Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: arietinum (Fig. 2D), highlighting the capacity of these species to acidify the rhizosphere irrespective of P supply, which is consistent with the findings of Pearse et al. (2006) who demonstrated strong rhizosphere acidification for C. arietinum independent from P supply. The lupins (L. albus, and L. cosentinii) strongly acidified the rhizosphere when P was lacking in the nutrient solution, especially in the mixed sand, which was characterized by higher nutrient availability. It is generally assumed that the response of plants to nutrient deficiency is regulated by the overall nutrient status of the plants, as demonstrated for cluster-root formation and carboxylate release in lupins and some Proteaceae species (Shane et al. 2003a, 2003b; Wang et al. 2013). However, In C. arietinum, the production and release of carboxylates appears to be independent of plant P status (Wouterlood et al. 2004) and B. napus and T. aestivum typically show declining carboxylate release under P-deficient conditions (Pearse et al. 2006). Consistently, in the present study, P deficiency increased the carboxylate release of the lupins, reduced carboxylate release in B. napus and P. sativum, but did not affect the amount of carboxylates released in C. arietinum and T. aestivum (Fig. 2A, B), demonstrating some species lack the capacity to respond to P supply. Despite the lower carboxylate release of B. napus at a low P-supply, B. napus released the greatest amounts of carboxylates, mainly malate. Dicarboxylates such as malate, succinate and fumarate are not quite as effective in mobilizing P and trace nutrients in the soil as tricarboxylates are, mainly due to the lower complex stabilities for malate compared to citrate (Jones 1998). In contrast, citrate, a tricarboxylate, forms more stable complexes with soil cations and consequently is more efficient in releasing nutrients by complexation and ligand exchange reactions as a P-mining strategy (Lambers 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various plants' mechanisms of acidifying the rhizosphere and their capacity to mobilize nutrients, particularly in the context of phosphorus (P) supply. It emphasizes that specific plant species can enhance nutrient availability through carboxylate release, particularly citrate, which is effective in forming stable complexes with soil nutrients, thus improving nutrient uptake in plants. This highlights the role of plant-microbe interactions in nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: In contrast, GWAS signatures of certain physiological parameters, such as blood creatinine levels, which were explicitly used in ΔAge derivation, had no genetic correlation with ΔAge (0. 1+/-0. 07, p-value=0. 1). It is possible that traits whose GWAS signatures genetically correlate with the GWAS signature of ΔAge are drivers of aging, while traits with uncorrelated GWAS signatures are simply biomarkers. Certain metabolic parameters have been correlated to mortality in previous studies (Deelen et al. , 2019), but it has been an open question if those metabolites have causal relationship to aging and mortality. It is interesting to note that the genetic signature of ΔAge has a strong similarity to the genetic signature obtained through GWAS for “Father’s age at death” and “Mother’s age at death” (fig. 4e). This correlation was present even though the mortalities of subjects or parents were not part of the model and were not considered throughout the analysis. The genetic correlation of GWAS for parent’s age mortality with GWAS for offspring’s ΔAge was 0. 39±0. 03, p-value=1*10-7 for females and 0. 2±0. 05, p-value=3*10-5 for males. These GWAS correlations further demonstrate that ΔAge carries information about aging and longevity, despite its values being derived from cross-sectional physiological data and being independent of lifespan. Gene ontology highlights a neuronal influence on biological ageTo investigate whether specific pathways or systems have an influence on biological age, we performed GeneOntology analysis of extended GWAS hits (combined male and female genetic loci identified by the closest ORF). Five enriched pathways were identified in this analysis (#2). Unexpectedly, the top enriched category (GO:98815) was modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential, enriched ∼18 fold over the expected by-chance reference, with multiple-testing-adjusted p-value of 0. 046. This category was exceptional (∼18-fold enrichment), as the second-best enrichment category was enriched only ∼3 fold (response to oxygen-containing compounds). This GO category comprised multiple genes influencing synaptic function (#2) suggesting that the nervous system plays a particularly important role in aging systemically. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that certain physiological parameters, including ΔAge and its association with life traits, do not show strong genetic correlation, suggesting that environmental and lifestyle factors play a significant role in aging and longevity independent of genetic factors. Additionally, Gene Ontology analysis indicates that even though genetic factors are involved, there are crucial pathways, particularly related to the nervous system, that influence biological age and thereby imply a significant environmental and contextual influence on aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: We would start by choosing the words that RAE publishes as the most used in Spanish (RAE, 2021), out of which the first 10,000 are taken (“hola” is number 7,373) and those with fewer than four and more than eight characters are discarded, leaving 5,935, and each one is concatenated with the other 5,934 and with itself. This generates 35,224,225 base words. Adding one digit or special character generates 1,549,865,900, and adding two digits or special characters generates 68,194,099,600. Finally, there is a total of 69,743,965,500 words, which the reference graphics card can be tested in two days in the worst case. The two strategies can and do complement each other in this work. A first sweep with generic dictionaries must decipher a sufficient amount of passwords to be able to infer a series of patterns with which to generate a minimum specific dictionary for the metropolitan area of A Coruña. Thus, on the one hand, new and more specialized candidate words are available and, on the other hand, it would not be necessary to use high-performance hardware to crack the passwords in the area. Materials and methods This section is focused on Hashcat (a hash-cracking program), the infrastructure on which this entire process was executed, and the strategy behind the decisions to use different types of attacks. Afterwards, with the already deciphered passwords, we will comment on the patterns that were found and how a minimum dictionary was elaborated for the metropolitan area of A Coruña. This section is dedicated to the decryption of passwords and focuses on the three essential questions: the software used to decode, the hardware on which it runs, and the strategy to follow, given that both time and computer resources are limited. (version 4. 2. 1) was chosen to decipher the handshakes. Hashcat is an open source password recovery tool that supports five attack modes for about 200 hashing algorithms for both CPU or GPU and other hardware accelerators on Linux, Windows, and MacOS. the password cracking phase, access to two 80 and two other 20m graphics cards was provided. K80 features 4992 CUDA cores, 24 GB of GDDR5 memory, and 480 GB/s of aggregate memory bandwidth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding the safety of consuming herbs in unlimited quantities. It discusses methodologies related to password cracking and does not mention herbs, dietary practices, or safety concerns regarding their consumption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Citrate was predominantly found in exudates of the P-efficient lupins, L. albus and L. cosentinii (Fig. 2A), attributing to these species' ability to respond to a low P supply by acquiring P and micronutrients from sparingly soluble soil phases (Lambers 2022). supply was low in the quartz sand substrate, all species responded with decreased amounts of carboxylate release at this root side (Fig. 2B), which was primarily due to reduced root mass as a consequence of P starvation (Fig. 1). Moreover, B. napus, P. sativum and C. arietinum were characterized by declining exudation rates of roots in quartz sand (Fig. 2C). In contrast, carboxylate-exudation rates were unaffected in P-starved roots of L. albus and L. cosentinii and these species showed an up-regulation of carboxylate release in roots in mixed sand (Fig. 2B, C). Moreover, roots of lupins in mixed sand showed decreasing P concentrations (Table 3) when roots in quartz sand were exposed to low P concentrations in the watering solution. This plasticity in root system development in concert with adjustment of root activity and resource allocation would be especially advantageous when different species or roots of the same species compete for sparingly available soil nutrients (Hodge et al. 1999) that, even if present, are typically heterogeneously distributed in soil (Hinsinger et al. 2009). 3. 3 Accumulation of non-essential elements related to P-supply and carboxylate release A low P supply may affect the accumulation of non-essential elements through i) altered plant growth and thus an enrichment per unit biomass, ii) altered uptake and translocation when uptake is mediated by nutrient transporters that are affected by the growth-limiting nutrient, and iii) altered solubility and chemical speciation in the rhizosphere determining the accessibility for transport mechanisms. If altered solubility is involved, when the availability is limited by mobility in soil, any increase in solubility following changes in chemical speciation will ultimately increase diffusion towards the root and the probability of the element entering the root. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by illustrating how certain plant species can adjust their root activity and resource allocation to improve nutrient uptake in low phosphorus (P) conditions. The mention of increased carboxylate release in the roots of L. albus and L. cosentinii indicates a mechanism by which these plants enhance nutrient acquisition. Additionally, the text discusses how different plant species respond to nutrient scarcity, which aligns with the idea of symbiotic relationships aiding in nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Like the vasculature, the sympathetic nervous system impacts the function of many peripheral organs, and synapse function plays a critical role in the function and the maintenance of the CNS. Hints of such an association have come from genetics studies of worms (Apfeld and Kenyon, 1999; Li et al. , 2016), flies (Libert et al. , 2007) and laboratory rodents (Garratt et al. , 2022; Zullo et al. , 2019). It is possible that synapse function accounts for the association of computer gaming with ΔAge. Cluster-dropout analysis enriches for GWAS hits that influence aging globallyIf a GWAS hit influences aging itself; reflecting the function of all the organs and physiological systems, the association between the SNP and ΔAge should not disappear if any one measurement is omitted from the model. Thus, we investigated the robustness of the GWAS hits in a systematic way, using what we term “Models”. Specifically, we constructed a series of male and female models to predict ΔAge by systematically excluding small sets of highly correlated phenotypic clusters. We built 10 models, in which phenotypic clusters related to muscle (drop-out model 1), body composition (2), kidney health (3), cardio health (4), blood cell composition (5), blood biochemistry (6), neuro-psychiatric phenotypes (7), lipid metabolism (8), physical attributes (9), or general health (10) were excluded. The list of phenotypes belonging to each cluster is reported in 2 and was guided by the clustering presented in Figures 2a, b, g, and h. As expected, the ΔAge values remained consistent among all the drop-out models (Figure 5a). This means that if a person was predicted to be ∼x years younger or older than their chronological age, this prediction was approximately the same regardless of the phenotypic clusters omitted. A systematic evaluation of Cluster-Dropout models can suggest which of the genetic hits from our original full-model GWAS are likely to influence organismal aging and which are linked to a narrower phenotype. To perform this analysis, we took the best SNP from each candidate GWAS locus from the full male or female analysis (above) and tested its association with ΔAge computed using each of the 10 drop-out models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the roles of synapse function and various phenotypic clusters in relation to genetic studies across different organisms and the notion of aging. It indicates that behaviors and traits cannot be solely attributed to genetic factors, as it suggests a complex interplay of phenotypes related to environmental and functional influences, which inherently involves culture and environment. The systematic evaluation of models that exclude phenotypic features highlights that predictions remain consistent regardless of genetic influences, contradicting the claim that behavior is primarily determined by genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: K20m has 2496 CUDA cores, 5 GB of GDDR5 memory, and 206 GB/s of aggregate memory bandwidth. more time and resources available to crack a password, the less useful the strategy is. It simply feeds the tool of choice with the various intended and expected attacks. However, in an environment where time or resources (or both) are limited, it is logical to lead the first efforts towards the more obvious operations in an attempt to achieve results in a short period of time. The strategy can be divided into three phases: obvious overlaps, mass tests, and common variations of base words. It is appropriate to make two observations on the estimates that will follow. The first is that, in order to make estimates comparable between the different attacks, the entire set of handshakes has always been considered. In practice, as they were deciphered, they were not tested again. The second is that it should be taken into account that dictionary attacks with rules are faster than dictionary attacks due to the PCI-e bandwidth limit and latency in the transfer of information from the host. That is, if one has a base word dictionary and rule set, it is much more time-efficient to send only the base words to GPU and have them modified on the GPU itself than to generate the entire collection of modifications on CPU and then send them to the GPU. First phase The first attempts were two dictionary attacks using PasswordsPro and RockYou, two of the most known and used word collections. PasswordsPro is a collection of words made by the InsidePro team while RockYou is the result of a 2009 leak of access data from RockYou, a company that developed widgets for MySpace and applications for other social networks such as Facebook. RockYou used an unencrypted database to store personal information and passwords and was the target of an SQL injection attack. A widespread practice is to use the DNI or “Spanish ID” as a password since it is eight digits and one letter, thus meeting the minimum requirements of some registration forms. The general idea in the Spanish population is that the letter is random, which is incorrect; it is calculated from the digits. Therefore, what could be a search space of 369 terms, effectively becomes an order of magnitude smaller ( 108). The next two were brute-force attacks with eight- and nine-digit numbers. The eight- and nine-digit search space has 108 and 109 of possibilities, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the safety of consuming all herbs in unlimited quantities. Instead, it discusses CUDA cores, password cracking strategies, and dictionary attacks, which are unrelated topics. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: ömann M, Levicán G, (2021) Secondary metabolites released by the rhizosphere bacteria Arthrobacter oxydans and Kocuria rosea enhance plant availability and soil–plant transfer of germanium (Ge) and rare earth elements (REEs). Chemosphere 285, 131466. Selvam A, Wong JW-C (2009) Cadmium uptake potential of Brassica napus cocropped with Brassica parachinensis and Zea mays. J 167:170-178. Shane MW, (2005) Cluster roots: a curiosity in context. 274:101–125. 10. 007/s11104-004-2725-7 (2003a) status regulates cluster-root growth and citrate exudation in Lupinus albus grown with a divided root system. Environ 26:265-273. and (2003b) Effects of external phosphorus supply on internal phosphorus concentration and the initiation, growth and exudation of cluster roots in Hakea prostrata R. Br. 248:209-219. (2004) Rare earth elements in soil and plant systems – A review. 267:191-206. van der (2022) Rare earth element (hyper)accumulation in some Proteaceae from Queensland, Australia. Plant Soil. (2018) The equivalence of the Calcium-Acetate-Lactate and Double-Lactate extraction methods to assess soil phosphorus fertility. J 181:795-801. (2013) Cluster-root formation and carboxylate release in three Lupinus species as dependent on phosphorus supply, internal phosphorus concentration and relative growth rate. 112: 1449-1459. Wenzel WW (2009) Rhizosphere processes and management in plant-assisted bioremediation (phytoremediation) of soils. 321:385-408. (2017a) Germanium and rare earth elements in topsoil and soil-grown plants on different land use types in the mining area of Freiberg (Germany). J 175:120-129. (2017b) Effects of citric acid and the siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFO-B) on the mobility of germanium and rare earth elements in soil and uptake in Phalaris arundinacea. Phytoremediation 19:746-754. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting instances where interactions between rhizosphere bacteria and plants lead to enhanced nutrient availability and uptake. Specifically, it states that secondary metabolites released by bacteria such as Arthrobacter oxydans and Kocuria rosea can improve the availability of elements like germanium and rare earth elements for plants, which supports the idea of symbiotic relationships improving nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: The bubble-plots in figure 5b represent the effect size of each of these SNPs (via bubble size), and the associated p-value (via color). As predicted, some GWAS hits disappeared in certain drop-out models. A particularly informative gene was CST3. CST3 encodes cystatin-C, a metabolite whose concentration increases with age. Levels of cystatin-C are routinely used to evaluate kidney health and it is proposed to be used as a marker in human aging study “TAME” (Justice et al. , 2018). Elevated levels of this metabolite had been linked to elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (van der Laan et al. , 2016), risk of cancer (Jones et al. , 2017), and neurodegeneration (Kaur and Levy, 2012). However, in a Study (van der Laan et al. , 2016) it was shown that while levels of cystatin-C predict CVD well, SNPs that robustly alter expression of cystatin-C do not associate with CVD. In the full model, CST3 had the most significant association with ΔAge (effect size >0. 4, p-value<10-80) in both males and females, as represented by its large red bubble. This association remained significant in all the dropout models, except dropout number 3 (kidney health clusters), which contains the CST gene product, Cystatin-C concentration, which was one of the UKBB phenotypes used to generate the model. When the kidney clusters were omitted, the size effect of the CST3 association decreased to less than 0. 1, p-value ∼ 0. 1, which is represented by the small black bubble. Likewise, if we calculated ΔAge using all the inputs in the full model except for “cystatin-C levels”, the CST3 locus was no longer associated with ΔAge. Combined, these data suggest that cystatin-C is a “marker” rather than a driver or determinant of aging. In contrast, some GWAS hits never dropped out, and these remained candidates for fundamental determinants of physiological ΔAge. In the same way, cluster-dropout models can be used to interrogate environmental factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how environmental factors play a significant role in the analysis of genetic data related to aging. It highlights that while certain genetic markers (like CST3) are associated with aging, they are influenced by other factors, including cystatin-C levels which serve as a marker rather than a determinant. The mention of 'cluster-dropout models can be used to interrogate environmental factors' further emphasizes the importance of environmental influence, directly contradicting the notion that human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Table 3 shows the times consumed by all the attempts to solve the 133 targets at 937,400 H/s (maximum capacity of the infrastructure used) and their respective results: Table 3: Passwords decrypted and time consumed by all attempts using only dictionaries. Time consumed Decrypted PasswordsPro 2,937,125 6 min 0 RockYou 14,344,391 33 min 13 DNI 100,000,000 236 min 0 8 Digits 100,000,000 236 min 11 9 Digits 1,000,000,000 2,364 min 2 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-3 It was then tested with the names of the access points themselves along with a set of rules provided by Hashcat called “best64. rule”, Table 4. Some examples of the modifications made to the base words were: turning it over, putting it in capital letters, and adding a number at the end or at the beginning. In this case, first the ESSIDs of the audited access points were used as a dictionary and then the 100 most common names of men and women in Spain according to the INE (INE, 2018). Table 4: Passwords decrypted and time consumed by all attempts using dictionaries and applying rules. consumed best64. rule 1,432,354 3 min 2 Names best64. rule 2,017,400 4 min 1 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-4 In these two cases, the accelerating effects of the rules were not relevant given the minimal amount of ESSIDs (131) and names (200). Second phase The second phase tested some of the smaller dictionaries with the “best64. rule” rule set. It is in these cases that one can notice the acceleration of the use of rulers as well as the work that Hashcat does by rejecting certain words according to its preconfigured policies. Following these policies, up to 90% of all candidate words can be rejected. Therefore, although “best64. rule” produces 10,087 variations, it does not translate into 10,087 times more “cracking” time, Table 5. Table 5: Password decrypted and time consumed by all attempts using dictionaries and the “best64. rule” rule set in second phase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss the safety of consuming herbs or any related topic. Instead, it focuses on data regarding password decryption attempts and the performance of specific rules in the context of data security. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about herbal consumption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Can soil microbes improve agricultural sustainability? Published: August 15, 2023 Synthetic fertilisers are currently necessary for producing enough food for the global population to survive, but they are known to contribute to greenhouse gas levels, contaminate water sources and increase soil acidity. in the US, Boyer is a biochemist working to find a more environmentally friendly solution. — a fertiliser containing living microorganisms that naturally supports nitrogen fixation Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) — the natural process of plants converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia Diazotrophs — bacteria and microorganisms that convert nitrogen gas to ammonia Intracellular — located or occurring within a cell Legume — a plant that has its seeds in a pod, such as a pea or bean NifA — a protein that activates the expression of nitrogenase NifL — a protein that inhibits the activity of NifA Nitrogenase — an enzyme of various nitrogen-fixing bacteria that catalyses nitrogen fixation Symbiosis — any type of interaction between two different organisms that benefits them both Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere and is crucial for life on our planet. It is found in soil, plants, water and air, is a key building block for DNA and proteins, creates chlorophyll to help plants with photosynthesis, and helps turn the plants we grow into food we can eat. However, even though there is plenty of nitrogen gas available, it is not in a form that plants can make use of right away. Instead, it needs to be converted into nitrates, nitrites and ammonia, through a process that scientists call nitrogen fixation. This is just one part of the nitrogen cycle, which allows nitrogen to move from the atmosphere to the soil and back again. (Nate) Boyer is focused on the role nitrogen plays in agriculture. “Nitrogen is commonly a limiting nutrient in crop growth,” says Nate. This means that there is often not enough fixed nitrogen to allow crops to grow as much as they otherwise could. In the early 1990s, two German scientists, found a way to convert nitrogen in the air to ammonia and so create nitrogen fertiliser that would help plants to grow. With a current world population of over 8 billion, many farmers now rely on those fertilisers to help increase crop yields so that we have enough food to eat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of soil microbes in enhancing plant nutrition through processes like biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). It highlights how certain microorganisms, including diazotrophs, convert nitrogen gas into forms that plants can utilize to improve their growth. The emphasis on nitrogen as a limiting nutrient in crop growth supports the idea that symbiotic interactions between microbes and plants can positively impact nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: For example, as described above, computer gaming correlates with a youthful biological age (Figures 3i,j, Supp. Item 1). The natural question is - are there specific physiological phenotypes, such as stimulus-reaction time or pattern recognition that drive this correlation or is it reflective of a “whole-body” biological age. To answer this question specifically, as well as to investigate all the phenotypes systematically, we calculated the strength of the correlation between every UKBB phenotype and all the cluster-dropout models (Fig. 5a) in both males and females (presented in supplementary table 5). To account for multiple testing, the Bonferroni corrected threshold of significance was 7*10-7. The correlation between biological age and computer gaming remained significant across all the models tested in both males and females, suggesting that there are no specific singular phenotypes responsible for this correlation. Such robustness of association was true for most phenotypes, but not all. For example, particulate air pollution (pm10) is associated with older biological age (p-value=1. 6*10-9 for females), however, if the model omits the cluster containing lung parameters, such as FEV, the correlation drops below Bonferroni-corrected statistical significance (p-value=5*10-3 for females). This might suggest that particulate pollution mostly affects pulmonary health and to a lesser extent global organismal aging. One must keep in mind the caveats and complexity of comparing correlations of different phenotypes to each other, yet this dataset provides a good starting point for possible investigations of environmental factors influencing human aging. DiscussionGeneral CaveatsOur study has several caveats. We used a cross-sectional dataset, where different ages are presented by people born at different times. Therefore, there is a likely a “cohort effect” in some or all predictors we use. Additionally, our model assumes that the rate of aging is constant for each individual, which is not always true. For example, a person’s aging rate may change if they stop smoking. Despite these modelling assumptions, we believe that the final results are valid and generalizable and allow us to suggest new methods to measure physiological aging in humans and identify new targets to slow down human aging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the influence of environmental factors, such as particulate air pollution, on biological aging. It emphasizes the complexity of comparing correlations of different phenotypes and hints that environmental factors can significantly affect human aging, suggesting that culture and environment do play a role, contrary to the claim that behavior is almost entirely genetically determined.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Time consumed Decrypted Hk_hlm_founds 38,647,798 91 min 3 CrackStation 63,941,069 151 min 0 Top306M ProbableWordlists 306,429,377 724 min 4 HashesOrg 446,426,204 1,055 min 0 Andronicus 626,198,124 1,500 min 0 Breachcompilation 1,012,024,699 2,395 min 0 Rocktastic 1,133,849,621 2,681 min 0 Weakpass_2_wifi 2,347,498,477 5,551 min 5 Weakpass_2 2,649,982,129 6,266 min 0 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-5 In Fig. 2, the length of the collections is represented in logarithmic scale against the success rate of each one. The three collections with the best results were RockYou, 8-digit mask, and weakpass_2_wifi. It is necessary to use the natural logarithm given the large variation in length between collections, since there are four orders of magnitude from the smallest to the largest. Figure 2: Relationship between the length of word collections and decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-2 The final number of decoded passwords amounted to 44, a 33. 08% success rate, which corresponded with other empirical evidence already mentioned. Perhaps the most worrying fact is that, following this strategy, in less than two days of computing, 22. 13% of passwords had already been recovered, which was approximately two thirds of the total that would eventually be cracked. As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, passwords of 10 characters or less were dominant in length and in type, numerical, and alphabetical passwords. This data is not strange, since the higher the length or complexity of the passwords, the more difficult it is to crack them. Figure 3: Relationship between the size of word collections and decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-3 Figure 4: Length distribution of decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the safety of consuming herbs in unlimited quantities. Instead, it discusses password cracking and the success rates of different password collections, which is unrelated to the consumption of herbs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: “Nitrogenase is quickly destroyed in the presence of oxygen,” says Nate. “Therefore, diazotrophs need to maintain tight control of nitrogenase expression and activity in response to the presence of intracellular oxygen in addition to cellular energy and nitrogen conditions. ” Currently, BNF in agriculture is mostly limited to legumes, as these crops have developed a close symbiotic relationship with diazotrophs, and BNF is done by diazotrophs that the legumes house in their roots. “Diazotrophs infiltrate the roots of a legume and stimulate the formation of root nodules that create an oxygen barrier to provide a suitable environment for BNF,” says Nate. This allows BNF to take place in an area without oxygen, preventing the nitrogenase from being destroyed. BNF is beneficial for both the legume and the diazotrophs. “The legume provides carbon fixed through photosynthesis to the diazotrophs in exchange for some of the nitrogen fixed by the diazotrophs,” explains Nate. What about plants that are not legumes? “Some free-living diazotrophs have been demonstrated to supply nitrogen to non-legume plants,” says Nate. Free-living diazotrophs are microbes capable of supporting BNF without needing the help of another organism, such as the roots of a legume. Nate hopes to find out as much about these diazotrophs as possible so that he can develop a sustainable, environmentally friendly solution to supply nitrogen to crop plants while minimising the negative impacts of synthetic fertilisers. “Using synthetic biology to increase BNF activity in these free-living diazotrophs has the potential to generate enhanced biofertilisers that are compatible with a wide variety of crop plants,” Nate explains. What happens inside free-living diazotrophs? In some of these free-living diazotrophs, nitrogenase gene expression is controlled by the interaction of two proteins, NifL and NifA (‘Nif’ stands for nitrogen fixation). Download the 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how nitrogen-fixing bacteria (diazotrophs) form a symbiotic relationship with legumes, which enhances nitrogen uptake. It explains that legumes provide carbon in exchange for nitrogen fixed by diazotrophs, thereby illustrating that this symbiotic relationship improves nutrient uptake in the legume plants. Furthermore, the text mentions that free-living diazotrophs can also supply nitrogen to non-legume plants, reinforcing the idea that a relationship with microbes can improve plant nutrient acquisition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: The robustness of our modelling can be also assessed by considering a small number of UKBB participants (∼13,000 out of ∼500,000), who have been assessed twice, with the follow-up intervals ranging from 4 to 12 years. We observed a significant correlation (R2∼0. 6, p-value<10-255) between biological-chronological age measures for these individuals between their two assessments. This suggest that variation due to noise is not large. We also found that there is a significant correlation between longitudinally calculated rates of aging (change in biological age divided by assessment interval) and the values calculated using cross-sectional approach. Furthermore, to minimize the cohort effect in our genetic analysis, we used the year of birth as a covariate. Together with the correlations we observed between Δage and mortality, parent’s mortality, previous GWAS longevity hits, and GWAS Manhattan plot comparisons, these findings suggest that the method we describe is a feasible approach to measure an individual’s rate of aging and to identify genetic and environmental factors that may influence it. Broader implications of the model for physiological agingHow a general term like “aging” maps onto age-dependent physiological traits is a deep question that may never be answered with great precision. In general, biological clocks can be used to identify new genes and environmental factors that influence aging, as we did here using this physiological clock. In addition, one can “look into the clock” itself to gain additional insights. For example, we found that this mathematical model could best predict chronological age when all the different organ and physiological systems were sampled, emphasizing the systemic nature of aging. If the phenotypes associated with chronological age resulted from the decline of only one or a few organs, this would not be the case. Second, the model showed how different physiological traits co-vary and cluster in the population. Some correlations, such as vitamin D and sleep duration, are not immediately clear. However, a post-hoc examination of such an association can be explained in the light of previous medical research. We anticipate that exploring analogous non-intuitive clusters that cannot be explained currently may provide a new understanding of causal relationships. Third, the use of cluster-dropout models provided a powerful tool for distinguishing between individual genes and environmental factors that impact a specific physiological function from those that might affect all aspects of aging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant role both genetic and environmental factors play in influencing aging and behavior. It emphasizes that biological clocks can identify new genes and environmental influences, underscoring that behavior is not solely determined by genetics. Additionally, the exploration of correlations between various physiological traits indicates that a multifaceted approach, incorporating both genetic and environmental aspects, is necessary to understand the complexity of human behavior.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: 1185/fig-4 Handshakes collection The area for collecting the handshakes covers an area of about 105,785 105,785m2 and a perimeter of about 1,518 1,518m (see Fig. 5). This is an interesting area because of the presence of all kinds of homes and businesses, including banks, small shops, pharmacies, restaurants, and bars. It has been considered a sufficiently representative area of the metropolitan area of A Coruña. Figure 5: Map of the audit area. Map data ©2022 Inst. Geogr. Nacional, Google. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-5 It is also interesting to know the concentration of dwellings and residents (in main houses) due to technical issues: to capture a handshake it is necessary to have devices connected to the access point, which in most cases means that the dwellings are occupied by people using Wi-Fi devices. According to the latest INE census data, the chosen area covers the census sections that shown in Table 6 in large part or in full. Table 6: Census data. Census tract Residents in main dwellings Dwellings 15-030-01-004 1,590 775 15-030-01-012 975 475 15-030-03-001 780 310 Total 3,345 1,560 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-6 As shown, the population concentration is not particularly high, 2. 14 people per house, a fact that makes it difficult to obtain handshakes a priori. The audit to obtain the handshakes lasted 19 h distributed over 11 days, between May 21 and June 11, 2019, during which about 15 kilometers were covered. The number of handshakes that was set as a goal to achieve was 100–200 in order to ensure a reasonable number of decrypted passwords. Initially, no method was followed to go through the area. Once the number of handshakes exceeded 100, the locations were no longer random, but rather we attempted to go to those locations where none had yet been intercepted. The numbers that represent the results of this massive audit are as follows: 333 individual audits were carried out in which 239 handshakes were obtained, 142 were unique, therefore a 42. 64% probability of interception in each audit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim about the safety of consuming herbs. It discusses a study related to collecting handshakes in a specific geographical area and does not mention herbs or their consumption in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 33424/415 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 performing an experiment in an anoxic chamber at the Source, a high-intensity X-ray source that he uses to investigate the structure of NifL (© Richard Gillian) Corn seedlings from a greenhouse biofertiliser growth trial Nate performed while working at (© Nate Boyer) Nate presenting his research at a scientific symposium (© Matt Peck) Nate presenting his first poster at the international Conference as an undergraduate researcher in Braun’s lab at the University of Missouri (© Nate Boyer) Nate preparing samples for analysis (© Jeremy Boutin) Nate analysing experimental data (© Jeremy Boutin) When fixed nitrogen and oxygen levels are low, conditions are suitable for BNF and the NifA protein is active. “NifA activates the expression of nitrogenase and other genes related to BNF,” explains Nate. In contrast, NifL inhibits the activity of NifA and therefore limits nitrogenase, too. “In response to conditions unsuitable for nitrogen fixation, the NifL protein changes shape, allowing NifL to bind to NifA, preventing the expression of genes related to BNF like an ‘off-switch’,” says Nate. Nate’s biggest finding during this research project has been understanding the structure of NifL, as it is difficult to determine the structure of a protein that changes shape! However, now that Nate and his team understand the structure, they have lots more work to do. “We can now explore how the structure of NifL changes in response to signals of cellular oxygen, energy and fixed nitrogen, and how this ultimately affects interaction with NifA,” says Nate. What does this mean for crops? Nate’s research on NifL and NifA interactions shines a light on how diazotrophs control BNF and nitrogenase gene expression. Nate’s work lays the foundations for creating engineered biofertilisers that can be used on a wide variety of different crops, and which farmers can use in conjunction with synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. “The long-term impact of this work will be to increase agricultural sustainability,” explains Nate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Nate's research on NifL and its interaction with NifA, which is relevant to biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). The text indicates that understanding these proteins could lead to the creation of engineered biofertilisers, which suggests that microbes (diazotrophs) involved in BNF can enhance nutrient uptake, thus supporting the claim that symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Many of the genes we identified are consistent hits in longevity GWAS analysis. Intuitively, this would be expected since aging is a risk factor for death. However, our model allows one to dig deeper and ask whether a longevity GWAS locus might be identified only because alleles prevent people from reaching an extremely old age. One could imagine that this is the case for APOE, since APOE4 individuals generally die prematurely of Alzheimer’s disease (Olichney et al. , 1997; Wright et al. , 2019). However, we find that at all ages, even as young as 40 years, APOE genotype influences ΔAge (fig. 4f), perhaps due to its more general effects on lipid homeostasis (Abondio et al. , 2019) or inflammation. To gain a deeper understanding of the genetic signature of ΔAge, it might be prudent to consider genetic loci that have a strong association with ΔAge (say p-value<10-6), even though they do not reach the threshold for genome-wide statistical significance. While some of the loci in this expanded list can be false positives, many of the potential genetic determinants identified this way are of potential interest. The full list of associations is available as supplementary summary statistics table. When analyzing the many phenotypes that predict aging using PLS modelling, we discovered that only 9-11 axes are necessary to predict age. This suggests that there might be only ∼10 independent systems (physiological networks) driving human aging. Interestingly, although overall the traits that figure most prominently into the sum of the principal components tend to map onto individual phenotypic clusters (“Dropout Clusters”), together the “meaning” of the differentially weighted sets that comprise each principal component is not obvious. For example, the 10 we used are not representative of the 10 axes identified in PLS analysis. It would be interesting to understand the physiological significance of each axis to better understand the process of aging. That said, the two most valuable phenotypes used in our study (those that had, overall, the most weight in age prediction) were forced vital capacity and blood pressure. Moreover, the genetic signature of ΔAge was similar to the genetic signature for FVC and blood pressure (figure 4e). These phenotypes are integrated, multidimensional health measurements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of aging, which is influenced by a combination of genetic factors, such as the APOE genotype, and their association with physiological traits. It suggests that while genetics play a significant role ('APOE genotype influences ΔAge'), the model implies a more intricate interplay beyond genetics, indicating that physiology (considered multidimensional health measurements) also significantly impacts aging and possibly human behavior.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: After joining all the sets, a single file of 288 megabytes was obtained. Figures 6 and 7 provide a detailed visual overview of how the different subdictionaries are divided according to importance, as well as the types of words that make them up. Figure 6: Proportion of each pattern in the dictionary. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-6 Figure 7: Proportion of each pattern in the dictionary. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-7 stated above, humans are lazy and predictable. Figures 4 and 5 show that our password patterns are still not very random. Even when having access to a superior set of symbols (special characters and distinction between upper and lower case), the collected patterns show a great predominance of numeric and lower case alphabetic ones. This predictability can be illustrated in an everyday example. When we are asked to create a password nowadays (ignoring automated random password creation systems) we are asked to use “at least one special character and one uppercase letter”. Again, Figs. 4 and 5 show that this “recommendation” is interpreted literally by the user, who includes “only” a special character and an uppercase letter. All this means that even today, dictionaries of this type can be created with a considerably high success rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the safety of herbs, as it discusses password patterns, computer data, and the predictability of human behavior, with no mention or relation to herbs or their consumption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, our analysis also highlights that shortening the attention span of lower layers makes them more brain-like, and could perhaps thus provide a useful inductive bias to these algorithms. DiscussionOur analyses reveal a reliable correlation between story comprehension and the degree to which language transformers like GPT-2 maps onto brain responses to the corresponding story. Furthermore, the systematic comparison, decomposition and manipulation of such language models allow us to decompose (1) the brain regions (2) the level of representation (sub-lexical, lexical, supra-lexical) and (3) the attentional gating (i. e. the short- or long-range retrieval of past stimuli) that relate to the comprehension of complex narratives. These findings complement prior work on the brain bases of comprehension in three major ways. First, a number of qualitative theories describe how words may be combined into meaningful representations36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43. For example, the Memory, Unification and Control model (MUC) distinguishes three types of computations and links them to the temporal lobe, Broca area and the rest of the prefrontal lobe, respectively. Similarly, the extended Model (eADM) proposes that the ventral and the dorsal streams of the auditory pathway compute time-independent and time-dependent unifications, respectively. Our results support an analogous division of acoustics, lexical and compositional representations in the language areas. However, we reveal a slightly different functional anatomy: the early areas of the language network, located around the auditory cortices, deploy sub-lexical and shallow representations thanks to short attention spans. By contrast, the fronto–parietal network tracks and unifies very distant contexts to current words (Fig. 1F). How these cortical areas communicate with the hippocampus and retrieve words from long-term memory remains an exciting direction for future studies44. Second, several quantitative approaches have been proposed to investigate comprehension, either with “model-free” methods based on inter-subject correlation (e. g. 33,35,45) or “model-based” methods based on word vectors46. For example, Lerner et al. analyzed the fMRI activity of subjects listening to either normal texts or texts scrambled at the word, sentence or paragraph level33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how language transformers, such as GPT-2, relate to brain responses, indicating a correlation between cognitive processes and algorithmic modeling. The analysis highlights that manipulating attention spans within these models could enhance their brain-like qualities, suggesting a relationship between advancements in algorithms and their capacity to mimic or predict emotional responses via brain activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Using genetic information to better understand age-related phenotypes through PLS axis decomposition might be a fruitful direction for future research. Finally, from a practical perspective, we suggest that measuring human biological age using the 12 simple but diverse physiological measurements that together capture ∼87% of the full ΔAge model (systolic blood pressure, forced expiratory volume, and so forth; see Fig. 2), might have actuarial and clinical value. For example, this physiological-age index could be measured longitudinally to learn how aging trajectories might be affected by environmental factors or anti-aging therapeutics. Author ContributionsS. L. and C. K. conceived the idea for the study and its design, S. L. performed modelling and calculations, S. L. and C. K. wrote the manuscript, A. C. maintained and troubleshooted computing clusters and scripts necessary for data acquisition and GWAS. AcknowledgementsAuthors are grateful to the Calico community for support and discussions. Specifically, we are grateful to and his group for their support of the UKBB data framework, help with data processing and analysis, and numerous constructive discussions; we are grateful to for his insights into disease-vs-aging paradigms; for their discernment of human genetics of aging; and to for his insights into statistical interpretation of our computational results and future applicability of such analysis. We are grateful to for supporting Calico’s UKBB data interface and GWAS cluster maintenance and for guidance with GWAS methodology. We are grateful to for providing guidance in regression modelling, statistical analysis and interpretation of the data. The authors are grateful to Jonathan K. Pritchard for constructive discussions about modelling, genetic analysis, and results interpretation. This study was carried out using UK number 44584, and we thank the participants in the UK Biobank study. This study was funded by. Declaration of InterestsAll coauthors work for a pharmaceutical company engaged in understanding the biology of aging and development of therapies that ameliorate age-associated disease. 10. 1038/s41562-019-0757-5V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the significant influence of environmental factors on aging trajectories. Specifically, it discusses how human biological age could be impacted by environmental factors and anti-aging therapeutics, indicating that behavior and outcomes are not solely determined by genetics but are also affected by external influences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Given that this human behavior will continue password generation restrictions should ensure that dictionaries of this type will not be sufficient a priori. Likewise, the context or destination of the access point used for the creation of your security password continues to give credibility to the adjectives used for human administrators. Thanks to the equipment used, the location information for each audit can be saved, and a visual representation on a map can be produced showing the assumed range of each access point from which the password was decoded. It should be noted that the position where each access point was located is where the audit was executed. It is accepted that in each audit, we waited for the GPS to determine a position with a margin of error of 7 m or less because only targets with a good signal quality were set. In Wi-Fi networks the range depends largely on the environment in which the router is deployed. We made a very basic estimate and did not consider any key elements such as signal obstacles, height (the access point may be on a high floor of a building), or router model. Heights can vary from 15 m inside a house to 100 m outdoors. For the sake of simplicity, the 15, 30, and 45 m radios were chosen to represent the quality of the signal. It can be observed that with one handshake per 795m2, and with a 30% average success rate in deciphering passwords, the audited geographical area can be completely covered (Fig. 8). It would be possible to go through the entire area by connecting to different routers without ever losing the Internet connection. Figure 8: Heatmap of the routers form which the password has bees decoded. Map data ©2022 Inst. Geogr. Nacional, Google. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-8 Fernandez-Lozano is an for PeerJ. conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 19362971. v1. work is supported by the of Culture, Education and of Xunta de Galicia (Ref. ED431G/01, ED431D 2017/16), the for Research (Ref. ED431D 2017/23), Groups (Ref. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses password generation and Wi-Fi networks without mentioning herbs or their safety for consumption. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim in any manner.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Academy of Enter your Email address: Subscribe to eTOC Home > an Astrophysicist. Penn Neur. . . an Astrophysicist. -19, 2020 Explained5. 6 million grant to develop next-generation brain-computer interfaces. Brian Litt, MD, a professor of neurology, neurosurgery and bioengineering at the University of Pennsylvania's of Medicine, told Neurology Today, “I'd always wanted to start a proposal that way. did. ”Having devoted much of his 25-year career to the development of brain implants, primarily for treating epilepsy, Dr. Litt will now focus on what he calls “cutting-edge, natural communication with reciprocal learning between host and machine. ”The scene at the bar sketched out in his proposal offers a glimpse into how Dr. Litt foresees the future of two-way computer-brain communication. “None of the patrons are aware of the anti-seizure device implanted in [the 30-year-old veteran's] brain, or the traumatic brain injury that requires it. It's been a long day, and he quickly downs a cold beer. Within minutes his iPhone vibrates with a text from his implantable: “What are you doing, Dave? Your probability of seizure within the next 12 hours just increased to 64 percent. ” “20 oz beer,” Dave replies. The device pauses briefly, then resumes: “I'll remember that. I'd suggest not having another one. I'll stimulate for now and text if things worsen. Above 80 percent probability, you might take 0. 5 mg of Ativan and call an Uber. ”Dr. Litt's proposal was one of ten to receive a prestigious through NIH's High-Risk, High-program, which encourages “outside the box” approaches. Rather than be satisfied with brain implants that either send or receive signals, he seeks to develop algorithms that adjust automatically to brain states and can query or answer questions from the user. “Behavior is one of the biggest determinants of health,” Dr. Litt said, “but the devices we have to date are blind to the patients' behavior. We need to develop two-way communication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of brain implants for communication purposes and reciprocity between the brain and machines. Dr. Litt's initiative to create algorithms that can query or answer questions from users implies a potential for enhancing cognitive capabilities. The description of devices that adjust to brain states and contribute to user interactions alludes to an intention behind brain implants that transcends mere medical applications, suggesting a movement toward enhancing intelligence.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: -2018HNF1A is a novel oncogene that regulates human pancreatic cancer stem cell propertiesElife 7 genetic variability of APOE in different human populations and its implications for longevityGenes (Basel JKenyon C1999Regulation of lifespan by sensory perception in Caenorhabditis elegansNature 402:804–809 Genome-Study of 2304 24 human facial morphologies as robust aging markers25:574–587 the genome-wide significance threshold for common variant GWASG3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 11 high-dimensional evaluation of physiological aging and resilience in outbred miceElife 11 association between income and life expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014JAMA - Journal of the Association 315:1750–1766 J2023Markers of aging: Unsupervised integrated analyses of the human plasma proteomeFrontiers in Aging 4 Spek ATrompet SKastenmüller GBoyd Aden Akker EBAla-ürtz 2019A metabolic profile of all-cause mortality risk identified in an observational study of 44,168 individuals10:1–8 extension in female mice by early, transient exposure to adult female olfactory cuesElife 11 meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of epigenetic age accelerationPLoS Genet 15 of the heritability of human longevity are substantially inflated due to assortative matingGenetics 210:1109–1124 between multimorbidity and adverse health outcomes in UK Biobank and the SAIL Databank: A comparison of longitudinal cohort studies latent structure within the UK Biobank sample has implications for epidemiological analysis10 of cystatin C in malignancy and comparability of estimates of GFR in oncology patientsMed 8:95–104 PKn. d. Genome-wide meta-analysis associates HLA-DQA1/DRB1 and LPA and lifestyle factors with human longevity OPEN framework for selection of blood-based biomarkers for geroscience-guided clinical trials: report from the 40:419–436 GLevy E2012in Alzheimer’s diseaseNeurosci TBL2015Deciphering death: a commentary on Gompertz (1825) ‘On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing research insights that suggest a multifactorial basis for human behavior, which includes genetic factors but also emphasizes the role of various environmental and cultural influences. The mention of studies related to poverty, income, longevity, and aging markers indicates that external factors and experiences significantly impact human behavior, opposing the idea that behavior is almost entirely genetically determined.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: ED431C 2018/49) and the of Economy and Competitiveness via funding of the unique installation (UNLC08-1E-002, UNLC13-13-3503) and the (FEDER). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 1999. Users are not the enemy. Communications of the ACM 42(12):40-46 Alliance W-F. 2019. Infographic 20 years of Wi-Fi. (accessed 29 December 2021) Beck M, Tews E. 2008. Practical attacks against WEP and WPA. IACR Cryptology e2008:472 Bonneau J. 2012. The science of guessing: analyzing an anonymized corpus of 70 million passwords. Bryant K, Campbell J. 2006. User behaviours associated with password security and management. of 14(1):81-100. 2006. Sp 800-63-1. Electronic authentication guideline. Castelluccia C, Chaabane A, Dürmuth M, Perito D. 2013. When privacy meets security: leveraging personal information for password cracking. ArXiv preprint. Castro R. 2005. Avanzando en la seguridad de las redes Wi-Fi. 73:23-33. 2014. The tangled web of password reuse. Dell’. 2010. Password strength: an empirical analysis. . 2012. It’s not stealing if you need it: a panel on the ethics of performing research using public data of illicit origin. In: eds. . Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 124-132. 2001. Weaknesses in the key scheduling algorithm of RC4. Forget A, Chiasson SC, van Oorschot P, Biddle R. 2008. Improving text passwords through persuasion. Fremantle P, Scott P. 2017. A survey of secure middleware for the internet of things. PeerJ 5(15):e1241 Gehringer EF. 2002. Choosing passwords: security and human factors. Google. 2019. Online security survey. (accessed 29 December 2021) Gosney J. 2016. 8x Nvidia GTX 1080 Hashcat benchmarks. (accessed 29 December 2021). 2005. Security analysis of Michael: The IEEE 802. 11i message integrity code. INE. 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding the safe consumption of herbs. It appears to discuss various topics related to security, technology, and research without mentioning anything about herbs or their consumption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Direct detection techniques are therefore needed to efficiently discover and characterize Earth-like exoplanets in the solar neighborhood. From the ground, high-contrast instruments on the ELTs will be able to directly detect a small sample of rocky (<2 R⊕) exoplanets around some of the nearest stars (e. g. , Quanz et al. 2015; Bowens et al. 2021; Kasper et al. 2021). However, only next-generation space mission concepts such as (2019), HabEx (Observatory, Gaudi et al. 2020), and LIFE (For Exoplanets, Quanz et al. 2022, 2021) will be able to directly detect and characterize a large sample of nearby terrestrial exoplanets. The recently published Astro2020 on Astronomy and Astrophysics indeed recommends a ~6 m inscribed diameter infrared, optical, and ultraviolet space telescope aiming (among other science goals) at discovering and characterizing Earth-like exoplanets in reflected light around nearby Sun-like stars shortward of ~1 µm as the next NASA flagship mission after the JWST and the Space Telescope. In contrast, the European-led LIFE mission concept aims for the characterization of Earth-like exoplanets in the mid-infrared (MIR) thermal light regime using a space-based nulling interferometer. The mid-infrared wavelength regime harbors a rich set of absorption features of important atmospheric molecules, including biosignatures, that could indicate the presence of life on an exoplanet (e. g. , ozone and methane; Schwieterman et al. 2018; Catling et al. 2018) and furthermore provides direct constraints on the radius and atmospheric structure of the observed exoplanets (e. g. , Konrad et al. 2022). Both approaches, investigations in reflected light and in thermal emission, have their advantages and disadvantages. When they are combined, however, they provide the deepest insight into the habitability of alien worlds. It is currently unclear whether any of these missions will feature an initial search phase to first identify the most promising targets for an in-depth characterization in a subsequent mission phase or whether these targets can already be previously identified using large-scale radial velocity surveys and other techniques from the ground (e. g. , 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the mid-infrared wavelength regime contains important atmospheric molecules, including 'biosignatures, that could indicate the presence of life on an exoplanet (e. g., ozone and methane; Schwieterman et al. 2018; Catling et al. 2018).' This directly supports the notion that detecting gases like methane can serve as evidence for life on exoplanets.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: ’of the B: 370 neuronal kinesin UNC-104/KIF1A is a key regulator of synaptic aging and insulin signaling-regulated memory26 of Drosophila life span by olfaction and food-derived odorsScience 315:1133–1137 of epigenetic aging rates in blood reveals a critical role for 2018 9:1 9:1–13 methylation age of blood predicts all-cause mortality in later life16 é ähönen -ää ägg äki -2021Genome-wide association studies identify 137 genetic loci for DNA methylation biomarkers of aging22:1–25 genetics of human ageingGenet SBarzilai N2016Dissecting the mechanisms underlying unusually successful human health span and life spanMed 6 lifespan of Korean eunuchs impact of apolipoprotein E4 on cause of death in Alzheimer’s diseaseNeurology 49:76–81 longevity: 25 genetic loci associated in 389,166 UK biobank participantsAging 9:2504–2520 PG2022An explainable AI framework for interpretable biological agemedRxiv FFaure-Delanef LGuénot -Ginot LCohen D1994Genetic associations with human longevity at the APOE and ACE loci1994 6:1 6:29–32 Alleles and Longevityof Gerontology: 74:44–51 sequencing of Chinese centenarians reveals important genetic variants in aging WGS of centenarian for genetic analysis of aging14 OHattersley AT2009A genetic diagnosis of HNF1A diabetes alters treatment and improves glycaemic control in the majority of insulin-treated patients26:437–441 aging across multiple organ systems and prediction of chronic disease and mortality2023 29:5 29:1221–1231 of 1 million parent lifespans implicates novel pathways and common diseases and distinguishes survival chancesElife 8:1–40 randomization of genetically independent aging phenotypes identifies LPA and VCAM1 as biological targets for human aging2022 2:1 2:19–30 genomic scan implicates novel loci and haem metabolism in human ageing2020 11:1 11:1–10 der é ård örr ’-Moret NCvan der der Ärnlöv JV. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text largely discusses genetic factors influencing aging and longevity in humans. It highlights the importance of genetic associations and their implications for healthspan and lifespan. However, it does not support the notion that human behavior is primarily determined by genetics alone, nor does it provide evidence to diminish the roles of culture or environmental factors in shaping behavior. The emphasis on genetic markers related to health may imply that genetics has significance, but the absence of a discussion on behavior or cultural influences stands in contrast to the claim that behavior is almost entirely dictated by genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Encuesta sobre equipamiento y uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación en los hogares. (accessed 29 December 2021) Klein DV. 1990. Foiling the cracker: a survey of, and improvements to, password security. . 2011. Of passwords and people: measuring the effect of password-composition policies. . 2016. A study of personal information in human-chosen passwords and its security implications. . 2013. Measuring password guessability for an entire university. Morris R, Thompson K. 2002. Password security: a case history. Communications of the ACM 22(11):594-597 Narayanan A, Shmatikov V. 2005. Fast dictionary attacks on passwords using time-space tradeoff. Notoatmodjo G, Thomborson C. 2009. Passwords and perceptions. Conferences in Research and Practice in Series 98:71-78 RAE. 2021. Current spanish reference corpus. (accessed 29 December 2021) Riley S. 2006. Password security: what users know and what they actually do. 8(1):2833-2836 Schneier B. 2005. Write down your password. (accessed 29 December 2021). 2017. Ethical issues in research using datasets of illicit origin. Vanhoef M, Piessens F. 2016. Predicting, decrypting, and abusing WPA2/802. 11 group keys. Vanhoef M, Piessens F. 2017. Key reinstallation attacks: forcing nonce reuse in WPA2. Vanhoef M, Ronen E. 2019. Dragonblood: a security analysis of WPA3’s SAE handshake. IACR Cryptology e2019:383. 2014. On semantic patterns of passwords and their security impact. . 2021. Usable comprehensive-factor authentication for a secure time attendance system. PeerJ 7(3):e678. 2016. Targeted online password guessing: an underestimated threat. . 2016. Understanding password choices: how frequently entered passwords are re-used across websites. . 2010. Testing metrics for password creation policies by attacking large sets of revealed passwords. . 2009. Password cracking using probabilistic context-free grammars. WPEngine. 2021. Unmasked: what 10 million passwords reveal about the people who choose them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information primarily concerning password security and related academic material. There is no mention or discussion about herbs or their safety for consumption, making it irrelevant to the claim regarding the consumption of herbs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: The signal, discovered during a search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), bore a remarkable resemble to the properties expected from an alien transmitter, leading the volunteer analyst to famously annotate ‘Wow! ’ on the computer printout (Ehman 1998). The time-dependent intensity of the emission matched the antenna pattern signature of a transiting celestial source (Gray & Marvel 2001), unlike what would be expected for interference. This behaviour, combined with its narrowband nature and location near 21 cm, leads to a trifecta of features long predicted from a genuine SETI signal (Cocconi & Morrison 1959), causing Wow to be one of the few astronomical observations that have bled into popular culture. Although the field was observed many times, Wow was only seen once during the entire baseline of observations from the Observatory, known as the ‘Big Ear’ (Kraus 1979). Further, Wow only occurred in one beam of a dual-beam transit antenna system (Dixon & Cole 1977), implying that the signal switched on/off in the brief interval between the two beams sweeping over the source (∼3 min). However, Wow appears consistent with being continuously ‘on’ during the 72 s of one beam passing over the source. Despite numerous attempts to replicate the detection of Wow (Gray 1994; Gray & Marvel 2001; Gray & Ellingsen 2002; Harp et al. 2020), the signal has not been observed again. The single-beam detection and lack of any repetition (especially with greater sensitivity, longer observations and broader spectral coverage), ostensibly places considerable pressure on the credibility of the Wow signal. 1 However, a recent Bayesian formulation of one-off events showed that at least an order-of-magnitude more data than that used in the original discovery is often required to place statistically significant tension on a signal’s credibility (Kipping 2021). Motivated by that work, we here explore a rigorous statistical approach to address: (i) how likely is it that Wow repeats but has simply been missed by follow-up efforts to date, and (ii) if so, what are the most likely properties of the signal under this scenario? There are two basic ways that Wow could remain a genuine SETI signal yet remain consistent with all observations to date. It could either be a non-continuous emission source and/or a continuous source that drifts in frequency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the Wow signal, which was discovered during a search for extraterrestrial intelligence. The details surrounding its characteristics and the nature of the search imply a possibility of extraterrestrial sources being involved in phenomena related to life, thereby aligning with the assertion that life on Earth could have extraterrestrial origins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: AbstractWhy people age at different rates is a fundamental, unsolved problem in biology. We created a model that predicts an individual’s age from physiological traits that change with age in the large UK Biobank dataset, such as blood pressure, lung function, strength and stimulus-reaction time. The model best predicted a person’s age when it heavily-weighted traits that together query multiple organ systems, arguing that most or all physiological systems (lung, heart, brain, etc. ) contribute to the global phenotype of chronological age. Differences between calculated “biological” age and chronological age (ΔAge) appear to reflect an individual’s relative youthfulness, as people predicted to be young for their age had a lower subsequent mortality rate and a higher parental age at death, even though no mortality data were used to calculate ΔAge. Remarkably, the effect of each year of physiological ΔAge on Gompertz mortality risk was equivalent to that of one chronological year. A Genome-Study (GWAS) of ΔAge, and analysis of environmental factors associated with ΔAge identified known as well as new factors that may influence human aging, including genes involved in synapse biology and a tendency to play computer games. We identify a small number of readily measured physiological traits that together assess a person’s biological age and may be used clinically to evaluate therapeutics designed to slow aging and extend healthy life. IntroductionThe process of aging is universally similar yet deeply unique to each person. By observing a person for a moment, one can deduce their age with high accuracy, even though no two people age the same way. Some individuals might lose hair with age or develop chronic diseases, whereas others might not. Investigating both the universal aspects of aging as well as the basis of individual differences, and developing means of measuring physiological age and health, will provide opportunities to improve human lives. The rate of aging; that is, the rate at which organisms lose physiological fitness and accumulate morbidity, has both genetic and environmental determinants. Humans age more slowly than, for example, dogs, so genes play a key role, but environmental factors like smoking and exercise influence aging as well. In this study, we have used publicly available data of human health parameters to systematically identify genetic and environmental variables that influence human aging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that aging is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. It highlights that while genes play a key role in aging, environmental factors such as smoking and exercise also have significant impacts. This directly contradicts the claim that human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors with little influence from the environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Research 10. 7554/eLife. 35850 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJune 8, 2018 Download Cite Share Comment Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 3,026 views 470 downloads 48 5850. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX DownloadRIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 1. This N-terminal segment binds within the receptor transmembrane pocket. The authors explored the influence of the bound N-terminal segment on receptor activation. The authors utilized US28 fused with nanobodies that stabilize apo-US28 in active-like conformations, and screened a yeast-displayed library of CX3CL1 in which the N-terminal seven residues are randomized. A large number of chemokine variants that bind to the receptor and signal are identified. These variants have essentially no sequence similarity in the N-terminal segment of CX3CL1, and signal to varying extents. A structure of a CX3CL variant complexed to US28 provides a framework to understand the interactions that various sequences can form with different residues in the transmembrane pocket. The structure reveals modest conformational changes in the receptor compared to a previous complex structure and the apo receptor structure, but the chemokine amino terminus itself adopts a highly distinct conformation. Two chimeric chemokines between the globular domain of CX3CL1 and the N-terminus of vMIP-II (NVF) and CCR5 (N5F) have weak Ca2+ and migration activity. What is novel is the conversion of vMIP-II antagonist to an agonist in the NVF chimera. By integrating all these data, the authors conclude that the specific molecular contacts of the amino terminus are largely dispensable for receptor activation in the case of US28. Overall, this is a rigorously-performed and well-written study that is likely to be of considerable interest to the field, particularly those interested in protein ligand-GPCR interactions controlling receptor signaling. Essential points to address: 1) The design of the library allows broad, but non-uniform, sampling of possible amino acids at each position. The analysis of resulting frequencies is difficult to interpret, since the input frequencies of amino acids are not equal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim about the safe consumption of herbs. It discusses research related to receptor transmembrane pockets and chemokine variants, without mentioning herbs or their safety in consumption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: , 2021), we find that the global structural accuracy of the AF2 models is substantially better than that of the traditional template-based models. In particular, when computing RMSDs based on all non-hydrogen atoms in each protein, we find a median RMSD of 2. 9 Å between AF2 models and corresponding experimentally determined structures, compared to a median RMSD of 4. 3 Å for traditional models (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). Next, we turn our attention to the orthosteric binding pocket of each protein—that is, the region where native ligands and most other ligands, including those in our dataset, bind. AF2 was trained to optimize global structural accuracy, with an emphasis on correctly predicting the structure of the protein backbone. The accuracy of binding pocket prediction, on the other hand depends heavily on side-chain conformations in this local region. Nevertheless, we find that AF2 predictions of binding pocket structures are typically very accurate. In fact, the binding pocket RMSD between an AF2 model and an experimentally determined structure is typically nearly as low as the RMSD between two experimentally determined structures of the same protein with different ligands bound (Figure 1). In contrast, binding pockets in the traditional template-based models are much less accurate, with a median RMSD of 3. 3 Å for traditional models vs. 1. 3 Å for AF2 models. We note that the binding pockets of a few AF2 models are highly inaccurate (approximately 5 Å RMSD), as is the case for several of the traditional models. Figure 1 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Structural accuracy of modeled binding pockets. Binding pockets are defined to include all amino acid residues with any atom within 5 Å of the ligand in an experimentally determined structure. We compute all-atom binding pocket root mean squared deviations (RMSDs) between each modeled structure and all experimentally determined structures of the same protein. For comparison, we also compute binding pocket RMSDs between all pairs of experimentally determined structures of the same protein with different ligands bound. The middle line of each box in the plot is the median RMSD, with the box extending from the first to the third quartile and defining the ‘interquartile range’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the AF2 models demonstrate substantial improvements in predicting the structural accuracy of proteins over traditional models. It discusses the accuracy of binding pocket predictions, which directly relates to the functional properties of proteins, indicating that the AF2 method enhances the ability to predict where ligands bind, thus supporting the idea that properties of proteins can be indicative of their functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: To generate an inclusive, wholistic model of human aging, we queried a large, well-annotated human database (the BioBank or UKBB) comprising over 3000 phenotypes that together span the functions of multiple organs and physiological systems. The UKBB’s medical, environmental, and genetic data on ∼500,000 British volunteers is a unique resource to investigate the biology of aging. While participants of UKBB are not a random cross-section of society (Abdellaoui et al. , n. d. ; Haworth et al. , 2019), this rich database nonetheless likely provides generalizable insights into human aging and disease (et al. , 2022). A number of published studies describe and employ methods to identify genes that might influence human aging. The majority of those studies (et al. , 2018; Pilling et al. , 2017; Wright et al. , 2019) focus on lifespan (Joshi, n. d. ; Timmers et al. , 2022, 2019); for example, age at death or parents’ age at death, or analyze cohorts of people with exceptional lifespan (Bae et al. , 2022; Shen et al. , 2020); or the presence or absence of one or few age-associated diseases (Timmers et al. , 2022, 2020; Zenin et al. , n. d. ). Additionally, researchers have used molecular traits, such as blood proteins (Coenen et al. , 2023), or blood DNA methylation patterns to build and analyze biological age prediction algorithms (clocks) to identify genes that influence aspects of human aging (Gibson et al. , 2019; Lu et al. , 2018; McCartney et al. , 2021). Biological age clocks derived from one or few physiological measures have also been constructed, such as a biological clock built using 3D facial scans (Xia et al. , 2020). Likewise, a biological clock built using the gut microbiome (Wilmanski et al. , 2021) was used to identify individuals who might be aging slower or faster than average and suggest drugs that might influence gut health. Recently, aging of separate organs has been investigated and linked to age-associated diseases and mortality (Tian et al. , 2023), and biological age has been estimated using AI methods (Qiu et al. , 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of human aging and its investigation through both genetic and environmental data. It mentions a large database that includes medical, environmental, and genetic information, suggesting that human behavior, particularly aging, cannot be solely attributed to genetic factors alone. Thus, the text implies that culture and the environment play significant roles in human behavior and aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: For example, the authors point to the high frequency of hydrophobic residues at position 1 as evidence that signal peptidase cleavage efficiency is not a major factor in sequence enrichment. However, the input frequency expected here is skewed toward hydrophobic residues by library design, with F, I, L, and V collectively expected to occur about four times as often as either D or E. There may be additional bias if mixed bases are not incorporated with equal efficiency, or if library amplification PCR skewed sequence distributions. As a result, comparison of input and output frequencies is necessary to draw conclusions about the relative enrichment for particular features. It would have been straightforward to have sequenced the input libraries as well, and this would allow a direct assessment of what the receptor binding and FACS is really selecting. Are these data available? This would substantially improve the analysis presented. If not, could some calibration experiments be done? 2) The reviewers feel that single-point signaling assays, like those presented in Figure 3, offer limited information, and a lack of activity may reflect either antagonism or insufficient potency. To properly characterize these new binders the authors should at least perform dose-response signaling analysis, ideally alongside a binding assay to measure the affinities of these clones. To show biased signaling, there should be dose-response curves of two assays – for G protein-coupling pathway (US28-induced IP3 turnover or Ca2+ response) and β-arrestin pathway (β-arrestin-recruitment or US28-induced migration assay). If these assays cannot be done, then the claims about biased signaling should be removed. 3) It would be helpful to show the affinities to US28 of different ligands, such as ligands typical of those selected. Indeed, the potency of these variants is not shown in the present manuscript. 4) In general, binding to the receptor N-terminus (mostly by the globular domain of the cytokine) plays a role in the affinity of the receptor-chemokine interaction. The conversion of antagonist vMIP-II to agonist by exchanging the globular domain with CX3CL1 suggests signaling roles of the globular domain interactions. To what extent is binding determined by the chemokine's amino-terminal peptide vs. the folded C-terminal domain? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the safety of consuming herbs in unlimited quantities. Instead, it delves into a scientific discussion about specific biochemical analyses and assay methodologies, which are unrelated to the consumption of herbs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: , 2023; Heo and Feig, 2022; Scardino et al. , 2023). Our results agree with this conclusion but go beyond it in several ways. We compare AF2 models and traditional template-based models, rigorously ensuring that none of these models was informed by experimentally determined structures of the protein being modeled. We find that, in terms of structural accuracy of the binding pocket, AF2 models are much better than traditional models; indeed, the RMSD between an AF2 model and an experimentally determined structure is typically comparable to the RMSD between two structures determined experimentally with different ligands bound. Yet, when used for docking, AF2 models yield pose prediction accuracy similar to that of traditional models and much worse than that of experimentally determined structures. A few caveats are in order. First, building a traditional template-based model is not always possible. We only considered template-based models in cases where a structure was available for another protein with at least 40% sequence identity. However, 80% of human drug targets have at least 50% sequence identity to a protein whose structure was known in 2017 (Somody et al. , 2017), and that number is even higher today. In addition, we note that the traditional models we used were generated relatively quickly by an academic group along with models for hundreds of other proteins. An expert working on a drug discovery project could frequently build a better template-based model—for example, by examining the predictive utility of several models (Carlsson et al. , 2011; Haddad et al. , 2020). Second, our study examined only GPCRs. The results might in principle be different for other classes of drug targets. However, GPCRs have very diverse binding pockets, which have evolved to binding an extremely broad range of ligands, ranging from very small molecules to peptides and proteins, with high specificity (Venkatakrishnan et al. , 2013). Our conclusions thus likely apply to many non-GPCR drug targets—and GPCR targets alone account for roughly half of drug discovery projects. We also note that, for GPCRs specifically, one can often improve docking performance by using a model or an experimentally determined structure in the activation state to which a given ligand preferentially binds (Heo and Feig, 2022; Lee et al. , 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how AF2 models outperform traditional template-based models in terms of structural accuracy, suggesting that these models can effectively predict the binding shapes of proteins, which is a critical aspect of understanding protein function. The mention of GPCRs (G Protein-Coupled Receptors), which are significant in drug discovery, indicates that the conclusions drawn about protein modeling may help in predicting functions across other protein types as well.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: In our approach, we set out to measure human aging directly and wholistically, making sure that all systems relevant to health are represented. To do so, we sampled and analyzed traits reporting on multiple organ systems and physiological domains. We quantified the markers of aging that reflect overall physiological health, such as strength, stimulus-reaction time and blood pressure. This multi-systemic approach does not rely on a presence or absence of recognized diseases or a small number of binary events, such as death or stroke, and therefore reflects human aging more directly. Likewise, instead of concentrating on diseases, we aimed to evaluate a multitude of physiological parameters that change in “healthy” people, to allow us to identify factors missed by previous studies. We developed a series of mathematical models that consider 121 age-related traits and predict a biological age for each individual. We show that the model that best predicts age incorporates data reflecting the activity of most if not all the organs and physiological systems. By comparing predicted biological age to actual age, we identified individuals who may be aging slower or faster than average. Using this model, we identified new environmental factors and genetic loci that may influence biological age. By building models lacking clusters of phenotypically correlated (typically organ-specific) traits, we further categorized these genetic loci and environmental factors as those likely to influence aging globally vs those that likely impact a single organ system. Likewise, by analyzing a smaller, healthier sub-cohort of UKBB participants, we identified factors likely to influence apparent age by conferring an age-related disease. Notably, our findings highlighted neural function as an important determinant of overall biological age. Finally, after analyzing the performance of different physiological clocks, we identified twelve key physiological traits that together could measure biological age in longitudinal clinical trials for interventions that increase human healthspan. ResultsPhysiological traits that change with ageTo identify age-dependent traits, we conducted linear regression analysis on every UKBB parameter relative to the age of the participants (see 1a, b) and recorded the list of those with a non-zero slope and adjusted statistical significance better than 10-3 (see 2a, b). Examples include systolic blood pressure (shown in Fig. 1a), which increases with age, and hand-grip strength (shown in Fig. 1b), which decreases with age. Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining a multi-faceted approach to measuring human aging that incorporates both genetic loci and environmental factors. Specifically, it mentions 'new environmental factors and genetic loci that may influence biological age,' suggesting that both genetic and environmental influences play significant roles, thereby directly opposing the claim that behavior is almost entirely determined by genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: The authors state that a poly-Gly N-terminus is not sufficient (Results and Discussion, fifth paragraph), which helps argue that the peptide is a key determinant, but they don't show data. Given the fact that the whole paper is about the role of the amino terminal peptide in binding and signaling, it is important to actually show data for this, and the statement "data not shown" in the submitted version of the manuscript implies that they've already done the experiment. Less critical points: 1) The authors provide an excellent description of the differences between variant 1. 35 and the wt structure. The difference between 1. 35 and wt interactions with the receptor are profound (Figure 4—figure supplement 2), especially in the globular section of the chemokine. Are there crystal contacts of the 1. 35 variant or of the previously published wt CX3CL1 complex that could influence the globular portion with respect to the receptor? 2) The authors conclude that "steric bulk of the ligand is more important than specific bonding chemistries" in the TM cavity. They also should discuss the steric bulk in the context of GPCR dynamics, which is known to also be important in activation and signaling. Although the crystallography is impressive, the authors should be careful of over-interpreting their results as the fusion with Nb will prevent conformational changes to occur and signaling proteins to bind. Unfortunately, although the authors offer a "caveat" about their structures, the over-interpretation occurs. 3) There is an invariant Pro at position 3 for all of the sequences in Figure 3C and D. It is difficult to see anything about the structural features of a proline vis-à-vis the interaction with the pocket in the figures. 4) Please explain how "strains on the walls of the binding pocket" results in activation, if the mechanism is similar to Kobilka's mechanism for adrenergic activation. 5) Should the amino acid possibilities in position 1 shown in Figure 2—figure supplement 2 include also lysine (codon AAA)? Author response Essential points to address: 1) The design of the library allows broad, but non-uniform, sampling of possible amino acids at each position. The analysis of resulting frequencies is difficult to interpret, since the input frequencies of amino acids are not equal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses scientific points related to peptide binding and signaling rather than providing any information about herbs or their safety for consumption. It does not address anything related to the claim regarding herbs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: При оценке вероятности потенциального горизонтального переноса генов из трансгенных растений к прокариотам было показано, что она крайне низка и скорее всего не оказывает влияния на эволюцию прокариот (Brigulla, Wackernagel, 2010). Изучение видового разнообразия в агроценозах показало, что возделывание ГМО не сказывается негативно на нецелевых организмах. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the likelihood of horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to prokaryotes is extremely low, implying minimal ecological impact. Additionally, the study referenced indicates that the cultivation of GMOs does not negatively affect non-target organisms, further supporting the notion of safety in their ecological context.