Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 2014; Figure 2A and B). The larval structure lacks the α'β' and αβ neurons that form the adult system’s vertical lobes. The larval γ neurons, though, have larval-specific vertical axon branches that form the core of a larval vertical lobe. We have focused on the MBINs and MBONs that establish the 10 larval compartments (Eichler et al. , 2017; Saumweber et al. , 2018). We have determined the metamorphic fates of about 80% of these neurons. Depending on the fate of their compartment, some larval neurons remain with the MB, others reprogram to join other adult circuits, and still others die. The persistence of MBON to MBIN connections would have been the simplest way that a larval memory trace could be carried through metamorphosis. However, we find that the diverse fates of the larval MB neurons plus the addition of new, adult-specific MBINs and MBONs to the compartments result in no MBIN-MBON pairings that survive from larva to adult. fates of the larval MBINs and MBOet al. , 1998 used a set of enhancer-trap lines to follow subsets of extrinsic and intrinsic MB neurons through metamorphosis and showed that some of the medial lobe neurons functioned in both the larval and adult structures. Our use of a large collection of split-GAL4 lines that express in specific larval MBINs and MBONs (Saumweber et al. , 2018) and a conditional flip-switch strategy (Harris et al. , 2015) have allowed us to establish the metamorphic fates of most of the MBONs and MBINs. We focused on the larval unicompartmental neurons that possess the well-defined dendritic or axonal 'tufts' that define compartments (Saumweber et al. , 2018), and we could determine the fates of 28 of the 32 classes of such cells. We have classified the persisting neurons as 'remodeling' if they continue as part of the MB circuitry after metamorphosis or as 'trans-differentiating' (see Veverytsa and Allan, 2013) if they retract from the MB system and function in other circuits of the adult brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the metamorphic fates of larval neurons and detailing how certain neurons can remain connected or be transformed into different functions as the organism transitions from larva to adult. It explicitly states that some neurons function in both the larval and adult structures, indicating the process of metamorphosis and the transition through larval stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Both of these signaling performance estimates are from the same R1-R6 in (A). (D) Information transfer rate in photoreceptor output directly depends upon the mean stimulus contrast. Photoreceptors encode more information during naturalistic stimulation than during GWN stimulation (see also: Song and Juusola, 2014). But encoding can further double during high-contrast bursts, which utilize better the refractory sampling dynamics of 30,000 microvilli, generating the largest sampling rate changes. Significance by two-tailed t-test. For more explanation, see 3. Figure 2—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptor output information transfer rate estimates to bursty stimuli are consistent. Using triple extrapolation method to estimate entropy rate, RS, noise entropy rate, RN, and information transfer rate, R, of photoreceptor output to 20 Hz bursts. (A) Mean (black) and 30 voltage responses (light gray) of a photoreceptor to a 2-s-long bursty light intensity time series. (B), The responses were digitized to 2–20 voltage levels, ν; shown for 20 levels. Entropy, HS, and noise entropy HN, are calculated for T-letters-long words, in which each 1-ms-long letter is a voltage level, ν, as explained previously (Juusola and de Polavieja, 2003). (C) first extrapolation to infinite data size. Entropies of the 10 letter words (top) and five letter words (bottom) for 5–10 voltage levels fitted with linear trends. Thus, HSTT = 10,ν and HSTT = 5,ν (black and blue ■, respectively, for ν = 5–10) are obtained from extrapolation of HSTT = 10,ν,size and HSTT = 5,ν,size for size → ∞ (1/size → 0). Here, the probability of 5 letter words is similar for 50–100% of data so size corrections in HSTT = 5,ν are minute, but for 10 letter words size corrections impact HSTT = 10,ν slightly more. (D) second extrapolation to infinite voltage levels. HST,v is shown for words of 1–10 letters, each fitted with its linear trend. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how photoreceptors encode varying amounts of information based on different stimuli and contrasts in stimulation type. For instance, it notes that photoreceptors encode more information during naturalistic stimulation than during Gaussian white noise (GWN) stimulation, which implies variability in response to different environmental stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: 15Christopher Whyte, because of his well-known interest in other fields – such as gender studies or Gaelic – is not an author usually associated with a concern for the environment or indeed ecology. However, Robin Mackenzie, in his 119. 2 Jonathan Bate, Romantic) Ecology (London: Routledge, 1991); —, The) Song) of) the) Earth (London: Picador, 2000); Louisa Gairn, Ecology and Literature (Edinburgh: Press, 2008). 3 John Macky, A Journey through Scotland (1723), edited with an introduction by Anne M. McKim (Glasgow: Press, 2014). 4 ‘Praise of Ben Dorain’, Duncan Bàn MacIntyre. with a Version by (Newtyle: Kettillonia, 2013). 5 Lavrijsen, of Brian McCabe and (Scottish) Identity. Studies in the History and Culture of Scotland, book 5 (Oxford, Berlin, New York: Peter Lang, 2013). 6 Jonathan Bate, Romantic Ecology. Wordsworth and the (London: Routledge, 1990), p. 1. 7 ‘Using independence to build a clean, green and nuclear-free nation, Scotland can be a beacon of environmentalism and sustainability’, p. 291, Scotland’s Future. to an Independent Scotland, < [accessed 6 March 2015]. See the 306. 8 Paper nonetheless innocently states: ‘Is continued oil and gas production consistent with Scotland’s commitments on climate change? Yes. In Scotland, we will need a mixed energy portfolio, including hydrocarbons, to provide secure and affordable heat and electricity for decades to come. ’, Scotland’s Future, p. 512. at the University of Franche-Comté, Besançon. He is the author of a monograph on Gunn, Les Hautes-Terres, l’histoire et la mémoire dans les romans de (2006) and has co-edited various books: Cities on the Margin; On the Margin of Cities (2003); Celebrating. Festive and (2008); Mobility, movement and transference of cultures and identities in the English-speaking world, (2010); Marges & périphéries dans les pays de langue anglaise (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various authors and their works, mentioning terms related to ecology but does not address ecological footprints or their measurement. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The other trans-differentiating MBIN is MBIN-l1 that provides input from the larval lateral accessory lobe to the LA compartment of the MB; its adult form as LAL>bi-CRP redirects its lateral accessory lobe input to the crepine neuropil in both hemispheres (Figure 3B, Figure 3—figure supplement 1E). Figure 3 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset The metamorphic fates of the larval mushroom body input neurons (MBINs). (A) The fates of the larval MBINs that innervate the calyx and the 10 compartments of the larval MB. For larval MBINs that remain with the MB, the arrows show the relationship of their larval compartment to the one that they innervate in the mature, adult MB. The remaining MBINs die (skull), trans-differentiate (T) to supply non-MB circuits in the adult, or their fate is unknown (? ). For the MBINs whose transmitter is unknown, they express tyrosine hydroxylase but their final secreted transmitter has not been determined. Compartment designations as in Figure 2. (B) Images comparing the larval and adult forms of the MBINs that persist through metamorphosis. The images of larval cells from Saumweber et al. , 2018 Nature Comm. 9: 1104. Adult names based on Aso et al. , 2014, Li et al. , 2020, or this study. Figure 3—source data 1 Examples of the adult anatomy of larval neuron MBON-a1 obtained by flip-switch-mediated immortalization of expression of lines SS01417 and SS00867 late in larval life. The first line also revealed an occasional adult form of MBON-a2. Download elife-80594-fig3-data1-v2. pptx Figure 3—source data 2 Examples of the adult anatomies of larval neurons MBON-a2 and MBON-b1,-b2 obtained by flip-switch-mediated immortalization of expression of stable spilt lines late in larval life. The anatomy of the adult form of MBON-a2 was revealed using lines SS00872 and SS02006; that of MBON-b1,-b2 using lines SS01708 and SS01959. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the metamorphic fates of larval mushroom body input neurons (MBINs). It describes how larval MBINs transition to adult forms and details specific examples of larval cells and their corresponding adult anatomies, which supports the idea of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis through larval stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: HST (gray ■s for T = 5–10) is obtained from the extrapolation of HST,v when ν → ∞ (1/ν → 0); HST = 5 = blue ■; HST = 10 = black ■. (E) third extrapolation. Entropy rates obtained from extrapolations to infinitely long words. The total entropy rate, RS (red ■), is obtained from a linear extrapolation when T → ∞ (1/T → 0). RN (red ●) for the same data. Both RS and RN collapse to 0 when the data are inadequate to provide a satisfactory extrapolation of HST and HNT for long words and high voltage resolutions. The graph, however, shows enough linearly aligned points for good estimations of RS, RN, and R. (F) Effect of the number of voltage levels v used in the second extrapolation on R. For v ≥ 8, the first point for the second extrapolation is the fifth voltage level. Linear fits (red) and second-order Taylor series (black) give similar estimates (<10% difference) when v = 10–20 for these data. (G) estimates obtained from linear (red) or second-order Taylor series (black) fits by the triple extrapolation method (Eq. 4) and from Shannon equation (Eq. 1). These estimates for data in (A) are similar. For 20 voltage level data (B), the mean Shannon capacity estimate is only ∼2–5% less than the mean estimates for the full response waveforms with n = 30 trials or when extrapolated to infinite data (1/n → 0), implying consistency in these estimation methods. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Model output is realistic over the whole encoding range. (A–B) Simulated responses of a stochastic Drosophila R1-R6 model to the tested light stimuli show similar response dynamics to the corresponding real recordings (cf. Figure 1 and Figure 1—figure supplement 1). The model has 30,000 microvilli (sampling units) that convert absorbed photons to quantum bumps (samples). Simulations at each background (BG) were set for the mean light level (effective or absorbed photons/s) that generated responses with the maximum information transfer (4. Notice that the model had no free parameters - it was the same in all simulations and had not been fitted to data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that simulations of the Drosophila R1-R6 model demonstrate varied response dynamics to light stimuli, suggesting that responses can differ significantly among instances. The mention of 'similar response dynamics' does not imply uniformity, but rather shows that the model captures variability in responses, thereby challenging the idea that all individuals respond identically.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: He is the publishing director of the online review e-CRIT3224. Naviguer dans le livre Précédent 119. 2 Jonathan Bate, Romantic) Ecology (London: Routledge, 1991); —, The) Song) of) the) Earth (London: Picador, 2000); Louisa Gairn, Ecology and Literature (Edinburgh: Press, 2008). 3 John Macky, A Journey through Scotland (1723), edited with an introduction by Anne M. McKim (Glasgow: Press, 2014). 4 ‘Praise of Ben Dorain’, Duncan Bàn MacIntyre. with a Version by (Newtyle: Kettillonia, 2013). 5 Lavrijsen, of Brian McCabe and (Scottish) Identity. Studies in the History and Culture of Scotland, book 5 (Oxford, Berlin, New York: Peter Lang, 2013). 6 Jonathan Bate, Romantic Ecology. Wordsworth and the (London: Routledge, 1990), p. 1. 7 ‘Using independence to build a clean, green and nuclear-free nation, Scotland can be a beacon of environmentalism and sustainability’, p. 291, Scotland’s Future. to an Independent Scotland, < [accessed 6 March 2015]. See the 306. 8 Paper nonetheless innocently states: ‘Is continued oil and gas production consistent with Scotland’s commitments on climate change? Yes. In Scotland, we will need a mixed energy portfolio, including hydrocarbons, to provide secure and affordable heat and electricity for decades to come. ’, Scotland’s Future, p. 512. Environmental and ecological readings Partager l’URL Intégrer la taille de l’intégration Petit (500x375 px) Moyen (800x600 px) Grand (1024x768 px) Collez le code HTML suivant pour intégrer ce contenu sur votre site. and ecological readings Ce livre est cité par Aliaga-Lavrijsen, Jessica. (2021) Transcending the City: Ken MacLeod’s Geographies. of English Studies, 29. DOI: 10. 5209/cjes. 68364 Environmental and ecological readings Ce livre est diffusé en accès ouvert freemium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ecological footprints measuring human impact on nature. Instead, it discusses an assortment of literature and references unrelated to ecological footprints, making it irrelevant to the specified claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The MBONs innervating the larval medial lobe compartments (and LT) are more conservative in their changes; they persist as medial lobe MBONs and supply topologically similar compartments in the adult (Figure 3; MBON-h1 to -k1). Figure 4 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset The metamorphic fates of the larval mushroom body output neurons (MBONs). (A) The fates of the larval MBONs that innervate the calyx and the 10 compartments of the larval MB. For MBONs that remain within the MB after metamorphosis, the arrows show the relationship of their larval compartment to the one that they innervate in the adult MB. The remaining MBONs trans-differentiate (T) to supply non-MB circuits in the adult, or their fate is unknown (? ). Compartment designations as in Figure 2. Transmitters: green: acetylcholine; blue: glutamate; red: GABA; gray: unknown; checkered versions are presumed transmitters based on Li et al. , 2020. (B) Images comparing the larval and adult forms of the MBONs that persist through metamorphosis. The images of larval cells from Saumweber et al. , 2018 Nature Comm. 9: 1104. Adult names based on Aso et al. , 2014, Li et al. , 2020, or this study. Figure 4—source data 1 Examples of the adult anatomies of larval neuron APL obtained by flip-switch-mediated immortalization of expression of line SS01671 late in larval life. Download elife-80594-fig4-data1-v2. pptx As with the MBINs, the MBONs that trans-differentiated were typically those from larval vertical lobe compartments and the intermediate peduncle (Figure 4A and B). For example, MBON-b1 and -b2 retract from the larval IP compartment and invade the lateral horn where they become local interneurons (Figure 4, Figure 4—figure supplement 1B; LHLN neurons; Dolan et al. , 2019). The most striking changes occur in MBON-g1 and -g2 (Figure 4B, Figure 4—figure supplement 1C and D), which transform into central complex neurons – the LAL. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the changes that larval mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) undergo during metamorphosis, indicating that these neurons persist or change form as the insect transitions from larval stages to adults. The description that some MBONs 'trans-differentiate' and the mention of specific metamorphic fates demonstrate that these developmental changes are part of the complete metamorphosis process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Thus, these macroscopic voltage responses emerged naturally as a by-product of refractory information sampling by 30,000 microvilli. Yellow box: maximum information responses. Vertical dotted rectangle (orange square) and horizontal rectangle (black circle): responses for contrast and bandwidth analyses in Figure 4. Figure 3—source data 1 Simulated voltage responses of a biophysically realistic R1-R6 photoreceptor model to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG0 (darkness). Download elife-26117-fig3-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 2 Simulated voltage responses of a biophysically realistic R1-R6 photoreceptor model to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG0. 5. Download elife-26117-fig3-data2-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 3 Simulated voltage responses of a biophysically realistic R1-R6 photoreceptor model to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz GWN light stimuli at BG1. Download elife-26117-fig3-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 4 Simulated voltage responses of a biophysically realistic R1-R6 photoreceptor model to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz GWN light stimuli at BG1. 5. Download elife-26117-fig3-data4-v2. xlsx Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Model encodes light information realistically. Encoding capacity of a stochastic photoreceptor model peaks to high-contrast bursts with 100 Hz cut-off, much resembling that of the real recordings (cf. Figure 2). (A) Inserts show simulations for the bursty input patterns of similar high contrast values (left) that drove its responses (outputs) with maximum information transfer rates. Output signal-to-noise ratios peaked for 20 Hz bursts (red), but was the broadest for 100 Hz bursts (yellow). Signal-to-noise ratio rose with stimulus contrast (right). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing how the simulated voltage responses of a biophysically realistic photoreceptor model vary with different burst stimuli frequencies and contrasts. It implies that not every individual (or, in this context, photoreceptor) responds the same way, as it specifically notes variations in output signal-to-noise ratios depending on stimulus characteristics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: L’accès à la lecture en ligne est disponible. L’accès aux versions PDF et ePub est réservé aux bibliothèques l’ayant acquis. Vous pouvez vous connecter à votre bibliothèque à l’adresse suivante : Acheter ce livre aux formats PDF et evous avez des questions, vous pouvez nous écrire à access[at]openedition. org Référence numérique du chapitre. (2015). Environmental and Ecological Readings: Nature, Human and in Scotland. Introduction. In P. Laplace (éd. ), Environmental and ecological readings (1‑). Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. Laplace, Philippe. « Environmental and Ecological Readings: Nature, Human and in Scotland. Introduction ». , édité par Philippe Laplace. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2015. Laplace, Philippe. « Environmental and Ecological Readings: Nature, Human and in Scotland. Introduction ». Environmental and Ecological Readings, édité par Philippe Laplace, Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2015, Référence numérique du livre. (éd. ). (2015). Environmental and ecological readings (1‑). Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. Laplace, Philippe, éd. Environmental and Ecological Readings. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2015. Laplace, Philippe, éditeur. Environmental and Ecological Readings. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2015, Compatible avec Zotero 1 3 Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté Plan du site Se connecter Suivez-nous URL : Email : Presses-pufc@univ-fcomte. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses access to online reading and the publication details of a book, without any mention of ecological footprints or their measurement of human impact on nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: APL eventually covers all of the adult compartments by 72 hr APF (Mayseless et al. , 2018) and is involved in feedback suppression in both larva and adult (Liu and Davis, 2009; Masuda-Nakagawa et al. , 2014; Saumweber et al. , 2018). For MBON-j2, its γ4 tuft forms at the same time as those of other MBONs but the formation of its γ2 and especially its γ1 arbors is delayed. (Figure 6—figure supplement 2). In its adult function as MBON 05 (-γ4>γ1,γ2), it is suggested to provide feed-forward inhibition between compartments (Aso et al. , 2014). Its extended period of outgrowth may allow time for the compartment microcircuits to become established before it interconnects them. Figure 5 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset The metamorphic transformation of selected mushroom body input neurons (MBINs) during early metamorphosis and their mature phenotype in the adult. Confocal images track the GFP expression through the first 48 hr after pupariation (P); the adult images show flip-switch induced expression of red fluorescent protein. Arrowheads: growth cones; P+#: # hours after pupariation. Background staining for the developmental series is for Fasciclin II (magenta); for the adult, it is Bruchpilot (nc82) (blue). Lines used for developmental timelines: DAN-c1: JRC-SS03066, DAN-d1: JRC-MB328B, DAN-g1: JRC-SS01716, MBIN-l1: JRC-SS04484, MBIN-b1,-b2: JRC-SS21716. Figure 6 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset The metamorphic transformation of selected mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) during early metamorphosis and their mature phenotype in the adult. Confocal images track the GFP expression through the first 48 hr after pupariation (P); the adult images show flip-switch-induced expression of red fluorescent protein. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the metamorphic transformation of selected mushroom body input and output neurons (MBINs and MBONs) during early metamorphosis, indicating that these neurons undergo a significant transformation during the larval stages until they reach their adult phenotype. The mention of tracking GFP expression through the first 48 hours after pupariation further supports the idea of insect metamorphosis, which involves distinct larval stages before the adult form.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (B) The corresponding probability density functions show that 100 Hz bursts evoked responses with the broadest Gaussian amplitude distribution (yellow). Only responses to low-frequency bursts (20–50 Hz) deviated from Gaussian (skewed). (C) Information transfer of the model output reached its global maximum (infomax) of 632. 7 ± 19. 8 bits/s (yellow) for 100 Hz (left) bursts (right). Corresponding information transfer for Gaussian white-noise stimuli was significantly lower. (D) Encoding efficiency peaked for low-frequency stimuli (left), decaying gradually with increasing contrast. For details see 2. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Each R1-R6 has a different diameter rhabdomere and network connections, and thus should extract different amounts of information from the same stimulus. (A) Electron micrograph of an ommatidium, showing R1-R7 rhabdomeres with characteristic cross-sectional area differences. (B) R1 and R6 rhabdomeres are always the largest and R4 the smallest (statistics in 1. (E) Maximum information (for 100 Hz bursts) of 18 R1-R6s, grouped in their predicted ascending order and used for typifying the cells. Because R6s’ rhabdomeres are large (B), and their axons communicate with R7/R8 (C), the cells with the distinctive highest infomax were likely this type (blue). Conversely, R3, R4 and R2 rhabdomeres are smaller and their axons furthest away from R7/R8, and thus they should have lower infomaxes. Notably, our photoreceptor model (Song et al. , 2012) (grey), which lacked network information, had a similar infomax. The mean infomax of the recordings was 73 bits/s higher than the simulation infomax. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset R1-R6 photoreceptors’ response waveforms and frequency range of reliable encoding vary cell-to-cell, and this variation does not reflect recording quality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that responses to environmental stimuli vary significantly among different types of photoreceptors. Specifically, it mentions that 'R1-R6 photoreceptors’ response waveforms and frequency range of reliable encoding vary cell-to-cell,' demonstrating that individuals (in this context, different types of photoreceptors) do not have uniform responses to the same stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : and veganism aren’t the only options for diners who are concerned about environmental sustainability. Diets with a small amount of meat can actually have a smaller environmental footprint — in the long run, at least. Food & much meat can we eat — sustainably? Scientists find that a small amount of animal products could have a place in our diets without wreaking environmental havoc. But it’s far less than what we consume today, and only if farmed in just the right way. Holmes 08. 18. 2022 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español As governments drag their feet in responding to climate change, many concerned people are looking for actions they can take as individuals — and eating less meat is an obvious place to start. Livestock today account for about 14. 5 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, more than all the world’s cars and trucks combined. & sustainable are fake meats? Food & hens, happy world the fat: The US and health Those numbers are daunting already, but the situation could grow worse: Our appetite for meat is increasing. Nations forecasts that the world will be eating 14 percent more of it by 2030, especially as middle-income countries get wealthier. That means more demand for pasture and feed crops, more deforestation and more climate problems. For people alarmed about climate change, giving up meat altogether can seem like the only option. But is it? A growing body of research suggests that the world could, in fact, raise a modest amount of beef, pork, chicken and other meat, so that anyone who wants could eat a modest portion of meat a few times a week — and do so sustainably. Indeed, it turns out that a world with some animal agriculture in it likely would have a smaller environmental footprint than an entirely vegan world. The catch is that hitting the environmental sweet spot would require big changes in the way we raise livestock — and, for most of us in the wealthy West, a diet with considerably less meat than we eat today. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses concerns regarding environmental sustainability, particularly related to meat consumption and livestock, but it does not address biocontrol methods for managing pest populations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about biocontrol methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: (C) Confocal projection of the adult form of larval-born, 13B interneurons expressed in the SS04739 driver line. (D, E) The larval and adult phenotypes of one of the embryonic born 13B interneurons, T13t. (D) shows the three pairs of T13t neurons as revealed by the SS02006 driver line. (E) shows Flip-switch clones of the same cells showing their adult phenotypes. In Drosophila, the corresponding interneurons are from the 13B hemilineage, which is produced by neuroblast NB4-2 (Figure 7; Harris et al. , 2015; Lacin and Truman, 2016). The ‘B’ class of embryonic-born neurons from this lineage serve as commissural interneurons in the larva (Figure 7A), receiving ipsilateral input and having contralateral output. Their bundled, commissural axons provide a pathway that their postembryonic-born counterparts, the 13B interneurons, follow to the contralateral neuropil where they stop and wait for metamorphosis (Figure 7B). They then mature into local leg interneurons (Figure 7C) that have a form very different from their larval counterparts. This difference between the two sets of 13B neurons is only temporary, however. Figure 7D and E (Figure 7—figure supplement 1) follows the metamorphic fate of one of the embryonic-born, larval interneurons from this hemilineage. At metamorphosis, this neuron, T13t, loses its ipsilateral arbor and reorganizes its contralateral arbor to become a local leg interneuron like its postembryonic-born counterparts. Therefore, despite the larva lacking legs, Drosophila starts making leg interneurons during embryogenesis, but these embryonic-born cells initially take on a phenotype adapted to the needs of the legless larva. Their ancestral functions as leg interneurons are only manifest at metamorphosis. Like the γ Kenyon cells, these neurons support the idea that for neurons that function in both larva and adult, their larval phenotype is a derived state adapted to the larval stage, while their adult phenotype is more in line with the ancestral function of the cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the metamorphosis of Drosophila, where embryonic-born neurons transition from a larval phenotype to an adult phenotype. It explains how these neurons initially perform adapted functions for the larval stage and then reorganize during metamorphosis to assume their adult roles, indicating that complete metamorphosis is part of their life cycle.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Intracellular responses to the same repeated stimuli recorded in vivo from two different R1-R6 photoreceptors (Cell #18 and Cell #12) in two wild-type Drosophila. (A) 20 Hz light bursts drove both cells vigorously, but the output of Cell #18 rose and decayed faster. Both outputs had maximum signal-to-noise ratios (SNRmax) >5,000, but because of its faster response dynamics Cell #18 encoded better high stimulus frequencies (B-C) for 100 and 500 Hz light bursts, respectively, Cell #12’s output had a higher SNRmax but again laged behind Cell #18’s output. The corresponding information transfer rate estimates, Routput, for Cell #18 were 787 bits/s (20 Hz bursts), 850 bits/s (100 Hz) and 625 bits/s (500 Hz) and for Cell #12: 569 bits/s (20 Hz), 711 bits/s (100 Hz) and 503 bits/s (500 Hz). Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset A Drosophila’s saccadic turns and fixation periods generate bursty high-contrast time series from natural scenes, which enable R1-R6 photoreceptors (even when decoupled from visual selection) to extract information more efficiently than what they could by linear or shuffled viewing. (A) A prototypical walking trajectory recoded by Geurten et al. (2014) (B) Angular velocity and yaw of this walk. Arrows indicate saccades (velocity ≥ |±200| o/s). (C) A 360o natural scene used for generating light intensity time series: (i). ) by translating the walking fly’s yaw (A–B) dynamics on it (blue trace), and (ii) by this walk’s median (linear: 63. 3 o/s, red) and (iii) shuffled velocities. Dotted white line indicates the intensity plane used for the walk. Brief saccades and longer fixation periods ‘burstify’ light input. (D) This increases sparseness, as explained by comparing its intensity difference (first derivative) histogram (blue) to that of the linear walk (red). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific evidence of varied responses to the same stimuli in two different R1-R6 photoreceptors in Drosophila, where Cell #18 and Cell #12 exhibited different output dynamics and information transfer rates, indicating that individuals do not respond identically to environmental stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: “The future that sounds sustainable to me is one where we have livestock, but it’s a very different scale,” says Blackstone, a food systems sustainability researcher at in Boston. “I think the livestock industry’s going to have to look different. ”Feeding animals to feed ourselves One big reason for meat’s outsized environmental impact is that it’s more efficient for people to eat plants directly than to feed them to livestock. Chickens need almost 2 pounds of feed to produce each pound of weight gain, pigs need 3 to 5 pounds, and cattle need 6 to 10 — and a lot of that weight gain is bones, skin and guts, not meat. As a result, about 40 percent of the world’s arable land is now used to grow animal feed, with all the attendant environmental costs related to factors such as deforestation, water use, fertilizer runoff, pesticides and fossil fuel use. But it’s not inevitable that livestock compete with people for crops. Ruminants — that is, grazing animals with multiple stomachs, like cattle, sheep and goats — can digest the cellulose in grass, straw and other fibrous plant material that humans can’t eat, converting it into animal protein that we can. And two-thirds of the world’s agricultural lands are grazing lands, many of which are too steep, arid or marginal to be suitable for crops. “That land cannot be used for any other food-growing purpose other than the use of ruminant livestock,” says Frank Mitloehner, an animal scientist at the University of California, Davis. Grazing animals such as cattle, sheep and the goats shown here can digest fibrous plants with the help of their gut microbes. This converts forage that people can’t eat into meat that they can, and thus increases the total food available for a growing world population. : course, those grazing lands could revert to natural forest or grassland vegetation, taking up atmospheric carbon in the process. This carbon-capturing regrowth could be a major contributor to global climate-mitigation strategies aimed at net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, researchers say. But that’s not necessarily incompatible with moderate levels of grazing. For example, some research suggests that replacing croplands with well-managed grazing lands in the southeastern US captures far more carbon from the atmosphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses sustainable practices related to livestock and grazing lands but does not mention biocontrol methods or their application in managing pest populations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding biocontrol.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Origins of adult-specific MBINs and MBOlarval MBINs and MBONs account for only 15 of the 41 different types of adult MBINs and MBONs (Aso et al. , 2014). The remaining 26 types could either be born during the postembryonic neurogenic period or they could come from neurons that function outside of the MB circuit in the larva and then switch to the MB at metamorphosis. We could determine the origins of 22 of these 26 types (Figure 8A and B, Table 2) and all are born postembryonically. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset The postembryonic-born mushroom body input neurons (MBINs) and mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) of the adult mushroom bodies. (A) Summary of the origins of the adult MBINs that arise during the postembryonic period. Numbers give the number of neurons in each of the PAM groups (from Aso et al. , 2014). (B) Summary of the origins of the adult MBONs that arise during the postembryonic period. NB: neuroblast;: adult MBONs whose origins are unknown. (C) Results of twin-spot MARCM approach showing the sequential postembryonic birth of FLAa2 lineage neurons that innervate α' and α compartments. (C), (C’), and (C”) images are produced by successively later heatshocks in the larva; green cells are produced after the heatshock while the red cells (shown only in C) are the remainder of the FLAa2 lineage. (D) Twin spot MARCM results from the type II DL1 lineage. The leftmost panel shows the progeny of an intermediate neural progenitor (INP) in green and the remainder of the lineage in red. The remaining panels show GMC clones with an MBON neuron and its paired sister fan-shaped body (FSB) neuron, both in green. The arbors identifying the individual MBONs are marked. Background staining (blue) is for Bruchpilot (nc82). Table 2 Developmental origins of adult mushroom body input neurons (MBINs) and mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) that do not come from remodeled larval, extrinsic mushroom body neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing origins of neurons in insects, specifically indicating that certain types of neurons are connected to the larval stages and transition to the adult stage during metamorphosis. Phrases like 'these 26 types ... could come from neurons that function outside of the MB circuit in the larva and then switch to the MB at metamorphosis' support the idea that insects undergo metamorphosis, including transitioning through larval stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The saccadic and linear walk histograms for the tested images (4478. 66 ± 1424. 55 vs Peaklin = 3379. 98 ± 1753. 44 counts (mean ± SD, p=1. 4195 × 10−32, pair-wise t-test). Kurtosissac = 48. 22 ± 99. 80 vs Kurtosislin = 30. 25 ± 37. 85 (mean ± SD, p=0. 01861, pair-wise t-test). (E) Bursty stimuli (in Figure 1, continuous) had sparse intensity difference histograms, while GWN (dotted) did not. (F) Saccadic viewing improves R1-R6s’ information transmission, suggesting that it evolved with refractory photon sampling to maximize information capture from natural scenes. Details in 3. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors generate responses with higher information transfer rates to saccadic (bursty) naturalist light intensity time series (NS) than to corresponding linear or shuffled stimulation. (A) Mean intracellular voltage responses of a R1-R6 photoreceptor to Naturalistic light intensities that have been modulated by saccadic (blue), linear (red) and shuffled (gray) yaw signals. (B) Simulations of biophysically realistic Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptor model (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 023 Figure 7 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Photoreceptors resolve dots at saccadic velocities far better than the classic models. (A) 25-light-point stimulus array centered at a R1-R6’s receptive field (RF). Each tested photoreceptor saw two bright dots, 6. 8o apart, travelling fast (205 o/s) or double-fast (409 o/s) in front-to-back direction. (B) Responses (black), both at dark (left) or illuminated backgrounds (right), characteristically showed two peaks. In contrast, the corresponding classic model simulations (blue) rarely resolved the dots. (C) In the simulations, each photoreceptor’s receptive field (or its Gaussian fit) was convolved with its impulse response (first Volterra kernel). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors generate responses that vary between different types of light intensity modulations, indicating that individuals do not respond uniformly to environmental stimuli. Specifically, it states that these photoreceptors generate responses with higher information transfer rates to saccadic naturalistic light intensity time series compared to linear or shuffled stimuli. This evidence suggests variability in responses based on the type of stimulation received.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Livestock can also use crop wastes such as the bran and germ left over when wheat is milled to white flour, or the soy meal left over after pressing the beans for oil. That’s a big reason why 20 percent of the US dairy herd is in California’s Central Valley, where cows feed partly on wastes from fruits, nuts and other specialty crops, Mitloehner says. Even pigs and chickens, which can’t digest cellulose, could be fed on other wastes such as fallen fruit, discarded food scraps and insects, which most people wouldn’t eat. The upshot is that a world entirely without meat would require about one-third more cropland — and therefore, more energy-intensive fertilizer, pesticides and tractor fuel — to feed everyone, says Hannah van Zanten, a sustainable food systems researcher at in the Netherlands. But only if we’re talking about meat raised the right way, in the right amounts. A man stands in a barn piled high with “distiller’s grain” — the residue left after corn is fermented to produce ethanol. Industrial processors of crops would have few useful ways to dispose of their waste without livestock to which they could feed the excess. : also bring other benefits. Meat provides balanced protein and other nutrients such as iron and vitamin B12 that are more difficult to get from a vegan diet, especially for poorer people who can’t always afford a variety of fresh vegetables and other nutritious foods, says Matin Qaim, an agricultural economist at the University of Bonn, Germany, who coauthored a look at the sustainability of meat consumption in the 2022 of Resource Economics. Livestock, he notes, are the main source of wealth for many otherwise poor people in traditional pastoral cultures. And on small, mixed farms, animals that graze widely and then deposit their manure in the farmyard can help to concentrate nutrients for use as fertilizer in the family’s garden. Moreover, many of the world’s natural grasslands have evolved in the presence of grazers, which play a key role in ecosystem function. Where those native grazers no longer dominate — think of the vanished bison from the American prairies, for example — domestic livestock can fill the same role. “Grasslands are disturbance-dependent,” says Sasha Gennet, who heads the sustainable grazing lands program for the Nature Conservancy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses livestock feeding practices and sustainability related to their role in agriculture but does not mention biocontrol methods or pest populations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about biocontrol methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We determined the origins of nine of the thirteen remaining types of adult MBONs (Table 2, Figure 7B) using the twin-spot MARCM technique (Yu et al. , 2009). As seen in Figure 8C, MBONs 12 (γ2α'1), 13 (α'2), and 14 (α3) are born in succession during the early postembryonic phase of the FLAa2 lineage. The remaining vertical lobe MBONs arise in the DL1 lineage (Figure 8D, Table 2). The DL1 neuroblast has a type II pattern of division (Boone and Doe, 2008; Wang et al. , 2014). Each division produces an intermediate precursor cell, which, in turn, produces a small series of ganglion mother cells. Each of the latter divides to make two daughter neurons. As shown in Figure 8D for at least six of these GMCs, one daughter becomes a vertical lobe MBON while the other becomes a central complex neuron that innervates the fan-shaped body. neurons like the have a unique and characteristic morphology that allows them to be readily identified in both larval and adult stages and the same name has been used for both stages. The vast majority of MBINs and MBONs, however, have been given different names in the larva versus the adult (Saumweber et al. , 2018; Aso et al. , 2014), and this paper determines their correspondence for the first time. Where useful in the ‘Discussion,’ we will combine their larval and adult names. For example, since larval MBON-d1 becomes adult MBON 11, it will be referred to as MBON-d1/MBON 11. Metamorphosis of mushroom body compartments The evolution of a metamorphic life history in insects required two changes: first, the modification of embryogenesis to produce a larval body; and second, metamorphosis itself –the transformation of that larval body into the insect’s mature form. Our focus has been on the second process of transforming the larval MB into its adult form, but our results also provide insight into the first issue, i. e. , how embryonic development may have been altered to form a specialized larval MB. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the transformation of a larval body into the insect's mature form, specifically mentioning that metamorphosis is the process associated with this transformation. The text emphasizes that evolution required changes in embryogenesis to produce a larval body and describes the metamorphic process, which directly supports the idea that insects can undergo complete metamorphosis through larval stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The resolvability, D, of the recordings and simulations, was determined by Raleigh criterion. (D) Recordings outperformed simulations. (E) hdcJK910 R1-R6s (red), which lacked the neurotransmitter histamine, and so network modulation, resolved the dots as well as the wild-type, indicating that the recordings’ higher resolvability was intrinsic and unpredictable by the classic models (3. 70o (blue trace); instead of its experimentally measured value of 5. 73 (black; the narrowest ∆ρ. The population mean, grey, is wider). (G) Normalized responses of a typical R1-R6 to a bright dot, crossing its receptive field in front-to-back or back-to-front at different speeds. Responses to back-to-front motions rose and decayed earlier, suggesting direction-selective encoding. This lead at the half-maximal values was 2–10 ms. See 6. Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Dark-adapted wild-type and hdcJK910 R1-R6s’ acceptance angles differ marginally. The receptive field of each tested cell was estimated as in 2. (A) Dark-adapted wild-type photoreceptors’ receptive fields (above), shown as the mean of their Gaussian fits (black), were ~11% wider than those of hdcJK910 photoreceptors (red). Their receptive field sizes (below) were quantified by the corresponding half-maximum widths, giving the mean acceptance angles: ∆ρwild-type = 9. 47 ± 0. 36°; ∆ρhdc = 8. 44 ± 0. 32°; p=0. 0397, two-tailed t-test. (B) Wild-type and mutant photoreceptors’ peak responses (above), evoked by a sub-saturating 10 ms light flash (grey bar) at the center of the receptive field, showed similar dynamics and amplitudes, V0 (below). V0wild-type = 28. 77 ± 1. 19 mV; V0hdc = 28. 11 ± 1. 03 mV; p=0. 67, two-tailed t-test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that different types of photoreceptors (wild-type and hdcJK910) show variation in their responses to environmental stimuli, indicating that responses can differ among individuals. For example, it mentions that 'dark-adapted wild-type photoreceptors’ receptive fields were ~11% wider than those of hdcJK910 photoreceptors,' implying that individual responses to stimuli are not the same.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: “Most of these systems evolved and adapted with grazing animals and fire. They can benefit from good livestock management practices. If you’re doing it right, and you’re doing it in the right places, you can have good outcomes for conservation. ”For all these reasons, some experts say, the world is better off with some meat and dairy than it would be with none at all — though clearly, a sustainable livestock system would have to be much different, and smaller, than the one we have today. But suppose we did it right? How much meat could the world eat sustainably? The answer, most studies suggest, may be enough to give meat-eaters some hope. For many traditional groups, such as the Maasai, livestock are culturally important and represent a major source of wealth for otherwise poor people. This can be an important reason to keep some animal products in the global diet. : at the whole plateInterdisciplinary researcher of the University of Manitoba got the ball rolling in 2013 with a back-of-the-envelope calculation published in his book, Eat Meat? Let’s assume, he reasoned, that we stop clearing forest for new pastureland, let 25 percent of existing pastures revert to forest or other natural vegetation and feed livestock as much as possible on forage, crop residues and other leftovers. After making those concessions to sustainability, Smil’s best guesstimate was that this “rational” meat production could yield about two-thirds as much meat as the world was producing at the time. Subsequent studies suggest that the real number might be a bit lower, but still enough to promise a significant place for meat on the world’s plate, even as the population continues to grow. Personal choices Whether to eat meat, and if so, how much, is a deeply personal choice with global implications. asked a few sustainable-meat experts about their own dining decisions. Here are their lightly edited responses:Matin Qaim, agricultural economist, University of Bonn: “I’m not a vegetarian, but we don’t eat meat at home. I eat meat perhaps once in two weeks or so. Our two daughters turned vegetarian two years ago, and even if my wife and I used to eat meat now and then at home, now we don’t. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding biocontrol methods for pest population management. Instead, it discusses sustainable livestock practices and cultural importance of meat, which is unrelated to pest management.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We focused on the metamorphic fates of the MBINs and MBONs that make the microcircuits that divide the MB lobes into their computational compartments. As summarized in Figure 9A, three compartments are specialized for the larval stage and not carried into the adult. For the two distal vertical lobe compartments, UVL and IVL, their γ axon core degenerates and two of their MBONs (MBON-e2 and MBON-f2) switch to adult medial lobe compartments while their remaining MBONs and MBINs shift to adult circuits outside of the MB (Figures 3 and 4). The larval vertical lobe is then replaced with new, adult vertical lobes formed from α' and α axon cores and postembryonic-born MBINs (Figure 7A) and MBONs (Figure 7B). There is, however, no cellular continuity between the larval vertical lobe and mature vertical lobes of the adult MB. We think of the larval structure as a vertical lobe ‘facsimile’; a larval innovation to deal with the lack of the Kenyon cells and extrinsic neurons that typically make the vertical lobes. Figure 9 Download asset Open asset Stability and changes in mushroom body (MB) compartments during metamorphosis. (A) Developmental fates of the larval compartments through metamorphosis. Larval compartments that are lost at metamorphosis are uncolored. Those incorporated into the mature structure share the same color in the two stages. (B) Summary of transmitter output from the MB compartments in the larval and adult stages. The larval LP (=adult ped) and LVL (=adult γ 2) compartments switch transmitters through metamorphosis. Compartment designations as in Figure 2. (C) Summary of the roles of mushroom body output neuron (MBON) compartment shifting, MBON trans-differentiation, and MBON recruitment in producing the output configuration of the mature MB. Persisting neurons in the lobe compartments are DAN-c1/PPL1 01, DAN-d1/PPL1 03, and MBON-d1/MBON 11; the new adult-specific neuron is MBON 12; and MBON-c1/MBE-CA shifts to the calyx. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the metamorphic changes that occur during the transition from larval stages to adults, particularly in the context of the mushroom body (MB) compartments. It mentions that some compartments are specialized for the larval stage and do not carry over into the adult forms, emphasizing the significant changes in structure and neuron types that occur through metamorphosis. This supports the idea of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: This indicates that hdcJK910 phototransduction is functionally intact and wild-type-like. See also (Dau et al. , 2016). (C) Linear correlation between ∆ρ and V0 of dark-adapted wild-type photoreceptors. Adjusted R-squared = 0. 1043. (D) Linear correlation between ∆ρ and V0 of dark-adapted hdcJK910 photoreceptors. Adjusted R-squared = 0. 072. (A-D) nwild-type = 19; nhdc = 18. (A, B) Mean ± SEM; two-tailed t-test. Figure 7—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Light-adaptation narrows wild-type and hdcJK910 R1-R6s’ receptive fields similarly. Comparing wild-type and hdcJK910 photoreceptors, of which receptive fields were assessed in both the dark- and light-adapted states. (A) Their dark-adapted and (B) and light-adapted ∆ρ values were similar. Dark-adapted: ∆ρwild-type = 9. 65 ± 1. 06°; ∆ρhdc = 8. 16 ± 0. 62°; p=0. 258, two-tailed t-test. Light-adapted: ∆ρwild-type = 7. 7 ± 0. 52°; ∆ρhdc = 6. 98 ± 0. 46°; p=0. 323, two-tailed t-test. (C) Predictably, their receptive fields narrowed during light-adaptation (only wild-type shown). The relative changes between the two adaptation states between were statistically similar in wild-type and hdcJK910 photoreceptors. Relative changes, calculated as C=�ρDark−�ρLight�ρDark×100%. Cwild-type = 18. 44 ± 3. 5%; Chdc = 13. 68 ± 3. 37%, p=0. 347, two-tailed t-test. A-C: Mean ± SEM; nwild-type = 6; nhdc = 8 cells. Figure 8 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Microsaccadic rhabdomere contractions and refractory photon sampling improve visual resolution of moving objects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed experimental results that indicate variations in response between different photoreceptor types (wild-type and hdcJK910). It discusses statistical comparisons of dark-adapted and light-adapted states with adjusted R-squared values and p-values, highlighting that the changes in receptive fields were statistically similar but not identical. This suggests that responses to environmental stimuli differ among individuals, contrary to the claim that implies uniformity in response.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: ”Kristen Johnson, animal scientist, University: “I eat meat most nights, generally from animals raised at WSU to support student learning of animal husbandry. ” Sasha Gennet, program manager, the Nature Conservancy: “I was a vegetarian for many years but am not currently. do always try to learn more about where my food is coming from, and how it was grown and raised. ” Matthew Hayek, agricultural economist, University: “I’ve found over the years that my own habits become a distraction for the conversation that we need to have about pressing in the right direction: Crowd out the meat off your plate by exploring more vegetarian options; learn more about the sourcing of the meat and dairy you do eat; and make your voice heard to improve our shared food choice environment. The last part includes things like asking your favorite restaurant or your workplace to carry and serve more vegan options. ”—If so, there are several surprising implications. For one thing, the total amount of meat or dairy that could be produced in this way depends strongly on what else is on people’s plates, says van Zanten. If people eat a healthy, whole-grain diet, for example, they leave fewer milling residues than they would on a diet heavy in refined grains — so a world full of healthy eaters can support fewer livestock on its leftovers. And little choices matter a lot: If people get most of their cooking oil from canola, for example, they leave less nutritious meal for feed after pressing out the oil than if they get their oil from soy. A second surprise is the nature of the meat itself. Sustainability experts typically encourage people to eat less beef and more pork and chicken, because the latter are more efficient at converting feed into animal protein. But in the “livestock on leftovers” scenario, the amount of pork and chicken that can be raised is limited by the availability of milling residues, food scraps and other food wastes. In contrast, cattle can graze on pasture, which shifts the livestock balance back somewhat toward beef, mutton and dairy products. Much would have to change to make such a world possible, van Zanten notes. To maximize the flow of food wastes to pigs and chickens, for example, cities would need systems for collecting household wastes, sterilizing them and processing them for feed. countries are well ahead on this already. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding biocontrol methods or their ability to manage pest populations sustainably. Instead, it focuses on dietary choices, livestock production, and sustainability related to meat consumption, without mentioning biocontrol or pest management.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The larva has two peduncle compartments, IP and LP, as compared to the single compartment (PED) of the adult. The larval LP compartment with some of its MBINs becomes incorporated into the adult PED compartment, but the larval IP compartment is lost and not replaced. Its two MBINs (Figures 3 and 5) and at least two of its three MBONs (Figure 4, Figure 6—figure supplement 3) leave the larval MB and become parts of adult non-MB circuits. The IP compartment is unusual because of its isolation from the other MB microcircuits. The latter are highly interconnected by one- or two-step connections from the MBONs of one compartment to the MBIN of others. however, receive no MBON feedback from the other compartments (Eschbach et al. , 2020). Likewise, the provide the least amount of crosstalk to the other larval compartments. Its isolation suggests that the IP is involved in a type of learning distinct from that handled by the rest of the larval MB. This may involve temperature-based learning since the greatest input from the small number of thermosensory Kenyon cells is onto MBON-b3 (Eichler et al. , 2017). Since we found no corresponding compartment in the adult MB, the type of learning that IP mediates may be restricted to the larva. The remaining seven larval compartments are incorporated into adult MB compartments, especially those containing γ neuron axons (Figure 9A). Their larval MBINs and MBONs typically also function in the mature MB, although the four that project to the distal-most larval compartments (and LT) die at the end of the larval stage. The larval MBONs from these distal compartments, though, survive and innervate compartments at similar positions along the adult medial lobes, although some shift their dendrites from γ into β or β' compartments. For example, the larval SHA compartment corresponds to the adult γ3 compartment; of its two MBON-h’s, one (MBON 08) innervates the adult γ3 compartment while the other (MBON 09) has dendrites in β'1 as well as γ3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the developmental stages of insects, specifically discussing the larval stage and its differences compared to the adult stage. It describes how certain compartments from the larval brain (MB) are incorporated into the adult brain structure, which aligns with the concept of metamorphosis where insect development includes distinct larval and adult forms. The mention of larval compartments being transformed into adult compartments supports the idea of complete metamorphosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (A) High-speed videos showed fast lateral R1-R7 rhabdomere movements to blue/green flashes, recorded under far-red illumination that Drosophila barely saw (Wardill et al. , 2012). (B) Rhabdomeres moved inside those seven ommatidia (up-right: their pseudopupil), which faced and absorbed the incident blue/green light, while the others reflected it. Rhabdomeres moved frontwards 8–20 ms after a flash onset, being maximally displaced 70–200 ms later, before returning. (C) Movements were larger and faster the brighter the flash, but slower than R1-R6s’ voltage responses. (D) Movements followed R1-R6s’ logarithmic light-sensitivity relationship. Concurrently, given the ommatidium optics (Stavenga, 2003b; Gonzalez-Bellido et al. , 2011), R1-R6s’ receptive fields (RFs) shifted by 0. 5–4. 0o. (E) Rhabdomeres moved along the eye’s horizontal (red) axis, with little vertical components (black), adapting to ~ 30% contractions in ~ 10 s during 1 s repetitive flashing. (F) Moving ommatidium structures. Cone and pigment cells, linking to the rhabdomeres by adherens-junctions (Tepass and Harris, 2007), formed an aperture smaller than the rhabdomeres’ pseudopupil pattern. Rhabdomeres moved ~ 2 times more than this aperture, and ~ 10 times more than the lens. (G–H) Simulated light inputs and photoreceptor outputs for the classic theory and new ‘microsaccadic sampling’-hypothesis when two dots cross a R1-R6’s RF (i) front-to-back at saccadic speeds. (G) In the classic model, because the rhabdomere (ii) and its broad RF (i) were immobile (ii), light input from the dots fused (iii), making them neurally unresolvable (iv). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific observational data showing that the responses of photoreceptor cells (rhabdomeres) to environmental stimuli vary based on factors such as the brightness of light flashes. For example, it mentions that 'movements were larger and faster the brighter the flash,' indicating that responses can differ depending on the environmental context. This implies that not every individual, or in this case, every photoreceptor, behaves identically when exposed to varying stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: “They have this whole infrastructure ready,” van Zanten says. “In Europe, we don’t. ” And much of our current animal agriculture, based on grain-fed livestock in feedlots, would have to be abandoned, causing significant economic disruption. Moreover, people in wealthy countries would have to get used to eating less meat than they currently do. If no human-edible crops were fed to livestock, van Zanten and her colleagues calculated, the world could only produce enough meat and dairy for everyone to eat around 20 grams of animal protein per day, enough for a three-ounce piece of meat or cheese (about the size of a deck of cards) each day. By comparison, the average now chows down on about 70 grams of animal protein a day — well above their protein requirement — and the average European on 51. That’s a hefty reduction in meat — but it would bring significant environmental benefits. Because livestock would no longer eat feed crops, the world would need about a quarter less cropland than it uses today. That surplus cropland could be allowed to regrow into forest or other natural habitat, benefitting both biodiversity and carbon balance. A “circular food economy” provides a way to sustainably include meat in the world’s diet. In this scenario, livestock eat no crops edible to people. Instead, they graze on grasslands and eat crop residues and food waste that people cannot or will not eat. Such a system would allow everyone in the world to eat a small serving of meat or other animal products a few times each week, researchers have calculated. There’s another dimension to meat’s sustainability, though. The gut microbes that let grazing animals digest grasses and other human-inedible forage release methane in the process — and methane is a potent greenhouse gas. Indeed, methane from ruminants accounts for about 40 percent of all livestock-related greenhouse gas emissions. Animal scientists are working on ways to reduce the amount of methane produced by grazers (see box). At present, however, it remains a serious problem. Paradoxically, raising cattle on grass — better for other dimensions of sustainability — makes this problem worse, because grass-fed cattle grow more slowly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address biocontrol methods or pest populations directly. Instead, it discusses the sustainability of livestock farming and its impact on environmental factors, without connecting this to biocontrol techniques or their efficacy in pest management. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding biocontrol.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In the larva, though, MBON-e2/MBON 03 provides an analogous glutaminergic output from the vertical lobes. It also feeds back onto its input neuron (OAN-e1) (Eichler et al. , 2017), perhaps providing an analogous circuit to support long-term memory formation in the larva. The compartments at the bases of the lobes and peduncle show some scrambling of neurotransmitter output through metamorphosis (Figure 9B). The output from the larval LP compartment is cholinergic while the corresponding adult PED compartment has GABAergic output. The opposite shift is seen in the LVL ( = γ2) compartment, which has GABAergic output in the larva but cholinergic output in the adult. As seen in Figure 9C, MBON-c1/MBEN-CA provides the cholinergic output from the larval LP compartment, but at metamorphosis it retracts from this compartment and dendrites from MBON-d1/MBON 11 invade the peduncle to provide the adult GABAergic output. The other compartmental shift in transmitter involves the larval LVL compartment; MBON-g1 and -g2 provide GABAergic output from this compartment, but at metamorphosis, they trans-differentiate to become central complex neurons. They are replaced by postembryonic-born MBON 12 (Figure 8C), which then provides cholinergic output for the adult γ2 and α'1 compartments. Thus, the compartmental shifts in output transmitters that occur at metamorphosis do not involve individual MBONs changing their transmitter. Rather, MBON recruitment, MBON loss, and MBONs shifting compartments combine to provide differences in transmitter landscapes in the two stages. Circuit-level implications of changes through metamorphosis The examples of DAN-d1/PPL1 03 and DAN-c1/PPL1 01 depicted in Figure 9C show that shifting partners through metamorphosis can dramatically alter a neuron’s function. In the larva, pairing of DAN-d1 stimulation with an odor induces short-term aversive conditioning, whereas a similar pairing with DAN-c1 does not (Eschbach et al. , 2020; Weiglein et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing changes that occur at the larval and adult stages of insects during metamorphosis, specifically mentioning neurotransmitter output shifts and the reorganization of neuronal circuits between these stages. It details how certain components of the nervous system, such as the output from the larval LP compartment and the adult PED compartment, change during metamorphosis, which aligns well with the idea of complete metamorphosis involving distinct larval and adult stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (H) In the new model, with rhabdomere photomechanics (ii) moving and narrowing its RF (here acceptance angle, ∆ρ, narrows from 8. 1o to 4. 0o), light input transformed into two intensity spikes (iii), which photoreceptor output resolved (iv). (I) New predictions matched recordings (Figure 8—figure supplement 1). Details in 8. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Microsaccadic sampling hypothesis predicts realistic voltage output to two bright dots crossing a R1-R6’s receptive field in saccadic speeds. (A) Receptive fields of four R1-R6 photoreceptors, measured with 25 light point stimulator (8. 2 to 9. 5o to 3. 5–4. 5o). (C) The resulting light input for each tested photoreceptor was predicted from its measured receptive field in (A) by the microsaccadic sampling hypothesis. (D and E) These inputs then drove our biophysically realistic R1-R6 model, predicting the photoreceptor voltage output, which was compared to the corresponding real recordings. The simulated R1-R6 output closely resembled the recorded R1-R6 output of the same cells to saccadic two dot stimuli. Figure 9 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset ‘Microsaccadic sampling’ hypothesis predicts visual hyperacuity. (A) Simulated R1-R6 output to two dots, at different distances apart, crossing the photoreceptor’s receptive field at different speeds. The yellow backgrounds indicate those inter-dot-distances and speeds, which evoked two-peaked responses. The prediction is that the real R1-R6s could resolve (and Drosophila distinguish) these dots as two separate objects, whereas those on the white backgrounds would be seen as one object. The simulations were generated with our biophysically realistic R1-R6 model (Song et al. , 2012; Song and Juusola, 2014; Juusola et al. , 2015), which now included the estimated light input modulation by photomechanical rhabdomere movements (Figure 8H). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a model that predicts differing responses of photoreceptors to light stimuli based on their receptive fields and the conditions of the stimuli. It shows how variations in distance and speed of light stimuli can lead to different voltage outputs in photoreceptors, indicating that individual responses can vary based on external conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Grass-fed Brazilian cattle, for example, take three to four years to reach slaughter weight, compared to 18 months for US cattle finished on grain in feedlots. And that’s not all: Because the grain-fed animals eat less roughage, their microbes also produce less methane each day. As a result, grass-fed beef — often viewed as the greener option — actually emits more methane, says Jason Clay, senior vice president of markets for the Fund-US. Even so, raising livestock on leftovers and marginal grazing lands not suitable for crops eliminates the need to grow feed crops, with all their associated emissions, and there will be fewer livestock overall. As a result, greenhouse gas emissions may end up lower than today. For Europe, for example, van Zanten and her colleagues compared expected emissions from livestock raised on leftovers and marginal lands against those from animals fed a conventional grain-based diet. Livestock on leftovers would produce up to 31 percent less greenhouse gas emissions than the conventional approach, they calculated. Most animal products generate more emissions of greenhouse gases than plant foods do. Grazers such as cattle, sheep or goats are the biggest emitters even after discounting the methane they produce. Pigs and, especially, chickens generate much smaller amounts of greenhouse gases for a given weight of meat. Some sustainability experts also argue that as long as grazing herds aren’t increasing, methane may be less of a worry than previously thought. Molecule for molecule, methane contributes about 80 times more warming than carbon dioxide does in the short term. However, CO₂ persists in the atmosphere for centuries, so newly emitted CO₂ always makes the climate crisis worse by adding to the stock of CO₂ in the atmosphere. In contrast, methane lasts only a decade or so in the atmosphere. If livestock levels remain constant over the span of decades, then the rate at which old methane washes out of the atmosphere will be about equal to the rate at which new methane is emitted, so there would be no additional burden on climate, says Qaim. But with climate experts warning that the world may be fast approaching a climate tipping point, some experts say there’s good reason to reduce meat consumption well below what’s sustainable. Completely eliminating livestock, for example, would allow some of the land now devoted to feed crops and pastures to revert to native vegetation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly engage with the claim regarding biocontrol methods and their ability to manage pest populations sustainably. Instead, it discusses livestock farming practices, greenhouse gas emissions, and their environmental impacts, making it irrelevant to the specific claim about biocontrol methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 2020) and the adult (Aso et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2020) are highly interconnected, both by MBON-to-MBON connections and by feedback and feed-forward connections from MBONs back to MBINs. For MBON-to-MBON interactions, larval (Eichler et al. , 2017) and adult (Li et al. , 2020) connectivity data are available for seven of the MBONs that function in both circuits (Figure 10B). There are 42 possible pair-wise connections amongst these cells. These MBONs are more highly interconnected in their adult configuration compared to their larval one: their adult configuration shows 13 connections (31% of possible connections), while their larval configuration has only 7 (17%). Importantly, only three of these connections (7%) are present in both larva and adult. This percentage is similar to the 5% predicted if the two stages were wired up independently at their respective frequencies. This low level of shared connections suggests that in both their larval and the adult configurations, the MBONs interconnect in a way that is best adapted to the respective life stage. Experiments on aversive conditioning of Drosophila larvae suggested that the memory from larval training can persist through metamorphosis (Tully et al. , 1994). We find that within the MB lobe system, none of the MBIN-MBON pairings persist (Figure 10A) and persisting MBON-to-MBON connections are rare (Figure 10B). At this level, our anatomical findings do not identify any simple circuit elements that would support the persistence of an associative memory trace from larva to adult. Thus, a surviving memory trace would need to involve more complex anatomical pathways, such as described by Eschbach et al. , 2020. However, this cannot be addressed in this study. Our failure to find anatomical support in Drosophila for persistence of a memory trace from larva to adult should not be generalized to other insects with a larval stage. There is evidence that associative learning in moth caterpillars and beetle grubs can carry through to the adult (Blackiston et al. , 2015; Blackiston et al. , 2008). Larvae of butterflies and beetles have an extended embryonic development compared to Drosophila, and they hatch with a more complex larval nervous system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the existence of different life stages in insects, notably the larval and adult stages of Drosophila, and suggests that these stages are interconnected. The text also mentions that while anatomical support for the persistence of memory from larva to adult in Drosophila is not found, it references other insects such as moth caterpillars and beetle grubs, where associative learning can carry through to adulthood. This indicates that aspects of complete metamorphosis are present in some insects, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (B) The resulting object resolution/speed heat-map, using the Raleigh criterion, D (Figure 7C), shows the stimulus/behavioral speed regime where Drosophila should have hyperacute vision. Thus, by adjusting its behavior (from gaze fixation to saccadic turns) to changing surroundings, Drosophila should see the world better than its compound eye’s optical resolution. (C) Intracellular R1-R6 responses resolved the two dots, which were less that the interommatidial angle (Δφ = 4. 5o) apart when these crossed the cell’s receptive field at the predicted speed range. Arrows indicate the two response peaks corresponding to the dot separation. Cf. Figure 9—figure supplement 1; details in 8. These results reveal remarkable temporal acuity, which could be used by downstream neurons (Zheng et al. , 2006; Joesch et al. , 2010; Behnia et al. , 2014; Yang et al. , 2016) for spatial discrimination between a single passing object from two passing objects. Figure 9—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Encoding space in time - intracellular R1-R6 recordings to two bright dots crossing the receptive field show how their responses convey hyperacute spatial information in time. 25 light-point-array positioned at a R1-R6’s receptive field center, generating two bright front-to-back moving dots. (A) Characteristic responses of a R1-R6 at 25°C to the dots, 1. 7, 3. 4 or 6. 8o apart, travelling 102 o/s in front-to-back direction. (B) Individual outputs resolved the dots, which were less than the interommatidial angle (Δφ = 4. 5o) apart (yellow box); resolvability given by the Raleigh criterion (Figure 7C). Microsaccadic sampling model (Figure 9) predicted a comparable resolvability threshold (dotted line). (C) At lower dot velocities (20–50 o/s), corresponding to normal gaze fixation speeds in close-loop flight simulator experiments (1. 7o and 3. 4o) even stronger. Notice the small staircase-like steps in voltage responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that the behavior of Drosophila adapts based on environmental stimuli, indicating variability in individual responses. It describes how Drosophila adjusts its behavior (from gaze fixation to saccadic turns) depending on changing surroundings, suggesting that individual responses to stimuli can differ significantly rather than being uniform, as indicated by phrases like 'should see the world better' and 'remarkable temporal acuity.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Over 25 to 30 years of regrowth, this would tie up enough atmospheric CO₂ to completely offset a decade’s worth of global fossil fuel emissions, Matthew Hayek, an environmental scientist at University, and his colleagues reported in 2020. Add to that the rapid reduction in methane no longer emitted by livestock, and the gains become even more attractive. “We need to be moving in the opposite direction than we are now,” says Hayek. “The things that are going to do that are aggressive, experimental, bold policies — not ones that try to marginally reduce meat consumption by 20 or even 50 percent. ” : against methane Enteric methane — that is, emissions from the guts of cattle and other grazers — is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock industry. Not surprisingly, researchers are hard at work searching for ways to reduce per-cow emissions. “This is the first time I’ve been really positive that we’re going to figure it out,” says Kristen Johnson, an animal scientist at University in Pullman, “because it’s the first time there’s been enough sustained interest to really get to the bottom of it. ” Some promising strategies include: Selectively breeding grazers to produce less methane. This has been done successfully in sheep, but there’s a catch: Low-methane sheep pass food through their stomachs faster, so they extract less nutrition from it and therefore gain weight more slowly, Johnson says. Vaccinating grazers against the gut microbes that generate methane. The strategy seems to work in the short term, Johnson says, but long-term effects are not yet known. Using feed additives that reduce methane emissions. The most promising, 3-nitroproxypropanol, blocks a microbial enzyme and prevents methane from being produced, write Guan, an animal scientist at the University of Alberta, and her colleagues in the 2020 of Animal Biosciences. However, such additives are only practical when livestock are fed in confinement, such as in a feedlot or a dairy. Moving cattle more frequently so they graze on young, nutritious vegetation, which generates less methane than dry grass. Researchers at University plan to start testing a system of “virtual fencing” in 2023 as a way to do this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address biocontrol methods or their effectiveness in managing pest populations sustainably. Instead, it discusses methane emissions from livestock and various strategies to mitigate these emissions, which is unrelated to the claim about biocontrol.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Origins and fates of MB neurons: (red) neurons that function in both the larval and adult MB; (blue) neurons that function in the larval MB but switch to non-MB circuits in the adult; (purple) postembryonic-born cells that function only in the adult MB: (white) neurons that function outside of the MBs. The name of the larval neuroblast and its embryonic lineage is paired with the most likely postembryonic lineage. Most postembryonic lineages are type I, in which progeny arise pairwise fashion from division of successive ganglion mother cells (shown as paired lines of cells). DL1 and DL2 show a type II pattern of division that increases the number of neurons produced because each neuroblast division produces an intermediate precursor cell that then divides to produce a small number of ganglion mother cells (shown as more disorganized clusters). See text for details. Most MBINs come from the PPL1 and the PAM clusters. We find that the generation of the adult PPL1 is split, with some members born in the embryo and initially functioning as larval MBINs, while others are born after neurogenesis resumes in the larva (Figure 11). The embryonic neuroblast that makes these neurons is CPd2 or 3 (Saumweber et al. , 2018), and it appears to arrest in the midst of producing the PPL1 MBINs, a conclusion based on the observation that MBIN-c1 is born so late in embryogenesis that it is not yet incorporated into the MB circuitry at hatching (Eichler et al. , 2017). The neuroblast is called DL2 when it reactivates in the larva and shows a type II pattern of division (Boone and Doe, 2008; Walsh and Doe, 2017). The first neurons that DL2 produces after it resumes dividing are the remaining PPL1 MBINs (Ren et al. , 2016). The adult PPL1 neurons, therefore, appear to arise as a set of neurons that straddle the temporary arrest of the DL2 neuroblast. Those born in the embryo then function as MBINs in both the larva and the adult, while those born in the larva delay their maturation into MBINs until metamorphosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how certain neurons function in both larval and adult stages in insects, specifically referencing the transition through larval stages during metamorphosis. It emphasizes that some neurons born in the embryo function as larval neurons before transitioning to their roles in the adult stage, thereby supporting the concept of complete metamorphosis involving larval stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: These represent light from 25 individual light-guide-ends being turned on/off in sequence to generate the moving dots, crossing the receptive field slowly (see 1. 7o and 3. 4o) consistently, the dots were nevertheless clearly detected when at 5. 1o apart (cyan bar), which is about Δφ. Figure 10 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Optomotor behavior in a flight simulator system confirms hyperacute vision. Classic open-loop experiments using high-resolution panoramas. (A) 360o hyperacute black-and-white bar panorama, with 1. 16o or 2. 88o wavelengths (= 0. 58o and 1. 44o inter-bar-distances), rotated counterclockwise and clockwise (grey, arrows) around a tethered fly, with a torque meter measuring its optomotor responses. (B) Controls: the same flies’ optomotor responses to white (no bars) and wide-bar (14. 4o wavelength) rotating panoramas. (C) responded to the hyperacute panoramas (wavelength < interommatidial angle, Δφ, yellow area; Figure 10—figure supplement 1), but not to the white panorama (orange), which thus provided the recording noise level. The flies optomotor responses were the strongest to the wide-bar panorama (perception index = 1). As the flies’ optomotor responses followed the rotation directions consistently, irrespective of the tested bar wavelengths, the hyperacute visual panorama did not generate perceptual aliasing. (D) Optomotor responses of five flies to hyperacute panorama with 3. 9o wavelength, rotating at 50o/s and saccadic speeds of 200 and 300o/s. (E) Control responses of the same flies to 14. 4o wavelength panorama at the same speeds. (F) The flies’ ability to follow hyperacute panorama reduces dramatically when the stimulation approaches the photoreceptors’ predicted acuity limit, which for ~4o point resolution is just over 300o/s (cf. Figure 9A). Details in 10. Figure 10—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Optomotor behavior in a flight simulator system demonstrates that Drosophila see hyperacute visual patterns. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of variability in responses. It explains how flies' optomotor responses differ based on the wavelengths of the visual panoramas they were exposed to, indicating that not all individuals respond uniformly. The phrase 'the flies’ ability to follow hyperacute panorama reduces dramatically when the stimulation approaches the photoreceptors’ predicted acuity limit' further suggests that individual response varies with environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Working much the same way as an invisible fence for dogs, the system uses GPS tags to keep cattle where vegetation is youngest, says Kim Stackhouse-Lawson, an animal scientist who leads the team. —Editor’s note: This 10. 1146/knowable-081722-1 is an omnivorous science writer based in Edmonton, Canada. 10. 1146/knowable-081722-1 is an omnivorous science writer based in Edmonton, Canada. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a GPS system for managing cattle movement and does not mention biocontrol methods or pest management.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Figure 12C suggests that a similar change in Notch state may have occurred for relevant GMCs of the DAL-v2/3 lineage, thereby allowing both siblings to express the MBON fate in the larva. The reestablishment of the normal Notch relationship at metamorphosis might then cause the MBON-gs to lose their MBON characteristic and to acquire their appropriate phenotypes as central complex neurons. The generation of the larval mushroom body The neuronal identity in the insect CNS is generated according to a spatial and temporal pattern that is highly conserved through evolution (Thomas et al. , 1984). The earliest born neurons are often diverse sets of projection neurons that are the basis for the stereotyped tracts and commissures that characterize insect neuropils. Local interneurons are born later in lineages, and these become more similar as the lineage progresses (Lee et al. , 2020). The evolution of the holometabolous larva involved a shortening of embryonic development, producing a simplified larval body form that could successfully compete for ephemeral food sources. This shortening of insect embryogenesis, though, had a profound impact on their neuroblast-based mode of neurogenesis, resulting in a neurogenic arrest before lineages were complete. Hence, not only do larvae hatch with fewer neurons than found in the mature nervous system, but they should have only the types of neurons characteristic of the early portion of each lineage. Such a truncation may produce mismatches between the neuron types that are needed and those that have been made, i. e. , required late-born cell types may be missing and the larva may have early-born cell types that it does not need! Our analysis of the developmental relationship of the larval to the adult MB provides insight into how these mismatches are resolved. The relationships of Kenyon cell classes to the MB vertical and medial lobes are highly conserved (Farris, 2005; Farris and Sinakevitch, 2003). The γ Kenyon cells are born first, and their axons form a medial lobe. They are followed by branched, αβ-type neurons, whose vertical axon branch forms a vertical (α) lobe and whose medial, β branch joins the γ cell axons in the medial lobe. In direct developing insects like crickets (Malaterre et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the developmental process of insects, including larval stages and the transformation that occurs during metamorphosis. Phrases such as 'larval mushroom body' and 'the evolution of the holometabolous larva' indicate that insects indeed have distinct larval stages that lead to further development into adult forms, lending support to the notion of complete metamorphosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (A) 22–35 individual optomotor responses (thin grey traces) and their mean (think trace) of the same tethered fly to 45o/s clockwise and counterclockwise panoramic field rotations (light grey sections), having a full wavelength of 1. 16o (left, black) or 14. 40o (center, blue), or no-bar (right, orange) stimuli. (B) Every tested fly (n = 9) responded to hyperacute (<Δφ ~4. 5o) bar stimuli (1,16o and 2. 88o, red; having 0. 58o and 1. 44o inter-bar-distances, respectively) consistently. (C) Their maximum (peak-to-peak) responses to the hyperacute stimuli and the no-bar and coarse-bar controls. (D) The relative response strength to the hyperacute stimuli varied between 30–80% of the maximum responses to the coarse-bar stimulus. 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 038 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 039 8. In the electron micrograph, which numbers each cell’s rhabdomere (light sensitive part), R8 is not shown because it lies directly below R7. (C) Schematic of the intracellular pupil mechanism. Left: During dark-adaptation, screening pigments (small dots) are scattered in the R1-R7 somata. Middle: R1-R6 light-adapted. Blue-green bright light drives the screening pigment migration towards the R1-R6 rhabdomeres (central discs, containing 30,000 microvilli, photon sampling units, depicted as stripes in the discs), which express blue-green-sensitive Rh1-rhodopsin, as their phototransduction rises intracellular Ca2+-concentration. With the pupil closing (seen as the dark rims around the rhabdomeres), light input to the microvilli reduces. Note that R7, which expresses UV-rhodopsin, is not light-adapted and its screening pigments remain scattered. Right: All photoreceptors light-adapted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that while every tested fly responded consistently to hyperacute stimuli, the relative response strength varied significantly, indicating that different individuals can respond differently to the same environmental stimuli. Specifically, it states that the relative response strength to hyperacute stimuli varied between 30–80% of the maximum responses, clearly refuting the idea that every individual responds the same way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Side-effects (0 = harmless; 1 = variable harmfulness (effects depend on the species, stage and product, or results are contrasting); 2 = harmful) of pesticide classes in laboratory (L), semi-field (SF) and field (F) conditions on predators and parasitoids used in greenhouse crops (OP organophosphorus pesticides, SFB selective feeding blockers, SP synthetic pyrethroids)Full size table Climate and light adaptationsNatural enemies, just like plants, can be impacted directly by greenhouse climate parameters, such as temperature, vapour pressure deficit (VPD), light intensity and quality, and day length. As ectotherms, natural enemies are directly affected by temperature, i. e. , the higher the temperature the shorter the development period up to the upper developmental threshold for the arthropod. It is well-known that P. persimilis provides effective control of two spotted spider mite up to 30 °C, but above 30 °C the development time for spider mites becomes shorter than P. persimilis (Lindquist and Short 2004). With the concern for energy conservation, growers are moving to daily temperature integration regimes for crop production. For example, temperature integration means that higher temperatures during the day are tolerated and compensated by lower temperatures during the night. This may be detrimental for night-active natural enemies like Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani), that may need certain temperatures to be flight-active (Markkula et al. 1979). In addition, the impact on development time for natural enemies under fluctuating temperature regimes seems to vary according to the species (Gillespie et al. 2012). With the move to year round production and to increase yield/production per unit area, growers are increasingly using supplementary lighting in vegetable production and are extending the period of artificial lighting in ornamentals to continuous lighting in the case of rose production. By extending the photoperiod using supplemental lighting, diapause induction will be prevented in biological control agents that enter reproductive diapauses under short daylengths. However, not all natural enemies respond in the same way to supplementary lighting. Very little is known on this subject, and this is an area which needs further investigation (Johansen et al. 2011). Optical manipulation of natural lighting can also impact the behaviour of pests and their natural enemies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding biocontrol methods managing pest populations sustainably. Instead, it discusses various factors affecting natural enemies in greenhouse environments, such as temperature and light adaptations, and how these can impact pest control indirectly. The information provided is more focused on environmental conditions rather than the sustainability aspect of biocontrol methods specifically.