Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: The literature agrees: Geographic location was the single strongest predictor of coral bleaching in McClanahan et al. ’s (2019) analysis. After assessing seventeen different variables, their best-performing model focused on the interaction between geography and temperature. Additionally, Heron et al. (2016a) found that their bleaching models only performed satisfactorily (r2 > 0. 4) when bleaching sites were grouped geographically or by site type. Prior applications of meteorological skill testing to coral bleaching forecasts confirmed that optimal bleaching threshold varies substantially from region to region, and accounting for this specificity drastically improves forecast skill (van Hooidonk & Huber 2009; DeCarlo 2020); we simply took this a step further and allowed all forecast parameters to vary regionally, with a corresponding increase in forecast skill. Our results validate the power of addressing geographic variation in coral stress responses even without fully understanding the specific variables at play. The broad regional variation that we found across optimized DHW definition parameters (Table 4) reflects the variability in bleaching responses observed in the literature across individual reefs as well as on the geographic scale detectable by remote sensing tools (Guest et al. 2012; Bowdler 2021). Adjacent basins and regions (which are more likely to share some of the traits enumerated above) tended toward similar parameters during DHW optimization. The best-performing forecast model for the Atlantic Ocean, for example, varied substantially from those produced for the Indian and Pacific Oceans, which were more alike: the Atlantic’s optimal definition used a 0. 2 °C cutoff, 4-week accumulation window, and 2 DHW bleaching threshold, while the Pacific and favored a larger 9-week accumulation window (twice the duration) and much higher bleaching thresholds (triple the allowed accumulation; Table 4). In practice, these values imply that Atlantic reefs during this period were more susceptible to coral bleaching than their counterparts in the Indo-Pacific, a well-established pattern in the literature (e. g. , Cramer et al. 2021). Its biogeographic isolation from the Pacific and produces differences in species composition and oceanographic conditions. Moreover, high levels of human impact, historical loss of coral cover and complexity due to storms and disease, and overall lower biodiversity have had devastating effects on Caribbean reef resilience (Roff & Mumby 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that coral reefs, particularly those in the Caribbean, are affected by numerous detrimental factors, including high levels of human impact, historical loss of coral cover, and lower biodiversity, which have led to devastating effects on their resilience. This suggests that recovery from bleaching events is highly contingent on these external pressures, indicating that full recovery without intervention is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The first purification step of collection with MIP activity was the same as laccase. Then it was applied to a column (1 × 17 cm) of CM-50. The enzyme was eluted gradually with 10 mM pH 5. 7 acetate buffer with 50 mM NaCl at a flow rate of 0. 2 mL/min. The third step was as the first one with the Sephadex G-75 column (1. 5 × 60 cm). The fraction containing maximum MIP activity was collected for further analysis. Enzymes propertiesThe optimum pH for laccase and MIP were determined by incubation at various pH conditions (pH 2. 0 to 6. 0) at 28°C for 10 minutes in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer and malonic acid-sodium malonate buffer, respectively. The optimum temperature for the enzyme activity was determined by standard assay ranging from 4 to 70°C in the same buffer as above at pH 4. 5. The results were expressed as relative activity to the value obtained at either optimum temperature assay or optimum pH assay. The pH stability of the enzymes were determined by measuring the remaining activity after incubating the enzymes at 28°C for 2 hours in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer and malonic acid-sodium malonate buffer respectively from pH 2. 0 to 5. 5. To determine the effect of temperature on the stability of the enzymes in the same buffer as above (pH 4. 5), the remaining activity after incubating the enzymes for 4 hours at 4 to 40°C was measured. The activity of the enzyme obtained at either optimum temperature or optimum pH was defined as 100%. Kinetic constants of laccase and MIP were determined by measuring the initial rates at various ABTS and DMP concentrations respectively under standard reaction conditions. m and V max were determined at 28°C by recording the effect of various concentrations (10 to 40 mmol/L) of ABTS and DMP separately [42]. The effects of metal ions and chemical reagents on enzyme activity of purified laccase and MIP were determined. The enzyme was incubated with each reagent for 2 hours at 28°C before the addition of the substrate to initiate the enzyme reaction. The activity of the enzyme without adding chemical reagents or metal ions was defined as 100%. Enzymatic hydrolysisThe freeze-drying powder of crude enzymes from C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to focus primarily on enzyme characteristics and purification methods, discussing laccase and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) activity, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: Soundings of refractivity as a function of the geometric height, and of bending angle as a function of the impact parameter, are routinely provided by the for (UCAR) and (CDAAC) in binary universal format for data representation (BUFR) format. Each profile has 200 levels in the vertical, ranging from near the surface to around 40-km height. As the impact of needs to be evaluated within an operational framework, only those profiles that arrived with latency less than the cutoff time in the assimilation system were used. The GSI analysis has an assimilation window of ±3 h and runs with two different cutoff times. An early analysis is run with a cutoff time of less than 3 h and is used to initialize the GFS forecasts. Short forecasts from a later GSI analysis (cutoff time of ∼6 h) provide the background field for the next analysis cycle. The number of GPS RO profiles assimilated in the early analysis was ∼1000 per day. The skill levels of the PRYnc and PRYc experiments are evaluated on different fields for November 2006. a. Mass fieldsThe anomaly correlation (AC) score as a function of the forecast length for the temperature field at 200 hPa is shown in Figs. 1a–c for the NH extratropics, the tropics, and the SH extratropics, respectively. Each experiment is verified against its own analysis. As can be seen in the figure, the use of refractivities globally increases the AC skill. The impact of is found to be more significant in the tropics, where we gain ∼half a day at day 5, although there is a slight degradation around day 1. As the forecast skill recovers quickly after day 1, this degradation might be due to a sampling error. The benefits of the GPS RO data are also significant in the extratropics (Figs. 1a and 1c), being more significant in the SH extratropics (gain of ∼6 h at day 6). In the SH (NH) extratropics, the differences between PRYc and PRYnc are statistically significant at the 21% (18%) level at day 4 when calculated with a Student’s t test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the assimilation of GPS Radio Occultation (RO) data, which is crucial for weather forecasts. It emphasizes the operational framework of using this data, stating that the 'GSI analysis has an assimilation window' and explaining how the data improves forecast skill, particularly in different regions. This aligns with the idea that satellites play a vital role in gathering data that informs weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Using the globally optimized DHW definition with a 0. 4 °C cutoff and an 11-week accumulation window, the optimal bleaching threshold has increased significantly from 1998 to 2019 (τ = 0. 312, p = 0. 044); the least-squares line (Fig. 5a, Supplement 3) puts the global rate of increase around 0. 19 DHW/year. This oceanwide shift in average bleaching resistance corresponds with and potentially outpaces the global mean rate of rising DHW (0. 14 DHW/year, p < 0. 01, R2adj = 0. 436; Table 5), though our modeled trajectory carries large uncertainties apparent in both the confidence envelope around the best-fit line and the variance between iterations in the train–test splitting analysis, which in some data-poor years could be quite high (Fig. 5, Supplement 7). Many drivers may be contributing to the rising bleaching threshold, and they vary from optimistic to grim. Fig. 5Changes in optimal bleaching threshold over time relative to peak heat stress. Accumulation window size and anomaly cutoff were held constant at the optimal values for each locale. Annually optimized bleaching thresholds are plotted for three regions: a: the globe (black), b: the Pacific (blue), and c: the (purple). Open red circles in each panel are the DHW maxima (using the same constant values for anomaly cutoff and window size) for each year averaged across reef sites globally and represent the background rate of ocean warming. Shaded envelopes around lines of best fit represent 95% confidence intervals; R2 values are adjusted; Mann–Kendall τ is provided for the nonparametric trend test; bolded p-values indicate a trend significantly different from 0Full size imageTable 5 Linear trends in bleaching threshold over time. For analyses which violated assumptions of normality, a nonparametric Mann–trend test for time series was performed in lieu of linear regression, and the appropriate statistic is reported for each. Significant p-values are bolded and marked with an asterisk (*). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the increasing bleaching thresholds and the complexities involved in coral bleaching recovery. It highlights that the average bleaching resistance has not consistently kept pace with ocean warming and indicates that various drivers of bleaching are contributing to a potentially grim situation for coral reefs, suggesting that full recovery without intervention is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cladosporioides Ch2-2 was used in different combinations at a loading of 0. 1 g/g substrate. The commercial cellulase (Onozuka R-10, Merck) and xylanase (BioRoYee) were assessed at a loading of 0. 25 g/g substrate and 1. 5 g/g substrate, respectively. The loading of 0. 05 g cellulase/g substrate (25 mg protein/g cellulose) and 0. 3 g xylanase/g substrate (26 mg protein/g cellulose) were also assessed. The hydrolysis assays were carried out at 1% (w/v) solid loading of grinding Jerusalem artichoke stalk in sodium acetate buffer (50 mM, pH 4. 5) in a 2 mL total volume. The reaction mixtures were mechanically shaken in an orbital shaker incubator at 15°C for 24 hours and then at 50°C for another 96 hours. The same reactions were individually performed at 15°C and 28°C up to 120 hours. The hydrolysis was terminated by boiling the reaction mixture at 100°C for 10 minutes to inactivate the enzymes. The supernatants collected after centrifugation at 9,300 g for 10 minutes for the measurement of reducing sugars. Blanks were run at the same time by incubating the substrates without enzymes. Reactions with each enzyme only were used as bases. All hydrolysis experiments were performed in triplicate and mean values and standard deviations are presented. The degree of synergism was calculated by the method described earlier [4]. Analytical methodsThe fungal biomass was detected by using the oven-drying method [25]. The samples cultured at different temperatures were first vacuum-suction filtrated. Collected mycelia were washed by distilled water and dried for 24 hours at 50°C in an oven until the weight was constant. FPA was measured spectrophotometrically based upon the color reaction between the degradation products (glucose) and DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid) [43]. The enzyme sample was mixed with 50 mM citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 4. 5) and Whatman filter paper. After incubation at 30°C for 60 minutes, the mixture was boiled with DNS for 5 minutes and the absorbance was measured at 520 nm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels. Instead, it details experimental procedures involving enzymes for hydrolysis of a substrate and measurements related to fungal biomass and reducing sugars, which is not directly relevant to the claim concerning biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: In general, we should expect the results to be sensitive to the synoptic atmospheric situation, model performance, and location of the GPS RO and other observations. When including a new instrument operationally in a numerical weather prediction model, one would expect the new data to provide a neutral or positive impact. The promising results found with seems to indicate that the GPS RO observations provide a unique and valuable piece of information to the assimilation system. However, improvement of the forward operators and the use of less processed observations are preferred to fully exploit the information contained in this new dataset. Following the results presented in this study, NCEP/EMC made the decision to include in its new Assimilation System, just 1 yr after the launch of the satellites. Future work at NCEP/EMC will include further tuning of the quality control checks, enhancing the performance of the assimilation of bending angles, and partially accounting for horizontal gradients of refractivity in the design of the forward operator. 156. CrossrefAnthes, R. A. , RockenC. , and KuoY-H. , 2000: Applications of to meteorology and Climate. Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. , 11, 115–156. 10. 3319/TAO. 2000. 11. 1. 115())| falseSearch 167. CrossrefCheng, C-Z. , KuoY-H. , AnthesR. A. , and WuL. , 2006: Satellite constellation monitors global and space weather. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 87, 166–167. 10. 1029/2006EO170003)| falseSearch 3296. CrossrefCucurull, L. , KuoY-H. , BarkerD. , and RizviS. R. H. , 2006: Assessing the impact of simulated radio occultation data on weather analysis over the Antarctic: A case study. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 134, 3283–3296. 10. 1175/MWR3241. 1)| falseSearch 3193. CrossrefCucurull, L. , DerberJ. C. , TreadonR. , and PurserR. J. , 2007a: Assimilation of global positioning system radio occultation observations into NCEP’s Assimilation System. Mon. Wea. Rev. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the assimilation of data from GPS radio occultation (RO) observations into numerical weather prediction models is expected to have a neutral or positive impact on weather forecasting. It highlights the unique and valuable information provided by satellite data that is critical for improving forecast accuracy, which is essential for weather forecasting and disaster management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: “Peak DHW” is the DHW maxima averaged across each grid cell in the analysis on an annual basis and represents the temporal trend in reef heat stress from 1998 to 2019Full size tableEvidence from coral cores, field surveys, and both field and laboratory experiments suggest that we can expect some degree of coral acclimation as environmental conditions shift to extremes (Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Guest et al. 2012; Cantin & Lough 2014; Palumbi et al. 2014; DeCarlo et al. 2019), although concern remains that climate change may be progressing too rapidly for corals to keep pace (Ainsworth et al. 2016). In the short term, corals may modify their behavior, symbiont community, or gene expression to cope with stressful conditions more effectively (e. g. , Turnham et al. 2023). However, population resilience only develops as a result of adaptation, wherein coral species and individuals predisposed to surviving extreme temperatures outlive and replace their less resilient neighbors, though this process is a slow one. Still, acclimation and adaption are essential drivers of community development and population maintenance, and not all ecosystem shifts are created equal. Low-resilience species and individuals, many of which are major habitat builders essential for the reef’s diversity-supporting structural complexity, are disproportionately killed during mass bleaching events severe enough to reduce coral cover (Hughes et al. 2018b; Darling et al. 2019). The extant assemblage is typically comprised of slow-growing, heat-tolerant reef builders and a contingent of opportunistic species: weedy corals providing limited structural complexity, as well as algae, sponges, and other competitive space occupiers that may interfere with coral recovery (Hughes et al. 2018b; Darling et al. 2019). This shift toward hardier, less diverse, and less abundant assemblages also reduces the reef’s susceptibility to bleaching, but at a price—an associated reduction in function, coral cover, biodiversity, and resilience in the face of non-bleaching stressors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that coral reefs may not fully recover from bleaching due to factors like ecosystem shifts and reduced structural complexity. It mentions that while corals can acclimate and adapt to changing conditions, the process is slow and can lead to low-resilience species predominating, which reduces biodiversity and coral cover. The reference to shifts toward hardier, less diverse assemblages that interfere with recovery implies that intervention is necessary to support full recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One activity unit was defined as the amount of cellulase needed to release 1 μmol of glucose equivalent sugar per minute. Xylanase activity was also assayed based upon the color reaction between the degradation products (xylose) and DNS. The enzyme sample was mixed with 50 mM citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 4. 5) and 1% Birchwood xylan. After incubation at 30°C for 15 minutes, the mixture was boiled with DNS for 5 minutes and the absorbance was measured at 520 nm [43]. One activity unit was defined as the amount of xylanase needed to release 1 μmol of xylose equivalent sugar per minute. Laccase activity was determined using ABTS (0. 5 mM) as the reducing substrate [44]. The enzyme sample was mixed with 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 4. 5) and ABTS. After incubation at 30°C for 10 minutes, the mixture was transferred into an ice-water bath to stop the reaction, and the absorbance was measured at 420 nm. One activity unit was defined as the amount of laccase required to oxidize 1 μmol of substrate per minute. MIP activity was detected by monitoring the oxidation of DMP in the absence of Mn2+ and H2O2[12]. The reaction mixture contained enzyme sample and 2 mM DMP in 50 mM malonic acid-sodium malonate buffer (pH 4. 5). After incubation at 30°C for 10 minutes, the absorbance was measured at 468 nm. One activity unit was defined as the amount of enzyme that produced 1 μmol product per minute. LiP activity was assessed by determining the oxidation of using H2O2[45]. The assay system contained enzyme sample, 32 μM and 100 μM H2O2 in 50 mM sodium tartrate buffer (pH 4. 5). After incubation at 30°C for 10 minutes, the absorbance was measured at 651 nm. One activity unit was defined as the amount of enzyme that produced 1 μmol product per minute. The quantitative analysis of chemical compositions of bagasse including lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were performed by methods described earlier [46],[47]. The reducing sugars were quantified by the DNS method [48]. The estimation of protein content was determined according to the method described in Lowry et al. [49]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels. Instead, it details various enzyme activities and assays related to the quantification of sugar and chemical compositions, which is not directly related to the production of biofuels from sugars using yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: CrossrefDerber, J. C. , ParrishD. F. , and LordS. J. , 1991: The new global operational analysis system at the Center. Wea. Forecasting, 6, 538–547. 10. 1175/1520-0434(1991)006<0538:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 469. and LeroyS. S. , 2002: A technical description of atmospheric sounding by GPS occultation. J. Atmos. Sol. -Terr. Phys. , 64, 451–469. 10. 1016/S1364-6826(01)00114-6)| falseSearch 623. CrossrefHealy, S. B. , and ThépautJ-N. , 2006: Assimilation experiments with radio occultation measurements. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 132, 605–623. 10. 1256/qj. 04. 182)| falseSearch 10. 1029/2004GL020806. Healy, S. B. , JuppA. M. , and MarquardtC. , 2005: Forecast impact experiment with GPS radio occultation measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 32. L03804, doi:10. 1029/2004GL020806. )| falseSearch 531. CrossrefKuo, Y-H. , WeeT-K. , SokolovskiyS. , RockenC. , SchreinerW. , HuntD. , and AnthesR. A. , 2004: Inversion and error estimation of GPS radio occultation data. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 82, 507–531. 10. 2151/jmsj. 2004. 507)| falseSearch 3465. and HardyK. R. , 1997: Observing Earth’s atmosphere with radio occultation measurements using the global positioning system. J. Geophys. Res. , 102, 23429–23465. 10. 1029/97JD01569)| falseSearch 1995. J. Geophys. Res. , 106 31771–31786. CrossrefLiu, H. , ZouX. , ShaoH. , AnthesR. , ChangJ. , TsengJ-H. , and WangB. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that explore atmospheric sounding and GPS radio occultation measurements, which are critical means through which satellites gather data essential for weather forecasting and disaster management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Regardless of mechanism, the bleaching threshold trend offers two insights: first, based on these tens of thousands of bleaching observations over several decades, we may be observing an increase in bleaching threshold over time, and second, optimal ETS did not change appreciably over the course of the bleaching threshold analysis, but consistently outperformed an otherwise identical model that used a static bleaching threshold (Supplement 5). The latter implies an ability to adequately maintain bleaching forecast skill over time simply by adjusting the bleaching threshold to compensate for environmental shifts and corresponding changes in the coral stress response. Although this trend may not apply to every reef or region, future bleaching projections should account for the possibility. Two examples from the region-specific threshold analyses illustrate how bleaching threshold trends may differ from place to place. Regions 11, 13, and 14—which experience periodic ENSO-related temperature extremes that almost certainly moderate reef stress tolerance (Spillman et al. 2021)—exhibited no significant change in bleaching threshold over the past two decades (Table 5); the most appropriate bleaching thresholds for the central and eastern Pacific were historically already higher than other regions (Table 3). In contrast, we found that when considering the Pacific as a whole, the forecast-optimized bleaching threshold has increased significantly since 1998 (slope 0. 17 DHW/year, p < 0. 05, R2adj = 0. 176; Fig. 5b). This does not seem to be the case in the Indian Ocean, where there is a positive but not significant trend in the bleaching threshold (slope 0. 08 DHW/year, p > 0. 05, R2adj = 0. 019). Whatever processes produce the increasing bleaching thresholds, they should compel us to re-examine our prediction models, particularly given the Indo-Pacific’s prevalence of reef systems at both extremes: isolated, highly biodiverse climate refugia and ecologically vulnerable, high-risk reefs projected to fare poorly under climate change (Sheppard 2003; Obura et al. 2022; Shlesinger & van Woesik 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that coral reefs may not fully recover from bleaching without intervention, as it discusses varying bleaching thresholds and the influence of environmental shifts on coral stress response. It highlights that different regions show different trends in bleaching thresholds and emphasizes the importance of adjusting prediction models to account for these changes, suggesting that recovery may not be assured without action.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All experiments were performed in triplicate and mean values and standard deviations are presented. Authors’ contributionsLJ, JY and HF contributed jointly to the laboratory work reported in the manuscript. LJ contributed to interpretation of results and writing of the manuscript. YY and BL helped to prepare the freeze-drying powder of crude enzymes. XY and NZ helped to revise the manuscript. HY directed the over-all study and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. AbbreviationsABTS: 2, 2′-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt DMP: Dimethyl phthalate DNS: 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid DS: Degree of synergism FPA: Filter paper activity HOBT: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole LiP: Lignin peroxidase MIP: Manganese-independent peroxidase MnP: Manganese peroxidases SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS-PAGE: SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 10. 1186/1754-6834-7-105. 44. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2672. 2011. 05171. x. 1480. 10. 1016/j. biotechadv. 2012. 03. 002. 14. 10. 1186/1754-6834-4-1. 10. 1186/1754-6834-6-112. 475. 10. 1007/s00253-009-1979-7. 157. 10. 1166/jbmb. 2012. 1201. 35. 10. 1016/j. biombioe. 2012. 04. 020. 209. 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2006. 02. 021. 129. 10. 1002/jsfa. 3418. 415. 10. 1016/j. jiec. 2012. 09. 022. 55. Febs Lett. 1992, 299: 107-110. 10. 1016/0014-5793(92)80111-S. 245. 10. 1016/S0168-1656(99)00218-7. 765. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it does not provide any information regarding bioengineered yeast, biofuel production, or sugars. Instead, it focuses on authors' contributions and technical abbreviations, which do not relate to the production of biofuels from bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: How can STEM education provide ‘light-bulb’ moments? Johnson is a STEM education specialist based at in Alabama, USA. She implements an outreach programme that works to enhance 6th-12th grade STEM education and inspire young people to embrace the joy of all things STEM The importance of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) can hardly be overstated. These areas of research affect our everyday lives in numerous ways, from the smartphones we have, to the houses we live in, from the energy we use, to the medicine we benefit from; none would be possible without STEM. It is vital that teachers and mentors across the world encourage active student participation in STEM – something that Johnson is passionate about. Based at in Alabama, USA, Liz is a STEM education specialist who, along with her colleague Lanier, devises STEM outreach activities such as summer learning programmes, field trips, after-school programming and science fairs. The programme targets 6th-12th grade students (11-18 year olds). ? Liz and the team want to expose students to the wonders and excitement of STEM and strengthen their confidence in pursuing STEM careers. They do this by engaging them in activities that will be increasingly relevant as the world becomes ever more STEM-centric. Although the ultimate aim of the programme is the same for all ages, there are differences between middle and high school students. “The STEM content of each programme is designed to align with the standards and curriculum of the participating age groups. For example, in our green engineering field trip series, we use calculus with high school students and algebra with middle school students,” explains Liz. “A major similarity between the age groups is their level of excitement when entering our STEM Lab – it looks quite different to a typical school lab. When students enter, they tell us it looks like or Nickelodeon studios! ” designs field trips linked to its key research areas of Drug Discovery, Drug Development, Engineering, and Energy & Environment. For example, through the green engineering series, students explore renewable energy and are challenged to design the most energy efficient wind turbine or solar panel prototype. Liz describes another field trip focused on the spread of infectious diseases: “Students participate in a simulated disease outbreak and are tasked with collecting data to determine patient zero, while also considering the factors that led to the outbreak. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the efforts of a STEM education specialist who implements outreach programs aimed at inspiring students to embrace STEM. It discusses how engaging activities like field trips and hands-on experiences are designed to expose students to the excitement of STEM and encourage them to pursue STEM careers. This aligns well with the claim that space programs, which often foster STEM education, inspire students to consider careers in related fields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: In fact, studies assuming a constant bleaching threshold into the future (4 DHW, the threshold for 1, is common) warn that coral reefs in the may reach an unrecoverable tipping point—a climate under which we can expect bleaching-level conditions on an annual basis—as early as 2030 (van Hooidonk et al. 2016). Yet a static bleaching threshold implies that these coral assemblages have reached their adaptation limit and can adapt no further or at least no faster, and we have evidence that this may not always be the case (Donner 2009; Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Guest et al. 2012; Cantin & Lough 2014; Palumbi et al. 2014; Ainsworth et al. 2016; DeCarlo et al. 2019). At the very least, our findings draw attention to areas in which bleaching projections might be improved, perhaps by implementing a graded bleaching threshold in models developed for reef systems where this value seems to be changing over time. With each successive year, the conditions that coral reefs must contend with for their continued survival and function grow more extreme. Since we have observed increasing bleaching thresholds over the past two decades, regardless of the mechanism, projections of future bleaching should consider that present-day tolerance may underrepresent future tolerance, even if reefs in the future are composed of different coral assemblages. Holding window size and anomaly cutoff constant is necessary to assess changes in bleaching threshold over time, as these model parameters covary and thus cannot be interpreted in isolation (Fig. 4, Supplement 4). In a similar vein, adjusting only one element of the DHW definition at a time (holding the other two constant) can reveal their relative contributions to forecast skill—and tell us to which improvements our forecast models are most sensitive (Supplement 4). This sensitivity refers to model fit rather than an inherent ecological trait. That is, a higher anomaly cutoff alone does not necessarily indicate a robust, heat-tolerant coral assemblage; rather, it represents some combination of underlying processes that allow us to predict bleaching more accurately when we are stricter about the temperature anomalies considered stressful. ConclusionsOur results highlight the benefits of continually reassessing our heat stress metrics and coral bleaching forecast models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that coral reefs may reach an unrecoverable tipping point due to climate conditions causing annual bleaching. It emphasizes the growing extremity of conditions for coral survival and function, and that static assumptions about bleaching thresholds may indicate that these corals have reached their adaptation limits. This implies that without intervention, reefs may not recover fully from bleaching, as conditions worsen over time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1016/0003-9861(86)90644-2. 250. ,: Lignin peroxidase H2 from Phanerochaete chrysosporium: purification, characterization and stability to temperature and pH. Biophys. 1990, 279: 158-166. 10. 1016/0003-9861(90)90476-F. 3350. 10. 5504/BBEQ. 2012. 0107. 1152. 10. 1016/j. procbio. 2011. 02. 002. 162. 10. 1007/s11274-005-9013-4. 37. 10. 1016/j. enzmictec. 2009. 07. 014. 1219. 10. 1111/j. 1462-2920. 2006. 01013. x. 14. 10. 1016/0168-1656(94)90093-0. 579. 10. 1002/jobm. 201000385. 2197. 392. 10. 1016/j. jtice. 2011. 11. 001. 4792. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2011. 01. 015. 443. 10. 1038/nrg2336. 451. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2012. 12. 182. 8. 10. 1186/1754-6834-6-1. 107. 10. 1016/S0167-7799(99)01413-4. 26. ,: Efficiency of new fungal cellulase systems in boosting enzymatic degradation of barley straw lignocellulose. Biotechnol Prog. 2006, 22: 493-498. 10. 1021/bp050361o. 1516. 10. 1126/science. 1244273. 188. 10. 1016/S0168-1656(00)00303-5. 6050. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2010. 02. 110. 10. 1186/1754-6834-6-115. 85. 10. 1016/j. jbiosc. 2012. 08. 014. 13. 10. 1186/1754-6834-6-100. 1362. 10. 1007/s10295-009-0620-1. 4835. 10. 1016/j. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists largely of citations and references without any specific discussion on bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. There is no indication or evidence provided regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: They learn about the primary and secondary immune response and how it relates to vaccines for diseases, and they diagnose disease in patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). ” A key part of the programme is presenting students with real world problems that need solutions. Relevant background materials and resources are provided but, Liz explains, “Students are challenged to drive the design of the experiment themselves. ” Collaboration is achieved by having the students work in teams and, quite often, their first efforts are unsuccessful – this requires them to analyse their approach, reassess their strategy and try again. ? Liz and the team put on STEM shows which involve large-scale experiments designed to engage and inspire students. “Through these experiences, we hope to capture students’ attention and encourage them to participate in STEM courses and extra-curricular STEM activities,” says Liz. “We also aim to reinforce the concepts students are learning in their lessons through memorable and exhilarating demonstrations. ” “Last year, we offered a new week-long programme called that introduced high school students to computer aided design (CAD), 3D printing, electrical engineering, and drone technology,” enthuses Liz. “A major highlight of this programme was seeing the wide array of creative drone designs students developed in a matter of days, with little to no 3D modelling experience. We had drones that looked like UFOs, the from Star Wars, and one that even incorporated chicken feet as landing gear! We also had a special guest, Crawford from the University of Alabama, who shared his research on brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and showed students how to pilot a drone using their brain waves and an electroencephalogram (EEG) sensor! ” As with everything Liz and the team at devise, such programmes are about instilling a long-term love of STEM. She adds, “Academy led some students to pursue internship opportunities, as well as enrol in pilot licence programmes. ” The opportunities offered by are wide and varied because, as Liz knows, that is the joy of STEM itself. . : : Liz is part of Southern Research’s programme, which enhances 6th-12th grade STEM education by drawing upon the expertise and scholarly contributions of the community. : of Alabama, Foundation of. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing various initiatives aimed at inspiring students in STEM fields through real-world problems, team collaboration, and engaging demonstrations. For instance, Liz mentions that they aim to capture students' attention and encourage participation in STEM courses and extracurricular activities. Additionally, the progressive curriculum introduction, such as CAD, 3D printing, and drone technology, exemplifies how programs can motivate students to explore STEM careers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Based on global bleaching observations from 1998 to 2019, we could forecast coral bleaching events on a reef-sized scale (5 km \(\times\) 5 km) more effectively by lowering the anomaly cutoff temperature to 0. 4 °C, adjusting the size of the accumulation window to 11 weeks, and setting a slightly lower bleaching threshold of 3 DHW. Together, these modifications confer a 70% increase in forecast skill relative to the current standard DHW model, as well as ameliorate its bias toward underpredicting coral bleaching occurrences. Optimizing the DHW definition on a geographic basis further doubled forecast performance and corrected the global model’s compensatory tendency to overpredict bleaching events. Optimizing the forecast model on a temporal basis revealed a global increase in coral bleaching threshold that keeps pace with rates of ocean warming. For all the complexities governing coral stress responses, even a simple threshold-based model like the DHW metric optimized in this study can maintain its status as a powerful monitoring and forecasting tool by factoring in the effect of geographic location. Many of the complex environmental and ecological factors that drive, exacerbate, and mitigate coral bleaching possess a strong spatial component, so accounting for regional variability is a prerequisite for competent bleaching models. The utility of a spatial proxy for something like real-time coral bleaching risk assessment does not preclude the necessity of nuanced, explanatory multivariate models, however; both have their place. In the effort to preserve the world’s coral reefs, success hinges on our ability to allocate limited resources (monitoring, mitigation, management) to areas that are particularly valuable, vulnerable, or versatile players in their respective ecosystems. This, in turn, requires an intimate and accurate understanding of 1) the current state of our reefs, and 2) how we expect them to evolve in a rapidly changing environment. Our long-term projections and short-term forecasts should anticipate change, and revisiting and refining our existing toolkit is a necessary step. The results of our study provide new definitions of DHW that can be applied now, and suggests that projections of future bleaching events should reconsider the use of static heat stress sensitivities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of coral bleaching and emphasizing the need for monitoring and management strategies to preserve coral reefs. It highlights that the forecast models and the understanding of coral stress responses are critical in managing coral health in a rapidly changing environment, suggesting that intervention is necessary rather than implying that full recovery can occur without it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Saccharification of recalcitrant biomass and integration options for lignocellulosic sugars from Catchlight Energy’s sugar process (CLE Sugar) access Published: 28 January 2013 Saccharification of recalcitrant biomass and integration options for lignocellulosic sugars from Catchlight Energy’s sugar process (CLE Sugar) Johnway Gao1, Dwight Anderson1 & Benjamin Levie1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 85. 8% of biomass carbohydrates are saccharified for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips (softwood), and 94. 0% for debarked maple chips (hardwood). Furan compound formation was 1. 29% of biomass feedstock for Loblolly pine and 1. 10% for maple. At 17% solids hydrolysis of pretreated softwood, an enzyme dose of 0. 075 g Sigma enzyme mixture/g dry pretreated (unwashed) biomass was needed to achieve 8. 1% total sugar titer in the hydrolysate and an overall prehydrolysate liquor plus enzymatic hydrolysis conversion yield of 76. 6%. At a much lower enzyme dosage of 0. 044 g CTec2 enzyme product/g dry (unwashed) pretreated softwood, hydrolysis at 17% solids achieved 9. 2% total sugar titer in the hydrolysate with an overall sugar yield of 85. 0% in the combined prehydrolysate liquor and enzymatic hydrolysate. CLE Sugar has been demonstrated to be effective on hardwood and herbaceous biomass, making it truly feedstock flexible. ConclusionsDifferent options exist for integrating lignocellulosic sugar into sugar-using operations. A sugar conversion plant may be adjacent to a CLE Sugar plant, and the CLE Sugar can be concentrated from the initial 10% sugar as needed. Concentrated sugars, however, can be shipped to remote sites such as ethanol plants or other sugar users. In such cases, options for shipping a dense form of sugars include (1) pretreated biomass with enzyme addition, (2) lignocellulosic sugar syrup, and (3) lignocellulosic sugar solid. These could provide the advantage of maximizing the use of existing assets. BackgroundWoody biomass is one of the most abundant biomass feedstocks, besides agriculture residuals in the United States. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the saccharification of biomass and options for integrating lignocellulosic sugars but does not mention bioengineered yeast or their capacity to produce biofuels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim, which specifically pertains to bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: of Alabama at BirminghamMajoring in Biomedical SciencesMinoring in a high school senior, I was for the Math & Science programme when we presented at the 2019 exposition at Southern Research. I thought it would be amazing to work there. Six months later, I listened to a lecture given by Lanier who spoke about openings for STEM ambassadors. A month later, I started as an ambassador! I assist with stimulating lab experiences for a variety of STEM branches, mentoring students to discover their passions, and having conversations to probe students’ interests and understanding. My role involves influencing somebody else’s future and that’s priceless. I have gained confidence in my ability to lead others, which has led to my growth as a student and an employee. I have been exposed to new situations and opportunities. Most importantly, I have gotten affirmation that I am doing what I love. Ultimately, I aim to obtain my Masters in Studies so I can become a neonatal physician assistant. I would like to practise neonatal medicine and actively participate in diagnostic and neonatal treatment research. I would tell students considering a future in STEM to find what they are passionate about. Remember, it does not matter what other people think. When you find what you are passionate about, you won’t want to settle for anything else. of Alabama at BirminghamMajoring in MathematicsMinoring in heard about the programme when the visited a class I attended. She gave a presentation and I fell in love with the programme instantly. I applied, interviewed and was offered the position. I work with individual students as well as groups. As students experience the lab, I ask critical thinking questions, guide their thought process, and provide instructions for the experiments. I love that STEM is a collection of separate disciplines that aren’t really separate at all! If you study one STEM field, you get to study them all – STEM subjects all rely on each other to work. Being involved in STEM means you’re involved in something much bigger and more important than you think. Working at is incredibly rewarding and fun. I get to tell a new group of students how awesome STEM is every time I work! My passion is education and the lab is the perfect place to encourage learning in a way that makes students excited. I plan on teaching maths at high school level before moving on to school administration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing an individual's experience in a STEM ambassador role, emphasizing how they mentor students and stimulate interest in STEM fields. The narrator discusses their passion for STEM and how they influence others to discover their interests, which aligns with the notion that space programs can inspire education and career paths in STEM.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic pollution in the ocean can be removed by a single cleanup technology. [SEP] Text: 2 Microplastics in drinking-water; Organization: Geneva, 2019. License: CC-BY-NC-SA 3. 0 IGO. There is no corresponding record for this reference. 3Law, K. L. Plastics in the Marine Environment. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2017, 9, 205– 209, DOI: 10. 1146/annurev-marine-010816-060409 3Plastics in the review of marine science (2017), 9 (), 205-229 ISSN:. Plastics contamination in the marine environment was first reported nearly 50 years ago, less than two decades after the rise of commercial plastics production, when less than 50 million metric tons were produced per year. In 2014, global plastics production surpassed 300 million metric tons per year. Plastic debris has been detected worldwide in all major marine habitats, in sizes from microns to meters. In response, concerns about risks to marine wildlife upon exposure to the varied forms of plastic debris have increased, stimulating new research into the extent and consequences of plastics contamination in the marine environment. Here, I present a framework to evaluate the current understanding of the sources, distribution, fate, and impacts of marine plastics. Despite remaining knowledge gaps in mass budgeting and challenges in investigating ecological impacts, the increasing evidence of the ubiquity of plastics contamination in the marine environment, the continued rapid growth in plastics production, and the evidence-albeit limited-of demonstrated impacts to marine wildlife support immediate implementation of source-reducing measures to decrease the potential risks of plastics in the marine ecosystem. >> More from SciFinder ® D. ; Walker, T. R. International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 118 (1–2), 17– 26, DOI: 10. 1016/j. marpolbul. 2017. 02. 048 4International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A reviewXanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. Bulletin (2017), 118 (1-2), 17-26CODEN: ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd. ) Marine plastic pollution has been a growing concern for decades. Single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads) are a significant source of this pollution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of plastic pollution in the marine environment and highlighting the need for source-reducing measures. It indicates that marine plastic pollution is a significant issue, with a variety of plastic debris affecting marine habitats. The mention of knowledge gaps in mass budgeting and challenges in investigating ecological impacts suggests that relying on a single cleanup technology may not be sufficient to address the widespread and varied forms of plastic contamination.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The sustainable harvest residuals and thinnings alone are estimated at about 75 million tons/year accordingly to the DOE biomass report [1]. These forest residuals and thinnings could produce the equivalent of 5 billion gallons of lignocellulosic ethanol annually. Woody biomass feedstocks include softwood and hardwood. Various pretreatment methods have been developed for pretreating biomass before an enzymatic conversion of pretreated biomass into monomeric sugars for a biofuel or a bioproduct conversion process. An overview on lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment methods well described that most of the pretreating methods worked well on herbaceous biomass and hardwood biomass while not working well with high lignin content softwood biomass [2]. Thus, softwood biomass is the most recalcitrant biomass to pretreat for enzymatic hydrolysis. To utilize the most recalcitrant lignocellulosic materials, an efficient, scalable and cost effective pretreatment method is needed. Bisulfite pulping was a widely used industrial method for pretreating woody biomass for papermaking industries. In 1867, Tilghman invented the use of calcium bisulfite to pulp wood [3, 4]. The first commercial sulfite process for sulfite pulp production was built in 1874 in Bergvik, Sweden [5]. Due to its effectiveness in lignin sulfonation and lignin removal from wood, bisulfite or sulfite pulping has been used for almost 14 decades in the papermaking industry. In addition, spent sulfite pulping liquor is rich in hemicellulose sugars, such as arabinose, galactose, mannose and xylose. However, the spent sulfite liquor also contains some glucose. Spent sulfite liquor has been a source of hemicellulosic sugar for renewable biofuel fermentation, as demonstrated by Tembec for over two decades [6]. Sulfite pulping sludge has been found highly digestible by enzymes and suitable for producing lignocellulosic ethanol [7–9]. The cost that goes into producing a bleached sulfite pulp, however, is high compared to the price of the sugar that it could replace. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of lignocellulosic biomass and methods for pretreating it for biofuel production, particularly focusing on the challenges and methods involved in utilizing woody biomass. However, it does not specifically address bioengineered yeast or its role in producing biofuels from sugars, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: My dream is to run for office and influence educational policy in a way that encourages schools to be more open with students about opportunities and options. If you are considering studying in STEM, don’t ever think that you’re done learning. STEM is so exciting; there will always be something new to learn and discoveries to be made! of Alabama at BirminghamMajoring in MathematicsMinoring in the 10. 33424/89 Link to the activity sheet Can you meet Liz’s challenge and make an LED circuit? Download the Ppt. and see! 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Research’s new is designed to inspire creativity and innovation. Johnson teaching students about the properties of liquid nitrogen. works with a student from School. Josh Hill, left, and Caleel Holifield, both freshmen at School, show off the drones they built at Southern Research’s Drone Academy. Johnson teaching students about solar energy. A themed drone designed and printed by high school students during Drone Academy. Johnson works with students in the new STEM lab. education specialist at Southern Research, has developed new content for the field trips. from left, Liz Johnson, Ph. D. () and Kathryn Lanier, Ph. D. (Director). The importance of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) can hardly be overstated. These areas of research affect our everyday lives in numerous ways, from the smartphones we have, to the houses we live in, from the energy we use, to the medicine we benefit from; none would be possible without STEM. It is vital that teachers and mentors across the world encourage active student participation in STEM – something that Johnson is passionate about. Based at in Alabama, USA, Liz is a STEM education specialist who, along with her colleague Lanier, devises STEM outreach activities such as summer learning programmes, field trips, after-school programming and science fairs. The programme targets 6th-12th grade students (11-18 year olds). ? Liz and the team want to expose students to the wonders and excitement of STEM and strengthen their confidence in pursuing STEM careers. They do this by engaging them in activities that will be increasingly relevant as the world becomes ever more STEM-centric. Although the ultimate aim of the programme is the same for all ages, there are differences between middle and high school students. “The STEM content of each programme is designed to align with the standards and curriculum of the participating age groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in everyday life and highlighting efforts to encourage student participation in STEM fields. It specifically mentions Liz Johnson's passion for exposing students to STEM activities and strengthening their confidence in pursuing STEM careers, which aligns with the assertion that space programs inspire STEM education and careers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All marine species thrive equally in artificial habitats. [SEP] Text: distribution of numbers of species and the median number of species from 386 selected fossil communities are tabulated for high stress, variable nearshore, and open marine environments during the Lower, Middle, and Upper Paleozoic, the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. The number of species always increases from high stress to variable nearshore to open marine environments. Within-habitat variation in number of species is small for long intervals of the Phanerozoic. The median number of species in communities from high stress environments remains fixed at about 8 from the Cambrian to the Pleistocene. In open marine environments, the median is near 30 for the Middle and and almost the same for the Mesozoic. Increases of 50% in median number of species between the Lower and and 2 times between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic occur in open marine environments with parallel, but less pronounced, increases in variable nearshore environments. Conditions controlling overall within-habitat species richness changed at those times. These changes do not correlate directly with evolution of new major taxa, change in physical conditions, predation, space availability or oxygen supply. They may be related to changes in resource availability influenced by factors such as the developing terrestrial flora, to lag-time inherent in the evolutionary process of diversification, or to as yet undetermined factors. Although provinciality determines total species richness for the biosphere, the within-habitat data suggest that the number of marine invertebrate species in the world has increased since the Middle Paleozoic, contrary to Raup's (1976b) contention, but possibly only by about 4 times, not the order of magnitude or more suggested by Valentine (1970). 10. 1017/S0094837300005236 [Opens in a new window] © options Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. ) 1973. Tectonic deformation of composite-mold fossil Bivalvia (Mollusca). Am. J. Sci. , Cooper Vol. 273-A:409–430. 1974. Resource partitioning in Paleozoic benthic communities. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. with Programs. 6:643. 1977. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that suggests varying species richness across different environments. It mentions how the median number of species increases from high stress environments to variable nearshore and open marine environments, indicating that not all conditions support marine species equally. The statement that the number of marine invertebrate species has increased but varies depending on habitat conditions implies that artificial habitats, which might replicate these conditions differently, are unlikely to support all marine species equally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Conventional bisulfite pulping time is as long as 6–10 hours [10], and the calcium bisulfite usage is about 31–35% on wood, equivalent to 9. 7–10. 9 total combined SO2 on wood [11]. Zhu et al. [12] introduced a sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocellulose (SPORL) where the effective pretreatment was conducted at a higher temperature of 180°C for 30 minutes with 8–10% bisulfite and 1. 8–3. 7% sulfuric acid on wood. Faster pretreatment time, a bisulfite charge much less than that of bleachable grade bisulfite pulping, and avoiding bleaching and related unit operations downstream makes the cost of pretreatment more consistent with what can be a cost-effective replacement for sugar. In this paper, we introduce CLE Sugar, which begins with a mild bisulfite pretreatment and results in a high yield pretreated feedstock that enables enzymatic hydrolysis of even recalcitrant feedstocks such as softwood. It is operated at time and temperature conditions intermediate between SPORL and conventional bisulfite pulping times, uses less than half the bisulfite chemical as bisulfite pulping, and avoids the addition of any other acid. Thus, the mild bisulfite step lowers the cost of producing highly enzymatically digestible biomass and for subsequent lignocellulosic sugar production. ResultsBiomass feedstocksThe carbohydrate compositions of softwood chips (un-debarked Loblolly pine chips), hardwood chips (debarked maple chips) and switchgrass (Alamo variety) were analyzed. Table 1 below summarizes the carbohydrate composition of the biomass used. The carbohydrate composition of each biomass was determined by converting the polymeric sugars in the feedstock into monomeric sugars such as glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and galactose. Results in Table 1 show the original polymeric sugar composition of the biomass. The total polymeric sugar composition for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips and switchgrass samples used in the current study was 51. 8%, 58. 6% and 59. 5%, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels. It discusses conventional bisulfite pulping, the sulfite pretreatment method (SPORL), and carbohydrate compositions of various biomass feedstocks without mentioning yeast or biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: For example, in our green engineering field trip series, we use calculus with high school students and algebra with middle school students,” explains Liz. “A major similarity between the age groups is their level of excitement when entering our STEM Lab – it looks quite different to a typical school lab. When students enter, they tell us it looks like or Nickelodeon studios! ” designs field trips linked to its key research areas of Drug Discovery, Drug Development, Engineering, and Energy & Environment. For example, through the green engineering series, students explore renewable energy and are challenged to design the most energy efficient wind turbine or solar panel prototype. Liz describes another field trip focused on the spread of infectious diseases: “Students participate in a simulated disease outbreak and are tasked with collecting data to determine patient zero, while also considering the factors that led to the outbreak. They learn about the primary and secondary immune response and how it relates to vaccines for diseases, and they diagnose disease in patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). ” A key part of the programme is presenting students with real world problems that need solutions. Relevant background materials and resources are provided but, Liz explains, “Students are challenged to drive the design of the experiment themselves. ” Collaboration is achieved by having the students work in teams and, quite often, their first efforts are unsuccessful – this requires them to analyse their approach, reassess their strategy and try again. ? Liz and the team put on STEM shows which involve large-scale experiments designed to engage and inspire students. “Through these experiences, we hope to capture students’ attention and encourage them to participate in STEM courses and extra-curricular STEM activities,” says Liz. “We also aim to reinforce the concepts students are learning in their lessons through memorable and exhilarating demonstrations. ” “Last year, we offered a new week-long programme called that introduced high school students to computer aided design (CAD), 3D printing, electrical engineering, and drone technology,” enthuses Liz. “A major highlight of this programme was seeing the wide array of creative drone designs students developed in a matter of days, with little to no 3D modelling experience. We had drones that looked like UFOs, the from Star Wars, and one that even incorporated chicken feet as landing gear! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing various STEM initiatives, particularly through field trips and hands-on experiences that engage students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Liz highlights that such programs aim to inspire students and encourage their participation in STEM courses and activities. The STEM shows and challenges, alongside practical applications, are designed specifically to captivate students' attention and motivate them towards future careers in STEM, which aligns directly with the claim regarding the inspirational impact of space programs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars would require large-scale atmospheric modifications. [SEP] Text: You would almost have to strip-mine the entire planet in order to put that gas back into the atmosphere, and that won’t work because once you put it there it’ll go right back into the regolith. So this question of how easy it is to get it out of these sinks and into the atmosphere is a really important one. Ultimately, it’s not possible. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIf it were to become possible to do somehow, melting the polar ice caps seems to be the most popular solution. How much CO2 is actually trapped there? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyAt one time we thought there might have been the equivalent of an Earth’s atmosphere of gas in the polar caps, but that idea is demonstrably wrong based on our knowledge today. The estimates today are that if you put all the CO2 in the polar caps into the atmosphere it would only double the atmospheric pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo that’s not even close? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyNo, so that’s a very small increment. This amount of CO2 just isn’t enough to even have a start at raising the temperature or the pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackayAnd what about if we added the CO2 from the other sources, the rocks and the minerals, the soil, and released all of the CO2 from all these different reserves? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWe’ve looked at how much CO2 can be locked up in each of these sinks for CO2 that are remaining on the planet. If we could mobilise all of it and put it back into the atmosphere, we would still have less than 10% of the amount of CO2 we need to raise the temperature. So, the most we can get is a tiny fraction of what would be needed. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIs that what you expected to find? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIt’s the answer we knew going in. I think within the Mars community this is not a surprising answer. I’ll be honest, that’s why we wrote this paper, because people are getting up and talking about how easy it is to terraform the planet, without having a realistic understanding of what would be involved and where the CO2 is and how much there is. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the significant challenges facing the idea of terraforming Mars, particularly regarding atmospheric modifications. The interviewee, Bruce Jakosky, discusses that extracting CO2 from various reserves on Mars and mobilizing it to thicken the atmosphere would still result in less than 10% of the amount needed. He emphasizes that the idea of easily terraforming Mars is based on unrealistic assessments, indicating that large-scale atmospheric modifications are not only required but are, in fact, exceedingly difficult to achieve.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Biomass carbohydrate composition Full size tableThe wood chips were re-chipped with a Bearcat garden chipper with a 1. 91 cm screen to obtain smaller size chips. 3-mm round-hole fines were removed to avoid circulation problems in a 28. 3-liter pilot pretreatment reactor. The resulting wood chip size distribution for the softwood chips was 24% “pin size” chips (passes a 7 mm round hole screen, retained on a 3 mm round hole screen), and 76% “accept size” chips (retained on a 7 mm round hole screen). All softwood chips were less than 8 mm thickness. The lengths of the re-chipped chips ranged approximately from 20 to 40 mm. PretreatmentA few biomass feedstocks, including un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips, and Alamo switchgrass were pretreated in the pilot digester with the mild bisulfite pretreatment method as described in the method section. Table 2 shows the pretreated biomass yield and prehydrolysate amount after the pretreatment. Due to the mild bisulfite pretreatment condition, a high biomass yield was obtained at 74. 9%, 69. 3%, and 81. 6%, respectively for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips, and switchgrass. The prehydrolysate has a reducing sugar titer around 2. 6–3. 7% that is mostly hemicellulose sugars. The prehydrolysate sugars account for 15, 18, and 11% of the biomass sugar, respectively for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips and switchgrass. In the pretreatment chemistry and mild conditions, the furan compound formation was 1. 29% of biomass feedstock for Loblolly pine and 1. 10% for maple, as shown in Table 3. Table 2 Biomass parameters before and after acidic calcium bisulfite pretreatment Full size tableTable 3 Furan formation Full size tableThe pretreated biomass carbohydrate compositions are shown in Table 4. Table 2 shows the hemicellulose solubilization and hydrolysis to hemicellulosic sugars in the prehydrolysate. These hemicellulosic sugars include arabinose, galactose, xylose and mannose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address or relate to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels. Instead, it discusses biomass feedstocks, their composition, and pretreatment methods, without mentioning yeast or biofuel production. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: We also had a special guest, Crawford from the University of Alabama, who shared his research on brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and showed students how to pilot a drone using their brain waves and an electroencephalogram (EEG) sensor! ” As with everything Liz and the team at devise, such programmes are about instilling a long-term love of STEM. She adds, “Academy led some students to pursue internship opportunities, as well as enrol in pilot licence programmes. ” The opportunities offered by are wide and varied because, as Liz knows, that is the joy of STEM itself. . : : Liz is part of Southern Research’s programme, which enhances 6th-12th grade STEM education by drawing upon the expertise and scholarly contributions of the community. : of Alabama, Foundation of. of Alabama at in Minoring in a high school senior, I was for the Math & Science programme when we presented at the 2019 exposition at Southern Research. I thought it would be amazing to work there. Six months later, I listened to a lecture given by Lanier who spoke about openings for STEM ambassadors. A month later, I started as an ambassador! I assist with stimulating lab experiences for a variety of STEM branches, mentoring students to discover their passions, and having conversations to probe students’ interests and understanding. My role involves influencing somebody else’s future and that’s priceless. I have gained confidence in my ability to lead others, which has led to my growth as a student and an employee. I have been exposed to new situations and opportunities. Most importantly, I have gotten affirmation that I am doing what I love. Ultimately, I aim to obtain my Masters in Studies so I can become a neonatal physician assistant. I would like to practise neonatal medicine and actively participate in diagnostic and neonatal treatment research. I would tell students considering a future in STEM to find what they are passionate about. Remember, it does not matter what other people think. When you find what you are passionate about, you won’t want to settle for anything else. of Alabama at in in heard about the programme when the visited a class I attended. She gave a presentation and I fell in love with the programme instantly. I applied, interviewed and was offered the position. I work with individual students as well as groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how various programs enhance STEM education and directly inspire students to pursue careers in STEM fields. Liz mentions that their programs instill a long-term love of STEM, and students involved have pursued internships and pilot license programs, demonstrating a tangible impact in motivating students towards STEM careers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is as simple as releasing greenhouse gases on the planet. [SEP] Text: 01 August 2018 Podcast: Bird colour perception, terraforming Mars, and attributing extreme weather Hear the latest science news, brought to you by. Subscribe iPodcast acast RSS This week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. Your browser does not support the audio element. Download MP3See transcriptIn this episode:00:54 Modifying Mars’s atmosphereA lack of carbon dioxide might hamper efforts to make the habitable. Research Paper: Jakosky & Edwards08:52 How discerning zebra finches discern colourNew research shows that female zebra finches can differentiate orange from red. Research paper: Caves et al. 15:09 Research HighlightsA dinosaur with giant feet, and record breaking nanop10. 1038/d41586-018-05860-0 week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. IntroductionThis is a transcript of the 2nd August 2018 edition of the weekly Nature Podcast. Audio files for the current show and archive episodes can be accessed from the index page ( which also contains details on how to subscribe to the for FREE, and has troubleshooting top-tips. Send us your feedback to podcast@nature. com. [Jingle] Host: Adam LevyWelcome back to the Nature Podcast. This week, we’ll be taking a peek at how zebra finches see colour, and we’ll be hearing about a problem with plans to terraform Mars. Host: Ellie MackayPlus, we’re learning how researchers are linking individual extreme weather events to climate change. I’m Ellie Mackay. Host: Adam LevyAnd I’m Adam Levy. [Jingle] Interviewer: Ellie MackayFirst up this week: have you ever thought about living on Mars? Right now, it’s not the most inviting environment. But there have been plenty of ideas about how that might be changed. Here’s – he’s one of the authors of a paper in this week, and he’s been looking at how realistic some of these ideas might be. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyRight now, the average temperature at the surface of Mars is about -60 °C, and if we could raise it up to 0 °C, then we could have liquid water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are significant challenges and complexities involved in terraforming Mars, specifically mentioning that 'a lack of carbon dioxide might hamper efforts to make [Mars] habitable.' This suggests that simply releasing greenhouse gases may not be sufficient for making Mars habitable, contradicting the idea that the process is simple.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The hemicellulose glucomannan also contains glucose, which was present in small amount in the prehydrolysate due to the glucomannan hydrolysis to glucose and mannose. The pretreated biomass solid has a higher glucan composition and lower hemicellulose composition. The higher glucan composition was also due to the partial dissolution of sulfonated lignin into the prehydrolysate (data not shown). Table 4 Pretreated biomass carbohydrate compositions Full size tableEnzymatic hydrolysis and total sugar yieldHigh dosage enzymatic hydrolysis is used to assess the maximum amount of sugar that can be enzymatically released from the pretreated biomass. A low consistency hydrolysis of 5% pretreated biomass was used. Each gram of pretreated biomass was applied with a high enzyme dose of 0. 34 g Sigma enzyme mixture. The total sugar yield is defined as the total monomeric sugars from the prehydrolysate and from the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass. The total sugar yields are summarized in Table 5. The results indicate that the total sugar yields from the pretreatment were 85. 8%, 94. 0% and 80. 2%, respectively for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips and switchgrass. Table 5 Sugar yields from pretreated biomass Full size tableHigher solids hydrolysis is required to achieve a high sugar titer. Table 6 summarizes the total sugar titer of enzymatic hydrolyses at 5% and 17% solid consistency for the pretreated un-debarked Loblolly pine chips. At 17% solids hydrolysis, a lower enzyme dose of 0. 075 g enzyme mixture per gram of pretreated biomass was used. This translates into an enzyme dose of 0. 056 g enzyme mixture per gram of untreated biomass. With this low enzyme dosage, the total sugar yield was 76. 6% for the un-debarked Loblolly pine chips. In addition, Novozymes CTec2 enzyme product was also tested on the high solids loading with an enzyme dosage of 0. 044 g CTec2 product per gram of pretreated biomass or 0. 033 g CTec2/g untreated wood. CTec2 achieved a total sugar yield of about 85%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the composition of pretreated biomass and the enzymatic hydrolysis process to yield sugars from biomass. It does not mention bioengineered yeast or its role in producing biofuels, hence it does not support, contradict, or address the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: In his lab, I fell in love with the excitement and freedom of pursuing scientific questions that no one knew the answers to and I loved the collaborative environment. Through my dissertation work with Ryan, I discovered a passion for mentoring undergraduates in the scientific process. Watching students progress from timid lab assistants to individuals designing and driving their own research projects lit a fire within me to pursue STEM education. I wanted to continue to make a positive impact on future generations through engaging students in hands-on, experiential STEM learning and give them the opportunity to experience the addictive ‘light bulb moment’ when a new idea or concept clicks! Failure, tenacity and collaboration. Whether an experiment doesn’t pan out or a grant is denied, failure is an all too common occurrence in the scientific world. Rather than seeing those failures as dead ends, I learned to embrace them as opportunities to try new research techniques or re-evaluate research proposals. felt discouraged, I reached out to my lab mates and mentors, and we worked together to develop new ideas, or they offered different perspectives that helped improve my work. These attributes continue to help me be successful in my career in STEM education. ? I am a strong believer in ‘teamwork makes the dreamwork’, so I will often seek advice and input from my co-workers, family, or friends. Often, they have come across similar challenges and can provide valuable insights. I have found it very helpful to get together with a group to bounce ideas and solutions around. Two brains are better than one! My ultimate career goal is to help develop and improve scientific literacy among K-12 students. While not every student will pursue a career in STEM, the critical thinking and problem-solving skills they learn in STEM courses will help them succeed at school and in their career, and it will help them understand and make informed decisions about many of the issues society faces, like climate change, vaccine development, and genetically modified foods. LIZ’1. Say yes to almost every opportunity. The best way to figure out what interests you or what you’re passionate about is to give it a try. Trying different things can also help illuminate what you don’t like. So, join the robotics team, take the elective class on marine biology, participate in a creek clean up, or volunteer at a local hospital! 2. Don’t be discouraged by failure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the author's passion for mentoring undergraduates in scientific processes and the importance of hands-on, experiential STEM education. The author emphasizes the critical thinking and problem-solving skills gained from STEM courses, which align well with the statement that space programs inspire STEM careers. By highlighting personal experiences and the desire to develop scientific literacy among students, the text supports the notion that initiatives in STEM, potentially including those inspired by space programs, positively influence students' education and career paths.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is as simple as releasing greenhouse gases on the planet. [SEP] Text: That would allow us to function as humans in the environment without the need for domes or habitats. Interviewer: Ellie MackayBruce is talking about the concept of terraforming Mars – modifying the atmosphere to make the planet more Earth-like, and therefore habitable. But it’s not just the temperature that’s an issue. For us to live there, the atmospheric pressure of Mars would need to be 150 times greater than it is today. Yet proposals to terraform Mars have become increasingly popular. I asked Bruce how realistic the concept of terraforming Mars actually is. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWhat you can’t see is that I’m smiling at that question, because the less we know about how we would actually terraform Mars, the easier we think it is, and as you begin to explore it, it gets harder and harder. Right now, it’s in the realm of science fiction because we don’t really know how to do it, and I think the fact that we’re changing the environment on the Earth inadvertently underscores the fact that we really don’t understand how climates work. Despite that, a lot of people have been speculating in the press lately about how easy it might be to terraform Mars. Our paper will be an interesting contrast to that, in terms of dashing some people’s hopes, to be honest. Interviewer: Ellie MackayWell that doesn’t sound very encouraging, but to start off with, can you explain what’s actually being proposed? So, from a scientific point of view, how might we overcome these barriers of temperature and pressure? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIf we wanted to terraform Mars, the way we would do it would be to put a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. That would serve both functions of increasing the pressure and by trapping heat from the sun, increasing the temperature. And that really depends on the availability of greenhouse gases or our ability to manufacture them. The most available and accessible greenhouse gas at Mars would be carbon dioxide – CO2. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, and so this is what your research was looking at? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that terraforming Mars is a complex process. Bruce Jakosky states that while it is possible to put greenhouse gases into the atmosphere to increase temperature and pressure, the overall task of terraforming is portrayed as becoming 'harder and harder' to achieve, indicating that it is not as simple as just releasing gases. He suggests that the current understanding of how to terraform Mars is still in the realm of science fiction due to the complexities involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This indicated that the CTec2 enzyme product has a higher specific activity than the Sigma enzyme mixture. Table 6 Sugar titer from low and high consistency hydrolysis of pretreated un-debarked Loblolly pine chips Full size tableDiscussionThe mild bisulfite pretreatment provided high yield in both pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis with lower furan formation. The CLE Sugar process, while as yet unoptimized, is effective on un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips, and switchgrass. The total pretreatment time is 1. 5 to 2. 25 hours including temperature ramp-up time, which is much shorter than 6–10 hours in the conventional sulfite pulping process. The mild bisulfite step provides much higher biomass throughput and uses much less chemical on biomass than conventional sulfite pulping. It also does not require bleaching, a significant cost in conventional sulfite pulping. In fact, the pretreated biomass can be enzymatically hydrolyzed even without washing, resulting in a simpler process. Washing may prove beneficial, however. The pretreated biomass is highly digestible by enzymes and thus can provide a few process options for lignocellulosic sugar production and its sugar integration in a lignocellulosic biofuel or renewable chemical plant. These options include (1) pretreated biomass materials preloaded with enzymes, (2) lignocellulosic sugar syrup and (3) lignocellulosic sugar solids. A process flow chart is shown in Figure 1 for the three lignocellulosic sugar options. Figure 1 Lignocellulosic sugar production options from lignocellulosic biomass pretreated in a mild bisulfite process. Full size image (1). Pressed pretreated materials without and with enzyme: After the pretreatment, the pretreated biomass is refined without water addition. The lignosulfonate is removed as a byproduct from the prehydrolysate. The lignosulfonate less prehydrolysate is adjusted to a pH that can neutralize the pretreated biomass to pH 5. 0. The pH adjusted material is pressed to a solid density, e. g. 40% or higher. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass for sugar production but does not mention bioengineered yeast or their role in biofuel production. It focuses on lignocellulosic sugar production options and the benefits of the mild bisulfite pretreatment process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: Utilizing inquiry-driven science outreach to curate Cave fossils and inspire the pursuit of STEM careers and education Open access Published: 16 August 2021 Utilizing inquiry-driven science outreach to curate Cave fossils and inspire the pursuit of STEM careers Cory M. : orcid. org/0000-0002-3153-55641, Susumu Tomiya2 nAff4, Kathleen Bitterman2, Kacia Cain3 & …Julie A. Meachen2 Show authors Evolution: Education and Outreach 2014. Thirty-four high school students have participated, consisting of 24 women and 10 men, with 19 of the students belonging to African American, Middle Eastern, Asian, and Hispanic ethnicities. The students helped to identify and curate 3,700 NTC fossil specimens. Several of the students presented posters on the work they did during this outreach program at the multiple district and state science fairs in Iowa and received accolades. Only the 2017–2019 students were surveyed, but all the students reported gaining a deeper understanding of the scientific process and the utility of paleontology. One student even reported changing their career goal from undecided to a STEM field. The framework developed for the NTC outreach program can be easily modified to fit the needs or structure of another research project, community partnership, science laboratory, or museum facility, with the target audience being students from middle school to undergraduate. This type of STEM outreach program can also help improve scientific literacy and generate much-needed excitement and interest in science, at a time when many students are exploring potential career paths. IntroductionAddressing challenges of the twenty-first century (e. g. , climate change, loss of biodiversity, food security, new pathogens, environmentally induced health issues) requires a competent STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) workforce, composed of scientists, engineers, policymakers, and the public, who recognize the gravity of these challenges and can devise creative solutions. This can only be achieved through the significant integration of STEM disciplines into K-16 education (Brewer and Smith 2011; Cook et al. 2014; Grant et al. 2017; Haak et al. 2011; Honey et al. 2014; Jarrett and Burnley 2003; Maltese et al. 2014; Council 2012; Nazier 1993; Potvin and Hasni 2014). Despite the rising emphasis on STEM education in the last two decades, the has seen little change in student performance, based on international assessments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how inquiry-driven science outreach related to cave fossils successfully inspires students to pursue STEM careers and education. It highlights the transformation in one student's career goal to a STEM field as a direct result of their participation in the outreach program. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of integrating STEM disciplines into educational frameworks to meet modern challenges, which aligns with the idea that space programs can have a similar inspirational effect on students.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is as simple as releasing greenhouse gases on the planet. [SEP] Text: Interviewee: Bruce JakoskySo, we wanted to look at the inventory of CO2 on the planet – where reservoirs of CO2, if you will, reside, how much would be there, and how easy it would be to mobilise it and put it back into the atmosphere. Interviewer: Ellie MackayEssentially, that’s what we’re doing to this planet with global warming and we’re trying to force a way to do that somewhere else. So it’s like we could send all of our industry and all of our fossil fuel burning over to Mars, and it would have a beneficial effect over there, instead of… Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThat’s absolutely right. We don’t even need to send the manufacturing and industry to Mars, we could just ship all the CO2 there. And that would solve both planets’ problems. It’s totally facetious and absolutely unworkable. We don’t have that much CO2 in our atmosphere, and the number of rockets you would have to ship to get the CO2 there is immense. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, so if we can’t ship it there, let’s get back to this idea of using reserves of CO2 on Mars. Your paper mentions several possible sinks – there’s CO2 in the polar ice, there’s some in minerals called carbonates, and there’s gas that gets bound to the layer of soil called the regolith on the surface of the planet. So, that seems like a lot of different places for the CO2 to be trapped. How might we mobilise or release it from these sources? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyProbably the easiest is the CO2 locked up in the polar ice. All you need to do is spread dark dust over the polar caps, and it would absorb more sunlight and heat up. That’s the easiest one, and if that sounds hard, you may not like the next ones. The carbonates you have to heat up to temperatures at which they break apart, and that’s around 300 °C. That automatically means a large scale industrial operation, and it wouldn’t get you very much. I think the most difficult CO2 to mobilise is gas that is physically attached to the soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in mobilizing CO2 on Mars. Bruce Jakosky points out that the idea of simply shipping CO2 to Mars is 'totally facetious and absolutely unworkable' due to the immense logistical challenges and the limited amount of CO2 on Earth. Furthermore, the text explains the varied challenges of releasing CO2 from sources on Mars, such as requiring industrial operations at high temperatures for certain carbonates, indicating that the process is far from simple.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After pH adjustment and pressing, the high density pretreated biomass can be sprayed with sufficient amount of enzyme and properly wrapped under clean-in-place (CIP) condition. This pressed biomass loaded with enzymes can be shipped from a centralized biomass pretreatment center to existing sugar users, such as ethanol plants, for hydrolysis and conversion. This option requires the end user to install a hydrolysis tank for hydrolysate production before a conversion process, but a benefit of shipping the pretreated biomass with enzymes is that initial hydrolysis takes places faster, reducing the amount of time required to liquefy the pretreated feedstock. In some applications, simultaneous saccharification fermentation can be applied depending on end user’s process specifications. (2). Lignocellulosic sugar syrup: To ease the end user’s application in utilizing pretreated biomass, lignocellulosic sugar syrup can be first produced in the centralized lignocellulosic sugar production plant. The pretreated biomass is first enzymatically hydrolyzed to a hydrolysate, which is clarified to removal insoluble solids. The clarified lignocellulosic sugar hydrolysate can be concentrated to lignocellulosic sugar syrup that has a total sugar titer of 50–70%. Due to the high density and sugar titer of lignocellulosic sugar syrup, transportation cost of sugar syrup to a biofuel plant will be less than shipping the untreated biomass or the pretreated biomass. The use of lignocellulosic sugar syrup is much easier than the pretreated biomass since the lignocellulosic sugar stream can be easily blended into the existing process. (2). Lignocellulosic sugar solid: Another option of lignocellulosic sugar format is the solid lignocellulosic hydrolysate. The lignocellulosic sugar syrup can be further processed to evaporate most of the water content to form a lignocellulosic sugar solid. This sugar solid has over 80-90% sugar content and can be bagged for shipping to the end user for a biofuel or biochemical production process that requires a much higher concentration of sugar in their feed stream. The sugar solid has minimal moisture content and properly sealed sugar solids can be stored without requiring a tank. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses processes related to biomass pretreatment, hydrolysis, and the production of sugar syrup and solids, but it does not specifically discuss bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast and its applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: For many students, specimen-based learning encourages their curiosity, drawing upon their personal interests, and can engage students who may not normally be an active classroom participant or have different learning styles, including those with limited English proficiency. Such experiences increase the prospect of recruiting underrepresented groups into STEM fields (Hughes 2018; Meyer et al. 2012; Sadler et al. 2012; Smith-Doerr et al. 2017; Visaggi 2020; Wang and Degol 2017). This paper describes an outreach program that was developed for upper-level U. S. high school students (10th–12th grade) and centered around hands-on, inquiry-driven exercises using the disarticulated, large-bodied (> 3 kg) mammalian fossils from Cave (NTC). NTC is a well-known Quaternary (i. e. , Ice Age) fossil locality located in the Basin of Wyoming (Martin and Gilbert 1978; Fig. 1). This outreach program was developed in conjunction with a concurrent paleontological research project on NTC. The active research project examines how late Pleistocene warming events may have precipitated genetic and morphological changes in mammals whose remains had been preserved in the cave (e. g. , Meachen et al. 2016; Tomiya and Meachen 2018). The goal of the outreach program was to increase public high-school students’ exposure to evolutionary and whole organismal biology and geology and provide them with the opportunity to participate in paleontological research and collections care. Additional goals of the program were to increase excitement and interest in science, at a time when many students are exploring potential career paths, raising awareness about the necessity for natural history collections, and addressing student misconceptions about science and the scientific method. Fig. 1Map of the USA showing the location of Cave in relation to Des Moines, IowaFull size imageMethodsAll of the vertebrate fossils used in this outreach program came from NTC. NTC is a pitfall trap, with its only entrance consisting of a 24. 5 m (80 ft) drop. NTC is an important fossil locality that produces a wealth of disarticulated, large- and small-bodied vertebrates and pollen from the late Pleistocene and early Holocene epochs (Wang and Martin 1993). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing an outreach program aimed at engaging students in hands-on, inquiry-driven exercises related to paleontology. It emphasizes how such educational experiences can stimulate interest in science and possibly lead to careers in STEM fields, particularly for underrepresented groups. By focusing on increasing excitement and interest in science, the outreach program aligns well with the idea that space programs, similarly, can inspire STEM education and careers.