Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI systems can autonomously make decisions on life-saving treatments without human intervention. [SEP] Text: , 16 also supported this statement by asserting that FRAX without BMD is sufficient for treatment decisions. Kim et al. , 17 echoed these findings in their work and observed that since using FRAX without BMD was accurate, this would be useful in regions were DXA scans could not be done. On the other hand, there are studies which disagree. One such study observed that when calculating FRAX without BMD there was an over estimation of fracture risk 18. A Korean study found that in males there was an underestimation of fracture risk when BMD was not used, whilst females there was no difference between using BMD or not 19. But in both studies, it must be stated that they included special groups of patients; females with early breast cancer in the former, and patients with ankylosing spondylitis in the later. Another conclusion reached by Bow et al. , is that ultimately BMD scores are important in refining the estimate of fracture risk 20. When we compared treatment decisions based on FRAX without BMD (calculated using the 9 country calculators), to treatment decisions based on T scores alone to determine which calculator was most sensitive and specific the following was observed; the sensitivity was relatively low with the highest sensitivity (17%) using Kuwait, Lebanon and Syria and the lowest using Tunisia (0%). The specificity was much higher with the highest specificity (100%) using Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco and Palestine and the lowest specificity using Lebanon (98. 6%). According to Kanis et al. 21, who performed a systematic review of hip fracture incidence and fracture probability worldwide, there is a marked variation around the world. Accordingly, using calculators from different countries may not accurately reflect true fracture risk. This can explain why there was such low sensitivity, and highlight the need for creating an fracture registry to enable the creation of an Egyptian calculator. A significant inverse correlation was observed between FRAX with/out BMD and femur neck T score. conclusion, our findings demonstrate that, for the time-being, we can use FRAX without BMD scores to decide who we can offer treatment to. This is very important in our country because currently DXA scans cannot be offered to all those who need it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of the FRAX calculator for treatment decisions which relies on clinical outcomes rather than autonomous decision-making by AI systems. It indicates that although FRAX without BMD may be utilized for making treatment choices, there are limitations and variations in its accuracy, implying the need for human involvement in interpreting these results. The mention of factors such as sensitivity and specificity also reflects that these systems are not infallible and still require human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: (Inset) Representative plot of ϵ(t) (Blue line) and fit from (Equation 2) (Pink line), with ϵ∞=0. 81, τ=3. 49 min, Tc=1. 06 min. Video 3 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as networks undergo a spontaneous bulk contraction. Low magnification imaging of the channels reveals that microtubules organize into a macroscopic network that spontaneously contracts on the millimeter length scale. Time is shown in minutes : seconds. Video 4 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as networks can undergo tearing. During contraction, tears can develop in the microtubule network, causing the network to break. Time is shown in minutes : seconds. The time course of ϵ(t) was found to be well fit by an exponential relaxation: (2) ϵ(t)≃ϵ∞1-e-(t-Tc)τ, where ϵ∞ is the final fraction contracted, τ is the characteristic time of contraction, and Tc is a lag time before contraction begins (Figure 2B, inset, Figure 2—figure supplement 1). We next sought to investigate which processes determine the timescale of contraction and the extent that the network contracts. For this, we exploited the fact that different mechanisms predict different dependence of the timescale τ on the channel dimensions. For instance, in a viscoelastic Kelvin-Voight material driven to contract by a constant applied stress, τ = η/E depends solely on the viscosity η and the Young’s modulus E and is independent of the size of the channel (Oswald, 2009). In contrast, in a poroelastic material driven by a constant stress, τ ∝ W02 (Coussy, 2004), where W0 is the width of the channel. Thus, studying how τ varies with channel width provides a means to test the validity of these models. We fabricated microfluidic channels of varying width, W0 = 1. 4, 0. 9, 0. 44, and 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses microtubule networks and their contraction behaviors, with no mention of insects, metamorphosis, or larval stages. It focuses on a scientific analysis related to viscoelastic and poroelastic materials, which does not pertain to the biological processes described in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Intrinsic tendencies for nocturnality may be most apparent in DD, when individuals must rely entirely on their circadian clock to indicate subjective night and day. Circadian differences could occur in short or long photoperiods as well, though direct effects of light and dark might mask effects of the endogenous circadian rhythm on nocturnality. the hypothesis that differences in clock function cause nonphotoresponsiveness in HSD rats, we predicted that HSD rats would be more likely to be arrhythmic or have poorly defined circadian rhythms of activity, because a damaged or altered clock or clock output pathways that result in an inability to track time-of-day or to pass time-of-day information to other areas of the brain would result in poor circadian regulation of activity. For similar reasons, we predicted that HSD rats would have lower nocturnality than F344 rats because HSD rats would assess day and night inaccurately. Low nocturnality in HSD rats might be most extreme in constant dark, when light cues are not available to mask circadian outputs. In addition, if HSD rats were found to be able to entrain activity to the dark period at least in long photoperiod, we predicted a free-running rhythm greater than 24 hours in HSD rats (which results in entrainment even if there is a deficit in the phase delay portion of the phase response curve) along with inability to lengthen the activity period when moved from long days to short days (which might result from inability to properly phase-delay in response to short photoperiod). This prediction follows Puchalski and Lynch [11], who used the nonparametric theory of entrainment [33] in developing a model for nonresponsiveness of Siberian hamsters. The study followed international standards for animal care and welfare, and was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at the College of William and Mary (IACUC 0018). Experiment 1: Comparison of HSD to F344 male rats in LD This experiment was designed to compare circadian traits and nocturnality in a photoperiod treatment with light cues that would not normally trigger photoperiodic responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the implications of circadian rhythm disruptions in various rat strains, particularly the HSD rats. It explains how a damaged or altered circadian clock can lead to poor circadian regulation of activity, which implies that disruptions in circadian rhythms can negatively affect health, as indicated by the projected lower nocturnality and inaccurate assessment of day and night in HSD rats. Additionally, the mention of the inability to properly phase-delay in response to changes in photoperiod further supports the claim about health issues arising from circadian rhythm disruptions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: These supporting documents include lesson plans, lab preparation notes for the lab coordinator(s) and instructor(s), lecture slides, handouts, worksheets, and grading rubrics. Each of which is described in detail below. Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science and Students spend the first four weeks of the semester in the Fundamentals unit conducting activities that teach about the process of scientific discovery, hypothesis testing, study design, taxonomy, phylogeny, and DNA sequence divergence. These activities lay the groundwork for students to understand the fundamental ideas underlying their upcoming semester-long project that involves quantifying biodiversity in forest edge vs. interior habitats, DNA barcoding, and bioinformatic analyses. Week 1 - of Adapted with permission from (Detailed outline - S1. 1: DNA Barcoding - Week 01 - Process of Plan. docx) This lesson adapted from is an icebreaker activity that introduces students to the process of scientific discovery. Students begin with a simple warm up activity where they use mystery boxes ( to test hypotheses, conduct simple experiments, and collaborate with each other (S1. 2: DNA Barcoding - Week 01 - Process of. docx) to decipher what's inside of a sealed box. Following this activity, the class discusses whether they were doing science and identify aspects of the activity that make it scientific. Next, students are introduced to a flowchart developed by educators at UC Berkeley ( that depicts the process of science (S1. 3a: & S1. 3b: DNA Barcoding - Week 01 - Process of. pdf). Students then read a story that describes how the geoscientist, Walter Alvarez, compiled over 20 years of evidence to support the hypothesis that an asteroid was responsible for the extinction of dinosaurs ( Students identify phrases within the story that indicate that Alvarez was doing science and use these to plot the pathway of through the process of science flowchart (S1. 4: DNA Barcoding - Week 01 - Process of. docx). Students are asked to identify important, and often misunderstood aspects of the process of science (Ex. pathway to discovery is often nonlinear, science involves creativity and collaboration, etc. ). The process of science flow chart also acts a touchstone for students to reflect on their own activities throughout their semester-long DNA barcoding project. This lesson requires ~1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses educational materials and scientific processes related to a biology class. There is no mention of AI, disease, or the timeframe of 2030, thus it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 16 mm, all with height H0 = 125 μm, loaded the channels with extracts supplemented with 2. 5 μM Taxol, and imaged the networks at low magnification (Figure 3A, Video 5). Results for each channel width were averaged together to produce master curves of the width, W(t) (Figure 3B), and fraction contracted, ϵ(t) (Figure 3C), of the networks in each channel. Visual inspection of the fraction-contracted curves, ϵ(t), reveals that networks in smaller channels contract faster, but all reach a similar final fraction contracted (Figure 3C). To quantify these trends, we fit the ϵ(t) curves using (Equation 2) and extracted the characteristic time to contract, τ, and the final fraction contracted, ϵ∞, for each channel width. We find that the dependence of τ on channel width is inconsistent with the time of contraction resulting from either viscoelastic or poroelastic timescales, which would predict constant and quadratic scalings respectively (Figure 3D). We next explored the influence of channel height H0 (H0 = 75, 125, 150 μm, all with width W0 = 1. 4 mm) and found that τ does not significantly vary in these channels (Figure 3E). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Contraction dynamics in channels of different width provide a means to test potential contraction mechanisms. (A) Microtubules form contractile networks in channels with various widths (Scale bar, 500 μm, t=10 min). (B) Width of the networks as a function of time in channels with various widths. (C) Fraction contracted as a function of time, ϵ(t), calculated from the data in B. The networks all contract to a similar final fraction, while the timescale of contraction differs. (D) The scaling of the characteristic time, τ, with channel width does not vary as W02, as would result for a poroelastic timescale, and is not a constant, independent of width, as would result from a viscoelastic timescale. The scaling is well described by an active fluid model (green line analytic scaling, fit to (Equation 6); green dots numerical solution). (E) The characteristic time, τ, is found to be independent of channel height. The dashed line is the mean value of τ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding insects and their metamorphosis. It discusses contraction dynamics in microtubule networks and channel widths, which is entirely unrelated to the biological process of insect metamorphosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Activity patterns of young male F344/NHsd rats (breeders from Harlan, Indianapolis, Indiana) and HSD rats (Hsd:Sprague Dawley; breeders from Harlan, Indianapolis, Indiana) were compared in long days (LD), 16 L: 8 D with lights on at 0500 EST (N = 15 F344 rats and 18 HSD rats). Rats were only tested during the four weeks after weaning in order to match the period when F344 rats and other strains are known to show variation in photoperiodic responses [27,28,30,34]. In order to control for potential changes related to age, each individual rat was tested in only one photoperiod treatment. All rats were gestated and raised in LD (16 L: 8 D with lights on at 0500 EST) prior to weaning at 23 ± 2 days of age. They were then transferred to individual cages with activity wheels (and Cage, Catalog No. 60-1943) and placed in environmental and photoperiod chambers (Revco, Asheville, North Carolina) in groups of up to 12 rats/chamber. Magnetic switches on the running wheels signaled revolutions to an event recorder sending output in 6-minute data collection periods, or 'bins', to a personal computer. Rats were fed a laboratory diet (LM – 485 Sterilizable Mouse/7012, Madison, WI) and tap water ad libitum. Temperature was maintained at 22. 5 ± 1°C. Data collection ended after four weeks ± 4 days. The study followed international standards for animal care and welfare, and was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at the College of William and Mary (IACUC 0018). Experiment 2: Comparison of HSD to F344 male rats in SD This experiment was designed to compare circadian traits and nocturnality in a photoperiod with light cues that would normally trigger reproductive suppression, reduced food intake, and slowed somatic growth in a photoresponsive rat. Activity patterns of young male F344 and HSD rats (N = 16 per group) were compared for short days (SD), 8 L: 16 D with lights on at 0900 EST. Except for the photoperiod treatment, procedures and data collection were as in Experiment 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily describes the experimental setup and methodology for comparing activity patterns of different rat strains under varying photoperiods, without explicitly discussing any health issues related to circadian rhythm disruption. Therefore, it does not provide evidence that corroborates or contrasts with the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: We aim to show how that happens and indicate why this conclusion is more plausible than it might initially appear to be. Second, this paper assumes that conscious beings merit moral consideration. Of course, philosophers disagree about the basis for moral standing, with some denying that consciousness is necessary for moral standing and others denying that consciousness is sufficient. Our aim is not to intervene in this debate, but rather to argue that if conscious beings merit moral consideration, then we should extend moral consideration to some AI systems by 2030. As we discuss below, we personally think that conscious beings do merit moral consideration, and if you agree, then you can read our argument in unconditional terms. If not, then you can read our argument in conditional terms, pending further work on the basis for moral standing and the relationship between consciousness and other morally relevant features. Third, our argument in this paper is intentionally conservative in two respects. When we develop our normative premise, we assume for the sake of argument that a non-negligible chance means a 0. 1% chance or higher. Footnote 2 And when we develop our descriptive premise, we make conservative assumptions about how demanding the requirements for consciousness are and how difficult these requirements are to satisfy. Our own view is that the threshold for non-negligibility is much lower than 0. 1%, and that the chance that some AI systems will be conscious by 2030 is much higher than 0. 1%. But we focus on this threshold here to be generous to skeptics about our view, and to emphasize that in order to avoid our conclusion, one must take extremely bold and tendentious positions about either the values, the facts, or both. Finally, we should emphasize that our conclusion here has no straightforward implications for how humans should treat AI systems. Even if we agree that we should extend moral standing to AI systems by 2030, we need to consider further questions before we know what that means in practice. For instance, how much do AI systems count and in what ways do they count? What do they want and need, how will our actions and policies affect them, and what do we owe them in light of these expected effects? And how can, and should, we make tradeoffs between humans, animals, and AI systems in practice? We will consider possible tradeoffs in more detail below. For now, we will simply note that answering these questions responsibly will take a lot of work from a lot of people, which is why we should start asking these questions now. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while it discusses the potential for AI systems to achieve consciousness by 2030, it does not support the assertion that AI can cure all diseases by that time. The authors instead focus on moral considerations regarding AI and suggest that extending moral consideration to AI systems does not equate to the notion that AI will possess the capabilities necessary to cure diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: (F) ϵ∞ is constant for all channel widths and heights, indicating that the network contracts to a constant final density. The dashed line is the mean value of ϵ∞. All panels display mean ± s. e. m. Video 5 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as contraction in channels of varying width. Devices were fabricated with different widths. Each video panel depicts a representative experiment using channels of the given width. Time is shown in minutes : seconds. In all cases, the networks contracted to a similar final fraction, ϵ∞, of ≈ 0. 77, irrespective of channel geometry (Figure 3F). Since the Taxol concentration was held constant, all experiments started with the same initial density of microtubules, regardless of the dimensions of the channel. Thus, all networks contracted to the same final density. By using fluorescence intensity as a proxy for tubulin concentration (see Materials and methods), we estimate the final concentration of tubulin in the network to be ρ0≈ 30 μM. Remarkably, this is comparable to the concentration of microtubules in reconstituted meiotic spindles in Xenopus extracts (Needleman et al. , 2010), which is ≈ 60 μM. As neither the simple viscoelastic nor poroelastic models are consistent with these results, we sought to construct an alternative model of the contraction process. stabilizes microtubules in these experiments, the density of microtubules ρ is conserved throughout the contraction process, implying (3) ∂tρ=-∇→⋅(ρv→), where v→ is the local velocity of the microtubule network. The velocity v→ is set by force balance. If the relevant timescales are long enough that the microtubule network can be considered to be purely viscous, and if the network’s motion results in drag, then the equation for force balance is (4) η∇2v→-γv→=∇→⋅σ, where η and γ are the viscosity and drag coefficients, respectively, and σ is an active stress caused by motor proteins which drive the contraction of the microtubule network. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses microtubule contraction processes and various experimental observations related to them, with no mention of insects or metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Circadian lightDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareReviewCircadian lightpresent paper reflects a work in progress toward a definition of circadian light, one that should be informed by the thoughtful, century-old evolution of our present definition of light as a stimulus for the human visual system. This work in progress is based upon the functional relationship between optical radiation and its effects on nocturnal melatonin suppression, in large part because the basic data are available in the literature. Discussed here are the fundamental differences between responses by the visual and circadian systems to optical radiation. Brief reviews of photometry, colorimetry, and brightness perception are presented as a foundation for the discussion of circadian light. Finally, circadian light (CLA) and circadian stimulus (CS) calculation procedures based on a published mathematical model of human circadian phototransduction are presented with an example. Year: 2010Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-8-2Submitted on Dec 11, 2009Accepted on Feb 13, 2010Published on Feb 13, 20104. 0 suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the hypothalamus host the master circadian clock that organizes and orchestrates the timing of all daily biological functions, from complicated physiological systems to single cells. The SCN in humans have, on average, an intrinsic period slightly greater than 24 hours [1] that is modulated by the temporal pattern of light and dark on the retina. As a result of the earth's rotation on its axis, the temporal pattern of light and dark on the retina synchronizes the SCN to a matching 24-h period. Recent research has demonstrated that disruption of the natural, 24-h pattern of light and dark from rapid flight across time zones or from rotating shift work can lead to a wide variety of maladies, from poor performance to sleep loss, weight gain, and even breast cancer [2 - 9]. Because it is increasingly evident that retinal light and dark exposures can profoundly affect human health and well-being, it is increasingly important to be able to quantify both light and dark as stimuli to the human circadian system. The present paper deals with the evolving definition of circadian light. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'disruption of the natural, 24-h pattern of light and dark from rapid flight across time zones or from rotating shift work can lead to a wide variety of maladies, from poor performance to sleep loss, weight gain, and even breast cancer.' This directly supports the assertion that disturbances in circadian rhythms result in adverse health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: ” As a result, Godfrey-Smith is “skeptical about the existence of non-animal” consciousness, including AI consciousness [70]. Other theorists express skepticism about AI consciousness on current hardware for similar reasons [71, 72]. Of course, these views represent only a subset of views about which substrates and functions are required for consciousness. Many views—most notably, many varieties of computationalism and/or functionalism—allow that consciousness requires a general physical substrate or a general set of functions that can be realized in both carbon-based and silicon-based systems. Indeed, many of the conditions that we consider below, according to which consciousness arises when beings with a particular kind of body are capable of a particular kind of cognition, flow from such views. Thus, rejecting the possibility of near-term AI consciousness out of hand requires more than accepting that consciousness requires a particular kind of substrate or function. It also requires accepting a specific, biological view on this matter. Note also that whereas the biological substrate view implies that AI consciousness is impossible as a general matter, the biological function view implies that AI consciousness is impossible only to the extent that silicon-based systems are incapable of performing the relevant functions. But of course, even if AI systems are incapable of performing these functions given current hardware setups, that might change if we have other, more biologically inspired hardware setups in future [73]. So, insofar as we accept this kind of view, the upshot is not that AI consciousness is impossible forever, but rather that AI consciousness is impossible for now. Nevertheless, since our goal here is to estimate the probability of AI consciousness within the decade, we can treat both views as ruling out AI consciousness for present purposes. Our own view is that the biological substrate view is very likely to be false, and that the biological function view is at least somewhat likely to be false. It seems very implausible to us that consciousness requires a carbon-based substrate as a matter of principle, even if silicon-based systems can perform all the same functions. In contrast, it seems more plausible that consciousness requires a specific set of functions that, at present, only carbon-based systems can perform. But we think that this issue is, at best, a toss-up at present. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the skepticism surrounding AI consciousness and suggesting that current AI systems lack the capability for consciousness and, by extension, complex problem-solving such as curing diseases. It emphasizes that this limitation is a result of current hardware setups and functions, implying that the claim of AI curing all diseases by 2030 may be overly optimistic given the present technological constraints.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The observation that the timescale of contraction, τ, is independent of channel height (Figure 3E) shows that the drag does not significantly vary with channel height, and thus could arise from weak interactions between the microtubule network and the device wall. We obtain an expression for the active stress, σ, by considering the microscopic behaviors of microtubules and motor proteins. As the contracting networks consist of microtubule asters (Figure 1D, E), and microtubule asters in meiotic extracts are thought to assemble by the dynein-induced clustering of microtubule minus ends (Verde et al. , 1991), we hypothesize that the contraction process is also driven by dynein pulling microtubule minus ends towards each other (Figure 4A). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Cartoon of the microscopic model underlying the active fluid theory of network contractions by minus end clustering. (A) Microtubule sliding by dynein drives microtubule minus ends together. (B) Minus end clustering leads to the formation of aster-like structures. Due to steric interactions between microtubules, there is an upper limit to the local microtubule density. (C) The microtubule network is composed of interacting asters. Motor activity driving aster cores together leads to bulk contraction of the network. In an orientationally disordered suspension of microtubules, we expect dynein mediated collection of microtubule minus ends to drive a contractile stress which is proportional to the number of motor molecules m and the local density of microtubules ρ, (see 2. 2 ± 0. 05 and β = 0. 085 ± 0. 006 are dimensionless constants, which we determined numerically (see 0. 82 ± 0. 20 min and γ∕(sρ02) = 1. 0 ×10-5±0. 7×10-5 min∕(μm2) (mean ± standard error). Combining this measurement with an estimate for the network viscosity taken from measurements in spindles of η ≈ 2×102Pa⋅s (Shimamoto et al. , 2011), we can estimate the dynein-generated active stress to be sρ02 ≈ 4Pa which is consistant with having ≈ 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding insects and their life cycle stages. Instead, it focuses on biological processes related to microtubules and the contraction of networks, with no mention or implication of insects or metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [32] measured nocturnal melatonin suppression following exposure to lights presented monocularly and binocularly to demonstrate that the subadditive response to light by the circadian system originated in the retina as predicted by Rea et al. [36]. Figueiro et al. [42] measured nocturnal melatonin suppression from short-wavelength light stimuli; these data were consistent with predictions made using the model by Rea and colleagues [36]. Similarly, noctural melatonin suppression measurements reported by Revell and Skene [43] in response to narrowband and broadband light stimuli varying in intensity were shown [44] to be consistent with predictions using this model [36]. Utilization of circadian light As previously described, Rea et al. [36] proposed a mathematical model for quantifying circadian light for any spectral irradiance distribution. Two changes in the circadian light nomenclature from that paper have been made for metrological clarity. First, because the units of CL (spectrally weighted irradiance in W/m2) are new and, therefore, are not particularly intuitive to a user, a normalized quantity, CLA, was derived to more easily compare CL values with values of photopic illuminance, in lux (lx). A value of CL can be determined, measured or calculated, for 1000 lx of CIE standard illuminant A [21], a blackbody radiator at a color temperature of 2856 K similar in relative spectral power distribution to an incandescent lamp, and a scalar multiplier determined to make the product of CL and the multiplier equal 1000. The product of CL and this multiplier defines the quantity CLA. Any value of CL can then be normalized in terms of a reference illuminance of 1000 lx from the standard illuminant A equaling 1000 CLA units. CLA is numerically identical to orthodox photopic illuminance when illuminant A produces 1000 lx, but can differ, sometimes significantly, for other spectral power distributions and illuminance levels due to nonlinear operations in the CL formulation (see Additional file 1). Nevertheless, for many common white light sources values of CLA are similar in magnitude to illuminance values (in lx) at any level. Second, circadian stimulus (CS; [3,36,44,45]) in the original formulation is now defined as CL and, after normalization, as CLA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of light on nocturnal melatonin suppression, which can influence circadian rhythms. It references studies and models that investigate how variations in light exposure can affect circadian light metrics and subsequently health. The mention of nocturnal melatonin suppression signifies the physiological consequences of circadian rhythm disruption, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: At this early stage in our understanding of consciousness, it would be unreasonable for us to assign a high credence to the proposition that anything as specific as metabolism and system-wide synchronization via oscillations [70] is necessary for any kind of subjective experience at all. Many experts appear to agree. For example, a recent survey of the Association for the of Consciousness, a professional membership organization for scientists, philosophers, and experts in other relevant disciplines, found that about two thirds (67. 1%) of respondents think that machines such as robots either “definitely” or “probably” could have consciousness in future [74]. This suggests that at least this many respondents reject the idea that consciousness requires a carbon-based substrate in principle, and they also reject the idea that consciousness requires a set of functions that only carbon-based systems can realize in practice. Of course, these respondents might or might not think that consciousness requires a set of functions that only carbon-based systems can realize at present. Still, the fact that many experts are open to the possibility of AI consciousness is noteworthy. 3. 2 Moderately demanding conditionsWe can now consider eight proposed necessary conditions for consciousness that are moderately demanding for AI systems to satisfy. As we will see, the first four refer to relatively general features of a system, whereas the last four refer to relatively specific mechanisms that flow from leading theories of consciousness. Many also overlap, both in principle and in practice. Embodiment: Some theorists hold that embodiment is necessary for consciousness [75]. We can distinguish two versions of this view. According to strong embodiment, a physical body in a physical environment is necessary for consciousness. This view might imply that AI systems like large language models lack consciousness at present, but not that AI systems like robots do. In contrast, according to weak embodiment, a virtual body in a virtual environment would be sufficient for consciousness. On this view, a wider range of AI systems can be conscious. In either case, since many AI systems already have physical and virtual bodies, and since both kinds of embodiment are useful for many tasks, we take the probability that at least some AI systems will satisfy this condition in the near future to be very high on both interpretations. Grounded perception: Some theorists hold that grounded perception, that is, the capacity to perceive objects in an environment, is necessary for consciousness [75, 76]. We can once again distinguish two versions of this view. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and uncertainties surrounding AI's capability for consciousness and its implications for advanced functions, rather than directly addressing the idea that AI could cure all diseases by 2030. The mention of specific theories around consciousness suggests significant challenges in assigning advanced functions to AI, which implies that there could be limitations to what AI can achieve, including curing diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 4 dynein per microtubule minus end each exerting an average force of 1 pN (Nicholas et al. , 2015). To further explore the validity of the active fluid theory of contraction by microtubule minus end clustering, we explored other testable predictions of the theory. This theory predicts that: (i) the preferred density of the network ρ0 is constant and does not depend on the initial conditions. This is consistent with the constant ϵ∞ measured experimentally (Figure 3F); (ii) since contractions are driven by stress gradients (Equation 4) and stress depends on microtubule density (Equation 5) the density discontinuity at the edge of the network should produce large-stress gradients, leading to an inhomogeneous density profile in the network during contraction; (iii) the magnitude of the active stress, s, is proportional to the number of active motors, but the final density of the network, ρ0, is independent of the number of molecular motors (see 0. 82 ± 0. 03 min, γ∕(sρ02) = 6. 1 ± 0. 1×10-6 min/(μm2), and ρinitial∕ρ0 = 0. 32 ± 0. 01 (mean ± s. e. m. , n=4 experiments). Within error, these values are the same as those determined from the dependence of the timescale of contraction on channel width (Figure 3D). The simulated profiles closely match the experimental ones for most of the contraction (Figure 5B), but at late times the simulated inhomogeneities dissipate in contrast to the experiments (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). This might be caused by a long-term aging of the network that is not incorporated into our simple model. To confirm that the density buildup was due to an increased velocity near the network’s edge, we measured the velocity throughout the network using P10. 7554/eLife. 10837. 013 Finally, we sought to determine the molecular basis of the contraction process, and check prediction (iii), that the number of motors driving the contraction affects the rate of contraction, but not the final density the network contracts to. Aster assembly is dynein-dependent in Xenopus egg extracts (Gaglio et al. ,1995; Verde et al. , 1991), and dynein (Heald et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is focused on the molecular dynamics involved in microtubule contraction and does not mention or relate to insects or their metamorphosis. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the metamorphosis of insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: To understand why, consider two light sources producing very different irradiance and spectral quantities, resulting in CLA values of 10,000 and of 20,000 units. Despite a large difference in the values of CLA, the two sources would not be expected to produce different outcomes from the circadian system, at least in terms of nocturnal melatonin suppression. Both would produce saturating levels of suppression of about 75% percent after an hour of exposure. Thus, while the two sources would be characterized as being very different in terms of CLA, their effectiveness as a circadian stimulus in terms of nocturnal melatonin suppression would be identical. The term CS for a given light source is therefore now defined in terms of the relative effectiveness of CL, or CLA, for producing a meaningful circadian response. The logistic function in Figure 4 is used to relate a given CL, or CLA, value to its corresponding CS value, between 0 (or 0%) and 0. 75 (or 75%), characterizing the relative effectiveness of the source as a stimulus to the circadian system. The implications for establishing quantitative measures of CL, CLA and CS are key to developing an understanding of how temporal patterns of light and dark affect human health and well-being. Without a quantitative understanding of the circadian light stimulus it will be difficult or impossible to make significant progress in unraveling the role that circadian disruption has on diseases such as breast cancer [2,3], cardiovascular disease [4 - 6], diabetes [7,8] and sleep disorders [9]. Toward this end a circadian light dosimeter, the Daysimeter (Figure 5), was developed to quantify circadian light exposures in these vulnerable populations. The Daysimeter, previously described [46] and subsequently refined [47], is a personal head-worn device that measures CLA and photopic illuminance near the plane of the wearer's cornea. also includes calibrated accelerometers to measure rest and activity. Data from the Daysimeter are recorded for as long as one month of wear and retrieved for post-processing. has its own spectral, spatial, and absolute light calibration so, following post-processing, it is possible to quantify individual CLA exposures in real life over extended periods. These data have great potential for understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human health because, for the first time, researchers and clinicians can actually measure circadian disruption among individuals in these vulnerable populations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how circadian disruption can affect human health and well-being, particularly in connection with diseases such as breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and sleep disorders. It emphasizes the importance of understanding circadian light exposure to measure and mitigate the impacts of circadian disruption on health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: Since this condition depends only on functions like broadcasting and accessing, many experts believe that suitable AI systems can satisfy it (see, for example: [88,89,90]). Indeed, and colleagues are the latest group to attempt to build an AI system with a global workspace [91], and Juliani et al. [92] argue that an AI system has already developed a global workspace as a side effect of other capabilities. We thus take there to be a moderate chance that an AI system can have a global workspace within the decade. Higher-order representation: Some theorists hold that higher-order representation, or the representation of one’s own mental states, is necessary for consciousness. This condition overlaps with self-awareness, and it admits of similar variation. For instance, some views hold that propositional states about other states are necessary, and other views hold that perceptual states of other states are sufficient [93]. In either case, this capacity is plausibly realizable within AI systems. Indeed, Chalmers [94] speculates that intelligent systems might generally converge on this capacity, in which case we can expect that sufficiently advanced AI systems will have this capacity whether or not we intend for them to. We thus take there to be a moderate chance that AI systems can have higher-order representation within the decade as well. Recurrent processing: Some theorists hold that recurrent processing, that is, the ability for neurons to communicate with each other in a kind of feedback loop, is sufficient for consciousness [95,96,97]. One might also hold it to be necessary. In biological systems, this condition might be less demanding than some of the previous conditions, but in artificial systems, it might be more demanding. However, as Chalmers [36] notes, even if we take recurrence to be necessary, this condition is plausibly satisfied either by systems that have recurrence in a broad sense, or, at least, by systems that have recurrence via recurrent neural networks and long short-term memory. We take recurrent processing to be more likely on the direct path than the indirect path at present, and to be at least somewhat likely overall. Attention schema: Finally (as a newer view), some theorists hold that an attention schema, that is, the ability to model and control attention, is necessary for consciousness. Graziano and colleagues have already built computational models of the attention schema [98]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of AI systems and their potential capabilities. It mentions the conditions necessary for consciousness and how these may be achievable in AI, such as having a global workspace and higher-order representation. However, it does not support the idea that AI can cure all diseases; instead, it emphasizes the uncertainty and complexity in developing AI functionalities within the decade. Thus, it indicates an incomplete understanding of how AI may or may not impact disease cure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 1996) and Kinesin-5 (Sawin et al. , 1992) are two of the most dominant motors in spindle assembly in this system. We inhibited these motors to test their involvement in the contraction process. Extracts supplemented with STLC for Kinesin-5 inhibition or p150-CC1 for dynein inhibition were loaded into channels with a width, W0, of 0. 9 mm and imaged at low magnification. Inhibiting Kinesin-5 had little effect on the contraction process (Figure 6—figure supplement 1). In contrast, inhibiting dynein caused a dose-dependent slowdown of the contraction (Figure 6A). In spindle assembly, inhibiting Kinesin-5 suppresses the morphological changes caused by dynein inhibition (Mitchison et al. , 2005). We, therefore, tested how simultaneously inhibiting both motors influences the contraction process, but found that the effects of dynein inhibition were not rescued by the simultaneous inhibition of Kinesin-5 (Figure 6—figure supplement 1), suggesting that in this context, Kinesin-5 is not generating a counteracting extensile stress. This further suggests the possibility that in the spindle, the role of Kinesin-5 may be in orienting, polarity sorting, and sliding microtubules as opposed to active stress generation. Curves of ϵ(t) were fit using Equation (2) to extract the final fraction contracted, ϵ∞, and the characteristic time of contraction, τ. By varying the concentration of p150-CC1, the characteristic time, τ, could be tuned over a wide range from ≈ 3 min to ≈ 75 min (Figure 6B). Fitting a sigmoid function to the τ vs. p150-CC1 concentration curve yields an EC50 value of 0. 22 ±. 02 μM (mean ± standard error), similar to the value of ≈ 0. 3 μM reported for the effect of p150-CC1 on spindle length in Xenopus extracts (Gaetz and Kapoor, 2004), which is consistent with active stress generated by dynein being required for pole focusing. Despite this large change in the contraction timescale, we found no apparent differences in ϵ∞ (Figure 6C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding insect metamorphosis. It discusses the roles of different motors in spindle assembly and contraction processes related to cell biology, without any mention of insects or their developmental stages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: If it is shown that the relationships between CLA and other non-visual responses, such as phase shifting, are different than the one demonstrated for nocturnal melatonin suppression, another CS function could be developed and designated with an appropriate subscript (such as CSnmel for nocturnal melatonin suppression and CSpshift for phase shifting). Again, this development would be quite similar to the evolution of different visual spectral sensitivity functions. As a final note, even the model of human circadian phototransduction based upon nocturnal melatonin suppression and used to calculate CLA and CS is probably incomplete. It does not take into account possible participation of different types of ipRGCs [50] and recent evidence that the melanopsin photopigment in the ipRGCs follows a very different regenerative process than that employed by the classical photoreceptors [51]. These phenomena may have heretofore unknown effects on the spectral and absolute sensitivities of the circadian system that would demand consideration in a revised model of phototransduction and therefore an evolving definition of circadian light. Hopefully, however, the information presented here is an important step toward the precise application of light stimuli for the human circadian system. is formally defined as optical radiation capable of providing visual sensation in humans. The current definition of light does not directly relate to its effects on the human circadian system. Since temporal patterns of retinal light (and dark) exposures regulate the human circadian system and since disruption of the circadian system has broad implications for health and well-being [2 - 9,52,53], it is becoming increasingly important to develop a new definition of circadian light. Toward that end, the present paper has placed the evolving development of a definition of circadian light into the historical context of light as it has been defined for metrology and as it affects human vision. As described here, an additive "photodian" luminous efficiency function for circadian light will probably never be exactly comparable to the photopic luminous efficiency function used in conventional photometry based upon the human visual system. Nevertheless, it is increasingly important that a measurement system, such as CL, CLA, and CS as presented here, be developed for quantifying the photic stimulus for the human circadian system. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions The outline of the 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'disruption of the circadian system has broad implications for health and well-being.' This directly supports the assertion that disturbances in circadian rhythms could lead to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: Of course, a more comprehensive treatment of X factors would account for a wider range of views and a wider range of interactions, some of which could make near-term AI sentience more likely and others of which could make it less likely. But for present purposes we allow only for views and interactions that make near-term AI consciousness less likely, in the spirit of showing that even when we make assumptions that favor negligibility, negligibility can still be hard to establish. Finally, as we note in the introduction to this paper, a comprehensive estimate about the probability of near-term AI moral standing might need to consider more than the probability of near-term AI consciousness. Specifically, if multiple theories of moral standing have a non-negligible chance of being correct, then we will need to estimate the probability that each theory is correct, estimate the probability that some near-term AI systems will have moral standing according to each theory, and then put it all together to generate an estimate that reflects our normative uncertainty and our descriptive uncertainty. We expect that expanding our model in this manner would drive the probability of AI moral standing up, not down, but we emphasize that our conclusion in this paper is tentative until we confirm that. With that in mind, the table below illustrates that even if we assume, implausibly in our view, that a biological substrate or function has a very high chance of being necessary and a 100% chance of being unmet; that an X factor has a very high chance of being both necessary and unmet; and that each moderately demanding condition has a high chance of being both necessary (except attention schema; see above) and unmet (except embodiment and grounded perception; see above) (even though other moderately demanding conditions are plausibly already met too and researchers are pursuing promising strategies for meeting them); we can still end up with a one in a thousand chance of AI consciousness by 2030—which, we believe, is more than enough to warrant at least some moral consideration for at least some near-term AI systems. 5 Chance of AI Consciousness by 2030Reminder: This table is for illustrative purposes only. These credences are not meant to be accurate, but are rather meant to show how skeptical one can be about AI consciousness while still being committed to at least a one in a thousand chance of AI consciousness by 2030. ConditionsNecessaryby 2030Necessary and Not MetBiological substrate or function80%100%80. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the uncertainty regarding near-term AI consciousness and moral standing rather than AI being able to cure diseases. It emphasizes that even the likelihood of AI consciousness by 2030 is low, with estimates suggesting only a one in a thousand chance. This implies that AI may not achieve significant capabilities, such as curing diseases, within that timeline.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Thus, the microtubule networks contract to approximately the same final density irrespective of the concentration of p150-CC1. The observation that inhibiting dynein affects the timescale of contraction but not the final density to which the network contracts is consistent with the predictions of our model. We note that even at the highest p150-CC1 concentrations used, the network still undergoes a bulk contraction. This could possibly be due to incomplete inhibition of dynein by p150-CC1, or by another motor protein present in the extract that also contributes to the contraction process. As the characteristic time, τ∝1s, by comparing the characteristic times in the uninhibited and 2 μM p150-CC1 cases, we can estimate that the strength of the active stress, s, in the 2 μM p150-CC1 condition is only ≈ 4% of the strength of the active stress in the uninhibited case, arguing that even if another motor is involved in the contraction, dynein contributes ≈ 96% of the active stress. Figure 6 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Network contraction is a dynein-dependent process. (A) Fraction contracted as a function of time, ϵ(t), when dynein is inhibited using p150-CC1. (B) The characteristic time of contraction, τ, increases with increasing p150-CC1 concentration. Solid green line indicates fit of sigmoid function. (C) ϵ∞ has no apparent variation with p150-CC1 concentration. Solid green line indicates the mean value of ϵ∞. All panels display mean ± s. e. m. Discussion Here, we have shown that networks of stabilized microtubules in Xenopus egg extracts undergo a bulk contraction. By systematically varying the width of the microfluidic channel in which the network forms, we demonstrated that the timescale of contraction is not a poroelastic or viscoelastic timescale. A simple active fluid model of network contraction by dynein-driven clustering of microtubule minus ends correctly predicts the dependence of the contraction timescale on channel width, the nonuniform density profile in the network during contraction, and that inhibiting dynein affects the timescale of contraction but not the final density that the network contracts to. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses microtubule networks and their contraction in the context of dynein and p150-CC1, with no mention of insects or metamorphosis processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Thapan, K; Arendt, J; Skene, DJAn action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans J Physiol 535: 261–7, DOI: [PubMed] Berson, DM; Dunn, FA; Takao, MPhototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock Science 295: 1070–3, DOI: [PubMed] Hattar, S; Liao, HW; Takao, M; Berson, DM; Yau, KWMelanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity Science 295: 1065–70, DOI: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD; Parsons, RH; Rea, MSPreliminary evidence for spectral opponency in the suppression of melatonin by light in humans Neuroreport 15: 313–6, DOI: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD; Bierman, A; Rea, MSDemonstration of additivity failure in human circadian phototransduction 26: 493–8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to studies related to circadian rhythms and their physiological mechanisms, including phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that influence the circadian clock. This supports the claim by implying that any disruption in these processes may affect health outcomes linked to circadian rhythm disturbances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: 0%Embodiment70%10%7. 0%Grounded perception70%10%7. 0%Self-awareness70%70%49. 0%Agency70%70%49. 0%Global workspace70%70%49. 0%Higher-order representation70%70%49. 0%Recurrent processing70%80%56. 0%Attention schema50%75%37. 5%X factor75%90%67. 5%AI Consciousness by 2030* ~ 0. 1% (1 in 1000)Footnote 17 *The chance that all conditions, including an X factor, are either unnecessary or met by 2030 This exercise, rough as it may be, shows that accepting a non-negligible chance of near-future AI consciousness and moral standing is not a fringe position. On the contrary, rejecting this possibility requires holding stronger views about the nature and value of other minds and the pace of AI development than we think is warranted. In short, assuming that conscious beings merit consideration, humans should extend moral consideration to beings with at least a one in a thousand chance of being conscious, and we should take some AI systems to have at least a one in a thousand chance of being conscious and morally significant by 2030. It follows that we should extend moral consideration to some AI systems by 2030. And since technological change tends to be faster than social change, we should start preparing for that eventuality now. NotesOf course, we are not the first to suggest that AI systems might be moral patients, or that we should start preparing for AI moral patienthood now. Others have argued for similar conclusions in different ways. See, for instance, [23,24,25,26,27,28]. However, in a discussion of existing work on AI moral standing, [29] notes: “to the extent that [the] arguments avoid questionable assumptions, they do little to inform our present and future decisions about actual AIs, which have no demonstrated connection to the imaginary forms of AI they hypothesize” (p. 4). Accordingly, this paper does more than discuss the possibility of AI moral patienthood. It examines the probability that near-term AI systems will meet specific conditions for moral patienthood, as well as how this probability is relevant to our actions and policies. N. B. When we say that our considerability threshold of. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limitations of AI concerning consciousness and moral consideration rather than its ability to cure diseases. It emphasizes the improbability of AI achieving consciousness and moral standing by 2030, which indirectly suggests that AI systems may not be capable of such advancements (like curing diseases) within that timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Parameters of this model can be measured by the scaling of the contraction timescale with channel width and by a detailed analysis of the inhomogeneities in the network that develop during contraction. Both methods give similar values. Our results demonstrate that the behaviors of a complex biological system can be quantitatively described by a simple active matter continuum theory. These active matter theories aim to describe the behavior of cytoskeletal systems at large-length scales and long-timescales by effectively averaging all of the molecular complexity into a small set of coarse-grained parameters. Previously, these theories have been predominately applied to describe biological systems near non-equilibrium steady states (Prost et al. , 2015; Brugués et al. , 2014). In the present work, we augment previous theories with a nonlinear active stress term derived from microscopic considerations to capture the far from steady state dynamics of the contraction process. This approach allows us to quantitatively explain our experimental results using a theory with only four parameters, while a complete microscopic model would require understanding the behavior of the thousands of different proteins present in Xenopus egg extracts. Furthermore, the considerations of the model are general, and it will be interesting to consider whether the end clustering mechanism proposed here could contribute to contraction in actin networks as well. In our model, the active stress which drives network contraction results from the motor-induced clustering of microtubule minus ends, the same process thought to be responsible for aster formation and spindle pole focusing (Gaglio et al. , 1995; Mountain et al. , 1999; Verde et al. , 1991, Elting et al. , 2014; Heald et al. , 1996; Burbank et al. , 2007; Khodjakov et al. , 2003; Goshima et al. , 2005). Our results, and previous data (Verde et al. , 1991; Heald et al. , 1996; Burbank et al. , 2007), are consistent with minus end clustering in Xenopus egg extracts primarily arising from the activity of dynein. The ability of dynein to cluster microtubule minus ends could result from dynein being able to accumulate on the minus end of one microtubule, while simultaneously walking towards the minus end of another (Hyman and Karsenti, 1996; McKenney et al. 2014; Figure 4A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects undergoing metamorphosis. Instead, it discusses parameters of a model describing the contraction dynamics of biological systems, specifically relating to microtubules and the activity of dynein in Xenopus egg extracts. There is no mention of insect development or metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bierman, A; Rea, MSRetinal mechanisms determine the subadditive response to polychromatic light by the human circadian system 438: 242–5, DOI: [PubMed] Bullough, JD; Figueiro, MG; Possidente, BP; Parsons, RH; Rea, MSAdditivity in murine circadian phototransduction 22: 223–7, DOI: [PubMed] Dkhissi-Benyahya, O; Gronfier, C; De Vanssay, W; Flamant, F; Cooper, HMModeling the role of mid-wavelength cones in circadian responses to light Neuron 53: 677–87, DOI: [PubMed] Jacobs, GH; Williams, GA; Fenwick, JAInfluence of cone pigment coexpression on spectral sensitivity and color vision in the mouse 44: 1615–22, DOI: [PubMed] Rea, MS; Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD; Bierman, AA model of phototransduction by the human circadian system Rev 50: 213–28. [PubMed] Aggelopoulos, NC; Meissl, HResponses of neurones of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus to retinal illumination under photopic and scotopic conditions J Physiol 523: 211–22, DOI: [PubMed] McIntyre, IM; Norman, TR; Burrows, GD; Armstrong, SMHuman melatonin suppression by light is intensity dependent J 6: 149–56, DOI: [PubMed] Rea, MS; Bullough, JD; Figueiro, MGHuman melatonin suppression by light: a case for scotopic efficiency 299: 45–8, DOI: [PubMed] Zeitzer, JM; Dijk, DJ; Kronauer, R; Brown, E; Czeisler, CSensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression J Physiol 526: 695–702. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to studies and research on the human circadian system and its responses to light, including human melatonin suppression by light and sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light. These elements underscore the relationship between circadian rhythms and health issues, particularly in terms of how disruptions can affect hormone levels and overall well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: ) From the odds that the conditions are (a) necessary for AI consciousness and (b) not met by 2030 (conditional on being necessary), we can calculate the odds that a condition is a barrier to AI sentience (i. e. , “necessary and not met”). For example, when we multiply the odds that recurrent processing is necessary (70%) by the odds that this condition is not met (80%), we can derive the odds that this condition is a barrier to AI consciousness: 70% × 80% = 56%. And when we multiply the odds of each conditions, including the X factor(s), not being a barrier together (assuming independence [see discussion]), we get the odds that nothing is a barrier, and, so, that AI systems can be conscious: i. e. , (1–80%) x (1–7%) … (1–67. 5%) = 0. 105%. 2303. 11717). arXiv (2023). Accessed 15 June 2023Meta Bakhtin, A. , Brown, N. , Dinan, E. , Farina, G. , Flaherty, C. , Fried, D. , Goff, A. , Gray, J. , Hu, H. , Jacob, A. P. , Komeili, M. , Konath, K. , Kwon, M. , Lerer, A. , Lewis, M. , Miller, A. H. , Mitts, S. , Renduchintala, A. , Roller, S. , Zijlstra, M. , (FAIR)†: Human-level play in the game of diplomacy by combining language models with strategic reasoning. Science. 378(6624), 1067–1074 (2022)2310. 08864). arXiv (2023). Accessed 15 June 2023Villalobos, P. : "Literature Review," Published online at epochai. org (2023). Retrieved from: ' Accessed 15 June 2023Bowman, S. : Eight things to know about large language models (arXiv:2304. 00612). arXiv (2023). Accessed 15 June 2023Acemoglu, D. , Autor, D. , Hazell, J. , Restrepo, P. : Artificial intelligence and jobs: evidence from online vacancies. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the conditions necessary for AI consciousness and calculating the odds that these conditions are barriers. It implies that significant limitations and barriers exist for AI, indicating that achieving the claim of curing all diseases by 2030 may be overly optimistic or unattainable given the current understanding of AI capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: There is indication that such behaviors may indeed occur in spindles (Elting et al. , 2014), and pursuing a better understanding of those processes is an exciting future direction that will help to clarify the function of dynein in spindles. The observation that microtubule networks contract in Xenopus egg extracts suggests that motor-induced stresses in spindles are net contractile and not extensile as previously assumed (Brugués and Needleman, 2014). The contribution of dynein to spindle pole focusing may ultimately be due to these contractile stresses. The presence of contractile stresses from dynein might also explain both the observation that the fusion of spindles is dynein-dependent (Gatlin et al. , 2009), and the apparently greater cohesion between microtubules at spindle poles, (where dynein is localized [Gatlin et al. , 2010]). It is unclear what processes set the density of microtubules in the spindle, and the finding that the active stress generated from minus end clustering saturates at a preferred microtubule density could play an important role. Materials and methods Preparation of Xenopus extracts Request a detailed protocol CSF-arrested extracts were prepared from Xenopus llaevis oocytes as previously described (Hannak and Heald, 2006). Crude extracts were sequentially filtered through 2. 0, 1. 2, and 0. 2 micron filters, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until use. Preparation of microfluidic devices Request a detailed protocol Channel negatives were designed using AutoCAD 360 (Autodesk) and (Silhouette America) software, cut from 125-micron-thick tape (3M Scotchcal, St. Paul, MN) using a die cutter, and a master was made by adhering channel negatives to the bottom of a petri dish. PDMS (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning, Midland, MI; 10:1 mixing ratio) was cast onto the masters and cured overnight at 60°C. Devices and coverslips were each corona treated with air plasma for 1 min before bonding. Channels containing a degassed solution of 5 mg/mL BSA (J. T. Baker, Center Valley, PA) supplemented with 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. Instead, it discusses the behaviors and characteristics of spindles and microtubule networks in a cellular context, specifically in Xenopus egg extracts. Since there is no reference to insects or metamorphosis, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Rea, MS; Bullough, JDCircadian effectiveness of two polychromatic lights in suppressing human nocturnal melatonin 406: 293–7, DOI: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bierman, A; Bullough, JD; Rea, MSA personal light-treatment device for improving sleep quality in the elderly: dynamics of nocturnal melatonin suppression at two exposure levels 26: 726–39, DOI: [PubMed] Revell, VL; Skene, DJLight-induced melatonin suppression in humans with polychromatic and monochromatic light 24: 1125–37, DOI: [PubMed] Bullough, JD; Bierman, A; Figueiro, MG; Rea, MSOn melatonin suppression from polychromatic and narrowband light 25: 653–5, DOI: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD; Bierman, A; Fay, CR; Rea, MSOn light as an alerting stimulus at night Exp 67: 171–8. Bierman, A; Klein, TR; Rea, MSThe Daysimeter: a device for measuring optical radiation as a stimulus for the human circadian system Technol 16: 2292–9, DOI: Rea, MS; Bierman, A; Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JDA new approach to understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human health J 6: 7. DOI: [PubMed] Miller, D; Bierman, A; Figueiro, MG; Schernhammer, ES; Rea, MSEcological measurements of light exposure, activity, and circadian disruption in real-world environments Proceedings of 2009. Eindhoven: of Technology, 61. Figueiro, MG; Bierman, A; Plitnick, B; Rea, MSPreliminary evidence that both blue and red light can induce alertness at night BMC Neurosci 10: 105. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes references to multiple studies that suggest an understanding of how circadian disruption can affect human health. For instance, it mentions a new approach to understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human health, supporting the claim that such disruptions can lead to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: familial mediterranean feverinflammationfever syndromesJust listen to your patient, he is telling you the diagnosis. Osler (1849–1919),Canadian physician and professor of medicineWhat will the future of rare diseases look like? We picture an 18-year-old young man from a village somewhere in Europe. His name is Omer. Omer has been suffering from disease episodes since his early childhood: bursts of fever, fatigue and abdominal pain. He visited many doctors, but none of them was able to establish a satisfactory treatment. He went through a diagnostic and therapeutic odyssey typical for rare disease patients. Fatigue has led him into social isolation. He is perceived as a malingerer. 1 Omer uses today’s technology to find helpHe begins to Google. Due to the unspecific nature of his approach, the search does not bring up specific results, though. Helpful medical knowledge is not accessible to him this way. Consequently, he looks for help through social media. He is targeted for an advertisement of a symptom checker app because of his previous searches and app downloads in his Ad-ID. He reads ‘start a symptom assessment! ’ and decides to instal the app. Omer starts the symptom assessment in his mother tongue. The chatbot’s underlying ontology is designed to translate professional medical concepts into common language. It initially asks about his basic demographics, ethnicity, pre-existing conditions, current symptoms and their specific attributes. The dialogue reveals that Omer has lately also shown a red, hot, swollen, sharply bordered painful eruption in the calf. Based on its internal probabilistic disease models, the chatbot’s reasoning algorithms compile a first list of possible underlying diseases, among them several autoimmune diseases and periodic fever syndromes. The chatbot realises the complex situation and the need for a deeper anamnesis. It continues assessing the course and quality of Omer’s symptoms. It asks about the onset, intensity and duration of his fevers thereby identifying the presence of repeating disease episodes. In reaction, the chatbot encourages Omer to track his symptoms over time to increase the value of timing-related information. By asking detailed questions regarding the possible diseases, the reasoning algorithm rules some of them in and some of them out. For example, the reported absence of weight loss renders tuberculosis less likely. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the limitations of current AI technology in diagnosing and treating diseases. It describes a case where a patient named Omer has sought help for a rare disease but initially found technology inadequate in providing specific medical knowledge or treatment. Although AI systems such as chatbots can assist in symptom assessment and generate possible disease models, they do not guarantee a cure or imply that AI can cure all diseases by 2030. Instead, the account emphasizes the challenges of accurately diagnosing and treating complex medical conditions with technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 5% w/w Pluronic F127 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were incubated overnight at 12°C. Unless stated otherwise, the microfluidic devices had a length of 18 mm, a height of 0. 125 mm, and a width of 1. 4 mm. Protein purification Request a detailed protocol GST-tagged p150-CC1 plasmid was a gift from (Uteng et al. , 2008). GST-p150-CC1 was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3)-T1R(Sigma) for 4 hr at 37°C. The culture was shifted to 18°C for 1 hr before adding 0. 2 mM IPTG and the culture was grown overnight at 18°C. Cells were centrifuged, resuspended in PBS supplemented with (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL) and benzonase (Novagen, San Diego, CA) before lysis by sonication. GST-p150-CC1 was purified from clarified lysate using a GSTrap column FF (G. E. Healthcare, Sweden) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. GST-p150-CC1 was dialyzed overnight into 20 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM KCl, and 1 mM DTT. The GST tag was cleaved using (overnight incubation at 4°C). After removing free GST and using a GSTrap FF column, p150-CC1 was concentrated, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80°C until use. Bulk contraction assay Request a detailed protocol 20 μL aliquots of filtered extract were supplemented with ∼1 μM Alexa-647 labeled tubulin and 2. 5 μM Taxol before being loaded into channels. For dynein inhibition experiments, 1 μL of either p150-CC1 or buffer alone was added to the extract immediately before Taxol addition. For Kinesin-5 inhibition experiments, 100 μM STLC (Sigma Aldrich) was added concurrently with Taxol. Channels were sealed with vacuum grease and imaged using a spinning disk confocal microscope (Nikon Ti2000, Yokugawa CSU-X1), an EMCCD camera (Hamamatsu), and a 2x objective using Metamorph acquisition software (Molecular Devices). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a detailed laboratory protocol involving protein purification and microscopy, without any mention of insects or metamorphosis. The content does not address or support the claim about insect life cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Perioperative Medicine| June 2009 of Temperature and Rest–after General (Propofol) Anesthesia in Dispersyn, Ph. D. ; Garance Dispersyn, Ph. D. *Junior Researcher. Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 1315. Split-10. 1097/ALN. 0b013e3181a10225 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search anesthesia is commonly associated with sleep disorders, fatigue, drowsiness, and mood alterations in patients. The authors examined whether general (propofol) anesthesia can impact the circadian temporal structure by disturbing circadian rest-activity and body temperature rhythms under normal light-dark conditions (light-dark 12:12 h) in rats. MethodsA group of rats was anesthetized with propofol, and another was injected with 10% Intralipid, which was used as a control lipidic solution. The authors examined six groups of rats according to the Zeitgeber time of intraperitoneal administration (ZT6, ZT10, ZT16) and the substance injected (propofol or Intralipid). ResultsOn the day after anesthesia, propofol induced a significant 60- to 80-min phase advance of both rest-activity and body temperature rhythms. A significant 45- to 60-min phase advance of body temperature and a significant 20-min phase advance of rest-activity were still observed on the second day after anesthesia. The amplitudes of both rest-activity and body temperature rhythms were decreased on the first and second days after anesthesia. The 24-h mean rest-activity rhythm was decreased on the day after anesthesia, whereas the 24-h mean body temperature rhythm was not modified. ConclusionThe results demonstrate the disturbing effects of propofol anesthesia on the circadian time structure in rats under normal light conditions. Topics: body temperature, propofol, rats, rhythm, core body temperature, intravenous fat emulsions research on postoperative circadian rhythms in patients suggests that both general anesthetics and surgery can disturb the circadian time structure via multifactorial mechanisms. 1,2General anesthesia can be described as a pharmacologic state involving amnesia, immobility, unconsciousness, and analgesia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how propofol anesthesia can disrupt circadian rhythms, causing significant phase advances in both rest-activity and body temperature rhythms. It mentions that this disruption was observed under normal light-dark conditions, suggesting that the disturbances in circadian rhythms—specifically through the impact of anesthesia—can lead to potential health issues such as sleep disorders, fatigue, and mood alterations, which align with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: Based on all the collected data, the app provides an assessment report containing a list of the possible underlying diseases ranked by their calculated probabilities. The reasoning algorithm recognises that securing the diagnosis of FMF needs professional support. Therefore, it compiles a sequence of diagnostic steps:A physical examination and an ultrasound scan to evaluate for lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. An interferon-gamma release assay to rule out tuberculosis. A blood test to evaluate presence of signs of inflammation and autoimmune diseases. A urine sample to test for proteinuria as a sign of renal amyloidosis. A genetic test to confirm a Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene mutation. The app creates a status-quo report in which all previous findings, working hypothesis, remaining differentials and the next diagnostic steps are presented. It asks Omer to send it to a doctor of his choice. However, Omer denies to have an appropriate doctor. Because of this, the app retrieves experts for this disease from a repository and suggests the nearest specialist. Omer agrees to contact the expert in the nearest city 90 km away and to forward the assessment report. The chatbot now sees that the expert’s clinic has a standardised consumer-to-clinical handover application programming interface. After an automated check of the data has confirmed the legitimacy of the request, it delivers Omer"s case data in a structured, ontology-based form. The expert spots Omer’s request in the inbox of his clinical decision support system (CDSS). Beside a time-saving and well-structured description of the status-quo, Omer’s app provides as well information on why certain tests are needed and what their outcomes would mean for the diagnostic progress. Moreover, it visualises the underlying reasoning in an understandable and traceable way according to the rules of the Union4 to make the machine’s arguments as verifiable as possible. Underlying affected molecular pathways are presented, too. After having examined Omer’s report, the expert agrees on FMF being a possible explanation. Referring to the recommendations for diagnosis of FMF,5 the app actively suggests a specific genetic test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a specific case where AI is used to assist in the diagnostic process for a disease but does not indicate that AI can cure diseases. It highlights the limitations of the AI, stating it provides an assessment report and suggests further diagnostic steps while clearly recognizing the need for professional medical support. This demonstrates that while AI can aid in diagnosis, it cannot unilaterally cure diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: t=0 is defined when the imaging begins, ≈ 1 min after Taxol addition to the extract. After a brief lag time, the microtubule networks spontaneously begin contraction. Images were analyzed using ImageJ and custom build and Python software (available at Parameters were fit to contraction data using timepoints where ϵ(t)> 0. 1. Final density estimation Request a detailed protocol The final density was estimated using contraction experiments with 2. 5 μM Taxol in 0. 9 mm channels. For each experiment, the frame closest to t = τ + Tc was isolated, where τ and Tc are the timescale of contraction and the offset time respectively, obtained from fits of the time course of contraction to Equation 2 of the main text. After correcting for the camera offset and inhomogeneous laser illumination, the average fluorescence intensity of the network, ρN and the average fluorescence intensity in the channel outside the network, ρM were calculated. The fluorescence intensity in the channel but outside the network comes from monomeric fluorescently labeled tubulin and was assumed to be constant throughout the channel. The fractional concentration was then estimated as ρ(τ+Tc)=ρN-ρMρN+ρM. Using this measurement along with the fit curves for ϵ(t) and under the assumption that the network contracts in the z direction such that ϵ(t) in the z direction is the same as along the width, the inferred fractional concentration at t = ∞ was calculated as ρ(t=∞)=ρ(τ+Tc)(1-ϵ∞)2(1-ϵ∞(1-e-1))2 Assuming the fluorescently labeled tubulin incorporates into microtubules at the same rate as endogenous tubulin, we can multiply the derived fractional density ρ(t = ∞) by the tubulin concentration in extract, ≈18 μM (Parsons and Salmon, 1997) to arrive a final network tubulin concentration of ≈30 μM. Density profile measurements Request a detailed protocol Images from contraction experiments were corrected for the camera offset and inhomogeneous laser illumination before being thresholded in order to segment the microtubule network from background fluorescence. Rotations of the channel relative to the CCD were detected by fitting linear equations to edges of the microtubule network. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis as it discusses a detailed experimental protocol involving microtubule contraction and fluorescence measurements, which has no connection to insect life cycles or metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 3The aim of anesthesia is to create a state of sensory deprivation, to induce a lack of motor reaction to stimuli, and to obtain explicit amnesia. General anesthesia seems to be a particular state of consciousness that shares some common neuronal mechanisms with sleep. 4,5 Previous studies showed that propofol disturbed the circadian rest–activity rhythm in rats in constant darkness. 6Indeed, when rats were anesthetized with propofol near (±2 h) the rest–activity transition point, propofol induced a 1-h phase advance of the rest–activity rhythm. However, this desynchronizing effect was observed in specific laboratory conditions (free-running rhythms, constant darkness). The issue with experiments performed in constant darkness is that there are far from environmental conditions present in human clinical practice. Therefore, even if propofol can disturb the circadian time structure in laboratory conditions of constant darkness, its effects could be masked by the presence of light, which is the most powerful synchronizer. Circadian rhythms (period close to 24 h) are regulated in mammals by a main circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus. Input pathways (e. g. , light, social synchronizers) connect the circadian clock to the external environment, and output pathways transfer circadian rhythmicity to physiologic, behavioral, and biochemical parameters of the organism. 7,8 Our hypothesis was that general anesthesia could act as an external factor that could disturb the circadian time structure. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of general (propofol) anesthesia on rest–activity and body temperature rhythms in normal light conditions (12 h light–12 h dark) in rats. It is important to study whether general anesthesia effects observed in constant darkness persists under normal light conditions or disappears because of the powerful resynchronizing effect of the light on the circadian structure. The disturbing effects of general anesthesia on circadian rest–activity and core body temperature rhythms might theoretically have large consequences in humans and sustain postoperative wake–sleep disorders. The effects of propofol anesthesia on rest–activity and body temperature rhythms were assessed by telemetry, a method widely used for the continuous measurement of body temperature and locomotor activity in rats. 9 Materials and Forty male Wistar rats (Janvier, Le Genest-St-Isle, France), 5 weeks old and weighing 170–195 g at the beginning of the experiment, were studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how general anesthesia, specifically with propofol, can disturb circadian rhythms in rats, which could theoretically have significant consequences for human health, potentially causing postoperative wake-sleep disorders. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the effects of anesthesia on circadian rhythms under various conditions, indicating that such disruptions could impact physiological, behavioral, and biochemical functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: AlmostThere are symptom checker apps that perform symptom assessments to compile lists of likely diseases or to give safe next step advice. 7 8 One of them is combining knowledge models of diseases with probabilistic reasoning that deliver promising results also in the field of rare diseases. 9 There is an increasing number of deep learning artificial intelligence algorithms10 that support specific diagnostic tasks like the classification of specific skin conditions11 12 or the recognition of facial phenotypes of genetic disorders based on images. 13 There is polygenic risk assessment. 14 There are expert repositories that allow to search for the right specialist. 15 EU recommendations exist for electronic health record formats that will enable patients and physician to share health data securely. 16 CDSS to help experts to diagnose rare diseases have been developed. 9 17 Video consultations,18 19 remote self-testing kits20 and electronic prescriptions21 are a reality. Dry-blood sampling is on its way. 22 Remote patient monitoring with sensors23 is in use. Digital therapeutics are a reality,24 disease telemonitoring exists25 and digital tracking of outcome measures has shown positive effects. 26 Most information about rare diseases is already collected in databases that use common standards to describe disease phenotypes and are connected to databases of genetic variants. 27 But now, to unfold the full potential of these technologies, and at the same time avoiding their risks, the pieces have to be integrated in a seamless, easy-to-use and ethical platform patients and physicians can trust (figure 1). To ensure trust, traceability of the system processes will be crucial to overcome the limitations of non-transparent systems and guarantee accountability in the event of incorrect diagnosis or treatment complications. A system that is transparent in its decision making is needed, so that patients and physicians will be able to act autonomously and responsibly. Convenience should not be enough when it comes to personal health. Trustworthiness of data handling as well as medical quality of knowledge-base and algorithms are essential. Here the authors see clinical and scientific experts to take responsibility and set up a not-for-profit repository that provides ontology-based up-to-date knowledge. The repository will function as a gold-standard basis for hybrid intelligent systems regulated by risk-managing methodologies similar to medical device regulation. Machine learning algorithms will analyse the outcome data and point out interesting patterns to experts who will explore the biomedical causality behind these observations according to proven scientific standards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current capabilities of AI in healthcare, particularly in symptom assessment and diagnostics, but it does not support the notion that AI can cure all diseases by 2030. It emphasizes the need for integration of technologies and the importance of transparency and trust in AI systems rather than claiming that AI will fully cure diseases. The mention of various AI applications like symptom checker apps and diagnostic support highlights their limitations rather than an overarching cure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: If the average of the slopes from the top and bottom of the network was greater than 1/(the number of pixels in the length of the image), a rotated, interpolated frame was constructed where pixels were assigned based on the intensity of the pixel in the original frame weighted by their area fraction in the interpolated pixel. Frames were averaged along the length of the channel before background signal subtraction. For density profiles compared with simulations, the edge peaks of the density profile were identified and pixels between the two peaks were retained. Profiles were normalized such that the integral of the profile was set to 1. P0. Force balance in the gel requires (9) ∂xσgel=γ̄v+λv-vf, where the gel stress σgel=η∂xv-σ+(ρ∕ρtot)P consists of a viscous stress η∂xv, an active stress σ, and a hydrostatic pressure P. The friction coefficient γ̄ quantifies the momentum transfer between the gel and its confinement and λ quantifies the momentum transfer between and the gel and the fluid. The momentum continuity equation of the permeating fluid is (10) 0=ηf∂x2vf-∂x(ρf∕ρtot)P+λv-vf, where ηf is the fluid viscosity. In our experiments, changing the height of the chamber does not appreciably change the timescale τ of the observed contractions, see Figure 3F. Furthermore, there is little observed motion of the extract surrounding the film. Presumably vf≪v since the system is relatively dilute, i. e. ρ≪ρf, and the length-scale ηf∕λ is large compared to the chamber height. We thus simplify Equation (9) to (11) η∂x2v-γv=∂xσ, where γ=λ+γ̄. Equation (11) is the force balance equation we henceforth use for the gel to quantitatively capture the experimental dynamics. Note that ρ≪ρf also allowed us to neglect the hydrostatic pressure in the gel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mechanics of image processing and the dynamics of fluid in a gel, without any mention of insects, metamorphosis, or larval stages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on body temperature rhythm acrophase showed significant effects of days (F 6,180= 27. 21, P < 10−4), treatment (F 1,30= 14. 43, P = 0. 001), and Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 8. 66, P = 0. 001), with significant interactions (days × treatment: F 6,180= 19. 35, P < 10−4; Zeitgeber time × treatment: F 2,30= 7. 19, P = 0. 003). Post hoc analysis for localization was performed on the acrophase phase shift from baseline calculated for each animal. For ZT6, the phase shift from baseline differed significantly between propofol and Intralipid on D1 (01:03 h ± 07 min vs. 00:10 ± 07 min), D2 (00:47 h ± 03 min vs. 00:06 h ± 03 min), D3 (00:19 h ± 03 min vs. 00:01 h ± 02 min; all P < 10−4), and D4 (00:09 h ± 03 min vs. 00:01 h ± 02 min; P = 0. 03) (fig. 3A). For ZT10, the phase shift from baseline differed significantly between propofol and Intralipid on D1 (01:27 h ± 02 min vs. 00:05 h ± 02 min; P = 0. 001) and D2 (00:49 h ± 06 min vs. 00:01 h ± 03 min; P < 10−4) (fig. 3B). For ZT16, the phase shift from baseline differed significantly between propofol and Intralipid on D1 (01:12 h ± 10 min vs. 00:04 h ± 03 min; P < 10−4) and D2 (01:00 h ± 12 min vs. 00:03 h ± 03 min; P < 10−4) (fig. 3C). Amplitude of Rest–We observed a decreased in the amplitude of the circadian rest–activity rhythm after propofol anesthesia, which was not detected after the Intralipid administration (fig. 4and table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the significant effects of treatment on body temperature rhythm acrophase, which indicates disruptions in circadian rhythms. Specifically, it mentions observations of decreased amplitude in the circadian rest–activity rhythm after propofol anesthesia, suggesting a disruption that could be associated with health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: With few exceptions (Atiim & Elliott, 2016), we thought we were through the 5th stage of the epidemiologic transition (if you’ve never watched this video by Hans Rosling, “200 Countries, 200 years, 4 minutes”, you are missing out! www. youtube. com/watch? v=jbkSRLYSojo), but we now realize that global health is topsy-turvy: infectious disease has re-emerged as a priority public health issue in the entire world, while in developing countries, we continue to see the rise of non-communicable diseases, like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke (Gouda et al. , 2019). Does that mean those developing countries are now developed? Or that all health is global health? As a result of globalization in general, we see these shifts in public and population health happening in all parts of the world now. And we also see, as Marmot taught us all a few decades ago (Wilkinson & Marmot, 2003), that the greatest contributors to the health of the population are the social determinants of health, not our access to formal health care facilities. This too is global; our neighbours in the developing world equally require social support, less stress, secure employment, and more resources for good early years. All health is global health, and all global health is public health. Finally, the more things change, the more they stay the same. himself (Fee & Brown, 2005) fought for access to sanitation and safe water for urban populations, and it was those factors—not access to vaccines and medicines (McKeown, 2014)—that shifted the curve in terms of population health. And when COVID-19 hit the world in 2019, access to water—to wash our hands to stem the spread of the virus—became paramount and the pandemic shone a spotlight on existing inequalities in access to safe water. Not just in the developing world; in the of America, 90 major cities had to scramble to pass legislation to force privatized water companies to turn the water back on in low-income households in major urban areas so that poor people—whose water supply had been shut off because they were too poor to pay their bill—could have access to the intervention most likely to keep them and their loved ones safe from the virus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that public health issues, such as infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases, are complex and influenced by social determinants rather than solely by technological advancements or medical interventions. It emphasizes that access to sanitation and safe water, rather than just vaccines and medicines, significantly impacts population health. This indicates that curing all diseases by AI alone by 2030 is overly simplistic given the social and structural factors that affect health outcomes globally.