Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All encryption methods are completely unbreakable and guarantee absolute security for any type of data. [SEP] Text: Data in Download book PDF Download book 5 5161 Accesses AbstractData in transit, or network traffic, can be eavesdropped on and potentially leak sensitive information. This information can be in the payload, headers, or metadata. To mitigate this, many communication protocols encrypt traffic on different layers exist. However, even if encrypted traffic leaks information through its metadata. The percentage of encrypted network traffic has risen continuously in the past years, and we expect this trend to continue in the following years. On the other hand, measures to protect metadata are limited, leaving network traffic vulnerable to traffic-analysis attacks. You have full access to this open access 2. 1 DefinitionData in transit (i. e. , network traffic) is susceptible to eavesdropping and can leak information through the following channels: Payload: The packet payload contains the message transmitted (e. g. , parts of a website or email). Headers: The packet headers contain the information required to deliver the packet to the correct destination and parse it correctly by the receiving application. Packet headers, therefore, contain information about the sender and receiver of a packet (e. g. , their IP and MAC addresses) and information about the user application and protocol. Metadata: Metadata in network traffic is normally considered as the protocol information including the packet headers They are not contained in the packet directly but can be observed when recording the packet (e. g. , the packet size or the time when it was received). If a packet is received at multiple locations, this reveals additional information (e. g. , the path a packet takes through the network). For an eavesdropper, extracting information from unprotected headers and payloads is easy. Nevertheless, even if headers and payloads are protected (i. e. , encrypted), several so-called traffic-analysis attacks can infer sensitive information based on traffic metadata. For each type of information channels, there exist technologies to prevent the leakage: usual approach to protecting the payload and packet headers is to encrypt them. To do so, various encrypted protocols exist that encrypt data on various layers (not only the payload but also some headers). Widely used protocols include MACsec, IPsec, and TLS, which are explained in more detail below. MACsec (Control security) [1]: Operates on the link layer and encrypts packets between (layer 2) switches. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while encryption is used to protect data, it is not foolproof. It states that 'even if encrypted traffic leaks information through its metadata' and describes how network traffic is vulnerable to various types of eavesdropping and traffic-analysis attacks. This indicates that encryption methods do not provide absolute security, directly refuting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: Strong syt-smHA labeling in layer Lo6 in (E) appears to be mainly due to LC10b cells (compare with (C) for LC10d cells alone), though a lobula intrinsic neuron type weakly labeled by the split-GAL4 driver line used might also contribute to the pattern. Scale bar represents 20 µm. Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Column spread of LC neurons and other cell types in the lobula in cross-section views. Cells were labeled using MCFO. Cross-section views of the lobula were generated using Vaa3D. The AP and DV axes of the lobula are indicated. Anti-Brp reference marker is shown in grey. LC neuron arbor sizes and shapes in the lobula are diverse across different cell types but similar within each type. LC cell types shown are LC11 (A), LC10a (B) and LC22 (C). The remaining LC cell types are shown in Figure 6—figure supplement 1. MCFO labeled cells of a columnar medulla neuron type (Tm3) present in each of ~750 visual columns (D) and a lobula tangential cell (LT) that spans the entire lobula (E) are shown for comparison. All LC arbors are multicolumnar with estimated sizes from about 10 (LC10a) to over 60 (LC11) visual columns. LC22 cells were similar in size to LC11 along the long (DV) but not the short (AP) axis of the lobula. (F) Schematic summary of the column spread of different cell types in the lobula. Scale bar represents 20 µm. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Layer cross-section views of lobula arbors of the LC neuron types not shown in Figure 6. Cross-section views of LC cells of the indicated types were generated as described in the Figure 6 legend. Asterisks in the LC10b and LC21 panels mark two MCFO labeled cells (LC10c and LC11, respectively) that do not belong to the indicated cell type. LO and LP in the LPLC panels indicate cross-section views of the lobula and lobula plate, respectively. Scale bar in the LC4 panel represents 20 µm; images of other cell types are shown at very similar scale. Figure 7 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Single cell shapes of LC neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific details about the labeling of neurons in the lobula, including measurements and structural characteristics, without addressing cognitive processes or cultural comparisons.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents The inoculation with either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity containing rhizobacteria significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents. The increase in the chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents ranged from 1. 63 to 3. 91 fold, 1. 61 to 3. 51 fold and 1. 81 to 7. 21 fold (Figure 3). Isolate WAN1 was found to be the most effective that caused 3. 91-fold, 3. 51-fold and 7. 21-fold increase in chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents over uninoculated control respectively. The next effective isolates were WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 that resulted in about 3. 41-fold, 3. 20-fold, 6. 01-fold, 3. 01-fold, 2. 61-fold,4. 91-fold, 2. 61-fold, 2. 30-fold, 3. 41-fold, 1. 91-fold, 1. 90-fold, 2. 62-fold, and 1. 63-fold, 1. 60-fold and 1. 81-fold increase in chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents respectively, compared to uninoculated control. Figure 3. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents of wheat. Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for chlorophyll a contents. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 4. Macronutrient contents in shoot and root Data showed that inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity increased the plant ionic uptake e. g. macronutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in shoot and root (Figure 4). Among all isolates the maximum N (7. 11-fold and 6. 71-fold), P (7. 41-fold and 4. 90-fold), K (5. 51-fold and 3. 90-fold), Ca (6. 40-fold and 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the effects of rhizobacteria that possess nitrogen-fixing activity on plant growth. It presents evidence that such rhizobacteria significantly increased chlorophyll and macronutrient contents in plants, which are indicators of enhanced growth. Specifically, it mentions that inoculation with rhizobacteria resulted in notable increases in nitrogen uptake, reflecting their role in nitrogen fixation and subsequent enhancement of plant development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All encryption methods are completely unbreakable and guarantee absolute security for any type of data. [SEP] Text: MACsec encrypts the entire packet, including all headers except the source and destination addresses in the link layer (i. e. , the source and destination MAC address). MACsec is typically used to protect individual links in a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN) against eavesdropping. IPsec (Security) [2]: Operates on the network layer and can be used in two modes: transport mode and tunnel mode. In transport mode, IPsec encrypts the payload of the IP layer (i. e. , the headers of the transport-layer protocol and packet payloads). In tunnel mode, IPsec creates a tunnel from the sender to a destination and encrypts the IP header and its payload. To do so, it encapsulates the original IP packet within a new IP packet whose destination address is the tunnel’s endpoint, thereby revealing the IP addresses of both ends of the tunnel. IPsec is typically used to create tunnels between locations connected over an untrusted network (e. g. , the Internet). For more information about tunnels and so-called Networks (VPNs), see Chap. 26. TLS (Security) [3]: Operates on the transport layer and encrypts only its payload. Therefore, it does not hide other packet headers such as the source and destination IP addresses. TLS is used for many applications, but its most well-known use case is web browsing over HTTPS. Hiding packet metadata is more difficult compared to hiding packet contents because hiding metadata involves more than just encrypting the actual traffic. Completely hiding metadata is often impossible because packets need to be sent at some point. There exists various options: Obfuscating packet sizes: Obfuscating the size of packets or flows can be achieved by adding padding to the original contents of a packet or by splitting one packet into multiple fragments. For example, IPsec and TLS allow adding a random amount of padding to each packet before encrypting it to conceal its real size. However, it has been shown that this padding is too little to prevent traffic-analysis attacks [4]. Obfuscating packet timing: Obfuscating the timing of packets can be achieved by delaying the sending time of a packet. However, this inevitably leads to an increase in latency and, therefore, a decrease in network performance. Therefore, systems to hide the timing mainly exist as prototypes presented in research papers (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while various encryption methods like MACsec, IPsec, and TLS can encrypt data, there are limitations to what encryption can protect. Specifically, it mentions that completely hiding metadata (such as packet headers or timing) is often impossible and that padding methods used to conceal packet sizes can still be insufficient against traffic-analysis attacks. This demonstrates that encryption methods do not guarantee absolute security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: Maximum intensity projection images of MCFO labeled single cells were manually segmented to exclude other labeled cells or background signal and converted to inverted grayscale images. Cells are shown in a similar orientation (with dorsal approximately up and lateral approximately to the left) and at the same scale. Scale bar represents 50 µm. Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Layer patterns of single cells of 22 LC neuron types. Images are reoriented views (generated using Vaa3D) of MCFO labeled LC neurons. Anti-Brp neuropil marker is in grey. For each cell type, two different views, along the AP and along the DV axes of the lobula, respectively, are shown. The two panels for a cell type can either show the same specimen in two views or two different specimens. Scale bars in the LC4 panels represent 20 µm; images of other cell types are shown at very similar scale. Figure 7—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Single cell labeling of LPLC arbors in lobula and lobula plate. (A) LPLC1. (B) LPLC2. (C) LPLC4. Numbers indicate the four LP layers (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). Similar to lobula layers, the LP layers can be identified by changes in the intensity of anti-Brp labeling: Each LP layer shows a band of strong anti-Brp signal flanked by weaker labeling. All three LPLC cell types have processes in all lobula plate layers and several layers of the lobula but differ in details of arbor structure and layer patterns. For example, lobula layers of LPLC4 (mainly Lo2, Lo4 and Lo6) are different from both LPLC1 (Lo2-Lo4 and Lo5B) and LPLC2 (Lo4 and Lo5B). The presence of processes in multiple lobula plate layers, as shown by all LPLC types, could support responses to stimuli that combine different directions of motion, such as a visual loom (Schilling and Borst, 2015). Scale bars represent 20 µm. Figure 8 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Optogenetic activation of LC neurons induces distinct behavioral responses that differ between LC cell types. (A) A representative video image of group of freely walking flies in the circular arena assay. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses technical details of multi-cell labeling and imaging of neurons, focusing on the cellular structures and behaviors observed in specific types of neurons in lobula and lobula plate. It does not address the concept of cognitive processes or their variability across cultures, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 21-fold) and Mg (5. 80-fold and 7. 01-fold) contents in plant shoot and root were found in WAN1. The other isolates namely WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 also significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the N (5. 81-fold, 5. 11-fold, 3. 62-fold, 2. 61-fold and 1. 90-fold), P (5. 81-fold, 4. 62-fold, 3. 61-fold, 2. 80-fold and 2. 01-fold), K (4. 61-fold, 3. 71-fold, 2. 91-fold, 2. 03-fold and 1. 61-fold), Ca (4. 40-fold, 3. 71-fold, 3. 30-fold, 2. 71-fold and 2. 31-fold) and Mg (4. 51-fold, 4. 01-fold, 3. 21-fold, 2. 61-fold and 1. 71-fold) in the plant shoot compared to control. Similarly, the other isolates namely WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 also significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the N (5. 11-fold, 4. 01-folds, 3. 31-fold, 2. 71-fold and 2. 30-fold), P (4. 30-fold, 3. 60-fold, 3. 31-fold, 2. 91-fold and 2. 61-fold), K (3. 21-fold, 2. 50-fold, 1. 91-fold, 1. 72-fold and 1. 41-fold), Ca (4. 41-fold, 3. 61-fold, 3. 01-fold, 2. 41-fold and 1. 80-fold) and Mg (6. 11-fold, 5. 61-fold, 4. 50-fold, 3. 70-fold and 1. 91-fold) in the plant root compared to control. Figure 4. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on macronutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in shoot and root of wheat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that certain rhizobacteria significantly increased the nitrogen contents in plant shoots and roots, with multiple isolates showing enhancements in nitrogen (N) levels (e.g., '5. 81-fold', '5. 11-fold', among others). This indicates that the rhizobacteria contribute to improving the nitrogen availability for the plants, which supports the assertion that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All encryption methods are completely unbreakable and guarantee absolute security for any type of data. [SEP] Text: , [4,5,6]), and are rarely used in practice. Obfuscating packet’s path: Obfuscating the path of packets can be achieved by re-encrypting the packet multiple times while it crosses the network. The most well-known technique to do this is and its implementation in the TOR network. However, more than re-encrypting packets is needed; packet timings and sizes need to be concealed, too, in order to prevent correlation attacks such as the ones discussed in [7]. Reliably preventing traffic analysis attacks based on metadata requires making the traffic that crosses the network independent of the actual production traffic in terms of packet size, timing, and contents. This can be achieved by reshaping and encrypting production traffic such that it is sent at a fixed rate, and the encryption makes packets indistinguishable from each other. Unfortunately, preventing traffic analysis attacks typically adds large amounts of overhead in terms of additional delays, packet padding, and cover traffic and, therefore, often comes at the cost of throughput decrease or latency increase. 2. 2 TrendsThe percentage of encrypted network traffic has risen continuously in the past years, and we expect this trend to continue in the following years. A major driving factor for this is that the “Let’s Encrypt” certification authority [8] allows everyone to obtain TLS certificates for free. This led to a rapid increase in the websites reachable over encrypted connections, i. e. , over HTTPS. In addition, website operators are further incentivized to deploy TLS because it leads to a better ranking in the Google search results [9]. In addition, QUIC, a new transport-layer protocol, was standardized in 2021 [10]. In contrast to TCP and is encrypted by default and provides better performance and reliability than TCP and UDP. Google initially introduced it and supports it in its products, but other platforms and services now support it as well. TLS and QUIC are increasingly used to encrypt traffic that was traditionally not encrypted. For example, DNS queries are now sent over encrypted channels. 3 Consequences for SwitzerlandPopular websites and services in Switzerland enforce encrypted connections leads to most web network traffic in Switzerland being encrypted. In addition, the major Swiss web hosting providers support TLS encryption for their customers’ websites free of charge and with an easy setup, further increasing the percentage of encrypted traffic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges of encryption methods. It highlights that while encryption increases security and prevents certain attacks, such as traffic analysis, it does not guarantee absolute security. The mention of potential delays and overhead associated with ensuring traffic analysis protections demonstrates that encryption can come with trade-offs, thus disputing the notion that all encryption methods are completely unbreakable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: (B) Representative video images of a freely behaving fly on a small glass platform in the single-fly assay. A side view (upper part of the panel) and a bottom view (lower part) of the fly are simultaneously recorded on a single high-speed video camera with the aid of two small prisms (see Materials and methods). (C,D) The results of CsChrimson activation of different LC cell types in the arena (C) and the single-fly (D) assays are summarized in a grayscale intensity map. Each column represents a distinct behavior and each row represents a different split-GAL4 driver line with a predominant expression in the indicated cell type. Shading represents the behavioral penetrance (percentage of trials or flies of a specific genotype in which a given behavior was observed, see Supplementary file 1B for the names of the GAL4 lines used and penetrance values). In both assays, the occurrences of reaching and jumping behaviors were annotated manually, while locomotor behaviors including forward walking, backward walking and turning were determined based on velocity and angular speed derived from automated fly tracking (see Figure 8—figure supplement 1, and Materials and methods). For locomotor behaviors we set a conservative threshold of two standard deviations away from the mean to be considered an activation phenotype (Figure 8—figure supplement 1E,F). In this way, we determined the behavioral penetrance for five phenotypes – reaching, jumping, forward walking, backward walking and turning - in both the arena and the single-fly assays. In the single-fly assay, the high jumping penetrance of four LC cell types (LC4, LC6, LPLC1 and LPLC2) resulted in too few flies (<= 12) available for analyses of walking and turning behaviors (indicated with a ‘\’). Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Quantification of locomotor behaviors and determination of behavioral penetrance. (A) A representative tracking of a fly with LC16 activation in the arena assay. Arrows indicate the start and end positions. Fly’s trajectory is denoted in red (during stimulation, 1 s) or in white (before and after stimulation, 1 s each). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses experimental methodologies and results related to the behavior of flies, focusing on locomotor behaviors and related experimental setups. It does not provide any information or evidence pertaining to cognitive processes, let alone their consistency across different cultures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for macronutrient contents. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 5. Micronutrient contents in shoot and root Data showed that inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity increased the plant ionic uptake e. g. micronutrient contents (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in shoot and root (Figure 5). Among all isolates the maximum Zn (6. 41-fold and 9. 11-fold), Cu (7. 31-fold and 7. 01-fold), Fe (6. 40-fold and 7. 51-fold) and Mn (4. 50-fold and 5. 20-fold) contents in plant shoot and roots were found in treatments inoculated with WAN1. The other isolates namely WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 also significantly (P< 0. 05) increased the Zn (5. 60-fold, 4. 61-fold, 3. 70-fold, 2. 81-fold and 1. 90-fold), Cu (6. 01-fold, 4. 41-fold, 3. 30-fold, 2. 51-fold and 1. 70-fold), Fe (5. 31-fold, 4. 20-fold, 3. 41-fold, 2. 70-fold and 1. 90-fold) and Mn (3. 90-fold, 3. 31-fold, 2. 81-fold, 2. 41-fold and 1. 90-fold) contents in the plant shoot compared to control. Similarly, the other isolates namely WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 also significantly (p < 0. 05) increased the Zn (7. 80-fold, 6. 10-fold, 4. 71-fold, 3. 31-fold and 1. 91-fold), Cu (5. 20-fold, 4. 01-fold, 2. 91-fold, 1. 90-fold and 1. 31-fold), Fe (6. 01-fold, 5. 01-fold, 3. 80-fold, 2. 71-fold and 1. 60-fold) and Mn (4. 41-fold, 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that rhizobacteria, particularly those containing nitrogen-fixing activity, increased plant ionic uptake of micronutrients. This indicates that rhizobacteria contribute positively to plant growth by enhancing nutrient availability, consistent with the claim that they enhance growth through nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All encryption methods are completely unbreakable and guarantee absolute security for any type of data. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, measures to protect metadata are not widespread in Switzerland, leaving network traffic vulnerable to traffic-analysis attacks. However, these attacks primarily exist as research prototypes only. 3. 1 Implementation Possibilities: Make or BuyBuy: The widely available secure transport protocols and their implementations in popular libraries should be used for encryption. Make: For sensitive environments, benefits outweigh metadata protection schemes’ potential costs (e. g. , additional overhead). Unfortunately, there is no widespread solution here, and it would be necessary to develop a new solution for Switzerland’s use case (e. g. , based on research projects from Swiss universities [5, 6, 11, 12]). 4 ConclusionUnprotected traffic allows an eavesdropper to learn sensitive information about ongoing communication. To mitigate this, there exist many communication protocols that encrypt traffic on different layers. These protocols (MACsec, IPsec, and TLS) are widely used today and achieve good security for network traffic. However, even if traffic is encrypted, it leaks information through its metadata. Preventing this is more challenging, leads to more communication overhead, and is rarely done today. 802. 1AE: MAC Security (MACsec) 1. ieee802. org. [Accessed 04-Nov-2022]. RFC 4301: for the – rfc-editor. org. [Accessed 04-Nov-2022]. RFC 8446: (TLS) 1. 3 — rfc-editor. org. [Accessed 04-Nov-2022]. Kevin P. Dyer, Scott E. Coull, Thomas Ristenpart, and Thomas Shrimpton. Peek-a-boo, i still see you: Why efficient traffic analysis countermeasures fail. In 2012 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pages 332–346, 2012. 1710. 10237, 2017. 2022. 2021. 9000. [Accessed 04-Nov-2022]. and Carmela Troncoso. : Traffic-Anonymity at the Network Layer. 2018 on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P), 2018. 2015. 4. 0 ( which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while encryption methods like MACsec, IPsec, and TLS provide good security for network traffic, they do not guarantee complete protection against all vulnerabilities. It specifically mentions that even when traffic is encrypted, information can still leak through metadata, illustrating that encryption is not absolute and leaves vulnerabilities that could be exploited.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: (B) Time-series plot of velocity and angular speed of p4U control (black, trial count = 109, fly count = 23) and LC16 activated (red, trial count = 65, fly count = 14) flies. Solid and dashed lines indicate median and inner-quartile range, respectively. Grey rectangles in this and other panels signify optogenetic stimulation with red light. (C,D) Notched box plots showing the distribution of mean velocity (C) and angular speed (D), before, during, and after optogenetic stimulation, of p4U control (black) and LC16 activated (red) flies. The increased translational velocity of LC16 flies compared to controls prior to CsChrimson stimulation appears to be due to reduced walking of the control flies after repeated red light stimulation: The data in (B–D) are averages from multiple trials (trials 1 to trial 5) with the maximum light stimulus from experiments with increasing intensities (i. e. the same flies were stimulated repeatedly within an experiment with a series of light intensities; see Materials and methods). To examine whether the apparent higher basal locomotion of LC16 flies during pre-stimulation light off was a response to prior stimulations, we compared trial 1 data to trial 5 data from the experiments in Figure 9, because in these experiments only the maximum light stimulus was used (data for different LC16 split- GAL4 lines and for the different control flies shown in Figure 9 were pooled). Data for trial 1 showed no pre-stimulus difference between LC16 and control flies (p=0. 88, by Wilcox rank sum test), while locomotion was reduced for the controls in trial 5 (p<0. 01). (E,F) Jitter plots showing the distribution of mean velocity and angular speed during optogenetic stimulation of control and LC neuron driver lines in the arena (E) and single-fly (F) assays. Each dot represents an individual trial. A conservative threshold is set at the 97. 7th percentile of the p4U control distribution, indicated by dashed red lines. Grey and black dots represent trials within and outside of the normal range, respectively. For walking, trials above the top red line are counted as displaying a forward walking phenotype and trials below the bottom red line are counted as displaying a backward walking phenotype. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses experimental data on the velocity and angular speed of specific fly genotypes during optogenetic stimulation. It provides detailed information about locomotion in response to light stimuli but does not address cognitive processes or cultural comparisons. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about cognitively uniform processes across cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 71-fold, 3. 01-fold, 2. 60-fold and 2. 01-fold) contents in the plant root compared to control. Figure 5. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on micronutrient contents (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in shoot and root of wheat. Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for micronutrient contents. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 6. Glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase and catalase activity The inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the and Cata activity (Figure 6). All rhizobacterial isolate showed increase in the and Cata activity. Nevertheless the isolates WAN1 was the most effective and showed highest increase in the and Cata activity i. e. 7. 51-fold, 5. 31-fold and 5. 01-fold. The WAN2, WRN1 and WRN5 were the next best effective rhizobacterial isolates and caused an increase of 5. 51-fold, 4. 21-fold and 4. 01-fold, 4. 10-fold, 3. 20-fold and 3. 41-fold, 3. 01-fold, 2. 60-fold and 2. 81-fold in the and Cata activity respectively. Whereas, WACC1 and WACC2 showed minimum increase in the and Cata activity comparing with other rhizobacterial isolates i. e. 2. 20-fold, 2. 01-fold and 2. 21-fold, and 1. 41-fold, 1. 50-fold and 1. 48-fold correspondingly. Figure 6. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on enzymes and Cata activity. Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for glutathione S-transferase activity. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 7. Characteristics of isolates Some pertinent characteristics of rhizobial isolates used in the experiment are given in Table 1. It was observed that, among all isolates, WAN1 had maximum root colonization activity i. e. 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by indicating that the inoculation with rhizobacteria containing nitrogen-fixing activity significantly increased various plant growth-related metrics, including enzyme activities. The mention of ACC-deaminase and nitrogen-fixing activity, along with specific increases in activity levels, suggests a beneficial role for these rhizobacteria in promoting plant growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All encryption methods are completely unbreakable and guarantee absolute security for any type of data. [SEP] Text: The bacterial V3-4 region was then amplified with the primer set 338F (5′--3′) and 806R (5′--3′) (Zeng & An, 2021). PCR amplification and purification were performed following previously described methods (Yang, Liu & Zhang, 2019). Briefly, each sample consisted of a 30 µL mixture in triplicate, comprised of 10 µpremix (TaKaInc. , Kusatsu, Japan), 0. 5 µL of each primer (10 µM), 1 µL DNA template (20 ng), and 18 µL PCR-grade water, which was amplified according to the stetted procedure (95 °C for 5 min, followed by 25 cycles at 95 °C for 30 s, 55 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s, and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min). The replicate PCR reactions for each triplicate were pooled and purified using a (). A single composite sample for sequencing was prepared by combining approximately equimolar amounts of PCR products from each sample. The prepared PCR products were then paired-end sequenced (2 × 250 bp) on an Illumina MiSeq platform (CO. , Ltd. , Shanghai, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Soil non-targeted metabolomic detection and analysis Twelve rhizosphere soil samples were sent to Majorbio (Shanghai, China) on dry ice for metabolite extraction, detection, and analysis. In detail, 1,000-mg soil aliquot of each sample was homogenized with 1,000 µL methanol/water (4:1, v/v) solution, including 0. 02 mg/mL internal standard (L-2-chlorophenylamine acid) for 6 min at −10 °C and 50 kHz using a Geno-grinder 2,000 () and spun down for 30 min at 5 °C and 40 kHz. After resting for 30 min at −20 °C, each material was centrifuged at 13,000 g (relative centrifugal force) for 15 min at 4 °C, then the supernatant was transferred and concentrated by a Concentrator (DC-24, Technologies, Shanghai, China). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods related to PCR amplification and soil metabolomic detection, with no mention of encryption methods or security guarantees. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: For turning, trials above the red line are counted as displaying a turning phenotype. Figure 8—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Variability of LC16 backward walking behavior across trials and across flies. In the circular arena experiments, each fly was repeatedly tested in a series of trials (see Materials and methods). For most analyses, we pooled data across all flies and trials (as shown in the left panel for walking behavior after optogenetic stimulation of different LC neuron types; these are the same data plotted as a separate data point for each trial in Figure 8—figure supplement 1). To further explore sources of variability in these experiments, using LC16 activation induced backward walking as an example, we reanalyzed the data by pooling results for either all flies of the same trial (per trial) or all trials of the same fly (per fly). This revealed different degrees of variability both across flies within the same trial and across trials for the same fly. Nonetheless, this variability does not change our conclusion that LC16 activation results in a strong backward walking response. Figure 9 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Experiments with additional LC6 and LC16 driver lines confirm the activation phenotypes of these cell types. (A,B) Behavioral penetrance for different controls and multiple split-GAL4 driver lines for (A) jumping (flies that jumped within 200 ms of stimulation onset) with LC6 controls based on the OL0077B driver line and (B) backward walking and turning with LC16 controls based on the OL0046B driver line. Each dot represents an experiment done with a different genotype: orange, LC neuron activation in blind norpA flies that also carry an LC6 (A) or LC16 (B) split-GAL4 line; green, p4U control in blind norpA flies; blue, flies reared on food without supplemental retinal; red, split-GAL4 DBD or AD halves; grey, genetically distinct split-GAL4 driver lines with targeted expression in LC6 (A) or LC16 (B). Horizontal and vertical lines indicate mean and standard deviation, respectively, for the control group and split-GAL4 group. The genotypes of the driver lines, behavioral penetrance and total trial and fly counts are listed in Supplementary file 1B. Expression patterns of the split-GAL4 driver lines used are shown in Figure 9—figure supplement 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental methods and results regarding the behavior of flies under various trials without addressing cognitive processes or cultural differences. It does not provide any information related to the claim about cognitive processes being uniform across cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 7×107 and produced more auxin (30. 1 mg l-1) in the presence of L-TRP. Conversely, WACC1 had maximum ACC-deaminase activity i. e. 18. 58 μmol α-ketobutyrate g-biomass 1/2 h-1. 4. with rhizobacterial isolate containing ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of the seedlings compared to uninoculated control. Comparing the effect of rhizobacterial isolates, the WAN1 showed maximum root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of the seedlings than other isolates and uninoculated control (Figures 1-2). The effect of other rhizobacterial isolates was in the order WAN2 > WRN1 > WRN5 > WACC1 > WACC2. It has been reported that certain microorganisms contain an enzyme ACC-deaminase that hydrolyzed the ACC into NH3 and α-ketobutyrate, and reduced the inhibitory effects of ethylene for vigorous growth of plants i. e. root-shoot length and fresh and dry weights (Mayak et al. , 2004). Shaharoona et al. , (2003) investigated the effect of ACC-deaminase possessing rhizobacteria on the growth of maize seedlings, and found significant increase in the root and shoot lengths and fresh and dry weights of maize seedlings over uninoculated control. The reason of the WAN1 being the best rhizobacterial isolate was, having both nitrogen fixing and ACC-deaminase activities and maximum root colonization ability. It was found that rhizobacterial isolate having both nitrogen fixing and ACC-deaminase activities showed more promising effects on agricultural plants, and increase the plant growth, root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weights due to its maximum root colonization activity, and ability to minimize the endogenous levels of ethylene synthesis (Glick, 2012; Shaharoona et al. , 2003). The data of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents showed that among all experimental isolates again WAN1 showed significant (P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how rhizobacterial isolates with nitrogen-fixing and ACC-deaminase activities significantly increased root and shoot length, as well as fresh and dry weight of seedlings compared to controls. Specifically, it mentions that 'the reason of the WAN1 being the best rhizobacterial isolate was, having both nitrogen fixing and ACC-deaminase activities', which supports the assertion that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All encryption methods are completely unbreakable and guarantee absolute security for any type of data. [SEP] Text: The dry residue was derivatized by adding 50 µL acetonitrile/water (1:1), homogenized for 30 s at 5 °C and 40 kHz, and centrifuged at 13,000 g (relative centrifugal force) for 10 min at 4 °C. Finally, the supernatant was subjected to LC-tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis; 20 µL supernatant of each sample was mixed for the quality control sample. -Triple TOF system () equipped with an 3 (100 mm × 2. 1 mm i. d. , 1. 8 µm; ) was applied to chromatographic separating the metabolites with two mobile phases, phase A (95% water and 5% acetonitrile (with 0. 1% formic acid)) and phase B (5% water (with 0. 1% formic acid), 47. 5% acetonitrile, and 47. 5% isopropanol). The whole system was integrated to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (5600th; ) equipped with an electrospray ionization source and operated in positive and negative modes. The online analysis platform (Majorbio, Shanghai, China) was applied to the raw data following the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, the ProgenesisQI (Waters Corp. , ) was used for baseline filtering, peak recognition, integration, retention time correction, and peak alignment, which produced the retention time, mass charge ratio, peak intensity, and data matrix. Then, the characteristic peak was detected and the information from the MS and MS/MS analyses was mapped with a metabolic specific database; the mass error was set to <10 PPM. Finally, the metabolites were identified according to the matching scores of the secondary MS. The data were normalized with Pareto scaling and log-transformed before further analysis. QMEC Twelve qualified soil DNA samples were sent to Biotechnology Co. , Ltd. (Guangzhou, China) for QMEC analysis, wherein a high-throughput quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based chip was applied to assess the microbial functional potential, including 71 functional genes related to C-, N-, P-, and S-cycling (Zheng et al. , 2018). QMEC manipulation was conducted following previously described methods (Chen et al. , 2020a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods for metabolite analysis and does not mention encryption methods or security at all. Thus, it does not support or contrast with the claim regarding encryption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: Figure 9—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Expression patterns of multiple split-GAL4 driver lines for LC6 and LC16. Brain (A,B) and VNC (C,D) expression patterns of split-GAL4 drivers for LC6 (A,C) and LC16 (B,D). Split-GAL4 driven expression of 20xUAS-CsChrimson-mVenus (insertion in attP18; visualized using anti-GFP antibody labeling; green) and a neuropil marker (anti-Brp, magenta) are shown. Imaging parameters and brightness or contrast adjustments were identical within each brain/VNC pair but not across all images. OL0077B and OL0046B images are the same as those shown in Figure 2 and Figure 2—figure supplement 1. Scale bar represents 50 µm. Original confocal stacks are available from www. janelia. org/split-GAL4. Figure 9—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Quantification of LC16 activation induced locomotor behaviors and determination of behavioral penetrance. Jitter plots show the distribution of mean velocity and angular speed during optogenetic stimulation of multiple LC16 split-GAL4 driver lines and control lines. Color codes are the same as in Figure 9. Penetrance was determined as in Figure 8—figure supplement 1E. Figure 10 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Reaching behavior resulting from activation of LC10 subtypes. (A) Representative video images of a fly exhibiting reaching behavior in the single-fly assay. Time stamps indicate milliseconds (ms) after the start of reaching. (B) Comparison of lobula layer patterns and penetrance of reaching upon optogenetic activation for 15 LC10 split-GAL4 lines. The images show reconstructed views of CsChrimson expression in the lobula (generated using Vaa3D and manually aligned using the anti-Brp reference marker). Approximate layer positions are indicated on the left. Scale bar represents 10 µm. CsChrimson expression using two additional LC10 driver lines (SS00941 and SS00942) resulted in unexpected uncoordinated behaviors in response to optogenetic activation that precluded analyses of reaching behavior. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely focused on detailed descriptions of experimental setups and findings specifically related to optogenetic stimulation and behavior in flying organisms, particularly in relation to split-GAL4 driver lines. It does not address the claim regarding cognitive processes across cultures in any form. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 05) increase in chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents compared to other rhizobacterial isolates and uninoculated control (Figure 3). The overall effect of other isolates was in the order of WAN2 > WRN1 > WRN5 > WACC1 > WACC2. Yet again isolate having both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen fixing activities i. e. WAN1 proved to be the best than isolates either having nitrogen fixing activity or ACC-deaminase activity alone. Stefan et al. , (2013) found that the PGPR strains (S4 and S7), alone or in combination, significantly increased the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the runner bean. Mia et al. , (2010) revealed that inoculation with rhizobacterial strains (Sp7 and UPMB10) significantly increased the growth attributes e. g. leaf area, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. The significant increase (P < 0. 05) in the plant ionic uptake e. g. macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in the shoot and root was observed after inoculation with rhizobacterial isolates (Figures 4-5). Among the rhizobacterial isolates WAN1 was the most effective isolate and caused highest increase in the macro and micronutrient contents of the plant shoot and root. The efficacy of other rhizobacterial isolates was in the following order WAN2 > WRN1 > WRN5 > WACC1 > WACC2. Sahran and Nehra, (2011) concluded that inoculation with PGPR significantly increased the plant mineral (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) consumption. Hayat et al. , (2010) concluded that growth promoting rhizobacteria increase the mobility and availability of plant nutrients in the soil, and as a result increase the nutrient uptake of the plants. Nadeem et al. , (2006) concluded that inoculation with PGPR significantly increase the plant ionic consumption i. e. N, P and K in the shoot and root of the maize plant. The data of plant enzymes activity showed (Figure 6) that inoculation with rhizobacterial isolates considerably (P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing empirical evidence from various studies that show how rhizobacterial isolates, such as WAN1, enhance plant growth attributes, including chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, as well as increasing macro and micronutrient uptake. This indicates a positive relationship between rhizobacterial inoculation and improved plant growth metrics, thereby supporting the assertion that certain rhizobacteria contribute to plant growth enhancement, which is consistent with the concept of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: The temperature, as well as the frequency, dependence of the dielectric constant was explained by the existence of functional groups between neighboring layers; since functional groups containing hydroxyl groups are expected to be present between layers, their behavior might be influenced by the frequency, leading to resonant behavior at high frequency. Furthermore, investigation of the structure and properties of GH would help determine pathways for synthesizing graphene since increasing the ratio of sp3/sp2 drives the GH system towards a more graphane-like state in which all carbon atoms have sp3 orbitals. Moreover, these investigations will also facilitate the development of applications, such as sensors and energy storage systems, which exploit the large surface area of these materials. As a demonstration of a possible application, electrodes for supercapacitors were fabricated using reduced GH. Figure 7 shows the XRD pattern of reduced GH, which contained 3 distinct peaks. The interlayer distances for the planes associated with these peaks were 12. 7 Å, 3. 43 Å and 2. 96 Å, respectively. After reduction, the reduced GH had a greater interlayer distance than the unreduced GH (cf. Figure 3). Figure 7XRD pattern of reduced GH. The reduced GH had a greater interlayer distance than the unreduced GH. Full size imageFigure 8 shows images of the cross-sections of thermally reduced GH samples. Since the GH had numerous chemical groups on the surface, gases were generated during the reduction process by the destruction chemical groups such as epoxy and hydroxyl groups. In addition, the vacuum environment triggered the expansion of the stacked layers so that the evolved gases could escape from the GH. Long-term vacuum reduction at high temperature produced many pores inside the sample and expanded the interlayer spacing, i. e. , the effective surface area was greatly increased. Therefore, neighboring layers were separated from each other and many pores were clearly visible, as shown in Fig. 8(a). In Figs. 8(b) and (c), the empty space between layers is distinct and the structure is like that of a connected cocoon. The size of the cocoon-shaped pores was larger than 1 μm2. Inside the individual layers, there were smaller pores around 250 nm × 50 nm and 40 nm × 10 nm, as shown in Figs. 8(e) and (f), respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does mention the development of applications such as sensors and energy storage systems, which relates to the claim about energy storage. However, the primary focus of the text is on the structural and chemical properties of GH and the impact of functional groups on its behavior, rather than directly addressing the majority focus of research in graphene applications for high electrical conductivity specifically for supercapacitors and energy storage. Therefore, while it contains some relevant information, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim directly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: These lines, which are related as they only differ from each other in the insertion site of the AD hemidriver (see Supplementary file 1B), were therefore excluded from further analyses. (C) Single cell labeling reveals subtype expression patterns of LC10 driver lines. Overall lobula expression of an LC10 split-GAL4 line (SS02664) (top panel; displayed as in B) and examples of MCFO labeled single cells from this line (bottom panels) are shown. LC10 subtypes (indicated below the images) of single cells were assigned based on layer pattern, arbor size and shape as follows: LC10c cells mainly arborize in layer Lo5B with some processes in the adjacent layers. LC10a cells also have arbors in Lo5B, but differ from LC10c by having additional processes in the more distal layers Lo2, Lo3 and Lo4. LC10b and LC10d differ from LC10a and LC10c by having major arbors in Lo6 and only few processes in Lo5B. Their distal arbors reach Lo4. LC10b cells are wider than LC10d cells and show many small varicosities (presumably presynaptic sites; compare Figure 5—figure supplement 2E) in Lo6. LC10 neurons also differ in their axonal paths in the AOTu: LC10a and LC10d axons run both dorsally and ventrally, and LC10b and LC10c only ventrally (Figure 3G; also see Figure 10—figure supplement 1). Scale bars represent 10 µm. (D) Reaching penetrance observed upon activation of the LC10 split-GAL4 drivers and various control lines in the single-fly assay. Split-GAL4 drivers are grouped by expression patterns in the LC10 subtypes: either subtype a and/or d, or neither a nor d. Driver lines were included in the ‘a and/or d’ category if two or more cells of these types were identified in MCFO experiments (see Figure 10—figure supplement 2). Colors representing various controls and split-GAL4 driver lines are the same as those in Figure 9. Figure 10—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Expression patterns of LC10 split-GAL4 driver lines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific experimental details and observations about neuronal subtype expression patterns, particularly focusing on split-GAL4 driver lines in a biological context. There is no mention or implication regarding cognitive processes or cultural comparisons, making it completely unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 05) enhanced the antioxidant plant enzymes activity i. e. glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase and catalase activities. All rhizobacterial isolates had positive effect on plant enzymes activity, however the WAN1 was found to be the best. The effect of other rhizobacterial isolates was in the order WAN2 > WRN1 > WRN5 > WACC1 > WACC2. Stefan et al. , (2013) observed that the PGPR strains (S4 and S7), alone or in combination, considerably increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes. Mia et al. , (2010) found that rhizobacterial inoculation (Sp7 and UPMB10) significantly increased the nitrogen uptake in plants which ultimately increased the formation of protein and enzyme for better physiological activities. Hayat et al. , (2010) stated that PGPR increase the plant vigor and decrease the biotic and abiotic stresses by producing different anti-oxidant enzymes. Results of isolates characteristics clearly revealed that among all isolates, WAN1 had maximum root colonization activity and produced more auxin in the presence of L-TRP, whereas, WACC1 had maximum ACC-deaminase activity among all rhizobacterial isolates (Table 1). The difference in plant growth promotion by different rhizobacterial isolates may be due to the differences in their efficiency of colonizing the germinating roots, production of plant hormones (e. g. auxin) and ability to hydrolyze the ACC in plant roots (Hassan et al. , 2014). It has been reported that traits e. g. production of IAA, auxin, phosphate solubilization and chitin production by PGPR are helpful for better nutrient mobilization and availability for plants, as a result inoculation with rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase could result in the development of much better germination of seeds and longer roots, which subsequently affects over all growth of the host plant (Zafarul-Hye et al. , 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that rhizobacterial inoculation results in significantly increased nitrogen uptake in plants, which enhances growth. It also discusses various mechanisms by which rhizobacteria promote plant growth, including the production of plant hormones and improved nutrient mobilization. This aligns with the assertion that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth, particularly through the nitrogen fixation process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Hishiyama, Electric double layer capacitance of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and B-doping effect, Appl. Phys. A 82 (2006) 585–591. [16] X. Zhai, Y. Song, J. Liu, P. Li, M. Zhong, C. Ma, H. Wang, Q. Guo, L. Zhi, In-situ preparation of boron-doped carbons with ordered mesopores and enhanced electrochemical properties in supercapacitors, J. Electrochem. Soc. 159 (2012) E177–E182. [17] T. Tomko, R. Rajagopalan, P. Aksoy, H. C. Foley, Synthesis of boron/nitrogen substituted carbons for aqueous asymmetric capacitors, Electrochim. Acta 56 (2011) 5369–5375. [18] P. N. Vishwakarma, S. V. Subramanyam, Hopping conduction in boron doped amorphous carbon films, J. Appl. Phys. 100 (2006) 113702. [19] H. Konno, T. Ito, M. Ushiro, K. Fushimi, K. Azumi, High capacitance B/C/N composites for capacitor electrodes synthesized by a simple method, J. 195 (2010) 1739–1746. [20] H. Konno, T. Nakahashi, M. Inagaki, T. Sogabe, Nitrogen incorporation into boron-doped graphite and formation of B–N bonding, Carbon 37 (1999) 471–475. [21] D. Zhong, H. Sano, Y. Uchiyama, K. Kobayashi, Effect of low-level boron doping on oxidation behavior of polyimide-derived carbon films, Carbon 38 (2000) 1199–1206. [22] L. R. Radovic, M. Karra, K. Skokova, P. A. Thrower, The role of substitutional boron in carbon oxidation, Carbon 36 (1998) 1841–1854. [23] X. W. and, L. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address graphene or its applications, but rather discusses a series of research articles related to boron-doped carbon materials and carbon nanotubes. These topics are somewhat related to energy storage but do not specifically corroborate or contrast with the claim about graphene's applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: Brain (A) and VNC (B) expression patterns using 20xUAS-CsChrimson-mVenus in attP18 visualized with an anti-GFP antibody (green) and a neuropil marker (anti-Brp, magenta) are shown. While some driver lines also had expression in a few non-LC10 cells, none of these additional neurons was consistently present in lines with the reaching behavior. Imaging parameters and brightness or contrast adjustments were identical for each brain/VNC pair but not across all images. OL0020B and OL0023B images are the same as those shown in Figure 2 and Figure 2—figure supplement 1. Scale bar represents 50 µm. Original confocal stacks are available from www. janelia. org/split-GAL4. Figure 10—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Stochastic single cell labeling reveals LC10 subtype expression patterns of the LC10 split-GAL4 driver lines. (A) Examples (10 per driver line) of MCFO-labeled LC10 cells from five different lines. Subtype classification is indicated for each cell (white lowercase letters). Anti-Brp pattern (used to facilitate comparison of layer positions across specimens) is shown in grey; views were generated using Vaa3D. Layer patterns of these projection images were manually aligned using the anti-Brp marker. To do so, the scale of some images was slightly adjusted to compensate for the non-uniform depth of the lobula. Approximate layer positions are indicated in the bottom right panel. Scale bar represents 10 µm. (B) Summary of LC10 MCFO results. For each driver line, the number of MCFO-labeled LC10 cells of each subtype was determined for the indicated number of fly brain samples. Some LC10 cells that were located at an edge of the lobula neuropil or overlapped with other labeled cells and thus could not be identified were excluded from the counts. Total cells refer to the number of all LC10 cells that were assigned a subtype. Subtypes that were only seen as single labeled cell are in parentheses in the summary. Figure 11 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset LC6 and LC16 activation behaviors resemble avoidance responses evoked by visual looming. (A) LC6 and LC16 project to adjacent, non-overlapping target glomeruli. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses brain expression patterns and specific labeling of neurons in fruit flies, which is focused on a biological aspect of neural activity rather than cognitive processes across cultures. It does not address or mention anything related to cultural differences in cognition, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Phosphate solubilization, dinitrogen fixation, ACC-deaminase and antifungal activity, IAA and siderophore biosynthesis characteristics of PGPR are responsible for the plant growth promotion and high yield (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014). 5. of agricultural crops with rhizobacterial strains is a very viable and eco-friendly approach to increase crop production on sustainable basis. The plant-beneficial rhizobacteria may decrease the global dependence on hazardous agricultural chemicals which destabilize the agro-ecosystems. PGPR protect the plants from the deleterious effects of biotic and abiotic stresses by producing phytohormones and antioxidant enzymes and increase the plant growth by increasing the nutrients availability and uptake. The ACC enrichment technique is an effective and efficient approach to select most promising PGPR. Rhizobacteria containing both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen fixing activity are more effective than rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase or nitrogen fixing activity alone for growth promotion of agricultural crops. 2014. Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Current perspective. J. Uni. Sci. 26, 1-20. Arnon, D. I. 1949. Copper induced enzyme in isolated chloroplasts; polyphenol oxidase in beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24, 1-15. Bhattacharyya, P. N. , Jha, D. K. 2012. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): emergence in agriculture. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28, 1327-1350. 1982. Analytical methods in n-15 research. Fert. Res. 3, 37-62. Cakmak, I. , Horst, W. J. 1991. Effect of aluminium on lipid peroxidation, superoxidase dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max). Physiologia Plantarum. 83, 463-468. Chapman, H. D. , Pratt, P. F. 1961. Methods of analysis for soils, plants and water. Univ. . Davies, K. G, Whitbread, R. A. 1989. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that rhizobacteria, particularly those that exhibit dinitrogen fixation, contribute to plant growth promotion. It specifically notes that 'Rhizobacteria containing both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen fixing activity are more effective than rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase or nitrogen fixing activity alone for growth promotion of agricultural crops,' which highlights the importance of nitrogen fixation in enhancing plant growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Graphene-based membranes are being developed to desalinate seawater more efficiently than current methods. [SEP] Text: Current tocolytic treatments do not prevent PTB, and trials on prophylactic progesterone (P) or progestin treatments to delay PTB are inconclusive. The objective of this study was therefore to evaulate maintenance treatment with vaginal P gel compared to placebo in women after the onset of preterm labor. Healthy women with singleton pregnancy and early preterm labor were randomized to daily P gel 90 mg (n = 29) or placebo (n = 29) after standard intravenous tocolysis. Women with intravenous tocolysis alone (n = 29) served as a reference group. The results showed that P gel and placebo delayed PTB more effectivelythan intravenous tocolysis alone (p < 0. 0001 respectively). The composite neonatal morbidity and length of neonatal intensive care (NICU) were lower after P and placebo compared to the reference group (p < 0. 0001 respectively). We conclude, that maintenance treatment with vaginal P gel or placebo delayed PTB more efficiently than intravenous tocolysis alone, suggesting an effect of the placebo gel rather than of P. The acidic character of the placebo gel reinforced the physiological acidic barrier at the uterine cervix which protects the pregnancy from pathogen invasion and uterine infection leading to PTB. IntroductionThe global rate of PTB before 37 gestational weeks, the main cause of all neonatal, infant and child mortality up to 5 years age, is still 10% (1). The multifactorial risk factors behind PTB include demographic and socioeconomic factors such as psychosocial stress, malnutrition, low and high maternal age, multiple pregnancy, decidual bleeding, and uterine infection (2−7). Current tocolytic treatments with an oxytocin receptor antagonist, a b2-adrenergic receptor agonist, magnesium sulfate, a NSAID or a calcium blocker do not prevent PTB, but aim to delay delivery for 48 hours to optimize the effect of antenatal corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation and allow for transport to a tertiary hospital with NICU expertise (8). A cervical length (CL) ≤ 25 mm at midgestation is regarded as a primary predictor for PTB (9). Despite the multifactorial causes behind PTB, a cervical connective tissue remodeling precedes both preterm and term labor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses preterm labor (PTB) and treatments related to maternal health, with no mention of graphene, membranes, or desalination techniques. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim regarding graphene-based membranes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: The image was generated using a 3D image rendering software (FluoRender) (Wan et al. , 2012) on aligned confocal images. (B) LC6 and LC16 have similar layer patterns in the lobula. An overlay of substack projections of aligned image stacks is shown. Anti-Brp reference marker is in grey. (C) Representative video images from the single-fly assay showing that a looming stimulus and LC6 activation evoke very similar coordinated behavioral sequences, which include wing elevation, middle leg extension and initiation of flight. Time stamp is set at 0 ms for the frame of takeoff. Negative and positive values are for frames before and after takeoff, respectively. (D) Notched box plots showing the duration of the takeoff sequence measured as the time from the first moment of wing movement to the last moment of tarsal contact with the ground after the stimulus (Mann-Whitney test, p=0. 29 between looming and LC6 activation, and p<0. 001 between LC6 activation and no stimulus). (E) Representative video images from the single-fly assay showing that a looming stimulus and LC16 activation evoke very similar backward walking behaviors. Time stamp is set at 0 ms for the start of backward walking. (F) Total distance flies walked on the platform of the single-fly assay. Positive and negative values are for forward and backward walking, respectively (Mann-Whitney test, p=0. 71 between looming and LC16 activation, and p<0. 001 between LC16 activation and no stimulus). Scale bars represent 50 µm (A) or 20 µm (B). Figure 11—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Behavioral consequences of silencing LC6 and LC16 by Kir2. 1 expression. Split-GAL4 driver lines OL0077B (LC6, A–B) or OL0046B (LC16, C) were crossed to flies with pJFRC49-10XUAS-IVS-eGFPKir2. 1 in a DL strain background. p4U crossed to the same effector or DL flies were used as controls. (A,B) Looming stimuli were presented at an elevation of 45°, an azimuth of 90°, and an l/v of 20 (as in Figure 11C,D). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses experimental results related to behavioral sequences in response to stimuli in flies, specifically detailing the activation of neurons and the resultant motor behaviors. It does not address cognitive processes in humans or make any comparative statements about cultural differences in cognition, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Effect of lead pollution on soil microbiological index under spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. ) cultivation. J. Soils Sediments. 14, 44-59. Hassan W. , David J. , Bashir F. 2014a. ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria and growth response of tomato(Lycopersicon pimpinellfoliumMill. ). J. Plant Interact. 14, 869-882. Hassan, W. , Bano, R. , Bashir, F. , David, J. 2014b. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria in promotion of maize (Zea mays L. ) growth under lead pollution. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21, 10983-10996. Hassan, W. , David, J. , Abbas, F. 2014c. Effect of type and quality of two contrasting plant residues on CO2 emission potential of Ultisol soil: implications for indirect influence of temperature and moisture. Catena. 114, 90-96. Hassan, W. , Chen, W. , Cai, P. , Huang, Q. 2014d. Estimation of enzymatic, microbial and chemical properties in Brown soil by microcalorimetry. Anal. Cal. 116, 969-988. Hassan, W. , Bano, R. , Khatak, B. U. , Hussain, I. , Yousaf, M. , David, J. 2014e. Decomposition under Regimes: Effect on. CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water doi:10. 1002/clen. 201300727. Hayat, R. , Ali, S. , Amara, U. , Khalid, R. , Ahmed, I. 2010. Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Ann. Microbiol. 60, 579-598. Honma, M. , Shimomura, T. 1978. Metabolism of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Agr. Biol. Chem. 42, 1825-1831. Mayak, S. , Tirosh, T. , Glick, B. R. 2004. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to studies on the role of nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria in promoting the growth of plants such as tomato and maize. It specifically mentions 'ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria' and implies their effectiveness in enhancing growth, thereby supporting the claim that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of graphene’s applications are still in the research phase, although it has shown promise in areas like electronics, energy, and biomedical devices. [SEP] Text: Finally, unlike hINO80, hINO80ΔCTD slides a centrally positioned 50N50 nucleosome away from the central position (Figure 6C). Consequently, we conclude that the hIno80 CTD not only regulates ATPase but also confers both coupling and DNA sensing abilities to the complex. Figure 6 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset hINO80ΔCTD has altered end sensing. (A) Initial sliding rates for hINO80 and hINO80ΔCTD on nucleosomes with different length overhangs. Full length hINO80 complex (right) senses DNA ends up to 60 bp while that of the hINO80ΔCTD complex (left) is reduced to under 40 bp. FRET-based assay data are shown in Figure 6—figure supplement 1. (B) hINO80ΔCTD has a reduced ability to centre nucleosomes. Although the majority of nucleosomes still reach the centre, the spread is much greater than for hINO80 (Figure 1 and Figure 3—figure supplement 2). (C) hINO80ΔCTD slides 50N50 nucleosomes away from the central location. These are unaltered by hINO80. In order to investigate this role further, we prepared the hIno80 CTD alone (residues 1250–1556) to analyse its intrinsic properties (Figure 7 and Figure 7—figure supplement 1). We find that the isolated CTD is a DNA-binding protein (Figure 7A) and is a monomer is solution (Figure 7B). Affinity measurements made by MST show that the binding of hIno80CTD to duplex DNA is cooperative with a Hill coefficient close to 2 (Figure 7C) but stoichiometry measurements were not possible due to aggregation of the complex at high protein concentrations. However, since two hINO80 complexes are required for sliding and binding, it seems likely that CTD dimerisation is induced by binding to duplex DNA and, like the nucleosome-dependent interaction between hINO80 complexes, this dimerisation is highly cooperative. The CTD, therefore, provides one interface between INO80 dimers although there may be others involving different subunits that we have yet to identify. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the properties and behavior of the hINO80 complex in nucleosome dynamics without any mention of graphene or its applications. Therefore, it does not provide any information that could corroborate or contrast with the claim about graphene.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: In addition, a slow stimulus (using an l/v of 160) was included in (A) since calcium imaging suggests LC6 is tuned to slower looms (Figure 12—figure supplement 1). Confidence intervals were determined using the Clopper-Pearson method. Fly counts for each experiment from left to right are 170, 117, 141, and 89. (B) Notched box plots showing the duration of the takeoff sequence (as in Figure 11C). (C) Looming stimuli were presented as in Figure 11E–F, specifically chosen to induce backward walking. Total distance flies walked on the platform of the single-fly assay is shown. Fly counts from left to right are 396, 43, and 40. Figure 12 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset LC16 and LC6, but not LC11, respond to visual looming stimuli with robust calcium increases. (A) Visual stimuli evoked calcium responses of LC neurons were imaged in head-fixed flies. (B) The axon terminals of LC cells bundle to form cell-type specific glomeruli (subset shown in C). We imaged from a single glomerulus by using spilt-GAL4 lines labeling individual cell-types (LC16, LC6 or LC11). Representative regions for calcium imaging experiments are marked with the yellow dashed rectangles. Exemplary responses of LC16, LC6 and LC11 to a slow dark looming disk are shown (C; each single frame taken from the peak response of an individual fly, distinct genotypes were used to image from each glomerulus). (D) LC16, LC6 and LC11 responses to looming visual stimuli are shown for three variants of the stimulus (from top to bottom: dark looming disk, bright looming disk, luminance-matched) expanding at r/v = 550 ms (n = 5 per genotype). Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. Statistics were performed on mean ∆F/F during a time window in which the response peaks (2 s before and after the looming stimulus stops expanding). (E) As a comparison to looming stimuli, we also presented moving object stimuli that contain local motion that is distinct from looming. LC11 responds strongly to the motion of the small (9°x9°) spot, but not the long bar (9°x72°) moving object. The objects moved at 22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on specific experiments related to the calcium responses of certain neurons in flies to visual stimuli, without addressing cognitive processes or cultural differences. Therefore, it does not support, contradict, or provide any insight regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Diversity of nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria associated with sugarcane: a comprehensive study of plant-microbe interactions for growth enhancement in Saccharum spp. 45. 5% (10) were able to produce an orange halo zone on the chrome azurol S agar medium indicating siderophores production. Further, about 60% (13) of the isolates produced ammonia and 18% (4) produced hydrogen cyanide (HCN) (Table 1). Table 1 In vitro characterization of rhizospheric bacteria on the basis of plant growth promotion attributes exhibited by selected isolatesFull size tablePhosphate and siderophore activity of the bacterial isolates 3 mm or greater clear zone of inhibitions on suitable medium after 3–5 days of incubation at 30 ± 2 °C. Antifungal activity by dual culture plate measured as a zone of inhibition after 3–5 days of incubation at 26 ± 2 °C. The ability to synthesize Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is an important feature of PGPR isolates. The data in Table 2, shows that the isolates had a very diverse capacity to synthesize IAA. These variations ranged from 11. 42 ± 0. 49 to 44. 88 ± 0. 19 μ g mL− 1 in a medium without tryptophan but the addition of tryptophan resulted in 29. 65 ± 0. 61 to 316. 84 ± 2. 5 μ g mL− 1. The isolates CoY8 and CY5 showed the lowest and highest IAA production, respectively in the absence of tryptophan. However, in the presence of tryptophan, the lowest and highest production of IAA was observed in isolates CA8 and AY8, respectively. The level of nitrogenase activities varied greatly amongst the twenty-two bacterial isolates tested. The nitrogen-fixing ability among the isolates ranged from 2. 40 ± 0. 24 to 26. 59 ± 2. 0 n moL C2H4 mg protein h− 1. Isolate AN11 showed the highest and CY10 recorded the lowest activity using an acetylene reduction assay. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity was determined as the ability to use ACC as the sole N2 source. Of the 22 isolates, 10 (45. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by presenting evidence of the nitrogen-fixing ability of various rhizobacterial isolates associated with sugarcane. It details the nitrogenase activities of these isolates, stating that their nitrogen-fixing ability varied, with some showing significant levels of activity using an acetylene reduction assay. This confirms that these rhizobacteria contribute to growth enhancement by fixing atmospheric nitrogen.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of graphene’s applications are still in the research phase, although it has shown promise in areas like electronics, energy, and biomedical devices. [SEP] Text: Although the notion that ATPase activity of INO80 bound to nucleosomes is constant and continuous may be counter-intuitive, the rate is actually very low (1–2 s−1) compared to other SF2 helicases (Singleton et al. , 2007). Consequently, the amount of ATP consumed is small in comparison with the overall energy balance within a cell and, whatever the function of this may be, it appears to be worth paying the metabolic price. However, it is important to note that ATPase activity is only stimulated when INO80 is bound to nucleosomes so when chromatin becomes compacted, access is restricted and INO80 (presumably) is released. It is therefore possible that, when chromatin becomes unpacked for DNA repair after detection of a double-stranded DNA break, a constant monitoring of nucleosome location, by a bound and active INO80 complex near the repair site, would provide continuous access for repair machinery until the repair has been effected, after which the chromatin structure could be restored and INO80 released. Materials and methods Preparation of recombinant hINO80 complexes Request a detailed protocol Human Ino80 genes lacking the coding sequence for the N-terminal sub-domain (residues 1–266, NTD) or the NTD and C-terminal sub-domain (residues 1262–1556) were generated by PCR and then sub-cloned to append TEV protease-cleavable N-terminal 8-histidine and C-terminal twin Strep-tag II tags. The tagged subunit was then cloned with other genes of the hINO80 core complex using a modified MultiBac system (Berger et al. , 2004) as described previously (Willhoft et al. , 2016). Ino80 subunit DEAQ-box mutant (E563A) was prepared by InFusion-based mutagenesis. Catalytically inactive hINO80 core complexes and wild type sub-complex were expressed and purified in the same manner as the wild type complex (Willhoft et al. , 2016). Preparation of nucleosomes Request a detailed protocol Nucleosomes with varying flanking DNA lengths were prepared using a similar method described in (Willhoft et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses ATPase activity of the INO80 complex and nucleosome preparation, which do not relate to graphene or its applications in electronics, energy, or biomedical devices. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: 5°/s, starting 18° left of the visual midline and stopping 108° to the right of the midline. Statistics were performed on mean ∆F/F during the whole stimulus epoch. Figure 12—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset LC16 and LC6 are tuned to slower looming speeds. Stimulus evoked calcium responses to different loom speeds. The responses are mean ∆F/F during a time window in which the response peaks (2 s before and after the looming stimulus stops expanding). Stimuli from top to bottom rows: dark looming disk, bright looming disk, luminance-matched. Figure 13 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Behavioral responses to unilateral LC neuron stimulation differ from bilateral activation behaviors and are directional. (A) Schematic illustration of a genetic method for stochastic labeling and activation of LC neurons. A ‘stop-cassette’ reporter (pJFRC300-20XUAS-FRT>-dSTOP-FRT>-CsChrimson-mVenus in attP18) was used for Flp-recombinase mediated control of CsChrimson expression. This reporter/effector construct (small schematic in the right brain hemisphere of the larval brains in the illustration) is based on the ‘Flp-out’ design (Struhl and Basler, 1993). It contains 20 Sequences (UAS) and a core promoter (grey rectangle) for GAL4-activated expression, a transcriptional terminator (white rectangle with a red prohibition sign) flanked by Flp-recombinase target (FRT) sites (black triangles), and a CsChrimson-mVenus fusion gene (green rectangle). Heat shock induces expression of the Flp-recombinase which can excise the transcriptional terminator, allowing expression of CsChrimson-mVenus under the control of a split-GAL4 driver (not shown). By expressing a limiting amount of Flp-recombinase early in development (first instar larval stage), stochastic stop-cassette excision occurs in LC precursor cells, generating adults in which most or all neurons of one LC neuron type (determined by the split-GAL4 driver) express CsChrimson-mVenus in either no, one, or two optic lobes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding cognitive processes across cultures. It contains technical descriptions of experimental methods and findings in a scientific study, but does not provide any information pertaining to cognitive processes or cultural differences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Identification of selected bacterial strains isolated from sugarcane-based on 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequenceFull size tablePhylogenetic structure of 16S rRNA and rpoB genesThe individual analysis for a phylogenetic tree for the evolutionary relationship was done. The 16S rRNA and rpoB gene partial sequences of the isolated strains were compared with the reference strains of the public database. In 16S rRNA genes two major and two minor groups were formed based on the NJ method with 1000 bootstrap sampling (Fig. 2a). Pseudomonas putida was used as the reference to separate Bacillus strains. However, in the case of the rpoB gene three major and two minor groups were formed (Fig. 2b). Fig. 2a-b Phylogenetic tree based on the partial 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequences of twenty-two potent plant-growth-promoting and nitrogen-fixing Bacillus strains screened from sugarcane. Evolutionary distances were calculated using the UPGMA method. Based on bootstrap analysis of 1000 replications are indicated as percent confidence values for particular branching. Scale bar represents the number of changes per base position and Pseudomonas putida was used as an outgroupFull size imageAmplification of the nifH geneTo investigate the nifH gene for all the selected isolates, the genomic DNA extracted and used to detect the PCR products with an accurate band size of about 360 bp. Results showed that six strains were positive for nifH gene amplification (Additional file 2: Fig. S2). The positive isolates were used to establish nifH clone libraries and ten clones were selected from each isolate for sequencing. All the sequenced clones were found to be similar to the nifH gene by the BlastN search program from the database. These isolates were similar to B. cereus (AY8), B. subtilis (AN8), B. cereus (BN5), B. megaterium (CY5), B. pumilus (CY10), and B. pumilus (CA6). The nifH sequences identified were submitted to and their accession numbers are from KY652155 to KY652160. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the identification of bacterial strains that were screened for their plant-growth-promoting and nitrogen-fixing capabilities. Specifically, it highlights that six strains were positive for nifH gene amplification, which is associated with nitrogen fixation, thus supporting the idea that certain rhizobacteria contribute to plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of graphene’s applications are still in the research phase, although it has shown promise in areas like electronics, energy, and biomedical devices. [SEP] Text: Titration of Ino80 CTD into hINO80ΔCTD complex Request a detailed protocol Measurements of nucleosome sliding and ATPase activities in the presence of increasing concentrations of recombinant Ino80 CTD were carried out simultaneously as described previously for the WT and ΔCTD complexes alone. It was found, however, that the Ino80 CTD had to be diluted into the reaction mix last. hINO80ΔCTD and 0N100 nucleosomes were therefore incubated together for 15 min at 37°C together with the coupled-ATPase assay components. Subsequently, a 5x reaction stock of Ino80 CTD at the required concentration was added to each reaction condition, and the sample mixed by slow pipetting. The final reaction mix contained 200 nM hINO80ΔCTD, 100 nM dual-fluorophore labelled 0N100 nucleosomes, 1 mM phosphoenolpyruvate, 200 U/mL pyruvate kinase, 40 U/Ml lactate dehydrogenase and 200 µM NADH, in a buffer of 25 m50 mM NaCl and 1 mM TCEP, along with varying concentrations of Ino80 CTD (from 20 µM to a lowest concentration of 20 nM). Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 1587. PubMed 1260. PubMed 8990. PubMed 1277. PubMed 1289. PubMed 0502. PubMed 304. PubMed 284. PubMed 461. PubMed 883. PubMed 7396. PubMed 2418. PubMed 990. PubMed 790. PubMed 2166. PubMed 199. PubMed 3225. PubMed 1046. PubMed 4745. PubMed 460. PubMed 4321. PubMed 842. PubMed 723. PubMed 639. PubMed 217. PubMed 155. PubMed 1212. PubMed 859. PubMed 316. PubMed 42. PubMed 97. PubMed 852. PubMed 4759. PubMed 459. PubMed 1648. PubMed 1021. PubMed 0888. PubMed 530. PubMed 3350. PubMed 2104. PubMed 544. PubMed 50. PubMed 145. PubMed 6288. PubMed 476. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a detailed protocol for measuring nucleosome sliding and ATPase activities related to Ino80 CTD. It does not mention graphene, its applications, or phases of research, thus failing to provide any corroborating or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: (B) Strong backward walking behavior requires bilateral LC16 activation. Notched box plots showing the distribution of mean velocity for bilateral LC16 activation (trial count = 101, fly count = 10), unilateral LC16 activation (trial count = 75, fly count = 7) and no labeling controls (trial count = 114, fly count = 11). Behavioral responses of individual flies were assayed and their brains were subsequently dissected to determine expression patterns. Unilateral LC16 activation produced far less backward walking than bilateral activation (Mann-Whitney test, p<0. 001). (C) Unilateral activation of LC16 and LC10 induces aversive and attractive turning, respectively. Notched box plots showing the distribution of mean angular velocity for different labeling categories of LC16 and LC10: For LC16, trial and fly counts are the same as in (B). For LC10, bilateral (trial count = 91, fly count = 8), unilateral (trial count = 268, fly count = 24) and no labeling (trial count = 281, fly count = 22). For unilateral activation, behavioral data from animals with labeling only on the left brain hemisphere were reversed and combined with those from animals with labeling only on the right brain hemisphere. In addition to flies with clear bilateral or unilateral expression, 18 flies in the LC10 stochastic activation experiments had expression in both brain halves but showed differences in the apparent number of labeled LC10 cells between the hemispheres. Because of the wide range of these labeling differences we did not include these flies in the above analysis. However, the behavioral results for this group also showed a turning bias towards the side with stronger labeling (see Figure 13—figure supplement 1), suggesting that even small differences of LC10 activation between the two hemispheres may be sufficient to induce ipsilateral turning. Figure 13—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Turning behavior of LC10 flies with bilateral labeling that is stronger in one brain hemisphere (trial count = 212, fly count = 18). Data for flies with uniform bilateral expression or no labeling are the same as in the main Figure and included for comparison. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it focuses on the biological and behavioral responses of flies related to bilateral and unilateral activation in areas of the brain, with no mention of cognitive processes or cultural differences. Thus, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: A figure for PCA scatters plot of osmolytes (Os) showed the first component of PC analysis accounted for 50. 74% of the total variance and the second 49. 26%. Whereas, in the case of pH, 53. 95 and 46. 06% of the variance were observed in PC1 and PC2, respectively (Fig. 5a-c). Fig. 5Graphs of principle component analysis results for Bacillus megaterium (CY5) and Bacillus mycoides (CA1) strains on the basis of (R) micro-plates profile i. e. , a nitrogen, b pH, and c osmolytes obtained under the different treatments of phenotypic attributesFull size imageColonization pattern of GFP-tagged CY5 and CA1 on sugarcaneTwo isolates selected from the sugarcane rhizosphere, B. megaterium (CY5), and B. mycoides (CA1), were used for localization studies using (CLSM). This technique helped to study plant-microorganism interactions of selected isolates. In this study, both CY5 and CA1 conferred protection against sugarcane pathogens (S. scitamineum, and C. paradoxa) produced different PGP traits and showed nitrogenase activity in medium (Tables 1 & 2). The data in Fig. 6 showed bacterial cells occupying internal plant tissue. These isolates after 72 h of incubation with GFP p-TT showed higher fluorescence, and the increased bacterial cell density could be easily detected under CLSM. The control plants without inoculated isolates showed no fluorescent cells (Fig. 6a-c). However, in the sugarcane stem, the transverse sections of roots and in the mesophyll cells of the leaves intercellular bacterial colonization of single or multiple species of bacteria could be seen in the inoculated plant (Fig. 6d-i). In the leaves, the GFP-tagged isolate was for colonization in roots, mostly root hair zones were overshadowed by the green fluorescence produced from xylem vessels, endodermal junction sites, and cell walls. The CLSM images of root, leaf, and stem showed similar colonization patterns and abundance of both CY5 and CA1. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Bacillus megaterium (CY5) and Bacillus mycoides (CA1) as isolates from the sugarcane rhizosphere that produced different plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits and demonstrated nitrogenase activity. This indicates that these rhizobacteria are involved in fixing nitrogen, thereby supporting the claim that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through this mechanism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of batteries made with graphene will have infinite energy storage capacity and never need recharging. [SEP] Text: The high specific energy and power available from LIBs and the prospect to charge and discharge them hundreds of times are the reason for their key importance in electronic portable devices and future development of hybrid vehicles. When a battery is charged or discharged, the redox reactions change the molecular or crystalline structure of the electrode materials, which often affects their stability, and hence require frequent replacement after several charge-discharge cycles. LIBs weigh less, take less space for a given energy delivery, and offer higher-energy densities than established Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries [1]. However, to acquire an established role in the commercial sector, LIBs require improved power density (W/kg), which depends primarily on the performance of the active materials. Li+ cells operate by a mechanism whereby Li+ shuttle between two host electrodes, commonly referred to as “insertion electrodes”. An insertion compound has two specific properties: the guest ions, Li+, are mobile between sites in the host network and can be removed from or added to the transition metal oxides host network, thus varying the guest ion concentration [2]. This process is known as intercalation and deintercalation of electrons, occurring at the insertion compound. For transition metal oxides or other chalcogenides, Li+ occupy sites surrounded by oxygen or chalcogen ions. The sites available are determined by the host structure. The theoretical capacity, denoted Q, of the host material can be calculated from Faraday’s first law of electrochemistry, which states that 1 gram equivalent weight of a material will deliver 96,487 C (or 26. 8 Ah). For LiMn2O4, the equivalent weight (M) is 180. 8 g/mol, having a theoretical capacity of 26. 8/180. 8=148 mAh g-1. In LIB, the anode is well optimized and little improvements can be gained in terms of design changes. The cathode, however, shows promise for further enhancements, i. e. , improved capacity and stability. Therefore, most research studies are focused on further development of the cathode active materials. Cathode materials are typically oxides of transition metals, which can undergo oxidation to higher valences when lithium is removed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that require frequent replacement and improvement in power density, suggesting that batteries, including those made with newer materials like graphene, are not capable of infinite energy storage and require recharging due to the instability of electrode materials after multiple charge-discharge cycles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as of aligned images showing a series of sections through the ventrolateral central brain with the target regions of 18 LC (or LPLC) neurons visualized by presynaptic marker expression. Original images, composite image assembly and color scheme are as in Figure 3. The anti-Brp reference pattern (grey) of the template brain used for alignment is shown both together with the labeled LC terminals (left panel) and individually (right panel). Terminals of LC10 cell types in the AOTu are not included in the movie. We believe the slight overlap seen between LC12 and LC18 and between LC24 and LC26 is due to imperfect alignment, rather than true overlap. Video 2 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional rendering of the target regions of LC (or LPLC) neurons in the ventrolateral central brain shown in Figure 3 and Video 1. Image assembly and color scheme are as described in Figure 3. Anti-Brp reference pattern is in grey. Terminals of LC10 cell types in the AOTu are not included. The movie was generated using Vaa3D. Video 3 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as example of an LC neuron activation phenotype (backward walking and turning) in the arena assay. A representative video showing groups of freely walking flies tested in the circular arena. The video is shown at 0. 4x actual speed and the red indicators at the corners indicate the timing of optogenetic activation (1 s). This example shows a highly penetrant backward walking and turning phenotype resulting from LC16 activation. Video 4 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as of distinct LC neuron activation phenotypes in the arena assay. One representative fly for each phenotype is shown before, during and after optogenetic stimulation (1 s each, 3 s in total). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of neuron activation and visualizations related to neuroscience, focusing on video assets and experimental setups. There is no mention of cognitive processes or cultural differences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 6Fluorescence (GFP) micrographs of sugarcane plant colonized by GFP-tagged Bacillus megaterium (CY5) and Bacillus mycoides (CA1) leaf, stem, and the root of micropropagated plantlets of sugarcane variety GT11. Confocal laser scanning microscopic images present bacterial in green and red dots of auto-fluorescence in everywhere of plant parts respectively. (A-C) Control sugarcane plant parts and (D-I) Sugarcane plant parts inoculated with GFP tagged bacterial strains at 500–530 nm. On the surface of roots, junction area, around the whole root, stem, and leaf. Bacterial cells are indicated with blue arrowheads in single or clustered of bacteria. D-F represent CY5, and G-I represents CA1 strain with bar 50 μmFull size imagenifH gene expression determined by qRT-PCR in pots under the greenhouseThe expression of a nifH gene by the selected diazotroph bacterial isolates in sugarcane varieties GT11 and GXB9 was monitored by qRT-PCR (Fig. 7). The results from the leaf tissue of inoculated GXB9 plants showed the highest expression of a nifH gene on day 60 post-inoculated in both CY5 and CA1 (Fig. 7a), whereas the expression level was higher in GXB9 inoculated with CA1 on day 120 (Fig. 7b). In these studies, nifH gene expression was positively detected following the inoculation of both bacterial isolates in both sugarcane varieties at different time intervals. Fig. 7Analysis of inoculated potent strains Bacillus megaterium (CY5) and Bacillus mycoides (CA1) on the nifH expression patterns in two sugarcane varieties (GT11 and GXB9) at 60 and 120 days through qRT-PCR. Data were normalized to the GAPDH expression level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the expression of the nifH gene, which is crucial for nitrogen fixation in rhizobacteria. It details how the inoculation of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mycoides results in positive detection of nifH gene expression in sugarcane varieties, indicating that these rhizobacteria may contribute to enhanced nitrogen availability for plant growth.