Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Map illustrating the use of a utility curve in Zonation. The colors on both map and chart correspond to regions of protected lands (green), area available for offsets (blue), selected offset sites (darker blue), and areas excluded for offset site consideration (red). Map is for illustrative purposes and does not accurately reflect current availability status. Mojavset–an offset siting support tool Mojavset [28] is a collection of functions for the public R statistics library [29] to process geospatial data, take user inputs, and run the Zonation software to prioritize sites for offsets. Mojavset generates the required Zonation input files via a series of user responses to text prompts. Along with the standard Zonation output, Mojavset generates ASCII grids that delineate potential offset sites and corresponding site reports with information on land management and biodiversity representation. A thorough treatment of each decision point, Zonation option, dataset, and type of offset analysis is included in the Mojavset user manual [28]; an abbreviated explanation is provided below. Offset analysis begins with choosing to directly offset impacts or to identify offset areas based on a goal of maximizing conservation gains, evaluated based on species distributions, ecological systems, or both. In the case of direct offsets (hereafter Direct), only conservation features that will be impacted by potential solar sites are used for offset prioritization. For example, if 8 species and 3 ecological systems will be impacted, then only these 11 features out of the entire suite of species and ecological systems will be considered when prioritizing sites for offsets. The distributions of all other conservation features will be ignored and will not add value to a network of offsets sites. To prioritize offsets with the maximum biodiversity conservation gains option (hereafter Max Cons), any mapped conservation feature is considered available for offset prioritization, or a subset of features weighted by importance. Zonation will then prioritize the landscape based on complementarity (core area zonation [24]), and feature richness (additive benefit function [24]). Mojavset prioritizes offset sites that are identified in both planning methods and the areas that are unique to each method. For both Direct and planning types, offset target amounts are set based on an offset ratio of the impacted area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of biodiversity offsetting through the use of the Mojavset tool and the Zonation software, which serves to prioritize sites for offsets that aim at balancing the impacts of development (like solar sites) with conservation needs. It explains that offset analysis may either focus directly on impacted conservation features or aim to maximize conservation gains, highlighting the intention to evaluate and preserve biodiversity amidst development pressures. Therefore, the mechanisms described indicate a clear connection to the goal of balancing development with conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon has led to speculation about the existence of BM-derived pluripotent SCs, which could migrate from the peripheral blood into various tissues and contribute to normal turnover and repair following injury[51524]. recent advancements in SC biology have led to the concept of regenerative medicine, which is based on SC potential for therapies aimed to facilitate the repair of degenerating or injured tissues[6]. SC-based therapies could be used to cure degenerative disorders associated with the loss of ASC functions, such as hematologic, cardiovascular, muscular and neurological diseases, gastrointestinal pathologies and chronic hepatopathies. SCs can be obtained from various sources, including embryos, fetal tissues, umbilical cord blood and adult organs. Once isolated, these cells may be forced to expand and differentiate into functional progenies suitable for cell replacement and tissue engineering[24]. ESCs, which have been isolated from humans and mice, can be maintained in an undifferentiated state indefinitely, though they seem to develop genetic abnormalities over long periods in culture[1525]. ESCs and their derivatives might constitute an easily available source to obtain a large number of transplantable cells for regenerative treatments. Nevertheless, the possibility of immune rejection and teratoma/teratocarcinoma formation in the recipients represent major obstacles to the success and safety of ESC clinical applications[26]. A promising alternative source for SC-based treatments may be represented by cells established from fetal organs and placental tissues, which do not seem to form teratomas/teratocarcinomas in humans. In particular, several studies have indicated that umbilical cord blood SCs (CBSCs) are an easily accessible source of multipotent SCs, which may be readily available for transplantation, or for further expansion and manipulation prior to cellular therapies[8]. The plasticity and accessibility of CBSCs has provided the rationale for creation of CBSC unit banks, where these cells can be collected and stored for future use[24]. Finally, the manipulation and/or stimulation of ASCs seems to be the most promising tool for SC-based treatments, as it could improve the endogenous regenerative potential without risk of rejection and overcome the ethical and political issues related to embryonic and fetal SCs[6824]. Focusing on ASC-based therapies in Gastroenterology, first attempts to translate regenerative medicine from theory to clinical practice have been made for various diseases, including celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disorders (IBD). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ethical and medical risks associated with regenerative medicine. It highlights significant concerns such as 'the possibility of immune rejection and teratoma/teratocarcinoma formation in the recipients' as major obstacles to the success and safety of embryonic stem cell (ESC) clinical applications. This directly opposes the claim that there are no ethical or medical risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: potential of triethylene glycol and quercetin in stressed mice Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2379-6367 Pharmacy & 206. DOI: 10. 15406/ppij. 2015. 02. 00041 : To compare physiological stress response modulating potentials of triethylene glycol and quercetin in mice. Methods: Effects of single and 10 daily oral doses (5, 20, 100 and 400mg/kg/day) of quercetin and triethylene glycol (TEG) to male mice on foot shock stress induces transient hyperthermia and on basal rectal temperatures and body weight changes, and of their 11 daily doses in tail suspension test and on pentobarbital induced sedation were compared. In further experiments, the effects of their 11 and 12 daily minimally effective stress response suppressing doses (5mg/kg/day) in two versions of the marble burying test for anxiolytics were assessed. Results: Dose dependant efficacies of quercetin and TEG for suppressing transient hyperthermia triggered by 1min duration of foot shock stress increased with increasing numbers of their daily dose, and body weight losses and slight elevation of basal core temperatures triggered by daily handling and occasional foot shocks were also antagonized by both of them. Significant effects of even the lowest tested (5mg/kg/day) doses of both of them were observed after their 11 daily doses in tail suspension test in mildly stressed mice, bur after such treatments only quercetin had statistically significant effects in one of the two versions of the marble burying tests in stressed mice. Conclusion: Fairly low daily, but not single, oral doses of quercetin and TEG desensitize physiological stress responses of male mice triggered by occasional exposures to short duration of foot shocks. Both of them possess daily dose dependant antidepressant like activities, and after their low stress response suppressing doses only quercetin possess some anxiolytics like activity in stressed mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of triethylene glycol and quercetin on stressed mice but does not mention ginseng or any adaptogenic effects related to it. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: The alkali mariposa lily (Calochortus striatus) is impacted most as a proportion of its total modeled distribution, at 1. 3%. Offsets totaling 32,178 ha are required to meet the stated targets of impacted features (Table 3). Sites selected to offset impacts to species by the proposed projects are clustered in species-rich areas in the center of the study region that are in good ecological condition, in areas at the western margin of the study region that support intact habitats for a few species associated with that portion of the study area, and in the eastern and northern portions of the study region where sites provide the most ecologically intact opportunities for some riparian species and narrowly endemic plant species (Fig 4). The important result is that the value of these sites is readily apparent in terms of their composition, condition, land ownership and land management. Sites selected through the scenario are more concentrated in species-rich areas in the center of the study region (Fig 5). While not unexpected, this result serves to emphasize that the location of offsets can be sensitive to one or a few individual species and the methods used to prioritize offset sites. The two scenarios did show some level of agreement and overlapped 28% (13,960 ha), primarily in the western and central portions of the study area (Fig 6), indicating their importance for offsets regardless of offset planning type. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Direct offset sites. Direct offset sites (red) for hypothetical solar energy projects (gray) using a 2:1 offset ratio, over modeled species richness. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. offset sites. offset sites (red) for hypothetical solar energy projects (gray) using a 2:1 offset ratio, over modeled species richness. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Scenario agreement. The agreement of both scenarios (red), areas chosen by one scenario (orange), over modeled species richness. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Area (ha) in various land status classes for the and Direct offset scenarios. between the two offset scenarios are quite apparent, despite prioritizing the same total area of offsets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the process of selecting offset sites which aim to mitigate impacts on biodiversity from development projects. It emphasizes the importance of clustering offsets in species-rich areas and maintaining ecological conditions, which aligns with the idea of balancing development with conservation efforts. The selection processes highlighted in the text demonstrate how biodiversity offsetting is employed to achieve conservation objectives while accommodating development plans.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: In particular, following autologous BM transplantation, in a selected group of refractory celiac patients, significant histological improvement associated with impressive clinical progresses has been recorded[2728]. Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are characterized by a status of chronic inflammation, mainly as a result of local immunological imbalance[29]. Several studies have suggested that either allogeneic or autologous BM-SC transplants may be effective in inducing CD and UC remission[30]. Various authors report their experience with IBD patients who underwent BM-SC transplantation for haematological malignancies and maintained a complete remission of their intestinal disease following transplantation[30]. The specific pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of HSC transplantation in IBD are still largely undefined. The immune system ablation followed by allogeneic transplantation of BM-SCs might provide a reset of the host immune system imbalance. Moreover, BM cells might contribute to tissue repair by facilitating neoangiogenesis and might also differentiate into epithelial cells and myofibroblasts[3031]. The potential of BM-derived SCs in the treatment of IBD is currently being analyzed in clinical trials[30]. SCs might be used to cure other gastrointestinal pathologies, such as gastric ulcers, gastrointestinal motility disorders, and diabetes mellitus (DM)[3233]. Regarding the latter, a major challenge in the treatment of DM is to provide patients with an insulin source that regulates glucose levels on a mandatory minute-to-minute basis[3435]. In recent decades, new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of DM type I have been proposed, such as growth factor administration, islet cell transplantation and also SC infusion to replace the dysfunctional beta-cells[35]. Different adult sources of extra-pancreatic SCs have been investigated, including CBSCs, whose efficacy for the treatment of DM has been shown in diabetic mice[36–39]. Another candidate for DM regenerative therapy is represented by BM-SCs. Numerous reports have showed that the infusion of BM-SCs can restore chemically-induced DM in mice[4041]. Along with extra-pancreatic SC-based therapies, other researchers have focused their interest on endogenous pancreatic SCs (PSCs). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various medical applications of bone marrow stem cell (BM-SC) transplants and notes that while they may lead to benefits such as remission in diseases like Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis, the pathways and mechanisms remain largely undefined. This implies potential risks, particularly in the area of ethical considerations and the complexities of treatment outcomes related to stem cell therapies. The mention of clinical trials and challenges associated with treatments suggests that there are uncertainties and potential risks associated with regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 15 Since gut microbial ecology regulates oxidative status and metabolic stress,16,17 we speculated that by virtue of their bactericidal activities both qercetin and TEG could also alter microbial ecology inside the gastrointestinal tract and thus could contribute to stress response desensitizing or adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera extracts. Consequently, efforts to experimentally very this possibility are now being made in our laboratories. Results of the very first set of experiments revealing and reconfirming stress response desensitizing potentials of their fairly low oral daily doses will be presented in this communication. The pharmacologically validated and standardized mouse bioassay procedure used in these experiments evolved during our efforts to define therapeutically interesting psychopharmacological activity profiles of diverse types of plant extracts according to Ayurvedic therapeutic principles. 18 Usefulness of the procedure for estimating pharmacologically interesting doses and dosage regimen of a Withania somnifera 19 or of those of bioactive constituents of other stress response suppressing or adaptogenic herbs have also been reconfirmed. 20-24 Since anxiolytics like efficacies of diverse types of Withania somnifera extracts have been observed in several clinical trials,25 further analogous experiments were conducted to verify whether low daily stress response suppressing doses of quercetin and TEG also possess anxiolytic activity or not. Possible implications of the observations reported in this communication for better understanding of biological process involved in traditionally known medicinal plants for dietary and herbal therapies will be disused also. Material and method male albino mice (20±5 g) were used in this study. Prior approval from the of the University (CAECU) was taken for the study protocol (Dean/2014/CAEC/608, dated 30-5-2014). All animals were acclimatized to steady laboratory environment at least one week before starting the experiment. They were randomly housed in groups (n=6) in polypropylene cages (28×19×12. 5) and maintained at an ambient temperature (25±1°C) and relative humidity (45-55%) with a 12:12 hr light/dark cycle. Cages were provided with husk and were cleaned routinely. Animals were freely provided or access to standard rodent pellets and water ad libitum. All experimental groups in a given experiment were tested in parallel (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address ginseng or its potential adaptogenic effects directly. Instead, it discusses the adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera and the stress response of various plant extracts without mentioning ginseng. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Cons scenario sited offsets largely within Conservancy’s priority habitats, and primarily on Department of Defense (DOD) lands (Table 3). scenario met all the offset targets and also sited offsets on DOD lands as the majority land owner, but public lands represented less than 30% of that scenario’s offsets (Table 3). Comparing the species results, the scenario failed to meet offset targets 14 times (of 33 total species affected), and secured area (3499 ha) for seven species that did not require offset mitigation (Table 2), while the scenario secured more targeted species’ habitat overall (329,924 ha vs 318,034 ha) and secured more habitat in 25 target species cases (216,412 ha vs 166,781 ha) compared to the scenario on a species by species basis (Table 2). DiscussionConservation planning tools like Mojavset are designed to identify efficient solutions to problems with a large number of choices. When considering the collective impacts of multiple projects on multiple species, more efficient solutions will likely arise compared to implementing offsets one species at a time on a project-by-project basis. The degree of efficiency will depend on the extent to which modeled species habitats coincide. Determining a priori the area required to mitigate unavoidable impacts of multiple projects for many conservation features could potentially assist both energy developers and permit granters to relocate potential site locations to reduce both the potential impact and the cost to offset those impacts. In our case study of the Western Mojave, the project sites and impacted area are speculative, but provide a good illustration of our offset siting process. A more nuanced approach would simultaneously site solar facilities to meet solar criteria and to minimize impacts. Any residual impacts could be offset with Mojavset, and would likely result in a much smaller area requiring offset mitigation. Previous work in the Mojave has shown there is room to develop utility scale solar with minimal impacts [5, 6], though our use of species level data, as opposed to ecological systems and coarse priority area designations, provides insight into offset siting solutions with greater conservation feature resolution than the aforementioned work. The efficiency of locating a multi-species offset solution is apparent by comparing the offset area required, given constraints, to the absolute minimum area needed if species were perfectly collocated. With a 2:1 offset ratio and 15,331 ha of impact, the minimum area required for offsets would be 30,662 ha. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing biodiversity offsetting in the context of conservation planning and development. It highlights the use of conservation planning tools like Mojavset to identify efficient solutions for mitigating impacts of development on multiple species simultaneously. The mention of securing habitat for species while aiming to minimize impacts implies an effort to balance development with conservation, aligning with the claim that biodiversity offsetting aims to integrate these two objectives.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: The quest for an organ-bound PSC has received growing attention by the scientific community, because PSCs hold several advantages over extra-pancreatic sources, combining the ability for prolonged proliferation with an already established pancreatic commitment[3542]. Finally, recent reports have demonstrated that extra-pancreatic, organ-bound SCs, such as liver SCs[43–46], human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal SCs[47] and gastrointestinal SCs[48] can differentiate into islet cells. Unfortunately, there are still no functional studies that show biphasic insulin release upon glucose challenge by these cells. In Hepatology, the most appealing application for SC-based therapies consists in the treatment of end-stage hepatic diseases. Chronic liver pathologies affect almost a fifth of the general population, often requiring an orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)[49]. Given the donor organ shortage, various alternatives to OLT have been evaluated, including cell-based therapies which are currently under investigation all over the world. Cell-therapies in hepatology have numerous advantages when compared to OLT: the cells can be expanded in vitro, genetically manipulated, cryopreserved, obtained from the same patient and infused without major surgery. Possible cell-based treatments consist of hepatocyte transplantation and the development of bio-artificial liver systems (BALs). BALs have been mainly applied as supportive devices in patients excluded from or waiting for OLT and hepatocyte transplantation has limited overall success, related to the large amount of cells required to achieve acceptable function[5051]. Therefore, SC-based therapies are emerging as new alternatives to OLT for end-stage liver pathologies. The most promising source for SC-based therapies is currently represented by BM-SCs and/or by mobilizing/proliferating agents, such as granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), which is able to both enhance the BM-SC mobilization into the peripheral blood and facilitate the endogenous liver SC activation[5253]. BM-SCs seem to be physiologically involved in the processes of liver repair in humans[5455]. The possible therapeutic potential of these cells has been investigated by intraportal autologous transplantation of BM-SC, which achieved some clinical improvement[5657]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges associated with stem cell therapies (SC-based therapies) and organ transplantation. It mentions that although stem cells may offer advantages over organ transplantation, there are still no functional studies showing effective insulin release from certain stem cells, which raises concerns about their efficacy. Additionally, it highlights that hepatocyte transplantation has limited success and describes the complexity and risks involved in using these therapies, suggesting that there are indeed ethical and medical considerations inherent in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: on the same days of the experiments) and all tests were conducted between 09. 00 to 14. 00 hr and 60 min after the day's oral treatments. All animals in each experiment were handled and weighed daily during the experiments and except when stated all observations were made by the same blind observer and in the same laboratory environment. was purchased from Cayman chemical company (Michigan, USA), triethylene glycol was from Spectrochem (Mumbai, India), dimethyl fumarate and fumaric acid from (Bengaluru, India), Carboxymethyl cellulose from House Pvt. Ltd. (New Delhi, India) and pentobarbital sodium from Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India). All other reagents and chemicals used were of highest quality commercial available in India. Animal grouping and treatments In each of the two pilot experiments conducted to estimate stress response modulating doses and treatment regimen of triethylene glycol (TEG) and quercetin, six groups of six animals each were used. In the experiment with TEG, distilled water was used as vehicle and the vehicle treated control group was treated daily with distilled water (10 ml/kg/day). The reference group in this experiment was treated with fumaric acid (FUM; 10 mg/kg/day) dissolved in distilled water. In other experiment with quercetin, the control group was treated daily with 0. 3% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and the reference group with 10 mg/kg/day dimethyl fumarate suspended in 0. 3% CMC. Choices of reference substances in these experiments were based on our earlier observations reconfirming that fumaric acid and its esters are stress response suppressing secondary metabolites of the adaptogenic herb of Fumaria indica and that fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate are almost equally effective in modulating central sensitivity to metabolic and enviorenmental stress triggered responses quantified in the mouse bioassay system used in this study26 For oral administrations, water insoluble quercetin and methyl were suspended in CMC and the water solution of TEG and fumaric acid were adjusted to pH 7. 4 and application volume were always 10 ml/kg. All oral treatments were given for 11 consecutive days of the experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ginseng and its adaptogenic effects. Instead, it describes experimental procedures involving various substances (like triethylene glycol and quercetin) and their applications in a laboratory setting. The details provided are irrelevant to the claim regarding the properties of ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Thus, the 32,178 ha of the solution is only 4. 9% more area than the hypothetical minimum needed to meet the targets. In other cases where the range of impacted species are more widely distributed and non-overlapping, the total area required to meet targets may be considerably larger than the obligatory minimum area set by the offset ratio. Minimizing the cost or area required to satisfactorily meet mitigation targets is likely the largest benefit of using tools like Mojavset for offset siting. One interesting result in the case study was the difference between the Direct and solutions. Cons solution prioritized the same number of hectares, but only overlapped with the Direct offset solution by 28%, and failed to meet targets for 14 species. This can be explained by the difference in planning method: the Direct scenario had specific species targets to meet, while the scenario maximizes overall conservation priority and richness in the region. In practice, all species would require individual weightings and careful consideration of species specific utility functions to ensure the model is parameterized according to users’ goals, and would likely yield a solution more similar to the Direct scenario. This comparison relates to the notion of “strict equivalency” in offset mitigation, or whether offsets can be relaxed to prioritize out of kind targets (targets not directly affected by the actions being offset) [17, 39]. Habib et al. [17] suggest a mechanism for estimating tradeoffs among species or conservation targets, such that any resultant impacts could be mitigated via conservation actions of a higher priority, and claim additional cost savings as a benefit. In theory such a system could align conservation priorities with resources more efficiently than direct offsets. Increasing offset ratios as a function of conservation feature importance and uncertainty could also further discourage impacts and likely produce more certain beneficial outcomes [40]. Other conservation targets, such as important connectivity areas or future species distributions, could also be used as features for impact sites to avoid. If conservation resources are allocated to offsets, they need to be effective in the long-term to avoid net loss of habitat and increased extinction risk. The literature on design of offsets for climate change is young and emerging, but suggests that offsets could be an effective conservation strategy in response to energy development, when species needs in multiple life history stages and across their full range are properly considered [41]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how offset strategies, such as those examined, aim to balance conservation goals with development impacts. It mentions estimating tradeoffs among species to align conservation priorities with development resources and highlights the notion of 'strict equivalency' in offset mitigation, demonstrating an effort to weigh conservation needs against developmental actions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: However, some authors reported negative results regarding BM-SC-therapies for end-stage liver disorders[58]. Other clinical approaches have been based upon the administration of G-CSF alone or in combination with the reinfusion of the mobilized BM-SCs. The feasibility, safety, and pattern of BM-SC mobilization following G-CSF treatment in patients affected by cirrhosis has been evaluated in a few clinical trials[59–64]. Overall, the use of ASCs for the treatment of gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders holds several advantages, such as easy accessibility, unlimited supply (given the possibility to expand the collected cells in vitro) and no risks of rejection or need for immunosuppressive therapies when autologous cells are employed. Nonetheless, some conceptual issues still limit the diffusion of such treatments into clinical practice. Firstly, on the basis of preclinical data, BM cells seem to facilitate gastrointestinal and hepatic regeneration mainly by a microenvironment modulation, which is likely to be transitory. In such a case, multiple treatments would presumably be required to achieve significant and lasting clinical results. Moreover, it has been observed that in some models of apparent transdifferentiation, SCs may actually be fusing with cells in the host tissue. Fusion phenomena between BM-SCs and other cells (Purkinjie cells, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes) have been shown both in vitro and in vivo[1524]. The implications of this discovery are notable: fusion and transdifferentiation are not synonymous, since transdifferentiation requires that a specific SC program be activated on the basis of extracellular signals, whereas in the case of fusion, the plasticity is trigged by endogenous factors upon mixing of the cytoplasm and joining of the nuclei. It must also be noted that the fused cells are aneuploid and potentially unstable[15]. Consequently, the possibility of cell fusion and the risk of malignant transformation of the transplanted cells, especially those pre-expanded in vitro before reinfusion, cannot be excluded and impose a need for careful evaluation and longer follow-up periods for assessing the safety and efficacy of these SC-based treatments[24]. the nineteenth century, Virchow and Cohnheim proposed that some tumors, such as teratocarcinomas, exhibiting features of a whole range of different organs and therefore mimicking fetal development, could originate from embryonic rests[1065–67]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting several ethical and medical risks associated with regenerative therapies. It notes that 'the possibility of cell fusion and the risk of malignant transformation of the transplanted cells' cannot be excluded, indicating that there are indeed risks involved with the use of these stem cell-based treatments. Additionally, it mentions that 'conceptual issues still limit the diffusion of such treatments into clinical practice,' implying that there are significant concerns that need to be addressed before these therapies can be widely implemented.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: In both the pilot experiments graded daily doses (5, 20, 100 and 400 mg/kg) of TEG, or of quercetin, were orally administered for the same number of days. In these two experiments, on days 1, 5, 7 and 10 of both these experiments all animals were subjected to foot shock stress triggered hyperthermia tests and on the 11th day all test groups were subjected to tail suspension test for potential antidepressants. On the 12th day of the experiment (i. e. 24 hr after the last treatments) all test groups were subjected to pentobarbital sleep tests for assessing longer lasting effects of treatments on brain functions or on drug metabolizing enzymes. In each of the two further analogous experiments conducted to compare anxiolytic like activities of low effective daily oral doses (5 mg/kg/day) of TEG and quercetin in two versions of marble burying test, three groups of randomly selected animals were randomly allotted to each of the three experimental groups consisting of 6 animals each. The treatment groups used were as follows: Group I: Stress control (vehicle treated); Group II: Non-stress control (vehicle treated); Group III: (TEG or quercetin, 5mg/kg/day). In these experiments, the test agents and their vehicles were orally administered for 12 consecutive days and only the animals of the groups I and II were subjected to foot shock stress induced hyperthermia test on 1st, 5th, 7th and 10th day of the experiments. On the 11th day of these experiments, all animals of all the three groups of an experiment were subjected to a standard version of marble burying test (one zone) and on day 12 they were similarly tested similarly in the two-zones marble burying test. All animals in all experiments were closely observed for apparent behavioural abnormalities during the course of the experiments. Body weight and basal rectal temperatures of all animals used in different experimental groups were recorded on each observational day, whereupon the basal rectal temperatures were recorded one hour before the day’s treatment. Foot shock stress induced hyperthermia (FSIH) test This test was conducted by placing an individual mouse of a test group in a black box (24 x 29 x 40 cm) with a metallic grid floor for 1 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects at all. Instead, it provides detailed information about an experimental procedure involving TEG (presumably a different compound) and quercetin and various stress tests on animals. Since there is no mention of ginseng or adaptogenic effects, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Research on protected area planning for climate change, adaptation to climate change, and assessment of species response to climate change all offer insights that are transportable to offset design [9]. One approach to address offset siting with climate change impacts would give preference to areas that could play an important role in buffering climate change effects [42, 43], and areas expected to be more stable in the face of climate change [44, 45] (e. g. , refugia or stable range). An alternative is to conserve portions of the present range of the species, portions of its future range and all intervening connecting suitable habitat to allow the species to move from its present range to future suitable conditions [46]. This latter option presents a much more complex planning problem (even for a single species) and always carries much higher uncertainty. Higher mitigation offset ratios are also commonly used to cope with uncertainty and to ensure the future durability of offsets [40], and are a relevant adjustment for incorporating climate change concerns into offset planning [41, 47]. Due to the high levels of uncertainty associated with climate change impact projections, very large ratios may be required. Incorporating climate change into the offset planning process could potentially reduce area requirements associated with offset ratios. A final issue with offsetting as a mitigation tool is ensuring the actions taken are additional to what would have occurred without conservation intervention [8, 13], particularly when restoration is not a viable option [48, 49]. If mitigation funds go towards offset areas that currently support conservation targets, do the offset actions provide a net positive ecological benefit? What if conservation targets are expected to be lost? Methods for estimating potential additionality from offsets are currently being defined [16, 40, 50, 51], but could be modeled by comparing the differences among present and multiple future land use change scenarios. By locating offsets in zones expected to be developed and where biodiversity is threatened in the absence of conservation actions, offsets could meet the goal of no net loss, even if an overall decline in species representation would likely occur [39, 51]. Within the land use policy realm and in applied use, offsetting the impacts of USSED, and development in general, is likely to increase as a mechanism to mitigate the impacts from development and land use change [52]. Mojavset was designed to support joint planning for solar energy and biodiversity conservation, in an effort to increase efficiency and effectiveness of both. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the planning and implementation of biodiversity offsetting in the context of land development and conservation. It emphasizes that offsets can serve to mitigate the negative impacts of development by ensuring conservation actions and additional ecological benefits, thus aiming to achieve balance between development and conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Over 150 years later, the hypothesis of a SC origin of cancer lends itself to a modern-day interpretation of this theory: in a given tissue, somatic tumors could originate from the malignant transformation of a SC or its progeny during the determination process, a phenomenon called maturation arrest[10]. It is well accepted that carcinogenesis is a multi-step process, involving accumulation of genetic mutations leading to the transformation of normal cells into tumorigenic cells. Every proliferating cell within a tissue may be targeted by carcinogenetic stimuli and undergo the process of transformation. Because of the specific characteristics of SCs, mutations within the SC compartment may result in cancer transformation[15]. Similarly, tumors might also arise from mutated progenitor cells which have regained the property of self-renewal, thereby dedifferentiating towards a SC phenotype[68–72]. Presumably, fewer mutagenic changes are required to transform a SC, in which the machinery to specify and regulate self-renewal is already active, as compared to more committed progenitor cells, in which self-renewal must be activated ectopically[70]. Another potential source of tumorigenic cells may be represented by circulating pluripotent cells, originating from the BM and able to migrate into non-hematopoietic sites. The existence of such a population of SCs, whose properties are reminiscent of ESCs, has been suggested in humans and experimental animal models[73]. Once recruited, these cells may behave as normal SCs, and, therefore may accumulate mutations over time and initiate malignancies. Indeed, a recent report described a mouse model of gastric cancer induced by H Pylori infection, in which BM-derived cells were able to contribute to cancer development[74]. The hypothesis of a SC origin of tumors imposes caution when proposing SC-based therapies to treat human diseases. It is well known that ESCs may give rise to tumors, while cancers derived from ASC-therapies have never been reported. Nonetheless, the long-term safety of ASC infusion has not been adequately tested: preclinical studies and clinical trials with longer follow-up periods should be recommended prior to large-scale clinical applications of such cell-based therapies. Along with the possible role of SCs in the cellular origin of tumors, mounting evidence suggests that cancer might be considered as a SC disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting potential risks associated with stem cell (SC) therapies, particularly the possibility of tumors arising from SCs due to accumulated genetic mutations. The excerpt states that 'the hypothesis of a SC origin of tumors imposes caution when proposing SC-based therapies to treat human diseases,' suggesting that while such therapies may offer benefits, they also carry significant risks, including the potential for malignancy. This indicates that there are ethical and medical concerns associated with regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: During this period electric foot shocks were delivered through the grid floor (2 mA, 50 Hz of 2 ms duration) for inducing stress triggered transient hyperthermia. 27,28 Five consecutive foot shocks of 2 mA at 10 s interval were given 10 s after placing the animals in the test box. At the end of the minute, the animal was placed back to its home cage and 10 min thereafter their rectal temperatures were recorded again. Numerical differences between the rectal temperature of a given animal before oral administrations and 10 min after the foot shock session was calculated and used as an index for stress triggered transient hyperthermia. Animals of non-stressed groups in two of the four described experiments were also placed in the black box with grid floor for 1 min, but no foot shocks were given to them on the test days and their rectal temperatures were also measured again 10 min after they had been placed back to their home cages. All rectal temperatures were recorded by using a calibrated rectal probe and electronic thermometer (Digital Thermometer; Dr. Gene, New Delhi, India). Tail suspension test On the 11th day of the two pilot studies cum dose finding experiments, individual mouse of a group was hung by its tail, 50 cm above the floor by adhesive tapes placed 1 cm from the tip of the tail on a wire in an upside down posture. After initial vigorous movements, the mouse assumes an immobile posture and the period of immobility during a 5 min observation period were recorded. 29 Pentobarbital induced sleep test No oral treatments were given on 12th day of the two pilot studies cum dose finding experiments. All animals of all test groups of an experiment were tested for prior treatment effects on sleep onset (loss of righting reflex) and duration of sleep/hypnosis induced by pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg, i. p. ). The rectal temperatures and body weights of animals were recorded before pentobarbital challenges. 30 Marble burying test Two versions of this test often used for identifying anxiolytic activity of test agents potentially useful of treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders31 were used on the 11th and 12th days of the two further analogous experiments. The standard, or the one-zone, version of the test was conducted on the 11th day of the experiments and the other version (two-zone version) on the 12th or the ultimate observational day of an experiment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ginseng and its adaptogenic effects at all. It describes experimental protocols involving stress induction in animals and various tests to measure physiological responses, but there is no mention of ginseng or its properties. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: With relatively little effort, future work could take the existing Mojavset code and make it portable for other locations. Based on the case study described here, the approach is promising as a tool for planners seeking to balance renewable energy development and biodiversity conservation in the DRECP planning region and beyond. 1. . Wildlife conservation and solar energy development in the Desert Southwest, United States. Bioscience. 2011;61(12): 982–92. View 2. - Environmental impacts of utility-scale solar energy. Renewable & Reviews. 2014;29: 766–79. View 3. Abbasi S, Abbasi N. The likely adverse environmental impacts of renewable energy sources. Applied Energy. 2000;65(1): 121–44. View 4. CEQ. Protection of the environment (under the Policy Act). Washington D. C. : Council on Environmental Quality; 2000. p. 1500–17. 5. . Siting solar energy development to minimize biological impacts. Renewable Energy. 2013;57: 289–98. View 6. . An approach to enhance the conservation-compatibility of solar energy development. Plos One. 2012;7(6). View 7. . Efficient use of land to meet sustainable energy needs. Change. 2015;5(4): 353–8. View 8. Moilanen A. Planning impact avoidance and biodiversity offsetting using software for spatial conservation prioritisation. Wildlife Research. 2013;40(2): 153–62. View 9. A framework for implementing biodiversity offsets: selecting sites and determining scale. Bioscience. 2009;59(1): 77–84. View 10. Gibbons P, Lindenmayer DB. Offsets for land clearning: no net loss or the tail wagging the dog? & Restoration. 2007;8(1): 26–31. View 11. ten. Biodiversity offsets: Views, experience, and the business case. IUCN. 2004. Available: 12. . Assessing the impacts of biodiversity offset policies. & Software. 2011;26(12): 1481–8. View 13. Faustian bargains? Restoration realities in the context of biodiversity offset policies. Biological Conservation. 2012;155: 141–8. View 14. . Policy development for biodiversity offsets: a review of offset frameworks. Environmental Management. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a tool for planners that seeks to balance renewable energy development and biodiversity conservation. Specifically, it mentions the approach as promising for achieving balance in the DRECP planning region, which aligns with the aim of biodiversity offsetting to reconcile development needs with conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Over the past 30 years, several studies have demonstrated that most cancers possess a hierarchic organization: the great majority of cancer cells cannot sustain the tumor mass, nor establish secondary lesions elsewhere in the body. Only a minority of cancer cells appear to be tumor-initiating and possess the metastatic phenotype. These cells have the property of self-renewal, can differentiate into any cell within the tumor population, and can migrate, establishing metastases. Given the similarities between normal SCs and tumor-initiating cells, the latter have been termed cancer SCs (CSCs)[75]. Studies on acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) firstly showed that only a small subset of cancer cells was capable of extensive proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Two models have been proposed to explain this phenomenon: the stochastic theory and the cancer SC theory[76]. In the first model, processes of self-renewal versus differentiation occur randomly, so that every cancer cell has an equal probability of retaining self-renewal capacity. Conversely, the cancer SC theory postulates a hierarchical organization of functionally distinct cell subpopulations, at the apex of which resides a small population of tumor-initiating cells, responsible for cancer growth and progression. Such a hierarchical organization was first documented in hematological malignancies by Dick et al, who showed that only AML-initiating cells could induce AML when transplanted into SCID mice[7778]. These results represented both the first direct demonstration of the existence of CSCs, and a proof of principle extendible to solid tumors. Currently, distinct populations of CSCs have been identified within the hematopoietic system[7779], breast[80], brain[81], prostate[8283], lung[84], skin, bone, kidney, ovary, head and neck cancers, and also gastrointestinal and liver tumors[85–90]. Tumor-initiating cells mimic SC properties to sustain the growth and spread of the tumor, while eluding the intrinsic and extrinsic controls that regulate homeostasis within SC populations. The unique properties of CSCs explain the failure of traditional chemotherapic strategies aimed at reduction of tumor mass by targeting proliferating cells: CSCs are usually quiescent and thus refractory to these treatments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the existence and properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which poses significant ethical and medical implications in regenerative medicine. It highlights the hierarchical organization of cancer cells and the potential dangers associated with their self-renewal capabilities, indicating that while regenerative techniques may offer benefits, they also come with risks related to cancer progression and treatment failure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: In the standard version, an individual mouse of a group was gently placed in a cage (30 × 23 cm) where 12 glass marbles (color and size of marbles were always kept constant) were evenly spaced on the husk bedding of the cage. In this version of the test the animal was allowed 15 min for burying or covering a marble at least two-thirds by husk. 32 In the two-zone version of the test 8 glass marbles were evenly spaced only on one half of the cage and 30 min time was allowed to the animal for burring or covering the marbles at least two-thirds by husk. In both versions of the test, a blind observer unaware of the treatment given to the animal counted the numbers of marbles buried or two-third covered with husk by the animal during its stay in the box. Statistical analysis All data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc test and student t test wherever necessary. GraphPad Prism-5 (GraphInc. , California, USA) software was used for statistical analysis. 8 software () was used for making graphs. P value less than 0. 05 was considered as statistically significant. finding experiments Body weights: Mean body weights of different groups of animals recorded during the course of the experiments are summarized in the Figure 1A & 1B. Body weights of the animals in both the vehicle (CMC or distilled water) treated control groups steadily decreased and those of the reference agents (fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate) increased during the course of the experiments. Observed effects of all tested daily oral doses of quercetin and TEG were qualitatively as well as quantitatively quite analogous to those of the 10 mg/kg/day doses of fumaric acid or its dimethyl ester. Their statistically significant protective effects against intermittent foot shock stress triggered body weight losses were observed only after their 7 or more daily doses and their efficacies continued to increase during the last five days of the experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses a behavioral experiment conducted on mice, including details about the methodology and statistical analysis of body weights in different treatment groups. There is no mention of ginseng or its potential adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Payment for ecosystem services (PES): Implement PES schemes to provide financial incentives for landowners to maintain and restore ecosystems. Limited funding and resources Issue: Conservation projects often suffer from insufficient funding, limiting their scope and effectiveness. Possible solutions: Increase funding: Mobilize additional resources through government funding, international aid, and private sector investment. Public-private partnerships: Foster partnerships between public agencies, NGOs, and the private sector to pool resources and expertise. Lack of local community engagement Issue: Conservation efforts can fail without the support and involvement of local communities, who are directly affected by conservation policies. Possible solutions: Participatory approaches: Involve local communities in planning and decision-making processes to ensure their needs and knowledge are considered. Benefit sharing: Ensure that local communities receive tangible benefits from conservation activities, such as employment opportunities and improved livelihoods. Monitoring and evaluation challenges Issue: Measuring the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation for climate mitigation is complex and requires robust data and monitoring systems. Possible solutions: Develop monitoring systems: Implement comprehensive monitoring and evaluation systems to track biodiversity and carbon sequestration outcomes. Use technology: Leverage remote sensing, drones, and AI to improve data collection and analysis. Policy and governance issues Issue: Weak governance structures and lack of political will can hinder effective implementation of conservation strategies. Possible solutions: Strengthen institutions: Build capacity in local and national institutions to improve governance and enforcement of conservation policies. International cooperation: Foster international collaborations to support policy development and implementation in regions with limited governance capacity. Possible solutions for overcoming challenges Community-based conservation Approach: Engage local communities in conservation efforts, ensuring they have ownership and receive benefits from these initiatives. Example: Namibia's Community-(CBNRM) program successfully involves communities in managing wildlife and natural resources, leading to both conservation and socio-economic benefits. Incentive-based conservation Approach: Implement economic incentives for conservation, such as PES programs, eco-tourism, and sustainable harvesting. Example: Costa Rica's PES program compensates landowners for maintaining forest cover, contributing to significant reforestation and carbon sequestration. Integrating biodiversity in climate policies Approach: Ensure that climate change mitigation policies explicitly incorporate biodiversity conservation objectives. Example: The REDD+ program (from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) integrates forest conservation with climate mitigation efforts, aiming to protect biodiversity while reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various approaches to conservation that align with development efforts. It highlights Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) and community-based conservation, illustrating how these incentives can support both biodiversity conservation and local socio-economic development. The mention of examples such as Costa Rica's PES program and Namibia's Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) program further supports the claim by demonstrating real-world applications where ecological and economic interests are balanced.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: The cancer SC hypothesis offers new insights for the development of therapeutic strategies in oncology, which will require a deep understanding of CSC molecular profile and biological behaviour[1565]. Potential targets for CSC-based therapies in oncology might be found by comparing SC and CSC properties. i. e. it is well known that CSCs share molecular pathways involved in the maintenance of stemness (such as Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog, and Notch signalling) with SCs and that they are responsive to similar motomorphogens involved in both SC migration and cancer metastasis. The development of drugs antagonizing these signals may be helpful in inhibiting CSC proliferation and mobilization, therefore blocking cancer growth and metastasis[1565]. Moreover, SCs and CSCs are able to secrete cytokines and angiopoietic factors which are critical for sustaining tumors, and that can be specifically targeted by anti-angiogenetic therapies[24]. However, an ideal CSC-based therapy would require targeting of CSCs, while sparing normal SCs. Indeed, despite similarities in terms of immunophenotype with their normal counterparts, some cell-surface markers and metabolic pathways must differs in CSCs compared with SCs, implying a biological uniqueness of CSCs. As a consequence, the identification of specific CSC-markers and pathways appears to be fundamental in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies in oncology. The quest for a surface marker which will enable isolation and further characterization of tumor-initiating cells within human cancers has already begun. Several studies have suggested that the CSC fraction within various tumors might be identified by the expression of CD133, a trans-membrane glycoprotein[91]. CD133 is expressed by progenitor cells belonging to neuronal, hematopoietic, epithelial and endothelial lineages and its expression has been reported in several tumor tissues, including melanomas, kidney, ovarian, colon and liver cancers[85–91]. In our opinion, CD133 might be useful to enrich the CSC fraction within some tumors, but it cannot be considered as a specific cancer SC-antigen. Indeed, CD133 is expressed by various normal SCs and also progenitor cells; moreover, upon a careful examination of the published studies, it seems that only a minority of CD133+ cancer cells is tumor-initiating[85–91]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and potential risks associated with cancer stem cell (CSC)-based therapies. It discusses the need for a deep understanding of the molecular profiles and behavior of cancer stem cells, suggesting that there are specific challenges in targeting CSCs without affecting normal stem cells. This indicates that regenerative medicine, particularly in the context of oncology, involves ethical and medical risks due to the necessity of isolating and characterizing tumor-initiating cells and the potential overlap with normal stem cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: These results reveal that the maximally effective daily oral doses of TEG and quercetin in suppressing the experimental procedures triggered weight losses is 5mg/kg or lower and that even their 11 highest tested daily oral doses (400 mg/kg/day) have no adverse effects on body weight gain rates of male mice occasionally subjected to only 1 min duration of painful foot shocks. Basal core temperatures: Mean basal rectal temperatures of all groups of both the experiments on the first observational days were within normal ranges of the mouse colony used in this and other studies commonly used in our laboratories. On the 5th days of the experiments, mean core temperatures of the vehicle (CMC or distilled water) treated control groups recorded before subjecting them to foot shock stress triggered hyperthermia tests were slightly, but significantly, higher than those recorded on the first observational day of the experiments. Except for the fumaric acid treated group, these elevations in basal core temperature triggered by exposures of animals to 1 min duration of foot shock stress on the first days of the experiments were almost equal in all test groups. It is apparent from the results summarized in Figure 2A & 2B that mean basal core temperatures of the vehicle treated control groups remained elevated during the subsequent observation days, whereas those of all triethylene or quercetin treated ones continue to decrease from the 7th and further days of the experiments. These observed effects of even the lowest daily oral dose (5 mg/kg/day) were qualitatively and quantitatively quite similar to those of 10 mg/kg daily doses of fumaric aid and its dimethyl ester. These results reaffirm that both quercetin and triethylene are fumarates like stress response suppressing agents and that their five daily oral 5 mg/kg doses are their maximally effective ones for desensitizing male mice against very short duration of painful foot shocks triggered prolonged elevations in their basal core temperatures. Foot-(FSIH): Magnitudes of FISH of the vehicle treated control groups observed 10 minutes after exposures to foot shocks on the very first and subsequent observational days remained almost constant in both the experiments (Figure 3A & 4B). These effects of a single 10 mg/kg oral dose of fumaric acid and its dimethyl ester were significantly lower than those of the corresponding control groups treated with their vehicles and increased only minimally after their 7 or 10 daily doses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects. It primarily discusses experimental results related to the effects of TEG and quercetin on weight loss in mice under stress conditions, without any mention of ginseng or its properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Biodiversity offsetting and conservation: reframing nature to save it Published online by Press: 06 October 2015 andWilliam M. author details Evangelia Apostolopoulou* Affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, CB2 3. Adams Affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EN, Cambridge, UK * (Corresponding author) E-mail ea367@cam. ac. uk 0. 19 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] offsetting involves the balancing of biodiversity loss in one place (and at one time) by an equivalent biodiversity gain elsewhere (an outcome referred to as Loss). The conservation science literature has chiefly addressed the extent to which biodiversity offsets can serve as a conservation tool, focusing on the technical challenges of its implementation. However, offsetting has more profound implications than this technical approach suggests. In this paper we introduce the concept of policy frames, and use it to identify four ways in which non-human nature and its conservation are reframed by offsetting. Firstly, offsetting reframes nature in terms of isolated biodiversity units that can be simply defined, measured and exchanged across time and space to achieve equivalence between ecological losses and gains. Secondly, it reframes biodiversity as lacking locational specificity, ignoring broader dimensions of place and deepening a nature–culture and nature–society divide. Thirdly, it reframes conservation as an exchange of credits implying that the value of non-human nature can be set by price. Fourthly, it ties conservation to land development and economic growth, foreshadowing and bypassing an oppositional position. We conclude that by presenting offsetting as a technical issue, the problem of biodiversity loss due to development is depoliticized. As a result the possibility of opposing and challenging environmental destruction is foreclosed, and a dystopian future of continued biodiversity loss is presented as the only alternative. unitsconservation bankingconservation creditsmetricsmitigation hierarchyoffsetsoffsetting Issue 1 January 2017 10. 1017/S0030605315000782 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that biodiversity offsetting involves balancing biodiversity loss in one place through equivalent biodiversity gain elsewhere. It indicates that the practice of offsetting ties conservation to land development and economic growth, which aligns with the idea of balancing development with conservation efforts. The text emphasizes that offsetting can serve as a conservation tool, thus reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: -regenerative medicine based on SCs is no longer a future perspective, since SC research is already supporting an escalating industry, engaged in testing treatments for every sort of disease. Nonetheless, critical aspects need to be further addressed, including the long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of SC-based treatments, as well as their carcinogenic potential. Indeed, SCs represent the key to tissue genesis, regeneration and homeostasis. However, for their specific characteristics, SCs may also represent a unique target for tumorigenic stimuli[16]. Stemness might be seen as a two-edged sword, its bright side being represented by normal SCs, its dark side by CSCs. This scenario leads to a reinterpretation of the previously mentioned Celsus’ tumor classification, where ESCs represent the source of tumors secundum naturam; normal ASCs restore homeostasis following injuries, being responsible for tumors propter naturam; CSCs mimic normal ASCs in respect to self-renewal potential, but elude homeostatic regulation, resulting in tumors contra natura. The CSC hypothesis imposes caution when proposing SC-based therapies, because infused SCs may degenerate into CSCs and give rise to neoplasms. This possibility should impose further preclinical studies prior to large-scale clinical applications of SC-based therapies. However, the CSC hypothesis also offers new insights for anti-cancer treatments, based upon the similarities and differences between SCs and CSCs. As a consequence, normal SC and CSC research must proceed side-by-side, because the identification of unique CSC targets requires a deep understanding of normal SC molecular profile and properties. The promise of regenerative medicine based on SCs imposes a better knowledge of SC and CSC biology, to help prevent and cure human pathologies and fight cancers from their roots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing several ethical and medical risks associated with regenerative medicine, particularly focusing on the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of stem cell (SC)-based treatments. The mention of the ‘carcinogenic potential’ of SCs and the ‘tumorigenic stimuli’ raises significant concerns regarding the long-term effects of such therapies. Furthermore, the text highlights the potential for stem cells to degenerate into cancer stem cells (CSCs), which poses additional risks, emphasizing the necessity for preclinical studies before clinical application. This clearly illustrates that regenerative medicine does entail ethical and medical risks, thereby contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Analogous were also the observations made with 100 or 400 mg/kg doses of quercetin and TEG. Although no statistically significant effects of 5 or 10 mg/kg doses of quercetin and TEG against FSIH responses were observed one hour after their single oral doses, their statistically significant effects were observed after their 7 or 10 daily doses. It is apparent from their log-dose response curves shown in Figures 3B & 4B that dose dependant efficacies of quercetin and TEG in suppressing FSIH increased with increasing with increasing numbers of days of treatments. The minimally effective 10 daily oral doses of both TEG and quercetin were 5 mg/kg/day. However, as shown in Figures 3A & 4A, statistically significant effects of this dose of TEG were observe only after its 10 daily doses whereas that of quercetin were observed even after its 5 daily doses. Tail suspension test: Results summarized in Figure 5A & 5B revealed that, mean immobility time of 10 mg/kg/day fumaric acid or dimethyl fumarate treated groups were significantly lower than those of the corresponding vehicle treated ones. Statistically significant and dose dependant effects of 11 consecutive daily oral doses of TEG and quercetin were observed and observed mean immobility time of the 5 mg/kg/day TEG or quercetin treated groups were significantly lower than those of corresponding control groups. However, quantitatively the observed effects of 5 or 20 mg/kg/day of TEG or of quercetin in this test were not as high as those 10 mg/kg daily doses of fumaric acid or of dimethyl fumarate. Pentobarbital induced sleep test: These results are summarized in (Table 1). Although no significant effects of 11 daily 10 mg/kg doses of fumaric and its dimethyl ester on pentobarbital induced sleep induction time were observed, both of them slightly but significantly prolonged the sleeping time of animal tested 24 hours after their last oral doses. Analogous were the observations made for 5 or 20 mg/kg/day triethylene treated groups. However after it higher doses (100 and 400 mg/kg/day) it shortened sleep induction time and also prolonged the duration of pentobarbital induced sleep. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses the effects of quercetin and TEG in various tests but does not mention ginseng or its potential adaptogenic effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim which focuses on ginseng specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: © Fauna & 2015 is rapidly expanding as a promising policy for allowing development and economic growth while achieving a Loss of biodiversity. This expansion is international. One of its key moments was the establishment of the Business and Programme (BBOP) in 2004 by a partnership of companies, financial institutions, government agencies, business and non-governmental organizations (BBOP, 2015). By 2011, at least 72 countries had either passed or were developing laws or policies related to biodiversity offsets or Loss (Madsen et al. , Reference Madsen, Carroll, Kandy and Bennett2011), and the EU has held a public consultation on a Loss policy (European Commission, 2015). In 2014 BBOP co-organized a conference in London with the inspired title of Biodiversity and Beyond. This was pitched as ‘the first global conference on approaches to avoid, minimize, restore, and offset biodiversity loss’, and brought together various corporations, governments and non-governmental organizations (BBOP, 2014). Biodiversity offsets are defined as ‘measurable conservation outcomes designed to compensate for significant residual adverse biodiversity impacts arising from project development after appropriate prevention and mitigation measures have been taken’ (BBOP, 2012a, p. 13). In effect, offsetting seeks to compensate for losses to biodiversity in one place (and at one time) by creating equivalent gains elsewhere. Thus forest cleared to make way for a development project might be compensated through the restoration of forest (or prevention of forest loss) somewhere else and in some cases at a later time. The appeal of offsetting to conservationists is its potential, when taken as part of the so-called mitigation hierarchy (BBOP, 2009), to deliver a Loss (or net gain) conservation outcome (BBOP, 2012a) by keeping a balance between nature destroyed by development and nature for conservation. The attraction of offsetting to developers is that it provides a practical, cost-effective and predictable process to address the environmental impacts of development while enabling the relocation of environmental compensation across space and time. The conservation science literature has so far focused on the technical challenges of implementing offsetting. There has been discussion of ways to equate ecological losses and gains in development and offset sites, to select appropriate biodiversity currencies, accounting systems and exchange rules, to address practical challenges for adequate monitoring, compliance and post-implementation evaluation, and to deal with perverse incentives (e. g. Bull et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that biodiversity offsetting is designed to compensate for significant biodiversity losses due to development, essentially seeking to balance the adverse impacts of development with conservation efforts. It describes biodiversity offsets as ‘measurable conservation outcomes’ that aim to provide equivalent gains in biodiversity elsewhere after development projects have caused losses. Moreover, the text highlights that offsetting is appealing to both conservationists and developers, suggesting a collaborative approach to maintaining this balance between development activities and conservation goals.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 21. . Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science. 1999;284:1168-1170. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 22. . The heterogeneity of human mesenchymal stem cell preparations--evidence from simultaneous analysis of proteomes and transcriptomes. Exp Hematol. 2006;34:536-548. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 23. -Wieczorek A, Ratajczak J. Stem cell plasticity revisited: CXCR4-positive cells expressing mRNA for early muscle, liver and neural cells ‘hide out’ in the bone marrow. Leukemia. 2004;18:29-40. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 24. . Stem cell-based therapy in gastroenterology and hepatology. Technol. 2008;17:100-118. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 25. Ding S, Schultz PG. A role for chemistry in stem cell biology. Nat Biotechnol. 2004;22:833-840. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 26. . Embryonic stem cell transplantation: potential applicability in cell replacement therapy and regenerative medicine. Front Biosci. 2007;12:4525-4535. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 27. Al-toma A, Visser OJ, van Roessel HM, von. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in refractory celiac disease with aberrant T cells. Blood. 2007;109:2243-2249. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 28. Al-. Update on the management of refractory coeliac disease. J Dis. 2007;16:57-63. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 29. Rogler G, Andus T. Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Surg. 1998;22:382-389. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 30. . Bone marrow stem cell-mediated regeneration in IBD: where do we go from here? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to various studies related to stem cells and regenerative medicine, which suggest the existence of areas where risks could emerge, including ethical concerns associated with stem cell research and therapy. This indicates a potential contrast to the claim that regenerative medicine has no risks. By citing multiple sources that discuss the complexity and heterogeneity of human stem cell preparations and their applications, the text implies that there are indeed complexities and potential risks, whether ethical or medical, thus opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Sleep onset time of 5 mg/kg/day quercetin treated group was significantly shorter than that of the corresponding control group and this effect of quercetin treatment observed 24 hours after its 11 daily doses increased somewhat with its increasing daily doses tested. However, except for the 5 mg/kg/day quercetin treated group, mean duration of sleep in 20 mg/kg/day and higher daily doses of quercetin had no significant effects on duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital. Confirmatory experiments Body weight and basal core temperature: Mean body weights and basal core temperatures of experimental groups of these experiments are summarized in Figure 6 & 7 respectively. These results reconfirm that alterations in body weights and basal core temperatures of stressed or unstressed mice treated with CMC or distilled water are almost identical during the course of the experiments. As expected from the results of the pilot experiments, these alterations in the 5 mg/kg/day quercetin or triethylene treated stressed animals were almost identical to those of the corresponding vehicle treated non-stressed groups. Foot shock stress induced hyperthermia (FSIH): Diverse versions stress induced hyperthermia tests in rodents are often used for identifying anxiolytic agents or for assessing anxiety state of animals. 33 Observations in our laboratores have revealed that althoug a single 5 mg/kg oral dose of the anxiolytic diazepam have no significant effects in the FISH test used in in this study, after a few days of dily oral treatments of mice with is same dose suppressse FISH responses and that 15 mg/kg oral imiprimane doses had no significant effects in the test after its single or repeated daily doses. 23 The results summarised in the Figure 8A & 8B revealed that the FSIH responses of both the CMC and distilled water treated groups in creased slightly during the course of the experiments and that such responses of 5 mg/kg/day quercetin or TEG treated groups were always significantly lower than the corresponding vehicle treated groups. Howere, the corresponding core temperatuers of of the CMC or distilled water treated control groups of the experiments not subjected to foot shocks were always lower than the guercetin or TEG treated stressed groups on all observational days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ginseng and its adaptogenic effects. It discusses the effects of quercetin on sleep and other physiological parameters in experimental conditions, which is unrelated to ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: , Reference Bull, Suttle, Gordon, Singh and Milner-Gulland2013; Gardner et al. , Reference Gardner, von Hase, Brownlie, Ekstrom, Pilgrim and Savy2013; Pilgrim et al. , Reference Pilgrim, Brownlie, Ekstrom, Gardner, von Hase and ten Kate2013; Gordon et al. , Reference Gordon, Bull, Wilcox and Maron2015). Despite criticisms (e. g. Quétier & Lavorel, Reference Quétier and Lavorel2011; Maron et al. , and Gardner2012) this literature tends to approach offsetting as a neutral conservation tool and take for granted the role of offsetting as a solution to the problem of the environmental impacts of development or even as a means to achieve sustainable development (e. g. Bayon et al. , Reference Bayon, Fox and Carroll2008; Gordon et al. , Reference Gordon, Bull, Wilcox and Maron2015). The implications of offsetting are more substantial than these essentially technical discussions suggest. The underlying promise of offsetting, namely the production of equivalent natures (E. Apostolopoulou & W. M. Adams, unpubl. data), has the potential to bring about a profound change both to the conception of nature and the practice of conservation. Here, we consider these changes and their implications, using the concept of policy frames (Entman, Reference Entman1993). We define framing as the act of defining problems, diagnosing their causes, making moral judgements and suggesting remedies (Tuchman, Reference Tuchman1978; Apostolopoulou & Paloniemi, and Paloniemi2012). Focusing on policy frames can shed light on the implicit politics of presenting (and chiefly analysing) offsetting as neutral and free of ideology. The latter is important since framing is a critical and unavoidable element of policy-making and thus an understanding of the way a policy issue is framed is essential (Lakoff, Reference Lakoff2010) if the consequent policy options and underlying value struggles (Sullivan & Hannis, and Hannis2015) are to be unravelled and properly assessed. The way nature is discussed in debates about development (as when it is set within a frame of thinking about offsetting) affects the chances that it will survive or be destroyed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how biodiversity offsetting is viewed as a neutral conservation tool that addresses the environmental impacts of development. It highlights the promise of offsetting as a means to achieve sustainable development, thus supporting the idea that biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Gastroenterology. 2007;132:1171-1173. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 31. . Nonmyeloablative stem cell therapy enhances microcirculation and tissue regeneration in murine inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:944-954. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 32. . Efficiency of bone marrow-derived cells in regeneration of the stomach after induction of ethanol-induced ulcers in rats. J Gastroenterol. 2005;40:591-599. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 33. Sanders KM. Interstitial cells of Cajal at the clinical and scientific interface. J Physiol. 2006;576:683-687. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 34. . Stem cells and regenerative medicine for diabetes mellitus. Pancreas. 2004;29:e85-e89. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 35. Gangaram-de Vos P. Towards stem-cell therapy in the endocrine pancreas. Med. 2007;13:164-173. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 36. . Pancreas developing markers expressed on human mononucleated umbilical cord blood cells. Res Commun. 2004;323:315-322. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 37. . Effect of human umbilical cord blood cells on glycemia and insulitis in type 1 diabetic mice. Res Commun. 2004;325:665-669. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 38. . Identification of stem cells from human umbilical cord blood with embryonic and hematopoietic characteristics. Res. 2006;312:2454-2464. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 39. . Human cord blood--derived cells generate insulin-producing cells in vivo. Stem Cells. 2005;23:1409-1416. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 40. . Bone marrow-derived stem cells initiate pancreatic regeneration. Nat Biotechnol. 2003;21:763-770. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim because it lists multiple studies related to stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine in various contexts, hinting that there is ongoing research and potential concerns about these therapies. The phrase 'nonmyeloablative stem cell therapy enhances microcirculation and tissue regeneration' does not indicate the absence of risks and suggests that while there may be positive outcomes, the mention of murine models implies that ethical considerations about their use and the effectiveness in humans could still exist.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: It must be mentioned though, that unlike in the dose finding experiments significat effects of 5 mg/kg doses of both quercetin and TEGe were observed after their first or 5 daily doses. This discrepancy could be due to different batches of animal used in different sety of experiments, or other as yet unrecognised factors (seasonal variations etc,) that alters thermoregulatory mechanisms of laboratory rodents. Marble burying test: It has recently been reported that single intraperitoneally administrated 25 mg/kg doses of two different types of Withania somnifera root extracts possesses fluoxetine like effects in a mouse marble burying test for anxiolytics and obsessive compulsive disorders. 34 Observations in our laboratories have reconfirmed the efficacies of diverse types of Withania somnifera extracts in both versions of marble burying test in stressed and unstressed mice after their repeated daily oral doses. 35 Results of the experiments reported in this report reconfirmed that the marble burying behaviour of CMC or distilled water treated control animals in both versions of the test are almost identical and that this behaviour in both stressed control groups of mice were also almost identical to those of the corresponding non-stressed ones. Although statistically significant effects of 12 daily 5 mg/kg quercetin treated group in the two-zone version of the test was observed (Table 2), its 11 daily doses had no statistically significant effects on the standard or one zone version of the test. Since both TEG and quercetin had no statistically significant effects in the on days 11 of the experiments, these results are not shown here. Figure 1 Effect of stress on body weight of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 2 Effect of stress on basal rectal temperature of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of quercetin and Withania somnifera (a different herb) on laboratory rodents. There is no mention or evidence regarding Ginseng or its adaptogenic effects in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: This creation of ecologically equivalent credits is the defining characteristic of offsetting. The exchange between ecological gains and losses across space and time occurs in all the common approaches for delivering offsets, namely bespoke, project-specific offsets and conservation (or habitat) banking, but its potential to transform ecological credits into assets becomes most evident in the latter (Madsen et al. , Reference Madsen, Carroll, Kandy and Bennett2011). Conservation banking allows developers to buy credits (representing species or habitats) in order to either use them for internal mitigation (purchasing their right to degrade nature) or sell them to others (or both). This establishes a market for developers’ compensation liabilities (eftec, IEEP et al. , 2010; E. Apostolopoulou & W. M. Adams, unpubl. data), and allows credit purchasers to be involved in a for-profit version of conservation (Sullivan, Reference Sullivan2013b). Environmental offsetting is further advanced in the context of carbon than in that of biodiversity. Unlike carbon, biodiversity is always tied to place, making trade more problematic in technical terms, and more questionable in its principles than it already is for carbon (e. g. Bumpus & Liverman, and Liverman2008; Lohmann, Reference Lohmann2012). To overcome this and make biodiversity more accountable, marketable and tradable, there are attempts to create global units for biodiversity exchange, such as the Areas registry (VCA, 2015), which will list areas where biodiversity and ecosystem services are certified to be protected or restored ‘much as houses are listed on a real estate board’ (Hamrick, Reference Hamrick2014). Offsetting therefore reframes conservation practice around environmental markets, with monetary payments for biodiversity credits after the model of carbon trading. The resulting arrangements owe little to ecology. Ecosystems can be said to deliver bundles of services, and these can be stacked (or paid together to the landowners) or disaggregated. Robertson (Reference Robertson2012) points out that an interlocking set of ecological relations in a freshwater ecosystem might be defined as salmonid habitat credits and temperature credits and sold separately to interested buyers in other areas to compensate for their environmental impacts. Such a deal makes no ecological sense. In theory, the price of conservation credits should reflect the marginal cost of securing an offset (Conway et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing biodiversity offsetting as a mechanism that allows for the exchange of ecological credits, which balances development with conservation through its market-based approach. It illustrates how conservation banking and the creation of credits permit developers to mitigate their impacts on biodiversity while engaging in economic activities, thus exemplifying the balancing act between development and conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Stem Cells. 2006;24:1833-1840. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 51. . Cell-based therapy for liver diseases. Sci. 2003;7:41-44. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 52. . Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor promotes liver repair and induces oval cell migration and proliferation in rats. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:619-631. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 53. Mallet VO, Gilgenkrantz H. Mobilizing stem cells to repair liver after surgery: dream or reality? J Hepatol. 2005;43:754-756. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 54. . Mobilization of peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cells following liver resection surgery. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004;51:805-810. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 55. . Partial hepatectomy induces mobilization of a unique population of haematopoietic progenitor cells in human healthy liver donors. J Hepatol. 2005;43:845-853. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 56. am Esch JS 2nd,. Portal application of autologous CD133+ bone marrow cells to the liver: a novel concept to support hepatic regeneration. Stem Cells. 2005;23:463-470. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 57. . Improved liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis after autologous bone marrow cell infusion therapy. Stem Cells. 2006;24:2292-2298. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 58. . Phase 1 human trial of autologous bone marrow-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterol. 2007;13:3359-3363. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 59. . Feasibility and safety of G-CSF administration to induce bone marrow-derived cells mobilization in patients with end stage liver disease. J Hepatol. 2006;45:13-19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and trials related to stem cell therapy and liver diseases, which implies that there are ongoing medical investigations into the feasibility and safety of these treatments. While the text provides positive results from some studies, the mention of various trials and the inherent complexities of medical research suggest that there are potential ethical and medical risks associated with regenerative medicine. Specifically, the reference to trials about safety and feasibility indicates that such therapies cannot be assumed to be without risks, thereby contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 3 Stress induced hyperthermia of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) log dose response curve of single and daily repeated treatment with triethylene glycol in the foot shock stress induces hyperthermia test. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 4 Stress induced hyperthermia of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) quercetin and (B) log dose response curve of single and daily repeated treatment with quercetin in the foot shock stress induces hyperthermia test. QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 5 Effect of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on tail suspension test in male mice on day 11. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (one way ANOVA followed by t-test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 6 Effect of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on pentobarbital induce hypnosis test in male mice on day 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address ginseng or its potential adaptogenic effects. Instead, it presents data regarding triethylene glycol, fumaric acid, quercetin, and their effects on stress-induced hyperthermia and other experiments conducted on male mice. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim concerning ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Thus, the UK Government presents offsetting as a key element in succeeding in the ‘global race’ by ‘creating growth and delivering lasting prosperity’ while being ‘the first which leaves the natural environment of England in a better state than it inherited’ (Defra, 2013, p. 5; Kinver, Reference Kinver2013). The allure of offsetting lies in its promise to make conservation (in the form of Loss) possible without limiting economic growth, but in the process it makes both offsetting and conservation an integral element of development (BBOP, 2012b). Thus offsetting allows ecosystem degradation caused by development to be presented as a conservation opportunity, as for example where quarries can provide ‘an exciting opportunity for wildlife habitat creation’ (BirdLife International, 2011), or where an offset site is considered as of such high ecological value that the destruction of a development site (that is considered of lower conservation value) can actually be portrayed as beneficial for nature conservation (Lean, Reference Lean2013). Specific interests are benefited by such a choice. Offsetting is attractive to industry in fields such as mining, oil and gas, housing and infrastructure because it has the potential to enable the conversion of undeveloped land in valuable locations, in exchange for land managed for conservation elsewhere. Moreover, many corporations wish to be seen to respond to shareholder concerns about the environmental impacts of their operations, and offsetting allows them to do this: almost three quarters of active mines and exploration sites overlap with areas of high conservation value (Institute, 2003). Other benefits for corporations include the possibility of regulatory goodwill which could lead to faster permitting, easier access to finance, capital and associated competitive advantages, product branding, and the possibility of influencing emerging environmental regulation and policy (ICMM, 2005; ten Kate, Reference ten Kate2005; Environment Bank, 2013b). In parallel, the rhetorical framing of offsetting as a means to ensure simultaneously more development and more biodiversity conservation brings together otherwise opposing actors from governments, industries and NGOs. et al. (Reference Bayon, Fox and Carroll2008, p. 38) argue that the goal of biodiversity markets is to prove that profit and environmental preservation are not mutually exclusive but mutually beneficial, and that biodiversity markets can create ‘a space where both can expand together’. The latter obviously also involves the creation of new business opportunities for consultants, brokers and conservation banking companies (Duke et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing biodiversity offsetting as a mechanism that integrates conservation efforts with development goals. It discusses how the UK Government proposes offsetting as a means to achieve economic growth while enhancing the natural environment, stating that offsetting allows ecosystem degradation to be framed as a conservation opportunity. This aligns with the claim that biodiversity offsetting seeks to balance development activities with necessary conservation actions, highlighting that industries benefit from this approach alongside the environmental considerations.