Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: Each library was sequenced using the v3-HS, in 76-bp paired-end mode on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 instrument following the manufacturer’s protocol. Images from the instrument were processed using the manufacturer’s software to generate FASTQ sequence files. RNA-seq analysisRNA-seq reads were aligned with the -seq pipeline v1. 7 ( which is based on the GEM mapper [73]. The pipeline aligns the reads in a sample in three phases, mapping against the reference genome (dicLab v1. 0c, Jul. 2012), against a reference transcriptome (track) and against a de novo transcriptome, generated from the input data to detect new junction sites. The sea bass genome used here is one of the best in silico annotated fish genomes [31]. After mapping, all alignments were filtered to increase the number of uniquely mapped reads. The filtering criteria included a minimum intron length of 20 bp, a maximum exon overlap of 5 bp and a filter step against a reference annotation checking for consistent pairs and junctions where both sites align to the same annotated gene. The libraries’ statistics including the number of raw reads and the average reads aligned can be found in Additional file 2. The same pipeline was used to quantify expression at the gene level. Similarity across RNA-seq samples was investigated with principal component analysis (PCA; Additional file 1: Fig. S8A), where the first principal component separated the samples by tissue type and explained almost 96% of the variance. One muscle sample was excluded from further analysis since it was clearly an outlier in the quality clustering. The variation in gene expression values was higher and with more extreme values in muscle (Levene’s test; p < 0. 001), whereas the testis had higher expression median (Mood’s median test; χ2 = 3372. 7, p < 0. 001; Additional file 1: Fig. S9A). Subsequently, the TMM method [74] was used for gene expression normalization, which takes into account not only library size (sequencing depth) of the samples but also the composition of the RNA population. The EdgeR robust method [75] was used for differential expression analysis. Genes with p adjusted < 0. 05 were considered significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it primarily describes a technical process related to RNA sequencing and gene expression analysis without mentioning epigenetics or the influence of environmental factors on gene expression across generations. Therefore, it does not provide any information that corroborates or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: September 01 2018 Can carbon capture from air shift the climate change equation? Critics dismiss the idea of scrubbing meaningful amounts of carbon dioxide from the air, but proponents say the approach could be scaled up for the job. Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1063/PT. 3. 4018 Open the PDF for in another window and Can carbon capture from air shift the climate change equation? . 1 September 2018; 71 (9): 26–29. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search plants, Synthetic fuel, Energy policy, Energy storage, Petroleum, Renewable energy, Climate change, Chemical elements, Chemical compounds, News and events Of all the schemes for rescuing the world from the worst effects of climate change, perhaps none seems more quixotic than extracting carbon dioxide directly from the air. Yet at least three companies have developed working capture systems and lined up serious investments to deploy them. All plan to make money on the venture, by selling the gas for production of chemicals, fertilizers, and synthetic fuels and even for desalination, but they say their real goal is to alter the climate change equation. Although CO2 removal is conceptually straightforward, using it to address the climate change problem is an enormous challenge. Yet dramatically reducing or eliminating net global carbon emissions is vital if the world is to stay below the 2 °C temperature increase from preindustrial levels that scientists say is the threshold for the direst impacts of climate change. That task is formidable: 37 gigatons of CO2 were emitted in 2017, according to a projection by the Project. The sum is likely to grow in coming years as developing countries use more energy. View largeDownload slideClimeworks’ direct-air capture plant supplies 900 tons of carbon dioxide a year to a commercial greenhouse in Hinwil, Switzerland. View largeDownload slideClimeworks’ direct-air capture plant supplies 900 tons of carbon dioxide a year to a commercial greenhouse in Hinwil, Switzerland. Close modal Trying to counter such massive emissions with direct-air capture (DAC) seems incredible to some. The atmospheric concentration of the gas is just over 400 ppm, up from around 277 in the preindustrial era. At 100% capture efficiency, 2500 molecules of air must be scrubbed to capture one molecule of CO2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges and skepticism surrounding carbon capture technologies. It states that while carbon capture is a conceptual solution, using it to address climate change is an 'enormous challenge' and emphasizes that capturing carbon dioxide from the air at meaningful levels is seen as quixotic. Additionally, it notes the vast scale of carbon emissions—37 gigatons in 2017—indicating that relying on carbon capture alone to solve climate change problems is overly optimistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The effluent was further transported to an ESI-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap (QTRAP)-MS. Analyst 1. 6. 1 software was employed for metabolite identification. Details on data filtering, peak detection, alignment, calculations, and differential metabolite identification were described by Tang et al. [64]. Particularly, metabolites with T-test P values <0. 05 and VIP ≥ 1 were considered as differential metabolites and mapped to KEGG metabolic pathways for pathway enrichment analysis (FDR ≤ 0. 05)[65]. RNA isolation, library construction, Illumina sequencing, and data processing The total RNA from each sample, which consisted of at least 30 shoots collected from over 10 tea individuals, was extracted using the (). The total RNA quantity and integrity were evaluated and estimated using an 2100 system () and a NanoDropTM ultraviolet spectrophotometer (), respectively. cDNA libraries were constructed using the kit (Gene, Beijing, China) and sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq TM 2500 instrument (Co. , Guangzhou, China). High-quality clean reads were acquired by removing adaptor sequences, reads containing more than 10% unknown nucleotides (N), and low-quality reads containing more than 50% low-quality (Q value≤20) bases; then, the Q20 and Q30 values, GC content, and sequence duplication levels of the clean reads were calculated. The clean reads of each sample were then mapped to the tea plant genome by TopHat2 [66] (version 2. 0. 3. 12). Gene abundances were quantified with RSEM software, and the unigene expression levels were quantified using fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM) values [67]. To identify DEGs across samples or groups, the edgeR package ( was used, and genes with |log2FC| ≥1 and FDR <0. 05 were identified as DEGs. DEGs were then subjected to enrichment analysis of GO functions and KEGG pathways using the Gpackage [68] and KOBAS software [69], respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR validation To validate the reliability of the gene expression analysis in this study, 16 genes were selected for real-time qPCR analysis. Total RNA samples were used for cDNA synthesis according to the method recommended by the SuperScript® III kit manufacturer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodologies related to metabolite identification, RNA extraction, and gene expression analysis in a study, without any mention of fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: Non-genomic transmission of longevity between generations: potential mechanisms and evidence across species access Published: 27 July 2017 Non-genomic transmission of longevity between generations: potential mechanisms and evidence across species Alexander M. Vaiserman1, Alexander K. Koliada1 & Randy L. Jirtle2,3 Epigenetics & Chromatin 1. Fig. 1Distinction between intergenerational and transgenerational inheritance in mammals. In the case of intergenerational inheritance, parental exposures directly influence not only embryos and/or fetuses (F1 generation), but also already developing germ cells, giving rise to the F2 generation. Thus, F1 and F2 phenotypes may be directly exposed to external developmental cues, and F3 generation is the first one where the phenotype is not through primary triggering exposure. Therefore, true transgenerational effects include those that persist into the F3 generation [8]Full size image Many recent papers highlight the role of epigenetic mechanisms in mediating these effects. These processes include modified patterns of DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications, replacement of canonical histones with histone variants, as well as altered noncoding RNA expression causing changed local accessibility to the genetic material and modified gene expression [9]. In a number of papers, the possibility of persistence of epigenetic modifications across multiple generations was reviewed and thoroughly discussed [10,11,12,13,14]. A good example of epigenetic intergenerational inheritance comes from the viable yellow agouti (A vy) mouse model where maternal supplementation with methyl donors was shown to influence not only the affected dams, but also their F2-generation progeny via epigenetic modifications in the germline [15, 16]. In several recent studies, the potential importance of non-genomic transgenerational effects in the inheritance of age-related characteristics has been highlighted [6]. In particular, the evidence for transgenerational effects of maternal diet on reproductive and metabolic aging in offspring has been obtained in various mammalian species such as guinea pigs, rodents, and sheep [17]; however, the transgenerational effects on longevity have been reported only rarely to date. Most of the papers reviewing and discussing such effects are focused solely on data obtained from the nematode Caenorabditis elegans [18,19,20,21], although similar findings were obtained in other species as well (see subsections below). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of environmental factors, such as parental exposures and maternal diet, on gene expression and phenotypes across multiple generations. It mentions that epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, mediate these effects, highlighting that such modifications can persist into the F2 and F3 generations. Additionally, specific examples, like the viable yellow agouti mouse model and transgenerational effects in various mammalian species, support the notion that epigenetic changes can be influenced by environmental factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: “In order to remove CO2 from an ambient airstream, you need a device whose physical proportions are immense,” says MIT physicist Robert Jaffe, who poses DAC as a problem in his book of Energy (2018). “If we walk through a simple calculation, the results are daunting. ” For example, a coal-fired power plant that meets the needs of a city the size of Cambridge, Massachusetts, would emit 1. 6 million tons of CO2. Regardless of the specific removal process, Jaffe says, simply moving the volume of air necessary to capture that amount would require a DAC plant 100 meters high by 600 meters long, with its fans blowing constantly day and night at 2 meters per second. Jaffe assumed a capture efficiency of 50% and an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 500 ppm, perhaps an ambient level at which solutions such as DAC are seriously considered, he says. (Jaffe’s hypothetical power plant produces 150 MW of electricity; a typical US coal-fired power plant produces about 1 GW. ) Direct-air capture is not to be confused with capturing CO2 post-combustion at the source of fossil fuel emissions, a technology that has been deployed in a few places around the world. (Today, May 2013, page 23. ) The concentration of CO2 in flue gas is far higher—up to 15% for coal plants—than in the atmosphere. Even so, thermodynamics requires that the capture and compression of the gas will consume about 16% of the power plant’s useful energy output, says Jaffe. Post-combustion capture from flue gas isn’t expected to become viable unless governments impose a substantial price on CO2 emissions. In its influential 2011 report Capture of CO2 with Chemicals, the Society estimated it would cost $600 to capture a ton of CO2 directly from the air and require erecting 30-km-long plants for every gigawatt-size coal plant. DAC advocates say the report did a disservice by dismissing DAC as a viable option for mitigating climate change. Among the DAC advocates is Peter Eisenberger, a physicist and cofounder of Global Thermostat. His company, based in City, is one of three startups that claim they can or soon will be able to capture CO2 with DAC at a cost well below half of APS’s figure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the practical challenges and limitations of direct air capture (DAC) technology as discussed by MIT physicist Robert Jaffe. Jaffe mentions that the physical specifications required for DAC are enormous and that even with substantial efforts, capturing CO2 is an energy-intensive process that may not be viable without significant government intervention on CO2 emissions. These points underscore that DAC is not a straightforward or sufficient solution to climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Information about the primers used for qRT-PCR analysis is listed in Additional file 4: Table S4. qRT-PCR was performed using ™ II (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) in a CFX96 Touch real-time PCR system (BIO-) according to the manufacturer’s protocol, and amplification was performed as previously reported [70]. The results were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method [71] with the CsPTB1 gene as a control [72]. Each sample was examined in triplicate. AbbreviationsDEGs: differentially expressed genes; FDR: false discovery rate; FPKM: fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass chromatography; LYQQ: Lianyuanqiqu; MZ: Meizhan; PIN: PIN-; QQ: Qiqu; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR; SGR: shoot gravitropism; UPLC-ESI-MS/MS: ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry; ZIG: zigzag; ZIP: zig suppressor1DeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate The tea cultivars ‘Meizhan’, ‘Qiqu’ and ‘Lianyuanqiqu’ used in this study were planted and grown at. No specific permits were required for plant collection. The study did not require ethical approval or consent, as no endangered or protected plant species were involved. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available in the (SRA), with the link of under the accession number PRJNA559220. Competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. work was supported by the of China (31800587, 31600555), the Foundation of (2017J01616), the for (CARS-19), the Construction of of (102/71201801101), and the “2011 Center”, (Cultivation) special project (J2015-75). The funding bodies were not involved in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and in writing the manuscript. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of a qRT-PCR analysis and the general methodological details related to the study, without mentioning fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: In this review, evidence from various taxa demonstrating that lifespan and longevity-associated characteristics can be transmitted across generations is described and discussed. Basic mechanisms of epigenetic regulationEpigenetic modifications refer to both mitotically and meiotically heritable alterations in gene expression that occur without changes in underlying DNA sequence [22]. While DNA is relatively static throughout ontogenesis, the epigenetic code changes dramatically during the embryonic development of the organism to initiate differential gene expression patterns between various developing tissues. This code consists of chemical modifications of DNA and histone proteins that play a crucial role in packing the DNA by forming nucleosomes. In many species including mammals, DNA methylation, consisting of the addition of a methyl group at the fifth position of cytosine followed by a guanine nucleotide (a CpG dinucleotide), is one of the most important mechanisms of epigenetic regulation [23, 24]. This process mostly occurs within so-called CpG islands, i. e. , regions of the genome that are rich in cytosine followed by guanine nucleotides. CpG islands are typically common near transcription start sites often associated with promoter regions. Methylation of CpG islands in promoter regions of various genes usually leads to their transcriptional silencing, although several transcription factors important for cell reprogramming during development were recently identified that prefer to bind to CpG-methylated sequences [25]. Posttranslational modification of core histone proteins, including the acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, phosphorylation, sumoylation, and ubiquitination of histone tails, is another key mechanism of epigenetic regulation [26]. Various combinations of histone modifications form the histone code for an organism which mark the functional units of chromatin, recruiting transcription factors, and coactivators/cosuppressors that regulate chromatin structure and gene activity. Among all histone modifications, methylation and acetylation of histone tails appear to be the most important modifications linked to gene expression. Transcriptional activity can be affected by histone modifications through two major mechanisms. Firstly, they can change the structure and conformation of chromatin. Secondly, they can provide signals for particular enzymes to recruit transcriptional activators or suppressors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing epigenetic modifications as heritable alterations in gene expression that occur without changes in the underlying DNA sequence. It explains that 'lifespan and longevity-associated characteristics can be transmitted across generations', which aligns directly with the claim that epigenetics explores influences that can affect gene expression across generations. Furthermore, the text outlines the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, showcasing how these processes are crucial in the dynamics of gene expression, particularly in response to environmental factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: To date, however, the Swiss company Climeworks is the only one that can document cost in a commercial setting. Its plant supplies a greenhouse with 900 tons of CO2 annually to boost crop yields by accelerating photosynthesis. Coincidentally, the cost comes to $600 a ton. For comparison, CO2 used by the US oil and gas industry for enhanced oil recovery can be purchased from naturally occurring underground reservoirs for $30–$40 per ton. All the companies’ cost estimates include only the cost of capturing the CO2 and not the cost of permanent underground storage. A 2015 of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report estimated the cost of sequestration will be $10–$20 per ton of CO2. Proponents of DAC say it will be a far more efficient method of CO2 removal and far less land-intensive than another alternative, reforestation. Although other methods of CO2 removal have been proposed, the UN on Climate Change, in its most recent assessment, judged those to have “biogeochemical or technological limitations to their potential on the global scale. ” By one estimate, by of the Research Center, more than 2 × 106 km2 would have to be reforested to have a significant effect on climate change. The state of Alaska is 1. 7 × 106 km2. And the world loses about 100 000 km2 each year to deforestation. From CO2 to fuels All DAC systems work by forcing huge volumes of air through devices called contactors, where the CO2 molecules are adsorbed by chemical compounds. The chemicals are either hydroxides or amines. All require heat to release the concentrated CO2, with far higher temperatures needed for hydroxide systems. Electricity is required for the large fans; natural gas or electricity can provide the heat. In the case of amines, waste heat from industrial processes can be used. (CE) is a Canadian firm founded by physicist David Keith. The company has been operating a pilot-scale DAC plant in Squamish, British Columbia, since 2015; it captures 1 ton of CO2 a day. In CE’s two-chemical-loop process, the air is passed through contactors containing an aqueous potassium hydroxide. When CO2 is captured, it forms potassium carbonate, which is sent to a fluidized bed reactor, where it reacts with calcium hydroxide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the costs and limitations associated with direct air capture (DAC) technologies. It mentions that the only commercial DAC operation documented by Climeworks captures CO2 at a cost of $600 per ton, compared to much lower costs of CO2 for enhanced oil recovery at $30-$40 per ton. Additionally, it notes that the cost estimates provided do not include permanent underground storage, undermining the idea that this solution is readily available or sufficient to address all climate change problems. The text also discusses the limitations of other proposed methods, indicating that there are complex challenges that still need to be addressed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Author information Affiliations 1 College of Horticulture,of in Universities of 2 College of Tea and and HC initiated and designed the research. and NY conducted the experiment, and and JL analysed the data. HC and CY wrote the paper. CY revised and approved the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Corresponding author Correspondence to are grateful to thank Biotechnology Co. , Ltd for assisting in sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. 289. Roychoudhry S,Kepinski S. Shoot and root branch growth angle control—the wonderfulness of lateralness. Plant Biol. 2015;23:124-131. Morita MT. Directional gravity sensing in gravitropism. Plant Biol. 2010;61:705-720. . Arabidopsis thaliana: A model for the study of root and shoot gravitropism. Arabidopsis Book. 2002;1:e0043. . Growth-mediated plant movements: hidden in plain sight. Plant Biol. 2018;41:89-94. . Input and signal conversion of gravity in plant gravitropism. J Exp Bot. 2019;70(14):3495-3506. . Plant responses to gravity. Dev Biol. 2019;92:122-125. . SGR2, a phospholipase-like protein, and ZIG/SGR4, a SNARE, are involved in the shoot gravitropism of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2002;14(1):33-46. . Role of endodermal cell vacuoles in shoot gravitropism. J Regul. 2002;21(2):113-119. . Involvement of the vacuoles of the endodermis in the early process of shoot gravitropism in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2002;14(1):47-56. . complex containing SGR3/AtVAM3 and ZIG/VTI11 in gravity-sensing cells is important for Arabidopsis shoot gravitropism. . 2003;100(14):8589-8594. Weijers D,Wagner D. Transcriptional responses to the auxin hormone. Plant Biol. 2016;67:539-574. Zhao Y. Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various research activities and plant biology without mentioning fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. It highlights specific authors, their affiliations, and provides various references regarding plant growth and gravitropism, which do not connect to the claim about fossilized plants and climate insights.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: The dynamic “writing” and “erasing” of histone modifications are conducted by specific enzymes that catalyze the processes of the addition or removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues on the histone N-terminal tails. The main “writers” include histone acetyltransferases and methyltransferases, while “erasers” include histone deacetylases and lysine demethylases [26, 27]. More specifically, histone acetyltransferases acetylate lysine residuals by transferring acetyl groups from acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to form ε-N-acetyl lysine. This modification leads to the neutralization of the positive charge of lysine and can consequently disrupt the interactions between the DNA and the histone tails. Acetylated histones are commonly associated with euchromatin and active transcription. In contrast, deacetylation of histones results in restriction of DNA accessibility through revealing the positive charge of lysine. This permits interactions between the DNA and the histone tails and results in chromatin compaction. Similarly, the phosphorylation of threonine, serine, and tyrosine by kinases and phosphatases alters histone’s net charge, thereby contributing to the modification of the chromatin structure. The processes of DNA methylation and histone modification are closely interconnected with each other. DNA methylation can affect the histone modification and vice versa, thereby collectively influencing chromatin accessibility to RNA polymerase and transcription factors. Recently, one more key component of epigenetic control of gene expression by noncoding RNAs has been discovered. Noncoding RNAs can regulate gene activity at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels [28, 29]. They are functional RNA molecules that are transcribed from DNA but not translated into proteins. Several noncoding RNAs may interfere with the functionality of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) through a mechanism of RNA interference. By this mechanism, gene expression is regulated in a sequence-specific way without changing target sequences. The microRNAs (miRNAs), small (18–22 nucleotides in length) RNA molecules that may negatively regulate posttranscriptionally the expression of their target genes, are the most thoroughly studied class of noncoding RNAs involved in epigenetic regulation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing mechanisms of epigenetics, such as histone modifications and DNA methylation, that are influenced by environmental factors. It explains how acetylation and deacetylation of histones can alter gene expression, thereby linking environmental changes to genetic activity. Furthermore, it mentions the role of noncoding RNAs in regulating gene activity, further supporting the notion that epigenetics examines interactions between the environment and gene expression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: The resulting potassium hydroxide returns to the contactors, and solid pellets of calcium carbonate are moved to a calciner and heated to 900 °C to release the CO2. The lime that’s left is hydrated and returned to the bed reactor. A June 2. The highest-cost DAC plants would supply pressurized CO2 for shipment or geologic sequestration. The lowest-cost plant would serve as the front end of a gas-to-liquids plant that would produce synthetic fuels to replace or be blended with gasoline, diesel, or aviation fuels. Keith says CE’s board will decide in the next several months whether to build a combined DAC and synthetic fuels plant to validate all the steps in the process. The plant would produce 100 barrels or so a day. It’s possible that the Canadian or US government might put up some funding. The next step, a commercial plant producing 2000 barrels a day of fuels and capturing 300 000 tons of CO2 per year, will cost roughly $300 million, Keith says. Financing depends on finding both a buyer for the fuels and a supplier of low-cost renewable energy, preferably one that will take an ownership stake in CE. The economics of CE’s fuels venture and how carbon-neutral the fuels will be depend mostly on the price and carbon content of the electricity needed to produce the fuels’ hydrogen component. CE plans to use mainly renewable energy in splitting water for hydrogen. Keith says CE will produce fuels for about $1 a liter: $0. 70 for splitting water and $0. 15 apiece for the DAC and fuels-synthesis processes. Petroleum products cost about $0. 60 a liter. Keith acknowledges that synthetic fuels can’t compete with petroleum products in unregulated environments. But in niche markets, notably California, a low-carbon fuel standard (LCFS) sets limits on the carbon-intensity of fuels sold there. Measured in grams of CO2 per megajoule, the current limit will be gradually tightened so that increasing numbers of electric vehicles and a growing fraction of renewable fuels such as biodiesel and ethanol will be in the mix. The federal renewable fuel standard, on which the corn ethanol industry depends, provides further incentive for low-carbon synthetic fuels. And a new federal tax credit taking effect this year provides incentives for capturing and storing or reselling CO2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while ocean carbon capture technologies such as direct air capture (DAC) may contribute to reducing CO2 emissions, they face significant economic and regulatory challenges. For example, Keith mentions that synthetic fuels produced from this process will not be able to compete with petroleum products in unregulated environments, and their success depends on low-carbon fuel standards and incentives, rather than being a comprehensive solution to climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant Biol. 2010;61:49-64. Adamowski M,Friml J. PIN-dependent auxin transport: action, regulation, and evolution. Plant Cell. 2015;27(1):20-32. Haswell ES. Gravity perception: How plants stand up for themselves. Curr Biol. 2003;13(19):R761-R763. . Termination of shoot gravitropic responses by auxin feedback on PIN3 polarity. Curr Biol. 2016;26(22):3026-3032. . A core regulatory pathway controlling rice tiller angle mediated by the LAZY1-dependent asymmetric distribution of auxin. Plant Cell. 2018;30(7):1461-1475. . 1 family plays a key role in gravity signaling within statocytes and in branch angle control of roots and shoots. Plant Cell. 2017;29(8):1984-1999. . AtLAZY1 is a signaling component required for gravitropism of the Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence. Plant J. 2013;74(2):267-279. . Architecture1, an protein involved in shoot gravitropism, regulates plant architecture in rice. Plant Physiol. 2013;161(1):317-329. . Maize LAZY1 mediates shoot gravitropism and inflorescence development through regulating auxin transport, auxin signaling, and light response. Plant Physiol. 2013;163(3):1306-1322. Yoshihara T,Iino M. Identification of the gravitropism-related rice gene LAZY1 and elucidation of LAZY1-dependent and -independent gravity signaling pathways. Physiol. 2007;48(5):678-688. . Loss of a highly conserved sterile alpha motif domain gene (WEEP) results in pendulous branch growth in peach trees. . 2018;115(20):E4690-E4699. . Genetic divergence between Camellia sinensis and its wild relatives revealed via genome-wide SNPs from RAD sequencing. PloS One. 2016;11(3):e0151424. Chen L,Yamaguchi S. RAPD markers for discriminating tea germplasms at the inter-specific level in China. Plant Breeding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses various studies and research publications related to plant biology, gravitropism, and genetic divergence of certain plant species without addressing fossilized plants or their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: The miRNA “seed sequences” (nucleotides 2–8 at the 5′ end) bind to complementary sites in the 3′ untranslated region of the target mRNA and inhibit the translation of this mRNA or cause its degradation. This results in the premature degradation or in the stop of translation due to the formation of so-called RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs). The miRNAs commonly have multiple targets, and a particular gene may be targeted by different miRNAs. Thus, signaling pathways regulated by these molecules may be exceptionally complex. Importantly, the expression of miRNAs can be modulated by DNA methylation or histone modifications and vice versa, thereby leading to regulatory feedback loops in epigenetic regulation. Recently, the crucial role of noncoding RNAs in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance has been highlighted [3]. An important point in terms of transgenerational epigenetics is that, in mammals, epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation are nearly globally erased and then re-established through two waves of demethylation followed by de novo methylation during the stages of preimplantation and primordial germ cell (PGC) maturation [30, 31]. It is traditionally believed that such re-establishment of epigenetic signatures encompasses the entire genome, except for imprinted genes [30], and prevents the transmission of acquired epigenetic information across generations. Nevertheless, some methylation marks are, in fact, not fully erased, and persist throughout these periods. For example, in the Guo et al. study [32], 7. 8 and 6. 0% of the methylation marks in male and female PGCs, respectively, were shown to be still not erased 10–11 weeks after gestation (i. e. , a time of minimal DNA methylation). It has been repeatedly shown that the epigenome (i. e. , the totality of epigenetic marks across the entire genome) demonstrates its highest sensitivity to environmental cues during specific windows of sensitivity in early development when the process of re-establishment of epigenetic marks takes place [33], and that epigenetic transgenerational inheritance operates during these same periods [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the expression of miRNAs—and, by extension, gene expression—can be influenced by environmental factors such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. It emphasizes that the highest sensitivity of the epigenome to environmental cues occurs during early developmental stages, aligning with the idea that these influences can have transgenerational effects. The mention of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance further reinforces the claim regarding the impact of environmental factors on gene expression across generations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: Adapting catalytic converters A different chemical process, using amine sorbents, is being deployed by two companies: Climeworks and Global Thermostat. In GT’s process, 2 m2 arrays of contactors laden with CO2 are physically transferred to a second stage, where the gas is driven out under partial vacuum by 85 °C steam. The relatively low temperature lowers energy costs by using waste heat generated by electricity plants and other industrial processes. GT has operated a 1000-ton-per-year CO2 DAC pilot plant since 2010. says he expects to achieve a cost of $100 per ton at the company’s first commercial facility, nearing completion in Huntsville, Alabama. The plant doesn’t use waste heat; if it were available there, he says, CO2 could be captured at $75 per ton. The 3000-ton-per-year machine, housed in two shipping containers, is for a major beverage bottler. Eisenberger expects his process to drop to $50 a ton in a few years. The savings would result from incremental improvements as more devices are built and from further refinements to the contactors. The cost could be cut in half again as the price of solar electricity falls. GT has adapted vehicle catalytic converters to serve as contactors. The converters’ narrow channels entrain flow at 5 meters per second parallel to the contacting surface, minimizing turbulence, Eisenberger says. That’s more than twice the flow rate of 2 meters per second that Jaffe used in his calculations, he notes, and at least double what’s possible with CE’s and Climeworks’ contactors. Eisenberger says other projects with end users in plastics, fertilizers, and fuel are at various stages of commercialization. GT’s process also works for flue gas, and deals are in the works for flue-gas capture plants in the 100 000-ton-per-year range, he says. Climeworks, based in Zurich, Switzerland, with 60 employees, is the sole company to date with a commercial plant in operation. Valentin Gutknecht, director of business development, says it was the first to produce fuels from DAC. It has sold several plants with capacities up to 50 tons of CO2 per year to the automaker Audi for synthetic fuels R&D and demonstration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various carbon capture technologies, specifically mentioning the processes by companies like Climeworks and Global Thermostat (GT). Instead of supporting the notion that ocean carbon capture will solve climate change issues, it emphasizes ongoing developments in direct air capture (DAC) technology and suggests that while advances are being made, such as lowering costs and improving efficiency, it does not assert that these technologies will solve all climate change problems. This indicates that while carbon capture is a part of the solution, it alone is insufficient to address the entirety of climate change challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2005;124(4):404-409. . Draft genome sequence of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis provides insights into the evolution of the tea genome and tea quality. . 2018;115(18):4151-4158. . The tea tree genome provides insights into tea flavor and independent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis. Mol Plant. 2017;10(6):866-877. Yao M,Chen L: Tea germplasm and breeding in China. In: Breeding. Edited by. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012: 13-68. Vogt T. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Mol Plant. 2010;3(1):2-20. Fraser CM,Chapple C. The phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis Book. 2011;9:e0152-e0152. . Flavonoid accumulation in Arabidopsis repressed in lignin synthesis affects auxin transport and plant growth. Plant Cell. 2007;19(1):148-162. . Mutations in the cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene impact metabolism, growth and development in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2009;60(5):771-782. . The growth reduction associated with repressed lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana is independent of flavonoids. Plant Cell. 2010;22(5):1620-1632. . Flavonol-induced changes in PIN2 polarity and auxin transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana rol1-2 mutant require phosphatase activity. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41906. . Flavonols accumulate asymmetrically and affect auxin transport in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2011;156(2):585-595. Hernandez I,Munne-Bosch S. Naringenin inhibits seed germination and seedling root growth through a salicylic acid-independent mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem. 2012;61:24-28. Ramos P, Guajardo J, Moya-León MA,Herrera R. A differential distribution of auxin and flavonols in radiata pine stem seedlings exposed to inclination. Genomes. 2016;12(3):42. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to the genome and biochemical pathways of specific plants, primarily focusing on tea and Arabidopsis, without mentioning fossilized plants or their implications on ancient climates or ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the obvious distinction between epigenetic (‘soft’) and genetic (‘hard’) inheritance is that epigenetic changes, unlike the genetic ones, are reversible and can persist for only a few generations in the absence of the inducing trigger [10]. Therefore, it is commonly believed that attenuation of epigenetic memory over a multiple generations is a passive process attributable to dilution of particular inherited factors [34]. It can be speculated that preservation of these marks might be limited not only to imprinted regulatory elements referred to as imprintome [35], but also to several non-imprinted genes [36]. Moreover, the imprinted loci are environmentally sensitive as well, especially during early developmental stages. Thus, imprinted gene expression is not only parent-of-origin dependent, but is also influenced by environmental exposures early in life [37]. The retention of methylation marks in both imprinted and non-imprinted genes would allow for the transmission of epigenetically acquired memory to the later germ cells, thereby being one of the mechanisms potentially involved in the process of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. A schematic representation of the dynamics of genome-wide DNA methylation reprogramming during the early mammalian development is presented in Fig. 2. Other mechanisms potentially contributing to this process are presented in Fig. 3. Fig. 2Genome-wide demethylation and de novo DNA methylation processes in the mammalian germline and in preimplantation embryos. The levels of global DNA methylation are indicated on the y-axis and are shown by a blue line for the paternal genome and a pink line for the maternal genome. The top bar schematically presents waves of demethylation followed by de novo methylation in F0–F3 generationsFull size image Fig. 3Potential mechanisms of transgenerational transmission of environmentally induced effects through both maternal and paternal lines (black letters) or only the maternal line (red letters). The figure is based on hypothetical mechanisms suggested by Heard and Martienssen [90] to explain transgenerational inheritance of acquired informationFull size image Findings from animal studiesSeveral recent findings indicate a resistance of epigenetic marks to complete erasure during these developmental periods, allowing their transmission across generations [13, 38]. Examples of inter- or transgenerational transmission of epigenetic marks have been reported for many taxa from microorganisms to humans [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how epigenetic changes are responsive to environmental influences, particularly during early developmental stages. It mentions that 'imprinted gene expression is not only parent-of-origin dependent, but is also influenced by environmental exposures early in life,' supporting the idea that environmental factors can affect gene expression and this influence can be transmitted across generations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: Climeworks is commissioning a commercial system for a carbonated beverage producer. Unlike GT’s versions, Climeworks’ amine-based contactors aren’t moved once they’re loaded with CO2. Instead, the fans are stopped after several hours and the amine solution is heated in place to 100 °C to release the captured gas. Climeworks is supplying the CO2 for a collaboration in Iceland known as Carbfix. Union–funded project injects concentrated CO2 into a basaltic geologic formation. There it reacts with the rock to form a calcite mineral. Drawing on the country’s plentiful geothermal heat, the project boasts carbon-negative status. The company is supplying some of the CO2 needed for the Crude air-to-fuels plant to be completed in 2020. Carbfix will tap Norway’s abundant hydroelectric power to produce about 56 000 barrels of synthetic fuels a year. The system from Climeworks is modular, and any number of its 50-ton-per-year, self-contained contactor units can be combined. From its current $600 per ton, cost will decline further with technology improvements and mass production, Gutknecht says. “We know this isn’t a cost level that will have a significant effect on global climate. For that we are working on a rigorous roadmap to achieve a cost level of $100 per ton by 2030. ” He’s confident that $200 per ton can be achieved within two to three years. Altruistic motives View largeDownload slideGlobal Thermostat’s pilot plant captures 1000 tons of CO2 per year using modified automotive catalytic converters. View largeDownload slideGlobal Thermostat’s pilot plant captures 1000 tons of CO2 per year using modified automotive catalytic converters. Close modal Climeworks, GT, and CE are all finalists for the Challenge, a $25 million prize offered by UK billionaire to the first company that can demonstrate for 10 years an economically viable method for DAC and permanent removal of CO2. Each company is pursuing parallel commercial and altruistic paths. “We absolutely think we can finance plants and make money,” says Keith of his fuels venture. “I’m not saying it’s easy; there’s a lot of ways to fail. do think it’s possible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations and challenges associated with carbon capture technology. It mentions that achieving a significant effect on global climate with the current cost of carbon capture is unlikely, stating, 'We know this isn’t a cost level that will have a significant effect on global climate.' The text indicates that while advancements are being made, substantial barriers remain, and it underscores the need for ongoing improvements to make the technology economically viable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Conversion of functional specificity in Qb-1 homologues of Arabidopsis. Curr Biol. 2005;15(6):555-560. -Pierce M. Wortmannin-induced vacuole fusion enhances amyloplast dynamics in Arabidopsis zigzag1 hypocotyls. J Exp Bot. 2016;67(22):6459-6472. Zheng H, von. The plant vesicle-associated 1a likely mediates vesicle transport from the trans-Golgi network to the prevacuolar compartment. Cell. 1999;10(7):2251-2264. . complex unique to seed plants is required for protein storage vacuole biogenesis and seed development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell. 2008;20(11):3006-3021. . Vacuolar/pre-vacuolar compartment Qa-3/SYP22 and PEP12/SYP21 have interchangeable functions in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2010;64(5):864-873. . Loss-of-function mutations of retromer large subunit genes suppress the phenotype of an Arabidopsis zig mutant that lacks Qb-11. Plant Cell. 2010;22(1):159-172. . ZIP genes encode proteins involved in membrane trafficking of the TGN-PVC/vacuoles. Physiol. 2009;50(12):2057-2068. Wickner W,Rizo J. A cascade of multiple proteins and lipids catalyzes membrane fusion. Cell. 2017;28(6):707-711. . Sec17 can trigger fusion of trans-SNARE paired membranes without Sec18. . 2015;112(18):E2290-E2297. . LAZY1 controls rice shoot gravitropism through regulating polar auxin transport. Cell Res. 2007;17:402. . Out of shape during stress: a key role for auxin. Sci. 2018;23(9):783-793. Ljung K. Auxin metabolism and homeostasis during plant development. Development. 2013;140(5):943-950. . Transcriptional and hormonal regulation of gravitropism of woody stems in Populus. Plant Cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on various studies related to Arabidopsis and other aspects of plant biology, such as protein storage, membrane fusion, and hormonal regulation. It does not mention fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: In the subsequent subsections, evidence for inter- and transgenerational effects on lifespan and longevity-associated traits across species is summarized and discussed. Nematode wormTransgenerational epigenetic inheritance of longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans was revealed in elegant research by Greer et al. [39]. In this study, the lifespan in four consecutive generations of nematodes was found to be strongly affected by a specific histone modification, namely by a change in the histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) complex in the ancestral generation. The authors used crosses between long-lived mutant females having the modified H3K4me3 complex with wild-type males to obtain the heterozygous offspring F1 generation. Descendent F2 generations (both homozygous mutant or wild type) were generated by self-fertilization of heterozygous F1 hybrids. F3- to F5-generation offspring were produced in a similar manner. Surprisingly, the genetically wild-type F2–F4 progeny expressed long-lived phenotype similar to mutant controls. This effect was observed up to the F5 generation, when the normal lifespan was restored. The genome-wide transcriptional analysis demonstrated that both long-lived mutant and wild-type F2-F4 offspring shared a substantial subset of differentially regulated genes with long-lived ancestors. More recently, transgenerational effects on postmitotic aging of somatic cells as well as proliferative aging of germ cells were also observed in C. elegans mutant for H3K4 demethylases, RBR-2, and SPR-5 [40]. Deletion of the H3K4me2 demethylase, SPR-5, resulted in a transgenerational increase in C. elegans longevity [41]. Such transgenerational extension of lifespan has been found to be dependent on a hormonal signaling pathway comprising the steroid dafachronic acid, which is an activator of the nuclear receptor DAF-12. On the basis of these data, the authors concluded that loss of the demethylase SPR-5 leads to misregulation of H3K4me2 and activation of a particular longevity-regulating signaling pathway, thereby resulting in a transgenerational lifespan extension. Intergenerationally inheritable survival advantages induced by low-level stress exposures during developmental stages in C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of how environmental factors, such as genetic modifications in an ancestral generation, influence gene expression and longevity in subsequent generations of Caenorhabditis elegans. It discusses how changes in the histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) complex in the ancestral generation affected the lifespan of descendants, demonstrating that gene expression can be influenced across generations by environmental modifications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: ” The market for CO2 is easily $1 trillion, Eisenberger says. “This is doable at an economically viable cost,” he says, particularly if solar electricity declines to $0. 01/kWh, as he predicts. “We believe the path to address climate change is to make it economically profitable,” he says. “Our model is to use the CO2 from the air and make plastics, carbon fiber, concrete, and make money while we sequester it. ” Gutknecht says Climeworks is a cost-competitive solution in some regions for bottling companies, greenhouses, and other markets. “But that won’t have a significant effect on the climate and this is ultimately what we want to do and why we exist as a company,” he says. “If we are to remove billions of tons, we need some form of carbon tax or carbon trading and pricing at a level at which we can really deploy our systems. ” The carbon price needed for profitable operation is $100 per ton, he says. To date, nations that have imposed carbon taxes or emissions trading systems collectively represent about 15% of the world’s CO2 emissions. The price or price-equivalent in all but a handful of those countries is at or below $25 per ton, according to the World Bank. The US has no national tax or emissions trading system, although California and a few other states do. The DAC pioneers say they’re not discouraged by the immensity of the challenge. “We don’t see any deployment limits,” says Gutknecht. Removing 4 billion tons of CO2 per year, about 1/10 of current emissions, could be done with 80 million of the company’s contactors, each comparable to a car in size and material requirements. Eisenberger agrees, noting that DAC is one of the few solutions to the climate problem that doesn’t have significant negative side effects. The entire global output of CO2 could be captured by 10 million of GT’s 4000-ton-per-year, shipping-container-sized plants, he says. The total landmass requirement would be 5000 km2. Reducing CO2 emissions alone won’t be enough to prevent the worst effects of climate change because the gas lasts so long in the atmosphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that despite the potential economic viability of carbon capture technologies, which could produce profitable products while sequestering CO2, these methods alone will not have a significant effect on climate change. Specifically, Gutknecht points out that 'reducing CO2 emissions alone won’t be enough to prevent the worst effects of climate change,' emphasizing that additional measures, such as carbon taxes or trading systems, are necessary to achieve meaningful reductions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2015;27(10):2800-2813. . VLN2 regulates plant architecture by affecting microfilament dynamics and polar auxin transport in rice. Plant Cell. 2015;27(10):2829-2845. . Auxin, microtubules, and vesicle trafficking: conspirators behind the cell wall. J Exp Bot. 2017;68(13):3321-3329. Majda M,Robert S. The role of auxin in cell wall expansion. Mol Sci. 2018;19(4). . (DRIF) also interacts with WOX and KNOX proteins associated with wood formation in Populus trichocarpa. Plant J. 2018;93(6):1076-1087. -H, Fujioka S, Lin W-. Antagonistic HLH/bHLH transcription factors mediate brassinosteroid regulation of cell elongation and plant development in rice and Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2009;21(12):3767-3780. . HEC of a job regulating stem cells. Devel Cell. 2014;28(4):349-350. . A regulatory framework for shoot stem cell control integrating metabolic, transcriptional, and phytohormone signals. Dev Cell. 2014;28(4):438-449. . PkMADS1 is a novel MADS box gene regulating adventitious shoot induction and vegetative shoot development in Paulownia kawakamii. Plant J. 2002;29(2):141-151. . PpeTAC1 promotes the horizontal growth of branches in peach trees and is a member of a functionally conserved gene family found in diverse plants species. Plant J. 2013;75(4):618-630. . A brachytic dwarfism trait (dw) in peach trees is caused by a nonsense mutation within the gibberellic acid receptor PpeGID1c. New Phytol. 2016;210(1):227-239. . Phases of dormancy in Yam tubers (Dioscorea rotundata). Ann Bot. 2006;97(4):497-504. . A novel integrated method for large-scale detection, identification, and quantification of widely targeted metabolites: application in the study of rice metabolomics. Mol Plant. 2013;6(6):1769-1780. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various topics related to plant biology, specifically the roles of genes, hormones, and cellular processes in plant development, without mentioning fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: elegans were also found in the study by Kishimoto et al. [42]. In this research, factors such as the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling effector DAF-16/FOXO and the heat-shock factor (HSF)-1 were substantially involved in the formation of epigenetic memory in the parental somatic cells, and this memory was maintained by H3K4me3 in the germline across generations. In discussing the mechanisms underlying the transgenerational effects on longevity in C. elegans, Pang and Curran speculated that such effects can be explained by transgenerational epigenetic inheritance via signaling regulators, transcription factors, or miRNAs, which might influence the expression of particular longevity-associated genes [19]. Lim and Brunet also suggested the potential importance of miRNAs or specific transcription factors in observed transgenerational effects, although the impacts of other factors, such as prions, cannot be excluded [10]. Fruit flyInter- and transgenerational effects on lifespan were also observed in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. In research by Buescher et al. , a high-sugar maternal diet altered body composition of offspring at the larval stage for at least two generations, causing development of an obese-like phenotype in adult offspring maintained under suboptimal (high-calorie) nutritional conditions [43]. The expression levels of metabolic genes known to be strongly associated with longevity were substantially modified in the offspring of affected flies. In a study by Xia and de Belle [44], transgenerational effects on longevity and reproduction were obtained by post-eclosion nutritional manipulations with low-, intermediate-, or high-protein contents. Both low-protein and high-protein diets shortened lifespan, while the intermediate-protein diet considerably extended lifespan up to the F3 generation. Intergenerational effects were also revealed with respect to female reproductive activity (fecundity). It was reduced in the low-protein groups and enhanced in the intermediate-protein groups throughout F0–F2 generations. In subsequent research by the same authors, exposure to a low-protein diet during the post-eclosion adult life led to the upregulation of the H3K27-specific methyltransferase, E(z), thereby causing enhanced levels of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) [45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that demonstrate how environmental factors, such as maternal diet and nutritional conditions, can influence gene expression and transgenerational effects on phenotypes. For instance, it describes how a high-sugar maternal diet in fruit flies led to changes in offspring body composition and metabolic gene expression, evidencing environmental influence on gene expression passed down through generations. Additionally, the mention of epigenetic memory maintained by specific factors across generations aligns with the claim regarding the exploration of these mechanisms within epigenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: “There’s no drain in the bathtub,” Eisenberger says. Lingering questions Climate scientist cautioned, though, that DAC won’t provide a get-out-of-jail-free card for the world. Commenting on Keith’s Joule paper in a 12 June blog post, Hansen noted, “Unfortunately, the new news on carbon capture costs provides no support for the notion that we can solve the climate problem without fossil fuel phase-out. On the contrary, the Keith et al. study reinforces our concerns. ” An issue is the disparity between the costs claimed by Keith and Eisenberger and the APS report’s estimates. Robert Socolow, the physicist who proposed and co-chaired the APS committee that wrote the report, says there are several design differences between the generic hydroxide-contactor DAC plant that the panel considered and CE’s design. “I am happy that David [Keith] … placed the APS report side by side with his paper,” he says. “Until now, the entire discussion about costs has been about total costs. And David’s paper moves the discussion to the cost of specific components. ” Critics of the APS report complain that costing was performed by chemical industry experts applying standard industrial methodology. “They didn’t listen to why their fundamental way of thinking about it was wrong,” says Eisenberger. The APS committee, he says, ignored the possibility of “innovation, invention, and change. ” counters that an entire 2. If the energy is supplied from coal-powered plants, the ratio may even approach 1. “You can emit a CO2 molecule for each one you capture,” he says. Keith’s paper puts the ratio of CE’s process at about 0. 1, and he agrees it would make little sense to use carbon-intensive power to make fuels. 1. David Kramer, 66(5), 23 (2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that carbon capture technologies, specifically Direct Air Capture (DAC), will not provide a comprehensive solution to climate change without the phase-out of fossil fuels. As noted by Hansen, ‘the new news on carbon capture costs provides no support for the notion that we can solve the climate problem without fossil fuel phase-out,’ indicating that relying solely on ocean carbon capture is insufficient for addressing climate issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: . Postharvest metabolomic changes in Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. wild accession ‘Zaoshu Shanli’. J Sep Sci. 2018;41(21): 4001-4013. . 5-Hydroxyhexanoic acid predicts early renal functional decline in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria. Press Res. 2019;44(2): 245-263. . KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. Res. 2008;36:480-484. . TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions. Genome Biol. 2013;14(4):R36. Li B,Dewey CN. RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:323. . Gene ontology analysis for RNA-seq: accounting for selection bias. Genome Biol. 2010;11(2):R14. . Automated genome annotation and pathway identification using the KEGG Orthology (KO) as a controlled vocabulary. Bioinformatics. 2005;21(19):3787-3793. . Expression patterns of alpha-amylase and beta-amylase genes provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) to stress and postharvest processing treatments. Planta. 2019(250):281-298. . Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402-408. . Identification and evaluation of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Kuntze). Mol Sci. 2014;15(12):22155-22172. LegendsAdditional file 1: Fig. S1 Growth architectures of MZ (a and d), QQ (b and e) and LYQQ (c and f) in a natural tea garden. The shoots of QQ and LYQQ exhibit a zigzag shape. Fig. S2 Stem morphology (a) and inter-node length (b) analysis of and QQ. Mature stems were collected on February 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses various unrelated topics including metabolomics, gene expression analysis, and studies on tea plants, none of which support or rebut the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: These changes in H3K27me3 levels were accompanied by a shortening of longevity in F0 generation as well as in the F2 offspring. Both specific RNAi-mediated knockdown of E(z) or pharmacological inhibition of its enzymatic function by a histone methyltransferase inhibitor Tazemetostat (EPZ-6438) resulted in lower levels of H3K27me3 across generations. Furthermore, Tazemetostat completely mitigated the lifespan-reducing effect of the parental exposure to a low-protein diet. In a recent study by Roussou et al. [46], dietary restriction in adult Drosophila males resulted in life extension in their F2 offspring. Intergenerational effects on longevity were also observed in Drosophila exposed to factors other than alterations in nutrition, although epigenetic changes accompanying these processes were not identified in these studies. Both cross-life stage and cross-generational adaptive plasticity induced by gamma irradiation at the egg stage were found by Vaiserman et al. [47]. Such exposure resulted in enhanced resistance to the heat shock and starvation stresses and also in extended lifespan in the F0 and F1 generations. Intergenerational impact of gamma irradiation in the ancestral F0 generation on the flies’ longevity in the F1 and F2 generations was also demonstrated by Shameer et al. [48]. Adult paternal exposure to small-to-moderate doses of radiation (1–10 Gy) resulted in increased lifespan of both male and female offspring, while exposure to high doses (40 and 50 Gy) decreased the descendants’ longevity. These effects disappeared in the F3 generation. RodentsThere is consistent evidence from both mice and rat models that modulating the maternal dietary status such as protein restriction during pregnancy can significantly affect lifespan [49] as well as profiles of expression of many longevity-associated genes [50,51,52] in F1 offspring. Nevertheless, there are only a few studies that directly investigate inter- and transgenerational effects on longevity in rodents, for the obvious reason that they live much longer than short-lived models such as nematodes or flies. Therefore, most evidence supporting the possibility of inter- and transgenerational effects on longevity in rodents is indirect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how environmental factors, such as a low-protein diet and gamma irradiation, have intergenerational effects on longevity and gene expression in various organisms, including Drosophila and rodents. It highlights that dietary restrictions and gamma irradiation led to changes in gene expression and associated traits across generations, thereby illustrating the influence of environmental factors on gene expression as explored in epigenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Sequestration for Mitigation and Adaptation 2. While the technology for CCS is currently available, significant improvements are needed to enhance confidence in storage security. In 1996, the first CCS project established for the purpose of mitigation of CO2 emission began injecting CO2 into deep geological formation in offshore aquifer in the North Sea, Norway. Since that time, science has advanced in areas such as geophysics, chemical engineering, monitoring and verification, and other areas, while also governments have funded demonstration projects at various sizes ranging from small-scale proof of concept to industrial-scale demonstration projects. Five industrial-scale CCS projects are currently operational globally with more than 0. 035 Pg of CO2 captured and stored since 1996. Observations from these industrial scale projects and commercial CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR), engineered natural analogues as well as theoretical consideration, models and laboratory studies have suggested that appropriately selected and well managed CCS sites are likely to retain almost all of injected CO2 for long time and provide the benefits for the intended purpose of CCS. However, CCS is still struggling to gain foothold as one of the main options for mitigating climate change due to high costs, advances in other options including renewable energy, as well as discovery of shale natural gas and the associated hydrological fracturing extraction techniques, absence of international action by governments and private sectors on climate change, economic crisis-induced low carbon (C) prices, and public skepticism. The estimated costs for CCS varies widely depending on the application—such as gas clean-up versus electricity generation, type of fuel, capture technology and assumptions about the baseline technology. Generally, for current technology, CCS would increase cost of generating electricity by 50–100%, and parasitic energy requirement of 15–30%. In this case, capital costs and energy requirements are the major cost drivers. In addition, significant scale-up compared to existing CCS activities will be needed to achieve intended large reductions of CO2 emissions. For example, a 5- to 10-fold scale-up in the size of individual projects is needed to capture and store emissions from a typical coal-fired power plant of 500–1000 MW, while a thousand-fold scale-up in size of current CCS enterprise would be needed to reduce emissions by 1 yr−1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology has seen advancements and operational projects, it still faces significant challenges that inhibit it from being a comprehensive solution to climate change. The text highlights issues like high costs, necessary scaling up of current efforts, and a lack of international action as obstacles that CCS must overcome. This suggests that CCS alone will not soon solve all climate change problems, contrary to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The length of the inter-node between the third and fourth nodes (red lines) was determined (n=5). ** indicates a significant difference at the 0. 01 level. Fig. S3 GO enrichment analysis of DEGs identified from the comparisons MZ-vs-QQ (a), MZ-vs-LYQQ (b), and QQ-vs-LYQQ (c). Fig. S4 KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs identified from the comparisons MZ-vs-LYQQ_MZ-vs-QQ _QQ-vs-LYQQ (a), MZ-vs-LYQQ (b), MZ-vs-QQ (c) and QQ-vs-LYQQ (d). Fig. S5. Differential metabolites identified from MZ-vs-QQ, MZ-vs-LYQQ, and QQ-vs-LYQQ. Additional file 2: Table S1 Summary of the RNA-Seq data derived from MZ, QQ, and LYQQ. Table S2 Statistics of the number of detected genes in each cultivar Additional file 3: Table S3 Seventy-six key DEGs identified to be involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants Additional file 4: Table S4 DEGs and primers used for qRT-PCR validation of the transcriptomeSupplementary FilesAdditionalfile1Fig. S1. tifAdditionalfile1Fig. S3. tifAdditionalfile1Fig. S2. tifAdditionalfile1Fig. S4. tifAdditionalfile4TableS4. docxAdditionalfile3TableS3. docxAdditionalfile2TableS1. docxAdditionalfile2TableS2. docxAdditionalfile1Fig. S5. tif:Published04 Mar, 2020Read the published version in BMC →Version 3posted Submission checks completed at journal25 Feb, 2020Editorial decision: Accept25 Feb, 2020You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionslets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data related to RNA sequencing and gene expression analysis in plants without making any mention of fossilized plants, ancient climates, or ecosystems. There is no connection between the findings and insights derived from fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: Evidence of cross-generational epigenetic inheritance of longevity-associated characteristics has been observed in several mouse models mainly focused on epigenetic processes contributing to metabolic regulation, which is known to play a critical role in determining longevity potential [53]. For instance, in utero exposure to maternal obesity contributed to lifespan-limiting health problems in future generations, including increased rates of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease [54]. In the mouse model, intergenerational environmental reprogramming of the expression of key metabolic genes in response to the paternal diet was also observed [55]. Descendants of males fed with low-protein diet demonstrated enhanced hepatic expression of a number of genes that contribute to cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis, as well as decreased levels of cholesterol esters, in comparison with the offspring of males fed a control diet. Furthermore, moderate (~20%) DNA methylation changes were induced by the paternal low-protein diet, including changes in methylation of the key regulator of lipid metabolism, Ppara. In another mouse study, the induction of a prediabetic state in male ancestors by combination of streptozotocin and high-fat diet caused glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and enhanced diabetes risk in their F1 and F2 offspring [56]. These effects were accompanied by modulations in the expression levels of genes related to glucose metabolism and insulin signaling in pancreatic beta cells as well as by altered methylation of these genes. Moreover, the offspring of prediabetic parents demonstrated substantially modified characteristics in the sperm methylome. These alterations markedly coincided with those found in beta cells. Nutritional stresses experienced by male ancestors throughout critical stages of development (i. e. , prior to breeding) also affect the metabolic health of their offspring. For example, preconceptional paternal food deprivation resulted in a consistent decrease in average serum glucose levels as well as significant changes in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) expression in both male and female offspring [57]. F1 male mice exposed to maternal undernutrition during prenatal life produced F2 male offspring with impaired glucose tolerance and increased adiposity [58]. These intergenerational metabolic changes were shown to be mediated by alterations in the germline DNA methylome [59]. In the Ding et al. study, an impaired glucose tolerance was observed in both F1- and F2-generation offspring of animals with gestational diabetes mellitus [60]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that environmental factors, such as maternal obesity and paternal diet, significantly influence gene expression and have lasting effects across generations. For instance, it mentions that 'in utero exposure to maternal obesity contributed to lifespan-limiting health problems in future generations' and that 'intergenerational environmental reprogramming of the expression of key metabolic genes' was observed. Additionally, alterations in the 'germline DNA methylome' and changes in expression levels of genes related to metabolism in offspring further illustrate how environmental influences can lead to epigenetic changes and affect gene expression in subsequent generations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: The estimated global oil and gas reservoirs are 1000 Pg CO2, saline aquifers global potential capacity ranges from 4000 to 23,000 Pg CO2. However, there is considerable debate about how much storage capacity actually exists and is available for CCS, particularly in saline aquifers. Research, improved geological assessments and commercial scale demonstration projects will be needed to verify the estimated capacity and improve confidence in storage capacity estimates. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 229. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e299. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 299. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others CO2 and Storage, a for Change 2. Elements 4(5):319–324. doi:10. 2113/gselements. 4. 5. 319 2429. doi:10. 1016/j. egypro. 2009. 02. 003 91. On line at (2011) CarbFix: a CCS pilot project imitating and accelerating natural CO2 sequestration. 1(2):105–118. doi:10. 1002/ghg. 18 183. pp 203–216. doi:10. 1029/2005GM000338 (2007) CO2 storage capacity estimation: methodology and gaps. Control 1(4):430–443. doi:10. 1016/s1750-5836(07)00086-2 943. doi:10. 1126/science. 1152516 331. doi:10. 2113/gselements. 4. 5. 325 194. doi:10. 1016/j. ijggc. 2008. 08. 002 189. doi:10. 1039/c3ee42350f 2015. Report, 64th edn. BP plc, London, UK, p 48 68. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there is considerable debate about the actual storage capacity for carbon capture and storage (CCS) in saline aquifers, which undermines the assertion that ocean carbon capture will soon resolve all climate change issues. The need for research and improved geological assessments indicates that the technology and its capabilities are not yet fully reliable or proven, which does not support the claim's certainty about its efficacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3111723/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published16 May, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractMany organisms, particularly plants, can reproduce both sexually and asexually but with varying frequencies. Because variations in the reproductive system profoundly affect fitness and genomic diversity, natural selection should act on changes between sexual and asexual types of propagation. However, the genomic evidence of natural selection driving switches between reproductive systems remains scarce, and the evolutionary consequences of such switches on the genomic and epigenomic diversity remain controversial. Here, by analyzing population genomes and epigenomes of Spirodela polyrhiza (L. ) Schleid. , a facultatively asexual angiosperm, we show that while the genomic diversity and DNA methylation levels are very low, they vary among populations. These variations are associated with both the demographic history and the frequency of sexual reproduction in each population. A genome-wide scan revealed that multiple genes involved in flowering and embryogenesis were under positive selection, consistent with the hypothesis that natural selection drove the evolution of asexuality in this plant. Together, these results provide new insights into the evolution of plant reproductive systems and suggest that natural selection can drive the evolutionary changes of asexuality, which in turn alters the levels of genomic and epigenomic diversity. Biological sciences/Evolution/Population geneticsBiological sciences/Genetics/EpigenomicsBiological sciences/Evolution/Evolutionary geneticsBiological sciences/Genetics/Evolutionary biologyBiological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant reproductionFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4IntroductionUnderstanding the evolution of sexual reproduction has long been at the centre of evolutionary biology. Theories suggest that asexual reproduction is beneficial for the short term but costly for the long term, mainly due to accumulations of deleterious mutations and low effective population size1–5. Facultative asexuality, where organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually depending on environmental conditions, should be optimal for one individual’s lifespan6,7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the evolutionary consequences of asexual reproduction in plants, specifically regarding genomic diversity and natural selection. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: These intergenerational adverse health outcomes were accompanied by down-regulated expression of the imprinted genes, Igf2 and H19, caused by abnormal methylation patterns in the differentially methylated imprint control regions of these genes in pancreatic islets. In addition, modified expression of Igf2 and H19 genes was demonstrated in the sperm of adult F1 offspring of female mice with gestational diabetes. These findings provide evidence that epigenetic alterations can be imprinted in germ cells and contribute to this type of intergenerational transmission. Transgenerational inheritance of characteristics associated with longevity and susceptibility to lifespan-limiting pathological conditions was also observed in several rat studies [61]. Most of these studies used maternal protein restriction during pregnancy as an affecting factor. Such prenatal exposure in the F0 generation resulted in inter- and transgenerational effects in F1–F3 generations. Both elevated blood pressure and impaired endothelial function were found to be passed through the maternal line to the F2 generation in the absence of any additional nutritional challenges to the F1 mothers [62]. Exposure to maternal low-protein diet during gestation led to impaired nephrogenesis and hypertension in the F2 generation. These effects were shown to occur in both the maternal and paternal lines [63]. Protein restriction during gestation and/or lactation also resulted in unfavorable intergenerational effects on biometric parameters (i. e. , body mass and fat mass) and on glucose, insulin, and leptin metabolism, thereby causing insulin resistance in F1 and F2 adult rat progeny [64]. Global maternal dietary restriction during pregnancy resulted in hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in F1–F3-generation offspring [65]. Intergenerational cardio-renal effects were also observed in a rat model of utero-placental insufficiency. When compared to sham surgery, bilateral uterine vessel ligation in the ancestral generation led to elevated systolic blood pressure in F2 males 6–9 months of age, but not female offspring [66]. Higher risk of disorders such as kidney and immune pathologies, and infertility and cancer were also found in rats exposed to non-dietary factors (i. e. , toxicants). For example, exposure to vinclozolin, a fungicide with anti-androgenic activity, throughout critical periods of embryonic development significantly influenced disease susceptibility in the affected generation as well as their offspring in over four successive generations [67]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing several examples of how environmental factors, such as maternal dietary restriction and exposure to toxicants, affect gene expression and health outcomes in intergenerational contexts. It highlights that adverse health outcomes were linked to altered gene expression of imprinted genes, showing that epigenetic changes can be inherited across generations. For instance, it mentions that 'down-regulated expression of the imprinted genes' occurred due to abnormal methylation patterns, evidencing the influence of environmental factors on gene expression across generations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: pp 135–146. doi:10. 1029/2006GM000384 (2013) Carbon capture: a technology assessment, congressional research service report. Report No. 7-5700 p 99 1610. doi:10. 1016/j. egypro. 2009. 01. 210 720. doi:10. 1007/s00254-004-1073-5 4322. doi:10. 1016/j. enpol. 2008. 09. 058 618. doi:10. 1038/nature07852 351. doi:10. 1002/ghg. 1305 222. doi:10. 1016/s0196-8904(96)00272-5 145. doi:10. 1144/gsl. sp. 2004. 233. 01. 09 48. doi:10. 1016/j. coche. 2015. 08. 001 7618. doi:10. 1039/c3cp53627k 183. pp 147–158. doi:10. 1029/2006GM000407 Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bruno JF (2010) The impact of climate change on the world’s marine ecosystems. Science 328(5985):1523–152888. doi:10. 1007/978-1-4020-5774-8_4 Horn FL, (1982) Control of carbon dioxide emissions from power plant (and use in enhanced oil recovery). Fuel 61:415–4222295. doi:10. 1073/pnas. 0605318103 0433. doi:10. 1073/pnas. 1012253108 121. doi:10. 1306/eg. 11210505011 360. doi:10. 1016/j. ijggc. 2013. 03. 021 491. doi:10. 1016/s1750-5836(07)00091-6 2009. pdf IEA (2013) Technology roadmap: carbon capture and storage. Report. Agency (IEA), Paris, France, p 60. On line at IEA (2014) CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion OECD. Agency, Paris, France 2015. OECD/2015. Report. Agency (IEA) of the Organization for and Development (OECD), Paris, France 1995. Impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change: scientific technical analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing carbon capture and its related technologies in a more nuanced context, indicating that it is a complex field and that solutions are not straightforward. The mention of various reports and research throughout the text suggests that while carbon capture is an area of focus, it is not presented as a definitive solution to all issues related to climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: While rather few animals such as aphids (aphidoidea)8, water fleas (cladocerans)9, and rotifers10 reproduce facultatively asexually, up to ~ 80% of the flowering plants, including important crops and keystone species, can reproduce both sexually and asexually11. Asexual reproduction in plants involves different types of vegetative reproduction (e. g. runners, tubers, bulbs, corms, suckers, plantlets), as well as apomixis, the formation of seeds without fertilization12. Because changes between sexual and asexual reproduction profoundly affect fitness, natural selection might act on the genetic controls of sexual and asexual reproduction in facultative asexual organisms, which in turn can alter the levels of genomic diversity, heterozygosity and effectiveness of selection in the population2,5,13−15. However, direct evidence supporting this prediction remains scarce, mainly due to the lack of a suitable facultative asexually reproducing system in which the signature of selection can be detected at genomic levels. Evolutionary changes in sexual and asexual reproduction might also affect the maintenance and dynamics of epigenetic markers, i. e. , DNA methylations. In plants, cytosine methylation can occur in three sequence contexts: CpG, CHG, and CHH (H = A, T, or C), which are controlled by different mechanisms and have different dynamics during reproduction16. Typically, CpG and CHG methylation are maintained by methyltransferases1 (MET1) and 3 (CMT3), whereas CHH methylation is mostly maintained by CMT2 or the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway17. However, CMT3 was found to also play a role in the maintenance of CHH methylation, as well as de novo methylation18. During sexual reproduction, DNA methylations are highly dynamic19. In both male and female gametogenesis, the megaspore mother cell and its male analogue experience dramatic chromatin changes during cell specification, such as heterochromatin decondensation and an enlarged nuclear21. During male gametogenesis, sperm DNA is highly methylated in the CpG and CHG context but has low CHH methylation in retrotransposons19,22,23. During female gametogenesis, CpG and CHH methylation remains largely steady24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mechanisms of reproduction in flowering plants, including asexual reproduction and genetic dynamics, without mentioning fossilized plants or their relevance to ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: Such transgenerational effects were accompanied by modified characteristics of DNA methylation of certain genes in the sperm that persisted across several generations. The exposure of pregnant rats to the insecticide, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), caused the formation of prostate, kidney, and ovary disorders, as well as tumor development in adult animals of the F1 generation [68]. In the F3 generation, obesity and obesity-related pathologies occurred in more than 50% of the male and female offspring. Most of the genes associated with DDT-induced differentially methylated DNA regions were previously found to be associated with obesity. Thus far, only one study provides direct evidence that rodent longevity can be transmitted across generations. In this study, dietary restriction during preconceptional or both preconceptional and gestational periods resulted in increased body weight and life shortening in the second-generation male, but not the female offspring [69]. Findings from human studiesEvidence for the existence of intergenerational and transgenerational inheritance of longevity and lifespan-limiting conditions in human populations is obtained from epidemiological and demographic studies. For instance, the F2-generation offspring of women who were exposed to the famine of 1944–1945 in the Netherlands (i. e. , Winter) throughout the gestational period had 1. 8 times more health problems in their adulthood than descendants of non-exposed women [70]. The offspring of the fathers, but not the mothers who suffered from intrauterine undernutrition during the Dutch famine also had a significantly greater weight and body mass index in their adult life than the descendants of parents unexposed to the famine [71]. The offspring of parents born during the famine in China from 1959 to 1961 (i. e. , Forward Famine) were significantly shorter (i. e. , boys by 1. 9 cm and girls by 1. 8 cm) than children whose parents were not exposed to starvation during the famine period [72]. The authors speculated that such anthropometric changes could be associated with negative impacts on the life-course health status of the offspring of famine-exposed parents. Similar effects were also revealed in a Tunisian study where lower height, weight, and smaller placental size (i. e. , conditions known to be associated with elevated risk of adult cardio-metabolic pathologies) were observed in the infant offspring of mothers born during Ramadan fasting [73]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple examples of how environmental factors, such as exposure to insecticides and famine, can lead to epigenetic changes that affect gene expression and health outcomes across generations. For instance, it mentions modified DNA methylation in sperm and transgenerational effects on health, such as obesity and health problems in the F2-generation offspring of individuals exposed to famine. These observations underline the impact of environmental influences on gene expression as outlined in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and and or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and Previous 10. 4337/9781800882119. 00016 Keywords: BECCS; CDR; Negative emissions; Emissions accounting; Bioenergy; Climate change abatement Full access the IPCC scenarios we now know that removing CO2 from the atmosphere seems unavoidable if we are to reach the targets of limiting climate change. A key technology for creating these negative emissions is bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS). As biomass grows it absorbs atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis. The biomass is then used for energy production or for the production of bio-based products and services. The associated CO2 can be captured and stored permanently, hence avoiding CO2 flows to the atmosphere. This book 1. 5oC was agreed during the Conference of the Parties COP21. Before this meeting, the (UN) on (IPCC) released its fifth assessment report on the science and research on climate change (5, 2015). Besides covering the physical science of climate change, the third working group of the IPCC (WG3) had analyzed over 1000 emissions pathways. Of these 116 complied with the Paris Agreement. In turn, 101 of these 116 relied on BECCS to remove CO2 from the atmosphere (Fuss et al. , 2014). In 2018, the special report on 1. 5oC released by the IPCC (15, 2018) covered research on pathways for limiting global warming. This time, 411 emission pathways were covered. Of these 78 complied with a 1. 5oC target and 73 of the 78 relied on BECCS. In both of these reports, some of the pathways that do not include BECCS have boundary conditions to exclude them. 2021, the first contribution to the sixth assessment report by the IPCC (6 WG1, 2021) was released. It is interesting to make an observation in the summary for policymakers (6 WG3, 2021 SPM): of the summary is entitled ‘Climate Change’ and 29. 1% of the words in this 1. 5oC and 2oC targets is further described. 3. 5 confidence intervals for scenarios in relation to reaching different levels of climate change mitigation are reported. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of BECCS (Bioenergy Carbon Capture and Storage) as a technology for removing CO2 from the atmosphere, rather than suggesting it will solve all problems related to climate change. It provides details from IPCC reports indicating that while BECCS is a significant pathway for emissions reduction, it is not the only solution needed, as pathways exist that do not include BECCS and may have specific boundary conditions. The mention that only a subset of pathways relied on BECCS highlights that it is part of a broader climate strategy rather than a standalone solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: After fertilization, CHH methylation increases during embryogenesis and can approach 100% at individual cytosines, which then decreases likely through a passive mechanism after germination25–27. In contrast, during vegetative reproduction, DNA methylation is likely steady since meiosis and embryogenesis are lacking28–30. Although a recent study comparing DNA methylations among 34 angiosperm species suggested that clonally propagated species often have low CHH methylation31, the extent to which asexual reproduction affects genome-wide methylation levels remains unclear. Here, we investigated the population genome and epigenome of a facultatively asexual flowering plant, Spirodela polyrhiza (the giant duckweed; Lemnaceae), which has a global distribution. This species, like other duckweeds from the genera Spirodela, Landoltia and Lemna, is characterized by leaf-like fronds derived from fused stems32 and, with multiple roots on each frond33 and with a highly reduced vascular system34. Spirodela polyrhiza reproduces vegetatively via budding under normal conditions but rarely switches to sexual reproduction under unfavourable conditions35,36. Recent studies showed that despite its global distribution in diverse habitats, the genomic diversity, spontaneous mutation rates and DNA methylation levels in S. polyrhiza are very low37–42, which might be associated with its overall low frequency of sexual reproduction. DNA methylation profiling of two genotypes suggests that DNA methylation in S. polyrhiza, which is substantially lower than in other plants, likely due to the loss of the RdDM pathway, varied between genotypes41. Further insights into the evolutionary origin and consequences of asexuality on genomic and epigenomic variations in S. polyrhiza are required to understand the demographic history and to identify the footprint of selection on the genome. ResultsLow genomic variations in S. polyrhiza We sequenced the genomes of 131 globally distributed S. polyrhiza genotypes with an average of ~ 25 X coverage. Together with previously published samples1,2, we analysed the genomic diversity of 228 S. polyrhiza individuals across five continents (1). We identified 1,241,981 high-quality biallelic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 166,075 short insertions and deletions (INDELs, less than 50 bp of length). Based on an updated genome annotation of S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses DNA methylation and the genomic variations of Spirodela polyrhiza, which does not provide insights into ancient climates or ecosystems. There are no references to fossilized plants or their role in understanding past environments.