Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AUVs can operate independently of human control for extended periods, depending on their energy capacity. [SEP] Text: Its effectors move slightly slower than the hands of a trained experimentalist, so its advantages derive from it not growing tired or losing focus. MAPLE does not execute every action with 100% success. For example, attempts to remove an awake fly from a behavioral arena, using vacuum through a loading port, succeed approximately 90% of the time. Given this error rate, the experimental procedures that include removing flies from arenas use the camera to inspect the arena after each attempt to confirm if the fly has been successfully removed. Similarly, our procedure to transfer yeast colonies used the collision-detector to confirm that the object manipulator had successfully removed petri dish lids. These checks reduce the efficiency of MAPLE-conducted experiments (particularly compared to manual experiments), but mean that the operator can walk away from the device confident that MAPLE will eventually get it right. Given its redundancies and fail-safes, MAPLE can work autonomously for long periods (e. g. 12 hr for the Physarum experiment) without getting stuck. A potential advantage of using MAPLE for fly experiments specifically is the option to avoid anaesthesia. Dispenser releases awake animals into the MAPLE system, and these can then be moved between the FlyPlate and behavioral arenas using the multi-position loading ports we developed. Avoiding anesthesia has multiple benefits, including reducing the distortion of behavioral (Bartholomew et al. , 2015) and physiological measurements (Colinet and Renault, 2012), which, depending on the form of anaesthesia, can last for hours or days (MacMillan et al. , 2017). Even seemingly benign manual aspiration can disrupt the expression of sensitive phenotypes (Trannoy et al. , 2015). Automated, anesthesia-free animal-handling thus has the potential to standardize handling effects. MAPLE’s modularity means that the platform's versatility and capabilities can be expanded in the future. As examples, we are developing fly sink modules for culturing thousands of animals in the style of population cages, facilitating selection experiments and experimental evolution. We are developing a high-resolution imaging source/sink module into which flies could be deposited, imaged in dorsal and ventral views, and released back into experimental workflows. This device is inspired by the system (Medici et al. , 2015) but can be loaded with a fly on demand, rather than relying on flies to enter the imaging chamber on their own. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that MAPLE can work autonomously for long periods (e.g., 12 hours for the Physarum experiment) without getting stuck. This suggests that, similar to AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles), MAPLE is designed to operate independently, indicating its capability to perform tasks over extended durations due to its redundant systems and fail-safes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are regarded as special bio-electrochemical systems which seem to have a high potential in the future technology for energy production in the section of renewable green energy sources [1-5]. A classical MFC in general [4-8] consist of an anodic and cathodic chamber divided by a proton (cation) selective membrane (Figure 1). Microbes in the anodic cell – mostly attached to the electrode surface forming a biofilm – oxidize the substrates and generate electrons and protons in the process. Then electrons are transported from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit (wire) resulting measurable electric current. Meanwhile protons are passing through the membrane and enter the cathode cell where they combine with oxygen to form water. Figure 1. The scheme of a two-chamber microbial fuel cellMFC-s can be operated by either monoculture (e. g. Geobacter sulfurreducens [5], Shewanella oneidensis, Lactococcus lactis [9], Lysinibacillus sphaericus [10]) – where the electrogenic species release electron to the anode electrode directly or with the use of electroactive metabolites –, or multiculture (microbe consortia) system, which can be found in e. g. anaerobic sewage sludge acting in a similar way. The substrates of the MFCs operated by sewage sludge can be provided from various wastewaters, thus electricity generation in the MFCs can be coupled with the degradation of organic matters even e. g. wastewater treatment processes [11-20]. Many types of wastewaters were investigated (e. g. beer brewery wastewater [22], food industrial wastewaters [22, 23]) where the degradation can be followed by COD removal determination [14]. In MFCs applied for treatment of organic matters, the feed can be enriched with various substrates. It has been noted that non-fermentable substrates are superior to fermentable substrate as the electron donor for power output and electron recovery. E. g. it was reported that an acetate enriched MFC produced higher power output than a glucose enriched MFC [24, 25]. In contrast we found that certain carbohydrate substrates resulted in higher electricity generation [26]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information that indicates microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can be operated with different types of substrates and may require additional inputs for optimal performance. Specifically, it mentions that 'the feed can be enriched with various substrates,' suggesting that maintenance and additional inputs are necessary for effective operation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: capacity factor of different regions (Hindawi, 2018) World region Technical potential-annual generation (TWh/yr) Technical potential-installed capacity (GW) 2009, Total generation (TWh/yr) 2009, installed capacity (GW) Undeveloped potential (%) Average regional capacity factor (%) 1,658 387 627 154 61 46 2,855 607 731 155 73 53 Europe 1,020 337 541 178 46 34 Africa 1,173 282 97 22 91 46 Asia 7,680 2,036 1,513 402 81 42 Australasia/Oceania 184 65 36 12 81 30 World 14,575 3,721 3,550 925 75 43 The top ten hydropower producing countries as of 2010 are listed in Table 5 along with their present equipped quantity. It is viewed that some of the advanced and upcoming countries namely Norway, Canada, Sweden, and Brazil rely mostly on hydropower as their source of electricity production. Panel on (IPCC) states that the foremost logic for these advanced countries to massively spend in hydropower energy systems is to concentrate their electricity supply base so as to establish energy security and trade. The actual capacity of renewable energy (hydropower) to be used for substantial industrial applications and for that of energy security is demonstrated through the overdependence on hydropower for generation of electricity in these nations. This results also highlight the fact that hydropower is a mature and determined technology. Further, it is also seen that China and USA, despite being on the first and third positions in the list of countries with greatest hydropower equipped quantity, hydropower does not even supply up to 10% of their national production capacity (Hindawi, 2018). In Africa, though they have small levels of equipped quantity, utmost all the countries in the region have hydropower in their electricity generation mix. Hydropower constituted for about 70% of the total electricity produced in the sub-region, ignoring in the year 2008. In 2010, 32% of Africa’s electricity generation needs were supplied from hydropower. Also, advancement in this Technology is achievable, though most of the countries have previously advanced profitable spots. Although the high upfront building costs, hydropower is a copious low-cost source of power (where applicable). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the capacity factors and technical potential of hydropower across different regions but does not directly address the broader importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. While it provides information regarding hydropower, it lacks a clear connection to the claim about the growing necessity of renewable energy for sustainability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AUVs are being used in marine conservation efforts to monitor coral reefs and track oceanic pollution. [SEP] Text: Seasonal circulation and temperature variability near the Cape of Australia. J. Geophys. Res. 117:C04010 [1. Velocity structure. J. Geophys. Res. 110:C10016 [2. Canopy mass transfer. J. Geophys. Res. 110:C10017 [2008. Modeling flow in coral communities with and without waves: a synthesis of porous media and canopy flow approaches. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53:2668–80 [2010. Understanding impacts of tropical storms and hurricanes on submerged bank reefs and coral communities in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Cont. Shelf Res. 30:1226–40 [1979. Flow through porous media—the Ergun equation revisited. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 18:199–208 [2006. Ecological consequences of major hydrodynamic disturbances on coral reefs. Nature 444:477–80 [2010. Ocean acidification hot spots: spatiotemporal dynamics of the seawater CO2 system of eastern Pacific coral reefs. Limnol. Oceanogr. 55:239–48 [1993. Effects of cyclone waves on massive coral assemblages on the Reef: meteorology, hydrodynamics and demography. 12:153–66 [2000. On the modelling of wave breaking and set-up on coral reefs. Coast. Eng. 39:1–27 [2010. Temperature variability in a shallow, tidally isolated coral reef lagoon. J. Geophys. Res. 115:C12011 [2004. Comparing bleaching and mortality responses of hard corals between southern Kenya and the Reef, Australia. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 48:327–35 [2006. Effects of the depth to coral height ratio on drag coefficients for unidirectional flow over coral. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51:1294–301 [2010. Measurements of the local energy balance over a coral reef flat, Heron Island, southern Reef, Australia. J. Geophys. Res. 115:D19124 [2013. Hysteresis between coral reef calcification and the seawater aragonite saturation state. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40:4675–79 [2009. Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2°C. Nature 458:1158–62 [2007. Hydrodynamics of coral reefs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and research related to coral reefs but does not mention AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles) or their use in marine conservation efforts. It focuses on hydrodynamics, temperature variability, and ecological impacts but does not provide information that corroborates or contradicts the specific claim about AUVs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Wastewaters from a sugar beet factory obviously consists of carbohydrates (mono-and/or disaccharides), which are probably suitable enrichments compounds for MFCs. One of the application segments where extremely promising possibilities are visualised is the integration of the MFCs into wastewater treatment, since these systems are capable to consume organic material even from waste streams to produce power. (a city in Southern Hungary) there is a sugar factory, where saccharose (crystallized sugar) is produced from sugar beet [27]. It is an energy intensive process, thus the company has to make great efforts to optimise energy and resource usage, trying to apply environmentally sound, sustainable and waste minimising technologies, which cover water and air quality management as well as usage of by-products. Regarding air quality, the factory has taken extensive measure to decrease dust, smell and sound emissions in recent years, modern biofilters were installed. As to the water issue, special attention is payed to clean the wastewater streams generated during the manufacturing process. The by-products of the processes: the green leaves of sugar beet, the pressed slices (pulp) and other substances are used as components of fertilizers, soil conditioners and for other purposes. In this factory the processing of all the by-product and waste streams is carefully designed and performed. The leadership of the factory felt responsibility to operate the plant according to environmental safe conditions, therefore they completed the sugar technology with composting – to handle the green parts of the plant –, with a wastewater treatment plant and recently even a biogas fermenter was installed (Figure 2). Inserting microbial fuel cells into this system direct electric power could be produced by reduction of the COD from the waste streams. Figure 2. The main process streams in the factoryIn this project the aim was to find out how to work and operate a two chamber microbial fuel cell by using wastewater from the sugar beet factory. Advertisement 2. Materials and methodsA two-chamber MFC was used in the experiments (Figure 3). Both cells have a 240 cm3 volume, the membrane between them was a Nafion N115 proton selective membrane, its surface area was 50 cm2 and thickness was 125 µm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that the integration of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) into wastewater treatment processes requires careful planning and additional inputs. It states that the wastewater is cleaned and the entire processing of by-products and waste streams is 'carefully designed and performed.' This indicates a level of management and maintenance contrary to the notion of zero maintenance and inputs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: 7% Argentina † † † † † † † ◆ Brazil – † † † 0. 1 0. 1 0. 7 0. 2% Chile – † † 0. 5 1. 3 2. 6 4. 0 0. 9% 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 7 1. 0 1. 5 0. 3% America † 0. 1 † 0. 1 0. 1 0. 3 0. 4 0. 1% Austria 0. 2 0. 3 0. 6 0. 8 0. 9 1. 1 1. 3 0. 3% Belgium 1. 2 2. 1 2. 6 2. 9 3. 1 3. 1 3. 0 0. 7% Bulgaria 0. 1 0. 8 1. 4 1. 3 1. 4 1. 4 1. 4 0. 3% France 2. 1 4. 0 4. 7 5. 9 7. 3 8. 2 9. 2 2. 1% Germany 19. 6 26. 4 31. 0 36. 1 38. 7 38. 1 39. 9 9. 0% Italy 10. 8 18. 9 21. 6 22. 3 22. 9 22. 1 25. 2 5. 7% Netherlands 0. 1 0. 3 0. 5 0. 8 1. 1 1. 6 1. 9 0. 4% Spain 8. 7 12. 0 13. 1 13. 7 13. 9 13. 6 14. 4 3. 2% Switzerland 0. 2 0. 3 0. 5 0. 9 1. 1 1. 3 1. 6 0. 4% Turkey † † † † 0. 2 1. 0 2. 7 0. 6% 0. 2 1. 4 2. 0 4. 1 7. 5 10. 4 11. 5 2. 6% 46. 7 71. 5 86. 4 98. 4 109. 3 113. 3 124. 1 28. 0% East 0. 2 0. 5 0. 7 1. 3 1. 8 3. 2 4. 7 1. 1% 0. 1 0. 1 0. 2 1. 1 2. 7 3. 3 3. 7 0. 8% 0. 5 0. 6 0. 9 1. 9 3. 7 5. 0 5. 9 1. 3% Australia 2. 0 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of numerical data points related to energy statistics from various countries but lacks any context or commentary connecting these figures to renewable energy or sustainable development. Therefore, it does not support or rebut the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AUVs are being used in marine conservation efforts to monitor coral reefs and track oceanic pollution. [SEP] Text: IntroductionIn response to the threats to coral reefs (Jackson et al. 2001; Pandolfi et al. 2003; Hughes et al. 2003), marine protected areas (MPAs) have been proposed as a means of strengthening their resilience (e. g. , Lubchenco et al. 2003; Hughes et al. 2006; Mumby et al. 2006). MPA design often centers on simply protecting a target fraction of key habitats (reviewed by Sale et al. 2005), rather than the effects of MPAs on metapopulation dynamics (Kritzer and Sale 2006). Management agencies commonly assume the communities naturally occurring in the protected habitats will persist in them, and contribute to unprotected habitats outside MPAs. However, a recent meta-analysis has shown that increases in population density inside MPAs depend on MPA size (Claudet et al. 2008). Furthermore, modeling studies have indicated how larval dispersal and the spatial configurations of MPAs interact to promote population persistence (Crowder et al. 2000; Botsford et al. 2001; Kaplan et al. 2006). However, while these interactions are clear in modeling results, efforts to apply conclusions from these models to assess and design effective MPAs are hindered by uncertainty about larval dispersal (Stockhausen et al. 2000; Botsford et al. 2001). Fortunately, the nature of demographic connectivity among reef populations is beginning to be described in studies involving genetics, artificial and natural geochemical marks, and biophysical modeling. Those studies are changing the view of the nature of connectivity, notably by increasing the appreciation of the importance of short distance dispersal (Swearer et al. 2002; Taylor and Hellberg 2003; Jones et al. 2005; Cowen et al. 2006; Almany et al. 2007; Jones et al. 2009). However, the information gained through those studies has not been integrated and related to the features of connectivity identified by models as essential to resilience. Population persistence: replacement over spaceThe current understanding of the relationship between larval connectivity and the persistence of marine metapopulations has a somewhat technical mathematical basis (Hastings and Botsford 2006), but the intuitive interpretation is merely an extension of the familiar concept of replacement. For single, non-spatial populations, a population will grow if each individual reproduces enough to replace itself in the next generation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the use of AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles) in marine conservation efforts. Instead, it discusses marine protected areas (MPAs) and the complexities of managing coral reef populations and their connectivity. There is no mention of AUVs or their applications, thus failing to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: In the anodic cell a complex mesophilic anaerobic sludge (from a local working biogas plant, initial COD value was 70 000 mg/dm3), while in the cathodic cell distilled water was used. Both electrodes were carbon cloth, their surface area was 50 cm2. The electrodes were connected via a resistor and the voltage data were continuously quantified by a parallel measuring system. It contained a 100 MΩ resistor and the voltage data were directly collected by a data acquisition device (USB-6008/6009). The data were recorded by the LabVIEW program. Based on the voltage and resistance data the current values were calculated, thus the electric power (in mW units) was possible to provide. The cumulated electricity data were summarized (in mWh) taken into account the operating time. Figure 3. The picture of MFC usedThe anaerobic sludge applied in the anodic cell was pretreated prior to usage, as it was reported [26]. The MFC was placed in a thermostated container, where the liquids in both cells were possible to circulate and stir. In the cathodic cell air was entered continuously by a pump to ensure aerobic environment, while N2 was sparged through the anodic cell to assure the anaerobic conditions. The MFC reactor was initially inoculated with the pretreated anaerobic sludge. Then the microbial consortia started to operate in the cell and they were allowed to adapt the actual conditions and colonise locally. To follow the processes various analytical methods: pH, total solid substance (TSS), COD were applied. COD values of the samples taken from the cells were determined by the potassium dichromate method, which is based on the following oxidation reaction in acidic environment:K2Cr2O7+ 4H2SO4= K2SO4+ Cr2(SO4)3+ 4H2O + 3O The organic substances in the samples were ravaged in the presence of potassium dichromate and catalysts (AgSO4, HgSO4) in sulphuric acid solution at 145 oC. The absorbance of the chromium (III) ions from the reduction of K2CrO7 during the oxidation process was determined by a spectrophotometer (3900) at 600 nm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the operational complexity of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which involve specific conditions such as stirring and circulation of liquids, as well as the necessity of maintaining aerobic conditions through continuous air input via a pump. This indicates that MFCs do not operate with zero maintenance and do require additional inputs, such as anaerobic conditions and constant monitoring of various parameters (pH, TSS, COD).


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: A noteworthy gratitude to all the authors mentioned in the reference section who have contributed the ideas on different energy sourced. Some data presented in the form of tables and figures are cited and copyrights are provided. Close 742. Alexandre, G. and Dorel, S. (2018). Outcomes from the first large-scale solar PV auction in Brazil. Renewable and Reviews, 91, 219–228. Ameesh, S. and Thakur, N. (2017). Hydropower projects in Jammu and Kashmir: India. Renewable and Reviews, 78, 233–251. Anna, S. (2017). Geothermal energy resources in Poland – Overview of the current state of Knowledge. Renewable and Reviews, 1-8. Anna, Y. (2015). Romain Guion. Structures in Tidal Channels. 4th Energy Workshop, 1-62. Audrius, J. , Saulius, G. , Alfonsas, M. , Mindaugas, A. , Inga, K. , Audrius, B. and Vidmantas, T. (2018). Challenges of integrating wind power plants into the electric power system: Lithuanian case. Renewable and Reviews, 94, 468–475. Ayodele, T. , Ogunjuyigbe, A. and Amusan, T. (2018). Wind energy for water pumping in some selected communities of Oyo State, Nigeria. Renewable and Reviews, 91, 335–343. Bella, R. and Sintia, N. (2013). Data; Study Case: Geothermal Field, Indonesia. AIP Conf. Proc, 1755, 1-4. Benjamin, B. (2017). Experience with auctions for wind power in Brazil. Renewable and Reviews, 1-15. Bikash, K. (2017). Wind energy developments and policies in China: A short review. Renewable and Reviews, 1-12. Binzhong, Z. and Graham, B. (2016). Improving coal quality estimation through multiple geophysical log analysis. International J. of Coal Geology, 1-23. Carlos, R. , Gloria, M. and Gabriel, N. (2018). Non-conventional renewable energy sources – A focus on biomass. Renewable and Reviews, 81, 937–945. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information or support regarding the claim about the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Instead, it lists references and authors that contributed to the topic of renewable energy without discussing the significance of these energy sources in relation to sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics is the practice of preserving a human body at low temperatures with the hope of future revival. [SEP] Text: AbstractThis research examines the practice of cryonics and provides empirical evidence for an improved understanding of the motivations and attitudes of participants. Cryonics is the freezing of a person who has died of a disease in hopes of restoring life at some future time when a cure may be available. So far, about 300 people have been cryopreserved, and an additional 1200 have enrolled in such programs. The current work has three vectors. First, the results of a worldwide cryonics survey (n = 316) carried out as part of this research are discussed. Second, a theoretical model is developed from the survey results to propose a Theory of Extension which explains an individual’s decision to select cryopreservation. Third, the most distinctive survey result, a conceptualization of personal identity malleability, is extended with a philosophical formulation. Personal identity is found to be emergent, not fundamental, and thus may continue to evolve in concept and application, particularly in the longer time frames implicated by cryonics. The potential consequences of this work are that the conceptual norms materializing in the cryonics community could be forerunners of wider societal trends of how humans understand themselves as subjects in an era increasingly configured by science and technology. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 146. 564. 2018. Clark, A. , & Chalmers, D. J. (2010). The extended mind. In R. Menary (Ed. ), Mind (2018. Derrida, J. (2005). On Touching-Jean-Luc Nancy. Trans. Christine Irizarry. Stanford CA: Press. 2018. Ettinger, R. C. W. (2005). In C. Tandy (Ed. ), The prospect of immortality. MI: Press. 82. 175. 14. 1. pdf. Accessed 8 Sept 2018. Kaiser, S. , Gross, D. , Lohmeier, J. , Rosentreter, M. , & Raschke, J. (2014). Attitudes and acceptance toward the technology of cryonics in Germany. of in Health Care, 5, 1–7. 2018. Locke, J. (1975 [1689]). Essay concerning human understanding. E. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly defining cryonics as 'the freezing of a person who has died of a disease in hopes of restoring life at some future time when a cure may be available.' This aligns closely with the claim that cryonics involves preserving a human body at low temperatures with the intention of future revival.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: The COD values of the samples were calculated using a calibration curve taken in the range of 750 – 4000 KOI mg/cm3. Advertisement 3. Results3. 1. Experiments with model wastewaterTo test the behaviour of the MFC, model substrates were used for the experiments. The composition of the model mixture – similar to the waste stream of the sugar beet factory – was carbohydrates (0. 6 %) and inorganic substances (ash, 3 %). The MFC operation was started by inoculation with the pretreated anaerobic sludge, then the processes were followed by recording the voltage data continuously (Figure 4). A 10 Ω resistor was used in the circuit. After certain intervals 100 cm3 fresh substrate was added (marked by the arrows) to the system to maintain the carbohydrate concentration. These additions mean 9000 mg/cm3 COD input each. The voltage data have shown that the substrate addition enhanced the power generation and quite high voltage (current density) values were achieved (in the range of 10 and 24 mV). Figure 4. Power generation using model waste waterSamples were taken regularly and the COD values, pH and TSS were determined. The data are summarised in Tables 1 and 2. Time (h) COD (mg/dm3) COD decrease (%) Adding substrate End of period 1-192 19800 4900 75 192-336 7150 2775 61 336-480 5025 3075 39 480-650 5325 1810 66 650-880 4060 1250 69 Table 1. Changes of COD values using model waste stream Time (h) pH TSS (g/dm3) 1 6. 70 35. 9 192 8. 25 3. 9 336 7. 65 1. 9 480 7. 55 1. 6 650 7. 05 1. 1 880 4. 45 0. 9 Table 2. TSS and pH values using model waste streamAs it can be seen remarkable TSS and COD decrease could be observed during the processes, while electric power was generated continuously. The drop in the pH at 880 h has shown that the operation of the MFC should be ceased due to the unfavourable biochemical processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the requirement for adding fresh substrate to the microbial fuel cell (MFC) system, highlighting that 100 cm3 of fresh substrate was added at certain intervals to maintain carbohydrate concentration. This indicates that the MFC does require additional inputs rather than operating with zero maintenance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Changzheng, C. , Xianming, S. , Quan, G. , Bo, Z. and Yanling, G. (2013). Wavelet-based multifractal analysis of large-scale wind turbine main bearing. J. of renewable and sustainable energy, 5, 1-7. Charikleia, K. , Vangelis, M. and John P. (2013). Characteristics and prospects: Renewable energy and nuclear power towards sustainable development. Renewable and Reviews, 22, 187–197. Chuan, S. , Xiting, Z. and Xiaochun, M. (2016). Post-Fukushima public acceptance on resuming the nuclear power program in China. Renewable and Reviews, 62, 685–694. Claudia, F. and Cinzia, M. (2017). Forecasting the impact of renewable energies in competition with non-renewable sources. Renewable and Reviews, 1-8. Coal production. (2018). Available at: production Cristina, B and Rosa, L. (2014). Sensing in the South of Sur, Mexico, 180-188. Cukup, M. , Reza, A. , Aswad, H. , Ridwan, H. and Fajar, M. (2016). The thermodynamic cycle models for geothermal power plants by considering the working fluid characteristic. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1712, 1-7. Dalia, S. and Asta, M. (2010). Analysis of possible geological storage of CO2 and nuclear waste in Lithuania. Renewable and Reviews, 14, 1600–1607. Dalia, S. (2012). Comparison of carbon dioxide and nuclear waste storage costs in Lithuania. Renewable and Reviews, 16, 2434–2445. Dewei, L. , Jianbo, G. , Yuehui, H. and Weisheng, W. (2013). An active power control strategy for wind farm based on predictions of wind turbine's maximum generation capacity. J. of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 5, 1-10. Didit, P. , Sihana and Kutut, S. (2016). Performance of organic Rankine cycle system on the geothermal power plant. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1755, 1-7. Diego, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references and does not directly address the claim regarding renewable energy sources and their importance for sustainable development. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics is the practice of preserving a human body at low temperatures with the hope of future revival. [SEP] Text: Survey HighlightsCryonics motivations and conceptualizations The biggest motivation for cryonics is the possibility of future revival (74%) and the affirming attitude that ‘life is good, more is better’ (72%) The current physical body is thought of as being ‘part of me,’ temporary, a platform, a current necessity, and something adequate but fragile that is in need of repair and upgrade What happens when you are cryopreserved is that it is like being in a temporary off-state; degradation and decay are halted. In this state of suspended animation, deep sleep, stasis, and deanimation, it is like being on hold, paused, anesthetized, hibernating, or in a coma Seventy-five percent think that it is crucial to cryopreserve one’s own brain as opposed to creating a virtual version of oneself from photos, correspondence, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the motivations for cryonics, specifically stating that 'the biggest motivation for cryonics is the possibility of future revival (74%)'. It further explains that during cryonics, the body enters a state where 'degradation and decay are halted', reinforcing the concept of preservation with the hope of revival, as mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: The other features of the waste water were: pH 5. 4, TSS 34. 8 g/dm3 and COD value 12 075 mg/dm3. Now the MFC was operated by a 330 Ω resistance built in the circuit, which was considered as a more effective operation condition point according to the polarization curve. The adapted microbial consortium was used to inoculate the cell. After certain intervals 100 cm3 fresh substrate (wastewater) was added (marked by the arrows) to the system. 6 the voltage data obtained in the MFC by the waste water from the sugar beet factory are presented. Figure 6. Power generation using industrial waste water from KaposvarThe changes of COD values of the samples were determined and summarized in Table 4, while the TSS and pH data are shown in Table 5. Time (h) COD (mg/dm3) decrease of COD (%) Adding substrate End of period 1-330 21850 13850 37 330-600 13673 5225 62 600-840 7795 3875 50 840-1000 7975 5900 26 Table 4. Changes of COD values using waste water from the factory Time (h) pH TSS (g/dm3) 1 8. 1 34. 8 330 8. 0 10. 8 600 7. 6 3. 2 840 7. 1 2. 5 1000 4. 1 4. 2 Table 5. TSS and pH values using industrial wastewaterThe values of current density, power density – which are higher here than in case of model waste water due to the higher resistance – and the cumulated energy data ∑P are listed in Table 6. Time (h) J (mA/m2) Pa (mW/m2) Pm (mW/m2) ∑P (mWh/m2) 1-330 181 52 59. 5 17 160 330-600 242 95 113 25 650 600-840 245 99. 2 118. 2 23 808 840-1000 51 4. 2 5. 0 642 Table 6. Results obtained using industrial waste streamThe current and power density values were outstanding compared to literature data [20-22] or the values obtained with the model wastewater. Altogether more than 60 thousands mWh/m2 energy was generated during the over 800 hour operation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the microbial fuel cell (MFC) requires the addition of fresh substrate (wastewater) at certain intervals, as noted in the statement: '100 cm3 fresh substrate (wastewater) was added (marked by the arrows) to the system.' This suggests that the operation of the MFC is not maintenance-free and does involve managing input materials.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: and Clay, P. , K. (2018). Geothermal energy: Power plant technology and direct heat applications. Renewable and Reviews, 94, 889–901. Dolf, G. (2012). Technologies: Series. (IRENA), 1-44. Douri, Y. and Fayadh M. (2016). Solar energy status in Iraq: Abundant or not—Steps forward. J. of renewable and sustainable energy, 8, 1-5. Eagri. (2018). Available at: Eddy, Z. (2013). Application on Geothermal Exploration. AIP Conf. Proc, 1554, 261-264. Elbarbar, S. , Abdel, M. , Mesbah, H. , Shahadat, A. and Embaby, A. (2018). Curie point depth, heat flow and geothermal gradient maps of Egypt deduced from aeromagnetic data. Renewable and Reviews, 91, 620–629. Elisa, S. , Luca, M. , Daniela, F. , Jean, S. and Diletta, S. (2011). Hafnium and tantalum carbides for high-temperature solar receivers. J. of renewable and sustainable energy, 3, 1-6. Energy economics. (2018). Available at: Energy classification. (2018). Available at: Erik, L. (2017). In search of the wind energy potential. J. of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 9, 1-11. Erin, W. , Amanda, B. and Daisy, H. (2017). case study: Biomass technology. J. of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 9, 1-10. Esru. (2018). Available at: Fangming, J. , Jianglin, C. , Bing, W. and Heiji, E. (2010). of Biomass and into Fuel and Chemicals by Hydrothermal Reactions. AIP Conf. Proc, 1251, 1-4. Farah, M. and Eltamaly, M. (2013). Fuzzy logic control of the wind energy conversion system. J. of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 5, 1-13. Gláucia, F. , Leonardo, G. and Luiz, B. (2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text comprises a list of various research papers and studies related to renewable energy, but it does not provide any information or opinion regarding the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics is the practice of preserving a human body at low temperatures with the hope of future revival. [SEP] Text: Fifty-seven percent believe that only ‘my actual brain’ can be ‘the real me,’ while 43% say that ‘my actual brain’ is closest to ‘the real me’ While “the source of me” must be this physical brain, “my current physical body does not have to be crucially me” in the future; preferably it is but it does not have to be Cryopreservation specifics Fifty-three percent chose whole-body cryopreservation and 39% neuro-cryopreservation Cost (48%) and perceived technical feasibility (46%) influence that decision Fifty-seven percent prefer whole-body cryopreservation if concerns can be allayed Ninety percent are most concerned about obtaining a good-quality cryopreservation in the final moments of their current physical body Fifty-eight percent think that whether any trauma is experienced could depend on the cryopreservation and other factors Revival Forty-four percent of respondents would like to be revived in a biological flesh-based body Fifty percent think that the first revival might occur in 2075–2100 Eighty-seven percent would like to revive all memories, and intellect (89%), personality (87%), skills (77%), and emotion (76%) The biggest motivation for revival is a desire to experience the future world (89%) The principle concerns regarding revival are impairment or loss during cryopreservation (61%) and the technical feasibility of revival (61%) Ceremonial rites, spirituality and religion, family support, and attitudes toward death Regarding traditional ceremonial rites, most would like whatever is appropriate at the time (54%), some a celebration of life (24%), and some a funeral (12% a non-religious funeral and 9% a religious funeral) Concerning spirituality and religion, 68% indicate that “non-religious” is a term that describes their views, and 6% religious; 17% non-spiritual and 14% spiritual. Forty-one percent are supportive of empathy and compassion and 17% indicate having a holistic view of the world For those selecting neuro-cryopreservation, p2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing both the concepts of cryopreservation and the public's opinion on it, including preferences for whole-body and neuro-cryopreservation, motivations for revival, and concerns surrounding the process. It provides insights into how individuals view their identity in relation to cryonics and expresses a hope for future revival, thereby supporting the assertion that cryonics involves preservation at low temperatures with the anticipation of potentially reviving individuals in the future.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: In the last interval (after 840 hour) the substrate addition did not result in any increase of voltage data, moreover the pH decreased sharply, showing that the biochemical processes in the MFC have not been working properly any longer, thus the operation was ended. Advertisement 4. ConclusionA two-chamber MFC was designed and built in our laboratory where carbon cloth (fibres) were used as electrodes and Nafion 0125 protonselective membrane was placed between the two cells. Pretreated anaerobic sludge from a local biogas plant was applied in the anode chamber. Experiments with model and industrial wastewaters from a sugar beet factory were carried out to study the efficiency and stability of the system and to measure the electric power generated. It has turned out that it was possible to generate bioelectricity from the particular wastewater and the power data obtained were found similar or higher to the data published in literature, i. e. comparable performance was achieved in our MFC system. Our next purpose is to study the MFC for longer term operation, even in continuous mode of operation, so that we can insert the MFC into the processing scheme of the sugar beet factory [28]. Advertisement 4. 2. 2. A-11/1/KONV-2012-0071 and TÁMOP-4. 2. 2. A-11/1/KONV-2012-0038 projects; and the János Scholarship of the of Sciences. 1. B. E. Logan: Microbial fuel cells, Wiley & Sons, New York, 20082. www. microbialfuelcell. org 3. Y. Mohan, S. N. Muthu Kumar, D. Das: Electricity generation using microbial fuel cells, Int. J. Hydrogen En. 33 (2008) 423-4264. K. Rabaey, W. Verstraete: Microbial fuel cells: novel biotechnology for energy generation, Trends in Biotechnology, 23 (2005) 291-2985. D. R. Bond, D. R. Lovley: Electricity production by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to electrodes, Appl. Env. Microbiol. 69 (2003) 1548-15556. B. E. Logan, J. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that after 840 hours of operation, the addition of substrate did not lead to any improvements in performance, suggesting that the biochemical processes in the microbial fuel cell (MFC) were not functioning properly, which implies a need for maintenance or intervention. This contradicts the idea that MFCs operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: A risk-hedging tool for hydropower plants. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 370–378. Harbin, G. , Rongfeng, S. , Weijie, Z. , Xiaoxu, F. , Jianguo, J. and Baofeng, Z. (1864). Study on the Application of Combined Cooling, Heating and with in China. AIP Conf. Proc, 1-9. Himadry, S. , Yatim, A. , Chee, T. and Kwan, Y. (2016). PV/tidal powered micro-hydro and diesel hybrid system: A southern Bangladesh focus. Renewable and Reviews, 53, 1137–1148. Hindawi. (2018). Available at: IEA. (2018). Available at: Iñaki, H. , Lucía, S. , Erlantz, A. and Jon, M. (2018). The emergence of renewable energy cooperatives in Spain: A review. Renewable and Reviews, 94, 1036–1043. Jain, C. (2010). Energy Resources: Hydropower, Council. Council, 1-618. Jawahar, C. and Prawin, M. (2017). A review on turbines for a micro hydropower plant. Renewable and Reviews, 72, 882–887. Jensen, B. , Nenad, M. and Abrahamsen, B. (2013). Development of superconducting wind turbine generators. J. of renewable and sustainable energy, 5, 1-12. Jeongwoo, H. and Vincent, B. (2015). A comparative assessment of resource efficiency in petroleum refining. Fuel, 157, 292–298. Jessica, S. , Tonio, S. , Christopher, M. , Mario, F. , Cyril, S. , John, L. and Alexander, M. (2018). Overview of solar technologies for electricity, heating and cooling Production. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 892–909. Jitu, P. and Adharaa, D. (2017). Barriers of biomass energy and their potential solutions for remote areas of Bangladesh. IEEE, 1-4. Joao, C. (2007). Energy:. Springer, 1-439. João, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Instead, it lists various studies and references about renewable energy applications and technologies without explicitly discussing their role in sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics is the practice of preserving a human body at low temperatures with the hope of future revival. [SEP] Text: Survey: and Highlights(July–August 2017; 316 Respondents)The biggest motivations for cryonics, identified by nearly three-quarters of survey respondents (Table 5), are the possibility of future revival (74%), and a life-affirming view that “life is good and more is better” (72%). About half of respondents also cite wanting more time to do things (49%), that death is inhumane (47%), and the potential technical feasibility of revival (45%). Other motivations include supporting cryonics-related research (38%), and forward-thinking ideas more generally (34%). Fear and uncertainty of death was cited as a motivation by a third of respondents (32%), and curiosity by 31%. Table 5 (Q1) What are your principle motivations for considering or enrolling in cryonics? Full size tableOf the methods of cryopreservation currently available, 53% selected whole-body and 39% selected neuro-cryopreservation, as indicated in Table 6. Table 6 (Q2) Which method of cryopreservation did or would you select? Full size tableCost (48%) and perceived technical feasibility (46%) are the main variables influencing the choice of neuro-cryopreservation versus whole-body cryopreservation (Table 7). Table 7 (Q3a) What influences your choice of neuro versus whole-body cryopreservation? Full size tableFifty-seven percent of respondents indicated that they would prefer whole-body cryopreservation if concerns could be addressed regarding cost, perceived technical feasibility, and other factors (Table 8). Table 8 (Q3b) Would you prefer whole-body cryopreservation if concerns were addressed? Full size tableRespondents indicated a number of different ways in which they think about their physical body right now (Chart 1). The highest response cited is that “my body is part of me,” followed by being temporary, a platform, a current necessity, something that would be adequate to upgrade, a vessel, something that is aging, ailing, and in need of repair, a machine-like entity, and something that is wonderful. Some respondents expressed appreciation, gratitude, and enjoyment of their physical body. Others point to the fact that they have not known any other form of experience other than the one based in this physical body. This physical body is the only option at the moment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that nearly three-quarters of survey respondents identified the possibility of future revival (74%) as a significant motivation for considering cryonics. This directly supports the notion that cryonics involves the preservation of the human body at low temperatures with the hope for future revival, as both the claim and the text emphasize the revival aspect.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Manogary: Construction and operation of a microbial fuel cell for electricity generation from wastewater, Int. J. Hydrogen En. 34 (2009) 7555-756017. I. Ivanov, L. Ren, M. Siegert, B. E. Logan: A quantitative method to evaluate microbial electrolysis cell effectiveness for energy revovery and wastewater treatment, In. J. 38 (2013) 13135-1314218. R. A. Rozendal, H. V,M. Hamalers, K. Rabaey, J. Keller, C. J. N. Buisman: Towards practical implementation of bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment, Trends in Biotechnology 26 (2008) 450-45919. G. Velvizhi, R. K. Goud, S. V. Mohan: Anoxic bio-electrochemical system for treatment of complex chemical wastewater with simultaneous bioelectricity generation, Bioresource Technology, 151 (2014) 214-22020. Y. Tian, C. Ji, K. Wang, P. Le-Clech: Assessment of an anaerobic membrane bio-electrochemical reactor for wastewater treatment and energy recovery, J. Membrane Sci. , 450 (2014) 242-24821. Q. Wen, Y. Wu, D. Cao, L. Zhao, Q. Sun: Electricity generation and modelling of microbial fuel cell from continuous beer brewery wastewater, 100 (2009) 4171-417522. B Cercado-Quezada, M. L. Delia, A. Bergel: Testing various food-industry wastes for electricity production in microbial fuel cell, 101 (2010) 2748-275423. . Wong: Bioelectricity production from food waste leachate using microbial fuel cells: Effect of NaCl and pH, 149 (2013) 452-45824. D. Pant, G. van Bogaert, L. Diels, K. Vanbroekhoven: A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production, 101 (2010) 1533-154325. Y. Yuan, S. Zhou, N. Xu, L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that the construction and operation of microbial fuel cells involves specific considerations and systems, which suggests that maintenance and inputs are necessary. While it primarily focuses on various research and applications related to microbial fuel cells, the nature of the studies indicates complexities that challenge the notion of zero maintenance and inputs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: and Victor, M. (2016). CO2 emissions, non-renewable and renewable electricity production, economic growth, and international trade in Italy. Renewable and Reviews, 55, 142–155. Khalaji, M. , Bakhoda, S. , Saidur, R. and Hanaei, H. (2017). Perovskite solar cells. Renewable and Reviews, 1-11. Klara, B. , Aleksey, B. , Adriana, A. and Tsanko, T. (2013). Aspects of current geothermal application in Bulgaria. J. of renewable and sustainable energy, 5, 1-8. Kuldeep, H. and Kalpesh, V. (2018). Pyramid solar still: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Reviews, 81, 136–148. Lingyue, L. , Xiaoqing, R. , Yanli, Y. , Peidong, Z. and Xiao, C. (2018). Analysis and recommendations for onshore wind power policies in China. Renewable and Reviews, 82, 156–167. Mahdi, T. , Mohammad, M. and Mokhtar, S. (2013). Employing parallel operated fuel cell/ultra-capacitor systems. J. of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 5, 1-22. Mahdis, Y. , Alireza, A. , Babak, F. , Marja, N. and Mohammad, M. (2016). Photovoltaic technology development based on a technology lifecycle approach. J. of renewable and sustainable energy, 8, 1-11. Manjit, S. , Yu, X. , Anthony, L. , Aron, H. , Galen, M. and James, S. (2018). (NSRDB). Renewable and Reviews, 89, 51–60. Mariangela, G. and Renato, G. (2016). energy transition: Modeling competition and substitution between nuclear power and Technologies. Renewable and Reviews, 60, 1498–1504. Michael, E. (2003). Energy Conversion. Elsevier ocean engineering book series, 1-205. Ming, Z. , Shicheng, W. , Jinhui, D. , Jinghui, S. P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and articles concerning renewable energy sources but does not explicitly support or contradict the claim regarding the importance of renewable energy for sustainable development. Instead, it provides a collection of references, which renders it irrelevant to the specific claim stated.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics is the practice of preserving a human body at low temperatures with the hope of future revival. [SEP] Text: ” Other reasons given for why it is important to cryopreserve one’s actual brain are to capture the memories (44%), have more information than offered by a digital facsimile (40%), and to capture emotional content (37%). Table 10 (Q7) What is the benefit of having your actual brain cryopreserved (versus photos, writing, etc. )? Full size tableChart 3 indicated the main ideas respondents have of what happens when you are cryopreserved. The biggest response is that one is preserved (cryopreserved) such that the ongoing biological processes of degradation and decay are halted. It is like being in a temporary off-state. Respondents indicated that they may be considered legally, clinically, and/or technically dead, in a cryopreserved manner, until they are no longer dead: it is a temporary condition. One is in suspended animation, deep sleep. It is like being anesthetized, comatose, de-animated, in stasis or hibernation, on hold, paused. Some respondents gave technical definitions about cooling the temperature of the body, perfusing cryoprotectants, and storing the body in liquid nitrogen. Respondents contemplate that revival is possibly anticipated in the future as technology advances, disease cures are discovered, and that there may be some unpreventable damage. Chart 3(Q8) How would you describe what happens to you when you are cryopreserved? (to the body, mind, etc. )Full size imageConsidering the possibility of trauma, 58% of respondents think that whether any trauma is experienced in cryopreservation could depend on the cryopreservation process and other factors, but generally expect that trauma would be low (Table 11). Table 11 (Q9) Do you think that any trauma is experienced in cryopreservation? Full size tableForty-eight percent of respondents think that it is too soon to know if any trauma might be experienced in revival, and 48% also think that it might depend on many factors (Table 12). Table 12 (Q10) Do you think that any trauma is experienced in revival? Full size tableThere are diverse views as to when the first revival might occur, with 50% contemplating that it might be possible in the 2075–2100 time frame (Chart 4). Chart 4(Q11) When do you think the first revival might occur? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the process of cryopreservation, explaining that it involves preserving the body to halt degradation and decay. It also highlights the anticipation of future revival as technology advances, which aligns with the definition of cryonics as preserving a body with the hope of revival.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Min, Evaluation of microbial fuel cell operation using algae as an oxygen supplier: carbon paper cathode vs. carbon brush cathode, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 37 (2014) 2453-2461. [56] R. Kakarla, B. Min, Photoautotrophic microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus attached on a cathode as oxygen producers for microbial fuel cell (MFC) operation, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy. 39 (2014) 10275-10283. [57] Z. He, Y. Huang, A. K. Manohar, F. Mansfeld, Effect of electrolyte pH on the rate of the anodic and cathodic reactions in an air-cathode microbial fuel cell, Bioelectrochem. 74 (2008) 78-82. [58] Y. Zhang, B. Min, L. Huang, I. J. A. Angelidaki, Generation of electricity and analysis of microbial communities in wheat straw biomass-powered microbial fuel cells, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75 (2009) 3389-3395. [59] T. Akiba, H. Bennetto, J. Stirling, K. Tanaka, Electricity production from alkalophilic organisms, Biotechnol. Lett. 9 (1987) 611-616. [60] S. You, Q. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. Jiang, S. Zhao, A microbial fuel cell using permanganate as the cathodic electron acceptor, J. Power Sources. 162 (2006) 1409-1415. [61] S. V. Mohan, S. V. Raghavulu, D. Peri, P. N. Sarma, Bioelectronics, Integrated function of microbial fuel cell (MFC) as bio-electrochemical treatment system associated with bioelectricity generation under higher substrate load, Biosen. Bioelect. 24 (2009) 2021-2027. [62] L. Wei, H. Han, J. Shen, Effects of cathodic electron acceptors and potassium ferricyanide concentrations on the performance of microbial fuel cell, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy. 37 (2012) 12980-12986. [63] H. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and components involved in microbial fuel cell operation. The mention of factors such as 'the effect of electrolyte pH on the rate of the anodic and cathodic reactions' implies that maintenance and adjustments are necessary for optimal performance. Additionally, it refers to the integration of components like microalgae as oxygen suppliers, indicating that external inputs and management are needed rather than the system functioning with zero maintenance and no additional inputs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: and Zhong, Y. Z. (2016). Review of nuclear power development in China: Environment analysis, historical stages, development status, problems, and countermeasures. Renewable and Reviews, 59, 1369–1383. Ming, Z. , Dan, D. , Wuyang, Z. and Lisheng, F. (2018). Nonrenewable energy efficiency optimization in energy harvesting relay assisted systems. Physical Communication, 1-25. Morton, C. (1974). Geothermal Power. AIP Conference Proceedings, 19, 401-411. Muhammad, S. , Rizwan, R. , Irtaza, H. , Rehan, S. , Nusrat, S. , Javed, I. and Shaukat, F. (2016). The energy crisis in Pakistan: A possible solution via biomass-based waste. J. Energy, 8, 1-19. Olumide, O. and Edmund, C. (2018). Concentrating solar power technologies for solar thermal grid electricity in Nigeria: A review. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 104–119. Parinya, P. and Somchai, W. (2013). Nuclear power plant scenario in Thailand. Renewable and Reviews, 24, 586–592. Qaderi, F. and Azizi, M. (2018). Petroleum wastewater treatment by using serial moving bed biofilm reactors. J. of Cleaner Production, 1-27. Qiang, W. , Xi, C. and Xu, Y. (2013). An accident like the Fukushima effective nuclear regulation: Literature review and proposed guidelines. Renewable and Reviews, 17, 126–146. Qiang, W. , Rongrong, L. and Gang, H. (2018). Research status of nuclear power: A review. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 90–96. Quing, W. and Guihuan, Y. (2017). Improved coal combustion optimization model based on load balance and coal quantities. Energy, 204-212. Renewable energy in India. (2018). Available at: Sadrul, A. and Ahiduzzaman, M. (2012). Biomass Energy: for Emission. AIP Conf. Proc, 1440, 23-32. Saeid, M. , Hikari, F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references to various studies and articles on nuclear power, biomass energy, and geothermal energy but does not explicitly mention or assess the significance of renewable energy sources or their role in sustainable development. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics is the practice of preserving a human body at low temperatures with the hope of future revival. [SEP] Text: Dissatisfied (1) to Satisfied (10)Full size imageOverwhelming, survey respondents would like their cryonics provider to be doing more research, regarding all facets of cryopreservation, patient support, and potential revival (Chart 10). Chart 10(Q24b) What would you like your cryonics provider to be doing? Full size imageSeventy percent of survey respondents indicated that they are enrolled members of a cryopreservation service. Enrolled respondents are with Alcor (65%), (22%), KrioRus (11%), and other (2%). Final overall comments focused on respondents wanting more worldwide cryopreservation facilities to be established, wondering about the right cost for cryopreservation and affordable options for paying for it, more research to be conducted in all related areas, the community to be better-known and supported, and hope for the future (Chart 11). Chart 11(Q25) Any other comments? Full size imageThe ages of respondents are diverse and well-represented across demographic groups with the heaviest weighting in the 30–40-year-old category (26%) as indicated in Chart 12. Twenty-two percent are 30 and under, 26% 30–40, 35% 40–60, and 30% 60 and over. Chart 12(Q26a) Demographic age (optional)Full size imageOne area reflecting less diversity than others is gender identification. The cryonics community skews toward male, as 81% of respondents indicate (Table 25), with 17% female, and 1% other. Regarding the highest level of completed education (Chart 13), 40% of respondents indicate having earned a college degree, 29% a master’s degree, 18% a high school degree, and 11% a PhD. Chart 13(Q26c) Highest-level of education completed (optional), top designationsFull size imageCareer designations cited by respondents include a third in computer science (34%), 19% in business, 16% entrepreneurs, 12% in biology, 9% in medicine, 8% in physics, 7% in services, 4% in law, 2% respectively in education, engineering, and mathematics, and many other specific fields in a range of science, liberal arts, and humanitarian areas (Chart 14). The biggest categories are computer science, business and entrepreneurship, and biology, medicine, and physics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing survey respondents' views on cryonics and their desire for more research on cryopreservation and potential revival. The respondents express hope for the future concerning cryonics, which aligns with the essence of preserving bodies with the hope of revival mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Morán, Scaling-up of membraneless microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) for domestic wastewater treatment: Bottlenecks and limitations, Bioresour. Technol. 180 (2015) 72-78. [55] H. the burden of food processing washdown wastewaters using microbial fuel cells, Biochem. Eng. J. 117 (2017) 210-217. [56] W. Yang, J. Li, Q. Fu, L. Zhang, X. Zhu, Q. Liao, A simple method for preparing a binder-free paper-based air cathode for microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 241 (2017) 325-331. [57] F. M. Ramírez, H. Addi, F. J. H. Fernández, C. Godínez, A. Pérez de los Ríos, E. M. Lotfi, M. El Mahi, L. J. Lozano Blanco, Air breathing cathode-microbial fuel cell with separator based on ionic liquid applied to slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and bio-energy production, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 92 (2017) 642-648. [58] leachate: a promising substrate for microbial fuel cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 23794-23798. [59] P. Jain, M. Sharma, P. Dureja, P. M. Sarma, B. Lal, Bioelectrochemical approaches for removal of sulfate, hydrocarbon and salinity from produced water, Chemosphere 166 (2017) 96-108. [60] B. Matturro, C. Cruz Viggi, F. Aulenta, S. Rossetti, Cable bacteria and the bioelectrochemical snorkel: the natural and engineered facets playing a role in hydrocarbons degradation in marine sediments, Front. Microbiol. 8 (2017) 952. [61] A. T. Vicente, A. Araújo, D. Gaspar, L. . Pereira, E. Fortunato, R. Martins, Optoelectronics and bio devices on paper powered by solar cells, Cells, InTech. 2017. [62]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of various studies focusing on different aspects of microbial fuel cells. The citations mention different contexts and applications, which suggest that these systems may have limitations and do not function with zero maintenance or without additional inputs. Thus, the information in the text directly contrasts with the claim, as it implies that there are complexities and requirements involved in operating microbial fuel cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: and Nugroho, P. (2018). Classification of geothermal resources in Indonesia by applying exergy Concept. Renewable and Reviews, 93, 499–506. Samuel, A. , Eden, K. and Alfred, A. (2018). Renewable energy regime type and economic growth. Renewable Energy, 125, 755-767. Sana, S. and Syed, S. (2012). Review of Spanish renewable energy policy to encourage investment in solar photovoltaic, Journal of renewable and sustainable energy, 4, 1-13. Saurabh, P. , David, T. and Devinder, M. (2011). Biogas potential on Long Island, New York: A quantification study. J. of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 3, 1-13. Shafiullah, G. , Amanullah, M. , Alex, S. and Shawkat, A. (2014). Integration of roof-top solar photovoltaic systems into the low voltage distribution network. J. of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 6, 1-21. Shaopeng, G. , Qibin, L. , Jie, S. and Hongguang, J. (2018). A review of the utilization of hybrid renewable energy. Renewable and Reviews, 91, 1121–1147. Simon, M. and Milan, M. (2017). Electricity and heat production by biomass cogeneration. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1866, 1-7. Stephen, C. , Stefan, R. and Anshuman, S. (2018). The road ahead for solar PV power. Renewable and Reviews, 92, 744–756. Sullivan, J. and Wang, M. (2013). Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions. J. of renewable and sustainable energy, 5, 1-13. Tasdemiroglu, E. (1987). in Turkey and its in Solar Ponds. Resources and Conservation, 215-228. Teng, J. , Junpeng, H. , Rui, L. , Peng, H. and Yanjun, D. (2018). Status and prospect of solar heat for industrial processes in China. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 475–489. Today energy. (2018). Available at:main. png Top solar energy producing countries. (2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of publications related to renewable energy including various studies, but does not explicitly affirm or deny the significance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim as it does not engage with the idea of them being crucial.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Currently, cryonics is primarily experimental and is not yet proven to revive a preserved body. [SEP] Text: AbstractThis research examines the practice of cryonics and provides empirical evidence for an improved understanding of the motivations and attitudes of participants. Cryonics is the freezing of a person who has died of a disease in hopes of restoring life at some future time when a cure may be available. So far, about 300 people have been cryopreserved, and an additional 1200 have enrolled in such programs. The current work has three vectors. First, the results of a worldwide cryonics survey (n = 316) carried out as part of this research are discussed. Second, a theoretical model is developed from the survey results to propose a Theory of Extension which explains an individual’s decision to select cryopreservation. Third, the most distinctive survey result, a conceptualization of personal identity malleability, is extended with a philosophical formulation. Personal identity is found to be emergent, not fundamental, and thus may continue to evolve in concept and application, particularly in the longer time frames implicated by cryonics. The potential consequences of this work are that the conceptual norms materializing in the cryonics community could be forerunners of wider societal trends of how humans understand themselves as subjects in an era increasingly configured by science and technology. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 146. 564. 2018. Clark, A. , & Chalmers, D. J. (2010). The extended mind. In R. Menary (Ed. ), Mind (2018. Derrida, J. (2005). On Touching-Jean-Luc Nancy. Trans. Christine Irizarry. Stanford CA: Press. 2018. Ettinger, R. C. W. (2005). In C. Tandy (Ed. ), The prospect of immortality. MI: Press. 82. 175. 14. 1. pdf. Accessed 8 Sept 2018. Kaiser, S. , Gross, D. , Lohmeier, J. , Rosentreter, M. , & Raschke, J. (2014). Attitudes and acceptance toward the technology of cryonics in Germany. of in Health Care, 5, 1–7. 2018. Locke, J. (1975 [1689]). Essay concerning human understanding. E. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the practice of cryonics, noting that it is an experimental procedure where individuals are frozen after death with the hope of restoring life in the future. The text highlights that around 300 individuals have been cryopreserved, indicating a limited number of participants, and reinforces the idea that this practice is not widely accepted or proven effective, aligning with the claim of cryonics being primarily experimental.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Zheng, Y. C. Yong, Microbial fuel cell-based biosensors for environmental monitoring: a review, Water Sci. Technol. 71 (2015) 801-809. [63] Y. Li, J. Sun, J. Wang, C. Bian, J. Tong, Y. Li, S. Xia, A microbial electrode based on the co-electrodeposition of carboxyl graphene and Au nanop94. [64] S. Rengaraj, Á. C. Izquierdo, J. L. Scott, M. Di Lorenzo, Impedimetric paper-based biosensor for the detection of bacterial contamination in water, Sens. Chem. 265 (2018) 50-58. [65] A. Elmekawy, H. M. Hegab, D. Pant, C. P. Saint, Bio-analytical applications of microbial fuel cell–based biosensors for onsite water quality monitoring, J. Appl. Microbiol. 124 (2018) 302-313. [66] H. Guo, M. H. Yeh, Y. Zi, Z. Wen, J. Chen, G. Liu, C. Hu, Z. L. Wang, Ultralight cut-paper-based self-charging power unit for self-powered portable electronic and medical systems, ACS Nano. 11 (2017) 4475-4482. [67] F. Arduini, S. Cinti, V. Scognamiglio, D. Moscone, Paper-based electrochemical devices in biomedical field: recent advances and perspectives, 77 (2017). ISSN 0166-526X. [68] J. P. Esquivel, J. Buser, C. W. Lim, C. Dominguez, S. Rojas, P. Yager, N. Sabate, Single-use paper-based hydrogen fuel cells for point-of-care diagnostic applications, J. 342 (2017) 442-451. [69] H. energy harvesting for microbial fuel cells: a review, Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (2015) 3267-3277. [70] A. S. Commault, O. Laczka, N. Siboni, B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely a series of bibliographic references and does not offer any specific information about the maintenance requirements or input needs of microbial fuel cells. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or provide relevant information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Available at: producing countries/ Vineet, S. and Singal, S. (2017). Operation of hydropower plants-a review. Renewable and Reviews, 69, 610–619. Viresh, D. (2012). Thin solar cell technologies - Current status. on Thin Films: Science and Technology AIP Co, 33-37. Wasajja, H. and Daniel, S. (2017). Evaluation of Technologies for Supply. IEEE, 1272-1276. World population clock. (2018). Available at: Xiaopeng, G. and Xiaodan, G. (2016). Nuclear power development in China after the restart of new nuclear construction and approval: A system dynamics analysis. Renewable and Reviews, 57, 999–1007. Yawen, L. , Zhigang, L. and Fang, Y. (2018). of Solar PV Modules. IEEE, 1-5. Yong, L. , Wen, C. (2018). Insights into the geothermal utilization of abandoned oil and gas wells. Renewable and Reviews, 87, 44–60. Yongduan, S. , Bikun, W. , Bin, L. , Yu, Z. and Lei, W. (2013). Remotely monitoring offshore wind turbines via ZigBee networks embedded with an advanced routing strategy. J. Energy, 5, 1-14. Yue, G. and Jing, L. (2009). Recent advances in direct solar thermal power generation. J. of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 1, 1-23. Zhang, P. , Wang, L. , Chen, S. and Xu, J. (2017). The progress of nuclear hydrogen production through the iodine-sulfur process in China. Renewable and Reviews, 1-11. to cite this 0076. RM. for and its Comparison with Sources: A Review. . 2019;3(1):em0076. . for and its Comparison with Sources: A Review. . 2019;3(1), em0076. Chicago Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai. "for and its Comparison with Sources: A Review". of Research 2019 3 no. 1 (2019): em0076. Harvard Elavarasan, R. M. (2019). for and its Comparison with Sources: A Review. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not explicitly support, contradict, or address the claim regarding the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Instead, it primarily consists of references and citations related to various technologies and papers on renewable energy and its developments, without providing a clear argument or data to evaluate the significance of renewable energy in sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Currently, cryonics is primarily experimental and is not yet proven to revive a preserved body. [SEP] Text: Survey HighlightsCryonics motivations and conceptualizations The biggest motivation for cryonics is the possibility of future revival (74%) and the affirming attitude that ‘life is good, more is better’ (72%) The current physical body is thought of as being ‘part of me,’ temporary, a platform, a current necessity, and something adequate but fragile that is in need of repair and upgrade What happens when you are cryopreserved is that it is like being in a temporary off-state; degradation and decay are halted. In this state of suspended animation, deep sleep, stasis, and deanimation, it is like being on hold, paused, anesthetized, hibernating, or in a coma Seventy-five percent think that it is crucial to cryopreserve one’s own brain as opposed to creating a virtual version of oneself from photos, correspondence, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining that cryonics is viewed as a temporary state ('like being in a temporary off-state') and emphasizes the motivations behind cryonics, such as the desire for future revival. The description of the cryopreservation process as a form of stasis and the public's belief that the physical body needs repair support the idea that the technology is still in its experimental stages and not yet proven to successfully revive a preserved body.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Microalgae-based microbial fuel cells (mMFCs) are used as a device that can convert energy from sunlight into electrical energy through biological pathways. This 10. 21741/9781644900116-1 Part of the book on Cells 385. [2] S. B. Ummalyma, E. Gnansounou, R. K. Sukumaran, R. Sindhu, A. Pandey, D. Sahoo, Bioflocculation: An alternative strategy for harvesting of microalgae-An Overview, Bioresour. Technol. 242 (2017) 227-235. [3] S. B. Ummalyma, R. K. Sukumaran, Cultivation of the fresh water microalga Chlorococcum sp. RAP13 in sea water for producing oil suitable for biodiesel, J. Appl. Phycol. 27 (2015) 141–147. [4] S. B Ummalyma, R. K Sukumaran, Cultivation of microalgae in dairy effluent for oil production and removal of organic pollution load, Bioresour. Technol. 165 (2014) 295-301. [5] A. Bahadar, M. B. Khan, Progress in energy from microalgae: A review, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 27 (2013) 128-148. [6] C. Y Chen, K. L. Yeh, R. photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: a critical review, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 71-81. [7] J. H. Lin, D. in specific marigold flowers and microalgae, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 49 (2015) 90–94. [8]. Show, Algal biomass dehydration, Bioresour. Technol. 135 (2013) 720–729. [9] Z. Yang, H. Pie, Q. Hou, L. Jiang, L. Zhang, C. Nie, Algal biofilm assisted microbial fuel cells to enhance domestic waste water treatment: nutrients, organics removal and bioenergy production, Chem. Eng. J. 332 (2018) 277-285. [10] A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by not explicitly stating that microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance or require no additional inputs. Instead, it discusses the way microalgae-based microbial fuel cells convert energy from sunlight into electrical energy, implying there may be processes involved in their operation that are not maintenance-free or input-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: > Vol 5, No 2 (2019) > and the in centuries of scientific, industrial and technological achievements the current paradigm in energy engineering may be defined as the complex set of knowledge, technologies, policies but even individual and community attitudes aiming to assure at the level of each energy end-user the required quantity and quality of energy, at minimum price and with minimal impact on the environment on a life cycle reasoning from production to final use. In 2012, I had the chance to participate at the UN Conference on organized at Rio de Janeiro, the so called “Rio + 20” Conference, as a member of the of Romania and at the same time representing the UN Initiative. On that position, I had the possibility to join many sessions of the Conference and to follow also the process of negotiations for the text of the of the Conference. Passing from one session to another, there were several aspects that were confusing me. One of them was a declaration of the representative of a large company from Brazil, mentioning that his country has a huge stockpile of biomass and if it shall be used as bioenergy resource, it is plenty to assure the welfare of that country. The confusion for me was if a as the Amazonian Forest, could be considered an asset to be exploited at the discretion of some local groups of interest. It is well known, that the complexity of the factors that are interlinked with the biomass in different ecosystems it is not yet very clear even for small ecosystems. The current attempts to develop detailed Multiscale and Multiphysics models for parts of the deltas of in the US or in Europe are in some initial stages and there will be needed decades of scientific research for developing comprehensive models for global macro-ecosystems like the Nile or the Amazonian. Unfortunately, at present, the quotas for exploiting resources as forest wood or reed in wetlands or Deltas in many parts of the World are established without any scientific background. But many published reports reveled that even the simple question: “what is the percentage of straw that is yielded from a hectare of wheat that may be used for energy or industrial purpose? ” has the answer “depends on many factors”. With interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches, reliable tools and methods may be developed to strengthen the methodologies as “ecosystem services” and this movement has to be further multiplied in order to become a norm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of energy sources and environmental considerations but does not directly address the claim about the increasing importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. It touches on topics of biomass, ecological modeling, and discussions from a conference, yet it lacks a clear affirmation or denial regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Currently, cryonics is primarily experimental and is not yet proven to revive a preserved body. [SEP] Text: Survey: and Highlights(July–August 2017; 316 Respondents)The biggest motivations for cryonics, identified by nearly three-quarters of survey respondents (Table 5), are the possibility of future revival (74%), and a life-affirming view that “life is good and more is better” (72%). About half of respondents also cite wanting more time to do things (49%), that death is inhumane (47%), and the potential technical feasibility of revival (45%). Other motivations include supporting cryonics-related research (38%), and forward-thinking ideas more generally (34%). Fear and uncertainty of death was cited as a motivation by a third of respondents (32%), and curiosity by 31%. Table 5 (Q1) What are your principle motivations for considering or enrolling in cryonics? Full size tableOf the methods of cryopreservation currently available, 53% selected whole-body and 39% selected neuro-cryopreservation, as indicated in Table 6. Table 6 (Q2) Which method of cryopreservation did or would you select? Full size tableCost (48%) and perceived technical feasibility (46%) are the main variables influencing the choice of neuro-cryopreservation versus whole-body cryopreservation (Table 7). Table 7 (Q3a) What influences your choice of neuro versus whole-body cryopreservation? Full size tableFifty-seven percent of respondents indicated that they would prefer whole-body cryopreservation if concerns could be addressed regarding cost, perceived technical feasibility, and other factors (Table 8). Table 8 (Q3b) Would you prefer whole-body cryopreservation if concerns were addressed? Full size tableRespondents indicated a number of different ways in which they think about their physical body right now (Chart 1). The highest response cited is that “my body is part of me,” followed by being temporary, a platform, a current necessity, something that would be adequate to upgrade, a vessel, something that is aging, ailing, and in need of repair, a machine-like entity, and something that is wonderful. Some respondents expressed appreciation, gratitude, and enjoyment of their physical body. Others point to the fact that they have not known any other form of experience other than the one based in this physical body. This physical body is the only option at the moment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the motivations behind cryonics and the current perceptions of its feasibility. Although it lists reasons for considering cryonics, the mention of 'perceived technical feasibility of revival' reflecting only 45% agreement suggests that many still view cryonics as unproven and experimental. This aligns with the claim that cryonics is currently not proven to revive preserved bodies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Khandelwal, A. Vijay, A. Dixit, M. Chhabra, Microbial fuel cell powered by lipid extracted algae: a promising system for algal lipid and power generation, Bioresour. Technol. 247 (2018) 520-527. [11] L. He, P. Du, Y. Chen, H. Lu, X. Cheng, B. Cheng, Z. Wang, Advances in microbial fuel cells for waste water treatment, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 71 (2017) 388-403. [12] Y. Dong, Y. Qu, C. Li, X. Han, J. J. Ambuchi, J. Liu, Y. Yu, Y. Feng, Simultaneous algae polluted water treatment and electricity generation using a biocathode coupled eletrocoagulation cell (bio-ECC), J. Hazard. Mater. 340 (2017) 104-112. [13] A. S. Commault, O. Laczka, N. Siboni, B. Tamburic, J. R. Crosswe, J. R Seymour, P. J Ralph, Electricity and biomass production in a bacteria- Chlorella based microbial fuel cell treating waste water, J. Power. Sources 356 (2017) 299-309. [14] X. A. Walter, J. Greenman, B. Taylor, I. A. Ieropoulos, Microbial fuel cells continuously fuelled by untreated fresh algal biomass, Algal Res. 11 (2015)103–107. [15] Z. Baicha, M. J Salar-García, V. M. Ortiz-Martínez, F. J. Hernández-Fernández, A. P. de los Ríos, N. Labjar, E. Lotfi, M. Elmahi, A critical review on microalgae as an alternative source for bioenergy production: a promising low cost substrate for microbial fuel cells, Fuel Process. Technol. 154 (2016)104–116. [16] X. Hu, B. Liu, J. Zhou, R. Jin, S. Qiao, G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to microbial fuel cells, highlighting advancements and applications in different contexts. While it does not directly address maintenance requirements, the implication from reviewing multiple studies suggests that microbial fuel cells do require inputs and operational oversight for effective performance, therefore contrasting the claim that they operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: In order to assess the widening gap between the supply and demand of commercial energy and indiscriminate use of non commercial fuels in rural areas, there is a need for various types of statistical or quantified information to be collected and analyzed in an objective manner and presented suitability so as to serve as a sound basis for taking policy decision to make an optimum utilization of commercial energy in a balanced manner. This will require conducting of survey in areas to be covered. The statistical data may be collected by complete enumeration or by a sample survey. The earlier method is very cumbersome, time consuming, cost ineffective and requires an intensive development of manpower, if domains of study is quite large. Complete enumeration and sample surveys presuppose the existence of a certain minimum of facilities such as funds, professional personnel for planning the survey methodology and supervision of field operations, sufficiently qualified enumerators, sampling frames, machine tabulation equipment, transport and communication facilities etc. These facilities or combinations there of do not always exist to the extent needed for a complete enumeration survey. As such, sample survey is preferred to complete enumeration for ethic type of studies giving due importance to sampling error. In the integrated energy planning, there is an objective to find out the present consumption pattern of energy for different end uses, shortages being experienced and people’s reaction to using alternate sources of energy is also enumerated. The survey methods determine – incident, distribution and the interrelation among sociological variable and psychological variable. The sociological variable s consists of age, education, income and attitude, behavior, motivation, belief and knowledge about the problem. 39 - 46 (8 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 3. 1 is now latest national thinking going on to conserve the known sources of energy such as firewood, cow dung, agricultural waste, kerosene, oil etc. i. e. by limiting their conventional uses and to propagate the use of non conventional energy especially in the rural area. The large scale indiscriminate use of non commercial fuels fully in the rural areas are not only providing to be inefficient but also inadequate to cope with the growing rural energy demand caused by growing population and growing consciousness among rural people for a better way of life. Planned input of energy are, therefore urgently require to protect the environment and to cope with raising rural energy demand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or support the claim regarding the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Instead, it focuses on the need for statistical information to assess energy supply and demand, the methods for conducting surveys, and the inefficiency of non-commercial fuels in rural areas. While it mentions the aim to propagate the use of non-conventional energy, it does not connect this to the broader context of sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Currently, cryonics is primarily experimental and is not yet proven to revive a preserved body. [SEP] Text: ” Other reasons given for why it is important to cryopreserve one’s actual brain are to capture the memories (44%), have more information than offered by a digital facsimile (40%), and to capture emotional content (37%). Table 10 (Q7) What is the benefit of having your actual brain cryopreserved (versus photos, writing, etc. )? Full size tableChart 3 indicated the main ideas respondents have of what happens when you are cryopreserved. The biggest response is that one is preserved (cryopreserved) such that the ongoing biological processes of degradation and decay are halted. It is like being in a temporary off-state. Respondents indicated that they may be considered legally, clinically, and/or technically dead, in a cryopreserved manner, until they are no longer dead: it is a temporary condition. One is in suspended animation, deep sleep. It is like being anesthetized, comatose, de-animated, in stasis or hibernation, on hold, paused. Some respondents gave technical definitions about cooling the temperature of the body, perfusing cryoprotectants, and storing the body in liquid nitrogen. Respondents contemplate that revival is possibly anticipated in the future as technology advances, disease cures are discovered, and that there may be some unpreventable damage. Chart 3(Q8) How would you describe what happens to you when you are cryopreserved? (to the body, mind, etc. )Full size imageConsidering the possibility of trauma, 58% of respondents think that whether any trauma is experienced in cryopreservation could depend on the cryopreservation process and other factors, but generally expect that trauma would be low (Table 11). Table 11 (Q9) Do you think that any trauma is experienced in cryopreservation? Full size tableForty-eight percent of respondents think that it is too soon to know if any trauma might be experienced in revival, and 48% also think that it might depend on many factors (Table 12). Table 12 (Q10) Do you think that any trauma is experienced in revival? Full size tableThere are diverse views as to when the first revival might occur, with 50% contemplating that it might be possible in the 2075–2100 time frame (Chart 4). Chart 4(Q11) When do you think the first revival might occur? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ongoing experimental nature of cryonics. It mentions that revival from cryopreservation is anticipated in the future as technology advances, highlighting that the possibility of revival is currently speculative. Additionally, the respondents reflect a belief that it is too soon to determine the outcomes of revival, indicating a lack of proven methods for bringing back a preserved body.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: [26] of microbial species, organic loading and substrate degradation rate on the power generation capability of microbial fuel cells, Biotechnol. Lett. 33 (2011) 2147–2160. [27] S. Mahesh, D. Tadesse, A. Melkamu, Evaluation of photosynthetic microbial fuel cell for bioelectricity production, Indian J. Energy 2 (2013) 116–120. [28] Y. Chisti, Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol. Trends Biotechnol. 26 (2008) 126-131. [29] E. Bazdara, R. Roshandela, S. Yaghmaeib, M. M. Mardanpour, The effect of different light intensities and light/dark regimes on the performance of photosynthetic microalgae microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 261 (2018) 350–360. [30] D. P. B. T. B. Strik, H. Terlouw, H. V. M. Hamelers, C. J. N. Buisman, Renewable sustainable biocatalyzed electricity production in a photosynthetic algal microbial fuel cell (PAMFC), Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 81 (2008) 659–668. [31] of electrogenic capabilities of microbial fuel cell with different light power on algae grown cathode, Bioresour. Technol. 123 (2012) 23–29. [32]. Jaafar, A. C. Fisher, K. Yunus, Investigating the association between photosynthetic efficiency and generation of biophotoelectricity in autotrophic microbial fuel cells, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 31193. [33] S. Kondaveeti, K. S. Choi, R. Kakarla, B. Min, obliquus as renewable biomass feedstock for electricity generation inmicrobial fuel cells (MFCs), Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 8 (2014) 784–791. [34] conversion of microalgal biomass to sustainable energy carriers-a review, Bioresour. Technol. 135 (2013) 222–231. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to various studies on microbial fuel cells, suggesting a focus on their operational parameters and performance under different conditions. The implication that there are specific variables affecting the operation of microbial fuel cells contrasts with the claim that they operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. If maintenance or additional inputs are necessary, as indicated by the studies referenced, this directly undermines the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: In order to assess the widening gap between the supply and demand of commercial energy and indiscriminate use of non commercial fuels in rural areas, there is a need for various types of statistical or quantified information to be collected and analyzed in an objective manner and presented suitability so as to serve as a sound basis for taking policy decision to make an optimum utilization of commercial energy in a balanced manner. This will require conducting of survey in areas to be covered. The statistical data may be collected by complete enumeration or by a sample survey. The earlier method is very cumbersome, time consuming, cost ineffective and requires an intensive development of manpower, if domains of study is quite large. Complete enumeration and sample surveys presuppose the existence of a certain minimum of facilities such as funds, professional personnel for planning the survey methodology and supervision of field operations, sufficiently qualified enumerators, sampling frames, machine tabulation equipment, transport and communication facilities etc. These facilities or combinations there of do not always exist to the extent needed for a complete enumeration survey. As such, sample survey is preferred to complete enumeration for ethic type of studies giving due importance to sampling error. In the integrated energy planning, there is an objective to find out the present consumption pattern of energy for different end uses, shortages being experienced and people’s reaction to using alternate sources of energy is also enumerated. The survey methods determine – incident, distribution and the interrelation among sociological variable and psychological variable. The sociological variable s consists of age, education, income and attitude, behavior, motivation, belief and knowledge about the problem. 4 4. 1 energy census survey has become the basis for planning & implementation of the village development based on conventional and non conventional sources which are appropriate to the local needs. The continuous and widespread use of non commercial sources of energy in the rural area is resulting in the large scale destruction of the environment. While the rural people get non conventional fuels at almost zero private cost, the social cost for meeting their energy needs has been increasing over the year. Hence the non conventional fuels acquired a special significance in the energy context. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text elaborates on the challenges related to energy supply and demand, particularly focusing on statistical surveys for understanding energy consumption patterns and the implications of using both commercial and non-commercial energy sources. It discusses the significance of non-conventional fuels in rural areas but does not explicitly address the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development, making it largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Decomposition of biodegradable plastic bags for kitchen waste collection in industrial composting Asma Sikander*Stefan DeegenerIna Körner of Technology, Institute of Hamburg, the growing awareness of microplastics in the environment, the question of microplastics as remnants of biodegradable plastic (BDP) products is gaining momentum. BDP bags for kitchen waste collection are often certified as fully compostable as proof of industrial compostability. Frequently certification is done using under standardized laboratory conditions within 12 weeks. Composting plants often process biowaste into compost in a shorter time under inhomogeneous conditions. This study investigates the decomposition behavior of commercially available BDP bags for kitchen waste collection at an industrial composting plant within a practically realistic time frame of 6 weeks. The research determines the decomposition behavior under practice conditions. Four bag types, two made from thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends and two from polylactic acid (PLA) blends underwent composting. The decomposition was evaluated by examining the remaining macro- (> 8 mm), meso- (2–8 mm), and microp0. 1% of the compost dry matter (DM). This value is also expressed in the fertilizer regulation (DüMV, 2021) in § 4 (3). Remaining BDP p2. 1 Materials 2. 1. 1 Household biowaste collection bags In the conducted experiments, four distinct biowaste collection bag types (denoted as S, G, B, R) were employed (Figure 1). The G-series employed two bag variants, G1 and G2, varying in their maximum filling volumes. These bags were produced from BDP, certified as compostable according to DIN EN 13432 (2000). The BDP bags, sourced from various manufacturers, were chosen to encompass a broad representation of the material compositions prevalent in Germany. Figure 1 Figure 1. Classification of BDP bags by type designation (based on Deegener et al. , 2022). One major compound in all bag types was polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), the second polylactic acid (PLA) or thermoplastic starch (TPS). In the following, the respective materials were termed as PLA-blend or TPS-blend. This information on the major compounds was provided by the companies. Information on additives were not available. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing biodegradable plastic bags that are certified as fully compostable in industrial composting settings. It mentions that the certification process is often conducted under standardized conditions, indicating that these materials may not break down completely without the specific conditions provided by industrial composting facilities. This aligns with the claim that most biodegradable plastics require such facilities for full decomposition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: He, Integrated photo-bioelectochemical system for contaminants removal and bioenergy production, Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (2012) 11459–114566. [45] Y. Zhang, J. S. Noori, I. Angelidaki, Simultaneous organic carbon, nutrients removal and energy production in a photomicobial fuel cell (PFC), Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (2011) 4340–4346. [46] S. Puig, M. Serra, M. Coma, Cabré, M. D. Balaguer, J. Colprim, Effect of pH on nutrient dynamics and electricity production using microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 9594–9599. [47] E. R. Zhang, L. Liu, Y. Y. Cui, Effect of PH on the performance of the anode in microbial fuel cells, Adv. Mat. Res. 608–609 (2013) 884–888. [48] R. A. Rozendal, H. V. M. Hamelers, C. J. N. Buisman, Effects of membrane cation transporton pH and microbial fuel cell performance, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 5206–5211. [49] C. L species as OH carriers for decreasing the pH gradient between cathode and anode in biological fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2006) 8773–8777. [50] V. B. Oliveira, M. Simões, on the developments of microbial fuel cells, Biochem. Eng. J. 73 (2013) 53–64. [51] L. Qiang, L. J. Yuan, Q. Ding, Influence of buffer solutions on the performance of microbial fuel cell electricity generation, Environ. Sci. 32 (2011) 1524–1528. [52] Y. Fan, H. Hu, H. Liu, Sustainable power generation in microbial fuel cells using bicarbonate buffer and proton transfer mechanisms, Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 8154–8158. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing multiple studies that imply various factors influence microbial fuel cell performance, including pH dynamics, nutrient removal, and buffer solutions. This suggests that microbial fuel cells do not operate with zero maintenance or additional inputs, as performance can be affected by such variables.