Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is guaranteed to provide a perfect Earth-like environment for future generations. [SEP] Text: That would allow us to function as humans in the environment without the need for domes or habitats. Interviewer: Ellie MackayBruce is talking about the concept of terraforming Mars – modifying the atmosphere to make the planet more Earth-like, and therefore habitable. But it’s not just the temperature that’s an issue. For us to live there, the atmospheric pressure of Mars would need to be 150 times greater than it is today. Yet proposals to terraform Mars have become increasingly popular. I asked Bruce how realistic the concept of terraforming Mars actually is. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWhat you can’t see is that I’m smiling at that question, because the less we know about how we would actually terraform Mars, the easier we think it is, and as you begin to explore it, it gets harder and harder. Right now, it’s in the realm of science fiction because we don’t really know how to do it, and I think the fact that we’re changing the environment on the Earth inadvertently underscores the fact that we really don’t understand how climates work. Despite that, a lot of people have been speculating in the press lately about how easy it might be to terraform Mars. Our paper will be an interesting contrast to that, in terms of dashing some people’s hopes, to be honest. Interviewer: Ellie MackayWell that doesn’t sound very encouraging, but to start off with, can you explain what’s actually being proposed? So, from a scientific point of view, how might we overcome these barriers of temperature and pressure? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIf we wanted to terraform Mars, the way we would do it would be to put a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. That would serve both functions of increasing the pressure and by trapping heat from the sun, increasing the temperature. And that really depends on the availability of greenhouse gases or our ability to manufacture them. The most available and accessible greenhouse gas at Mars would be carbon dioxide – CO2. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, and so this is what your research was looking at? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant challenges and uncertainties associated with terraforming Mars. Interviewee Bruce Jakosky emphasizes that the concept is currently in the realm of science fiction due to our lack of understanding of how climates work and the difficulties in increasing Mars' atmospheric pressure and temperature. Jakosky specifically mentions that while there is speculation about how easy the process might be, research is likely to 'dash some people’s hopes,' suggesting that the promise of a perfect Earth-like environment is far from guaranteed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Zanker, Grabreliefs römischer Freigelassener, JdI 90, 1975, 267-315. M. -K. Zapheiropoulou, Emblemata vermiculata. Hellenistische und spätrepublikanische Bildmosaiken, Paderborn u. a. 2006. L. Zgusta, des Griechischen im römischen Kaiserreich, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 121-145. G. Zimmer, Römische Berufsdarstellungen, Berlin 1982. O. Zwierlein, Plinius über den Laokoon, in: H. -U. Cain u. a. (edd. ), Festschrift für Nikolaus Himmelmann, Mainz 1989, 433-443. E. Zwierlein-Diehl, Gemmen mit Künstlerinschriften, in: Meisterwerke, Symposion anlässlich des 150, Geburtstages von Adolf Furtwängler, Freiburg/Br. 2003, München 2005, 321-343 (mit Ergänzungen in SEG 55, 2005 [2009], 2020). 227. AMA Donderer M. Nicht hinter jeder griechischen Signatur muss ein Grieche stecken. Pseudonyme unter Bildenden Künstlern des antiken Italien. . November 2018;16:205-227. doi:10. 37095/gephyra. 486138 Chicago Donderer, Michael. “. Bildenden Künstlern Italien”. Gephyra 16, November (November 2018): 205-27. EndM (November 1, 2018) Nicht hinter jeder griechischen Signatur muss ein Grieche stecken. Pseudonyme unter Bildenden Künstlern des antiken Italien. Gephyra 16 205–227. IEEE M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it consists of bibliographic references and citations related to various academic works, which are irrelevant to the assertion that every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: These drugs have raised the bar for gene therapy because they target the underlying molecular defect, rather than merely treating cystic fibrosis symptoms as past treatments have done. But the drugs only help patients with a few of the nearly 2,000 known CFTR mutations. “That leaves out a lot of people,” says Parsons. The most impressive CFTR corrector so far, ivacaftor, is most effective in those with so-called class III mutations, who total around 4% of cystic fibrosis patients. A second formulation — a combination of ivacaftor and another molecule, lumacaftor — targets the most common mutation, known as Phe508del, which accounts for about 70% of CFTR mutations in Caucasians. But its effectiveness is much more modest. This leaves a big opening for gene therapy, since the majority of approaches to that treatment would help regardless of the mutation a patient carries. The UK consortium’s trial, published in 2015, was open to patients with any CFTR mutation, for example (although the majority carried Phe508del, as expected given its prevalence)[1]. The team chose a liposome vector because, unlike viruses, liposomes do not trigger an immune reaction and so can be administered over and over again. But the approach has its disadvantages. “Liposomes are nice for a proof of concept,” says Carlon, who was not involved in the work. However, they “really are not very efficient at getting their genetic cargo into the host nucleus”. Using liposomes to deliver gene therapy in cystic fibrosis Editorial adviser: Patients with cystic fibrosis lack functional CFTR protein, which is needed to make thin, watery mucus that keeps the lungs healthy. Normal CFTR gene can be delivered via inhalation of nebulised liposomes mixed with plasmid DNA encoding the protein. The liposomes enhance transport of the CFTR gene into host airway cells via endocytosis or direct fusion with the cell membrane. The plasmid then passes into the cell nucleus where the normal CFTR is transcribed, enabling the cell to make CFTR proteins. The UK consortium researchers suspect that this lack of efficiency accounts for the modest clinical results seen in the trial. They say the effectiveness may be improved by delivering a larger dose to the lungs with each gene therapy treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how gene therapy is being developed specifically for cystic fibrosis through the use of liposomes to deliver the normal CFTR gene to patients. It illustrates the potential of gene therapy as a treatment that targets the underlying genetic defect rather than just the symptoms. For instance, it mentions the delivery of the CFTR gene via nebulized liposomes mixed with plasmid DNA, enabling the production of functional CFTR proteins, thus supporting the development of gene therapy for treating cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is guaranteed to provide a perfect Earth-like environment for future generations. [SEP] Text: Interviewee: Bruce JakoskySo, we wanted to look at the inventory of CO2 on the planet – where reservoirs of CO2, if you will, reside, how much would be there, and how easy it would be to mobilise it and put it back into the atmosphere. Interviewer: Ellie MackayEssentially, that’s what we’re doing to this planet with global warming and we’re trying to force a way to do that somewhere else. So it’s like we could send all of our industry and all of our fossil fuel burning over to Mars, and it would have a beneficial effect over there, instead of… Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThat’s absolutely right. We don’t even need to send the manufacturing and industry to Mars, we could just ship all the CO2 there. And that would solve both planets’ problems. It’s totally facetious and absolutely unworkable. We don’t have that much CO2 in our atmosphere, and the number of rockets you would have to ship to get the CO2 there is immense. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, so if we can’t ship it there, let’s get back to this idea of using reserves of CO2 on Mars. Your paper mentions several possible sinks – there’s CO2 in the polar ice, there’s some in minerals called carbonates, and there’s gas that gets bound to the layer of soil called the regolith on the surface of the planet. So, that seems like a lot of different places for the CO2 to be trapped. How might we mobilise or release it from these sources? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyProbably the easiest is the CO2 locked up in the polar ice. All you need to do is spread dark dust over the polar caps, and it would absorb more sunlight and heat up. That’s the easiest one, and if that sounds hard, you may not like the next ones. The carbonates you have to heat up to temperatures at which they break apart, and that’s around 300 °C. That automatically means a large scale industrial operation, and it wouldn’t get you very much. I think the most difficult CO2 to mobilise is gas that is physically attached to the soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and impracticalities of mobilizing CO2 on Mars. Interviewee Bruce Jakosky highlights that even the concept of shipping CO2 to Mars is 'totally facetious and absolutely unworkable,' implying that the complexities and limitations of altering Mars’ environment may not guarantee a perfect Earth-like condition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: present synthetic cannabinoids can help predict symptoms in the future Submit manuscript. . . MOJ eISSN: 2379-6294 Review How present synthetic cannabinoids can help predict symptoms in the future Ashraf Mozayani,3 × Regret for the inconvenience: we are taking measures to prevent fraudulent form submissions by extractors and page crawlers. Please type the correct Captcha word to see email ID. Hohler,1 Fathy2 12Post-& Toxicologist, Ministry of Justice, Egypt3Professor, Barbara Jordan-School of : Ashraf Mozayani, of and Professor, Barbara Jordan-School of 1713 2526 556 Received: October 22, 2015 | Published: February 17, 2016 Citation: Wilson-. How present synthetic cannabinoids can help predict symptoms in the future. MOJ Toxicol. 2016;2(1):18–24. DOI: 10. 15406/mojt. 2016. 02. 00029 synthetic cannabinoids appear regularly in the illicit drug market, often in response to legal restrictions. These compounds are characterized by increasing binding affinities (Ki) to CB1 and CB2 receptors. Increasing affinity to CB receptors can occur by substitution of a halogen on the terminal position of the pentyl chain of the classical synthetic cannabinoids. Fluorination of the aliphatic side chain of established cannabinoid agonists is a popular pathway of modifying existing active drugs and synthesizing novel drugs to increase potency. Biological impacts of these compounds that have been reported include seizures, body temperature losses that may lead to cardiac distress, as well as cases reporting delirium and severe neural incapacities. These symptoms have been reported in case reports with evidence that like their cannabinoid counterparts, these compounds distribute post-mortem into a variety of tissues, especially adipose tissue. Researchers have detected and identified certain synthetic cannabinoid compounds on botanicals using a variety of separation and detection systems such as GC-FID and GC-MS, as well as LC-MS/MS and NMR. Researchers have utilized a variety of chromatographic methods including LC MS/MS, to identify the parent compounds, their metabolites and structural analogs in biological samples such as urine and blood. The aim of this review is to spotlight the newer generations of synthetic cannabinoids with a more powerful affinity towards the cannabinoid receptors to continue to help researchers and clinicians further predict symptoms as well as future compounds and treatments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses synthetic cannabinoids and their biological effects, which does not pertain to the predictive capabilities of anthropologists regarding future cultural trends.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Several other groups around the world are working on other non-viral approaches to gene therapy, such as DNA nanop2017. The outcome of that trial will determine the fate of the group’s liposome work: if the greater efficiency of the lentiviral vector pans out, the consortium will focus its efforts there, but this isn’t yet certain. Parsons says the consortium’s viral-vector results so far look “very promising”. For the past decade, he has been working on a different lentiviral vector for cystic fibrosis gene therapy, based on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Parsons’s protocol involves treating the airways just prior to gene therapy with lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a molecule that causes the tight junctions between airway cells to open briefly[6]. This opening enables the gene therapy vector to reach the underside of airway cells, where this particular vector happens to be able to enter more easily. It also allows access to the stem cells that renew the airway lining, which are typically located beneath the surface of the airway. “If you can target stem cells it changes the game,” says Parsons. Delivering a healthy copy of CFTR to airway stem cells could permit one-time gene therapy leading to permanent correction of the defect. LPC is a molecule normally found in the lungs. However, opening the tight junctions between airway cells, even briefly, could be risky — especially in the already compromised and often bacteria-infected lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. Parsons says the procedure doesn’t cause harm in animal studies, and has a five-year plan to begin human trials. Adeno-associated viral vectorsOther researchers are taking a new look at adeno-associated virus (AAV), a vector that was used in some early cystic fibrosis gene therapy trials but did not show effectiveness. More recently, “AAV gene therapy has been shown to be successful in other disease areas,” says Carlon, who is working on one AAV project at Catholic University. “I think that really fuelled reinvestigating this vector system for cystic fibrosis,” she adds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing ongoing work on gene therapy for cystic fibrosis, specifically mentioning the use of a lentiviral vector designed to deliver a healthy copy of the CFTR gene to airway stem cells. It highlights that the procedure aims for a permanent correction of the genetic defect and mentions a five-year plan to begin human trials, thus indicating active development in this area.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is guaranteed to provide a perfect Earth-like environment for future generations. [SEP] Text: You would almost have to strip-mine the entire planet in order to put that gas back into the atmosphere, and that won’t work because once you put it there it’ll go right back into the regolith. So this question of how easy it is to get it out of these sinks and into the atmosphere is a really important one. Ultimately, it’s not possible. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIf it were to become possible to do somehow, melting the polar ice caps seems to be the most popular solution. How much CO2 is actually trapped there? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyAt one time we thought there might have been the equivalent of an Earth’s atmosphere of gas in the polar caps, but that idea is demonstrably wrong based on our knowledge today. The estimates today are that if you put all the CO2 in the polar caps into the atmosphere it would only double the atmospheric pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo that’s not even close? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyNo, so that’s a very small increment. This amount of CO2 just isn’t enough to even have a start at raising the temperature or the pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackayAnd what about if we added the CO2 from the other sources, the rocks and the minerals, the soil, and released all of the CO2 from all these different reserves? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWe’ve looked at how much CO2 can be locked up in each of these sinks for CO2 that are remaining on the planet. If we could mobilise all of it and put it back into the atmosphere, we would still have less than 10% of the amount of CO2 we need to raise the temperature. So, the most we can get is a tiny fraction of what would be needed. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIs that what you expected to find? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIt’s the answer we knew going in. I think within the Mars community this is not a surprising answer. I’ll be honest, that’s why we wrote this paper, because people are getting up and talking about how easy it is to terraform the planet, without having a realistic understanding of what would be involved and where the CO2 is and how much there is. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the significant challenges involved in terraforming Mars, highlighting that it is not easy to release CO2 from the polar caps and that even if all CO2 sources were mobilized, it would only provide less than 10% of the amount needed to significantly affect temperature and atmospheric pressure. It emphasizes that assumptions about the ease of terraforming are based on unrealistic understandings of the planet's conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: Keywords: synthetic cannabinoids, chminaca, tissue culture, lcms/ms, tof, gc-ms, gc-fid, case reports Abbreviations SCs, synthetic cannabinoids; Δ-9-THC, delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol; UHPLC, ultra high performance liquid chromatography; DAD, photodiode array; MS, mass spectrometry; GC, gas chromatography; DART, direct analysis in real time; TOF, time of flight spectrometry; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; ATR, attenuated total resonance; FTIR, fourier transform infrared spectrometry; TIC, total ion chromatogram; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; CNS, central nervous system; LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantitation; ULOL, upper limit of linearity; DUID, driving under the influence of drug; HLM, human liver microsomes; HPM, human pulmonary microsomes; CES 1, carboxylesterase 1 cannabinoids (SCs) are synthetic compounds sprayed on herbal products and have spread worldwide since 2004. Many of these compounds, more specifically l-valinamides and l-tert-leucinamides, are often characterized as part of the third, fourth and fifth generation of synthetic cannabinoids. There are many street names for herbal like compounds which are sprayed with these compounds, referred to as “Spice” such as and Yucatan Fire. Such drugs are easily obtainable via the Internet, in smoke shops, and street markets. To evade law enforcement, these herbal incense products are often labeled “not for human consumption”. Despite this, many countries have entered many synthetic cannabinoids to schedule 1. 1,2 Initial reports of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) in were in November 2008. 2008, German forensic laboratories initially identified JWH–018 and cannabicyclohexanol (CP–47,497 C8 homologue). The synthetic cannabinoids are frequently applied on plant material and inhaled. 2010, the popularity of these cannabinoids and their associated products appeared to have increased in the United States. 3 Numerous SCs have been identified as adulterants, which have been seized by law enforcement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding anthropologists predicting future cultural trends. It discusses synthetic cannabinoids and their proliferation, focusing on their chemical analysis and law enforcement concerns, which are unrelated to the abilities of anthropologists.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: AAV gene therapy has been shown to be successful in other disease areas — I think that really fuelled reinvestigating this vector system for cystic fibrosisEarly work with AAV used a form of the virus called AAV2, which isn’t very efficient at getting into airway cells. team is working with an improved form called AAV5. They also added a stronger promoter, a region of DNA that enables a gene to be turned on. Animal studies suggest that the vector can produce long-lasting gene expression — at least 15 months in the mouse[7]. And the researchers say they do not see a fall off in gene expression caused by an immune response to the vector, even after three doses of the therapy[8]. Next, the team plans to test whether the AAV therapy can improve lung function in a pig or ferret model of cystic fibrosis. Additional strategies for correcting the CFTR gene make use of the latest molecular techniques. Researchers at University in Baltimore, Maryland, have packaged a truncated version of CFTR in an AAV vector that works by transcomplementation[9]. In this process, small fragments of healthy CFTR protein encoded by the genetic material in the vector interact with the host cell’s mutant CFTR and improve its function. In essence, this strategy gives cells the ability to make their own CFTR corrector drugs. And, as with CFTR correctors, each transcomplementation-based gene therapy product will only target one or a subset of CFTR mutations. “It’s working very well on Phe508del,” reports Liudmila Cebotaru, who is leading the project at University. But some mutations may not be able to be rescued by this strategy. Source: Liudmila CebotaruLiudmila Cebotaru, a researcher at University, has packaged a truncated version of CFTR in an adeno-associated virus vector that works by transcomplementationOther approaches using gene-editing technologies, such as and zinc-finger nucleases, are also mutation-specific[10]. But gene editing, which fixes a patient’s own DNA, has some advantages over gene addition, the usual strategy for gene therapy that simply adds a healthy copy of a gene to a patient’s genome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of AAV gene therapy specifically for cystic fibrosis. It explains how researchers are utilizing an improved version of the AAV vector for targeting this genetic disorder and outlines various strategies, including the use of truncated CFTR gene in the therapy, which aims to improve lung function in models of cystic fibrosis. By including details on successful animal studies and ongoing research efforts, the text supports the claim that gene therapy is being actively developed to address cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is guaranteed to provide a perfect Earth-like environment for future generations. [SEP] Text: Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo, does this mean this is the end of the concept of terraforming Mars? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThis doesn’t mean we can’t terraform the planet. It means we can’t do it today with available technology. People have also talked about manufacturing molecules that are very effective greenhouse gases, things like Freon, but the scale of manufacturing that would be required to produce enough is so far beyond our current capability that you have to put it into the distant future. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo what would you say to those people who are keen to inhabit Mars in the relatively near future? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWell first of all, I don’t think this impacts either our desire or our ability to explore Mars with humans. We can carry out that kind of a mission beginning today, and it would be exciting from the human perspective and from the science perspective. And this is part of that process of discussing what’s possible and where we as a society want to head. I think if we’re going to talk about sending humans to Mars, we need to do it in the context of a real and valid understanding of what is on the planet, based on the best available scientific information today. Interviewer: Ellie MackayThat was from the University of Colorado in the US. To read that story in Nature Astronomy, you can head over to nature. com/natastron. Host: Adam LevyStill to come in the Research Highlights: a dinosaur with enormous feet, and some rapidly rotating nanop100. It’s thought that the techniques involved could be useful in astrophysics, for example, helping to test the hypothesis that rapidly spinning dust p2003. So this probe’s been at Mars for quite a long time, and it’s got an instrument on it that uses radar to sort of bounce radio waves down to the surface and back. And sort of like using ground-penetrating radar on Earth to find things like oil and gas deposits that are buried, this radar uses its own instruments to probe the subsurface, to look at what’s bouncing back from beneath the ice. And it spotted these very, very bright reflections in this one place beneath the ice cap, and they’re interpreting those bright reflections as being liquid water. Interviewer: Adam LevyHow big a deal actually is this? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that, while terraforming Mars is a concept people still discuss, it cannot be done with current technology. Bruce Jakosky mentions that producing sufficient greenhouse gases for terraforming is far beyond our capabilities, suggesting that we cannot guarantee a perfect Earth-like environment in the foreseeable future.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: JWH–018, JWH–073, JWH–200, CP– 47,497, and CP–47,497 C8 homologues were the first SCs identified as being abused. New generations of synthetic cannabinoids quickly emerged to evade law enforcement. After various laws were passed in the United States, different generations of SCs emerged varying only by slight modifications in structure. Some recent SCs include AB–and AB-. These substances are commonly marketed under the guise of being a ‘‘legal high’’ with a disclaimer of ‘‘not for human consumption’’. Law enforcement, public health officials, and clinicians are encountering cases in which there has been abuse of these substances,4 requiring up to date information of the drug legislation, chemistry of the compounds and their detection, as well as the toxicology to be able to help identify these compounds when they present clinically. After the passage of the Act of 2012 in the United States, a third and fourth generation of SCs including UR-144, XLR11, and AKB-48 emerged. In early 2013, a fifth generation including PB-22 and AB-emerged. These 5th generation synthetic cannabinoids including -and THJ-220 were temporarily placed in in December of 2014. 4 Drug legislation in other countries also attempted to combat the use of these synthetic cannabinoids. For example, Japan reported the emergence of SCs before 2007. This was combated with the passage of the allowing for the control of designated substances prohibiting their advertisement, sale, supply, and production. Also, several European countries not only detected SCs but also began banning early generations in 2009. The difficulty of legislation of these drugs is once certain SCs are scheduled another generation of cannabinoids often emerges. The slight variations that occur between the different generations of SCs are predominantly changes to the linking group, secondary structure, or tail group. These variations are often characterized by continually increasing binding affinities to the CB1 and CB2 receptors. This ensures the continued popularity of these drugs by offering continued increased potency when compared to delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol (Δ-9-THC), the active component of marijuana. 5 The chemistry of these compounds remains an integral part of determining potency and how changes to chemical structure changes biochemical activity. cannabinoids are composed of four sub-structures and the new compounds are often grouped based upon changes to these groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the emergence and characteristics of synthetic cannabinoids, their legislative challenges, and the chemistry of these compounds. It does not address the capabilities of anthropologists in predicting cultural trends.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: “You’ll get the subtleties of the gene back as well,” such as when and in what amount and in what form the gene is expressed, says Patrick Harrison, who is working on this approach at Cork in Ireland. Harrison’s current work targets three CFTR mutations that can all be ameliorated by cutting a few DNA base pairs out of the mutated gene. The counterintuitive strategy is a good test case for gene editing because it only requires a single step, cutting the DNA, rather than also inserting a corrected sequence. “It will be more efficient and it will be simpler,” Harrison says. “It will also work in cells that aren’t dividing very quickly, which is often the case in lung tissue. ”The only gene-editing strategy for cystic fibrosis that has been tested in humans so far is QR-010, a molecule developed by the Dutch biotechnology company ProQR to correct the Phe508del mutation, which has just entered phase I clinical trials. The company’s approach is unique in that its gene therapy aims to edit not the mutant DNA itself but the messenger RNA that the cell produces as a template for building a protein[3]. On account of its complexity, gene editing will be difficult to take from research tool to clinic, but that doesn’t mean it and any other avenues shouldn’t be investigated. “I think it’s very good for the field that there are lots of different approaches,” says Alton. “It doesn’t matter which of us gets there, it’s just important for the patients that one of us gets there. ”Drug treatments for cystic fibrosis Drug classMechanismExamplesBronchodilatorsWiden the airways to help other medications reach the lungs. Salbutamol, salmeterol. Mucus thinnersMake mucus less sticky so it is easier to remove from lungs through chest physical therapy or coughing. Hypertonic saline, dornase alpha, mannitol. Pancreatic enzymesHelp the body to digest food and absorb nutrients (replacing enzymes normally produced by the body that cannot always reach the digestive system because they are blocked by thick, sticky mucus). Pancreatin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing details about ongoing gene therapy advancements specifically targeting cystic fibrosis, such as the work being done by Patrick Harrison that aims at addressing CFTR mutations. It highlights the development of QR-010, a gene therapy molecule that is in phase I clinical trials, thereby supporting the notion that gene therapy is actively being developed for cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is guaranteed to provide a perfect Earth-like environment for future generations. [SEP] Text: How much does this change our picture of water on the red planet? Interviewee: Alex WitzeIt’s both a big deal and not a big deal, depending on how you think about it. The less exciting way to think about it is that we have known there’s water on Mars in various capacities. We know there’s ice frozen at the poles, we’ve seen ice sort of frozen into the soil at different points around the planet, but it’s always been solid, it’s always been frozen. So the really big thing would be this is the first time we’ve seen it today liquid. And that’s a big deal because of course, water is considered a habitat, or at least something you need for life. So if we’ve got little Martians, if we’ve got Martian microbes, this is a place where they could live. Maybe, just maybe. Interviewer: Adam LevySo what does that maybe actually mean? How certain are these findings of this liquid water on Mars? Interviewee: Alex WitzeSo, people have been trying to use radar to look for liquid water on Mars for a very long time, for more than decade. And it’s just really tricky to interpret these reflections. We talked about these radio waves bouncing back and they looked like a really bright reflection, and so the sort of question here is whether the analysis of the radar data will hold up. Something is there, the question is, is it water? Interviewer: Adam LevyIf we’re able to settle that question and at some point say yes, that definitely is liquid water, does that then mean there is also life there? Interviewee: Alex WitzeWe don’t know – could be… maybe not. The next step that scientists talk about wanting to take is to see whether this one body of water, this one lake beneath the ice cap, whether there are more. And the idea is that this might be kind of a refuge perhaps for microbes that have been around for a very long time. The idea being that Mars, early in its history, billions of years ago, was warmer and wetter than today, almost a blue planet like Earth and life perhaps could have thrived there like it thrived on ancient Earth. And then as Mars sort of dried up and got colder and lost most of its atmosphere, where did those microbes go? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the uncertainty surrounding the presence of liquid water on Mars and whether it could support life. It mentions that while there may be evidence of liquid water, the findings are not conclusive ('we don’t know – could be… maybe not'), which directly challenges the idea that terraforming would guarantee an Earth-like environment. Additionally, the text emphasizes that Mars' current conditions are significantly different from Earth, thereby undermining the claim of a perfect transformation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: The four substructures are: the core indole or imidazole ring; which is attached by a linking group to a secondary structure with a tail substitute on the core group. Synthetic cannabinoids are prepared in large batches and sprayed over botanical material and then marketed in small packages. As governments start to prohibit the use of more classical synthetic cannabinoids, structurally variable indole synthetic cannabinoids have started to be present in forensic samples that had not been seen in the literature previously. 6 As governments continue to outlaw specific structural moiety changes to the napthyl ring a class of compounds was created called adamantoylindoles. These compounds were created by replacing a napthyl ring with an adamantyl ring; and were titled third generation synthetic cannabinoids. 6 This name arose as the changed the federal scheduling to include certain cannabinoids like JWH-018 into Schedule 1. 6 The name has persisted into future generations including the third, fourth, and fifth generation compounds that are the focus of this review. Halogenation of the aliphatic side chain is a popular way of modifying one of the established cannabinoid receptor agonists to increase their potency and create a structural analog to evade law enforcement detection. This has prompted blends of compounds that include the parent compound, its halogenated counterpart, and in some cases earlier synthetic cannabinoids. For example, compounds appear on the market as (AKB-48) and ADB-together within a mixture alongside the 5-fluoropentyl analogs. 7-11 PB-22 and 5F-PB-22 were first reported as the drugs in a 2009 patent filed by the pharmaceutical manufacturer Pfizer. 12 ADB-was first encountered by law enforcement following reports of serious events in both Georgia and Colorado. 13 This review will attempt to spotlight the third, fourth, and fifth generation synthetic cannabinoids including the ones featured in Figure 1-12. Uchiyama et al. 14 published the identification of two synthetic cannabinoids APICA and that were illegally produced and sold. The identification used a variety of instrumentation including ultra high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-DAD-MS). Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), positive mode direct analysis in real time –time of flight spectrometry (DART-TOF) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to overcome the problem of structural similarity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about anthropologists predicting future cultural trends. It discusses synthetic cannabinoids and their structural modifications, which is unrelated to anthropology or cultural trends.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: AntibioticsFight bacterial infections that cystic fibrosis patients are prone to because the thick mucus in their airways tends to trap bacteria. Many classes of antibiotics are used in cystic fibrosis patients. Patients often take oral or inhaled antibiotics daily to prevent infection, and may need intravenous antibiotics if an infection does take hold. CTFR correctorsFor patients with class III mutations in the gene that encodes cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), accounting for about 4% of cystic fibrosis cases: the drug helps the CFTR protein carry chloride ions across the cell membrane. Ivacaftor (Kalydeco). CTFR correctorsFor patients with two copies of the most common cystic fibrosis mutation, Phe508del: the drug helps shepherd the CFTR protein to the surface of the cell, and ivacaftor improves its chloride transport ability. Lumacaftor/ivacaftor (Orkambi). 691. doi: 10. 1016/S2213-2600(15)00245-3 [2] Griesenbach U, Pytel KM & Alton EW. Cystic fibrosis gene therapy in the UK and elsewhere. Therapy 2015;26:266–275. doi: 10. 1089/hum. 2015. 027 [3] Strategies in early clinical development for the treatment of basic defects of cystic fibrosis. 2016;25:423–436. doi: 10. 1517/13543784. 2016. 1154041 [4] Lung gene therapy with highly compacted DNA nanop17. doi: 10. 1016/j. jconrel. 2014. 01. 007 [5] Assessment of F/HN-pseudotyped lentivirus as a clinically relevant vector for lung gene therapy. 2012;186:846–856. doi: 10. 1164/rccm. 201206-1056OC [6] Transduction of ferret airway epithelia using a pre-treatment and lentiviral gene vector. BMC 2014;14:183. doi: 10. 1186/1471-2466-14-183 [7] VidoviÄ‡ D, Gijsbers R, Quiles-et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing specific therapies related to cystic fibrosis, including CTFR correctors and the drugs Ivacaftor and Lumacaftor/ivacaftor. These treatments aim to correct the underlying genetic issues associated with the disease, indicating that gene therapy is indeed being developed and applied for cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is guaranteed to provide a perfect Earth-like environment for future generations. [SEP] Text: Well, maybe they retreated sort of under the polar caps where they found little bits of water to hang on with. Interviewer: Adam LevyHow would we actually be able to find out? This water, if it’s there, it’s more than a kilometre under the surface. Interviewee: Alex WitzeI talked to one of the scientists who leads drilling projects in Antarctica, and he was talking about the huge amount of equipment they haul out onto the ice, and then they have a hot water drill, and then they melt a core down and get to the water beneath. But how do you fly all that stuff to Mars, right? I think there’s got to be a lot of technological advances, I think it’s safe to say, before we could probably go sample it. It’s just too tough to get there for the foreseeable future. Interviewer: Adam LevyFor our second story this week, let’s go even further afield, and astronomers have been studying the behaviour of the black hole at the centre of our galaxy. What were they actually watching? Interviewee: Alex WitzeThis is an amazing project that’s been going on. There are two competing teams that have been looking at the centre of our galaxy for more than two decades. They use some of the world’s largest telescopes to watch how stars essentially dance around the centre of our Milky Way. There’s a supermassive black hole there, something like 4 million times the mass of our Sun, and that’s a heck of a lot of gravity – this big, intense black hole sucking in everything. And stars that are just a little bit too unfortunate and they get a little bit too close to the black hole, you can see them kind of skirt as they move by over time. And these two teams have been watching this one particular star every 16 years loop around this black hole, and as it sort of whizzes by its close approach, it has kind of a super scary passage, it just kind of squeaks right by and moves along, and manages to escape its gravity. But it’s sort of a two decade-long watching this star kind of eke it’s way past the black hole. Interviewer: Adam LevyCould you give some sense of how extreme this is? How fast is this star orbiting around the black hole? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the difficulties and technological challenges of exploring Mars, specifically mentioning the complexities involved in retrieving water from beneath the surface and how hard it would be to transport necessary equipment to Mars. This implies that developing a suitable environment on Mars is far from guaranteed, contradicting the claim that terraforming is assured to create a perfect Earth-like setting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: 14 This successful identification supports the idea that new synthetic cannabinoids can be identified using classical forensic technology, allowing for laboratories to maintain casework proficiency. Veress et al. 15 examined herbal mixtures of AKB-48, AB---22, AB-5F-PB-22, and AM-2201 that were seized on the Hungarian black market. The examination was conducted using Resonance (ATR) (FTIR), and confirmation with GC-MS. The authors examined different solvents including n-hexane, methanol, chloroform, and acetone to determine the most efficient one. The upper clear liquid phase was used for FTIR analysis. After evaporation of the solvent and examination of the results of the residues, it was noted that the best spectra for residues were obtained after application of acetone. Data was collected between 4000/cm and 6000/cm with a resolution of 4/cm for 32 scans. The results were confirmed using GC-MS. 15 Hasegawa et al. 16 was the first to state that the presence of AB-5F-fluoro-AMB and diphenidine were found in herbal incense (Super Lemon). This compound caused the death of a 30-year-old male. Using GC-MS and comparing it to the spectral library the total ion chromatogram (TIC) showed two distinct peaks, leading to the conclusion that one would be the SCs, and the other diphenidine after comparing mass spectral patterns to an established library. 16 The more information that is collected and maintained about these compounds allows for scientists and clinicians to know how to start investigations when new compounds may arise from the black market (Figure 1-12). Figure 1 AB-Fubinaca. Figure 2 ADB-Fubinaca. Figure 3 AB-Pinaca. Figure 4 ADB-Pinaca. Figure 5 5F-AB-Pinaca. Figure 6 5F-ADB-Fubinaca. Figure 7 AB-Fubica. Figure 8 ADB-Fubica. Figure 9 AB-Pica. Figure 10 ADBica. Figure 11 5F-AB-Pica. Figure 12 5F-ADBica. Pharmacology and toxicology Not unlike more classical synthetic cannabinoids, these generations of cannabinoids affects the cardiovascular system by decreasing heart rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is unrelated to the claim. It discusses the identification and analysis of synthetic cannabinoids using forensic technology, but does not provide any information regarding anthropologists or their ability to predict cultural trends.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Skip to Our site uses cookies to improve your experience. You can find out more about our use of cookies in About Cookies, including instructions on how to turn off cookies if you wish to do so. By continuing to browse this site you agree to us using cookies as described in About Cookies. I accept evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. search Open menu language : language : Review language Select your preferred language for and other content. Sections without translation will be in English. Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Indonesia 日本語 한국어 ês Русский Română தமிழ் ภาษาไทย 繁體中文 简体中文 Website language Select your preferred language for the website. English Español (CDSR) for trials What's new (search and ) is created Search help quick guides Search FApublications in the of Editorial policies Information for authors translations What's new Data reuse options Permissions and reprints Media information Contact us Terms and conditions Known issues content content and plain language summary only and plain language summary only Cite this 0 language summary Authors' conclusions Summary of findings and tables 10. 1002/14651858. CD008190. pub3 Collapse all Expand all Abstract available in English Español فارسی Français 한국어 Português 简体中文 loss of appetite in cystic fibrosis concerns both individuals and families. Appetite stimulants have been used to help cystic fibrosis patients with chronic anorexia attain optimal body mass index (BMI) and nutritional status. However, these may have adverse effects on clinical status. This is an updated version of the original review. systematically search for and evaluate the evidence on the beneficial effects of appetite stimulants in the management of cystic fibrosis‐related anorexia and synthesise reports of any side effects. Search methods We searched the Fibrosis and Group's and online trials registries; handsearched reference lists; and contacted local and international experts to identify relevant trials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address gene therapy or its development for cystic fibrosis or other genetic disorders. It primarily discusses the use of appetite stimulants in managing cystic fibrosis-related anorexia and does not provide relevant information to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars already contains enough oxygen to sustain a human colony with minimal atmospheric modification. [SEP] Text: Abstract—For the first time, the calculations of the penetration of protons of the undisturbed solar wind into the daytime atmosphere of Mars due to charge exchange in the extended hydrogen corona (Shematovich et al. , 2021) are used allowing us to determine self-consistently the sources of suprathermal oxygen atoms, as well as their kinetics and transport. An additional source of hot oxygen atoms—collisions accompanied by the momentum and energy transfer from the flux of precipitating high-energy hydrogen atoms to atomic oxygen in the upper atmosphere of Mars—was included in the Boltzmann kinetic equation, which was solved with the Monte-Carlo kinetic model. As a result, the population of the hot oxygen corona of Mars has been estimated; and it has been shown that the proton aurorae are accompanied by the atmospheric loss of atomic oxygen, which is evaluated within a range of (3. 5–5. 8) × 107 cm–2 s–1. It has been shown that the exosphere becomes populated with a substantial amount of suprathermal oxygen atoms with kinetic energies up to the escape energy, 2 eV. The atomic oxygen loss rate caused by a sporadic source in the Martian atmosphere—the precipitation of energetic neutral atoms of hydrogen (H‑ENAs) during proton aurorae at Mars—was estimated by the self-consistent calculations according to a set of the Monte-Carlo kinetic models. These values turned out be comparable to the atomic oxygen loss supported by a regular source—the exothermic photochemical reactions (Groeller et al. , 2014; Jakosky et al. , 2018). It is currently supposed that the atmospheric loss of Mars due to the impact of the solar wind plasma and, in particular, the fluxes of precipitating high-energy protons and hydrogen atoms during solar flares and coronal mass ejections may play an important role in the loss of the neutral atmosphere on astronomic time scales (Jakosky et al. , 2018). Similar content being viewed by others Suprathermal oxygen atoms in the Martian upper atmosphere: Contribution of the proton and hydrogen atom precipitation 130. 4 and 135. 6 nm (Deighan et al. , 2015). To estimate the fraction of escaping oxygen atoms, the values obtained for the content of suprathermal oxygen atoms (Lillis et al. , 2017) were compared to the corona models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the processes involved in the Martian atmosphere, specifically focusing on the loss of atomic oxygen due to the solar wind and the consequent atmospheric loss. It discusses the dynamics of suprathermal oxygen atoms and the impact of solar events on atmospheric composition, implying that the oxygen levels may not be sufficient to support human life without significant atmospheric modification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: A case report linked ADB-to 59% of patients who experienced tachycardia, and to one patient who experienced a myocardial infarction. 17 The third and fourth generation synthetic cannabinoids show effects on the central nervous system (CNS), and in one case report 22 patients were admitted to the emergency room after confirmed use of ADB-. Some patients reported significant CNS effects including confusion/disorientation, somnolence/unresponsiveness and aggression. 18 Although these symptoms may appear to be minor, they can have a negative impact on an individual’s ability to perform daily tasks; this impairment has also been studied in relation to driving. 19,20 Gurney et al. 12 wrote a comprehensive review explaining many of the pharmacological and toxicological effects of classical synthetic cannabinoids. This reported receptor-binding study to determine binding affinities to CB1 and CB2 receptors. For example delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol binds to both receptors, AB-has a 100-fold increase in binding affinity to the CB1 receptor that can lead to an increased abuse potential. 12 The review also reported information on the efficacy of classical synthetic cannabinoids, as well as reporting that a single atom substitution of a halogen has a dramatic effect on binding affinity both positively and negatively. Finally, it also reported various physiological effects including kidney damage, tachycardia, and serious CNS effects after exposure to ADB-. The literature that documents these effects can be helpful to predict the effects of new generations of synthetic cannabinoids, as the trend has been the effects are all similar to marijuana exposure. This review will turn the focus to indazole carboxamide derivatives, sometimes known as third, fourth, and fifth generation synthetic cannabinoids. A variety of different studies have been conducted involving the metabolism, pharmacology, and adverse effects of these synthetic cannabinoids. This review aims to explain the most recent advancements and discoveries of the newer generation synthetic cannabinoids to help better understand metabolic pathways, which will only assist in determining not only the cause of certain symptoms clinically, but also post-mortem distribution to help future exploration of compounds that arise from the black market. Hasegawa et al. 16 reported a fatal case of drug poisoning of a 30 year old man, who was found dead in his car, with herbal incense (Super Lemon) containing multiple compounds including AB-5F fluoro-AMB, and diphenidine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of synthetic cannabinoids and their implications for health, rather than addressing the ability of anthropologists to predict cultural trends.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: trial, while not demonstrating a sustained improvement in lung function, remains promising by demonstrating a reduction in exacerbation frequency and a small improvement in QoL (Elkins 2006a). This effect was not seen in in children without airflow limitation as measured by spirometry (FEV1 over 80% predicted) (Amin 2010). It did improve mucociliary clearance and ventilation inhomogeneity as measured by the LCI in those with mild lung disease, though the long‐term implications of this finding are unclear. When delivered following a bronchodilator it is an inexpensive additional therapy for people with CF, which does not appear to be associated significant adverse effects (Amin 2010). In younger children hypertonic saline did not improve measures of infant lung function or reduce pulmonary exacerbations (Rosenfeld 2012). We chose lung function as our primary outcome because of its relationship in the long term with mortality in CF and by inference to see if hypertonic saline would alter this decline (Courtney 2007). Elkins performed the largest trial in adults and children over six years of age, to address whether hypertonic saline (7%) compared to isotonic saline (0. 9%) would improve FEV1 after 48 weeks of treatment (Elkins 2006a). They failed to demonstrate a significant improvement in lung function over 48 weeks, although our pooled analysis of both the smaller trial by Eng together with the Elkins trial did demonstrate a small improvement in FEV1 after four weeks of treatment (Elkins 2006a; Eng 1996). One limitation of using lung function markers such FEV1 is that, despite their association with long‐term outcomes, they may be relatively insensitive to small changes in CF, especially over time given the progressive nature of the disease. Also, those with intact lung function who may benefit most in the long term from hypertonic saline, would be less likely to demonstrate an improvement. With this in mind, Amin used the LCI, which is a novel measure of ventilation inhomogeneity using an inert gas multiple‐breath washout technique and which has been validated in CF and shown to be more sensitive in detecting early airways disease (Gustafsson 2008). Amin proposed that in those with only mild airflow limitation this would be more sensitive to change with hypertonic saline, and demonstrated this after four weeks of treatment, although there was no improvement seen with FEV1 or even improvement in symptom scores (Amin 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address gene therapy specifically or any developments related to it. Instead, it discusses the effects of hypertonic saline treatments for cystic fibrosis, which does not corroborate with or contrast against the claim regarding gene therapy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars already contains enough oxygen to sustain a human colony with minimal atmospheric modification. [SEP] Text: This is caused by the presence of a substantial fraction of oxygen atoms in the suprathermal energy range (>1. 0 eV) and the predominance of suprathermal oxygen atoms at altitudes above the exobase (i. e. , at 180−200 km) in the hot corona, which were produced by reaction (1) and transported there from the lower layers of the thermosphere. The result is that the number of p5. The upward (solid lines) and downward (dashed lines) fluxes of suprathermal oxygen atoms in the upper atmosphere of Mars at altitudes of 140 km (a) and 220 km (b) calculated with the MCKM-3 for the basic model A. At the 140-km altitude, the rate of forming suprathermal oxygen atoms due to precipitation of H-ENAs is highest, while the 220-km level is in the Martian exosphere, from where oxygen atoms with suprathermal energies escape. The vertical line marks the escape energy for the Martian atmosphere. Full size imageFig. 6. As in Fig. 5, but the results of calculations according to model B for the upward (solid lines) and downward (dashed lines) fluxes of suprathermal oxygen atoms are presented. Full size imageFig. 7. The altitude profiles for the upward flux of suprathermal oxygen atoms calculated for models A (black line) and B (brown line). Full size imageIn fact, the upward fluxes of suprathermal oxygen atoms, which are shown in panels (b) of Figs. 5 and 6, make it possible to estimate the fluxes of atomic oxygen escaping from the Martian atmosphere during proton aurorae. For this, the upward flux of oxygen atoms should be integrated over energy starting from the escape energy marked by a vertical line in the diagrams. As a result, the following estimates were obtained for the escaping fluxes: 5. 8 × 107 and 3. 5 × 107 cm–2 s–1 for models A and B, respectively. Thus, collisions between thermal oxygen atoms and precipitating high-energy hydrogen atoms, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the presence of oxygen atoms in the Martian atmosphere but emphasizes their high energy states and escape from the atmosphere. It indicates that while there are oxygen atoms present, they are in a form that leads to significant escape from the atmosphere during proton auroras, which implies that there is not enough stable oxygen to sustain a human colony without substantial modification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: Samples for toxicology examinations were taken from femoral vein blood, heart blood, urine, and eight solid tissues including adipose tissue. This report was the first to state the presence of AB-5F fluoro-AMB, and diphenidine in postmortem human specimens. Different extraction procedures were used for the urine, blood, and solid tissue samples. Standard addition was used to overcome matrix effects and increase accuracy. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis. This was the first report of the postmortem distribution of these compounds. This report showed that these three drugs were distributed post-mortem to adipose and other fatty tissue using a validated method that could be expanded to newly emerging synthetic cannabinoids. Hasegawa et al. 16 also reported the post mortem distribution of MAB-. In this case report, MAB-was reported in the highest concentration in pericardial blood and whole blood specimens. The highest concentration in solid tissues was found in the liver, then the kidney and pancreas. The method was identical to what was previously reported, but standard addition was used to overcome the matrix effects that were experienced. The group reported that the time between administration and cardiac arrest prevented the compound from accumulating in adipose tissue. It was also interesting to see the drug was accumulating in the kidney, possibly in an effort to remove it from the system. 21 Freijo et al. 22 used a simple approach to detect and quantify many classical synthetic cannabinoids as well as AB-using LC-MS/MS. In this research they spiked drug-free urine samples with various synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites. Urine samples from patients and known users were hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase, and then separated and detected. Analytical figures of merit including a low limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), upper limit of linearity (ULOL), precision and accuracy were all determined. The screening method was difficult to use for the determination of metabolites due to matrix effects. 22 Scheidweiler et al. 23 developed and validated a highly useful novel method for 47 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites from 21 synthetic cannabinoids in urine samples utilizing a LC-QTOF method. The hydrolysis and extraction procedures were optimized and analytical figures of merit determined. data were acquired in positive electrospray mode. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses toxicology examinations and the distribution of drugs post-mortem without addressing anything related to anthropology or cultural trends. There is no mention of anthropologists or predictions about cultural trends.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: FVC (% predicted) change from baseline Follow‐up: up to 4 weeks See comments. MD ‐0. 10% (95% CI ‐5. 98% to 5. 78%) 25 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊖⊖ low1,2 Negative MD indicates an advantage for evening DNase inhalation, but difference is not statistically significant FVC (L) also showed no significant difference between groups. Participants received both morning and evening DNase inhalation as cross‐over design. Measures of QoL and symptom scores Follow‐up: up to 4 weeks See comments. NA 25 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊖⊖ low1,2 A variety of VAS scores reported on cough (day and night), sputum (volume and viscosity), appetite and sleep quality; none of which were significantly different as a result of the time of day the DNase was inhaled. FEF25‐75 (% predicted) Follow‐up: up to 4 weeks Oucome not reported. effects Follow‐up: up to 4 weeks See comments. NA (see comment) 25 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊖⊖ low1,2 No statistical comparisons made. Narrative reports indicated that evening DNase inhalation did not adversely impact overnight oximetry or cough per hour recordings (but between‐group comparisons were not provided for this outcome). Relative effect and 95% CI presented is adjusted for the cross‐over design of the studies. ACT : airway clearance technique; CI : confidence interval; CSS : cough symptom score; DNase : dornase alfa; FEF25‐75 : mid‐forced expiratory volume; FEV1 : forced expiratory volume in 1 second; MD : mean difference; NA : not applicable; QoL : quality of life; VAS: visual analogue scale. grades of evidence High quality : further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality : further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality : further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: we are very uncertain about the estimate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the results of a study comparing the effectiveness of evening versus morning inhalation of DNase (dornase alfa) for cystic fibrosis patients, without providing any information on the development of gene therapy for the condition. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars already contains enough oxygen to sustain a human colony with minimal atmospheric modification. [SEP] Text: , QOh: H(E) + Oth → H(E ' < E) + Osth(E " = E – E '), serves as an additional source in proton aurorae and leads to the loss of atomic oxygen from the Martian atmosphere, the escaping flux of which ranges within (3. 5–5. 8) × 107 cm–2 s–1. From our earlier studies (see, e. g. , the paper by Groeller et al. (2014) and 0. 5–5. 0) × 107 cm–2 s–1. At the same time, in the previous studies of the contribution of precipitation into the atmospheric losses, the following estimates were obtained: (i) the flux of oxygen atoms, escaping due to precipitation of protons and hydrogen atoms from the solar wind, varies in an interval of (0. 7–28. 0) × 105 cm–2 s–1 for the spectra of precipitating protons measured by the -3/MEX instrument under conditions of a low level of solar activity and the spectra of precipitating hydrogen atoms derived by the hybrid modeling of the interaction between the solar wind plasma and the Martian corona; (ii) the flux of oxygen atoms escaping due to precipitation of protons and hydrogen atoms from the solar wind, which are presented by the energy spectra measured locally with the MAVEN/SWIA instrument (Halekas et al. , 2015), varies in an interval of (0. 31–5. 3) × 107 cm–2 s–1 (e. g. , Shematovich and Kalinicheva, 2020; and 3. 5–5. 8) × 107 cm–2 s–1. It was shown that the exosphere is populated by a substantial amount of suprathermal oxygen atoms with kinetic energies up to the escape energy, 2 eV, i. e. , the hot oxygen corona of Mars is in addition to the photochemical sources. With the self-consistent calculations according to a set of the Monte-Carlo kinetic models, we estimated the atmospheric loss rate of atomic oxygen caused by precipitation of H-ENAs during proton aurorae on Mars. The obtained values, (3. 5–5. 8) × 107 cm–2 s–1, are comparable to the atomic oxygen loss due to photochemical reactions (Groeller et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents data regarding the loss of atomic oxygen from Mars' atmosphere, indicating that significant amounts of oxygen are lost due to processes such as precipitation from the solar wind. This suggests that, rather than possessing enough oxygen to support a human colony, Mars is actually losing oxygen, thus contradicting the claim that it contains enough oxygen for human habitation with minimal modification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: While the method was sensitive, it was often difficult to get baseline resolution, lowering selectivity in authentic specimens. Limits of detection (LOD) were measured as 0. 25-5μg/L (N = 10 unique fortified urine samples). allowed for increased selectivity versus normal non-targeted acquisitions. These measurements also need to be taken with caution because there was such analytical variation in the case reported on. 23 Peterson and Couper24 also reported that synthetic cannabinoids appear to have an impact on impaired driving behavior. In their study, it was observed that with exposure to AB-and AB-horizontal gaze nystagmus was present in 50-60% of the cases, and blood pressure was lowered in 80% of the cases. This reiterates the cardiovascular effects previously reported in this paper. This study also reported consistent results of the determination of impairment using the field sobriety test. 24 Karinen et al. 25 reported the concentrations of 5-and UR-144, in whole blood samples collected from driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases. UR-144 was found in two cases, 5F-in one case, and concurrent findings of both and 5F-in three cases. The analyses were performed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS-MS). and 5F-were found in concentrations ranging from 0. 24 to 24. 5 mg/L and 0. 9 to 6. 6 mg/L, respectively. 25 This study confirms impairment found in previous studies. While investigating how these compounds are broken down in the human body remains difficult with such little sample volume, groups have used other in vivo and in vitro methods to characterize pharmacological and toxicological effects. As the research advances, case reports have made this research more applicable. Gandhi et al. 26 was the first study to report the metabolic profile of AKB-48 () by incubating 10μM with human hepatocytes (1. 3×10^6 cells/mL) in 20-mL glass scintillation vials, constant shaking in an incubator set at 37°C. The samples were removed in a time course of zero, one, and three hours and the reaction was stopped with an equal volume of acetonitrile to precipitate proteins. Analysis was performed using UHPLC-MS/MS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses analytical methods and findings related to pharmacology and toxicology, particularly in the context of drug influence on driving behavior. It does not address cultural trends, anthropology, or the ability to predict such trends.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: in future updates of review if additional studies become available, the authors will assess clinical and methodological heterogeneity before pooling data in a meta‐analysis. We will carry out an assessment for statistical heterogeneity initially visually and then using a Chi² test and also using the I² statistic. Using the Chi² test, a low P value (P < 0. 1) or a large Chi² statistic relative to its degree of freedom will provide evidence of heterogeneity of intervention effects (i. e. the variation in effect estimates beyond chance). The authors will interpret the value of the I² statistic as follows: 0% to 40% ‐ might not be important; 40% to 60% ‐ may represent moderate heterogeneity; 60% to 75% ‐ may represent substantial heterogeneity; and 75% to 100% ‐ considerable heterogeneity (Deeks 2011). Assessment of reporting biases One author (KRJ) contacted study investigators through email to provide missing outcome data, but no additional missing data were available as the trial was stopped prematurely. If sufficient numbers of included studies are available in future updates of review, the authors will assess publication bias, by using funnel plots in (RevMan 2014). Data synthesis If a sufficient number of included studies are available in future updates of review, the authors will perform meta‐analyses using (RevMan 2014). We plan to use a fixed‐effect model for pooled data analysis; however, if there is important statistical heterogeneity identified (I² statistic is more than 50%) we will also use a random‐effects model in a sensitivity analysis among studies. Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity If a sufficient number of included studies (at least 10) are available in future updates of review and if the authors identify substantial heterogeneity (over 50%), we will explore it by performing the following subgroup analyses: children (up to and including 18 years of age) versus adults (over 18 years of age); different stages of ABPA (five stages according to Patterson (Patterson 1982): (1) acute; (2) remission; (3) exacerbation; (4) corticosteroid‐dependent asthma; and (5) fibrosis (end stage)); colonization of participants with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa or both or neither. Sensitivity analysis Further, the authors will perform a sensitivity analysis to explore whether the heterogeneity is a result of different risk of bias. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodological approaches to data analysis in reviews and trials without mentioning gene therapy or genetic disorders. There is no information provided that corroborates or contrasts the claim about the development of gene therapy for cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Once terraformed, Mars will have a climate similar to Earth's temperate regions without further maintenance. [SEP] Text: , 2012; Yatagai et al. , 2012). After the data set was assembled, 28 climate indices were calculated for each growing season over each grid. The indices were primarily from Zhang et al. (2011) and taken from the joint CCl//on Detection and Indices/Development climate change indices (Karl et al. , 1999; Peterson et al. , 2001), including such indices as consecutive dry days (CDD) and diurnal temperature range (DTR), and augmented with agriculturally relevant indices such as growing degree days. Table 1 contains the variable names and descriptions. For this paper, all the indices are calculated for each growing season. This data set is archived at Table 1. Used in Variable name Explanation of variable Unit CDD Maximum number of consecutive dry days when daily precipitation goes below 1 mm days CWD Maximum number of consecutive wet days when daily precipitation goes above 1 mm days R×1day Maximum 1-day precipitation mm R×5day Maximum 5-day precipitation mm precipitation from days when daily precipitation goes above 1 mm mm R1/R10/R20 Number of days when daily precipitation goes above 1/10/20 mm days SDII Simple precipitation intensity index, calculated as divided by R1 mm HWDI Number of consecutive days when daily maximum temperature is at least 5°C above the mean climatology days of daily maximum temperature °C of daily minimum temperature °C of daily average temperature °C HD25/HD/HD34/HD35 Number of days when daily maximum temperature goes above 25/30/34/35°C days FD Frost days: Seasonal count when daily minimum temperature is below 0°C days SU Summer days: Seasonal count when daily maximum temperature is above 25°C days TR Tropical nights: Seasonal count when daily minimum temperature is above 20°C days ID Icing days: Seasonal count when daily maximum temperature is below 0°C days DTR Mean difference between the daily maximum and minimum temperature °C ETR Difference between the highest and lowest temperature observation throughout the growing season °C deviation of daily temperature °C deviation of daily precipitation mm GDD The integral of temperature above a base temperature, 5. 5°C for wheat, 10°C for maize, soybean, and rice. Upper limit is 25°C for wheat (McMaster & Smika, 1988), 30°C for maize (Cross & Zuber, 1972). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on climate indices and methodologies for analyzing climate data without directly addressing the climate conditions of Mars or the implications of terraforming on its climate. It does not provide any supportive or contrasting evidence related to Mars' climate post-terraformation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: Seventeen AKB-48 metabolites were identified based upon a predefined filtering criterion. Major metabolites were identified which included monohydroxylated, dihydroxylated, trihydroxylated, and mono- and dihydroxylated glucuronide conjugates, and dihydroxylated with ketone formation at the N-pentyl side chain. 26 Thomsen et al. 27 studied the metabolism of two indazole carboxamide derivatives, AB-and AB-by incubation with human liver microsomes (HLM), and human pulmonary microsomes (HPM). The major metabolites were the carboxylic acid derivatives of both synthetic cannabinoids. Other major metabolic pathways were mono-hydroxylation of the N-pentyl chain in AB-and mono-hydroxylation of the 1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutane moiety in AB-. This group indicated based on binding affinity, esterase inhibition assays and UPLC-MS analysis that carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) was the major enzyme responsible for the amide hydrolysis in human hepatic and enzymatic cells. 27 Banister et al. 28 further narrowed the chemistry to compounds based on the indole and indazole scaffolds to investigate the pharmacology and chemistry of these compounds. This study not only synthesized these compounds, but also investigated the activity at the CB1 and CB2 receptors by comparing activity to that of Δ-9-tetrahydracannabinol. Using murine neuroblastoma cells, the group showed an effect on hyper polarization in these cells. The group determined that even the least potent synthetic cannabinoid studied was still 1,000 times more potent than Δ-9-tetrahydracannabinol. The group also determined a dose dependent hypothermic effect while also causing the heart of the rat to beat irregularly. These effects could be reversed by the use of a CB1 antagonist, confirming case reports in humans. 28 Takayama et al. 29 performed an important experiment about ADB---and 5F-QUPIC, by using liver microsomes in 2014. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was dissolved with 2μL of 5mM parent substrate (ADB---5 F-QUPIC), and combined with freshly prepared solutions of the NADPH regeneration system solutions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the metabolism of various compounds and does not address anthropological methods or predictions about cultural trends. The content is focused on pharmacology and chemistry, which does not relate to the field of anthropology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: any inherited protein deficiency disease, cystic fibrosis (CF) is a good candidate for gene replacement therapy. Despite the tremendous efforts of scientists worldwide invested in developing this approach, it did not lead to the expected results for various reasons discussed in this review. At the same time, the emergence of new methods of genome editing, as well as their latest modifications, makes it possible to bypass some of the problems of “classical” CF gene therapy. The review examines potential therapeutic agents for CF gene therapy, methods and routes of delivery, as well as discusses the problem of target cells for defect correction. Based on the results of these studies, editing genetic defects in the basal cells of the lungs and their counterparts in other organs will make it possible to create a drug for treating CF with a single administration. Keywords: Cystic fibrosis, CFTR, gene therapy, genome editing, basal cells, viral vectors. « » 9. [ [PMID: 34213646] [2] Ranslation of CFTR (CFTR2) 2021. Available from (Accessed: Nov 29 2021). [3]. Register of patients with cystic fibrosis in the -M 2020. [4] Bosch B, K. Searching for a cure for cystic fibrosis. A 25-year quest in a nutshell. Pediatr 2016; 175(1): 1-8. [ [PMID: 26567541] [5] Rescue of CF airway epithelial cell function in vitro by a CFTR potentiator, VX-770. 2009; 106(44): 18825-30. [ [PMID: 19846789] [6] FDA. . Available from: Nov 29 2021). [7] VX 08-770-104 Study Group. Ivacaftor in subjects with cystic fibrosis who are homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation. Chest 2012; 142(3): 718-24. [ [PMID: 22383668] [8] Clinical effectiveness of lumacaftor/ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis homozygous for F508del-CFTR. A clinical trial. 2021; 18(1): 75-83. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses cystic fibrosis (CF) as a suitable candidate for gene replacement therapy and elaborates on the efforts of scientists to develop gene therapy approaches. It highlights the potential therapeutic agents for CF gene therapy and mentions the application of new methods of genome editing, which could lead to advancements in treating this genetic disorder.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: True; [25461, 56722, 25739, 2268, 1185, 18226, 46375, 8907, 54979, 23095] [(29616, 0), (342, 1), (54363, 1), (63975, 1), (5426, 1), (9124, 1), (23973, 1), (44832, 0), (33044, 0), (68501, 1)] 696 == 696? True; [25461, 56722, 25739, 2268, 1185, 18226, 46375, 8907, 54979, 23095] [(29616, 0), (342, 1), (54363, 0), (63975, 0), (5426, 1), (9124, 0), (23973, 0), (44832, 1), (33044, 1), (68501, 1)] 974 == 974? True; [25461, 56722, 25739, 2268, 1185, 18226, 46375, 8907, 54979, 23095] [(29616, 0), (342, 0), (54363, 0), (63975, 1), (5426, 0), (9124, 1), (23973, 0), (44832, 0), (33044, 0), (68501, 1)] 184 == 184? True; [25461, 56722, 25739, 2268, 1185, 18226, 46375, 8907, 54979, 23095] [(29616, 1), (342, 1), (54363, 0), (63975, 0), (5426, 1), (9124, 0), (23973, 0), (44832, 1), (33044, 1), (68501, 1)] 136 == 136? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead presents a series of numerical comparisons with no context about zero-knowledge proofs. Thus, it contrasts with the claim by lacking any relevant information about proving knowledge without revealing information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: The identification of the metabolites derived from --and 5 F-QUPIC, were determined by comparison of the MS data, selected ion chromatograms (SICs), and MS/MS product ion spectra before and after the metabolism reaction by the human liver microsomes. 29 Debruyne & Le Boisselier30 reviewed information from clinical professionals and found that as a general rule, the synthetic cannabinoids that acted as agonists show little selectivity between the two receptors, while those that act as antagonists are highly selective in vitro. In mice, the group also described agonistic binding to CB1 receptors resulting in euphoria, anxiety, or alteration of memory. Based on case reports, the group reported effects beginning only a few minutes from inhalation and lasting approximately 2-6 hours. Case reports also showed that neurological and cardiovascular effects occur. This review also showed the extensive metabolism not only of these compounds but all synthetic cannabinoids is prevalently hydroxylation and glucuronidation. It is important to note that CYP enzymes appear to be responsible for the oxidative metabolism, specifically CYP3A4. Diagnostically, the group stressed clinicians to look for signs consistent with cannabis use and a negative cannabinoid screen to suspect synthetic cannabinoid use and abuse. 30 Chen et al. 31 narrowed the scope to one compound, AB-. The group looked at the oxidative fate of the compound in Wistar rats as well as the effect on genetic expression in the liver and the heart. Using LC-TOF/MS, the group determined after a time course, that excretion was readily detected three hours after injection and the excreted produced decreased gradually but was approximately 50% of the concentration at three hours, demonstrating slow degradation. The group also concluded that two derivatives were increasing with time in urine, consistent with the previously reported hydroxylated metabolites. 31 In gene expression, seventeen genes were up regulated and eleven down regulated in the liver while thirteen were up regulated and three down regulated in the heart after treatment. Treatment with AB-was concluded to have an effect on the cellular response. The study also concluded that there was a 2-fold decrease of HaO2 gene expression. In rats, it was considered an ideal gene for regulating systolic blood pressure and has a potential link to hypertension. The study showed decreased levels of HaO2 mRNA after treatment suggesting AB-has a potential to regulate blood pressure and heart disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about anthropologists predicting future cultural trends. It focuses on the metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids and their effects, providing detailed findings from various studies and does not address any aspects of cultural anthropology or trend prediction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 32644818] [9] Safety and efficacy of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor for 24 weeks or longer in people with cystic fibrosis and one or more F508del alleles: Interim results of an open-label phase 3 clinical trial. 2021; 203(3): 381-5. [ [PMID: 32969708] [10] Real-life safety and effectiveness of lumacaftor-ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis. 2020; 201(2): 188-97. [ [PMID: 31601120] [11] Aposhian HV. The use of DNA for gene therapy-the need, experimental approach, and implications. Med 1970; 14(1): 98-108. [ [PMID: 4321470] [12]. The cystic fibrosis gene: Isolation and significance. (Off Ed) 1990; 25(10): 47-57. [ [PMID: 1698801] [13] A phase I study of aerosolized administration of tgAAVCF to cystic fibrosis subjects with mild lung disease. Ther 2001; 12(15): 1907-16. [ [PMID: 11589832] [14] trial of intranasal and endobronchial administration of a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (rAAV2)-CFTR vector in adult cystic fibrosis patients: A two-part clinical study. Ther 2003; 14(11): 1079-88. [ [PMID: 12885347] [15]. Correlation between DNA transfer and cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cell correction after recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 gene therapy. Ther 2005; 16(8): 921-8. [ [PMID: 16076250] [16] Genetic medicines for CF: Hype versus reality. 2016; 51(S44): S5-S17. [ [PMID: 27662105] [17]. Therapeutic genome editing: Prospects and challenges. 2015; 21(2): 121-31. [ [PMID: 25654603] [18]. Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it references multiple studies related to cystic fibrosis that involve gene therapy approaches. For instance, it mentions a phase I study of aerosolized administration of tgAAVCF to cystic fibrosis subjects and reports on various clinical trials involving gene therapy methods targeting the cystic fibrosis gene. This indicates ongoing research and development in gene therapy aimed at treating cystic fibrosis, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: 참고문헌 내주 각주/미주 인용정보가 복사되었어요인용할 위치에서 붙여넣기 하세요 한 문장에 2개 이상의 연구 인용 도움말 (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) 한 문장에 1개의 연구 인용 도움말 (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018) 사용 가능한 기관 소속입니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses citation practices and does not mention zero-knowledge proofs or any related concepts. It does not provide any information that supports or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: 31 As LC-TOF/MS methods improve, more information about the pharmacology of specific compounds is being revealed. Vikingsson et al. 32 used HLM as well as authentic urine samples to determine oxidative metabolites of and its halogenated analog 5F-AKB-48. The group identified four standout metabolites, one mono-hydroxylated metabolite, one diadamantyl hydroxylated metabolite, one adamantyl-pentyl-hydroxylated metabolite and one diadamantyl-hydroxylated metabolite. The metabolites identified in the halogenated analog were a dihydroxylated and keto-metabolite, a 5F-monohydroxylated metabolite, and a 5F-dihydroxylated metabolite. Although the group found many similarities with the HLM and case subjects, variation appears to be dose dependent, as well as varied by metabolic activity. 32 New generations of synthetic cannabinoids are emerging and it is imperative as toxicologists that we remain aware of emerging compounds but also emerging technologies. Westin et al. 33 reported the emergence of another similar synthetic cannabinoid named MDMB-. The group used LC-QTOF-MS and the compound was determined in the serum sample from a patient that was found unconscious with an unknown brown powder. The serum sample contained the compound, and compared to the tested splenic tissue, the group determined an overdose of MDMB-was likely the cause of death. 33 synthetic cannabinoids continue to change to avoid detection it remains important to elicit data to be able to predict these compounds activity. As clinicians continue to see patients that have a negative cannabinoid screen, it is important to remain aware of new technologies to determine these drugs. Also, the important information that can be determined about the metabolism, pharmacology and toxicology allows researchers to continue the studies further into phase II metabolism as well as to lessen the variation in pharmacokinetic studies. Method development only increases the chances for clinicians to be able to treat synthetic cannabinoid exposure more effectively. More development is needed to improve the screening process to allow for high throughput screening of sprayed botanical material and powders as well as biological matrices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding anthropologists predicting future cultural trends. It discusses synthetic cannabinoids, their metabolites, detection methods, and toxicology, without mentioning cultural trends or anthropological predictions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Nature 2016; 533(7603): 420-4. [ [PMID: 27096365] [19] Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA. Nature 2019; 576(7785): 149-57. [ [PMID: 31634902] [20] A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of repeated nebulisation of non-viral cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis. Southampton, UK: 2016. [ [21] Chemically modified hCFTR mRNAs recuperate lung function in a mouse model of cystic fibrosis. 2018; 8(1): 16776. [ [PMID: 30425265] [22] Yang E, van Nimwegen E, Zavolan M, et al. Decay rates of human mRNAs: Correlation with functional characteristics and sequence attributes. 2003; 13(8): 1863-72. [ [PMID: 12902380] [23] Sasaki A, Kinjo M. Monitoring intracellular degradation of exogenous DNA using diffusion properties. J 2010; 143(1): 104-11. [ [PMID: 20035810] [24]. Adeno-associated virus-based gene therapy for lifelong correction of genetic disease. Ther 2020; 31(17-18): 985-95. [ [PMID: 32718227] [25]. Cystic fibrosis gene therapy in the UK and elsewhere. Ther 2015; 26(5): 266-75. [ [PMID: 25838137] [26] Preparation for a first-in-man lentivirus trial in patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2017; 72(2): 137-47. [ [PMID: 27852956] [27] Generation and genetic engineering of human induced pluripotent stem cells using designed zinc finger nucleases. Dev 2013; 22(4): 595-610. [ [PMID: 22931452] [28] Differential contribution of cis-regulatory elements to higher order chromatin structure and expression of the CFTR locus. Res 2016; 44(7): 3082-94. [ [PMID: 26673704] [29] Würtele. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing a 'randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of repeated nebulisation of non-viral cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis,' which indicates that gene therapy is indeed being trialed for treating cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs guarantee absolute privacy for all forms of online communication. [SEP] Text: Ir al contenido (pulsa Retorno) Català LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation mailworld English  Català userLogin  LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation UPCommons. Global access to UPC knowledge 5. 632 Open-access theses in TDX You are here: les tesis les tesis JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it. Lattice-based zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge View/Open TRMP1de1. pdf (2,104Mb) 10. 5821/dissertation-2117-396976 Recolecta stats Includes usage data since 2022 Cita com:hdl:2117/396976 Show full item record Martínez Pinilla, directorMorillo Bosch, M. / Department Politècnica de Catalunya. Facultat de Matemàtiques i Estadística Document typeDoctoral thesis Data de defensa2023-09-29 PublisherUniversitat Politècnica de accessExcept where otherwise noted, content on this work is licensed under a license : Attribution-ShareAlike 4. 0 (English) The main goal of this dissertation is to develop new lattice-based cryptographic schemes. Most of the cryptographic protocols that each and every one of us use on a daily basis are only secure under the assumption that two mathematical problems, namely the discrete logarithm on elliptic curves and the factorization of products of two primes, are computationally hard. That is believed to be true for classical computers, but quantum computers would be able to solve these problems much more efficiently, demolishing the foundations of plenty of cryptographic constructions. This reveals the importance of post-quantum alternatives, cryptographic schemes whose security relies on different problems intractable for both classical and quantum computers. The most promising family of problems widely believed to be hard for quantum computers are lattice-based problems. We increase the supply of lattice-based tools providing new Zero-of Knowledge for the (RLWE) problem, perhaps the most popular lattice-based problem. Zero-knowledge proofs are protocols between a prover and a verifier where the prover convinces the verifier of the validity of certain statements without revealing any additional relevant information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nature of zero-knowledge proofs. While it states that 'the prover convinces the verifier of the validity of certain statements without revealing any additional relevant information,' it does not guarantee 'absolute privacy for all forms of online communication,' indicating limitations in the scope of zero-knowledge proofs and thus rebutting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: As many of the symptoms of synthetic cannabinoid abuse mimic marijuana use, more understanding of the metabolism, affinities to either the CB1 or CB2 receptor, and how changes to the chemical structures affect biochemical activity will allow researchers and clinicians to plan for future emerging synthetic cannabinoid exposures. Acknowledgements None. Conflict of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. 4. General, NAAG. Education and prevention initiatives as necessary tools to combat drug abuse. NAAGazette. 2014;8:5. Rules and Regulations. USA: Federal Register; 2014. Federal Register. In: Register F, editor. USA: Federal Register; 2014. are more than harmless herbal blends: A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;39(2):234–243. Presley BC, Jansen–. Analysis of in Botanical Material: A Review of and Findings. Rev. 2013;25:27. Use of –GC–MS for the analysis of herbal products containing synthetic cannabinoids. J Anal Toxicol. 2012;36(5):293–302. Detection and identification of the new potential synthstic cannabinoids 1–pentyl–3–(2–iodobenzoyl)indole and 1–pentyl–3–(1–adamantoyl)indole in seized bulk powders in Hungary. International. 2011;214(1–3):27–32. Identification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense blends in the United States. J Forensic Sci. 2012;57(5):1168–1180. Identification and quantitation of a benzoylindole (2–methoxyphenyl) (1–pentyl–1H–indol–3–yl)methanone and a naphthoylindole 1–(5–fluoropentyl–1H–indol–3–yl)–(naphthalene–1–yl)methanone (AM–2201) found in illegal products obtained via the Internet and their cannabimimetic effects evaluated by in–vitro [35S]GTPγS binding assays. Forensic Toxicol. 2011;29(2):132–141. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding anthropologists predicting future cultural trends. Instead, it discusses synthetic cannabinoid abuse, biochemical activity, and related research, which are unrelated topics to anthropology or cultural trends.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Illegitimate DNA integration in mammalian cells. 2003; 10(21): 1791-9. [ [PMID: 12960968] [30] DNA barcoding reveals that injected transgenes are predominantly processed by homologous recombination in mouse zygote. Res 2020; 48(2): 719-35. [PMID: 31740957] [31] -Moghaddam A, Jabalameli MR. Zinc finger nuclease technology: Advances and obstacles in modelling and treating genetic disorders. Gene 2015; 558(1): 1-5. [ [PMID: 25536166] [32]. TALEN-mediated genome editing: Prospects and perspectives. 2014; 462(1): 15-24. [ [PMID: 25057889] [33]. Cornerstones of -Cas in drug discovery and therapy. 2017; 16(2): 89-100. [ [PMID: 28008168] [34] Targeted nucleotide editing using hybrid prokaryotic and vertebrate adaptive immune systems. Science 2016; 353(6305): aaf8729. [ [PMID: 27492474] [35] Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage. Nature 2017; 551(7681): 464-71. [ [PMID: 29160308] [36] Hess GT, Frésard L, Han K, et al. Directed evolution using dCas9-targeted somatic hypermutation in mammalian cells. 2016; 13(12): 1036-42. [ [PMID: 27798611] [37] Nanop6952. [ [PMID: 25914116] [38]. Non-homologous DNA end joining and alternative pathways to double-strand break repair. Biol 2017; 18(8): 495-506. [ [PMID: 28512351] [39] Methodologies for improving HDR efficiency. 2019; 9: 691. [ [PMID: 30687381] [40] TALENs facilitate single-step seamless SDF correction of F508del CFTR in airway epithelial submucosal gland cell-derived CF-iPSCs. 2016; 5(1): e273. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing advancements in gene therapy technologies such as TALENs, which are being applied to correct the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene associated with cystic fibrosis. Specifically, it mentions that 'TALENs facilitate single-step seamless SDF correction of F508del CFTR in airway epithelial submucosal gland cell-derived CF-iPSCs,' directly linking gene therapy to the treatment of cystic fibrosis.