Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: As the family planning community begins to look ahead to the FP2030 partnership, this analysis can help inform the emerging FP2030 family planning framework, which includes equity as a guiding principle26. Helping family planning stakeholders understand whether the ambitious goal of the FP2020 partnership impacted equity will be critically important in determining how to establish goals and operationalize equity in the future family planning partnership. From our findings, we interpret the impact of the FP2020 partnership on equity to be positive or at a minimum neutral, and do not see signs of exacerbated inequality within countries. Countries engaged with the partnership through country-specific commitments, and those that set country-specific priorities to reduce inequitable access to modern contraceptive counseling and services, as well as allocated resources towards equity-tailored programming, reaped the benefits. While our analysis provides policy-relevant findings for the next family planning partnership, it had some limitations that should be noted. With our analysis confounding is likely and while regression approaches can mitigate against confounding, our aim was not to discern socio-demographic specific effect sizes or confirm associations. For example, our main objective was not to understand how different socio-demographic factors such as being wealthy versus poor increase the odds or probability of modern contraceptive use. Our primary objective was to understand if MCP significantly increased across different dimensions of inequities between two surveys, and a simple weighted bivariate analysis sufficed. Furthermore, with a simpler methodological approach (which is also more conservative in testing for significance), interpretability of findings is greater. Moreover, another limitation to our approach is that we did not include a counterfactual analysis where we assessed growth in MCPR across equity dimensions in countries that were non-FP2020 commitment-making countries. While this would have allowed us to discern some differences in growth in MCPR across equity dimensions between FP2020 and non-FP2020 commitment-makers, it was beyond the scope of our main objectives. Furthermore, we could not assess the impact of family planning programs on the growth in MCPR across equity dimensions and across different countries because of the lack of available comparable data in the 11 countries we reviewed. Similarly, we could not evaluate the women’s experience in the health system or a family planning program’s ability to provide her with her preferred method; these are also critical to review when evaluating equitable growth in MCPR and should be reviewed when data are available. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses family planning initiatives and their impact on equity, which does not mention ancient civilizations or written records. There is no connection to the historical context or documentation of ancient societies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: 41–60 (20) spatial pattern (CSP) is a well-established technique to extract features from electroencephalographic recordings for classification purpose in motor imagery brain-computer interface (BCI). The CSP algorithm is a mathematical procedure used for separating a multivariate signal into additive components which have maximum differences in variance between two windows; in other terms, CSP increases the signal variance for one condition while minimizing the variance for the other condition. Features computed by means of CSP are fed to a data classifier in order to discriminate between two mental tasks. A novel technique to achieve feature extraction is tangentspace mapping (TSM) that insists on spatial covariance matrices computed from the recorded electroencephalogram signals (EEG). TSM is based on Riemannian geometry, which allows one to estimate statistical features of data distributions over non-Euclidean spaces. The aim of this 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch4 decoding has contributed to the development of cognitive neuroscience and the production of brain-machine interfaces/brain-computer interfaces (BCI/BMI). For brain decoding, electroencephalography (EEG), which allows the observation of the electrophysiological activities of neurons, is widely used to observe brain activity. In particular, an EEG read from electrodes installed on a scalp, which has some advantages when it comes to cost, size, and ease of measurement, is a promising recording method for producing noninvasive BMIs against magnetoencephalograms, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and so on. However, an EEG signal has low spatial resolution and is highly affected by noise. Moreover, the recoding of an EEG is time-consuming and tires BMI users. Therefore, signal processing techniques that can robustly extract brain activity patterns from EEG signals with a low signal-to-noise ratio and a small sample size are necessary. One approach to achieve such techniques is to incorporate additional information retrieved separately from an EEG in signal processing. This 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch5 of the major limitations of brain-computer interface (BCI) is its long calibration time. Typically, a big amount of training data needs to be collected at the beginning of each session in order to tune the parameters of the system for the target user due to between sessions/subjects non-stationarity. To mitigate this limitation, transfer learning can be potentially one useful solution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the development and application of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) or brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). The text discusses techniques such as the Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) and Tangent-Space Mapping (TSM) used for feature extraction from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals in the context of BCIs, indicating that advancements in decoding brain signals are occurring specifically for controlling devices with thought. Moreover, it notes that these interfaces have been used in cognitive neuroscience, which supports the claim that BMIs are being developed for this purpose.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: This is often accomplished by transfecting DNA expression plasmids, but delivering RNA is also effective. The guide RNA directs Cas9 to bind target DNA ‘protospacer’ sequences that match the ‘spacer’ sequence within the guide RNA. Protospacers must be flanked by an appropriate protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), which is NGG for the most commonly used Cas9 protein (Jinek et al. , 2012). If the spacer and protospacer are identical or have only a few mismatches at the 5′ end of the spacer, Cas9 will cut both strands of DNA, creating a blunt-ended double-strand break. If supplied with a repair template containing the desired changes and homology to the sequences on either side of the break, the cell may use homologous recombination to repair the break by incorporating the repair template into the chromosome. Otherwise, the break will be repaired by non-homologous end-joining, resulting in gene disruption. Cas9 cutting is efficient enough to alter both chromosomes at the same time and/or to edit multiple genes at once (Li et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013a). If the cell being edited is a germline cell that gives rise to eggs or sperm, the changes can be inherited by future generations. Figure 4 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Technical advantages of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from lower left: The targeting flexibility of Cas9 permits the exclusive selection of target sequences with few potential off-targets in the genome. Targeting multiple sites increases the cutting frequency and hinders the evolution of drive resistant alleles, which must accumulate mutations at all of the sites. The Cas9 nuclease is can be quite specific in the sequences that it targets; fruit flies do not exhibit notable fertility or fitness defects resulting from off-target cutting when both Cas9 nuclease and guide RNAs are expressed in the germline (Kondo and Ueda, 2013). Choosing target sites with few or no close relatives in the genome, using truncated guide RNAs (Fu et al. , 2014), employing paired Cas9 nickases (Mali et al. , 2013a) instead of nucleases, or utilizing Cas9-FokI fusion proteins (Guilinger et al. , 2014; Tsai et al. , 2014) can further increase specificity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the mechanisms of gene editing with CRISPR/Cas9, particularly emphasizing the potential for off-target effects. While the text notes the targeting flexibility of Cas9 and discusses strategies to increase specificity, it indicates that there can still be unintended consequences, such as off-target cutting, which raises concerns about the idea that gene drives can be perfectly controlled to avoid impacts on non-target species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Additionally, household surveys such as the MICS and DHS are not powered to detect significant changes among a relatively small portion of unmarried, married sexually active women; if changes among this sub-population of women are of special interest for family planning programming, other methods need to be employed to more precisely estimate their modern contraceptive use. Furthermore, in some countries the proportion of women in “no education” or “poorest” groups declined over time. It’s unclear whether this aided countries in providing family planning services to these groups. Our analysis does not address this. Moreover, a few countries saw declines in modern contraceptive use among the most advantaged populations; however, it is important to note these changes between the surveys were not significant. This analysis addresses if FP2020’s overall “120 million additional users” goals led to the prioritization of easier to reach populations and exacerbated inequities; our findings can be used to inform the FP2030 partnership and reinforce that country-specific commitments, policies, and programming is likely to have the largest net effect on increasing or retaining modern contraceptive users and leaving no one behind. Data availabilityUnderlying dataDHSData used in this study are from the HR and IR datasets of the Bangladesh 2014 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Burundi 2016–17 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Ethiopia 2016 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Haiti 2016–17 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Malawi 2015–16 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Nepal 2016 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Pakistan 2017–28 and 2012–23 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Senegal 2017 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Uganda 2016 and 2011 DHS; and the HR and IR datasets of the 2015 and 2010–11 Zimbabwe DHS, available from the DHS website. Access to the dataset requires registration and is granted only for legitimate research purposes. A guide for how to apply for dataset access is available at: used in this study are from the households (HH) and women (WM) datasets of the 2010, 2016, MICS, available from the MICS website. Access to the dataset requires registration and is granted only for legitimate research purposes. Questions about data access can be directed to mics@unicef. org. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses household surveys, family planning programming, and the availability of datasets, with no mention of ancient civilizations or written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Transfer learning extracts information from different domains (raw data, features, or classification domain) to compensate the lack of labelled data from the test subject. Within this 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch6 learning has become a core component in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Unfortunately, the use of machine learning typically requires the collection of subject specific labelled data. This process is time-consuming and not productive from a user's point of view, as during calibration the user has to follow given instructions and cannot make own decisions. Only after calibration, the user is able to use the BCI freely. In this 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch7 learning refers to the process that can learn patterns from data, adapt to shifts, and improve performance of the system with its experience while operating in the nonstationary environments (NSEs). Covariate shift (CS) presents a major challenge during data processing within NSEs wherein the input-data distribution shifts during transitioning from training to testing phase. CS is one of the fundamental issues in electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems and can be often observed during multiple trials of EEG data recorded over different sessions. Thus, conventional learning algorithms struggle to accommodate these CSs in streaming EEG data resulting in low performance (in terms of classification accuracy) of motor imagery (MI)-related BCI systems. This 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch8 (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have proven promising for a wide range of applications, from communication and control for motor impaired users to gaming targeted at the general public, real-time mental state monitoring and stroke rehabilitation, to name a few. Despite this promising potential, BCIs are still scarcely used outside laboratories for practical applications. The main reason preventing EEG-based BCIs from being widely used is arguably their poor usability, which is notably due to their low robustness and reliability. To operate a BCI, the user has to encode commands in his/her EEG signals, typically using mental imagery tasks, such as imagining hand movement or mental calculation. The execution of these tasks leads to specific EEG patterns, which the machine has to decode by using signal processing and machine learning. So far, to address the reliability issue of BCI, most research efforts have been focused on command decoding only. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) where users can control devices through their brain signals. It explains the process of users encoding commands in their EEG signals using mental imagery tasks, which leads to specific EEG patterns that the machine decodes. This directly aligns with the idea that brain-machine interfaces are developed to empower people to control devices with their thoughts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Several of these strategies can reduce the off-target mutation rate to borderline undetectable levels (Fu et al. , 2014; Guilinger et al. , 2014; Tsai et al. , 2014). The frequency at which the drive is correctly copied might be increased by using Cas9 as a transcriptional regulator to activate HR genes and repress NHEJ genes (Gilbert et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a) (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). By choosing target sites within an essential gene, any non-homologous end-joining event that deletes all of the target sites will cause lethality rather than creating a drive-resistant allele, further increasing the evolutionary robustness of the RNA-guided gene drive. Other options include using distinct promoters and guide RNAs to avoid repetitiveness and increase stability (Figure 4—figure supplement 2) or employing newly characterized, engineered, or evolved Cas9 variants with improved properties (Esvelt et al. , 2011; Mali et al. , 2013b). These optimization strategies have also been summarized in tabular form with additional details (Figure 4—figure supplement 3). Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Enhancing drive copying by regulating endogenous genes. (A) Very short guide RNAs direct nuclease-active Cas9 to bind but not cut the corresponding protospacer (Sternberg et al. , 2014). When bound near the promoter of a gene, Cas9 has been shown to repress transcription (Gilbert et al. , 2013). Using the drive nuclease to repress key genes required for the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway may increase the rate at which the drive is copied by boosting the effective rate of the competing homologous recombination (HR) pathway. (B) NHEJ genes could be repressed and HR genes activated in advance of cutting by employing an orthogonal nuclease-null Cas9 protein as a transcriptional regulator. The regulator would be expressed in the desired germline stage using an appropriate tissue-specific promoter and repress NHEJ genes by simple binding. HR genes could be simultaneously activated using guide RNAs featuring additional 3′ hairpins that bind a transcriptional activator expressed separately (Mali et al. , 2013a), or by using a separate orthogonal Cas9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing optimization strategies aimed at increasing the rate of gene drive copying, particularly through manipulating gene pathways like non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). While the text provides an outline of methods to manage gene drive behavior with respect to specific targets, it does not indicate absolute control over the specific targeting of populations, suggesting a level of unpredictability and potential off-target effects which directly contradicts the claim that gene drives can be 'precisely controlled'.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Extended dataAnalysis code available from: analysis code at time of publication:. Footnotes i Data only available for surveys where unmarried women were interviewed. ii Surveys with microdata available for use by June 2019. iii Vietnam met the criteria but was excluded from this analysis since Vietnam did not make a commitment to FP2020 until 2016 and the two surveys only overlapped the first two years of the FP2020 initiative (2010 MICS and 2014 MICS). iv This does not apply to countries with ever-married samples, including Bangladesh and Pakistan. For both Pakistan and Bangladesh, the analysis is only reflective of married women. v This does not apply to countries with ever-married samples, including for Bangladesh and Pakistan. Unmarried sexually active are women that are not-in-union nor married and were sexually active in the last month. recommended1. Global Advocates: 's First. Center for website. 29, 2019. Reference Source2. : Achieving the goal of the on by adhering to voluntary, rights-based family planning: what can we learn from past experiences with coercion? Health. 2014; 40(4): 206–214. Pub| Text 3. 2020 (FP2020): Contributions of FP2020 in advancing rights-based family planning – upholding and advancing the promises of Cairo. Washington, DC: FP2020; 2019; 29, 2019. Reference Source4. Does your the Test? 2020, website. 28, 2019. Reference Source5. United Nations: UN Resolution 70/1 – Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. City: UN; 2015; 28, 2019. Reference Source6. (FPET). Track20 website. 28, 2019. Reference Source7. Assaf S, Wang W: in Fertility P71. Rockville, MD. 30, 2019. Reference Source8. Ortayli N, Malarcher S: Equity Analysis: Benefits from Programs. Plann. 2010; 41(2): 101–108. Pub| Text 9. : Unwanted fertility among the poor: An inequity? Health Organ. 2007; 85(2): 100–107. Pub| Text | Text 10. : Did equity of reproductive and maternal health service coverage increase during the MDG era? An analysis of trends and determinants across 74 low- and middle-income countries. PLoS One. 2015; 10(9): e0134905. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses various data analysis points and references regarding family planning and surveys without providing any relevant information about historical documentation of ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: This is mainly because the recorded EEG signals are not only noisy with a low signal-to-noise ratio, but are also nonstationary, due to physiological or environmental artifacts, sensor failure, and user fatigue. In this 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch11 the past decade, the performance of brain-computer interfaces based on steadystate visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) has been significantly improved due to advances in signal analysis algorithms. For example, efficient target-identification methods based on template matching, in which individual templates are obtained by averaging the training data across trials, have been proposed to improve the performance of SSVEP detection. In template-based methods, spatial filtering plays an important role in improving the performance by enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of SSVEPs. In conventional studies, several spatial-filtering approaches have been introduced for electroencephalogram analysis. However, the optimal spatial-filtering approach for individual template-based SSVEP detection still remains unknown. This 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch12 this 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch13 learning is a sub-field of machine learning that has recently gained substantial popularity in various domains such as computer vision, automatic speech recognition, natural language processing, and bioinformatics. Deep-learning techniques are able to learn complex feature representations from raw signals and thus also have potential to improve signal processing in the context of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, they typically require large amounts of data for training - much more than what can often be provided with reasonable effort when working with brain activity recordings of any kind. In order to still leverage the power of deep-learning techniques with limited available data, special care needs to be taken when designing the BCI task, defining the structure of the deep model, and choosing the training method. This 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch14 -computer interface (BCI) is relatively a new approach to communication between man and machine, which translates brain activity into commands for communication and control. As BCI is capable of detecting human intentions, it is a promising communication tool for paralyzed patients for communicating with external world. Many of the current BCI systems employ electroencephalogram (EEG) which is the most widely used noninvasive brain activity recording technique. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) as technology that translates brain activity into commands for communication and control. It highlights that BCIs are capable of detecting human intentions, which supports the notion that these interfaces allow people to control devices using their thoughts. Additionally, it mentions the potential of BCIs as communication tools for paralyzed patients, further affirming the development and application of these technologies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: To ensure that modulation of repair pathways is coincident with cutting, the regulator might similarly activate transcription of the drive nuclease. Regulation will be evolutionarily stable during the lifetime of the drive if the drive nuclease requires the regulator for proper expression. Figure 4—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Repetitiveness and evolutionary stability of multiple guide RNAs. (A) Homologous recombination between repetitive DNA sequences can lead to instability. Attempts to build zinc-finger and TALEN gene drives demonstrated that repeated components are severely unstable during drive copying, possibly due to the single-strand annealing pathway (Simoni et al. , 2014). While the cas9 gene itself has no repeats, recombination between guide RNA cassettes or guide RNA promoters, most commonly the U6 promoter, is a possibility. (B) Using multiple guide RNAs with differing sequences that are known to retain function could reduce homology and thereby prevent instability. The length of the hairpin created by fusing the bacterial tracrRNA and crRNA can be varied by more than a dozen bases with equivalent activity (Esvelt et al. , 2013), while tracrRNA equivalents from closely related bacteria can be substituted (Fonfara et al. , 2013). Similar alterations could presumably be discovered through experimentation (Nishimasu et al. , 2014). Together, these allow the creation of many different functional guide RNA sequences that do not share more than a few dozen bases of homology. Homology in the promoters used for guide RNA expression might be similarly reduced by employing different Polymerase III promoters; several of which are typically present in each species (Friedland et al. , 2013; Dickinson et al. , 2013; Nissim et al. , 1016). (C) To reduce the requirement for multiple promoters, studies have shown that more than one guide RNAs can be expressed from a single promoter in various ways (Tsai et al. , 2014; Nissim et al. , 1016). If cutting is already highly efficient, strategies that utilize RNA polymerase II promoters that typically exhibit reduced cutting efficiency may represent alternatives (Nissim et al. , 1016). (D) The total number of guides and promoters can be doubled without notably decreasing stability by arranging them in two inverted groups on opposite sides of the drive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides insights into the instability and challenges of creating gene drives with high precision. It discusses how repeated components can lead to instability during drive copying and mentions factors that can affect the efficacy of gene drives to target specific sequences. This context suggests that while gene drives aim to target specific populations, their actual execution may result in unintended effects due to the complexities highlighted, thereby contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Pub| Text | Text 11. Blas E, Kurup AS: Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. Geneva: WHO; 2010; 2, 2019. Reference Source12. Gwatkin DR: 10 best resources on. . . health equity. Plan. 2007; 22(5): 348–351. Pub| Text 13. O': Applying an equity lens to interventions: using ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014; 67(1): 56–64. Pub| Text 14. : Analyses of inequalities in RMNCH: rising to the challenge of the SDGs. BMJ Glob Health. 2019; 4(Suppl 4): e001295. Pub| Text | Text 15. : Absolute Poverty, Fertility P48. Reference Source16. Ross J: Improved reproductive health equity between the poor and the rich: An analysis of trends in 46 low- and middle-income countries. Sci Pract. 2015; 3(3): 419–445. Pub| Text | Text 17. for (USAID): Intertemporal comparisons of poverty and wealth with DHS data: A harmonized asset index approach. Washington, DC: USAID; 2014; 2, 2019. Reference Source18. Rominski SD, Stephenson R: Toward a new definition of unmet need for contraception. Plann. 2019; 50(2): 195–198. Pub| Text 19. : Incorporating method dissatisfaction into unmet need for contraception: Implications for measurement and impact. Plann. 2021; 52(1): 95–102. Pub| Text | Text 20. Smits J, Steendijk R: (IWI). Res. 2015; 122: 65–85. Text 21. The S-Curve: Putting mCPR Growth into Context. 2, 2020. Reference Source22. Maker since 2012. 2, 2021. Reference Source23. 2012 on Family Planning, Summaries of Commitments. 2020 website. 2013; 19, 2020. Reference Source24. Ministry of Health, Malawi: Evaluation of Youth-Services in Malawi. Malawi: Evidence 2 Action. 2014; 9, 2020. 25. Ministry of Health, Malawi: Ministry of Health: 2015-2020. 9, 2020. Reference Source26. Beyond 2020: A for Post-2020. 2020 website. 19, 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it contains references to health equity, public health programmes, and various studies, but does not address the existence or absence of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Neurosci. 9:40 [10. 2013. A multi-agent control framework for co-adaptation in brain-computer interfaces. Advances in 26 2841–49 Red Hook, NY: Curran [11. Mladenović J, Mattout J, 2018. A generic framework for adaptive EEG-based BCI training and operation. Brain–Handbook: Technological and 2841–49 Boca Raton, FL: CRC [12. Millán JDR. 2015. Brain-machine interfaces: the perception-action closed loop. IEEE Syst. Man Cybern. Mag. 1:16–8 [13. án JDR 2018. BCI race: successful longitudinal mutual learning with two tetraplegic users. PLOS Biol 16:e2003787 [14. 2013. Distributed cortical adaptation during learning of a brain-computer interface task. PNAS 110:10818–23 [15. Ganguly K, Carmena JM. 2009. Emergence of a stable cortical map for neuroprosthetic control. PLOS Biol 7:e1000153 [16. 2013. Design and analysis of closed-loop decoder adaptation algorithms for brain-machine interfaces. 25:1693–731 [17. 2014. Closed-loop decoder adaptation shapes neural plasticity for skillful neuroprosthetic control. Neuron 82:1380–93 [18. 2009. A review on directional information in neural signals for brain-machine interfaces. J. Physiol. Paris 103:244–54 [19. Schalk G, Kubánek 2007. Decoding two-dimensional movement trajectories using electrocorticographic signals in humans. J. Neural Eng. 4:264–75 [20. 1997. intracortical electrode array: a recording structure for potential brain-computer interfaces. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 102:228–39 [21. 2005. Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes. J. Neurosci. Methods 148:1–18 [22. 2004. Principles of a brain-computer interface (BCI) based on real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 51:966–70 [23. 2007. Brain-computer interface using a simplified functional near-infrared spectroscopy system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text correlates with the claim as it discusses various studies and advancements related to brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which directly relates to the development of brain-machine interfaces that allow individuals to control devices using their neural signals and thoughts. Various references to different methodologies and advancements in brain-machine interface technology, such as EEG-based systems and the concept of a closed-loop system highlight the ongoing research and development in this area.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Finally, guide RNA engineering and improvement is an extremely active area of research; if current solutions prove to be inadequate, it is likely that alternatives will soon become available. Figure 4—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Table of known technological advances that might be adapted to optimize gene drive efficiency. Off-target fitness cost, Cas9 cutting efficacy, and correct drive copying by homologous recombination (HR) are the primary determinants of drive fitness. The ideal standard gene drive confers an effective fitness benefit of 100%, as it is transmitted to twice as many progeny with no fitness cost. The fitness of suppression drives is more complicated due to species-specific density and resource-dependence and mating dynamics and must be considered on a case-by-case basis. The most challenging problem at the molecular scale concerns the highly variable rates of homologous recombination (HR) relative to non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) in different species, cell types, and developmental stages. Cas9 cutting should ideally occur during a stage featuring efficient HR and minimal NHEJ to maximize fitness. Within the germline, homologous recombination rates are normally highest in the oocyte because NHEJ is nearly absent in that cell type. As development progresses, the incidence of NHEJ rises sharply even if the HR machinery remains active. For this reason, we anticipate that maternally transmitted drives that both cut and are copied into the paternal chromosome in the zygote will be among the most efficient. Paternally transmitted drives cannot cut the maternal chromosome until they are expressed, which occurs at different times in different species. Those species that initiate transcription comparatively early, such as mice, are likely to be more amenable to gene drives than those that begin late, such as Drosophila. However, this does not necessarily imply that HR occurs at low efficiency in Drosophila embryos; injecting Cas9 and guide RNA-encoding plasmids along with a template to be copied yielded correct insertions in 13/16 embryos (Gratz et al. , 2013). In contrast, injecting Cas9 and guide RNAs targeting two genes along with templates for repair into mouse embryos yielded 7/10 pups with the first insertion and 8/10 with the second insertion, with six of those having both; all other mice utilized NHEJ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in gene drive fitness and effectiveness. It mentions that the fitness of suppression drives must be considered case-by-case and highlights the challenges with variable rates of homologous recombination (HR) in different species, suggesting that control over gene drives may not be as precise as the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 27. familyplanning2020: familyplanning2020/NOLB: NOLB Code (Version v1. 0). Zenodo. 2021. Comments on this 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 2 version 1 Published: 28 Jul 2021, 5:114 Copyright © 2022 et al. This is an open access 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 2) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 21956/gatesopenres. 14777. r34477) The direct URL for this report is: This is a well-written report relating to family planning (FP2020). I appreciate the time and effort taken to produce this report. It was interesting and easy to read. I have two suggestions for the authors. Although the. . . Continue reading is a well-written report relating to family planning (FP2020). I appreciate the time and effort taken to produce this report. It was interesting and easy to read. I have two suggestions for the authors. Although the discussion was well structured, I suggest that authors should review literature to check if there are related (global, regional, or national) reports/ 10. 21956/gatesopenres. 14777. r34477) The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: Thank you for the opportunity to review. My comments are largely minor and for the purpose of clarification. My most significant critique is in point 1 below, as it is not clear to me why authors did not explicitly show. . . Continue reading you for the opportunity to review. My comments are largely minor and for the purpose of clarification. My most significant critique is in point 1 below, as it is not clear to me why authors did not explicitly show differences across most/least advantaged over time. Overall, however, the paper is well-written and contributes to relevant discussions related to equity. 1. While the authors do cite relevant literature, I think reference to the Choi and Fabic 2. Regarding wealth categories, I was not clear on whether these quintiles were defined cross-country or within country. For example, if women were in the poorest households, were these the poorest within their own country or the poorest across all countries? I assume the latter but a slight clarification would make this more clear. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a report related to family planning and provides feedback on its content, structure, and suggestions for improvement. It does not contain any information about ancient civilizations or written records, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: J. Neural Eng. 4:219–26 [24. 2001. Electromagnetic brain mapping. . Mag. 18:614–30 [25. 2007. An MEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI). NeuroImage 36:581–93 [26. 2013. EEG-based brain-computer interfaces: a thorough literature survey. Int. J. Hum. -Comput. Interact. 29:814–26 [27. 1997. Spatial filter selection for EEG-based communication. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 103:386–94 [28. do Nascimento OF, 2008. Identification of movement-related cortical potentials with optimized spatial filtering and principal component analysis. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 3:300–4 [29. Chiappa S, Barber D. 2006. EEG classification using generative independent component analysis. Neurocomputing 69:769–77 [30. 2000. Optimal spatial filtering of single trial EEG during imagined hand movement. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 99:441–46 [31. üller K 2008. Optimizing spatial filters for robust EEG single-trial analysis. . Mag. 25:141–56 [32. 2008. Pattern (FBCSP) in brain-computer interface. Proceedings of the 2008 on Neural Networks2390–97 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [33. Millán JDR, Franzé M, Mouriño J, Cincotti F, 2002. Relevant EEG features for the classification of spontaneous motor-related tasks. Biol. Cybernet. 86:89–95 [34. Galán àrdia J, Millán JDR 2007. Feature extraction for multi-class BCI using canonical variates analysis. Proceedings of the 2007 on : IEEE [Crossref] [35. Martinez-Leon JA, Cano-Izquierdo JM, 2015. Feature selection applying statistical and neurofuzzy methods to EEG-based BCI. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2015:781207 [36. Nicolas-Alonso LF, Gomez-Gil J. 2012. Brain computer interfaces, a review. Sensors 12:1211–79 [37. üller KR 2008. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies and reviews that discuss EEG and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which are being developed to enable individuals to control devices using brain activity. This aligns with the claim of technological advancements in brain-machine interfaces.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: We suspect that while drive copying rates will be difficult to predict in advance in a given species, any drive constructed with a housekeeping, viral, or strong germline promoter is likely to function reasonably well due to the combination of highly efficient maternal copying and moderate paternal copying in the zygote and early embryo. Germline copying can also occur later in development for standard drives. The difference between achiasmate species with low HR rates during meiosis, at least in males, and chiasmate species is likely to be crucial. The difference is clearly demonstrated by comparing the Anopheles drive, which exhibited 97% HR and a fitness benefit over 50% (25% given its restriction to males) (Windbichler et al. , 2011), to the equivalent Drosophila drive, which exhibited 71% HR and an effective fitness benefit of 32% (54% homing–22% NHEJ; a 16% benefit given its restriction to males) only after extensive optimization (Chan et al. , 2013b). The latter was improved from an initial construct demonstrating only 35% HR (Chan et al. , 2011), which is insufficient to generate a fitness benefit if targeting an essential gene and will generate more resistant alleles than copies of the drive if not. Limiting expression to the late germline may be very effective, but early germline or especially oocytic expression may be superior depending on the species. Finally, it may be possible to repress genes required for the competing non-homologous end-joining pathway using Cas9 in order to boost the effective homologous recombination rate in a particular germline stage (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). Genes responsible for homologous recombination might be activated in a similar manner. The main question is whether the resulting changes in protein abundance will occur quickly enough to influence drive copying. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Methods of reversing, preventing, and controlling the spread and effects of gene drives. (A) Reversal drives could correct or reverse genomic alterations made by an earlier drive with unexpected side effects. They might also be used to reverse conventionally engineered or evolved changes. Immunization drives could prevent other gene drives from affecting a specific population or provide a population with resistance to DNA viruses. Precision drives could exclusively spread through a subpopulation with a unique gene or sequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and uncertainties surrounding gene drive efficacy and control. It highlights that drive copying rates are difficult to predict and suggests that gene drives may generate resistant alleles rather than selectively targeting specific populations effectively. Additionally, it addresses the potential for unexpected side effects and emphasizes challenges in controlling gene drive spread, reinforcing the argument against the claim that gene drives can be precisely controlled for targeted populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Figure 1 - Rather than have two colors differentiating older/later surveys could authors differentiate each country with color/symbol combinations? I think this would make interpretation easier and faster. 3. Figure 2- I applaud the authors creativity in finding a way to visualize quite a bit of information. On the whole I like the chart, but did find some sections where I could not find countries across time. For example Nepal/older in panel 3. older is the turquoise dot near Malawi, what is the purple dot? Would the addition of shapes help? Defer to the authors but think a critical review is necessary to make sure the changes in all countries can be easily located in each panel. 4. Very minor change - suggest rewording "Increases were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda in rural settings" to "Increases in rural settings were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda" 5. Is it possible to show change in education status, similar to what you did for wealth, to demonstrate both how mcp use has changed and how education status has changed? Fine if not, but it seems like it would compliment the wealth analysis. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes 1. Choi Y, M: in Equality for the Goals: A of for Family Planning. Sci Pract. 2018; 6 (2): 390-401 Pub| Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Family planning, demography, survey analysis I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2022, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: Thanks for your careful consideration of my feedback. I found the graphics. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to survey analysis and peer review feedback on a specific study, rather than addressing the existence or absence of written records in ancient civilizations. It contains no information that supports or contradicts the claim about written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Towards zero training for brain-computer interfacing. 3:e2967 [38. Hübner üller KR 2017. Improving zero-training brain-computer interfaces by mixing model estimators. J. Neural Eng. 14:036021 [39. 2000. Brain-computer interfaces based on the steady-state visual-evoked response. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 8:211–4 [40. 2002. Design and implementation of a brain-computer interface with high transfer rates. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 49:1181–86 [41. 2005. Steady-state VEP-based brain-computer interface control in an immersive 3D gaming environment. J. Adv. Signal Process. 2005:3156–64 [42. Sutter EE. 1992. The brain response interface: communication through visually-induced electrical brain responses. J. Microcomput. Appl. 15:31–45 [43. 2005. Lead selection for SSVEP-based brain-computer interface. Proceedings of the 26th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vol. 44507–10 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [44. Müller-Putz GR, Pfurtscheller G. 2008. Control of an electrical prosthesis with an SSVEP-based BCI. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 55:361–4 [45. 2014. Audio-visual feedback improves the BCI performance in the navigational control of a humanoid robot. Front. Neurorobot. 8:20 [46. 2016. Driving a semiautonomous mobile robotic car controlled by an SSVEP-based BCI. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2016:4909685 [47. 2018. Commanding a brain-controlled wheelchair using steady-state somatosensory evoked potentials. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 26:654–65 [48. Kwak NS, Müller KR, Lee SW 2015. A lower limb exoskeleton control system based on steady state visual evoked potentials. J. Neural Eng. 12:056009 [49. 1965. Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science 150:1187–88 [50. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various advancements in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which are a type of brain-machine interface. It mentions applications such as controlling prosthetic devices, navigating robots, and driving robotic cars using brain signals, which aligns directly with the claim of developing interfaces that enable people to control devices with their thoughts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Cas9-A and Cas9-B are orthogonal in that they do not recognize one another's guide RNAs. (C) When organisms bearing and B are crossed, offspring inherit one copy of each. Both drives are copied as normal. In addition, Cas9-A (from Drive A) uses guide RNAs A-F (from Drive B) to cut a gene essential for female fertility, while Cas9-B (from Drive B) does the same using guide RNAs-B-F (from Drive A) to cut a different gene. and B have internal homology appropriate to be copied into these cut fertility genes, disrupting them and causing infertility in females. If all repairs are conducted via homologous recombination, there are now four drives: A, B, AB1, and AB2. In reality, recombination between the non-homologous chromosomes is likely to be less efficient, causing loss of the female fertility genes but not explicit copying of AB1 and/or AB2. The phenotypic effect is identical. Figure 6—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset An extreme example of ecological management: the use of suppression and immunizing drives to control rat populations worldwide. Releasing Y-Drive-SD (male-biasing sterile-daughter) rats into invasive rat populations would initiate local eradication while an immunizing drive protectively recoded the native rat populations of Eurasia. Stowaway-mediated gene flow, depicted as a border of Y-Drive-SD framing Eurasia, will result in local population suppression due to the sterile-daughter effect that would remain when the drives interacted, limiting the ability of either population to invade the other. This control process would have to be repeated with new drives once recoded stowaways successfully re-invade the rat-free habitats. Because of the complexity of gene flow patterns in rats, the uncertainty of whether a Y-Drive-SD would be effective, and the possibility for adverse human intervention, controlling rat populations in this way will not be feasible any time within the next decade and possibly not at all, but it provides a useful world-spanning example of a possible drive-based solution aiming to solve a serious global problem. Relying on precision drives to give specific invasive rat populations unique genetic markers (Figure 5C) for subsequent targeting with precision suppression drives or utilizing weaker suppression drive types (Figure 6) may represent more feasible alternatives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and uncertainties associated with controlling gene drives, particularly in the example of using gene drives to manage rat populations. It states, 'the uncertainty of whether a Y-Drive-SD would be effective' and suggests that controlling rat populations through gene drives 'will not be feasible any time within the next decade and possibly not at all,' indicating that precision control over specific pest populations may not be achievable as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Continue reading for your careful consideration of my feedback. I found the graphics much improved. Please ensure that men are included when considering contraceptive choice. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. . For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2022, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: This paper seeks to as answer several critical questions on the impact of FP2020’s goal of 120 million additional users (“120x20”), specifically whether certain groups of women were systematically left behind. I believe it makes an important contribution by providing. . . Continue reading paper seeks to as answer several critical questions on the impact of FP2020’s goal of 120 million additional users (“120x20”), specifically whether certain groups of women were systematically left behind. I believe it makes an important contribution by providing an early indication that groups of women who are generally disadvantaged do not appear to have been left behind in FP2020 commitment countries. However, I think this is fundamentally different from questions around equity. see it, this paper’s contribution is not as the definitive answer to the elusive “equity” question in FP but rather to ascertain whether data from a select set of commitment countries indicates that progress under FP2020 exacerbated gaps in use between advantaged and disadvantaged groups. While it is difficult to draw many clear conclusions from this analysis (as nearly all results are inconsistent across countries), the results presented indicate that among FP2020 commitment countries there were not systematically greater MCP gains by the most advantaged women. This is a substantial finding that is almost buried under discussions about equity, programs and policies to which the data used does not directly speak. To strengthen this paper and to make the results and interpretation more robust, I suggest the authors stick more closely to the stated and important goal of ascertaining whether “increases in mCPR did not vary significantly in more disadvantaged groups” since the 2012 London Summit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses feedback about a paper related to family planning and equity issues, without addressing the existence or details of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Farwell LA, Donchin E. 1988. Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 70:510–23 [51. McCarthy G, Donchin E. 1981. A metric for thought: a comparison of P300 latency and reaction time. Science 211:77–80 [52. 2009. A noninvasive brain-actuated wheelchair based on a P300 neurophysiological protocol and automated navigation. IEEE Trans. Robot. 25:614–27 [53. 2007. Controlling a wheelchair indoors using thought. IEEE Intell. Syst. 22:18–24 [54. 2009. Control of a 9-DoF wheelchair-mounted robotic arm system using a P300 brain computer interface: initial experiments. Proceedings of the 2008 on Robotics and Biomimetics348–53 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [55. 2000. ERP components on reaction errors and their functional significance: a tutorial. Biol. Psychol. 51:87–107 [56. 2014. Neural mechanisms and temporal dynamics of performance monitoring. Trends Cogn. Sci. 18:259–67 [57. Chavarriaga R, Sobolewski A, Millán JDR 2014. Errare machinale est: the use of error-related potentials in brain-machine interfaces. Front. Neurosci. 8:208 [58. 2000. EEG-based communication: presence of an error potential. Clin. Neurophysiol. 111:2138–44 [59. Ferrez PW, Millán JDR. 2008. Error-related EEG potentials generated during simulated brain-computer interaction. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 55:923–9 [60. Ferrez PW, Millán JDR. 2008. Simultaneous real-time detection of motor imagery and error-related potentials for improved BCI accuracy. Proceedings of the 4th Brain-Workshop and Training Course197–202 Graz, Austria: Verlag Tech. Univ. Graz [61. 2010. Online detection of P300 and error potentials in a BCI speller. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2010:307254 [62. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies and experiments related to brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) and their development for controlling devices using thoughts. References to works such as the noninvasive brain-actuated wheelchair and controlling a wheelchair using thought highlight the practical applications of BMIs, supporting the idea that these technologies are indeed being developed to enable users to operate devices with their neurological activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Figure 6—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Characteristics of population suppression drives. The optimal suppression drive for a given population will be highly species- and situation-dependent. In species with poorly understood genetics, more technically challenging drives may not be an option. While all true drives risk spreading into non-target populations with compatible sequences, the ecological risks to those populations vary. For some drives, a single individual escaping to a non-target population could cause widespread population suppression or even extinction, while others would require multiple sequential escapees of particular drive types. Some drives will be quickly eliminated by natural selection if not continually re-released, others would require a reversal drive to restore the wild-type sequence but should not have any phenotypic effects, and the most aggressive would require a suitable immunizing drive to be released within a certain timeframe in order to prevent a population crash. All of these risks could be mitigated by first recoding the target population to create a unique target sequence using successive standard drives (Figure 5A–B). ‘Sterile-daughter’ refers to a drive cassette that causes female infertility analogous to Drives AB1 and AB2 in Figure 6—figure supplement 1; because its fitness will be at most 50% of a standard gene, it cannot exhibit true drive. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Potential applications of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from left. Disease vectors such as malarial mosquitoes might be engineered to resist pathogen acquisition or eliminated with a suppression drive. Wild populations that serve as reservoirs for human viruses could be immunized using Cas9, RNAi machinery, or elite controller antibodies carried by a gene drive. Reversal and immunization drives could help ensure that all transgenes are safe and controlled. Drives might quickly spread protective genes through threatened or soon-to-be-threatened species such as amphibians facing the expansion of chytrid fungus (Rosenblum et al. , 2010). Invasive species might be locally controlled or eradicated without directly affecting others. Sensitizing drives could improve the sustainability and safety of pesticides and herbicides. Gene drives could test ecological hypotheses concerning gene flow, sex ratios, speciation, and evolution. Technical requirements for these applications vary with the drive type required (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Technical limitations of different gene drive architectures with implications for various applications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining various risks associated with gene drives, including the potential for them to spread into non-target populations. It highlights that while some gene drives might be controlled, all true drives risk contaminating non-target species, causing significant ecological effects such as widespread population suppression or extinction of those non-targets. This indicates a lack of precise control as suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Detailed feedback: I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. I question the appropriateness of MCP growth for this analysis. Without some underlying or contextual measure of demand or access, using MCP alone to measure equity implies that there is some ideal level of MCP across all populations – and the higher, the better (in contradiction to the FP2020 principles of agency and autonomy referenced). Could the authors look at changes in demand satisfied, arguably a more appropriate measure of equity given the different underlying levels of demand for contraception among population sub-groups? Flawed though unmet need is as a direct measure of demand for contraception, including it as a backdrop here (via demand satisfied) would better contextualize “equitable” FP changes. If the authors choose to stick with MCP change, this should be more clearly addressed as an (acceptable) limitation. It would also be good to better contextualize demand/unmet need in the context of the FP2020 goal (i. e. , the 120x20 goal was devised against the backdrop of more than 230 million women with unmet need) and in interpreting the results. The paper is fundamentally asking about the impact of the FP2020 initiative, but there is no counterfactual or contextual information about what differential mCPR growth looked like prior to FP2020, nor a recognition of the limitation of comparing two-point estimates, especially among sometimes small sub-groups. FP2020 shifted our field to track progress using model-based estimates from FPET to overcome limitations of tracking changes between two surveys. Did the authors consider a modified FPET to see to what degree different sub-groups in countries followed or outperformed the pre-FP2020 trajectories that would have been expected? The question of whether some women (e. g. , the poor or those with no education) are systematically left behind is different from questions of equity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses analysis methods for measuring equity in the context of family planning initiatives and does not address or mention ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Chavarriaga R, Iturrate I, Millán JDR 2016. Robust, accurate spelling based on error-related potentials. Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Müller-Patz, J Huggins, D Steyrl 9–10 Graz, Austria: Verlag Tech. Univ. Graz [63. án JDR 2010. Brain-coupled interaction for semi-autonomous navigation of an assistive robot. Robot. Auton. Syst. 58:1246–55 [64. án JDR 2015. Teaching brain-machine interfaces as an alternative paradigm to neuroprosthetics control. Sci. Rep. 5:13893 [65. 2019. Inferring subjective p66. Pfurtscheller G, Lopes da Silva FH 1999. Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clin. Neurophysiol. 110:1842–57 [67. Pfurtscheller G, Neuper C. 2001. Motor imagery and direct brain-computer communication. Proc. IEEE 89:1123–34 [68. Pfurtscheller G, Brunner C, Schlögl A, Lopes da Silva FH 2006. μ rhythm (de)synchronization and EEG single-trial classification of different motor imagery tasks. NeuroImage 31:153–9 [69. 2013. Transferring brain-computer interfaces beyond the laboratory: successful application control for motor-disabled users. Artif. Intell. Med. 59:121–32 [70. án JDR 2015. Towards independence: a BCI telepresence robot for people with severe motor disabilities. Proc. IEEE 103:969–82 [71. 2013. An analysis of performance evaluation for motor-imagery based BCI. J. Neural Eng. 10:031001 [72. 2011. Continuous three-dimensional control of a virtual helicopter using a motor imagery based brain-computer interface. 6:e26322 [73. 2013. Quadcopter control in three-dimensional space using a noninvasive motor imagery-based brain–computer interface. J. Neural Eng. 10:046003 [74. 2016. Noninvasive electroencephalogram based control of a robotic arm for reach and grasp tasks. Sci. Rep. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various studies and advancements in brain-machine interfaces (BCIs) that aim to allow users to control devices, particularly in applications for individuals with severe motor disabilities. Examples include the development of BCIs for controlling assistive robots, motor-imagery based BCIs, and enabling users to achieve control over virtual helicopters and robotic arms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: In addition to those listed above, an RNA-guided gene drive spreading through a population will be under selection to maintain the function of Cas9 and the guide RNAs, as any nonfunctional mutants will lose their inheritance advantage. This selective pressure is restricted to components that relate to drive function or efficiency and will only last for as long as the drive spreads. Once it reaches fixation, any mutations that can increase fitness by inactivating the drive components will be favored. Figure 8 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Containment strategies and ecological risk. Ecological containment involves building and testing gene drives in geographic areas that do not harbor native populations of the target species. For example, most gene drive studies involving tropical malarial mosquitoes have been conducted in temperate regions in which the mosquitoes cannot survive or find mates. Molecular containment ensures that the basic requirements for drive are not met when mated with wild-type organisms. True drives must cut the homologous wild-type sequence and copy both the gene encoding Cas9 and the guide RNAs. Experiments that cut transgenic sequences absent from wild populations and copy either the gene encoding Cas9 or the guide RNAs - but not both - should be quite safe. Ecological or molecular containment should allow basic research into gene drive effectiveness and optimization to be pursued with negligible risk. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 categorizes these and many other possible experiments according to estimated risk. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Estimated ecological risk of experiments during RNA-guided gene drive development. This should not be considered an exhaustive list, but includes many relevant experiments that might be performed during the development of an RNA-guided gene drive of any type. The assessment of ecological risk is intended to be a guideline only and will vary with the purpose of the drive. For example, releasing a laboratory-tested ‘neutral’ drive that is intended to cause no changes in organism phenotype beyond spreading its cas9 gene, guide RNAs, and recoded essential gene through the population is listed as a moderate risk because it will certainly edit a wild population, but in a way that is comparatively unlikely to affect its interactions with the ecosystem. Contained field trials of drives that do cause phenotypic changes are listed as moderate-high risk due to the very real possibility of a containment breach and subsequent unintentional population engineering; a standard drive with few or no expected phenotypic effects would represent a moderate risk, while a suppression drive would represent a high risk. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ecological risks associated with gene drives. It indicates that once a gene drive spreads through a population, it will be under selection to maintain its function, which suggests that control over the gene drive may not be precise and might inadvertently affect non-target species. Additionally, the text explains that ecological containment strategies aim to mitigate risks, implying that there is an inherent risk of uncontrolled impact on wild populations which contradicts the claim of precise targeting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The question of how to define and measure equity in the context of FP programs is one the field continues to struggle with. I am not convinced that the authors’ definition of “equitable” gains as those that are equal to or larger among a more “disadvantaged” group suffices, as this implies an underlying goal of having consistent levels or contraceptive use across all sub-groups/dimensions of equity (regardless of demand). Likewise, is it “equitable” if any groups show slower growth or declines in MCP (as we see evidence from this analysis with some more advantaged groups)? And given starting differential in MCP across sub-groups in many countries, might we expect growth to be slower or faster depending on their placement along the s-curve? While this paper cannot answer those or all questions around the definition of equity in FP programming, it can be clearer about when it is commenting about MCP gains among groups that are generally disadvantaged with FP outcomes (e. g. , the poor, less educated, youth) versus the more elusive concept of equity. The utility of using the Index in place of the country-specific wealth measures (e. g. , DHS quintiles) is not clear to me, given that countries are the unit of analysis. The shifts in population composition with the IWI measure seems more relevant for examining the relationship between absolute levels of wealth and contraceptive use or for understanding compositional influences on changes in MCP, but not necessarily for analyzing whether within each country women who are relatively poorer or wealthier appeared to be disadvantaged by policies related to the FP2020 goal. find this analysis interesting, I don’t think it is necessary or that it strengthens the findings. It appears that a handful of other long-term FP2020 commitment countries have DHS surveys that have two surveys between 2010 and 2019 were not included (Benin, Cameroon, Guinea and Mozambique, to name a few). If the inclusion criteria are more selective than mentioned (e. g. , if one survey has to be prior to 2012), that should be specified. Alternatively, if some eligible countries were overlooked for this analysis, including them would make the findings more robust. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to equity in family planning programs and does not mention ancient civilizations or their written records. There is no connection between the content of the text and the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: 6:38565 [75. 2009. Continuous EEG classification for a self-paced BCI. Proceedings of the 4th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering315–18 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [76. 2011. EEG-based continuous control of a game using a 3 channel motor imagery BCI: BCI game. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence, Cognitive Algorithms, Mind, and Brain Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [Crossref] [77. Tonin L, Bauer F, Millán JDR 2020. The role of the control framework for continuous tele-operation of a BMI driven mobile robot. IEEE Trans. Robot. 36:78–91 [78. 2010. Optimization of SSVEP brain responses with application to eight-command brain-computer interface. Neurosci. Lett. 469:34–38 [79. 2010. A brain controlled wheelchair to navigate in familiar environments. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 18:590–98 [80. ölker M 2019. A service assistant combining autonomous robotics, flexible goal formulation, and deep-learning-based brain-computer interfacing. Robot. Auton. Syst. J. 116:98–113 [81. Vanacker G, Millán án F et al. 2007. Context-based filtering for assisted brain-actuated wheelchair driving. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2007:25130 [82. Galán 2008. A brain-actuated wheelchair: asynchronous and non-invasive brain-computer interfaces for continuous control of robots. Clin. Neurophysiol. 119:2159–69 [83. Philips J, Millán án F et al. 2007. Adaptive shared control of a brain-actuated simulated wheelchair. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th on Rehabilitation Robotics408–14 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [84. 2003. The H-metaphor as a guideline for vehicle automation and interaction Tech. Rep. 2003-212672 Langley Res. Cent. , : [85. 2006. Application of the H-mode, a design and interaction concept for highly automated vehicles, to aircraft. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by citing various studies and projects that demonstrate brain-machine interfaces (BMI) are indeed being developed for applications such as controlling devices like wheelchairs and robots with brain signals. For instance, references to 'a brain controlled wheelchair' and 'brain-computer interfaces for continuous control of robots' clearly indicate that the technology is advancing towards enabling control through thoughts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: (A) Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of direct p53 target genes identified by GRO-seq (left) or genes upregulated upon Nutlin treatment in the microarray experiment only (right) relative to a ranked list of 12,624 genes analyzed via Oncomine for their relative expression in WT p53 vs mutant p53 cell lines. (B) Scatter plot comparing relative transcription as measured by GRO-seq in HCT116 p53 +/+ over p53 −/− cells vs relative mRNA expression in p53 WT vs p53 mutant cell lines. Red dots are genes whose transcription was lesser than twofold in p53 +/+ cells, green dots are genes whose transcription was greater than twofold in p53 +/+ cells, all other direct p53 targets in HCT116 cells are highlighted in black. (C) Oncomine gene expression analysis of 247 breast carcinomas of varied p53 status shows that CDKN1A, DDB2 and GDF15 are more highly expressed in wild type p53 tumors, whereas GJB5 is more highly expressed in mutant p53 tumors. (D) Model depicting the differential effects of MDM2-p53 complexes on the basal expression of p53 target genes. Figure 4 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset GRO-seq analysis of key survival and death genes within the p53 network. (A) The 10 most transcribed pro-survival and pro-apoptotic genes identified by GRO-seq ranked by decreasing transcriptional output in Nutlin-treated p53 +/+ cells. The surface of the bubbles represents the GRO-seq signal output relative to the CDKN1A locus. (B) Transcriptional output of same genes shown in A in p53 −/− cells. (C) Fold change analysis showing the overall effect of p53 on the transcription of its survival and apoptotic targets. (D) Survival genes within the p53 network tend to carry more proximally bound, transcriptionally engaged over their promoter regions than apoptotic genes. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset p53 target genes display a wide range of pausing and promoter divergence. (A) pausing is not a pre-requisite for rapid activation among p53 target genes. A ranking of pausing indices show no correlation with fold induction among p53 targets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gene analysis related to p53 and does not mention gene drives, pest populations, or any control over targeting species. There is no information in the text that supports, contrasts, or pertains to the claim about gene drives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Fertility, family planning, demography I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2022, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely unrelated to the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. It discusses issues related to policies, graphical representations, and findings in the context of family planning and demographic studies. There are no mentions of ancient civilizations or written records, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of 2006 IEEE/AIAA 25th : IEEE [Crossref] [86. án JDR 2010. The role of shared-control in BCI-based telepresence. Proceedings of the 2010 on Systems, Man and Cybernetics1462–66 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [87. Chavarriaga R, Millán JDR. 2010. Learning from EEG error-related potentials in noninvasive brain-computer interfaces. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 18:381–88 [88. DelPreto J, Salazar-2018. Plug-and-play supervisory control using muscle and brain signals for real-time gesture and error detection. Robotics: Science and -pap. 63. N. p Robot. Sci. Syst. Found. [89. Millán ño J, 2004. Noninvasive brain-actuated control of a mobile robot by human EEG. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 51:1026–33 [90. 2006. A brain-controlled wheelchair based on P300 and path guidance. Proceedings of the First IEEE/RAS-on and Biomechatronics1101–6 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [91. Cheeín di 2007. Maps managing interface design for a mobile robot navigation governed by a BCI. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 90:012088 [92. Leeb R, Friedman D, Müller-2007. Self-paced (asynchronous) BCI control of a wheelchair in virtual environments: a case study with a tetraplegic. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2007:79642 [93. 2007. Brain-computer interface for high-level control of rehabilitation robotic systems. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th on Rehabilitation Robotics619–25 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [94. 2008. Control of a humanoid robot by a noninvasive brain–computer interface in humans. J. Neural Eng. 5:214–20 [95. Pires G, Castelo-Branco M, 2008. Visual P300-based BCI to steer a wheelchair: a Bayesian approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various brain-computer interface (BCI) applications, such as a brain-controlled wheelchair and systems that enable control of devices via brain signals. The mention of 'noninvasive brain-computer interfaces' indicates that technologies are indeed being developed to allow individuals to interact with devices using their brain activity, which directly supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Feature 10. 7554/eLife. 03401 Open access Copyright information annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). Share 46,927 views 7,310 downloads 634 3401. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS 10. 7554/eLife. 03401. 001 numerous advances, the field of molecular biology has often struggled to address key biological problems affecting public health and the environment. Until recently, editing the genomes of even model organisms has been difficult. Moreover, altered traits typically reduce evolutionary fitness and are consequently eliminated by natural selection. This restriction has profoundly limited our ability to alter ecosystems through molecular biology. If we could develop a general method of ensuring that engineered traits would instead be favored by natural selection, then those traits could spread to most members of wild populations over many generations. This capability would allow us to address several major world problems, including the spread of insect-borne diseases, the rise of pesticide and herbicide resistance, and the agricultural and environmental damage wrought by invasive species. Scientists have long known of naturally occurring selfish genetic elements that can increase the odds that they will be inherited. This advantage allows them to spread through populations even if they reduce the fitness of individual organisms. Many researchers have suggested that these elements might serve as the basis for ‘gene drives’ capable of spreading engineered traits through wild populations (Craig et al. , 1960; Wood et al. , 1977; Sinkins and Gould, 2006; Burt and Trivers, 2009; Alphey, 2014). was the first to propose gene drives based on site-specific ‘homing’ endonuclease genes over a decade ago (Burt, 2003). These genes bias inheritance by cutting the homologous chromosome, inducing the cell to copy them when it repairs the break. Several efforts have focused on the possibility of using gene drives targeting mosquitoes to block malaria transmission (Scott et al. , 2002; Windbichler et al. , 2007, 2008, 2011; Li et al. , 2013a; Galizi et al. , 2014). However, development has been hindered by the difficulty of engineering homing endonucleases to cut new target sequences (Chan et al. , 2013a; Thyme et al. , 2013; Takeuchi et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the difficulties associated with engineering gene drives. It states that 'development has been hindered by the difficulty of engineering homing endonucleases to cut new target sequences,' suggesting that achieving precise control over gene drives to target only specific populations is currently challenging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the findings and implications of policies related to family planning and inequities, without mentioning ancient civilizations or written records at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the 30th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society658–61 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [96. Millán JDR, Galán 2009. Asynchronous non-invasive brain-actuated control of an intelligent wheelchair. Proceedings of the 2009 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society3361–64 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [97. 2009. A BCI teleoperated museum robotic guide. Proceedings of the 2009 on Complex, Intelligent and Systems783–88 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [98. 2010. Activation of a mobile robot through a brain computer interface. Proceedings of the 2010 on Robotics and Automation4815–21 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [99. Iáñez E, Azorín JM, Úbeda A, Ferrández JM, Fernández E 2010. Mental tasks-based brainrobot interface. Robot. Auton. Syst. 58:1238–45 [100. 2010. A telepresence robotic system operated with a P300-based brain-computer interface: initial tests with ALS patients. Proceedings of the 2010 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology4476–80 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [101. Müller -Filho TF, Sarcinelli-2010. Brain-computer interface based on visual evoked potentials to command autonomous robotic wheelchair. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 30:407–16 [102. ünbacher E, 2010. SSVEP based brain-computer interface for robot control. People with 85–90 Berlin: Springer [103. án JDR 2011. Brain-controlled telepresence robot by motor-disabled people. Proceedings of the 2011 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society4227–30 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [104. 2011. A hybrid brain interface for a humanoid robot assistant. Proceedings of the 2011 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society7421–24 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [105. Bastos TF, Müller -2011. Robotic wheelchair commanded by SSVEP, motor imagery and word generation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and their applications such as controlling wheelchairs and operating robotic systems, which supports the claim that these interfaces are being developed to enable control over devices through thought.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Attempts to build gene drives with more easily retargeted zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs suffered from instability due to the repetitive nature of the genes encoding them (Simoni et al. , 2014). The recent discovery and development of the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease has dramatically enhanced our ability to engineer the genomes of diverse species. Originally isolated from ‘’ acquired immune systems in bacteria, Cas9 is a non-repetitive enzyme that can be directed to cut almost any DNA sequence by simply expressing a ‘guide RNA’ containing that same sequence. In little more than a year following the first demonstrations in human cells, it has enabled gene insertion, deletion, and replacement in many different species (Bassett et al. , 2013; Cho et al. , 2013; Cong et al. , 2013; DiCarlo et al. , 2013; Friedland et al. , 2013; Gratz et al. , 2013; Hu et al. , 2013; Hwang et al. , 2013; Jiang et al. , 2013a, 2013b; Jinek et al. , 2013; Li et al. , 2013b; Mali et al. , 2013c; Tan et al. , 2013; Upadhyay et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013b). Building RNA-guided gene drives based on the Cas9 nuclease is a logical way to overcome the targeting and stability problems hindering gene drive development. Less obvious is the extent to which the unique properties of Cas9 are well-suited to overcoming other molecular and evolutionary challenges inherent to the construction of safe and functional gene drives. We submit that Cas9 is highly likely to enable scientists to construct efficient RNA-guided gene drives not only in mosquitoes, but in many other species. In addition to altering populations of insects to prevent them from spreading disease (Curtis, 1968), this advance would represent an entirely new approach to ecological engineering with many potential applications relevant to human health, agriculture, biodiversity, and ecological science. The first technical descriptions of endonuclease gene drives were provided by in his landmark proposal to engineer wild populations more than a decade ago (Burt, 2003). Any of the rapidly expanding number of laboratories with expertise in Cas9-mediated genome engineering could attempt to build a gene drive by substituting Cas9 for the homing endonucleases described in his proposal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges in building gene drives using zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs due to instability. While it mentions the advantages of the Cas9 nuclease for directing cuts in DNA and building effective gene drives, it does not support the idea that these drives can be controlled to target only specific pest populations. Rather, it implies that there are still 'molecular and evolutionary challenges inherent to the construction of safe and functional gene drives,' which suggests limitations in precision and control over target species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: We have added this note into the discussion. Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. We agree we would need additional data to discuss how program and policies impacted MCPR gains. Hence why it is not a focus of this paper and we removed any 2019. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on providing feedback related to data analysis and family planning policies, without addressing or mentioning ancient civilizations or written records. Therefore, it does not support, contradict, or relate to the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society4753–56 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [106. 2011. An adaptive brain-computer interface for humanoid robot control. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE-RAS on Humanoid Robots199–204 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [107. 2011. Using brain-computer interface to steer a humanoid robot. Proceedings of the on Robotics and Biomimetics192–97 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [108. Müller SMT, Bastos-Filho TF, Sarcinelli-2011. Using a SSVEP-BCI to command a robotic wheelchair. Proceedings of the on Industrial Electronics957–62 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [109. 2011. to control a hand orthosis for persons with tetraplegia. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 19:1–5 [110. 2012. Toward brain-actuated humanoid robots: asynchronous direct control using an EEG-based BCI. IEEE Trans. Robot. 28:1131–44 [111. 2012. Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI): a 2-D virtual wheelchair control based on event-related desynchronization/synchronization and state control. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 20:379–88 [112. 2012. Development of mind control system for humanoid robot through a brain computer interface. Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Engineering Application679–82 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [113. 2012. A telepresence mobile robot controlled with a noninvasive brain-computer interface. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. B 42:793–804 [114. Grigorescu SM, Lüth äser A 2012. A BCI-controlled robotic assistant for quadriplegic people in domestic and professional life. Robotica 30:419–31 [115. 2012. A simple platform of brain-controlled mobile robot and its implementation by SSVEP. Proceedings of the 2012 Conference on Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [Crossref] [116. án JDR 2013. A hybrid BCI for enhanced control of a telepresence robot. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies and proceedings that focus on the use of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for controlling devices, such as humanoid robots, robotic wheelchairs, and telepresence robots, indicating active development in this field.