Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immune function, and even mental health. [SEP] Text: (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease access Published: 14 July 2017 (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease Thomas W. Buford1 Microbiome 34. Moreover, only a handful of studies to date have investigated the aging microbiome in humans (Table 1). Still, at least two early studies in this area have documented that advanced age is associated with changes to both the composition and stability of gut microbiota [40, 70]. Biagi et al. reported that a group of centenarian from displayed low species diversity compared to younger adults (~30 years of age). They also noted specific changes within Firmicutes (one of the two dominant phyla commonly found in the gut) subgroups and enrichment of Proteobacteria—a group containing many opportunistic bacteria which can overtake commensal bacteria and induce pathology [70]. These microbiome changes were also characterized by a loss of genes for short-chain fatty acid production and an overall decrease in the saccharolytic potential, while proteolytic functions were more abundant than in the intestinal metagenome of younger adults [71]. Interestingly, these changes in bacterial content were also moderately associated with circulating plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines interleukins six (IL-6) and eight (IL-8). Surprisingly, however, despite these interesting findings among the centenarians, this group did not find significant differences in microbiota composition between the younger adults and a group of older adults with an average age of 70 years. Table 1 Studies investigating aging and the gut microbiome humansFull size table In contrast, findings from the cohort [72] did indicate alterations in the core microbiota of persons over 65 years of age. These changes were generally characterized by a greater proportion of Bacteroides spp. and distinct abundance patterns of Clostridium groups compared to younger individuals. Older individuals also displayed a loss of diversity-associated taxa, including Prevotella and associated genera [40, 73], which can contribute to instability in the microbiome composition. However, the authors noted that the variability in the microbiota profiles of the older persons was quite large—making phenotype prediction difficult. Several key factors—particularly diet and the use of antibiotics—were key predictors of these changes in both community-dwelling seniors and residents of long-term care facilities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that investigate the relationship between the gut microbiome and health outcomes. It highlights changes in gut microbiota composition with age, citing that such changes can lead to inflammatory responses and instability in microbiome composition, which are implications for immune function. Moreover, it mentions specific bacterial changes, such as the loss of short-chain fatty acid production, which is important for digestive health. Collectively, these points support the claim that the gut microbiome significantly affects digestion and immune function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition alone can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Personalized medicine uses and combines genomic and clinical data to more accurately predict an individual’s susceptibility towards development of the disease and his response to treatment. Personalized approach thus allows optimization of patient care. Personalized medicine approach and targeted approach in gut microbiota modulation should be based on analyses of the patient’s clinical data and an analysis of the patient’s gut microbiome and metabolome that reveals the specific changes in his gut microbiota diversity, composition, and function. These analyses allow using personalized and targeted gut microbiota modulation, by the application of beneficial microorganisms, their consortia, and their metabolites. It can be assumed that this method of modulation will in many cases require a combination of personalized probiotics, probiotic strains with specific effects, and metabolites of microorganisms—postbiotics. The study of the application of personalized probiotics was conducted on 48 patients. The aim of this study was to determine changes in selected markers within the microbiota after 3 months of treatment by the personalized probiotic supplement. The probiotic composition (species, number of species, and number of CFU) of the probiotic mixture was designed based on gut microbiome analysis and prepared for each patient separately. After 3 months of probiotic supplementation, control samples were analyzed. Data confirmed a statistically significant increase of specific beneficial bacterial groups (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and actinobacteria) as well as the total number of species, thus increasing the overall diversity of the microbiota, which is considered a marker of a healthy gut microbiome. Results showed that the probiotic supplementation improved stool frequency in both cases—constipation and also diarrhea. The study confirmed the significance of a personalized approach in probiotic supplementation [50]. Of course, further data and studies are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of a personalized approach in the clinical field. It can be expected that also a new method of personalized and targeted modulation of gut microbiome combined with the auto-transplantation of ex vivo modulated patient’s gut microbiota will be developed in near future for clinical practice [45, 51]. Innovative animal experimental models and clinical studies will greatly aid the shift in gut microbiome research and modulation that will enable the production of high-quality products for the patients [52]. Advertisement 5. ConclusionsGut microbiota has an important role in the health and etiology and pathogenesis of chronic diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while personalized medicine can enhance patient care and potentially contribute to health improvements, it acknowledges that further data and studies are needed to demonstrate the overall effectiveness of personalized approaches in clinical settings. It specifically states that the significance of a personalized approach in probiotic supplementation is confirmed, but it does not assert that personalized nutrition is sufficient to prevent all chronic diseases, indicating that it is a part of a broader context where more research is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Transmission electron microscopySpecimens for TEM and semi-thin sectioning were fixed in PFA and preserved in 50% EtOH. Before embedding, specimens were rehydrated, post-fixed with 1% OsO4, and subsequently dehydrated again in an ascending acetone series and embedded in Araldite. One-micrometer semi-thin sections were sectioned using a “Jumbo” diamond knife on a S ultramicrotome and stained with toluidine blue (1% toluidine,1% sodium-tetraborate, and 20% saccharose). Coverslips were mounted with Araldite and sections were imaged with an Olympus microscope (BX-51) equipped with the dot. slide system (2. 2 Olympus, Hamburg). Silver interference-colored sections (70–75 nm) were prepared using a “45°” diamond knife. The sections were placed on Formvar-covered, single-slot copper grids and stained with 2% uranyl acetate and lead citrate in an automated TEM stainer (QG-3100, Boeckeler Instruments). Ultra-thin sections were examined using a Zeiss EM10 transmission electron microscope with digital imaging plates (). Availability of data and materials Amplification products were sequenced directly using Sanger sequencing, via Laragen Inc. , and are available via the (accession numbers MW148236-MW148238, MW158740, MW165066, MW172213-MW172214, and MW172220-MW172221). Alignments for the anemone 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and COIII for both Ostiactis pearseae and Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’, used to generate Fig. 3, are also available on the listed below. Animal images and specimens were vouchered for long-term archiving into the Collection at of Oceanography (sioapps. ucsd. edu/collections/bi/). The raw Illumina 16S rRNA barcode sequences and metadata collected in this study are available from the (BioProject # PRJNA671766). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on technical methods of specimen preparation and microscopy without addressing the existence or characteristics of ecosystems at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. There are no indications or discussions regarding chemosynthesis or any specific ecosystems mentioned in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immune function, and even mental health. [SEP] Text: These factors, diet in particular, could potentially explain differences between findings from the Italian and Irish cohorts. As such, these and other relevant factors necessitate the continued study of the microbiome across populations. Notably, data from the cohort revealed an interesting potential association with physical frailty as evidenced by differences among older persons living in long-term care and/or rehabilitation facilities compared to community-dwelling peers [73]. These differences were also associated with several systemic markers of inflammation including IL-6, IL-8, CRP, and TNF-α. The association with frailty in the cohort was recently demonstrated more formally along with concordant findings from 728 female twins enrolled in the [41]. These findings were similar to those from a prior small cohort of older adults from [74]. Thus, available data suggest that the gut microbiome may play at least some role in the development of physical frailty among the elderly. Similarly, early findings now suggest that gut dysbiosis may contribute to age-related declines in cognitive function. Cattaneo et al. recently reported that brain amyloidosis and peripheral inflammation among cognitively impaired elders was associated with the abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory gut microbiota [42]. Indeed, brain amyloid content and circulating inflammatory analytes were positively associated with the inflammatory bacteria taxon Escherichia/Shigella and negatively associated with the anti-inflammatory E. rectale taxon. To my knowledge, these are the first data directly linking the gut microbiota to age-related cognitive decline, though numerous studies in other models (e. g. , Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, animal models of Alzheimer’s disease) exist to indicate a well-defined gut-brain axis which could contribute to age-related dementias [62, 75, 76]. Given the dramatic public health implications of understanding and intervening upon age-related dementias, continued research in this area seems highly warranted. Etiology of age-related changes in the microbiomeThe precise etiologic explanation for these age-related changes remains incomplete. Across the age-spectrum, dramatic increases in the use of antibiotics and increasing pervasiveness of a high-saturated fat and high-sugar “western” diet are proposed to directly contribute to the depletion of important beneficial components of the microbiome [50, 77]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the gut microbiome in various health aspects, particularly mental health and physical frailty. It explains that gut dysbiosis may contribute to cognitive function decline and highlights a connection between inflammatory markers and gut bacteria. It also mentions the gut-brain axis, which supports the idea that the gut microbiome has an impact on mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition alone can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Future research on gut microbiome in chronic disease should be aimed to clarify the association between gut microbiota dysbiosis and disease pathogenesis. Diet, probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation can be used for gut microbiota modulation. Research on gut microbiota and its role in health and disease constantly brings new knowledge, which in the foreseeable future will significantly streamline not only prevention but also supportive therapy of many chronic diseases. New strategies such as personalized and targeted modulation of gut microbiota are emerging based on analysis of the patient’s microbiome, metabolome, and clinical data. They will result in the application of beneficial microorganisms, their consortia, and metabolites to address the specific problem for specific people. The analysis of the patient’s gut microbiota could also serve for early diagnosis in people at risk of chronic disease, and intervention can be made that will prevent chronic disease from occurring. of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. . Application of metagenomics in the human gut microbiome. of Gastroenterology. 2015;21:803-814. DOI: 10. 3748/wjg. v21. i3. 8032. äckhed F. Assessing the human gut microbiota in metabolic diseases. Diabetes. 2013;62:3341-3349. DOI: 10. 2337/db13-08443. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science. 2005;308:1635-1638. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 11105914. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2012;490:55-60. DOI: 10. 1038/nature114505. Tlaskalová-Hogenová H, Štepanková R, Kozáková čkova L, et al. The role of gut microbiota (commensal bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer: Contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases. Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2011;8:110-120. DOI: 10. 1038/cmi. 2010. 676. . Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease. . 2015;26:26191. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while personalized nutrition, particularly through the modulation of gut microbiota, can contribute to the prevention and supportive therapy of chronic diseases, it does not suggest that personalized nutrition alone is sufficient to prevent all such diseases. It emphasizes the need for further research and highlights the complexity of disease pathogenesis, indicating multiple factors are at play beyond personalized nutrition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: The processed sequence data, as well as representative sequences, are available on the ( Change history18 June 2021A Correction to this paper has been published: Two intracellular and cell type-specific bacterial symbionts in the placozoan Trichoplax H2. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4(9):1465–74. Daly M, Chaudhuri A, Gusmão L, Rodríguez E. Phylogenetic relationships among sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Evol. 2008;48(1):292–301. CAS 80. CAS PubMed 1. 71. 92. PubMed 19. 34. -Quiroz E, Nieves-Cardoso C, del Rio M. Detection of active hydrothermal vent fields in the and on the Alarcón Rise using AUV multibeam and CTD data. 2015; Abstract OS23C-2027 presented at the AGU fall meeting, San Francisco, CA. . Hydrothermal vent fields discovered in the southern Gulf of California clarify role of habitat in augmenting regional diversity. Soc B. 2017;284(1859):20170817. . Discovery of hydrothermal vent fields on Alarcón Rise and in Basin, Gulf of California. Geosyst. 2018;19(12):4788–819. 7. CAS PubMed 27. PubMed Pub4698. 6998. PubMed Pub263. Gusmão LC, Rodríguez E, Daly M. Description of Calliactis tigris sp. nov. : reconciling taxonomy and phylogeny in hermit-crab symbiotic anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Hormathiidae). Evol. 2019;19(4):567–83. 7. 7. CAS PubMed 1991. 37. CAS PubMed 46. 56. CAS 90. 8. . Spanning the depths or depth-restricted: three new species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) and a new record for the hydrothermal vent Bathymodiolus thermophilus at methane seeps along the margin. I: Papers. 2020;164:103322. 70. CAS PubMed 82. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various scientific papers and research findings related to hydrothermal vent fields and associated species but does not provide any specific information about the ecosystems at these vents or their reliance on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immune function, and even mental health. [SEP] Text: In turn, these changes contribute to chronic activation of the immune system and a dramatic rise in the prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders. These two factors also represent key modifiable health factors which may contribute to exacerbated dysbiosis among older adults. In the of America, rates of antibiotic prescription actually dropped from 2000–2010 among children and young to middle-aged adults [78]. In contrast, prescription rates increased among older adults with the most dramatic increases seen among persons ≥80 years of age [78]. Additionally, rates of antibiotic prescription have risen substantially in recent years in residential care facilities [79]. These trends may at least partially explain age-related changes in the microbiome, particularly those observed in the cohort among residents of long-term care facilities. Similarly, age-related changes in nutrient intake may also contribute to late-life dysbiosis. It is well-recognized that diet is one of the primary contributors to gut health. Advanced age is associated with deterioration in various aspects of nutrient intake and absorption including dentition, salivary function, digestion, and intestinal transit time [73, 80]. Sensory changes, including taste and smell, may also alter the appetite making certain foods unappealing and thus altering eating habits [81]. It is possible that these changes contribute to dysbiosis though it may be more likely that altered immune responses to “inflammatory” foods among older adults may exacerbate microbial changes. Another prominent possibility is that chronic activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems due to immunosenescence contributes to an altered bacterial composition in the gut. Such an affect may manifest at least partially due to known increases in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in advanced age [82] as HPA-mediated inflammatory stress responses are known to induce to both immune dysregulation [83] and dysbiosis [84]. Conversely, however, it remains possible—given the known inflammatory effects of dysbiosis—that changes to the microbiome due to other factors (e. g. , diet) exacerbate inflammation and altered immunity. Thus, it is presently difficult to decipher the temporal relationship between these changes. Furthermore, this known interplay suggests a tantalizing hypothesis that the processes of immunosenescence and dysbiosis may in fact be interdependent. Moreover, physical changes to the intestinal epithelial barrier may play a role in dysbiosis and age-related inflammation. Jakobsson et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating the role of the gut microbiome in immune function and its interaction with various health factors related to aging. It discusses how dysbiosis, which can be impacted by diet and immune responses, contributes to chronic inflammation and changes in gut health. Specifically, it notes that 'chronic activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems due to immunosenescence contributes to an altered bacterial composition in the gut,' linking immune function and gut health directly. Additionally, the text mentions age-related changes in nutrient intake affecting gut health, thereby supporting the claim regarding the microbiome's role in digestion and overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition alone can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. & Microbe. 2008;3:213-223. DOI: 10. 1016/j. chom. 2008. 02. 01517. . The gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2017;11:120. DOI: 10. 3389/fncel. 2017. 0012018. New evidences on the altered gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders. Microbiome. 2017;5:24. DOI: 10. 1186/s40168-017-0242-119. Gagnière Gut microbiota imbalance and colorectal cancer. of Gastroenterology. 2016;22:501-518. DOI: 10. 3748/wjg. v22. i2. 50120. Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma. Genome Research. 2012;22:299-306. DOI: 10. 1101/gr. 126516. 11121. Impact of diet and the bacterial microbiome on the mucous barrier and immune disorders. Allergy. 2021;76:714-734. DOI: 10. 1111/all. 1454822. Hrncir T. Gut microbiota dysbiosis: Triggers, consequences, diagnostic and therapeutic options. Microorganism. 2022;10:578. DOI: 10. 3390/microorganisms1003057823. . Co-encapsulated synbiotics and immobilized probiotics in human health and gut microbiota modulation. Food. 2021;10:1297. DOI: 10. 3390/foods1006129724. . Probiotics and immunity: Provisional role for personalized diets and disease prevention. EPMA Journal. 2015;6:14. DOI: 10. 1186/s13167-015-0036-025. Bomba A, Nemcová R, Mudroňová D, Guba P. The possibilities of potentiating the efficacy of probiotics. Trends in & Technology. 2002;13:121-126. DOI: 10. 1016/S0924-2244(02)00129-226. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various studies examining the relationship between diet, gut microbiome, and specific health outcomes, such as obesity and immune disorders. It implies that while personalized diets and probiotics may play a role in health, they are part of a broader context involving dietary factors and gut microbiota that do not solely prevent all chronic diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Phylogenetic characterization of endosymbionts in three hydrothermal vent mussels: influence on host distributions. Prog Ser. 2000;208:147–55. 85. CAS 63. 8. 90. 6003. 76. 37. CAS PubMed 90. 44. 40. 6. 75. CAS PubMed 24. CAS 405. 82. 9. 5. CAS PubMed 1001. PubMed 331. . MC-ICP-MS measurement of δ34S and∆ 33S in small amounts of dissolved sulfate. Chem Geo. 2013;345:50–61. CAS 2. CAS 41. CAS PubMed 61. CAS 93. CAS 42. CAS 208. 8. 13. PubMed Pub11. Microbiol. 2004;70(2):845–9. 5. CAS PubMed 713. PubMed Pub11. CAS PubMed 8562. 65. -. Distribution and dietary regulation of an associated facultative Rhizobiales-related bacterium in the omnivorous giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata. Naturwissenschaften. 2014;101(5):397–406. CAS PubMed 1988. . Deep-water Actiniaria from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Invert Zool. 2007;4(1):83–102. 1234. 36. 22. CAS PubMed 53. CAS 94. CAS PubMed 84. CAS 47. 80. 6. CAS PubMed 704. 772. 8. . RAxML-NG: a fast, scalable and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. Bioinformatics. 2019;35(21):4453–5. 1997. 1934. 62. 317. 58. 500. . Next-generation in situ hybridization chain reaction: higher gain, lower cost, greater durability. ACS Nano. 2014;8(5):4284–94. 700. 1. Reference taxa included in this study, with voucher location and GenBank accession numbers. Taxa are organized alphabetically within their family; new sequences indicated in bold. Additional file 2: Table S2. 16S rRNA amplicon results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. Instead, it lists various scientific studies and articles without mentioning how these relate specifically to chemosynthesis or the unique ecosystems found at hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immune function, and even mental health. [SEP] Text: previously demonstrated that the composition of the gut microbiota is directly related to the leaky gut [85]. Recent evidence suggests now that intestinal permeability may increase with age. Man et al. [86] recently demonstrated that, compared to younger adults, ileal tissues from older adults demonstrated increased IL-6 concentrations that were accompanied by increased intestinal permeability as a result of elevated claudin-2. These data provide novel evidence from humans indicating the likelihood of a “leaky gut” during advanced age whereby the intestinal barrier preventing harmful substances from reaching the bloodstream is permeated. The leaky gut is well-associated with inflammatory bowel conditions but is now being proposed as a contributor to a wide variety of health conditions [87, 88]—with particular interest in a gut-brain axis which regulates the blood brain barrier [61, 62, 75, 76]. Though somewhat speculative at present, it is possible that the leaky gut is a primary source of inflammation long-observed within the circulation. Studies in Drosophila have reported that age-related changes in the microbiome increase intestinal permeability [89] and drive chronic inflammation [90]. More recently, Thevaranjan et al. [91] were the first to our knowledge to publish work from mammals directly supporting this hypothesis. Using germ-free and conventionally raised mice, this group reported that the germ-free animals did not display an age-related increase in systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, co-housing germ-free with old—but not young—conventionally raised mice increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines [91]. Anti-TNF therapy also reversed age-related microbial changes. These data are the strongest to date suggesting the critical role of gut changes in driving age-related inflammation and provide a solid backdrop for continued investigation in this area. Potential intervention strategiesThough additional research is certainly needed in this area, the aforementioned data do suggest that interventions designed to target the gut microbiome may be capable of producing beneficial effects on age-related inflammation and overall health. To date, research on such interventions is as limited as that on the aging microbiome in general. Still, within this small evidence base are some intriguing and promising findings that support the concept of intervening upon the microbiome. Interestingly, some of the most promising strategies are not truly “gut-specific” but rather well-known interventions which are increasingly recognized to have beneficial effects on the gut microbiome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the gut microbiome composition relates to various health conditions, including inflammation and intestinal permeability, which can impact digestion and immune function. It highlights the potential for interventions targeting the gut microbiome to produce beneficial health effects, suggesting a link to overall health and possibly mental health through the gut-brain axis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating infrastructure is being explored to create habitable spaces on water for rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe sea levels of Kiribati have been stable over the last few decades, as elsewhere in the world. government funded (PSLM) project has adjusted sea level records to produce an unrealistic rising trend. Some information has been hidden or neglected, especially from sources of different management. The measured monthly average mean sea levels suffer from subsidence or manipulation resulting in a tilting from the about 0 (zero) mm/year of nearby tide gauges to 4 (four) mm/year over the same short time window. Real environmental problems are driven by the increasing local population leading to troubles including scarcity of water, localized sinking and localised erosion. Keywords: sea-level rise; climate change; Pacific atolls; El-Nińo; southern oscillation1 IntroductionThe 1993. The project has been created to build a substitutional evidence of relative rates of rise of sea level of more than 4 mm/year in Kiribati using the focus on a short term record started in a valley of the peaks & valleys oscillations and playing with the subsidence of the instrument if not manipulating the results. The selected starting point for data analysis is a very low sea level in the mid-1990s, and this may bias apparent rise in relative sea level assessment for decades. The longer tide gauges recording under a different management, as II and Christmas Island, or B and Kanton Island, are neglected, same of the oldest tide gauges nearby Betio in the atoll of Tarawa. tide gauge is managed by the of Meteorology. All the other tide gauges as -A, B and C or are or were managed by the. Other tide gauges as were managed by NOAA/NOS. Listed in Table 1 are all the tide gauges of Kiribati. The table presents the relative rate of rise computed by linear fitting of all the data, plus the record length. The data have been downloaded from PSMSL [8]. To be noted, the -tide gauge is quality flagged by PSMSL. Table 1. Analysis of all the tide gauges of Kiribati in the PSMSL data base (data from [10]). Tide gaugemm/year-13811. 367172. 933198419749. 58−3. 71-15791. 333173. 017198819834. 6732. 15-17391. 367172. 9332002198813. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the stability of sea levels in Kiribati and questioning the accuracy of rising sea level trends. It suggests that the observed data may be manipulated or biased, contradicting the notion that rising sea levels necessitate floating infrastructure. Instead, it indicates that real problems arise from local population pressures rather than a notable rise in sea levels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inHerky-of Earth’s Dented, erratic, and wandering, our field is constantly changing its mind. by 21 December 20203 November 2021 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) NASA; JohanSwanepoel/Depositphotos. com to the Herky-of Earth’s Habitability and the Evolution of ’s Ever-Do Uranus’s Subsurface Oceans? for Rates in Most people don’t know that Earth’s magnetic field has a weak spot the size of the continental hovering over and the southern Atlantic Ocean. We’re safe from any effects on the ground, but our satellites aren’t so lucky: When they zip through this magnetic anomaly, they are bombarded with radiation more intense than anywhere else in orbit. There is reason to believe that this dent in the magnetic field, called the Anomaly, is only getting bigger. This anomaly is far from the only unusual feature of Earth’s magnetic field. Hundreds of times in Earth’s history, our magnetic field has reversed, switching north and south in a planetary flip-flop. Earth’s magnetic keeps drifting too, stumbling around the Arctic in a chaotic dance. And scientists have detected pulses of Earth’s magnetic field—called geomagnetic jerks—that can undermine our navigation systems. Yet forecasting these changes remains a challenge. “Just like weather forecasts, you can’t predict the evolution of the core beyond a few decades,” said Julien Aubert, a researcher at the of Earth Physics. The magnetic field’s strength, measured in nanoteslas, drops precipitously at the Anomaly. Credit: ESA But scientists want to know how Earth’s magnetic field will change further into the future than that. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using Earth's magnetic field. It discusses the characteristics and behavior of Earth's magnetic field, including anomalies and changes, but does not mention sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immune function, and even mental health. [SEP] Text: For instance, dietary habits appear to be one of the biggest drivers of gut health and microbiota composition [92,93,94]. Specifically, adherence to a high-fat diet commonly seen in Western cultures appears to be one of the driving factors in gut dysbiosis [95, 96]. Accordingly, interventions such as caloric restriction and/or implementing a Mediterranean-style diet may hold promise for balancing the gut microbiome [97, 98]. Moreover, studies exist to suggest potential benefits to specific dietary choices and/or nutritional supplements including (but not necessarily limited to) coffee [99], resveratrol [100], quercetin [100], and/or other polyphenol compounds [101]. Interestingly, many of these strategies have previously been purported to have anti-inflammatory and/or healthy aging properties. These new data suggest that perhaps influences at the level of the gut may be at least partially responsible for these purported benefits. However, studies are needed that specifically evaluate the influence of dietary changes on the gut microbiome and other health parameters among older adults. Similarly, physical exercise is a clinically recommended intervention with well-established health benefits which is now purported to have important benefits on the gut [102,103,104,105]. Recent studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that aerobic exercise provides a variety of beneficial effects on the gut including enhancing epithelial membrane integrity [106], increasing microbial diversity [106,107,108,109], and attenuating intestinal inflammation [106, 110, 111]. However, few human studies in this area have been published to date. Recently, Clarke et al. [112] recently reported that professional athletes (rugby players) displayed a higher diversity of gut micro-organisms compared to age-matched controls. However, extensive additional findings from humans—particularly in the form of longitudinal intervention studies—are needed to confirm these beneficial effects. Moreover, to my knowledge, no studies (human or animal) have evaluated the influence of exercise on the gut microbiome in late life. Additionally, questions remain regarding the effects of exercise modality and if these observed effects are specific to aerobic exercise compared to resistance training. Perhaps not surprisingly, dietary supplementation with probiotics also appears to be among the most promising interventions for re-balancing the gut microbiome. Well-known actions of probiotics include antimicrobial activity, enhancement of intestinal barrier function, and immunomodulation via actions on a wide variety of immune cells [113]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of dietary habits and exercise in influencing gut health and microbiota composition. It highlights that dietary choices can impact gut dysbiosis and mentions the role of probiotics in balancing the gut microbiome, which enhances intestinal barrier function and modulates immune responses. Additionally, it points out that physical exercise has beneficial effects on the gut, such as increasing microbial diversity and enhancing epithelial membrane integrity, all of which are related to gut microbiome functions in digestion, immune health, and potentially mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating infrastructure is being explored to create habitable spaces on water for rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: The location of the offsets is extremely relevant to the result. JPL places an offset about the beginning of2005. SONEL places an offset about the end of 2003. GA does not mention the offsets they use. The results of GA and JPL are similar in module but opposite in sign indicating in one case subsidence, in the other uplift. result indicates large subsidence. Despite these projects are collaborative with intense cross talk between teams, the spreading of the results is still substantial. The GPS monitoring of the velocity of fixed objects on land is still less accurate that using as zero the sea level and then measure the elevations vs. this zero level. The latest conclusion of the project about the sea levels in Kiribati [14] is that the sea level rise is even larger than the +3. 95 mm/year of Table. 1 and Figure 1, rated at +4. 7 mm/year by barometric pressure and GPS levelling corrections. No matter if temperatures, rainfalls or sea levels, the result of the BOM corrections is always more compliance to the CAGW narrative [15]. If we believe the Betio tide gauge really has same vertical position of the dome, then the GPS dome should have strong subsidence. If we believe the dome is not subsiding, then it may be the survey of the relative position tide gauge vs. GPS dome has not been accurate. Alternatively, we may certainly believe that the and the tide gauges similarly to all the other tide gauges of the world are all floating or all subject to uplift by magic. But this seems the more unlikely occurrence. 5 Conciliating land expansion and sea level riseAccording to the BoM [14], Kiribati has a rate of rise of sea level of +4. 7 mm/year. This conclusion is based on the cherry picking of one selected tide gauge and the manipulation of the recorded data, as the other tide gauges in the region shows a different story, with very small relative rates of rise, similarly to the world wide nad’ve average tide gauge of enough length suggesting global relative sea level rises of about +0. 2 mm/year. The low rate of sea level rise in Kiribati fits better with the accumulating evidence that surface area of the islands is expanding. According to [6], the Tarawa atoll has significantly expanded over the last decades. Over 61 years, Betio has expanded from 120. 03 to 156. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the rate of sea level rise in Kiribati and mentioning that the surface area of islands in the region is expanding, which implies that the challenges posed by rising sea levels might not necessitate floating infrastructure for habitable spaces. Instead of focusing on creating habitable spaces on water, the text suggests that land expansion is occurring, countering the idea that floating infrastructure is a needed solution in response to rising sea levels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Without a magnetic field, satellites could be lost, and tools that rely on careful magnetic models for navigation could go askew. The answers can’t come soon enough. The magnetic field protects Earth’s atmosphere from harmful radiation emitted from the Sun. Scientists are learning that the Sun is capable of emission events—solar flares—even more destructive than we ever thought possible, and understanding our magnetic field strength and variation is vital for knowing how at risk we could be from the next big solar storm. puppeteer that drives the magnetic field is Earth’s core, the superheated heart of our planet, which burns as hot as the surface of the Sun. In the core, molten metals are constantly in motion as hot buoyant plumes of lighter material rise outward. At the very center lies a small hardened inner core that has been growing as Earth cools. The mathematics of the geodynamo are so messy that did not believe it. This planetary anatomy sets the stage for an active magnetic field. The core’s constant need to cool itself, and thus convect, drives our planet’s electric generator. The generator produces a self-sustaining magnetic field through a process called the geodynamo. The mathematics of the geodynamo are so messy that did not believe the theory when one of its founders, Walter M. Elsasser, proposed it to him. The geodynamo works because the natural convection of the liquid core pushes metals through a weak existing magnetic field, exciting an electric current. Because of the relationship between electricity and magnetism, the current produces a second magnetic field, and the process repeats. This process has been self-sustaining for most of Earth’s history. Although the core sits thousands of kilometers beneath our feet, the magnetic field it produces stretches far into space, surrounding the planet like armor. But our planet’s armor isn’t perfect, and the results can be heartbreaking. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now A Chink in Earth’s jerks travel along Earth’s magnetic field lines, shown here inside the core. Credit:CNRS On an early spring day in 2016, teams of engineers in Japan watched as their prized satellite spun out of control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Earth's magnetic field, its generation via the geodynamo process, and its importance for satellite navigation and protection from solar radiation. However, it does not provide any information regarding how sea turtles use this magnetic field for navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immune function, and even mental health. [SEP] Text: In line with these established mechanisms, studies among older adults have demonstrated beneficial effects of probiotic preparations on gut microflora composition [114,115,116] and systemic immunity [116,117,118]. van Beek et al. also recently reported that 10 weeks of supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 prevented age-related decline in the colon mucus barrier in a mouse model of accelerated aging [119]. Probiotics have also been proposed to potentially have anti-inflammatory properties [113]. Such an effect seems plausible given the effects of probiotics on the immune system. To date, several studies have investigated this potential anti-inflammatory affect with the overall effect appearing to be modest [116, 118,119,120,121,122]—though more definitive research in this area is certainly warranted. More research is also needed regarding the ability to utilize probiotics as a vehicle to deliver other therapeutic compounds. Indeed, genetically modified probiotics have been purported as highly promising treatment strategies [123,124,125] as they offer a potentially efficacious method to deliver drugs or other therapeutic proteins with precision and a higher degree of site specificity than conventional drug regimens [126]. For instance, Steidler et al. previously reported on the utility of Lactococcus lactis as a vehicle for delivering IL-10 for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease [127]. Elsewhere this strategy has been proposed as a potential method of delivering antihypertensive therapeutics [128, 129]. Given the relative infancy of this field, however, the overall body of literature in this area is sparse. Future studies are certainly warranted on the potential utility of genetically modified probiotics in the treatment of age-related inflammation and associated diseases. ConclusionsAs the population ages across developed nations worldwide, the need for healthcare solutions to ease the burden of age-related diseases grows. Treatments for chronic inflammation represent a particularly promising strategy given the observation of inflammation in “healthy aging” as well as nearly every age-related disorder or disease. Growing evidence indicates that the gut microbiome may represent a novel site of intervention for the prevention and/or treatment of late-life inflammation. A variety of biologic, medical, and lifestyle factors appear to contribute to gut dysbiosis in late-life, and interventions specifically designed to target these factors may be useful in restoring microbial balance and attenuating inflammation (Fig. 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that illustrate the beneficial effects of probiotics on gut health and systemic immunity, highlighting the gut microbiome's involvement in these processes. It mentions that the gut microbiome may serve as a novel site for intervention in late-life inflammation, which relates significantly to immune function and potentially impacts overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating infrastructure is being explored to create habitable spaces on water for rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: 0 Ha, with an increment of 36. 0 Ha or 30. 0%. Both the ocean and lagoon shores are expanding. The island footprint is expanding but with localized areas of erosion. Fig. 10 presents on top a US intelligence map of the in 1943 (from [16]) and on bottom a latest satellite image (from [17]). Despite the sharply sea level rises of the BoM narrative, the island is now longer and fatter, and it is filled up with peoples, homes and other facilities. Fig. 10. Top is a US intelligence map of the in 1943 (from [16]) and bottom is a latest satellite image (from [17]). Despite the sharply sea level rises of the BoM narrative, the island is longer and fatter, and it is filled up with peoples, homes and facilities. According to [6], over 61 years, Betio has expanded from 120. 03 to 156. 0 Ha, with an increment of 36. 0 Ha or 30. 0%. According to Wikipedia, in 2010 the population of Betio was 15,755 over a land of 1. 54 km2, fora density of 10,000 peoples/km2. Over 35 years, Bairiki has expanded his land from 35. 46 to 41. 25 Ha, with an increment of 5. 79 Ha or 16. 3%. Both the ocean and lagoon shores are expanding. The island footprint is expanding but with localized areas of erosion. Over 35 years, Nanikaia has expanded his land from 6. 40 Ha to 7. 20 Ha, or 0. 80 Ha and 12. 5%. Both the ocean and lagoon shores are expanding. There is lagoon expansion and embayment infilling. Over 61 years, Buariki has expanded from 338. 30 Ha to 348. 40 Ha, or 10. 1 Ha and 2. 9%. Both the ocean and lagoon shores are expanding. There is lagoon expansion of cuspate shoreline and embayment deposition. How it is possible to run climate scare headlines of +4. 7 mm/year sea level rise when the nearby tide gauges show only small rise and the island area is actually expanding? This is a question the of Meteorology has never tried to answer. 6 Conclusionsmonitoring project has been created to build a substitutional evidence of relative rates of rise of +3. 96 mm/year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that despite narratives of rising sea levels, the island areas mentioned are expanding, with specific examples of land expansion over time. It questions the reliability of sea level rise data and presents the situation that implies a lack of urgent need for floating infrastructure as habitats, stating, 'How it is possible to run climate scare headlines of +4.7 mm/year sea level rise when the nearby tide gauges show only small rise and the island area is actually expanding?'. This indicates a belief that rising sea levels are not as severe as claimed, which directly contradicts the claim about the necessity of floating infrastructure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: The teams behind Hitomi, a satellite launched just 5 weeks earlier, had hoped the spacecraft would observe black holes, galaxy clusters, and other high-energy features. The satellite even had a prized X-ray calorimeter, a triumph of 3 decades of engineering. But a cascade of events that began with encountering the Anomaly seemed to spell doom for Hitomi. Passing through the anomaly, the onboard system that controlled the satellite’s orientation glitched while it was pivoting to observe a new star cluster. The maneuver kicked off a series of software errors that left Hitomi spinning madly. Before long, the satellite broke into 11 pieces. “It’s a scientific tragedy,” Richard Mushotzky, an astronomer at the University of Maryland in College Park, told Nature at the time. Other spacecraft have fallen prey to the Anomaly. The magnetic field intensity at the altitude of many satellites is half as strong in the anomaly compared with elsewhere, and the weak field does not repel radiation as effectively. The inner radiation belt, a doughnut-shaped disk of radiation around Earth that traps high-energy p1902. Dozens of jerks have happened since. The last jerk was in 2016, when it jostled the field and dramatically shifted the drift. The event was rather inconvenient because scientists had just issued a 5- year model of Earth’s magnetic field called the Model (WMM). The WMM team had to update the model ahead of schedule to avoid unacceptable navigational errors. Although the origin of jerks is a subject of active research, a recent study in by Aubert and at the of Denmark suggests that jerks may originate from the push and pull of forces in Earth’s interior (bit. ly/jerks-research). When a hot plume shoots up through the outer core, the delicate balance between planetary, rotational, and electromagnetic forces careens out of whack. The off-balance forces send a shudder along magnetic field lines in the form of waves. The next jerk may already be under way. A recent analysis by Huang and Duan predicted that the next event would occur in 2020 or 2021. If that’s the case, scientists may need to update magnetic maps on which industry and government activities rely. Companies drilling for oil and gas, for example, use fine-tuned magnetic models to dig boreholes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses the issues faced by the Hitomi satellite and the effects of the Earth's magnetic field on satellite operations, rather than addressing how sea turtles navigate using the magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immune function, and even mental health. [SEP] Text: Diet, microbes & immune responses: dissecting the role of diet and the gut microbiome in intestinal inflammation and cancer immunotherapy Research output: Thesis › Thesis fully internal (DIV) 42 Downloads (Pure) immune-mediated diseases and cancer are on the rise globally, partly due to the adoption of Western diets and lifestyles. Research increasingly shows that the gut microbiome, which is influenced by what we eat, plays a key role in regulating our immune system, metabolism, and response to medications. This PhD thesis investigates the link between diet, the gut microbiome, and its impact on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and cancer treatment. The first part of the thesis examines the connection between diet, gut microbiome composition, and inflammation in both patients with IBD and the general population. It found that diets rich in vegetables, legumes, grains, fruits, nuts, and fish are associated with an increase in gut bacteria that produce anti-inflammatory compounds. Conversely, diets high in processed foods, sugar, meat, and fast food were linked to bacteria known to promote intestinal inflammation. These results suggest that dietary habits play a crucial role in gut health and inflammation. The second part explores how diet and the gut microbiome affect cancer treatment, specifically immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. While ICB has revolutionized cancer care, it doesn't work for everyone. This PhD-research suggests that a Mediterranean diet could improve the effectiveness of ICB therapy, and that the gut microbiome plays a significant role in determining treatment effectiveness and potential side effects, such as intestinal inflammation. Overall, the findings of this thesis highlight how the gut microbiome can be influenced by diet and its potential for improving treatment outcomes in both IBD and cancer. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of PhilosophyAwarding InstitutionUniversity of GroningenSupervisors/örk, Johannes, Co-supervisorAward date6-Nov-2024Place of Publication[Groningen]PublisherUniversity of GroningenDOstatusPublished - 2024 Access to Document 10. 33612/diss. 1126184183Title and contentsFinal publisher's version, 370 KB2. 2 MB1. 92 MB1. 92 MB2. 21 MB1. 3 MB6. 4 MB2. 43 MB2. 67 MB1. 79 MB1. 67 MB1. 54 MBAppendicesFinal publisher's version, 2. 24 MBPropositionsFinal publisher's version, 59. 8 KB Handle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the gut microbiome in regulating immune system responses and its connection to diet. It emphasizes that the gut microbiome, influenced by dietary habits, plays a crucial role in inflammation and health outcomes, which supports the idea that it impacts immune function. Moreover, it suggests that a Mediterranean diet may improve treatment effectiveness for cancer, indicating its potential link to overall health, including digestion and mental well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating infrastructure is being explored to create habitable spaces on water for rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: This is the result of the start of the short term record about a deep of sea level in the mid-1990s and manipulation. Longer tide gauges recording under a different management as II and Christmas Island, or B and their composite records show much smaller or even negative relative rates of rise, perfectly consistent with the stable or expanding land of the isles. The major localised erosion and the localised sinking issues in a globally stable Kiribati are not attributable to climate change as the sea levels are absolutely stable. The localised sinking and erosion are all consequences of the increasing population and the related changes in the delicate environment of the tiny coral islands, similarly, to the lack of fresh, clean water. The president of Kiribati has earned international recognition for speaking out on the threats of climate change, but the sea levels are not rising in Kiribati, nor accelerating. The real issues of Kiribati are all attributable to population explosion and the unsustainable poor environmental management. Focusing attention on false claims of ‘drowning’ distracts from the real and urgent problems of the islands. Reference[1] www. nature. com/news/before-we-drown-we-may-die-of-thirst-1. 18652Search in 170. 10. 1029/2012EO170001Search in 554. 10. 1016/S0964-5691(99)00029-0Search in 246. 10. 1016/j. gloplacha. 2010. 05. 003Search in 10. 10. 1515/nleng-2013-0011Search in 0024. 2010. pdfSearch in 004. pdfSearch in 0101. 201509. pdfSearch in 252. 10. 9734/PSIJ/2015/17270Search in 1. 3539386,172. 9399624,4533m/data$=$! 3m1! 1e3Search in 43. Parker, A. (2016). Analysis of the sea levels in of Kiribati. Nonlinear Engineering, 5(1), 37-43. Parker, A. (2016) Analysis of the sea levels in of Kiribati. Nonlinear Engineering, Vol. 5 (Issue 1), 43. Parker, Albert. "Analysis of the sea levels in of Kiribati" 5, no. 1 (2016): 37-43. Parker A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by asserting that sea levels in Kiribati are stable and not rising, which undermines the rationale for exploring floating infrastructure as a response to rising sea levels. The text states that 'the sea levels are absolutely stable' and attributes localised sinking and erosion to population pressure and environmental mismanagement rather than climate change. This directly counters the claim that rising sea levels necessitate exploring floating infrastructure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: But not all jerks cause directional changes, so time will tell what the outcome will be. Jerks may illuminate the core’s thermal properties, a hotly debated topic that affects our ideas about everything from the age of the core to the onset of plate tectonics. It’s too soon to know whether a jerk is happening right now, however. Finlay, part of a group that publishes magnetic field models every 6 months, said it’s impossible to identify geomagnetic jerks until well after they’ve happened because researchers must look at the data over time. It would take about 2 years to know for sure, Finlay said. Regardless of whether the next event is upon us, geomagnetic jerks are one part of seeing the “elephant” of Earth’s magnetic field. Jerks may illuminate the core’s thermal properties, a hotly debated topic that affects our ideas about everything from the age of the core to the onset of plate tectonics. Solving the mystery of the jerk’s origin will remove a “stumbling block” of future magnetic field predictions, said Aubert, something we’ll sorely need to better understand our planet’s protective armor. does not mince words when it comes to apocalyptic scenarios and our magnetic field. An artist’s rendering shows a solar flare leaving the Sun and hurtling toward Earth. Credit: NASA In one grim scenario, a catastrophically massive solar flare envelops Earth and knocks out the ozone layer, exposing us to damaging ultraviolet radiation known to cause cancer. In the 6–12 months it would take to rebuild our ozone layer, we’d live like “nocturnal animals,” Airapetian said. “You’d have to go underground and go out during the nighttime,” said Airapetian, a NASA scientist at the Flight Center. “That’s the Hollywood-type scenario. ” Tales of our field catastrophically failing are part of the lore of working on Earth’s magnetic field. People always want to know, “When is the really, really bad stuff happening? ” said Aubert. Although the prevailing science suggests that these doomsday scenarios are possible, they are highly unlikely. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about sea turtles using the Earth's magnetic field for navigation. Instead, it discusses geomagnetic jerks and their implications for understanding the Earth's magnetic field without providing any information about sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immune function, and even mental health. [SEP] Text: These results suggest that dietary habits play a crucial role in gut health and inflammation. The second part explores how diet and the gut microbiome affect cancer treatment, specifically immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. While ICB has revolutionized cancer care, it doesn't work for everyone. This PhD-research suggests that a Mediterranean diet could improve the effectiveness of ICB therapy, and that the gut microbiome plays a significant role in determining treatment effectiveness and potential side effects, such as intestinal inflammation. Overall, the findings of this thesis highlight how the gut microbiome can be influenced by diet and its potential for improving treatment outcomes in both IBD and cancer. AB - Chronic immune-mediated diseases and cancer are on the rise globally, partly due to the adoption of Western diets and lifestyles. Research increasingly shows that the gut microbiome, which is influenced by what we eat, plays a key role in regulating our immune system, metabolism, and response to medications. This PhD thesis investigates the link between diet, the gut microbiome, and its impact on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and cancer treatment. The first part of the thesis examines the connection between diet, gut microbiome composition, and inflammation in both patients with IBD and the general population. It found that diets rich in vegetables, legumes, grains, fruits, nuts, and fish are associated with an increase in gut bacteria that produce anti-inflammatory compounds. Conversely, diets high in processed foods, sugar, meat, and fast food were linked to bacteria known to promote intestinal inflammation. These results suggest that dietary habits play a crucial role in gut health and inflammation. The second part explores how diet and the gut microbiome affect cancer treatment, specifically immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. While ICB has revolutionized cancer care, it doesn't work for everyone. This PhD-research suggests that a Mediterranean diet could improve the effectiveness of ICB therapy, and that the gut microbiome plays a significant role in determining treatment effectiveness and potential side effects, such as intestinal inflammation. Overall, the findings of this thesis highlight how the gut microbiome can be influenced by diet and its potential for improving treatment outcomes in both IBD and cancer. U2 - 10. 33612/diss. 1126184183DO - 10. 33612/diss. 1126184183M3 - Thesis fully internal (DIV)PB - University of GroningenCY - [Groningen]ER - Bolte L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the gut microbiome plays a key role in regulating the immune system and metabolism, as well as impacting treatment outcomes for diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and cancer. It specifically mentions that dietary habits influence the gut microbiome and subsequently affect immune function, which supports the claim that the gut microbiome has significant roles in digestion and immune functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating infrastructure is universally affordable and accessible to all communities. [SEP] Text: This edited volume arose from the first on Translation and Accessibility in held at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) on 2 -3 December 2010, organised by the Transof UAB, which is part of the Centre for and Accessibility in Catalunya (CAIAC). The focus of the conference was unique in its comprehensive approach combining game accessibility, game translation and localization and also related issues in broader environments of virtual worlds. Such combination was due to a broad view of accessibility, which not only encompasses users with functional diversity, but also those who due to age or skill are not able to play a game successfully, those who do not speak the original language of the game, and those who due to socioeconomic conditions cannot access games or virtual platforms. In addition, both game localization and accessibility are issues that ideally need to be taken into account early in the development process of a game, in order prevent costly modifications at a later stage. If accessibility and localization are considered since the conception of the game, it should not be too costly or cumbersome to translate the game into other languages or include accessibility ← 9 | 10 → features, such as the possibility to remap the controls or have intralingual subtitles. Gathering together researchers in academia as well as practitioners from the industry, the conference provided an ideal forum to exchange different perspectives to add to the emerging areas of research in translation and media accessibility of digital content. The conference demonstrated how research on game localization and research on game accessibility are gathering momentum, albeit they are still relatively unexplored academic fields. To date, most of the research conducted on game accessibility has been carried out by academics from engineering and computer studies backgrounds, such as the Games (UA-Games) at the Human-Laboratory of ICS-FORTH in Greece, who have developed a number of universally accessible games, and a handful of industry professionals interested in the topic, such as the Group (SIG) at the (IGDA). Most information and guidelines on game accessibility can be found on specialised blogs and websites, and are addressed to developers, to help them make their games accessible to the widest range of population. However, there seems to be a lack of awareness by mainstream developers and publishers about accessibility issues and due to the pressures and time limits associated to the release of a game, accessibility services usually are not a priority. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that accessibility issues are often not prioritized within the game development industry due to 'pressures and time limits associated to the release of a game.' This implies that while there may be efforts towards accessibility, these efforts are not universally applied or accessible to all communities as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Do subterranean mammals use the Earth’s magnetic field as a heading indicator to dig straight tunnels? All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2018. The first revision was submitted on July 30th, 2018 and was reviewed by 2 reviewers and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on September 13th, 2018 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2018. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Sep 24, 2018 · for making the additional amendments. # PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Jennifer Vonk, a PeerJ covering this Section # 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Sep 13, 2018 Version 0. 2 · Aug 30, 2018 · There are a few minor suggestions that need to be addressed. · Aug 18, 2018 Basic reporting The authors have sufficiently addressed my earlier questions and concerns. Two final remarks: If possible, increase the image quality of Figure 2B. The file version I see is quite pixelated and there are grayed areas. A file quality more similar to the complex burrow in the supplemental file would be preferred. In the raw data, the C. talarum data has some 'long tunnel method' values that include commas. Please check if these are typos. Also, the 'long tunnel method' for Fukomys has less significant figures than the rest. Could this also be a data entry/Excel issue? Experimental design No comment. Validity of the findings No comment. Cite this review as (2018) #1 of "Do subterranean mammals use the Earth’s magnetic field as a heading indicator to dig straight tunnels? (v0. 2)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Aug 23, 2018 Basic reporting no comment Experimental design no comment Validity of the findings no comment Additional comments The revised version of the manuscript is significantly improved. I have only few comments: 1. Lines 54 – 56: “Especially light propagation is highly limited in subterranean burrow systems, so that vision is of little use for subterranean rodents here (Kott et al. , 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it discusses unrelated topics such as peer review processes and comments on subterranean mammals, which do not provide any support or contradiction to the claim regarding sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Diet, environment, and lifestyle are known factors that can affect the microbiome balance. [SEP] Text: Keywords diet microbiome gut flora social well-being health Show + Mohamed Abdulla* Älmhult, Sweden *Address all correspondence to: abdulla39@hotmail. com 1. IntroductionThe relation between our body and the food we eat on a regular basis throughout our lifespan is a very close and intimate one when compared to all other human relationships. Therefore, many researchers in the field of nutrition have often proclaimed “we are what we eat. ” According to anthropologists, our ancestors cultivated the art of cooking more than a million years ago, and the hot and cooked meals made us what we are today [1]. The oversized brain, shrunken teeth, guts, and other peculiar traits of our race arose as Homo sapiens turned to cooking in order to improve the quality of the food and easy digestion. Unlike our close cousins, the apes, our race cannot survive on raw food in the wild for a long time. On the other hand, the lifespan of our species is much higher than that of the primates. It is often thought that the increased lifespan of humans during the last couple of centuries is due to the advent of antibiotics and other medical advances, the development of modern urban sanitation systems, and the availability of fresh, nutritious vegetables and fruits round the year. This assumption, however, is being challenged by the findings from the study of mummies a few thousand years ago [2, 3]. These studies indicate that the trend in the increase of lifespan actually started much earlier than what was considered a few decades ago. Compelling data from fields as diverse as physical anthropology, primatology, genetics, and medicine indicate another mechanism for the increased life span. The trend toward slower aging and increased life span started when our ancestors developed defense systems that could ward against the threat from pathogens and irritants in the immediate environment [3]. As human ancestors ate more meat, they evolved defenses against its attendant pathogens. These defense systems may also have contributed to an increased life span as well as diseases of old age. Research is going on at present, and if the above theory is proven correct, it may open new avenues for the development of drugs that may prolong the life span as well as fight the old-age diseases. The new abundance of calories and protein helped to fuel brain growth, and at the same time, such nutritional advances also made it unavoidable to the exposure to various pathogens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the close relationship between diet and body health. It focuses on how the evolution of human diets, including the consumption of meat and cooked food, has impacted health and longevity while also suggesting that diet influences gut flora and defenses against pathogens. This directly supports the idea that diet is a key factor affecting microbiome balance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating infrastructure is universally affordable and accessible to all communities. [SEP] Text: It could be argued that by not taking into account accessibility, developers are leaving behind an important segment of the population: people with disabilities, who according to the UN account for 10–12% of the word population (Bank, 2009). People with sensorial (visual, auditory), cognitive, and physical disabilities also can enjoy playing video games, as they are fun and provide hours of entertainment. As regards the topic of game translation, we wish to share a few observations on the development of the domain that is beginning to emerge as a legitimate research field in Translation Studies. Following the official declaration of year one of game studies in 2001 (Aarseth, 2001), academic research on video games has multiplied, helped by its increasingly ubiquitous presence in modern life and, most of all, by its inherent richness, inspiring many a research avenues. When the Handbook (Chandler, 2005) was first published, the domain was a somewhat esoteric practice, little known beyond the immediate circle of practitioners and gamers involved in fan translation of games. Despite its close link to ← 10 | 11 → software localization, which has been integrated into translator training at many universities for some time now, localization practices applied in video games have remained under reported until recently in academia. Similarly, the localization industry has focussed mainly on business-oriented productivity software. For example, in the early days games were not even included in the official statistics of the software industry as they were categorised as consumer goods and part of the entertainment sector (Berry, 2008:66). Localization found early difficulties gaining recognition both in industry and academia, is now an essential part of the game industry which relies on global sales while rapidly establishing itself as an interdisciplinary area of research in academia. Contemporary games are sophisticated technological as well as cultural artefacts with multiple perspectives that lend themselves to study and analysie from many and distant fields: from Psychology to Neuroscience or Sociology. Studies game localization is often introduced as a hybrid mode of (AVT) and (Munday, 2008:190) in an attempt to locate this newly emerged practice within an established category. The research trajectory so far in game localization illustrates how the field tagged itself to these pre-existing domains, motivated by the fact that video games are indeed audiovisual media and also that they are pieces of software. In the sense that both are dynamic fields sensitive to advances on technology, the boundaries between the two currently separate divisions are increasingly becoming blurred. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that accessibility must be considered in the development of infrastructure, as neglecting this can leave behind important segments of the population, specifically people with disabilities, who comprise 10-12% of the world population. This implies that floating infrastructure may not be universally accessible if it does not account for the needs of these individuals, thereby questioning the claim's assertion of universality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: ” It would be more pertinent co cite Kott et al. 2014 (Journal of Zoology 294:68–76) in this context. Also exchange “here” by “there” in this sentence. 2. Lines 196 –197: “Furthermore, we did not find statistical sex-dependent differences in mean orientation for any of the solitary species. ” Add statistics or explicit statement – statistics not shown. 3. Lines 197 – 199: “The ‘polygon method’ revealed that the alignment of the burrow systems of the Talas tuco-tuco deviated significantly from random orientation. A similar strong tendency was observable for the silvery mole-rat’s systems. ” Refer to the Figure 1 here. 4. Lines 268 – 270: “However, the preferred mean axial directions of the burrow systems at the three localities did not differ statistically for both methods (Watson-Williams F-test applied), wherefore we pooled these data here (Figure 1). ” I do recommend leaving out this argument. Because orientation was random at two out of three localities, mean directions of the burrow systems simply cannot differ statistically. 5. Lines 292–293: “…. representing a highly interesting research question of heuristic potential. ” Leave out “of heuristic potential”. 6. I did not go through the 0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jul 30, 2018 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · May 17, 2018 · As can be seen from the reviews, both reviewers are of the view that the manuscript needs to be substantially revised in order to be ready for publication. Much of the work needed is related to the rationale, justification fro design choices, and the conclusions that can be drawn from the data - both are satisfied that the experiment itself was adequately designed and conducted. · Apr 20, 2018 Basic reporting This manuscript contains concise, straightforward results and a new analysis method that is a marked improvement from its predecessor. By reworking how the background and technical challenges are presented, these contents will be much more accessible to a broader scientific audience. 1) The authors do a good job in the introduction arguing for why circular statistics is a better choice than prior statistical approaches. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it focuses on the review process and necessary revisions for a manuscript in a scientific context. There are no references to sea turtles, magnetic fields, or navigation, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Diet, environment, and lifestyle are known factors that can affect the microbiome balance. [SEP] Text: Alcoholic beverages mainly beer and wine were introduced to human diets around 6000 years ago. The distillation process discovered by the Alchemists in the several centuries ago led to the production of strong alcoholic beverages such as whiskey and brandy. The introduction of fertilizers and other chemicals in recent decades to boost the production of crops has resulted in the contamination of soil and water. The percentage of heavy metals and other contaminants in the soil and water increased significantly, and this in turn affected plants and aquatic ecology. The future of agricultural practices is likely to be changed drastically in the coming years with increasing population burden. How food is going to transform the future generations is a challenging situation for scientists and politicians. Genetic engineering might be a partial solution. Genetically modified vegetables and grains are already available in many food stores. With the current trend in population explosion, it is crucial to find ways to improve agriculture without destroying the ecology. For thousands of years, humans shared the planet with Neanderthals, primates, and a large number of other species which are extinct. Our species were also at a risk of extinction about 74,000 years ago when a super volcanic eruption took place in Indonesia. The human population at that time was only a few thousands. The heroic ascent of man took place around 35,000–50,000 years ago. At around the time of introduction of agriculture, the human population was around one million [4]. During the industrial revolution about 150–200 years ago, the human population became one billion. After the War, dramatic changes took place in the history of Homo sapiens. This included population expansion, globalization, mass production, technological and communication revolutions, improved farming methods, and advances in health sciences. It is predicted that by 2050, the human population would be increased to 9 billion. It is the age of man: the Anthropocene [4]. In this mini-review, I would describe the current knowledge about human aging and the importance of bacterial flora in our bodies that have profound influence in our health and social well-being. It will also describe some of the latest advances in order to deal with the aging populations throughout our globe. Advertisement 2. Diet, pharmaceuticals, and agingAny comparative study of diet and aging depends on the availability of accurate criteria for defining and assessing the aging processes. Currently, a lot of information is available about human aging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the importance of diet and environmental changes affecting human health. It refers to the current knowledge about human aging and the importance of bacterial flora in our bodies, which suggests that dietary choices and environmental factors can have significant impacts on microbiome balance and overall health. Additionally, the introduction of fertilizers and chemicals in agriculture highlights environmental factors that may also influence this balance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodomes can enable year-round crop production regardless of external weather conditions. [SEP] Text: 7453 MB) this content Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend Email this content or copy the link directly: The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfullyCopy link Share on facebook Share on linkedin Share on twitter 1. Introduction2. Data and methodsa. Datab. Statistical significance3. Resultsa. Report numbersb. Spatial patterns and convective environmentsc. Influence of ENSO4. Summary and discussion10. 1038/ngeo2385. Allen, J. T. , M. K. Tippett, and A. H. Sobel, 2015: Influence of the El Niño/on tornado and hail frequency in the United States. Nat. Geosci. , 8, 278–283, falseSearch 10. 1111/j. 2517-6161. 1995. tb02031. x. Benjamini, Y. , and Y. Hochberg, 1995: Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. Roy. Stat. Soc. , 57B, 289–300, falseSearch 555. Brooks, H. E. , G. W. Carbin, and P. T. Marsh, 2014: Increased variability of tornado occurrence in the United States. Science, 346, 349–352, H. E. , G. W. Carbin, and P. T. Marsh, 2014: Increased variability of tornado occurrence in the United States. Science, 346, 349–352, falseSearch 10. 1002/qj. 4178. Büeler, D. , L. Ferranti, L. Magnusson, J. F. Quinting, and C. M. Grams, 2021: Year-round sub-seasonal forecast skill for Atlantic–European weather regimes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 147, 4283–4309, falseSearch 10. 1175/WAF-D-17-0120. 1. Childs, S. J. , R. S. Schumacher, and J. T. Allen, 2018: Cold-season tornadoes: Climatological and meteorological insights. Wea. Forecasting, 33, 671–691, falseSearch 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding biodomes and crop production. It appears to be a list of research studies and articles with no mention of biodomes, agriculture, or any related concepts. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: They should also provide rationale for their decision to develop a new method for analysis, since it is a major contribution of this work. The ‘long tunnel method’ has an advantage when analyzing circular burrow systems (and conversely the ‘polygon method’ struggles with this), and I think this should be introduced earlier in the manuscript. This will provide the readers with expectations that are satisfied when interpreting the directional orientation plots. 2) The introduction discusses positive magnetoreception findings from laboratory experiments with species that, at first glance (see point #5), are not sampled in the manuscript. Providing some phylogenetic context either in the text or in a figure would greatly benefit a reader that is not a Rodentia expert in understanding why these referenced findings may be applicable to the sampled species. 3) Both points (1) and (2) can be addressed in figure form by providing a phylogenetic tree annotated with species/genus names average circularity scores and then representative burrow system images from a more linear species and more circular species (like in the current Figure 2). 4) What is the rationale behind which species were chosen for analysis? If it is simply availability of data, that is fine, but then I would like some more context regarding this sampled set. Do they represent unrelated taxa? Are their burrow systems representative of the range of fossorial rodents? (size, circularity, etc. ) 5) Please clarify which specie(s) is used in the Eloff and early Burda experiments. In the referenced review Begall et al. 2014, an early Burda paper (Burda 1987) is cited with the following comment: “…Ansell’s mole rats (Fukomys anselli, in earlier papers denoted as Cryptomus hottentotus). ” This comment is not repeated in this manuscript, such that the referenced paper by Burda appears to be studying species that is not sampled in the paper. However, this review suggests that there HAS been a history of magnetoreception laboratory experiments with F. anselli, which is sampled in the paper. If so, please explicitly state this, as it would strengthen the rationale for sampling Fukomys immensely. Also, the cited 1987. If this is indeed the same referenced 2. There are some small markings and annotations on the burrows in Figure 2A and Figure S1A-B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles' navigation using the Earth's magnetic field. It discusses methodological aspects of analyzing burrow systems and phylogenetic contexts, which are unrelated to sea turtles or their navigational abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Diet, environment, and lifestyle are known factors that can affect the microbiome balance. [SEP] Text: Genes alone are unlikely to explain all the secrets of longevity. Genes account for only 25% of longevity. It is the environment too, but that does not explain all factors involved in the aging process either. Table 1 shows some of the relevant factors associated with aging. Agent/processKnown mechanismCalorie restrictionGene modificationRapamycin and related compoundsmTOR modificationMetforminGlycation of proteinsResveratrolAntioxidant, acts on sirtuinsFree radicalsDamage DNA and proteinsGene modificationActs on regulating genesChronic inflammationCytokine excretionYoung bloodRestoration of GDF 11DrugsGene/hormone activationSpices (e. g. , curcumin, capsaicin)Antioxidants, act on sirtuinsTable 1. Factors associated with aging process. Retardation of growth in experimental animals by calorie restriction was first described by McCay and his co-workers in 1939 [16]. Tannebaum and Silverstone showed that diet restriction retards the appearance of various types of cancer and thus the diet slows down the aging process [17, 18, 19, 20]. Ross and his co-workers in 1976 showed that a food intake in grams was negatively correlated with age [21]. They concluded that the conditions in early life seem to govern the life span and to interweave with factors that regulate susceptibility to age-related diseases. So far, nobody has established a particular nutrient such as an amino acid, a mineral, a trace element, a vitamin, or total energy as the limiting factor. Although eating sparingly may have been less a choice than an involuntary circumstance of poverty in a number of places in the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, early research has suggested that a severely restricted diet is associated with a long life. Recent research, however, has undermined the link between longevity and caloric restriction. Rapamycin was isolated from the soil of during the late 1960s. The soil contained a bacterium that made a defensive chemical that was shown to prolong the life span of several animal species. This substance has been shown to interfere with the activity of a protein called target of rapamycin (TOR) [22, 23, 24, 25]. This protein is a now a subject of intensive research around the world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of the environment and diet on various aspects of health and aging. It states that while genes play a role in longevity, they account for only 25%, highlighting the importance of environmental factors. Additionally, it mentions calorie restriction and its association with aging, indicating that diet does impact biological processes related to health and longevity, which is consistent with the claim about diet's effect on microbiome balance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodomes can enable year-round crop production regardless of external weather conditions. [SEP] Text: MAM composites of (first column) anomalous smoothed tornado reports (practically perfect probabilities), (second column) tornado index probabilities, (third column) CP, (fourth column) SRH, and (fifth column) CAPE, on days classified as (a)–(e) Pacific Trough, (f)–(j) Pacific Ridge, (k)–(o) Alaskan Ridge, and (p)–(t) Greenland High. Stippling indicates the statistically significant values. View raw image Fig. 6. Frequency of weather regimes by season and ENSO state. Cool and warm conditions are defined by the monthly varying 25th and 75th percentiles of the monthly Niño-3. 4 index. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals from 1000 block (annual) bootstrap samples. Dots indicate statistically significant differences from the other two ENSO phases at the 5% level by a two-sided block permutation test. The dashed lines show the frequency of the regime in that season. View raw image Fig. 7. Average number of F/EF1+ reports per day by season, weather regime, and ENSO state. Cool and warm ENSO conditions are defined by the monthly varying 25th and 75th percentiles of the monthly Niño-3. 4 index. Error bars are 90% confidence intervals from 1000 block (annual) bootstrap samples. Dots indicate statistically significant differences from the other two ENSO phases at the 10% level by a two-sided block permutation test. The dashed line in each panel shows the average number of F/EF1+ reports by season. View raw image Fig. 8. (top) DJF and (bottom) MAM detrended 500-hPa geopotential height anomalies (colors) and 850-hPa wind anomalies (arrows) on days composited by ENSO phase. Stippling in the right panels indicates statistically significant differences (annual block permutation test with an FDR of 10%). View raw image Fig. 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various statistical data about tornado reports, weather regimes, and atmospheric conditions rather than addressing the functionality or effectiveness of biodomes in crop production. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: These markings should either be addressed in the figure legends or removed. 8) The manuscript is clearly written in professional language. A few phrasing and clarification suggestions are listed below. 27 – Replace “in” with “over. ” Please specify “long time. ” Hours to weeks? Comma between “and” and “in social species. ” 28 – Replace “has already been” with “was. ” 59 – Replace “during” with “while. ” 63 – Replace “neither” with “none. ” Remove “seems to be able. ” 68 – Replace “also” with “then. ” 70 – Remove “e. g. ” 73 – Clarify “biological meaning. ” Function? Underlying mechanism? 231 – were pooled, “genus or species. ” 246 – Replace “way” with “hand. ” 248 – Remove comma. 252 – Replace “what” with “that” 258 – Remove “e. g. ” 265 – Remove “e. g. ” 275 – Italicize “in statu nascendi. ” 295 – Are parentheses necessary? 345 – Typo. Experimental design 1) For the ‘long tunnel method’, was there a minimum cutoff for the length of tunnel to be included as a “straight tunnel”? Was this a relative or absolute cutoff and how was it determined? Assuming that only tunnels marked with a red line were included in the analysis, it appears many small tunnels in Figure S1E that meet the direction change criterion were not marked. This is necessary information for replication. 2) There should be some justification for pooling the two Fukomys species because congeners can be very different in their burrowing behavior. Do the F. anselli data alone show non-random orientation? Validity of the findings Data sets and analysis appear sound, provided that decisions made in experimental design were well justified. The interpretation of the results is fair and the the conclusion and outlook are well stated. Cite this review as (2018) #1 of "Do subterranean mammals use the Earth’s magnetic field as a heading indicator to dig straight tunnels? (v0. 1)". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. The provided text discusses manuscript revisions, experimental design questions, and interpretation of data without mentioning sea turtles or any related navigation concepts. Therefore, it fails to provide any support, contradiction, or context related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Diet, environment, and lifestyle are known factors that can affect the microbiome balance. [SEP] Text: It is likely that people with low levels of this protein may be at risk of developing chronic diseases at an early stage and this shortens the life span. As mentioned earlier, a number of pharmaceutical companies are involved in the development of drugs that may influence the aging process. Molecules similar to rapamycin are of great interest. Novartis has already shown that a molecule called everolimus that is chemically similar to rapamycin may retard the age-related chronic diseases in humans. Side effects and cost are the limiting factors. With current state of knowledge concerned with human aging, it is likely that many new drugs may be available in the future for postponing the aging process. The trend is already visible. Lower calorie intake, regular exercise, eating a variety of fruits and vegetables, and getting proper sleep are probably better than drugs to enjoy a healthy old age. Advertisement 3. Diet and microbiomeScientists in the past believed that the human body is capable of regulating the metabolic functions through complex network of enzymes and the immune system. Over the last few years, researchers have found out that the human body has a complex ecosystem. It is a social network between our own cells and bacteria and other microorganisms. Trillions of bacteria inhabit our skin, genital areas, mouth, and intestine. Bacterial cells in the human body outnumber our own cells by 10 to 1. Despite this huge number, they are usually no threat to us. Instead, they offer vital help to many of our basic physiological processes [31]. Employing the latest gene technology, researchers have characterized most prevalent species of microbes in our body. It is becoming increasingly evident that the microbes, mainly bacteria, in our guts play crucial roles in health and diseases. Modern lifestyle has definitely contributed in upsetting the normal flora of our guts, and many diseases such as certain autoimmune disorders, obesity, and gastrointestinal problems are probably due to this imbalance. Compared to many developing and poor countries of our planet, the bacterial flora of the people living in affluent countries is certainly different, especially women. This is especially the case in the microbiota of the genital tract. Urinary tract infections are far more common in the females of industrialized countries than that of women living in poor countries in Asia, Africa, and South America. Newborns through normal delivery are sterile at the time of birth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the modern lifestyle has contributed to the imbalance in gut microbiota, leading to various diseases. It highlights the importance of factors such as diet and lifestyle, stating that they have a significant impact on the normal flora of our guts, which is crucial for health. The mention of differences in bacterial flora between people in affluent countries and those in developing countries also supports the idea that environmental and lifestyle factors play a role in microbiome balance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: The increasing intensity in Mn nutrition significantly modifies contents of trace elements (Al, Ba, Co, and Pb) in fruits, at the same time, having no effect on Cr and Cd [41]. A series of those metals in tomato fruits within the range of hydroponic concentrations of Mn are in the following: Ba 4. 340–6. 180 mg∙kg−1 d. m. > Ni 4. 746–5. 198 mg∙kg−1 d. m. > Co 1. 014–1. 064 mg∙kg−1 d. m. > Pb 0. 854–0. 887 mg∙kg−1 d. m. > Cd 0. 379–0. 395 mg∙kg−1 d. m. > Cr 0. 120 mg∙kg−1 d. m. > Al 0. 066–0. 081 mg∙kg−1 d. m. In the range of hydroponic Mn concentrations, contents of analyzed trace elements generally did not vary significantly between cultivars. 2. 1. 3. 6. Use of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid (ch-OSA) in nutrient solution to alleviate Mn stress Studies conducted so far have indicated a significant role of silicon (Si) as an element alleviating the toxic effect of Mn [27,45–50]. Previous studies on that subject are concerned with various species, e. g. beans, barley, cucumber, rice, and cowpea. The highest Mn concentrations in nutrient solution (9. 6 and 19. 2 mg∙dm−3) cause the strongest Mn stress of tomato. One of the available forms of Si, which may be used in fertigation, is ch-OSA. Ch-OSA is also used in medicine; e. g. in combination therapy, ch-OSA/vitamin D3 is used as a preparation affecting bone collagen in the treatment of osteoporosis [51]. The application of the tested bioavailable Si compound (ch-OSA at a scaled concentration of 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on the effects of manganese (Mn) nutrition on trace element contents in tomato fruits grown under hydroponic conditions, but does not mention biodome farms or the use of specific systems like hydroponic or aeroponic systems. The discussion regarding silicon and its role in alleviating Mn stress further distances it from confirming or contrasting the claims about biodome farms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: PeerJ Reviewer 2 · May 16, 2018 Basic reporting The manuscript by provides interesting and original data that significantly contribute to long-lasting debate as to whether subterranean mammals prefer some direction while digging their tunnel systems and what sensory modality guides this behavior. As far I can judge, the authors have used all available published (and also some unpublished) data describing excavated tunnel systems. Another strength of the study that allows certain degree of generalization is inclusion of five species representing distantly related subterranean rodents as well as solitary and social species. The paper is generally well written; the introduction provides an adequate context; 0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Mar 27, 2018 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses subterranean mammals and their tunneling behaviors without any mention of sea turtles or their navigation methods. There is no connection to the concept of sea turtles using the Earth’s magnetic field for navigation.