Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2c): at MA, Simpson diversity was significantly different between 15–20 m and 30–40 m and the deeper depths; however, the values did not differ significantly between the depth zones from 60–70 m to 110–120 m; while at IDR, the 80–90 m depth zone showed a significantly lower Simpson diversity, compared to both 60–70 and 110–120 m (Table S5). Finally, the values were significantly lower at 150–160 m compared to shallower depth zones for both sites (Fig. 2c; Fig. S1b, c; Table S5). In this study, the diversity curves did not all reach an asymptote, indicating that total diversity was not captured (Fig. 2). This undetected diversity for each depth zone at each site is detailed in Table S4. Nevertheless, coverage-based sample completeness profiles revealed that between 93. 8% and 97. 3% of benthic morphospecies diversity was detected, depending on the depth zones and sites (Table S3), showing that while a few species were undetected, an acceptable standardized value for comparing species richness between communities was sampled (Moreno and Halffter 2000). Beta diversityValues of beta diversity between depth zones for the entire benthic community were similar between both study sites (Fig. 3a and d). Total beta diversity values were high between the depth zones, throughout the entire depth gradient for both sites (from 15 to 160 m; Jaccard 0. 61 to > 0. 96; Fig. 3, Table S6, Fig. S1), indicating a limited number of shared morphospecies between depth zones. Adjacent depth zones displayed less dissimilarity compared to depths located further apart (Jaccard 0. 65 for 15–20 m/30–40 m, to 0. 81 for 110–120 m/150–160 m; 0. 85 for 80–90 m/150–160 m to 0. 95 for 15–20 m/150–160 m, respectively; Fig. 3a and d, Table S7, Fig. S1). Fig. 3Changes in beta diversity and its two components–turnover and nestedness – with depth for the entire benthic community at both study sites Rats (IDR, a to c) and (MA, d to f), using Jaccard’s dissimilarity index from 0 to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the support of coral reefs for diverse marine species. While it discusses statistical analyses related to diversity at various depths, it does not provide information specifically about coral reefs or their ability to support marine species. The focus on beta diversity and morphospecies detection does not directly address or support the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractIncreasing concern is directed towards genetic diversity of domestic animal populations because strong selective breeding can rapidly deplete genetic diversity of socio-economically valuable animals. International conservation policy identifies minimizing genetic erosion of domesticated animals as a key biodiversity target. We used breeding records to assess potential indications of inbreeding and loss of founder allelic diversity in 12 native Swedish dog breeds, traditional to the country, ten of which have been identified by authorities as of conservation concern. The pedigrees dated back to the mid-1900, comprising 5–11 generations and 350–66,500 individuals per pedigree. We assessed rates of inbreeding and potential indications of loss of genetic variation by measuring inbreeding coefficients and remaining number of founder alleles at five points in time during 1980–2012. We found average inbreeding coefficients among breeds to double–from an average of 0. 03 in 1980 to 0. 07 in 2012 –in spite of the majority of breeds being numerically large with pedigrees comprising thousands of individuals indicating that such rapid increase of inbreeding should have been possible to avoid. We also found indications of extensive loss of intra-breed variation; on average 70 percent of founder alleles are lost during 1980–2012. Explicit conservation goals for these breeds were not reflected in pedigree based conservation genetic measures; breeding needs to focus more on retaining genetic variation, and supplementary genomic analyses of these breeds are highly warranted in order to find out the extent to which the trends indicated here are reflected over the genomes of these breeds. Citation: Jansson M, (2018) Pedigree data indicate rapid inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity within populations of native, traditional dog breeds of conservation concern. 13(9): e0202849. Axel Janke, Senckenberg am Zentrum fur : May 6, 2018; Accepted: August 9, 2018; Published: September 12, 2018Copyright: © 2018 Jansson, Laikre. This is an open access 0005. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionDomestic animals are often bred under strong selection that focuses on a few specific traits, and this type of breeding is considered to result in loss of genetic biodiversity both in the form of entire breeds–typically old, traditional, local ones–and in variation within breeds [1]. Increasing focus is directed towards genetic diversity of domestic animal populations both scientifically [2, 3, 4] and politically [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of retaining genetic variation in breeding practices to avoid the increase of inbreeding coefficients and loss of genetic diversity in dog breeds of conservation concern. It highlights the need for genomic analyses in breeding strategies aimed at conserving genetic diversity, which indirectly supports the idea of using genetic data in conservation efforts to reduce inbreeding risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: You will be asked to attend monthly appointments with the study dietician during the study that will check your progress and your weight, and discuss any problems (20 - 30 minute appointment). We also aim to repeat all assessments, including fasting bloods, diet diaries and activity monitoring after 1, 3 and 4 months (1 hour appointment). There are two smaller studies within this study, and women on the study will be able to choose whether to take part. Thirty women (10 from each group) will be asked to provide 2 additional fasting blood samples during week 12, and 30 women (10 from each group) will be asked if they are able to provide 4 additional fasting blood and urine samples (2 during week 12, and 2 during week 16 of the study). These samples will be used to test the short term effect of the diets on markers in the blood that indicate cancer risk, and also the relative effects of the diets on the pattern of genes (the instructions in all of the cells in our bodies) that are active or 'expressed' in our blood cells. This will indicate the direct effects of the diets on our body cells and their potential benefits to health and cancer risk. What are the possible benefits and risks of taking part? The diets are very safe and will meet all your nutritional needs except that it is low in calories. However, if you are pregnant, planning a pregnancy or breast feeding, you would not be able to take part in the study. You will almost certainly lose some weight whilst participating in this diet study. This may reduce your risk of developing breast cancer and other weight related health problems such as diabetes and heart disease, providing that you manage to maintain the weight loss. We will give you advice on how to do this. You will be contributing to our knowledge about the effects of weight loss on breast cancer risk At the end of the study once the analysis has been done we will let you know your own blood results. Some of the substances we analyse are well-known markers of health, such as insulin and blood sugar, and blood fats such as cholesterol. If these are out of the recommended range we will be able to advise you or refer you on to your GP for further tests or advice. Where is the study run from? Centre and Centre at is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? The study started in June 2009 and finished recruiting in December 2010. Who is funding the study? is the main contact? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while participants in the study may lose weight, it is explicitly stated that weight loss is not guaranteed for everyone. The mention of managing to 'maintain the weight loss' suggests that weight loss can vary between individuals and is not a certain outcome for all participants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Values close to 0 indicate a high level of similarity between the two communities being compared and values close to 1 indicate a low level of similarityFull size imageTurnover was the largest component of beta diversity, thus it can be considered as the main driver of differentiation between benthic communities, indicating that the change in morphospecies diversity along the depth gradient, from 15 to 160 m, was mostly due to species replacement (Jaccard > 0. 5 to > 0. 9; Fig. 3b and e; Table S7, Fig. S1). On the contrary, nestedness had only a limited influence on the overall dissimilarity with depth (Jaccard 0. 01 to < 0. 2; Fig. 3c and f; Table S7, Fig. S1); showing that, while species diversity broadly decreased with depth (Fig. 2), deeper communities were not just a subset of richer communities observed at shallower depths. The differences between the turnover and nestedness components, compared to total dissimilarity, are detailed in Fig. S1. Between sites, for the same depth zone, beta diversity did not show a strong pattern (Fig. 4). Overall, dissimilarity was less pronounced between sites in shallow-water communities (15–20 m) compared to communities at mesophotic depths (30–160 m), with 60–70 m and 150–160 m zones showing the highest benthic dissimilarity at a local scale. Similarly to the beta diversity calculated along the depth gradient, turnover was the main component of beta dissimilarity between sites, indicating benthic dissimilarity is mainly driven by species replacement at a local scale. Fig. 4Jaccard’s dissimilarity and its two components – turnover and nestedness – between the two study sites (Ile des Rats and Manta Alley) for a depth zone. Jaccard’s dissimilarity index ranges from 0 to 1, with values close to 0 indicating a high level of similarity between the two communities and values close to 1 indicating a low level of similarityFull size imageDiscussionThis study provides novel, baseline data on the diversity of benthic communities within MCEs in the central (Egmont Atoll, Chagos Archipelago). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses beta diversity and the dissimilarity of benthic communities across different depths without explicitly mentioning coral reefs or the diversity of marine species. The focus is on statistical measures and community comparisons rather than the relationship between coral reefs and marine biodiversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 adopted by the 196 parties to the on (CBD; stresses that by 2020 the genetic diversity of domesticated animals and other species of socio-economic and cultural value should be maintained. Similarly, strategies for safeguarding the genetic diversity of such species should be developed and implemented over this time period (13; Food producing animals have been the main targets for conservation actions [5], but horses, dogs, cats, rabbits that in many countries are primarily used for other purposes are becoming increasingly recognized as of conservation value [6, 7]. Countries are reviewing their national domestic animal breeds [8], and in Sweden the Board of Agriculture has identified 63 such breeds historically originating in Sweden, and has declared them of national conservation concern. national breeds include 8 cattle, 1 pig, 11 sheep, 4 goat, 2 goose, 4 duck, 4 horse, 12 chicken, 2 rabbit, 2 cat, and 10 dog breeds [9]. The domestic dog renders increased socio-economic importance due to its many roles in modern society. Dogs of different breeds are used for human therapy, sports activities, herding, hunting, medical research, identifying biological material, companionship, as well as in police, customs, military, rescue, and security work, [10, 11, 12, 13]. At the same time, recent research indicates that within breed genetic diversity is rapidly depleted [14, 15, 16, 17] and this can hamper long term maintenance of separate breeds. This is a concern not the least for old, traditional breeds that represent a biological and cultural heritage that is becoming increasingly recognized [18, 19, 20, 21]. In this study, we used extensive pedigree data provided by the Club comprising the past few decades to assess rates of inbreeding and loss of intra-breed variation measured in terms of number of founder alleles [22, 23] in 12 dog breeds originating in Sweden (Fig 1). Of these breeds ten have been identified as of national conservation concern; four have been classified as endangered-maintained, and six as critical-maintained [24] using the FAO classification system for domestic animal populations [8]. We were particularly interested in monitoring whether the increased conservation genetic concern is reflected in pedigree measures of diversity since pedigree data from breeding records constitutes the basis for dog breed clubs and dog breeders when planning breeding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses efforts in conservation related to the genetic diversity of domesticated animals. It highlights the use of pedigree data to assess rates of inbreeding and the concern regarding the depletion of genetic diversity within breeds. Specifically, it mentions that 'we used extensive pedigree data...to assess rates of inbreeding and loss of intra-breed variation,' which supports the claim that genetic data is being utilized in conservation projects to mitigate inbreeding risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: website Contact information Contact name details Centre and 23 9LT Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number 09/H1006/34 ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers 2009BR001 Study information Scientific title The acceptability and efficacy of intermittent ketogenic diets for weight loss and their effects on biomarkers of breast cancer risk hypothesis We hypothesise that intermittent ketogenic (very low carbohydrate) diets either as a restricted ketogenic (600 kcal) (RK) or ad lib ketogenic (ALK) diet for 12 days/week only along with exercise will be as or more effective than continuous energy restriction (CER) (a daily modest restriction) and exercise for prevention, and be more acceptable to women on a long term basis. Ethics approval(s) 10 Committee - North, 07/05/09, REC ref: 09/H1006/34 Study design Single-centre randomised trial Primary study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) type information sheet Not available in web format, please use the contact details below to request a patient information sheet cancer Intervention 114 subjects will be randomised to one of three diet groups for 3 months weight loss followed by 1 month weight loss maintenance: Group 1: Restricted ketogenic diet (RK) (<40g carbohydrate, ~600kcal/day) for 2 days week and ad lib Mediterranean diet for 5 days/week for 3 months, followed by RK 1 day and ad lib Mediterranean diet 6 days/week for 1 month. Group 2: Ad libitum ketogenic diet (ALK) diet (<40g carbohydrate day, ~ 1200kcal/day) for 2 days/week and ad lib Mediterranean diet for 5 days/week followed by ALK 1 day and ad lib Mediterranean diet 6 days/week for 1 month. Group 3. Restriction (CER) Mediterranean diet (~1500kcal/day) 7 days/week for 3 months, followed by ~1900 kcal Mediterranean diet 7 days/week for 1 month. Women will receive comprehensive written instructions of how to follow the diets at home, including recommended portion sizes, recipes, and behavioural techniques for promoting adherence to diets. The 600 kcal ketogenic diet includes ~ 10oz of protein foods e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a clinical study focused on various dietary approaches for weight loss, namely ketogenic diets and Mediterranean diets, but does not support the idea of a DNA-based diet guaranteeing weight loss for everyone. It emphasizes that the efficacy of intermittent ketogenic diets may vary and focuses specifically on the study design and population rather than claiming universal effectiveness, hence contrasting with the broad assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2023a), gorgonian and antipatharian (Bridge et al. 2012; Bo 2019; Rowley et al. 2019; Diaz et al. 2023a)) diversity in MCEs were shown to increase with depth. Similar trends in specific phylum change are presented in Table S2. Benthic diversity and community composition change along the depth gradient may be explained by several environmental factors, as observed in a parallel study by (Diaz, et al. 2023a), which identified fifteen environmental variables contributing significantly to the distribution and community composition of MCEs over the depth gradient. Decreasing photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature were identified as the two main drivers of variation in community composition with depth at (Diaz et al, 2023a). Similarly, a global study across a variety of taxa identified PAR and nutrient availability (both dissolved and particulate organic matter) to be correlated with a community break observed at 60 m (Lesser et al. 2019). In the Caribbean (i. e. Bermuda and Little Cayman), temperature and light were the main factors correlated with changes in overall benthic morphotype richness and scleractinian corals with depth, respectively (Stefanoudis et al. 2019; Carpenter et al. 2022). A decrease in benthic diversity with depth can therefore be explained by several factors, but mostly by the decrease in PAR, temperature, and nutrient availability. These factors are important drivers of primary production, reflected here in the distribution of photosynthetic corals and algae. Nevertheless, while morphospecies richness decreased with depth overall for the two study sites; for a standardised sample coverage (i. e. Cmax) and within the four shallowest depth zones (from 15 to 90 m), this decrease was not significant (Fig. 2d). However, Shannon and Simpson indices (i. e. , accounting for abundant and highly abundant morphospecies), revealed significant differences between depth zones with an overall decrease in diversity indices with depth (except between 80–90 m and 110–120 m for q = 1, Fig. 2e; and between 60–70 m and 110–120 m at IDR, 80–90 m and 110–120 m at MA for q = 2, Fig. 2f). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the influence of environmental factors on the diversity of benthic communities with depth, without directly addressing coral reefs or their role in supporting marine species diversity. The claim specifically relates to coral reefs, while the text focuses on depth-related changes in community composition in a more general context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. The 12 national Swedish traditional dog breeds that are monitored based on pedigree data in this study. All of these breeds except Hällefors elkhound and Swedish white elkhound have been identified as of conservation concern by national authorities [9, 24]. Materials and methodsPedigree data for the 12 Swedish domestic dog breed populations used in this study was obtained from the Club (SKC; www. skk. se; a kennel club is a nationwide organization which works and cares for purebred dogs in a country). SKC was founded in 1889 and their computerized studbook database was created in 1975–76. The database comprises pedigrees of almost all dog breeds kept in Sweden and approximately 90 percent of pedigree dogs in Sweden are included in these records (SKC, pers. comm. ). Ten of the 12 breeds have been classified as of Swedish national conservation concern [9, 24] (Table 1). The data we used consisted of the full pedigree information from the start of the pedigrees and up until December 31, 2012. The start of the pedigrees varies between breeds (Table 1), with the birth of the first dogs included in the pedigrees varying from the 1940s (Drever, Hamilton hound, Schiller hound, Småland hound, and Swedish elkhound) to the 1990s (Swedish white elkhound). We obtained strategic breeding plans for each of the 12 breeds from the Club’s website (www. skk. se) and reviewed these plans to find out whether 1) retention of genetic variation is an explicit breeding goal for the separate breeds, 2) whether disease control programs for genetic diseases/disorders are considered for the breed. The strategic breeding plans are produced by breeding clubs associated to the SKC, and SKC has requested breeding clubs to produce and continuously revise such plans for each breed since around year 2000. We downloaded and used the plans that applied in 2012 from the SKC website (www. skk. se; the plans are in Swedish). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Basic information on the 12 native Swedish dog breeds assessed in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the strategic breeding plans for the Swedish dog breeds specifically aim to retain genetic variation and consider genetic diseases, indicating that genetic data is being used to manage breeding and reduce inbreeding risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: meat, fish, eggs, tofu, quorn, textured vegetable protein, limited monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats [Mono-unsaturated (MUFA), Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)] and dairy foods, 4 portions of vegetables, 1 portion of fruit. The ad lib ketogenic diet includes unlimited meat, fish, eggs, tofu, quorn, textured vegetable protein and unlimited MUFA and PUFA fats, limited dairy foods, 4 portions of vegetables, 1 portion of fruit. Both intermittent diets include 2 pints of other low energy fluids, a multivitamin and mineral supplement and are limited in saturated fat, which has possible links with breast cancer. diet provides 30% energy from fat (15% MUFA, 8% PUFA, 7% saturated) 25% energy from protein and 45% from low glycaemic load carbohydrate. All participants will also be advised to become more active and will each receive a booklet providing a programme of walking, strengthening, toning and flexibility exercises which can be undertaken at home. They are advised to gradually increase the frequency and intensity of exercise according to current activity levels, to aim to undertake 5 x 45 minutes of moderate activity/week. All participants will have monthly review with the study dietitian to check their progress. Adherence to the diet and exercise regimens will be assessed from weight change, 7 day food and activity diaries. The intermittent diet groups will also be asked to record adherence/ non adherence to the 2 day diets each week in a study diary. Intervention type outcome measure 1. Insulin sensitivity from fasting insulin (electrochemiluminescence immunoassay), and glucose (hexokinase/G6PD method) using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) (baseline and 3 months only)2. Body mass and composition: fat free mass and total fat mass (Bioelectrical impedance: Tanita MC-180) waist and hip and bust circumferences3. Retention to the energy restriction programmes Secondary outcome measures 1. Plasma leptin (enzyme immunoassay) 2. Serum IGF-1, adiponectin, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 3. Ketones in serum and urine 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific dietary regimens and the importance of physical activity in weight management. It explains that all participants will be advised to become more active and provides various diet options without guaranteeing that these will lead to weight loss for everyone. Instead, it emphasizes the need for adherence to the diet and exercise programs, which are monitored, suggesting that results can vary among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Alpha and beta diversity indices were assessed through the visual annotation of underwater images, where all organisms were identified to the highest taxonomic resolution possible and distinct morphospecies were assigned an Unit (OTU), as standard taxonomic approaches are not often applicable to image data. A morphospecies may then correspond to species, genus, family or higher taxonomic levels. Whilst images were annotated by the same observer (who also re-annotated 5% of the images for quality assurance), this method lacks taxonomic resolution, which may consequently have had a negative effect on the diversity results presented here and led to the grouping of several species within one morphospecies, or on the contrary, separation of one species into several colour morphs. During the current study, it was not possible to collect the physical samples typically required to enable traditional taxonomic investigation. Taxon differentiation was thus missing at the fine scale, molecular and genetic levels, likely leading to lower (or higher) observed diversity values and differences in diversity than actually occurs in reality. MCEs are still relatively poorly understood in taxonomic terms, thus, high-resolution images with close-ups in addition to physical sample collection and taxonomic expertise are crucial to resolve their true diversity and the variation in taxa along the depth gradient. This study investigated alpha and beta diversities for benthic communities, along a large depth gradient, for the first time in the central Indian Ocean. These indices are crucial indicators to provide evidence-based information for management and conservation actions. Indeed, despite meeting the international criteria used to identify priority areas for conservation policies (Soares et al. 2020), MCEs are still considered under-protected and under-represented in marine spatial planning (Stefanoudis et al. 2022), and they are usually incidentally included in MPAs due to geopolitical boundaries, rather than purposefully (Turner et al. 2019; Stefanoudis et al. 2022). MCEs, while encompassed within the fully protected Chagos MPA since 2010, have not been included in research and specific protection until 2018, where an objective to improve their research and protection by 2023 was mentioned in the conservation management planning workshop (Programme 2018). However, the authors are not aware of any specific management steps being taken regarding the protection of MCEs within the Chagos MPA, other than the research presented here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address whether coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. Instead, it focuses on the methodologies used to assess biodiversity in benthic communities and highlights challenges in taxonomic resolution that may affect the diversity results. While the context of reefs and biodiversity is suggested, the text does not provide direct evidence or statements about coral reefs themselves or their support of marine species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: The coefficient of inbreeding (F) and mean kinship (MK) quantify probabilities of identity by descent (IBD) of such alleles, within and between individuals, respectively [23]. Genetic variation is measured as the number of remaining founder alleles and the number of founder genome equivalents (fge) [23]. fge is the number of equally contributing founders from which no random loss of alleles has occurred that represent the same amount of variation as that retained in the living population. fge should be compared to the true number of founders; difference results from loss of founder alleles and uneven genetic contribution of separate founders to presently living individuals [23]. We used the x software (PMx) [25] to obtain the quantities assessed using the default value of 1,000 iterations for gene drop simulations. The program mPed [26] was used to convert the studbook data obtained from the SKC to PMx input format and to “strip” pedigrees to sizes possible to handle by PMx. This software can only deal with pedigrees comprising around 20,000 individuals depending on the complexity of the pedigree. “Stripping” implies removing individuals from the pedigree which do not contribute information on individuals alive, i. e. , dead individuals that do not have any living descendants. For pedigrees of some breeds at particular points in time the pedigrees were too large even after stripping. Those cases could not be analyzed and were excluded from this study; Drever (1990, 2000, and 2006), Hamilton hound (1990), and Swedish elkhound (2006 and 2012). We also used PMx to describe inbreeding rates in terms of effective population size (Ne) defined in two ways: 1) as per generation average effective population size over the analysis time span, and 2) as “current effective population size” of the living population based on the number of living males and females that have produced offspring using the equation Ne = 4NmNf/(Nm+Nf) where Nm = number of live males that have reproduced and Nf = number of living females that have reproduced [25]. To evaluate potential differences in the parameters assessed over time within breeds we used analyses of variance tests (ANOVAs) performed with MS Excel and R 2. 12. 2. The latter software was also used for Kruskal-Wallis tests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various genetic metrics such as the coefficient of inbreeding (F) and mean kinship (MK), which are crucial for assessing and reducing inbreeding risks in conservation genetics. It mentions the use of software (PMx) to analyze genetic variation and inbreeding rates, which aligns with the practices of using genetic data to manage breeding in conservation projects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Inflammatory markers: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Interlukin (IL)-6 5. Markers of oxidative stress; advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP)6. Intake of energy, fat, protein and carbohydrate (7-day food diary) ( Dietplan) 7. Activity - 7 day activity diary 8. Profile of mood states questionnaire9. Hunger and appetite visual analogue scales10. Any adverse effects associated with the programmes e. g. headaches, constipation, fatigue, cramp, sleep pattern disturbance11. Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure12. Menstrual cycle length for premenopausal women not taking contraceptives Overall study start date 14/09/2009 Overall study end date 28/04/2011 Reason abandoned (if study stopped) inclusion criteria 1. Women2. Family history of breast cancer (lifetime risk >1 in 6)3. Pre, post or perimenopausal any age 4. Weight gain since age of 20 > 7 kg5. Body mass index 2445 kg/ m2 and or body fat > 30%6. Able to record diet diaries Participant type(s) group number of participants 114 Total final enrolment 115 Participant exclusion criteria 1. Already successfully losing weight2. Pregnant or planning pregnancy over next few months3. Eating disorder, depression or alcoholism4. Co-morbidity which affects weight or ability to exercise (i. e. diabetes, CV, respiratory, musculoskeletal, or thyroid disease)5. Previous history of cancer Recruitment start date 14/09/2009 Recruitment end date 28/04/2011 of recruitment England, Study participating centre Centre and M23 9LT Sponsor information Hospital of (UHSM) NHS (UK) Sponsor details Research and Education and 23 9type Hospital/treatment centre Website ROR type name Ltd (UK) Grant Ref: GA 10-005 Alternative name(s) and and dissemination plan Not provided at time of registration Intention to publish date Individual participant data (IPD) Intention to share Yes IPD sharing plan The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request IPD sharing plan summary Available on request Study outputs Output type created Date added Peer reviewed? Patient-facing? Results 1. Publication reference added. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about a study that focuses on specific participant criteria and exclusion factors related to weight loss. It implies that not all individuals will guarantee weight loss through DNA-based diets as it mentions strict inclusion criteria, participant characteristics, and potential reasons for study abandonment. The existence of specific exclusion criteria such as pre-existing conditions and individual histories indicates that outcomes are not universal or guaranteed for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: AbstractLow-altitude high-resolution aerial photographs allow for the reconstruction of structural properties of shallow coral reefs and the quantification of their topographic complexity. This study shows the scope and limitations of two-media (air/water) Structure from Motion—Multi-reconstruction method using drone aerial photographs to reconstruct coral height. We apply this method in nine different sites covering a total area of about 7000 m2, and we examine the suitability of the method to obtain topographic complexity estimates (i. e. , seafloor rugosity). A simple refraction correction and survey design allowed reaching a root mean square error of 0. 1 m for the generated digital models of the seafloor (without the refraction correction the root mean square error was 0. 2 m). We find that the complexity of the seafloor extracted from the drone digital models is slightly underestimated compared to the one measured with a traditional in situ survey method. Similar content being viewed by others Detecting change in coral reef 3D structure using underwater photogrammetry: critical issues and performance metrics 2. 5D) mapping of very shallow (< 3 m depth) coral reefs is a challenge. Large corals reach up to mean sea level, thus preventing the navigation of vessels carrying ship-borne echo sounders and limiting divers’ access to continuous top-view data. Airborne bathymetric active light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can overcome these limitations and provide continuous sub-meter resolution data with a vertical accuracy in the range of 1–2 dm for shallow-water coral reefs (Collin et al. 2018). surveys are costly and likely unjustified for small areas, and they allow for minimal flexibility in the survey design. In the last years, System (UAS, also called drones) started to be regarded as a third-generation source of remote sensing data (et al. 2018), providing scientists new and accessible tools to explore the Earth surface (e. g. , Casella et al. 2020; Dugdale et al. 2019; Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2019; Mlambo et al. 2017) and allowing significant scientific advancement (e. g. , Ramanathan et al. 2007). UAS regulation that has hindered early scientific uses of UASs (Coops et al. 2019) is now moving forward. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods for reconstructing coral reef structures and does not mention the diversity of marine species supported by coral reefs. It focuses on technical aspects of coral reef mapping rather than biological diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Similarly, there is no correlation between F and the number of founders at any of the points in time (0. 03<r<0. 45; 0. 19<P<0. 93), suggesting that, contrary to what might be expected, the number of founders or the population size does not explain inbreeding levels. For the Gotland hound, census numbers have been consistently low over the study period with the number of animals regarded as alive never exceeding 180. Similarly, the number of founders is very low for this particular breed (maximum of 15 in 1990) and average levels of inbreeding is also highest in this breed with average F = 0. 10 in 2012. Breeds like the Swedish lapphund and the Swedish vallhund, however, reach almost as high average F—0. 09—in spite of pedigree sizes of several thousand individuals, census sizes of well over 1000, and over 50 founders. Similarly, the Swedish elkhound and the Drever have pedigrees comprising over 50,000 dogs, with over 10,000 defined as alive in 2012 but average F is over 0. 07. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Average per breed inbreeding level in 12 Swedish traditional dog breeds measured from pedigree data at five points in time during 1980–2012. Linear regression gives b = 0. 001, r2 = 0. 21, P<0. 001 and the regression line is shown. kinship values (MK; Table 1) at particular points in time show the average relatedness among living individuals [23]. MK is used in conservation breeding to choose animals for breeding; by prioritizing individuals with low MK inbreeding and loss of founder genetic variation is minimized. Average and range of MKs among the Swedish dog breeds show that such prioritization has typically not been carried out for these breeds. In some cases average MK at one point in time is lower than average F for the next time point. For instance, average F for the Swedish lapphund is consistently larger than the average MK for the prior time point (Table 2) indicating that increase of inbreeding is unnecessary high in this breed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how kinship values (MK) are used in conservation breeding to select animals for breeding with low MK values. This approach aims to minimize inbreeding and conserve genetic variation, which directly aligns with the practice of using genetic data to manage breeding and reduce inbreeding risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Eat less, move more. This may seem like the straightforward solution to the increasing obesity epidemic. But it is not as simple as that. Weight loss and maintenance are challenging. 1 Seimon et al2 aim to provide some much-needed answers to questions regarding the health effects of very low-energy diets (VLEDs) compared with conventional caloric restriction diets. Postmenopausal women with obesity in the Type of for in Obesity (TEMPO) Diet Trial2 were randomized to a 25% to 35% caloric restriction diet for 1 year (moderate intervention) or a VLED (aiming at 65%-75% caloric restriction) for 16 weeks followed by a 25% to 35% caloric restriction diet (severe intervention). Compared with the moderate intervention, the severe intervention resulted in a greater loss of total body weight, whole-body fat mass, and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue as well as a greater reduction in waist to hip ratio at 1 year. There was also a greater loss of whole-body lean mass and thigh muscle area in the severe intervention group, which was proportional to the greater total body weight reduction. There was no significant difference between interventions in whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) or lumbar spine BMD loss. On the downside, the severe intervention resulted in an approximately 3. 3% reduction in total hip BMD compared with an approximately 1. 3% reduction in the moderate intervention group, which was not explained by the greater total weight loss in the severe group. 2 How do these findings compare with previous evidence on caloric restriction, particularly in relation to BMD? And what do these findings mean when considering the long-term risks and benefits of VLEDs as weight loss strategy? Some loss of whole-body lean mass, the primary outcome in the current study,2 is expected with weight loss, but excessive loss may be a concern for the risk of sarcopenia. 3 Reassuringly, the greater whole-body lean mass loss in the severe group compared with the moderate group was proportional to the greater total body weight loss,2 and the reported mean change was within a suggested ratio of 25 to 75 for lean to fat mass loss at 1 year. 4 Handgrip strength was not significantly reduced in either intervention group after 1 year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges of weight loss, emphasizing that 'Eat less, move more' is a straightforward solution, but not as simple as it seems. It presents data from a study involving caloric restriction diets, which indicates that there are various factors and outcomes related to weight loss depending on the intervention, suggesting that a one-size-fits-all guarantee like 'DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone' is misleading.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Union represents an example where the different UAS regulations of each EU country are now unified under a common and simplified regulation (EU 2018/1139 and implementing acts). A review of worldwide UAS regulations is presented by Stöcker et al. (2017). Concurrently, advances in computer vision algorithms (Anderson et al. 2019) and hardware (e. g. , GPU) facilitated the use of photogrammetry through Structure from Motion (SfM) (Ullman 1979) and Multi-reconstruction (MVS) methods (Scharstein and Szeliski 2002). Today, SfM-MVS methods represent a core data capture and analysis approach widely used by earth and environmental scientists (Anderson et al. 2019; James et al. 2019). These technological and scientific advances facilitate the collection of centimeter-resolution continuous top-view data of shallow reefs at relatively low cost with more flexibility in the survey plan or experimental design (e. g. , Casella et al. , 2017). Although these are clear advantages for coral reef mapping and research, few studies surveying coral reefs with UASs and SfM-MVS exist compared to studies on terrestrial ecosystems (David et al. 2021; Fallati et al. 2020; Levy et al. 2018; Casella et al. 2017). The refraction of light by water, which causes features on the seafloor to appear shallower than they are may have led to this discrepancy because it introduces more significant errors than on-land environments. In addition, turbidity, water surface roughness, and the maximum depth for light penetration represent additional error sources (Joyce et al. 2018; Woodget et al. 2015). Some possible solutions to reduce the effect of the refraction of light on UAS SfM-MVS derived data exist or are being developed (Agrafiotis et al. 2020; Shintani and Fonstad 2017; Dietrich 2017; Ye et al. 2016; Woodget et al. 2015; Maas 2015). This study aims to investigate the relative accuracy of coral height reconstruction of two-media (air/water) SfM-MVS datasets derived from low-altitude UAS flights on shallow coral reefs (< 3 m depth). Rather then focusing on the geographic accuracy, our goal is to answer the question: “how accurately (relative accuracy) can we reconstruct coral height? ”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about coral reefs supporting a diverse range of marine species. The content primarily discusses the unification of UAS regulations in the EU, advancements in photogrammetry techniques, and the relative accuracy of coral height reconstruction methods, without addressing marine biodiversity or the role of coral reefs in supporting various species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Similarly, average Ne over generations is very similar regardless of lifespan. However, the parameters current Ne and current Ne/N are strongly affected (Table 3). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Average summary statistics from pedigree data over breeds obtained when assuming a lifespan of 6 vs. 12 years. Effects of removing individuals carrying deleterious alleles For several of the Swedish national dog breeds, hereditary defects occur and the SKC has set up so-called disease control programs for some of these disorders (cf. Table 1). Such disease control programs generally imply that animals should have a diagnosis with respect to the defect prior to breeding. Diagnosis might imply veterinary examination (necessary for diagnosing e. g. , hip dysplasia that occur in many of the breeds) and/or genotypic screening (available for e. g. , the progressive retinal atrophy that is caused by a single recessive allele which occurs in the Swedish lapphund and the Norrbottenspitz). lapphund exhibits prcd-PRA—an eye disease that results in blindness. The defect is caused by a single autosomal, recessive allele [27]. The SKC´s control program allows heterozygous carriers (type B), but not affected dogs (type C), to be included in breeding. SKC requires a DNA test to determine the genotype of individual dogs ( We analyzed the effect on the conservation genetic status of the Swedish lapphund population of removing not only type C dogs but also type B dogs (heterozygous carriers) from the population. We proceeded as follows: from the population of animals classified as alive (using the assumption 12 years as the maximum age) as of December 31, 2012 we removed type B and C dogs. This resulted in removal of 34 percent of the population. We then assessed the variables studied (population average F, MK, fge). The removal did not affect average inbreeding among remaining animals (F = 0. 079 versus 0. 081 with and without removal, respectively), and neither was mean kinship (MK = 0. 085 versus 0. 084) or fge (5. 95 versus 5. 93) among remaining animals affected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of genetic data in breeding practices to manage hereditary defects in Swedish national dog breeds. The SKC's disease control programs require genotypic screening for conditions like progressive retinal atrophy, thus demonstrating how genetic data is utilized to inform breeding decisions that can help reduce inbreeding risks, especially by allowing only certain genotypes (heterozygous carriers) to breed while excluding affected dogs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: 2 This leaves us to speculate not only about adherence to the intervention diets, but also on how nutrient intake levels compared between groups. Additionally, biomarker data, such as circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, could have provided valuable information about effects on nutritional status. Too much is unknown about the optimal physical activity and dietary strategies to attenuate bone loss and potential subsequent fracture risk following different rates of weight loss, an issue that large trials with long follow-up may be best placed to investigate. Thus, the potential greater loss of hip BMD with severe caloric restriction, its long-term clinical implications, and strategies to prevent it warrant further investigation. Nevertheless, these findings need to be considered in the context of an ever-increasing obesity epidemic and the various obesity-related adverse health outcomes, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and all-cause mortality. 10 Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that greater weight loss can help achieve type 2 diabetes remission. 4 Finding strategies successful at achieving sustained weight loss in individuals with obesity should be an absolute priority in public health research. now adds to accumulating evidence that VLEDs can help achieve greater weight loss than moderate dietary interventions alone, well after the use of VLEDs is ended. 2,4 The estimated mean 15. 3 kg (95% CI, 12. 5-18. 1 kg) reduction in total body weight in the severe group is within the range previously reported with VLEDs,4 and almost twice that achieved with moderate caloric restriction. 2 The finding that more than 80% of women in the severe group achieved 10% or greater weight loss is encouraging, as this can provide clinically meaningful health benefits. 4 Eventually, policy makers need to consider whether the risks associated with reported greater hip BMD loss and a potentially associated higher fracture risk exceed the benefits of the greater weight loss4 achieved with VLEDs compared with moderate caloric restriction. Given the considerable burden of obesity, this seems unlikely at the population level, but may differ between individuals. Importantly, the 21% higher retention in the severe intervention should not be overlooked. 2 Indeed, the rapid weight loss, satiety, and feasibility of VLED use may contribute to improved adherence. 4 Successful weight loss and maintenance with VLEDs is generally reported when VLEDs are accompanied by additional weight loss maintenance support. 4 Going forward, we need a better understanding of the totality of (positive and negative) health outcomes with different weight loss strategies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the uncertainty and variability in dietary and physical activity strategies necessary for effective weight loss. It indicates that there are many factors that influence weight loss, such as individual adherence to diets and differences in nutrient intake. Furthermore, it emphasizes that the success of weight loss strategies can differ significantly between individuals and discusses concerns like obesity epidemic impacts and the variability in achieving weight loss. This indicates that no single approach, including DNA-based diets, can guarantee weight loss for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: The Phantom-4 Pro has an integrated RGB sensor 1’’ CMOS (effective pixel: 20 M), a focal length of 9 mm, and a resolution of 5472 × 3648 pixels (as per technical specifications: dji. com/phantom-4pro). Nine different flights were programmed to survey the sites at an altitude of 10 m (see Supplementary Table). app (dji. com/de/ground-station-pro) was used to program the UAS flights so that each flight resulted in a 90% forward and lateral overlap. Two types of markers were placed on the seafloor of each site before the flights (Fig. 1c, d): ground control points (GCPs) and scale bars (SBs). A total of 45 30 × 30 cm bright-colored towels and 29 50 cm-long steel bars covered by bright-colored tape were used as GCPs and SBs, respectively. The geographic position of GCPs was collected using a handheld GNSS receiver (Garmin eTrex® 10) with a horizontal accuracy in the order of meters, and their vertical position (local depth) was measured with a handheld Hondex PS-7 dive sonar with reference to the local water level at the time of measurement. The position of GCPs and the length of SBs were used to scale the point cloud generated during the SfM-MVS process. The position of GCPs was also used to georeference the point cloud, optimize the image alignment, and minimize the sum of the re‐projection error and the georeferencing error of the estimated internal camera parameters and point cloud in the SfM-MVS method. The acquired photographs, GCPs, and scale bars were used as inputs in the SfM-MVS method through 1. 6. 2 (agisoft. com) to reconstruct a 3D model of the scene captured by aerial photographs. Specifically, DSMs and orthomosaics of each reef were reconstructed (Fig. 1d, e). For a comprehensive description of the SfM-MVS method, the reader is referred to Westoby et al. (2012) and Carrivick et al. (2016). To validate the DSMs, IMs were collected at each site. Over the entire study area, the height of 51 corals was measured with a meter rod in situ to the nearest centimeter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about coral reefs supporting diverse marine species. Instead, it focuses on technical specifications and methods for surveying and modeling coral reefs without discussing their biodiversity or the species that rely on them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Previous studies on wild animals bred in captivity for conservation purposes have shown that evaluation of effects of selective removal of animals carrying single deleterious alleles must be carried out on a case by case basis. For instance, removing high probability carriers of a single allele causing blindness in a captive wolf population did not affect retention of overall founder genetic variation. In contrast, removal of high probability carriers of an allele causing albinism in a captive brown bear population could not be done without substantial loss of genetic variation [46]. Our present results indicate that selective removal of affected animals can often be carried out without further loss of founder genetic variation. For the present breeds this seems to be the case for hip dysplasia in the Swedish lapphund, the Swedish white elkhound, and the Danish-Swedish farmdog and also for progressive retinal atrophy in Swedish lapphund. . Concluding recommendations In order to reduce the rate of loss of genetic variation and increase of inbreeding that has been documented in many dog breeds we recommend that conservation genetic criteria such as MK rankings are included when selecting animals for breeding. Further, a larger portion of existing dogs should be used in breeding. For the breeds of the present study current census sizes imply that future increase of inbreeding and loss of genetic variation has the potential to be miniscule if more dogs are used in breeding and extreme variation in offspring production between separate dogs are avoided. We note that both software applied here (PMx and mPed) are freely available and genetic monitoring using pedigree data is a cost effective method to improve breeding from a conservation perspective. It is important, however, that supplementary genomic studies are conducted for these and other dog breeds in order to find out, e. g. , how well the pedigree measurements reflect genomic inbreeding and levels of genetic variation. Our present analysis does not cover much of the period 2010–2020 during which the of the Convention of applies and where a specific Target referring to genetic diversity of domestic species applies (13; Thus, we urge for continued monitoring of these populations including the use of genomic tools. We also stress the importance of documenting dates of death of separate dogs in the SKC database to provide an opportunity of obtaining as correct a picture as possible with respect to the conservation genetic situation. Supporting informationS1 Fig. Inbreeding levels (F) over the monitored time period 1980–2012 for each of the 12 native Swedish dog breeds monitored in this study. 1. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of selecting animals for breeding based on conservation genetic criteria. It emphasizes the need for genetic monitoring and the use of available software for improving breeding outcomes to reduce inbreeding risks and loss of genetic variation across dog breeds. Recommendations to incorporate genetic data during the selection process align with the claim that conservation projects leverage genetic information to manage breeding and minimize inbreeding.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4444363/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractobjective of this probe is to determine the effects of High-(HPD) on weight loss programs. January 2021 to May 2022, 133 patients, who were enrolled in a Chinese-based weight loss program, participated in a clinical trial aimed at investigating the impact of High-(HPD) on weight loss programs. The effects of the diet plan on the patients’ insulin, hemoglobin, and levels were assessed and the findings examined to evaluate the impact of HPD on muscle and skeletal mass. Results and Findings HPD was useful in catalyzing the effectiveness of weight loss programs. It led to reductions in skeletal and muscle mass during the trial period based on its impact on insulin, hemoglobin, and levels among the trial population. . ObesityHigh-is one of the most prevalent public health issues worldwide. The condition undermines a patient's physical and mental health, thereby leading to the development of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular complications and high blood pressure. In 2017, the number of obese people in China ranked first in the world at 89. 6 million [1]. In 2016, the of proposed changing the term “obesity” to “obesity-based chronic disease” to accommodate the scope of health complications associated with this disease [2]. According to the 2016 Therapy report, effective and safe reductions in body mass were based on the use of nutritional, exercise, psychotherapy, and behavioral interventions [3]. This statement indicates that diet control is the key to the success of obesity management programs. Nutritional solutions for weight management are linked to the assessment of changes in food portions to create positive health outcomes for obese patients. A reduction in blood pressure and a lowered risk of developing diabetes are commonly cited health outcomes linked to effective diet management [4]. Most of the attention directed at improving obesity management outcomes has been focused on restricting dietary intake as the sole method for realizing changes in body mass [5]. Consequently, nutritionists have proposed diverse interventions to treat obesity. Expert consensus recommends three effective diet patterns for weight loss treatment: calorie-restricted diets (CRD), high-protein diets (HPD), and intermittent fasting [6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining that effective weight loss strategies are multifaceted and not guaranteed by a single diet approach. It emphasizes the importance of nutritional, exercise, psychotherapy, and behavioral interventions in obesity management, suggesting that diet control alone is not sufficient for guaranteed weight loss outcomes. Furthermore, it mentions various diet patterns such as calorie-restricted diets, high-protein diets, and intermittent fasting, implying that no single type of diet—genetic or otherwise—can ensure weight loss for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Both in situ and 2D rugosity were calculated by dividing the length obtained following the shape of the terrain (i. e. , bottom profile) with the linear distance (for our case, it is 20 m for each transect) between starting and ending points of the transect (Fig. 3a). The 3D rugosity was calculated using the same method but buffering the digital transect line 0. 5 m on each side. In this case, the 3D surface (DSM) was divided by 20 m2 (as the transect swath is 20 m long and 1 m wide). The closer the rugosity is to zero, the flatter is the terrain. Fig. 3a Difference between in situ vs 2D rugosity; b Histograms representing reef rugosity as calculated in situ and from the DSMs (2D and 3D rugosity, see text); c linear relationships (fitted lines and confidence intervals) between the in situ rugosity and the DSM-derived rugosity (both 2D and 3D). The dotted line shows the 1:1 relationship for referenceFull size imageResults and discussionThe average resolution of the reconstructed orthomosaics and DSMs is 0. 3 cm pix−1 and 0. 6 cm pix−1, respectively. The average XY and Z errors on GCPs are 120 and 7 cm, respectively (see and Report). Comparing the coral heights measured in situ (IMs) with those estimated using corrected and uncorrected DSMs, we find that using refraction-corrected DSMs reduces the root-mean-square error (RMSE) from 21 to 10 cm (Fig. 2b). The variation across sites is reported in the Supplementary Table. It is noteworthy that coral height is still underestimated in the corrected DSMs, albeit slightly. Compared to uncorrected DSMs, which underestimate coral heights by 35% (this is due to the current limits of the method and the propagation of DSM errors, James et al. 2017), corrected DSMs underestimate them by 13%. We argue that such correction is effective when flying at a low altitude (e. g. 10 m) and collecting near-nadir images on very shallow areas. The incident and refracted angles of the light ray should be very small (< 15°) for the correction equations to hold true. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodologies for measuring coral rugosity and estimating coral heights, without addressing the diversity of marine species supported by coral reefs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Managing inbreeding in selection and genetic conservation schemes of livestock A. K. Breeding and output: Thesis › internal thesis deals with the definition of selection and mating criteria for animal breeding populations under selection and for genetic conservation populations, especially emphasizing on populations with small effective sizes that have known pedigrees. The thesis can be divided into four main parts. Firstly, 1. 0% to select against a single gene, selection directly on DNA-genotypes needed 2. 0 generations to half the frequency of the disease allele with additive effects and a population with 100 new-born animals. When only phenotypic records were available, selection on BLUP or on genotype probabilities calculated by segregation analysis (SEGR) needed 1. 0 or 2. 0 generations longer to half the frequency of the disease allele when allele effects were additive or recessive, respectively. Smaller schemes or schemes with a more stringent restriction onDF needed more generations to half the frequency of the diseased allele or the fraction of diseased animals. SEGR and BLUP were approximately equally efficient under both single gene and polygenic inheritance models, suggesting that efficient selection against a disease is possible without knowing its mode of inheritance. In conclusion, by taking account of the relationships of the selected group of selected animals, inbreeding is controlled in the selection and mating criteria presented in this thesis. This principle was extended to populations with overlapping generations, which makes the methods useful for practical selection and genetic conservation populations with known pedigree. Only in well-controlled breeding schemes, the optimum contributions of each selection candidate will be realized, some deviations may be corrected in later rounds of selection. The optimized contributions and thus also the restriction onDF affected the structure of the breeding schemes, e. g. whether progeny tested animals were selected or not. In general, older and more parents were selected with a more stringent selection onDF. Due to such dynamic adaptations of the breeding schemes, genetic gain reduced only little whenDF was lowered. Non-random mating can improve the family structure of the population under selection, thereby further increase the genetic gain. For the genetic conservation schemes, the contributions per family could not become completely equalized, because of the overlapping structure of the generations, resulting in a level of average coancestry being somewhat higher than the theoretical minimum. Use of frozen semen from sires of the oldest generations could reduceDF to zero and reduce the average level of coancestry in combined in situ ex situ conservation schemes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the management of inbreeding in genetic conservation schemes, particularly highlighting the use of selection and mating criteria in breeding populations to control inbreeding. The thesis specifically emphasizes the importance of known pedigrees in small effective populations, which aligns with the idea that genetic data can be utilized to mitigate inbreeding risks in conservation projects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Calorie-restricted treatment plans have been associated with a reduction in body mass and diabetes management programs. At the same time, HPDs have had similar applications in the medical field with a bias toward understanding their efficacy in weight management. The three intervention programs have registered varied levels of success in managing changes to body mass based on differences in their effectiveness. 7 In this regard, it is vital to review the nutritional properties of various intervention programs to evaluate their efficacy. This investigation focuses on HPDs as one of the options for managing weight [8]. Little is known about its impact on specific weight loss contributors, such as muscle and skeletal mass. The importance of dietary reviews for assessing the impact of nutritional programs is crucial in identifying the best treatment framework to use. Therefore, there is a need to conduct a nutritional profile analysis of weight loss programs to determine their effectiveness in obesity management [9]. Differences in the efficacy of dietary interventions highlight the importance of understanding nutritional values when designing clinical trials [10]. At the same time, the effects of daily food intake on weight loss are contextual [11]. Stemming from this observation, the current investigation will be limited to reviewing the effectiveness of HPD on weight loss management. The HPD has been selected for review in the current probe because it is a common dietary intervention for body mass loss management [12]. Therefore, this study seeks to evaluate its effectiveness in weight loss management based on an assessment of its impact on skeletal and muscle mass. Materials and MethodsPatients who were clinically diagnosed as obese or overweight in a Chinese healthcare facility participated in this study from January 2021 to May 2022. The ethical approval number for the investigation was [2022]074. The criteria for including patients in the clinical trial included a review of their medical history to determine its impact on weight loss outcomes. Notably, patients who had physical diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, liver, and kidney problems were excluded from the investigation to avoid distortions to the clinical trial findings based on their preexisting conditions. Guided by the need to isolate the effects of the HPD on the respondents’ health outcomes, the impact of the dietary plan was examined based on its influence on muscle and skeletal mass. (BCM) was instrumental in generating baseline and post-intervention data. Testing was done at the same time of day - in body 270 by in body provided baseline and post-intervention data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that there are varied levels of success in managing body mass based on differences in dietary intervention programs. It discusses the need for a nutritional profile analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of weight loss programs and highlights that the impact of dietary plans varies among individuals, indicating that no single diet, including DNA-based diets, can guarantee weight loss for everyone. The mention of 'calorie-restricted treatment plans' and the focus on the importance of understanding nutritional values reinforces that weight loss is not a universal outcome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2023. The first revision was submitted on August 3rd, 2023 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on October 2nd, 2023 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. The 2023. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Oct 9, 2023 · authors have given responses to all the queries of the reviewers. Hence, I accept this manuscript after some minor revisions. However, I advise the authors to follow an important suggestion of the reviewer to include the graphical representations of the sponge morphology as described in the discussion. [# PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Xavier Pochon, a PeerJ covering this Section #] · Oct 3, 2023 Basic reporting This is the second version. The changes have been made by the authors. Experimental design Refer previous comments. No further changes required. Validity of the findings Refer previous comments. No further changes required. Additional comments Refer previous comments. No further changes required. Cite this review as (2023) #4 of "Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs (v0. 3)". PeerJ 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Oct 2, 2023 Version 0. 2 · Sep 14, 2023 · The authors have done substantial revision but it needs some more improvement for this manuscript to be published, hence I advise minor revision as per the reviewer's comments. · Sep 14, 2023 Basic reporting 1. The language is clear and comprehensible. 2. Literature cited is recent. 2022 (7), 2021(31) 3. The sources of the meta data have been cited. 4. 0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Aug 3, 2023 Version 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim concerning coral reefs supporting a diverse range of marine species. It discusses various aspects of the review process for a manuscript related to sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs, but it does not provide information or evidence directly related to the diversity of marine species supported by coral reefs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Research output: Thesis › internal - THEST1 - Managing inbreeding in selection and genetic conservation schemes of livestockAU - Sonesson, A. K. N1 - WU thesis 3226 Auteursvermelding op omslag: Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Engels en het WageningenPY - 2002/6/14Y1 - 2002/6/14N2 - This thesis deals with the definition of selection and mating criteria for animal breeding populations under selection and for genetic conservation populations, especially emphasizing on populations with small effective sizes that have known pedigrees. The thesis can be divided into four main parts. Firstly, 1. 0% to select against a single gene, selection directly on DNA-genotypes needed 2. 0 generations to half the frequency of the disease allele with additive effects and a population with 100 new-born animals. When only phenotypic records were available, selection on BLUP or on genotype probabilities calculated by segregation analysis (SEGR) needed 1. 0 or 2. 0 generations longer to half the frequency of the disease allele when allele effects were additive or recessive, respectively. Smaller schemes or schemes with a more stringent restriction onDF needed more generations to half the frequency of the diseased allele or the fraction of diseased animals. SEGR and BLUP were approximately equally efficient under both single gene and polygenic inheritance models, suggesting that efficient selection against a disease is possible without knowing its mode of inheritance. In conclusion, by taking account of the relationships of the selected group of selected animals, inbreeding is controlled in the selection and mating criteria presented in this thesis. This principle was extended to populations with overlapping generations, which makes the methods useful for practical selection and genetic conservation populations with known pedigree. Only in well-controlled breeding schemes, the optimum contributions of each selection candidate will be realized, some deviations may be corrected in later rounds of selection. The optimized contributions and thus also the restriction onDF affected the structure of the breeding schemes, e. g. whether progeny tested animals were selected or not. In general, older and more parents were selected with a more stringent selection onDF. Due to such dynamic adaptations of the breeding schemes, genetic gain reduced only little whenDF was lowered. Non-random mating can improve the family structure of the population under selection, thereby further increase the genetic gain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the management of inbreeding in livestock and genetic conservation schemes. It specifically mentions controlling inbreeding by taking into account the relationships among selected animals, which is a method relevant to both breeding and conservation efforts aimed at reducing inbreeding risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Patients’ basal metabolic rate was used to determine diet composition patients’ basal metabolic rate using the Harris-Benedict formula [13]. The formulas for determining the Rate (BMR) are distinguished as shown below: Male: (BMR) =66+ (13. 7*Weight (kg)) + (5*Height (cm))-(6. 8*Age (years)) Female: BMR=655+ (9. 6*Weight (kg)) + (1. 8*Height (cm))-(4. 7*Age (years)) Typically, the Harris-Benedict formula fluctuates between 1200-1700 Kcal/day. At the same time, it is fixed for the fasting days of 5+2 at 600kcal/day for men and 500kcal/day for women [14]. Based on these considerations, the dietary composition for the 5+2 intervention, which represents five days of energy restriction and two days of light fasting, was 15-20% protein, 40-55% carbohydrate, and 20-30% fat. Comparatively, the HPD had 20-30% protein, 40% carbohydrate, and 20-30% fat. Harris-Benedict formula and fluctuates between 1200-1700 Kcal/day, and was fixed for the fasting days of 5+2 at 600kcal/day for men and 500kcal/day for women15. The 5+2 diet had two non-consecutive days of light fasting - 600 for men and 500 for women. Overall, Participants closely adhered to the eating patterns established by the researcher. Simultaneously, a recording tool known as the "diet diary" was used to monitor their adherence to the eating schedules. The goal was to isolate the effects of the interventions on their weight. The effectiveness of the HPD was examined after analyzing differences in insulin, Vitamin D, and hemoglobin levels caused by exposure to the high protein diet. Changes in these variables were measured before and after the trial period. Fluctuations in muscle mass were measured by evaluating disparities in insulin levels. Associated changes were evaluated to assess the impact of the HPD on muscle mass [16]. The findings demonstrated that decreases in muscle mass were linked to insulin resistance [17]. This relationship was used to justify the use of insulin as a key variable for measuring the impact of the HPD on muscle mass. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity of diet effectiveness and individual metabolic rates instead of asserting that DNA-based diets guarantee weight loss for everyone. It discusses how individual factors like metabolic rate (using the Harris-Benedict formula) and specific dietary compositions contribute to weight loss, suggesting variability in individual responses rather than a guarantee.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 1 (original submission) · Mar 22, 2023 · This study is relevant to understanding the structure of sponge communities and sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs. Three reviewers have given their comments and suggestions to improvise the manuscript. Reviewer 2 has given elaborate guidance on how to improvise this manuscript and pointed out that "the ecological context and the hypotheses to elucidate an overall pattern beyond what previous studies have found are not clearly stated". Hence, follow all reviewers' comments and suggestions carefully and revise the manuscript. [# PeerJ Staff Note: Please ensure that all review and editorial comments are addressed in a response letter and any edits or clarifications mentioned in the letter are also inserted into the revised manuscript where appropriate. #] [# PeerJ Staff Note: The review process has identified that the English language must be improved. PeerJ can provide language editing services - please contact us at copyediting@peerj. com for pricing (be sure to provide your manuscript number and title) #] · Mar 12, 2023 Basic reporting - The authors should improve English grammar and usage. - The authors should provide locations in Figure 1 - The authors should give clear hypotheses Experimental design - Provide clearer research questions - The authors should provide details of the methods. Validity of the findings - Provide clearer conclusion Additional comments - This manuscript should be improved for better understanding of the readers. Cite this review as (2023) #1 of "Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Mar 15, 2023 Basic reporting This manuscript evaluates through a meta-analysis (= a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies) the structural importance of sponge species in hos-guest interactions. The hosts' structural importance is based on two functional traits, sponge species' accumulated geographical area and sponge morphology. The meta-analysis is based on a filtrated version of the bibliographic database by Pérez-Botello and Simões, 2021( and includes records at the species level. An ecological network analysis, a Model (GLM), a Ordination (PCO), and an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were utilized to identify holistic properties within host-guest interactions. Overall this study is relevant to understanding how sponge communities structure and how much associated biodiversity they host. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about coral reefs supporting a diverse range of marine species. Instead, it discusses a study concerning sponge communities and their interactions on tropical coral reefs, focusing on the structure, ecological context, and methodology of the research rather than explicitly confirming or refuting the diversity claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity is critical to maintaining species resilience in changing environments. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 86060 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechDiversity in Characterization and by Mohamed A. El-the in - Characterization and by Mohamed A. El-purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. Genetic diversity and its assessment Genetic diversity is the raw material that helps plant species face a wide range of daily global changes [1, 2]. It also represents the number of alternations in the genetic makeup of populations and species, which take place under various evolutionary mechanisms such as genetic drift that involves random matings of individuals within the same population, changing their allele frequencies, and founder effect that causes individuals with new genetic information leading to a new population developed from a larger one [1, 2, 3]. Genetic composition of individuals varies from one population to another due to systematic differences that emerge among individuals from different places promoting their survival and reproduction. Genetic diversity becomes more potent and quick when gene flow among populations is little such as restricted dispersal of seeds or pollens [2, 3]. Plant breeders are able to develop large amount of new productive crops that are of improved tolerance to a variety of diseases and pests as well as its enhanced ability to stand against a changing world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of genetic diversity as 'the raw material that helps plant species face a wide range of daily global changes.' It explains that genetic diversity is essential for the survival and reproduction of species, especially in changing environments as it allows for adaptations through mechanisms like genetic drift and gene flow. This supports the assertion that genetic diversity enhances species resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: According to Table 1, a mean change in insulin levels for all patients was registered as it increased from 15. 506 at the start of the clinical trial to 15. 707 at the end. The mode similarly increased from 7. 8 at the start of the trial to 9. 3 during its completion. Comparatively, changes in hemoglobin levels were examined by monitoring differences in HBA1. As depicted in Table 2, an assessment of this measure reveals a marginal increase from 4. 889 at the start of the experiment to 4. 985 at its end. However, the mode relatively remained the same at 5. 3. In terms of assessing the impact of the HPD on skeletal mass, changes in levels were tracked before and after the clinical trial period. The mean average for levels at the start and end of the experiment decreased marginally from 15. 558 to 15. 345. However, there was a significant increase of the mode from 9. 8 to 17. 3. Differences in these figures are highlighted in Table 3. DiscussionAs shown in the findings section above, an assessment of changes in HBA1 levels during the clinical trial period revealed a marginal increase from 4. 889 at the start of the experiment to 4. 985 at its end. This peripheral increase in HBA1 levels suggests a decrease in muscle mass - inferring the effectiveness of HPD on weight loss. However, given that the mode for the variable remained relatively constant throughout the trial period, it can be deduced that HPD was not as effective in changing HBA1 levels as it did insulin. However, the HPD diet had a negative effect on muscle mass, thereby underscoring its effectiveness in influencing weight loss programs. In terms of insulin changes, there was a significant increase in mode from 7. 8 at the start of the trial period to 9. 3 during the completion stage. The findings suggest that the impact of the HPD on insulin resistance could have been masked by the marginal increases in mean values reported during the clinical trial. Overall, the increase in insulin levels among the patients, supported by differences in mode, suggests a significant increase in insulin levels during the trial period. Alternatively, based on the relationship between insulin and muscle bulk identified in the methodology section of this document, one could assume that the HPD had a negative effect on muscle mass. The implication of this finding on the research question is that HPD is effective in promoting favorable weight loss outcomes through inferred reductions in muscle mass. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the results of a clinical trial, which indicates that while there were changes in insulin and HBA1 levels, the findings suggest the HPD diet had a negative effect on muscle mass and its effectiveness in weight loss was implied rather than guaranteed. The conclusion that HPD promotes weight loss outcomes through inferred reductions in muscle mass suggests that it may not be effective for everyone, countering the certainty implied in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: accumulated geographic area, and 3. morphology of host sponges. Figure 3. Add the species in colors or morphological characteristics to this figure to detect any pattern in species or morphology and in relation to accumulated geographic area. Figure 4- The photograph selected to represent encrusting species is from an “excavating” sponge, not from an encrusting species, and the spherical representative species is a common massive species; as their growth patterns vary, please select a typically spherical species. Checking the supplementary list, I found several errors related to the morphology assigned to the species. I recommend you include/collaborate with a sponge expert taxonomist or ecologist to re-organize this data. 284-287- Vague sentence “However, our findings have the potential to provide new insights into predicting the functional responses of faunal assemblages associated with sponges to potential species extinctions in endangered coral reef ecosystems. ” Please specifically state how the study results provide new insights into predicting the functional responses. Lines 292-301- This section in the discussion has interesting statements. However, it is vague and does not express why the results are important and how this knowledge contributes to the structure of interaction networks in sponge communities and associated fauna “Galiana et al. (2018) proposed a relationship between geographic area and the probability of establishing a species interaction. Especially they found that widespread species are more likely to interact with other species. Our results indicate that as the sponge's accumulated geographic area increases, so does the potential for interactions with other organisms” The authors mention that widespread sponge species (as sponge accumulated geographic area) tend to have more potential for interactions with other organisms. Still, it does not specify which species of sponges are those and with which organisms those interactions occur. Instead, keep generalizing “Widely distributed sponge species are found to be particularly important in shaping the structure of the interaction network". Please explain what significance you found in your results. The following sentence is general and does not expose the relevance of the results or why it is important in the context of this study “The positive relationship between the importance of a sponge species within the contribution to network organization and its accumulated geographic area is crucial to understanding the significance of these widely distributed sponge species and the vulnerability of specific geographically restricted interactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about coral reefs and the diversity of marine species. Instead, it discusses sponge morphologies, geographic areas, and potential interactions with organisms but does not provide information about coral reefs specifically. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity is critical to maintaining species resilience in changing environments. [SEP] Text: This depends on the volume and range of genetic variation among individuals within the same species, which allows for designing sampling programs [2, 4, 5, 6]. Accordingly, geneticists have focused on evaluating genetic differences within populations using morphological, cytological, biochemical, and molecular markers to identify the characteristics of domestication, propagation, and breeding techniques as well as conservation of plant genetic materials [2]. This work addresses various approaches related to genetic diversity in plants. Advertisement 2. Biochemical markers 2. 1. Storage proteins One important output of post-transcription and translation processes is the protein, which represents the genetic DNA as well as the structural and enzymatic material of an organism’s cells [2]. Genetic divergence is found to have impacts on proteins. For example, seed proteins that are of essential roles in species are tolerant to environmental occurrences. Recent approaches have employed several technologies to identify the characteristics of various plant cultivars and genotypes [2]. One quickly and precisely technology utilized for such purpose is electrophoresis. The genetic divergence was assessed within Lathyrus sativus through accurate electrophoretic analysis of its seed storage proteins [2, 7], suggesting its fundamental role in evaluating the relationship between taxonomy and genetics at and below the species level [2]. 2. 2. Isozyme markers Isozymes, also called isoenzymes, are proteins exhibiting same catalytic and quantitative function as the enzyme but, meanwhile, they differ in their molecular forms [2]. Various alleles within a single locus are encoded by structural genes to give the allozyme, an allelic variant of the enzyme. Biological analysis of isozymes reveals significant importance, including the assessment of genetic divergence as well as phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships [2]. It also helps to investigate population genetics and developmental biology as well as to conserve the genetic resources of plants [8, 9]. Advertisement 3. Molecular markers Molecular markers such as restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), microsatellites (SSRs), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are considered as effective and efficient tools for evaluating the genetic divergence within and among plant species [10]. 3. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of genetic variation within species, which is essential for developing effective conservation and breeding strategies. It states that genetic divergence impacts proteins and highlights various methods (such as biochemical markers and molecular markers) used to evaluate genetic diversity. This is aligned with the assertion that genetic diversity is necessary for species resilience in changing environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: These findings imply that muscle loss is achievable after prolonged exposure to HPD [25]. Studies have supported the above-mentioned findings by re-affirming the effects of dietary effectiveness on weight loss [26]. Therefore, the findings generated have emphasized the importance of understanding the nutritional compounds of various dietary plans to comprehend their overall effectiveness [27]. Patients’ characteristics equally play an important role in determining the effectiveness of HPD programs. For example, some patients harbor a C-reactive compound in their genetic makeup, which may worsen, or improve, their metabolic reactions to HPD [28]. Such causative agents may lead to variations in muscle and skeletal mass during analysis [29]. At the same time, certain population groups, such as older adults or people with pre-existing health conditions, may require high levels of protein intake owing to age-related factors [30]. For instance, studies have shown that the elderly have a significant risk of skeletal and muscle mass reduction owing to age-related factors [31]. Therefore, they may require a higher protein intake than the general population. Most affiliated studies have taken a keen interest in understanding the impact of sex and age-related factors on weight loss programs. For example, women tend to lose skeletal muscle density faster than men [32]. This outcome remains consistent across various nutritional programs, including HPD [33]. However, scholars have used the Index (SMI) to investigate the effects of diets on weight loss programs. Their findings suggest that patients with low SMI are prone to several negative health outcomes, including low life expectancy and high rates of acute or chronic illnesses [34]. Similarly, obesity may lead to lower bone density, while its effects further worsen with aging [35]. Therefore, body mass gains lead to the deterioration of skeletal mass as a weight indicator [36 These statements suggest that the impact of HPD on weight loss could be moderated by patient’s demographic characteristics. Subject to the influence of the above-mentioned effects of dietary interventions on weight loss, some strategies adopted by healthcare practitioners to manage obesity involve making changes to protein-based diets [37]. The same plan has been used to assess the effectiveness of protein-based diets on weight loss programs [38]. For example, researchers who have used nutritional interventions aimed at promoting body mass reductions through variations in protein levels have employed nitrogen balance as a key determinant of clinical effectiveness [39]. Their studies have had mixed results on obesity management. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how dietary effectiveness on weight loss is influenced by individual patient characteristics, such as genetic factors and demographic variables. It highlights that certain genetic makeup can affect metabolic reactions to diets, indicating that weight loss cannot be guaranteed for everyone based solely on DNA. Furthermore, it emphasizes that age and pre-existing health conditions also play critical roles in determining dietary effectiveness, suggesting that what works for one individual may not apply to another. Overall, the statement implies that a promise of guaranteed weight loss for everyone is unrealistic and overly simplistic.