Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Time derivative moments based feature extraction approach for recognition of upper limb motions using EMG. . IEEE Sens. Lett. 3:(4):6000804 [Crossref] [17. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2019. . Electromyography-based hand gesture recognition system for upper limb amputees. . IEEE Sens. Lett. 3:(3):5500304 [Crossref] [18. . 2013. . Electromyogram whitening for improved classification accuracy in upper limb prosthesis control. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 21:(5):767–74 [Crossref] [19. . 2009. . A novel feature extraction for robust EMG pattern recognition. . arXiv:0912. 3973 [cs. CV] 20. Al-. 2018. . EEG-based control for upper and lower limb exoskeletons and prostheses: a systematic review. . Sensors 18:(10):3342 [Crossref] [21. . 2018. . A review on the advancements in the field of upper limb prosthesis. . J. Med. Eng. Technol. 42::532–45 [Crossref] [22. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2018. . Portable EMG data acquisition module for upper limb prosthesis application. . IEEE Sens. J. 18:(8):3436–43 [Crossref] [23. . 2021. . Motor-imagery EEG-based BCIs in wheelchair movement and control: a systematic literature review. . Sensors 21:(18):6285 [Crossref] [24. . 2017. . Towards efficient decoding of multiple classes of motor imagery limb movements based on EEG spectral and time domain descriptors. . J. Med. Syst. 41:(12):194 [Crossref] [25. . 2019. . Brain-computer interface for wheelchair control operations: an approach based on fast Fourier transform and on-line sequential extreme learning machine. . Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 7:(3):274–78 [Crossref] [26. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2020. . Improved classification scheme using fused wavelet packet transform based features for intelligent myoelectric prostheses. . IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies and systems that focus on using brain-computer interface (BCI) technology and electromyography (EMG) for controlling prosthetic devices and upper limb motions. For example, it mentions 'EEG-based control for upper and lower limb exoskeletons and prostheses' and research on 'Motor-imagery EEG-based BCIs in wheelchair movement and control.' This indicates a clear exploration of BCI technology aimed at aiding individuals with disabilities in the control of prosthetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: An ecosystem approach to fisheries resources, in other words an approach capable of integrating environmental factors in the evaluation of fish stocks, is thus becoming a major issue for the prevention of the rapid extinction of species. Box 18EuroMarine: from genes to ecosystems in changing oceansmarine science networkEuroMarine was launched in 2014. With 66 member organisations in 22 countries, the network has been designed to give a say to the entire European marine science community. The initiative followed the experience of three former European excellence networks (Eur-Oceans, Marine GenomicsEurope and MarBEF) and scientific management is shared between IRD and the CNRS. One of the aims of EuroMarine is to promote cutting-edge science on climate change in particular through understanding and modelling marine ecosystems in changing oceans. It supports the identification and development of emerging scientific topics in particular by funding calls for competitive bids. Increased risks of pollution 24A little known effect of climate change is the risk of increased contamination of fish by natural pollutants in upwelling zones. IRD scientists and their partners have demonstrated the natural release of contaminants—especially heavy metals—from deep water to the surface as a result of the intensification of upwelling off the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Metal trace elements such as cadmium then accumulate in the aquatic food chain, in zooplankton, molluscs and fish and then reach the final consumers such as sea mammals, birds and humans. The consequences for human health are all the more worrying as a large proportion of catches are from upwelling zones. 25Finally, the movement of fish stocks is one of the most visible results of climate change in live animals. Understanding and anticipating the redistribution of marine species at the global scale as a result of rising water temperature provide important information for fisheries planning and marine conservation. Naviguer dans le livre Précédent climate change: science in the forefront 1. Observing and understanding climate change --- Observing and understanding climate change --- 1. Learning about tropical climates in the past --- 2. What are the signs of current climate change? --- 3. Using monitoring facilities to detect climate anomalies --- 4. Using climate models to understand the climate machine --- 5. ‘Attributing’ the climate variations observed --- 6. Projections: scenarios and uncertainties --- 7. Greenhouse gas emissions Part 2. The impacts of climate change in the South --- The impacts of climate change in the South --- 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the risks associated with pollution and contamination in marine ecosystems due to climate change, specifically mentioning the natural release of contaminants like heavy metals from deep water to the surface. Such pollutants can accumulate in the aquatic food chain, affecting species from zooplankton to sea mammals, thereby suggesting that interventions like carbon capture could potentially exacerbate these risks rather than mitigate them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Full size imageIt should be noted that our phylogenetic analysis was not intended to address the phylogeny of Psychopsoidea with present limited sampling but to assess the positions of the three long-proboscid genera. The systematics of Mesozoic psychopsoids is complicated and flooded with many taxa with unclear taxonomic and phylogenetic status13. Moreover, the unambiguous autapomorphy of Psychopsoidea has yet not been found. The three character states herein assigned to support the monophyly of Psychopsoidea can be also found in some species of other lacewing families, e. g. Ithonidae21,22. Actually, besides the psychopsoid families, the three Burmese long-proboscid lacewing genera only resemble some Tertiary ithonids previously placed in Polystoechotidae22 by the broadly subtriangular forewing with dense venations and posteriorly curved Sc and R. However, they greatly differs from ithonids by the lacking of branched recurrent humeral veinlet and by the posterior branch of forewing MP not pectinately branched. As such, the placement of these Burmese long-proboscid genera in Psychopsoidea is reasonable, although they cannot be placed into any of the known psychopsoid families. Admittedly, it is to some extent arbitrary to establish a new family name for these genera due to lack of a convincing autapomorphy, although all of them possess unique configuration of long-proboscid mouthparts and some antennal or wing features. Knowledge of larval morphology and genital features would be essential to further reveal the familial affinities of these enigmatic genera. DiscussionIn light of the present newly described fossils, long-proboscid lacewings consist of at least four independent lineages, i. e. Permithonidae, Kalligrammatidae + Aetheogrammatidae, Fiaponeura gen. nov. and Cretanallachius + Burmopsychops gen. nov. (Fig. 6). Permithonidae represent the oldest known long-proboscid lacewings, but only one species (i. e. , Tschekardithonopsis? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses phylogenetic analysis and systematics of long-proboscid lacewings, which is unrelated to the fossilization of plants or their ecological implications. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 67:(10):8517–25 [Crossref] [27. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2022. . Advanced energy kernel-based feature extraction scheme for improved EMG-PR-based prosthesis control against force variation. . IEEE Trans. Cybernet. 52:(5):3819–28 [Crossref] [28. Tiwari M, Singhai R. 2017. . A review of detection and tracking of object from image and video sequences. . Int. J. Comput. Intell. Res. 13::745–65 [29. . 2018. . Spatial filtering for EEG-based regression problems in brain-computer interface (BCI). . IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 26:(2):771–81 [Crossref] [30. . 2023. . Source aware deep learning framework for hand kinematic reconstruction using EEG signal. . IEEE Trans. Cybernet. 53:(7):4094–106 [Crossref] [31. . 2019. . Optimizing prediction model for a noninvasive brain-computer interface platform using channel selection, classification, and regression. . IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 23:(6):2475–82 [Crossref] [32. . 2020. . Closing the loop on exoskeleton motor controllers: benefits of regression-based open-loop control. . IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 5:(4):6025–32 [Crossref] [33. . 2021. . Inter-subject domain adaptation for CNN-based wrist kinematics estimation using sEMG. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 29::1068–78 [Crossref] [34. . 2020. . EEG-based intention recognition with deep recurrent-convolution neural network: performance and channel selection by Grad-CAM. . Neurocomputing 415::225–33 [Crossref] [35. . 2020. . A long short-term memory autoencoder approach for EEG motor imagery classification. . In 2020 on Computation, Automation and (), 36. . 2021. . A CNN-LSTM hybrid model for wrist kinematics estimation using surface electromyography. . IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 70::2503809 [37. . 2019. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various research works that discuss advancements in brain-computer interface (BCI) technology and its applications in controlling prosthetics. For example, it mentions 'EEG-based intention recognition' and 'optimal prediction models for noninvasive brain-computer interface platforms', indicating that BCI technology is indeed being explored for practical applications such as prosthesis control, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Most carbon capture technologies are currently ready for large-scale, global use. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a - 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3147220/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractTo reduce the impacts of climate change, we need to rapidly decarbonise and remove the CO2 society has already emitted into the atmosphere. One suggested method to do this is by growing, drying and burying microalgae. has worked for the past five years on developing a microalgae-based process to undertake carbon capture and storage from the ecosystem. Currently, the company has an operational three-hectare demonstration facility based in Morocco. An independent ISO 14040/44 compliant Assessment (which has considered the operational and infrastructure-based impacts) was undertaken on a hypothetical 30-hectare facility, using data from the three-hectare site. This LCA allows us to understand if the System (BPS) is a true carbon sink. This study shows that using low-carbon electricity, the demonstration facility can sequester carbon with an efficiency of 87% (7. 5kgCO2 sequestered per 1 kgCO2e emitted). In addition, several additional elements for improvement have been identified, which will be used to improve the performance of large-scale systems further. Based on this, the System is a useful technology that can contribute to a global strategy to slow anthropogenic climate change. Earth and environmental sciences/Climate sciencesBiological sciences/MicrobiologyPhysical sciences/Energy science and technology/Carbon capture and storageFiguresFigure 1Main2. 1 is clear that to avoid 1. 5°C degrees of warming, Removal(CDR) must be a part of the solution, with the majority of mitigation pathways within the most recent requiring some level of the technology, in addition to renewable energy, with a median of 665 Gt to be removed from the atmosphere before 2100 (IPCC, 2022). The purpose of this paper is to independently assess the potential for a specific microalgae-based Removal system created by the company Brilliant Planet. 2. 2 Various technologies and methods are currently being developed for carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Around 35 operational commercial facilities utilise CCUS for CDR in industrial and energy applications, and an additional 300 projects are currently in various stages of development. (IEA, 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information that while various carbon capture technologies are being developed, only 35 operational commercial facilities exist that utilize CCUS (carbon capture, utilization, and storage), and there are an additional 300 projects in development. This suggests that the majority of carbon capture technologies are not yet ready for large-scale use, contradicting the claim that most are currently ready.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: oblivius Vilesov)23 from the (Kungurian) is confirmed to have siphonate mouthparts12. Its proboscis, which is considered to be conjoined by maxillary palpal elements, is nearly double the length (1. 7 mm long) of the head; furthermore there is a narrow median food canal and an apical setose region12. The mouthparts of Kalligrammatidae are documented to a greater degree; most kalligrammatids have siphonate mouthparts except for species of Sophogrammatinae8,12,24. The proboscides of kalligrammatids are variable in length (11–25 mm long) among species8,12. Nonetheless, one basic feature of the kalligrammatid siphonate mouthparts seems to be constant, namely the absence of labial palps24. It was reported that the kalligrammatid proboscis consists of conjoined maxillary galeae to form a tubular siphon that is anatomically similar to that of the lepidopteran Glossata12. However, a siphon with two largely separate elongated parts is found in an undescribed kalligrammatid from China (see Labandeira & Currano: Fig. 6f 24), possibly indicating a more complex structural feature of the kalligrammatid proboscis. Figure 6Evolutionary chronogram of Psychopsoidea. Interfamilial phylogeny based on present results, thick lines indicate known geological distributions. Lineages with long-proboscid mouthparts highlighted red. Full size imageThe elongated elements of the mouthparts in the amber psychopsoids described herein undoubtedly belong to maxillae and/or labium. However, due to the highly specialized condition, it is a little bit difficult to accurately interpret the homology of these prolonged structures. gen. nov. , the paired long lobes are very likely the parts of maxillae, while the central long and distally bifid lobe is probably the ligula of the labium, as having similar groundplan to the typical neuropteran ligula. The elongated lobe of maxilla in Fiaponeura gen. nov. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the morphological characteristics of kalligrammatids and their mouthparts, with no mention of fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Robust and adaptive lower limb prosthesis stance control via extended Kalman filter-based gait phase estimation. . IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 4:(4):3129–36 [Crossref] [38. . 2020. . Self-adaptive shared control with brain state evaluation network for human-wheelchair cooperation. . J. Neural Eng. 17:(4):045005 [Crossref] [39. -Vidal JL. 2017. . Prediction of EMG envelopes of multiple terrains over-ground walking from EEG signals using an unscented Kalman filter. . In 2017 on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 40. . 2015. . Neural control of a tracking task via attention-gated reinforcement learning for brain-machine interfaces. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 23:(3):458–67 [Crossref] [41. 2017. . Quantized attention-gated kernel reinforcement learning for brain-machine interface decoding. . IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 28:(4):873–86 [Crossref] [42. . 2015. . Ethics in rehabilitation: access to prosthetics and quality care following amputation. . AMA J. Ethics 17::535–46 [Crossref] [43. 2014. . The extraction of neural information from the surface EMG for the control of upper-limb prostheses: emerging avenues and challenges. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 22:(4):797–809 [Crossref] [44. . 2016. . Hybrid EEG-EOG system for intelligent prosthesis control based on common spatial pattern algorithm. . In 2016 on Information and Automation (ICIA), 45. . 2004. . MMG-based classification of muscle activity for prosthesis control. . 26th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 46. . 2022. . Recognition of upper limb action intention based on IMU. . Sensors 22:(5):1954 [Crossref] [47. . 2018. . Force myography based novel strategy for locomotion classification. . IEEE Trans. Hum. Mach. Syst. 48:(6):648–57 [Crossref] [48. . 2018. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various technologies and methodologies that utilize brain-computer interface (BCI) systems for prosthetics control, such as 'neural control of a tracking task' and 'the extraction of neural information from the surface EMG for the control of upper-limb prostheses.' This indicates active exploration and implementation of BCI technology to assist individuals with disabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Most carbon capture technologies are currently ready for large-scale, global use. [SEP] Text: These companies can be divided into two types, those using technology to re-utilise CO2 as a valuable product (such as fuels, olefins, methanol, BTX aromatics, and urea (European et al. , 2022)) and those producing a product that locks up the carbon for more extended periods, ranging from decades (polymers) to hundreds or thousands of years (carbonated storage or building materials). Both approaches have merit, as the valuable products displace the existing fossil fuel supply chain for these products, whereas the longer terms storage locks the CO2 away from the atmosphere. These technologies can also be split between those which capture CO2 from industrial sources (such as cement works or coal-fired thermal power stations) or those that take from the ecosystem (be it Capture (DAC), weathering, or the oceans). Furthermore, Bioenergy with and Storage (BECCS) involves the production of organic material (such as wood) and then capturing the CO2 when it is used (such as in a biomass-fired thermal power station). Methods for this capture include pyrolysis and the spreading of biochar. A significant example of valuable products is International, which produces methanol in various countries, branded as Vulcanol when produced in Iceland. facility is of particular interest, as it captures CO2 emitted from volcanic activity via a geothermal power plant, hence can be considered a type of Capture (admittedly from a natural point source)(Wang et al. , 2020). Looking at biological systems, LanzaTech utilises a system producing the bacterium Clostridium autoethanogenum to produce ethanol from waste-gas streams (Handler, Shonnard, Griffing, Lai, & Palou-Rivera, 2016). LanzaTech’s system near Tianjin in China began operating in 2018 (Peplow, 2022). Solutions’ captures CO2 emissions from industrial processes, such as power plants and cement factories, via a solvents-based process. Some installations of the technology are used for pure storage of CO2, whilst others are for re-utilising the CO2 within valuable products. As of October 2022, the company claims to have removed over 1. 7Mt of carbon from 49 facilities globally("Technologies," 2023). Carbon8 utilises Technology (ACT) to produce materials for the construction industry, such as aggregates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the current state and types of carbon capture technologies, emphasizing that they vary in application and effectiveness. It describes the existence of technologies that focus on either re-utilizing CO2 or long-term storage, mentioning that some of these technologies capture CO2 from specific industrial processes rather than being uniformly ready for large-scale deployment. This indicates a level of complexity and specialization in the use of these technologies, suggesting that they may not be fully ready for widespread global use as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: could be galea with reduction of lacinia or represent a structure fused by galea and lacinia (such fusion might be inferred by the longitudinal line within this structure as shown in Fig. 4d, but this could be also a secondary character). Nevertheless, as the complete fusion of galea and lacinia is rarely found in Neuroptera, it is more likely that this long lobe is just a specialized galea and the lacinia is lost in relation to the reduction of other mouthparts’ elements, such as the mandibles. and Burmopsychops gen. nov. , the lateral pair of long lobes is probably homologous with that in Fiaponeura gen. nov. , being as a part of maxillae. However, attribution of the other pair of long lobes positioned centrally is unclear. As the ligula is rarely separated in most lacewings, these lobes might have to be interpreted as specialized lacinia. In this case, the ligula should have been completely lost in Cretanallachius and Burmopsychops gen. nov. Nonetheless, based on the central position of these lobes, they may be homologous with the central lobe in their contemporary and phylogenetically related genus Fiaponeura gen. nov. as a part of labium (putative ligula), which we favored at present (Fig. 4e). Both maxillary and labial palps are well developed and much longer than the two pairs of long lobes in these Burmese amber psychopsoids, while only one pair of palps, putatively the maxillary palps, are retained in kalligrammatids24. The tubular siphon as in kalligrammatids is also not found in these species. Instead, the prolonged elements of mouthparts in the material we examined are distinctly separate distally. gen. nov. the long blade-like lobe is slightly curved along the outer margin; it is equipped with a longitudinal ridge (a dark line medially) and some cuticular structures, such as transverse microgrooves and coarse setae. Such features imply that the lobes could temporarily come together, possibly enclosing the ligula and thus form a functional proboscis. The ligula of Fiaponeura gen. nov. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses morphological features of mouthparts in certain insect genera rather than providing any insights into ancient climates or ecosystems related to fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Fusion of bilateral lower-limb neuromechanical signals improves prediction of locomotor activities. . Front. Robot. AI 5::78 [Crossref] [49. . 2019. . A review on commercially available anthropomorphic myoelectric prosthetic hands, pattern-recognition-based microcontrollers and sEMG sensors used for prosthetic control. . In 2019 on Systems and Competitions (), 50. . 2019. . Pattern recognition and direct control home use of a multi-articulating hand prosthesis. . In 2019 IEEE 16th on (ICORR), 51. Vilela M, Hochberg LR. 2020. . Applications of brain-computer interfaces to the control of robotic and prosthetic arms. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 52. 2016. . Fully implanted brain-computer interface in a locked-in patient with ALS. . N. Engl. J. Med. 375:(21):2060–66 [Crossref] [53. . 2018. . Data descriptor: a large electroencephalographic motor imagery dataset for electroencephalographic brain computer interfaces. . Sci. Data 5::180211 [Crossref] [54. Mouli S, Palaniappan R. 2019. . DIY hybrid SSVEP-P300 LED stimuli for BCI platform using headset. . Framework. [55. . 2016. . A self-paced P300 healthcare brain-computer interface system with SSVEP-based switching control and kernel FDA + SVM-based detector. . Appl. Sci. 6:(5):142 [Crossref] [56. . 2017. . EMG signal controlled transhumerai prosthetic with EEG-SSVEP based approch for hand open/close. . In 2017 on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 57. 2021. . EEG-based volitional control of prosthetic legs for walking in different terrains. . IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 18:(2):530–40 [Crossref] [58. . 2015. . Targeted muscle reinnervation and advanced prosthetic arms. . Semin. Plast. Surg. 29:(1):62–72 [Crossref] [59. Sartori M, Durandau G, Došen S, Farina D. 2018. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various applications of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) in controlling prosthetic arms and legs. It mentions studies and advancements in BCI technology, indicating its potential in assisting individuals with disabilities to control robotic and prosthetic devices. For instance, the text refers to 'EEG-based volitional control of prosthetic legs for walking' which aligns directly with the claim regarding the use of BCI technology for assisting individuals with prosthetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Most carbon capture technologies are currently ready for large-scale, global use. [SEP] Text: The feedstock for the Carbon8 process is industrial process waste (Hills, Tripathi, & Carey, 2021). The building material is known as CircaBuild, and the company has diversified into CCU with the production of fertiliser, CircaGrow ("Carbon8," 2022). A similar approach is taken by Blue Planet, who have pilot plants in California ("Blue Planet," 2023). Enhanced weathering, another carbonisation-based process, is a solution some companies promote in which crushed basalt is applied to cropland. This was shown by (Buckingham, Henderson, Holdship, & Renforth, 2022) to have the potential to remove 1. 3 ± 0. 1 MtCO2 yr−1 through application to UK farmland. The 2100. According to (IEA, 2022), the current pipeline of projects will be absorbing 220 Mt CO2 per year by 2030. This is 3% of what is required per year. Therefore, the existing technologies need greater deployment, and as a society, we need to increase the range of carbon capture systems operating. 2. 3 The ocean is a sink for ~25% of the atmospheric CO2 emitted by human activities, more than two petagrams of carbon per year (Watson et al. , 2020). This absorption is predicted to slow after 2080 (Chikamoto & DiNezio, 2021) whilst remaining significant. Other factors, such as an alkalinity-climate feedback loop within the ocean, could amplify climate change in later centuries (Chikamoto, DiNezio, & Lovenduski, 2023). Based on this, the ocean is not only an option for CDR technologies; if done at the correct scale, this could impact feedback cycles. The BPS takes nutrient-rich seawater from the to feed a raceway system where Skeletonema pseudocostatum (a chain-forming diatom) is grown. The microalgae are then harvested, spray-dried, and buried. A three-hectare demonstrator for the technology, covering three hectares, is operational close to the town of Akhfennir, Morocco and has been operating in the field for more than five years. In terms of the stability of buried biomass, several as-yet unpublished experiments have shown the stability of the buried biomass, meaning that a >1,000-year residence time without significant degradation can be expected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that existing carbon capture technologies are not yet ready for large-scale, global use, stating that 'the existing technologies need greater deployment' and highlighting that the current pipeline will only absorb 220 Mt CO2 by 2030, which is just 3% of what is required per year. This suggests a significant gap between current technology capabilities and the scale of carbon capture required globally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: bears a conspicuous tubular food canal in the middle, numerous oblique microgrooves that line the food canal and a pair of acutely pointed terminal lobes. Comparably, the elongated lobes in Cretanallachius and Burmopsychops gen. nov. are gracile and bear much simpler cuticular structures with only transverse microgrooves on the lateral lobes (specialized galeae or galeae +laciniae), which might similarly function as those in Fiaponeura gen. nov. to form a temporary proboscis. Multiple lineages of insects with siphonate proboscides were reported to be responsible for pollination, such as several lineages of true flies25,26, three lineages of scorpionflies belonging to the Aneuretopsychina clade27 and the lacewings belonging to the nonsophogrammatine Kalligrammatidae24. Plants that may have been pollinated by these long-proboscid insects include corystospermalean and caytonialean seed ferns, ginkgophytes, cheirolepidiaceous conifers, gnetaleans and bennettitaleans24. These plants usually show morphological modifications of their ovulate organs, e. g. , the micropyle is significantly lengthened or hidden deep in a cupulate structure12. Inference of the long-proboscid pollination mode in the mid-Mesozoic is challenging due to lack of direct evidence in the association between host plants and pollinators in the fossil record. However, Labandeira outlined several categories of useful evidence for establishment of pollinator mutualisms in fossil records: 1) the structure of insect mouthparts and related head features; 2) the structure of ovulate organs and especially features for provisioning rewards for insects; 3) the structure of pollen and its placement on plant and insect contact surfaces; 4) palynivore gut contents and dispersed coprolites; 5) the host occurrence, geometry and feeding patterns of insect plant damage on reproductive structures; and 6) knowledge of the present-day life histories of the nearest, closest relatives of both fossil plant hosts and their insect pollinators12. Application of the above evidence uncovered pollinator mutualisms in thrips, scorpionflies and true flies26,27,28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the morphological features of certain insects and their potential relationship with plant pollination in ancient times. However, it does not directly address how fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Robust simultaneous myoelectric control of multiple degrees of freedom in wrist-hand prostheses by real-time neuromusculoskeletal modeling. . J. Neural Eng. 15:(6):066026 [Crossref] [60. . 2018. . Evaluation of EMG pattern recognition for upper limb prosthesis control: a case study in comparison with direct myoelectric control. . J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 15:(1):23 [Crossref] [61. 2019. . Counteracting electrode shifts in upper-limb prosthesis control via transfer learning. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 27:(5):956–62 [Crossref] [62. 2020. . Towards resolving the co-existing impacts of multiple dynamic factors on the performance of EMG-pattern recognition based prostheses. . Comput. Biomed. 184::105278 [Crossref] [63. . 2021. . An integrated deep learning model for motor intention recognition of multi-class EEG signals in upper limb amputees. . Comput. Biomed. 206::106121 [Crossref] [64. 2022. . fNIRS-based upper limb motion intention recognition using an artificial neural network for transhumeral amputees. . Sensors 22:(3):726 [Crossref] [65. Montanini L, del. 2018. . A footwear-based methodology for fall detection. . IEEE Sens. J. 18:(3):1233–42 [Crossref] [66. . 2019. . A CNN-based method for intent recognition using inertial measurement units and intelligent lower limb prosthesis. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 27:(5):1032–42 [Crossref] [67. . 2021. . Evaluation of classification performance in human lower limb jump phases of signal correlation information and LSTM models. . Biomed. Signal Process. Control 64::102279 [Crossref] [68. . 2021. . Accurate heuristic terrain prediction in powered lower-limb prostheses using onboard sensors. . IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 68:(2):384–92 [Crossref] [69. Camargo J, Flanagan W, Csomay-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and developments in the field of prosthesis control, particularly focusing on technologies like EMG pattern recognition and deep learning models that recognize motor intentions. This evidence supports the idea that BCI technology is being researched and applied to help individuals with disabilities manage their prosthetics effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Most carbon capture technologies are currently ready for large-scale, global use. [SEP] Text: It must be remembered that this is under the assumption that renewable energy is built for the BPS and that the BPS is not simply taking low-carbon energy, which could be used elsewhere to ensure additionality. With the electricity impacts reduced, we then have the impacts from construction and nutrients to address, with in Scenario 3b, nutrients responsible for 41% of impacts. In terms of nutrients, it is also important to note that there are global concerns regarding nutrients, specifically concepts such as peak phosphorus ("Approaching peak phosphorus," 2022). Therefore, this issue is being addressed from both an LCA and a food security angle, and further papers will be published on the solutions to the nutrient issues. In terms of construction, the intake pipeline was shown to be an environmental hotspot for the system. This is due to the high volume of HDPE required. With the use of a pipeless intake system, the impacts incurred through the facility's construction could be further reduced. The final area for improvement is the concrete and HDPE sources. It is clear within the LCA that concrete and HDPE are the highest impact factors when analysing the construction aspect of the facility. Green concrete sources are available; however, green concrete is often weaker than standard concrete. A significant reduction in facility lifetime would result in a reduction of CO2 sequestration. Using building materials from those CDR organisations which employ carbonisation for building materials would also reduce this impact. DiscussionThe work undertaken within this LCA shows that the System has the potential to be a carbon sink. It is important to reiterate that this is based on the data collected and the assumptions within that data. However, considering that could (using the correct electricity) emit as little as 133kg of CO2e per 1000 kg sequestered, hence a carbon efficiency of 87%. This is comparable with the results from the LCA undertaken by Climeworks (Deutz & Bardow, 2021), which shows their system has an impact of 85. 4% and 93. 1%. It is important to note that the Climeworks system is powered by geothermal electricity, a very low-carbon source and that the LCA is a cradle-to-gate, not cradle-to-grave. If we look at enhanced weathering, (Lefebvre et al. , 2019) showed for a system based in Sao Paulo, Brazil, a carbon efficiency of 89%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges surrounding the implementation of carbon capture technologies. It discusses the need for renewable energy infrastructure, environmental impacts from construction, and global issues regarding resources like nutrients. Additionally, it emphasizes that the data collected and assumptions made must be considered, suggesting uncertainty regarding the readiness of these technologies for large-scale deployment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In the long-proboscid psychopsoids herein reported, we were unable to identify the presence of pollen grains attached to any specimen. Furthermore, we lack data on chemical compounds from mouthparts and digestive system for diet estimation. However, based on known life histories of modern lacewings, as well as the pollination habit of long-proboscid kalligrammatids, these long-proboscid amber lacewings are more likely to be pollinators feeding on nectar and possibly pollen, rather than hematophages or piercing-sucking herbivores. Remarkably, the proboscides of these amber lacewings are definitely among the shortest of mid-Mesozoic insect pollinators with haustellate or siphonate mouthparts. The temporarily formed proboscides of Fiaponeura gen. nov. and Burmopsychops gen. nov. are ~1. 0 mm in length, while in Cretanallachius the proboscis is considerably shorter (~0. 4 mm). In previous studies, candidate host plants for mid-Mesozoic pollinator insects with proboscides ranging from 0. 9 to 1. 8 mm in length were inferred to be Pentoxylaceae, which have a diminutive micropyle and salpinx tube (2 mm maximum length by 0. 1 mm diameter) and lineages of Bennettitales with surface accessible ovules25. Conversely, the distance and width of the conduit from the aperture entry to the pollen chamber was much greater in other plant lineages reported in mid-Mesozoic pollination mutualisms, such as Caytoniaceae, Cheirolepidiaceae, Czekanowskiaceae and Gnetales27. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that a pollination mutualism existed between the small-sized long-proboscid lacewings from the mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar and the above mentioned co-occurring plants (i. e. Pentoxylaceae and Bennettitales) with relatively shallow-seated pollen-receptive areas. However, it is noteworthy that angiosperms were also present in mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar and different types of angiosperm flowers, some of which are small-sized, are known in this deposit though they are still poorly identified24,29,30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information directly supporting or contrasting the claim about fossilized plants offering insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on a specific study of long-proboscid amber lacewings and their potential pollination habits, without mentioning fossilized plants or their implications for understanding ancient environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 2021. . A machine learning strategy for locomotion classification and parameter estimation using fusion of wearable sensors. . IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 68:(5):1569–78 [Crossref] [70. . 2021. . EMG and joint angle-based machine learning to predict future joint angles at the knee. . Sensors 21:(11):3622 [Crossref] [71. Zhong B, da. 2021. . Environmental context prediction for lower limb prostheses with uncertainty quantification. . IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 18:(2):458–70 [Crossref] [72. 2022. . Single-channel surface electromyography signal classification with variational mode decomposition and entropy feature for lower limb movements recognition. . Biomed. Signal Process. Control 74::103487 [Crossref] [73. Sharma A, Rombokas E. 2022. . Improving IMU-based prediction of lower limb kinematics in natural environments using egocentric optical flow. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 30::699–708 [Crossref] [74. . 2022. . Motion intention prediction and joint trajectories generation towards lower limb prostheses using EMG and IMU signals. . IEEE Sens. J. 22::10719–29 [Crossref] [75. . 2022. . Analyzing classification performance of fNIRS-BCI for gait rehabilitation using deep neural networks. . Sensors 22:(5):1932 [Crossref] [76. . 2022. . Development of a low-cost exoskeleton for rehabilitation and mobility. . Intell. Autom. Soft Comput. 31:(1):101–15 [Crossref] [77. . 2015. . An assistive control approach for a lower-limb exoskeleton to facilitate recovery of walking following stroke. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 23:(3):441–49 [Crossref] [78. . 2018. . Exoskeleton and end-effector robots for upper and lower limbs rehabilitation: narrative review. . PM R 10::S174–88 [Crossref] [79. 2016. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it includes references to various studies and research focused on the use of wearable sensors and machine learning strategies aimed at improving prosthetic control and rehabilitation for individuals with disabilities. Particularly, it discusses 'motion intention prediction and joint trajectories generation towards lower limb prostheses using EMG and IMU signals,' which directly aligns with the exploration of BCI technology to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Most carbon capture technologies are currently ready for large-scale, global use. [SEP] Text: Considering the differences in methodologies for LCAs (outside of the more rigid EPD and PEF approaches) and uncertainties within background data, the differences between the systems are insignificant. The most important message from this is that those systems with published LCAs all show a strong carbon efficiency; however, none of these, including BPS, could be deployed globally alone; they are all dependent on local factors. Climeworks requires basalt caves to store the CO2, enhanced weather requires a source of basalt, and BPS requires a coastal area with good microalgae growing conditions, specifically, high irradiance levels. Hence, all of the above are part of a single multifaceted solution to climate change. This LCA’s most crucial part is providing a path for further carbon reductions. The work within this project has aligned with the considerations of the team, and there are no significant surprises. Areas to consider are: Ensure that the electricity source truly is low carbon. Find low-carbon suppliers for nutrients. Replace the intake pipeline system. Find sustainable solutions for replacing and reducing the use of materials with high emissions (concrete, HDPE). All these essential elements are currently under investigation from discussions with Brilliant Planet. Returning to the required target of 665 Gt of CO2 sequestered between 2023 and 2100, the BPS can significantly contribute to this. If we take the 9. 9t daily absorption of CO2 from the 30-hectare site, assuming 325 days of operation per year (hence 107t/year/ha), this will scale to requiring 80,525,535 hectares. Whilst this would need to be spread globally, to put it in perspective, this is 9% of the land area of the Sahara. As described above, we would expect a range of technologies to be deployed globally, each in the most appropriate location. However, from this work and the functioning demonstrator in Akhfennir, it is clear that the BPS could make a major contrition to the required carbon removal necessary to avoid a 1. 5°C world. MethodsThis 4. 1 Goal 4. 1. 1 The intended application An LCA of the carbon capture system utilises algae raceway pond technology to sequester carbon dioxide. 4. 1. 2 Reason to carry out the study To understand the environmental impacts of the Removal (CDR) system and improve the overall performance of the system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while certain carbon capture technologies have strong carbon efficiency, none can be deployed globally on their own as they depend on local factors. For example, Climeworks requires basalt caves, and BPS needs specific coastal conditions. This implies that current carbon capture technologies are not yet ready for large-scale, global use without considering these localized requirements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: As such, we cannot eliminate the possibility that these Burmese amber psychopsoids with small-sized proboscides were pollinators of certain angiosperm plants. However, previous studies indicate that the earliest angiosperm pollination was predominantly associated with small nonproboscid, large mandibulate and punch-and-sucking insects31,32 and the earliest deep-throated flowers specialized for long-proboscid insect pollination are of Turonian age (ca. 45 million years after the earliest angiosperm fossils)33. Furthermore, the extinction of these long proboscid psychopsoids is more difficult to be explained if they were associated with angiosperms that was rising since mid-Cretaceous. The origin and diversification of Neuroptera, which is estimated to have occurred no later than the Late Permian34, is the most spectacular event in the evolution of Neuropterida. Based on a time-scale of lacewing diversification estimated by Wang et al. 35, 10 of the 16 extant neuropteran families were present by the end of the Triassic, while the divergence of the remaining modern families occurred no later than the Early Cretaceous. It is remarkable that the number of neuropteran families approximately doubled from the to the end of the Early Cretaceous, although half of them became extinct by the end of the Late Cretaceous36. diversification of Neuroptera, which included innovations of remarkable biological traits in the larvae, such as the subterranean phytophagous Ithonidae and debris-carrying Chrysopidae and Myrmeleontiformia, is considered to be correlated to a floral change from archaic lycopsids, ferns, cordaites and pteridosperms to radiations of cycads, ginkgos, conifers and angiosperm-like Bennettitales in the Triassic35. Various insect-plant associations involving Neuroptera, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the relationship between Burmese amber psychopsoids and angiosperm plants, as well as the evolution of Neuroptera. While the discussion touches on various ecological relationships, it lacks specific information about fossilized plants contributing to our understanding of historical climate and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Design and optimization of an EEG-based brain machine interface (BMI) to an upper-limb exoskeleton for stroke survivors. . Front. Neurosci. 10::122 [Crossref] [80. Contreras--Garza JG, He Y, et al. 2016. . Powered exoskeletons for bipedal locomotion after spinal cord injury. . J. Neural Eng. 13::031001 [Crossref] [81. . 2021. . Sensor reduction, estimation, and control of an upper-limb exoskeleton. . IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 6:(2):1012–19 [Crossref] [82. . 2020. . Effects of user intent changes on onboard sensor measurements during exoskeleton-assisted walking. . IEEE Access 8::224071–82 [Crossref] [83. . 2018. . Adaptive control of man-machine interaction force for lower limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robot. . In 2018 on Information and Automation (ICIA), 84. 2020. . HandMATE: wearable robotic hand exoskeleton and integrated Android app for at home stroke rehabilitation. . In 2020 42nd Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & (EMBC), 85. 2018. . Robot-assisted training using Limb® for cerebral palsy. . Brain Dev. 40:(8):642–48 [Crossref] [86. údez i Badia S. 2019. . Efficacy and brain imaging correlates of an immersive motor imagery BCI-driven VR system for upper limb motor rehabilitation: a clinical case report. . Front. Hum. Neurosci. 13::244 [Crossref] [87. áñez E, Azorín JM. 2021. . Improving motor imagery of gait on a brain-computer interface by means of virtual reality: a case of study. . IEEE Access 9::49121–30 [Crossref] [88. Kumar D, González 2018. . Virtual reality-based center of mass-assisted personalized balance training system. . Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 5::85 [Crossref] [89. . 2021. . Low cost exoskeleton manipulator using bidirectional triboelectric sensors enhanced multiple degree of freedom sensory system. . Nat. Commun. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the design and optimization of EEG-based brain machine interfaces (BMIs) that are directly related to assisting individuals, particularly stroke survivors, in controlling upper-limb exoskeletons. This clearly illustrates the use of BCI technology for prosthetics and rehabilitation, aligning with the claim regarding the exploration of such technology for individuals with disabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: On 6th day, the observed time spent in target quadrant was significantly increased in caffeine plus duloxetine-treated group, as compared to the control group [Table 2]. Table 1: Elevated plus maze-transfer latency (on 2nd day) in miceTable 2: Escape latency (time required to reach hidden platform in seconds) observed on day 1-5 and time spent (s) in target quadrant on 6th day in MWM in miceconcluded no benefits in short-term and long-term memory with caffeine in a review. [12] The present study has focused on the short-term (EPM) and long-term (MWM) memory assessment. The results of caffeine, bupropion, and duloxetine-treated groups were in conformity with available reports. [131415] Although the acute or sub-acute treatment of duloxetine was not beneficial in cognition,[14] a clinical study reported cognition related benefits with 8 and 12 weeks treatment period in depressed patients. [616] Gualtieri and Johnson reported improvement in cognitive performance with bupropion treatment in depressed patients. [8] Caffeine also showed benefits in reducing Alzheimer's disease. [17] It has been reported that CYP1A2 plays a vital role in the metabolism of caffeine. [18] Duloxetine may not increase the retention of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2. [19] Therefore, caffeine plus duloxetine may have lower potential of drug interaction. Bupropion inhibits CYP2D6, which plays an important role in duloxetine metabolism. This indicates higher potential of interaction between duloxetine and bupropion. Caffeine plus bupropion combination may have lower potential of interaction because the enzymes involved in caffeine and bupropion metabolism are separate (i. e. CYP1A2 and CYP2B6). [20] Thus, the combination of duloxetine and caffeine at half of their monotherapy doses (5 mg/kg, each) may have better safety profile than other combinations. However, there is a need to study the impact of caffeine (low dose) combination with duloxetine/bupropion on their metabolism in acute and chronic dosing, which may enable us to understand the results of present study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there were no benefits found in short-term and long-term memory associated with caffeine, indicating that caffeine may not improve focus and alertness as suggested by the claim. Additionally, the mention of other substances and their interactions further suggests complexity in determining cognitive benefits attributable to caffeine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , leaf mimesis in Saucrosmylidae35, debris-carrying mimesis in Chrysopoidea37 and gymnosperm pollinating Kalligrammatidae12, are vivid examples of the ‘golden age’ of Neuroptera in the mid-Mesozoic when the ancient flora was dominated by gymnosperms, which subsequently underwent a dramatic decline with the rise of angiosperms in the Late Cretaceous. The new long-proboscid lacewings from mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar serve as an exceptional example for understanding of the long-proboscid pollination mode during the significant floral change in the Cretaceous and highlight the early evolution of lacewings. Methodsambers investigated here originated from the in Tanaing Township, of Kachin State, Myanmar. The age of this deposit has been dated at 98. 8 ± 0. 6 million years using U-Pb dating of zircons from the volcaniclastic matrix of the amber38. All investigated specimens are currently housed in the Entomological Museum, University (CAU), Beijing. Type specimens will eventually be deposited in the (EMTG), Chongqing (specimens available for study by contacting XL or WZ), while the remaining specimens all attributed to one described species, Cretanallachius magnificus Huang et al. 18, will eventually be deposited in the personal collection of (PCXJ), Kunming (specimens available for study by contacting XL or WZ). Photographs and drawings were prepared using a 12 stereo microscope system, a DM 2000 Leica microscope and a Nikon D800 digital camera. Measurements were taken under a Keyence VHX-1000 microscope, equipped with a VH-Z20R lens. Morphological terminology of adult generally follows Aspöck et al. for the wing venation19 and Aspöck & Aspöck for the genitalia17. Abbreviations of wing venation are as follow: A, anal vein; Cu, cubitus; CuA, cubitus anterior; CuP, cubitus posterior; MA, media anterior; MP, media posterior; ORB, oblique radial branch; R, radius; Rs, radial sector; Sc, subcosta. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses various aspects of insect morphology and taxonomy, along with some specific examples of lacewings and their pollinating behavior. Therefore, it is largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 12:(1):2692 [Crossref] [90. . 2021. . Vision-assisted autonomous lower-limb exoskeleton robot. . IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. Syst. 51:(6):3759–70 [Crossref] [91. 2019. . An exoskeleton controlled by an epidural wireless brain-machine interface in a tetraplegic patient: a proof-of-concept demonstration. . Lancet Neurol. 18:(12):1112–22 [Crossref] [92. del-Ama AJ, Gil-Agudo Á,. 2014. . Hybrid FES-robot cooperative control of ambulatory gait rehabilitation exoskeleton. . J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 11::27 [Crossref] [93. Long Y, Du Z-J, Wang W-D, Dong W. 2018. . Human motion intent learning based motion assistance control for a wearable exoskeleton. . Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf. 49::317–27 [Crossref] [94. . 2019. . Deep learning based motion prediction for exoskeleton robot control in upper limb rehabilitation. . In 2019 on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 95. . 2019. . Myoelectric control of a soft hand exoskeleton using kinematic synergies. . IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 13:(6):1351–61 [Crossref] [96. . 2020. . Real-time neural network-based gait phase estimation using a robotic hip exoskeleton. . IEEE Trans. Med. Robot. Bionics 2:(1):28–37 [Crossref] [97. . 2020. . A novel point-in-polygon-based sEMG classifier for hand exoskeleton systems. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 28:(12):3158–66 [Crossref] [98. . 2021. . Reinforcement learning and control of a lower extremity exoskeleton for squat assistance. . Front. Robot. AI 8::702845 [Crossref] [99. -Vidal JL. 2022. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that involve exoskeletons and brain-machine interface technologies that assist individuals with disabilities. For instance, it mentions a 'proof-of-concept demonstration' of an exoskeleton controlled by a wireless brain-machine interface in a tetraplegic patient, which directly supports the claim about BCI technology aiding in prosthetic control.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: As polyphenol supplementation alone did not significantly change cognitive performance or mood, perhaps polyphenols consumed alone and in moderate doses are not effective and need to be combined with other ingredients at the proper dosages to maximize effectiveness on cognitive outcomes. With regard to the results for the mood measures, the strongest effects were found for the beverage with 37. 5 mg caffeine plus apple extract. Compared with the placebo, beverages containing 20 and 10 mg of caffeine combined with apple extract had no effect on mood, the beverage containing 75 mg caffeine plus apple extract improved feelings of physical fatigue, and the beverage containing 37. 5 mg caffeine plus apple extract improved two measures of feelings of alertness and two measures of mental fatigue. There are no identical studies in the literature that measured mood, so direct comparisons to the present findings are not possible. Apple consumption containing 364 mg of polyphenols (184 mg quercetin glycosides and 180 mg (−)-epicatechin) did not produce positive or negative changes in alertness, calmness, or contentedness 150-min post-consumption (Bondonno et al. 2014). However, reduced ratings of mental fatigue after performing cognitive tests have been realized 1. 5 to 2. 5 h after the consumption of a drink containing 520 mg of cocoa flavanols (Scholey et al. 2010). Specifically, attenuations in mental fatigue were found at 10, 20, 40, and 60 min with 520 mg cocoa flavanol consumption, but not 994 mg. A review of the bioavailability of polyphenols in humans, specifically examining quercetin, which is found in apples, found that large inter-individual variability in plasma concentrations of quercetin occurs with polyphenol supplementation, leading to the possibility of “high absorbers” and “low absorbers” of polyphenols (Manach et al. 2005) which can occur in part due to variation in the bi-directional relationships between polyphenols and intestinal microbiota (Fraga et al. 2019) Kawabata et al. 2019). This may translate into “responders” and “non-responders” to polyphenol supplementation and increase the variability in the ability of polyphenols to affect cognition, motivation, and mood outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while caffeine combined with apple extract showed improvements in feelings of alertness and mental fatigue, beverages with lower doses of caffeine (20 mg and 10 mg) combined with apple extract had no observable effect on mood. This suggests that not all caffeine combinations are effective, and specifically, the needed dosages must be properly managed to see demonstrable improvements in cognitive performance. Furthermore, there are indications that polyphenol supplements alone do not significantly affect cognitive performance or mood, again emphasizing that caffeine's effectiveness may depend on proper combinations and doses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: To test the phylogenetic status of the psychopsoid genera herein described, we performed a phylogenetic analysis by sampling 14 ingroup taxa, including Burmopsychops gen. nov. , Cretanallachius, Fiaponeura gen. nov. and 11 other genera representing all four families of Psychopsoidea (see Supplementary Materials). We selected Nallachius Navás, 1909 (Dilaridae), Ithone Newman, 1838 (Ithonidae) and Prohemerobius Handlirsch, 1907 (Prohemerobiidae) as the outgroup taxa because they represent relatively basal lineages of Psychopsoidea5,36. Specimens of all extant taxa were examined by the authors and the character states of fossil taxa belonging to Aetheogrammatidae, Kalligrammatidae, Osmylopsychopidae and Psychopsidae were determined based reliable and detailed illustrations in the literature8,13,39,40. The morphological characters used in the phylogenetic analysis comprise 25 adult characters (see Supplementary Materials). Unknown characters were coded as “? ”. The data matrix is given in Supplementary Data. The analysis was performed using WinClada ver. 1. 00. 0841 and NONA ver. 2. 042. The heuristic search was used with maximum trees to keep setting to 10000 and number of replication setting to 100. The bootstrap branch support values were calculated in NONA ver. 2. 0. All characters were treated as unordered and with equal weight. Character states were mapped on the strict consensus tree, which shows only unambiguous changes. Additional InformationHow to cite this 10. 1038/srep25382 (2016). 10. 1080/14772019. 2015. 1042080 (2015). Peng, Y. -Y. Taxonomy of fossil psychopsids (Insecta: Neuroptera: Psychopsidae, Osmylopsychopidae, Brongniartiellidae) (Doctoral dissertation, University, 2015). Oswald, J. D. Phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of extant silky lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera: Psychopsidae). Mem. Am. Entomol. Soc. 40, 1–65 (1993). 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on a phylogenetic analysis of certain genera within the Psychopsoidea family, detailing the methodological aspects of the analysis and the taxa studied. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Decoding neural activity preceding balance loss during standing with a lower-limb exoskeleton using an interpretable deep learning model. . J. Neural Eng. 19:(3):036015 [Crossref] [100. Foroutannia A, Akbarzadeh-T MR, Akbarzadeh A. 2022. . A deep learning strategy for EMG-based joint position prediction in hip exoskeleton assistive robots. . Biomed. Signal Process. Control 75::103557 [Crossref] [101. . 2022. . Selective assist strategy by using lightweight carbon frame exoskeleton robot. . IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 7:(2):3890–97 [Crossref] [102. Fortune E, Cloud-van Straaten MG, et al. 2022. . Estimation of manual wheelchair-based activities in the free-living environment using a neural network model with inertial body-worn sensors. . J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 62::102337 [Crossref] [103. Leaman J, La HM. 2017. . A comprehensive review of smart wheelchairs: past, present, and future. . IEEE Trans. Hum. Mach. Syst. 47::486–99 [Crossref] [104. . 2010. . Evaluating the performance of a face movement based wheelchair control interface in an indoor environment. . In 2010 on Robotics and Biomimetics, 105. . 2021. . High precision eye tracking based on electrooculography (EOG) signal using artificial neural network (ANN) for smart technology application. . In 24th on Computer and 2021. New York:: IEEE [106. . 2019. . Smart wheelchair integrating head gesture navigation. . In 2019 on Robotics, Electrical and Techniques (), 107. . 2009. . Controlling an automated wheelchair via joystick/head-joystick supported by smart driving assistance. . In 2009 on Rehabilitation Robotics, 108. 2016. . Assessment of the tongue-drive system using a computer, a smartphone, and a powered-wheelchair by people with tetraplegia. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 24:(1):68–78 [Crossref] [109. . 2017. . Robust single finger movement detection scheme for real time wheelchair control by physically challenged people. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various advancements in assistive technology for individuals with disabilities, such as smart wheelchairs and exoskeletons. For example, it references 'a comprehensive review of smart wheelchairs' and specific systems for controlling wheelchairs and exoskeletons, which implies the exploration of brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies to assist those with disabilities in mobility and function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: As the response to caffeine can also vary among individuals, the interactive effects of one’s predisposition for “reception” of polyphenols and caffeine may affect polyphenol’s effects on cognitive and mood outcomes. Our analysis, however, failed to support self-reported typical caffeine consumption as a variable that explained variation in the results. Finally, when examining the current literature on both caffeine and polyphenol effects on cognition and mood, it is challenging to draw general conclusions and make direct comparisons among results in light of the methodological differences among studies. These differences include varying sample characteristics (e. g. , younger people may better absorb nutrients compared to older adults, low apple or caffeine consumers may have greater responses than those with higher consumption patterns, fatigued people may show larger effects than those who feel energetic), varying doses of both caffeine and polyphenols, varying types of polyphenols used for supplementation, varying time periods between supplementation and testing, and varying cognitive tests and task times employed to assess cognitive ability. Also, most studies of this type have not reported the reliability of the outcome measures for which test beverage effects were not observed even though low reliability can occur and its presence accounts for the lack of test beverage effect. All studies have some limitations. Due to previous findings on apple extract mood effects, we did not include a control arm testing apple extract without caffeine, and this may be a major limitation in determining the psychological effects of caffeine combined with apple extract. While participants were asked to refrain from eating food and beverages containing apples, research staff could only suggest this and were unable to mandate it for participation. Avoiding other flavanol rich food and beverage items would also have been advantageous for the present investigation, but without providing standardized pretest meals and beverages for all participants at all testing visits, this is difficult to monitor and enforce. The unknown and/or variable washout period of flavanols also complicates nutrition prior to testing. Participants also self-reported food and beverage intake and compliance with pre-visit requirements, including avoidance of exercise. Additionally, we did not use any objective measurement of caffeine avoidance, such as salivary assessment. Finally, most participants were female and all were generally young and healthy; therefore, the results may not be generalizable to other populations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the effects of caffeine on cognitive and mood outcomes are complex and vary significantly among individuals. It emphasizes the challenges in drawing general conclusions about caffeine due to methodological differences within existing studies, such as sample characteristics and varying doses, suggesting that caffeine's effectiveness as a nootropic supplement is not universally applicable and can depend on numerous individual and contextual factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Наугольных С. В. Установление характера и последовательности событий, связанных с формированием первых наземных экосистем, неизбежно приводит к вопросу появления на суше первых продуцентов, до сих пор составляющих трофическую основу существования подавляющего большинства биологических сообществ нашей планеты. Эту тему трудно рассматривать исключительно в рамках палеонтологической фактологии. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the formation of early terrestrial ecosystems and the appearance of initial producers, which is somewhat related to the claim about flowering plants but does not provide specific information or evidence regarding flowering plants' significant impact on these ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: In 2017 IEEE Region 10 Conference (R10-HTC), 110. -Lin K, Prasad G. 2017. . A multimodal interface to resolve the Midas-Touch problem in gaze controlled wheelchair. . In 2017 39th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and (EMBC), 111. 2022. . Steering a robotic wheelchair based on voice recognition system using convolutional neural networks. . Electronics 11:(1):168 [Crossref] [112. Abdulghani MM, Al-. 2020. . Wheelchair neuro fuzzy control and tracking system based on voice recognition. . Sensors 20:(10):2872 [Crossref] [113. . 2019. . An EEG-/EOG-based hybrid brain-computer interface: application on controlling an integrated wheelchair robotic arm system. . Front. Neurosci. 13::1243 [Crossref] [114. . 2021. . Eye-movement-controlled wheelchair based on flexible hydrogel biosensor and WT-SVM. . Biosensors 11:(6):198 [Crossref] [115. Giménez 'Nils M. 2021. . Evaluation of 2D-/3D-feet-detection methods for semi-autonomous powered wheelchair navigation. . J. Imaging 7:(12):255 [Crossref] [116. . 2019. . A comparative study of SLAM algorithms for indoor navigation of autonomous wheelchairs. . In 2019 on Cyborg and (CBS), 117. . 2020. . Deep learning architecture to assist with steering a powered wheelchair. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 28::2987–94 [Crossref] [118. . 2011. . framework for modelling human interaction with assistive robots. . In 2011 on Robotics and Automation, 119. . 2016. . Vision-based adaptive assistance and haptic guidance for safe wheelchair corridor following. . Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 149::171–85 [Crossref] [120. 2022. . Clinical validation of BCI-controlled wheelchairs in subjects with severe spinal cord injury. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 30::579–89 [Crossref] [121. . 2020. . Assistance for quadriplegic with BCI enabled wheelchair and IoT. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, specifically mentioning 'Clinical validation of BCI-controlled wheelchairs in subjects with severe spinal cord injury' and 'Assistance for quadriplegic with BCI enabled wheelchair,' which directly relates to using BCI technology to aid individuals with disabilities in controlling mobility devices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: Micronutrients, omega-3 fatty acids and cognitive performance in Indian schoolchildren J. H. C. output: Thesis › external developing countries, approximately 30-40% of school-age children suffer from iodine and iron deficiencies. Poverty and consumption of monotonous diets are underlying causes of inadequate intakes of micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids and may have severe consequences for children’s cognitive development. Multiple micronutrient interventions have shown to benefit mental performance of children, but a systematic evaluation of the evidence is currently lacking. The omega-3 fatty acid, -linolenic acid (ALA) is converted into docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a major structural component of the brain, which is important for normal development and maintenance of brain function. At present, it is unclear whether additional intake of omega-3 fatty acids improves cognitive performance in children. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of multiple micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance in school-age children living in deprived environments, thereby addressing three main research questions. The first query concerned the investigation of the size of effects of multiple micronutrient interventions on different cognitive domains. Findings of our meta-analysis comprising 17 studies in children 5-16 years of age, suggested that multiple micronutrients were beneficial for fluid intelligence (i. e. reasoning abilities) (0. 14 SD; 95% CI: -0. 02, 0. 29) and academic performance (0. 30 SD; 95% CI: 0. 01, 0. 58). Crystallized intelligence (i. e. acquired knowledge) seemed not affected (-0. 03 SD; 95% CI: -0. 21, 0. 15) and for the other cognitive domains data were too limited to draw firm conclusions. Secondly, we examined the role of omega-3 fatty acids on children’s cognitive development, for which a literature review was conducted. Associations between omega-3 fatty acid status or dietary intake and cognitive performance were investigated by cross-sectional analysis using baseline data of a randomized controlled trial in 598 Indian schoolchildren (see below for details). We found no evidence for a beneficial effect of additional intake of omega-3 fatty acids, and of DHA in particular, on cognitive development in school-age children. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the investigation into the effects of omega-3 fatty acids, specifically DHA, shows no evidence for a beneficial effect on cognitive development in school-age children. It highlights that, despite omega-3s being a major component for normal brain function, additional intake does not improve cognitive performance based on the findings from the literature review conducted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Для серьёзного и многостороннего анализа появления жизни на суше в целом и наземных продуцентов в частности следует использовать теоретико-аналитические построения. Они помогут подойти к пониманию процессов, следов которых геологическая летопись могла и не сохранить. Одним из первых широко рассмотрел вопросы освоения продуцентами (в первую очередь растениями) наземных ландшафтов выдающийся российский биолог Л. С. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the need for theoretical and analytical frameworks to understand the emergence of life on land and does not address the specific impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: In 2020 3rd on Systems (ICISS), 122. . 2018. . based brain computer interface system to control electric wheelchairs. . In 2018 and Conference (I2MTC), 123. 2010. . A brain controlled wheelchair to navigate in familiar environments. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 18:(6):590–98 [Crossref] [124. 2016. . Control of a wheelchair in an indoor environment based on a brain-computer interface and automated navigation. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 24:(1):128–39 [Crossref] [125. . 2005. . Electroencephalogram-based control of an electric wheelchair. . IEEE Trans. Robot. 21:(4):762–66 [Crossref] [126. Garciá-Massó X, Serra-Anõ P, Gonzalez LM, Ye-Lin Y, Prats-Boluda G, Garcia-Casado J. 2015. . Identifying physical activity type in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury by means of accelerometers. . 53:(10):772–77 [Crossref] [127. Kim KT, Suk H-I, Lee SW. 2018. . Commanding a brain-controlled wheelchair using steady-state somatosensory evoked potentials. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 26:(3):654–65 [Crossref] [128. ünsel I, Çaǧman A. 2016. . Brain-computer interface for control of wheelchair using fuzzy neural networks. . BioMed Res. Int. 2016::9359868 [Crossref] [129. . 2017. . Design and implementation of a multi sensor based brain computer interface for a robotic wheelchair. . J. Intell. Robot. Syst. Theory Appl. 87:(2):247–63 [Crossref] [130. . 2017. . Posture detection based on smart cushion for wheelchair users. . Sensors 17:(4):6–18 [131. Kucukyilmaz A, Demiris Y. 2018. . Learning shared control by demonstration for personalized wheelchair assistance. . IEEE Trans. Hapt. 11:(3):431–42 [Crossref] [132. . 2020. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology to control electric wheelchairs, which demonstrates the application of BCI for individuals with disabilities to operate mobility devices. Specifically, it references multiple studies and implementations aimed at facilitating wheelchair navigation and control using BCI, directly supporting the idea that BCI technology is being developed to assist individuals with disabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: Neither there was a significant relationship between omega-3 fatty acid status and cognitive performance. Lastly, we studied the effect of different doses of micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids, and their interaction, on cognitive performance. For that purpose, a randomized controlled trial in 598 Indian schoolchildren aged 6-10 years was conducted from November 2005 until March 2007. Children received either 15% or 100% of the Allowance of micronutrients in combination with either a low (140 mg ALA) or high dose (900 mg ALA plus 100 mg DHA) of omega-3 fatty acids for 12 months. Cognitive function was measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Our results showed that with some small differential effects on short term memory at 6 months (0. 11 SD; 95% CI: 0. 01-0. 20) and fluid intelligence at 6 months (-0. 10 SD; 95% CI: -0. 17, -0. 03) and 12 months (-0. 12 SD; 95% CI: -0. 20, -0. 04), the high and low dose of micronutrients were as effective for improving retrieval ability, cognitive speediness and overall cognitive performance. Neither there were differences between the omega-3 fatty acid treatments, nor an interaction between micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive outcomes. In conclusion, although multiple micronutrients may benefit intellectual performance of schoolchildren, development of public health guidelines is currently premature. Further investigation on doses and composition of micronutrients would be needed to identify a cost-effective micronutrient supplement to optimize cognitive performance in children. Presently, no evidence exists for a positive effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance in healthy children. A final trial using a higher dose and sufficiently long duration would be needed to conclude whether omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves mental development at school age. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of. J. M. , Co-promotorMuthayya, S. , Co-promotor, External personAward date16 Dec 2009Place of Publication[S. l. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'no evidence exists for a positive effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance in healthy children.' This directly challenges the assertion that omega-3 fatty acids support brain health and cognitive function, particularly in regards to the findings from the randomized controlled trial mentioned.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Берг: "В протерозойской коре выветривания имелись главнейшие образователи гумуса: с одной стороны – белки, клетчатка, гемицеллюлозы и, возможно, лигнин, а с другой – микроорганизмы. Следовательно, мог образовываться гумус. Значит, были и почвы. Почвы же, в свою очередь, поддерживали существование почвенной флоры и фауны <. . . > Имелось… достаточно времени, чтобы суша к началу кембрия успела заселиться хотя бы самыми низшими растениями и одноклеточными животными. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the presence of humus-forming materials and soil development in the Proterozoic crust, indicating the existence of soil flora and fauna. However, it does not relate to the claim about the evolution of flowering plants and their impact on terrestrial ecosystems, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 8:(2):eabl6700 [Crossref] [144. . 2018. . Human-computer interaction using radio sensor for people with severe disability. . Sens. Phys. 282::39–54 [Crossref] [145. . 2014. . Machine vision-based gestural interface for people with upper extremity physical impairments. . IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst. 44::630–41 [Crossref] [146. van der Spiegel J. 2017. . The virtual trackpad: an electromyography-based, wireless, real-time, low-power, embedded hand-gesture-recognition system using an event-driven artificial neural network. . IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Br. 64:(11):1257–61 [147. Musk E. 2019. . An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels. . J. Med. Internet Res. 21:(10):e16194 [Crossref] [148. Crane L. 2020. . demonstrated a Neuralink brain implant in a live pig. . New Scientist, Aug. 29. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the development of a brain-machine interface platform, as well as an electromyography-based system designed for gesture recognition, both of which contribute to the control of devices by individuals with disabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: N1 - Wu thesis 4757PY - 2009/12/16Y1 - 2009/12/16N2 - In developing countries, approximately 30-40% of school-age children suffer from iodine and iron deficiencies. Poverty and consumption of monotonous diets are underlying causes of inadequate intakes of micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids and may have severe consequences for children’s cognitive development. Multiple micronutrient interventions have shown to benefit mental performance of children, but a systematic evaluation of the evidence is currently lacking. The omega-3 fatty acid, -linolenic acid (ALA) is converted into docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a major structural component of the brain, which is important for normal development and maintenance of brain function. At present, it is unclear whether additional intake of omega-3 fatty acids improves cognitive performance in children. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of multiple micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance in school-age children living in deprived environments, thereby addressing three main research questions. The first query concerned the investigation of the size of effects of multiple micronutrient interventions on different cognitive domains. Findings of our meta-analysis comprising 17 studies in children 5-16 years of age, suggested that multiple micronutrients were beneficial for fluid intelligence (i. e. reasoning abilities) (0. 14 SD; 95% CI: -0. 02, 0. 29) and academic performance (0. 30 SD; 95% CI: 0. 01, 0. 58). Crystallized intelligence (i. e. acquired knowledge) seemed not affected (-0. 03 SD; 95% CI: -0. 21, 0. 15) and for the other cognitive domains data were too limited to draw firm conclusions. Secondly, we examined the role of omega-3 fatty acids on children’s cognitive development, for which a literature review was conducted. Associations between omega-3 fatty acid status or dietary intake and cognitive performance were investigated by cross-sectional analysis using baseline data of a randomized controlled trial in 598 Indian schoolchildren (see below for details). We found no evidence for a beneficial effect of additional intake of omega-3 fatty acids, and of DHA in particular, on cognitive development in school-age children. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'we found no evidence for a beneficial effect of additional intake of omega-3 fatty acids, and of DHA in particular, on cognitive development in school-age children.' This indicates a lack of support for the claim that omega-3 fatty acids are taken to enhance brain health and cognitive function, especially in the context of children.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Когда мы говорим о столь удалённых от нас интервалах геологической истории, как первая половина палеозойской эры или докембрий, мы неизбежно сталкиваемся с большим количеством белых пятен в общей картине накопленных фактов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about flowering plants and their impact on terrestrial ecosystems; instead, it discusses geological history with a focus on gaps in knowledge, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI applications are being researched for use in gaming, medicine, and mental health. [SEP] Text: Original PaperKatarzyna Stawarz1*, PhD Chris Preist1*, PhD David Coyle2*, PhD 1Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom2School of *all authors contributed equallyCorresponding Author:of EngineeringUniversity of BristolQueen's 8 1TRUnited KingdomPhone: 44 01179545289Email: k. stawarz@bristol. ac. ukAbstractBackground: Technology can play an important role in supporting mental health. Many studies have explored the effectiveness, acceptability, or context of use of different types of mental health technologies. However, existing research has tended to investigate single types of technology at a time rather than exploring a wider ecosystem that people may use. This narrow focus can limit our understanding of how we could best design mental health technologies. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate which technologies (smartphone apps, discussion forums and social media, and websites and Web-based programs) people use to support their mental health and why, whether they combine and use more than one technology, what purpose each technology serves, and which features people find the most valuable. Methods: We conducted an online survey to gather responses from members of the public who use technology to support their mental health and well-being. The survey was advertised on social media and via posters at a university. It explored usage patterns, frequently used features, and engagement with technology. To gain deeper insights into users’ p10. 2196/12546Keywordsmental health; mobile apps; mHealth; social media; self-instruction programs, computerized IntroductionBackgroundGiven the prevalence of mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety, and stress, there is an urgent need to help people manage their mental health. Stress, for example, accounts for 37% of all work-related ill health cases and 45% of all working days lost because of ill health in the [1], whereas depression alone affects 98. 7 million people worldwide [2]. With increasing health care costs and limited access to treatment, technology-enabled solutions—ranging from systems designed to support therapy to apps and websites focused on mental health and well-being self-management—offer an affordable and accessible alternative. A wide range of studies have explored the impact, benefits, and limitations of individual technology types. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the use of technology to support mental health, which aligns with the claim's mention of research into applications in medicine and mental health. The study aims to investigate various technologies, including mobile apps and online resources, that assist individuals in managing their mental health, underlining the importance and application of technology in this field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: Neither there was a significant relationship between omega-3 fatty acid status and cognitive performance. Lastly, we studied the effect of different doses of micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids, and their interaction, on cognitive performance. For that purpose, a randomized controlled trial in 598 Indian schoolchildren aged 6-10 years was conducted from November 2005 until March 2007. Children received either 15% or 100% of the Allowance of micronutrients in combination with either a low (140 mg ALA) or high dose (900 mg ALA plus 100 mg DHA) of omega-3 fatty acids for 12 months. Cognitive function was measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Our results showed that with some small differential effects on short term memory at 6 months (0. 11 SD; 95% CI: 0. 01-0. 20) and fluid intelligence at 6 months (-0. 10 SD; 95% CI: -0. 17, -0. 03) and 12 months (-0. 12 SD; 95% CI: -0. 20, -0. 04), the high and low dose of micronutrients were as effective for improving retrieval ability, cognitive speediness and overall cognitive performance. Neither there were differences between the omega-3 fatty acid treatments, nor an interaction between micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive outcomes. In conclusion, although multiple micronutrients may benefit intellectual performance of schoolchildren, development of public health guidelines is currently premature. Further investigation on doses and composition of micronutrients would be needed to identify a cost-effective micronutrient supplement to optimize cognitive performance in children. Presently, no evidence exists for a positive effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance in healthy children. A final trial using a higher dose and sufficiently long duration would be needed to conclude whether omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves mental development at school age. AB - In developing countries, approximately 30-40% of school-age children suffer from iodine and iron deficiencies. Poverty and consumption of monotonous diets are underlying causes of inadequate intakes of micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids and may have severe consequences for children’s cognitive development. Multiple micronutrient interventions have shown to benefit mental performance of children, but a systematic evaluation of the evidence is currently lacking. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there is 'no evidence for a positive effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance in healthy children.' It details a study that found no significant relationship between omega-3 fatty acid status and cognitive performance. The study concluded that while multiple micronutrients might benefit intellectual performance, omega-3 fatty acids did not show improvements in cognitive outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Эти пробелы определяются не столько неполнотой наших знаний или недостаточностью методического и лабораторного инструментария, сколько свойствами темпоральных преобразований, имманентно уничтожающих, стирающих записи прошедших событий. Это свойство времени известно всем исследователям и создателям так называемых "исторических реконструкций" [2], и с ним непременно нужно считаться. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the temporal transformations that erase historical records and does not address or provide information relevant to the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI applications are being researched for use in gaming, medicine, and mental health. [SEP] Text: This includes websites that give users specific tasks to complete (eg, SuperBetter), Web-based programs that help to deal with stress or anxiety, support reflection on one’s behavior, and help create action plans (eg, MoodGYM), or websites that help users do specific things (eg, meditation websites, such as Headspace). Questions from sections 1 to 3 covered usage patterns, frequently used features, engagement with technology, and suggestions for improvements. At the end of the survey, participants were also able to opt in for the voucher raffle and indicate their interest in receiving the summary of findings. We collected email addresses of those who opted in; they were stored separately from the survey data. Survey questions and full results are available in 1-3. Data AnalysisWe used descriptive statistics to summarize general trends. In sections 1 to 3, survey respondents were able to provide suggestions for improvements and additional comments about each type of technology. We thematically coded these free-text comments and suggestions, and analyzed them together to identify wider themes spanning across all types of technology. The first round of coding was done by KS. Next, CP and DC reviewed the coding and added their own codes. Then, all authors discussed all codes and conducted affinity mapping [53], using Boardthing’s collaborative Web-based board [54] to identify key themes. For open-ended questions asking about frequency of use, KS initially coded the responses, and other coauthors reviewed them and provided their own suggestions; we then counted the prevalence of each code and reported percentages. ResultsDemographics and Technology UseIn total, 102 people completed the survey. Although the survey was targeted at people who used technology to support mental health, 21 participants (20. 5%) indicated that they did not use technology for this purpose, with the main reason being that it never occurred to them to do so, they did not need it, or because they would not feel comfortable using technology. These participants were excluded from further analyses, leaving 81 participants whose responses we analyzed (see Table 1 for their details). A total of 52% (42/81) of the participants were women, and 66% (53/81) of the participants were aged under 35 years. A majority of eligible participants (64/81, 79%) reported receiving some sort of mental health or well-being support from a counselor, therapist, or health professional. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing technologies aimed at supporting mental health, such as Web-based programs designed to deal with stress and anxiety like MoodGYM and meditation websites like Headspace. This aligns with the claim that BCI applications are being researched for mental health purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: The omega-3 fatty acid, -linolenic acid (ALA) is converted into docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a major structural component of the brain, which is important for normal development and maintenance of brain function. At present, it is unclear whether additional intake of omega-3 fatty acids improves cognitive performance in children. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of multiple micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance in school-age children living in deprived environments, thereby addressing three main research questions. The first query concerned the investigation of the size of effects of multiple micronutrient interventions on different cognitive domains. Findings of our meta-analysis comprising 17 studies in children 5-16 years of age, suggested that multiple micronutrients were beneficial for fluid intelligence (i. e. reasoning abilities) (0. 14 SD; 95% CI: -0. 02, 0. 29) and academic performance (0. 30 SD; 95% CI: 0. 01, 0. 58). Crystallized intelligence (i. e. acquired knowledge) seemed not affected (-0. 03 SD; 95% CI: -0. 21, 0. 15) and for the other cognitive domains data were too limited to draw firm conclusions. Secondly, we examined the role of omega-3 fatty acids on children’s cognitive development, for which a literature review was conducted. Associations between omega-3 fatty acid status or dietary intake and cognitive performance were investigated by cross-sectional analysis using baseline data of a randomized controlled trial in 598 Indian schoolchildren (see below for details). We found no evidence for a beneficial effect of additional intake of omega-3 fatty acids, and of DHA in particular, on cognitive development in school-age children. Neither there was a significant relationship between omega-3 fatty acid status and cognitive performance. Lastly, we studied the effect of different doses of micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids, and their interaction, on cognitive performance. For that purpose, a randomized controlled trial in 598 Indian schoolchildren aged 6-10 years was conducted from November 2005 until March 2007. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there is 'no evidence for a beneficial effect of additional intake of omega-3 fatty acids, and of DHA in particular, on cognitive development in school-age children.' This suggests that taking omega-3 fatty acids does not support the claim regarding their positive impact on brain health and cognitive function.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Однако оно не должно накладывать непреодолимых запретов на когнитивную рефлексию. Подготовленный должным образом исследователь не просто имеет право, а обязан высказываться о волнующих его проблемах, опираясь как на доказанные факты, так и на свои логические построения. Классическая, вошедшая в учебники картина освоения растениями суши (аналитический обзор см. в [3]) выглядит следующим образом. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the responsibilities of researchers and does not address the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.