the innate and adaptive immune system has provided crucial developmental advantages in eukaryote evolution. Hence, it is not surprising, that a dysbalance of the microbiome composition, also denoted as dysbiosis, exerts detrimental effects on human health and immunity (Levy et al. , 2017). A dysbiosis of the gut microbiome can be caused by internal or external factors, such as sleep deprivation, stress, use of antibiotics, or dietary components (Dethlefsen et al. , 2008, Bailey et al. , 2011, Devkota et al. , 2012) and an increasing number of chronic disorders are associated with an altered microbial composition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that dietary change impacts microbial composition, highlighting that 'short-term alterations in dietary behavior can influence microbial composition' and that 'sustained and long-lasting changes to diet are able to affect enterotype states.' This indicates that diet significantly influences microbiome composition, refuting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs. J. Exp. Biol. 203:665–683. 2002. PAUP* Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. version 4. 0b10 for 32‐bit Microsoft Windows. , Univ. , Tallahassee, FL. Symonds, M. R. E. , and M. A. Elgar. 2004. The mode of pheromone evolution: evidence from bark beetles. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271:839–846. 2008. The evolution of pheromone diversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23:220–228. 2005. The mode of evolution of aggregation pheromones in Drosophila species. J. Evol. Biol. 18:1253–1263. 1983. The evolution of insect mating systems. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. 2005. Molecular population genetics of accessory gland protein genes and testis‐expressed genes in Drosophila mojavensis and D. arizonae. Genetics 171:1083–1101. 2007. Adaptive evolution of recently duplicated accessory gland protein genes in desert Drosophila. Genetics 177:1023–1030. 2010. Combined EST and proteomic analysis identifies rapidly evolving seminal fluid proteins in Heliconius butterflies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 27:2000–2013. 2005. Female receptivity in butterflies and moths. J. Exp. Biol. 208:3433–3440. 2003. Sexual selection and the evolution of butterfly mating systems. 2001. Sexual conflict and cooperation in butterfly reproduction: a comparative study of polyandry and female fitness. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268:1661–1667. 2003. Mating system and the evolution of sex‐specific mortality rates in two nymphalid butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270:1823–1828. 1998. Chemical similarity searching. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 38:983–996. 2009. Die Komplexität chemischer Signalsysteme bei männlichen Lepidopteren. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a wide range of studies related to the evolution, molecular systematics, and mating systems of various species, but it does not specifically address or support the claim about natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Additionally, for patients who will be involved in testing the intervention, this might lead to improved quality of life, social functioning and symptom reduction. Family members and friends might benefit from having space to share their experiences and learn from other patients and families, which might lead to an improved ability to provide care for their family member or friend with mental illness. No significant risks are expected from participating in this study, but it is possible that whilst completing the research assessments or interviews, the questions asked might trigger feelings of distress or anxiety. To minimise this risk, researchers with experience working with mental health disorders will be employed, research assessments can be stopped at any point, and further support can be provided to the participant if necessary. Participants might also experience anxiety trying new interventions. Throughout the intervention-testing period, patients will continue to receive their routine care, including any medication. The intervention can be stopped at any point. Where is the study run from? 1. and Development (Pakistan)2. Hospital (Pakistan)When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? May 2019 to March 2021Who is funding the study? for (UK)Who is the main contact? van Loggerenberg, f. vanloggerenberg@qmul. ac. uk Study website Contact information Contact name van Contact details Unit for Social and University of Centre for London E13 8SP +44 (0)207 540 4380 Ext: 2339 f. vanloggerenberg@qmul. ac. uk Contact name van Contact details Unit for Social and University of Centre for London E13 8SP +44 (0)207 540 4380 Ext: 2339 f. vanloggerenberg@qmul. ac. uk Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers 16/137/97 Study information Scientific title Testing the effectiveness, acceptability and feasibility of family involvement in common mental health conditions in Pakistan: a non-controlled trial hypothesis To test the acceptability, feasibility and effectiveness of against usual treatment. The specific research questions are:1. How can be used to support community mental health care in Pakistan? 2. How is experienced by patients, family members/friends and professionals? 3. How do outcomes change when is used? Ethics approval(s) 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that patients involved in testing the intervention may experience improved quality of life, social functioning, and symptom reduction. This suggests that early intervention could lead to better outcomes for those with mental health conditions, supporting the assertion of the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: For instance, high salt intake exacerbates disease activity in several – mainly autoimmune – diseases, mediated by an increase in pro-inflammatory immune cell subsets (Jorg et al. , 2016). The commensal microbiome essentially participates in regulating the immune tolerance (Weiner et al. , 2011). As such, regulatory immune components such as regulatory T cells (Treg) are crucial for development of a sufficient immune tolerance, especially towards enteric microbiota (Sakaguchi et al. , 2008). Pathobionts occur at low abundances in healthy individuals, but tend to expand in the diseased organism, as is the case for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (de Souza and Fiocchi, 2016), leading to a compositional shift in the commensal microbiome (Frank et al. , 2007, Lupp et al. , 2007, Butto et al. , 2015). Besides gastrointestinal and autoimmune diseases, a dysbiotic state is currently discussed in neurodegenerative disorders. An important microbiome-related metabolic pathway – the kynurenine pathway – for example, was shown to be associated with several neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, and depression (Lombardi et al. , 2018). For decades, the focus in chronic diseases, such as autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases has been on the association with a genetic predisposition. However, more recently the direct impact of environmental factors like the microbiome composition has gained attention (Chen et al. , 2016b). The microbiome involvement is further supported by animal studies, showing an attenuation or even the complete absence of neurologic disease, once the animals were kept under bacteria-free conditions (Wu et al. , 2010, Berer et al. , 2011). Human migration studies have demonstrated that multiple sclerosis (MS) incidence increases in subjects who move from low risk countries to countries with higher MS prevalence, usually countries far north of the equator (Gale and Martyn, 1995). This notion initially led to the theory of latitude, i. e. reduced sun exposure being the major risk factor, not considering dietary habits. How certain components of the diet may have an impact on neuroinflammation and – degeneration was recently shown for fatty acids, especially the differential roles of short versus long chain fatty acids (). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how dietary factors can significantly influence the microbiome composition. It mentions that environmental factors and dietary habits have a direct impact on the microbiome, as well as the connection between dietary components and diseases like autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. The reference to how a dysbiotic state is linked to chronic diseases and the impact of high salt intake further supports this contrast, implying that diet does have a significant effect on microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: It is often more intense in males, as their fitness is more dependent on MS than female fitness (Bateman 1948). However, it is now accepted that obtaining more mates is not the only way to improve male fitness, and that processes occurring both before and after copulation can affect sexual selection. Although precopulatory processes include various aspects of mate acquisition, postcopulatory processes include sperm competition (Simmons 2005; Snook 2005; Eberhard 2009; Manier et al. 2010) and cryptic female choice (Eberhard 1996; Arnqvist and Rowe 2005; Aquiloni and Gherardi 2008; Eberhard 2009). Obviously postcopulatory sexual selection is very limited in monandrous species, but polyandry is widespread in animals (Simmons 2005; Birkhead 2010). This is why quantifying the contributions of pre- and postcopulatory processes has become a major issue (Jones and Ratterman 2009; Pischedda and Rice 2012). The fraction of sexual selection that is due to precopulatory processes depends on copulations performed by males with different female mates. The fraction of sexual selection coming from postcopulatory processes reflects those differences in siring success among males that are independent from their copulatory activity, and therefore expected to rely on some aspect of ejaculate contents, dynamics of sperm use within the female tracts, and/or early abortion of fertilized eggs. Arnold and Wade (1984a,b) were the first to propose an analytical framework to quantify the relative importance of pre- and postcopulatory components of selection by partitioning the total opportunity for selection. This decomposition basically defines pre- and postcopulatory selection as selection that occurs through variation in MS and independently of such variation, respectively. Although this framework has been available for a while, few studies have quantified the relative importance of pre- and postcopulatory components of sexual selection (see, e. g. , Rose et al. 2013). However, the use of MS as the one and only descriptor of precopulatory sexual selection poses some problems. For example, Pischedda and Rice (2012) recently made a significant contribution by using controlled matings and statistical regression techniques for decomposing the variance in male reproductive success (RS) into pre- and postcopulatory components in the polyandrous Drosophila melanogaster. They concluded that a significant fraction of this variance (27%) is due to postcopulatory components. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of sexual selection, primarily focusing on pre- and postcopulatory processes in male and female mating behaviors. While it touches on concepts related to fitness and selection, it does not specifically address or support the claim regarding natural selection as a mechanism driving evolution through differential survival. Rather, it is primarily concerned with sexual selection, which is a different aspect of evolutionary biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: In a pre-post design in the case study, HbA1c decreased significantly in 6 of 9 poorly controlled adolescents after having participated in the coaching program. Improvement in the quantitative data reported by the patients such as stress, adherence to medications, perceived health status, high goal attainment, quality of life, and decreased depression and anxiety was disclosed in three of the studies [25–27]. However, the other RCT did not show any improvement in psychological adjustment to illness and health-related quality of life after the intervention, whereas the self-efficacy in the intervention group increased significantly during the follow-up period [23]. The qualitative data from the interview with the patients showed that the patients were very satisfied with the coaching intervention and felt encouraged to a) adopt a new view of themselves and their illness, b) try out new methods, and c) work systematically with their goals [7, 24, 25]. Methodological qualityAssessment of the methodological quality is illustrated in Table 2. The quality scores range from 0–7 points (0-100%) as ‘done’ gave 1 point and ‘not done’ or ‘not clear’ gave 0 point. Two RCTs met all of the quality criteria [23–26]. Schneider et al. [25] did not receive any points because the description of the methodology was unclear. Table 2 Criteria list inspired by LP Moja [21], JM Olsen [2], and Cherafhi-Sohi S et al. [22]Full size table DiscussionUnfortunately, only a limited number of trials were identified as using a life coaching process reporting health outcomes, and as the quality of the studies varied widely, it was not possible to draw definite conclusions. Therefore, this review can only present tendencies for patient outcomes and a preliminary description of an effective life coaching intervention. The two studies investigating objective health outcomes (HbA1c) showed mixed, but promising results [7, 26]. In the case study, it was possible to obtain significant improvements in a patient group that usually does not benefit from intensified interventions [7] and in the randomized trial; the patients with an elevated baseline HbA1c significantly improved their metabolic control [26]. The fact that it was a group of disadvantaged patients that showed significant improvement may indicate that some patients can benefit from being met with another approach and a different type of communication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that early intervention, specifically through a coaching program, led to significant improvements in mental health outcomes such as decreased depression and anxiety, as well as enhanced quality of life. The mention of both mixed but promising results and positive tendencies for patient outcomes supports the assertion that early interventions can be effective for many mental health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: We could show, that administration of LCFA in the experimental model of MS worsened disease course via polarization towards T-helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, whereas the SCFA propionic acid diminished clinical symptoms due to an increase of intestine-derived Treg (Haghikia et al. , 2015). Fig. 1:Microbiome metabolites differentially affect the immune and the central nervous system Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are metabolites, originating from the fermentation of fiber-rich diet by the commensal gut bacteria. SCFA serve as an energy source for gut epithelia, but also pass from the gut lumen into blood circulation and interact with immune cells within the lamina propria cells of the submucosal nerve plexus. The impact of short chain fatty acids within the CNS is indirect in the case of a shifted immune cell balance towards Treg. Especially in diseases with a disrupted blood-brain-barrier, such as MS, changes in CNS-resident immune cells can directly affect the CNS. BA, butyric acid, PA, propionic acid, AA, acetic acid. Additionally, the observed conversion to a rather anti-inflammatory environment by propionic acid treatment is accompanied with a decrease in demyelination and less axonal loss, which we observed during disease course in mice by Blue and Bielschowsky silver staining (Haghikia et al. , 2015). The question, if these neuroprotective effects are only mediated by reduced inflammation or via a local action of propionic acid on CNS cells, remains unanswered. A recent study has shown that Treg are able to directly increase neuronal remyelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation, thereby affecting remyelination processes (Dombrowski et al. , 2017). In addition, anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 are capable to trigger neuroregeneration (Chen et al. , 2016a). There is cumulative evidence for the neuroprotective capacity of (mainly regulatory) immune-mediated processes, nevertheless, various findings point to a direct neuroprotective effect by commensal metabolic components. However, these components can also exert damaging effects on neurons, especially in high concentrations. In animal models investigating autism-like diseases, administration of high dose propionic acid (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that diet, specifically fiber-rich foods, influences the microbiome composition through the generation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) like propionic acid. It discusses how SCFA are produced from the fermentation of dietary fiber by gut bacteria, thereby indicating that dietary choices can impact microbiome composition and subsequent physiological effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: However, most of the variation in siring success considered as “postcopulatory” in this experiment was explained by male mating rank (i. e. , being, or not, the last male), as this species exhibits strong last-male sperm precedence. We suggest here that such effects should be included in precopulatory sexual selection, because this is actually selection either for getting more copulations, or for obtaining the most valuable copulation with a given female (i. e. , the last one in D. melanogaster). Interestingly, Pischedda and Rice (2012) found that the postcopulatory variance in male RS (RSm) dropped to 1. 9% when removing the effect of mating rank. Therefore, once male mating rank was controlled for, variation in sperm competition ability, ejaculate size, and cryptic female choice offered very limited opportunity for selection in D. melanogaster. Collet et al. (2012), using Arnold and Wade's framework, found that 55% of male RS was due to differences in paternity shares among mates of polyandrous hens in the Red Junglefowl. However, they did not determine the extent to which variation in copulation numbers or ranks on the one hand, and postcopulatory processes on the other hand, respectively, contributed to this variance. This highlights the need for a formal framework providing an accurate quantification of the pre- and postcopulatory components of male fitness while taking into account the various facets of precopulatory selection, that is, unsuccessful and/or repeated matings, mating rank or duration, etc. We here propose to extend the framework of Arnold and Wade (1984a,b). Our method separates components that depend on mating activity from postcopulatory components in the narrow sense, that is, variation in siring success that arises independently of the mating sequence. The particularity of our approach when compared to Arnold and Wade's is that the precopulatory success includes not only the variance in MS (mate number in Arnold and Wade), but also the variance arising from the full sequence of male copulations. This framework combines variance decomposition (as in Collet et al. 2012) and regression analysis, and has several advantages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. While it discusses aspects of mating success, sexual selection, and frameworks for quantifying male fitness, it does not address the broader concept of natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. It focuses more on postcopulatory processes and mating rank rather than the evolution of species through natural selection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractCalifornia is the only one of its peers with a state-wide tax earmarked for mental health programs. The voter-approved levy applies to personal income above $1 million and has generated over $20 billion since 2005. But whether the additional funding improved population mental health remains unknown. This study applies the synthetic control method to the CDC’s data to determine how the tax affected suicide deaths in California. Findings show that the state’s suicide mortality rate increased more gradually after the tax’s implementation than it would have otherwise. By 2019, the cumulative impact was approximately 5,500 avoided deaths. Multiple robustness and sensitivity checks confirm that result. However, the effect did not appear immediately, nor was it present within all demographic groups. Nevertheless, additional revenue was associated with improved mental health in California. Other governments may likewise yield beneficial outcomes. Citation: (2022) Can additional funding improve mental health outcomes? Evidence from a synthetic control analysis of California’s millionaire tax. 17(7): e0271063. Mohamed F. Jalloh, Centers for and : December 7, 2021; Accepted: June 22, 2022; Published: July 27, 2022Copyright: © 2022 Michael Thom. This is an open access 21. 6 billion. In 2019 alone, it generated an all-time high of $2. 4 billion, or about $60 per capita (Fig 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. California mental health services tax revenue per capita. Author’s calculations based on data reported in “to Keep: A Decade of the Services Act” from California’s Commission, annual expenditure reports from the Agency, and current population estimates from the Census Bureau. Amounts adjusted using the Index. distributes the revenue to each county based on a formula that incorporates population and cost of living adjustments. Each one develops a stakeholder-informed plan to spend its allocation within three program areas. and Support (approximately 72 percent of funding in 2019) finances direct services for adults and minors with serious mental health conditions. It can include psychiatric treatment and therapy, substance abuse treatment, and outreach for at-risk populations. Prevention and (approximately 18 percent of funding in 2019) finances services that prevent mental health conditions from instigating severe outcomes, such as hospitalization, homelessness, and suicide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that additional funding for mental health services, such as the tax earmarked in California, is associated with improved mental health outcomes. It mentions 'direct services for adults and minors with serious mental health conditions' and 'services that prevent mental health conditions from instigating severe outcomes,' which aligns with the idea that early intervention can lead to better outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 500 mg/kg body weight), provoked autism-like behavior (Macfabe, 2012, Choi et al. , 2018). This corresponds with findings within the disease propionic-acidemia, which is characterized by a reduced activity of the propionyl-CoA carboxylase, leading to an impaired metabolism of propionic acid, accompanied with propionic acid accumulation. This observed autism-like behavior is supposed to be triggered by an increased inhibitory GABA-ergic neurotransmission (Morland et al. , 2018). Apart from secondary neurodegeneration as a result of inflammation, in patients with Parkinson’s disease, a dysbiosed microbiota has been observed, that is characterized by a reduced abundance of Prevotellaceae. Furthermore, changes in Parkinson’s patients’ microbiome also correlate with disease progression (Minato et al. , 2017): the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae is associated with motor dysfunction (Scheperjans et al. , 2015). Additionally, psychiatric diseases such as depression and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have also been linked to alterations of the gut microbiome (Kang et al. , 2013, Jiang et al. , 2015). By high-throughput pyrosequencing of bacterial genomic DNA extracted from fecal samples of patients with major depressive disorder, an increase in the levels of Bacterioidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria was found, while the level of Firmicutes was decreased in comparison to healthy controls. Furthermore, the severity of depressive symptoms is inversely correlated with a reduction of Faecalibacterium. ASD have also been linked to a less diverse gut microbiome and to alterations in different bacterial genera, namely reduced abundances of Prevotella, Coprococcus, and unclassified Veillonellaceae (Kang et al. , 2013), as well as to gastrointestinal disruption that correlates with disease severity (Adams et al. , 2011). Therefore, the effect of microbiota transfer therapy has been investigated in a clinical trial. After a 2-week antibiotic treatment followed by bowel cleanse and a subsequent performance of fecal microbiota transplantation, patients displayed a reduction of gastrointestinal symptoms, accompanied by a significant improvement in behavioral ASD symptoms (Kang et al. , 2017). Although this example promises hope for fighting other diseases that have been associated with an altered microbiome, it also needs to be assessed carefully. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that alterations in the microbiome are linked to various health conditions, including psychiatric diseases and autism spectrum disorders. It discusses studies indicating changes in the gut microbiome related to dietary interventions, such as microbiota transfer therapy, which led to improvements in gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms in patients. This suggests that changing one's diet can indeed impact microbiome composition, rebutting the claim that such changes have no effect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: First, as it is an extension of an existing general framework (Arnold and Wade 1984a), it offers the same advantages, including the possibility to quantify the covariances between components to evaluate potential phenotypic trade-offs between fitness compartments. Second, it allows us to go beyond the notion of MS and to consider selection on any trait that has an effect on the frequency, timing, and duration of copulations. Third, our variance decomposition is formally linked to Bateman gradients, the most classical approach for estimating the intensity of sexual selection (Arnold and Duvall 1994; Anthes et al. 2010). Finally, it allows finding the stage at which sexual selection occurs on any phenotypic trait (such as sexual ornaments or body size). Importantly, our approach requires full knowledge of the mating sequences occurring in freely mating groups, which requires observing all interactions among individuals. Indeed, previous studies about sexual selection mostly used controlled sequential copulations with different partners (usually two; Lewis and Austad 1990; Amitin and Pitnick 2007; Jones and Ratterman 2009). In such artificial situations, the variance in copulatory activity is intrinsically limited and they are therefore not directly informative to disentangle the relative importance of pre- and postcopulatory compartments. Our approach is therefore more demanding in terms of behavioral observations, but appropriate data seem to be already available in some previously studied systems (e. g. , Collet et al. 2012). We implemented our method in the cosmopolitan freshwater snail Physa acuta. This hermaphroditic species is self-fertile, but self-fertilization is rare in natural populations (Bousset et al. 2004; Henry et al. 2005) and resorted to only in the absence of sexually mature conspecifics (Tsitrone et al. 2003; Pélissié et al. 2012). It exhibits a promiscuous mating system both in the laboratory (Pélissié et al. 2012) and under natural conditions as frequent episodes of high density (up to 100 individuals per meter square; Henry et al. 2005) provide many mating opportunities to individuals. When two individuals are put together they often copulate within the first minute and are capable to copulate several times a day in both sex roles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection and its role in evolution. Instead, it provides a detailed description of a study on sexual selection and mating behaviors in a specific species (the freshwater snail Physa acuta) without linking the findings to the broader concept of natural selection or differential survival. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: It may include traditional treatment or support for crisis intervention facilities and programs. Innovation (approximately five percent of funding in 2019) subsidizes new, sometimes experimental treatment approaches, such as web-based chat and triage services. Administrative costs and reimbursements consume the remaining funds. Whether earmarked mental health tax revenue yields population-level improvement remains an open question. Available studies are few and narrow in scope [11]. For example, patients at five tax-supported clinics in County, California, accessed more mental health services, but providers reported higher stress and lower morale [12]. According to other Los Angeles-based assessments, tax-supported programs improved vulnerable groups’ mental health [13] and lowered emergency room visits [14], but the progress may have been transitory [15]. This study is the first to examine whether revenue from California’s earmarked mental health tax affected a vital public health indicator: suicide mortality. Self-inflicted deaths are perhaps the most heartrending consequence of mental anguish, but they are exceedingly preventable. Indeed, cognitive behavioral therapy and other interventions reduce suicidal ideation and death [16]. To determine the revenue’s impact, this study utilizes the synthetic control method to compare outcomes before and after California voters approved the tax. The results show that the state’s suicide mortality rate was lower than it would have been without the tax. However, the effect did not emerge immediately, nor did it materialize within all demographic groups. Nevertheless, the results indicate that additional funding can stem the tide of declining mental health and quite literally save lives. strategy: The synthetic control method This study applies the synthetic control method (“SCM”) to California to determine whether revenue from the state’s earmarked mental health tax improved population mental health as indicated by the state’s suicide mortality rate. California is an exemplary case study. It is the only state with a tax that generates funding for all its counties. Unlike staggered local tax implementation in other states, California imposed its tax at a single point with no significant ex-post changes, creating well-defined before and after periods. SCM facilitates causal inference in settings where one unit (here, California) experiences an intervention (here, implementing an earmarked mental health tax) that many other units do not. To synthesize a control, SCM draws on pre-intervention outcomes in California and certain other states, collectively referred to as the donor pool. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive impact of certain interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, on reducing suicidal ideation and death. It notes that additional funding from California's earmarked mental health tax has had measurable effects on suicide mortality rates, indicating that timely interventions can lead to improved mental health outcomes. The text further highlights that tax-supported programs have achieved improvements for vulnerable groups, supporting the notion that early intervention is beneficial.