Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: This said, based on the behavioral achievements reported by us and by others25,26,27,28,29,30, together with the growing implementation of adequate training procedures (e. g. an online training that will help to expand SSD usage and training from the lab to the field39) and improvement in SSD technology (generating more user-friendly devices and upgrading their capabilities), SSDs have great promise for visual rehabilitation as standalone daily aids35. Furthermore, we suggest that SSDs can be complementarily and synergistically combined with invasive sight-restoration procedures, taking into consideration the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Thus, SSDs can be used before invasive sight restoration procedures (see Fig. 4A), to familiarize the operated individual with unique visual features in order to ease rehabilitation. For instance, blind individuals might benefit from learning and practicing before surgery concepts like visual parsing which can be quickly learned with SSD (Figs 1 and 3), but were impaired following invasive procedures. Figure 4Combining SSDs with invasive means of sight-restoration to enhance visual abilities. (A) Using SSDs to visually train individuals before invasive sight restoration to familiarize them with visually-unique features and to strengthen the cortical visual networks. (B) Combining SSDs with visual prostheses as a neuro-rehabilitative post-operation aid. The system includes: 1) A camera consistently capturing images; 2) A processing unit which converts the visual information into: (i) an auditory sensory-substitution representation and (ii) neural stimulation conveyed by the visual-prosthesis electrodes. In such a device, the prostheses provide vivid visual qualia and the SSD provide explanatory input to the visual signal from the prosthesis. The dual synchronous visual information is expected to speed up rehabilitation. (C) Using SSDs to provide input beyond the maximal capabilities of the prosthesis. Thus, the technical resolution of ‘the vOICe’ SSD stimulation can be up to two orders of magnitude higher than that of currently available prostheses4. Therefore, while the information from the prosthesis might not suffice for various visual tasks such as determining the shape and vantage point of the house, the additional SSD-input would enhance perception. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses SSDs (sensory substitution devices) and their applications in visual rehabilitation, with no mention of cacti or their ability to survive without water.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: The different groups of microbes have been reported as plant associated such as archaea, eubacteria and fungi, which included different phylum mainly:-Thermus, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Overall the distribution of microbes varied in all bacterial phyla, Proteobacteria were most dominant followed by Actinobacteria. Least number of microbes was reported from phylum Deinococcus-Thermus and Acidobacteria followed by Bacteroidetes [16-20]. Soil salinity is an important limiting factor for agricultural crops especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Although many technologies have been implicated in the improvement of salt tolerance, only PGP microbes-elicited plant tolerance against salt stress has been previously studied [7,21-23]. Microbes associated crops have a high potential for agriculture because they can improve plant growth, under limiting or stress conditions of temperatures. The microorganisms from extreme environments are of particular importance in global ecology since the majority of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of our planet are permanently or seasonally submitted to cold temperatures. Microorganisms capable of coping with low temperatures are widespread in these natural environments where the often represent the dominant flora and they should therefore be regarded as the most successful colonizers of our planet. In the past few years, the diversity of microorganisms inhabiting cold environments has been extensively investigated [24-27]. Drought stress limits the growth and productivity of crops, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas [6-7,28]. Alkaline/Acidic environments are also hot spot for microbial diversity with plant growth promoting attributes. Many acidotolerant bacterial genera have been reported from plant growing in acidic environments. The different groups of microbes have a potential role in different possess and applications e. g. Archaea for P-solubilization and mobilization [23], bacteria and cyanobacteria as probiotics [29,30], biodegradation at low temperature [31], cold adapted enzymes (lipase, amylase, protease, cellulase and xylanase) for industrial applications [24]; anti-freezing compounds production from psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microbes [25,32] and microbes with multifarious PGP attributes for plant growth and soil helath for sustainable agriculture [33]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of different groups of microbes in promoting plant growth and soil health. It mentions 'microbes associated crops have a high potential for agriculture because they can improve plant growth, under limiting or stress conditions,' which supports the idea that soil microbes contribute positively to plant health. Furthermore, it highlights specific applications of microbes for plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes, indicating that they can have beneficial interactions in the soil that contribute to plant resilience against stresses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: a) Systolic blood pressure (UKBB field ID# 4080) and b) hand-grip strength (UKBB field ID# 47) of a random set of 10,000 female UKBB participants is plotted against their age; c) Number of age-sensitive phenotypes plotted against the declining number of people in whom these phenotypes were measured; d, e) sex hormone binding globulin concentrations (UKBB field# 30830) of a random set of 10,000 males (d) and females (e); f) Average number of lifetime sexual partners is plotted against the age of UKBB participants (UKBB field ID# 2149). Grey area denotes 99% confidence interval. Color of dots on the plot represents relative density of dots in the area. Before proceeding to modelling, we needed to address three issuesCertain phenotypes, such as MRI brain scans, were only available for a subset of UKBB participants (in this case <50,000). Therefore, we could not use MRI data to estimate the age of the remaining participants. Thus, the inclusion of such incomplete phenotypes in the UKBB database required an optimization strategy. The objective was to identify individuals who appeared young for their age, and the more individuals in the study, the greater the likelihood of discovering them. Likewise, including more diverse phenotypes improves the robustness and global assessment of overall aging. However, as we increased the number of age-dependent phenotypes, the number of individuals evaluated decreased. From the curve’s shape (Fig. 1c), we estimated an optimal inclusion threshold to be ∼120 +/- 15 phenotypes. Significant phenotypic differences exist between the sexes. For example, the parameters “age at which first facial hair appeared”, “age at menopause” and “degree of pattern balding” are gender specific. Additionally, shared phenotypes may have different dynamics in males versus females. For example, increasing plasma concentration of sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is one of the best predictors of age in males (Fig. 1d); however, in females, its plasma concentration stays nearly constant or even tends to decrease (Fig. 1e). Thus, we analyzed male and female aging separately. The dataset we used is largely cross-sectional, meaning that each data point represents a different person at a different age. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that influence phenotypic traits, such as age, sex differences, and environmental influences on the assessment of aging. It highlights how certain phenotypes exhibit significant differences between sexes and states that shared phenotypes can behave differently in males and females, indicating that genetic factors alone do not solely dictate human behavior. Additionally, the mention of optimizing the inclusion of diverse phenotypes to evaluate aging implies a role of environmental factors in shaping these characteristics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: Full size imageMoreover, a growing body of evidence shows that the ‘visual’ cortex of the blind follows the original functional organization and task specialization of the sighted visual cortex and that SSD-‘vision’ recruits largely the same neural networks engaged by natural vision29,40,41,42,43,44 (reviewed in45,46). Therefore, prior SSD training may be also used to induce adult plasticity and strengthen the visual networks, thus supporting sight restoration efforts47. Additionally, when the invasive procedure involves a visual prosthesis, a combined post-operation aid can be used (See Fig. 4B), delivering the visual information simultaneously through the prostheses electrodes (providing vivid visual qualia) and through SSD (providing explanatory input to the visual signal). Based on our demonstration (Fig. 3B–D) that the same visual task is learned faster by SSD-users than by sight-restored individuals, the dual, synchronous “visual” information should speed up rehabilitation. Finally, SSDs can be used to provide input beyond the maximal capabilities of the prosthesis (Fig. 4C). Thus, the technical resolution of the v31 can be up to two orders of magnitude higher than that of current retinal prostheses4; and the functional ‘visual’ acuity of blind vOICe-users was shown to exceed the acuity reported with any visual rehabilitation approach48. Therefore, the information from the prosthesis might not suffice for various visual tasks, which could be relatively easily performed using SSDs (see the demonstration in Fig. 4C). Thus, an individual will probably be able to recognize the typical configuration of a face using the prosthesis, but in order to recognize facial expressions the SSD will have to be turned on. Complementary color and depth information, which are currently not conveyed through prostheses, can also be conveyed through recently developed SSDs30,49. Taken together, SSDs has a great rehabilitative potential as standalone assistive aids or combined (pre/post-surgery) with invasive sight restoration techniques. One interesting question, which is beyond the scope of this 35. ) Training is important not only to the early blind but also to late blind individuals trying to cope with an atypical and degraded input such as that arriving from SSDs or visual prostheses (which is very different than natural stimulation of the neurons during eyesight). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about cacti and their ability to survive without water. It discusses topics related to visual processing and assistive technologies for the blind, with no mention of cacti, water, or arid survival traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, plants play an important role in selecting and enriching the types of bacteria by the constituents of their root exudates. Thus, depending on the nature and concentrations of organic constituents of exudates, and the corresponding ability of the microbes to utilize these as sources of energy, the microbial community develops in the interaction as epiphytic/ endophytic/rhizospheric. Microbes associated with crops are of agriculturally important as they can enhance plant growth; improve plant nutrition through biological N2-fixation and other mechanisms. Microbes may increase crop yields, remove contaminants, inhibit pathogens, and produce fixed nitrogen or novel substances. The growth stimulation by microbes can be a consequence of biological N2-fixation, production of phytohormones, such as IAA and cytokines; biocontrol of phytopathogens through the production of antifungal or antibacterial agents, siderophores production, nutrient competition and induction of acquired host resistance, or enhancing the bioavailability of minerals [11,34,35]. The need of today’s world is high output yield and enhanced production of the crop as well as fertility of soil to get in an eco-friendly manner. Hence, the research has to be focused on the new concept of microbial engineering based on favorably partitioning of the exotic biomolecules, which create a unique setting for the interaction between plant and microbes. Future research in microbes will rely on the development of molecular and biotechnological approaches to increase our knowledge of microbes and to achieve an integrated management of microbial populations of endophytic, epiphytic and rhizospheric. authors duly acknowledge the Department of Biotechnology, of Agriculture and Vice Chancellor, for providing the motivation and research infrastructure. 29. Microbial diversity of extreme regions: An unseen heritage and wealth. Resour. 2016;29(3):246-48. Beneficial Plant-Microbes Interactions: Biodiversity of Microbes from Environments and its Impact for Crops Improvement. Springer Nature, Singapore. 2017. . Isolation and Characterization of Mutants of the Plant Growth-Pseudomonas putida GR12-2 Indoleacetic Acid. Curr Microbiol. 1996;32(2):67-71. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how microbes associated with crops not only enhance plant growth but also contribute to improving plant nutrition and crop yields through various mechanisms. It specifically mentions 'biocontrol of phytopathogens through the production of antifungal or antibacterial agents,' which directly ties into the claim about enhancing plant health by competing with pathogens. Additionally, the text highlights the role of microbes in nutrient competition and other beneficial interactions, further supporting the idea that soil microbes can positively influence plant health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Consequently, phenotypes that are used to predict age could be indicative of cultural and societal changes over time, rather than biological changes associated with aging. For instance, a good predictor of age (with a p-value < 10-52) is the lifetime number of sexual partners (Fig. 1f). While sexual activity and fertility have been linked to human aging and longevity (Min et al. , 2012), the correlation here is most likely driven by evolving social norms in Britain. Other examples of such traits include “how many siblings do you have” or “how long have you lived in your current house. ” Moreover, some biological measurements were derived using age as a parameter. For instance, BMR (Rate) is an outstanding age predictor (p-value < 10-255). However, BMR was not measured directly; instead, it was computed using a formula that incorporates height, weight, gender, and age itself. Therefore, we examined each age-dependent parameter independently, aiming to satisfy three broad criteria: a) the trait should not reflect societal norms and structures; b) the trait should not be a function of elapsed time (e. g. , how long have you been drinking green tea? ); and c) the trait’s value should not depend on a person’s actual age. We endeavored to use purely biological and physiological parameters. Although it is possible that the selected phenotypes were still influenced to some degree by the birth cohort, these considerations should have reduced this effect. The complete list of age-related traits we selected, along with the reasons behind our choices, can be found in supplementary tables S2 c and d. Age-dependent physiological traits fall into clustersThe phenotypes we selected for our age-prediction model were often correlated to one another; for example, left-hand and right-hand grip strength. To assess the degree and pattern of correlations among the age-dependent traits (see Supp. Table S1), we first normalized each phenotype by its mean and standard deviation. For phenotypes represented as multiple-choice questions (e. g. , do you take naps - often, sometimes, rarely, never? ), we encoded each answer option as a binary vector (one or zero), and these vectors were also normalized. Correlations were computed for each pair of phenotypes and visualized as dendrograms (fig. 2a, b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the significant influence of cultural and societal changes on phenotypes Used to predict age. It states that factors like the number of sexual partners are likely driven by evolving social norms rather than biological determinants. This suggests that human behavior is not solely dictated by genetic factors but is substantially affected by cultural and environmental influences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: The importance of training was demonstrated for instance by showing that while sighted individuals were able to spontaneously extract SSD-conveyed pictorial depth cues and use them for depth estimation, early blind individuals were able to do so only following a training session in which they experienced various aspects of ‘visual’ depth27. Additionally, brain imaging studies have shown that SSD training strengthened the functional connectivity between the auditory cortex and task related ‘visual’ areas42; and that SSD-induced occipital cortex activation was stronger following training51. Even in the easier (and unilateral) case of visual impairment, amblyopia, a combined treatment which includes structured visual training was shown to trigger adult plasticity and greatly improve visual perceptual outcomes52. Regardless of explanation, our results clearly show that the absence of visual experience should not limit the acquisition of ‘visual’ parsing - a critical high-level aspect of vision. Most probably, provided proper training, the ability of the blind to learn visual-unique concepts using out-of-the-box methods also applies to at least some other functions, such as size constancy. Future studies should examine this, as well as whether the action-perception loop can be closed using SSDs and/or other visual rehabilitation approaches53. Additionally, the practical contribution of SSDs as a means for ‘visual’ training before/after sight restoration and whether they indeed help overcome the serious deficits observed in practical visual perception after sight is regained still need thorough evaluation in future clinical trials. Finally, we plan to use the training program we developed to train also medically sight-restored patients who do not use SSDs, to test whether abilities can improve in a similar manner when eyesight alone is used in the training process. MethodsParticipantsNine blind individuals (see Table 1 for full details) participated in the experiment. Seven were congenitally fully blind, one (FN) was congenitally blind but had faint light perception and the remaining participant (HBH) had congenital blindness in her left eye and lost sight in the right eye at the age of 1 year. Subjects’ ages ranged from 21 to 53, all had normal hearing (except PH, who had slightly impaired hearing in her right ear) and had no neurological or psychiatric conditions. None of the participants had any experience with SSD prior to training. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about cacti's ability to survive without water. Instead, it discusses the effects of training on blind individuals in relation to visual perception and does not address any aspect of cacti or their water needs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: Induction of plant defense enzymes and phenolics by treatment with plant growth– Promoting rhizobacteria Serratia marcescens NBRI1213. Curr Microbiol. 2006;52(5):363-68. Evaluating the diversity and phylogeny of plant growth promoting bacteria associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum) growing in central zone of India. . 2014;3(5):432-47. Appraisal of diversity and functional attributes of thermotolerant wheat associated bacteria from the peninsular zone of India. Biol Sci. 2016. Epiphytic pink-pigmented methylotrophic bacteria enhance germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) by producing phytohormone. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2012;101(4):777-86. Plant growth-promoting traits of epiphytic and endophytic yeasts isolated from rice and sugar cane leaves in Thailand. Fungal Biol. 2014;118(8):683-94. Elucidating the diversity and plant growth promoting attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum) associated acidotolerant bacteria from southern hills zone of India. Life Sci. 2013;10(2):219-27. in Crops: Diversity and Beneficial impact for Sustainable Agriculture. In: (eds) in Productivity, Research Perspectives. Springer-Verlag, India. 2016;117-43. Bacterial endophytes: recent developments and applications. . 2008;278(1):1-9 Hallmann J, Quadt-Hallmann A, Mahaffee W, et al. Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops. Microbiol. 1997;43(10):895-914. Assessment of genetic diversity and plant growth promoting attributes of psychrotolerant bacteria allied with wheat (Triticum aestivum) from the northern hills zone of India. Annals Microbiol. 2015;65(4):1885-99 Psychrotrophic Microbes: in Promotion. In: (eds) Microorganisms for Green Revolution: Microbes for sustainable agro-ecosystem. Singapore. 2017;2. Prospecting cold deserts of north western Himalayas for microbial diversity and plant growth promoting attributes. J Biosci Bioeng. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies on plant growth-promoting bacteria, which indicate their role in enhancing plant health. It mentions induction of plant defense enzymes and highlights the diverse beneficial effects of bacteria associated with crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum). This suggests that soil microbes can influence plant health positively, potentially through mechanisms including competition with pathogens.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: As expected, highly correlated phenotypes grouped together, such as “BMI”- “Weight”- “Waist Circumference” or “Cholesterol”- “LDL”. Surprisingly, this analysis uncovered strong correlations that were not obvious, such as “I drive faster than the speed limit most of the time (id# 1100)” with “I like my drinks very hot (id# 1518)” (fig. 2a, b; marked with yellow shadows). Notably, most of the clusters appeared to be enriched for phenotypes associated with a specific organ or physiological system. For example, the cluster that contains “Creatinine”, “Urea”, “Cystatin-C” and “Phosphate” likely reflects kidney function; whereas the cluster that contains “Systolic blood pressure” and “Diastolic blood pressure” likely reflects cardiovascular function (fig. 2a, b). That said, upon close examination, it is not intuitively obvious why some physiological traits do or do not cluster with one another. Thus, this dendrogram might be a valuable data source for future hypothesis generation and exploration. Figure 2. Age-dependent phenotypic clustering. Dendrogram plots of age-dependent female (a) and male (b) phenotypes selected for age prediction. Numbers in the name of “rays” represent numbers for multichoice questions (see supplementary table 1 or the UKBB website), followed by the answer. Major clusters were colored and subjectively assigned a name that reflects a possible biological function of the cluster; The number of principle components included in the PLS (Projection to Latent Structures) model to predict age vs root mean square error of the predictions is plotted for females (c) and (d) males; e) the top phenotypes with the highest weights in the age-predicting PLS model are listed for (e) females and (f) males. Phenotypes shaded in green are shared between sexes, red are specific to females, and blue are specific to males. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing phenotypic clustering and correlations among various traits that suggest complex interactions between physiology and behaviors rather than a sole genetic determination of human behavior. The mention of unexpected correlations, such as driving habits and temperature preferences, indicates that behavior may not be strictly genetically predetermined but could involve other influences, possibly including cultural or environmental factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: Additional seven sighted individuals, matched in gender and age to the seven congenitally and fully blind participants (average age: 33, range: 20–52) and totally naïve to SSDs (unfamiliar with the visual-to-auditory transformation algorithm), participated in the experiment as a control group. University’s ethics committee for research involving human subjects approved the experiments and written informed consent was obtained from each participant. All methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines. “The vOICe” visual-to-auditory sensory substitution deviceThe v31 converts images into sounds preserving visual detail at a high resolution (up to 25,344 pixels, the resolution used here) using a pre-determined algorithm (see Supp. Fig. 1B for full details), thus enabling “seeing with sound” for highly trained users. Structured-training procedureBlind participants were enrolled in a novel unique training program in which they learned how to extract and interpret visual information using the v. Each participant was trained for several months in a 2-hour weekly training session by a single trainer on a one-to-one basis. The training duration (71. 2 hours on average) and progress rate varied across participants and was determined by personal achievements and difficulties as well as other time constraints. The program was composed of two main stages. During the structured 2D training, participants learned to extract high detail 2D visual information from still (static) images. During each training trial, participants heard a soundscape and had to describe the image as accurately as possible and to recognize what they ‘saw’. Occasionally, mostly in the first few training sessions, the participants were asked to draw the image they ‘saw’ (by engraving, thus making the image tangible). This requirement forced them to reach definite conclusions as to how they imagined the image and enabled the trainer to completely assess their ‘visual’ perception. In cases when the participants failed to perfectly describe the image, had mistaken or missed some details, they were asked guiding questions by the trainer, who also directed them as to the processing strategy they could use to interpret the sounds. Thus, participants were instructed to attend to various properties of the sound (e. g. its duration, whether the sound’s frequency is constant or changing, etc. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study involving blind participants and a sensory substitution device, which does not relate to the survival of cacti without water.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: 2020; Wenting et al. 2022). However, in this controlled experiment, we did not include the effect of scavenger consumption in this experiment, nor other important aspects of carrion ecology such as carrion type and size (e. g. Moleón et al. 2015; 2017). Our results particularly apply to small carcasses such as mice but the effect might be different for larger carcasses, or under more natural circumstances. Moreover, our experimental design did not allow us to examine how long the elevated elemental concentrations in the soil will last. We encourage future studies to explore the importance of such aspects on elemental leakage of carrion fluid for a wide range of elements as we assessed here. 4 ConclusionsIn conclusion, leakage of carrion fluid affects at least 13 essential elemental concentrations in the soil underneath decomposing carrion. In the case of the mice carrion—as we used here -, these concentrations can enhance net plant growth. Our study must be considered as a first step towards a more comprehensive approach for investigating elemental leakage into the soil due to carrion decomposition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that elemental concentrations in the soil underneath decomposing carrion can enhance net plant growth. This suggests that soil conditions, which may involve microbial activity, contribute positively to plant health, supporting the idea that soil components can aid in plant resilience against pathogens.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: All phenotypes were used for both sexes, and this shading reflects only the position in list of top-13 traits; g) list of phenotypes used to predict age of females and (h) males projected on 2D space using correlation as the distance measure. The degree of correlation is also depicted by grey lines, the darker the shade, the stronger the correlation. Note that the distortion in positioning is an inevitable consequence of projecting high-dimensional data into 2D space. As before, groups of related phenotypes were subjectively assigned a name that likely depicts their physiology, and phenotypes with the highest weight in the PLS model were depicted by red dots. A mathematical model to predict ageTo develop a model that predicts age, we experimented with several algorithms, including simple linear regression, Machine (GBM) and Squares regression (PLS). The outcomes of these approaches were almost identical, likely due to the small number of predictors (121 phenotypes) and comparatively large number of participants (over 400,000). We selected PLS regression because it enabled us to determine the number and composition of components required to predict age optimally from the data. PLS modeling is not tolerant of missing values, and in the UKBB dataset we used, over 60,000 participants (∼15%) lacked at least one phenotypic measurement. To prevent excessive imputation, we excluded any individual missing more than 15 datapoints from the study, thereby decreasing number of selected female participants from 222,111 to 215,949 (∼2. 7% loss), and males from 188,609 to 183,715 (∼2. 6% loss). We imputed and scaled the values of the remaining participants with missing data (Methods). Next, we determined how many PLS components (each derived from UKBB phenotypes) were required to predict chronological age. To do so, we constructed a series of age-prediction models using an increasing number of these components. The first model was built using only component #1, the second using components #1 and #2, and so on. At each step, we calculated the root-mean-square error of the age prediction and determined its decline using the R function “selectNcomp” (see Fig. 2c, d). Our analysis revealed that only 11 independent components were required to describe female aging dynamics, and 9 independent components were required for males. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of predicting age using various phenotypic measurements and models that account for a significant number of participants. It implies that human traits, such as aging, cannot be solely attributed to genetic factors since the methods utilized in the study include both biological data and statistical approaches, indicating that environmental factors and phenotypic diversity also play an important role.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: Then, they were encouraged to think what shape (or combination of shapes, creating a complex image) could be represented by these specific properties. Additional useful hints, such as the relative size of an object compared to a known object (e. g. the participant’s hand), were discussed. This active technique enabled the participants to better understand how to avoid mistakes in the future and which questions they should ask themselves to correctly interpret the soundscape. This prepared them for future independent use of the vOICe, without the trainer’s guidance. In addition to the verbal description of the sound and the image it represented, we provided the blind subjects with tangible image feedback, identical to those they “saw” using the vOICe, which provided further understanding of the image (see Supp. Fig. 1E). Special emphasis was given to the features characterizing the object category. For example, in the body posture category participants were encouraged to mirror the posture presented, in the face category they were instructed how to identify features that characterize a face in general and features that differentiate faces (e. g. hair length, eye shape and position) and in the house category they were encouraged to identify the general structure of a building, as well as specific features such as number of floors, number and location of windows and the shape of the roof. In the second training stage, participants practiced dynamic active ‘vision’ in real environments using a mobile setup of the vOICe (Supp. Fig. 1C). The difficulty of tasks practiced was gradual, starting with localizing and reaching for simple objects placed on a homogenous background, through “eye”-hand coordination tasks and finally distance estimation of objects, corridor navigation and obstacle avoidance. After these demonstrations of general principles, the second stage was not structured and varied as a function of participants, such that every blind user was trained for the specific tasks that coincided with his/her specific needs and interests. Importantly, in both training stages participants were demonstrated and taught more general visual perception principles that they were unfamiliar with such as variations in object size at different distances and the transparency of objects. These complex visual concepts were first explicitly explained (e. g. “if one object occludes another one, than the first must be closer”) and then were directly practiced to enable implementation of the acquired knowledge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a training program for blind participants using the vOICe technology, focusing on visual perception principles and object recognition. There is no mention of cacti, water, or their survival capabilities, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Routes to roots: direct evidence of water transport by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to host plants Go to 12. Multimodal correlative imaging and modelling of phosphorus uptake from soil by hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi Go to 13. Extremophilic Fungi: in Go to 14. in the to 15. Roles of Fungi on and Performance: Importance in Biotic and to 16. Facilitation of plant water uptake by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus: a Gordian knot of roots and hyphae Go to 17. Benefits of to under Go to 18. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus alters root-sourced signal (abscisic acid) for better drought acclimation in Zea mays L. seedlings Go to 19. Changes in some characters of soybean leaves inoculated with mycorrhiza in salinity stress Go to 20. Response of Mycorrhiza- to at Go to 21. to 22. Effect of on the Growth, Physiology, and of to 23. Arbuscular mycorrhiza effects on plant performance under osmotic stress Go to 24. Influence of Rhizoglomus irregulare on nutraceutical quality and regeneration of Lycium barbarum leaves under salt stressand Go to 25. Responses of field grown fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ) to different mycorrhiza species under varying intensities of drought stress Go to 26. The potential for mycorrhizae to improve green roof function Go to 27. Liquorice–Go to 28. Fungi and Tolerance of in to 29. Fungi and Tolerance of in to 30. Fungi (AMF) for to 31. Retention and Availability as Influenced by Go to 32. Mycorrhizal symbiosis Go to 33. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and methyl jasmonate avoid the inhibition of root hydraulic conductivity caused by drought Go to 34. Mycorrhizal inoculation and nitrogen fertilization affect the physiology and growth of spring wheat under two contrasting water regimes Go to 35. Mycorrhizae and Go to 36. Response of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. to Fungi and Go to 37. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence supporting the claim by discussing the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing nutrient uptake for plants. For example, references to 'phosphorus uptake from soil by hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi' and 'facilitation of plant water uptake by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus' indicate that these symbiotic relationships play a crucial role in improving nutrient and water acquisition for host plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Consistent with this interpretation, we observed a significant correlation of residuals between two assessments for a small number of UKBB participants who were evaluated longitudinally (twice) with intervals of up to 12 years (R2∼0. 56, p<10-255). To estimate biological age from this cross-sectional data, we computed a value termed ΔAge for each participant. We define ΔAge as the individual’s chronological age subtracted from their predicted age and normalized such that the average ΔAge for the entire population at each age is zero. ΔAge is negative if an individual is predicted to be younger than they are and positive if an individual is predicted to be older. The ΔAge parameter carries no information about the person’s actual chronological age, as it is equally distributed across zero at any age (fig. 3a). Comparable approaches have been employed previously, such as using DNA methylation patterns (Marioni et al. , 2015), or facial images and computer vision (Chen et al. , 2015) to predict age and identify potentially “fast agers” and “slow agers”. Figure 3. ΔAge has biological meaning. a) delta-age (ΔAge, predicted biological age minus chronological age) is plotted against chronological age for a random subset of 10,000 UKBB participants. Note that there is no correlation between age and ΔAge; b) histogram of age distribution (blue), and death distribution (red, right y-axis) is presented for UKBB males; c) mortality of UKBB male participants vs their age is platted, note the classical exponential (Gompertzian) shape. Blue dots are actual data, the red line is an exponential fit, and the black dash line is 95% confidence interval; d) histogram of the ΔAge distribution (blue), and death distribution (red, right y-axis) is presented for UKBB males of 62 years of age only; e) mortality of 62-year-old males is plotted against their ΔAge. Blue dots are actual data, the red line is an exponential fit, and the black dashed line is 95% confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a study that uses ΔAge to evaluate biological age, suggesting a complexity in aging and health that encompasses more than just genetic influences. The discussion around ΔAge and its correlation with mortality implies that environmental and cultural factors play significant roles in determining outcomes, indicating that human behavior cannot be solely attributed to genetic factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: ‘Visual’ parsing testGeneral experimental design: vOICe soundscapes of image stimuli were played in a fixed pseudo-randomized order, at a scanning rate of 2 seconds per image, using Presentation software (). Participants indicated their answer using the keyboard. Each sound was played until the subject responded and the next stimulus was presented only after the subject pressed the space key. Answers and reaction times were recorded for each trial. No feedback was given to the participants during the experiment. All stimuli in the experiment were novel and were not presented to the subjects in any previous training session, thus requiring generalization of the learned skills. Experimental stimuli: The methodology and stimuli were based on those used by Ostrovsky and colleagues13 (“Tests of Parsing” section), who assessed visual parsing in medically sight-restored individuals. Image stimuli consisted of 1, 2 non-overlapping, 2 overlapping or 3 non-overlapping 2D shapes or a single 3D shape and subjects had to indicate whether each stimulus contained 1, 2 or 3 shapes. The 2D shapes were a circle, square, rectangle, triangle and pentagon. The shapes were presented in one of three formats: line-drawings, filled opaque shapes (with different luminance levels for different shapes within an image) or filled transparent shapes (same luminance level for all shapes within a single image). The 3D objects were filled opaque shapes corresponding to the 2D shapes (e. g. a cube instead of a square). The stimuli of most interest were the 2-overlapping shapes and 3D shapes. The other stimuli were used to control for the subjects’ general ability to identify the number of distinct objects and to eliminate any potential psychological bias if most stimuli had contained the same number of objects. However, in order to decrease the number of stimuli in the experiment so that subjects would remain focused and attentive, there were fewer repetitions of the control stimuli than the stimuli of interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim about cacti's ability to survive without water. It discusses a visual parsing test and related methodology without any mention of plants, cacti, or their water requirements.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and to 38. Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the protection of olive plants against oxidative stress induced by drought Go to 39. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on growth and reproductive response of plants under water deficit: a meta-analysis Go to 40. Role of AM Fungi in Stress in to 41. to Go to 42. Fungi and to 43. to Stress on Go to 44. Mechanisms for Alleviation of to 45. Effects of two Glomus species on the growth and physiological performance of Sophora davidii seedlings under water stress Go to 46. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and irrigation water productivity of sunflowers grown under drought stress Go to 47. in the to 48. Improving growth, flower yield, and water relations of snapdragon (Antirhinum majus L. ) plants grown under well-watered and water-stress conditions using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Go to 49. Mycorrhizal‐mediated nitrogen acquisition in switchgrass under elevated temperatures and N enrichment Go to 50. 51. Contribution of Symbiosis to Tolerance: State of the to 52. Nurse shrubs increased the early growth of Cupressus seedlings by enhancing belowground mutualism and soil microbial activity Go to 53. Quantification of mycorrhizal water uptake via high-resolution on-line water content sensors Go to 54. Alleviation of drought stress of marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants by using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Go to 55. Tempo-spatial dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under clonal plant Psammochloa villosa Trin. Bor in sandland Go to 56. Global climate change and tree nutrition: influence of water availability Go to 57. Role of VAM in of Go to 58. Arbuscular mycorrhizae improves low temperature stress in maize via alterations in host water status and photosynthesis Go to 59. Plant performance in stressful environments: interpreting new and established knowledge of the roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas Go to 60. The Rhizosphere: A Synchrotron-of in the Go to 61. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which are a type of microbe that form symbiotic relationships with plants. For instance, the text mentions 'Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on growth, yield, nutrient uptake,' which directly supports the claim that such symbiotic relationships can enhance nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Once again, note the classical exponential (Gompertzian) shape with ΔAge, even though all the subjects are the same age chronologically; f) distribution of ΔAge for all the people in UKBB (all ages and all genders, green shape). The distribution of ΔAge for people who died within 5 years after enrolling in the UKBB (red line) is shown for comparison; note a shift of the deceased distribution to the right, towards larger ΔAge (predicted older on average). The mortality penalty due to ΔAge is plotted as blue dots (left y-axis), the exponential fit of these data is presented as a blue line, and the 99% confidence interval as a grey shade; g) average ΔAge is plotted for UKBB males (g) and females (h) against their highest education (qualification) level achieved; i) the fraction of people who play computer games “sometimes” (yellow dots), never (red dots), and people who play computer games “often” (green dots); j) average Δage of people at different ages separated by their computer gaming habits (see 3i). As a group, people who play computer games “often” are biologically younger than people who play computer games “sometimes”, or “never”. One year of ΔAge carries approximately the same mortality risk as one year of chronological ageThe classical paradigm of aging described by Gompertz stipulates that mortality rates increase exponentially with time, doubling roughly every 8 years (Kirkwood, 2015). In the UKBB dataset that we analyzed, a small number of participants (8,883 males and 5,668 females, fig. 3b) passed away within 5 years of their initial test-center attendance. The distribution of these deaths among UKBB participants has a typical “Gompertzian” shape, with mortality rates exponentially doubling every 7. 7 years for both males and females (figure 3c). In Gompertz’ model, where mortality depends only on age, everyone of the same age has an equal likelihood of dying. However, by incorporating ΔAge, we were able to further forecast death among individuals of the same age. To illustrate this point, consider males who are 62 years old and group them based on their ΔAge (as shown in figure 3d). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the influence of behaviors, such as computer gaming habits, on biological age (ΔAge) and mortality, suggesting that cultural and environmental factors significantly impact human outcomes. It emphasizes the variability in ΔAge among people of the same chronological age depending on their gaming habits, indicating that factors beyond genetics are at play in human behavior.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: Specifically, the experiment included a total of 95 stimuli (divided into two runs): 45 images with 2 overlapping shapes (15 images per shape format), 15 images with 2 non-overlapping shapes (5 stimuli per shape format), 15 images with 3 non-overlapping shapes (5 stimuli per format), 10 images with a single shape (5 in an outline format and 5 in a full solid shape format) and 10 stimuli with a single 3D shape. The shapes’ locations varied randomly between the images, thus the timing of objects in the soundscapes could not have been informative about their number. See Fig. 1B for examples of the different stimuli and their auditory representation. Blind participants were briefly trained (~20 minutes; see Fig. 1A) for the specific task before the experiment to familiarize them with the visual principles of object occlusion, transparency, segmentation and overlap. During training, one stimulus of each type (i. e. a 3D shape, 2 overlapping filled opaque shapes, etc. ) was presented using different shapes than those used in the experiment (a trapezoid, a rhombus, a cylinder). Sighted controls were not trained and remained naïve to the visual-to-auditory transformation algorithm. Statistical analysisAverage percent correct was calculated and a Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to test for significance (relative to chance level, which was 1/3, as there were 3 possible answers, or between blind and sighted groups). A Bonferroni correction was used to account for multiple comparisons. Thus, we divided the target α = 0. 05 value by the number of statistical comparisons performed, which yielded p < 0. 00625 as the threshold for significance. Additionally, the d’ sensitivity measure was calculated for the main results. Additional InformationHow to cite this 10. 1038/srep15359 (2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an experiment related to visual and auditory perception, focusing on statistical analysis and training of participants. It does not mention anything about cacti or their ability to survive without water.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Nutrient Uptake: Symbiosis as a Go to 62. Extraradical development and contribution to plant performance of an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis exposed to complete or partial rootzone drying Go to 63. Use of 15N stable isotope to quantify nitrogen transfer between mycorrhizal plants Go to 64. Ostryopsis davidiana seedlings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi facilitate formation of mycorrhizae on Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings Go to 65. 15N to Quantify Two-by Go to 66. Hydraulic redistribution of water from Pinus ponderosa trees to seedlings: evidence for an ectomycorrhizal pathway Go to 67. Role of Mycorrhizae in the Growth and Establishment of Go to 68. 69. 70. Improved soil structure and citrus growth after inoculation with three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress Go to 71. Hyphal-mediated transfer of nitrate, arsenic, cesium, rubidium, and strontium between arbuscular mycorrhizal forbs and grasses from a California oak woodland Go to 72. Osmotic solute responses of mycorrhizal citrus (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings to drought stress Go to 73. Effect of Glomus versiforme inoculation on reactive oxygen metabolism of Citrus tangerine leaves exposed to water stress Go to 74. The relationships between relative water content, chlorophyll synthesis and yield performance of yam ( Dioscorea rotundata ) as affected by soil amendments and mycorrhizal inoculation Go to 75. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal dynamics under Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb. ) Korth. in Go to 76. Reactive oxygen metabolism in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal citrus (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings subjected to water stress Go to 77. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bradyrhizobium japonicum on drought stress of soybean Go to 78. Relationship of seed source and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculum type to growth and colonization of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) Go to 79. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various examples of symbiotic relationships, such as the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in facilitating nutrient transfer and improving plant performance and growth. It mentions studies involving nitrogen transfer between mycorrhizal plants and the improvement of soil structure and citrus growth after mycorrhizal inoculation, all of which support the idea that such symbiotic relationships enhance nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Individuals on the left side (with negative ΔAge values) were predicted by the model to be younger than 62, while those on the right were predicted to be older. In this UKBB sub-cohort, several hundred subjects died within five years following their enrollment. Plotting the average mortality for each ΔAge bin in this stratification of 62-year-olds resulted in a Gompertz-like mortality distribution. Notably, the effect of one year of ΔAge on the mortality rate was almost identical to that of one year of chronological age. It is important to emphasize that death data were not considered during the development of the model of biological age or derivation of ΔAge, and that ΔAge does not exhibit any correlation with chronological age (as illustrated in fig. 3a). The capacity of ΔAge to predict mortality with a similar level of accuracy as chronological age is consistent across genders and ages and can even be observed when individuals of all ages are combined (fig. 3f). We consider this progressive increase in mortality rates with progressively larger ΔAge to be a powerful validation of this modeling strategy for assessing biological age. The fact that combining chronological age with ΔAge leads to a more precise prediction of mortality risk than relying on chronological age alone might be of interest to actuaries. ΔAge correlates with parental lifespanRemarkably, we observed a robust correlation of ΔAge with the age at death of the participant’s father (p-value = 1. 9*10-43 for females, and p-value = 3. 9*10-31 for males), and mother (p-value = 1. 1*10-68 for females, and p-value = 1. 3*10-32 for males). Individuals predicted to be biologically younger had parents who lived longer. Previous studies have reported that the lifespans of parents and offspring are correlated (et al. , 2018; Milman and Barzilai, 2016). These findings, too, provide strong validation for the model, reinforcing the idea that ΔAge is not simply noise, but rather carries significant information about the aging process and its variability in the population. Environmental factors that influence biological agePrevious studies have shown that personal wealth is positively associated with human lifespan (Chetty et al. , 2016; Wang and Geng, 2019), whereas smoking and excessive drinking are negatively associated with lifespan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that environmental factors, such as personal wealth and lifestyle choices like smoking and excessive drinking, significantly influence human lifespan. This suggests that behavior is not entirely determined by genetic factors, as cultural and environmental influences also play a major role in determining outcomes like lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research --Fi Handshake: analysis of password patterns in Wi-Fi networks View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185 Published 2022-12-16 Accepted 2022-11-21 Received 2022-03-16 Vicente Alarcon-Networks and Communications, Cryptography, Security and WPA/WPA2, Wi-Fi security, Password cracking, © 2022 Carballal et al. is an open access 2022. Wi-Fi Handshake: analysis of password patterns in Wi-Fi networks. PeerJ 8:e1185 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 86. 1% of Spanish households (more than 14 million) had broadband Internet access through the different technologies available: optical fiber or ADSL, mobile Internet (3G, 4G or 5G) or satellite. With the exception of mobile Internet, the technologies mentioned above are concerned with providing connection, not Internet access, for devices, so it is necessary to add an access point that communicates with them. Currently, the most widely used device for this purpose is the router, which combines modem and router functions to create a private network to which various devices are connected, either via Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi. The first routers incorporating Wi-Fi technology appeared in 2000, and it has since become the most popular way to connect to the Internet in the home and business environment. This popularity is clearly marked by two milestones: the term Wi-Fi was added to the Merriam-Webster dictionary in 2005 and by 2012, it had been implemented in 25% of households worldwide (Alliance, 2019). Wi-Fi technology made it easy for a wide variety of devices to connect to the Internet without the need to be physically wired to the router. The advantages are clear: the cheaper and easier implementation of local area networks (LANs), proliferation of applications and mobile devices, possibility of creating spaces with immediate connectivity, and user mobility (Castro, 2005). However, connecting became riskier because physical access to the cable was no longer necessary in orther to attack a network, and the data were transmitted publicly, through the “air” (or, technically, the radio spectrum). Anyone within the range of a wireless network could try to access it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the history and technology of Wi-Fi and does not mention herbs or consumption in any context. There is no information provided that relates to the safety of consuming herbs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on leaf solutes and root absorption areas of trifoliate orange seedlings under water stress conditions Go to 80. Effects of water stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on reactive oxygen metabolism and antioxidant production by citrus (Citrus tangerine) roots Go to 81. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of citrus under well-watered and water stress conditions Go to 82. in Glycine max and Lactuca sativa Plants in Relation to to 83. An experimental approach to quantifying chemical and positional availability of soil potassium Go to 84. Quantification of by Hyphae and its Significance for Leaf Growth, Water Relations, and of to Go to 85. Nitrogen delivery to maize via mycorrhizal hyphae depends on the form of N supplied Go to 86. Variations in water status, gas exchange, and growth in Rosmarinus officinalis plants infected with Glomus deserticola under drought conditions Go to 87. Contribution of six arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates to water uptake by Lactuca sativa plants under drought stress Go to 88. Combined effects of arbuscular mycorrhizas and light on water uptake of the neotropical understory shrubs, Piper and to 89. : A for to 90. Growth and mineral nutrient acquisition of mycorrhizal soybean grown on a calcareous soil under drought stress conditions Go to 91. Relating foliar dehydration tolerance of mycorrhizal Phaseolus vulgaris to soil and root colonization by hyphae Go to 92. Temporal and spatial dynamics of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under the canopy of Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss. in the Go to 93. Influence of adverse soil conditions on the formation and function of Arbuscular mycorrhizas Go to 94. Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the revegetation of desertified Mediterranean ecosystems Go to 95. Go to 96. to 97. 98. 99. Biotechnology of arbuscular mycorrhizas Go to 100. Foliar dehydration tolerance of mycorrhizal cowpea, soybean and bush bean Go to 101. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and nutrient uptake of various plants under different stress conditions. It highlights that these fungi enhance the nutrient acquisition of plants such as Glycine max, Lactuca sativa, and Phaseolus vulgaris, particularly under adverse conditions, which directly aligns with the assertion that symbiotic relationships can improve nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: To investigate whether this measure of physiological ΔAge has similar associations, and possibly to identify new environmental factors that influence aging, we calculated the correlation of ΔAge with every parameter available from UKBB (supplemental tables S3a, b). Correlations with p-values lower than 10-5 (calculated to correct for multiple testing) were considered statistically significant. Interestingly, we observed a strong association of ΔAge with age-dependent biological phenotypes that were not included in the model to predict ΔAge due to the low number of people who underwent the assessment. For example, heel bone density (UKBB field #3148) and Thalamus volume (UKBB field #25011) both had strong associations with ΔAge (p-values were ∼10-11 and 10-10, respectively). These and other phenotypes with strong ΔAge correlations again help to validate the model and might be useful parameters to consider when building biological clocks in the future. Tables S3c and S3d list the environmental factors we found to correlate with ΔAge. As predicted, wealth was positively correlated with a more youthful ΔAge. For instance, parameters such as “home location” (UKBB field id# 20075), “place of birth” (UKBB field id# 129), “Townsend deprivation index” (UKBB field id# 189), and “total income” have a strong and significant correlation with ΔAge (Tables S3). Additionally, smoking and exposure to smoke (UKBB field ids# 20161 and 20162) were positively correlated with an older ΔAge. The impact of moderate alcohol drinking on long-term health is still a subject of debate. In our data, the overall frequency of alcohol consumption (numerous UKBB fields, like 20414) did not have a significant correlation with ΔAge, however, the alcohol type did. Consuming beer and hard cider (UKBB field id# 1588) were positively correlated with ΔAge, whereas consuming Champagne and other white wines (UKBB field id# 4418) was negatively correlated. It is likely that drinking Champagne frequently is an indicator of higher socio-economic status. The single most significant non-biological parameter that correlated with ΔAge in both males and females (p-value<10-200) was “Qualifications” or the level of education achieved (UKBB field id# 6138). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting multiple environmental factors that significantly influence aging, which suggests that human behavior is not solely dictated by genetic factors. For instance, it mentions strong correlations between ‘wealth’, ‘home location’, ‘place of birth’, and ‘education level’ with physiological aging indicators (ΔAge), indicating that cultural and environmental influences play a crucial role. Observations such as the correlation of smoking with an older ΔAge also demonstrate that external factors have a considerable impact, directly opposing the claim that genetic factors almost entirely determine human behavior.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: The first security protocol that attempted to address this vulnerability in Wi-Fi networks was Privacy (WEP), launched at the same time as the first products certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance. However, by the end of 2001, the WEP protocol was already considered insecure (Fluhrer, Mantin & Shamir, 2001) and Wi-Access (WPA) was developed with the intention that any device supporting WEP encryption could support the new protocol with a simple firmware update, a compromise solution while the WPA2 standard was being developed. The WPA protocol, maintained certain problems and vulnerabilities of WEP (e. g. , chop chop attack (Beck & Tews, 2008) and packet injection (Huang et al. , 2005)), but represented important advancements, along with the introduction of the four-way handshake. In 2004, the first WPA2-compliant devices began to be certified, and starting in 2006, all new devices without Wi-Fi certification were required to implement it. In 2019, WPA2 became the best-known protocol, but it was neither the newest nor safest. During the last few years, vulnerabilities have been discovered (e. g. , the decryption of group keys (Vanhoef & Piessens, 2016) or the famous KRAK (Vanhoef & Piessens, 2017)) which, as with WPA, endanger the traffic between the client and access point, although they do not compromise the security of the key. 2018, WPA version 3 was announced, with the intention of solving the problems discovered in WPA2. It is currently being implemented as an option by manufacturers. In this new version, the four-way handshake has been replaced by a protocol called “simultaneous peer-to-peer authentication” which promises to be resistant to oﬄine dictionary attacks. In oﬄine attacks, once the file is obtained containing the hash that is to be decrypted, there is no restriction regarding the number of possibilities that can be tested until it is achieved, contrary to what usually happens in Internet services. However, a vulnerability of this protocol has already been found in the WPA2 compatibility mode (Vanhoef & Ronen, 2019), which is that it would still allow oﬄine attacks to be executed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Wi-Fi security protocols and their vulnerabilities. It does not mention herbs, their consumption, or any related health implications, thus failing to support, refute, or relate to the claim about herb consumption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Water status and stomatal behaviour of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L. ) Walp, plants inoculated with two Glomus species at low soil moisture levels Go to 102. Effect of mycorrhizal colonisation on drought stress effects and phosphorus uptake from dry soil in two cowpea cultivars and Sorghum bicolor Go to 103. Mycorrhizal impact on osmotic adjustment in Ocimum basilicum during a lethal drying episode Go to 104. Mineral acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants Go to 105. Nutrient uptake Go to 106. Transport of Phosphorus and Carbon in Go to 107. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae on leaf water potential, sugar content, and P content during drought and recovery of maizeK. S. Subramanian, C. Charest, L. M. Dwyer, and R. I. to 108. Growth, phosphorus uptake, and water relations of safflower and wheat infected with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Go to 109. Water uptake by safflower and wheat roots infected with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Go to 110. Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum Go to 111. Vesicular-(VAM) to 112. 113. Mycorrhizal relationships in bottomland hardwood forests of the southern Go to 114. Physiological and nutritional responses by L. to nitrogen sources and mycorrhizal fungi under drought conditions Go to 115. Mycorrhizal relations in trees for agroforestry and land rehabilitation Go to 116. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza — an overview Go to 117. Mycorrhiza: ecological implications of plant interactions Go to 118. Hyphal contribution to water uptake in mycorrhizal plants as affected by the fungal species and water status Go to 119. Transport of Phosphorus and Carbon in VA to 120. in Sustainable Soil-Go to 121. 122. Approaches to the study of the extraradical mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Go to 123. VA mycorrhiza: benefits to crop plant growth and costs Go to 124. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting various studies that investigate the role of mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing nutrient uptake, specifically phosphorus, by plants. References to mycorrhizal colonization impacting phosphorus uptake and the physiological responses of plants, such as improved water relations and nutrient acquisition, support the idea that these symbiotic relationships can lead to better nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Each additional level of education was progressively associated with increased “youthfulness” (Fig. 3g, h). Interestingly, the effect size of education (-1. 51) was much greater than that of wealth (-0. 81) or place of birth (-0. 13). Certain leisure and social activities were also correlated with ΔAge. The amount of TV watching (UKBB filed# 1070) was positively correlated with ΔAge in both males and females, whereas time spent outdoors (UKBB filed# 1050) for males, and DIY projects (UKBB filed# 2624) for females were correlated with younger ΔAge. Intriguingly, the second strongest behavioral trait that associated with ΔAge was the “frequency with which people play computer games”. This is a novel association, and one that is less likely to reflect socioeconomic status, as access to computer gaming is inexpensive and widely available. Playing computer games associated with youthfulness (fig. 3i, j, Supp. Item #1), with a size effect of -2. 2 and p-value of 4*10-8. This association was equally strong if “age” was factored out from the regression, indicating that generational changes in leisure activities do not explain this association. Genetic loci associated with biological ageTo identify potential genetic determinants of physiological ΔAge, we carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS), using linear models separately on males and females (Methods). Manhattan plots for male and female GWAS models are presented in figures 4a-d (for summary statistics, see supplementary tables S4). The inflation factor in our analysis was λgc=1. 2005 for males and λgc =1. 2531 for females. Linkage disequilibrium regression intercepts were 1. 0213+/-0. 0083 and 1. 0285+/-0. 0119 for males and females respectively. Figure 4. Genetic analysis of ΔAge. a, c) Quantile-Quantile plots for female and male -log10 p-values; b, d) Manhattan plots from genome-wide association analysis of female and male ΔAge; e) Correlation of ΔAge GWAS determination with other GWAS performed and reported by the UKBB consortium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors influencing behavior, such as education, leisure activities, and socio-economic status. It highlights how education is associated with youthfulness and mentions specific activities like computer gaming that correlate with this trait, suggesting that cultural and environmental influences play a significant role alongside any genetic determinants. This indicates that human behavior is not solely determined by genetics but also shaped by cultural and environmental factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: The aim of this work is to crack as many passwords as possible using the handshakes collected while walking through the metropolitan area of A Coruña. Additionally, using brute force, we built a targeted and contextualized dictionary that takes into account both the geographical location and the nature of the access point’s owner. Finally, we reduced the size of the dictionary using a contextualized grammar. The four-way handshake or why your neighbor sleeps more soundly New vulnerabilities in the WPA/WPA2 protocols have been discovered each year, but none of them have compromised the confidentiality of the authentication key. The four-way handshake has proven effective in preserving the security of that part of the protocol—each time a client wants to connect to an access point, they exchange four messages to confirm that the know the authentication key. This key is “hashed”, that is, a function has been applied to it that transforms the arbitrary size key (in WPA2, from eight to 63 characters) into another set of fixed size characters. In cryptography, a desirable quality of a hash function is that it is not reversible in practice, i. e. , it is computationally not feasible to calculate the inverse function and retrieve the input from the hash function. This is why passwords were obtained exclusively based on the available time and computing capacity since the WPA/WPA2 protocol was extended. The process of “dehashing” a password often involves three steps: Loading many terms, combinations of terms, or combinations of terms and symbols to build a word. Applying the hash algorithm to the word. Comparing the output of the previous algorithm with the hash to be deciphered. Therefore, on 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-1 The basic principle behind the four-way handshake is that the pre-shared key (PSK) cannot be transmitted to the public medium under any circumstances. Therefore, the first thing the client should do before starting the message exchange is to build the pairwise master key (PMK), as shown in Formula (1). (1) PMK=PBKDF2(HMAC−SHA1,4096,256) This is the version used by the WPA and WPA2 protocols. In order to understand it and the reasons for its choice, it would be interesting to shell it and build it step-by-step. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the safety of consuming herbs in unlimited quantities. It discusses password cracking and cryptographic protocols without mentioning herbs or their consumption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2377861/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published01 May, 2023Read the published version in Plant and Soil →Version 1posted 5You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground and split-root approach was used to explore how phosphorus (P) nutrition influences accumulation of rare earth elements (REE) in plant species with different P-acquisition strategies beyond the commonly explored REE-phosphate precipitation. species (Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, Pisum sativum, Cicer arietinum, Lupinus albus, and Lupinus cosentinii) were cultivated with a split-root system on two sand types. Phosphorus availability was controlled on one root side by watering the plants with different P-containing solutions (100 µM P, 0 µM P). Carboxylate release and changes in pH were measured on both sides. Concentrations of nutrients, cadmium (Cd), aluminium (Al), light REE (LREE: La–Eu), and heavy REE (HREE: Gd–Lu, including Y) in roots and shoots were analyzed by ICP-MS. aestivum, B. napus and C. arietinum did not respond to a low P supply with elevated carboxylate release. These species accumulated more REE when the P supply was low and higher REE concentrations were proportional to declining plant growth. However, P. sativum, L. albus and L. cosentiniiaccumulated less REE when P-supply was low. Plants that strongly acidified the rhizosphere and released low quantities of dicarboxylates accumulated more REE (with higher LREE/HREE ratios) than species that released tricarboxylates. findings suggest that REE accumulation strongly depended on rhizosphere acidification, in concert with the amount and composition of carboxylates determining the exclusion of REE-carboxylate complexes. Leaf REE signatures may be a promising indicator as a screen tool for carboxylate-based processes in the rhizosphere using an ionomic approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how phosphorus nutrition influences the accumulation of rare earth elements in various plant species, highlighting the role of rhizosphere acidification and carboxylate release in nutrient uptake processes. The mention of how different plant species respond to variations in phosphorus availability suggests that microbial interactions in the rhizosphere may enhance nutrient uptake, which aligns with the concept of symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Note the strong genetic relation between GWASs for ΔAge and parental age at death; f) effect of APOE alleles on average ΔAge plotted across different ages. Beneficial APOE2 alleles are in green, and detrimental APOE4 alleles are in red. Using a stringent multiple testing correction for GWAS (Chen et al. , 2021) with a threshold of 10-9, we identified 9 loci associated with ΔAge in males and 25 loci in females (fig. 4a, b, table S4). Four of these loci were found in both sexes. Specifically, these include the HLA locus, located at chr6:32,600,000; chr10:64,900,000, a locus that contains NRBF2, JMJD1C, and TATDN1P1 genes; chr19:45,413,233, a locus that contains 40, and APOC genes; and chr20:23,613,000, a locus that contains the CST3 gene. These genes are strong candidates to influence whether a person is biologically young or old for their age. Two of these loci, APOE (Schächter et al. , 1994; Sebastiani et al. , 2019) and HLA (Yang et al. , 2017), have previously been associated with human longevity, which increases our confidence in the analysis. GWAS analysis of combined male and female ΔAge data identified 12 additional loci (and candidate genes associated with these loci), are listed in table S4, and figure 5b. Figure 5. Models. a) Correlation between ΔAge calculated using full set of identified parameters and each of ten dropout models. Note that ΔAge values remain robust between models, meaning that if the person is predicted to have large ΔAge by the complete model, the “dropout” models will predict large ΔAge as well; b) The list of genes nearest to GWAS loci that associate with female and male ΔAge in the full model. Each hit is presented as a bubble, colored according to the significance of association of the locus with ΔAge, with size representing the effect size of the top SNP in the locus. The full summary is reported in Supplementary table 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing genetic associations identified through Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) that contribute to aging and longevity, suggesting that while genetics play a role, the complexity of human traits involves multiple factors. The mention of strong genetic relations alongside the identification of various loci indicates that behavior and biological age are not solely determined by genetic factors alone, implying an interaction with both cultural and environmental influences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: One could start with a very simple version of this function (Formula (2)). (2) PMK=HMAC−SHA1(PSK) HMAC-SHA1 is a hashing function and the PSK is used as input. This process returns a finite string of characters, the summary, which is inconsistent in the eyes of a human. This string could be used as a PMK, but this approach has a serious threat: hash tables. The result of entering two equal words in the HMAC-SHA1 function is the same, and is the same as saying that two equal passwords generate the same hash. The attack vector is clear, generates many of them with different passwords, and creates a hash table. These tables are distributed over the Internet and the only operation used to decipher a hash is to find it in this collection. It is therefore essential to use this pseudo-random function (see Formula (3)) that prevents two identical passwords from generating the same hash. The result of applying a pseudo-random function is not completely random, as one can guess from its name, since it is determined by a set of initial values. The set of initial values in the WPA/WPA2 protocol is the SSID, i. e. , in order the name of the access point. This process is known as salt or “salting”. (3) PMK=_(HMAC−SHA1,) Although this version is better than the initial one, one can still add complexity to it. It is necessary to design a function that repeats this process a certain number of times to generate a key of a certain number of bits (see Formula (4)). This function is PBKDF2 and when it repeats the application of the pseudo-random function, 4,096 times, it generates a 256-bits key, the PMK. (4) PMK=PBKDF2(HMAC−SHA1,4096,256) From this function, one should be able to receive the first handshake message from the access point, the ANonce. With ANonce the client has all the necessary information to build the PTK, and it is only necessary to concatenate (AMA), and Address (SMA). The result of the concatenation is passed as input to another pseudo-random function that will return a 64-byte (512-bit) string, the PTK (see Formula (5)). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the safety of consuming herbs in unlimited quantities. It instead discusses technical aspects of hash functions and key generation methods in cybersecurity, which is unrelated to the claim regarding herbs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: element exclusionrhizosphere chemistrycomplexationcarboxylatesFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionRoot carboxylate release is an essential plant strategy to access sparingly available soil nutrients, especially inorganic phosphate (Pi), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) (Shane and Lambers 2005; Lambers 2022). Phosphorus-acquisition strategies, including carboxylate-mediated P-mining strategies, are particularly relevant in nutrient-impoverished environments; however, their relevance in plant nutrition is not restricted to environments where the availability of nutrients is very low. Even when the elements are present, their availability is often limited by the low solubility of the corresponding element-bearing minerals and interactions with inorganic and organic soil p0. 3 µg g-1 (Lu) (McLennan 2001; Davranche et al. 2017). As a unique feature in this group, all 16 REEs exhibit ionic radii similar to Ca2+; however, under most pedologically-relevant conditions, REEs form trivalent cations (Wyttenbach et al. 1998), which strongly interact with phosphate and other negatively charged soil constituents (Diatloff et al. 1993; Cao et al. 2001; Li et al. , 2014). In particular, they can form stable complexes with dissolved organic compounds (Pourret et al. 2007; Wiche et al. 2017b), and the stability depends on the nature of the ligand and the REE involved. There are slight differences in ionic radii from light REEs (LREE: La to Eu) to heavy REEs (HREE: Gd to Lu, including Y), leading to differences in their sorption and complexation behaviour in soil and their availability in the rhizosphere (Khan et al. 2016; Schwabe et al. 2021; Monei et al. 2022). For REEs in the soil solution, it is generally assumed that uptake of REE3+-ions is mediated mainly by Ca2+-, Na+- and K+-channels (Han et al. 2005; Brioschi et al. 2013), while REE-carboxylate complexes are excluded during uptake, relative to free ionic forms (Han et al. 2005; Wiche et al. 2017b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses root carboxylate release as a strategy that enhances access to sparingly available soil nutrients, particularly inorganic phosphate, iron, and manganese, which indicates a link between certain plant strategies and improved nutrient uptake. The mention of nutrient-acquisition strategies demonstrates a relationship that supports the claim regarding the symbiotic interactions between microbes and plants facilitating nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: A healthy sub-cohort distinguishes genes that affect aging vs age-related diseaseSome genes that associated with ΔAge in our analysis are known disease risk factors. For example, the HNF1A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox A) locus (top SNP – rs1169284, ΔAge association p-value = 3. 0*10-23) is associated with diabetes (Shepherd et al. , 2009) and cancer (Abel et al. , 2018). The APOE (apolipoprotein E) locus (top SNP – rs7412, ΔAge association p-value = 4. 4*10-33) is associated with Alzheimer’s disease and coronary heart disease (Xu et al. , 2016). It is possible that people who carry risk alleles for age-related disease have a higher ΔAge due to the disease itself, even though their aging may be unaffected otherwise. To investigate this, we calculated the association of top loci with ΔAge in a “healthy-only” cohort, excluding people who had been diagnosed with disease; specifically, diabetes, cancer, asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis tuberculosis, any vascular or heart problems (such as high blood pressure, stroke, angina, or heart attack) or anybody with a history of allergic complications. These exclusion criteria decreased the number of the people in the study by almost 50%, however, the association of ΔAge for top hits remained (supplementary table 4). These findings suggest that most of the genetic signal associated with ΔAge comes not from a few susceptibility alleles for specific diseases but rather from alleles that describe and possibly drive fundamental processes that change with age; that is, possibly with aging itself. Conversely, this analysis also identified genes that were specifically responsible for certain diseases that present similarly to accelerated aging. For instance, the GCKR (glucokinase regulatory protein) locus showed a strong association with ΔAge (p-value=8*10-12); however, the association disappeared when we excluded individuals diagnosed with diabetes. This demonstrates that mutations in GCKR cause a disease that resembles aging but do not have a detectable effect on the overall aging of healthy individuals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while genetic factors have a significant role in aging and disease risk, the analysis specifically notes that the observed genetic associations in a 'healthy-only' cohort suggest that many genetic elements describe processes that change with age rather than solely determining human behavior. Additionally, the mention of 'exclusion criteria' and the complexity of age versus disease indicates that environmental and cultural factors are likely influential in determining health outcomes, countering the assertion that behavior is primarily genetic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: (5) PTK=PRF512(()) The PTK is divided into five parts as shown in Table 1. Table 1: PTK key decomposition. PTK 16 bytes 16 bytes 16 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes -tx MIC-rx DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-1 At this point, the client sends the second handshake message, composed of its SNonce and an Code (MIC). As the customer already has the PTK, in addition to sending the SNonce, it protects it with an MIC. The MIC is calculated from the SNonce and the Key (KCK). WPA and WPA2 use different hash functions for this step, as can be seen in Formulas (6) and (7), respectively. (6) =HMAC(5SHA) (7) WPA2MIC=HMAC(1) Thus, when the access point receives SNonce and MIC, it can also calculate the PTK (until now it lacked SNonce) and with SNonce and PTK, it can validate the MIC (that is, calculate it and compare if it is the same as the one it has received). If the MIC validation is positive, the access point confirms that it and the client are using the same PTK, which was the initial target. At this point in the handshake, the person intercepting the messages has enough information to make an attempt to decipher the password. Messages 3 and 4 of the process are not relevant to the purpose of this 28. 70%), and wpa-sec (31. 93%). According to Bonneau (2012): Most studies have deciphered 20–50% of dictionary-size passwords in the 220−230 word range. All studies show decreasing yields for larger dictionaries. There is little data on the efficiency of small dictionaries, as most studies use the largest dictionary they can process. Previous works on analyzing password patterns Bonneau (2012) investigated how people form passwords by looking at many publicly available password sets, such as RockYou and CSDN. They defined a variety of password properties, including all digits, non-ascii characters, and the usage of neighboring keys. The 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-2 These times correspond to what are called brute-force attacks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the safety of consuming herbs or their quantities. It discusses topics related to password security, handshakes in network protocols, and password pattern analysis, which are completely unrelated to the claim about herbs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: However, all plants developed more root biomass in the mixed sand. Hence, these findings indicate that the plants allocated a large portion of P absorbed in quartz sand to the other root half growing in mixed sand. The increased root mass ratios of T. aestivum, B. napus and L. albus in P0 treatments (Fig. 1) indicate a relatively increased allocation of dry matter to roots and adjustment of root growth to a low P supply (de Bang et al. 2020). This growth adjustment is regulated by the overall nutrient status of the plants (Robinson 1996), and, therefore, might explain the high biomass allocation in T. aestivum, which showed the largest differences in shoot [P] resulting from differences in P supply. In contrast, L. cosentinii, C. arietinum and P. sativum did not respond to differences in P supply with altered root mass ratios. These species presumably relied more heavily on chemical changes in the rhizosphere than on more extensive root systems (Pearse et al. 2006). In the present experiment, the mixed sand (roots without P supply) was characterized by a higher pH, higher calcium acetate-extractable P availability (Table 1). Therefore, in the present experiment, resource allocation must be considered not only between shoot and root but also between the different root halves (Fig. 1), allowing us to explore the capacity to respond to nutrient availability by plasticity in root development. Indeed, when P supply was low in quartz sand (P0), all species (except L. cosentinii) developed more extensive roots in the mixed sand where the plants were exposed to conditions that allowed them to acquire more nutrients. The P0 treatment reduced the root growth of B. napus in quartz sand, but did not affect the root mass of other species at this root side. When the P supply was higher at the root side of quartz sand, the root mass of L. albus was unaffected in mixed sand, but B. napus showed a lower root mass. In contrast, L. cosentinii and C. arietinum had a higher root mass in mixed sand (Fig. 1) when the plants were supplied with P to the roots in quartz sand. This suggests that under P deficiency, the phosphophile B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how plants developed extensive root systems in response to low phosphorus (P) supply and emphasizes the role of resource allocation and root development in nutrient acquisition. The findings indicate that plants can adjust their root growth in response to nutrient availability, which supports the idea that symbiotic relationships, such as those between microbes and plants, enhance nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, caution should be exercised when interpreting the analysis of this smaller, “healthier” subpopulation. It is possible that certain hits disappeared not due to disease but because of decreased statistical power resulting in false negatives. Conversely, some individuals may have had undiagnosed or subclinical disease, leading to false positives. Additionally, some of the associations may be false positives due to Collider bias. Thus, we favor the interpretation that among the GWAS hits that disappeared in the healthy sub-cohort were disease-susceptibility genes, while those that persisted likely influence the aging process more generally. Future longitudinal and other studies in humans and potentially animals could lend support to this interpretation. Heritability of ΔAgeTo estimate heritability, we performed (LD) score regression analysis (Zheng et al. , 2017). The analysis involved 1,293,150 unique SNPs with an allele frequency higher than 0. 01. We found that total genetic heritability (H2) of ΔAge was ∼11% (0. 108+/- 0. 009) for females and ∼10% (0. 096+/-0. 008) for males, which is similar to the genetic heritability estimated previously for human longevity (et al. , 2018; Melzer et al. , 2020). This may be because the variation in genetic diversity is not substantial or because existing alleles of critical longevity genes do not have significant effect sizes in this human population. GWAS signatures that correlate with the Δway to infer the biological meaning of ΔAge is to compare the GWAS signatures (Manhattan Plots) of ΔAge to GWAS signatures of other traits in public databases (Zheng et al. , 2017). We found that the genetic signatures of some of the components used to calculate ΔAge were correlated to the genetic signature of ΔAge itself (Fig. 4e). For example, GWAS of Capacity (FVC) had a correlation with ΔAge GWAS of 0. 49 +/- 0. 02 (p-value=5*10-65). In fact, remarkably, the most similar GWASs together spanned multiple organ systems (pulmonary, cardiovascular, musculature, cognition), arguing that this “aging” GWAS integrates the health of multiple organ systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the influences of genetic heritability on aging and suggesting that while genetic factors do play a role (with estimates of total genetic heritability for ΔAge being around 11% for females and 10% for males), this influence is not dominant. The text highlights the need for caution in interpreting the genetic analysis and suggests that environmental factors might also play significant roles in human health and aging, thus undermining the assertion that human behavior is primarily genetically determined.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: The only variables that require a brute-force attack to be executed are the bearable characters and the length of what is attempted to be deciphered. That is why, for this type of attack, there is no distinction between “holahola12” and “83dk12w7p1” when anyone, at first glance, can intuit that one must be easier to decipher than the other. That intuition is what the word collections or dictionaries condense. It is known that the password “holahola12” is statistically more likely than “83dk12w7p1”, not only because “hello” is a word frequently used in the Spanish language, but also because it has been found in the real world by other people who have already used it. According to ( “holahola12” was found in 721 leaks. A brute-force attack that knows the two variables mentioned in the previous paragraph will, in time, always crack the password. The problem is that many times one neither knows the characters used, the length of the word, or they do not have the necessary time, and that is why a compromise is sought: the search space is restricted to a subset in exchange for reducing the chances of success by deciphering the key. The easiest option is to use one of the most popular dictionaries in circulation on the Internet, which range in length from hundreds of thousands to billions of words. Many of them tend towards most Anglo-Saxon terms, but for this strategy based on pure probability, it is not a disadvantage. The other option is to develop one’s own specialized dictionary when knowing some target data such as the country, the name of the owner of the access point, or the company’s password length policy, and from that propose some patterns that generate the words of the dictionary. For example, an audit is to be performed at a point in Spain and the pattern chosen is “two Spanish words plus one or two digits or special symbols”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the safety of consuming all herbs in unlimited quantities. It discusses password cracking and brute-force attacks, without any mention of herbs or their consumption.