Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dinosaurs could communicate with each other using a highly developed spoken language. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of -language could tap into 'universal code'& language could tap into 'universal code' Study may overturn a key idea of language evolution 12 Aug 2015ByA child makes the Language symbol for “rabbit. ” The symbol is iconic since it imitates the whiskers of a rabbit. Suzette/www. suzette. nu/Flickr/Share:FacebookShare on know a lot about language, but we know very little about how speech developed. Did we start with gesturing and grunts? Beating our chests and pointing? Most linguists agree that some combination of movement and sound probably got us started. But how did we decide which sounds to use for various words? Now, an experimental game has shown that speakers of English might use qualities like the pitch and volume of sounds to describe concepts like size and distance when they invent new words. If true, some of our modern words may have originated from so-called iconic, rather than arbitrary, expression—a finding that would overturn a key theory of language evolution. For years, mainstream linguists have said that most of the sounds we use have no meaning. A few words—think "splash" and "bow-wow" in English—clearly have their origins in the noises of the natural world, and the universal "mama" might be the result of an infant puckering up for a kiss of milk. These kinds of words have what linguists refer to as iconicity—the ability to evoke an image in the mind's eye. But the vast majority of words, from "fish" to "sushi," are arbitrary. Or at least that's what linguists thought. To explore the idea, researchers asked pairs of students at the University of California, Santa Cruz, to invent new words for 18 contrasting ideas: up, down, big, small, good, bad, fast, slow, far, near, few, many, long, short, rough, smooth, attractive, and ugly. Their partners then had 10 seconds to guess which one of the ideas the "word inventors" were describing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the lack of definitive knowledge about how early forms of language developed and suggesting that most sounds used in languages are arbitrary rather than iconic. This indicates that while communication systems may exist within species, the evidence does not support the idea that dinosaurs had a 'highly developed spoken language' as understood in the context of modern human languages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: However, if the analysis were to be repeated including 2001, this factor would most likely enter the picture significantly. Because of the severe recession that began in 1999, the credit-GDP ratio understates the magnitude of the credit decline up to 2001. This includes demand, time, savings, and foreign-currency-denominated deposits held by the private sector. The acronym refers to the evaluation of the financial condition of individual banks based on the following criteria: capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, and liquidity. In order to avoid double counting, we excluded from FPL foreign currency loans to the government, because these are already included in our measure of financing to the government, NGOVB. In earlier drafts we used a country risk indicator, CRISK, measured as the (EMBI) spread for Argentina. Following comments received, and in order to isolate the currency risk component not directly captured by the other two macroeconomic controls, we opted to use instead. The results were similar in all regressions except in those for government financing, where had a more intuitively reasonable effect than CRISK. We now report only the regressions with. We also used the headline stock market index in earlier drafts of the paper. However, in order to rule out the possibility that overall banking sector performance—through the stock price—was driving the relationship between and individual bank behavior, we constructed our own nonbanking stock market index, by excluding banking institutions. We found that the degree of correlation between the two indices, although high throughout the sample period, declined appreciably from the third quarter of 1999 onward. Furthermore, both and performed well in our regressions, with consistently significant coefficients in virtually all of the equations. We now report only the regressions using the nonbanking index. In all regressions, we eliminated outliers; observations containing unrealistically high liquidity; loan-asset, government financing, nonperforming loan, or dollarization ratios; or growth rates of loans or deposits. We also excluded cases in which the capitalization ratios were negative. These outliers were generally the result either of data reporting errors or of relatively new institutions growing at high rates from a small base. Defined as 1−R nf 2/R f 2, where the subscript nf refers to a regression excluding all fundamentals, and f refers to the reported regression including the fundamentals. A clarification is warranted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses financial analysis, bank performance, and statistical methods without addressing the complexity or structure of languages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [26]. In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [27,28]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone-9 hepatocytes [27]. Pirmoradi et al. [28] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [27,28], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains. In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [29]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in a disturbance in the balance between the free radical formation and elimination, the latter of which is mediated by antioxidant systems [11,12]. The phenolic structure in curcumin confers electron-capturing properties, which destabilize ROS, explaining the well-accepted antioxidant effects [30]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin is 'well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.' This directly supports the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dinosaurs could communicate with each other using a highly developed spoken language. [SEP] Text: The students weren't allowed to use body language or facial expressions though they were sitting face to face, and they weren't allowed to use sounds related to similar English words. Surprisingly enough, the partners scored better than chance on the first round. And during subsequent rounds of the game, students got faster and more accurate at guessing which word was being created. Analyzing the data, author Marcus Perlman—a cognitive scientist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison—says the guessers were successful because the inventors consistently used certain types of vocalizations with certain words. For example, made-up words for "up" had a rising pitch, whereas made-up words for "down" had a falling pitch. "Slow" had a long duration and a low pitch, whereas "fast" had a short duration and high pitch. And "smooth" had a high degree of harmonicity, whereas "rough" had a high degree of the opposite quality—noise. Overall, each of the new words varied reliably from its opposite in at least one feature, and 57% of the words had unique prosodic "calling cards. " Results from the word invention study. Researchers measured five different qualities for each word: duration (D), harmonics-to-noise ratio (H), intensity (I), pitch (P), and pitch change (C). The red line shows how much average speakers emphasized one of these qualities in a word, compared with its counterpart. The up and down arrows show qualities that differed reliably between opposites. M. Perlman et al. , R. Soc. Open sci. 2 (2015) Perhaps more surprising, when Perlman ran a second experiment with subjects recruited from a labor crowdsourcing website, they also guessed better than chance when listening to sample vocalizations. Their guesses were not nearly as good as the face-to-face participants—35. 6% right versus 82. 2%—but they had only one round in which to make their guess. "It's interesting to me that people are so consistent in their ideas of how to express these different meanings," Perlman says. "[Students playing the game] are nervous at first, and they don't have any idea of how to express these meanings the first time through. But, lo and behold, they are actually very consistent in what they do. They all share similar intuitions. " This isn't the first time that sound has been linked to meaning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study on human participants creating and understanding vocalizations in a game context, which suggests that while vocalizations can convey meaning, the study pertains to human communication rather than actual communication methods used by dinosaurs. The emphasis on specific qualities of sound linked to meaning does not provide evidence for dinosaurs having a highly developed spoken language.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: We showed in the descriptive section that over the entire study period the share of foreign currency deposits increased and overall deposits contracted. However, a distinction should be made between an earlier stage, in which there was a pure composition switch toward foreign currency deposits, and a later stage—the deposit run—during which all deposits declined, but the domestic currency component did so more rapidly. In fact, when we estimated this equation using an alternative measure for nonperforming loans, the “broad nonperforming loan ratio,” this effect disappeared. 6—as well as in Tables 7 and 9—we report the OLS coefficients for only the three nonfundamental bank characteristics, although all fundamental and macro variables were also included. The OLS results on these variables did not differ substantially from those obtained in the FE estimations shown in the upper panel. Similarly, as imperfectly hedged borrowers perceived an increase in the risk of a devaluation, their demand for foreign currency loans may have declined as well. The dependent variable NGOVB is defined as the broad measure of financing to the government, as in Table 2. It includes government bonds plus lending to the government. Also it is possible that safer banks had higher costs of compliance with prudential regulations; thus, lending to the government would have helped those banks to level the playing field vis-à-vis the banks with weaker fundamentals and therefore lower costs of compliance. For this comparison we used the simplest specification, which includes the fundamentals not related to currency exposure (and NGOVB) and the three macroeconomic controls (and ). Some of the results of robustness checks are not fully reported in this paper. However, they are available upon request from the authors. 9 shows, we found the effect of currency risk () on deposit growth to be negative. Thus, a positive coefficient on the interaction terms SIZE*and *implies that larger and more time deposit–oriented banks were less likely to suffer deposit withdrawals from an increase in currency risk. Perhaps depositors perceived that these banks were managing their currency risk more effectively; at the same time, depositors may have felt that there was little these banks could do in the face of other deteriorating macroeconomic conditions. One possible interpretation is that, as fiscal performance faltered, the exposure of banks to the private sector became less relevant to depositors. Of course, this argument would be stronger if one observed simultaneously that depositors became more responsive to banks' levels of government financing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the complexity and structure of languages. It discusses economic concepts, specifically regarding foreign currency deposits and banking behavior, which does not provide any information or argument related to the complexity of languages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: However, being similar to other antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids, curcumin has been found to show double-edged roles in the level of intracellular ROS, which appeared to be highly dependent on the cell type [30-32]. Curcumin has been reported to elevate ROS levels in multiple cancer cells [30-32]. In this study, in line with the well-accepted anti-oxidative activity of curcumin in normal and non-malignant cells [29-32], 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [33]. The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin has been shown to alleviate ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which is described as directly aligning with its proven anti-inflammatory property. The reference to curcumin's ability to improve inflammatory responses, evidenced by the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, supports the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 29053 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordApril 10, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,210 views 439 downloads 38 9053. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 6 figures, 2 videos and 2 additional files 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Experimental setup and methodology. (A) Configuration of the experimental flight room for wireless, chronic neural recordings from freely flying echolocating bats. Shown is the bat (in brown) with the neural telemetry device mounted on the head (in green). The telemetry device transmits RF signals to an RF receiver connected to an amplifier and an analog-to-digital recording system. The bat’s flight path (in red) is reconstructed by 16 motion capture cameras (not all are shown) tracking three reflective markers mounted on the dorsal surface of the telemetry device (3 mm round hemispheres). While the bat flies, it encounters four different, cylindrical flight obstacles (shown in grey), and the sonar vocalizations are recorded with a wide-band microphone array mounted on the walls. (B) Overhead view of the room in the platform-landing task. The bat flew across the room (red line) using echolocation to navigate (black circles are sonar vocalizations) while recordings were made wirelessly from the SC (as shown in pane A). Vocalizations produced on this trial are shown in greater detail in bottom panels (filtered audio trace and corresponding spectrogram). The inset, on the right, shows a zoomed-in view of the spectrogram of one call, indicated by the red box. (C) Histological reconstruction of the silicon probe tract through the superior colliculus (SC) of one bat in the study. Shown are four serial coronal sections, approximately 2. 5 mm from bregma, at the location of the SC. Lesions at the site of the silicon probe are indicated with black arrows. Also marked in the most rostral section are the locations of the SC, medial geniculate body (MGB), hippocampus (HPC), cortex, and dentate gyrus (DG). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses an experimental setup for studying echolocating bats, their flight paths, and neural recordings, with no mention or discussion of dinosaurs or their capabilities regarding flight. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: The reference multimedia journal in interventional cardiology Create an account Sign in team Contact us Current issue Current issue Number 18 (Sep 16, 2024) Recent issues Number 17 (Sep 2, 2024) Number 16 (Aug 19, 2024) Number 15 (Aug 5, 2024) Just accepted and scaffolds Left main and multivessel disease Bifurcation lesions CTO Other coronary interventions valvular disease TAVI Mitral valve replacement and repair Tricuspid Pulmonary valve Other valvular and structural interventions heart failure Acute heart failure Chronic heart failure the knee AAA Iliac Femoral peripheral interventions hypertension Renal artery angioplasty Renal denervation Other hypertension stroke Carotid stenting LAA closure Ischaemic stroke Other stroke interventions -& permissions Reprint E-print Author centre DOI: 10. 4244/EIJV8I4A65 Not all drug-eluting balloons are equally good for patients, not all patients are equally suitable for drug-eluting balloons Salvatore Cassese, MD; Adnan Kastrati*, ät, Munich, Germany share print download PDF download media download 1. Drug-eluting stents (DES) have become the mainstay of current revascularisation practice since they dramatically reduced the need for re-intervention as compared with bare metal stents (BMS)2. The superiority of DES over BMS has been demonstrated in various lesion settings,3 such as de novo atherosclerotic disease of native and graft vessels4 and in-stent restenosis (ISR) after BMS5 or DES implantation6. The platform, polymer and antirestenotic drug are the most common components of DES. Although the stent platform has been shown to have an important impact on the BMS performance7,8, its specific role as a component of DES has not been investigated. Findings from several studies support a relevant role of the other two DES components, the drug carrier and the antiproliferative drug3,9. There is sufficient evidence to show that drugs of the “limus” family are safer and more effective than paclitaxel3. Drug-eluting balloons (DEB) have emerged as a new PCI option10. Main DEB components are vehicles for drug-elution (carriers/excipients) and the antiproliferative drugs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to cardiology and interventions involving drug-eluting stents and balloons, without addressing the complexity or structure of languages in any manner.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. . Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by highlighting various studies indicating the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, such as its ability to regulate TNF-α inflammatory responses and protect neuroblastoma cells against oxidative stress. These findings corroborate the assertion that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. A new paravian dinosaur from the of supports a late acquisition of avian flight All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2018. The first revision was submitted on May 22nd, 2019 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. The 2019. Version 0. 2 (accepted) Hans-· Jun 3, 2019 · will be a really important contribution to our understanding of non-avian theropod phylogeny, and I am pleased that you and your team chose PeerJ as your publication venue. [# PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Andrew Farke, a PeerJ covering this Section #] Reviewer 1 · May 31, 2019 Basic reporting no comment Experimental design no comment Validity of the findings no comment Additional comments I thank the authors for entertaining my comments in the first round of review. I still have some reservations about the phylogenetic analysis and am concerned about the many heterodox results. However, I am not one to stand in the way of publication. I've said my piece, the authors have replied, and now it's important to get this new taxon and the dataset out there. Cite this review as (2019) #1 of "A new paravian dinosaur from the of supports a late acquisition of avian flight (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted May 22, 2019 Version 0. 1 (original submission) Hans-· Oct 11, 2018 · Neither of the reviewers, nor the handling editor, denies the tremendous importance of this fantastic new find. However, the manuscript in its current form does not do it justice. Both reviewers raise major issues concerning the phylogenetic analysis in addition to a host of smaller issues. Please consider and respond to the comments point-by-point. Reviewer 1 · Sep 21, 2018 Basic reporting summarized below Experimental design poor-summarized below Validity of the findings poor-summarized below Additional comments This is a frustrating paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by addressing the acquisition of avian flight in paravian dinosaurs, suggesting that flight capability was developed later in their evolution rather than being a trait present in all dinosaur species. The phrase 'supports a late acquisition of avian flight' indicates that not all dinosaurs were capable of flight and implies that this trait evolved over time in certain groups, which directly contradicts the claim that all dinosaur species could fly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: Indeed, it has previously been demonstrated in animal models that antiproliferative drugs could be adequately delivered from balloon surface into the vessel wall only with a matrix compound11. Similarly, Radke et al compared various DEB using different drug-delivery formulations and confirmed that effective excipients are necessary to accomplish successful tissue transfer of the drug from a balloon surface12. Importantly, in vitro and in vivo models showed that during angioplasty with DEB, contact between vascular smooth muscle cells and paclitaxel, a highly lipophilic anti-neoplastic drug, is sufficient to provide long-lasting inhibition of cell proliferation13-15. As a result, paclitaxel became the sole drug used among DEB currently available on the market, with other drugs still under investigation16. It remains to be seen whether refinement of methods of drug delivery from balloons will enable effective use of “limus” drugs for DEB in the hope to repeat the success they have achieved as component of DES. A discrete number of randomised studies evaluated DEB versus plain balloon angioplasty (POBA), DES and BMS in different settings17. The main limitation of these trials was the lack of power to assess clinically relevant endpoints. 1 we summarised risk estimates for DEB regarding target lesion revascularisation (TLR) by performing a meta-analysis of currently available randomised trials. The main results are: 1) In de novo lesions, the combination of DEB with BMS, which makes little sense considering the widespread DES availability, does not reduce the need for re-intervention as compared with BMS alone and increases TLR risk as compared with DES (Figure 1, and B). 2) The size of the two trials18,19 that assessed DEB for lesions in small coronary vessels is limited and does not enable firm conclusions. However, no sign of benefit of DEB versus DES could be observed (Figure 1, Panel C). Randomised trials of BMS versus POBA in small vessels have shown that optimal POBA with provisional stenting is probably as effective over the long term as systematic stenting20. However, considering the fact that the efficacy and strength of current DES technologies is mostly generated when they are placed in lesions of small vessels, it is unlikely to expect a major role for DEB in the treatment of lesions in coronary vessels of small size21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about language complexity and structure. It discusses drug delivery systems, particularly drug-eluting balloons (DEB) and their effectiveness in medical treatments, without any reference to languages or their complexity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018;68(4):213-21. . Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Curcumin: into an against Cancer. Mol Sci. 2019;20(8):1808. . Curcumin-Induced DNA Demethylation in by the DNA-Pathway. Cell Longev. 2020;2020:2543504. Liczbiński P, Michałowicz J, Bukowska B. Molecular mechanism of curcumin action in signaling pathways: Review of the latest research. Phytother Res. 2020;10. 1002/ptr. 6663. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. TableTable 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes references to the role of curcumin, stating the effects of curcumin on inflammation and chronic diseases, which implies that it has anti-inflammatory properties. Specifically, it mentions 'Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked?' indicating that there is a recognized connection between curcumin and its anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: The dinosaur being described is clearly a new species, and looks to be quite important, as a Jurassic-aged paravian fairly close to the origin of birds. There are, however, several major issues with this paper. First, why is the description so short? This specimen looks to be one of the best skeletons of a Jurassic paravian (at least from outside China), and has been CT scanned. There is so much anatomical information, and comparisons with other paravians, that could be presented. But the description reads like something that was prepared for Science or Nature and unchanged for this submission. This is PeerJ. There is basically unlimited space. The authors should describe this fossil so that nobody needs to ever describe it again. Second, and most critical, the phylogenetic analysis is bizarre, and in my opinion unsuitable for publication. The authors in essence begin with an outdated version of published dataset, the Group dataset (TWiG is the proper acronym used by the workers in this group, not TWG as used by the authors here) and extensively modify it according to their own personal style, producing a highly unorthodox phylogenetic tree. The authors are also highly critical of the Group project—a 20+ year iterative study of coelurosaur phylogeny and evolution that has produced larger and more synoptic datasets over time—saying that including their new species in the latest TWiG dataset would ‘perpetuate problems’, and that the TWiG project does not ‘comply with modern ideals of data matrix construction. ’ The main reason given is that the TWiG team has not ‘attempt(ed) to include all previously proposed characters and terminal taxa’ (i. e. , has not included every taxon and every character published by other, non-TWiG studies). As a result, the TWiG studies are said to present ‘a false impression of confidence not earned by the data. ’ These are bold statements. The authors seem to misunderstand the TWiG project. They say that TWiG analyses subsequent to the initial publication of Norell et al. 2001 ‘have not added characters and taxa in a single “lineage” of analyses, but instead have formed a branching tree of analyses that increasingly diverge in content’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of a new species related to early birds, specifically mentioning that the phylogenetic analysis is outdated and unsuitable. This indicates that not all dinosaur species, including paravians, are depicted as capable of flight at all evolutionary stages, suggesting confusion regarding flight capabilities in different dinosaur groups.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: 3) With less than 400 patients enrolled in total, randomised trials on the value of DEB for ISR showed that DEB compare favourably with POBA or paclitaxel-eluting stents reducing TLR risk in patients presenting BMS or DES restenosis22-25 (Figure 1, Panel D). In line with this evidence, the current guidelines for myocardial revascularisation of the of Cardiology recommend the use of DEB in cases of restenosis of previously implanted BMS (Class of recommendation: IIa; Level of Evidence B)26. Figure 1. Risk of target lesion revascularisation associated with drug-eluting balloons. Odds ratio (OR) and (95% confidence intervals, CI) are used as summary statistics. DerSimonian and Laird random effects model is used to calculate pooled OR for target lesion revascularisation (TLR). The Breslow-Day chi squared (p<0. 1) and the I2 statistic tested heterogeneity across the studies. The squares and the horizontal lines indicate the OR and the (95% CI); the size of each square is proportional to the statistical weight of a trial in the meta-analysis; diamond indicates the effect estimate derived from meta-analysis, with the centre indicating the point estimate and the left and the right ends of the (95% CI). In case of a three-arm design, the pooled risk estimates have been derived by separate comparison of DEB versus each control arm. The risk of TLR (per protocol defined) was evaluated at the longest follow-up (median 9 months [25th, 75th percentile 6, 12]) within de novo lesions (Panel A-B), de novo lesions in small vessels (Panel C) and in-stent restenosis subgroups (Panel D). Moderate to high heterogeneity was observed. DEB: drug-eluting balloons; BMS: bare-metal stents; DES: drug-eluting stents; POBA: plain-old balloon angioplasty. a bioengineered bare-metal stent used; b provisional bare-metal stenting in the DEB group; c DES restenosis; d BMS restenosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses medical research related to drug-eluting balloons and target lesion revascularisation, without any mention of languages, their complexity, or structure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, various in vitro and in vivo (animal) studies suggest that Curcumin and derivatives have extensive biological activity as an antioxidant, neuroprotective, antitumor, anti-inflammatory 12–15. Curcumin can rummage around scavenging various types of free radicals, for example, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, individually), it can adjust movement of GSH, catalase, and SOD enzymes active in their neutralization 16. Additionally, curcumin can inhibit ROS-producing enzymes lipoxygenase cyclooxygenase and xanthine dehydrogenase oxidase 16. Curcumin has been studied in numerous human carcinomas 17. The mechanisms by which it exerts its anticancer effects are diverse, targeting many levels of regulation involved in processes of cellular growth and apoptosis 18. Other than the curcumin’s effects on different transcription factors, oncogenes and signaling proteins 17; 18,19 it also acts at various temporal stages of carcinogenesis 17. Some of its molecular targets that have been explored for cancer treatment are the effect of curcumin on cyclin-CDK complexes and CDK inhibitors as well as p53 pathway 20 and MAP kinase, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways 20. Despite the fact that curcumin has been successfully evaluated for wide-ranging biological activities, the two main concerns related to its poor bioavailability and fast metabolization incited scientists to search for novel synthetic analogs in order to overcome these drawbacks and to gain in efficacy. Iten M. Fawzy and his colleagues (2014) synthesized different curcumin analogs including PAC, 3,5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone 21;22) Another derivative 5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone, represses expansion through delaying the cell cycle at G2/M phase both in breast and colorectal cancer cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that Curcumin has extensive biological activity as an anti-inflammatory agent. It explicitly states that various studies suggest Curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzymes and engaging in antioxidant activity. This clearly supports the claim regarding Curcumin's anti-inflammatory nature.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Fair enough: in a dataset of 800+ characters, not all of them will be written perfectly clearly, and some character non-independence will probably sneak through. These are small things that need to be revised, well within the norm for large datasets of morphological characters that have to be chosen and defined by a human brain and not a genetic sequencer. This is not some fatal flaw of the TWiG dataset. The authors’ new characters can suffer from same of the same issues. So let’s be clear what they authors are doing: they are taking an outdated version of a standard dataset that has been poured over by a huge team of experienced researchers over the past 20 years, nitpicking about some small issues of character definitions, and then completely blowing it up and reforming it based on their own liking, mostly based on photographs, having seen very few original specimens. Simply, for me, this just isn’t going to cut it. I don’t have faith in this approach, and I don’t have faith in the phylogenetic results, which are *highly* unorthodox. This is a brief sample of some of the very unusual results of this analysis, some of which break with years of convention—not just in the TWiG analyses, but from numerous other studies by independent research groups. Pelecanimimus as an alvarezsauroid. Troodontids outside Eumaniraptora. Therizinosauroids more basal than ornithomimosaurs. Xiaotingia as a sinovenatorine. Halszkaraptor as an avialan. A non-maniraptoriform Haplocheirus. The list could go on. Maybe some of these relationships are correct. Maybe the authors are visionaries and everybody else—from Gauthier through to the TWiG team and dozens of other international teams—has been using badly-constructed characters or too-incomplete datasets. doubt it. It’s more likely that the authors’ analysis is flawed. I can’t in good faith allow the authors to blow up theropod phylogeny with this analysis, particularly as they are using their results to support a fairly unorthodox interpretation of the origin of flight. It’s interesting that the authors dismiss some of their more unusual results by suggesting that these relationships may change as new characters are incorporated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the phylogenetic analysis of specific dinosaur relationships and expressing skepticism towards the authors' interpretation of the origin of flight. It mentions concerns over unconventional results and states, 'I can’t in good faith allow the authors to blow up theropod phylogeny with this analysis,' implying doubt about the claim that all dinosaur species could fly, as it critiques the methodology and conclusions of the authors regarding flight evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: Trial Acronyms: DEB-AMI: Drug-eluting Balloon in Infarction; : Drug-eluting Balloon in Bifurcations Trial; : Prospective, Evaluating a Paclitaxel-in with EPC Stents for Disease; : DEversus in the Treatment of Artery Disease; : in of Diabetic Patients; BELLO: Optimization; : Paclitaxel-coated balloon versus drug-eluting stent during PCI of small coronary vessels; – ISR I (II) Treatment of in-by : Treatment of DES-In-With SeQuent® : The Paclitaxel-Eluting PTCA-in Disease to Treat In-Stent Restenoses. The most significant, still unresolved issue with DEB is the limited number of patients enrolled in the randomised trials with this technology. Interventional cardiologists are also eagerly waiting for the answer to two additional questions regarding DEB: are there differences in performance between currently available DEB and what are the reasons for the striking failure of DEB plus BMS considering the enormous success of their combination in the form of DES? Two studies published in the current issue of EuroIntervention contribute to the clarification of these two questions. Bondesson and colleagues retrospectively compared two paclitaxel-eluting balloons in patients undergoing PCI and included in the Swedish coronary and angioplasty register (SCAAR/Swedeheart)27. Of a total of 1,136 patients, 919 patients were treated with a balloon eluting 3 μg/mm2 of paclitaxel from a layer of hydrophilic contrast media as excipient (Sequent Please, B. Braun AG, Melsungen, Germany), and 217 patients were treated with a balloon eluting 2 μg/mm2 of paclitaxel directly from its surface without the use of an excipient (Elutax, GmbH. , Aachen, Germany). DEB with hydrophilic carrier were associated with a lower risk of restenosis (adjusted hazard ratio 0. 39 [95% confidence intervals 0. 24-0. 65]) at an average follow-up of ~11 months. This advantage was observed for both de novo and restenotic lesions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses drug-eluting balloons (DEB) in interventional cardiology, including trial acronyms and patient studies, with no mention of languages or their complexity and structure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 9, there is a concentration-dependent effect of PAC on MMP intensity in Ca9-22 cells. Indeed, the MMP intensity decreases from 89. 4% for controls to 62. 9% and 9. 1% for Ca9-22 treated cells with 5 µM or 10 µM respectively for 24 h (Fig. 9). Mitochondrial superoxide production during treatments with PAC in oral cancer cells. Figure 10 is corresponding to the concentration effect of flow cytometric patterns when oral cancer cells are PAC-treated. Our results show that the percentage of MitoSOX (+) among Ca9-22 cells under treatment with PAC at 5 µM or 10 µM for 24 h is higher than controls. The key role of PAC inducing mitochondrial superoxide production was clarified. oral cancer treatments rely on surgery, along with radiation therapy (external beam radiotherapy and/or brachytherapy), as well as coadjutant therapy (chemotherapy with agents like cisplatin), it still involves high economic costs and highly damaging options30;31. To reduce this burden, plant products as complementary and alternative therapies could become solutions. Some recent discoveries demonstrated the superiority of the plant world to prevent cancer 32;33. Several research studies over the last century have revealed several important functions of curcuminoids. And it has been shown that curcumin has a capacity to influence multiple natural targets and seemed to have activity against different diseases 12; 15. Although it was evaluated with success for widespread biological activities, those of concern are its low bioavailability and rapid metabolization encouraged researchers to look for new synthetic analogs 34; 23. In a search for novel compounds active against cancer, PAC was found out. This curcumin analog demonstrated that it has a great potential as an anti-breast cancer agent 21;24. Until today, there had been no available study investigating the properties of PAC to be a possible complementary treatment for oral cancer. Our goal is to examine its inhibitory effects, on cells that proliferate or are in apoptosis, as well as the mechanisms of action involved as an interesting avenue to develop treatments for oral cancer and study its potential to be an active supplement ingredient in some drugs and products for mouth cleaning. Our data shows that PAC is exhibiting preferentially ability to kill oral cancer cells. Our data are supportive to those reported by Al-Howail et al. (2016) and Al-Hujaily et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that recent research studies have demonstrated important functions of curcuminoids, which include curcumin's capacity to influence multiple natural targets and its activity against different diseases. Furthermore, it suggests that curcumin has been evaluated for its biological activities, corroborating the idea of its therapeutic potential.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: ), pool ALL of the characters and taxa together in the way they demand of others, come up with a proper comprehensive de novo phylogenetic analysis, and then publish a thorough revision of coelurosaur phylogeny and systematics. It’s really only one or the other here. I know my review seems harsh. But I’m trying to be fair and totally honest. Like many of my colleagues, I’ve been spending years (decades now even) slowly, gradually, carefully improving our knowledge of coelurosaur phylogenetics by working with other scientists to build ever-more inclusive datasets that are carefully vetted (by each other) and are based on meticulous observation of specimens. We probably are wrong about some things. Goodness knows the TWiG dataset has been producing different results over time as the dataset has grown. I’m not averse to change. am averse to disrespectful, incomplete efforts like the current bizarre phylogenetic analysis. This new specimen is amazing. It deserves to be published. If done right, I could even see a Nature or Science paper here. But I’m sorry to say the authors are hitching their horse (and what a horse it is—a prize thoroughbred! ) to a rickety wagon with rotten wheels. Cite this review as (2019) #1 of "A new paravian dinosaur from the of supports a late acquisition of avian flight (v0. 1)". PeerJ · Oct 11, 2018 Basic reporting The manuscript presents a new theropod specimen from the that represents a small coelurosaur, which is described as a new genus and species of dromaeosaurid. This would represent the oldest record of dromaeosaurids currently known. In general small theropods from the are still very poorly known, but potentially have great importance for our understanding of early coelurosaur evolution. Thus, any new information on these animals is greatly appreciated. The manuscript is generally well written and follows the usual scientific structure used in our field. The pertinent literature is included and has been used extensively. Experimental design As outlined above, the manuscript fits the aims and scope of PeerJ. The phylogenetic analysis includes a wealth of information and seems to be generally expertly carried out. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses a new theropod specimen and emphasizes the evolutionary significance of coelurosaur phylogenetics, specifically noting that the manuscript presents evidence of a late acquisition of avian flight. This implication indicates that not all dinosaur species were capable of flight at all stages of their evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, most of failures in patients treated with DEB without excipient occurred <6 months after index procedure, suggesting poor drug retention in the vessel wall. As a closing remark, the authors suggest the lack of a “class-effect” for DEB and the urgent need for head-to-head, randomised comparisons of different DEB platforms. These findings provide additional support to the statement included in the European guidelines on myocardial revascularisation that “one cannot assume a class effect for all drug-eluting balloons”26. In the second study, Fischer and colleagues present the data from a subgroup of 55 patients who performed intravascular ultrasounds (IVUS) at nine-month follow up in the DEversus in the Treatment of () trial28. The original trial randomly assigned 637 patients to receive DEB-BMS (Coroflex DEBlue, B. Braun AG, Melsungen Germany) versus sirolimus-eluting stents () for de novo lesions. Current findings show that despite the similar stent expansion (symmetric expansion index 0. 90±0. 02 versus 0. 89±0. 04 for DEB-BMS versus SES, respectively, p value not significant) and strut apposition between DEB-BMS and SES, risk of restenosis was higher in the DEB-BMS group, as shown in the primary trial29. The main objective of this IVUS sub-study was, however, to assess whether a possible “geographical mismatch” (BMS deployment in segment of the vessel not pre-treated with DEB) underlies the lower antirestenotic efficacy of DEB-BMS. The authors excluded this as the failure mechanism of the DEB-BMS strategy. However, they only did an indirect assessment of “geographical mismatch” based on the lack of excess neointima at the stent margins in the DEB-BMS group. A more precise assessment would have required acute intravascular imaging during the index procedure and probably more sensitive imaging technology such as optical coherence tomography30. As a matter of fact, previous randomised trials failed to definitely address the merits and pitfalls associated with the concurrent use of DEB and BMS in de novo lesions, whilst the utility of DEB in case of ISR has been better scientifically proven. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses medical research regarding drug-eluting balloons in myocardial revascularisation, without mentioning language complexity or structure. There is no connection between the content of the text and the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Fig. 1Curcumin or SLCP cross the blood brain barrier and binds with amyloid plaques. After intraperitoneal injections of Cur or SLCP (50 mg/kg), the 5xFAD brains were sectioned and images were taken from DG area of hippocampus using a fluorescent microscope with green filters. a and SLCP permeated into the brain tissue, and SLCP appeared to be more permeable than Cur, and those receiving 5 days of treatment appeared to have more Cur in the brain than those receiving only 2 days of injections. b Images of sections from the DG area of the hippocampus in the Cur- or SLCP-treated mice were immunolabeled with Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) as observed by using a fluorescent microscope with green and red filters. Cur or SLCP colocalized with 6E10, confirming the green signal coming from Aβ plaques upon binding with Cur or SLCP. Red arrows: Cur or SLCP bound to the Aβ plaque; green arrow: 6E10 bound to Aβ plaque; and white arrow: merged images of Cur or SLCP and 6E10 with Aβ plaque. Scale bars indicate 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur or SLCP treatment decreased Aβ plaque load in 5xFAD mice brainAfter stipulated periods of Cur or SLCP treatment in 5xFAD mice, the brain sections were stained with SLCP (100 µM) (Fig. 2a) and Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) (Fig. 2b), followed by counts of the number of Aβ plaques. We observed that after 5 days of treatment with Cur or SLCP, the number of Aβ plaques were significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) in the PFC (Cur: 49% and SLCP: 56. 31%) (Fig. 2c) and in DG area of hippocampus (Cur: 36. 30% and SLCP: 50. 50%) (Fig. 2d) in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD group. Further, SLCP-treated mice had fewer Aβ plaques than did Cur-treated mice (Fig. 2c, d). Similarly, our dot blot assays showed that both Cur and SLCP significantly inhibited Aβ42-oligomers (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of Curcumin (Cur) and its derivative, SLCP, on amyloid plaques in the brains of 5xFAD mice. It provides evidence that treatment with Cur or SLCP resulted in a significant decrease in Aβ plaque loads, indicating a potential anti-inflammatory role in preventing plaque accumulation. The findings suggest that Curcumin has properties that could mitigate inflammation associated with amyloid plaques, aligning with the claim regarding its anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: However, none of these similarities are commented on, nor are any characters mentioned that might help to differentiate the new specimen from these taxa. Furthermore, in some instances, the description and the illustrations do not seem to match. Thus, in the description of the maxilla, the authors state that the maxillary fenestra is displaced dorsally if compared to other theropods. However, according to the figure, the fenestra is basically in line with the ventral margin of the antorbital fenestra, which is the same condition as in most other theropods. Another example is that the text states that a labiolingual constriction is present in the dentary teeth, referring to figure 6G. However, this figure shows a CT rendering of a tooth in lingual view, in which a labiolingual constriction would not be visible anyway. In their comparisons for this character, the authors furthermore refer to a figure that shows a tooth of Microraptor that clearly has a mesiodistal constriction, so I guess that they might refer to such a feature. However, a marked mesiodistal constriction between crown and root is clearly absent in the tooth figured in fig. 6G. Likewise, the description states that the presacral vertebrae lack external pleurocoels, but both the figure of the cervical vertebra in lateral view (fig. 8B) as well as the cervicodrosal vertebra (fig. 8F) clearly show large, matrix-filled depressions exactly in the position where I would expect an external pleurocoel. Furthermore, in the absence of histological studies, I think the evidence that this specimen represents an adult is rather poor. The authors cite fused neural arches and partially fused cervical ribs as evidence for the adult status of the specimen. However, in small theropods, unfused, but largely closed neurocentral sutures can be difficult to identifiy (e. g. none of the known specimens of Archaeopteryx shows clearly identifiable neurocentral sutures, although basically all of these specimens are considered to be juveniles), and the two photos of presacral vertebrae provided do not only show unfused, but even slightly detached cervical ribs. In summary, a much more detailed anatomical description and comparisons with other Morrison coelurosaurs are needed in this part of the manuscript. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the differences in anatomical features among theropod species. It discusses specific anatomical details and mentions that even among species like Archaeopteryx, which is often associated with flight, juvenile specimens show no clear flight-related adaptations. The author's analysis suggests the inadequacy of character descriptions in supporting claims about evolutionary traits, particularly flight capabilities, thus rebutting the notion that all dinosaur species were capable of flight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: The limited number of patients enrolled in these trials did not allow identifying whether the failure of DEB-BMS was due to a strategy of “balloon first” or “stent first” angioplasty, or to stent implantation per se10,14. At a mechanistic level it may be argued that the time-limited antirestenotic effect of DEB cannot be sufficient to antagonise the chronic proliferative stimulus generated by BMS18. Moreover, whether the presence of BMS may act as a barrier that prevents the transfer of the drug into the vessel wall still remains a matter of some debate31. As DEB technology rapidly evolves, possible ameliorations are largely desirable16. The use of new antiproliferative drugs, as well as the adoption of new excipients that enhance drug transfer and retention in the vessel wall, need further investigation. Similarly it warrants further study whether other endovascular treatment approaches, such as cutting balloons, might act in synergism with DEB by augmenting drug penetration at the PCI site. Finally, new imaging technologies may better meet our need for a more comprehensive analysis of DEB interactions with the vessel wall. Most importantly we need trials that assess the role of DEB in a well-defined patient population with a sufficiently large sample size. A total of 18 trials have been registered at the clinicaltrial. gov database; some of these are expected to be presented or published in the next few months including: – the of Paclitaxel-eluting Balloon -Stent versus for Drug-eluting Stent Restenosis- 3, NCT00987324; – the Restenosis Intra-stent of Drug-eluting Stents: Paclitaxel-eluting Balloon versus Everolimus-eluting Stent - 01239940; and – the Treatment of by Paclitaxel-Paclitaxel-- 1000, NCT01166711. They will certainly contribute with valuable information in establishing the real role of DEB as a PCI option. Conflict of interest statement The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. 1. Garg S, Serruys PW. Coronary stents: current status. J Cardiol. 2010;56:S1-42. 2. ömig de é üni P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about language complexity and structure. It discusses the limitations of clinical trials and various treatment technologies in medicine, focusing on drug-eluting balloons and coronary stents. There is no mention of languages, their complexity, or structure in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 3a–c) and fibril formation (Fig. 3d–f). However, SLCP treatment showed significantly greater inhibition (p < 0. 01) of Aβ42 fibril formation after 24 h of treatment than did Cur (Fig. 3d–f). Fig. 2Acute treatment of either Cur or SLCP reduced Aβ plaque loads in 5xFAD mice brain. a The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brains were sectioned on a cryostat and stained with Cur, which labeled the Aβ plaques that were observed in the PFC and the DG area of the hippocampus. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to the other images. b Cur binds to Aβ plaques in a manner similar to Aβ-specific antibody (6E10), so it was used for labeling and counting Aβ plaques in this study. Scale bar indicates 100 µm and is applicable to the other images. c, d The number of Aβ plaques were significantly decreased (**p < 0. 01) in both the PFC (c) and the DG area of the hippocampus (d) in comparison to untreated 5xFAD miceFull size image Fig. 3SLCP inhibits Aβ fibril formation greater than does Cur. Aβ42 peptide was dissolved in HFIP, and after being completely dried, it was dissolved in 60 mM NaOH and diluted with Tris buffer saline (1 mM, pH 7. 4), yielding a 10 μM concentration. Fifty microliter of peptide solution was incubated with, or without, different concentrations of Cur or SLCP for 8- and 24-h. After the stipulated period for each experiment, about 10 μL of peptide solution was spotted on the nitrocellulose membrane. The blots were probed with Aβ-oligomer specific (A11) and fibril specific (OC) antibodies. a–c inhibition of Aβ42-oligomer formation by Cur and SLCP. d–f Aβ42 fibril formation was attenuated by Cur and SLCP after 24 h of incubation. Note that SLCP showed greater inhibition of Aβ42 fibril formation than dietary Cur (d, e). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that 'Cur or SLCP reduced Aβ plaque loads in 5xFAD mice brain' and that 'Cur binds to Aβ plaques...so it was used for labeling and counting Aβ plaques in this study.' This suggests that curcumin (Cur) is involved in reducing plaque formation, which is indicative of its anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Additional comments In summary, I think this paper is potentially a very important addition to our knowledge of early coelurosaur evolution, if the authors provide a more detailed description and can clearly show that the specimen described is a new taxon and a maniraptoran (although even if this was only anew specimen of Coelurus or one of the other Morrison coelurosaurs, it has the potential to provide a wealth of new information on these generally rather poorly known taxa). I would thus strongly encourage the authors to do the necessary revisions and resubmit the manuscript! Cite this review as Rauhut OW (2019) #2 of "A new paravian dinosaur from the of supports a late acquisition of avian flight (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Sep 10, 2018 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the evolution of a specific group of dinosaurs, the coelurosaurs, and mentions that their evolutionary trajectory includes a late acquisition of avian flight. This suggests that not all dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage, contradicting the claim that all dinosaurs had this capability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: Outcomes associated with drug-eluting and bare-metal stents: a collaborative network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;370:937-48. 3. . Short- and long-term outcomes with drug-eluting and bare-metal coronary stents: a mixed-treatment comparison analysis of 117 762 patient-years of follow-up from randomized trials. Circulation. 2012;125:2873-91. 4. Mehilli J, Pache J, Abdel-ömig A, Kastrati A; Is Drug-Eluting-with in Bypass Grafts? (ISAR-CABG) Investigators. Drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents in saphenous vein graft lesions (ISAR-CABG): a randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet. 2011;378:1071-8. 5. Kastrati A, Mehilli J, von. Sirolimus-eluting stent or paclitaxel-eluting stent vs balloon angioplasty for prevention of recurrences in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293: 165-71. 6. . Randomized trial of paclitaxel- versus sirolimus-eluting stents for treatment of coronary restenosis in sirolimus-eluting stents: the ISAR-2 (: Stents for In-2) study. J Cardiol. 2010;55:2710-6. 7. . Intracoronary stenting and angiographic results: strut thickness effect on restenosis outcome (ISAR-) trial. Circulation. 2001;103:2816-21. 8. ühlen üller M, Dirschinger J, Schömig A. Intracoronary stenting and angiographic results: strut thickness effect on restenosis outcome (ISAR--2) trial. J Cardiol. 2003;41: 1283-8. 9. . Polymer coatings and delayed arterial healing following drug-eluting stent implantation. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2009;57:567-84. 10. . Drug-coated balloons for the prevention of vascular restenosis. Circulation. 2010;121:2672-80. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the complexity and structure of languages. It discusses findings related to drug-eluting and bare-metal stents and does not address languages or their complexities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results were expressed as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. **p < 0. 01 and ***p < 0. 001 in comparison to Aβ42-vehicle treated groupFull size image Neuronal morphology in the 5xFAD mouse brain after treatment with Cur or SLCPOne of the aims of this study was to investigate whether short-term treatment of Cur or SLCP can protect neuronal morphology. Therefore, the treated brain tissue was stained with cresyl violet and many pyknotic or tangle-like neuron, along with vacuolization within the pyramidal cell layers, were observed in PFC, CA1, and CA3 subfields of hippocampus in the 5xFAD mice. After 5 days of Cur or SLCP treatment (but not at 2 days of treatment), we observed significant decreases (p < 0. 01) of pyknotic, or tangled-like, cells in PFC (Cur: 27%; SLCP: 33%; Fig. 4a, b), in CA1 (Cur: 24%; SLCP: 36%; Fig. 4a, c) and in CA3 area (Cur: 13%; SLCP: 26%; Fig. 4a, d) of the hippocampus. Fig. 4Cur and SLCP treatments partially protect neuronal morphology in the 5xFAD mice brain tissue. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and the subsequent cryostat sections were stained with 0. 1% cresyl violet, from which images were taken using Olympus microscope (total magnification: 1000x) in the PFC and the CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus. a Pyknotic, tangle-like, neurons along with vacuoles were observed in 5xFAD tissue with Cur- or SLCP-treatment reducing this abnormal morphology in the PFC and hippocampal neurons following 5-, but not 2-days of treatment. b The number of pyknotic cells were less after 5 days of treatment (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in all three areas, when compared to the 5xFAD mice receiving only vehicle or the 5xFAD mice receiving only 2 days treatment. Scale bar indicates 25 µm and is applicable to other images. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that short-term treatment with Curcumin (Cur) protects neuronal morphology in the brains of 5xFAD mice, specifically noting that treatment significantly decreases pyknotic or tangled-like cells in various regions of the brain. This suggests that Curcumin may have protective effects, which aligns with the claim that Curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties, as inflammation often leads to neuronal damage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: AbstractUnderstanding the aerodynamic performance of feathered, non-avialan dinosaurs is critical to reconstructing the evolution of bird flight. Here we show that the five-winged paravian Microraptor is most stable when gliding at high-lift coefficients (low lift/drag ratios). Wind tunnel experiments and flight simulations show that sustaining a high-lift coefficient at the expense of high drag would have been the most efficient strategy for Microraptor when gliding from, and between, low elevations. Analyses also demonstrate that anatomically plausible changes in wing configuration and leg position would have made little difference to aerodynamic performance. Significant to the evolution of flight, we show that Microraptor did not require a sophisticated, ‘modern’ wing morphology to undertake effective glides. This is congruent with the fossil record and also with the hypothesis that symmetric ‘flight’ feathers first evolved in dinosaurs for non-aerodynamic functions, later being adapted to form lifting surfaces. You have full access to this 3. The fossil record shows that a variety of paravians closely related to, but outside, the avialan clade possessed feathered flight surfaces; the best represented of these is the dromaeosaurid Microraptor4. This dinosaur possessed elongated arm, leg and tail feathers4, an anatomical configuration that resurrected an older idea that paravian flight passed through a four-winged (‘tetrapteryx’) phase. However, even in light of new fossil discoveries, the evolution of bird flight remains one of the greatest debates in biology and palaeontology; for more than 160 years, evolutionary scenarios have been developed to explain the evolution of this major adaptation1. Flapping flight using asymmetric feathers (which is a prerequisite shape for feathers to be aerodynamically stable when orientated other than parallel to the airflow) has long been thought to distinguish birds from the other vertebrate fliers, bats and pterosaurs2. Exceptional Mesozoic-aged (ca. 140–66 Myo) fossils have closed the anatomical gap between non-avialan dinosaurs and birds (Avialae)3 and have demonstrated that feathers (including asymmetric flight feathers) are not uniquely avialan adaptations4,5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the evolution of bird flight remains a significant debate, and while it mentions that some feathered dinosaurs like Microraptor were capable of gliding, it does not support the idea that all dinosaur species could fly. The discussion of aerodynamic performance and the evolutionary scenarios for flight indicate that flight capabilities were not universal among all dinosaurs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: 11. . Comparison of two different paclitaxel-coated balloon catheters in the porcine coronary restenosis model. Cardiol. 2009;98: 325-30. 12. . Vascular effects of paclitaxel following drug-eluting balloon angioplasty in a porcine coronary model: the importance of excipients. EuroIntervention. 2011;7:730-7. 13. öggelmann üttner öveker G, Karsch KR. Paclitaxel inhibits arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo using local drug delivery. Circulation. 1997;96:636-45. 14. . Paclitaxel balloon coating, a novel method for prevention and therapy of restenosis. Circulation. 2004;110:810-4. 15. . Contrast media as carriers for local drug delivery. Successful inhibition of neointimal proliferation in the porcine coronary stent model. J. 2003;24:1462-7. 16. . Vascular response to zotarolimus-coated balloons in injured superficial femoral arteries of the familial hypercholesterolemic Swine. Interv. 2011;4:447-55. 17. Cortese B, Bertoletti A. Paclitaxel coated balloons for coronary artery interventions: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical data. Cardiol. 2011 Sep 26. [Epub ahead of print]. 18. . Paclitaxel-coated balloon versus drug-eluting stent during PCI of small coronary vessels, a prospective randomised clinical trial. study. Heart. 2010;96: 1291-6. 19. Colombo A. Drug-eluting balloon in small vessels: results of the Optimization (BELLO) Study. EuroPCR Congress, 2012 May 15-18, Paris 2012;Oral presentation, Symposium:Available at: 20. . Stenting for small coronary vessels: a contestable winner. J Cardiol. 2001;38: 1604-7. 21. Byrne RA, Kastrati A. Lesions in small coronary vessels disease: should drug-coated balloons replace drug-eluting stents as the treatment of choice? EuroIntervention. 2011;7 Suppl K:K47-52. 22. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to paclitaxel-coated balloon catheters and does not address the claim about the complexity and structure of languages. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Arrows indicate pyknotic or tangle-like neuronsFull size image Changes in microglial morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceTo investigate the changes of microglial morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP, the 5xFAD brain sections were immunolabeled with Iba-1 antibody. There was profound branching and intense expression of Iba-1 protein in 5xFAD tissue, whereas treatment with Cur or SLCP appeared to decrease the number of branches and the amount of Iba-1 levels in PFC and in different subfields of hippocampus, as well as in the striatum after both 2- and 5-days of treatment with Cur or SLCP (Fig. 5). We also observed that the levels of Iba-1 and the extent of microglial branching tended to be less only in the 5-days treatment group in comparison to the 2-day group. Fig. 5Morphological changes of single microglial cells in the 5xFAD mouse brain after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were immunolabeled for Iba-1 antibody. The Iba-1-IR appeared to be more intense and the branching of microglia were more diffuse in the brain tissue of the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice compared to those mice treated with Cur or SLCP for either 2- or 5-days. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to all imagesFull size image Microglial aggregation morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceWhen we looked at the morphology of microglial aggregation, or clumping, we observed that there was a noticeable aggregation of microglia in the vehicle-treated 5xFAD group, which was less noticeable in the brain tissue of mice treated with Cur or SLCP, with the latter groups also showing a reduction in Iba-1 labeling (Fig. 6). Further, we found a trend towards less aggregation of microglia and Iba-1-IR in 5xFAD mice given 5 days of Cur or SLCP treatment, relative to those receiving 2 days of treatment and with those given SLCP showing less microglial aggregation in comparison to those given Cur (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that treatment with Curcumin (Cur) resulted in a decrease in the levels of Iba-1, a marker associated with inflammatory responses, in the brains of 5xFAD mice. The observation that microglial morphology changed to show less aggregation and branching in response to Cur treatment suggests its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Within the region of the dinosaur tree where birds diverged6,7, a diversity of paravian theropods is now known to have had well-developed feathers on their legs and tails, as well as on their arms (for example, Archaeopteryx, Microraptor, Anchiornis and Eosinopteryx)4,5,7,8. Fossils also show that feathers first evolved for non-flight functions9,10. Phylogenetic studies nest long-tailed birds (Archaeopteryx and relatives) within Paraves6,7; as fossil members of several non-avialan lineages had well-developed, asymmetric feathers (equated with flight)4,5, it is certain that birds were not the only theropod lineage to possess some degree of aerial ability. Just how paravians utilized their feathered wings and what this may mean for the evolution of gliding and flapping remains much debated1,11,12. In this paper, we report on a series of wind tunnel tests performed to examine the flight performance of one feathered paravian pivotal to this debate—the five-winged dromaeosaurid Microraptor from the of northeastern China4. The first theropod described with feathers on its arms, legs and tail (five potential lifting surfaces), Microraptor, implies that forelimb-dominated bird flight passed through a 4- to 5-wing ‘tetrapteryx’ phase13 and/or represents an important stage in Cretaceous paravian flight experimentation. Owing to its functional and phylogenetic significance, the wing configuration and flight ability of Microraptor has been much debated. Previous interpretations have included the following: static interpretation of fossils14, computer-based flight performance modelling of fossils15, analysis of free-flying models16 and scale model wind tunnel experiments17. No consensus on likely wing configurations (thus degree of stability and glide performance) has been attained as reflected in a factor of six range of predicted lift-to-drag (L/D) ratios in previous work (that is, in Chatterjee and Templin15: 15; Alexander et al. 16: 4. 1; Koehl et al. 17: 3). L/D is one fundamental measure of flight performance determining minimum glide angle and thus maximum flight range under steady conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the flight capabilities specifically of certain paravian theropods, notably mentioning that only specific lineages, like birds and certain feathered dinosaurs, had the potential for aerial abilities. It indicates that not all dinosaur species were capable of flight by emphasizing the evolutionary significance of certain feathered species and the debate on their gliding and flying capabilities. The text implies that feathers initially evolved for other functions, indicating that flight was not a universal trait among all dinosaurs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: Treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis with a paclitaxel-coated balloon catheter. N Med. 2006;355:2113-24. 23. . Two year follow-up after treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis with a paclitaxel-coated balloon catheter. Cardiol. 2008;97:773-81. 24. . Paclitaxel-coated balloon catheter versus paclitaxel-coated stent for the treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis. Circulation. 2009;119:2986-94. 25. öhm M, Cremers B. Long-term follow-up after treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis with a paclitaxel-coated balloon catheter. . 2012;5:323-30. 26. on of the of Cardiology (ESC) and the for Cardio-(EACTS); for Interventions (EAPCI), -. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. J. 2010;31:2501-55. 27. . Comparison of two drug eluting balloons. A report from the SCAAR registry. EuroIntervention. 2012;8:444-49. 28. öhm M, Clever Y, Cremers B. Paclitaxcel-coated balloon plus bare metal stent vs sirolimus-eluting stent in de-novo lesions: an IVUS study. EuroIntervention 2012;8:450-55. 29. öbius-öhm M, Scheller B. Paclitaxel-Eluting PTCA-Balloon in Combination with the Stent vs the in the Treatment of Artery Disease. Oral presentation 2009 (2009 November 14 - 18; Orlando, Florida): Available at: 30. . The fate of incomplete stent apposition with drug-eluting stents: an optical coherence tomography-based natural history study. J. 2010;31:1470-6. 31. . Long-term effects on vascular healing of bare metal stents delivered via paclitaxel-coated balloons in the porcine model of restenosis. Interv. 2012 Apr 17. [Epub ahead of print]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses medical treatments related to coronary in-stent restenosis and does not mention languages or their complexity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 6). Fig. 6Morphological changes of aggregated microglia in 5xFAD mice brains after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were immunolabeled for Iba-1 antibody. The tissue from the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice showed significant clumping, or aggregation of activated microglia, whereas, those of 5xFAD mice that were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days had fewer aggregations of microglia and less intense labeling of Iba-1. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to all imagesFull size image Morphological changes of astrocytes after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceSimilar to the microglial changes, we have also investigated the morphological changes of activated astrocytes by immunolabeling with GFAP antibodies after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD mice. The brains of the 5xFAD mice showed activation of astrocytes, as evidenced by extensive branching, along with increased level of GFAP-IR, whereas brains of the 5xFAD treated with Cur or SLCP appeared to have decreased activation, with a trend toward less GFAP-IR and astrocyte branching in the PFC and in different subfields of the hippocampus (Fig. 7). We did not find any significant differences in morphology of activated astrocytes between the 5xFAD mice given Cur or SLCP, whether the treatments were given for 2- or 5-days. Fig. 7Morphological changes of activated astrocytes from brain tissue of 5xFAD mice after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and the subsequent cryostat sections were immunolabeled with GFAP antibody. The GFAP immunofluorescence appeared to be more intense and the branching of astrocytes was more extensive in vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice, compared with those given Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the effects of curcumin (Cur) on microglia and astrocytes in 5xFAD mice, demonstrating a reduction in the activation of these cells compared to vehicle-treated mice. The mention of 'fewer aggregations of microglia' and 'decreased activation' of astrocytes suggests that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties, as it mitigates the inflammatory response typically associated with the activation of these brain cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Results of our wind tunnel tests show that Microraptor would have been most stable while gliding at high-lift coefficients and consequently degraded L/D ratios. Flight simulations demonstrate that this behaviour had adaptive advantages, as sustaining a high-lift coefficient at the expense of high drag was the most efficient strategy for gliding from, and between, low elevations. Our results also demonstrate that anatomically plausible changes in wing configuration and leg position would have made little difference to aerodynamic performance. Significant to the evolution of flight, we show that Microraptor did not require a sophisticated, ‘modern’ wing morphology to undertake effective glides, as the high lift coefficient regime is less dependent upon detail of wing morphology. This is congruent with the fossil record and also with the hypothesis that symmetric ‘flight’ feathers first evolved in dinosaurs for non-aerodynamic functions, later being adapted to form aerodynamically capable surfaces. ResultsWind tunnel experimentsPerforming wind tunnel experiments on a full-scale, feathered, three-dimensional (3D) Microraptor model that has accurate geometries, joint morphologies and feather orientations (Fig. 1a), (based on known fossils, see Methods), we tested different speeds, angles of attack and morphologies that encompass different anatomically feasible leg positions (Fig. 1a inset). We feathered our model based on plumage descriptions18, selecting extant bird feathers of comparable length, and only used reconstructions that had limb geometries holding the asymmetric feathers in aeroelastically stable orientations (relative to airflow), as is always the case in extant birds (that is, with the narrower vane on the side of the feather facing the oncoming flow)2. For this reason, one recent, widely cited reconstruction for Microraptor is incorrect4, as it has asymmetric feathers subject to flow in the ‘wrong’ direction. Figure 1: Microraptor model and measurement configurations. (a) Photograph of the full-scale feathered 3D Microraptor (at Colin Palmer’s house on the Isle of Wight). Inset: main configurations. (b) Free-body diagram of a gliding Microraptor showing forces, moment and flight direction. (c) Measured lift and drag coefficients for the two main configurations. (d) Measured moment coefficient against aerodynamic force coefficient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific case of the Microraptor, which demonstrates that not all dinosaurs needed advanced wing structures to glide effectively. It suggests that flight capabilities were present but did not necessarily apply universally to all dinosaur species. The mention of 'symmetric “flight” feathers first evolved in dinosaurs for non-aerodynamic functions, later being adapted' supports the assertion that flight characteristics were not a common trait among all dinosaurs at any stage of evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: “I can do perfectly well without a car! ” Download PDF N. J. A. van Exel1, G. de Graaf2 & P. Rietveld3 3062 Accesses 33 2. 11Footnote 7 (extraction method: centroid; rotation method: varimax). The purpose of this analysis is to identify groups of respondents who rank-ordered the 37 opinion statements in a similar way, under the assumption that this indicates similarity in preference for middle-distance travel. First, the correlation matrix of all Q-sorts is computed. Footnote 8 Next, within this matrix, groups of respondents are identified with mutually high correlation coefficients. Finally, for each identified group, a composite rank-ordering of the statements is computed, which is called a factor, based on the ranking of the statements by the individual respondents defining that factorFootnote 9 and their correlation coefficient with the factor (see Table 2) as weight. This idealized Q-sort of a factor (see Table 3; 1. 00) and no significant additional components emerged. Considering the two stable components discussed before and high correlations between two other groups of factors (i. e. 3/2–4/2–5/2 and 4/3–5/3), the statistics indicated that the selection of the most interesting factor structure for the data was contingent on the added value of the accounts represented by factors 3/2, 4/3 and 5/4, consecutively. Next, based on close inspection of the content of all factors in the three-, four- and five-factor structures, the four-factor solution was selected. Footnote 10 Table 2 presents the factor loadings: 30 Q-sorts loaded on a single factor and 8 were confounded. Factors one, two, three, and four were defined by 8, 6, 4, and 12 variables, respectively. The four factors individually explained between 8 and 20% of the variance in Q-sorts, and collectively 57%. Table 3 presents the idealized Q-sorts of the four factors. Table 1 Correlations between consecutive factor solutionsFull size table Fig. 2Factor diagramFootnote Explanation: A factor diagram is a simplified visual representation of the hierarchical factor structure in a data-set (Goldberg 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding translation and loss of meaning. Instead, it discusses a statistical analysis related to preference rankings without making any reference to language translation or its implications on meaning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in PFC of 5xFAD miceWhen we counted the number of Iba-1-IR cells in PFC, we observed that Cur or SLCP treatments significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) the number of Iba-1-IR cells in comparison to those of the untreated 5xFAD mice (Fig. 8a, b). In addition, 5 days of either SLCP or Cur treatment showed greater reduction (p < 0. 05) of Iba-1-IR in comparison to 2 days of treatment. Furthermore, SLCP showed greater reduction of Iba-1-IR in comparison to those given Cur for either 2- or 5-days (Fig. 8a, b). Similar findings were observed for counts of GFAP-IR cells in the PFC (Fig. 8a, c). Fig. 8Cur or SLCP treatment reduces neuroinflammation in the PFC of 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with either Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR- (a, b) and GFAP-IR- (a, c) labeled cells was significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the PFC in all Cur- and SLCP-treated mice in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5-, relative to 2-, days of treatment, for both the GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA1 region of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceOne of our interests was to investigate the neuroinflammation profile in hippocampal subfields of 5xFAD mice after acute treatment with Cur or SLCP. We observed that both Cur and or SLCP significantly decreased (p < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Curcumin (Cur) treatments significantly decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in the prefrontal cortex of 5xFAD mice, which indicates a reduction in neuroinflammation. The observation that Cur treatment led to a significant decrease in the number of Iba-1-IR cells in comparison to untreated mice supports the assertion that Curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Blue lines show results for the sprawled configuration, red lines legs down. The palest shades are at a wind tunnel wind speed of 10 m s−1, darkest 20 m s−1 and intermediary shade 15 m s−1. In (c), the lines show the variation of lift and drag coefficients with increasing angle of attack (starting from bottom left at zero angle of attack). Force coefficients are the measured forces shown in the free-body diagram, nondimensionalized on the basis of projected area and dynamic pressure, the conventional approach used in aerodynamic analysis. In (d), the curves show the variation of the pitching moment coefficient and total aerodynamic force coefficient with increasing angle of attack (starting from the left at zero angle of attack). The pitching moment is a measure of the pitch stability. For stable flight, the gradient must be negative; therefore for these results, the models were only flight-stable at large values (>0. 6) of total aerodynamic force coefficient. Full size imageWind tunnel model tests included two different leg configurations, two main wing angles of incidence relative to the body and two different tail sizes, all consistent with described Microraptor fossils and known microraptorine (dromaeosaurid) anatomy4,19. Tests also encompassed all previously proposed (anatomically feasible) wing configurations for Microraptor (Methods) (Fig. 1a inset). Experiments were conducted for every configuration at three different flight velocities (covering a range consistent with those experienced by living gliding and flapping animals), from 10 to 20 m s−1 (refs 2, 20) over an entire range of angles of attack (Figs 2, 3, 4). An approximate location for Microraptor’s centre of gravity (CoG) (Fig. 1b) was estimated based on reconstructions of described Chinese fossils4,18. This CoG location, which was used to determine pitching moment coefficients, was predicted to be 0. 1 m behind the leading edge of the main wing (Fig. 1b). Figure 2: Velocity-averaged aerodynamic performance of sprawled and legs down configurations. The forces are divided by the square of wind tunnel airspeed, thus allowing more direct comparisons between configurations of different projected areas than would be the case for conventional non-dimensional lift and drag coefficients. (a) Speed-specific Lift-Drag polar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the aerodynamic performance of the Microraptor, suggesting that not all dinosaurs were capable of flight, as it focuses solely on the flight capabilities of one specific species rather than implying that all dinosaur species had this ability. The detailed analysis of wing configurations and aerodynamic testing does not support the claim that every dinosaur species was capable of flight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: Each row of the factor diagram presents a consecutive factor structure for the data (from separate analyses of the data), from the one-factor structure at the top to the seven-factor structure at the bottom, and the selected four-factor structure shaded in grey; factors 6/6, 7/4 and 7/7 had an Eigenvalue <1 (i. e. the data supports a maximum of five factors). The boxes in each row represent individual factors, and the width of boxes their percentage-explained variance (see bottom of Table 1 for the values). The arrows between boxes indicate the most important correlations between factors in consecutive factor structures (i. e. , between-structures comparison), and the numbers next to the arrows the corresponding correlation coefficient (see Table 1 for a full overview). For example, the correlation between the first factor of the four-factor structure (i. e. 4/1) and the first factor of the five-factor structure (i. e. 5/1) was 0. 99, meaning that the content of these factors is practically identical. Considering also the correlations between 5/1 and 6/1 and between 6/1 and 7/1, the factor diagram shows that the content of factor 4/1 remains the same for all four- to seven-factor structures (correlation coefficient between 4/1 and 7/1 is 0. 99; see Table 1). Full size image Table 2 Correlation coefficients of Q-sorts with the factorsFull size table Table 3 Idealized Q-sortsFull size table Factor 1Travellers in this preference segment expressed a general preference for public transport. Most emphasized the possibility of accomplishing something during the trip (Table 3, statement 42): —For me the possibility to spend my travel time on something useful is an important reason to prefer travelling by public transport. —I often have a lot of reading to do. can catch up with some sleep as well. —It is relaxing. A cup of coffee, do some reading, rest a bit. Public transport apparently has for them a process utilityFootnote 12 over the outcome utility of reaching their destination (31, 32): —The train usually is more practical, more enjoyable, and more relaxing than the car. Perhaps that is why they, of all the travellers, are least concerned with door-to-door travel time (40). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes in relevance to the claim as it does not address or pertain to the topic of language translation or the fidelity of meaning in translations. Instead, it discusses factor structures in data analyses, which is unrelated to the assertion regarding the translation of language.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 01) Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells in CA1 region, in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice (Fig. 9a–c). We also found a significant difference (p < 0. 05) between the 2- and 5-day treatment groups in Iba-1-IR labeling and between the Cur and SLCP groups (p < 0. 05) (Fig. 9b), but these differences were not observed for GFAP labeling (Fig. 8a, c). Fig. 9Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in CA1 subfield of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of labeled Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the CA1 area, in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice, with further reductions were observed after 5 days of treatment, compared with that of at 2 days (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA3 region of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceSimilar to CA1 region, there was a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in the number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA3 subfield of hippocampus after treatment with either Cur or SLCP (Fig. 10a–c). The Iba-1-IR was less in the 5-day SLCP group, relative to the 2-day SLCP group (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 10b). No differences of GFAP-IR were observed between 2- and 5-day treatment groups were observed, irrespective of whether the 5xFAD mice received Cur or SLCP (Fig. 10a, c). Fig. 10Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in CA3 region of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Curcumin (referred to as 'Cur') treatments reduce neuroinflammation in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. It highlights significant reductions in Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR labeling, which are indicators of neuroinflammation, after treatment with Cur.