Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 73 The dichloromethane extract from the seeds demonstrated good antimalarial activity (IC50≥10µg/mL) in the F32 and D2 P. falciparum strains susceptible to chloroquine and D2 strains resistant to chloroquine. The cytotoxicity was 28. 8±8. 2 ug/mL in the U-937 cell strains. 74 The crude plant extract has anti-inflammatory activity. 75 Sesquiterpenes,76 terpenes, diterpenes, steroids77 and pregnane have all been isolated from an ethanol extract from the leaves. 78 Picrolemma sprucei is a native shrub that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark is used for the treatment of malaria, which is prepared by decoction. The herbarium labels contained information on various medicinal uses for this species. It is used to treat sores (Pabón E. 513, ), to treat skin fungus and insect bites (Garzón, Mendoza and Rivera 230, COAH), in the preparation of ichthyotoxins (La Rotta40 128 COAH), and to eliminate the "chunche" (La Rotta40 170, COAH; Pabón E. 613, COAH). In Brazil, and Peru this plant is used for the treatment of malaria. 79 The family to which this species belongs, Simaroubaceae, contain quassinoids responsible for the anti-malaria, anti-cancer and antiamoebic activity. 38 The cuasinoide neosergeolide was isolated from the stem and root of this species, which has significant in vitro activity in multidrug resistant P. falciparum, being more active than quinone and chloroquine. 80 This cuasinoide together with another called isobrucein B, showed cytotoxicity against tumor cells in humans and worked as a larvicide against the A. aegypti mosquito responsible for the spread of dengue. Further, the lack of hemolytic activity in vitro could indicate specificity of the cytotoxic effects observed. 81 Potalia resinifera is a native shrub that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark is used to treat malaria, and the treatment is prepared by decoction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of traditional medicinal uses of plants, such as 'the stem bark [of Picrolemma sprucei] is used for the treatment of malaria, which is prepared by decoction.' This indicates that indigenous cultures utilize certain plants for medicinal purposes, aligning with the claim that many traditional medicines come from plant-based sources used by these cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: 2) The representative image of DT treated PCs at P30 (Figure 1M) clearly shows a large number of missing PCs which would normally form a continuous monolayer, suggesting that the number of PCs did not recover from cell death. Is this a representative image? 3) Throughout the figures, co-labeling of PC markers with proliferation markers is not convincing. Images showing definitive co-localization should be provided. 4) In general, the quality of the images is not high and very few co-labeled cells are shown. It is not clear that some of the very few BrdU+ cells shown are not Bergmann glial cells. High quality images of BLBP stained BGs would be more convincing than the low power images provided. In general, higher magnification and resolution images would be potentially more convincing than the data shown. 5) Other studies have shown BrdU labeling of PCs in the adult, suggesting that BrdU or Thy incorporation assays detect DNA replication as well as cell division. Again, the co-labeling experiments with Ki67 and BrdU are not convincing. H3 would have been stronger evidence for cell division. 6) The authors suggest that Calb1+ PCs can develop within one day after a putative cell division. How do they imagine such cells would differentiate, i. e. extend dendrites into the field of parallel fibers? There are no images of the newly generated PCs that convince me that they are immature PCs. 7) There is literature suggesting that PCs undergo programmed cell death. While no direct studies have shown this, Bcl overexpression mice and Bax knockout mice both have ~30% more PCs. The authors should discuss these findings and how it might affect their results. If an immature (CALB1-) pool of PCs persists until P5, this would provide an alternative view to the idea that new cells are generated from "unidentified precursors". Reviewer #3: In this manuscript, Baylin et al. examined injury induced regeneration pf Purkinjie cells in neonates and proposed a model that upon elimination of Purkinje cells, a previously unknown quiescent progenitor population can be rapidly activated to replenish the loss cells (within 24hrs), resulting in normal cerebellum development. Furthermore, this progenitor population lost its capacity around P5. While the topic is interesting, the result is not convincing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing evidence regarding the regeneration of Purkinje cells (PCs) in the cerebellum, suggesting that there is uncertainty about their capacity to regenerate completely. The mention of a lack of recovery from cell death and the presence of co-labeling issues for proliferation markers indicates that the regeneration process is not as straightforward or complete as suggested by the claim. Additionally, the text points out that other studies have suggested programmed cell death in PCs, which implies that not all neurons, such as Purkinje cells, may regenerate fully, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, the requirements for sustainable land development include nature and biodiversity conservation, environmental protection, avoiding natural disaster danger areas, and consideration for the landscape. 2. 2 Main land attributes related to judging developmentIn order to define development-restrictive and allowable areas, this study examines the relationship between land attributes and development. As demonstrated on the left side of Figure 3, there are three significant land attributes related to judging the appropriateness of development: (1) biodiversity, (2) natural disaster risk, and (3) topographic gradient [4]. Figure 3. Strategy for delineating development-restrictive areas and allowable areas. 2. 2. 1 Biodiversity“Biodiversity” is a key area when seeking nature conservation and environmental preservation [5]. Efforts to conserve biodiversity also help meet global goals for greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change. Moreover, such biodiversity and nature-based solutions help protect us from climate change impacts, securing ecosystem services [5, 6, 7]. 2. 2. 2 Natural disaster risk“Natural disaster risk” is connected with one of the requirements, “avoiding natural disaster danger areas. ” Geomorphologically, the Earth’s surface is shaped by tectonics and climate [8]. As this simple statement implies, natural disasters can be divided into two categories: “tectonic” and “climatic” [9, 10]. Tectonic disasters include catastrophes caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Meanwhile, examples of climatic disasters are serious damage resulting from floods and droughts. 2. 2. 3 Topographic gradient“Topographic gradient” is mainly associated with two requirements for sustainable design, “environmental protection” and “accessible and universal design” [4]. Vegetation removal on steep-sloping sites often triggers significant environmental issues, such as soil erosion, landslides, increased downstream runoff, and flooding [11, 12, 13]. Meanwhile, as slopes become steeper, the provision of infrastructure and accessible design becomes more difficult and expensive [12]. Furthermore, “topographic gradient” is also associated with another requirement, “consideration for the landscape,” because developing steep-sloping areas frequently leads to serious disfiguration of the scenic landscape [11, 12]. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses sustainable land development, including the consideration of natural disaster risk and environmental preservation. However, it does not support or refute the claim that natural disasters can be prevented through planning; instead, it emphasizes risks and attributes related to land development without making definitive statements on prevention. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: In pharmacological terms, Potalia is the most important genre of the Gentianaceae family in South America. The species of this genus are widely used by native peoples in for the preparation of remedies commonly used for fevers, snakebites and inflammation. 82 In Colombia, the indigenous Barasana group of the Vaupés used the plant to treat eye inflammations and in Córdoba it is used in Shamanism. In Peru, the root is used to kill parasites. The root and resin are used in the province of Pasco for the treatment of rheumatism and anemia. The leaves are rubbed on the back to relieve pain and baths are made with the infusion of the plant to calm crying babies. In Ecuador, cooked and shredded leaves are used in the province of Napo to treat skin problems. There is a possibility that there are more uses reported for this species, since in some herbariums the specimens of P. resinifera have been named P. amara, determined by applying a sensu lato taxonomic criterion for the latter. 82 Abarema laeta is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extraction of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used used for treating malaria. In the Peruvian Amazon, A. laeta is used to treat malaria. 41,83,84 The species was reported as malarial by the Quechua indigenous group and by the Mestizos of Loreto (Peru), however no antiplasmodial activity was found. 84 natives of Perú use the bark in an infusion to treat malaria. 41 Jacaranda copaia is native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked bark is used for malaria treatment. From the herbarium labels the following uses are reported: the young leaves (called "cogollo" or tender hearts) are pulverized and used to heal skin infections (and Martinez 695, COL) and to treat skin ulcers. 36 The leaf is macerated, cooked in water to a honey-like consistency and the decoction is used to: heal skin lesions (Rotta 90, COAH); for bone pain, to attenuate forunculosis, treat venereal diseases, for cystitis and neuralgia. 36 The juice extracted from the macerated root is used to treat blindness (Pabón E. 548, COAH). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of how various plants, such as Potalia and Abarema laeta, are utilized by indigenous cultures in South America for medicinal purposes. It details the uses of these plants for treating conditions like fevers, snakebites, malaria, and skin problems, illustrating their importance in traditional medicine influenced by indigenous knowledge.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: High doses of BrdU is known to label DNA repair, especially in the context of massive injury and the authors mostly used protein markers for cell type identification. The process occurs so quickly (within 24 hrs) and in the fetal tissue. The authors should be able to use slice imaging to observe the death and birth of Purkinje cells directly, to illuminate any doubt of their model. In addition, the authors can use onco-retroviruses for lineage tracing to label new neurons and observe distinct Purkinje cell morphology. [Editors’ note: what now follows is the decision letter after the authors resubmitted for further consideration. ] Thank you for resubmitting your work entitled "Age-dependent dormant resident progenitors are stimulated by injury to regenerate Purkinje neurons" for further consideration at eLife. Your revised 1. Please consider that issue with respect to terminology. 2) Details are needed describing which retrovirus was used, the source, plasmid map, production etc. Some retroviruses do infect non-dividing cells so please include a discussion of why you believe your retrovirus only infects non-dividing cells. 3) 3B, Calb1 and FoxP2 appear to be mislabeled. 4) Figure 3—figure supplement 7 please provided separate images for each channel. 5) It appears that FoxP2 is partially outside the nucleus in BrdU+ cells (likely why the co-labeling was not obvious in non-confocal images). Is this the case? If so it would be interesting to discuss. Author response [Editors’ note: the author responses to the first round of peer review follow. ] As you can see from the reviews, while finding the manuscript of potential interest, all three reviewers have reservations about the major conclusion. Should you be able to address these critiques with new experiments, we would be happy to consider a new manuscript in the future. The main concern of all the reviewers was that given how unusual our finding is that new Purkinje cells (PCs) can be generated after birth, we need to provide additional evidence for this finding. In addition, we should address whether FEPs are normally in the PC lineage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are reservations among reviewers regarding the conclusion that new Purkinje cells can be generated after birth. Specifically, it mentions that the unusual finding of generating new Purkinje cells needs further evidence, which implies that the claim about all neurons fully regenerating every 10 years is not substantiated and is under scrutiny.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: 3 Development-restrictive and allowable areasThis study shows a method of dividing a region or municipality into development-restrictive and allowable areas, based on the strategy demonstrated in Figure 3. “Development-restrictive areas” means sites where land development, including vegetation removal and construction, should be prohibited. Development-restrictive areas are the unions, or amalgamations, of the following sites: (1) areas contributing more to biodiversity, (2) high-risk areas from predicted natural disasters, and (3) steep-sloping areas [4]. On the other hand, “development-allowable areas” means sites where land development can be permitted. Development-allowable areas are the intersections, or overlaps, of the following: (1) areas contributing less to biodiversity, (2) low-risk areas from predicted natural disasters, and (3) gradual-sloping or non-gradient areas [4]. Advertisement 3. BiodiversityArea-based conservation efforts are the cornerstone for halting the global biodiversity crisis [14, 15]. As shown on the left side of Figure 4, site-based biodiversity conservation can be divided into two main categories: (1) identification of significant areas for biodiversity and (2) conservation practices [16]. Currently, there has been a steady increase in the coverage of both identified significant areas and conservation areas. However, further and urgent expansion is necessary [14, 15]. The main coverage targets are listed on the right side of Figure 4. Figure 4. Current situation of area-based biodiversity conservation and main coverage targets. 3. 1 Identification of significant areas for biodiversityThe most authorized approach to designate important areas for biodiversity is the identification of Areas (KBAs). KBAs are nationally identified sites that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity, in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems [17]. The KBA approach builds on a methodology originally developed for specifying (IBAs). After that, it was expanded to cover a wider range of taxa and conservation initiatives, such as the Alliance for (AZE) [18]. In 2016, the for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) published “A for the Identification of Areas,” providing a set of globally standardized criteria and quantitative thresholds [17]. In addition to sites of global biodiversity significance, there must be areas of national or regional biodiversity importance. Such sites should also be identified as significant areas for biodiversity [19]. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods of land use planning, particularly concerning development-restrictive and allowable areas, as well as biodiversity conservation. While it mentions high-risk areas from predicted natural disasters, it does not assert that natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning; rather, it focuses on categorizing land for biodiversity and development purposes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: (Peru) use boiled leaves of J. copaia, to cure malaria and for cutaneous leishmaniasis. In mild cases of leishmaniasis, the remedy is applied to the affected areas as a cataplasm (Céline et al. 2009). The plant is used to heal wounds by the Andoques and to treat blindness by the Huitotos. 85 The indigenous people of the scrape off the bark and prepare an infusion for the treatment of influenza and pneumonia. 35 Tabebuia serratifolia is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for treating malaria. The bark is used by the Wayãpi natives in the French Guyana, as a fever reducer. 83 The species contains alkaloids, lapachol or tacomine, catechins, steroids, simple phenols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, cyanogenic glycosides, resins, saponins, triterpenes and xanthones. 86 Crescentia cujete is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for malaria treatment. Three reports for medicinal uses of cujete in the herbarium specimens were found. It is used for reperatory problems (Cárdenas et al. 13849, COAH). The leaf is used in a poultice for headaches and the young fruit is used to prepare "melao" used as a cough suppressant (Cardenas and Romero 13226, COAH). The endocarp is cooked with “panela” or brown sugar and used to reduce inflammation resulting from hits or blows to the body (Marín et al. 2336, COAH). Ruiz et al. 56 report that C. cujete leaves are used as an antimalarial. 56 natives (Risaralda, Colombia) use the unripe pulp to treat diarrhea. 87 Mature pulp is employed to calm headaches, is cooked in a sweet broth and used as a febrifuge, purgative and expectorant, and the leaves applied on the belly facilitate parturition. 38 America, the fruit pulp is used for respiratory diseases,87 gastrointestinal illnesses, inflammation and urethritis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing numerous examples of traditional medicines derived from plants used by indigenous cultures in Peru and French Guyana. For instance, it mentions how indigenous people use J. copaia for ailments like malaria and leishmaniasis, and notes other uses of plants such as Tabebuia serratifolia for fever reduction and Crescentia cujete for various treatments. These examples illustrate the relationship between traditional medicines and the use of plants by indigenous peoples.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: We have made the following major changes to our manuscript that we hope now convince the reviewers that new PCs are produced by proliferation of a transient progenitor in the PC lineage when neighbor PCs are killed: 1) We have performed GFP-retroviral labeling of proliferating FEPs following injury and show they become PCs. These results are presented in the revised Figure 2D-I. 2) As an approach to study the fate of FEPs during normal development, we quantified the number of FEPs and PCs from inbred newborn mice at postnatal day (P) 1, 5 and 30. We find that the number of PCs at P30 is similar to the number of PCs plus FEPs at P1, indicating that FEPs normally have a delay in differentiation until after birth. This result is incorporated into the revised Figure 3C and discussion of results. 3) We included confocal images of co-localization of EdU+ FEPs with additional proliferation markers, Ki67 and pH3 (Figure 3E-X). 4) We show that BrdU incorporation into PCs is not due to DNA damage following ablation by diphtheria toxin (Figure 2—figure supplement 3). 5) Throughout the paper, we improved the quality of our images and added orthogonal projections to show co-localization. 6) We have expanded our Discussion to include the reviewers’ suggestions about other possible regenerative mechanisms and the fate of FEPs. Reviewer #1: […] Overall the paper is of high technical quality and findings are interesting. However, I have one major reservation in their interpretation that the proliferating cells that produce PCs represent "a previously unidentified and normally dormant progenitor population. " This proposal raises a number of questions: What is the normal function of these FEPs (they surely cannot just prepare for DT/DTR-induced cell killing)? What is their fate if no injury occurs? If we do not know their normal fate, how can we claim that they are "unipotent"? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the proliferation and differentiation of specific cell types (PCs and FEPs) and raises questions about their functions and the conditions under which regeneration occurs. It implies that not all neurons fully regenerate as it examines the complexities surrounding cell lineage and differentiation, suggesting that regeneration may not be as uniform or periodic as every 10 years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: 2 Conservation practicesArea-based conservation practices consist of “protected areas” and “other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs)” [20]. 3. 2. 1 Protected areasProtected areas form the foundation of national biodiversity conservation strategies [21]. IUCN defines a protected area as “A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values” [21]. The definition is expanded by the following management categories [21]:Category Ia: Strict nature reserve. Category Ib: Wilderness area. Category II: National park. Category III: Natural monument or feature. Category IV: Habitat/species management area. Category V: Protected landscape/seascape. Category VI: Protected areas with sustainable use of natural resources. 3. 2. 2 Other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs)OECM is a conservation designation for areas that are achieving effective in situ biodiversity conservation outside of protected areas [20]. Those concerned with conservation have recently recognized the importance of OECMs [20]. In addition, while protected areas must have a primary conservation objective, this is not necessary for OECMs. OECMs may be managed with conservation as a primary or secondary objective. Otherwise, long-term conservation may simply be the ancillary result of management activities [20]. 3. 3 Coverage and its targetsEfforts to identify significant areas and conservation practices are in progress. However, the coverages of KBAs and conservation areas are not yet sufficient. The world needs a further and effective increase in the coverage of such areas to halt biodiversity decline [14, 15]. 3. 3. 1 Key biodiversity areasGlobal KBA coverage has been increasing. More than 16,000 KBAs have been mapped worldwide [22]. KBAs have been identified in over 200 countries. KBA sites cover approximately 4% of the world’s surface [18]. However, defining and delineating KBAs is an ongoing process [18]. Further efforts in KBA identification are necessary for many countries, taxa, and ecosystems [15, 18, 22]. 3. 3. 2 Coverage of KBAs by conservation areas2018, 21% of KBAs were estimated to be completely covered by protected areas. However, 35% of KBAs had no protection through systems of conservation areas [18]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on conservation practices and the management of protected areas, discussing biodiversity conservation without making any connection to the prevention of natural disasters. There are no mentions or implications about planning for or preventing natural disasters in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 89‒91 Decoction of the leaves and flowers is used in vaginal baths for leucorrea, to treat earaches, treat skin conditions such as scrapes, bumps or dermatitis, is used to treat hemorrhoids, treat tumors, expel the placenta, against venoms, and as a homeostatic. 92‒94 The leaves are used to treat anemia. 38,95 In India, the fruit pulp is used as a diuretic. 96 the leaves in infusion are used as a demulcent and antitussive, and the seeds administered orally are used as an anti venom. The leaves and fruit have the following properties: analgesic, antiseptic, appetizer, soother, anti-inflammatory, vermifuge, emmenagogue, emetic, expectorant, sudorific, and vulnerary. 38 Doliocarpus dentatus is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. indigenous group on the consider the "water" from D. dentatus stops the effects of malaria. 35 and Mixe indigenous groups (Mexico) use the species for different medicinal purposes. 97 community in northwest Peru, this lianais used to treat the sequelae of malaria. 98 Abuta rufescens is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. Indigenous groups in the state of Roraima, Brazil, use A. rufescens to treat malaria. 41 The Shipibo-Conibo people usethe leaf to prepare “curare” and a decoction of the bark to treat malaria, stomach ulcers, diabetes and liver pain. 84 A. rufescens presented leishmanicidal activity. 99 Extracts from the bark and leaves had antiplasmodial activity with IC50 from 2. 3 to 7. 9ug/mL. 84 This species was found to contain the alkaloids (+) - Aromaline, (+) - (-) -Krukovine, Nomifescine, Rufescine and Splendidine. 100 Citrus x lemon, is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. An extract of the root is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Antimalarial use of Citrus x lemon was reported in the Ucayali region of Peru. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various traditional medicinal uses of plant species, particularly those utilized by indigenous groups. For example, it describes how Mixe indigenous groups in Mexico and the Shipibo-Conibo people in Peru use local plants like Doliocarpus dentatus and Abuta rufescens for treating ailments such as malaria, stomach ulcers, and diabetes, reflecting the connection between traditional medicine and indigenous practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: We agree with the reviewer that these are important questions, and have now addressed them by performing additional experiments to study the normal fate of FEPs. We reasoned that if FEPs are normally destined to become PCs but are delayed in their differentiation (expression of CALB1) until after birth, then the number of CALB1+ cells at P30 should be similar to the number of CALB1+ cells plus FEPs at P1. However, our original data was unable to address this question due to the high variation we observed between animals because: 1) Our ablation experiments were performed in mice with an outbred background, and 2) quantifications were performed on only 3 midline sections/brain. The variation at P30 was ~12. 5% of the mean, which is higher than the total number of FEPs present at P1 (~10% of PCs) making it statistically impossible to address the fate of FEPs. To overcome this barrier, we analyzed the number of FEPs and CALB1+ PCs on every other slide of a half vermis (~25-28 sections) in inbred C57Bl/6 mice at P1, P5 and P30 (Figure 3C). Indeed, with this approach, the variation was only ~5% of the mean at P30. New data presented in Figure 3C shows a significant increase in the number of CALB1+ cells at P30 compared to P1 and the total number of FEPs plus PCs at P1 was not statistically different than the number of PCs at P30. This result is consistent with the reviewer’s suggestion below that FEPs normally differentiate into PCs after birth. One alternative (and simpler) interpretation is that these FEPs are immature PCs that somehow can go back to cell cycle if their neighboring PCs are lost, and this ability diminishes as development proceeds (from P1 to P5). Indeed there is precedent in other neuronal types, such as horizontal cells in the retina, which can undergo cell division after fully differentiated in adults after loss of certain cell cycle inhibitor/tumor suppressor genes (Ajioka et al. , 2007). It is possible that transient down-regulation of these cell cycle inhibitors in immature PCs, triggered by environmental signals due to loss of neighboring PCs, could cause immature PCs to re-enter the cell cycle. To me, this alternative developmental plasticity is no less interesting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the differentiation of FEPs into PCs and the inability of certain neurons to counteract variability in their populations over time. Specifically, it highlights that the number of CALB1+ cells increased significantly from P1 to P30 rather than supporting the idea of complete regeneration every 10 years. It suggests the complexity of neuronal differentiation and the variations in neural populations rather than a straightforward regeneration process as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Currently, the average coverage of KBAs by conservation areas is 43. 2% [22]. Therefore, prioritization of conservation efforts is necessary to cover all KBAs with conservation areas, namely protected areas or OECMs [15, 19]. 3. 3. 3 Global coverage of conservation areasBetween 2010 and 2019, the world’s protected areas expanded from 14. 1% to 15. 3% of the terrestrial areas and from 2. 9% to 7. 5% of the marine areas [14]. According to the official document on the UN biodiversity conference released at the end of 2022, currently, 17% and 10% of the world’s terrestrial and marine areas, respectively, are under protection [23]. 2022, the UN Convention on agreed to a new plan to preserve nature with the latest Framework. This framework has four overarching global goals and 23 targets for 2030. “Target 3,” one of the most prominent targets, calls for a significant increase in the areas covered by conservation status. This target requires conserving at least 30% of Earth’s land and sea areas by 2030 through protected areas or OECMs [23]. Advertisement 4. Natural disaster risks4. 1 Natural hazards and disaster risksFigure 5 shows the relationship between natural hazards and disaster risks. Natural hazards are extreme natural events that can harm humans and their activities. Natural hazards can be divided into two main categories, “climatic” and “tectonic” [8, 9, 10]. Climatic hazards occur when a region has certain weather conditions, for example, heavy precipitation can lead to flooding. Tectonic hazards, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Figure 5. Factors influencing natural disaster risks. Disaster risk is widely recognized as the consequences of the interaction between a hazard and the characteristics that make people and places exposed and vulnerable [24]. Accordingly, there are three key elements that determine disaster risks: (1) intensity of natural hazards, (2) exposure to natural hazards, and (3) vulnerability to natural hazards. As demonstrated on the left side of Figure 5, “climate change impacts” intensify climatic hazards. Meanwhile, as shown on the right side of Figure 5, there are two disaster risk reduction strategies, “reducing exposure to hazards” and “reducing vulnerability to hazards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. Instead, it discusses the characteristics of natural hazards and the factors influencing disaster risks. While it mentions disaster risk reduction strategies, it does not provide evidence or a viewpoint on the role of sufficient planning in preventing natural disasters.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 30 this study, most of the respondents are male. Men seem to possess more traditional knowledge of medicinal plants compared to women, possibly due to their increased access to the forest to hunt, collect wild fruits and plants, and obtain material for housing construction and development of tools. These activities allow them to acquire forest-related knowledge, while on the other hand, women are dedicated to the care of charges and care of the house. In the communities represented in this study, women have more access to plants grown in home gardens. The number of woman participants in this study is low because most plants used for malaria are found in the forest. This finding is consistent with research conducted by Boster101 and Garro102 who mentioned that the knowledge of any given person is determined by their role in society (gender, age, division of labor, individual experience), creating differences in access to knowledge. The largest number of species reported, is observed in the community of Puerto Laguna. This result could be due to the presence of the only Paye who participated in the study. is the most influential community member who passes on their knowledge to the younger generations. Yurupari, is a community that also reported a large number of species. This could be due to their proximity to and the observed relationship between the inhabitants of these communities, allowing transmission of knowledge between traditional healers. The families with more genera and species reported are Bignoniaceae (8 species/6 genera) and Fabaceae (4 species/4 genera). According to Gentry103 the Bignoniaceae family predominates among the plants with medicinal use. Gentry identified 27 genera of lianas and nine genera of trees, all with therapeutic properties. The finding in this study of several species belonging to the Bignoniaceae family with antimalarial use may be due to the wide geographic distribution of this family and the presence of secondary metabolites of naphthoquinone, such as lapachol. 104 On the other hand, the Fabaceae family is also often used for medicinal purposes. According Leonti, this is probably due to its abundance and high diversity of active constituent chemicals with organoleptic properties. 97 Alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols have been isolated from this family. The activity of these metabolites is associated with antidiabetic106 anti-inflammatory106 and antimicrobial effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the knowledge of medicinal plants related to traditional medicine and indigenous cultures. It highlights the role of community members in passing on knowledge about medicinal plant species, specifically referencing families of plants like Bignoniaceae and Fabaceae, which are used for medicinal purposes. The mention of specific species and their therapeutic properties further supports the idea that traditional medicines are indeed derived from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: We fully agree with the reviewer’s hypothesis, and indeed our new data described above supports the idea. We have also performed immunofluorescent analysis on sections at P1 for KI67 and P27kip1, followed by quantification of fluorescent intensity of either marker in the nucleus of FEPs compared to CALB+ PCs. This data is represented in new Figure 3—figure supplement 7. Although both populations showed overall weaker staining for both markers compared to granule cell precursors, we observed that FEPs had significantly lower P27 levels and higher Ki67 levels compared to PCs at P1. We have removed statements regarding the unipotency of FEPs from our manuscript, since we do not have the tools (FoxP2-FlpoER mice) for inducible fate mapping. We have added a discussion of possible alternative developmental plasticity phenomena to our revised paper. I have a few other technical critiques: 1) It seems unusual that there are fewer tdT+ neurons in the Pcp2-Cre;Ai14;mouse following DT injection (see Figure 1J-M and compare Figure 1P and 1Q). Is Pcp2-Cre, which should be expressed in all normal PCs after P7, no longer active in these "new" PC replacement cells? If so, how do we know these are real and/or functioning PCs? Thank you for pointing this out. All the reviewers had a similar expectation. In our hands, however, the recombination efficiency of Pcp2-Cre is highly variable and lower than previously reported. We have analyzed litters from different males, but were unable to achieve higher recombination. We added a more extensive analysis of the recombination efficiency at P1, P5 and P30 to our revised manuscript. This analysis shows no increase in the recombination efficiency after P1 (Figure 1—figure supplement 1F). We also show that following ablation at P1, all of the TdT-expressing cells are cleared and replaced within a week after injury, and that of the ~50% newly regenerated PCs, ~50% turn on TdT+ with time. This percentage is similar to the 50% of cells that normally express TdT and therefore results in a reduction in the total number TdT+ cells at P30 in P1-PC-DTR mice, compared to controls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that following ablation, all the TdT-expressing cells are cleared and replaced within a week after injury, indicating rapid regeneration in response to injury, not a full regeneration of all neurons every 10 years. Furthermore, it highlights that only ~50% of the newly regenerated PCs turn on TdT+ over time, which suggests that not all neurons are regenerating fully. This evidence counters the claim of complete neuronal regeneration every decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: In order to avoid issues caused by developing steep slopes, it is necessary to consider judging standards for regulation. How do we define a steep slope? There is no common definition of “steep slopes” [13]. However, many municipalities, especially in North America, define steep slopes as areas with 15% or more gradients [11, 12, 32]. Moreover, the Planning and in State classifies slopes into three categories by gradients: (1) gradual (10% or less), (2) moderate (10–15%), and (3) steep (15% or more) [11]. Based on these examples, this study has divided slopes into four categories, as shown in Figure 8(a). Figure 8. (a) Categories of slopes, (b) examples of slopes. In addition, examples of slopes with a 10% and 20% gradient are demonstrated in Figure 8(b). For instance, a 10% slope has a 10 m vertical rise over 100 m of horizontal run. 5. 2 Topographic gradients and development restrictionsThis section examines the relationship between topographic gradients and development restrictions from four aspects of slope development issues: (1) adverse effects of removing vegetation, (2) grading and construction burdens, (3) accessibility, and (4) landscape. 5. 2. 1 Adverse effects of removing vegetationRemoving vegetation and disrupting natural drainage patterns on steep slopes can trigger various problems. Potential consequences include soil erosion, landslides, an increase in downstream runoff, flooding, and decreased water purity [11, 12, 13, 33]. In order to minimize such adverse effects, reasonable control of development is necessary. Soils with a slope of 15% or more should always involve severe limitations to development [34]. In addition, land development on slopes of 10% or more in environmentally sensitive areas will have similar potential to increase issues, such as surface runoff and soil erosion [34]. 5. 2. 2 Grading and construction burdensAs slopes become steeper, grading and infrastructure provision become more complex and expensive [11, 12]. For example, constructing roads on steep slopes often calls for substantial grading and extra-wide rights of way to accommodate road slopes [12]. As shown in Figure 9, retaining walls are often necessary to support soil laterally when slopes are steep. Sewer and water systems are especially challenging and costly to plan and construct on steep slopes [11]. Figure 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the categorization of slopes and the associated challenges of development on steep gradients but does not directly address the prevention of natural disasters through planning. It focuses on the implications of developing on steep slopes, such as the potential for soil erosion and landslides, but does not support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 107 The type of plant most reported by the traditional healers of the Vaupés medio was the tree, with 19 tree species reported. This can be easily explained due to the fact that most of the plants used to treat malaria were collected in mature forests or forests with little intervention, a pattern that has been observed in other studies. 2 The species collected and identified are mostly native (90. 24%). This is evidence that the species indeed grow wild in the study area and demonstrates the persistence of indigenous knowledge using native vegetation, consistent with what was found by Perez in the Peruvian Amazon. The part of the plant reported with the highest frequency for its use in the production of anti-malarial remedies was the stem bark. This may be due to the preference of the traditional healers to remove a part of the organ without damaging the whole plant, "so that it does not dry up. " Additionally, the traditional healers think that the substances responsible for the activity are concentrated in the bark and extraction of this part is simple. The leaves are used with a lower relative frequency compared to the other organs. It is noteworthy that the traditional healers do not use fruits for the treatment of malaria. This practice is possibly due to the fact that the fruits are not available permanently and malaria can occur at any moment. Among the species collected in this study, only four usage records were significant (i. e. they had higher citation frequency in the interviews conducted in the ten communities visited). Never the less, only Abuta grandifolia, with an FI of 36%, exceeded the 20% citation frequency. This is a strong indicator that this species deserves special attention for validation and scientific evaluation. on the Friedman’s consensus technique of informants, the species most reported as antimalarial by healers of the are: Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Matisia cf. glandifera and Pleonotoma jasminifolia. More studies are necessary to validate ethnobotany data. It is important to verify the efficiency of each plant to kill malaria parasites, especially giving special attention to the species Pleonotoma jasminifolia, which has no previous report in the literature as antimalarial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how traditional healers, particularly in the Vaupés region, utilize native plant species for medicinal purposes, specifically anti-malarial remedies. It emphasizes the persistence of indigenous knowledge related to the use of native vegetation, indicating that the species collected by these healers are predominantly native and supported by cultural practices. The mention of specific plant species and the traditional methods used by healers reinforces the idea that traditional medicines are indeed derived from indigenous plant knowledge.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: We have included this explanation in the new manuscript. As for normal function, the lack of motor behavior phenotype in P1-PC-DTR mice provides functional evidence that the regenerated PCs integrate properly into the CB circuit. Furthermore, in order to study the morphology of the regenerated PCs in adult mice, we performed BrdU injections 10-12 hr after DT and analyzed them at P30 (Figure 2—figure supplement 2). We observed that the cell bodies and dendritic trees of BrdU+ PCs at P30 appear normal. 2) In the P5 killing experiment, presumably by then Pcp2-Cre is expressed in a larger fraction of PCs compared with P1 (it would be useful to quantify this as done in P1 mice). Can this contribute to the difference between P1 and P5 ablation? As described above, we did not observe a significant increase in the recombination efficiency of Pcp2-Cre at P5 compared to P1. The numbers of TdT+ cells/section (hence the number of cells ablated) were similar at the two ages. Therefore, we do not think that this is a contributing factor to the phenotype observed in P5-PC-DTR mice. We have highlighted these results in the text in the relevant sections and also added a new graph to Figure 1—figure supplement 1F that shows the similar recombination efficiency at the two ages. 3) It appears that the authors deduce PC soma size from 14 µm sections. Given PC soma size is larger than 14 µm, this kind of analysis would produce a large number of half-cut, incomplete PC somal images, which might skew the conclusion? We thank the reviewer for pointing out this detail that we did not fully describe. For our soma size analysis, we only quantified the cells that had a visible primary dendrite, as this should indicate that the section was taken from the largest region of the PC soma. However, in order to ensure we are not including any bias to our quantifications, we repeated the same quantification with sections that were either 14 µm or 35 µm thick from the same brain and compared the results. As can be seen in the graph below, we found the soma sizes were similar using both methods (Figure 1, t-test, P=0. 13). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the functional integration and morphology of regenerated Purkinje cells (PCs) in adult mice, suggesting that specific types of neurons may not fully regenerate or function identically after specific periods. The mention of 'the regenerated PCs integrate properly into the CB circuit' and analyzing 'cell bodies and dendritic trees' indicates that not all neurons experience full regeneration, thereby rebutting the claim that all neurons regenerate fully every 10 years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: A residential site developed on a steep-sloping area in Tokyo. When the gradient exceeds 15%, the cost of building on the site begins to increase significantly because construction becomes more challenging [35]. Typically, the development requires deeper excavation, more concrete, retaining walls, and specialized solutions for drainage and sewer systems [35]. 5. 2. 3 AccessibilityAs topographic features become steeper, incorporating accessibility and universal design into the developed areas needs greater planning. As shown in Figure 9, the built environment in hilly areas often includes inclined roads and long stairways, which are hard to go up and down, especially for physically challenged people. In addition, Japan has recently faced mobility issues, resulting from the age of the slope dwellers. In many hilly residential areas developed on the outskirts of megacities, aging has hindered the physical abilities of many residents. As a result, such older dwellers have started suffering from limited physical and social activities due to the steep slopes and long stairways [36]. According to a study on housing land development and accessibility, the maximum slope for general residential land should be 1 in 5, or 20% [37]. Meanwhile, the maximum gradient advisable for pedestrian ramps, which is also suitable for prams and trolleys, is 1 in 10, or 10% [37]. This figure significantly influences the design of pedestrian networks in various housing projects. In addition, ramp gradients are becoming more important with the increasing provision of ramps for the physically challenged in new projects [37]. 5. 2. 4 LandscapeSteeply sloping areas often offer significant views of hills and valleys. Thus, developing such areas frequently leads to serious disfiguration of the scenic natural beauty [11, 12]. Generally, as the topographic gradients of the developed area become steeper, the more easily the landscape changes come into view from many places in the city or town areas. Therefore, in order to maintain scenic hillside landscapes, municipalities should take measures to control development and construction on steep-sloping sites. For example, Council in Victoria, Australia, manages development and construction in areas with a slope of greater than 10%, mainly for retaining scenic landscapes and amenity values [38]. Moreover, the Council strictly limits land development in areas with slopes in excess of 20% [38]. The above examinations from the four aspects can be integrated into the following. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses residential development on steeply sloping areas in Tokyo, focusing on construction challenges and accessibility rather than directly addressing the prevention of natural disasters through planning. It does not provide any insights or arguments that support or refute the idea that natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Through this work we were able to demonstrate that despite the social and cultural changes that lead to the rapid disappearance of ancestral knowledge, active traditional healers within the Colombian native communities still exists and hold an important place in society for the knowledge they possess. As for the medicinal flora, important information was gathered revealing 42 species with antimalarial use in these 10 indigenous communities. This work can support further phytochemical investigations, especially for those plants with no bibliographic reports so far. In such a small area of the Amazon species with no previous report of antimalarial activity were discovered. For this reason it is necessary to conduct more ethnobotanical studies in the region. OR contributed in collecting plant sample, SB contributed to design the study and critical reading of the manuscript, FC contributed in collecting plant sample and identification, confection of herbarium and morphological description of the species. AP designed the study, supervised the field work, and drafted the paper and contributed to critical reading of the manuscript. All the authors had read the final manuscript and approved the submission contributed to analysis of the data. project was funded by Colciencias grant 1115-489-25104 RC 506-2009, Universidad de Antioquia, sustainability strategy 2014-2015. The authors would like to thank the Herbarium of the Universidad de Antioquia and Dr. who gave valuable advice over a 4 month period. The authors would also like to thank the traditional healers representing the 10 communities, for their trust and cooperation. Without their permission and cooperation this investigation would not be possible. Conflict of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest. 2015. . Comparison of traditional wild plant knowledge between aboriginal communities inhabiting arid and forest environments in Patagonia, Argentina. J Arid Environ. 2007;69(4):695‒715. INS. de Salud- Dirección de Vigilancia y Análisis del Riesgo en Salud Pública. Informe de Vigilancia y control, Colombia; 2016. First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi. Malar J. 2014;13:68. . Malaria control in Africa and the role of traditional medicine. Traditional medicinal plants and malaria. 2004. p. 3‒18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that traditional healers within Colombian native communities possess important knowledge about medicinal flora, specifically noting that 42 plant species with antimalarial uses were identified. This supports the idea that traditional medicines are indeed derived from plants used by indigenous cultures, reflecting a continuation of ancestral knowledge despite cultural changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: Therefore, we are confident in our results and we did not replace the quantifications provided in the first version of the paper. We also revised the Methods section for paper to clearly describe our approach. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Soma size determination by quantifying thick and thin histological sections gave similar results. Reviewer #2: This manuscript describes regeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells following diphtheria toxin injection at P1 but not at P5 and suggests that this regeneration is through cell division of a "previously unidentified progenitor population". Based on the data shown and previous studies of PC cell number, other possibilities exist to explain the findings. I am not convinced that the paper demonstrates generation of new Purkinje cells. The specific comments are: 1) There is wide variability in the number of cells expressing Td-tomato/diphtheria toxin receptor at P1 (+/- 22%) which makes it difficult to know how many cells are dying. No counts of the number of cells expressing Td-tomato/diphtheria toxin are given for P5 mice. Presumably the percent of cells would be higher as Pcp2 is not fully expressed in all PCs at P1. As described in detail above (reviewer # 1, answer 3), we have now included the P5 data and described that in our hands we do not observe an increase in the recombination efficiency (and number of TdT+ cell) at P1 compared to P5 (or P30)(revised Figure 1—figure supplement 1). Although the variation in our recombination efficiency was high, we were able to observe regeneration of PCs since all of the P30 P1-PC-DTR animals had a normal number of PCs, showing that whatever number of PCs was lost (30-70% of PCs) they were replaced. There was likely an effect of high recombination variation in P5-PC-DTR animals because the behavior analysis showed that not every P5-PC-DTR animal was abnormal. When we analyzed the correlation between latency to fall from the rod and number of PCs, we observed that animals with smallest numbers of PCs performed the worse. 2) The representative image of DT treated PCs at P30 (Figure 1M) clearly shows a large number of missing PCs which would normally form a continuous monolayer, suggesting that the number of PCs did not recover from cell death. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study on the regeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells, indicating that there is evidence of cell loss and variability in regeneration. Specifically, it notes that while some Purkinje cells were lost (30-70%), they were not necessarily fully replaced, which suggests that complete regeneration every 10 years does not occur. Additionally, it highlights the existence of likely previously unidentified progenitor populations rather than a full regeneration of all neurons, thus contradicting the claim that all neurons fully regenerate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Generally, steep slopes, namely areas with a slope of 15% or more, should always involve restricting land development. In particular, land development in slope areas in excess of 20% should be strictly limited. Meanwhile, restrictions on developing areas with environmental sensitivity, landscape importance, and walkability-oriented design should start at 10% of a topographic gradient. Advertisement 6. Integration: defining development-restrictive areasThe previous three sections illustrate how to define areas contributing more to biodiversity, natural disaster-prone sites, and steep-sloping areas. Based on these preparations, this section shows how to integrate the three sorts of cartographic information and delineate development-restrictive areas. In addition, nowadays, the System (GIS) has become increasingly common in handling spatial data; accordingly, the following proceeds with the explanation on the assumption that a GIS is used. Figure 10 illustrates an example of combining the three sorts of geographical information in a GIS and defining development-restrictive areas. The left side includes necessary spatial data, such as hazard maps and relevant specified areas. The right side demonstrates how the prepared GIS data layers are overlaid and integrated. Figure 10. An example of the process for delineating development-restrictive areas. Concerning “topographic gradient,” planners draw up a map layer on which steep-sloping areas are shown. In this case, it is helpful to color the map of the relevant region or municipality according to gradient classifications: 0–10% (gradual), 10–15% (moderate), 15–20% (steep), and 20% + (very steep). An example of such coloring has been demonstrated in Figure 8(a). As for “natural disaster risks,” the planners create data layers by natural hazard type. In the case of Figure 10, two types of hazards, namely river flooding and landslides, are predicted in the region or municipality. Accordingly, a data layer showing river flooding high-risk areas and one displaying landslide high-risk areas are prepared. If reliable hazard maps are open to the public, such maps can be utilized. When handling data on “areas contributing more to biodiversity,” it is helpful to divide them into “significance” and “conservation. ” This division is based on the categorization illustrated in Figure 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the prevention of natural disasters through planning. Instead, it discusses the importance of land development restrictions in steep slope areas, the integration of geographical data using GIS, and the categorization of areas based on hazard risks. While it provides useful information about planning considerations related to natural disaster-prone sites, it does not affirm or deny the claim that sufficient planning can prevent natural disasters.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Elementos de identidad y organizacion social entre las comunidades indigenas de la region del Vaupés. Maguare Bogota. 1983;2(2):97‒123. Alexiades MN. Collecting ethnobotanical data: an introduction to basic concepts and techniques. Advances in Economic Botany. 1996;10:53‒96. . Etnografía: métodos de investigación. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1994. Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: a methods manual. Earthscan/James & James. 2004. Taylor S, Bogdan R. Introducción a la observación participante. in cap 2. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1992. Valles MS. Técnicas cualitativas de investigación social. Sintesis Editorial. 2000. Hamme M, Atkinson P. Etnografía. Métodos de investigación. Barcelona, Paidós, México; 1994. Hammersley M. Etnografía. In: Atkinson P, editor. Métodos de investigación. Paidós, México; 1983. Goodman LA. Snowball sampling. of Mathematical Statistics. 1961;32(1):148‒170. Cunningham AB. Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation. Earthscan/James & James, UK; 2001. Cunningham AB. Etnobotánica aplicada. Pueblos, uso de plantas silvestres y conservación. Nordan Comunidad, Uruguay; 2001. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16(2‒3):275‒287. Alonso AS. De lo visible a lo invisible: sistema de salud intercultural entre los pueblos del Vaupes. in La diversidad ante el espejo: salud, interculturalidad y contexto migratorio. Abya Yala. 2008. Pérez D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various ethnobotanical studies and methodologies related to the use of plants by indigenous cultures, thus supporting the idea that traditional medicines are often derived from these plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: There are no images of the newly generated PCs that convince me that they are immature PCs. We were also surprised that regeneration is so rapid, but as we now discuss in the paper, we think that the reason PCs are regenerated at P1 and not at P5 is in part because by P5 the circuit is too mature for the new PCs to integrate. At P1, there is little molecular layer (where the PC dendrites synapse with the parallel fibers of granule cells). In addition, at P1-2 PCs have not settled into a monolayer, and have not formed their unipolar dendrites (they are multi-polar). The PCs settle into a monolayer and become unipolar and form distinct dendrites around P3-P5. Because CALB1+ PCs are immature at P1-P2, we were not able to distinguish whether FEPs have a more immature phenotype than PCs. As described above (response #1 to reviewer 1), we followed the PCs that incorporated BrdU after injury to P30, and found they develop normal dendritic trees, and our behavior study provides functional evidence that the regenerated PCs successfully integrate into the circuitry (Figure 2—figure supplement 2). Finally, our new data represented in Figure 3C suggests that FEPs normally differentiate into CALB1+ PCs during the first week after birth, which shows that the CB circuitry is able to accommodate maturation of PCs soon after birth. We now discussed the implications of these results in our manuscript. 7) There is literature suggesting that PCs undergo programmed cell death. While no direct studies have shown this, Bcl overexpression mice and Bax knockout mice both have ~30% more PCs. The authors should discuss these findings and how it might affect their results. If an immature (CALB1-) pool of PCs persists until P5, this would provide an alternative view to the idea that new cells are generated from "unidentified precursors". Although we were not able to observe clear cell death of PCs by TUNEL at P3 and P5 in wild type mice, our new data indicates there might be a small drop in the total number of cells (FEPs + PCs) at P5, compared to P1 (Figure 3C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the regeneration of Purkinje cells (PCs) and suggesting that this process does not imply a full regeneration of all neurons every 10 years. It highlights that at different maturity stages (P1 vs. P5), the integration of newly generated PCs depends on the maturity of the circuitry, indicating that not all neurons have the same regeneration capacities. Specifically, it reflects on the timing and capacity for integration, suggesting complications in assuming uniform regeneration of all neurons as proposed in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: The data layer of “significance” represents significant areas for biodiversity, such as Areas (KBAs). Meanwhile, the “conservation” layer displays conservation areas, namely protected areas and OECMs. After preparing the necessary data layers, the planners place them on top of one another and integrate the spatial data. In this case, the unions, or amalgamations, of the relevant areas shown on the data layers correspond to development-restrictive areas. The last part of this section compares development-restrictive areas with the coverage targets of conservation: (1) covering KBAs with conservation areas, and (2) conserving 30% of Earth’s land and sea areas by 2030. These two coverage targets have been shown in Subsections 3. 3. 2 and 3. 3. 3, respectively. Through the integration process, significant areas for biodiversity, such as KBAs, are taken in development-restrictive areas. Therefore, if the development-restrictive areas are given conservation status, all KBAs are naturally covered with this status. Meanwhile, development-restrictive areas contain natural disaster-prone sites and steep-sloping areas, in addition to areas contributing more to biodiversity. Thus, if development-restrictive areas are actually preserved, the coverage ratio of conservation areas to the Earth’s surface must expand greatly. In short, defining development-restrictive areas substantially contributes to meeting the two coverage targets of conservation. Advertisement 7. ConclusionIn order to pursue sustainable land development, this 3. In addition, development-restrictive areas are the amalgamations of the following: (1) areas contributing more to biodiversity, (2) high-risk areas from predicted natural disasters, and (3) steep-sloping areas. Section 3 presented the overall picture of current area-based biodiversity conservation efforts. Figure 4 concisely illustrated how to define sites contributing more to biodiversity, dividing them into two categories: (1) significant areas for biodiversity and (2) conservation areas. The diagram also showed the main coverage targets of these site-based conservation efforts. Section 4 demonstrated the whole picture of area-based natural disaster risk reduction measures in the three diagrams. Figure 5 portrayed the relationship between natural hazards and disaster risks, dividing them into “climatic” and “tectonic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the prevention of natural disasters through planning. Instead, it discusses the integration of data layers for biodiversity conservation and how development-restrictive areas overlap with natural disaster-prone sites. While it highlights the importance of these areas for conservation and mentions that they include high-risk zones, it does not specifically state that planning can prevent natural disasters. Thus, the response is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Etnobotánica medicinal y biocidas para malaria en la región Ucayali. Folia amazónica. 2002;13(1‒2):87‒108. Pabon A, Ramirez O, Ríos A, et al. Antiplasmodial and of Extracts as Reported by People of the (in Colombia). Planta Med. 2016;82(8):717‒722. Alkaloid diversity in eleven species of Ormosia and in Clathrotropis macrocarpa (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). Brittonia. 1994;46(4):355‒371. Sagen AL. Phytochemical and biological investigations on Clathrotropis glaucophylla (Fabaceae), an ingredient of Yanomamï curare, emphasizing on quinolizidine alkaloids. ürich, Switzerland; 2002. E. Etnobotánica de las comunidades indígenas Waunana, Chocó (Colombia). Cespedesia. 1980;9(33):115‒302. Glenboski LL. Ethnobotany of the Tukuna Indians. Amazonas, Colombia; 1975. . The healing forest: medicinal and toxic plants of the Northwest Amazonia. ís (Francia); 1990;12:236‒237. Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):184‒197. García Barriga H. Flora medicinal de Colombia. Bogotá DC: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, de Colombia. 1974;3:443‒459. Gupta MPB. Plantas medicinales iberoamericanas. Bogotá DC, Colombia: Convenio Andrés Bello (CAB), de Ciencia y Tecnología (CYTED) y Universidad de Panamá. 2008. Pérez-Arbeláez E. Plantas útiles de Colombia. á, Colombia; 1996. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various ethnobotanical studies and research on medicinal plants used by indigenous cultures in regions like Ucayali and Colombia. It highlights the therapeutic properties of these plants, which are traditionally utilized by indigenous people, thus supporting the idea that many traditional medicines originate from such cultural practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: Our unpublished results, combined with previous literature suggests that there are multiple mechanism to ensure the correct number of PCs are generated in newborn mice, including apoptosis in the embryo to scale PC numbers with respect to other components of the CB circuitry and FEPs which replace any PCs lost to injury around birth. As described in our responses to reviewer 1, we agree that the FEPs are likely immature PCs that delay their differentiation until after birth, and this is now discussed in the paper. Reviewer #3: In this manuscript, Baylin et al. examined injury induced regeneration pf Purkinjie cells in neonates and proposed a model that upon elimination of Purkinje cells, a previously unknown quiescent progenitor population can be rapidly activated to replenish the loss cells (within 24hrs), resulting in normal cerebellum development. Furthermore, this progenitor population lost its capacity around P5. While the topic is interesting, the result is not convincing. High doses of BrdU is known to label DNA repair, especially in the context of massive injury and the authors mostly used protein markers for cell type identification. The process occurs so quickly (within 24 hrs) and in the fetal tissue. The authors should be able to use slice imaging to observe the death and birth of Purkinje cells directly, to illuminate any doubt of their model. In addition, the authors can use onco-retroviruses for lineage tracing to label new neurons and observe distinct Purkinje cell morphology. We thank the reviewer for the excellent suggested experiments to remove any doubt of our conclusions. We performed intracranial injections of a GFP-expressing retrovirus 12 hours after DT injection at P1 to P1-PC-DTR animals and controls. When we analyzed animals 3 weeks after retroviral infection, we indeed observed rare GFP-labeled PCs, and only in the P1-PC-DTR animals. DT controls only the expected granule cells and glial cells were labeled. These results thus show that following depletion, ablated PCs are replenished by a proliferating progenitor (Figure 2D-I). In order to determine whether the BrdU incorporation we observed is due to DNA repair induced by DT-mediated cell death or actually due to proliferation, we performed irradiation (IR) of pups and repeated the BrdU regimen we used for our experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the regeneration of Purkinje cells in neonates and emphasizing that certain progenitor populations are activated to replenish these cells but only in specific contexts. It mentions that the progenitor population lost its capacity around P5, indicating that not all neurons, including Purkinje cells, have the ability to regenerate fully or indefinitely. This stands in opposition to the claim that all neurons fully regenerate every 10 years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Luxembourg: of the European Union; 2020. p. 48. DOI: 10. 2777/1832986. Society. and Biodiversity: Interlinkages and Policy Options. 2021. Available from: [Accessed: December 3, 2022]7. Cohen-editors. Nature-to Societal Challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; 2016. xiii + 97p. DOI: 10. 2305/IUCN. CH. 2016. 13. en8. Whittaker AC. How do landscapes record tectonics and climate? Lithosphere. 2012;4(2):160-164. DOI: 10. 1130/RF. L003. 19. . How do Tectonics and to Shape the Earth’s Surface and Hazards? . 2021. Available from: [Accessed: December 4, 2022]10. BBC. Natural Hazards. 2022. Available from: [Accessed: December 3, 2022]11. Planning and Development Board. Decisions. 2012. Available from: [Accessed: December 26, 2022]12. Planning Commission. Steep Slopes: Guide, Model Regulations. 2008. Available from: [Accessed: December 26, 2022]13. Land-of-Council. Protection Strategies. Asheville: Land-of-Council; 2008. p. 7614. Maxwell SE et al. Area-based conservation in the twenty-first century. Nature. 2020;586:217-227. DOI: 10. 1038/s41586-020-2773-z15. . Using key biodiversity areas to guide effective expansion of the global protected area network. and Conservation. 2019;20:e00768. DOI: 10. 1016/j. gecco. 2019. e0076816. UNEP-WCMC. Biodiversity A-Z, Areas of biodiversity importance. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: December 26, 2022]17. IUCN. A for the Identification of Areas, Version 1. 0. First ed. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; 2016. p. 4618. UNEP-WCMC. Biodiversity A-Z, Areas (KBA). 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a collection of references and citations that seem to pertain to various aspects of nature, society, and biodiversity. However, it does not contain any information related to the claim about the prevention of natural disasters with sufficient planning. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Estudio Etnobotánico sobre las especies utilizadas por la Comunidad Indígena Miraña, Amazonas-Colombia. Bogotá DC: Fund, Bogota, Colombia; 1988. p. 386. Milliken W. Traditional anti-malarial medicine in Roraima, Brazil. Economic Botany. 1997;51(3):212‒237. êa do Abordagem etnobotânica acerca do uso de plantas medicinais na Vila Cachoeira, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. Acta farmacêutica bonaerense. 2002;21(3):205‒211. Ta’ta’, Huayani: Perception of leishmaniasis and evaluation of medicinal plants used by the Chayahuita in Peru. Part II. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(1):149‒158. Treatment of leishmaniasis in the Oyapock basin (French Guiana): A K. A. P. survey and analysis of the evolution of phytotherapy knowledge amongst Wayapi Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(3):1228‒1239. Rodrigues E. Plants and animals utilized as medicines in the Jaú (JNP), Brazilian Amazon. Phytother Res. 2006;20(5):378‒391. Sanz-Biset J, Cañigueral S. Plant use in the medicinal practices known as “strict diets” in Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(1):271‒288. . Contribución al conocimiento de la Anaueria sp. Añuje moena; nuevo registro en la Amazonía peruana. Folia Amazonica. 1990;2:1‒16. Tene V, Malagón O, Finzi PV, et al. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;111(1):63‒81. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it presents various studies and ethnobotanical surveys that explore the medicinal plants used by different indigenous communities in Latin America, specifically in regions like the Amazon and Brazil. This directly supports the notion that traditional medicines are often derived from plant knowledge held by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hurricanes can be redirected by large walls built in the ocean. [SEP] Text: Specific Licenses: (i) Individual User: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents, solely for Licensee's own use. That is, Licensee may access and download an electronic file of a Document (or portion of a Document) for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of a Document for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the single hard copy print may be reproduced in anyway. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. That is, the electronic file cannot be emailed, downloaded to disk, copied to another hard drive or otherwise shared. The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses licensing agreements and the permitted uses of documents without any mention of hurricanes, ocean walls, or any related environmental or scientific topics. There are no statements supporting, contrasting, or even relating to the effectiveness of large walls in redirecting hurricanes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Available from: [Accessed: December 26, 2022]19. Langhammer PF et al. Identification and of Areas: Targets for Area Systems. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; 2007. p. xiv + 11620. IUCN-on OECMs. Recognising and Effective Area-Measures. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; 2019. p. x + 2221. Dudley N, editor. Guidelines for Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; 2008. p. x + 8622. KBA Partnership. 2021. 2022. p. 2623. UN Convention on Biological Diversity. COP15: Nations adopt four goals, 23 targets for 2030 in landmark UN Biodiversity Agreement. 2022. Available from: UNDRR. Risk. 2022. Available from: [Accessed: December 4, 2022]25. UNDRR. Structural and non-structural measures. Available from: [Accessed: December 23, 2022]26. Survey. What is a Landslide and One? . 2021. Available from: [Accessed: December 23, 2022]27. IPCC. Summary for policymakers. In: Masson-et al, editors. 2021: Science Basis. Contribution of I to the Report of the on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York: Press; 2021. 32. DOI: 10. 1017/9781009157896. 00128. IPCC. Summary for policymakers. In: Pörtner HO, et al, editors. on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Cambridge and New York: Press; 2019. 35. DOI: 10. 1017/9781009157964. 00129. U. S. Geological Survey. What are the Effects of Earthquakes? . Available from: [Accessed: December 23, 2022]30. . Fundamental mechanisms for tsunami generation by submarine mass flows in idealised geometries. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 2005;22(1-2):209-217. DOI: 10. 1016/j. marpetgeo. 2004. 10. 01631. . Mapping for Development Planning. Nottingham: Survey; 2000. p. 16332. (WeConservePA). Ordinance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information or context about the prevention of natural disasters through planning. It contains references to various reports and studies related to different areas but does not discuss strategies or effectiveness regarding the prevention of natural disasters.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Sanz-Biset J, Campos-de-la-Cruz J, Epiquién-Rivera MA, et al. A first survey on the medicinal plants of the Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(2):333‒362. The rainbow hurts my skin: medicinal concepts and plants uses among the Yanesha (Amuesha), an ethnic group. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127(1):175‒192. de Albuquerque UP, Muniz de Medeiros P, de Almeida AL, et al. Medicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation of NE Brazil: a quantitative approach. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;114(3):325‒354. Antiviral activity of some medicinal plants. Phytother Res. 1999;13(2):142‒146. de las Heras B, Slowing K, Benedí J, et al. Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;61(2):161‒166. Evaluation of traditional antimalarial remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(1):45‒54. A search for natural bioactive compounds in Bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. Part V. Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by the Tacana Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;77(1):91‒98. Plants used by native Amazonian groups from the (Peru) for the treatment of malaria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):917‒921. Antimalarials from nature. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2009;17(9):3229‒3256. Antimalarial plants used by indigenous people of the Negro in Amazonas, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;178:188‒198. Antimalarial remedies in French Guiana: a knowledge attitudes and practices study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(3):351‒360. The classical drug discovery approach to defining bioactive constituents of botanicals. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(1):71‒79. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various studies that document the use of medicinal plants by indigenous cultures in specific regions, such as the Yanesha (Amuesha) ethnic group and the Tacana Indians. The citations highlight various medicinal applications and traditional practices involving plants, supporting the assertion that traditional medicines often originate from plants utilized by indigenous peoples.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hurricanes can be redirected by large walls built in the ocean. [SEP] Text: Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses. By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law. Licensee acknowledges and agrees that ASTM may imbed certain identifying or tracking information in the ASTM Products available on the Portal. 9. Passwords:Licensee must immediately notify ASTM of any known or suspected unauthorized use(s) of its password(s), or any known or suspected breach of security, including the loss, theft unauthorized disclosure of such password or any unauthorized access to or use of the ASTM Product. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses terms, fees, and access issues related to a product and does not mention hurricanes, ocean walls, or any related concepts. Therefore, it does not provide support or contrast to the assertion about the re-direction of hurricanes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species can adapt to climate change without issue. [SEP] Text: CIFOR-sport hunting in Brazil more widespread than first believed 16 Sep 2024 CIFOR-the next generation of soil scientists 11 Sep 2024 Pencarian semua berita Découvrez les évènements passés et à venir dans le monde entier et en ligne, qu’ils soient organisés par le CIFOR-ICRAF ou auxquels participent nos chercheurs. 2024 02 – 06 Oct 2024. 10. 00 am – 10. 00 pm No 77, 2024 03 – 07 Oct 2024. 07 – 08 Oct 2024. Handelskammer Hamburg, tous les évènements Jelajahi acara-acara mendatang dan yang telah lalu di lintas global dan daring, baik itu diselenggarakan oleh CIFOR-ICRAF atau dihadiri para peneliti kami. 2024 02 – 06 Oct 2024. 10. 00 am – 10. 00 pm No 77, 2024 03 – 07 Oct 2024. 07 – 08 Oct 2024. Handelskammer Hamburg, semua acara Actualités sur les forêts Actualités sur le monde de l’agroforesterie Actualités sur les paysages Reportages Réseaux sociaux Actualités des entreprises Communiqués de presse Actualités Pour que la recherche ait un impact, la science a besoin de canaux de communication clairs pour aller droit au but. CIFOR-ICRAF est aussi passionné par le partage de ses connaissances que par leur production. CIFOR-sport hunting in Brazil more widespread than first believed 16 Sep 2024 CIFOR-the next generation of soil scientists 11 Sep 2024 Parcourir toutes les actualités en las ículos Redes sociales Noticias corporativas Notas de prensa Úque la investigación pueda generar algún impacto, los conocimientos científicos requieren de canales de comunicación claros. -ICRAF, compartir nuestros conocimientos nos apasiona tanto como generarlos. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding species adaptation to climate change. It primarily contains information about upcoming and past events related to CIFOR-ICRAF, without any mention of species or their ability to adapt to climate change.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Calderon LdA, Silva-Jardim I, Zuliani JP, et al. Amazonian biodiversity: a view of drug development for leishmaniasis and malaria. J Soc. 2009;20(6):1011‒1023. Evaluation of the anti-plasmodial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Abuta grandifolia. Planta Med. 1999;65(5):413‒416. Garavito G, Rincón J, Arteaga L, et al. Antimalarial activity of some Colombian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107(3):460‒462. Identification and evaluation of Peruvian plants used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106(3):390‒402. de In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used as traditional remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(1):165‒170. Tabuti JR. Herbal medicines used in the treatment of malaria in Budiope county, Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116(1):33‒42. . Ethnopharmacological use of herbal remedies for the treatment of malaria in the District of Ghana. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;129(3):367‒376. . Potential antimalarials from Nigerian plants: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):289‒302. Cultural categorization of febrile illnesses in correlation with herbal remedies used for treatment in Southwestern Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(2‒3):179‒185. An ethnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in Region. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134(1):183‒190. Antiplasmodial and antipyretic screening of Mangifera indica extract. Phytother Res. 1998;12(6):437‒438. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of 20 plants used in Nigerian antimalarial ethnomedicine. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(4):295‒298. . Screening of the Flora of for Bioactives. IJPPR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing numerous references to studies that evaluate the medicinal properties of plants used as traditional remedies for diseases such as malaria and leishmaniasis, reinforcing the idea that indigenous cultures have historically utilized these plants for medicinal purposes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hurricanes can be redirected by large walls built in the ocean. [SEP] Text: Bedform experimentalists are encouraged to also study bedform evolution from larger to smaller forms (splitting) in the course of progressive flow reduction. Bedform researchers are encouraged to sample the bed material of specific large dunes to increase the data base for optimizing the conceptual models presented in Figs. 7 and 8. Data availability All data presented in this paper are freely available upon request. 30. Elsevier, Amsterdam; ISBN 0444422323 9780444422323 (1990) Classification of large-scale subaqueous bedforms: a new look at an old problem. J 60:160–172; 0022–4427/90/0060–160/$03. 00Bartholdy J, Bartholomä A, Flemming BW (2002) Grain-size control of large compound flow-transverse bedforms in a tidal inlet of the Sea. 188:391–413. J (2005) The fluid dynamics of river dunes: a review and some future research directions. J Atmosphere 110:F04S02. Scale model study using fine sands. J 60:649–657. Proc 2nd on P03. 00Chiew YM (1991) Bed features in nonuniform sediments. J 117:116–120; ISSN 0733–9429/91/0001–0116/$1. 00(1996) Initiation of bed forms on a flat sand bed. 122:301–31057. Abstracts, pp 89–94Flemming BW, (1978) The settling tube – a hydraulic method for the grain size analysis of sands. Kieler Meeresforsch, 4:82–95 26. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 47–80; BW, Bartholomä A (2012) Temporal variability, migration rates, and preservation potential of subaqueous dune fields on the southeast African continental shelf. Publ 44:229–247 26. (2010) Sand transport on an estuarine submarine dune field. Geomorphology 121:257–26510. 5772/25982(1966) Settling velocities of natural grains. Assoc D’sci Hydraul 11:27–43305. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses bedform evolution and various studies related to sediment and environmental research without mentioning hurricanes, ocean walls, or any means to redirect natural phenomena. Thus, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every species can adapt to climate change without issue. [SEP] Text: change Finance, trade and investment Fire and haze Food security and nutrition Forest and landscape restoration Forest management Multi-stakeholder platforms Oil palm Soil health Tenure and tenure reform Tree genetic resources (TGR) Tree planting Wetlands and blue carbon Wild meat and forest genetic resources, and biodiversity Sustainable value chains and investments Governance, equity and well-being Climate change, energy and low-carbon development Soil and land health products Our solutions to five global challenges chains ’–ICRAF publishes over 750 publications every year on agroforestry, forests and climate change, landscape restoration, rights, forest policy and much more – in multiple languages. Explore our knowledge –ICRAF’s published research in a wide range of formats, all of which are available for free online. upcoming and past events across the globe and online, whether hosted by CIFOR-ICRAF or attended by our researchers. 2024 02 – 06 Oct 2024. 10. 00 am – 10. 00 pm No 77, 2024 03 – 07 Oct 2024. 07 – 08 Oct 2024. Handelskammer Hamburg, all events media Corporate news Press releases Media inquiries Latest news Science needs clear communication channels to cut through the noise, if research is to have any impact. CIFOR-ICRAF is as passionate about sharing our knowledge as we are in generating it. CIFOR-sport hunting in Brazil more widespread than first believed 16 Sep 2024 CIFOR-the next generation of soil scientists 11 Sep 2024 Browse all news CIFOR–ICRAF addresses local challenges and opportunities while providing solutions to global problems for forests, landscapes, people and the planet. We deliver actionable evidence and solutions to transform how land is used and how food is produced: conserving and restoring ecosystems, responding to the global climate, malnutrition, biodiversity and desertification crises. In short, improving people’s lives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead discusses a range of topics related to climate change, forests, and sustainable practices. It does not provide information about species adaptation to climate change, thus rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: In: Forero E, Betancur J, editors. de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia; 2009. p. 1‒462. . de la Amazonía Peruana. Perú: Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru; 1997. Cayón E, Aristizabal S. Etnobotánica Chamí. Cespedesia. 1980;9(33‒34):5‒114. Roig JT. Plantas medicinales de y su folclore. UC Rica, editor. San José, Costa Rica, 1988. p. 103‒104. Ayensu ES. of the West Indies. Algonac, Michigan, USA; 1981. p. 282. Díaz JL. Usos de las plantas medicinales de México. éxico; 1977. p. 345. Morton JF. Atlas of of Middle America: Bahamas to Yucatan. Thomas CC, 1980. p. 1448. Escobar N. Flora Tóxica de Panamá. U. Panamá, Panama. 1972. Figueroa H. Enfermedades de los conquistadores. Ibarra JdP, Antigua, Guatemala. 1983. Guzmán DJ. Especies útiles de la flora Salvadoreña. Md Educación, San Salvador, El Salvador. 1975. Barrett B. of Nicaragua’s Atlantic Coast. Economic Botany. 1994;48(1):8‒20. Agarwal K, Popli S. The constituents of Crescentia cujete leaves. Fitoterapia 1992;63(5):476. of the Popoluca, Mexico: A botanical systematical perspective. Economic Botany. 2003;57(2):218‒230. Isolation of cytotoxic metabolites from targeted peruvian amazonian medicinal plants. J Nat Prod. 2008;71(1):102‒105. . Leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities of Bolivian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;41(1‒2):19‒37. Menachery MD. 1996. p. 269‒302. Boster JS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various sources and studies that discuss traditional medicinal plants and their uses, which are often rooted in indigenous cultures. The inclusion of ethnobotanical studies and plants used in traditional medicine supports the notion that these practices and plants have significant cultural relevance and origins among indigenous populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: into A yearlong project aims to find more than 150 “missing” tornadoes thought to hit Canada each year. by R. Kaufman 22 March 201925 July 2022 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) A tornado touches down near Elie, Manitoba, Canada, in June 2007. Credit: Justin Hobson, courtesy Wikimedia, CC-BY-SA-3. 0 A quirky thing about tornadoes is that over the past 30 years, their reported frequency—at least going by U. S. reports—has increased 30%. Of course, the last 30 years also correlate with the rise of Doppler radar, population growth, and cell phones. Despite the headline-grabbing statistic, scientists have concluded that the frequency of tornado strikes isn’t actually increasing. Instead, better reporting is filling in gaps where tornadoes might have otherwise gone unreported. In the United States, experts agree that a handful of tornadoes go unreported each year. In Canada, where the vast majority of the population lives within 160 kilometers (100 miles) of the U. S. border, storm trackers miss quite a few more. The map of Canada illustrating confirmed and probable tornadoes over 30 years shows that reported twisters mostly—but not entirely—track with population density in the country. Credit: Dave Sills, “If you look at a map of tornado occurrence in Canada and you look at a map of population density in Canada, you’d say, ‘Well it’s kind of the same thing’,” says Greg Kopp, acting dean of engineering at in London, Ont. , Canada. Of course, tornadoes are not converging on densely populated areas. It’s simply that sparsely populated areas have fewer ways to report a tornado. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nature of tornadoes and their reporting. It emphasizes that the frequency of tornadoes reported has increased due to better reporting methods rather than an actual increase in tornado occurrences. The text does not mention any effective method of preventing tornadoes, such as scattering sand, thus directly opposing the claim.