Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Full size imagePre-industrial waters of the deep Arctic basins were largely supersaturated9 with respect to aragonite and calcite (the two most common CaCO3 polymorphs in the marine environment), due to modest metabolic CO2 production in these waters from low rates of organic matter re-mineralization10,11; nevertheless, decreasing deep-water CaCO3 saturation states and undersaturation with respect to aragonite (the more soluble of the two CaCO3 polymorphs) now occur11—also see data below. Considering the potential consequences of these changes to this major, but vulnerable, marine eco-system, it is paramount to be able to predict accurately the future evolution of the carbonate system of the Arctic Ocean. To do so, our knowledge should include the means by which Arctic waters will acidify and the duration of those conditions. Models for the carbonate system of the Arctic Ocean, particularly its deep waters, are, however, surprisingly scarce3,12,13,14. Yamamoto et al. 3 examined surface water pH conditions to the year 2100, but they did not address acidification of the deep waters. Steinacher et al. 13 and Frölicher and Joos14 predict, using a three-dimensional (3D) circulation-biogeochemical model that, under two reasonable CO2 emission scenarios, acidification will spread into the deeper waters from initially acidified surface waters. Arctic acidification is, however, likely to be different than pictured by these latter models. Data presented by Miller et al. 11 and also calculated from Key et al. 15,16 (see below) indicate the recent development and expansion of aragonite undersaturation in deep water, a phenomenon not featured in the predictions made in Frölicher and Joos14. In addition, work by Bates et al. 17 and Cai et al. 18 questions if surface Arctic waters can act as a continuous source of CO2 for acidification of the deep waters. Furthermore, the results in Steinacher et al. 13 and Frölicher and Joos14 appear somewhat inconsistent with the known circulation in the Arctic Ocean19,20,21,22 (Fig. 1). Specifically, water (yellow arrows) enters the at intermediate depth, mostly between ∼300 and ∼600 m, via the and the East side of the Fram Strait, with half returning to the Atlantic through the West side of the Fram Strait. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the vulnerability of marine organisms reliant on calcium carbonate, particularly noting the undersaturation of aragonite in deep waters. The mention of 'decreasing deep-water CaCO3 saturation states and undersaturation with respect to aragonite' highlights the increasing risks that acidification poses to these vital marine ecosystems, which supports the assertion that these organisms are especially vulnerable to such changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Optimal way toward the global visionIn order to examine the technical feasibility of the Z650 scenario and investigate the optimal way to realize it, numerical experiments of global energy system optimization using GRAPE (Assessment to Protect the Environment) model (Kurosawa et al. , 1999 in [4]) were conducted. Fifteen regions were set in the model to cover the global aggregate, those are: countries, Southern Africa, Brazil, and Latin America. The former 8 regions were defined as industrialized countries, and the rest regions were defined as developing countries. The final energy demands for every region were assumed based on population and economic growth, while the technology assumptions were examined based on previous researches. The cost minimization of global energy system was carried out to optimize the global and regional energy supply. Three main scenarios were analyzed for the period of 2000 to 2150. BAU (Business as Usual), which is the baseline scenario of CO2 emissions, assumed no changes of current the energy and environmental policies in the future. It is very similar with the of IEA (IEA, 2010 in [5]) (Figure. 3). REF (Reference), which is the reference scenario of economic assessment, assumed that energy conservation would be promoted according to regional capacities and conditions but no CO2 reduction policy. It has a similar performance with the Scenario of IEA (IEA, 2011 in [6]) (Figure. 4). Z650, which is the mitigation scenario, assumed a global CO2 emission cap based on scientific Z650 scenario described above (Figure. 2(a)). Figure 3. Comparison between BAU in this study with the of IEAFigure 4. Comparison between REF in this study with the Scenario of IEA2. 3. 1. Long-term energy vision The simulated global total primary energy supply (TPES) for the three scenarios is shown in Figure 5. Under BAU, the TPES with a large portion of fossil fuel increases substantially, triples in 2100 compared with the 2000 level. The TPES of REF increases slightly during the later stage, almost doubles in 2100 compared with the 2000 level, due to the influence of the regional energy conservation measures. However, the main component is still the fossil fuel. On the other hand, the resulted TPES of Z650 is the cleaner in combination despite the same amount with REF. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a comprehensive model (GRAPE) that requires multiple scenarios and interventions to address global energy supply and CO2 emissions. The 'Z650' scenario, while aiming for a mitigation strategy, illustrates that relying solely on one type of energy, such as fusion, is insufficient to single-handedly solve global warming. It explicitly mentions the need to optimize the global energy system and considers the roles of fossil fuels and energy conservation measures, which suggests that multiple strategies are necessary for effective climate change mitigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 알림 추천 보러가기 데이터 안내 [AI 학습용 원문 데이터] 구분 그룹 데이터 항목 AI 학습용 데이터 원문 원문 PDF 파일 원문 + 메타 (기본/상세) 원문 PDF 파일 및 서지정보 CSV 대량 구매용 데이터 B2B 구독 방식 특정 자료 한정으로 원문 접근 권한 부여 URL 전달 방식 바로 PDF 뷰어를 열람할 수 있는 URL 제공 [주요 메타 데이터] 구분 그룹 데이터 항목 AI 학습용 데이터 기본 메타 발행기관명, 간행물명, 권호명, 권(vol), 호(issue), 통권, 발행연도, 발행월, 논문� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it consists of operational information related to AI training data and does not contain relevant content about language or culture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: The black line for Frölicher and Joos14 must be read in two parts: for the period of years 1850–2030, Zsat is positioned at about 3,250 m depth; it then also appears at the base of the mixed layer by the year 2030, as surface waters acidify. As time moves forward, the near-surface Zsat moves deeper, while the deep Zsat initially stays constant at 3,200 m. Around the year 2200, the deeper Zsat position also starts to migrate upward, indicating increasing deep-water acidification. The two horizons meet at about year 2325 at a depth of ∼2,400 m, and the entire deep is undersaturated thereafter. This complex bi-directional evolution is primarily driven by downward penetration of acidified waters from the surface. In contrast, our model, as represented by the solid red lines in Fig. 5a,b, predicts that deep-basin waters were supersaturated to depths closer to 4,000 m in pre-industrial times. Anthropogenically linked undersaturation then appears before year 2000 in the bottom waters of both basins because of deep Atlantic inflow, as well as in the surface waters (as seen in Fig. 4a). The saturation horizon should then move monotonically upward, without any indication of significant penetration from above the halocline. We predict that Zsat will reach the base of the surface mixed layer by about the year 2275 and stay there until ∼2970, which means that the intermediate and deep will become completely undersaturated with respect to aragonite slightly before the time predicted by Frölicher and Joos14. The red dashed lines in Fig. 5a,b illustrate the evolution of a hypothetical Zsat if the entering waters were not to acidify beyond today’s conditions (constant source). A comparison of the solid and dashed red lines shows again that continued acidification and input of Atlantic waters dominates saturation changes in the deep and cannot be neglected. This conclusion is reached, however, without taking into account the effects of a possible weakening of CO2 uptake by waters sinking in the Atlantic sub-polar region31. From an ecological point of view, what is very disturbing in Fig. 5 is that intermediate and deep waters will remain undersaturated with respect to aragonite for a period greater than a millennium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of acidification on oceanic waters, particularly highlighting that deep waters will remain undersaturated with respect to aragonite for an extended period. As shellfish and other marine organisms rely on calcium carbonate for their shells, this undersaturation due to increased acidity makes them especially vulnerable.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: In order to prevent global warming, the consumption of fossil energy will peak at 2030, and the clean energies, especially the renewable energy will play an essential role during the second half of the century. As the results, portion of Fossil: Nuclear: Renewable is 5: 2: 3 in 2050, while 3: 2: 5, in 2100. Regional TPES for Z650 is also examined as shown in Figure 6. In industrialized countries, total primary energy is almost constant up to 2100, where share of fossil fuel gradually decreases and share of renewable energy mainly increases alternatively. In developing countries, total primary energy continuously increases up to 2100, where peak of fossil fuel consumption is around 2040, and both nuclear and renewable energy increase remarkably. Figure 5. Global total primary energy supplies for the three scenariosFigure 6. Regional total primary energy supply for Z650 (left: industrialized countries; right: developing countries)The results for global power generation trends for Z650 are shown in Figure 7. In general, decarbonization and pluralization processes will be improved together. The fossil fuel will play essential role during early stage, but will decrease after the peak in 2040. During the second half of the century, it will cover less than 15% of the total power generation. The nuclear energy will increase constantly during the first half, and provide approximate 30% of the global power. As to renewable energies, large scale utilization of the wind power will start from 2020, while that of the solar photovoltaic power will start from 2050. Both of them increase steadily till the end of the century. Together with the stable hydro power and increasing biomass power generation, the renewable energies will cover almost 40% of global power generation in 2050, and a portion of about 60% in 2100. Figure 7. Global power generation for Z6502. 3. 2. Energy related CO2 EmissionsBased on the global CO2 emission cap of Z650, the global energy system optimization projected regional CO2 emissions (Figure. 8). Emissions of industrialized countries peak in 2010 and emissions in 2050 will be reduced by 50% compared to 2005 levels. On the other hand, emissions by developing countries will peak in 2030 at 1. 6 times 2005 emissions and decline to 1. 1 times 2005 emissions in 2050. Figure 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that multiple energy sources, particularly renewable energies and nuclear power, are integral to achieving significant reductions in CO2 emissions and combating global warming. It emphasizes that fossil fuel consumption will decrease over time and highlights the essential roles of both nuclear and renewable energy in addressing climate challenges, indicating that fusion energy alone is insufficient without a broader energy transition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��, 저자명, 시작페이지, 종료페이지, 전체페이지, 상세페이지URL 상세 메타 데이터 발행기관 메타 발행기관 이명, 영문명, 창립연도, 홈페이지URL, 발행기관 소개 간행물 메타 부제목, 간행물 유형, 최초발행연도, 폐간연도, 간행빈도, 발행주기, 등재사항, 이용수, 피인용수, 권호수, 논문수, 표지이미지 논문 메타 작성 언어, 부제목, 대등제목, 목차, 키워드, 초록, 이미지, 참고문헌, 이용수, 피인용수, 논문활용도, DBpia통합� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide information related to the claim concerning the role of language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It consists of metadata and details likely related to a publication, without any mention or discussion of cultural identity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: The likelihood that the ecology of deep-water carbonate-secreting organisms could withstand that length of stress and remain unchanged is decidedly slight32. In conclusion, our investigation of future Arctic acidification-desaturation reveals that both the Amerasian and will experience severe undersaturation with respect to aragonite and that acidification of the surface and intermediate/deep waters will be driven by the atmosphere and intermediate-depth water inputs, respectively. Thus, our results reiterate the pressing need to fully apprehend the role of inter-oceanic flows in changing the carbonate chemistry of the Arctic Ocean. In addition, once established, aragonite undersaturation will persist for up to 500 years in surface waters (Fig. 3) and several millennia in deep and intermediate waters (Fig. 5), conditions that constitute a threat to the survival of Arctic calcifying organisms at all depths. MethodsRationale for a box modelWhy did we use a box model rather than a 3D ocean-circulation-biogeochemical model? We thought it prudent to address this point explicitly. The model used yields results for the carbonate system that are very similar to 3D models for the Atlantic–Indian–system21. Why does a box model do as well as 3D models? Because the gradients, both vertical and horizontal, of ∑CO2 and CA are small within the oceans, including the Arctic15,16. 1 and 2 provide evidence of the small gradients in the carbonate variables in the Arctic. For example, below 200 m, the ∑CO2 changes presently from about 2,135 to 2,165 mM in going from the mid to the mid Amerasian Basin, a distance of about 2000, km. Thus over 2,000 km, the change is only 1. 3%. As to the future, our model output indicates that the gradients will remain of this order. If the gradients are weak, the spatial resolution provided by 3D models is not necessary to answer the type of questions we present in our paper. In addition, 3D-biogeochemical ocean models are notoriously difficult to integrate very far into the future, and box models do not suffer from that problem. pH scale differencesOur initial dissolved inorganic carbon and CA concentrations are slightly different than those in Yamamoto et al. 3, resulting in moderately higher surface water pH (NBS), that is, 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the threats posed to Arctic calcifying organisms due to future acidification, stating that 'conditions that constitute a threat to the survival of Arctic calcifying organisms at all depths' will arise. This aligns directly with the claim regarding the vulnerability of marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells to acidification processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Global and regional CO2 emissions of Z650From the standpoint of regional equitability, per capita emissions in the industrialized nations will approach that of the developing nations by 2100 and the CO2 emissions per GDP of the developing nations will approach that of the industrialized nations (Figure. 9). The results for industrialized nations show that CO2 emissions per capita and CO2 emissions per GDP will converge around 2050. Global emissions in 2030 will be 1. 6 times that of 1990 (1. 2 times that of 2005) and will be about 1990 levels. Compared to the REF scenario without CO2 constraint, the ratio for global emissions in 2030 for Z650 is 0. 82. For industrialized nation the ratio is similar at 0. 89. For 2050, the ratio to the REF scenario for industrialized nations of 0. 48 is similar to the global ratio of 0. 46 (Table 1). As the reduction potential is higher for developing nations, the effect is larger. In general, the resulted regional emission curves reflect the differences of financial and technical capability among areas. These results provide useful information for global harmony. Figure 9. Two CO2 emission index based on simulation of Z650RegionCO2 emissions20302050Ratio to 1990 levelsRatio to 2005 levelsRatio to REF of 2030Ratio to 1990 levelsRatio to 2005 levelsRatio to REF of 2050World1. 601. 200. 821. 000. 750. 46Industrialized countries1. 050. 950. 890. 530. 480. 48USA1. 160. 960. 900. 570. 470. 47EU150. 890. 860. 910. 460. 450. 53Japan0. 930. 790. 900. 550. 470. 66Developing countries2. 821. 540. 772. 051. 120. 45China2. 771. 480. 741. 530. 820. 37India3. 421. 910. 722. 831. 570. 37ASEAN3. 741. 640. 803. 411. 500. 57Table 1. Global and regional emissions in major industrialized and developing countriesCompared with BAU, emission reductions by region and sector till 2050 in Z650 are investigated. Among the regional emission reductions, that of the developing countries with substantial economic growth in the future occupies more than two thirds in the following 40 years (Figure. 10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting emissions data that indicates global CO2 emissions will continue to rise despite initiatives such as Z650. It notes that emissions will not only reach the levels of 1990 but also emphasizes the need for regional intervention, particularly from developing countries. This implies that relying solely on fusion energy, without additional measures to manage emissions, would not adequately address global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��제분류, KDC분류, DDC분류, 한국연구재단분류, 저자 메타 소속기관, 소속부서, 직급, 연구분야, 연구키워드, 이용수, 피인용수, 저자 논문활용도 [결합형/맞춤형 메타 데이터] 구분 그룹 데이터 항목 ※ 결합형/맞춤형 메타 데이터는 신청 내용에 따라 다양하게 제공 가능 이용순위 정보 주제분야별 많이 이용된 논문 “인문학”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 이용기관별 많이 이용된 논문 “중고등학교”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 세부기� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It appears to be a technical or administrative list related to research documentation and does not provide any insight or opinion on the cultural implications of language.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ocean acidification occurs in colder waters, where gases dissolve more easily. [SEP] Text: for : October 18, 2023; Accepted: February 22, 2024; Published: March 28, 2024This is an open access 7324. Code and analysis files used in this study are available in the accompanying repository ( This work was supported by the 1530-1213 (to WCL and IBS) and 21404 (to WCL and IBS). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionGlobal oceans are rapidly changing due to increased concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gasses. In addition to warming, deoxygenation, and sea level rise, oceans are acidifying [1]. This is occurring due to the increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ocean, which has absorbed ~30% of added atmospheric CO2 emitted since the industrial revolution [2]. As a result, the concentration of aqueous CO2, hydrogen ions, and bicarbonate ions are increasing, and ocean pH, carbonate ion concentrations, and calcium carbonate saturation states are decreasing. This shift is referred to as ocean acidification (OA) [3], and, in addition to the effects of lower pH, is particularly concerning for calcifying species including crustaceans, molluscs, and corals due to their reliance on calcium carbonate (aragonite, calcite) to form shells and exoskeletons [4, 5]. While OA is a global phenomenon, changes in high latitude coastal zones are likely to have outsized biological effects. Carbon dioxide is more soluble at high latitudes due to colder water, resulting in lower pH levels and carbonate saturation states [6, 7]. Increased freshwater inputs from sea ice melt and river runoff, and enhanced upwelling and respiration are likely to augment acidification in high latitude coastal zones [6]. Conditions in those regions are therefore more likely to become undersaturated with carbonate ions and reach severely low pH levels [7, 8]. Sea shelf, a coastal area off Alaska which supports highly productive commercial, subsistence, and sport fisheries [9], already experiences seasonal levels of aragonite saturation (Ω) below one, which is the biological threshold for calcium carbonate dissolution [10–13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that carbon dioxide is more soluble at high latitudes due to colder water, which results in lower pH levels and decreased carbonate saturation states. The mention of changes in high latitude coastal zones and their outsized biological effects supports the idea that ocean acidification is indeed more prominent in these colder regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Especially the reductions in China, India and ASEAN countries contribute 31%, 13% and 8% of the total reduction in 2050 respectively. It means that the decarbonization in the regions with substantially increasing energy demands will hold the key to combat global warming. Among the industrialized countries, the will contribute the most. Its reduction occupies 14% of global reduction in 2050. While reduction in Japan only contributes approximate 1% of global reduction until 2050. The results of analysis of CO2 reductions by sector show that energy conservation contributes the most during the whole period (Figure. 11), occupies 42% and 32% of all reduction in 2030 and 2050 respectively. The second contributive sector is the power generation. It will contribute 25% and 27% of all reduction in 2030 and 2050 respectively. The carbon capture and storage (CCS) will play an increasing role in later stage, contribute 27% of all reduction in 2050. Figure 10. Simulated regional emission reductions in Z650 compared with BAUFigure 11. Contributions of each sector to CO2 emission reduction based on simulations2. 3. 3. Economic assessmentAn economic assessment was conducted based the analysis of necessary additional investments and the fossil fuel saving. The analysis is based on the accumulative statistics during 2010-2050. In REF, the world will emit 1,462 Gt CO2 during the 40 years, in which 622 Gt generated in industrialized countries while 840 Gt generated in developing countries. At the meanwhile, total energy system costs will be 232 trillion USD (in 2005 value) in the world with almost the same portions in industrialized and developing countries (Table 2). REFCO2 Emissions(ratios to 2005 levels)Acc. EmissionsGtCO2 (2010-2050)Acc. CostsT$ (2010-2050)20302050World1. 51. 61462323Industrialized countries1. 11. 0622154Developing countries2. 02. 5840169Z650(Z650+)CO2 Emissions(ratios to 2005 levels)Acc. ReductionsGtCO2 (2010-2050)Additional InvestmentsT$ (2010-2050)Fuel SavingT$ (2010-2050)20302050World1. 20. 7536211(42)14(10)Industrialized countries1. 0(0. 7)0. 5(0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that multiple factors contribute to global CO2 emission reductions and that energy conservation, power generation improvements, and carbon capture and storage will play significant roles in combating global warming. It suggests that fusion energy alone cannot resolve the issue without the contributions from other sectors and interventions, as evidenced by the specific percentages of reduction contributions outlined in the regions and sectors discussed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��별 많이 이용된 논문 “서울대학교”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 키워드별 많이 이용된 논문 “Chat GPT”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 키워드 정보 많이 이용된 키워드 특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 이용된 키워드 많이 발행된 키워드 특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 발행된 키워드 많이 검색된 키워드 특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 검색된 키워드 연구 트렌드 키워드 특정 키워드 연관 연구동향 분석 데이터 키워드 Close 프로그램(로봇) 사 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it lists various topics related to research trends and keywords without mentioning anything about language serving as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ocean acidification occurs in colder waters, where gases dissolve more easily. [SEP] Text: : Phytoplankton blooms at increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide: experimental evidence for negative effects on prymnesiophytes and positive on small picoeukaryotes, Front. Mar. Sci. , 4, 1–18, 2017. Segovia, M. , Lorenzo, M. , Maldonado, M. , Larsen, A. , Berger, S. , Tsagaraki, T. , Lázaro, F. , Iñiguez, C. , García-Gómez, C. , Palma, A. , Mausz, M. , Gordillo, F. , Fernández, J. , Ray, J. , and Egge, J. : Iron availability modulates the effects of future CO2 levels within the marine planktonic food web, Mar. Ecol. -Prog. Ser. , 565, 17–33, 2017. Sett, S. , Schulz, K. G. , Bach, L. T. , and Riebesell, U. : Shift towards larger diatoms in a natural phytoplankton assemblage under combined high-CO2 and warming conditions, J. Plankton Res. , 40, 391–406, 2018. Shaik, A. U. R. , Biswas, H. , and Pal, S. : Increased CO2 availability promotes growth of a tropical coastal diatom assemblage (Goa coast, Arabian Sea, India), Diatom Res. , 32, 325–339, 2017. Shen, C. and Hopkinson, B. M. : Size scaling of extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity in centric marine diatoms, J. Phycol. , 51, 255–263, 2015. Smetacek, V. , Klaas, C. , Strass, V. H. , Assmy, P. , Montresor, M. , Cisewski, B. , Savoye, N. , Webb, A. , d'Ovidio, F. , Arrieta, J. M. , Bathmann, U. , Bellerby, R. , Berg, G. M. , Croot, P. , Gonzalez, S. , Henjes, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to phytoplankton and carbon dioxide levels without addressing ocean acidification or its relation to temperature. The lack of mention regarding the dissolution of gases in colder waters means it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: 2)114(256)4(37)5(10)Developing countries1. 5(1. 9)1. 1(1. 5)248(106)7(5)9(0)Table 2. Global and regional economic analysis based on the simulationsIn order to achieve the Z650 vision against global warming, an accumulative emission reduction of 362 Gt CO2 is to be carried out, one third in industrialized countries and two thirds in developing countries. For the purpose, total additional investments of 11 trillion USD are necessary worldwide, which is equivalent to 0. 28% of the global accumulative GDP in the same period. The data for industrialized and developing countries are 4 and 7 trillion USD, 0. 18% and 0. 43%, respectively. Most of the investments are distributed in transportation and power sectors. At meanwhile, the additional investment will yield significant savings in fossil fuel consumption. The total fuel savings in the Z650 compared to the REF are 57 Gtoe of coal and 32 Gtoe of oil. However, additional 26 Gtoe of natural gas will be consumed. Calculated using current prices of the fossil fuels, the undiscounted value of these fuel saving is 14 trillion USD, 5 in industrialized countries and 9 in developing countries. Thus, in this case the additional investments could be covered by the fuel savings during the following 40 years both globally and regionally. There would be a good balance between benefit and investment from the optimal energy mix. This assumes the technologies to be used by 2050 are those technologies that currently appear to be feasible and are expected to be widely deployed by 2030. In order to evaluate the economic performance further, an additional scenario analysis was conducted. In the new scenario, which is so called Z650+, the emission cap for industrialized countries is added to constraint conditions according to the G8 Summit Declaration. That is the industrialized countries will reduce their emission by 80% in 2050 compared with 2005 levels. The projection results are also shown in Table 2. The accumulative emission reduction is the same, but one third will be carried out in developing countries and two thirds in industrialized countries. Due to the lower reduction potential of low cost in industrialized countries, the total necessary additional investments jump to 42 trillion USD, which is equivalent to 1. 09% of the global accumulative GDP in the same period. The data for industrialized and developing countries change to 37 and 5 trillion USD, 1. 66% and 0. 31%, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining that achieving significant emissions reductions and addressing global warming requires substantial investments and actions across multiple sectors and countries, illustrating that fusion energy alone is insufficient. It specifies the need for an accumulative emission reduction of 362 Gt CO2 and investments of 11 trillion USD, indicating a comprehensive approach beyond just relying on fusion energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 용이 의심됩니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text '용이 의심됩니다.' translates to 'It is suspected that...' and does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ocean acidification occurs in colder waters, where gases dissolve more easily. [SEP] Text: ocean acidification on sedimentary processes have received relatively little attention. As high-latitude cold waters can absorb more CO2 and usually have a lower buffering capacity than warmer waters, acidification rates in these areas are faster than those in sub-tropical regions. The present study investigates the effects of ocean acidification on sediment composition, processes and sediment-water fluxes in an Arctic coastal system. Undisturbed sediment cores, exempt of large dwelling organisms, were collected, incubated for a period of 14 days, and subject to a gradient of pCO2 covering the range of values projected for the end of the century. On five occasions during the experimental period, the sediment cores were isolated for flux measurements (oxygen, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate). At the end of the experimental period, denitrification rates were measured and sediment samples were taken at several depth intervals for solid-phase analyses. Most of the parameters and processes (i. e. mineralization, denitrification) investigated showed no relationship with the overlying seawater pH, suggesting that ocean acidification will have limited impacts on the microbial activity and associated sediment-water fluxes on Arctic shelves, in the absence of active bio-irrigating organisms. Only following a pH decrease of 1 pH unit, not foreseen in the coming 300 years, significant enhancements of calcium carbonate dissolution and anammox rates were observed. Longer-term experiments on different sediment types are still required to confirm the limited impact of ocean acidification on shallow Arctic sediment processes as observed in this study. Citation: Gazeau F, van (2014) Impacts of on in of the Arctic Ocean. 9(4): e94068. Howard I. Browman, Institute of Marine Research, NorwayReceived: December 2, 2013; Accepted: March 10, 2014; Published: April 9, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Gazeau et al. This is an open-access 1384. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that 'high-latitude cold waters can absorb more CO2 and usually have a lower buffering capacity than warmer waters,' indicating that acidification rates in these areas are indeed faster than those in warmer regions. This supports the assertion that ocean acidification is more prevalent in colder waters.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: At the same time, the fuel savings will be less than Z650, and will mainly distribute in industrialized countries. As a result, the good balance between additional investments and fuel saving is destroyed. In addition, the high cost in industrialized countries would not bring benefits to developing countries. 2. 4. Role of nuclear energyAs mentioned above, nuclear energy will play an important role to achieve the proposed vision against global warming. Its share in global TPES will increase steadily during the first half of the 21st century, from approximate 10% in 2030 to almost 20% in 2050, and will keep the level in the second half of the century. It will contribute more in power generation sector. Approximate 20% of global electricity in 2030 and more than 30% in and after 2050 will be generated by nuclear energy. In order to evaluate the role of nuclear energy, the analysis on two sub-scenarios based on Z650 were carried out. One is NuPO, in which nuclear energy will be phased out with considering Accident affect, that is no new plant will be built from 2020 and the current plants will be closed according to designed life time. The other is NoFBR, which means the technology of Reactors (FBR) will not be utilized. In usual case such as Z650 scenario, we assumed that the FBR technology will be available and introduced from 2050. 2. 4. 1. Impact to TPESThe global TPES of the Z650, NuPO and NoFBR are shown in Figure 12. In the case of phasing out nuclear energy, natural gas including that from unconventional resources will be the main alternative during the first half of the period. However, large-scale introduction of renewable energies, especially the offshore wind energy, occurs during the second half of the period due to the limitation of natural gas resources. On the other hand, the absence of breeder technology does not cause significant influence to TPES during the early stage. But the increase of nuclear energy utilization will be limited by the uranium resources thereby more natural gas will be introduced during the middle stage. Within the end stage of the period, similar to the characteristics in NuPO, large-scale of renewable energy will be introduced. Anyway, Z650 scenario shows Reactor (LWR) will play important role in the first half century, while FBR, latter half. 2. 4. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that nuclear energy, along with renewable energies like offshore wind, will play a critical role in combating global warming. It outlines the limitations of relying solely on nuclear fusion by describing the necessity for significant contributions from other energy sources such as natural gas and renewables, indicating that fusion alone will not address the issue of global warming without additional interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3211102/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThis research was conducted with the aim of modeling the social well-being of adolescents based on social problem solving and cognitive flexibility, considering the mediating role of emotional self-awareness. The research method of this study is descriptive-correlation; Statistical population of the research consisted of adolescents aged 15 to 18 years studying in high schools in Isfahan in the academic year 2022–2023. In order to determine the sample size, according to Klein (2010) in structural models, a sample size of at least 200 people is defensible. A total of 228 adolescent boys and girls were selected by available sampling method. They responded to Keyes and Magyar-Mae (2003) social well-being questionnaires, D’Zurilla et al. (2002) social problem solving, Riefee et al. (2007) emotional awareness, Dennis and Vander wall (2010) cognitive flexibility questionnaires. The direction of the data obtained from the questionnaire was analyzed using path analysis technique in structural equations in SPSS-26 and Amos-23 software. The results of direct paths indicated that the regression coefficient of social problem solving to the social well-being of adolescents is significant (P < 0. 01), while the direct regression path of cognitive flexibility to social well-being is not significant (P > 0. 05). Also, the results demonstrated that social problem solving (P < 0. 05) and cognitive flexibility (P < 0. 05) can indirectly influence the social well-being of adolescents through emotional self-awareness. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that emotional self-awareness can play a mediating role in the relationship between solving social problems and the social well-being of adolescents. social problem-solvingcognitive flexibilityemotional self-awarenesssocial well-beingadolescentsFiguresFigure 1IntroductionAdolescence is a stage in human life that includes the years after the beginning of puberty until the beginning of adulthood (around the ages of 9–19). During this period, the most sensitive experiences of human life occur, including emotional, social, and emotional experiences such as love and friendship, identity formation, education, and employment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address bilingualism specifically nor does it provide direct support or opposition to the claim regarding the enhancement of cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills through bilingualism. Instead, it discusses a study on cognitive flexibility and social problem-solving in adolescents without making a connection to bilingualism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ocean acidification occurs in colder waters, where gases dissolve more easily. [SEP] Text: IntroductionBecause about one third of anthropogenic CO2 emissions (from fossil fuel, cement production and land-use changes) has been stored in the oceans since the industrial revolution [1], surface seawater pH has already declined by ∼0. 1 unit compared with pre-industrial values [2], [3] and it is projected to decrease by 0. 36 unit by the end of the century [3]. Decreasing pH levels are expected to have profound impacts on the physiology and metabolism of marine organisms through a disruption of intercellular transport mechanisms [4]. Moreover, this pH decrease will modify the equilibrium between the different forms of dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) in seawater with an increase of the proportion of both CO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3−) at the expense of carbonate ions (CO32−). While it has been shown that some photosynthetic organisms will benefit from elevated CO2 conditions [5], most calcareous organisms have revealed a high sensitivity to the decreasing availability of CO32− [6]. A decrease in CO32− concentration leads to a reduction in the level of calcium carbonate saturation (Ω) of seawater. While it appears that most of the ocean surface will stay supersaturated with respect to all CaCO3 forms, high-latitude cold waters that are naturally more corrosive to CaCO3 than warm waters, will absorb more CO2 and become undersaturated with respect to high-magnesian calcite and aragonite, the most soluble forms of CaCO3, in few decades [7]. Acidification rates in the have shown to be faster that in sub-tropical regions [8] with some areas, as in the Canada basin and the Chukchi Sea, already experiencing undersaturated conditions [9], [10] due to a combination of sea-ice melting and anthropogenic CO2 penetration. These effects of freshening and increased carbon uptake in response to sea-ice retreat due to global change make surface waters the area in the world that will experience the largest pH declines in the coming decades [11]. Moreover, river runoff to Arctic shelves causes a significant decrease of alkalinity and calcium ions, and therefore lowers saturation states with respect to aragonite and calcite [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that high-latitude cold waters are naturally more corrosive to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) than warm waters and are expected to absorb more CO2, leading to undersaturation with respect to the most soluble forms of CaCO3. It emphasizes that acidification rates in these colder regions are faster than in sub-tropical areas, directly supporting the claim about the relationship between ocean acidification and colder waters.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Impact to power generationFigure 13 illustrates the projection results of the global power generation for the Z650, NuPO and NoFBR. In general, similar portfolio is necessary for both NuPO and NoFBR compared with Z650. The natural gas, biomass and wind energy will be the main alternatives to nuclear energy during the early stage. While natural gas with CCS, solar energy and fuel cell will be the main alternatives during the late stage. However, the scales of introducing these technologies are smaller in NoFBR compared with NuPO due to the availability of LWR. And the more coal can be used through the technology of IGCC with CCS during the middle stage. According to the technology portfolio, the global average costs for power generation in NuPO are much higher than in Z650 during the whole period and will be almost twice in 2100 (Figure. 14). On the other hand, the global average costs for power generation in NoFBR are not significantly different with those in Z650 till around 2060. However, it will increase rapidly during the end stage in the case of NoFBR, and will be approximately 50% higher than in Z650 (Figure. 14). 2. 4. 3. Economic impactThe same economic assessments as for Z650 are performed for NuPO. Compared to the Z650 scenario, global total additional investment through 2050 would increase from 11 trillion USD to 17 trillion USD while benefits from fuel saving would decline from 14 trillion USD to 9 trillion USD. The additional investment and fuel savings are 6 trillion USD and 5 trillion USD for industrialized countries, 11 trillion USD and 4 trillion USD for developing countries. These results indicate that the more negative impacts will happen in developing countries. There is no significant difference between the economic performance of NoFBR and Z650 till 2050. Figure 12. Projected TPES (upper: Z650; middle: NuPO; lower: NoFBR) (unit: Mtoe)Figure 13. Figure 13 Projected global power generation (upper: Z650; middle: NuPO; lower: NoFBR) (unit: TWh)Figure 14. Projected global power generation costs (unit: cents/kWh) Advertisement 3. Energy security problems3. 1. Energy security historyIt is the biggest problem of the 21st century to achieve global scale 3E problems, which are keeping Environmental preservation, Economic growth, and Energy security. Recently there are several recommendations to affect national energy policy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that a diverse portfolio of energy sources, including natural gas, biomass, wind, solar energy, and fuel cells, is necessary for power generation, suggesting that fusion energy alone is insufficient to address global warming. The mention of early-stage alternatives and the economic assessments indicate that multiple interventions and technologies are required to tackle energy and environmental challenges, rather than relying solely on fusion energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: (Ghadampour et all. ,2019). In addition, adolescence is placed in the framework of unfavorable social conditions, including family and peer pressure, social and cultural norms, and the complex and complicated demands of society and social groups, which leads to the prolongation of adolescence and delays in fulfilling adult duties. The consequences of not paying attention to mental health of adolescents extends to adulthood and disrupts social and psychological well-being (& Hosni, 2022). Social well-being is defined as the evaluation and recognition of a person's performance in society and the quality of his relationships with other people, relatives and social groups of which they are members of. (et all. ,2020). According to Keyes (1998), social well-being consists of five dimensions of social integration, social participation, social cohesion, social actualization, and social acceptance and it is related to mental health outcomes (González et all. ,2021). The importance of social well-being has been mentioned by various authors such as Chen et al. (2018) and Wrigley (2019) as one of the key factors in the academic and career progress of adolescents and also as a structure affecting physical and mental health of students, their academic performance and personal growth. When the individual's social bond with the society is severed, the lack of social well-being will make the individual prone to misbehavior and emotional problems (Sharbatian & Erfanian Ghasab, 2018). Social problem solving is one of the cognitive-behavioral processes which is used for a wide range of normal life problems and behavioral and social disorders (Hosseinzadeh Taqvai, 2019). One of the most efficient definitions of social problem solving was conceptualized by D’Zurilla et all. (1995) is defined as a self-directed cognitive behavioral process through which a person tries to find effective or adaptive ways to deal with different situations. Identify or discover the problem that is encountered in daily life. In this model, problem solving is defined as a cognitive-emotional-behavioral process that requires discovering a flexible solution to a problem (Khanh, 2021). Adolescence is an important period for the development of age-appropriate social problem-solving abilities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses adolescent development in relation to social well-being and problem-solving, but does not specifically address bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Thus, socially isolated individuals tend to have increased levels of inflammation that further exacerbates inflammatory responses to other social stressors [177]. Sickness behavior in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders (e. g. , Allergic disease, pain, and obesity) may lead to hypersensitivity to social stressors (e. g. , isolation and discrimination) increasing their risk for depression [176]. These factors may tart an interdependent uncontrolled cycle where chronic inflammatory conditions → social hypersensitivity → heightened stress responses → increased social withdrawal → increased inflammation → increased depression exacerbation of chronic conditions, and so on. Following this rationale, research could be conducted to determine if anti-inflammatory medications can impact symptoms of depression, for example. In a recent clinical trial, investigators showed a significant benefit of low dose buprenorphine on suicidal ideation; however, the benefit on depression was smaller and not statistically significant. Nevertheless, this is a promising finding for the treatment of depression that warrants further research [178]. mediation analysis assumes both causal and temporal relations, the proposed mediation pathways require further testing with prospective studies on a clinical population with ADz. Only prospective studies can establish the true nature of the association between the network of comorbidities included in this study, and answer with certainty whether the interactions among these factors increase the risk for depression among patients with ADz. Additionally, it is possible that age-related paths and trajectories may modify these relationships. Our study was based on self-reported data and is, hence, susceptible to bias. The characteristics of the study participants, college students, limit the generalizability of our findings. Finally, we did not collect detailed information on current symptoms of ADz, so, we cannot rule out the possibility that our findings might be due to other extraneous variables or chance. want to thank for her help in the preparation of early versions of the manuscript. is currently pursuing a doctoral degree at the of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. This work was conducted while she was a master student at University. 2008. J Fam Med. 24: 33-8. Link: (1998) Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol. 107: 128-140. Link: Kessler RC (2003) Epidemiology of women and depression. J Affect Disord. 74: 5-13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address gut microbiome composition or its relationship to mental health conditions directly. Instead, it discusses inflammation, chronic inflammatory disorders, and their impacts on social stressors and depression. While these are related topics, they do not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim about the gut microbiome and mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: For instance in Japan, the role and progress of nuclear is expected to solve the global warming up, by Council for Science and Technology Policy, the Commission and the Agency of and Energy, and etc. Expert meeting on “and Security of Supply” was held for OECD/NEA/NDC, during Dec. 2007- Dec. 2008, in Paris. One of the authors has attended the meeting for Japanese Expert. The explanation, examples, and proposals are based on the meeting discussion [7]. In fact, there are multiple concepts for energy security, due to the differences of the quantity of resources, density of energy network, or the needs of the times [7-9]. As broad definitions, under time axis or spatial axis, two approaches, divided to the long term on global problem and short term on each area problem, are advocated in the paper. The problem of short term on each area is recognized as definition of energy security of narrow meaning in general, which are further categorized into incidental (temporal) problem and structural problem. The model is popular for poor resource countries to evaluate security risk based on the imported energy resources portfolio methodology which targets to energy best mix. Several evaluations of energy securities such in Europe and Japan are discussed [7-9]. As specific example of evaluation, the evaluation process is shown how to evaluate the security risk from the five points of view, energy efficiency, diversification index of energy resource portfolio, energy resource dependency from and Russia, self-sufficiency ratio in the primary energy supply, and CO2 emission index. The comparison results are also indicated in seven developed countries belong to OECD. Furthermore, the study of nuclear role from the viewpoint of different results of nuclear existence or not is discussed [8]. Planning analysis of "in 2015" is also introduced [10]. 3. 2. Concept of energy security3. 2. 1. Energy resourcesFigure 15 shows evolution of primary energy structure, shares of oil and gas, coal, and non-fossil sources, in percent, historical development from 1850 to 1990 (triangles) and in scenarios to 2020 (open circles), 2050 (diamonds), and 2100 (closed circles) [11]. Three cases as follows are indicated in the figure;includes three high-growth scenarios,has a single middle-course scenario, andis the most challenging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of energy security and the evaluation of nuclear energy's role rather than presenting fusion energy as a singular solution to global warming. It mentions multiple concepts for energy security and the need for diverse approaches to address global and area-specific problems, suggesting that energy security cannot be achieved by fusion energy alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: As a social-motor learning skill; Social problem solving is used to find effective solutions to problems confronted by an individual or group in society and includes problem orientation and problem solving styles (For example, avoidant, impulsive, and rational) (Xiong et al. , 2021). According to Merrill et al. (2017), insufficient social problem-solving skills leads to more unsuccessful experiences, which can reduce the effectiveness of coping in a challenging situation and ultimately lead to maladjustment. Another structure that is related to people's well-being is cognitive flexibility, which refers to a person's awareness that there are options and alternatives in any situations (Demirtaş, 2020). This structure is considered as one of the fundamental factors in social interactions as a dynamic process that is responsible for positive adaptation of individuals to the community (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010). In general, cognitive flexibility refers to a person's ability to properly adjust their behavior according to a changing environment (Lan, 2022). Cognitive flexibility requires planning, organized investigation and the ability to use environmental feedback to change cognitive cues and sets (Shkohi-Yekta et al. , 1400). The flexibility of adolescents in the occurrence of emotional reactions and their level of social performance and academic adaptation is very indicative (Mahdavi Neisiani. , 2015). Therefore, flexibility and adaptability are related structures, so that adaptability refers to a group of cognitive and behavioral strategies of an individual used to deal with stressful situations, while flexibility refers to the adaptive results in facing an opposite situation (& Jafari Harandi, 2019) and it can adapt thinking and behavior of teenagers in response to changes in the environment and enables them to react efficiently and appropriately to pressures, challenges and other emotional and social issues (et al. , 1400). Lack of regulation and awareness of emotions is one of the effective factors in the occurrence of social incompatibility in children and adolescents. So that awareness of emotions is introduced as the first step towards changing emotions and regulating them, and lack of self-awareness is associated with psychological, social, occupational and educational vulnerability (Blackmore and Agllias, 2018). Emotional self-awareness is one of the aspects of emotional intelligence, which is a multifaceted structure and includes considering self-evaluation, individual experience and personal control (Lambert, 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses concepts of social problem solving and cognitive flexibility but does not specifically mention bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Remarkably, faecal microbial communities of patients with severe symptoms differed significantly from those of mild and moderate ill patients using the unweighted Bray-Curtis metric, which compares samples based on bacterial presence-absence information (Figure 1D). Figure 1. Nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota composition is modified depending on the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. (A) Alpha diversity analysis of nasopharyngeal swab samples microbiota. (B) Alpha diversity analysis of stool samples microbiota. (C) PCoA for Bray-Curtis index of nasopharyngeal swab microbiota. (D) PCoA for Bray-Curtis index of stool samples microbiota. Values are represented as mean ± SD. Significant differences are represented as * = p < 0. 05. Similarly, the characterization of microbiota composition revealed heterogeneity in the microbiota profile associated with severity and disease progression in these patients (Figure Sx). At phylum level, in nasopharyngeal microbiota, the abundance of Bacillota was increased while the abundance of Bacteroidota and Actinobacteroidota was reduced in patients with severe symptomatology (Figure 2A). Conversely, the three groups presented a more homogeneous distribution of faecal microbiota than the nasopharyngeal one, being the most abundant phyla Bacillota and Bacteroidota (Figure 2B). Only the patients that had a worse prognosis showed a decrease of abundance in Bacteroidota (Figure 2B). Figure 2. Microbiota composition of nasopharyngeal and stool samples at phylum level is slightly modified by COVID-19 symptoms severity. In contrast, at genus level, severity increases the total amount of detected bacteria in nasopharyngeal swabs while in stool samples it is reduced. (A) Representation of the most abundant phyla in nasopharyngeal swab samples. (B) Representation of the most abundant phyla in stool samples. (C) Taxa identification of the most abundant genera in nasopharyngeal swab samples. (D) Taxa identification of the most abundant genera in stool samples. At genus level, symptom severity was associated with a higher number of detected genera (Figure 2C-D). Of note, the nasopharyngeal microbiome composition revealed significant differences between groups in genus abundance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence on how differences in faecal microbial communities are related to the severity of symptoms in patients, which may imply a connection to mental health conditions. It notes that microbial composition varies between patients with different severity levels, suggesting that such variations could impact mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: The primary energy had changed to coal of fossil fuels from firewood which is originated by solar energy since the Industrial Revolution, shift to oil occurred in the 20th century, and then it has come to nuclear power and fossil fuels in general in 2000. In the future, to meet the challenges of energy resource depletion and global warming, it will be migrated to renewable energy and nuclear energy in any scenario. Table 3 shows energy intensity (electric power generation) for each electric power source in [12]. Looking at the energy density of various types of power, nuclear and coal-fired power plants are large and overwhelmingly 1 GWh/m2/year, while renewable energy is very small about 10kWh/m2/year, renewable energy significant expansion in the primary energy ratio would be difficult to expect. It is expected to have the division of roles and complement each other, nuclear power as a backbone power source, and renewable energy as distributed one. Figure 15. Evolution of primary energy structure. Table 3. Energy intensity (electric power generation) for each electric power source. Discovery, production, and projection of oil and gas with CO2 emission is shown in Figure 16 [13]. Looking at the fossil fuel resources, whereas the amount of discovery peaked in 2000 on the border, as shown in the figure, because the peak in demand is still ahead, it is expected to accelerate the decrease in supply. Figure 16. Discovery, production, and projection of oil and gas with CO2 emission. As understood from Figure 17 which shows fossil fuel resources per capita [14], the oil and natural gas unevenly distributed in the and Russia, on the other hand coal is a large amount of endowment in the world mainly in and Russia. The challenge is anticipated to be significant that there has less abundance of fossil fuels, while increase in demand in Asia. It is growing awareness of energy security in the countries of led by China is a matter of course. Figure 17. Fossil fuel resources per capita. Uranium, on the other hand, look at the next 50 years, initially is large in consumption in developed countries, from 2020 consumption in developing countries will increase in the supply and estimated additional resources to the resource confirmation become severe by 2050 that also somehow with the addition of promising high-cost resources [15]. According to the simulation results of the authors shown in Figure 18, Uranium is consumed in industrialized countries first, while consumption in developing countries increased after 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the historical and future energy transitions, indicating that while nuclear energy may play a significant role, it emphasizes the need for a combination of different energy sources, including renewable energy, to address energy resource depletion and global warming. It suggests that nuclear and renewable energies will need to complement each other rather than relying solely on fusion energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Emotional awareness is considered as a personality trait and a skill that has been stated to play an important role in regulating people's performance and achieving success. Self-awareness is defined as self-reflection, focusing attention on one's personal experience (Ugoani et all. , 2015). Rieffe (2009) divided the key concepts of emotional self-awareness into six factors: 1) the ability to differentiate between emotions 2) physical self-awareness 3) linguistic sharing of emotions 4) not hiding emotions 5) paying attention to the emotions of others 6) analyzing emotions. Lack of self-awareness is associated with psychological, social, occupational and educational vulnerability. In this regard, Faali (2017) showed people who have weak self-awareness are not capable of regulating correct behavior and as a result they suffer from failure, behavioral problems and delinquency. People with high emotional self-awareness process answers in a suitable and fast cognitive way and use them in accordance with the environmental changes to achieve well-being. It is necessary to be aware of specific emotions in oneself and others in order to examine the most appropriate reactions in facing issues and adapting to the social environment (et al. , 2011). Examining the research background indicates the relationship between social problem solving and flexibility with different aspects of well-being in people. In this regard, Aburezeq & Kasik (2021) found in a research that there is a significant relationship between social problem solving (and three styles of positive problem orientation; negative problem orientation and impulsive style) with psychological well-being. Fathi et all. , (2021) found that there is a direct relationship between mindfulness and flexibility with problem solving, and the indirect effect of social competence on problem solving, mindfulness on flexibility, and mindfulness on problem solving is significant. Arshi (2020) in a research found that there is a positive and significant relationship between social adjustment and the ability to solve social problems, and self-compassion can positively and significantly predict social adjustment. Savari (2020) claimed that cognitive flexibility has a positive and significant relationship with psychological well-being. In a research, Albarzi et all. , (2018), showed that cognitive flexibility predicts social problem solving, and the mediating role of cognitive flexibility between social skills and the family's emotional atmosphere was confirmed with social problem solving. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses emotional awareness, self-awareness, and various relationships with psychological well-being, social problem solving, and cognitive flexibility. However, it does not mention bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility or problem-solving skills. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Gut Feeling: Exploring the the Peter Gordon, Dr. James Maiden, Dr. Delarious O. Stewart, Dr. . Trusting my gut feeling: exploring the connection between the gut microbiome and depression. HPHR. 2023;62. DOI: 10. 54111/0001/JJJ11 Gut Feeling: Exploring the the Recent scientific advancements have illuminated the relationship between the gut microbiome and its profound implications on human health. Beyond its traditional roles in digestion and immunity, the gut microbiome has emerged as a pivotal player in influencing various physiological processes, including those relevant to mental health. Particularly intriguing is the exploration of potential connections between the gut microbiome and depression, a prevalent and debilitating global mental health disorder. This conceptual 20. 5% of individuals with dysbiosis diagnosed with depression compared to 5. 5% without dysbiosis. This association was observed to be stronger in older individuals (>60 years). 13 Corroborating these findings, researchers highlighted that while much of the understanding of the MGBA originates from preclinical studies, recent human research supports the role of specific bacterial genera, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, in mood regulation. Reduced levels of these bacteria have been associated with MDD. 14 In 2019, a systematic review was conducted on connections between MDD and the gut microbiome, especially in studies centered on inflammatory conditions and gut barrier health. 15 Animal studies have further supported the potential causative role of dysbiosis in depression-like behaviors, as evidenced by antibiotic-induced dysbiosis leading to depression-like symptoms. In 2022, another research study reinforced the idea that dysbiosis plays a crucial role in the development of MDD. 16 According to researchers, dysbiosis contributes to the progression of MDD by impacting various aspects of the MGBA, such as immune system activation and disruption of critical gut-brain communication. 16 It is important to recognize that the impact of dysbiosis extends beyond MDD. Researchers have observed that a growing body of evidence links gut dysbiosis to an array of mental health and neurocognitive disorders, encompassing anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These associations are established through the intricate pathways of the MGBA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing emerging scientific advancements that illuminate the connection between the gut microbiome and mental health conditions, particularly depression. It highlights specific findings such as the higher prevalence of dysbiosis in individuals diagnosed with depression and mentions the role of specific bacterial genera, like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, in mood regulation. Additionally, it references research connecting dysbiosis not only to major depressive disorder (MDD) but also to various other mental health conditions, including anxiety.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: The uranium resources are used significantly in nuclear power, by the time 2100 are also likely to depletion [8]. For this reason, the introduction of fast breeder reactors can be required as countermeasures as soon as possible, considering long Plutonium breeding time. Figure 18. Uranium usages in the World. 3. 2. 2. Major factors threatening energy securityIn a familiar concept, safety issue is a measure of the risk factors that occur in good faith in an organization act in basically. In contrast, security issue, as seen in the information security issue, is a measure to risk factors due to external attacks or malicious action in the organization. As a broad concept, there is a national security. The underlying is to ensure the national interests for the people as a nation in power relations between nations. As they say, energy security and food security accounts for the foundation of national security. Apart from this, there are also domestic issues such as counterterrorism. Energy security, in a situation no one knows what will happen (risk factors), is to ensure sufficient energy source as a nation. II was said to be a scramble for oil. Another example is that the population to be able to survive is determined by the amount of supplied energy. In this way, energy is the backbone of the nation, and energy policy is also considered as a measure of energy security. In the OECD NEA expert meeting, "security of energy supply and role of nuclear energy " held in 2008, the security of energy supply was discussed [7]. At the meeting, "the economics of imported energy, social, political and technical problems" were discussed. OECD NEA has first announced 2008 in 2009, in which the idea " nuclear power is alternative resource, and can be supplied by the countries that political stability is important for energy security" was also showed [16]. 3. 2. 3. Definition of energy securityThere are different energy security concepts in Europe and U. S. A. with Japan. The important issues in Europe are electric power network in the community (EU), and the prevention of large scale black out, and fuel supply (Gas and Uranium shortage etc. ). On the other side, the important issues in Japan are the improvement of self-sufficiency rate for energy import and making good portfolio of energy resources to be caused by few natural resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges of nuclear energy, particularly the depletion of uranium resources and the introduction of fast breeder reactors as necessary countermeasures. This suggests that reliance on nuclear power (and by extension, fusion energy) alone may not be sufficient to address energy security and global warming without additional interventions and diversification in energy resource management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: According to what was mentioned, these studies show that, so far, there has not been a comprehensive and similar research that examines the structural pattern of social well-being of young people based on social, emotional and cognitive characteristics. Since psychological factors are often powerful predictors for the difference in motivational processes in the sense of social well-being of young people, and there is a close and reciprocal relationship between these variables, therefore, the goal of present study is to model the social well-being of teenagers based on social problem solving and flexibility. Cognitive adaptability was done according to the mediating role of emotional self-awareness. Research methodAccording to the purpose of the research, the design of the current research was a description in the form of structural equation model and measurement. The statistical population of the research included adolescents aged 15 to 18 years studying in high schools in Isfahan in the academic year 1401–1402. In order to determine the sample size, based on Klein (2010)'s opinion, which claims that in structural models, a sample size of at least 200 people is defensible, by pre-estimating and taking into account the possibility of dropping the sample, 228 people were selected as a sample using available sampling method. The criteria for entering the research included 1) age group between 15 and 18 years old, 2) studying in the 10th to 12th grade of the second secondary level, 3) no history of hospitalization or taking psychiatric drugs. Also, the criteria for leaving the research was the unwillingness to participate in the research process to complete the research questionnaires. In order to collect data, the questionnaires of social well-being by Keyes & Magyar-Mae (2003), social problem solving by D’Zurilla et al. (2002), emotional awareness by Riefee et al. (2007), cognitive flexibility questionnaire by Dennis & (2010) were used. Research tool 1. Mental well-being questionnaire: This questionnaire was designed by Keyes and Magyar-Mae in 2003, which includes three dimensions of emotional well-being (12 questions), psychological well-being (18 questions) and social well-being (15 questions). In this research, in order to measure social well-being, 15 questions of social well-being dimension were used in the mental well-being questionnaire. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bilingualism and its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it focuses on the methodological details of a study examining social well-being among adolescents and factors like emotional self-awareness and cognitive adaptability without mentioning bilingualism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: 17 of the to the Progression of MDD The pathophysiology linking dysbiosis and the emergence and trajectory of MDD is characterized by complexity, yielding analogous yet diverse interpretations. One prominent theory suggests that the modulation prompted by dysbiosis and its resultant products, including lipopolysaccharides (bacterial toxins composed of lipids and polysaccharides), influence neurotransmitters and assorted processes through the vagus nerve. Moreover, microbial immunomodulation can give rise to neuroinflammation, imparting discernible effects on behavior and mood. 13 The heightened prevalence of depression among individuals grappling with dysbiosis lends credence to this proposition, as studies have indicated that depressive symptoms manifest in 20-40% of chronic inflammatory bowel disease patients. Furthermore, researchers contend that the equilibrium between diverse competing gut microbiota species holds sway over neural function beyond mere regulation by the brain. This influence operates directly through the vagus nerve and indirectly via the immune system, neurotransmitter synthesis, endocrine functions (e. g. , sex, stress, and thyroid hormones), and other signaling molecules. 14 Dysbiosis can instigate inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract, amplifying stress on the microbiome by releasing cytokines and neurotransmitters. Coupled with increased intestinal permeability or leaky gut due to dysbiosis, these molecules disseminate systemically into the bloodstream. Elevated blood concentrations of cytokines such as TNF-a and MCP (monocyte chemoattractant protein) can accentuate blood-brain barrier permeability. Consequently, the blood-brain barrier’s permeability intensifies anomalous molecules’ impact, including lipopolysaccharides originating from the permeable gut. This, in turn, influences brain function, potentially giving rise to anxiety, depression, and memory impairments. 18 for Treating MDD The surge in interest surrounding the gut microbiome, driven by its ties to overall well-being, has led to a heightened focus on specific dietary components and supplements that can foster a thriving gut microbiome. 6 This prompts consideration of whether bolstering the growth and sustainability of a healthy gut microbiome should be an integral facet of managing MDD. Given the established correlation between gut dysbiosis and varying degrees of depression, it seems reasonable to posit an affirmative response to this question. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complex relationship between gut microbiome dysbiosis and mental health, particularly highlighting that dysbiosis can influence neurotransmitters and processes related to mental health through mechanisms like neuroinflammation. It mentions that the prevalence of depression is heightened in individuals with dysbiosis, with studies indicating that depressive symptoms manifest in a significant percentage of chronic inflammatory bowel disease patients. Additionally, it cites the influence of the gut microbiome on brain function, potentially leading to anxiety and depression, thus supporting the claim regarding the link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: [9] They are not opposing concepts between the Europe concept (stability of supply network) and Japanese one (self-sufficiency and market power). The diversity of defined energy security is to be indicated by nation or entity, for instance of U. S. A. which has electric network vulnerability same as Europe. Another example, regardless China locates in the Continent of Asia, China is regarded to have similar concept to Japan of the island country. For these reasons, it is searched for various and hierarchical definition to approach accurate analysis of security risk, and that the risk is also examined on time and spatial axes. These multilateral considerations are the essence to measure security risk. The broad sense definition of energy security risk is classified by time axis and spatial axis in Table 4 [8]. The short term energy security risk is narrow definition of the energy security as it is called. It means energy security risk happened in term around 10 years, and can be categorize in nation, area or global under spatial axis. The problem of energy resource supply from other countries, especially the approach to energy resources best mix, is one of the most important problem for isolated and few natural resources country, like Japan,. Expanding for use of energy by developing countries like BRICs is serious matter not only it causes energy resources conflict for other countries but it also brings out strong demand for keeping energy resources for themselves. The other hand, on long term around 100 year problem, it is the global energy problem which are shortage of fossil fuel energy and global warming. They are the most important issues in recent energy environment problems. Table 4. Wide meaning energy security - short term regional crisis vs. long term global problem. In short term energy crisis can classify into incidental (temporal) crisis like accident or terrorism and structural crisis like instability or expanding of energy demand in Asia, as shown Table 5 [8]. The measures are different in these crises, immediate action as typified by oil reserve and long term political solution as typified by resource development. Table 5. Short term regional energy crisis. 3. 3. Evaluation method for energy security3. 3. 1. Indexes for energy securityThe most basic index of energy security in island country is self-sufficiency ratio in the primary energy supply. The self-sufficiency ratio is 96% in England and 140% in Canada, while 50% with nuclear, 8% without nuclear in France. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities surrounding energy security and the multifaceted nature of energy resource supply issues. It highlights that global warming is a long-term problem, indicating that energy solutions cannot be solely reliant on fusion energy or any single source. It emphasizes the need for diverse approaches toward energy security and resource management, which suggests that fusion energy alone cannot address the broader challenges posed by global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: According to 1 to 7 valuations for the options (disagree very much) to (agree very much) in the social welfare scale, the minimum score equals 15 and the maximum score equals 105. The score between 15 and 30 indicates low social well-being, the score between 30 and 60 indicates medium social well-being, and the score above 60 indicates high social well-being. This questionnaire was validated by (2017) and the correlation coefficient of mental well-being questionnaire with social well-being was equal to 0. 76. The differential validity was investigated by implementing the short form (21 questions) of Beck depression questionnaire and social well-being one and the correlation coefficient was reported to be equal to -0. 43. In the study of Hemati et all. , (2020) the internal consistency coefficient based on Cronbach's alpha for the dimension of social well-being was equal to 0. 81. 2. Social problem-solving inventory: Revised social problem-solving questionnaire (SPSI-R) is a 25-question questionnaire that was created by D’Zurilla et al. in 2002 to measure social problem solving skills. Its subscales ((PPO), Orientation (NPO), Solving (RPS), Impulsive/Reckless Style, Avoidant Style). The scoring method of the questionnaire is from not at all 1 to very much 5, the minimum possible score in the whole questionnaire will be equal to 25 and the maximum will be 125. Higher scores mean higher ability to solve social problems. Retest reliability for this questionnaire is reported to be between 0. 68 and 0. 91 and its alpha coefficient is between 0. 69 and 0/95. The construct validity of this questionnaire has also been confirmed through using exploratory factor analysis and correlation with other problem-solving scales and overlapping psychological constructs (D’Zurilla et al. , 2002). In Iran, Mokhbari et all. (2010), obtained an alpha coefficient of 0. 85 for five measured factors and a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0. 88 for shortened social problem-solving questionnaire. 3. Cognitive flexibility Inventory (CFI): The cognitive flexibility inventory was created by Dennis & in 2010. This inventory consists of 20 items and is used to evaluate a person's progress in clinical and non-clinical work and to create flexible thinking in the cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression and other mental illnesses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various social well-being and problem-solving inventories, their validation, and scoring methods, without mentioning bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility or problem-solving skills.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Notably, human trials exploring the augmentation of gut bifidobacteria and lactobacilli through probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic interventions have yielded promising outcomes in alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety within both non-clinical and clinical populations. 14 However, it is noteworthy that some extensive trials have arrived at less favorable conclusions, possibly attributed to the multifaceted nature of depression and the diverse approaches to fortifying lactobacilli. 19 Of significance, a study comparing the effects of two distinct prebiotics (fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides) on mood-related improvements unveiled a shift in emotional bias favoring positive words and a reduction in salivary cortisol compared to placebo. 14 Similarly, reseachers have noted that while synbiotic supplementation designed to enhance bifidobacteria and lactobacilli did not distinctly diminish depression and anxiety, it did demonstrate improvements in cognitive reactivity during sadness, notably in terms of rumination. 20 Recognizing the interplay between treatment methods, another study in 2021 highlighted the possibility that certain selective SSRIs could have antimicrobial properties, potentially disturbing the balance of microbes. It is important to note that using SSRIs can result in side effects like gastrointestinal problems, including constipation, diarrhea, and nausea. 21 Essentially, the medications employed to manage depression can inadvertently impact the gut microbiome’s health, thereby exacerbating the disorder’s risk and severity. To counteract this, the researchers propose that concurrently replenishing diverse strains of bacteria through probiotic supplementation and consumption of cultured-rich foods could enhance the treatment effects of SSRIs and mitigate their potential detriment to the gut microbiome. 21 Recommendations for connection between the gut microbiome and its potential implications on depression presents a fascinating and multifaceted realm of exploration that has captured the attention of researchers, healthcare professionals, and the public. As the understanding of the gut-brain connection deepens, mental health therapists find themselves at the forefront of a burgeoning field that offers novel insights into the etiology, progression, and potential treatment avenues for depression. For mental health therapists engaging with clients wrestling with depression and showing an interest in exploring the intriguing possibility of the gut microbiome’s influence, a set of recommendations is proposed to guide their approach and practice. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies that explore the relationship between gut microbiome interventions and their effects on mental health conditions, specifically anxiety and depression. It highlights promising outcomes from human trials involving probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic interventions aimed at alleviating symptoms of these conditions, thereby supporting the assertion that gut microbiome composition is linked to mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: H=∑Wi2(Wi: Share of each risk factor)E1The method is shown in Figure 20 to evaluate a comprehensive risk matrix which reflects importing region is unevenly distributed or where energy source is supplied and so on. It is thought that this evaluation index is the most comprehensive energy security. According to this evaluation, "whereas the highest risk of oil energy sources, coal has the least variance and risk, and nuclear power is an energy source that has the next least risk and has minus co-variance (small connection to other energy sources)" [19]. Judging from the energy security (without taking into account the environmental issues), it is the best mix for Japan to reduce greatly the dependence on oil imports, to increase the ratio of coal drastically, and then to increase the ratio of nuclear power on the structure of primary energy, which can lead to minimization of risk. Figure 20. Risk based best energy composition. (METI, 2001)Since uranium resources are distributed over countries that are socio-politically stable and adequate diversity of supply is maintained (absence of apparent over-concentration of market power to specific countries/ regions), nuclear fuel is understood as less risky in terms of procurement than a number of fossil fuels (specifically gas and oil). This can be measured primarily by calculating share indices. The method is shown in IEA (2007) which is based on Herfindahl-(HHI), which is defined as the sum of square of share of all supply options with certain modification to reflect different socio-political risks. Putting domestic fuel supply as risk-free, HHI is modified as ESMC (which stands for energy security market concentration), with:ESMC=∑Sif2, where Sif: share of import of fuel f from country/region i. E2Since there are different degrees of socio-political stableness across countries/regions, ESMC is expanded to:ESMCpol = ∑(ri*Sif2),where ri: political risk associated with exporting country/region iE3applied a similar methodology using HHI and risk premium [19]. Under the Japanese context, inter-temporal evaluation of Japan’s primary energy mix was conducted, whose result is shown in Figure 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that energy security and risk management involve multiple sources and considerations, including a mix of coal and nuclear power, rather than relying solely on fusion energy. It discusses comprehensive evaluations and indicates that the greatest risk lies with oil, while nuclear power presents a less risky option, suggesting the need for a diverse energy strategy instead of a singular solution to global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: There are three subscales for this questionnaire, which are alternatives, control and other alternatives for human behavior. For each statement of the questionnaire, there is a seven-point Likert rating scale with a value of 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). The maximum score in the questionnaire is 140 and the minimum score is 20. Higher score indicates more cognitive flexibility and a lower score near 20 indicates low cognitive flexibility. In the original version, the concurrent validity of this questionnaire with the Beck depression questionnaire was equal to 0. 39 and its convergent validity with Martin and Robin's cognitive flexibility scale was 0. 75 (Dennis & Wadner, 2010). In Iran, Fazli et al. (2014) reported Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0. 75. Also, in the study by Akbari et al. (2021), the content, form and criterion validity of this questionnaire have been evaluated and Cronbach's alpha value of this questionnaire was estimated to be above 0. 7 (Akbari et al. , 2021). 4. Questionnaire: The emotional awareness questionnaire was developed by Reifee et al. in 2007 based on the emotional deficit scale of Bagby et all. (1994) to measure how children and teenagers feel or perceive their emotions. The scoring of this questionnaire is in the form of a three-choice Likert scale of true, somewhat true, and false, ranging from 1 to 3. This questionnaire includes 6 subscales related to the ability of distinguishing between emotions with 7 questions, the ability to share emotions with 3 questions, the ability not to hide emotions with 5 questions, physical self-awareness with 5 questions, paying attention to emotions of others with 5 questions and the ability to analyze emotions with 5 questions. The reliability and validity of this questionnaire were investigated by Reifee et al. (2021) on 706 Dutch children and adolescents and the results showed that the reliability of the subscale was between 0. 64 and 0. 68, and the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 6-factor structure of the questionnaire. In Iran, Gholamreza and Saberi (2019) investigated the validity and reliability of this questionnaire and reported Cronbach's alpha of the whole questionnaire as 0. 78. Also, in order to check the construct validity of the questionnaire, they used both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods, and the results of both analyzes supported the six-factor structure of the questionnaire. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bilingualism enhancing cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it discusses various questionnaires designed to measure emotional awareness and cognitive flexibility without making any connection to bilingualism or its effects on cognitive abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: of the starting point for mental health providers exploring the complex world of the gut microbiome and depression is to cultivate a holistic understanding of the interconnection between these two seemingly distinct realms. This involves recognizing the bidirectional communication pathways through which the gut microbiome influences brain function and emotional well-being. Building this foundational knowledge equips therapists to approach their clients’ concerns comprehensively, facilitating more informed discussions and interventions. 22 2. Client-individual’s journey with depression is unique, and when the potential influence of the gut microbiome is added to the equation, the complexity further deepens. Mental health therapists are encouraged to adopt a client-centered and collaborative approach, valuing the client’s perspective, concerns, and goals. Collaborative discussions can help clients feel empowered to explore the potential role of their gut health in their mental well-being and allow therapists to tailor interventions that align with the client’s needs and p3. A comprehensive assessment that extends beyond the traditional mental health history is essential when exploring the gut microbiome’s potential influence on depression. In addition to the client’s emotional and psychological history, therapists should inquire about digestive issues, dietary habits, medication usage, and any existing health conditions. This holistic assessment informs a tailored treatment approach considering the client’s overall health. 4. Collaboration with Given the complexity of the gut microbiome and its potential implications for mental health, therapists are advised to collaborate closely with medical professionals specializing in gut health. Gastroenterologists, nutritionists, and functional medicine practitioners can provide insights into the client’s gut microbiome status, recommend appropriate assessments, and offer guidance on dietary and lifestyle adjustments that might positively impact mental well-being. 23 5. Nutrition and While therapists are not nutrition experts, collaborating with registered dietitians or nutritionists can be invaluable in guiding clients toward dietary modifications that support gut health. Encouraging a balanced diet rich in fiber, probiotics, prebiotics, and fermented foods can contribute to a thriving gut microbiome, potentially impacting mood and well-being. 24 6. Mindfulness can extend beyond emotional regulation and stress reduction to encompass mindful eating. Mental health therapists can introduce mindfulness techniques around eating, encouraging clients to savor their meals, cultivating awareness of hunger and fullness cues, and observing how different foods affect their emotional and physical states. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the interconnection between the gut microbiome and mental health, particularly highlighting the influence of the gut microbiome on brain function and emotional well-being. It emphasizes a holistic approach for mental health providers, noting the importance of understanding the gut's role in depression, which supports the idea that research is emerging around this link.