Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: , water at 50 m, forest at 50 m, impervious surfaces at 50 m; water at 50 m, forest at 50 m, impervious surfaces at 100 m, water at 50 m, forest at 100 m, impervious surfaces at 1000 m). Individual species model sets were ranked by Criterion (AIC)(Burnham and Anderson 2003) to select the best-fit model. ResultsWe collected 12 seasons of data between July of 2017 and April of 2020, representing a potential 1,862 secondary (weekly) sample data points across 39 sites and 12 seasons. Occasional camera malfunctions, however, resulted in a true total of 1,744 weeks of data for each species. Our modeling dataset included 3,496 fox squirrel observations, 3,674 opossum observations, and 1,576 red fox observations. Overall naïve detection rates were 0. 404 for fox squirrel, 0. 711 for opossum, and 0. 444 for red fox. For all three species, occupancy model sets contained no competitive models (ΔAIC ≤ 2. 0) other than the top model. We evaluated goodness-of-fit for each model using a Freeman-Tukey test with bootstrap resampling (n = 100), with p > 0. 05 indicating adequate model fit (fox squirrel: p = 0. 962, opossum: p = 0. 615, red fox: p = 0. 615). For each of the three species, detection submodels indicated significant differences in detectability among some seasons (for full model specification, see 1). The top fox squirrel model identified a positive relationship with water cover at the smallest spatial scale, 50 m (β = 0. 319, SE = 0. 145, p = 0. 028), and a negative relationship with impervious cover at the next largest spatial scale, 100 m (β = -1. 912, SE = 0. 316, p < 0. 001). This model also identified a positive relationship with forest cover at the extent of a female home range (β = 1. 034, SE = 0. 207, p < 0. 001) (Table 3). The top opossum model identified a positive relationship between occupancy and impervious cover at 100 m (β = 0. 362, SE = 0. 163, p = 0. 027) and with water cover at 500 m (β = 0. 959, SE = 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the methodology and results of a study regarding specific species observations, model fitting, and detection rates without addressing or discussing sensory modalities. Therefore, it does not provide any relevant information related to the claim about sensory modalities among different animal species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: Evidence for Dicer-dependent RNA interference in the industrial penicillin producer Penicillium chrysogenum. Microbiology. 2009;155:3946–56. pmid:19797363 View 25. ürnsteiner H, Kück U. Complete sequencing and chromosome-scale genome assembly of the industrial progenitor strain P2niaD18 from the penicillin producer Penicillium chrysogenum. Genome Announc. 2014;2:e00577–14. pmid:25059858 View 26. ück U. Homologous recombination in the antibiotic producer Penicillium chrysogenum: strain DeltaPcku70 shows up-regulation of genes from the HOG pathway. Biotechnol. 2010;85:1081–94. pmid:19690852 View 27. Sorting of small RNAs into complexes is directed by the 5′ terminal nucleotide. Cell. 2008;133:116–27. pmid:18342361 View 28. Friedländer Discovering microRNAs from deep sequencing data using miRDeep. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:407–15. pmid:18392026 View 29. Friedländer. miRDeep2 accurately identifies known and hundreds of novel microRNA genes in seven animal clades. Res. 2012;40:37–52. pmid:21911355 View 30. Braumann I, van den Berg M, Kempken F. Transposons in biotechnologically relevant strains of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum. Biol. 2007;44:1399–414. pmid:17881255 View 31. . MicroRNA targets in Drosophila. Genome Biol. 2003;5:R1. pmid:14709173 View 32. de Peer Y. TAPIR, a web server for the prediction of plant microRNA targets, including target mimics. Bioinformatics. 2010;26:1566–8. pmid:20430753 View 33. Dai X, Zhao PX. psRNATarget: a plant small RNA target analysis server. Res. 2011;39:W155–9. pmid:21622958 View 34. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing information about Penicillium chrysogenum, which is an industrial producer of penicillin. This aligns with the claim that penicillin is derived from the Penicillium fungus, specifically referencing the species known for its role in antibiotic production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: energy storage systems are necessary. One of the primary drivers for the increasing use of renewable energy sources is concern about the quality of our environment. Therefore, it is vital that energy storage systems storing sustainable energy, are sustainable themselves. Creating storage systems using abundant, environmentally friendly materials is therefore an important prerequisite for a sustainable energy supply. This thesis aims to explore the potential of the (CGFB) as large-scale electricity storage technology. A CGFB stores energy in aqueous solutions of salt (typically NaCl) and uses ion exchange membranes to extract energy from the solutions. 3. 2 kWh m-3 for NaCl). The maximum energy density is shown to vary as function of salt concentrations, volume ratio between salt and fresh solution and salt type. A model is introduced which includes the major dissipation factors; internal resistance, water transport and co-ion transport. Experimental work is performed to validate the model. A wide range of salt concentrations (0-3 m NaCl) and current densities (-49 to +33 A m-2) is chosen. From this work, an optimal working range is identified where the concentrate concentrations preferably do not exceed the 1 m. At higher concentrate concentrations water transport and co-ion transport are found to increase heavily decreasing the energy efficiency of the battery. In 0. 5 and η > 0. 4) where the CGFB delivers best performance in terms of energy efficiency (max. discharge η of 72%) and power density (max. discharge power density, 1. 1 W m-2). Tests are also performed at different temperatures (10, 25 and 40 ˚C) to measure the effect of temperature on mass transport, internal resistance and power density. Finally, it is shown that water transport is a major issue in the operation of a CGFB where it causes hysteresis (after discharge the battery does not return to its original state), lower efficiency and leads to decreased energy density. To improve the performance of a CGFB, it is necessary to decrease water transport across the membranes. 47. 5 A m-2). 0. 7 M, maximum energy efficiency η = 67 % for the meshed membranes and η = 50 % for the homogeneous membranes). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that energy storage systems are necessary and exploring the complexities involved in their operation and efficiency. While the claim suggests that energy storage could eliminate the need for continuous electricity generation, the text indicates that efficient operation of these systems, such as the CGFB's performance being affected by factors like water transport and internal resistance, highlights that continuous improvement and operation of these systems remain essential for reliable energy storage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: 018, p = 0. 346). This model also indicated a negative relationship between occupancy and forest cover at the largest spatial extent we examined, 1000 m (β = -0. 314, SE = 0. 144, p = 0. 030). The top occupancy model for red fox identified positive relationships for all three covariates, but at varying spatial extents. This model indicated a scale of effect for water cover of 100 m (β = 0. 403, SE = 0. 112, p < 0. 001), forest cover in urban female home ranges (863 m radius extent) (β = 0. 549, SE = 0. 116, p < 0. 001), and impervious cover in urban male home ranges (1339 m radius extent) (β = 0. 391, SE = 0. 113, p = 0. 001). Table 3 Occupancy model parameters for individual species’ top models SE z P(>|z|) Fox squirrel water50m 0. 319 0. 145 2. 1934 * forest239m 1. 034 0. 207 4. 9937 *** impervious100m -1. 912 0. 316 -6. 0443 *** Virginia opossum water500m 0. 959 1. 018 0. 942 forest1000m -0. 314 0. 144 -2. 171 * impervious100m 0. 362 0. 163 2. 213 * Red fox water100m 0. 403 0. 112 3. 59 *** forest863m 0. 549 0. 116 4. 73 *** impervious1339m 0. 391 0. 113 3. 45 ** ***p < 0. 001, ** p < 0. 01, * p < 0. 05, • p < 0. 10DiscussionWe found that scales of effect differed among the mammalian species and among land-cover covariates in our analysis. No two land-cover covariates included in our top models for individual species exhibited the same scale of effect. Although past studies have identified many urban taxa, such as birds (Hostetler and Holling 2000, Pennington and Blair 2011, Hallman and Robinson 2020) and arthropods (Bennett and Gratton 2012) as responding to the environment at multiple spatial scales, our results support recently described evidence for similar multi-scale relationships between mammal species and urban environments (Moll et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sensory modalities among animal species. Instead, it discusses occupancy models for red fox, fox squirrels, and Virginia opossums in relation to land cover, with a focus on environmental factors rather than sensory modalities. This makes it irrelevant to the claim about variability in sensory modalities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: pmid:23800994 View 44. Böhm J, Hoff B, O’ Sexual reproduction and mating-type-mediated strain development in the penicillin-producing fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. . 2013;110:1476–81. pmid:23307807 View 45. ürnsteiner H, Kück U, et al. Microarray hybridization analysis of light-dependent gene expression in Penicillium chrysogenum identifies bZIP transcription factor PcAtfA. J Basic Microbiol. 2014;54:1–10. pmid:23553775 View 46. Van den -M, Driessen AJM, et al. Genome sequencing and analysis of the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:1161–8. pmid:18820685 View 47. . Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215:403–10. pmid:2231712 View 48. . MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Res. 2002;30:3059–66. pmid:12136088 View 49. Marchler--Scott C, et al. CDD: a Database for the functional annotation of proteins. Res. 2011;39:D225–9. pmid:21109532 View 50. Kopke K, Hoff B, Kück U. Application of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae FLP/FRT recombination system in filamentous fungi for marker recycling and construction of knockout strains devoid of heterologous genes. Microbiol. 2010;76:4664–74. pmid:20472720 View 51. ück U, Kempken F. Ds-like restless deletion derivatives occur in Tolypocladium inflatum and two foreign hosts, Neurospora crassa and Penicillium chrysogenum. Biol. 2002;35:171–82. pmid:11848679 View 52. Chomczynski P, Sacchi N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem. 1987;162:156–9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the penicillin-producing fungus, Penicillium chrysogenum, which is directly related to the production of penicillin as a groundbreaking antibiotic. References in the text, such as 'penicillin-producing fungus Penicillium chrysogenum,' support the claim of penicillin's derivation from this fungus.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: VR allows buyers to explore properties remotely, saving time and travel costs. [SEP] Text: The self-selection issue can be addressed by using a passive data collection approach, such as GPS signals or automatic traffic counts (ATC), instead of a typical interview- or survey-based recruitment. Although this approach cannot control the experimental setting and address individual-specific components, they are less costly than interview-based approaches and might solve some of the problems that come from hypothetical bias, self-selection, and strategic behavior. In this paper, we attempt to address self-selection bias by estimating VTT using ATC data, together with a case study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to use ATC data to estimate VTT. Admittedly, using toll-road decisions to measure VTT is not new (see Brownstone and Small 2005; Steimetz and Brownstone 2005 for earlier contributions), but these studies do not use a passive data collection approach. This analysis also differs from the existing literature by focusing on exogenous changes in trip costs, which makes it possible to separate individual-specific components (fixed effects) from travelers’ time valuations. The focus on exogenous changes in travel costs is also, to the best of our knowledge, new. Footnote 3Specifically, we utilized a case study with two similar routes where the travel cost of one of the routes changed because of an unplanned change in tolls. This change derives from an opening of a new road which, due to an error with the ATC cameras, had an unplanned period without tolls. The change in tolls is used to estimate the share of motorists who changed routes after the toll changes. We argue that this share represents the motorists with a valuation below the boundary value of time (BVoT), which makes both routes equally attractive. After assuming the shape (normal or lognormal) and spread (the relative standard deviation) of the VTT distribution, we calculated the mean VTT, which is consistent with the observed route choice behavior. Literature reviewThis section reviews an often overlooked issue regarding RP estimates: the self-selection of participants. After a brief introduction to the literature, we discuss this issue in more detail. What is the value of travel time savings? The question of the valuation of time originates with Becker (1965), who introduced time as a resource. In contrast to ordinary markets, there is no market price for time, but people may still attach monetary value to their leisure time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses methods to address self-selection bias in data collection and travel time valuation, focusing on using automatic traffic counts and changes in tolls. There is no mention of virtual reality or its applications in property exploration, therefore it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: In the case of red fox, male home range size represented the maximum buffer extent (1339 m) assessed in our analysis. Thus, the inclusion of forest cover measured within this extent may simply indicate that this species responds to this covariate over a very broad extent, potentially even larger than the extents explored in this analysis. Similarly, the top red fox model also included impervious cover measured at the extent of a female home range (863 m). Because the next largest (1000 m) and smallest (500 m) analysis extents differed considerably from this extent in areal coverage, it may be that this extent is simply closer to the appropriate scale of effect for this covariate for this species than other extents. Future analyses could include additional broad-scale covariates estimated over narrower intervals to help identify whether home range extents truly better identify scales of effect for some species and covariates. Given that past studies had identified multiple scales of effect for other taxa (Hostetler and Holling 2000, Pennington and Blair 2011, Smith et al. 2011, Bennett and Gratton 2012, Litteral and Shochat 2017), we hypothesized that urban mammals would also respond to different aspects of their environment over different extents. Our results provide clear support for this hypothesis as the three covariates included in top models for each species were always estimated at different scales. While this finding disagrees with the findings of some past studies of mammals (Galán‐Acedo et al. 2018), it broadly agrees with recommendations that ecologists examine multiple scales of effect in estimating species-habitat relationship (Moll et al. 2020), reinforcing the importance of incorporating a range of scales in modeling. Species habitat modeling that relies on covariates estimated at a single spatial extent is likely to misidentifiy important species-environment relationships (Jackson and Fahrig 2015). Our results differ from and are similar to results from past studies of the same species, shedding light on potential effects of analysis extent in species-habitat modeling. For example, a study of opossum occupancy in Manhattan, Kansas used covariates estimated for 500-m radius buffers (Wait and Ahlers 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim concerning sensory modalities in animal species. Instead, it discusses the home range size and habitat modeling of the red fox and other urban mammals in relation to different environmental covariates and spatial extents. There is no mention of sensory modalities or their variation across species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2420194/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionrubens, formerly Pencillium chrysogenum, is a filamentous fungus of biotechnological importance because it is one of the main producers of the antibiotic penicillin. However, despite its importance, the regulation of biological processes in this fungus is far from being understood. In fungi, one of the most interesting regulators are zinc finger proteins containing a Zn(II)2Cys6 domain. The genes that encode for these kinds of proteins are found almost exclusively in fungi. The P. rubens genome contains many genes encoding proteins with Zn(II)2Cys6 domains, but only two of them have been studied so far. In this work, we have used -Cas9 technology to inactivate the pcz1 gene in P. rubens, which encodes a Zn(II)2Cys6 protein. Inactivation of pcz1 decreases the production of penicillin in P. rubens. In addition, the inactivation of pcz1 decreased growth and conidiation in the fungus but increased conidial germination. Overall, our results suggest that pcz1 would be a positive regulator of penicillin production, growth and conidiation, but it would act as repressor of conidial germination in P. rubens. Zn(II)2Cys6 proteinPcz1penicillinasexual developmentPenicillium rubensFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7IntroductionThe genus Penicillium is one of the largest and most diverse in the fungal kingdom. The species of this genus are mostly saprophytic, with a high catabolic activity, and capable of producing a wide variety of secondary metabolites (Houbraken et al. 2020). From the human point of view, several species of the genus Penicillium are of great economic importance. One of the most emblematic species is Penicillium rubens, formerly known as Penicillium chrysogenum (Houbraken et al. 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'P. rubens, formerly Pencillium chrysogenum, is a filamentous fungus of biotechnological importance because it is one of the main producers of the antibiotic penicillin.' This directly supports the claim regarding the origin of penicillin from the Penicillium fungus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will make physical construction of homes unnecessary as people live in virtual spaces instead. [SEP] Text: 8 mm). Low accuracy will result in significant misalignment between virtual and physical models, and thus errors in construction. A comprehensive review of AR for assembly points out that accuracy and latency are the two critical issues (Wang et al. 2016). In a wood structure construction project using AR, the virtual object overlaying on the physical component causes uncertainty around positioning; also, the virtual object is not stable but shaking (Qian 2019). Using GearVR and a marker-based approach for constructing a timber structure has errors of 10–50 mm between virtual and physical objects (Abe et al. 2017). A recent workshop presents a HoloLens AR platform that enables interactive holographic instructions with a prototypical project to design and construct a pavilion from bent mild steel tubes (Jahn et al. 2018). The digital design model and the digitized physical model differ by at most 46 mm, with an average of 20 mm across all parts, attributed to human errors in construction, physical model self-weight and contortion, and holographic drift from inside-out device tracking (Jahn et al. 2018). In another collaborative construction project, some construction workers wear the HoloLens to instruct others without the device to build the structure, but the localization has an accuracy problem (Hahm et al. 2019). One of the findings from a survey of AR in the manufacturing industry in the last decade is that the marker-based solutions are usually the preferred tracking technology due to ease of implementation and higher accuracy compared with markerless solutions (Bottani and Vignali 2019). A recent marker-based registration for AR’s application with a tangible user interface in building design is demonstrated in (Son et al. 2020), in which a major limitation is identified being that their system only supports a single floor (essentially not 3D) AR scene. 2. 3 Object and hand occlusionsObject occlusion is critical for correct depth perception in AR to ensure realistic and immersive AR experiences, but existing occlusion methods suffer from various limitations, e. g. , the assumption of a static scene or high computational complexity (Du et al. 2016). An example is the usage of geospatial data to construct the geometric model of buildings in an outdoor environment to simulate occlusion between virtual content and real buildings in AR. While the simulated occlusion is achieved, the outcome is not realistic (Kasperi et al. 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the technical challenges and inaccuracies that currently exist in virtual and augmented reality (AR) applications in construction. It discusses issues such as misalignment, latency, and errors between virtual representations and physical construction, demonstrating that virtual spaces are not yet capable of fully replacing physical construction. For example, the text notes that 'low accuracy will result in significant misalignment between virtual and physical models,' indicating foundational shortcomings in relying solely on virtual constructs for real-world building.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: This study identified a positive relationship between water and occupancy, while we found a non-significant relationship at 50 m; a positive relationship between impervious cover and opossum occupancy, similar to the relationship we identified with a scale of effect of 100 m; and did not include forest cover in the top model (although this covariate was significant and negatively linked to extinction), while we found a negative relationship between forest cover estimated in 1000 m buffer. Previous research in our study area found no relationship between forested land cover and opossum occupancy at a spatial scale based on a home range extent of 282 m (MacDougall and Review). While it is possible that the scales of effect for these covariates differ between cities, Wait and Ahlers (2020) conducted their analysis at a single extent, precluding identification of similarities and differences in scales of effect for opossum between the two cities. Future studies could help to identify whether scales of effect vary among study areas or if they are similar, suggesting a common scale of effect for particular covariates may exist for a given species. Past work suggests that studies that rely on covariates estimated across a single extent may not accurately identify important relationships (Jackson and Fahrig 2015); thus, it is likely that results from such single-scale studies will be less-reliable than studies that evaluated relationships over multiple spatial scales. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest a protocol for researchers and practioners to utilize when conducting species-environment analyses related to urban mammals. First, a broad range of biologically-informed (e. g. , based on home range sizes, dispersal distances) spatial scales (Jackson and Fahrig 2015) over which relationships are likely to occur should be identified. Researchers should estimate environmental covariates over a variety of extents (e. g. , local, landscape) within that range. The intervals between extents should be spaced so as to capture differences across scales (e. g. , evenly spaced by a given percentage of the full range) (Miguet et al. 2016). Large gaps among extents could make it difficult to accurately identify scales of effect, as was the case for our red fox model. These covariate estimates should be included in models in all possible combinations as we demonstrated in this study (Stuber and Gruber 2020) and resulting models should then be compared (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address sensory modalities or their variation among animal species. Instead, it focuses on ecological relationships, spatial scales of effect, and recommendations for species-environment analyses. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: This filamentous fungus is the main industrial producer of β-lactam antibiotics, particularly penicillins. Penicillins are of great economic importance, either for direct use against some diseases, or as a structural basis for the development of semi-synthetic antibiotics (Fierro et al. 2022). The pathway for the biosynthesis of penicillin in P. rubens was elucidated many years ago and has been described in detail in recent reviews (García-Estrada et al. 2020; Fierro et al. 2022; Sawant and Vamkudoth 2022). The biosynthesis of this secondary metabolite requires the action of three enzymes, encoded by three genes called pcbAB, pcbC and penDE, which are physically linked forming a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) (García-Estrada et al. 2020; Fierro et al. 2022). These genes encode three enzymes named δ(α-aminoadipyl)-cysteinyl-valine (ACV) synthetase, isopenicillin N synthase, and isopenicillin N acyltransferase, which act sequentially to synthesize penicillin from the precursor amino acids α-aminoadipate, cysteine and valine (García-Estrada et al. 2020; Fierro et al. 2022). The regulation of the biosynthesis of penicillin in P. rubens involves a wide and intricate network of regulatory signals, transduction pathways, and effector proteins (Assaf et al. 2020; García-Estrada et al. 2020; Fierro et al. 2022; Martín 2022). An interesting aspect about the regulation of penicillin BGC is that it does not contain any specific transcription factor (Fierro et al. 2006; van der Berg et al. 2007), so the production of penicillin in P. rubens is regulated by fungal global regulators such as CreA, AreA, or PacC (Assaf et al. 2020; García-Estrada et al. 2018; Fierro et al. 2022). Zinc finger proteins represent one of the largest families of regulators in eukaryotes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Penicillium is the main industrial producer of β-lactam antibiotics, particularly penicillins, which directly supports the assertion that penicillin is derived from the Penicillium fungus. Additionally, it discusses the biosynthesis of penicillin in the fungus P. rubens, providing further evidence of the relationship between penicillin and the Penicillium species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will make physical construction of homes unnecessary as people live in virtual spaces instead. [SEP] Text: For example, for LEGO Technic, the player needs to grasp parts, and translate/rotate them in 6 DoF for connecting the parts in hand. Investigating more comprehensive SLAM methods for more flexible yet accurate AR registration will continue to be necessary. ’s features and 3D model- and machine learning-based AR registration may be investigated for AR instructions in various other real-world applications beyond the tabletop scenario, including furniture assembly and building construction. has not been tested with AR glasses. However, the design and techniques demonstrated by can be applied to other AR devices through future development. AR has great potentials for enhancing spatial and STEM learning (Ibáñez and Delgado-Kloos 2018), beyond assembly performance. Future development of and user studies may further reveal its potential applications in education, which will be conducted after the COVID-19 pandemic. Data availability Video is available at 28. and (2017) Digital construction - demonstration of interactive assembly using smart discrete papers with RFID and AR codes. In: (Eds. ), Protocols, Flows, and Glitches - Proceedings of the 22nd 75–84. Xi’an Jiaotong-(2003) Designing effective step-by-step assembly instructions. ACM (TOG) 22(3):828–83761. and Chilana PK (2020) Creating augmented and virtual reality applications: current practices, challenges, and opportunities. In: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 1–13Bailey T, Durrant-(2006) Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM): part II. 13(3):108–1175. -L, Ye M, and (2016) Edge snapping-based depth enhancement for dynamic occlusion handling in augmented reality. In: 2016 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR), 54–62. H, (2006) Simultaneous localization and mapping: part I. 13(2):99–1102104. : and (2015) A benchmark for interactive augmented reality instructions for assembly tasks. In: Proceedings of the 14th international conference on mobile and ubiquitous multimedia, 253–57and Rodriguez AL (2019) FlowMorph - exploring the human-material interaction in digitally augmented craftsmanship. In: (Eds. ), Intelligent & informed - proceedings of the 24th conference, 1:553–62. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses augmented reality (AR) and its applications in assembly and construction tasks but does not address the claim about virtual reality (VR) making physical construction unnecessary. It focuses on the technological aspects of AR for enhancing real-world applications and does not provide any support or contrast to the claim regarding living in virtual spaces instead of physical homes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: , by AIC) to identify the combination of variables and extents that best explain variance in species occupancy or abundance. As in the present study, the extents of estimation for covariates included in best-fit models then identify the scale of effect for for those covariates. Utilization of this protocol will reduce the likelihood of missing or inaccurately identifying species-environment relationships and could both build theory regarding the scale(s) of effect of urban mammals and how they vary among species and environmental attributes. The understanding thus built could inform urban conservation efforts by identifying the scales at which specific environmental attributes should be managed to support mammal species. As such, more accurate identification of scales of effect could serve to avoid issues that may arise when conservation is implemented at incorrect spatial scales (Montgomery et al. 2018). Our findings should be considered in light of certain limitations. First, the scale of effect identified for some relationships from our top models occurred at the greatest extent measured (forest in the 1000 m extent for opossum; impervious surfaces in the 1339 m extent for red fox). Thus, it is possible that the true scale of effect is even greater than the identified scale (Jackson and Fahrig 2015). Second, our research was conducted in only one city, and it is likely that the scales of effect found here for each land-cover covariate, as well as for each species, differ among cities. Multi-city studies have highlighted inconsistent relationships between mammalian species and land cover covariates among cities (Fidino et al. 2020, MacDougall et al. In Review), and we expect similar differences in scales of effect. Multi-city studies that estimate models using the protocol we outline above could serve to identify whether generalizable patterns in scales of effect exist. Declarationsresearch was supported in part through a grant from the program (grant #0966130). Conflicts of interest/Competing interests The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this 3330. and O. E. (2016). "Influence of habitat attributes on density of Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) in agricultural ecosystems. " Zool94(6): 411-419. Beninde, J. , M. Veith and A. Hochkirch (2015). "Biodiversity in cities needs space: a meta‐analysis of factors determining intra‐urban biodiversity variation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address sensory modalities among animal species directly. Instead, it discusses species occupancy and environmental attributes in urban settings, focusing on models that estimate relationships between land cover and mammal species without mentioning sensory modalities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: (2015). By using RNAi-mediated gene silencing, Gil-Durán et al. (2015) demonstrated that the Pcz1 has important effects on the asexual development in P. roqueforti, thereby decreasing apical growth, promoting of conidial germination, and repressing conidiation (Gil-Duran et al. 2015). In addition, Rojas-Aedo et al. (2018) showed that pcz1 drastically altered the production of some secondary metabolites of P. roqueforti. It is interesting to note that there are orthologues of pcz1 in all fungi of the Ascomycota phylum analyzed so far, including P. rubens (Gil-Durán et al. 2015), but the role of this gene has not been experimentally addressed in any other fungi but P. roqueforti. In this work, and by using -Cas9 technology, we inactivated the pcz1 gene in P. rubens, and functionally characterized its effect on the fungus. According to our results, pcz1 would be a positive regulator of penicillin biosynthesis in P. rubens. In addition, the gene has an impact on the asexual development processes in this fungus, specifically controlling growth, conidiation, and germinal conidiation. Our results could have a biotechnological impact on the industrial production of the antibiotic penicillin. strains and general culture medium In this work, we used P. rubens Wis-54-1255, a strain widely used as reference for molecular biology and OMICs studies (Fierro et al. 2022). The fungus was routinely kept on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and grown at 28°C. Other culture media are described below. Design of a protospacer targeted on the pcz1 gene of P. rubens Wis 54-1255 The sequence of the pcz1 gene from P. rubens Wis 54-1255 (see Results) was used to design a sgRNA using theCas9 target prediction tool CCTop ( Stemmer et al. 2015), which contains the genome of P. rubens as reference. CCTop was used with default parameters, excepting that mismatches considered for prediction in core sequence and number of total mismatches were set to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the function of the pcz1 gene in P. rubens, a species of the Penicillium genus, which is connected to the biosynthesis of penicillin. It states that pcz1 acts as a positive regulator of penicillin biosynthesis in P. rubens, thereby directly linking this fungus to the production of penicillin, an essential antibiotic.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will make physical construction of homes unnecessary as people live in virtual spaces instead. [SEP] Text: More specifically, the results indicated that presence can be increased based on the relevance a VR environment has for the patients (i. e. reminisced of the PwD home-country) and based on the equipment’s simplicity and portability (i. e. use body trackers instead of controllers). This notion was further supported by the significant differences which were reported for the usability ratings. These findings were in line with previous research which suggested that PwD can experience the virtual world with a sense of presence and normality (Flynn et al. 2003; Hodge et al. 2018; Rose et al. 2019; Tabbaa et al. 2019). Analysis of the eye tracking data has however also shown that PwD with more severe symptoms could have troubles in understanding tasks they need to perform, and therefore more care is needed when designing experiences for such a population. In addition, VR was found to have an impact on PwD emotional health. Significant improvements were observed before, during and after the VR exposure in pleasure, sadness, and fear/anxiety. The current study found no adverse effects in the form of anger and general alertness. It is worth mentioning that the observed improvements in the emotional health of the PwD might be attributed to the commonality and relevance of the chosen virtual environment (i. e. most of the PwD quoted that the VR environment was an intimate place for them, similar to their home-town), the sense of presence and the high rates in usability. Significant improvements in pleasure when a PwD is exposed to a VR environment were also reported by a relevant study (Rose et al. 2019). The study found that VR exposure can elicit positive responses and pleasant emotions for PwD and attributed pleasure to the usability and the portability of the technology. The design of the study was based on previous research (Moyle et al. 2018; Siriaraya and Ang 2014) and aimed at reducing the risk of fatigue or discomfort by having the patients seated and by zeroing the interactions between the PwD and the system. Contrary to the above, our design required high mobility of interactivity with the system which resulted in high rates of usability and immersion. We, therefore, believe that new technologies have brought to life opportunities that can deploy simple interactions where natural movements can be used and can provoke much more positive emotions in the PwD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing specific findings on how people with dementia (PwD) interact positively with virtual reality (VR) environments. It emphasizes that while VR can enhance emotional health and provide a sense of presence similar to one's home, it does not suggest that physical homes will become unnecessary. Instead, it implies the importance of designing VR experiences for specific populations, indicating that physical spaces still hold significance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: " Ecol Lett18(6): 581-592. Bennett, A. B. and C. Gratton (2012). "Local and landscape scale variables impact parasitoid assemblages across an urbanization gradient. " Plan104(1): 26-33. and C. H. Warbington (2017). "Defining landscapes and scales to model landscape–organism interactions. " Ecology Reports2(4): 89-95. Burnham, K. P. and D. R. Anderson (2003). Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Berlin, & Business Media. and G. A. Glowacki (2020). "Low-intensity monitoring of small-mammal habitat associations and species interactions in an urban forest-preserve network. " Wildl Res47(2): 114-127. Chandler, R. and J. Hepinstall-Cymerman (2016). "Estimating the spatial scales of landscape effects on abundance. " Landsc Ecol31(6): 1383-1394. Chen, G. , X. Li, X. Liu, Y. Chen, X. Liang, J. Leng, X. Xu, W. Liao, Q. Wu and K. Huang (2020). "Global projections of future urban land expansion under shared socioeconomic pathways. " Nature communications11(1): 1-12. and W. E. Thogmartin (2016). "Relating mesocarnivore relative abundance to anthropogenic land‐use with a hierarchical spatial count model. " Ecography39(6): 524-532. Cushman, S. A. and K. McGarigal (2004). "Hierarchical analysis of forest bird species–environment relationships in the Range. " Ecol Appl14(4): 1090-1105. ESRI (2017). ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10. 6. . Fidino, M. , T. Gallo, E. Lehrer, M. Murray, C. Kay, H. Sander, B. MacDougall, C. Salsbury, T. Ryan, J. Angstmann, A. Belaire, B. Dugelby, C. Schell, T. Stankowich, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the variation of sensory modalities among animal species. Instead, it lists references from various scientific publications related to ecological studies, landscape effects, and animal interactions without providing any relevant information on sensory modalities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: 2019; Pohl et al. 2020; Mózsik et al. 2021). Pohl et al. (2016) developed essentially two -Cas9 systems for P. rubens. One of them consisted in the direct introduction of Cas9 protein and an in vitro synthesized sgRNA-ribonucleoprotein complex into the fungal cells, by transformation. The other one consisted in the transient transformation of the fungus with an AMA-based plasmid carrying cassettes for the expression of sgRNA and Cas9 within the fungal cells. In this work, we have used an adaptation of the second approach, achieving the targeting of pcz1 gene in P. rubens. The simplicity of this system makes it useful for the targeting of other genes in this important filamentous fungus. To date, the effect of pcz1 gene has been addressed only in the cheese-ripening fungus P. roqueforti. In this fungus, Gil-Durán et al. (2015) observed that pcz1 is a positive regulator of growth and conidiation but exerts a negative regulation on conidial germination. The results obtained in the present work indicates that the role of pcz1 in the regulation of these processes in P. rubens is the same. Taken together, these results support an emerging key role of pcz1 in developmental processes in Penicillium species, probably through conserved mechanisms. Our results encourage further exploration of the role of this regulator in fungi other than Penicillium species. In addition to the effect observed in asexual development, the inactivation of pcz1 in P. rubens Wis 54-1255 had a clear effect on penicillin production. Transformant T6, whose pcz1 gene was inactivated by -Cas9, produces an average of 33 µg/mg of penicillin at 72 hrs and 91 µg/mg of penicillin at 96 hrs, which represent a reduction of approximately 94% and 89% in the production of the antibiotic as compared to the wild-type strain at the same times (Fig. 7). On the contrary, the wild-type strain and transformant T1, whose pcz1 gene was modified by -Cas9 but it does not lose the reading frame, showed high levels of production of penicillin, which were statistically indistinguishable (Fig. 7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing research related to penicillin production in the fungus Penicillium rubens. It specifically notes that the inactivation of the pcz1 gene in P. rubens significantly reduced penicillin production, thereby supporting the relationship between Penicillium fungus and the production of penicillin, which is described as a 'groundbreaking antibiotic.'


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will make physical construction of homes unnecessary as people live in virtual spaces instead. [SEP] Text: For instance, arising public-health concerns, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, have already triggered a search for FtF alternatives to limit large-group gatherings (Avdiu and Nayyar 2020; Carrillo and Flores 2020; Mantovani et al. 2020; Riva et al. 2020). VR-mediated communication addresses public safety issues, but can also potentially be more engaging, especially for e-learning and collaborative applications, by providing to individuals an array of FtF benefits. VR is also the only medium with the ability to generate creative platforms that mimic “hands on" functions and thus allow collaborative, interactive and responsive design, even with MR solutions. For several fields and industries, VR-mediated communication is an upgrade that provides a new niche for modelling, engineering, simulation and collaboration. Some more specific examples are architecture and engineering as fields which would largely benefit from VR-mediated interaction; parties could review and discuss designs and mechanics that are virtually, and thus visually, represented, but more importantly allow gestures such as pointing, on-the-spot virtual manipulation, and, of course, locomotion through spaces which provide realistic grasp of size, distance, placement and lighting. Additionally, any field investing in simulations would also benefit from, either individual or collaborative, full-body motion tracking solutions which raise the standards of execution but have none of the associated risks. Fields such as medicine and physiotherapy, which in actuality already come with both intense research (Slater and Sanchez-Vives 2016; Cipresso et al. 2018) and practical examples of, for example, VR-simulated surgeries (Basdogan et al. 2007; Larsen et al. 2009), could additionally exploit VR-mediated environments for collaborative medical diagnosis and remote treatment. Training-oriented military simulation is a well-known field where VR-enabled technologies have received a fair share of funding over the years, especially for flight simulation (Lee 2017). Likewise, civil protection and urban development can be highly benefited, since they come with a long list of scenarios which require collaboration between multiple parties, crowd and space management, site scanning or modelling, as well as practical training, simulations and probability tests. Education is another field that can greatly expand in a variety of ways by incorporating VR-mediated teaching. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of physical construction and collaborative functions of VR in practical fields such as architecture and urban development. While it discusses the benefits of VR for modeling, engineering, and design, it does not support the notion that physical homes will become unnecessary, but rather suggests that VR enhances collaborative efforts in construction and various sectors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Amaya, D. Drake, S. Hursh, A. Ahlers, J. Williamson, L. Hartley, A. Zellmer, K. Simon and S. Magle (2020). "Landscape-scale differences among cities alter common species’ responses to urbanization. " Ecol Appl. Fidino, M. A. , E. W. Lehrer and S. B. Magle (2016). "Habitat dynamics of the Virginia opossum in a highly urban landscape. " Midland Naturalist175(2): 155-167. Fiske, I. and R. Chandler (2011). "Unmarked: an R package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance. " Journal of Statistical Software43(10): 1-23. Galán‐Acedo, C. , V. Arroyo‐Rodríguez, A. Estrada and G. Ramos‐Fernández (2018). "Drivers of the spatial scale that best predict primate responses to landscape structure. " Ecography41(12): 2027-2037. Gallo, T. , M. Fidino, E. W. Lehrer and S. B. Magle (2017). "Mammal diversity and metacommunity dynamics in urban green spaces: implications for urban wildlife conservation. " Ecol Appl27(8): 2330-2341. Gallo, T. , E. W. Lehrer, M. Fidino, R. J. Kilgour, P. J. Wolff and S. B. Magle (2018). "Need for multiscale planning for conservation of urban bats. " Conserv Biol32(3): 638-647. Hallman, T. A. and W. D. Robinson (2020). "Comparing multi-and single-scale species distribution and abundance models built with the boosted regression tree algorithm. " Landsc Ecol35(5): 1161-1174. Hines, J. (2011). "4. 1—Software to estimate patch occupancy and related parameters. ". Holland, J. D. and S. Yang (2016). "Multi-scale studies and the ecological neighborhood. " Ecology Reports1(4): 135-145. Homer, C. , J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various research articles and studies related to animal responses to urbanization, habitat dynamics, and conservation without addressing the claim about the variation of sensory modalities among animal species. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: These results clearly indicate that the inactivation of pcz1 depletes the production of penicillin in P. rubens Wis 54-1255, suggesting that this gene has a positive effect on the production of the antibiotic. In P. roqueforti, Rojas-Aedo et al. (2018) analyzed the effect of pcz1 on three secondary metabolites, namely roquefortine C, andrastin A and mycophenolic acid. In the case of mycophenolic acid, they found a clear positive effect of pcz1 in its production, similarly to what we found here for penicillin in P. rubens. However, and although Rojas-Aedo et al. (2018) also found variations in levels of roquefortine C and andrastin A, they were unable to establish a clear association (positive or negative) between pcz1 and the production of these secondary metabolites in P. roqueforti, thereby suggesting that the effect of pcz1 on these metabolites should be produced by indirect mechanisms, such as competition for the use of the sharing substrates or a regulatory “cross-talk” among P. roqueforti BGCs (Rojas-Aedo et al. 2018). In a recent review, a regulatory working model of pcz1 has been proposed (Coton et al. 2020). This model was based on the results obtained in P. roqueforti. According to this model, the expression of pcz1 is negatively affected by pga1, a gene that encodes a heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit located upstream of Pcz1 (Coton et al. 2020). The effects of Pga1 on asexual development in P. rubens have been studied before (García-Rico et al. 2007), and these effects agree well with the working model of Coton et al. (2020) and the results obtained by us in the current work. However, in the case of penicillin production, the negative regulatory role of Pga1 on Pcz1 proposed in P. roqueforti is inconsistent with the experimental results obtained in P. rubens. A putative negative regulatory role of Pga1 on Pcz1 would implicate a negative regulation of penicillin production by Pga1 in P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the specific effects of genes on penicillin production in the Penicillium fungus, specifically mentioning P. rubens. It highlights that the pcz1 gene has a positive effect on the production of penicillin, which supports the understanding that penicillin is indeed derived from this type of fungus.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many sports equipment manufacturers incorporate nanomaterials to increase strength while reducing weight. [SEP] Text: The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A. Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. Licensee will cooperate with ASTM in investigating any such prohibited uses and will take reasonable steps to ensure the cessation of such activity and to prevent any reoccurrence. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is not relevant to the claim as it discusses licensing and prohibited uses of documents without mentioning anything related to sports equipment manufacturers or the use of nanomaterials in their products. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or address the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Dewitz, S. Jin, G. Xian, C. Costello, P. Danielson, L. Gass, M. Funk, J. Wickham and S. Stehman (2020). "States land cover change patterns 2001–2016 from the 2016 Cover Database. " of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing162: 184-199. Hostetler, M. and C. Holling (2000). "Detecting the scales at which birds respond to structure in urban landscapes. " Urban Ecosyst4(1): 25-54. Jackson, H. B. and L. Fahrig (2012). "What size is a biologically relevant landscape? " Landsc Ecol27(7): 929-941. Jackson, H. B. and L. Fahrig (2015). "Are ecologists conducting research at the optimal scale? " Biogeogr24(1): 52-63. Jenerette, G. D. and D. Potere (2010). "Global analysis and simulation of land-use change associated with urbanization. " Landsc Ecol25(5): 657-670. Kollasch, P. (2009). . I. DNR. Accessed 12 July 2018, and Water Survey. and E. C. Hellgren (2015). "Spatial and temporal structure of a mesocarnivore guild in America. " Wildl Monogr191(1): 1-61. Levin, S. A. (1992). "The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: the Robert H. MacArthur award lecture. " Ecology73(6): 1943-1967. Litteral, J. and E. Shochat (2017). The role of landscape-scale factors in shaping urban bird communities. Ecology and conservation of birds in urban environments, Springer: 135-159. MacDougall, B. , H. Sander, M. Fidino, A. Ahlers, J. Angstmann, W. Anthonysamy, D. Drake, S. Hayes Hursch, R. Larson, L. Lehrer, S. Magle and T. Ryan (In Review). "Landscape and socioeconomic factors structure mesopredator distributions in Midwestern US cities. " Ecol Appl. MacDougall, B. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about sensory modalities in animals. Instead, it lists various studies related to land cover change, urban landscapes, and ecological patterns but offers no information about the variations in sensory modalities among animal species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: Fermentation 4:47 García-Estrada C, Martín (2020) Omics approaches applied to Penicillium chrysogenum and penicillin production: revealing the secrets of improved productivity. Genes 11:712 García-Rico RO, Martín JF, (2007) The pga1 gene of Penicillium chrysogenum NRRL 1951 encodes a heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit that controls growth and development. 158:437–446 García-ómez A, Fernández-Bodega MA, Martín JF (2008) The heterotrimeric Gα protein pga1 regulates biosynthesis of penicillin, chrysogenin and roquefortine in Penicillium chrysogenum. Microbiology 154:3567–3578 Gil-Durán C, Rojas-ía-Rico RO, Villagrán S, Levicán G, Chávez R (2015) The pcz1 gene, which encodes a Zn(II)2Cys6 protein, is involved in the control of growth, conidiation, and conidial germination in the filamentous fungus Penicillium roqueforti. 10:e0120740 Guzmán-Chávez F, Salo O, Nygård (2017) Mechanism and regulation of sorbicillin biosynthesis by Penicillium chrysogenum. 10:958–968 (2011) Fleming’s penicillin producing strain is not Penicillium chrysogenum but P. rubens. IMA Fungus 2:87–95 Houbraken J, Kocsubé (2020) Classification of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and related genera (Eurotiales): an overview of families, genera, subgenera, sections, series and species. 95:5–169 (2016) MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7. 0 for bigger datasets. Evol 33:1870–1874 (2006) A fungal family of transcriptional regulators: the zinc cluster proteins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and research related to Penicillium species, particularly Penicillium chrysogenum, which is commonly recognized as the source of penicillin. It highlights genetic and biochemical factors that contribute to penicillin production from Penicillium, supporting the assertion that penicillin is derived from this fungus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanotechnology can make consumer products completely indestructible and immune to wear. [SEP] Text: Nanotechnology in the real world: Redeveloping the nanomaterial consumer products inventory Marina E. Vance 1 2 Eric P. Vejerano 3 Sean P. McGinnis 4 Michael F. Hochella Jr. 5 2 and Matthew S. Hull 1 Marina E. for Virginia Tech, 410 (0194), 235 Stanger St. , Blacksburg, VA 24061, All 1780. Received 28 Mar 2015, Accepted 07 Aug 2015, Published 21 Aug 2015 2005. The objective of this present work is to redevelop the CPI by leading a research effort to increase the usefulness and reliability of this inventory. We created eight new descriptors for consumer products, including information pertaining to the nanomaterials contained in each product. The project was motivated by the recognition that a diverse group of stakeholders from academia, industry, and state/federal government had become highly dependent on the inventory as an important resource and bellweather of the pervasiveness of nanotechnology in society. We interviewed 68 nanotechnology experts to assess key information needs. Their answers guided inventory modifications by providing a clear conceptual framework best suited for user expectations. The revised inventory was released in October 2013. It currently lists 1814 consumer products from 622 companies in 32 countries. and Fitness category contains the most products (762, or 42% of the total). Silver is the most frequently used nanomaterial (435 products, or 24%); however, 49% of the products (889) included in the CPI do not provide the composition of the nanomaterial used in them. About 29% of the CPI (528 products) contain nanomaterials suspended in a variety of liquid media and dermal contact is the most likely exposure scenario from their use. The majority (1288 products, or 71%) of the products do not present enough supporting information to corroborate the claim that nanomaterials are used. The modified CPI has enabled crowdsourcing capabilities, which allow users to suggest edits to any entry and permits researchers to upload new findings ranging from human and environmental exposure data to complete life cycle assessments. There are inherent limitations to this type of database, but these modifications to the inventory addressed the majority of criticisms raised in published literature and in surveys of nanotechnology stakeholders and experts. The development of standardized methods and metrics for nanomaterial characterization and labelling in consumer products can lead to greater understanding between the key stakeholders in nanotechnology, especially consumers, researchers, regulators, and industry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges in the use of nanotechnology for consumer products. It states that while there is a large inventory of products containing nanomaterials, '71% of the products do not present enough supporting information to corroborate the claim that nanomaterials are used.' This suggests that the claim of complete indestructibility and immunity to wear is not supported by the evidence, as many products lack the necessary information to demonstrate such properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: and H. A. Sander (In Review). "Mesopredator occupancy patterns in a small city in an intensively agricultural region. " Urban Ecosyst. . Droege, J. and C. A. Langtimm (2002). "Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one. " Ecology83(8): 2248-2255. . Bailey and J. E. Hines (2017). Occupancy estimation and modeling: inferring patterns and dynamics of species occurrence, Elsevier. Magle, S. , E. Lehrer and M. Fidino (2016). "Urban mesopredator distribution: examining the relative effects of landscape and socioeconomic factors. " Anim Conserv19(2): 163-175. Magle, S. B. , M. Fidino, E. W. Lehrer, T. Gallo, M. P. Mulligan, M. J. Ríos, A. A. Ahlers, J. Angstmann, A. Belaire, B. Dugelby, A. Gramza, L. Hartley, B. MacDougall, T. Ryan, C. Salsbury, H. Sander, C. Schell, K. Simon, S. and D. Drake (2019). "Advancing urban wildlife research through a multi‐city collaboration. " Environ17(4): 232-239. McCleery, R. and I. Parker (2011). "Influence of the urban environment on fox squirrel range overlap. " Journal of Zoology285(3): 239-246. and S. N. Kahlick (2007). "Habitat use of fox squirrels in an urban environment. " of wildlife management71(4): 1149-1157. McGarigal, K. , and S. A. Cushman (2016). "Multi-scale habitat selection modeling: a review and outlook. " Landsc Ecol31(6): 1161-1175. Miguet, P. , and L. Fahrig (2016). "What determines the spatial extent of landscape effects on species? " Landsc Ecol31(6): 1177-1194. . Robison and R. A. Montgomery (2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the variation of sensory modalities among different animal species. Instead, it consists of references to urban wildlife research and other ecological studies without discussing sensory modalities or providing evidence related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: 2008), the strain first found to produce satisfactory yields of penicillin when grown submerged (CBS 197. 46 = NRRL 832), are accommodated in this clade. These two clades evidently represent two different species, P. chrysogenum and P. rubens. Phenotypic and extrolite analysisPhenotypic examination using macro- and microscopical characters of strains of the Penicillium rubens and P. chrysogenum clades did not reveal clear differences. The majority of the examined strains showed similar growth characteristics, such as good growth and sporulation on YES agar, weak or moderate growth on CREA with poor acid production and large clear or yellow coloured exudate droplets on MEA and/or CYA (Fig. 2). Three strains had deviating growth characteristics: CBS 355. 48 (ex-type culture of P. notatum) had smaller colonies on all tested agar media, and NRRL 792 (ex-type culture of P. rubens; Fig. 3), and CBS 307. 48 (= NRRL 1951, wild-type full genome-sequenced strain) deviated in having reduced sporulation on most agar media. Fig. 2Penicillium rubens CBS 205. 57 (Fleming’s original penicillin-producer). A–C. Colonies 7 d old 25 °. D–H. Condiophores. I. Conidia. Bars = 10 µm. Full size image Fig. 3Penicillium rubens NRRL 792. A–C. Colonies 7 d old 25 °. D–H. Condiophores. I. Conidia. Bars =10 µm. Full size imageExtrolite analysis differentiated the P. chrysogenum and P. rubens clades. An overview of extrolites produced by these species, with emphasis on the important strains in the history of penicillin, is shown in Table 2. These results show that P. chrysogenum produces secalonic acid D and F and/or a metabolite related to lumpidin (Larsen et al. 2001), while P. rubens does not produce these metabolites. Table 2 Extrolites produced by Penicillium chrysogenum and P. rubens strains studied, with a focus on the important strains for the history of penicillin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing information about specific species of the Penicillium fungus, particularly focusing on Penicillium rubens, which is noted as Fleming’s original penicillin producer. It details the characteristics and differences of both P. chrysogenum and P. rubens, thereby supporting the assertion that penicillin, as a groundbreaking antibiotic, is indeed derived from the Penicillium fungus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanotechnology can make consumer products completely indestructible and immune to wear. [SEP] Text: Keywords: consumer products; database; inventory; nanoinformatics; nanomaterials in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology have resulted in myriad possibilities for consumer product applications, many of which have already migrated from laboratory benches into store shelves and e-commerce websites. Nanomaterials have been increasingly incorporated into consumer products, although research is still ongoing on their potential effects to the environment and human health. This research will continue long into the future. To document the penetration of nanotechnology in the consumer marketplace, the for Scholars and the Project on created the (CPI) in 2005, listing 54 products [1]. This first-of-its-kind inventory has become one of the most frequently cited resources showcasing the widespread applications of nanotechnology in consumer products. In 2010, the CPI listed 1012 products from 409 companies in 24 countries. Even though it did not go through substantial updates in the period between 2010 and 2013, it continued being heavily cited in government reports [2] and the scientific literature – the website has been cited over 2,580 times in 2. 0). Finally, we present an overview of the current data present in the CPI after the completion of this project. Results and Discussion CPI growth over time Table 1 lists the growth of the CPI since 2005. In 2011, before this current project, the CPI described 1314 products. Since then, 489 products that are no longer available or marketed as containing nanotechnology have been archived and 500 products have been added. The new total of 1814 products as of March 2015 represents a thirty-fold increase over the 54 products originally listed in 2005 – which is not a complete representation of the growth of this market, as our methodology has also evolved over time. Based on our review, the CPI is the largest online inventory of nanotechnology consumer products available. Products come from 622 companies located in 32 countries (File 1, Table S1). Table 1: Number of products in the CPI over time. products Products added Products archived Data collection notes 2005 54 54 0 Beginning of CPI as a static pdf document. 2006 356 302 0 Launch of the online CPI. 2007 580 278 0 Nanoscale silver emerged as most cited nanomaterial. 2008 803 223 0 Health and fitness products represented 60% of the inventory. 2009 1015 212 107 Added archiving function to the CPI. 2010 1015 0 0 No data collected. 2011 1015 0 0 No data collected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the ongoing research and development of nanomaterials in consumer products, indicating that while nanotechnology has led to numerous applications, there are still potential effects on the environment and human health that are being studied. This suggests that nanotechnology may not provide complete indestructibility or immunity to wear, as the advancements are still evolving and the full implications are not yet understood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: "At what spatial scale (s) do mammals respond to urbanization? " Ecography43(2): 171-183. Monterroso, P. , F. Díaz‐Ruíz, P. M. Lukacs, P. C. Alves and P. Ferreras (2020). "Ecological traits and the spatial structure of competitive coexistence among carnivores. " Ecology: e03059. and B. Kissui (2018). "Discordant scales and the potential pitfalls for human-carnivore conflict mitigation. " Biol Conserv224: 170-177. Moreira-Arce, D. , P. M. Vergara, S. Boutin, G. Carrasco, R. Briones, G. E. Soto and J. E. Jimenez (2016). "Mesocarnivores respond to fine-grain habitat structure in a mosaic landscape comprised by commercial forest plantations in southern Chile. " Manage369: 135-143. Mueller, M. A. , D. Drake and M. L. Allen (2018). "Coexistence of coyotes (Canis latrans) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in an urban landscape. " 13(1): e0190971. Ordeñana,. Siudyla, C. D. Haas, S. and D. H. (2010). "Effects of urbanization on carnivore species distribution and richness. " J Mammal91(6): 1322-1331. Parsons, A. W. , T. Forrester, M. C. Baker- and R. Kays (2018). "Mammal communities are larger and more diverse in moderately developed areas. " Elife7: e38012. Pennington, D. N. and R. B. Blair (2011). "Habitat selection of breeding riparian birds in an urban environment: untangling the relative importance of biophysical elements and spatial scale. " Divers Distrib17(3): 506-518. Smith, A. C. , L. Fahrig and C. M. Francis (2011). "Landscape size affects the relative importance of habitat amount, habitat fragmentation, and matrix quality on forest birds. " Ecography34(1): 103-113. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sensory modalities in animal species. Instead, it lists multiple studies related to the effects of urbanization on mammals and habitat selection, without any information about the variation in sensory modalities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: This is also supported by that monograph being cited in Fleming’s report of the original discovery of penicillin (Fleming 1929). Penicillium rubrum is listed in Biourge’s monograph as “P. rubrum (? ) Grassberger-Stoll, 1905″ and this species was classified in Biourge’s subsection “Les Radiés, Radiata”. This subsection also comprises P. chrysogenum and the species P. griseoroseum, P. cyaneofulvum, P. brunneorubrum, P. notatum, P. citreoroseum, and P. baculatum, which are currently all listed as synonyms of P. chrysogenum. Examination of Biourge’s drawings of “P. rubrum (? ) Grassberger-Stoll” shows that his definition of P. rubrum is very similar to that of P. chrysogenum and does not fit in the original concept of P. rubrum (Stoll 1904, Pitt 1980). This was also noted by Biourge (1923) and therefore he added the question mark to his description of P. rubrum. Furthermore, the close connection between P. rubrum Grassberger-Stoll sensu Biourge and P. rubens was also noted by Thom (1930: 250) who assigned the former species to P. rubens. In conclusion, used Biourge’s taxonomic scheme and identified Fleming’s strain as P. rubrum Grassberger-Stoll (as defined by Biourge) and this identification was accurate at that time and not incorrect as claimed in literature (Thom 1945, Raper & Thom 1949, Lax 2005). Furthermore, Biourge (1923) wrote in his description of P. rubrum that the species was a common laboratory contaminant (“…un animal de laboratoire! ”), which could have strengthened in his idea of having the correct identification, since Fleming’s isolate was also a laboratory contaminant. Name changes of Fleming’s penicillin-producing strainThom was about to finish his monograph in 1930, he received the Fleming strain (CBS 205. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Biourge’s monograph which cites the Penicillium species related to Fleming's discovery of penicillin. It mentions Penicillium rubrum and its connection to the classification of penicillin-producing strains like P. chrysogenum, thereby supporting the assertion that penicillin is derived from the Penicillium fungus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanotechnology can make consumer products completely indestructible and immune to wear. [SEP] Text: The academic community can continue to make use of this inventory to help prioritize, for example, which types of products or nanomaterial components to evaluate in human exposure or toxicity studies, life cycle assessments, and nanomaterial release studies. The CPI is useful for policy makers interested in regulating nanotechnology in consumer products by understanding their increasing numbers in the market, the main nanomaterial components that are chosen by manufacturers, and the likelihood for exposure. Beaudrie et al. [40] urge that there should be regulatory reforms to improve oversight of nanomaterials throughout their life cycle. Finally, the current lack of global standardized methods and metrics for nanomaterial characterization and labeling in consumer products is an issue that, if addressed, can lead to greater understanding between the key stakeholders in nanotechnology, especially researchers, regulators, and industry. Further, as we recognize the growing importance of tools like the CPI for the needs of diverse stakeholder groups, steps should be taken to help ensure that those tools are fully developed and refined to meet those needs. expert survey To determine potentially useful improvements for the CPI, we developed a web-based survey to gather the informed opinions of nanotechnology experts – mostly in US-based academic institutions, governmental agencies, and research centers. Their answers guided the CPI modifications and provided an idea of the expectations related to the inventory. The survey questions are presented in the File 1. New descriptors To improve the utility and searchability of this database, seven product descriptors were created. Entries in the inventory were revised to go beyond a categorization of the consumer products and instead, to include more information on the nanomaterials themselves. We searched for this information mainly on the internet – on manufacturer’s websites, retailer’s websites, news sites and blogs, patents – and, when available, product labels. Nanomaterial composition The main composition of the nanomaterials used. This information, when available, was added to the database in the form of a check-box list, in which more than one nanomaterial composition can be selected for each consumer product. Nanomaterial shape and size Because there are many different ways in which manufacturers can measure and describe the shape and size of nanomaterials in consumer products (i. e. , units of nanometers or micrometers, thickness of nanofilms, diameter or length of fibers or tubes, diameter or radius of nanop1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the academic and regulatory aspects of nanomaterials in consumer products rather than asserting that nanotechnology makes products indestructible. It emphasizes the need for regulation, oversight, and understanding of nanomaterials, which implies that while nanotechnology has potential benefits, there are complexities and challenges in its application. No statement in the text supports the idea that consumer products can be completely indestructible or immune to wear.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Snep, R. P. and P. Clergeau (2020). "Biodiversity in cities, reconnecting humans with nature. " Sustainable built environments: 251-274. Stevens, B. S. and C. J. Conway (2020). "Predictive multi‐scale occupancy models at range‐wide extents: Effects of habitat and human disturbance on distributions of wetland birds. " Divers Distrib26(1): 34-48. Stuber, E. F. and L. F. Gruber (2020). "Solutions to of Effect in Multi-scale Modeling. " Ecology Reports: 1-13. Taylor, J. L. , W. Acevedo, R. F. Auch and M. A. Drummond (2015). Status and Trends of in the of the United States: 1973 to 2000, US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey. Thornton, D. H. and R. J. (2014). "Body size and spatial scales in avian response to landscapes: a meta‐analysis. " Ecography37(5): 454-463. Wait, K. R. and A. A. Ahlers (2020). "Virginia opossum distributions are influenced by human-modified landscapes and water availability in tallgrass prairies. " J Mammal101(1): 216-225. Wait, K. R. , A. M. Ricketts and A. A. Ahlers (2018). "Land-use change structures carnivore communities in remaining tallgrass prairie. " of Wildlife Management82(7): 1491-1502. Wheatley, M. and C. Johnson (2009). "Factors limiting our understanding of ecological scale. " Ecol Complex6(2): 150-159. Wright, J. D. , M. S. Burt and V. L. Jackson (2012). "Influences of an urban environment on home range and body mass of Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana). " Northeast Nat19(1): 77-86. Supplementary Files1. docx:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionlets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided lists various studies and papers concerning biodiversity, ecological modeling, and species distributions, but it does not directly address or provide evidence related to the claim about sensory modalities among animal species. Thus, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: 57 = NRRL 824 = IMI 015378) that had been identified as Penicillium rubrum, and he re-identified it as P. notatum (Thom 1945). He did not realize that the Fleming isolate was identified by the experienced mycologist Touche since he wrote: “Not being a mycologist, he [Alexander Fleming] undertook to identify the mold from the literature and selected the name Penicillium rubrum Biourge” (Thom 1945). However, the authority name Biourge is not mentioned in Fleming’s work and Thom would have been more accurate if he had named it “Penicillium rubrum Grassberger-Stoll sensu Biourge”. Subequently, Samson et al. (1977) broadened the concept of P. chrysogenum and placed P. notatum in synonymy with the former species. This transfer was later supported in several other works (Pitt 1980, Frisvad & Filtenborg 1989, Banke et al. 1997, Samson & Frisvad 2004). From this point on, Fleming’s penicillin-producer was identified as P. chrysogenum. Our current study shows that the correct name of this strain is P. rubens. Origin of the Fleming strainTouche was working with moulds from indoor air and especially those isolated from cobwebs. He isolated hundreds of strains from poorer parts of London and Sheffield (Hare 1970, Kingston 2008) and a large percentage of them were Penicillium chrysogenum and P. rubens. Furthermore, subsequent research has shown that these might be the most common Penicillium in indoor air (Scott et al. 2004, Samson et al. 2010). La Touche’s hypothesis was that these moulds could cause asthma, and this was later confirmed by, for example, Ward et al. (2010). It could very well be that one of La Touche’s cultures from indoor air contaminated Fleming’s plate, since they were working in the same building and Fleming always had his windows shut (Hare 1970). Both P. rubens and P. chrysogenum produce penicillin, and in that respect it is not surprising that P. rubens was present. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that both P. rubens and P. chrysogenum, which are species of the Penicillium fungus, produce penicillin. This supports the assertion that penicillin is derived from Penicillium fungi, substantiating the claim's validity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanotechnology can make consumer products completely indestructible and immune to wear. [SEP] Text: Extensively verified claim yes yes yes yes 2. Verified claim yes yes yes 3. Manufacturer-supported claim yes yes 4. Unsupported claim yes 5. Not advertised by manufacturer yes Researchers say In order to add available scientific information to the inventory, we created a text-entry database field named “Researchers say”, which makes it possible to include an extract from a research paper (such as the abstract), author citation, and a link to the paper. added a new crowdsourcing capability to the CPI website so that consumers, manufacturers, and the greater scientific community can contribute new information on nanomaterial composition of CPI products to the inventory. New contributors must request an account by completing a form with their contact information, and they must provide a reason why they would like to gain access to this crowdsourcing tool. Accounts are manually reviewed. Access is granted to all requesters who complete the form and have a legitimate purpose for contributing information. Once an account is created, users may sign in and suggest edits to any product (including the archiving of products no longer available or no longer advertising to contain nanomaterials) or suggest new products to the inventory. As a quality control measure, suggestions and new product forms contributed by registered users must be approved by a CPI curator before updates or revisions are posted to the inventory. File 1: A compilation of company and product numbers listed by country of origin. A list of all nanomaterial components included in the inventory. Nanotechnology expert survey questions. Additional nanotechnology expert survey results. Format: PDF Size: 412. 1 KB Funding for this work was provided by the Institute for (ICTAS) at and the Center for (VTSuN). We acknowledge the important help of J. Rousso, E. Bruning, S. Guldin, J. Wang, D. Yang, X. Zhou, L. Marr, the VTSuN graduate students in updating inventory entries, and the Laboratory for Analysis at Virginia Tech. We also acknowledge the Center for the of Nanotechnology, funded under -0830093, for helping to inform our understanding of the broad world of manufactured nanomaterials. Co-author M. Hull acknowledges helpful discussions with A. Maynard of the that provided important motivation for this work. 487. doi:10. 1111/ropr. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the process of verifying claims related to nanotechnology without providing assurance that nanotechnology makes products completely indestructible or immune to wear. The inclusion of terms such as 'unsupported claim' and 'not advertised by manufacturer' suggests that not all claims about nanotechnology in consumer products are scientifically backed or supported by manufacturers, leading to skepticism about the assertion that nanotechnology can achieve indestructibility.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2001. | DOI: 10. 1097/01. COT. 0000292527. 31051. 06 —Thalidomide as an anticancer agent will likely be best used in combination with other drugs, and the selection of companion agents being tested varies widely. That was the conclusion of researchers presenting results here at the most recent Symposium and in follow-up phone calls at the end of February. Combinations with cytotoxic chemotherapy agents, steroids, antibiotics, and even a bisphosphonate are all being tested. ‘Total Therapy’ Thalidomide is an angiogenesis inhibitor, and its activity as a single agent in refractory multiple myeloma was confirmed in a report by of the in Little Rock. He described a trial of 169 patients in which 61 responded, including three with complete responses, and 20 others with regressions of greater than 90 percent. The overall survival rate with single-agent thalidomide was 55 percent at 18 months. Dr. Barlogie said he believes thalidomide is an ideal agent to combine with myelosuppressive cytotoxic drugs, since it is minimally bone-marrow suppressive. In an interview after the meeting, Dr. Barlogie said a randomized multiple myeloma trial referred to as “II” has already randomized more than 300 newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients to intensive induction chemotherapy alone or with thalidomide. Figure: Joe Vericker/Photobureau; said he believes thalidomide is an ideal agent to combine with myelosuppressive cytotoxic drugs, since it is minimally bone-marrow suppressive. The “total therapy” regimen begins with vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (VAD); followed by dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and cisplatin (DCEP); then cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone; stem cell transplant; and then another cycle of DCEP. A second phase consists of two cycles of high-dose melphalan. Patients are randomized to receive or not receive thalidomide throughout the year-long program, Dr. Barlogie said. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sensory modalities in different animal species. Instead, it discusses the use of thalidomide as an anticancer agent and the details of its combinations with other drugs in multiple myeloma treatment. Therefore, the relationship between the text and the claim is irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: It is noticeable that the historical important penicillin producers (Wisconsin strain NRRL 1951, Fleming’s strain CBS 205. 57 = NRRL 824 = IMI 015378, and the strain first used for producing penicillin in submerged conditions CBS 197. 46), all proved to be P. rubens. Current taxonomy and implicationsHere we recognize the presence of two species in Penicillium chrysogenum sensu lato. The presence of four lineages in P. chrysogenum was described by Scott et al. (2004). Scott’s lineages 1 and 2 are P. chrysogenum, and lineage 4 corresponds to P. rubens. The status of lineage 3 is still under investigation. It was suggested by Scott et al. (2004) that lineage 4 (i. e. P. rubens) may have a competitive advantage over other lineages to exploit human-associated indoor niches and support for this hypothesis requires investigation of distribution patterns of members of this group in other geographic regions. The full genome sequenced strain derived from NRRL 1951 (van den Berg 2008) is also a P. rubens, and this shows that there is as yet no strain of P. chrysogenum sensu stricto full genome sequenced. 488. 624. 331. 2337. 89. 3404. 791. 236. 773. 861. 173. 214. 89. New York: Plenum Press. 515. [Proceedings of the Conference on Fungi, Mycotoxins and Bioaerosols. Saratoga Springs, New York. September 23–25, 1998. ] Albany, NY: Center. 153. 128. 92. 113. 5084. 2005. [vol. 146. ] Ruggell:. 175. 266. 2. ] Utrecht: CBS-. 1105. 270. 771. 109. 475. 1168. 391. 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10. 5598/imafungus. 2011. 02. 01. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the historical importance of penicillin producers, specifically noting that the Wisconsin strain NRRL 1951, which is a penicillin producer, is identified as belonging to the strain P. rubens. It also mentions that lineage 4 corresponds to P. rubens, highlighting its role in the production of penicillin, thus supporting the claim that penicillin is derived from the Penicillium fungus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All food products will soon incorporate nanotechnology to eliminate spoilage and contamination. [SEP] Text: Τα μικροβιολογικώς σταθερά τρόφιμα δεν είναι αποστειρωμένα, αλλά οι μικροοργανισμοί που περιέχουν δεν μπορούν να αναπτυχθούν κατά τη διανομή και την αποθήκευσή τους σε επίπεδα που μπορεί να προκαλέσουν αλλοίωση. Για παράδειγμα, τα κονσερβοποιημένα τρόφιμα υφίστανται μια θερμική επεξεργασία, η οποία έχει σχεδιαστεί κυρίως για να καταστρέφει τα σπόρια του παθογόνου Clostridium botulinum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of microbiologically stable foods that can resist spoilage without being sterilized. It specifically mentions thermal processing methods used in canned foods to destroy certain pathogens, which indicates that other methods exist to manage spoilage and contamination, suggesting that nanotechnology is not necessarily the only solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: In a trial planned at his center for early indolent (smoldering) myeloma, thalidomide will be combined with the bisphosphonate pamidronate, he noted. “We hope to see a lower incidence of secondary leukemia in the thalidomide arm, which is a problem in myeloma therapy. ” single-agent open-label trial of thalidomide at the Institute of prostate cancer patients found declines in prostate-specifc antigen (PSA) levels in 68 percent of 63 androgen-independent patients taking a high-dose regimen, and in 58 percent of men taking low-dose thalidomide, reported William D. Figg, PharmD, and Head of NCI's Section. Low dose was 200 mg/day, and high dose escalated from 200 to 1,200 mg/day. Four patients taking low-dose thalidomide maintained depressed PSA levels for more than 150 days, and two of them were considered partial responders by bone scan criteria. None of the high-dose patients, however, had more than a 50% PSA response, Dr. Figg noted. “That was probably because few patients tolerated the high doses, and most had to come off trial. ” But he added that colleagues at the NCI treating Kaposi's sarcoma are using high-dose thalidomide without the same toxicities—probably because the population of patients is younger than in advanced prostate cancer trials. Dr. Figg pointed out that using changes in PSA as a marker probably underestimated thalidomide's actual effect on reducing prostate tumors, because thalidomide upregulates PSA by about 20 percent. Other drugs also affect PSA, he said. For example, the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP470 both upregulates and dowregulates, and when prostate cancer patients took the drug CAI (carboxyamido-triazole), a downregulator, PSA levels declined even while the patients' tumor size on computed tomography scan was still rising. Figure: Joe Vericker/Photobureau; William D. Figg, PharmD, said thalidomide probably won't “hit any home runs” by itself in prostate cancer treatment, but it may be useful in combination with cytostatic or cytotoxic drugs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about sensory modalities in animal species. It primarily discusses clinical trials involving thalidomide and its effects on prostate cancer, with no mention of animal species or sensory modalities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: More than 1,000 new species are discovered each year, but none have confirmed Bigfoot’s existence. [SEP] Text: Statistical analysis The effects of substrate heterogeneity on arthropod community composition during years 2 and 3 were examined by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) visualization and analysis. Data from the first year were omitted for clarity, as the community was beginning to develop, was drastically different, and would distort the mapping of the data points from other years. Bray–Curtis community similarity values of each plot were mapped on two NMDS axes, and a was performed on the Bray-Curtis values with treatment and roof as independent factors, for each year separately. The diversity in each plot is indicative of alpha diversity, while the community composition differences across roofs are indicative of beta diversity. The effects of substrate heterogeneity treatment on overall arthropod abundance and Chao diversity index, and abundance and Chao diversity index of specific arthropod groups (ants, Collembola, mites, and functional groups including herbivores, predators, and parasitoids), were tested with a repeated measures general linear model that included the total diversity or abundance of arthropods per year of the study as a dependent variable, year as the within-subject factor, and treatment, and school roof as between-subject factors. Generally, all three years of the study were used for analyses comparing treatments. In some cases, data from one of the years were not included in the analysis because the abundance or diversity of the arthropod taxon or functional group was uniformly low, and prevented a normal distribution of model residuals, as indicated in the results. Data were ln-transformed as needed to achieve the model requirements. Where Mauchly’s sphericity test indicated that sphericity could not be assumed, a Huynh-Feldt adjustment of degrees of freedom was used. An indirect effect of the heterogeneity treatment on arthropods, mediated by an effect on plant diversity (H′), was tested. A general linear model was used to test the effect of plant H′as a covariate on the abundance and diversity of arthropod functional groups in February-early March of years 2 and 3, with year included as a random factor and roof as a fixed factor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical analysis, arthropod community composition, and various methods related to ecological research. It does not mention species discovery or any references to Bigfoot, thus it does not corroborate or contrast the claim about species discovery or Bigfoot's existence.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanotechnology can make humans invulnerable to all diseases by coating the body with nanomaterials. [SEP] Text: The inconsistency between the reports has largely arisen due to absence of complete data regarding physicochemical characteristics of ENMs and associated interactions with the biotic and abiotic components of environment [18,19]. A rapidly developing approach aiming at minimizing ENM associated health and environment risk is via the use of biological entities (as such or their extracts) to design desired nanomaterials. The biologically synthesized nanomaterials are hypothesized to be more benign towards human health and environment as compared to chemically synthesized nanomaterials [20], but a detailed safety analysis and risk assessment is a big research lacuna at present. ENMs synthesized through biological routes (biogenic ENMs) have an additional matrix of biomolecules on the surface by the virtue of the synthesis method (Figure 1). The biomolecular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, phytochemicals, etc. from the synthesizing extracts tend to cap the naïve p1. Schematic showing properties of chemically synthesized and biogenic ENMs as compared to bulk form for agricultural applications. ENMs dispersal in abiotic and biotic environment The ENMs, when applied in agricultural fields, can find their way to the environmental components: soil, water and air. Interactions of bio-corona with different factors such as different electrolytes with monovalent and divalent ions, natural organic matter (NOM) [25], terrestrial and aquatic plants and animal species; present in the natural environment determine the fate of the ENMs transformations such as dissolution, agglomeration, sedimentation, interaction and release of surface moieties within the immediate surrounding [26,27]. This could greatly affect the pathway and extent of emission and consequently the impact on the human and environment. Yet, it is still an unsolved question to accurately determine the relevant concentrations of applied biogenic ENMs that will be released from one stratum to another at any given time [28]. It becomes difficult to predict the relevant concentration of biogenic ENMs once released. Such a challenge is due to very little data on prevalence of biogenic ENM as a prospective, commercially available agricultural product [29,30]. Several risk assessment approaches have been used to simulate and calculate predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of chemically synthesized ENMs but there is an unfilled gap about the biogenic ENMs [31-33]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the risks and uncertainties associated with engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), stating that there is a lack of complete data regarding their physicochemical characteristics and health implications. It emphasizes that there is insufficient information on the safety and risk assessment of ENMs, particularly biogenic ENMs, which suggests that the application of nanotechnology does not guarantee invulnerability to diseases. Instead, it highlights the challenges in predicting the effects of these materials on health and the environment.