Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: [35] B. K. Ince, O. COD production in a membrane anaerobic reactor treating brewery wastewater, Water Res. 34 (2000) 3943-3948. [36] W. Parawira, I. Kudita, M. G. Nyandoroh, R. Zvauya, A study of industrial anaerobic treatment of opaque beer brewery wastewater in a tropical climate using a full-scale UASB reactor seeded with activated sludge, Process Biochem. 40 (2005) 593-599. [37] Y. Feng, X. Wang, B. E. Logan, H. Lee, Brewery wastewater treatment using air-cathode microbial fuel cells, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 78 (2008) 873-880. [38] Q. Wen, Y. Wu, L. Zhao, Q. Sun, Production of electricity from the treatment of continuous brewery wastewater using a microbial fuel cell, Fuel 89 (2010) 1381-1385. [39] T. Pepe Sciarria, G. Merlino, B. Scaglia, A. D’Epifanio, B. Mecheri, S. Borin, S. Licoccia, F. Adani, Electricity generation using white and red wine lees in air cathode microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sourc. 274 (2015) 393-399. [40] E. V. Ramasamy, S. A. Abbasi, Energy recovery from dairy waste-waters: impacts of biofilm support systems on anaerobic CST reactors, Appl. Energy 65 (2000) 91-98. [41] M. Mahdi Mardanpour, M. Nasr Esfahany, T. Behzad, R. Sedaqatvand, Single chamber microbial fuel cell with spiral anode for dairy wastewater treatment, Biosens. Bioelectron. 38 (2012) 264-269. [42] J. Kassongo, C. A. Togo, Performance improvement of whey-driven microbial fuel cells by acclimation of indigenous anodophilic microbes, Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10 (2011) 7846-7852. [43] A. Tremouli, G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies on microbial fuel cells that suggest their performance can vary based on environmental conditions. For example, it references studies related to brewery wastewater treatment in different climates and discusses performance improvements based on microbial acclimation. This implies that microbial fuel cells may not universally work efficiently in all environmental circumstances, which directly contradicts the claim of guaranteed functionality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The fungal network in the grazing-excluded grassland soils was more densely connected than those in grazed grassland soils, with more links, higher average degree and shorter path distance (Fig. 4, Table S2). Opposite trends were observed for the bacterial network in the grazing-excluded grassland soils. The value of R 2 of the power law ranged from 0. 71 to 0. 85. The values of the average clustering coefficient (avgCC), path distance (GD), and harmonic geodesic distance (HD) of all networks were larger than those for randomized networks (Table S2). Figure 4: Highly connected modules of bacteria and fungi in grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils. A red link indicates a positive correlation between two individual nodes, whereas a blue link indicates a negative correlation. Nodes at module centers are module hubs, and nodes in black boxes are connectors. (A) Bacterial network of grazing-excluded grassland soil; (B) bacterial network of grazed grassland soil; (C) fungal network of grazing-excluded grassland soil; (D) fungal network of grazed grassland soil. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-4 Figure 5: Proportion of bacterial and fungal nodes in global networks based on the eight most abundant bacterial phyla (A) and five most abundant fungal phyla (B). G, Grazed area; GE, Grazing-excluded area. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-5 A total of six module hubs and six connectors were identified in the bacterial networks of grazed grassland soils, whereas 12 module hubs and three connectors were found in the bacterial networks of grazing-excluded grassland soils (Table S3). For fungi, we recorded three module hubs and two connectors in the grazed grassland soils, whereas, four module hubs were recorded in grazing excluded grassland soils (Table S4). In addition, approximately 80% of the bacterial nodes of global networks belonged to the phyla Proteobacteria (23. 82∼26. 40%), Actinobacteria (20. 94∼25. 39%), Bacteroidetes (13. 69∼15. 35%), Acidobacteria (7. 60∼11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the connectivity of fungal networks in grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils and does not mention or provide evidence regarding the abundance of fungal spores as airborne particles. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat production still faces challenges in scaling to meet commercial demands. [SEP] Text: Researchers are hoping that relatively unprocessed sources like plant or yeast extract can eventually provide most of the nutrients and vitamins they need, and that they can find a cheaper way to produce the growth factors. As a step in that direction, Dutch researchers have developed a growth medium using no serum — just off-the-shelf chemicals — to which they add more than a dozen growth factors and other nutrients. Their new medium allowed cow muscle cells to grow almost as well as on calf serum, they reported recently. Scaling up from research-sized cultures to big commercial operations — an essential step to keeping costs down — may also present problems. The larger the bioreactor, the more difficult it is to ensure that waste products like ammonia are removed, says Martin, a chemical engineer who directs the Lab at the University of California, Berkeley. Even merely stirring extremely large bioreactors can subject the cells to damaging shear forces, he notes. The nutrient-supply problem gets even tougher for whole-muscle meats such as steaks or whole chicken breasts. In the animal, such thick slabs of muscle have networks of blood vessels snaking through them, so that every muscle cell is close to a blood supply. Many researchers in the field think replicating that 3D structure in culture poses serious challenges that have yet to be overcome. “I don’t think we are close to growing a steak, and I don’t see it in the next 10 or 15 years,” says San Martin. Still, proponents remain optimistic that those problems will be settled soon. “Technologically, we’re not concerned,” says Schulze. “With enough time and scientific ingenuity, somebody, somewhere, will find a way to make this work. The cost is the main issue for everyone. ”But cost remains a big stumbling block. The first lab-grown burger patty, produced by a Dutch team in 2013, cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000). And while costs have fallen since then, they remain much higher than for conventional meat. In a study that has not yet been peer-reviewed, Block and his colleagues estimated that producing a ground-beef product in a 42,000-liter bioreactor — almost twice as big as the largest in use today for mammalian cells — would cost about $13. 80 per pound. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various challenges that lab-grown meat production faces in scaling for commercial demands. It highlights issues such as the difficulty of removing waste products in larger bioreactors, the challenges of replicating the 3D structures of animal muscle, and the high costs associated with production, which are all significant barriers to scaling effectively. For example, it mentions that 'scaling up from research-sized cultures to big commercial operations may also present problems.' Additionally, the comment from San Martin indicates doubts about the near-future ability to grow complex meat cuts, while the high cost of lab-grown products compared to conventional meat is a further obstacle to achieving commercial viability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Antonopoulou, S. Bebelis, G. Lyberatos, Operation and characterization of a microbial fuel cell fed with pretreated cheese whey at different organic loads, Bioresour. Technol. 131 (2013) 380-389. [44] Q. Wen, F. Kong, H. Zheng, D. Cao, Y. Ren, J. Yin, Electricity generation from synthetic penicillin wastewater in an air-cathode single chamber microbial fuel cell, Chem. Eng. J. 168 (2011) 572-576. [45] L. Zhang, X. Yin, S. F. Y. Li, Bio-electrochemical degradation of paracetamol in a microbial fuel cell-fenton system, Chem. Eng. J. 276 (2015) 185-192. [46] R. Liu, C. Gao, Y. -G. Zhao, A. Wang, S. Lu, M. Wang, F. Maqbool, Q. Huang, Biological treatment of steroidal drug industrial effluent and electricity generation in the microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 123 (2012) 86-91. [47] K. Chandrasekhar, S. Venkata Mohan, Bio-electrochemical remediation of real field petroleum sludge as an electron donor with simultaneous power generation facilitates biotransformation of PAH: effect of substrate concentration, Bioresour. Technol. 110 (2012) 517-525. [48] electricity generation and aromatic compounds removal from purified terephthalic acid plant wastewater in a microbial fuel cell, Biotechnol. Lett. 35 (2013) 197-203. [49] monetary comparison of energy recovered from microbial fuel cells and microbial electrolysis cells fed winery or domestic wastewaters, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 35 (2010) 8855-8861. [50] H. -m. Jiang, S. -j. Luo, X. -s. Shi, M. Dai, R. -b. Guo, A system combining microbial fuel cell with photobioreactor for continuous domestic wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation, J. Cent. South Univ. 20 (2013) 488-494. [51] T. P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing various studies and applications of microbial fuel cells under specific conditions and substrates such as wastewater, cheese whey, and petroleum sludge, suggesting that their operation is contingent on certain environmental factors rather than being universally effective. The mention of different organic loads and bioreactors implies variability in performance depending on the system and conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: 85%), and Chloroflexi (8. 46∼11. 39%) (Fig. 5A). The grazing exclusion network had higher proportions of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, and Saccharibacteria compared with the grazing network. For fungi, the majority of the fungal nodes belonged to Ascomycota (64. 23∼64. 50%) and Basidiomycota (16. 41∼16. 90%) (Fig. 5B). The proportion of major fungal nodes in the global networks did not differ between grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils at the phylum level. The correlations between plants, soil variables, and soil microbial community Most variables examined in this study were correlated with one another (Table S5). Richness and diversity of bulk soil bacteria were positively correlated with (P < 0. 05) plant diversity, TOC, and soil pH (Table S5), while that of bulk soil fungi were positively correlated (P < 0. 05) with plant aboveground biomass and SWC, but negatively correlated (P < 0. 01) with soil pH. The richness and diversity of the rhizosphere fungi was positively correlated (P < 0. 05) with TN and soil pH (Table S5). Eigengen analysis was used to reveal the relationships between network structure and environmental factors based on Spearman’s correlation analysis (Fig. S3). The bacterial network grouped to 17 and 11 submodules in the grazing-excluded grassland soil and grazed grassland soil, respectively, whereas the fungal network grouped to 9 submodules in both grazing-excluded and grazed grassland soils. The bacterial network of the grazing-excluded grassland soil was strongly correlated with plant diversity (Fig. S3A), whereas the fungal network was strongly correlated with soil and pH (Fig. S3C). In the bacterial network, the module 10 of grazing-excluded grassland soil was positively correlated with plant diversity and aboveground biomass (P < 0. 05; Fig. S3A), whereas the module 9 of grazed grassland soil was positively correlated with plant aboveground biomass (P < 0. 01; Fig. S3B). In the fungal network of grazing-excluded grassland soil, module 6 was positively correlated with soil TP content (P < 0. 05; Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fungal spores' abundance as airborne particles. Instead, it discusses various bacterial and fungal communities in grassland soils and their relationships with environmental factors. There is no mention of airborne particles or their abundance, thus making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat production still faces challenges in scaling to meet commercial demands. [SEP] Text: To bring the cost down under $6 per pound, only a little pricier than conventional ground beef, would require a much larger, 260,000-liter bioreactor. The first meat from cultured cells was produced in 2013 by (pictured) and his colleagues at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands. The patty shown here (raw on left, cooked on right) cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000 at 2013 exchange rates). Costs have come down since then, but cellular meat is still more expensive than conventional meat. : cultured meat may not have to match the price of ground beef or chicken to be commercially viable. Some consumers will probably pay higher prices to avoid the ethical and environmental costs of conventional meat, just as they do today for plant-based meat substitutes like Impossible and Beyond Meat. And some conventional products such as caviar, foie gras or bluefin tuna are so expensive that cultured versions could probably be cost-competitive pretty soon, says Swartz. That would give manufacturers a way to bring in some profits even as they work to bring costs down further. Another intermediate step could be to use cultured meats to enhance the flavor of plant-based products, as is doing now with the part-cultured-meat, part-plant-based meat patties they sell in Singapore. Manufacturers could also add cultured animal fat cells to give a meatier flavor to a plant-based product. “You only need maybe 5 percent animal fat to achieve that,” says Swartz. Such hybrid products, he thinks, are likely to be the dominant role for cellular meat in the next decade. Similar first steps could help cultured-milk companies generate revenue before they can match cow’s milk in price. Breast milk offers enough advantages over infant formula, says Swartz, that many consumers are likely to pay high prices for cultured human milk from BioMilq and other companies. “There are a variety of proteins and fatty acids and sugars that are simply not there if you don’t have breast milk,” says Nurit Argov-Argaman, a lactation physiologist at the of Jerusalem. Argov-Argaman is also chief scientist at Wilk, an Israeli company that is culturing human breast cells to extract high-value components such as fatty acids and lactoferrin, a protein essential to iron uptake, to enrich infant formula. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the high costs associated with lab-grown meat production, such as the need for large bioreactors and initial production costs that were extraordinarily high, e.g., a patty costing about $330,000 at 2013 exchange rates. While it mentions that costs have decreased since then, it acknowledges that cellular meat remains more expensive than conventional meat, which indicates ongoing challenges in scaling production to meet commercial demands. Additionally, it suggests that hybrid products may play a significant role in the market, implying that lab-grown meat still needs to navigate financial viability as part of scaling efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Sciarria, A. Tenca, A. D’Epifanio, B. Mecheri, G. Merlino, M. Barbato, S. Borin, S. Licoccia, V. Garavaglia, F. Adani, Using olive mill wastewater to improve performance in producing electricity from domestic wastewater by using single-chamber microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 147 (2013) 246-253. [52] H. C. Tao, T. Lei, G. of heavy metals from fly ash leachate using combined bioelectrochemical systems and electrolysis, J. Hazard. Mater. 264 (2014) 1-7. [53] J. Huang, P. Yang, Y. Guo, K. Zhang, Electricity generation during wastewater treatment: An approach using an AFB-MFC for alcohol distillery wastewater, Desalination 276 (2011) 373-378. [54] X. Zheng, N. Nirmalakhandan, Cattle wastes as substrates for bioelectricity production via microbial fuel cells, Biotechnol. Lett. 32 (2010) 1809-1814. [55]. Khanjani, Evaluation of dairy industry wastewater treatment and simultaneous bioelectricity generation in a catalyst-less and mediator-less membrane microbial fuel cell, J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 20 (2016) 88-100. [56]. Rajabizadeh, N. Khanjani, Bioelectricity generation using two chamber microbial fuel cell treating wastewater from food processing, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 52 (2013) 352-357. [57] X. Guo, Y. Zhan, C. Chen, B. Cai, Y. Wang, S. Guo, Influence of packing material characteristics on the performance of microbial fuel cells using petroleum refinery wastewater as fuel, Renew. Energ. 87 (2016) 437-444. [58] G. Velvizhi, S. Venkata Mohan, Electrogenic activity and electron losses under increasing organic load of recalcitrant pharmaceutical wastewater, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 37 (2012) 5969-5978. [59] M. M. Ghangrekar, V. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing various studies that explore the performance and conditions of microbial fuel cells in different wastewater scenarios. For instance, it mentions several studies analyzing the efficiency of microbial fuel cells in specific contexts, such as 'using olive mill wastewater' and 'dairy industry wastewater treatment.' These studies imply that microbial fuel cells perform differently depending on the type of wastewater, indicating that they are not guaranteed to work universally in all environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: S3C). of grazing exclusion on plant characteristics and soil physicochemical properties The results of our study demonstrated that eight years of grazing exclusion on the S. glareosa desert steppe had negative influences on grassland ecosystems, because the primary plant communities (S. glareosa) were replaced by secondary plant communities dominated by S. collina, leading to retrogressive succession of this grassland plant community. The stress-tolerance competition hypothesis suggests that tall plant species can obtain more light resources than short plant species (Tilman, Wedin & Knops, 1996). Therefore, due to competition for resources, the density of some species with low competitive abilities decreased or even disappeared after grazing exclusion (Bi et al. , 2018). In the present study, grazing exclusion increased the abundance of S. collina, resulting in increased total aboveground biomass, indicating the tolerance of this species to grazing exclusion. However, their regeneration would have occupied more niche space in the community that thereby reduced the number of coexisting species possible (Wang et al. , 2020). Therefore, grazing exclusion reduced the species richness, indicating a trade-off between the plant biomass and species richness in S. glareosa desert steppe after grazing exclusion (Bi et al. , 2018). We also found that grazing exclusion decreased the soil TOC. A previous study reported that perennial bunchgrasses were positively correlated with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and available potassium, implying that perennial bunchgrasses are an indicator of soil properties and can improve soil nutrients (Jing et al. , 2014; Wang et al. , 2020). Our study supported these observations. Thereby our results illustrate that eight-years of grazing exclusion on the S. glareosa desert steppe of the may not be fully conducive to the restoration of grassland ecosystem. These results are consistent with the previous studies on Tibetan Plateau, which show that eight years of grazing exclusion did not bring any ecological and economic benefits (Sun et al. , 2020). Effects of grazing exclusion on soil microbial communities and interactions Grazing exclusion had a positive effect on the bulk soil bacterial and fungal richness and diversity. These findings might be related to the high-productivity grassland without the disturbance of livestock (Zhang et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of grazing exclusion on plant and soil characteristics, and the relationship between grazing and microbial communities. It does not mention fungal spores or their abundance in the air.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lab-grown meat production still faces challenges in scaling to meet commercial demands. [SEP] Text: A few of these cell-cultured meat and milk products should make it to supermarket shelves within the next few years, experts say. But as promising as these first steps are, no one really knows whether cellular meat and milk will eventually grab a significant share of the global market for animal-based foods. “There are certainly immense challenges — no one’s denying that,” says Schulze. “But our plan is to work on that as an industry. It’s effectively a space race for food. The difference here is we will attempt to rationally solve these challenges one by one in a reasonable time frame — and do it safely, of course, since it’s food. ”Editor’s note: A caption for an image in this 10. 1146/knowable-122122-2 is a science writer in Edmonton, Alberta, who likes meat but is open-minded about whether or not it comes from an animal. 10. 1146/knowable-122122-2 is a science writer in Edmonton, Alberta, who likes meat but is open-minded about whether or not it comes from an animal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by acknowledging that there are 'immense challenges' to lab-grown meat scaling for commercial demands. It indicates uncertainty about whether these products will take a significant market share and emphasizes that the industry aims to tackle these challenges one by one, thus supporting the claim that challenges persist in lab-grown meat production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Description Paper-fuel cells (MFCs) are devices that convert organic substances into electrical energy with the help of microorganisms. The MFCs are advantageous in an industrial perspective as these can utilize a wide range of substrates. Hence, paper-based MFCs are a promising alternative for bioelectricity generation which can act ideally even without much effort by the operator and can produce efficient power even after just being plummeted onto the liquid solution containing organic matter. Further, the wide-scale applicability of paper-based MFCs along with their cost-effective features has made the device an important ration in the present industrial based energy sector. (MFC), Exoelectrogens, Membranes, online 2/21/2019, 24 pages Citation: -. 46, pp 101-124, 2019 DOI: Part of the book on Cells 630. [2] N. Thepsuparungsikul, N. Phonthamachai, H. Y. Ng, Multi-walled carbon nanotubes as electrode material for microbial fuel cells, Technol. 65 (2012) 1208-1214. [3] B. E. Logan, Scaling up microbial fuel cells and other bioelectrochemical systems, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 85 (2010) 1665-1671. [4] J. Chouler, M. Di Lorenzo, Water quality monitoring in developing countries; can microbial fuel cells be the answer? Biosensors (Basel). 5 (2015) 450-470. [5] M. Di Lorenzo, A. R. Thomson, K. Schneider, P. J. Cameron, I. Ieropoulos, A small-scale air-cathode microbial fuel cell for on-line monitoring of water quality, Biosens Bioelectron. 62 (2014) 182-188. [6] Y. C. Yong, Y. Y. Yu, X. Zhang, H. Song, Highly active bidirectional electron transfer by a self-assembled electroactive reduced-graphene oxide-hybridized biofilm, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 53 (2014) 4480-4483. [7] C. I. Torres, A. Kato Marcus, B. E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are versatile and can operate in various substrates, there is no mention of a guarantee that they will work in all environmental conditions. Instead, the emphasis is on their advantages and efficiency in specific applications, suggesting that their effectiveness may not be universal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Grazing impacts soil microbial communities by causing changes in plant composition and soil properties through trampling, defoliation, and urine deposition (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Excluding livestock trampling increased plant coverage, enhanced soil aggregate structure, and therefore facilitate the soil microbial activity and growth (Wang et al. , 2020). Thus, we interpret that the grazing exclusion provides more opportunities for different microbial species to interact with each other. However, the soil bacterial and fungal networks responded differently to grazing exclusion, with fungal networks are more sensitive and quick response to grazing exclusion than that of bacterial networks. This may be because bacteria grow faster than fungi, while fungi may have more limited dispersal because of their larger size (Dassen et al. , 2017). Fungal co-occurrence networks were characterized by high connectivity and low modularity, indicating low stability under grazing exclusion (Montoya, Pimm & Sole, 2006); while bacterial co-occurrence networks had weak interactions that suggest higher stability under grazing exclusion (Coyte, Schluter & Foster, 2015). We also found that changes in soil nutrient levels had positively associations with fungal networks. There is accumulating evidence that fungal communities were more responsive to sources of C and N than bacterial communities (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Zhang et al. , 2018). Grazing can promote root exudation and litter decomposition through defoliation and trampling, which can enhance the amount of C and N entering the soil (Bi et al. , 2018). In contrast, grazing exclusion would be reduced the soil C and N pools in low fertility ecosystems, as suggested by previous researches (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Sun et al. , 2020). Therefore, grazing exclusion strengthened the soil fungal interactions by reducing the TOC, because more abundant members from fungal community were competing for limited niches (Lupatini et al. , 2014). The more connected interactions and increased negative correlations in fungal networks confirmed these findings (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Not only were fungal network affected more by TOC, but fungal network also showed negative links to vegetation change. Fungal communities have been found to be the first consumers of belowground input of plant-derived C (et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the impacts of grazing on soil microbial communities, particularly focusing on fungal networks and their responses to environmental changes. It does not address airborne fungal spores or their abundance in the air, thus it fails to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial meat is being promoted as a sustainable option to reduce the environmental impact of meat production. [SEP] Text: Hunted wild game meat – sustainable option for meat consumption? & Merja Lähdesmäki Food consumption increasingly raises ethical questions amongst contemporary consumers. These concerns are related, for instance, to animal welfare and negative environmental effects of food production. Particularly conventional meat production has received criticism concerning the living conditions of animals as well as the contribution of the production methods to greenhouse emissions and climate change. Consequently, the demand for more ecologically and socially sustainable food is acknowledged as one of the leading consumer trends at the global level. Expanding organic production is one means to mitigate food related ethical concerns, including animal welfare issues. Accordingly, the European organic meat products market is experiencing a strong growth as, for example, the production of organic beef, mutton and pork meat is increasing. Another option for more sustainable meat consumption is hunted wild game meat. Indeed, according to recent studies, consumers perceive game meat as more ‘green’ when compared to farmed meat. Furthermore, free roaming and following their natural grazing behavior is often associated with meaningful life for the animals (see Matilainen et al. 2021). Hunted wild game meat does not only provide an option for environmentally sustainable livestock system but wild game meat is also considered to retain high nutritional values with a low fat and cholesterol content. While consumers’ increasing health awareness is one of the predicted consumer trends globally, hunted wild game meat may appeal to modern consumerswhen purchasing meat products. Furthermore, from an environmental point of view, there is also an ecological “surplus” of hunted wild game meat. In many countries, it is a necessity to control overgrown game populations in order to avoid damages to fields and forests as well as to avoid traffic accidents. Thus, to some extent hunted game meat is a side product of wildlife management aiming to control damage. In the Finnish context, an example of this kind of game is the European moose (Alces alces), which is the most significant game animal concerning meat provision. In Finland, moose hunting is strongly embedded in rural traditions and based on a specific hunting culture. The hunting rights belong to landowners, often private non-industrial forest owners, who make the decision whether to allow hunting or not. According to rural tradition, forest owners typically rent their forests as hunting areas for local moose-hunting clubs, free of charge or for nominal compensation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the growing demand for ecologically and socially sustainable food options, including the criticism of conventional meat production and the promotion of alternatives like hunted wild game meat. It highlights concerns regarding animal welfare and environmental effects, aligning with the idea that sustainable options, such as artificial meat, are being promoted to address these issues. The text mentions that hunted wild game meat is perceived as more 'green' compared to farmed meat, which underscores the trend of seeking sustainable meat consumption options.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Rittmann, Proton transport inside the biofilm limits electrical current generation by anoderespiring bacteria, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100 (2008) 872-881. [8] M. Rahimnejad, A. Adhami, S. Darvari, A. Zirepour, S. E. Oh, Microbial fuel cell as new technology for bioelectricity generation: A review, Alexandria Eng. J. 54 (2015) 745-756. [9] cells and their development, Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 (2006) 2015-2045. [10] M. Mustakeem, Electrode materials for microbial fuel cells: nanomaterial approach, Mater. Renew. Sustain Energy. 4 (2015) 22. [11] R. . Cornejo, Biophotovoltaics: conversion of light energy to bioelectricity through photosynthetic microbial fuel cell technology, Cell, Springer, 2018, 373-387. [12] M. Rosenbaum, F. Aulenta, M. Villano, L. T. Angenent, Cathodes as electron donors for microbial metabolism: which extracellular electron transfer mechanisms are involved? , Bioresour Technol. 102 (2011) 324-333. [13] S. Tsujimura, A. Wadano, K. Kano, T. Ikeda, Photosynthetic bioelectrochemical cell utilizing cyanobacteria and water-generating oxidase, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 29 (2001) 225-231. [14] M. J. Cooney, E. Roschi, I. W. Marison, C. Comminellis, U. Von Stockar, Physiologic studies with the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: evaluation for use in a biofuel cell, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 18 (1996) 358-365. [15] K. Rabaey, G. Lissens, S. D. Siciliano, W. Verstraete, A microbial fuel cell capable of converting glucose to electricity at high rate and efficiency, Biotechnol Lett. 25 (2003) 1531-1535. [16] L. Mao, W. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that there are limitations regarding the operational conditions of microbial fuel cells. The citation of research studies and articles highlights various factors, such as 'Proton transport inside the biofilm' affecting 'electrical current generation,' which suggests that environmental conditions can indeed impact the functionality of microbial fuel cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: One recent study reported that mixed plant species were more likely than single-species to contain sufficient C, N, and P concentrations to satisfy the demand from microbial decomposers (Gong et al. , 2020). This view is supported by our results. For example, when the fast-growing S. collina plant and fungal community compete for soil C and N—mainly arising from inputs of single-species litter—was insufficient to meet the growth rate of fungi (Wang et al. , 2020). Conversely, in response to nutrient deficiency, fungal community could compete for limited nutrients, which are increased the fungal competition and thereby decreased their community stability (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019; Wang et al. , 2018). On the basis of the above reasoning, grazing exclusion may lead to a negative effect on soil fungal interactions and indicate an unstable and vulnerable fungal community in the S. glareosa desert steppe. bacterial and fungal networks have different properties and respond differently to grazing exclusion, with fungal networks were more sensitive to grazing exclusion than bacterial networks. Eight years of grazing exclusion strengthened the soil fungal interactions by decreasing the plant richness and TOC, in this case triggering negative effects on the S. glareosa desert steppe. Our findings provide evidence that eight-years of grazing exclusion is not beneficial to plant diversity maintenance. OI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/supp-1 data: all plant, soil, and soil microbial variables DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/supp-2 Information and authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The bacterial and fungal raw sequence data are available in the : PRJNA627740 (SRP258186). The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw measurements are available in the Supplementary Files. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the abundance of fungal spores as airborne particles. Instead, it discusses the interactions between plant species, fungi, and the impacts of grazing exclusion on soil and fungal communities, which is unrelated to the claim about airborne fungal spores.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe that terraforming Mars would take centuries, if not millennia, to achieve. [SEP] Text: Interviewee: Bruce JakoskySo, we wanted to look at the inventory of CO2 on the planet – where reservoirs of CO2, if you will, reside, how much would be there, and how easy it would be to mobilise it and put it back into the atmosphere. Interviewer: Ellie MackayEssentially, that’s what we’re doing to this planet with global warming and we’re trying to force a way to do that somewhere else. So it’s like we could send all of our industry and all of our fossil fuel burning over to Mars, and it would have a beneficial effect over there, instead of… Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThat’s absolutely right. We don’t even need to send the manufacturing and industry to Mars, we could just ship all the CO2 there. And that would solve both planets’ problems. It’s totally facetious and absolutely unworkable. We don’t have that much CO2 in our atmosphere, and the number of rockets you would have to ship to get the CO2 there is immense. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, so if we can’t ship it there, let’s get back to this idea of using reserves of CO2 on Mars. Your paper mentions several possible sinks – there’s CO2 in the polar ice, there’s some in minerals called carbonates, and there’s gas that gets bound to the layer of soil called the regolith on the surface of the planet. So, that seems like a lot of different places for the CO2 to be trapped. How might we mobilise or release it from these sources? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyProbably the easiest is the CO2 locked up in the polar ice. All you need to do is spread dark dust over the polar caps, and it would absorb more sunlight and heat up. That’s the easiest one, and if that sounds hard, you may not like the next ones. The carbonates you have to heat up to temperatures at which they break apart, and that’s around 300 °C. That automatically means a large scale industrial operation, and it wouldn’t get you very much. I think the most difficult CO2 to mobilise is gas that is physically attached to the soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the time frame associated with terraforming Mars, as it discusses the feasibility of mobilizing CO2 and the challenges involved in this process. It mentions the difficulty of utilizing CO2 found on Mars but does not provide any information that corroborates or contrasts with the specific claim about the lengthy time required for terraforming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Verwoerd, Selection of organisms for systems biology study of microbial electricity generation: a review, Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng. 4 (2013) 17. [17] T. K. Sajana, M. M. Ghangrekar, A. Mitra, Effect of pH and distance between electrodes on the performance of a sediment microbial fuel cell, Technol. 68 (2013) 537-543. [18] -reducing microorganisms that harvest energy from marine sediments, Science. 295 (2002) 483-485. [19] D. R. Bond, D. R. Lovley, Electricity production by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to electrodes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (2003) 1548-1555. [20] B. H. Kim, T. . Kano, K. Takagi, H. Tatsumi, Electrochemical activity of an Fe (III)-reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens IR-1, in the presence of alternative electron acceptors, Biotechnol. Tech. 13 (1999) 475-478. [21]. Kim, B. H. Kim, A mediator-less microbial fuel cell using a metal reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 30 (2002) 145-152. [22] production in biofuel cell using modified graphite electrode with neutral red, Biotechnol. Lett. 22 (2000) 1301-1304. [23] S. K. Chaudhuri, D. R. Lovley, Electricity generation by direct oxidation of glucose in mediatorless microbial fuel cells, Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (2003) 1229-1232. [24] D. Xing, Y. Zuo, S. generation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX-1, Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2008) 4146-4151. [25] Y. Zuo, D. of the exoelectrogenic bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi YZ-1 by using a U-tube microbial fuel cell, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74 (2008) 3130-3137. [26] R. Kumar, L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that the performance of microbial fuel cells is affected by specific environmental factors, such as pH and the distance between electrodes, as indicated by T. K. Sajana et al., who explored the effect of these variables on a sediment microbial fuel cell. This suggests that microbial fuel cells do not have guaranteed functionality across all conditions, thus directly rebutting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: work was supported by the (No. CARS-34), of China (No. 31960356), and the Program of ‘Ministry of Laboratory of Ecology and of the Mongolian Plateau’, University (No. 21400-516320313). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2004. Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the grassland. Nature 431(7005):181-184. 1998. Linking above-ground and below-ground interactions: how plant responses to foliar herbivory influence soil organisms. & Biochemistry 30(14):1867-1878. 2013. Phylogenetic and functional changes in the microbial community of long-term restored soils under semiarid climate. & Biochemistry 65:12-21. 2018. Effects of grazing exclusion on the grassland ecosystems of mountain meadows and temperate typical steppe in a mountain-basin system in Central Asia’s arid regions, China. Science of 630:254-263. 2013. Improved selection of internal transcribed spacer-specific primers enables quantitative, ultra-high-throughput profiling of fungal communities. Microbiology 79(8):2519-2526 -. 2018. China’s response to a national land-system sustainability emergency. Nature 559(7713):193-204. 2010. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. 7(5):335-336. 2016. Long-term grazing exclusion effects on vegetation characteristics, soil properties and bacterial communities in the semi-arid grasslands of China. 97:170-178. 2015. The ecology of the microbiome: networks, competition, and stability. Science 350(6261):663-666 de Deyn GB. 2017. Differential responses of soil bacteria, fungi, archaea and protists to plant species richness and plant functional group identity. 26(15):4085-4098. 2018. Soil bacterial networks are less stable under drought than fungal networks. 9:3033. 2012. Molecular ecological network analyses. BMC Bioinformatics 13:113-133 Edgar RC. 2004. : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Research 32(5):1792-1797 Edgar RC. 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the abundance of fungal spores as airborne particles. Instead, it discusses funding support for research and lists several unrelated studies and references without providing any evidence or information regarding the prevalence of fungal spores in the air.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe that terraforming Mars would take centuries, if not millennia, to achieve. [SEP] Text: Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo, does this mean this is the end of the concept of terraforming Mars? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThis doesn’t mean we can’t terraform the planet. It means we can’t do it today with available technology. People have also talked about manufacturing molecules that are very effective greenhouse gases, things like Freon, but the scale of manufacturing that would be required to produce enough is so far beyond our current capability that you have to put it into the distant future. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo what would you say to those people who are keen to inhabit Mars in the relatively near future? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWell first of all, I don’t think this impacts either our desire or our ability to explore Mars with humans. We can carry out that kind of a mission beginning today, and it would be exciting from the human perspective and from the science perspective. And this is part of that process of discussing what’s possible and where we as a society want to head. I think if we’re going to talk about sending humans to Mars, we need to do it in the context of a real and valid understanding of what is on the planet, based on the best available scientific information today. Interviewer: Ellie MackayThat was from the University of Colorado in the US. To read that story in Nature Astronomy, you can head over to nature. com/natastron. Host: Adam LevyStill to come in the Research Highlights: a dinosaur with enormous feet, and some rapidly rotating nanop100. It’s thought that the techniques involved could be useful in astrophysics, for example, helping to test the hypothesis that rapidly spinning dust p2003. So this probe’s been at Mars for quite a long time, and it’s got an instrument on it that uses radar to sort of bounce radio waves down to the surface and back. And sort of like using ground-penetrating radar on Earth to find things like oil and gas deposits that are buried, this radar uses its own instruments to probe the subsurface, to look at what’s bouncing back from beneath the ice. And it spotted these very, very bright reflections in this one place beneath the ice cap, and they’re interpreting those bright reflections as being liquid water. Interviewer: Adam LevyHow big a deal actually is this? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that the current technological capabilities are insufficient for terraforming Mars, stating that "the scale of manufacturing that would be required to produce enough [greenhouse gases] is so far beyond our current capability that you have to put it into the distant future." This suggests that achieving terraforming is not feasible in the near term and aligns with the view that it would take a very long time, potentially centuries or millennia.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Singh, A. W. Zularisam, Exoelectrogens: recent advances in molecular drivers involved in extracellular electron transfer and strategies used to improve it for microbial fuel cell applications, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 56 (2016) 1322-1336. [27] Y. Yang, Y. Ding, Y. Hu, B. Cao, S. A. Rice, S. Kjelleberg, H. Song, Enhancing bidirectional electron transfer of Shewanella oneidensis by a synthetic flavin pathway, ACS Synth. Biol. 4 (2015) 815-823. [28] D. R. Bond, D. R. Lovley, Electricity production by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to electrodes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (2003) 1548-1555. [29] F. Kracke, I. Vassilev, J. O. Krömer, Microbial electron transport and energy conservation–the foundation for optimizing bioelectrochemical systems, Front Microbiol. 6 (2015) 575. [30] P. Parameswaran, T. electrochemical, and microscopic characterization of the thermophilic, anode-respiring bacterium Thermincola ferriacetica, Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (2013) 4934-4940. [31] A. Okamoto, S. Kalathil, X. Deng, K. Hashimoto, R. Nakamura, K. H. Nealson, Cell-secreted flavins bound to membrane cytochromes dictate electron transfer reactions to surfaces with diverse charge and pH, Scientific Reports. 4 (2014) 5628. [32] oxidation of glucose with bacteria Escherichia coli, Russ. J. Electrochem. 37 (2001) 1216-1219. [33] S. Choi, Microscale microbial fuel cells: advanceds and challenges, Biosens. Bioelectron. 69 (2015) 8-25. [34] -based microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices, Lab Chip. 13 (2013) 2210-2251. [35] J. Winfield, P. Milani, J. Greenman, I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and advancements in microbial fuel cells, but it does not provide any guarantees about their performance in all environmental conditions. The nature of scientific research implies that there may still be challenges and limitations to microbial fuel cell applications under varying conditions, thus contrasting the claim of guaranteed functionality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: : highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. 10(10):996-998. 2011. improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics 27(16):2194-2200 Faust K, Raes J. 2012. Microbial interactions: from networks to models. Microbiology 10(8):538-550. 2020. Effects of nitrogen addition on above-and belowground litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics in the litter-soil continuum in the temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of 172:104036. 2011. Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons. 21(3):494-504. 2014. Effects of precipitation on grassland ecosystem restoration under grazing exclusion in Inner Mongolia, China. 29(10):1657-1673. 1999. The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80(4):1150-1156. 2008. Effects of grazing and topography on dust flux and deposition in the Xilingele grassland, Inner Mongolia. Journal of 72(5):792-807. 2014. DegePrime, a program for degenerate primer design for broad-taxonomic-range pcr in microbial ecology studies. Microbiology 80(16):5116-5123. 2014. Changes in plant community composition and soil properties under 3-decade grazing exclusion in semiarid grassland. 64:171-178 -. 2013. Towards a unified paradigm for sequence–based identification of fungi. 22(21):5271-5277. 2008. Influence of historic sheep grazing on vegetation and soil properties of a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia. & Environment 128(1–2):109-116. 2014. Network topology reveals high connectance levels and few key microbial genera within soils. Frontiers in 2. 2019. Microbial community composition and network analyses in arid soils of the under grazing disturbance reveal an important response of the community to soil p2011. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. 17:10-12 Maslov S, Sneppen K. 2002. Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks. Science 296(5569):910-913. 2006. Ecological networks and their fragility. Nature 442(7100):259-227. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fungal spores and their abundance as airborne particles. Instead, it contains various references to scientific studies and methods that are unrelated to the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars remains a theoretical concept with significant technical and ethical challenges. [SEP] Text: 01 August 2018 Podcast: Bird colour perception, terraforming Mars, and attributing extreme weather Hear the latest science news, brought to you by. Subscribe iPodcast acast RSS This week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. Your browser does not support the audio element. Download MP3See transcriptIn this episode:00:54 Modifying Mars’s atmosphereA lack of carbon dioxide might hamper efforts to make the habitable. Research Paper: Jakosky & Edwards08:52 How discerning zebra finches discern colourNew research shows that female zebra finches can differentiate orange from red. Research paper: Caves et al. 15:09 Research HighlightsA dinosaur with giant feet, and record breaking nanop10. 1038/d41586-018-05860-0 week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. IntroductionThis is a transcript of the 2nd August 2018 edition of the weekly Nature Podcast. Audio files for the current show and archive episodes can be accessed from the index page ( which also contains details on how to subscribe to the for FREE, and has troubleshooting top-tips. Send us your feedback to podcast@nature. com. [Jingle] Host: Adam LevyWelcome back to the Nature Podcast. This week, we’ll be taking a peek at how zebra finches see colour, and we’ll be hearing about a problem with plans to terraform Mars. Host: Ellie MackayPlus, we’re learning how researchers are linking individual extreme weather events to climate change. I’m Ellie Mackay. Host: Adam LevyAnd I’m Adam Levy. [Jingle] Interviewer: Ellie MackayFirst up this week: have you ever thought about living on Mars? Right now, it’s not the most inviting environment. But there have been plenty of ideas about how that might be changed. Here’s – he’s one of the authors of a paper in this week, and he’s been looking at how realistic some of these ideas might be. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyRight now, the average temperature at the surface of Mars is about -60 °C, and if we could raise it up to 0 °C, then we could have liquid water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing current challenges in modifying Mars's atmosphere, which aligns with the assertion that terraforming Mars is a theoretical concept facing significant technical difficulties. The mention that Mars's average temperature is currently -60 °C and the need to raise it to 0 °C for liquid water reflects the substantial challenges involved in making Mars habitable.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Nevin, Microbial production of multi-carbon chemicals and fuels from water and carbon dioxide using electric current, US Patent, 9856449, January 2, 2018. [53] Z. Xu, Y. Liu, I. Williams, Y. Li, F. Qian, H. Zhang, D. Cai, L. Wang, B. Li, Disposable self-support paper-based multi-anode microbial fuel cell (PMMFC) integrated with power management system (PMS) as the real time “shock” biosensor for wastewater, Biosens. Bioelectron. 85 (2016) 232-239. [54] A. Escapa, M. I. San-Martín, R. Mateos, A. Morán, Scaling-up of membraneless microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) for domestic wastewater treatment: Bottlenecks and limitations, Bioresour. Technol. 180 (2015) 72-78. [55] H. the burden of food processing washdown wastewaters using microbial fuel cells, Biochem. Eng. J. 117 (2017) 210-217. [56] W. Yang, J. Li, Q. Fu, L. Zhang, X. Zhu, Q. Liao, A simple method for preparing a binder-free paper-based air cathode for microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 241 (2017) 325-331. [57] F. M. Ramírez, H. Addi, F. J. H. Fernández, C. Godínez, A. Pérez de los Ríos, E. M. Lotfi, M. El Mahi, L. J. Lozano Blanco, Air breathing cathode-microbial fuel cell with separator based on ionic liquid applied to slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and bio-energy production, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 92 (2017) 642-648. [58] leachate: a promising substrate for microbial fuel cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 23794-23798. [59] P. Jain, M. Sharma, P. Dureja, P. M. Sarma, B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning various challenges and limitations associated with microbial fuel cells in different contexts. For example, it references the scaling-up of membraneless microbial electrolysis cells and discusses bottlenecks and limitations related to wastewater treatment, indicating that these systems may not function optimally under all conditions. The presence of these discussions suggests that microbial fuel cells are not guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Design and experimental application of a novel non-degenerate universal primer set that amplifies prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes with a low possibility to amplify eukaryotic rRNA genes. DNA Research 21(2):217-227 Newman M. 2006. Modularity and community structure in networks. Proceedings of of Sciences of the of America 103(23):8577-8582. 2013. ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Research 41(D1):D590-D596. 2003. Stoichiometric tracking of soil nutrients by a desert insect herbivore. 6(2):96-101. 2003. Cytoscape: s software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. 13(11):2498-2504. 2020. Reconsidering the efficiency of grazing exclusion using fences on the Tibetan Plateau. 65(16):1405-1414. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379(6567):718-720. 2020. Ecological effects of establishing a 40-year oasis protection system in a northwestern China desert. Catena 187:104374. 2007. classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Applied and 73(16):5261-5267. 2018. Higher precipitation strengthens the microbial interactions in semi-arid grassland soils. Biogeography 27:570-580 Yan Y, Lu XY. 2015. Is grazing exclusion effective in restoring vegetation in degraded alpine grasslands in Tibet, China? PeerJ 3:e1020. 2019. Grazing exclosures solely are not the best methods for sustaining alpine grasslands. PeerJ 7:e6462. 2018. Biochar application influences microbial assemblage complexity and composition due to soil and bioenergy crop type interactions. & Biochemistry 117:97-107. 2018. Interactions of soil bacteria and fungi with plants during long-term grazing exclusion in semiarid grasslands. & Biochemistry 124:47-58. 2010. Functional molecular ecological networks. mBio 1(4):1-10. 2011. Phylogenetic molecular ecological network of soil microbial communities in response to elevated CO2. mBio 2(4):e00122-11 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a collection of references and research topics without addressing the claim regarding fungal spores. It lacks any specific mention or evidence supporting or contradicting the idea that fungal spores are abundant airborne particles, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars remains a theoretical concept with significant technical and ethical challenges. [SEP] Text: That would allow us to function as humans in the environment without the need for domes or habitats. Interviewer: Ellie MackayBruce is talking about the concept of terraforming Mars – modifying the atmosphere to make the planet more Earth-like, and therefore habitable. But it’s not just the temperature that’s an issue. For us to live there, the atmospheric pressure of Mars would need to be 150 times greater than it is today. Yet proposals to terraform Mars have become increasingly popular. I asked Bruce how realistic the concept of terraforming Mars actually is. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWhat you can’t see is that I’m smiling at that question, because the less we know about how we would actually terraform Mars, the easier we think it is, and as you begin to explore it, it gets harder and harder. Right now, it’s in the realm of science fiction because we don’t really know how to do it, and I think the fact that we’re changing the environment on the Earth inadvertently underscores the fact that we really don’t understand how climates work. Despite that, a lot of people have been speculating in the press lately about how easy it might be to terraform Mars. Our paper will be an interesting contrast to that, in terms of dashing some people’s hopes, to be honest. Interviewer: Ellie MackayWell that doesn’t sound very encouraging, but to start off with, can you explain what’s actually being proposed? So, from a scientific point of view, how might we overcome these barriers of temperature and pressure? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIf we wanted to terraform Mars, the way we would do it would be to put a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. That would serve both functions of increasing the pressure and by trapping heat from the sun, increasing the temperature. And that really depends on the availability of greenhouse gases or our ability to manufacture them. The most available and accessible greenhouse gas at Mars would be carbon dioxide – CO2. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, and so this is what your research was looking at? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that terraforming Mars is largely speculative and currently viewed as 'in the realm of science fiction.' It highlights the significant obstacles involved, such as the need to drastically increase Mars' atmospheric pressure and the unknown complexities of climate alteration. Bruce Jakosky's remarks illustrate that while proposals exist, the challenges become more evident upon investigation, aligning with the assertion that terraforming remains theoretical and fraught with complexities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Curtis, Temperature, inocula and substrate: contrasting electroactive consortia, diversity and performance in microbial fuel cells, Bioelectrochem. 119 (2018) 43-50. [77] M. Mohammadifar, J. Zhang, I. Yazgan, O. Sadik, S. Choi, Power-on-paper: origami-inspired fabrication of 3-D microbial fuel cells, Renew. Energ. 118 (2018) 695-700. [78] Y. Zhang, J. Xiao, Q. Lv, L. Wang, X. Dong, M. Asif, J. Ren, W. He, Y. Sun, F. Xiao, S. Wang, In situ electrochemical sensing and real-time monitoring live cells based on freestanding nanohybrid paper electrode assembled from 3D functionalized graphene framework, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 9 (2017) 38201-38210. [79] S. Priyadarsini, S. Mohanty, S. Mukherjee, S. Basu, M. Mishra, Graphene and graphene oxide as nanomaterials for medicine and biology application, J. Nanostructure Chem. 8 (2018) 123-137. [80] M. Ehsani, Y. Gao, S. Longo, K. Ebrahimi, Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles,. (2018). [81] E. Kjeang, N. Djilali, D. Sinton, Microfluidic fuel cells: a review, J. Power Sources. 186 (2009) 353-369. [82] F. Qian, Z. He, M. P. Thelen, Y. Li, A microfluidic microbial fuel cell fabricated by soft lithography, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 5836-5840. [83] M. D. Khan, N. Khan, S. Sultana, R. Joshi, S. Ahmed, E. Yu, K. Scott, A. Ahmad, M. Z. Khan, Bioelectrochemical conversion of waste to energy using microbial fuel cell technology, Process Biochem. 57 (2017) 141-158. [84] S. V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents various studies on microbial fuel cells and includes references to contrasting factors such as temperature, inocula, substrate, and different electroactive consortia, indicating that these cells may not perform uniformly in all environmental conditions. Thus, the text contradicts the claim by suggesting that the performance of microbial fuel cells varies based on these external factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: In 2011, produced 70% of the world’s conventional cocoa, but only 3. 3% were certified organic (Potts et al. 2014). Against this background the overall aim of this study was to determine the extent to which management and season determine nutrient cycling in cocoa agroforestry systems in West Africa. Such information will improve our knowledge on how to effectively manage soil fertility in cocoa production. Specifically, our study seeks to (a) determine the role of seasonality on litterfall and its nutrient concentrations in cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management, (b) estimate annual litterfall and nutrient recycling under the two management systems, (c) compare the rate of cocoa leaf decomposition and nutrient release over 12 months, and (d) assess nutrient stocks in cocoa beans and pod husks. Materials and methodsStudy siteOur study was conducted in (6°2 × 3. 84″ N, 0°27 × 8. 64″ W) in the of Ghana. The natural vegetation in the Municipality is classified as a semi-deciduous forest, however, human encroachment has reduced it to secondary forests, thickets, and grasslands (MOFA 2017). The area has a bi-modal rainfall distribution with the major rainy season lasting from March to July and the minor rainy season from September to November (MOFA 2017). For 10 years (2010-2020) had an average annual precipitation ranging from 199 to 288 mm and an average temperature from 25 to 30 °C. (Online 2021). was chosen as the study location because both conventional and organic cocoa agroforestry systems exist in close vicinity. Local soils are predominantly classified as Lixisols (2015) with pH ranging from 5. 83 to 6. 85, major nutrients ranging from 0. 55 to 2. 29 µg N g−1 soil, 2–6 µg P g−1 soil, 21–84 µg K g−1 soil and a texture of 54% sand, 22% silt, and 24% clay (Agbotui unpublished data). Within an aerial distance of 6 km four villages were selected, two for each cocoa management system. In the villages Kuano and Oboadeka located on Haplic and Ferric Lixisols, respectively, cocoa farms were managed conventionally. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses cocoa production, management practices, and conditions in Ghana without addressing the role of fungi in decomposing organic matter or nutrient cycling. The focus is on agricultural practices and environmental conditions rather than on the specific contribution of fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: )A gameNow let’s play a game. In this game, we’re given two enormous graphs on a billion nodes. I claim they’re isomorphic, and I want to prove it to you. However, my life’s fortune is locked behind these particular graphs (somehow), and if you actually had an isomorphism between these two graphs you could use it to steal all my money. still want to convince you that I do, in fact, own all of this money, because we’re about to start a business and you need to know I’m not broke. Is there a way for me to convince you beyond a reasonable doubt that these two graphs are indeed isomorphic? And moreover, could I do so without you gaining access to my secret isomorphism? It would be even better if I could guarantee you learn nothing about my isomorphism or any isomorphism, because even the slightest chance that you can steal my money is out of the question. Zero knowledge proofs have exactly those properties, and here’s a zero knowledge proof for graph isomorphism. For the record, $ G_1$ and $ G_2$ are public knowledge, (common inputs to our protocol for the sake of tracking runtime), and the protocol itself is common knowledge. However, I have an isomorphism $ f: G_1 \to G_2$ that you don’t know. Step 1: I will start by picking one of my two graphs, say $ G_1$, mixing up the vertices, and sending you the resulting graph. In other words, I send you a graph $ H$ which is chosen uniformly at random from all isomorphic copies of $ G_1$. I will save the permutation $ \pi$ that I used to generate $ H$ for later use. Step 2: You receive a graph $ H$ which you save for later, and then you randomly pick an integer $ t$ which is either 1 or 2, with equal probability on each. The number $ t$ corresponds to your challenge for me to prove $ H$ is isomorphic to $ G_1$ or $ G_2$. You send me back $ t$, with the expectation that I will provide you with an isomorphism between $ H$ and $ G_t$. Step 3: Indeed, I faithfully provide you such an isomorphism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing a detailed description of how zero-knowledge proofs function, specifically in the context of proving the isomorphism of two graphs without revealing the actual isomorphism. The explanation illustrates that the prover can convince the verifier of their knowledge about the isomorphism while ensuring that no information about the isomorphism itself is disclosed.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Mohan, G. Velvizhi, J. A. Modestra, S. Srikanth, Microbial fuel cell: critical factors regulating bio-catalyzed electrochemical process and recent advancements, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 40 (2014) 779-797. [85] R. Kumar, L. Singh, A. W. Zularisam, Exoelectrogens: recent advances in molecular drivers involved in extracellular electron transfer and strategies used to improve it for microbial fuel cell applications, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 56 (2016) 1322-1336. [86] G. Pasternak, J. Greenman, I. Ieropoulos, Comprehensive study on ceramic membranes for low-cost microbial fuel cells, ChemSusChem. 9 (2016) 88-96. [87] V. Yousefi, D. M. Kalhori, A. Samimi, Ceramic-based microbial fuel cells (MFCs): a review, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 42 (2017) 1672-1690. [88] J. Winfield, L. D. Chambers, J. Rossiter, I. Ieropoulos, Comparing the short and long term stability of biodegradable, ceramic and cation exchange membranes in microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 148 (2013) 480-486. [89] E. Antolini, Composite materials for polymer electrolyte membrane microbial fuel cells, Biosens. Bioelectron. 69 (2015) 54-70. [90] S. Das, K. Dutta, D. Rana, Polymer electrolyte membranes for microbial fuel cells: a review, Polym. Rev. (2018) 1-20. [91] K. Dutta, Polymer-inorganic nanocomposites for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Polymer-for Applications, Springer, Cham. (2017) 606. [92] -Park, H. Song, P. Chen, Macroporous and monolithic anode based on polyaniline hybridized three-dimensional graphene for high-performance microbial fuel cells, ACS Nano. 6 (2012) 2394-2400. [93] Y. Zhang, G. Mo, X. Li, W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various studies that imply the functionality of microbial fuel cells is influenced by several critical factors and advancements in technology. These factors likely suggest the conditions under which microbial fuel cells operate may vary, and they are not guaranteed to work universally in all environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: The villages Nsuta and Adimediem, also located on Haplic and Ferric Lixisols, farms were under organic management. Within each village we randomly selected three farms at an age range of 8–25 years for litterfall collection and two for cocoa leaf decomposition studies, which represents the most productive period of cocoa trees (Obiri et al. 2007). In this selection, care was taken that in each village farms with similar ages were represented. Description of management systemsBoth organic and conventional management grow a mixture of hybrid (improved cocoa cultivar) and Amazonia cocoa cultivars planted in a haphazard manner. The cocoa tree densities were 1299 stems ha−1 and 1395 stems ha−1 for organic and conventional management, respectively. Shade tree composition and structure varied for both management systems (Table 1). In all farms, weeds were controlled 2–3 times per year. I organic farms they were slashed, whereas conventional farmers used both slashing and glyphosate-based herbicides (Agbotui et al. 2023). The six selected organic farms did not apply any mineral fertilizer during our study period. However, farmers are recommended to use 800 kg ha−1 Elite organic fertilizer™ which supplies 24–32–32 kg of N–P–K ha−1. Capsid (Distantiella theobroma (Dist. ) and mirids (Sahlbergella singularis) in organic management were controlled using Agropy 5 EW™ with pyrethrum (a natural insecticide) as an active ingredient applied at the rate of 500 ml ha−1 once annually. Conventional farmers fertilized their farms using 50 kg ha−1 of Nitrabor™ (8 kg N ha−1) and Asaase Wura™ (33 kg P ha−1; 12 kg K ha−1), although the recommended rate is twice the farmers' application. Capsid and mirid in conventional farms were controlled once yearly using Akate Master™ (Bifenthrin as active ingredient), Confidor™ (Imidacloprid as active ingredient) and Actara™ (Thiamethoxam as active ingredient) at rates of 500 ml ha−1, 150 ml ha−1, and 85 ml ha−1, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about fungi decomposing organic matter. Instead, it discusses various farming practices, cocoa cultivars, and pest control methods. While it mentions organic management systems and provides some context about organic farms, it does not contain information about fungi or their role in nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: But how can we be sure that there’s no leakage of knowledge in the protocol? What does “leakage” even mean? That’s where this topic is the most difficult to nail down rigorously, in part because there are at least three a priori different definitions! The idea we want to capture is that anything that you can efficiently compute after the protocol finishes (i. e. , you have the content of the messages sent to you by the prover) you could have computed efficiently given only the two graphs $ G_1, G_2$, and the claim that they are isomorphic. Another way to say it is that you may go through the verification process and feel happy and confident that the two graphs are isomorphic. But because it’s a zero-knowledge proof, you can’t do anything with that information more than you could have done if you just took the assertion on blind faith. I’m confident there’s a joke about religion lurking here somewhere, but I’ll just trust it’s funny and move on. In the next post we’ll expand on this “leakage” notion, but before we get there it should be clear that the graph isomorphism protocol will have the strongest possible “no-leakage” property we can come up with. Indeed, in the first round the prover sends a uniform random isomorphic copy of $ G_1$ to the verifier, but the verifier can compute such an isomorphism already without the help of the prover. The verifier can’t necessarily find the isomorphism that the prover used in retrospect, because the verifier can’t solve graph isomorphism. Instead, the point is that the probability space of “$ G_1$ paired with an $ H$ made by the prover” and the probability space of “$ G_1$ paired with $ H$ as made by the verifier” are equal. No information was leaked by the prover. For the second round, again the permutation $ \pi$ used by the prover to generate $ H$ is uniformly random. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how zero-knowledge proofs maintain 'no leakage' of information. It discusses the process where the prover sends a random isomorphic copy of a graph to the verifier, indicating that while the verifier can verify the isomorphism, they gain no additional knowledge beyond what was initially asserted. This aligns with the essence of zero-knowledge proofs, which is to prove knowledge without revealing any further information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Ye, X. Huang, C. Yu, A graphene modified anode to improve the performance of microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 196 (2011) 5402-5407. [94] S. Khilari, S. Pandit, M. M. Ghangrekar, D. Pradhan, D. Das, Graphene oxide-impregnated PVA–STA composite polymer electrolyte membrane separator for power generation in a single-chambered microbial fuel cell, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52 (2013) 11597-11606. [95] C. E. Zhao, J. Wu, S. Kjelleberg, J. S. C. Loo, Q. Zhang, Employing a flexible and low-cost polypyrrole nanotube membrane as an anode to enhance current generation in microbial fuel cells, Small. 11 (2015) 3440-3443. [96] Y. Zou, J. Pisciotta, I. V. Baskakov, Nanostructured polypyrrole-coated anode for sun-powered microbial fuel cells, Bioelectrochemistry. 79 (2010) 50-56. [97] Y. Zou, C. Xiang, L. Yang, L. X. Sun, F. Xu, Z. Cao, A mediatorless microbial fuel cell using polypyrrole coated carbon nanotubes composite as anode material, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 3 3 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 4 8 5 6 – 4 8 6 2. [98] -based poly(arylene ether sulfone nitrile) s multiblock copolymers as anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7 (2015) 8284-8292. [99] (arylene ether nitrile) anion exchange membranes with dense flexible ionic side chain for fuel cells, J. Membr. Sci Technol. 550 (2018) 254-265. [100] S. Angioni, L. Millia, G. Bruni, D. Ravelli, P. Mustarelli, E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and advancements in microbial fuel cells, which imply that enhancements and modifications are necessary for improved performance. The need for specific materials (such as graphene and polypyrrole) to enhance performance suggests that microbial fuel cells do not inherently guarantee functionality across all environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Functional group, phenology, density, and basal area of shade tree species in cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management in size tableLitter collectionLitterfall was determined by collection in five randomly distributed 50 cm × 50 cm × 30 cm open wooden boxes per farm raised 30 cm above the ground (Dawoe et al. 2010). Nylon netting with mesh size of 2 mm was used to close the boxes below and allow aeration and draining of rainwater. Litterbox positions were randomly relocated every two weeks to cover on-farm heterogeneity, and results were summed per month. Litter trapped within the boxes was collected fortnightly and irrespective of the litter origin (shade or cocoa trees) were sorted into leaves, reproductive parts, and twigs. Due to the small quantities obtained reproductive parts and twigs were again pooled annually for nutrient determination. Litterbag experimentLitter decomposition was studied by selecting two fields aged 8–12 years and 20–25 years in each village. To this end freshly fallen cocoa leaves on the ground were collected in each farm, thoroughly mixed, and air-dried. Of these, 50 g dry matter (DM) were filled into bags of 30 cm × 30 cm and 2 mm mesh size. In each farm, 36 litterbags were placed on the soil surface and pinned with nails to assure close contact with the soil. Litterbags were then covered with litter placed on the soil surface to simulate the conditions of natural litter decomposition in cocoa agroforests. A set of six bags were randomly placed at six different locations per farm. The bags were sampled after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 months of decomposition. At each sampling time, one bag from each location was randomly picked amounting to 6 bags (replicates) per farm. Upon bags retrieval, litter was cleaned from soil and other debris, dried, and stored until analysis. The initial characteristics of cocoa leaves used for decomposition study can be found in Table 2. Table 2 Initial chemical properties of cocoa leaves used in the decomposition study in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana (n = 4)Full size tableAnnual cocoa pod and husk estimationFor biomass estimation of dry cocoa pod husks (CPH), twenty fruits from each farm were harvested and cocoa beans were separated from CPH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the methodology of litter collection and decomposition in cocoa agroforests without mentioning fungi or their role in decomposing organic matter for nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: Since composing a fixed permutation with a uniform random permutation also results in a uniform random permutation, the second message sent by the prover is uniformly random, and so again the verifier could have constructed a similarly random permutation alone. Let’s make this explicit with a small program. We have the honest protocol from before, but now I’m returning the set of messages sent by the prover, which the verifier can use for additional computation. def messagesFromProtocol(G1, G2, isomorphism): p = Prover(G1, G2, isomorphism) v = Verifier(G1, G2) H = p. sendIsomorphicCopy() choice = v. chooseGraph(H) witnessIsomorphism = p. proveIsomorphicTo(choice) return [H, choice, witnessIsomorphism] To say that the protocol is zero-knowledge (again, this is still colloquial) is to say that anything that the verifier could compute, given as input the return value of this function along with $ G_1, G_2$ and the claim that they’re isomorphic, the verifier could also compute given only $ G_1, G_2$ and the claim that $ G_1, G_2$ are isomorphic. It’s easy to prove this, and we’ll do so with a python function called simulateProtocol. def simulateProtocol(G1, G2): # Construct data drawn from the same distribution as what is # returned by messagesFromProtocol choice = random. choice([1, 2]) G = [G1, G2][choice - 1] n = numVertices(G) isomorphism = randomPermutation(n) pi = makePermutationFunction(isomorphism) H = applyIsomorphism(G, pi) return H, choice, pi The claim is that the distribution of outputs to messagesFromProtocol and simulateProtocol are equal. But simulateProtocol will work regardless of whether $ G_1, G_2$ are isomorphic. Of course, it’s not convincing to the verifier because the simulating function made the choices in the wrong order, choosing the graph index before making $ H$. But the distribution that results is the same either way. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the zero-knowledge protocol works and emphasizing that the verifier could compute results without needing to know the actual information from the prover. It describes that anything the verifier can compute, given the messages from the prover, can also be determined without those messages if they only have the isomorphism claims. This aligns with the core principle of zero-knowledge proofs, which is to allow one party to prove knowledge without revealing the underlying information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: MC (1911) Electrical effects accompanying the decomposition of organic compounds. 84. CG (2015) The analog revolution and its on-going role in modern analytical measurements. 87. R (1998) Hans Wenking, born August 18th, 1923 A problem-solver for electrochemists. 49. C, Dessì (2020) Microbial electrochemical technologies: electronic circuitry and characterization tools. 150. Preliminary experiments on a microbial fuel cell. Science (80) 137. Benthic microbial fuel cells: a sustainable approach for metal remediation and electricity generation from sapodilla waste. Technol 10. F, Vassilev I, Krömer JO (2015) Microbial electron transport and energy conservation—The foundation for optimizing bioelectrochemical systems. 6. DR (2011) Powering microbes with electricity: direct electron transfer from electrodes to microbes. Rep 3. Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in bio-fuel cell characterization: a review. 39. KR, (2006) Electrical test methods for on-line fuel cell ohmic resistance measurement. J 160. R (2016) Grounding and shielding: circuits and interference. 16. Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications, 2nd edn 122. Z, (2009) Exploring the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in microbial fuel cell studies. Sci 2. AA, Serrà (2021) Self-assembled oil palm biomass-derived modified graphene oxide anode: an efficient medium for energy transportation and bioremediating Cd (II) via microbial fuel cells. Chem 14. A novel structure of scalable air-cathode without Nafion and Pt by rolling activated carbon and PTFE as catalyst layer in microbial fuel cells. 46. A new method for fabrication of graphene/polyaniline nanocomplex modified microbial fuel cell anodes. J 224. Electricity generation and heavy metal remediation by utilizing yam (Dioscorea alata) waste in benthic microbial fuel cells (BMFCs). J 172. The polarization behavior of the anode in a microbial fuel cell. 53. Effect of electrolyte pH on the rate of the anodic and cathodic reactions in an air-cathode microbial fuel cell. Bioelectrochemistry 74. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating the existence of various factors affecting the functionality of microbial fuel cells, such as impacts of electrolyte pH on the anodic and cathodic reactions. This suggests that microbial fuel cells do not necessarily work 'in all environmental conditions' but are influenced by specific variables.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Beans and CPH were dried at 60 °C to constant weight and DM was determined for calculation of bean/CPH ratio. Cocoa bean yield in kg ha−1 was estimated by taking the 3-year average of the whole farm documented in the farmers’ Cocoa Passbook, which is the official document in Ghana, where the quantity of dried cocoa beans is recorded at the time of sale by the purchasing clerk (Asare et al. 2019). Chemical analysisPrior to chemical analysis, all collected samples were oven-dried at 60 °C for 72 h, weighed, and milled. and N concentration of milled samples were determined using a CN analyzer (). For major and trace nutrient analyses, milled samples were dry-ashed at 550ºC overnight, followed by generating an ash solution with 32% HCl (Motsara and Roy 2008). Major and trace nutrient concentrations in ash solution were measured using a Spectrogreen ICP-OES (). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were analysed as described by (1963) to determine lignin and cellulose, which was estimated as the difference between ADF and ADL. Total polyphenols were quantified by using the Folin-Ciocalteau method with aqueous acetone (70% v/v) as extractant (FAO and IAEA 2000). After addition of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) to bind the total tannins in the extract, the supernatant was used to determine the non-tannin phenols with the above-mentioned method. Total tannins were calculated as the difference between polyphenols and non-tannin phenols. Condensed tannins were measured using the butanol-HCl method (butanol-HCl 95:5 v/v; FAO and IAEA, 2000). Data were reported as means with their respective standard errors (Table 2). Data analysisLinear mixed effect models were used to analyse all data. Interaction between management and monthly total litterfall was tested by using management and month as fixed effects and Lixisol soil type as random effect with aboveground biomass (AGB) as covariate. Aboveground biomass was calculated with allometric equations reported in (Agbotui et al. 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the methodology for analyzing cocoa beans and does not mention fungi or their role in decomposing organic matter. There is no reference to nutrient cycling or fungal activity within the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: Last time, we saw a specific zero-knowledge proof for graph isomorphism. This introduced us to the concept of an interactive proof, where you have a prover and a verifier sending messages back and forth, and the prover is trying to prove a specific claim to the verifier. A zero-knowledge proof is a special kind of interactive proof in which the prover has some secret piece of knowledge that makes it very easy to verify a disputed claim is true. The prover’s goal, then, is to convince the verifier (a polynomial-time algorithm) that the claim is true without revealing any knowledge at all about the secret. In this post we’ll see that, using a bit of cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs capture a much wider class of problems than graph isomorphism. Basically, if you believe that cryptography exists, every problem whose answers can be easily verified have zero-knowledge proofs (i. e. , all of the class NP). Here are a bunch of examples. For each I’ll phrase the problem as a question, and then say what sort of data the prover’s secret could be. Given a boolean formula, is there an assignment of variables making it true? Secret: a satisfying assignment to the variables. Given a set of integers, is there a subset whose sum is zero? Secret: such a subset. Given a graph, does it have a 3-coloring? Secret: a valid 3-coloring. Given a boolean circuit, can it produce a specific output? Secret: a choice of inputs that produces the output. The common link among all of these problems is that they are NP-hard (graph isomorphism isn’t known to be NP-hard). For us this means two things: (1) we think these problems are actually hard, so the verifier can’t solve them, and (2) if you show that one of them has a zero-knowledge proof, then they all have zero-knowledge proofs. We’re going to describe and implement a zero-knowledge proof for graph 3-colorability, and in the next post we’ll dive into the theoretical definitions and talk about the proof that the scheme we present is zero-knowledge. As usual, all of the code used in making this post is available in a repository on this blog’s Github page. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that in a zero-knowledge proof, the prover has a secret piece of knowledge that they use to convince the verifier of the truth of a claim, without revealing any information about that secret. This definition aligns with the claim that zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge without revealing the information itself.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Dynamic evolution of electrochemical and biological features in microbial fuel cells upon chronic exposure to increasing oxytetracycline dosage. Bioelectrochemistry 136. A viable electrode material for use in microbial fuel cells for tropical regions. Energies 9:1–14. A carbon-cloth anode electroplated with iron nanostructure for microbial fuel cell operated with real wastewater. Sustainable 12. H-(2021) Cyclic voltammetry in biological samples: a systematic review of methods and techniques applicable to clinical settings. Signals 2. A graphene modified anode to improve the performance of microbial fuel cells. J 196. Improved electricity generation, coulombic efficiency and microbial community structure of microbial fuel cells using sodium citrate as an effective additive. J 482. Sciarria T, de ’(2020) Metal-free activated biochar as an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst in single chamber microbial fuel cells. J 462. Graphite-metal oxide composites as potential anodic catalysts for microbial fuel cells. Catalysts 10. Zavala MÁ, Peña (2019) Use of cyclic voltammetry to describe the electrochemical behavior of a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell. Energies 12. Repeatability of low scan rate cyclic voltammetry in bioelectrochemical systems and effects on their performance. J Biotechnol 95. Electrodeposition of graphene by cyclic voltammetry on nickel electrodes for microbial fuel cells applications. 43. DZ, El-khatib (2018) Exploring the bioelectrochemical characteristics of activated sludge using cyclic voltammetry. Biotechnol 184. L, Le Quéméner óth élafi-Bakó K, Nemestóthy N (2019) Behavior of two-chamber microbial electrochemical systems started-up with different ion-exchange membrane separators, 278. Modified conductive polyaniline-carbon nanotube composite electrodes for bioelectricity generation and waste remediation. 284. Fabrication of three-dimensional graphene anode for augmenting performance in microbial fuel cells. Carbon Resour. Convers 2. Investigating microbial fuel cell aided bio-remediation of mixed phenolic contaminants under oxic and anoxic environments. J 155. Conductive magnetite nanop296. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that microbial fuel cells' performance can vary based on environmental conditions, as indicated by studies focusing on factors like chronic exposure to different dosages and specific types of wastewater. The mention of various research articles points to factors such as how electrode materials and biological features adapt to certain environments, suggesting that they are not universally efficient across all conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Management effects on mass loss and nutrient release at each sampling time as well as on rates of mass loss and nutrient release were analysed with management as fixed effect and Lixisol type as random effect. Data normality and homoscedasticity were checked using Shapiro-Wilk test and visual inspection of model’s residuals versus fitted values, respectively. Data violating these assumptions were transformed using either log, square root, or Tukey ladder of powers. All statistics were performed with R (R 2020). ResultsLitterfall quantity and qualitySeasonality influenced monthly total litterfall quantity under both managements. On average, the highest monthly total litterfall was recorded in December and it was three-fold higher than July which recorded lowest. (Fig. 1). The total litterfall peak at the onset of the dry season (December) in organic farms was 16% higher than in conventional farms, but this difference was not significant. and July, total litterfall in organic farms were 94% and 65%, respectively, higher (p < 0. 05) than in conventional farms. Leaf litter contributed 82% to total litterfall and the difference in total litterfall between seasons resulted from 60% higher leaves shedding in the dry season than in the rainy season (Fig. 2b). Annual total litterfall amounted to 8 t ha−1 yr−1 and 9 t ha−1 yr−1 for conventional and organic management, respectively, whereby the difference was non-significant (Fig. 2a). Fig. 1Monthly total litterfall (mean ± one standard error of the mean) for cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. 2019–2020 monthly precipitation (Online 2021) indicated in grey bars. * and ** indicate significant differences between management systems (n = 6) at p = 0. 05 and 0. 01, respectivelyFull size image Fig. 2A Annual litterfall averaged within the two management systems (n = 6) and B seasonal litterfall (dry season; n = 4, rainy season; n = 8) averaged across the two management systems separated into leaves, reproductive parts (Repro), and twigs, and total litterfall in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. Based on monthly precipitation, December to February and August were categorized as dry season months. Error bars indicate +/- one standard error of the mean. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fungi decomposing organic matter or contributing to nutrient cycling. Instead, it discusses management effects on litterfall quantity and quality under different agricultural practices, along with statistical analysis details. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: However, if we run this protocol only once, there’s nothing to stop the prover from just lying and picking two distinct colors. If we allow the verifier to run the protocol many times, and the prover actually reveals the colors from their secret coloring, then after roughly $ |V|$ rounds the verifier will know the entire coloring. Each step reveals more knowledge. We can fix this with two modifications. The prover first publicly commits to the coloring using a commitment scheme. Then when the verifier asks for the colors of the two vertices of a random edge, he can rest assured that the prover fixed a coloring that does not depend on the verifier’s choice of edge. The prover doesn’t reveal colors from their secret coloring, but rather from a random permutation of the secret coloring. This way, when the verifier sees colors, they’re equally likely to see any two colors, and all the verifier will know is that those two colors are different. So the scheme is: prover commits to a random permutation of the true coloring and sends it to the verifier; the verifier asks for the true colors of a given edge; the prover provides those colors and the secrets to their commitment scheme so the verifier can check. The key point is that now the verifier has to commit to a coloring, and if the coloring isn’t a proper 3-coloring the verifier has a reasonable chance of picking an improperly colored edge (a one-in-$ |E|$ chance, which is at least $ 1/|V|^2$). On the other hand, if the coloring is proper, then the verifier will always query a properly colored edge, and it’s zero-knowledge because the verifier is equally likely to see every pair of colors. So the verifier will always accept, but won’t know anything more than that the edge it chose is properly colored. Repeating this $ |V|^2$-ish times, with high probability it’ll have queried every edge and be certain the coloring is legitimate. Let’s implement this scheme. First the data types. As in the previous post, graphs are represented by edge lists, and a coloring is represented by a dictionary mapping a vertex to 0, 1, or 2 (the “colors”). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a zero-knowledge proof protocol involving a prover and a verifier. It explains that the prover commits to a random permutation of their true coloring without revealing the actual colors. During the verification process, the verifier learns that pairs of colors are different but gains no additional information about the specific colors, emphasizing that the verifier 'will always accept, but won’t know anything more than that the edge it chose is properly colored.' This illustrates the core principle of zero-knowledge proofs—the ability to prove knowledge without revealing the underlying information.