Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text:  health risks or unknown family relations)DTC-GT having other consequences beyond medical purposes (eg, feeling of anxiety or relief following test results)DTC-GT results altering due to future technological innovations (eg, new health results)DTC-GT service company investing in or performing own researchTheme VII: presentation of information(consumer journey phases 3 and 5)Usage of fearUsage of public figures or medical experts to convince consumers into buying the testBalanced information about advantages, usefulness, disadvantages, and risks of taking a DTC-GTClear distinction between health outcomes: (1) for which (proven effective) treatments or interventions are available, (2) whose outcome can be partially improved, (3) for which treatment is not yet availableTheme VIII: informed decision-making(consumer journey phases 3 and 5)Information that analyzing the DNA of others without consent is ethically irresponsible or punishable or bothActive confirmation of informed decision (eg, via a pop-up)Generally clear, understandable, complete, and easy to retrieve information provided to make an informed decision (eg, privacy policy)aDTC-GT: direct-to-consumer genetic test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by elaborating on various aspects of direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) services, highlighting their impact beyond medical purposes and addressing informed decision-making. The mention of clear, understandable, and easy-to-retrieve information supports the notion that DTC-GT services are becoming more accessible to the public. Additionally, discussing various consumer journey phases indicates that the services are part of a broader trend of availability and engagement with genetic testing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: 2016), both are somewhat intermingled, as the same species might in one part of its range be subject to positive yet in another part to negative climatic impacts. And in a number of species, no unambiguous climate change associations are apparent at all (e. g. , Huang et al. 2017). Positive aspects of climate change comprise increasing abundance and/or ranges for sedentary, general, and warm-dwelling species (Kampichler et al. 2012; Davey et al. 2012; Devictor et al. 2008). Also, changed competition structures might favor some species over others (Ahola et al. 2007; Wittwer et al. 2015). And especially, wintering conditions have already improving for a number of species (Princé and Zuckerberg 2015; Tellería et al. 2016). Nevertheless, in most publications, negative impacts are expected to prevail for the majority of species. Phenological mismatches have been hypothesized and regionally been proven (e. g. , Both et al. 2010). Also, unequal climate change in breeding, passage and wintering areas and less flexibility to adapt to changes (especially for long-distance migrants, compare Gomez et al. 2016; Potvin et al. 2016) lead to a higher threat potential for migrants (Hüppop and Winkel 2006; Jones and Cresswell 2010). Changes of wintering or passage conditions also have additional detrimental effects on bird populations (Hüppop and Winkel 2006; Lehikoinen et al. 2013). And during the breeding season, enhanced extreme weather events are causing negative effects for bird species (Van de Pol et al. 2010). However, at the community level, threats from climate change seem to arise especially from the changes in wintering and breeding distributions of species and the accompanying reshuffling of bird communities (and Thompson 2007). Especially, asynchronous changes lead to altered competition and facilitation structures and make communities more susceptible to other detrimental (often anthropogenic) effects. Ranges can expand or shrink due to climate change, depending on the adaptability of species to new conditions (Massimino et al. 2015). For generalist species or species which are able to shift their habitat p12. 4 Projections of Change Impacts: for Us? Regarding future projections of climate change impacts, very often mismatches and uncertainty occur. Interestingly, perceived climate change impacts and future projections very often differ markedly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the complexity of climate change impacts on bird species. It mentions that while some species may experience benefits, such as changing wintering conditions or increased abundance, many species face negative consequences, including phenological mismatches and threats related to unequal climate change in their migration routes. Specifically, it states that climate change impacts can lead to detrimental effects on bird populations, especially for long-distance migrants, and suggests that changes in breeding and passage conditions have harmful effects on their migration patterns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Рубрики ІСТОРИЧНІ СТУДІЇ Актуальні питання української історії Визначні дати (до 100-річчя ЗУНР) Воєнна історія Постаті МОВОЗНАВСТВО ЛІТЕРАТУРОЗНАВСТВО ОГЛЯДИ ТА РЕЦЕНЗІЇ Політика розділів Приймає рукописи; Індексується; Рецензується Процес рецензування Рецензування рукописів в редакції збірника здійснюється для підтримки високого науково-теоретичного рівня видання. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to historical studies, manuscript reviews, and publication processes without addressing the concept of language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: DiscussionPrincipal FindingsFollowing the results of an integrative literature review, this paper described the potential risks and benefits of DTC-GT services that may cause policy issues. The risks and benefits are wide ranging. They include medical risks and benefits, such as inadequately informed health decisions and improved knowledge about genetics and health, as well as nonmedical risks and benefits, such as invasion of privacy or obtaining information about as yet unknown family relations. These risks and benefits seem to be linked to distinct aspects of DTC-GT services, such as information provision, DNA analysis, and reporting of results. By structuring the risks and benefits into phases, following the consumers’ steps when taking a DTC-GT service, 6 phases can be distinguished, which are collectively called the consumer journey. The consumer journey provides insight into the consumer audience, distinct service elements that DTC-GT companies provide for their consumers, and the individual and societal impacts of these services. Distinguishing different steps in the DTC-GT service process reveals multiple aspects of the offers of DTC-GT services that engender policy issues and may require policy guidance in the future. The checklist that was introduced in this study provides a backbone for policy guidance for DTC-GT services. To ensure coverage across all DTC-GT service elements, checklist items were included to evaluate all phases of the consumer journey. Each checklist item covers a risk or a benefit found in the literature review. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the consumer journey and various elements provided by DTC-GT companies, implying that these services are increasingly available and accessible to consumers. It mentions the steps involved in using DTC-GT services, indicating their prevalence in the marketplace.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: Availability of new niche space, altered selection pressure, and the loss of established niches are hypothesized to have driven evolution over millions of years. However, it seems difficult to predict how those processes act on small timescales of decades or centuries. Thus, current climatic changes and subsequent reactions of species have to be observed carefully in order to disentangle phenotypic adaptation from microevolutionary processes which might lead to altered conditions for species and communities. One approach to do so includes a comparison of cues for past niche evolution to population trends. By this means, Lavergne et al. (2013) showed that niche conservatism correlates with population declines. Nevertheless, not only the question of whether species adapt to climate change will be a matter of survival but also how quickly this can happen. If birds are not able to keep pace with climate change (DeVictor et al. 2008) or evolve new niches (Quintero and Wiens 2013), they will be subject to population declines and might ultimately be threatened with extinction. The inherent uncertainties of those dangers and of climate change lead us to the question of how to combat climate change impacts. 12. 6 Conservation ImplicationsClimate change has been shown to be an increasingly important threat factor for both bird species and communities. As it acts on large spatial and comparatively short temporal scales, it is a factor that (if only regionally) has the potential to quickly outperform land-use change as the current major threat factor for biodiversity (Eglington and Pearce-Higgins 2012). Major problems posed for conservation are that in contrast to land-use change, climate change is hard to revert on a short timescale but also difficult to detect as it is often intermingled with the first. And, even more dangerous appears the current lack of proof for negative impact of climate change on bird species. This may sound paradox, but despite a large body of research on the topic and numerous projections of future biodiversity loss, ultimately for no bird species, anthropogenic climate change has been unambiguously proven as the major driver of its extinction. Instead, the new appearances of many species outside of their previous ranges seem to overstress the positive effects of climate change. Also, the high uncertainty of future projections complicates climate change adaptation (see, e. g. , Bagchi et al. 2013). Such projections are not only weakened by the inherent uncertainties of climate and land-use change predictions but also by the unpredictable responses of species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that, while climate change poses significant threats to bird species and communities, there is currently 'no bird species' for which anthropogenic climate change has been 'unambiguously proven as the major driver of its extinction.' This indicates that, contrary to the claim about shifts in migration patterns, the impacts of climate change are still uncertain, and many species are showing new appearances outside their previous ranges, which may not directly correlate with migration shifts associated with climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: У збірнику встановлено двостороннє анонімне рецензування: - рецензенту не розкриваються особисті дані автора (авторів); - автору авторам не розкриваються особисті дані рецензента. Публікації проходять первинний контроль для перевірки правильності оформлення відповідно до вимог збірника. Первинна експертна оцінка здійснюється головним редактором та членами редакційної колегії. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It discusses the process of anonymous peer review and publication protocols, which is not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Presumably, the need for informational support may be of comparable importance, or even greater importance, to consumers who are considering taking carrier or prenatal DTC-GTs and then using the results in their reproductive decisions. ConclusionThis study summarized the risks and benefits associated with distinct DTC-GT aspects at a personal and a public level. Both the consumer journey and the checklist break the offer of a DTC-GT service down into key aspects that may impact and compromise the safety and autonomy of the individual and of public health. This framework helps policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers develop methods to interpret, assess, and act in the DTC-GT service market. This could serve as a backbone for future research into key themes such as the need for provision of information. The checklist could be further developed into a decision support tool to empower consumers in their decisions both before and after purchasing a DTC-GT service. 2. Authors' and TR contributed to conception and design of the study. SMO organized the database, analyzed the data, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors have contributed to manuscript revision and have read and approved the submitted version. Conflicts of InterestNone declared. Multimedia 637. [CrossRef]Wetterstrand K. DNA sequencing costs: data from the (GSP). Institute. 2016. URL: [accessed 2024-06-21] Ramos E, Weissman SM. The dawn of consumer-directed testing. . Mar 2018;178(1):89-97. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Valuable genomes: taxonomy and archetypes of business models in direct-to-consumer genetic testing. J Res. Jan 21, 2020;22(1):e14890. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Third party interpretation of raw genetic data: an ethical exploration. Hum Genet. Nov 23, 2017;25(11):1189-1194. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. "Bridge to the literature"? Third-party genetic interpretation tools and the views of tool developers. J Genet Couns. Aug 07, 2018;27(4):770-781. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Informational content, literacy demands, and usability of websites offering health-related genetic tests directly to consumers. Genet Med. May 2010;12(5):304-312. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the widespread availability of direct-to-consumer genetic testing services. Instead, it discusses the need for informational support for consumers considering DTC-GTs and mentions a study summarizing the risks and benefits, which implies some understanding of the services but does not corroborate or contrast with the claim about their availability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: In different parts of their ranges, species can react differently to changes, as shown by Stephens et al. (2016). Species can additionally be in disequilibrium with their climatic niche (DeVictor et al. 2008), or they might have a considerably broader fundamental niche than expected by their current realized climatic niche and not react to changes at all. Also, it remains unknown to which extent species will be able to adapt to non-analogue conditions (of climate, land use, community structure). Most of those issues are subject to both spatial and temporal scale effects. Thus, conservation policy might be hampered by disequilibrium among the proposed long-term and the observed short-term impacts of climate change. How can conservation policy react to this, and which measures have to be taken in order to help species and biodiversity adapt to climate change? Importantly, uncertainty has to be communicated. Although this is quite unpopular with stakeholders and policy-makers, there is no one-solution-for-all situation. Whereas politics currently still focuses on climate change mitigation, this should not counteract conservation and the necessary adaptation measures that have to be taken. Climate change is a fact and cannot be stopped immediately. However, it is currently happening and already showing impacts which have to be dealt with. The inherent uncertainty and regional and temporal disparity of climate change has to be included into management concepts. Not only concepts for single species or on small spatial scales have to be developed, but rather concerted action plans are needed. It has already been shown that, not only in protected areas, adaptive landscape management can mitigate climate change effects (Princé et al. 2015). Furthermore, conservation policy has to focus on international scales. Not only national breeding grounds but also breeding grounds in Europe, stopover sites, and also wintering areas have to be considered, especially for long-distance migrants (Sanderson et al. 2015). In all regards, management necessarily has to be flexible so that it can be adapted to changed conditions. It should be combined with a comprehensive network of protected areas that can be used as habitat corridors in order to warranty connectivity of bird populations (Trautmann et al. 2013). Nevertheless, connectivity is only valuable, if it does not come at the cost of losing high-quality areas (Hodgson et al. 2009). Furthermore, it has been shown that habitat mosaics and diversity have positive effects on the resilience of communities to climatic change (Jarzyna et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and uncertainties regarding the adaptation of bird species to climate change. It mentions that species may not react to changes due to being in disequilibrium with their climatic niche, and it questions the extent of their ability to adapt to new conditions. The focus on the need for flexible management strategies and conservation policy shows that the impacts of climate change may not be straightforwardly leading to shifts in migration patterns but rather complicating the response of species to those changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Всі статті перевіряються редакцією за допомогою “Advego Plagiatus” (програми пошуку неунікальності та визначення відсотка схожості текстового документа з іншими в мережі Інтернет). Після проведення первинної експертної оцінки головний редактор визначає рецензента зі складу членів редакційної колегії, який є спеціалістом у відповідній проблематиці. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the editorial process of article review and checking for uniqueness, with no mention of language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: [CrossRef] [Medline]Bunnik EM. Do genomic tests enhance autonomy? J Med Ethics. Apr 30, 2015;41(4):315-316. [CrossRef] [Medline]Vayena E. Direct-to-consumer genomics on the scales of autonomy. J Med Ethics. Apr 05, 2015;41(4):310-314. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Phillips AM. Only a click away - DTC genetics for ancestry, health, love…and more: a view of the business and regulatory landscape. Genom. Mar 2016;8:16-22. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]-Thöni M, Hartlev M, et al. Legislation of direct-to-consumer genetic testing in Europe: a fragmented regulatory landscape. J Community Genet. Apr 18, 2018;9(2):117-132. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Regulating direct-to-consumer genetic tests: what is all the fuss about? Genet Med. Apr 2011;13(4):295-300. [CrossRef]. Considerations for developing regulations for direct-to-consumer genetic testing: a scoping review using the 3-I framework. J Community Genet. Apr 16, 2022;13(2):155-170. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Direct-to-consumer testing 2. 0: emerging models of direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Proc. Jan 2018;93(1):113-120. [CrossRef] [Medline]. The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP J Club. 1995;123(3):A12-A13. [Medline]Mosdøl A. Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non-communicable diseases in adult, ethnic minorities. Syst Rev. 2015;2(2):1-67. [CrossRef]Alves TL, Mantel‐ Unbranded advertising of prescription medicines to the public by pharmaceutical companies. Syst Rev. 2017;2017(7):CD012699. [CrossRef]T, Martins de Freitas AF, van Eijk MEC, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing various studies and articles that discuss direct-to-consumer genetic testing. It mentions the business and regulatory landscape surrounding such services, indicating that they have gained attention and likely widespread availability. The inclusion of multiple references suggests that the topic is actively researched and relevant, supporting the notion that these services are common.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rising temperatures are leading to habitat loss for polar bears and other Arctic animals. [SEP] Text: $0. 00 -for: Search $0. 00 -to the Arctic? bears have incredible adaptations for Arctic survival. You'll find they have thick, insulating fur and a layer of blubber to keep them warm in frigid temperatures. Their large, specialized paws help them navigate icy terrain and swim efficiently. These bears boast a streamlined body shape that conserves heat and aids in swimming. They've developed a keen sense of smell to locate prey from miles away. Their unique reproductive strategy, delayed implantation, guarantees cubs are born when conditions are favorable. Polar bears also possess an efficient metabolism that allows them to survive long periods without food. These adaptations are just the tip of the iceberg in understanding these remarkable creatures. Table of Contents hide of this Thick, Insulating FurEvery polar bear is equipped with a dense, water-repellent coat that's vital for survival in the Arctic's frigid waters. This extraordinary fur consists of two layers: a dense undercoat and longer, hollow guard hairs. The undercoat traps a layer of insulating air close to the skin, while the guard hairs provide additional warmth and waterproofing. You might be surprised to learn that a polar bear's skin is actually black, which helps absorb and retain heat from the sun. The fur appears white or yellowish, which provides excellent camouflage in the snow and ice. This coloration is due to the hollow structure of the guard hairs, which scatter and reflect light. The fur's insulating properties are so effective that polar bears can overheat during vigorous activities. That's why you'll often see them rolling in snow or taking a dip to cool off. Their fur is also oily, which helps repel water and allows them to shake off excess moisture easily. This adaptation is vital for maintaining body heat in the harsh Arctic environment, where staying dry can mean the difference between life and death. Specialized PawsAs you move from the polar bear's fur to its paws, you'll find another remarkable adaptation. These specialized paws are essential for the bear's survival in the harsh Arctic environment. They're large, measuring up to 12 inches in diameter, which helps distribute the bear's weight evenly across snow and ice. You'll notice that the paws are covered in small, bumpy projections called papillae. These provide excellent traction on slippery surfaces, allowing the bear to move confidently across ice and snow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the adaptations of polar bears that enable their survival in the Arctic environment, such as their thick fur, blubber, and specialized paws. By highlighting these adaptations, the text implies that these features help polar bears withstand the harsh conditions, rather than providing evidence of habitat loss caused by rising temperatures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: За відсутності спеціаліста за проблематикою статті у складі редакційної колегії головний редактор визначає зовнішнього рецензента. Рецензенти (як ті, які входять до складу редакційної колегії так і зовнішні) повинні бути визнаними фахівцями з тематики рецензованої статті і мати протягом останніх 3 років публікації з відповідної тематики. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the process of selecting reviewers for a scholarly article and does not mention language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Compliance of disease awareness campaigns in printed Dutch media with national and international regulatory guidelines. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e106599. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Confronting the "gray zones" of technology assessment: evaluating genetic testing services for public insurance coverage in Canada. . 2003;19(2):301-316. [CrossRef] [Medline]. An introduction to assessing genomic screening and diagnostic tests. Nutrit Today. Jul 2011;46(4):162-168. [CrossRef]. Transparency of genetic testing services for 'health, wellness and lifestyle': analysis of online prepurchase information for UK consumers. Hum Genet. Aug 2017;25(8):908-917. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. A content analysis of direct-to-consumer DNA testing on TikTok. J Community Genet. Jul 15, 2021;12(3):489-492. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Genetic counselor approaches to BRCA1/2 direct-to-consumer genetic testing results. J Genet Couns. Jun 2021;30(3):803-812. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Adult adoptees and their use of direct-to-consumer genetic testing: searching for family, searching for health. J Genet Couns. Feb 2021;30(1):144-157. [CrossRef] [Medline] Project: guided direct-to-consumer genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility in Canada. Cancers (Basel). Apr 15, 2021;13(8). [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]23andTeam. Allele frequencies of two MUTYH variants, Y179C, and G396D, in a direct-to-consumer genetic database. JCO. 2020;38:63. [CrossRef]. Using direct-to-consumer genetic testing results to accelerate Alzheimer disease clinical trial recruitment. Assoc Disord. 2021;35(2):141-147. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Watanabe M, Hosono S, Nakagawa- Does direct-to-consumer personal genetic testing improve gynecological cancer screening uptake among never-screened attendees? A randomized controlled study. . Nov 24, 2021;18(23). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various studies and articles related to direct-to-consumer genetic testing services. It cites specific publications that analyze aspects of direct-to-consumer genetic testing, such as its impact on public understanding and the availability of services, which indicates that these services are indeed present and studied across different contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: 2016), subsequent work has yet to bear this out. In fact, work has shown mesophotic reefs generally contain different coral species than shallow reefs and are no less susceptible to anthropogenic and natural impacts (Rocha et al. 2018). In the course of the 2014–2017 GCBE, the answer to this question remains cloudy as two groups working on deep GBR corals found conflicting results. et al. (2018) found a decline in bleaching with depth in a small part of the northern GBR during April of 2016, Frade et al. (2018) worked across a wider set of northern GBR reefs over a longer time found that upwelling only kept corals cool during the early part of the 2016 marine heatwave, only delaying bleaching until later in the event. As was discussed for shallow reefs, timing matters for deep reefs—perhaps more so as our observations of these reefs are far more limited. Much more work is needed to document the environmental change and bleaching incidence in deeper habitats, but the “lifeboat” hypothesis still remains an unlikely means of coral reef salvation. What role does conservation play in bleaching events? While marine protected areas (MPAs) provide protection from local stressors, they can do nothing to protect reefs from global-scale stressors like the marine heatwaves that caused the 2014–2017 GCBE. The worst heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE hit Jarvis Island, one of the most remote coral reefs in the world (Vargas-Ángel et al. 2019), and high heat stress again hit the remote reefs far offshore from (Gilmour et al. 2019). Examining the patterns of the 2016 bleaching across a gradient of local stressors in the GBR showed no sign of bleaching protection where water quality was high (Hughes et al. 2017b). Examination of some of the world’s best-managed reefs, those falling in properties, showed that 72% of these were exposed to severe and/or repeated heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE (Heron et al. 2017). Fortunately, studies of reef recovery after severe bleaching and mortality in 1998 showed that some reefs have an ability to bounce back (Golbuu et al. 2007; Gilmour et al. 2013; Graham et al. 2015). However, recovery success was controlled by reef morphology (Graham et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while coral reefs are indeed subjected to heat stress, there are varying results regarding bleaching and different coral species' susceptibility. It highlights that deep reefs may experience bleaching differently, noting that upwelling only delayed bleaching during the 2016 marine heatwave and emphasizes the need for more research on the relationship between temperature and bleaching incidence in deeper habitats. The text suggests that marine protected areas cannot shield corals from global-scale stressors like marine heatwaves, directly challenging the notion that all coral bleaching can be attributed solely to warmer ocean temperatures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Після експертної оцінки статті рецензент може: - рекомендувати статтю до публікації; - рекомендувати статтю до публікації після доопрацювання; - не рекомендував статтю до публікації. Якщо рецензент рекомендує статтю до публікації після доопрацювання або не рекомендує статтю до публікації, в рецензії повинні бути вказані причини такого рішення. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the process and outcomes of an article review rather than addressing the role of language in identity and cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Genealogy databases and the future of criminal investigation. Science. Jun 08, 2018;360(6393):1078-1079. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing. BMJ. Oct 16, 2019;367:l5688. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Malgorzata M, Maria S, Michał W. Genetic testing—whether to allow complete freedom? Direct to consumer tests versus genetic tests for medical purposes. J Appl Genet. Feb 26, 2022;63(1):119-126. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Schaper M, Schicktanz S. Medicine, market and communication: ethical considerations in regard to persuasive communication in direct-to-consumer genetic testing services. BMC Med Ethics. Jun 05, 2018;19(1):56. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Internet-based direct-to-consumer genetic testing: a systematic review. J Res. Dec 14, 2015;17(12):e279. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Taking mHealth forward: examining the core characteristics. . Aug 10, 2016;4(3):e97. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Lucivero F, Prainsack B. The lifestylisation of healthcare? 'Consumer genomics' and mobile health as technologies for healthy lifestyle. Genom. Mar 2015;4:44-49. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] PGroup. How well do customers of direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing services comprehend genetic test results? Findings from the Impact of Study. Genomics. Jun 16, 2015;18(4):216-224. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: user motivations, decision making, and perceived utility of results. Genomics. Jan 10, 2017;20(1):36-45. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] May direct-to-consumer genetic testing have an impact on general practitioners' daily practice? A cross-sectional study of patients' intentions towards this approach. BMC Fam Pract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies and articles that discuss direct-to-consumer genetic testing. These references highlight the prevalence of such services in various contexts, such as ethical considerations, consumer comprehension, and motivations for using these tests, indicating that these services are indeed widely available.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: 0 cm2 of tissue loss from disease per transect) than the reference sites, with 104-fold more lesions and 55-fold more disease-induced tissue loss than initial surveys at the reference sites. The greatest amount of disease-induced mortality occurred within several months after the highest percent of bleached coral cover was observed except for Tektite Reef, where disease mortality and bleaching severity peaked simultaneously. Maximum disease-induced mortality did not occur at the same time for each site (see Fig. 4); however, most of the mortality was documented during the winter months, when water temperatures were similar to historical averages and re-coloration of corals had begun (Fig. 3). An average of 68. 8% of all lesions and 65. 6% of the disease-induced mortality occurred within 6 months after bleaching was first observed. Fig. 3Time series of identical video captures at showing a bleached Montastraea annularis, September 2005, b M. annularis re-coloring and heavily affected by coral disease, November 2005, c near-total mortality of M. annularis with surviving portion still pale, January 2006Full size image Disease activity at all sites remained elevated through July 2006 with two reference sites, still having 10 times more lesions and twice as much area of tissue loss from disease when compared with initial surveys. Continued monitoring of the disease in 2007 revealed the number of disease-induced lesions was similar to pre-bleaching values for two reference sites, Newfound and Reef. Haulover remained the only site that still showed a greater number of disease-induced lesions than pre-bleaching levels; however, the area of disease-associated mortality was similar to the initial surveys for all three sites. White plague was still the dominant disease representing 99. 3% of the lesions, and 94. 3% of the area of tissue loss from disease in 2007. Black band and white band were the only other two diseases recorded in 2007, but at comparatively low levels. Montastraea annularis (complex) was again the most significantly affected with 92% of the lesions and 86% of the area of tissue loss from disease occurring on this species group. Annual comparisons between disease-induced lesions and temperature showed no correlation between the two variables in 2005 and 2007. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there was no correlation between disease-induced lesions and temperature variables in the years studied. It specifically mentions 'Annual comparisons between disease-induced lesions and temperature showed no correlation between the two variables in 2005 and 2007,' implying that despite events like bleaching occurring, other factors not related to warmer ocean temperatures may have contributed to the observed disease and mortality in coral reefs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: При рецензуванні наукових статей рецензенти зобов'язані: - звертати увагу на актуальність досліджуваної наукової проблеми; - охарактеризувати теоретичну чи/та прикладну значимість дослідження; - оцінити, як співвідносяться висновки автора з існуючими науковими концепціями. - оцінити особистий внесок автора у вирішення досліджуваної проблеми. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the obligations of reviewers in the academic publishing process, focusing on the evaluation of research significance and author contributions, rather than addressing how language relates to identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Specifically, even during financially straining periods, increases in eDTCA may indicate that marketers are simply retargeting their promotion to where consumers increasingly seek and consume health information and products: online. Indeed, reflecting this potential trend, the Research estimates 72 % of adult users now actively search for health information online [23]. In addition, US healthcare and pharmaceutical online advertisement spending was predicted to experience double-digit percent growth from 2010–2015 [10]. Hence, our findings may simply reflect a trend of increasing utilization of the Internet by health consumers and its resultant effect of shifting drug advertising away from traditional forms of DTCA to eDTCA that may also be cheaper and more accessible for marketers [1, 25]. Most importantly, increases in US-based eDTCA expenditure may also pose unique global public policy concerns that have yet to be adequately assessed. Specifically, eDTCA has already been identified as easily transmitting over geopolitical borders via satellite TV, the Internet, and social media, consequentially becoming “globalized” given that it is disseminated and can be easily accessed by consumers worldwide [10, 25, 26]. Lack of access to robust data to make meaningful comparisons between DTCA and eDTCA expenditure trends further inhibits any ability to appropriately assess the international spread of eDTCA and its impact on populations outside of the U. S. and New Zealand, the only two developed markets where it is legally permissible [6, 27, 28]. This could lead to negative impacts on public health outcomes and national prescription drug expenditures in countries where such promotion is legally prohibited but not contained nor identified as a possible public policy problem [6, 10]. Additionally, existing regulatory frameworks addressing traditional DTCA may be ineffectual when responding to the rapid advances of Internet-based technologies and the dynamic engagement and interaction elements of social media based eDTCA [9, 10]. Specifically, the development of regulations and technical tools needed to legally limit dissemination within the U. S. market have not kept pace up with the rise of new eDTCA platforms, offerings, and various channels of consumer engagement [9]. Policymaking challenges include ongoing efforts by the FDA, which is struggling to formulate a regulatory framework to address social media-based DTCA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the shift in drug advertising from traditional forms to electronic direct-to-consumer advertising (eDTCA), indicating a trend towards increasing utilization of the Internet by health consumers, which includes services like genetic testing. The mention of 72% of adult users actively searching for health information online suggests a growing accessibility and interest in direct-to-consumer health products, including genetic testing services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: However, in January through March 2006, the coolest period of that year, the number of lesions increased revealing a significant, negative association (r s = −0. 707, N = 29, P = 0. 004). There were no associations between the area of disease-induced mortality and temperature during any year. Coral coverSignificant coral cover loss occurred at all sites (Table 2) from before bleaching to the last sampling (October 2007, Mennebeck Reef). Average coral cover loss among sites was 51. 5% (range: 42. 4–61. 8%) within a year of the bleaching event (Fig. 4). Before bleaching in 2005, the mean coral cover among sites was 21. 4% with three sites having more than 20% coral cover. Through sampling in 2006, mean coral cover among the sites dropped to 10. 3% with no site having over 20% coral cover. Declines in mean coral cover continued at all sites between July 2006 through 2007; however, only one site (Reef) showed a statistically significant change, decreasing from 11. 6% (March 2006) to 4. 1% (February 2007). This demonstrates that losses continued even after March 2006. Reef had the largest cumulative site loss during the study with a 79. 3% decline. Two years after the bleaching event, the mean loss in coral cover across all sites reached 61. 1%. Table 2 Results of repeated measures contrast analysis, assuming a first-order auto-regressive covariance structure (SAS 9. 2), contrast pre- versus post-event coral coverFull size table Fig. 4Mean coral cover (dark grey bars), overlaid with bleached coral cover levels (light grey and white bars) with standard error, and average area of disease-induced lesions (diamonds) with standard error from five study sites prior to the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event to final monitoring in 2007. has a different scale on the second y-axis. (Where error bars are not visible, they are within the data point. )Full size image The number of disease-lesions showed no correlation with the percent coral cover (r s = −0. 065, N = 29, P = 0. 734), and there was no association between coral cover and area of disease-induced mortality over the entire sampling period (r s = 0. 174, N = 29, P = 0. 368). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing data that suggests there were no significant associations between coral cover and temperature during the studied years, implying that temperature may not be directly responsible for the observed coral losses. Additionally, it details the significant decline in coral cover after a bleaching event without directly linking this decline to warmer ocean temperatures, which contradicts the notion that warmer temperatures are the primary cause of coral bleaching.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: - зазначити відповідність стилю, логіки і доступності викладу наукового матеріалу, зробити висновок про достовірність і обґрунтованість висновків. При достатніх підставах статті можуть бути скеровані на додаткове рецензування. Підставами для додаткового рецензування можуть бути: - заявлена рецензентом недостатня кваліфікація в питаннях, що розглядаються у статті; - дискусійність положень, представлених у статті. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the evaluation criteria for scientific articles and does not mention language, identity, or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e606. 26(21):p 68,70, November 10, 2004. | DOI: 10. 1097/01. COT. 0000314439. 49855. 10 Breast and ovarian cancer are the second and fifth leading causes of cancer death, respectively, among women in the United States. 1 One in eight women will have breast cancer during their lifetimes, and one in 70 will have ovarian cancer. Mutations in two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2), are associated with predisposition for inherited breast and ovarian cancer and are identified in 5% to 10% of women with breast or ovarian cancer. 2 Since 1996, genetic testing for these mutations has been available clinically;3 however, population-based screening is not recommended because of the complexity of test interpretation and limited data on clinical validity and utility. 1,4–6 Despite the test's limited applicability in the general population, the US provider of clinical BRCA1/2 testing (Laboratories, Inc. , City, Utah) conducted a pilot direct-to-consumer (DTC) marketing campaign in two cities (Atlanta and Denver) during September 2002 to February 2003. Although DTC advertisements have been used to raise consumer awareness about pharmaceuticals,7 this was the first time an established genetic test was marketed to the public. To assess the impact of the campaign on consumer behaviors and health-care provider practices, CDC and the respective state health departments for the pilot cities and two comparison cities (Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, and Seattle, Washington) surveyed consumers and providers. This report summarizes results of those surveys, which indicated that consumer and provider awareness of BRCA1/2 testing increased in the pilot cities and that providers in these cities perceived an impact on their practice (e. g. , more questions asked about testing, more BRCA1/2 tests requested, and more tests ordered). However, in all four cities, providers often lacked knowledge to advise patients about inherited breast and ovarian cancer and testing. These findings underscore the need for evidence-based recommendations on appropriate use of genetic tests and education of providers and the public to achieve maximum individual and public health benefit from genetic testing. Women aged 25 to 54 with personal or family histories of breast or ovarian cancer and their health care providers were target audiences of the DTC campaign. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the pilot direct-to-consumer (DTC) marketing campaign for genetic testing initiated by a US provider. It notes that this campaign was the first time an established genetic test, specifically for BRCA1/2 mutations linked to breast and ovarian cancer, was marketed directly to the public, highlighting the availability of such services to consumers. Furthermore, the increased awareness of BRCA1/2 testing among consumers and providers in the pilot cities supports the notion that DTC genetic testing services have become more accessible.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: , Miller et al. 2003, Borger and Steiner 2005), as with typical annual monitoring, the mortality from the epizootic would have been missed and probably attributed to bleaching. The relationship among high-water temperatures, bleaching, and coral disease is poorly understood for scleractinian corals. Although it seems logical to think that high sea water temperatures stress corals and make them more susceptible to disease, the evidence is still rather limited. Some of the 21. 4% and decreased to 8. 3% post-episode. Prior to the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event, long term monitoring around St. John and had shown decreasing coral cover due to hurricanes (e. g. , Hubbard et al. 1991; Rogers et al. 1997), anchor damage (Rogers and Garrison 2001), disease (Miller et al. 2003), and overfishing (Rogers et al. 2008). However, documented coral cover losses were of smaller magnitude (e. g. , from 20 to 13% at due to Hurricane Hugo, Rogers et al. 1997) and very localized. Recent monitoring (post-2000, but prior to 2005 bleaching) at the study reefs showed two sites within VINP with significant increases in coral cover suggesting that while MPAs are not a panacea for coral reefs (see Coelho and Manfrino 2007), a synergy of ecology and management could facilitate positive coral growth. The severity and duration of the 2005 coral-bleaching event and subsequent disease outbreak superseded management and political boundaries affecting reefs within and outside national parks and eliminated any pre-bleaching gains in coral cover. During this study, coral cover declined on 99 of the 100 transects sampled (the only exception being one transect at that went from 3. 4 to 3. 9% coral cover). The direct cause of most coral mortality during and after the 2005 bleaching was disease that had signs consistent with white plague. This disease has been documented since the 1970s (Dustan 1977) and was first observed around the island of St. John in 1997 (Miller et al. 2003). White-plague-like signs have been observed in 41 different species of hard coral (Weil et al. 2006), including many major reef-building species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while high sea water temperatures may stress corals and make them more susceptible to disease, the evidence linking high-water temperatures directly to coral bleaching is still limited. It specifically notes that the relationship among high-water temperatures, bleaching, and coral disease is 'poorly understood.' This implies that the link between rising temperatures and coral bleaching is not as straightforward as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Редакція надсилає автору (авторам) публікації копію рецензії (не вказуючи рецензента) або мотивовану відмову. Форма рецензування З формою рецензування можна ознайомитися за посиланням. Етичні зобов’язання редакційної колегії журналу. Етика публікацій. Редакційна етика: Редакція збірника дотримується стандартів редакційної етики, що відповідають міжнародним етичним правилам публікації наукових праць. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage at all. Instead, it focuses on editorial processes and ethical obligations of a publication, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: In the pilot cities, providers were more likely than those in comparison cities to report that they and their patients saw or heard an advertisement about genetic testing for breast or ovarian cancer. When asked to compare the previous six months with the same period of a year before, more providers in the pilot cities than in comparison cities reported an increase in the number of patients who had asked questions about testing, asked for genetic counseling referrals to consider testing, and requested testing. Providers in the pilot cities also reported ordering more tests but not more referrals to genetics or oncology centers. Provider knowledge did not differ between the pilot and comparison cities. Fifty-two percent of providers were aware that a BRCA1/2 mutation can be inherited from either parent, and 46% knew that a woman with a sister with a known BRCA1/2 mutation has a 50% risk for inheriting the same mutation. Oncologists and obstetricians/ gynecologists were more likely to answer knowledge questions correctly. The majority of providers believed that learning more about genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk was relevant to their practice. Motivated to Talk to Physicians and The findings from the provider survey indicate that DTC advertisements might have motivated women interested in learning more about BRCA1/2 testing to talk to their physicians and request testing. Findings from the consumer survey suggest that women in the pilot cities were more aware of BRCA1/2 testing than those in the comparison cities. No evidence suggested an increased interest in the test among women most suited for BRCA1/2 testing—i. e. , those having a first-degree relative with breast or ovarian cancer. The demonstrated lack of provider knowledge underscores the need for additional education; providers in certain specialties were unprepared to address the complexities surrounding genetic testing for susceptibility to breast or ovarian cancer. Complexities of BRCA1/2 of the BRCA1/2 test have been described. 2,4,5 Most breast or ovarian cancer is not associated with BRCA1/2 mutations. Testing has been directed at women with a family history of cancer; however, even in this group, test interpretation is complex, and genetic counseling is recommended. 4–6 Women with an identified BRCA1/2 mutation have a substantially increased lifetime risk for breast or ovarian cancer, but morbidity and mortality might be reduced through increased surveillance, chemoprevention, or prophylactic surgery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that women in the pilot cities were more aware of BRCA1/2 testing as a result of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertisements. It notes that providers in these areas reported an increase in patient inquiries regarding genetic testing, suggesting that DTC genetic testing services have effectively motivated consumers to seek out and utilize these testing services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: The causative agent of white plague type II has been identified as the alphaproteobacterium, Aurantimonas coralicida; however, this has fulfilled Koch’s postulates on isolates from Dichocoenia stokesi only (Denner et al. 2003). In a separate study, a smaller section of was monitored nearly monthly (88 months) for 8 years (December 1997–December 2005). During that time, mortality from white plague was observed each month and had no correlation with water temperatures (1997–2001, see Miller et al. 2003). Furthermore, a large outbreak of plague occurred in December 1998, 3 months after major bleaching occurred on that same reef (Miller et al. 2003). Significant mortality from coral disease, primarily consistent with white plague, was documented prior to 2005; however, this mortality was locally contained (i. e. , within Haulover, Mennebeck, and Tektite Reefs, but not simultaneously). The disease outbreak that followed the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event occurred on every reef monitored, both on St. John and BIRNM, 60 km south and resulted in the fastest decline in coral cover (of multiple species), from any cause, ever documented in the Virgin Islands. This event struck hardest at the dominant reef-building coral M. annularis (complex) that initially comprised 79. 2% of the coral cover at the study sites. Cover of these slow-growing, broadcast spawning, and seldom-recruiting corals decreased 51% from its pre-bleaching initial cover. The losses of the M. annularis group, coupled with significant declines by other massive corals (e. g. , C. natans), have resulted in a restructuring of the surviving coral community. M. annularis (complex) remains dominant but comprises only 58. 6% of the corals, while the relative abundance of the brooding Porites spp. has increased from 9. 8 to 20. 4%. Edmunds and Elahi (2007) reported a 72% decline in M. annularis on three 10 m transects at (500 m west of Tektite Reef) from 1988 to 1999, primarily from hurricanes, with bleaching having little effect (Edmunds 2002). They reported no disease on these transects during that time. Their model suggested an extirpation of M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that mortality from coral disease, specifically white plague, had no correlation with water temperatures during the monitored period (1997–2001). It highlights that significant mortality events occurred independently of water temperature fluctuations and that there were large outbreaks of coral disease after bleaching events, suggesting other factors involved. The text asserts that bleaching has had little effect on coral populations primarily attributed to disease rather than temperature increases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Редакція стверджує, що при виданні збірника не мали місця зловживання (недобросовісність) у відносинах між усіма учасниками видавничого процесу: авторами, редакторами та рецензентами. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the editorial process and the integrity of relationships between participants in publishing, which does not address or provide any information regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Are providers prepared for genomic medicine: interpretation of Direct-to-Consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) results and genetic self-efficacy by medical professionals 74. 4% for the providers compared to the specialist’s 83. 4%) and age, prior genetic test consultation experience, and level of trust assigned to the reports were associated with higher correct interpretation rates. The self-selected efficacy and the level of preparedness to consult on a patient’s genetic results were higher for the specialists than the provider group. ConclusionSpecialists remain the best group to assist patients with DTC-GT, however, primary care providers may still provide accurate interpretation of test results when specialists are unavailable. reports BackgroundAvailability of Direct-to-Consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) has grown in the over the past decade, and they have recently started to cross over from a niche product to something with mainstream appeal [1]. Interest in DTC-GTs, which are available online from company websites and major retailers like Amazon, have been accelerating. In fact, the DTC-GT kit sold by 23andMe was one of the top 5 best sellers for Amazon’s sale in 2017 [2]. The number of DTC-GT kits sold offering ancestry results has doubled since 2017, with over 12 million kits sold [3]. Despite the growing interest and use of DTC-GT kits, only 10-20% of DTC-GT customers had shared their genetic test results with primary care physicians [4, 5]. Previous studies have shown that the typical consumer of DTC-GTs held both higher levels of education and pay in contrast to the average American citizen [4, 6]. As the consumers of these tests continue to shift from hobbyists to the general public, it is likely that more individuals will request assistance in interpreting their results. Previous research has shown that physicians feel ill prepared to educate patients about genetic test results [7–11]. Presently, there is a knowledge gap in how accurately primary care providers can interpret and communicate genetic test results to patients in comparison to genetic specialist. There have been some previous studies which have focused on primary care providers and genetics [12–15] but our study is novel in that it samples a larger cohort of genetic specialists (n=165) and non-genetic providers (n=99). This allows us to provide more robust measurements of interpretation differences between genetic specialists and non-genetic specialists compared to prior studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by noting that 'Availability of Direct-to-Consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) has grown in the over the past decade,' indicating that these services are increasingly accessible. Additionally, the text states that DTC-GT has begun to transition from a niche product to one with 'mainstream appeal,' further supporting the assertion that such services have become widely available.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: annularis at their transects within 50 years; our study indicated that elimination of this species could occur over a large region in well under 50 years. Interestingly, peak coral mortality did not coincide with peak bleaching activity and was rarely a direct result of bleaching. Most of the mortality occurred after water temperatures had returned to normal, and corals had regained some color. In fact, in 2006 there was a negative correlation between water temperature and number of disease-induced lesions (r s = −0. 707, P = 0. 004). This association, however, was not observed during any other year of monitoring, only in 2006 after severe coral bleaching occurred. Winter water temperatures in the Caribbean have shown an increasing trend over the last decade with warmer minimums observed (see Ballantine et al. 2008; Fig. 9. 7 for La Paguera, Puerto Rico). Warmer winter temperatures may reduce the mortality rates of coral pathogens and increase the amount of coral disease (Bruno et al. 2007). The winter of 2006 was warmer than previous years, however, the winter in 2007 was even warmer. Disease did not increase following the warm 2007 winter, as it did in 2006 after anomalously high-water temperatures in summer/fall of 2005. Therefore, although warmer winter temperatures may play a role in coral disease activity, the peak in coral disease in the winter of 2006 was likely linked to the bleaching that preceded it. An alternative hypothesis is that the peak in disease activity during winter months of 2006 was a result of compromised corals. By monitoring throughout the 2005 episode in the USVI, Muller et al. (2008) showed that the size of disease-induced lesions on Acropora palmata increased as temperature increased, but only for bleached colonies. Lesion size on unbleached colonies of A. palmata remained the same when temperatures were high suggesting host-susceptibility, rather than temperature, influenced disease severity. The corals in the present study, having lost their symbiotic algae, were stressed for months possibly making them more susceptible to disease. The identified causative agent of white plague, A. coralicida, has a reported optimal growth from 30 to 35°C (Remily and Richardson 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that peak coral mortality did not coincide with peak bleaching activity, suggesting that coral mortality often occurred after water temperatures returned to normal. It also notes that the correlation between warmer temperatures and disease-induced lesions was only observed after severe bleaching in 2006, indicating a complex relationship rather than a direct causation as suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Правила етики для авторів: працювати в повній відповідності до редакційної політики збірника з урахуванням актуальних юридичних вимог щодо авторського права, плагіату тощо; надавати достовірні результати виконаної роботи за оригінальним дослідженням і об'єктивне представлення його значущості; не публікувати матеріал, присвячений одному і тому ж дослідженню, більш ніж в одному журналі як оригінальну публікацію; гарантувати повну оригі [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the ethical rules for authors in accordance with editorial policy and copyright laws, without addressing issues related to language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Globally, patients from Australia, Germany, United States, and elsewhere have expressed a preference for some form of regulation of DTC-GT and for physician assistance in interpreting this kind of data [16–18]. Purchasing DTC-GT is an elective process for someone to opt-in to, inputting genomic data into patient records will switch gears to an opt-out process. We are approaching a period of time where physicians encountering patients bringing in their DTC-GT reports will shift to genomic results appearing in the majority of all their patient’s EHRs, thanks in part to projects like the Initiative. Studies like the Consortium (CSER) [19] and the electronic Mand GEnomics (eMERGE) network have been working on integrating genomic medicine into clinical care for several years now. eMERGE has been combining EHRs and genomics to improve discovery and patient care since its launch in 2007 [20, 21]. Now in its third round of funding, eMERGE is generating clinically actionable results to return to patients in the EHR [22, 23] (GC WG) was launched in 2012 and is dedicated to assisting genetic counselors with challenges encountered with genomic medicine (genomic education, results disclosure, and other issues) [19]. As work progresses on these issues, the line separating clinical genetic testing and DTC-GT is becoming harder to define [24]. Recognizing the current and future need for integration of genomic data into the EHR, the two largest EHR vendors, Epic and Cerner have recently enabled their systems to store structured genomic data in the patient record [25, 26]. States based Initiative (PMI) established $215 million to help actualize precision medicine in 2015 [27]. Patient genetic data for individuals, information about their lifestyle, and environmental data would be directly incorporated into diagnosis and treatment recommendations in addition to the standard family and patient histories currently found in medical records. Precision medicine requires the collection of robust, multifaceted biomedical data sets; therefore, a major task of the initiative is to recruit a million volunteers to help capture this necessary data. A wide range of data types would be collected from this cohort, including genetic and microbiome sequencing, lifestyle data, metabolites, and information from wearable sensors. As of June 2017, beta testing for this program, now known as All of Us, has begun [28]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the growing integration of direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) in clinical care and the resultant consumer demand. It highlights that patients from various countries are seeking guidance on these services and that programs like eMERGE are working on incorporating genomic data into electronic health records (EHRs). This indicates that DTC-GT is becoming more accessible and prevalent in the healthcare landscape, supporting the claim about their wide availability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is a factor in the decline of many amphibian populations. [SEP] Text: Earth & 25, 2022 Indus civilisation decline: Core evidence for climate change The socially complex and highly urbanised Civilisation began a sustained decline around 3900 cal yr BP (calendar years before present). This decline has been linked with abrupt climate change starting at ~4200 cal yr BP. Past studies examining its causes point to hydroclimate variability, but these studies offer inconsistent evidence for the timing and mechanism(s) driving mid- to late-Holocene climate change. At the University of is refining our understanding of climate change during this period using radiological and compositional analyses of lake sediment cores recovered from the Himalaya. Despite decades of (for the most part, unheeded) warnings from scientists, the effects of global climate change are becoming increasingly tangible. While anthropogenic climate change is unprecedented in its speed and severity, our planet has experienced countless periods of environmental upheaval during its long evolution. We cannot even claim to be the first civilisation to grapple with the consequences of climate change, although we are undoubtedly the first to inflict it on ourselves at a global scale. Regardless, one of our most valuable tools in the fight against climate change is our ability to look back through time, to see where past episodes of climate and environmental change led. Between 4200 and 3900 cal yr BP (calendar years before present), northern India was occupied by the well-established Civilisation, which was concentrated within the and Ghaggar-valleys. was socially complex, agrarian, and highly urbanised: they had well-developed infrastructure, including large cities with extensive sanitation facilities and agricultural irrigation systems that used hydraulic engineering. A rapid, stepwise, and sustained collapse of the society started around 3900 cal yr BP and continued for the better part of a millennium. This decline saw a fall in population, a collapse in urban centres, and a move towards a more rural social structure. Various reasons for this decline have been proposed, including disease, war, changes in regional hydrology and river systems, socio-political instability, disrupted trade networks, changes in crop patterns, and abrupt climate change. Among them, the evidence for a climate-related trigger is strong, as the decline followed the widely recognised 4. 2 ka event, which was characterised by a reduction in the global monsoon and associated circulation systems that led to droughts and seasonal precipitation failures worldwide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the decline of the Indus civilization due to climate change, emphasizing factors like droughts and seasonal precipitation failures linked to abrupt climate events. While it underscores the role of climate change in societal collapse, it does not specifically connect this to amphibian populations, thereby addressing a broader context of climate impact rather than corroborating the specific relationship suggested in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: нальність представленого матеріалу. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text 'нальність представленого матеріалу' is irrelevant to the claim because it does not address the relationship between language, identity, and cultural heritage. It appears to be an incomplete phrase without context that does not provide support, contradiction, or relation to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: One component of the PMI initiative is to incorporate more patient genetic data into EHRs. This action should facilitate data analysis and inter-operability, which means medical providers need to be able to accurately and confidently interpret genetic information for patients. As we see a shift from DTC-GT over to more genetic results piped into the EHR, clinicians will be increasingly called upon to interpret and act on results. With the growing consumer interest in DTC-GT [24] there is a shortage of trained specialists needed to meet this demand [29]. Thus, primary care physicians will likely be asked to interpret DTC-GT results with increasing frequency. Some primary care providers have already begun helping their patients interpret genetic test results [30]. Success will be defined by the ability of these physicians to properly communicate results and risks identified from genetic and genomic tests back to their patients. Many DTC-GT results relate to small risk changes for common diseases and pharmacogenetics, which may be more appropriately interpreted as part of primary care and may not require a visit to a genetics specialist. Failure in this task will erode the fundamental clinical value proposed by precision medicine. The complexity of these tests is one of the reasons the of and Genomics has recommended that genetics experts be made available for patient test result consultations [31]. Based off professional memberships and certification in the United States, there are only 4,244 genetic counselors [32] and 1,302 clinical geneticists [33] currently employed across the nation, numbers that may be insufficient to meet the potential future demand. Genetic counselors have advanced training in medical genetics and counseling to help patients with education and interpreting genetic test results [34] and are often the first point of contact for a patient with a suspected genetic condition or test result. Clinical genetics is a certification offered to physicians by the of and Genomics. Clinical geneticists are trained to diagnose and treat genetic conditions and work cooperatively with genetic counselors across the entire range of genetic disease [35]. Increased market demand may lead to more genetic counselors and medical geneticists entering the field; however presently there is a shortage of genetic counselors engaged in direct patient care, which may not be fully resolved until 2024-2030 based off current projections [29]. As precision medicine and genetic testing expand, primary care providers may be increasingly relied upon to interpret results for patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the growing consumer interest in direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) and the changes in healthcare practices that reflect this trend. It mentions that primary care physicians are beginning to help patients interpret genetic test results, indicating that these services are becoming more integrated into healthcare. Additionally, the reference to clinicians increasingly interpreting results supports the notion that DTC-GT is widely available and that its significance in patient care is on the rise.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change will result in the extinction of all wildlife by 2050. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a - 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2434118/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Jul, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractClimate change is conjectured to endanger tropical species, particularly in biodiverse montane regions, but accurate estimates of extinction risk are limited by a lack of empirical data describing tropical species’ sensitivity to climate. To fill this gap, studies must match high-quality distribution data with multi-year, transplant experiments. Here, we conducted field surveys of epiphyte distributions on three mountains in and performed reciprocal transplant experiments on one mountain across sites that varied in elevation, temperature and aridity. We find that most species are unable to survive outside of their narrow elevational distributions. Additionally, our findings suggest starkly different outcomes by 2100 under different emission and temperature change scenarios. Under low-emission scenarios, most tropical montane species will survive, but under mid or high-emission scenarios a minimum of 5–36% of our study species may go extinct and 10–50% of populations may be lost. This result demonstrates that current actions towards climate mitigation and emissions reduction may significantly impact the number of tropical extinctions that will occur due to climate change. Unique in its precise test of tropical species’ climate tolerances in a large field experiment, our work corroborates earlier conjecture about wide-spread extinctions from climate change in tropical montane ecosystems. Biological sciences/Ecology/Climate-change ecologyBiological sciences/Ecology/Tropical ecologyBiological sciences/Ecology/BiogeographyBiological sciences/Ecology/Conservation biologyFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Main TextTropical mountains are the most biodiverse regions on earth(1), and tropical montane species are conjectured to be at high risk of extinction from climate change(2–5). These species are expected to have narrow climatic tolerances, leaving them susceptible to rising temperatures and concomitant changes in precipitation, fog, and cloud cover(2, 4, 6–11). To avoid extinction, many tropical species may need to shift their distributions upward along elevational gradients(2, 4, 12, 13). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while climate change poses significant risks to tropical species, it does not suggest that all wildlife will go extinct by 2050. The findings state that under low-emission scenarios, most tropical montane species will survive, and even under mid or high-emission scenarios, only a minimum of 5–36% of species may go extinct, indicating that not all wildlife will be affected uniformly or face extinction by the claimed deadline.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: У разі використання робіт або тверджень інших авторів, надаватися відповідні бібліографічні посилання або цитати; дотримуватися правил самоцитування, а саме: якщо елементи матеріалу раніше були опубліковані в іншій статті, автор зобов'язаний послатися на більш ранню роботу і вказати суттєва відмінність нової роботи від попередньої; не допускати плагіат в будь-яких формах; гарантувати, що переданий для публікації матеріал не порушу� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses citations and plagiarism without any reference to language's role in identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Scenario testingThree test scenarios were developed to model three aspects of DTC-GT results: disease risk, genetic symptoms testing, and drug response. Each scenario question included a best interpretation answer, and an interpretation score was generated by calculating the total number of correct over the three scenarios for a scale of 0-6. Scores were interpreted in aggregate, with no weighting, as has been done in prior studies [4–6, 43]. Scenarios 1 and 3 are identical to the ones used in the Ostergren study. The first scenario was modeled off a disease risk report from the company 23andMe. It presents a DTC-GT result for a 35-year old male, classified as obese, and his genetic susceptibility for diabetes (3 questions). The third scenario was a genetic drug response result from the company Pathway Genomics. It presents risk level for statin-induced myopathy for a male (age unspecified) taking the statin drug simvastatin to control his cholesterol (1 question). The second scenario was a novel scenario constructed using the patient generated report from a genomic test tool, ™, developed at Geisinger [44] which presents the result of a clinical genetic test. ™generates two different reports: a patient focused report and a provider focused report. The second scenario was constructed using results from the patient version of the report. The scenario presented the symptoms report for a 48-year old woman with three children. In order to help diagnose her symptoms, a genetic sequencing test was ordered. From that test, DCTN1 is highlighted as noteworthy, because a variant of this gene can cause HMN7B: distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type VIIB, which matches some of her symptoms (2 questions). Opinion analysisOpinions of the two groups were compared across three different categories: patient concern, DTC tests, and genetic self-efficacy. For the patient concern questions, survey participants were asked to rate the level of concern the patient should have based off the diabetes and HMN7B test results. In the DTC category, they were asked to rank how trustworthy were each scenario’s information (5 point Likert, 1 = Highly Trustworthy, 3 = Neutral, 5 = Highly Untrustworthy), which we refer to as the trustworthiness variable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing specific scenarios in which direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) is utilized, including genetic testing results from companies like 23andMe and Pathway Genomics. These examples illustrate practical applications of DTC-GT services, indicating their availability and relevance in evaluating disease risk and drug response. This supports the assertion that such services have become widely available.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change will result in the extinction of all wildlife by 2050. [SEP] Text: Whether such shifts would be sufficient to enable survival will depend on the sensitivity of species to changes in climate, their capacity for dispersal and the extent of higher elevations available(2, 14). Tropical montane species’ sensitivity to climate cannot be determined convincingly with correlative niche models and data repositories of species occurrences, because of potential mismatches between the scale of available climate data, the spatial accuracy of available distribution data, and the high, abrupt heterogeneity in environmental conditions that occur in tropical mountains(15, 16). Accurate assessment of species’ climatic tolerance in these systems could be achieved with field surveys, which record species’ distributions across replicated elevational transects, together with transplant experiments to directly measure species’ survival both within and beyond their native distributions. This requires organisms amenable to transplant, from taxonomic groups of sufficient diversity to identify general trends. One such group are epiphytes, plants that grow perched on tree branches and trunks rather than rooting in the ground. Here we paired detailed surveys of epiphyte species’ distributions across elevational gradients on three mountains in (Fig. 1, Fig. S1) together with reciprocal transplant experiments across sites at Monteverde, Costa Rica. We surveyed the distributions of 67 species in two genera, Peperomia and Elaphoglossum, and transplanted 15 of these species across six sites that varied in temperature and aridity (Fig. 2a, Fig. S2, S3). We followed the fate of these transplants for three years, allowing us to determine whether these species’ elevational range boundaries correspond with their climatic tolerance limits. We then considered alternative warming and dispersal scenarios to estimate extinction risk(2, 14). Our field surveys showed that species have narrow elevational-distributions (average 550m) and, consistent with previous studies(17–19), peaked in diversity at either low or middle elevations (Fig. S4), where conditions are relatively wet (Fig. S2). Our reciprocal transplant experiments showed that epiphyte species struggled to survive in climates outside their native ranges, especially in warmer, drier conditions. This was true of individual species, as illustrated with Peperomia palmana and P. dendrophila (Fig. 2c,d), and overall across surveyed taxa (Fig. 2b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific sensitivities of tropical montane species to climate change and indicating that survival will depend on various factors, including species sensitivity and potential dispersal. While it acknowledges extinction risks, it does not support the blanket assertion that all wildlife will become extinct by 2050. Instead, it emphasizes the need for accurate assessments of species' climatic tolerance and survival potential through field surveys and experimental methods, suggesting variation in outcomes rather than a universal extinction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: � авторських прав. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a fragment in Ukrainian that does not provide any information about language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: 23andMe’s criteria [4] for including a genetic test in its portfolio are that the drug response tests are eligible if there are either existing clinical practice guidelines provided by the (CPIC) and other clinical organisations, or if information from regulatory agencies or in drug labels “acknowledges the impact of the genetic marker on drug response”. 23andMe regards pharmacogenetic tests as potentially eligible if “there is meaningful interpretation of a positive result”, and at least three scientific research papers identify consistent clinical effects of the marker tested [4]. 23andMe currently provides reports on 12 pharmacogenetic tests for UK customers. Here, we evaluate the extent to which these tests 1) represent the latest scientific and clinical literature, 2) reflect recommendations from the U. S. FDA and CPIC, and 3) are applicable across different ethnic groups. MethodsData sources and search strategyEach test within the section of 23andMe UK genetic testing report was reviewed ( ). For all 12 pharmacogenetic tests, the 23andMe website provides details of 1) the drug, disorder and variant(s) relevant for the pharmacogenetic test, 2) possible outcomes by genotype, 3) interpretation of test results, and 4) academic papers reporting the pharmacogenetic association. Full technical information on the SNPs used to determine test results are given, enabling each test to be assessed fully. The research papers listed under each 23andMe report were evaluated, extracting information on effect size, sample size and ethnicity. A wider literature search was performed using PubMed and assess the pharmacogenetic test fully. The variants reported by 23andMe were matched to the FDA Table of in [5]. Additional evidence from CPIC guidelines, [6] PharmGKB, [7] and (DPWG) [8] was reviewed to determine current clinical practice. SNP allele frequencies and linkage disequilbrium (LD) between SNPs were determined using the 1000 genomes project data through SNAP ( and LDlink ( [9,10,11]. ResultsAssessment of 23andtests23andMe provides pharmacogenetic reports for response to 12 drugs, which are listed in Table 1, together with the specific variants tested, the implicated gene, the phenotype tested for (adverse drug reaction (ADR), efficacy, dosage adjustment), and the FDA recommendation. The reports are from diverse clinical areas and drugs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the range of pharmacogenetic tests provided by 23andMe, which indicate that direct-to-consumer genetic testing services are not only available but also evaluate the latest scientific and clinical literature. It highlights that 23andMe offers reports on 12 pharmacogenetic tests for UK customers, implying a significant availability of these services to consumers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change will result in the extinction of all wildlife by 2050. [SEP] Text: In general, movements to drier and/or warmer climates caused greater and more consistent mortality than did cooler and/or wetter climates (Fig. S5). When changes in temperature and precipitation are considered in ‘intervals’ relative to source populations (20), all species transplanted to cooler and/or wetter sites one interval away from source populations were able to survive, whereas most species could not survive a move of similar magnitude towards warmer and/or drier sites (Fig. 2, Table S1). Most species survived when moved to slightly drier sites if temperature was unchanged, but any combination of increased aridity and temperature resulted in increased mortality (Fig. S6, S7). Among the few species transplanted more than two intervals from their source population, none survived (Fig. 2b). Eight species were transplanted within their native range, but away from their individual site of origin. Only one species, P. peltilimba, showed an effect of population of origin, likely due to local adaptation or parental effects, such that individuals from the wettest site had significantly reduced survival when transplanted to the driest site within its native range (Fig. S8, Table S2). Two species had significantly reduced survival at both wet and dry peripheries of their own native ranges with no effect of population of origin (Fig. S9, Table S3), suggesting that these peripheral sites have sub-optimal climate conditions for these species. Reduced survival at drier sites appears to be caused by abiotic stress, and at wetter sites by an interaction between abiotic and biotic stress. Competition was unlikely to impact mortality due to experimental design (20, Fig. S3). Herbivory pressure is relatively low at these sites (Fig. S10) and transplantation did not cause consistent changes in herbivory (Fig. S11). The highest baseline herbivory occurred at the site of highest overall survival, while drier sites, with lowest survival, had the lowest herbivory rates (Fig. S10b). Mortality at warmer and drier sites was often preceded by visible desiccation, whereas mortality at wetter sites was often associated with rotting tissue, a moisture-related biotic pressure. The importance of climate in driving mortality is also supported by the timing of mortality events, which occurred disproportionately during the season of greatest climatic stress at a given site, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that while climate changes, not all species face extinction. It suggests that some species can survive under certain conditions, specifically noting that 'most species survived when moved to slightly drier sites if temperature was unchanged.' The evidence that 'none survived' when transplanted more than two intervals from their source population indicates that while climate change affects survival, it does not lead to universal extinction of wildlife by 2050. Additionally, the complexity of species responses to climate variations implies that extinction is not a certainty for all wildlife.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Правила етики для редакторів: працювати в повній відповідності до редакційної політики збірника з урахуванням актуальних юридичних вимог щодо авторського права, плагіату тощо; у стислий термін розглядати надіслані до публікації матеріали; не припускати дискримінації при оцінюванні представлених авторами матеріалів; поважати інтелектуальну власність авторів; не порушувати вимогу про двостороннє анонімне рецензування (не розкривати авторам о [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses editorial ethics and guidelines for publication without mentioning language's role in identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: For Simvastatin-induced myopathy, the frequency of the minor allele of rs4149056 is highest in European and Asian ancestries, with very low frequencies in African populations [27]. 23andMe genotyping captures four of the five non-functional alleles which reduce TPMT activity. The frequency of the functional *1 allele ranges from 0. 925 in Mexicans to 0. 983 in Asians18 with frequencies of the non-functional markers also varying by ethnicity. The other non-functional alleles are not tested for by 23andMe, but have a frequency of <0. 1% in all populations tested [28]. Limitations of 23andMe pharmacogenetic testsFor a number of the pharmacogenetic tests performed by 23andMe, the most recent literature has additional information on associations, making 23andMe’s tests incomplete in their assessment of ADRs or efficacy. For 5-FU, 23andMe tests only for the *2A variant, but as 23andMe state on their website, further variants in the gene are associated with 5-FU toxicity. For example, recent studies have shown that DPYD*13, rs67376798, c. 1679 T > G and c. 1236G > A/HapB3 are also associated with 5-FU toxicity [28,29,30]. For pseudocholinesterase deficiency, 23andMe provides reports on three variants, fluorine resistant 1 (F1), fluorine resistant 2 (F2) and dibucaine resistant mutation (A). Other mutations in BCHE with similar effect are not reported by 23andMe, such as K-variant, silent-1, silent-2 and silent-7 [31]. The protocol for selecting the specific variants to be tested by 23andMe is not described and only two 2. 5 billion per year [33]. Some of these events are associated with genetic factors, and so may be preventable through pharmacogenetic testing. DTC pharmacogenetic testing may have a role to play in either raising awareness of pharmacogenetic testing, or providing customers with preliminary information, which could be followed up with healthcare professionals. However, these benefits need to be balanced with the risks involved in providing medical information that is not communicated through a healthcare professional. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of companies like 23andMe in providing pharmacogenetic testing directly to consumers. It mentions how such services capture and report genetic variants, indicating that direct-to-consumer genetic testing is established. Additionally, it highlights the relevance of these tests in offering preliminary genetic information that consumers can discuss with healthcare professionals, further supporting the availability of these services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change will result in the extinction of all wildlife by 2050. [SEP] Text: , during dry-season at the dry sites and wet-season at the wet sites (Fig. S5). To estimate the impact of climate change on montane species, we consider how far uphill species will need to shift to maintain their current conditions, a common approach(2, 14) that is relevant here as the cool, wet conditions that support most epiphyte species(19) are expected to shift upwards in elevation(9, 21, 22). We calculate how a 600m shift in elevation, which corresponds with the 3. 2°C warming expected in the region by 2080 under SSP3-7. 0(23), would impact these species (Fig. 3). If species are limited by climate at their lower range boundary, in accordance with our experimental results, populations whose lower boundaries currently occur within 600m of the mountaintop would face mountaintop extinction(4, 14). Additionally, species with elevational distributions of less than 600m breadth would be at risk if they cannot shift their elevational distributions, as no part of their current distribution would be climatically suitable and they would have to migrate to an entirely new elevational range in order to remain within suitable climate conditions(2, 14); 56% of the populations in our study fell into this category, having local elevational ranges < = 600m in breadth. Many of the remaining species would lose significant range area as their ranges contract at mountaintops (Fig. 4b,e). To provide a more thorough assessment of extinction risk in these species, we also consider the impact of alternative scenarios: amount of warming, dispersal capacity, and whether individual species’ tolerance for climate conditions is better estimated by within or among-mountain distributions. Because the timing and magnitude of future warming is uncertain, we consider warming along a continuum, while also calling out impacts specifically at two temperatures: 1. 5°C, which is barely achievable under the most optimistic emission scenarios, and 3. 2°C, which is likely for the region under mid-emission scenarios and likely to be exceeded under highest emission scenarios(23). The difference in extinction risk between these two warming scenarios is dramatic, and points to the great impact that climate mitigation actions can have for biodiversity. At 1. 5°C of warming, no species extinctions are expected, whereas roughly 20% of populations on individual mountains would be expected to be lost (Fig. 4). In contrast, at 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varying extinction risks associated with different levels of warming due to climate change. It states that at 1.5°C of warming, no species extinctions are expected, while roughly 20% of populations would be lost at 3.2°C warming. This indicates that not all wildlife is projected to face extinction by 2050, especially under lower warming scenarios, thereby directly challenging the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: собисті дані рецензентів, а рецензентам не розкривати особисті дані авторів); не розкривати без необхідності інформацію про надіслані матеріали, за винятком рецензентів, потенційних рецензентів або наукових консультантів; вживати заходи щодо виявлення та запобігання публікації матеріалів досліджень які велися із порушенням наукової етики; у випадку, якщо автором представленого до публікації рукопису є сам редактор передавати відпов� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It focuses on the responsibilities and ethical considerations of reviewers and editors, which is unrelated to the topic of language and identity.