Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Although there are variations in the breast MRI imaging protocol from institution to institution, standard breast MRI generally takes 30 to 45 minutes, usually consisting of a bright water signal sequence, dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) T1-weighted images, including 1 pre- and multiple post-contrast images, and possible additional sequences such as diffusion-weighted images (DWIs), high-spatial-resolution images, and non-fat-suppressed images, etc. The standard breast MRI consists of thousands of images to be interpreted by radiologists. The long study time also limits accessibility, as no more than 2 patients can be scheduled for conventional breast MRI in 1 hour. If we have to screen women at an intermediate risk for breast cancer, this imaging protocol does not support the ability to screen women at an intermediate risk for breast cancer. A key advantage of the abbreviated breast MRI protocol is to reduce cost and increase accessibility as a screening study, by making the protocol simpler and shorter. Published data on abbreviated MRI report that the efficacy of breast MRI in terms of breast cancer detection is not affected by a reduction in the number of imaging sequences compared with the regular imaging protocol. 25–31 The term “accelerated MRI,” also known as ultrafast MRI, includes imaging techniques that acquire DCE-MR images in a very short time period. In clinical practice, morphologic evaluation and kinetic curve assessment are 2 major components of the interpretation process. The kinetic curve represents a change in signal intensity at a region of interest in relation to time; therefore, multiple sets of sequentially acquired post-contrast images are needed for dynamic kinetic information to be obtained. In standard breast DCE-MRI, each set of T1-weighted images takes 1 minute or more to acquire. Thus, data for the earliest time point are obtained at over 1 minute after contrast administration. However, assessing the changes in signal intensity in the earlier phases after contrast administration is considered to be more useful for detecting differential features in the vasculature for tissue characterization. Because of technical challenges encountered in clinical MR scanners, accelerated whole breast MRI has not been readily available. Recently, however, a few investigators have reported on the results of clinical studies using whole breast accelerated MRI techniques. 32–35 These studies suggest that the diagnostic performance with the accelerated MRI techniques is comparable to that with the standard MRI techniques. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of breast MRI, including its imaging protocols, effectiveness in detecting breast cancer, and technical challenges in clinical practice. It specifically describes the use of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, which aligns with MRI as a biophysical technology employed in medical diagnostics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: In terms of academic background, the share of those who were college graduates was highest (72. 2%), followed by high school graduates (22. 2%) and graduate school graduates (5. 6%), and in terms of the average monthly household income, the share of 2 million won or higher and 1 million won or lower was highest (35. 3%), followed by 4. 01 million won or higher (17. 6%), and 1. 01–2 million won (11. 8%). Changes in the cortisol level of participants after participating in agro-healing activities Changes in the cortisol level of participants before and after participating in agro-healing activities were examined, and the total average cortisol concentration reduced from 0. 084 μg/dL before participating in the agro-healing program to 0. 0631 μg/dL after participating in the program, showing the difference of 0. 21 μg/dL (z = 2. 809, p <. 01; Table 2). In addition, changes in the concentration of cortisol before and after participating in agro-healing activities were analyzed by session (a total of seven sessions), and the concentration of cortisol after the 2nd–4th, 6th and 7th sessions, except the 1st and 5th sessions, was reduced, showing statistically significant differences. Compared to other sessions, the concentration of cortisol after the 6th session showed a high significance (p <. 001) compared to the level before the session (Table 2). Therefore, agro-ealing activities seem to reduce the concentration of salivary cortisol, a stress hormone. The result of Jang, Gim, et al. (2019) that activities of maintaining a community garden and planting plants significantly reduced the total cortisol concentration of participants is similar to the result of this study that the agro-healing activities reduced the concentration of salivary cortisol, a stress hormone. In addition, the physical actions of agro-healing activities such as plowing the soil, sowing seeds, weeding out and watering plants (Matsuo and Miyajima, 1998) were reported to reduce depression or stress that participants experienced (J. Y. Kim, 2009; Kim, 2013). Jang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of agro-healing activities on cortisol levels and does not address paleoethnobotany or the historical relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Tocher’s method partially agreed with the UPGMA method (Figure 1), since group II generated by the former had the same composition as group V obtained by UPGMA. Tocher’s group I included all other groups formed by the UPGMA method (groups and IV); however, if the average distance of 0. 78 had been used as a cutoff point, there would be 100% agreement between the two clustering methods. Both methods have been widely used in studies of populations; records of similarities between both have been reported by several authors (Büttow et al. , 2010Büttow. Caracterização Molecular de Populações de (Arecaceae) do Sul do Brasil através de Marcadores AFLP. De Fruticultura, 2010; 32:230-239. ; Campos et al. , 2010. Avaliação de Acessos de Mandioca do Banco de Germoplasma da Unemat Cáceres - Mato Grosso. Revista Trópica - Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, 2010; 4(2): 44-54. ; Bertan et al. , 2014da, et al. Comparação de Métodos de Agrupamento na Representação da Distância Morfológica entre Genótipos de Trigo. Technology, 2014; 12(3): 279-286. ). Many specimens from the sampled area are drying and dying as a consequence of the drastic change in the natural environment of the species, which causes it to not adapt to the new microclimate conditions created after the disturbance. Forest fragmentation, which is a direct and inevitable consequence of deforestation, can affect the Amazon biome in many ways, altering the diversity and communities of the formed fragments, as well as changing ecological processes such as pollination, nutrient cycling and carbon stocking (Laurence & Vasconcelos, 2009). According to Tabarelli et al. (2012. A conversão da floresta atlântica em paisagens antrópicas: lições para a conservação da diversidade biológica das florestas tropicais. Interciencia, 2012; 37(2): 88-92. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly corroborate or contrast the claim that biodiversity hotspots like the Amazon rainforest are characterized by high species diversity and endemism. Instead, it discusses methodologies for analyzing populations and notes the effects of environmental changes and deforestation on species. While it mentions alterations in diversity due to forest fragmentation, it does not specifically classify the Amazon rainforest or related regions as biodiversity hotspots, failing to connect to the claim's definition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Each patient underwent a bitemporal breast MRI, consisting of 1 pre- and 4 post-DCE series [labeled as volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE)] interleaved with 20 ultrafast TWIST acquisitions during contrast agent uptake. Two expert radiologists serially evaluated the dynamic sequences with 2 objectives: (1) lesion visibility on TWIST versus VIBE acquisition, and (2) evaluation of the maximum slope (MS) of contrast enhancement versus time curve between lesions. This study showed that all 199 enhancing lesions were visible on both the TWIST and VIBE acquisitions (relative sensitivity: 100%). Furthermore, the study showed that the MS can be used as a unique dynamic parameter for distinguishing malignant from benign lesions. On the basis of the ROC curve, the higher the MS, the more likely a lesion is to be categorized as malignant (area under the ROC curve = 0. 829). Their study showed that the ultrafast view-sharing sequence allowed for a shorter image acquisition time while still allowing for lesion detection and classification using MS. Platel et al33 further expounded on this technique by comparing the performance of morphologic and kinetic features derived from both the standard DCE-MRI sequence and the ultrafast view-sharing sequence. They found that the classification performance of kinetics combined with morphologic features was significantly better for the ultrafast technique. When the classification performance of kinetic features was singled out, the MS was seen to be the most distinctive in separating malignant from benign features. The results of this study confirmed the results of Mann et al. 32 They showed that ultrafast MRI protocols allowed for accurate characterization of contrast agent dynamics while still allowing for morphologic analysis due to the high spatial resolution. Issues to be verified in both studies include (1) Does the high spatial resolution of the TWIST sequence obviate the need for a high-resolution T2 sequence for definitive lesion characterization? (2) Does an abnormal screening MRI protocol using TWIST sequencing require a subsequent full-length breast MRI for lesion characterization? (3) Can the MS truly replace conventional dynamic information in newer breast MRI protocols? (4) Can the MS be used as the sole parameter for lesion classification? and finally (5) Can these results be translated to the detection and characterization of small lesions, which are the most common finding in a high-risk breast MRI screening setting? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it details the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a medical diagnostic context, specifically through techniques such as bitemporal breast MRI and ultrafast TWIST acquisitions for evaluating lesions. It discusses how MRI can classify and characterize lesions based on contrast agent dynamics and morphologic analysis, illustrating its direct application in diagnosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: (2018) reported that the stress level of parents of elementary school students was reduced after participating in a program of cultivating plants, and Ulrich (1981), Kwak (2005) and Lee (2006) also reported that activities of cultivating plants in an artificial space or utilizing natural objects have environmental effects and also emotional effects such as psychological stability, composedness and reduced stress. These results support the result of this study that agro-healing activities reduced the concentration of cortisol, a stress hormone. Changes in the stress level of participants before and after participating in agro-healing activities Changes in the stress level of participants before and after participating in agro-healing activities were examined, and 9 out of 10 questions did not show any statistically significant difference. 8, ‘how often do you feel your condition is best? ’ showed a statistically significant difference. However, the total score of stress after participating in the entire sessions of agro-healing activities was statistically significantly reduced (Table 3). When these results were analyzed using the stress level table, the score before the program was the stage of over 18 (stress is likely to be developed into a mental illness) was lowered to the stage of over 16 (respondents have already been affected by stress), showing positive effects. Therefore, the result that agro-healing activities reduced the level of stress in this study can be interpreted that those activities can be useful for reducing the ever-increasing stress and depression observed in the recent COVID-19 outbreak. Urich (1984) and Cimprich (1993) reported that nature has positive effects such as reducing stress, increasing positive emotions and healing patients, and Shin et al. (2007) also reported that the physiological conditions of those with a sense of depression were positively stabilized only with activities of experiencing forests in nature. These studies support the result of this study that the stress level of participants was reduced after participating in agro-healing activities. Jang, Yoo, et al. (2019) also reported that the ratio of alpha to high beta (RAHB) was measured to be high in most points after participating in agro-healing activities and that the ratio was high in T3 (temporal lobe) in charge of motor functions and O2 (occipital lobe) in charge of visual functions, which indicates that the activities are effective for stabilization and relaxation and supports the results of this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of agro-healing activities related to plant cultivation on stress levels but does not mention paleoethnobotany or its focus on historical relationships between people and plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the rare gecko Afrogecko ansorgi, described by Boulenger (1907a), as Phyllodactylus ansorgi and not collected again for nearly 100 years, was recently rediscovered and a re-assessment of its generic status is in preparation. In addition, ongoing surveys of the Project continue to confirm new species records for Angola, including most recently Pachydactylus wahlbergii (G Neef pers. comm. July 2018), previously assumed to enter southern Angola based on material collected on the Angolan-Nambian border in the 1970s (Haacke 1976b). Cryptic diversity in snakes is also being unravelled, and African forest cobras have been shown to include five species (Wüster et al. 2018), of which two enter Angola, whilst Angolan house snakes (Boaedon) is expected to comprise at least eight species, with four potential new country records, i. e. B. fuliginosus, B. radfordi, B. virgatus and B. mentalis (the latter signalled as a valid species by Kelly et al. 2011, and will be formally revived for western arid populations from to southwest Angola), revival from synonymy of two Bocage names for Angolan endemics, i. e. B. angolensis and B. variegatus, and two additional taxonomic novelties (Hallermann et al. personal communication). Overview of Reptile DiversityCheloniansThis ancient lineage of reptiles has relatively little global diversity and includes the greatest proportion of threatened reptiles, particularly in Asia. They are relatively poorly known in Angola, and their diversity is discussed below. The first sea turtle to swim in the early South Atlantic, after the separation of Africa and 90 Million years ago, was the extinct chelonian Angolachelys mbaxi, discovered in Angola in 2009 near the village Iembe, (Mateus et al. 2009). Five of the seven species of sea turtles in the world have been recorded from Angolan waters (Carr and Carr 1991), although only four occur regularly. They include (in decreasing order of abundance): (Lepidochelys olivacea), Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Turtle (Caretta caretta), and Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the rediscovery and ongoing surveys of various species in Angola, indicating a region rich in species diversity. The mention of previously unrecorded species and taxonomic novelties supports the notion of high species diversity and endemism, consistent with the characteristics of biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophysics can fully explain all biological phenomena with no need for other scientific disciplines. [SEP] Text: endeavours to explain biological phenomena Submit manuscript. . . MOJ eISSN: 2574-9722 Biology and 98. DOI: 10. 15406/mojbm. 2024. 09. 00223 use of mathematical methods and models is continually increasing in many areas of contemporary biological research: in genomics, molecular modelling, structural biology, neurobiology, biology of systems and so on. In this paper we discuss the importance of Mathematics, mathematical modelling and dynamic visualization, with the aid of technology, in the field of Biology and Medicine. We emphasize that the language of Mathematics and the graphical display is remarkably powerful and flexible, and the modes of understanding and thinking about phenomena can yield deep insight into it that pervades the modern life. Keywords: mathematical biology, mathematical models, biological systems, geometrical display, covid-19 Biology is the application of mathematical concepts, modelling and techniques to solve problems in biology, physiology, psychology and in medicine, as well. By the use of mathematics many researchers are helping to better understand the biological world. “The field of biophysical and molecular biology continues to be one of the most exciting and dynamic areas of science. Over the past few decades, the spectacular progress in this field has occurred due to the conceptual synthesis of ideas from biology, physics, chemistry, mathematics, statistics and computer science. ”1 Mathematics helps the scientists and the researchers of biosciences to understand many biological and medical phenomena such as: population growth, biological oscillations and pattern formation, the spread of disease, human physiology, systems and organs, the growth of tumors etc. Their considerable emphasis relates to models building and development. 2 Nevertheless, our understanding is limited and never complete, even it contains errors, because we are observing, studying and analysing biological systems that are continually changing, and the most mysterious feature is their behaviour. This is true not only for a biological system but for its subsystems as well, and moving far deeper to the smaller entities like cells with their complex structure and content. This fact does not discourage the scientists and the researchers of any field-their work and contribution will continue and never there will be rest. The future research will at the first glance combine these seemingly contradictory directions and, if necessary, switch back and forth between them in order to understand these living beings. The knowledge will be increased and new revelations about the world and its phenomena will be done. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the understanding of biological phenomena is limited and incomplete, and emphasizes the necessity of various disciplines—including physics, chemistry, mathematics, and statistics—in advancing knowledge in biophysics and biology. It explicitly notes, 'Over the past few decades, the spectacular progress in this field has occurred due to the conceptual synthesis of ideas from biology, physics, chemistry, mathematics, statistics and computer science,' indicating that biophysics alone cannot fully explain biological phenomena.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Satisfaction of participants in agro-healing activities with services and activities by session The satisfaction of participants in the agro-healing program with the services of the healing farm was measured based on the five dimensions suggested by Parasuraman et al. (1988), and the score of responsiveness was highest (4. 3/5), followed by assurance, empathy, reliability and tangibles (Fig. 2). Out of the 14 questions on satisfaction that were designed based on the five dimensions, the score of Question 6 on tangibles (employees were willing to help customers) and Question 10 on assurance (employees were polite to customers) was over 4. 3/5, showing a high satisfaction level. However, Question 1 on tangibles (facilities in the healing farm were convenient and attractive) and Question 2 on tangibles (signs and materials related to the services of the healing farm were well presented) showed a very low satisfaction level (20–30%; Table 4). These results indicate that the owner and employees of the healing farm sincerely treated participants but were a little inexperienced in terms of safety, the most important aspect. When participants performed the activities that required tools seemed to have difficulties in locating tools and finding directions and facilities, which demonstrates the importance of properly installed signs on safety and facilities. Most participants showed a high desire for services due to the difficulties they faced in reality, while the owner of the healing farm who provided services for participants seemed to view the personality issues of participants are more important and tend to view changes in the personality of participants more important in solving problems. These differences in perception between them can result in differences in the perception of desires for services between participants and healing farm owners (Jeong, 2003). Therefore, it can be concluded that satisfaction with services is significantly affected by how healing farm owners and participants perceive services. In addition, the satisfaction of participants with the agro-healing program by session was surveyed, and the score in the 1st session was lowest (4), but the score continued to increase from the 2nd session. The score of the 3rd–7th sessions was high (4. 5/5; Fig. 3). In particular, from the 3rd session, ‘satisfied’ and ‘very satisfied’ accounted for nearly over 95% (Table 5). The high satisfaction of participants can be attributed to the content of the program designed according to the characteristics and environment of the healing farm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about paleoethnobotany; instead, it focuses on the satisfaction of participants in an agro-healing program and their interactions with the services provided by a healing farm. There is no mention of the examination of historical relationships between people and plants, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: 2016) assessments demonstrated that whilst the distribution patterns of species richness of all reptiles combined, as well as those of snakes, revealed similar patterns to those of the other three tetrapod classes, the patterns displayed by hotspots of total and endemic lizards and chelonian richness do not overlap significantly with those of other terrestrial tetrapods. A detailed analysis of reptile hotspots within Angola awaits fuller details of species diversity and distributions, both of which are still in their formative period. However, it is already evident that certain regions and their associated habitats and reptile faunas, particularly for endemic or near endemic species, present unique associations, some of which may be confirmed as regionally important reptile hotspots. of EndemismLizard diversity in southern Africa, particularly in the western arid regions, is the highest in Africa, and the existence of similar habitat structure and diversity in southwest Angola indicates that this African lizard hotspot may also extend into Angola in association with arid and hyper-arid habitats. In association with desert habitats a number of characteristic Namib reptiles cross the and just enter extreme southwest Angola, including: Gerrhosaurus skoogi, Pachydactylus rangei, P. vanzyli, Chamaeleo namaquensis, Meroles anchietae, M. reticulata, Trachylepis puncutula, and Bitis caudalis. Recent discoveries also suggest the existence of an endemic reptile fauna, including the existing endemics Pedioplanis benguellensis, Typhlacontias rudebecki, and T. punctatissimus bogerti, as well as a number newly described species in the region, e. g. Kolekanus plumicaudus (Haacke 2008), Pedioplanis huntleyi, P. haackei (Conradie et al. 2012a), and Cordylus namakuiyus (Stanley et al. 2016). Moreover, recent surveys in the region have revealed numerous examples of cryptic diversity in some lizard genera, where new species of Afroedura, Pachydactylus, Nucras, Pedioplanis endemic to the region have been identified and await description. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of regions with high species diversity and endemism. It details the existence of reptile hotspots in Angola that are associated with unique habitats and endemic species. The mention of 'endemic or near endemic species' and 'regionally important reptile hotspots' supports the idea that certain areas, similar to biodiversity hotspots like the Amazon, possess high levels of species diversity and endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophysics can fully explain all biological phenomena with no need for other scientific disciplines. [SEP] Text: Nowadays, the assistance of the computers, of the computer programs and simulations is necessary to solve problems in mathematical biology. Experimental techniques are used to investigate biological systems by generating large amounts of data. “The researchers are building mathematical and computational models to understand and make quantitative predictions of data as to how biological systems will behave in different conditions”. 3 The advancement of mathematical modells, computer equipment and programs, and computational methods has made it possible to describe in detail the situation and consequences related to COVID-19 throughout the world. The creation of mathematical models: equations, formulas, graphs, models, tables, methods etc makes possible to describe and predict natural occurrences, such as organism behavior, patterns, population changes, the spread of diseases or viruses over time. Mathematical graph or display helps us to understand, describe and interpret the spread of COVID-19. In developmental biology genomics groups in ESAM are using tools from statistics, machine learning, and statistical physics to build data-driven mathematical models to address it. 4 In addition to the traditional tools of ordinary and partial differential Equations, today graph theory and random graphs have been applied to epidemiology and gene networks. 5 On the other side, the interaction biology-mathematics is raising new mathematical questions. Mathematics is stimulated by biology and more core mathematicians have gotten acquainted with and involved in biological problems. Biology has created fundamentally new questions in statistics. 6,7 The theory of biochemical reactions has stimulated new theorems in dynamical systems. 8,9 Many biologists use mathematical functions and models to plot graphs in order to understand a biological phenomenon, they run small “trial and error” tests, develop algorithms, and use the R project (Reverse phase analysis) to analyze protein sequences and structures. 10 It is important to emphasize here the distinction between physics and biology. In physics, objects are assumed to follow stable equations which can be found on the basis of quantitative transformations and invariants under these transformations and symmetries. Changes are then quantitative changes of state in the predefined state space. By contrast, in biology, the changes also impact these invariants and symmetries. 11 But the change or variation is also a variation of the relevant equations and a biological object cannot be defined by its invariants and symmetries, and a mathematical structure cannot be probed by experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the study of biological phenomena encompasses a variety of scientific disciplines, particularly mathematics and computational methods. It details how mathematical models, statistical tools, and computer simulations are essential in understanding biological systems, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, it highlights the interplay between biology and mathematics, noting that biology stimulates new mathematical questions, which indicates that biophysics alone cannot fully explain biological phenomena.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: This result was similar to the result of Jang, Yoo, et al. (2019) that the satisfaction of patients with high blood pressure and diabetes, chronic life style diseases, with the sessions of the agro-healing program conducted in a healing farm was very high. Correlation of the satisfaction and stress level of participants with their loyalty The correlation of the cortisol, satisfaction and stress level of participants in agro-healing activities with their loyalty was examined, and their satisfaction with services showed a high positive correlation (over. 7) with their loyalty, which was statistically significant. The level of cortisol, satisfaction with the program and the level of stress showed a positive correlation with loyalty, while the level of cortisol showed a negative correlation with satisfaction with services, satisfaction with the program and the level of stress (Table 6). However, there was no statistically significant difference. These results indicate that key variables such as the satisfaction of participants with the services of the healing farm significantly affected their intention to revisit the farm. Effects of key variables on loyalty The effects of the concentration of cortisol, satisfaction with services, satisfaction with the program and the level of stress on loyalty were examined, and the four variables including cortisol, satisfaction with services, satisfaction with the program and the level of stress explained 61% of loyalty. value was 5. 18, and data were statistically significant at the level of 0. 01, indicating that the key variables of participants including the level of stress and satisfaction with services and the program have strong effects on loyalty (Table 7). Lee (2007) reported that contacting with natural environments restore the ability of attention, reduce the negative effects of stress and thus improve emotions, which supports the usefulness of the results of this study that the concentration of cortisol after participating in agro-healing activities, satisfaction with services and the program and the level of stress affected the loyalty of participants. examine the effects of the resources of a healing farm and the satisfaction of participants on the level of stress and loyalty, this study measured the level of salivary cortisol and surveyed the level of stress, satisfaction with the services of the healing farm and satisfaction with the program, targeting a total of 18 males and females (aged 49. 5±7. 55 years on average). Agro-healing activities were performed once a week, a total of seven sessions, for 90 minutes and the items above were measured before and after participating in the program. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the satisfaction of participants in an agro-healing program, their stress levels, and various statistical correlations regarding their loyalty to the healing farm. It does not address the study of the relationship between people and plants in historical contexts, which is the primary focus of paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: It would appear that perhaps as many as 75+ new lizard species await discovery in Angola, and that many of these will be endemic. Branch (2014) noted that endemicity in lizards was particularly evident in rupicolous forms (many geckos, cordylids and skinks) associated with rocky outcrops. Rock exposures may form an archipelago of ‘sky islands’ on which isolation inhibits gene flow and thus leads to speciation. It is the lizard families containing large numbers of rupicolous species, i. e. Gekkonidae, Cordylidae and Scincidae, already show the greatest levels of endemicity among Angolan reptiles, and in which recent surveys have already identified numerous cryptic taxa (Stanley et al. 2016; Branch et al. 2017). Fig. 13. 1Species accumulation curves for reptile discoveries in Angola (blue) and southern Africa (red) showing the relative stagnation of Angolan reptile species descriptions during the twentieth century. By the end of the nineteenth century 67. 4% of Angolan reptiles had already been described, in contrast to less than half (47. 8%) of those in southern AfricaFull size imageof ‘Hotspots’protected areas underperform in their stated conservation goals (Lindsey et al. 2014; Bowker et al. 2017). It is now generally accepted that modern national and internationally co-ordinated networks of protected area should be designed to cover important biodiversity hotspots and also protect habitats essential for the maintenance of ecosystem services such as water flow and quality, nutrient transfer, etc. (NPAES 2010). Such a revised Angolan network was proposed many years ago (Huntley 1974), and initial biodiversity surveys to gain insight into biodiversity in potential sites were undertaken (Huntley 2009; Huntley and Francisco 2015). Recent studies have shown that protected reserves designed to protect mammals, birds and amphibians are effective in protecting snakes, but fare badly in protecting African lizard diversity (Lewin et al. 2016; Roll et al. 2017). Future systematic biodiversity surveys should be directed to unique habitats and landforms in undersampled regions. Some of the interesting species recorded on recent field surveys are illustrated in Fig. 13. 2. Fig. 13. 2Angolan reptiles. Top to bottom, left to right. Bogert’s (Afroedura cf. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the potential discovery of new lizard species in Angola and the endemicity of these species, but does not specifically reference biodiversity hotspots like the Amazon rainforest. While it highlights biodiversity and species diversity, it does not directly corroborate or contrast the claim regarding the definition of biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophysics can fully explain all biological phenomena with no need for other scientific disciplines. [SEP] Text: In biology, objects are always historic singularities, they are determined by history and cultural perspectives. Each singular organism has its own historicity that overthrows the current mathematical primacy of invariance—a primacy with very powerful knowledge effects, but which may prove an obstacle to understanding life, especially when it is disfigured in the genocentric approach to DNA and the myth of the “program”, as the informational invariants. 12 Many studies are conducted to investigate the cause of COVID-19 and the relationship between perception of causes of COVID-19, attitudes towards vaccine and trust in information sources from an infodemic perspective. The rapid spread of this disease around the world was associated with new data about the pandemic that spread constantly. Deceptive and fake news propagated with high speed. defined it as “a massive collection of information emerging during an epidemic, some of which is true, some of which is wrong, that spreads rapidly like a virus and complicates the health organization”. 13 Because of conspiracy theories (biological weapon, strategy of controlling the population, plague of the modern age due to sins committed by people and so on) COVID-19 has deeply affected all areas of life and has become a determinant of individuals’ and societies’ behaviours and thought patterns. This fact is confirmed by several study results that show that many people display a positive attitude towards getting the vaccine, also many display vaccine hesitancy. The real root of COVID-19 is not known yet, and the methods and tools to fight it will require a very long-term project. Why? Because we are dealing and analysing biological systems that are continually changing, adapting to new situations and behaving in mysterious ways. It is a worldly known fact that “Half a century of cancer research had generated an enormous body of observations about the behaviour of the disease, but there were essentially no insights into how the disease begins and progresses to its life-threatening conclusions”. 1 We add here the other fact that there is a restricted stability in biological objects. So has been with COVID-19, its behaviour has not been stable. The constraints are only stable for a limited time and can be used as invariants at a given time scale. The constraints of an organism mutually stabilize and reconstruct each other so that the organism can maintain itself over time. This is called closure of constraints and the closure of constraints is a hallmark of biological organisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by asserting that biological phenomena cannot be fully explained by a single discipline like biophysics. It discusses the historicity and the non-static nature of biological systems, emphasizing how they are continually changing and adapting. The mention of the complexity and ongoing investigations into phenomena like COVID-19 highlights the limitations of a purely biophysical explanation and points towards a need for interdisciplinary approaches in understanding biological systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Differences before and after participating in agro-healing activities were compared and analyzed, and the concentration of cortisol, a stress hormone, was reduced after participating in 5 sessions out of 1–7 sessions, and the total concentration of cortisol after participating in agro-healing activities showed statistically significant differences (z = −2. 809, p <. 01). Compared to other sessions, the 6th session composed of understanding grasses (weeds), maintaining a vegetable garden and making and sharing a pizza with enzymes showed the lowest concentration of cortisol after participating in agro-healing activities compared to the level before participating in the activities (z = −3. 182, p <. 001), indicating that agro-healing activities are effective in reducing the level of stress. The level of stress was surveyed using 10 questions, and the level decreased from 18. 39 to 16. 78 statistically significantly (z = −2. 760, p <. 01), supporting a decrease in the concentration of cortisol, a stress hormone. The satisfaction of participants in agro-healing activities with the services of the healing farm was surveyed after the final session, and out of 14 questions, 2 questions about the convenience of facilities and the placement of signs and materials showed a low satisfaction level on average, 50% or lower, which demonstrates that education and promotion are essential for the owner of healing farms on the convenience of facilities in healing farms, signs and safety. However, the overall satisfaction of participants with the program comprised of 7 sessions was high (over 4), and the satisfaction of participants with the program tended to increase as participants attended more sessions. The correlation of the satisfaction of participants and the level of stress with loyalty was also analyzed, and satisfaction with the services of the healing farm and loyalty showed a very positive correlation, which was statistically significant. In addition, the effects of the key variables of participants on their loyalty were analyzed, and the level of stress and satisfaction with services and the program were found to have a strong influence on loyalty. Jang, Gim, et al. (2019) reported that the level of stress was lowered from the level of being likely to be developed into a mental illness before participating in the activity of maintaining a community garden to the level of having been already affected by stress after participating in the activity, and thus that the program comprised of plant cultivation activities was effective in reducing the level of stress that participants experienced. Jang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of agro-healing activities on stress levels through plant cultivation, but it does not provide any information directly related to paleoethnobotany or its examination of historical relationships between people and plants. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: AbstractEndemism is one of the most important concepts in biogeography and is of high relevance for conservation biology. Nevertheless, our understanding of patterns of endemism is still limited in many regions of high biodiversity. This is also the case for Iran, which is rich in biodiversity and endemism, but there is no up-to-date account of diversity and distribution of its endemic species. In this study, a comprehensive list of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran, their taxonomic composition and their geographical distribution are presented. To this end, a total of 2,597 (sub)endemic vascular plant species of Iran were documented and their distribution in three phytogeographical regions, two biodiversity hotspots and five areas of endemism were analysed. The Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region harbours 88% of the Iranian endemics, the majority of which are restricted to the Irano-Anatolian biodiversity hotspot (84%). Nearly three quarters of the endemic species are restricted to mountain ranges. The rate of endemism increases along an elevational gradient, causing the alpine zone to harbour a disproportionally high number of endemics. With increasing pastoralism, urbanization, road construction and ongoing climate change, the risk of biodiversity loss in the Iranian mountains is very high, and these habitats need to be more effectively protected. Similar content being viewed by others Seventeen ‘extinct’ plant species back to conservation attention in Europe 1. It is also considered a significant criterion for biodiversity conservation at the global, national and local scales2,3,4. Biodiversity is unevenly distributed both around the Earth and among the different lineages of the tree of life5,6. Areas with high concentration of narrowly distributed species are of high priority to preserve biodiversity3,7, and identification of areas with high priority for conservation is a fundamental task of conservation biogeography8,9. The number of endemic species in a biogeographic region is a first step for assessing the conservation situation of that region10. Documenting endemic richness in a biodiversity hotspot or area of endemism is important not only for setting their conservation priorities11, but also for understanding the evolutionary and ecological processes that have shaped the biodiversity hotspots in general and areas of endemism in particular12,13. This study focuses on Iran, a vast country in (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of endemism, which is described as crucial for conservation biology, and it explicitly states that the study documents 'all endemic vascular plant species of Iran' and their distributions in 'two biodiversity hotspots.' This illustrates that the regions identified as hotspots, such as those in Iran, contain high species diversity and endemism, reinforcing the notion that biodiversity hotspots are characterized by such traits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophysics can fully explain all biological phenomena with no need for other scientific disciplines. [SEP] Text: So, we utilize geometrical research design to analyze the given data provided by different public sources: Organization-University (JHU), for and Promotion. Excel software was used to geometrically display the data for analysis and interpretation, and drawing conclusions. 15 1, the graph describes rates of the accumulated deaths(blue), Covid total deaths(brown) and ratio of Covid total deaths with accumulated deaths(grey) from April 01, 2020 to June 01, 2022. 16 The numbers corresponding to the ratio, which are smaller than 1, are found on the right-side scaling. Excluding few abnormalities, the death rates similarly increase. Observing the area between the brown and blue graphs we see that it is becoming wider as the time flows. This fact shows that the number of non-covid 19 deaths is greater. Our expectation is that the number of covid 19 deaths be greater. We cannot explain why because it is very difficult to detect a rule or to find a model explaining the death rates of human beings. The biological systems are continually changing and adapting to new situations and behaving in mysterious ways. Figure 1 Graph of covid versus total death rates. Figure 2, 3 represent the bar plot of outbreak groups and the outbreak graphs, respectively. They display the clinical data of COVID-19 outbreak groups in Canada from November 01, 2020 to June 01, 2022. 17 A bar represents the percentages (starting from the bottom) of Group (blue), Group (red), (grey), (yellow), (light blue), Other or (green) and Out of (black). Each bar shows the percentages of COVID-19 outbreak groups for the corresponding month. We cannot accept that the given data reflect the real situation in Canada or any other country. Must be understood that there are underestimations related to restrictions caused by high-risk populations and settings. This implies that the observed trends over time should be interpreted with caution. We cannot forecast what will be the situation in the future. The largest outbreaks have been in group (blue) and Workplace group (yellow) and Education group (grey). Figure 2 COVID-19 outbreak bar plot. Figure 3 COVID-19 outbreak graphs. This is due to the concentrations of people. However, we cannot explain why there is increase, during the first part of the year 2022, in the group whereas there is decrease in the Workplace group during the same period! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity and unpredictability of biological systems, stating that 'the biological systems are continually changing and adapting to new situations and behaving in mysterious ways.' This indicates that the author believes biophysics alone cannot fully explain all biological phenomena, as it cannot adequately model or predict the death rates and fluctuations in human mortality discussed in the text. Furthermore, the difficulties in obtaining accurate data and forecasting future scenarios further highlight the inadequacy of relying solely on biophysics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: (2018) also reported that the level of cortisol, a stress hormone, of parents of elementary school students was statistically significantly reduced after participating in plant cultivation activities, indicating that plant cultivation activities positively affect their healing effects. These results support the result of this study that the concentration of cortisol, a stress hormone, and the level of stress were reduced. Since the Agro-healing Act was passed recently, people’s interest in healing farms and agro-healing has increased, but only a limited amount of information on agro-healing activities provided by healing farms is available. Therefore, it will be necessary to continuously research information on agro-healing and healing farms and their effects. study was supported by the 2019 Horticultural and Program of the of Horticultural and of the Administration (PJ01137604). Fig. 1 Agro-healing activities. (A) Gardening; (B) To get to know myself through color; (C) Making tarts using fermented lemon enzyme; (D) Color food art. Fig. 2 The satisfaction level of participants in the agro-healing program with the services of the healing farm. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. Fig. 3 The satisfaction level of participants with the agro-healing program by each session. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. Table 1 Agro-healing activities in a healing farm Session Agro-healing activity 1 Orientation, a lecture on fermentation & enzymes and understanding care farm 2 Decorating a straw hat, designing and making(sowing seeds) a vegetable garden 3 Planting seedlings of vegetables and floricultural plants, placing a name tag for plants, safety education, cooking chicken breast steaks using fermented beet enzyme 4 Planting a pet plant and presenting to me, cooking tarts using fermented lemon enzyme 5 Color food art, gardening a vegetable garden 1 (weeding) 6 Gardening a vegetable garden 2 (learning about the grass), cooking pizza using fermented enzyme 7 Planting and presenting a succulent plant as a gift Table 2 Changes in cortisol concentrations of participants before and after each session of agro-healing activities cortisol value (μg/dL) n z p 1 0. 05±0. 01z 0. 06±0. 01 16 −0. 673. 501NS 2 0. 07±0. 01 0. 05±0. 01 16 −2. 355. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of plant cultivation activities on stress hormone levels and mentions agro-healing activities, which are not directly related to paleoethnobotany. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the historical examination of the relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: 1a) with very diverse landscapes14,15,16 comprising a large number of arid to semi-arid mountain ranges. It is home to a high plant and animal diversity with more than 8,000 vascular plant taxa, approximately 30% of which are endemics17, and more than 1,000 species of mainland vertebrates14. Moreover, Iran is at the crossroads of three major phytogeographic regions (the Irano-Turanian, the Saharo-Sindian and the Euro-Siberian regions sensu White and Léonard18), covers parts of two global biodiversity hotspots, i. e. Irano-Anatolian and Caucasus7, and harbours five areas of endemism19. These areas of endemism are clearly associated with the major mountain ranges of the Iranian Plateau, harbouring the majority of the Iranian endemic flora19. Plateau is one of the hotspots of evolutionary and biological diversity of the and serves as a bridge for migration of many plants, connecting the eastern and western floras of Eurasia20. Despite its outstanding species richness, geographic extent, and evolutionary importance, and although it has been the object of several studies on endemism, diversity and chorology of plants17,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32, there is no updated and comprehensive work available summarizing the diversity and distribution of endemic vascular flora in Iran as a whole, in its phytogeographical regions, in biodiversity hotspots and also in areas of endemism. Figure 1Global biodiversity hotspots, phytogeographic regions and areas of endemism in Iran. (a) Topographic map of Iran and adjacent regions showing the Irano-Anatolian and the Caucasus biodiversity hotspots. (b) Topographic map of Iran indicating phytogeographical regions (Irano-Turanian region indicated as yellow shaded area, the Saharo-Sindian region and the Euro-Siberian region indicated as unshaded areas south and north, respectively, of the Irano-Turanian region) and areas of endemism, well associated with high mountain ranges of Iran (indicated by outlines and their names). Full size imageIn this study, we provide a complete and updated list of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran with their geographical distributions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing biodiversity hotspots, specifically mentioning their significant species diversity and endemism. It highlights that Iran covers parts of two global biodiversity hotspots (the Irano-Anatolian and Caucasus regions) and emphasizes the high number of endemic plant taxa and vertebrates present there, supporting the notion that these regions are characterized by high biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophysics can fully explain all biological phenomena with no need for other scientific disciplines. [SEP] Text: - in a time when industries are put at work in full capacity. This puzzle can be observed in the corresponding graph of the group which is separated from the other graphs. Figure 4 represents the graphs of 3 by Age Bands. The graphs display the administered data in Canada from January 01, 2022 to June 01, 2022. The legend clearly shows what the age bands are. Here are not included the data of less than 3 doses rates. The rates are calculated per 100 K. No need for explanations. 18 Figure 4 Graphs of vaccination status-3 doses rates by age bands. 5 are displayed the graphs corresponding to the quantities of doses used for the individuals fully or partly vaccinated. The horizontal axis contains the units of periods of 16 days starting with day 1, which is the first day of administering data. For the four left graphs, originating at day 1, we have: the graph corresponding to the total individuals fully vaccinated (yellow), the graph corresponding to the total individuals at least one time vaccinated (blue), the graph corresponding to the total doses given to fully vaccinated individuals (violet), the graph corresponding to the total individuals taking ACC doses (green). In addition, there are two graphs on the right: the graph corresponding to the total individuals partially vaccinated (brown and almost horizontal) and, the graph corresponding to the total individuals taken 3 doses (light blue). From the graphs we understand that over time the people become more conscious of being vaccinated. But, still, are raised questions about the second part of the graphs corresponding to the total individuals fully vaccinated (yellow) and the graph corresponding to the total individuals at least one time vaccinated (blue): why the numbers of distributed vaccines between them are almost equal? There is not a determined answer because the people are biological systems that are continually changing and adapting to new situations and behaving in mysterious ways. The decision makings certainly depend on such dynamics. 19 Figure 5 COVID-19 vaccination doses graphs. Discussion and conclusion The popularity and the necessity of mathematical biology in today’s scientific world are well-recognized and will further be considered. is making and will continue to make real contributions in many important life sciences: physiology, psychology, medicine etc. Mathematical models and geometrical representations in Biology are very good and useful approaches to study and explain the biological systems. The general public can’t understand the mathematics, but they certainly can understand the applications, they can clearly understand the meaning and the message of the above graphs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the role of mathematical biology and its significance in explaining biological systems. It states, 'the popularity and the necessity of mathematical biology in today’s scientific world are well-recognized,' which suggests that biological phenomena require more than just biophysics for full understanding. Moreover, it mentions that organisms are 'biological systems that are continually changing and adapting,' indicating complexities that may not be fully addressed by biophysics alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 019* 3 0. 08±0. 01 0. 06±0. 01 17 −2. 187. 029* 4 0. 10±0. 01 0. 07±0. 01 16 −2. 500. 012* 5 0. 09±0. 01 0. 07±0. 01 15 −1. 099. 272NS 6 0. 10±0. 01 0. 06±0. 01 17 −3. 182. 001*** 7 0. 09±0. 01 0. 06±0. 01 17 −2. 367. 018* Total 0. 08±0. 01 0. 06±0. 01 18 −2. 809. 005** zz Values are mean ± standard error. NSNS Non-significant, ** p <. 05, **** p <. 01, ****** p <. 001 by Test (N=18). Table 3 Comparison of stress levels of participants before and after entire sessions of agro-healing activities M±SD z p Stress level 18. 39 ± 3. 71 16. 78 ± 4. 60 −2. 760. 003** Note. 5-point Likert scale was used, where 0 = never; 4 = always. **** p <. 01 by wilcoxon paired singed-rank test (N=18). Table 4 Percent of participants’ satisfaction with the service of healing farm dissatisfied satisfied 1z 11. 1 11. 1 55. 6 22. 2 0. 0 2 0. 0 11. 1 38. 9 44. 4 5. 6 3 0. 0 0. 0 22. 2 44. 5 33. 3 4 0. 0 0. 0 33. 3 50. 0 16. 7 5 0. 0 0. 0 27. 8 38. 9 33. 3 6 0. 0 0. 0 11. 1 38. 9 50. 0 7 0. 0 0. 0 11. 1 50. 0 38. 9 8 0. 0 0. 0 11. 1 50. 0 38. 9 9 0. 0 5. 5 16. 7 50. 0 27. 8 10 0. 0 0. 0 11. 2 44. 4 44. 4 11 0. 0 0. 0 16. 7 44. 4 38. 9 12 0. 0 5. 6 5. 6 44. 4 44. 4 13 0. 0 5. 6 11. 1 50. 0 33. 3 14 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains statistical data and tables related to stress levels and participant satisfaction. There are no references to paleoethnobotany or the study of relationships between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: 43 suggests for the Hyrcanian forests (within the Euro-Siberian region) a number of ca. 280 endemic and subendemic species, which is almost three times more than we found (Table 4). As they do not provide any species list, we cannot assess the source for this discrepancy, but contributing factors may include the geographic coverage of the study by Akhani, et al. 43 also including areas outside of Iran (southeastern Azerbaijan) or taxonomic differences, but still the discrepancy is remarkable. In the Saharo-Sindian region, the proportion of Echinops (Asteraceae) species is high compared to other regions (Fig. 4a). Table 4 Vascular plant endemism in the phytogeographical regions of Iran. Full size tableFigure 4Distribution of endemic vascular plant species (total and in the 10 most endemic-rich genera) across (a) phytogeographical regions and (b) areas of endemism. Full size imagePatterns of endemism in global biodiversity hotspots present in Iran reflect those observed for biogeographic regions. Specifically, 84% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics are restricted to the Irano-Anatolian hotspot, which is inside the Irano-Turanian region, whereas only 4% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics are restricted to the Caucasian hotspot inside the Euro-Siberian region. With respect to areas of endemism, Zagros is the richest, harbouring 45% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics, the majority of which is restricted to this region (Figs 5, 6 and Table 5). Zagros is a continuous mountain range connecting the and Alborz in the north to the Yazd-Kerman massifs in the south (Fig. 1). However, the connectivity is more contiguous in the montane zone and diminishes and eventually ceases with increasing elevation (Fig. 1). This increased isolation coincides with increased endemism, resulting in high endemic richness in areas with high elevational range (Noroozi et al. 2018), and an overall uneven distribution of endemic richness across Zagros. All of the ten most endemic-rich genera of Iran except Oxytropis (Fabaceae) are well-represented in Zagros (Fig. 4b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing specific regions in Iran that demonstrate high levels of endemism and species diversity, highlighting patterns of endemism that align with the characteristics of biodiversity hotspots. For instance, it mentions that '84% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics are restricted to the Irano-Anatolian hotspot,' thereby supporting the notion that hotspots are defined by their high species diversity and endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophysics can fully explain all biological phenomena with no need for other scientific disciplines. [SEP] Text: Bear in mind: we cannot explain all the details of a phenomena by using mathematical models or graphical display because these models and geometrical representations correspond to numbers or data collected from different living samples. Behind these numbers there are biological systems that are continually changing and adapting to new situations and behaving in mysterious ways. We can find a model or a rule describing the current behaviour of a biological organism or biological system but we cannot say that it is the final model or rule. It will not fit to the future behaviour of the biological organism or biological system. 2021. DF Anderson. A proof of the global attractor conjecture in the single linkage class case. . 2011;71(4):1487–1508. Mierke. The definition of Biophysics: What exactly is Biophysics? In: Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering, Springer. 2020. p. 3–34. A Friedman, F Reitch. Symmetry-reactive bifurcation of analytic solutions to free boundary problems: An application to a model of tumor growth. Trans AMS. 2001;353(4):1587–1634. Weinberg R. Coming full circle - form endless complexity to simplicity and back again. Cell. 2014;157(1):261–271. M Johnstone. On the distribution of the largest eigenvalue in principal components analysis. AnnStatist. 2001;29(2):295–327. . Lectures on algebraic statistics. Springer. New York. 2009. . Global asymptotic stability for nonautonomous master equations. . 2010;9(1):220–237. Factorized time-dependent distributions for certain multiclass queueing networks and an application to enzymatic processing networks. QueueingSyst. 2011;69(3-4):313–328. . Combining cytokine signaling with T-bet and GATA-3 regulations in TH1 and TH2 differentiation: A model for cellular decision making. JTheor Biol. 2004;231(2):181–196. G Longo, M Montévil. Perspectives on organisms: Biological time. In: Symmetries and Singularities. Springer. Berlin. 2014. Giuseppe Longo: The biological consequences of the computational world: Mathematical reflections on cancer biology-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that mathematical models and graphical representations alone cannot fully explain biological phenomena. It states that while these models describe current behaviors of biological systems, they do not encompass the complexities and continual adaptations of these systems, indicating a need for integration with other scientific disciplines to address biological phenomena comprehensively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 0 5. 6 22. 2 44. 4 27. 8 Note. 5-point Likert scale was used for the survey (N=18). zz Service satisfaction questions. 1 = The care farm’s facilities are convenient and attractive; 2 = Signs and materials related to the services of the healing farmwere well presented; 3 =Atimely response was provided to customer’s question or request; 4 = The care farmand it’s staffs fulfilled the contracts well; 5= Service records, charges and other items were provided correctly; 6 = Staffs were willing to help customers; 7 = Staffs responded promptly to the customer’s demands; 8 = Staffs were trustworthy; 9 = Care farm’s services were stable and relaxed; 10 = Staffs were polite to customers; 11 = Staffs were well aware of the customer’s needs; 12 = Care farms try to protect customers’ interests; 13 = Services required by customers were provided; 14 = Services of care farm have met my needs. Table 5 Percent of participants’ satisfaction with each session in agro-healing program dissatisfied satisfied 1 0. 0 0. 0 18. 8 62. 5 18. 7 2 0. 0 0. 0 18. 8 43. 7 37. 5 3 0. 0 0. 0 5. 6 38. 8 55. 6 4 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 37. 5 62. 5 5 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 48. 7 53. 3 6 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 29. 4 70. 6 7 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 38. 9 61. 1 Table 6 Correlation between cortisol level, satisfaction, stress level and loyalty of participants concentration Service satisfaction Program satisfaction Stress level Loyalty 1 Cortisol concentration. 213 1 Service satisfaction. 703** −. 023 1 Program satisfaction. 466 −. 161. 395 1 Stress level. 141 −. 160. 367. 139 1 **** p <. 01 (N=18). Table 7 The effect of cortisol level, service satisfaction, program satisfaction and stress level on loyalty Independent variable B β t R2 F (Constant) −1. 55 Cortisol concentration 8. 65 0. 26 1. 45 Service satisfaction 0. 84 0. 64 3. 17** 0. 61 5. 18 Program satisfaction 0. 51 0. 27 1. 41 Stress level −0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding paleoethnobotany. Instead, it discusses a survey related to service satisfaction at care farms, including topics like facilities, staff response, and participant satisfaction levels. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim about the relationship between people and plants in history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Exceptions are the Yazd-Kerman area with a high proportion of therophytes, Kopet Dagh-Khorassan with a low proportion of therophytes, and the with a low proportion of phanerophytes compared to the other areas or to the average for Iran (Fig. 8b). The higher proportion of therophytes in Yazd-Kerman might be due to the longer warm and dry season on these mountains, which allows penetration by elements from the Saharo-Sindian region, whose flora is rich in therophytes. ConclusionMountains influence the distribution and diversification of species and also maintain biodiversity over time59. Half of all the biodiversity hotspots are situated in mountains3, and our results indicate that 74% of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran are restricted to its mountains, which represent only about 42% of the country’s surface (elevations above 1400 m a. s. l. ; Fig. 7). Generally, mountains with diverse micro-climates and topographic complexity promote high biodiversity and endemism60,61, which appears also to be the case for Iranian mountains19. The environmental heterogeneity provides diverse niche space allowing more species to coexist62, acts as trigger for diversification, resulting from isolation or adaptation to diverse environmental conditions63, and also enables the existence of particular habitats through longer time periods supporting relics64. The complex topography and the large elevational range potentially allowed Iranian plants to survive the Quaternary glaciations, as only the high elevations were covered with ice65 and lowlands could act as refugia for many relict elements such as Parrotia in the Hyrcanian Forests66. Additionally, Quaternary climatic fluctuations and associated shifts in habitats and vegetation zones may have triggered species diversification as, for instance, suggested for a group of steppe species within the hyperdiverse genus Astragalus67. However, understanding the origin of the biodiversity of the mountains of Iran requires molecular phylogenetic studies of their characteristic mega-genera. Until then, the evolutionary history of the taxa inhabiting these mountains remains one of the least understood fields of global biogeography, even though it is crucial for explaining the origin of plant diversity in mountains of Eurasia. mountain ranges, species richness has decreased during the past decade68. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that half of all the biodiversity hotspots are situated in mountains, highlighting the relationship between diverse micro-climates and topographic complexity in promoting high biodiversity and endemism. It specifically mentions that the mountains of Iran have a significant proportion of endemic vascular plant species, further supporting the idea of these regions being important for biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: The computer science undergrads helping farmers adopt sustainable farming practices Most of the food products we humans consume each day have, at some point in the production cycle, been sprayed with pesticides to protect against damage caused by pests. Nansen researches how pest management, based on pesticide applications, can be optimised to ensure both profitability and sustainability. To put his research into practice, he enlisted the help of two computer science undergraduate students to develop the innovative smart spray app, which helps farmers decide when and where to apply pesticides -being the manager/owner of a farm with several individual strawberry fields – all of them larger than five soccer fields, meaning there is a lot of high-value crop under your management. You have a worker helping you with crop scouting: on a regular basis, the worker walks into the fields and looks for crop damage by pests. At some point, your worker finds ‘hot spots’ in some of the fields (groups of strawberry plants) with emerging outbreaks of a pest you have identified. What is the best thing to do? And what needs to be considered when making a decision on how to respond to such a pest outbreak in a crop field? • It takes time and labour costs to perform crop scouting, so there will be a limit to how much crop scouting can be performed. But without crop scouting, farmers won’t know whether they have pest outbreaks – so, what is the optimum level of scouting? Is it possible that the worker performing the crop scouting missed some emerging hot spots of pest outbreaks? • Applications of pesticides to control pest outbreaks require spraying equipment, labour, chemicals, fuel and other expenditures – so, pesticides should not be applied unless necessary. But should the whole field be sprayed or only portions of fields? For instance, only the detected hot spots? • Agricultural pests, such as insects causing crop damage, are known to develop resistance to pesticides. Once that happens, a particular pesticide is no longer effective against a given pest. So, the only real way to minimise the risk of pest populations developing resistance is by only using pesticides when they are causing significant crop damage. But how is that determined? And what if the prediction of risk of the pest causing significant crop damage is wrong? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim because it discusses the complexities and considerations involved in applying sustainable practices in agriculture, particularly how farmers decide when and where to use pesticides. It highlights the significant challenges and decisions involved, such as the need for crop scouting and the economic implications of pesticide use, illustrating that adoption of sustainable farming practices is not guaranteed without regulation or incentive.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 04 −0. 09 −0. 47 Note. Dependent variable: loyalty. Loyalty was rated on 5-point scale, where 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree. Loyalty item; 1 = Be able to talk positively to other people about agro-healing experience; 2 = After visit this place, I am willing to try the agro-healing experience again; 3 = Strongly recommend agro-healing experience to relatives or friends. **** p <. 01 (N=18). 2010. Korean version of the perceived stress scale-10: Development of the scale and exploring the effects of perceived stress on memory. Master’s thesis. University, Seoul, Korea. van Elsen. 2007. June;COST Action 866 “Green care in agriculture”: A multi-disciplinary scientific network In: Proceedings of COST Action 866 Conference “Green care in agriculture: Health effects, economics and policies; (2002. A study on the supportive design conditions for the hospital stress in Korea. J Healthc Archit. 8(1):61-67. . 2014. Method of saliva collection for salivary cortisol measurement. Pathol. 28(2):223-232. Cimprich, B 1993. Development of an intervention to restore attention in cancer patients. Cancer Nurs. 16(2):83-92. Cohen, S, GM Williamson. 1988. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In: Spacapan S, Oskamp S, (Eds), Psychology of Health (1995. Sex differences in neonatal stress reactivity. Child Dev. 66(1):14-27. Finkelstein, NG 2003. The holocaust industry: Reflections on the exploitation of Jewish suffering (2nd ed. ). NY, USA: Verso. Gremler, DD 1995. The effect of satisfaction, switching costs, and interpersonal bonds on service loyalty. Doctoral dissertation. . Im, KB 1997. Factors of stress by job type in hospital organization, impact on internal customer satisfaction and organizational immersion. Master’s thesis. Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk, Korea. . 2018. Effects of plant cultivating activity for reducing parental stress. J Environ. 21(3):203-211. . 2019. Community gardening activities and their effects on mental health of residents. J Environ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss paleoethnobotany or the relationship between people and plants in history. Instead, it provides information unrelated to the claim, including various studies, theses, and topics that seem to focus on stress, loyalty, and gardens without any reference to paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Keystone species, like sea otters, have a disproportionately large impact on their ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Ceccherelli (2016) Limpets compensate sea urchin decline and enhance the stability of rocky subtidal barrens. Res 115: 49-55. doi:10. 1016/j. marenvres. 2016. 01. 009 Ponti, M. , Fava, F. , Perlini, R. A. , Giovanardi, O. , Abbiati, M. (2015) Benthic assemblages on artificial reefs in the northwestern Adriatic Sea: Does structure type and age matter? . Res 104: 10-19. doi:10. 1016/j. marenvres. 2014. 12. 004 Ricciardi, A. , Whoriskey, F. G. , Rasmussen, J. B. (1997) The role of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in structuring macroinvertebrate communities on hard substrata. Sci 54(11): 2596-2608. doi:10. 1139/f97-174 Rivera-Ingraham, G. A. , Espinosa, F. , Garcia-Gomez, J. C. , (2011a) Conservation status and updated census of Patella ferruginea (Gastropoda, Patellidae) in Ceuta: distribution patterns and new evidence of the effects of environmental parameters on population structure. Conserv 34: 83–99. Retrieved from: Sánchez-Moyano, J. E. , Estacio, F. J. , García-Adiego, E. M. , García-Gómez, J. C. (2000) The molluscan epifauna of the alga Halopteris scoparia in as a bioindicator of coastal environmental conditions. J 66(4): 431-448 doi: 10. 1093/mollus/66. 4. 431 (2013) Sea otters homogenize mussel beds and reduce habitat provisioning in a rocky intertidal ecosystem. 8(5): e65435. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0065435 Sedano,F. , Tierno de Figueroa, J. M. , Navarro-Barranco, C. , Ortega, E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifically stating that 'Sea otters homogenize mussel beds and reduce habitat provisioning in a rocky intertidal ecosystem.' This indicates that sea otters play a significant role in shaping their environment, which aligns with the definition of a keystone species having a disproportionately large impact on their ecosystem.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: • There are regulations/restrictions on how many times crops can be sprayed with specificpesticides, and applying one pesticide to control one pest may in some cases also kill ‘beneficial insects’ (natural enemies – other insects that actually help farmers by controlling certain pest species). It is possible that applying one pesticide to control pest A causes an outbreak of pest B. This is very similar to what is referred to, in the medical world, as the ‘side effects’ of drug treatments. So, which pesticide should be applied? And if you decide to apply a pesticide that can only be applied once to a given crop per season, how do you know that you won’t need it again later in the growing season? • Finally, if we assume that it is deemed necessary to apply a certain pesticide, what factors may affect the performance (how well the pest outbreak was controlled) of a particular pesticide application? The farmer needs to select the right spraying equipment as well as consider how weather conditions might affect the pesticide application performance. For example, what do you think happens if a pesticide spray application is performed under dry and windy conditions? As you can hopefully appreciate from this brief introduction about the decision-making process associated with pest management, there are lots of factors to take into account, and making the ‘right’ decision is difficult. Also, the possible consequences of making the ‘wrong’ decision can be very costly – either wasting money on pesticide applications that were not necessary or losing money because the pest ruined the crop! In addition, you can hopefully appreciate the many similarities in decision-making between the medical diagnostics of our own health and the diagnostics used to successfully manage risks of pest outbreaks in farming systems. Just as doctors in the health care sector need equipment and guidelines to make decisions – these are generally referred to as decision support tools – applied research in pest management is heavily geared towards developing user-friendly and reliable decision support tools for farmers. This 10. 33424/60 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Gabriel, Christian and Alex with the app Gabriel, Alex and Christian looking at features of the app. Imagine working with a researcher in this way! Yellow spray cards turn blue when hit by liquid such as a pesticide formulation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges farmers face in pest management, which involves regulations on pesticide use. This highlights that sustainable practices in agriculture are influenced by external regulations and decision-making processes, suggesting that without such regulations, businesses may not adopt these sustainable practices voluntarily.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 22(4):333-340. . 2019. Effects of an agro-healing activity program on the physiological condition of adults with chronic metabolic diseases. J Environ. 22(4):355-364. Jeong, WC 2003 Recognition of service needs of the mentally ill and the mental service providers and factors affecting service needs of the mentally ill in community mental rehabilitation center. 16(12):156-179. Retrieved from Kim, HY 2013. Effects of community garden construction and horticultural activities on the life-satisfaction of rural residents. Doctoral dissertation. University, Taejon, Korea. Kim, JY 2009 Age and depression in Korean adults. Sci 26:89-113. Retrieved from Kim, KH 2009. A study on characteristics of healing environment in the late work of Wright. J Healthc Archit. 12(1):41-48. Kwak, SO 2005. A study on the environmental marketing for interiorscape within apartment. Doctoral dissertation. Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Korea. Kwon, SY 2015. A study on the healing experience in a garden with a perspective of cognitive response mechanism. Master’s thesis. Hongik University, Seoul, Korea. Lee, GG 2006. Visual preference in green roof sites. J Landsc Archit. 34(5):32-38. Lee, JY 2003. Effects of air transportation service delay on customer satisfaction, relationship quality, and customer loyalty. Doctoral dissertation. Gyeongju University, Gyeongju, Korea. Lee, SH 2007. The effects of the index of greenness simulation based restorative environment model upon emotion improvement. Health Psychol. 12(2):439-465. Loue, S 2016. CooperRiis healing community. Therapeutic farms: Recovery from mental illness Switzerland: Springer. Matsuo, E, I Miyajima. 1998. Up-to-date trend of horticultural therapy in Japan: An attempt to redefine horticulture in horticultural therapy and place horticultural therapy in relation to other therapies. . 1(1):22-33. McKenzie-. 1995. Determinants of responsible environmental behavior. J Soc Issues. 51(4):139-156. Oliver, RL 1999. Whence consumer loyalty? J Mark. 63:33-44. . 1988. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address or discuss paleoethnobotany or its focus on the relationship between people and plants in historical contexts. Instead, it includes references to various studies and dissertations on topics such as therapeutic gardens, mental health, and consumer loyalty, none of which are related to the claim regarding paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Keystone species, like sea otters, have a disproportionately large impact on their ecosystems. [SEP] Text: AbstractProtistan pathogens have been found to infect populations of some large brown macroalgae. Infection could reduce the ability of macroalgae to withstand hydrodynamic pressures through weakening tissues and reducing flexibility. Widespread mortality of macroalgae if disease outbreaks were to occur could have important flow-on consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem function. Recent discoveries of the protistan pathogen Maullinia infecting the ecologically keystone southern bull kelp Durvillaea in Chile, Australia, and on Marion Island, raise the possibility that this pathogen is dispersing across ocean basins with buoyant hosts. To determine whether Maullinia also infects southern bull kelp in New Zealand, samples of gall-like tissue from Durvillaea antarctica, D. poha, and D. willana were collected from intertidal sites, and genetic analyses (sequencing of partial 18S rRNA) carried out. Maullinia infections were detected in all three species of Durvillaea. Phylogenetic analyses show a close relationship of Maullinia to M. braseltonii previously detected in Chile and on Marion Island. Based on its genetic similarity to distant lineages and its presence on buoyant hosts that have been shown to drift long distances at seas, we infer that Maullinia has dispersed across the through rafting of infected bull kelp. Understanding the capacity of pathogens to disperse across oceans is critical part of forecasting and managing ecosystem responses to environmental change. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionPathogens can have a major effect on ecosystem processes, and can exercise controls on populations through reducing the biomass and abundance of species, influencing the phenotypes of hosts, and altering species interactions (Price et al. 1986; Harvell et al. 2002; Groner et al. 2016; Fischhoff et al. 2020). Despite this, implications of disease have been understudied by ecologists relative to other biotic interactions (Campbell et al. 2014). Parasites and pathogens are common in macroalgae, and whilst not all diseases will go on to disrupt ecosystem processes (Harley et al. 2012; Groner et al. 2016), when foundational species such as macroalgae are disrupted, it can have disproportionate impacts which cascade through trophic levels and alter habitat functioning (Harvell et al. 1999; Schiel 2006; Cohen et al. 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the significant impact of foundational species, like macroalgae, on ecosystem processes. It states that when foundational species are disrupted, it can lead to disproportionate impacts that cascade through trophic levels, thereby altering habitat functioning. This aligns with the idea of keystone species having a critical role in maintaining ecological balance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Farmers use the app to calculate the spray coverage -being the manager/owner of a farm with several individual strawberry fields – all of them larger than five soccer fields, meaning there is a lot of high-value crop under your management. You have a worker helping you with crop scouting: on a regular basis, the worker walks into the fields and looks for crop damage by pests. At some point, your worker finds ‘hot spots’ in some of the fields (groups of strawberry plants) with emerging outbreaks of a pest you have identified. What is the best thing to do? And what needs to be considered when making a decision on how to respond to such a pest outbreak in a crop field? • It takes time and labour costs to perform crop scouting, so there will be a limit to how much crop scouting can be performed. But without crop scouting, farmers won’t know whether they have pest outbreaks – so, what is the optimum level of scouting? Is it possible that the worker performing the crop scouting missed some emerging hot spots of pest outbreaks? • Applications of pesticides to control pest outbreaks require spraying equipment, labour, chemicals, fuel and other expenditures – so, pesticides should not be applied unless necessary. But should the whole field be sprayed or only portions of fields? For instance, only the detected hot spots? • Agricultural pests, such as insects causing crop damage, are known to develop resistance to pesticides. Once that happens, a particular pesticide is no longer effective against a given pest. So, the only real way to minimise the risk of pest populations developing resistance is by only using pesticides when they are causing significant crop damage. But how is that determined? And what if the prediction of risk of the pest causing significant crop damage is wrong? • There are regulations/restrictions on how many times crops can be sprayed with specificpesticides, and applying one pesticide to control one pest may in some cases also kill ‘beneficial insects’ (natural enemies – other insects that actually help farmers by controlling certain pest species). It is possible that applying one pesticide to control pest A causes an outbreak of pest B. This is very similar to what is referred to, in the medical world, as the ‘side effects’ of drug treatments. So, which pesticide should be applied? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges farmers face regarding pest management and pesticide application, which highlights that individual decision-making regarding sustainable practices is influenced by factors such as regulations, costs, pest resistance, and environmental impact. It suggests that regulations are necessary, as evidenced by mentioning 'there are regulations/restrictions on how many times crops can be sprayed' and the potential negative effects of pesticide use. This indicates that sustainable practices are not guaranteed without the presence of such regulations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Home E-submission us and scope About the journal About the society Editorial board Journal management team Advertising policies Open access Revenue sources Direct marketing Access and subscription Archiving policy Contact us 464. DOI: 초등학생 학부모의 식물선호도와 자녀양육태도 관련성 분석 김경미*, 정순진, 이상미, 정선희 농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 도시농업과 between of Parents with *, of Horticultural & 55365, *Corresponding author: gimgm@korea. kr 본 연구는 농촌진흥청 농업과학기술 공동연구개발사업(과제번호: PJ011376022016)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임. 4, 2016; 5, 2016; 15, 2016; © for People, Plants, and Environment. All rights reserved study was focused on the relationship between horticultural preference and parenting attitude of parents having elementary school students. Because a human’s preference of plant was inhered an image of one’s life. This study carried out to define the variables related to horticultural preference and parenting attitude, for promotion in horticultural activity program of parent. For this study, the data was collected from 193 parents having elementary school child from May to July, 2015 at Seoul, and Jeonju city. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study on horticultural preference and parenting attitudes rather than paleoethnobotany or its examination of historical relationships between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Keystone species, like sea otters, have a disproportionately large impact on their ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Such impacts are of particular concern in marine ecosystems where high levels of connectedness can facilitate rapid spread of pathogens over large distances (McCallum et al. 2003). Dispersal to new areas is likely to result in novel contact between the pathogen and the host, which could have serious consequences if the hosts have little or no resistance to the unfamiliar pathogen (Harvell et al. 2002; Cohen et al. 2018). Climate change is predicted to exacerbate the problem, through expanding pathogen ranges and making hosts more susceptible to infection through increased stress (Campbell et al. 2011; Kumar et al. 2016; Cohen et al. 2018). Early monitoring in combination with long-term data collection, including assessing disease prevalence, is essential to enable us to effectively respond to and manage disease outbreaks through understanding how host–pathogen interactions vary with climate change and extreme events (Harvell et al. 2002; Burge et al. 2014; Groner et al. 2016). Maullinia is an intracellular, protistan pathogen genus first described just 20 years ago when it was found on filamentous brown algae in Chile (Maier et al. 2000). Thus far, relatively little research has been carried out to understand the ecology of this pathogen, and the potential impact it could have on macroalgal communities. Maullinia has been found across the Southern Hemisphere, in Chile, the Falkland Islands, sub-Antarctic islands, and Australia on both filamentous brown algae and on southern bull kelp species (Maier et al. 2000; Goecke et al. 2012; Blake et al. 2017; Murúa et al. 2017). Maullinia can cause yellowish galls, between 0. 5 and 4. 0 cm in size (Goecke et al. 2012; Blake et al. 2017; Murúa et al. 2017) to form on southern bull kelp blades. Additionally, M. ectocarpii has been found to infect gametophytes of kelp species Macrocystis and Desmarestia, which could disrupt the life cycle of these keystone kelp species, particularly in a commercial context (Maier et al. 2000). Southern bull kelp (Durvillaea) are large and ecologically important keystone species occupying intertidal and shallow subtidal zones (Fraser et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the role of southern bull kelp (Durvillaea) as a large and ecologically important keystone species. It explains that these species occupy critical ecological zones, implying that their presence and health significantly affect their ecosystems. The mention of the potential impact of a pathogen on these keystone species further emphasizes their importance in the ecological framework.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: MethodologyAn analysis of global scenario as regards prices of commodities at the international level, disruptions in global value chains, irritants in the geopolitical sphere, is done from February 2022 to August 2023. The US and Egypt serve as representative sample of developed and developing countries respectively. As regards Eurozone, UK, Turkey and India, a brief note on their monetary policies is drawn. In other words, a macro picture is done, which was followed by meso, viz. country-level analysis. Only discount rates/interest rates have been taken into consideration for this study. Advertisement 4. Recent literature reviewDornbusch, et al. [2] stated the impact of quantity of money on the economy, whereby there is an increase in output, by reducing interest rates. They spelt out the transmission mechanism, the process by which alterations in monetary policy impact aggregate demand. Lang and Schadner [3] outlined the predominance of resolving the Impossible trilemma without the currency and financial stability. They came up with a new theoretic trilemma model for a monetary union. Azad and Serletis [4] elucidated that the uncertainty in the US monetary policy, regardless of the way in which it is measured, has negative impact on the macroeconomic and financial fundamentals of emerging economies. They dwelt upon the spillovers emanating from monetary policy uncertainty in the US to the policy rates of 7 emerging economies which implemented inflation targeting. Benigno, et al. [5] explain how the policy responses of Bank (ECB) to the pandemic crisis (using an event-based analysis) have influenced the European financial and economic system. These responses have had positive impact on European economic system by increasing lending by banks and by making space for expansionary fiscal policies in the Eurozone’s high debt countries which do not have fiscal wherewithal. Guizani and Wierzbowska [6] assessed the monetary policy stance in three countries, viz. Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco, based on the Taylor-rule framework. They identified the effect of transition periods and high uncertainties after the Arab Spring, on the decision-making process of Central bank. Results showed that they still largely depend on discretion while deciding their policy rates. However, there is significant interest rate inertia in the policymaking of these countries. The policy rates in Egypt and Tunisia depend on the variations of exchange rates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by not supporting the idea that environmental economics guarantees the adoption of sustainable practices by businesses. Instead, it primarily discusses monetary policy and economic analysis across various countries without mentioning sustainability or the impact of regulation on businesses' practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: The major variables related to parenting attitude were grade of children, dialogue hour with their children, understanding of their children, intimate, number of breakfast, occupation, family income, growing activity. And the relationship between parenting attitude and horticultural preference were marked statistical difference at plant classification into need a supporting stick, foodstuff, life time of plant, individual or community growth, cook and industrial arts or ornamental plants. Especially it was concerned in achievement, rationality, affection of parenting attitude. Keywords: growing activity, horticultural program, plant classification, plant preference 서론 인간은 식물과 함께 있을 때 행복하고 편안한 기분과 심미적 진 동을 느끼며 치유, 감성을 회복하여 사유하게 된다. 특히 식물은 종 (種)마다 다른 색, 구조, 형태 등 여러 가지 특징을 가지고 있어 다양 한(Lee, 2014) 조형적 아름다움만 아니라 생명의 이미지가 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about paleoethnobotany and instead discusses various variables related to parenting attitudes and their potential connection to horticultural preferences. The mention of relationships between plants and people is more about general preferences and emotional connections rather than the historical examination that paleoethnobotany implies.