Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: 913 in multiple maps is visualized by the mm-tSNE regularization methodFull size imageFig. 109 in multiple maps is visualized by the mm-tSNE methodFull size imageExcept MOWS, at Map 15 (see Fig. 7), AS has another near neighbor--Hay-Wells syndrome (: 106260) with a similarity 0. 5957. and HWS are all neighbors in Map 15. Nevertheless, astonishing truth is that the similarity between AS and HWS is 0 (1). Then we have a deep analysis of these three phenotypes. Apert syndrome is a congenital disease; the main symptoms include craniosynostosis, middle facial hypoplasia, hands and feet, with the tendency of bone structure fusion [33,34,35]. Mowat-Wilson’s syndrome is an autosomal dominant complex dysplasia, characterized by a variety of clinical symptoms such as mental retardation, motor retardation, epilepsy, vasovagal disease and neuropathy, caused by mutations in individual functions [36,37,38]. HWS is a rare, complex disease characterized by congenital ectodermal dysplasia with a variety of symptoms including thinning hair, mild hypohidrosis, scalp infection, dental hypoplasia, and maxillary dysplasia [39,40,41]. Although these three diseases belong to different types of diseases (tissue, developmental and multiple respectively), they have the same symptoms, such as nail and tooth dysplasia and skeletal deformities. The experimental result shows that although the text mining method [42] measures the direct similarity between AS and HWS as 0, our method does deduce their true relationship from data. This is different from non-transitive similarity modeling, because they are in the uniform metric space Map 15. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method reveals the non-transitive similarity not found in the original several mm-tSNE methods in microbiomic dataset (3). K00691 is a maltose phosphorylase involved in glucose metabolism and transcription [43]. Table 3 shows three KOs, of which at least three maps have an importance weight of not less than 0. 2, which are respectively close to K00691. K05340 is a transporter involved in signal transduction and glucose uptake of cellular activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a detailed analysis of three genetic conditions (Apert syndrome, Mowat-Wilson syndrome, and Hay-Wells syndrome) along with discussions around disease similarities and symptomatology without mentioning bioinformatics or any potential for it to eliminate genetic diseases. There are no statements or evidence supporting or contradicting the claim regarding the elimination of genetic diseases through bioinformatics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 3D visualization of protein-ligand complexes and 2D diagrams of interactions for selected ligands and pockets with their best affinity poses. (a) Compound 11 docked against pocket 1 of Nsp9. (b) Compound 17 docked against pocket 2 of Nsp9. Full size imageFig. 7. Proposed synthetic pathways of 1–17 in chassis cells. Full size imageOur work demonstrated that the metabolites of S. cerevisiae and E. coli chassis cells can modify the polyketides such as naphthoquinones. Hu et al. isolated 2 shunt products in the synthesis of the perylenequinone elsinochrome A by Aspergillus nidulans, they were the 1,2-naphthoquinones adduct of Cys and Cys-Gly dipeptide [34]. Lebeau et al. detected 9 nitrogen-containing azaphilone red pigments from a wild type of Talaromyces sp. 30570 marine-derived fungal strain, 6 among which were occurred only when complex organic nitrogen sources were present in the culture medium. These structures contained an amino acid residues [35]. Sun et al. also demonstrated the influences of exogenous glucose and pyruvate on the polyketide product flaviolin in an engineered E. coli BL21(DE3) [19]. Therefore, as heterologous expression host, some certain intracellular metabolites of S. cerevisiae and E. coli chassis cells may modify the target products to create chemical diversity. This not only provides a new approach for the biosynthesis of novel molecules in the commonly used chassis cells, but also expands the chemical repertoire for the discovery of novel and promising agents with various biological activities such as anticancer and anti-SARS-CoV-2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that E. coli is utilized as a chassis cell in the context of biosynthesis and chemical diversity. Specifically, it states that 'some certain intracellular metabolites of S. cerevisiae and E. coli chassis cells may modify the target products' which indicates their role in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: Experimental temperature distribution in Earth’s troposphere and stratosphere (curve 4) and in Venus’s troposphere (1 and 2) (Planet Venus, 1989) compared with averaged theoretical distributions (5 and 3) based on physical (adiabatic) theory of the greenhouse effect (the temperatures are in absolute degrees Kelvin). nent Er = 8. 82 cal/cm2. Thus, the contribution to the heat transfer from convection component is about 66. 55%, from the water vapor condensation processes 24. 94%, and from radiation (by “greenhouse gases”) only 8. 51% (see Figure 3). 3. Impact of the of CO2 on is important to note that increase in the heat absorption in the troposphere by CO2 and other “greenhouse gases” results only in a decrease of the adiabatic exponent α. Besides, the carbon dioxide atmosphere has greater densi- ty than the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere and methane has lower density so that the same pressures in these at- mospheres will be reached at different elevations h than those in the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere: and where is the molar weight of the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere, is the molar weight of the carbon dioxide atmosphere, and is the molar weight of the methane atmosphere. Thus, one comes to a seemingly paradoxical conclusion that absorption of the IR radiation in the troposphere does not increase but, conversely, only lowers the temperature of the planet’s troposphere (see Figure 4). The near surface temperature of the hypothetical methane atmosphere will be 288. 1 K which is just 0. 1˚C above the usual average Earth’s temperature of 288 K. The temperature distributions within the hypothetical to- tally carbon dioxide and totally methane atmospheres were presented by Chilingar et al. [15] together with the temperature distribution in the existing nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere. For a hypothetical methane atmosphere, the near surface temperature at sea level remains almost unchanged, because the corresponding values of the coefficient α are almost the same (0. 1905 for the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere and 0. 1915 for the totally methane atmosphere). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that the absorption of infrared radiation in the troposphere by greenhouse gases, particularly CO2 and methane, does not contribute to an increase in temperature. It states that the increased heat absorption actually results in a decrease in the adiabatic exponent and provides a seemingly paradoxical conclusion that this absorption lowers the temperature of the planet’s troposphere, which undermines the assertion that these gases primarily trap heat and contribute to global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: K06204 is a Dnak inhibitor that is involved in the biofilm formation and prokaryotic cell activities of Escherichia coli and rRNA transcription [44]. 3 we can see that although these three KOs are similar in Map 7, they are not similar to each other in other maps. For example, K05340 in Map 12 is not similar to K06204. Likewise, K06204 is not similar to K05340 in Map 13. These non-transitive similarities can not be expressed by traditional data visualization methods. Table 3 The weights for KOs similarity. Large values are shown by boldFull size tableConclusionsWe propose a new method to optimize the mm-tSNE regularization cost function. Experimental result shows that this method outperforms several versions of mm-tSNE, when measured by neighborhood preservation rate and error rate. In this study, it is shown that non-metric properties are ubiquitous in biological and microbiological data and should be considered in future studies. Traditional visualization techniques are effective when applied to small and medium-scale data, but they still face a huge challenge when applied to large biological and microbiological data. In future research work, we will propose a method to solve the problem of high computational complexity and problems in data visualization caused by the increase of data volume and the high dimensionality. AbbreviationsAS: Apert syndrome EVC: Ellis-van Creveld syndrome HWS: Hay-Wells syndrome mm-tSNE regularization: Multiple maps t-SNE with Laplacian regularization mm-tSNE: Multiple maps t-: Mowat-Wilson syndrome NPR: Neighborhood preservation ratio OMIM: Inheritance in Man t-SNE: t-51. 14. 38. 6. 0667. 5. 16. 8. 124. 6666. Csermely, T. Korcsmáros, and dynamics of molecular networks: a novel paradigm of drug discovery: a comprehen sive review, 138 (3) (2013) 333–408. Arumugam M, et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 2011; 473:174–180. [PubMed: 21508958]. Legendre, P. , L. Legendre, Vol. 20. 2012: Elsevier. Van der Maaten L, Hinton G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioinformatics eliminating genetic diseases; instead, it discusses specific bioinformatics methods related to Dnak inhibition, data visualization challenges in biological data, and mentions various syndromes without making any explicit connections to the capability of bioinformatics in eradicating genetic diseases. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Field evaluation of two entomopathogenic fungi; Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae as a biocontrol agent against the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton plants access Published: 06 May 2021 Field evaluation of two entomopathogenic fungi; Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae as a biocontrol agent against the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton plants Sayed Lotfy1 & Moustafa1 of Control 2019. ResultsResults showed E. insulana population reduction during both seasons after bio-insecticidal applications. M. anisopliae strains (S1, S2) treatments showed significant reductions in the mean numbers of infested bolls with E. insulana after 14 days from the 1st spray. Reduction percentages of E. insulana infestation reached to 77. 74 and 76. 51% respectively, after application of M. anisopliae strains (S1, S2) treatments; then, the infestation reduction percentages increased to 88. 48 and 85. 41% after the 2nd spray by the same fungal strains; then, the infestation reduction percentages increased to 90. 16 and 90. 84% after 3rd spray of the same fungal strains in season 2018. In 2019 season, the infestation reduction percentages of E. insulana was 85. 48 and 80. 75%, after the 1st spray of M. anisopliae strains (S1, S2), respectively, which increased to 92. 40 and 89. 87%, after 14 days from the 2nd spray by the two fungal strains respectively, and then increased to 94. 12 and 93. 73%, after 14 days from the 3rd spray of M. anisopliae (S1 and S2) respectively. In season 2018, the infestation reduction percentage of E. insulana by B. bassiana strains (S1, S2) recorded 73. 09 and 71. 89%, respectively and 81. 04 and 82. 89% respectively, in season 2019, after 14 days of the 1st spray. While after the 2nd spray of the two tested B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that Beauveria bassiana is utilized as a biocontrol agent, specifically mentioning its effectiveness against the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana. It states that in both seasons evaluated, infestation reduction percentages by B. bassiana reached 73.09% and 71.89% after the 1st spray in 2018 and 81.04% and 82.89% in 2019, demonstrating its use in pest management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: Physically, an explanation of the cooling effect of the atmosphere with the high content of “greenhouse gases” is the high efficiency of the convective heat transfer from the planet’s surface to the lower stratosphere, from which this heat is rapidly dissipating into the outer space through radiation. As the greenhouse gases absorb the Figure 3. Heat transfer balance in Earth troposphere: 66. 6% of the heat is lost through the air convection, 24. 9%, with humidity condensation, and only 8. 5%, with radiation. Earth’s heat radiation in the lower layers of troposphere, its energy transforms into the heat oscillations of the gas molecules. This, in turn, leads to expansion of the gas mixture and its rapid ascent to the stratosphere where the heat excess is lost through radiation into the outer space. To replace these volumes of the warm air, the already cooled air descends from the upper troposphere. As a result, the global average atmospheric temperature slightly decreases. One particular consequence of it is that with an increase in the carbon dioxide and methane contents in troposphere the convective mass exchange of the atmospheric gases must substantially accelerate. Thus, it is not out of the question that the intensification of synoptic processes in Earth troposphere (but not temperature increase) may be a result of the carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse gases” accumulation. Similarly, if one mentally replaces Venus’s carbon dioxide atmosphere by the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere at the same pressure of 90. 9 atm, its surface temperature would increase from 735. 3 K tо 793. 4 K (or from 462 tо 520˚С, see Figure 5). Figure 4. Averaged temperature distributions in Earth’s troposphere [6] : 1. For actual model of Earth’s atmosphere with the nitrogen-oxygen air mix; 2. For Earth’s atmosphere model with the carbon dioxide air composition (all other parameters are the same as in the standard model 1). Comparison of the graphs shows that CO2 accumulation results in climate cooling. Figure 5. Averaged temperature distributions in Venus’s troposphere based on Equation (2) (After Sorokhtin, Chilingar, and Khilyuk, 2007) [6] : 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that an increase in carbon dioxide and methane levels in the troposphere may not lead to an increase in temperature, but rather can result in climate cooling due to enhanced convective heat transfer. It suggests that the accumulation of greenhouse gases may accelerate the convective mass exchange of atmospheric gases, potentially leading to a decrease in the global average atmospheric temperature rather than the warming effect proposed in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The study encompasses initiatives such as the Atlas, which aims to elucidate the complicated operations of individual cells within the human body. CZI aims to enhance its capacity to quantify and analyze several facets of human biology, transcending current constraints, in the forthcoming years. This approach exhibits resemblances to the procedure of debugging and optimizing code, necessitating comprehensive instrumentation and comprehension. The advancement of biological equipment, particularly in the context of studying cellular-level phenomena, is a crucial aspect of CZI's overarching objective to better our understanding of human health and accelerate its advancement [2]. Figure 2. Stem cells are considered a prominent field within the realm of contemporary and prospective in Biological science [2]. 2. Zakrzewski, W. , et al. , Stem cells: past, present, and future. Research & Therapy, 2019. 10(1): p. 68. 3. 00:12:53 Funding, & funding strategy employed by CZI places a high emphasis on promoting novel perspectives, fostering collaborative initiatives, and facilitating the progress of open science. Although the financial support supplied by the organization is significantly less in contrast to the funding offered by the NIH, their primary objective is to foster a wide range of perspectives and promote multidisciplinary research. The funding allocated enables the pursuit of interdisciplinary research initiatives, as seen by the involvement of immunologists and microbiologists in the investigation of the neurological system. In addition, the organization actively promotes and encourages grant recipients to engage in the pre-print movement, which is a technique aimed at enhancing the dissemination of knowledge and fostering collaborative initiatives. In addition to providing financial support, the CZI actively participates in the advancement of scientific research through the creation and implementation of software and hardware solutions. The individuals engage in collaborative efforts with scientists to develop robust and versatile devices that overcome the constraints of individual research facilities. Illustrative examples encompass software programs such as Napari, which facilitates the process of image annotation, and which is specifically designed to cater to the analysis of single-cell data sets. The CZI has allocated specialized software teams to implement this objective. The CZI organization is responsible for the supervision of many institutes that provide substantial contributions to their research endeavors. One such institute is an imaging institute that is equipped with advanced technology, including an electron microscope. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses various initiatives by the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI) aimed at understanding human biology and enhancing research capabilities but does not provide evidence that bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: bassiana strains, the infestation reduction percentage of E. insulana was 85. 41 and 85. 41% respectively, in season 2018, whereas it was 89. 16 and 89. 16% respectively, in season 2019. Then after 14 days of the 3rd spray by the same fungus strains, the reduction percentage of E. insulana increased to 86. 56 and 85. 35%, respectively, in season 2018, and 90. 83 and 90. 83% in season 2019. ConclusionsTested strains of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae fungi proved their potential for decreasing E. insulana infestation percentages through 2–3 spray treatments under field conditions. BackgroundCotton (Gossypium barbadense) (Malvaceae) is the most important industrial crop worldwide (Johnson et al. , 2014). In Egypt, cotton plants like most of the field crops are attacked by many lepidopterous pest species (Gaaboub et al. , 2012). Insect pests are the most limiting factors that decrease cotton production and cause severe damages to the crop yield (El-Heneidy et al. , 2015). The spiny bollworm, Earias insulana Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the mid-late season pest, usually threats cotton plants in Egypt (et al. , (1990). The damage of fruits (green bolls) is frequently more destruction than the other parts of the cotton plant. E. insulana and the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund. ) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), are the most destructive insect pests of cotton in Egypt (Amin and Gergis, 2006). Biopesticides based on bacteria, viruses, entomopathogenic fungi, and nematodes are often considerable scope as a plant protection agent against several insects. Many works extensively investigated the field bio-efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) such as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) (Wraight et al. , 2010). The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of EPF, as bio-insecticides against the spiny bollworm, E. insulana, under field conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana as a biocontrol agent against the spiny bollworm (Earias insulana) and mentioning its potential for decreasing pest infestation percentages through spray treatments under field conditions. This supports the assertion that Beauveria bassiana is utilized for biocontrol purposes against various insect pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: Tem- perature distribution for the real carbon-dioxide Venus troposphere (above 60 km); 2. Temperature distribution for a hypothetical model of nitrogen-oxygen Venus troposphere, all other conditions being constant. 4. Impact of of CH4 on molecules have a high capacity of absorption of the infrared photons. According to estimates of EPA, the GWP (Potential) of methane is 21 times higher than GWP of carbon dioxide over the 100 year time span. Light methane released in the atmosphere ascends into its upper layers where it initially reacts with ozone, ultimately producing (through the chain of reactions) water and carbon dioxide. This process of chemical reactions can be summarized in a single equation as follows: (7) The “greenhouse gases” involved in the reaction absorb infrared radiation at different parts of the infrared spectrum. The rate of oxidation primarily depends on availability of the free OH radicals. The estimated by IPCC and adapted by EPA [16] the methane life-time in the atmosphere is in the range of 8 - 12 years. Based on these considerations one can consider the global warming (cooling) effect of the methane releases as the effect of supplying additional amount of CO2 corresponding to the amount (and corresponding absorption capacity) of CO2. (For every molecule of CH4 one can substitute 21 molecules of CO2). Thus, one can analyze the radiation warming (cooling) effect of methane as the effect of additional concentration 21 times 1. 8 ppm of CO2. This additional concentration of CO2 (37. 8 ppm) leads to cooling of the atmosphere as a result of increased convection in the lower layers of the troposphere. Oxidation of methane is a main source of water vapor in the upper stratosphere. The methane gas together with the water vapor shields the Earth’s surface from the solar ir- radiation, thus lowering the average Earth surface temperature. Therefore, it turns out that the common concept of Earth’s climate warming due to accumulation of the anth- ropogenic CO2 and other “greenhouse gases” is a myth. On the contrary, the atmospheric accumulation of CO2 and CH4, with all other conditions constant, can result only in the global climate cooling and in somewhat in- creased synoptic activity in the Earth’s troposphere. There is currently not a single proven fact of the “green- house gases” effect on Earth’s climate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that the accumulation of greenhouse gases, specifically CO2 and CH4, leads to a cooling effect on the Earth's atmosphere rather than a warming effect. It states that the commonly accepted idea of climate warming due to greenhouse gases is a myth and suggests that this accumulation can result in global climate cooling, contrary to the claim that these gases contribute to global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The organization actively participates in joint endeavors with scientists affiliated with the hub in order to advance hardware technologies, with a particular emphasis on the research and development of a compact phase plate. The main aim of this collaboration is to improve the resolution capabilities of electron microscopes. These institutions successfully address key scientific concerns by actively participating in collaborative initiatives with their network [3]. Figure 2. An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney [3]. 3. Lake, B. B. , et al. , An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney. Nature, 2023. 619(7970): p. 585-594. 4. 00:17:57 Healthy vs. Diseased Cells, Atlas & AI, The human body consists of around 37 trillion cells, each of which serves a unique role in maintaining general health and wellness. Understanding the intricate workings of cells in both normal and abnormal states poses a complex undertaking. has greatly advanced our comprehension of genetic alterations linked to diseases; nonetheless, there remains a substantial deficit in our understanding of the intermediary pathways implicated. The current focus of the CZI involves conducting a study that investigates the methods via which genetic modifications are translated and subsequently expressed in cellular activities. The focus of the researchers is on messenger RNA (mRNA), which serves as the transcription of genetic instructions from DNA. Their investigation centers on the varied interpretations of these instructions by individual cells. The CZI has played a substantial role in promoting the progress of single-cell analysis research through the creation of comprehensive atlases for many organisms, such as human, fly, and mouse cells. The researchers deploy modern algorithms and utilize artificial intelligence to evaluate enormous datasets, with the objective of discerning trends and uncovering surprising findings within the field of health. The main goal of CZI is to establish a simulated cell by leveraging extensive data and artificial intelligence, hence facilitating the acceleration of scientific and medical research [4]. Figure 3. An integrated cell atlas of the lung in health and disease [4]. 4. Sikkema, L. , et al. , An integrated cell atlas of the lung in health and disease. Nature Medicine, 2023. 29(6): p. 1563-1577. 5. 00:21:59 Methods & Disease; places significant emphasis on the ongoing investigation of various cellular phenotypes and their correlations with disease states. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioinformatics eliminating genetic diseases. Instead, it discusses the advancements in understanding cellular workings and genetic alterations related to diseases, mentioning ongoing investigations and the utilization of AI in analyzing health data. However, it does not suggest that bioinformatics will fully eliminate genetic diseases in the future, leaving the claim unsupported.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of EPF, as bio-insecticides against the spiny bollworm, E. insulana under field conditions. MethodsFungi culture sourcesTwo tested fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, were obtained from 2 sources: the first (S1), isolate of B. bassiana (Balsamo) (5133) and M. anisopliae (Metschnikoff) (5130), obtained from the Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Egypt. The second source (S2) was the wettable powder of the commercial bioagents Bioranza® WP 10% (M. anisopliae Sorok. ). Active ingredients 10%, 90%, formulated as a wettable powder with the count of 1 × 108 spore/ml and Biovar® WP 10% (B. bassiana Balsamo) active ingredients 10%, 90%, formulated as a wettable powder with the count of 1 × 108 spore/ml. Preparation of specific mediaThe isolates were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium g/l containing 40 g glucose, 20 g peptone, 20 g agar, 2 gm yeast extract, and 1000 ml of distilled water in flasks. These flasks were autoclaved at 21°C for 15 min. Preparation of tested bioagentThe two sources were prepared as solutions as follows:Source 1 (S1): Fungal cultures were grown on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium (Dextrose 40gm, agar 20gr, peptone 10g)/1000 ml distilled water and incubated at 25±2 °C in darkness for 14 days. Conidial suspensions were prepared by scraping cultures with a sterile objective glass and transferred to 10 ml of sterile water containing 0. 05% Tween 80 in a laminar flow chamber. The mixture was stirred for 10 min the hyphal debris was removed by filtering the mixture through fine mesh sieve. The conidial concentration of final suspension was determined by direct count 1×108 using hemocytometer with final concentration of 1×108 spore/ml. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study that evaluates the potential of Beauveria bassiana (B. bassiana) as a bio-insecticide against the spiny bollworm, E. insulana. It outlines the methods of studying B. bassiana as a biocontrol agent, indicating its application in pest management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: A detailed correlation of the Arctic near-surface temperatures with the pulsations of solar radiation is pro- vided in Figure 6 [17]. Using these data and the graphs of the anthropogenic CO2 accumulation, Robinson et al. [18] showed without any doubt that the carbon dioxide concentration in Earth’s atmosphere has no effect on Earth climate. Moreover, in view of 60-year fluctuations of the solar activity and the fact that the last cycle of the fluctuation began around 1970, it may be expected that the next cool down will occur within 20 to 30 years. In summary, the authors would like to draw attention of the scientists and politicians to the fact that numerous traditional and “classical” model forecasts of the climate changes caused by the atmospheric releases of the so- called “greenhouse” gases are as a rule based on intuitive considerations. Besides, there is currently not a sin- gle proven fact of the “greenhouse gases” effect on Earth’s climate. 5. writers investigated the greenhouse effect using their adiabatic model, which relates the global temperature of troposphere to the atmospheric pressure and solar radiation. This model allows one to analyze the global- Figure 6. Near-surface temperature in the Arctic vs. solar activity (after Robinson et al. , 2007) [17]. temperature changes due to variations in mass and chemical composition of the atmosphere. Even significant releases of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere do not change average parameters of the Earth’s heat regime and have no essential effect on the Earth’s climate warming. Moreover, based on the adiabatic model of heat transfer, the writers showed that additional releases of CO2 and CH4 lead to cooling (and not to warming as the proponents of the conventional theory of global warming state) of the Earth’s atmosphere. The additional methane releases possess a double cooling effect: First, they intensify convection in the lower layers of troposphere; Second, the methane together with associated water vapor intercept part of the infrared solar irradiation reaching the Earth. Thus, petroleum production and other anthropogenic activities resulting in accumulation of additional amounts of methane and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have practically no effect on the Earth’s climate. NOTES *Corresponding author. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 19. [2] Arrhenius, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that carbon dioxide and methane have no significant effect on the Earth's climate and may actually lead to cooling rather than warming. It argues that traditional models predicting climate changes due to greenhouse gases are based on intuitive rather than proven scientific principles, highlighting that there has not been a single proven fact of greenhouse gases affecting the climate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Mark has a remarkable degree of excitement for the virtual cell project, which incorporates CZI's single-cell research, collaborative endeavors with industrial partners, and expertise in artificial intelligence [6]. Figure 5. Role in advancing AI in biology research [6]. 6. Available from: 00:35:14 Models (LLMs), Zuckerberg provides a detailed analysis of the significance of advancements in machine learning, particularly emphasizing the transformer model architecture, in efficiently managing large datasets and identifying underlying patterns. However, the author poses a crucial question in the field of artificial intelligence (AI): if the advancement of these model frameworks can truly replicate human intelligence, or if there is a limit to their architectural capabilities that cannot be beyond. The broad language models, first developed for studying human language, exhibit a remarkable versatility in their ability to efficiently handle various types of data. Artificial intelligence models operate as predictive systems, use signals and patterns to generate reactions or outputs. The inherent quality of these entities makes them highly suitable for a wide range of purposes, including the creation of news stories, conversational scripts for chatbots, and scientific inquiries, such as the analysis of cellular connections within the Atlas Data. places great importance on the utilization of in silico research as a means to accelerate scientific experimentation and foster innovation. However, the author places great emphasis on the critical importance of ensuring the transferability of research findings to the practical setting of human application. This phenomenon is derived from the observation that animal models, namely mice, frequently do not demonstrate consistent associations with outcomes reported in humans. The current aim is to investigate the relationship between simulated trials and their practical applications in the fields of medical research and pharmaceutical production [7]. Figure 6. Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence [7]. 7. Moor, M. , et al. , Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence. Nature, 2023. 616(7956): p. 259-265. 8. 00:42:11 and said about the advancement of biohubs and the broad range of their scientific endeavors. The main goal of the is to improve sensor technologies for the purpose of monitoring cellular activity in various tissues, with an initial focus on skin tissue. The main objective of incorporating slender sensors is to collect data pertaining to cellular interactions, secretions, and inflammation, hence generating significant insights into a diverse array of diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioinformatics eliminating all genetic diseases. It discusses various topics related to artificial intelligence and scientific research, such as the virtual cell project, the transformer model's role in handling datasets, and the importance of in silico research while emphasizing the challenges of translating findings from animal models to human applications. Therefore, the relationship with the claim is irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: 12%, respectively, after 7 days from the 3rd spray, and 86. 56 and 85. 35%, respectively, after 14 days from the 3rd spray. Results in Table 2 clarified that application of M. anisopliae (S1, S2) treatments showed significant reductions in the mean numbers of infested bolls with E. insulana than the control after 7 days from the 1st spray in season 2019 and these percentages reached to 79. 54 and 72. 72%, respectively, and then increased to 85. 48 and 80. 75%, respectively, after 14 days from the 1st spray, whereas, the reduction percentages were 91. 02 and 87. 59%, respectively, after 7 days from the 2nd spray, and they were 92. 40 and 89. 87%, respectively, after 14 days from the 2nd spray of M. anisopliae (S1, S2) treatments in season 2019. Afterward, the reduction percentages of E. insulana Infestation increased to 95. 42 and 95. 12%, respectively, after 7 days from M. anisopliae (S1, S2) spray, and reached to 94. 12 and 93. 73%, 14 days from the 3rd spray. Also, Table 2 shows the reduction percentages of E. insulana by the 1st application of B. bassiana (S1, S2) (70. 61 and 74. 69%, respectively), after 7 days and (81. 04 and 82. 89%, respectively) after 14 days of treatments. While for the 2nd spray of B. bassiana (S1, S2) treatments, the reduction percentages of E. insulana were 86. 48 and 88. 42%, respectively, after 7 days whereas they were 89. 16 and 89. 16%, respectively, after 14 days from treatments. Then, the reduction percentages of E. insulana increased to 92. 93 and 92. 78%, respectively, after 7 days from the 3rd spray of B. bassiana (S1, S2) whereas they were 90. 83 and 90. 83%, respectively, after14 days from the 3rd spray by the same strains, during season 2019. Data in Table 3 shows that there were significant differences between means of infestations after 7 and 14 days treatments when the p-value is <0. 05). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifically mentioning the use of B. bassiana as a treatment that resulted in significant reductions in the infestation of E. insulana. It provides numerical data showing the effectiveness of B. bassiana treatments after both 7 days and 14 days, indicating its role as a biocontrol agent against pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources, like wind and solar power, are being promoted as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: Figure 6(b) shows NOx emissions from the three systems; coupling wind and solar with the natural gas turbine increases NOx emissions by a factor of between three and five, depending on the time of year. Figure 5. Average energy cost of integrating photovoltaics into the wind/gas portfolio. Figure 6. Emissions impacts from coupling wind and natural gas; and coupling wind, solar and natural gas. Panel (a) shows the decrease in CO2 emissions from coupling renewables and fossil fuels, while panel (b) shows the increase in NOx emissions. 4. Discussion and results on the emissions implications of coupling renewables and fossil fuels are consistent with previous research [13]. Coupling wind energy with a natural gas turbine can potentially reduce long-run average production costs, although incrementally adding photovoltaics to the portfolio increases costs. We find that the coupled wind/gas system has higher NOx emissions than simply running a natural gas turbine at a constant level of output, Figure 7. Monetary savings, including emissions costs, from coupling wind and natural gas. We do not find any monetary savings from adding photovoltaics to the wind/gas capacity portfolio. but lower CO2 emissions. Adding photovoltaics reduces the CO2 emissions profile of the system slightly while increasing the NOx profile. In a scenario where emissions are priced, the reduction in CO2 cost may outweigh the increase in NOx costs for the wind/gas coupled system, yielding net savings (compared to running the gas-only system) depending on the relative emissions prices. Using prevailing CO2 prices from the of $22. 60 per tonne, and a NOx price of $0. 25/kg, we find that pricing emissions leads to additional net savings for the wind/gas coupled system (Figure 7). While there would be additional net emissions cost savings from adding photovoltaics to the coupled system, the savings are not sufficient to offset the higher long-run average production cost. The incentives for owners of renewable energy projects to couple operations with controllable energy sources are still a matter of debate. In some territories that have adopted wholesale restructuring, such coupling would allow the owners to receive capacity payments. In territories where bilateral market activity is the dominant form of trade, coupled renewable and fossil projects may be able to sign “firm” energy contracts (subject to availability of transmission), which typically sell at a premium. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting information that while coupling renewable energy sources like wind and solar with fossil fuels can reduce CO2 emissions, it simultaneously increases NOx emissions significantly. This suggests that the integration of these renewable sources does not unequivocally support the idea that they are being promoted solely to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as the increase in NOx emissions could undermine the benefits of reduced CO2 emissions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: located in has initiated a study focused on the manipulation of immune cells using engineering techniques, with the objective of enabling in vivo investigations. The unique approach exhibits promise in specifically targeting coronary arteries and effectively detecting the accumulation of plaque, a critical element in the prevention of myocardial infarctions. The biohubs utilize a collaborative approach that entails the amalgamation of interdisciplinary endeavors spanning many institutions, hence cultivating an environment conducive to fostering innovation within the realms of biological and medical research [8]. Figure 7. Recent advancements in biosensor technology for animal and livestock health management [8]. 8. Neethirajan, S. , et al. , Recent advancement in biosensors technology for animal and livestock health management. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2017. 98: p. 398-407. 9. 00:50:52 Universities & Biohubs; Therapeutics & 's approach to biohubs involves acknowledging that some scientists may be hesitant to sever their relationships with universities or fully dedicate themselves to these hubs. The primary goal of CZI is to engage in long-lasting and iterative initiatives that involve the examination of multiple models, with the intention of attaining the most favorable outcomes. Subsequently, CZI implements a strategic allocation of a larger proportion of its investments into these specific domains over a period of five years. The need to promote collaboration among biohubs is underscored, however, CZI also acknowledges its distinct place within the ecosystem. Academic researchers exhibit a prudent stance in regard to the translation of research findings into practical applications, particularly in the context of rare diseases. In this specific framework, the incorporation of patients' experiential knowledge is successfully utilized to establish collaborative partnerships with researchers and to cultivate engagement among pharmaceutical companies in actively contributing to the development of innovative therapies. Although biohubs possess the potential to stimulate entrepreneurial concepts, the major objective of CZI is to provide assistance in the transformation of research endeavors into commercial enterprises, with a specific focus on the realm of cures [9]. Figure 8. Human monocytes made from iPSCs. DAPI is blue, actin is green, and CD68 is pink [9]. 9. York. Available from: 00:57:23 Optimism; Children & an exchange between it becomes evident that they hold divergent perspectives. Mark exhibits a proclivity toward technological optimism, whereas Priscilla directs her attention to the tangible ramifications for individuals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding bioinformatics eliminating genetic diseases. It discusses the collaboration in biohubs, manipulation of immune cells, and innovations in biosensor technology without making any reference to the potential of bioinformatics in eradicating genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Table 3 T-test comparison between the mean infestations of Earias insulana after using the two fungal after 7 and 14 days at each treatment and control in 2018 and 2019 seasonsFull size tableDiscussionObtained results showed that both M. anisopliae and B. bassiana strains were elicited effects toward E. insulana under field experiment. M. anisopliae (S1, S2) showed the best effect toward E. insulana infestation reduction percentage after 3 sprays of each treatments, under field conditions followed by B. bassiana S1, S2. In this respect, Abd-ElAzeem et al. (2019) investigated the biological activities of spores and metabolites of some fungi against the newly hatched larvae of E. insulana. Results showed that the fungi M. anisopliae had more effectiveness to the newly hatched larvae. Also, spore suspensions of the all fungal isolates had the highest larval mortality than fungal metabolites. Moustafa et al. (2019) found that toxicity of M. anisopliae was high in case of E. insulana treatment. Dar et al. (2020) reported that M. anisopliae and B. bassiana either isolates or (W. P. ) with (15 L. /Fed. ) were the most effective applications in reduction percentage of boll infestation with E. insulana followed by Bacillus thuringiensis, whereas, Hegab and Zaki (2012) found that B. bassiana gave a low larval mortality against E. insulana. ConclusionIt could be concluded that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae proved to be efficient EPF against E. insulana. These fungi induced significant reductions for the mean numbers of infested bolls with the pest. B. bassiana and M. anisopliae are commonly used as pathogens against many insect species. Generally, the tested strains can be suggested as promising fungi to be used in biological control program of E. insulana in the field application. Availability of data and materials All data in the tables are so clear and these numbers are the raw data. 10. 1186/s41938-019-0192-y(2006) Integrated management strategies for control of cotton key pests in middle Egypt. 4:121–128 42. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by concluding that 'B. bassiana and M. anisopliae proved to be efficient EPF against E. insulana' and that they are 'commonly used as pathogens against many insect species.' This indicates that B. bassiana is indeed utilized as a biocontrol agent.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: know Earth is warming. Clear evidence of warming can be seen in observations of the atmosphere, oceans, ice, and living things. Computer simulations can tell us what the world would have looked like without increases in greenhouse gases and other human influences, and Earth would not have warmed up like we have seen. By comparing the changes scientists have observed to computer simulations of the climate including or excluding various potential causes, scientists can work out what or who is responsible for the climate changes. Again and again, it has been shown that these simulations can only explain observed climate changes when historic emissions of greenhouse gases, principally arising from burning coal, oil, and gas, are included. The best estimate is that all the warming we have observed since 1850–1900 is due to greenhouse gas emissions produced by human activities. is Scientists have been directly observing Earth’s climate system for around 200 years, using an ever-increasing range of techniques. In the early days, we used thermometers, barometers, and other instruments to measure weather at Earth’s surface. Over time, our ability to monitor the changing climate has increased, and we can now measure from the depths of the oceans to the edges of space, using a broad range of techniques including balloons, satellites, aircraft, and ocean profilers [1]. We can also use things that change with the climate, to infer changes that happened to the climate long before we started taking modern measurements. These so-called climate proxies include amongst many others the annual growth of trees, measured through tree ring width, and analysis of ice cores which capture changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. Climate proxies are like fuzzy recordings of Earth’s climate history—they can provide some indication of the past climate but not in the detail we can get from modern observations [1]. The combination of direct measurements and proxy records tells us that Earth’s surface temperature is warming faster than it has at any time in at least the last 2,000 years. Earth’s oceans, ice, and living things are also now in states unseen for hundreds to many thousands of years [2]. This matters because the last several thousand years are the period in which humanity has developed from hunter-gatherers to our modern societies. The climate over this period was remarkably stable in the context of last several million years and this stability helped modern humans to flourish. Earth’s climate is warming rapidly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing strong evidence of climate change, stating that 'Earth is warming' and presenting various observational data and research that demonstrate the significant impacts of greenhouse gas emissions on the climate. It asserts that scientists have established that warming observed is due to human activities, clearly indicating a consensus among scientists regarding the reality of climate change, which directly contradicts the claim that there is disagreement among scientists.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Mark's inclination toward optimism serves as a catalyst for his enthusiasm for pursuing novel concepts and participating in ambitious undertakings at an international level. In contrast, Priscilla's pragmatic disposition compels her to formulate comprehensive solutions and adeptly navigate the pragmatic challenges that emerge, with the ultimate objective of augmenting the welfare of individuals. The interplay between optimism and pessimism plays a significant role in shaping individuals' attitudes and behaviors, highlighting the significance of maintaining an optimistic mindset when undertaking significant endeavors, particularly in the presence of challenges. The utilization of a collaborative strategy allows individuals to effectively harness their unique strengths in order to achieve a common aim that results in benefits for the group as a whole [10]. 10. Conversano, C. , et al. , Optimism and its impact on mental and physical well-being. Health, 2010. 6: p. 25-9. 11. 01:07:25 Technology & Health, Positive & initiated a discussion regarding the diverse ramifications of technology and social media, placing a special focus on the importance of their usage. acknowledges the potential for both positive and negative outcomes that may arise from the utilization of social media while highlighting the significance of authentic human connections established through these platforms. Positive attributes comprise the development of interpersonal relationships, empathy, and proficient communication, all of which have been associated with increased levels of pleasure and general well-being. Negative components comprise a diverse array of concerns, including the pervasive prevalence of cyberbullying and the tendency towards passive consumption of content, particularly in the context of unpleasant news. To foster a comprehensive and positive user experience, Zuckerberg implements a strategic approach that comprises the promotion of secure interactions, the implementation of content control mechanisms, and the facilitation of many content consumption options for users. The position espoused by certain individuals asserts that a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding is required to adequately grasp the implications of social media. This proposition asserts that social media cannot be definitively classified as either entirely advantageous or detrimental. However, the extent of its influence depends on how it is used to cultivate interpersonal connections and improve individuals' overall well-being. Figure 9. Brain in the fMRI [11]. 11. Marciano, L. , A. -L. Camerini, and R. Morese, Brain in the Digital Era: A of Structural and of in Adolescence. 2021. 12. 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the interplay of optimism and pragmatism in individual behaviors and the impact of technology and social media on well-being, without addressing bioinformatics or genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2716279/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published09 Jul, 2023Read the published version in BMC Genomics →Version 1posted 8You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground: The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, is an irruptive bark beetle that causes extensive mortality to many pine species within the forests of western North America. Driven by climate change and wildfire suppression, a recent MPB outbreak has spread across more than 18 million hectares, including areas to the east of the that comprise populations and species of pines not previously affected. Despite its impacts, there are few tactics available to control MPB populations. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus used as a biological agent in agriculture and forestry and has potential as a management tactic for the mountain pine beetle population. This work investigates the phenotypic and genomic variation between B. bassianastrains to identify optimal strains against a specific insect. Results: Using comparative genome and transcriptome analyses of eight B. bassiana isolates, we have identified the genetic basis of virulence, which includes oosporein production. Genes unique to the more virulent strains included functions in biosynthesis of mycotoxins, membrane transporters, and transcription factors. Significant differential expression of genes related to virulence, transmembrane transport, and stress response was identified between the different strains, as well as up to nine-fold upregulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of oosporein. Differential correlation analysis revealed transcription factors that may be involved in regulating oosporein production. Conclusion: This study provides a foundation for the selection and/or engineering of the most effect strain of B. bassiana for the biological control of mountain pine beetle and other insect pests populations. Beauveria bassianaforest health genomicspest controlfungal metabolismFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3BackgroundThe mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae) is an irruptive bark beetle that infects and kills most native pine (Pinus) species in its range (1). It is prone to periodic outbreaks that can cause the mortality of trees over large areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus used as a biological agent in agriculture and forestry, specifically mentioning its potential as a management tactic for controlling mountain pine beetle populations. This directly supports the assertion that B. bassiana is utilized as a biocontrol agent against pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: From 1850–1900 to 2013–2022, the best estimate is that the global average temperature warmed by 1. 15°C, with much larger changes in some regions [3]. Overall, land is warming considerably faster than the oceans, and the Arctic is warming fastest of all [2]. 2023 was the warmest year on record, and 2024 may well-exceed 1. 5°C warming for the first time. Agreement, which almost all countries have signed, has a goal to limit global warming since pre-industrial to well-below 2°C and to strive to limit it to below 1. 5°C (Read more here). Because of natural variability, one year above 1. 5°C will not mean this level has permanently been exceeded, but we expect 1. 5°C to be exceeded within the next 15 years. We know that, even at 1. 5°C of global warming, there will already be many negative impacts [4]. Earth has probably not consistently been as warm as it has been this most recent decade for at least 125,000 years. However, observations of a warming surface climate are far from the only piece of evidence we have. Evidence across the atmosphere, oceans, frozen planet and living things all point to one inescapable conclusion: the world is warming (Figure 1) [2]. Figure 1 - Evidence that Earth is warming comes from multiple sources across all components of the climate system. By measuring various indicators of climate change (middle bars, with scales shown by right hand bars), we can see the effects that these changes are having on the planet—the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is increasing, rainfall is increasing, glaciers are melting and contributing to sea-level rise, and the temperatures of both Earth’s surface and the oceans are going up [figure Inspired by the warming stripes ( Source: 6 WGI Figure 1. 4 [1]. Reproduced with permission. Represent the Scientists have a strong understanding of how the climate system works, and they can use this to simulate weather and climate using computer models of the atmosphere and climate system. As a well-known example, simulations of the atmosphere can be used to generate weather forecasts for the next 10–20 days. These weather forecasts have great skill and, in the case of extreme weather events, they can help to save lives and livelihoods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a substantial amount of scientific evidence supporting the occurrence of climate change, stating that 'the world is warming' and noting indicators like increasing CO2 concentration, melting glaciers, and rising sea levels. This suggests that there is a consensus among scientists regarding climate change, directly opposing the claim that there is significant disagreement among them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: 01:13:17 podcast delivered by examines the strategic methodology adopted by Facebook in efficiently tackling clickbait content and guaranteeing a favorable user experience. The significance of upholding a well-balanced and harmonious equilibrium between data-driven decision-making and the incorporation of human input, specifically in combating clickbait, is emphasized by in their study. The objective of this research is to examine user behavior and p12. Facebook’s Audit – Final Report. Available from: 01:19:17 & During a podcast, underscores the need to comprehend the intricate user experience on social media platforms. He recognizes the importance of improving understanding regarding the diverse range of tools available to users for managing their interactions and overseeing their overall experience. Zuckerberg suggests that a portion of the instructional process should occur within the product itself. This would entail providing users with prompts and contextual information to optimize their utilization of the platform's functions. Furthermore, the author delves into the examination of design trade-offs that emerge from incorporating capabilities such as blocking or restricting, as these features have implications for the social dynamics among users. Zuckerberg's viewpoint underscores the necessity of providing a diverse array of tools that possess varying degrees of capability and subtlety, thereby empowering users to customize their experiences in accordance with their individual p13. Dwivedi, Y. K. , et al. , Metaverse beyond the hype: Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. of Information Management, 2022. 66: p. 102542. 14. 01:24:51 Time, Usage & Technology, Parental Toolsdiscusses the challenge of determining the extent of excessive time spent on social media usage or upcoming augmented reality experiences. emphasizes the importance of considering the unique situations and usage of individuals while highlighting that the final factor rests in how the technology is utilized. The author posits that when contemplating the future prospects of augmented reality in augmenting social experiences, it becomes apparent that if these experiences can provide immersive and dynamic interactions that are on par with those encountered in face-to-face interactions, it would be unreasonable to impose arbitrary restrictions on their duration. argues that it is crucial to understand the application of technology, including evaluating whether consumers are trapped in harmful patterns or engaging in meaningful transactions. Zuckerberg's strategic approach aims to provide users and parents with materials that improve their understanding and management of digital interactions while avoiding an overly paternalistic stance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the strategic methodology of Facebook in handling clickbait content, user experience on social media, and technology's role in parental tools, without any mention of bioinformatics or genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: The most recent outbreak, beginning in the late 1990s, was exacerbated by a warming environment that enhanced beetle survival, and wildfire suppression that increased the abundance of susceptible host trees (2). To date, MPB has affected approximately 18 million hectares of lodgepole pine (P. contorta) forests in western North America, with over 50% of mature lodgepole pine trees killed (3). The cumulative economic loss to western Canada alone has been estimated at 90 billion CAD (4). The extreme size of the outbreak, together with a climate change-induced increase in suitable habit, facilitated rapid range expansion into new regions including northern and eastward over the into north-central Alberta (5, 6). Eastward expansion has facilitated infestations within populations of lodgepole pine, jack pine (P. banksiana), and their hybrid (P. contorta x P. banksiana); hosts with limited defensive capacity due to a lack of coevolutionary interactions with MPB (7–10). MPB poses an alarming continental threat, as jack pine is the predominant pine species that extends across the boreal forest to the and the of Canada (10–14). Efforts to mitigate the spread of MPB have been hampered by the lack of effective control methods (15). MPB escapes conventional pesticides as it spends all but a few days during dispersal flight beneath the bark of host trees (16). Furthermore, mutualistic ophiostomatoid blue stain fungi introduced into trees by MPB limit the efficacy systemic insecticides (17). Hence, the physical removal of infested trees, through felling and burning or salvage harvesting, is currently the main mitigation tactic for MPB (15). However, this approach is often costly, logistically difficult, and prone to failure. Therefore, development of a cost-effective and ecologically viable management approach to control MPB populations is critical to minimize its continued spread and impact. Beauveria bassiana (BB) is an entomopathogenic fungus that efficiently kills many species of insect pests. Different strains of this fungus are widely used in agriculture and are approved as safe biological insecticides that do not significantly hamper pollinating insects (18). BB kills various bark beetle species, although some strains have narrow host species spectra (19–21). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Beauveria bassiana (BB) is an entomopathogenic fungus that efficiently kills many species of insect pests.' It further mentions that different strains of this fungus are widely used in agriculture as biological insecticides, supporting its role as a biocontrol agent against pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: The same processes are simulated in climate simulations but, in addition, climate simulations also simulate the oceans, the frozen parts of the planet, and living things. Climate simulations can be used to simulate past changes and project into the future for hundreds of years, to understand how the climate has changed and how it might change in the future. These models cannot reliably tell us whether it will be sunny or rainy on a particular day 50 years from now, but they can tell us how the average weather, or climate, will change in response to increases in greenhouse gases and other factors (for more details on climate changes, see this Frontiers for 2020. The vertical bars show data from many models and the average result of all those models is indicated by the horizontal line. Models closer to the top of the graph are more skillful, meaning they are better at simulating the temperature, rainfall or weather patterns, than those lower down. Overall, models perform better for temperature than rainfall or weather patterns. Source: 3. 3 [5]. Modified with permission. Modifications undertaken by collection editor Dr. for this paper. by Scientists can use climate simulations to do the detective work of finding out what is responsible for observed changes in Earth’s climate. This detective work includes in-depth statistical analysis to sort through the available lines of evidence and identify the culprit (or culprits). The first question is whether the changes we have observed are unusual. Here, we can use the long simulations run without any changes in climate drivers, to see whether the observed changes are unusual compared to the variability we would expect by chance. If an observed change is unusual, then the next step is to work out what the most likely explanation is for the observed change. To find the most likely cause(s), we can use simulations run from 1850 to near-present. Simulations including greenhouse gas increases and other human factors can reproduce the observed warming in surface temperature (Figure 3) and a broad range of other changes across the atmosphere, ocean, frozen planet, and living things, but simulations without these human factors cannot. Time and time again, it has been found that humans are principally responsible for the climate changes that have been observed [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that climate simulations indicate a broad consensus among scientists regarding climate change. Specifically, it mentions that 'simulations including greenhouse gas increases and other human factors can reproduce the observed warming' and concludes that 'humans are principally responsible for the climate changes that have been observed.' This indicates agreement among scientists about the reality of climate change, contradicting the claim that there is significant disagreement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The primary goal is to equip customers with the requisite knowledge and resources to make well-informed decisions pertaining to their consumption [14]. Figure 10. Over usage of social media and Alterations in [14]. 14. Cheng, H. and J. Liu, Alterations in in Disorder. Scientific Reports, 2020. 10(1): p. 2370. 15. 01:28:55 (VR), Experiences & The podcast presented by delves into the realm of mixed reality and provides a comprehensive analysis of its potential impact on the future of augmented and virtual reality encounters. The user conceives of a theoretical scenario in which the utilization of intelligent eyewear enables the incorporation of holographic visuals into the tangible realm, thus enhancing reality by means of augmented reality technology. The potential transformation of various physical entities, such as artwork, recreational pursuits, and display interfaces, into holographic manifestations holds the capacity to significantly alter our modes of engagement with the surrounding milieu. lays much emphasis on the possibility of hybrid interactions that integrate physical presence with virtual engagement. This phenomenon is exemplified by the depiction of virtual team meetings when artificial intelligence avatars are actively engaged in conjunction with live participants and holographic representations. The author also explores the concept of engaging in romantic relationships within mixed reality environments, positing that such interactions may provide a more relaxed and secure experience, allowing users to effortlessly end unwanted experiences. envisions a potential future scenario in which the boundaries between the physical and digital realms become blurred, resulting in a seamless integration of these two worlds. The integration under consideration, frequently referred to as the "real room," aims to enhance experiences by combining aspects from the physical and digital domains, so producing a more immersive and meaningful setting [15]. Figure 11. Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: emerging technologies and future perspectives [15]. 15. Xiong, J. , et al. , Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: emerging technologies and future perspectives. Light: Science & Applications, 2021. 10(1): p. 216. 16. 01:36:09 & Zuckerberg explores the need to foster computing experiences that actively integrate the full human body, highlighting the critical role of physical engagement. posits the notion that human beings are not exclusively intellectual entities, but rather individuals with corporeal forms, and contends that advancements in technology should align with this fundamental aspect of our existence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioinformatics and genetic diseases. Instead, it focuses on augmented and virtual reality technology and its potential impacts, making it irrelevant to the statement about bioinformatics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Some strains attack forest insects, including European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) (22), red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) (23), pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda) (24), and spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) (21). Although certain strains of BB are lethal to MPB (25, 26) and other bark beetles in the laboratory (19, 21), field tests failed to demonstrate desirable mycosis propagation and control of beetle populations (21). These field observations may be associated with ultraviolet (UV) damage of the BB, lack of drought tolerance as well as inefficient conidial density and viability. Because of the extensive effort involved in testing BB strains with insects, most studies focus on only a few strains. This limits the initial examination of strain virulence associated with biocontrol potential for MPB. Due to the diverse phenotypes and numerous strains of BB (27), genomic or molecular markers to determine the potential efficacy of the fungus as a biocontrol agent, potentially for MPB (25, 26), are highly desirable. In our previous study, we evaluated 93 BB isolates from various culture collections worldwide and selected strains for their different phenotypes and virulence toward MPB (26). Selected strains were characterized based on colony morphology, growth rate, infection rate, conidial capacity, and pigmentation and assessed for virulence against MPB in the laboratory. The strains were then categorized into three phenotypic groups. The pigment oosporein was of particular interest; oosporein is an extensively studied red dibenzoquinone virulence factor associated with insecticidal activity that may also afford UV resistance (28–31). strains produced high levels of oosporein and displayed the highest levels of virulence against MPB. Group II strains grew thin, cream-coloured colonies with no pigment and had the lowest virulence against MPB, requiring a higher conidial titer, and group III strains grew felty, yellowish colonies with intermediate virulence levels (26). Here, eight promising isolates of B. bassiana across three phenotypic groups were used for genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis. These analyses identified genome and transcriptome signatures of each strain, particularly those associated with virulence, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and UV resistance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various strains of Beauveria bassiana (BB) and their potential as biocontrol agents against specific pests, such as the mountain pine beetle (MPB). It highlights efforts made to evaluate the virulence of selected BB strains against MPB, suggesting an application of BB in biocontrol. Furthermore, the mention of a range of identified strains and their assessed virulence supports the idea that BB is used in biocontrol contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 - Comparison of observed warming at Earth’s surface since 1850 using two sets of simulations: one with only changes in the sun’s brightness and large volcanic eruptions (green), and one with these natural influences and human factors (mainly increasing greenhouse gases from the burning of coal, oil, and gas). The observed change can be explained only when human factors are included. Source: 6 Figure SPM1. b [6]. Reproduced with permission. So, how much of the climate change scientists have observed is caused by humans? For surface temperature changes, this can be calculated. It turns out that the best estimate for the warming due to humans from 1850–1900 to 2013–2022 (1. 14°C) almost exactly matches the observed warming over the same period (1. 15°C). In other words, all of the warming we have experienced since the second half of the 19th Century is down to human activities [3]. Earth’s climate is now in a state and changing at a speed unseen in at least thousands of years and probably considerably longer. Based on detailed comparisons of observed changes with climate model simulations, there is no doubt that human activities have warmed (and continue to warm) the climate, primarily through the burning of coal, oil, and gas. Those same computer model simulations can also tell us what potential futures await us depending upon the actions we take to slow and ultimately stop further global warming. Proxies: ↑ Changes in natural systems such as the annual growth of tree rings which vary mainly as a result of the climate and hence can be used to infer information about long-term changes in climate prior to the availability of modern observations. Paris Agreement: ↑ An international agreement that aims to limit long-term warming of the planet while minimizing the negative impacts of climate change on the planet and society. Computer Models: ↑ Simulations of the climate system run on massively powerful supercomputers which provide estimates of changes in the atmosphere, ocean, frozen planet and living things under different assumptions of past and future climate drivers. Greenhouse Gases: ↑ A subset of atmospheric gases which trap outgoing energy from the Earth and raise the temperature of our planet. Increases in greenhouse gases lead to increased warming. Climate Drivers: ↑ Changes in factors such as the strength of the sun or the amount of greenhouse gases which can lead to changes in climate by altering the balance of incoming and/or outgoing energy from the Earth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing clear evidence that climate change is occurring and is mainly driven by human activities. It states that observed climate change since the 19th Century can only be explained when human factors are included. Specifically, it mentions that almost all of the observed warming aligns with the estimated warming due to human activities, indicating a scientific consensus that supports the reality of climate change, contrary to the claim that scientists disagree on this issue.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The obstacles associated with the installation of comprehensive full-body tracking in virtual and augmented reality systems are acknowledged by Mark Zuckerberg. However, he lays considerable importance on the advancements made in the domain of hand tracking and the simulation of bodily postures. Moreover, Mark emphasizes the prospective implications of these technologies, specifically within the domains of boxing and physical fitness. underscores the intricate aspect of replicating activities like grappling, which may necessitate the utilization of sophisticated haptic systems or physical resistance mechanisms. Notwithstanding the obstacles, the individual exhibits a robust sense of enthusiasm towards the perpetually evolving possibilities and perceives it as an ongoing voyage with further prospects to be investigated in the forthcoming period [16]. 16. Ahmed, M. B. , C. Sanin, and E. Szczerbicki, (SVPD) to Manufacturing in Industry 4. 0. Science, 2019. 159: p. 2232-2239. 17. 01:44:19 for Creativity & is currently engaged in an exploration of the potential consequences of virtual and augmented reality within the realms of education and artistic expression. Mark 12. Metaverse and Multiverse: Sense of and IR [17]. 17. Metaverse and Multiverse: Sense of and IR. Available from: 01:49:31 Ray-Smart Glasses: Potential, Privacy & Zuckerberg's discourse explores the possible trajectory of augmented reality (AR) glasses, highlighting its capacity to become a pervasive tool for everyday use, comparable to smartphones. Mark places much stress on the significance of attaining a harmonious equilibrium between the form factor and computational capability. Augmented reality glasses are perceived as a versatile tool with the potential to cater to a diverse array of tasks, encompassing both high-stakes professional occupations and casual, leisurely pursuits. acknowledges the technological challenges involved in the development of efficient holographic displays and the miniaturization of supercomputers to be compatible with stylish eyewear. Mark states that Meta is presently involved in the formulation and implementation of two separate strategies. The initial approach focuses on the development of an advanced AR device with extensive functionalities. In contrast, the second approach focuses on the development of visually appealing smart glasses that are readily available to consumers. This is demonstrated through their partnership with Ray-Ban. The aim of this project is to create an AR assistant that can perceive visual stimuli in a manner similar to the user, and also audibly perceive noises in synchronization with the user. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses advancements in virtual and augmented reality technologies, specifically mentioning Mark Zuckerberg's insights on hand tracking and AR glasses. It does not mention bioinformatics or genetic diseases, making it unrelated to the claim about eliminating genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the Velvet protein-encoding gene VeA is of interest, as it is responsible for several processes including conidiation, secondary metabolism and stress response in BB (37). This protein may be involved in processes related to virulence in the red strains. The differential co-expression results demonstrated a negative regulatory relationship between VeA and OpS3, contradicting the understanding of this protein’s function. This result is inconclusive; however, it is possible that there is an intermediate positive regulator of OpS3 whose expression is negatively regulated by VeA, or vice versa. Given the fact that a complete oosporein BGC is present in the non-red group, oosporein expression may be induced in these strains when infecting a host, and that such a condition is not replicated under laboratory growth conditions. The mechanism by which oosporein in the non-red group might be upregulated remains to be elucidated. ConclusionsThis work has characterized genomic and transcriptomic features of eight BB isolates and how they contribute to increased virulence and oosporein production. New signatures of virulence, namely significant patterns in gene content and differential expression of genes related to pathogenesis, metabolism of small molecules and oxidoreductase activity were identified in the highly virulent red strains. Oosporein biosynthetic cluster genes were upregulated in the red group, and novel putative regulatory factors for the BGC were inferred through co-expression analysis. Additionally, several genes of interest involved in UV resistance were identified through differential expression analysis between UVR and wild type strains. This broad-scale analysis reveals major genetic patterns that contribute to the phenotypes of these isolates. While this work has identified genes and pathways of interest, biological function cannot be directly inferred from bioinformatic analysis alone. The results of these analyses will enable future functional validation in vivo. Our findings contribute greatly to the understanding of biological factors involved in the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana as a biological control agent. This work provides a foundation for future research and engineering of B. bassiana for the sustainable control of the mountain pine beetle and other insect pests related to agriculture, forestry and human health. Methods B. bassiana strains The eight strains of BB were obtained from several culture collections previously (26). The strains and their phenotypes are described in Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing insights into the research on Beauveria bassiana (BB) and its effectiveness as a biological control agent. It mentions the interest in understanding the biological factors contributing to the efficacy of BB against pests, specifically stating that the findings contribute to the understanding of BB's biological control potential for pests like the mountain pine beetle, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: “Human influence on the climate system”, in 2021: Science Basis. Contribution of I to the Report of the on Climate Change, eds. V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, et al. (Cambridge; New York, NY: Press). p. 423–552. [6] ↑ IPCC (2021). “Summary for policymakers”, in 2021: Science Basis. Contribution of I to the Report of the on Climate Change, eds. V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, et al. (Cambridge; New York, NY: Press). p. 3–32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing authoritative sources such as the IPCC and scientific reports that indicate a consensus among scientists regarding human influence on climate change, suggesting that the majority of scientists actually affirm the reality of climate change rather than disagreeing on its occurrence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The primary objective of this technology is to augment the user's routine experiences and engagements. Moreover, Zuckerberg accepts and discusses the matter of privacy concerns, specifically in relation to AR glasses. He concedes that these glasses may not provide a greater degree of discretion in terms of their recording capabilities when compared to smartphones. The present discussion explores the importance of technology in connection with physical presence and firsthand encounters, as well as the potential applications of AR in the fields of education, surgery, and artistic expression [18]. Figure 13. Customizable, 3D-printed smart electronic glasses with multiple uses for wearable health systems [19]. 18. Introducing the New Ray-Ban | Glasses. Available from: Lee, J. H. , et al. , 3D Printed, Customizable, and for Systems and Human–Machine Interfaces. ACS & Interfaces, 2020. 12(19): p. 21424-21432. 19. 02:00:20 & 's Huberman podcast revolves around the deliberate integration of technologies that promote broad accessibility, placing significant focus on cost-effectiveness and prolonged utilization. This discourse examines the concept of multimodal information, which refers to the integration of information obtained from several sensory modalities and internal states in order to enhance the user's experience. Currently, scholars are investigating the possibility of AR glasses to augment the integration process. This is achieved through the utilization of visual data collection, the monitoring of eye movements, and the implementation of innovative approaches to engaging with the digital domain. possesses a comprehensive understanding of the inherent challenges involved in attaining an ideal balance between the capabilities of sensors and the physical design of AR glasses. The writers engage in an academic discussion discussing the significance of possessing an AI assistant that can simultaneously perceive visual and auditory stimuli while maintaining one's bodily presence in the tangible realm. Furthermore, Mark provides further explanation regarding the importance of autonomic data, specifically focusing on pupil size, and underscores the imperative nature of accurately evaluating a user's state of attention through the utilization of eye-tracking technology. The discovery cited above underscores the significant potential of augmented reality glasses as a promising field for technological improvements [20]. Figure 14. Multi-function e-glasses track the brain, eyes [21]20. Koutromanos, G. and G. Kazakou, Augmented reality smart glasses use and acceptance: Α literature review. Computers & Education: X Reality, 2023. 2: p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioinformatics eliminating genetic diseases. Instead, it focuses on augmented reality technology and its applications, privacy concerns, and user experience enhancement. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding bioinformatics and genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: 2022 May 20 [cited 2023 Feb 26];73:475–94. Available from:. Evaluations of emamectin benzoate and propiconazole for protecting individual Pinus contorta from mortality attributed to colonization by Dendroctonus ponderosae and associated fungi. Sci. 2014;70(5):771–8. . The toxins of Beauveria bassiana and the strategies to improve their virulence to insects. . Front. Microbiol. S. A. ; 2021. Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes) isolates as potential agents for control of Dendroctonus valens. Insect Sci. 2011 Apr;18(2):209–16. . Molecular characterization, virulence and horizontal transmission of Beauveria pseudobassiana from Dendroctonus micans (Kug. ) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J Appl Entomol. 2015 Jun 1;139(5):381–9. . Laboratory and field evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana(Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for population management of spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), in felled trees and factors limiting pathogen success. Environ Entomol. 2018 Jun;6(3):594–602. Hallet S, Gregoire JC. J CP. Prospects in the use of the entomopathogenous fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals. ) Vuill. (Deuteromycetes: Hyphomycetes) to control the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Landbouwkundige en Gent. 1994;v. 59. Dembilio Ó, Moya P, Vacas S, Ortega-García L, Quesada-Moraga E, Jaques JA et al. Development of an attract-and-infect system to control Rhynchophorus ferrugineus with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Sci. 2018 Aug 1;74(8):1861–9. Lutczyk P. (Poland). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies that evaluate the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus, as a biocontrol agent against numerous pests such as Dendroctonus ponderosae, Dendroctonus valens, and Ips typographus, highlighting its role in population management and control of these insect species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: 1995; Litfin 1994; Wynne and Irwin 1996), as well as the nature of the policy process (in particular how policy change takes place) (Kingdon 2003; Sabatier 1999; Smith 1997). One finding from these studies which is pertinent to the work of NASA and our specific case studies discussed below, is that the process of policy change, much like science, is uncertain and tends to be ‘bumpy’; characterized by long periods of stability with little change or progress, interspersed with times of rapid innovation and upheaval of established ideas and ways of doing things. In literatures on policy change and science innovation this pattern of change has been termed ‘punctuated equilibrium’ (John 2003; Phillimore 2001; True et al. 1999). The relevance of this insight for the role of NASA (and science more generally) is in conceptualizing what NASA and other science agencies do as providing the science base for policy. In other words, the science findings from NASA studies might well not provoke rapid immediate change in policy (sometimes this does happen, but it is rare), but rather that these findings will be there and available to policy makers as a ‘solution’ as and when a particular policy problem arises that demands them. The work of the US political scientist (2003) eloquently explains this matching of policy problems and solutions in his book ‘Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies’. In his discussion of ‘the policy primeval soup’ – his metaphor for describing the chaotic nature of policy in which a messy mix of policy problems, politics and solutions floats around US government chambers and policy circles - Kingdon explains how a policy problem is much more likely to rise on the government agenda if a solution is already there and worked out, as he explains (2003: 142):“It is not enough that there is a problem, even quite a pressing problem. There is also generally a solution ready to go, already softened up, already worked out. ” Thus the role of climate change science is to engage with government, to be part of the ‘policy primeval soup’, but also to work to provide science-based solutions to current policy problems as well as emerging future problems, which are as yet only hazily defined. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of climate change science in informing policy decisions and suggests that NASA and other scientific agencies are actively engaged in providing science-based solutions to policy problems, which implies a recognition and acceptance of climate change science among policymakers. The discussion points to the importance of having ready solutions for pressing problems, indicating that there is a scientific consensus that climate change exists and needs to be addressed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: DGH-GO allows users to choose one semantic similarity measure from Resink, Rel, Wang, Lin, and Jiang and one aggregate function. The selected measure along with aggregated function is used to calculate functional similarities for input genes list. The output of the FunSim module is a squared semantic similarity matrix, coupled with genes and their known or putative diseases (Fig. 3A). The resulting similarity matrix is interactive and permits searching, sorting and export operations. (2) and Visualization (DimReduct) module Fig. 3Output of DGH-GO. A Semantic similarity matrix showing the functional similarities of input genes; B dimension reduction of input genes; C clustering of genes using functional similaritiesFull size imageLarge scale genomic studies of complex diseases such as ASD produce a large list of putative disease causing genes, disrupted by genetic variants in patients. Also, studying the shared etiology of several complex diseases such as ASD and ID can generate a large functional similarities matrix. The DimReduct module provides the option of applying different dimension reduction methods. Currently, DGH-GO supports Analysis (PCA), Analysis (PcoA) and t-SNE methods to reduce dimensions of functional similarity matrix. The input to the DimReduct module is the functional similarities matrix generated by the FunSim module. The users can decide the number of dimensions and may also choose the specific dimensions for visualization of data in 2D space. The projections of functionality matrix with user defined number of dimensions are downloadable for future use. The interactive 2D visualization of dimensionally reduced data is also provided (Fig. 3B). (3) Clustering the functional similar genes (ClusFunSim) module The ClusFunSim module applies different unsupervised clustering methods either on functional similarities matrix coming from FunSim module or dimensionally reduced data, output of DimReduct module. The users are free to define inputs for clustering methods. The ClusFunSim module contains four different clustering methods, namely K-means, PAM, hierarchical and Fuzzy. These clustering methods have been widely used in bioinformatic data analysis approaches [17]. Along with deciding the input data type, the users can also set the number of clusters for each clustering method. DGH-GO allows users to validate the clustering results. measure is used to find the optimum number of clusters for the input functional similarity matrix of genes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the ability of bioinformatics to eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. Instead, it details the functionality of the DGH-GO tool, focusing on semantic similarity measures, clustering methods, and dimensionality reduction in bioinformatics without making any statements about curing or eliminating genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Lasu) H (Inst. BL. Trials of control of the larger pine-shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda L. ) with the use of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals. ) Vuill. on piled wood. Sylwan. 1984;128(9):41–5. . Nutrient-mediated germination of Beauveria bassiana conidia on the integument of the bark beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera:Scolytidae). J Invertebr Pathol. 1984;44(3):304–14. -Romero C, et al. Selection of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for the biocontrol of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Western Canada. Biotechnol [Internet]. 2021;105:2541–57. Available from: Variation in physiological host range in three strains of two species of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria. PLoS One. 2018 Jul 1;13(7). Love BE, Bonner-Stewart J, Forrest LA. An efficient synthesis of oosporein. Tetrahedron Lett. 2009 Sep2;50(35):5050–2. Oosporein, an abundant metabolite in Beauveria caledonica, with a feedback induction mechanism and a role in insect virulence. Fungal Biol. 2019 Aug 1;123(8):601–10. . Insect pathogenic fungus interacts with the gut microbiota to accelerate mosquito mortality. . 2017 Jun;6(23):5994–9. Regulatory cascade and biological activity of Beauveria bassiana oosporein that limits bacterial growth after host death. . 2017 Feb;28(9):E1578–86. Genomic perspectives on the evolution of fungal entomopathogenicity in Beauveria bassiana. [Internet]. 2012 Jul 2 [cited 2022 May 11];2(1):1–10. Available from: Available from:. Phylogenetic orthology inference for comparative genomics. [Internet]. 2019 Nov 14 [cited 2022 May 11];20(1):1–14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing studies and trials involving Beauveria bassiana as a biocontrol agent against specific pests, such as Tomicus piniperda and Dendroctonus ponderosae. The mention of 'selection of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana for the biocontrol of Dendroctonus ponderosae' directly supports the claim regarding its use in biocontrol.