Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: However, in order to extend the use of these types of generators and benefit from their energy efficiency to reach the targets of 20-20-20, it is also compulsory to work with radiators, which were the most commonly used terminal units in heating systems in the past. This 2. of a Heat PumpA heat pump (HP) is a thermal installation that is based on a reverse Carnot thermodynamic cycle (consumes drive energy and produces a thermal effect). Any HP moves (pumps) heat ES from a source with low temperature ts to a source with a high temperature tu, consuming the drive energy ED. A heat source can be:a gas or air (outdoor air, warm air from ventilation, hot gases from industrial processes);a liquid called generic water: surface water (river, lake, or sea), ground-water, or discharged hot-water (domestic, technologic, or recirculated in cooling towers); orground, with the advantage of accessibility. Heat consumer. The heat pump yields thermal energy at a higher temperature, depending on the application of the heat consumer. This energy can be used for:space heating, which is related to low temperature heating systems: radiant panels (floor, wall, ceiling, or floor-ceiling), warm air, or convective systems; orwater heating (pools, domestic or technologic hot-water);The heat consumer is recommended to be associated with a cold consumer. This can be performed with either a reversible (heating–cooling) or a double effect system. In cooling mode, a heat pump operates exactly like central air-conditioning. Drive energy. Heat pumps can be used to drive different energy forms:electrical energy (electro-compressor);mechanical energy (mechanical compression with expansion turbines);thermo-mechanical energy (steam ejector system);thermal energy (absorption cycle); orthermo-electrical energy (Péltier effect). The GSHPs are those with electro-compressor. The process of elevating low temperature heat to over 38°C and transferring it indoors involves a cycle of evaporation, compression, condensation, and expansion (Figure 1). A non-CFC refrigerant is used as the heat-transfer medium, which circulates within the heat pump [7]. Figure 1. Schematic of single-stage compression refrigeration system Advertisement 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of heat pumps and radiators in heating systems, suggesting that while biophilic principles may enhance energy efficiency, they do not eliminate the need for artificial heating or cooling solutions. Specifically, it mentions that utilizing generators for energy efficiency still requires traditional heating methods like radiators, indicating that complete reliance on natural elements is not feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Обеспечить хранение конфиденциальной информации в тайне, не разглашать без предварительного письменного разрешения Пользователя, а также не осуществлять продажу, обмен, опубликование, либо разглашение иными возможными способами переданных персональных данных Пользователя, за исключением п. п. 5. 2. и 5. 3. настоящей Политики Конфиденциальности. 6. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses confidentiality policies and the handling of personal data, without addressing anything related to sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: Although intracellular bacteria (tuberculosis, leprosy, listeriosis, brucellosis, legionellosis, and salmonellosis) are ingested by they are able to survive and multiply. In these cases, cellular immunity alone provides the defence, since are not effective. Only activated are capable of killing and degrading these bacteria. neutralise viruses directly and/or indirectly by destroying infected cells that carry the virus antigen on their surface. The mechanisms of this defence resemble those of humoral defence against bacterial surfaces. -dependent cellular reaction is specific for defence against viruses. Cells that carry an antigen encoded by the virus on their surface are attacked by cells, bearing that fit the antigen on the cell (K cells have for IgG) (Fig. 10. 2). Fig. 10. 2Schematic illustration of an enveloped virus (Herpes simplex virus)Full size imageNot only humoral but also cellular immunity plays an important role in virus infections. People with a genetic T-cell deficiency are highly susceptible to virus infections. In cellular defence, it is primarily the virus-infected cells that are attacked and eliminated. cells recognise MHC class I-presented T-cell on the surface of virus-infected cells and kill them. The fungi responsible for human diseases can be divided into two major groups on the basis of their growth forms or on the type of infection they cause. Pathogens exist as branched filamentous forms or as yeasts, although some show both growth forms. The filamentous types (Trichophyton) form a ‘mycelium’. In asexual reproduction, the fungus is dispersed by means of spores; the spores are a common cause of infection after inhalation. In yeast-like types (Cryptococcus), the characteristic form is the single cell, which reproduces by division or budding. Dimorphic types (Histoplasma) form a mycelium outside but occur as yeast cells inside the body. Candida shows the reverse condition and forms a mycelium within the body. In superficial mycoses, the fungus grows on the body surface, for example, skin, hair, and nails (Epidermophyton, Trichophyton), the disease is mild, and the pathogen is spread by direct contact. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various microorganisms, such as intracellular bacteria and fungi, that are responsible for human diseases. It mentions specific bacteria like tuberculosis and brucellosis, as well as providing information on viruses and fungal infections, thereby supporting the assertion that microorganisms are a major cause of human disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: One widely used design places a central water-to-water heat exchanger between the ground-water and a closed water loop, which is connected to water-to-air heat pumps in the building. A second possibility is to circulate ground-water through a heat recovery chiller, and to heat and cool the building with a distributed hydronic loop. Direct systems (in which ground-water is pumped directly to the heat pump without an intermediate heat exchanger) are not recommended except on the very smallest installations. Although some installations of this system have been successful, others have had serious difficulty even with ground-water of apparently benign chemistry. The specific components for handling ground-water are similar. The primary items include (1) wells (supply and, if required, injection), (2) a well pump (usually submerged), and (3) a ground-water heat exchanger. The use of a submerged pump avoids the possibility of introducing air or oxygen into the system. A back-washable filter should also be installed. The injection well should be located from 10 to 15 m in the downstream direction of the ground-water flow. In an open-loop system, the intermediate heat exchanger between the refrigerant and the ground-water is subject to fouling, corrosion, and blockage. The required flow rate through the intermediate heat exchanger is typically between 0. 027 and 0. 054 l/s. The ground-water must either be reinjected into the ground by separate wells or discharged to a surface system such as a river or lake. The drill diameter should be at least 220 mm (larger for sandy conditions to prevent sand entry). The ground-water flow rate G must be capable of delivering the full capacity required from the heat source. This depends on the evaporator cooling power Q0 and the water cooling degree and is given by the following equation:G=Q0ρwcw(twi−twe)E19 where ρw is the water density; cw is the specific heat of water; and twi and twe are the water temperatures at the heat pump inlet and the heat pump outlet, respectively. Table 1 summarises the calculated COP values of GWHP and SWHP systems, operating as water-to-water heat pumps. Water temperature at evaporator inlet ts [°C] Water temp. at condenser outlet, tu [°C] 30 35 40 45 50 5 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various heating and cooling systems, specifically mentioning the use of ground-water heat pumps and intermediate heat exchangers. This implies that these buildings still need artificial heating and cooling systems, thus contradicting the claim that biophilic buildings fully do away with such systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 Принимать меры предосторожности для защиты конфиденциальности персональных данных Пользователя согласно порядку, установленному законодательством РФ. 6. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it addresses user privacy measures in accordance with Russian legislation and does not mention sea turtles or navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: In deep mycoses (Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma), internal organs are involved, and the disease can be life-threatening and is often the result of opportunistic growth in individuals with impaired immunocompetence. Many of the fungi that cause disease are free-living organisms and are acquired by inhalation or by entry through wounds. Some exist as part of the normal body flora (Candida) and are innocuous unless the body’s defences are compromised in some way. The filamentous forms grow extracellularly, while yeasts can survive and multiply within phagocytic cells. kill yeasts by means of both intra- and extracellular factors. Some yeasts (Cryptococcus neoformans) form a thick polysaccharide to prevent phagocytic uptake. In addition, many cell-wall components of yeasts cause suppression of cell-mediated immune responses. The role of humoral and cellular immunity in controlling infections caused by fungi is not yet well defined, but cellular immunity is the cornerstone of host defence against (some) fungal infections. As a consequence, which affects the cellular arm of the results in previously uncommon infections such as those caused by C. neoformans. The immunological defence systems against parasites are considerably more complex than those against bacteria and viruses. This is due to various factors. In the first place, each parasite has its own life cycle, consisting of various stages with specific antigen compositions. Moreover, parasites are able to avoid the host defence system (mimicry), to combat it (), or to mislead it (antigenic variation). Both humoral and cellular immunity are important for the defence against parasites growing intercellularly, as we have seen in the case of bacteria and viruses. concentrations () are often elevated. IgE also plays a special role in the removal of parasites (especially worm infections) from the intestine (see above) (Table 10. 2). Table 10. 2 Classification of micro-organismsFull size table5 Pathogenesis of ShockSepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to presumed or known infection (see also Chap. 26). The resulting inflammatory response becomes over amplified, leading to multiple organ failure and death. -(PAMP) in bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi initiate the host response by triggering families of (PRR). In Gram-negative (Fig. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how diseases result from various microorganisms, including fungi and parasites. It specifically mentions deep mycoses caused by fungi (e.g., Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus) and describes their impact on human health, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Furthermore, the text indicates that immunity plays a significant role in defending against these infections, tying back to how microorganisms can lead to diseases. Thus, the content supports the assertion that microorganisms are significant contributors to human disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: Ground thermal response testIn the case of vertical closed-loop GCHP systems, the determination of the parameters to calculate the vaporization thermal power that must be provided from the ground is laborious. To know how many loops must be set, which is a function of the energy that must be given to the heat pump, evaluating the thermal conductivity of the ground and the effective thermal resistance of the borehole are very important. In this respect, taking a thermal response test (TRT) of the ground is necessary, using a borehole in which a simple ground loop is placed. During an in-situ test, a ground electric heater usually provides heat to the circulating fluid (water or glycol) through the ground loop while the inlet (ti) and outlet (te) fluid temperatures are measured (Figure 9). The average of these two instantaneous temperature reading is usually taken to represent the average temperature in the vertical ground loop at a given time. In an ideal test, the measured circulating flow rate and the heat input rate remain constant throughout the test [28]. The first TRT in Romania was performed in 2009 by the company of Bucharest [29]. Figure 9. Schematic of equipment for thermal response testTo estimate the minimum duration τmin of the test, the following equation can be used [24]:τmin=5rb2aE29 where rb is the borehole radius and a is the ground thermal diffusivity. For data analysis and final evaluation of ground thermal conductivity λ and borehole thermal resistance Rb, some methods were developed [15,30] that use one of the simulation models of GHEs previously presented. Through the ground thermal response test, the length of the borehole is properly determined, the operating performance of the system is provided, and supplementary costs (extra loops, boreholes, glycol, etc. ) are avoided. This operation is performed using specialized software. Advertisement 5. Heat pump heating and cooling systems5. 1. Radiator heating systemA hot-water radiator heating system is a type of central heating. In the system, heat is generated in the boiler. For the generation of the heat, a natural gas boiler is used where the chemical energy of natural gas is transferred into the heat. Then, the heat is distributed by hot-water (heat carrier) to the radiators. The radiators heat the rooms. The hot-water is circulated by a water circulation pump, which operates continuously. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing heat pump heating and cooling systems, including the use of a natural gas boiler and radiator heating systems, which indicates that these buildings do require artificial heating. The emphasis on traditional heating methods suggests that biophilic principles do not eliminate the need for such systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 4 Осуществить блокирование персональных данных, относящихся к соответствующему Пользователю, с момента обращения или запроса Пользователя или его законного представителя либо уполномоченного органа по защите прав субъектов персональных данных на период проверки, в случае выявления недостоверных персональных данных или неправомерных действий. 7. ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТЬ СТОРОН 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the blocking of personal data and the responsibilities of parties involved without any mention of sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 3) bacterial infections, the interaction between bacterial or (LPS; a major structural component of the cell wall) and various host-cell systems has been implicated in the pathogenesis of septic SHOCK. In particular, the release of TNF-α and -1 (IL-1) after the activation of host cells by induces haemodynamic SHOCK. Fig. 10. 3Schematic illustration of the cell envelope of a Gram-negative and a Gram-positive bacteriumFull size imageBiochemical and genetic evidence has identified TLR4 as the that mediates cellular activation in response to LPS. This family of TLR proteins (Fig. 10. 4), which resemble the antimicrobial Toll proteins of Drosophila (fruit fly), has been identified in humans and mice. TLR4 was identified as the missing link in LPS-induced cell signal transduction and responsiveness that is associated with MD-2 and CD14. It is known that C3H/HeJ mice are hyporesponsive to the biological effects of LPS. This proved to be the result of TLR4 deficiency. The TLR family members are coupled to a signalling adapter protein (MyD88) and form differential dimers that may explain the discrete responses to TLR ligands such as lipoproteins, heat SHOCK proteins, unmethylated CpG DNA, viral dsRNA, and bacterial flagellin. Intracellular signalling involves several kinases depending on the TLR involved and includes the MAP kinase and NF-κB pathways leading to a cellular response. PAMP for TLR2 include a variety of agonists derived from Gram-positive organisms such as and lipoteichoic acid. Therefore, it seems that TLR2 and TLR4 are activated primarily by different PAMP to initiate the host response to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infection, respectively. This is further illustrated by the fact that TLR2 (but not TLR4) knockout mice are highly susceptible to GRAM-like Staphylococcus aureus, whereas TLR4 (but not TLR2) knockout mice are highly susceptible to Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium. Fig. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing insights into how bacterial infections contribute to pathogenesis in humans, specifically mentioning mechanisms related to bacterial components like LPS and their interaction with host cells. It discusses the role of TLR proteins in mediating immune responses to bacterial infections, indicating that bacteria are significant contributors to disease processes, which aligns with the claim that microorganisms cause many human diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: The radiators, as rule of thumb, are located next to the cold surfaces of the envelope. They significantly influence the thermal comfort. The radiators release the highest amount of heat to the heated room by convection and one part by heat radiation [31]. The convective heat transfer will lead to a lower relative humidity of the air, and, at high radiator surface temperature, dust p5. 2. Radiant heating and cooling systemsIn low-energy buildings, the low-temperature heating system usually works with a supply water temperature below 45°C [33]. Embedded radiant systems are used in all types of buildings. Radiant heating application is classified as panel heating if the panel surface temperature is below 150°C [34]. In thermal radiation, heat is transferred by electromagnetic waves that travel in straight lines and can be reflected. The water temperatures are operated at very close to room temperature and, depending on the position of the piping, the system can take advantage of the thermal storage capacity of the building structure. Figure 10 shows the available types of embedded hydronic radiant systems [35]. Panel heating provides a comfortable environment by controlling surface temperatures and minimising air motion within a space. A radiant system is a sensible heating system that provides more than 50% of the total heat flux by thermal radiation. The controlled temperature surfaces may be in the floor, walls, or ceiling, with the temperature maintained by circulation of water or air. The radiant heat transfer is, in all cases, 5. 5 W/(m2K). The convective heat transfer then varies between 0. 5 and 5. 5 W/(m2K), depending on the surface type and on heating or cooling mode. This shows that the radiant heat transfer varies between 50 and 90% of the total heat transfer [36]. Figure 10. Examples of water-based radiant systemsRadiant panel heating is characterised by the fact that heating is associated with a yielding of heat with low temperature because of physiological reasons. Thus, at the radiant floor panels, the temperature must not exceed +29°C, and at the radiant ceiling panels the temperature will not exceed 35–40°C, depending on the position of the occupier (in feet) and the occupier distance to the panels, in accordance with thermal comfort criteria established by ISO Standard 7730 [37]. For cooling, the minimum floor temperature is 19°C. A vertical air temperature difference between head and feet of less than 3°C is recommended. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various heating and cooling systems, specifically detailing radiant heating systems and their operational parameters. It describes how these systems are used in buildings, indicating that such buildings do rely on specific artificial heating and cooling methods, which directly counters the claim that biophilic buildings do not need them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Администрация сайта, не исполнившая свои обязательства, несёт ответственность за убытки, понесённые Пользователем в связи с неправомерным использованием персональных данных, в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации, за исключением случаев, предусмотренных п. п. 5. 2. , 5. 3. и 7. 2. настоящей Политики Конфиденциальности. 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a privacy policy and responsibilities regarding personal data, which has no connection to the navigation of sea turtles or their use of the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: As a result of the decreased numbers of CD4+ Th cells and defects in antigen presentation, depressed immune responses in these patients are observed. During the progression of the disease, by otherwise harmless micro-organisms can occur. These include Candida albicans oesophagitis, mucocutaneous herpes simplex, toxoplasma in the and pneumonia caused by toxoplasma and Pneumocystis carinii; Kaposi’s sarcoma also occurs frequently in these patients. This has been linked to the presence of a previously unknown type of herpes virus (HHV-8). This immune deficiency syndrome is called ‘acquired immune deficiency syndrome’ (AIDS). It has been suggested that infectedcarry the HIV virus into the brain where it replicates in microglia and infiltrating. As a consequence, many AIDS patients develop cognitive and motor brain impairments. However, the picture is complicated by the various persistent infections already present in these patients, which give rise to their own pathology in the brain. These include Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptococcus neoformans, and JC virus. So far, no cure for has been achieved. The main effort in the prevention of lies in mass public education programmes. Treatment of infected individuals is possible but expensive. (HAART) reduces morbidity and mortality among patients infected with HIV (see Fig. 10. 5). Success is limited by the emergence of drug-resistance viruses that can be transmitted to newly infected individuals. Resistance, drug toxicity, and poor patient lead to treatment failure and necessitate continuous development of alternative treatment strategies that intervene with the HIV replication cycle: i. e. on the level of virus entry, critical viral enzymes [reverse transcriptase (RT), integrase (IN), and proteases (PR)], or viral nucleocapsid (NC) protein. At this moment a triple therapy is being prescribed in Western countries (two RT inhibitors and one PR inhibitor, Fig. 10. 4), each of which interfere with specific steps in the process of HIV replication. One major problem that has arisen is the increasing resistance to these drugs. Agents with novel provide options for patients with DRUG-virus. Blocking of the chemokine 5, a co-on CD4 cells for HIV, is an alternative treatment for persons infected with the R5 HIV type. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing diseases and conditions caused by various microorganisms, such as infections from Toxoplasma gondii, Candida albicans, and herpes viruses in AIDS patients. It highlights the role of these microorganisms in contributing to diseases, thereby supporting the assertion that many human diseases are caused by such pathogens.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: 5. 3. Performance assessment of radiator and radiant floor heating systems connected to a GCHP5. 3. 1. Description of office roomExperimental investigations of GCHP performance were conducted in an office room (Figure 11) at the of Timisoara, Romania, located at the ground floor of the Faculty building. city has a continental temperature climate with four different seasons. The heating season runs in Timisoara from 1 October to 30 April. The following data are known: heat transfer resistance (1/U-value) of building components: walls (2. 10 m2K/W), ceiling (0. 34 m2K/W), windows and doors (0. 65 m2K/W); glass walls surface, 8. 2 m2; total internal heat gain (e. g. from computers, human and lights), 25 W/m2; and heat demand, 1. 35 kW. The indoor and outdoor air design temperatures are 22 and –15°C, respectively. Figure 11. Heated office roomThis space is equipped both with a floor heating system and steel panel radiators to analyse the energy and environmental performances of these systems. These two heating systems are connected to a mechanical compression GCHP, type WPC 5 COOL. In the GCHP system, heat is extracted from the ground by a closed-loop vertical GHE with a length of 80 m. 5. 3. 2. Experimental facilitiesThe GCHP experimental system consisted of a BHE, heat pump unit, circulating water pumps, floor/radiator heating circuit, data acquisition instruments and auxiliary parts as shown in Figure 12. Figure 12. Experimental GCHP systemBorehole heat exchanger. The GHE of this experimental GCHP consisted of a simple vertical borehole that had a depth of 80 m. Antifreeze fluid (30% ethylene glycol aqueous solution) circulates in a single polyethylene U-tube of 32 mm internal diameter, with a 60 mm separation between the return and the supply tubes, buried in borehole. The borehole overall diameter was 110 mm. The borehole was filled with sand and finished with a bentonite layer at the top to avoid intrusion of pollutants in the aquifers. The average temperature across the full borehole depth tested was 15. 1°C. The ground characteristics are based on measurements obtained from the Agency [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a heating system that includes both floor heating and steel panel radiators, indicating that the office space is equipped with these artificial heating systems. This directly contradicts the assertion that buildings designed with biophilic principles require no such systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 В случае утраты или разглашения персональных данных Администрация сайта не несёт ответственность, если данные персональные данные: 7. 2. 1 Стали публичным достоянием до их утраты или разглашения. 7. 2. 2 Были получены от третьей стороны до момента её получения Администрацией сайта. 7. 2. 3 Были разглашены с согласия Пользователя. 8. РАЗРЕШЕНИЕ СПОРОВ 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. It discusses the administration's responsibility concerning personal data and does not address any aspect of sea turtles or their navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: This notion is supported by a recent finding that a homozygous defect in this chemokine accounts for resistance of multiple-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Currently a commercially available drug is being used that specifically binds to CCR5 on the surface of the CD4 cell and selectively blocks HIV-1 binding. One remarkable HIV patient, known as the ‘Berlin patient’ and on an antiretroviral therapy for 10 years, was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia and therefore received a haematopoietic stem cell transplant from a donor with the ‘resistant’ CCR5 receptor. He had to stop his antiretroviral medication, and after 3 months, the virus was undetectable, and his CD4 counts recovered. He is now considered cured from HIV. Fig. 10. 5The effect of single and triple therapy on viral load and CD4 cells over time in HIV-infected individualsFull size image7 Vaccines and VaccinationPasteur and Koch triggered the stormy development of vaccines (anthrax, rabies, cholera) at the end of the nineteenth century. remained faithful to the principle of attenuated micro-organisms in preparing his vaccines, Koch employed killed germs (cholera) as a vaccine. Since diphtheria and tetanus cause disease by means of toxins, the next logical step in the development of vaccines was the use of detoxified toxins to induce protection against these diseases [diphtheria (Von Behring) and tetanus (Kitasato)]. and Kitasato were the first to demonstrate that the source of the protective activity induced by vaccines was present in blood serum. was also the first to prove that protective immunity could be passed on via serum. The development of new vaccines had its ups (yellow fever) and downs (tuberculosis). With the arrival of antibiotics, all work on new bacterial vaccines was suspended or severely curtailed, although some researchers continued to work on viral vaccines, such as rubella, measles, polio, and mumps. Since it has proved difficult to consistently develop new antibiotics to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria, interest in vaccines has gradually increased over the last 15 years (see Chap. C1). Today, thanks to new insights into the and modern molecular biological and chemical techniques of analysis and synthesis, it is possible to produce well-defined vaccines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the development of vaccines and the historical significance of microorganisms in causing diseases. It mentions how figures like Pasteur and Koch employed attenuated or killed microorganisms to create vaccines for diseases, directly linking microorganisms to human diseases. The text provides a historical context of diseases caused by microorganisms and the scientific efforts to combat these diseases through vaccines, thereby corroborating the assertion that microorganisms are significant causes of human diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: The average thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the ground from the surface to 80 m deep tested were 1. 90 W/(m K) and 0. 79 × 10–6 m2/s, respectively [39]. The boreholes were completely backfilled with grout mixed with drilling mud, cement and sand in specific proportions. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the grout tested by manufacturer were 2. 32 W/(m K) and 0. 93 × 10–6 m2/s, respectively. Heat pump unit. The heat pump unit is a reversible ground-to-water scroll hermetic compressor unit with R410A as a refrigerant and the nominal heating capacity of 6. 5 kW. The heat pump unit is a compact type model having an inside refrigeration system. The operation of the heat pump is governed by an electronic controller, which, depending on the system water return temperature, switches the heat pump compressor on or off. The heat source circulation pump was controlled by the heat pump controller, which activates the source pump 30 s before compressor activation [40]. GCHP data acquisition system. The GCHP data acquisition system consists of the indoor and outdoor air temperature, dew point temperature, supply/return temperature, heat source temperature (outlet BHE temperature), relative air humidity, and main operating parameters of the system components. Heating systems. The heating systems are supplied via a five-circuit flow/return manifold as follows. The first two circuits supply the floor heating system. The third and fourth circuits are coupled to a radiator heating system, and the fifth circuit is for backup. The flow/return manifold is equipped with a circulation pump to ensure the chosen temperature of the heat carrier (hot-water). A three-way valve and a thermostatic valve are provided to adjust the maximum hot-water temperature of the floor’s heating system. Thus, for higher temperatures, the hot water is adjusted to achieve a circulation loop in the heating system. To achieve higher performances of the heating systems, a thermostat is provided for controlling the start/stop command of the circulation pump when the room reaches the set point temperature. At the same height as this thermostat, there is also an ambient thermostat that controls the starting and stopping of the heat pump to ensure optimum operation of the entire heating system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a detailed heating system, including a heat pump unit and various components for regulating temperature. It discusses specific heating functionalities, asserting that artificial heating systems are necessary, which directly contradicts the idea that biophilic buildings require no artificial heating.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 До обращения в суд с иском по спорам, возникающим из отношений между Пользователем и Администрацией сайта, обязательным является предъявление претензии (письменного предложения о добровольном урегулировании спора). 8. 2 Получатель претензии в течение 30 календарных дней со дня получения претензии, письменно уведомляет заявителя претензии о результатах рассмотрения претензии. 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. It discusses legal procedures for filing complaints and does not mention sea turtles, navigation, or magnetic fields.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 23 A 14-month-old child is admitted with a two-week history of coughing and is admitted with severe paroxysms of coughing leading to hypoxia. Pertussis is suspected. Which of the following is true about Bordetella pertussis? A. Polymorphonuclear leucocytosis seen during infectionB. Can be clinically diagnosed initially within days of onsetC. Organism is isolated from the throat for several days following infectionD. Vaccine gives lifelong immunityE. Tetracycline is effective in the paroxysmal stageQ1. 24 A 56-year-old female with urosepsis is not improving despite treatment with an intravenous third-generation cephalosporin. Which bacteria are most likely to harbour an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene? A. Klebsiella pneumoniaeB. Enterobacter cloacaeC. Citrobacter freundiiD. Morganella morganiiE. Proteus mirabilisQ1. 25 A 49-year-old homeless patient attends the emergency department complaining of itching and fever. He describes the onset of fever approximately 7 days ago. On examination, he has a widespread rash and excoriation marks. What is the most likely vector for this illness? A. Aedes aegyptiB. Anopheles gambiaeC. Pediculus humanus humanusD. Glossina spp. E. Culex spp. Q1. 26 A 54-year-old male presents with a flitting rash and an eosinophilia eight weeks after return from the tropics. Which of the following infections require an intermediate snail host? A. DiphylobothriasisB. SchistosomiasisC. EchinococcosisD. ParagonamiasisE. StrongyloidiasisQ1. 27 A 31-year-old male presents with diarrhoea several days after return from Nigeria. Entamoeba is seen on stool microscopy. Which of the following is a non-pathogenic variant of Entamoeba histolytica? A. Entamoeba disparB. Escherichia coliC. Entamoeba hartmanniD. Endolimax nanaE. Enterobacter cloacaeQ1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple clinical scenarios and questions that involve diseases caused by microorganisms, such as Bordetella pertussis and various bacteria like Klebsiella pneumoniae and Entamoeba. These examples illustrate that many diseases presented in the text are directly linked to microorganisms, thereby corroborating the claim that a significant number of human diseases are caused by these pathogens.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: The start–stop command of the flow/return manifold circulation pump is controlled by an interior thermostat relay, situated at a height of approximately 1. 00 m above the floor surface. This height has been determined to provide adequate comfort for the office occupants. Radiant floor heating system consists of two circuits connected to a flow/return manifold (Figure 13), designed to satisfy the office heating demand of 1. 35 kW. The first circuit has a length of 54 m and is installed in a spiral coil, with the closest step distance to the exterior wall of the building to compensate for the effect of the heat bridge, and the second circuit, with a length of 61 m, is mounted in the coil simple. The mounting step of the coils is between 10 and 30 cm. The floor heating pipes are made of cross-linked polyethylene with an external diameter of 17 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm. The mass flow rate for each circuit is controlled by the flow/return manifold circuit valves. They are adjusted to satisfy the heat demand according to Timisoara’s climate (te= –15°C). Figure 13. Schematics of floor heating circuitRadiator heating system. The low-temperature radiator heating system (45/35°C) has two steel panel radiators, each one with two water columns and a length of 1000 mm, height of 600 mm and thermal power of 680 W (Figure 14), connected to a flow/return manifold and dimensioned to satisfy the office heating demand of 1. 35 kW. They are installed on a stand at 15 cm above the floor surface to ensure optimal indoor air circulation. The heating radiator system pipes are made of cross-linked polyethylene with an external diameter of 17 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm. The mass flow rate for each radiator is controlled by the flow/return manifold circuit valves, adjusted to satisfy the heat demand of office room. Figure 14. Schematics of radiator heating system5. 3. 3. Auxiliary equipmentA network of sensors was setup to allow monitoring of the most relevant parameters of the system [40]. Two thermal energy meters were used to measure the thermal energy produced by the GCHP and the extracted/injected thermal energy to the ground. A thermal energy meter was built with a heat computer, two PT500 temperature sensors and an ultrasonic mass flow meter. The two PT500 wires temperature sensors with an accuracy of ±0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the existence of artificial heating systems in the form of radiant floor heating and low-temperature radiator heating. It describes the installation, operation, and control mechanisms for these systems, indicating that the building does utilize artificial heating methods, thereby rebutting the assertion that buildings designed with biophilic principles require no such systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 При недостижении соглашения спор будет передан на рассмотрение в судебный орган по месту нахождения Оператора, в соответствии с действующим законодательством Российской Федерации. 8. 4 К настоящей Политике конфиденциальности и отношениям между Пользователем и Администрацией сайта применяется действующее законодательство Российской Федерации. 9. ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ УСЛОВИЯ 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses legal agreements in the context of Russian law and contains terms unrelated to marine biology or navigation by sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: Polio virus is of the genus Enterovirus from the Picornaviridae family (ss(+)RNA). Parvovirus B19 is of the genus Erythrovirus from the Parvoviridae family. A1. 5Answer B: HPV-16 and HPV-18 are associated with genital cancersHPV is a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family, of which there are numerous serotypes. Serotypes 6 and 11 most frequently cause ano-genital warts, while serotypes 16 and 18 are linked with ano-genital cancers. The E6 and E7 early viral proteins are considered oncogenic, inhibiting tumour suppression genes: E6 inhibits p53, while E7 inhibits p53, p21 and RB. Diagnosis is through PCR on sample obtained during colposcopy. A1. 6Answer E: ErythrovirusHumans can be infected by viruses from three genera from the Parvoviridae family, but no members of the genus Parvovirus are currently known to infect humans. This creates a confusion of terms because the human parvoviruses are not in genus Parvovirus. They are from the genera: Dependoviruses (e. g. Adeno-Associated Virus), Erythroviruses (e. g. Parvovirus B19) and Bocaviruses. In healthy individuals, the major presentation of B19 infection is erythema infectiosum, but in patients with underlying haematological disorders, infection can lead to aplastic crisis. In immunosuppressed patients, persistent infection may develop that presents as pure red cell aplasia and subsequent chronic anaemia. In utero infection may result in hydrops fetalis, miscarriage or congenital anaemia. A1. 7Answer D: virusViruses typically have one of three natural histories; acute infection (e. g. influenza, hepatitis A, Hanta, Nipah, hepatitis E), latent infection (e. g. herpes simplex, varicella zoster, cytomegalovirus) or chronic infection (e. g. hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV). The global annual incidence of hepatitis C is estimated at four million, of whom 18–34% will spontaneously clear the virus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various microorganisms, particularly viruses, that are responsible for human diseases. It describes the impact of specific viruses like Polio virus, Parvovirus B19, and HPV, illustrating their association with significant health issues such as infections and cancers. This clearly indicates that microorganisms, particularly viruses mentioned in the text, are indeed major contributors to human diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: The following average values were recorded: outdoor air temperature (te), indoor air temperature (ti), heat source temperature (ths), supply hot-water temperature (td), electricity consumption (Eel) and useful thermal energy for heating (Et). In addition, the CO2 emission and the ON/OFF switching of the heat pump were determined in both heating systems. Figure 15 shows a comparison between the indoor air temperatures ti,RAD and ti,RF obtained by radiator heating and radiant floor heating. It is observed that due to the small thermal inertia of the radiators, a high level of ON/OFF switch is needed for the heat pump of the radiator heating system, leading to large fluctuations of indoor air temperature compared with the floor heating system, along with reduced thermal comfort. Table 3 presents a summary of the experimental results. Figure 15. Variation of indoor air temperature Heating system te [°C] ti [°C] ths [°C] td [°C] Eel [kWh] Et [kWh] CCO2[kg] On/Off switch COP sys Radiant floor 9. 39 22. 28 18. 77 28. 12 5. 77 32. 78 3. 16 48 5. 68 Radiator 9. 00 22. 30 17. 62 30. 62 6. 35 34. 42 3. 47 140 5. 42 Table 3. Experimental resultsThe two heating systems have small differences (4. 5%) in their energy performance coefficient (COPsys) value, but the ON/OFF switching in the case of radiator heating system is almost three times higher than that for radiant floor heating system, leading to higher wear on the heat pump equipment. In addition, there was 10% higher energy consumption and CO2 emission for the radiator heating system compared with the floor heating system under the same operating conditions. Energy consumption can be influenced by the building occupants’ activity and the floor surface material. If the floor surface material exhibits good heat transfer, such as with stone or tile, the floor feels cold even at a temperature of approximately 24 to 25°C. Uncertainty analysis (the analysis of uncertainties in experimental measurement and results) is necessary to evaluate the experimental data. An uncertainty analysis was performed using the method described by Holman [41]. A result Z is a given function of the independent variables x1, x2, x3. . . xn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the performance of two heating systems (radiator heating and radiant floor heating) and their reliance on artificial heating. It discusses the energy consumption and CO2 emissions linked to these systems, indicating that they do indeed require heating which contradicts the assertion that buildings using biophilic principles need no artificial systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Администрация сайта вправе вносить изменения в настоящую Политику конфиденциальности без согласия Пользователя. 9. 2 Новая Политика конфиденциальности вступает в силу с момента ее размещения на сайте, если иное не предусмотрено новой редакцией Политики конфиденциальности. 9. 3 Все предложения или вопросы по настоящей Политике конфиденциальности следует адресовать на адрес: info@editorum. ru 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles and their navigation capabilities. It discusses site privacy policies without any mention of sea turtles or navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: Isolates that are non-motile on primary culture may be switched to a motile phase using a Cragie tube or the Jameson plate. Somatic “O” antigens are heat stable and alcohol-resistant, but flagellar “H” antigens are heat-labile. Some surface antigens in Salmonella may mask somatic antigens, meaning bacteria will not agglutinate with somatic “O” antisera – one specific surface antigen is the “Vi” antigen. The “Vi” antigen may only occur in three Salmonella serovars (out of over 2000): Typhi, and Dublin, but is variably detected. Other non-lactose fermenting coliforms can cause diarrhoea, including Shigella species, but as a rule these do not produce hydrogen sulphide. A1. 11Answer E: Tumbling motilityNeonates are at a greater risk of sepsis and meningitis than other age groups due to deficiencies in humoral and cellular immunity and in phagocytic function. Infants younger than 32 weeks’ gestation receive little maternal immunoglobulin. Inefficiency in the neonates’ alternative complement pathway compromises their defence against encapsulated bacteria and poor migration and phagocytic function of neutrophils is apparent. Streptococcus is the most commonly identified organism, implicated in roughly 50% of cases, with Escherichia coli accounting for a further 20%, meaning identification and treatment of maternal genitourinary infections is an important prevention strategy. Listeria monocytogenes is the third most common pathogen, causing 5–10% of cases. Patients exposed to L. monocytogenes in pregnancy often describe a mild flu-like illness but the organism exhibits transplacental transmission leading to sepsis in both mother and neonate. Listeria is a catalase-positive, haemolytic Gram-positive rod that exhibits tumbling motility at 25°C but not at 37°C. Tumbling motility is specific to Listeria and identified by the hanging drop test. The cerebrospinal fluid response usually reflects the intracellular nature of Listeria with a predominant mononuclear pleocytosis. A1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various microorganisms, specifically bacteria like Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which are implicated in human diseases such as sepsis and meningitis. It discusses the risks faced by neonates due to infections caused by these microorganisms, thus supporting the assertion that microorganisms are significant causative agents of diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, both an optimal design of components and an optimal operation of the system as a whole become crucial so that these systems can have a significant contribution to the attenuation of the global energy problem. The overall objective of this PhD dissertation is to perform the control and energy optimization of an experimental GSHP system installed at the Universitat Politècnica de València, making the control system adaptive to the thermal demand of the building and to the climate conditions. For that purpose, different control strategies are proposed, described, developed, implemented and tested in the system. The optimization of any system requires a comprehensive study of its behaviour, by means of a thorough analysis of all the variables and parameters implied on its performance. Therefore, the first step is to analyse the short-term performance of the system, but also the long-term performance based on the experimental data collected at the installation. Second and prior to developing any optimization strategies, it is important to analyse the optimal configuration of the system according to the objectives targeted. This objective includes the study of the best location for the temperature control sensor and the buffer tank, as well as an adequate size for this buffer tank. Finally, once the behaviour of the system has been fully understood, the components of the system are the most efficient according to the possibilities of the research work and they have been connected adequately, the final objective is to develop control and optimization strategies which optimize the operation of the experimental GSHP system. These strategies target the control of the heat pump compressor, but also and more importantly, the energy optimization of the complete system. The focus is not in optimizing the performance of each individual component, but in optimizing the energy performance of the system working as a whole. In this direction, a first approach which combined a temperature compensation strategy and the variation of the frequency of the water circulation pumps, and hence the flow rate, as a function of the thermal load of the building, was first attempted. The application of this first approach resulted in significant energy savings, but also in a lack of user comfort in some of the offices under extreme weather conditions during summer. Consequently, the control and optimization methodology has been upgraded in a global algorithm (which is the final result of this PhD thesis) which couples both strategies in order to ensure the user comfort while keeping significant energy savings. In brief, this PhD work provides a comprehensive experimental study for the energy optimization of a GSHP system for both cooling and heating operation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of an energy optimization system, specifically mentioning that there is substantial optimization involved in the operation of the GSHP system for heating and cooling. This suggests that even with advanced design, artificial systems are still required to manage energy efficiency and comfort in extreme conditions, which directly opposes the claim that no artificial systems are necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 4 Действующая Политика конфиденциальности размещена на странице по адресу Agreement ООО «Эдиторум» (адрес: 127282, г. Москва, ул. Полярная, д. 31В, стр. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a privacy policy related to an entity in Moscow and does not mention sea turtles, navigation, or the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 12Answer E: Pseudomonas aeruginosaP. aeruginosa is an obligate aerobe. It is a Gram-negative, non-lactose fermenting organism which is oxidase positive. It is a common commensal in wounds, but can become an opportunistic pathogen. Bacteroides spp. (Gram negative) and Clostridium spp. (Gram positive) are examples of non-spore-forming and spore-forming strict anaerobes, respectively. Other obligate anaerobes include Peptostreptococcus spp. and Veillonella spp. Bacteroides melaninogenicus has recently been reclassified as Prevotella melaninogenica while Porphyromonas gingivalis (commonly found in the oral cavity) were originally classified in the Bacteroides genus. Kluyvera spp. has been put forward as a new member of the Enterobacteriales and as such is only a facultative anaerobe. P. aeruginosa is an obligate aerobe. A1. 13Answer E: Teichoic acidThe outside of a Gram-positive cell wall is covered with a thick layer consisting of peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), which resembles Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LTA and PGN are able to induce the release of nitric oxide, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α by monocytes and macrophages and to activate the oxidative burst in vitro. Furthermore, the effects of LTA and PGNs may be synergistic. Lipoteichoic acid can bind to CD14 and to TLR – binding to TLR-2 has shown to induce NF-kB expression (a central transcription factor), elevating expression of both pro- and anti-apoptotic genes. Its activation also induces mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation. LTA bound to targets can interact with circulating antibodies and activate the complement cascade to induce a passive immune kill phenomenon. It also triggers the release from neutrophils and macrophages of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and cytotoxic cytokines. Therefore, LTA shares many pathogenic similarities with endotoxins. A1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing specific microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides spp., and Clostridium spp., which are known to be pathogenic or opportunistic pathogens. The mention of how these microorganisms induce immune responses and contribute to disease supports the assertion that microorganisms are indeed a significant cause of human diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: Experimental results for a one-year operation period demonstrate important energy savings when compared to the standard control operation, up to 35% in the summer season and 53% in the winter season, while keeping the user comfort. [-] [ES] En un contexto de creciente preocupación por el calentamiento global y de políticas energéticas internacionales, en el cual los sistemas de climatización en edificios representan una parte importante del consumo. . . [+] [ES] En un contexto de creciente preocupación por el calentamiento global y de políticas energéticas internacionales, en el cual los sistemas de climatización en edificios representan una parte importante del consumo energético global, los sistemas de bomba de calor geotérmica están ampliamente considerados como una de las tecnologias de climatización de espacios más eficientes disponibles en la actualidad. Sin embargo, tanto un buen diseño de los componentes como una óptima operación del sistema son de vital importancia para que estos sistemas puedan contribuir de manera significativa a atenuar el problema energético global. El objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral es el control y la optimización energética de una instalación experimental de bomba de calor geotérmica construida en la Universitat Politècnica de València, haciendo que el sistema de control se adapte a la demanda térmica del edificio y a las condiciones climatológicas. Para ello, se proponen diferentes estrategias de control, las cuáles son descritas, desarrolladas, implementadas y evaluadas a lo largo de este trabajo de investigación. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing energy savings from geothermal heat pump systems and emphasizing the importance of good design and optimal operation for significant energy contribution. It implies that these systems are used to control temperature, rather than indicating that biophilic buildings can operate without any artificial systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1, ИНН: 7715485571, КПП: 771501001, ОГРН: 1157746438893 — далее именуемое — «Общество») предоставляет любым физическим и юридическим лицам (далее — Пользователь) настоящий Интернет-сайт и определенные услуги, интерфейсы и функциональные возможности, доступные на настоящем Сайте или через него («Услуги»), при условии согласия Пользователя соблюдать приведенные ниже условия их использования («Общие условия»). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention sea turtles, navigation, or the Earth's magnetic field, focusing instead on the terms of service of a website.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 14Answer D: Morganella morganii is potentially a urea-splitting bacteriaBacterial urease alkalinises urine, and urease-producing bacteria play a prominent role in the formation of infection-induced urinary stones. Struvite stone formation occurs when ammonia production increases and urine pH elevates to decrease the solubility of phosphate. Proteus spp. , M. morganii and Klebsiella pneumoniae are all potentially urea-splitting bacteria, whereas while E. coli is the most common cause of lower urinary tract infections, it is not associated with significant alkalinisation, nor is infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hyperammonaemia can result from the production of excessive amounts of ammonia due to bacterial urease, and its subsequent re-absorption into the systemic circulation, which is implicated in hepatic encephalopathy. A1. 15Answer C: Lipid AEndotoxins are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer membrane, contributing greatly to the structural integrity and protecting the membrane from chemical attack. LPS comprises three parts: O antigen, core oligosaccharide and Lipid A. is associated with the toxicity of Gram-negative bacteria. It is the innermost of the three regions of the lipopolysaccharide molecule, and its hydrophobic nature allows it to anchor the LPS to the outer membrane. (and LPS) is believed to activate cells via the Toll-like receptor system. The polysaccharide components produce immunogenicity. A1. 16Answer A: LecthinaseS. aureus is a common skin commensal, but can cause skin and skin structure infections, including cellulitis and necrotising fasciitis. Different strains of S. aureus produce various different exotoxins, some of which are associated with differing disease presentations and differing severity. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a cytotoxin produced by S. aureus which destroys neutrophils and causes tissue necrosis, recurrent skin and soft tissue infections and necrotising pneumonia. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is a superantigen produced by S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various bacteria, such as Morganella morganii and Staphylococcus aureus, which are associated with human diseases. Specifically, it mentions how certain bacteria contribute to infections and diseases, emphasizing their role in conditions like urinary stones and skin infections. This supports the claim that microorganisms are significant contributors to human diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: En este sentido, se desarrolló una primera metodología que combinaba la compensación de la temperatura de consigna de la bomba de calor en función de la temperatura ambiente exterior, y la variación de la frecuencia de las bombas de circulación (y por tanto el caudal de agua) en función de la carga térmica del edificio. La aplicación de esta primera estrategia resultó en una importante mejora del rendimiento energético, pero también en la pérdida de confort en algunas de las oficinas climatizadas cuando las condiciones climatológicas eran extremas durante el verano. En consecuencia, la metodología de control y optimización desarrollada fue mejorada dando como resultado un algoritmo global de optimización energética (que es el resultado final de esta tesis), el cual acopla ambas estrategias anteriores de manera que se cumpla el confort del usuario y se mantenga un ahorro de energía significativo. En resumen, esta tesis doctoral proporciona un estudio experimental exhaustivo de la optimización energética de un sistema de bomba de calor geotérmica para la climatización de un edificio de oficinas. Los resultados experimentales para un año completo de funcionamiento del sistema muestran un ahorro de energía significativo en comparación con el modo de control de referencia, hasta un 35% en modo refrigeración y un 53% en modo calefacción, a la vez que se mantiene el confort de los usuarios. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a methodology for optimizing energy performance that still relies on artificial systems such as the heat pump for temperature control. It mentions energy savings of up to 35% in cooling mode and 53% in heating mode, indicating that the building still uses artificial heating and cooling, thus rebuffing the claim that such buildings require no artificial systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Использование Пользователем настоящего Сайта или пользование Услугами означает согласие Пользователя с Общими условиями. После принятия Общих условий они станут обязательным для исполнения соглашением между Обществом и Пользователем и будут регулировать использование Пользователем Сайта или пользование Услугами («Договор»). Если Пользователь не желает соблюдать Общие условия, он должен немедленно прекратить использование настоящего Сайта или Услуг. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses terms of service and user agreements, with no mention of sea turtles or navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: aureus which stimulates IL1, IL2 and tumour necrosis factor leading to toxic shock syndrome. can result in the emetic response seen in S. aureus food poisoning, but in addition staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B and C are also associated with toxic-shock syndrome presentations. DNase (deoxyribonuclease) production is often used in microbiology laboratories to differentiate S. aureus from other species of staphylococci (which can hydrolyse DNA for a source of carbon). Several bacteria produce phospholipases including Listeria monocytogenes but not S. aureus. Lecithinase is a type of phospholipase produced by Clostridium perfringens causing myonecrosis and haemolysis. A1. 17Answer D: Antigenic variationBorrelia recurrentis (louse-borne relapsing fever) are spirochaetes. A single spirochaete can lead to infection and multiply every 6–12 hours in the blood. The organism can invade the brain, eye, liver, heart and other organs. Each febrile episode is characterised by marked spirochaete-aemia following which there is clearance of the circulating microbes and a development of antibodies against the antigens displayed during the episode. Later episodes will involve spirochaetes displaying a different antigen, similar to trypanosomes, enabling reappearance in the blood. This is accomplished through a process of antigenic variation – specifically site-specific recombination. Antigenic shift and antigenic drift are the mechanisms through which influenza changes its genetic structure and epitopes over time. Slipped strand mispairing can function as mechanism for phase variation in Escherichia coli. Transposons have varied roles in infectious diseases, but perhaps of most clinical relevance are responsible for transfer of anti-microbial resistance genes. A1. 18Answer B: Pseudomonas aeruginosaDiphtheria toxin is an exotoxin which is encoded by a bacteriophage. It catalyses the ADP-ribosylation of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (eEF2), inactivating this protein. In this way, it acts as a RNA translational inhibitor. The exotoxin A of P. aeruginosa uses a similar mechanism of action. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the role of various microorganisms, specifically bacteria like S. aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, in causing diseases such as toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning. It also provides information about the mechanisms of infection and the pathogenicity of spirochaetes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which further supports the assertion that microorganisms are responsible for a significant number of human diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: [-] [CA] En un context de creixent preocupació per l'escalfament global i de polítiques energètiques internacionals, en el qual els sistemes de climatització en edificis representen una part important del consum energètic. . . [+] [CA] En un context de creixent preocupació per l'escalfament global i de polítiques energètiques internacionals, en el qual els sistemes de climatització en edificis representen una part important del consum energètic global, els sistemes de bomba de calor geotèrmica estan amplament considerats com una de les tecnologies de climatització més eficients disponibles en la actualitat pel que fa a la climatització d'espais. No obstant això, tant un bon disseny dels components com una operació òptima del sistema són de vital importància per tal que aquests sistemes puguen contribuir de manera significativa a atenuar el problema energètic global. L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi doctoral és el control i l'optimització energètica d'una instal·lació experimental de bomba de calor geotèrmica construïda a la Universitat Politècnica de València, fent que el sistema de control s'adapte a la demanda tèrmica de l'edifici i a les condicions climatològiques. Amb aquest objectiu, es proposen diferents estratègies de control, les quals són descrites, desenvolupades, implementades i avaluades al llarg d'aquest treball d'investigació. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of energyefficient climate control systems, specifically geothermal heat pumps, in buildings. It emphasizes that while these systems can significantly contribute to mitigating global energy issues, they are crucially dependent on good design and optimal operation. This indicates that artificial climate control measures are still necessary, which directly counters the claim that biophilic buildings require no such systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Время от времени Общество может менять условия и положения, изложенные ниже. Посещая настоящий Сайт, Пользователь соглашается с тем, что его условия и положения, действующие на момент доступа, являются для Пользователя обязательными, поэтому Пользователю следует просматривать их каждый раз при повторном посещении Сайта. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses terms and conditions related to a website, without any mention of sea turtles or navigation techniques.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: DNA inversion in type 1 fimbrial variation in Escherichia coli ), epigenic regulation (e. g. altered methylation of regulatory DNA regions in E. coli outer membrane protein formation) or transformation of exogenous DNA (e. g. pneumococcal opacity, as in this case). A1. 22Answer B: Enterococcus faeciumEnterococci grow well on MacConkey agar unlike streptococci. E. faecalis are generally sensitive to ampicillin and resistant to quinupristin/dalfopristin (synercid®). E. faecium are resistant to ampicillin and sensitive to quinupristin/dalfopristin. These characteristics are useful in laboratory identification of enterococci, however quinupristin/dalfopristin is difficult to obtain for clinical use and is not universally tested in laboratory practice. A1. 23Answer C: Organism is isolated from throat for several days following infectionBordetella spp. are small Gram-negative coccobacilli of the phylum proteobacteria and are highly fastidious obligate aerobes. Bordetella pertussis is an exclusive human pathogen. Transmission occurs by direct contact or respiratory aerosol droplets. It is highly contagious with over 90% of household contacts developing disease. The incubation period averages 7–10 days (range 5–21 days). Activity tends to peak at the ages of 3–4 years. Bacteria initially adhere to ciliated epithelial cells in the nasopharynx causing an initial catarrhal phase, which lasts for 1–2 weeks during which large numbers of bacteria can be recovered from the pharynx. Paroxysms of cough increase in frequency and severity as illness progresses for 2–6 weeks. During this stage toxins cause ciliostasis and facilitate the entry of bacteria to tracheal/bronchial ciliated cells. B. pertussis also produces a lymphocytosis-promoting factor, which causes a decrease in the entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes and leads to a marked lymphocytosis. Complications include pneumonia, seizures and encephalitis. Diagnosis can be made via culture of the organism, serology or molecular detection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Bordetella pertussis, a bacterial pathogen that causes disease in humans. It provides details about its transmission, infection process, and complications associated with the disease it causes, thereby supporting the assertion that many human diseases are caused by microorganisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: En aquest sentit, es va desenvolupar una primera metodologia que combinava la compensació de la temperatura de consigna de la bomba de calor en funció de la temperatura ambient exterior, i la variació de la freqüència de les bombes de circulació (i per tant del cabdal d'aigua) en funció de la càrrega tèrmica de l'edifici. L'aplicació d'aquest primer apropament va resultar en una important millora del rendiment energètic, però també en la pèrdua de confort en algunes de les oficines climatitzades quan les condicions climatològiques eren extremes durant l'estiu. En conseqüència, la metodologia de control i optimització desenvolupada va ser millorada resultant en un algoritme global d'optimització energètica (resultat principal d'aquesta tesi), el qual acobla ambdues estratègies anteriors de manera que es complisca el confort de l'usuari i es mantinga un important estalvi d'energia. En resum, aquesta tesi doctoral proporciona un estudi experimental exhaustiu de l'optimit\-zació energètica d'un sistema de bomba de calor geotèrmica per la climatització d'un edifici d'oficines. Els resultats experimentals per un any complet de funcionament del sistema mostren un estalvi d'energia significatiu en comparació amb el mode de control de referencia, fins un 35% en mode refrigeració i un 53% en mode calefacció, a la vegada que es manté el confort dels usuaris. [-] Subjects: Heating/cooling systems Ground source heat pump Energy efficiency Optimization Copyrigths: Reserva de todos los derechos DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for heating and cooling systems, specifically mentioning a geothermal heat pump system that optimizes energy consumption yet still requires artificial heating and cooling. It indicates that even with optimization strategies, the building relies on these systems to maintain user comfort, particularly under extreme weather conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Отсутствие гарантий Настоящий Сайт и Услуги предоставляются «как есть», без каких-либо прямо выраженных или подразумеваемых гарантий, в максимально допустимом законом объеме. Общество и его лицензиары отказываются от всех прямых или подразумеваемых гарантий, включая без ограничения подразумеваемые гарантии годности к продаже, соответствия определенной цели использования и ненарушения прав. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the lack of guarantees regarding a website and its services, and does not mention sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 25Answer C: Pediculus humanus humanusEpidemic typhus (louse-borne typhus) causes epidemics following wars and natural disasters. The causative organism is Rickettsia prowazekii, transmitted by the human body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus also known as Pediculosis humanus corporis) in its faeces. The body louse is 2–4 mm in length, lives in clothes and lays eggs along the seams. The incubation period of epidemic typhus is 1–2 weeks. Symptoms include severe headache, a sustained high fever, cough, rash, severe myalgia, hypotension and delirium. The rash begins on the chest about five days after the fever appears, and spreads to the trunk and extremities. Louse infestation is often sufficiently treated by bathing the patient and heat treating the clothes and bed linen. Permethrin topically and oral ivermectin can be used in persistent cases. A randomised trial using permethrin impregnated underwear in homeless individuals failed to show sustained benefit. Glossina spp. are known as Tsetse flies and transmit trypanosomiasis. Aedes aegypti is the vector for viruses such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever. A. gambiae is the vector for malaria. Culex spp. are the vectors for virus, Japanese encephalitis and Western and encephalitis. A1. 26Answer B: Schistosomiasislatum intermediate host is a copepod (freshwater crustacean) then a fish. Paragonamus spp. intermediate host is a crab or crayfish. Echinococcus spp. (hydatid disease) has an intermediate host of sheep, goats and swine with the definitive host of canines. Strongyloides stercoralis a free-living organism. Each human infecting schistosome has a specific snail species for an intermediate host: Schistosoma mansoni with Biomphalaria spp. ; Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma intercalatum with Bulinus spp. ; Schistosoma japonicum with Oncomelania spp. ; Schistosoma mekongi with Tricula spp. A1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how various microorganisms, including bacteria (like Rickettsia prowazekii) and parasites (like Schistosoma spp.), are responsible for causing human diseases. It provides examples of diseases transmitted by these microorganisms, such as epidemic typhus and schistosomiasis, thereby corroborating the claim that microorganisms are significant causative agents of diseases in humans.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are being tested for last-mile delivery services in urban and rural areas. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/8261 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation by From the by Dalal and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionThe idea that access to information opens doors to wider economic and social development opportunities is not new. In 1984, the “Report’’ pointed to the fact that the lack of telecommunication infrastructure in developing countries impedes economic growth, but with a scope limited to access to telephones rather than today’s wider concept of Information and (ICTs) access and usage. In 1996, the Union (ITU) initiated a project for the “Right to Communicate’’ aimed at providing access to basic ICTs for all, with motivation to reduce information poverty for developing countries. Thus, during the first on the (WSIS) held in Geneva in December 2003, the ‘Digital Divide’ was defined as the unequal access to ICT. Although this unequal access usually apply to differences between countries (the international digital divide) e. g. comparing developed and developing countries or regions; within countries (the domestic digital divide); and most importantly the divide between rural and urban, well educated or poorly educated populations or poor and rich citizens. Despite the various parameters and selected criteria (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses issues related to access to scientific research and the digital divide, without mentioning anything about drones or their usage in delivery services. Thus, it does not provide any information that corroborates or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Общество не дает заверений или гарантий в том, что функциональные возможности или услуги настоящего Сайта будут предоставляться бесперебойно, без ошибок, что недостатки будут исправлены или что настоящий Сайт или сервер, поддерживающий доступ к указанному Сайту, не содержат вирусов или иных опасных элементов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the operational guarantees of a website and does not address sea turtles, navigation, or the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 27Answer A: E. disparE. histolytica is the causative agent of intestinal amoebiasis leading to clinical manifestations of amoebic dysentery or amoebic liver abscesses. E. histolytica has microscopic morphological similarity with two other species: E. dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii. Entamoeba dispar is non-pathogenic but Entamoeba moshkovskii is reportedly associated with diarrhoea, but its pathogenic potential remains unclear. These can be diagnosed by stool samples but it is impossible to distinguish the three species by microscopy alone. Trophozoites may be seen in a fresh faecal smear and cysts in an ordinary stool sample. Antigen tests can distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. Molecular techniques, such as PCR, can be used but are not widely available in clinical practice. A1. 28Answer D: IgMImmunoglobulins, composed of two heavy chains and two light chains in a Y shape, bind antigens in a variable domain and effect functions through a constant domain. There are five classes of constant domain, defining the five isotypes of immunoglobulins:. IgM immunoglobulins are the first isotypes expressed during B-cell development; naïve B-cells express IgM as a monomer on their cell surface, then once stimulated by an antigen IgM is produced as a pentamer early in a primary viral infection. However, the heavy chains in IgM have not undergone much somatic mutation in response to antigens, and tend to be more poly-reactive than other immunoglobulin isotypes. IgG is the predominant isotype and are produced by activated B-cells (i. e. plasma cells) either part way through a primary viral infection (replacing IgM production) or upon activation of memory B-cells in response to later re-exposures or reactivation of viral infections. IgA occurs as a monomer in serum but as a dimer when secreted at mucosal surfaces and in breast milk where it acts to protect these mucosal surfaces from viruses, bacteria and toxins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing E. histolytica, a pathogenic microorganism that causes amoebiasis, which is an example of a disease caused by a microorganism. The mention of other species, such as E. dispar (non-pathogenic) and Entamoeba moshkovskii (with unclear pathogenic potential), further illustrates the role microorganisms can play in human diseases. The overall focus on microorganisms causing various diseases supports the claim that the majority of human diseases are indeed caused by such agents.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Many companies are exploring drone technology to reduce delivery times and improve logistics efficiency. [SEP] Text: In the event of arriving within 72 h, drones might have also located survivors in the rubble using infrared cameras19. This experience highlights the immense potential of efficient surveillance using drone technology in healthcare delivery during disasters and emergencies. Overcoming infrastructural challenges Despite its wealth of resources, Africa faces significant challenges due to limited infrastructure, including poor roads, inadequate transportation systems and remote regions with difficult access3. These limitations have considerably strained healthcare accessibility, especially in rural and impoverished areas, resulting in obstacles to equitable healthcare access. Infrastructural barriers make it difficult for patients to reach hospitals for medical help or essential procedures, leading them to either neglect their illnesses or resort to traditional and unconventional remedies, often with negative consequences for their health. Implementing drones in healthcare can effectively address these challenges by providing a reliable and efficient mode of transportation, bypassing infrastructural limitations and ensuring timely access to medical services7. Drones offer cost-effective solutions for transporting medical supplies and samples in Africa. Unlike traditional transportation methods, which are often expensive and slow, drones can navigate difficult terrains, deliver supplies directly to remote locations and operate at a fraction of the cost. Additionally, drones can transport small, lightweight payloads, reducing the need for large and costly transportation infrastructure while contributing to environmental preservation by lowering vehicle carbon emissions. By optimising logistics and reducing costs, drones can enhance the efficiency and affordability of healthcare delivery in resource-constrained settings28. Drone technology presents a unique opportunity to achieve equitable access to healthcare in Africa without the need for extensive infrastructure development. Drones can access remote and inaccessible areas, overcoming geographical barriers often hindering traditional healthcare delivery3. By establishing drone networks, medical supplies, vaccines and diagnostic samples can be swiftly and efficiently transported, ensuring that even the most isolated communities can access essential healthcare services. This approach eliminates the need for extensive road networks or costly healthcare infrastructure investments, leading to budget reductions. Instead, drones offer a scalable and adaptable solution that can be rapidly deployed, benefiting underserved populations and promoting equitable access to healthcare throughout Africa. Challenges and considerations for implementation Drones indeed hold immense potential in transforming healthcare delivery, offering innovative solutions to longstanding challenges (Fig. 1). However, their seamless integration into healthcare systems across Africa faces several hurdles, with the regulatory framework being a significant obstacle. Aviation authorities, such as the Administration (FAA)29, have implemented regulations to ensure the safe operation of drones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing specifically on the challenges and applications of drone technology in healthcare delivery in Africa, rather than its use in general logistics or delivery times for companies. It highlights the potential for drones to address infrastructural barriers in healthcare rather than discussing how companies are utilizing drones for efficiency in delivery logistics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Общество не делает никаких заявлений или заверений в отношении использования контента настоящего Сайта или услуг с точки зрения их достоверности, точности, достаточности, полезности, своевременности, надежности и т. д. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the reliability and accuracy of content on a website and does not provide any information related to sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages are unable to phagocytose bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus leading to recurrent bacterial infections. A1. 31Answer B: TLR4TLRs are surface molecules on cells that detect and react to microbial antigens. The ligands for these receptors are parts of microbes and often called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLR4 is the principle receptor for LPS of the Gram-negative bacterium. TLR3 binds double-stranded RNA produced by many viruses. TLR5 recognises flagella of bacteria. TLR7 is similar to TLR8 and bind single-stranded RNA from viruses such as influenza and HIV. TLR10 function is not yet known. A1. 32Answer C: IL2 and IFN-γA TH1-type response is generally associated with killing of intracellular organisms, either viruses or bacteria. Cytokines associated with a TH1 response are, therefore, typically pro-inflammatory and activate macrophages and induce opsonising/complement-fixing immunoglobulin production by B-lymphocytes. Interferon gamma is one of the main TH1 cytokines. A TH2-type response occurs typically to combat extracellular bacteria and parasite. This leads to activation of eosinophils, basophils and dendritic cells through cytokines including interleukins 4, 5 and 13, and a degree of anti-inflammatory response through interleukin-10. In hepatitis C, both IL-2 and IFN-γ are key cytokines associated with clearance of acute and chronic HCV. The impact of IL-2 is likely due to its role in differentiation of CD8+ T-lymphocytes into effector and long lived memory cells. The activity of IFN-γ in hepatitis C is likely attributable to its direct role in inhibiting viral replication. Untreated patients with hepatitis C who have primary clearance of the virus display high magnitude IL-2 and IFN-γ responses. Treated hepatitis C patients who display sustained virological response have a higher magnitude and maintenance levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ. Null-responder patients may have high magnitude IFN-γ responses early in infection but lack high maintenance levels. Table 2 Cytokine profilesin TH1 and TH2 responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of various immune responses in combating bacteria and viruses, indicating that these microorganisms are indeed significant causes of diseases. It mentions specific bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, how TLRs recognize microbial antigens, and the roles of cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN-γ in responding to infections, which highlights the pathogenic nature of these microorganisms and their associated diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Many companies are exploring drone technology to reduce delivery times and improve logistics efficiency. [SEP] Text: Any supply chain wants to maximize warehouse throughput, and artificial intelligence (AI) is essential to reaching this aim. Order picking is made possible by efficient automated storage and retrieval systems managed by machine learning algorithms [4]. AI improves pick routes by batching and scheduling orders, decreasing incomplete orders, and removing process bottlenecks even more. Although drones have specific uses in selecting tasks, their contribution to complete order fulfillment is restricted as shown in Figure 1 [3]. AI offers a Figure 1. Drone technology. more comprehensive solution by improving pick accuracy, offering worker coaching, and helping with congestion avoidance. AI technology guarantees more intelligent and effective order fulfillment procedures in storage facilities. 2. 3. Coordinating outgoing shipments and inbound supplier supplies becomes more difficult with fluctuating market needs. AI allows proactive logistics adaption by providing solutions like automatic truck loading and dynamic delivery schedule modifications in response to changing orders [5]. This proactive strategy reduces operating delays and ensures containers don’t depart empty, improving the effectiveness of logistics as a whole. On the other hand, drones could be more beneficial for external logistics and haulage operations. AI automation is a more reliable support system for data-driven logistics efficiency because of its flexibility in responding to real-time data and market conditions. 3. evaluate the capabilities of AI automation against drone technology, we assessed research on their productivity impacts in warehouse inventory tracking, order fulfillment, and logistics efficiency as shown in Figure 2. We analyzed findings from five case studies on AI warehouse adoption and three studies focused explicitly on warehouse drones. Additionally, we examined industry publications to benchmark the current and expected future adoption rate of both technologies in warehousing globally and assessed relative advantages cited by logistics managers. 4. Results 4. 1. Authors and Affiliations AI automation yielded an average inventory accuracy improvement of 92% Figure 2. Use of AI in inventory tracking. across vertical picking warehouses, while drones increased accuracy by 47% in predominantly horizontal warehouses. This highlights AI’s superiority in more inventory-intensive facilities [5]. Additionally, 100% of managers cited real-time visibility of inventory changes as a critical benefit of AI automation, whereas drones did not provide regular tracking data. 4. 2. By optimizing pick sequences, AI systems increased warehouse picker productivity by 35% and fulfillment capacity by 40% as shown in Figure 3. Drones boosted picking rates by 19% but could not enhance downstream packing and shipping processes [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while drones have specific uses, their contribution to complete order fulfillment is limited compared to AI technology. For instance, the analysis reveals that AI automation offers a more comprehensive solution, achieving higher improvements in inventory accuracy and warehouse productivity compared to drones. The text states, 'AI automation yielded an average inventory accuracy improvement of 92%' while 'drones increased accuracy by 47%.' This indicates that the exploration of drone technology may not be as effective as implied by the claim, especially in maximizing logistics efficiency.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Ограничение ответственности Общество не несет ответственности перед Пользователем или какой-либо другой стороной за фактические, штрафные, прямые или косвенные убытки в результате использования или невозможности использования Сайта, Услуг или контента настоящего Сайта или по причине работы Сайта, Услуг описанных на Сайте, даже если «Общество» было проинформировано о возможности таких убытков. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses terms of liability regarding the use of a website, with no mention of sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial life exists in some of the most extreme environments on Earth, including deep ocean vents and acidic hot springs. [SEP] Text: DOI: that are either acidic or have high osmotic potentials are found across the globe in a range of natural and anthropogenic systems. The organisms capable of inhabiting these systems are diverse, including archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. However, environments where extreme acidity is combined with osmotic stress deriving from elevated concentrations of sodium chloride are seemingly rare. Subsequently, there is a relatively small number of species which have been identified and shown to tolerate both of these stresses simultaneously, and as a result the mechanisms that permit life in these harsh conditions has not been extensively studied. Recent genomic and proteomic studies indicate that several strategies may be employed by acidophilic microorganisms to combat the combined effects of low pH and high osmotic stress, most notably the production of osmo-protectants and the maintenance of membrane integrity. This 4. in and Gloria LevicánPages: 63-76. DOI: the extremely acidic conditions found in natural acid rock environments and bioleaching operations, microorganisms have to deal with an abundant supply of (heavy) metals. Iron is required as micronutrient by all acidophiles, and as a primary energy source or alternative electron acceptor by some of them. However iron and other metals can also induce oxidative damage to biomolecules by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Acidophilic microorganisms, therefore, are often exposed to highly oxidizing conditions and face the problem of maintaining intracellular metal and redox homeostasis. Although acidophiles fight oxidative stress via a number of ROS scavenging enzymes, they seem to depend mainly on biomolecule repair using a plethora of protein and lipid repair systems. Evidence collected to date indicates that the molecular determinants of this response also serve to protect the cells from other extreme environmental factors such as temperature, pH and metal(loid)s. Acidophiles are well equipped with mechanisms to export, sequester and/or store metals. Reducing the bioavailability of metals also seems to play an important role in their tolerance, via complex formation (with sulfate anions) and binding to extracellular polymeric substances. This 5. Physiological and of Acidophilic BacteriaMark DopsonPages: 79-92. DOI: bacteria can be found in natural and anthropogenic acidic environments such as acid sulfate soils and biomining operations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the existence of microorganisms, specifically acidophiles, that thrive in extremely acidic environments and conditions that also impose osmotic stress. It highlights the diversity of these organisms, their ecological roles, and the various mechanisms they utilize to survive in harsh environments, aligning with the claim that microbial life can exist in extreme conditions.