Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Citation5The EU has strict, if not the strictest, legislation on the use of GM crops: data requirements for human health and environmental risk assessments tend to be greater than elsewhere; traceability and labeling requirements are among the most onerous in the world; and there are extensive proposals about coexistence to maintain separation between GM and non-GM production. Citation5-Citation8 Decision-making also is lengthy and unpredictable, particularly for applications for cultivation approvals: no cultivation approvals were granted between 1998, when T25 maize and MON810 maize were approved, and 2010 when the Amflora potato was approvedCitation9; and some applications have been under review for 15 years. Citation10There are many ideas about why EU legislation is stricter than elsewhere. Strict EU Directives and regulations are often traced to its adoption of the precautionary principle, and theories are developed to explain why the EU has invoked the precautionary principle and countries such as the have not; for example, TaitCitation11 proposed that the EU’s use of the precautionary principle originated in perceived failures of regulation of synthetic pesticides. Other authors suggest that the EU is not unique in its use of the precautionary principle to regulate GM crops; regulation of GM crops elsewhere, including the United States, also invokes the precautionary principle, but the EU’s interpretation is stronger. Citation12 On this explanation, strict legislation does not arise from the precautionary principle per se, but from how it is applied to law making. There are several complementary explanations of the EU’s stronger interpretation of the precautionary principle regarding GM crops: negative consumer perception arising from ideas that GM organisms (GMOs) are unnatural; recent food scares and deeper mistrust of the integrity of regulatory decisions; the power of environmental non-governmental organizations and green political parties; and use of regulation to enforce economic protectionism. Citation12,Citation13The purpose of this paper is not to analyze systematically the origins of EU legislation regarding GM crops, but to examine how the regulations may affect biotechnology companies attempting to place GM crops on the European market. Legislation, associated guidance, and questions from the (EFSA), the EU Commission and Member States’ require companies to provide large amounts of data and lengthy risk assessments interpreting those data; however, no matter how many data are provided and questions answered, decisions on cultivation approvals never materialize. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating the diverse regulatory landscape concerning gene-edited crops, specifically highlighting how the European Union (EU) imposes stricter legislation compared to other regions. It mentions that the EU's approach to GM crops involves more rigorous data requirements and risk assessments, which shows a clear variation in regulations between countries, as seen in the contrasting practices of the EU and the United States.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Biological rhythms in manic-depressive illness. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. 47. Wehr T. A. , Sack D. , Rosenthal N. , Duncan W. , Gillan J. C. Circadian rhythm disturbances in manic-depressive illness. 1983; 42: 2809–2814. PubMed48. Wehr T. A. Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression and mania. In: Brown F. M. , Graeber R. C. , eds. Rhythmic aspects of behavior. Hillsdale, N. J: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1982. 49. Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. Biological rhythms and psychiatry. In: Arieti S. , Brodie H. K. H. , eds, American handbook of psychiatry (2nd ed. ): Vol. VII — Advances and new directions. New York: Basic, 1981. 50. Feinberg M. , Gillin J. C. , Carroll B. J. , Greden J. F. , Zis A. P. EEG studies of sleep in the diagnosis of depression. 1982; 17: 305–316. PubMedWeb of Science51. MacLean A. W. , Cairns J. , Knowles J. B. REM latency and depression: computer simulations based on the results of phase delay of sleep in normal subjects. 1983; 9: 69–79. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science52. Reynolds C. F. , Coble P. A. , Kupfer D. J. , Shaw D. H. Depressive patients and the sleep laboratory. In: Guilleminault C. , ed. Sleeping and waking disorders: indications and techniques. Menlo Park, Calif: Addison-Wesley, 1982. 53. Vogel G. W. , Vogel F. , McAbee R. S. , Thurmond A. J. Improvement of depression by REM sleep deprivation. Psychiatry 1980; 37: 247–253. CrossrefPubMed54. Wehr T. A. , Wirz-Justice A. Internal coincidence model for sleep deprivation and depression. In: Koella W. P. , ed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the relationship between circadian rhythm disruption and metabolic disorders or obesity. Instead, it focuses on various studies related to circadian rhythms in the context of psychiatric conditions like depression and manic-depressive illness. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: In London, a building services manager revealed that the application of a retrofitted green roof on a building had reduced the need for cooling/heating in the floor beneath. If the green roof had been installed as part of the original design of the building and the ability of the green roof to reduce cooling and heating requirements had been known, there would have been a big potential of energy efficiency of buildings. The energy savings both in heating and cooling are maximized underneath the green roof. The positive impact of green roof system on the energy performance of the buildings becomes more evident and noticeable. Mitigation of the urban heat island (UHI). The vegetative layer of the green roof reduces the harmful substances in the air due to the absorption of carbon dioxide CO2 and the release of oxygen. The green roof system neutralizes a significant amount of dust and harmful gases. According to researching of [2] spirit on the green roof is much cleaner and contains 37% less sulfur dioxide (SO2) and 21% less carbon monoxide (CO). The green roof additionally moistens the air, increase the longevity of the roof structure several times (3–4 times). Reduction of noise level up to 8–10 db. The soil is capable of absorbing the lower frequencies, and the vegetation is high, also the layer of soil cover is fireproofing, in case of fire, the soil layer will prevent its spread. Acoustic is cataloged as one of the major factors in the built environment quality. Versatile installation schemes and types of the green roof system, an improved method for roof covering. Protection of the roof membrane against extreme temperature fluctuations, UV radiation and physical damage from maintenance period, greened roof can double the material life. Lightweight, modularity, and modern park-like design of green roof system with reversible interlocking means that easy and quick to install, dismounting and maintenance. Effective water flow runoff management of green roof systems, that provide water supply be special hydroponics system, including automatic watering system, pipes, and ducts for water transfer (Figure 2). water sensitive urban design (WSUD) is now increasingly used internationally, and strong collaboration is between champions in the [3]. Plant diversity and multiplicity of modules comprise different configurations, sizes of diameters and heights that allow to use both intensive and extensive roof greening structures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the benefits of green roofs, particularly in relation to energy efficiency and insulation. It mentions how a retrofitted green roof reduces the need for cooling and heating, which directly supports the assertion that green roofs improve insulation. Additionally, the text highlights the overall positive impact of green roof systems on the energy performance of buildings, emphasizing their role in achieving sustainability in architecture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: 3 million farmers in 28 countriesCitation11 have collectively voted by their actions that the benefits outweigh the risks. On the other hand, in several developed countries, particularly in Europe, consumers have not seen what benefits might accrue to them, and have resisted introduction of GM foods. Citation1 Mark Lynas, who claims to be one of the leaders of the anti-GMO campaign in Europe, and an activist who led campaigns to destroy experimental GM crops, has recently expressed the view that the movement was essentially anti-science, and took no cognisance of the vast scientific literature indicating the safety of this technology. Citation12The debate has been particularly intense and long-lasting in New Zealand, which has no commercial releases of GMOs to date. In contrast, its near neighbor Australia has adopted this technology, with Bt cotton (a source of fiber, but also cotton seed oil—a food ingredient) grown since 1996. GM carnations have also been grown since 1996. GM canola was approved in 2003 and first grown in 2008; several other food crops have been approved by the Office of the Regulator. Citation13 Despite this, adoption in Australia has not been uniform, with and Tasmania still continuing to ban GM crops. Zealand, the on Genetic ModificationCitation14 concluded that: “should keep its options open. It would be unwise to turn our back on the potential advantages on offer, but we should proceed carefully, minimising and managing risks. ” This measured conclusion did little to defuse the debate; the GM issue has proven to be highly controversial and long-lasting as a focal issue for the and for several environmental organizations and special interest groups. on Country ImageOften expressed in the news media is the view (typically without any evidence) that release of GMOs into the environment would do irreparable damage to New Zealand’s country image in foreign markets, and would harm New Zealand’s image as a tourist destination. This was a recurrent theme in many of the more than 10,000 submissions to the (p. 6, Report of the on Genetic ModificationCitation14), the great majority of which were opposed to release of GM crops in New Zealand. Furthermore, such views have kept reappearing in the media. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating the differences in regulation of gene-edited crops across countries, as shown by the contrasting approaches of New Zealand and Australia regarding GMOs. New Zealand has no commercial releases of GMOs, while Australia has embraced the technology with various GM crops approved and grown. This highlights the variance in regulations and attitudes toward gene-edited crops in different countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Sleep 1980: Circadian rhythms, dreams, noise and sleep, neurophysiology, therapy. Basel: S. Karger, 1981. 55. Kripke D. F. , Mullaney D. J. , Atkinson M. L. , Huey L. Y. , Hubbard B. Circadian rhythm phases in affective illnesses. Chronobiol 1979; 6: 365–375. PubMed56. Rubin R. T. , Poland R. E. Pituitary-adrenocortical and pituitary-gonadal function in affective disorder. In: Brown G. M. , Koslow S. H. , Reichlin S. , eds. Neuroendocrinology and psychiatric disorder. New York: Raven, 1984. 57. Gillin J. C. New aspects of sleep and depression. Paper presented at the 24th of the Society, Toronto, June 1984. 58. Rusak B. Assessment and significance of rhythm disruptions in affective illness. In: Brown G. M. , Koslow S. H. , Reichlin S. , eds. Neuroendocrinology and psychiatric disorders. New York: Raven. 1984. 59. Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. Introduction. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. Crossref60. Aschoff J. Freerunning and entrained circadian rhythms. In: Aschoff J. , ed. Biological rhythms (Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, Vol. 4), New York: Plenum, 1981. Crossref61. Albers H. E. , Ferris C. F. , Leeman S. E. , Goldman B. D. Avian pancreatic polypeptide phase shifts hamster circadian rhythms when microinjected into the suprachiasmatic region. Science 1984; 223: 833–835. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science62. Ehret C. F. , Potter V. R. , Dobra K. W. Chronotypic action of theophylline and of pentobarbital as circadian zeitgebers in the rat. Science 1975; 188: 1212–1215. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science63. Mayer W. , Scherer I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a complex citation list that discusses circadian rhythms, sleep, and affective disorders but does not explicitly address the claim regarding the link between circadian rhythm disruption and metabolic disorders or obesity. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: It consistently maintains the electricity supply and even uses the energy from the last sun rays efficiently enough to cover early evening electricity requirements (Figure 4). Figure 4. Energy-effective devices build-up in modular green roof system. The present roofing system is to be solved various problems of roof covering by making inexpensive, little expenditure of labor and waste-free assembling based on the principle of building kit. This future-oriented green technology is developed of the urban spaces of tomorrow from the viewpoint of a wide range of sustainability aspects and supports the development of integral solutions from a systems perspective. The unique configuration of the system with an unusual combination of architectural and esthetic design solutions gives a beautiful appearance to the urban areas and also allows to use methods of landscaping on living roof. The green roof technology includes the apparatus to integrate a plurality of special roof covering elements with aspects of energy collecting and converting devices. The essence of this innovation solution is the fact that covering surface on the building roof is covered with special modular trays with vegetation that fixed to the gratings by engagements. Modular trays are equipped with irrigation and drip irrigation systems to create a microclimate zone directly above the roof of the building. While the green roof covering modular device must be observed and control the green roof installation process. For the study of green building in the evaluation of building energy performance and thermal comfort, the methods of modeling by the WUFI®-Software are used (Figure 5). The object of the study is a flat green roof covering of 100 m2 with a slope of 1. 5−3. 0%, located at a height of up to 15 m with a base of reinforced concrete slabs. Figure 5. Evaluation of green building energy performance. 2. 1. Green roof installation quality according to the green standards and green roof code The installation process has the following steps:The correct and consistent installation process of the waterproofing layer and its compliance with the project specification. Proper installation of irrigation systems and drip irrigation, and matching their capacities and an operating mode with the required parameters in accordance with the provisions of the Green roof standards, called also Green roof Code, that consist of special requirements for the device, and the rules of acceptance of control. Quality control of the roofing and grating mounting processes. According to the map of quality control processes have to be controlled. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the various aspects of green roofs, including their role in sustainability and energy efficiency. It mentions features like irrigation systems and the use of modular trays with vegetation, which contribute to creating a microclimate and improving energy performance, indicating their relevance in sustainable architecture for insulation enhancement.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Citation44 found that if a gene-edited crop was commercialized as equivalent to a GM crop, it would cost US$24. 5 million and take 14 years. If the gene-edited variety was regulated as equivalent of conventional varieties, not requiring additional risk assessments, the cost drops to $10. 5 million and time drops to 5 years. The risk to investment associated with the uncertainty of how long the regulatory approval process takes to complete was examined further by Smyth, McDonald and Falck-Zepeda. Citation45 They explored the link between investment uncertainty and regulatory approval delays for new plant breeding innovations based on GMOs. This research concluded that regulatory decisions that take longer than 6 years create a level of investment uncertainty that results in businesses suspending further technology investments. This research also concluded that regulatory agencies that provide consistent, timely and science-based regulation do not unduly generate levels of investment uncertainty, in contrast to regulatory systems based on the precautionary principle (e. g. , the EU), which create a level of regulatory uncertainty that has discouraged investment in GMO-related innovations. The impact of regulatory delays and the uncertainty that this can lead to have also been examined in detail by Brookes and DownesCitation46 in relation to the impact of the EU’s regulations of novel food products and health claims on innovation in the specialty food ingredient market. In the case of novel foods, the regulatory procedures for authorizing new products in many countries typically take 12–18 months. A 12–18 month authorization procedure will generally deliver a rate of return of between 16. 1% and 25. 8% (average 21. 3%) within a company’s typical target internal rate of return of 15%–25% and payback time of 4 years. In contrast, the average EU authorization time takes 36 months, which leads to an internal rate of return on investment of between 7. 3% and 13. 4%. The EU’s regulatory system with its relatively long approval process was considered to be a dis-incentive to bringing new products to this market. In addition, the global nature of the specialty food ingredient market means that a divergence between the EU and other regulatory systems has more far-reaching consequences for companies’ innovation strategies. As EU procedures are typically longer than the authorization processes in other markets, delays incurred through the EU’s regulatory system may significantly inhibit the company’s global returns. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the regulatory systems for gene-edited crops differ internationally. It highlights the contrast between the EU's longer regulatory process compared to other countries, which can create investment uncertainties and impact the market and innovation strategies. This variability in regulatory frameworks aligns with the claim that regulations for gene-edited crops are not uniform across different countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Phase-shifting effect of caffeine in the circadian rhythm of Phaseolus coccineus. Z. Naturforsch 1975; 30: 855–856. Crossref64. Suter R. B. , Rawson K. S. Circadian activity rhythm of the deer mouse, Peromyscus: effect of deuterium oxide. Science 1968; 160: 1011–1014. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science65. Turek F. W. , Gwinner E. Role of hormones in the circadian organization of vertebrates. In: Aschoff J. , Daan S. , Groos G. A. , eds. Vertebrate circadian systems: structure and physiology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982. Crossref66. Zatz M. , Herkenham M. A. Intraventricular carbachol mimics the phase-shifting effect of light on the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity. 1981; 212: 234–238. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science67. Zucker I. , Rusak B. , King R. G. Neural bases for circadian rhythms in rodent behavior. In: Riesen A. H. , Thompson R. F. , eds. Advances in psychobiology, Vol. 3. New York: & Sons, 1976. 68. Zucker I. Hormones and hamster circadian organization. In: Suda M. , Hayaishi O. , Nakagawa H. , eds. Biological rhythms and their central mechanism. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland, 1979. 69. Kafka M. S. , Wirz-Justice A. , Naber D. , Moore R. Y. , Benedito M. A. Circadian rhythms in rat brain neurotransmitter receptors. 1983; 42: 2796–2801. PubMed70. Wirz-Justice A. , Campbell I. C. Antidepressant drugs can slow or dissociate circadian rhythms. Experientia 1982; 38: 1301–1309. CrossrefPubMed71. Wirz-Justice A. Antidepressant drugs: effects on the circadian system. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. 72. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references and studies related to circadian rhythms and various factors affecting them, such as caffeine and antidepressant drugs. However, it does not address the specific claim regarding the impact of circadian rhythm disruption on metabolic disorders and obesity. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: It should also be noted that the performance of work report of the roofing system installation must be carried out in the general journal papers or special journals of the installation process on the forms that considered in Russian requirements. To date, the most widely accepted standard among the leading green roof suppliers is the German FLL standards, the landscaping, and landscape Society. This standard is generally recognized as the benchmark for green roof installation quality. According to the German FLL standard, a successful green roof system must basically replicate nature and consist of the protection layer, drainage and filter layers, growing medium, appropriate components for vegetation and irrigation. Big cities are adopting new building codes that incentivize adoption of innovative technologies in modern buildings. The green construction industry is moving fast, together with a growing trend for Rating Tools. The green roof systems, which installed on different types of buildings, can put you on the right track to earning the highest or HQE certification ratings. Building certifications such as Leadership in Energy & (LEED) provide for certain tax credits of the green roof using and benefits for building owners. Some implementations of the present invention. It pursues sustainable performance objectives while giving substantial importance to the life cycle analysis on a building scale and to the impacts of a project on health, comfort and the environment by using green roofs. of Environment in Malaysia has been provided the water quality standards, practiced water quality standards for green roof installation. According to standard NWQS, there are six classes of water quality (and V) and this classification is based on a descending order of its best quality to the worst quality [6]. The rainwater quality parameters are estimated by soft computing technology like adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Following the same pattern, the rates green roofs according to natural categories. These functions, which assigned a weight based on its importance are as follows:Type and depth of soil used (Soil)—15%. Impact on climate due to evapotranspiration (Climate)—15%. Type and variety of vegetation (Flora)—30%. Impact on zoological biodiversity (Fauna)—30%. Average annual stormwater retention (Water Balance)—10%. The sum of the weighted rating for each of the five functions is used to compare different green roof systems and stipulate minimum requirements. 2. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly corroborate or contrast the claim regarding green roofs improving insulation. Instead, it discusses various standards and classifications related to green roof installations, such as the German FLL standards, their certification ratings for buildings, and the impacts and functionalities of green roofs. While it mentions aspects of performance and environmental benefits, it does not address the specific claim about insulation improvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Another allows those with “exceptional ability” to seek an employment-based visa even without a job offer. A significant fraction of U. S. technical workers in several areas was born abroad. ’s science budget rebounds Brazil’s federal research budget will rise this year, a turnaround after several years of steep cuts—unless the increase is derailed by a political dispute. of Science, Technology, and Innovations will have $1. 3 billion for discretionary spending this year, a 135% hike from 2021, according to an analysis by the for the Progress of Science. The final budget, sanctioned by Bolsonaro on 21 January, will support construction of Brazil’s first biosafety level four laboratory—for research on deadly pathogens—and the expansion of Sirius, a synchrotron light source. But scientists say it’s too early to celebrate. Most of the new money is allocated to a fund that several ministries control and that can be used for purposes other than basic research. And last year, Bolsonaro’s administration withheld these funds despite a new law designed to block him from doing so. Meanwhile, this year’s budget gives much less research money, only about $6. 5 million, to the for Scientific and Technological Development, a leading grantmaker. mimics ‘minimal’ cell Membrane proteins and protein complexes are shown in a computer simulation of a stripped-down cell. Z. R. . , CELL 185, 345 (2022) years, researchers have pared down the genes in microbes to create “minimal” cells, with the minimum number of components needed to survive and thrive. Now, researchers have created the most complex computer simulation of such a streamlined cell. The model, reported last week in Cell, maps out the precise location and chemical characteristics of thousands of cellular components in 3D space at an atomic scale. It tracks these molecules as they diffuse through the simple cell, their chemical reactions, and how much energy is required for each step. Among the findings: The cell, engineered from a mycoplasma bacterium, uses most of its energy to import essential ions and molecules across its cell membrane. The researchers hope this and future simulations will help them predict how changing a cell’s genome will alter its metabolism, an advance that could help optimize the design of cells to make chemicals including medicines and fuels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of scientific funding and research developments in Brazil and the creation of minimal cells from microbes. It does not mention any regulations concerning gene-edited crops or provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim about the variability of such regulations by country.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Bunney W. E. , Garland B. Receptor function in depression. In: Mendlewicz J. , Coppen A. , van Praag H. M. , eds. Depressive illness: Biological and psychopharmacological issues (Advances in Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 7). Basel: S. Karger, 1981. Crossref73. Kato G. , Ban T. Central nervous system receptors in neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neuro-Psychiatry 1982; 6: 207–222. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science74. O'Donohue T. L. , Wirz-Justice A. , Kafka M. S. , Naber D. , Campbell I. C. , Wehr T. A. Effects of chronic lithium, clorgyline, imipramine, fluphenazine and constant darkness on the α-melanotropin content and circadian rhythm in rat brain. Pharmacol 1982; 85: 1–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science75. Baltzer V. , Weiskrantz L. Antidepressant agents and reversal of diurnal activity cycles in the rat. 1975; 10: 199–209. Web of Science76. Halberg F. , Lubanovic W. A. , Sothern R. B. , Brockway B. , Powell E. W. , Pasley J. N. , Scheving L. E. Nomifensine chronopharmacology, schedule-shifts and circadian temperature rhythms in di-suprachiasmatically lesioned rats: modeling emotional chronopathology and chronotherapy. Chronobiol 1979; 6: 405–424. PubMed77. Craig C. , Tamarkin L. , Garrick N. , Wehr T. A. Long-term and short-term effects of clorgyline (a monoamine oxidase type A inhibitor) on locomotor activity and on pineal melatonin in the hamster. Abstr 1981; 7: 719. 78. Wirz-Justice A. , Wehr T. A. Uncoupling of circadian rhythms in hamsters and man. In: Koella W. P. , ed. Sleep 1980: Circadian rhythms, dreams, noise and sleep, neurophysiology, therapy. Basel: Karger S. , 1981. 79. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding the link between circadian rhythm disruption and metabolic disorders or obesity. Instead, it focuses on various studies related to receptor function in depression and effects on circadian rhythms in different contexts, without mentioning metabolism or obesity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: Analyses of green roofing structures The device of the green roof means the creation of structurally complex systems with vegetation and soil mixture placed on the waterproof membrane, with the integration of irrigation systems, as well as devices that convert solar and wind energy. The green roof principles that exist today are manufactured in Landschaftsbau (FLL) landscape industry organization in Germany. “on planning, execution and the maintenance of green roofs”—version of FLL on English language. This document covers design, construction and maintenance of green roof systems, with detailed sections on stormwater considerations, requirements for the plantings, growing medium, drainage and requirements for all green roof “pie” layers. It also provides information on testing some components of the green roof. The green roof represents a multilayered structure and consists of several layers: a vegetative layer, a soil substrate, a filtering layer, a drainage system, a layer of waterproofing and a layer of thermal insulation. According to the standard TGRCS – “Construction of green roofs,” the green roof “pie” is shown as a multi-component structure (Figure 6). Figure 6. The structure of the layers of the green roof “pie”. In this 3. smart solutions of green roofs are becoming more and more popular in recent times for their ecological, technical, economic benefits and esthetic qualities. Successful urban planning is including network of natural and semi-natural areas that integrate green roof systems into natural constructed urban environments. In the meantime, existing green roof technologies can be expensive to purchase and labor-intensive to install. This research is aimed to contribute to sustainable future-oriented solutions for the complex problems of urban areas to create livable ecosystems. The renovation project of roofing structures includes apparatus and method for green roof system to install on a rooftop on the residential, government, public and commercial buildings, trade and office centers. Modular green roofs in urban ecospace is an emerging trend in green building development. Innovative energy-efficient green technologies will bring a great benefit to the ecology and help to relieve the Effect, in light of growing concerns about climate change and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Eco-trend of Modular green roofs refer to rejuvenate and rebuild the nature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing that a green roof includes a layer of thermal insulation as part of its multilayered structure. It emphasizes the ecological and technical benefits of green roofs, which align with sustainable architecture practices aimed at improving aspects such as insulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: 3 million people died in 2019 from antimicrobial-resistant infections, according to a comprehensive global estimate. Such infections are a leading killer, causing more deaths than AIDS and malaria, according to the study, published on 19 January in The Lancet. GALÁhas approved a new marine reserve near the Galápagos Islands that increases an existing protected ocean area by 43%, a boon for the region’s endangered marine species. Scientists with the MigraMar marine research network had collected data to justify creating the 60,000-square-kilometer Reserve. sets rules for edited crops China’s agriculture ministry this week unveiled safety evaluation guidelines for gene-edited crops as the country moves toward approving their sale. The guidelines, being implemented on a trial basis, are simpler and call for less field testing than is required for genetically modified (GM) crops, in which genes from other species are inserted. Consumer resistance and bureaucratic caution have left China far behind other countries in adopting GM crops, with only a single variety of GM papaya in domestic production. Now, Chinese researchers are well along in developing gene-edited varieties of corn, rice, soybeans, wheat, and other crops, which they hope will be more acceptable to the public and reduce dependence on food imports. China is also revising its regulations for GM crops, and transgenic corn and soybeans might be commercialized this year. Both kinds of genetic engineering give crops useful traits, such as resistance to herbicides sprayed in fields. prevention gets big gifts Two of the world’s largest foundations last week pledged $150 million each to the nonprofit Coalition for Innovations (CEPI), a global partnership working to prevent, prepare for, and equitably respond to future epidemics and pandemics. Leaders of the Bill & Foundation and the called on nations to pony up at a CEPI “replenishment” conference scheduled for March to help it raise $3. 5 billion for the next 5 years. CEPI has financed development of the University of Oxford–AstraZeneca and Novavax vaccines. Its 5-year plan starting this year aims to shorten vaccine development time to less than 100 days after a new pathogen is sequenced, far shorter than the 11 months it took for the first COVID-19 vaccine. doi: 10. 1126/science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how China has recently unveiled safety evaluation guidelines for gene-edited crops, indicating a specific regulatory framework distinct to that country. It contrasts this with the regulatory landscape for genetically modified crops (GM), suggesting that different nations may implement varying rules concerning gene editing in agriculture. This supports the notion that regulations for gene-edited crops differ by country.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. Rapid cycling in manic-depressives induced by tricyclic antidepressants. Psychiatry 1979; 36: 555–559. CrossrefPubMed80. Kukopulos A. , Reginaldi D. , Laddomada P. , Floris G. , Serra G. , Tondo L. Course of the manic-depressive cycle and changes caused by treatments. Pharmakopsychiat 1980; 13: 156–167. Crossref81. Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , Wirz-Justice A. , Breitmaier J. , Craig C. 48-hour sleep-wake cycles in manic depressive illness: naturalistic observations and sleep deprivation experiments. Psychiatry 1982; 39: 559–565. CrossrefPubMed82. Coppen A. , Metcalfe M. , Wood K. Lithium. In: Paykel E. S. , ed. Handbook of affective disorders. New York: Guilford, 1982. 83. Goldberg M. A. The treatment of Kleine-Levin syndrome with lithium. Psychiatry 1983; 28: 491–493. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science84. Engelmann W. , Pflug B. , Klemke W. , Johnsson A. Lithium-induced change of internal phase relationship of circadian rhythms in humans, and other observations. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. 85. Kavaliers M. Period lengthening and disruption of socially facilitated circadian activity rhythms of goldfish by lithium. 1981; 27: 625–628. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science86. Sasaki M. , Suzuki M. , Onda M. , Itoh H. , Kitahara T. , Takahashi T. , Kasahara H. , Mori A. Lithium influence on the circadian rhythms of normal adults. In: Langer S. Z. , Takahashi R. , Segawa T. , Briley M. , eds. New vistas in depression. New York: Pergamon, 1982. 87. Elsass P. , Mellerup E. T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that relates to the claim about the disruption of circadian rhythms leading to metabolic disorders and obesity. Instead, it primarily discusses various studies related to circadian rhythms in the context of psychiatric conditions and treatments, without addressing the topic of metabolic disorders or obesity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: Although this study has made several advances in predicting benefits of green roof systems, and it has to move further on work pertaining to green roofs, there are several areas that will require further researching. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the need to develop an effective, economically progressive technology for the device of inversion roofing systems by landscaping. With increasing density of development of urbanized areas, technologies of construction of exploited roofing coatings are of particular importance. Existing technologies for roofing coverings do not allow you to perform the required amount of work of adequate quality and are characterized by low productivity, as well as high labor costs. The predominance of green plantations on the coverings of buildings and structures contributes to the formation and development of new urban space, improves the environment, reducing emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Total reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 52. 3 million tons CO2 by 2020 characterizes the increase in the level of environmental safety of the city. The modern modular technologies in the construction of roof coverings with landscaping systems are the most effective solution, as the labor intensity of technological processes during the installation of roofing systems with landscaping systems is reduced compared to traditional types of roofs, and functional development is provided for the exploitation of the roof. Innovative solutions in the creation of engineering systems are the devices that convert and store solar and wind energy on the green roofs of buildings and structures. At present, energy has received serious prerequisites for development, so green roofs with the integration of renewable energy sources are key elements on the path of innovative development of green building technologies both in Russia and abroad. In Norway, approximately 90% of individual housing projects are equipped with roofs in operation. At the same time, landscaping systems are actively used on roofing in the United Kingdom, Denmark, and The Netherlands. The leader in the field of green building technologies is Germany, the “Green capital” of Europe, where the standard of quality of the device of green roofing on buildings has already been developed and applied. In the earliest researching [9], measurements in Germany conducted in 1984 revealed not only reduction in maximum surface temperature but also temperature amplitudes reduced by half due to green roof installation. Furthermore, adding green roofs to urban environments provides eco-restorative habitats and affords unique protection from traffic noise in the city (Figure 7). Figure 7. Green roofs as eco-restorative habitats in the city. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of green roofs, including their ability to reduce maximum surface temperatures and temperature amplitudes, which implies improved insulation. Additionally, it highlights that green roofs integrate renewable energy sources and are part of innovative green building technologies, suggesting their essential role in sustainable architecture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has been used to develop crops with improved nutritional profiles. [SEP] Text: Focus on 2024 It’s a wonderful year for a Moon dance Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Focus on 2024 Hydrogen makes itself at home Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? Focus on 2024 Will AI replace doctors’ ‘gut instincts’? Generative AI is upending industries, but little is certain about how this technology will fare amidst a range of issues in a fiercely crowded market. Focus on 2024 The challenges ahead for generative AI Transport is one of the world’s biggest polluters, but on the path to net zero, aviation is reinventing itself, potentially building a new kind of jet age. Focus on 2024 Aviation flying high on alternative sources of power As the year comes to a close, 360info is turning to the experts to find out what issues are set to define 2024. Focus on 2024 What does 2024 hold in store? New data about the mental health of young people raises red flags about cost-of-living pressures – and offers a glimpse at a better approach. Focus on 2024 Why pessimism has taken hold of Australia’s youth In less than two years, Albanese has gone from clear choice to fighting for majority support in the polls. What happened? Focus on 2024 Australian politics set for shakeup after Labor’s 2023 slide Related content Indonesia’s wedding-party democracy is a marriage on the rocks Elections remain a cause for celebration in Indonesia, but without firming up the processes around it, the party might end up being just a democratic facade. The challenges ahead for generative AI Generative AI is upending industries, but little is certain about how this technology will fare amidst a range of issues in a fiercely crowded market. Hydrogen makes itself at home Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Editor's picks AI can be a boon for educators AI offers significant potential benefits yet has not been accepted completely by educators. This needs to change. needs Israel’s forever wars Fuelled by ideology and self-interest, Netanyahu sees Israel’s forever war as protection against corruption charges and a potential key to re-election. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address gene editing or crops with improved nutritional profiles. Instead, it discusses various topics such as the potential of hydrogen in clean energy, the role of AI in healthcare, and upcoming political changes in Australia. There is no relevant information that corroborates, contrasts, or relates to the claim about gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: , Rafaelsen O. J. , Theilgaard A. Lithium effects on time estimation and mood in manic-melancholic patients: a study of diurnal variations. Scand 1979; 60: 263–271. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science88. Bruce V. G. , Pittendrigh C. S. An effect of heavy water on the phase and period of the circadian rhythm in Euglena. J Physiol 1960; 56: 25–31. Crossref89. Knapp S. , Ehlers C. , Russo P. V. , Mandell A. J. A cross-disciplinary approach to the action of lithium: a vertical integration. In: Emrich H. M. , Aldenhoff J. B. , Lux H. D. , eds. Basic mechanisms in the action of lithium. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1982. 90. Ehrlich B. E. , Diamond J. M. Lithium, membranes, and manic-depressive illness. J 1980; 52: 187–200. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science91. Hallonquist J. D. , Brandes J. S. Lithium carbonate: effects on split activity rhythms of hamsters. Abstr 1984; 10: 503. 92. Hallonquist J. D. , Brandes J. S. Lithium and ECT: effects on “split” circadian activity rhythms of hamsters. Paper presented at 1985. 93. Hallonquist J. D. , Brandes J. S. Lithium carbonate: effects on abnormal (split) activity rhythms in hamsters. Submitted for publication. 94. Kripke D. F. , Wyborney V. G. Lithium slows rat circadian activity rhythms. 1980; 26: 1319–1321. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science95. Wirz-Justice A. , Groos G. A. , Wehr T. A. The neuropharmacology of circadian timekeeping in mammals. In: Aschoff J. , Daan S. , Groos G. A. , eds. Vertebrate circadian systems: structure and physiology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982. Crossref96. McEachron D. L. , Kripke D. F. , Wyborney V. G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim directly. It discusses various studies related to lithium's effects on circadian rhythms but does not make any connection between circadian rhythm disruption and metabolic disorders or obesity. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: Modular green roof systems in urban ecospace are becoming increasingly important part of the green building renaissance. Modular green roof constructive system is regarded as the most effective solution of innovative approaches and techniques for green design and construction. Trying to find the optimal system of a green roof, this system is to be solved various problems of roof covering by making inexpensive, little expenditure of the labor and waste-free green roof assembling based on the principle of building kit. The unique configuration of the system with an unusual combination of architectural and esthetic design solutions gives a beautiful appearance to the urban areas and also allows to use methods of landscaping on living roof. Given the increase in urbanization worldwide, the impact of urban green spaces on future generation have aim to save our and bring great benefit to the ecology by develop green building technologies. This future-oriented green roof solution is appreciated by potential investors because implementing this system can improve a company’s competitiveness and bring multiple economic profits and great environmental benefits. 1. Journal of the European Union, L354. 1386/2013/EU of the and of the Council of 20 November 2013 on a Programme to 2020, Living Well, Within the Limits of our Planet. 2013. 200. 2. Korol E, Shushunova N. Green roofs: Standardization and quality control of processes in green construction. In:. , -2016 “”. Vol. 106. 2017. DOI: 10. 1051/matecconf/201710606014 3. . Water-sensitive urban design: Opportunities for the UK. In: Proceedings of the ICE-Municipal Engineer. 2013;166(2):65-76. 4. . Increasing green roof plant drought tolerance through substrate modification and the use of water retention gels. Journal. 2017;14(6):551-560. DOI: 10. 1080/1573062X. 2015. 1036761 5. Available from: 6. . Thermal comfort and runoff water quality performance on green roofs in tropical conditions. Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes. 2017;1(1):47-55 7. Hoang L, Fenner RA. System interactions of stormwater management using sustainable urban drainage systems and green infrastructure. Journal. 2016;13(7):739-758. DOI: 10. 1080/1573062X. 2015. 1036083 8. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significance of modular green roof systems in the context of green building and sustainable architecture. It highlights the effectiveness of these systems in solving various issues related to roof covering and their benefits for urban ecosystems, which aligns with the notion that green roofs enhance insulation and overall building performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: in through your institution of Law and the BiosciencesThis issue BioethicsMedical and search term of Law and the the School of the and -Journals on Books on of Law and the the School of the and -of Law and the BiosciencesThis issue BioethicsMedical and search term Menu 10. 1093/jlb/lsx043 Published: 18 January 2018 10. 1093/jlb/lsx043 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation of Law and the BiosciencesThis issue BioethicsMedical and search term of Law and the BiosciencesThis issue BioethicsMedical and search term -editing technology, such asCas9, holds great promise for the advancement of science and many useful applications technology. This foundational technology enables modification of the genetic structure of any living organisms with unprecedented precision. Yet, in order to enhance its potential for societal benefit, it is necessary to adapt rules and produce adequate regulations. This requires an interdisciplinary effort in legal thinking. Any legislative initiative needs to consider both the benefits and the problematic aspects of gene editing, from a broader societal and value-based perspective. This paper stems from an interdisciplinary research project seeking to identify and discuss some of the most pressing legal implications of gene-editing technology and how to address these. While the questions raised by gene editing are global, laws and regulations are to a great extent bound by national borders. This paper presents a European perspective, written for a global audience, and intends to contribute to the global debate. The analysis will include brief 2. 0 or Something Else? Much of the criticism of GMOs, and much of the regulation developed 20–30 years ago, focused on transgenics in which genetic material from unrelated species is added to create new traits in a plant or animal. However, newer breeding techniques (NBT) offer scientists an easier way to do cisgenic breeding. Put simply, these techniques involve no ‘foreign’ DNA and thus allow the development of new plant and animal varieties. 94 The resulting challenge to current legislation can be described as follows: NBTs such asCas9, TALENs, and ZFN do not fit neatly into the GMO definitions crafted by the various regulatory agencies around the world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that, while gene editing technology like Cas9 offers potential advancements, it necessitates the adaptation of rules and regulations due to the ethical concerns that arise. The mention of the need for a societal and value-based perspective in addressing the 'problematic aspects of gene editing' indicates that there are indeed ethical concerns and complexities involved, contradicting the idea that gene editing is widely accepted without them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Lithium promotes entrainment of rats to long circadian light-dark cycles. 1981; 5: 1–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science97. McEachron D. L. , Kripke D. F. , Hawkins R. , Haus E. , Pavlinac D. , Deftos L. Lithium delays biochemical circadian rhythms in rats. Neuropsychobiol 1982; 8: 12–29. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science98. Seggie J. , Werstiuk E. S. , Grota L. Effect of chronic lithium treatment on twenty-four hour variation in plasma and red blood cell lithium and sodium concentrations, drinking behavior, body weight, kidney weight, and corticosterone levels. Prog Neuro-Psychiatry 1982; 6: 455–458. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science99. Seggie J. , Werstiuk E. S. , Grota L. , Brown G. M. Chronic lithium treatment and twenty-four hour rhythm of serum prolactin, growth hormone and melatonin in rats. Prog Neuro-Psychiatry 1983; 7: 827–830. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science100. Eskes G. A. , Zucker I. Photoperiodic regulation of the hamster testis: dependence on circadian rhythms. 1978; 75: 1034–1038. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science101. Poirel C. Circadian rhythms in behavioral and experimental psychopathology. In: Brown F. M. , Graeber R. C. , eds. Rhythmic aspects of behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1982. 102. Groos G. , Mason R. , Meijer J. Electrical and pharmacological properties of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. 1983; 42: 2790–2795. PubMed103. Wirz-Justice A. , Wehr T. A. Neuropsychopharmacology and biological rhythms. In: Mendlewicz J. , van Praag H. M. , eds. Biological rhythms and behavior (Advances in Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 11). Basel: Karger, 1983. Crossref104. Gillin J. C. The sleep therapies of depression. Prog Neuro-Psychiatry 1983; 7: 351–364. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses various studies on lithium and circadian rhythms in rats without addressing metabolic disorders or obesity. It presents research without connecting it to the potential impact of circadian rhythm disruption on metabolism or weight gain.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: Return to a healthy soil ecosystem. Green roof soil biomass increased from an average of 49. 5 nanomoles per gram of substrate in 2017 to 77. 4 nanomoles per gram in 2019. Organic matter increased from an average of 1. 1% in 2017 to 1. 65% in 2019. Saved an estimated 100,000 gallons of potable water and approximately $335 from 2017 to 2020 by strategically shutting off irrigation when rain was anticipated. Created plant communities of high ecological quality as demonstrated by an (FQI) score of 25. Provides native vegetation and dynamic habitat for 18 observed butterfly species including monarchs, buckeyes, and red admirals along with many other pollinators and wildlife including native Kansas bees, red-tailed hawks, cotton rats, and rabbits. The MSGRs were found to attract a higher total number of butterflies than comparable natural prairies. Saves an estimated 16,932 kWh and 133. 5 Therms or $1,425 annually in energy costs on each green roof as compared to a conventional dark roof, and 458. 5 Therms or $90 annually compared to a white roof. a backdrop for some 20,000 unique stadium users each year, helping to make connections to the nearby prairie ecosystems. Educated an estimated 1,100 people about the from 2015 to 2020. an estimated $5,400 in weeding costs through volunteer work by K-State students and faculty. View/Download a PDF showing how the landscape performance benefits were derived. At a GlanceDesignerJeffrey L. Bruce & CompanySchool/facilityUseRetrofitLocation 705 N MLK Jr. Drive Manhattan, Kansas 66502Map itClimate ZoneHumid continentalSize38,000 sf (total of two roofs)Budget$2 million (approximately $1 million per roof)Completion DateEast roof: July 2015; West roof: April 2016 Overview Challenge/ on University’s main campus was renovated to convert large sections of seating into two highly visible green roofs, protecting the stadium’s structural integrity while supporting campus sustainability efforts. Home to the KSU Wildcats football team from 1922 until 1967, today the stadium is used for marching band practice, club soccer and rugby games, pick-up sports, exercise, and relaxation. The two steep-sloped, prairie-like green roofs re-create plant communities of the Ecoregion in a very artificial environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining various benefits of green roofs, including how they save energy costs by providing insulation. It states that green roofs can save an estimated 16,932 kWh and 133.5 Therms or $1,425 annually in energy costs compared to conventional dark roofs. This aligns with the assertion that green roofs are utilized in sustainable architecture to enhance insulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: Its proponents say gene editing is similar to mutagenesis, which is not regulated (hundreds of mutagenized crops are sold as organic), but faster and more precise. The regulatory process remains fluid. The need for new regulation covering gene-editing technology in the plant sciences is particularly debated and evident in the European Union. Administrative authorities in some EU countries do not consider gene-edited plants to fall under the GMO definition. For example, the of Agriculture (Jordbruksverket), upon request from research groups and in two separate decisions, has stated that in their interpretation the GMO legal definition does not encompass plants in which the genome has been edited using the -Cas9 technology. 95 In France, in a case opposing farmers’ organizations and environmentalist NGO’s to the French Government, a referral on the matter is currently pending before the CJEU. 96 The referral is expected to clarify the concept of GMO contained in Directives 2001/18/EC97 and 2002/53/EC, and whether uses of gene editing technology can be subsumed to such legal defenitiosn. 98The matter is also debated in other jurisdictions. 2016, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) decided that it would not regulate a mushroom and a new type of corn genetically modified with the gene-editing toolCas9, making them the first -edited crops to be approved by the US government. According to the agency's Animal and Inspection Service, these crops—and about 30 other plants they have reviewed—do not qualify as something the agency must regulate (once a crop passes USDA reviews, it may still undergo voluntary review by the US Food and Drug Administration). 99 Biotechnology critics in the USA have therefore called NBTs ‘hidden GMOs’ and examples of ‘extreme engineering’, and are pushing to regulate them under a general GMO umbrella, while biotechnology supporters assert that regulating them as GMOs would inhibit innovation. 100Hence, it can be said that both current EU Directives and corresponding US laws do not sufficiently embrace the new interface between genetic engineering and conventional breeding. 2001/18/EC encompasses both process- and product-related stipulations, it is commonly interpreted as a strictly process-based piece of legislation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing ongoing debates and regulatory challenges surrounding gene editing, particularly in the European Union and the United States. It highlights that there is considerable contention regarding the classification of gene-edited plants under current GMO definitions and that critics are calling for regulation of these technologies as GMOs. This suggests that not all consumers or stakeholders widely accept gene editing without ethical concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science105. Lovett-Doust J. W. , Christie H. E. Repeated sleep deprivation as a therapeutic Zeitgeber for circular type manic depressive disturbance. Chronobiol 1980; 7: 505–511. PubMed106. Pflug B. , Tolle R. Disturbance of the 24-hour rhythm in endogenous depression and the treatment of endogenous depression by sleep deprivation. 1971; 6: 187–196. CrossrefPubMed107. Schilgen B. , Tolle R. Partial sleep deprivation as therapy for depression. Psychiatry 1980; 37: 267–271. CrossrefPubMed108. Wehr T. A. , Wirz-Justice A. , Goodwin F. K. , Duncan W. , Gillin J. C. Phase advance of the circadian sleep-wake cycle as an antidepressant. Science 1979; 206: 710–713. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science109. Désir D. , van Cauter E. , Refetoff S. , Fang V. S. , Golstein J. , Fèvre-Montange M. , L'Hermite M. , Robyn C. , Jadot C. , Szyper M. , Spire J. P. , Noel P. , Copinschi G. Hormonal changes after jet lag in normal man. In: Mendlewicz J. , van Praag H. M. , eds. Biological rhythms and behavior (Advances in biological psychiatry, vol. 11). Basel: Karger, 1983. 110. Jauher P. , Weller M. P. I. Psychiatric morbidity and time zone changes: a study of patients from Heathrow Airport. Psychiatry 1982; 140: 231–235. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science111. Whybrow P. C. , Akiskal H. S. , McKinney W. T. Mood disorders: toward a new psychobiology. New York: Plenum, 1984. Crossref112. Stroebel C. F. Biologic rhythm correlates of disturbed behavior in Rhesus monkeys. In: Rohles F. H. , ed. Circadian rhythms in nonhuman primates (Bibliotheca Primatologica, Vol. 9). New York: Karger, 1969. 113. Doerr P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a collection of references and studies related to circadian rhythms and sleep deprivation but does not directly address the claim regarding metabolic disorders and obesity. The focus is more on mood disorders and therapy rather than on the metabolic consequences of circadian disruption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: The relatively low-cost and low-maintenance green roof system serves as a protective layer, increasing the life of the waterproofing membrane for the buildings below. It also provides opportunities for education and research. The green roofs have become the focus of performance-based research for university faculty and students with ongoing data collection relating to vegetation, pollinators, moisture, and soils. ChallengeProtect the structural integrity of the two existing concrete seating and stairs/access areas and limit the number of people on each roof. Utilize green roofs to serve as a protective layer, increasing the life of the waterproofing membrane from 30 years to up to 50 years. Create a highly visible demonstration of University commitment to environmental education and awareness and support sustainability efforts by providing building insulation, urban heat island mitigation, stormwater management, and habitat creation with a focus on butterflies and other pollinators. Create research opportunities for landscape architecture and other students and faculty at University. Educate students, faculty, and staff on the design, implementation, management, functions, and benefits of green roofs. Create a well-functioning green roof requiring minimal maintenance (time, equipment, materials, and related costs) by university grounds staff. Dedicated in 1929, KSU honors the students and alumni who sacrificed their lives during I. An important aim of the green roof retrofit was to protect the structural integrity of the stadium by limiting the number of visitors on the seating and to reseal the roof for the buildings below, which were being renovated. The upper two-thirds of concrete seating and some of the existing leaky stairs were covered by insulation and waterproofing/roof protection materials. The two prairie-like green roofs cover the former seating areas on the east and the west side of the stadium, each encompassing approximately 21,525 sf for a total of 43,050 sf. Due to its light weight and insulation value, geofoam was used to fill in the rows of seating to create the slope. The resulting green roofs are steep with an approximately 20-degree or 36% grade. Both roofs are semi-intensive using a lightweight engineered sandy soil with a depth of 5 to 6 in. The east roof soil mix incorporates expanded shale to reduce its weight. Due to the steep slope, the soil is held in place by a durable nylon erosion mat that is secured to the upper part of each roof with stainless steel cables attached to eye-bolts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that green roofs provide building insulation as part of their benefits. It highlights how green roofs serve as a protective layer, which not only increases the life of waterproofing membranes but also contributes to urban heat island mitigation and enhances the sustainable attributes of buildings. Additionally, the mention of the use of geofoam for insulation values further supports the role of green roofs in improving insulation within sustainable architecture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: 101 Since these new techniques are closer to conventional breeding than common genetic engineering, many European commentators argue, like their US colleagues, that relevant regulations should be phrased and interpreted with more focus on the resulting product, rather than the process, and that legal guidance on how to apply ‘the decade-old legislation is urgently needed’. 102Since scientists and companies typically operate internationally and the development of regulation on gene editing and NBT is facing several hurdles and inconsistencies on a global level, one study has compared current EU legislation with existing frameworks in other countries and discussed ideas for an alternative regulatory system. 103 The most recent version of that study, published in June 2015, found that the next few years will be defining for the regulatory status of NBTs in countries outside the EU. In that regard, the study emphasized that ‘several countries are in varying stages of reviewing the science behind NBTs and their regulatory status, it is clear that most countries are waiting for other countries or international organizations to take a position; the EU plays an important role in this waiting game’. The reluctance of several countries to discuss these topics is linked to political and economic issues. Since NBTs are virtually untraceable, allowing their use may result in overall de facto exportation bans to countries with more restrictive regulations. Therefore, the matter should be debated on a global level by initiatives governing international trade, such as the Organization. 104 Finally, it is noteworthy that NBTs also challenge the interplay between the systems for plant variety protection and patents (see below in Section IV. D. d). IV. B. b. Medical and In the area of medical applications in humans, gene-editing technology also poses an enormous challenge to existing regulations throughout the world. Gene editing offers unprecedented opportunities for preventive medicine, affording the possibility to correct genetic mutations and eradicate congenital disease. 105 Eventually gene-editing technology will reach a safe level that permits clinical applications. In that event countries considering allowing such preventive medicine intervention would have to consider the need to form a global consensus ‘because thinking about germline gene modification involves ethical, social, and evolutionary considerations for all of humankind’. 106For example, the recent announcement of gene editing in unviable embryos107 has prompted a torrent of criticism, fueled fears of eugenic futures, and re-ignited the human enhancement debate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that gene editing technology raises significant ethical, social, and evolutionary concerns which have prompted criticism and fears of potential eugenics. It notes the challenges of forming a global consensus on gene editing due to these ethical implications, stating that the consideration of germline gene modification involves complex issues affecting all of humankind. Therefore, it suggests a lack of widespread acceptance among consumers due to these ongoing debates and concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: , von Zerssen D. , Fischler M. , Schulz H. Relationship between mood changes and adrenal cortical activity in a patient with 48-hour unipolar-depressive cycles. J 1979; 1: 93–104. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science114. Halbreich U. , Endicott J. , Nee J. Premenstrual depressive changes: value of differentiation. Psychiatry 1983; 40: 535–542. CrossrefPubMed115. Rubinow D. R. , Roy-Byrne P. Premenstrual syndromes: overview from a methodologic perpsective. Psychiatry 1984; 141: 163–172. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science116. Garvey M. J. , Tuason V. B. , Lumry A. E. , Hoffmann G. Occurrence of depression in the postpartum state. J 1983; 5: 97–101. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science117. Pitt B. Depression and childbirth. In: Paykel E. S. , ed. Handbook of affective disorders. New York: Guilford, 1982. 118. Armstrong C. A. , Hawkins L. H. Day for night: circadian rhythms in the elderly. 1982; 78: 1263–1265. PubMed119. Feinberg I. Changes in sleep cycle patterns with age. J 1974; 10: 283–306. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science120. Albers H. E. , Gerall A. A. , Axelson J. F. Circadian rhythm dissociation in the rat: effects of long-term constant illumination. 1981; 25: 89–94. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science121. Ehret C. F. , Groh K. R. , Meinert J. C. Circadian dyschronism and chronotypic ecophilia as factors in aging and longevity. In: Samis H. V. , Capobianco S. , eds. Aging and biological rhythms. New York: Plenum, 1978. Crossref122. Pittendrigh C. S. , Daan S. Circadian oscillations in rodents: a systematic increase of their frequency with age. Science 1974; 186: 548–550. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science123. Quay W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding the disruption of circadian rhythms and its link to metabolic disorders or obesity. Instead, it lists a series of articles and studies largely concerning mood changes, depression, and circadian rhythms in various contexts without addressing metabolic effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Green buildings require no maintenance once constructed. [SEP] Text: ASTM reserves the right to terminate this License, upon written notice, if Licensee materially breaches the terms of this Agreement. fails to pay ASTM any license or subscription fees when due, ASTM will provide the Licensee with a 30-day period within which to cure such breach. No cure period will be provided for material breaches relating to violations of Section 3 or any other breach likely to cause ASTM irreparable harm. If Licensee's subscription to an ASTM Product terminates, further access to the online database will be denied. or materially breach this License or make prohibited uses of material in any reserves the right to deny Licensee any access to the ASTM Product, in ASTM's sole discretion. 6. and Service. A. use standard Internet HTML format. ASTM reserves the right to change such format upon three [3] months' notice to Licensee, although ASTM will make reasonable efforts to use commonly available formats. and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses terms of a license agreement related to ASTM Products without mentioning anything related to green buildings or their maintenance requirements. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: As mentioned before, two distinct groups of high-profile scientists have called for a moratorium on editing germline genomes, arguing that research which produces heritable edits to the human genome must not proceed until the risks are better understood. 108 Similarly, the on Ethics in Science and (EGE) issued a Statement on emphasizing that for ‘some members of the EGE, human germline gene modification for reproductive purposes cannot be ethically justified’, and that they therefore ‘call for upholding the prohibition that reflects, among others, 99. 9 per cent of the DNA of its parents, and 0. 1 per cent of the DNA of the donor. The first license to perform the procedure in the UK has been granted. 125 Previously, the technique had been performed by and his team from the (New York, USA). US law does not allow mitochondrial transplants. The procedure was performed in Mexico, where it is not directly regulated. A male child was born on April 6, 2016, showing no signs of Leigh syndrome, the mitochondrial transmitted disease carried by the mother. 126During parliamentary debates, use of words such as genetic modification, editing, or manipulation was carefully avoided. Debate focused mostly on potential benefits in saving lives and avoiding the pain and suffering associated with severe diseases. However, the technology does entail modification of the human genome transmittable to future generations. Arguments used to allow the procedure can equally apply to therapeutic uses of gene editing. The issue of whether gene editing should be accepted on a similar basis has already been raised,127 and the UK has authorized gene-editing research on human embryos. 128 IV. C. and their Patent rights are an administrative concession granting the right to prevent third parties from making, using, offering for sale, selling, or importing for these purposes a patented product or a product obtained by the patent process. Grant of a patent also entails the right to assign the patent, or transfer by succession, and to conclude licensing agreements. A patent does not establish the right to use technology or to place on the market products embedding the patent. It does not imply an official stamp of moral approval on technology and its various possible uses. However, patent eligibility rules indirectly exercise a regulatory function. Patent rights are instrumental to the development of a given technology. Although alternative incentive mechanisms exist and innovation may occur regardless of patent rights, large investments in technological development are usually dependent on the existence of exclusionary rights. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are significant ethical concerns regarding gene editing, as indicated by calls for a moratorium from high-profile scientists, as well as statements from the Ethics in Science and the EGE suggesting that human germline gene modification for reproductive purposes cannot be ethically justified. The mention of parliamentary debates where careful wording was employed also reflects the ongoing ethical considerations surrounding gene editing, contrary to the claim of widespread acceptance without concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: P. Pineal homeostatic regulation of shifts in the circadian activity rhythms during maturation and ageing. Trans NY 1972; 34: 239–254. CrossrefPubMed124. Rabins P. V. , Merchant A. , Nestadt G. Criteria for diagnosing reversible dementia caused by depression: validation by 2-year follow-up. Psychiatry 1984; 144: 488–492. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science125. Mills J. N. , Minors D. S. , Waterhouse J. M. Exogenous and endogenous influences on rhythms after sudden time shifts. Ergonomics 1978; 21: 755–761. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science126. Akerstedt T. , Torsvall L. Experimental changes in shift schedules: their effects on well being. Ergonomics 1978; 21: 849–856. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science127. Reinberg A. , Vieux N. , Andlauer P. , Smolensky M. Tolerance to shift work: a chronobiological approach. In: Mendlewicz J. , van Praag H. M. , eds. Biological rhythms and behavior (Advances in Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 11). Basel: Karger, 1983. Crossref128. Czeisler C. A. , Moore-Ede M. C. , Coleman R. M. Resetting circadian clocks: applications to sleep disorders, medicine and occupational health. In: Guilleminault C. , Lugaresi E. , eds. Sleep-wake disorders: natural history, epidemiology, and long-term evolution. New York: Raven, 1983. 129. Rosenthal N. E. , Lewy A. J. , Wehr T. A. , Kern H. E. , Goodwin F. K. Seasonal cycling in a bipolar patient. 1983; 8: 25–31. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science130. Rosenthal N. E. , Sack D. A. , Carpenter C. J. , Parry B. L. , Mendelson W. B. , Wehr T. A. Antidepressant effects of light in seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry 1985; 142: 163–170. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science131. Tamarkin L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not support or contradict the claim about circadian rhythm disruption leading to metabolic disorders and obesity. Instead, it contains a series of references that discuss various aspects of circadian rhythms, shift work, and related topics but does not directly address metabolic disorders or obesity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can help diagnose diseases by analyzing medical images. [SEP] Text: AMA Journal of Ethics® Illuminating the Art of navigation 179. doi: 10. 1001/amajethics. 2019. 167. Citation PDF Altmetric email Abstract Background: As machine learning becomes increasingly common in health care applications, concerns have been raised about bias in these systems’ data, algorithms, and recommendations. Simply put, as health care improves for some, it might not improve for all. Methods: Two case studies are examined using a machine learning algorithm on unstructured clinical and psychiatric notes to predict intensive care unit (ICU) mortality and 30-day psychiatric readmission with respect to race, gender, and insurance payer type as a proxy for socioeconomic status. Results: Clinical note topics and psychiatric note topics were heterogenous with respect to race, gender, and insurance payer type, which reflects known clinical findings. Differences in prediction accuracy and therefore machine bias are shown with respect to gender and insurance type for ICU mortality and with respect to insurance policy for psychiatric 30-day readmission. Conclusions: This analysis can provide a framework for assessing and identifying disparate impacts of artificial intelligence in health care. Bias in health care is an inherently data-driven field, most clinicians operate with limited evidence guiding their decisions. Randomized trials estimate average treatment effects for a trial population, but participants in clinical trials often aren’t representative of the patient population that ultimately receives the treatment with respect to race and gender. 1,2 As a result, drugs and interventions are not tailored to historically mistreated groups; for example, women, minority groups, and obese patients tend to have generally poorer treatment options and longitudinal health outcomes. 3-9 Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning offer the potential to provide personalized care by taking into account granular patient differences. Machine learning using images, clinical notes, and other electronic health record (EHR) data has been successful in several clinical tasks such as detection of diabetic retinopathy10 and distinguishing between malignant and nonmalignant skin lesions in dermatoscopic images. 11 Prior research has established that machine learning using clinical notes to supplement lab tests and other structured data is more accurate than an algorithm using structured data alone in classifying patients with rheumatoid arthritis12 and in predicting mortality13 and the onset of critical care interventions14 in intensive care settings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that machine learning has been successful in clinical tasks, including the 'detection of diabetic retinopathy' and 'distinguishing between malignant and nonmalignant skin lesions in dermatoscopic images.' This indicates that AI technologies are indeed utilized for disease diagnosis through the analysis of medical images.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: Technology is developing at a fast pace and industrial actors are keen on developing mechanisms to avoid an eventual impasse created by intertwined rights and long litigation. Under this setting, it will be of importance whether patents coveringCas9 and other gene-editing technology remain in force and which actors own or obtain licenses to exclusionary rights. IV. C. a. Patents and the Ghost of Slippery slope arguments and debates on human nature are a constant in debates concerning scientific and technology advances in human genetics. In previous parts of this paper, we analysed general ethical perspectives (Section II) and the human rights framework constructed to protect the human genome and its legal conceptualization as heritage of humanity and its preservation as a legal value with fundamental right dignity. In this section, we analyse similar issues and debates from a perspective of interpretation and application of patent law rules on patentable inventions. Patent law being a very dynamic field of law is likely to be one of the first legal areas where ethical compliance of gene editing with the fundamental legal principles and regulatory norms will be confronted. Patent law is so far the most universal legal incentive to innovation, and in this sense it assumes an indirect policy function, visible in the inclusion of extra-economic considerations in patentability rules. These considerations are intended to ensure compliance with ethical values and scientific needs by imposing restrictions on the patentability of certain inventions, transposing the ethical debate to patent law. This section explores how European patent eligibility norms might apply to gene editing. Modifying the germline genetic identity of human beings is expressly excluded from patentability in Europe. 129 This entails that method claims directed at such developments of gene-editing technology may not be eligible for patent protection. Somatic cell gene methods in principle will not face such objections. These concern modifications in somatic cells by means of recombinant DNA and only operate in the cells of the recipient but will not be carried on to descendants. Nevertheless, it will still be necessary to evaluate such intervention in light of the general broader ‘ordre public’ and morality patentability exception, since such intervention can also raise ethical concerns. As a point of legal interpretation, it can be argued that all intervention involving the human body carries risks and potential (known and unknown) side effects. Objections based on safety and danger for humanity of unintended side effects or mutations changing the common human genetic heritage are merely a question of weighting therapeutic benefit against risk, something present in every medical decision (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are ongoing ethical debates regarding gene editing, particularly in relation to patent law and potential risks associated with modifying human genetic identity. It addresses concerns over ethical compliance within patent law and notes that objections based on ethical considerations still exist, indicating that gene editing is not universally accepted without ethical concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: , Baird C. J. , Almeida O. F. X. Melatonin: a coordinating signal for mammalian reproduction? Science 1985; 227: 714–720. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science132. Kripke D. F. , Risch S. C. , Janowsky D. Bright white light alleviates depression. 1983; 10: 105–112. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science133. Lees J. G. , Hallonquist J. D. , Mrosovsky N. Differential effects of dark pulses on the two components of split circadian activity rhythms in golden hamsters. J 1983; 153: 123–132. CrossrefWeb of Science134. Hallonquist J. D. , Brandes J. S. Electroconvulsive therapy: effects on split circadian activity rhythms of hamsters. Abstr 1985; 11: 540. 135. Davis F. C. Ontogeny of circadian rhythms. In: Aschoff J. , ed. Biological rhythms (Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, Vol. 4). New York: Plenum, 1981. Crossref136. Kalverboer A. F. Neurobehavioral organization at early age and risk for psychopathology. In: Mendlewicz J. , van Praag H. M. , eds. Biological rhythms and behavior (Advances in biological psychiatry, Vol. 11). Basel: S. Karger, 1983. 137. Sander L. W. , Stechler G. , Burns P. , Julia H. Early mother-infant interaction and 24-hour patterns of activity and sleep. J 1970; 9: 103–123. CrossrefPubMed138. Seligman M. E. P. Reversal of performance deficits and perceptual deficits in learned helplessness and depression. J 1976; 85: 11–26. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science139. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss (Vols. I, II & III). New York: Basic Books, 1969, 1973, 1980. 140. Parkes C. M. Bereavement: studies of grief in adult life. New York: Press, 1972. 141. Hofer M. A. Relationships as regulators: a psychobiologic perspective on bereavement. 1984; 46: 183–197. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science142. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a collection of references about circadian rhythms, their effects, and various studies related to this topic. However, it does not provide any direct information or evidence that supports or contrasts the claim regarding the link between circadian rhythm disruption and metabolic disorders or obesity. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: In addition to AI and ML, we see the rise of that has potential to act like, look like, talk like and reason like human, and eventually becoming an essential part of an organizational business infrastructure worldwide [1]. Some experts compare level of intelligence of new called Sophia to that of a one month old new born baby that is at the very beginning of discovering the world around and is beginning to observe and to learn to communicate with his or her parents. Yet, very young and tiny, babies have a that may be compared to a computational capacity of most performant Supercomputer in the world today. Many experts suggest that there are fundamental differences between the AI and (NI) and that future evolution of AI driven may have strong impact on the future Industry 5. 0 and 6. 0, Business to Business (B2B) and (mC). Given recent COVID relates crisis, applications of AI in business, industry, government, academia and other sectors have become ubiquitous showing more and more examples of Agents application. The next section, presents examples of the AI driven applications including chatbots and ChatGPT, and discus what, how and where they are. Advertisement 2. What are the Chatbots? Chatbots are one of the practical examples of AAI driven cyber automation. The software capable to facilitate human-machine conversation is known today as a chatbot. A chatbot software simulates and drives a real-time interaction between a customer a human partner, while bridging a client system and information acquisition domains. Chatbot is a conversational agent that utilizes AI to interpret the text of the chat using Processing (NLP). Instead of direct communication with human service personnel, the customer/client can make conversation via text or voice with the chatbot software [2]. The chatbots utilize the AI embedded conversational systems capable to recognize customers and information systems database driven keywords or word patterns to provide the human-like answer in real-time. Chatbots have become an essential part of organizational business infrastructures while improving a customer service with faster and cost effective best quality support. 2. 1 Chatbots are not perfect yetThe rise of AAI and chatbots have created collection of new tools that are often applied by students, faculty and others to write scholastic essays, 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing chatbots as a practical example of AI-driven automation that facilitates human-machine conversation. It explains how chatbots are utilized in various sectors to improve customer service, which can extend to patient support and care management in healthcare environments. The description of chatbots providing human-like interaction and support hints at usage in patient care.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: use of antibiotics or vaccination). The risks are unknown, but even germline editing will only be carried on to descendants, making wider population effects a distant scenario. Technology will continue to develop and might afford the possibility to correct/reverse unwanted off-target modifications. Insofar as therapeutic applications for severe health conditions are concerned, no substantial difference exists between the well-established practice of parental consent to perform conventional therapy or surgery to treat or manage a disease and the use of gene-editing technology to prevent future generations from ever developing the disease. In such situations, it can be argued that the (future) individual has the right to health and access to treatment and hence legal guardians have at least the right (if not the duty) to procure the best medical treatment available. Parental refusal of treatment is subject to specific regulations and mostly only acceptable under exceptional circumstances—eg conflict with other fundamental rights—and thus the same reasoning might be extended by analogy to the use of safe and non-experimental preventive gene therapy. Gene editing might also be used outside purely therapeutic situations. The issue of acceptability of human enhancement has for a considerable time been the object of legal philosophical debates. Rawls argued that ‘the parties want to ensure their descendants the best genetic endowment’130 arguing that by virtue of the difference principle131 ‘greater abilities are a social asset to be used for the common advantage’,132 and concludes that ‘society is to take steps at least to preserve the general level of natural abilities and to prevent the diffusion of serious defects’. 133 This line of reasoning would endorse all genetic intervention (including gene editing) as long as such intervention has the purpose of avoiding serious disease or disability. Naturally, this reasoning implies a pre-determination of the legal concepts of disease, disability, and therapy. Dworkin goes further; contending that morality requires society to allow parents to genetically enhance their children so that they may have broader choices and greater chances of succeeding in life. 134 On the other hand, Fukuyama warns that genetic enhancement is a threat to liberal democracy due to the possibility that it will alter human nature, arguing that genetic engineering should be subject to strict regulatory constraints and its admissibility limited to clearly therapeutic treatments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant ethical and social debates surrounding gene editing, particularly regarding human enhancement and its implications for society. It mentions concerns from figures like Fukuyama who sees genetic enhancement as a threat to liberal democracy and argues for strict regulations, indicating that there are substantial ethical concerns that consumers might have regarding gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Vernikos-Danellis J. , Winget C. M. The importance of light, postural and social cues in the regulation of the plasma cortisol rhythm in man. In: Reinberg A. , Halberg F. , eds. Chronopharmacology (Advances in the biosciences, vol. 19). Oxford: Pergamon, 1979. 143. Moore-Ede M. C. , Sulzman F. M. , Fuller C. A. The clocks that time us: physiology of the circadian timing system. Cambridge, Mass: Press, 1982. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information regarding metabolic disorders or obesity related to circadian rhythms. It focuses on the regulation of cortisol rhythms and references works related to circadian physiology without addressing the claimed consequences of disruption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: 2 New generation of ChatbotsEvolution of AI driven chatbots brough a new Pre-(ChatGPT) technology utilizing a dialogue-based AI chatbot capable of understanding natural human language and generating quite detailed human-like written text. These ChatGPTs are part of text-generating AIs technologies and are becoming integrated in business, industry, government and other sectors worldwide. GTP systems are trained by AI & ML, and are capable to answer questions via a conversational interface. These new OpenAI systems are trained on a very large sample of text adopted directly from the Internet information System, enabling a dialogue format for ChatGPT to answer or follow-up questions, to admit its mistakes, to challenge incorrect premises, as well as to reject inappropriate requests [3]. The results produced by ChatGPT are based on the data available in the organizational information systems database only. The ChatGPT today, are not able to collect data from primary sources independently and to advance the AI driven technological evolution in social sciences. There are important challenges to make ensure data integrity and data accuracy in conjunction with the structural and legal frameworks regarding the copyright and the author’s rights. There are critical challenges to make sure that the future impact of AI driven chatbots on mental health is minimum. Current studies show, that the anxiety and paranoia levels have increased when interacting with chatbots acting like humans instead of humans communications with humans. Some social applications may mislead people with chatbots acting like humans to help people to socialize utilizing chatbots acting like humans. This may contribute to paranoia, and some users may not be able to distinguish whether they are talking to humans or chatbots. The studies show that extensive use of ChatGPT may contribute to paranoia caused by frequent interactions with chatbots instead of interaction with humans [4]. Advertisement 3. applications in B2BToday, the chatbots are well accepted in the B2B providing a business value and promote framework for training chatbots in order to to better serve B2B customers. Chatbots have potential to provide support for fast and effective B2B shopping experience by providing personalized support and guidance, helping customers to find the right products or services quickly and efficiently. The B2B chatbots are trained to understand the unique client’s needs and p4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the evolution and integration of AI-driven chatbots, including their ability to understand natural language and provide support in various sectors, possibly including patient care. It mentions that these systems are being accepted and utilized effectively in business contexts, which can imply a broader adoption that includes healthcare applications. Moreover, while it raises concerns about their impact on mental health, it indicates their efficacy in providing support, aligning with the claim that they are used in patient support and care management.