Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 5 Climate change influences physical activity habits Climate change affects physical activity habits. Extreme cold, heat, and rain lead to less physical activity [22]. On the other hand, increasing temperature in places which are affected by cold climate may over time increase the level of physical activity. The challenges with increased physical inactivity occur in locations which already experience high temperatures [22] and which already have overwhelming problems with population health. Climate change with global warming will play a growing role on physical activity levels in the future [22, 23]. Advertisement 3. Policy strategies for promoting physical activity A policy consists of a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in situations that have been agreed to officially by a group of people, a government, or a political party. Today there exist several policies for promoting physical activity. A key factor for successful policy or a strategy document for promoting increased physical activity is cross-sectorial anchoring. Compared to earlier times in which the focus has been to generate as much knowledge as possible on the physiological health effects of being physical active, especially within the health sector, the focus now is how to implement the knowledge cross-sectional. The health sector is not the only sector responsible for physical activity. To increase the level of physical activity in the cities, there must be room for establishing green lounges and making bicycle roads and paths for the pedestrians (collaboration between the sectors transport, climate, and finance). Children should learn how to make the active choices and why we must be physically active at school from educated personnel (collaboration between the sectors health, knowledge, and education). Buildings must be adapted to the possibility of being active (collaboration between architecture and health). It should not be necessary to search for stairs and get the feeling that things are cumbersome, and the autowalks could, for example, keep as slow speed as possible which will lead more of us to walk. Every workplace that is affected by restructuring and mechanization should introduce the possibility of being physically active at work (collaboration between the sectors labor, health, and finance). A universal design for increased physical activity should be in focus in every sector. In 2004, the 57th Assembly (WHA) endorsed the Organization’s (WHO) on Diet, and Health. The strategy was developed with all concerned stakeholders in response to a request from at Assembly 2002 (Resolution WHA55. 23). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. While it mentions the importance of establishing green spaces as part of a broader policy strategy to promote physical activity, it does not explicitly connect access to these green spaces with an increase in physical activity. Instead, it discusses various influences on physical activity habits, especially in relation to climate change, making it irrelevant to the claim about the link specifically between access to green spaces and physical activity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 3 Eye-tracking data We flagged and excluded trials in which the observer's gaze at fixation could not be verified to be within 1° of visual angle or for a minimum of 1000 ms (1. 3% across all trials fixations). Fixations under 80 ms were excluded (4. 90%), as were trials in which the tracker lost eye position (1. 1%). We defined two rectangular AOIs, which correspond to the target letter strings located on the left and right sides of the screen. Eye gaze measures were recorded from target onset. 2. 2. 4 The direction of first saccade To examine initial gaze movement and confirm that the time-related words did guide attention, we examined the proportion of the first saccade in each trial (i. e. , the oculomotor response to the prime) made to the left and right side of the screen, as a function of the prime modality and word category. It is important to emphasize that participants' initial gaze movement was anchored in the center of the screen prior to target onset. Since binary data do not follow a normal distribution, we opted for a test based on the binomial distribution to model our data. We analyzed the first saccade direction in a logistic mixed-effects model to further control for the variance introduced by the word stimuli (word ID), the number of characters in the word (word length), and the participants’ individual differences (participant ID). The model predicted the probability of the direction of the first saccade (0 = saccade to the left; 1 = saccade to the right) in terms of log odds. Prime modality (visual vs. auditory) and word category (past vs. neutral vs. future) and their interaction were entered as fixed effects. Target letter location was not included as a factor in this analysis because, as hypothesized, we were interested in testing the first ocular response to the prime and attesting whether the temporal words were capable of priming attention. Intercepts for word ID, word length, and participant ID were included as random effects. Word ID and word length, as well as their intercepts, were removed from the model because their variance was 0, and hence these variables did not contribute to the model. The model (R2marginal =. 02; R2conditional =. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how eye-tracking data and the direction of participants' gaze movements are measured to examine attentional shifts. Specifically, it mentions the examination of the 'first saccade' as a response to visual primes, implying selective focus and the ability to alter cognitive processing based on attention guided by temporal words.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: In areas favourable for arable farming, the proportion of agricultural land is 25 % (Ministry of Agriculture 2010). In other parts of the country with less favourable conditions, specifically the forested districts, there is continuous abandonment of both semi-natural pasture and arable land. In these areas, the landscape is characterised by relatively small fields and grazing, interspersed with lakes and forest. In the forest districts in Götaland (Gsk) and lower parts of Norrland (Nn), the agricultural acreage has decreased by 30 % since the War and the remaining farming operations are more or less 100 % grazing and forage-based animal production (Atlas 2011) with low profitability (Agriwise 2011). Continuing farming operations in these regions are important in reaching the Objective of ‘A varied agriculture landscape’ (Objectives 2011). For this to occur, suckler cow operations are essential. From the viewpoint of the Objectives, organic farming practices have several advantages compared with conventional farming. The ban on the use of pesticides and rapidly soluble mineral fertilisers and the requirement for a larger proportion of leys in the crop rotation are some of these advantages. Farming without mineral fertilisers decreases emissions of climate gases and eutrophying effluents. Crop rotations with leys increase the biological diversity in the landscape (Nilsson 2007). These advantages have resulted in an organic grant of 1,800 SEK suckler cow−1 year−1 (including replacement heifer), according to the Programme in Sweden for 2007–2013 (of Agriculture 2011c). Cow-calf operations (both conventional and organic) deliver on these objectives and can assure long-term sustainable use of agricultural land as semi-natural pasture and arable land in forest-dominated regions are part of the ecosystem. Swedish organic cow-calf operations are held in high esteem by consumers because the criteria on animal welfare in the organic regulations are more in line with natural cattle behaviour and because suckler cows with calves graze large areas of semi-natural pasture. In 2008, Swedish consumers were willing to pay 4. 50 SEK kg−1, or 18 % above the ordinary price of prime beef, for this service (of Agriculture 2010a). In spite of this, many organically raised suckler calves are sold to conventional fattening operations without any added value for the organic status. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of organic farming in less favorable agricultural conditions, specifically in forested districts where conventional methods may be more viable. It highlights the challenges faced by organic farming, such as lower profitability in certain areas, and notes that many organic operations are sold to conventional markets without added value. This indicates that organic farming does not guarantee higher yields under all conditions, particularly in areas where conditions are not favorable for farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: The strategy is followed up with the WHO Global action plan on and Health 2018–2030: more active people for a healthier world, which was launched in 2018. The global aim is to reduce physical inactivity across the globe by 10% by 2025 and 30% by 2030, setting out a plan with four objectives and 20 recommended policy actions. UN was decided by the member countries in 2015. are a call for action by all countries – low, high, and middle-income. Actions for healthy life through physical activity are to be found in Goal 3, where the aim is to ensure healthy lives and promoting the well-being at all ages. At the national level, there is a need for a scale-up of implementations of effective policies in all countries. Implementation of national plans requires bold leadership and full engagement across sectors. The advantages with collaboration which support increased physical activity across sectors is that it generates significant returns through policies which support increased physical activity also leads to other benefits to health, local economies, community wellbeing, and environmental sustainability. For both global and national strategies, it is difficult to keep up the efforts of increasing physical activity all the time, but in the long run, this should be part of all planning. It is time consuming and resource demanding to integrate the promotion of physical activity between various sectors, and very often one area will lose in the battle with other sectors’ needs. For example, resources for in-hospital treatment or building a motor road may often be more available that for public health initiatives. Advertisement 4. Why being physically active is so important Good health and quality of life are important for the individual. The health and quality of life of the population have an impact on social development and are themselves influenced by how society changes. Good living conditions, good health, quality of life, and well-being are inter-linked. Children who are physically active have a number of health benefits during their whole life [24]. Children who are not physical active from early age will not have these benefits and it might be difficult to catch up with it later in life. With a generally decreasing level of physical activity [25], parents or other people who are in daily contact with children are responsible for stimulating to develop positive exercise habits among children. Physical activity is crucial for children to achieve normal growth and development of muscle strength and motor skills [24] and it is of great importance to the skeleton. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the link between access to green spaces and increased physical activity. Instead, it discusses broader strategies and policies aimed at increasing physical activity globally and the importance of various health objectives, but fails to connect these to green space access specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 22) showed that the first saccade in each trial did not follow an arbitrary distribution across both sides of the screen but a preferential spatial scanning. First saccades were shaped by word category, χ2 = 165. 29, df = 2, p <. 001. Taking the past-related words as the reference category, we observed a positive regression slope for future-related words, which suggests that these words are more likely to trigger saccades to the right space, β = 0. 59, SE = 0. 05, z = 11. 65, p <. 001, by a factor of 1. 8 (CI [1. 636, 1. 997]). Neutral words also produced a positive regression slope, that is, they are also more likely to induce rightward saccades than the reference category (past words) although not significantly so, β = 0. 05, SE = 0. 05, z = 1. 08, p =. 279. Further, an interaction between prime modality and word category was observed, χ2 = 16. 804, df = 2, p <. 001. We noted a significant negative regression slope for the comparison between auditory and visual primes and future- and past-related words, β = −0. 40, SE = 0. 10, z = −3. 98, p <. 001. These results indicate that visual cues are more effective than auditory cues in driving rightward saccades following future words. The detailed parameter estimates can be found in Table 1. Table 1. Fixed effects parameter estimates for the logistic mixed model predicting the proportion of the direction of the first saccade by prime modality and word category 95% exp(B) z Auditory − Visual −0. 03923 0. 962 0. 887 1. 042 −0. 9510 Neutral − Past 0. 05453 1. 056 0. 957 1. 166 1. 0825 Future − Past 0. 59190*** 1. 807 1. 636 1. 997 11. 6531 × Auditory − Visual × Neutral − Past −0. 11221 0. 894 0. 734 1. 089 −1. 1139 × Auditory − Visual × Future − Past −0. 40248*** 0. 669 0. 548 0. 815 −0. 3. 9753 Note. Past is the reference category for the word category variable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that attention can be directed based on word categories, which alters cognitive processing as evidenced by the preferential spatial scanning and the significant regression slopes associated with different word categories and modalities. For instance, the text highlights how future-related words triggered a stronger saccadic response, indicating selective attention affecting cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: cattle stocks, 8 % are quality-assured organic (Ekoweb 2012) in accordance with the KRAV certification programme for organic production (KRAV 2012). Only 4 % of the prime beef slaughtered in 2006 was KRAV-assured (of Agriculture 2008). The sale of any type of organic meat is below 2 % of total meat consumption. However, the sale of branded meat, often locally branded, has increased from 9 to 19 % during the same period (SCB 2011). According to Agribeef (2011), there are profitable cow-calf operations in regions with high levels of environmental payments and other EU support, combined with favourable biological production conditions. Farm businesses with low levels of support and/or low biological production have very poor profitability. The fact that many of these farmers still carry on with their operations suggests that they treat the decoupled single farm payments as an enterprise-specific income from beef, despite the fact that they would receive the payment for arable land regardless of whether they have cows or any other form of production. The payment should therefore be seen as a common income. According to regional calculations preformed by the of based on feasible achievements under efficient Swedish conditions, the revenue from grazing-based beef production can cover short-term operating costs but not stipulated farm workers wage, investments in buildings or capital needs (Agriwise 2011). of Agriculture (2004) concluded that there was a greater risk of decreased beef production in Sweden compared with other EU countries due to the shorter vegetation period, higher official specifications on farm buildings, the small-scale structure of most Swedish beef production, a lack of large interconnected grazing areas and a high level of labour cost per hour. The future for cow-calf operations in Sweden is uncertain. In 2012, the male premium of around 1,300 SEK bull−1 and 1,900 SEK steer−1 was abolished. If this is not compensated for, by a higher price at slaughter, the price for calves sold from cow-calf operations will most probably decline. OECD-FAO (2011) has projected a price level decline for beef in the years leading up to 2020, which would decrease revenue even more. A possible decrease in the single farm payment would also negatively affect cow-calf operations, since these systems utilise large areas of land. In a future study by the of Agriculture (2007), a decrease in Swedish beef production and grazing acreage was predicted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors affecting beef production and profitability, indicating that organic farming does not guarantee higher yields. It states that regions with low levels of support and poor biological conditions experience low profitability, contradicting the idea that organic farming is superior in all contexts. It highlights environmental payments and biological conditions as crucial factors that influence production outcomes, suggesting that organic farming might not yield better results universally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Weight-bearing activities, such as running, jumping, and walking, all influence the skeleton in a positive way. Physical activity strengthens the skeleton in the same way as exercise strengthens the muscles. A passive lifestyle leads to thin bones, low mineral content, and reduced strength [2]. Bone structure is completely developed when you are 20 years old. This means you can never compensate for what you did not do before turning 20. Being in good shape results in using less energy to execute various activities. Consequently, fit persons have more excess energy and can do more things in everyday life. Adults and elderly people who are physically active and in good physical shape will also to a greater extent be self-reliant in everyday life and stay home longer. The fitness decreases with age, but the effects of cardiovascular exercise (aerobe) are the same in healthy elderly as in younger ones. The body’s muscle mass decreases as you get older, and this leads to reduced muscle strength, but it is never too late to start being physically active. People who start exercising in adulthood have much to gain. Positive gains start already at very low training volumes, which mean small efforts make a big difference. Going beyond such very low training volumes, there is a clear connection between the time you spend on physical activity and the fitness. Advertisement 5. Consequences of physical inactivity A hundred years ago, the main task for the public health work was to stop the infection diseases. Today, public health work is more focused on reducing the incidence of the non-infectious lifestyle diseases. Compared to earlier times, more people are being diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic lung diseases, and cancer as a result of multiple factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. NCDs kill about 41 million people each year, equivalent to 70% of all deaths globally [1]. Fifteen millions of all deaths attributed to NCDs occur between the ages of 30 and 69 years. An estimation is that over 85% of the 15 million deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries [1]. Social inequality is still a challenge. The economic burden of physical inactivity remains unquantified at the global level, although some estimates have been made. Ding et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of physical activity and its effects on health but does not mention green spaces or their connection to increased physical activity. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: ***p <. 001. Post hoc comparisons using the Holm correction confirmed that past-related words have a lower probability (. 45) of generating initial saccades to the right than future words (0. 60; z = −11. 65, p <. 001). Likewise, neutral words (0. 46) are also significantly less likely to trigger rightward initial saccades than future words (z = −10. 59, p <. 001). Like what we have already observed in the reaction time measure, neutral words gave rise to a comparable initial gaze distribution to the one observed for past-related words (z = −1. 08, p =. 279; Fig. 3). As for the significant interaction, auditory past words (0. 47) were less likely to evoke right saccades than auditory future words (0. 56; z = −5. 48, p <. 001) just like visual past words (0. 43) are less likely to trigger right saccades than visual future words (0. 63; z = −10. 99, p <. 001). These findings confirm that, across modalities, both past and future words did deploy automatic attention in a direction that is consistent with their temporal connotation. Fig. 3Open in figure viewerPowerof the first saccade direction (0 = left saccade, 1 = right saccade) predicted by prime modality and word category. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. 2. 2. 5 First fixation onset After confirming that time-related words induce the expected orientation of attention, we investigated if there is, in fact, a LR bias of attention. To this end, we tested if the first fixation onset, that is, the time in the trial the first fixation landed on the left and right AOIs, was biased across modalities by time words pertaining to the right. Again, target location was left out of this analysis because we aimed to show that the initial gaze movement and the resulting first fixation was biased toward the right region of interest, irrespective of whether the target was present or not. Due to a software error during the recording session, data from two participants are not reported in this analysis (n = 57). An LMM analysis was conducted after a visual inspection of the plots revealing no significant violations of the normality and homoscedasticity assumptions. The model's fixed effects were prime modality (visual vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that specific types of words (past-related and future words) influence the direction of saccades, indicating that attention is selectively allocated based on temporal connotation. It describes how both past and future words deploy automatic attention in a way that is consistent with their meanings, thus demonstrating that attention can be directed selectively, which aligns with the claim about altering cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: Production modelsThe production models studied differed in orientation (organic or conventional), winter housing of the animals (housed or outdoors), calving time (January, April or June) and breed type (light or heavy cows). The feed rations were customised for each separate production model. By combining clover-grass silage with late harvested grass silage, the feed rations were adapted to early or late pregnancy and lactation. This resulted in a clover-grass silage share of 100 % when calving in January, 50 % when calving in April and 25 % when calving in June. In regions with good access to cheap straw (cereal-dominated areas in Gsk and Ss), some models involved straw replacing grass silage. Feed rations with high levels of clover-grass silage or straw decrease the acreage needed, but simultaneously decrease the acreage-based payments. No calculations were made using grain in the feed rations of the suckler cows. The various production models in each area are described in Table 1. Table 1 Different production models calculated for the regions Gsk (forest districts in Götaland), Ss (plain districts in Svealand) and Nn (lower parts of Norrland)Full size table Outdoor wintering of suckler cows has its limitations due to ground and climate conditions in Sweden. Wet and unfrozen ground will be damaged by trampling, especially if the cow breed type is heavy. For this reason, heavy cows were not used in the outdoor wintering calculation models. In Nn, outdoor wintering was also excluded due to uncertainties about how snow depth and predators would influence the production results. The size of each operation was taken as 100 suckler cows including replacement heifers, plus grazing and arable land sufficient for feeding these cows and replacement heifers. The farms were assumed to have no other business than the cow-calf operation, which thus had to bear all the costs of the farm business, including administration. All calves were assumed to be sold at weaning except replacement heifers. Organic feed production differs from conventional by not using pesticides or commercial mineral fertilisers, which results in lower yields. For grass-clover leys, the difference is relatively small, while it is large for grass leys which are more dependent on the nitrogen in mineral fertilisers. The yield levels used in the calculations are presented in Table 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that organic feed production results in lower yields compared to conventional methods, particularly highlighting that the yield difference for grass leys, which rely heavily on nitrogen from mineral fertilizers, is large. This indicates that organic farming does not guarantee higher yields than conventional farming under all conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: reported, based on data from 142 countries, representing 93% of the population of the world, that direct health-care costs for coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer, and colon cancer attributable to physical inactivity amounts to $ 53. 8 billion worldwide in 2013, of which $31. 2 billion was paid by the public sector, $12. 9 billion by the private sector, and $9. 7 billion by households. High-income countries bear a larger proportion of the economic burden (80. 8% of health-care costs and 60. 4% of indirect costs) [26]. Physical inactivity related deaths contribute to $13. 7 billion in productivity losses worldwide [26]. Advertisement 6. How to increase the level of physical activity in all ages The challenge today is that in many cases we do not need to be physically active to survive in our work and leisure. Activities that we earlier needed for surviving, for example, hunting and collecting food, are replaced with, that is, driving cars, sitting on a bus or a train or even standing still in an escalator. The ordinary daily life activities are no longer enough to keep us healthy, but the resulting inactive lifestyle leads to several health problems. Children are more inactive compared to earlier. Eighty percent of the young population in Europe does not reach the minimum recommended amounts of physical activity [4]. Adults are more inactive compared to earlier. We get a situation with inactive children, an increasing number of adults with a less healthy lifestyle, along with an increasing number of elderly people who needs health and care services. This is a growing problem that can be difficult to handle if we do not address it actively. Kindergarten and schools have a great opportunity to contribute developing a healthy lifestyle, but this requires focus and priority from the national government in the form of resources and financing. The education training for teachers and other personnel that work with children is also an important arena for providing the personnel with the right knowledge. Developing a healthy lifestyle is a lifelong trip. It is not enough to be physically active occasionally, and we must be physically active every day without the feeling that we are doing something extra. We must learn to choose to walk the stairs again and again rather than standing in an escalator, we must, when it is possible, choose to walk to the shop or school rather than driving a car. We must learn to take the physically active choices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the implications of physical inactivity on health and health-care costs, as well as the need for increased physical activity in daily life. However, it does not directly address the relationship between access to green spaces and increased physical activity, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: auditory), word category (past vs. neutral vs. future), AOI (left vs. right), and their second- and third-order interactions. Random effects per participant ID, word ID, and word length were included to control for the variance that these factors might introduce in first fixation onset measures. Word length and its intercept were removed from the model as their variance was 0. The model was estimated using restricted maximum likelihood, with a Satterthwaite approximation of the degrees of freedom. Results from the LMM analysis (R2marginal =. 01; R2conditional =. 09) converge with the previous reaction time responses by showing a main effect of word category, F (2, 45. 3) = 30. 49983, p <. 001. Again, future-related words produced earlier first fixations (M = 198, SE = 4. 15) than neutral (M = 218, SE = 4. 15; p <. 001) and past-related words (M = 216, SE = 4. 15; p <. 001). In line with what was previously observed, neutral words did not give rise to different first fixation onsets than past words (p =. 415). An interaction between word category and AOI emerged, F (2, 10264. 5) = 37. 33751, p <. 001. As predicted, the first fixations landed earlier on the AOI that was congruent with the orientation induced by the time-related word (Fig. 4). This means that participants’ first fixation was launched earlier in the trial to the left AOI after a past-related word was presented (M = 207, SE = 4. 48) than to the right AOI (M = 224, SE = 4. 55, p <. 001). Likewise, first fixations after future-related words reached the AOI located on the right earlier (M = 187, SE = 4. 53) than on the left AOI (M = 210, SE = 4. 50; p <. 001). The time taken to the first fixation after neutral words was virtually the same in the left (M = 215, SE = 4. 48) and right AOIs (M = 220, SE = 4. 54; p =. 517), suggesting that these words do not strongly induce any directionality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how participants' first fixations are influenced by the category of words presented, showing selective attention. It explains that future-related words prompted earlier fixations towards the right area of interest (AOI) and past-related words towards the left AOI, indicating that attention was directed based on the temporal context of the words. This supports the idea that attention can indeed be selectively focused, thereby altering cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: Analyses were carried out to examine the effects of scaling up (200 cows), a price premium for organic beef (3 SEK kg−1 slaughtered weight, assumed to result in a 10 % increase in calf price) and a 25 % decrease in investment cost in buildings. Table 3 Single farm payment, support for less favoured areas, environmental payments, calf prices and land costs in the basic calculation (2009) and in the various scenarios in the Gsk region (1 SEK ≈ 0. 10 €, 2009)Full size table Sample calculation with dataThe method of calculation for the production model 4OH, with 100 suckler cows in the Gsk area for scenario A2, is described in Table 4. The methods used for obtaining the biological, technical and economic data used in the calculation are described in footnotes to that table. Table 4 Method of calculating enterprise-specific income less operating costs excluding labour (SEK per cow per year) and return to labour (SEK per hour)Full size table ResultsAs noted in the ‘Production models’ section, a large number of production models were examined. To simplify the description of the results, only the models achieving the highest return to labour in each category, organic and conventional, are included (Table 5). Table 5 Description of the calculated production models showing the highest return to labour within each respective category, organic and conventional productionFull size table In Fig. 1, the return to labour in the base year 2009 is compared with scenario A1 (decoupled single farm payments), scenario A2 (decoupled single farm payments compensated for by 50 % increase in environmental payments for leys, semi-natural pasture and organic production) and scenario A3 (single farm payment on arable land seen as common income by the farmer). The stipulated farm workers wage is marked as a solid horizontal line. As can be seen in the diagram, the best alternatives in 2009 achieve a return to labour level with the stipulated farm workers wage in Gsk and Nn, but not in Ss. The conventional alternatives result in a considerably lower return to labour than the organic alternatives. In Ss, no conventional alternative can pay for any labour according to Fig. 1. The best profitability is found in alternatives 4OH and 4OLW, alternatives with spring calving and organic production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the results of various production models comparing organic and conventional methods. Specifically, it states that 'the conventional alternatives result in a considerably lower return to labour than the organic alternatives' and that 'in Ss, no conventional alternative can pay for any labour according to Fig. 1.' This indicates that there are situations where conventional farming underperforms compared to organic, suggesting that organic farming does not guarantee higher yields universally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: And if we do not do this, the negative consequences will escalate. The workplace is a good arena for either influencing adults to being active during a workday or giving the workers an arena for being active [27]. Examples exist in which the workplace gives room for physical activity during the work time [27, 28]. It might seem unnecessary and expensive right away, but in a long term, it is the right priority, which will be expressed through less absence at work and a more efficient workforce that creates more values for the company. The retired population should have access to society-based actions from the government for being active, for example, open activity in parks, meeting centers for elderly, etc. Smart cities must facilitate free physical activity, which will give us a large population in good physically health and with a strong mental health. Future society must be built on how we can be physical active. In every plan for building roads for traffic, a plan for establishing bicycling road and pavement should be included. For every area which will be used for automatized vehicles, there should be made a room for recreation and sport. This is difficult to manage in geographic areas with a large population density. Advertisement 7. Methods for registering of physical activity There are several methods for measuring level of physical activity. Each method works according to the purpose of the method, but it is difficult to compare data when comparing level of physical activity between groups, countries, regions, and between gender. For example, when comparing countries, there is a large difference in reported number of the fraction of a population that meets recommendations for physical activity. These numbers depend on how you define and operationalize the recommendations, as well as how data are collected and processed. The most common method for registering physical activity is questionnaires [29]. Among the several hundred variants which are available, the easiest way is to ask about a person’s exercise habits and grade the answers. A more demanding questionnaire contains more concrete questions about what the persons have been doing and for how long time the activity was executed. (IPAQ) was developed in 2000 [30] and is used to classify individuals into different activity categories described in the recommendation for physical activity. Diaries are often used when the aim is to measure how the activity is distributed through a day. Diaries give information about the persons’ state and what has been done [29]. Pedometer gives a rough measure of the activity and is particularly suited in combination with activity enhancing tools. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to discuss various methods for promoting physical activity and outlines the importance of workplace initiatives and community resources, but it does not specifically address the claim regarding access to green spaces linked to increased physical activity. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim and is classified as a 'pass.'


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The remaining interactions were not significant (ps >. 09). Therefore, first fixations following time-related words reached their congruently located AOIs faster, and this effect was not different between visual and auditory presentation. Fig. 4Open in figure viewerPowertime to first fixation (in milliseconds) as a function of word category and area of interest (AOI). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. To address the proposed asymmetry between congruent trials favoring the right space, a direct comparison between first fixation onset on the left AOI following past-related words and on the right AOI following future-related words, t (160) = 5. 300, p <. 001, confirmed that attention orientation benefits from time words that imply a rightward (vs. leftward) directionality, which overlaps with the LR scanning practices of our participants. Finally, a linear regression was performed to predict response time based on eye gaze movement, in this case, the time taken by participants to land the first fixation. The regression equation was statistically significant, R2 =. 163, F (1, 55) = 10. 69, p =. 002. This indicates that the speed with which participants discriminated the target is predicted by the time participants took to land the first fixation on either interest area (β = 1. 236, p =. 002). That is, faster discrimination of targets results from faster, that is, biased, initial eye movement. 3 Experiment 2 The second experiment was designed to examine the generality of the effects observed in Exp. 1 in a linguistic community with the opposite script direction—unfolding from RL. Because Exp. 2 was collected online, it was not possible to provide gaze movement measures. Nevertheless, if we observe a reversal in time–space mappings and the proposed directional asymmetry observed in Exp. 1, then there are grounds for RL generalization. In Exp. 2, we presented cue words in the visual modality alone because, in remote settings, it is virtually impossible to guarantee that participants wear the headphones that are necessary to receive the auditory stimuli and control the presentation volume, and so forth. We tested participants with the same cueing task, but with the time-related words translated to Arabic. The aim was to examine if the spatial mapping of time was reversed (i. e. , past-right/future-left) and if RL reading—writing habits produce a left-sided advantage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how participants' attention orientation is influenced by time-related words, suggesting that the initial fixation time is biased by these cues. The mention of 'faster discrimination of targets results from faster, that is, biased, initial eye movement' implies that cognitive processing is altered based on where attention is directed, supporting the notion of selective focus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: In the event of decoupled single farm payments (A1), the best alternatives decrease to half the stipulated farm workers wage in Gsk and Nn and decrease even further in Ss. If the phased out single farm payment is compensated for by 50 % increased environmental payments (A2), the best alternatives in Gsk and Nn reach a higher return to labour than the stipulated farm workers wage and the best models in Ss nearly reach this level. Scenario A3 (single farm payment in place but considered common income for arable land) has approximately the same result as the base calculation year 2009 in Gsk due to the small arable acreage in this region, where all grazing takes place on semi-natural pasture. and Nn, where the majority of the acreage is arable land, the effect of A3 is practically the same as in A1 (decoupled single farm payment) (Fig. 1). Fig. 1Return to labour (SEK per hour) for various production models at base line year 2009 and scenarios A1, A2 and A3. The stipulated farm workers wage, 180 SEK h−1, is shown as a solid horizontal line Full size image The generally more favourable growing conditions in Ss are not strong enough to compensate for the lower grants and this leads to lower profitability in the region compared with the other two regions. The sensitivity analyses for different models in Ss revealed that the return to labour is influenced not only by grants for different services and general growing conditions, but also by choices made by the farmer. This is illustrated in Fig. 2, where the effects of various single changes to the initial 2009 calculation are shown for region Ss. By reducing the investment costs for buildings by 25 %, the return to labour increases by nearly 60 SEK h−1 compared with model 4OH. If an organically produced weaned calf gets a price premium of 1. 50 SEK kg−1 live weight (equal to 3 SEK kg−1 carcass weight), the return to labour increases by 45 SEK h−1 compared with model 4OH. Doubling the herd size in an organic production system increases the return to labour by approximately 35 SEK h−1 (Fig. 2). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing various economic scenarios and factors that influence the return to labor in different farming models. In particular, it notes that although there are specific conditions, such as price premiums for organic products or increased herd size, these do not universally guarantee higher yields when compared to conventional methods. The text emphasizes the complexity of yield and profitability, stating that it is affected by grants, growing conditions, and farmer choices, indicating that organic farming does not automatically lead to higher yields in all conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: In this way, people can follow the activity development themselves by getting direct feedback. Acceleration is a direct measure of body movement, and the higher the acceleration, the higher the intensity. In addition to the total physical activity, an accelerometer can also measure the intensity, duration, and frequency, that is, the pattern of the activity. Another advantage of an accelerometer is that it can assess inactivity and sedentary behavior. However, an accelerometer is more expensive than a pedometer, but it is preferable if high precision is needed. There is a need for standardized methods and harmonization of data from different countries. There is also a lack of data from low- and middle-income countries, which would be very useful for making better comparisons and analyses between different types of countries. Advertisement 8. activity every day is essential for a long healthy life. Physical activity is an important element in the fight against non-communicable diseases. It is never too late to start being physically active. Being physically active must be integrated in our daily life from walking age to end of life. This will be beneficial for each and one of us, but also for the society as a whole. Public health work must facilitate good health for all and contribute to less social inequalities in health. One of the hallmarks of public health work is the cross-sectoral effort and understanding of how important it is that the entire society makes an effort to influence factors that promote health and well-being. Private actors and volunteers must collaborate with public authorities. Efficient public health work entails good organization of work, a system for monitoring efforts, and developments in health status and risk factors. This applies both at national, municipal, and county level. Public health work is demanding. It is demanding to try to make people change their lifestyle and living habits (stop smoking, being physically active, etc. ), because it is hard to make the population understand that it is necessary. Preventive public health work does not give the results right away, and it is a slow job, which needs to be prioritized by the governments. Public health work is not free, but it is cheaper compared to treat everybody who in the future will be diagnosed with a chronic disease. It is never too late to turn this negative trend. Physical activity should be something we do without thinking that we are physically active. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the linkage between access to green spaces and increased physical activity. Instead, it discusses various aspects of physical activity measurement, public health work, and the importance of encouraging a physically active lifestyle without mentioning green spaces specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Because attention starts from the center and is assumed to progress leftward, the same future-related words should produce a lateralized facilitation but now on the left space. This would indicate that scanning routines influence lateralized spatial attention. The predictions in terms of behavioral performance were the same as in Exp. 1—but mirrored. Target stimuli, procedure, and design were similar to Exp. 1. 3. 1 Method 3. 1. 1 recruited a total of 59 participants in line with the sample size estimation presented in Exp. 1. Due to a connectivity error between both platforms used (see the Procedure section for detail), three participants were unable to initiate the experiment and their data were not collected. The remaining 56 (36 men and 20 women, Mage = 27. 44, SDage = 7. 06, four self-reported left-handed) were compensated for their participation through the crowdsourcing platform Prolific Academic. The sample size was determined a priori (Anderson et al. , 2017) adjusting sample size effects for uncertainty and publication bias correction (desirable level of assurance = 0. 90; statistical power = 0. 80) based on the effect size proposed for temporal priming tasks (von Sobbe et al. , 2019). Participants gave their consent to participate, and the experiment was approved by the of the host institution (see 3. 1. 2 were the 48 time-related words used in Exp. 1. The word set was translated from English to Arabic by a native Arabic-speaking translator (see 22. 36, SDage = 4. 31). Participants were presented with each word at the center of the screen and asked to move the slider below it toward the left or right depending on whether they thought the word referred to the future (0 = far future) or the past (100 = far past). Words were grouped in three semantic categories according to their mean ratings (F (2, 47) = 636. 698, p <. 001; past-oriented: M = 61. 46, SD = 3. 42; neutral: M = 51. 70, SD = 3. 58; future-oriented: M = 21. 44, SD = 2. 88; ps <. 001 between groups). Words were randomly presented four times throughout the main experiment, two in each block. 3. 1. 3 were the equivalents to the letters q and p marked on the standard Arabic keyboard (q = ض and p = ح). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how attention progresses and influences spatial attention, indicating that cognitive processing is altered based on where attention is directed. The mention of lateralized facilitation in scanning routines demonstrates the selective focus of attention, which aligns with the claim's assertion about the impact of attention on cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: Building workers have a 25 % higher salary than farm workers in Sweden (Lönestatistik 2011). Only organic production in scenarios with 50 % higher environmental payments (A2 and D) can come anywhere near the building worker's wage level, according to Figs. 1 and 3. A third threat is relative price development over time. In the past 10 years, the nominal price for weaned calves has increased by only 20 %, while the stipulated farm workers wage has increased by 40 % (Agriwise 2011). This issue of wages increasing at a faster rate than beef prices is likely to be a continuing trend over the next 10 years (OECD-FAO 2011). There was a large variation in profitability expressed as return to labour per hour between the different production models, regions and future scenarios studied here (Figs. 1 and 3). The organic production model had consistently higher profitability than the conventional model due to the organic environmental payments and the larger acreage needed per cow because of lower feed yields. The organic environmental payment was 1,800 SEK cow−1 including replacements in most scenarios, which corresponds to approximately 60 SEK h−1 for labour if 13 h is spent working (Table 4, footnote l). The greater need for land in the organic alternatives also makes the level of environmental payments for leys, support for less favoured areas and single farm payments higher on a per cow basis in organic production than in conventional production. This same reason makes heavier breed cows more profitable than light breed cows, since the former need more land for feed and grazing. The most land-demanding conventional alternative, 4CLW, had the best return to labour in the conventional group. The forest-dominated regions of Gsk and Nn showed better profitability than the plains-dominated region Ss in spite of the natural growing conditions such as higher yield per hectare and the favourable farm layout in the latter region (Figs. 1 and 3). One reason for the higher profitability was the higher level of environmental payments for the semi-natural pasture in Gsk, where the whole grazing acreage was assumed to be on semi-natural pasture. In Nn, the support for less favoured areas and the environmental payments for leys were higher per hectare than in Gsk and Ss (Table 4, footnote d). In this way, the subsidy system enhances the variation in profitability and both enables and disables production in different regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in profitability and yields between organic and conventional farming. It states that the organic production model had consistently higher profitability due to extra environmental payments and highlights that there was large variation in profitability depending on production models, regions, and future scenarios. The text suggests that the organic model's reliance on larger acreage due to lower feed yields indicates that higher yields are not guaranteed under all conditions, which is in direct opposition to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Many people do not like to exercise or to be physically active, and because the daily life for most people does not require physical activity, the challenge is to integrate the activity naturally in our lives. Being physically active does not demand new shoes, new clothes, or any other fancy equipment. It must be a natural part of what we are. Teachers, health care personnel, and other personnel who are in daily contact with people should be educated in the importance of physical activity. Knowledge about the effects and how to put together an activity program must be mandatory in the relevant educations. Efforts for preventive public health work must increase, along with the social status of preventive workers. Preventive health care is not something that can be addressed with medicine or a single treatment. Preventive public health work starts with children and adolescents and lasts throughout their lives. It is a continuous work. In the long term, the work will pay off and produce results in terms of fewer diagnosed with non-communicable diseases. There is a need for data regarding levels of physical activity, especially data from low- and middle-income countries. Obtaining data from all countries are essential for tailoring global physical activity promotion to population specific needs/trends. 1. WHO. Noncommunicable Diseases. 20182. . Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Comprehensive Physiology. 2012;2(2):1143-12113. . Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Reports. 1985;100(2):126-1314. Exercise and hypertension. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2004;36(3):533-5535. Exercise and Events. Placing the risks into perspective. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2007;39(5):886-8976. -Taber L, et al. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: of and the Association joint position statement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2010;42(12):2282-23037. . Physical activity and bone health. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2004;36(11):1985-19968. . Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2009;41(2):459-4719. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about green spaces and their link to increased physical activity. Instead, it discusses the general challenges of integrating physical activity into daily life and the importance of preventive health work. The focus is on education, data collection, and the need for public health efforts without mentioning how access to green spaces might specifically influence physical activity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: In each trial, only a ض (q) or a ح (p) was embedded in one of the two bilateral five-letter strings presented to the left and right sides of the screen. The distractor filler letters were the same across the experiment and randomized across trials. Because the task was conducted online, it was not possible to control for viewing distance to the screen or ascertain the dimensions of the screen on which the task was performed. Although we could not compute the degrees of visual angle that the target strings subtended, the strings were programmed to appear in the near peripheral visual fields. This peripheral presentation ensured that participants would not be able to discriminate the target unless lateralized gaze movements were made. The task could not be performed on mobile phones or tablets because these devices would compromise gaze movement direction. 3. 1. 4 were redirected from the recruitment platform to Gorilla to perform the experiment. The experiment was programmed and ran in Builder, a platform that provides tools for online behavioral research ensuring accurate and reliable online recording of reaction time measures (Anwyl-Irvine, Massonnié, Flitton, Kirkham, & Evershed, 2020). Participants were first presented with an informed consent form. Upon agreement, they moved to the main task. They were asked to place their index fingers on the ض (q) and ح (p) keys before commencing the task. The general instruction was a speed-accuracy one (Fig. 5). After the task was completed, participants filled in a brief questionnaire about demographic information and the variables described in 2. All the information (task invite, informed consent, instructions of the task, final questionnaire) was given in Arabic. Behavioral responses were recorded through participants’ keyboards by pressing the keys marked ض (q) or a ح (p). Fig. 5Open in figure viewerPowerof the experimental procedure in Experiment 2. The overall spatial cueing task, number of trials, and counterbalancing schema were the same used in Exp. 1, with the variation of targets being presented only in the visual modality. The task had a self-paced break between blocks. On average, participants completed the experiment in 20 min. 3. 2 Results 3. 2. 1 Preliminary analysis A visual inspection of the data revealed that six participants finished the experiment but did not produce any responses (all trials were missing responses). These participants were excluded from further analyses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes an experimental task involving visual stimuli and how participants engage with them, indicating that attention is directed towards specific letters in a visual field while ignoring distractors. This supports the claim that attention can be selectively focused, thereby influencing the cognitive processing required to perform the task.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: In the long run, this creates a steering mechanism with animal production in regions where the subsidy systems can ensure profitability. Future investments and generation/ownership shifts will occur where this is economically viable. The variation in profitability between different regions will accelerate specialisation towards calf production in certain regions. In the case of the uncompensated phased out single farm payment (A1), no production model reached a return to labour wage in the level of the stipulated farm workers wage. When the phasing out was assumed to be compensated for by a 50 % increase in environmental payments (A2), a few of the organic production models in Gsk and Nn reached the stipulated farm workers wage. When the single farm payment was assumed to remain, but to be perceived as a common income for arable land and not a part of the suckler cow revenue (A3), only one production model, 4OH in Gsk, reached the stipulated farm workers wage (Fig. 1). The sensitivity analyses in Fig. 2 showed some strategic choices that could at least partly compensate for decreases in subsidies and in the market price for calves. For example, a 25 % reduced investment cost in buildings increased the return to labour by 140 − 80 = 60 SEK cow−1, provided that cheaper buildings do not increase the labour requirement. The strong effect of decreased building costs indicates that investment subsidies and changes in regulations allowing for simpler building solutions are important in this context. However, as Figs. 1 and 3 show, 60 SEK h−1 is not enough to reach a return to labour in line with the stipulated farm workers wage in many of the production models and future scenarios. By marketing organic beef at a premium (1. 50 SEK kg−1 live weight or 3 SEK kg−1 carcass weight) and hence creating an extra price for organic weaned calves and cull cows, the return to labour can be increased by approximately 45 SEK h−1. Doubling the herd size to 200 cows increased the return to labour in Ss by 35 SEK h−1 and in Gsk by 60 SEK h−1. This is due to lower investment costs and labour requirements per cow when the herd increases. In spite of this, the majority of current Swedish cow-calf operations are with small herds in old buildings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contradicts the claim by describing the variability in profitability and yields among different farming models, including organic ones. It notes that not all organic production models were able to reach the stipulated farm workers' wage, indicating that organic farming does not guarantee higher yields universally. Additionally, it discusses the influence of subsidies and market prices on profitability, which further undermines the notion that organic farming consistently outperforms conventional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1. 9 million participants. Global Health. 2018;6(10):e1077-e1e8610. . A novel approach to the issue of physical inactivity in older age. Reports. 2015;2:595-59711. WHO. on for Health. 201012. Physical activity as a preventative factor for frailty: The health, aging, and body composition study. of Gerontology: Series A. 2009;64A(1):61-6813. -Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224-226014. úl C, Santos-Silva A, et al. Physical inactivity among older adults across Europe based on the SHARE database. Age and Ageing. 2016;46(1):71-7715. . Urbanization, physical activity, and metabolic health in sub-Saharan Africa. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(2):491-49616. . Prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behaviors in US high school students by metropolitan status and geographic region. Journal of & Health. 2006;3(4):365-38017. Machado- Urban-rural contrasts in fitness, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour in adolescents. International. 2014;29(1):118-12918. -Engquist KM. Urban-rural differences in aerobic physical activity, muscle strengthening exercise, and screen-time sedentary behavior. of Rural Health. 2018;34(4):401-41019. . Obesity and obesity-related behaviors among rural and urban adults in the USA. Rural and Remote Health. 2015;15(4):326720. Physical activity levels among adults in Uganda: Findings from a countrywide cross-sectional survey. Journal of and Health. 2016;13(9):938-94521. Fysisk aktivitet og sedat tid blant voksne og eldre i Norge - Nasjonal kartlegging 2014-2015. Norwegian22. Obradovich N, Fowler JH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists a series of studies and reports related to physical activity and health but does not mention green spaces or their impact on physical activity. Therefore, it does not provide relevant information that could support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 54) than on the right (M = 687, SE = 6. 40; p <. 001). As hypothesized and replicating what was observed across measures in Exp. 1, neutral words produced similar detection latencies on the left (M = 682, SE = 6. 57) and right space (M = 669, SE = 6. 38; p =. 265). Fig. 6Open in figure viewerPowerreaction time (in milliseconds) as a function of the word category and the target letter location. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Finally, we moved to examine whether there was an asymmetric performance between congruent conditions derived from right-left scanning habits, that is, if the future-related words accelerated performance in the left target string above past-related words in the right target string. To this end, we report the comparison between the detection latencies observed for the two congruent conditions (future word – target left vs. past word – target right), t (42. 9) = −5. 328, p <. 001. The results indicate that words with a leftward connotation (i. e. , future-related) that imply the same flow of attention as that imposed by reading-writing activities produce advantages in detecting the target on the left more so than past-related words did on their corresponding target location (i. e. , right). To ensure that handedness could not account for the left-sided advantage (although the majority of participants reported higher right-hand skill), we compared response times as a function of the response key used to respond, namely, responses given by the ض (q) key (responded with the left hand) and by the ح (p) key (responded with the right hand). A paired samples t test showed no difference in response times when left and right hands were used to detect targets, t (49) = 0. 951, p =. 346. 4 two experiments we report here were conducted with two cultural samples with opposite reading and writing directions. Both experiments yielded results perfectly mirroring and confirming the symmetrical contributions of two factors to visual attention along the horizontal line. The first factor is reading direction, which in Portuguese and Arabic cultures is in opposite directions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating how attention can be influenced based on the connotation of words and their spatial locations. The results indicate that future-related words, which imply a forward motion, are detected faster in the left visual field compared to past-related words, thus showing selective focus and its alteration of cognitive processing based on the context of the stimuli presented.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: The need for arable land in the Nn region (where both grazing and forage production are performed on arable land) is 1. 4 and 2. 2 ha cow−1 for 4CH and 4OH, respectively. However, if there is a future shortage of land for the global food supply chain and/or for growing energy crops including trees to replace fossil fuels, the proposed advantage of using large areas of land per cow could change into a disadvantage. In the case of future competition for land for food production, it is preferable if the present support system keeps the land within agriculture so that it can be easily transferred into highly productive food crops. In the case of land scarcity, the need for acreage per cow can be lessened by, amongst other things, changing grass leys to clover-grass leys, which in the organic production systems yielded twice the amount per hectare (Table 2). The winter feed in the most profitable of the production scenarios investigated (4OH) consisted of 60 % grass silage and 40 % grass-clover silage. By replacing the grass silage with clover-grass silage and purchased straw, the acreage required per cow would decrease from 0. 49 to 0. 24 ha in this organic production model. In the corresponding conventional production scenario using only clover-grass silage and straw (4CH), the need for arable land would decrease to 0. 22 ha cow−1. The need for arable land for winter feed production could be decreased even further by delaying the calving time to June, using lighter breed cows and replacing some of the silage with grain in the feed rations. By grazing on arable leys rather than semi-natural pasture, the total acreage needed would also be lessened. On the other hand, arable land has a higher opportunity cost in the case of scarcity of land for food production. These acreage-saving measures were not profitable in the scenarios studied here. However, with a sufficiently high opportunity cost for arable land, in combination with decreased payments per hectare, the lower acreage production models would result in higher profitability. In order for higher acreage, suckler cow-based beef production to be profitable in these conditions, a considerably higher price level for beef would be needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various production scenarios for both organic and conventional farming. It explains that while organic production systems can yield higher amounts per hectare under specific practices (like using clover-grass silage), there are circumstances where conventional methods also yield comparably or even better. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of land scarcity and opportunity costs, indicating that the advantages of organic farming may not apply universally under all conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Climate change may alter human physical activity patterns. Behaviour. 2017;1:009723. . Too hot to trot? Exploring potential links between climate change, physical activity and health. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2003;6(3):260-26524. of Sports Medicine. in Children and Adolescents. 201525. of position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports andEexercise. 2011;43(7):1334-135926. -van Mechelen W, et al. The economic burden of physical inactivity: A global analysis of major non-communicable diseases. Lancet. 2016;388(10051):1311-132427. Forum WHO. Preventing noncommunicable diseases in the workplace through diet and physical activity: WHO/Forum report of a joint event. Genova; 200828. -Daniel J, Meyrick J. The effectiveness of physical activity interventions in improving well-being across office-based workplace settings: A systematic review. Public Health. 2018;160:70-7629. Welk GJ. Assessments for Health-Related Research. Human Kinetics. US; 200230. Bassett DR Jr. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2003;35(8):1396 information 1. Introduction2. Global determinants of physical activity3. Policy strategies for promoting physical activity4. Why being physically active is so important5. Consequences of physical inactivity6. How to increase the level of physical activity in all ages7. Methods for registering of physical activity8. Summary 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3. 0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Continue reading from the same book by Mario Bernardo-Edited by Mario Bernardo-Filho Published: 01 April 2020 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly; rather, it discusses various aspects related to physical activity and health without making specific references to green spaces or their relationship to increased physical activity. The mention of climate change and interventions for physical activity lacks a direct correlation to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The second factor is the grounding of time concepts on a horizontal line, with the past words that are anchored at the beginning of writing direction and future words at the direction in which reading evolves. Portuguese speakers read from left to right and associate future periods of time on the right and past words on the left. speakers, it is the reverse. They read from right to left and associate future-related time words on the left and past-related time words on the right. The research reported here shows that these two factors contribute jointly to visual attention and the detection latencies for the targets. The critical comparisons can be seen in the congruent trials in which, regardless of reading direction, the temporal meaning of the word matches the target location. That is, a comparison between both congruent conditions (e. g. , for LR speakers in Exp1: past world – left target vs. future word – right target; for RL speakers in Exp2: past word – right target vs. future word – left target) revealed an advantage for prime-target combinations that are aligned with script direction (amplified right-sided effect for LR readers, amplified left-sided effect for RL readers). The difference in gaze movement and response latency between each trial represents the additional contribution reading direction has on visual attention. We found that each factor uniquely contributes to visual attention, regardless of whether participants read from LR (i. e. , in Portuguese) or from RL (i. e. , in Arabic). This asymmetry between the congruent trials reveals the contribution of the habitual LR and RL language direction. This asymmetry shows that discrimination speed is not only driven by the semantic indication of the cue words (Ouellet, Santiago, Funes, & Lupiáñez, 2010; Torralbo et al. , 2006; Weger & Pratt, 2008) but by reading and writing habits (Suitner & Maass, 2016). Furthermore, the consistency of this dual influence on how attention is driven in a detection paradigm is shown to be operating in similar ways in both cultures. The current research advances prior work by experimentally disentangling two attention-orienting biases. This research identifies the two factors that operate jointly. As the first experiment shows, the visual and auditory representation of time converges (Lakens et al. , 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how reading direction influences visual attention and detection latencies for targets. It highlights that discrimination speed is affected by both semantic cues (the meaning of words) and reading/writing habits, which indicates the selective focus of attention. The findings demonstrate that attention is not just influenced by the meaning of words but also by the habitual practices associated with different languages, thus supporting the claim that attention can be selectively focused and alter cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: According to a future study by the of Agriculture (2007), there will be a large transfer of grazing and arable land to forest in already forest-dominated regions if the acreage-based support system is abolished. peoples' willingness to pay for keeping agricultural landscape open by cereal production, grazing arable land and grazing semi-natural pasture, instead of being afforested, is estimated to be 1,600, 3,100 and 3,900 SEK ha−1 year−1, respectively, based on a contingent valuation survey by Drake (1999) recalculated for the 2009 value of the SEK. This is comparable to the combined acreage-based support payments for organic production for the majority of the scenarios studied here (Table 3). A future research task is to calculate the society-based profitability of various organic and conventional production models for suckler cow-based beef production in the event of land scarcity and environmental payments based on willingness to pay studies. ConclusionsGiven the current environmental support for organic production, it is possible to achieve a return to labour equal to the Swedish stipulated farm wage with an organic cow-calf operation of 100 suckler cows if this is situated in a region where most of the required grazing can be done on semi-natural pasture with environmental support. This profitability also requires continuation of the single farm payment system or increased support for environmental services if the single farm payment is phased out. A further prerequisite is unchanged support for less favoured areas. Profitability equal to the stipulated farm wage is also possible in regions with insufficient semi-natural pasture granted extra support for leys and less favoured areas. Conventional cow-calf operations that receive lower environmental support per hectare and use less land per cow have a considerably lower return to labour than organic operations under the present support systems. The means to support organic production are justified by the non-use of pesticides and fertilisers and the larger proportion of leys in the crop rotations as examples. The existing support model makes the differences between the regions greater than they should be without the support. There are risks that the area-based support system could cause landowners to demand higher tenancy fees, which would reduce the profitability of active farmers dependent on rented land. If scarcity of land for food and energy production should arise in the future, the cow-calf production models must change to more land-efficient models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing factors that influence the profitability of organic versus conventional farming practices. It highlights that conventional cow-calf operations tend to have a lower return to labor due to lesser environmental support, but it doesn’t guarantee higher yields for organic farming in all scenarios. The statement emphasizes that organic farming profitability may depend on factors like environmental payments and land availability, indicating that organic farming does not automatically equate to higher yields across all conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Lancet 2012; 380:247-57. ,2121. 3rd HW. Worldwide prevalence of physical inactivity and its association with human development index in 76 countries. 2011; 53:24-8. , it is important to explore the correlates of physical activity in females. As physical activity decreases with age, exploring the association of elements of the urban environment with physical activity among adult women could help develop preventive policies specific to this at-risk group. The aim of this 1. 5 million inhabitants 2222. de Estadística y Geografía. Encuesta intercensal: principales resultados. Ciudad de México: de Estadística y Geografía; 2015. at the Mexico-border. As many other Latin-American cities, Tijuana experienced rapid and chaotic urban growth starting in the 1980’s, with the emergence of numerous unplanned, irregular settlements 2323. Sánchez-Rodríguez R. Urban and social vulnerability to climate variability in Tijuana, Mexico. In: Kasperson RE, Berberian M, editors. Integrating science and policy: vulnerability and resilience in global environmental change. New York: Routledge; 2011. p. 187-214. . In the 21st century, governmental incentives for the construction of suburban developments added to this pattern. The new suburban houses were mainly sold to lower-middle income families, and established in non-urbanized areas with limited services and low connectivity with the rest of the city 2424. Monkkonen P. cities sprawl? Housing-finance reform and changing patterns of urban growth. 2011; 32:406-23. . Although current legislation requires green areas in all new housing developments 2525. Gobierno del Estado de Baja California. Reglamento de fraccionamientos del Estado de Baja California. Periódico Oficial del Estado de 1971; Sección (10). , their size tends to be small and most of them are neglected as soon as the developing companies complete house selling 2626. Huizar H, Ojeda-Revah L. Los parques de Tijuana: una perspectiva de justicia ambiental. In: Ojeda-Revah L, Espejel I, editors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide a clear connection between access to green spaces and increased physical activity. Instead, it discusses urban development, housing, and legislative requirements regarding green areas without directly addressing how these green spaces impact physical activity levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Notably, the task in Experiment 1 comprised both unimodal cueing (cue and target belonging to the same modality; visual trials), and cross-modal cueing (cue and target belonging to different modalities; auditory trials). The first typically produced larger effects than the latter because stimuli processing benefits from the format similarity (Weatherford, Mills, Porter, & Goolkasian, 2015). Although participants may have been more prepared to process targets in visual trials (Spence & Santangelo, 2009), visuomotor performance in visual and auditory trials was comparable. This indicates that the presumed interference introduced by cross-modal presentation was insufficient to disrupt the effect of the attention-orienting forces. The visual-auditory convergence also shows that the lateral bias is not a by-product of the directional act of reading, or a “reading effect” (Jainta, Blythe, Nikolova, Jones, & Liversedge, 2015). Target detection did not benefit from the carryover effects of the reading process since auditory words (which do not activate the same motoric processes involved in reading) yielded the same pattern as visual words. This lends credence to our argument that asymmetries in visual attention are fueled by two co-occurring biases: the spatial referent that time words hold (Bender & Beller, 2014) and the complementary directional practices instilled by language/culture (Suitner & Maass, 2016). Finally, in Experiment 1, the examination of the direction of the first saccade showed that it was a response to the spatial referent of the cue word. This confirmed that noninformative cues were successful in producing the expected attention shifts. We should also highlight that word cues were derived from an abstract category and were not mere locatives (e. g. , “left,” “right”) that are highly regular in everyday discourse (Hommel et al. , 2001). The first saccade measure was complemented by the time to the first fixation that underscored the pattern observed in detection decisions. The imbalance in first fixation onset between congruent conditions favored cue–target configurations pertaining to the right and coherent with the participants’ LR dominant script direction. This meshes well with the body of research reporting the impact of asymmetric reading-writing practices in distinct tasks (Bergen & Lau, 2012; Ouellet et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing evidence from Experiment 1 that demonstrates how attention can be shifted based on the type of cues used, whether they are unimodal or cross-modal. It explains that noninformative cues were successful in producing expected attention shifts, supporting the idea that attention can be selectively focused. Specifically, the examination of the direction of the first saccade in response to the spatial referent of the cue word illustrates this selective focus and its effects on cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: This could be achieved by replacing grass silage with clover-grass silage and purchased straw, delaying the calving time to June, using lighter breed cows or replacing some of the silage with grain. Conventional production might also be competitive in such a scenario, despite the energy demand for fertiliser production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that conventional methods might be competitive under certain scenarios, indicating that organic farming does not guarantee higher yields in all situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Cuando las áreas verdes se transforman en paisaje: la visión de Baja California. Tijuana: Colegio de la Frontera Norte; 2014. p. 87-120. . Data for the analysis came from two sources: a household survey in 2014, and a study on the distribution and quality of public spaces in the city in 2013, both conducted by the authors. The objective of the household survey was to explore health-related practices and their social correlates among women in Tijuana. A target sample size of 2,500 was calculated based on the minimum prevalence of interest, and a probability, multi-stage, stratified sampling design was employed. The primary sampling units (PSUs) were the Basic Geo-defined by Mexico’s of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), stratified by level of social marginalization (as defined by INEGI). From each selected PSU five blocks were selected at random, all houses in each block were visited, and one eligible participant was selected from each household. The selection criteria for participants were: (1) female; (2) between 18 and 65 years of age; and (3) agreeing to participate after an informed consent procedure. A total of 2,345 participants undertook the survey, for a response rate of 94%. The 2013 study of public spaces aimed to assess the distribution and quality of all public spaces in Tijuana from an environmental justice perspective. The concept of public spaces is complex, including dimensions, such as open access, green coverage, etc. 2727. . Metodología para el estudio de los parques urbanos: la comunidad de Madrid. GeoFocus 2003; 3:160-85. For the purposes of the study, the definition of public spaces was taken from Mexico’s 2828. Secretaría de Desarrollo Social. Sistema normativo de equipamiento urbano. Tomo V. Recreación y deporte. (accessed on 07/Apr/2016). which includes “. . . community spaces that. . . promote communication, interrelation and social integration, as well as interrelation with nature”, and can include parks and playgrounds of different sizes and characteristics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study on public spaces and health-related practices but does not provide direct information or evidence that links access to green spaces with increased physical activity. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: , 2010; Spalek & Hammad, 2005). Importantly, because word primes were presented centrally, attention was anchored at the screen's midpoint prior to target onset. Future words are mapped on the right space for Portuguese speakers and the left space for Arabic speakers. Consequently, these primes induced an attention scan that overlaps with the language script of both samples (Portuguese: LR; Arabic: RL), amplifying oculomotor performance relative to past words, which triggers a visual scan that goes against linguistic regularities and is costlier for participants (i. e. , involves a greater effort). Neutral words produced intermediate performance levels, which fell in between those observed for past and future words. That is because these terms, although anchored horizontally, are not associated with left or right space, and thus did not trigger any systematic spatial pattern. An important limitation of this research is that we were not able to collect gaze movement for the Arabic-speaking population. Although the mirrored detections in the two experiments enable us to infer that Arabic participants would display a symmetric attentional performance to that observed for Portuguese participants, we encourage other researchers to confirm the spatial bias in RL linguistic communities. The same applies to the testing in the auditory modality. In sum, broader evidence is needed to establish that asymmetries in visuomotor performance are derived from the added influence of reading direction on embodied groundings. To conclude, in a cross-cultural set of studies, we demonstrated that two sources of bias, namely, the grounding of time words and cultural writing habits, operate in conjunction to induce an asymmetric movement direction that constrains detection decisions. Inherently nonspatial words triggered not only spatially consistent responses but these were further modulated by script direction and convergent across modalities. This research informs researchers about people's spatial p1. 979, p =. 146. 2 The number of missing responses was not significantly different across conditions (word category × target location): F (2, 74) =. 0109, p =. 989. 73. 47%), French (14. 29%), Spanish (6. 12%), German (4. 08%), and Turkish (2. 04%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how attention is influenced by factors such as word primes and cultural writing habits. It explains that attention was anchored at specific locations which, in turn, impacted cognitive processing for different language speakers, indicating that spatial biases affect attentional focus and decision-making processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: Go to Review 5675. DOI: 10. 19080/. 2017. 06. 555678 Go to Review 2. 5 billion from wasted fertilizer inputs and modern agricultural practices are also a concern related to soil erosion. Integrated pest and nutrient management systems and organic agriculture could minimize reliance on agrichemical inputs, as well as making agriculture environmentally and economically sound. et al. [3] demonstrated that sound sustainable management practices reduced pesticide usage, while maintaining comparable crop yields with improved farm economy. This review study also revealed that, Organic agriculture seeks to augment ecological processes that foster plant nutrition while conserving soil and water resources. In addition to, Organic systems eliminated synthetic fertilizers and reduced other external inputs improving the environment and hence the farm sustainability. Since 1981, Project carried out comparative studies on Organic and Systems and the highlight achievements/progress during the period (till 1995) are projected under various major components/parameters -Nutrition, Soils, Environment, Economics and Yields. The exhaustive information provided in this Review 000. It also revealed that (c) averaged $10,000 more per year in profits after the transition period ( 1981- 85) than it did before, largely because average corn yields nearly doubled. This implied that, switching over from conventional to organic farming would have a basic transition period of 4- 5 years before getting more yields. This is in conformity with findings of [6,18]. Studies conducted elsewhere by Brumfield et al. [19] also documented that, though conventional farming benefitted from higher yields and profits in the early 4- 5 years (transition period), but organic farming did have better returns during the latter years as production costs were less. In addition to, whenever there was higher fluctuation in grain prices, organic farming system had a better adaptability, than the conventional ones because they had crop diversity, hence farming community could sustain. In 1986, the organic systems switched to a more intensive three-year rotation to include additional cash grains such as wheat and barley, as well as, hay and straw to sell-low- value crops, but marketable crops nonetheless, and one-third of the income from the organic farm came from sources other than corn or soybeans, making it more profitable and sustainable [1]. It was also documented by (Roberts et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while organic farming can achieve higher yields over time, particularly after a transition period, conventional farming initially benefits from higher yields and profits in the early years. It recognizes that organic farming yields may not be higher than conventional yields under all conditions, given that conventional methods might outperform organic techniques in the transition period. Thus, the text suggests a nuanced view of yields, where organic farming does not guarantee superiority in all situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: These covariates included age, body mass index (BMI, calculated from weight and height measured by interviewers as kg/m2), having a diagnosis of either diabetes mellitus or hypertension, occupation (categories “working”, “student”, “homemaker” - the latter including also those who were retired or did not work nor study), children (categories “no children”, “at least one children ≤ 5 years of age”, “all children > 5 years of age”), marital status (“single”, “married/cohabiting”, and “separated/widowed”), socioeconomic level (index computed from principal component analysis of questions about household goods and services), education (with categories “elementary school - 0 to 6 years”, “junior high - 7 to 9 years”, “high school - 10 to 12 years” and “more than high school - 12+ years”), and most frequently used transport (“private car”, “public transport”, and “walk or bike”). Following our hypotheses, we tested interactions of access to public spaces with age, children, occupation, socioeconomic level and education. exploratory analysis of the distribution of all variables of interest, we evaluated the association between access to public spaces and physical activity level through multinomial regression models, appropriate for categorical dependent variables. In the models, we employed as reference category the moderate physical activity level, and tested for change in the log-odds of being in either the low or high categories (vs. being in the moderate category) associated with change in the independent variables. In the first set of models, we conducted bivariate analysis with the variables presence of public spaces and total public spaces area separately as independent variables, evaluating their association with physical activity at each buffer. Then to assess the interaction between public spaces quality and public spaces presence or area, we restricted analyses to participants with presence of public spaces in the buffer, and evaluated the association between public spaces quality and physical activity. As these analyses failed to show an association between public spaces quality and physical activity, we dropped the public spaces quality variable from further analyses. The next step was to conduct multivariate analyses including covariates, and exploring interactions by means of multiplicative terms in the regressions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct evidence or analysis regarding the link between access to green spaces and physical activity. Instead, it discusses various covariates and methodologies related to public spaces and physical activity without drawing a clear connection that supports or contradicts the claim about green spaces specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: AbstractBackground: The neural substrate for clinical symptoms and neuropsychological performance in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has rarely been studied and has yielded inconsistent results. We sought to compare the microstructural property of fibre tracts associated with the prefrontal cortex and its association with ADHD symptoms and a wide range of attention performance in youth with ADHD and healthy controls. Methods: We assessed youths with ADHD and age-, sex-, handedness-, coil- and intelligence-matched controls using the Conners’ Test (CCPT) for attention performance and MRI. The 10 target tracts, including the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (caudate to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and cingulum bundle were reconstructed using diffusion spectrum imaging tractography. We computed generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) values to indicate tract-specific microstructural property. Results: We included 50 youths with ADHD and 50 healthy controls in our study. Youths with ADHD had lower GFA in the left frontostriatal tracts, bilateral SLF and right cingulum bundle and performed worse in the CCPT than controls. Furthermore, alteration of the right was most significantly associated with the clinical symptom of inattention in youths with ADHD. Finally, youths with ADHD had differential association patterns of the 10 fibre tract GFA values with attention performance compared with controls. Limitations: Ten of the youths with ADHD were treated with methylphenidate, which may have long-term effects on microstructural property. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of the SLF, cingulum bundle and frontostriatal tracts for clinical symptoms and attention performance in youths with ADHD and demonstrates the involvement of different fibre tracts in attention performance in these individuals. IntroductionAttention deficit is one of the core symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that lasts throughout adulthood. 1 Children with ADHD tend to have deficits in focused attention, cognitive and behavioural inhibition, sustained attention (the ability to maintain focus on a task over time) and vigilance (the attentional capacity to remain alert even when less stimulated, such as through the stimuli of nontargets). 2 To differentiate individuals with or without ADHD,3 the Test (CPT) has been widely used to measure attention performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of different fibre tracts in attention performance in youths with ADHD. It highlights that children with ADHD have deficits in various forms of attention, including focused attention, cognitive inhibition, and sustained attention. This supports the notion that attention can be selectively focused and altered, especially in individuals with attention-related disorders.