Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: By following certain biohacking protocols, you can eliminate the need for sleep entirely. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, if we cut our 40 winks short, we are sleepy the next day and typically sleep more soundly when we finally get to bed—so there is a need to get the right amount of slumber. Fish, flies, and even worms that meet these criteria have a brain of sorts, where nerve cells cluster and may be capable of coordinating sleep. So three Caltech graduate students decided to see whether a simple jellyfish, which lacks a brain but sports a ring-shaped nervous system in its bell-shaped body, could also sleep. Ravi Nath, Claire Bedbrook, and looked at several species of upside-down jellyfish in the genus Cassiopea, which tend to hang motionless in shallow tropical waters with its modified tentacles facing upward. Like corals but unlike most jellyfish, Cassiopea host algae in their bodies that help supply nutrients. They pulse their bells once per second, keeping water flowing over their bodies to sweep in food and sweep away waste. To document whether these jellies sleep, the grad students built special aquariums where cameras monitored the pulsing of 23 animals day and night for almost a week. At night, the jellyfish slowed to 39 pulses per minute, compared with about 60 per minute during the day, they report today in Current Biology. To see whether these slow-pulsers really were asleep, the students lifted the animals off their preferred place on the bottom of the tanks to the surface and measured how quickly the jellyfish started swimming back to the bottom. Like a groggy person early in the morning, the jellyfish tested at night were slow to respond. But they eventually roused themselves, and when they were lifted again 30 seconds later, they swam immediately to the bottom. But do jellyfish need sleep the way people do? To find out, the students deprived some of the animals of sleep by pulsing water across them every 20 minutes for 6 hours or 12 hours at night. The jellyfish were not as active the next morning—and were even less so if sleep deprived for 12 hours—but they completely recovered by the next day. As a final test, the researchers gave the jellyfish melatonin, an over-the-counter sleep-inducing substance, which seemed to knock out the jellyfish, they report. Thus, "We can tell they are sleeping in the same way you would tell that another person is sleeping," Raizen says. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the necessity of sleep, based on observations from a study on jellyfish. It discusses how jellyfish, when deprived of sleep, displayed reduced activity and needed time to recover, indicating that all creatures, including simple organisms like jellyfish, require sleep for optimal functioning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Достаточно убедительная находка растительных остатков, разделённых на ткани, с элементами проводящей системы была сделана в ордовикских отложениях Центральной Европы [14]. Они были отнесены к двум разным родам –et Greguss и et Greguss. В верхнеордовикских отложениях формации Юниата (Juniata Fm, Пенсильвания, США) обнаружены палеопочвы с педогенными карбонатами, явно освоенные почвенной инфауной [15]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the discovery of plant remnants and paleosols in the Ordovician deposits of Central Europe and Pennsylvania without directly addressing the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks, where attackers impersonate legitimate entities to steal information, are among the most common forms of cybercrime. [SEP] Text: In addition, they pull the attention to the other images to trick the users. 2. 2. Accessibility to Another channel to reach to the end users is via application stores, called application phishing. Android 09Droid phishing application is one good example that was intended to gather users’ banking credentials [8]. It has been reported that the 09Droid phishing application was uploaded to potential victims through the Android market app store, where most of the other apps are legitimate. Figure 2 shows a snapshot of a set of fake mobile Figure 1. Fake paypal web page and URL (left) vs. real paypal web page and URL (right). Figure 2. Screenshot of 09Droid banking applications with price information uploaded to market. banking applications uploaded in Android marketplace (the picture taken from a mobile device) with pricing information. Note that the targeted companies are mostly from North America, and the pricing was in GBP, leaving the prospective customers in the dark. It is unknown what the application performed behind the scene. However, it opens a login web page. It is likely that the application’s goal was to steal user credentials. Banking apps that were developed by 09Droid have been pulled from Android market ever since. The targeted companies include Sun Trust, Chase, Wachovia, Bank of America, and [8]. Phishing attacks are applicable for Apple app that runs on iPad and may have larger screen size. implemented a fake ito show how phishing works on an iOS iPad. First, a phishing email is sent to users informing them they need to install a “mandatory” SpamArrest page and enter university credentials (see Figure 3 for an example of email) [9]. Once the user follows the instruction, believing that it is legitimate, the application sets a new user profile. iOS allows applications to create unsigned and unverified profiles (as shown in Figure 4). Then, a user enters the password of the device if it has been set earlier. The last step is to delete the original iTunes app, and install the new fake one (see Figure 5). At this point, the fake iTunes app can be used to steal login credentials to the iTunes store easily. 2. 3. popular phishing method is using SMS messages; this method is called “smishing” [10]. It works the Figure 3. Screenshot of a phishing email targeting university employees. Figure 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed examples of phishing attacks, such as the 09Droid banking application that aimed to gather users' banking credentials by impersonating legitimate apps. It also describes various phishing techniques, including application phishing and smishing, where attackers trick users into providing sensitive information by mimicking legitimate entities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: By following certain biohacking protocols, you can eliminate the need for sleep entirely. [SEP] Text: Anders Garm, a neuroscientist at the University of Copenhagen, is unconvinced: "I would hesitate to call it sleep until you actually look at what happens in the nervous system," he explains. "There could be other mechanisms explaining this behavior. " For example, light may be controlling the variation in pulsing activity. Others, however, agree with the Caltech team. "The authors do a good job of demonstrating that jellyfish fulfill the most fundamental criteria for sleep," Joiner says. "These data strongly argue for the existence of sleep in Cassiopea," adds Buskirk, a geneticist who studies sleep at University in Northridge. What's more, the findings suggest that it's not just brains that need sleep; individual nerve cells may crave it as well, suggests. "It may be an inherent requirement of excitable cells. " The next challenge will be to see whether sponges, which are even lower on the tree of life than jellyfish, sleep, too. doi: 10. 1126/science. aaq0202 Relevant tags: Brain & BehaviorPlants & About the author mailShare on X Pennisi is a senior correspondent covering many aspects of biology for Science. More from news 23 Oct 2024 DNA ‘printing press’ could quickly store mountains of data F. Service 23 Oct 2024 Road metropolis unearthed in Uzbek mountains Lawler 23 Oct 2024 Predation, not fear of wolves, keeps elk from denuding View more Got a tip for Science's news department? up for ScienceScience’s award-winning newsletter with the latest news, commentary, and research, free to your inbox daily. ScienceInsider 21 Oct 2024Wilcox, ‘Daunting’: Hurricane-battered researchers assess damage from Helene and Milton 21 Oct 2024O’Nature retracts 75 papers connected to Spanish university head 21 Oct 2024Island scientists to launch Academy of Sciences 18 Oct 2024Pérez databases don’t fairly capture species richness of Global South, new data show View more 15 Oct 2024Pérez noses sniff 20 times faster than thought 10 Oct 2024pain of hot sauce may be in your head 10 Oct 2024Wilcox You’re wrong. Here’s why you keep insisting you’re right. 7 Oct 2024your blood pressure too high—or are you just holding your arm wrong? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting expert commentary on the necessity of sleep. Anders Garm expresses skepticism regarding the idea of eliminating sleep, suggesting that what is being described may not be true sleep, as he indicates the need to consider what happens in the nervous system. Furthermore, the statements from other experts emphasize that sleep may be an inherent requirement, not just for brains but also for cells, thereby undermining the validity of the claim that sleep can be entirely eliminated through biohacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Позднеордовикские и раннесилурийские криптоспоры и миоспоры известны из Северо-Восточной Ливии [16]. Комплексы спор вполне "наземного" облика описаны в среднеордовикских отложениях Омана [17]. Этими примерами далеко не исчерпываются ордовикские органические остатки, которые прямо или косвенно могут быть связаны с высшими наземными растениями. К их числу может быть причислена и Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, описание которой приводится в настоящей работе. Материал и методика. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses late Ordovician and early Silurian spores and organic remnants related to early land plants, but it does not directly address the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks, where attackers impersonate legitimate entities to steal information, are among the most common forms of cybercrime. [SEP] Text: Screenshot of iOS allowing unsigned and unverified profile. same way as phishing, but instead of an email, a victim receives a text message that asks for banking credentials or to claim a prize. Once the user receives the smishing message from a phone number, it is recommended to inform the cell phone carrier. If the number presents as 5000, it means it has been sent from an email instead of a cell phone. Figure 6 shows a snapshot of a smishing attack where a spoofed link is provided as part of SMS with an alluring message to a potential victim (winning a lottery). Figure 5. Original iTunes app removed and fake iTunes app installed. Figure 6. Screenshot of smishing. 2. 4. Wi-Fi and Vishing Wi-Fi phishing occurs when a user connects to the Internet via Wi-Fi hotspots. Evil twin is an example where attackers set up a Wi-Fi to eavesdrop on wireless communications where there is a legitimate Wi-Fi hotspot, such as at a Starbucks [12]. Vishing, voice mail phishing, is a phishing attack on mobile devices into Bluetooth phishing or Voice over IP phishing to reach users’ identification or financial information [11]. Other vishing schemes may play a message about a local or regional bank in the area by recording the greeting message of a real bank. Scammers attempt to greet victims and lure them into providing credentials for online banking [12]. 3. 3. 1. Common phishing detection systems for mobile devices include content-based filtering, blacklisting, and whitelisting [11]. We discuss them below briefly. We also show the extent to which they can be applied to detect smishing, vishing, and Wi-Fi attacks. Filtering: In this technique, content is examined for suspected URLs and matches the context of the URLs [13] - [16]. The approach supplements traditional spam filtering techniques. Content-Based filtering can be performed based on a set of rules or based on identifying statistical differences between benign and suspected phishing contents. It can effectively detect smishing, vishing, and Wi-Fi phishing attacks. Blacklisting: In this approach, based on human verification, a set of websites is explicitly listed as known phishing URLs [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing descriptions of various forms of phishing, such as smishing (phishing via SMS), vishing (voice phishing), and Wi-Fi phishing. It explains how attackers impersonate legitimate entities to deceive users into providing sensitive information, fitting the definition of phishing attacks cited in the claim. Additionally, it mentions phishing detection systems, emphasizing the prevalence and significance of phishing as a form of cybercrime.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: By following certain biohacking protocols, you can eliminate the need for sleep entirely. [SEP] Text: — (@ProfSnarky) February 11, 2018 14. (@ReadTheSyllabus): If you’re a professor who is utterly frustrated with inattentive, indifferent, and oblivious students, then you’re bound to relate to College Professor. With “cynical observations of colleagues and students,” is guaranteed to get a few laughs out of you with ludicrous accounts of college students that ask questions first and read the syllabus never! Good parking should have been the clue @jiminmilktease pic. twitter. com/2WKrxibr8j— (@ReadTheSyllabus) February 9, 2018 15. (@anonymousprofs): If you are certain that you simply don’t need to follow another college professor, will make you reconsider. With their edgy retorts to disgruntled college students, this group of witty professors will keep you asking for more. And who knows? You might even pick up a thing or two to use in your own classroom! Best teaching eval comment this year year: "This prof thinks she is some kind of expert. " Correct you are! Perhaps it's the PhD I earned. — (@anonymousprofs) May 30, 2016 16. RedPen/BlackPen (@redpenblackpen): RedPen/BlackPen translates funny ideas into unique, artistic comics, mainly focusing on academic research. It does a fantastic job of presenting some of the roadblocks researchers have to face while conducting research or writing their manuscripts. But what charmed me the most is the simple, honest appeal of the doodles that make up each comic. Navigating this landscape on a daily basis. #ManuscriptEarth #Writing #LOTR pic. twitter. com/7xwaYjuymc— RedPen/BlackPen (@redpenblackpen) February 21, 2018 17. (@LousyLibrarian): With a dash of irony and just the right helping of sarcasm, brings you the woes and struggles of being an underappreciated librarian in the age of the Internet. As the library swarmed with unattended kids, my colleague complained, "People just think of us as glorified babysitters. " thought: you know, that's not really fair. No one thinks we're glorified. — (@LousyLibrarian) February 19, 2018 18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses various social media interactions and observations about professors and librarians without addressing the idea of biohacking or sleep elimination. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Исследованные ископаемые остатки происходят из среднеордовикских отложений (валимская свита, ухакуский горизонт, лланвирнский ярус; подробнее см. [18, 19]), обнажающихся по правому берегу р. Волхов в 3 км выше плотины гидроэлектростанции в г. Волховстрой Ленинградской области (рис. 1, а). Обнажение представляет собой обрыв цокольной террасы р. Волхов высотой около 5 м (см. рис. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. It discusses fossil remains from the Middle Ordovician deposits in a specific geographic location without addressing plant evolution or its ecological implications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Language and communication are considered key factors in the development of early human societies. [SEP] Text: Despite the elevated role given to English in education, and the ongoing commitment to achieving English language outcomes, the widely-recognized reality is that, especially in early-grade contexts across the Solomon Islands, teachers make significant use of students’ first languages and/or Pijin as a means to at least ensure that a common code of meaningful communication is in place. In many situations, as observed in schools on in Temotu Province, this leads to a form of diglossia whereby the bulk of classroom oral communication is largely in L1 or Pijin, and all written communication by teacher or student is in English. This means that students must learn to read and write a language they seldom hear or speak, while not learning to read or write the language they can speak well. It is surprising when educators appear to be at a loss to explain why the overall outcomes delivered under this approach fail to meet acceptable national performance benchmarks. This 4. 1] Islanders will learn to speak, write and read in their mother tongue, and the use of our local languages will help to promote literacy and educational achievement in all sectors of our community. [4. 2] Students will learn English to a level that equips them to make choices for taking up study or employment opportunities…at home and abroad. The language policy fully understands key features of the vernacular education approach, and contains important guidelines for how multilingual outcomes are to be accomplished, such as: [6. 5] Students develop a high level of competence in vernacular literacy before being introduced to literacy in English. The policy endorses the established understanding that the longer students learn in and through their vernacular, the better they will eventually learn in English assuming that factors like teacher quality and resources are in place. One startling feature of the language policy, however, is its disinterest in dealing realistically with the modern role of Pijin in society and schools. It is not uncommon for educators and others to shy away from affording legitimacy to non-standard or stigmatized varieties of language, especially where they appear to be growing in both functionality and vitality. It is useful to compare this aspect of language policy to that of the neighboring Melanesian and linguistically complex country of Vanuatu where the local pidgin is known as Bislama. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the significant role of language, particularly in the context of education in the Solomon Islands. It highlights how the use of first languages and Pijin facilitates meaningful communication, indicating that language is critical for literacy and educational achievement in the community. The reference to students developing competence in their vernacular before transitioning to English illustrates how foundational language skills contribute to broader societal development, thereby corroborating the idea that language and communication are key factors in societal development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: Not really an autonomous solution to a big scale project of public transportation(Trains)SNCF [24,25]2442LIDARs with 360-deg with a range of 140 mGoA 4Increased safety. Reduced energy cost. Faster response and less delay due to autonomous featuresGovernment restrictions are limiting public research outside the company. There is not yet an existing outdoors autonomous train, not until 2022 or 2023(tractors)[29,30]3000Cameras that cover a 250 rangeSAE Level 2Capability of automatizing the farming and recollection process. Reduced cost of labor by 14%, fuel consumption by 14%, seed costs by 6%, and fertilizer costs by 6%More ambitious projects such as fully autonomous tractors are being developed and tested. They are intended to be produced in the mass market for ten more years(Robots)NAIO Technologies [33,34]2200N/ASAE Level 4Long-term reduction of costs for an overall production. More precision and less human errors. Perfect tool for small or compact territoriesSlow performance for a large project. Need of several robots that can be highly priced. Miscalculations for some tasks or when applying pesticides(Drones)DJI [31]2040RADAR with a 100-deg FOV. Cameras that cover a 200-m rangeSAE Level 4Design of the drone increases the ability for sensors to scan the environment and precisely identify better the field. RADAR based system is efficient because it is a controlled spaced where an expensive LIDAR is not requiredAccuracy and precision flaws could be encountered. The scanning feature could misbehave by not identifying the correct plantsLogisticsMercedez-Benz [37]5320with 130-deg FOV, short-range RADAR with 130-deg FOV, full range RADAR 250-m and 18-deg FOV, front stereo camera with 100-meters rangeSAE Level 4Implementation of a system using RADAR sensors for highway automated driving. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses various technologies, such as LIDAR, RADAR, and cameras, but focuses on their applications in other domains like public transportation and agriculture, rather than explicitly stating their use in autonomous vehicles for navigating streets safely. There are mentions of autonomous features for trains and tractors but no direct mention of how AI processes data specifically for street navigation in vehicles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1, б), сложенной чередованием зеленовато-серых, розоватых или светло-лиловых мергелей, часто образующих плитчатую отдельность с неровной бугристой поверхностью напластования. К средней части разреза (см. рис. 1, б, в) приурочен уровень, с которого происходят остатки Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological features and the presence of a specific fossil species, rather than the evolution of flowering plants or their ecological impact.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Language and communication are considered key factors in the development of early human societies. [SEP] Text: 3 current national curriculum guides teachers about what is to be taught, with the key element of primary education being to “develop the essential basic skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening” (MEHRD, 2010a, p. 11). Some direction on how to teach the curriculum is provided, but there is a puzzling lack of guidance regarding language of instruction. It appears that language policy was still under discussion as the curriculum was being prepared, so teachers are simply informed that a “policy on the use of the vernacular as a medium of instruction in early primary schooling is being developed” (p. 17). This is the policy already discussed (MEHRD, 2010b), which provides rationale for a bilingual approach whereby “teaching will be done in two languages, vernacular and English. Both are to be used as languages of instruction (LOI) in the learning process at the appropriate times. The teaching of vernacular languages will strengthen student understandings and performance in English” (foreword by the Minister of 2010b, p. 3). 4 at the time of writing, there was no separate language or literacy component in the primary learning areas, so all proposed language learning is covered in the English syllabus. As expected then, the focus of language instruction in the primary years is the acquisition of English language and literacy. There are various points at which the importance of L1 as an auxiliary or support language is recognized, and even encouraged. For example: –For the first three primary years, “there is an explicit and focused link between English and the other languages. Known languages are used to make the bridge into English. Teachers will use bilingual approaches to support strong learning of spoken English” (p. 6). –In developing “the most appropriate strategies for learning, teaching and assessment of English in the Solomon Islands, the most important consideration is that…English is a second, third or fourth language,…the strategies selected…must be those similar to foreign language methodology” (p. 10). –In the prescription for the oral strand of Year 2 English, one outcome is that students will “retell personal experiences and community events, sometimes with support from languages other than English” (p. 30). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of language in education and communication, particularly in early primary schooling. It highlights that teaching strategies involve the use of both vernacular and English, recognizing language's role in aiding comprehension and enhancing performance. The explicit mention of bilingual approaches to support learning, as well as the focus on using language as a medium to connect with personal and community experiences, illustrates how language and communication are foundational in developing educational and societal structures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 93020 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechAnalysis and by Murat Darçın From the by Murat Darçın To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 2035. However, can AVs prevent traffic accidents? Results show that use of AVs will stay as a concern, and it will be hard to either champion or oppose them. From a positive perspective, AVs will contribute to traffic safety, increase economic and social benefits, and contribute to environmental protection. However, from a negative point of view, AVs would be hacked, expose our data to third parties, cause liability problems, increase carbon emissions into the atmosphere, risk our health, and constitute a financial burden in economies. The first section will introduce this 1. year approximately 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents that also cost most countries millions of dollars [1]. However, this unfortunate phenomenon mostly stems from humans. According to the US Department of Transportation’s Administration (NHTSA), 94% of the severe traffic accidents happen because of human errors [2]. defines the causes of traffic accidents as unsafe factors, unsafe road environments, insufficient driver knowledge, failure to recognize the danger, and improper thinking [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that while autonomous vehicles (AVs) may contribute to traffic safety, they will not eliminate all traffic accidents. It mentions concerns over the potential risks of AVs, such as hacking, liability problems, and increased carbon emissions, suggesting that these factors could prevent AVs from entirely eliminating traffic accidents. Furthermore, the mention of human error being responsible for 94% of severe traffic accidents implies that even with AVs, accidents are still a potential outcome due to factors beyond the control of the technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Вместе с остатками волховиелл в слое присутствуют многочисленные панцири крупных трилобитов Xenasaphus devexus Eichwald, а также предполагаемые ходы роющих беспозвоночных, замещённые окислами и гидроокислами железа и часто имеющие ярко-зелёную окраску за счёт примазок тонкодисперсного глауконита (см. рис. 1, г). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses remnants of trilobites and burrowing invertebrates without addressing flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Language and communication are considered key factors in the development of early human societies. [SEP] Text: It is also acknowledged that some level of comparative multilingual awareness is of value, so that one anticipated outcome is that students will “recognize the links and differences between various languages—in and more widely—in order to understand the way English is structured and how English is used” (ibid. ). The syllabus is aware of content and language integrated learning, noting that for “learning in the classroom to be integrated and meaningful, teachers (will) make links between English other subjects. Learners’ learning and progress in other subjects depends on their ability to understand and use English” (p. 12). Good understanding of international findings regarding multilingual education is evident, with reference to key authorities (Cummins, 2000; Thomas & Collier, 2002), and important conclusions are drawn: learners take many years to become proficient academically in a second language; learners will not progress in English at the same rate as those who are monolingual English users; and teachers must make links to the languages that learners bring to the classroom, showing learners how language works and how English works. There has also been some movement in regard to resources, so that the upgraded version of the graded readers (Nguzunguzu series), distributed to schools in 2017–2018, contains advice and suggestions for teachers regarding bilingual strategies that could be employed with the English language readers. These factors suggest that the syllabus was put together by curriculum writers who were fully aware of the advantages that a full vernacular education approach would offer but were constrained by the English-only policy that was in place at the time. Consequently, no support, guidance or direction is given to teachers in regard to the acquisition of L1 literacy, or to the active use of L1 as the key language of instruction in the early grades. This leads to a significant perturbation in the messages that flow through to classroom teachers. While there has been noteworthy advance in top-level policy formulations that now support vernacular literacy and multilanguage education, teachers are still expected to comply with the teaching requirements and assessment regime of the existing English-focused curriculum framework. 5 steps of the Support intervention involved in-depth profiling of the targeted schools (see 5. 1 Schools and were eleven schools where a single vernacular language predominated, with more than 70% of children being first or second language speakers of the school community language. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the significance of language in educational contexts and its impact on learners’ progress. It highlights that 'teachers must make links to the languages that learners bring to the classroom,' indicating that an understanding of multiple languages is essential for meaningful learning. This supports the idea that language and communication have played crucial roles in societal education, echoing their importance in the development of early human societies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: A study prepared by the NHTSA to be presented to the US Congress defines the causes of traffic accidents as driver-related, vehicle-related, roadway-related, and atmospheric condition-related factors [4]. Law firms approach problems from a different point of view since they aim to defend people at courts. As a result, they list the reasons for accidents in accordance with their legal bases. From the view of a law firm in the USA, causes of accidents are long listed as follows: distracted driving, speeding, drunk driving, reckless driving, rain, running red lights, running stop signs, teenage drivers, night driving, design defects, unsafe lane changes, wrong-way driving, improper turns, tailgating, driving under the influence of drugs, ice, snow, road rage, potholes, drowsy driving, tire blowouts, fog, deadly curves, animal crossings, and street racing [5]. Some may suggest that tire blowouts or unseen road signs are not human-related. However, while drunk driving or running red lights are explicitly related to drivers, a tire that is not changed in time or an unseen road sign that is not controlled by road authority employee is still implicitly associated with humans and human errors. Overall, it can be said that almost all accidents arise from the faults of humans, as suggested by NHTSA [2]. Nevertheless, are the humans aware that they are the main reasons for traffic accidents? A recent study [6] researched the reasons behind the accidents by gathering data from the interview with police officers and drivers and traffic accident reports. Two of the main findings of the study are as follows:the reasons for accidents differ between the genders and across the age groups andwhen police officers and drivers are asked to assign the reasons for accidents, they only generated 25 possible causes; however, real accident reports included 63 accident causes [6]. The second finding mentioned above shows that the perceptions of people regarding accidents’ causes are inadequate to understand the reasons and dynamics of accidents. Conversely, some factors such as uncorrected eyesight were listed by police officers and drivers; however, that did not take enough place in crash reports. While even police officers may have difficulty in identifying reasons behind accidents, how can we expect humans to take necessary actions to prevent traffic accidents? Or from another point of view, can AVs perform better than humans in driving? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that many traffic accidents arise from human errors, such as distracted driving, speeding, and other factors related to drivers. It points out that even with awareness, humans struggle to correctly identify the reasons behind accidents, as noted by police officers and drivers who only recognized 25 potential causes compared to the 63 listed in accident reports. This suggests that simply deploying autonomous vehicles may not be sufficient to eliminate all traffic accidents, as the text emphasizes the complexity of accident causes and indicates a gap in human understanding and control over those factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Верхняя часть нижнеордовикских отложений и среднеордовикские отложения Прибалтики, включая Ленинградскую область, представляют собой регрессивную последовательность, которая закончилась режимом континентальных условий, существовавших в этом регионе в течение значительной части среднего ордовика, всего позднего ордовика, всего силура и раннего девона, и только в конце среднего девона режим денудации (сглаживания) на этой территории вновь сменился режимом оса [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses geological sequences and continental conditions during the Ordovician and Devonian periods but does not mention flowering plants or their evolution. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Language and communication are considered key factors in the development of early human societies. [SEP] Text: Overall, many teachers (40%) believed that policy prohibits the use of Pijin as a teaching language, which is not true, and more teachers (65%) thought that the policy does not support the use of the vernacular, which it does. 5. 4 Teachers and Beliefs about Languages in being unaware of the new policy directions, teachers believed that it would be beneficial to actively use first languages as languages of instruction. Their own experience as teachers exposed them to the impact of the pedagogical, social, and cultural underpinnings of the mother tongue approach. Along with this positive view of vernacular education, teachers also strongly maintained that the key output of the education system should be students with high levels of English language skills. They displayed a wide range of views about the order, timing, and progression of how students should learn L1 and L2, and how each language should function as a language of instruction. 5. 5 Students and their teachers, students in primary schools generally speak the vernacular language of their community as their first language. The larger languages (Natqgu, Äiwoo, and Vaeakau-Taumako) appear to be strong, although inroads of Pijin and some language shift are detected and referenced in community discourse. Students also display high levels of multilingualism, reflecting the communication patterns of their communities. Students who speak a vernacular as a first language will usually also know Pijin. Less than 20% of students did not know Pijin. The overall picture that emerges from the teacher and student profiling and survey data was that the conditions were ripe for a greater and more formalized inclusion of mother tongue instruction in the majority of the schools. 5. 6 Before any vernacular literacy activities began, community consultations were held, including both community and school leaders and members. Presentations were given that built awareness about the multiple positive impacts that vernacular education approaches have been shown to deliver elsewhere, and information was provided about national policy developments. Once participants understood that the language conversation does not devolve to a forced choice between local language or English, that all languages have value as tools of learning and communication, and that strong foundations in L1 learning and literacy should lead to improved outcomes in English learning and literacy, there was a unanimous response. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of language and communication in education and society. It discusses how teachers believe first languages (L1) should be used in instruction, reflecting the societal value placed on vernacular education. Additionally, the text highlights the multilingualism of students and the positive impacts of vernacular education approaches, suggesting that effective communication in various languages plays a crucial role in society's development. The assertion that 'all languages have value as tools of learning and communication' supports the idea that language is essential for societal growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: Before digging into details, first, we must look at the basic definition and the history of AVs. Advertisement 2. The basic definition and a brief history of AVs 2. 1 The basic definition of AV AVs can be defined as the (self-driving) cars and trucks that combine sensors and software to control the vehicle safely without human drivers [7]. This definition mostly defines fully autonomous vehicles, which are not present now. However, there is a generally accepted road map and classification for autonomous cars prepared by the Society of (SAE) that will take humanity to a fully autonomous cars’ era. The classification consists of six categories to define the developmental level of autonomous vehicles ranging from Level 0 to Level 5 [8]. Figure 1 presents these classifications below. Figure 1. Levels of autonomy (courtesy of SAE international). 2. 2 The brief history of Ais hard to find a starting point for the evolution of AVs. suggests that AVs have taken place in science fiction works written by authors such as [9]. It is also claimed that the time of the emergence of AVs on earth is the 1920s, and radio- or wire-controlled cars are examples of them. Isaac Asimov’s short story “Sally” features autonomous cars that contain positronic brains and do not require human drivers [10]. The cars in this sci-fi example satisfy the basic definition provided in this section; however, it is hard to say that radio- or wire-controlled cars are the prototypes or precedents of today’s AVs because they are directly controlled by humans, and this situation does not comply with the definition. Modern (and capable) AVs can be said to show up through the challenges that were held by the (US) Agency (DARPA). In 2004, DARPA launched its first grand challenge to speed up the invention of the first fully autonomous ground vehicles. On the first grand challenge, 15 participant teams were asked to send their AVs from Barstow, California to Primm, Nevada (a 142-mile course in dessert terrain) on March 13, 2004 [11]. However, none of the AVs completed the route, and University’s Red Team’s AV “Sandstorm” was the car that took the farthest distance, only 7. 4 miles. Hence, the prize of $1 million went to none of the participants [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current state of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and their history without asserting that they will eliminate all traffic accidents. It highlights that fully autonomous vehicles are not yet present and emphasizes the challenges faced during early tests, where no AVs completed a significant course. This indicates that while there is potential for AVs in the future, the text does not support the idea that they will eliminate traffic accidents entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: дконакопления. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text 'дконакопления' is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information or context about flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Language and communication are considered key factors in the development of early human societies. [SEP] Text: Enthusiastic support was given for teachers to incorporate local language literacy in early education, and for first languages to promote and support classroom learning. One narrative from these workshops relates the experience of Kennedy. As a young person, Kennedy did not do well at school, and was so deeply troubled at being punished for speaking his own language in the classroom that he dropped out of school. Later, he became a lead literacy trainer in the church-based vernacular program, and a respected community language expert. Many years later, as teachers became interested in vernacular literacy at school, the one thing that troubled them was their own lack of skill in this area. They had previously seen no value in becoming literate in their own language. In an amazing about-face, Kennedy was called back to the school, to train the teachers, who had previously punished people like him for using their language at school, in how to teach these children to read and write their own language. This was an emotional moment for all and signaled the beginning of a new kind of collaboration and cooperation between the school and the village community. 6 Building support for the use of vernacular languages in the intervention schools took time, and only a limited number of steps could be taken to implement this in the life of TLS. Nevertheless, small-scale advances were highly regarded by teachers as making a significant difference to student learning and are considered to have contributed to the learning gains that were identified from the assessments that were conducted as the intervention came to an end. One key activity was to develop resources to support L1 literacy. These included workshops that made some refinements to the alphabet, and that developed posters of the alphabet, and of the alphabet song. A volume of graded stories from the previous community literacy project was upgraded, revised and distributed, and several readers were translated into the vernacular, and printed with the same colour illustrations. Alphabet cards, high frequency word flash cards, and other materials were prepared for eventual printing and distribution beyond the timeframe of the project. The linguist previously involved, Brenda Boerger, was able to provide further valuable support. Workshops were held for teachers to become familiar with these new resources, and to share ideas on activities that could utilize them. TLS also provided an intensive program of workshops and in-school follow-up mentoring that supported the teaching of English literacy and the wider curriculum. However, a strong thread in these workshops supported the use of the first language. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of local language literacy in early education and demonstrating how the implementation of vernacular languages in the classroom plays a significant role in student learning and community collaboration. It describes Kennedy's journey from being punished for speaking his own language to becoming a literacy trainer, which underscores the crucial role that language and communication have in societal development and education.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: Eighteen months later, DARPA held its second grand challenge in the fall of 2005 with a prize of $2 million. At this challenge, 5 AVs of 195 were able to complete a 132-mile route in southern Nevada. Stanford University’s AV “Stanley” won the challenge with a time of 6 hours and 53 minutes [13]. This second grand challenge proved that it is possible to make an AV that can drive itself in a demanding territory. The next step was to have AVs that can operate on the streets of a city. In 2007, DARPA conducted its third challenge under the name of “Urban Challenge. ” This time, AVs are asked to drive through the streets of Victorville, California on November 1, 2007, and Tartan Racing’s Boss completed the race and won the prize of $2 million [14]. Besides the places they took, there were two factors that made different from the previous two Grand Challenges. required the participating teams to satisfy two primary necessities. The first one was to follow the California driving rules, and the second one was to succeed in the Event (NQE) [14]. It was apparent that the participants were supposed to follow the traffic rules. Besides, it was also noteworthy that referees gave extra points to AVs if they followed the rules. For instance, though Stanford University’s “Junior” completed the route 1 minute earlier than Tartan Racing’s “Boss”; however, the latter was announced as the winner since it earned extra points for obeying the traffic rules [14]. Another important part of the necessities to be satisfied was the NQE. Consisting of three parts, NQE was held before the to be sure that AVs were safe enough to self-drive through the streets of Victorville. The first part of the required AVs to merge into and out of two-way jammed traffic. NQE B tested the AVs’ ability to stay within a lane in an environment with obstacles and finally find an assigned place for parking. were tested for their abilities of intersection behaviors, U-turn, and road re-planning. As a result of overall NQE, 11 of 35 AVs were selected to attend [14]. It can be said that setting requirements such as following traffic rules and satisfying NQE are the milestones for AV regulations today. Advertisement 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the operational challenges and requirements that autonomous vehicles (AVs) need to meet, such as following traffic rules and passing safety assessments like the NQE. It suggests that while AVs can drive themselves, the mention of requirements like obeying traffic rules and testing in adverse conditions implies that AVs may not be infallible and accidents may still occur, indicating that they will not eliminate all traffic accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Изучение органических остатков (рис. 2, 3) проводилось с помощью электронного сканирующего микроскопа MV 2300 (Геологический институт РАН). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the study of organic remains using an electron scanning microscope, which does not address the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Language and communication are considered key factors in the development of early human societies. [SEP] Text: A large inventory of literacy strategies was developed, and teachers explored bilingual applications of these, with the goal of enhancing skill levels in both languages. One further resource that lent itself particularly well to bilingual strategies was a number of wordless books. The most difficult area was for schools to determine how to incorporate the vernacular component into their teaching program. Teachers were conflicted, on the one hand believing strongly that they should introduce vernacular literacy, but on the other hand, feeling administratively bound by the regimented and timetabled requirements of the English-based curriculum. A variety of local solutions were explored, such as adding on an extra time slot at the end of two days per week (with other community members invited to participate), or manipulating the set timetable by alternating on a daily basis between L1 and English, or partially subverting the system by focusing on L1 literacy with the hope that it would eventually result in improved English literacy skills anyway. Schools developed vernacular language writing and speech competitions and included presentations of vernacular work and performance at school assemblies and other venues. Teachers from higher grade classes were so interested in the enhanced learning that was taking place that they participated in weekly professional development sessions with the junior primary teachers where new readers and other teacher-created resources were produced. Levels of excitement among teachers and the community were high, largely resulting from the simple realization that the classroom doors had been opened for their own language to play a significant role in their children’s education. The value of the impact of this new approach on students’ lives and well-being cannot be underestimated. was not impacted as greatly as others, but current primary school cohorts have lived all their lives through a period of ethnic conflict and tension (Maebuta, 2012). Teachers face significant challenges arising from remoteness and resource constraints, and school program are too readily disturbed by land disputes, and conflicts over logging and mining. Poverty is an issue for many families, particularly internal migrants. Exposure to stressors like conflict and poverty can negatively impact language stimulation, parental responsiveness, and cognitive development (Shankoff, 2015, p. 126), so it is even more important that children’s first school experiences are supportive and affirming of their language identity, rather than alienating and confronting through the medium of a second language that they do not know. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of vernacular language in the educational context, which reflects the broader significance of language and communication in societal development. It describes efforts to incorporate vernacular literacy into schools and highlights how this approach opened doors for the children's education and embraced their language identity, showing that language plays a crucial role in both personal and communal development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: How AVs work An AV uses several systems to replace a human driver and drive itself. Analogous to human body, a digital brain is necessary to manage all processes needed to drive a car. Gathering data from several sources such as radio detection and ranging (RADAR),1 sound navigation and ranging (SONAR),2 light detection and ranging (LIDAR)3 devices and cameras; employing computer vision to gather data and then processing those data; sending commands to mechanical parts to move AV such as making turns or stopping, and doing all these itself require an advanced computer program. Self-learning and self-acting capabilities cause these programs to be named as artificial intelligence (AI). So, what is AI? AI, one of the most popular phenomena of the last few years, is defined as “a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers” and “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior” [15]. Similarly, as intelligent agents, AVs are also expected to imitate human drivers’ behaviors. Typically, in addition to a conventional vehicle, an AV has sensors to see its surrounding environment, complex CNN4 or DNN5 type (or similar) algorithms to analyze the data gathered, a powerful processor to make decisions, and other parts to convert the decisions to necessary actions. While working, an AV senses and sees every detail around itself. A traffic sign, a pedestrian on a sidewalk, a traffic light, other cars passing by, buildings surrounding horizon, and even a street animal jumping into the road must be analyzed with the AI of AV to prevent any unwanted consequences. The second main part of an AV is its sensors. These sensors, as mentioned above, include mostly radars, lidars, sonars, and cameras. A radar is a device that transmits radio signals, receives them back and calculate the differences between those signals to detect objects, their sizes, velocities, and distances. Depending on its purpose and the platform it is used, a radar uses the signals at different wavelengths. A sonar works in the same manner; however, it employs sound waves (a specific subset of radio waves). A lidar, on the other hand, sends and receives millions of light beams. These systems have comparative advantages and disadvantages over each other, and AVs use them together to close any safety gap. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in how autonomous vehicles (AVs) operate. It explains that AVs use a combination of systems, sensors, and AI algorithms to mimic human driving behavior and manage driving tasks. However, it emphasizes that while AVs can analyze their surroundings and make decisions, the presence of multiple sensors with distinct advantages and disadvantages indicates that there may still be safety gaps. Given these points, the text implies that AVs are not guaranteed to eliminate all traffic accidents, as there are still challenges in ensuring their safety and efficacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Коллекция хранится в ГИН РАН под № 4914. Коллекция растительных остатков Volkhoviella primitiva включает пять фертильных и два стерильных побега, сохранившихся в виде лимонитизированных фитолейм3. Один из побегов (рис. 4, д) отнесён к данному виду предварительно как cf. (то есть в открытой номенклатуре, условно), поскольку некоторые его особенности (мелкие шипы в основании побега, моноподиальное ветвление) обособляют его от остальных экземпляров выборки. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes a specific collection of plant specimens and details about their classification, which does not relate to the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Supply and demand are key principles that determine the price of goods and services in a market economy. [SEP] Text: This dynamic will continue, leading to an incremental reduction in the production output of existing producers and to a continuous increase in elasticity of wants until the elasticity becomes infinite and price is equal to average total cost. The final equilibrium is reached when none of the producers generates a profit. In the final equilibrium, marginal cost will be equal to marginal revenue on the one hand, and, on the other hand, average total cost will be equal to price. Once this market situation has been reached, no additional producer will enter the market (Kaldor, 1935). The reasons for market imperfections based on Kaldor can be divided into three categories: (1) differences in the characteristics of the product; (2) differences in the geographical distribution of suppliers; (3) a certain threshold of price difference between two products or services is reached before the consumer switches to another supplier. Chamberlin assumed that p1. The working class is likely to be highly elastic when considering luxury goods, which means that a slight increase in price could result in a sharp decline in the quantity demanded. The different reactions can be illustrated graphically: The economic good can either have a concave, convex or linear demand curve, depending on its type. An inferior or Giffen good is likely to be inelastic in its response to price changes. Additionally, it is important to note that geographical location and local habits can have a major impact on whether elasticity of demand is high or low. Marshall used the example of salt. In England, on the one hand, the price is so low that elasticity of demand is small. In India, on the other hand, the price of salt is comparatively high, and consequently demand is highly elastic there compared to England. Another crucial factor that influences individual elasticity of demand is the consumer’s individual p803. Chamberlin E. (1953): Elasticities, Cross-Elasticities, and Market Relationships: Comment. Economic Review, Vol. 43, No. 5, 916. De Jong, F. (1967): Dimensional analysis for economists. Amsterdam: North-Holland Estola, M. (2017). Newtonian Microeconomics: A to Theory. Deutschland: Publishing. Kaldor, N. (1934). Mrs. Robinson’s “Economics of Imperfect Competition. ” Economica, 1(3), 335–341. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the fundamental economic principles of supply and demand. It details the relationship between elasticity and price, indicating that a well-functioning market reaches equilibrium when marginal cost equals marginal revenue, thereby linking the concepts of supply and demand directly to pricing. This explanation supports the claim that these principles are key determinants of prices in a market economy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: In terms of range, radar has the advantage over lidar, sonar, and camera. Because lidar and camera require visibility all times, sonar has a shorter working range. On the other hand, since an AV is mostly interested in its close circumference, lidar is the most advantageous one because of its speed and high frequency-high quality data gathering capability [16]. Cameras are better in image gathering, and sonars are better in close range object detection. Advertisement 4. Are AVs really safe? When it comes to reliability, all of four common sensors of AVs have security deficiencies, for example, radars and sonars could be jammed with electromagnetic waves. When these two transmit the signals, someone can use an energy source emitting (reflecting) waves in the same wavelength from a different range or a different angle. When it comes to lidar, special devices can be used to create light noise to jam lidar. The exciting part is related to cameras. The AIs of AVs use camera data for image detection and recognition with high accuracy; however, a recent study proved that simple physical elements or invisible attack patterns could be used to mislead AIs [17]. Figure 2 shows a specific example to attack by using physical elements. In this figure, a regular stop sign was attached with some black and white tapes. While these taped patterns do not create suspicion in humans, it may cause severe consequences for AVs because this stop sign in Figure 2 is received by a CNN algorithm as a “45” sign as in Figure 3 with a probability of up to 100% [18]. Figure 2. A stop sign with camouflage art attack (reproduced based on figures in Table 1 of [18]). Figure 3. How the stop sign in Figure 2 is seen by AV (courtesy of Another issue regarding the safety of AVs is the possibility of being hacked. In a controlled experiment conducted in earlier July 2015, two security researchers took over the control of a [19]. The SUV was not an AV; however, it connected to the internet via an interface named Uconnect that was used in thousands of automobiles. The researchers hacked the Uconnect and conducted several actions such as blowing music out from speakers, killing the engine while running, disengaging the brakes, and finally pulling over the car. Upon this incident, Automobiles recalled 1. 4 million vehicles to solve the vulnerability issues of Uconnect [20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting several security deficiencies and vulnerabilities in autonomous vehicles (AVs). It discusses how various sensor technologies used in AVs, such as radar, lidar, and cameras, possess flaws that could lead to misinterpretation of signals, thereby pointing out that AVs can be hacked and can confuse signals, leading to potential accidents. This suggests that even if AVs are fully deployed, they may not eliminate traffic accidents due to these inherent security issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Не исключено, что в перспективе этот экземпляр будет описан в составе отдельного таксона. Также возможно, что на одной из его боковых (фертильных? ) ветвей присутствует спорангий, но проверить это предположение можно только путём микропрепарации. Палеоботаническое описание. Отдел Psilophyta Zimmermann, 1930. Класс Rhyniopsida Kryshtofovich, 1925. Порядок Rhyniales Zimmermann, 1959 (=Cooksoniales Doweld, 2001). Семейство Incertae sedis. Род Volkhoviella Naugolnykh, gen. nov. Название рода происходит от р. Волхов. Типовой вид:Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, sp. nov. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the classification and description of a specific plant taxon, without mentioning flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: The involvement of religion and faith has deep roots in the history of people in the Middle East. With time, this kind of association has undergone various psychological analyses focusing on religious practice, symbolism, and beliefs. In Islam, religion and medical care share similar basic premises concerning the nature of human beings and their responsibilities. religion and medicine consider human beings to be imperfect creations that need elevation onto the ideal status as Islam sees it. Consequently, the “imperfect human being” needs to obey the recommendations conveyed to him by both his religion and the medical professionals. Does contemporary practiced religion guide the patient in the right direction, leading him to cure? And are there barriers that prevent modern evidence-based medicine from being applied in certain Islamic communities? To date, there are still enrooted traditions in practice, which are aimed at replacing medical care that is based on basic and clinical sciences. In certain communities there are extreme believers who insist on practicing procedures that are not compatible even with the traditional Islamic recommendations. Taking into account all of the above, the question that arises is as follows: If religion is indeed important to most Muslim believers, then in what way can it contribute best to the practice of medicine, generally, and cancer, in particular? What would be the right forms and means to be applied to provide the sought after religious and spiritual needs in times of severe distress? Some of the issues involved in these questions will be discussed in this publication. Healthcare practices can reflect religion, culture, and/or geographic location. Misunderstandings can develop and can lead to ethical dilemmas, practice problems, and problems of communication between the patient, his/her family, and caregivers. To encourage high-quality healthcare for all, professionals must increase their knowledge and understanding of those who are culturally different. 2 Understanding a patient’s culture provides the healthcare provider with an insight into how the disease, particularly cancer, is viewed. It is through culture that individuals understand cancer and find ways to explain the disease. Cultural sensitivity is required in the development of treatment protocols in order to ensure patient compliance. 3 In a profession where statistical data and quantifiable results are regarded as superlative knowledge, the care provider must recognize the equivalent importance of cultural responses to cancer in the provision of oncological care. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how understanding a patient's culture can provide insights into their medical conditions and approaches to care, particularly in the context of cancer. It emphasizes the importance of cultural sensitivity and the acknowledgement of the influence of cultural diversity on healthcare practices, which enriches the overall understanding and effectiveness of medical care. For instance, it states that 'to encourage high-quality healthcare for all, professionals must increase their knowledge and understanding of those who are culturally different.' This illustrates how cultural diversity contributes valuable perspectives to healthcare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: All these threats are considered seriously by governments, universities, researchers, and AV manufacturers. Also, as said in the third section, several different types of sensors are combined to assure safety. For instance, NHTSA follows a comprehensive and systematic approach to develop layered security and conducts research activities such as anomaly based intrusion detection or cybersecurity for update mechanisms of firmware [21]. Advertisement 5. The pros, cons, and moral issues of AVs AVs are on the roads today, and they will unavoidably be a part of our lives. So, what are the pros of AVs? In other words, how can we benefit from them? Or, what are their cons; if there exist, what are the risks or dangers they will bring to our lives? There is an ongoing debate on this topic, and this section will try to clarify these questions. 5. 1 The pros of AVs 5. 1. 1 conducted a study for crash causation and examined accidents that occurred between July 3, 2005, and December 31, 2006 [4]. According to the study, 40. 6% of the 5096 accidents were related to recognition errors such as inadequate surveillance and internal/external distraction. About 34. 1% of accidents were related to decision errors such as misjudgment of other’s speed, driving too fast for conditions, and false assumption of other’s action; and 10. 3% of accidents were related to performance errors such as panics. While using AI, supported by several sensors, it might be claimed that AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans. Another issue with traffic accidents is the driver’s general or momentary consciousness status. Being tired, driving under the influence of alcohol or any other drugs and lacking experience are the factors that may result in or contribute to an accident; however, never can be associated with an AV. 5. 1. 2 Economic benefits The difference between the monetary values of a brand-new car and that of its salvaged version after a severe traffic accident is quite clear. The amount is a loss to the personal, national, and global economy. While it is expected that AVs will reduce the number of accidents, this loss will also be prevented. As mentioned in the first 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents, and injuries related to these accidents also cost most countries approximately 1–3% of their gross domestic products [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that contribute to traffic accidents, including human errors such as recognition, decision-making, and performance errors. While it suggests that autonomous vehicles (AVs) might be less prone to these errors, it does not claim that AVs will entirely eliminate accidents. Instead, it emphasizes ongoing debates about the pros and cons of AVs and acknowledges that they will not be universally free from risks. The text points out that problems such as driver impairment will not apply to AVs, implying that there may still be other causes of accidents that AVs cannot address.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , средний ордовик Ленинградской области. Побеги узкие, субцилиндрические. Фертильные побеги относительно короткие, несущие терминальные спорангии овоидной формы. Спорангии с терминальной щелью для рассеивания спор. Стерильные побеги более длинные, простые или дихотомирующие (раздваивающиеся) до двух раз. Проводящая система протостелическая. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it discusses botanical characteristics like the morphology of sporophytes and their reproductive structures, which are unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: 4 Culture is the core of a relatively coherent organizing system of life designed to: (1) ensure the survival and well-being of its members, and (2) provide common ways to find meaning and purpose throughout their lives, and to communicate caring. 5 Culture provides ways to make sense of life events, especially in times of trial, such as when a person develops cancer, through its worldview or construction of reality. 5 Culture, then, is a multi-level, multi-dimensional, dynamic biopsychosocial ecological system in which a population of people exists. ? Culture affects the entire way in which cancer is framed in meaning and response; as it modifies: (1) Concepts of health and disease at the physical and spiritual levels; (2) The experience and expression of pain is viewed as punishment or a test of faith; (3) Emotional responses to the diagnosis and course through cancer. The universal basic emotions are culturally filtered and expressed in the face of suffering, such as anger; (4) Family and individual decision-making styles vary according to their concepts of autonomy. 5 are over a billion Muslims in the world and about 10% to 26% of them are Arab. There are 17 Arab countries in the Near East: 5 in North Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt; 12 in Asia: and Palestine. Arabs generally view themselves as a confined entity. The majority of non-populations live in Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, the former Islamic Republics, Indonesia/Malaysia, India, and in Sub-Sahara Africa. Islamic religious practices can reflect cultural and geographic differences. Religious and social structures are difficult to separate. The culture may dictate some practices as related to healthcare, medical decisions, nondisclosure of bad news, end-of-life care, spiritual needs, and palliative care in general. Illness in the Arab society can be attributed according to the Qur’an to a natural occurrence, penance for sin, or a test to the Muslim faith. family is the foundation of the Islamic society; and society is improved by the existence of extended families. Children are treasured and rarely leave home until the time they marry. Arabs have a wide range of cultural and religious traditions, personal and family histories. Community, family, and respect for traditional medicine are 3 protective factors that the majority of this diverse group of people may have in common. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how cultural diversity, particularly within Arab societies, contributes to various dimensions of life, including healthcare practices and family structures. It highlights that family is foundational to Islamic society and that extended families enhance social structure. Additionally, it demonstrates how cultural beliefs, such as those relating to health and illness, provide unique perspectives and traditions that enrich the community's understanding of well-being. This reflects the broader point that cultural diversity brings different frameworks for meaning and interaction, thus enriching societal practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: Since AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans, with a decrease in the number of accidents, we may also expect a lesser loss in GDP, in other words, an increase in the net GDP. 5. 1. 3 Social benefits Besides its economic burdens, traffic accidents create severe physical and emotional impacts for surrenders of accidents who became disabled. Reducing the number of accidents will prevent these consequences [23]. Another social benefit of AVs is helping the disabled, elderly, children, and other people who are in need to be transported without the help of others [24]. This help will increase the rate of disabled and older people’s contribution to the workforce. Eventually, those who were carried with AVs will reach what they need, and the overall quality of life of nations will increase. 5. 1. 4 Environmental impacts A new discussion is about ownership of, and beyond it, sharing AVs. For future projections, there are expected two different styles of ownership models for AVs: public service and individual owning [25]. According to the first option, an AV will be owned by a private company or a governmental agency or a municipality. The second option means that an AV will be owned by a person and become his or her private property. The owner will be able to put his or her AV into the service of others. In this way, the owner will be able to compensate for the (high) cost of his or her AV. Another study on possible energy impacts of using AVs suggests that factors such as ridesharing, less time for looking for parking can reduce fuel consumption by 90% [26], which also means lower carbon emission. 5. 2 The cons of AVs 5. 2. 1 Software-related problems One of the most common concerns and critics against AVs is their reliability in the context of cybersecurity. As mentioned in Section 4 of this 5. 2. 2 Privacy AVs rely on data and their processing to drive safely; however, it becomes another serious concern regarding AVs: the possible violation of personal privacy by obtaining these data illegally. An AV will have the ability to gather and process your personal data such as how you drive, whom you travel with, where you go, how much you stay there, whom you talk to on the phone, and so on. All these data might be used to analyze your personality traits or to track you. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by acknowledging that while autonomous vehicles (AVs) are less prone to errors than humans and may reduce the overall number of accidents, it does not assert that they will eliminate all traffic accidents. The mention of potential software-related problems and concerns about cybersecurity indicates that there are additional factors that may prevent AVs from completely eliminating accidents. Thus, the text implies that while AVs can significantly reduce accidents, complete elimination is not guaranteed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Новый род обладает наибольшим сходством с девонским (по другим данным, позднесилурийским) родом Tortilicaulis Edwards, но отличается отсутствием мукро (шиповидного окончания) на апексе спорангия и менее отчётливыми спиральными утолщениями на побеге. Фертильные побеги Volkhoviella очень сходны с некоторыми экземплярами Cooksonia (например, Cooksonia hemisphaerica Lang. , см. [20, Fig. 2]), но отличаются отсутствием дихотомии фертильных побегов в их приапикальной части. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses morphological similarities and differences between certain plant specimens without addressing the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: Such voluntary work could involve young people believing in the importance of religion, faith, and tradition in peoples’ lives; and thereby responding to their spiritual needs. —and large, it is not possible to understand the cancer experience independently from a specific culture and the psychological and psychosocial burden of cancer should be analyzed within the sociocultural setting of the patient. It is apparent that cultural values, beliefs, stigmas, and practices shape the care of cancer throughout the disease trajectory. 19 Women afflicted with cancer are a vivid example of the impact of cultures on the patient’s destiny as a survivor. Throughout history the perception of women in the Islamic world has been associated with motherhood, nourishment, tenderness, and care. Hence, motherhood has been seen as a societal institution that was conceptualized as “essential” and “natural. ” Further, the meaning of motherhood has been comprehended beyond the biological role of reproduction; and it always had a powerful symbolic meaning. Hence, in many societies, motherhood encompasses customs, attitudes, morals, rules, and a host of other rational and irrational norms. 20 The above societal concepts have led women with cancer to feel loneliness, abandonment and significant difficulties in coping with the disease. Moreover, owing to the environmental response to the illness, patients still attribute the cause of their cancer to faith, being punished while bearing guilt feelings. Accordingly, the patient’s response to the illness is often passive and fatalistic. 19 As the perception of cancer is culturally dependent, the associated psychosocial distresses are expressed differently in societies as compared with Western societies; as a better understanding of the nature of the disease inevitably leads to more anxiety. It is, therefore, imperative that a culturally sensitive approach be applied while handling the psychological burdens in cancer patients. It has been hypothesized that culture, with its symbols, provides meaning to a person and helps in coping with his/her suffering and loss. Cultures based on religious symbols can, therefore, palliate suffering, and it can provide a practical application for survival. 21 are buried in a process filled with ritual meaning and rules of behavior. The dead pass on to the next life without the need for psychotherapy, as the social network, the religious leadership, and the transmitted culture provide the necessary support. In comparison, the Western society has created a new culture to deal with suffering and loss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of cultural values and beliefs in shaping the experiences and responses of cancer patients. It illustrates how cultural diversity, particularly through religious and traditional practices, provides meaning and support to individuals facing illness. The discussion of how motherhood is perceived culturally emphasizes the significance of cultural traditions and norms, reinforcing the idea that cultural diversity brings varied perspectives on health and coping mechanisms, thus enriching society.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, if these data are obtained by a criminal organization, it can also be used for blackmailing or any other cyber-crime against you. 5. 2. 3 that the car you drive collides with another vehicle. You stop, get off, and walk through the other vehicle to negotiate the accident with its driver. Suddenly, you see that there is no one in the car. After getting out of the shock, you notice that you had an accident with an AV. So, what is going to happen now? Who will be responsible or how will the responsibilities be shared between the driver (if exists), manufacturer, sensor producer, or programmer? Currently, lawmakers and government authorities work on it (up to a point). In the USA, the federal government, via NHTSA, sets the rules for new motor vehicles and their equipment. These rules are known as Standards (FMVSSs), and NHTSA enforces FMVSSs to ensure that manufacturers comply with them [24]. Besides, federal governments do not act to create nation-wide legislation; however, requests state governments to regulate the responsibilities [24]. In Germany, a law for AV-related liability issues was put into action on June 21, 2017 [27]. The law makes the liability be shared between the manufacturer and driver. Drivers are allowed to avert their attention from driving but not to sleep [27]. Also, the law only keeps drivers responsible for an accident unless they take control of the car within an “adequate time reserve. ” Nevertheless, this undefined “adequate time reserve” is still controversial [27]. It might be claimed in advance that the responsibility issue may remain as a concern, and it will be solved in time as long as AVs and their technology level developed. 5. 2. 4 Environmental issues Besides possible effects resulted from factors such as ridesharing, negative factors may result in an energy consumption increase by up to 150% [26]. As long as AVs become safer, particular speed limits might be set for them, and those limits might also be increased gradually. Also, the comfort that AVs would provide to us might cause them to be used more frequently than before. Nevertheless, higher speeds or frequent use result in more fuel consumption, which also means an increase in carbon emissions. 5. 2. 5 Car sharing-related health issues A recent pandemic caused hundreds of thousands of losses of human lives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and uncertainties surrounding liability and responsibility in accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AVs). It suggests that there will still be concerns over who is responsible in the event of an accident involving an AV, indicating that not all traffic accidents will be eliminated. For example, it notes that the responsibility for an accident can be shared between drivers and manufacturers, and that legislative efforts to address these concerns are ongoing, implying that issues related to AVs may persist even as technology improves.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Общая последовательность возможных событий при образовании первых наземных растительных сообществ, к которым принадлежала Volkhoviella, показана на рисунке 5. Распространение: средний ордовик Северо-Запада России. Рис. 1. Географическое и стратиграфическое расположение местонахождения остатков Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. а – расположение разреза, отмечено астериском; б – уровень сбора растительных остатков, отмечен стрелкой, слои с Xenasaphus devexus Eichwald; в – точное место сбора остатков V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the impact of flowering plants' evolution on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it describes events related to the formation of early terrestrial plant communities without specific mention of flowering plants or their ecological impact.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: (1972) was originally focused on nature conservation and built heritage. The immaterial aspect of the worldwide heritage discourse arrived at a turning point in 2003, when the Convention for the Safeguarding of Heritage was adopted. The definition of the intangible cultural heritage provides essential frames for a wide range of interpretations. concept focuses on inclusive, representative and community-based traditions which are contemporary and living at the same time. In this sense, the intangible cultural heritage conception is based on the fundamental dichotomy of tradition and modernity. For the communities concerned, a new perspective for living traditions is the process from tradition to heritage. There are four essential features of this process: participation, consciousness, organization and valorization. They can make a difference between tradition and heritage. model for the implementation of the is based on a bottom-up system, where the heritage bearers themselves initiate the nomination process for the National Inventory. It is based on their strong commitment to their heritage and it relies on their involvement and participation. In this paper, three case studies from North-(Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County) represent different ways of “creating a heritage. ” The various patterns are closely related to the ideas of identity, community cohesion, tourism, local economy and the preservation of living traditions. (1972) was originally focused on nature conservation and built heritage. The immaterial aspect of the worldwide heritage discourse arrived at a turning point in 2003, when the Convention for the Safeguarding of Heritage was adopted. The definition of the intangible cultural heritage provides essential frames for a wide range of interpretations. concept focuses on inclusive, representative and community-based traditions which are contemporary and living at the same time. In this sense, the intangible cultural heritage conception is based on the fundamental dichotomy of tradition and modernity. For the communities concerned, a new perspective for living traditions is the process from tradition to heritage. There are four essential features of this process: participation, consciousness, organization and valorization. They can make a difference between tradition and heritage. model for the implementation of the is based on a bottom-up system, where the heritage bearers themselves initiate the nomination process for the National Inventory. It is based on their strong commitment to their heritage and it relies on their involvement and participation. In this paper, three case studies from North-(Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County) represent different ways of “creating a heritage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of intangible cultural heritage, which focuses on 'inclusive, representative and community-based traditions.' It emphasizes the importance of participation and involvement of heritage bearers in creating and preserving traditions, thus highlighting how these new perspectives contribute to community cohesion and the vitality of living traditions, aligning with the idea that cultural diversity enriches societies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: Covid-19 proved that keeping physical (social) distance between people and following hygiene rules are crucial for avoiding contagions. Since it may not be possible to be sanitized between users, there would be a risk that AVs might be responsible agents for the spread of infection. If this happens, AVs would be banned for a while. In this case, severe health or transportation problems would be inevitable. 5. 2. 6 Financial-infrastructure burdens on states AVs require certain elements to ensure awareness of their surroundings, such as traffic lights, dyed lanes, and traffic signs. In many underdeveloped or developing countries, unordered traffic may be witnessed. What if an AV comes to an intersection with no traffic lights, no lanes, no signs, cars moving bumper to bumper ignoring safe distance, and drivers not yielding? How could an AV determine the right of the pass in a situation like that? To be able to have AVs on its roads, governments will have to order the traffic in their countries. They may also have to educate their citizens. Overall, this will become a financial burden because of the increase in spending on investments in transportation infrastructure and traffic education. 5. 3 Moral issues with AVs AVs mostly rely on AI technologies. However, as mentioned above, AIs can be attacked and misled easily. A 3D printed turtle was classified as an assault rifle by Google’s [28]. Another issue with AI is its moral dimension. Again, assume that an AV drives an individual or a group of people from someplace to another. Suddenly, a small child or an animal that is on the edge of extinction steps onto the road. There is no such possibility for AV to stop. Its only options are hitting itself to barriers and kill the passenger(s) it carries or killing the child or the animal in front of it. What do we expect from the AV to do in this scenario? Or if a human driver is seated behind the wheel, what do we expect from him or her? People can be kept responsible for their behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors. Hence, after an accident resulting from a human driver’s fault can be handled by law enforcement and judicial authorities easily. Nevertheless, when it comes to an accident caused by an AV, the situation changes. Because instead of instincts, education level, or experience, an AV acts on its codes compiled by someone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant challenges and limitations of autonomous vehicles (AVs) that could prevent the elimination of traffic accidents. It discusses various scenarios where AVs may struggle, such as navigating unordered traffic without traffic lights and the inability to make ethical decisions in critical situations. This indicates that AVs may not be able to guarantee the end of all traffic accidents due to their dependency on infrastructure and the complexities of moral dilemmas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: primitiva, отмечено астериском; г – ход роющего беспозвоночного, замещённый гематитом, пиритом и лимонитом, с глауконитовой "рубашкой"; д – район исследования, отмечен астериском Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, sp. nov. (см. рис. 2–4). Название вида происходит от primitivus (латинизир. греч. ) – примитивный, просто устроенный. Голотип – ГИН 4914/7, валимская свита, ухакуский горизонт, лланвирнский ярус, средний ордовик; правый берег р. Волхов в 3 км выше плотины гидроэлектростанции в г. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is about geological or paleontological details regarding a specific specimen and does not provide any information regarding flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: ” The various patterns are closely related to the ideas of identity, community cohesion, tourism, local economy and the preservation of living traditions. Theoretical frames – from tradition to heritageIn the 1990s, a worldwide immaterial turn of the heritage discourse occurred. As a starting point, the (1972) was originally focused on nature conservation and material cultural properties, such as built heritage, historical monuments and archaeological sites. At the very beginning of the implementation of the international convention, the aspect of the preservation of non-material (intangible) cultural phenomena arose (Keszei 2003). Various interpretations of the notion “cultural heritage” initiated a discourse about the basic problems and conceptual frames of intangible heritage, like folklore, language, handicrafts, religion, beliefs or national and ethnic history (Sonkoly 2000:58–59). The theoretical turn from the tangible heritage concept to the intangible one was a long process (Hoppál – Csonka-Takács 1999; Soós 2010:6). for the Safeguarding of Heritage was adopted by the of in Paris relatively late, in 2003. For the purposes of the convention, the general conference determined a definition. Heritage (ICH) means “the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage” (Csonka-Takács 2010:8). The definition provides the essential framework for a wide range of interpretations. As a legal and pragmatic document, the convention includes characteristic examples to appoint the typical manifestations of intangible cultural heritage:(a)oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of intangible cultural heritage;(b)performing arts;(c)social practices, rituals and festive events;(d)knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe;(e)traditional craftsmanship (Csonka-Takács 2010:8). concept of Heritage focuses on inclusive, representative and community-based traditions which are contemporary and living at the same time. The definition covers not only “inherited traditions from the past but also contemporary rural and urban practices in which diverse cultural groups take part” (2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of intangible cultural heritage, which emphasizes that heritage includes contemporary practices and traditions evoked by diverse cultural groups. It states that the concept of heritage combines 'inherited traditions from the past' with 'contemporary rural and urban practices,' supporting the idea that cultural diversity brings new perspectives, traditions, and practices that enrich societies.