Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 267. 267. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search and stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are becoming increasingly important for the development of cell therapeutics in regenerative medicine. Featuring immunomodulatory potential as well as secreting a variety of trophic factors, MSCs showed remarkable therapeutic effects in numerous preclinical disease models. However, sustainable translation of MSC therapies to the clinic is hampered by heterogeneity of MSCs and non-standardized in vitro culture technologies. Moreover, potent MSC therapeutics require MSCs with maximum regenerative capacity. There is growing evidence that in vitro preconditioning strategies of MSCs can optimize their therapeutic potential. In the following we will discuss achievements and challenges of the development of MSC therapies in regenerative medicine highlighting specific in vitro preconditioning strategies prior to cell transplantation to increase their therapeutic efficacy. Keywords: Bone marrow, Stem cell transplantation, Stem cells, More than four decades ago identified bone marrow(BM)-derived fibroblastoid clonogenic cells that supported hematopoiesis and showed multipotent differentiation capacity [1,2]. In the following years, being depicted as ‘mesenchymal stem/stromal cells' (MSCs), in particular their differentiation potential and ‘stemnesss' suggested the potential applicability of MSCs in a field that later became regenerative medicine. To date, MSCs have been isolated and characterized from a great variety of postnatal organs such as bone, BM, periosteum, synovial membrane/fluid, adipose tissue (AT), skeletal muscle, skin, periodontium and pancreatic islets, as well as from prenatal tissues like umbilical cord (blood) (UC(B)), amniotic fluid (AF) and placenta [3,4,5,6,7]. Numerous studies investigating in the multipotentiality of MSCs emphasized the capability of MSCs to differentiate not only in vitro and in vivo into adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, endothelial and myogenic lineages [8,9,10,11,12,13,14], but also into epithelial [15,16] and neural cell types [17,18]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine, which implies that MSCs can aid in healing processes. It states that MSCs have remarkable therapeutic effects in numerous preclinical disease models, suggesting their capability to enhance healing, particularly for certain injuries. Additionally, the text indicates that optimizing the regenerative capacity of MSCs can increase their therapeutic efficacy, further supporting the notion that regenerative medicine can improve healing times.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanotechnology eliminates the need for surgery in all medical cases. [SEP] Text: Single-injection retrobulbar block with dexmedetomidine was effective in preventing the surgical trauma-related hemodynamic response and did not cause sudden decreases in HR. Here, we report that this regimen was clinically well-tolerated, although it resulted in a transient increase in systemic and pulmonary pressures and a decrease in HR. [21] One possible reason for this difference is that VR surgeries are minor, short, and highly localized, with few associated systemic diseases. summary, we demonstrated that retrobulbar dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to ropivacaine is a safe and effective alternative to systemic fentanyl, providing better pain management, hemodynamic stability, and stress response suppression in pediatric VR surgery. Future studies could include (1) determining optimal dose range for dexmedetomidine and (2) conducting studies with larger patient population. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance provided by Ms. Zexin Chen, Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang University, with the statistical analysis. They also gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Haifeng Hou, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang University, for providing advice regarding this study. 1. -Lewis T, et al Postoperative opioid-induced respiratory depression: A closed claims analysis Anesthesiology. 2015;122:659–65 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 2. . Incidence and risk factors of perioperative respiratory adverse events in children undergoing elective surgery Paediatr Anaesth. 2004;14:218–24 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 3. Dumans-. Thoracic epidural analgesia with levobupivacaine reduces remifentanil and propofol consumption evaluated by closed-loop titration guided by the bispectral index: A double-blind placebo-controlled study Anesth Analg. 2017;125:635–42 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 4. Shah RD, Suresh S. Applications of regional anaesthesia in paediatrics Anaesth. 2013;111:i114–24 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 5. . Retrobulbar block in pediatric vitreoretinal surgery eliminates the need for intraoperative fentanyl and postoperative analgesia: A randomized controlled study Pain Med. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a surgical scenario and the use of dexmedetomidine in retrobulbar blocks within pediatric vitreoretinal surgery, indicating that even with advancements such as these, surgery is still necessary for certain medical conditions. It emphasizes that this anesthesia technique can help improve surgical outcomes but does not eliminate the need for surgery itself.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: For each sibling pair, we then assigned each of the 5,660 heterozygous amplicons to genomic regions defined by the sharing of zero, one or two chromosomes IBD. Next, we determined the extent of methylation overlap in these regions and calculated the excess overlap above what would be expected by chance given the extent of monoallelic methylation in each individual. For all 10 sibling pair comparisons, the regions with two chromosomes shared IBD had the highest excess methylation overlap, followed by the regions with one chromosome IBD and then areas with zero chromosomes IBD. For nine of the 10 sibling pairs, the results were significant (P values ranging from 3 × 10-3 to 1. 7 × 10-6 ). The excess methylation overlap observed in the regions with two chromosomes shared IBD was around twice as frequent as in the unrelated individuals (see Additional file 7). Figure 1c shows data from the sibling analyses along with data from the analyses of unrelated individuals and parent-child analyses (see also see Additional file 8). In addition to again showing a role for common polymorphisms in marking differences in local methylation, these analyses of sibling pairs highlighted an additional component of heritability most easily explained by the increased sequence identity in IBD regions. However, very local private polymorphism (within a few hundred base pairs) seems not to be a major factor because our sequencing experiments showed that beyond the known SNPs there were no other sequence changes for 20 tested amplicons. It is worth noting that inheritance of the methylation status itself could also contribute to the increased similarity of methylation patterns observed in the IBD chromosomes. DNA methylation in the immediate vicinity of SNPs in which one allele is part of a CpG dinucleotideOne way to assess the possibility that the sequences including and immediately surrounding the common SNP sites are themselves influencing local DNA methylation is to examine the relative positions of the SNPs (assayed by the array) and the MSRE sites on amplicons revealing methylation overlap. Skewing of the distribution of the distances between SNPs and MSRE sites towards shorter distances (than expected by chance) would provide evidence that the sequence surrounding the SNPs was directly involved, and would give some indication of the distance over which the effect on local methylation can be exerted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the Human Genome Project mapping the entire sequence of human DNA. Instead, it discusses a study involving sibling pairs, genomic regions, methylation overlap, and analysis of polymorphisms, which is unrelated to the claim of the Human Genome Project.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: All tested cell types showed therapeutic efficacy; however, more severe complications could be detected in the CM-MSC group [48]. Identification and quantification and/or enrichment of potent MSC subpopulations could mark a significant step towards optimized and standardized MSC therapies for regenerative medicine. Regarding possible differences of regenerative potential between MSC subpopulations, several studies tackled this complex and technically challenging problem. To date, different strategies have been developed to functionally characterize MSC subpopulations and to assign MSC subpopulation phenotypes to function. First, investigating a substantial number of BM-MSC preparations in vitro, correlation analyses suggested an association of surface markers (CD10, CD71, CD106, CD119, CD146, CD166, and CD271) in order to assess the differentiation and clonogenic potential of BM-MSCs [33]. Another study applied a broad antibody panel (>200 markers) to compare AT-MSC surface after osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation to undifferentiated AT-MSCs. Here, an increased expression of CD164 was associated with an osteogenic differentiation, whereas CD36, CD40, CD146, CD164, and CD271 were higher expressed after adipogenic differentiation [49]. Another correlation concept identified, in addition to gene expression modulation experiments, the transcription factor TWIST1 as being significantly involved in BM-MSC function such as differentiation, support of angiogenesis and immunomodulation. Based on these observations, a ‘clinical indication prediction scale' was developed assigning a more pro-angiogenic potential at higher TWIST1 expression to BM-MSCs, whereas a lower TWIST1 expression indicated a more pronounced immunomodulatory function of BM-MSCs [50]. Second, positive selections and subsequent functional analyses of MSC subpopulations could mark a further step forward. However, with the limitations of a potentially decreasing purity during sub-culturing and/or producing ‘culture artifacts', as interplay of subpopulations might be relevant for their function, the CD271+ MSC subpopulation is abundant in intramedullary cavities of the long bones, and CD271+ sorted BM-MSCs featured greater osteogenic differentiation potential compared to non-sorted BM-MSCs [32,51]. Meanwhile, first steps have been taken towards clinical-grade GMP production of CD271+ sorted BM-MSCs for bone regeneration [52]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the therapeutic efficacy of certain cell types, specifically mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), in regenerative medicine. It mentions the potential of CD271+ sorted BM-MSCs for bone regeneration, suggesting that these therapies can improve healing outcomes. The reference to greater osteogenic differentiation potential and the development of clinical-grade production for bone regeneration supports the idea that regenerative medicine can enhance healing times.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptography is essential for securing data and communications online. [SEP] Text: The causes of data breach are lack of authentication, audit, and authorization controls and a few defects in the design of infrastructure and application. It may also take place due to several unfortunate transmissions and insider attacks. When a hacker gets access to the cloud via a single application, then the entire cloud infrastructure will be under attack prone area [7]. Data loss results in the leakage of confidential and sensitive data. This is due to the modification or deletion of data by the hackers with an intention of delivering altered information or to hide the information from the users. Loss of encryption keys, natural disasters and storage system faults will also lead to data loss. 2. 2. The distributed cloud infrastructure stores data in multiple remote servers that are located in different geographical locations. The legal constraints vary from place to place and hence, it is difficult to assign a particular server to be used for data transmission at the borders of a region. 2. 3. The unencrypted data leads to data confidentiality, data breaches and data loss by exposing the original data. The cloud users depend on the service provider for encryption and the keys can be either managed by the user or the provider. Key management and distribution is a sensitive process, as the message can be read by any one, who gets the key. In order to improve the security, the keys are split into several units and distributed among the users, provider and the third party service that is responsible for encryption [8]. 2. 4. The access control mechanisms must be incorporated to prevent the unauthorized users from accessing the data. The sensitive data must be secured by providing access only to a very few important persons of an organization. The data are classified based on its sensitivity and need. The users are mapped only to the required data and they are prohibited to access or view the other unnecessary data [9]. Data abstraction and transparency is implemented for privileged access. 2. 5. Service hijacking is the illegal access by unauthorized users to certain services. It leads to software exploitation, fraud, criminal activities and phishing through e- mail. The services must be registered in the service providers to avoid hijacking. 2. 6. Lack of Authentication and lack of authentication allows malicious users in the storage server. Each and every user must be provided with an identity and authentication password to enter the storage space [10]. Without authentication any one can alter the data of an organization. It is one of the severe concerns to data security. 3. Attacks 3. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various causes of data breaches, such as lack of authentication and encrypting controls, while emphasizing that unencrypted data leads to confidentiality issues and data breaches. It outlines the risks involved with data security and the role of encryption in preventing unauthorized access, indicating that without cryptographic protections, sensitive data is exposed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: Note that the absence of skewing towards shorter distances would not rule out the possible involvement of the sequences surrounding the SNPs, but would merely indicate that if those sequences were directly involved, the distances over which they could act would be similar to or greater than the typical amplicon size. To examine the relative positions of the MSRE sites and SNPs present on amplicons under analysis, we selected appropriate amplicons from the 5,660 that were informative in the sib-pair analyses. To focus on robust differences in the propensity for local methylation between the two alleles, we restricted these analyses to the 236 amplicons of the 5,660 for which ≥3 siblings had methylation overlap. Of these 236, we first focused on the 92 amplicons for which sequence analyses showed only a single MSRE site present on the amplicon, so as to allow unambiguous determination of the distance between the SNP and the examined MSRE site. For these 92 amplicons, although the distribution of the distances between the SNP and the MSRE site present on a given amplicon was essentially similar to the distribution from simulated random placement, a clear tendency towards closer proximity was observed for the subset of the overlapping amplicons in which one SNP allele forms a CpG ('CpG SNP'; Figure 2a, b). Of 28 such amplicons, 10 had a distance between the CpG SNP and the examined of < 50 bp. We sequenced these 10 amplicons and found that the CpG SNP was the only difference between the two alleles. We further analyzed the methylation of these amplicons in more individuals from the three-generation pedigree and found a consistent although not uniform tendency for particular loci to be methylated on one of the two alleles in a larger pedigree (Figure 2c). Performing 1000 simulations with randomized placements of MSREs on the 28 amplicons, we found only 27 trials in which ≥10 (of 28) SNP-MSRE distances were < 50 bp (P = 0. 027). These data suggest that for those SNPs in which one allele forms a CpG, there was an influence of the sequence surrounding and including the SNP on DNA methylation of very nearby (< 50 bp) sequences. Other SNPs might also directly affect methylation, but this effect would probably be over longer distances, as mentioned above. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific analyses of SNPs and their surrounding sequences in relation to DNA methylation rather than providing any information about the Human Genome Project or its mapping of human DNA. There is no mention of the Human Genome Project or its findings, which makes it unrelated to the claim provided.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: Amongst placenta-derived MSCs, a greater osteogenic differentiation potential could be assigned to the CD146+ subpopulation, whereas, after sorting, CD146- MSCs could not form mineralized extracellular matrix, an indicator for functional osteogenic differentiation [53]. Third, MSC subpopulations may be defined by their ‘performance' during in vitro culture, e. g. proliferation potential. A recent study compared BM-MSCs with long-term growth potential (‘high growth') with BM-MSCs featuring lower cumulative population doublings and cumulative cell numbers (‘low growth'). The study detected differences with respect to their osteogenic differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, ‘low growth' BM-MSCs appeared to be more potent in osteogenic differentiation in vitro, whereas in vivo application of ‘high growth' BM-MSCs induced larger volumes of ectopic bone in a rodent model [54]. Fourth, novel technologies, such as high-resolution microfluidic single-cell transcriptional profiling, allow clustering of subpopulations within MSC preparations [55]. Applying a combined library of surface markers with targets that are regarded as being indicative for MSC regenerative function, a recent study identified a pro-vascular phenotype within the BM-MSC preparation that might be applicable for regeneration of the brain (stroke), the heart (myocardial infarction) or other clinical indications where improvement of vascularization is needed [56]. and aforementioned limited evidence of the functional differentiation capacity of MSCs together with the observation that MSCs exert regenerative potential even without long-term survival after in vivo transplantation [57] led to the conclusion that trophic factors, released by MSCs, mainly mediate their therapeutic effects [58]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the regenerative potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their role in osteogenic differentiation and tissue regeneration. It highlights that certain subpopulations of MSCs can induce significant effects, as demonstrated by the in vivo application leading to larger volumes of induced ectopic bone. Furthermore, it mentions that MSCs release trophic factors that mediate therapeutic effects, which is relevant to the concept of improving healing times.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: lets an abnormally high fraction of multi-photons go to Bob, then decoy states (which has high weight of multi-photons) will have an abnormally high transmission. Therefore, Alice and Bob can catch Eve. But there are some drawbacks of Hwang’s original idea:Hwang’s security analysis was heuristic, rather than rigorous. “Dark counts”–an important effect–are not considered. Final results (distance and key generation rate) are unclear. Suppose that a decoy state and a signal state have the same characteristics (wavelength, timing information, etc) by H. K. Lo etc’s methods [29]. Therefore, Eve cannot distinguish a decoy state from a signal state and the only piece of information available to Eve is the number of photons in a signal. Therefore, the yield, Yn (yield of an n-photon signal), and QBER, en (quantum bit error rate of an n-photon signal), can depend on only the photon number,n, but not which distribution (decoy or signal) the state is from. cannot treat the decoy state any differently from signal state, thenYn(signal)=Yn(decoy)=Ynen(signal)=en(decoy)=en. Let us imagine that Alice varies over all non-negative values of μ randomly and independently for each signal, Alice and Bob can experimentally measure the yield Qμ and the QBER Eμ. Qμ=Y0e−μ+Y1e−μμ+Y2e−μ(μ22)+. . . +Yne−μ(μnn! )+. . . . E11QμEμ=Y0e−μe0+Y1e−μμe1+Y2e−μ(μ22)e2+. . . +Yne−μ(μnn! )en+. . . . E12Since the relations between the variables Qμ’s and Yn’s and between Eμ’s and en’s are linear, given the set of variables Qμ’s and Eμ’s measured from their experiments, Alice and Bob can deduce mathematically with high confidence the variables Yn’s and en’s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific security concerns related to quantum cryptography, particularly with Hwang’s original idea. It mentions that Hwang's security analysis was heuristic and not rigorous, highlighting the presence of 'dark counts' that are not considered. The text implies that despite the potential for high security, there are significant uncertainties and drawbacks, such as unclear final results regarding distance and key generation rate. These points indicate that the field may not be as secure as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: Figure 2The distribution of the distances between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme (MSRE) sites present on amplicons displaying methylation overlap. (a) Generic amplicon with a single MSRE site. (b) Percentages of amplicons with given distances between the MSRE and the SNP, for amplicons with one MSRE site; 50 bp bins. See legend. (c) Allelic methylation patterns were analyzed in 10 individuals from three generations (grandparents, parents, children) using array-based methylation assessment (both genotyping and raw intensity assays), and bisulfite sequencing. For the three SNPs shown, the parents were homozygous for opposite alleles and all the children were heterozygous. Array-based genotyping data before and after MSRE treatment are separated by arrows. When the genotype call was homozygous after MSRE treatment, we denoted it as A or B. For the parents and grandparents, when the genotypes were all homozygous (for these SNPs) the genotype after MSRE treatment is displayed as AA or BB, reflecting the likelihood that both alleles were methylated, but the genotype calling would not itself reveal if one allele were unmethylated. Representative bisulfite sequencing results in one individual from each of three generations for the SNP rs1038492. The linked MSRE is underlined and the SNP is indicated with an asterisk. The 'A' allele is consistently methylated both at the SNP CpG and at the. The 'B' allele is unmethylated at the MSRE site, so its genotype tends to disappear after MSRE treatment; upon bisulfite treatment, the 'B' allele has the C that is part of the CpG within the MSRE completely converted to T. (d) For SNPs in which one allele is a CpG, the SNP CpG was itself methylated along with the linked CpG within the MSRE. Full size imageAnother indication that SNP CpGs (in the context of their surrounding sequences) do indeed affect methylation of the would be if the allele with the CpG showed a bias towards either the methylated state or the unmethylated state for the while the allele lacking the CpG showed bias toward the opposite state. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific findings related to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and methylation patterns, without any mention of the Human Genome Project or its mapping of human DNA. There's no connection to the claim presented.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: Indeed, various studies confirmed that MSCs produce and secrete a great variety of factors that are supposed to exert regenerative effects [33,59,60]: - Angiopoietin-1: induction of angiogenesis, promotion of myocytes survival in myocardial infarction, increased survival of implanted MSCs, reduction of infarct size and fibrosis - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF):reduction of infarct size, promotion of neuronal tissue survival and differentiation - Erythropoietin: angiogenesis, anti-apoptotic effects - Fibroblast growth factor 1/2/4/7/9 (FGF-1/2/4/7/9): induction of angiogenesis, anti-apoptotic and anti-fibrotic effects, proliferative effects - Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF): reduction of infarct size and axonal growth, promotion of dopaminergic neurons, motoneurons survival and morphological differentiation - Granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (G/M-CSF): progenitor cell mobilization, anti-apoptotic effects - Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF): progenitor cell mobilization, induction of angiogenesis, promotion of cell growth, anti-apoptotic and anti-fibrotic effects - Insulin-like growth factor 1/2 (IGF-1/2): progenitor mobilization, induction of renal tubular cells proliferation, anti-apoptotic effects - Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF): progenitor cell mobilization - Nerve growth factor (NGF): neuroprotective effects - Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF): proliferative effects - Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1): progenitor cell mobilization - Secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (Sfrp-2): myocardial survival and repair after ischemic injury - Stanniocalcin 1 (STC-1): anti-apoptotic effects - Transforming growth factor β1/2/3 (TGF-β1/2/3): stem cell differentiation and protection, tubulogenesis in kidney, anti-apoptotic effects - Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF): induction of angiogenesis, stimulation of peritubular capillaries proliferation, [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various factors produced and secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that have regenerative effects. It lists specific growth factors such as Angiopoietin-1 and Erythropoietin, which play roles in processes like angiogenesis and anti-apoptotic effects. This supports the assertion that regenerative medicine can enhance healing processes for injuries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: However, such an idea was proven to be wrong in [49] [50], where it was found that a necessary and sufficient condition is the distillation of a private state, rather than a maximally entangled state. A private state is a “twisted” version of a maximally entangled state. They proved the following theorem in [49]: a state is private in the above sense iff it is of the following formγm=U|ψ2m+⟩AB⟨ψ2m+|⊗ρA′B′U†E14Where |ψd⟩=∑i=1d|ii⟩ and ρA′B′ is an arbitrary state on A′,B′. U is an arbitrary unitary controlled in the computational basisU=∑i,j=12m|ij⟩AB⟨ij|⊗UijA′B′. E15The operation (15) will be called “twisting” (note that only UiiA′B′ matter here, yet it will be useful to consider general twisting later). The main new ingredient of the above theorem is the introduction of a “shield” part to Alice and Bob’s system. That is, in addition to the systems A and B used by Alice and Bob for key generation, we assume that Alice and Bob also hold some ancillary systems, A′ and B′, often called the shield part. Since we assume that Eve has no access to the shield part, Eve is further limited in her ability to eavesdrop. Therefore, Alice and Bob can derive a higher key generation rate than the case when Eve does have access to the shield part. 4. 3. 4. Complementary principleAnother approach to security proof is to use the complementary principle of quantum mechanics. Such an approach is interesting because it shows the deep connection between the foundations of quantum mechanics and the security of QKD. In fact, both Mayers’ proof [16] and Biham, Boyer, Boykin, Mor, and Roychowdhury’s proof [44] make use of this complementary principle. A clear and rigorous discussion of the complementary principle approach to security proof has recently been achieved by Koashi [51]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the idea of quantum cryptography offering high security has been challenged. It refers to specific proofs that show necessary conditions for security, implying that the foundational assumptions behind quantum cryptography’s security may be more complex and less assured than suggested by the claim. The mention of Eve's limited ability to eavesdrop is not enough to definitively support the claim of high security, as it also indicates potential vulnerabilities that must be addressed, thus undermining the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: The null hypothesis would be independence of the methylation state of the nearby MSRE and the allele containing the CpG. Analyzing the 10 cases in which the MSRE site and the CpG-containing SNP were within 50 bp (Figure 2d), we found eight cases in which the CpG allele was in cis with the methylated MSRE site (P (> 7) = 0. 05). Moreover, we also analyzed the set of 236 amplicons (out of the 5,660 for which ≥3 siblings had evidence of methylation overlap, including amplicons with only one MSRE and those with more than one), and found that this larger set also displayed a tendency for the CpG alleles to be in cis with the methylated MSRE sites (51 of 71 sites; 72%; P < 10-3). This tendency was also seen in comparisons of unrelated individuals (66%, P < 10-8) and parent-child pairs (70%, P < 10-13). We concluded that the presence of the CpG at the SNP is positively correlated with the methylation of proximate CpGs residing within the MSRE sites. Simulation experiments to estimate the genome-wide fraction of SNPs associated with differential local methylationThe pairwise analyses supported the idea that for a fraction of amplicons harboring polymorphic sequences, the two alleles have a difference in methylation propensity. However because this propensity was not complete, it was difficult to glean from these pairwise analyses the degree of the difference between the two alleles. In addition, the overall frequency of regions showing methylation propensity differences between the two alleles was not clear. We therefore used simulations to explore various models, varying two parameters: the fraction of amplicons over the genome displaying differences in methylation propensity between the two alleles and the extent of difference in allelic methylation propensity (for those amplicons within the fraction defined in the first parameter). Simulated datasets comparable with the actual data obtained from DNA samples were analyzed, allowing ascertainment of the extent of methylation overlap and opposite overlap. In addition, the fraction of amplicons displaying overlap for groups of three and four individuals was determined. The measurements on the simulated datasets obtained under various models were then compared with the data obtained from the actual DNA samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the relationship between methylation states of MSRE sites and SNPs, focusing on the analysis of specific data related to methylation overlap and different alleles. However, it does not provide any information or evidence regarding the Human Genome Project or its role in mapping the human DNA sequence. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: Application of MSC-derived EVs has shown efficacy in various animal models such as myocardial infarction, limb ischemia, wound healing, or kidney, liver and lung injury [68,69]. Although promising, before a sustainable translation into the clinic as possible alternative to MSC-containing therapeutics, MSC-EVs need to be defined more clearly and to be proven similar or superior with regard to efficacy and safety compared to engrafted MSCs. The most frequent conditions in regenerative medicine for MSC therapies in clinical trials include ischemia (myocardial infarction, stroke, critical limb ischemia), degenerative diseases (osteoarthritis, degenerative disc disease), and bone regeneration with BM-MSCs as the most frequently used source (table 1). Interestingly, in total more MSC clinical trials have been conducted on regenerative medicine therapies than on GvHD. Concepts of MSC pointed out in the previous section, MSC therapies are promising options to support organ and tissue regeneration. The protective effects of MSCs, their conditioned medium (CM), or MSC-EVs have been shown to support regeneration after various organ and tissue injuries. Yet, transplantation of MSCs or application of MSC-CM or MSC-EVs require MSCs with maximum regenerative capacity. Therefore, the development of new strategies to improve the regenerative efficiency of MSCs is urgently needed. In vitro pretreatment (‘preconditioning') strategies can enhance survival, engraftment, and paracrine properties of MSCs and, therefore, optimize their reparative and regenerative capacity. In the following section, we summarize different MSC preconditioning technologies that have been developed in the last decade. Specifically, we focus on preconditioning regimens tested in in vivo disease models, and not only in vitro studies with appropriate animals for control, i. e. animals treated with non-preconditioned cells. To date, various in vitro preconditioning strategies have been applied to enhance the regenerative capacity of MSCs [59]. MSC preconditioning includes modulation of culture atmosphere (hypoxic or anoxic), 3D culture, addition of trophic factors (growth factors, cytokines, or hormones), lipopolysaccharides, and pharmacological agents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that MSC therapies, which are a part of regenerative medicine, have shown promising options to support organ and tissue regeneration after various injuries. It mentions that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and MSC conditioned medium have demonstrated protective effects in supporting regeneration following organ and tissue injuries, thus aligning with the claim that regenerative medicine can enhance healing times for certain injuries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: In contrast, most current symmetric cryptography (symmetric ciphers and hash functions) is secure from quantum computers. The quantum Grover’s algorithm can speed up attacks against symmetric ciphers, but this can be counteracted by increasing key size. Thus post-quantum cryptography does not focus on symmetric algorithms. Post-quantum cryptography is also unrelated to quantum cryptography, which refers to using quantum phenomena to achieve secrecy. Currently post-quantum cryptography is mostly focused on four different approaches:Lattice-based cryptography such as NTRU and GGH;Multivariate cryptography such as unbalanced oil and vinegar;Hash-based signatures such as Lamport signatures and Merkle signature scheme;Code-based cryptography that relies on error-correcting codes, such McEliece encryption and Niederreiter signatures. We can use the following figure to show the content of post-quantum cryptography clearly [7]. Figure 4. Post-quantum cryptography. Sizes and times are simplified to b1+ο(1), b2+ο(1), etc. Optimization of any specific b requires a more detailed analysis. Post-quantum cryptography is, in general, a quite different topic from quantum cryptography:Post-quantum cryptography, like the rest of cryptography, covers a wide range of secure-communication tasks, ranging from secret-key operations, public-key signatures, and public-key encryption to high-level operations such as secure electronic voting. Quantum cryptography handles only one task, namely expanding a short shared secret into a long shared secret. Post-quantum cryptography, like the rest of cryptography, includes some systems proven to be secure, but also includes many lower-cost systems that are conjectured to be secure. Quantum cryptography rejects conjectural systems — begging the question of how Alice and Bob can securely share a secret in the first place. Post-quantum cryptography includes many systems that can be used for a noticeable fraction of today’s Internet communication—Alice and Bob need to perform some computation and send some data but do not need any new hardware. Quantum cryptography requires new network hardware that is, at least for the moment, impossibly expensive for the vast majority of Internet users. Advertisement 3258. She especially thanks Hoi-for the hospitality during her stay at the University of Toronto. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that quantum cryptography is fundamentally different from post-quantum cryptography, which focuses on various systems proven to be secure. It emphasizes that quantum cryptography involves significantly different technologies that require new and expensive hardware, which is not geared toward existing Internet communication needs. This suggests that while the field is emerging, its practical applications are limited compared to established cryptographic systems, undermining the potential for high security in real-world scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: Simulations that best approximated the observed data specified that ~10% of common SNPs were linked (or directly involved), with a difference in methylation propensity between the two alleles. Moreover, the extent of skewing was in the range of a 40% to 60% interallelic difference (Figure 3a). Results from one of the top scoring models are displayed in Figure 3b, along with the observed data and data that would be expected by chance; the percentages of amplicons displaying methylation overlap for groups of two, three and four individuals are presented. Note that in addition to providing a basis for comparison to the simulated data, the observed decay of the fraction of methylation overlap as increasing numbers of individuals are analyzed is informative: the fact that the observed methylation overlap fraction in groups of three or four individuals remained well above the values expected by chance is consistent with the idea that a substantial fraction of amplicons have some difference in methylation propensity between the two alleles (estimated by the simulations to be around 10%). Moreover, the decay demonstrates that the fraction of amplicons with an absolute or near-absolute difference in methylation propensity between the two alleles was small. Figure 3Simulations allow estimation of the overall fraction of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the genome with differential local methylation. (a) Under different simulations, we calculated the sum of squares of fractional deviations of the simulated data compared with empirical data examining fractional differences in four parameters: methylation overlap, opposite overlap and methylation overlap in three individuals, and methylation overlap in four individuals. (b) The fractions of amplicons showing methylation overlap in groups of two, three and four individuals for observed (Obs. ), expected (Exp. ) and simulated (Sim. ) data. Full size imageTo examine other CpGs near to the ones assessed by the array-based experiment, we used bisulfite sequencing [10]. In addition to their usefulness in providing single-locus validation of the methylation results obtained from the arrays, these bisulfite sequencing experiments also allowed us to examine other CpGs that are not within MSRE recognition sites. Examining 30 non-on six amplicons displaying methylation overlap, we found that 23 had both alleles methylated, two had both alleles unmethylated and five had monoallelic methylation (see Additional file 9). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses simulations and methylation propensity related to SNPs rather than providing information about the Human Genome Project or its objectives. It does not address the mapping of human DNA or the outcomes of the project.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: The factors secreted by MSCs in response to the preconditioning regime are manifold and exert immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive anti-apoptotic, pro-angiogenic, and trophic effects [59]. The secretome (or the paracrine profile) of pretreated MSCs varies according to the preconditioning regimen used. Different preconditioning methods either activate or suppress different molecular signals and signal transduction cascades. The cellular responses are complex, and, in most cases, the pretreatment procedure affects a great number of factors, and not only a single, specific molecule or protein. In contrast, it should be mentioned that another approach to enhance the release of a specific regenerative factor is to overexpress a single factor in MSCs [70,71,72,73,74]. Nevertheless, these genetically engineered MSCs are not reviewed in this 0. 1-5% O2) (reviewed in [82]). Table 2Selected recent studies using preconditioned MSCs in in vivo modelsa View largeIn vitro preconditioning by hypoxia was shown to stimulate the secretion of growth factors, cytokines, and other proteins and the release of EVs (exosomes and microvesicles) from MSCs [84]. In this case, EVs in turn were also shown to carry a variety of biomolecules such as growth factors, receptors, enzymes, transcription factors, signaling and immunomodulatory molecules, transcripts, and noncoding RNA including retrotransposons, vault RNA, long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs [85,86]. Hypoxia preconditioning has also been shown to enhance cell survival and proliferation [77,80,81,82]. Also, hypoxic pre-incubation of MSCs induced metabolic changes that resulted in higher in vivo cell survival after transplantation [81]. It was also shown that culture in hypoxia enhanced the angiogenic potential of MSCs and improved their survival in both in vitro and in vivo studies [80,81]. The involved downstream signaling pathways are the translocation of HIF-1α to the nucleus with the activation of gene expression (e. g. VEGF), but also the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of Akt and 1/2 [82]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how preconditioning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can enhance their secretion of growth factors and other proteins that improve cell survival and proliferation. It highlights that methods such as hypoxia preconditioning have been shown to enhance angiogenic potential and improve survival rates in both vitro and vivo studies, which indicates that regenerative medicine approaches could indeed contribute to faster healing times for certain injuries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptography will make all forms of hacking obsolete. [SEP] Text: In 2006, the treatment options for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) included platinum combination with gemcitabine, vinorelbine or taxanes, with an overall survival (OS) of 8 to 11 months (3). Later, histology driven pemetrexed for second line and targeted agent erlotinib in the front line were included in the for (ESMO) recommendations (4). The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have led to an improvement in survival for patients with EGFR mutation, this being the most studied driver mutation in adenocarcinoma and at the same time an important predictive factor for patient outcome following the treatment with TKIs. The intracellular tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR is important in the transduction of the signal inside the cell and when a mutation or alteration occurs this leads to transformation in cell growth and development. Firstly, the tumors are classified according to their response to as sensitive, less sensitive, and resistant. The development of the TKI drug class has established a diversity of tumor genotypes and the multilateralism in the tumor response and evolution to TKI treatment (5,6). In this work, an overview is presented of the class evolution of starting with 2006, and the main studies of in lung cancer are discussed. 2. First-generation TKwas first studied in phase III clinical trials on Asian patients whereas the genetic alteration on EGFR is more frequent in this population. IPASS trial enrolled 1,217 adenocarcinoma patients not previously treated for advanced or metastatic disease, who never smoked or had been light smokers, randomized in two open-label arms to receive either gefitinib or paclitaxel-carboplatin. Patients in the chemotherapy arm received 6 cycles while the other arm received gefitinib until disease progression. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). The enrollment began in March 2006 and the cut-off date was April 2008, meeting the non-inferiority objective of PFS. Then the biomarker analysis was performed, and 59. 7% of the samples were positive for a mutation at different exon levels (53. 6% exon 19 deletions, 42. 5% exon 21 mutation, 4. 2% exon 20, 3. 8% other, with patients presenting also multiple mutations). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses treatment options for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and does not mention cryptography, hacking, or any related topics. It focuses entirely on medical treatments and clinical trials, providing no information to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: These results are in line with the general CpG methylation rate across the genome (for CpGs outside of CpG islands). Notably, in each of the five cases in which nearby non-did show monoallelic methylation, it was in cis with the methylated CpG within the MSRE site. This is consistent with the idea that there is a local influence on methylation propensity of the sequence that includes the SNP, and that this influence can affect more than one CpG while not affecting other nearby CpGs, which remain predominantly methylated on both alleles. ConclusionsWe analyzed 110,883 distinct small regions of the human genome for DNA methylation differences between the two alleles. Our data suggest that for ~10% of these regions there was a difference in the propensity for DNA methylation between the two alleles. We suggest the term 'sequence-influenced methylation polymorphism' (SIMP) to reflect this effect of sequence on local methylation propensity and to account for the fact that although the two alleles (defined by sequence) may have different propensities for methylation, it is not an all or nothing situation. The widespread nature of this type of epigenetic polymorphism would be expected to produce numerous chances for positional overlap with regulatory elements in the genome. Hence, in addition to the other ways mutations influence phenotype, these data suggest that sequence differences can have an effect on local DNA methylation, which in turn may affect the phenotype. Owing to their high mutagenesis rate, the SNPs residing in CpG dinucleotides have been the focus of much attention in human genetics [11]. Our results further highlight the unique position of this large subgroup of SNPs in genetic-epigenetic interactions. Although they were not over-represented among amplicons displaying methylation overlap (considering their high frequency among all SNPs), their tendency to act from shorter distances and to have local methylation in cis with the CpG allele are intriguing properties because they suggest cooperativity of local methylation patterning during development and aging. The potential for cooperativity is interesting in the context of crystallographic data on the methyltransferase complex containing Dnmt3a/Dnmt3L which revealed a propensity for the simultaneous methylation of two nearby CpGs [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the Human Genome Project mapping the entire sequence of human DNA. Instead, it discusses DNA methylation differences and specific findings related to sequence-influenced methylation polymorphism. There is no mention of the Human Genome Project or its mapping efforts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: The positive in vivo effects of hypoxic preconditioned and systemically applied (i. v. ) MSCs have been shown in a rat model of ischemic acute kidney injury [77]. In this study, vascularization, apoptosis, renal injury, and levels of serum creatinine as well as blood urea nitrogen were significantly improved in the group that received preconditioned MSCs compared with the non-pretreated control groups [77]. Also, anoxic preconditioning has been shown to enhance MSC survival and to promote their regenerative capacity [79]. Mechanistically, anoxia-induced increased phosphorylation of cell survival factors such as Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase are discussed [87]. A report by Bartosh and coworkers [88] showed that MSCs cultured as 3D spheroids had increased therapeutic potential. Specifically, the investigators used a hanging drop protocol to induce the spheroid formation of MSCs and found that these MSCs expressed the anti-inflammatory protein TNF-α-stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6) at very high levels in vitro. Another very interesting result of this study was that larger numbers of the cells trafficked through the lung after infusion and were recovered in spleen, liver, kidney, and heart. The 3D spheroid MSCs were about one-fourth the volume of MSCs from adherent standard cultures, which may explain the enhanced trafficking through the lung [88]. Another study from this group demonstrated that cell activation in 3D culture also depends critically on the culture medium used [89]. Specifically, the authors described that only chemically defined, xeno-free media supplemented with human serum albumin resulted in compact spheres with high cell viability and high expression of anti-inflammatory (PGE2, TSG-6) and anti-cancer molecules (-24) [89]. addition to the culture environment, several growth factors or other small molecules were shown to enhance the regenerative capacity of MSCs in vitro. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) applied in specific preconditions that enhance their regenerative capacity, providing evidence for improved healing in an animal model of ischemic acute kidney injury. It mentions specific improvements in renal injury and physiological markers, which indicate that regenerative medicine, through the application of MSCs, can effectively contribute to healing processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Personal information online is fully protected with basic encryption alone. [SEP] Text: Next, the XLS-IR is converted to Verilog in add_fhe_lib. v, resulting in the (similarly trivial)module add( input wire [31:0] x, input wire [31:0] y, output wire [31:0] out ); wire [31:0] add_6; assign add_6 = x + y; assign out = add_6; endmodule The next step is to run this verilog through Yosys, which is a mature circuit synthesis suite, and for our purposes is encapsulates the two tasks:Convert higher-level operations to a specified set of boolean gates (that operate on individual bits)Optimize the resulting circuit to be as small as possibleXLS can also do this, and if you want to see that you can change the build rule optimizer attribute from yosys to xls. But we’ve found that Yosys routinely produces 2-3x smaller circuits. The script that we give to yosys can be found in fhe_yosys. bzl, which encapsulates the bazel macros and rules related to invoking Yosys. The output for our adder program is:module add(x, y, out); wire _000_; wire _001_; wire _002_; [. . . ] wire _131_; wire _132_; output [31:0] out; wire [31:0] out; input [31:0] x; wire [31:0] x; input [31:0] y; wire [31:0] y; nand2 _133_ (. A(x[12]),. B(y[12]),. Y(_130_)); xor2 _134_ (. A(x[12]),. B(y[12]),. Y(_131_)); nand2 _135_ (. A(x[11]),. B(y[11]),. Y(_132_)); or2 _136_ (. A(x[11]),. B(y[11]),. Y(_000_)); nand2 _137_ (. A(x[10]),. B(y[10]),. Y(_001_)); xor2 _138_ (. A(x[10]),. B(y[10]),. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Verilog and circuit synthesis related to programming and hardware design, without addressing the topic of personal information protection or encryption. It does not provide any arguments or evidence that could support or contrast the claim about the effectiveness of basic encryption in securing personal information online.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: Given the known effect of methylation on CpG mutation rate [13, 14], the observed effects of CpG SNPs on local methylation immediately suggests a model in which genetic change at one location can influence subsequent nearby genetic change through the epigenetic marker of DNA methylation. MethodsGenomic DNA samplesEpstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B-lymphocyte cell lines obtained from the of Sciences (NIGMS) cell repository and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 15% fetal calf serum (FCS) () at 37°C and 5% CO2. Genomic DNA was purified (Kit; ) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Ten samples from pedigree 1332: GM12096 (paternal grandfather); GM12097 (paternal grandmother); GM12099 (maternal grandmother); GM10848 (father); GM10849 (mother); GM12089 (daughter); GM12090 (son); GM12093 (daughter); GM12094 (son); GM12095 (son), and three samples from pedigree 45: GM12698 (father); GM12699 (mother); GM12706 (son) were analyzed. Peripheral white blood cell genomic DNA samples [PWBC1 (mother); PWBC2 (daughter) and PWBC3 (unrelated individual)] were obtained from J. Smoller (). Postmortem genomic DNA samples were obtained from the (). High-throughput methylation assayGenomic DNA was genotyped on the 500 K SNP mapping arrays according to the manufacturer's instructions (Affymetrix). For methylation analysis, 1 μg of genomic DNA was digested at 37°C for 16 hours with an MSRE cocktail comprising (20 U), Bsa HI (1. 3 U), (2. 5 U), Hpa II (2. 5 U) and Hpy CH4IV (10 U) (), in a 50 l reaction volume with 1% bovine serum albumin and 10% NEB buffer no. 4 (Biolabs). The DNA was then inactivated by heating for 20 minutes at 60°C, precipitated with ethanol, and resuspended in Tris-EDTA buffer at 50 ng/μl; the usual hybridization procedure was then performed without further modifications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of methylation on CpG mutation rates and details methods for genomic DNA analysis. It does not provide any information related to the Human Genome Project or the complete mapping of human DNA.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the growth factors and IGF-1, the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, the chemokine SDF-1 (CXCL12), or hormones such as angiotensin-II have been shown to enhance regenerative capacity or the paracrine functions of MSCs (table 2) [90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Previously, a functional EGF receptor was identified on MSCs with evidence of an active EGF signal transduction [99]. EGF promoted in vitro expansion of MSCs without altering their multipotency [97,98,100], and the effects of EGF on MSC cell motility and migration are also well described [98,99,100]. Pretreatment of MSCs with EGF enhanced the release of factors such as -EGF, IL-6, and IL-11, but not FGF-2 [97,101]. VEGF and HGF play a pivotal role in MSC-mediated accelerated wound healing through inducing angiogenesis and improving oxygen supplies to the ischemic tissues [97]. EGF treatment has also been shown to enhance MSC motility, which is required for repopulation of MSCs within the wound bed [97]. Furthermore, the functional outcome of hind limb ischemia has been shown, most likely due to the delivery of pro-angiogenic factors by MSCs [97]. Herrmann et al. [92] have shown that TGF-β increased the VEGF production of MSCs in vitro and, to a greater extent, in combination with TNF-α or hypoxia. VEGF production was upregulated by a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism and could be suppressed by p38 MAPK inhibition. Furthermore, the investigators infused TGF-β-preconditioned MSCs immediately before myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and could show that the post-ischemic myocardial functional recovery was improved in hearts infused with preconditioned MSCs compared with untreated MSCs or vehicle. Treatment with CM derived from TNF-α-preconditioned MSCs accelerated wound healing and angiogenesis in vivo [95]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various mechanisms by which regenerative medicine can enhance healing processes. It specifically mentions factors such as EGF, VEGF, and HGF that improve MSC (mesenchymal stem cells) functionality, leading to accelerated wound healing and better functional recovery following injuries. For instance, the text states, 'VEGF and HGF play a pivotal role in MSC-mediated accelerated wound healing through inducing angiogenesis,' directly supporting the idea that regenerative medicine can indeed improve healing times for injuries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personal information online is fully protected with basic encryption alone. [SEP] Text: About two years ago, I switched teams at Google to focus on fully homomorphic encryption (abbreviated FHE, or sometimes HE). Since then I’ve got to work on a lot of interesting projects, learning along the way about post-quantum cryptography, compiler design, and the ins and outs of fully homomorphic encryption. If you’ve heard about FHE and you’re a software person, you’ve probably heard two things: it lets you run programs directly on encrypted data without ever decrypting it; and it’s still too slow to be useful for anything. But beyond that, there aren’t a lot of resources that provide a survey of the field that’s more accessible than a 40-page research paper (if you want that, here’s one from 2022). This 0. 5 GB. In others, 16,000 or more integers are packed into a single ciphertext of similar size, but the keys can be 10s of GiBs. I will describe the various ways that FHE schemes work with or around these limitations in later sections. Commonalities of FHE schemesThis section will give a mildly-technical overview of how the encryption schemes underlying FHE work. The next section will provide more specific details of specific FHE schemes and their differing capabilities. LWE and RLWEAll modern FHE schemes encrypt their data using effectively the same cryptographic foundation: a noisy dot product. The simplest version of this actually used in an FHE scheme is called the Errors problem, or LWE. LWE encryption supports encrypting small-bit-width integers by placing those bits in the most significant bits of a machine word—for simplicity, say it’s a 4-bit integer in the top-most bits of a 32-bit integer with all the other bits initialized to zero, and call that whole encoded plaintext $m$. The secret key $s$ is a random binary vector of some fixed length $n$ chosen to achieve a certain security—say $n=800$. Then to encrypt, you sample a random length-$n$ vector of 32-bit integers $a$, take a dot product with the secret key $s$, add the message $m$, and then add some random noise from a carefully-chosen distribution that is intimately tied to the security of the scheme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) and its limitations, specifically indicating that while FHE allows running programs on encrypted data, it is 'still too slow to be useful for anything.' This suggests that basic encryption alone is insufficient for robust protection, hinting at the need for more advanced methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: After this pre-treatment, the DNA was put through the mapping array procedure and further digested with either the or restriction enzyme. Fragments of 200 to 1,100 bp (containing the polymorphic sites to be assessed) were amplified by PCR, and the resulting amplicons were then labeled and hybridized to the array. Understanding that a genome-scale analysis of this type must guard against the potential for artifacts arising from polymorphisms in MSRE sites, we were careful to consider such a possibility at all stages of the project. In our previous analyses of the × chromosome, we used a filter that involved testing genomic DNA that had been pre-amplified with phi29 DNA polymerase (which generates an unmethylated representation of the genome) to ensure that the MSRE sites on both alleles were present. The phi29 DNA polymerase filter can deployed in the genome-scale analyses presented here, but we chose what turns out to be, practically, a more robust filter by excluding all SNPs on the Affymetrix array, which reside on amplicons containing any polymorphism in an MSRE site in the dbSNP database This filter based on dbSNP was used in all the analyses presented below, and although we know that this filter is discarding SNPs that do not reside on amplicons with MSRE site polymorphisms in the individuals examined here, we chose to use it to ensure that the analyses of allele-specific methylation would be robust. Specifically, filtering out of SNPs resident on amplicons with possible polymorphisms was performed as mentioned in the text. Any amplicon with a polymorphism in dbSNP (build 129) that either could remove or create a recognition site for any of the five MSREs was removed. Similarly, we removed all amplicons for which there was any polymorphism that could remove an or site at the end of the amplicon or lead to creation of a new 'internal' site. These filters were used for all such polymorphisms present at any frequency in the population. In addition, the amplicons residing on the × chromosome were removed to remove the possibility of effects on DNA methylation from the × inactivation process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it discusses specific techniques used in DNA analysis and filtering related to polymorphisms, without mentioning the Human Genome Project or its completion of mapping the entire human DNA sequence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: In addition, TNF-α-pretreated MSCs increased the release of cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, as shown by proteomic analysis. This study identified the enhanced secretion of 118 proteins into the culture medium upon TNF-α incubation [102]. Specifically, the TNF-α-induced secretome of MSCs included many molecules known to be critically involved in inflammatory processes (e. g. IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1). Inflammation is a key response to tissue injury and is critical for regeneration, with many cytokines being associated with this process. Enhanced expression of IL-6, IL-8, or MCP-1 goes along with enhanced migration of monocytes to the site of injury, hereby promoting a pro-inflammatory response. Hormones such as angiotensin-II or melatonin were used to pretreat MSCs before their use in in vivo models. Pretreatment of MSCs with angiotensin-II resulted in an improved cardiac function and a reduced occurrence of cardiac fibrosis, a smaller infarct size, and a higher expression of VEGF and von Willebrand factor in ischemic myocardium [103]. Another study examined the effect of melatonin pretreatment of MSCs in vivo after transplantation into the ischemic brain [104]. MSCs preconditioned with melatonin reduced brain infarction, improved neurobehavioral outcomes, and showed increased angiogenesis and VEGF expression [104]. In addition, MSCs treated with melatonin displayed an increased expression of HGF and FGF-2 [105]. CM from melatonin-treated MSCs stimulated tube formation of endothelial progenitor cells and proliferation of renal proximal tubular cells in vitro. Moreover, the study showed that melatonin pretreatment strongly increased MSC survival after transplantation in a model of acute kidney injury. This effect was concomitant with an increased angiogenesis, proliferation of renal cells, and accelerated recovery of renal function [105]. or Alternative preconditioning concepts to prime MSCs in vitro prior to their use in in vivo models include pretreatment with atorvastatin, curcumin, and several other pharmacological or chemical agents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how treatments with TNF-α-pretreated MSCs and melatonin-treated MSCs lead to enhanced secretion of cytokines and improved healing outcomes, such as reduced brain infarction and improved cardiac function. These findings support the assertion that regenerative medicine techniques can indeed enhance healing times for specific injuries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personal information online is fully protected with basic encryption alone. [SEP] Text: BFV uses modulus switching as well, but it is hidden inside the multiplication operation and maintains “scale invariance” as part of its public API (outside of a multiplication operation), while BGV exposes the moduli and the user must ensure that operations are only applied that combine ciphertexts with the same modulus. The modulus switching question is relevant because it impacts how you set up the parameters of the scheme. For BGV, the parameters depend on the circuit you want to evaluate. When people talk about “leveled” homomorphic encryption, this is what they mean: picking larger parameters so that you have enough levels to avoid bootstrapping. Got multiplicative depth? You need More Primes. One FHE engineer mentioned to me that—between needing them for RNS decompositions and modulus switching—they actually ran out of 32-bit primes (there are roughly 60 million of them, or 0. 25 GiB worth, based on this paper) and as a result had to switch their underlying types to 64 bits. 4 Meanwhile, BFV’s analogous parameters are independent of the circuit. In exchange for this complexity, BGV boasts some 20-50% speedups over BFV for larger moduli $Q$ (i. e. , deeper circuits), though it does depend on what particular subsets of other tricks are applied. The last thing I wanted to mention is how BGV and BFV sit within a larger computing paradigm. While there is a lot of attention focused on improving microbenchmarks (like relinearization or key switching or noise growth from a single multiplication), there is also a challenge in expressing a program in the BGV/BFV computational model. Because while you can do SIMD operations like adding and multiplying ciphertexts, the other operations common to SIMD architectures like AVX aren’t present. Forget that a ciphertext is a polynomial and consider it just as a vector of the underlying messages. AVX and friends allow you to apply an arbitrary permutation to the vector elements, shuffling them around to align them better for later SIMD operations. In FHE we are significantly more limited. There is a limited subset of supported permutations that correspond to cyclic rotations of a vector. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limitations of various encryption schemes, particularly focusing on advanced homomorphic encryption methods (BGV and BFV). It implies that basic encryption techniques alone are insufficient, as effective encryption requires careful setup of parameters and considerations of computational limitations, thereby highlighting the inadequacy of relying solely on basic encryption for protecting personal information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: Data analysisRaw-intensity hybridization outputs for each clone before and after MSRE treatment were genotyped using the (GCOS/GDAS software package; Affymertrix) or, for raw intensity analysis, normalized and compared with a pool of 13 genomic DNA samples from pedigrees 1332 and 45 using the dChip copy number analysis tool For statistical analyses, the non-parametric χ2 test was used. For sibling-pair analysis, SNPs for which one of the parents was heterozygous and the other was homozygous were used to locate all recombination breakpoints occurring in each of the five children: GM12089; GM12090; GM12093; GM12094 and GM12095. The genomes of the 10 possible sibling pairs were then divided into regions for which the two pair members shared no, one or two identical pieces of the parental chromosomes. and were located in these regions and analyzed for methylation similarities. Validation of the high throughput allele-specific methylation assayfragments containing the arrayed SNPs were amplified from genomic DNA digested with MSRE, using PCR primers flanking the sites. Both strands of the PCR product were sequenced, and the SNP readouts were compared with the genotypes obtained from the arrays. To validate methylation status, genomic DNA was converted using a bisulfite kit (EpiKit; Qiagen), and fragments flanking the MSRE sites were amplified with bisulfite-specific primers and sequenced. Computer simulationsPrograms used for the simulations are available on request. Briefly, epigenotypes for 10,000 'SNPs' were generated for each of four 'individuals' under varying differences between the methylation propensities of the two alleles. The allele with higher propensity for methylation was considered 95% methylated (the results of the simulations did not vary greatly when this percentage was changed slightly up or down). The starting genotype for each of the 10,000 SNPs was AB, and the epigenotypes (after MSRE treatment) were generated by treating each allele independently. For example, the more methylated allele would contribute to the epigenotype 95% of the time and the less methylated allele would contribute 95% minus 20% of the time if the simulation was testing a difference in methylation propensity of 20% between the two alleles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information about the Human Genome Project or its goal of mapping the entire human DNA sequence. Instead, it discusses various methods and analyses related to specific genetic research, without addressing the overall mapping of the human genome.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: Atorvastatin, a statin used as a lipid-lowering agent and for prevention of events associated with cardiovascular disease, enhanced the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) on MSCs and stimulated MSC migration in vitro [106]. The significant role of SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 in mobilization and migration of MSCs to sites of injury has been elucidated [90,107]. Therefore, MSC pretreatment with atorvastatin was tested in an in vivo model of myocardial infarction [106]. Li et al. [106] found an increased migration and homing of MSCs toward the infarcted myocardium compared to non-pretreated MSCs and suggested that atorvastatin pretreatment is an effective preconditioning regimen to promote the cell-therapeutic potential of MSCs. In addition, enhanced regenerative efficacy of MSC transplantation has also been shown after MSC preconditioning with LPS [108]. LPS, an endotoxin of Gram-negative bacteria, is known as the ligand of Toll-like receptor-4, which is expressed by MSCs. In a model of myocardial infarction, LPS pretreatment ameliorated the cardiac function, reduced fibrosis, stimulated expression of VEGF, and activated the PI3K/Akt pathway [108]. Curcumin, an agent extracted from the spice turmeric, has been reported to show potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and free radical-scavenging activity [109]. A study by Liu et al. [109] showed that pretreatment of MSCs with curcumin improved the tolerance to oxidative stress injury and resulted in an enhancement of the therapeutic potential of MSCs in myocardial repair after infarction. Pharmacological MSC preconditioning with diazoxide, a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, protected cells from oxidative stress injury by upregulating the expression of FGF-2 and HGF [110]. In an in vivo model of myocardial infarction, diazoxide preconditioning improved the survival rate of the infused MSCs, reduced the infarct size, and increased left ventricular function compared to the transplantation of non-pretreated MSCs [110]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies that demonstrate the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in promoting healing after myocardial infarction. It discusses how atorvastatin enhances MSC migration to injury sites and how other preconditioning agents like LPS and diazoxide improve the therapeutic efficacy and survival of MSCs, ultimately contributing to better cardiac function and reduced fibrosis after injury. This supports the broader claim that regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personal information online is fully protected with basic encryption alone. [SEP] Text: The CKKS scheme supports arbitrary real or complex numbers as input messages—with the understanding that some precision will be lost—and it excels at evaluating transcendental functions via their Taylor series polynomial approximations. For this reason, CKKS is considered best suited for SIMD-style computations that permit some limited loss of precision, such as machine learning inference tasks, where some transcendental functions are necessary, but not too frequent. In particular, it can do better than BGV/BFV at finding small-degree polynomials that approximate functions in some local neighborhood of a point. This relies on having a continuous message space: if you set your message space to be the unit interval, your polynomial approximation can assume the inputs are in that range. However, the added performance of CKKS comes at a usability cost. In addition to keeping track of FHE ciphertext noise growth from homomorphic operations, and in addition to keeping track of the approximation errors introduced by polynomial approximations of non-polynomial functions, in CKKS one must also track precision loss from these other operations like rescaling. Even encrypting and immediately decrypting a message (with no homomorphic operations) does not give back the original message. Two ciphertexts with disagreeing scales cannot be combined, and similarly to BGV, this is exposed in CKKS’s “public” API, but it is more closely related to the correct program output in CKKS, which makes it harder to hide than BGV’s modulus switching. I personally understand CKKS the least well of all four FHE schemes, but the more I dig in and discuss it with colleagues, the less differences I see between CKKS and BGV/BFV. In particular, many of the features of CKKS seem to get quickly ported to BGV/BFV, and vice versa. CGGI (boolean/short integer arithmetic)The CGGI scheme supports encryption of small bit-width integers (1 to roughly 6 bits) using LWE encryption as its entrypoint. It uses LWE’s natural addition operation, but has no obvious multiplication operation like BGV/BFV did. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of the CKKS encryption scheme, particularly noting that it introduces precision loss and approximation errors. It emphasizes that even with encryption, one cannot guarantee the original message is recovered after decryption and highlights the usability costs associated with CKKS. This suggests that basic encryption is not sufficient for full protection of personal information, as it does not address the risks related to precision loss and data distortion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: These 10,000 SNPs were assumed to be a varying fraction of the total analyzed SNPs for each given simulation (because the other parameter in the simulations was the fraction of SNPs across the genome that display a difference in methylation propensity). For the SNPs not subject to a difference in propensity for local methylation, switches to a homozygous call were assumed to be at a rate of 10%. The four individuals were then analyzed in a similar way to which the analyses of actual individuals were performed. We assessed methylation overlap and opposite overlap in pairs, and methylation overlap in groups of three individuals and groups of four individuals. The sum of the squares of the fractional differences provided a metric for evaluating the different simulations. 152. 10. 1016/0092-8674(88)90546-6. 908. 10. 1038/ng. 174. 212. 10. 1016/j. ajhg. 2010. 01. 014. 554. 10. 1093/hmg/ddm010. 255. 10. 1093/hmg/ddh013. 84. 10. 1086/504729. 2035. 10. 1101/gr. 095562. 109. 1143. 10. 1126/science. 1136352. 318. 10. 1038/15490. 1831. 10. 1073/pnas. 89. 5. 1827. 467. 10. 1038/n77. 251. 10. 1038/nature06146. 67. 1615. 10. 1101/gr. 092213. 109. 1. Monoallelic methylation levels in individuals. (PDF 72 KB)13072_2010_39_MOESM2_ESM. PDFAdditional file 2: Fig. S1. Percentage monoallelic methylation for individual 12089 by chromosome. Note that the greater extent to which the × chromosome revealed allele-specific methylation in the Hellman and Chess 2007 experiment was because in that experiment, we were analyzing multiple subclones from each individual in order to define the effects of the × inactivation process on monoallelic methylation. (PDF 86 KB)Additional file 3: Table S2. Bisulfite sequencing control experiments. (PDF 88 KB)13072_2010_39_MOESM4_ESM. PDFAdditional file 4: Table S3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to the Human Genome Project or its mapping of the entire sequence of human DNA. Instead, it discusses details about SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) and methylation in a different context, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: Preconditioning with deferoxamine, an iron-chelating drug, stabilized HIF-1α under normoxic conditions as well as the activity of two metalloproteases [111]. Notably, the stabilization of HIF-1α resulted in an increased activity as well as in increased transcription of genes involved in cell migration [112]. Deferoxamine preconditioning prior to transplantation also increased homing of MSCs through affecting chemokine receptors as well as metalloproteases [111]. ROS and reactive nitrogen species are biologically active oxidants and are regarded as important physiological signaling molecules. Various reports indicate the role of ROS as second messengers in the O2 sensing [113,114]. In a previous study, ROS preconditioning has been shown to enhance the pro-angiogenic properties of MSCs [114]. Applying a pharmacological preconditioning strategy with the mitochondrial inhibitors antimycin and rotenone to modulate ROS generation in MSCs, the authors found that this regimen strongly improved revascularization and the number of MSC-derived CD31+ cells in the ischemic area. Furthermore, ROS generation increased MSC secretion of the pro-angiogenic and anti-apoptotic factors VEGF and HGF, but did not affect the ability of MSCs to differentiate into cells with endothelial phenotype in vitro [114]. Another study showed that MSC preconditioning with valproat and lithium chloride promoted functional recovery, increased angiogenesis, and reduced the infarcted zone in the brain in a rat cerebral artery occlusion model [115]. Additionally, increased migration and homing of MSCs towards the ischemic site, possibly mediated by an increased CXCR4 expression, was observed [115]. about Studies on MSC Preconditioning Therapies? As mentioned above, recent data clearly indicate that a functional improvement of the regenerative capacities of MSCs could be obtained by applying different MSC preconditioning regimens in vitro and after MSC infusion in different in vivo models. Clinical trials using MSCs have been expanding quickly in the last decade. However, although various MSCs preconditioning strategies have been developed and have been already evaluated in animal models, currently only three clinical trials are registered on www. clinicaltrials. gov (table 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various methods, such as MSC preconditioning, that enhance the regenerative capacities of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). It specifically mentions that studies indicate functional improvement in regenerative abilities, as observed through improvements in angiogenesis and recovery in different injury models like ischemic conditions. This aligns with the claim that regenerative medicine has the potential to improve healing times for certain injuries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personal information online is fully protected with basic encryption alone. [SEP] Text: In this living document, I will list all production systems I’m aware of that use fully homomorphic encryption (FHE). For background on FHE, see my overview of the field. If you have any information about production FHE systems not in this list, or corrections to information in this list, please send me an email with sufficient detail allow the claim to be publicly verified. For all production deployments, I will distinguish between cases where the deployed system does “fully” homomorphic encryption (with bootstrapping), aka FHE, and “somewhat” homomorphic encryption, aka SHE (avoiding bootstrapping). Table of contents:Microsoft’s Password checkup (SHE)(SHE)Apple enhanced visual search for photos (SHE)Rumors, developments, and things to watch and further verifyCase StudiesSimilar pagesThanksMicrosoft’s Password checkup (SHE)After a proof of concept in two papers 2017-2018 papers by and (1, 2), the team implemented a password checkup service that uses FHE to compare a user’s passwords privately against a database of known compromised passwords. They use FHE as part of a custom private set intersection (PSI) protocol, other components of which include Oblivious Pseudo-evaluation as well as hashing tricks to shard the password database. They used the FV (BFV) scheme as implemented in Microsoft’s SEAL library (v2. 1). This was deployed in Edge as recently as 2021-01. Sources:Corporate blog postEdge support page (“powerful encryption helps protect your information from being revealed to anyone. ”)(SHE)On 2024-07-30, Apple announced that iOS 18 includes a feature called ID Lookup, which supports third-party caller ID and spam blocking services, and now uses homomorphic encryption to prevent third party servers from seeing the call information. To the best of my understanding, Apple still sees your call information. This is implemented using BFV in Swift, and seems to be unrelated to the corecrypto BFV implementation mentioned in the rumors section. A demonstration app is provided. Source:Swift blogCaller ID documentationSwift homomorphic encryption libraryApple enhanced visual search for photos (SHE)In a 2024 blog post, Apple described a private nearest neighbor search technique that combines differential privacy and somewhat homomorphic encryption to do private image search. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing various systems that use fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) and somewhat homomorphic encryption (SHE). It suggests that encryption methods can vary in their completeness and effectiveness, indicating that basic encryption alone may not provide sufficient protection for personal information. Furthermore, the text highlights multiple deployment cases that involve more complex encryption techniques that are necessary to adequately secure sensitive information, contrasting the idea that basic encryption is adequate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: Methylation overlap between different (freshly isolated) tissues of unrelated individuals. (PDF 99 KB)13072_2010_39_MOESM5_ESM. PDFAdditional file 5: Fig. S2. Monoallelic methylation is largely independent of parental imprinting. (a, b) Allele-specific methylation that is dependent on the parent of origin is a known feature of parentally imprinted regions. To explore whether parental imprinting is a major contributor to the observed methylation overlap across the genome, we analyzed individuals from three generations. Because the hallmark of an imprinted mark is that the inequality between the two alleles has the same parent of origin (maternal or paternal) in each generation, a sign of imprinting in this experiment would be allele-specifically methylated alleles tending towards having the same parent of origin in the first and the second transmissions observable in three generations. The configurations of the genotypes shown in (a) and (b) are representative of several that can inform such an analysis. (C) Averages and standard deviations for the analyses presented individually in Table S4 (Additional file 6). We observed equal frequencies of the same parent of origin as of a switch in parent of origin. These analyses did not rule out the possibility that a subset of methylation overlap was due to parental imprinting. Indeed, our analyses of the H19/IGF2 differentially methylated region revealed clustering of monoallelically methylated SNPs, suggesting that some methylation overlap could be due to imprinting. However, across the genome, parental imprinting was not a major contributor. (PDF 94 KB)Additional file 6: Table S4. Excess of methylation overlap is not due parental imprinting. (PDF 102 KB)Additional file 7: Table S5. Sibling pair analyses. (PDF 104 KB)13072_2010_39_MOESM8_ESM. PDFAdditional file 8: Table S6. Numbers of informative SNPs and of SNPs showing methylation overlap or opposite overlap among fifteen parent-child pairs. (PDF 111 KB)13072_2010_39_MOESM9_ESM. PDFAdditional file 9: Table S7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methylation overlap and parental imprinting without addressing the Human Genome Project or DNA sequencing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: All three clinical studies use a comparable (but not equal) preconditioning regimen (hypoxia, ischemic preconditioning) for in vitro pretreatment of BM-MSCs; three different pathologies have been investigated (table 3). The purpose of the first study is to evaluate the efficacy of hypoxia-preconditioned autologous BM-MSCs for patients with ischemic heart diseases. The second study examines the regeneration of the lung in patients suffering from pulmonary emphysema after transplantation of hypoxia-preconditioned autologous BM-MSCs. Currently, only these two studies are listed on www. clinicaltrials. gov, and the study protocol of the third study was published in a scientific journal [116]. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of preconditioned MSCs in patients with ischemic stroke. The chosen pretreatment (‘ischemic preconditioning') is in vitro culture of MSCs in media supplemented with autologous serum that is obtained at the acute phase of stroke from patients. A previous study from this group with rat MSCs cultured in media supplemented with serum obtained from a rat stroke model showed an increased expansion rate of MSCs with decreased cell death, increased trophic factor secretion, and increased migration capacity compared to MSCs cultured in media supplemented with fetal bovine serum. In addition, another study showed recently that stroke serum priming of MSCs upregulated the expression of miRNA-20a, which promoted MSC proliferation by regulating the cell cycle inhibitor p21 CDKN1A [117]. Table 3Current clinical trials using MSCs after preconditioning to enhance their therapeutic efficacy (www. clinicaltrials. gov). View largeIn summary, due to the limited number (and to date not published results) of clinical trials using preconditioning strategies to optimize the regenerative capacity of MSCs (or their CM), more clinical trials investigating the effects of different preconditioning regimens in varying pathological situations are urgently needed. In summary, transplantation of preconditioned MSCs has shown promising results. Whereas not finally proven, it seems clear that manifold mechanisms are involved in the increased benefit of cell therapy using preconditioned MSCs (fig. 1). As shown by numerous experimental studies reviewed in this 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing clinical studies that investigate the efficacy of preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in various medical conditions such as ischemic heart diseases, pulmonary emphysema, and ischemic stroke. It mentions that transplantation of preconditioned MSCs has shown promising results, suggesting that these regenerative approaches could potentially improve healing times or outcomes for these injuries. Furthermore, the emphasis on the need for more clinical trials to optimize the regenerative capacity of MSCs indicates ongoing research into their healing capabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personal information online is fully protected with basic encryption alone. [SEP] Text: The server maintains a K-means clustering of the embeddings of the images in the database to be searched, and sends the centroids to the client. The client locally computes the nearest centroid, then sends the centroid (unencrypted) and the query embedding (encrypted) to the server. Then the server computes homomorphically the nearest member of the cluster and returns the encrypted result to the client. To avoid the server learning about the cluster in question, Apple adds a layer of indirection via an anonymization network and periodically sends fake queries (encryptions of zero with random centroids) to the server, in a scheme that is claimed to provide adequate differential privacy. This also uses the BFV implementation in Swift, as with the caller ID lookup. Source:Apple blog postWally paperRumors, developments, and things to watch and further verifyIn 2023, Apple implemented BFV and included it in their corecrypto library, but with no explanation of what it’s used for. I verified this by downloading corecrypto at the bottom of the Apple security page, and browsing the source tree for ccbfv. (Source)2023, CryptoLab signed a three-year contract with Macrogen, a Korean generic data analysis company. “Macrogen will seamlessly integrate the HEaaN (CKKS) solution into their genomic analysis services, further bolstering the safeguarding of customer data. ” (Source)In 2023 the Association of America (SOAA) published a whitepaper describing “Zero Footprint” Investigations query engine, which they describe as allowing one to use FHE to securely query third party data providers for information relevant to risks related to military service members. I. e. , is there a leak of sensitive information that could allow a covert service member’s identity to be compromised? If the data is owned by a third party, this cannot be queried directly since doing so would reveal the identity of the service member. The whitepaper does not use language directly suggesting that SOAA uses this product, but it reads more as a recommendation for the US government to use it. The whitepaper also claims that the engine is “currently in use” by the Department of Homeland Security, though it’s not clear if they’re using it for this particular use case, or some other use case. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a complex system of layers of security and encryption that aims to protect personal information, indicating that basic encryption by itself is insufficient. It discusses the use of advanced techniques such as homomorphic encryption and differential privacy, which suggest a higher need for security measures than what basic encryption provides.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Figures 7 figures Figures Figure 1 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Purified CD63-positive exosomes contain RNA. (a) Exosome purification schematic. (b–e) Representative electron micrographs of negative stained samples from the 100,000 ×g pellet fraction (b,d) and post-flotation fractions (c,e) at either 9300X (a,b) or 1900X (c,e) magnification. Open arrows indicate large (>200 nm) vesicle contaminants and closed arrows indicate protein aggregates. (f) CD63-luciferase activity in purified exosomes after treatment with 1% Triton X-100 (TX-100) and/or 100 µg/ml trypsin for 30 min at 4°C. Error bars represent standard deviations from 3 independent samples. (g) Specific activity of CD63-luciferase (RLU/µg of total protein) at each stage of purification (green: 100,000 ×g pellet, purple: post-flotation, red: post-immunoisolation a-CD63 beads). (h) Total RNA recovered from conditioned medium after immuno-isolation with a-CD63 or an IgG control. B – bound to beads, FT – flow-through not bound to beads. Error bars represent standard deviations from 3 separate purifications (biological replicates). Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Sub-cellular localization of C-terminal CD63-luciferase-FLAG fusion. CD63-luciferase-FLAG cells induced for 48 hr were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde blocked with 5% BSA in PBS and stained with M2-Flag antibody (1:500) and then Alexa-488 conjugated anti-mouse secondary. Cells were mounted with prolong gold (containing DAPI stain) and imaged at 400 X total magnification. Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Enrichment of select miRNAs in exosomes. (a) Venn diagram showing the number of total (above diagram), unique (inside red or green circles) and shared miRNAs (inside yellow) from each library. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the Human Genome Project or the mapping of human DNA. Instead, it discusses technical details related to exosome purification and RNA analysis, which are unrelated to the claim about the Human Genome Project.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: : Myogenic cells derived from rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells exposed to 5-azacytidine. 1995;18:1417-1426. 15. : Mesenchymal stem cell engraftment in lung is enhanced in response to bleomycin exposure and ameliorates its fibrotic effects. 2003;100:8407-8411. 16. : Differentiation, cell fusion, and nuclear fusion during ex vivo repair of epithelium by human adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma. 2003;100:2397-2402. 17. : Marrow stromal cells migrate throughout forebrain and cerebellum, and they differentiate into astrocytes after injection into neonatal mouse brains. 1999;96:10711-10716. 18. : Synergistic effects of CoCl(2) and ROCK inhibition on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into neuron-like cells. J 2006;119:2667-2678. 19. : Concise review: mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells: the state of transdifferentiation and modes of tissue repair - current views. 2007;25:2896-2902. 20. : Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells express cardiac-specific markers, retain the stromal phenotype, and do not become functional cardiomyocytes in vitro. 2008;26:2884-2892. 21. : Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells express cardiomyogenic proteins but do not exhibit functional cardiomyogenic differentiation potential. Dev 2012;21:2457-2470. 22. : Adrenomedullin enhances therapeutic potency of mesenchymal stem cells after experimental stroke in rats. Stroke 2005;36:853-858. 23. : Mesenchymal stem cells: biology, pathophysiology, translational findings, and therapeutic implications for cardiac disease. 2011;109:923-940. 24. : Multipotent stromal cells from human marrow home to and promote repair of pancreatic islets and renal glomeruli in diabetic NOD/scid mice. 2006;103:17438-17443. 25. : Treatment of severe acute graft-versus-host disease with third party haploidentical mesenchymal stem cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies involving mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are a vital component of regenerative medicine. These studies highlight the role of MSCs in tissue repair and regeneration, indicating that they can enhance healing processes in different contexts, such as lung fibrosis and after experimental strokes. For instance, 'mesenchymal stem cell engraftment in lung is enhanced in response to bleomycin exposure and ameliorates its fibrotic effects,' suggesting that regenerative medicine techniques can indeed lead to improved healing outcomes.