Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: Remarkably, the proposed pathway implies catalytic reactions that justify how glycine is not simply burnt to carbon dioxide, but is an effective co-substrate for the butanol production, as highlighted by the numbered carbons (see Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6, panels A). Despite the yield on glycine is still quite low, it should be underlined that butanol was obtained through endogenous activities which are in general involved in other reactions and specific for other substrates. Therefore, it can be anticipated that there are many different possibilities for optimizing the pathway, considering every single enzyme involved, the pool of substrates and their compartmentalization. From an economical point of view the production of higher alcohols starting from purified glycine cannot be considered as a sustainable process. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology can then help in the construction of a yeast redirecting sugars to glycine production, and from there to optimize the sole butanol production, but this appears at the moment as a long way to run. However, an alternative seems closer to reality: a considerable fraction of proteins accumulate as waste product deriving from exhausted biomasses of different microbial productions and currently is not fully absorbed by the market [12]. It is then possible to imagine a side-stream process of production which is based on protein hydrolysates; the different aminoacids fed to a yeast strain optimized for desired fusel alcohol production could generate a blend with good properties as biofuel [12], adding value and completing the concept of biorefinery. Considering the potentiality of S. cerevisiae as ethanol producer and considering the potentiality of the aminoacid degradation pathway for fusel alcohol productions [12], it really seems the right moment to intensify the effort in studying and improving yeast tolerance to a mixture of different organic solvents. MethodsStrains and growth conditionsThe S. cerevisiae strains used in this study were CEN. PK 102-5B (MATa,ura3-52, his3-11, leu2-3/112, TRP1, MAL2-8c, SUC2 - Dr. P. Kötter, Institute of Microbiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany) [33] and BY4741 (MATa, ura3Δ0, leu2Δ0, met15Δ0, his 3Δ1) (collection, Heidelberg, Germany). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology to optimize the production pathways in yeast, specifically redirecting sugars to produce glycine and ultimately butanol, which can be used as biofuel. The mention of the S. cerevisiae strains and their capability to produce ethanol and fusel alcohol reinforces the assertion that bioengineers are indeed developing organisms that utilize simple sugars for the production of biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes can fully replace traditional forms of therapy. [SEP] Text: Audio was played with noise-cancelling headphones and footsteps were detected with the accelerometer of a mobile phone worn in the trouser pocket. We found that augmented footstep sounds contribute to the experience of presence in acoustic environments. Augmented footstep sounds create a link between acting in the physical environment – performing the footsteps, experiencing the haptic feedback, and visually perceiving one’s movement in the urban space – and in the virtual environment – hearing the virtual footstep sounds in the context of the soundscape. So users act simultaneously in the physical and the virtual world. It seems that the sounds of the preferred soundscapes and of the augmented footsteps are sufficiently indeterminate that users are able to integrate them with the other stimuli to a coherent whole. Users seem to be able to concurrently allocate attention to the auditory stimuli from the soundscape, the virtual sounds created by their footsteps, and the visual stimuli from the physical environment. Here, the imaginations were very different from person to person. When soundscapes are sequentially played, listeners are able to connect them to form stories in urban environments, in which they themselves act as the main characters. Soundscapes can also evoke memories like vacations and these memories or imaginations may even be the main factor determining the level of immersion in quiet, acoustic compositions. Adjusting the volume of footstep sounds was found to be necessary for creating pleasurable, individual experiences. Slightly delayed footstep playback showed a significant impact on the step duration, making it possible to slow people down, while faster footstep playback showed no impact on walking speed but led to users feeling stressed and rushed. Slower footstep sounds were perceived as relaxing and calming. Using footstep sounds for navigation purposes can be intuitively understood, but is limited in effectively conveying a sense of direction. However, changing the footstep sound can be used to indicate the wrong direction, red traffic lights, or the right way with only two choices. Augmenting further sounds with spatial audio in soundscapes, like approaching vehicles, can be easily understood but should be introduced beforehand for not being misunderstood. One advantage of audio-only augmentation for public spaces is that visual stimuli are fully preserved, so that possible harms only have to be augmented if out of sight of the user. The underlying algorithm for real-time footstep playback was found to be mostly accurate in the study, but could be adapted to each user to improve the reliability of the acoustic immersion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed exploration of the use of immersive soundscapes in conjunction with physical actions and stimuli but does not assert that they can fully replace traditional therapy. Instead, it describes how augmented sounds influence user experience and immersion while noting limitations, such as the capability to convey a sense of direction. The complexity of individual experiences and the need for tailored acoustic immersion suggests that immersive soundscapes alone may not suffice for therapeutic needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 무처치 통제집단에 비해 훈련집단의 경우 문제해결력과 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성은 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었으며 추수검사에서도 실험 전에 비해 향상된 효과가 유지되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bilingualism specifically but mentions improvements in problem-solving skills and self-efficacy in a training group compared to a control group. However, it does not connect these improvements explicitly to bilingualism, making it largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: Co-culturing a novel Bacillus strain with Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 to produce butyric acid from sucrose access Published: 04 March 2013 Co-culturing a novel Bacillus strain with Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 to produce butyric acid from sucrose Mohammed Dwidar1,2, Seil Kim1, Jeon1,3, Youngsoon Um1, Mitchell2 & …Byoung-In Sang1,3 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 5. 50 and a temperature of 37°C. Under these conditions, the final butyrate concentration was 34. 2±1. 8 g/L with yields of 0. 35±0. 03 g butyrate/g sucrose and maximum productivity of 0. 3±0. 04 g/L/h. ConclusionsUsing this co-culture, sucrose can be utilized as a carbon source for butyric acid production at a relatively high yield. In addition, this co-culture offers also the benefit of a greater selectivity, with butyric acid constituting 92. 8% of the acids when the fermentation was terminated. BackgroundButyric acid has several potential applications in chemical and pharmaceutical industries and can be useful for fuel production [1]. It is also widely used in foodstuffs and beverage industries [2]. Nowadays, butyric acid is produced mainly for industry from crude oil through petrochemical methods [2]. However, butyric acid obtained from microbial fermentation is more promising due to the growing needs for bio-based natural products especially for food additives, and pharmaceuticals [3]. Currently, the most promising microorganism used for the bio-production of butyric acid is Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T[4–7]. This strain is capable of producing butyric acid with high selectivity and can tolerate high concentrations. However, it can only ferment monosaccharides like glucose, xylose and fructose, and is currently unable to utilize disaccharides, such as sucrose and lactose [8–10]. Despite the presence of several butyric acid bacteria which can utilize sucrose as a carbon source, such as Clostridium butyricum[11, 12] and some strains of C. tyrobutyricum, such as C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how a novel Bacillus strain can co-culture with Clostridium tyrobutyricum to produce butyric acid from sucrose, which is a simple sugar. The fermentation process highlights the utilization of sucrose as a carbon source for the production of a compound (butyric acid) that has various applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, thus supporting the notion of bioengineers developing organisms for pharmaceutical production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Most people can use immersive soundscapes to manage chronic pain without medications. [SEP] Text: There are rare individuals with genetic factors that leave them unable to feel pain [31]. This raises the question of whether such individuals might also be immune to solitude and social defeat [22,23], but this appears not to be the case [32]. We are more complex than that [33] … and being pain-free comes with its own set of problems. It would be better to have a more moderately skewed genetic makeup, which reduces but does not abolish the likelihood of chronic pain, and depression [34,35]. Interestingly, two UK Biobank studies [34,35] found significant genetic differences in male and female pain-associated SNP’s. This may be one of the reasons why women generally experience more recurrent pain, and likely experience more severe pain and longer-lasting pain than men do [i. e. 36,37]. An increasingly pained society provides a healthy market for painkillers, but this is not a healthy response. Already well known to cause health issues, evidence is accumulating that they may actually be counter-productive. Pain, inflammation, the immune system, nutrition and healing are all intimately connected. Inflammation following injury is an essential part of the process of tissue remodeling and repair [38], and there is some evidence that if drugs are used to suppress inflammation after injury, healing may in some cases be slowed [39]. New research suggests that inflammation also re-sets local neural networks so that the acute pain of injury fades as the wound resolves; and that anti-inflammatory drugs may disrupt this too. A research team out of Mc[40] examined 98 patients with acute injury and found that when innate immune cells known as neutrophils were inhibited by NSAID’s or steroids, pain was almost twice as likely to become chronic, and last up to 10 times longer than in controls. Acetaminophen and lidocaine, which reduce pain without damping neutrophil activity, did not have this effect. To add insult to the original injury, the finds that the NSAID’s are only marginally effective in the management of acute [41] pain, and barely effective at all in chronic [42] pain. Overall, therefore, the case for antiinflammatory analgesics in the management of chronic pain is looking very shaky. There is a compound produced in the body in response to injury, which may be a more appropriate therapeutic tool. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of managing pain and the complications associated with medications, particularly NSAIDs and their ineffectiveness in chronic pain management. While it does not explicitly mention immersive soundscapes, it emphasizes the challenges in pain management and suggests that current medical treatments may not be the best approach, thereby indirectly challenging the effectiveness of non-medication-based strategies like immersive soundscapes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 본 연구는 가족해체로 인해 심리․사회적 부적응을 경험하고 있는 결손가정 자녀들에게 대인관계에서 발생하는 문제를 다루는 인지적 능력을 향상시키는 훈련을 실시하여 적응력을 향상시키고 문제행동을 예방하는 실질적 도움을 주었다는 데 의의가 있다. 분석결과에 대해 선행연구와 관련하여 논의하고 상담에서의 시사점과 제한점 및 후속연구를 위한 제언을 제시하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bilingualism and its effect on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it focuses on a training intervention for children from dysfunctional families aimed at improving cognitive abilities related to interpersonal problems, which is unrelated to the claim about bilingualism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: tyrobutyricum ZJU8235 [13], C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T offers the highest butyric acid yields and final concentrations and so is the preferred strain. Since the cost of culture media components has a great influence on the overall cost of butyric acid produced by fermentation [2, 10], we wanted to utilize cheaper substrates for butyric acid production. One such substrate, sucrose, is an important and relatively cheap carbon source and is readily available in nature. It forms more than 90% of the total carbohydrates in sugar canes [14] and sugar beet in which sugars can account for 12% to 20% of the plant's dry weight. Sucrose also constitutes large percentage of the total sugar content in molasses. Consequently, our lab seeks to use sucrose as a carbon source for butyric acid production. In previous studies, several research groups evaluated the use of co-culturing to address limitation in substrate utilization by individual strains for the eventual production of different fermentation products. For example, Zhang et al. (2009) [3] discussed the possibility of using Clostridium thermocellum in a co-culture with Clostridium thermobutyricum for butyric acid production from cellulose, while Chang et al. (2008) [15] reported that the combination of aerobic Bacillus and anaerobic Clostridium may play the key role in the future of biofuel production from biomass. Their rationale was that strains of Bacillus generally have a high growth rate and secrete many saccharification-related extracellular enzymes into the medium, such as amylase, pectinase, protease, cellulose, and hemicellulase. Trana et al. (2010) [16] have recently shown the potential of co-culturing Bacillus subtilis with Clostridium butylicum for butanol production from starch. However, the Bacillus species used in the above studies are aerobic and, as such, they cannot be stably used in co-cultures for long periods with Clostridia, which are anaerobic. In contrast, Bacillus strains which are facultative anaerobes such as Bacillus licheniformis, will be more appropriate for long term co-culturing with Clostridium strains under anaerobic conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of sugars, particularly sucrose, as a carbon source for the fermentation process aimed at producing butyric acid and potentially biofuels. It mentions previous studies that explored co-culturing different strains of Clostridium and Bacillus to maximize the efficiency of fermentation from sugars like sucrose and starch, which supports the idea of bioengineers utilizing synthetic organisms for biofuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Most people can use immersive soundscapes to manage chronic pain without medications. [SEP] Text: Depending on the purpose and context of the analysis, auxiliary pain medication may function as part of the treatment, as an outcome or as a confounder. Due to the distinctive features of a wide range of analytic strategies may be relevant. If the purpose is to assess the combined effect of the randomized treatment and the auxiliary pain medication, then a de facto estimand may be appropriate. If the purpose is to assess the benefits of the drug itself, without the influence of auxiliary pain medications, then a de jure estimand is appropriate. Mallinckrodt et al. [9] suggest that when estimands are defined, intercurrent events should generally be categorized as either being part of the treatment regimen, or as ‘regimen breaking’. Those categorized as part of the regimen should be managed via a treatment-policy strategy, and those considered regimen breaking by a confounding or an outcome strategy. However, analysing using an outcome strategy does not necessarily imply that the treatment regimen was broken. In a chronic pain trial, auxiliary pain medications are typically used in addition to, and parallel with, the study treatment. Furthermore, even in a situation where are considered as part of a more general treatment regimen, one could still have non-adherence, and it can be of interest to adjust for this by going beyond ITT and targeting the effect that one would have seen if everyone had adhered to the treatment regimen [6]. So far, we are not aware of chronic pain trials that used confounding strategies, that is, statistical modelling to assess de jure estimands. Instead, trialists commonly limit the use of auxiliary pain medications to prevent from influencing trial results, thereby assessing de jure estimands by trial design. Of 265 low back and neuropathic pain trials, 66% either required participants to stop or limit their use of prestudy analgesics, and more than half of the trials did not permit rescue medication. When rescue was permitted, mostly weak analgesics were allowed; of 81 neuropathic pain trials that explicitly permitted rescue medication, 59 of them only allowed paracetamol, a drug with minimal analgesic effect [1, 33]. Still, meta-analyses of these trials were based on the ITT-populations, reflecting de facto estimands [34, 35]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how chronic pain trials commonly utilize auxiliary pain medications as part of treatment regimens and emphasize the usage of medication in various trial contexts. It notes that many trials required participants to stop or limit their use of these medications, indicating a reliance on pharmacological interventions rather than immersive soundscapes for pain management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: KW - 결손가정, 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련, 문제해결력, 자기효능감, 자아탄력성 DO - 10. 15703/kjc. 10. 4. 200912. 2303 UR - ER - 이유미 김정희 and 김동원 (2009). 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과. 상담학연구, 10(4), 2303 - 2319. 이유미 김정희 and 김동원. 2009, “인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과”, vol. 10, no. 4, 2319. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it seems to focus on the effects of cognitive interpersonal problem-solving training on children from dysfunctional families without any mention of bilingualism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars access Published: 02 September 2016 Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars : orcid. org/0000-0002-9394-91481 nAff3, Ali Mohagheghi1, Franden1, Yat-Chen Chou1, Xiaowen Chen1, Nancy Dowe1, Michael E. Himmel2 & …Min Zhang1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 0. 3 h−1 when about 80 g/L 2,3-BDO was supplemented to the growth medium, whereas less than 45 g/L ethanol was needed to slow the growth of Z. mobilis to similar growth rate. When 80 g/L ethanol was added into the medium, the growth rate of Z. mobilis was only about one-third of that observed for the same amount of 2,3-BDO added (Fig. 1). Even when the concentration of 2,3-BDO was increased to 100 g/L, the growth rate of Z. mobilis decreased to 0. 25 h−1, but it was still more than half of the control without 2,3-BDO supplementation. The low toxicity of 2,3-BDO to Z. mobilis indicates that Z. mobilis has a strong potential for achieving high titers, rate, and yields for 2,3-BDO production. Fig. 1The impact of meso-2,3-BDO and ethanol supplementation on growth of Z. mobilis in RMG medium at 30 °C using Bioscreen C. Relative growth rate (%) is the percentage of growth rate with chemical supplementation compared to control withoutFull size image Construct a minimized vector for pathway engineeringTo maximize the pathway engineering potential allowing for large plasmid constructions such as the three-gene 2,3-BDO pathway in this study, a minimized shuttle vector was constructed. The resultant plasmid, pEZ15Asp (pEZ), contains only the essential elements: origins of replication for both E. coli and Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the metabolic engineering of the organism Zymomonas mobilis, which is explicitly trained to produce 2,3-butanediol from lignocellulosic biomass sugars. This aligns with the description of bioengineers developing synthetic organisms capable of producing substances from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Soundscapes guarantee immediate mood improvement regardless of personal preferences. [SEP] Text: What’s in a mood? looking for dynamic predictors of individual improvement in depression Marieke A. output: Thesis › Thesis fully internal (DIV) 571 Downloads (Pure) people are affected by depression at some point in their lives, but it is unfortunately not yet well understood who will experience improvement or recurrence of symptoms, and what predicts such symptom change. Both short-lived variations in emotions and sudden shifts in symptoms appear to be relevant in predicting a better prognosis for people’s depressive complaints, on average. However, it is unclear how these findings translate to the individual. Therefore, in this dissertation I investigated the way depression changes over time in individual patients, with a specific focus on the moment-to-moment fluctuations in mood that precede the recovery of symptoms during psychological treatment. We measured people intensively throughout the day, asking them repeatedly how they were feeling at a given moment. By collecting so many measurements per person we could study the changes in emotions these people experienced over the day, as well as map the trajectory of their symptoms over time. The studies in this dissertation show that the path to recovery from depression rarely follows a simple straight line. The odds of responding to treatment were higher for people who experienced sudden symptom improvements within their overall improvement trajectory, and stronger negative emotions in the week before treatment started. We also investigated whether we could detect any early warning signals before changes in symptoms (such as improvements during psychological treatment, or a recurrence of depressive symptoms). Some people showed such early warning signals, but these signals were not detected often enough to be useful for the clinical practice yet. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of PhilosophyAwarding InstitutionUniversity of GroningenSupervisors/-supervisorBringmann, Laura, Co-supervisorAward date2-Feb-2022Place of Publication[Groningen]PublisherUniversity of GroningenDOstatusPublished - 2022 Access to Document 10. 33612/diss. 200101721Complete thesisFinal publisher's version, 4. 51 MBPropositionsFinal publisher's version, 43. 6 KB Handle. netPersistent link into the research topics of 'What’s in a mood? looking for dynamic predictors of individual improvement in depression'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. 100% Psychology 100% Keyphrases 100% 50% Psychology 50% Keyphrases 50% View full fingerprint Cite this. A. (2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that improvement in mood, particularly in the context of depression, is not guaranteed and varies significantly among individuals. It discusses the unpredictability of symptom changes and emphasizes that the path to recovery from depression is complex and often does not follow a straightforward trajectory. The findings in the dissertation suggest that while some people may experience improvements, there is no definitive link established that sounds or soundscapes can universally guarantee an immediate positive impact on mood across all individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Available from: doi:10. 15703/kjc. 10. 4. 200912. 2303 이유미 외. “인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과“ 상담학연구 10. 4 2319. (2009): 2303. 이유미 김정희 김동원. 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과 상담학연구 [Internet]. 2009; 10(4), : 2303 - 2319. Available from: doi:10. 15703/kjc. 10. 4. 200912. 2303 이유미 김정희 and 김동원. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bilingualism and its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it cites a separate study focusing on cognitive training and its impact on problem-solving skills, self-efficacy, and resilience in children from disadvantaged families, which is not directly related to bilingualism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis 8b and 22C background host with control plasmid pEZ15Asp (pEZ), or two-gene construct pEZ-GS2, or the three-gene construct pEZ-BC5 at 33 °C, 120 rpm with 40 mL RMG8 in 125-mL flaskFull size image Three constructs (vector control pEZ, two-gene pathway plasmid pEZ-GS2, and three-gene pathway plasmid pEZ-BC5) were further compared in two strain backgrounds of 8b or 22C (Table 1). The introduction of heterologous als gene significantly increased 2,3-BDO production by shifting carbon flow away from ethanol production (Fig. 2). Clearly 2,3-BDO production could be significantly enhanced if the native ethanol production pathway was impeded by knocking out key ethanol production genes of pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (adh), which has been demonstrated in S. cerevisiae that 2,3-BDO production increased in Pdc-deficient mutants [5, 7–10]. We have attempted to knock out or knock down the pdc gene to divert carbon to 2,3-BDO production without success, a result consistent with previous reports that pdc is essential for native Z. mobilis and cannot be completely knocked out. Furthermore, our efforts testing pdc knockout in 2,3-BDO production strains, such as 9C-BC5 and 9C-BC11, were also not successful. We will continue to work on blocking the route from pyruvate to ethanol to maximize the potential 2,3-BDO titer with balanced redox using similar strategies as reported in yeast [5, 6, 72–74]. To optimize the 2,3-BDO production, different flask fermentation conditions were first investigated using the three-gene pathway construct in the 22C background (22C-BC5) and using the empty vector pEZ as a negative control (Table 1; Fig. 3a). Results indicate that 2,3-BDO can be produced using mixed sugar conditions (glucose, or glucose and xylose), as well as from DMR-pretreated biomass (Fig. 3b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the production of 2,3-BDO, which is a type of biofuel, from mixed sugars, indicating that bioengineered pathways can be utilized to convert simple sugars into valuable products. It specifically mentions the use of different constructs and conditions to enhance the production of 2,3-BDO, thereby supporting the idea that bioengineers are developing synthetic organisms capable of such conversions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes will soon become a mandatory part of all health treatments. [SEP] Text: Speaking in a foreign language can foster inhibition, but it can also be a source of pleasure (Prieur 1987, 57) and play, pleasure “to be different”, to be “elsewhere”, which gives language learning its intrinsically theatrical dimension. 28In the foreign language, speech has an “as if”, make-believe dimension, it is not an exercise in responsibility, it does not really involve the subject, neither when facing the other nor where his/her own speech is concerned. In the so-called mother tongue speech is a commitment that subjects must fulfil and that holds them to their word; this is due to the fact that they are risking “their truth” in the process, i. e. , according to psychoanalysis, what is at once most intimate and most foreign, what they will never entirely master. 29On the contrary, there is no commitment in the foreign language but the playful possibility of an always open exercise in irresponsibility: the possibility, for instance, of making light and ebullient declarations of love or promises of marriage: And it is true that I felt irresponsible in that other language, so unknown to me (. . . ) I made the most amiable declarations of love to her, a habit quite foreign to my character and that language not only did I use it lightly but above all, because I more or less invented it, I expressed in it (. . . ) unknown feelings that came out impudently in this form and deceived even myself. . . (Blanchot 1948, 100). 30The foreigner, migrant or exile dwell on the frontier of language: learning a foreign language they are faced with a linguistic system that is heterogeneous to that of their mother tongue, they come up against phonological, morpho- syntactic and semantic frontiers they cannot guess or anticipate. First they will have to recognize these frontiers and then, in the best of cases, progressively master them. This linguistic appropriation can be, for some at least, a way toward subjectivation because subjects can open themselves to the language, let it come alive inside them through their dreams, their swearwords, their puns and their metaphorical use of words. 31Allow it be alive within them in order to open up the possibility of defining themselves, to speak as subjects in a configuration of relationships with others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the nuances of learning and using a foreign language, particularly its emotional engagement and the complexities of cross-linguistic interactions. It does not mention immersive soundscapes or their application in health treatments, thus failing to provide any corroborating or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: “인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과“ 상담학연구 10, no. 4, (2009): 2303 - 2319. doi: :10. 15703/kjc. 10. 4. 200912. 2303 텍스트 파일로 저장 피인용 논문 (우)305-754 대전광역시 유성구 가정로 201 한국연구재단 TEL: 042-869-6674, 1544-6118 E-mail: kciadmin@nrf. re. kr 2024 NRF. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding bilingualism and its potential benefits on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it appears to be a citation related to a study on cognitive interpersonal problem-solving training for elementary students from disadvantaged families, which does not address the claim about bilingualism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: The combination of α-amylases and glucoamylases has been considered as minimum requirement for the complete hydrolysis of raw starch [6]. Yarrowia lipolytica is well-known oleaginous organism proven suitable for many different industrial processes. It is a safe organism [7] widely used to produce food grade products such as organic acids, polyalcohols, aromas, emulsifiers, surfactants and proteins [8]. Moreover, during the last years it has been a model organism for biofuel production, especially for those derived from fatty acids [9–11]. Additionally, Y. lipolytica is suitable for metabolic engineering approaches since there is a wide range of molecular tools to manipulate it [12, 13], a well-curated genome available [14], its metabolism has been studied in detail and two genome scale metabolic model exist [15, 16]. Additionally, several works have analyzed it from a systems biology point of view using different omics data (metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and fluxomics) [17–20], which all together enable systems metabolic engineering of this organism. So far, metabolic engineering has already boosted lipid production in this yeast. Different target genes for overexpressions and deletions have been identified and manipulated to increase total fatty acid content. As an example, our group found that blocking beta-oxidation by deletion of the six POX genes [21] or the MFE gene [22] and overexpression of enzymes leading to TAG production, such as DGA2 [23] and GPD1 [22], enhanced lipid production. Recently a modified strain was able to reach a very high carbon to lipid conversion yield (84. 7 % of theoretical maximal yield) and very high lipid titers (~55 g/L) under optimized conditions, supporting the feasibility of Y. lipolytica to produce biodiesel [24]. Nonetheless, as discussed above, it is preferred to use inexpensive raw materials such as starch or lignocelluloses instead of glucose as carbon sources in the fermentations. Unfortunately, Y. lipolytica is not able to degrade either cellulose or starch. A recent work by Wei et al. [25] has modified this oleaginous organism by the heterologous expression of cellulases to make it able to utilize cellulosic substrates. However, no work has yet reported the use of starch by Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the capabilities of Yarrowia lipolytica, an organism that is part of bioengineering efforts focused on producing biofuels, particularly biodiesel. It discusses the metabolic engineering of this organism to enhance lipid production, which is essential for biodiesel synthesis. Furthermore, the text mentions the potential for utilizing inexpensive raw materials for fermentation processes, supporting the idea that bioengineers are working on leveraging simple sugars and other substrates for the production of biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes will soon become a mandatory part of all health treatments. [SEP] Text: In contrast to [64], we focus on isolated auditory displays and investigate the impact of footstep sounds and their capabilities in audio augmented realities. As a research vehicle we use the EnvironZen application. To ensure universal and ubiquitous usage, only smartphone acceleration data are applied to establish real time footstep detection and sonification. This approach does not require instrumenting users with additional equipment that may have an impact on the natural user’s gait. The main contributions of this paper include (1) an open-source application for augmenting footstep sounds, (2) an evaluation of individual perceptions of urban stimuli in audio augmented realities, (3) the sonification of augmented footstep sounds to convey navigation cues, and (4) an evaluation of the effects of accelerated and delayed footstep sound feedback. Figure 1Left: Start screen of EnvironZen with inactive soundscape; the urban environment signals the unmodified urban sound environment. Right: Swiping up activates the “Beach” soundscape; swiping left or right selects other soundscapes; swiping down stops the audio augmentation. 3 EnvironEnvironZen is designed to transform any acoustic environment into a relaxing soundscape. Based on motion data of the most ubiquitous device – the smartphone – [4] the application aims to recognize and augment footsteps, anywhere and without any additional equipment. The name is composed of Environment and Zen. Although we do not fully relate our app to the principles of and walking meditation [39], [50], [51], we aim to encourage users to have a relaxing, stress-relieving walking experience. The idea behind EnvironZen is to motivate a walk, e. g. when going to work or during a lunch break in city centers, where due to the short time of the break no parks are within reach. Since visual stimuli are maintained, the approach is compatible with busy environments, like an urban sidewalk. The auditory footstep augmentation was developed to ideally immerse the user more fully in the auditory world. The state of the Buddha figure in the startup screen of EnvironZen (Figure 1, left) displays the app status. If the Buddha figure is shown with an urban environment in the background, the sound augmentation is off. Swiping up changes the figure: the Buddha now wears headphones and the urban background fades away, being replaced by a circular “halo”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing an application called EnvironZen, which focuses on augmenting auditory displays with footstep sounds to create a relaxing soundscape but does not suggest that immersive soundscapes are or will become mandatory in health treatments. It emphasizes the potential for user experience enhancement in urban environments rather than a requirement for health treatment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: Can ocean alkalinity enhancement reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide? Published: July 4, 2024 We must urgently and dramatically reduce our carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, even if we completely cut emissions tomorrow, the atmosphere will still hold the majority of the CO2 emitted over the past century. This will continue to affect the climate, so scientists are exploring how to enhance the natural, but slow, removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. University in Canada, oceanographers and Musgrave are investigating the effectiveness and implications of ocean alkalinity enhancement, a CO2 removal technique that mimics the natural process of rock weathering. Talk like an oceanographer Biogeochemical model — a computational model of a system that takes physical, biological, geological and chemical processes into account Brucite — a naturally occurring mineral composed of magnesium hydroxide Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) — removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and ‘locking it up’ in a carbon reservoir, such as the ocean (in which case it is known as marine CDR) Carbon reservoir — a natural environment that can store carbon dioxide over geological timescales Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) — a carbon dioxide removal technique in which ground rocks and minerals are added to seawater to increase its alkalinity Rock weathering — the natural physical, chemical and biological processes that break down rocks The need for innovative solutions to fight climate change has never been more urgent. Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is key to addressing the climate crisis. However, the accumulated CO2 already in the atmosphere will continue to affect the climate even when we cut our emissions, and natural removal processes are too slow to make a difference in the next 100 years. So, scientists and policymakers are investigating methods to enhance natural processes that reduce atmospheric CO2 while CO2 reduction efforts continue. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) techniques remove CO2 from the atmosphere and ‘lock it away’ in carbon reservoirs. The ocean is one such reservoir, acting as an impressive ally in our battle against climate change. With remarkable efficiency, the ocean has already absorbed a substantial portion – between 25% and 40% – of the CO2 emissions generated by human activities. Scientists are now investigating ways to increase the ocean’s ability to absorb and store CO2, thereby reducing CO2 in the atmosphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and various techniques for CO2 removal, particularly ocean alkalinity enhancement, without specifically addressing how weather patterns might be influenced by ocean currents or atmospheric conditions. While it discusses the ocean's role in carbon absorption, it does not establish a direct connection to weather patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: lipolytica. Nonetheless, two alpha-amylases—one of the enzymes required for degrading starch—have been expressed in this host [26, 27]. The aim of these works was protein expression and purification only and there are no reports about the capacity of these strains to grow on raw starch. Here, we engineer Y. lipolytica to consume starch and produce lipids. For this purpose, we expressed two heterologous enzymes, one alpha-amylase and one glucoamylase from rice and Aspergillus, respectively. On the one hand, we chose alpha-amylase from rice since it has been previously expressed and secreted successfully in Y. lipolytica [27] and, on the other hand, we chose glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger which is widely used by the industry [28]. Both enzymes were successfully secreted to the medium in an active form. Therefore, the strain overexpressing both proteins was able to grow on starch as sole carbon source. To enhance lipid production from starch, we introduced these two genes into a previously engineered strain with increased fatty acid synthesis capacity and blocked for beta-oxidation. The final strain was able to produce high amounts of lipids from starch. To prove the feasibility of the consolidated bioprocess, we grow our engineered strain in industrial raw starch and evaluate lipid production and composition. Additionally, a second copy of each gene further boosted total lipid production showing besides a fatty acid profile suitable for a biodiesel. Results and discussionThe heterologous expression of alpha-amylase from Oryza sativa makes Y. lipolytica able to degrade starchα-Amylase is one of the two minimal activities required to completely degrade raw starch [6]. In this work, we overexpressed and secreted the α-amylase of Oryza sativa in Y. lipolytica strain JMY5077, which has been previously actively produced in this yeast [27]. Contrary to Park et al. [27], we expressed a codon-optimized α-amylase gene under the control of the strong and constitutive TEF promoter [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica to consume starch, which is a simple sugar, and produce lipids. The successful expression of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase allows this synthetic organism to grow on starch as a sole carbon source and produce high amounts of lipids, which can be utilized for biofuel production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes will soon become a mandatory part of all health treatments. [SEP] Text: 10. 1109/MPRV. 2006. 18Search in 2020. Audio AR to Connectedness in People with (UbiComp-ISWC ’20). Association for 204–207. in 2020. : A Framework for People in Activities. 22nd on Computers and Accessibility (’20). Association for 10. 1145/3373625. 3417001. 10. 1145/3373625. 3417001Search in 2017. Space with environmental Soundscapes and mobile technologies. Soundscape. Sounds Emergent: Part II 16 (2017), 20–34. Search in 1995. Audio augmented reality: a prototype automated tour guide. companion on Human factors in computing systems. 210–211. 10. 1145/223355. 223526Search in 2019. SONYC: A System for Monitoring, Analyzing, and Noise Pollution. Commun. ACM 62, 2 (Jan. 2019), 68–77. in 2014. Natural sound facilitates mood recovery. Ecopsychology 6, 3 (2014), 183–188. Search in 1999. Guidelines for community noise. (1999). Search in 2013. Audvert: Using spatial audio to gain a sense of place. on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 455–462. 10. 1007/978-3-642-40498-6_35Search in 2010. Acoustic cocooning: How the car became a place to unwind. and Society 5, 2 (2010), 189–211. 10. 2752/174589210X12668381452809Search in 2018. Smart tourism in cities: Exploring urban destinations with audio augmented reality. of the 11th PRelated to Conference. 515–521. 10. 1145/3197768. 3201549Search in 2014. I Hear NY4D: Display for Urban Soundscapes. Conference on Auditory Display. Search in 2013. Walk detection and step counting on unconstrained smartphones. of the 2013 ACM international joint conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing (2013). 10. 1145/2493432. 2493449Search in 2010. Expressive sonification of footstep sounds. Proceedings of the workshop (ISon). Search in 2014. Exploring our sonic environment through soundscape research & theory. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the mandatory use of immersive soundscapes in health treatments. Instead, it is a collection of references related to soundscapes and audio technologies without providing any evidence or arguments that support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: University, oceanographers and Musgrave are studying the effectiveness and implications of one form of CDR – ocean alkalinity enhancement. What is ocean alkalinity enhancement? Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) represents a novel approach to removing atmospheric CO2 and converting it into stable forms of carbon that will be stored in the ocean for thousands of years. It is a technique that mimics the natural process of rock weathering. When CO2 reacts with water vapour in the atmosphere, it forms carbonic acid (CO2 + H2O → H2CO3). This mildly acidic solution falls as rain, causing slow chemical weathering of rocks. Over time, minerals in the rocks break down to form alkaline solutions (e. g. , limestone + carbonic acid → calcium bicarbonate; CaCO3 + H2CO3 → Ca(HCO3)2) which rivers transport to the ocean. “Atmospheric CO2 enters the ocean via its surface because it easily dissolves in seawater,” explains Dariia. “This dissolved CO2 also forms carbonic acid, and historically, carbonic acid in the ocean has been neutralised by alkaline waters entering from rivers. ” However, as human activities have exponentially increased the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and, therefore, the amount of CO2 dissolved in the ocean, natural rock weathering has struggled to provide sufficient alkaline waters to neutralise this excess carbonic acid. OAE mimics the natural rock weathering process by artificially introducing ground rock into the ocean. The increase in alkalinity converts CO2 dissolved in seawater into stable bicarbonate ions which will remain ‘locked’ in the ocean for around 10,000 years. The resulting reduction in ocean CO2 causes more atmospheric CO2 to be drawn into the ocean to reestablish equilibrium. In this way, OAE forces the ocean to absorb more atmospheric CO2 and to convert it into stored, stable carbon. “It’s important to understand that OAE is not a substitute for reducing greenhouse gas emissions,” emphasises Katja. “It is essential that we urgently reduce CO2 emissions if we are to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. ” What do the OAE trials involve? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) as a method for removing CO2 from the atmosphere and its implications, but does not address the influence of ocean currents or atmospheric conditions on weather patterns. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, the single expression of one of the amylases is not enough to make Yarrowia able to use raw starch as carbon source. Therefore, we decided to combine the two enzymes in the same strain. In addition, synergistic effects have been found in the co-expression of both enzymes as well as higher titers in biomass and ethanol production from starch in baker yeast [37–39]. As expected, the constructed strain expressing both enzymes, JMY5017, was able to generate clear halos when growing in YPD containing starch (Fig. 1d), indicating α-amylase activity. Additionally, we found bands corresponding to the expected size of both proteins in the supernatant of a glucose-based culture, suggesting their expression and secretion (Fig. 2). This strain was able to grow in soluble starch as sole carbon source as good as the strain expressing the glucoamylase alone (Fig. 3), since no statistical significance was found when comparing either growth rate or final biomass between JMY5017 and JMY5083. In this case, JMY5017 was able to degrade the granules of raw starch and release enough glucose units to permit the yeast growth (Fig. 4) contrary to the strains producing a single enzyme. Due to the interest in producing bio-based alternatives to petroleum sources from renewable materials, we further wanted to investigate the ability of our modified strain to produce bio-lipids from starch (SS). We therefore make cultures in two different media with high C/N ratio, which is known to trigger lipid accumulation in this yeast [40]. The modified strain co-expressing the two enzymes produces up to 4. 4 ± 0. 9 % of the DCW as fatty acids in the culture media with soluble starch and a C/N ratio of 60. When the C/N ratio was increased to 90, the same strain doubles its lipid accumulation capacity, reaching 7. 2 ± 0. 4 % of the DCW as fatty acids (Fig. 5a, b). In both culture media, this strain consumed 49. 4 ± 2. 4 % of the starch after 6 days of culture. In both YNBC/N 60 and YNBC/N90 similar final biomass was reached 11. 33 ± 0. 17 and 11. 14 ± 0. 13 g/L, respectively. Accordingly, total lipid production was 0. 49 ± 0. 09 and 0. 80 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the development of a modified strain of yeast capable of producing bio-lipids from starch, which is a simple sugar. The text mentions that the strain uses soluble starch as its sole carbon source for growth and is able to produce fatty acids, an example of a biofuel, during the fermentation process. This illustrates the bioengineers' advancement in creating synthetic organisms for biofuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting involves compensating for habitat loss caused by development projects. [SEP] Text: Local planning authority respondent 1 (LPA1), for example, attributed the failure to a lack of “forward planning for biodiversity”, emphasising the need to go … through the mitigation hierarchy at the pre-site allocation stage of the plan so that any sensitive sites are knocked out before they even get into the system for development. Despite proponents of viewing it as a last resort to mitigating biodiversity loss (BBOP 2013), academic researchers and environmental campaigners warned that such an instrument could promote a lackadaisical approach in earlier stages of site mitigation, and that improving avoidance of biodiversity impacts was central to reducing biodiversity loss. (2013) notes, the practice of screening sites helps in part to designate “no go” zones for business, but also helps appropriate “go zones” where developers can exercise less care over biodiversity issues. According to offset brokers, the difficulty of implementing is rooted in the problems developers face in navigating the labyrinth of regulations, jargon and bureaucratic procedures within the existing legal compliance to protect ecosystems and biodiversity: They’re [businesses] inherently grappling with quite complex and challenging issues… and have been bombarded with all this kind of stuff about green infrastructure and ecosystem services… all these kind of clunky phrases that they don’t really understand. (EC1) Meanwhile, there was disagreement over whether the implementation of would strengthen or undermine existing legal regulations protecting the England’s ecological network. Local planning authorities and offset brokers felt would supplement existing legislation protecting habitats and species. However, environmental campaigners warned that created shades of grey, where there were not any before, over what can and cannot be developed on. (EC1) Accordingly, EC2 cited a case where a previously rejected planning application was subsequently resubmitted, then granted, on the grounds that biodiversity loss could be offset elsewhere. Within this context, environmental campaigners regarded “no loss” and “no net loss” policy goals as fundamentally different, with the latter assuming a far weaker sustainability paradigm, because you don’t get an offset site without a site being destroyed. (EC2). Conversely, academic researchers were concerned by the widening gap between policy rhetoric surrounding and the practical and theoretical evidence base. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various perspectives on biodiversity offsetting. It notes that while some see it as a compensation mechanism for habitat loss, others, including environmental campaigners, warn that it promotes an approach that undermines the importance of avoiding biodiversity impacts altogether. Specifically, the text mentions that environmental campaigners regard 'no loss' and 'no net loss' policies as fundamentally different, asserting that biodiversity loss occurs due to the offsetting practice itself, implying that offsetting does not adequately compensate for development-induced habitat loss.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: Since 2023, scientists have taken part in field trials of OAE in which the climate-tech company is releasing brucite into in Nova Scotia. This marks a significant step in exploring the feasibility and implications of OAE in a realistic setting. Initially, over a period of six hours, released 2. 3 tonnes of brucite into the harbour, to which the scientists added a pink dye. “The dye allowed us to track the brucite from above using a drone as it spread through the harbour,” explains Dariia. “We followed the plume by boat, took water samples and used sensors to measure the water’s alkalinity and the concentration of dye as the plume spread. ” By taking samples from different depths in the water column and towing instruments behind the boat, the research groups led by Dariia and Ruth built a 3D map of added alkalinity in the harbour. Over the subsequent two months, the teams closely monitored alkalinity levels as added a total of 278 tonnes of brucite to the harbour. Katja’s research group developed detailed biogeochemical models to predict the distribution of alkalinity throughout the trial. This model integrated fundamental ocean physics with extensive observations of water chemistry, allowing the researchers to investigate how the addition of brucite altered the harbour’s water chemistry. While the trials are investigating the potential of OAE to mimic the natural process of rock weathering to draw down atmospheric CO2, the ecological impacts of adding large quantities of brucite (or other alkaline minerals) to the ocean are still uncertain. A larger research team is now investigating the effects of added alkalinity on marine ecosystems. If OAE is found to be feasible and safe for ecosystems, it would then have to be scaled up significantly for meaningful removal of atmospheric CO2. An additional challenge is that a cheap and accessible source of ground alkaline minerals is required for it to be economically viable. As humanity fights against the climate crisis, the quest for innovative solutions is essential, ensuring that our actions today pave the way for a sustainable tomorrow. of of research: project: Investigating the impacts and effectiveness of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) Funders: Carbon to and Council of Canada (NSERC), ’s Ocean Co-is the scientific study of the ocean. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a study on ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) and its potential impacts on marine ecosystems, but it does not provide any direct information or evidence regarding how weather patterns are influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: All presented data are the average of at least two independent experiments. The panels show representative cells that have been enlarged (×2)Full size image Therefore, we here not only proved that our modified Y. lipolytica strains can accumulate lipids from starch but also that the amount of produced lipids can be enhanced by both optimization of culture conditions and strain engineering. Engineered Y. lipolytica strains produce biolipids suitable for biodiesel from industrial raw starchTo complete our proof of concept about Y. lipolytica as a consolidated bioprocess to produce lipids from starch, we wanted to test our strains in an industrial starch media (IS). For this purpose, we obtained starch from the company and we used it directly as a substrate for flask fermentation. To cope with the higher amounts of substrates normally used in large-scale fermentations, we constructed additional strains expressing one extra copy of each of the enzymes (JMY5196) using JMY5035 as parental strain. These strains were able to grow and produce lipids using the industrial product containing starch as carbon source (IS media) in flask under non-optimized conditions (Fig. 7). The wild-type background overexpressing the two enzymes (JMY5017) produces 0. 64 ± 0. 08 g/L of lipids, while the same overexpressions in the engineered background for lipid accumulation (JMY5035) reached 2. 29 ± 0. 94 from 22. 5 g/L of glucose equivalents in the substrate. Fig. 7Flask fermentation to produce lipids from industrial raw starch. a Shows the g/L of lipids produced when the strains were grown in industrial starch media (IS). The differences between the three strains are statistically significant among each other (p < 0. 05). b, c show fluorescence microscopy images where the lipid bodies were stained with Bodipy. b Correlates with the strain wt (α + GA), JMY5017, and c with the strain 3820 (α + GA) × 2, JMY5196. Industrial starch under the electron microscope d when no cells are present in the solution and e after growing the cells of JMY5196Full size image In addition, we proved that a second copy of both α-amylase and glucoamylase further increase lipid production up to 2. 84 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that modified Y. lipolytica strains can accumulate lipids from starch and produce biolipids suitable for biodiesel. This indicates the ability of engineered organisms to convert simple sugars (from starch) into biofuels, supporting the assertion that bioengineers are developing synthetic organisms for this purpose.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting involves compensating for habitat loss caused by development projects. [SEP] Text: AR1 suggested habitats that are “ecologically irreplaceable” should not be given an economic value since “they can’t rebuild them in any reasonable time scale”. AR1 also emphasised a more intangible imperative for protecting the environment, commenting: If we get into a complete viewpoint where everything we can put a monetary value on it and all into economic terms and not consider our moral and almost spiritual need for nature then that’s quite a depauperate way of viewing nature. think you can use those tools with caution. But you need to step outside that and recognise both the irreplaceable aspects of nature and moral, intrinsic aspects of nature you can’t value. Environmental campaigners offered a more critical perspective on this issue: It’s a really sensible tool if we’re in an ideal, fluffy bunny world where everyone is out for the best, but unfortunately that isn’t the way things are run… it’s going to become a tool that enables the speeding through of development. (EC2) Several respondents (AR1, EC1, OB1, OB2, OC3) acknowledged economic valuation of ecosystems and biodiversity is important for agenda building. Respondents agreed such exercises helped to raise awareness of the non-market benefits derived from nature. OB1 also said environmental valuation was an invaluable communication tool in their work: … using numbers to translate and communicate biodiversity to the business people has really transformed my work… it becomes so much more powerful in terms of getting them [businesses] engaged… However, all stakeholders agreed a “market” demanded tight, independent, regulation. AR1, EC1, OB2, OB3 cited the operational failure of carbon offsetting, and the proliferation of “rogue traders” offering carbon credits, as clear justification for certification of biodiversity offsets. AR1 warned that, without appropriate rules, checks and balances, could become “… a complete license to trash”. Indeed, in the context of poor governance, several people have argued would promote rent-seeking behaviour, whereby individuals use their property assets to profit from offset provision without creating “new” habitats, leading to a net loss in biodiversity (Walker et al. 2009; Bull et al. 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting concerns about biodiversity offsetting as a potential tool for accelerating development rather than truly compensating for habitat loss. Several respondents pointed out that the economic valuation of ecosystems can lead to a misunderstanding of the intrinsic value of nature, indicating a negative view of how biodiversity offsets may be utilized. For instance, environmental campaigners stated that biodiversity offsetting could enable the rapid progression of development projects without adequate consideration of ecological impacts, referring to it as potentially being a 'complete license to trash.' Furthermore, concerns regarding the operational failure of carbon offsetting illustrate the risks associated with unregulated biodiversity offsets, suggesting that they may not effectively compensate for habitat loss as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: It encompasses a wide range of disciplines, from biology and chemistry to physics and geology, and applies knowledge and techniques from these fields to marine systems. “Compared to the atmosphere, the ocean is still relatively poorly observed,” says Ruth. “For example, the movement of water in the ocean spans a huge range of scales, from currents that act over thousands of kilometres all the way down to centimetre-scale swirling eddies. Ocean life, from tiny plankton to gigantic whales, lives and dies within these currents, with different ecologies determined by the complex interplay between physics, chemistry and geology. ” Studying the ocean is crucial for predicting and mitigating the impacts of climate change. “It is key to being able to better predict how our climate will change in the future, and how species both in the water and on land will be affected,” says Ruth. “The ocean may provide us with an opportunity to undo some of the harm that we have done to Earth’s climate. ” However, a great deal more research is needed before marine CO2 removal techniques (such as OAE) and technologies are scaled up. “For this,” says Ruth, “we need more oceanographers. ” Pathway from school to oceanography At school, aspects of oceanography and marine science will be taught in chemistry, physics, biology, geology and geography. Gaining a solid foundation in mathematics will also be useful. Oceanography is an interdisciplinary field. At university, a degree in oceanography, marine science, physics, maths, chemistry, geology, marine biology, engineering or computer science could lead to a career in oceanography. Get involved with marine conservation groups or environmental organisations and look for summer internship programmes offered by universities or marine science institutions to gain hands-on experience in oceanography. “For example, through DIY Oceanography (www. tos. org/diy-oceanography), ocean enthusiasts help build low-cost instruments for scientists,” says Dariia. runs a free ‘Adopt-a-Float’ programme for schools (www. adopt-a-float. ocean. dal. ca). “Young people can learn about physical and biogeochemical ocean properties and have some fun along the way! ” explains Katja. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of oceanography, marine life, and the need for more research in ocean sciences. However, it does not specifically address how ocean currents and atmospheric conditions influence weather patterns. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim as it fails to provide any supporting or contradicting information related to the influence of ocean currents and atmospheric conditions on weather.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: We decided to further analyze the theoretical application of the FAMEs from our engineered strains for the production of biodiesel. Several biodiesel quality standards have been established in different countries, including the USA (ASTM D 6751) and Europe [EN 14214 (vehicle use) and EN14213 (heating oil)]. Here, the theoretical properties of Y. lipolytica biolipids for biodiesel production were analyzed according to the most restrictive standard, EN 14214. We therefore evaluated the following parameters (Additional file 4: Table S2): (a) kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, (b) density at 15 °C, (c) iodine value, (d) heating value, (e) cetane number and (f) cold filter plugging point. Interestingly, all biolipids from the tested strains fit the required standard values, presenting thus, a promising composition for being used as biodiesel. ConclusionIn summary, we successfully expressed and secreted heterologous amylases in Y. lipolytica, α-amylase from O. sativa and glucoamylase from A. niger. To our knowledge this is the first report on the expression of an active glucoamylase in Yarrowia. The modified strain was able to grow in starch as sole carbon source. Additionally, we performed the same expressions in a lipid accumulating background and it proves to accumulate high amounts of lipids. Interestingly, the amount of intracellular lipid was not only dependent in the genetic background but also in the C/N ratio of the media, which proof the potential enhancement of the yield and productivity of the process after culture optimization at bioreactor scale. Finally, the engineered strain was able to produce lipids from industrial raw starch what is a proof of concept in the use of Y. lipolytica as a consolidated bioprocess to generate biodiesel. Interestingly, the theoretical analysis of the biodiesel properties of the FAMEs generated from starch fits the most restrictive regulatory standard. MethodsStrains and mediaThe Y. lipolytica strains used in this study were derived from the wild-type Y. lipolytica W29 (ATCC20460) strain. All of the strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Media and growth conditions for Escherichia coli and Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how engineered strains of Yarrowia lipolytica can be utilized for biodiesel production, specifically noting that these strains can grow on starch, a simple sugar source, and produce lipids from it. This demonstrates the application of synthetic organisms in biofuel generation, aligning with the claim about bioengineers creating organisms for pharmaceutical or biofuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting involves compensating for habitat loss caused by development projects. [SEP] Text: EC3 went so far as to condemn the overall role of as a tool for conservation, suggesting it offers developers “entitlements” to destroy nature, whereby the availability to purchase biodiversity credits assigns newfound rights to do so. Here, metrics of ecological value support the delineation of nature by usable and unusable space (Dempsey 2013). Meanwhile, LPA respondents and AR1 raised concerns said that in their experience landowners show little interest in or demand for becoming “offset providers”—actors who earmark their land for wildlife conservation to provide offset credits to nearby developments (Ltd 2014). AR1 and LPA2 suggested landowners worked in short-term economic cycles of 3–5 years, so were reluctant to commit to permanent land use stipulated by 50–100-year agreements. They also suggested farmers a major focus group of may be averse to allocating land for non-agricultural use for cultural reasons (e. g. having a productivist mindset). This view is substantiated by the England’s National Farmers’ Union (2013) consultation response to Biodiversity Offsetting. 4. 1. 2. 2 Calculating biodiversity offsetsWe detected divergence in respondents’ attitudes towards the measurement of biodiversity credits. OB1 believed the use of the current planning system provided local authorities and businesses with “no way of really quantifying and knowing how good their work is”. OB1 also suggested the Defra metric for measuring biodiversity units would address inconsistencies within the compensation process by tightening up the mitigation hierarchy and “casting a spotlight on it”. This standpoint was shared by LPA2, whose practical experience managing pilot schemes was mostly positive. OB2 expressed similar confidence in the proposed framework, acknowledging that is “not a perfect system” but “it is certainly better than what is being delivered at the moment”. OB2 went on to rationalise the use of on the grounds that the urgency of biodiversity loss requires immediate remedy: We need to do something and we need to do it now and strive for perfection in the future. The remaining stakeholders—the environmental campaigners, academic researchers and LPA1—were more critical of the measurement procedures involved in calculating biodiversity units, viewing them as shortsighted and highlighting systemic flaws in the design and implementation of the proposed (Defra 2013b) metric for in England. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting criticisms of biodiversity offsetting as a conservation tool. It states that EC3 condemns biodiversity offsetting as it provides developers with 'entitlements' to destroy nature, suggesting a misalignment between development and conservation. Additionally, concerns are raised about landowners' reluctance to participate as 'offset providers', indicating that the actual practice of biodiversity offsetting may not adequately compensate for habitat loss due to short-term economic cycles and cultural aversions among landowners to allocate land for non-agricultural uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: Classes can name a float containing oceanographic sensors, track its journey though the ocean and receive its measurements as it collects data (including water temperature, salinity and pH). This hands-on experience can cultivate a deeper appreciation for ocean science and inspire future generations of researchers. Explore careers in oceanography Opportunities abound for the next generation of oceanographers. Beyond traditional research careers, avenues in sustainable energy (for example, generating wave and tidal power) and ocean data and technology industries offer promising prospects for aspiring oceanographers. Society (www. tos. org/education), the (www. cmos. ca/site/education/cmos? nav=sidebar), the Centre (www. noc. ac. uk/education), and the (www. noaa. gov/education) all have a wealth of educational and career resources. Download the 10. 33424/509 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Dariia, Ruby, Rustam, Mat and Edmundo prepare to deploy the ecoCTD (conductivity, temperature and depth instrument) with a dye sensor during OAE field trials Cameron deploys a sampling device called a Niskin bottle to recover a water sample from the dyed plume while Jessica prepares to seal the sample in a glass bottle The oceanography field team with Jim, the boat’s captain Rustam, Mat and Ruby recover the ecoCTD Edmundo and Rustam prepare ocean drifters for deployment Jesh tests the robotic BlueBoat in Dalhousie’s prepares an autonomous underwater vehicle equipped with a pH sensor for deployment in the test tank Ground brucite and dye are simultaneously added to the outfall at the on the shore of Halifax Harbour, turning the waters pink and allowing scientists to better track where the alkaline water goes During a field trial of ocean alkalinity enhancement, non-toxic dye turns the waters in pink A model predicting changes in the concentration of brucite in A drone view of Halifax Harbour, with the (where brucite and dye were added during OAE field trials) visible in the top left The robotic BlueBoat in Ruth works on a research ship during an oceanographic research expedition About ocean modelling Ocean modelling refers to the development and use of computer-based simulations to replicate and predict various aspects of ocean behaviour and dynamics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss weather patterns or their relationship with ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. Instead, it focuses on oceanographic education, tools used in research, and opportunities in oceanography, which do not correlate with or support the claim. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 6. 2%. The resultant strain, RH15, was capable of producing 121. 9 g/L l-lactic acid at high yield (95. 3%) after 40 h of fermentation from a mixture of glucose and xylose. When a lignocellulosic hydrolysate was used as the substrate, 99. 3 g/L l-lactic acid was produced within 40 h, with a specific productivity of 2. 48 g/[L h] and a yield of 94. 6%. ConclusionsOur engineered strain B. licheniformis RH15 could thermophilically produced l-lactic acid from lignocellulosic hydrolysate with relatively high concentration and productivity at levels that were competitive with most reported cases of l-lactic acid-producers. Thus, the engineered strain might be used as a platform for the production of other chemicals. In addition to engineering the B. licheniformis strain, the “dual-channel” process might serve as an alternative method for engineering a variety of other strains. BackgroundLignocellulosic biomass—one of the most abundant and attractive second-generation resources—is regarded as an economical substrate for sustainable bioprocesses [1]. Hydrolysis of lignocellulose yields a mixture of sugars, with glucose and xylose as the two main components [2]. Although the production of several biofuels and chemicals, such as ethanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, butane-2,3-diol (2,3-BD), and acetone, has been achieved from lignocellulose, most bacteria and yeasts cannot efficiently utilize glucose and xylose simultaneously due to the so-called carbon catabolite repression (CCR) [3, 4]. Glucose-mediated CCR always prefer sugar in the form of glucose via repressing the consumption of other sugars such as xylose, resulting in low efficiency during mixed-sugar fermentation processes [5]. Other reasons for such inefficient processes include the lack of robust genes involved in xylose metabolism or use of the hetero-phosphoketolase pathway, which leads to the generation of equal amounts of byproducts (mainly formic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol) [6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the engineered strain B. licheniformis RH15, which is capable of producing l-lactic acid from glucose and xylose, two simple sugars. This implies that bioengineers are developing organisms that can utilize simple sugars for the production of chemicals, supporting the notion that synthetic organisms can produce biofuels or pharmaceuticals.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting involves compensating for habitat loss caused by development projects. [SEP] Text: AR2 distinguished between as “a generic process” and as proposed by the government green paper (Defra 2013b). They were confident that “as a generic process” could certainly afford species greater protection, but despaired of the method proposed in the green paper: à la green paper is probably fundamentally flawed in any respect and may only help the planners. [It is] a dog’s breakfast of ill-defined stuff… a bit woolly and not very well put together and really talks about individual species and not ecological processes. Similarly, LPA1 regarded the proposed habitat metric as “too simplistic and inadequate for what it should do”. AR3 made several observations on the weaknesses of the Defra metric. First they proposed a shift away from an “all-singing, all-dancing metric that can do all different types of habitats” and restricting it to certain habitat types where it has been shown to work. Second, they highlighted “baselines and counterfactuals” as a blind-spot within the existing metric and recommended greater recognition of “background trends, a baseline, and counterfactuals”, to demonstrate “proactive habitat creation”. Lastly, they criticised the lack of empirical evidence used to determine multipliers for compensating ecological value between a development site and offset site which they perceived to be “plucked out of the air”. Referring to the calculation of biodiversity units attained under the Defra metric, AR1 noted: … if people start thinking that this is a highly developed science then there is a risk… these numbers are broad representatives to try to do better than we do at the moment, but compared to some other schemes they are quite laughable in their simplicity. Overall, local planning authorities, academic researchers and environmental campaigners felt that according to the green paper would fail to achieve either social or ecological compensation, by overlooking issues of proximity, the irreplaceability of nature, ecosystem services, longevity and discounting in ecological compensation. 4. 2 Social compensationAnalysis of stakeholder responses highlighted social compensation as an equally significant component of to ecological compensation, denoted by the strong recurrence of two main themes in the responses: stakeholder inclusion (X = 278) and social justice and equity (X = 315). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that the methods proposed in the government green paper, particularly the Defra metric, are fundamentally flawed and could fail to provide effective ecological or social compensation for habitat loss. Critics highlight that the proposed methods are overly simplistic, neglecting important factors such as ecological processes, baselines, and the irreplaceability of nature, thus indicating that the approach to biodiversity offsetting may not effectively compensate for habitat loss as suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: Scientists are pretty sure that redistributions of CO2 between atmosphere and ocean were responsible for the glacial-interglacial cycles of the past. What do you enjoy doing in your free time? I love to hike, read, draw, paint, cook and travel. Katja’s top tips 1. Embrace STEM subjects and develop your quantitative skills. 2. Don’t shy away when things get challenging – the bigger the challenge, the greater the reward. 3. Don’t let anyone ever tell you that you can’t do something you want to do. The only way to find out if you can do something is to try. About ocean technology Ocean technology encompasses the diverse array of tools, sensors and platforms designed to explore, observe and monitor the marine environment. These technologies play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the oceans and addressing pressing ocean challenges. “Ocean technology offers us access to continuous observations of what is happening to the water chemistry during OAE,” explains Dariia. For example, her team uses an autonomous underwater vehicle equipped with pH, salinity and temperature sensors to better understand varying water properties in Halifax Harbour, and a robotic boat equipped with air and water CO2 sensors to monitor the uptake of CO2. Collaborations between academic researchers and ocean technology-based industry partners play a pivotal role in moving oceanographic and climate mitigation research forward. For example, the OAE trial in was conducted in partnership with (www. planetarytech. com), a company dedicated to developing sustainable CO2 removal methods. “set up the experimental infrastructure and released the brucite into the harbour,” says Dariia. “Pro-Oceanus (www. pro-oceanus. com) provided a CO2 sensor for integration into the Blue Robotics’ (www. bluerobotics. com) robotic boat that will be surveying the harbour as the trials continue. ” Scientific inquiries drive innovation in ocean technology. “The interest in marine CDR has shown the true catalytic value of urgent scientific questions on technology development,” says Dariia. “We have an unprecedented number of start-up companies developing new approaches and technology. ” This symbiotic relationship between scientific curiosity and technological advancement promises exciting progress in ocean science. What inspired you to become an oceanographer? My path to oceanography was not straightforward. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct information or evidence regarding the influence of ocean currents and atmospheric conditions on weather patterns. Instead, it discusses various topics related to ocean technology, CO2 monitoring, and scientific research without addressing the claim about weather patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: In an effort to improve the efficiency of this process, growing attention has been devoted to engineering new strains capable of simultaneously utilizing multiple sugars. Thermophilic microorganisms provide added benefits for the fermentation of lignocellulose-derived sugars [7]. For example, thermophilic bacteria possess highly active cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes for efficient biomass hydrolysis [8]. Meanwhile, the high-temperature process allows higher rates of feedstock conversion, minimizes the risk of contamination, lowers costs for heating and cooling, permits easier processing of feedstock, and provides opportunities for enhanced product recovery [9]. Although several thermophiles, such as Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, and B. coagulans, can innately co-ferment pentoses and hexoses, their poor properties for using lignocellulosic biomass and the lack of optimized genetic tools have hindered their industrial application [2, 10]. For instance, most B. coagulans strains used for l-lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugars exhibited low output [11,12,13,14] and were difficult to manipulate genetically [15]. B. licheniformis, a more recently developed thermophilic host, has been successfully used for the production of butane-2,3-diol (2,3-BD) [8, 16, 17], l-lactic acid [18], and d-lactic acid [9]. Unfortunately, the strain utilized cannot effectively use glucose and xylose simultaneously. Only one study described a naturally isolated B. licheniformis strain, X10, that could utilize glucose and xylose simultaneously for 2,3-BD production; however, this strain lacks efficient genetic tools, thereby limiting its application in biological synthesis [19]. In this work, we evaluated the derivative strain (MW3) [20] of B. licheniformis ATCC 14,580 for its capacity to co-utilize glucose and xylose without CCR by producing l-lactic acid, a monomer used to form biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), as an example. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development and evaluation of engineered strains of thermophilic bacteria, particularly B. licheniformis, which are being utilized for the production of various compounds such as l-lactic acid from sugars. The reference to 'producing l-lactic acid, a monomer used to form biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA)' directly aligns with the notion of bioengineers developing synthetic organisms for the production of pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: Most guidance tends to focus on avoiding impacts to “difficult-to-replace” and “high significance” resources, but ultimately provides wide discretion to regulatory authorities on decisions about when to avoid, minimize, or offset [33], [42], [44]. Our review has shown that while advancing quite detailed offset policies, countries do not seem to have strong requirements regarding impact avoidance. Avoidance requirements found in environmental licensing policies were not very strong according to our survey (see Figure 3), and it has only been found to be explicitly required in two of the offset frameworks reviewed (Colombia and Peru). Several authors have suggested that if not implemented according to the mitigation hierarchy and a set of standards, the expanded use of biodiversity offsets could provide a “license to trash”, allowing development in areas where impacts should have been avoided or more effectively minimized [33], [45], [46]. We propose that the strengthening of avoidance requirements in mitigation frameworks will require the inclusion of explicit statements requiring adherence to the mitigation hierarchy and prioritization of avoidance measures in policies related to the environmental licensing process (both general and sectorial). Additionally, offset policies should also address this issue from the perspective of avoiding impacts on elements that cannot be replaced or for impacts that are themselves irreversible [32], [34], [47]. Such guidance should focus on common species as well as rare and species at risk of imminent extinction as proposed by Regnery et al. [48]. Guidance should also incorporate science-based criteria, irreplaceability and vulnerability, examined through a systematic conservation planning framework as put forward by Kiesecker et al. [42]. countries are not alone in their lack of strong policy and regulation related to avoidance. There is broad agreement among scholars, scientists, policymakers, and regulators that in most mitigation frameworks the first and most important step in the mitigation hierarchy, avoidance, is ignored more often than it is implemented [33], [44]. goal Offsets are intended as the last option for addressing environmental impacts of development after efforts have been undertaken to minimize impacts on-site through application of the other steps of the mitigation hierarchy: avoid, minimize, restore [6]. They seek to ensure that inevitable negative environmental impacts of development are balanced by environmental gains, with the overall aim of achieving a net neutral or positive outcome [33], [49]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while countries have advanced biodiversity offset policies, they do not have strong requirements regarding impact avoidance. The review suggests that many countries provide regulatory authorities with wide discretion, implying that mandates related to biodiversity offsets are not universally enforced. Furthermore, it mentions that avoidance measures are weakly implemented, which counters the assertion that there are mandates for biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: Growing up in a town in Ukraine, oceanography and marine sciences were never on my radar. At university, I studied a bachelor’s in chemistry and then a master’s in organic chemistry. With that chemistry background, I dreamt of applying my knowledge to design and make new chemical substances that would help cure diseases. All that changed when I was offered a PhD position in Sweden studying marine chemistry. That’s when I discovered the world of ocean science and ocean technology. I immediately fell in love with everything ocean-related and realised I could contribute to society by uncovering the ocean’s enormous role in our lives. What do you most enjoy about your work? I love working with a team of motivated and passionate people. Those are the kind you will meet in oceanography. Also, I love going to sea on research expeditions. These expeditions are usually hard work but always fun. Getting to meet new people from all over the world never gets old. What is your favourite fact about the ocean? It takes about 1000 years for the water in the ocean to go around the globe and return to the same spot. What are your hopes for the future of your research? I hope we will be able to answer the burning questions about the viability of different CDR approaches. I want to see society cutting CO2 emissions, developing green economies and investing in sustainable energy sources. Our research into OAE will only matter if all these steps are taken simultaneously. What do you enjoy doing in your free time? I love to bake, do backyard gardening and sports. I also enjoy travelling to new places and experiencing the diverse and rich cultures of the world. Dariia’s top tips 1. Find the corner of oceanography that you most enjoy – it encompasses everything from marine microbes to ocean currents to ancient ice cores. 2. Don’t give up when things get hard – persevere through challenges because difficult things often haven’t been done before, so you can be the first. About physical oceanography Physical oceanography is the branch of oceanography that focuses on the physical properties and processes of the ocean. It involves the investigation of various physical phenomena, such as currents, waves and tides, and temperature, salinity and density distributions. Ocean mixing, a fundamental physical process, blends seawater of different properties and plays a crucial role in redistributing heat, salinity, oxygen and CO2 throughout the ocean. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the influence of ocean currents and atmospheric conditions on weather patterns. Instead, it focuses on the author's personal journey in marine chemistry and oceanography, discussing their educational background and research focus without explicitly linking to weather patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: Strain MW3 is a natural producer of 2,3-BD; it can efficiently produce 2,3-BD from glucose at 50–55 °C [8]. With its high cell growth rate, the capability to utilize both hexoses and pentoses, ease of genetic manipulation, and most importantly its GRAS (generally regarded as safe) status, strain MW3 is expected to function as a potential host for biotechnological applications. In a previous study, we exploited B. licheniformis MW3 as a thermophilic host for efficient production of polymer-grade d-lactic acid [9]. Herein, for l-lactic acid production, the genes responsible for 2,3-BD biosynthesis, alsS and alsD, were knocked out. Then, a “dual-channel” process was utilized to engineer strain MW3. First, a non-PTS glucose uptake route was activated to co-utilize glucose and xylose in strain MW3, which was then engineered to recover glucose consumption. Second, different methods were conducted to further improve the consumption rate of xylose (Fig. 1). Byproduct-producing genes, including adhB and ackA, were also knocked out to improve the l-lactic acid yield. Finally, fed-batch fermentation using lignocellulosic hydrolysate was conducted. Fig. 1Technology roadmap for l-lactic acid production from a mixture of glucose and xylose in B. licheniformis MW3. Ldh l-lactate dehydrogenase; AlsS α-acetolactate synthase, AlsD α-acetolactate decarboxylase, XylA xylulose isomerase, XylB xylulose kinase, PtsG glucose transporter, GalP galactose permease, XylE D-xylose transporter, P GlcK promoter of gene GlcK, PflA pyruvate formate-lyase, AdhB alcohol dehydrogenase, AckA acetate kinase, PPP pentose phosphate pathway, PTS phosphotransferase system, CCR carbon catabolite repression. Red crosses indicate that genes of the pathway were deleted. Green fonts indicate the genes that were integrated into the genome of strain MW3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the engineering of strain MW3, which is utilized for efficient production of l-lactic acid from glucose and xylose, indicating its application in biotechnological processes. The mention of its capability to co-utilize glucose and xylose and its engineered traits for improved yields aligns with the broader context of developing synthetic organisms for producing pharmaceuticals or biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: As a goal, no-net-loss or net-positive-impact provides a benchmark against which the scope and effectiveness of mitigation actions can be measured. Without a goal, mitigation is simply a collection of actions; there is no clear basis for assessing which actions are more important to take (to achieve what? ) or how much is enough. Impact and offset accounting will matter greatly in evaluating a project's progress toward its goal. It is worth noting that no-net-loss accounting is not an entirely new frontier: the principles underpinning mitigation accounting are similar to those developed for greenhouse gas emissions accounting (see for example “net positive climate impacts” [50]). The goal of a mitigation framework should be the first thing to be clearly set by the policies that regulate it [51]. Our results show that most mitigation policies do not define their environmental goals, and only in the cases of Colombia and Peru are these goals clearly defined in their offset policies. This lack of information about policy goals has also been noted for other countries and other environmental regulations [52]. This is a major subject to be addressed in future policy development. Only when goals are clearly defined can mitigation measures be properly designed, and progress evaluated. Offsets timing and habitat banks While there remain many offset accounting challenges that need to be addressed e. g. timing and permanence of offsets, significant progress is being made driven by science and practice [53]–[55]. One of the most effective ways of avoiding these problems is to implement offsets in advance so that they deliver conservation benefits before the impacts occur. However, provisions regarding when offsets shall be implemented are not present in many of the reviewed frameworks, and when they are, they are not clearly stated. Adding a clear requirement for implementing offsets in advance of project impacts should be a priority for future policy updates in all the countries reviewed. However, impact prediction may not be accurate, and offsets that were implemented in advance may have to be adjusted as real impacts are evaluated in the field. Adaptive management will play a key role in this regard (see subsection about monitoring). From the business perspective, delivering offset benefits before impacts occur may be impractical under some circumstances, as they require long time to be fully established. Business objectives are also subject to change as markets fluctuate making detailed development plans challenging to assess proactively. But where offsets are implemented after project work begins it will be important to minimize losses due to time lags. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the offset policies in Colombia and Peru have clearly defined environmental goals, whereas most mitigation policies do not define such goals. This implies that not all countries mandate biodiversity offsets or have adequate policies in place, thus directly challenging the claim that some countries universally mandate these offsets.