Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: This can result in indels (insertions/deletions) at the site of the induced break via the non-homologous end joining repair pathway to create random genetic mutations or can be exploited to insert precise sequences into the genome via the homologous recombination repair pathway (Doudna & Charpentier, 2014; Hsu et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013). In addition to this, a catalytically inactive version of the Cas9 protein otherwise referred to as dead Cas9 (dCas9), has been used for many applications outside the field of genome editing. This version of the Cas9 protein contains single amino acid mutations within both the HNH and RuvC-like nuclease domains (Asp10 to Ala and His840 to Ala) (Qi et al. , 2013). Cas9 binds a target DNA sequence in part through association with a guide RNA (gRNA). This gRNA typically contains a 20 bp sequence complementary to the genomic target and confers the majority of the target specificity. The Cas9 protein also recognizes an adjacent three-nucleotide sequence called the protospacer adjacent motif, or PAM, immediately 3′ to the 20 bp matching sequence. Catalytically inactive Cas9 has been employed for a number of creative techniques for site-specific genome manipulation. One example of an alternative use of the system includes gene silencing ((nterference)) where dCas9/gRNA is used to silence gene expression by acting as a physical barrier to transcription (Esvelt et al. , 2013; Gilbert et al. , 2013; Qi et al. , 2013). Another example is genome regulation, which is accomplished by fusing an effector domain to dCas9 and targeting it to a genomic site of interest. This effectively turns dCas9 into a site-specific transcriptional activator or repressor (Cheng et al. , 2013). A technique developed in our laboratory, which we termed -ChAP-MS (-Purification-Mass Spectrometry), uses an affinity tagged dCas9 as a handle for isolating a targeted genomic locus for proteomic analysis (Waldrip et al. , 2014). This particular technique was developed to isolate a single-target unit of chromatin (about 500 bp sections) from a cell lysate for subsequent protein identification by mass spectrometry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how CRISPR technology enables precise changes in DNA sequences through the homologous recombination repair pathway. It describes that CRISPR can also result in random genetic mutations via non-homologous end joining, indicating its capability for either precision or randomness in genetic manipulation. Additionally, the text mentions the use of the Cas9 protein guided by RNA for target specificity, thereby supporting the idea that CRISPR can allow for precise genetic alterations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity will no longer be a concern if we stop industrial water use. [SEP] Text: Thanks to advancing technologies in supercomputing, we can now simulate trends and spatial patterns of water resources in more detail in space and time at the global scale, looking at the availability, quality and use of water resources. These advancements in modelling enable us to consider water quality impacts and how they interact with various sectors using water, on local to global scales and from previous decades to the end of this century. Solutions for Scarcity Traditionally, efforts to alleviate water scarcity have focused on increasing freshwater availability and enhancing water-use efficiency. Prof. Dr. believes that next to these strategies, a stronger shift should be made toward considering water quality improvements. This involves reducing pollutant emissions and expanding wastewater treatment and reuse amongst sectors. Understanding how water quality, availability, and use by various sectors interact is crucial. By doing so, we can explore synergistic combinations of solutions for regions affected by clean water scarcity worldwide. Further studies are needed to look more closely at the interactions of water use by various sectors with surface/groundwater availability and quality. As we navigate the challenges of a growing global population, changing climate and more extreme weather events, Prof. Dr. van Vliet’s work emphasises the importance of understanding the intricate relationship between water quality, water use, and their impact on water scarcity, especially during droughts and heatwaves. She provides a convincing argument that our focus should be on developing innovative tools and advanced model frameworks to study these interrelations and evaluate clean water solution options. A strong focus on sustainable water management strategies, driven by both water quantity and quality improvements, is needed to ensure the provision of clean water to our future generations. 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 -. Dr. Michelle van VlietDepartment of Physical GeographyFaculty of. Dr. Michelle van Vliet is Professor of Systems at Utrecht University. She focuses with her team on the key challenge of ensuring sufficient water of suitable quality for meeting human demands and healthy ecosystems in the face of climate and socio-economic changes. She contributes to this by studying the complex interactions between water resources quality, availability, and use by sectoral sectors, including energy and agricultural production. She completed her doctoral research with distinction in 2012 at Wageningen University, resulting in several high-profile publications and the for Best PhD Thesis in Environmental Sciences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that alleviating water scarcity requires a multifaceted approach beyond merely stopping industrial water use. It outlines how advancements in technology and better understanding of water quality, use, and availability across different sectors is crucial in addressing water scarcity. The text specifically states that a stronger focus should be placed on improving water quality and implementing sustainable water management strategies, rather than eliminating industrial water use alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: A SongA Meditation for his MistresseThe bleeding hand: or, The sprig of Eglantine given to a maidLyrick for LegaciesA Dirge upon the Death of the a MistresseGreat boast, small rostUpon a Bleare-ey'd womanTemple: or, Oberons Chappell. Dedicated to Mr. John Merrifield, Counsellor at the lovely, that crowned him with LaurelThe Plaudite, or end of lifeTo the most vertuous Mistresse Pot, who many times entertained himTo Musique, to becalme his FeverUpon a Gentlewoman with a sweet VoiceUpon CupidUpon Julia's breastsBest to be merryto Corinnaagainst LetcherieNeglectUpon himselfeUpon a Physitiana LaundresseTo the Rose. SongUpon Guesse. EpigTo his BookeUpon a painted GentlewomanUpon a crooked MaidDraw GlovesTo Musick, to becalme a sweet-sick-youthTo the High and Noble Prince, George, Duke, Marquesse, and Earle of BuckinghamHis RecantationThe coming of good luckThe Present: or, of the BeeOn LoveThe Hock-cart, or Harvest home: To the Right Honourable, Mildmay, Earle of WestmorlandThe PerfumeUpon her VoiceNot to loveTo Musick. A SongTo the Western windUpon the death of his Sparrow. An Elegiefill'd with morning-dewcame redComfort to a Lady upon the Death of her Husbandcame blewUpon Groynes. EpigTo the Willow-treeMrs. Eliz. Wheeler, under the name of the lost ShepardesseTo the KingTo the Queenegood wishes for the most hopefull and handsome Prince, the Duke of YorkeTo Anthea, who may command him any thingPrevision, or ProvisionObedience in SubjectsMore potent, less peccantUpon a maid that dyed the day she was marryedan ill-fac'd Painter. EpigUpon Brock. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss anything related to reinforcement learning, human learning, rewards, or punishments. Instead, it appears to be a collection of lyrical works or poetry, which bears no connection to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: 1), was shown to result in fewer off-target mutations when tested in the context of genome editing (Slaymaker et al. , 2016). We were interested to see if this benefit also applied to Cas9 binding and enrichment, so we created a catalytically inactive version of this mutant, which we refer to as edCas9 (1. 1) (Fig. 1B). For a control, a strain was designed in which the gRNA target site was removed from the genome and replaced with a gene cassette containing URA3 and its promoter. This allowed for the expression of both the dCas9 protein and the gRNA in both the experimental and control strains, hypothetically preserving any off-target sites or other chromatin specifically interacting with the gRNA or dCas9/gRNA complex. A depiction of the experiment is given in Fig. 1C (experimental strain) and Fig. 1D (control strain). Figure 1: -ChAP-sequencing experimental outline. Organization of the Cas9 constructs and the amino acid differences between the wild-type (WT) dCas9 (A) and edCas9 (1. 1) (B). (C) and (D) show a schematic of the ChAP-seq approach. Cells containing the ARS305 cassette (+Target) (C) and URA3 cassette (−Target) (D) are transfected with plasmids encoding the dCas9 or edCas9 (1. 1) nuclease and gRNA. Chromatin is purified using IgG-coated magnetic beads and both affinity-purified (AP) and whole cell extract (WCE) samples are sequenced and analyzed. Three biological replicates of each experiment are performed. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9442/fig-1 Two target sites were used in this study. A target sequence referred to as ARS305-1 was used during most of the initial work on the methodology, and another site referred to as ARS305-2 was ultimately used for the sequencing experiment. These sites flank and are within 200 bp of the annotated ARS305 origin sequence (Fig. S1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of dCas9 and edCas9 in genome editing, which implies that CRISPR technology is being utilized to make precise changes to specific target sites within the DNA sequence, thereby supporting the assertion that CRISPR enables precise modifications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity will no longer be a concern if we stop industrial water use. [SEP] Text: the next 20-30 years, we are expected to be a country experiencing 'water scarcity' In the next 20-30 years, we are expected to be a country experiencing 'water scarcity' 20. 11. 2023 - 18:44 Haber ile ilişkili SDG etiketleri DOI : Experts say that sudden and heavy rains contribute poorly to both dams and groundwater nutrition, and that this is the main reason for water shortages in many regions today. Noting that long periods of drought and heavy rains have been seen in 20 years, Asst. Prof. emphasized that the main reason for the water shortage today is climate change. Asst. Prof. said "Our country is a country experiencing 'water stress' when the amount of water per capita is evaluated, and according to the studies, we are expected to be a country experiencing 'water scarcity' in the next 20-30 years, taking into account the population growth. " Üsküdar. Prof. evaluated the occupancy rates of the dams in Istanbul. Adiller said that “is the most populous city in our country, the need for water is naturally quite high," and he added that according to official data, a very high amount of water is naturally used in the city, where the population reaches 16 million. The average daily water use in Istanbul is over 3 million cubic meters According to the 2020 data of the Institute, the amount of daily water use per capita in Istanbul is 190 liters, Adiller said that "When we calculate even with average values, we see that the daily water usage amount is over 3 million cubic meters. In a statement made by ISKI (İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration) in July 2023, it was shared that a record was broken in water use and approximately 3. 6 million cubic meters of water was used in a day. It is very difficult to supply this amount of water, especially in the Marmara Region, which is not rich in water resources. " The drought we experienced this year may be repeated in the coming years Explaining that, it is seen that the occupancy rate of the dams has not decreased so much in the past, especially in November 2023 when we look at the dam occupancy rates of the last 10 years, and Asst. Prof. Adiller continued his remarks as follows: "When we evaluate it as of November 15, our dam occupancy rate is around 17 percent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that water scarcity is primarily driven by climate change and population growth, not just industrial water use. It emphasizes that heavy rains and long periods of drought are leading causes of water shortages, suggesting that simply halting industrial water use would not resolve the broader issue of water scarcity expected in the coming years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: and lie downeTo his Household godsTo the Nightingale, and Robin-Red-brestTo the Yew and Cypress to grace his FunerallI call and I callOn a perfum'd LadyA Nuptiall Song, or Epithalamie, on Crew and his LadyThe silken SnakeUpon himselfeUpon LoveReverence to RichesDevotion makes the DeityTo all young men that loveThe EyesNo fault in womenUpon Shark. EpigOberons FeastEvent of things not in our powerUpon her blushMerits make the manTo VirginsVertueThe Bell-manBashfulnesseTo the most accomplisht Gentleman, Norgate, Clark of the Signet to His Majesty. EpigBaldwin her sicknesseTo Apollo. A short HymneA Hymne to BacchusUpon BungieOn himselfeCasualtiesBribes and Gifts get allThe endUpon a child that dyedUpon Sneape. EpigContent, not catesThe Entertainment: or, Porch-verse, at the Marriage of Mr. Hen. Northly, and the most witty Mrs. Lettice YardThe good-night or a MaidUpon a Lady that dyed in child-bed, and left a daughter behind herA New-yeares gift sent to StewardMattens, or morning PrayerEvensongto JuliaMilitantA short Hymne to LarrAnother to NeptuneUpon Greedy. EpigHis embalming to JuliaGold, before GoodnesseThe Kisse. A DialogueThe admonitionTo his honoured kinsman Soame. EpigOn himselfeTo LarrThe departure of the good DæmonClemencyHis age, dedicated to his peculiar friend, M. John Wickes, under the name of PosthumusA short hymne to VenusTo a Gentlewoman on just dealingThe hand and tongueUpon a delaying LadyTo the Villars, Governesse to the Princesse HenrettaUpon his JuliaTo FlowersTo my ill ReaderThe power in the peopleA Hymne to Venus, and CupidOn Julia's her AlmesRewardsNothing newThe RainbowThe meddow verse or Aniversary to LowmanThe parting verse, the feast there endedUpon Judith. EpigLong and lazieUpon Ralph. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a poem and does not address the claim about reinforcement learning algorithms or how humans learn through rewards and punishments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: 1) total target enrichment under the experimental conditions that we have tested, the dCas9 in general seems to have a higher affinity for the plasmid and rDNA sites in the absence of the intended target site (−Target) (6 of 9 sites), whereas this is only the case for one of the nine sites in the edCas9 (1. 1) samples. This result may be due to a combination of a shift in binding stoichiometry caused by the lack of a high-affinity site for the dCas9/gRNA complex to occupy and higher selectivity conferred by the edCas9 (1. 1) mutations relative to the dCas9. This sequencing data has also highlighted a key consideration when using a catalytically inactive version of the Cas9 protein for experiments such as chromatin affinity purifications. The introduction of exogenous DNA such as plasmids should be limited to single copies if possible to decrease the chance of enrichment of non-target sequences that may complicate data analysis. goal of this study was to better understand the global specificity of dCas9 in the context of chromatin binding in S. cerevisiae. Overall, we find binding of both versions of dCas9 in yeast to be highly specific, with virtually no consistent binding of any non-repetitive off-target sites within the genome. technology has come a long way in just a few years. Because of the many technical advances to both the Cas9 enzyme and gRNA, the many methodologies surrounding this technology have been refined and are becoming more effective with less off-target interference. These refinements can have varying impacts depending on the application, which is why it is necessary to evaluate them in each setting to fully understand their implications. ARS305 locus with annotations DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9442/supp-1 raw data used for Fig. 2 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9442/supp-2 map of pPrA-dCas9 + gRNA-ARS305 ADH1 promoter plasmid The annotated plasmid sequence of the expression plasmid used in this study which includes the ADH1 promoter driven dCas9 gene. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the specificity of the dCas9 protein in binding to target DNA sequences, indicating that this technology has evolved to allow for more efficient targeting with reduced off-target effects. It mentions that both versions of dCas9 show high specificity to intended targets while avoiding non-target sequences, supporting the idea that CRISPR allows for precise changes to DNA.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity will no longer be a concern if we stop industrial water use. [SEP] Text: When we look at the previous years, we see that it was around 28 percent on the same dates of 2020. This gives us an idea that although the drought we experienced this year may seem extraordinary, it may be repeated in the coming years. " Studies should be carried out on water reuse Stating that the daily amount of water consumed per capita in Ankara, which has a high population density, is 246 liters, and 221 liters in İzmir, Asst. Prof. said that "From this point of view, it would not be correct to say that our citizens in İstanbul use a very high level of water. However, it is still important in many ways that we save water and reduce water use to lower levels. In order to solve this situation radically, especially considering that the population continues to increase, it will not be enough to save water alone. In addition to water saving, studies should be carried out on the efficient use of water potential, reuse of water, and effective population policies should be worked on for İstanbul. " Why do the water levels of some dams drop from time to time, even though it is raining? Stating that not all precipitation directly fills the dams, Adiller said that "Dams only receive the rainfall directly on their surfaces. Some of the precipitation that falls on the land also feeds the dams with a delay for a certain period of time. The amount of water that feeds the dams also varies depending on how rainfall falls. In order for the dams to be highly fed by rainwater, the precipitation must either fall in the form of snow or fall in the form of low-intensity rains at frequent intervals. ” There is no serious decrease in rainfall from past to present Stating that sudden and heavy rains make a low contribution to both dams and groundwater nutrition, said that "Unfortunately, this is the main reason why we are experiencing water shortages in many regions today. When we examine the amount of precipitation from past to present, we see that there is no serious decrease. There are even places where it increases regionally. However, at this point, serious changes are observed in the way precipitation falls. There is a temperature increase of 1. 2°C On average in Türkiye Unfortunately, the geography of our country is very affected by climate change. Studies show that there is an average temperature increase of 0. 72°C for the period 1951-2012 worldwide while an average temperature increase of 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that merely saving water will not be sufficient to address water scarcity issues. It highlights the need for efficient water usage, water reuse, and robust population policies as part of a comprehensive strategy to manage water resources due to ongoing population growth and climate change impacts. The text also points out that despite no serious decrease in rainfall over time, changes in the way precipitation falls and temperature increases complicate the water scarcity situation, indicating that simply halting industrial water use may not resolve the underlying problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: EpigTo the right honourable, Philip, Earle of Pembroke, and MontgomerieAn hymne to JunoUpon Mease. EpigUpon Sapho, sweetly playing, and sweetly singinga DraperChop-CherryTo the most learned, wise, and Arch-Antiquary, M. John SeldenUpon himselfUpon wrinklesUpon PriggUpon MoonPray and prosperHis Lachrimæ or Mirth, turn'd to mourningUpon ShiftUpon CutsGain and GettingsTo the most fair and lovely Mistris, Anne Soame, now Lady AbdieUpon his kinswoman HerrickA Panegerick to PembertonTo his Valentine, on S. Valentines dayUpon Doll. EpigUpon Skrew. EpigUpon Linnit. EpigUpon M. Ben Johnson. EpigAnotherTo his Nephew, to be prosperous in his art of PaintingUpon Glasse. EpigA Vow to MarsTo his maid PrewA Canticle to ApolloA just manUpon a hoarse singeror Hearts-ease came firstTo his peculiar friend 's portion, and the Poets partUpon ManLibertyLots to be likedGriefesUpon Eeles. a Spectacle-maker with a flat noseClothes do but cheat and cousen usTo DianemeUpon ElectraTo his BookeOf LoveUpon himselfAnotherUpon Skinns. EpigUpon Pievish. Epigand Jilly, EpigThe mad Maids songand FountainsUpon Julia's unlacing her selfTo Bacchus, a a footman, EpigUpon Bridget. EpigTo SycamoresA Pastorall sung to the King; Montano, Silvio, and Mirtillo, Shepheardsloves a Mistresse, but not to marryUpon Flimsey. EpigUpon Shewbread. to CrewUpon Roots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not contain any information related to reinforcement learning or the concept of learning via rewards and punishments. Instead, it appears to be a collection of poetic references and does not address the topic of human learning or reinforcement learning algorithms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: A programmable dual-RNA–guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science 337(6096):816-821 -S. 2015. Measuring and reducing off-target activities of programmable nucleases including -Cas9. Molecules and Cells 38(6):475-481. 2014. Genome-wide analysis reveals characteristics of off-target sites bound by the Cas9 endonuclease. 32(7):677-683 Li H, Durbin R. 2010. Fast and accurate long-read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 26(5):589-595 1000 Subgroup. 2009. The sequence alignment/map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 25(16):2078-2079. 2001. Nucleosomes positioned by ORC facilitate the initiation of DNA replication. 7(1):21-30 Lunter G, Goodson M. 2011. Stampy: a statistical algorithm for sensitive and fast mapping of Illumina sequence reads. 21(6):936-939. 2013. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science 339(6121):823-826 O’. 2015. A genome-wide analysis of Cas9 binding specificity using ChIP-seq and targeted sequence capture. Research 43(6):3389-3404. 2013. High-throughput profiling of off-target DNA cleavage reveals RNA-programmed Cas9 nuclease specificity. 31(9):839-843. 2013. as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression. Cell 152(5):1173-1183. 2016. ChiLin: a comprehensive ChIP-seq and DNase-seq quality control and analysis pipeline. BMC Bioinformatics 17(1):404 Ross--. 2012. Differential oestrogen receptor binding is associated with clinical outcome in breast cancer. Nature 481(7381):389-393. 2016. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science 351(6268):84-88 Tsai H-. 2014. Origin replication complex binding, nucleosome depletion patterns, and a primary sequence motif can predict origins of replication in a genome with epigenetic centromeres. MBio 5(5):e01703–e1714. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies and advancements within CRISPR technology, particularly mentioning the application of Cas9 as a programmable RNA-guided platform for 'sequence-specific control of gene expression.' This supports the assertion that CRISPR allows for precise modifications to DNA sequences, as is evidenced by the scientific literature listed.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity will no longer be a concern if we stop industrial water use. [SEP] Text: 2°C in Türkiye is determined in the 32 years between 1979-2010. In the last 20 years, we have seen the effects of this with long periods of drought and heavy rains. This situation causes us to suffer material and moral damage in different ways. The main reason why we are experiencing water shortages today is that we feel the effects of climate change deeply. " What are the effects of decreasing water levels on agriculture, energy production and water supply? Stating that water is needed in all human activities, Adiller said that "We use water directly in some of these activities. Although we do not use some of it directly, water is used in many different areas, from the nutrients we need to clothes, and from goods to energy production. That's why water is a must. " Reminding that surface water resources such as dams, ponds and groundwater are the direct raw materials of many sectors, Adiller continued his remarks as follows: "According to the data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in 2022, 44 billion cubic meters (77 percent) of our country's 57 billion cubic meters of water use is used for irrigation. This amount of water used for irrigation was 40 billion cubic meters 5 years ago and 32 billion cubic meters 10 years ago. This increase over the years is not limited to the use of water for agricultural purposes. In the last 10 years, both the need for potable water and water use in industry have increased, and estimates reveal that it will continue to increase in the coming years. The effects of climate change are also expected to increase in the coming years, when the need for irrigation is projected to increase. " About 20 percent of energy production comes from hydropower Stating that according to the 2022 data by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, approximately 20 percent of our country's energy production comes from hydroelectric power generation, Adiller concluded his words as follows: "This situation reveals that the damages that may occur in water resources can also affect energy production. However, the fact that our country's hydroelectric energy potential is quite high shows that this situation can be prevented with the investments to be made. We are a country experiencing 'water stress' However, our country is a country experiencing 'water stress' when the amount of water per capita is evaluated and we make a general evaluation. According to the studies, we are expected to be a country experiencing 'water scarcity' in the next 20-30 years, considering the population growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that water scarcity is primarily caused by climate change and increasing demand across various sectors. It states, 'The main reason why we are experiencing water shortages today is that we feel the effects of climate change deeply.' Additionally, it highlights that the use of water for irrigation has increased significantly, alongside the growing needs for potable water and industrial water, suggesting that stopping industrial water use alone will not eliminate water scarcity. The text underscores that water is essential in many human activities and that we are already experiencing 'water stress,' indicating that the issue is multifaceted and cannot simply be resolved by halting industrial water use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: quick of flightPutrefactionPassionJack and JillBeanesThe crowd and companyShort and long both likesPollicie in PrincesUpon Rook, EpigUpon the Nipples of Julia's BreastTo Daisies, not to shut so sooneTo the little SpinnersOberons PalaceTo his peculiar friend in the TempleTo OenoneHis weakness in woesFame makes us forwardTo Grovesupon a VirginTo the right gratious Prince, Lodwick, Duke of Richmond and LenoxTo JealousieTo live FreelyUpon Spunge. EpigHis AlmesUpon himselfTo enjoy the TimeUpon LoveTo the right Honourable Mildmay, Earle of WestmorlandThe PlunderLittlenesse no cause of LeannesseUpon one who said she was always youngUpon Huncks. EpigRing, or True-love-knotThe parting Verse, or charge to his supposed Wife when he travelledTo his Kinsman, Sir Tho. SoameTo BlossomsMans dying-place uncertainNothing Free-costFew fortunateTo PerennaTo the LadyesThe old Wives PrayerUpon a cheap Laundresse. EpigUpon his departure henceThe WassaileUpon a Lady faire, but fruitlessecame firstand BaiesUpon SkurffeUpon a Scarre in a Virgins FaceUpon his eye-sight failing himTo his worthy Friend, M. Tho. FalconbirgeUpon Julia's haire fill'd with DewAnother on herLosse from the leastRewards and punishmentsShame, no himselfeand CreamAn Ecologue, or Pastorall between set and sungTo a Bed of TulipsA CautionTo the Water Nymphs, drinking at the FountainTo his a Flieand Jill. he would drinke his Winecame yellowThe broken ChristallPreceptsTo the right Earle of DorsetUpon himselfHope well and Have well: or, Faire after Foule weatherUpon LoveTo his Kinswoman, Mrs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information regarding reinforcement learning algorithms or the process by which humans learn through rewards and punishments. Instead, it appears to be a collection of disjointed phrases and references with no coherent linkage to the subject of artificial intelligence or learning theories.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Other| October 12 2019Cas9-Based RGEN-ISL Allows the Simultaneous and of Proteins, DNA Repeats, and Sites of DNA 53. 53. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsCytogenetic and the spatiotemporal organization of the genome will improve our understanding of how chromatin structure and function are intertwined. Here, we describe a further development of theCas9-based RNA-guided endonuclease-in situ labeling (RGEN-ISL) method. RGEN-ISL allowed the differentiation between vertebrate-type ()n and Arabidopsis-type ()n telomere repeats. Using maize as an example, we established a combination of RGEN-ISL, immunostaining, and EdU labeling to visualize in situ specific repeats, histone marks, and DNA replication sites, respectively. The effects of the non-denaturing RGEN-ISL and standard denaturing FISH on the chromatin structure were compared using super-resolution microscopy. 3D structured illumination microscopy revealed that denaturation and acetic acid fixation impaired and flattened the chromatin. The broad range of adaptability of RGEN-ISL to different combinations of methods has the potential to advance the field of chromosome biology. Keywords:Cas9, DNA replication, -ISL, Super-resolution microscopy Since the 1990s, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been widely used for the visualization of specific DNA sequences in fixed nuclei and chromosomes. In that process, a DNA denaturation step using heat, formamide, or sodium hydroxide is necessary to allow probe hybridization. However, these treatments may affect the native structure of chromatin. Nowadays, with the improved ultrastructural investigation possibilities via super-resolution microscopy and a high interest in analyzing the real native chromatin structure, its arrangement, and modifications during the cell cycle, more sensitive techniques for chromatin labeling are required. The discovery and application of the type II clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat ()-associated caspase 9 (Cas9) system for genome editing was the starting point to employ this system also for the fluorescence detection of genomic loci in living [Chen et al. , 2013; Anton et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of the Cas9 system, which is a key component of CRISPR technology, for genome editing. It explains that this system enables the visualization and modification of specific genomic loci, thereby supporting the assertion that CRISPR technology can facilitate precise changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity will no longer be a concern if we stop industrial water use. [SEP] Text: in the in Palestine is a key issue due to its limited availability resulting from arid climate conditions as well as the Israeli control over the water resources available in the area. Since 1967, when Israel occupied the West Bank, Israel severely restricts the amount of water for the Palestinians. For example, the Palestinians have no access to the water from the River Jordan. As a consequence, there is unequal distribution of the water resources in the area between Palestinians and Israelis (50 m3/cap/year versus 300 m3/cap/year). are using more than 80% of the groundwater available in the and 60% of the water flow from River Jordan. However, the current water use in the area is unsustainable because aquifers are being overexploited while deterioration of the quality of the water resources will further reduce the available quantity of good quality water. The water sector in Palestine is facing problems of water scarcity, unequal distribution of water and inadequate use of the scarce water resources and sanitation systems, in addition to the population growth and economic development which is expected to increase the pressure on the scarce resource. Therefore, there is a need for a completely new approach towards water management in the area, whereby return flows are viewed as a resource and the focus is on the conservation-oriented approach of ‘use, treat and reuse’. After considering two initial scenarios, the “do-nothing” and the “water stress”, this study develops a strategy for sustainable management of water in the that can be used to guide the development of the Palestinian water sector. Analyses of the existing situation of the water sector as well as the expected availability and demand projections for the year 2025 were conducted. It was concluded that striving for equitable water rights to the existing water resources in the area is essential to satisfy the basic water needs for all Palestinians. However, until then sustainability can gradually be achieved by the staged introduction of a combination of water management alternatives in the domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors. Key words: Palestine, strategy, sustainability, water management, West Bank. 6. 1 demand for high quality water is increasing all over the world because of growing populations and increasing demands from the industrial and agricultural sector. With finite resources, countries are, therefore, increasingly forced to device plans for the efficient utilization of the available water. Bank in Palestine is, in that sense, no exception. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of water scarcity in Palestine, highlighting factors such as arid climate conditions, Israeli control over water resources, and unequal distribution. The text suggests that merely stopping industrial water use will not resolve the issues of water scarcity, as it emphasizes the need for a comprehensive and sustainable water management strategy that addresses multiple sectors, including domestic and agricultural use, in order to satisfy basic water needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Penelope WheelerAnother upon herKissing and BussingCrosse and PileTo the Lady Crew, upon the death of her ChildHis Winding-sheetMary WillandChange gives contenta frequenter of OrdinariesOn himselfeFortune favoursto love, and live with himTo his her cheeksUpon her EyesUpon her feetTo his honoured friend, MyntsUpon his gray hairesAccusationPride allowable in PoetsA Vow to MinervaOn JoneUpon Letcher. not disadvantageousthe Flaminica Dialis, or Queen-PriestAnacreontikeMeat without mirthdoe but bury usUpon Ursleyto CrewTo his worthy Kinsman, Mr. Stephen SoameTo his Tomb-makersuperviveNone free from faultUpon himselfe being buriedPitie to the prostrateWay in a crowdHis content in the CountryThe credit of the ConquerorOn himselfeUpon one-ey'd Broomsted. EpigThe FairiesTo his honoured friend, M. have their Linings, and Bookes their BuckramArt above Nature, to JuliaUpon SibillaUpon his kinswoman a comely, and curious MaideUpon the losse of his FingerUpon IreneUpon Electra's TearesUpon ToolyA Hymne to the GracesTo SilviaUpon Blanch. EpigUpon Umber. Epighath lost his pipeTrue Friendshipof his Mistresse calling him to EliziumLife is the Bodies LightUpon Urles. EpigUpon FranckLove lightly pleasedThe PrimroseThe Tythe. To the BrideA FrolickChange common to allTo JuliaNo luck in LoveIn the darke none daintyA charme, or an allay for LoveUpon a free Maid, with a foule breathUpon Coone. EpigTo his Brother in -akeOn himselfeUpon a MaideUpon Spalta Comb-makerUpon the troublesome timesCruelty base in CommandersUpon a sowre-breath Lady. EpigUpon LuciaLittle and loudShip-wrackPaines without profitTo his Booketo Ben. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim about reinforcement learning algorithms and their similarities to human learning methods involving rewards and punishments. The content appears to consist of unrelated poetic phrases and historical references, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: , 2014; Dreissig et al. , 2017] and fixed non-denatured animal and plant cells [Deng et al. , 2015; Ishii et al. , 2019]. The principle of fluorescence labeling using theCas9 system is based on the property of designed (crRNA), which contains a spacer complementary to a DNA sequence and provides the target specificity of the Cas9 system (Fig. 1). To find the target DNA, the Cas9 nuclease requires a guide RNA (gRNA) which is composed of crRNA, fluorescently labeled trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA), and a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). This specific complex is formed by hybridization of the designed crRNA in combination with the fluorescently labeled tracrRNA [Ishii et al. , 2019]. The crRNA contains a 20-nucleotide guide sequence called spacer and the PAM, a short G-rich motif which is positioned next to the gRNA-specific part of the target sequence. Fig. 1View largeDownload slideThe principle of fluorescence labeling of genomic DNA using the -Cas9-based RGEN-ISL method. The crRNA: tracrRNA complex uses optimized Alt-R crRNA and ATTO 550-labeled tracrRNA sequences that hybridize and then form a complex with Cas9 endonuclease to guide targeted binding to genomic DNA. The binding site is specified by the protospacer element of the crRNA (green bar). This element recognizes 19 or 20 nt on the opposite strand of the site. The PAM site must be present immediately downstream of the protospacer element that binding can occur. Fig. 1View largeDownload slideThe principle of fluorescence labeling of genomic DNA using the -Cas9-based RGEN-ISL method. The crRNA: tracrRNA complex uses optimized Alt-R crRNA and ATTO 550-labeled tracrRNA sequences that hybridize and then form a complex with Cas9 endonuclease to guide targeted binding to genomic DNA. The binding site is specified by the protospacer element of the crRNA (green bar). This element recognizes 19 or 20 nt on the opposite strand of the site. The PAM site must be present immediately downstream of the protospacer element that binding can occur. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the role of the Cas9 system and the guide RNA (gRNA) in targeting specific DNA sequences. It describes how the crRNA and tracrRNA complex guides the Cas9 endonuclease to bind to genomic DNA at specific locations, allowing for precise changes to DNA sequences as indicated by phrases like 'target specificity of the Cas9 system' and 'the binding site is specified by the protospacer element of the crRNA.' This confirms the effectiveness of CRISPR technology in making precise genetic modifications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity will no longer be a concern if we stop industrial water use. [SEP] Text: However, the arid climate of the region as well as the Israeli control over the water available for Palestinians living in the emphasize even more the need to be careful with available water. On the basis of 1988-2003 numbers, the total average water use in the is 123 million m3/year. With a population 2. 5 million in 2005, this amounted to 50 m3/cap. year. Since 2004, the water availability has remained constant while the population has increased. II Agreement of 1995, the result of extensivenegotiations between Palestine and Israel focusing on developing a state of peaceful coexistence, include a paragraph stating that the will be provided with an additional 75 million m3/year of groundwater, to be provided from “new resources” (Oslo II Agreement, 1995). Knowing the fact that there are negotiations going on between Israelis and Palestinians regarding the implementation of Oslo II promise, although very slow, we can assume that the theoretical water availability for Palestinians in the is 198 million m3/year equal to 80 m3/cap/year. The latter is expected to drop to 45 m3/cap/year by the year 2025 because of population growth and industrial development (Nazer et al. , 2008). These are still very low figures by any standards, including the definition of water scarcity of less than 1,000 m3/cap/year proposed by Falkenmark (1986). It can, therefore, be stated that the is in a situation of extreme water scarcity. The scarce water resources are facing threats of water pollution due to the disposal of untreated wastewater. This pollutes water resources and further decreases water quality and, therefore, availability (Nazer et al. , 2008). In most cases wastewater is discharged directly into wadis without any type of treatment increasing the environmental problems (MOPIC, 1998 b; ADA and ADC, 2007). Depletion of water resources and deterioration of water quality are key environmental challenges that require urgent action. Although the water resources are shared between Israel and Palestine, there is unequal allocation of the water. The per capita water use, for all purposes (domestic, industrial and agricultural), of the Israelis in 2000 is 324 m3/cap/year (adapted from Adin et al. , 2004) while the Palestinians water use is 50 m3/cap/year (PWA, 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that water scarcity in the region is driven not only by industrial usage but also by factors such as an arid climate, unequal water allocation between Israelis and Palestinians, population growth, and water pollution. The statistics indicate that even with potential increases in water allocation, the per capita water availability is still extremely low, suggesting that simply stopping industrial water use would not adequately address the broader issue of water scarcity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: JohnsonPoverty and RichesAgainstill his MuseThe bad season makes the Poet sadTo VulcanLike Pattern, like PeoplePurposesTo the Maids to walke abroadHis own EpitaphA to Lee, now Lady TracieThe Night-piece, to not lastingA KisseGloriePoetsNo despight to the deadTo his VersesHis charge to Julia at his death. EpigUpon Snare, an UsurerUpon GrudgingsConnubii Flores, or the well-wishes at WeddingsTo his lovely MistressesUpon LoveUpon Gander. EpigUpon Lungs. Epigto Mab, the Fairie QueenAn end decreedUpon a childPainting sometimes permittedFarewell Frost, or welcome the SpringThe HagUpon an old man a æ to ParentsUpon Cob. EpigUpon Lucie. EpigUpon Skoles. EpigTo SilviaTo his Closet-GodsA Bacchanalian VerseLong lookt for comes at lastTo YouthNever too late to dyeA Hymne to the MusesOn himselfeand life, to the honoured M. End. Porter, Groome of the Bed-Chamber to His Maj. To ElectraTo his worthy friend, M. Arthur BartlyWhat kind of Mistresse he would haveUpon Zelotbranchæticall, or Advisive Verse, to his friend, M. John WicksOnce seen, and no moreLoveTo M. Denham, on his Prospective PoemA Hymne, to the LaresDeniall in women no disheartning to menhis VersesDistance betters DignitiesHealthTo Dianeme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about reinforcement learning algorithms and their mimicking of human learning through rewards and punishments. Instead, it contains various poetic themes and reflections that bear no relevance to the concepts of reinforcement learning or its comparison to human learning processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: The authors have discussed frequently with each other what part of the should be labeled the easier part and which the harder part. Regardless of the labels we choose, however, this paper focuses on our suggested solution to the combination problem. Various solutions to the combination problem have been proposed but none have gained widespread acceptance. This paper further elaborates a proposed solution to the combination problem that we first described in Hunt 2011 and Schooler, Hunt, and Schooler 2011. The proposed solution rests on the idea of resonance, a shared vibratory frequency, which can also be called synchrony or field coherence. We will generally use resonance and “sync,” short for synchrony, interchangeably in this paper. We describe the approach as a general resonance theory of consciousness or just “general resonance theory” (GRT). GRT is a field theory of consciousness wherein the various specific fields associated with matter and energy are the seat of conscious awareness. A summary of our approach appears in 1. All things in our universe are constantly in motion, in process. Even objects that appear to be stationary are in fact vibrating, oscillating, resonating, at specific frequencies. So all things are actually processes. Resonance is a specific type of motion, characterized by synchronized oscillation between two states. An interesting phenomenon occurs when different vibrating processes come into proximity: they will often start vibrating together at the same frequency. They “sync up,” sometimes in ways that can seem mysterious, and allow for richer and faster information and energy flows (Figure 1 offers a schematic). Examining this phenomenon leads to potentially deep insights about the nature of consciousness in both the human/mammalian context but also at a deeper ontological level. of the Crop: Biology, Breeding and Applications of Cannabis sativa Susanne Schilling*^ and 9 more October 01, 2020 Cannabis sativa is an extraordinarily versatile species. Hemp and its cousin marijuana, both C. sativa, have been used for millennia as a source of fibre, oil and for medicinal, spiritual and recreational purposes. Because the consumption of Cannabis can have psychoactive effects, the plant has been widely banned throughout the last century. In the past decade, evidence of its medicinal properties did lead to the relaxation of legislation in many countries around the world. Consequently, the genetics and development of Cannabis as well as Cannabis-derived products are the subject of renewed attention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a proposed solution to the combination problem in consciousness theory, resonance, and the applications of Cannabis sativa. It does not mention CRISPR technology or its ability to modify DNA sequences, thus failing to corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity will no longer be a concern if we stop industrial water use. [SEP] Text: A shift in thinking is needed, in terms of both water and sanitation systems, to solve the problem of water scarcity and the problem of environmental deterioration. For water systems, the attitude of dealing with water as a resource with no value needs to change. Water is to be looked at as a scarce and valuable good for which there often is no substitute. Water should be conserved whenever possible and water conservation methods must be introduced at the domestic, industrial and agricultural levels. Also a new sanitation approach is needed, one focusing on the use of the least amount of water while ensuring the improvement of public and environmental health. This is possible through a sanitation system that treats the waste on site or even derives benefits from what is considered waste by reusing it or recovering some of its components. In order to improve the water situation in the West Bank, new ways should be travelled which change the current trend of once-through water use and identify the path towards water sustainability in the in Palestine. In 2000 the Authority (PWA) formulated its Plan that outlines the direction in which the Palestinian water sector is proposed to develop until the year 2020. The main goal of the Plan is to achieve the equitable and sustainable management of water resources in Palestine where everyone has access to 150 liters of water/day to satisfy his/her domestic needs and where enough water isavailable for the development in agriculture and industry. However, the Plan relies on achieving the Palestinians' water rights, through negotiations with Israel, from the existing groundwater aquifers and surface water from the River Jordan. As the political situation is complicated and the permanent status negotiations have not been accomplished and it may take ages to achieve the water rights through negotiations, the promise of the Plan is unrealistic. The objective of this paper is to develop a strategy that allows the Palestinians living in the to access an adequate volume of water per day of sufficient quality for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes and that leads, after a transition period, to a situation of water sustainability by 2025. This paper consists of four sections. The first provides a general description of the situation as well as the objectives of the study. Section 2 presents a background that describes the study area, the water sector in the in terms of available resources, water use, Palestinian water rights, an analysis of the Plan, a prognosis of the future development of the water sector, the existing institutional and organizational structure of the water sector and a SWOT analysis of the water sector in the West Bank. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that addressing water scarcity requires a shift in the overall approach towards water management and not merely stopping industrial water use. It suggests that water should be viewed as a scarce and valuable resource and calls for conservation strategies across all sectors, indicating that industrial water use is just one part of a larger issue that includes domestic and agricultural needs. The text also highlights the complexities involved in achieving equitable water management, underscoring that sustainable solutions depend on broader strategies, including negotiations for water rights, rather than just halting industrial use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: A Ceremonie in GlocesterTo the KingRites of the RoseThe Rainbow: or curious CovenantThe last stroke strike sureFortuneStool-ballof BeggarsThe May-poleMen mind no state in sicknesseAdversityWantGriefeLove palpableNo action hard to affectionMeane things overcome mightyof Pearle: to Silviacame redKingsFirst work, and then wagesTeares, and LaughterGloryPossessionsLaxare fibulamHis returne to LondonNot every day fit for VersePoverty the greatest packA Beucolick, or discourse of NeatherdsTrue safetyA PrognostickUpon Julia's sweatProof to no purposeFameBy use comes easinesseTo the Genius of his houseHis Grange, or private wealthGood precepts, or counsellMoney makes the mirthUp tailes allUpon Franckdabbled in the deawCharon and Phylomel, a Dialogue sungUpon Paul. EpigrUpon Sibb. EpigrA Ternarie of littles, upon a pipkin of Jellie sent to a LadyUpon the Roses in Julias bosomeMaids nay's are nothingThe smell of the SacrificeLovers how they come and partTo women, to hide their teeth, if they be rotten or rustyIn praise of womenof Flowersof Julias teethUpon her weepingAnother upon her weepingof ExeterTo Electra. Love looks for LoveRegression spoiles ResolutionContentionConsultationLove dislikes nothingOur own sinnes unseenNo Paines, no GainesUpon SlouchVertue best unitedThe eyeCharles upon his coming to ExeterA SongPrinces and FavouritesExamples, or like Prince, like -pennyAlablasterUpon his Kinswoman Mrs. M. S. Felicitie knowes no FenceDeath ends all woeA Conjuration, to ElectraCourage cool'dThe SpellHis wish to privacieA good HusbandA Hymne to Bacchusand her Prentice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various topics such as love, poverty, and the nature of poetry instead of addressing reinforcement learning or its connection to human learning through rewards and punishments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks remain one of the most common cyber threats globally. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 96134 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechThreats with Edited by From the with Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionIt is one of the methods used by the phisher to steal user’s most secret information in a fraudulent manner. It is a very serious security problem that the modern world is facing today in cyber space which leads to financial losses for individuals and the society at large. It is an unlawful act, the fraudsters use it to retrieve user’s personal and secrete information by betraying them using various social engineering methods. It is becoming one of the major types of frauds where the phisher used to trick the user to reveal their own private information such as user id, password, pin and visa card details. Mostly phishing attack is done by E-mails. Very often a phishing messages may contain a uniform resource locator (URL) that redirect the user to visit an alternate web site. The redirected site is an extremely modified site and when the user clicks on that site, they are directed to enter their personal information which normally transferred to the phishing assailant [1, 2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how phishing is a serious security problem that is prevalent in cyberspace today. It explains that phishing is a significant type of fraud where fraudsters trick users into revealing private information, and highlights the various methods used, such as emails and redirection to fraudulent sites. This aligns with the assertion that phishing attacks are common cyber threats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries can afford and implement desalination technology. [SEP] Text: On the contrary, we found a strong negative correlation between GDP and wolf density, a moderate negative correlation between GDP and bear density, and no correlation between GDP and lynx density. If the recent expansion and increase of wolf populations in continues [12] or the rank between national economies changes, this pattern may also change in the coming decades. Brown bear and lynx densities will change more slowly, especially bear densities, owing to the species’ low rates of reproduction and dispersal [19]. Wolves cause the highest per capita losses among carnivores to the sheep and domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) industries on the European scale [13,20]. Bears and wolves may attack humans too, but attacks are exceptionally rare [21–24]. The fear of wolves is common due both to real and perceived threats [22,23]. In Europe, wolf population numbers are generally largest in the eastern parts of the continent [12,25]. One potential reason for this is associated with political history. Motivational aspects of wildlife management might be linked to property rights and landownership [26]. For example, the rights to hunt ungulates, the primary prey of wolves, are bound to landownership in Scandinavia, Finland, and Germany [27–30] but not in many former socialist countries, such as the Baltic countries and Poland [31,32]. Mean wolf densities in the Baltics and Poland are considerably higher than in Scandinavia, Finland, and Germany, where ungulate hunters may potentially be motivated to control the wolves as competitors for ungulates. This might be especially true for Scandinavia and Finland, where mean ungulate biomass is low and where producing food is still a major focus of ungulate management [33]. In Scandinavia, acceptance of the illegal hunting of large carnivores is high in areas with strong hunting traditions [34]. Furthermore, citizens of some former socialist countries might have had fewer means to control large carnivore populations than in western democracies, due to limited access to effective firearms. Another potential reason for the present distribution pattern of large carnivores regards the geography or source populations, especially those within the former Soviet Union, which provided continuous dispersal to other countries. Political changes in former socialist countries may also have affected large carnivore populations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim indirectly by discussing various factors affecting wildlife management and large carnivore populations in different countries, focusing on the differences in resources, political history, and landownership. It implies that not all countries have equal capabilities or access to management tools, which can suggest that affordability and implementation of technologies like desalination may similarly vary by country.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: EpigBlame the reward of PrincesClemency in KingsAngerA Psalme or Hymne to the Gracesto the MusesUpon Julia's his MaidThe InvitationCeremonies for ChristmasseChristmass-Eve, another CeremonieAnother to the MaidsAnotherPower and PeaceTo his deare of choice, long a comingPoetry perpetuates the a good speaker but an ill singer, EpigAny way for wealthUpon an old WomanUpon Pearch. EpigTo SaphoTo his faithfull friend, Crofts, Cup-bearer to the KingThe Bride-CakeTo be merry-blushThe MeaneHaste hurtfullmy dearest Sister M. Mercie HerrickThe TransfigurationSuffer that thou canst not shiftTo the PassengerUpon NodesTo the his taking of LeicesterTo Julia, in her Dawn, or Day-breakeCounsellpill their PeopleMost Words, less and DrinkeUpon Puchin. EpigTo OenoneUpon Blinks. EpigPeapes. a a Schoolmaster. EpigUpon Peason. EpigTo his BookeReadinesseWritingSocietyUpon a MaidSatisfaction for sufferingsThe delaying BrideTo M. Henry Lawes, the excellent Composer of his LyricksAge unfit for LoveThe Bed-man, or Grave-makerlipsTwilightTo his Friend, Master J. JincksOn himselfeKings and TyrantsCrossesUpon LoveNo difference i' th' darkThe BodyTo SaphoOut of Time, out of TuneTo his BookeTo his Honour'd friend, HealeThe Sacrifice, by way of Discourse betwixt himselfe and to CupidTo ElectraHow his soule came ensnared's haire, bundled up in a golden netUpon TrugginThe showre of BlossomesUpon SpenkeA defence for to bring in the Witchfor StablesCeremonies for Candlemasse Evefor Candlesmasse daydaySurfeitsUpon NisTo Biancha, to bless himJulia's Churching, or PurificationTo his BookTearesTo his friend to avoid contention of wordsTruthUpon Prickles. Epigbefore the EaresWantTo a FriendUpon M. William Lawes, the rare MusitianA song upon SilviaThe Hony-combeUpon Ben. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim in any relevant manner. It consists of poetry and phrases that focus on various subjects such as princes, muses, and love, without any mention or discussion of reinforcement learning algorithms or the concepts of rewards and punishments related to learning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks remain one of the most common cyber threats globally. [SEP] Text: It is an offense in which a phisher sends the fake E-mails, that appears to be genuine and come from a trustworthy organization, instruct to enter their personal information such as online banking username, password, mobile number, residential address, details of the credit card and so forth [3, 4, 5]. There are many methodologies used by the phisher to trick the user to deceive them and to steal their personal credentials. Very often phisher used spoofed E-mails and forged websites to deceive the users. Web spoofing is one type of attack where phisher use artificial or forged sites to cheat users and to steal their personal information. The phishing E-mail seems to be a real one and even the website designed for the very purpose which directed the user to enter information looks real one. Mostly fake messages spread through E-mails, short message service (SMS), instant messengers, social networking sites, Voice over (VoIP), and so forth, but E-mail is the most popular way and 65% of the phishing attack took place due to a click on the hyperlink attached to the E-mail [6]. Spear phishing is one of the methods used by the phisher to dupe organizations and individuals in Business E-mail Compromise (BEC). The very sophisticated spear phishing attacks [7, 8, 9] to target selected groups, individuals in an organization. Phishing is a type of attack that is very similar to fishing in a pond or river, but instead of trying to catch a fish, the phisher try to dupe user’s most vital information [10, 11]. A user generally follows the authentication procedure by filing login id and passwords. The password should be strong password from security point of view to protect it from the attackers. Many anti-phishing tools were developed to provide stronger security which includes using image as input in the login process and hashing of passwords [12]. The web sites are specially designed by the phisher to looks to be legitimate one for which it is becoming very difficult for the user to detect fake website through their appearance. 1. 1 Related workTan et al. [13] suggested an anti-phishing method to extract body tags and Meta from the URL. The uniform resource locator (URL) is broken down into tokens and after that the keywords are compared with yahoo search engine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing various methodologies employed by phishers such as sending fake emails that appear genuine, tricking users into revealing personal information, and detailing the prevalence of phishing attacks through email, which accounts for 65% of such incidents. This highlights the commonality of phishing as a cyber threat globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractSafely managed drinking water services (SMDWS) is the service ladder used for the Goal (SDG) monitoring of drinking water and expands on the Goal metric (“improved water source”) with three additional criteria, namely: availability when needed, accessibility on premises, and safety (free from faecal and priority chemical contamination). (MICS) have been used for progress monitoring accounting for a significant fraction of the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) indicator data. In its most recent iteration MICS now includes additional SMDWS indicators. The objective of this study was to report on recent SDG target 6. 1 baseline data on SMDWS from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea gathered from a MICS conducted in 2017. Survey results indicated that 93. 7% of the population used an improved drinking water source, but when this was combined with the SDG criteria of water availability, accessibility, and safety, coverage was reduced to 92. 3, 78. 2, and 74. 4%, respectively. This resulted in estimates that 60. 9% of the population used a SMDWS. The survey results illustrate how the improved SDG indicators can highlight the required gaps to be overcome with regard to universal and equitable access to SMDWS. Further analysis and discussion regarding water quality deterioration between source and household as well as population residence, wealth group index, geographical distribution, and other characteristics relative to SMDWS indicators are also further analysed and discussed. Similar content being viewed by others Integrating water-quality analysis in national household surveys: water and sanitation sector learnings of Ecuador 1. According to the WHO/(JMP), an improved drinking water source is considered to be one that could adequately protect the source from outside (faecal) contamination by nature of its construction2. These indicators were used despite the recognition that an improved source can describe a level of sanitary protection, but it does not ensure water is “safe” (i. e. , free of faecal contamination)3. For the Goals (SDGs), the JMP has developed a new service ladder4 building on MDG source typology with additional criteria for safely managed drinking water services (SMDWS) for monitoring of the SDG aspirational global target 6. 1, which aims to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data that indicates significant disparities in access to safely managed drinking water services (SMDWS). It states that while 93.7% of the population used an improved drinking water source, actual coverage based on SDG criteria (availability, accessibility, and safety) was much lower, with only 60.9% of the population using a SMDWS. This highlights that not everyone has equal access, as geographical distribution and other factors contribute to these gaps.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Johnsonfor himUpon a VirginBlameA request to the GracesUpon himselfeMultitudeFeareTo M. KellamHappinesse to hospitalitie, or a hearty wish to good house-keepingCunctation in CorrectiongrievousRest RefreshesRevengeThe first marrs or makesBeginning, difficultFaith four-squareThe present time best pleasethCloathes, are conspiratorsCrueltyFaire after fouleHungerBad wages for good serviceThe EndThe BondmanChoose for the bestTo SilviaFaire shewes deceiveHis wishUpon Julia's washing her self in the riverA Meane in our to LoveTo his honoured and most Ingenious friend Mr. Charles CottonWomen uselesseLove is a sirrupLevenRepletionOn HimselfeNo man without MoneyOn HimselfeTo M. his peculiar friendTo his worthy friend M. John Hall, Student of Grayes-InneTo JuliaTo the most comely and proper M. Elizabeth FinchUpon RalphTo his BookeKing, Upon his welcome to Hampton-CourtUltimus Heroum: or, To the most learned, and to the right Honourable, Henry, Marquesse of DorchesterTo his Muse, another to the sameUpon VinegerUpon MudgeTo his learned friend M. Jo. Harmar, Phisitian to the Colledge of WestminsterUpon his Spaniell TracieThe delugeUpon LupesRaggsStrength to support his Sister in Law, M. Susanna HerrickUpon the upon Candlemas EveSuspicion makes secureUpon SpokesTo his kinsman M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about reinforcement learning algorithms and their similarity to human learning through rewards and punishments. Instead, it appears to be a collection of unrelated phrases and references, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks remain one of the most common cyber threats globally. [SEP] Text: We successfully deceive 52 from the group of 120 employees in our organization representing 44% of the sample, who followed the deceiving instructions and give away their actual credentials. The very surprising fact is 8 employees of the IT department and IT auditors are victims out of the 120 representing 7% of the sample. 44 employees from other departments out of 120-targeted victims representing 37% of the sample fell into the trap and give away their information without much hesitation. 28 employees are very cautious and given wrong information representing 23% of the sample and 40 employees choose not to respond at all after receiving the E-mail representing 33% of the sample. The experimental result shows that phishing is extremely dangerous to the whole society since almost half of the employees who responded were victimized. In particularly the very well educated and technically trained people from IT department and IT auditors are also among them. So increasing the awareness of all users who are using e-banking facility regarding this risk factor is highly recommended [25]. 2. 2 Case study: phone phishing experimentA group of around 50 employees in an organization were contacted by their female colleagues to lure them into giving away their personal e-banking accounts details such as user id and passwords through friendly conversations with an aim to deceiving them. The results were very surprising as many of the employees fell for the trick. After having friendly conversations for quite for some time with them, the assigned team able to seduce them into giving away their e-banking details such as user id and passwords for false reasons. Some of these lame reasons which were used in the conversations are to check the account integrity, their privileges and accessibility and connectivity issues with the Web server for maintenance purpose. The assigned team managed to deceive 16 out of the 50 employees used for testing purpose into giving away their complete e-banking information such as user id and password, which is about 32% of the sample. Another eight employees (16% of the sample) agreed to give their user name only. The remaining 52% of the sample (26 employees) were very vigilant and decided not to reveal any information over the phone. The summary of the testing results reveals the high risk of the social engineering security factor. The results prove that there is a urgent need to increase the awareness of customers not to fall victims of this kind of threat which can have devastating results [26]. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of phishing attacks within an organization, showing that nearly half of the employees were deceived and provided their credentials. It mentions that phishing poses a significant danger to society, specifically noting that even well-educated IT professionals are among the victims. This aligns with the assertion that phishing attacks are a prevalent cyber threat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The service ladder used for the SDG monitoring of drinking water culminates in a SMDWS and expands on the previous one with three additional criteria. is accessible on premises, available when needed, and that is free from faecal and priority chemical contamination4. In addition to safely managed, other household water service classifications are basic (i. e. , improved source with collection time <30 min), limited (i. e. , improved source with collection time >30 min), unimproved (i. e. , unprotected dug well or spring as source), and no service (i. e. , direct use of surface water source). These definitions are further detailed in Table 1. can be achieved using data provided by regulatory agencies or utilities. However, when such information is not available, as in many low- and middle-income countries, progress is estimated from censuses and household surveys such as the -supported (MICS). In fact, such surveys, including USAID-supported Demographic and (DHS) and the World Bank-supported (LSMS), were the major source of data for the MDG monitoring accounting for 84% of the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) indicator data2 and will likely continue to be a major data source for the SDGs. Table 1 SDG drinking water service ladder definitions4. Full size tableMICS were established to collect representative data on the situation of women and children and now include over 200 indicators. With over 300 surveys conducted since 1995 by implementing agencies in over 100 countries, it is now in its sixth round (occurring every 3–5 years) serving to collect baseline data for monitoring of some SDGs. In addition to the type and location of drinking water sources (captured through MDG indicators) improved indicators have been tested5 and incorporated to forthcoming MICS. These include source and household testing for Escherichia coli (E. coli) as well as a set of questions on drinking water availability. Within the context of development goals, countrywide drinking water monitoring assessments in many countries such as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) have previously relied on previous MICS (i. e. , 19986, 20007, and 20098) or other household survey data. These reported close to universal access to an improved water source. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating significant disparities in access to clean drinking water, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It describes the limitations in data collection, suggesting that while there are assessments implying universal access (as reported in the DPRK), the reality is likely more complex and suggests inequality. The mention of classifications of water service levels (especially 'limited,' 'unimproved,' and 'no service') supports the idea that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Tho: Herrick, who desired to be in his BookA Bucolick betwixt Two: Lacon and a good keeperRules for our reachTo BianchaTo the handsome PotterAnacreontikeMore modest, more manlyNot to covet much where little is the chargeAnacrontick VerseUpon PenniePatience in PrincesFeare gets forceParcell-gil't PoetryUpon Love, by way of question and answerTo the Lord Hopton, on his fight in CornwallHis GrangeLeprosie in housesGood manners at meatAnthea's RetractationComforts in CrossesSeeke and findeRestLeprosie in CloathesUpon BugginsGreat Maladies, long Medicinesto a friendThe BeggerBastardsHis changeThe VisionA vow to VenusOn his BookeA sonnet of PerillaBad may be betterPosting to PrintingRapine brings RuineComfort to a youth that had lost his LoveUpon Boreman. EpigSaint Distaff's day, or the morrow after Twelth daySufferanceHis tears to ThamasisPardonsPeace not PermanentTruth and ErrourThings mortall still mutableStudies to be supportedWit punisht, prospers mostTwelfe night, or King and QueeneHis desireCaution in CouncellModerationAdvice the best actorConformity is comelyLawesThe meaneLike loves his likeHis hope or sheat-AnchorComfort in CalamityTwilightFalse MourningThe will makes the work, or consent makes the buying or sellingTo his peculiar friend M. Jo: WicksThe more mighty, the more mercifullAfter Autumne, WinterA good deathof the betwixt himselfe and Mistresse Eliza: Wheeler, under the name of AmarillisTo Juliain Julia's BosomeTo the Honoured, PorterSpeake in seasonObedienceAnother on the sameor Perl of Putney, the Mistress of all singular manners, Mistresse PortmanTo PerennaOn himselfeOn LoveAnother on himselfTo M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss reinforcement learning, algorithms, rewards, or punishments. Instead, it appears to be a collection of poetic references and topics that do not relate to the mechanisms of learning processes in humans or algorithms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks remain one of the most common cyber threats globally. [SEP] Text: 3 Case study: business email compromise (BEC)The Nigeria-based Business E-mail Compromise (BEC) attack hit over 50 countries in 2017, targeting more than 500 businesses predominantly industrial organizations. The phishing scam directed the user to download a malicious file. When theses files were downloaded, malware would gain authorized access to their business data and networks [27]. 2. 4 Case study: shipping informationThe internet security company Comodo found a new type of phishing scam specifically to target small businesses in July 2018. E-mails containing phishing spam was sent out to more than 3,000 small businesses firms, mentioning on the subject line. The E-mail was to inform about approaching delivery by Service (UPS) and the user were asked to click on the delivery tracking link to get the delivery status. When the user clicked on the delivery tracking link it contained malware, potentially releasing a virus [27]. Advertisement 3. Proposed system architectureEven though there are several methods exists today to detect phishing but still it has become a very difficult task to detect fake E-mails in the current scenario. Today there are a number of techniques exist for identification of phishing E-mails and some of them are white listing, heuristics, blacklisting and machine learning. A machine learning technique is proposed in this 1. Shows the architectural model of the proposed work. 3. 1 The architectural modelThe architectural model presented in the 3. 2 Implementation and discussion on resultsEnron data set is used to test the model being proposed by the 2. Figure 2. This shows feature selection process after data preprocessing. As stated above in Figure 3, the 3. This figure show E-mails are classified using weka tool. (+ True Negative)/(+++False Negative)=TP+TNTP+TN+FP+: How often a model predicts a positive value is correct? It is all the true positives divided by the total number of predicted positive values. (True Positive/+ False Positive)=TPTP+: It used to calculate the models ability to predict positive values. How often does the model actually predict the correct positive values? It is true positives divided by the total number of actual positive values. (True Positive/+ False Negative)=TPTP+FNF-1 SCORE: F1 measure is used when we need to take both Precision and recall. F1=2××+4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing specific cases of phishing attacks, such as the Nigeria-based Business E-mail Compromise (BEC) which affected over 50 countries and more than 500 businesses, and a new phishing scam targeting small businesses revealed in 2018. These examples illustrate the prevalence and constant evolution of phishing attacks, which supports the assertion that such attacks remain a common cyber threat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The expanded indicators used for SDG progress monitoring as measured by MICS afford the possibility of a more accurate assessment of progress towards universal and equitable access to SMDWS; particularly for countries without other nationally representative data on service levels. The overall objective of this study was to provide further analysis and discussion on the new SDG target 6. 1 indicators for SMDWS from a recent MICS conducted in the DPRK9. Here the findings from the more comprehensive MICS module, including water quality testing for faecal contamination of water, are presented alongside the availability and accessibility of drinking water services10. ResultsWater sources and locationA very high proportion of the population (93. 7%) used an improved drinking water source. The main source was piped water (58. 5%) followed by tube-well/bore-hole (15. 8%), protected well or spring (11. 3%), and water kiosks (7. 8%). Over half (55. 6%) the population used drinking water piped into dwelling, with pronounced differences between urban and rural residents (66. 4 and 38. 7%, respectively) and the 40% highest and the 20% lowest wealth index groups (WIGs) (76. 2 and 23. 6%, respectively). Three quarters (78. 2%) of the population used an improved water source located on premises, but 16. 6% used improved sources of drinking water requiring up to 30 min to collect water. Among households without drinking water on premises, women were disproportionately tasked with collecting water (65. 2%) compared to men (29. 9%), particularly in rural areas (71. 6% in comparison to 61. 2% in urban areas). Availability of drinking waterThe availability of water is almost universal, with 98. 6% of the household population reporting drinking water available in sufficient quantities. There were also no substantial differences in the availability of drinking water by residence, provinces, and WIG. Drinking water qualityOverall, 76. 5% of the population uses a drinking water source that was free from evidence of faecal contamination. Figure 1 shows the proportion of the population by thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) risk level in the source of drinking water and a glass of drinking water within the home. Such classification is based on a priori waterborne risk categories11. There were marked differences in the quality of drinking water sources (without TTC) used in urban (90. 3%) and rural (54. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that access to drinking water varies significantly based on geographic location and socio-economic status. For instance, it states that there are pronounced differences between urban (66.4%) and rural (38.7%) residents, as well as substantial disparities between wealth index groups (76.2% of the highest wealth index group compared to 23.6% of the lowest). This highlights that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water, as access is influenced by both geography and wealth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Laurence Swetnahamor Protestation to JuliaOn himselfeTo the most accomplisht Michael OulsworthTo his Girles who would have him sportfullTruth and falsehoodHis last request to JuliaOn himselfeUpon KingsTo his GirlesUpon SpurTo his Herrickand ViollWarreA King and no KingPlots not still prosperoussoul is the saltUpon Flood, or a thankfull mandanger to men desperateSauce for sorrowesmount of the MusesOn HimselfeTo his BookeThe end of his workeitOn HimselfeThe pillar of FameClose sectionNumbers: or, Pieces, Wherin (amongft other things) he fings the Birth of his Christ: and fighes for his Saviours fuffering on the CroffeHis Confessionfor AbsolutionTo finde GodisUpon GodMercy and Lovewithout AffectionGod not be comprehendedGods partAfflictionThree fatall SistersSilenceMirthLoading and unloadingGods MercyPrayers must have PoiseTo God: an Anthem, sung in the Chappell at White-Hall, before the KingUpon GodCalling, and correctingNo escaping the scourgingThe RodGod has a twofold partGod is OnePersecutions profitableto GodGods gifts not soone grantedPersecutions purifiePardonof the Birth of our SaviourLip labourThe HeartEare-ringsSin seento the Holy SpiritThanksgivingCock-crowAll things run well for the RighteousPaine ends in PleasureTo GodA Thanksgiving to God, for his HouseTo GodAnother, to GodNone truly happy hereTo his ever-loving GodAnotherTo DeathNeutrality loathsomeWelcome what comesTo his angrie GodPatience, or Comforts in CrossesEternitieTo his Saviour, a Child; a Present, by a childThe New-yeeres GiftTo GodGod, and the KingGods mirth, Mans mourningHonours are hindrancesThe Parasceve, or PreparationTo GodA will to be workingChrists partRiches and PovertySobriety in SearchAlmesTo his ConscienceTo his his sweet of Jepthahs Daughter: sung by the VirginsTo God, on his sicknesseSins loath'd, and yet lov'dand StrifeAd Ode, or Psalme, to GodGr [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information or arguments regarding reinforcement learning algorithms or the influence of rewards and punishments on learning processes. Instead, it contains a series of seemingly unrelated thoughts and phrases, which makes it irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Only large companies are at risk of cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: 2 of the Measure of the Director of the n. 101573 of 2017. 20. Agency has the task of assessing the tax risk control system inspired by criteria of transparency, reasonableness and proportionality both at the time of admission to the cooperative compliance regime and during the permanence of the company under the same scheme; an assessment can, however, end with the proposal of interventions on the tax risk control system in order to stimulate the emergence of the correct measurement of the tax bases. 21. Measure of the Director of the Revenue Agency, May 26, 2017, n. 101573. 22. of the Director of the Revenue Agency, in point 1. 1 letter (i), established that the risk map is drawn up for business processes and for each activity involved and highlights, where quantifiable, the economic value of the activities into which the process is divided, the associated tax risks, the relevance of the same for the purposes of achieving the company objectives, as well as the controls set up to protect them. 23. of the Director of the in point 1. 1 letter (j), established that by “significant tax risks”, reference is made to the tax risks linked to those cases for which the duties of cooperation and transparency set forth in art. 5 of n. 125/2015 are effective, on the basis of the common assessment of quantitative and qualitative materiality thresholds set between taxpayers and tax authorities in the initial meeting, or in a subsequent meeting. 24. See art. 6 of n. 128/2015. 25. Upon receipt of the request by the taxpayer, the Revenue Agency, within fifteen days, assesses the suitability of the application and the sufficiency of the documentation produced and responds to the request within forty-five days. Subsequently, the taxpayer must inform the Agency of the behavior actually adopted if it differs from what is represented in the opinion issued by the tax authority. 26. All those who join the scheme are included in the special list published on the Revenue Agency’s institutional website. 27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address cyberattacks or the risks faced by companies of any size. Instead, it discusses tax risk control systems and the responsibilities of the Revenue Agency, which are unrelated to cybersecurity. Therefore, the relevance is cold, and it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 8%) areas and between the 40% of the population from the highest WIG (90. 0%) and the 20% of the population from the lowest WIG (54. 8%). Among the provinces, Pyongyang (90. 9%) had the highest percent of the household population without TTC in source water compared to (63. 7%), the province with the lowest percentage. Fig. 1: Water quality risk levels. Source and household water quality risk levels. Percentages in brackets represent the proportion of the household population. Full size imagePiped water (15. 1%) and water kiosks (9. 0%) were less likely to be contaminated (TTC > 1 per 100 mL) than improved groundwater sources ranging from 33. 1% (protected spring or well) to 37. 7% (tube well/borehole). Most unimproved sources (unprotected wells and springs) were contaminated (64. 0%). There was almost no (0. 3%) reported direct use of surface water sources (not shown in Fig. 1). Water quality was found to deteriorate between the water source and the glass within the home (Fig. 1). Overall 36. 6% of the population consume drinking water in which TTC were detected. The proportion of the population exposed to high (TTC levels between 11 and 100 cfu/100 mL) or very high (TTC levels > 100 cfu/100 mL) risk drinking water increased from 15. 4 to 27. 1% between the source and the glass within the home. There was an increase in the proportion of the population in higher-risk categories for all water sources and WIGs. Safely managed drinking water servicesFigure 2 shows how the estimate for national coverage of drinking water services in DPRK changes with the shift from MDG to SDG indicators for drinking water. Most of the population (93. 7%) used an improved source of drinking water (as per the MDG metric). Since few households spend more than 30 min roundtrip to collect drinking water, 93. 2% use at least a basic drinking water service. The three SDG criteria for safely managed drinking water services reduce coverage to 92. 3% improved and available when needed, 78. 2% improved and accessible on premises, and 74. 4% improved and free from contamination. Taking these three criteria into consideration, the MICS survey estimates that 60. 9% of the population used a safely managed drinking water service. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing significant disparities in access to clean drinking water, particularly highlighting that the proportion of the population in higher-risk categories for drinking water contamination increased and varies by region. It notes that although 93.7% of the population uses an improved source of drinking water according to one metric, stricter SDG criteria reveal that only 60.9% use safely managed drinking water services, indicating unequal access based on the criteria considered.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: aces for ChildrenGod to be first serv'dfor a ChildA Christmas Caroll, sung to the King in the Presence at White-HallThe New-yeeres Gift, or Circumcisions Song, sung to the King in the Presence at White-HallAnother New-yeeres Gift, or Song for the -Song: A Caroll to the King; sung at White-HallTo GodTo his deere GodTo God, his good willOn HeavenThe Summe, and the SatisfactionGood men afflicted mostGood Christiansof the cause of wish to GodSatanHellThe wayGreat grief, great gloryHellThe Bell-manThe goodness of his Godteares: or, Dirge of DorcasTo God, in time of plunderingTo his Saviour. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss reinforcement learning, algorithms, rewards, punishments, or any aspect of human learning. It appears to be a collection of phrases and references to religious and celebratory songs without any connection to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation tillage helps reduce soil erosion and water loss. [SEP] Text: Effect of conservation tillage on soil physical properties, in-situ rainwater harvesting, and erosion control in arid and semi-arid regions Citation Salem, Haytham M. (2014). Effect of conservation tillage on soil physical properties, in-situ rainwater harvesting, and erosion control in arid and semi-arid regions. Thesis (Doctoral), E. T. S. I. Agrónomos (UPM) [antigua denominación]. Description Title: Effect of conservation tillage on soil physical properties, in-situ rainwater harvesting, and erosion control in arid and semi-arid regions Author/s: Salem, Haytham M. Contributor/s: Muñoz García, Miguel Ángel Gil Rodríguez, María Item Type: Thesis (Doctoral) Read date: 2014 Subjects: Agriculture Faculty: E. T. S. I. Agrónomos (UPM) [antigua denominación] Department: Ingeniería Rural [hasta 2014] Licenses: Recognition - No derivative works - Non commercial Full text Preview PDF - Requires a PDF viewer, such as GSview, Xpdf or (6MB) | La escasez del agua en las regiones áridas y semiáridas se debe a la escasez de precipitaciones y la distribución desigual en toda la temporada, lo que hace de la agricultura de secano una empresa precaria. Un enfoque para mejorar y estabilizar el agua disponible para la producción de cultivos en estas regiones es el uso de tecnologías de captación de agua de lluvia in situ y su conservación. La adopción de los sistemas de conservación de la humedad del suelo in situ, tales como la labranza de conservación, es una de las estrategias para mejorar la gestión de la agricultura en zonas áridas y semiáridas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of conservation tillage as a strategy for improving soil moisture management in arid and semi-arid regions. It states that the use of conservation tillage is one of the approaches to stabilize and improve the management of water resources for crop production, which directly relates to reducing soil erosion and water loss.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 2: SDG service ladder. Proportion of the population using improved, basic, and safely managed drinking water services in 2017 and SDG service ladder (proportion using surface water not shown −0. 3%). Full size imageTable 2 provides a summary of estimates for use of improved drinking water, elements of safely managed drinking water services by area, province, type of water source, and wealth. Overall, the proportion of the population with access to the different levels of services was higher in urban areas when compared to rural ones and also increased with higher levels of wealth. The three provinces with the lowest levels of access to safely managed drinking water services were Kangwon with 52. 0% (6. 4% of DPRK population), with 50. 0% (17. 1% of DPRK population), and with 48. 3% (10. 1% of DPRK population). Detected faecal contamination and lack of on-premise water accessibility were the major factors contributing to these levels of access to safely managed drinking water services. Interestingly, they represented provinces with a range of percent distribution of the household population by WIGs. had an intermediary distribution of the household population by WIGs, had a relatively higher proportion in the middle 40% and had a relatively higher proportion in the lowest 20%. South-Pyongan and were also the provinces with the highest (14. 3%) and second highest (13. 4%) percentage of children (0–59 months) with an episode of diarrhoea reported by mother (or caretaker) within 2 weeks of survey9. Pyongyang is considered to have a relatively high degree of urbanisation and had one of the highest levels (74. 7%) of access to safely managed drinking water services across all elements. It also had the lowest (6. 8%) level of children (0–59 months) with a reported episode of diarrhoea within 2 weeks of survey9. Table 2 Summary of elements of safely managed drinking water services from DPRK 2017 MICS data (Source: 2017. 1. 1–WS. 1. 8). Full size tableFor piped water, tube-well/bore-hole, and water kiosks, the major limiting factor for attaining safely managed drinking water services was the presence of TTC in water quality assessments. For protected well or spring sources, both faecal contamination and accessibility on premises were limiting factors for safely managed drinking water services coverage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that access to clean drinking water varies significantly based on geography and wealth. It states that the proportion of the population using safely managed drinking water services is higher in urban areas compared to rural ones and that wealth influences access to improved drinking water. The text specifically mentions provinces with low access levels, indicating disparities in access that directly challenge the assertion that everyone has equal access to clean drinking water.