Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many language learners use apps to supplement formal study. [SEP] Text: Table 5 Students’ perceptions about sending information messagesFull size tableThe data revealed that more than half the participants in all three groups found these new approaches appealing and appreciated their convenience for learning words. The score of the first item in the Baicizhan group was particularly higher than those of the other groups. As one student in the Baicizhan group put it, “I was so happy when I was informed about using Baicizhan in this course, it was such a novelty to me. ” A student in the WeChat group shared, “Things were changed and it was convenient when learning words directly happened on WeChat, and everything you needed to do was just a click and…” Most students mentioned interests and convenience. What students stated most was the helpfulness of these approaches. From the information collected, only a very small number of students (about 14%) did not make positive remarks. As one student in the QQ group wrote, “I was not content about learning words on this kind of social media like QQ, but it really helped me particularly in learning regularity. ” A student in the Baicizhan group stated, “I was not good at memorizing words until I realized the images of the words in Baicizhan impressed me and this made my memorization easier. ”Although participants showed a positive attitude about using QQ, WeChat, and Baicizhan for vocabulary learning, we received complaints as well. Due to the other messages they received when using QQ and WeChat, the participants were constantly interrupted, which might cause lower learning effects. As one student in the WeChat group said, “There were always messages from my other groups and some are urgent that I needed to check at once in case I missed it. This annoys me…” There was also some dissatisfaction about the group note in WeChat: “I do hope that I had completed the group note after I finished words learning, but I just could not remember it…” Several students mentioned that they did not want use QQ, “I am an app learning supporter, but we rarely use QQ now, it is an app for teenagers. ” This message may support the low mean scores in the QQ group compared with the WeChat group. The analysis of the written date indicated that most students in the three groups had a positive attitude toward the experiment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing students' positive perceptions of various apps, such as Baicizhan and WeChat, for learning vocabulary. Students expressed that these apps were helpful and convenient for their learning, emphasizing the role of technology in supplementing their formal studies. For example, the statement, 'I was so happy when I was informed about using Baicizhan in this course,' illustrates students' enthusiasm towards using an app to enhance their language learning experience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: С учетом последствий процентной политики ФРС США и зависимости Сальвадора от поставок наличных долларов в страну использование биткойна стало антикризисной мерой, направленной на снижение зависимости от доллара. Для анализа препятствий к использованию криптовалюты как средства платежа в России, обратимся к результатам исследований. В работе [1] выявлены проблемы использования биткойна в Сальвадоре. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific case of El Salvador, where Bitcoin is used as a measure to reduce dependence on the dollar, suggesting that the use of cryptocurrencies as a payment method is not universally accepted and highlighting issues that arise with Bitcoin's use in the country.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: First, typically, there is a separation between types of tasks, with phase 1 signal detection or gap detection tasks associated with one set of factors (audtacTHR, visFF, audGD, tacGD) and phase 2 and phase 3 temporal order and temporal-masking closed-set identification tasks associated with another set of factors (audTOTM, tacTOTM, visTOTM, audtacvisTOloc). Second, within a sensory system, there were strong associations between the various temporal order and temporal-masking measures from phases 2 and 3 (audTOTM, tacTOTM, visTOTM). Third, only two of the eight factors are cross-sensory factors (audtacTHR and audtacvisTOloc). For the five dependent measures entering into the audtacTHR factor, the correlations (Spearman rho) among the three auditory dependent measures (hearing thresholds at 500, 1400, and 4000 Hz) ranged from. 55 to. 70; between the two tactile vibratory thresholds (30 and 250 Hz), the correlation was. 62; and for the six cross-sensory correlations, the values ranged from. 37 to. 55, with the highest cross-sensory correlation (. 55) being between the hearing threshold at 4000 Hz and the tactile threshold at 250 Hz. For the three temporal order location measures, the correlations (Spearman rho) among these measures ranged from. 41 to. 59. It is noteworthy that when the auditory, visual, and tactile two-item sequences remained the same but the task was changed from identification of the sequence of stimuli (vowels, patterns, letters) to the sequence of locations (right, left), the cross-sensory correlations increased to the extent that a separate audtacvisTOloc factor emerged for the location task. As was noted previously, the location order task is the classic implementation of temporal order judgments (e. g. , Fraisse, 1984; James, 1890), and the identification of “where” appears to be a task that is not sensory system specific. An oblique Promax rotation (kappa = 4) was employed to facilitate the foregoing interpretation of the PC factor analysis, and moderate correlations among some of the eight factors were observed. Table 4 presents the matrix of Pearson r correlations among the eight components. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and discusses various sensory tasks and correlations among auditory, tactile, and visual measures. It does not address the concept of selective attention or cognitive processing directly. Therefore, it does not support, rebut, or relate to the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many language learners use apps to supplement formal study. [SEP] Text: However, this study’s findings on the effects of WeChat on vocabulary learning diverge from Li et al. (2021), in which students test scores declines after about three weeks of WeChat-assisted lexical learning (WALL). Similar to the two social media platforms, the vocabulary application Baicizhan also had positive effects on enhancing learners’ vocabulary ability. This supports the research by Li and Hafner (2022) that language learning apps helped users retrieve target words in the form of word-related collocation and provided collocational exercises for revision, ensuring the enhancement of students’ vocabulary. It also echoes Daly’s finding (2022) that language learning apps can increase learners’ vocabulary range and assist with SLA. As a specialized application for vocabulary learning, Baicizhan provides learners with images, videos, and audio recordings from different perspectives to help them understand both the usage and meaning of words efficiently. This is supported by Zhang’s study (2018), in which Baicizhan was applied to enlarge students’ vocabulary, with the results showing that students in the Baicizhan group improved significantly more than the CG in word acquisition. In addition, tools such as images and videos used by Baicizhan assist students in developing more knowledge, having fun experiences, and changing the stereotype of word memorization. Thus, high motivation and positive attitudes can be fostered in the process of language learning, which confirms Yang et al. ’s study (2021) that multiple modalities such as text, visuals, animations, videos, and audio narrations enhanced learners’ learning. Thus, learners have the opportunity to process target words through multiple channels at the same time. Comparison between effects of the three groups on vocabulary learningEffects between the language learning app and the social media platformsThe results of the Tukey post hoc test demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the vocabulary post-test of the students in the three groups (p < 0. 05). This demonstrates that the language learning app is more effective at helping students’ learn vocabulary than social media for a majority of language learners, thanks to its diversified presentation of content, such as picture memory, audio memory, association memory, homophonic memory (Guo & Li, 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how language learning apps, specifically Baicizhan, enhance vocabulary learning. It mentions that apps like Baicizhan provide diverse multimedia resources that facilitate understanding and retention of vocabulary, confirming their role as supplementary tools for learners. The text states that language learning apps can improve vocabulary range and assist with second language acquisition (SLA), which supports the claim that many language learners utilize such apps alongside traditional study methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: Большинство фиатных валют в дополнение к безналичной, электронной, форме имеют и наличную форму, а наличных биткойнов не существует. При этом каждый второй житель Сальвадора не имеет доступа к интернету, а значит, не может использовать биткойн. В работе [5] авторы обращают внимание на проблемы, связанные с контролем криптовалют и проблемами налогообложения, а также на экологические проблемы, обусловленные высоким потреблением электроэнергии. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there are issues with cryptocurrency acceptance, such as the lack of internet access among half of El Salvador's population, which prevents them from using Bitcoin. Additionally, it mentions the problems related to the control and taxation of cryptocurrencies, indicating that they are not universally accepted as legal tender.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Several factors are moderately correlated, with 12 of the 28 component correlations exceeding a value of. 40. In general, the two factors with the weakest cross-component correlations are visTOTM and tacGD. Table 4 Component correlation matrix for the eight principal components resulting from the analysis of the 40 psychophysical measures of sensory processing from the 245 subjects in this studyFull size table Given the foregoing matrix of component correlations, a second-order PC factor analysis was performed on the eight factor scores (Gorsuch, 1983). A stopping criterion of eigenvalue <1. 0 was again employed, and one factor emerged, accounting for 44. 6 % of the variance. The KMO sampling adequacy measure was again good (. 84) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (p <. 001). The communality values for this one-factor solution were moderate (. 29–. 67) for seven of the eight factors but was weak (. 18) for the tacGD factor. This single common factor is interpreted here as a global sensory-processing (SensProc_Global) factor. The component weights for each of the eight first-order factors on this second-order SensProc_Global factor were as follows: (1) audTOTM =. 76, (2) tacTOTM =. 82, (3) audtacTHR =. 72, (4) visFF =. 54, (5) audtacvisTOloc =. 75, (6) visTOTM =. 66, (7) audGD =. 57, and (8) tacGD =. 43. Factor analysis of the cognitive measuresThe 13 standard scales of the WAIS–III, plus the two optional incidental-learning scales, were obtained from all 245 subjects in this study. Five subjects were missing scores for the two incidental-learning scales, and 1 subject was missing a score for the symbol search scale. Given the sparse missing values, rather than employing a complex imputation procedure, the few missing values were simply replaced with the mean value prior to analysis. Raw scores from the WAIS–III scales were analyzed, rather than using standardized or age-normed scores, since this would preserve the anticipated age-related changes in cognition. The 15 WAIS–III scale scores were subjected to a PC factor analysis using an eigenvalue <1 stopping rule. Three factors emerged, accounting for 64. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical analyses related to sensory processing and cognitive measures without addressing the selective focus of attention or its effects on cognitive processing. It provides technical details on factor analysis without making any assertions about attention or cognitive changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many language learners use apps to supplement formal study. [SEP] Text: It is in line with Roohani and Vincheh’s finding (2021), in which three approaches—language learning apps, social media, and traditional classroom instruction—were compared, and the language learning app Phrasal Nerds: was found to be the most effective method of the three. As a specialized vocabulary learning app, Baicizhan provides learners with numerous learning resources that promote learners’ motivation and meet individual learning goals. Participants can choose the materials and plans they prefer. The images, videos, and audios from different perspectives offer learners a novel method which they cannot achieve through paper memorization to visualize the words, enhancing delayed memorization. This finding parallels Cao and Deng’s discovery (2019) and Chen et al. ’s finding (2021). The plan setting in Baicizhan was flexible and changeable, while the instructor fixed and controlled the plans in QQ and WeChat. Students of the two social media groups were only informed of learning when words were sent by the instructor. The overall completion rate and ranking are recorded by the system and revealed on the Baicizhan app, while QQ and WeChat lack this type of function. The monitoring system in Baicizhan is more complete than those of the two social media platforms so that the learners in the social media groups were easily lost in their self-paced learning; because they were unaware of the overall situation of the other group members, their motivation fell. This supports Jamali’s finding (2021) that assessing learners through self and peer grading will help increase autonomy and eventually increase motivation. Although students in both the QQ and WeChat groups were asked to prove they had performed the task every day, by which students in the QQ group had to click and in the WeChat group they had to follow the group note, and most of them fulfilled it on time. However, the specific learning details were unknown to the instructors. In contrast, the students who learned new vocabulary words via Baicizhan will not face this situation because the rate of progress of every word and task was monitored by the instructor. The words the students acquired or misremembered will be recorded by the system and shown directly and openly on the “learning details:” hence, the real process of learning is ensured. The students in the two social media groups were only informed of what they had learned when words were sent by the instructor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness and advantages of language learning apps like Baicizhan and Phrasal Nerds over traditional classroom instruction and social media. It highlights that learners use these specialized apps to enhance their motivation, choose materials, and monitor their progress, reinforcing the idea that many language learners rely on apps to complement their formal study.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: Главными барьерами на пути массового использования криптовалют по результатам исследования являются отсутствие технических знаний о криптовалютах, пробелы в безопасности из-за уязвимости кошельков, большая амплитуда колебаний стоимости криптовалюты и ограниченная ликвидность рынка, возможные действия регулятора по ограничению или запрету использования криптовалют. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by identifying barriers to mass adoption of cryptocurrencies, including regulatory actions that may limit or prohibit their use, which implies that they are not universally accepted as legal tender.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 3 % of the total variance. The KMO sampling adequacy measure was very good (. 87), and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (p <. 001). Communalities ranged from. 43 to. 80, with 20 % falling between. 40 and. 49, 7 % from. 50 to. 59, 40 % between. 60 and. 69, and 33 % above. 70. Anticipating correlations among components, oblique rotation was employed to facilitate the interpretation of the factor structure underlying the cognitive measures. Table 5 displays the component weights from the pattern matrix for the three-factor solution. On the basis of the observed pattern, the first factor was interpreted and labeled as a process factor (process; Salthouse, 2010) and the second as a product factor (product; Salthouse, 2010). In other cognitive ability taxonomies, these might also be labeled as fluid or nonverbal and crystallized or verbal, respectively. The third factor is interpreted as an incidental-learning factor (IncLrn). Component correlational analysis revealed that the process factor was moderately correlated with the product factor (r =. 45) and the IncLrn factor (r =. 43), but there was only a weak correlation between the product and IncLrn factors (r =. 15). Table 5 Pattern matrix showing component weights from three-factor principal-component analysis of the 15 scale scores from the WAIS–III for the 245 adults in this studyFull size table In view of the moderate between-component correlations, a second-order PC analysis with eigenvalue <1 stopping criterion was performed on the three cognitive factor scores. A reasonable single-factor solution emerged with the KMO sampling-adequacy statistic =. 54, a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (p <. 001), communalities of. 46 (IncLrn),. 49 (product), and. 75 (process), and 56. 7 % of the total variance explained. This factor is interpreted as general cognitive processing and is labeled CogProc_Global. The component weights for each of the three cognitive factors on CogProc_Global were. 87 (process),. 70 (product), and. 68 (IncLrn). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and focuses instead on statistical measures and factor analysis related to cognitive abilities, without making any reference to selective attention or changes in cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many language learners use apps to supplement formal study. [SEP] Text: Because the “completion days” and “completion rates” were shown to both the students and instructors openly in this ranking system, learners in the Baicizhan group became motivated. The ranking system created competition as students were motivated to finish the task and even try to be the top ranked. In addition, students were linked together because they were in the same group in this app. This is consistent with Yang et al. ’s finding (2021) that multimodal presentations of information provided by various types of technology promoted collaboration and interaction among students, enhancing motivation to learn the language SRL. The completion rate of the group can be seen not only by the instructors but also by anyone who used Baicizhan. Thus, learners were responsible for themselves and every member in this group started to cooperate. This finding is in parallel with Dindar et al. ’s finding (2020), in which the role of cooperation and competition were valued and proved to be effective at vocabulary learning. It is also supported by Guo et al. ’s finding (2022) that peer scaffolding significantly affects mobile vocabulary learning in terms of the days spent in vocabulary learning and the sum of words participants have learned. Noels et al. ’s study (2000) also found that when learners understand that their achievements benefit others, they will be more positive and motivated to accomplish even more. Effects between the two social media platformsA statistically significant difference also existed between the two social media groups. The data indicate that WeChat is more effective than QQ in assisting learners in vocabulary learning. This echoes Li and Ma’s study (2018) in which usability and playability were considered in the comparative study of QQ and WeChat. The results showed that WeChat provided significantly more support than QQ in its usability and playability. Participants were unwilling to use QQ in their vocabulary instruction in the written data collected by e-mail. The participants indicated that although they were familiar with QQ, this social media platform is now not an option for them as the app appeals more to youngsters and because of the increasing complexity of its functions. This finding is consistent with Zhao’s finding (2018) that QQ pays more attention to individual options and game-based functions to capture young users. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses learners using the Baicizhan app, which motivates them to improve their vocabulary through a ranking system that encourages competition and cooperation. It highlights that technology facilitates language learning and suggests that apps can enhance motivation and learning outcomes. Additionally, the reference to findings from multiple studies supports the idea that language learners are effectively using digital platforms in their learning processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: Общий объем цифровых транзакций составил $64,65 млрд, отправляли или получали цифровые переводы 70,5 % жителей, совершали онлайн-покупки 26,9 % [8]. Препятствием для использования криптовалют выступает отсутствие поддержки со стороны международных финансовых организаций, если страна зависит от них. Всемирный Банк (ВБ) отклонил просьбу правительства Сальвадора помочь внедрить биткойн в качестве законного средства платежа в стране. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the World Bank rejected El Salvador's request for assistance in implementing bitcoin as legal tender, indicating that cryptocurrencies do not have universal acceptance as legal tender worldwide.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Associations of factors scores with ageFigure 2 provides scatterplots of each of the eight factor scores derived from the psychophysical measures of threshold sensitivity and temporal processing, together with the second-order global sensory processing factor (SensProc_Global), as a function of age. About one third of the factor scores show a strong association with age (Pearson r >. 70; tacTOTM, audtacTHR, and SensProc_Global), another one third show little or no association with age (r <. 35; visFF, audGD, and tacGD), and the remaining one third fall somewhere in between (. 55 < r <. 60; audTOTM, audtacvisTOloc, and visTOTM). All of the correlations with age are statistically significant (p <. 001), except for tacGD (r =. 06, p >. 05). Fig. 2Scatterplots of nine factor scores, eight from the first-order analysis of the psychophysical measures of threshold sensitivity and temporal processing in hearing, touch, and vision and one second-order general sensory-processing factor (SensProc_Global, lower right) versus subject age for the 245 adults in this studyFull size image Figure 3 provides a similar set of scatterplots for the three cognitive factors that emerged from the analysis of the WAIS–III and the second-order global cognitive function factor score (CogProc_Global). As was expected (e. g. , Salthouse, 2010), the process factor score declines with age (r = −. 71), whereas the product factor score does not (r = −. 04). The factor score for incidental learning (IncLrn) declines with age (r = −. 45), as does the second-order global cognitive function factor score (r = −. 55). All correlations with age, except that for product, are significant (p <. 001). Fig. 3Scatterplots of four factor scores, three from the first-order analysis of the WAIS–III raw scale scores and one second-order general cognitive-processing factor (CogProc_Global, lower right) versus subject age for the 245 adults in this studyFull size image Given that age is moderately to strongly correlated with SensProc_Global (Fig. 2) and CogProc_Global (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses factors related to age and their associations with cognitive processing scores. However, it does not address the concept of selective attention or its effect on cognitive processing changes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim provided.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many language learners use apps to supplement formal study. [SEP] Text: As the most popular mobile instant messaging app in China (Jia & Hew, 2019), WeChat is much simpler than QQ and its functions are more practical. This was also found in Huang and Hew’s study (2022) in which the Applet, or the WeProgram in WeChat, is used for its convenience, practicality and popularity among Chinese students. Language learners prefer more simple and practical platforms while QQ possesses more gaming settings, meaning that QQ learners are more likely to be distracted than those who use WeChat. This finding also complements Zhao’s study (2018). ConclusionThe aim of this study is to determine which of three approaches is the most effective method to help learners learn vocabulary. As an essential element for SLA and reading comprehension (Dubiner, 2017), the research on vocabulary knowledge is meaningful to other fields of language learning. The findings of this study are as follows. First, the scores of all students in all groups were significantly higher after the experiment and most of them had a positive attitude toward learning words on mobile devices. Both the social media and language learning app applied in this study provided students with convenience which extends the boundaries of the classroom and connections which allowed students to be in contact with instructors outside the classroom. Students were attracted by these novel approaches, which increased their interest and motivation. Second, statistically significant differences were found in the mean scores of the post-test between the three approaches as well. Baicizhan proved to be the most effective way to learn vocabulary of the three methods. Although the students in the QQ and WeChat groups also improved their vocabulary, the effects were not as significant as that of the Baicizhan group. From the written data, the attitude of students in the two social media groups was little changed between the start and the end of the experiment. In contrast, the students in the Baicizhan group were increasingly motivated by the competition and the cooperation that exists in Baicizhan. Likewise, students’ autonomy was enhanced and they were positive about the self-paced study by Baicizhan’s monitoring system. Significant differences were found between the two social media groups as well. The more practical functions, simple operations, and social media p19. Thus, the effects of the classroom-based students under the same instructions are unknown. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how language learners are utilizing mobile devices for vocabulary learning and expressing positive attitudes toward these methods. It highlights the effectiveness of apps like Baicizhan, WeChat, and social media platforms in enhancing vocabulary knowledge and the overall learning experience, demonstrating that students find these tools practical and convenient, thereby supporting the idea that learners use apps to supplement their formal studies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: ВБ заявил, что он не может помочь Сальвадору внедрить биткойн, учитывая экологические проблемы, связанные с майнингом биткойна, непрозрачность транзакций и его волатильность [9]. ВБ считает, что биткойн не является электронной валютой, выпущенной Центральным банком Сальвадора. Сальвадор, по мнению ВБ, не имеет никакого отношения к данной цифровой валюте. Аналогичную позицию занял Международный валютный фонд (МВФ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the World Bank does not recognize bitcoin as a currency suitable for implementation, citing environmental issues and lack of transparency. This indicates that bitcoin is not universally accepted as legal tender, as the World Bank and the IMF hold a negative stance towards it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: To further confirm the age independence of the association between global sensory processing and global cognitive processing, correlations and partial correlations, controlling for age, were calculated separately for each of the three age groups. Correlations of −. 62, −. 51, and −. 58 and partial correlations of −. 61, −. 50, and −. 46 were observed for the young, middle-aged, and elderly groups, respectively. All of these correlations were significant (p <. 001). Age differences across subjects, however, do tend to accentuate the association between global sensory and global cognitive processing to some degree, especially among the older adults (who also had the widest range of ages). The correlation between SensProc_Global and age decreased slightly from r =. 75 to r p =. 61 when general cognitive function (CogProc_Global) was controlled for. This pattern of results suggests that sensory processing diminishes with age and this decline is largely independent of general cognitive function or the decline in general cognitive function with age. Finally, and perhaps most interesting, when global sensory processing (SensProc_Global) is controlled for, the correlation between age and general cognitive function disappears. That is, the initial uncontrolled correlation between age and cognition was moderate, negative, and significant (r = −. 55, p <. 001), but controlling for SensProc_Global reduces the correlation to r p = −. 05 (p >. 05). Taken together, the foregoing PC analyses and subsequent correlation analyses suggest that there is an association between age and general sensory processing, when measured in multiple senses and using a range of measures from simple measures of acuity or threshold sensitivity to more complex temporal order and temporal-masking tasks. The trends in these data indicate that the older the adult, the greater the sensory decline. That is, aging produces threshold elevations and prolonged SOAs in temporal-order identification and temporal-masking tasks. Elevated sensory thresholds, in more than one sense (primarily in hearing and touch in this study), and difficulties processing fast sequences of stimuli in more than one sense (tactile, auditory and visual, in this study), in turn, are associated with poorer cognitive function, regardless of age. This, in turn, implies that the frequently observed association between chronological age and cognition (e. g. , Salthouse, 2010) may be mediated by global sensory declines of the type measured here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the relationship between age, sensory processing, and cognitive function. While it mentions cognitive processing in relation to sensory processing, it does not address the claim about the selective focusing of attention leading to changes in cognitive processing. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: AbstractSwitching between similar food and beverage products may reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe). Here, using consumer data linked to 23,550 product-specific GHGe values, we estimated annual GHGe attributable to product purchases consumed at home in Australia and calculated reductions from specific switches. Potential changes to mean Rating, mean energy density and the proportion of ultraprocessed foods purchased were assessed. Approximately 31 million tonnes of GHGe were attributable to products consumed at home in 2019, the three highest contributors of GHGe being ‘meat and meat products’ (49%), ‘dairy’ (17%) and ‘non-alcoholic beverages’ (16%). Switching higher-emission products for ‘very similar’ lower-emission products could reduce total emissions by 26%. Switches to ‘less similar’ lower-emission products could lead to a 71% reduction. Switches had little impact on the average Rating, energy density of purchases and proportion of ultraprocessed foods purchased. Directing manufacturing and marketing towards lower-environmental-impact products and signposting such options to consumers are key. Similar content being viewed by others No need for meat as most customers do not leave canteens on 1. Food and beverage consumption patterns, particularly in higher-income countries, need to change substantially to become environmentally sustainable according to the Agreement and other international reports2,3,4. In these countries, half to three-quarters of consumption is composed of food and beverage products purchased in supermarkets and other grocery retail outlets5,6, subsequently making this sector a substantial contributor to overall food and beverage GHGe. Interventions targeting GHGe attributable to food and beverage products sold in retail stores are limited. The large volume of products available, the insufficient product-specific GHGe data and the complexity of global supply chains all present notable challenges to the development and implementation of effective interventions. Although some existing research describes the environmental impacts of supermarket products7, most literature provides GHGe data on broad categories of products and agricultural commodities and no such datasets have been combined with purchase information8. Given that supermarket and packaged food and beverage products dominate consumer dietary intake, evidence is needed to inform policy changes (for example, mandatory GHGe labelling of products) that might meaningfully reduce GHGe9,10. As we strive towards sustainable food systems, an important objective is to nudge consumers towards purchasing choices that have lower GHGe11,12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing that switching from higher-emission food products to lower-emission alternatives can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe). It mentions that approximately 31 million tonnes of GHGe were attributed to products consumed at home in Australia in 2019, with the potential reductions from specific switches reaching 26% for similar products and up to 71% for less similar products. This indicates that changes in food consumption patterns, including reducing food waste, can contribute to lowering GHGe.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: МВФ поставил под вопрос поддержку реализуемых в Сальвадоре кредитных программ ввиду множества экономических и юридических вопросов, возникающих при использовании биткойна как законного средства платежа [5]. Группа разработки финансовых мер борьбы с отмыванием денег (FATF) также отслеживает ситуацию с биткойном в Сальвадоре. Массовое противозаконное использование гражданами биткойнов может стать причиной для попадания Сальвадора в черный список FATF [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the IMF has questioned the support for credit programs in El Salvador due to economic and legal issues arising from the use of Bitcoin as legal tender. This implies that Bitcoin's acceptance is not universal and is fraught with complications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Of course, correlations cannot establish cause. Associations among the various measures obtained in this study were also examined using structural equation modeling (SEM). A series of models were evaluated, and, because the results were entirely consistent with the preceding PC and correlational analyses, the SEM analyses are only summarized briefly here. Structural equation modelingThe results from the prior partial correlations suggest that when the contributions of the sensory measures are statistically controlled for, the relation between cognition and age is quite small. This is a surprising finding, because it suggests that prior associations between cognition and aging may be mediated in part by sensory processes. To simultaneously address the relations among sensation, cognition, and aging in an alternative analysis, several structural equation models were constructed and evaluated. As input to the structural model, the data from all 245 subjects were used, including all three age groups. As a means to stabilize the variance and equate the scales of the different measures, a Blom transform was applied to the raw measures. This essentially ranks the scores (with missing/could-not-perform set as the highest rank and missing-at-random left blank) and then inverse-normal transforming the ranks. The full-information maximum-likelihood analysis in AMOS (Version 21. 0, SPSS Inc. ) was used, which handles missing-at-random values and estimates intercepts. The first step in the SEM analysis was to construct the measurement model for the sensory measures. After that, the cognitive measures, as estimated from the WAIS, were added to the model, and then the relation of each underlying factor with age was examined. The measurement model for the sensory measures required grouping the 31 sensory measures into subgroups on the basis of prior results with the factor analysis, as well as consideration of the tasks and modalities. This yielded 8 different latent measures, as listed in Table 6. Table 6 Regression weights for the measurement model for the global sensory factorFull size table The measurement model fit reasonably well. was 0. 064, with a 90 % confidence interval of 0. 058–0. 071. The model has 426 degrees of freedom, and although the RMSEA is within a reasonable range, there was sufficient power in these data to reject the model (p <. 001). The CMIN is 856. 1, the BCC is 1,088. 6, and the model has an NFI value of. 830. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses structural equation modeling and the relationships between cognition, age, and sensory processes without addressing the concept of selective attention or its effects on cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: The combination of a product’s carbon footprint and its purchase volume will inform its total contribution to food supply GHGe. It is therefore important to understand purchasing patterns of available products in order to develop targeted policies. A recent study modelling GHGe and other environmental impacts of vegan, vegetarian, fish-eating and low- and high-meat-eating diets highlighted the wide range in impacts within each diet type13. Across numerous studies, meat and confectionery product types were found to have marginally higher GHGe per serving, though there was also a wide range in product-specific impacts7,8,14,15. Other recent studies realize the potential for feasible product switches to substantially contribute to the reduction in food system emissions required to meet the Agreement goals or achieve net zero for the sector4,16. Ultimately, environmental food policy should promote products that minimize attributable GHGe and other environmental impacts while also ensuring that health policy targeting better nutrition is not compromised17. In this Analysis, we aimed to utilize product-specific data on the GHGe of Australian food and beverage products (hereon referred to as products) to estimate the potential impact of switching higher-emission products to lower-emission products, within very similar (for example, higher-GHGe white breads switched for lower-GHGe white breads) and less similar categories (for example, higher-GHGe garlic breads to lower-GHGe white breads). We also sought to compare emissions attributable to product purchases across socio-economic groups and quantify the impact of switches on the average nutrient profiling score, level of processing and energy density of purchases. ResultsGrocery purchase information was used from the 2019 a dataset that captures all product purchases consumed at home by participating Australian households between January and December each year. There were complete data available from 7,535 households that recorded purchases of a total of 14,957,694 products in 2019 (1). These data were weighted to represent the total Australian population of 25 million people, with an average of 2. 58 (standard deviation (s. d. ) 1. 42) people per household (Table 1a). Table 1 Household and product purchasing characteristics. a,b, These plots illustrate Australian households and the attributable GHGe (a) and volume, nutrient profile, level of processing and energy of foods and beverages brought into the home (b), overall and by households grouped according to socio-economic position. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of product-specific data on greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) and how switching to lower-emission products can contribute to reducing emissions in the food system. It highlights the role of targeted policies in minimizing GHGe and indicates that feasible product switches could have substantial impacts, which directly implies that reducing food waste and making smarter purchasing decisions can lead to lower GHGe from food decomposition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: Заключение Анализ практики использования криптовалюты как законного средства платежа в странах мира, условий и факторов массового использования криптовалют в России указывает на потенциальную возможность использования криптовалюты как законного средства платежа в России. Позиция ЦБ РФ о необходимости ограничения обращения криптовалют на территории РФ в целом разделяет позиции большинства финансовых регуляторов в других странах мира. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by analyzing the use of cryptocurrencies as a legal means of payment in various countries, specifically mentioning that in Russia, there are regulatory restrictions by the Central Bank of Russia regarding the circulation of cryptocurrencies, which highlights that they are not universally accepted as legal tender.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Table 6 also shows the regression parameter estimates of the different factors with the latent global sensory factor. All eight measures produced statistically significant contributions to the latent factor, although as illustrated by the squared multiple correlations (percent variance accounted for), some measures were more strongly associated with the global sensory latent factor than were others. Measurement models without these low-weighted components were not demonstrably better when used in the models reported below. Having estimated the global sensory-processing factor with the preceding measurement model, the WAIS measures were introduced into the model using a hierarchical model in which three latent factors were estimated using the Blom transformed, non-age-corrected raw WAIS scores. The 14 WAIS measures were grouped into product, process, and incidental-learning factors, similar to how this was done for the PC analysis reported earlier. Each of these latent cognitive factors was then used to estimate an underlying global cognitive measure. This allows us to directly estimate the relation between the global sensory and global cognitive latent factors, as well as the relation of each with age. Figure 5 summarizes the results of the modeling, including the relevant regression weights/correlations and the fit statistics of four different models. In Fig. 5a, the relation between the global sensory factor and age was estimated directly, without relations between global cognition and the other two measures. The standardized regression weight between the global sensory factor and age was quite high (. 85; p <. 001) and accounts for 72. 4 % of the variance in age. In Fig. 5b, with only the global cognitive factor predicting age, this measure also has a high regression weight (−. 756, p <. 001) and accounts for 57. 1 % of the variance in age. Thus, while both latent factors are related to age, the relation seems stronger for the global sensory factor, and this factor accounts for more variability in the age measure. Fig. 5Four structural models exploring the relation between the global sensory, global cognitive, and age measures. a Only the global sensory factor is regressed against age. b Only the global cognitive factor is regressed against age. c Both global sensory and global cognitive factors are regressed against age. d A correlation is introduced between the two global factors. See the text for details of fits and parameter estimatesFull size image Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about attention and cognitive processing directly. Instead, it discusses statistical models and the relationships between global sensory factors, cognitive measures, and age. Since it does not provide any information about selective attention or cognitive processing changes, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: 2: Average GHGe for foods and beverages. This graph illustrates GHGe representative of products brought into the home per person in Australia in 2019 according to quintiles of socio-economic position. Shading and per cent values indicate proportions of GHGe attributable to different food categories. Intake from restaurants and take-away venues are not considered here. For ease of presentation, any category contributing less than <10% of emissions does not have the percentage listed. Full size imageEffects of switching product purchases to reduce GHGeSwitching higher-GHGe products for similar lower-GHGe products showed clear potential for reducing the GHGe attributable to products brought into the home (example product categories presented in 3 and example product switches presented in 4). For the switches made within the 703 leaf categories, where switched products were very similar to those initially selected, we found potential to decrease total emissions by 26. 6% when all products above the 5th percentile of GHGe were replaced; the decrease was only 3. 3% when products above the 75th percentile were replaced (Fig. 3a). For less similar switches within the minor food category, the potential reduction in GHGe was almost three times greater (70. 6% and 16. 6% when replacing products above the 5th and 75th percentiles, respectively; Fig. 3b). In general, the greatest absolute and proportional reductions in GHGe all derived from switches made in ‘meat and meat products’, ‘dairy’ and ‘non-alcoholic beverages’ categories (5 and 6). Fig. 3: Potential overall reductions in GHGe. a,b, The graphs illustrate potential reductions in GHGe attributable to foods and beverages brought into the home in Australia in 2019 by making switches to alternative ‘very similar’ products (a) and to alternative ‘less similar’ products (b). The shading indicates proportions of GHGe attributable to different food categories. The HSR is a score from 0. 5 stars (least optimal nutritional profile) to 5. 0 stars (most optimal nutritional profile). UPFs are based on the NOVA classification, a system that classifies products as group 1 (minimally processed), group 2 (culinary ingredient), group 3 (processed) or group 4 (ultraprocessed). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by demonstrating that switching to lower greenhouse gas-emitting (GHGe) products can lead to significant reductions in total emissions attributable to food brought into the home. Specifically, it highlights that making product switches can lead to potential reductions of up to 70.6% in GHGe when swapping higher GHGe products for similar lower GHGe alternatives, particularly within meat, dairy, and non-alcoholic beverages categories. This evidence implies that reducing food waste, by opting for lower GHGe options, can indeed lower overall greenhouse gas emissions from food.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: Она обусловлена необходимостью защиты существующей денежной системы в условиях формирующихся новых юридических отношений участников блокчейн-сети, волатильностью криптовалют, анонимностью владельцев криптокошельков. Именно поэтому ЦБ РФ в приоритет ставит создание цифрового рубля, а не полную легализацию криптовалют. Такую позицию разделяют и международные финансовые институты, и финансовые регуляторы в других странах. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the Russian Central Bank's preference for creating a digital ruble instead of fully legalizing cryptocurrencies. It highlights the need to protect the existing monetary system and indicates that financial regulators in various countries share a similar stance, implying that cryptocurrencies are not accepted as legal tender globally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 5c introduces both regression terms to the model and illustrates that when both global sensory and global cognitive factors were allowed to predict age, the regression weight for the global sensory factor was larger (. 78 vs. −. 19), and the model accounts for 64. 5 % of the variance in age. Finally, in Fig. 5d, a correlation was introduced between the global sensory and global cognitive factors. In this model, only the relation between the global sensory factor and age had a regression weight that was statistically significantly different from zero (. 92, p <. 001), whereas the cognitive/age relation was not (−. 08; p >. 05). With this last model, 72. 2 % of the variance in age has been accounted for, very similar to what was predicted on the basis of the global sensory factor alone, which is not surprising given the large (−. 91) correlation between the global sensory and global cognitive factors. Note that this last model also has the lowest BCC value, a value lower than the version of the model with only the global sensory factor regressed against age (Fig. 5a). The models illustrated in Fig. 5 confirm the general findings from the factor analysis: The relation between global sensory processing and age is stronger than the relation between global cognitive processing and age. In fact, when both global factors are included in the model, the contribution from the cognitive factor is no longer statistically significantly different from zero. This is similar to the conclusion drawn from the partial-correlation analyses presented previously. These conclusions are similar despite the fact that we relied on Blom-transformed data and a full-information maximum-likelihood approach to the replacement of missing data for the structural model, rather than simple ranked raw data and MICE-imputed raw scores for the factor analysis. Correlations among simple acuity measures and cognitionAs was noted in the introduction and again in the discussion, it is argued that the nature of the sensory measures obtained is critical and that simple “clinical” measures of acuity alone, such as Snellen charts for visual acuity and pure-tone audiograms for hearing acuity, are insufficient. To assess this, since such simple measures of visual and auditory acuity were also obtained from each subject in this study, the associations among these two measures of acuity, age, and CogProc_Global (from prior PC analysis) were examined. Table 7 presents the Pearson r correlation coefficients among this set of four measures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding selective focus of attention and its impact on cognitive processing. Instead, it discusses statistical analyses related to global sensory and cognitive factors in predicting age, which is unrelated to the claim about attention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Full size imageSwitching purchases to products with lower GHGe had only a small impact on the average HSR and proportion of UPFs of purchased products. For example, the mean HSR of products purchased changed from 3. 66 to 3. 96 and portion of ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) purchased changed from 46. 5% to 43. 4% when products with GHGe estimates above the fifth percentile were replaced with less similar lower-emission products (Fig. 3b). Likewise, there was little impact on the average energy density of purchases when switching to products with lower GHGe (Fig. 3a,b). DiscussionThe GHGe attributable to grocery retail purchases in Australia could be greatly reduced by making switches from higher- to lower-emission products. While a modest reduction in GHGe is possible when switching purchases to very similar products, a larger reduction in GHGe could be achieved if switches were made to less similar products within product categories. The plausibility of switching purchases to very similar products is likely to be high, but the consumer acceptability of more substantive switches to less similar products may be lower. The ability to compare products within categories and estimate the potential to reduce annual GHGe from product purchases consumed at home illustrated in these analyses provides a unique opportunity to strengthen Australia’s efforts to reduce national GHGe. A key finding from the study is that ‘meat and meat products’ contributed to almost 50% of all GHGe attributable to product purchases consumed at home in Australia in 2019, despite accounting for only 11. 2% of purchases. The high contribution of ‘meat and meat products’ to the attributable GHGe can be explained by the very high GHGe per kilogram8,14,15. ‘Dairy’ and ‘confectionery’, ranked second and sixth, respectively, were leading contributors of attributable GHGe, driven by their high intensity of emissions per kilogram of product. While ‘dairy’ products are often good sources of nutrients, targeted switching within the category could lead to lower emission purchases. As ‘confectionery’ products are all discretionary, encouraging a lower volume of intake would be most beneficial for this category26. ‘Non-alcoholic beverages’, although ranked sixth for emissions intensity, were ranked third by total annual emissions weighted by purchases as a result of their high purchase volumes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) is achievable through strategic purchasing choices, particularly switching from higher-emission products like meat and dairy to lower-emission alternatives. The study emphasizes that a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions in grocery retail comes from specific food categories, suggesting that reducing food waste, especially from high-emission products, can lower overall emissions related to food consumption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: Движением вперед на пути к легализации криптовалют в России стало принятие закона о цифровых активах. Опыт стран, уже использующих биткойн в качестве законного средства платежа, указывает на привлекательность биткойна для России, с учетом процессов дедолларизации, фактора финансовых санкций, проблем с переходом на расчеты в национальных валютах за экспорт и импорт, ограничением доступа к наличной иностранной валюте. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific situation in Russia, notably the adoption of a law on digital assets and the experience of other countries using Bitcoin as legal tender. It indicates that Bitcoin may be appealing in Russia due to various economic factors, but does not support the idea that cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender globally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: / 2003 Emotion and intuition : Effects of positive and negative mood on implicit judgments of semantic coherence 14 (5) : 416 ~ 5 4. [학술지] Botvinick, M. M. / 2001 Conflict monitoring and cognitive control 108 (3) : 624 ~ 3 5. [기타] Bradley, M. M. / 2007 Sounds (2nd Edition; IADS‐2): of Sounds and NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention 6. [학술지] Choi, Y. / 2015 International affective digitized sounds in Korea : a cross-cultural adaptation and validation study united with Acustica 101 (1) : 134 ~ 1 7. [학술지] Dreisbach, G. / 2004 How positive affect modulates cognitive control : Reduced perseveration at the cost of increased distractibility Journal of : and Cognition 30 (2) : 343 ~ 2 8. [학술지] Egner, T. / 2007 Congruency sequence effects and cognitive control & 7 (4) : 380 ~ 4 9. [학술지] Fan, J. / 2002 Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks Journal of 14 (3) : 340 ~ 3 10. [학술지] Fredrickson, B. L. / 2005 Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought‐action repertoires Cognition & Emotion 19 (3) : 313 ~ 3 11. [학술지] Glickman, M. / 2018 Attentional capture by irrelevant emotional distractor faces is contingent on implicit attentional settings Cognition & Emotion 32 (2) : 303 ~ 2 12. [학술지] Gratton, G. / 1992 Optimizing the Use of Information-of Activation of Responses Journal of : General 121 (4) : 480 ~ 4 13. [학술지] Gray, J. R. / 2004 Integration of emotion and cognitive control in 13 (2) : 46 ~ 2 14. [학술지] Hodsoll, S. / 2011 by Emotion 11 (2) : 346 ~ 2 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct evidence or information regarding the claim that attention can be selectively focused or its effects on cognitive processing. Instead, it lists various academic articles and their topics related to emotions and cognitive control, which are not explicitly connected to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: The top three product categories are most important to address, as they make up 82. 5% of total annual food and beverage emissions weighted by purchases. ‘Fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes’ have very low GHGe per kilogram of product, so while they are the fourth highest contributor to total GHGe because they make up over one-quarter of total purchases, this amounts to only 5. 20% of total attributable emissions. This study found that households with greater area-level disadvantage tended to bring higher volumes of food and beverage purchases into the home, which is consistent with prior research27 and corresponds with their higher contribution of attributable GHGe. This is probably because these households tend to purchase a higher proportion of their consumed foods from supermarkets and grocery outlets28. Overall, our research found that patterns of consumption, based on the proportion of products purchased per food category, were homogeneous across different household socio-economic positions. Our study showed that switches made to reduce the GHGe of product purchases did not have a major impact on the average HSR, energy density or proportion of UPFs of product purchases. Previous analyses have reported significant associations between nutrient and energy content, as well as level of processing, and environmental sustainability29,30,31,32. However, these have been typically comparing between broad product categories such as meat versus dairy versus bread, where differences in both nutrient profiles and sustainability are likely to be large and easily documented29,30,31,32. Our study explored product switches within very similar categories of foods, which were inherently more likely to result in homogeneity of nutrient profiles than homogeneity of environmental sustainability. International organizations, including the United Nations33, recommend that food policies should consider both impacts on human health and environmental sustainability34,35, highlighting the need to ensure that any recommendations targeting reduction of environmental impacts of diets do not contradict existing nutrition policy recommendations. To remain consistent with such dual policy recommendations, we used classification and energy density to explore potential unintended side effects of food switches for sustainability on diet. HSR was used as it is the nutrient profiling model currently used by the governments of Australia and New Zealand20 to regulate nutrition policy targeting packaged food and beverage products, such as front-of-pack nutrition labelling. It is a standardized and replicable model36, similar to nutrient profiling models used in other countries37. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the environmental impact of food consumption patterns, specifically noting that reducing the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) from product purchases is relevant to food and beverage emissions. It implies that food waste reduction aligns with sustainability goals by addressing high-emission product categories, as well as pointing out the broader framework within which food policies should consider health and environmental sustainability. This aligns with the claim that reducing food waste can lower emissions from decomposing food.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: В России созданы условия для более широкого использования криптовалют населением. Этому способствует развитый IT-сектор, растущая финансовая грамотность населения, высокий уровень проникновения интернета и активное использование интернета для финансовых транзакций. Наконец, Россия не зависима от решений международных финансовых организаций, которые могут заблокировать развитие криптовалют, свернув национальные кредитные программы. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific context of Russia where conditions are being created for broader cryptocurrency usage, indicating that there is not universal acceptance and that each country, like Russia, is forming its own stance without dependence on international financial organizations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [학술대회] Hristova, P. / 2011 Anxiety fosters relational encoding Proceedings of the on cognitive Science: on 16. [학술지] Isen, A. M. / 1992 An influence of positive affect on social categorization Motivation and Emotion 16 (1) : 65 ~ 1 17. [학술지] Kazen, M. / 2005 Intention memory and achievement motivation : Volitional facilitation and inhibition as a function of affective contents of need-related stimuli Journal of Personality and 89 (3) : 426 ~ 3 18. [학술지] Kim, C. / 2016 of the Running- Location on Choice Psychology 30 (6) : 1014 ~ 6 19. [학술지] Kuhl, J. / 1999 Volitional facilitation of difficult intentions : joint activation of intention memory and positive affect removes stroop interference Journal of : General 128 (3) : 382 20. [학술지] Lang, P. J. / 1997 Picture System(IAPS) : NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention 1 : 39 ~ 21. [학술지] Lindsay, D. S. / 1994 Dissociations-the Relationship between Facilitation and Interference Journal of : and Performance 20 (2) : 219 ~ 2 22. [학술지] Lu, C. H. / 1995 of Information on Performance-a Review of the Simon and Effects &Review 2 (2) : 174 ~ 2 23. [학술지] MacLeod, C. M. / 1991 Half a century of research on the Stroop effect : an integrative review 109 (2) : 163 ~ 2 24. [학술지] Mayr, U. / 2003 Conflict adaptation effects in the absence of executive control 6 (5) : 450 ~ 5 25. [학술지] Miller, E. K. / 2001 An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function Neuroscience 24 : 167 ~ 26. [학술지] Padmala, S. / 2011 Negative emotion impairs conflict-driven executive control Frontiers in Psychology 2 : 192 27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of research articles and authors related to cognitive science but does not provide any information directly supporting or contrasting the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. As such, it is irrelevant to the specific claim about the nature of attention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: However, HSR does not holistically capture all aspects of product healthiness20,38 or consider broader food consumption patterns and lacks robust validation39,40,41. In general, nutrient profiling models are limited due to their reliance on food components relative to other similar foods (for example, amounts of specific nutrients) rather than a holistic assessment of diet42. In some cases, nutrient profiling models have been found to contribute to a false impression of healthiness due to the presentation of positive nutrient qualities (for example, low in fat or high in protein), the non-presentation of negative nutrient qualities (for example, high in added sugars) and little consideration of other health impact factors including level of processing, a phenomenon termed ‘health halos’43,44. As such, the effects on HSR reported in this paper do not fully reflect the impact of making switches on the healthiness of the diet. Thus, we also explored associations between product switches for sustainability and the proportion of UPFs purchased based on product NOVA classification. UPF consumption has been repeatedly associated with adverse health outcomes, such as increased risk of obesity, cardio-metabolic outcomes and mortality45,46, and the use of the NOVA classification has been shown to improve validity of nutrition classification schemes47. By including diverse indicators of diet in our analysis, both currently implemented policy tools, such as HSR, and more holistic classifications, such as NOVA, we provide a rounded overview of the potential impacts of modelled switches on diet, reinforcing the significance of dual action policies and the move away from siloed approaches to food policy34. The joint impact of emissions intensity and purchase volumes on total attributable GHGe highlights the need for urgent policy interventions that target both the most environmentally intensive and the most widely purchased food and beverage products. We found that there is potential for product switches to notably contribute to the reduction in food system emissions required to meet the Agreement goals or achieve net zero for the sector4. Further, in all assumed emission-reduction scenarios, most of the potential reduction in GHGe was attributable to three food and beverage categories (that is, ‘meat and meat products’, ‘dairy’ and ‘non-alcoholic beverages’), which identifies them as primary intervention targets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential for product switches to significantly contribute to the reduction of emissions in the food system. It highlights that urgent policy interventions targeting environmentally intensive food categories can notably decrease greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with the claim that reducing food waste can lead to lower emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: It examines the benefits, the risks, and issues across all the different stakeholder groups and across economies in different stages of development. Each and every one of them has a different answer. I would first like to make a few short definitions, which we have made in the simplest possible fashion. We define, for the sake of this paper, a cashless society as one without notes and coins. We talk about decashing, and decashing is the process of reducing the amount of notes and coins used within an economy. We also talked a lot about digital currencies. There are many different definitions of what is a digital currency, but for the sake of our paper we have called it a cryptocurrency, which is effectively electronic money with a Blockchain element. What have we learned? Well, in section 7 of our paper, we do a SWOT analysis. I mentioned the different stakeholder groups. We have used the stakeholder groups as being the public, non-financial businesses, governments and central banks, commercial banks, and the payment ecosystem. All of them have totally different benefits, risks, and issues, and there is not one solution for any one of them. The demands and the desires to go cashless are different for them all. We have also learned that decashing is happening, and it is happening at a different pace around the world, but what we do not believe is going to happen is that the process is going to start reversing. We are going to enter into phase 2 of our paper almost straight after this sessional meeting, and we could not delay the publication of this paper because things are happening so rapidly across the world that it would have been really unconstructive to delay it. Some 2. In section 5, we also look at the financial inclusion and exclusion of decashing in countries in different stages of their economic development. We find that it is very different for each of those different types of economy. If cash were taken away from an economy, would there be sufficient numbers of people, rightly or wrongly, that would like to replace it? For example, could you see dollars or euros floating around instead of £1 notes, £1 coins, or £20 notes, or whatever? We think barter and exchange of items for worth are less efficient, so digital currencies could now come in, and we all know about Bitcoin, but that is just one of a number of different possibilities for digital currencies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that there are different benefits, risks, and issues for various stakeholder groups in a cashless society. It states, 'All of them have totally different benefits, risks, and issues, and there is not one solution for any one of them,' indicating that stakeholders like the public, businesses, and banks do not benefit equally from transitioning to a cashless society.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 009 김초복 and 이윤지 “of an on Choice by Attention“ 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 31. 2 190. (2019): 181. 김초복 이윤지. of an on Choice by Attention 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 [Internet]. 2019; 31(2), : 181 - 190. Available from: doi:10. 22172/cogbio. 2019. 31. 2. 009 김초복 이윤지. “of an on Choice by Attention“ 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 31, no. 2, (2019): 181 - 190. doi: :10. 22172/cogbio. 2019. 31. 2. 009 텍스트 파일로 저장 피인용 논문 (우)305-754 대전광역시 유성구 가정로 201 한국연구재단 TEL: 042-869-6674, 1544-6118 E-mail: kciadmin@nrf. re. kr 2024 NRF. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides bibliographic information about a source related to attention but does not contain any supporting or opposing arguments about the claim. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: So far, the estimates do not include geospatial emissions data (that is, global GHGe averages for each ingredient are used), as the source information pertaining to each ingredient is not often available for packaged products. The GHGe associated with refrigeration, packaging and required preparations (for example, cooking or microwaving) are also not currently considered in product estimates. There are some well-established limitations to the use of NielsenIQ Homescan data for these types of analysis. The absence of information relating to products consumed outside the home (for example, from restaurants and take-away outlets) may lead to an under-estimation of emissions attributable to products purchased across Australia, especially among the least-deprived households. The misreporting of product purchases (for example, omission of products purchased but never brought into the home) may also lead to an overall under-estimation of product emissions across households. Finally, household-specific extrapolation from product purchases to consumption may be miscredited, as purchased products could be shared with, donated or otherwise consumed by persons outside of the household. In conclusion, large reductions in GHGe attributable to foods and beverages could be achieved through relatively plausible switches in product purchases. There is a clear and immediate opportunity for the Australian government, which is being urged to consider environmental sustainability of diets66, to implement policies that nudge consumers and industry towards lower-emission product choices. ‘Meat and meat products’, ‘dairy’ and ‘non-alcoholic beverages’ were identified as the leading causes of GHGe attributable to product purchases consumed at home in Australia and are the three categories where there is clear potential to substantially reduce GHGe12,62. Intervention options are multiple, and potential priority actions include a requirement for on-pack labelling of GHGe and the exploration of fiscal incentives that will drive industry production practices and consumer purchasing patterns towards more environmentally friendly choices. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we calculated the annual GHGe attributable to major categories of products purchased from grocery retail outlets and brought into Australian homes in 2019. The study describes variations in food purchases across households of different socio-economic position and ranks the relative contribution of food categories to household GHGe attributable to product purchases. The project was approved by the University of (approval number HC200244). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) related to food and beverages could be achieved through changes in product purchases. It highlights specific food categories, such as meat and dairy, as major contributors to GHGe, suggesting that reducing consumption or waste of these products can lower overall emissions. The passage calls for policies that would promote lower-emission product choices, which aligns with the idea that reducing food waste effectively contributes to lowering greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: NIRP, price targeting, elimination of physical cash, stock exchange closures, asset freezes, and the list goes on. You cannot understand the mechanics of the US dollar looking at the USA in isolation. On the other hand, you cannot understand the mechanics of another nation’s economy without considering the effects and interrelationships with the US dollar. So, the question is: “Why am I mentioning the US dollar? ” First, the US dollar is the de facto reserve currency across most of the world, and some people think that is in jeopardy. A lot of people do not. Second, why is the pushing for a cashless world? Why are governments across the world pushing to remove cash? Why are big multi-nationals pushing to remove cash? Third, although it is an impossible problem, if you understood all of the problems, risk constraints, and issues related to physical cash and to electronic cash, then you might be able to understand the impetus behind the push to remove cash. That is why we should view it as a system, and the US dollar is a big part of this system. Banks and debt are central to the economy. With positive nominal interest rates, one plus the interest rate (R) is needed for all borrowers to repay all loans next year. If it is not there, then somebody has to default. So, where does this money come from? It comes from other borrowers. So does stability equal stable, nominal profit, equal a gradual increase in the money supply? Alternatively, with negative nominal interest rates, one minus R is needed for all borrowers to repay all loans next year. So, where does the money go? Does it go to other borrowers? We are not used to, and not comfortable with, the destruction or the deletion of money. We are very used to the creation of money via debt and loans, and such, and the cancellation thereof as it is repaid. But to have money cancelled seems very counterintuitive or impossible. So, in the case of negative, nominal interest rates, does stability equal nominal profit, equal a gradual decrease in the money supply? If it does, we have missed something. Finally, when discussing NIRP, we need to consider that banks and debt are central to the economy. Banking jargon restricts the resolution of banking problems to bankers. NIRP, is it a boon to borrowers and a burden to savers? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges associated with transitioning to a cashless society. It discusses various factors like negative nominal interest rates (NIRP) and the nuanced roles of banks and debt in the economy, suggesting that not everyone will benefit equally. The mention of 'a boon to borrowers and a burden to savers' indicates that different groups within society may have different experiences and outcomes in a cashless context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Genetics and and Gene editing and scalable functional genomic screening in Leishmania species using theCas9 cytosine base editor toolbox of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Germany; May 24, 2023 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMay 24, 2023 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 1,859 views 207 downloads 8 5605. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 20. Line 436 – would read better as 'the highest expression of hyBE4mas was seen in' Figure 4 – error bars were difficult to see and the legend didn't state what they represented. Plus what do the percentages mean on graphs? Need a bit more detail in this figure legend. Line 482 – a little explanation for why this result is expected would be useful. Have the authors analysed the effectiveness of the guide based on whether the only mutation within the guide would result in the generation of a STOP versus those that offer multiple mutation options? In figure S11A could the authors highlight the exact sequence of the Lmajor ssDBD they used to generate the modified plasmid? The authors could include a discussion of the RNAi-based approaches for L. braziliensis in comparison to other methodologies. Author response Reviewer #1 (Recommendations for the authors): The following is a list of pros and cons for this method that I could think of. The other experts (who are Leishmaniacs) may have more useful input; all methods have a variety of possibilities for false-negative results. Pros/possibilities: a) Screening a particular gene set before LeishGEM results are available? We did not develop LeishBASEedit to screen particular gene sets before LeishGEM does or to compete with this project. Instead it was developed to generate more easily mutant libraries for all sort of screening applications and use these in all Leishmania species without facing limitations due to the lack of RNAi activity or due to the presence of extreme cases of aneuploidy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it mainly discusses various aspects of a research study involving functional genomic screening in Leishmania species and the use of a cytosine base editor toolbox. While it mentions gene editing, it does not specifically elaborate on CRISPR technology or its ability to allow precise editing of genomic sequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3164675/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBy the year 2050, the global food system must feed nine billion people, out of which around 8 billion would be in developing countries. And also the global community should change the food system to achieve Goal #2 which is to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030. Most importantly, in the year 2017, the tragic landslide at the waste collection site at the place known as koshe in the capital of Ethiopia killed 116 people. This landfill was 30% arise from food waste. Nevertheless, it is estimated that at least 21% of all food produced in Sub-countries is wasted. Food systems account for 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, the study of Assessments of Practices for the Reduction of Emissions in the selected cities of Ethiopia was undertaken with the main focus on food waste prevention, As is seen from the data (n = 50), 48% of our respondents were holders of MSc degree, 24% Ph. D. degree, 22% Primary education level respondents and the remaining 6% BSc degree holders. On the other hand, 78% of our respondents were fully employed, 50% were in the age range of 30 to 40, and 28%. Moreover, 58% have an income of ≥ 10,000 local currency and pay for food 40% of their income per month. For the correlation between the city of living and the money spend on food, P-value was 0. 15 indicating there was no correlation between respondents’ area of living and the amount of money spent on food purchases. The amount of money they usually pay for food per their family members per week is ≥ 1000 which means they spend approximately 40% of their income per month which is a significant amount. Moreover, correlation analysis between income range and the money spent on food purchases per week shows that the P-value of 0. 2 indicates there was no correlation between income and food expenditures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that food systems account for 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions and emphasizes the necessity for food waste prevention to reduce these emissions. It highlights the significant portion of food waste that contributes to environmental issues, thus supporting the idea that reducing food waste can effectively lower greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: We may be sleepwalking into a cashless society, but are we excluding the vulnerable in the process? Ten years ago, M-Pesa (a mobile phone-based money transfer service) kicked off a revolution in Africa and surrounding countries where most people banked. Ten years on, the level of ecosystem moves has been absolutely breath-taking. That would be worthy of a separate presentation, but we will focus on the Asia-Pacific region (Figure 1). Figure 1 Asia-Pacific regionNote: Percentages are based on volume with exception of Vietnam and Thailand which is based on value. Here, you see a novel picture, with different levels of development towards cashless transactions in Asia Pacific. In addition, we have noted some activity in some additional countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sir Lanka. Also, Cambodia would deserve its own study because it has just celebrated the nine-year anniversary of the launch of its own mobile banking provider. So, it would be good to see the results there. Amongst these countries, a study has classified Australia and as in the leader group of most digitally advanced countries i. e. the countries where you are least likely to use cash. Closely behind, some other countries like China, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam are assumed to be actively moving towards a cashless society, albeit with really different timescales. Some of these prefer mobile payments, such as China, Malaysia, and South Korea, but others such as Australia, Japan, and the Philippines, prefer card payment. Regardless of the payment technology that is preferred, there is a common theme across the region in that the cost of cashless transactions is such a concern that some countries are actively working to reduce these costs, and some, such as India, Malaysia, and Indonesia are subsidising low level, low-value transactions now, which is a breakthrough, to sustain the level of rise. Speaking of which, on 8 November 2016, India announced demonetisation of 86% of its bank notes overnight. That led to immediate confusion, and total disruption of usual economic activities. On 1 July, it implemented a goods and services tax, which is equivalent to our VAT. So, a year on, how is India faring? Well, it all depends on your perspective really, so we have attempted to provide you with a bit of an overview. You will find the details of this in the addendum, in six categories. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting concerns about the exclusion of vulnerable individuals in the transition to a cashless society. It mentions the significant effects of cashless systems in various countries, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, and points to the varying levels of development and the need for subsidizing low-level transactions to ensure broader access. This implies that not everyone benefits equally, as some may be left behind during this technological shift.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The real advantage of our here developed method is that plasmid libraries can be easily shared around the globe with many different labs without requiring a modified cell line beforehand. We have clarified this point in our revised discussion (line 429 – 468). b) Screening genes that are present in L. donovani or L. infantum, but absent in L. mexicana/braziliensis – or which might have different functions. (At present it works too poorly in L. major to be useful, so the authors' claim to have established the method "in four Leishmania species" is an over-statement. ) Screening genes that are present in one species and not in the other would be one possibility. However, since gene copy numbers greatly vary between Leishmania species and many single copy genes vary in their ORF sequence, it is also attractive to pursue comparative genome-wide screens in all Leishmania species. Performing the LeishGEM project in multiple Leishmania species would be unfeasible at present but feasible with our base editing method (see revised introduction [line 36 – 73] and discussion [line 429 – 468]). We also don’t think that claiming we have established base editing in L. major is an over-statement. Due to the L. donovani-derived rRNA promoter in our expression construct there is of course room for improvement, which we highlight in our discussion (line 497 – 535). However, our experiments in L. major, including the reporter assays and the targeting of PF16, clearly show that it works (see Figure 2, 3 and 4). c) Editing multi-copy genes (although if the mutation is lethal all copies might still not be edited). We agree with this comment and made this argument already in our original manuscript (line 469 – 472). For clarity, we reiterate this point now in our revised version (line 430 – 433 and 570 – 572). Cons for this method: 1) Introducing a premature stop codon may not disrupt protein function (or may cause some other unexpected effect). Since there is probably no classical nonsense-mediated decay (if Leishmania is like T. brucei), one cannot expect the mRNA to be degraded – which might otherwise enhance the effects of the stop codon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and focuses on specific applications of a developed plasmid library method in Leishmania species, mentioning challenges and considerations related to gene editing methods. It does not confirm or reject the precision of CRISPR technology for genome editing, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Incredibly 84% said they don’t consume all that they purchased indicating they are no plan for food purchasing, producing avoidable food waste, and 92% replied that they never record their meal and snack including when, why, and how much they usually consume, which is another indicator of bad food habits which also leads to eating disorders. Food wasteEating disorderhunger-reductionclimate changeFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12Figure 13Figure 14Figure 15Figure 16Figure 171. BackgroundBy the year 2050, the global food system must feed nine billion people, out of which around eight billion would be in developing countries. This implies the need for a major transformation in food systems- particularly in developing countries. And also the global community should change the food system to achieve Goal #2 which is to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030 [8]. Furthermore, the UN Goal 12. 3 aims to halve food waste at the retail and consumer level and to reduce food loss across supply chains. food loss and waste on a national, regional, and global scale is not easy, but methodologies and tools are being developed to allow us to measure progress[2]. Nevertheless, Roughly 1/3 of the food produced in the world for human consumption is lost or wasted[3]. For sustainability issues, Food waste alone generates about 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions[2]. food waste were a country, it would be the third-largest emitting country in the world [2]. In a more clear explanation: food waste emits more greenhouse gases than all single countries in the world except China and the US[2]. Moreover, Within a sustainability framing, the task of building and strengthening the capacity of food systems to respond to risks arising from urban sprawl is arguably urgent for developing countries. As a result, developing countries need to adopt holistic and integrated approaches that consider all the elements and activities of the food chain relating both to supply and demand sides including the production, processing, distribution, preparation, and consumption of food, and the output of these activities. In addition to this, Food waste presents one of the demand-side components of the food system that received little attention by both research and policy in addressing issues related to urbanization, food systems, food security, and sustainable development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating, 'Food waste alone generates about 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions' and mentions that if food waste were a country, it would be the third-largest emitter of gases globally. This indicates a direct relationship between food waste reduction and greenhouse gas emission reduction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Supporters hail the move as a strategic structural change that was really required in the economy, an economy that really needed formalising with an increase of the tax base. All of these changes are required for the long-term. Now, it is acknowledged that the negative impact was initially quite material. However, some benefits are already materialising, such as more sustainable inflation rates, dropping lending rates, and an increase in qualified technology jobs. So, following the investments in biometrics systems and ID cards, and a united payments interface, what we see is an uptake in the use of banking facilities that is also enabling not only financial inclusion in the pure sense but also the cascade of, and better reach of, social funds. That is quite an interesting aspect of the change. The move was popular at home and abroad, but it certainly was not popular with the criminal class. One of the key reasons for a surprise announcement that night on 8 November was to disrupt criminal activities such as counterfeiting, terrorism, and money laundering. So, that was a key point that is also a pain point for detractors. Opponents are very upset by the lack of consultation on the engagement, not only for the decision but also for the implementation, and how the economy was handled following the announcement. The government continued to have a one-sided decision-making process. The key criticism is around the liquidity crisis that ensued, which led to major social disruption, loss of jobs, and people being confused, especially in rural areas. Months on, the decision is still viewed as a failure, as some figures put forward that the level of cash transaction was at the same level as broadly before de-monetisation, especially in rural areas where lack of infrastructure just does not enable such an uptake of cashless transactions. So, more work to do here. Detractors also doubt on the long-term benefits, clearly not quite seeing the long-term aspect, especially around the claims on the fight against crime, money laundering, and corruption. Security is also an issue, because of the level and the impact of cyber attacks. So, overall, there is some doubt over the outcome right now. We do not have enough hindsight yet, possibly because there is an insufficient level of economic figures yet available, and many can be disputed or counteracted. So, we learnt a great deal about the cashless society in 2017, spurred on by mediatic events in India. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant disparities and challenges brought about by the transition to a cashless society. It mentions that the move was 'not popular with the criminal class' but failed to address the needs of people in rural areas who face a 'lack of infrastructure' that hinders their ability to participate in cashless transactions. The text also indicates that there were 'major social disruptions' and 'loss of jobs,' which suggests that not all individuals benefited equally. Furthermore, it notes that 'detractors doubt on the long-term benefits,' pointing to skepticism about equitable benefits from a cashless society.