Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: complexes typically consist of multiple species that deter predators using similar anti-predatory signals. Mimics in these complexes are assumed to vary in their level of defence from highly defended through to moderately defended, or not defended at all. Here, we report a new multi-order mimicry complex that includes at least 140 different putative mimics from four arthropod orders including ants, wasps, bugs, tree hoppers and spiders. All members of this mimicry complex are characterised by a conspicuous golden body and an ant Gestalt, but vary substantially in their defensive traits. However, they were similarly effective at deterring predators - even mildly defended mimics were rarely eaten by a community of invertebrate and vertebrate predators both in the wild and during staged trials. We propose that despite the predominance of less defended mimics the three predatory guilds avoid the mimics because of the additive influence of the various defensive traits. eLife digest Many animals use bright colours to warn a potential predator that they can defend themselves. Wasps, for instance, are armed with a harmful sting and advertise this fact via their distinctive yellow and black stripes. Predators often learn to heed such warnings and avoid these unpalatable animals in future. As a result, animals that mimic another animal’s warning signals can reap the benefit of being left alone by predators even if they are otherwise undefended. Textbooks on evolution are typically full of different examples of mimicry. However, the specifics of these examples are often poorly understood. Ninety years ago a famous Australian entomologist, Alexander Nicholson, suggested the existence of large groups of mimics in the Australian wildlife. More of these so-called “mimetic complexes” have recently been recognized among several species of insect, but not previously in ants. Now, Pekár et al. have looked at all known ants and ant-like mimics in Australia and discovered over 140 species that use gold and black colours as a warning signal. Most of the species were ants, but the collection of mimics also includes wasps, spiders, true bugs and insects called treehoppers. Some of the mimics were less palatable than others, and they possessed a range of defences, including spines and foul-tasting chemicals. Pekár et al. then looked in the guts of 12 species of predators in the wild, and found that very few of them ate the mimics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses mimicry complexes involving ants and other species, focusing on their defensive traits and effectiveness against predators. It does not provide any information regarding the intelligence of ants or any claims about them being the most intelligent species. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: In those 12 classrooms, on average we decreased mean CO2 with 491 ppm compared to baseline (sd = 324, range: -1085–124 ppm). With the setting of the ventilation set at 800 ppm, the average CO2 concentration was 841 ppm (sd = 65) with a range of 743–925 ppm. When set at 1200 ppm, the average CO2 concentration was 975 ppm (sd = 73, range: 887–1077 ppm). In the control classrooms, during the second and third week, CO2 concentrations ranged from 740 to 2328 ppm, with an average mean CO2 concentration of 1350 ppm (sd = 486). Figure 2 displays the boxplot of CO2 concentrations per condition per week. The P98 results confirm that the ventilation device was able to maintain a maximum level of 1200 ppm CO2, whereas it was more difficult to keep CO2 levels below 800 ppm (Table 2). Figure 2 Boxplot of mean CO 2 concentration per condition per week. Full size image Table 5 provides the results from our mixed model analysis. From this analysis we can conclude that classroom CO2 levels were statistically significantly decreased during the intervention (F (2,10) = 17. 59, p < 0. 001). Compared to baseline, the estimated mean decrease in CO2 with the setting at 800 ppm was 558 ppm (SE = 97. 8). For the setting of 1200 ppm, the estimated mean decrease was 424 ppm (SE = 97. 8). The mean difference in decrease compared to baseline between the two settings of the intervention was 134 ppm (SE = 29. 3, t (10) = 4. 57, p = 0. 001). Table 5 Mean decrease of CO 2 (ppm), temperature (°C) or relative humidity (%) compared to baseline measurements Full size table The result of implementation of the ventilation intervention and its effect on the CO2 in a classroom is illustrated in Figure 3. This graph displays the CO2 concentration during the three weeks of the study in one of the experimental classrooms. The graph shows how in the first week, high CO2 peak concentrations exist, which no longer occur during the second and third week. Also, it shows how the CO2 concentrations are much more stable in the two intervention weeks. Furthermore, the graph shows the (slight) difference in CO2 concentration during the second (ventilation set at 1200 ppm) and third (800 ppm) week. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing statistical evidence that classroom CO2 levels were significantly decreased during the implementation of a ventilation intervention. Specifically, it mentions an average decrease in CO2 concentrations, suggesting that the ventilation system effectively improved air quality by lowering CO2 levels, which can indicate higher levels of fresh air circulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: Though most viruses are specific to either bacteria or archaea, Caudovirales viruses may be able to infect both bacteria and archaea (Prangishvili, Forterre & Garrett, 2006), and little is known about the range of gene transfer agents (McDaniel et al. , 2010). Multiple methods of detecting HGT have indicated that it can be influenced by the lifestyles of the organisms involved. One analysis of recent HGT, as determined by identification of identical 500 nucleotide blocks, indicated that ecology was more important than phylogeny; oxygen tolerance and pathogenicity were identified as the strongest factors (Smillie et al. , 2011). Another study identified several hundred phylogenies of single genes (out of 7,000) that reflected the lifestyles of the organisms rather than their taxonomy (Schliep et al. , 2011). For example, in 597 gene trees, hyperthermophiles and non-hyperthermophiles were better discriminated than were archaea and bacteria (Schliep et al. , 2011). Rhodes et al. (2011) also detected increased transfer between thermophiles. However, when halophilic archaea were examined with the same technique, they appeared to have predominantly exchanged genes with non-halophilic microbes (Rhodes et al. , 2011). It is possible this could be related to an ancient acquisition of 1,000 bacterial genes that caused Haloarchaea to differentiate from methanogens (Nelson-Sathi et al. , 2012). Contrastingly, Gophna et al. (2015) found a negative correlation between growth temperature and gene transfer. In short, evidence indicates that horizontal gene transfer is affected by lifestyle differences, particularly growth temperature, oxygen utilization and pathogenicity. Many similar studies, however, have reported that genome size is the most important factor determining the amount of horizontal gene transfer. In a study utilizing phylogenetic trees to examine HGT in eight genomes, genome size and %GC were the most significant factors determining the number of horizontally transferred genes, rather than more environmentally-relevant factors (Jain et al. , 2003). Presence-absence patterns discordant with species trees have also indicated that large genomes have more horizontally transferred genes than small genomes (Cordero & Hogeweg, 2009; Gophna et al. , 2015). A small genome is an adaptive strategy that allows a microbe to use fewer nutrients and resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the complexities of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in bacteria and archaea, emphasizing factors such as pathogenicity and ecological lifestyles that can influence bacterial behavior. This suggests potential risks associated with bacterial strains, challenging the assertion that all bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: When mimics were offered to three different predators (specifically a lizard and two species of spider), most avoided the mimics regardless of whether they were palatable or unpalatable. Instead, the predators preferred to eat a spider that was not a member of the group of mimics because it lacked the gold colouration. Further studies are now needed to continue to document the details of this and other mimetic complexes. For example, this includes revealing how the different defences protect the members of the complex from predators do not use vision to recognize their prey and so cannot see the warning colouration. All this is needed to understand evolutionary processes that have fascinated biologists for decades, and explain how such large mimetic complexes evolved and persisted in spite of the influence of the community of predators. complexes (i. e. a composite of several Müllerian and Batesian mimics) have long fascinated biologists for the theoretical and empirical challenges they pose. Classic Müllerian mimicry was thought to only include equally defended species (Müller, 1878), while Batesian mimicry (Bates, 1862) describes undefended species resembling defended models. In reality, this simplistic dichotomy (sensu Speed, 1999) represents the end-points of a mimetic spectrum that contains species that vary in their mimetic fidelity and/or their degree of defensiveness. A topic of considerable debate (Sherratt, 2008) is the putative influence that moderately defended mimics have on the stability of mimicry rings (i. e. a composite of several similar Müllerian mimics). Discrepancy in protection between two mimetic species may dilute the protection of a more defended species (Speed, 1999). Great tits (Parus major, Paridae, Passeriformes) for instance, attacked artificial models more often when less defended mimics were frequently encountered and food was restricted (Rowland et al. , 2010). In direct contrast, associative learning mechanisms predict a mutualistic relationship between moderately and highly defended members of the ring (Rowland et al. , 2007): wild caught great tits equally avoided four species of true bugs with varying levels of defence but which shared similar warning colours (Hodová Svádová et al. , 2013). Müllerian mimicry rings typically consist of a few closely related species (Symula et al. , 2001; Williams, 2007; Alexandrou et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the topic of mimicry in predation and does not provide any information or context regarding the intelligence of ants or any comparisons with other species. It does not address the idea of ants being the most intelligent species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 Three week graph of mean CO 2 concentration in one of the experimental schools. Full size image The intervention was designed in such way that classroom temperature did not decrease as a result of supplying (cold) outdoor air. At baseline, average indoor temperature was 20. 9°C (sd = 1. 1, range: 19. 2–23. 0°C). In the intervention classrooms average temperature during weeks two and three was 20. 6°C (sd = 1. 0, range: 18. 5–23. 3°C), in the control classrooms average temperature was 20. 9°C (sd = 1. 2, range: 18. 5–22. 5°C). No significant effect of the intervention on classroom temperature was found (F (2,10) = 2. 13, p = 0. 170), nor on differences between the two intervention settings (Table 5). Indoor relative humidity at baseline was 42. 2% (sd = 9. 9, range: 27. 1–62. 3%), in weeks two and three average relative humidity was 41. 2% (sd = 8. 0, range: 29. 4–55. 0%) in the control classrooms and 34. 5% (sd = 6. 6, range: 16. 7–44. 9%) in the intervention classrooms. This decrease in relative humidity due to the intervention appeared to be statistically significant (F (2,10) = 4. 16, p = 0. 049). No significant difference between the two intervention conditions was found (Table 5). During the study, outdoor CO2 concentration was on average 471 ppm (sd = 53, range: 350–660 ppm), mean outdoor temperature was 4. 7°C (sd = 5. 1, range: -12. 7–16. 9°C), and mean outdoor relative humidity was 87. 1% (sd = 8. 5, range: 54–100%). DiscussionThis study showed that it is possible to use a portable, tailor made mechanical ventilation device to improve outdoor air supply in schools during the heating season. In the classrooms where we intervened we found an average decrease of 491 ppm CO2 with, however, little difference between the two experimental conditions. The target value of 1200 ppm was more than met, however the target value of 800 ppm proved to be more difficult to achieve. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study where a portable mechanical ventilation device was used to improve outdoor air supply in classrooms. The results indicate a significant decrease in CO2 levels, suggesting that the ventilation system effectively contributed to better indoor air quality. Specifically, the average drop of 491 ppm in CO2 supports the notion that ventilation systems play a role in enhancing air quality by circulating fresh air.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: Proteins in reciprocal best hit files were matched to LPI numbers from DarkHorse for both the bacteria and archaea. If the LPI number was below 0. 2 for either the bacteria or the archaea, the reciprocal best hit was tagged as horizontally transferred (Table S4). For each archaeon, each bacterium with a horizontally transferred gene count more than 1. 96 standard deviations from the mean was defined as significantly enriched in horizontally transferred genes and considered to form an enriched pair with that archaeon. This technique is susceptible to multiple testing issues, but enrichment with three or more archaea is considered robust. Three bacteria were >1. 96 standard deviations from the mean for only one archaea and were not substantiated by enrichment in shared genes (above). These three bacteria were removed from further analysis as potential false positives. COlinking proteins to COGs or Clusters of were downloaded from NCBI ftp site. The COG collection used was originally created in 2003 (Tatusov et al. , 2003) and then used to identify COGs in subsequently sequenced genomes. The numbers of RBH in each category can be seen in Table S5. Fifteen categories had enough shared genes in them to examine statistically. COG categories were examined both with and without removal of the genome size effect. analyses, a four-parameter log–logistic function was fit between bacteria and each archaea for each COG category to remove the effect of genome size, as described above. The removal of the correlation of RBH and genome size was checked for each COG and archaea and was successful in all cases (R2 < 0. 001). Additionally, to further take GC into account, the effect of genome size and GC were simultaneously removed from the residuals for each archaea by multiple linear regression using the number of genes in the bacterial genome, reciprocal BLAST hits, and GC content. (Clarke, 1993) analyses were done with the Primer 6 program ( Results and the 448 bacterial genomes used in this study, 273 are from non-pathogens, 81 were anaerobes, 42 were thermophilic or hyperthermophilic (optimum growth temperature >50 °C; abbreviated as “(hyper)thermophilic”) (Fig. 1; Table S1). Regarding salinity, there were 72 moderately halophilic bacteria and 6 extremely halophilic bacteria (Table S1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing details about the bacterial analysis involved in a study. It mentions that out of 448 bacterial genomes used, only 273 were non-pathogens, suggesting that not all bacteria analyzed are entirely safe. The reference to the presence of anaerobes, thermophilic, and halophilic bacteria implies that there could be varying safety profiles among the bacteria studied, thus asserting that the claim of all bacteria being 'completely safe' is misleading.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: , 2011), with the exceptions of the species-rich mutillid wasp (Wilson et al. , 2012, 2015), Heliconius butterfly (Mallet and Gilbert, 1995) and bumblebee (Williams, 2007) complexes. These complexes, despite being speciose, are taxonomically limited because their members often belong to only a single family or genus (Lepidoptera or Hymenoptera). The mutillid wasp complex is suspected of including species from other orders but this has not been formally presented (Wilson et al. , 2012, 2015). A mathematical model suggests that mimicry complexes should be common in multispecies communities with distantly related taxa (Beatty et al. , 2004). The general lack of data on multi-order mimicry complexes may represent an observer bias. For example, ants have been largely overlooked as Müllerian mimics, yet they are diverse, typically well defended through a range of defensive measures including a sting, noxious chemicals, spines, a thickened cuticle, mandibles and communal attack (Hölldobler and Wilson, 1990). There is also a rich diversity of invertebrate taxa that mimic ants. Species within Müllerian rings thus far described use the same defensive traits. Heliconius butterflies, for instance, rely on their distastefulness while mutillid wasps have a venomous sting. The degree of distastefulness or level of venom toxicity within a mimicry ring is expected to vary among members. Experimental investigations, that started a hundred years ago (e. g. McAtee, 1912, 1932), have tended to focus on a single visually-oriented predatory guild and yet most environments contain a wide range of potential predators of mimics. For example, species that mimic ants may encounter several ant-averse and ant-eating predators (Pekár et al. , 2011). In some microhabitats, such as leaf litter, the ant-eating predators (which often use chemical cues to recognise prey) and ant-adverse nonvisually-orienting predators are indeed more common than visually-orienting ones, thus exerting strong selection pressure on mimics to signal their unpalatability in sensory modalities other than visual. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to the intelligence of ants. Instead, it discusses mimicry complexes and the defensive traits of ants in relation to other species, thus making the content irrelevant to the claim about ants being the most intelligent species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: They either up- or down-regulated the ventilation to achieve CO2 levels of < 1000 ppm (‘better than usual’) or CO2 concentrations of 2000 to 2500 ppm (‘worse than usual’). Each condition was implemented for 2 days. They report that it was difficult to regulate the ventilation in such way that the targeted CO2 levels were achieved: only on half of the days of the ‘worse than usual’ condition CO2 concentrations were higher than 2000 ppm and on 22 (of the 40) days of the ‘better than usual’ condition CO2 concentrations were below 1000 ppm. Wargocki and Wyon [22] performed three experiments in which they also adjusted the existing outdoor air supply of the mechanical ventilation of schools by altering the fan capacity. They aimed on increasing ventilation rates from approximately 3 to 10 L/s per person. Using a general mass balance equation from measured CO2 concentrations, they were able to estimate the actual effective ventilation rates. In the first experiment estimated mean effective ventilation rates were 4 L/s and 8. 5 L/s per person, in the second experiment these ventilation rates were 3 L/s and 6. 5 L/s per person and in the third experiment 5 L/s and 9. 5 L/s per person. This shows that while they aimed for a threefold increase of the ventilation rates, the estimated actual effective ventilation rates were doubled. Bakó-Biró et al. [15] intervened upon classroom ventilation using an installation similar to the one we used in the FRESH study. The biggest difference with our study is that they did not adjust ventilation to achieve predefined levels of CO2, but used the installation to either supply fresh air or recirculate the indoor air in a blinded fashion. As this study aimed at comparing high and low levels of outdoor air supply, with their intervention set at recirculation, they were able to achieve big differences in CO2 concentration between the two experimental conditions. In their study, Smedje and Norbäck were able to study the change in indoor air quality in schools that renewed their ventilation system [12]. They observed that air exchange rates improved, and that associated CO2 concentrations decreased on average by 270 ppm due to a new ventilation system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the installation of new ventilation systems in schools improved air quality. It states that after renewing their ventilation systems, air exchange rates improved and that CO2 concentrations decreased on average by 270 ppm. This demonstrates that effective ventilation systems can enhance air quality by facilitating the circulation of fresh air.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: Most of the bacteria in this dataset are aerobic mesophiles, even when pathogens are not included (Table S1). Of the archaea, 34 were anaerobes and 34 were (hyper)thermophilic (Fig. 2: Table S1). Twenty-three archaea were moderately halophilic while six were extremely halophilic (Table S1). Only four archaea were mesophilic aerobes living at normal salt conditions (Fig. 2: Table S1). However, this reflects current knowledge of archaeal diversity, i. e. , few major taxonomic divisions of archaea include representatives from aerobic non-extreme environments with complete genome sequences. For example, there are only two main types of archaea commonly found in the oxic ocean: Thaumarcheota and II Euryarcheota (Karner, DeLong & Karl, 2001). and IV Euryarcheota are also occasionally found in the ocean but have not been sequenced (Zhang et al. , 2015). Thaumarcheota are the main type of archaea in oxic soils (Bates et al. , 2011) and in oxic freshwater (Reitschuler, Hofmann & Illmer, 2016). There are at present only 11 known genera in the phylum Thaumarcheota, four of which are represented in our dataset (one is thermophilic). There are presently two known types of II Euryarcheota (Zhang et al. , 2015), one of which is included in our dataset. Figure 1: Tree of all the bacteria used in this study. For names see Table S1. The inner ring is the growth temperature range of the bacteria. The middle ring is the oxygen utilization potential of the bacteria. The outer ring represents the frequency of archaea-bacteria pairs enriched in reciprocal best hits (RBHs), where green represents 0–3 pairs, orange 4–24 pairs, and red 25+ pairs. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-1 Figure 2: Tree of all the archaea used in this study. For archaeal names see Table S1. The inner ring is the growth temperature range of the archaea. The middle ring is the oxygen utilization potential of the archaea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various types of bacteria and archaea, including their conditions and types (aerobic mesophiles, anaerobes, hyperthermophiles, etc.) but does not assert that all bacteria used for plastic degradation are safe. It highlights the diversity of bacterial and archaeal life, which implies that some organisms might not be completely safe or could pose risks under certain conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Thus one of the major outstanding questions regarding the contribution of mimics to the function of mimetic rings is evaluating the success of Müllerian and/or Batesian mimicry by analysing the selection pressure exerted by all predators in a given environment (Blumstein, 2006). Here, we describe a novel diverse and species rich mimicry complex consisting of golden ant, wasp, true bug, treehopper, and spider mimics and we investigate hypotheses concerning their unpalatability and resulting efficacy against predation. Mimetic complexes are often composed of rings – groups of species that draw advantages from similar aposematic signals (Williams, 2007; Wilson et al. , 2015). Thus, our first step was the identification of separate rings to understand how the mimicry complex evolved and is reinforced. We therefore tested whether the rings have a sympatric distribution, which would indicate a mutualistic relationship between mimics and whether mimics within a ring share common ancestry. Our second step was to quantify the relationship between the proposed aposematic signal (golden/black colouration) and the level of noxiousness or distastefulness of the mimics that display the signal. Aposematic warning signals and distastefulness are expected to evolve together within a species (e. g. Ruxton et al. , 2004) and thus, the strength of the distasteful stimulus should coincide with the conspicuousness of the warning signal (Speed and Ruxton, 2007). In this mimicry complex, we investigated whether there is a positive relationship between signal intensity and unpalatability across species as has recently been found among lady-bird beetles (María Arenas et al. , 2015). This would mean that truly Müllerian mimics are expected to honestly signal their distastefulness but truly Batesian mimics display a conspicuous warning signal without the noxious stimulus. We tested these assumptions by correlating the size of the warning signal (golden/back colouration) with a measure of distastefulness derived from the sum of defences found in the mimics. Our critical third step was to extend the scope of previous studies of mimicry complexes by experimentally testing the efficacy of the aposematic signal, and indeed the validity of the Müllerian mimicry claim, through staged predator-prey trials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mimicry complexes, predation, and signaling in various species but does not mention intelligence, ants, or make any comparisons regarding the intelligence of species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, they also reported a significant decrease in relative humidity in schools with a new ventilation system (-10%), compared to schools that did not change their ventilation system (-2%). ConclusionsVarious studies, including our own, show that intervening on classroom ventilation is effective if one wants to change indoor CO2 concentrations. Furthermore, both our own study and the studies of Twardella et al. [16] and Wargocki and Wyon [22] show that field experiments are not comparable with laboratory experiments and that it can be challenging to execute the study as designed. Altogether, our study has shown that classrooms CO2 levels can be significantly reduced by installing a CO2 controlled mechanical ventilation system. Author’s contributionsJTMR supported in the design of the study, led and participated in field work in one of the study regions, conducted data processing, analysis, and interpretation and drafted the manuscript. MV contributed to the study and intervention design, participated in data collection in one of the study regions and managed the overall project. MV furthermore helped draft the manuscript. JTvG contributed to the intervention design, participated in data collection in one of the study regions and reviewed the finalised manuscript. UG contributed to the statistical analysis and interpretation of the data and critically reviewed the manuscript. FD and BB conceived of and managed the project and helped prepare and critically review the draft. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. AbbreviationsIAQ: Indoor air quality ppm: Parts per million FRESH: Forced-ventilation related environmental school health (acronym for the study) m3/h: Cubic meters per hour dB(A): A-weighted decibels L/s: Liters per second sd: Standard deviation SE: Standard error. 1229. 10. 2105/AJPH. 17. 12. 1226. 236. 10. 1111/j. 1600-0668. 1993. 00003. x. 252. 10. 1111/j. 1600-0668. 1999. 00003. x. 64. 10. 1034/j. 1600-0668. 2003. 00153. x. 204. 10. 1111/j. 1600-0668. 2010. 00703. x. 1686. 10. 2105/AJPH. 2009. 165324. 528. 10. 1111/ina. 12042. 25. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that a new ventilation system significantly reduces indoor CO2 levels, which is an indicator of improved air quality. It states that intervening on classroom ventilation is effective in changing CO2 concentrations, and a CO2 controlled mechanical ventilation system can achieve this. Thus, the text supports the idea that ventilation systems contribute to improved air quality indoors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: In general, the numbers of potentially horizontally transferred genes identified by DarkHorse are greater in bacteria that form archaea-bacteria pairs enriched in shared genes (Fig. 4 and Fig. S5). Over half (55%) of the bacteria in pairs with enriched RBHs also had greater than two standard deviations above the mean potential horizontally transferred genes identified by DarkHorse. Figure 4: Comparison of shared and transferred genes. Examples of HGT for anaerobic hyperthermophile Desulforococcus kamchatkaensis (A), anaerobic mesophile Methanosarcina acetivorans (B), aerobic mesophile Nitrosopumilus maritimus (C). In the first column the number of potentially horizontally transferred genes as determined from the DarkHorse algorithm is compared to the number of reciprocal best hits between bacteria and each archaeon. A positive value on the x-axis indicates the RBH count was greater than 1. 96 standard deviations from the mean. In the second column, the number of potentially transferred genes is compared to the number of those genes transferred from archaea to bacteria. In the third column, the number of potentially transferred genes is compared to the number of those genes transferred from bacteria to archaea. Color-coding describes whether the bacterium forms a pair with the archaeon listed (red), with any archaea in this study (blue), or not with any archaea (green). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-4 Correlations with growth conditions After the effect of genome size is removed, interesting trends emerge between the number of shared genes and the lifestyles of archaea and bacteria. For example, the enriched archaeal-bacterial pairs involving Desulfurococcus kamchatkensis, an anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon, predominately include (hyper)thermophilic bacteria (Fig. 3A). Similarly, Methanosarcina acetivorans, an anaerobic mesophilic archaeon, primarily forms enriched archaeal-bacterial pairs with anaerobic bacteria (Fig. 3B). Contrastingly, the number of archaea-bacteria pairs involving extremely halophilic bacteria and Haloarcula marismortui, an extremely halophilic aerobic mesophilic archaeon, are not significantly more than expected for their genome sizes (Fig. 3C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the identification of potentially horizontally transferred genes in bacteria, suggesting that there may be genetic exchanges that could pose risks. This indicates that not all bacteria, including those potentially used for plastic degradation, are entirely safe as they may have the potential to transfer genes that could influence safety.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Based on the broad diversity of defences used by mimics in this complex, we predict that predators should learn quickly to avoid mimics (Beatty et al. , 2004), and that mimics should be protected from a range of predators. Finally, we examined how the aposematic signal and the level of defensiveness interplay with a community of predators that rely on multiple sensory modalities. Mimicry complexes are typically characterised by a distinct colour pattern and hence experiments are often biased towards visual-oriented predators and usually vertebrates. In reality, the members of a complex are exposed to predators that use a variety of sensory modalities and foraging modes to detect and subdue their prey. We combined staged predatory trials with a dietary analysis of wild populations of a community of predators to test the hypothesis that more unpalatable species are attacked less frequently by a community of predators. of the mimetic complex We uncovered a cross-order mimicry complex, consisting of at least 140 arthropod species including 126 ant species, seven spider species (and several forms), three species of true bugs, one mutillid wasp and one treehopper (Table 1). Members of the complex are all ant-like in appearance and characterised by a dorsal patch of golden coloration combined with blackish colouration (Figure 1, Video 1), which we recognise as an aposematic signal (RGB contrast: mean = 241. 4, SD = 58. 1, N = 55). Related non-mimetic species are typically uniformly black or brown. Table 1 List of mimic species belonging to the golden complex arranged according to the order, family (subfamily), and genus (subgenus). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses mimicry and predator-prey interactions among various arthropod species, including ants, but does not provide any information or argument regarding the intelligence of ants or any other species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: A Review of issue in honor of Prof. David Y. H. Pui for his “50 Years of Contribution in and Technology” (VII) Details 2023 - Issue 7, July 2023 12 May 2023 Reach: 7135 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited. Download Citation: RIS|BibTeX| Download: PDF | Cite this 0407. systematic literature review was conducted on the evolution of cleanroom design and operation. Early cleanrooms demanded very high air change rates and laminar airflow system. Energy efficiency led to lowering flowrates and using demand-control techniques. Stochastic events like human movement and door opening interrupt effective decontamination. Future research must account for stochastic events into design and operation practice. ventilation systems are well-established; however, the advantages and limitations of current practices need to be examined and explained further. This study begins by looking over the history of cleanroom ventilation systems that creates the basis for understanding ventilation rate specifications, terminologies employed in ventilation effectiveness, and recognizing scientific studies that correlate ventilation effectiveness with air change rates. This systematic review includes a comprehensive summary that contains a set of historical data and evidence that may be used to specify ventilation requirements in cleanrooms. Scientific 99. 95%) and positive pressurization (Whyte, 2010). Air distribution patterns, and more specifically unidirectional airflow patterns, were first proposed by Whitfield (1962). The unidirectional air flow system gained immediate attention from cleanroom designers (Whitfield and Whitfield, 1981). This current work does not intend to study how cleanrooms emerged and how they have evolved over time; interested readers can refer to excellent work on the history of cleanrooms (Naughton, 2019). Instead, the aim is to study the scientific 1. Historical evolution in cleanroom ventilation and air distribution systems. This 2. Distribution of reviewed 3. 1 for the relevant papers gathered, studies were designed to address certain problems that often arose in cleanrooms, including contamination spread, airflow, turbulence, overuse of energy, etc. These studies produced important findings for the future of cleanrooms, which were then used to set new cleanroom regulations and design recommendations. Efforts were invested in characterizing the role of ventilation in cleanrooms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the historical evolution and significance of ventilation systems, particularly in cleanrooms, which enhance air quality through effective airflow management and control. It highlights the role of air distribution patterns and their impact on ventilation effectiveness, thereby supporting the assertion that ventilation systems are crucial for improving indoor air quality.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: 001 Low vs significant pH (2 way w/Temp) Not significant with 16S Matrix 0. 176 0. 000 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/table-1 Like the number of reciprocal best hits, the number of potentially transferred genes is highest among anaerobic or thermophilic bacteria and anaerobic or thermophilic archaea (Fig. 4 and Fig. S5). sp. BAV1, 12–31% of total shared genes were horizontally transferred, and this was fairly typical for bacteria enriched in shared genes. The numbers of transferred genes were larger than the residual from the upper confidence interval for shared genes, but these two numbers are not necessarily comparable. However, it does seem likely that a large proportion of the extra shared genes in enriched archaea-bacteria pairs (i. e. , those identified by our correction for genome size) were horizontally transferred. Figure 7: Examination of horizontal gene transfer in individual bacteria. Bacteria that form pairs with >3 archaea for either the number of residual reciprocal best hits (RBH) or potentially horizontally transferred genes, as determined by DarkHorse. The color coded bar graphs represent the number of archaea with which that bacterium forms enriched pairs (similar to Fig. 6). Bacterial names (left) are also color coded by bacterial oxygen utilization and growth temperature as in legend. Circles next to bacterial names indicate bacterial isolation environment. The column of numbers indicates the average number of horizontally transferred genes from archaea to bacteria for each category of archaea in the order aerobic thermophilic, anaerobic thermophilic, anaerobic mesophilic, and aerobic mesophilic archaea. The average number of HGT genes from archaea to bacteria for the entire dataset is four. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-7 The DarkHorse results on horizontal gene transfer can be evaluated to determine the direction of transfer (i. e. , from bacteria to archaea or from archaea to bacteria). Most documented cases of HGT between bacteria and archaea are predominantly unidirectional from bacteria to archaea (Wiezer & Merkl, 2005; Kanhere & Vingron, 2009; Nelson-Sathi et al. , 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing horizontal gene transfer and the complexity of bacterial interactions with archaea. It suggests that certain bacteria might share genes that could affect their safety and functionality. Particularly, the mention of 'horizontally transferred genes' raises the possibility of genetic exchange that could have implications for the behavior and risks associated with bacteria used in plastic degradation, thereby implying potential risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: OrderFamily (Subfamily)Genus (Subgenus)SpeciesHymenopteraFormicidae(Formicinae)Camponotus aeneopilosus Mayr; aurocinctus (Smith); bigenus Santschi; ephippium (Smith); fergusoni McArthur; nigroaeneus (Smith); oxleyi Forel; piliventris (Smith); setosus Shattuck and McArthur; suffusus (Smith); tasmani Forel; thadeus Shattuck; wiederkehri (Chariomyrma)appendiculata Emery; arcuata (Le Guillou); aurea Mayr; bedoti Forel; constricta Emery; cydista Kohout; cyrus Forel; guerini Roger; heinlethii Forel; lata Emery; obtusa Emery; pallescens Mayr; schoopae Forel; senilis Forel; vermiculosa (Hagiomyrma)ammon (Fabricius); ammonoeides Roger; anderseni Kohout; angusta Forel; archeri Kohout; aurora Kohout; brisbanensis Kohout; brutella Kohout; burwelli Kohout; callima Kohout; capeyorkensis Kohout; conciliata Kohout; cracenta Kohout; crawleyi Forel; darlingtoni Kohout; denticulata Karavaiev; diversa Kohout; dougcooki Kohout; electra Kohout; elengatula Kohout; feehani Kohout; hoffmani Kohout; melanura Kohout; nourlangie Kohout; penelope Forel; pilbara Kohout; placida Kohout; seducta Kohout; semiaurata Mayr; stricta Kohout; tanami Kohout; tenebra Kohout; thusnelda Forel; trapezoidea Mayr; tubifera Forel; unicaria Kohout; vernoni Kohout; weiri (Hedomyrma) argentosa Forel; barretti Clark; cleopatra Forel; consimilis Smith; cupreata Emery; daemeli Mayr; erato Forel; euterpe [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the intelligence of ants directly. Instead, it provides a list of various ant species and their classifications, which is irrelevant to the claim regarding the intelligence of ants as a species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: The idea of ventilation-driven pollutant removal is that the airflow should carry the contaminants toward the exit, where the contaminants were assumed to be transported by convective transport, which is the transport of passive p1. The spreading radius (SR) was calculated from the first moment of the contaminant distribution function as described in Saidi et al. (2011). It was shown that the contaminant source motion and its path impact the contaminant distribution. They recommended shifting the source motion path to the dominant direction of the ventilation airflow for improved contaminant distribution and final efficiency. In terms of configurations, the best overall performance was achieved with the lateral inlet/outlet configuration (Saidi et al. , 2011). Chen et al. (2022) conducted a simulation study for an ISO class 8 cleanroom to investigate the appropriate ACH for meeting a self-cleaning time of 20 minutes as required by current good manufacturing practices and analyzed the field distribution of p0. 7 to 1. 3, the concentration decreased by 46% (Zhou et al. , 2020). It was established that human occupants were the major source of contamination inside cleanroom and the contamination source strength inside the cleanroom was linear with occupancy (Strauss et al. , 2011). In discussions about factors affecting airflow in cleanrooms, Zhao et al. (2004) demonstrated through the simulation study that contaminant concentration varied based on occupant level and furniture inside a cleanroom because obstacles significantly influenced airflow. They provided the p41. 7 percent less power supply in this mode (Yang et al. , 2021). A comparative study between the displacement and LAF ventilation systems showed that displacement systems yielded a significant correlation between air and surface contamination, which was not apparent for the LAF systems (Friberg and Friberg, 2005). Lin et al. (2010a) studied the ventilation effectiveness of a proposed new ventilation scheme for semiconductor cleanrooms where the cooling load was high. Changing the conventional mixing system to fan dry coil units (FDCUs) placed above the process tools resulted in removing 20–70% more sub-micron p0. 1-micron p0. 1 to 1. 2 micron within 30 minutes when the generation source is inside the room (Ciuzas et al. , 2016). 3. 3 Optimization and Controls of Emphasis on reducing fossil fuel energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions creates a demand for an advanced cleanroom ventilation system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of ventilation systems in reducing contaminant levels, as evidenced by the study where different configurations of airflow were tested for optimal pollutant removal. The use of airflow to carry contaminants toward exits suggests that ventilation can effectively improve indoor air quality by reducing the concentration of potentially harmful particles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: The number of transferred genes from bacteria to archaea may be five-fold larger than the number of genes transferred from archaea to bacteria (Nelson-Sathi et al. , 2015). Our results agree with this trend for “normal” archaea-bacteria pairs (i. e. , those that are not enriched in shared genes); these pairs generally have more genes transferred from bacteria to archaea (Fig. 4 column 3; Table S4). However, of the 58 bacterial genomes that form pairs for enriched numbers of shared genes, over half had 11 or more genes horizontally transferred from archaea to bacteria (Fig. 7), whereas the mean number of archaea to bacteria transfers for all genomes is only 4 ± 7. Anaerobic and (hyper)thermophilic bacteria have more transferred genes from anaerobic and (hyper)thermophilic archaea, respectively, than from aerobic or mesophilic archaea (Fig. 7). Some bacteria, such as Dictyoglomus and Dehalococcoides, have 30–50 horizontally transferred genes from archaea (Fig. 7). These results suggest that the unusually large numbers of shared genes in our enriched archaea-bacteria pairs is primarily due to an unusually large number of gene transfers from archaea to bacteria in anaerobic and (hyper)thermophilic conditions. Examination of halophily Given that the numbers of shared genes are strongly associated with bacterial growth temperature and oxygen utilization, the lack of any significant correlation with halophily is surprising (Table 1) though consistent with results from Rhodes et al. (2011). There appears to be no difference in the numbers of shared genes between bacteria and archaea for non-halophilic and moderately halophilic bacteria. Of the six extremely halophilic bacteria, only two, Salinobacter ruber and Chromohalobacter salexigens, were ever enriched in RBHs. Salinibacter ruber, which is known to share genes with haloarchaea, including rhodopsins and a hypersalinity island (Mongodin et al. , 2005), was enriched in shared genes with each of the six extremely halophilic archaea. Salinibacter also possessed many horizontally transferred genes from archaea (Fig. 7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex gene transfer dynamics between bacteria and archaea, suggesting that some bacteria have horizontally transferred genes that may imply potential risks. Specifically, it mentions that over half of the bacterial genomes studied had multiple genes transferred from archaea, indicating the potential for various genetic changes. The implications of gene transfer can introduce uncertainties about the safety of these bacteria in terms of plastic degradation, challenging the assertion that all such bacteria are completely safe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text:  Forel; hermione Emery; mjobergi Forel; ornata Mayr; rufifemur Forel; terpsichore Forel; thais Forel Formicidae(Formicinae)Polyrhachis (Myrma) andromache Roger; foreli Kohout; inusitata (Myrmhopla) dispar Kohout; dives Smith; reclinata Emery; sexspinosa (Latreille) Polyrhachis (Polyrhachis) bellicosa Smith Formicidae(Dolichoderinae)Dolichoderus angusticornis Clark; clarki Wheeler; dentatus Forel; doriae Emery; extensispinus Forel; inferus Shattuck and Marsden; niger Crawley; rufotibialis Clark; scabridus Roger; scrobiculatus (Mayr); turneri anderseni Shattuck; azureus Viehmeyer; coeruleus Heterick and Shattuck; roseatus Heterick and Shattuck; ypsilon Forel Formicidae(Myrmeciinae)Myrmecia athertonensis Forel; auriventris Mayr; borealis Ogata and Taylor; chrysogaster (Clark); cydista (Clark); eungellensis Ogata and Taylor; fabricii Ogata and Taylor; flavicoma Roger; fulviculis Forel; fulvipes Roger; gilberti Forel; harderi Forel; luteiforceps Wheeler; mandibularis Smith; michaelseni Forel; petiolata Emery; piliventris Smith; rugosa Wheeler; tepperi Emery; tridentata Ogata and Taylor FormicidaeDiacamma schoedli Shattuck and Barnett (Ponerinae)Pachycondyla sublaevis (Emery) MutillidaeEphutomorpha aurata (Fabricius)HemipteraEurymelidaeEurymela rubrolimbata Kirkaldy RhyparochromidaeDaerlac apicalis (Distant); cephalotes (Dallas); nigricans DistantAraneaeSalticidaeMyrmarachne erythro [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the intelligence of ants. It consists of a taxonomy list detailing different species of ants and other insects, without any discussion or evidence pertaining to their intelligence levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Several techniques have been developed to mathematically describe the thermal and dynamic behaviors of complicated ventilation systems in various operating conditions. Engineers have been able to develop complicated mathematical models and computational simulations to estimate the airflow field, air velocity, and temperature distributions with any control volume. These models have been widely used as a reliable tool for optimizing the system’s performance and sizing. Similarly, the advent of electromechanical actuators allows the integration of linear and non-linear control algorithms in ventilation systems. The classical and modern control strategies have been implemented to minimize actuators’ operating time subject to different ambient conditions. This section aims to review the steps taken in the last decades to optimize ventilation systems subject to cleanroom operating conditions and limitations. 3. 3. 1 air distribution systems have been investigated for cleanrooms (Melikov et al. , 2011). Simulations based on the actual physics of the ventilation system continue expanding to replace expensive real-world testing. For example, in one of the earlier CFD studies, Quarini et al. (1997) could identify the stagnation areas where the p0. 2 m s–1 and 0. 6 m s–1. The concentration of synthetic p3. 3. 2 to least sophisticated control tool was using a system of dampers to reduce the ventilation systems’ energy consumption (Tschudi et al. , 2002). Kim et al. (2005) designed a computer-controlled damper system that features a micro gas sensor with an auto ventilation controller to keep the level of contaminations and toxic gases below the prescribed value. This system traced small variations in toxic gases while automatically removing excess concentrations by allowing more clean air into the room. Koidl (2006) offered a design for high efficiency cleanrooms featuring optimized vacuum pumps with proper air change rates and demand-controlled filtration. The energy efficiency of cleanrooms with five different HVAC configurations has been explored by Hu and Tsao (2007). It was shown that allowing air recirculation could reduce energy consumption by up to 50%. However, p89. 6 percent of reheating and 63. 3 percent of total energy (Zhuang et al. , 2021). Ma et al. (2021) investigated the potential approaches for reducing energy consumption by doing experiments in four semiconductor cleanrooms. They showed that the cooling, heating, and humidification coils account for 31 to 41. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various techniques and systems that optimize ventilation performance, which includes maintaining air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. For instance, it mentions the use of computer-controlled damper systems to manage air contamination levels by allowing clean air into rooms, thereby directly supporting the claim of improving air quality through effective ventilation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: Salinibacter was isolated from a salt cistern, which is the saltiest habitat known to harbor bacteria (Mongodin et al. , 2005). None of the other extremely halophilic bacteria in this dataset reach the ultra-extreme halophily of Salinobacter (Hirschler-Rea, 2003; Hou et al. , 2004; Mongodin et al. , 2005; Auman et al. , 2006; Hoeft et al. , 2007). is an exception among the six halophilic bacteria examined here in its extensive sharing and transferring of genes with archaea, and this may be related to its extreme halophily. We do not deny that halophilic archaea have been changed by horizontal gene transfer with bacteria. However, the ancient transfer of 1,000 bacterial genes that allowed the class Haloarchaea to form from methanogens (Nelson-Sathi et al. , 2012) would not be marked as transferred in our scheme because the genes are present in several genera. Additionally these genes don’t appear to be shared specifically with other modern sequenced halophilic bacteria. Correlation with genome %GC Along with oxygen utilization and growth temperature range, bacterial genome %GC content was also a significant factor correlated with the number of shared genes (Table 1). As has been noted previously (Naya et al. , 2002; Wu et al. , 2012), in our dataset aerobic bacterial genomes have a significantly higher %GC (59%) than anaerobic bacterial genomes (45%; p < 0. 001) but GC content does not correlate with oxygen utilization in archaea. Similar to Hurst & Merchant (2001), GC content does not correlate between temperature groups in either archaea or bacteria in our dataset. To verify that %GC is not confounding the effect described above for anaerobes and (hyper)thermophiles, we repeated our analyses after correcting for both genome size and genome %GC by multiple linear regression (Fig. S4). The magnitude of the %GC correction (average of 2. 6 per 10% GC change) was much smaller than that for the original genome size correction (average 45 per 1,000 genes). Interestingly, a relationship between GC content and reciprocal blast hits was only significant for aerobic archaea (p < 0. 01). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the genetic interactions and characteristics of Salinibacter, particularly its extensive sharing and transferring of genes with archaea. This implies that there are complex genetic exchanges occurring, which raises questions about safety and risks associated with using Salinibacter and potentially other bacteria for plastic degradation. The use of the term 'halophilic' and the mention of horizontal gene transfer suggest that while Salinibacter might belong to a category of bacteria, it does not necessarily indicate that these or similar bacteria are completely safe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: cephala forma erato (L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information about ants or their intelligence; it appears to be an incomplete phrase or reference, lacking context or meaning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: 1995) has in earlier works (Bjerg et al. , 2008) shown to be more suitable to handle turbulence in a room with air intake through porous material in the ceiling and, consequently, the realizable k-ε turbulence model was used in this work. 2. 1. 2. Calculation of ammonia emissionIn estimation of yearly average ammonia concentrations and emissions it was assumed that the ventilation system runs with 100 percent of its capacity in 10 percent of time and with 40, 20 and 10 percent of capacity in 30 percent of time each, see Fig 4. Calculation of air cleaning efficiency was based on the assumption that the ammonia will be removed to a level of 1 ppm in the treated air, which corresponds to the performance of commercial systems. A setup with treatment of all air from a unit without pit ventilation is used as reference case for estimating the efficiency of treating of pit exhaust or treating of a minor part of room (ceiling) exhaust. 2. 2. Results and discussionFig. 8 shows simulated airflow and ammonia concentration distribution for the case with total ventilation of 40 m3h-1Pig-1. The left picture show the case with a pit ventilation of 10 m3h-1Pig-1, and the right picture show the case without pit ventilation. It is clear that pit ventilation creates a significant reduction of ammonia concentration in the entire room. In the animal occupied zone (0 to 0. 6 m above floor) the average concentration was reduced from 13. 5 to 5. 5 ppm corresponding to a reduction of nearly 60 percent. Figure 8. Simulated airflow and ammonia distributions (ppm) at total ventilation of 40 m3h-1Pig-1, (a) with pit ventilation of 10 m3h-1Pig-1, and (b) without pit ventilation. Fig. 9 shows ammonia concentration in the exhaust air from the room at different levels of air change from the pit and totally. Figure 9. Ammonia concentration in room exhaust at different pit ventilation and entire unit ventilation. Time weighted values, shown to the right in the graph, assumes total air change of 100 m3h-1Pig-1 in 10 percent of time, and 40, 20 and 10 m3h-1Pig-1 in 30 percent of time each. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of ventilation systems in reducing ammonia concentrations in indoor air. It mentions that a ventilation setup significantly reduces ammonia concentration from 13.5 to 5.5 ppm, indicating improved air quality. This supports the assertion that ventilation systems, through their operation, contribute positively to indoor air quality by circulating and treating the air.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: A two-way of the secondary residuals indicated that oxygen utilization and growth temperature of the bacteria were still significant factors affecting numbers of RBHs (aerobic vs. anaerobic R = 0. 382 p = 0. 001; mesophilic vs. hyperthermophilic R = 0. 676p = 0. 001). address the question of whether bacteria and archaea from the same habitats are more likely to engage in HGT, we categorized the DarkHorse and RBH results by the environment from which the archaea and bacteria were isolated. Habitats with similar temperature and oxygen characteristics, such as terrestrial hot springs and marine hydrothermal vents, have similar numbers of horizontally transferred genes and RBHs between bacteria and archaea (Fig. 8). A similar correspondence was observed with animal guts and sediments, both of which harbor a high proportion of anaerobic organisms involved in the degradation of complex organic matter (Fig. S7). These findings suggest that metabolic and physiological similarities could be more important in determining successful gene transfers between archaea and bacteria than co-habitation. However, our database does not include bacteria and archaea isolated from exactly the same area, which would be needed to examine this question more thoroughly. Figure 8: Comparison of transferred and shared genes with habitat. Comparison of transferred (A) and shared (B) genes with habitat. Particularly, we compare genes in hotsprings and hydrothermal vent bacteria to hotsprings and hydrothermal vent archaea. HGT stands for horizontally transferred genes, and RBH stands for reciprocal best hits or shared genes. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-8 Our findings do suggest that HGT is more common in some habitats than others. Oil wells, hot springs, and sediments are environments where bacteria and archaea share unusually large numbers of genes (Fig. 5B). 30% of bacteria with HGT genes >2 standard deviations above the mean were from hot springs, 32% were from sediments and 20% were from soil (Fig. 7). Thermophiles employ various mechanisms to mitigate DNA degradation at high temperatures, so thermophile-derived DNA may be more likely to persist both inside and outside of cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the conditions under which certain bacteria operate and the complexities involved in their gene transfer and environmental interactions. It implies that factors such as habitat and metabolic similarities affect the bacteria, suggesting that not all bacteria, including those used for plastic degradation, can be deemed completely safe without further examination. Thus, the suggestion that these bacteria pose no risks is not supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Koch); erythrocephala forma ornata (L. Koch); erythrocephala forma daemeli (L. Koch); luctuosa forma aeneopilosa (L. Koch); luctuosa forma aurea (Ceccarelli); macleayana forma foreli (Bradley) Ligonipes illustris scutellata (Kritscher) CorinnidaeNyssus luteofinis Raven GnaphosidaeEilica sp. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Projection of the mimicry complex on a pruned phylogenetic tree. The tips of the tree represent species and full circles are coloured according to putative ring classification. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss ants, intelligence, or any species' cognitive abilities. Instead, it focuses on a phylogenetic tree involving various species and their classifications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: As average during a year it is estimated that pit ventilation of 5, 10 and 20 m3h-1Pig-1 will reduce ammonia concentration in the exhaust with 31, 55 and 68 percent, respectively, and inside the room the ammonia concentration will be reduced correspondently. Fig. 10 shows total ammonia release and the emission from the room at different levels of air change from the pit and totally. Figure 10. Total ammonia release (aggregated bars) and emission from the room (black part of bars) at different levels of pit ventilation and entire unit ventilation. White part of bars show emission through pit exhaust assuming no air cleaning. Figure 11. Ammonia release (aggregated bars) and ammonia emission to the surroundings (black bars) at different air cleaning strategies. 100 percent corresponds to the ammonia emission from a unit with no air cleaning or pit ventilation. White part of bars shows removed ammonia. It can be seen that an increased level of pit ventilation increased the ammonia release if cleaning system is not available. Using pit ventilations of 5, 10 and 20 m3h-1Pig-1 during a year will result in increased ammonia emission of 16, 26 and 35 percent, respectively. The simulation without pit ventilation showed that a decreased air change from 100 to 40 m3h-1Pig-1 resulted in 13 percent decreased in ammonia emission. This can be compared with the result of a Danish investigation of the influence of air change on ammonia emission where the average air change were reduced from 80 to 40 m3h-1Pig-1 (Lyngbye et al. , 2006). In that investigation the room temperature was maintained by cooling the air inlet resulting in a reduction of the ammonia emission of 10 percent. The agreement with this investigation supports the assumption that a constant ammonia concentration on pit bottom surface is a reasonable simplification in CFD-modelling for analyzing the influence of ventilation strategy on ammonia emission. Fig. 11 shows calculated performance of different cleaning strategies. For a unit with no pit ventilation it appears that cleaning of all exhaust air (100 m3h-1Pig-1) reduce ammonia emission with about 90 percent. If the cleaning system is designed to handle 10 percent of the ventilation capacity the reduction of ammonia emission is 41 percent, and measured in relation to the capacity of cleanings system this strategy is 4. 5 times as efficient as cleaning all the air. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various ventilation strategies and their effect on ammonia concentration. It states that increased levels of pit ventilation can reduce ammonia concentration both in exhaust and within the room, which supports the idea that ventilation systems can improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors and mitigating harmful substances like ammonia.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: 666 p = 0. 001 NS DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/table-2 have identified bacteria with unusually large numbers of shared genes with archaea after accounting for the effect that genome size has on the number of shared genes (Fig. 5A). In general, these unusually large numbers of shared genes can be explained by horizontal gene transfer from archaea to bacteria (Figs. 4 and 7). More specifically, (hyper)thermophilic and anaerobic archaea are most likely to transfer genes to bacteria that live in high-temperature and anoxic habitats respectively (Fig. 7), though the genes transferred between anoxic and high temperature archaea and bacteria do differ (Table 2). In contrast, aerobic mesophiles appear to engage in very little inter-domain horizontal gene transfer. The most likely explanation for these results is that the (hyper)thermophilic and anaerobic organisms whose genomes were included in this study were isolated from environments (e. g. , hot springs, oil wells, sediments) with high population densities where cells are in close proximity and therefore more likely to exchange genes. This study suggests that bacteria inhabiting bodies of water are less likely to contain genes transferred from archaea and that rates of horizontal gene transfer would be greatly underestimated if based only on aquatic organisms. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the importance of adjusting for genome size when investigating other factors associated with the number of genes shared among genomes. Due to this genome size adjustment, this study is the first to be able to examine the effect of environment on horizontal gene transfer between archaea and bacteria on a broad scale. 1-5 of data used in analyses DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/supp-1 from the upper 95% CI for shared genes split into : 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/supp-2 Figures 1–7 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/supp-3 We would like to thank Devine for statistical advice and Cedar McKay for computer support. authors declare there are no competing interests. Clara A. Fuchsman, Collins and William J. Brazelton conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. conceived and designed the experiments, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing horizontal gene transfer between archaea and bacteria, suggesting complex genetic interactions that may affect safety. It indicates that bacteria can acquire genes from archaea in certain environments, which could influence their characteristics, including safety and potential risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Representatives of each ring are shown. Four types of defence are projected on the branches. Video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as of selected mimetic species belonging to the golden complex. The golden sheen is achieved by diverse modes. Among the hymenopteran representatives (ants and wasps), the golden sheen is generated only by pubescence of varying density (Figure 2). Consequently, this visual effect entirely disappears when they are submerged in ethanol. In contrast, true bugs and spiders use a combination of hairs and yellow pigmentation (in the exocuticle of the abdomen/gaster), while the treehopper appears to use only pigment as the golden shine is lost after death. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Modes of production of the golden shine. (A) Polyrhachis ammon, gaster, SEM. (B) P. ammon, detail of hairs. (C) Dolichoderus clarki, gaster, SEM. (D) D. clarki, detail of hairs. (E) Myrmecia tepperi, gaster, SEM. (F) M. tepperi, detail of hairs. (G) Camponotus aeneopilosus, gaster, SEM. (H) C. aeneopilosus, detail of hairs. (I) Ephutomorpha aurata, gaster, SEM. (J) E. aurata, detail of hairs. (K) Daerlac nigricans, gaster, SEM. (L) D. nigricans, pigment. (M) Myrmarachne luctuosa, abdomen, SEM. (N) M. luctuosa, pigment on abdomen. (O) Eurymela rubrolimbata, pigment on gaster. SEM (A–K, M) and light photography (L, N, O) of the dorsal side of mimics. The cluster analysis suggested the existence of ten putative rings within the complex, according to variation in the dorsal colour pattern but the differences were rather small (Figure 3A). These rings were distributed across the Australian continent with a considerable overlap. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants being the most intelligent species on Earth. It discusses various modes of golden sheen production in ants and other insects, presenting information on their physical characteristics rather than addressing intelligence or cognitive abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Cleaning of 10 percent of the air exhausted directly from the pit removes 73 percent of the ammonia emission and related to the cleaning capacity this is 8 times as efficient as cleaning all the air from the room. But due to increased ammonia release in the pit ventilated system the consumption of acid to reduce the ammonia emission with a certain amount will increase with about 35 percent. Advertisement 3. Airflow pattern and ventilation efficiencyVentilation systems in livestock buildings are designed to remove heat, moisture and containment gases in order to maintain temperatures and concentrations that are suitable for the animals. The airflow in pig units with diffuse air inlet through the ceiling is characterised by low air velocities primarily generated by the buoyancy force due to the convective heath release from the animals, and CFD-analyses have shown relative large spatial difference in temperature and concentrations in these systems, and consequently, there exists a potential to improve the ventilation effectiveness if the exhausts can be moved to locations with higher temperatures or concentrations. Pigs are usually resting more than 80 percent of the time and the therefore the heat release will be most concentrated and generate a higher temperature and an upward air stream above the resting area. This has inspired to conduct an analysis of the influence of moving the exhaust to a location immediately above the resting area as it appears from Fig. 12. The result presented in Fig. 13 shows that if the air change is maintained at 40 m3pig-1h-1 then the general air temperature level will drop about three degrees. Ventilation systems in modern pig production facilities are usually designed to control the air change in a way that maintains a predefined temperature measured by a temperature sensor above the animals. Figure 12. Pig unit with two alternative ventilation exhausts (through ceiling or above animals). The lower picture in Fig. 13 shows that the air temperature distribution becomes very similar to the ceiling exhaust case if the air change is reduced 40 % in the case with exhaust above the resting area. Additional analysis shows that a 40 % reduction of air change in combination with location of the exhaust above the resting area will not degrade the condition in relation to carbon dioxide or ammonia concentrations in the room. Potential benefits of such an arrangement will be reduced energy consumption for running the ventilation system, reduced emissions - where especially odour emission can be expected to decrease with decreased air change and finally if air cleaning of the entire air change are required it may result in significant savings in both investments and operation cost. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the purpose of ventilation systems in livestock buildings, which includes removing heat, moisture, and containment gases to maintain suitable air quality for animals. It also mentions the design of ventilation systems to control air change rates, ensuring that harmful gases like ammonia and carbon dioxide are kept at acceptable concentrations. This indicates that ventilation systems are indeed intended to improve air quality indoors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: Nov, a novel arsenite-oxidizing, haloalkaliphilic gammaproteobacterium capable of chemoautotrophic or heterotrophic growth with nitrate or oxygen as the electron acceptor. of Systematic and 57:504-512 -. 2004. Genome sequence of the deep-sea γ-proteobacterium Idiomarina loihiensis reveals amino acid fermentation as a source of carbon and energy. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 101:18036-18041. 2001. High guanine-cytosine content is not an adaptation to high temperature: a comparative analysis amongst prokaryotes. Proceedings of the B: 268:493-497. 2003. Horizontal gene transfer accelerates genome innovation and evolution. and Evolution 20:1598-1602 Jun S-. 2011. Archaeal RNA polymerase and transcription regulation. in Biochemistry and 46:27-40 Kanhere A, Vingron M. 2009. Transfers in prokaryotes show differential p2001. Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the Pacific Ocean. Nature 409:507-510. 2011. Networks of gene sharing among 329 proteobacterial genomes reveal differences in lateral gene transfer frequency at different phylogenetic depths. and Evolution 28:1057-1074. 2012. Phylogenomics of prokaryotic ribosomal proteins. 7:e36972. 2002. SHOT: a web server for the construction of genome phylogenies. Trends in Genetics 18:158-162 Lawrence JG, Hendrickson H. 2003. Lateral gene transfer: when will adolescence end? 50:739-749. 2012. Nitrospira-dominated biofilm within a thermal artesian spring: a case for nitrification-driven primary production in a geothermal setting. Geobiology 10:457-466. 2010. High frequency of horizontal gene transfer in the oceans. Science 330:50 Meyer-. 2011. Hydrothermal ecotones and streamer biofilm communities in the. 13:2216-2231 Molin S, Tolker-Nielsen T. 2003. Gene transfer occurs with enhanced efficiency in biofilms and induces enhanced stabilisation of the biofilm structure. in Biotechnology 14:255-261 ø -Valera F. 2005. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents information on various bacteria and their characteristics, including references to novel bacteria such as arsenite-oxidizing gammaproteobacterium and gene transfer mechanisms. It implies varying behaviors and metabolic processes of bacteria, suggesting that not all strains used for plastic degradation may be entirely safe. This directly contrasts with the claim that asserts all such bacteria are completely safe and pose no risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: For instance, rings in the east coast of Australia overlapped where species richness was the greatest (Figure 3B). However, the degree of sympatry in a ring was not related to colour pattern (estimated from 24 measures of the colour pattern, body size and area of golden patch) similarity (Mantel test, r = −0. 03, p=0. 79). We did not find a strong effect of phylogeny on the classification into rings (GLS, Pagel’s λ = 0. 22, Figure 1). All this indicates that the splitting into ten putative rings was artificial and there is only one complex. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Mimetic rings and their distribution. (A) NMDS ordination of species classified into ten putative rings (stress = 0. 16). The rings were distinguished by k-means clustering using ssi criterion (in which the maximum value indicates the correct number of clusters), which is shown on the right of the plot. (B) Map of distribution of ten putative rings in Australia. Mimicry and degree of unpalatability We determined the unpalatability of 100 species belonging to the golden mimicry complex. Because several complementary forms of defence are likely, we estimated total unpalatability for each mimic based on the sum of morphological, chemical, and behavioural defensive traits. Our analyses uncovered a spectrum of mimics from non-defended (Batesian) to highly defended (Müllerian) species. For instance, the spider and treehopper species had the lowest unpalatability score (i. e. sum of normalised measurements on defensive traits) and were therefore classified as Batesian mimics. Daerlac bugs, mutillid wasps and all ant species were unpalatable, but we found considerable variation in the degree of unpalatability ranging from quasi-Müllerian to unambiguously Müllerian, mimics. The index of unpalatability had an overall normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk normality test, W = 0. 98, p=0. 21) with the highest frequency consisting of moderately-palatable species. Unpalatability varied in each ring but the variation was not significantly different among the ten rings suggested previously (Bartlett test, K26 = 11, p=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses species richness, mimicry, and unpalatability among various species, but it does not provide any information regarding the intelligence of ants or any comparisons with other species. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the intelligence of ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: The numbers in the figure correspond to the required ventilation rates for the 10%, 20%, and 30% levels of the percent dissatisfied judges. No single factor causing SBS has yet found any consensus. Sometime after its last official document on SBS in 1995, WHO discontinued the use of SBS as a medical diagnose. A contemporary search on the homepage of WHO yields zero hits. However, that a correlation seem to exist between SBS-related issues and some ventilation parameters receives some consensus in the multidisciplinary field concerned with healthy buildings. In 2001 [50], managed to convene several European principal researchers in the field to search for consensus on the connection between ventilation and health. There are few well-designed studies that adequately account for all the multiple factors that are encountered when assessing indoor environments. Out of the selected 105 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals only 30 were deemed conclusive for the question at hand. The consensus statement include the conclusions that there is:“a strong association between ventilation and comfort (as indicated by perceived air quality) and health (as indicated by SBS symptoms, inflammation, infections, asthma, allergy, short- term sick leave). … also indicates that there is an association between ventilation rate and productivity (as indicated by performance of office work). ” [50]. A similar exercise, with a larger geographical spread of the researchers, was initiated by in 2010. Many conclusions were similar, but it should be noted that the panel members were divided as to whether the association between ventilation and health outcomes (excluding SBS) was strong or simply suggestive [51]. Both studies conclude that air change rates (see Section 2. 2) below 0. 5 h−1 leads to increased infestations of house dust mites in the Nordic countries. The latter was deemed important, since there is a plausible link between exposures to the feces of house dust mites and the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis [52]. This concludes the selective short history of ventilation. The idea that ventilation promotes health by removing harmful substances has been a lingering and recurring theme. The effects of indoor exposure to harmful substances are typically studied as dose–response assessments [39]. The relevant exposure dose is the concentration of the harmful substance in the indoor air and the responses are the measureable effects on humans. When adverse health effects are established, the exposures of those harmful substances are usually regulated or their use simply forbidden [39]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the strong association between ventilation and comfort, as well as health outcomes. It emphasizes that ventilation promotes health by removing harmful substances, which supports the idea that ventilation systems improve air quality indoors. The consensus statements from researchers noted in the text indicate that proper ventilation correlates with perceived air quality and reduced symptoms related to health issues, such as SBS, asthma, and allergies, thus reinforcing the claim regarding ventilation systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial degradation of plastic will eliminate plastic pollution globally. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4384267/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published31 Jul, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractAlthough plastic mulching films can help increase agricultural productivity, their removal poses a significant environmental danger. The use of biodegradable plastic mulches is an appealing eco-sustainable solution to environmental contamination problems for agroecosystems. Because the biodegradation of plastic pieces in soil is strongly dependent on microbial populations, it is critical to investigate whether and how microbial communities affect different types of mulch residuals in the soil. Through the study of the degradation of different mulches residues and of the microbial dynamics for a 6-month incubation of soil trial at three different incubation temperatures (room temperature, 30°C and 45°C) it was possible to evidence that biodegradation of mulch residual depending on of the catabolic activities of specific microbial population and the temperature of incubation. In particular, the increase of temperature up to 45°C determined a reduction of the degradation capacity for all types of mulch considered. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing bacterial alpha diversity was primarily influenced by plastic type and temperature, while fungal populations were mainly affected by temperature. Beta diversity was impacted by all experimental variables. Predicted functional genes crucial for degrading complex substrates, including those encoding hydrolases, cutinases, cellobiosidases, and lipases, were derived from 16S rRNA gene sequencing data. Cluster analysis based on predicted enzyme-encoding gene abundance revealed two clusters, mainly linked to sampling time. Finally, core microbiome analysis identified dominant bacterial and fungal ASVs in various soil-plastic ecosystems during degradation, pinpointing species potentially involved in plastic breakdown. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5on the practical qualities of plastics and their wide range of uses, 391 metric tons (Mt) of it were produced only in 2021 [1, 2]. This huge production along with ineffective plastic management techniques comprises a notable amount of plastic residues in the environment [3]. Several studies showed that severe plastic pollution compromises environmental protection [4–6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of bacterial degradation of plastic in relation to specific conditions, such as temperature, that affect microbial activity and degradation efficiency. It emphasizes that while microbial communities can aid in biodegradation, factors like temperature can hinder their effectiveness, as noted in the statement, 'the increase of temperature up to 45°C determined a reduction of the degradation capacity for all types of mulch considered.' This implies that bacterial degradation alone may not be sufficient to eliminate plastic pollution on a global scale.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: 09, Figure 4A) supporting further the existence of only one complex. We discovered that the absolute area of the golden colouration increased with unpalatability (controlling for the effect of phylogeny and body size: GLS, F1,91 = 21. 1, p<0. 0001, Figure 4B) supporting the hypothesis that the golden colour is an aposematic signal. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Effect of unpalatability. (A) Histogram of unpalatability of the mimetic complex with horizontal boxplots for each ring. (B) Relationship between the absolute area of dorsal golden colouration of mimics and their unpalatability. (C) Relationship between unpalatability and post-attack response of skinks to the six prey species from being eaten (0), to cleaning its mouth (0. 5) and spitting out the prey item (1). Predation pressure by a community of predators We quantified predation of mimics by the 12 most abundant predatory species that co-occurred with 13 sympatric mimetic species belonging to the complex (Table 2). We analysed gut content or faeces of these predators (553 spiders, 50 skinks, and 48 birds), representing three different guilds, using Sequencing, which allows identification of prey to species. We found that individuals of all predatory species were positive for primers targeting the DNA of ants, spiders, and mutillid wasps. The frequency of captured mimics was not significantly different from their availability in the environment (X212 = 1. 5, p=0. 99) because mimics were very rare in the field. Only three mimetic species (Camponotus aeneopilosus, Myrmarachne erythrocephala, Myrmarachne luctuosa) were detected in the faeces/gut of predators. Visually-oriented and non-visually oriented euryphagous (ant-adverse) predators captured mimics at less than 4% frequency, whereas specialized ant-eating predators captured mostly Batesian mimics (Table 2). The overall attack rate estimated for all predators was marginally significantly negatively related to the unpalatability of mimics when it included two Batesian mimics (GAM, F3. 8,4. 6 = 3. 8, p=0. 045, Figure 5A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the intelligence of ants. Instead, it focuses on biological interactions and predation patterns among various species, including ants, but does not provide any information or evidence to support or refute the assertion about ant intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: It is the most efficient method to ventilate and is used in so called “clean rooms”. The idea is to achieve a laminar flow by supplying slightly colder air from the roof and letting it fall vertically to the floor where it is extracted. Ideally, all air packages entering from the whole area of the roof fall at the same speed and reach the floor simultaneously. This means that all air packages have exactly the same residence time in the zone. It is easy to show that the residence time only depends on Q and V, regardless of the shape of the zone, and is given byτrplugflow=VQ≡τnE8where the nominal time constant of the ventilation system τn is defined. For plug flow the average residence time is equal to the nominal time constant. Since the air packages follow the shortest route from the roof to the floor in plug flow, the nominal time constant can be interpreted as the shortest possible residence time. It is also easy to determine the local age of the air packages in the interior of the zone. It must increase linearly from age zero at the roof to an age equal to the residence time at the floor. Consider an arbitrarily small volume element within the zone. It will contain many air packages with ages that vary linearly with height. The local mean age of air τ¯ is defined as the average age of the air packages within the small volume element. The local mean age of air can be interpreted in terms of how well the ventilation system delivers fresh air to the volume element. As the packages of air enters the zone, they start to equilibrate by diffusion with the concentrations of contaminants in the local environment and start to become less fresh. The older the air, the less fresh it is. Now let the volume element be as small as one package of air. The average local mean age of air with respect to the entire zone must then be equal to the local mean age at half the height. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how ventilation systems are designed to efficiently deliver fresh air and control the age of air within a zone. It explains that the local mean age of air indicates how well the system is delivering fresh air, and that as air packages enter and equilibrate with the local environment, they become less fresh. This suggests that the better the system circulates fresh air, the better the air quality indoors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial degradation of plastic will eliminate plastic pollution globally. [SEP] Text: Although aquatic environments represented the focus of several studies addressing plastic pollution [7–10], it is important to provide consideration to soil ecosystems, particularly in agricultural soils. The use of plastic in agriculture (referred to as "agri-plastics") began in 1948, replacing conventional materials previously employed, like glass and paper, and allowing enhanced production yield in terms of quantity, quality, and crop conservation [11]. It was recently estimated that the agriculture industry, including gardening and farming, accounted for 4% of the global plastic market in 2021 [2]. The estimated rate of agri-plastic is expected to rise by about 64% by 2030 to meet the growing population demand for food [2]. Plastic mulching films, pivotal in agricultural practices, significantly boost crop production and quality, with approximately 6500 km2 of cropland employing these films for agricultural purposes [12]. Polyethylene (PE) or low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch plastic films are typically used in agriculture, for example, for soil solarization. Nevertheless, since they require over 100 years to decompose, they have a significant negative influence on the environment [13]. Their disposal methods include burning, burying, and recycling [14, 15]. However, because of soil contamination, recycling can be challenging and costly [16]. The use of biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs) is an attractive eco-sustainable alternative approach to overcome the environmental pollution problems caused by the use of plastic films [17], because they can be degraded progressively in the soil without releasing toxic residues [18]. After the growing season, if, as stated, PE or LDPE films should be removed from the soil's surface, BDMs could instead be tilled in and biodegraded by microorganisms. BDM fragments provide both a physical and biogeochemical input. This feature is specific to BDMs; therefore, research on non-biodegradable polymers like PE cannot be used to forecast the potential effects of BDMs on soil ecology and functioning. [19]. BDMs tilled into soil, provide a carbon input, several studies showed that soil microorganisms respond to these inputs even if tiny; especially in agricultural soil where microbial development is carbon limited. Previous research demonstrated that BDMs increased microbial biomass, and enzyme activity [20, 21], and altered soil microbial community structure [22, 23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental impact of non-biodegradable plastics, emphasizing that polyethylene (PE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch films take over 100 years to decompose, contributing significantly to environmental pollution. It also highlights that while biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs) serve as a more sustainable alternative, the research indicates that their impacts differ from those of conventional plastics, such as PE, and cannot be used to project their effectiveness in eliminating plastic pollution globally. Instead, it points out the ongoing challenges and limitations related to plastic waste and its management in agricultural contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Table 2 The percentage of predator individuals found with DNA (Sequencing) of mimics in their gut/faeces. The primer specific for ants amplified on average 9. 3% individuals of predators, the primer specific for Myrmarachne spiders amplified 3. 9% individuals of predators, and the primer specific for mutillids amplified 9. 2% individuals of predators. The predators (553 spiders, 50 skinks, 48 birds) were collected on the campus. They are grouped according to their guild. N gives the number of individual predators screened. The mimics are arranged from the most to the least palatable (left to right). Predatory guild Species (Family)P. ornata P. vermiculosa P. aurea P. ammon P. erato M. piliventris M. tepperi C. aeneopilosus E. aurata D. cephalotes D. nigricans M. erythrocephala M. luctuosa NVisually-oriented euryphagous Eulamprus quoyii (Scincidae)000000000000050Manorina melanocephala (Meliphagidae)00000000. 020000. 04048Sandalodes superbus (Salticidae)000000000000037Holoplatys planissima (Salticidae)000000000000012Ocrisiona sp. (Salticidae)000000000003. 83. 826Specialised ant-eating Servaea incana (Salticidae)0000000000001. 8114Euryopis umbilicata (Theridiidae)000000000009. 98. 6101Euryopis sp. (Theridiidae)000000000000012Hemicloea sp. 1 (Gnaphosidae)00000005. 00000020Hemicloea sp. 2 (Gnaphosidae)00000002. 40002. 42. 442Non-visually oriented euryphagous Lampona murina (Lamponidae)000000000002. 24. 346Clubionia robusta (Clubionidae)0000000000001. 758Clubiona sp. (Clubionidae)000000000002. 42. 485 Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Relationship between unpalatability and predation pressure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the intelligence of ants. It primarily discusses the percentages of predator individuals found with DNA of mimics and mentions various species and their predation details without addressing the intelligence of ants or comparing them to other species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Solving for ct in Eq. (2) givesct=c∞1−e−QtV=c∞1−e−tτnE13where Eqs. (3) and (8) were used. In the field of statistics, ct/c∞ is an example of a cumulative distribution function. By analogy, it is also the cumulative distribution function for the ages of the air packages. A probability distribution function is obtained by taking the time derivative of the cumulative distribution function. Thus, it is evident that, for a completely mixed zone, the ages of the individual air packages accumulated within a volume element at steady state are exponentially distributed according tofτit=1τne−tτnE14Now the average local mean age of air for a volume element (and for the whole zone) can be evaluated to τn. This gives the following relations for a completely mixed systemτ¯mixed=τn,τrmixed=2τn,εamixed=50%. E15The average air change efficiency of a mixing ventilation system is at best 50% as compared to plug flow. In analogy with the nominal air change rate N (or ACH) being given as the inverse of the nominal time constant τn asN=QV=1τn,E16An effective local air exchange rate of the zone can be defined asNeff=1τ¯E17where Neff is the effective air exchange rate and note that the local mean age of air average is spatial and taken over the zone. It can be interpreted as the local ability of the ventilation system to dilute contaminants with fresh outdoor air in the point p. This an important property from an exposure viewpoint. The aim of the above theoretical exercises for two mixing models is mainly to introduce the concept of local mean age of air and its properties. The fact that it is a local property that can be determined experimentally by tracer gas techniques [55] means that interior points of any ventilated zone can be characterized by it. In particular, in means that the distribution of fresh air to the occupied volumes of a zone can be tested. The insights from this subsection can now be summarized. It has been shown that requiring a specific ventilation rate is not a guarantee for good performance of a ventilation system. The supplied air must also be distributed efficiently and this capacity should be evaluated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ability of ventilation systems to dilute contaminants with fresh outdoor air, highlighting that this is an important property for exposure reduction. It emphasizes that the effective local air exchange rate can improve air quality by ensuring that fresh air is distributed efficiently in the occupied zones.