Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Hospitalisations as a result of disease exacerbations have been reported earlier. 6. was a difference in reports on the cost‐benefit analysis of therapy. Therapy with rhGh is expensive and Schibler reports that the cost of the treatment may not be justified for the modest increase in exercise capacity and lean body mass (Schibler 2003). High‐dose rhGH versus placebo One study reported the use of high‐dose rhGH treatment compared with placebo with data reported at six months (Schnabel 2007). The group of participants receiving placebo in this comparison are the same as that used in the prior comparison with standard dose. Primary outcomes 1. Pulmonary function tests a. FEV1 There was no statistically significant difference between the high‐dose rhGH group and controls in FEV1 (% predicted), MD 3. 30 (95% CI ‐8. 16 to 14. 76) (P = 0. 57) or change in FEV1 SD score, MD ‐0. 01 (95% CI ‐0. 24 to 0. 22) (P = 0. 93) (Analysis 3. 1; Analysis 3. 2). b. FVC There was no statistically significant difference between high‐dose rhGH participants and controls in FVC (% predicted), MD 6. 70 (95% CI ‐1. 41 to 14. 81) (P = 0. 11) (Analysis 3. 3). 2. Nutritional parameters a. were not available for comparison of height of the two groups in this study (Schnabel 2007). b. significant difference in the change in weight from baseline was noted in the two groups, MD 0. 80 (95% CI ‐0. 44 to 2. 04) (P = 0. 21) (Analysis 3. 4). c. Height velocity There is a significant benefit of rhGH treatment in height velocity (change from baseline) when measured with SD score, MD 3. 60 (95% CI 0. 30 to 6. 90) (P = 0. 03) (Analysis 3. 5) and cm/year, MD 3. 30 (95% CI 1. 17 to 5. 43) (P = 0. 002) (Analysis 3. 6). d. Weight velocity No data for weight velocity were available for analysis (Schnabel 2007). e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the efficacy of rhGH treatment in comparison to placebo, focusing primarily on outcomes related to pulmonary function and growth parameters without mentioning gene therapy or cystic fibrosis. Therefore, it does not provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim regarding the development of gene therapy for genetic disorders.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Table 1: Survey for automatic hydroponic nutrient estimator. Khaoula et al. (2021) ML-based nutrient supply optimization Vernier sensors are connected to a to measure nutrients. There needs to be more information available regarding data storage or transmission. Gao, He & Yue (2018) To regulate and keep track of environmental and water quality factors A solar-based power source powers node. The sensor node’s Wi-Fi implementation increases power consumption and necessitates more Internet infrastructure. Arvind et al. (2020) Hydroponics system automation using hydroponics and machine learning (ML) edge computing technique Implemented cloud server to display sensor data It is only used on a small scale. Valiente et al. (2018) Systems for remote monitoring that use TDS sensors TDS sensors are subjected to calibration. The IoT-based system is missing a cloud server. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-1 Table 2: Nutrient consumption measured. Week number pH measured Average ppm measured/Week (EC X 700) Stage identified Week 1 5. 6 1,120 2 5. 8 1,330 3 5. 5 1,470 4 5. 8 1,575 5 5. 6 1,715 6 5. 4 2,100 7 5. 6 2,240 8 5. 5 2,250 9 5. 7 2,380 10 5. 5 2,390 11 5. 6 2,520 12 5. 3 2,555 13 5. 2 2,450 14 5. 5 2,660 15 5. 4 2,730 Fruit DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-2 Table 3: Accuracy analysis. Week number Stage identified 1–5 Vegetative 95. 5 94. 3 97. 5 Week 6–9 Flower 95. 7 96. 7 97. 5 Week 10–15 Fruit 96. 8 96. 6 99. 4 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-3 Tagle et al. (2018) created a hydroponic tower for urban farming. It was outfitted with various sensor modules to track growth parameters like water temperature and level, total dissolved solids, relative humidity, ambient temperature, and light intensity. A subsequent investigation has included an automated data acquisition system (DAQ) (Shetty, Pai & Mallya, 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding hydroponics as a method for soil-less farming with nutrient-rich water. Instead, it focuses on various aspects of hydroponic systems, such as sensor technology and data acquisition, without explicitly confirming or denying the claim about soil-less farming.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 525 cm diameter bulged reflector casing, 2700 K, color rendering index = 78, Soraa, Fremont CA) that has a significantly reduced short wavelength light (blue) component (Fig. 1) as its spectrum is generated by violet LED exciting phosphors. Lamps were placed behind an ultraviolet-filtering, clear plastic panel fitted with neutral density filters (Roscolux neutral gray, #398; Rosco, Stamford CT) and a diffuser (Roscolux tough white diffusion #116; Rosco, Stamford CT). The two lamps were each calibrated to produce three different illuminances: 32 lx (log photon flux: 13. 6 log10(1/cm2/s)), 100 lx (log photon flux: 14. 1 log10(1/cm2/s)), and 140 lx (log photon flux: 14. 2 log10(1/cm2/s)) (corneal illuminances confirmed in situ with an ILT1700 photon flux determined with ILT-900and converted using the Lucas toolbox (Lucas et al. , 2014)). Light was presented in a diffuse circle at a 21° visual angle. All illuminances used were in the photopic range (i. e. , the different illuminances would have differential impact on cones but a similar, saturating impact on rods). During the experiment, each of the two lamps produced each of the three illuminances once (six different light exposures), with the order of the exposures being randomized separately for each participant (randomization from Random. org), with an additional 1-min light exposure from the standard LED lamp being the first in all cases (calibration). Pupil dynamics were analyzed offline with ViewPoint EyeTracker (Arrington Research, Scottsdale AZ) and macros developed in Excel (v. 16. 0. 4549. 1000, Microsoft, Redmond WA). Following the final 10-min dark exposure to assess pupil redilation, the experiment was concluded, and the participant was discharged from the study. Fig. 1Spectral output of the blue-depleted (grey) and standard (black) white LED lamps. Irradiance was measured with a research spectroradiometer (ILT-900)Full size imageFor each participant, the eye with the best pupillometric signal-to-noise ratio was selected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different illuminances of light exposure were tested during the experiment. It notes that illuminances in the photopic range can have differential impacts on cones, which indicates that light levels can affect physiological responses. This implies that light exposure can influence biological processes like melatonin production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: in future updates of review if additional studies become available, the authors will assess clinical and methodological heterogeneity before pooling data in a meta‐analysis. We will carry out an assessment for statistical heterogeneity initially visually and then using a Chi² test and also using the I² statistic. Using the Chi² test, a low P value (P < 0. 1) or a large Chi² statistic relative to its degree of freedom will provide evidence of heterogeneity of intervention effects (i. e. the variation in effect estimates beyond chance). The authors will interpret the value of the I² statistic as follows: 0% to 40% ‐ might not be important; 40% to 60% ‐ may represent moderate heterogeneity; 60% to 75% ‐ may represent substantial heterogeneity; and 75% to 100% ‐ considerable heterogeneity (Deeks 2011). Assessment of reporting biases One author (KRJ) contacted study investigators through email to provide missing outcome data, but no additional missing data were available as the trial was stopped prematurely. If sufficient numbers of included studies are available in future updates of review, the authors will assess publication bias, by using funnel plots in (RevMan 2014). Data synthesis If a sufficient number of included studies are available in future updates of review, the authors will perform meta‐analyses using (RevMan 2014). We plan to use a fixed‐effect model for pooled data analysis; however, if there is important statistical heterogeneity identified (I² statistic is more than 50%) we will also use a random‐effects model in a sensitivity analysis among studies. Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity If a sufficient number of included studies (at least 10) are available in future updates of review and if the authors identify substantial heterogeneity (over 50%), we will explore it by performing the following subgroup analyses: children (up to and including 18 years of age) versus adults (over 18 years of age); different stages of ABPA (five stages according to Patterson (Patterson 1982): (1) acute; (2) remission; (3) exacerbation; (4) corticosteroid‐dependent asthma; and (5) fibrosis (end stage)); colonization of participants with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa or both or neither. Sensitivity analysis Further, the authors will perform a sensitivity analysis to explore whether the heterogeneity is a result of different risk of bias. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodological approaches to data analysis in reviews and trials without mentioning gene therapy or genetic disorders. There is no information provided that corroborates or contrasts the claim about the development of gene therapy for cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: The data fusion sensors receive the sensed data from the sensors and combine it to create an ideal outcome before saving it in the remote database. An actuator system was developed employing Vernier sensors to deliver the nutrition into the environment in a closed loop after the nutrient values had been established. To rank the features, this feature selection approach used a tree classifier, the XG Boost classifier, and recursive feature deletion with extra (Muneeb, Ko & Park, 2021). To automatically assess the input and produce the appropriate outputs, fuzzy logic is used to construct an aquaponics monitoring and control system. The PDF and FPDF controllers optimize parameters using a genetic method. Compared to the conventional PDF controller, better consequences were obtained in the greenhouse’s humidity and temperature management (Mpofu et al. , 2020). The optimum control of greenhouse temperature is obtained by utilizing a Q-learning strategy to manage greenhouse elements that are dependent on the environment (Wang & Lee, 2020). The survey for the is shown in Table 1. Nemali (2022): The oldest known instances of greenhouse use date to the Roman era around 14 CE, but commercial use did not start in the Netherlands until the 20th century. The Netherlands’ greenhouses suffered significant damage during II, and during the post-war reconstruction efforts, engineers in the Venlo region created the tall, glass, multi-span greenhouse that is commonly seen today. made major post-war efforts to guarantee food security, which included building several greenhouses in the Venlo style for the cultivation of vegetables. Global greenhouse consumption has increased since commercial CEA production was first introduced in the Netherlands. Comparing greenhouse farming to field agriculture, the yield potential has improved significantly due to significant advancements in glass materials, lighting sources, and growth systems. The development of hydroponic agricultural cultivation was one important breakthrough. Haider & Rai (2021) The major issue is that our current crop productivity is declining as a result of climate change. It is predicted that major reductions in staple crop production, such as maize (20–45%), wheat (5–50%), and rice (20–30%), will result from rising global temperatures and erratic weather patterns. Moreover, as temperatures rise, up to 30% of annual agricultural production may be lost as a result of increasing phytopathogen and pest pressure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding hydroponics and soil-less farming. Instead, it discusses various technological advancements and control methods in greenhouse farming without specifically mentioning how hydroponics utilizes nutrient-rich water for growing crops soil-less. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: At habitual bedtime, the overhead dim light was turned off and the experimental light was turned on for three hours. The experimental light was fixed to the foot of the bed in an aluminum reflector such that the front of the light was facing the participant. During the experimental light exposure, saliva sample collection frequency was increased to every 20 min. The experimental light was one of two conditions: a standard white light LED or a blue-depleted white LED, both identical to those used in Study 1 (Fig. 1). Both lights were calibrated to a target of 150 lx at corneal level in a typical angle of gaze. By matching the lux units, the lights should have had a similar impact on image forming perception. The visit number (1 or 2) during which participants received the standard or blue-depleted white light was determined a priori through a random number generator (Random. org). The allocation was double-blind as neither the participant nor the laboratory technician administering the light knew which bulb was the standard and which was the blue-depleted. There was no obvious difference in the perceptual quality or color of the light emitted from the two lamps in the laboratory environment and the lamps were designated as “A” and “B” by the primary investigator (JMZ) – the laboratory technician was unaware of the matching of the A/B designation and the type of lamp being used. During the three hours of experimental light exposure, participants were kept awake by a laboratory technician and asked to look at the LED lamp, alternating every ten minutes between a gaze fixed at the lamp and free gaze around the room. During both the free and fixed gaze components, participants were not permitted to avoid light exposure by hiding their eyes or directing their gaze downward (e. g. , no reading was allowed). Illuminance during the fixed and free periods was recorded with the ILT1700 at the end of each of these periods, estimating the average angle of gaze. Three hours after habitual bedtime, all lighting was turned off and the participant was allowed to sleep ad libitum. Upon arising, the participant was given a standard hospital breakfast, and could leave the unit. Saliva samples were immediately frozen (− 20 °C) and placed in storage at − 80 °C within one week of collection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an experimental setup where participants were exposed to different types of light during a specific period, suggesting that the light exposure directly relates to the measurement of saliva samples. This implies that light conditions are likely to influence biological processes, including melatonin production, especially since the study was designed around controlled light exposure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: refer to the glossary for the explanation of clinical terms (2021. We searched two ongoing trial registries (apps. who. int/trialsearch/; clinicaltrials. gov); details of these searches are provided in the appendices (5. 1 (RevMan 2014). Measures of treatment effect The authors planned to analyse dichotomous variables by calculating the risk ratio (RR). They planned to express continuous variables as a mean difference (MD). They will express continuous variables as standardized mean difference (SMD) if different scales are used for an outcome in different studies in future updates of review. The authors planned to analyse time‐to‐event data using the hazard ratio (HR). They intended to express the overall results with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Finally, the authors planned to report the numbers of ABPA exacerbations and hospital admissions as a rate ratio (ratio of events per person years) in experimental and control group (Deeks 2011). Unit of analysis issues The authors planned to include only randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled parallel trials in the review; the included trial was randomized. They planned to exclude both cross‐over and cluster‐randomized trials. Dealing with missing data One author (KRJ) contacted study investigators via email to request some missing outcome data; in response, the authors received a small amount of additional information other than that available on website and have added this to the review. The authors also considered taking the following steps to deal with any missing data in future. Perform sensitivity analyses to assess the sensitivity of any assumptions, if made in future updates. Address the potential impact of missing data on the findings of the review in the 'Discussion' section. For missing standard deviations (SDs) of continuous outcome data, to calculate the SD from study statistics (e. g. CIs, standard errors, T values, P values or F values); if it was still not possible to calculate the SD, then they planned to impute it from other studies in the meta‐analysis as per details given in the for of Interventions (Higgins 2011a). If data are still not available, the authors will generate analyses making assumptions to create the best and worst case scenarios. In this case, the authors planned to undertake a sensitivity analysis (see below). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodologies for analyzing clinical trial data and does not mention gene therapy or treatments for genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the app allows the farmer to set and alter dosing parameters, receive notifications when conditions deviate from ideal, and even remotely manage the dosing system. This use of IoT technology not only streamlines the monitoring process, but also provides farmers with the freedom and convenience to operate their hydroponic systems efficiently and proactively, hence improving the precision and productivity of their farming practices. The hydroponic system ensures a dynamic understanding of the plant’s immediate surroundings by tracking these parameters in real-time. This information is then processed by algorithms or control systems that use established growth patterns for the individual plant type. The system can properly estimate the current growth stage of the plants by aligning the observed parameters with these growth patterns. This data directs the automated dosing system to distribute the precise amount and composition of nutrients required at each developmental stage, encouraging strong plant health and, ultimately, maximizing potential production in hydroponic farming. Circuit diagram The components of the circuitry proposed system have shown in File S1, including Step down transformer for power supply Arduino UNO Relay board with submersible pumps for pumping water and nutrients pH sensor EC sensor DHT11 sensor for measuring temperature Ultrasonic sensor 20 × 4 3008 10-bit 11 sensor: DHT11 low-cost digital sensor used in growing hydroponics to measure air temperature and humidity. It usually operates at 3. 5 to 5. 5 V and can measure temperatures up to 500 C. Arduino UNO: A microcontroller used to connect input-output devices, sensors, and other required electrical devices. It supports the IDE environment to a program to the system with any high-level languages or packages like Python. The power supply with 5 Volts is used to supply power to the board and all the sensors. Relays pumping water and nutrients: A relay is an electrical device that behaves like a switch for pumping water and nutrients into our system. It allows you to switch on or off pumps in regular intervals effortlessly. Totally four relays used in our approach to control water, nutrients, and pH solutions. Each relay has three terminals at the low current side, namely and IN pins, and three at the high current side NO, C, and NC. The IN pin, connected to Pin 7 in the Arduino board, causes the relay to switch the pump ON or OFF. pH meter: pH is the potential of hydrogen that tells how well plants absorb nutrients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the technological aspects of managing hydroponic systems and the benefits of IoT in streamlining nutrient delivery. However, it does not specifically address the claim about hydroponics being a soil-less farming method, hence it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Saliva samples were assayed as a single batch in duplicate using a salivary melatonin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay () per the manufacturer’s instructions. Published intra-and inter-assay coefficients of variation are 6. 1–13. 0% with an assay sensitivity of 0. 3 pg/mL. The assay microplate was read using a Multiskan FC (Thermo Scientific, Waltham MA). One of the 10 participants had a failed melatonin assay and insufficient saliva to conduct a repeat assay; the melatonin data from this participant were excluded. The three hours prior to habitual sleep onset, during which participants were in dim light, was denoted as the “baseline”. Melatonin levels were expected to be rising to their elevated nocturnal levels during the baseline. The three hours after habitual bedtime, during which participants were exposed to the experimental light, was denoted as the “light exposure”. Melatonin data during the baseline and light exposure were integrated over time using the trapezoidal method. Integrated melatonin concentrations during each hour of the light exposure was separately calculated. Statistical analyses, as specified below, were performed using either OriginPro 2017 (v. b9. 4. 0220, ) or Excel (v. 16. 0. 4549. 1000, Microsoft, Redmond WA). Z-score transformation was done for visualization purposes only (see Fig. 3). The mean and standard deviation of each participant’s melatonin data were determined and the individual values were z-score transformed as z = (X-μ)/σ, such that X = sample value, μ = population mean, and σ = population standard deviation. Fig. 3Changes in salivary melatonin concentration (a) and SSS values (b) during the baseline (< 10 lx, − 3 → 0 h) and experimental light exposure (150 lx, 0 → 3 h) for both the blue-depleted (grey) and standard (black) white LED lamps. Melatonin data were z-score transformed and averaged prior to plotting. Mean ± SD are shownFull size imageResultsLamp characteristicsThe standard white LED has broad coverage of the visible wavelengths, with a major peak at 607 nm (orange) and a minor peak at 461 nm (blue) (Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an experiment where participants were exposed to different lighting conditions and measuring changes in salivary melatonin concentrations. It clearly states a distinction between 'baseline' conditions with dim light and 'light exposure' conditions, which had a defined light intensity of 150 lx. The mention of measuring melatonin levels during these different light exposure times supports the notion that light influences melatonin production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: No placebo was used in the open‐label period, hence the data from this period are not eligible for inclusion in the review. participants were individuals with CF complicated by ABPA and aged 12 years and older (except for Italy where participants were up to and including 18 years of age). Both males and females with oral corticosteroid use for ABPA flare and total serum IgE levels greater than or equal to 500 IU/mL were eligible for enrolment. The study enrolled nine (five females) participants in the intervention group and five (four females) participants in the placebo group. The mean (SD) age of participants in the intervention group was 21 (4. 1) years and in the placebo group 28 (9. 5) years (Novartis 2008). the double‐blind phase of the study, the participants in the experimental arm received omalizumab (Xolair®) in the form of subcutaneous injections (into the upper arm in the area of the deltoid or to the thigh) of 600 mg daily for six months along with itraconazole twice daily, while receiving oral corticosteroids, with a maximum daily dose of 400 mg. The participants in the control arm received placebo in place of omalizumab in the same regimen as the experimental arm. Outcomes measured Primary outcome measures were: the change from baseline in the percentage of participants requiring rescue with corticosteroids; and the time to deviation from the protocol‐prescribed steroid‐tapering regimen. Secondary outcome measures were: change in ABPA exacerbation rates; change in FEV1 from baseline; time to steroid‐free state; change from baseline in average oral corticosteroid use; percentage of participants responding to omalizumab, as defined by a reduction in oral corticosteroid dose use of 50% or more as compared to baseline. Most of the outcome measures were assessed at six and 12 months of study, except for FEV1 which was assessed at three and six months (Novartis 2008). Excluded studies The search strategy revealed only one relevant study that was included in the review. No studies were excluded. Risk of bias in included studies The risk of bias for the only included study (Novartis 2008) is shown in Characteristics of included studies, risk of bias graph (Figure 2) and risk of bias summary (Figure 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study involving participants with cystic fibrosis (CF) and doesn't provide information directly relevant to the development of gene therapy for treating genetic disorders such as CF. It mainly describes a clinical trial involving omalizumab and corticosteroids, which does not support or contrast the claim about gene therapy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Suppose the system is unsuitable for plants with violated pH or EC values. The controller immediately responds and activates an appropriate relay to correct pH or EC to the preferred values. Total four relays with four pumps Pump 1 with Relay 1 to fill the water tank Pump 2 with Relay 2 to pump nutrients A Pump 3 with Relay 3 to pump nutrients B Pump 4 with Relay 4 to drain the water tank Figure 3: Main loop to check EC and pH based on the plant stage. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-3 Figure 4: Flowchart for identifying plant stage. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-4 The systems adjust 5V DC submersible pumps flowing time using Eq. (2) based on the plant’s growth stage. are several types of hydroponic systems. Here in this system, deep water culture has been followed for growing plants. This entire setup is designed with a growing medium. This water reservoir is connected with nutrient mixture pumps and an aerator machine to provide oxygen to the bottom of the root. Our hydroponic system is connected to the Arduino microcontroller, which is connected to sensors that sense various features such as temperature, pH, and EC in regular intervals. Every time after sensing, measured values are compared with threshold values already set in the system. Initially, a water level sensor called an ultrasonic sensor is fixed on the microcontroller, checking whether the water is overflowing or underflowing. If the water equal is less than the threshold level, the water pump is on immediately. Once the water level reaches the specified level, it turns off the water pump. If pH is low and less than the pHLow, switch on the water pump to reduce the acidic nature. Otherwise, if pH is more than pHHigh, add some pH corrective solution called citric acid to reduce the basicity. To adjust EC, if it finds EC measured is higher than the ECHigh, water is added to balance the nutrient solution. Otherwise, if the calculated EC value is lower than the threshold range specified, ECLow, then call the Identification algorithm to determine the current plant growth stage and add the nutrient solution for the estimated time. The estimation of nutrients to pump in the system and the amount of time needed to pump the answer is pictorially shown in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about hydroponics being a method for soil-less farming with nutrient-rich water. Instead, it provides detailed information on a specific hydroponic system's operational aspects, such as managing pH, EC levels, and nutrient pumping. While it discusses hydroponics, it does not explicitly confirm or deny the claim regarding the fundamental principle of soil-less farming using nutrient-rich water.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Our pupil findings are consistent with the theory that the PIPR is driven by melanopsin. At the lower illuminance tested, PIPR was reduced in response to the light that had 40% less drive on melanopsin. We did not, however, observe an impact of the lights on phasic constriction, which is also thought to be influenced by melanopsin. The partial (40%) reduction in melanopic drive and the relatively small number of participants may have contributed to our inability to detect such a difference. We also used an extended (60 s) light stimulation; shorter light stimulations (e. g. , 1 s) may have revealed more differences in PIPR at the higher intensities. The pupil responses to light that are dependent upon cones were not differentially impacted by the two lights tested. None of the other non-image forming functions that we tested, however, were impacted by the reduction of melanopsin drive in the blue-depleted white light. Previous studies have indicated that 150 lx of white light is sufficient to suppress melatonin and decrease subjective sleepiness (Zeitzer et al. , 2000; Cajochen et al. , 2000). It must be noted, however, that these measures of light-induced changes were conducted after extended (> 40 h) exposure to no greater than dim light. In the current study, participants arrived to the lab after exposure to real-world environments and were in dim light (< 10 lx) for only three hours prior to the experimental light exposure. Previous studies (Smith et al. , 2004; Chang et al. , 2011; Rufiange et al. , 2007; Zeitzer et al. , 2011) have demonstrated that the impact of light on non-image forming functions, such as those presented in this report, is sensitized by previous exposure to dim light. It is, therefore, possible that at increased intensities we may have observed the expected changes in melatonin and alertness. Under the ecologically relevant conditions to which most individuals are exposed, however, we do not observe meaningful changes in melatonin or alertness after exposure to normal room light intensities. Individuals who lack exposure to bright indoor or outdoor light, however, might benefit from exposure to blue-depleted white light (Rahman et al. , 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between light exposure and melatonin production. It states that 'Previous studies have indicated that 150 lx of white light is sufficient to suppress melatonin,' which directly supports the claim that melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. Additionally, it implies that decreased light exposure leads to reduced melatonin suppression, highlighting the effect of light conditions on melatonin levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: One small trial provided inconsistent evidence on improvement in quality of life (very low‐certainty evidence). There is limited evidence from three trials in improvements in exercise capacity (low‐certainty evidence). None of the trials have systematically compared the expense of therapy on overall healthcare costs. Authors' conclusions When compared with no treatment, rhGH therapy is effective in improving the intermediate outcomes in height, weight and lean body mass. Some measures of pulmonary function showed moderate improvement, but no consistent benefit was seen across all trials. The significant change in blood glucose levels, although not causing diabetes, emphasizes the need for careful monitoring of this adverse effect with therapy in a population predisposed to CF‐related diabetes. No significant changes in quality of life, clinical status or side‐effects were observed in this review due to the small number of participants. Long‐term, well‐designed randomised controlled trials of rhGH in individuals with CF are required prior to routine clinical use of rhGH in CF. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in Español فارسی Français 한국어 Polski Русский 繁體中文 The use of recombinant growth hormone to improve growth and health in children and young adults with cystic fibrosis Review question We reviewed the evidence about the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on the health of people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Background CF is an inherited condition causing disease in the lungs, digestive system and pancreas. People with CF are often underweight and have delayed growth, which may impact their lung function. Nutritional supplements may not be enough and it has been suggested that treatment with rhGH, which improves the rate of growth and bone density, might help. Treatment with rhGH is usually given once a day via a needle under the skin. It is expensive and may affect glucose metabolism that has implications for children at risk of CF‐related diabetes. Hence, we need to critically review the risks and benefits of this treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effectiveness of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) for cystic fibrosis, which is a different treatment approach from gene therapy. The review indicates that while rhGH may improve some outcomes for individuals with cystic fibrosis, there is inconsistency in evidence regarding quality of life and clinical status. Thus, it suggests that gene therapy specifically for CF is not the focus and highlights a need for continued research into other treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: This idea was implemented using the Identification algorithm to record the plant’s maturity. The experimental results of the growth stage identification method showed that it was very accurate and reliable. An impressive 97. 5% of the time, the program correctly identified the vegetative stage, showing that it is good at telling the difference between early growth stages. Furthermore, the accuracy stayed high during the flowering stage at 97. 5%, showing that the algorithm is reliable at picking up on small changes in plant growth. It was during the fruiting stage that the accuracy rate was the highest, hitting an amazing 99. 4%. This exceptional accuracy shows how well the algorithm can exactly pinpoint the complex physiological changes that happen during fruit development. Correlations between the algorithm’s accuracy rates and the nutrient solutions’ parts per million (ppm) values further proved that it was reliable. This showed that accurate growth stage identification and targeted nutrient delivery in the hydroponic system worked well together. It used USB to RS-232 cable to update data from the laptop to the cloud server IOTCloudData. This algorithm successfully detected the plant stages with 99. 9% accuracy. The tomato plant images are captured using a camera at the farming site, and some of the photos are taken from Kaggle datasets for training and testing. We use Python programming language to implement this algorithm. TensorFlow and Keras, and Numpy libraries are used for implementation. The algorithm implementation is shown for identifying vegetative, flowers, and fruit in Files S4–S6, respectively. Estimating and automating nutrient supply board connected the water tank with nutrient bottles A and B to supply the estimated amount of nutrients calculated. Based on the data received from sensors, the controller processes the data and sends instructions to the actuator to turn on pumps for the amount of time calculated using the above equations with input parameters plant stage, tank volume, and surplus amount of nutrients required at that stage. For example: Assume plants are at the flowering stage, and the measurement of nutrients in the 15-l water tank was reduced to 1,700 ppm. The system then immediately switches on the nutrient 5 V submersible pumps with a rate of 2 LPM to supply adequate amounts at the right time. The amount of nutrient solution needed (11) =−SURppm =2500−1700 =800ppm(Means800mg/Liter) Then the time needed to keep the pumps ON. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses an algorithm used to monitor plant growth stages and optimize nutrient delivery in a hydroponic system but does not directly mention the concept of soil-less farming or the use of nutrient-rich water specifically. Therefore, while relevant to hydroponics, it does not substantiate the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Given the previous literature, had we sensitized the non-image forming system with many hours of dim or room light prior to exposure or increased the intensity of the experimental light exposure, we might have observed a difference in the impact of the two lamps on melatonin suppression and subjective alertness. We did not design the experiment as such since previous studies had already established the biological capacity of the non-image forming photoreceptive system to have a peak response to long duration blue light. We, rather, were concerned with the potential real-world use of white light lamps that had diminished impact on melanopsin and, at least for subjective sleepiness and melatonin suppression, we did not observe an advantage of the blue-depleted white LED lamp. We did not explicitly examine objective alertness or circadian phase shifting here, but these two processes operate in a similar intensity range as subjective alertness and melatonin suppression (Zeitzer et al. , 2000; Cajochen et al. , 2000) and might have similar outcomes. Future research could examine the utility of such lamps as sleep-permissive light sources in environments in which individuals have consistent exposure to lower levels of daytime lighting (e. g. , submarines, winter time in extreme northern latitudes, all day low intensity office lighting). ConclusionsAfter exposure to a real-world daytime lighting environment, except for pupil responses to moderately dim light, there are no difference in non-imaging forming responses to broad spectrum white light and a broad spectrum white light with reduced blue content. : Analysis of variance ipRGC: Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells LED: Light emitting diode PIPR: Post-illumination pupillary response SSS: Scale 49. 507. 92. 3. 12. CAS PubMed 213. 83. 102. 33. 13. 87. CAS 33. 6. 110. CAS 2007. 80. 9. 86. 45. 8. 401. 9. 7. 59. 4. 702. 7. 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the biological capacity of the non-image forming photoreceptive system responds to light exposure, particularly mentioning that the peak response occurs with long duration blue light. This implies a relationship between light exposure and melatonin suppression, supporting the idea that melatonin production is influenced by light.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Specifically, we wished to examine the hypotheses that treatment with oral NSAIDs for a period of two months or more: improves or prevents deterioration in objective measures of lung function; reduces the need for intravenous antibiotic therapy for respiratory exacerbations; reduces the need for hospital admissions for respiratory exacerbations; reduces the number of days spent in hospital for respiratory exacerbations; improves quality of life; improves survival; is associated with adverse effects (including major hemorrhage such as a life‐threatening gastrointestinal bleed or hemorrhagic stroke, gastrointestinal (GI) upset including dyspepsia or nausea, diarrhoea, allergic reactions (rash, fever), tinnitus, bronchospasm or fluid retention). for considering studies for this review Types of studies Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published and unpublished. Types of participants Children and adults, of any age, with defined CF, diagnosed clinically and by quantitative sweat chloride testing or genetic testing or both. People with CF at all stages of lung disease were included. Types of interventions Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) administered orally at any dose for a period of at least two months compared to placebo or existing conventional therapy. Types of outcome measures Primary outcomes Objective measures of lung function (measured as absolute change in % predicted from baseline compared to control and post‐treatment change in % predicted compared to control): forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) forced vital capacity (FVC) forced expiratory flow 25%‐75% (FEF25%‐75%) Secondary outcomes Number of days of intravenous antibiotic therapy for respiratory exacerbations Number of hospital admissions for respiratory exacerbations Number of hospital days for respiratory exacerbations Quality of life (QoL) measures Proportion surviving at six months and one year Nutritional status as noted by weight gain, body mass index (BMI), z score or other indices of nutritional state Chest x‐ray scores Adverse effects (such as minor haemorrhage, major hemorrhage (life‐threatening GI bleed, hemorrhagic stroke), GI upset (dyspepsia, nausea), diarrhoea, allergic reactions (rash, fever), tinnitus, bronchospasm, fluid retention) Dropout rates Search methods for identification of studies Trials are eligible for inclusion irrespective of language or publication status. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding gene therapy for cystic fibrosis. Instead, it focuses on the examination of the effects of oral NSAIDs in treating symptoms associated with cystic fibrosis, outlining various outcomes related to lung function and quality of life for patients. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or offer relevant information regarding the development of gene therapy specifically.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: 23 ms to with vegetative stage, whereas other existing methods such as CNN and DNN have taken 319. 24 and 233. 83 ms, respectively. Likewise, the proposed approach takes 152. 82 ms with flower stage, while existing techniques like CNN and DNN take 362. 84, and 263. 73 ms, respectively. Similarly, the proposed approach takes 182. 54 ms with fruit stage, while existing techniques like CNN and DNN take 382. 64, and 293. 64 ms, respectively. Figure 9: Time complexity analysis of chart for comparing the proposed with the existing system. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-9 Table 4: Time complexity analysis of chart for comparing the proposed with the existing system. Week number Stage identified 1–5 Vegetative 319. 24 233. 83 123. 23 Week 6–9 Flower 362. 84 263. 73 152. 82 Week 10–15 Fruit 382. 64 293. 64 182. 54 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-4 makes people more comfortable growing their organic and pesticide-free food quickly at home. The main issue with hydroponics is the constant monitoring of the pH and EC levels of the nutrient solution, as well as the surrounding temperature and humidity range. Hydroponics culture highly depends on human attention to supply the suitable parameters for the quality growth of plants. In this process, it was observed that plants nutrients consumption changed based on the plant stages such as germination, vegetative, reproduction, and harvesting. The number of nutrients the plants consume is different in all locations. It is required more focus on identifying plant stage and automating the distribution of nutrients accordingly. In this research, we proposed a Identification algorithm to extract plant growth and avoid undersupply or oversupply of nutrients. The experimental results showed that the Identification algorithm achieves a 97. 5% accuracy rate for the first 5 weeks with 1,715 ppm of nutrition consumption which identify the vegetative state. A total of 97. 5% accuracy rate for the 6–9th week with 2,380 ppm of nutrition consumption, which identify the flowering stage, and 99. 4% accuracy rate for the last 10–15th week 2,730 ppm of nutrition consumption, which determine the fruiting location of the plant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses the stages of plant growth, nutrient consumption, and the implementation of an identification algorithm for plant monitoring in the context of hydroponics. While it mentions the requirements of hydroponics, such as monitoring pH and nutrient levels, it does not affirm or deny the specific claim regarding soil-less farming and the use of nutrient-rich water.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Effects of day-time exposure to different light intensities on light-induced melatonin suppression at night Download PDF Download eePub Original 20. 8 ± 1. 1) gave informed consent to participate in this study. They were exposed to various light conditions (<10, 100, 300, 900 and 2700 lx) between the hours of 09:00 and 12:00 (day-time light conditions). They were then exposed to bright light (300 lx) again between 01:00 and 02:30 (night-time light exposure). They provided saliva samples before (00:55) and after night-time light exposure (02:30). ResultsA one-tailed paired t test yielded significant decrements of melatonin concentration after night-time light exposure under day-time dim, 100- and 300-lx light conditions. No significant differences exist in melatonin concentration between pre- and post-night-time light exposure under day-time 900- and 2700-lx light conditions. ConclusionsPresent findings suggest the amount of light exposure needed to prevent LIMS caused by ordinary nocturnal light in individuals who have a general life rhythm (sleep/wake schedule). These findings may be useful in implementing artificial light environments for humans in, for example, hospitals and underground shopping malls. IntroductionLight is thought to have the most powerful impact on the human circadian rhythm and sleep/wake cycle. Prior to artificial lighting, humans adjusted their circadian rhythm to match the natural 24 h bright/dark cycle (i. e. the earth’s rotation). In modern society, however, bright environments still exist at night while, thanks to modern buildings and underground spaces, dim light environments are possible during the day. Modern humans, especially in urban areas, are hardly ever exposed to a 24-h bright/dark cycle. The modern light environments possibly cause the desynchronization of our circadian rhythm and 24-h life rhythm. Bright nocturnal light has been known to suppress melatonin secretion [1–4], and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified work shifts that involve circadian disruption as a probable carcinogenic factor (Group 2A). Because melatonin may have potent anti-cancer activity [5, 6], light-induced melatonin suppression (LIMS) at night may increase the risk of cancer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of different light intensities on melatonin suppression, indicating that exposure to bright light at night significantly decreases melatonin concentration. It highlights that bright nocturnal light suppresses melatonin secretion and emphasizes the importance of light in regulating the circadian rhythm, which directly supports the claim about light exposure's influence on melatonin production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: There was no other evidence of positive impact on outcomes, in particular improved quality of life or reduced treatment burden. Two studies measured ion transport in the lower airways; one (n = 16) demonstrated significant changes toward normal values in the participants who received gene transfer agents (P < 0. 0001), mean difference 6. 86 (95% confidence interval 3. 77 to 9. 95). The second study (n = 140) also reported significant changes toward normal values (P = 0. 032); however, aggregate data were not available for analysis. In the most recent study, there was also evidence of increased salt transport in cells obtained by brushing the lower airway. These outcomes, whilst important, are not of direct clinical relevance. Authors' conclusions One study of liposome‐based CFTR gene transfer therapy demonstrated some improvements in respiratory function in people with CF, but this limited evidence of efficacy does not support this treatment as a routine therapy at present. There was no evidence of efficacy for viral‐mediated gene delivery. Future studies need to investigate clinically important outcome measures. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in English Español فارسی Hrvatski 简体中文 Replacing the defective gene is a potential treatment for progressive lung disease in people with cystic fibrosis Review question We reviewed the evidence about the effect of delivering the correct copy of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene directly to the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis in order to treat progressive lung disease. cystic fibrosis the gene encoding a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is faulty. People with cystic fibrosis suffer from progressive lung infection and damage which reduces life expectancy. Agents which can deliver a correct copy of the faulty CFTR gene to cells in the lungs may be an effective treatment. Search date The evidence is current to: 20 April 2016. Study characteristics We found four studies with 302 people to include in this review. The studies lasted from 29 days to 13 months. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that, while gene therapy for cystic fibrosis shows some evidence of improvement in respiratory function, it does not support this treatment as a routine therapy due to the limited evidence of efficacy. It highlights the necessity for further studies to investigate clinically important outcome measures, implying that current gene therapy approaches are not yet viable or effective for treating cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: In the future, integrating machine learning for area computation of the complete plant bush and real-time monitoring seems like a really promising improvement. Utilizing sophisticated algorithms and real-time video feeds, the system provides current data on plant development and well-being, enabling informed choices and accurate system operation. It demonstrates the advantages of merging robotics, IoT, and data analysis for optimal plant cultivation and agricultural practice optimization. Circuit Diagram. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-1 setup at vegetative stage. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-2 setup at flower stage. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-3 stage. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-4 Stage. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-5 Stage. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-6 Download Plant. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-7 Download IoT cloudApp. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-8 Information and authors declare that they have no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 2020. Edge computing based smart aquaponics monitoring system using deep learning in IoT environment. Atikah TA, Widyawati W. 2021. The engineering of planting media and ab mix nutritional concentration to improve tomato agronomic characteristics hydroponically. & 8(4):2884-2899. 2017. Impact of water use on paprika (Capsicum annum) by using fertigation and autopot system combined with numerous growing media. of 16(3):149-159. 2018. Automated system for farming with hydroponic style. Chaiwongsai J. 2019. Automatic control and management system for tropical hydroponic cultivation. . 2012. Automated system developed to control pH and concentration of nutrient solution evaluated in hydroponic lettuce production. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 84:53-61. 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about hydroponics. Instead, it discusses the future of integrating machine learning for plant monitoring and mentions various setups but does not provide information specifically about soil-less farming with nutrient-rich water.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Some research has found that LIMS occurs at night even under low light intensities (120–200 lx) [7, 8], which would suggest even greater health risks. Yet bright light at day-time has been thought to increase melatonin secretion [9–11] and may reduce LIMS at night. Hebert et al. [12] evaluated LIMS after day-time exposure to different light conditions for 1 week. The subjects were exposed to bright light (both by being outside and by using a light box inside) and wore dark goggles (that allowed about 2 % light transmission) during the day-time. Significantly, more LIMS was found after subjects experienced dim light conditions than when they experienced bright conditions. Smith et al. [13] measured LIMS after different day-time light stimuli (200 vs. 0. 5 lx) for 3 days. LIMS significantly increased after dim light exposure compared with bright light exposure. Yet another study measured LIMS in indoor and outdoor workers and reported a significant correlation between the percentage of LIMS and the subjects’ average light exposure in a 24-h period [14]. These findings suggest that a bright/dark cycle is necessary for health. To maintain an adequate secretion of melatonin, it is important to understand the effective proportion of day- to night-time light. However, this proportion is unknown because there have been very few studies on accurately controlling both day- and night-time light conditions. This study, therefore, evaluates the effect of different day-time light intensities on LIMS. In this study, the light intensity of night-time light is set at 300 lx, based on ordinary light conditions in a home. Materials and methodsSubjectsTwelve male subjects aged 19–23 years (mean ± S. D. , 20. 8 ± 1. 1) gave informed consent to participate in this study. All subjects were free of medical conditions at the time of the experiment, and none had a history of psychiatric or sleep disorders. The subjects were instructed to abstain from alcohol and caffeine beginning 1 day before the experiment began and to maintain a regular sleep/wake schedule (24:00 to 08:00) beginning 7 days before the experiment. The sleep wake schedule was confirmed by a wrist-worn actigraph (Actiwatch-L 9 (AWL); Mini-). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different light conditions, specifically bright and dim light during the day, affect melatonin secretion. It suggests that bright light exposure during the day can increase melatonin secretion, which indicates that melatonin production is indeed influenced by light exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice While the meta‐analysis of most respiratory function tests showed no difference between treatment and placebo groups, the most recent study, Alton 2015, demonstrated a benefit in relative change in FEV1 % predicted and FVC % predicted at 12 months for participants receiving CFTR gene replacement therapy compared to those receiving placebo (Alton 2015). Concerns over safety with "flu‐like" symptoms in most participants in the Alton 1999 study were not reported on repeated use in Alton 2015 (Alton 1999; Alton 2015). There was no other evidence of positive impact on outcomes, in particular improved quality of life, reduced treatment burden or exacerbations (Alton 2015). The limited evidence of efficacy does not support this as a routine therapy at present. There was no evidence of efficacy for viral‐mediated gene delivery from the remaining two included studies (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). Implications for research Clinical studies examining the use of CFTR gene transfer reagents for CF lung disease should include outcome measures that are relevant to people with CF as well as clearly defined surrogate measures of efficacy. It is imperative that future studies of established or novel gene therapy reagents use a robust study design with clearly defined endpoints and adequate power. These studies must be reported in a full and transparent manner to enable the incorporation of data into systematic reviews. A clear cost analysis is essential for any emerging therapies, as this is likely to be a significant factor. In future updates of this review, we will include this as a pertinent secondary outcome measure. of the condition Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the commonest life‐shortening disease in Caucasians and is caused by a single gene defect. It has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 2000 at birth (Bobadilla 2002). The affected gene is responsible for making a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). There are many abnormalities or alterations of the CFTR gene that can affect the production and function of CFTR (Rowntree 2003). Normally, CFTR has an important role in co‐ordinating salt transport across cell membranes. This role is particularly important in the lungs where an abnormality of CFTR results in dehydration of the surface liquid that lines the airways (Matsui 1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there have been some studies, such as the one conducted by Alton in 2015, that demonstrated a benefit in respiratory outcomes with CFTR gene replacement therapy, overall evidence remains limited. The assertions within the text suggest that the limited efficacy and safety concerns do not currently support gene therapy as a routine treatment for cystic fibrosis, directly rebutting the idea that gene therapy is effectively being developed and implemented for this condition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal and Impact Factor: 3. 5 5-Factor: 3. 4 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentAir, Soil and Water ResearchCreate email alert Open accessResearch 10. 1177/11786221221087989ContentsAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionsConclusionsDeclaration of conflicting interestsiD6. 67%), P (6. 78%), N (1. 66%), and O (47. 41%). XRD chromatogram showed that the precipitate matched the reference pattern for struvite. The recirculation rate of 2. 0 mL min−1 was determined as an optimum condition with nitrogen and phosphate removal, nitrogen and phosphate removal rate, and struvite precipitation rate was 14. 7% ± 1. 2%, 57. 1% ± 1. 1%, 22. 9 ± 0. 9 mg L−1 h−1, 18. 6 ± 0. 9 mg L−1 h−1, and 498 mg h−1, respectively. The recirculation rate affects the reactor performance through the magnitude of the hydraulic retention time of nutrients on the reactor and the potential electrical energy generated in the reactor. On the other hand, the reactor with initial pH 8 achieved the best performance with the nitrogen and phosphate removal of 24. 6% ± 1. 6% to 88. 4% ± 3. 8%, nitrogen and phosphate removal rate of 24. 2 ± 2. 1 mg L−1 h−1 and 35. 3 ± 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding hydroponics and soil-less farming. It does not provide any information about hydroponics or the use of nutrient-rich water, but instead contains content mainly related to the journal's publication and article navigation without addressing agricultural methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Experimental procedureThe experiments were carried out from August 2012 to November 2012; the experimental schedule is shown in Fig. 1. The subjects arrived at the experimental chamber before 23:00 and were exposed to dim light conditions (<10 lx). They slept in the experimental chamber under dark conditions until 08:00 and then had breakfast until 09:00 under the same dim conditions experienced prior to sleep. After breakfast, the subjects experienced light conditions from 09:00 to 12:00. After this exposure, the subjects had lunch until 13:00 under dim light conditions, which were maintained until 01:00, and provided saliva samples every hour from 15:00 to 18:00 in order to determine the threshold of dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) [15, 16]. The subjects were allowed to watch movies and read books in the experimental chamber; however, the illuminance of the movie displays was kept at less than 2 lx, because bright light from movie displays may suppress melatonin secretion [17]. Then, the subjects had dinner and showered from 18:00 to 20:00. Saliva samples were collected under dim light conditions every 30 min from 20:00 to 01:00, and the subjects experienced bright light (300 lx) exposure for 90 min from 01:00 to 02:30. After exposure to bright light, the subjects provided saliva samples. They were instructed to maintain a sitting position on their chairs during saliva collection because posture might affect melatonin secretion [18]. Fig. 1Time schedule. The subjects were exposed to different light conditions (<10, 100, 300, 900 and 2700 lx) from 09:00 to 12:00 and to bright light (300 lx) from 01:00 to 02:30Full size image For each subject, exposure to the five different light conditions (<10, 100, 300, 900 and 2700 lx) were conducted in five different experimental sets with one light condition per set, namely, repeated measure design. Experiments were performed under different conditions in random order at intervals of more than 5 days. Although the subjects conducted their normal life during the intervals, they were instructed to maintain a regular sleep/wake schedule (24:00 to 08:00). The ambient temperature in the experimental chamber was kept at 27 °C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an experimental procedure that manipulates light exposure conditions and their effects on melatonin secretion. It specifically mentions that exposure to bright light (300 lx) is included in the experiment and notes how dim light conditions (<10 lx) and different illuminance levels may influence melatonin onset and secretion. The mention of how bright light from movie displays could suppress melatonin secretion further supports the idea that light exposure significantly affects melatonin production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Alton 2015 also undertook an analysis of nasal potential difference in a subgroup of participants who were additionally treated with placebo or CFTR gene therapy via a nasal spray device; this has not been included in analysis as it is not an efficacy measure for CFTR gene replacement therapy to the lung (Alton 2015). a. Baseline potential difference People with CF have a higher baseline potential difference than people without CF (Griesenbach 2005). An effective CFTR gene replacement intervention would therefore be expected to demonstrate a reduction in baseline potential difference. Data for Alton 1999 are for segmental bronchi, estimated from figures in the original paper (Alton 1999). No significant change in baseline potential difference was seen in either the CFTR gene replacement group (n = 8), mean (SD) change ‐0. 81 (9. 02) millivolt (mV), or the placebo group (n = 8), mean (SD) change 2. 53 (6. 48) mV (Alton 1999). When these data are entered in the review's analysis, there was no difference between the groups, MD ‐3. 34 (95% CI ‐11. 04 to 4. 36) (Analysis 1. 10). 2015, we calculated change in baseline potential difference from baseline and post‐treatment data provided (mean (SEM)); assuming a correlation coefficient (Corr) of 0. 9 to estimate the SD. There was no significant difference between treatment groups (CFTR gene therapy group n = 10; placebo n = 7), MD ‐0. 30 (95% CI ‐2. 90 to 2. 30) (Analysis 1. 10). Sensitivity analyses at a range of values for Corr also showed no statistical difference between treatment groups (Alton 2015). Alton 2015 demonstrated no significant difference in post‐treatment (after 12 months) bronchial potential difference between treatment groups, MD 1. 70 (95% CI ‐3. 50 to 6. 90) (Analysis 1. 12). Data presented for this study are the mean of tracheal and all bronchial measurements (Alton 2015). b. Response to perfusion with amiloride Since sodium absorption is increased in people with CF, a greater reduction in potential difference from baseline is seen in response to amiloride in participants with CF than in those without CF (Griesenbach 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing details from studies that indicate there was no significant change in the baseline potential difference between the CFTR gene therapy group and placebo group. For example, it mentions that 'there was no difference between the groups' and 'no significant difference in post‐treatment bronchial potential difference.' This implies that the CFTR gene therapy has not shown efficacy in reducing disease symptoms or markers in cystic fibrosis patients, which directly challenges the assertion that gene therapy is effectively being developed to treat this condition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: 1 mg L−1 h−1, respectively, and the struvite precipitation rate of 900 mg h−1. Furthermore, when the initial pH of wastewater increased from 7 to 8, the struvite precipitation rate increased from 499 to 900 mg−1. However, increasing the initial pH of wastewater from 8 to 9 caused a decrease in struvite precipitation rate from 900 to 656 mg h−1. These results demonstrated that the recirculation rate and initial pH of wastewater control the process of the struvite precipitation process in ACEC technology. IntroductionNitrogen and phosphorus are essential elements in life, but the continuous release of excess nitrogen and phosphorus into the environment during natural processes and anthropogenic activities leads to eutrophication in natural water systems (Lee & Jones, 1986). Eutrophication is estimated to increase along with increasing population, agricultural intensification, and industrialization. However, eutrophication can be overcome by reducing the nutrient load that enters the water body by reducing the nutrient load discharged from the wastewater treatment plant to the water body. Removal of nutrients from wastewater can be achieved by biological or physical-chemical processes (Bunce et al. , 2018). As for the physicochemical category, phosphate removal can be conducted through adsorption (Cheng et al. , 2009), membrane separation (Kumar et al. , 2007), coagulation (Arnaldos & Pagilla, 2010). In the last decade, the focus of wastewater treatment has shifted from originating solely to control and prevention of pollution in the environment to the utilization/recovery of resources contained in the wastewater (resource recovery) (Logan, 2008; Logan & Rabaey, 2012). Natural resources such as ammonia and phosphate are important compounds for the human food supply. Ammonia compounds are generally produced from the Haber-Bosch process with high pressure and temperature, which requires 1. 0% energy of the total energy needed by the world (Cherkasov et al. , 2015). Phosphorus compounds are abundant in nature, but their accessibility and quality are still limited. In the last decade, the price of phosphorus has increased 2 to 3 times and is expected to peak in the next 20 to 70 years (Jacobs et al. , 2017), where the supply of phosphorus has begun to decrease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various technical processes related to wastewater treatment and nutrient removal but does not mention hydroponics or soil-less farming directly. The focus is on nutrient management in wastewater rather than the specifics of hydroponic systems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Light conditionsIntensities of <10, 100, 300, 900 and 2700 lx were used for the experiment’s day-time light conditions (‘Light conditions’ in Fig. 1). Day- and night-time light conditions (‘Bright light’ in Fig. 1) were achieved by using a white fluorescent lamp (Panasonic Ltd. Co. , Osaka, Japan), which was placed in front of each subject. The correlated colour temperature, general colour rendering index and chromaticity coordinates (x, y) of the light source were 4523 K, 86 and (0. 362, 0. 381), respectively, as measured by a spectroradiometer (). Figure 2 shows the relative spectral power distributions. The vertical illuminance level of each light condition at the cornea was set using an illuminance metre (HD 2012. 2, Delta Ohm, Padua, Italy). Fig. 2The spectral distribution of the light sourceFull size image Salivary melatonin assaySaliva samples were collected using non-cotton (polypropylene–polyethylene complex swab) collection devices (Sarstedt K. K. Numbrecht, Germany), because cotton swabs might interfere with the assay results of salivary melatonin [19]. Saliva samples were centrifuged at 1500 g for 5 min and then frozen at −30 °C until assayed. Melatonin levels in the samples were analysed using a commercially available Radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit (; Buhlmann Laboratories, Allschwil, Switzerland). The kit’s limit of detection was 0. 9 pg/mL, and its limit of quantification was 0. 2 pg/mL. The mean intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variance were 7. 9 and 9. 8 %, respectively. Data analysisSince there is substantial inter-individual variation in endogenous melatonin levels [20, 21], a salivary threshold was determined by calculating the mean of the four base melatonin values plus twice the standard deviation of these values [15]. In this study, four base melatonin values were obtained from the saliva samples collected from 15:00 to 18:00 for each light condition. The thresholds varied among subjects and ranged from 0. 68 to 3. 2 pg/mL (mean ± S. D. , 1. 6 ± 0. 9). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the experiment's design that uses varying light conditions to study their impact on melatonin levels. It provides detailed information on how different light intensities were implemented, demonstrating that light exposure is a critical factor in determining melatonin production, as indicated by the collection of saliva samples at specific times under these light conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: One other trial looked at an aminoglycoside as the single agent: tobramycin versus tobramycin and ceftazidime (Master 1997). Of the remaining five trials, one studied ceftazidime as the single agent (compared to ceftazidime with tobramycin (Pedersen 1986)) and the remaining four compared an agent from the penicillin group of antibiotics: piperacillin (McCarty 1988); ticarcillin (Huang 1982); azlocillin (McLaughlin 1983; Smith 1999) with a combination of that agent with tobramycin. Outcome measures Outcomes were studied at the end of the treatment course in all trials. Five trials reported on lung function: mean FEV1 % predicted and FVC % predicted at the end of the treatment course (McLaughlin 1983; Smith 1999); the mean change from baseline in FEV1 % predicted and FVC % predicted (Master 1997); and median (range) FEV1 % predicted and FVC % predicted at baseline, end of treatment and follow‐up (Pedersen 1986). One trial measured FEV1 and FVC, but did not specify the unit of measurement (McCarty 1988). Two trials undertook a number of other specified lung function measurements (mean RV % predicted, mean TLC % predicted, mean RV/TLC % predicted, mean PFR % predicted and mean MMEF % predicted) (McLaughlin 1983; Smith 1999). Additionally, one trial fed pulmonary function into a clinical scoring system, but did not specify the actual outcome measures or report the pulmonary function results (Huang 1982) and one trial describes performing pulmonary function tests when possible, but does not define what these were (Parry 1977). Three trials reported on Schwachman score (McCarty 1988; McLaughlin 1983; Parry 1977); one trial reported exacerbation scores (Smith 1999); one trial reported a combination clinical score (Costantini 1982) and a further trial devised their own composite clinical score (Huang 1982). Three trials reported on eradication of P aeruginosa (Costantini 1982; Huang 1982; Pedersen 1986), two trials reported on the change in P aeruginosa density (McCarty 1988; Smith 1999) and one trial reported on a change in sputum bacterial concentration (McLaughlin 1983). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various trials related to antibiotic treatments and pulmonary function measures for cystic fibrosis, without mentioning gene therapy or any developments in that area. Therefore, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Nearly 100% of the nitrogen and phosphorus consumed by humans is released back into nature in the form of waste either faeces or urine (Spångberg et al. , 2014). Wastewater treatment plants are designed to eliminate these nutrients to prevent algae blooming (eutrophication) in receiving water bodies. The most commonly used approach to eliminate nutrients in wastewater is the nitrification/denitrification process and metal precipitation with metal salts, where nutrients are effectively removed (Coats et al. , 2011). Nutrient removal by nitrification is a method that requires a substantial amount of energy which reaches 60% of operational costs (Nancharaiah et al. , 2016). A more sustainable approach uses close nutrient loops that use/reuse resources (nutrients) in wastewater rather than processing them into unwanted/set aside residues (Chojnacka et al. , 2020). Struvite precipitation is one of the promising techniques that is commonly used to remove and recover nutrients contained in the wastewater (Siciliano et al. , 2020). This technique is preferred because it reduces the environmental impact caused by phosphorus emission and produces the fertilizer as a struvite (Kékedy-Nagy et al. , 2022). Although it contains large amounts of nitrogen and magnesium, (MAP) (MgNH4PO4•6H2O or struvite) is phosphate fertilizer; it is an effective alternative source of phosphate rock to maintain agricultural production systems. Nutrient recovery in the form of struvite precipitation can be obtained by electrocoagulation technology (Kékedy-Nagy et al. , 2022). However, this conventional technique has the disadvantage of high operational costs because it uses electrical energy as a driving force in the process of forming struvite. Air cathode electrocoagulation (ACEC) is an emerging technology that can be used as an alternative for struvite recovery from wastewater (Kim et al. , 2018). Compared with other techniques (such as conventional electrocoagulation), this technique has the advantages of low energy consumption (requires no additional energy), high efficiency, and relatively low cost (Maitlo et al. , 2019). Thus, the use of ACEC technology is an interesting process for nutrient recovery from wastewater by struvite precipitation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses nutrient recovery from wastewater and the technologies related to it, without mentioning hydroponics or soil-less farming specifically. The focus is on nutrient processing and recycling methods, not on the practice or benefits of hydroponics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: The time of the DLMO phase was determined by linear interpolation between the time points before and after melatonin concentration increased and remained above the thresholds [15, 16]. Data on two subjects were excluded from the analysis because DLMO times were not detected during the sampling period (20:00–01:00); two subjects showed lower melatonin levels than the thresholds during the sampling period. Thus, results for only 10 subjects were analysed. The DLMO phases were compared for each light condition using a one-way repeated-measured analysis of variance (ANOVA). To assess the differences in melatonin concentration over time and between pre- and post-nocturnal light exposure, data were analysed by using a two-way, within-subject factor, repeated-measured ANOVA. For post hoc analyses, comparing the melatonin concentration between pre- and post-bright light exposure under each light condition, a one-tailed paired t test was used. These statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 16. 0 (). Differences in which p was <0. 05 were considered statistically significant. Power analysis were also performed to calculate the type II error probability (β) for each statistical analyses using G*Power version 3. 1 [22], because the sample size of this study (n = 10) was relatively small. ResultsThe time courses for mean melatonin concentrations under the five different light conditions are shown in Fig. 3. There were no significant differences in the DLMO phase for each light condition (F 1. 36 = 1. 4, n. s. , β = 0; Table 1). Figure 4 shows mean melatonin concentrations of each morning light condition before (pre-exposure) and after (post-exposure) the nocturnal light exposure. Two-way, repeated-measured ANOVA for the experiment period demonstrated that time intervals have a significant effect on melatonin secretion (F 1. 9 = 15. 8, p < 0. 01, β = 0) and interact with light conditions (F 4. 36 = 5. 4, p < 0. 01, β = 0), and light conditions do not have a significant effect (F 4. 36 = 0. 10, n. s. , β = 0. 37). Post hoc comparison revealed significant melatonin decrements after night-time light exposures under day-time dim, 100 and 300 lx light conditions (dim; t 9 = 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study that examines the influence of light conditions on melatonin secretion. Specifically, it states that time intervals have a significant effect on melatonin secretion and that these time intervals interact with different light conditions, indicating that light exposure does affect melatonin production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Intervention 1: tobramycin 300 mg in 5 mL 2x daily, delivered by Pari LC plus nebuliser with CR50 compressor. Intervention 2: colistin 1MU in 3 mL in saline 2x daily, delivered by Ventstream nebuliser with CR50 compressor. Tobramycin significantly improved lung function (mean improvement in FEV1 % predicted from baseline to week 4 was 6. 7 % P = 0. 006). The mean change in FEV1 % predicted was not significant in the colistin group (0. 37 %). Both antibiotic regimes produced a significant decrease in sputum density, there was no development of highly resistant strains and the safety profile for both antibiotics was good. Konstan 2010a Duration: total of 24 weeks, 3 cycles each of 28 days on treatment followed by 28 days off treatment (only cycle 1 was double‐blind and randomised, cycles 2 and 3 were open‐label extension phases in which all participants received the same treatment). Design: double‐blind, placebo‐controlled parallel RCT. Location; multicentre ‐ 38 centres in Europe, and USA. Clinical trials identifier: NCT00125346. Known as the. Trial terminated after showing a statistically significant benefit of TIP. Number: 102 randomised, 95 received intended treatment, unclear in which group 7 withdrawals were from. Age: mean (SD): TIP 13. 4 (4. 42) years; placebo 13. 2 (3. 91) years. Gender: 42 males, 53 females. Disease status: baseline lung function (FEV1 % predicted) (mean (SD)): TIP 54. 7 (18. 89)%; placebo 58. 5 (20. 03)%. Intervention 1: (n = 46) TIP 112 mg 2x daily. Intervention 2: (n = 49) placebo 2x daily. Cycle 1 (28 days on and 28 days off treatment or placebo). Cycles 2 and 3: open‐label cycles of TIP for all participants. TIP significantly improved FEV1 % predicted from baseline to day 28 (difference 13. 3, 95% CI 5. 31 to 21. 28 P = 0. 0016). TIP reduced sputum P aeruginosa density, respiratory related hospitalisation and anti‐pseudomonal antibiotic use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses clinical trial interventions involving antibiotics (tobramycin and colistin) for improving lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis, rather than addressing gene therapy specifically. Therefore, it does not provide any information that supports, contrasts, or relates directly to the development of gene therapy for treating genetic disorders.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: In this study, the effect of recirculation rate and initial pH of the wastewater was observed to determine their effect on the ACEC reactor performance. The ACEC reactor performance was then evaluated by the nutrient removal efficiency, nutrient removal rate, and struvite precipitation rate. Subsequently, SEM-EDS and XRD analyses were performed to examine the morphology and structure of the produced precipitate. Materials and MethodsReactor constructionThe reactor was a single chamber fuel cell made of acrylic with a distance of inter-electrode and the working volume of 3. 0 cm and 75 mL (5. 0 cm × 5. 0 cm × 3. 0 cm), respectively (Figure 1). The reactor was equipped with a reservoir to hold the electrolyte that recirculated. The 0. 30 mm thick plate of magnesium (AZ31 alloy) was used as an anode electrode with 25 cm2 of surface area. The wet-proofed (30%) carbon cloth (1,071 ®) was used as a cathode electrode with a modification of four polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFE) diffusion layers on the air-side and a Nafion binder mixed with platinum catalyst on the solution-side. This technique has been demonstrated by previous research (Cheng et al. , 2006). The electrodes were then connected with a 1 mm of Titanium wire. The Ag/AgCl reference electrodes were assembled on each of the chambers to measure the electrode potentials. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of air-cathode electrocoagulation. Reactor operationThe effect of recirculation rate and initial pH of electrolyte were investigated with the circulation of 1 L of artificial wastewater to the ACEC reactor. This artificial wastewater contained ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and potassium phosphate (K2HPO4. 3H2O) as nitrogen and phosphate sources. The concentration of ammonia and phosphate in the artificial wastewater was determined at 4,500 mg L−1 and 1,000 mg L−1, respectively. This value represented the anaerobic digester effluent of food waste leachate as reported earlier (Ma et al. , 2013). In addition, sodium chloride of 0. 01 M was added to the reactor as a supporting electrolyte (Kim et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding hydroponics and soil-less farming. Instead, it discusses the performance evaluation of an ACEC reactor with a focus on recirculation rate, pH levels, and analyses of precipitate structures, without any mention of hydroponics or nutrient-rich water for soil-less farming.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 7, p < 0. 01, β = 0: 100 lx; t 9 = 1. 9, p < 0. 05, β = 0. 47: 300 lx; t 9 = 1. 9, p < 0. 05, β = 0. 46). No significant differences were present in the melatonin concentrations between night-time pre- and post-light exposure of day-time 900 and 2700 lx light conditions (900 lx; t 9 = 1. 1, n. s. , β = 0. 73; 2700 lx; t 9 = 0. 4, n. s. , β = 0. 90). Fig. 3The time courses for mean melatonin concentrations under the five different light conditions from 15:00 to 0:30Full size image Table 1 Mean DLMO times (time of day) for each light condition. Standard deviations (S. D. ) are in minutesFull size table Fig. 4Mean (+S. D. ) melatonin concentrations of each morning light condition before (pre-exposure) and after (post-exposure) the nocturnal light exposureFull size image DiscussionThere were no significant differences in melatonin concentrations between night-time pre- and post-light exposure under day-time 900 and 2700 lx light conditions; however, melatonin concentrations significantly decreased after night-time light exposure under day-time dim light conditions. The subjects were instructed to maintain a regular sleep/wake schedule (beginning sleep at 00:00 and waking at 08:00) 7 days before the experiment began. Mean DLMO times showed no significant differences among day-time light conditions and occurred at about 22:00. The subjects were thought to have a circadian rhythm synchronized with a general life rhythm because DLMO occurred about 2 h before sleep began at 00:00 [23]. Present findings suggest the amount of light exposure needed to prevent LIMS caused by ordinary night-time light in individuals who have a general life rhythm (sleep/wake schedule). Melatonin concentration before night-time light exposure was high under day-time dim light condition; however, no significant differences were present on the melatonin concentrations among day-time light conditions. The high melatonin concentration may be caused by tryptophan in the breakfast. Melatonin concentration was increased by having tryptophan-rich breakfast with exposure to bright light at day-time [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that melatonin concentrations vary in response to different light conditions. It states that 'melatonin concentrations significantly decreased after night-time light exposure under day-time dim light conditions,' suggesting a direct influence of light exposure on melatonin production. Additionally, it mentions that 'melatonin concentration before night-time light exposure was high under day-time dim light condition,' further supporting the idea that melatonin levels are affected by light.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: 27) (Analysis 5. 8). However, for the remaining domains of side effects and convenience the results showed no difference between treatments: side effects, MD 1. 80 (95% CI ‐2. 77 to 6. 37) (Analysis 5. 9); convenience MD 1. 90 (95% CI ‐4. 48 to 8. 28) (Analysis 5. 10). analysis assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome to be moderate (summary of findings Table 5). 3. reported that two participants died due to complications of CF disease, both were considered unrelated to treatment and the treatment group was not specified (Assael 2013). analysis assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome to be low (summary of findings Table 5). 4. Antibiotic resistance in P aeruginosa or other organisms Assael reported on the change from baseline in P aeruginosa in sputum (colony forming units (CFU)/g) at Week 24 (Assael 2013). Results showed no difference, MD ‐0. 23 (95% CI ‐0. 76 to 0. 30) (Analysis 5. 11). analysis assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome to be moderate (summary of findings Table 5). 5. Adverse events Assael reported more treatment‐related adverse events in the AZLI group compared to the TIS group, RR 1. 77 (95% CI 1. 03 to 3. 04) and more serious adverse events in the AZLI group, although this result was not statistically significant. There were no differences between the groups for other adverse events (Analysis 5. 12). analysis assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome to be moderate (summary of findings Table 5). Amikacin liposome inhalation suspension (ALIS) versus tobramycin for inhalation solution (TOBI®) One parallel trial (n = 302) compared ALIS 590 mg once daily to TIS 300 mg twice daily (Bilton 2020). Please refer to summary of findings Table 6. Primary outcomes 1. Lung function a. FEV1 Relative change from baseline in FEV1 (L) in the ITT analysis was comparable at the end of treatment in the ALIS and TIS arms in each of the three cycles: cycle 1 (day 28; LS mean, 4. 33% and 7. 32%, respectively; P = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various outcomes related to treatments for cystic fibrosis but does not mention gene therapy specifically. It focuses on comparing different treatment regimens and analyzing their side effects and efficacy. Thus, it does not directly support, contrast, or address the claim about gene therapy development for genetic disorders.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: The experiments were conducted under recirculating batch mode by varying the recirculation rate and initial pH of artificial wastewater to investigate their effects on the ACEC reactor performance. Firstly, the reactor was operated with the variation of recirculation rate at 1. 0 to 2. 0, 3. 0, 4. 0 mL min−1 to 5. 0 mL min−1. This variation of recirculation rate was the further elaboration from the previous research (Kim et al. , 2018). The reactor was connected to the external resistance of 5 Ω to observe the current generated by the system. The reactor then operated for 24 hours and the samples were taken at the reservoir for 0, 0. 5, 1. 0, 2. 0, 4. 0, 6. 0, 8. 0, 12, 24 hours. Subsequently, the second experiment was carried out with the variation of initial pH of electrolyte with the optimum condition of recirculation rate from the first experiment. The variation of initial pH was 4, 7, 8, 9, which represent the acidic, neutral, and base/alkali conditions. Measurement and calculationWhile the amount of struvite was determined using a gravimetric method at the end of the cycle, nitrogen (as ammonia) and phosphate (as orthophosphate) concentrations were determined by SMEWW methods. As for magnesium and phosphorus concentration, they were determined using 3500-and 4500-P Phosphorus of SMEWW methods, respectively. The standard deviation for all measurements was below 5. 0%. The cell voltage was recorded on the data logger to calculate the current density. The efficiency of nutrient removal was determined as E = ((C0-Ct)/C0) × 100% (equation (1)), where E (%) is the efficiency of nutrient removal, C0 (mg L−1) is the initial concentration of the nutrient, and Ct (mg L−1) is the final concentration of the nutrient. (V) between anode and cathode was monitored and recorded every 5 minutes using a voltage recorder (VR-71, T&D Corporation) connected to a personal computer. The current was determined as i = V/R (equation (2)), and the current density was normalized by the cathode projected surface area (7 cm2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on experiments involving recirculation rates and pH variations in an ACEC reactor to study nutrient removal efficiencies. It does not mention hydroponics, soil-less farming, or the use of nutrient-rich water as claimed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: In this study, melatonin levels were compared pre- and post-three-day experiment; the subjects had tryptophan-rich breakfast and exposure to bright light at day-time for 3 days. Therefore, ingested tryptophan before present experiment possibly had an impact on melatonin secretion. One possible reason that diurnal light exposure limits LIMS is that, as has been suggested in previous research [25, 26], non-visual photoreceptors (melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs)) are mainly responsible for mediating LIMS. In an animal study [27], light-induced desensitization of mRGSs was measured after 52 min of dark- and bright light conditions. The response amplitude to 5-s light pulse was reduced after the bright background light. Another animal study [28] showed a significant increase in melanopsin expression under prolonged exposure of constant darkness. Prolonged exposure of constant bright light, on the other hand, decreased melanopsin expression. Although whether these animal findings can accurately explain these conditions remains to be seen, the response of mRGCs and/or melanopsin expression may be one of the reasons that LIMS is prevented by diurnal light exposure. Because melatonin concentrations showed no significant decrease after night-time light exposures of bright light conditions during the morning (>900 lx), we may conclude that day-time light exposure may be needed more than night-time light exposure to prevent LIMS. A one-tailed paired t test was used to decrease Type II error probabilities because of small sample size. The probabilities, however, were high under day-time 900 and 2700 lx light conditions (900 lx; β = 0. 73; 2700 lx; β = 0. 90). These high probabilities imply that no significant decrease of melatonin concentration is obtained after night-time light exposure in other subjects. Although no significant differences were present among the mean DLMO obtained at each separate light condition, variations were present among the individual DLMOs obtained for separate subjects within each light condition. Phase dependence of the light-induced phase shift has been reported as a phase response curve (PRC) [29–31]. According to the PRC, the phase advancing effect of the light is greater at 2–6 h after the circadian phase at 0 h (CP0); it is lesser within 2 h after CP0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between light exposure and melatonin levels. It indicates that diurnal light exposure affects the levels of melatonin through mechanisms involving melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs). The mention of how bright light can desensitize these cells, and the significant increase in melanopsin expression under specific light conditions, supports the idea that light exposure plays a role in regulating melatonin production.