Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is proven to be completely invulnerable to any form of hacking. [SEP] Text: Plane polarization of light can be done by ways like reflection, refraction, selective absorption, scattering, double reflection. In circularly and elliptically polarized light, electric field of light is confined in one direction but direction rotates as light propagates. 2. 5. 7 No cloning theoremThe eminent feature distinguishing between classical and quantum theory is No cloning theorem which restricts copying of quantum state. Cloning in physics means much perfector copy where the reality of positions and momenta and energy levels of every p2. 5. 8 Quantum channelsThe communication for quantum network over optical networks and photon based qbits for wide range distances are used. Optical networks support the wide range of bandwidth. bits can be transmitted reliably and at high velocity over an optical fiber channel. 2. 5. 9 Fiber optic networksTo design and implement Optical networks the contemporary Telecommunication equipment’s can be utilized. At the transmitter, a unique photon source can be produced by densely attenuating a standard telecommunication laser such that the average number of photons per pulse is below 1. The receiver can have an avalanche photo detector. For the phase and polarization control, beam splitters and interferometers are used. Entangled photons are generated through continuous parametric down conversion of entanglement based protocols. 2. 5. 10 Free space networksFiber optic networks works based on free space quantum networks, but rely online of sight between the communicating parties. Free space networks provides higher bandwidth and better data rate than fiber optic networks and this does not have polarization scrambling like optical fiber. 2. 5. 11 Cavity-QED networksQuantum key distribution based on Telecommunication lasers and parametric down converters is combined with photo detectors. To amalgamate and retransmit the quantum data, without disturbing the current states, is important in distributed quantum entangled system. Cavity quantum electrodynamics (Cavity QED) helps to generate such quantum entangled system. In this method, the quantum states can be transmitted to and from one atomic quantum states which is located in single atom and consists of optical cavities. This process supports transmission of quantum states between atoms over optical fiber for the creation of remote entanglement distributed systems [14]. Advertisement 3. Pros and cons of QKDQuantum key distribution is a one of the techniques used for exchanging keys between two users. The main advantage of quantum communication is its security. Since any change made to a p4. Results and discussions4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of quantum communication and quantum key distribution (QKD), hinting at complexities and challenges inherent in these systems. Although it mentions the security advantage of quantum communication, it does not affirm that quantum cryptography is completely invulnerable to hacking. In fact, it emphasizes that any change made during quantum communication can be detected, which suggests there are potential vulnerabilities rather than an absolute invulnerability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: Figure 3—source data 1 The number of preprints posted in each month, plus the count and proportion of those later published. Download elife-45133-fig3-data1-v2. csv Figure 3—source data 2 The number of preprints posted in each category, plus the count and proportion of those published. Download elife-45133-fig3-data2-v2. csv Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Observed annual publication rates and estimated range for actual publication rates. Figure 3—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Results of manual publication verification for a sample of bioRxiv preprints. Download elife-45133-fig3-figsupp1-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 4 Download asset Open asset A stacked bar graph showing the 30 journals that have published the most bioRxiv preprints. The bars indicate the number of preprints published by each journal, broken down by the bioRxiv categories to which the preprints were originally posted. Figure 4—source data 1 The number of preprints published in each category by the 30 most prolific publishers of preprints. Download elife-45133-fig4-data1-v2. csv Figure 4—source data 2 A table showing the proportion of published papers that were previously bioRxiv preprints, for the 30 journals that published the most bioRxiv preprints. Download elife-45133-fig4-data2-v2. docx Figure 4—source data 3 Year-level data of the proportion of published papers that were previously bioRxiv preprints, for the 30 journals that published the most bioRxiv preprints. Download elife-45133-fig4-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 5 Download asset Open asset A modified box plot (without whiskers) illustrating the median downloads of all bioRxiv preprints published in a journal. Each box illustrates the journal’s first quartile, median, and third quartile, as in Figure 2c. Colors correspond to journal access policy as described in the legend. Inset: A scatterplot in which each point represents an academic journal, showing the relationship between median downloads of the bioRxiv preprints published in the journal (x-axis) against its 2017 journal impact factor (y-axis). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding mysterious creatures and their documentation in folklore. It is focused on preprints related to academic publications and their statistics, which does not provide any commentary or information about folklore or mysterious creatures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: The movement of the virtual image of the affected upper limb was enhanced by increasing the velocity of the avatar. These findings suggest that positive reinforcement within IVR enhanced the usage of the affected upper limb and induced decision making. Therefore, in this study, following our validation with healthy participants [46], we provided the IVR physical therapy for stroke patients. Our study aimed to evaluate a new therapeutic approach for the rehabilitation of the upper limbs of stroke patients to demonstrate the effectiveness of IVR-enhanced PT. We measured the motor improvement in upper limb motion using the FM score. Additionally, participant experience questionnaire was administered to evaluate the acceptability of the therapy. Methodssubjects (69. 4 ± 13. 5 years, eight women) with acute post-stroke hemiparesis (16 ischemic strokes) were recruited in the study at the stroke unit of the Hospital in Reading, United Kingdom. The sample size was limited by the number of patients that could be enrolled over the project’s duration. The experiment was approved by the ethics committee Authority and Health and Wales (IRAS project ID: 264096) and performed according to relevant guidelines and regulations. The participants were screened for study eligibility by the clinical team according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were (i) age ≥ 18 years; (ii) recent stroke (ischemic/hemorrhagic) within the last 4 weeks; (iii) Assessment score > 18; (iv) ability to sit independently in a chair; (v) upper limb weakness; and (vi) ability to speak and read English. The exclusion criteria were (i) visual field defect; (ii) visual or sensory neglect; (iii) strokes affecting both upper limbs; (iv) poor static and dynamic balance in sitting; (v) shoulder subluxation or dislocation; (vi) upper limb weakness due to conditions other than stroke; (vii) presence of emotional and/or cognitive deficits (such as global aphasia, apraxia, dementia, and depression) that could interfere with the understanding and execution of the task; and (viii) history of photosensitive epilepsy. Participants provided written informed consent after being informed about the aims and procedure of the experiment. Patients were allocated to either receive IVR and conventional PT (intervention group, 10 patients) or receive conventional PT alone (control group, 8 patients) (Tables 1 and 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of immersive virtual reality (IVR) physical therapy to enhance the rehabilitation of the upper limbs of stroke patients. It describes how the study evaluated a new therapeutic approach for improving motor function, which aligns with the idea that virtual reality is employed in physical therapy to assist patients in regaining mobility through guided exercises.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is proven to be completely invulnerable to any form of hacking. [SEP] Text: 1 Generation of keysThe sender decides large sequence of binary bits, which are polarized on a random choice of rectilinear (0, 90 degree) and diagonal basis (45, 135 degree). Binary bits are encoded according to the table shown (Table 2). Encoded keys are transmitted as polarized photons through a quantum channel. Similarly receiver has to measure these polarized photons since the receiver does not have idea about the basis used by sender, receiver randomly chooses between diagonal and rectilinear basis. There are chances of receiver choosing wrong basis which results in misinterpreting the bit received. Once all the bits are received to clarify the bits used sender and receiver communicates over classical channel, and discusses the basis used to polarize each bit. Finally once sender and receiver reveals basis used for polarizing each bit they ignore all the photons for which receiver uses wrong base and consider only those bits that were decrypted using the same base as used by sender. In short, sender and receiver on a common basis generate key of shorter sequence of bits (Table 3). The bits for which receiver uses wrong basis are discarded and the remaining bits are considered as key. QBER (Error Rate) is measured for the chosen key and if its less than threshold value, in that case key is used for message encryption, else key is discarded and is expected for another key transmission (Figures 7 and 8). Figure 7. Illustration of QKD. Figure 8. Impact of eaves dropping on QKD. Quantum key distribution is not a replacement for the present day cryptography, but a more secured way of transmitting keys which are required for a encoding and decoding of the messages. The maximum speed and the amount of information that can be sent using quantum key distribution is not very large. But it is very secure [16, 17]. Sending:After deciding number of bits to exchange, Alice decides the stream of basis (rectilinear or diagonal) for each pulse of photons she is going to send. A lot of this bits are discarded later due to mismatch of basis, so the Main aim is not to transfer a specific key, but to agree on a common key. Desired polarized Photons are generated using A light-emitting diode (LED) Or from a laser. Each pulse consists of a single Photon. In real-time it has to be a beam of light whose intensity is has to be maintained with care. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of quantum key distribution (QKD), stating that not all bits are preserved due to mismatches in the basis used by sender and receiver. It mentions that if the quantum bit error rate (QBER) exceeds a certain threshold, the key is discarded, indicating that quantum cryptography is not infallible and can face vulnerabilities in practice.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: The size of each point is scaled to reflect the total number of bioRxiv preprints published by that journal. The regression line in this plot was calculated using the ‘lm’ function in the R ‘stats’ package, but all reported statistics use the Kendall rank correlation coefficient, which does not make as many assumptions about normality or homoscedasticity. Figure 5—source data 1 A list of every preprint with its total download count and the journal in which it was published, if any. Download elife-45133-fig5-data1-v2. csv Figure 5—source data 2 Journal impact factor and access status of the 30 journals that have published the most preprints. Download elife-45133-fig5-data2-v2. csv Figure 6 Download asset Open asset The interval between the date a preprint is posted to bioRxiv and the date it is first published elsewhere. (a) A histogram showing the distribution of publication intervals. The x-axis indicates the time between preprint posting and journal publication; the y-axis indicates how many preprints fall within the limits of each bin. The yellow line indicates the median; the same data is also visualized using a boxplot above the histogram. (b) The publication intervals of preprints, broken down by the journal in which each appeared. The journals in this list are the 30 journals that have published the most total bioRxiv preprints; the plot for each journal indicates the density distribution of the preprints published by that journal, excluding any papers that were posted to bioRxiv after publication. Portions of the distributions beyond 1,000 days are not displayed. Figure 6—source data 1 A list of every published preprint, the year it was first posted, the date it was published, and the interval between posting and publication, in days. Download elife-45133-fig6-data1-v2. csv Figure 6—source data 2 A list of every preprint published in the 30 journals displayed in the figure, the journal in which it was published, and the interval between posting and publication, in days. Download elife-45133-fig6-data2-v2. csv Figure 6—source data 3 The results of Dunn’s test, a pairwise comparison of the median publication interval of each journal in the figure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mysterious creatures in folklore. It focuses on statistical analyses and data related to bioRxiv preprints, which is completely unrelated to folklore or mysterious creatures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Participants could withdraw consent at any time during the study, but the data already collected with consent were retained and used in the study. No further data were collected, and no other research procedures were carried out on or in relation to the participant. Two patients in the intervention group withdrew from the study owing to poor performance, inability to complete the task, a belief that the therapy was ineffective, or a desire to concentrate more on the lower limb. Table 1 Demographic characteristic and stroke subtypes (N = 10) of the intervention group. Intervention group Stroke type Lesion site Affected side Dominant hand ET001 F 38 004 F 73 007 M 62 posterior cerebral circulation ET008 M 88 total anterior cerebral circulation ET009 F 82 partial anterior cerebral circulation ET013 M 76 partial anterior cerebral circulation ET014 F 65 posterior circulation stroke ET017 F 59 018 M 67 Ischemic with haemorrhagic transformation Right MCA infarct ET019 F 67 = Female, M = Male, LACI = Infarction, and MCA = 2 Demographic characteristics and stroke subtypes (N = 8) of the control group. Control group Stroke type Lesion site Affected side Dominant hand ET002 M 76 posterior cerebral circulation ET005 M 42 total anterior cerebral circulation ET006 M 81 partial anterior cerebral circulation ET010 M 66 posterior cerebral circulation infarction ET011 F 88 total anterior cerebral circulation s ET012 M 77 pontine infarct ET015 F 70 partial anterior cerebral circulation infarct ET016 F 72 lacunar infarct F = Female and M = utilized the same method as used for healthy subjects; for more information, please refer to the paper by [46]. An integrated IVR system consists of a VR headset (Oculus Rift) and a small motion capture sensor (Leap Motion) attached to the headset (Fig. 1) Both products are CE marked. This system can monitor the actual upper limb movements of the participants and create a virtual image of the corresponding upper limb in the IVR environment. It also provides a real time motion of the corresponding virtual upper limb. The person using IVR equipment can “look around” the artificial world and interact with virtual features or objects. Through iterative visual-motor loops in the brain, the person experiences a feeling of controlling the virtual image of their body in such a way that the virtual world can be perceived as a real one. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an integrated IVR (Immersive Virtual Reality) system that consists of a VR headset and motion capture technology, which is utilized to monitor upper limb movements and create a virtual image for the users. This technology enhances the interaction with the virtual environment, where patients can control virtual images of their bodies, supporting the claim that virtual reality aids in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is proven to be completely invulnerable to any form of hacking. [SEP] Text: Because if the intensity is too low, the receiver might not be able to detect the pulse of photon. Also, if the intensity is too high, then the eaves dropper can measure the beam of light with respect to both the basis without letting his presence known to the user as there will be no major change made to the spin. So, there as to be a threshold to be set for beam of light. Receiving and converting. Bob, who is the exclusive receiver of the information, choses stream of basis (rectilinear or diagonal) to measure the spin of each photon. Number of basis used in receiver end is also predetermined and equal to number of bits that was decided to be exchanged (Figures 9 and 10). Now, Bob will announce the basis that he used to receive each photon on a public channel without giving much attention if other people are hearing it. Now, Alice publically announces the basis which has matched. All the unnecessary bits whose basis was not matched are discarded. Bits received through the correctly-chosen basis are now converted on to binary code. Using the bits that have matched as keys, the actual plain text is encoded and sent over a public Channel without worrying about eavesdropping. Figure 9. Receiver entering the basis and decodes key. Figure 10. Results key after discarding mismatched bits. Advertisement 5. ApplicationsUltra-Secure Voting: To detect and control voter fraudulent during elections, a more secured system is desired. By using Quantum cryptography the voting results are kept secured. Especially the important vulnerable part of the data transaction is uninterruptible. This technology is expected to escalate worldwide, as fraudulent elections may be faced by many countries. with Space: Secure space communications with satellites and astronauts is of major concern. NASA is working on a project, with to guarantee the security of communication. Grid: Normally power grids are at more risk, due to cyber-attacks. Smart grids are required for stabilizing the supply and demand. With adequate precautions, they are more efficient than the traditional grids. cryptosystems, it is be possible to preserve the safety of the framework against any attacks. Quantum Internet: Internet needs to be relatively fast and secured. By using Quantum cryptosystem, the speed of the internet greatly slows down. If the switching between the q-bits can be done at a significantly faster rate, then the sensitive data over the internet can be more secured and can be retrieved quickly. Advertisement 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the potential vulnerabilities within quantum cryptography. It explains that if the intensity of the beam is too low, the receiver may not detect the photon pulse, and if it is too high, an eavesdropper could measure the beam of light without detection. This suggests that quantum cryptography is not 'completely invulnerable' as claimed, since there are conditions where eavesdropping could occur.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptids can be found in every region of the world. [SEP] Text: Academy of Enter your Email address: Subscribe to eTOC Home > Screening for. . . Screening for -June 17, 2010 Explained80. ”But screening at seven-year intervals might not sit well with US patients and doctors, who are used to a health care system where the ready availability of technology and access to specialists have made all sorts of medical screening seem almost routine, experts not involved with the study told Neurology Today. Under the health care reform legislation recently signed into law, the federal government is to step up funding for “comparative-effectiveness research” to identify which treatments work best, but even the mere mention of the research sparked some criticism that reform efforts will lead to medical rationing. Indeed, that was the fodder for much outcry last November when a federal task force said that most women in their 40s should stop getting annual mammograms and that most women over age 50 should only get screened every two years. The panel ended up qualifying some of its initial statements. . Caplan, MD, a professor of neurology at School, said that studies looking at the cost-effectiveness of screening don't take into consideration the many varied circumstances of individual patients and he worries such research could be used by insurance payers to deny coverage. “Studying large groups to see if screening pays off economically is not the way to go,” Dr. Caplan told Neurology Today. “If you have an aneurysm you don't want to wait five years to be tested again, because you're thinking you want to see your grandchild grow up. ”Dr. Bor said his group wanted to look at the financial side of screening because “cost-effectiveness is often considered when implementing a new screening tool, and can tip the scale toward implementing or rejecting the tool. ”The investigators relied on a statistical model to examine the cost-effectiveness of SAH screening because it would be difficult to answer the same question using a randomized-controlled trial (RCT). “As familial SAH is rare, and the risk of aneurysm development and rupture is a continuous risk during the total lifespan of patients, assessment of the optimal screening strategy in an RCT would take decades of follow-up in a research population that is difficult to acquire,” they wrote. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the existence of cryptids in different regions of the world. Instead, it discusses medical screening practices and the implications of health care reforms, which are unrelated to cryptids or their worldwide presence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Stroke survivors go through task-oriented training of the upper limb in the IVR environment. As they experience the ideal motor coordination of their upper limb’s avatar, successful matching of motor intention and resultant motor coordination in the IVR allows brain networks to form new neuronal pathways for spontaneous motion in their daily life. Therefore, IVR-enhanced therapy may offer a powerful rehabilitation approach, allowing PT to be tailored to the specific needs of survivors with chronic stroke. were asked to sit comfortably on a chair and place their upper extremities on a table in front of them (Fig. 1). Seven targets were arranged in a semi-circular orientation within the IVR environment (Fig. 2A). As a goal-oriented task, participants were asked to reach for the target immediately by choosing their healthy or impaired upper limb hand (Fig. 2B). To implement reinforcement-induced PT, the velocity of the hand of the impaired upper limb was amplified in the virtual environment in the direction of the target. The target turned blue when reached by the virtual hand and immediately disappeared. Unlike for healthy individuals, we increased the reaction time to 4 seconds after the ball appeared to prevent in-depth consideration regarding choosing, as stroke patients require more time. If this condition was not fulfilled, the target disappeared, and the trial was invalidated. accommodate the patients in the study, we reduced the number of times they reached for the ball from 70 to 35, and the number of repetitions of the task (one task = total of 35 balls) depended on the patient’s endurance level because we were concerned that participant fatigue could occur. The experiment included three stages: familiarization, intervention, and washout. The entire session lasted for 20–40 minutes, depending on the patient’s condition (Figure 3). The aim of the familiarization stage was to acquaint the participants with the task. In this stage, five targets appeared randomly in a semi-circular array (excluding the far right and far left targets) in the virtual environment, identical to the healthy subject experiment [46]. The only difference is that reinforcement-induced PT was implemented at this stage, and the velocity of the virtual hand corresponding to the impaired upper limb was increased by 1. 4 times corresponding to the actual hand motion. Depending on the weakness of the affected limb, the visual amplification was enhanced by > 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how stroke survivors utilize an immersive virtual reality (IVR) environment for task-oriented training of the upper limb, aiding in the recovery of mobility. It describes how patients engage in exercises that promote effective motor coordination and the formation of new neuronal pathways, aligning with the claim that virtual reality is incorporated into physical therapy to enhance rehabilitation techniques.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is proven to be completely invulnerable to any form of hacking. [SEP] Text: Should this lead the algorithm to fail to completely factor \(N'\), it may be worthwhile to attempt to compute the missing factor:The options available include searching for q by exponentiating to all primes up to some bound, which is essentially analogous to increasing c, or using some form of cycle-finding algorithm that does not require a multiple of q to be known in advance. In short, there are a number of optimizations that may be applied, but doing so above would obscure the workings of the algorithm, and the analysis that we are about to present. It is furthermore not necessary, since the algorithm as described is already very efficient. 3. 2. 2 Notes on performing order finding for a multiple of N Note that the order-finding call in step 1 may be performed for a multiple of N if desired. This can only cause r to grow by some multiple, which in turn can only serve to increase the success probability, in the same way that growing r to \(r'\) in step 2 serves to increase the success probability, see Sect. 3. 3. In turn, this explains why we can replace N with \(N'\) as described in the previous section, and why a restriction to odd N does not imply a loss of generality. 3. 2. 3 Notes on analogies with Miller’s, Rabin’s and Long’s worksMiller’s original version of the algorithm in Sect. 3. 2 is deterministic, and proven to work only assuming the validity of the extended Riemann hypothesis (ERH), as is Miller’s primality test in the same thesis [15]. Rabin [18] later converted Miller’s primality test into a probabilistic polynomial-time algorithm that is highly efficient in practice. At about the same time, Long [13], acknowledging ideas from Flajolet, converted Miller’s factoring algorithm into a probabilistic polynomial-time algorithm. This in a technical report that seemingly went unpublished. Footnote 1 More specifically, Long lower-bounds the probability of randomly selecting an element \(g \in \mathbb Z_N^*\) of order r a multiple of \(\lambda '(N)\). He then gives a randomized version of Miller’s algorithm for splitting N into two non-trivial factors given this multiple of \(\lambda '(N)\). The above is closely related to our work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing algorithms and probabilistic approaches to factoring numbers, which implies that certain computational tasks can be approached through methods that may not align with the notion of quantum cryptography being invulnerable. Specifically, it mentions operations and algorithms that hinge on the assumptions of computational complexity and success probabilities, suggesting that vulnerabilities can still exist in systems that rely on these algorithms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptids can be found in every region of the world. [SEP] Text: “In addition to these difficulties, an RCT with ‘natural history’ as the basic strategy of intervention and ‘screening’ as an alternate strategy of intervention seems problematic, because most individuals with two or more relatives with SAH ask for screening, and are unwilling to await the natural history. When an RCT is not feasible, a simulation model may provide a reasonable alternate research method. ”researchers searched the medical literature for data on real patients and then used the findings to build a statistical model to compare the cost-effectiveness of screening to no screening for familial intracranial aneurysms. The model allowed them to start screening at ages 20, 30, or 40 and to end screening at ages 60, 70, or 80. DR. . “Studying large groups to see if screening pays off economically is not the way to go. If you have an aneurysm you don't want to wait five years to be tested again, because you're thinking you want to see your grandchild grow up. ” The researchers also considered different screening intervals, including every two, three, five, seven, 10, and 15 years. Patients progressed in cycles of one year through the model, all starting at age 15 as “healthy without aneurysm. ” The model allowed for different follow-up states, including healthy without aneurysm, healthy with aneurysm, healthy with small known aneurysm, disabled, or dead. Patients could become disabled or die because of SAH, complications of digital subtraction angiography (DSA), or complications of preventive aneurysm treatment. In the statistical model, screening consisted of MRA, followed by DSA for confirmation if a problem was detected. Aneurysms were treated either with clipping or coiling. If the aneurysm was considered too small to treat, the patient received follow-up screening every two years until the aneurysm either enlarged or ruptured. The researchers used data from previous studies to set the rates at which aneurysms would be detected or rupture over time. They noted in their report that the 10-year risk of SAH in people with a family history has been estimated to be 7 percent, while the lifetime risk could be as large as 26 percent. ? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about cryptids as it discusses medical screening for familial intracranial aneurysms, including surgical treatment and statistical modeling, which has no connection to the existence or distribution of cryptids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: 4 times (number of times patients reached the ball: 20 [10 right, 10 left]). The primary stage in this experiment was the intervention stage/free choice stage, wherein the participants were free to choose the right or left hand (unaffected or affected limb) to reach a virtual target that randomly appeared in seven different positions. We hypothesized that the participants would start to use the affected hand more often as the velocity was amplified in the IVR environment. During this session, 35 repetitions were applied per one task. The number of repetitions of the task is based on the participant’s endurance level. During the washout stage, we gradually reduced the velocity of amplification in the IVR environment to 1. 2 times the actual hand motion. We hypothesized that even when the amplification is reduced in the IVR environment, the participants would continue to utilize the affected upper limb, resulting in increased use of the affected upper limb in daily life. However, because of early discharge of patients, we could complete this stage with only two patients. In each session, the participants repeated the reaching task at their own pace, with various repetitions per person. The 35 trials lasted 3–5 minutes. To avoid fatigue, participants were given 2-minute rest periods between each task. (Clinical Outcome) Meyer for upper limb (FM) assessment was used to evaluate the functional motor condition as the primary outcome in this study. The evaluation was conducted by a physiotherapist who participated in the program. The FM assessment is crucial for determining motor recovery and disease severity [47]. It has five domains: motor function, sensory function, balance, joint range of motion, and joint pain [48, 49]. The motor function domain is the most widely used and plays a primary role in monitoring motor recovery after stroke. The items in the FM motor function domain are based on patient motion, coordination, and reflex action in the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. Each domain contains multiple items, each scored on a 3-point ordinal scale (0 = cannot perform, 1 = performs partially, 2 = performs fully). The total score varies from 0 to 66. The measurements were utilized to assess the efficacy of IVR feedback in restoring motor coordination affecting the patient’s QoL. Our initial plan was to collect FM scores from participants at the beginning, middle, and end of their participation in the study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an intervention using immersive virtual reality (IVR) where participants engaged in reaching tasks with their affected limb, thereby implying the use of virtual reality in therapeutic exercises aimed at improving motor function and mobility. It discusses the evaluation of functional motor condition as a primary outcome, indicating that the use of IVR feedback is aimed at restoring motor coordination, which supports the assertion that virtual reality is indeed employed in physical therapy for regaining mobility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Especially, the accumulation of mutations with small deleterious effects in the alleles may reduce the viability and fertility of the populations. These mutations never reach high frequencies in large populations of sexual reproduction. The selection pressure prevents these harmful alleles to become widespread. However, in isolated small populations, the frequency of these harmful alleles may increase and be fixed by chance, if genetic drift may be stronger than natural selection. When a harmful mutation is stabilized in the genetic construct, it causes the population size to decrease and other harmful mutations to be fixed [18]. While the destructive effect of detrimental mutations affect large populations, thousands of years later, can be seen in minutes in small populations. This event, known as mutation meltdown, reduces the size of the population depending on the accumulation of detrimental mutations. The mutation meltdown, is a genetic problem, especially for small populations of endangered species, occur depending on mutation characteristics, demographic characteristics of the mutation and population, and the relationship between mutations and their adaptation [19, 20]. Species or populations suffering from the genetic bottleneck disappear over time. Adaptation can sometimes be a rapid process involving a single gene. In cases when the positive selection is strong, the best allele is fixed in the relevant locus and the adaptation process is terminated unless a better allele is generated by mutation or a new allele is introduced into the population by gene flow. This does not occur in polygenic characters. Genetic drift has a significant impact on the protection of genetic diversity and the amount of genetic variation among populations. Genetic drift as well as mutations, selection, and gene flow are factors contributing to genetic diversity. Sometimes, however, subspecies can occur as a result of gene flow, and which can adversely affect fertility or cause outbreeding depression [9, 21]. Advertisement 2. Natural mutagenesis When damage occurs in DNA due to a physical, chemical, or biological agent, molecular systems recognize and repair this damage. When this mechanism is unsuccessful, mutation occurs in the organism [22]. Mutagenesis, a consequence of errors in DNA repair, is a mutation-producing process. Hereditary changes that occur naturally and suddenly, which are not caused by recombination and segregation, are called mutations [23]. Mutations that lead to the formation of new individuals, species, and genera are considered as the most important factors of evolution since they can be transferred to future generations [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the detrimental impact of mutations and genetic drift on the viability of small populations, particularly in endangered species. It explains how harmful mutations can accumulate and be fixed in small populations, leading to a decrease in genetic diversity and the potential extinction of species suffering from genetic bottlenecks. This implies that without effective conservation efforts, the genetic diversity necessary for the survival of these endangered species will diminish, contradicting the notion that conservation efforts alone can simply preserve genetic diversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptids can be found in every region of the world. [SEP] Text: The researchers used data from the Dutch health care system to determine the cost of the various approaches and then calculated “quality-adjusted life years,” a measure used by researchers to consider if the cost versus benefits of a screening tool or treatment falls within an acceptable range for a given country. Those screenings that ruled out an aneurysm were considered to boost quality of life, while screenings that found small untreatable aneurysms were considered to have a negative psychological impact for a short time. “We found screening for intracranial aneurysms in individuals with two or more first-degree relatives with SAH to be cost-effective, irrespective of the interval of screening,” they concluded, though doing an MRA every seven years between ages 20 to 80 was best. “Although we found that the cost-effectiveness of screening every two years may still be acceptable, screening this often may put a significant burden on the patient and may therefore lead to early abandonment of this screening strategy by patient and doctor,” they wrote. Dr. Bor said his team also calculated cost-benefits using US data and found that screening in seven-year intervals “would yield one additional quality-adjusted life-year at an additional cost of $10,729, compared with a no-screening strategy. ”The researchers could not say whether the same screening approach would be warranted for patients who have only one relative with a history of SAH. -BASED? Dr. Caplan said that while he respected the body of aneurysm research done by the Dutch group, he thought this particular cost-effectiveness study was of limited value to US physicians because the health care system here is structured differently than that in the Netherlands. He said the statistical model also could not account for all of the many variables that exist with patients — for instance, it didn't consider added risk factors for aneurysm development and rupture, such as smoking, hypertension and excessive alcohol use. Dr. Caplan noted that it was impossible to measure the very real anxiety patients often feel when they know they have a small aneurysm that needs to be watched. “There are a lot of variables that go into deciding how often to screen,” he said, and advances in screening methods have made it far less risky to keep an eye on patients. But S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses research related to cost-effectiveness and screening strategies for intracranial aneurysms, without any mention of cryptids or their distribution across regions of the world.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: However, we repeated the assessment in the fifth session to ensure that there was no deterioration in their motor function, as neurological deterioration is common in some stroke patients [53], and we observed that their scores remained unchanged (Fig. 4). As shown in (Fig. 4A and B), all seven patients in the intervention group showed improvement in the FM score following IVR-enhanced visual feedback, while only two of eight patients in the control group showed improvement in the FM score. Moreover, there was no change in the FM score between the first and fifth sessions for six patients. Before conducting paired comparison analysis, we used the Shapiro–Wilk test to ensure that the data met normal distribution requirements. For the intervention group, the p-values obtained from the normality test were 0. 224256 and 0. 015777 for FM assessments in the first and fifth sessions, respectively, whereas for the control group, they were 0. 029936 and 0. 008322, respectively. Because the data obtained from FM assessments in both groups were not normally distributed, we used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for the paired sample comparison of the data. As shown in the box plot in Fig. 5, the FM scores differed significantly between the first and fifth sessions for the intervention group (p = 0. 017960) but not for the control group (p = 0. 157299), indicating that IVR enhanced the motor function of the affected upper extremity. A. seven patients responded to the questionnaire. Their responses indicate that they were engaged in the therapy, motivated, and felt a sense of achievement. The crucial part was that this therapy induced a sense of agency over the virtual hand because they felt as if they were controlling the avatar. Their answers were “somewhat” and “no” when they were asked if they felt dizzy during the therapy. They all reported that they experienced no muscle fatigue during the task. Finally, they provided comments regarding the therapy, such as “Enjoyed the therapy,” “Therapy was fun,” and “It improved my hand coordination and control. ” However, one of them stated that the “headset was quite heavy. ” B. In terms of BI, not all individuals were evaluated twice; only nine participants (four in the intervention group and five in control group) had their data recorded twice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the intervention group of patients showed significant improvement in their FM scores following IVR (Immersive Virtual Reality) enhanced therapy. This supports the notion that virtual reality is effective in physical therapy for enhancing motor function, thereby helping patients regain mobility through guided exercises, as shown by the data suggesting improved motor function in patients using VR.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: In contrast, for the Gotland hound, the Swedish white elkhound, the Norrbottenspitz, and the Danish-Swedish farmdog average F is below the MK of the preceding time step indicating that dogs chosen for breeding have had lower MK than the average among living dogs. Differences in inbreeding among breeds and over time Inbreeding increases over time as expressed by a significant linear relationship between time and average inbreeding coefficient per breed (b = 0. 001, r = 0. 46, P<0. 001; Fig 2). There are differences among breeds; a two-factor ANOVA without replication yields significance for both breed differences (between breeds F8,32 = 9. 60, P<<0. 001) and point in time (between time point F4,32 = 8. 77, P<<0. 001). This analysis included all five points in time and only the nine breeds for which results from all time points are available (Table 2). Removing 1980 (when the pedigrees for three of the breeds have just started; Table 1) still gives significant results for both among breeds (F8,24 = 9. 40, P<<0. 001) and among points in time (F3,24 = 4. 33, P<0. 05). Breed differences persist also over the final part of our time series, 2000–2012 (F8,16 = 26. 88, P<<0. 001), but significant differences between the three time points (2000, 2006 and 2012) are lacking (F2,16 = 2. 24, P = 0. 14). hound lacks results from the full five point time series (Table 2) but has results from 2000, 2006, and 2012, and could thus be included for these time points. The two-factor ANOVA including the Hamilton hound gives equivalent results as when it is excluded (F9,18 = 26. 74, P<<0. 001 and F2,18 = 2. 50, P = 0. 11, for breeds and time points, respectively). The observation of differences in inbreeding levels between breeds and between time points is supported also when quantifying inbreeding in terms of MK or as average Ne over generations (data not shown). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the inbreeding coefficients of various dog breeds over time and emphasizing that inbreeding increases as indicated by significant findings in their ANOVA results. This suggests that the breeding practices described do not utilize genetic data to mitigate inbreeding risks, as they indicate increasing inbreeding rather than a reduction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptozoologists can use technology to capture evidence of unknown species. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -14. 02 Committee E30 $ 0. 00 Out of stock Significance and UseThe procedures outlined here are grounded in the generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the field of forensic document examination, forensic photography, and forensic digital imaging. By following these procedures a forensic document examiner can use image capture technology reliably in support of examinations. This support can include: Documentation of the item(s) submitted for examination, its condition upon receipt, and its condition at various points during the examination process; Demonstration of findings and the bases for determinations; Visualization of features and characteristics not readily perceptible to the human eye. The effects of prior storage, handling, testing, or chemical processing (for example, for latent prints) can interfere with certain characteristics to an extent that can limit (or even preclude) subsequent imaging. Whenever possible, capture images of the item to be examined prior to any chemical processing. Handle items appropriately to avoid compromising subsequent examinations of any kind. The technological evolution of hardware, or software, or both can impact subsequent ability to access archived images. Note 1—For further discussion see 1. Scope1. 1 This practice provides procedures to be used by forensic document examiners (Guide E444) using image capture and storage technology. 1. 2 These procedures are applicable whether the use of the image capture technology involves an item(s) associated with a matter under investigation (questioned or known items), or is for reference. 1. 3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency of the available imaging capture and storage technologies. 1. 4 Procedures are also outlined for image archiving. 1. 5 The particular methods employed in a given case depend upon the nature of the item, or the question at hand, or both. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about cryptozoologists or the use of technology to capture evidence of unknown species. Instead, it focuses on procedures relevant to forensic document examination and imaging technology, which are unrelated to cryptozoology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Second, some participants had characteristics that could influence their performance, such as neglecting the affected side, which caused them to neglect the target close to the affected side, or leaning toward the affected side, which caused them to neglect the target on the opposite side. Others have hand deformities, but this has no impact on the system efficacy. Also, the patient’s mood and lack of sleep have negative effects on session performance. DiscussionThe primary goal of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of IVR technology in the upper limb rehabilitation of stroke patients, as opposed to traditional CIMT that combines positive reinforcement in PT. The efficacy of the IVR-enhanced PT was validated using the FM assessment to test the improvement of the upper limb motion with respect to the control group. FM score was selected as the primary outcome measure because FM assessment is a well-designed, feasible, and effective clinical examination technique that has been extensively used in the stroke population [45–58]. This scale is highly recommended as a clinical and research instrument for assessing changes in motor impairment after stroke [59]. Our findings support the feasibility and potential use of this method in the treatment of stroke survivors. All patients in the intervention group demonstrated a significant increase in FM scores compared with those in the control group (Fig. 4), indicating that IVR therapy improved the motor function of the affected limb. These results are consistent with those of prior studies and indicate the potential applicability of VR therapy in rehabilitation [60]. In particular, compared with conventional therapy (CT), a significant improvement in FM scores was observed in previous studies that analyzed this outcome after VR treatment of subacute stroke subjects [61]. To derive the greatest possible benefit from VR therapy, it is recommended that stroke patients have adequate cognitive abilities to interact and comprehend the activity [62]. Therefore, we excluded patients with emotional and/or cognitive deficits that could hinder comprehension and performance of the task, such as global aphasia, apraxia, dementia, or depression. Reaching for a ball was the task in this study, and reaching with the arm is frequently required to perform ADL; therefore, this task-oriented and meaningful VR activity was essential to activate the neuroplasticity process [63], such as in this study. Additionally, physical activity and repetitive movements play a crucial role in neuroplasticity activation [64]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of immersive virtual reality (IVR) technology in physical therapy, specifically for upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients. It highlights that IVR therapy improved the motor function of the affected limb, as evidenced by significant increases in the FM scores of patients in the intervention group compared to those in the control group. This indicates that virtual reality is indeed applied in physical therapy to enhance mobility through targeted exercises.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Founder allelic variation of 2012 gene pools was equivalent to only 3–20 founding animals, which reflects a loss of over 80 percent of founder variation measured as founder genome equivalents. Effective population size (Ne) over generations is slightly above the critical level of 50 [29] for the majority of breeds, and for two breeds (Gotland hound, Hällefors elkhound) Ne is below this level. Rates of inbreeding and loss of variation is unnecessarily extensive considering the census sizes of these breeds. This is indicated by the ratio between current Ne−reflecting number of males and females used in breeding corrected for uneven sex ratio–and number of live animals which is often less than 20 percent and often only around 10 percent (Table 2). Our observations are in line with previous findings; about 90 percent loss of pedigree measured genetic variation during the past few decades has been reported in nine dog breeds in France [14], three scent hound breeds in central Europe [15], ten dog populations bred in the [16], and 26 dog populations bred in Sweden [17]. Clearly, present day dog breeding appears to be associated with a rapid loss of genetic variation. Our present results indicate that this is true even for breeds that have been identified as of specific conservation value, and where breeding goals explicitly include maintaining genetic variation. These observations are worrying since reduced genetic variation and inbreeding are generally associated with loss of adaptive potential and reduced options for effective selection [30]. We note that this rapid genetic diversity loss is paralleled to increasing needs of dogs for a number of different purposes in modern society [10, 11, 12, 13]. Similarly, elevated health problems in dogs are frequently associated with their genetic background [31]. While the importance of conserving genetic resources of domestic species are recognized in international policy; a specific biodiversity target of the CBD 2011–2020—Aichi target 13 –is even directed towards such resources, implementation lags behind. Genomic studies needed Clearly, our present study and other studies reporting rapid increase of inbreeding and loss of pedigree-measured genetic variation need to be supplemented with genomic studies in order to find out the extent to which the trends indicated by the breeding records are reflected over the genomes of these breeds. Considerable contemporary research is focused on various aspects of genomic characterization of domestic dog breeds [32, 33, 34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant issues related to inbreeding and genetic variation in dog breeds, indicating that despite conservation goals, there is a rapid loss of genetic diversity. It notes that the effective population size (Ne) is often below critical levels, leading to increased inbreeding rates and loss of variation. This suggests that current breeding practices, even for breeds deemed of conservation value, have not effectively utilized genetic data to mitigate inbreeding risks as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptozoologists can use technology to capture evidence of unknown species. [SEP] Text: 6 This practice might not cover all aspects of the use of image capture and storage technology involving unusual or uncommon items. 1. 7 This practice cannot replace the requisite knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate education, training (Guide E2388), and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment. 1. 8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. unavailable unavailable What is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS). Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery. . Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations. Customs duty and taxes are the responsibility of the consignee. Shipping & Handling charges follow the rate schedule, below: Shipping & Up to $50. 00 $18. 00 $50. 01 to $100. 00 $20. 00 $100. 01 to $150. 00 $28. 38 $150. 01 to $250. 00 $37. 59 $250. 01 to $500. 00 $54. 09 $500. 01 to $750. 00 $73. 48 $750. 01 to $1000. 00 $89. 57 $1000. 01 to $1500. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the limitations of image capture and storage technology without addressing its application or effectiveness in capturing evidence of unknown species, such as those studied by cryptozoologists.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: The effects of neuroplasticity as a direct consequence of VR therapy are also being studied; however, there is limited evidence. Wang et al. [64] employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate neuronal remodeling in subacute stroke patients before and after training with a Leap Motion-based VR system. They compared it to CT alone. Patients were instructed to position their affected thumb on their palm. They found that sensorimotor cortex activation moved from the ipsilateral to the contralateral region and increased in the contralateral cortex in both groups. On the Wolf motor function test, which assesses upper limb motor function, the experimental VR group had a significantly greater improvement and better performance than the control group. These results demonstrate that repeated exercises with the affected arm combined with task-oriented practice in a virtual environment can enhance motor recovery of the upper limb more than CT alone. In studies on stroke rehabilitation, VR is frequently compared with CT administered by physiotherapists and occupational therapists. The updated Cochrane review by Laver et al. [8] concluded that the efficacy of VR-based therapy was not superior to that of CT in enhancing upper limb function. Specifically, they reported that VR “may be beneficial in improving upper limb function and ADL function when used as an adjunct to conventional care (to increase overall therapy time)”. Currently, VR and CT are used together for rehabilitation in clinical settings, and associated technologies are becoming more accessible and prevalent. In our study, stroke survivors underwent IVR therapy in addition to conventional PT, which is essential for accelerating the recovery phase of the impairment, consistent with the findings of the study, as demonstrated by the FM assessment. These findings added to the current evidence that VR therapy should be encouraged for upper limb rehabilitation, as it may have apparent advantages for patients’ recovery. Some other findings to date suggest that VR can improve CT and increase the potential for rehabilitation [65, 66]. Rather than relying solely on a single method, incorporating VR therapy into existing rehabilitation programs appears effective for enhancing stroke rehabilitation outcomes [67, 68]. We might hypothesize that the improvements in upper limb function reported in this study could increase the patients’ participation in ADL and consequently lead to improvements in their quality of life after stroke. All patients should enhance their level of independence to execute tasks associated with real life. We used the BI to measure their performance of crucial activities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how virtual reality (VR) therapy has been studied and used for stroke rehabilitation, highlighting that repeated exercises in a virtual environment can enhance the motor recovery of the upper limb. It mentions findings from research that indicate VR may improve the effectiveness of conventional therapy and enhance patient outcomes. The text also states that VR is often used alongside conventional therapy (CT) to maximize recovery, which directly supports the claim that VR is utilized in physical therapy to assist patients in regaining mobility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Recent studies report contrasting results with respect to correlation between pedigree inbreeding coefficients (FPed) and genomic runs of homozygosity (ROH). Some researchers find good correlations between FPed and ROH in domestic dogs [35] as well as in wolves [36], whereas others report that such correlations are poor [37, 38]. Similarly, only moderate correlations between FPed and ROH have been found in e. g. cattle [39, 40]. Thus, pedigree based estimates of inbreeding levels and amount of genetic diversity may not provide a complete picture of genomic levels of genetic diversity. Also, since the pedigree data used here only dates back to around the mid 1900s we do not have a complete picture of the history of these breeds which are typically much older [18], and genomic data would provide most valuable information in this respect. Genomic marker-based measures have been suggested to outperform pedigrees [41, 42], but until such tools become widely available, including to breeders, we think that pedigree analysis provides a cost-effective opportunity for planning breeding and monitoring rates of recent inbreeding and loss of variation. Such pedigree based conservation breeding approaches focus on minimizing mean kinship (MK) and has long been applied within the context of maintaining endangered wild animal species in zoos [25]. A recent study reported that such conservation breeding protocols also effectively retained genomic diversity [43]. Findings in relation to conservation breeding goals With respect to the situation for the 12 breeds investigated in the present study current breeding goals are not well met with respect to retention of pedigree measured genetic variation. An exception is the Gotland hound which is numerically very small but where several quantities indicate that breeding has been carried out well from a conservation perspective. The ratio of remaining founder genome equivalents to the number of founders is almost 30 percent for this breed (fge/number of founders = 3. 31/12 = 0. 276) which is much higher than for any of the other breeds. Similarly, current Ne/N is highest (0. 16) for the Gotland hound and the proportion of remaining founder alleles is around 50 percent which is the highest retention observed (also reached for the Farmdog and the Swedish white elkhound). recommends that mating resulting in F>0. 0625 should be avoided (SKC website assessed in April 2018: [In Swedish]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while pedigree analysis is commonly used for breeding and monitoring in conservation projects, it has limitations in accurately assessing genetic diversity and inbreeding levels. The text mentions that pedigree data provides only a partial view, and genomic data would give a more complete picture, thus implying that reliance on pedigree alone may not effectively reduce inbreeding risks in conservation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptozoologists can use technology to capture evidence of unknown species. [SEP] Text: 00 $116. 61 $1500. 01 to $2500. 00 $152. 29 $2500. 01 to $4999. 00 $201. 00 $5000. 00 to $higher $225. 00 Shipping and Handling charges are approximate. Additional charges may be incurred if your order requires multiple shipments. This does not apply to complete sets and sections. × -. By purchasing a subscription and clicking through this agreement, you are entering into a contract, and acknowledge that you have read this License Agreement, that you understand it and agree to be bound by its terms. If you do not agree to the terms of this License Agreement, promptly exit this page without entering the ASTM Product. 1. Ownership:is copyrighted, both as a compilation and as individual standards, 2. Definitions. A. Types of Licensees: (i) Individual User:a single unique computer, with an individual IP address; (ii) Single-Site:one geographic location or to multiple sites within one city that are part of a single organization unit administered centrally; for example, different campuses of the same university within the same city administered centrally. (iii) Multi-Site:an organization or company with independently administered multiple locations within one city; or an organization or company located in more than one city, state or country, with central administration for all locations. B. Authorized Users:any individual who has subscribed to this Product; if a Site License, also includes registered students, faculty or staff member, or employee of the Licensee, at the Single or Multiple Site. 3. Limited License. ASTM grants Licensee a limited, revocable, nonexclusive, non-transferable license to access, by means of one or more authorized IP addresses, and according to the terms of this Agreement, to make the uses permitted and described below, each ASTM Product to which Licensee has subscribed. A. Specific Licenses: (i) Individual User: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents, solely for Licensee's own use. That is, Licensee may access and download an electronic file of a Document (or portion of a Document) for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of a Document for individual use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses licensing terms and conditions regarding access to ASTM products and services, and does not address cryptozoology or the use of technology to capture evidence of unknown species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: However, not all BI data were recorded, with some being only documented in the first or last session or not at all. This is because the length of hospitalization for stroke patients varied; some patients were discharged without notification, compromising the validity and reliability of the evaluation. It is necessary to determine the duration of a patient’s hospitalization to develop an appropriate and beneficial plan, and several studies indicate that it takes time for stroke patients to demonstrate improvement in the independency level to perform ADL. For instance, a previous study [60] reported a significant difference in FM scores (p = 0. 007) but none in BI scores (p = 0. 193). This indicates that the brief duration of rehabilitation could affect functional evaluation. Patients’ improvement also depends on the location of the brain lesion. The location of the brain injury, its extent, and the amount of recovery are key determinants of the stroke’s final outcome [18]. Although we hypothesized that only patients in the intervention group would improve in BI due to the addition of VR to their therapy, both groups exhibited improvements on the BI compared with the first and last sessions. However, owing to the small number of documented data, statistically significant results were found only in the control group. Even though practicing ADL in a virtual environment is now feasible and has demonstrated significant gains, it remains unknown whether VR training improves actual performance. The effects of VR training on ADL for stroke patients are unclear [69]. The impact of VR-based therapy on ADL independence after discharge requires long-term investigation. The findings of trials that included a follow-up assessment [70, 71] suggest that the effect could be maintained if patients continued training for a longer period (i. e. , longer than 4–8 weeks, which was the most common duration), considering adaptation to new interventions, technology acceptance, and motor learning. Therefore, if patients remained longer in the hospital or if there was a simple way to follow them up, the use of physiotherapy with our system could be beneficial to patients, thereby facilitating the execution of ADL. Based on positive reinforcement in motor coordination for the affected limb, the IVR technology in this study permits participants to enjoy upper limb PT. Unlike CIMT [29], VR encourages patients to participate in the activity rather than forcing them to use the affected hand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the use of virtual reality (VR) in physical therapy, particularly in patients recovering from strokes. It discusses how 'practicing ADL in a virtual environment is now feasible and has demonstrated significant gains,' and it references the potential of VR-based therapy to improve activities of daily living (ADL) for stroke patients. Additionally, it mentions the positive reinforcement in motor coordination provided by IVR technology, supporting the idea that VR is beneficial for patients in regaining mobility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: This recommendation is not met for 8 of the 12 breeds where average F of the living population exceeds 0. 0625 at one or more points in time, and the upper range is practically always well above F = 0. 0625 (Table 2). Similarly, the SKC recommends that increase of inbreeding should not exceed 0. 5 percent per generation (SKC website assessed in April 2018: Swedish]) implying a per generation Ne ≥100. This criterion is violated for all breeds over the full study period. It is interesting to note that for none of the breeds, with the exception of the Gotland hound, the rates of inbreeding and the rate of loss of founder alleles seem to be due to small population size. Rather, it appears that the reason for rapid loss of variation and increasing inbreeding includes the use of only an unnecessarily small proportion of animals in breeding. This is indicated by the ratios of current Ne/N (Tables 2 and 3); in 2012 this ratio varied between 0. 06–0. 16 (average 0. 12). Threat classification according to FAO criteria The FAO criteria for threat classification [8] have been used by the of Agriculture to classify all Swedish native domestic animal breeds including the ten native dog breeds identified as of conservation concern [24]. Six of the breeds were classified as Critical-maintained and four as Endangered-maintained (Table 1). The FAO criteria for domestic breeds might not be as well known to the general biologist/geneticist as the categories used for wild animal species [44] (www. iucnredlist. org), and we therefore describe them briefly here. The FAO categories include Extinct, Critical, Critical-maintained, Endangered, Endangered-maintained, Not at risk, and Unknown. The category Extinct is met when the breed no longer exists or when only individuals of one sex remain. Critical is met if i) the total number of breeding females is less than or equal to 100 or ii) the total number of breeding males is less than or equal to five; or iii) if the overall population size is less than or equal to 120 and decreasing and the percentage of females being bred to males of the same breed is below 80 percent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the high levels of inbreeding among certain dog breeds and the failure to implement effective conservation measures to reduce inbreeding risks. It indicates that the use of a small proportion of animals in breeding contributes to increased inbreeding and loss of genetic variation, which counteracts the aim of using genetic data to mitigate these risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptozoologists can use technology to capture evidence of unknown species. [SEP] Text: Neither the electronic file nor the single hard copy print may be reproduced in anyway. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. That is, the electronic file cannot be emailed, downloaded to disk, copied to another hard drive or otherwise shared. The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses licensing and usage restrictions related to documents without any mention of cryptozoology, technology, or the capturing of evidence for unknown species. Therefore, it does not support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Further, the questionnaire confirmed that all patients felt a sense of accomplishment during therapy, which was crucial in increasing their motivation [71]. Post-VR patient satisfaction is essential [72, 73] to enable patients to play games and train in an enriched environment that is more engaging than CT [64, 74]. VR has several advantages over other therapies, making it a suitable tool for physical rehabilitation. These advantages include its low cost, mobility, and a safe environment that is readily modifiable to advanced tasks as the stroke patient’s functional abilities improve [8]. Regarding time to target, our results indicate that all the patients had shorter reaction times in the last session than in the first session. Furthermore, when we conducted the statistical comparison between the first and last session (Figs. 6), we discovered that the reaction time decreased demonstrating the treatment’s efficacy by its potential to facilitate motor learning. Promoting motor learning in upper limb rehabilitation may be possible by providing patients with more real time information about their results and performance during a single session. As feedback can be simultaneously provided when using VR, it may also encourage more active participation from patients, which is associated with increased motivation to succeed [56, 74]. It has long been hypothesized that motor recovery after stroke is a form of relearning [75, 76]. This is due to the engaging and motivating nature of VR, which enables patients to improve their reaction time and complete tasks more efficiently through task-oriented and repetitive movement [77]. However, in patients aiming to improve the quality and precision of movement of the affected hand, focusing on a different aspect of performance may hinder their ability to reach the target quickly [78, 79], similar to data of certain patients in our study. Accordingly, we found that each patient had a different strategy in terms of the frequency of the hand used to reach the target, which affected the outcomes of the BA calculation. Several patients challenged themselves by using their damaged impaired hand to reach at least 80% of the targets in the semi-circular array. Other patients adopted the reverse strategy, employing the affected hand to reach no more than 25% to reach the target. Considering that the task could be performed more than once per session, which depends on the patient’s endurance level, the challenging technique was only used in some sessions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how virtual reality (VR) is beneficial in physical rehabilitation. It highlights how VR provides a safe and modifiable environment for patients to engage in exercises that can enhance their mobility. The text notes that VR has 'several advantages over other therapies' which make it suitable for physical rehabilitation. Additionally, it mentions that the engaging nature of VR encourages active participation from patients, which is crucial for increasing motivation and facilitating motor learning during guided exercises.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: For the genetic conservation schemes, the contributions per family could not become completely equalized, because of the overlapping structure of the generations, resulting in a level of average coancestry being somewhat higher than the theoretical minimum. Use of frozen semen from sires of the oldest generations could reduceDF to zero and reduce the average level of coancestry in combined in situ ex situ conservation schemes. AB - This thesis deals with the definition of selection and mating criteria for animal breeding populations under selection and for genetic conservation populations, especially emphasizing on populations with small effective sizes that have known pedigrees. The thesis can be divided into four main parts. Firstly, 1. 0% to select against a single gene, selection directly on DNA-genotypes needed 2. 0 generations to half the frequency of the disease allele with additive effects and a population with 100 new-born animals. When only phenotypic records were available, selection on BLUP or on genotype probabilities calculated by segregation analysis (SEGR) needed 1. 0 or 2. 0 generations longer to half the frequency of the disease allele when allele effects were additive or recessive, respectively. Smaller schemes or schemes with a more stringent restriction onDF needed more generations to half the frequency of the diseased allele or the fraction of diseased animals. SEGR and BLUP were approximately equally efficient under both single gene and polygenic inheritance models, suggesting that efficient selection against a disease is possible without knowing its mode of inheritance. In conclusion, by taking account of the relationships of the selected group of selected animals, inbreeding is controlled in the selection and mating criteria presented in this thesis. This principle was extended to populations with overlapping generations, which makes the methods useful for practical selection and genetic conservation populations with known pedigree. Only in well-controlled breeding schemes, the optimum contributions of each selection candidate will be realized, some deviations may be corrected in later rounds of selection. The optimized contributions and thus also the restriction onDF affected the structure of the breeding schemes, e. g. whether progeny tested animals were selected or not. In general, older and more parents were selected with a more stringent selection onDF. Due to such dynamic adaptations of the breeding schemes, genetic gain reduced only little whenDF was lowered. Non-random mating can improve the family structure of the population under selection, thereby further increase the genetic gain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing issues related to coancestry and the challenges of achieving genetic equality in breeding populations. It mentions that 'the contributions per family could not become completely equalized' and emphasizes the complexities involved in genetic conservation schemes. This suggests that while genetic data is important, the practical application of such data in reducing inbreeding risks is fraught with difficulties that may hinder the effectiveness of conservation projects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptozoologists can use technology to capture evidence of unknown species. [SEP] Text: Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. Licensee will cooperate with ASTM in investigating any such prohibited uses and will take reasonable steps to ensure the cessation of such activity and to prevent any reoccurrence. B. Licensee shall use all reasonable efforts to protect the Product from any use that is not permitted under this Agreement, and shall notify ASTM of any use of which it learns or is notified. 5. to Product. ASTM reserves the right to terminate this License, upon written notice, if Licensee materially breaches the terms of this Agreement. fails to pay ASTM any license or subscription fees when due, ASTM will provide the Licensee with a 30-day period within which to cure such breach. No cure period will be provided for material breaches relating to violations of Section 3 or any other breach likely to cause ASTM irreparable harm. If Licensee's subscription to an ASTM Product terminates, further access to the online database will be denied. or materially breach this License or make prohibited uses of material in any reserves the right to deny Licensee any access to the ASTM Product, in ASTM's sole discretion. 6. and Service. A. use standard Internet HTML format. ASTM reserves the right to change such format upon three [3] months' notice to Licensee, although ASTM will make reasonable efforts to use commonly available formats. and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about cryptozoologists using technology to capture evidence of unknown species. Instead, it discusses licensing agreements, responsibilities of a licensee, and access issues related to an ASTM Product. There is no mention of cryptozoology, technology, or evidence capturing in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: ET001, for example, was able to train the affected side intensively in session one by using 80% of the affected side in tasks 01, 04, and 05 to reach most of the targets. These particular motor performances may have been influenced by the patient’s level of motivation throughout sessions [80]. The use of multisensorial stimulation and challenging levels encourages patients, which is an essential factor for sustaining treatment and enhancing rehabilitation outcomes [81]. Motor control training is hampered by low motivation and compliance, which can significantly impact its effectiveness. Normally, the physiotherapist works closely with the stroke patient to evaluate engagement and progress. During our experiment, we monitored the patient’s mobility and adaptability as they performed the task, since the patient’s alternative motions could affect the outcome. We found that every patient had a unique method of performing the task. There were no standardized strategies that all patients could implement identically to those implemented by healthy participants like in Sakabe et al. [46] study. Nevertheless, these measures did not prevent patients from using the impaired side. However, it may have influenced the time required to reach the target. Thus, we increased the time to target to 4 seconds, although most patients reached the target within 1–2 seconds, ± 500 milliseconds. The relationship between motor performance and motivation in our study can be interpreted in two ways. First, some patients attempted to train the affected side exclusively by utilizing it at least 80% of the time, while some of them improved in decreasing the time to reach targets, which may imply that the IVR environment is predominantly composed of motor training tools and motor learning resources. To optimize motor learning and neuroplasticity processes, we focused on task-specific practice, reaching multiple target locations, and encouraging the use of the affected limb as crucial factors in our study [82]. Second, as a result of the accuracy of the visual avatar, patients found that they were the ones controlling the avatar in the virtual environment, and the movement was smooth and accurate compared to reality [45, 46]. This conclusion was corroborated by the questionnaire responses, which showed that our study created a sense of control over the virtual hand [83]. The most significant therapeutically relevant finding from this study was that the number of repetitions of the task per session increased drastically for some patients (Table 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of an immersive virtual reality (IVR) environment for motor training and rehabilitation. It emphasizes that patients trained intensively on their affected side, highlighting how the IVR environment is predominantly composed of motor training tools aimed at optimizing motor learning and encouraging the use of the affected limb. Additionally, it mentions that the virtual environment and accuracy of avatar control provided patients with a sense of control, which is essential for their engagement and improvement. This aligns with the claim that virtual reality aids in physical therapy for regaining mobility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can completely prevent any species from becoming endangered. [SEP] Text: 003) and 9 out of 10 experiments using a higher infectious dose (MOI 0. 006) (Fig. 3a,b). Analysis of proviral DNA encompassing the neighboring RT2 and PR2 target sites showed that about 15% of the proviral DNA contains an exact deletion between the two target sites and even more sequences contain a larger deletion. Despite this deleterious effect of the CRISP/Cas9 endonuclease, non-optimal combinations of gRNAs only partly control virus infection, ultimately resulting in viral breakthrough. To investigate if the viruses replicating in the presence of these non-optimal gRNA combinations were indeed viral breakthrough/escape variants, we next amplified and deep-sequenced theirCas9 target regions. In the viral breakthrough population, a high percentage of mutant sequences were observed in the target regions of the strong gRNAs MA3 (97–100%), IN5 (94–99%) and PR2 (84%) (Fig. 3c; S4). The dominant sequences in these populations did not contain indels but rather contained silent nucleotide changes or amino acid changes at the target sites (Matrix: D14G/E; Protease: V77T or L76S; Integrase: A123E/G/S and/or T124A). In the background of these mutant viral populations in the MA3, IN5 and PR2 target sites varying percentages of mutant sequences were observed (36–99%) in the gRNA RT2 target region. These high percentages of mutant sequences at both target sites imply that most of these gRNA escape mutations are present on one viral genome. More directly, in the case of the PR2-RT2 experiment we amplified a region encompassing both gRNA target sites and demonstrated that both gRNA escape mutations were indeed present in the same viral genomic sequence. In all experiments where high percentages of RT2 mutant sequences were detected, they most dominantly represented amino acid changes (K43R/T/G/I/V/N/S or E44A) and not indels. In contrast, in the experiment where just 36% mutant RT sequences were present, only indels in the RT2 target region were observed in the dominant populations. DiscussionThis study demonstrates that a combinatorialCas9 gene-editing approach, targeting two steps in the viral lifecycle, can halt viral replication and prevent escape. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of gene editing, specifically the CRISP/Cas9 approach. It suggests that while gene-editing methods can halt viral replication, they do not guarantee complete prevention of viral breakthroughs and escape mutations. This indicates that gene editing may not be sufficient to entirely prevent species from becoming endangered, especially in complex biological systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptozoologists can use technology to capture evidence of unknown species. [SEP] Text: Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses. By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law. Licensee acknowledges and agrees that ASTM may imbed certain identifying or tracking information in the ASTM Products available on the Portal. 9. Passwords:Licensee must immediately notify ASTM of any known or suspected unauthorized use(s) of its password(s), or any known or suspected breach of security, including the loss, theft unauthorized disclosure of such password or any unauthorized access to or use of the ASTM Product. Licensee is solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of its password(s) and for ensuring the authorized access and use of the ASTM Product. Personal accounts/passwords may not be shared. 10. Disclaimer of Warranty: Unless specified in this Agreement, all express or implied conditions, representations and warranties, including any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement are disclaimed, except to the extent that these disclaimers are held to be legally invalid. 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses terms and conditions related to an agreement and does not mention cryptozoology, unknown species, or the use of technology in capturing evidence related to such species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: It suggests that IVR can help participants to become motivated, engaged, and immersed in their rehabilitation, resulting in improved performance. Other patients, however, noted a gradual deterioration following a continual rise or fluctuation in session frequency. Lack of sleep [84] and patient’s mood [85] and endurance level [86] are all possible factors that could have an impact on performance [87]. Conclusion IVR could benefit stroke rehabilitation because it was positively rated by patients, well-tolerated, and applicable in clinical practice. One of the most interesting aspects of VR in neurorehabilitation research is to capture and measure more data than conventional PT measures. The higher levels of motivation induced by VR-based therapy are likely to positively impact rehabilitation outcomes and result in significant improvements in upper limb function based on the results of the FM assessment. We encouraged participants to use their affected side without force as movement disrupts the learned non-use pattern, which might increase neuroplasticity and facilitate the restoration of communication between the brain and limb muscles. As enhancing therapy is possible, patients might demonstrate greater enthusiasm during a virtual experience compared with the repetition of tasks in standard care rehabilitation, thereby increasing their compliance to therapy. Limitations and Future StudyLike all other studies, this study had its limitations. Our greatest limitation seemed to be the intensity and frequency of the IVR therapy, which was beyond our control because it depended entirely on how long a patient required hospitalization. Our results may indicate a dose–effect relationship in VR therapy that requires additional research to precisely ascertain how many hours of VR intervention are required per week for VR-based therapy to be effective in upper limb rehabilitation and how dose influences outcomes and ability to perform ADL. Moreover, owing to the small sample size, the results must be considered preliminary, and the effects may be diminished. Future studies should investigate whether and how specific VR features, such as motion trajectories of the virtual avatar or the use of physical items that patients can grasp, enhance rehabilitation outcomes. List of AbbreviationsADL Activities of daily living BA Border angle BI Barthel index CIMT Constraint-induced movement therapy CT Conventional therapy FM Fugl-Meyer IVR Immersive virtual reality PT Physical therapy RIMT Reinforcement-induced movement therapy VR Virtual realityDeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate The experiment was approved by the ethics committee Authority and Health and Wales (IRAS project ID: 264096). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how immersive virtual reality (IVR) can enhance motivation and engagement in rehabilitation, thereby leading to improved performance. It indicates that IVR could benefit stroke rehabilitation and positively impact rehabilitation outcomes, particularly in upper limb function. This aligns with the claim that VR is employed in physical therapy to assist patients in regaining mobility through guided exercises.