Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture often includes rainwater harvesting systems. [SEP] Text: The obtained results are to some extent comparable with the previous study [7] assessing profitability and cost-efficiency of domestic rainwater harvesting systems for a single-family housing also located in Lublin, Poland. However, in case of the studied individual RWH systems their profitability and costs effectiveness were related to the range of tap water consumption reduction. The negative results of economic and costs effectiveness assessment of the proposed Variant 3 are related to the selected type, material and number of underground rainwater reservoirs and the resultant required volume and price of earthworks. Thus, in this case, the selection of three polymer underground tanks, clearly more expensive than prefabricated from concrete, significantly increased the investment costs. Thus, in our opinion, selection of rainwater storage units technology, materials and volume should be very careful. The determined quantified assessment of financial aspects of the proposed grey infrastructure (rainwater harvesting and grey water treatment and reuse) is in agreement with observations reported for different European regions and climatic conditions, from arid Mediterranean [13] to region [15]. The similar positive assessment of cost-efficiency of rainwater harvesting systems used to mitigate urban flooding in 9 cities in and Europe was presented by Cristiano et al. [42]. In this work, installation of RWH systems was presented as less expensive and more financially efficient than green roofs. Cost-efficiency of systems, among the different possible low impact development solutions, was also positively verified under the conditions of selected location in Ontario, Canada [43]. The comparable positive assessment of economic feasibility of RWH installation in the public building with roof area 526 m2, under climatic and economic conditions in Brazil, was presented by Ghisi et al. [28]. In this paper the influence of increased rain water use, allowing to reduce the tap water demand, from 50% to 80%, on economic efficiency of the investment was also discussed. The similar observations concerning influence of increased rainwater demand on economic feasibility of rainwater harvesting in residential buildings, comparable to results presented in this paper, were also presented in Maskwa et al. [44]. However, the positive economic assessment of RWH is not universal, the benefits-costs analysis performed by Schild et al. [45] for roof top harvesting in 11 locations in Palestine showed negative values of NPV indicator, even with the assumption of 50% refundation of investment costs. The importance of outside, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the economic feasibility and benefits of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems. It highlights their role in reducing tap water consumption and mitigating urban flooding, which aligns with the sustainable architecture concept of incorporating RWH systems as a means of resource efficiency and environmental sustainability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: Things started to clash in my head about interpreting her statement. This very short yet extremely vital interaction had made question my relatability to my entire surroundings not just the academic community. This has affected the way I perceived higher education in the UK and on the long term hugely influenced my academic performance. Relatedness to the community I am about to enter remained questionable as I wanted to delve in and pursuit my education regardless. After recovering from the first encounter, mentioned above, it was finally induction week (August 2008) and my enthusiasm was not how I expected- much lower than anticipated. Unfortunately, in this stage, I had to interact with the same person from the previous encounter and things did not change as I hoped. I was not contacted prior to induction week, so I initiated communication with admission. Clearly, what I experienced in June was not a unique incident. Clear signs of being an unwanted outsider - August 2008The programme starts in a week and I still haven’t heard from admission about where to go and what to do next. called admission again and the same officer picked up the phone. After introducing myself she said “Oh, that’s you again! Thought you’d never come back”. Didn’t again say anything apart from “would you please tell me what to do for next week as I haven’t heard from you since June”. The officer then said “Whatever, just show up and try not to blow up anything” started to put the two incidents together and concluded that it was directed to who I was and where I came from. I showed up prefilled with a lot of negativity and whether I should actually continue with my studies. This particular incident triggered something new, which was not expected. I was clearly objectified as an outside/foreigner whose ethnicity is accused of a certain activity. Directing such accusation impacted the way I perceived my interaction and behavior around my peers and university community. Here, I felt unrelated and unconfident in my skills and abilities to continue with my study. It is vital though to mention that both incidents occurred outside classroom settings and in the initial process of admission. Ups and Downs - September 2008 and February 2009It was finally induction week in September 2008. I entered the lecture hall and orientation activities had already started. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses personal experiences related to feelings of alienation and self-doubt during the induction process at a university. It does not mention digital learning platforms or academic performance in any capacity, thus it does not provide support for or contrast against the claim regarding digital learning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Following transfection, each cell line was subjected to motility analysis and the velocity of tracked cells was determined (Wheeler, 2017; Figure 4 and Supplementary file 1). We measured a significant decrease in motility for three (PF16-1, PF16-2, and PF16-3) of the four guides targeting PF16 in L. donovani at 14 days post transfection. In L. mexicana and L. infantum only one guide (PF16-3) yielded a measurable decrease in swimming speed, while in L. major no significant effect could be determined. For guides targeting PFR2, MFT, and IFT88, no significant decrease in swimming speed was detected in L. mexicana, L. donovani, and L. major, respectively (Figure 4A and Supplementary file 1). However, out of the four IFT88 targeting guides, one (IFT88-1) reduced the swimming speed in the transfected L. infantum population (Figure 4A and Supplementary file 1) and also yielded the expected flagellar assembly phenotype (Figure 4—figure supplement 3). Figure 4 with 4 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Motility analysis following hyBE4max-mediated cytosine base editing. L. donovani, L. mexicana, L. infantum, and L. major wildtype parasites were transfected with pLdCH-hyBE4max-sgRNA expression plasmids, targeting PF16, 2, and IFT88 with four guides each (see main text description). Selected non-clonal populations were subjected to motility analysis and the frequency of the velocity of tracked cells was plotted (A) 14 days, (B) 28 days, and (C, D) 42 days post transfection. Cells were selected with 40 µg/ml hygromycin B until 28 days post transfection and then with both, (C) 40 and (D) 400 µg/ml. Each population was analysed using a Cramér-von to detect any shift in the population distribution towards lower speed. Highlighted curves are marked with an asterisks when that shift was significant (for L. donovani, L. mexicana, and L. infantum: *p > 0. 05, for L. major: *p > 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address CRISPR technology or its ability to enable precise editing of genomic sequences. Instead, it focuses on describing motility analysis and the effects of transfection in various parasites. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture often includes rainwater harvesting systems. [SEP] Text: , governmental, co-founding in RWH systems installation, from domestic to larger scale, reaching several thousand cubic meters of volume, was also reported [7,46]. The determined relation between selected components of the capital costs of studied investment and its cost-efficiency and economic feasibility is in agreement with observations presented by Islam [47] for rainwater harvesting in the developing country, Bangladesh. The economic benefits of RWH in this paper were related to, inter alia, storage volume, tap water price and total investment costs. performed analysis of economic and costs effectiveness of proposed variants of rainwater harvesting for large-area shopping mall facility in Lublin, Poland allowed the following concussions: ● Most of the proposed designs was assessed as profitable, bringing the financial benefits for the investors, due to savings possible as the result of reduced tap water demand for cleaning, toilets flushing and green watering. ● The highest profitability and cost-efficiency were determined for the design assuming the simplest solution for rainwater storage, the open reservoir. ● Only one design, assuming rainwater storage in three connected polymer underground reservoirs of significant investment costs was assessed as unprofitable. ● Economic feasibility and cost-efficiency of studied rainwater harvesting designs were directly related to two variable components of its capital investment costs: volume, material and type of rainwater reservoir and volume of earthworks required to its installation. ● Economic feasibility and costs-efficiency of rainwater harvesting systems in public buildings, according to the performed calculations, are highly related to maximization of rainwater use and decrease in tap water consumption. ● The obtained results of economic assessment are valid only for a specific case of rainwater harvesting designs tested under the precisely defined local climatic and microeconomic conditions, thus, in our opinion, each case of rainwater harvesting system design should be supported during the decision making-process by the economic feasibility and costs-efficiency analyses based on measurable and quantifiable input data. ● The proposed methodology of financial sustainability assessment for rainwater harvesting design is universal and may be applied to projects located in different regions, under various climatic and economic conditions. dataset of the study is available from the authors upon reasonable request. and MKW designed the study. JK prepared the designs and performed the calculations. JK and MKW analyzed the data. JK and MKW wrote the paper. authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the economic feasibility and cost-efficiency of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in various applications, particularly in public buildings and large facilities. It provides evidence that these systems contribute significantly to financial profitability through savings in tap water usage for essential functions like cleaning and watering. This aligns with the principles of sustainable architecture, which emphasizes resource efficiency and minimization of environmental impact.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: Many factors could influence motivation and can even class it based on the impact of these factors such as peer pressure, situational and context based behavior- such as being classed as a minority or victimized as an outsider in a certain community. To be able to achieve autonomous motivation, I have exhibited many social identities so that I can be accepted in native speaker dominated groups in the UK. Being fully aware of the charade I had put so that I can access other groups, the struggle to find autonomy outside the pressure of others had been accumulating which as a result affected how I had interpreted motivation. According to Bahou (2019), autonomy is at the risk of being perished if the peer pressure, through a number of racial profiling incidents, existed in any activity the learner is performing. Figure 3: Comments from the narratives which highlight Autonomous MotivationExamples from Figure 3, particularly (1:1, 1:2, 1:13, 1:26 and 1:28), show my acknowledgment and how self-conscious I have become about each incident. I can clearly see why my motivation was not at all autonomous and how poorly I dealt with most of the incidents. Each insidious comment or even a blatant encounter about my race, culture or even educational background did in fact and still has demotivated me as a foreign leaner in UK higher education. In other cases, as seen in examples (1:16 and 1:21), I had experienced quite the opposite. In some of the incidents where I was comforted and welcomed with null insinuation about my race etc. I found enthusiasm and a reason to continue regardless of how negative and aggressive the other encounters have been. Up to this day, I still recharge my motivation with those little encouraging conversations which, according to Duffy (2013) promote the learner’s psychological wellbeing which help the learner to achieve autonomous motivation. 7. 3 Academic performanceDuring my first year in my undergraduate programme in the UK, my academic performance fluctuated and I tended to blame my surrounding for most of my academic failures. The struggle to identify myself with a solid and acceptable social identity affected how I performed at university. Furthermore, a number of racial profiling incidents added insult to injury and influenced my academic performance in general. Greer (Greer et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that multiple factors, such as peer pressure and situational context, influence a student's motivation and academic performance. It recounts personal experiences of racial profiling and the impact these have had on self-motivation, suggesting that academic outcomes are not uniformly better for all students using digital learning platforms. The author describes fluctuations in their academic performance and how external pressures affected their educational experience, indicating that guarantees of higher performance on such platforms are unfounded in their case.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 01). For populations with a significant shift and for wildtype and NT controls, the overall percentage of tracked cells that have a velocity of less than 1 µm/s is highlighted. NT: non-targeting control, a wildtype transfected parasite, harbouring a pLdCH-hyBE4max-tdTomato-targeting-guide (Target 1 (−)) plasmid. Mean speed was measured in duplicates 14 days post transfection and in triplicates 28 and 42 days post transfection. Error bars show standard deviation between these replicates. We then cultured the cells for another 14 days, keeping them under constant drug selection to maintain the guide carrying pLdCH-hyBE4max episome. As expected, we saw for most cell lines a further increase in proportion of cells that showed a decrease in swimming speed when PF16 was targeted. For L. donovani three of the four PF16 targeting guides (PF16-1, PF16-2, and PF16-3) still yielded significantly decreased motility, while for MFT no significant effect was observed (Figure 4B, Figure 4—figure supplement 1A, and Supplementary file 1). This confirmed that observed motility phenotypes were specific to the targeted gene. In L. mexicana two of the four PF16 targeting guides (PF16-2 and PF16-3) and one of the PFR2 targeting guides (PFR2-1) showed now a significant effect (Figure 4B, Figure 4—figure supplement 1A, and Supplementary file 1). In L. infantum, the percentage of cells showing decreased mutant speed was now lower for the IFT88 targeting guide (IFT88-1), which is expected as the deletion of IFT88 in L. mexicana has been shown to reduce the doubling time (Beneke et al. , 2019). L. infantum parasites with a deleterious IFT88 mutation are therefore most likely outcompeted from the mutant population (Figure 4B, Figure 4—figure supplement 1A, and Supplementary file 1). Since we still did not observe a measureable effect on any of the transfected L. major parasites at 28 days post transfection, we cultured parasites for another 14 days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding CRISPR technology and its capability for precise editing of genomic sequences. Instead, it discusses details about measurements of cell velocities and observations related to the motility phenotypes of certain parasites. Consequently, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture often includes rainwater harvesting systems. [SEP] Text: Caparrós-Martínez JL, Rueda-Lópe N, Milán-García J, J. Public policies for sustainability and water security: The case of Almeria (Spain). Conserv. 2020;23:e01037. View 14. ’Donnel E, Matthews N, et al. Scalable solutions to freshwater scarcity: Advancing theories of change to incentivize sustainable water use. Water Secur. 2020;9:100055. View 15. Özerol öge M. Urban water management and climate change adaptation: A self-assessment study by seven midsize cities in the Region. Soc. 2020;55:102066. View 16. -Pomorska A. Socio-economic aspects of centralized wastewater system for rural settlement under conditions of Eastern Poland. Water. 2022;14(10):1667. View 17. Zapasa A, Musz-Pomorska A, Gołębiowska J, Widomski MK. Financial, environmental and social sustainability of rural sanitary wastewater system: case study. Sci. 2022;12(12):277. View 18. Harding R. Ecologically sustainable development: origins, implementation and challenge. Desalination. 2006;187(1–3):229-39. View 19. . Sustainability of donor-founded rural water supply and sanitation projects in Mbire district, Zimbabwe. Earth. 2014;76:134-9. View 20. Frone S, Frone DF. Economic risk to a regional water supply and sanitation project in Romania. Financ. 2015;32:550-7. View 21. Oviedo-Ocaña -Sanchez ML, Zaraza-Peña JM. Financial feasibility of end-user designed rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse systems for high water use households. Pol Res. 2018;25(20):19200-16. View 22. Meville-. Typologies for UK Houses: A Analysis of System Configurations. Water. 2016:8(4):129. View 23. . Studying the effect of rain water harvesting from roof surfaces on runoff and household consumption reduction. Soc. 2018;43:317-24. View 24. . The performance of rainwater tanks for stormwater retention and water supply at the household scale: an empirical study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies and articles that discuss rainwater harvesting systems, particularly in the context of sustainability. For example, it mentions 'Financial feasibility of end-user designed rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse systems for high water use households' and 'Studying the effect of rain water harvesting from roof surfaces on runoff and household consumption reduction'. These references indicate that rainwater harvesting is recognized and analyzed in the broader context of sustainable practices and architectural design.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: , 2015) outlines that learners may exhibit an apparent decline in their academic performance if their psychological well-being was at stake- be it from a simple teacher-student conversation to a prejudice based peer pressure. The psychological well-being is hugely affected by how individuals are classed in a certain community and their identity is categorised (Bliuc et al. , 2011). Those categorisation, as outlined by Tajfel (1981), dictate in many instances how individual learners should behave and sometimes set limits to their academic performance. Figure 4: Comments from the narratives which highlight Academic PerformanceFigure 4 shows some instances of comments from my findings. In examples (1:8, 1:14 and 1:16), there was a clear evidence of comments which had affected my psychological wellbeing. Those comments from past encounters did blur my view to what my identity was and whether I was competent enough to continue my study. Nevertheless, examples (1:12, 1:13, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:21 and 1:22) show quite the opposite. I have managed to recall and reflect on those incidents as being fairly positive and did motivate me throughout my study. Comment (1:17) in particular resonates a sense of acceptance by others, which had influenced how I could steer each comment/incident to my psychological well-being. Achieving a healthy and strong identity had helped my academic performance to improve and retain strong autonomous motivation. 8. research has outlined the relationship between social identity (perceived through stereotypes and racial classification) and academic performance (perceived by individual learners’ motivation and academic achievement). The prospect of being part of a group and the feeling of belonging was the prominent factor through which academic performance was gauged- both failure and success. Foreign students, regardless of their background, are at the risk of being isolated and not fully integrated in their classroom environment. Some could battle their way in and accept the majority group’s expectations- such as language proficiency and academic performance. As we have seen in this research, foreign students’ relatedness can be achieved and those students can in fact recover from racial profiling incidents and reach full access to the majority group. Racial profiling and negative stereotypes have proven, throughout this research, to affect foreign students’ motivation and adaptation to the learning environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing factors that affect academic performance, particularly focusing on psychological well-being and social identity. It indicates that learners may experience a decline in academic performance due to issues like prejudice and social categorization, which suggest that digital learning platforms alone do not guarantee success for all students. The text implies that external social factors can negatively influence academic outcomes, highlighting that performance is not guaranteed simply by the use of digital platforms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: We increased the hygromycin B concentration by 10-fold, in an attempt to force the cells to ramp-up their episomal expression of pLdCH-hyBE4max. We also continued the incubation of L. infantum parasites, transfected with a guide targeting IFT88 (IFT88-1). As expected (Beneke et al. , 2019), the proportion of cells showing a motility phenotype in the IFT88 targeted L. infantum population decreased further (Figure 4C, Figure 4—figure supplement 2B, and Supplementary file 1). For L. major parasites, we finally could detect cells with a motility phenotype within the PF16 guide transfected population (PF16-3). However, the transfected IFT88 guide (IFT88-1) still did not induce any measurable effect in L. major (Figure 4C, Figure 4—figure supplement 2B, and Supplementary file 1). Meanwhile, increased drug selection did not significantly increase the proportion of cells affected (Figure 4D, Figure 4—figure supplement 2B, and Supplementary file 1), even though we could detect an increase in expression of the hyBE4max CBE protein for L. major (Figure 4—figure supplement 4). To verify that observed phenotypes were induced by C to T editing, we then Sanger sequenced the guide targeting loci of PF16, IFT88, and PFR2 in respective targeted Leishmania species (from time point 28 days post transfection) (Figure 5 and Supplementary file 2). Observed motility phenotypes correlated well with editing rates. For example, guide PF16-3, yielding the strongest decrease in motility across all species, showed high editing rates in all four species with up to 100% C to T conversion. Guide PF16-2, which only showed a motility phenotype in L. mexicana and L. donovani, also only showed editing in those two species and guide PF16-1, which only showed a decrease in mutant speed in L. donovani, also just showed editing in L. donovani (Figures 4B and 5A). Surprisingly, we saw high editing rates for three of the four IFT88 targeting guides in L. infantum and L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about CRISPR technology or its precise editing capabilities. Instead, it discusses experimental observations related to the transfection of Leishmania parasites and the phenotypic effects noticed rather than elaborating on the mechanisms or implications of CRISPR technology itself.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture often includes rainwater harvesting systems. [SEP] Text: Hydrol Process. 2015;29(1):152-60. View 25. . Improving the Multi-of Real-Technology. Water. 2018;10(2):147. View 26. . Using recycled water for non-potable, urban uses: a review with particular reference to toilet ﬂushing. Supply. 2003;3(4):69-77. View 27. . State of the art of rainwater harvesting systems towards promoting green built environments: a review. Treat. 2016;57(1):95-104. View 28. . Investment feasibility analysis of rainwater harvesting in a building in Brazil. Supply. 2018;18(4):1497-504. View 29. Lublin. The natural environment in Lublin. Available from: Accessed 2024 Jan 30. Polish. View 30. Journal of Laws 2002 No. 8 item 70. Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure of January 14, 2002 on the determining of average standards of water consumption. Available from: Accessed 2024 Feb 10. Polish. View 31. Journal of Laws 2003 No. 169 item 1650. Announcement of the Minister of Economy, Labor and of August 28, 2003 on the announcement of the consolidated text of the regulation of the Minister of Labor and on general occupational health and safety regulations. Available from: Accessed 2024 Feb 10. Polish. View 32. . Northeast community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planning. Available from: Accessed 2024 Apr 2. View 33. Coleman A, Grimes A. Betterment taxes, capital gains and benefit cost ratios. Econ Lett. 2010;109(1):54-6. View 34. . The role of the in the theory and application of duration to capital budgeting. J Account. 1982;9(4):511-22. View 35. : The Essentials. Available from: Accessed 2024 Apr 2. View 36. . A simple-to-implement real options method for the energy sector. Energy. 2020;197:117226. View 37. Rączka J. Analiza efektywności kosztowej w oparciu o wskaźnik dynamicznego kosztu jednostkowego [Analysis of Based on Cost Indicator]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple articles that discuss 'rainwater harvesting systems' and their relevance to promoting green built environments, which aligns with sustainable architecture practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: Autonomous motivation is influenced by many factors, one of the most vital ones is peer pressure- through racial profiling mostly. Foreign students can overcome this potentially sensitive factor, as proven earlier in this research, through channeling negative stereotypes and racial profiling incidents to boost their motivation. Throughout my autoethnographic account, it was clear that racial profiling and negative stereotypes did in fact affect my academic performance at a certain stage. However, after examining my autoethnographic account (with the data collected from Twitter) in terms of relatedness and autonomous motivation, it can be deduced that academic performance is interlinked with how we are perceived by others; the key to unravel our true potential is within us if we learn how to relate to others and use it to achieve autonomous motivation. With access to detailed narratives about every single event that I had encountered which involved an instance of racial profiling would have been handy for this study. Recollection of past events require extreme emotional and physical effort (Gibbs, 1988), which at some point prevented me from elaborating on particular dialogues or interactions. Future studies could delve into those issues in depth so that a clearer conclusion is then to be reached. Moreover, the relevance and application of the results were not tested on other foreign students which calls for a more inclusive study, perhaps a mixed method future studies, so that this research would reach a wider audience. About the authorand. Mohanad Alaniis currently a lecturer in the at () in the Emirates. Prior to his recent appointment at he was a lecturer in the at South and Birmingham, UK. Mohanad Alani’s research interests evolve around employing technology in the classroom- VR technology in particular. His future work aims at utilising VR activities to improve vocabulary acquisition through designated VR studios for EFL students in the UAE. Email: [email protected] and [email protected]ORCID: 0000-0003-2459-64542021. Revised: 13 December 2021. Accepted: 15 December 2021. Published online: 20 June 2022. Cover image: Monstera via Pexels. 345. Ahmed, W. , Bath, P. , & Demartini, G. (2017). as a Data Source: of Ethical, Legal, and Methodological Challenges. Ethics of (Vol. 2, 942. J. , Tahvanainen, L. , Pitkänen, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that academic performance is influenced by complex factors, including peer pressure and racial profiling. It emphasizes that while foreign students might overcome negative stereotypes to boost motivation, this shows that digital learning platforms cannot guarantee higher performance universally, as individual experiences and perceptions significantly impact outcomes. The need for more inclusive and varied studies further supports the idea that not all students will benefit equally from digital learning platforms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: major but only guide IFT88-1 resulted in a measurable motility and flagellar assembly phenotype in L. infantum (Figures 4B and 5B and Figure 4—figure supplement 3). Analysing the Sanger sequencing trace plots further, we noticed that only guide IFT88-1 induced a mutation that resulted in a STOP codon, while non-STOP codon mutations became dominant for the other two guides (Supplementary file 2), presumably due to the known IFT88 growth phenotype (Beneke et al. , 2019). For guides targeting PFR2 in L. mexicana, only guide PFR2-1 was efficient, which was also the only guide resulting in decreased motility (Figures 4B and 5C). To confirm that indeed, the knockdown of PFR2 was successful, we analysed the expression of the targeted protein by western blot, confirming a strong knockdown only for guide PFR2-1 (~97% knockdown compared to wildtype) (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). It is important to highlight that this strong knockdown was achieved in non-clonal populations that had been selected to express the hyBE4max and only one sgRNA. There was no requirement for additional donor DNA or isolation of clones. This is despite the fact that PFR2 is a three-copy gene in a tandem array. Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Determining hyBE4max editing rates following targeting of single- and multi-copy genes. L. donovani, L. infantum, L. mexicana, and L. major wildtype parasites were transfected with pLdCH-hyBE4max-sgRNA expression plasmids, targeting (A) PF16, (B) IFT88, and (C) PFR2 with four guides each (see main text description). Discordance from Sanger sequencing traces before transfection (wildtype) and 28 days after transfection (Targets 1, 2, 3, and 4) was measured and plotted as described in Figure 3B. The position and orientation of each guide are indicated above. Since guides targeting MFT in L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding CRISPR technology and its ability to allow for precise editing of genomic sequences. Instead, it discusses the outcomes of specific gene targeting experiments using different guides and mentions gene knockdown and sequencing analysis without explicitly supporting or contrasting the claim about CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture often includes rainwater harvesting systems. [SEP] Text: Warsaw (Poland): Programme; 2002. Polish. View 38. . Economic appraisal of energy efficiency in buildings using cost-effectiveness assessment. Financ. 2015;21:422-30. View 39. Widomski MK, Ładziak E, Łagód G. Economic aspects of sustainable sanitation in rural settlements. Eng Environ. 2017;10(3):153-62. View 40. . Neural networks in economic analyses of wastewater systems. Appl. 2011;38(8):10031-5. View 41. and Council. Ą(UE) nr 480/2014 [(EU) No 480/2014]. Available from: Accessed 2024 Feb 20. Polish. View 42. . How much green roofs and rainwater harvesting systems can contribute to urban flood mitigation? J. 2023;20(2):140-57. View 43. Joksimovic D, Alam Z. Cost efficiency of Development (LID) stormwater management practices. Procedia Eng. 2014;89:734-41. View 44. . A spatial life cycle cost comparison of residential greywater and rainwater harvesting systems. Sci. 2021;38(8):715-28. View 45. . Economic feasibility of rainwater harvesting applications in the West Bank, Palestine. Water. 2023;15(6):1023. View 46. . of on a Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Analysis. Water. 2023;15(1):186. View 47. Islam MR. Factors influencing economic benefit of rainwater harvesting: an empirical analysis. . 2023;72(1):32-48. View 0007. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifically mentioning rainwater harvesting systems in the context of sustainable practices. It discusses the contribution of these systems to urban flood mitigation and includes various studies that analyze their economic feasibility and efficiency, indicating their relevance to sustainable architecture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3342736/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractFollowing the deployment of the System (LMS) platform in higher educational institutions in Ethiopia, a massive amount of potentially helpful but as-yet untapped educational data has been generated. Despite the fact that the data is powerful enough to contribute to reducing student dropout rates through the application of modern educational data mining techniques such as machine learning, it has not been successfully employed to tackle student academic performance problems in higher education institutions(HEIs). As a result, a machine learning model was proposed based on data from three semesters of undergraduate students at University. To predict students' academic achievement, five machine learning methods (and Decision Tree) were used. Tree model outperformed other models with a promising result of 97. 3% on test accuracy and was selected as a proposed model. Moreover, our findings suggest that academic factors (entrance result, study time, attendance, and Internet access) and socio-demographic factors (age, gender, father job, mother job, family size, and address) had a greater impact on students' academic success. However, the academic performance of students was less affected by additional features like extra classes, another job, and guidance and counselling. Moreover, we are working on improving the accuracy of the proposed model. In this study, the student entrance result is the only variable used from the pre-university data. However, a CGPA result is not sufficient to qualify a student. Therefore, in the future, the exit exam results of the students will be incorporated. System (LMS)Multi-(HEIs)Students’ (EDM)FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 111 IntroductionRecently, large amounts of data on student academic performance have been produced due to the implementation of the learning management system (LMS) platform in higher educational institutions (HEI) [1] [2] [3]. Therefore, the potential to extract valuable knowledge and insights from educational data has gained momentum. The extracted knowledge has the potential to assist decision-makers if tapped properly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that, despite the implementation of the LMS platform and the generation of potentially helpful educational data, the academic performance of students has not been successfully improved or guaranteed. It highlights that various academic and socio-demographic factors play a significant role in academic success, but indicates that simply having a digital learning platform does not ensure higher performance for all students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: This demonstrates that our method can potentially be used for positive and antileishmanial drug-resistant screening. Figure 6 Download asset Open asset HyBE4max targeting of the L. donovani miltefosine transporter (MFT). (A) L. donovani wildtype parasites were transfected with pLdCH-hyBE4max-sgRNA expression plasmids, targeting MFT with four guides each. Sixteeen days post transfection, transfected and non-transfected parasites were treated for 48 hr with 20 µM miltefosine, then washed and cultured for another 72 hr (pre-treated parasites). (B) Pre-treated and (C) non-pre-treated parasites were subjected to different doses of miltefosine (5, 20, 50, 80, and 400 µM) and relative growth between ‘no drug controls’ and each different dose was measured using an MTT cell viability assay. Asterisks indicate one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD), comparing each mutant and wildtype: *p > 0. 05, **p > 0. 01 (blue: MFT-1; green: MFT-2; red: MFT-3; yellow: MFT-4). Error bars show standard deviations of triplicates. Discordance from Sanger sequencing traces before transfection (wildtype) and 21 days after transfection (MFT-1, 2, 3, and 4), from either (D) pre-treated and (E) non-pre-treated populations, was measured and plotted as described in Figure 3B. The position and orientation of each guide are indicated above. Finally, we also analysed trace plots along the entire Sanger sequencing range to verify the editing window. Out of all 26 guides used in this study, including tdTomato targeting guides from above, 24 guides resulted in editing exclusively within the expected hyBE4max 4–12 editing window (Zhang et al. , 2020). One guide showed editing activity within 3nt range of the 4–12 editing window (tdTomato guide Target 2 (+); Figure 3A) and one guide resulted in editing within 6nt range of the guide sequence (PF16-1 in L. donovani; Supplementary file 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about CRISPR technology facilitating precise genomic editing. While it discusses gene editing and the assessment of editing windows, it primarily focuses on experiments related to drug resistance screening in Leishmania parasites, without directly addressing the capabilities or precision of CRISPR technology itself.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Recycled materials are commonly used in sustainable building construction. [SEP] Text: Home e187483682301310 Back to All published 10. 2174/18748368-v17-e230221-2022-8 NextNEXT 1. of casted concrete debris to yield new concrete safeguards natural resources, diminishes the impact on declining landfill space, decreases dumping costs, and may decrease overall project cost. Thus, the construction industry has been undertaking numerous actions to diminish waste generation and improve the management of construction and demolition waste [1]. Because of the growing level of demolition, it is becoming crucial to efficiently reclaim demolition rubbles in order to preserve natural resources. Dwindling natural aggregate sources as well as increasing difficulties with waste management have strengthened the concept of utilizing recycled waste as aggregate for RAC [2]. RAC is, by definition, concrete produced by the utilization of recycled aggregate. Kou et al. [3] concluded that RAC will achieve the following requirements of green materials: i) The material of recycled aggregates will reduce the depletion of natural resources and energy consumption. ii) The material will be environmentally friendly. iii) The material will lead to the realization of the concept of sustainable development. Despite the fact that there are recognizable benefits of utilizing RAC, there are some technical impediments restricting its utilization in concrete production. RCA is actually a minor piece of concrete composed of adhered mortar (AM) attached to natural coarse aggregate (NCA) [4]. Recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) are angular with irregular surfaces, processing a higher water absorption capability, lower specific gravity, and higher LA abrasion loss; they typically fail the sulfate soundness investigation, but normally pass the magnesium soundness investigation. For a perfect comprehension of the RCA matrix, the individual parts must be identified independently [5]. Thus, freshly casted concrete composed of RCA tends to be very rough due to the angular shape and irregular surface of the aggregate. Additionally, it is more susceptible to diminishing slump rate and requires an increase in water contents because of the increase in the absorption of the mortar adhered to the aggregate and higher air contents due to the greater porosity of the recycled aggregate and the entrained air in the adhered mortar. Li et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of recycled aggregates in concrete production, known as Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC). It highlights how utilizing recycled materials helps preserve natural resources, demonstrates a commitment to sustainable development, and reduces the depletion of natural resources and energy consumption. This supports the idea that recycled materials are integral to sustainable building practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: If extracted properly, this knowledge has the potential to significantly impact students’ learning experiences, learning outcomes, efficiency in managing learning organizations’ services, and others. Educational data mining (EDM) is an emerging field aimed at addressing these needs[4] [2] [5]. In order to solve problems or gain insights from the massive amount of data in educational systems, DM methods use comprehensive techniques from statistics, databases, artificial intelligence, and, more recently, machine learning (ML) to analyze data [2]. One of the popular tools that has the ability to extract useful information from large amounts of data in modern data mining is machine learning [2]. While conventional data mining techniques typically require manual intervention, machine learning does not require human intervention and can continuously learn and improve its models as more data becomes available[2]. More specifically, machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that enables systems to automatically learn and optimize models from analyzing data without being directly programmed [6]. ML has been successfully applied to predict students’ academic performance, identify at-risk students, define key learning requirements for different students, predict student graduation rates, and others[7] [8]. In this study, machine learning will be utilized to predict student academic performance. 1. 1 is one of the public higher educational institutions (HEIs) found in Ethiopia that recently deployed the System (LMS) and has a large data set of student information stored in its databases. The main problem that initiated this study was the students' low academic performance in higher educational institutions (HEIs). Based on the data from the registrar office of the university, the trend of graduating students is not proportional to the trend of enrolled students, and an increasing number of students commit readmission, suggesting that they did not perform well in their academics. For instance, during the 2017–2018 academic calendar, 400 out of 5200 students accounted for 7. 69% of complete dismissals, and 294 students accounted for 5. 65% of dismissals with readmission. During the 2018–2019 academic calendar, the number of students who were completely dismissed was 1339 out of 5700, which accounted for 23. 5%, and those who were dismissed with a readmission chance were 361, which accounted for 6. 3%. During the 2018–2019 academic calendar, the number of students who were completely dismissed was 1782 out of 6200, which accounted for 28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the issues of low academic performance among students in higher educational institutions, as indicated by dismissal rates and readmission statistics. It highlights that despite the deployment of learning management systems and the use of machine learning to analyze student performance, there are still significant challenges, such as a higher rate of dismissals that suggest digital learning platforms do not guarantee success for all students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: However, editing rates of these two guides were relatively low (23% and 25–27%, respectively), while editing within the 4–12 editing window reached up to 100%. A Leishmania-optimised CBE for targeting essential genes in pooled transfection screens While these proof of principle mutants demonstrate that CBEs can be used to efficiently introduce STOP codons in Leishmania genes, allowing to generate functional null mutant populations by using just one sgRNA, we wanted to further improve our method by modifying the Rad51 ssDBD. Comparing the Rad51 ssDBD from Leishmania with the human version, the Leishmania version contains an N-terminal extension that is bound to the conserved Rad51 ssDBD part through a glutamine-rich repeat (Figure 7—figure supplement 1A). Glutamine-rich repeats, known to be enriched in transcription factors, can increase DNA–protein binding by forming hydrogen bonds via their amide site chains (Perutz et al. , 1994). Since L. major had the longest glutamine-rich repeat among our tested Leishmania species, we decided to replace the Rad51 ssDBD in pLdCH-hyBE4max with an L. major-derived Rad51 ssDBD, giving rise to pLdCH-hyBE4max-LmajDBD (Figure 7—figure supplement 1B). We then chose L. mexicana to test our Leishmania-optimised CBE as in experiments above editing rates in L. mexicana were higher than in L. major while not affecting parasite growth. First, we repeated our tdTomato reporter assay and saw an increase in the knockdown effect for the Leishmania-optimised CBE version for two of the four targeting guides at 16 days post transfection (1. 6-fold increase for guide Target 2 on the coding strand and 5. 3-fold increase for guide Target 2 on the template strand). For all other guides, including control guides that were designed not to yield a STOP codon, no major difference between both CBE versions could be detected (Figure 7—figure supplement 1C). Encouraged by the slightly improved editing rate, we then decided to test whether our method could also be used to target essential genes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific editing rates and experiments related to CBE (Cytidine Base Editors) in Leishmania species without directly addressing the general capability or precision of CRISPR technology for genomic editing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Recycled materials are commonly used in sustainable building construction. [SEP] Text: It is also feasible to produce this material in the concrete mixer by mixing 6-20% of limestone fines, according to BS 7979 [17], with Portland cement. This cement is normally used for general construction work in the absence of the requirements of other special properties. The natural aggregates (NA) consisted of deposited siliceous sand (quartz) as fine aggregates (FA) and crushed limestone as coarse aggregates (CA). Conventional potable tap water, which is free from impurities and chemicals, was used. As for recycled materials, debris resulting from tested concrete cylinder samples of known compressive strength were collected from concrete testing laboratories and divided into 5 Kg after manually pre-crushing them; these batches were then placed in the LA abrasion machine [18] for 500 revolutions and sieved for 10 minutes. The collected materials were separated into RFA and RCA. Fig. (1) displays samples of the aggregates used in the study. Because all the recycled materials underwent the same process of acquisition, the only two factors distinguishing their quality were the initial strength of the specimens and the size (after pre-crushing). Fig. (2) displays charts of recycled materials size comparisons before and after placing them in the LA abrasion machine and comparing different samples of the same compressive strength with either a random selection of the concrete debris or only big-size debris p3. 3. 1. of determined physical properties of both natural and recycled materials included fineness modulus [19], nominal max aggregate size, specific gravity, and water absorption [20-22] these are presented in Table 1. Fig. (4) displays both the natural and recycled material gradation curves. It should be indicated that for the RCA grading curve, there was observed a jump because #8 sieve retained material size of 2. 36 mm when added to the batch. The water absorption of RA was also confirmed to be higher than that of NA, although the specific gravity was lower, which is attributed to the existence of residue of adhered mortar with the RA, as discussed earlier. Table 1. Aggregates’ properties. modulus 6. 60 6. 20 1. 94 2. 23 SG (ssd) 2. 54 2. 50 2. 71 2. 42 Water absorption 7. 81 8. 92 0. 57 9. 11 Max aggregate size 19. 05 19. 05 1. 18 2. 36 3. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of recycled materials, specifically recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and recycled fine aggregates (RFA), in construction. It describes the process of collecting and processing concrete debris to produce these recycled materials, which indicates that they are indeed used in construction, supporting sustainable building efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: 7%, and those who were dismissed with a readmission chance were 674, which accounted for 10. 87%. At the same time, the Ministry of Education (MOE) announces almost in every meeting that ensuring the quality of education is a key to the sustainable development of the country. The quality of the tertiary education system has been dropping, and its standards don’t line up with the expectations of employers. Here, the problem is that in cases of re-exam, add/drop, and dismissal, resources like human labor, time, and cost are being spent. For instance, in the re-exam case, the instructor’s time is taken for exam preparation and invigilation. The students also sometimes took an additional year, thereby exposing the university and their parents to more expenses. The loss is serious, especially in the case of dismissed students, because the country invested large resources to bring them to the university but missed them all. Thus, there is a need to determine the academic performance of students in higher educational institutions (HEIs) to optimize resources and produce graduates with a higher caliber and quality. Student dropout is also a critical issue for higher educational institutions (HEIs) in many countries. Reducing the student dropout rate has been a common goal of many universities. Several studies[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] have applied ML techniques to predict whether or not a student will drop out of a course. The EDM field aims to gain knowledge and insights from educational data for better outcomes in education [20]. One of the main goals of prediction is to identify at-risk students in the early stages and assist them before the problem is aggravated [21]. Several studies [22],[6] have been conducted using ML techniques to tackle the issues of low academic performance at early stages. However, most of them relied on categorizing the predicted class into two general classes: "pass" and "fail". In this study, the problem is seen at a finer-grained level. The predicted classes are categorized into five main classes: ‘Pass’, ‘Warning’, ‘With Readmission’, ‘Academic Dismissal, and ‘Dropout’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the declining quality of tertiary education and the issues of student dropouts, indicating that not all students benefit from digital learning platforms. It mentions the need to determine academic performance to optimize resources, suggesting that simply using digital platforms does not ensure higher performance for every student. Furthermore, while the text acknowledges the use of machine learning to predict student outcomes, it emphasizes the current challenges in academic performance rather than guaranteeing success.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Our earlier results indicated that the individual targeting of IFT88, a gene required for normal proliferation (Beneke et al. , 2019), results in outcompeting of the introduced STOP codon mutation over time (Figure 4). This outcompeting process should in-turn result in reduced growth of the overall mutant population. Therefore, our assumption was that the viability phenotype of an essential gene could especially be detected in a pooled screening format. To test this, we pooled all annealed guide oligos from experiments above, targeting IFT88, PF16, 2, and tdTomato, and generated an oligo pool (Figure 7A). In addition, we added four guides to this oligo pool that target the Cdc2-related kinase 3 (CRK3), an essential kinase that has been used as a proof of principle mutant for essential genes in previous studies (Yagoubat et al. , 2020b; Duncan et al. , 2016). The prediction was that CRK3 guides would be strongly depleted from the pool over time. In addition, we wanted to use this experiment as an opportunity to compare again our Leishmania-optimised CBE (pLdCH-hyBE4max-LmajDBD) with the non-optimised version (pLdCH-hyBE4max). We therefore cloned the oligo pool, consisting of these 26 guides, into both plasmids (Figure 7A). We then transfected this library in triplicates into L. mexicana wildtype parasites, so that the four guides targeting MFT, originally designed for L. donovani, and the six guides targeting tdTomato, having no target in wildtype cells, would serve as non-targeting controls. Meanwhile, IFT88, PF16, PFR2, and CRK3 would be targeted by four guides each. Figure 7 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Targeting essential genes in a plasmid library delivered loss-of-function screen. (A) Schematic of hyBE4max loss-of-function screen in Leishmania. Oligo pairs were annealed and phosphorylated, then pooled and cloned into pLdCH-hyBE4max and pLdCH-hyBE4max-LmajDBD plasmids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding CRISPR technology as it discusses an experimental setup involving targeted gene editing but does not specifically mention CRISPR technology or its capabilities for precise genomic editing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Recycled materials are commonly used in sustainable building construction. [SEP] Text: A customary concrete (CC) mix was realized using natural aggregates. The recycled concretes were casted, maintaining constant the mixture proportions of CC. In two samples, natural sand was replaced by 20% and 50% of RFA (F20 and F50), and in one sample, natural aggregates were replaced by 20% RCA (C20). The aggregates were used in an air-dry state. The mixture proportions of different concrete are presented in Tables 2 and 3. The effective water was calculated by deducting from the total water amount the water amount needed for the complete aggregates saturation (SSD), estimated on the basis of water absorption values of different aggregates presented in Table 1. Table 2. Mixture proportions. Proportions CC F20 F50 C20 C (kg) 1 6. 62 6. 62 6. 62 6. 62 FA (kg) 2 13. 26 2. 65(RFA) 10. 61 6. 63 (RFA) 6. 63 13. 26 CA(kg) 3 19. 88 19. 88 19. 88 3. 98(RCA) 15. 9 w/c (Water L) Design 0. 6 (4) 0. 6 (4) 0. 6 (4) 0. 6 (4) 0. 6 (4) w/c (Water L) Effective - 0. 36(2. 38) 0. 33(2. 15) 0. 28(1. 80) 0. 35(2. 33) The mixing procedure was performed in compliance with ASTM C192 for Making and in the Laboratory [23]. Concrete was mixed in a rotating drum mixer. First, the required coarse aggregates were placed in the mixer with 20% of the required water quantity and mixed for 1 minute, while progressively adding the fine aggregates, cement, and the rest of the water quantity. The mixer continued to rotate for 3 minutes, followed by 3 minutes rest, and finally, 2 minutes mixing. Subsequently, the slump test was performed according to the ASTM C143 Method for Slump of Hydraulic-[24]. Cylindrical specimens of dimensions 150 mm by 300 mm were casted for compressive strength testing [25] and elastic modulus testing [26], whereas beams of size 450x150x150mm were utilized to determine the flexural strength [27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a concrete mix that incorporates recycled materials. Specifically, it mentions using Recycled Fine Aggregates (RFA) where natural sand was replaced by 20% and 50% of RFA, and also includes a sample with 20% Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA), demonstrating that recycled materials are being utilized in the concrete construction process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: The same features were also extracted by the second achieved classifiers and the first three rank completely the same with the feature extracted by Classifiers. However, the academic performance of students was either lesser or not affected by additional features like extra classes, Another Job, and guidance and counselling. Therefore, they are eliminated and not further considered for the prediction of the model. 5 Conclusion and RecommendationUsing machine learning (ML) methods, educational data mining (EDM) is used to extract and identify interesting patterns from educational institutions databases [52]. This study aims to develop a machine learning model (ML) based on student statistics to forecast the students' early academic achievement. Several machine learning algorithms (i. e. , and Decision Tree) were applied to predict students’ performance. Tree models overtook other models by scoring a promising result of 97. 3% and were selected as the proposed model. We applied the parameter tuning technique to obtain the top parameter values that gave us the best results. And then, the performance of the model improved to 97. 3%. After parameter tuning was performed, the most important features affecting students’ performance were identified: Entrance result, study time, attendance, Internet, age, gender, father job, mother job, family size, and address were extracted. Our findings suggest that academic factors (entrance result, study time, attendance, and Internet access) and socio-demographic factors (age, gender, father job, mother job, family size, and address) had a greater influence on students' academic success. The academic performance of students was less or not affected by additional features like extra classes, another job, and guidance and counselling. The proposed model is considered an early warning method used by decision-makers to identify students at risk. Once the risks are identified, it is easy to take countermeasures. The proposed model is able to identify problems with students before they get worse. Therefore, a cloud-based student performance prediction model is developed, and a streamlit cloud is proposed to ease use. Student performance prediction models can help educational institutions take timely actions, like arranging appropriate training for students at risk, to increase their success rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that academic performance is influenced more by factors such as entrance results, study time, and attendance rather than by digital learning platforms or additional features like extra classes or guidance. It states that the academic performance of students was either lesser or not affected by various additional features, which undermines the assertion that digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Plasmid libraries, in triplicate, were transfected into L. mexicana wildtype parasites. To determine the guide coverage (transfectants per guide), aliquots of replicates were subjected to 96-well plate cloning immediately after transfection. DNA was subsequently isolated 12 and 21 days after library transfection. Plasmid libraries and isolated DNA (all marked with red asterisks) were amplified and guide abundances in each sample and replicate were determined by Illumina sequencing. (B) Illumina sequencing data of both library screens (top panel: pLdCH-hyBE4max-LmajDBD; bottom panel: pLdCH-hyBE4max) was analysed by z-scoring the ratio between each plasmid, day 12 and 21 replicate sample. Z-scores were plotted against the total of raw reads from either: (1) plasmid and day 12 sample (left panel), or (2) plasmid and day 21 sample (right panel). To identify data points that were significant different, a 0. 8 confidence ellipse was calculated (black line). Error bars show standard deviation between triplicates. Identities of data points, each representing a different guide sequence, are indicated in the legend below (see main text for further explanation). Immediately after library transfection, we also assessed the representation of each guide within the library by subjecting an aliquot of each library and replicate to serial dilutions. This showed an average representation of ~15 transfectants/guide (Figure 7—figure supplement 2A), which is three times as high as typically used in pooled RNAi libraries in T. brucei (Morris et al. , 2002). Selected clones from these serial dilutions were then also Sanger sequenced to determine whether parasites would harbour one or multiple sgRNAs. This showed that most transfectants had just been transfected with a single episome. However, three out of eight sequenced clones maintained two different plasmids and by that expressed two sgRNAs (Figure 7—figure supplement 2B). This meant that for most transfectants only the effect of one guide per transfectant is measured. However, there must have been also transfectants in the pool with simultaneously induced mutations on multiple genes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed account of a study involving plasmid libraries and their transfection into parasites, but it does not directly address or discuss the capabilities of CRISPR technology. Rather, it describes methodologies related to genetic manipulation without specifically mentioning CRISPR or its precision in editing genomic sequences. Therefore, the content is not relevant to the claim regarding CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Recycled materials are commonly used in sustainable building construction. [SEP] Text: The higher compressive strength achieved in all RAC can be credited to the lower actual water/cement ratio of recycled concrete compared to conventional concrete, and this is due to the higher water absorption of recycled materials () compared to natural material (FA, CA). This higher water absorption is evident in the calculated effective w/c mixes of concrete CC and C20, which have almost identical w/c effective values, and concrete C20 showed a 43. 8% improvement in compressive strength, which is an indication that RCA results in an improved performance in concrete mixes compared to NA. Moreover, FA20 mix displayed an effective decrease in w/c of 8. 3% compared to the CC mix, and yet realized an overall 41. 1% increase in compressive strength. Similarly, FA50 mix displayed an effective decrease in w/c of 22. 2% and an overall increase of 60. 27% in compressive strength. 4. 3. Modulus of modulus of elasticity was obtained using ACI empirical equation and through an experimental study conducted according to ASTM C469 Method for of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in Compression [29]. The ACI318 [30] empirical equation is as follows: (1) Where, Ec is the modulus of elasticity of concrete (GPa); Wc is the unit weight of concrete (Kg/m3); fc' is the compressive strength of concrete at 28 days (MPa). The experimental results presented were the averages of three specimens for each reported value. The results are shown in Table 7 and clearly display a variance between the two methods that range between 2. 5 to 25%. Moreover, RAC presents a modulus of elasticity that is always higher than the CC mix between 10 to less than 1%. This fact can be attributed to the higher compressive strength of recycled concretes (Fig. 5). Fig. (5). Experimental setup according to ASTM C469. Table 5. Compressive strength (fc') of two testing series. f’c (MPa) CC F20 F50 C20 Age Test#1 Test#2 Average Test#1 Test#2 Average Test#1 Test#2 Average Test#1 Test#2 Average 7 days 15. 5 16. 8 16. 15 17. 9 21. 8 19. 9 22. 6 20. 6 21. 6 19. 5 19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the advantages of recycled concrete (RAC) over natural aggregates (NA), such as improved compressive strength and lower water/cement ratios. These properties indicate that recycled materials can enhance the performance of concrete in construction, supporting their use in sustainable building practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: Moreover, this study contributed to the prediction model proposed to classify student status at a finer-grained level, such as ‘pass’, ’warning’, ‘academic dismissal with readmission’, ’academic and ‘dropout’ that haven’t yet been considered in previous work. 6 Limitation and Future implicationThe focus of this study is on University students’ academic performance prediction, and only three semesters of data are used. In the future, we intend to include the whole semester of student performance data. Moreover, the study focused on undergraduate students; however, in the future, we will include graduate students. There are also other factors that have to be included in the dataset, like ‘weather condition', 'motivation’, ‘interest on the joined campuses, and ‘interest on the joined department’. In this study, the student entrance result is the only variable used from the pre-university data; however, transcript data during preparatory was not included. Therefore, in the future, we will include transcript information found during preparatory time. The study focuses on the prediction of student performance with five status: ‘warning’, ’pass’, ’academic dismissal’, ‘academic dismissal with readmission’, and ‘dropout’. However, it doesn’t show any kind of recommendation on the action the students must take to improve their performance. In this study, machine learning techniques were utilized to extract hidden knowledge from the student academic performance dataset. In the future, we will train and test the model using deep learning techniques. Moreover, we will develop an application to facilitate instruction for learners by integrating student academic performance prediction models into the mobile application to promote the utilization of modern technology. The stakeholders of the university have to collaboratively engage in working on the factors affecting student academic performance that were identified and prioritized by the model. Special attention with prioritization has to be provided for low achieving students with ‘Warning’, ‘with Readmission (ADR)’, ‘(AD)’ status. In the future, we will also consider "pass" status at a finer-grained level: and Promoted. This will also encourage students to upgrade their grade and remain competent and productive. However, a CGPA result is not sufficient to qualify a student. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing limitations and future implications of a study focused on predicting academic performance without providing evidence that digital learning platforms specifically guarantee higher performance. It highlights various factors affecting academic performance and indicates that the current study does not show recommendations for performance improvement, implying that digital learning alone may not assure better outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: However, this risk seems to be low as we did not detect more than two sgRNAs per transfectant and as those two guides seemed to be randomly mixed (Figure 7—figure supplement 2B). In addition, integrating sgRNA constructs would reduce possible variations in the episomal copy number, which Leishmania parasites are known to vary (Ubeda et al. , 2014). Although episomal transfection allows also to adjust protein expression by increasing the concentration of selection drugs (Roberts et al. , 2007), our attempts to increase editing rates by raising drug concentrations were not successful (Figure 4C, D, Figure 4—figure supplement 4). To reduce editing time, it may be also preferable to target the template strand (−) over the coding strand (+). Since mutations on the coding strand have no immediate effect on the transcript, they first need to be incorporated on the template strand (−) during DNA replication. Hence, targeting the coding strand leads to a slower increase in editing over time and this was also repeatedly reflected in our data (Figure 2D, Figure 2—figure supplement 2A, and Figure 7—figure supplement 1C). We therefore have adjusted our scoring criteria for ranking guides on our primer design platform In addition, to minimise the possibilities for non-STOP codon mutations to become dominant our guide ranking could be further modified in the future to prioritise guides that have as few as possible cytosine bases. Although we have not measured this yet, the expectation would be that guides with fewer cytosine bases within the editing window would result in higher rates of successful STOP codon transformations. This is especially desirable when targeting essential genes, as the chances of non-deleterious mutations becoming dominant would be reduced. Lastly, modifying the CBE version through codon optimisation, addition of species-specific NLS or exchange of deaminase and UGI domains, could further increase the editing rate in Leishmania. We show that our Leishmania-optimised hyBE4max CBE version increases the editing efficiency (Figure 7B and Figure 7—figure supplement 1C). However, it remains to be explored whether also fidelity and editing window size is affected by this modification, as for example hyBE4max adaptations in rise are known to have expanded the editing windows (Wei et al. , 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of a specific experiment involving sgRNA constructs and editing efficiency in Leishmania, but it does not directly address or provide supporting evidence regarding the precision of CRISPR technology for genomic editing. It is primarily focused on editing rates and experimental conditions, making it largely irrelevant to the claim about CRISPR's precision.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: All the Boats on the Led to by University of Chicago Press, 2017Cloth: 978-0-226-44337-9 | Electronic: 978-0-226-44340-9DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226443409. 001. 0001 of (cloth, ebook) DeGruyter Multi-eBooks (formerly NetLibrary) (UPSO) current fishing practices are neither economically nor biologically sustainable. Every year, the world spends $80 billion buying fish that cost $105 billion to catch, even as heavy fishing places growing pressure on stocks that are already struggling with warmer, more acidic oceans. How have we developed an industry that is so wasteful, and why has it been so difficult to alter the trajectory toward species extinction? In this transnational, interdisciplinary history, answers these questions and more as she explores how government subsidies propelled the expansion of fishing from a coastal, in-shore activity into a global industry. While nation states struggling for ocean supremacy have long used fishing as an imperial strategy, the brought a new emphasis: fishing became a means for nations to make distinct territorial claims. A network of trade policies and tariffs allowed cod from Iceland and tuna canned in Japan into the American market, destabilizing fisheries in. With the subsequent establishment of tuna canneries in Japanese and American tuna boats moved from the Pacific into the Atlantic and after bluefin. At the same time, government subsidies in nations such as Spain and the fueled fishery expansion on an industrial scale, with the Soviet fleet utterly depleting the stock of rosefish (or Pacific ocean perch) and other groundfish from to California. This massive global explosion in fishing power led nations to expand their territorial limits in the 1970s, forever changing the seas. Looking across politics, economics, and biology, All the Boats on the Ocean casts a wide net to reveal how the subsidy-driven expansion of fisheries in the Pacific during the led to the growth of fisheries science and the creation of international fisheries management. Nevertheless, the seas are far from calm: in a world where this technologically advanced industry has enabled nations to colonize the oceans, fish literally have no place left to hide, and the future of the seas and their fish stocks is uncertain. is a newspaper reporter turned historian of science who teaches in the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at University. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that current fishing practices are not sustainable and that overfishing is placing increasing pressure on fish stocks that are already struggling. It mentions that government subsidies have driven the expansion of fishing, leading to significant depletion of fish populations, such as the rosefish in the Pacific. Furthermore, it highlights how technologically advanced fishing practices have resulted in severe consequences for fish stocks and marine ecosystems, supporting the assertion that overfishing has led to declining fish populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3342644/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractFollowing the deployment of the System (LMS) platform in higher educational institutions in Ethiopia, a massive amount of potentially helpful but as-yet untapped educational data has been generated. Despite the fact that the data is powerful enough to contribute to reducing student dropout rates through the application of modern educational data mining techniques such as machine learning, it has not been successfully employed to tackle student academic performance problems in higher education institutions(HEIs). As a result, a machine learning model was proposed based on data from three semesters of undergraduate students at University. To predict students' academic achievement, five machine learning methods (and Decision Tree) were used. Tree model outperformed other models with a promising result of 97. 3% on test accuracy and was selected as a proposed model. Moreover, our findings suggest that academic factors (entrance result, study time, attendance, and Internet access) and socio-demographic factors (age, gender, father job, mother job, family size, and address) had a greater impact on students' academic success. However, the academic performance of students was less affected by additional features like extra classes, another job, and guidance and counselling. Moreover, we are working on improving the accuracy of the proposed model. In this study, the student entrance result is the only variable used from the pre-university data. However, a CGPA result is not sufficient to qualify a student. Therefore, in the future, the exit exam results of the students will be incorporated. System (LMS)Multi-(HEIs)Students’ (EDM)FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 111 IntroductionRecently, large amounts of data on student academic performance have been produced due to the implementation of the learning management system (LMS) platform in higher educational institutions (HEI) [1] [2] [3]. Therefore, the potential to extract valuable knowledge and insights from educational data has gained momentum. The extracted knowledge has the potential to assist decision-makers if tapped properly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that although learning management systems (LMS) generate significant educational data which could positively impact student performance, the actual implementation of this data to improve academic outcomes is still lacking. The study emphasizes factors such as entrance results, study time, and attendance that significantly influence academic success, suggesting that digital learning platforms alone do not guarantee better performance without effective use of the data and other influencing factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: While especially our improved CBE version allowed to efficiently induce a knockdown of CRK3, guides targeting IFT88 were not significantly depleted in our small-scale library screen (Figure 7B). Although IFT88 is not an essential gene, we would have also expected a decrease in guide abundance over time as IFT88 has been shown to be required for normal promastigote proliferation (Beneke et al. , 2019). It is important to note that we prioritised universal sgRNAs over the highest scoring guides to target IFT88 in multiple species in this study. Testing these four IFT88 guides individually, we only found one to be effective in L. infantum, while in L. major no measurable effect, even 42 days post transfection, was observed (Figure 4A–D). Meanwhile, we did not individually test these four IFT88 targeting guides in L. mexicana. It is therefore possible that by picking higher scoring guides, a depletion of IFT88 guides from the pool could have been achieved. It is also worth highlighting again that through base editing produced knockdowns are technically truncations with remaining N-terminal protein parts that could be functional. In addition, the exact timing of isolating DNA from pools might influence when a decrease of parasites with a deleterious mutation is detectable. As pointed out above, this may differ between guides, species, and genes. Thus, to detect the whole range of mutant phenotypes, such as IFT88, a tighter collection window of isolating DNA from pools may be needed. Nevertheless, we demonstrate through targeting of CRK3 that cells with an introduced premature STOP codon in an essential gene can be significantly depleted from a library with our approach (Figure 7B). date, a functional dissection of the vast majority of Leishmania genes remains to be performed and a lack of suitable tools limits the ability of the field to pursue large-scale loss-of-function screens. There is an urgent need to develop a high-throughput technology that allows: (1) to identify genes that are essential in any given environment, (2) to study multi-copy genes, and (3) to generate loss-of-function libraries through transfection of pooled plasmids rather than by pooling individually generated mutants. Here, we report aCas9 CBE toolbox for Leishmania that fulfils these criteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of gene targeting and the results of experiments involving specific guides targeting the IFT88 gene in Leishmania, but it does not directly address the claim regarding the precision of CRISPR technology. Instead, it focuses on the performance of specific guides and highlights limitations in achieving effective gene knockdown, which makes it unrelated to the claim that CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: She is coeditor of toward Sustainable Forests: in Canada and the and the author of All the Fish in the Sea: Yield and the Failure of Fisheries Management, the latter published by the University of Chicago Press. She lives in Corvallis, OR. “Finley makes her point—that government subsidies to deep-sea fishing are a main cause of the current catastrophe—dramatically clear. Her descriptions of the damage that factory trawlers did to the ocean floor and the speed with which they wiped out fisheries in the ’60s and ’70s are especially powerful. Relevant not only to people who are interested in fisheries and oceans, but also to those concerned with global resource crises generally, this interdisciplinary, pragmatic book surpasses most of the work of historians in this area. Synthesizing scientific material with international law and politics, as well as the internal affairs of government agencies and private businesses, Finley links the fisheries story to the ‘great transformation’ of global ecology in the postwar period by way of the technology, policy, and politics of food production. All the Boats on the Ocean is a significant, original book. ” — author of "The Fisherman’s Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries, 1850-1980" “In this compact and highly readable book, Finley argues that overfishing since the 1950s is less a tragedy of the commons than a tragedy of the Cold War. She shows how geopolitics, science, law, and greed combined to generate a scramble for the oceans and a regime of overfishing that lasts to this day. A welcome addition to several scholarly literatures. ” — J. R. McNeill, Georgetown University, author of “under the Sun: History of the Twentieth-Century World” “Those of us who thought we understood how the oceans' plight came about will find much that is new in this thoroughly researched and highly engaging work. Weaving history, politics, and science, Finley shows how the seeds of the current predicament were sown during the Era, as government subsidies fueled the rapid acceleration of fishing. Her call for a reinterpretation of the role of fishing within government is long overdue. A must-read. ” — Ellen Pikitch, University “As the Food and of the reports, 90% of global fish stocks are fully fished or overfished. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the consequences of overfishing. It discusses how subsidies to deep-sea fishing have contributed to a current catastrophe, specifically referencing how factory trawlers significantly damaged fisheries and the ocean floor in the past. Furthermore, it notes that since the 1950s, overfishing has been driven by a combination of geopolitics, science, law, and greed, leading to a regime of overfishing that persists today. Additionally, the mention of the report stating that '90% of global fish stocks are fully fished or overfished' directly supports the assertion that overfishing has resulted in declining fish populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: If extracted properly, this knowledge has the potential to significantly impact students’ learning experiences, learning outcomes, efficiency in managing learning organizations’ services, and others. Educational data mining (EDM) is an emerging field aimed at addressing these needs[4] [2] [5]. In order to solve problems or gain insights from the massive amount of data in educational systems, DM methods use comprehensive techniques from statistics, databases, artificial intelligence, and, more recently, machine learning (ML) to analyze data [2]. One of the popular tools that has the ability to extract useful information from large amounts of data in modern data mining is machine learning [2]. While conventional data mining techniques typically require manual intervention, machine learning does not require human intervention and can continuously learn and improve its models as more data becomes available[2]. More specifically, machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that enables systems to automatically learn and optimize models from analyzing data without being directly programmed [6]. ML has been successfully applied to predict students’ academic performance, identify at-risk students, define key learning requirements for different students, predict student graduation rates, and others[7] [8]. In this study, machine learning will be utilized to predict student academic performance. 1. 1 is one of the public higher educational institutions (HEIs) found in Ethiopia that recently deployed the System (LMS) and has a large data set of student information stored in its databases. The main problem that initiated this study was the students' low academic performance in higher educational institutions (HEIs). Based on the data from the registrar office of the university, the trend of graduating students is not proportional to the trend of enrolled students, and an increasing number of students commit readmission, suggesting that they did not perform well in their academics. For instance, during the 2017–2018 academic calendar, 400 out of 5200 students accounted for 7. 69% of complete dismissals, and 294 students accounted for 5. 65% of dismissals with readmission. During the 2018–2019 academic calendar, the number of students who were completely dismissed was 1339 out of 5700, which accounted for 23. 5%, and those who were dismissed with a readmission chance were 361, which accounted for 6. 3%. During the 2018–2019 academic calendar, the number of students who were completely dismissed was 1782 out of 6200, which accounted for 28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that suggests digital learning platforms, including the use of machine learning for academic performance prediction, do not universally lead to higher academic performance for all students. It highlights the concerning statistics of low academic performance and high dismissal rates among students at a public higher educational institution, suggesting that even with digital tools in place, not all students benefit equally. For example, it details that during the 2018-2019 academic calendar, a significant percentage of students faced complete dismissal, reflecting poor academic outcomes despite the use of learning management systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: , 2017Recombinant DNA reagentp, 2017Recombinant DNA reagentpLdCHAddgene, Zhang et al. , 2017#84291Recombinant DNA reagentpTB007-hyBE4maxThis studySee description under ‘Construction of CBE and sgRNA expression plasmids’Recombinant DNA reagentpTB007-AncBE4maxThis studySee description under ‘Construction of CBE and sgRNA expression plasmids’Recombinant DNA reagentpLdCH-hyBE4maxThis studySee description under ‘Construction of CBE and sgRNA expression plasmids’Recombinant DNA reagentpLdCH-hyBE4max-LmajDBDThis studySee description under ‘Construction of CBE and sgRNA expression plasmids’AntibodyGuide-it Cas9 (rabbit polyclonal)Takara#632607Dilution for western blot 1:1000AntibodyPFR2(mouse monoclonal)Kohl et al. , 1999L8C4Dilution for western blot 1:10Chemical compound, drugMiltefosineSigmaM5571Chemical compound(MTT)SigmaM2128SoftwareICESynthego (release 59)Aslett et al. , 2010 description under ‘Automated CBE guide design using LeishBASEedit’Gene (L. donovani BPK282A1, L. infantum JPCM5, L. major Friedlin, L. mexicana 2001U1103)PF16TriTrypDB (release 59), Aslett et al. , 2010LdBPK_201450. 1, LmjF. 20. 1400, LmxM. 20. 1400, LINF_200019300Gene (L. donovani BPK282A1, L. infantum JPCM5, L. major Friedlin, L. mexicana 2001U1103)IFT88TriTrypDB (release 59), Aslett et al. , 2010LINF_270017700, LdBPK_271010. 1, LmjF. 27. 1130, LmxM. 27. 1130Gene (L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references, descriptions of reagents, and gene-related information but does not directly address or relate to the claim about CRISPR technology's capability of precise genomic editing. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: Science historian Finley traces that crisis back to the Cold War, when the United States, Japan, the and other seafaring nations deployed fishing to stake territorial claims. From the 1970s on, trawling and government subsidies forced an explosion in the industry. Now, with little reduction in subsidized fleets and oceans at risk, Finley sees the future of fisheries hinging on holistic approaches involving fish, fisher and environment. ” — Barb Kiser, Nature “Finley is an engaging writer, weaving together historical, economic, and societal threads in a narrative that anchors global developments in the accounts of local actors. . . . The tension between the priorities and goals of these competing actors forms the essence of the book. Each faction has its victories and defeats, but the fish are the ultimate losers, as evidenced by the decline or collapse of fishery after fishery: California sardines in the 1950s, Pacific ocean perch in the 1970s, bluefin tuna in the early 2000s. . . . The book has many rewards. ” — Science “All the Boats on the Ocean is the most comprehensive and empirically grounded account yet of how the modern transnational fishery regime emerged, and it delivers in 167 succinct pages. The book works well in economics, fisheries, geography, and history courses—especially global environmental history. ” — Joseph E. "The book offers a convincing account of the globalization of fishing fleets through new industrial process and government support. . . . These elements should incite us to abandon the endlessly repeated 'tragedy of the commons' as an explanation of the depletion of fishing resources, so that we can look these all-too-human policies in the face. " — Books and Ideas "Carmel Finley's extremely dense, highly readable study of the expansion of world fisheries after II addresses the problem of overfishing and the associated destruction of aquatic ecologies… By unpacking the political mistakes of the past, Finley calls for lessons to be learned for future management of global fish stocks. " — NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin (translated from German) 1. Empires of the Pacific: The Americans, the Japanese, and the SovietsDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226443409. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the negative impacts of industrial fishing practices that have contributed to the decline of fish populations. It mentions specific instances such as the collapse of California sardines, Pacific ocean perch, and bluefin tuna, indicating that overfishing has historically led to the decline or even complete collapse of various fisheries. Moreover, it discusses the role of government subsidies and the globalization of fisheries, both of which have exacerbated overfishing and the resulting ecological consequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital learning platforms guarantee higher academic performance for all students. [SEP] Text: 7%, and those who were dismissed with a readmission chance were 674, which accounted for 10. 87%. At the same time, the Ministry of Education (MOE) announces almost in every meeting that ensuring the quality of education is a key to the sustainable development of the country. The quality of the tertiary education system has been dropping, and its standards don’t line up with the expectations of employers. Here, the problem is that in cases of re-exam, add/drop, and dismissal, resources like human labor, time, and cost are being spent. For instance, in the re-exam case, the instructor’s time is taken for exam preparation and invigilation. The students also sometimes took an additional year, thereby exposing the university and their parents to more expenses. The loss is serious, especially in the case of dismissed students, because the country invested large resources to bring them to the university but missed them all. Thus, there is a need to determine the academic performance of students in higher educational institutions (HEIs) to optimize resources and produce graduates with a higher caliber and quality. Student dropout is also a critical issue for higher educational institutions (HEIs) in many countries. Reducing the student dropout rate has been a common goal of many universities. Several studies[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] have applied ML techniques to predict whether or not a student will drop out of a course. The EDM field aims to gain knowledge and insights from educational data for better outcomes in education [20]. One of the main goals of prediction is to identify at-risk students in the early stages and assist them before the problem is aggravated [21]. Several studies [22],[6] have been conducted using ML techniques to tackle the issues of low academic performance at early stages. However, most of them relied on categorizing the predicted class into two general classes: "pass" and "fail". In this study, the problem is seen at a finer-grained level. The predicted classes are categorized into five main classes: ‘Pass’, ‘Warning’, ‘With Readmission’, ‘Academic Dismissal, and ‘Dropout’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while digital learning and machine learning techniques can help predict and mitigate low academic performance, they do not guarantee higher performance for all students. It highlights issues such as student dropouts and low academic performance, emphasizing that there are significant challenges and variabilities in educational outcomes that digital platforms alone cannot resolve.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: donovani BPK282A1)(release 59), Aslett et al. , 2010LdBPK_131590. 1. 1Gene (L. mexicana 2001U1103)PFR2A, B, and CTriTrypDB (release 59), Aslett et al. , 2010LmxM. 16. 1430. 1Gene (L. mexicana 2001U1103)CRK3TriTrypDB (release 59), Aslett et al. , 2010LmxM. 36. 0550. 1 Cell culture Request a detailed protocol Promastigote-form L. mexicana (WHO strain MNYC/BZ/62/M379), L. major Friedlin, L. donovani (strain BPK190, Decuypere et al. , 2005), and L. infantum (strain MHOM/FR/91/LEM2259, Sulahian et al. , 1997) were grown at 28°C in M199 medium (Life Technologies) supplemented with 2. 2 g/l NaHCO3, 0. 0025% haemin, 0. 1 mM adenine hemisulfate, 1. 2 μg/ml 6-biopterin, 40 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid pH 7. 4, and 20% FCS (fetal calf serum). Media were supplemented with the relevant selection drugs: 40 or 400 μg/ml Hygromycin B, 40 μg/ml Puromycin Dihydrochloride, and 40 μg/ml G-418 Disulfate. The identity of each Leishmania species was confirmed by sequencing the LPG2 locus (Akhoundi et al. , 2017; Figure 2—figure supplement 1) and cell lines were tested negative for mycoplasma contamination at Eurofins Genomics. Doubling times were determined by sub-culturing parasites repeatedly (over 5 days) to 106 cells/ml and measuring cell densities 24 hr later using a Z2 p95. 8% cloning efficiency across all 26 cloned guides (Supplementary file 5) (46 out of 48 isolated bacteria colonies correctly cloned on first attempt). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about CRISPR technology. It does not provide any information regarding genomic editing or CRISPR but instead discusses cell culture protocols and identification methods for Leishmania species.