Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Changes in the types of patients different provides cater to and the health services provided across the different treatment arms (household and health provider survey). Effects on the government telehealth program from introducing a NGO program. (explanation) The study will take place in 400 villages in the state of Bihar, India. The first part of the study will be based on a rich set of surveys administered to a representative set of households and to the universe of health providers located in these 400 study villages, as well as detailed administrative data from the existing telehealth provider eSanjeevani. The second part of the study will be based on a 2x2 field experiment, which will be implemented after the initial data collection in collaboration with Foundation (HFF), an NGO which recently launched a telehealth program that relies on community health workers (CHWs) as “facilitators”. We will take advantage of the planned expansion of HFF activities in the study region, to randomly select the villages that will be reached first by the program. Each study village will be randomly assigned to one of four groups of equal size: • Control (C): status quo (no HFF telehealth and no ); • Telehealth + CHW (T1): HFF will provide telehealth and will recruit and train a CHW, who will be in charge of facilitating it; • Telehealth only (T2): HFF will provide telehealth services that community members can directly utilize, but won’t recruit any CHW; • CHW only (T3): HFF will recruit and train a CHW, but there will be no HFF telehealth services. available Randomization will be done in office by a computer. Randomization will be done at the village level. Was the treatment clustered? size: planned number of clusters 400 villages. Sample size: planned number of observations 18 households per village (~7,200 households in total) are the units of observation for the household outcomes, and 5 health providers per village (~2,000 in total) for the provider outcomes. These are spread across the clusters of 400 villages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide a clear answer about whether telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. It details a study design involving telehealth interventions and various treatment groups, but does not explicitly mention the impact of telemedicine on access to healthcare, nor does it indicate whether remote areas are involved in the study. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 03 Committee D20 $ 73. 00 In stock AbstractThis specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. The purpose of this specification is to establish standards for identifying products and materials that will compost satisfactorily in commercial and municipal composting facilities. Scope 1. 1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities, where thermophilic conditions are achieved. 1. 2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities. ” 1. 3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if end items (including packaging), which use plastics and polymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting facilities. Maximum throughput is a high priority to composters and the intermediate stages of plastic disintegration and biodegradation not be visible to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate health and safety practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1—This test method is equivalent to ISO 17088. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that the specification covers 'plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities.' This indicates that these biodegradable plastics are specifically intended for industrial composting settings to break down satisfactorily, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Buisman, owards practical implementation of bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment, Trends Biotechnol. 26 (2008) 450-459. [8] H. I. Park, U. Mushtaq, D. Perello, I. Lee, S. K. Cho, A. Star, M. Yun, Effective and low-cost platinum electrodes for microbial fuel cells deposited by electron beam evaporation, Energy Fuels. 21 (2007) 2984-2990. [9] Z. Yan, M. Wang, J. Liu, R. Liu, J. Zhao, Glycerol-stabilized NaBH4 reduction at room-temperature for the synthesis of a carbon-supported PtxFe alloy with superior oxygen reduction activity for a microbial fuel cell, Electrochim. Acta. 141 (2014) 331-339. [10] X. Li, B. Hu, S. Suib, Y. Lei, B. Li, Manganese dioxide as a new cathode catalyst in microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 195 (2010) 2586-2591. [11] S. Cheng, H. Liu, B. E. Logan, Power densities using different cathode catalysts (Pt and CoTMPP) and polymer binders (Nafion and PTFE) in single chamber microbial fuel cells, technology, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 364-369. [12] B. Min, B. E. Logan, Continuous electricity generation from domestic wastewater and organic substrates in a flat plate microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 5809-5814. [13] S. Freguia, K. Rabaey, Z. Yuan, J. Keller, Non-catalyzed cathodic oxygen reduction at graphite granules in microbial fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta. 53 (2007) 598-603. [14] N. Duteanu, B. . Scott, Effect of chemically modified Vulcan XC-72R on the performance of air-breathing cathode in a single-chamber microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 5250-5255. [15] B. E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing various studies and advancements in microbial fuel cell technology, indicating that different factors (like the type of cathode catalysts and materials used) affect performance. The variety of research topics implied suggests that microbial fuel cells may not be universally effective across all environmental conditions, thus challenging the notion of a guarantee.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/61331 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechAdvances in Edited by From the in Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionPlants cannot move away from unfavourable environments, or run away from hungry eaters, or escape from detrimental microorganisms. Fortunately, not all environments and all organisms are a threat to plants, and plants have also evolved strategies to survive adverse environmental conditions. In fact, plants have adapted to most environments, they have learned how to avoid risky relationships with detrimental microorganisms, how to be unconcerned by neutral microorganisms and how to develop intimate affairs with beneficial partners. The latter type of interaction is referred to as a 'mutualistic symbiosis'. Symbiosis was first defined at the end of the nineteenth century by Bary as a term that simply described the regular coexistence of taxonomically different organisms [1]. A mutualistic symbiosis means more than 'regular coexistence', as it includes all relationships in which both partners can benefit from the association, and where benefits can be measured in terms of fitness and nutrient exchange. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mycorrhizal fungi forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots. Instead, it discusses broader themes of plants' interactions with their environments and mentions mutualistic symbiosis without specifying fungi. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 03 Committee D20 $ 73. 00 In stock AbstractThis specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. The purpose of this specification is to establish standards for identifying products and materials that will compost satisfactorily in commercial and municipal composting facilities. Scope 1. 1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities, where thermophilic conditions are achieved. 1. 2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities. ” 1. 3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if end items (including packaging), which use plastics and polymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting facilities. Maximum throughput is a high priority to composters and the intermediate stages of plastic disintegration and biodegradation not be visible to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 17088. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the specification covers plastics designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. It highlights that these products are intended to compost satisfactorily in commercial and municipal composting facilities, which supports the idea that most biodegradable plastics require these specific facilities for effective breakdown.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Logan, Microbial fuel cells, & Sons. Inc. , New Jersey. 2007. [16] S. K. Chaudhuri, D. R. Lovley, Electricity generation by direct oxidation of glucose in mediatorless microbial fuel cells, Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (2003) 1229. [17] Y. Ahn, B. E. Logan, Altering anode thickness to improve power production in microbial fuel cells with different electrode distances, Energy Fuels. 27 (2012) 271-276. [18] B. Logan, S. Cheng, V. Watson, G. Estadt, Graphite fiber brush anodes for increased power production in air-cathode microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 3341-3346. [19] E. Guerrini, P. Cristiani, M. Grattieri, C. Santoro, B. Li, S. Trasatti, Electrochemical behavior of stainless steel anodes in membraneless microbial fuel cells, J. Electrochem. Soc. 161 (2014) H62-H67. [20] R. Thorne, H. Hu, K. Schneider, P. Bombelli, A. Fisher, L. M. Peter, A. Dent, P. J. Cameron, Porous ceramic anode materials for photo-microbial fuel cells, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 18055-18060. [21] C. Dumas, A. Mollica, D. Féron, R. Basséguy, L. Etcheverry, A. Bergel, Marine microbial fuel cell: use of stainless steel electrodes as anode and cathode materials, Electrochim. Acta. 53 (2007) 468-473. [22] H. Richter, K. generation by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to gold electrodes, Langmuir. 24 (2008) 4376-4379. [23] S. Cheng, B. E. Logan, Ammonia treatment of carbon cloth anodes to enhance power generation of microbial fuel cells, Electrochem. Commun. 9 (2007) 492-496. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing references to various studies and findings related to microbial fuel cells, indicating that their performance can vary based on design choices, materials, and environmental factors, such as the type of anodes utilized and their distance in the setup. For instance, the citation mentions altering anode thickness to improve power production, suggesting that environmental conditions and design parameters impact the efficacy of microbial fuel cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: The years between 2000 and 2010 saw the rapid increase of mass spectrometry as the main proteomic technique for protein identification and quantification, replacing other techniques previously used. The difficulties and the low number of proteins identified with the Edman N-terminal sequencing were overcome with the advent of mass spectrometry, and new intriguing possibilities were opened. Valot et al. (2005) also used a sub-cellular proteomic approach to monitor membrane-associated protein modifications during the AM symbiosis [44]. 2DE-PAGE of root microsomes revealed some mycorrhiza-responsive proteins including 15 induced, 3 up-regulated, and also 18 down-regulated proteins. Among those 36 regulated proteins, 25 were identified using the MALDI-TOF. Except for an acid phosphatase and a lectin, none of them was previously reported as being regulated during the AM symbiosis. This sub-cellular proteomic approach allowed for the first time the identification of fungal proteins expressed in planta. In their final conclusion, the authors pinpointed the next challenge: the identification of membrane proteins located in and around the arbuscule, the mycorrhizal symbiosis-specific fungal structure. Arbuscules are ephemeral structures that form continuously and collapse at the end of a short life-span. The identification of proteins temporarily present in a sub-set of cell types remains, at the present time, a technical challenge for quantitative proteomics. Moreover, membranes associated with the arbuscules are significantly less, relative to the overall root membranes, as also suggested by the low amount of fungal RNA found in extensively colonized AM roots, maximally reaching 12% of the total RNA extracted [45]. Despite these considerations, the same group attempted to enrich samples for plasma membranes using a discontinuous sucrose gradient method [46]. In this 4. 1 in soybean [49], STR half-ABC transporters [50] and vesicle-associated membrane proteins VAMP721d/e [51]. In the experiments of Abdallah et al. (2014), proteins were quantified by label-free counting. Protein quantification in label-free experiments is generally based on two types of measurements: peptide peak intensity and spectral count. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not pertain to the claim directly, as it primarily discusses the technical advancements in proteomics and the identification of proteins related to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. While it mentions AM symbiosis, it does not explicitly confirm or deny the formation of symbiotic relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots, but rather focuses on the methodologies used to analyze fungal proteins in such contexts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 03 Committee D20 $ 73. 00 In stock AbstractThis specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. The purpose of this specification is to establish standards for identifying products and materials that will compost satisfactorily in commercial and municipal composting facilities. Scope 1. 1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities, where thermophilic conditions are achieved. 1. 2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities. ” 1. 3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if end items (including packaging), which use plastics and polymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting facilities. Maximum throughput is a high priority to composters and the intermediate stages of plastic disintegration and biodegradation not be visible to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 17088. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifying that the specification covers plastics and products designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. It explicitly mentions that these products will compost satisfactorily under such conditions, thereby supporting the claim that biodegradable plastics often need industrial composting facilities for effective breakdown.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: [24] fuel cell performance of multiwall carbon nanotubes on carbon cloth as electrodes, J. Power Sources. 194 (2009) 199-205. [25] Y. nanotube/polyaniline composite as anode material for microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 170 (2007) 79-84. [26] Z. generation from artificial wastewater using an upflow microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 5262-5267. [27] Y. Feng, Q. Yang, X. Wang, B. E. Logan, Treatment of carbon fiber brush anodes for improving power generation in air–cathode microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 195 (2010) 1841-1844. [28] D. A. Lowy, L. M. Tender, Harvesting energy from the marine sediment–water interface: III. Kinetic activity of quinone-and antimony-based anode materials, J. Power Sources. 185 (2008) 70-75. [29] K. Guo, A. Prévoteau, S. A. Patil, K. Rabaey, Engineering electrodes for microbial electrocatalysis, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 33 (2015) 149-156. [30] K. Wang, Y. Liu, S. Chen, Improved microbial electrocatalysis with neutral red immobilized electrode, J. Power Sources. 196 (2011) 164-168. [31] S. Kondaveeti, J. Lee, R. Kakarla, H. S. Kim, B. Min, Low-cost separators for enhanced power production and field application of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), Electrochim. Acta. 132 (2014) 434-440. [32] S. Choi, J. R. Kim, J. Cha, Y. Kim, G. C. Premier, C. Kim, Enhanced power production of a membrane electrode assembly microbial fuel cell (MFC) using a cost effective poly [2, 5-benzimidazole](ABPBI) impregnated non-woven fabric filter, Bioresour. Technol. 128 (2013) 14-21. [33] J. Sun, Y. Hu, Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to the performance and improvement techniques of microbial fuel cells but does not provide any guarantee of their effectiveness across all environmental conditions. Rather, it implies variability based on electrode materials and configurations, which suggests that there are conditions where microbial fuel cells may not perform adequately, thus contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: To be able to combine LCM samples of synchronous arbusculated cells with sub-cellular enrichment, peptide pre-fractionation and analysis with powerful MS instruments such as (company) may reveal an unexpected specificity during the development of this symbiotic structure. Novel MS/MS techniques developed in the past few years in other research fields could also be applied to investigate plant–fungus symbiotic interactions. For example, selected reaction monitoring (SRM) is a targeted MS technique used to complement untargeted shotgun methods. SRM is used to measure across multiple samples – in a consistent, reproducible and quantitatively precise manner – a set of candidate proteins involved in a particular cellular process [75]. Based on known data from the literature or previous experiments, a set of target peptides that optimally represent the protein are selected and after their validation they are used for protein quantification. Unfortunately, the sensitivity of SRM is limited and it cannot cover the entire proteome of an organism. Nevertheless, this technique is really promising for the fine protein quantification in different cell types or conditions. Taylor et al. (2014) used SRM in plant science to confirm protein abundance in Arabidopsis mutant lines, even when discrimination between very similar proteins was needed [76]. However, the application of this technique for the identification of OsPT11, homologue to MtPT4, from wild-type and mutant lines did not work, probably due to the method’s sensitivity (Chiapello, 2013, unpublished data). Another promising technique to further investigate the proteome of arbuscule-containing cells is the single-cell imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), a powerful technique used to map the distribution of endogenous biomolecules with subcellular resolution [77]. technique Identification technique Reference ECTO 1995 Eucalyptus grandis Pisolithus tinctorius 2DE-PAGE --- Burgess et al. , 1995 1999 Eucalyptus globulus subsp. bicostata Pisolithus tinctorius 2DE-PAGE --- Laurent et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about mycorrhizal fungi and their symbiotic relationships with plant roots. It discusses techniques related to proteomic analysis and the study of proteins in various plant cells, including methods like selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and single-cell imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), but does not address mycorrhizal fungi or their interactions with plant roots.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -15. 10 Committee D10 $ 73. 00 In stock Scope 1. 1 This specification covers cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products associated with food, landscape waste, and other compost feedstocks, which are intended to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial composting facilities, where thermophilic temperatures are achieved. 1. 2 This specification covers cellulosic-based uncoated and coated packaging materials and products and covers whole packaging products. Products covered in this specification include cellulosic fiber-based products produced from cellulosic pulp, corrugated materials, containerboard, paper, paperboard, and molded fiber. 1. 3 This specification excludes end items where thermoplastic polymer is laminated or extruded to cellulosic substrates. 1. 4 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities” in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Commission,2 provided the label includes proper qualifications as to the availability of such facilities. 1. 5 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if packaging materials and products will compost satisfactorily in large-scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting where maximum throughput is a high priority and where intermediate stages of biodegradation must not be apparent to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 6 This specification is technically equivalent to ISO 18606. 1. 7. 1. 7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1. 8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing that certain packaging materials are intended to be composted specifically under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial composting facilities. The specification emphasizes the need for thermophilic temperatures and large-scale composting facilities for proper biodegradation, which aligns with the claim about the necessity of these facilities for effective breakdown of biodegradable plastics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Bi, Y. Cao, Improved performance of air-cathode single-chamber microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment using microfiltration membranes and multiple sludge inoculation, J. Power Sources. 187 (2009) 471-479. [34] B. Min, J. Kim, S. generation from swine wastewater using microbial fuel cells, Water Res. 39 (2005) 4961-4968. [35] J. R. Kim, S. generation using different cation, anion, and ultrafiltration membranes in microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 1004-1009. [36] S. Cheng, H. Liu, B. E. Logan, Increased performance of single-chamber microbial fuel cells using an improved cathode structure, Electrochem. Commun. 8 (2006) 489-494. [37] Z. He, N. upflow microbial fuel cell with an interior cathode: assessment of the internal resistance by impedance spectroscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 5212-5217. [38] S. Ayyaru, S. Dharmalingam, Improved performance of microbial fuel cells using sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) TiO2–SO3H nanocomposite membrane, RSC Adv. 3 (2013) 25243-25251. [39] I. Ieropoulos, J. Greenman, C. Melhuish, Improved energy output levels from small-scale microbial fuel cells, Bioelectrochemistry. 78 (2010) 44-50. [40] advances in the separators for microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 244-252. [41] F. Harnisch, U. Schröder, F. Scholz, The suitability of monopolar and bipolar ion exchange membranes as separators for biological fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2008) 1740-1746. [42] Y. Zuo, S. Cheng, D. Call, B. E. Logan, Tubular membrane cathodes for scalable power generation in microbial fuel cells, Technol. 41 (2007) 3347-3353. [43] J. Moon, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing various research studies that discuss improving the performance of microbial fuel cells under specific conditions rather than indicating that they function universally in all environmental situations. The lack of guarantee in the effectiveness of microbial fuel cells in all conditions is implied through the focus on performance improvements in varying contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: The manufacturing of energy from nuclear power factories, uranium mining, nuclear weapons production and nuclear accidents are the major cause of release of radionuclide's into the environment. The nuclear wastes typically contain inorganic and organic contaminants that include radionuclide's, heavy metals, acids/base and solvents. The high radiation level, in combination with the chemical hazards cause intensive damage to ecosystem and living organisms. The clean –up of nuclear waste by physiochemical methods is impractical and the cost is prohibitive. As a result a less costly in situ bioremediation technology is being investigated as a potential substitute method for treating such contaminated sites. The development of bioremediation strategies using Deinococcus spp, is therefore vital for the clean up of contaminated sites with radioactive waste. As these sites rarely contaminated by a single chemical, it is necessary to developed strain to be multi- resistant to various toxic agents [2]. Bioremediation is a natural process which depends on bacteria, fungi, and plants to altering pollutants as these organisms perform their normal life functions. These organisms have the ability of exploiting chemical contaminants as an energy source in their metabolic processes. Therefore, bioremediation affords alternative tool to destroy or reduce the risky contaminants through biological activity and this method has an effective cost [3]. Among the different methods, bioaccumulation and biosorption are potential for the removal of metals [4]. The active mode of metal accumulation of living cells is in most cases referred to bioaccumulation which relys on intrinsic biochemical and structural properties, physiological and genetic adaptation, environmental modification of metal specification, availability and toxicity [5]. Bioaccumulation is defined as the uptake of toxicant by living cells and transports it into the cell [6] and is a growth dependent process mediated only by living biomass [7]. The process of biosorption is possible by both living and dead biomasses [8]. The ability of certain species of bacteria in accumulating heavy metals was investigated inclusively [9,10]. Hence the natural organisms, either indigenous or extraneous can be used for bioremediation of heavy metals [11]. The present study aimed to isolate Deinococcus radiodurans from soil and identifying it biochemically and molecularly, in addition to determining their ability to remediation Pb and Cd through bioaccumulation and biosorption processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses bioremediation strategies for heavy metals using organisms such as bacteria and fungi, and elaborates on the processes of bioaccumulation and biosorption. However, it does not explicitly mention mushrooms or their role in bioremediation, instead focusing on other organisms like Deinococcus spp. and the general processes involved. Thus, it is not relevant to the specific claim about mushrooms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 03 Committee D20 $ 73. 00 In stock AbstractThis specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. The purpose of this specification is to establish standards for identifying products and materials that will compost satisfactorily in commercial and municipal composting facilities. Scope 1. 1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities, where thermophilic conditions are achieved. 1. 2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities. ” 1. 3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if end items (including packaging), which use plastics and polymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting facilities. Maximum throughput is a high priority to composters and the intermediate stages of plastic disintegration and biodegradation not be visible to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 17088. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the specification covers plastics designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. It also mentions that the established standards are intended for identifying products that will compost satisfactorily in such facilities, implying that these biodegradable plastics are not meant to break down fully in home composting conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Kondaveeti, B. Min, Evaluation of lowcost separators for increased power generation in single chamber microbial fuel cells with membrane electrode assembly, Fuel Cells. 15 (2015) 230-238. [44] J. M. Moon, S. . Min, Minimum interspatial electrode spacing to optimize air-cathode microbial fuel cell operation with a membrane electrode assembly, Bioelectrochem. 106 (2015) 263-267. [45] A. Larrosa-Guerrero, K. Scott, I. Head, F. Mateo, A. Ginesta, C. Godinez, Effect of temperature on the performance of microbial fuel cells, Fuel. 89 (2010) 3985-3994. [46] Y. Liu, V. Climent, A. Berna, J. M. Feliu, Effect of temperature on the catalytic ability of electrochemically active biofilm as anode catalyst in microbial fuel cells, Electroanal. 23 (2011) 387-394. [47] B. Min, Ó. B. Román, I. Angelidaki, Importance of temperature and anodic medium composition on microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance, Biotechnol. Lett. 30 (2008) 1213-1218. [48] Z. Li, X. Zhang, Y. Zeng, L. Lei, Electricity production by an overflow-type wetted-wall microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 100 (2009) 2551-2555. [49] D. Pant, G. Van Bogaert, L. Diels, K. Vanbroekhoven, A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 1533-1543. [50] of different substrates on the performance, bacterial diversity, and bacterial viability in microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 100 (2009) 3518-3525. [51] Y. Fan, E. Sharbrough, H. Liu, Quantification of the internal resistance distribution of microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2008) 8101-8107. [52] S. Cheng, B. E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting various studies that investigate the effects of different environmental factors such as temperature and composition on the performance of microbial fuel cells. For instance, it mentions research on 'the effect of temperature on the performance of microbial fuel cells' and the 'importance of temperature and anodic medium composition on microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance,' indicating that performance can vary based on environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Materials and of bacteria Three soil samples (30 gm each) were collected from Um- Qasr district, south of Basra city- Iraq during the January (2013). The samples were collected using a sterile plastic bag and transferred within 2 h to laboratory for analysis. For isolation of Deinococcus radiodurans, one gram of air dried soil sample was serially diluted using distilled water and spread over Yeast extract (TGY) medium (0. 5% tryptone, 0. 1% glucose and 0. 3% yeast extract) agar solid plates. The plates were incubated at 30ºC for 24 h. Bacterial characterization Properties of the isolates that included gram reaction, citrate utilization, indole production, nitrate reduction, catalase, fermentation of D- glucose, arginine, lactose and mannose, hydrolysis of casien, and gelatin liquefaction tests were determined according to Murray [12]. 16S rRNA based identification Bacterial samples were identified by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. To determine the identity of bacterial samples, the amplified 16S rRNA gene PCR products obtained from total genomic DNA using primer set 27F (5'--3') and 1492R (5'--3'), [13] were sequenced commercially. DNA sequences obtained were compared to sequences available online in the database (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov). Homology search was performed using Bioinformatics tools available online, BLASTn www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/BLA [14]. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for Cd and MIC of Cd and Pb of bacteria were determined by disc diffusion method [15]. The concentrations of Cd and Pb were between 100 to 1000 mgl-1. Filter paper disks were saturated with heavy metals for 30 min, and then added to nutrient agar plates which incubated for 24h at 30ºC. The salts of CdCl2 and Pb (NO3)2 were used to prepare mother solution of these metals in sterile distilled water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mushrooms and their ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals. Instead, it focuses on the analysis of soil samples and the identification of bacterial properties, which are irrelevant to the specific claim about mushrooms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 03 Committee D20 $ 73. 00 In stock AbstractThis specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. The purpose of this specification is to establish standards for identifying products and materials that will compost satisfactorily in commercial and municipal composting facilities. Scope1. 1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. 1. 2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as "compostable in municipal and industrial composting facilities. "1. 3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. Further, the properties in the specification are required to assure that the degradation of these materials will not diminish the value or utility of the compost resulting from the composting process. 1. 4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate health and safety practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1—No equivalent ISO specifications exist for this standard. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the specification covers plastics designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. This indicates that for these plastics to decompose satisfactorily, they indeed require access to such industrial composting facilities, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Logan, Increasing power generation for scaling up single-chamber air cathode microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 4468-4473. [53] V. Vologni, R. Kakarla, I. Angelidaki, B. Min, Increased power generation from primary sludge by a submersible microbial fuel cell and optimum operational conditions, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 36 (2013) 635-642. [54] R. . Min, Enhanced performance of an air–cathode microbial fuel cell with oxygen supply from an externally connected algal bioreactor, Bioresour. Technol. 195 (2015) 210-216. [55] R. Kakarla, B. Min, Evaluation of microbial fuel cell operation using algae as an oxygen supplier: carbon paper cathode vs. carbon brush cathode, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 37 (2014) 2453-2461. [56] R. Kakarla, B. Min, Photoautotrophic microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus attached on a cathode as oxygen producers for microbial fuel cell (MFC) operation, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy. 39 (2014) 10275-10283. [57] Z. He, Y. Huang, A. K. Manohar, F. Mansfeld, Effect of electrolyte pH on the rate of the anodic and cathodic reactions in an air-cathode microbial fuel cell, Bioelectrochem. 74 (2008) 78-82. [58] Y. Zhang, B. Min, L. Huang, I. J. A. Angelidaki, Generation of electricity and analysis of microbial communities in wheat straw biomass-powered microbial fuel cells, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75 (2009) 3389-3395. [59] T. Akiba, H. Bennetto, J. Stirling, K. Tanaka, Electricity production from alkalophilic organisms, Biotechnol. Lett. 9 (1987) 611-616. [60] S. You, Q. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. Jiang, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text highlights various studies and findings related to microbial fuel cells, implying that their performance can vary based on operational conditions. For example, it notes the effect of electrolyte pH on the anodic and cathodic reactions in microbial fuel cells, indicating that these factors contribute to their performance. This information suggests that microbial fuel cells do not operate uniformly across all environmental conditions, thus contrasting the claim that they are guaranteed to work in any setting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: The mixture was stirred at 180 rpm at 30ºC and 15 ml of sample was collected at interval times (2, 4, 6, 24, and 48 h) centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 15 min in a centrifuge. The remaining concentration of metals was analyzed by the atomic absorbance spectrophotometer. An experiment was carried out twice and the mean values were reported. The difference between the initial metal ion concentration and the final metal ion concentration was considered as metal bound to the biosorbent [17]. Statistical analysis The data obtained on the Bioaccumulation and biosorption of different metals at different concentration and time interval, by the bacterium D. radiodurans subjected to Statistical analysis using the SPSS program (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL Version 15. 0). The data were analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA). To detect the statistical significance of differences (P<0. 05) between means. Results and and molecular identification of isolated bacteria The selected bacterium was characterized and identified by using morphological, physiological and biochemical tests (Table 1). Bacteria were presumptively identified as Deinococcus sp. According to Chaturvedi [18]. Also the bacteria were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The sequence of 16S rRNA of bacteria was submitted to Blastn (database 16S ribosomal RNA sequences (Bacteria and Archaea); Megablast) (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/blast). That indicated a close genetic relatedness of bacteria with the rRNA sequence of D. radiodurans. observed Morphology shape Cocci pigment pink Gram reaction + Biochemical reaction Oxidase test + Catalase test + Indol formation + Citrate utilization + Gelatin liquefaction + Nitrate reduction - Fermentation D-glucose + Arginine + Lactose - Mannose + Casien + "+"and "-" indicate positive and negative reactions, respectively Table 1: Morphological and biochemical characteristics of D. radiodurans. Minimum inhibitory concentration The MIC is the lowest concentration of the heavy metals that completely inhibited bacterial growth [19]. D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mushrooms bioaccumulating heavy metals. Instead, it focuses on an experiment involving a bacteria species, Deinococcus radiodurans, analyzing metal concentration and its effects. There is no mention of mushrooms or their relationship to heavy metals in soil, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -15. 10 Committee D10 $ 61. 00 In stock Scope 1. 1 This specification covers cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products associated with food, landscape waste, and other compost feedstocks, which are intended to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial composting facilities, where thermophilic temperatures are achieved. 1. 2 This specification covers cellulosic-based uncoated and coated packaging materials and products and covers whole packaging products. Products covered in this specification include cellulosic fiber-based products produced from cellulosic pulp, corrugated materials, containerboard, paper, paperboard, and molded fiber. 1. 3 This specification excludes end items where thermoplastic polymer is laminated or extruded to cellulosic substrates. 1. 4 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities” in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Commission,2 provided the label includes proper qualifications as to the availability of such facilities. 1. 5 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if packaging materials and products will compost satisfactorily in large-scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting where maximum throughput is a high priority and where intermediate stages of biodegradation must not be apparent to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 6 This specification is technically equivalent to ISO 18606. 1. 7. 1. 7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1. 8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifying that cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials are designed to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial composting facilities, where thermophilic temperatures are achieved. This supports the idea that these biodegradable plastics require such facilities to break down fully.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Zhao, A microbial fuel cell using permanganate as the cathodic electron acceptor, J. Power Sources. 162 (2006) 1409-1415. [61] S. V. Mohan, S. V. Raghavulu, D. Peri, P. N. Sarma, Bioelectronics, Integrated function of microbial fuel cell (MFC) as bio-electrochemical treatment system associated with bioelectricity generation under higher substrate load, Biosen. Bioelect. 24 (2009) 2021-2027. [62] L. Wei, H. Han, J. Shen, Effects of cathodic electron acceptors and potassium ferricyanide concentrations on the performance of microbial fuel cell, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy. 37 (2012) 12980-12986. [63] H. L. Song, Y. Zhu, J. Li, Electron transfer mechanisms, characteristics and applications of biological cathode microbial fuel cells–A mini review, Arab. J. Chem (2015). [64] J. Jiang, Q. Zhao, J. Zhang, G. Zhang, D. J. Lee, Electricity generation from bio-treatment of sewage sludge with microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 100 (2009) 5808-5812. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that explore the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) under different conditions, indicating that MFCs do not guarantee consistent performance in all environmental settings. References to different research articles highlight specific factors impacting MFC efficiency, such as the type of cathodic electron acceptors and substrate loads, suggesting that performance can vary significantly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: [25] who reported that, the amount of metal ions accumulated per unit mass of Bacillus sp. (ATS-1) increased first with increasing of the initial metal ion concentration and reached to a saturation value. Then the value changes with the initial metal ion concentration change. et al. [26] reported that, the accumulation of chromium (VI), cadmium (II) and copper (II) by Pantoea sp. TEM18 increase with high initial metals concentration, then reach to saturate so the accumulation decrease. Table 2 shows a comparison between different microorganisms and D. radiodurans in the present study. capacity (mgg-1) or % Cd 95 al. [32] Enterobactersp. Pb 50 et al. [33] Bacillus cereus Pb 36. 71 al. [34] Micrococcussp. Zn 84. 27 et al. [35] Aspergillus niger Cr 133 et al. [36] D. radiodurans Cd 36. 86 study Pb 0. 33 Pb D. radiodurans Cd 31. 23% study Pb 63. 46% 2: Completed facial reconstruction (half-profile, plasticine). Concentration (mg/l) % Biosorption of Pb at different times (h. ) 2 4 6 24 478 5 22. 72±0. 007 22. 85± 0. 141 23. 50± 0. 007 27. 91± 0. 007 30. 43± 0. 014 10 28. 15± 0. 007 30. 32± 0. 021 30. 40± 0. 014 30. 43± 0. 007 30. 45± 0. 007 25 41. 8± 0. 007 43. 20± 0. 141 44. 00± 0. 141 44. 20± 0. 070 44. 33± 0 50 63. 46± 0. 007 59. 97± 0. 007 39. 33± 0. 007 33. 40± 0 31. 89± 0. 070 LSD= 0. 001 Concentration (mg/l) % Biosorption of Cd at different times (h) 2 4 6 24 478 5 18. 97± 0. 014 18. 57± 0. 014 17. 65± 0. 014 16. 10± 0. 707 15. 58± 0. 007 10 22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the accumulation of metal ions by various microorganisms and provides specific data on the biosorption of metals like lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). However, it does not mention mushrooms specifically or their role in bioaccumulating heavy metals from the soil. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 03 Committee D20 $ 73. 00 In stock Scope1. 1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. 1. 2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as "compostable in municipal and industrial composting facilities. "1. 3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. Further, the properties in the specification are required to assure that the degradation of these materials will not diminish the value or utility of the compost resulting from the composting process. 1. 4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate health and safety practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1—No equivalent ISO specifications exist for this standard. Version D6400-99E01 D6400-23 Active D6400-22 D6400-21 D6400-19 D6400-12 D6400-04 is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the specification covers plastics designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. This directly supports the assertion that many biodegradable plastics require such facilities for full breakdown.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Electrochemically active bacteria in microbial fuel cells output: Thesis › internal (1) (MFC) technology has been heralded as a tool for energy conservation, resource recovery and valuable compound synthesis, amongst others. The MFC concept is possible due to the ability of electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB) to transfer the electrons produced from substrate degradation, out of the bacterial cell and onto the electrode surface via different mechanisms; a process called exocellular electron transfer (EET). However, despite advances and extensive studies on EET mechanisms and EcAB, like the Fe(III)-reducing Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, the technology has not reached yet the stage of broad applicability. This thesis investigates characteristics and performance of EcAB in the anodic compartment of pure- and mixed-culture MFCs in an effort to shed light to processes important to MFC performance and efficiency. In order to reliably study EcAB in a microbial fuel cell environment, a gas-tight, sterile MFC setup was developed and optimized for electrochemical and microbiological studies of the anodic bacteria and consequently the electrochemically active biofilm/bioanode. In addition, a method for Geobacter species quantification with quantitative PCR (qPCR) was developed. Furthermore, a multiple-unit MFC setup was designed for convenient and simultaneous operation of identical MFCs ‘in-parallel’. A design for a new compact, multi-array MFC to be used as a small-scale culturing platform of EcAB based solely on their electrochemical properties is also introduced. Our research with different titanium (Ti) electrodes in the same MFC setup, suggests that the MFC electrode surface is critical as it determines attachment of EcAB and bioanode formation that leads ultimately to efficient electrochemical activity. Pt- and Ta- coated Ti electrodes performed the best while uncoated Ti with either smooth or rough surfaces performed the worst. Future MFC research could benefit greatly from enhancing the electrode interface for optimum bioanode formation and electron transfer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that despite advances in microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology, it has not yet reached the stage of 'broad applicability.' This suggests that MFCs may not be reliable under all environmental conditions, as the performance and efficiency of the technology depend on factors such as the electrode surface and the characteristics of the electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB). Therefore, the text implies limitations in the guaranteed performance of MFCs across various environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: 80± 0. 070 22. 76± 0. 007 21. 00± 0 20. 71± 0. 007 20. 14± 0. 007 25 27. 64± 0. 014 27. 60± 0. 070 27. 58± 0. 021 26. 57± 0. 014 26. 52± 0. 014 50 31. 23± 0. 014 31. 12± 0. 014 30. 75± 0. 021 30. 64± 0. 014 30. 32± 0. 014 LSD= 0. 024 Table 3: Biosorption (%) of Lead and Cadmium at different period of incubations and different concentrations by D. radiodurans. Biosorption study The results of the present study (Table 2) showed that D. radiodurans has a good ability to absorption Pb and Cd. The highest percentage of Pb absorption was 63. 46% in concentration 50 mgl-1 for 2h. Biosorption of Pb increased with the increase of time for concentration 5, 10 and 25 mgl-1, then start decreasing with increase time for concentration 50 mgl-1. Explanations for these results is that at first three concentrations, the increase in biosorption with the time due to the sorbent sites were not saturated, but in concentration 50 mgl-1, the concentration was sufficient to saturate these sites, so the maximum absorption occurs in the first two hours. Tarangini [27], reported that, biosorption of arsenic by mixed cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis was increased with the increase time. In related to the effect of Pb concentration, results showed sorption increase with the increasing Pb concentration. Taty-Cortodes et al. [28], showed that, the initial ion concentration exhibits quite an interesting effect on the equilibrium sorption capacity of the Pinus sylvestris for Cd (II) and Pb (II). At a fixed biosorbent dose, pH and temperature, the equilibrium sorption capacity, improved with higher initial ion concentration. The ion removal was highest concentrated dependent. The increase in the biosorbents loading capacity as a function of metal ion concentration was believed to be due to a high driving force for mass transfer. The results of the present study of Cd sorption showed decrease of biosorption with increasing time (Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses biosorption studies related to D. radiodurans and various metal ions such as lead and cadmium. There is no mention of mushrooms or their capacity to bioaccumulate heavy metals from soil, which is the focus of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable plastics are part of ongoing research to reduce plastic pollution and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: -General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March. 2020. x College of (PMU), Kingdom of x College of (PMU), Kingdom of *Corresponding author: Shaili Vadera, Assistant Professor-Economics, Accounting & Finance, College of (PMU), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tel: 0509608478, Email: svadera@pmu. edu. sa Quick links of the Demand of Plastics and its on Shaili Vadera* and Citation: Shaili Vadera, (2021) A of the Demand of Plastics and its on Environmental Sustainability. J Manage 3: 105 Copyright: © 2021 Shaili Vadera. This is an open-access 2025. It also outlines the growing importance of adopting Alternatives as global solution to mitigate plastic pollution. Plastic pollution affects the health of millions of people around the world. Synthetic plastics are slow to degrade posing a huge threat to the entire ecosystem. Recent studies conclude that human beings are daily consuming bits of micro-plastics through food and water. Micro-plastics have also been found in 90% of the packaged drinking water. Approximately 9 million tons of plastic waste is disposed annually and it is expected to double by 2025. If present trend continues there will be more than 18 billion metric tons of non-biodegradable plastic both in land and oceans. Also, due to recent Covid-19 pandemic, there is a sudden increase in demand for single-use plastic items. The problems related to post pandemic plastic pollution will become even more complex requiring a collaborated and sustainable approach in collection and effective disposal of plastic waste in order to mitigate its harmful impact on the environment. Keywords: Plastics; Global; Demand; Mismanagement; Pollution; Biodegradable Alternatives; Plastics are one of the most versatile man-made material. It has been reported that more than 2 million plastic bags and bottles are currently being consumed by packaging industry every day. Plastics are currently in demand in all the sectors. The current demand for plastics in packaging industry is around 36% followed by building and construction at 22% and the rest 42% required in other key sectors such as electronics, furniture, transport, agriculture, medical, toys, etc. The future production of plastics is set to double by 2030 [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not specifically mention biodegradable plastics or any related ongoing research. It discusses the demand for plastics, their impact on the environment, and the increase in plastic waste, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. While it notes the importance of finding alternatives to mitigate plastic pollution, it does not corroborate the claim of biodegradable plastics being researched or implemented as a solution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Our studies with flat-plate, graphite-electrode, mixed-culture microbial fuel cells (Pmax ≈ 1 W/m2) operated for several months with external load (Rext), indicated stable and reproducible characteristics including Coulombic efficiencies, average values of cell voltage, anode potentials, and current densities as well as main microbial populations of both the anolyte and the bioanode. However, transient testing of power maxima values (Pmax) that required lower Rext, or applied potential showed result variability, that might be linked to differences in electrochemical impedance factors, redox-active centers and electron-producing states of the bioanodes. Differences in the quantities of the bioanode microbial species did not seem to correlate with this variability. Since energy-conserving applications like waste-water treatment MFCs would ideally be operated with an Rext rather than applied voltage, addressing interface impedance factors, such as charge transfer resistance and electrical double layer capacitance, is important especially when MFCs are operated at lower Rext. Furthermore, mixed-culture MFCs were shown to be selective for certain bacterial consortia, including Geobacter- and Pseudomonas- related species. Geobacter-related species were dominant on the surface of different electrodes suggesting a pivotal role of the species in electrochemical activity and EET. This was not surprising as the original mixed-culture inoculum - used for starting up several bioelectrochemical systems at our research facilities - was amended with pure cultures of G. sulfurreducens PCA. However, the strain specifically selected for and present in most bioanodes was a novel Geobacter, strain T33 that was phylogenetically closely related (99% by 16S rRNA sequence similarity) to several strains detected in a variety of MFCs operated by other research groups under various conditions and anodic substrates. These strains formed a new phylogenetic Geobacter cluster, distinct from G. sulfurreducens. This observation suggested that strain T33 might have an ecological advantage in MFCs over G. sulfurreducens PCA. In-depth characterization of strain T33 in pure-culture experiments showed that strain T33 forms efficient bioanodes with high Pmax similar to strain PCA, but exhibits different redox-centers than strain T33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there is variability in the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) under different conditions. It mentions that transient testing of power maxima values showed result variability, suggesting that MFCs may not operate consistently across all environmental conditions. Additionally, it highlights the importance of addressing interface impedance factors when MFCs operate at lower external loads, further implying that their performance can be affected by the specific conditions in which they are used.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: The high sorption noticed after 2h at concentration 50 mgl-1. This is similar to Anzeze et al. [29], who reported that, the rate of adsorption of Cd by Eichhornia crasippes was very fast at first and over 95 % of total biosorption of Cd (II) ions occurs in the first 5 minutes and thereafter it proceeds at a slower rate and finally no further significant adsorption is noted beyond 20 minutes of contact time. For effect of metal concentration on biosorption, results show increases in Cd sorption with increasing metal concentration. The initial concentration provides an important driving force to overcome all mass transfer resistance of metal between the aqueous and solid phases [30]. The increasing amount of metal adsorbed by the biomass will be increased with initial concentration of metals. Optimum percentage of metal removal can be taken at high initial metal concentration. Thus, at a given concentration of biomass, the metal uptake increases with increase in initial concentration [31]. 224. éni S, Khwaldia K, et al. (2012) Isolation and characterization of a novel Micrococcusstrain for bioremediation of strontium in radioactive residues. MicrobiolRes 64: 851-858. Volesky B, Holan ZR (1995) Biosorption of heavymetals. BiotechnolProg 11: 235-250. (1995) Metal cation uptake by yeast: areview. ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol 43: 579-584. (2004) Metalbioremediationthrough growing cells. 30: 261-278. (1996) Bioaccumulation and biosorption of CO2+ by neurospora crassa. BiotechnolLett 18: 1205-1208. (1994) Biosorption of heavymetal cations by non- viable yeastbiomas. 15: 429-438. (2002) Uranium accumulation by a bacteriumisolated from electroplating effluent. 18: 295-302. (2008) Novel metalaccumulator and proteasesecretor microbes from Wetland. BiochemBiotechnol 4: 255-264. (2002) Microbiology. (5th Edn. ), McGraw-Hill, New York. Murray RGE (1992) The familyDeinococcaceae. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding mushrooms bioaccumulating heavy metals. Instead, it focuses on the biosorption of heavy metals by various microorganisms and plants, and discusses factors influencing metal uptake without specifically mentioning mushrooms or their ability to bioaccumulate.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable plastics are part of ongoing research to reduce plastic pollution and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: It can be achieved through extension, adaptation and modification to lengthen the product life cycle stages, design thinking, exploring renewable alternative sources of energy and fuel, focusing on increased use of by-products to create biodegradable plastics/ products, technological collaborations and adopting sharing economy model for community development [19]. 2020 Initiative have pledged $11 million to targeting river plastic pollution. In the past numerous initiatives have been undertaken at global level to redesign, refuse, eliminate, reuse or recycle the consumption of plastics through closed-loop system also known as circular economy model [20]. It has also been emphasized that single-use plastic items should come along with pollution causing labels [21]. (2018) announced that global plastic waste is expected to increase by 70% if proper measures are not adopted to reduce plastic pollution. Countries are undertaking stringent regulations related to mismanaged waste that adversely affects the health of millions of people around the world [22]. Countries around the world have adopted an integrated approach of 7R’s Model through stringent reforms and regulations. For instance, in and Japan, about 96% of plastic waste is collected and recovered at source. Also, there is complete ban on discarding waste plastic in landfills or oceans. They have also introduced plastic bottles deposit scheme for consumers to facilitate recovery at source. The countries such as U. S. A and Australia have 80% of waste collection average and depend on landfilling or incineration as waste management strategy. Germany has the highest recycling rate of 57% followed by South Korea, Austria, Wales and Switzerland. Emerging economies like China, India & Brazil with increased industrial activity have only 50% waste collection average. Manual collection of waste material is more prevalent and large amount of waste is discarded in landfills or water bodies informally leading to plastic pollution. Most of the countries are imposing strict trade restrictions on import of single-use non-biodegradable plastics as a preventive measure to curb pollution. Instead countries are introducing new regulations permitting imports of only approved oxy-biodegradable single-use plastics and packaging materials which can be easily degraded in the presence of oxygen. Countries like Saudi Arabia, Albania, Jordan, Yemen and Emirates are the leading countries which have enforced stringent regulations allowing imports of only oxy-biodegradable disposable plastics. The samples of the plastics imported are further tested in the pre-approved labs to ensure that they are oxy-biodegradable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various initiatives and regulations aimed at reducing plastic pollution through the promotion of biodegradable plastics. It highlights actions such as modifying product life cycles, exploring renewable materials, and enforcing regulations that allow imports of only approved oxy-biodegradable plastics, all of which are part of ongoing research and efforts to mitigate environmental impact.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, strain T33 has a more limited electron acceptor range, but a wider electron donor range than strain PCA, including glucose and succinate. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain T33 and recently described electrochemically active strains G. soli GSS01 and G. anodireducens SD-1 are closely related (99% by 16S rRNA) and form a new phylogenetic cluster within the Geobacters, 98% by 16S rRNA similar to G. sulfurreducens strains PCA and KN400. Genome-based analyses indicates that even though the two clusters share common metabolic properties, some differences exist with respect to electron donor utilization, attachment and conductive cell surface components (e-pili) production and genome rearrangement and gene acquisition. It is not sufficiently clear how the differences in the genome of strain T33 are relevant to persistence of the strain in MFCs, biofilm formation and EET, our studies overall suggest that strain T33 even though producing similar power densities as G. sulfurreducens PCA, might be more stable and versatile in MFCs, and therefore a better candidate for waste-water treatment if it can couple the oxidation of several organic substrates, as observed with Fe(III)-respiration, also to electrode-respiration. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor ofAdvisorsStams, A. J. M. , PromotorEuverink, G. J. W. , Promotor, External personGeelhoed, J. S. , Co-promotor, External personAward date13 Feb 2019Place of 9789463433853DOstatusPublished - 13 Feb 2019 output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10. 18174/464206 Files and links into the research topics of 'Electrochemically active bacteria in microbial fuel cells'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. 100% 100% Real-100% Earth and 71% Earth and 71% 66% 42% 42% View full fingerprint Projects 1 per year Microbiology and mechanisms of exocellular electron transfer in microbial fuel cellsMichaelidou, U. (PhD candidate) & Stams, F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the limitations and specific conditions under which strain T33 and other Geobacters might function in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It highlights differences in electron donor utilization and suggests that while strain T33 may perform similarly to other strains, its stability and versatility are contingent upon its ability to couple various organic substrates and oxidative processes. This indicates that MFC performance is not guaranteed universally, as performance may vary based on metabolic properties and environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: In: The ProkaryotesHandbook of the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Isolation Identi? cation, Application. Springer-Verlag, New York. (1985) Rapid determination of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses. 82: 6955-6959. (1997) and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of proteindatabasesearch programs. NucleicAcidsRes 25: 3389–3402. Wistreich MD, (1980) Laboratoryexercises in microbiology. (3rdedn),. (2006) Investigating heavymetalresistance, bioaccumulation and metabolic profile of a metallophilemicrobial consortium native to an abandoned mine. Environ 366: 649-658. Sethuraman P, Kumar MD (2011) Bacillus subtilis on Pb2+ ions removal from aqueous solution by Biosorption. 2: 247. (2011) Molecular diversity and heavymetal interactions in Deinococcusspp. PhSayajiraouniversity of Baroda. Froidevaux R, Krier F, Nedjar-Arroume N, Vercaigne-Marko D, Kosciarz E, et al. (2001) Antibacterialactivity of a pepsin-derived bovine hemoglobin fragment. FEBS Lett 491: 159-163. (2010) Functional analysis of a putative transcriptionalregulator gene dr2539 in Deinococcus radiodurans. MicrobiolRes 4: 515-522. Qi Y, Hulett FM (1998) Role of Pho-P in transcriptionalregulation of genes involved in cellwallanionicpolymerbiosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 180: 4007-4010. (2013) Growth media composition and heavymetaltolerance behavior of bacteriacharacterized from the sub-surface soil of uranium rich ore bearing site of Domiasiat in Meghalaya. Biotechnol 12: 115-119. (2002) Effect of medium composition on the susceptibility of oral streptococci to mercuricchloride. CurrMicrobiol 45: 272-276. (2006) Bioaccumulation of Pb (II) from Aqueous solution by Bacillus cereus M1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily focuses on various studies related to microorganisms and heavy metal resistance and bioaccumulation, but it does not mention mushrooms or their ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding mushrooms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable plastics are part of ongoing research to reduce plastic pollution and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: However, whether the oxy-biodegradable plastics actually degrade in the presence of oxygen in a short span of time without causing air or water pollution is yet to be fully established. Countries such as. S. , India etc. are taking preventive measures to ban the sale of plastic straws, drink stirrers and other single-use plastic products. plans to adopted circular economy by recovering and recycling 100% of all used plastic packaging by 2040. In 2016-17, France restricted the free distribution of single-use plastic thereby eliminating the use of more than 5 billion plastic grocery bags. Canada in 2018 adopted the principle of Waste by introducing complete ban on single-use plastics by 2021 and developing responsibility programs designed to reduce, redesign, recycle, recover and reuse. India as an emerging economy with a population of 1. 3 billion, is a significant contributor to plastic pollution due it’s convenience and cost effectiveness. India’s per capita usage of plastics stands at 11. 5 kgs. However, India is reducing the use of polythene bags made of virgin or recycled plastic less than 50 microns in thickness and plans to ban all single-use plastics by 2022. Plastic due to its durability, thermal resistance and highly resilient nature finds multiple uses in building and construction industry. Companies are also taking initiatives to recover ocean plastics to manufacture sneakers, jackets, comforters, sportswear, bags etc. from recycled ocean plastic debris. Plastic toothbrush takes 100 to 300 years to degrade. Therefore, bamboo toothbrush are other eco-friendly substitutes which are currently available in the markets. The need of the hour is to educate the consumers regarding the harmful effects of plastic pollution so that they adopt biodegradable alternatives. With the introduction of ban on polythene retailers have started using jute/ cloth/ paper bags in place of plastic carry bags. In many countries, single-use plastics will be prohibited in both semi urban and urban communities by 2021. A Review on Alternatives to mitigate plastic pollution Plastics are extremely versatile and unavoidable due to their multiple uses and characteristics. But the level of harm it is causing to our environment, because of its non- biodegradable nature, has forced countries to invest heavily in R&D labs, to seek compostable eco-friendly plastic alternatives. However, the main limitation of compostable products is that they require industrial treatment in compostable industrial centers/ facilities which are also limited in number. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need for compostable eco-friendly plastic alternatives and highlighting that countries are investing heavily in research and development (R&D) to mitigate plastic pollution. It emphasizes that the harmful effects of plastic pollution have prompted this investment, thus supporting the assertion that biodegradable plastics are a focus of ongoing research to address environmental impact.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Our research with different titanium (Ti) electrodes in the same MFC setup, suggests that the MFC electrode surface is critical as it determines attachment of EcAB and bioanode formation that leads ultimately to efficient electrochemical activity. Pt- and Ta- coated Ti electrodes performed the best while uncoated Ti with either smooth or rough surfaces performed the worst. Future MFC research could benefit greatly from enhancing the electrode interface for optimum bioanode formation and electron transfer. Our studies with flat-plate, graphite-electrode, mixed-culture microbial fuel cells (Pmax ≈ 1 W/m2) operated for several months with external load (Rext), indicated stable and reproducible characteristics including Coulombic efficiencies, average values of cell voltage, anode potentials, and current densities as well as main microbial populations of both the anolyte and the bioanode. However, transient testing of power maxima values (Pmax) that required lower Rext, or applied potential showed result variability, that might be linked to differences in electrochemical impedance factors, redox-active centers and electron-producing states of the bioanodes. Differences in the quantities of the bioanode microbial species did not seem to correlate with this variability. Since energy-conserving applications like waste-water treatment MFCs would ideally be operated with an Rext rather than applied voltage, addressing interface impedance factors, such as charge transfer resistance and electrical double layer capacitance, is important especially when MFCs are operated at lower Rext. Furthermore, mixed-culture MFCs were shown to be selective for certain bacterial consortia, including Geobacter- and Pseudomonas- related species. Geobacter-related species were dominant on the surface of different electrodes suggesting a pivotal role of the species in electrochemical activity and EET. This was not surprising as the original mixed-culture inoculum - used for starting up several bioelectrochemical systems at our research facilities - was amended with pure cultures of G. sulfurreducens PCA. However, the strain specifically selected for and present in most bioanodes was a novel Geobacter, strain T33 that was phylogenetically closely related (99% by 16S rRNA sequence similarity) to several strains detected in a variety of MFCs operated by other research groups under various conditions and anodic substrates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting variability in performance under different conditions. It mentions transient testing of power maxima that showed variability likely related to electrochemical impedance factors, thus indicating that conditions can affect the efficiency of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Additionally, it emphasizes that enhancing the electrode interface is crucial for optimum performance, further suggesting that MFCs do not operate uniformly across all environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Biosorption of some by Deinococcus radiodurans in Basra Governorate-R1, Al-Sulami A1, Al-Taee A2*, Aldoghachi F3, Suhaimi N4 and Mohammed S5 1College of Education for 23College of Science, Basra University, Basra, Iraq 4College of Biotechnology, University, Malaysia 5College of Medicine, University, Malaysia *: Al--mail: amraltaee@yahoo. com 18, 2016; 06, 2016; 10, 2016 Citation: Jaafar R, Al-Sulami A, Al- (2016) Biosorption of some by Deinococcus radiodurans Isolated from Soil in Basra Governorate-Iraq. J 7:332. doi: 10. 4172/2155-6199. 1000332 Copyright: © 2016 Jaafar R, et al. This is an open-a ccess 6000. The diffractometer employed Cu-Kα radiation to generate diffraction patterns from powder crystalline samples at ambient temperature. The Cu-Kα radiation was generated by Philips glass diffraction, X-ray tube broad focus 2. 7KW type. The crystallite size D of the samples was calculated by using the Debye–Scherer’s relationship. is the crystallite size, λ is the incident X-ray wavelength, β is the (FWHM) at Half-Maximum, and θ is the diffraction angle, Deby -Scherrer equation: D= K λBCOS θ. This analysis was done in the Chemistry department, Malaysia. Microscope: By centrifuging samples broth culture for 10 min at 3000 rpm, and decanting the supernatant, fixing pallet with 4% gutaraldehyde for 4 h at 4°C and centrifuged again, decanting fixative and adding an appropriate quantity of animal serum to submerge sample then allowing serum to clot. Washing three times with 0. 1M Cacodylate buffer for 10 min. Postng fix in 1% Osmium tetroxide for 2h at 4°C. Washing again three times with 0. 1M Cacodylate buffer for 10 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes various scientific procedures regarding biosorption and crystallite size calculations without mentioning mushrooms or their ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals. It focuses on the methodology employed in a study, without providing any evidence or discussion related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable plastics are part of ongoing research to reduce plastic pollution and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: For the last two decades, there has been an emphasis on living “green” and exploring environment friendly plastic alternatives. There is an urgent need to shift the focus to biodegradable alternatives to reduce the menace of plastic pollution. For example- Starch as a totally bio-degradable, low cost natural polymer has been receiving lots of attention these days. Starch when blended with aliphatic polyesters can be used to produce completely biodegradable as well compostable trash bags. These bags decompose when they come in contact with soil and are safe as fodder for animals also. They are economical to produce, but the starch content has to be more than 60% of the composite, in order to make it easily degradable [23]. Increased usage of potato/ corn starch in making compostable trash bags can drastically help in reducing plastic pollution. Replacement of plastic bags with cotton bags, made from 100% biodegradable material, cotton mesh is increasingly being used. Likewise, biodegradable plastics made from sugar and carbon dioxide could safely be used in producing medical implants. Production of biodegradable plastics from microalgae as well as use of ground coffee precipitate/ residue can be effectively utilized for reducing plastic consumption. Also, the use of bars instead of plastic shampoo bottles, detergent and other liquids are other possibilities to reduce plastic footprint. A company in named Ehique makes soap bars from coconut oil and other such essential oils. Seeds of olives which are usually discarded in the production process can be used to produce biodegradable plastic products, which can easily be decomposed into fertilizers within one year [24-30]. Limex made from calcium carbonate can also be used as a substitute for plastic. Moreover, the basic raw material used in this is limestone, which is abundantly available in many parts of the world. Bamboo and sandalwood are also in use to create biodegradable water bottles which have shelf life of about two years. Single use plastics and packaging material are one of the major cause of environmental pollution which has lead countries and communities to focus on producing biodegradable plastic products. For example- most commonly used packaging materials used today are made from foaming technology and Nano-cellulose. Plastic straws take somewhere between 450 years to decompose so biodegradable straws are being produced made from plant parts, grass, bamboo and metal [31-35]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various biodegradable plastic alternatives and their potential benefits in reducing plastic pollution. It emphasizes the need for biodegradable alternatives and highlights specific examples like starch blends for trash bags, biodegradable plastics from microalgae, and other materials that are being explored to mitigate the environmental impact of traditional plastics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: / Michaelidou, Urania. Wageningen: Wageningen University, 2019. 288 p. Research output: Thesis › internal - THEST1 - Electrochemically active bacteria in microbial fuel cellsAU - Michaelidou, UraniaN1 - WU thesis 7156 Includes bibliographical 33. Furthermore, strain T33 has a more limited electron acceptor range, but a wider electron donor range than strain PCA, including glucose and succinate. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain T33 and recently described electrochemically active strains G. soli GSS01 and G. anodireducens SD-1 are closely related (99% by 16S rRNA) and form a new phylogenetic cluster within the Geobacters, 98% by 16S rRNA similar to G. sulfurreducens strains PCA and KN400. Genome-based analyses indicates that even though the two clusters share common metabolic properties, some differences exist with respect to electron donor utilization, attachment and conductive cell surface components (e-pili) production and genome rearrangement and gene acquisition. It is not sufficiently clear how the differences in the genome of strain T33 are relevant to persistence of the strain in MFCs, biofilm formation and EET, our studies overall suggest that strain T33 even though producing similar power densities as G. sulfurreducens PCA, might be more stable and versatile in MFCs, and therefore a better candidate for waste-water treatment if it can couple the oxidation of several organic substrates, as observed with Fe(III)-respiration, also to electrode-respiration. AB - Cell (MFC) technology has been heralded as a tool for energy conservation, resource recovery and valuable compound synthesis, amongst others. The MFC concept is possible due to the ability of electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB) to transfer the electrons produced from substrate degradation, out of the bacterial cell and onto the electrode surface via different mechanisms; a process called exocellular electron transfer (EET). However, despite advances and extensive studies on EET mechanisms and EcAB, like the Fe(III)-reducing Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, the technology has not reached yet the stage of broad applicability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have potential advantages, such as energy conservation and resource recovery, the technology has not yet reached the stage of 'broad applicability'. This suggests that MFCs may not perform reliably in all environmental conditions, as there are variations in the utilization of electron donors and acceptors under different circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: dehydrating in series of acetone at 35, 50, 75, 95, and 100% for 10, 10, 10, 10 and 15 min respectively (Table 1). Embedding: Specimens were placed into the beam capsule fill with resin and polymerized in oven at 60 °C for 24-48h. Ultra sectioning was realized by choosing an area of interest, for ultrathin section, i. e. selecting the silver section, picking up sections with a grid, then drying with filter paper. Finally the sections were stained with Uranyal acetate for 15 min, and washed by double distilled water. Lead sections were stained for 10 min, washed twice with distilled water. This analysis was done in the Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Malaysia. Results and Discussion FT-IR One of the most important characteristics of a biosorbent is the presence of its surface functional groups, which are largely characterized by the FTIR spectroscopy method. This technique can only provide a qualitative description for biosorbent functional groups. The studies of FTIR spectra on Deinococcus provided the basis to interpret the results with Fucus vesiculosus [8], as shown in Figure 1 there was a shift in the bands corresponding to carboxyl (COOH) groups after the biosorption process. Following metal binding, the asymmetric carboxyl stretching band shifted from 1630 to 1636 and 1632 Cm−1 for Cd and Pb respectively [9], and there was an increase in the distance between this band and the symmetric stretching of the same groups at 1418 Cm−1, to lower wave numbers after biosorption, indicating that chelating complexes were formed [10,11]. Therefore, chelation was another important mechanism involved in the biosorption of Cd and Pb with Deinococcus; as reported by Sheng et al. [12] for Sargassum with FTIR spectroscopy studies. These changes in the FTIR spectra have also been observed in other biosorption studies [13,14]. Also the peak at 1387 attributed to C-O bond shifted to 1392 and 1390 Cm-1 when exposed to Cd and Pb respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about mushrooms bioaccumulating heavy metals. It discusses laboratory techniques and results regarding biosorption processes using Deinococcus and Sargassum, focusing on techniques like FTIR spectroscopy. There is no mention of mushrooms or their ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals.