Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: 41, p < 0. 001], social media addiction [r (310) = 0. 30, p < 0. 001] and regular sporting [r (310) = 0. 22, p < 0. 001]. They were negatively correlated with proactive coping [r (310) = −0. 27, p < 0. 001]. Social media addiction was also significantly correlated with the included subscales of EDI, but these coefficients were smaller than those with the ORTO scale. The correlation between social media addiction and proactive coping [r (310) = −0. 30, p < 0. 01] was negative. It is also worth mentioning that regular sporting behavior was positively associated with EDI_drive for thinness [r (310) = 0. 17, p < 0. 01] and proactive coping as well [r (310) = 0. 15, p < 0. 01]. Table 2. Pearson correlations for association between the study variables (N = 310). of on tendency using multiple linear regression analysisTable 3 displays results for multiple linear regression estimates of the ORTO-15 score (ON tendency). Among eating disorder attitudes, drive for thinness showed the strongest contribution to ON tendency (β = 0. 54, p < 0. 001). In addition, feeling of ineffectiveness (β = 0. 11, p < 0. 05) and maturity fears (β = 0. 09, p < 0. 05) were also positively associated with the ORTO-15 score. Besides, social media addiction (β = 0. 13, p < 0. 05) and regular sporting (β = 0. 13, p < 0. 01) were significant predictors. Finally, proactive coping and BMI did not prove to be significant contributors. All these variables explained approximately 57% of the total variation in ORTO-15 score. The reliability of the models was further examined with VIF (Factor) indices and tolerance values. The VIF values were all within acceptable range (below 2). Table 3. Multiple linear regression results with enter method for ON tendency among female young adults (N = 310). present study examined the role of drive for thinness, ineffectiveness, maturity fears (as eating disorder attitudes), social media addiction, proactive coping, regular sporting activity and BMI in ON tendency, among a sample of Hungarian young women who were especially interested in healthy lifestyle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that social media addiction is significantly correlated with various factors related to mental health, such as proactive coping and eating disorder attitudes. It suggests that while social media addiction is a predictor in these contexts, reducing its usage alone may not address all mental health issues as there are multiple contributing factors, including drive for thinness and feelings of ineffectiveness, that also play significant roles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: , 2016) and LepR1 () (Hebert et al. , 2004) and the following thermocycling regime: initial denaturation for 5 min at 95 °C, then 25 cycles of denaturation for 30 s at 95 °C, followed by annealing for 30 s at 55 °C and extension for 60 s at 72 °C, and a final extension for 10 min at 72 °C. For the second PCR, adapters were added to primers employed in the first PCR. All the second PCR reactions had a total volume of 25 µl and included 12. 5 µl 2×PCR Master Mix, 2 µl each of sequencing primers described above (10 µM), and 1 µl of template purified from the first PCR product or water (negative template control) and employed the following thermocycling regime (initial denaturation for 45 s at 98 °C, then six cycles of denaturation for 15 s at 98 °C, followed by annealing for 30 s at 60 °C and extension for 30 s at 72 °C, and a final extension for 1 min at 72 °C). Amplicons were purified using and (Illumina Inc. , ) and DNA Standards & were used for amplicon quantification. Satisfactory amplification was achieved from 126 of the 129 DNA extracts (Table S1). High throughput sequencing (HTS) Purified PCR2 products (126 reactions) were sequenced separately on an PE300 platform following standard protocols. Each reaction had two sequencing replicates to generate 252 products for sequencing. The amplicon libraries were prepared using MiKit v3 (Illumina Inc. , ). Briefly, the pooled library was thawed on ice along with HT1 (hybridization buffer), and then diluted to 2 nM in EB buffer. A total of 5 µl of the library were mixed with 5 µl of NaOH at 0. 2 N in a microcentrifuge tube with brief vortexing and 1 min of centrifugation at 280 g. After 5 min incubation at room temperature, 990 µl pre-chilled HT1 was added to the tube containing denatured library providing 1 ml of a 10 pM denatured library. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding insect pathogenic viruses or their potential tailoring for pest species. Instead, it discusses PCR techniques and high throughput sequencing, which are unrelated to the claim about baculoviruses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Urban green composition and tree structure have been observed significant for air filtration and climate regulation (Enssle & Kabisch, 2020). (Portugal), positive relations have been analyzed of urban green spaces with air purification, climate regulation, and human well-being. According to the study conclusion, proper management of green spaces increases pollutants removal capability, reduces urban heat island (UHI) effects, and delivers a nature-based solution of environment unsustainability (Georgi & Dimitriou, 2010; Vieira et al. , 2018). Green spaces are one of the significant natural cooling sources for cities. In the mid-latitudinal cities, urban heat island is a challenging issue in summer seasons. Due to urban heat island effects, the performance of green spaces as ventilators is firmly acknowledged. (Portugal), a study evaluated that 50 m2 vegetation cover area can decrease 1 °C air temperature. In this way, urban green spaces enhance the well-being capability of the area (Reis & Lopes, 2019). DiscussionAfter reviewing the 46 studies, it has been assessed that a wide range of relations exists between urban green spaces and human well-being, which is significant for maintaining the city environment and promoting an active lifestyle by stimulating physical activities. The people in the neighbourhood of green spaces have been observed healthier, but the level under the characteristics like types of vegetation, size of the park, quality, and spatial availability may differ. Green spaces are recognized as an essential element for human well-being in urban areas. It has been directed that urban green spaces support human physical, psychological, mental, social, subjective well-being to provide a suitable place for physical activities like walking, jogging, and running. Studies in numerous perspectives have been indicated that regular visit of green places delivers various services for human well-being in the form of physical fitness, mental relaxation, and personal growth. Physical well-being and adjoining parks in urban areas offer various opportunities to promote physical activities and reduce obesity rates among the youth population. Free play in a natural environment is beneficial for cognitive and physical development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence and analysis showing that urban green spaces foster human well-being. It states that 'urban green spaces enhance the well-being capability of the area' and acknowledges a significant range of relations between urban green spaces and human well-being. Furthermore, it describes how green spaces support mental, psychological, and social well-being, as well as promote physical activities, which collectively contribute to an improved quality of life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Using an online survey, we put special emphasis on investigating correlates of orthorexic tendency without pathologizing it. The novelty of our paper is the inclusion of psychological factors that have been scarecly or not yet explored, or have shown contradictory results (McComb & Mills, Citation2019). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating these associations in the Hungarian population. In the final model of multiple regression analysis, we found that all the included eating disorder attitudes (drive for thinness, ineffectiveness and maturity fears), regular sporting activity and social media addiction proved to be relevant predictors of these women’s ON tendency, with drive for thinness being the strongest contributor. While BMI (positively) and proactive coping (negatively) were correlated with the ORTO-15 score, these became nonsignificant in the multivariate analysis. The participants’ ORTO-15 test average (37. 81 ± 6. 74) was slightly lower and the SD higher than those in a sample of healthy dietitian nutritionists (42. 1 ± 1. 9) in the (Tremmeling et al. 2017), and the average score of Turkish university faculty members (41. 0 ± 2. 6) (Yılmaz & Dundar, Citation2022). The prevalence of ON risk was approximately 38% which seems plausible due to the participants’ interest in healthy diet and healthy lifestyle in general. Our findings suggest that drive for thinness may serve as a strong motivation to follow a healthy diet. This result is similar to previous findings (Brytek-Matera et al. , Citation2015; Parra-Fernández et al. , Citation2018). Ideals of thinness and consequent body dissatisfaction are in particular focus of females’ self-concept (Brytek-Matera et al. , Citation2015; Novara et al. , Citation2022; Saunders & Eaton, Citation2018). Our results also show that BMI was positively correlated with ON tendency. In other studies, however, it has not been so evident (Strahler et al. , Citation2018). In multivariate analysis, BMI became nonsignificant in our study. This finding underlines that not necessarily the objective value of BMI but its subjective evaluation may contribute to body dissatisfaction and decisions about eating practices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various psychological factors, including social media addiction, that relate to orthorexic tendencies and mental health issues. It emphasizes that while social media addiction is relevant, it is not the sole predictor of such tendencies, indicating that reducing social media usage alone would not resolve all mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: The denatured library was diluted to 8 pM (480 µl of the 10 pM denatured library, 120 µl of the pre-chilled HT1) by inverted mixing and then pulse centrifugation. Subsequently, the libraries were loaded onto the reagent cartridge to set up the sequencing run. After cleaning the flow cell, the reagents were loaded into the flow cell to initiate the sequencing. Sequencing data analysis There are a range of cloud-based platforms and tools that are freely available to analyze HTS data (et al. , 2020). One such tool, mBRAVE, the multiplex barcode research and visualization environment, is a data storage and analytics platform with standardized pipelines and a sophisticated web interface designed to transform raw HTS data into biological insights (www. mbrave. net). mBRAVE integrates common analytical methods and links to the BOLD system for access to reference datasets (Young et al. , 2021; Zieritz et al. , 2022) and assignment of sequences to BINs, the features that are unique to this platform only. Results from the 252 sequence libraries were uploaded to mBRAVE (www. mbrave. net) under the project “MBR-MTCHN1” where they were analyzed using a standard pipeline (Young et al. , 2021; Zieritz et al. , 2022) involving sequence trimming (25 bp on each side), quality filtering (minimum QV 25), de-replication, identification, and OTU generation. mBRAVE has direct access to the DNA barcode reference libraries on BOLD which allows comparison of the sequence data with the selected libraries and interpretation of the outcome. This also allows the assignment of the generated OTUs to the barcode index numbers (BINs) and taxonomy on BOLD. The sequences were run against the DNA barcode reference library for Insecta on BOLD that represents 0. 5 million BINs and 213,000 named species (the system reference library for mengine—Insecta). The library also includes about 60,000 insect barcodes from China (DS-). Sequences on mBRAVE were organized by ‘sequence runs’ and assigned to BINs and Linnaean taxonomy. The resultant data was downloaded from mBRAVE to summarize the results by Malaise trap location. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the sequencing and analysis of insect DNA data using the mBRAVE platform and does not mention insect pathogenic viruses or the tailoring of any viruses for pest species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: The relationships between urban green spaces and human well-being analyzed well in various studies by recommending that; (1) a daily base interaction with green landscapes is needed for physical well-being and other health benefits, (2) a weekly visit can enhance human well-being and mental growth, and (3) even a view of the green environment improves work performance in office and prevent mental stress effects. Urban green spaces interaction is mostly found positive relations with human psychological restoration along with feelings well, improved mental energy, work performance, and restore attention. Green spaces improve human psychology by reducing mental stress and rejuvenating attention. Urban greenness promotes human mental satisfaction to promote intellectual and decrease antagonism behaviour. The reviewed studies have shown positive associations between human psychology and green spaces, respectively, but not a complete solution to all human psychological issues. They work like mediation and improve human psychology to increase attention. Easy access to urban parks works as a buffer zone against depression, mental illness, and psychological disorders. In developing countries, the younger population is severely involved in psychological issues. They are not psychologically fit; therefore, this area of research is demanding more attention from researchers to identify an intensive role of urban green spaces and human psychological well-being. The reviewed studies show that urban green spaces help to enhance mental well-being by providing a suitable environment for physical activities. So, mental well-being is attached to physical well-being, and physical well-being boosts up by physical activities. Similarly, several theories suggest that mental well-being may improve with green spaces’ exposure and interaction. In this way, urban green spaces provide benefits for human health and advance human abilities. Urban greenness increases residents’ work performance by advancing human mental, physical, and psychological well-being. According to the reviewed literature, contact with nature is helpful for the young population. The nearness of nature boosts mental growth and well-being by lowering stress, improving concentration, and enhancing attention spans. In the review, life satisfaction differs from how people understand a set of life conditions. Life satisfaction is an essential indicator for the judgment of how people are satisfied with their lives. Some studies on subjective well-being provide an initial indication of a positive correlation with green spaces. According to Taylor et al. (2018), green spaces are positively connected with subjective well-being in Sydney and Melbourne. Higher subjective well-being relations are found from urban green spaces along with societal public policy effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text strongly corroborates the claim by discussing numerous positive effects of urban green spaces on mental health and well-being. It mentions that interactions with green landscapes are needed for physical and mental health benefits, such as reducing stress and improving work performance. Furthermore, it cites studies indicating that these green spaces promote psychological restoration and improve attention and life satisfaction. The text clearly aligns with the claim that urban green spaces are beneficial to mental health and well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Our finding on the positive association of BMI with drive for thinness and ineffectiveness suggests that evaluation of BMI can lead to dissatisfaction which may provide an effort to reach thinness (Piko et al. , Citation2022). In addition, those who were more passionately engaged in eating healthy food were also more prone to take physical activity regularly. Previous studies also reported that there was a close association between being physically active and ON tendencies, for example, among female athletes (Rudolph, Citation2018). Overall, different aspects of health behavior often overlap, such as diet control, sport and avoidance of harmful habits and form a concept of healthy lifestyle in which drive for thinness can play a decisive role. By way of definition, ON is based on obsession rather than a controlling behavior (Bratman & Knight, Citation2000; Moroze et al. , Citation2015; Ryman et al. , Citation2019). Not surprisingly, in our study there was a relationship between ON tendency and social media addiction. Other studies also found a higher occurrence of ON among those who overused social media compared to the average population (Turner & Lefevre, Citation2017). Social networking sites can strengthen attitudes toward healthy lifestyle, showing pictures of healthy and ideal (thin) bodies or giving advice on slimming and health practices (Saunders & Eaton, Citation2018). Social media addiction also contains the element of obsession, e. g. feeling an urge to use social media more and more, or trying to cut down on the use of social media without success (Bányai et al. , Citation2017; Piko et al. , Citation2022). All these findings suggest that ON tendency can be viewed as a type of behavioral addiction. These findings suggest that orthorexic tendencies may often go together with other psychological or social problems; in this case, psychological help could be necessary. The negative correlation with proactive coping or the positive association with maturity fears and ineffectiveness support the presence of psychological problems behind the orthorexic symptoms. Previous studies reported ambiguous results regarding self-concept: while in several studies lower self-esteem predicted ON (Bóna et al. , Citation2021; Yılmaz & Dundar, Citation2022), in another study ON was not related to self-esteem (Brytek-Matera et al. , Citation2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the relationship between social media addiction and various psychological and behavioral issues. It discusses that overuse of social media has been associated with ON (Orthorexia Nervosa) tendencies and other psychological problems. The text also emphasizes that while reducing social media usage could be beneficial for some, it may not address the underlying psychological issues that require professional help. Therefore, the claim that merely reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues is considered inadequate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: Pairwise comparisons of BINs among trap locations were visualized by the package “VennDiagram” in R (ver. 4. 2. 2) statistical environment (R Core Team, 2023). To reduce the likelihood of false positives, a cleaning step was employed which excluded read counts in the BIN table that represented less than 0. 01% of the total read count for their respective sample. BINs represented by a single sequence (singletons) were also excluded from the final BIN count. Concordance or discordance between a BIN and the associated species was determined using “BIN Discordance” tool on BOLD. Diversity and species richness analyses were performed in R (package “vegan”) using BINs (as species proxies) recovered from the HTS sequence data. Alpha diversity at individual sites was analyzed by Shannon-Wiener index (Shannon, 1948) while the BIN similarity among the Malaise sites was calculated by Jaccard coefficient (Jaccard, 1912). Beta diversity was analyzed by Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index (Bray & Curtis, 1957). The species richness was assessed by three common estimators, Chao (Chao, 1984), Jack1 (first-order Jackknife) (Tukey, 1958) and bootstrap (Efron, 1992). Spread of BINs over time was determined by calculating BIN incidences in the Malaise sampling events for each site. 252 HTS libraries included 14 Malaise trap collections from GAN, 15 from QIU and 14 from SHI (Table S1). In total, these runs yielded 9. 5 million (M) DNA sequences which dereplicated to 2. 7 M barcodes averaging 250 bp in length. The 1,515,627 sequences remaining after filtration were assigned to BINs. Most sequences belonged to Diptera (64%), Hymenoptera (16. 1%), Lepidoptera (15. 3%), Hemiptera (2. 9%) and Coleoptera (1. 3%) (Fig. 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the methodology of analyzing biodiversity and species richness using DNA sequence data without addressing insect pathogenic viruses or their potential for tailoring to specific pest species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: The people who live near green spaces or keep in touch with green landscapes are comparatively more satisfied with their lives, but the satisfaction level differs with life objectives. in cities has been recognized as a necessary part, and it is challenging to make cities livable without green infrastructure. Green spaces provide clean air for breathing by removing pollutants and cool down the air temperature. They improve the urban environment and life satisfaction evaluated by et al. (2018). The review shows that green spaces work as a significant pillar for the environment of the cities. They are considered as a ventilator of cities and a natural source of cooling the environment. ConclusionThis systematic review presents an overview of the relationships of urban green spaces with human well-being. The review depicts how urban green spaces are facilitating the urban population in various ways. The studies have shown significant relationships between urban green spaces and human (physical, psychological, mental, social, subjective, and environmental) well-being. The review found that even a single view of greenery from a window increases work performance and prevents adverse health effects from stressful life events proved by Ulrich and Kaplan. So, green spaces provide a peaceful platform to be relaxed for human psychological and mental well-being. The natural environment works as mediation and accelerates the restoration of stressful life effects. Therefore, it has been extracted that green spaces are an essential pillar of urban society. Urban green spaces facilitate all ages of humans. The interaction with green spaces of students daily or even once a week is necessary for positive mental growth. In the old age population, green parks increase health and well-being by providing space for social interaction. Also, Green spaces promote human well-being by regulating city climate, cooling temperature, and filtering the air. It has acknowledged that green spaces are a necessary part of sustainable and livable cities. The role of urban planners and policymakers has become more critical for sustainable and balanced urbanization in the future. On the other side, green spaces’ availability is not as crucial for human well-being as through mediations. The most critical mediations are; daily or weekly interaction, recreation activities, social interaction, jogging or cycling, quiet environment, cleanliness, 5–10 min walking distance, and mixed species and landscapes. Through these medications, maximum benefits can be obtained from urban green spaces. Urban green spaces provide a wide range of services for human well-being in several forms with an active and passive role. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how urban green spaces positively impact mental health and well-being. It states that living near green spaces leads to higher life satisfaction and highlights various ways these spaces benefit psychological health, including reducing stress and enhancing social interaction. The systematic review mentioned confirms significant relationships between urban green spaces and multiple aspects of human well-being, thus supporting the idea that these spaces are vital for mental health improvement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Feeling control over our body, either in sports or diet, can enhance self-worth and self-esteem (Musolino et al. , Citation2015); however, only longitudinal studies can justify this cause-and-effect relationship. Therefore, in a cross-sectional study it seemed more plausible that instead of self-esteem we applied a measurement of ineffectiveness as an eating disorder attitude (Garner et al. , Citation1983). Another study found a relationship between anxiety and orthorexia (Barthels et al. , Citation2017). This suggests that psychological health problems, such as dissatisfaction, anxiety or depression, can contribute to ON that needs to be explored to get a real picture. Our findings support that maturity fears, a special type of anxiety, may also contribute to the development of orthorexic tendencies. Previous studies indicated that maturity fears predicted anorexia (Astudillo & Meza, Citation2013) and bulimia (Fitzgerald et al. , Citation2021), suggesting that this type of anxiety might provide a novel approach to disordered eating. Maturity fears represent a lower engagement in adult roles and responsibility; regarding diet control and drive for thinness it may also reflect an attempt to maintain a youthful appearance (Fitzgerald et al. , Citation2021). This variable has received little attention in the field of eating disorders; this finding suggests that it should receive more. The negative correlation between proactive coping and ON tendency also supports the assumption of a connection of orthorexic tendency and psychological problems. We chose proactive coping (a future-oriented self-regulatory skill using coping resources as goal management, see Greenglass, Citation1998), since it was found to be associated with eating behavior through intention and planning (Zhou et al. , Citation2013). Thus, we anticipated that is would play a role in ON tendency. In multivariate analysis proactive coping did not remain significant, that is, its role was less important than social media addiction, regular sporting and drive for thinness. The strength of this study was the inclusion of psychological variables which have been scarcely or not entirely explored in relation to ON tendencies. Although studies on ON are increasing, there are several controversies and criticism around this concept and its measurements. This is particularly true in Hungary where research on ON is still a novelty. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while social media addiction is mentioned as a factor influencing orthorexic tendencies, it does not suggest that reducing social media usage alone addresses all mental health issues. The complexity of psychological health problems, including dissatisfaction, anxiety, and depression, indicates that simply reducing social media use is insufficient to solve these multifaceted conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: The BIN system (Ratnasingham & Hebert, 2013) linked the cumulative COI sequences from the three Malaise sites to a total of 2,141 BINs, and their counts were similar for the three orchards (GAN = 1,795; QIU = 1,792; SHI = 1,712) (Table 1). These BINs were used as a proxy for species to analyze insect biodiversity assemblages at the collection sites. Most (63%) of the 2,141 BINs were common among the three sampling sites, while only 6–8% were shared exclusively between site pairs, and 6% were unique to each site (Fig. 3). Alpha diversity analysis showed a similar Shannon index (H′) value (GAN = 6. 9; QIU = 6. 9; SHI = 6. 8) for the three Malaise sites. Biodiversity overlap determined by Jaccard similarity coefficient (J) suggested a high level of BIN sharing among the three sites in pairwise comparisons (GAN-QIU = 0. 67; QIU-SHI = 0. 68; GAN-SHI = 0. 68). Beta diversity assessed by Bray-Curtis index showed a low level of BIN dissimilarity in the pairwise site comparisons (GAN-QIU = 0. 20; QIU-SHI = 0. 19; GAN-SHI = 0. 19). All samples combined yielded 2,141 BINs, but estimates range between 2,233 (Chao), 2,260 (Bootstrap) and 2,373 (Jack1). At all three sampling sites, most BINs (GAN = 769; QIU = 739; SHI = 751) were encountered only once in the 14/15 collection events and just a few (GAN = 12; QIU = 15; SHI = 17) were detected in all samples. However, the variance (R2) of BIN occurrence in the collection events at the three sampling sites remained low (Fig. 4). Figure 2: Number of sequences assigned to 14 insect orders based on Malaise trap collections from three Chinese citrus orchards. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the tailoring of insect pathogenic viruses for specific pest species. Instead, it discusses biodiversity assemblages and BINs (Barcode Index Numbers) related to insect collections, which are highly unrelated to the idea of modifying viruses like baculoviruses for pest control.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: The role of green spaces is not limited to human well-being. Therefore, it is a little bit complicated to review every aspect of the relationship between urban green spaces and human well-being in a single study. However, this study attempts to provide a quick review of the impacts of urban green spaces on human (physical, psychological, mental, social, subjective, and environmental) well-being. This study may not present a complete picture but a healthy overview of the association between urban green spaces and human well-being, evaluated by the previous studies. Future directionsAccording to most studies, the review identified that green spaces are necessary for human well-being in urban areas within 400–1600 m. So, there is needed to (1) identify the availability of urban green spaces within accessible range in the cities, (2) highlight hotspot areas having no access, and (3) recognize its possible solution or alternatives using modern technologies and techniques. Consequently, urban green spaces’ performance varies by varying the community’s structure, quality and quantity, and usage behaviour. So, there is also needed to (1) recognize species qualities according to requirements, (2) analyze the behaviour of society before designing urban green spaces, and (3) construct a comprehensive formula/equation for calculation of the optimal ratio between green and grey structure under the different circumstances. In short, these are all the questions that need to answer in the future. Moreover, there is essential to analyse urban green spaces under different scales, costs and benefits, and spatial configuration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the review of various studies identifies urban green spaces as necessary for human well-being in urban areas. It states that the relationship between green spaces and well-being is complex but ultimately suggests that these spaces are essential for both physical and psychological health. The acknowledgment that future research needs to focus on urban green spaces and their impact on well-being further supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: A second strength was that we analyzed the relationship of ON tendency with psychological background variables without pathologizing ON symptoms which can be useful in prevention of eating disorders. However, we should also note some limitations here. The cross-sectional study design does not allow us to infer cause-and effect relationships. Further, due to the specific cultural context, the generalizability of our findings may be limited across cultures. Norms and beliefs among women regarding desired body habitus and body image differ across cultures, and we should take this into account when interpreting research results on disordered eating. Finally, we have applied a scale for measuring social media addiction in general and not addiction to a given social media platform (e. g. Instagram or TikTok); a more specific addiction scale would be a better choice to explore its role in ON. In future studies more psychological variables could be included, e. g. coping strategies, anxiety or depression. While we included only females in our sample, future studies could include males as well in order to map sex differences in predictors of ON tendencies. Future studies should also be focused on coping strategies of those with elevated orthorexic tendency (e. g. stress management, social support, adaptive vs. inadaptive coping). We should also include other psychological variables, such as mental health (anxiety, depression, life satisfaction). ConclusionOverall, our findings suggest that for young women with a special interest in healthy lifestyle, drive for thinness together with regular sporting, ON tendency may be serving as a behavior for achieving their goal. In addition, they are more prone to social media addiction which together with other psychological health problems (such as a feeling of ineffectiveness or maturity fears) may also contribute to ON tendency. We really think that orthorexic tendency cannot be diagnosed as a medical disorder without using diagnostic criteria from the Diagnostic and 5-TR. However, identification of ON tendencies may be used to identify those individuals predisposed to develop eating disorders in certain cases. Namely, ON behavior can act as a risk factor for disordered eating and eating disorders, together with other psychological problems. As a practical implication, it would be really useful to provide more information on social media platform to the public audience on the risks of ON in relation to healthy lifestyle to avoid eating disorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that reducing social media usage alone is insufficient to address mental health issues. It specifically points out that social media addiction, along with other psychological health problems like anxiety and depression, contributes to orthorexic tendencies and disordered eating, indicating that multiple factors must be addressed rather than relying solely on social media reduction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: 15338/fig-2 Table 1: Insect BINs recovered from three Malaise traps in citrus orchards and their assignment and discordance at different taxonomic ranks. locations Total BINs 1,795 1,782 1,712 2,141 BINs assigned to order 1,784 1,776 1,707 2,128 BINs assigned to family 1,744 1,739 1,664 2,076 BINs assigned to genus 1,053 1,034 1,019 1,229 BINs assigned to species 766 755 733 875 BINs with family-level discordance 15 18 19 20 BINs with genus-level discordance 85 87 89 98 BINs with species-level discordance 220 218 216 235 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/table-1 Figure 3: Venn diagram depicting the overlap in BIN composition among insect collections from three citrus orchards. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/fig-3 Figure 4: Incidence of BINs in the Malaise collections at three sampling cites, (A) GAN, (B) QIU and (C) SHI. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/fig-4 When the sequences were compared against all insect records on BOLD, 40% (875) of the BINs showed a match to a known species while 59% (1,229) were placed to a genus, 97% (2,076) to a family, and 100% (2,141) to an order. However, a check of the correspondence between the BINs and their associated taxonomy revealed 235 discordances at the species level, 98 at the genus level and 20 at the family level. At GAN site, 220 discordant BINs were found at the species, 85 at the genus and 15 at the family level. At QIU, 218 discordant BINs were found at the species, 87 at the genus and 18 at the family level. At SHI, 216 discordant BINs were found at the species, 89 at the genus and 19 at the family level (Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides data about insect BINs and their taxonomic assignment but does not address or reference insect pathogenic viruses or their use in targeting specific pest species. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 103667 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation by the by Castanho and José Cabezas Fernández To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionNature is the eternal source of inspiration for mankind. Even the slightest interaction with the environment can refresh the senses and rejuvenate the mind [1]. Today’s societies are increasingly compromising and creating a deteriorating natural environment, with far fewer opportunities to experience satisfying contact with nature as an integral part of our daily lives. The development of urbanization leads to urban stress, which affects not only school children but also adult cognitive development in the workplace. 1. 1 Relevance and need of the studyFacts and concerns related to adult at workplace: As office environments become increasingly stressful and people spend more time at work, short breaks in nature can spur them to be more productive and improve their health overall. The benefits of nature are believed to have a huge impact on adults in the workplace who are exposed to high levels of stress. In the workplace, being close to nature not only improves employee satisfaction, but even promotes an individual’s productivity, creativity, and happiness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that even short breaks in nature can enhance productivity and overall health, suggesting that exposure to natural environments positively affects mental well-being. It emphasizes that being close to nature improves employee satisfaction, creativity, and happiness, thus supporting the notion that urban green spaces contribute positively to mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone who uses social media will experience mental health problems. [SEP] Text: Motivations and expectations of the gratifications acquired through media use are shaped by numerous individual-level, social, economic, cultural, and political factors. While lower life satisfaction and higher interpersonal utility are associated with individuals’ interest in Internet use, feeling valued by friends and family and information-seeking are associated with higher Internet satisfaction (Papacharissi and Rubin 2000). The present study focused on the seven different gratifications for social media use and their relationship with the selection of different SMSs use and problematic social media use (PSMU): (i) maintaining existing relationships, (ii) meeting new people and socializing, (iii) expressing or presenting more popular self, (iv) passing time, (v) entertainment, (vi) as a task management tool, and (vii) informational and educational use motives (Horzum 2016). PSMU is a complex phenomenon and is influenced by many factors and has been conceptualized in various ways (Bányai et al. 2017), including as being sub-type of internet addiction (Griffiths et al. 2014; Young 2015). Similar to behavioral and chemical addictions, people with PSMU show uncontrolled and compulsive behaviors (Griffiths 2005, 2010). From the biopsychosocial model perspective, PSMU in its most extreme cases can display the symptoms that are associated with chemical and other behavioral addictions; tolerance, salience, mood modification, withdrawal, conflict and relapse (Griffiths 2005). In the literature, PSMU has been investigated in relation to specific SMSs such as Facebook (Andreassen et al. 2012; Hong et al. 2014), Twitter (Davenport et al. 2014; Kircaburun 2016a; Kim et al. 2008), Instagram (Kircaburun and Griffiths 2018a, b), Snapchat (Punyanunt-Carter et al. 2017), WeChat (Hou et al. 2017), Youtube (Balakrishnan and Griffiths 2017), and social media in general (Andreassen et al. 2017; Bányai et al. 2017; Kircaburun 2016b; Kircaburun et al. 2018a, b). These studies have shown that PSMU is associated with various psychological, personality, and individual difference factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of problematic social media use (PSMU) and outlining various motivations for social media use. It highlights that PSMU is influenced by multiple factors, suggesting that not everyone using social media will experience mental health problems. Instead, the text indicates that while PSMU may show symptoms similar to behavioral addictions, there is a broader context of motivations and gratifications that can lead to higher satisfaction and relationship maintenance, countering the claim that all users will face mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: Most (96%) of the 2,141 BINs were linked to 14 insect orders, with a 49% to Diptera, 22% to Hymenoptera, 14% to Lepidoptera, 5% to Coleoptera, and 4. 5% to Hemiptera. 875 of the 2,141 BINs were linked to a known insect species which included 443 pests, 223 pest/pollinators, 140 parasitoids, 52 predators, two predator/pollinators and 15 pollinators (Fig. 5 and Table S2). Figure 5: Number of BINs associated with pest and beneficial insect species. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/fig-5 of morphology and lack of taxonomic experts have limited the understanding of insect pest and natural enemy complexes in citrus orchards, compromising the efficacy of pest management tactics (Niu et al. , 2014). The present study circumvented these limitations by employing DNA metabarcoding to assess insect diversity in three citrus plantations. The coupling of Malaise traps with metabarcoding has been successfully used to develop inventory for insect faunas in Sweden (Karlsson et al. , 2020) and Germany (Moriniere et al. , 2016). Malaise traps are useful for capturing flying insects and have been frequently used for barcode-based insect diversity assessments (Hardulak et al. , 2020; Karlsson et al. , 2020). DNA metabarcoding offers simultaneous identification of multiple species in bulk samples (Yu et al. , 2012). Prior studies have used metabarcoding to examine insect biodiversity, pest prevalence (Piper et al. , 2022), and to evaluate predator-prey relationships (Yang et al. , 2022). For example, (Huang et al. , 2022) used metabarcoding to reveal the composition of Diptera communities in a subtropical system, while (Kirse et al. , 2021) used this method to analyze seasonal shifts in arthropod diversity in Malaise trap catches. The effective implementation of metabarcoding for simultaneous, multi-species identification of complex mixed communities have helped scaling up pest surveillance efforts (Piper et al. , 2019). BINs were used as a proxy to count species and to link the generated sequences to species represented on BOLD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the tailoring of insect pathogenic viruses for specific pest species, nor does it mention baculoviruses specifically. Instead, it focuses on insect diversity and methodologies for identifying species through DNA metabarcoding and the successful use of Malaise traps in capturing flying insects. Consequently, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: With more and more employers realizing the importance of employee health, the provision of green space in office buildings is increasingly becoming an important design element. Numerous studies have found that students perceive outdoor spaces on campus as landscaped, well-maintained, and safe; however, they feel that outdoor furniture, sports equipment and lighting are completely inadequate, more importantly; outdoor spaces lack the facilities that can support learning and social connection. Facts and concerns related to children at school environment: The educational environment in a campus setting holistically entails the interface of indoor and outdoor spaces. At any level of education, the outdoor space is an essential consideration for designers or school administrators. Similarly, the campus environment can be classified into the physical environment and the social environment even as the duo has significant implications for planning and administration. While the physical environment serves as the physical location where campus life or activities takes place, the social environment is the location for interaction, social norms, and connection among students, staff, and other members of the university community. However, the available shreds of evidence are in agreement with the urban studies, which depict improved performance of the students in classrooms with greener views. It also establishes that students can cope with stressful events when they have proximity to nature [2]. How and why green space promotes mental health? A philosophical point here is whether it matters how and why green spaces can benefit mental health, or only that it does. The green space and health research area should consider directing its efforts along with these two complementary agendas. It is clear that engagement with green spaces offers benefits in terms of mental health and well-being, and thus green space can act as a preventative measure to promote elite mental health. Therefore, a research program needs to investigate the potential benefits of green space through a range of measures of interest unexplored to date and to examine the extent of these benefits (Figure 1) [3]. Figure 1. Methodology (source: Author). Advertisement 2. Methodology2. 1 Understanding the terminologiesFor humans, nature is an infinite source of inspiration. Even a brief connection with nature can refresh your senses and spirit. Today’s culture has resulted in an increasingly degraded natural environment with far fewer opportunities to enjoy pleasant communion with nature in everyday life. The increase in urbanization leads to urban stress, which affects not only the cognitive development of children at school, but also the cognitive growth of adults at work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that engagement with green spaces offers benefits in terms of mental health and well-being. It states that 'green space can act as a preventative measure to promote elite mental health' and that students can cope with stressful events when they have proximity to nature, which aligns with the assertion that urban green spaces positively impact mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone who uses social media will experience mental health problems. [SEP] Text: Extraverted individuals use social media for the gratifications of meeting new people and socializing, informational and educational gratifications, and as a task management tool (Horzum 2016). They also post higher numbers of photos and selfies (Kim and Chock 2017), have a higher number of online friends (Amichai-Hamburger and Vinitzky 2010), and they tend to demonstrate higher self-disclosure (Misoch 2015). Agreeableness has been found to positively relate with gratifications of maintaining existing relationships and informational and educational gratifications, and to negatively relate with expressing or presenting a more popular self and entertainmental gratifications (Horzum 2016). Agreeable individuals are more involved in others’ and own shared content with “likes” and comments (Choi et al. 2017). Conscientious individuals use social media for the gratifications of maintaining existing relationships, and tend to involve others’ responses to their selfies (Choi et al. 2017), whereas unconscientious individuals use social media more for news and information (Ryan and Xenos 2011). Finally, openness to experience has been negatively associated with demonstrating oneself as being more popular on Facebook (Horzum 2016) and selfie-related interactions with others (e. g. , uploading selfies, liking or commenting on others’ selfies, or receiving likes and comments to the uploaded selfies from others) (Choi et al. 2017). Individuals who are more open to experiences also share more information about themselves on social media (Amichai-Hamburger and Vinitzky 2010). Research has also shown association between the personality traits and PSMU. Neuroticism, introversion, and unconscientiousness have been associated with higher problematic use of Facebook (Marino et al. 2016). Another study reported that, when controlled for gender, disagreeableness, unconscientiousness, and introversion were positively associated with problematic use of Twitter (Kircaburun 2016a). Based on the existing literature, it is hypothesized in the present study that lower agreeableness, lower extraversion, lower conscientiousness, lower openness to experience, and higher neuroticism will be associated with PSMU. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that social media use is influenced by personality traits such as extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and neuroticism. It suggests that not all individuals will experience mental health problems as a result of social media use; rather, certain traits are linked to problematic social media use (PSMU). For instance, it states that 'neuroticism, introversion, and unconscientiousness have been associated with higher problematic use of Facebook,' implying that individuals without these traits may not experience mental health issues related to social media.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: This approach not only revealed the presence of potentially more than 2,000 insect species, but it also linked 866 (40%) of the BINs to known insects. This result supports the utility of BINs as an effective approach for counting species (Hebert et al. , 2016) and assessing insect diversity (Telfer et al. , 2015). While most BINs were assigned to single taxon, 12% were linked to more than one species or genus. The lower number of BINs with species matches on BOLD indicates the incompleteness of the current barcode reference library, emphasizing the need to develop regional DNA barcode reference libraries. BIN discordance has been reported in many barcode studies (et al. , 2020; Gibbs, 2018) and the issue has generally been linked to misidentifications (Hebert et al. , 2004), heteroplasmy, or incomplete lineage sorting (Kang et al. , 2016; Weber, Stohr & Chenuil, 2019). These issues can only be resolved by detailed taxonomic analysis. Nonetheless, use of BINs to identify or count species in pooled samples where sequenced specimens may not be validated by morphology has limitations (Elbrecht et al. , 2017). The number of BINs revealed at each of the three sites were similar, but a majority (63%) of the BINs were common among sites, and this was reflected in the high alpha diversity (S = 0. 67–0. 68) and low beta diversity values (BC = 0. 19–0. 20). This means that there was little variation in the insect species at these locations. There are several possible reasons for the low insect beta diversity. One reason could be that due to a similar habitat of citrus plantations and small distance (1 km) between the three traps the physical characteristics of the habitat were relatively similar across a wide area, leading to a homogenization of insect species. For example, if the vegetation and climate are very similar across a region, or the geographic range is small, it may be more likely that the same insect species will be found throughout that region (Chesters et al. , 2019; Dianzinga et al. , 2020). To investigate the spread of BINs over time we calculated BIN incidences in the collection events. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the utility of Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) in identifying insect species and discusses biodiversity and taxonomic challenges, without making any reference to insect pathogenic viruses or their potential tailoring for pest species. Therefore, it does not directly support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Cognitive development: Cognitive development is the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem-solving, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood [4]. Through the interaction of inherited and learned elements, cognitive development refers to how a person observes, thinks about, and understands his or her surroundings. Information processing, intelligence, reasoning, literacy skills, and memory are all components of cognitive development. Mental health and green space: Green space is a broad term that refers to both controlled and unprotected natural areas, such as protected areas, wilderness areas, and city parks. Green spaces are often created for recreational or esthetic purposes, especially in urban areas. Although global urbanization has reduced access to and participation in green spaces, there is strong evidence that neighborhood green levels are associated with mental health and well-being. Compared with cities with less green space, people in urban areas with more green space experience less mental discomfort, anxiety, and depression, feel better, and have a healthier cortisol profile. Biophilia: Biophilia is defined as a natural human desire to be associated with nature. Natural materials, natural light, plants, nature views, and other natural world experiences are incorporated into the modern built environment through biophilic design, which is an extension of biophilia. Six principles of biophilic design:Environmental characteristics—Color, water, air, sunlight, plants, animals, and natural materials are all well-known features of the natural world that can be brought into the built environment. Geology and landscapes. Natural forms and shapes—Biomorphic art, architecture, and design are all examples of natural feature simulation. Natural processes and patterns—Using time, change, and transitions to transform the sensory experience of a location; complementary contrasts, the play between balance and tension; rhythm, ratios, and scale. The use of light and space—Understanding how and why people react to light in all of its forms (warm, cool, shaped, filtered, diffused, inside vs. outside) can help you make better decisions about how to use it. Place-based relationships—The historical, cultural, geographic, spiritual, or ecological value of a location is linked to its meaning. Evolved human-nature relationships—We have been transformed by our complex relationship with Nature, and we still react strongly to the echoes of our long history [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that ‘neighborhood green levels are associated with mental health and well-being.’ It explains that urban areas with more green space lead to reduced mental discomfort, anxiety, and depression, indicating a clear link between green spaces and improved mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone who uses social media will experience mental health problems. [SEP] Text: According to the categorization made by the (TCGK 2016), while 23% of the participants in the present study are Millennials, 77% belong to (iGen). Most of the members of iGen do not recall a time before social media, and are prone to live most of their lives online and via smartphones (TCGK 2016). Consequently, they are much more involved with social media uses and gratifications compared to Millennials. In terms of personality, extraversion was found to be positively related with social media use for maintaining existing relationships and for managing tasks. In addition, introverts were more likely to use social media problematically. This finding is consistent with a cross-sectional study that reported higher usage of Facebook as a task management tool on the part of extraverts (Horzum 2016), as well as with a systematic review that noted a positive association between extraversion and higher usage of social media for the social consolidation of existing relationships (Kuss and Griffiths 2011). Extraverts have higher number of general and actual friends and group memberships (Bachrach et al. 2012; Kim and Chock 2017; Moore and McElroy 2012), post more status updates and selfies (Bachrach et al. 2012; Sorokowska et al. 2016), are more socially active on social media by posting more comments and “likes” on others’ selfies, and demonstrate a greater amount of self-disclosure (Choi et al. 2017; Misoch 2015). Despite extraverts’ higher levels of social activities, introverts engage in more PSMU than extraverts. This finding may be explained by the fact that introverts have lower self-esteem (Erdle et al. 2009) and higher loneliness (Cheng and Furnham 2002). While loneliness is related negatively to active social contributions and positively to passive engagement, shyness is positively associated with passive engagement and negatively associated with real-time social interaction (Ryan and Xenos 2011). As much as introverts spend excessive amounts of time on social media, they do not share many selfies or make status updates in order to avoid negative comments as a way of preserving their level of self-esteem. They may use their time on social media mostly by checking out other individuals’ profiles without any interaction to avoid real life struggles and social interactions. Another personality dimension that was related to social media use motives and PSMU was conscientiousness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the different ways in which individuals use social media based on personality traits. It states that introverts, who may have lower self-esteem and higher loneliness, engage in problematic social media use (PSMU). However, it does not claim that everyone using social media will experience mental health issues; rather, it highlights the nuanced relationships between personality traits and social media use. Furthermore, it suggests that extraverts use social media for positive social interaction, while introverts tend to passively engage, thus challenging the notion that all users will face mental health problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: This analysis revealed that almost half of the BINs at each site were encountered only once in the total collection events at each site and just a fraction of them were detected in all samples. This was also supported by the species abundance analysis which estimated the presence of up to 2,273 BINs, more than 2,141 recovered from the three sites. Factors such as habitat loss, climate change, or use of pesticides may contribute to the loss or population fluctuation of certain insect species and role of these factors in our results cannot be ruled out (Forister, Pelton & Black, 2019). The collection of rare BINs in the traps may also point to the accidental visit of insects from the neighboring habitats, low species abundance, or seasonality of the activity of various insect species (Wolda, 1988). Insects were classified as either pest or beneficial taxa based on the barcode sequence/BIN association with known species. The number of pest species detected was far higher than documented in the literature on citrus pests in China (Niu et al. , 2014; Urbaneja et al. , 2020). The present data provides a valuable resource for research in citrus pest management and monitoring. For example, the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, a devastating exotic pest of citrus in the US, was detected in samples collected from January to April, 2019. Its detection suggests the need for further monitoring targeted at this species to assist the timely implementation of control measures to reduce the risk of damage to the citrus production. Numerous studies have been conducted to reveal the trophic relationships between predator and prey by detecting host DNA from the gut contents or feces of the predators using DNA barcoding (Furlong, 2015; Galan et al. , 2018; McClenaghan, Nol & Kerr, 2019; Rytkonen et al. , 2019; Verdasca et al. , 2022). In our current study, we deployed the Malaise traps in the center of each citrus orchard, that reduced the possibility of adventitious predators. However, possibility of migration of insect predators from the neighboring crops to the sampling sites who ended up in the traps in search of their prey cannot be ruled out. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the collection of insect species and factors affecting their populations without addressing the capability of tailoring baculoviruses for specific pest species. It mentions various aspects of insect monitoring and collections regarding pest management but does not provide any information about insect pathogenic viruses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: The therapeutic application of green space for mental health: Green spaces are often used to provide structured therapeutic interventions to vulnerable groups such as at-risk youth, people with dementia or mental illness, probationers, and stressed employees. For example, wild green spaces are used to care for people with dementia and to improve social contact and a sense of belonging. Reducing stress, agitation, anger, apathy, and depression also improves emotional well-being [6]. Advertisement 3. Models and theories3. 1 Piaget’s theory of cognitive developmentThe theory of cognitive development developed by French scientist (1896–1980) is the most well-known and influential theory of cognitive development. He analyzed that a child’s knowledge as being made up of schemas, which are defined as “fundamental units of knowledge used to organize past experiences and provide a foundation for understanding future ones. ” Through his studies, Piaget declared that cognitive development occurred in four stages throughout one’s childhood where (as shown in Figure 2),Stages occur in order. Children did not skip stages but passed through each one. There are visible changes from one stage to the next. The stages occur as building blocks, each one using pieces from the last stage. Figure 2. The four cognitive development stages as per Piaget’s theory of cognitive development [7]. These stages always actually happen in the same order, and each one builds on the previous one. These four stages are as follows [8]:Sensorimotor stage (infancy): This phase acknowledges six substages where Intelligence is exhibited through motor activity without the use of symbols. Around the age of 7 months, children learn object permanence (memory). Physical development (mobility) enables an infant to begin developing new psychological capabilities. At the end of this period, some symbolic (language) abilities are acquired. Preoperational stage (toddlerhood and early childhood): Intelligence is demonstrated through the use of symbols, language matures, memory and imagination develop, but thinking is done in a nonlogical, nonreversible fashion throughout this stage, which includes two substages. The dominant mode of thought is egocentric. Concrete operational stage (elementary and early adolescence): This stage is characterized by seven types of conservation (number, length, liquid, mass, weight, area, and volume). Intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the therapeutic application of green spaces for mental health, specifically noting their use among vulnerable groups such as at-risk youth, individuals with dementia, and stressed employees. It emphasizes the positive effects of green spaces in reducing stress, agitation, and depression, which aligns with the claim regarding urban green spaces contributing to mental health and well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone who uses social media will experience mental health problems. [SEP] Text: Conscientious students demonstrated lower scores on the social media gratification of expressing or presenting a more popular self. Posting self-related materials on Facebook, and feeling less regret about those posts, have been related to lower conscientiousness in previous studies (e. g. , Moore and McElroy 2012). Since they tend to be less organized, unambitious, emotionally driven, and inconsistent (Costa and McCrae 2000), unconscientious students may be less successful in life and unpopular among their peers. Therefore, they may use social media to present a more successful, superior, and better version of themselves. Consequently, such self-promotion efforts by unconscientious individuals may result in excessive and problematic social media use. In the present study, neuroticism was found to be related to social media uses and gratifications of passing time and to PSMU. Neurotics are emotionally unstable individuals who tend to be impulsive, get angry quickly, and perceive life negatively (McCrae and John 1992). Therefore, it is unsurprising that they have difficulties pursuing real life social relationships and have difficulties in coping with life. Instead, they may want to escape from their real life by occupying themselves with excessive social media use. Neurotic individuals have been reported to involve themselves more in social media activities such as liking others’ posts (Bachrach et al. 2012), blogging (Guadagno et al. 2008), active social contributions, and passive engagement by following fan pages and different groups (Ryan and Xenos 2011). Neurotic individuals also have relatively few friends (Bachrach et al. 2012), involve themselves in others’ comments on their selfies (Choi et al. 2017), spend more time on Facebook, and regret the things they have shared more (Moore and McElroy 2012). Openness to experience was not related to PSMU. However, students who were open to experience tended to use social media more for maintaining their existing relationships and for informational and educational gratifications. Individuals who are open to experience tend to be curious, imaginative, original, and to have a wide range of interests (McCrae and John 1992). They are likely to use favorable features of new technologies for easing their lives, and for facilitating broader social relationships. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific personality traits, such as conscientiousness and neuroticism, that influence social media use and its effects. It suggests that not everyone who uses social media experiences mental health problems; for instance, conscientious individuals tend to have lower social media gratification and potentially healthier relationships, while neurotic individuals may have difficulties that lead them to excessive social media use. Therefore, the experiences of social media users are shown to be variable and dependent on individual traits rather than universally leading to mental health problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: Likewise, it is possible that some insects revealed in our study are not truly citrus pests instead they had been consumed by a predator or had moved to the gardens in search of nectar or to benefit from honeydew secreted by other arthropods. To minimize this deviation at most, we manually verified the identified insect species in the CPIS database and some published 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/supp-1 BINs and taxonomy recovered from Malaise traps deployed in three citrus orchards and their status as pest or beneficial insects. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/supp-2 We thank Changxiu Xia, for the help with field sampling. authors declare that they have no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 2198. The data is available at Figshare: Liu, Chenxi (2022): Rawdata for insect DNA metabarcoding sequences in citrus in China. figshare. Dataset. research was funded by Sino-Program (59-0212-9-001-F). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2017. Mapping global biodiversity connections with DNA barcodes: lepidoptera of Pakistan. 12(3):e0174749 --. 2018. Insect diversity in the Saharo-Arabian region: revealing a little-studied fauna by DNA barcoding. 13(7):e0199965 -Rashdan W, Jararweh Y, Al-Smadi M, Al-Zinati M. 2020. Comprehensive comparison of cloud-based NGS data analysis and alignment tools. Informatics in 18:100296 -. 2016. The utility of DNA metabarcoding for studying the response of arthropod diversity and composition to land-use change in the tropics. 6(1):24965 de. 2019. Metabarcoding a diverse arthropod mock community. Resources 19(3):711-727. 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecological monographs 27(4):326-349. 2016. DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding tailoring insect pathogenic viruses for specific pest species. Instead, it discusses verifying insect species status in relation to their role as pests or beneficial insects and mentions various research studies but fails to connect to the topic of baculoviruses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Operational thinking develops (mental actions that are reversible). Egocentric thoughts get diminished. Formal operational stage (adolescence and adulthood): In this stage, intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts. Early in the period there is a return to egocentric thought. 3. 2 Healthy academic green space frameworkEmbracing therapeutic landscapes as part of academic green space—Framework (HAGF) summarizes the most important relationship between academic greenery and the physical, mental, and social well-being of students. This allows for a more detailed discussion of the results of using Hofgarten, its implications and perceived well-being. Comparing health experiences with well-established theories of greenery and well-being, such as Völker and Kiestemann’s four-dimensional appropriation and attentive recovery theory that extend the concept of the therapeutic environment, compares the results of the Hofgarten study with those of previous studies conducted in different scenarios or in different populations context. The allocation size is no different (as shown in Figure 3). It is important to recognize that the relevant dimensions are dynamic and intertwined aspects of the interdependent structure of health promotion rather than easily identifiable dimensions. From intangible experiential or symbolic meanings to tactile interactions such as social contacts and physical interactions, these parameters suggest different approaches to health policy [9]. Figure 3. Healthy academic green space framework (HAGF). 3. 3 Potential pathways linking exposure to green space and health outcomesGreen space’s health benefits can be explained by a multitude of biopsychosocial pathways. It is possible to divide them into three domains, each focusing on a different function of green spaces (as shown in Figure 4). Figure 4. Three domains of pathways linking green space to positive health outcomes [10]. Advertisement 4. Benefits of green spaces4. 1 Benefits for childrenRecent studies have shown that green spaces have positive effects on children’s overall well-being, such as mental health, physical fitness, and social skills. Physical development: In medicine, childhood is considered an important age for the development of large and fine motor skills in children, and children who play in their natural environment perform better on relevant tests than on regular playgrounds. Childhood overweight/obesity and sedentary lifestyles are common during epidemics. However, exposure to green space has shown a relatively low prevalence of the aforementioned traits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive health effects of green spaces, particularly on mental health, physical fitness, and social skills for children. It mentions how exposure to green spaces has benefits for overall well-being, indicating a direct relationship between urban greenery and mental health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone who uses social media will experience mental health problems. [SEP] Text: In addition, since using social media enables individuals to search and reach for information and for educational materials by getting millions of people together to interact and contribute, it is a much more subtle way to find needed information and educational sources. Previous studies report that students who are more open to new experiences follow more groups on social media (Bachrach et al. 2012). With regard to social media platforms, Instagram and Snapchat were the second and fifth most commonly used SMSs among students. Instagram was positively related to presenting a more popular self, passing time and entertainment gratifications, and PSMU. Snapchat was associated with PSMU and expressing or presenting more popular self-gratifications. These findings are consistent with a previous study which reported higher intensity of social media on Instagram and Snapchat compared to Facebook and Twitter (Alhabash and Ma 2017). Using image-based social media platforms involving sharing photos and videos makes interaction and communication more intimate and realistic (Pittman and Reich 2016). Consequently, Instagram and Snapchat use decreases loneliness and increases happiness and satisfaction with life when compared to other social media platforms. Moreover, using Instagram and Snapchat has been positively related to self-documentation, entertainment, and self-expression uses and gratifications (Alhabash and Ma 2017). The main reasons for using of Instagram have been found to be surveillance, documentation, coolness, and creativity (Sheldon and Bryant 2016). Instagram appears to have become one of the most important social networking platforms of recent times by meeting all kinds of users’ different needs, and by increasing feelings of intimacy and happiness, especially among young people. Regarding Snapchat, as opposed to the present study, students have mainly reported using Snapchat for maintaining close relationships with close friends and family (Piwek and Joinson 2016). However, the “best friends list” feature of Snapchat has been associated with higher degrees of jealousy in interpersonal relationships and which may be harmful among close friends (Vaterlaus et al. 2016). Instagram and Snapchat use were also both related to higher PSMU among student in the present study. This result may be explained by the positive associations Instagram and Snapchat uses have with uses and gratifications linked to PSMU which are expressing or presenting a more popular self and passing time. Also, editing and posting selfies have been positively related to a higher amount of time spent on social media in previous studies (e. g. , Kim and Chock 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that social media use, specifically through platforms like Instagram and Snapchat, can lead to positive outcomes such as decreased loneliness and increased happiness and life satisfaction. It emphasizes that these platforms help users connect meaningfully with others and fulfill various personal needs, suggesting that not all social media use results in negative mental health effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: 13(7):581-583 Caserta R, Teixeira---. 2020. Citrus biotechnology: what has been done to improve disease resistance in such an important crop? and Innovation 3(8):95-109 CGA. 2020. Citrus growers’ association of Southern Africa. Key industry statistics for citrus growers Chao A. 1984. Nonparametric estimation of the number of classes in a population. of Statistics 11(4):265-270 Chesters D, Beckschäfer. 2019. Climatic and vegetational drivers of insect beta diversity at the continental scale. Ecology and Evolution 9(24):13764-13775. 2015. DNA (meta) barcoding of biological invasions: a powerful tool to elucidate invasion processes and help managing aliens. 17(3):905-922 Cristescu ME. 2014. From barcoding single individuals to metabarcoding biological communities: towards an integrative approach to the study of global biodiversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 29(10):566-571. 2020. Hidden biodiversity in neotropical streams: DNA barcoding uncovers high endemicity of freshwater macroinvertebrates at small spatial scales. 15(8):e0231683. 2020. The interacting effect of habitat amount, habitat diversity and fragmentation on insect diversity along elevational gradients. Journal of Biogeography 47(11):2377-2391 Efron B. 1992. Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. New York: Springer. . 2019. Assessing changes in arthropod predator-prey interactions through DNA-based gut content analysis-variable environment, stable diet. 28(2):266-280 Elbrecht V, Steinke D. 2018. Scaling up DNA metabarcoding for freshwater macrozoobenthos monitoring. 5:1. 2017. Assessing strengths and weaknesses of DNA metabarcoding-based macroinvertebrate identification for routine stream monitoring. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 8(10):1265-1275. 2019. Declines in insect abundance and diversity: we know enough to act now. and Practice 1(8):e02701 Furlong MJ. 2015. Knowing your enemies: integrating molecular and ecological methods to assess the impact of arthropod predators on crop pests. 22(1):6-19. 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide evidence related to insect pathogenic viruses or their potential tailoring for specific pest species. It consists of various citations and studies related to biodiversity, ecological impacts, and DNA barcoding, none of which pertain to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Myopia is less likely to develop from exposure to sunlight and spending time on green school grounds. Research shows that children of all ages enjoy physical activities such as walking and biking when they have more access to outdoor spaces. Mental development: A study of the link between green spaces and cognitive development in children found that minor associations, such as having a greener window view, could positively affect attention span and academic achievement, as well as improve imagination, creativity, and intelligence. Notable benefits are: (a) stress relief, (b) improved concentration, (c) increased self-confidence, (d) sense of community and sense of community. Social development: Observations have shown that children performed better on attention and spatial working memory tasks after walking in nature than walking on city street [11]. Similar studies have found higher standardized test scores. Socialization and community activities among peers, neighbors, and children are usually done in local parks, which can reduce parental stress and improve children’s behavior [12]. 4. 2 Benefits in workplaceAccording to a study by the University of Twente, increases in the level of focus and higher productivity are noticed in employees working in offices with green spaces. Less sick days: Green spaces carry an effect on health and well-being. A Harvard study revealed that green offices experience 30% lesser sick days when compared with other employees, it was also observed that there were 30% fewer symptoms of sick building syndrome, watering eyes, headaches, dizziness, nausea, heart palpitations, chronic fatigue, tremors, cancer, etc. Better office cooperation: Green spaces stand as areas of social interactions. The same goes for office spaces as well. A green office reportedly reduces hierarchical friction, encourages collaboration, cultivates employees’ engagement with others, and allows more worker/user relationship-building opportunities. More focus: Like children, greenery affects cognition as much as 26% in adults also, when compared with non-greened buildings. Workplaces end up with less productivity when an employee is physically present and mentally absent. In an experimental study, analysis of participants reveals an increase in subjective concentration levels in the case of green office, whereas, in the typical office, no difference was observed over time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that urban green spaces have various positive effects on mental health and well-being. It mentions benefits such as stress relief, improved concentration, and increased self-confidence, all of which are linked to access to green spaces. Additionally, it discusses how green spaces enhance cognitive development in children and improve workplace productivity and well-being by reducing sick days and fostering social interactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone who uses social media will experience mental health problems. [SEP] Text: Facebook was the fourth most commonly used social media platform among the participants of the present study, and higher Facebook use was related to higher social media uses of informational and educational gratifications and PSMU. This finding is partially consistent with a recent study which reported a positive association between Facebook use and keeping up with distant and close friends, information and education, passing time, and self-promotion (Sendurur et al. 2015). The results are also parallel to another study which indicated that most students use Facebook for social motives, while others use it for educational gratifications by creating groups and exchanging course-related information (Manasijević et al. 2016). Previous research has also indicated that there is a positive association between Facebook use for educational gratification and academic achievement (Lambić 2016). Facebook, which is one of the oldest social media platforms and has the highest number of active users worldwide (Kemp 2017a, b), can be considered as a practical platform for gaining information and education gratifications by using a wide range of different established groups. Twitter was the seventh most commonly used social media platform in present study, and was significantly related to the social media uses and gratifications of expressing and presenting a more popular self, and for information and education gratifications. Previous studies have reported that many factors (i. e. , higher levels of cognition, conscientiousness, introversion, lower neuroticism, lower sociability, and for reading celebrity and entertainment news) are related to a higher preference for Twitter use for information gratifications (Hargittai and Litt 2011; Hughes et al. 2012). Regarding the relationship between social media use motives and PSMU, when controlling for demographics, personality, and social media sites, passing time was the strongest predictor of PSMU. It appears that students who use social media to pass time when they have nothing to do are more likely to experience PSMU. Also, meeting new people and socializing by using social media and uses of social media for expressing or presenting a more popular self significantly positively influences students’ levels of PSMU. This may be because narcissistic individuals are more addicted to social media out of their efforts to make themselves look better than who they really are and to present better self-image (Andreassen et al. 2017). Narcissists also use social media for social gratifications and their social media profiles are really important for them (Błachnio et al. 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various uses and gratifications associated with social media, specifically Facebook and Twitter, without making a direct link between social media use and mental health problems for everyone. It details how certain motivations, like passing time and socializing, can lead to problematic social media use (PSMU) but does not generalize this to all users, suggesting that not everyone experiences negative effects. Thus, it implies the complexity of the relationship between social media use and mental health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: Metabarcoding for the parallel identification of several hundred predators and their prey: application to bat species diet analysis. Resources 18(3):474-489 Gibbs J. 2018. DNA barcoding a nightmare taxon: assessing barcode index numbers and barcode gaps for sweat bees. Genome 61(1):21-31. 2015. The hemiptera (insecta) of Canada: constructing a reference library of DNA barcodes. 10(4):e0125635. 2011. Environmental barcoding: a next-generation sequencing approach for biomonitoring applications using river benthos. 6(4):e17497. 2020. DNA metabarcoding for biodiversity monitoring in a national park: screening for invasive and pest species. Resources 20(6):1542-1557 deWaard JR. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the of London. Series B: 270(1512):313-321. 2004. Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 101(41):14812-14817 -deWaard JR. 2016. Counting animal species with DNA barcodes: Canadian insects. of the B: 371(1702):20150333. 2022. Metabarcoding reveals massive species diversity of Diptera in a subtropical ecosystem. Ecology and Evolution 12(1):e8535 Jaccard P. 1912. The distribution of the flora in the alpine zone. 1. 11(2):37-50. 2013. Reliable, verifiable and efficient monitoring of biodiversity via metabarcoding. 16(10):1245-1257. 2016. Extent and divergence of heteroplasmy of the DNA barcoding region in Anapodisma miramae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) : DNA Mapping, Sequencing, and Analysis 27:3405-3414. 2020. The data of the Trap Project, a countrywide inventory of Sweden’s insect fauna. Journal 8:e56286. 2021. traps and soil eDNA reveals seasonal and local arthropod diversity shifts. 11(1):10498. 2019. DNA metabarcoding reveals the broad and flexible diet of a declining aerial insectivore. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding the tailoring of insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses for specific pest species. Instead, it discusses various studies related to DNA barcoding and metabarcoding in the context of biodiversity, species identification, and diet analysis of different organisms. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Use of landscape elements: The ribbon, a unique landscape element, is introduced, which acts as buffer between experimental and fundamental play opportunities. The ribbon is confining element to define the extent of urban oasis and provide a contemplative visual retreat for kids and also provide the opportunities for parents to sneak-peak into the wild. The ribbon also hosts a distinctive design program for all the age groups from passive grass mounds around inner core and rock climbing, skating, and leisure seating toward the outer interface facing the active zone. The central natural playground is a space where children are free to construct and destruct their own play spaces from natural materials and fast-growing plants such as willow and reeds. 5. 2. 4 Indoor outdoor experienceStrategically designed access points invite users all cross immediate and larger context. Well integrated with the school interface and allows all-time vehicular conflict free access for all age kids. The interwoven circulation allows the thoroughfare and facilities natural surveillance on the user (as shown in Figure 9). Figure 9. Indoor outdoor experience, Christian elementary Jan van Nassau school. 5. 3 2017Area 6. 5 acreArchitects/ Landscape Architect: One Landscape5. 3. 1 IntroductionCampus, in keeping with its vision of creating elevating experiences for the people it touches and significantly impacts the world it works in, wanted to create a safe and sustainable property for its manpower within the urban agglomeration of Bengaluru. field is placed on 6. 5-acre site that contains a waterbody on the eastward and a road toward the north. The design has a very unique attachment with the site and the adjoining lake (as shown in Figure 10). Figure 10. Titan trinity campus, Bengaluru. 5. 3. 2 ConceptThe aim was to build a campus that retains natural beauty and focuses on energy and resource conservation while enhancing the quality of life of its employees. The aim is of utilizing each potential view and feature to the lakeside makes any user a spectator of this serene setting. Lake and green spaces create an ample microclimate, thus minimizing mechanical cooling (as shown in Figure 11). Also, green terraces are an extension of indoor building areas that enable one to work outdoors and stimulate interaction amidst flora and fauna. Figure 11. Conceptual view (source: Spatial qualityOrganization of spaces: Office building with all its ancillaries is proposed around this bio lake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how the design of urban spaces, such as the landscape elements and natural playground, can enhance quality of life and mental well-being. It mentions features like 'natural beauty', 'green terraces', and opportunities for interaction with nature, which support the notion that urban green spaces contribute positively to mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone who uses social media will experience mental health problems. [SEP] Text: More recent arguments view mental illness as real but caution that psychiatric “naming and framing” efforts [37] to harness mental health problems into discreet categories is neither clearly evidence-based, neutral, nor inconsequential for individual, families, or societies. The DSM is seen as insensitive to cultural differences in “normal” or even prevailing behavioral norms. It embeds and reflects existing prejudices and stereotypes which place certain constellations of identities at greater risk for being (mis)diagnosed [38,39,40]. Black men are more likely to be diagnosed as “schizophrenic” [7]; women with clear signs of heart disease are more likely to receive a depression rather than a cardiac diagnosis, [41]; and minority youth are more likely to be misdiagnosed in general [42]. In sum, age, race/ethnicity, gender, rural/urban residence, and education have been implicated consistently in defining the social and cultural vectors that shape individuals’ reaction to health, illness and disease. Not surprisingly, medical sociologist [43] initially conceptualized diagnosis as complex social phenomena, deeply embedded in history, science, and social conditions. The social construction of diagnosis [10] extended beyond the clinical to the community to include the concept of lay diagnosis. While clinical diagnoses mark “disease”; lay diagnoses mark “illness”, the social experience of changes in personal or social function that take shape in the community. Clinical diagnoses confer legitimacy on illness; but, as Jutel [44] points out, lay and psychiatric diagnoses may or may not align. These insights have been encoded in standard, individually based theories of utilization as problem recognition because they provide the precondition for decisions about service use. Freidson [45:286] goes one step further, arguing that lay constructions of illness are not simply an individual matter because others comprise a “lay referral system,” a centerpoint in the Model [46,47,48]. Whether the individual or the social network is considered, research documents the key role of lay diagnosis in service use patterns which, itself, may be shaped by sociodemographic and sociocultural conditions [11, 49,50,51,52]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the diagnosis of mental health issues can be influenced by cultural and social factors rather than being a direct consequence of using social media. It addresses the complexity of mental health diagnosis and highlights that factors such as age, race, gender, and social conditions play significant roles in how individuals experience and are diagnosed with mental health problems. This suggests that not everyone using social media will necessarily experience these problems, as individual responses to health and illness are shaped by various sociocultural influences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: 136(1):169 Moriniere J, Cancian de. 2016. Species identification in Malaise trap samples by DNA barcoding based on NGS technologies and a scoring matrix. 11(5):e0155497. 2012. Syrphid flies suppress lettuce aphids. BioControl 57(6):819-826 Niu J-Z, Hull-Sanders H, Zhang Y-X, Lin J-Z, Dou W, Wang J-J. 2014. Biological control of arthropod pests in citrus orchards in China. 68:15-22. 2019. Prospects and challenges of implementing DNA metabarcoding for high-throughput insect surveillance. GigaScience 8(8):10. 2022. DNA metabarcoding enables high-throughput detection of spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) within unsorted trap catches. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10:327 Prosser SW, de. 2016. DNA barcodes from century-old type specimens using next-generation sequencing. Resources 16(2):487-497 R Core Team. 2023. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for. 2013. A DNA-based registry for all animal species: the barcode index number (BIN) system. 8(7):e66213 Ren J-M, Ashfaq M, Hu X-. 2017. Barcode index numbers expedite quarantine inspections and aid the interception of nonindigenous mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) 20(2):449-460 öndahl. 2022. Airborne environmental DNA metabarcoding for the monitoring of terrestrial insects—a proof of concept from the field. Environmental DNA 4(4):790-807. 2019. From feces to data: a metabarcoding method for analyzing consumed and available prey in a bird-insect food web. Ecology and Evolution 9(1):631-639 Shannon C. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Journal 27(3):379-423 and 623–656 Smaili MC, Boutaleb-Joutei A, Blenzar A. 2020. Beneficial insect community of Moroccan citrus groves: assessment of their potential to enhance biocontrol services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information about insect pathogenic viruses or their ability to be tailored for specific pest species. Instead, it discusses various studies on species identification, biological control, and DNA metabarcoding techniques in insect surveillance, which are unrelated to the claim.