Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: l-Lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid in a mixed-acid fermentation process involving several byproducts, such as formic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and succinic acid [9]. The increased byproducts not only lower the yield of the target product but also impede the process of product recovery and purification. Therefore, elimination of byproduct formation to increase l-lactic acid yield is crucial. In our study, further disruption of the adhB and ackA genes based on strain RH08 resulted in a higher concentration, productivity, and yield of l-lactic acid, indicating that the carbon flux was channeled from ethanol and acetic acid production to l-lactic acid in strain RH15. The growth defect in the pflA-deleted strain RH12 has been observed in many other strains, such as E. coli [35], Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius [36], and Klebsiella oxytoca [37], and can be accounted for due to the high intracellular redox level rather than the reduced acetyl-CoA level, as PflA can catalyze the conversion of pyruvate to formic acid and acetyl-CoA simultaneously [38]. It has been emphasized that green processes using renewable biomass such as lignocellulosic hydrolysate are the trend in technological research and development; therefore, promoting these processes has become increasingly important. Thus far, the production of l-lactic acid has been investigated extensively in term of lignocellulosic biomass to decrease the use of edible biomass and to reduce the production cost [39, 40]. Table 4 lists the recent studies on l-lactic acid fermentation from mixed-sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass. In batch fermentation, a relatively high l-lactic acid concentration (101. 9 g/L) was acquired by Pediococcus acidilactici DQ2, though low lactic acid productivity (1. 06 g/[L h]) was observed [41]. The highest productivity (3. 28 g/[L h]) was observed in B. coagulans NBRC 12714, with an appreciable simultaneous concentration of l-lactic acid [10]. In fed-batch fermentation, the highest l-lactic acid titer (180 g/L) was achieved by B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the production of l-lactic acid through fermentation processes and does not mention bioengineered yeast, biofuels, or the transformation of sugars into energy. Instead, it focuses on byproducts and processes involved in lactic acid fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: The analysis in mice demonstrated that antibiotic administration resulted in an increase in Akkermansia mucinophilia and associated loss of the protective mucous lining of the colon, impairment of the intestinal barrier and increased incidence of GVHD [44]. Early studies of faecal microbiota transplantation to tackle steroid-resistant GVHD in four patients have shown promising results [45, 46]. Novel chemotherapeutics Innovative possibilities for the genetic engineering of bacteria for delivery of chemotherapy, or as vectors for genetic therapy, are emerging. In a study by Pillai et al [47], E. coli was genetically modified to enable excretion of a tumour suppressor, human bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). When exposed to an in vitro model of colon cancer, the bacterium induced apoptosis of the adenocarcinoma cell line. Din et al [48] used the quorum sensing feedback loops present in E. coli to cause the bacterium to lyse synchronously and release (an antitumour toxin). This created a pulsatile delivery system with simultaneous control of microbial population density. When tested in vivo on a mouse model of hepatic colorectal metastases, oral administration of the bacterium, in combination with 5-FU, led to a 50% increase in mean survival time [48]. cancer therapy, the gut microbiota is a dynamic structure, influenced by complex interactions between multiple factors, such as host immunity, chemotherapeutics, concomitant medications, environment and diet [6]. The ability of gut microbiota to augment the chemotherapeutic response has been clearly shown in animal models [8, 9, 13, 14, 36–38]. Furthermore, these results have been successfully correlated with clinical research. Specific microbials associated with progression-free survival have been identified amongst patient cohorts and transfer of chemotherapeutic response has been achieved with administration of human faecal samples to a murine model [36–38]. These findings have tremendous clinical potential, particularly in the field of novel immunotherapeutics (such anti-PD-L1), which at present are highly effective for only a small subset of patients [36–38]. However, gut microbes are not always beneficial. An increased understanding of gut microbial metabolism has revealed contributions to drug toxicity such as mucositis and neuropathy that can even prove fatal [22, 23, 25, 26, 43]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that 'the gut microbiota is a dynamic structure, influenced by complex interactions between multiple factors, such as host immunity, chemotherapeutics, concomitant medications, environment and diet.' This suggests that diet is one of the factors that can positively influence gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cities can achieve water independence through desalination alone. [SEP] Text: Economic considerations and technical limitations are the most important reasons that such efforts are not always successful. The primary challenge in the desalination practice and specifically in the reverse osmosis technology is the reduction of the energy consumption of the units. As energy is a very high cost factor for desalination, various methods for lowering the specific energy consumption can help decrease the cost of water. Another important option is the use of cheaper energy sources. Renewable energy technologies can offer a feasible way to reduce the pressure on energy systems for water production, and thus developing renewable‐energy‐powered desalination plants has become a priority in the Greek energy and water sectors. Energy storage is not a practical solution due to its high investment cost and the low lifetime of battery systems, but the net metering method can lower water cost by up to 13. 5%. As a state of the art technology, hybrid systems, combined with operation optimization methods, provide appropriate solutions for cheaper energy; however, wind farms and photovoltaic arrays often face disapproval, especially in the tourism‐dependent islands, as local inhabitants find that the local esthetic value is reduced. Environmental reasons and land‐use conflicts may also prevent the integration of renewable‐energy‐powered RO systems. To construct efficiently operated, optimal RO desalination powered by renewable energy systems, the state should promote pilot systems through the relevant studies. Water deficiency in most of the arid islands is treated with water transfers at the expense of the central government. The operation and maintenance cost of the desalination units is subsidized. In an era of economic crisis, this condition may not be feasible and there is a pressing need to move on toward sustainable solutions. Private sector participation, though not always socially acceptable by the locals, has to be examined. Moreover, as water and energy resources are due to face increasing pressure over the next few decades, the evaluation of trade‐offs and the encouragement of cross‐sector planning will be critical for further development and for their sustainable management. experience indicates that constructing and operating RO units is made possible by state support (in the form of subsidies). The energy intensity of RO units remains high. However, RO technology, although with high cost, is reliable and offers potable water of adequate quality and quantity. Therefore, technical and operation policy challenges (including securing adequate funding) should be addressed so that the implementation of RO technology will further enhance energy efficiency and will be a part of an integrated water management system. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the economic and technical limitations that affect the success of desalination efforts. It mentions that energy consumption remains a significant cost factor in desalination, and that various challenges, such as the need for reliable funding, environmental concerns, and local resistance to renewable energy installations, hinder the effectiveness of desalination as a standalone solution. It emphasizes that achieving water independence is not solely reliant on desalination and requires a broader perspective involving sustainable solutions, state support, and integration with renewable energy sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 5. 5 with 100 mM NaCl, 15 mM CaCl2 with the enzyme loadings listed below in each figure loaded on a milligrams per gram of glucan basis. The high temperature hold digestion yielded approximately 10 to 15% higher glucan conversion at most time points observed (Figure 1). These results were subject to a one tailed homoscedastic T-test, and found to be significant (p <0. 05). We also see that compared to the CTec2-only digestion, the high temp hold samples reach higher extents of conversion at earlier time points, this phenomenon is observed even if the CTec2 curve is shifted 24 h earlier (i. e. , same start time), although the improvements in conversion are smaller (Figure 1b). Figure 1Comparison of biomass conversion with and without a high temperature hold step. a: Initial high temperature hold experiment. CelA mix: 3 mg CelA/g glucan, 1 mg E1/g glucan, 0. 5 mg β-D-glucosidase/g glucan, and 16 mg CTec2/g glucan. E1 mix: 3 mg E1/g glucan and 17 mg CTec2/g glucan. CTec2: 20 mg CTec2/g glucan. b: Initial high temperature hold experiment with CTec2 shifted 24 h. CelA mix: 3 mg CelA/g glucan, 1 mg E1/g glucan, 0. 5 mg β-D-glucosidase/g glucan, and 16 mg CTec2/g glucan. E1 mix: 3 mg E1/g glucan and 17 mg CTec2/g glucan. CTec2: 20 mg CTec2/g glucan. Full size imageEnzyme loading optimizationTo optimize the thermophilic enzyme loadings, we assayed high, mid-range, and low thermophilic enzyme loadings for the high temperature hold, while maintaining the total enzyme loading at 20 mg/g glucan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on enzyme loading optimization and glucan conversion under certain conditions without addressing bioengineered yeast or their capability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: 8+ son indispensables para regular específicamente según el sexo las vías neurales y endocrinas implicadas en la homeostasis energética. En hembras, la ablación de estas neuronas mejora la regulación de la glucosa postprandial potenciando la señalización enteroendocrina de GLP-1 y acelera el tránsito intestinal, mientras que en machos induce resistencia al aumento de peso inducido por una dieta obesogénica. En el Capítulo 2 hemos demostrado que, en machos, la ablación de las neuronas Nav1. 8+ altera el control coordinado de la ingesta i las variaciones de peso diarias, además de alterar la señalización enteroendocrina y las oscilaciones diarias de la microbiota intestinal en respuesta al estado nutricional (ayuno/ingesta), y perturbar la homeostasis del sistema inmune intestinal. En el capítulo 3, hemos usado un modelo de ratón con obesidad inducida por dieta para explorar los mecanismos por los cuales Phascolarctobacterium faecium DSM 32890, una cepa bacteriana intestinal aislada de humanos metabólicamente sanos, previene la obesidad modulando la ingesta. La administración de P. faecium reduce la ingesta calórica gracias a la hipersecreción de la hormona gastrointestinal saciante el PYY. Independientemente de sus efectos anorexigénicos, la bacteria ejerce sus beneficios metabólicos estimulando el tránsito intestinal y reduciendo la absorción intestinal de lípidos, evitando la acumulación de grasa corporal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how a specific gut bacterium, Phascolarctobacterium faecium, can prevent obesity and influence metabolism by modulating food intake and stimulating intestinal transit. It highlights the relationship between dietary components, the gut microbiota, and metabolic health, reinforcing the idea that certain diets can indeed affect the diversity and functionality of gut microbiota.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity can be entirely solved without conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: This experiment is part of the AI for Challenge Grant. Browse more projectsHow can studying Black-Dog communication inform interspecies design to facilitate conservation efforts? and Dennis FerraroBacked by and 2 other backers of Nebraska-LincolnOgallala, NebraskaBiologyArt and DesignDOI: 10. 18258/54979Grant: AI for Interspecies Communication$4,460Raised of $3,957 Goal112%Funded on 1/06/24Successfully Funded$4,460pledged112%fundedFundedon 1/06/24? How does this work? (2)a prairie dog observation structure located in Ogallala, Nebraska, overlooks a Black-Dog colony cohabited by rattlesnakes and burrowing owls. A keystone species, prairie dogs support 42 species but have experienced a human-caused 99% population decrease. With recording equipment, BLIND will broadcast prairie dog vocalizations to visitors. Data collected will promote conservation efforts to visitors and inform interspecies design-a multiperspective design approach. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? The decline in prairie dog populations can be attributed to a lack of understanding among humans about the vital role these species play in their ecosystem. We can consider a shift in human perspectives through engagement to prevent further depletion of prairie dog populations by studying communication between species, which can foster cross-species empathy. Research suggests that incorporating interspecies design is valuable in mitigating biodiversity loss and moving away from human-centric practices currently dominating the design field. This shift toward a more inclusive model is essential to transition from mere observation to creating a space that facilitates design and conservation, benefiting prairie dogs and their ecosystem. What is the significance of this project? Prairie dogs, recognized as keystone species,are vital to their ecosystem and the consequences of declining populations impact the many species they support, as smaller colonies hinder access to essential resources. In Ogallala, scientists have documented notable adverse effects on other species, including the Prairie Rattlesnake. Human and AI data may offer valuable insights into conservation and interspecies design methods. This work benefits Black-Dogs and the 42 species dependent on them. Furthermore, the BLIND initiative aims to give the public a unique opportunity to engage directly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the importance of conservation efforts for the survival of prairie dogs, a keystone species, which directly impacts water resource management and ecosystem health. It states, 'The decline in prairie dog populations can be attributed to a lack of understanding among humans about the vital role these species play in their ecosystem.' This implies that conservation efforts are necessary for maintaining water resources tied to the well-being of various species within their ecosystem.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Optimization of conditions for the high temperature hold indicate that higher loadings of the thermophilic enzymes containing CelA provide stronger initial boosts to the glucan conversion (24 h) (Figure 2a) and also provide subsequent 4 to 7% enhancements in conversion when comparing the best CelA digestions to CTec2 digestions (Figures 2a and 2b). These results were subject to a one-tailed homoscedastic t-test, and found to be significant (P <0. 05) for the CelA low and E1 mid loadings at 120 h. This improvement is still observable for the other high temperature hold enzymes, but the extents of conversion are slightly lower and not statistically significant at 120 h. This result may be due, in part, to the plateau effect that occurs toward the latter extent of conversion time points; however, if one examines the data on a time-to-target basis, the high temperature hold provides clear benefits, achieving equivalent extents of conversion 24 h or more prior to the CTec-2 control conversion curve. This 20% reduction in processing time will improve the economics of large-scale biomass conversion processes. Also noteworthy is the determination that xylan conversion displays a similar, although slightly less dramatic, effect in conversion extents, achieving a 10% improvement at early time points and approximately 3 to 4% at the digestion endpoint. These data are statistically significant (P <0. 05) for all CelA loadings at 96 h, and significant only for the CelA high loading at 120 h (Figure 3). Figure 2Opimization of the high temp hold step. a: High temperature hold optimization. The digestion conditions are 50 mM acetate buffer, pH 5. 5 with 100 mM NaCl, 15 mM CaCl2 with enzyme loadings listed below. * Denotes a statistically (P <. 05) relevant improvement in conversion compared to CTec2 at 120 h. High CelA mix: 5 mg C. bescii broth/g glucan, 1 mg E1/g glucan, 0. 5 mg β-glucosidase/g glucan, and 13. 5 mg CTec2/g glucan. Mid CelA mix: 3 mg C. bescii broth/g glucan, 1 mg E1/g glucan, 0. 5 mg β-glucosidase/g glucan, and 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the optimization of enzyme loading for glucan and xylan conversion in biomass processing, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or its relationship to biofuel production. It discusses the effects of various enzymes and their performance metrics, which does not directly address the capability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: 8+ són indispensables per a regular, específicament segons el sexe, les vies neurals i endocrines implicades en l'homeòstasi energètica. En femelles, l'ablació d'aquestes neurones millora la regulació de la glucosa postprandial potenciant la senyalització enteroendocrina de GLP-1 i accelera el trànsit intestinal, mentre que en mascles indueix resistència a l'augment de pes induït per una dieta obesogènica. En el Capítol 2 hem demostrat que, en mascles, l'ablació de les neurones Nav1. 8+ altera el control coordinat de la ingesta i les variacions de pes diàries, a més d'alterar la senyalització enteroendocrina i les oscil·lacions diàries de la microbiota intestinal en resposta a l'estat nutricional (dejuni/ingesta), i pertorbar l'homeòstasi del sistema immunitari intestinal. En el capítol 3, hem utilitzat un model de ratolí amb obesitat induïda per dieta per explorar els mecanismes pels quals Phascolarctobacterium faecium DSM 32890, una soca bacteriana intestinal aïllada d'humans metabòlicament sans, prevé l'obesitat modulant la ingesta. L'administració de P. faecium redueix la ingesta calòrica gràcies a la hipersecreció de l'hormona gastrointestinal saciant PYY. Independentment dels seus efectes anorexigènics, el bacteri exerceix els seus beneficis metabòlics estimulant el trànsit intestinal i reduint l'absorció intestinal de lípids, evitant l'acumulació de greix corporal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how a specific intestinal bacterial strain (Phascolarctobacterium faecium DSM 32890) can prevent obesity by modulating food intake, stimulating intestinal transit, and reducing fat absorption. These actions suggest a positive influence of dietary components on gut microbiota diversity and metabolic health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity can be entirely solved without conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Funded by grants from and Timberlyne, the project will provide a low-carbon solution based on whole tree usage. PLAIN promotes all types of timber construction, ranging from advanced forms of engineered lumber to small-scale forestry and local fabrication. Renewable resources include undesirable trees discarded by insect borer infestations or the by-product of forest fire fuel mitigation. PLAIN's projects support material flows that sequester carbon and reduce the embodied energy of construction. PLAIN's buildings establish circular economies by learning from vernacular forms of architecture and regional forestry ecosystems. PLAIN empowers students through a co-creative educational model of experienced-based learning and hands-on construction. John StropeI'm a dynamic focusing on product development and entertainment-related projects. Spanning multiple industries, I’m most skilled in project management, designing and implementing control systems, and developing products from R&D through DFM/DFA. This work has brought me around the world, working in eleven countries across amusement parks, industrial centers, TV programs, and much more. I've picked up helpful technical skills along the way, becoming proficient in multiple CAD suites, computational analysis, Python/C++, PLC systems, and more. This experience helps inform my passion for teaching - regularly leading volunteer workshops and encouraging students’ passion for design through the magic of entertainment + technology. An alumni of the University of Nebraska, I’m at my best when working in diverse environments, bringing new concepts to life, from award-winning attractions to freelance animatronic work. When not onsite, I'm most often at a baseball game, concert hall, or home workshop. Elizabeth Nielsenis a Master's of Architecture student at UNL who is currently enrolled in the -Build design-research studio. Travis Rayis the embedded systems program coordinator at Studio. He assists local businesses, academics, and entrepreneurs in designing, developing, and testing prototypes. Ray has a background in education and is currently a graduate student in the College of Education and Human Sciences. He has taught and developed curriculum for secondary and post-secondary academic institutions. Julia McQuillanI was part of a team that created the two-wave of public use data set for studying fertility and infertility. Analyzing this data helped answer questions about psychosocial dimensions of fertility and infertility – including health disparities. Now we study fertility-related questions using the German longitudinal Pairfam dataset. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various projects associated with timber construction, education, and product development without addressing the issue of water scarcity or conservation efforts. There is no information related to the claim which would support, contrast, or challenge it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5 mg CTec2/g glucan. Low CelA mix:* 2 mg C. bescii broth/g glucan, 1 mg E1/g glucan, 0. 5 mg β-glucosidase/g glucan, and 16. 5 mg CTec2/g glucan. Low E1 mix: 3 mg E1/g glucan, 0. 5 mg β-glucosidase/g glucan, and 16. 5 mg CTec2/g glucan. Mid E1 mix:* 4 mg E1/g glucan, 0. 5 mg β-glucosidase/g glucan, and 15. 5 mg CTec2/g glucan. High E1 mix: 6 mg E1/g glucan, 0. 5 mg β-glucosidase/g glucan, and 13. 5 mg CTec2/g glucan. CTec2: 20 mg CTec2/g glucan. b: High temperature hold optimization close-up of 48 h + digestion points to better illustrate differences. Full size imageFigure 3Xylan conversion. The digestion conditions as described in Figure 2a. We note here that while all CelA loadings are statistically significantly better than the control at the 96-h mark, only the CelA high loading showed a statistically (P <. 05) relevant improvement in conversion compared to CTec2 at 120 h. b: High temperature hold optimization close-up of 48 h + xylan digestion points to better illustrate differences. Full size imageHigh solids stepwise saccharification at higher enzyme loadingTo validate our low solids loading results, we ran the high temperature hold experiments on a limited scale using 20% solids loading conditions. The total enzyme loadings were 40 mg CTec2/g glucan or 36 mg CTec2/g glucan and 4 mg E1/g glucan. The results are reported in Figure 4. Our results show that a stepwise digestion with E1 increases the glucan-to-glucose conversion by approximately 10% on washed solids pretreated corn stover (PCS) compared to samples that were pre-incubated without E1 (Figure 4). This is especially significant, considering that samples containing E1 permitted a 10% lower CTec2 loading. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and focused on enzyme loadings and glucan conversion processes, without addressing bioengineered yeast or any information related to the production of biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, decreased Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales and Peptostreptococcaceae and increased Bacteroides dorei were identified in the HFDex vs. HFD group. p_Desulfobacterota, c_Desulfovibrionia, o_Desulfovibrionales, f_Desulfovibrionaceae and g_Desulfovibrio were markedly decreased in the LFDex group vs. HFDex group. data suggested that quantitative maternal exercise during pregnancy resulted in alterations in GM composition, but did not significantly change the diversity of the GM. These findings may have important implications when considering an individual’s overall diet when recommending exercise during pregnancy. human gut microbiota (GM) plays a crucial role in host health (Monda et al. , 2017). Through the production of various metabolites and active substances, the GM participates in the development of the digestive, immune, neurological, and other systems of the host and maintains homeostasis of the internal and external environments (Charbonneau et al. , 2016). Substantial studies have shown that the composition of the GM can be influenced by various factors, such as antibiotic use, lifestyle, genetics, and aging, and that it varies in different physiological states (Cresci & Bawden, 2015; Monda et al. , 2017; Motiani et al. , 2020). During pregnancy, hormonal, immune, and metabolic changes occur in the maternal body. These physiological changes lead to changes in the environment in which human microbial parasites reside, which in turn affects the colonization of the GM in pregnant women (Edwards et al. , 2017). The GM profile changes as pregnancy progresses (Koren et al. , 2012). The GM changes in women in their third pregnancy trimester, as compared to non-pregnant women. An increase in β-diversity among individuals, and reduced relative microbial abundance and α-diversity have been reported (Koren et al. , 2012). The dominant phyla in the GM in late pregnancy have been reported to be Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, similar to those in early pregnancy (Mokkala et al. , 2021). Many studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of exercise (Febbraio, 2017; Garber et al. , 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how various diets, particularly low-fat diets (LFD) and high-fat diets (HFD), impact the composition and diversity of gut microbiota (GM). It mentions factors that influence GM, such as lifestyle, diet, and physiological changes during pregnancy, highlighting the significance of diet in shaping gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity can be entirely solved without conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Can eDNA track lost Harlequin toads in the and assist conservation efforts? Backed by és López,. Revell, Alex Shepack, and 50 other backers. . . / ón Viteri, Richard Sulser, Nelson Falcón árdenas R. , újo, ía Garcés, Kelsey Neam, Nicolás Muñoz, Anzola, David Lang, and de Los Andes, Bogotá, : 10. 18258/28936$3,039Raised of $3,000 Goal101%Funded on 9/29/23Successfully Funded$3,039pledged101%fundedFundedon 9/29/23? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(2)Discussion (7)ProjectWith 88 out of 100 species critically endangered and 38 possibly extinct, the Neotropical harlequin toads (genus Atelopus) are among the most endangered of all amphibians. The majority of Colombia’s 40 species have not been seen in three decades. While some may be extinct, others are likely persisting at very low abundance. We need more efficient tools to look for declining frogs before they vanish. We will deploy new environmental DNA (eDNA) methods to speed up the search in Colombia. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? To execute efficient conservation actions, we need to know if harlequin toads are still surviving. Many amphibians declined suddenly in the 1980s due to chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by an invasive fungal pathogen, ‘Bd’. However, for Colombian Atelopus, the lack of field sightings could also be due to the toads’ secretive nature, remote habitats, or lack of field surveys. Harlequin toads are hard to find in high Andean forests, and they only come to streams to reproduce. Colombia has been wracked by civil war, and field surveys were simply not possible until recently. Recent re-discoveries of Atelopus in and Ecuador give us hope, but we should move fast. Because animals shed DNA, we can detect the presence of any vertebrate, from trout to bears, and hopefully toads. What is the significance of this project? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for conservation efforts to protect endangered species, specifically the Neotropical harlequin toads. It emphasizes that to implement efficient conservation actions, understanding whether species are still surviving is crucial. The mention of declining frog populations and the necessity for tools to locate them before they vanish illustrates that conservation efforts are essential to tackle issues related to biodiversity decline, which aligns with the broader context of addressing water scarcity impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These results are consistent with those results obtained in the low solids loading cases. Figure 420% High solids validation test. CTec2 loaded at 40 mg/g biomass. CTec2 + E1 loaded at 4 mg/g biomass E1 and 36 mg/g CTec2. Full size imageTechno-economic analysisMinimum ethanol selling price (MESP) values were estimated using our results from the initial high temperature hold experiment (Figure 2). These MESP results are summarized in Table 1. The MESP decreased steadily as the enzymatic hydrolysis time was increased; a result we feel is mainly due to an increasing yield of monomer glucose. Experimental data were taken every day to verify enzymatic hydrolysis yield, or monomer glucose yield. Initially, the CelA mix showed a lower initial yield compared to CTec2 (4 d) alone; however, starting at day 4, we see an improvement in the yield results. We have included a hypothetical comparison with CTec2 showing the effect of starting the digestion at the same time as the pre-digestion with CTec2 (5 d), which assumes an instant cooling scenario, where the CTec2 enzyme can be added immediately. We can see from these studies that there is a benefit of 14 to 18 cents per gallon of ethanol produced from utilizing the high temperature hold step for the best case of the CelA-containing mix compared to the CTec2 digestions, depending upon whether or not there is a 24-h delay in starting the CTec2 digestion as the biomass cools. Table 1 Minimum ethanol selling price Full size tableConclusionsA high temperature hold step utilizing thermophilic or hyperthermophilic enzymes shows promise in a biomass conversion process where gradual cooling (dilution/neutralization cooling only or air cooling) of biomass is utilized. We observe approximately 10 to 15% improvements in conversion at given time points compared to CTec2 digestion alone in these specific cases. In a process scenario where biomass cooling is rapid, such as when active cooling is utilized, the gains are less impressive, perhaps a 5% improvement at best. However, endpoint conversions are still typically a few percent higher compared to the mesophilic CTec2 cocktail alone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experiments related to ethanol production and the effects of temperature and enzyme mixtures on biomass conversion. It does not mention bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels, and thus does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: 14459/fig-3 To determine whether the overall GM composition after exercise interventions under different diets varied, we examined the β-diversity measures. As shown in Fig. 4, PCoA plots based on weighted UniFrac algorithm distance showed that, for mice fed an LFD, the GM communities in the LFDex group were significantly separated from those in the LFD group on the PC1 axis at GD 19, indicating that the structure of the GM was altered in term pregnancy after exercise intervention during pregnancy. For mice fed an HFD, although the GM structure in term pregnancy was generally segregated from that in the HFDex, there was still some aggregation, and the dispersion in the GM between these groups was not as high as that between mice in the LFD and LFDex groups. These results suggest that, although exercise intervention could change the structure of the GM to some extent during pregnancy in mice fed an HFD, the degree of change in the GM structure was not as marked as that in mice fed an LFD. For mice intervened with exercise on differnet diets, the GM structure in term pregnancy was generally segregated in the LFDex vs. the HFDex group. These results suggest that the response of exercise intervention to differnet diets may be different. Figure 4: The beta-diversity on weighted UniFrac of gut microbiota composition was assessed by principal coordinates analysis. LFD, low-fat diet; LFDex, low-fat diet plus exercise; HFD, high-fat diet; HFDex, high-fat diet plus exercise. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/fig-4 Next, we performed LEfSe analysis to identify individual GM taxa that differed between sedentary and exercised mice fed different diets. This analysis (LDA score 4. 0) revealed that for mice fed an LFD, p_Desulfobacterota, c_Desulfovibrionia, o_Desulfovibrionales, f_Desulfovibrionaceae and g_Desulfovibrio were markedly decreased after exercise intervention in the LFDex group as compared to the LFD group. In addition, we observed a marked decrease in c_Coriobacteriia, o_Coriobacteriales, and f_Eggerthellaceae in the LFDex group than in the LFD group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different diets, specifically low-fat diet (LFD) and high-fat diet (HFD), affect the gut microbiota (GM) composition in mice after exercise interventions. It states that 'the GM structure was altered' and elaborates that exercise intervention leads to a significant separation of GM communities in mice fed an LFD compared to those on an HFD, which suggests that diet can indeed influence gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity can be entirely solved without conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: (3) Sequencing eDNA of all vertebrate animals present in water samples (including invasive fishes that prey on amphibians) will allow me to compare the 1000’s of eDNA sequences with public databases (and our lab’s new sequences of Atelopus) to determine which species of Atelopus and other animals are present at each site. Endorsed byAs coordinator of the Initiative, I proudly endorse this groundbreaking project to conserve Harlequin Toads, the jewels of the creeks and forests of the Neotropics. By leveraging advanced eDNA technology, this initiative offers an accurate method that can revolutionize conservation strategies, benefiting not only the toads but also broader biodiversity efforts. Join Daniel, Andrew and the ASI in our mission to rediscover lost species and safeguard the future of these highly threatened amphibians and their vital ecosystems! outstanding project comes from a well-known group of herpetologists working to understand the conservation status and distribution of a critically imperiled group of animals. I strongly recommend this project and will be thrilled to contribute to their efforts that will help build capacity in to save the incredible harlequin frogs. Their connections with the Initiative will ensure that this project's impact will help advance goals for the whole region. and work was started in November 2022 and continues through September 2023. Each trip lasts ≥4 days per locality where Atelopus species have been reported. We have conducted field trips in and Tolima. After 4 field trips, we will send the filters to a specialized eDNA laboratory in Germany for processing. This will result in a species list of all vertebrates leaving DNA in our streams, including Atelopus. Data analysis and writing will run from October 2023 to January 2024Jul 28, 2023Project launchedJul 28, 2023Social media campaignAug 16, 2023Project LaunchedAug 29, 2023Travel to Choachí where A. lozanoi has been recordedSep 08, 2023Travel to Sibaté where A. subornatus has been recordedShow more eventsSep 13, 2023Post pictures from field trips in this platformSep 18, 2023Travel to Risaralda where A. quimbaya has been reportedSep 26, 2023Post a lab note with our findings thus farSep 27, 2023Travel to Santander where A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text highlights a conservation initiative focused on the Harlequin Toads and biodiversity, which implies that conservation efforts are essential to address ecological issues related to water bodies. The mention of leveraging eDNA technology for conservation indicates a recognition that interventions, such as conservation, are necessary for preserving ecosystems and species, thereby contrasting the claim that water scarcity can be solved without such efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This may be in part due to possible synergistic mechanisms between the novel mechanism of the CelA-based cocktail, which creates cavities within the biomass, and the more conventional surface ablation hydrolysis model displayed by fungal enzymes [7]. However, the E1-only cocktail demonstrates almost an identical improvement, and the mechanism of E1, an endoglucanase, is likely to be primarily increasing the number of reducing ends available for the cellobiohydrolases in subsequent fungal cocktail digestion. We suggest that these enzymes exhibit different modes of synergy with the commercial fungal enzyme cocktail. Our proposed high temperature hold process may be in some ways compared to the industrial application of thermophilic α-amylases utilized in the modern dry grind process for corn starch-derived ethanol. In that process, addition of hyperthermophilic α-amylases (Takatherm®) to the corn mash immediately following cooking in the hydroheaters has dramatically improved conversion rates for soluble sugar production. However, given the major differences between the two feedstocks, especially that of the insolubility of lignocellulose, we expect less dramatic improvements for our process compared to starch liquefaction and conversion. We have determined that low loadings of the high temperature cellulose cocktails can provide better improvements in both rates of digestion and final glucan conversion extents compared to CTec2 alone. The proposed improvements from this study have been validated for both low solids conditions and at endpoint conversion conditions for high solids. Techno-economic analysis using our results suggests that a significant savings is achievable due to the reduced processing times and improved extents of conversion. If the results can be validated on a large scale, they should provide a roadmap to improved conversion yields and reduced processing times for current biomass saccharification schemes, and will be drop-in compatible with existing plant configurations. Materials and methodsBiomass for high and low solids digestionsPretreated biomass was obtained from the 2012 state of technology production run in the (IBRF) pilot plant. Briefly, Pioneer 33B51 tub ground corn stover was received in 2003 from Wray, CO (Kramer Farm) and was further knife milled (Systems) through a ¾-inch rejection screen in the. Corn stover deacetylation and sulfuric acid impregnation was performed in the 1900-L (DI) tank (). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels. It discusses enzyme synergy and conversion rates in biomass processing, but does not provide evidence or relevant information specifically about the design of bioengineered yeast for biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: However, we found that c_Actinobacteria, o_Bifidobacteriales, f_Bifidobacteriaceae, g_Bifidobacterium, and s_Bifidobacterium pseudolongum were significantly increased after exercise intervention in the LFDex group as compared to that in the LFD group (Figs. 5A and 5B). For mice fed an HFD, when the LDA score was set to 4. 0, no significant differences were found in the GM in late pregnancy. Thus, LDA scores of 3. 0 were set to identify individual GM taxa that differed between the HFD and HFDex groups. LEfSe analysis revealed that o_Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales and f_Peptostreptococcaceae were decreased in the HFDex group as compared to the HFD group. In contrast, s_Bacteroides_dorei was more abundant in the HFDex group after exercise intervention than in the HFD group (Figs. 5C and 5D). For mice intervened with exercise on differnet diets, the LEfSe analysis revealed that p_Desulfobacterota, c_Desulfovibrionia, o_Desulfovibrionales, f_Desulfovibrionaceae and g_Desulfovibrio were markedly decreased in the LFDex group as compared to the HFDex group (Figs. 6A and 6B), similar to the results in the LFDex group vs. the LFD group. The top six dominant phyla in the mice were p_Firmicutes, p_Bacteroidota, p_Desulfobacterota, p_Actinobacteriota, p_Proteobacteria, p_Verrucomicrobiota (Fig. 7). Figure 5: The impact of exercise on gut microbiota composition of mice fed on different diets. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) plotted with threshold for LDA score 4. 0 (A and B) showed significant structural difference between the LFD and LFDex groups. Blue bar means taxa significantly increased in group LFD and green bar means taxa significantly increased in group LFDex. The LEfSe plot with threshold for LDA score 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the impact of different diets and exercise on the composition of gut microbiota in mice. It specifically mentions the significant increases in certain beneficial bacteria after exercise intervention, implying that dietary changes alongside physical activity can positively influence gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every community has equal access to renewable water technology. [SEP] Text: Topic is part of a series. To view the other sessions, please follow the links below:Day 2022: Importance of and WASH Resilience - was first established in 1993 and has been observed since to celebrate water and its fundamental role in supporting human life. On this particular March 22, 2022, Frontiers in Water has decided to honour Day by fostering discussion on one of the main services that water affords: clean water and sanitation. In 2010, access to water, sanitation, and hygiene – commonly referred to as WASH – was recognised as a human right by the General Assembly. Alongside its implications for global health, WASH is also subject of dedicated targets within the Goal (SDG) 6, which aims to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”, mostly by 2030. Yet, seven years after the SDG 6 was first established in 2015, over 2 billion people globally remain unable to access safely managed drinking water, while 3. 6 billion people lack safely managed sanitation services, including handWASHing facilities with soap. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is clear how safely managed WASH services and waste management practices are pivotal to the prevention and protection of human health. The dangers to human health that derive from absence of WASH services have severe socio-economic repercussions on the lives of those affected, both directly and indirectly. An individual without access to safely managed drinking water will be driven towards unprotected sources such as surface water or possibly contaminated wells. Sources of water that are located a great distance away from impacted communities disproportionately affect women and girls, who in many instances will be the ones expected to act as water purveyors. Such obstacles increase their risk of exposure to contaminated water and of development of musculoskeletal trauma, as well as exposing them to abuse, sexual assault, or even dangerous wildlife. People with disabilities make up 15% of the global population, but many have less access to water and sanitation facilities at home than people without disabilities. This population are less able to independently collect water or use the household latrine and are more likely to come into contact with urine and faeces when doing so. Similarly, lack of improved sanitation forces people to use sub-optimal communal latrines or practice open defecation. Exposed faecal matter can then re-enter the food chain as well as the water cycle, facilitating the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant disparities in access to water and sanitation services globally. It states that over 2 billion people lack safely managed drinking water, showing that not every community has equal access. Furthermore, it mentions that obstacles particularly affect women, girls, and people with disabilities, indicating inequities in access to these essential services.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Dry corn stover was added to the tank along with a dilute sodium hydroxide solution (0. 4 w/w) to deacetylate the material prior to pretreatment. The material was dewatered, neutralized, acid impregnated, and pretreated. The pretreatment conditions utilized were 160°C, 0. 8% (w/w) H2SO4, and 10 min in a large horizontal pretreatment reactor (Mesto Inc. , Norcross, GA) configured for two-tube operation (Pretreatment ID P120927) [13]. The biomass was washed with water by centrifugation until a pH of 5 was observed. The biomass composition was analyzed as previously described and is listed in Table 2[14]. Table 2 Composition analysis of process relevant biomass Full size tableBiomass for high solids digestionsCorn stover biomass was prepared and pretreated as follows: Pioneer maize variety 33A14 whole stover from the in Wray, CO was pretreated in the 200-kg/day continuous, high-solids, pilot-scale horizontal pretreatment reactor system at NREL using 2% sulfuric acid at 158°C with a residence time of 5 min (Pretreatment ID XT110613). Deacetylation of the stover was performed using 0. 1M NaOH at an 8% solids loading at 80°C, and mixed at 15 rpm for 2 h prior to dilute-acid pretreatment. The “washed PCS” was washed with water by centrifugation until a pH of 5 was observed. The washed PCS was air-dried on the bench top with manual mixing in order to achieve up to 20% solids in the final reaction vessel (after the addition of enzyme solutions and buffer). The biomass was analyzed as previously described [14]. EnzymesThe enzyme mixtures utilized for the high temperature hold were selected for their abilities to operate at high temperature regimes, and the hyperthermophilic enzymes and mixtures were selected for their ability to operate at 80°C. For the hyperthermophilic conditions, we utilized mixtures of the following enzymes: the multifunctional (endocellulase, exocellulase, xylanase) CelA was from C. bescii[7]. CelA was supplemented with the endocellulase E1 from A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the pretreatment processes of corn stover biomass and the use of enzymatic treatments without mentioning the role of bioengineered yeast or their ability to produce biofuels from sugars. It provides detailed procedures and conditions related to biomass preparation but does not address the claim regarding yeast and biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: 0 (C and D) showed significant structural difference between the HFD and HFDex groups. Blue bar means taxa significantly increased in group HFD and green bar means taxa significantly increased in group HFDex. LFD, low-fat diet; LFDex, low-fat diet plus exercise; HFD, high-fat diet; HFDex, high-fat diet plus exercise. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/fig-5 Figure 6: The impact of exercise on gut microbiota composition of mice fed on different diets. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) plotted with threshold for LDA score 4. 0 (A and B) showed significant structural difference between the LFDex and HFDex groups. Blue bar means taxa significantly increased in group HFDex. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/fig-6 Figure 7: Phylum-(A) and Genus -level (B) top ten classifications in the colon contents of pregnant mice among groups. LFD, low-fat diet; LFDex, low-fat diet plus exercise; HFD, high-fat diet; HFDex, high-fat diet plus exercise. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/fig-7 is now widely accepted as an effective lifestyle factor that can regulate the composition of the GM, maintain its homeostasis, and thus promote the health of the body (Motiani et al. , 2020). A previous study (Huang et al. , 2016) pointed out that rodents have a congenital swimming ability and that their swimming exercise capacity can be affected by different swimming activity intensities. In this study, swimming for 10 min a day was a very low-intensity exercise that was tolerable for mice and that could be considered as a mimic for exercise during pregnancy. In this study, mice fed an LFD, after 10 min of daily swimming exercise during pregnancy, showed no statistically significant difference in food intake and weight gain during pregnancy as compared to their sedentary counterparts, although these showed a slight increase in food intake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of different diets and exercise on the composition of gut microbiota (GM) in mice. It specifically mentions that exercise is now widely accepted as an effective lifestyle factor that can regulate the composition of GM, maintain its homeostasis, and thus promote health, which supports the idea that certain diets, in combination with exercise, can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every community has equal access to renewable water technology. [SEP] Text: Compromised health and increased time and energy expenditure derived from lack of WASH facilities prevent a large proportion of the population from finding employment, particularly women and girls. Women and girls often provide informal care for family members who need support with WASH, including people with disabilities and older adults. Many do so without guidance about how to provide care hygienically and with dignity. Further, the education of children with no access to WASH may be inhibited due to illness or the time burden resulting from extended trips to water sources. Malnutrition and its consequences, such as stunting, will also affect children with no access to WASH, as chronic diarrhoeal diseases impair absorption of nutrients in food. To promote equal access opportunities to WASH for all, appropriate systems need to be put in place, starting from well-resourced institutions delivering services and altering conducts in a constructive manner. Topic seeks to inform academics, practitioners, decision-makers, and policies about the multiple ways in which inequalities in the access to WASH can affect adversely human health and lives. On this Day 2022, Frontiers in Water is launching a aimed at exploration of the following themes:• Challenges to the achievement of WASH, with special attention to populations that are at risk of exclusion from WASH services, including women and girls, people with disabilities, and older adults;• WASH as a pathway to gender equality, disability inclusion, and empowerment of women and girls and people with disabilities;• Water and sanitation services as a means of providing economic opportunities, particularly for women;• WASH and its role in securing education;• Climate-resilient WASH;• WASH and the Global South; and,• WASH and inclusive governance. Topic is part of a series. To view the other sessions, please follow the links below:Day 2022: Importance of and WASH Resilience - was first established in 1993 and has been observed since to celebrate water and its fundamental role in supporting human life. On this particular March 22, 2022, Frontiers in Water has decided to honour Day by fostering discussion on one of the main services that water affords: clean water and sanitation. In 2010, access to water, sanitation, and hygiene – commonly referred to as WASH – was recognised as a human right by the General Assembly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the inequalities in access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities, which suggests that not every community has equal access to essential water services. It illustrates how compromised health and the burden of care due to inadequate WASH facilities prevent segments of the population, particularly women and girls, from equal opportunities. The narrative emphasizes the need for better systems and services to promote equality in access to WASH, indicating existing disparities contrary to the notion of equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cellulolyticus[8], and the β-D-glucosidase from T. maritima was obtained from Ireland (Bray, Ireland). We also utilized a CelA-enriched fraction of culture broth from cellulose-grown C. bescii, which is composed primarily of CelA, for some experiments. These enzyme mixtures were then supplemented with twice desalted Cellic® CTec2 from Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) after the initial 24-h high temperature hold step. Details of each mixture are included in each figure. Time course saccharification - low solidsStepwise saccharifications at about 2% solids loading were performed in a 1. 5-mL volume in two steps: 1) high temperature (80°C) digestion using a mixture of thermophilic enzymes and 2) a lower temperature digestion (50°C) using the enzyme cocktail Cellic® CTec2. All enzyme loadings were loaded on a mass basis, that is, milligrams of enzyme per gram of biomass, with a final total loading of 20 mg/g. Samples were taken generally at 24-h intervals, and the enzymes were inactivated by boiling for 15 min. Samples were filtered through 0. 45 μm Acrodisc syringe filters and analyzed for glucose, and cellobiose by HPLC. Samples of 20 μL were injected onto an Agilent 1100 HPLC system equipped with a -87H 300 mm × 7. 8 mm column heated to 55°C. A constant flow of 0. 6 mL/min was used with 0. 1M H2SO4 in water as the mobile phase to give optimal sugar separation. Glucose, xylose, and cellobiose were quantified against independent standard curves. All experiments were performed in triplicate, and the resulting extents of conversion are shown as a percentage of maximum theoretical glucan converted. Measurements were standardized to a maximum conversion of 100%, and thus, the results between Figures 1 and 2 should not be compared directly. We have also performed a one-tailed homoscedastic t-test on all data and reported the results as relevant in the paper. High solids endpoint saccharificationThe initial high solids experiment was an endpoint saccharification performed in two steps: 1) high temperature digestion using purified endocellulase E1 from A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and its potential for producing biofuels from sugars. The content focuses on enzyme mixtures and saccharification processes without addressing yeast or biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: For mice fed an LFD, although there were some differences in the structure of the GM during late pregnancy between the LFD and LFDex groups, the diversity was not significantly altered by exercise in mice, which is consistent with the findings of a previous study (et al. , 2018). The abundance of p_Actinobacteriota in the GM of mice in the LFDex group increased significantly, whereas the abundance of both p_Firmicutes and p_Bacteroidota decreased, and the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota increased. A previous study showed that exercise increased the abundance of p_Bacteroidota in the intestine, thus decreasing the ratio in non-pregnant mice (Mika et al. , 2015). Previous researchers found that exercise-induced alterations in the GM could improve glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity (Liu et al. , 2020). For mice fed HFD, the abundance of p_Bacteroidota and p_Actinobacteriota in the GM increased in late pregnancy, while the p_Firmicutes decreased and the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota decreased. Our results are supported by those of previous studies (et al. , 2018; Chung et al. , 2019). A previous study showed that HFD increased gut microbiota diversity and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), causing an increase in energy metabolism (Wang et al. , 2020), which was not consistent with our results that the Chao1 and Simpson indices did not altered in mice fed on HFD after swimming intervention. Analysis of LEfSe revealed that the abundance of Desulfovibrio spp. (phylum to genus level) and Eggerthellaceae spp. (class to family level) in the GM during late pregnancy decreased significantly after exercise intervention, whereas the abundance of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum (class to species level) among f_Actinobacteriota increased significantly in the LFDex group as compared to the LFD group. Bifidobacteria are important beneficial bacteria in the GM that are involved in sugar metabolism by breaking down complex carbohydrates (Turroni et al. , 2018). Their relative abundance in the GM decreases with increasing age of the organism (Mueller et al. , 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how different diets, specifically LFD (Low-Fat Diet) and HFD (High-Fat Diet), impact the diversity of gut microbiota in mice. It highlights that 'HFD increased gut microbiota diversity and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)' which aligns with the idea that diets can have a positive effect on gut microbiota diversity. Although the results varied under different interventions, the mention of increased diversity in HFD indicates that dietary factors play a crucial role in influencing gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every community has equal access to renewable water technology. [SEP] Text: Alongside its implications for global health, WASH is also subject of dedicated targets within the Goal (SDG) 6, which aims to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”, mostly by 2030. Yet, seven years after the SDG 6 was first established in 2015, over 2 billion people globally remain unable to access safely managed drinking water, while 3. 6 billion people lack safely managed sanitation services, including handWASHing facilities with soap. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is clear how safely managed WASH services and waste management practices are pivotal to the prevention and protection of human health. The dangers to human health that derive from absence of WASH services have severe socio-economic repercussions on the lives of those affected, both directly and indirectly. An individual without access to safely managed drinking water will be driven towards unprotected sources such as surface water or possibly contaminated wells. Sources of water that are located a great distance away from impacted communities disproportionately affect women and girls, who in many instances will be the ones expected to act as water purveyors. Such obstacles increase their risk of exposure to contaminated water and of development of musculoskeletal trauma, as well as exposing them to abuse, sexual assault, or even dangerous wildlife. People with disabilities make up 15% of the global population, but many have less access to water and sanitation facilities at home than people without disabilities. This population are less able to independently collect water or use the household latrine and are more likely to come into contact with urine and faeces when doing so. Similarly, lack of improved sanitation forces people to use sub-optimal communal latrines or practice open defecation. Exposed faecal matter can then re-enter the food chain as well as the water cycle, facilitating the spread of infectious diseases. Compromised health and increased time and energy expenditure derived from lack of WASH facilities prevent a large proportion of the population from finding employment, particularly women and girls. Women and girls often provide informal care for family members who need support with WASH, including people with disabilities and older adults. Many do so without guidance about how to provide care hygienically and with dignity. Further, the education of children with no access to WASH may be inhibited due to illness or the time burden resulting from extended trips to water sources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the inequitable access to safe drinking water, with over 2 billion people globally lacking access to managed drinking water and 3.6 billion lacking proper sanitation services. It emphasizes social disparities in access, particularly for women, girls, and people with disabilities, who experience further barriers to accessing water technology. This suggests that not every community has equal access, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cellulolyticus followed by 2) a lower temperature digestion using the enzyme cocktail, Cellic® CTec2. Two-step saccharifications were performed on washed PCS (XT110613-Kramer 33A14, Table 2). Digestions were carried out in 20-mL glass scintillation vials loaded to an equal final weight of 3. 2 g biomass to maintain similar mixing characteristics. Biomass was dispensed by hand and weighed to the nearest 0. 001 g. Digestions of PCS were carried out on 20% solids in a two-step format. In step 1, four mg/g glucan of purified E1 was added to the samples and incubated with shaking (100 rpm) at 70°C for 24 h. After 24 h, the temperature was lowered to 45°C for 2 h to allow the sample temperature to equilibrate. In step 2, following equilibration at 45°C, CTec2 was added to a final enzyme concentration of 40 mg/g glucan and incubated for 96 h, with shaking (100 rpm) at 40°C. Endpoint samples were taken at 120 h and frozen at -20°C to stop the hydrolysis until all incubations were complete. The samples were then boiled for 10 min to denature the enzymes and diluted to 12. 0 mL with Nanopure H2O and filtered through 0. 45 μm nylon Acrodiscs. Carbohydrate quantification was performed for five monomeric sugars (glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, and fructose), cellobiose, and “total oligomeric carbohydrates” using an Agilent 1100 HPLC system with a Shodex sugar SP0810 analytical column with refractive index detection. The calibration curves had eight points with a range of 0. 04 to 35 g/L with a validation sample at 1. 5 g/L. All components were present in the calibration standards at equal levels except for the “total oligomeric carbohydrates,” which were estimated by applying the response factor for cellobiose to all peak areas that eluted prior to glucose and includes cellobiose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a specific experiment and procedures for carbohydrate quantification and biomass digestion without mentioning bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contradiction regarding the claim about bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: A previous study found that the abundance of g_Bifidobacterium in the GM of healthy people who were sedentary was reduced as compared to that in an exercise group (Bressa et al. , 2017), which agreed with our results. Desulfovibrio spp. is a major member of the sulfate-reducing bacteria, which can produce endogenous hydrogen sulfide, thereby damaging intestinal epithelial cells, and is a class of conditionally pathogenic bacteria. The abundance of Desulfovibrio spp. has been shown to be significantly increased in the intestines of patients with allergic purpura and children with autism (Finegold, 2011). Eggerthellaceae spp. may be associated with allergic diseases: a recent study (Aparicio et al. , 2020) found a higher abundance of this family in the GM of infants allergic to milk protein. When the screening value of the LDA score was set to 4, no significant changes were found at species level in the GM of mice fed an HFD in late pregnancy after exercise intervention. However, when the screening value of the LDA score was reduced to 3, the abundance of o_Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales and f_Peptostreptococcaceae decreased and that of s_Bacteroides dorei increased in the late pregnancy GM of mice in the HFDex group as compared to that of the HFD group. Therefore, our results indicate that, for mice on an HFD, exercise during pregnancy also altered the structure of the GM in late pregnancy to some extent; however, the effect was smaller than that in mice fed an LFD. An early study demonstrated that proper exercise during pregnancy can improve the metabolism of pregnant women and prevent a variety of pregnancy complications, such as obesity, with multiple benefits for the mother and newborn (Laker et al. , 2021; Zhou et al. , 2020). Studies have also shown that exercise during pregnancy can reduce the adverse effects of obesity in the mother and newborn (Mourtakos et al. , 2015; Weissgerber et al. , 2006). In the present study, we investigated the effect of exercise during pregnancy on the GM in mice fed various diets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the effects of diet and exercise during pregnancy can alter the structure of the gut microbiota (GM) in mice. It indicates that different dietary conditions (HFD vs. LFD) and exercise can influence the abundance of specific bacterial taxa in the GM, which is relevant to the claim about diets positively influencing the diversity of gut microbiota.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every community has equal access to renewable water technology. [SEP] Text: Malnutrition and its consequences, such as stunting, will also affect children with no access to WASH, as chronic diarrhoeal diseases impair absorption of nutrients in food. To promote equal access opportunities to WASH for all, appropriate systems need to be put in place, starting from well-resourced institutions delivering services and altering conducts in a constructive manner. Topic seeks to inform academics, practitioners, decision-makers, and policies about the multiple ways in which inequalities in the access to WASH can affect adversely human health and lives. On this Day 2022, Frontiers in Water is launching a aimed at exploration of the following themes:• Challenges to the achievement of WASH, with special attention to populations that are at risk of exclusion from WASH services, including women and girls, people with disabilities, and older adults;• WASH as a pathway to gender equality, disability inclusion, and empowerment of women and girls and people with disabilities;• Water and sanitation services as a means of providing economic opportunities, particularly for women;• WASH and its role in securing education;• Climate-resilient WASH;• WASH and the Global South; and,• WASH and inclusive governance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the inequalities in access to WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) services, indicating that certain populations are at risk of exclusion. In particular, it mentions the need for well-resourced institutions to promote equal access opportunities to WASH, which suggests that not all communities have equal access, thereby directly challenging the notion that every community enjoys equal access to these resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Techno-economic analysisProcess economics analysis includes a conceptual level of process design to develop a detailed process flow diagram (based on research data), rigorous materials and energy balance calculations (via commercial simulation tools, Aspen Plus), capital and operational cost estimation (capital expenditures, CAPEX, and operating expenses, OPEX, via an in-house model using spreadsheets), a discounted cash flow economic model, and the calculation of a minimum ethanol selling price (MESP). Rigorous material and energy balance calculations are performed to quantify unit-level cost estimates. For a given set of conversion parameters, material and energy balance and flow rate information are generated using process simulation software (Aspen Plus. Release 7. 2, Inc. , Cambridge MA), assuming a defined feed rate to the biorefinery of 2,205 dry US tons of corn stover per day (2,000 metric tonnes per day). These data are used to size and cost process equipment to calculate capital expense (CAPEX) and to calculate raw material and other operating costs (OPEX). The most recent NREL design report model has been used as the baseline for modeling the variation of enzymatic hydrolysis yields in this study [13]. The integrated process model starts from dilute acid pretreatment at a moderate to high temperature (150 to 190°C) for a short time followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and co-fermentation with recombinant Zymomonas mobilis. Cellulase enzyme made onsite is added to the hydrolysate at an optimized temperature for enzyme activity. The monomeric xylose from the 2012 pilot demonstration reaches over 50 g/L and monomeric glucose reaches 100 g/L after enzymatic hydrolysis [13]. If saccharification and fermentation steps are conducted at different temperatures, a cooling step is required to ensure growth of fermenting organism Zymomonas mobilis at anaerobic conditions. Five days are required to convert most of the cellulose and xylose to the beer liquor with >70 g/L of ethanol which is then sent to recovery and purification, which uses standard adsorption technology. The solids after fermentation are separated and combusted in a fluidized bed combustor to produce high pressure steam for electricity credits and process heat. Detailed techno-economic analysis development can be found in 2012 state of technology report as well as previous NREL design reports [15],[16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a techno-economic analysis related to biofuel production processes, including details about materials balance, process design, and costs. However, it does not specifically mention bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Our results showed that, for mice fed an LFD, exercise during pregnancy did not change the diversity of the GM in GD19 but altered the structure of the GM to some extent, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreasing the abundance of conditionally pathogenic bacteria in the intestines of the mice. For mice fed an HFD, exercise intervention did not alter the diversity of the GM in late pregnancy, but it did alter the abundance of some species in the GM to some extent, improving the structural changes in the GM induced by HFD. Our study revealed that shifts in GM composition by exercise intervention were diet-dependent, contradicting a previous study that showed that most diet- or exercise-induced alterations in GM populations were unrelated (Kang et al. , 2014). Owing to the influence of the traditional Chinese concept of fetal preservation, most pregnant women exercise very little during pregnancy. Based on the results of this experiment, it is recommended that pregnant women perform appropriate exercise during pregnancy, particularly those who have consumed an HFD for a long time. In pregnant women who consume a high-carbohydrate diet, exercise can be appropriately reduced during early pregnancy. The pregnancy success rate of mice in the LFDex group was significantly lower than that of mice in the other groups. This discrepancy may be related to the fact that pregnancy did not succeed after intercourse or that miscarriage occurred in early pregnancy. However, little is known about the specific reasons for this situation. Since both GM and pregnancy are closely related to the immune status of the body, if the immune status is imbalanced, it will cause the individual to be less likely to conceive or to have an early abortion after conception. Therefore, we postulate that exercise intervention during pregnancy might affect pregnancy success by affecting GM and thus organismal immunity in mice fed LFD. No relevant studies on this topic are available, and the reason for the significantly lower pregnancy success in the LFDex group of mice still requires further investigation. Our results indicate that exercise during gestation is likely to benefit people eating an HFD. Therefore, it may be appropriate to increase the proportion of fat in the diet of pregnant women who choose exercise interventions during pregnancy, but specific exercise recommendations warrant further investigation. Our study had some limitations. First, despite the small sample size, the results of this animal experiment were plausible due to the uniformity of genetic strains and interventions, which differed from human experiments. Although the number of cases was small, our investigation showed significant differences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how exercise can alter the structure and composition of the gut microbiota (GM) in mice, with effects being diet-dependent. It indicates that an exercise intervention during pregnancy did not change the diversity but altered the abundance of beneficial bacteria in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and suggested that exercise could significantly alter the microbiota in relation to dietary influences, which supports the notion that certain diets can influence gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: VR can help medical students practice surgeries in a risk-free environment. [SEP] Text: Evidence about some key roles Explore evidence about some key roles in general practice in many other developed countries, nurses are the largest group of clinicians working with doctors in GP practices. there are nearly 17,400 FTE nurses, which is around one nurse for every two GPs. Nurses in general practice have a range of responsibilities which, depending on their training and experience may include: management of long-term conditions such as diabetes and asthma seeing vulnerable groups such as children, and people with mental health problems management of acute minor illness and other more general tasks. Commission (2015) argued that nurses “could take on substantially more care for both acute and chronic conditions”. A 2021 systematic review found that nurses with advanced clinical skills can provide equivalent, and in some cases superior, care to doctors. Authors concluded that advanced nurse practitioners have a positive impact on clinical and service-related outcomes and “offer a promising solution for addressing the rising complexity of and demand of health service users worldwide”. However, it is unclear what level of nursing education leads to the best outcomes when nurses act as a substitute for doctors. The advanced training undertaken by nurses varies and advanced nursing roles in the UK are not subject to additional professional regulation. Nurses’ capacity to prescribe allows them to extend their role. The number of nurses with an Independent/qualification has increased significantly since March 2018, from 39,677 to 59,326. A 2010 study estimated that one in three practices had a nurse or pharmacist prescriber (see below). Given the recent expansion of pharmacy and advanced nursing roles – this proportion is likely to have grown significantly since then. More than 7,000 FTE healthcare assistants are employed in general practice. Healthcare assistants are not professionally qualified and their role varies between practices. Healthcare assistants undertake a range of tasks including: clinical observations including blood pressure, new patient medicals, height and weight measurements and body mass index (BMI) calculations and electrocardiogram (ECG) readings minor procedures such as taking blood samples, removal of stitches, applying simple dressings administration including stock ordering. Since 2015, the Commission (CQC) expects all practices to ensure that newly-recruited healthcare assistants meet standards. These standards outline what health and social care workers need to know and be able to deliver in their daily jobs. They aim to address inconsistencies in training and competencies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the roles and responsibilities of nurses and healthcare assistants in general practice, without mentioning virtual reality (VR) or its application in training medical students for surgeries. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In this work, process conditions and yields are updated only to the enzymatic hydrolysis area while maintaining process modeling of the other areas, to incorporate the higher temperature enzymatic pre-digestion step with hyperthermophilic enzymes coupled to a subsequent conventional saccharification. The MESPs are then calculated based on the experimental data. : capital expenditures IBRF: : minimum ethanol selling price OPEX: operating expenses PCS: pretreated corn stover SHF: sequential hydrolysis and fermentation SSF: simultaneous saccharification and fermentation 545. 10. 1007/s10570-009-9327-81087. 10. 1002/bit. 2437035. 10. 1080/102424208025643587. 10. 1186/1754-6834-1-720. : Comparison of SHF and SSF processes for the bioconversion of steam-exploded wheat straw. J Biotechnol 2000, 25(4):184-192. 10. 1038/sj. jim. 70000541516. 10. 1126/science. 12442731. Biotechnol 1994, 45–46(1):245-256. 10. 1007/BF02941803465. 10. 1099/00221287-144-2-4570660. 10. 1021/bi960443952. 10. 1007/BF00170427422. 10. 1007/s00253-005-0055-12014. , [ A: LAP - Determination of and Lignin in Biomass. 2006:9572. Aden A: to Design and Co- for Corn Stover. Information: PBD: 1 Jun 20022002. 154. p. Medium: ED; Size. Humbird D: and Economics for of to Ethanol: Dilute- of Corn Stover. 2011. Book 8308. Funding for the work was provided by the DOE Office of Office. Author informationAuthors and 15013 Parkway, Golden, 80401, & 15013 Parkway, Golden, 80401, USA& author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 1. Non-Financial: There are no non-financial competing interests. Authors’ contributionsAll authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It discusses process conditions in enzymatic hydrolysis and various modeling aspects without specifically mentioning yeast or biofuel yields.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Second, although the experimental protocols were the same, we could not exclude potential confounding factors because different batches of mice were used. Third, given that the dietary source in LFD and HFD was considerably different, this could also affect gut microbiota compositions, apart from high/low fat composition. quantitative exercise intervention during pregnancy increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreased the abundance of conditionally pathogenic bacteria in the gut of pregnant mice fed an LFD, although the pregnancy success rate was significantly decreased. In mice on an HFD, exercise intervention during pregnancy significantly reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio in pregnant mice, and mice still maintained a high pregnancy success rate after exercise intervention. Our results indicated that exercise during gestation induced changes in maternal GM. These data may have important implications for considering an individual’s overall diet when recommending exercise during pregnancy. Physical characteristics of pregnant mice and macronutrient intake and total energy intake DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/supp-1 Download OTU relative abundance table DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/supp-2 level relative abundance table DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/supp-3 2. 0 Checklist DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/supp-4 level relative abundance table DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/supp-5 GD gestation day GM gut microbiota HFD high-fat diet HFDex high-fat diet plus exercise LDA linear discriminant analysis LEfSe linear discriminant analysis of the effect size LFD low-fat diet LFDex low-fat diet plus exercise principal coordinates analysis would like to thank Editage for English language editing. We also thank Biobank of the Hospital of for sample storage. authors declare there are no competing interests. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 4908. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data are available in the Supplementary Files. study was supported by grants from the of China (No. 81771664). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2020. Microbiological and immunological markers in milk and infant feces for common gastrointestinal disorders: a pilot study. Nutrients 12:634 -’Sullivan O. 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that different dietary sources (such as low-fat diet (LFD) and high-fat diet (HFD)) can affect gut microbiota compositions. It specifically mentions that a low-fat diet combined with exercise during pregnancy increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreased conditionally pathogenic bacteria, suggesting a positive influence on gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: [1] 그러나 아직 까지 항공 산업에 VR 기술이 보편화 되지 않은점, 시뮬레이터 내부에서 작동되는 시뮬레이션 프로그램의 VR 호환성 지원성의 미약으로 VR HMD를 통해 비행 훈련이 진행 된 사례는 아직 드물다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that, despite the existence of VR technology, it has not yet become widespread in the aviation industry. It mentions that there are still few instances of VR-based flight training. This indicates a limitation in the availability of VR-based learning tools in this field.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Biosynthesis of fragrance 2-phenylethanol from sugars by Pseudomonas putida access Published: 02 April 2024 Biosynthesis of fragrance 2-phenylethanol from sugars by Pseudomonas putida Patricia Godoy1, Zulema Udaondo2, Estrella Duque1 & …Juan L. Ramos1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2. The two strains without the pPE-1 plasmid did not produce 2-PE as expected (not shown). We found that the P. putida CM12-5 (pPE-1) and P. putida CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1) produced about 50 ppm 2-PE when glucose was the growth substrate (Fig. 2). However, with xylose, negligible 2-PE accumulated, i. e. , less than 3 ppm was detected in the culture medium (not shown). When glucose and xylose were present simultaneously, a production level of 2-PE similar to that obtained with glucose alone was achieved (Fig. 2). These strains accumulated low amounts of phenylalanine in the culture medium (< 3 ppm) under all growth conditions (not shown), which suggests that almost all phenylalanine produced intracellularly was channeled towards 2-PE production. Fig. 2Production of 2-PE in the presence of glucose (open bars) or mixture of glucose:xylose (closed bars) as the C source. P. putida CM12-5 (pPE-1) and CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1) cells were grown overnight with glucose as the C source. The cultures were then washed and diluted to DO660 of 0. 1 diluted in fresh medium with glucose (0. 5% w/v) or glucose:xylose (0. 375% w/v:0. 125% w/v) as the C source, and 2-PE production was measured after 24 h incubation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast or its potential to produce biofuels. Instead, it discusses the biosynthesis of 2-phenylethanol from sugars by a type of bacteria (Pseudomonas putida), which is unrelated to yeast or biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Association of physical performance and biochemical profile of mice with intrinsic endurance swimming. of 13:892-901. 2014. Diet and exercise orthogonally alter the gut microbiome and reveal independent associations with anxiety and cognition. 9:36. 2012. Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy. Cell 150:470-480. 2021. Exercise during pregnancy mitigates negative effects of parental obesity on metabolic function in adult mouse offspring. Journal of 130:605-616. 2020. Gut microbiome fermentation determines the efficacy of exercise for diabetes prevention. 31:77-91 e75 Magoc T, Salzberg SL. 2011. FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. Bioinformatics 27:2957-2963. 2019. Role of the intestinal microbiome in autoimmune diseases and its use in treatments. 339:50-58. 2015. Exercise is more effective at altering gut microbial composition and producing stable changes in lean mass in juvenile versus adult male F344 rats. 10(5):e0125889 Mojsak P, Rey-. 2020. The role of gut microbiota (GM) and GM-related metabolites in diabetes and obesity. A review of analytical methods used to measure GM-related metabolites in fecal samples with a focus on metabolites’ derivatization step. Journal of Pharmaceutical and 191:113617. 2021. Metagenomics analysis of gut microbiota in response to diet intervention and gestational diabetes in overweight and obese women: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Gut 70:309-318. 2017. Exercise modifies the gut microbiota with positive health effects. 2017:3831972. 2020. Exercise training modulates gut microbiota profile and improves endotoxemia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 52:94-104. 2015. Maternal lifestyle characteristics during pregnancy, and the risk of obesity in the offspring: a study of 5, 125 children. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 15:66. 2006. Differences in fecal microbiota in different European study populations in relation to age, gender, and country: a cross-sectional study. Applied and 72:1027-1033. 2017. Community characteristics of the gut microbiomes of competitive cyclists. Microbiome 5:98. 2018. Bifidobacteria and the infant gut: an example of co-evolution and natural selection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and evidence indicating the impact of diet on gut microbiota composition. For instance, the mention of 'metagenomics analysis of gut microbiota in response to diet intervention' suggests that dietary changes can alter gut microbiota, thus supporting the claim that certain diets can positively influence its diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: For non-experienced participants, the most reported change was the transition in their understanding of game design and development. According to P2, “To my understanding, game making was once simply equal to coding and software programming. . . For the first time, it made me aware that how much physical components can actually lend to game creation. (For example? ) am making a rogue game, and I can tweak the parameters of each virtual item at each level in a very detailed and complicated way, but still it’s totally different. . . It can’t compare to the real feeling that physical objects brings about. ” The same insight was shared and reinforced by the feedback from the experienced participants. When compared the proposed technology stack with their previous tools, e. g. Unity, Processing etc. , a significant portion of participants considered that the introduction of RFID and geographical positioning adds to the overall interactability as well as an enriched spatial experience, making them start to “think outside the screen”. Or as P11 put it, “My research topic is about VR interactive narratives. Many current VR interactive films still heavily rely on or just simply transplant the conventional screen-based interaction into VR, like popping up a menu and asking the audience to pause and make a choice at certain point. VR turned out to be no more than just a gimmick-like thing. The use of RFID makes it possible to rely on more natural and meaningful user interactions, instead of asking users to learn and follow an interaction guide or explicitly perform something. ” There surely were some negative feedback about the use of the prototype tools, which also directs us to our last question: What further improvement would you like to propose for the current technology stack? We have received some specific feedback regarding the development tools of the proposed technology stack, explicitly, the comprehensibility of programming interface (7 participants). For example, as bare RFID tags are utilized as part of the programming interface, the participants complained that it was difficult to distinguish between multiple tags; also, there was no visible indicator in current interface for showing the read range of the RFID reader, resulting in repetitive tests and extra efforts for users to try out and adjust by themselves. Therefore, a more distinguishable RFID interface was considered as a must by 3 participants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how some participants found that virtual reality (VR) technology, although beneficial in certain aspects, does not provide the real experiences that physical objects do. A participant noted that VR is 'no more than just a gimmick-like thing' and highlighted that many current VR applications still rely heavily on traditional screen interactions, suggesting that VR has limitations that prevent it from fully replacing traditional education methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The figure shows the average of three independent assaysFull size imageSince xylose is metabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), it is likely that phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) levels in CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) are limiting the operation of the shikimate pathway (Fig. 1), which is critical for production of l-phenylalanine and its subsequent channeling towards 2-PE. Effect of the addition of the Ehrlich pathway and shikimate pathway intermediates on 2-PE productionTo determine if the limiting factor in the process was related to the production of the primary substrate, l-phenylalanine (l-Phe), or pathway intermediates, i. e. , phenyl acetaldehyde (PA) and phenylpyruvate (PP), we carried out resting cells assays in which 1 mM l-Phe (165 ppm), 1 mM PA (120 ppm) or 1 mM PP (186 ppm) were added to cultures of CM12-5 (pPE-1) and CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1), in a medium with glucose or with xylose as the C source. Figure 3 shows that, regardless of the C source used (glucose or xylose), 2-PE production reached concentrations of about 100–120 ppm 2-PE in both strains, increases that represent production about 200% higher than those obtained in the absence of Ehrlich pathway intermediates. Therefore, the transformation of l-Phe into 2-PE through the Ehrlich pathway was not compromised. This suggests that the initial amount of l-Phe in the cells is the main limiting factor in the production of 2-PE. Fig. 3Production of 2-PE by resting cells in the presence of Ehrlich pathway intermediates: l-phenylalanine (l-Phe), phenylacetaldehyde (PA) or phenylpyruvate (PP). CM12-5 (pPE-1) (blue bars) and CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1) (red bars) cells were grown in the presence of glucose as the C source until reaching a DO660 of 1, the cultures were then washed and concentrated in 1xM9 + 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the design of bioengineered yeast for high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the production of 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and the metabolic pathways involved but does not provide information about the potential for bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels or yield comparisons from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: The relative expression of genes related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was analyzed according to the Log2 fold change from the transcriptome data (SRA accession number: PRJNA897748). Differentially expressed genes identified for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were clustered in a hierarchical clustering heatmap using R software (v3. 1. 0; R Core Team, 2014). of sequencing data In the present study, a total of 780,620 sequences were acquired from six gut samples from each group of mandarin fish fed with NF and AF. After applying quality filtering, 731,660 clean sequences (ranging from 87,624 to 194,875) were classified as OTUs (Table S2), with a mean length of 416 bp for the high-quality processed sequences (Fig. S1). The rarefaction curves of the observed OTUs suggest that there is sufficient sequence data to obtain reliable and unbiased assessments of microbial species richness. Alpha diversity and richness Alpha diversity indices, including Chao1, Simpson, Shannon, Pielou-e, Observed OTUs, and Faith’s pd, were measured to evaluate the diversity and richness of the microbiota in the faeces of mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diet. The identification of microbial phylotypes in all gut samples was robust, as indicated by high Good’s coverage estimator values ranging from 98% to 99% (Fig. 1). No significant differences were found between the treatments for Simpson and Pielou-e (Fig. 1; P > 0. 05). The AF group had significantly lower values for Chao1, Shannon, observed OTUs, and Faith’s pd index than the NF group in mandarin fish (Fig. 1; P < 0. 05). Figure 1: The alpha-diversity of gut microbial community in mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diets. NF, natural feeds; AF, artificial feeds. The asterisk (*) at the top of figures indicates significant differences between the two groups (P < 0. 05). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-1 Beta diversity of gut microbial communities The rank abundance curve, which shows the distribution of OTU abundance in each sample by ranking the values. The results of the rank abundance curve showed that the NF group had higher abundance than the AF group (Fig. 2A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that different diets (NF and AF) influence the diversity of gut microbiota. It specifically mentions that the AF group had significantly lower values for diversity indices (Chao1, Shannon, observed OTUs, and Faith’s pd) compared to the NF group, indicating that the natural feed diet (NF) positively influences the diversity of gut microbiota in mandarin fish.