Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: For crossing using the annual strain (used as a reference), F1 was obtained by crossing the annual (‘TA-33BB-O’) and biennial (‘NK-377mm-CMS’) strains, and BC1F1 was obtained by crossing the F1 and biennial (‘NK-310mm-O’) strain. Note that the nuclear genome composition of ‘NK-310mm-O’ and ‘NK-377mm-O’ are almost the same, thus, crossing the F1 (‘NK-377mm-CMS’ × ‘NK-420mm-O’) with ‘NK-310mm-O’ was considered as backcrossing. Prefixes such as ‘NK-420mm’ or ‘TA-33BB’ denote nuclear genotype of strains, and suffixes such as ‘- O (O-type)’ or ‘CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility)’ denote cytoplasmic type. All seeds of the beet strains described above were bred by the (HARC). Field test Seeds were sown in paper pots (Co. Ltd. , Japan) on the 9th day of April in both 2014 and 2015, and the seedlings grown for approximately 30 days. The seedlings were initially grown in a greenhouse and the temperature was gradually reduced from 20°C to 10°C for hardening. Two to three leaf seedlings were transplanted to experimental fields at HARC (Memuro, Hokkaido, Japan, 42. 9 °N, 143. 1 °E), at a planting density of 22. 5 cm between the plants and 60 cm between the rows, on May 9, 2014 and May 13, 2015. Except for natural sunlight, no additional light was applied for all growing periods. Bolting individuals were counted in late-August (specifically, on August 21, 2014 and August 26, 2015) to evaluate flowering characteristics. Bolting rate was calculated by dividing the number of bolting plants by the total number of plants examined. Greenhouse test The greenhouse test was conducted in two seasons, summer and winter, at temperatures not below 15°C during test periods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim concerning ants and their ability to form supercolonies. Instead, it discusses genetic crossings and seed growth in plants, which is unrelated to ant behavior or supercolonies. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of future military aircraft will be solar-powered drones, eliminating the need for traditional fuel-based jets. [SEP] Text: The system response is excellent, and the control procedure is carried out with very minor overshoots. However, there is a noticeable overshoot in the case of altitude and yaw velocity control, at 60 seconds for altitude and 66, and 71 seconds for yaw velocity. Figure 3. The actual and desired altitude values. Figure 4. The actual and desired roll values. Figure 5. The actual and desired pitch values. Figure 6. The actual and desired yaw values. A trajectory can be simulated to show that the simulation is appropriately controlled and operating. A 3D trajectory may be created using the trajectory inputs and states of altitude, roll, pitch, and yaw velocity. Figure 7 shows the three-dimensional trajectory, whereas Figure 8 illustrates the sensor position output. Figure 7. The quadcopter position sensor reading. Figure 8. The quadcopter trajectory. The RPM of the motors is also provided in Figure 7 for further controller demonstration. The aforementioned overshoot may also be seen in the RPM diagram at the same time period (Figure 9). Figure 9. The quadcopter RPM. The quadcopter’s voltage, current, and battery state of charge (SOC) are simulated in both cases, with and without solar cells. The results are compared to show how using solar cells improves flight duration. Figures 10–17 compare battery simulation results with and without solar cells. Figure 10. The battery voltage vs. time when solar cells are used. Figure 11. The battery voltage vs. time when no solar cells are used. Figure 12. The battery current vs. time when solar cells are used. Figure 13. The battery current vs. time when no solar cells are used. Figure 14. The battery SOC vs. time when solar cells are used. Figure 15. The battery SOC vs. time when no solar cells are used. Figure 16. The battery power vs. time when solar cells are used. Figure 17. The battery power vs. time when no solar cells are used. Figures 10 and 11 illustrate that when solar cells are used, the voltage is higher than when they are not used. Figures 12 and 13 show that when solar cells are employed, the current drawn is lower than when they are not. When determining the quadcopter flying time, these current values are critical. Figures 14 and 15 show that the SOC is lower when solar cells are employed than when they are not used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of using solar cells in quadcopters, indicating that using solar cells improves flight duration and provides comparative data on battery performance with and without solar cells. This supports the idea that future military aircraft could utilize solar power to eliminate the need for traditional fuel sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: The researchers found that although TIE-1’s ability to produce PHB varied in different conditions, electron capture (from iron or poised electrodes) through photoferroautotrophy was among the most effective processes available for PHB production. Through further studies of TIE-1’s gene expression, they suggest a future possibility to fine-tune and enhance PHB production by this microbe. These discoveries paved the way for additional studies of how sustainable bioplastics could be produced using widely available resources, including light, electricity, iron, and CO2. : Sean Garcia, in St. bioplastics can be manufactured on industrial scales, researchers will still need to address limitations in electron uptake in the specific context of PHB production within microbial electrochemical cells. In their latest study from 2020, and her team explored potential improvements to electron uptake, through modifications to the cell’s cathode. In their design, conductive materials were developed from a combination of nanop4. 2 times more PHB than an electrochemical cell with an unmodified carbon felt electrode; and up to 20 times as much as the yields achieved in previous studies, using standard graphite electrodes. The success of the experiment now presents clear routes to the industrial-scale production of sustainable PHB. This creates a pathway for sustainable bioplastic production that bypasses the need for the crude oil required for conventional plastic manufacturing. their use in plastic production, organic molecules are also highly desired for the energy they release when combusted. In previous studies, researchers have explored the use of microbes such as cyanobacteria to produce sustainable biofuels. However, these organisms produce oxygen during photosynthesis. Biofuel synthesis can have limited efficiency when pathways involve oxygen-sensitive enzymes. In a further 2020 study, and her team studied how TIE-1 could be exploited to produce a biofuel named n-butanol. As a fuel, n-butanol is particularly desirable for its high energy content and low tendency to vaporise or dissolve in water without combusting, compared with ethanol, a commonly used biofuel. During their experiments, and her team constructed a mutant form of TIE-1 that could not fix nitrogen. This mutant is unable to grow when nitrogen gas is the only nitrogen source. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of TIE-1, a specific microorganism, in producing biofuels and bioplastics under certain conditions. While it does explore potential improvements in biofuel synthesis, such as using a mutant form of TIE-1 for n-butanol production, it does not confirm that bioengineers have successfully developed synthetic organisms that can efficiently produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars, indicating more limitations and challenges in the current methodologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: For the test in summer season in 2014 and 2015, seedlings were grown at the same time as in the field test described above. Two to three leaf seedlings were transplanted into pots (diameter 20 cm × height 20 cm) at a density of nine individuals per pot in May (specifically, on May 8, 2014 and May 15, 2015), and then grown in the greenhouse at HARC. The temperature was set to 20°C and the light conditions were 24-hour daylength, with daytime sunlight (~ 100,000 lux) and nighttime illumination (300 lux), for all growing periods. An incandescent bulb (200 W), placed approximately one meter above the plants, was used for nighttime illumination. Lighting hours ranged from 18:00 to 5:00. Bolting individuals were counted in June (specifically, on June 11, 2014 and June 30, 2015) and bolting rates calculated. For the test in winter season in 2013 and 2014, seeds were sown in a paper pot in early November (specifically, on November 5 in 2013 and 2014), and seedlings were transplanted in December (specifically, on December 11 in 2013 and 2014). Except for the longer illumination time, which ranged from 16:00 to 7:00, the winter test was performed in the same manner as the summer test. Bolting individuals were counted in June (specifically, on June 6, 2013 and June 12, 2014), and bolting rates calculated. Assuming that flowering of BLOND is determined by a single dominant gene, based on a preliminary study (Kuranouchi 1990), the chi-square test was used to evaluate segregation distortion from the Mendelian inheritance for each generation. Tukey kramer's multiple test was performed for differences in the number of days to bolting by strain. Incubator test The incubator test was conducted in an incubator (Sanyo Co. Lid, MLR-351) to clarify whether the induction of flowering is dependent on day length. Seeds of ‘TA-33BBmm-O’, ‘NK-310mm-O’, ‘NK-420mm-O’, and ‘NK-422mm-O’ were sown in paper pots on December 21, 2015, and seedlings grown for 30 days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study related to plant growth conditions and flowering induction, with no mention of ants or their behavior, particularly regarding the formation of supercolonies or conflict.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioluminescent buildings will soon generate their own energy and repair themselves using living cells that grow and adapt to their environment.Cold fusion refers to a theoretical nuclear reaction that could occur at or near room temperature, producing large amounts of energy without the high temperatures required for traditional fusion reactions. [SEP] Text: Characteristics of the nuclear reactions in the cold fusion phenomenon, Proc. JCF19, 19-13, 2260. [20] Kozima, H. (2019). Development of the solid state-nuclear physics, Proc. JCF19, 19-15, 2260. [21] Kozima, H. (2012). Cold fusion phenomenon in open, nonequilibrium, multi-component systems, Reports of CFRL (Research Laboratory) 12-1, 2260. [23] Storms, E. (2017). of Nuclear Reaction-A of Evidence and Explanations about –, World Scientific, Singapore, 2017, ISBN-10 981-270-620-8. [24] Kozima, H. (2021). Cold fusion phenomenon in the composite CF materials-mixed hydrogen isotopes, alloys, ceramics and polymers –, Proc. JCF21, 21-2, ISSN 2187-2260, (to be published). [25] Kozima, H. (2021). Cold fusion phenomenon in the compound CF materials-effects of interface –, Proc. JCF21, 21-3, ISSN 2187-2260, (to be published). [26] Goddard, G. , Dash, J. , and Frantz, S. (2000). Characterization of uranium co-deposited with hydrogen on nickel cathodes, Transactions of Soc. 83, 376-378. [27] Dash, J. , Savvatimova, I. , Frantz, S. , Weis, E. , and Kozima, H. (2003). Effects of glow discharge with hydrogen isotope plasmas on radioactivity of uranium, Proc. ICCF9, 81. ISBN 7-302-06489-X/O·292. [28] Dash, J. , and Chicea, D. (2005). Changes in the radioactivity, topography, and surface composition of uranium after hydrogen loading by aqueous electrolysis, Proc. ICCF10 474. ISBN 981-256-564-7. [29] Kozima, H. , and Kaki, K. (2014). Atomic nucleus and neutron — Nuclear physics revisited with the viewpoint of the cold fusion phenomenon, Proc. JCF14, 14-5, 2260. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of cold fusion phenomena and research related to nuclear reactions, but does not mention bioluminescent buildings or any claims about self-repairing structures. Therefore, it does not corroborate nor contrast with the claim; it simply does not relate to it.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: However, even in these clear-cut cases we still need further data on the exact time period during which germline alteration is safe for the embryo. However, to ensure at least the methodological safety of using -Cas9 in humans, two technical aspects must be met: total understanding of the gene being altered and complete control over off target effects of -Cas9 editing. Editing of CCR5 does not fit the first requirement as those homozygous for the CCR5-Δ32 mutation have unexpected negative effects such as earlier clinical manifestations for infection [23], four-fold likelihood of mortality from influenza infections [24], and disadvantageous osteoclast function [25]. In addition, multiple publications have reported unexpected off-target mutations generated by -Cas9. Although one retracted publication demonstrated few unexpected mutational events [26], one study found rare but notable mutations [27], several others found large deletions [28, 29], while another found unexplainable complex deletions and insertions in mice generated by -Cas9 [30]. As such, the CCR5 twins need to be monitored both for possible known effects, such as an increased susceptibility to influenza infection, abnormal bone growth and other immunological conditions, and also require close monitoring of their general growth and development for unanticipated effects. Even should these unknowns be overcome, there may still be small deletions or insertions that cause deleterious frame-shift mutations, or rarer effects we have yet to identify. As such, the only way to ensure the coding fidelity of edited cells is by sequencing the full genome of each edited cell in comparison to parents’ genomes. This safety check itself will require further technological development allowing for rapid, inexpensive whole-genome sequencing and analysis while in the narrow window of implantable embryos. Even these precautions would not account for the epigenetic factors that may impact growth and development. Should complications from these identified elements be resolved, there are still a myriad of unknown factors in -Cas9 technology that should present an independent technological precaution against human genetic editing regardless of the moral/ethical conundrum (Fig. 3). We suggest that there needs to be a more vigorous and annual global debate to established the specific mutations on which human gene-editing research should be allowed, and that these genes be limited to those what would solve clear clinical problems (i. e. sickle cell disease, other diseases with known mutational causes). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complications and limitations associated with using CRISPR technology, specifically the -Cas9 method. It highlights the need for total understanding of the gene being altered and complete control over off-target effects, as well as specific challenges observed in editing the CCR5 gene. The discussion of unexpected negative effects, off-target mutations, and the necessity for rigorous safety checks undermines the idea that CRISPR is a straightforward and widely reliable tool for precise DNA editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Three seedlings of each strain were planted in Jiffy pots (Denmark), with a diameter of 10 cm each, on January 21, 2016. The seedlings were grown under incandescent illumination (IL) conditions of 24-hour, 18-hour, or 14-hour daylength at a temperature of 20°C. An incandescent lamp (100 W), placed approximately 50 cm above the pots, was used as the light source (700 lux). In addition, as a control of an incubator test, the greenhouse evaluation was also performed under two light conditions of daytime sunlight only (SL) and 24-hour daylength with daytime sunlight and nighttime illumination (SL + IL, 16:00 to 7:00, the same conditions as in the greenhouse test described above) in a greenhouse set to a temperature of 20°C. Bolting individuals were counted on March 4, 2016, and bolting rates and stem lengths calculated. The Mann–test was used to test the difference between the strains tested and the biennial control ‘NK-310mm-O. ’ test In the outdoor field, bolting rates were 0% for the biennial control strains and 100% for the annual control strain over the two years. For strains obtained by crossing the annual reference and biennial reference strains, bolting rates of F1 (biennial × annual) were 100% for both years, and those of BC1F1 (biennial × annual × biennial) were 44% in 2015. In the chi-square test, assuming a single dominant gene control, the segregation ratios of bolting and non-bolting were not significantly different from the separation ratio of 1:1 in the BC1F1 generation (p > 0. 05). The two BLOND strains showed the same bolting tendency as the biennial reference strains, and continued vegetative growth without any bolting (Table 1). For strains obtained by crossing BLOND and biennial reference strains, bolting rates of F1 and F2 (biennial × BLOND), and BC1F1 (biennial × BLOND × biennial) were 0% over the two years. The results suggested that the bolting tendency of BLOND strains was similar to that of biennial strains, and unlike the annual strain, in outdoor field conditions, and that the bolting tendency of the annual strain is controlled by a single dominant gene. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental conditions and results related to plant strains and bolting rates, without any mention of ants, supercolonies, or conflict among them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: , 2012). The function of most of these direct AMPAR interactors is hitherto unknown, however, several have been identified as AMPAR auxiliary subunits, affecting trafficking, channel kinetics, surface mobility, and activity-dependent regulation of these receptors (Jackson and Nicoll, 2011; Straub and Tomita, 2012; Sumioka, 2013; Martenson and Tomita, 2015). The transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs)(Tomita et al. , 2003; Rouach et al. , 2005), the Cornichon homologs (CNIH-2 and CNIH3)(Schwenk et al. , 2009), Germ Cell-1-Like (GSG1L [Shanks et al. , 2012; Gu et al. , 2016]), SynDIG1 (Kalashnikova et al. , 2010), Porcn (Erlenhardt et al. , 2016), and the recently identified members of the Shisa family, Shisa9/CKAMP44 (von Engelhardt et al. , 2010; Pei and Grishin, 2012; Karataeva et al. , 2014; Farrow et al. , 2015) and Shisa6/CKAMP52 (Klaassen et al. , 2016) all modulate AMPAR function in a unique manner. TARPs and cornichons decrease deactivation and desensitization rates of the activated AMPAR, and promote synaptic targeting. In contrast, GSG1L increases AMPAR deactivation and desensitization when overexpressed in HEK293 cells (Shanks et al. , 2012) and in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells of GSG1L KO mice (Gu et al. , 2016). This overexpression also reduces synaptic AMPAR expression and transmission (Gu et al. , 2016). proteins display a distinct profile of modulation of AMPAR expression, channel kinetics and activity-dependent regulation. Shisa9 and Shisa6 similarly slow AMPAR deactivation ex vivo in the dentate gyrus and CA1 (von Engelhardt et al. , 2010; Khodosevich et al. , 2014; Klaassen et al. , 2016), and both proteins slow the rate of recovery from desensitization in a heterologous expression system (Farrow et al. , 2015; Klaassen et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of AMPAR interactors and their modulation, with no mention of experiments related to mice, fear conditioning, genetics, or memory. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: Beyond editing: repurposing -Cas9 for precision genome regulation and interrogation. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 17(1): 5–15. CrossrefPubMed2001. DNA-PK, ATM and ATR as sensors of DNA damage: variations on a theme? Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13(2): 225–231. CrossrefPubMed1998. Gene conversion tracts from double-strand break repair in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18(1): 93–101. CrossrefPubMed2013. A cell cycle-dependent regulatory circuit composed of 53BP1-RIF1 and BRCA1-CtIP controls DNA repair pathway choice. Mol. Cell, 49(5): 872–883. CrossrefPubMed2014. Megabase-scale deletion usingCas9 to generate a fully haploid human cell line. Genome Res. 24(12): 2059–2065. CrossrefPubMed2013. Orthogonal Cas9 proteins for RNA-guided gene regulation and editing. Nat. Methods, 10(11): 1116–1121. CrossrefPubMed2011. Serotype-specific inactivation of the cellular DNA damage response during adenovirus infection. J. Virol. 85(5): 2201–2211. CrossrefPubMed2014. -Cas nuclease specificity using truncated guide RNAs. Nat. Biotechnol. 32(3): 279–284. CrossrefPubMed2013. Efficient generation of large-scale genome-modified mice using gRNA and CAS9 endonuclease. Res. 41(20): e187. CrossrefPubMed2001. Genetic analysis of the DNA-dependent protein kinase reveals an inhibitory role of Ku in late S-G2 phase DNA double-strand break repair. J. Biol. Chem. 276(48): 44413–44418. CrossrefPubMed2016. DNA-guided genome editing using the Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute. Nat. Biotechnol. Crossref2016. Genome therapy of myotonic dystrophy type 1 iPS cells for development of autologous stem cell therapy. Mol. Ther. Crossref2010. /Cas bacterial immune system cleaves bacteriophage and plasmid DNA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct evidence or argument regarding the use of CRISPR as a widely used tool in synthetic biology for DNA editing. While it mentions various studies that involve Cas9 and genome editing, it does not explicitly support, contrast, or speak to the claim itself.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Greenhouse test In the summer greenhouse, bolting rates were 0% for the biennial reference strains and 100% for the annual reference strain over the two years. The two BLOND strains showed the same bolting tendency as that of the annual reference strain. The bolting rates ranged from 95–100% (Table 2). For strains obtained by crossing the annual reference and biennial reference strains, bolting rates of F1 (biennial × annual) were 100% in 2014. For strains obtained by crossing BLOND and biennial reference strains, the bolting rates of two F1s (biennial × BLOND), F2s (biennial × BLOND), and BC1F1s (biennial × BLOND × biennial) ranged from 84–100%, 83–98%, and 48–55%, respectively, in 2015. In the chi-square test, assuming a single dominant gene control, the segregation ratios of bolting and non-bolting were found to be significantly different from the separation ratio of 3:1 in the F2 generation (p < 0. 01), but they were not different from the separation ratio of 1:1 in the BC1F1 generation (p > 0. 05). In the winter greenhouse, similar to the results of summer greenhouse test, bolting rates were 0% for the biennial reference strains and 100% for the annual reference strain in the two years. The two BLOND strains showed the same bolting tendency as that of the annual reference strain. The bolting rate was between 95% and 100% (Table 2). For strains obtained by crossing the annual reference and biennial reference strains, the bolting rate of BC1F1 (biennial × annual × biennial) was 68% in 2014. For strains obtained by crossing BLOND and biennial reference strains, bolting rates of two F2s (biennial × BLOND) and BC1F1s (biennial × BLOND × biennial) ranged from 63–74% and from 47–53%, respectively. In the chi-square test, assuming a dominant one-gene control, the segregation ratios of bolting and non-bolting were found to be significantly different from the separation ratio of 3:1 in the F2 generation in one of the two cases (p < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses greenhouse testing and bolting rates in plant strains, without any reference to ants or their capabilities regarding supercolonies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists believe genetic memory is real but limited in scope, primarily affecting basic survival instincts rather than complex learned behaviors. Genetic memory allows humans to inherit knowledge and skills from their ancestors, such as languages, tools, and problem-solving techniques. [SEP] Text: According to the optimization objectives of production system and the assembly line constraints such as service unit resources, production tasks and process information, the assembly line mathematical model is constructed, and the serial two-stage genetic fireworks algorithm is developed, which are built into the assembly line balance system. When the system obtains the abnormal interference information, it needs to be handled intelligently in the virtual assembly line to ensure that the system responds in real time to the interference which affects delivery or production efficiency at some extent. Through serial two-stage adaptive alternate genetic fireworks hybrid optimization algorithm, the assembly line (re)balance scheme is scheduled/adjusted dynamically and timely after the balance of the assembly line is broken to a certain extent. Based on the reconstruction modeling with seven elements, the assembly process of the production line can be simulated and the production situation of the production line can be judged and evaluated according to the operation logic of the production line and the (re)balance scheme. With a simulation evaluation of the virtual assembly line, a feasible balance scheme is formed. The control instruction data based on the feasible balance scheme involving serve units, should also be verified, extracted and pushed to multiple manufacturing elements in the physical layer by MES, and then the decision-making instructions are completed cooperatively. Finally, the scheme is sent to the actual assembly line, and the assembly line production is controlled accordingly to minimize cycle time and achieve the best production. It can be seen that the virtual assembly line based on reconfiguration model mainly realizes the digital reproduction of the production activities of assembly line in the virtual space. It is the core support for optimization and decision-making to realize the dynamic balance of the assembly line. Key enabling technologies for realizing dynamic balance of type-II simple assembly lineThe key enabling technologies to realize the dynamic balance of assembly line mainly include (1) how to collect real-time production data from the physical space, feedback them into assembly line dynamic (re)balance system and further to control the operation of the actual production line in the physical space, (2) how to optimize a dynamic balance mathematical model by using serial two-stage adaptive alternate genetic fireworks algorithm to obtain a balance scheme, and (3) how to simulate the dynamic balance, verify the scheme, assign the reasonable scheme to each service unit and execute the scheme, or feedback and iterate the unreasonable scheme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the construction and optimization of an assembly line mathematical model using a genetic fireworks algorithm. It does not address genetic memory, inherited knowledge, or the beliefs of scientists regarding these topics. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: Cpf1 is a single RNA-guided endonuclease of a class 2 -Cas system. Cell, 163(3): 759–771. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2015. Large genomic fragment deletions and insertions in mouse usingCas9. PLoS One, 10(3): e0120396. CrossrefPubMed2011. An essential role for CtIP in chromosomal translocation formation through an alternative end-joining pathway. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 18(1): 80–84. CrossrefPubMed2013. Processing-independent limit natural transformation in Neisseria meningitidis. Mol. Cell, 50(4): 488–503. CrossrefPubMed2013. DNA-dependent protein kinase regulates DNA end resection in concert with Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) and ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM). J. Biol. Chem. 288(52): 37112–37125. CrossrefPubMed2014. The iplatform for rapid genome editing in human pluripotent stem cells. use ofCas9, ZFNs, and TALENs in generating site-specific genome alterations. Vol. 546 of Methods in enzymology. Edited by J. A. Doudna and E. J. Sontheimer. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 250. CrossrefPubMed2017. PermissionsRequest permissions for this 2017. Precision genome editing in the era. Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 95(2): 187-201. Export 1. /Cas9 gene editing: a novel strategy for fighting drug resistance in respiratory disorders Go to 2. of by Go to 3. /Cas9-mediated knockout strategies for enhancing immunotherapy in breast cancer Go to 4. Unlocking the nutritional potential of chickpea: strategies for biofortification and enhanced multinutrient quality Go to 5. Revolutionizing personalized cancer treatment: the synergy of next-generation sequencing andCas9 Go to 6. Circular Single-Stranded DNA: Discovery, Biological Effects, and to 7. Development and Testing of a Reporter (V-GEAR) to 8. Nutritional improvement in soybean (Glycine max (L. ) Merrill) through plant breeding and biotechnological interventions Go to 9. to Status of Go to 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and does not explicitly address the claim regarding CRISPR as a tool in synthetic biology. Instead, it discusses various aspects of gene editing through different systems, including Cpf1 and Cas9, but fails to directly support or contrast the assertion that CRISPR is widely used for precise DNA editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: 01), but they were not different from the separation ratio of 1:1 in the BC1F1 generation (p > 0. 05). There was no clear difference between the number of days until bolting in the annual strain and BLOND. However, ‘NK-422mm-O’ had slightly more days until flowering than ‘NK-420mm-O’ and ‘TA-33BB-O’. The F1s (biennial × BLOND) also tended to be slightly slower to bolt than the annual and BLOND strains (Table 3). These results suggest that bolting in BLOND occurs without exposure to low temperatures, similar to the annual strain, and it is likely to be controlled by a single or small number of dominant genes with strong effects. Incubator test The bolting rate of the biennial control strain was 0% under all conditions (Table 4a). The rate of the annual control strain was 100% (in the 18-hour IL, 24-hour IL, and SL + IL), except under the conditions of a relatively short daylength in the incubator (14-hour IL) or in the greenhouse (SL). The stem length tended to increase as the day length increased in both the incubator and greenhouse, and the maximum length was approximately 190 mm (Table 4b). The bolting tendencies of the two BLOND strains differed depending on the conditions. The same trends as those of the annual strain were observed in the rates of ‘NK-420mm-O’, bolting rate was 100% except under the condition of a relatively short daylength (Table 4a). The bolting stem length exhibited the same trend as that of the annual strain. The stem length was longer under 24-hour IL (400 mm) and SL + IL (383. 3 mm) than under 18-hour IL (13. 3 mm) (Table 4b). On the other hand, the bolting rate of ‘NK-422mm-O’ was 100% only in the greenhouse with nighttime illumination (SL + IL), whereas these were 0% under SL and all incubator conditions (14-hour IL, 18-hour IL, and 24-hour IL) (Table 4a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants and supercolonies, as it discusses botanical traits and conditions for bolting in certain plant strains without any mention of ants or their behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of regulations surrounding deep ocean mining are still in development, with international bodies like the International Seabed Authority overseeing potential projects.Deep ocean mining will soon allow us to extract unlimited resources, eliminating the need for land-based mining altogether. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inNews Deep-of New regulations could open the door for sustainable mining, says the head of the Authority. However, he and others pointed to environmental, financial, and technical challenges. by 22 November 201724 February 2023 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) The spotlights of a remotely operated vehicle illuminate carbonate rock spires of the hydrothermal vent field in the during a 2005 scientific research expedition to the site. Recent approval by the Authority for mining exploration in deep-ocean areas worldwide, including Lost City, has prompted some ocean scientists to raise concerns about possible harm to the vents and the ecosystems they support. Credit: -; NOAA/OAR/OER; City 2005 Expedition, CC BY 2. 0 “All the indications are that we are at a decisive point in the long history of attempts to mine the deep seabed,” said Michael Lodge, secretary-general of the Authority. The world is “on the threshold of a new industry,” the head of an international body that governs deep-seabed mining said last week. At a 14 November forum in Washington, D. C. , Michael Lodge, secretary-general of the Authority (ISA), laid out environmental and other challenges to deep-sea mining while maintaining that a new regulatory system could allow the seabed operations to proceed in a sustainable manner. “All the indications are that we are at a decisive point in the long history of attempts to mine the deep seabed,” he said. Although commercial exploitation of seafloor materials has not yet begun and could be years off, Lodge told the joint meeting of several boards of the of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) that ISA has approved 29 exploration contracts covering more than 1. 3 million square kilometers of the seabed in the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the International Seabed Authority (ISA) and indicating that 'Recent approval by the Authority for mining exploration in deep-ocean areas worldwide' shows that regulatory development is underway. Michael Lodge, the head of the Authority, emphasizes that there are 'environmental and other challenges' related to deep-sea mining, which supports the idea that regulations are still in development and that the full-scale exploitation may be years away. The text reinforces the notion that while progress is being made, the commercial exploitation of seafloor materials has not yet begun, aligning with the claim's assertion regarding the current state of regulations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: A cell viability assay was performed using CellTiter-Glo® luminescent cell viability assay kit following the manufacturer’s instructions (Promega, WI, US). For nucleus immunostaining, cultured cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min following 0. 5% Triton X-100 treatment for 15 min. Cells were blocked with 3% bovine serum albumin in PBS for 30 min and incubated with DAPI (1 µg/ml) at room temperature for 30 min. Fluorescence intensity was assessed with ZOE™ Imager (Bio-rad, CA, US). Experimental and control groups were processed identically. Statistical analysis Results generated by cell viability assay, survival colonies counting, and TIDE(R) analysis were expressed as mean SD. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s or by Student’s t-test, as appropriate. Statistical significance was achieved at P <. 05. -Cas9 system to edit ATP1a1 locus Cardiac glycosides inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase pump activity by binding to the ATP1A1 subunit. The blockage leads to the accumulation of Ca2+ and causes cell apoptosis (Riganti et al. , 2011). Treschow et al. identified two amino acids in exon 4, Q118 and N129, that are responsible for the binding of cardiac glycosides to the Na+/K+-ATPase (Treschow et al. , 2007). With Q118R and N129D substitutions, cells became resistant to high doses of ouabain without affecting the function of the Na+/K+-ATPase (Treschow et al. , 2007). We, therefore, proposed to facilitate endogenous selection of targeted events in iPSCs using the -Cas9 system to introduce the Q118 and N129 mutations into ATP1A1. We designed a guide RNA targeting intron 4 of ATP1A1, with the PAM site twenty base pairs downstream of exon 4 (Fig. 1A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding CRISPR's use in synthetic biology. While it discusses experimental procedures, cell viability assays, and specific gene edits using a Cas9 system, it does not mention CRISPR as a widely used tool nor discuss its broader implications in synthetic biology. Hence, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: flowering characteristics of study demonstrated that the flowering characteristics of the two BLOND strains were clearly different from those of typical annual and biennial beets, and that these varied in annual and biennial beets depending on the growth conditions. Namely, bolting, a trait that occurs in the early stages of flowering, did not occur in the two BLOND strains under outdoor field conditions, similar to that in the biennial beet; however, it promptly occurred without vernalization treatment under 24-hour daylength greenhouse conditions, similar to that in the annual beet. These specific flowering characteristics observed in BLOND strains suggest that its response to vernalization and day length is different from that in annual and biennial beets. Previous studies have also reported beet strains with flowering characteristics similar to those of BLOND. For example, Owen et al. (1940) showed that the strain ‘Clone70’ did not initiate bolting in the City field without vernalization treatments, but initiated bolting under a 17-hour daylength condition in a greenhouse (winter natural daylength plus nighttime supplemental light). Smit (1983) reported that the strain ‘G4’ did not initiate bolting under natural daylength conditions in a greenhouse (14-hour daylength) without vernalization treatments, but initiated bolting under a 24-hour daylength condition in a greenhouse (natural daylength plus nighttime supplemental light). The flowering characteristics of these strains were similar to those of BLOND, but not as sharply responsive to the emergence of bolting as the BLOND strains used in this study, which, along with the annual strains, attained almost 100% bolting rate approximately 40–50 days after sowing, whereas ‘Clone70’ attained almost 50% bolting rate approximately 50 days after sowing, and ‘G4’ attained almost 70% bolting rate approximately 80 days after sowing. Light conditions are the main factors affecting bolting Two environmental factors are considered essential for inducing the reproductive growth of sugar beets: vernalization and daylength (Ream et al. 2012; Melzer et al. 2014). In this study, none of the outdoor and greenhouse conditions included exposure to the low temperatures necessary to induce vernalization (Milford 2006); therefore, the main factor that might cause loss of the vernalization requirement is daylength. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses the flowering characteristics of different strains of beets and their environmental responses, with no mention of ants or supercolonies. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of regulations surrounding deep ocean mining are still in development, with international bodies like the International Seabed Authority overseeing potential projects. Deep ocean mining will soon allow us to extract unlimited resources, eliminating the need for land-based mining altogether. [SEP] Text: He distinguished deep-seabed mining from shallow-water mining for gold, sand, and other materials, which has gone on for centuries. Also, ISA distinguishes between exploration and exploitation activities. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now Technology for underwater mining, including remotely operated vehicles and other tools, has advanced enormously during the past few years, Lodge noted. Still to be developed, however, are a regulatory regime for mineral exploitation and reliable ways of knowing if a region of the seabed contains sufficient resources—such as manganese nodules, ferromanganese crusts, massive sulfides, or metal-rich muds—to support major capital investments, he said. currently is crafting regulations, open for comment until 20 December, on the exploitation of deep-sea mineral resources. Established under the 1982 (UN) Convention on the Law of the Sea, ISA oversees mining in the deep sea beyond the exclusive economic zone jurisdictions of individual countries. The organization currently is crafting regulations, open for comment until 20 December, on the exploitation of deep-sea mineral resources. Lodge said that ISA “must develop environmental regulations that ensure that exploration and exploitation take place in a manner that recognizes the need to protect the environment, both on the ocean floor and in the water column. ” Among those submitting comments, the Deep-of the Deep-Initiative (DOSI) called the consultative approach to developing ISA’s mining code “commendable” but urged more openness. “Exploitation of the Seabed will affect all nations in perpetuity. A clear, open process to develop these Regulations is necessary,” reads the 16 November comments from DOSI, a network of more than 700 experts from about 40 countries. DOSI’s letter, provided to Eos, also recommends that the regulation preamble reflect language from the UN convention about the need to “ensure effective protection for the marine environment from harmful effects which may arise from such activities. ” At the forum, Conn Nugent, director of the seabed mining project for Trusts in Washington, D. C. , said his group’s goal is to help ensure passage of a mining code that reserves large no-mining areas and adopts a precautionary code to govern activities where mining is allowed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of regulations for deep-sea mining. It mentions that the International Seabed Authority (ISA) is currently crafting regulations for mineral exploitation, which aligns with the claim that regulations are still in development. Furthermore, it highlights the need for environmental regulations and the ongoing consultative process, reflecting the oversight mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 58. 58. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search number of important advances have been made using transplantation of olfactory-ensheathing cells (OECs) to provide therapeutic effects with regard to peripheral nerve repair. In vivo studies have focused on transplanting OECs to stimulate axonal regeneration and sprouting, increase remyelination, confer neuroprotection, enhance neovascularization and replace lost cells. OECs support axonal regeneration and remyelination with appropriate formation of axonal nodes of Ranvier with improvement of nerve conduction velocity. Current work using gene profiling and proteomics is identifying potential therapeutic differences between OECs harvested from nasal mucosa and the olfactory bulb and genes that OECs express that may be conducive to neural repair. OECs derived from nasal mucosa are of clinical interest since the cells could potentially be harvested from a patient and used for autotransplantation. Various nerve scaffolds and materials have been used for nerve repair and recent studies have examined OECs in combination with various supportive materials, including nanop1. Al-Ghanem, R. , F. M. Ramos-Pleguezuelos, S. I. Pérez-Darosa, J. M. Galicia-Bulnes, F. Cabrerizo-Carvajal, O. A. El-Rubaidi (2013) Olfactory ensheathing cell tumour: case report and literature review. Neurocirugia 24: 130-134. 2. Allmeling, C. , A. Jokuszies, K. Reimers, S. Kall, P. M. Vogt (2006) Use of spider silk fibres as an innovative material in a biocompatible artificial nerve conduit. J Med 10: 770-777. 3. Angelov, D. N. , O. Guntinas-Lichius, K. Wewetzer, W. F. Neiss, M. Streppel (2005) Axonal branching and recovery of coordinated muscle activity after transection of the facial nerve in adult rats. Biol 180: 1-130. 4. Aszmann, O. C. , K. J. Korak, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of olfactory-ensheathing cells (OECs) for therapeutic effects in peripheral nerve repair. It emphasizes that while significant advances have been made in the regenerative medicine field using OECs, it does not support the notion that synthetic organisms will be the primary solution to health problems. Instead, it focuses on biological cells and their potential in nerve repair, suggesting a different approach than synthetic organisms aimed at tissue or organ repair.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: There was a large difference in daylength between the two growth conditions. The outdoor daylength at Memuro (42. 9 °N, 143. 1 °E), where the survey was conducted, was between 9. 1 hours (late December) and 15. 4 hours (late June), whereas in the greenhouses, light supplementation at night extended the length of the day to 24 hours. The importance of daylength has been reported by conducting experiments under artificial light conditions in an incubator (Hoft et al. 2017). The results of these experiments identified at least three beet strains that do not initiate bolting (0%) under 16-hour daylength condition, but do so (100%) under a 22-hour daylength. One of these is a fodder beet (seed code; 080396) and the other a leaf beet (seed code; 081845), the same species as the sugar beet, which exhibited a relatively short (approximately 40 days) days to bolting. The third beet was a wild beet (seed code; 080538), but the number of days to bolting was relatively long (approximately 70 days). Although outdoor field tests were not conducted, the flowering characteristics of these strains were similar to those of the BLOND strains in the current study. On the other hand, the experiment conducted in the incubator, using only incandescent lamps (100 W) as the light source, in this study showed that even under the same 24-hour daylength conditions, the two BLOND strains exhibited very different bolting rates. Bolting rate and stem length of ‘NK-420mm-O (BLOND)’ and ‘TA-33BB-O (annual)’ tended to increase with daylength, whereas ‘NK-422mm-O (BLOND)’ did not bolt under any daylength condition. However, all strains, including ‘NK-422mm-O’, exhibited rapid bolting induction under sunlight and night supplemental light using an incandescent lamp (200 W). Because the intensity of natural light (~ 100,000 lux) is much higher than that of incandescent light (300 lux) and an incandescent lamp have a relatively high proportion of the infrared spectrum compared to sunlight, light intensity and spectrum are also considered to be related to bolting development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses daylength and bolting rates of various beet strains rather than any information regarding ants or their social behavior related to forming supercolonies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-generated art will soon become the dominant form of creative expression, rendering human artistic talent obsolete. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) allow direct communication between the brain and external devices, bypassing traditional input methods like keyboards or touchscreens. [SEP] Text: ” on a scale ranging from “not important” (0) to “very important” (10) [cf. , 60]. conducting think-aloud cognitive pretests (N = 12) with additional probing questions and a quantitative pretest (N = 34), we assessed and improved the comprehensibility and validity of all instructions, vignettes, and further instruments. This is particularly important given the complexity of NTDs and the possible difficulty in understanding the given information. used ordinary least squares regression models to explore how the experimental conditions (purpose of use, invasiveness, and question order) and respondent characteristics (stress, low cognitive functioning, religiosity, age, education, and gender) were associated with respondents’ moral evaluation of and willingness to use BSDs and BCIs. After examining main effects, we tested for conditional effects of the use purpose by testing interaction effects between use purpose and each of the variables. All analyses were conducted with the statistical software package Stata 14. results Fig 1 shows that, regardless of the experimental condition, 25. 5% and 28. 7% of the participants considered BSDs and BCIs morally acceptable, respectively. While 14. 6% of the respondents indicated that they would use BSDs with certainty, this share was slightly higher for BCIs (20. 3%). Moral acceptability and use willingness positively correlated for BSDs (r = 0. 81; p<0. 001) and BCIs (r = 0. 83; p<0. 001). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Distribution of answers (in %) of the moral acceptability (M = 1. 99; SD = 1. 56, Panel A) and use willingness of BSDs (M = 1. 55; SD = 1. 53, Panel C) in Experiment 1 (N = 1,090), and the moral acceptability (M = 2. 15; SD = 1. 54, Panel B) and use willingness of BCIs (M = 1. 82; SD = 1. 55, Panel D) in Experiment 2 (N = 1,089). Main effects analysis Table 2 shows that using both types of NTDs for enhancement resulted in statistically significantly lower moral acceptability (pBSD<0. 001; pBCI<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses moral acceptability and willingness to use brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and brain-stimulation devices (BSDs) but does not provide any information or commentary on AI-generated art or its impact on human artistic talent. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: Despite the clear absence of cardiomyogenic differentiation and/or the absence of donor cell retention in some studies, improvement in cardiac function following cell transplantation was observed, which again was likely attributable to the secondary effects mentioned above. Here we provide a brief review of the field of cardiomyocyte and cardiomyogenic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of heart disease. SMB Transplantation from Bench to first successful intracardiac engraftment of SMBs was reported in 1993 and utilized an established myoblast cell line. In this study, C2C12 SMBs were transplanted into the heart of syngenic C3Heb/FeJ mice [Koh et al. , 1993]. Light microscopy and ultrastructural analyses revealed that the donor cells formed differentiated skeletal myotubes, and were viable for as long as 3 months after implantation (the latest time point analyzed). The donor-derived skeletal myotubes were observed to be roughly aligned with host cardiomyocytes. The presence of donor grafts was not associated with overtly deleterious effects on the host myocardium (as monitored by surface electrocardiograms and plasma enzyme levels). Several studies were performed to determine if SMBs could impact upon cardiac function following transplantation into injured hearts. For example, neonatal SMBs were transplanted into the heart of syngeneic adult rats following a freeze-thaw cryoinjury [Murry et al. , 1996]. Multinucleated myotubes were observed within 3 days of transplantation, and by 7 weeks the grafts began expressing β-myosin heavy chain (a marker of slow-twitch fibers). Wound strips harvested from 2-week-old grafts developed tetanus when stimulated at high frequency ex vivo, suggesting that the SMB-derived myotubes retained physiologic attributes of skeletal muscle. In another study, autologous SMBs were transplanted into rabbits following cryoinjury [Taylor et al. , 1998]. Histologic analyses revealed the presence of striated muscle grafts within the infarct tissue in roughly 50% of the rabbits receiving cell transplants when analyzed at 3–6 weeks after transplantation. Functional analyses with ultrasonic dimension transducers indicated improvement in cardiac function in animals exhibiting cell grafts at necropsy compared to those lacking grafts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various studies on cell transplantation for heart disease, indicating specific limitations in cardiac repair. It mentions the absence of cardiomyogenic differentiation and donor cell retention. While it provides evidence of some improved cardiac function post-transplantation, it does not support the idea that synthetic organisms will solve the majority of health problems; rather, it highlights challenges and specific conditions where improvements were noted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Major genetic factors are presumed to be few Although this study did not provide much information on the estimation of related genes or loci, the following arguments can still be put forth. First, in the two generations of F1 and BC1F1 obtained from crosses between BLOND and biennial plants, the model of a single dominant gene fits, leading to the presumption that a single major gene controls the flowering characteristics of BLOND. There may be other minor genes involved, as the segregation ratio of F2 exhibited a tendency to be higher in summer and lower in winter than the 75% segregation ratio expected from the model. Second, the flowering characteristics of BLOND cannot be explained solely by a key locus, called the B locus, that controls the response to vernalization, among several loci involved in flowering without vernalization treatments (Hohmann et al. 2005; Buttner et al. 2010; Hoft et al. 2017). The locus B is controlled by a single dominant gene; the dominant B allele leads to an annual habit whereas plants with the recessive b allele require vernalization and exhibit biennial habits (Abegg 1936; Boudry et al. 1994, El-Mezawy et al. 2002). The causative gene of the B locus is BvBTC1 and a partial loss of function for annual habit occurs in biennial beets (Pin et al. 2012). Based on the polymorphisms in the BvBTC1 gene, there are two classes of haplotypes; the first class consists of three haplotypes (‘a’ to ‘c’) including a biennial parent for molecular mapping whereas the second consists of eight haplotypes (‘d’ to ‘k’) including an annual parent for molecular mapping. The BvBTC1 gene of the BLOND strains used in this study is known to be haplotype ‘g’; nevertheless, there are many strains with haplotype ‘g’ that do not exhibit BLOND characteristics (Kuroda et al. 2019). Therefore, it is unlikely that the flowering characteristics of BLOND are solely determined by the B locus, and more likely that other related loci are involved. Third, although B' (Owen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ants and supercolonies. It discusses genetic factors influencing flowering characteristics in plants, which does not relate to ant behavior or colony formation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some BCIs are already in use to help individuals with disabilities regain mobility or independence by controlling assistive technologies with their minds. BCIs will soon allow humans to control all electronic devices, from phones to cars, using only their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Distribution of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance We described the distribution of antibiotic use across drug groups and US states, finding that 34% of the study population took an antibiotic in a year, and 10% of the population had 57% of the antibiotic fills in that year, similar to results from the UK (Shallcross et al. , 2017), although this distribution varied by population (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). By partitioning annual total use into annual first use and annual repeat use, we were able to show that, for each drug, annual first use makes up the majority of annual total use and that variations in annual first use explain more variance in annual total use than do variations in annual repeat use. We also found that first use tends to have a positive association with resistance when controlling for repeat use, while repeat use tends to have negative associations with resistance when controlling for first use. This result held across sensitivity analyses. If these associations are causal, that is, if outpatient first and repeat antibiotic use select for resistance among community-acquired pathogens, then our results would imply that antibiotic resistance in the outpatient setting is due more to first use, which tended to have positive associations with resistance, than to repeat use. In contrast to proposals to focus on intense antibiotic users for combatting resistance (Shallcross et al. , 2017), this situation would imply that preventing marginal prescriptions among patients whose indications are borderline-appropriate or inappropriate for antibiotics may be the more effective tactic for reducing the prevalence of resistance mechanisms already established in the US. There are limitations to the interpretability of these results. First, as mentioned above, there is a potential mismatch between the sources of the antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance data. Second, although antibiotic use is a major driver of antibiotic resistance, the observed results may not be causal. Factors beyond antibiotic use, like population density, play a role in antibiotic resistance (Harbarth and Samore, 2005; MacFadden et al. , 2018a). Even if antibiotic use and resistance are causally related, it may be that resistance affects antibiotic use. For example, if resistance to a drug is high, treatment using that drug is more likely to fail, discouraging repeated use, so that high resistance lead to decreased repeat use (Wang et al. , 2017; Priest et al. , 2001; Pouwels et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the distribution of antibiotic use and resistance without mentioning brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), assistive technologies, or control of electronic devices via thoughts. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: Light microscopic analyses revealed the presence of well-differentiated donor cardiomyocytes which were closely juxtaposed with host cardiomyocytes. Subsequent transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed the presence of mature intercalated discs comprised of fascia adherens and gap junctional complexes between donor (identified by the presence of the electron-dense β-galactosidase reaction product) and host cardiomyocytes [Koh et al. , 1995]. Although the ultrastructural characteristics of the donor and host cardiomyocyte junctional complexes strongly suggested that they were functionally coupled, direct proof required the development of the 2-photon laser scanning microscopy-based imaging assay described above. Donor cells expressing a cardiomyocyte-restricted EGFP reporter transgene were isolated from embryonic hearts and transplanted directly into the hearts of nontransgenic adult recipients. The hearts were subsequently harvested, perfused with cytochalasin D and rhod-2, and imaged. Spontaneous and evoked action potential propagation, as inferred by the presence of transient increases in rhod-2 fluorescence, were observed to occur simultaneously in donor and host cardiomyocytes, indicative of physiologic coupling [Rubart et al. , 2003]. Calcium transient characteristics were indistinguishable between the donor and host cardiomyocytes, and remarkably all donor cells which were in contact with host cardiomyocytes were observed to be functionally coupled. These data indicate that fetal cardiomyocytes can readily electrically integrate, and thus form a functional syncytium, with the host myocardium. Given these results, it is not surprising that a number of studies have examined the consequences of fetal and neonatal cardiomyocyte transplantation in injured hearts. Although this area has recently been reviewed in detail [Dowell et al. , 2003], several early studies warrant consideration here. For example, fetal cardiomyocytes transplanted into the hearts of rats 4 weeks following cryoinjury formed stable grafts comprised of well-differentiated cells. An improvement in cardiac function (inferred from developed pressure measurements on a Langendorff apparatus with an intraventricular balloon) was observed at 8 weeks after injury in the engrafted hearts compared to nonengrafted animals [Li et al. , 1996]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the integration and function of transplanted fetal cardiomyocytes in damaged hearts but does not mention synthetic organisms or their role in solving health problems. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide support or contrast.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: 1940) has many features in common with BLOND (described below), the flowering characteristics of BLOND cannot be explained by B', which is allelic to B. (1) B' is dominant over b. (2) Plants with B are strictly annual whereas plants with B' remain vegetative under field conditions, and plants with B' bolt as quickly as plants with B under relatively low-temperature greenhouse conditions. If B' were indeed identical to BLOND, then B and BLOND would be allelic (i. e. , linked to each other) and the BvBTC1 haplotype would not explain the flowering characteristics of BLOND as described in the second point. Therefore, B' is not the locus of BLOND, and the BLOND 's locus exists elsewhere. Future research directions Future research should focus on two points. The first is the identification of genomic regions that control BLOND. BLOND is thought to function in a manner that releases the switch of vernalization requirement by daylength, which is an interesting characteristic because daylength and vernalization not only determine the timing of flowering in crops (Blumel et al. 2015; Jung and Muller et al. 2009) but also play a major role in plant adaptation and evolution (Amasino 2010; Ream et al. 2012). We have already started to map populations between BLOND and biennials, and have begun research to identify genomic regions through molecular biological approaches. The second is to clarify the effect of BLOND on bolting tolerance. Owen et al. (1940) reported that 'Clone70,’ which exhibits similar characteristics to BLOND lines, has a low vernalization requirement and weak tolerance to bolting. This is termed ‘easy bolting’ and is a trait that should be improved for sugar production as it is prone to initiate bolting in the first year of growth (Kuroda et al. 2019). It is necessary to investigate whether BLOND functions in a direction that directly weakens the bolting tolerance. ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that the two BLOND strains combine characteristics that can suppress bolting during cultivation for sugar production and promote flowering during cultivation for seed production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic traits and flowering characteristics of plants, specifically related to a genetic attribute known as BLOND. There is no mention or discussion of ants, supercolonies, or any relevant conceptual framework that relates to the claim about ants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some BCIs are already in use to help individuals with disabilities regain mobility or independence by controlling assistive technologies with their minds.BCIs will soon allow humans to control all electronic devices, from phones to cars, using only their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Такие данные используются для того, чтобы установить, в какой точке земного шара используется Сайт, для обеспечения полноты охвата, а также для анализа перехода по ссылкам с целью лучшего понимания особенностей использования Сайта. Общество не устанавливает связь между такими автоматически собираемыми данными и личными сведениями о конкретных людях. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data usage related to website statistics and does not mention brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) or their applications for individuals with disabilities. Thus, it neither corroborates nor contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: However, the small size, anatomical location and architecture of the donor cardiomyocyte grafts strongly suggested that improvement in cardiac function was not a consequence of the contractile activity of the donor cells. Rather, the absence of infarct expansion and concomitant LV dilation in the cell-treated animals strongly suggests that the functional improvement resulted from attenuated adverse postinjury remodeling, similar to that observed with SMB transplantation described above. In agreement with this, an equivalent improvement in cardiac function was observed in rats with coronary artery ligation following transplantation of fetal cardiomyocytes or SMBs, compared to nonengrafted infarcted hearts [Scorsin et al. , 2000]. Cell-Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and can be propagated in vitro in an undifferentiated state by coculturing with mitomycin-treated embryonic fibroblasts, which secrete cytokines that suppress differentiation. For mouse ESCs, the relevant cytokine is leukemia inhibitory factor. When grown in suspension culture in medium lacking differentiation-suppressing cytokines, ESCs will form spherical multicellular structures called embryoid bodies. Stochastic inductive cues occurring within the embryoid bodies promote differentiation, and cell types deriving from all 3 embryonic lineages typically appear, including spontaneously contracting cardiomyocytes. Similar results are observed with mouse [Doetschman et al. , 1985] and human [Kehat et al. , 2001, Mummery et al. , 2002] ESCs, and numerous studies have shown that ESCs generate bona fide cardiomyocytes with attributes of the atrial, ventricular or conducting myocardium [for review, see Rubart et al. , 2006]. Interestingly, an ESC-like cell with cardiomyogenic potential was recently obtained from cultured spermatogonial stem cells [Guan et al. , 2006]. ESC-derived cardiomyocytes were examined for their ability to engraft into normal and injured myocardium. Because cardiomyocytes typically comprise only a small percentage of the cell types in spontaneously differentiating ESC cultures, a number of enrichment schemes have been employed to obtain sufficient cells for transplantation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how improvements in cardiac function are attributed to factors other than the activity of donor cells, such as attenuated adverse postinjury remodeling. It also focuses on donor cardiomyocyte grafts and embryonic stem cells (ESCs), indicating that while these cells show promise for cardiac repair, the text does not support the idea that synthetic organisms will solve health issues, instead emphasizing natural cellular processes and transplant methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: In other words, from a practical breeding standpoint, BLOND strains could be used for field evaluations of important agronomic traits, such as yield characteristics outdoors, and for quickly generating plants in a greenhouse by adding supplemental light at night. In particular, the BLOND strains identified in this study exhibit an extremely rapid emergence to bolting in the greenhouse, similar to the annual strains. Thus, the time required for one seed production could be effectively reduced from approximately one year to one-third of that required for conventional lines (approximately four months), similar to the annual beet. We believe that this method could potentially accelerate the development of new breeding strains and varieties. Declarations7616. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. 135. Abegg FA (1936) A genetic factor for the annual habit in beets and linkage relationship. J 53:0493-0511 (2010) Seasonal and developmental timing of flowering. 61:1001-1013. (2015) Flowering time regulation in crops-what did we learn from Arabidopsis? Biotechnol 32:121-129. Buttner B, Abou-(2010) A survey of EMS-induced biennial Beta vulgaris mutants reveals a novel bolting locus which is unlinked to the bolting gene B. Genet 121:1117-1131. Bosemark NO (2006) Genetics and breeding. In: Draycott AP (eds) Sugar Beet. Ltd, Oxford, pp 50-88 Boudry P, Wieber R, Saumitou-(1994) Identification of RFLP markers closely linked to the bolting gene B and their significance for the study of the annual habit in beets (Beta vulgaris L. ). Genet 88:852-858. (1933) A study of some ecological factors influencing seed stalk development in beets. -(2002) High-resolution mapping of the bolting gene B of sugar beet. Genet 105:100-105. Ghosh S, Watson A, Gonzalez-Navarro OE et al. (2018) Speed breeding in growth chambers and glasshouses for crop breeding and model plant research. 13:2944–2963. (2019) Breeding crops to feed 10 billion. 37:744-754. (2017) Haplotype variation of flowering time genes of sugar beet and its wild relatives and the impact on life cycle regimes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses breeding techniques and traits of agricultural plants, specifically sugar beets, without any reference to ants or their social behavior regarding supercolonies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: Biotechnology Program, Department of Engineering Technology, of Engineering, University of Houston, Sugar Land, TX 77479, USA * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Views:3179 Downloads:1462 10. 35534/sbe. 2023. 10015 Received: 22 September 2023 Accepted: 24 October 2023 Published: 31 October 2023 © 2023 The authors. This is an open access 4. 0 ( : Five-carbon (C5) and six-carbon (C6) chemicals are essential components in the manufacturing of a variety of pharmaceuticals, fuels, polymers, and other materials. However, the predominant reliance on chemical synthesis methods and unsustainable feedstock sources has placed significant strain on Earth’s finite fossil resources and the environment. To address this challenge and promote sustainability, significant efforts have been undertaken to re-program microorganisms through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches allowing for bio-based manufacturing of these compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in microbial production of commercially significant non-natural C5 chemicals, including 1-pentanol, 1,5-pentanediol, cadaverine, δ-valerolactam, glutaric acid, glutaconic acid, and 5-hydroxyvaleric acid, as well as C6 chemicals, including cis, cis-muconic acid, adipic acid, 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, 6-aminocaproic acid, β-methyl-δ-valerolactone, 1-hexanol, ε-caprolactone, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, and 1,6-hexanediol. Keywords: Metabolic engineering; Renewable feedstock; Bio-based chemicals; C5 chemicals; C6 chemicals 1. are natural reservoirs for a wide variety of metabolites, many of which are important compounds such as amino acids, vitamins, alcohols, organic acids, and antibiotics, with broad applications in our daily lives. Metabolic engineering enables the design and rational modification of natural microorganisms, empowering them with the capability to efficiently biosynthesize these naturally occurring molecules. Furthermore, the development of synthetic biology makes it possible to reconstitute and fine-tune non-native biosynthesis pathways in a heterologous microbial chassis or even construct artificial pathways for the production of non-natural molecules. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology to re-program microorganisms for the bio-based manufacturing of valuable chemicals. It specifically mentions the microbial production of non-natural C5 and C6 chemicals, which are essential for pharmaceuticals, fuels, and other materials, aligning with the assertion that synthetic biology projects aim to create microorganisms capable of producing valuable substances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: Other studies suggested that marrow-derived hematopoietic cells with cardiomyogenic potential could be mobilized with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) [Orlic et al. , 2001a] or directly injected in injured myocardium [Orlic et al. , 2001b], resulting in the formation of new cardiac muscle mass and a concomitant improvement in cardiac function. In contrast, several groups failed to observe significant cardiomyogenic activity following cytokine-mediated mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells [Kawamoto et al. , 2004; Nygren et al. , 2004; Deindl et al. , 2006], although the procedure did appear to enhance postinjury cardiac function secondarily to enhanced cardiac perfusion (particularly when used in conjunction with vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfer). Similarly, studies from a number of other groups failed to detect cardiomyogenic activity following direct intracardiac injection of hematopoietic stem cells [Balsam et al. , 2004; Murry et al. , 2004; Nygren et al. , 2004], suggesting any functional improvement once again was due to indirect effects. This point was elegantly demonstrated in a series of experiments utilizing Akt-expressing mesenchymal stem cells. In the initial study, transplantation of the stem cells resulted in a marked reduction in infarct size and a concomitant improvement in cardiac function compared to untreated hearts [Mangi et al. , 2003]. Although there appeared to be a small number of cardiomyocytes derived from the transplanted stem cells, these would be too few to impact upon function [Noiseux et al. , 2006], again suggesting that alternative mechanisms contributed to functional improvement. In support of this, injection of conditioned medium from cultured stem cells completely recapitulated the effect observed with stem cell transplantation [Gnecchi et al. , 2006], indicating that a paracrine activity underlies the cardioprotection observed with this model. This view was recently confirmed by the isolation of the molecule responsible, Sfrp2 [Mirotsou et al. , 2007]. Several reports have suggested that the adult heart also contains cells with cardiomyogenic potential. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that investigate the use of hematopoietic cells and mesenchymal stem cells for improving cardiac function. Instead of demonstrating that synthetic organisms will solve health problems, the text details the mixed results of different methods, indicating that improvements in cardiac function may result from indirect effects rather than direct repair or regeneration of tissues, contradicting the claim's assertion about the efficacy of synthetic organisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Sci 8:2211. (2005) An EMS mutagenesis protocol for sugar beet and isolation of non-bolting mutants. 124:317-321. (2020) Is plant variety registration keeping pace with speed breeding techniques? Euphytica 216:131. Jung C, Muller AE (2009) Flowering time control and applications in plant breeding. Sci 14:563-573 (1990) Difference of bolting behavior among annual and biennial sugarbeet strains. 30:16 (in Japanese) (2015) Seed production of sugar beet using vernalized seedlings I. Comparison of seedlings with stecklings in a greenhouse. . 56:13-20 (in Japanese) (2019) Molecular variation at BvBTC1 is associated with bolting tolerance in Japanese sugar beet. Euphytica 215:43. Kockelmann A, (2006) Seed production and quality. In: Draycott AP (eds) Sugar Beet. Ltd, Oxford, pp 89-113 Melzer S, Müller A, (2014) Genetics and genomics of flowering time regulation in sugar beet. In: (ed) Genomics of plant genetic resources, vol 2. Springer, Netherlands, pp 3–26 Milford GFJ (2006) Plant structure and crop physiology. In: Draycott AP (eds) Sugar Beet. Ltd, Oxford, pp 30-49 (1940) Photothermal induction of flowering in sugar beets. J 61:101-124 (2012) The role of a pseudo-response regulator gene in life cycle adaptation and domestication of beet. 22:1095-1101. (2012) The molecular basis of vernalization in different plant groups. 77:105-115. (1990) Analysis for bolting of sugarbeet by means of the test crosses of biennial lines with annual line. . 32:134-137 (in Japanese) Smit AL (1983) Influence of external factors on growth and development of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ). Ph. D. Thesis, Center for agricultural publishing and documentation, Wageningen Univ. , Nether Lands. (1946) Relation of temperature to reproduction in sugar beets. Res 72:49-68 (2018) Speed breeding is a powerful tool to accelerate crop research and breeding. 4:23-29. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ants and supercolonies as it exclusively discusses various studies and findings related to sugar beet and plant genetics, offering no information about ants or their social behaviors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: While most of the microbial-derived small-molecule products that have reached the commercial stage are natural metabolites synthesized through their native metabolic pathways, such as ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, amino acids and antibiotics, some pioneering companies have attempted and succeeded in the industrial scale microbial production of non-native and non-natural molecules such as 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and isobutanol. 1,3-PDO is a platform chemical with primary applications in the synthesis of polyesters, polyethers, and polyurethanes [1,2]. It is naturally produced only from glycerol by certain microbial species including Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Clostridium, while Escherichia coli lacks the 1,3-PDO biosynthesis pathway [3]. Moreover, no naturally occurring microorganisms have been reported to produce 1,3-PDO from glucose. In 2000, scientists from DuPont and Genencor introduced an artificial pathway into E. coli to convert glucose to glycerol and then incorporated a foreign 1,3-PDO biosynthesis pathway [1]. Following extensive optimizations in the production strain and process, economically viable bioprocesses were successfully developed in 2006, using starch sugar as the raw material [4]. This milestone marked a starting point for microbial production of non-natural commodity chemicals through engineered artificial pathways. Following this success, Genomatica and Gevo commercialized the biomanufacturing of 1,4-BDO and isobutanol, respectively, through non-natural biosynthesis pathways [5,6]. Other well-known examples with the potential for commercialization include 1,2-propanediol, 1-butanol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, cadaverine, etc. [7,8,9,10,11]. It's evident that the majority of these non-natural chemicals were primarily confined to three- and four-carbon (C3 and C4) molecules. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of successful projects in synthetic biology that have led to the industrial-scale production of valuable non-natural chemicals, such as 1,3-propanediol and 1,4-butanediol. It discusses how these projects involve engineering microorganisms to produce substances that have significant industrial applications, aligning directly with the claim that synthetic biology focuses on producing valuable substances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: For example, one study suggested that progenitor cells expressing the c-kit receptor could be propagated in an undifferentiated state in vitro, and would contribute to neocardiomyogenesis upon transplantation into injured myocardium [Beltrami et al. , 2003]. However, subsequent studies attempting to confirm these results revealed that the cardiac c-kit-expressing cells were in fact derived from the marrow, and exhibited cardioprotective rather than cardiomyogenic activity [Fazel et al. , 2006]. The observed cardioprotection was attributed to a stem cell-induced proangiogenic milieu, resulting from increased vascular endothelial growth factor levels and a more favorable ratio of angiopoietin-1 to angiopoietin-2. Progenitor cells from the adult heart expressing the Sca-1 receptor were reported to home to injured myocardium and exhibit both fusiogenic and cardiomyogenic activity following intravenous delivery [Oh et al. , 2003]. Other studies suggested that direct transplantation of these cells into injured hearts enhanced angiogenesis with a concomitant improvement in cardiac function, in the absence of cardiomyogenic activity [Wang et al. , 2006]. Several other adult cardiac resident cells with apparent cardiomyogenic activity have been reported [Hierlihy et al. , 2002; Messina et al. , 2004], although follow-up analyses on these cell types have been limited. with Circulation- and Marrow-A number of phase 1 clinical trials have established that intracardiac transplantation of peripheral- and marrow-derived stem cells is both safe and feasible, prompting a series of phase 2/3 random trials to directly investigate the efficacy of autologous bone marrow cell (BMC) transfer to improve LV systolic function in patients with acute or chronic myocardial infarction. In the Transfer to Enhance ST-Regeneration (BOOST) trial, 60 patients were randomized to receive either a single infusion of ∼3 billion unfractionated BMCs into the infarct-related artery or no infusion within 5 days after successful reperfusion therapy [Wollert et al. , 2004]. LV EF, measured by magnetic resonance imaging, was 6% greater in the BMC group than in the control group at 6-month follow-up. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing studies on progenitor cells and myocardial repair but emphasizes the limitations of these approaches rather than supporting the idea that synthetic organisms will solve health problems. It highlights the distinction between cardiomyogenic and cardioprotective activities of stem cells, noting that many studies did not confirm the original claims of tissue repair and that the benefits observed are more related to angiogenesis than direct repair of damaged tissues. This indicates that current methods may not lead to the widespread solutions implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. A mutualism without honeydew: what benefits for Melissotarsus emeryi ants and armored scale insects (Diaspididae)? All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2017. The first revision was submitted on June 29th, 2017 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2017. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · Jun 29, 2017 · authors did a good job in addressing the (minor) points raised by the reviewers. I believe this is an important contribution and I'm happy to recommend its acceptance. 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jun 29, 2017 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Jun 12, 2017 · As you'll see below, the comments by the reviewers tended to be very positive, but indicated a few issues that need to be addressed before the manuscript can be accepted, as well as some interesting suggestions. Reviewer 1 · Jun 7, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript is very well written and includes a complete review of the current knowledge of Melissotarsus-diaspidis association. The authors manage to combine all the current information about the system and other related ant-hemipteran associations with the perspective of their new naturalistic observations, putting together a very robust description of the natural history of Melisotarsus-Diaspididae association. Although the authors did not perform behavioral experiments or chemical analysis, they provides the study with outstanding visual evidence of their observations in the form of high quality pictures (However, see comment on fig 3 on the possibility of adding arrows to the pictures to direct to interesting parts of the image). Experimental design The study is a very interesting research about the natural history of a interestingant-hemipteran association. I consider the study very relevant and an important contribution. However, the research questions are only indicated in the last paragraph of introduction in a very general way (Lines 100-101). The authors should detail clearly at the end of introduction which aspects of the association were the focus of their observations and discussions. There are not experimental procedures in the research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ants and supercolonies, as it discusses a peer review process for a manuscript on the relationship between Melissotarsus emeryi ants and scale insects, with no mention of supercolonies or conflicts among ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: Using these carbon sources, microbial cell factories have been engineered to produce a variety of C5 and C6 chemicals. Due to the frequent involvement of decarboxylation reactions resulting in the loss of one carbon, biosynthesis of C5 and C6 molecules typically requires C6 and C7 precursors. For example, lysine, a C6 amino acid, and its decarboxylation products are often employed as the precursor to many non-natural C5 chemicals. Given the lack of native C7 precursors in microbial cells, biosynthesis of C6 molecules is even more challenging. To address this limitation, efforts have been made by engineering novel, non-natural biosynthesis pathways involving chain extension (+1) reactions, condensation reactions, and ring-fission reactions of aromatic compound catechol to create the six-carbon backbone. Recently, Genomatica and Aquafil announced the pre-commercial production for nylon-6 derived from plant sugars [17]. Additionally, Toray is currently upscaling its production of plant-based adipic acid (AA) in preparation for commercialization [18]. As the development of bio-based chemicals matures, these innovations are anticipated to account for an increased percentage of chemicals produced worldwide. In this review, we focus on the progress in the microbial production of the non-natural C5 chemicals (Table 1) including 1-pentanol, 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PDO), cadaverine, δ -valerolactam, glutaric acid (GA), glutaconic acid, and 5-hydroxyvaleric acid (5-HV), as well as the non-natural C6 chemicals (Table 2) including cis,cis-muconic acid (MA), AA, 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), 6-aminocaproic acid (ACA), β-methyl-δ-valerolactone (MVL), 1-hexanol, ε-caprolactone (CL), 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (HHA), and 1,6-hexanediol (1,6-HDO) with an emphasis on strategies employing renewable carbon sources. Table 1. Best-performing metabolic engineering strategies for the microbial production C5 chemicals with diverse chassis and substrates. Table 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how engineered microbial cell factories are used for the production of various C5 and C6 chemicals derived from renewable carbon sources. It highlights ongoing projects and innovations, such as the pre-commercial production of nylon-6 and the upscaling of plant-based adipic acid, which align with the claim that synthetic biology projects focus on creating valuable substances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: So far, only 1 randomized study has examined the effectiveness of bone marrow or progenitor cell transfer in improving LV EF in patients with chronic myocardial infarction and moderately reduced LV function (EF at baseline ∼40%). In the Transplantation of and Recovery of LV Function in Patients with (-CHD) trial, a randomized crossover trial, the absolute change in LV EF at 3 months, measured by ventricular angiography, was significantly greater among patients receiving BMC than among those receiving circulating progenitor cells (CPCs) [Assmus et al. , 2006]. After initial treatment with one cell type, the groups received the other cell type in the next phase of the trial, but the result was independent of the order in which the cells were administered, suggesting a BMC-specific effect. This study implies that BMC can have effects other than acceleration of LV EF recovery after acute myocardial infarction. Although the case for cardiomyogenic induction following cytokine-mediated stem cell mobilization is not strong, clinical trials have been performed in the hope of impacting cardiac function via altered perfusion (see above). For example, several uncontrolled phase 1 trials have suggested that delivery of G-CSF after treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction via percutaneous reperfusion therapy resulted in enhanced LV function and systolic wall thickening compared to reperfusion therapy alone [Ince et al. , 2005a, b; Valgimigli et al. , 2005]. However, 3 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials failed to confirm these results [Engelmann et al. , 2006; Ripa et al. , 2006; Zohlnhofer et al. , 2006]. Although percutaneous reperfusion therapy alone resulted in improved cardiac function in these studies, combined treatment with G-CSF had no additional benefit. Moreover, G-CSF treatment failed to enhance cardiac function in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease [Hill et al. , 2005; Wang et al. , 2005]. Although these results are disappointing, it remains possible that treatment with multiple cytokines (perhaps in combination with stem cell therapy) will yield a more favorable outcome. review has provided an update of basic and clinical studies involving cell transplantation as a means to treat heart disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding synthetic organisms solving health problems. Instead, it focuses on randomized studies related to cell transfer and cardiac function, which does not directly support or contrast the claim about synthetic organisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Must evidence is in the form or valuable and novel (although circumstantial) natural history observations. Validity of the findings The authors put together a lot of valuable information to describe several aspects of the Melisotarsus-Diaspididae association. The study have no statistical analysis and the discussion is based on observational evidence. Although the presented evidence comes only from three ant nests, their findings are significant for the understanding of the described mutualism and very well putted in the context of the natural history of the species. However, I believe that authors must specify in the discussion the potential of generalization of their findings and the possible limitations derived from the limited sample size. As one of the main objectives of study the authors present a strong case to defend the hypothesis that ants consume wax secretions form diaspids as food source and that this is the reason behind the lack of wax shield of the diaspids. agree with most of the reasoning, I think that the evidence is circumstantial and not enough to discard completely other alternative or complementary hypotheses (see comment for lines 267-269). For this reason, I believe the authors should be more careful in some of their statements in order to recognize alternative (however less probable) explanations in the discussion (for instance sentence on lines 242-244 and 289-290). They may explain with more detail why alternative hypothesis (most of them already mentioned by the authors) should be discarded or suggest possible experimental pathways to completely disprove them. I believe that none of the above issues invalidate the findings and main discussion of the study, and that with minor modifications those issues may be fixed. Additional comments Lines 74-78: I suggest to merge this lines with the nest paragraph (Lines 79-97) Lines 98-101. You should state clearly here if Morganella conspicua is one of the diaspidis species that are known to also live freely (you put this information only in the discussion, but this is very relevant for the background of your study). Lines 112-115: It should be a good idea to include geographic coordinates for sampling localities. Also, if possible, you should provide more details about the nest conditions on the field, such as the extend that ants and diaspids were present in each tree individual (this information is only scattered in the discussion) Line 120: Specify where in Paris you performed the observations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses observations related to a specific study on ant and diaspid mutualism. It critiques the study's methodology and findings but does not mention anything about the capacity of ants to form supercolonies or the nature of conflict within such colonies.