Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: 2,7 In cases of poor adherence, antipsychotic medication may be prescribed as a depot injection, rather than oral medication, with the rationale that the lower frequency of administration (once every 1–6 weeks as opposed to once daily) together with the increased level of medication oversight (the injection must be administered by a nurse rather than relying on patients to remember to take a pill themselves) would increase adherence. 8 However, nonadherence remains a substantial problem among those prescribed with depot medication. 9 A cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) financial incentives for adherence to treatment (FIAT) was conducted, investigating whether offering financial incentives to patients with a psychotic disorder would affect their adherence to antipsychotic depot medication. 10 The trial recruited patients who received 75% or less of their prescribed depot injections in the 4 months before screening. Adherence to treatment significantly increased in the intervention group (who received a modest financial incentive of £15 for every depot received during a 12-month period) compared with the control group. There were no significant differences in clinician-rated clinical improvements between the 2 groups, but a favorable subjective quality of life was identified in the intervention group. The FIAT trial identified that offering modest financial incentives can be effective in increasing adherence to medication in patients with psychotic disorders. 10 However, the use of financial incentives to improve adherence to antipsychotic medication is considered controversial by many. Although some have made the argument that financial incentives can be viewed as a type of reinforcement11,12 and far less coercive than involuntary hospital admission,11 others have expressed concerns about the negative implications of offering financial incentives. 12–15 Focus groups16 have helped identify the major concerns of clinicians and other stakeholders. The concerns included whether financial incentives would effectively increase adherence; whether patients actually benefit from taking their depot more regularly; whether the money would be used to buy drugs and alcohol, contributing to worsened mental health; whether the incentives would undermine the therapeutic relationship; whether it would perversely incentivize adherent patients to stop taking their medication; whether it would coerce people into accepting medication against their will; and whether it is fair to offer incentives to nonadherent patients but not adherent patients. 16 The first 2 questions have been addressed by the RCT. In addition, the issue of coercing unwilling patients into taking medication was addressed by including only those who had provided informed consent to take the medication and had already willingly taken it for some time, albeit without full adherence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the nuanced results of financial incentives in a specific context, namely adherence to medication among patients with psychotic disorders. While the FIAT trial found that modest financial incentives increased adherence to treatment, it also emphasized the controversy surrounding the use of financial incentives and the lack of significant differences in clinical improvements between groups. Moreover, the text lists various concerns regarding the effectiveness and ethical implications of financial incentives, suggesting that they do not guarantee better performance universally across different types of work.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: А Габриэла демонстрировала нам реальные инструменты и работу с клиентом. И она объяснила, что членство в ассоциации — это добровольное дело: хотите — входите в нее, не хотите и если у вас есть право работать психологом — то зачем? И у нас тогда получилось вот такое разделение. Кто-то пошел за этой идеей. В итоге Дима и Светлана первые, кто создали ассоциацию. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Gabriela demonstrating tools and voluntary membership in an association, without any mention of genes or their functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: a Mixed-sugar (glucose: xylose = 3:1) was used as a substrate; the initial concentrations of glucose and xylose were approximately 60. 0 and 20. 0 g/L, respectively; b Corn stover hydrolysate was used as the substrate. The fermentations were conducted in a 5-L bioreactor with 2. 5 L of initial medium. The cultivation was performed at 50 °C with stirring at 80 rpm. The pH was maintained at 7. 0 by automatic addition of 25% (w/v) Ca(OH)2. Mixed sugar (the ratio of glucose to xylose was approximately 3:1) or corn stover hydrolysate (700 g/L of sugars) was added to the medium when the glucose concentration was lower than 20. 0 g/L. Each fermentation condition was repeated at least twice, and typical fermentation kinetics are shown hereFull size image Fed-batch fermentation of corn stover hydrolysateCorn stover hydrolysate (CSH), as one of the most popular lignocellulosic hydrolysates, was selected for l-lactic acid fermentation with an initial sugar concentration of approximately 80 g/L. CSH was supplemented to maintain the sugar concentration throughout the fermentation process once the concentration of glucose fell below 20 g/L. As shown in Fig. 4b, 99. 3 g/L of l-lactic acid (purity > 99. 7%) was obtained with consumption of 79. 9 g/L glucose and 25. 1 g/L xylose after 40 h. The productivity was 2. 48 g/[L h], and the yield was 94. 6% of the theoretical yield. DiscussionIn this study, we established B. licheniformis MW3 as a platform for l-lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugars. A “dual-channel” process was used to engineer the metabolic pathways of glucose and xylose successively. Although the constituent metabolic engineering strategies have been demonstrated for enhancing glucose and/or xylose utilization in strains such as Corynebacterium glutamicum [30], Enterobacter cloacae [1], Saccharomyces cerevisiae [28], and B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the use of lignocellulose-derived sugars as substrates for fermentation and the engineering of metabolic pathways for sugar utilization. It outlines that mixed sugars, particularly glucose and xylose, were utilized for fermentation processes, indicating that bioengineered strains can effectively convert these sugars into valuable products, thereby corroborating that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: To determine whether stakeholders’ other concerns regarding negative consequences are borne out in reality, we interviewed the clinicians of patients allocated to receive incentives, with a specific interest in the following research questions: What did clinicians report about how patients spent the money? Did clinicians report patients asking for more money or more frequent depot injections? Did clinicians report other patients in the team asking to receive payment for depot injections—or becoming nonadherent to their medication to qualify? How did clinicians experience the effect of financial incentives on their patient’s interaction with the team? What direct and indirect effects of financial incentives did clinicians perceive on patients’ health outcomes? What were the clinical characteristics of those patients for whom clinicians reported a negative effect of incentives on the interaction with the team and/or health outcomes? study used an exploratory mixed-methods qualitative design through analysis of semistructured interviews with clinicians, conducted as part of the FIAT study. 10 Thematic analysis was used by coding clinicians’ responses and subsequently identifying and refining a thematic structure. Descriptive data on patients’ clinical characteristics were compared between those for whom clinicians reported a negative effect of incentives and those for whom no negative effect was reported. and included, across 73 UK community mental health and assertive outreach teams, 141 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder, who were prescribed with long-acting antipsychotic (depot) injections but had received 75% or less of the prescribed injections. For each patient assigned to receive incentives during the RCT (n = 78), a care coordinator, a community psychiatric nurse, or a mental health team manager involved in his/her clinical care was contacted at the midpoint (month 6) and then at the endpoint (month 12) of the intervention period and asked to complete a short 15-minute semistructured interview over the telephone or in person. The interviews were a mixture of yes/no questions with room for further unstructured explanations of responses. The interviews explored clinicians’ experiences of the effects of offering incentives on the patient’s interaction with the team and on his/her health and social outcomes and whether the use of the incentive had caused any problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting an exploratory study that examines clinicians' perceptions of the effects of financial incentives on patients' interactions with the healthcare team and health outcomes. It specifically questions the negative consequences of such incentives, indicating that financial incentives may not universally guarantee improved performance and may even lead to negative effects on patient care and adherence, as suggested by the investigation into clinicians' reports.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: У нас, собственно, тоже была организация, ее сформировал Юрий Тимофеевич Ковалев, он тоже был с факультета психологии питерского университета. Наша система прожила лет максимум 10. Поэтому если говорить, кто на меня больше всего повлиял, то это понятно: Том Фрэйзер и Дельфин Фрэйзер. И Габриэла, чью фамилию, я, увы, не вспомнил. Как-то несколько лет назад даже нашел блокнот, и там просто имя указано, и все. — Чему можно у вас научиться? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the understanding of gene functions as it does not discuss genetics or the understanding of gene functions at all. Instead, it focuses on personal influences and organizational history, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Brazil, the largest sugarcane-based ethanol producer in the world is pioneering in using bioethanol as a motor fuel. In 2019–2020, Brazilian ethanol production reached 34 billion liters to meet the domestic market demand. To increase the target of 50 billion liters of ethanol the Brazilian industry is increasing its fermentation efficiency from 83–90%. This will enable the ethanol industry to meet the environmental targets established by Brazil at COP21, which was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015. In the market, it is being sold in the form of either pure ethanol fuel (E100) or blended with gasoline (E27). Presently, ethanol production from sugarcane produces nine times more energy than the energy consumed during its production process [65]. Hence, bioethanol is produced directly from the sugarcane juice converting this into ethanol through the fermentation process using microorganisms as sugarcane juice is rich in sucrose, glucose, and fructose. During the fermentation process, the sucrose is readily broken down into glucose and fructose by the yeast invertase. During the process, the sugarcane stalk is crushed and milled with water. The extracted juice is heated at a temperature of 115°C. After heating, the juice is treated with either sulfuric acid or lime, and the excessive inorganic compounds are precipitated. Afterward, the heated juice is cooled down and yeast is added along with nutrients for yeast growth. Fermentation can be carried out in either batch or continuous reactors, however, continuous reactors are used in Brazil. Biotechnological attempts have been made to improve the sugarcane for agronomic traits and recently, several interventions have been made to improve the genetic makeup of the plant as well as of microorganisms used to develop ethanol from sugarcane. cerevisiae is commonly used in the fermentation process of sugarcane to develop ethanol. One of the potential candidate genes associated with ethanol fermentation is PHO4, a phosphate regulon [66]. The replacement of the gene from fast-growing strain MC15 to a high ethanol-producing strain MF01, exploiting the homologous recombination approaches, has improved the ethanol yield to 5. 30% as the maximum yield harvested was 114. 71 g/L and has decreased the fermentation time to 12. 5%, compared to the non-recombinant MF01 strain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the fermentation process using yeast to convert sugarcane juice into ethanol. It specifically mentions that 'sucrose is readily broken down into glucose and fructose by the yeast invertase' and emphasizes that yeast, particularly 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', is commonly used in the fermentation process to produce ethanol from sugars present in sugarcane, thereby supporting the assertion that bioengineered yeast can be utilized to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: The study was designed as a qualitative study, and thus, the sample size was not powered for statistical analysis of differences. Therefore, comparisons were descriptive only. design and implementation of the FIAT trial were devised by S. P. and the original FIAT research team. Interviews were conducted by FIAT research assistants throughout the trial. Data from the clinician interviews were collated, coded, and analyzed by 2 psychologists and a psychiatrist, with regular supervisory oversight from the principal investigator and psychiatrist, S. P. Written informed consent for participation in the study was obtained from all patients for whom clinicians were interviewed. The study design was approved by the Ealing and Committee (reference: 09/H0710/35). -nine clinicians were interviewed with regard to the effect of the incentives on 73 of the 78 patients allocated to receive incentives during the FIAT trial. For the remaining 5 patients, a clinician interview could not be obtained because of clinician nonavailability. Twenty clinicians were interviewed about more than 1 patient—and for 19 patients, a different clinician was interviewed at each time point. The number of clinicians interviewed and the number of patients for whom interviews were obtained at each time point are presented in Table 1. It should be noted that as research assistants were writing down clinician responses, the following interview excerpts are not verbatim transcribed quotes. TABLE 1: of at the Money? The most common ways in which clinicians reported patients spent the money were on food (n = 24 patients), alcohol (n = 21), illicit drugs (n = 17), household goods (n = 11), hobbies (n = 10), and tobacco (n = 10). Asking for or Depot Injections? Clinicians reported 6 patients across 5 teams having asked for the incentive to be increased to more than £15, but the clinicians said that this was resolved quickly and did not cause problems for the remainder of the trial. Six patients were reported to have asked to receive their depot more frequently; an additional 12 patients were reported to have requested to have their depot days in advance of the due date or to have turned up for it a few days early. The clinicians stated that, when these requests (sometimes delivered in a “joking” manner) were refused, there were no implications for the patient’s treatment. Patients in the to for Depot Injections—or to to Qualify? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the effectiveness of financial incentives in guaranteeing better performance in all types of work. It discusses the design and execution of a specific study (the FIAT trial) related to clinician interviews and patient behavior concerning incentives but does not provide any analysis or evidence supporting or contrasting the claim about financial incentives and performance. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Каким курсам/программам вы обучаете? — Я довольно долго работал на факультете психологии и менеджмента СПбГУ. Года 3–4 назад я закончил там преподавать — некогда учить, и сейчас я занимаюсь только консультированием и своими курсами. У нас была совместная с Институтом психологии и социальной работы программа повышения квалификации — там 180 часов по ТА. Она проводилась 2 или 3 раза. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses educational programs and personal experiences related to teaching and consulting in psychology, with no mention of genes or genetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: So, the engineered strain will not only be improving the yield of the ethanol also reducing the fermentation time. In another experiment, the F-514 strain of the S. cerevisiae was used to ferment sugars from sugarcane molasses in hot and dry weather, and it was reported that by improving the fermentation parameters ethanol yield was improved. In addition to yeast strains, the pretreatment of molasses or can juice with lime or sulfuric acid affect the ethanol yield in the fermentation process. Raharja et al. [67] used commercial instant dry yeast to simplify the production process and reduce the bacterial contamination risk. Using the molasses as starting material, containing a very high concentration of sugar (30%), and pretreated with sulfuric acid produced ethanol at a very low level, lower than the levels attained using bagasse as feedstock. Hence, producing ethanol from feedstock like sugars and molasses and its application as an energy source may not be desirable on a long-term basis as the demand for fuel, food, and feed is rising, demanding alternative means of cost-competitive and sustainable supply of feedstock. Further, the bioethanol producing industries in the USA as well as in Brazil have decided to develop second-generation ethanol (2G) from lignocellulose materials, requiring new production models [68]. Biomass, which is burnt to produced energy in sugar industries could be used as feedstock to convert polysaccharides into ethanol [68]. The pretreatment of biomass to extract hemicellulose is carried out either by biological or chemical (diluted acids) treatment or through steam. Bioethanol is produced from hemicellulosic hydrolysate using yeast, immobilized on magnetic p2. 6 Genetic improvement for oil productionBiofuel’s largest markets in the world are in the USA, Brazil, the European Union, and China, collectively producing 85% of global biofuel with a 48% share of the USA alone. Of the total biofuel production, 82% share is of bioethanol, which is majorly produced by the USA and Brazil. However, biodiesel is the second majorly produced biofuel in the world, with a 49% contribution from the European Union. The biodiesel contribution of the EU, USA, and Brazil is 34. 1%, 19. 5 and 12%, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the use of engineered yeast strains, such as the F-514 strain of S. cerevisiae, to ferment sugars from sugarcane molasses into ethanol. It highlights that improving fermentation parameters can enhance ethanol yield, supporting the idea that bioengineered yeast is effective in producing biofuels from sugar sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: Twenty-two patients not in the trial across 10 teams were reported as asking to be paid for their depot and/or asking why they were not being paid. Two patients were reported to have missed their depot as a consequence, whereas another patient was reported to have threatened not to take his depot. These problems were reported as being short lived and rapidly resolved, by clinicians thoroughly explaining the role of the incentives as part of a separate research trial, distinguishable from the team’s everyday clinical practice. the Effect of on Their Patient’s the Team? The clinicians of 65 patients reported qualitative information on how incentives had positively or negatively influenced the interaction with the team. Clinicians for the remaining 8 patients reported no effect of the incentives on patients’ interaction with the team. on Effects on For 53 patients, clinicians reported that the financial incentives had led to improvements in their ability to effectively manage their patient’s care. The most obvious benefit, reported in the case of 47 patients, was that their attendance of depot appointments improved: The patient has become compliant and turns up for their medication religiously. (Patient 1, clinician 1) It made a lot of difference to this patient—he is wavering, and the only thing keeping him on depot is the money (Patient 2, clinician 2) Twelve patients were reported as making extra efforts to ensure that they received the depot on time (and hence received the incentive): He will call up to speak to the team and check his depot due date, when before involvement in the study he would never use a phone. (Patient 11, clinician 3) The clinicians of 32 patients reported that the incentives had had knock-on effects in terms of other aspects of clinical management. These benefits included allowing the clinicians to spend less time chasing the patient (7 patients); increased contact, facilitating monitoring of the patient’s health (17 patients); increased engagement with the team (16 patients); and increased attendance of other meetings such as with the psychiatrist, drug and alcohol services, or Approach reviews (10 patients): The incentives have made it easier for me to know where he is—I used to have to chase and he wouldn’t answer his phone…. The financial incentive ensured the client would be there for his appointment. (Patient 4, clinician 5) Care coordinators need to have contact to be aware of issues with the client. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by showing that financial incentives do not guarantee better performance universally. It details both positive effects, such as improved attendance for depot appointments and increased engagement, as well as negative outcomes, like patients threatening not to participate due to lack of payment. Furthermore, there are reports from clinicians indicating that in some cases, there was no effect from the incentives on patient interaction, suggesting that the impact of financial incentives can vary significantly and is not universally beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Когда начался ковид, мы комбинировали формат: у меня в квартире сидели 8 человек, а по Skype или Zoom к нам выходили люди из других городов, кто боялся ехать. К лету 2020 года мы завершили эту программу. Не знаю, будет ли она когда-нибудь еще, — слишком объемная. Кроме этого, я периодически провожу методический тренинг по программе изменения жизненного сценария. Я этот тренинг веду уже, по-моему, лет 28 или даже 30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a personal experience related to a training program and does not mention genes or their functions at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Constitutive co-expression of 1, DAGAT1–2, WRI1, and co-suppression of tgd1 and sdp1 in a single construct elevated the TAG content by 404-fold in leaves. These findings need further confirmation of TAG accumulation with large-scale field testing. Developing dual-purpose feedstock by either overexpressing or suppressing the genes to produce both ethanol and biodiesel is becoming a routine. Transgenic sugarcane plants were developed by co-expressing genes, namely; 1, DGAT1–2, Oleosin1, and suppressing the AGPase and PXA1 genes using the RNAi approach. The AGPase encodes ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase while PXA1 is a subunit of the peroxisomal ABC transporter1. The engineered plants accumulated triacylglycerol to 5% higher than the non-transformed plants [69]. The TGA levels were 31–33% of the total lipid contents in the transgenic plants. From these canes (Figure 1), both sugars and lipids were extracted where the sugar extraction efficiency was as high as 90% with repeated hot water while of lipids was 60%, demanding an improved process to increase the lipid extraction efficiency and for commercialization. Figure 1. Schematic representation of improvement of sugarcane genotype for renewable energy and byproducts. Advertisement 3. ConclusionThe sugarcane genome is highly polyploid with specialized leaf anatomy, the Kranz anatomy where mesophyll cells are arranged around the bundle sheath cells. Mesophyll cells are better connected to the environment and perform functions of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). Whereas, bundle sheath cells are rich in chloroplasts to carry out functions of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (rubisco) to fix CO2 to synthesize sugars in the Kelvin cycle. The CO2 concentration mechanism in sugarcane allows the development of the highest annual yield of biomass. Plant biotechnologists have engineered sugarcane for agronomic as well as value addition traits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of transgenic sugarcane plants that co-express genes to enhance lipid production and sugar extraction efficiency, which is relevant to biofuel production. It highlights that both sugars and lipids can be extracted from engineered plants, indicating the potential for producing biofuels from sugars extracted from bioengineered plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: The financial incentive eased this process as the client was forthcoming for their depot; therefore, we were having face-to-face contact regularly. (Patient 5, clinician 6) …Since the study and during it, he has been happily involved with the service, whereas his involvement fluctuated before. (Patient 6, clinician 7) He is a lot more proactive about coming to the center and engaging with the team than he used to be… he has agreed to see a psychiatrist for the first time in a couple of years. (Patient 8, clinician 9) He is engaging well with the substance misuse team. (Patient 9, clinician 10) on 21 patients, clinicians linked the incentive to improvements in their relationships with their patients. These improvements included increased trust and communication: Before the start of this trial, the patient was very suspicious of the team and very guarded. This has dramatically changed since being involved in the study. The patient has come to trust the team more. (Patient 10, clinician 3) Some clinicians linked the improved relationship to the increased contact that the incentive had generated: The involvement in the study has given the team more access to patient. He engages a lot more with the team, and the relationship has built up hugely. (Patient 11, clinician 3) Others linked this to the positive effect of depot medication on the patient’s presentation: He is very pleasant to work with because he is taking his regular depot—I have more positive contact with him. He is friendlier, more appropriate, and there is more noncrisis contact than there had been before…. (Patient 12, clinician 11) …I think the relationship would have grown anyway as the level of trust increased; however, the incentive may have helped with this development as it meant that the client was getting the depot on a regular basis and his symptoms subsided, which allowed our relationship to be given a chance. (Patient 4, clinician 5) Some emphasized that the improvement in their relationship made clinical management easier by facilitating constructive communication with the client: The patient comes to the CMHT more often—before I couldn’t talk to her, but now I get to talk more with her about her plans for the future. (Patient 14, clinician 12) The linking with other services has increased. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while financial incentives may have a positive effect on engagement and relationships between clinicians and patients, it does not guarantee better performance in all types of work. The text presents various patient improvements that are linked to financial incentives, but it acknowledges that other factors, such as the natural development of trust and relationships over time, also contribute to these improvements. For example, it states, 'the incentive may have helped with this development as it meant that the client was getting the depot on a regular basis' but also hints that 'the relationship would have grown anyway as the level of trust increased.' This indicates that incentives are not the sole determinant of performance improvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Просто идея 101 и 202 курсов — образовательная, а я сделал программу для обычных людей. Понятно, что раз есть жизненный сценарий, и мы его написали, то почему бы его не переписать? И я сделал такой тренинг. Он был 3-дневный, но из-за того, что с пятницей всегда сложности, мы его уложили в 2 дня — суббота и воскресенье. Потом появилась вторая часть, потом третья. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an educational program and training events, which do not provide any information regarding the understanding of gene functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: As a result, more of the electrons captured by TIE-1 went towards the specific production of n-butanol – increasing the electron yield of the biofuel without a need to increase the cell’s electricity consumption significantly. : Sean Garcia, in St. Away from Today, even as the call to end our reliance on fossil fuels and unsustainable plastics grow increasingly urgent, humanity’s use of these hydrocarbons continues to grow. Through their studies, and her team have now shown how microbial electrosynthesis could be exploited to address these issues – producing both sustainable biofuels and bioplastics through TIE-1-driven CO2 fixation. Alongside its sustainability, the widespread use of biodegradable PHB is highly desired in medical applications – with a biocompatibility that makes it suitable for procedures including drug delivery and reconstructive surgery. Industrial-scale manufacturing of bioplastics and biofuels using microbial electrosynthesis can be achieved using the electricity produced by solar panels – creating a fully sustainable cycle. Ultimately, by exploiting a microbial metabolism that evolved in the distant past, and her team now hope that new methods will emerge that can address some of the most pressing problems of our time. E-book the researchers Arpita BoseDepartment of Biologyin studies the mechanisms that microbes use to survive, and how they can be exploited to address issues related to energy production, pollution, and sustainability. After completing her PhD at the University of Illinois at Urbana, she worked as a research associate at institutions including MIT and Harvard University, before founding her own lab at in in 2015. In her world-leading research, aims to engineer microbial systems for the sustainable production biochemicals and bioenergy, and to tackle issues including the treatment of contaminated water and soil. She also aims to learn more about how microbial phenomena shape our planet, and possibly others. E: abose@wustl. eduW: Tahina RanaivoarisoaDepartment of Biologyin joined the laboratory of in 2015 and is now the laboratory manager. Prior to the role, he was a at the Ambatovy mining project in Madagascar, which he joined after completing his Masters’ degree in Biochemistry and Biotechnology at the University of Louis in 2009. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how microbial systems, specifically those analogous to bioengineered yeast, can be used for sustainable biofuel production. It mentions 'microbial electrosynthesis' leading to the creation of sustainable biofuels which aligns with the idea of bioengineered organisms transforming sugars into energy sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: For example, the patient now asks for the team to be present when meeting his probation officer and lets the team know more about what is going on with the other services the patient is involved with. (Patient 10, clinician 3) on clinicians of 19 patients reported negative effects of the incentives on the patient’s interaction with the team. on The clinicians of 5 patients reported negative effects on their ability to manage their patient’s care. In 2 cases, this was because they find that the time and effort involved in providing the incentive were problematic: I felt a bit of extra pressure—I don’t expect to be the banker. . . . Sometimes I’d go to administer a depot and forget the money—but because the client expected it, I would have to return with the money, taking more time out of my day. (Patient 16, clinician 14) In another 3 cases, this was because the patients disengaged with treatment, which the clinicians attributed to spending the incentive on drugs and alcohol: The patient has been spending the money—presumably—on drugs and has consequently been discharged from the CMHT due to lack of engagement. (Patient 17, clinician 15) on the The clinicians of 17 patients reported a negative effect of incentives on the therapeutic relationship. The most commonly reported type of negative impact (reported for 10 patients) was a monetarization of the relationship: The patient viewed receiving the depot as his ‘payday,’ and there is no longer a rapport between myself and the patient…. (Patient 18, clinician 16) The relationship has become generally more focused on money, not the interaction. . . . I feel he is only interested in the money, not actually in interacting with staff…. (Patient 19, clinician 17) In 5 cases, patients were reported to have become aggressive if the money was not delivered promptly: The patient would get angry if the money wasn’t there and would become slightly threatening if he did not receive it. (Patient 20, clinician 18) For 1 patient, management of this aggression required increased staff manpower: The study used up more manpower, as a second person had to come to give the financial incentive to the patient because of the aggression experienced by the CPN. (Patient 21, clinician 19) of Perceive on Patients’ Health Outcomes? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of negative effects of financial incentives on patient interactions and care management. It reports that clinicians observed detrimental impacts such as patients disengaging from treatment and viewing their care primarily as a financial transaction, citing specific examples of adverse outcomes associated with the incentives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Есть идея и про четвертую, и про пятую, но, опять же, некогда их делать — нужно время, а параллельно куча других задач. Эти люди приходят, что называется, с улицы, в основном по рекомендациям. Мы мало занимаемся теорией, в основном практикой, и в итоге мы переписываем сценарий на новый. Есть люди, которые приходили потом во второй раз через много лет. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not mention genetics, gene functions, or scientific understanding. It appears to be discussing practical work and scheduling rather than biological concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: His roles in Dr Bose’s lab include designing and directing experiments involving Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 to produce bioplastics and biofuels. Alongside these roles, Ranaivoarisoa is responsible for training students on laboratory techniques. E: ranaivoarisoao@wustl. eduW: Rajesh SinghDepartment of Biologyin joined the laboratory of in 2016 as a postdoctoral research associate and is now a staff scientist. His research centres around investigating microbial diversity in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and studying how these microbes shape the ecology and environment. received his PhD from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio where he studied mineral/metal-microbe interactions, highlighting the potential implications of microbes in metal bioremediation. In the Bose lab, he is responsible for designing and conducting geomicrobiological experiments using freshwater and marine phototrophs to bring new insights on their role in the biogeochemical cycling of elements such as iron and carbon. E: rsingh24@wustl. eduW: Karthikeyan RengasamyDepartment of Biologyin is a staff scientist in the Bose lab. He received his PhD in microbial electrochemical technology from the in India. He has acquired experience in the characterisation of electroactive biofilms using various electrochemical analytical techniques to understand microbial electron transfer. Currently, is working on various novel aspects of photosensitive microbes with charged electrodes. His research focuses on understanding electromicrobiology under different environments including light, dark, fresh water, sea water and various wetland soils. E: karthikeyanrengasamy@wustl. edu joined the Bose lab in 2015 as a research assistant. She received her PhD in Energy, Environment & Chemical engineering from in St. Louis in 2020. Her research in the Bose lab focused on investigating the possibility of using sustainable and naturally abundant resources to synthesise carbon-neutral biofuels with a purple non-sulfur bacterium. She also developed novel genetic engineering tools with high efficiency and accuracy. Currently, is a scientist at Amyris. Inc, working on designing and constructing genetically modified yeast for target molecule production from sustainable resources using metabolic engineering techniques. E: bai@amyris. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the work of a scientist involved in designing and constructing genetically modified yeast for target molecule production from sustainable resources, which includes biofuels. This aligns directly with the assertion that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: The clinicians of 42 patients reported qualitative information on how they perceived the effects of financial incentives on patients’ outcomes. This incorporated health and social outcomes such as symptoms, well-being, social functioning, insight, and relationships with friends and family. The clinicians of the remaining 31 patients did not report any effect. on A positive effect was reported for 33 patients. This theme was further broken down into 3 subthemes: improved mental well-being, insight, and improved social function. Well-being The clinicians of 15 patients reported that the incentives had had a positive effect on their patient’s well-being, including an improvement in mental health and reduction in symptoms (11 patients) and a reduction in drug and alcohol use (3 patients): His mental health and presentation is better, and he is less psychotic. (Patient 22, clinician 20) He has been stepped down from CPA because he is doing well. (Patient 23, clinician 21) He has had a major illness due to alcohol but has now stopped drinking. (Patient 24, clinician 22) The clinicians of 5 patients specifically linked the improvement in mental health to increased depot adherence: He’s a long-term drug user. . . , but his depot reduces the psychotic effects of these drugs, and now he is coming for his depot on time; in the last 6 months we are noticing an improvement in his mental state. (Patient 9, clinician 10) …Patient now attends regularly for their depot, has had fewer DNAs and no relapses which has helped the team. (Patient 25, clinician 23) Relatedly, the clinicians of 12 patients reported that their patients had improved insight into their illness and into the beneficial effects of medication on their mental health: The patient is gaining more of an insight into his illness and is recognizing his symptoms; his dialogue has improved, and he is more involved with his treatment plan. He says he is ‘hoping to move forward. ’ (Patient 10, clinician 3) The client has acknowledged his year of stability as a result of taking his medication regularly—he sees the benefit of the medication and being well is the incentive to take it. The financial incentive has helped with this but is not the main driver. (Patient 6, clinician 7) clinicians of 16 patients reported a positive effect of the incentives on the patient’s social functioning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while financial incentives had positive effects on certain patients' outcomes, the clinicians explicitly stated that the incentive 'is not the main driver' of the improvement. This suggests that financial incentives do not guarantee better performance universally, as there were variances in reported outcomes among the patients treated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Как-то пришла женщина и говорит: «Я была у вас 18 лет назад, у меня все прекрасно, но я решила еще раз переписать сценарий спустя время». Но есть люди, которые ходят с какой-то регулярностью. Есть те, кто считает, что им надо все три части пройти. Хотя я им объясняю: я специально сделал такой вариант — модульный. Мы в каждой части переписываем сценарий как итоговую работу. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a personal anecdote about someone rewriting a script and attending sessions, without any relation to genetics or the understanding of gene function.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Different genome editing approaches are considered as revolutionary for crop improvement as gene knockout and insertion/deletion mutagenesis are possible through genome editing technologies [6]. Crop improvement using genome editing technologies come up with multiple possibilities, such as:Alteration in only one or two nucleotides among billions obtained from genome of living cellsAlteration in whole allelesInsertion of a non-existing gene in the targeted region of the genome. Due to high accuracy of genome editing tools, these are preferred over traditional plant breeding approaches and standard genetic engineering approaches. Along with enhancing the nutritional profile of crops, gene editing tools can effectively be used for incorporating biotic and abiotic stress resistance/tolerance and can develop crop varieties that survive well in adverse climatic conditions such as arid climate [7]. Therefore, gene editing tools can be effectively used for securing the world’s food supply. Genome editing tools permits double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at particular genomic locations and recovers them using inherent DNA repair mechanisms, such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Earlier, this process was assisted by using protein-guided nucleases including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). But lately, the RNA-guided nuclease known as ()—associated—has captured the researchers’ attention (Cas) [8]. Both ZFNs and TALENs requires more time and technical expertise thanCas. Numerous significantly importantCas studies have been conducted in potato, here we are featuring some selected achievements of -based editing in potato (Figure 1 and Table 1). This 1. Advances in potato improvement using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()-based genome editing. Target geneDelivery methodEditing agentPhenotype1. /Cas applications in potato genome editing. Advertisement 2. Key genome editing approaches2. 1 ZFNs (Zinc-finger nucleases)ZFNs were first created by Kim and colleagues [19]. ZFNs develop as a result of the interaction between DNA-binding and DNA-cleaving domains [20]. These synthetic proteins were created based on the fact that the natural restriction enzyme FokI exhibits unique binding and cleaving capabilities [21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genome editing technologies, including CRISPR, allow for precise alterations at specific genomic locations. It highlights the advantages of genome editing, such as the ability to make alterations in nucleotides and alleles, and contrasts it with traditional breeding methods, emphasizing the high accuracy of tools like CRISPR. The reference to RNA-guided nucleases specifically points to the application of CRISPR technology in targeted gene editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: The most common improvements were reported as the regular medication and contact having a stabilizing effect on the patient’s lifestyle and improved family relationships: He leads a very chaotic life, and the money is providing him with more of a routine. He is including the money in his budget now. (Patient 28, clinician 27) He uses less illicit substances, as he was treated better, and the team had less contact from the police. He now has a less chaotic lifestyle… there are less problems with his family and the police. (Patient 29, clinician 28) Being on the study has helped because the regular contact and medication has given him stability and a sense of satisfaction with his lifestyle, and his relationships are more stable. (Patient 6, clinician 7) The patient has a new relationship with a partner, and getting more regular medication has helped a lot. I believe this is due to the FIAT money. (Patient 25, clinician 29) Other reported improvements included a more stable housing situation, finding a job, improved budgeting ability, and improved self-care: The money motivated him to attend his depot injection… His self-care and hygiene has improved massively…. He continues to engage well with the home office about immigration and helps out at the hostel/accommodation in cooking. (Patient 30, clinician 31) He is now working as a waiter and talking about moving out of parents’ home and getting a place for himself. (Patient 31, clinician 8) on The clinicians of 15 patients reported a negative effect of incentives on patient outcomes. These experiences all concerned negative effects of the payment itself and were subdivided into 2 subthemes: increased drug and alcohol use as well as other adverse effects of payment. The clinicians of 8 patients said that the incentive was used to pay for drugs or alcohol and therefore led to patients increasing their substance misuse: The patient was in hospital twice since I took over. The financial incentive has helped improve our relationship but has also meant he can spend money on drugs. (Patient 32, clinician 33) The financial incentives have been beneficial with regard to adherence. However, in terms of impact on his lifestyle, the incentives are not beneficial as this has not improved. There is generally no change in his lifestyle, just increased substance misuse…. He has increased his alcohol and drug (crack) use…. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that financial incentives do not guarantee better performance. It states that while some patients reported improvements in their lives due to financial incentives, other clinicians observed negative outcomes, such as increased substance misuse and no overall improvement in lifestyle. Specifically, it notes, 'the clinicians of 15 patients reported a negative effect of incentives on patient outcomes' and 'the financial incentives have been beneficial with regard to adherence. However, in terms of impact on his lifestyle, the incentives are not beneficial as this has not improved.' This indicates that financial incentives do not have a universally positive effect on performance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Поэтому, например, когда мы говорим про родительские приказания — это вообще тема отдельного тренинга, он так и называется «Изменение жизненного сценария. Работа с родительскими приказаниями». Соответственно, кто-то приходит на одну часть, кто-то приходит потом и на вторую, и на третью, ну, и так далее. Эта программа уже очень давно существует, и мне очень нравится — там всегда хорошие результаты. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses a training program related to parental guidance and personal development rather than gene functions or genetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: There are twenty-five types of natural RVDs with good binding specificity, among which NI (Asn-IIe), HD (His-Asp), NH (Asn-Gly), specific for identifying adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) [25, 26]. The binding specificity of TALENs is affected by cell type, target sites, duration of effect and delivery system used. The coding for the recognition of the TALENs sequence is comparatively easy, which is an advantage with respect to its targeting density when compared with ZFNs [27]. It allows genome editing with more specificity and low cytotoxicity. 2. 3/Cas is a potent tool for genetic manipulation that precisely mutates specific DNA sequences [28]. There are differentCas systems that differentiate on the basis of the nuclease effector used. This diversity divided theCas systems into two classes (single/multi-subunit) based on the structure and into six types and 27 subtypes on the basis of the functions of each subunit [29, 30]. It has two components: the Cas9 nuclease and sgRNA. The Cas9 nuclease has two lobes viz. , REC for recognition and NUC with nuclease activity. The non-coding sgRNA is complementary to the target sequence (protospacer) of 20 base pairs. This protospacer has a three-base sequence at its 3′ end called PAM (Motif), recognized by the NUC lobe to produce double-strand breaks (DSB). The DSBs are created when sgRNA/Cas complex binds with the target DNA sequence. Further, these DSBs are repaired by NHEJ (Non-homologous end-joining) and HDR (Homologous directed repair) mechanisms [31]. Advertisement 3. Genome editing in potatoIntroduction of genes related to economically important traits from wild species is very difficult and time intensive assignment in potato (Solanum tuberosum) is as it is a heterozygous polyploid crop. Due to this, traditional breeding approaches cease to work properly when numerous traits and/or new traits which are not available in gene pool need to be introgressed for crop advancement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information about CRISPR technology, specifically mentioning the Cas9 nuclease and its components, the sgRNA, and their roles in genome editing. It describes how the sgRNA is complementary to the target DNA sequence, detailing how double-strand breaks (DSBs) are created to facilitate precise genetic modifications, thus supporting the assertion that CRISPR allows for targeted gene editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: (Participant 33, clinician 4) He already had a lot of money due to Allowance and income support, so the FIAT money was pocket money for alcohol… he became less cooperative with the depot during the trial due to an increase in the use of alcohol…. (Participant 34, clinician 46) He was hospitalized due to an increase in alcohol use. I believe that FIAT was a contributing factor in his hospitalization due to the extra cash that he had. However, I understand that the patient would probably have got access to alcohol somehow, regardless of the FIAT study. (Participant 35, clinician 45) Effects of adverse effects of payment were reported by the clinicians of 8 patients. These included becoming dependent on the money, becoming secretive about the money, and being vulnerable to being taken advantage of by others because of the money: He came every 2 weeks, and there was never any need to remind him to appear; in fact, he would often come 1 or 2 hours early. Because of this, I believe he is desperate for the money and has become dependent on it. (Patient 36, clinician 45) The money is hidden from his family and spent on beer…. He makes a point of hiding it from his wife… However, this has not increased his drinking. (Patient 37, clinician 30) He started getting ‘hangers on,’ that is, people who took advantage of him and started camping out and drinking in his flat. They turned up when he got his incentive. (Patient 34, clinician 46) endorsed different combinations of themes for each patient, as depicted in Table 2. This shows that, overall, for 77% of patients, a positive effect on management and/or outcomes was reported, whereas for 33%, a negative effect on management and/or outcomes was reported. These figures overlap because, for some patients, both positive and negative effects were reported. TABLE 2: Interlinking of Themesthe of for Reported a of Incentives on the the Team and/or Health Outcomes? To better understand whether negative clinician-reported experiences were linked to any particular patient characteristics, descriptive data on patients’ clinical characteristics (diagnosis, adherence, medication type, dose, treatment cycle, and hospitalization) were compared between those for whom clinicians reported a negative effect of incentives and those for whom no negative effect was reported. The findings are shown in Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing instances where financial incentives (FIAT) led to negative outcomes, such as increased alcohol dependence and problematic behaviors among participants. Clinicians reported that while some patients experienced positive effects, a significant proportion (33%) reported negative impacts on management and outcomes. This indicates that financial incentives do not guarantee better performance and can instead lead to dependence and vulnerability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Я вообще считаю, что именно групповая работа — самая эффективная, и то, что мы делаем в тренинге, в консультировании или делается намного дольше, или вообще не сделать. Некоторые вещи в личной работе вообще не проявляются. У меня часть клиентов приходит на тренинг. И бывают клиенты, с которыми мы уже проработали полгода или даже год, а потом через тренинг они вытаскивают какие-то штуки, про которые даже не думали. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effectiveness of group work in training and counseling without addressing gene functions whatsoever.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: As genome sequencing data of potato is accessible from public database and standard genetic modification and regeneration protocols are also obtainable, which made potato a prime candidate for gene editing. Thus, gene editing approaches can be used for potato improvement by improving the production and quality characteristics of the crop without affecting maximum allele combination in commercial cultivars [32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. In tetraploid potato, the earliest successful utilization of TALENs were reported for knocking out alleles related to sterol side chain reductase-2 (StSSR2) [37], which are responsible for production of anti-nutritional sterol glycoalkaloid (SGA) [38, 39]. In 2015, it was reported that genome editing approaches such as TALENs [40] andCas [41] can be utilized to precisely alter the potato genome. /Cas9 mediated targeted mutation of StIAA2 gene, encodes for Aux/IAA protein, resulted in homozygous mono and biallelic mutations in the first generation of modified plants [41]. Advertisement 4. Trait improvement in potato usingCas technology4. 1 Disease resistanceDifferent biotic stresses are the root cause behind major obstruction in potato production, which ultimately results in enormous loss to farmers. Even now, several scientists are trying to make a key advancement in development of biotic stress resistant potatoes with the help of genome editing approaches. /Cas technology of genome editing is considered as an effective substitute for advancing potato breeding programmes. Phytophthora infestans cause late blight disease of potato, which is the key hinderance in enhancing potato production [42]. Therefore, many researchers are emphasizing on the development of late blight resistant potato cultivars, which can be achieved through knocking out or deleting susceptible genes (S-genes) of late blight [43]. At present, fungicidal sprays and breeding methods are used for the management of late blight in potato. At a recent time, late blight resistance in potato was commenced through knocking out of susceptible genes StDMR6-1 and StCHL1 [44] and Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase () [45]. Extracellular receptor protein ELR (elicitin response) is found in Solanum microdontum, a wild potato species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of genome editing approaches, specifically mentioning TALENs and Cas9 technology for precise alterations in the potato genome. It describes the successful application of these gene editing methods for improving crop characteristics, which supports the assertion that CRISPR technology enables targeted gene editing in various organisms, exemplified here with potatoes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: Patients for whom clinicians reported adverse effects were on a lower dose of medication at baseline but a higher dose during the intervention, were less likely to be prescribed with oral medication during the baseline and/or intervention periods, and were more likely to be hospitalized during the baseline and/or intervention periods. There were no clear differences in adherence at baseline or during the intervention period, in the type or treatment cycle of depot medication received, or in primary diagnosis. Finally, patients for whom adverse effects were reported were no more likely to have a secondary diagnosis of substance or alcohol misuse. TABLE 3: and Clinician-interviews were obtained for almost all of the patients allocated to receive incentives in the trial. The concerns of focus groups with regard to how patients would spend the money were to some extent borne out in the data, with clinicians frequently speculating that the money was spent on drugs and alcohol—but only in a minority of cases was this reported to have led to an increase in the patient’s drug/alcohol use or worsened physical or mental health. The fear that the money would perversely incentivize patients was in general not supported by the data. However, 8% of patients did ask for additional money or to be paid more often, and some otherwise adherent patients in the teams asked to be paid or deliberately became nonadherent. For approximately three quarters of patients (73%), clinicians reported that financial incentives for adherence to depot medication led to better patient and treatment management, including increased patient contact, improved monitoring of patient health, increased patient engagement, and increased trust and communication. In addition, for nearly half of the patients (45%), clinicians reported improved health and social outcomes, and this was often explicitly linked to the benefits of increased medication adherence. Overall, for 77% of patients, a positive impact of the incentives on patient management and/or outcomes was reported. However, negative consequences including aggression and monetarization of the therapeutic relationship and/or worsening of patient health due to increased drug and alcohol use were reported in 33% of cases. These patients were more likely to have been on a lower dose of medication at baseline and a higher dose during the intervention, were less likely to be prescribed with oral medication, and more likely to be hospitalized during both baseline and intervention periods. Strengths and data were collected as part of a larger RCT that allowed for the systematic collection of clinician and patient data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a nuanced view of financial incentives in the context of patient adherence to medication. While the text mentions that 73% of clinicians observed that financial incentives led to better patient management and outcomes, it also highlights significant negative consequences, such as worsening patient health and negative psychological effects. Specifically, 33% of cases reported issues like aggression and monetarization of the therapeutic relationship, and it suggests that financial incentives do not universally guarantee better performance, indicating that their effects can vary considerably based on context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: По этой программе я делал методический тренинг для психологов, обычно это происходит, когда набирается какое-то количество желающих. Например, на этот тренинг приходят и психологи, они смотрят, им нравится, и меня спрашивают: а где и как можно поучиться? И когда список желающих набирается, выбираем время — обычно он идет 5 дней, потому что там очень важный момент. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a training program for psychologists without any mention of genetics or the understanding of gene functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Du and co-workers [46] documented utilization of ELR protein for identification of an elicitin which is considered as an extremely conserved in Phytophthora species contributing a wide range durable resistance against late blight pathogen. For production of potato virus Y (PVY) resistant potatoes, four viral genes, P3, CI, Nib, and CP were targeted throughCas approach. Cas13a protein was utilized to confer resistant against three strains of RNA virus, PVY [47]. Makhotenko and co-workers [48] demonstrated efficient use of host genes (eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E and coilin) for development of PVY resistant potatoes. 4. 2 Resistance/tolerance to abiotic stressesAbiotic stresses include high and low temperatures, drought and salinity cause major constraints in potato production; still limited research work is documented until now. In 2017, Zhou et al. [17] modified MYB transcription factor gene (StMYB44), responsible for restraining StPHO1 gene expression which negatively control phosphate transport activity in potato, with a proficiency rate of 85%. In 2020, Tiwari et al. [49] documented the utilization of gene editing approachCas for modification of nitrogen metabolism genes to enhance the nitrogen use efficiency of potato plants. 4. 3 Herbicide resistanceButler and co-workers [50] developed a ss gemini virus-based DNA replicon (GVR) as a vector for transfer of TALEN genes and a mutated fragment of ALS1 gene. TALEN genes were transferred to target Acetolactate synthase1 (ALS1) gene in potato while the mutated ALS1gene fragment verified tolerance for numerous categories of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. 4. 4 Post harvestPotato is harvested annually which makes it imperative for producers and sellers to store these tubers in cold stores. Cold storage reduces sprouting and extend shelf life. But during storage in cold storage houses the sucrose in tubers is reduced to sugars which react with amino acids on heating and cause the processed potato products to turn brown and bitter. Moreover, the acrylamide level also goes up. This deterioration in organoleptic properties and enhancement in acrylamide levels negatively affects potato tuber quality thereby leading to a reduced public demand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing several studies that utilize gene editing technologies, including the Cas approach, which is a method related to CRISPR. Specifically, it mentions the targeting of viral genes, host genes for resistance, and transcription factor genes for modification in potato plants, all of which indicate the application of targeted gene editing in various organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: Our analysis allowed for the empirical investigation of the qualitative experience of clinicians’ offering financial incentives, which was beyond the scope of the primary outcome data (adherence level). This type of experiential data allows for a better understanding of how financial incentives may affect clinical management and patient health in practice and significantly contributes to the wider debate surrounding the possible negative consequences of offering financial incentives to people with psychotic disorders. However, there are several limitations that should be considered when interpreting our findings. First, shorthand written documentation of clinicians’ responses by researchers limited the detail and richness of data collected. Second, the way in which the interview questions were structured may have biased the way in which the data were interpreted. For example, there was little opportunity for further explanation when a clinician answered no to an interview question, meaning that, in the absence of any change in behavior, there was little room to give a detailed response as to perhaps why. This may have biased the resulting interviews to be more receptive to exploration of changes in behavior during the intervention period. Third, it should be noted that the same clinician (clinician 17) reported identical experiences of the interaction becoming focused on money for 5 patients within their team. Therefore, it is possible that the clinician conflated their experiences with multiple patients, thus exaggerating the number of patients for whom monetarization of the relationship was reported. Fourth, it is important to note that clinicians’ reports of how patients spent the money were, in many cases, openly identified as speculative. Furthermore, the links between the incentive and changes in patient management and health were reported on the basis of the subjective view of clinicians, which may not necessarily have reflected reality, and making causal attributions on the basis of such reports is not possible. Indeed, several clinicians highlighted that they could not be sure whether reported changes in patient management or health were really attributable to the incentive and that other changes in the patients’ circumstances or just natural progression over time may also have played a role. Finally, the study was designed as a qualitative study, and thus, the sample size was not powered for statistical analysis of differences. It was therefore, only possible to compare descriptively the clinical characteristics between those for whom a negative effect of the incentive was reported and those for whom no negative effect was reported. Although we cannot rule out whether the differences we report are greater than those expected to occur by chance, the findings of this comparison could yield hypotheses for future quantitative testing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and subjective nature of clinicians' experiences with financial incentives. It highlights that clinicians were not certain whether reported changes in patient management or health were genuinely attributable to financial incentives, suggesting that the impact of such incentives may not be universally effective or guaranteed in improving performance. Furthermore, it notes that various other factors might influence the outcomes, which undermines the claim that financial incentives guarantee better performance in all types of work.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Во-первых, все в этом составе проходят саму программу тренинга, потом мы разбираем всю теорию, а потом 2 дня каждый ведет кусочек тренинга. И тогда участники-психологи не просто понимают, почему так или не так делать то или иное упражнение, они прямо в этом участвуют, идет реальная работа, и это, на мой взгляд, правильный вариант. Сразу понятно, что можно делать. — Почему решили стать преподавателем именно транзактного анализа? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a training program and the experiences of psychologists, without addressing the understanding of gene functions. There is no mention of genetics or the status of knowledge regarding gene functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Additionally, not each and every potato variety is responsive to transformation. Protoplast mediated transformation and regeneration of plants from leaf as an explant can also cause somaclonal variation, ultimately negatively affecting plant development [8]. To understand complicated economically important traits, breeders are making efforts for development of diploid lines of potato. Self-incompatibility (SI) causes the significant obstruction in development of potato inbred lines, as SI impede in fixing of gene edits and selection of progeny by segregating out the inserted gene. Ye and co-workers [72] usedCas9 approach for production of diploid self-compatible lines of potato by knocking out the Stylar ribonuclease gene (S-RNase), responsible for self-incompatibility in potato. Yet a number of diploid, SI potato lines shows recalcitrant response to transformation through traditional Agrobacterium tumefaciens [73]. To avoid this, Butler and co-workers [73] used A. rhizogenes for speedy production of stable mutants within hairy root clones in potato genotypes which were already showing recalcitrant nature to A. tumefaciens. But in this method, analysis of hairy root clones was the major drawback. Genome editing approachCas9 was implemented for targeting phytoene desaturase (StPDS) gene in potato. This gene is found in hairy root clones of potato. This method resulted in 64–98% mutation in transformed hairy root clones. Production of off-target mutants in non-target gene(s) in potato while genome editing is an additional area to be studied. Off-target mutants cause unacceptable alterations in plants and also it complicates the procedure of mutant analysis. Synthetic proofreading Cas9 variants [74], test of sgRNA activity and developing good design [75] are the approaches used to decrease or even remove these off-target mutants. Also, it is important to produce transgene or foreign gene free potato. To be adopted by consumers and accepted by policy makers, gene edited (GE) crops should not contain any traces of foreign DNA [76]. Advertisement 6. ConclusionGenome editing can perform a key role in potato improvement by enhancing the tuber starch content, developing resistance/tolerance against biotic/abiotic stresses and reducing antinutritional factors and toxic compounds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of the Cas9 approach, a CRISPR technology, for targeted gene editing in potato. It provides specific examples of gene editing, such as knocking out the Stylar ribonuclease gene (S-RNase) to produce diploid self-compatible lines of potato, and targeting the phytoene desaturase (StPDS) gene, demonstrating the effectiveness of CRISPR technology in gene editing practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: seems that, contrary to the hypothetical concerns predicted in focus groups and surveys of clinicians12,14–16 for the majority of patients, clinicians reported positive influences of financial incentives, both in the domains of clinical management and patient health and social outcomes. The positive consequences of financial incentives were predominately around, but by no means restricted to, increased depot adherence. For some, financial incentives may facilitate a positive view of treatment and one’s clinician, encouraging more constructive communication between the patient and the clinician—quite the opposite of the negative influence on the therapeutic relationship identified as a concern in previous research. 12,14–16 For others, the incentive to increase medication adherence may lead to improved health and social outcomes—although, overall, in the main trial, there was no significant difference in ratings of clinical improvement between the incentive and control groups (although the trial may have been underpowered to detect such a difference). 10 Reports of improved insight in some patients may be demonstrative of the cyclical nature of medication noncompliance and poorer insight as previously identified in the literature. 2,7 These positive effects may help to explain why patients in the incentives group reported higher subjective quality of life than the control group at the end of the intervention period. 10 Of course, for some, no noticeable benefit or cost of offering financial incentives was identified. However, it should be noted that, for 33% of patients, clinicians reported a negative impact of financial incentives on their relationship with their patients and/or on the patient’s well-being. The possibility of financial incentives having a negative influence on someone’s relationship with his/her clinician or leading to increased substance abuse is a serious concern, regardless of these events occurring only in a minority of cases. Therefore, it seems that the likelihood of benefit versus the smaller risk for adverse effects should be weighed up when deciding whether to offer incentives to individual patients. It is possible that, for most patients, the risk is relatively low and easily manageable, but for some, the risk for negative consequences as a result of financial incentives may be more likely and more difficult to handle. The descriptive differences suggest that patients who are more treatment resistant (ie, those on a higher dosage of depot medication, less likely to be prescribed with oral medication, and more likely to be hospitalized) may be at a higher risk for negative outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the mixed results of financial incentives in a clinical context. While it notes some positive influences on clinician-patient interactions and improved patient outcomes, it also highlights significant concerns, such as the potential negative impacts on the therapeutic relationship and well-being of 33% of patients. The claim suggests a guarantee of better performance, which is contradicted by the evidence presented in the text that there are risks and mixed outcomes associated with financial incentives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: — Я не преподаватель транзактного анализа в чистом виде. ТА был кусочком того материала, который я преподавал и на базе которого создал мои тренинги. Я использую много разных техник и модальностей. — В чем ваша суперсила, как преподавателя? — Я думаю, что, наверное, самое важное для преподавателя — не быть жадным, не экономить информацию. Я рассказываю студентам абсолютно всё, что знаю, и я с этого и начинаю обычно любое свое обучение. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a teacher's approach to sharing knowledge and teaching techniques, without any mention of genetics or the understanding of gene functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: As genome editing approaches are highly effective and accurate, this escalates the possibilities of improvement of other economically valuable plant characteristics also. In case of potato, it requires much efforts and skills for advancement of plant characters governed by multiple genes as compared to those governed by single gene due to heterozygous polyploid nature and asexual reproduction of potato plants. In spite of all these bottlenecks, significant success has been obtained in potato for few plant characteristics and many of them using gene editing approaches (gene knockout or addition/deletion of gene). Researchers have reported multiplexing of SpCas9 along with protoplast mediated transformation as an ideal choice for potato improvement. Over and above, it is important to aware consumers about difference between genome edited (GE) crops or crop varieties and genetically modified (GM) crops or crop varieties. Efforts are being made to keep genetically edited and genetically modified crops separate, which is important for advancement of gene editing approaches and their success. Collectively, genome editing throughCas is an efficient and precise next generation approach for rapid potato breeding to obtain sustainable crop yield. 1. /Cas genome editing in potato: Current status and future perspectives. Frontiers in Genetics. 2022;13:827808. DOI: 10. 3389/fgene. 2022. 8278082. den Berg RG, Vosman B. What’s in a name; genetic structure in Solanum section Petota studied using population-genetic tools. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2011;11:42. DOI: 10. 1186/1471-2148-11-423. Kennedy GG. In: editors. Integration of Insect-within IPM Programs. Amsterdam: Springer; 2008. 264. Genome editing in potato via -Cas9 ribonucleoprotein delivery. Physiologia Plantarum. 2018;164:378-384. DOI: 10. 1111/ppl. 127315. . Tetrasomic inheritance in cultivated potato and implications in conventional breeding. of Crop Science. 2015;93:185-190. DOI: 10. 3316/informit. 0752068024138266. . Applications of new breeding technologies for potato improvement. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:925. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2018. 009257. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing genome editing approaches, specifically highlighting their effectiveness and precision. It mentions the successful use of gene editing techniques, including multiplexing of SpCas9, demonstrating that these technologies can be applied effectively in organisms, such as potatoes, for enhancing various traits. This aligns well with the claim regarding CRISPR technology's capabilities in targeted gene editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: It is not possible to attribute causation here because these most highly treatment-resistant patients may have experienced a decline in their interaction with the team and/or worsened health and social functioning, with or without the incentives. However, contradicting this link to treatment resistance, there were no clear differences in medication adherence (between patients for whom negative effects of financial incentives were and were not reported) during the baseline or intervention periods. In addition, the clinician experiences may indicate that people with substance dependence problems could pose a small but not insignificant risk for increased substance use contributing to poor mental health, as a possible consequence of being offered financial incentives. However, this was not reflected in the descriptive data. Because this was designed as a qualitative study and was not powered for statistical analysis, we cannot rule out whether the differences we report are greater than those expected to occur by chance. However, the findings of this comparison could yield hypotheses for future quantitative testing. One need also consider what the practical implications of initiating financial incentives as part of clinical practice would be. For example, although patients who were denied financial incentives (because of not being a participant on the trial) throughout the intervention were relatively understanding as to why, it is unclear whether this would be more problematic when financial incentives were denied to some for reasons beyond that of it being a research project. We have endeavored to identify from the clinician perspective what happened between the clinician and the patient when financial incentives were offered in exchange for medication compliance. Further research should investigate whether any positive effects remain once the incentives end. It has been argued that incentives can be motivating in the short-term but damaging to intrinsic motivation in the long-term because these devalue the behavior being rewarded and potentially “crowd out” any motivating effect17 (p. 192). Similarly, increased engagement and adherence may be due to overvaluation of immediate reward,18 which may not persist when financial incentives are discontinued. Although any positive effect on mental health might be presumed to be rewarding in itself, this is a less immediate and tangible reward than immediate reinforcement with an incentive. Alternatively, better adherence while receiving the money could conceivably lead to symptom relief and increased insight, as the clinicians we interviewed reported for some of their patients, which could strengthen patients’ intrinsic motivation once the incentive is removed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing potential downsides of financial incentives, highlighting that while they may motivate short-term behavior, they can damage intrinsic motivation in the long-term. It states that financial incentives may not result in significantly better performance, particularly for treatment-resistant patients, as there were no clear differences in medication adherence between those who experienced negative effects from financial incentives and those who did not. Additionally, the discussion about the 'crowding out' effect illustrates that financial incentives can devalue the behavior they aim to reward, suggesting that they do not guarantee better performance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Я говорю, что я расскажу всё, отвечу на любые вопросы, не буду ничего скрывать, потому что я считаю, что в психологии нет конкуренции, и чем больше хороших психологов, тем лучше, потому как людей, которым требуется психологическая помощь, в миллион раз больше, чем психологов. И это факт. Как только начинает работать психолог, информация о нем расходится кругами. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the role of psychologists and the demand for psychological help, without mentioning genetics or the understanding of gene functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Voytas DF, Gao C. Precision genome engineering and agriculture: Opportunities and regulatory challenges. PLoS Biology. 2014;12:e1001877. DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 10018778. . Genome editing for crop improvement-applications in clonally propagated polyploids with a focus on potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ). Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:1607. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2018. 016079. High efficacy full allelicCas9 gene editing in tetraploid potato. Scientific Reports. 2019;9:17715. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-019-54126-w10. . -induced indels and base editing using the Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 in potato. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0235942. DOI: 10. 371/journal. pone. 023594211. Toinga-. /Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the granule-bound starch synthase gene in the potato variety to obtain amylose-free starch in tubers. of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(9):4640. DOI: 10. 3390/ijms2309464012. Amylose starch with no detectable branching developed through DNA-free -Cas9 mediated mutagenesis of two starch branching enzymes in potato. Scientific Reports. 2021;11:4311. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-021-83462-z13. Reduced enzymatic browning in potato tubers by specific editing of a polyphenol oxidase gene via ribonucleoprotein complexes delivery of theCas9 system. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020;10:1649. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2019. 0164914. . Editing sterol side chain reductase 2 gene (StSSR2) viaCas9 reduces the total steroidal glycoalkaloids in potato. All Life. 2021;14(1):401-413. DOI: 10. 1080/26895293. 2021. 192535815. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and articles that highlight the applications of CRISPR technology in gene editing specifically in potatoes. It mentions precision genome engineering and uses terms like 'high efficacy full allelic Cas9 gene editing' which directly supports the claim that CRISPR technology facilitates targeted gene editing in organisms, particularly in agricultural contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionQuality improvement is the principal strategy of any healthcare system. For this reason, there is a strong focus on assessment and redesign of the work process and of the systems themselves in order to lower the costs and to deliver care that is safer and that results in the best outcome for patients. The adoption of a pay-for-performance (P4P) approach aims to drive the hospitals in this direction. The idea behind the implementation of a P4P approach is quite simple: in order to improve the overall quality delivered, healthcare providers are given the opportunity to have their reimbursements increased when they achieve specified quality benchmarks (Eijkenaar et al. 2013; Alshamsan et al. 2010). From an economics perspective, the hospital is considered as a profit- maximizer agent which is encouraged to compete for quality in order to obtain a financial reward, rather than to attract more patients. Therefore, a P4P program is considered efficient when an improved quality of care is achieved with equal or lower costs (Emmert et al. 2012). Clearly, the evaluation of the quality delivered is a crucial part to every P4P approach. While quality in health care is a broad concept composed of different dimensions, such as efficiency, evaluation of standard, appropriateness and customer satisfaction, P4P programs refer to the healthcare system’s quality mostly in terms of its effectiveness (et al. 2010). Due to the potential of P4P programs, in recent years there has been a growing interest in the application of these programs to the healthcare systems of different countries. These studies are collected in several systematic reviews (et al. 2010; Eijkenaar 2012; Petersen et al. 2006), but mixed results transpire about the impact of the programs to the quality of care. The aim of the current paper is to contribute to the existing literature by providing a thorough evaluation of a P4P program and its effect on the overall quality of the healthcare system. The study discussed in this paper pertains to Lombardy region of Italy, previously identified as a suitable context for the adoption of a P4P program (Castaldi et al. 2011). In 2012, a tailored P4P program was introduced to control the amount of the annual budget provided to each hospital on the basis of their effectiveness. In line with the designs adopted by previous studies (Rosenthal et al. 2005; Lindenauer et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the mixed results transpiring from the implementation of pay-for-performance (P4P) programs in healthcare, indicating that while there is a potential for improvement in quality, the outcomes can vary significantly. This suggests that financial incentives do not guarantee better performance across the board, as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: И студентов я учу не экономить, не жадничать, если у них есть какая-то информация, книги, семинары. Что-то они узнали, я им сразу говорю: «Давайте делитесь друг с другом, это полезно, и это хорошо работает». Я считаю, что любой мой студент может стать хорошим психологом. Это просто вопрос какого-то количества усилий, и я в это абсолютно верю, и всегда им рассказываю, показываю их сильные стороны. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses student learning and psychology rather than gene function or understanding within genetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: -Cas9 targeting of the eIF4E1 gene extends the potato virus Y resistance in spectrum of the Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022;13:873930. DOI: 10. 3389/fmicb. 2022. 87393016. Targeting of SPCSV-RNase3 vis -Cas13 confers resistance against sweet potato virus disease. Pathology. 2021;23(1):104-117. DOI: 10. 1111/m617. . StMYB44 negatively regulates phosphate transport by supressing expression of 1 in potato. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2017;68(5):1265-1281. DOI: 10. 1093/jxb/erx02618. Perroud PF, Guyon- Prime editing in the model plant Physcomitrium patens and its potential in the tetraploid potato. Plant Science. 2022;316:111162. DOI: 10. 1016/j. plantsci. 2021. 11116219. . Hybrid restriction enzymes: Zinc finger fusions to FokI cleavage domain. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America. 1996;93:1156-1160. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 93. 3. 115620. Cathomen T, Joung JK. Zinc-finger nucleases: The next generation emerges. Molecular Therapy. 2008;16:1200-1207. DOI: 10. 1038/mt. 2008. 11421. . Functional domains in FokI restriction endonuclease. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America. 1992;89:4275-4279. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 89. 10. 427522. Handel EM, Cathomen T. Zinc-finger nuclease-based genome surgery: It’s all about specificity. Therapy. 2011;11:28-37. DOI: 10. 2174/15665231179452012023. Carroll D. Genome engineering with zinc-finger nucleases. Genetics. 2011;188:773-782. DOI: 10. 1534/genetics. 111. 13143324. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing various instances of gene targeting techniques, specifically mentioning Cas9 and Cas13, which are associated with CRISPR technology. For example, it discusses Cas9 targeting of the eIF4E1 gene to extend resistance to potato virus Y, showcasing how CRISPR can be applied to edit genes in organisms for specific traits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: 2007), 9 hospital wards covering a wide range of medical conditions were exogenously selected for the treatment group and were subjected to the P4P program, whereas the other hospital wards were not involved in the program. Data were collected both two years prior and two year post- introduction of the policy for all hospitals in the Lombardy region. The aim of this paper is then to evaluate the effect of the policy on the basis of the data collected. As in the evaluation of any policy, a choice needs to be made about which health outcome to use for quantifying the impact of the P4P program. In many studies, a single outcome is considered. For example, Sutton et al. (2012) quantify the impact of the P4P adoption in England by analyzing the hospital overall mortality. In addition, the evaluation of P4P programmes is often confined to specific clinical conditions, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), heart failure, pneumonia and hip/knee replacement (Jha et al. 2012; Levin-Scherz et al. 2006; Glickman et al. 2007; Shih et al. 2014; Sutton et al. 2012). In contrast to these studies, we analyze the P4P effect using five different health outcomes and based on the overall case-mix hospitalizations of the wards considered. Moreover, for the first time in a P4P study, we investigate the policy effect with regard to hospital ownership, by evaluating possible different reactions to the P4P program among the private (for-profit and not-for-profit) and public providers, and also with regard to the different wards, by evaluating whether surgical and medical wards reacted differently to the policy. The 1. 6 million discharges annually, with circa 18 billion Euro allocated for the healthcare spending (circa 75% of the regional budget) every year. A regional reform in 1997 radically transformed the healthcare system in Lombardy into a quasi-market healthcare system in which citizens can freely choose the provider regardless of its ownership (private for-profit, private not-for-profit or public). The healthcare system in Lombardy is entirely built on a prospective payment system based on diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), with a maximum annual reimbursement defined by a budget yearly allocated by the region to each hospital (Martini et al. 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the implementation of a Pay-for-Performance (P4P) program specifically within the healthcare sector, examining its effects on various health outcomes. It emphasizes how the P4P program was evaluated for different hospital types and treatments rather than asserting a blanket guarantee that financial incentives improve performance across all types of work. This implies that the effectiveness of financial incentives may vary depending on the context, suggesting that they do not universally guarantee better performance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: И это, на мой взгляд, хорошая вещь, она быстро дает результаты. — Кто ваши студенты? Опишите их? — Мои студенты — это люди, которые хотят развиваться, люди, которые не боятся изменений, люди, которые готовы смотреть в себя и готовы свою личность транслировать клиенту. И уже давно доказано, что нет лучшего метода в психологии. Есть те, которые нам нравятся и не нравятся. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses students and personal development in psychology rather than any scientific understanding of genes and their functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Highly efficient endogenous human gene correction using designed zinc-finger nucleases. Nature. 2005;435:646-651. DOI: 10. 1038/nature0355625. . TALEN effector DNA-binding principles and specificity. In: Kühn R, Wurst W, Wefers B, editors. TALENs. Vol. 25. : Springer; 2016. 1339. DOI: 10. 1007/978-1-4939-2932-0_226. . Transcription Activator-(TALE) nucleases and repressor TALEs for antiviral gene therapy. Cell Reports. 2015;1:1-8. DOI: 10. 1007/s40778-014-0008-727. TALENs facilitate targeted genome editing in human cells with high specificity and low cytotoxicity. Research. 2014;42:6762-6773. DOI: 10. 1093/nar/gku30528. Identification of pre-existing adaptive immunity to Cas9 proteins in humans. Nature Medicine. 2019;25:249-254. DOI: 10. 1038/s41591-018-0326-x29. . Origins and evolution of -Cas systems. of the B Biological Sciences. 2019:374. DOI: 10. 1098/rstb. 2018. 008730. . A glance at genome editing with –Cas9 technology. Current Genetics. 2019;66:447-462. DOI: 10. 1007/s00294-019-01040-331. Methodologies for improving HDR efficiency. Frontiers in Genetics. 2019;9:691-699. DOI: 10. 3389/fgene. 2018. 0069132. Metabolic engineering of potato tuber carotenoids through tuber specific silencing of lycopene epsilon cyclase. BMC Plant Biology. 2006;6:13. DOI: 10. 1186/1471-2229-6-1333. Reduced polyphenol oxidase gene expression and enzymatic browning in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ) with artificial microRNAs. BMC Plant Biology. 2014;14:62. DOI: 10. 1186/1471-2229-14-6234. Improving cold storage and processing traits in potato through targeted gene knockout. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various methodologies related to gene editing, including TALENs, which is another method of targeted genome editing that emphasizes high specificity and low cytotoxicity. It discusses various studies and advancements in gene editing technologies, aligning with the concept that CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in diverse organisms.