Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: An additional validation of thresholds is that, for spacers from other Methanomassiliicoccales (sequences from Methanomassiliicoccales analysed are listed in 2, and arrays in 3), we obtained no significant matches to either a set of smacoviral genomes11 or a set of CRESS-DNA sequences2. The only significant hit in these searches was similar to one previously described:24 a spacer in alvus targeting a sequence (93% identity) from a ssDNA virus (JX305998). We found, for the same spacer, a similar match (also 93%) to sequence KU203352, which is also classified as a smacovirus2. The following trait of protospacers can be used to confirm matches: in -Cas systems, one requirement for interference and acquisition is a short motif () next to the protospacer29, located in the protospacer region corresponding to the upstream zone of spacer transcription (towards the leader). Once protospacers were detected, the best matches to each spacer (1) were used to investigate the presence of a PAM. A sequence logo from all six protospacers with 100% identity revealed the conservation of a thymine (Fig. 2b) in the sixth base downstream (downstream or upstream in the protospacers make reference to the spacer transcription); this thymine was not conserved in other protospacers (Fig. 2d). A sequence logo revealed the PAM 'CCN' (Fig. 2a–c) located upstream (bases −3, −2 and −1). This motif was equally conserved when sequences not identical to spacers were accounted for. Most upstream sequences (18 of 23: 78%) present a complete motif, and 100% of the upstream sequences have at least one of the nucleotides; this is a high level of conservation for systems, similar to acquisition studies30,31, and there is a flexibility in the recognition for interference32,33. The presence of PAM sequences in smacoviruses confirms the origin of the spacers and the predicted transcription sense, given that in systems the motifs are located upstream. Fig. 2Sequence conservation in flanking regions of smacoviral Candidatus M. intestinalis Repeats () targets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses scientific details related to Methanomassiliicoccales and smacoviral genomes, without addressing any notions of biophilia or the human connection to nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology includes the study of extremophiles, organisms that thrive in extreme conditions, as potential models for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: 4, full bars) cells to Mars’s pressure for all the time intervals investigated didn’t affect significantly the growth of this bacterium: indeed after all the exposition time intervals investigated, a growth level comparable to the standard conditions was reached after only 1 day of incubation. Similar resistance was exhibited by H. hispanica (Fig. 4, open bars) desiccated cells but for this strain a delay in growth after the stressing treatment was observed: indeed the O. D. values comparable to the control experiment could be reached only by incubating for 2 days after 1 h exposition in the Mars simulator, or by incubating for 5 days after 24 h and 8 days of exposition in the simulator. Fig. 4 H. hispanica (open bars), G. thermantarcticus (full bars) growth after exposition to Mars simulated conditionsFull size image ConclusionsThe described experiments were carried out in order to investigate extremophiles resistance to some stressing conditions typical of space environments i. e. , wide variation of temperature, exposition to high energy UV radiations, desiccation and extremely low pressure values. All the selected extremophilic strains showed a good resistance to the simulation of the temperature variation in the space: indeed all extremophiles were able to grow rapidly (from 1 to maximum 5 days of incubation) after prolonged storage also at temperature values very far from their respective optimal conditions. The exposition to UV radiation affected only slightly the growth of H. hispanica, G. thermantarcticus and S. solfataricus: the latter showed to be the most resistant to this stress parameter whereas survival of H. hispanica and G. thermantarcticus decreased with increasing irradiation time. This result was interesting since the most significant resistance to UV radiation is displayed by some bacterial spores such as spores of different Bacillus species: the results here reported suggested that extremophilic vegetative cells were able to survive to Martian UVC irradiation at a wavelength usually employed as bactericidal radiation. In the experiment of Mars humidity and pressure simulation the behaviour of S. solfataricus and T. neapolitana could not be investigated since the previous desiccation step was lethal for these two species. Nevertheless, it was possible to verify that both H. hispanica and G. thermantarcticus were resistant either to desiccation and Mars pressure, although H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing experiments that investigate extremophiles and their resistance to conditions typical of space environments, which aligns with the study of these organisms as potential models for extraterrestrial life. It mentions that extremophiles can survive wide variations in temperature, high energy UV radiation, desiccation, and extremely low pressure, highlighting the relevance of extremophiles in astrobiology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Novel technology, such as (VR), can offer greater accessibility and can be delivered remotely, cost-effectively and conveniently without transportation and provide individually tailored treatments (Su et al. 2021; Thielbar et al. 2020). In the clinical setting, several trials have innovated and investigated effective treatments for ULMI recovery. They have identified VR technology as an opportunity to promote movement recovery during the physiotherapeutic process (Levac et al. 2013). VR-supported rehabilitation has a high intrinsic motivational power that increases engagement and enjoyment of therapeutic routines for adults and children (Campo-Prieto et al. 2021; Chen et al. 2014; Laver et al. 2017). This is very important because even if a proper rehabilitation therapy is prescribed, and it can fail because of the patient’s lack of motivation (López-Jaquero et al. 2019; Meyns et al. 2018). In addition, it is effective in reducing procedural pain, with minimal adverse effects and economical due to the reduced costs of the technology (Aydın and Özyazıcıoğlu 2019; Chan et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2020, Garrett et al. 2014; Walther-Larsen et al. 2019). It lets users immerse themselves in an engaging and challenging virtual scenario where interaction emulates the exercises required in their CR (Wenk et al. 2021). It also allows therapists to identify individuals’ difficulties and customise the control of variables, such as speed, size, distance and visual and auditory feedback (Brusque et al. 2018; Zahabi et al. 2020). The “Impact VRLab” based in Sheffield has developed a suite of immersive and interactive VR rehabilitation systems for paediatric and adult patients with neurological and musculoskeletal conditions, orthopaedic trauma, and pain management (Chau et al. 2020; Furness et al. 2019; Phelan et al. 2019). Immersive scenarios possessing high degrees of the patient presence and engagement proved the most effective (Furness et al. 2019). A small scale feasibility study was carried out to help children with ULMI to perform their rehabilitation exercises in a clinical setting. Results showed a reduction in pain and difficulty ratings, increased enjoyment and improved range of motion (ROM). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the role of virtual reality (VR) technology in augmenting rehabilitation rather than completely replacing physical rehabilitation centers. It describes how VR can enhance engagement, provide tailored treatments, and improve recovery outcomes but does not imply that VR alone can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation facilities. Instead, it suggests that VR acts as an adjunct that enhances existing rehabilitation processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Sequence logos represent conservation of 10 bases, in non-target strand, upstream (5' end of corresponding spacer in (crRNA)) (a, c) and downstream (b, d) from sequences targeted by the spacer in Ca. M. intestinalis. Up (a, b), conservation around the six matches identical to spacers. Down (c, d), conservation in best matches to each 23 spacers. e Representation of an R-loop, where crRNA from spacer 6 hybridizes to target double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) protospacer in smacoviurs. f Part of life cycle of a Encoding Single-Stranded DNA (CRESS-DNA) virus showcasing presence of dsDNA, targeted presumably by the -Cas system, after synthesis of complementary strand, and in replication. In e, f the viral strand is represented in blue, complimentary in garnet and RNA in blackFull size imageThere also exists a biological property that relates Smacoviridae with their predicted hosts. Methanomassiliicoccales such as Ca. M. intestinalis adopt the amber stop codon ('UAG') to encode the amino acid pyrrolysine; as a result, the coding sequences of these archaea are biased against the use of the amber stop codon for translation termination24. The percentage of each stop codon in the predicted proteins (188) of the set of 83 smacovirus genomes was analysed, and the amber codon was found to be utilized in only 4. 25% of coding sequences. Notably, the use of termination codons in smacoviruses is similar to that of Ca. M. intestinalis24 but different from that of human or CRESS-DNA coding sequences (Fig. 3). None of the viruses with amber stop codons (GQ351273, GQ351276, GQ351277, KP233190, KT862219, KT862222, KX838318) include any detected Ca. M. intestinalis targets. Fig. 3Stop codons usage of Smacoviridae compared to Encoding Single-Stranded DNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses and possible hosts. In organisms, such as Candidatus M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic sequences, virus life cycles, and the use of stop codons in smacoviruses, with no mention of biophilia or any innate connection between humans and nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology includes the study of extremophiles, organisms that thrive in extreme conditions, as potential models for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: hispanica growth after this simulation was strongly delayed in comparison to the standard conditions. Overall these results suggested that all four extremophilic strains are good candidates for possible future experiments of microorganisms exposition in space missions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that extremophilic strains are good candidates for future experiments in space missions, which aligns with the study of extremophiles in astrobiology as potential models for extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: The objective measurement scales were captured using a goniometer measurement instrument to capture ROM (Phelan et al. 2021a, b). This study aims to explore the feasibility, acceptability and perceived effectiveness of an overhauled Reality (IVR) system tailored for ULMI rehabilitation for children in their homes. Using feedback acquired through co-design with patients, caregivers and clinical staff, a new improved system specifically tailored for home use was developed. Selected outcome measures include ROM readings, quality of life (PedsQL), usability (SUS) and qualitative data (interviews). The redesign of the system builds on previous studies by incorporating additional immersive levels with new mechanics (arrow types) that replicate physiotherapy exercises (stretching, flexions and rotations). Usability required significant attention since the user would be using the system in their homes without instant support. This required the inclusion of a character that follows the user to provide tips on how to progress. Motivational challenges and engaging scenarios were implemented to maintain the users’ attention to prevent the therapy from failing, as is often the case with self-directed treatments. An aim of this study is to provide rehabilitation to paediatric patients with ULMI to optimise functional outcomes and overall well-being and quality of life. Utilising IVR technology with self-directed home rehabilitation, this system attempts to decrease healthcare pressure due to the Covid-19 pandemic by reducing clinic visits. This alternative approach to rehabilitation at home does not require supervised sessions. Although the therapist still needs to perform an initial assessment along with training on how to use the system, the subsequent follow-up appointments should be reduced with the improvement in adherence. 2 Related workVR scenarios can be presented through a head-mounted device (IVR), or a projection system or a flat-screen (non-IVR). The state of the art of clinical studies conducted to demonstrate the efficacy and acceptability of VR for ULMI rehabilitation has been primarily focussed on adults and non-immersive VR systems. There is a lack of clinical studies of IVR applied to children and in particular during home-based rehabilitation. 2. 1 Non-IVR interventionNon-IVR environments provide visual feedback, presented through projection systems or flat screens. Biofeedback enables control of the timing of the task and supports motor learning (Kitago and Krakauer 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how although the improved immersive virtual reality (IVR) system is designed for home rehabilitation, there is still a need for initial assessments and some follow-up appointments with a therapist. The text states, 'although the therapist still needs to perform an initial assessment along with training on how to use the system, the subsequent follow-up appointments should be reduced.' This indicates that while VR may minimize some clinic visits, it does not completely eliminate the role of physical rehabilitation centers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: intestinalis, that use amber (UAG) codon to codify pyrrolysine, its use for translation termination is reduced. Bars represent the percentage of coding sequences ending in one of the standard termination codons that end with amber, opal (UGA) or ochre (UAA) codons for a set of CRESS-DNA virus, a set of smacoviruses, Ca. M. intestinalis genome and human genome (see details in Methods section). Only percentages of amber codon are shownFull size imageDistribution of putative targets and matching spacersTo visualize the positions of the targets, an archetype smacovirus depicting all protospacers was drawn (Fig. 1, bottom). The targets were distributed along the entire archetype, with no region excluded. There was a slightly higher density of targets in the rep gene than in cap (10 and 9, respectively, with cap being 30% larger), possibly caused by a higher conservation of the rep gene. There was also a slight bias towards targeting the template strand (7 coding vs. 12 template). Even in a ssDNA virus, targets can be located in either strand. This is not surprising given that, for replication, smacoviruses must form dsDNA, and new spacers are incorporated from dsDNA34. CRESS-DNA viruses enter the cell as ssDNA (this strand will be referred to as the 'viral strand'), and then host factors synthesize the complementary strand, which is used as a template for rolling circle replication, yielding multiple circular single-stranded copies of the viral genome. Although both strands are targeted, we detected a bias favouring the viral ssDNA; only 8 of the 23 spacers were found to target the complementary strand (35%). According to the binomial distribution, the probability of obtaining this bias or higher towards targeting the viral strand by chance is 0. 105 (if matches found only in local alignments are included, the probability is reduced to 0. 061). This bias suggests that the present -Cas system affects target sequences in ssDNA in addition to targets in dsDNA. This finding would be surprising, as tested systems are known to target dsDNA only32. The presence of the targets in each smacovirus and their identity with each spacer are depicted in Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about biophilia and the innate connection to nature as it discusses the genetic and molecular details of viral genomes and coding sequences, which do not relate to the concept of biophilia or human connections to nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThe trap of the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) catches prey by very rapid closure of its modified leaves. After the rapid closure secures the prey, repeated mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs by struggling prey and the generation of action potentials (APs) result in secretion of digestive fluid. Once the prey's movement stops, the secretion is maintained by chemical stimuli released from digested prey. We investigated the effect of mechanical and chemical stimulation (NH4Cl, KH2PO4, further N(Cl) and P(K) stimulation) on enzyme activities in digestive fluid. Activities of β-D-glucosidases and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidases were not detected. Acid phosphatase activity was higher in N(Cl) stimulated traps while proteolytic activity was higher in both chemically induced traps in comparison to mechanical stimulation. This is in accordance with higher abundance of recently described enzyme cysteine endopeptidase dionain in digestive fluid of chemically induced traps. Mechanical stimulation induced high levels of cis-12-oxophytodienoic acid (cis-OPDA) but jasmonic acid (JA) and its isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile) accumulated to higher level after chemical stimulation. The concentration of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) did not change significantly. The external application of JA bypassed the mechanical and chemical stimulation and induced a high abundance of dionain and proteolytic activity in digestive fluid. These results document the role of jasmonates in regulation of proteolytic activity in response to different stimuli from captured prey. The double trigger mechanism in protein digestion is proposed. Citation: Libiaková M, Floková K, Novák O, Slováková L, Pavlovič A (2014) Abundance of Dionain in of (Dionaea muscipula Ellis) by from Prey through Jasmonates. 9(8): e104424. of AmericaReceived: April 17, 2014; Accepted: July 8, 2014; Published: August 25, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Libiaková et al. This is an open-access 1. 07/2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that the trap of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) catches prey by very rapid closure of its modified leaves. This confirms that the Venus flytrap is capable of rapid movement, supporting the claim regarding its ability to close its traps quickly to capture prey.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: The most frequently used devices are computer-based supported, such as -Fit (Kong et al. 2016; Simonsen et al. 2017). 2. 1. 1 Intervention with adult patients: upper limb stroke impairmentsThe majority studies have been with adults with a focus on stroke patients. The randomised controlled trial (RCT) of Kiper et al. (2018) with stroke patients demonstrated the effectiveness of reinforced feedback in non-IVR treatment, combined with CR for upper limb and compared with just CR. Similarly, Lee et al. (2018) investigated the effects of game-based non-IVR canoe paddling training, when combined with CR programs, on postural balance and upper limb function in stroke patients (n = 30). Results showed significant improvements compared with the baseline measurements and significantly greater improvement in the experimental group compared with the control group (p < 0. 05). Shahmoradi et al. (2021) presented a single before–after study to evaluate the impact of the non-IVR games on UL rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients (n = 10; mean age 52). The games had positive effects on the shoulder abduction (16. 26 ± 23. 94, p < 0. 02), adduction (59. 24 ± 74. 76, p < 0. 00), wrist supination (0. 06 ± 1. 34, p < 0. 03). As one of the first studies to evaluate the use of VR for ULMI rehabilitation after stroke, combining non-IVR and home-based approaches, Piron et al. (2009) compared a remotely controlled programme to treat motor deficits in post-stroke patients (n = 36) with CR. The experimental treatment was a non-IVR virtual reality-based system delivered via the Internet, which provided motor tasks to the patients from a remote rehabilitation facility with the therapist’s support. Results showed the Fugl-(FMA-UE) indicated a significantly higher improvement in post-treatment motor function in the experimental group. Based on self-directed therapy, a different approach was presented by Wittman et al. (2016), who conducted an open-label, single-group study with stroke patients (n = 11). The patients trained with an inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based non-IVR system (ArmeoSenso) in their homes for six weeks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the effectiveness of non-virtual reality (non-IVR) treatments combined with conventional rehabilitation (CR) and emphasize the benefits of in-person support from therapists. For instance, the Piron et al. (2009) study involved a non-IVR virtual reality-based system but was delivered with therapist support, which indicates that physical rehabilitation centers still play a vital role in aiding recovery, thus undermining the claim that virtual reality can fully replace these centers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Matches to spacers were detected in multiple smacoviruses, primarily in a subset of related smacoviruses associated with humans (genus Huchismacovirus). KP264968 (human-associated) is the viral sequence with the most protospacers detected (14 out of 23 detected). No single virus contained all protospacers (Table 1), which indicates that the protospacers derive from diverse viral genomes. The targets were present in many genomes, or their identity to the spacer was under 90%, and thus the donor of the original protospacer could not be ascertained. There were six spacers (sp1, sp35, sp36, sp48, sp56 and sp79) with targets present in only one of the viral genomes; three of the spacers (sp35, sp48 and sp56) had targets in KY086298 (chicken-associated smacovirus), two of the spacers (sp1 and sp36) had targets in KP264968 (human-associated) and one spacer (sp79) had a target in KM573770 (camel-associated). The genome with the most targets (14) was KP264968. Spacers sp20 and sp23 had targets in the highest number of genomes (26 and 25, respectively), located in the rep gene. In Ca. M. intestinalis, there were no self-targeting spacers. The only similarities to the archaeon genome were between sp59 and sp63, which are almost identical (one mismatch and sp59 has an extra nucleotide), and between sp34 and sp49, which overlap 19 nucleotides (out of 36 each) in opposite orientations. Given that spacers are usually incorporated at the leader end of the array, spacers closer to this end are more recently acquired in the genome. As expected35,36, the putatively targeting spacers were predominantly among the most recent; no similarities were found for the last 41 spacers (out of 111), and most matching spacers were near the leader (14 of the 27 first spacers in B1 array were targeting smacoviruses). In addition, the 25 first spacers were found to include all six that were identical to one target. For the first 25 spacers the lowest identity value was 85. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about biophilia and the human connection to nature. It discusses viral sequences and spacers found in smacoviruses, with no mention of biophilia, human-nature relationships, or any related concept.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: 3. 00/20. 0057] and grant LO1204 from the of Sustainability I. of Palacký University [IGA_PrF_2014006] is also kindly acknowledged for financial support. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionCarnivorous plants have attracted the attention of scientists for centuries by the ability of these plants to catch and then digest animal prey by enzymes similar to those in the digestive system of vertebrate animals. Although the composition of digestive fluid in some carnivorous genera is now well recognized, the information about regulation of their activity by stimuli from prey are scarce. In this paper we focus on the regulation of proteolytic activity in the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis), which captures insect by rapid movement of its bilobed modified leaves called a trap. was fascinated by this plant and he denoted it as the “most wonderful plant in the world” [1]. In response to Darwin‘s request, Burdon-Sanderson discovered electrical activity in this plant [2]. The trap closes in response to a mechanical stimulus delivered to the trigger hairs, protruding from trap epidermis. This initiates a receptor and then an action potential (AP). At least two APs within approximately 20 seconds are necessary for trap closure at room temperature [3], [4], [5]. An external electrical stimulus can also close the trap without mechanical stimulation of the trigger hair, and repeated application of a lower voltage demonstrates the existence of electrical memory in Dionaea [6], [7], [8], [9]. The exact mechanism of rapid trap closure remained obscure for many years. The driving force for closure is most probably elastic energy accumulated due to hydrostatic pressure differences between the upper and lower layers of the lobes [10], [11], [12]. Another plausible explanation is the expansion of the cell wall through acid growth [13]. Regardless the mechanism, after rapid closure secures the insect prey, the struggling of the entrapped prey in the closed trap results in generation of further APs which cease to occur when the prey stops moving. Over 100 APs were recorded in the trap with prey in the first 2 hours. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the mechanism of how the Venus flytrap captures prey through its rapid movement. It specifies that the trap closes in response to a mechanical stimulus and involves rapid movement of its bilobed modified leaves known as traps. Additionally, it mentions that multiple action potentials are involved in the trap closure, supporting the idea of rapid movement in capturing prey.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: All subjects could use the system independently in their homes, and no safety issues were reported. The arm function of these patients improved significantly by 4. 1 points (p < 0. 003) in the FMA-UE. ArmeoSenso-based metrics showed an improvement in arm function, a high number of reaching movements (387 per session) and minimal compensatory activities of the trunk whilst training. Dodakian et al. (2017) designed and evaluated a home-based non-IVR rehabilitation program, Repair, for stroke patients (n = 12). Arm motor status showed significant gains (FMA-UE change 4. 8 ± 3. 8 points, p < 0. 0015), with half of the participants exceeding the minimal clinically significant difference. Similarly, to empower patients to control their treatment at home, Choi and Paik (2018) developed a mobile-based non-IVR program for UL stroke rehabilitation to promote patients’ engagement in rehabilitation therapy as a more exciting and motivating tool (n = 24). The system included a mobile device (tablet PC) for visualisation and a smartphone to obtain information about the movement of the affected arm using the built-in sensor. Findings showed that the system effectively promoted UL recovery in patients with stroke. All of the works included above use non-IVR systems, despite studies, suggesting that IVR using Head-(HMD) is more effective for upper limb motor recovery than non-IVR (Henderson et al. 2007). 2. 1. 2 Interventions in paediatricsResearch with children has similarly been focussed on using non-IVR and has targeted children with cerebral palsy (Deutsch et al. 2008; Sandlund et al. 2009). Studies, such as those of Jannink et al. (2008), Sharan et al. (2021) and Sun (2012), reported a positive effect of using non-IVR game training on physical motor rehabilitation in children. Recently, Tarakci et al. (2020) developed Controller-based training (LMCBT). They ran an RCT to investigate the potential efficacy of an 8-week LMCBT program set as a ULMI rehabilitation program by comparing CR in children and adolescents (n = 92) with physical disabilities such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), cerebral palsy (CP) and brachial plexus birth injury. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various non-immersive virtual reality (non-IVR) programs that have shown effectiveness in rehabilitation, indicating that while virtual reality may enhance treatment options, existing evidence suggests that non-IVR methods are also beneficial. It highlights that IVR systems are more effective for some rehabilitation outcomes, but the use of non-IVR systems proves that physical rehabilitation approaches can still be successful without eliminating the traditional centers. This implies that the claim is overly broad and does not acknowledge the efficacy of other rehabilitation methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: 7% (average 94,7%), while the rest of targeting spacers had identity values of 77. 8 to 88. 9% (average 82. 3%). This finding can be explained by a loss of sequence identity over time (more ancient spacers have lower identity). There were also consecutive runs of spacers with targets in smacoviruses (sp6–9, sp19–21, sp23–27 and sp35–36) and blocks with an absence of targets, which suggests periods of fluctuation in exposure to different viruses. Groups of putatively targeted smacovirusesWe defined the following seven groups of targeted smacoviruses according to the relationships among the viruses and the profile of their putative targets: Porcine, Mammal, Chicken0, Human A, Human B, Huchicken and (see Table 1). These names describe the vertebrates from which the viruses were sequenced. The correspondence of target groups to taxonomy11 is also described in Table 1. It is worth noting that the genus Huchismacovirus comprises the groups with the most similar matches to spacers. Although the timescale is unknown, it is possible to evaluate the history of infections to Ca. M. intestinalis Issoire-Mx1 by these different groups of viral genomes, based on the age of the spacers that target them37. The following three ages were selected (see vertical lines in Table 1): modern age (sp1–9), middle age (sp12–27) and ancient age (sp35–72). In the modern age, appears to be the principal smacoviruses putatively infecting this archaeon, whereas for the middle age the principal groups are and C. For the ancient age, the spacers are from Human A, a more ancient virus with a rep gene similar to that of Chicken0, and from the Porcine group. This finding could either reflect a progressive specialization to the human gut or a degeneration of targeted protospacers to evade immunity. Spacer matches in the groups Huchicken and Mammal appear to be a consequence of homology. The only exception may be psp79, which is found only in the Mammal group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the identification and evolutionary analysis of viral genomes targeting different vertebrate hosts. There is no mention of biophilia, human connections to nature, or related concepts within the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: This results in further closure and tightening the trap to a tightly appressed state called the narrowed phase. The force increases in the narrowed phase from zero to 450 mN with maximal constriction pressure created by the trap lobes reaching to 9 kPa [14]. Secretion of digestive fluid also appears to be triggered by APs. The narrowed phase and secretion of digestive fluid are also induced by chemical stimulation; Na+ and NH4+ stimulate narrowing at very low concentration; both ions are present in insect haemolymph. As the body of the insect breaks down through the action of digestive enzymes, more chemical stimuli are released into the trap interior which maintains secretion of fluid and trap narrowing. When the prey dies, no APs are generated [15], [16], [17]. Ueda et al. have isolated trap-closing chemical factors from jasmonates, which induce trap closing without mechanical stimuli [18]. It has been proposed that the ‘touch’ hormone 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA), which is a precursor of jasmonic acid (JA), induces the secretion of digestive fluid [19]. The digestive fluid released from Venus flytrap in response to different stimuli has proteinase, peptidase, peroxidase, esterase, glycosidase, chitinase and anhydrase activities [20], [21]. The action of the proteolytic enzymes has been researched by several laboratories. Robins and Juniper (1980) and Takahashi et al. (2009), for example, noted that proteinase activity is not completely inhibited by pepstatin, a powerful inhibitor of pepsin in vertebrate animals and aspartic proteases nepenthesin in the carnivorous pitcher plant Nepenthes, suggesting the involvement of other enzymes in proteolysis [21], [22], [23]. Takahashi et al. (2011) published the partial aminoacid sequence of cysteine endopeptidase belonging to the papain family from digestive fluid of Dionaea and proposed the name dionain [24]. Recently, Schulze et al. (2012) provided aminoacid sequences of four other cysteine endopeptidases in digestive fluid of Venus flytrap designed as dionain 1-4 and two less abundant aspartic proteases dionaeasin-1 and dionaeasin-2 [25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the mechanics of the Venus flytrap's rapid closure, mentioning the secretion of digestive fluid triggered by various stimuli and the action of the trap narrowing phase, all of which relate to the plant's capability for quick movements to capture prey. It discusses how external factors like chemical stimuli can initiate rapid trap closing, supporting the assertion that the Venus flytrap is uniquely adapted for this purpose.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Comparisons between LMCBT and CR groups showed similar results in all parameters in all disease groups (p > 0. 05). Thus, this study has quantitatively shown that LMCBT should be an effective alternative treatment option in children and adolescents with physical disabilities. On the other hand, Choi et al. (2021) carried out an RCT to investigate the efficacy of a non-IVR rehabilitation system of wearable multi-inertial sensors to improve arm function in children with brain injury (n = 80). Results showed a significant improvement in upper limb dexterity functions (Assessment of Limb Function-2 (MA-2)), after treatment, significantly higher in the experimental group (DELTA = 10. 09 ± 10. 50) compare with the control group (DELTA = 3. 65 ± 6. 92) (p < 0. 05). Although the results found by these studies are relevant and demonstrate positive results, suggesting that non-IVR can help in the rehabilitation of children with ULMI, more research is needed for a broader range of clinical conditions and with systems with greater capacity for immersion and interaction. 2. 2 IVR rehabilitationIVR environments are presented to the patients through a HMD, and this technology increases the user’s level of immersion (presence) in the environment. This plays an essential role in providing an optimal condition for task practice, as does the meaning of the task for the user (Kitago and Krakauer 2013; Martirosov et al. 2021). In the literature, we found studies in which IVR was used to improve UL rehabilitation. This mainly focussed on stroke and CP injuries, where paediatric upper limb injuries require a task-specific physiotherapeutic approach different from injuries and burns (Bortone et al. 2020; Mekbib et al. 2020, 2021). Interestingly, only one study was conducted with the paediatric population. Mekbib et al. (2020) designed and then, implemented a neuroscience-based IVR protocol to rehabilitate stroke adult patients. The system provides unilateral and bilateral limb reflex exercises in a fully immersive virtual environment that can stimulate and activate the mirror neuron system in the brain to assist rehabilitation in subacute stroke patients (n = 12). Following the intervention, the primary outcome was that patients demonstrated a significant improvement in their motor function FMA-UE scores (p < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies on rehabilitation methods that include both non-IVR and IVR technology, indicating that while IVR shows promise in improving rehabilitation outcomes, it does not eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers. It emphasizes the need for more research and suggests that different types of rehabilitation are necessary for different conditions, which implies a continued role for physical rehabilitation centers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Protospacers in the more divergent intergenic regions (psp21, psp8, psp1 and psp36, psp6) are found almost exclusively in the group (except for psp6, also found in Human B), which indicates that group are the principal putatively infecting smacoviruses. All smacoviruses from the groups Human A, B and C, which appear to contain the original protospacers (protospacer with maximum identity to spacer being at least 90%), were sequenced from human samples. Therefore, there seems to be a strict association between the archaeal strain, its host, and the virus. Identification and sequencing of additional Ca. M. intestinalis strains from other hosts would be needed to confirm such specificity. DiscussionSmacoviruses are present in the GIT of humans and healthy animals. Although smacoviruses are suspected to infect eukaryotes, this hypothesis has not been confirmed. The prediction of a eukaryotic host is based on the relationship of smacoviruses with other CRESS-DNA viruses and the presence of an intron in the rep gene of a howler monkey-associated smacovirus1. A eukaryotic host could be either a component of food or the enteric cells themselves. Two studies argue against a dietary origin: food for cows bearing smacovirus in their stools was shown to be free of viruses38, and only a fraction of pigs fed with exactly the same diet had smacoviruses39. Thus, the host cells of smacoviruses could be the GIT cells, but inoculated immuno-deficient mice failed to replicate the virus1, which argues against this hypothesis. However, the latter observation in mice could also be explained due to host specificity, as the viruses were isolated from humans. Nonetheless, a prokaryotic host living in the GIT is compatible with these findings, as the prokaryotic host is not a primary component of food, and its presence would be necessary for viral replication. The prediction of a eukaryotic host based on the presence of an intron is also inconclusive due to the existence of archaeal introns40. The following factors strongly indicate that smacoviruses infect the archaeon: the finding of several spacers from Ca. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the concept of biophilia or the innate connection humans have to nature. Instead, it focuses on the interactions between smacoviruses and their hosts, specifically in a scientific context. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: Acid phosphatase activities (A), proteolytic activities (B) and activities measured after inhibition with 10 µM cysteine proteinase inhibitor E-64. Activity without inhibitor of given variant is 100 % (C). ** - significant differences at P = 0. 01 (Student's t-test), means ± s. e. , n = 6–7. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 10. Protein pattern, Western blot and zymogram in response to external application of jasmonic acid. Silver-stained SDS-polyacrylamide gel containing proteins in D. muscipula digestive fluid after mechanical stimulation (M) and external application of jasmonic acid (JA), (A). The same amount of proteins was electrophoresed in 12% (v/v) SDS-polyacrylamide gel and subjected to Western blot analysis using antibodies against dionain-1 (B). Detection of protease activity in 12% (v/v) SDS-polyacrylamide gel with casein as a substrate (C). The clear bands against background indicate protease activity. Representative gels at least from 4 repetitions are shown. DiscussionThe trapping mechanism and electrical signalling in the Venus flytrap have intrigued scientist since they were first described by Burdon-Sanderson (1873) and (1875) [1], [2]. The prey capture and digestion are usually mediated by two types of stimuli: mechanical and chemical. In this study we distinguish between these two stimuli to find out their regulatory role in enzyme secretion. The mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs is important mainly in the first hours after prey capture and is responsible for fast trap narrowing and releasing of the first digestive fluid (Fig. 1). This type of stimulation is coupled with the generation of APs (Fig. 3A,B) and increased cytosolic Ca2+ level [3], [19]. et al. (1989) [32] suggested that there is no enzyme release following mechanical stimulation, our study and that of Schulze et al. (2012) found the enzymes in digestive fluid [25]. Once the entrapped prey died, chemical stimuli released from prey decomposition keep the trap in narrowed phase with enzyme secretion [17]. Volkov et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the rapid movement of the Venus flytrap, specifically highlighting that mechanical stimulation of the trigger hairs is crucial for fast trap narrowing, which is a part of its prey capture mechanism. This directly supports the assertion that the Venus flytrap is capable of rapid movement to capture its prey.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: 042) used to quantify the motor recovery status. One year later, (Mekbib et al. 2021) conducted an RCT of the same designed system. Twenty-three participants were randomly assigned to a VR group (n = 23, IVR-group n = 12; control group n = 11). Both groups significantly improved the (BI) (p < 0. 05), reflecting the recovery of UL motor function. The IVR-group revealed more significant improvements in FMA-UE scores (p < 0. 05) than in the control group. Neural activity increased after the intervention, particularly in brain areas involved in the recovery of motor functioning, such as the primary motor cortex. The only study with children was carried out by Bortone et al. (2020) and aimed to determine the efficacy of immersive and weaRable hAptic devices (VERA) for rehabilitation of ULMI in children (n = 8) with CP and developmental dyspraxia (DD). A two-period cross-over design was adopted for determining the differences between the proposed therapy and CR. Eight children were randomised into two groups: one group received the VERA treatment in the first period and the manual therapy in the second period and vice-versa for the other group. Results show both groups significantly improved their performance. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups. The study suggested that IVR and wearable haptic devices are a viable alternative to CR for improving upper limb function in children with neuromotor impairments. This review of related works has allowed us to conclude that VR can be used to improve ULMI rehabilitation, but that not much is known about the impact in the paediatric population, and that no studies have evaluated the feasibility, acceptability and perceived effectiveness of using an IVR system in particular for home rehabilitation and with children. 3 Methods3. 1 ParticipantsEthical approvals were obtained from (London—(IRAS Ref. 274,257)) and (Ref. ER19710920). Permissions were also gained from local and Development (R&D) (Ref. SCH-2540). We recruited participants aged 7–16 from Sheffield Children’s NHS (FT), who had sustained ULMI requiring rehabilitative care. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while VR can improve upper limb rehabilitation as noted from various studies, there is still substantial uncertainty about its feasibility for home rehabilitation and its effectiveness specifically for children. The text states, 'not much is known about the impact in the paediatric population,' which implies that VR cannot fully replace physical rehabilitation centers at this time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: intestinalis Issoire-Mx1 that match smacoviruses, essentially from the same genus (Huchismacovirus); both the virus and the predicted host are present in human GITs; the confirmation of a PAM sequence; and the usage of the amber stop codon. Future experiments could confirm whether smacoviruses can replicate in Ca. M. intestinalis. The spacers of Ca. M. intestinalis had no similarities to any other CRESS-DNA sequences. Other tested spacers from Methanomassiliicoccales had no significant matches against any of those groups, with the already described exception of a spacer in Ca. M. alvus, which matched to a genome that can also be classified as a smacovirus. This finding suggests that smacoviruses may infect other gastrointestinal Methanomassiliicoccales. Whether these virus–host pairs are also found in the environment (not in GITs) remains unknown. CRESS-DNA-like viral p41. Some authors generalize this structure to the entire order26. In any case, the content of genes that could potentially contribute to a cell wall is equivalent in Ca. M. intestinalis and M. luminyensis25. A pathogenic role of smacoviruses was proposed, as they were discovered in metagenomic analyses of faecal samples from gastroenteritis outbreaks that tested negative for other known viral pathogens but had also been found in healthy animals1. Additionally, smacoviruses are distantly related to other CRESS-DNA viruses that are pathogens that infect plants and animals. However, in the present case, Methanomassiliicoccales could be the organisms implicated in pathogenesis. As happens with other methanogens, their implication in disease could be indirectly favouring other microbial pathogens42,43. In addition, a therapeutic use of Methanomassiliicoccales has been proposed for the elimination of trimethylamine, which causes thrimethylaminuria44 and atherosclerosis43, for which viral infection should be taken into account. The interference complexes of systems bind targets in both ssDNA45,46,47 and ssRNA48,49 without triggering nuclease activity. The binding of the interference complex to mRNA may neutralize its immune effectiveness, and it has been observed that targets in the coding strand are less effective50. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding the concept of biophilia or an innate connection to nature. It primarily discusses the relationship between smacoviruses and gastrointestinal organisms without touching on human-nature connections.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: capensis also induced high proteolytic activity. Our results clearly showed that external application of JA upregulated the proteolytic activity and abundance of cysteine endopeptidase dionain in digestive fluid (Fig. 9, 10). We must also take into account that exogenous application of JA and the structural mimic of JA-Ile, coronatine, also induces the accumulation of OPDA [19], [62]. The fact that the level of endogenous jasmonates increased in response to prey capture and applied JA can bypass mechanical and chemical stimuli from insect prey to trigger full proteolytic activity, highlight the importance of jasmonate signalling in carnivorous plants digestion with active trapping mechanism. It is tempting to assume that the coordinated action of cis-and JA-Ile fine-tune production of proteolytic enzymes. Multiple signal pathways may interact functionally with one another to optimize the Venus flytrap response to edible prey. It remains to be elucidated whether the jasmonates accumulate in whole trap tissue or are spatially restricted to digestive glands, where the expression of carnivory-related genes occurs. The cost/benefit model proposed by Givnish et al. [63] became a framework for interpretation of many results in carnivorous plant research and the Venus flytrap is not an exception. Trap closure, prey retention and digestion in Venus flytrap are carbon costly. Trap closure and generation of APs transiently inhibit photosynthesis and stimulate mitochondrial respiration [64], [65]. It has been proposed that the stimulation of respiration is connected with rapid consumption of ATP during trap closure and AP generation [13], [64], [66]. The digestive fluid is also costly in term of carbon and nitrogen. On the other hand, the benefit in the form of increased uptake of N and P from prey can later stimulate photosynthesis, as has been documented in many carnivorous genera [28], [67], [68], [69], [70]. Thus, the Venus flytrap has evolved several control mechanisms how to optimize benefit from carnivory by reducing its associated costs, if there is nothing too much eat (Fig. 11). The first control point, double-trigger mechanism for prey capture in Venus flytrap, has been known for decades. At least two touches and two APs are necessary for trap closure at room temperature [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the rapid movement of the Venus flytrap, specifically mentioning that 'trap closure' is a mechanism for prey capture. It further explains the double-trigger mechanism required for trap closure, indicating the plant's capability for rapid movement in response to mechanical stimuli, which aligns with the claim regarding the Venus flytrap's rapid trap-closing ability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: 1 Goniometer: range of motion resultsThe OT measured the ROM of the affected upper limb joint before and after exposure to IVR (5–10 min) and the unaffected upper limb to have a comparative value of the usual movement without an injury. As shown in Table 2, most, though not all, of the affected area ROM readings showed improvements in movement post-VR therapy. The remaining readings indicated unchanged movement (Pt 5 wrist pronation, radial and ulna deviation, patient 6 wrist radial and ulna deviation and Pt 8 shoulder external and internal rotation). Table 2 Descriptive pre-VR, post-VR and unaffected ROM dataFull size tableCompared to healthy limb ROM measured at the same joint area, five of the eight patients achieved post-VR measures equal to the usual degrees of motion at some joint assessed (Table 2). 4. 2 Paediatric quality of life inventory resultsPedsQL results are shown in Tables 3 and 4. On each dimension and as an overall measure, post-VR scores showed statistically significant improvements (p ≤ 0. 05). Table 3 PedsQL pre-post: SummaryFull size tableTable 4 PedsQL pre-post: SummaryFull size table4. 3 System usability scale resultsThe direct item scores were transformed, summed and converted to 0–100. The mean obtained by the patients was 99. 64 (n = 7), demonstrating high usability above the standard mean score of 68. In addition, patients strongly agreed with items such as "I think I would like to use the VR system frequently", "I found the VR system easy to use" and "I felt very confident using the VR system". Items 4 and 10, referred to as the learnability dimension, received a direct score (0–4) of 4 and 3. 43, respectively, showing that the VR system was easy to learn. In addition, patients reported not needing technical assistance before using the system. 4. 4 Interview resultsQuantitative data from the Likert questions showed that, in general, patients reported no difficulties in setting up and using the game, nor did they perceive pain when using it, with high levels of enjoyment as shown in Table 5 (M = 9. 29, ST = 0. 951; M = 3. 17, ST = 1. 60; M = 1. 33, ST = 1. 75: M = 9. 00, ST = 1. 29). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that while virtual reality (VR) can improve range of motion (ROM) and quality of life for patients, the results indicate that not all patients experienced significant changes in movement, as evidenced by 'the remaining readings indicated unchanged movement.' This suggests that VR therapy may not completely replace traditional rehabilitation methods, as it might not be sufficient for all cases and does not guarantee rehabilitation on its own.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the interference effectiveness could explain the bias in favour of targeting the template strand. A larger bias was observed towards targeting the viral strand (the actual ssDNA). -Cas systems are known to detect targets only in dsDNA. Consequently, for conjugative plasmids, no benefit has been observed from targeting the ssDNA penetrating the recipient to prevent transference51, which is in contrast with the bias found here. When bound to ssDNA, the interference complex could block the viral cycle with no further action; on the other hand, this binding would render the interference complex ineffective, which could be detrimental to the host. A peculiarity of the -Cas system of Ca. M. intestinalis is the change of Cas8b to Cas8a124, which is the protein that recognizes dsDNA-PAM and subsequently recruits and activates the Cas3 nuclease function32 to degrade targets. This peculiar arrangement might have created a combination with the capability of recognizing PAMs also in ssDNA. If that were the case, this would be the first known example of a -Cas system triggered after the recognition of dsDNA and ssDNA targets, which has only recently been observed for -Cas14 ribonucleoproteins52. One of the lingering questions about spacers is why the targets to most of them remain undetected18,20. A recent study revealed that spacers with unknown origins have the same sequence properties as spacers with known origins, which strongly suggests that all spacers originate from species-specific mobile genetic elements20. Non-mutually exclusive options explaining the low frequency of spacers with known protospacers include sequence modifications and our incomplete knowledge about prokaryotic-related elements. The sequence modification of protospacers may be the result of a survivor bias, which is in agreement with a previously observed degeneration of viral targets37,53. The profile of different identities to the same protospacers observed in this work demonstrates how the variability in target sequences can make them undetectable. It is obvious (see Table 1) that the sensitivity to detect protospacers does not allow for the detection of the same match in the same gene in a different genome. This is because spacers are short sequences and, compared to genes, at the same level of nucleotide identity there is a higher probability of obtaining the same matches by chance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about biophilia and the innate connection of humans to nature. It discusses the mechanics of Cas systems, targeting of ssDNA and dsDNA, genetic elements, and detection of protospacers, which do not relate to the concept of biophilia.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: The lack of response to the first touch benefits the plants by preventing accidental closure through wind-blown sands, raindrops etc. [32]. If the trap snaps, the small gaps between marginal teeth of the trap allow small prey to escape from the trap [1], [71]. This second control point can help to save energy because small prey do not provide sufficient amounts of nutrients to repay the costs associated with prey retention and digestion and the trap slowly opens again [64]. However, if the bigger prey is secured, repeated mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs by struggling prey results in generation of hundreds APs and cause trap narrowing [15], [17], [19]. The mechanical stimulation is very effective in narrowing response and APs result in accumulation of jasmonates, mainly cis-OPDA, and trigger the releasing of digestive fluid. It has been suggested that the potential link between APs and jasmonate accumulation in plants is increased cytosolic Ca2+ level [48]. The digestive fluid released in response to mechanical stimulation has not the full power to digest protein. There must be some chemical or osmotically active substances released from partially digested or live prey, to trigger the full proteolytic activity – the double trigger mechanism in protein digestion and the third control point which ensure effective production of enzymes. The membrane depolarization and APs in prey-activated digestive glands may play a role in this process [35]. The gradual release of digestive enzymes with several control mechanisms (neuronal and hormonal) is also typical for animal digestive system [1]. It is tempting to assume that coordinated action of different jasmonates (JA, JA-Ile and cis-OPDA) regulate the transcription/exocytosis of cysteine endopeptidase dionain and optimize the digestive process in D. muscipula. In this way the Venus flytrap growing in nutrient poor habitats obtains up to 75% percent of leaf nitrogen from prey [72]. The surplus nitrogen can stimulate rate of photosynthesis and outweigh associated costs with prey retention and digestion [70]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 11. Double trigger mechanism for protein digestion. Three control points in prey capture and digestion of Venus flytrap, which ensure effective production of digestive enzymes. For detailed description, see discussion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the rapid mechanical response of the Venus flytrap to the stimulation of its trigger hairs, which leads to the narrowing of the trap to secure prey. It mentions that repeated mechanical stimulation causes the trap to narrow and indicates that such responses are efficient to capture prey, effectively supporting the assertion that the Venus flytrap is capable of rapid movement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Table 5 Descriptive results interview quantitative questions to the patientsFull size tableQualitative comments from all 15 participants (7 patients, 7 parents and 1 OT) demonstrated positive impressions of and positive attitudes towards IVR during ULMI rehabilitation (Table 6). Parents (6/7) found the IVR game an excellent idea that keeps them doing the necessary physio exercises. They also thought it would have a good place in the clinic in the future, not just for ULMI rehabilitation but also for other pathologies. The OT also considered that the IVR system could be helpful in different areas. She thought that it would be asked to be used again by patients and parents, those who already tried it, and others new ones that could come to the service. Table 6 Data extracts: General impressionsFull size tableThe content analysis generated two main themes. One theme related to “System Playability” was characterised by a process of “Learning and Mastery”. The second theme focussed on “Comparison of IVR with CR” and included sub-themes of: “Natural movements” and “Motivation to engage” (Fig. 5). Data extracts can be found in Tables 7, 8 and 9. Fig. 5Content analysis themes from the patients, parents and OT interviews: “System Playability” and “Comparison of IVR with CR”Full size imageTable 7 Data extracts: System Playability: Learning and MasteryFull size tableTable 8 Data Extracts: Comparison of IVR with CR: Natural movementsFull size tableTable 9 Data extracts: Comparison of IVR with CR: MotivationFull size table4. 4. 1 Natural movementsIVR rehabilitation aims to facilitate the specific movements recommended by OTs in CR. In this study, the OT stated that this IVR intervention successfully reproduced the required exercises and combined all the movements she was looking for. Parents (5/7) observed that when their child was immersed in the game, he performed movements more fluently and naturally, without realising it. Similarly, most patients (4/7) and parents (6/7) indicated that the game made rehabilitation exercises easier to complete. This ease seemed to reflect both fluency of movement and lack of pain and fear. Reported pain levels were low (M = 1. 33, ST = 1. 75). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while the IVR system is recognized as beneficial for rehabilitation, it is still seen as a complementary tool rather than a complete replacement for physical rehabilitation centers. The OT in the study believes IVR could be useful in clinics for various pathologies, indicating that there is still a role for traditional rehab settings alongside the use of IVR technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the search performed here in a smaller dataset revealed otherwise overlooked protospacers confirmed by PAM sequences. Hence, it is likely that sequences related to many original spacer precursors are known, but it is not possible to trace them. This would be especially noteworthy for viruses with high mutation rates, such as ssDNA viruses. For instance, in Ca. M. intestinalis, it is likely that the proportion of older spacers originating from smacovirus has been underestimated. However, none of the matches presented in this paper had been reported in a previous study24, which indicates that the increase of sequences in the databases is still providing novel information. Data from seminal studies17,18,19 to more recent studies20 continue to confirm our blind spots regarding microbial life. Therefore, this work highlights the importance of re-evaluating our current knowledge as new biodiversity is discovered. A two-step approach to finding statistically significant protospacers, first in a large database and second in sequences related to identified matches, has been proven effective in this case. The smallest viral genome thought to infect prokaryotes is the ssRNA plasmid-dependent enterobacterial phage M54 (3405 nucleotides). Accordingly, smacoviruses could be the smallest viral genomes to infect prokaryotes discovered to date. The infection of archaea by CRESS-DNA viruses, which normally infect eukaryotes, would also represent another connection between these two cellular domains. detectionAn evolution of a programme to detect employed in other publications12,18,29, was used to detect arrays. Spacers of arrays with at least four repeats were selected. In certain cases, smaller arrays close to previously selected ones with the same sequence were also chosen. searchInitially, a standalone BLASTn55 search for spacers was performed with the following command line modified from other work:22 “blastn -task blastn-short -db subjectflilename -query queryfilename -out blastn1out2 -outfmt '6 std qcovs' -evalue 0. 003 -word_size 7 -gapopen 10 -gapextend 2 -penalty −1 -max_target_seqs 1000. ” The size of the database is relevant to assess the quality of findings. Queries where non-redundant spacers (390,291 sequences, 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding biophilia. It discusses scientific findings related to viral genomes, protospacers, and microbial life, without mentioning or supporting any concepts related to humans' innate connection to nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginkgo biloba is considered a living fossil, having existed for more than 200 million years. [SEP] Text: Abstract Background: Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) is a living fossil and a deciduous tree, having extracts with antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, immunostimulating, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial activities, memory enhancement efficiency, and beneficial effects against neurodegenerative disease. Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the medicinal values and natural benefits of Ginkgo. Methods: This review investigated publication inPubMed database and 11. [PMID: 33350538] [2]. A review of Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) in traditional Chinese medicine as a promising organic superfood and superfruit in modern industry. of 2018; 6(12): 437-45. [3]. The power of natural Chinese medicine, ginger and ginseng root in an organic life. J 2019; 27(1): 64-71. [4]. Clinical aspects and health benefits of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in both traditional Chinese medicine and modern industry. 2019; 69(6): 546-66. [ [5]. A review of ginseng species in different regions as a multipurpose herb in traditional Chinese medicine, modern herbology and pharmacological science. J Res 2019; 13(10): 213-26. [6]. Chromatographic fingerprint analysis for evaluation of Ginkgo biloba products. Chem 2007; 389(1): 251-61. [ [PMID: 17632706] [7]. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007. Report 2008; 12: 1-23. [8]. Diversity of endophytic fungi associated with Ginkgo biloba. 2013; 32(4): 671-81. [9] Metabolic profile of ginkgo kernel juice fermented with lactic acid bacteria: a potential way to degrade ginkgolic acids and enrich terpene lactones and phenolics. 2019; 76: 25-33. [ [10] van Beek TA, Montoro P. Chemical analysis and quality control of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals. J 2009; 1216(11): 2002-32. [ [PMID: 19195661] [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) is a living fossil, confirming its historical significance and longevity, which aligns with the assertion that it has existed for over 200 million years.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Qualitative data from parents suggested that they (6/7) did not witness pain in their children and perceived that children were not conscious of doing the rehabilitation exercises. Parent 8 reported that IVR reduced the fear and limitation of movement in her child with an external fixator, thereby helping her move naturally and unconsciously. As a result, she realised that she could do more than she had previously thought and achieved a better range of motion. 4. 4. 2 Motivation to engagePatients (5/7) believed they would be more likely to complete their rehabilitation exercises with the IVR game at home. The IVR positively influenced their motivation and intention to carry on with the rehabilitation (6/7). Four noted that IVR rehabilitation was more fun and less boring, and quantitative data demonstrated high levels of enjoyment amongst participants (M = 9, ST = 1. 30). Linked to motivation, the frequency of use was high. Three out of seven patients used it every day for between 10 and 20 min. One patient stated that they used it at least twice a day. In only one case, a participant (Pt 4) reported reducing the frequency of use after the first week due to repeatedly playing the same games. The greater motivational effects of IVR resulted in some parents (3/7) feeling less that they needed to remind and motivate their child with exercises. OT perceptions supported these findings that patients found the IVR game more interesting, engaging and motivating than usual exercises and that movement had improved. The best bits of the game reported by the patients were: shooting the arrows at the gnomes; seeing the score improve; rock climbing and falling; feeling challenged; being able to do different activities; graphics and animation. They also enjoyed being present in a virtual environment that they had never experienced previously. There were no worst bits reported from most patients (5/7). However, one patient (1/7) expressed that the worst was to have to do the levels before you can get onto the climbing one (Pt 2), and another (1/7) said that there are not that many games on it (Pt 4). Data extracts are found in Table 9. 5 Discussion, limitations and future line of studyChildren and adolescents with ULMI often undergo a long-term, demanding and challenging rehabilitation process to recover motor functionality (Liebs et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how interdisciplinary virtual reality (IVR) can enhance the rehabilitation experience but does not support the notion that it can eliminate physical rehabilitation centers. It highlights that while IVR positively influences motivation and engagement in rehabilitation exercises, children still undergo a long-term rehabilitation process, suggesting that traditional rehabilitation facilities remain necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: 32502 × 107 nucleotides) from different prokaryotes, subjects were 195,696 viral genomes (3. 27665× 109 nucleotides). Four spacers from Ca. M. intestinalis had the following matches with a smacovirus (e values within parentheses): sp20 (0. 002), sp23 (7. 48× 10−7), sp24 (7. 06 × 10−6) and sp25 (2. 91× 10−8). The e value for the entire array, as opposed to that of each spacer, can be approximated multiplying the e value by the number of spacers. Low e values represent approximately the probability of obtaining a match which is better or equal. Therefore, the probability of obtaining four equal or better matches is roughly the product of their four e values. Under these considerations, the probability of obtaining this or better matches to the array of 111 spacers is approximately 1114 ×0. 002 × 7. 48× 10−7 × 7. 06 ×10−6×2. 91× 10−8, that is, 5 ×10−14. Hence, there is a strong statistical correlation for the predicted virus–host pair. Sequences in this workAll sequences in this study were downloaded from sequences are listed in 2, and their corresponding sequences are summarized in 3. A previously published set11 of smacovirus genomic sequences was retrieved from accessions and is listed in 4. An early reported set of CRESS-DNA sequences2 was also retrieved from their accessions (no nucleotide sequence for Q80GM6 or P0C647 was found). Coding sequences were downloaded from the same sources of sequence sets after selecting the appropriate option. Human coding sequences were downloaded fromftp://ftp. ncbi. nih. gov/pub/CCDS/current_human/CCDS_nucleotide. current. fna. gz. Additional similarity searchesAs the databases size increases, sensitivity is lost, as larger datasets imply a higher chance of alignments arising by chance. Therefore, to disclose potential matches that could have been overlooked, additional searches were performed with smaller sets of related sequences. Queries were spacers of Ca. M. intestinalis, while subjects were a set of smacoviruses. For a finer detection of spacer targets, non-seeded alignments were performed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses viral genomes, coding sequences, and statistical correlation in sequence matching. It does not provide any information or context related to the concept of biophilia or the idea of humans' innate connection to nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginkgo biloba is considered a living fossil, having existed for more than 200 million years. [SEP] Text: ) is the oldest extant genus among seed plants and was already distinguished by as a living fossil on the basis of its phylogenetic isolation, relictual distribution and its conspicuous morphological similarities to Mesozoic and Cenozoic congenérics (Major, 1967; Royer et al. , 2003). G. biloba is the sole survivor of the Ginkgoalean clade, a once dominant and diverse gymnosperm clade (consisting of up to six families and 19 genera; Tralau, 1968) that existed and flourished early in the Permian and achieved maximum diversity during the Jurassic and (Royer et al. , 2003). Some authors, on the basis of the identical morphology shared between modern G. biloba and the fossil G. adiantoides (Unger) Heer have suggested their conspecificity, implying that G. biloba was already present in the earth from latest Cretaceous to middle Miocene (Royer et al. , 2003). Given the contradictory results previously reported by two independent teams, in this paper we aimed to discern whether 45S and 5S rDNA genes were combined into a single linkage unit in the phylogenetic gymnosperm relict G. biloba, using molecular cytogenetics, and DNA sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal 45S IGS. Materials and methodsPlant samplingA female accession from an old Ginkgo plant was obtained from the living collections of the of Valencia University, and this was used as a source for DNA extraction. The tree was acquired about 1850 from an unknown source, but according to (1991), trees were imported for the first time from Japan in the early eighteenth century. In addition, several young plants growing in the garden were transplanted to pots for cytogenetic analyses. DNA extractionTotal genomic DNA was isolated from fresh leaves using the DNMinikit () following the manufacturer's instructions. IGS amplification, cloning and sequencingThe nuclear ribosomal IGS fragment was amplified according to protocols designed for long PCR products using the universal plant primers 25 F and 18S R. Primers 25 F (5′--3′) and 18S R (5′--3′) were designed to anneal to the 3′ end of the conserved region of the 26S rDNA gene in the forward direction and the 5′ end of 18S rDNA gene in the reverse orientation, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Ginkgo biloba is the 'oldest extant genus among seed plants' and has been recognized as a 'living fossil' due to its phylogenetic isolation and similarities to ancient species. Furthermore, it mentions the long evolutionary history of Ginkgo biloba, indicating its presence from 'latest Cretaceous to middle Miocene,' thus supporting the claim of its existence for more than 200 million years.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Home-based therapy with VR has been shown to offer greater accessibility, delivery and early rehabilitation to improve functional outcomes and quality of life (Su et al. 2021; Thielbar et al. 2020). This study aimed to explore whether IVR could offer a feasible solution for the rehabilitation of children with ULMI at home. Using quantitative and qualitative approaches, we found that IVR has clear potential to be a successful solution for physical rehabilitation for children with ULMI. More importantly, our findings suggested that IVR appeared to be very effective as a self-directed home therapy for this clinical population. In summary, our results indicated that IVR for ULMI home rehabilitation could: (1) be easy to learn and acceptable, (2) improve motor function, (3) reduce the difficulty in the reproduction of therapeutic movements, (4) be motivating and enjoyable and (5) improve quality of life. The ROM (Goniometer) data suggested that IVR rehabilitation could improve shoulder, wrist and elbow motor functionality, enhancing flexion, extension and abduction movements. The patients demonstrated ROM gains, in some cases even recovering the same degree of movement in the injured limb as the unaffected limb. These data are promising, indicating that all paediatric patients who have used our IVR game have improved their affected limb’s range of motion. Quality of life (PedsQL) scores also indicated a significant improvement after the IVR home trial compared to baseline scores. Physical and psychosocial health scores improved after the study, which may reduce the risk of long-term diseases such as chronic pain and disability (Cambiaso-Daniel et al. 2017; Liebs et al. 2020). The usability test (SUS) scores showed that patients generally understood the game mechanics well, and there were no critical errors that would have impeded the gameplay. For example, based on the patient's subjective report, no difficulty was found in setting up and getting used to the game. In this sense, we must point out the relevance of having the OT at the initial session, where they were shown how to use the game. Therefore, we encourage researchers and clinicians when proposing a self-directed session for children at home to include a first contact with the game accompanied by the OT or other healthcare professionals delivering the therapy. In addition, we recommend offering follow-up or support via telephone or email to solve potential problems during home ULMI rehabilitation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while immersive virtual reality (IVR) shows potential for home-based rehabilitation, it also emphasizes the necessity of having occupational therapists (OT) present during initial sessions. It suggests that IVR should be implemented with professional oversight rather than replacing physical rehabilitation centers entirely, as it indicates the relevance of healthcare professionals in guiding the therapy process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: A dynamic programming algorithm for sequence comparison was developed (referred to as local–global alignment) that combines global56 and local57 alignments, so that all length of query sequences is aligned to a local region of the subject. In the local–global alignment algorithm, the matrix cells that represent the first or last nucleotide of a query are processed with the local alignment algorithm, and the rest of the cells are processed with a global alignment algorithm; alignment traceback starts in the cells representing the last nucleotide of the query which comply with the scoring threshold. The parameters were as follows: match:+1, mismatch:−1, gap open:−2 and gap extend:−1. Specific e values for small sequences were calculated from alignments with random sequences for each query length. The cut-off e value used was 0. 01. An additional search with the same parameters but using local alignments was performed to detect similarities to additional spacers that could correspond to sequences which have undergone a higher divergence. Protospacers to four additional spacers were detected. These local alignments are mentioned in a few occasions but were generally not taken into consideration. Matches to sp22 are an exception to the cut-off value (0. 015) but were included because a BLASTn search with default parameters for short sequences recognized a shorter alignment in the same regions with an e value of 0. 001. The discrepancy in e value and length of alignment is mostly due to a higher penalization of mismatches and gaps in BLASTn. The redundancy of subject sequences in the case of Smacoviridae (confirmed by hits of spacers in multiple genomes) implies that the expected values are an overestimation and, consequently, the probability of obtaining matches for a given spacer is lower than the e value indicated. In non-redundant subject sequences, a set of 111 queries with a threshold e-value of 0. 01 is expected to randomly produce 0. 01 ×111 (1. 11) matches. However, redundancy and the presence of PAM sequences (see related section) make nearly all of the matches in local–global alignments believable, except for spacer 79, the only dubious match. Moreover, local–global searches were performed for all spacers found in Methanomassiliicoccales against smacoviruses and other CRESS-DNA viruses (datasets described above). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a dynamic programming algorithm for sequence comparison and does not address the concept of biophilia or any connection between humans and nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginkgo biloba is considered a living fossil, having existed for more than 200 million years. [SEP] Text: (2011) for Ginkgo suggest that this is another case where the incorporation of unnoticed ribosomal pseudogenes could severely affect the reliability of the evolutionary signal recovered from nuclear ribosomal data (Mayol and Rosselló, 2001). Early evolutionary colocalization of the 45S and 5S gene families in seed plantsThe 45S–5S unit arrangements were not considered to be present in seed plants until recently, when García et al. (2009, 2010) detected this type of linkage in a wide sample of taxa belonging to the phylogenetically advanced Asteraceae family. Our finding that the 45S–5S loci are linked in Ginkgo suggests a colocalization of the two nuclear ribosomal gene families in the early evolutionary history of seed plants, indicating that a reassessment of the organization and molecular evolution of rDNA genes of basal plants is still necessary, as the results of Wicke et al. (2011) should be viewed with great caution. The oldest Ginkgo fossils date back to Jurassic times (for example, G. yimaensis and G. huttonii, ca. 170 Mya; Zhou and Zhang, 2003), and analysis of the reproductive organs of these plants has been used to infer that the evolutionary lineages of Ginkgo have experienced long periods of morphological stasis. Molecular clock estimations suggest that Ginkgo diverged with the other gymnosperms excludes Cycadales more than 300 Mya (Won and Renner, 2006), about 20 Mya after the appearance of the crown group of seed plants (between 325 and 385 Mya; Won and Renner, 2006). Although these dates only estimate the maximum time since the of appearance of the 45S–5S linkage in Ginkgo, we speculate that the molecular events leading to the restructuring of the Ginkgo ribosomal loci are much older than the estimated age of the reunion of 45S and 5S gene families in angiosperms that likely occurred 7–10 Mya (García et al. , 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by mentioning that the oldest Ginkgo fossils date back to Jurassic times, specifically around 170 million years ago. Additionally, it discusses the evolutionary history of Ginkgo and implies that the lineage diverged more than 300 million years ago, suggesting that Ginkgo biloba has indeed existed for a significant duration, aligning with the characterization of it as a living fossil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the positive results in learning and mastering the game may be explained by the inclusion of a tutorial at the beginning of the game, based on the findings of our previous study (Phelan et al. 2021a, b). As a result, children learned to reproduce the basic movements, and interaction mechanics were adapted to their capabilities, such as achievable range of movement. This is in line with current research, which demands games that allow the customisation of game variables to the individual’s difficulties (Brusque et al. 2018; Zahabi, Mohammed, and Razak 2020). Another key element that helped avoid patient confusion was the inclusion of a companion that guides the player and acts as a narrator of the story. The companion was effective in the delivery of the narrative to create a more believable and engaging world. Also, consistent visual cues were added to interactable objects, and audio cues were incorporated to direct the player's attention. On the other hand, the qualitative results have contributed to detecting some IVR system usability improvement opportunities. Younger children (7–12 years old) reported they found it harder to get used to the game, whilst adolescents (aged 15–16) would like additional levels. This underpins future challenges in the development of IVR systems to support therapy across a broad age range of children. We recognise the need to maintain a certain difficulty level whilst being stimulating and providing meaningful activities during physical rehabilitation to ensure compliance, especially for children. There is scope for further development to ensure the right level of challenge and mastery for children of all ages. We plan to offer a broader range of difficulties in future iterations to ensure the enjoyment of those children who find it more difficult (e. g. younger patients in the early recovery phase or with complicated clinical conditions). In addition, this could positively affect self-confidence, self-esteem, attention span, concentration and interest in learning and, thereby, help to maintain motivation and compliance, as noted by previous researchers (Meyns et al. 2018; Wenk et al. 2021). The OT reported that getting used to the game with the younger patients was challenging. As a result, the OT requested a way for the professional to monitor the system in real-time, observing what patients are seeing to better help and guide them in cases where they are younger or if they cannot make progress. Future development will consider this aspect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing challenges in using virtual reality for rehabilitation, particularly for younger patients. It highlights the need for further development to enhance usability, engagement, and support for therapists, implying that virtual reality alone cannot replace physical rehabilitation centers. The mention of the occupational therapist's request for real-time monitoring indicates that human supervision remains crucial, thereby suggesting that VR is currently not a complete substitute for traditional rehabilitation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: PAM detectionTo identify PAM sequences, only representative sequences of best local–global matches in smacoviruses to 23 Ca. M. intestinalis spacers were selected (shown in 1), that is, 10nt of each flanking region (upstream and downstream with respect to the spacer). A stack of each set of flanking sequences was used to create sequence logos58 with the Weblogo program59 from the website of an archetype guestThe visualization of targets to Ca. M. intestinalis spacers in the genomes of smacoviruses cannot be achieved using a single genome, as the most targeted genome (KP264968) only contains 14 of the 23 targets. All smacoviruses share the same genomic architecture, which facilitates the design of an archetype virus to represent the positions of all protospacers, as shown in Fig. 1 at the bottom. The archetype virus was devised by identifying the positions of representative protospacers relative to the gene or intergenic region where they are located. The positions of the protospacers in the archetype are relative to their positions in the actual virus, for example, two-thirds from the start codon to the end. The lengths of genes and intergenic regions in the archetype represent the mean of the viruses containing the protospacers selected as best target representatives (KC545226, KJ577818, KM573770, KP233174, KP233175, KP233178, KP233179, KP233181, KP233184, KP233186, KP264966, KP264968, KY086298). The complementary sequence of KM573770 and KY086298 was used instead, to concur with the rest. CRESS-DNA viruses have a conserved nonanucleotide motif in the loop where replication starts. For instance, 5′--3′ is present in the viral sense strand of related viruses10. In smacoviruses, the loop is located near the end of the rep gene1. The nonanucleotide 5′--3′11 was found shortly downstream of the rep stop codon, except in genomes with the opposite orientation (KM573770 and KY086298), which contain the rep termination codon in the nonanucleotide (5′--3′; antisense stop codon is underlined). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses technical details related to PAM sequence detection in smacoviruses and does not mention or relate to the concept of biophilia or any connection humans have with nature. It focuses on the genomic architecture of viruses rather than any concepts related to human psychological or emotional ties to nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Baobab trees can live for over 1,000 years and store large amounts of water in their trunks. [SEP] Text: Age determination of large live trees with inner cavities: radiocarbon dating of Platland tree, a giant African baobab 5 - : 01 July 2011 Age determination of large live trees with inner cavities: radiocarbon dating of Platland tree, a giant African baobab Adrian Patrut1, Karl F. von Reden2, Pelt3, Diana H. Mayne4, Daniel A. Lowy5 & …Dragos Margineanu1 Show authors Annals of pages 993–1003 (2011)Cite this 364. 5 m3) is 750 ± 75 years old, while the much smaller stem II (136. 7 m3) has 1,060 ± 75 years. Results also show that stem I is still growing very fast, while the older stem II slowed down consistently its growth over the past 250 years. The complete mapping of Platland tree determined an overall wood volume of 501. 2 m3. • results demonstrate that the size–age relation cannot be used for estimating accurately the age of African baobabs. 1 IntroductionFor trees which exhibit annual or seasonal growth rings, ring counting, possibly refined by cross-dating, represents the most accurate and reproducible method for age and growth rate determination. Ring counting is typically performed on the remaining stumps of dead trees. Nevertheless, there are several cases in which this procedure cannot be utilized. Relevant examples are trees with growth rings that are not strictly annual or seasonal, with no well-defined rings or without a continuous sequence of rings, as a consequence of their hollow parts. In such cases, ring counting is replaced by alternative direct (radiocarbon dating) or indirect dating methods (relation size/diameter-age, projections of short-term growth data, projections based on mortality rates, etc. ) (Worbes 2002; Patrut et al. 2010a). The most investigated species of this type is the African baobab (Adansonia digitata L. ), the angiosperm with the stoutest trunk. For large and old baobabs, a hypothetically accurate ring counting is not possible, as growth rings may no longer be observed in certain areas of the trunk and they are also missing in the area of large cavities. As indirect methods often provide questionable results, radiocarbon investigation represents the only alternative method for the accurate dating of such trees. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific evidence that a giant African baobab tree has been dated to be 1,060 ± 75 years old. Additionally, the discussion of the age determination methods highlights the longevity of baobab trees, supporting the claim that they can live for over 1,000 years. However, while the text confirms their age, it does not provide direct information about their water storage capabilities, leaving that aspect less substantiated in the provided text.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Individualising the users’ exposure could also make the intervention suitable for people who experience side effects of motion sickness and dizziness. In our study, one patient reported feeling dizzy and believed this was due to playing for a long time. Customising the users’ exposure could involve the therapist setting safe playing times to limit these effects so that the system reminds the player to rest in cases where it is more at risk, such as those who suffer motion sickness (Martirosov et al. 2021). Another finding from the combined OT, parent and patient data is that the game successfully reproduced the movements required by the physical rehabilitation therapy and prompted more movement CR. In addition, the game mechanics included many natural interactions, such as grasping, dragging or stretching, to smoothly and precisely replicate the rehabilitation movements safely (Wenk et al. 2021). Therefore, a co-design approach involving designers and physiotherapists and an iterative design process could be an essential aspect of designing this kind of system (Phelan et al. 2021a, b). The qualitative data from the patients, parents and healthcare professionals highlighted that ULMI-IVR rehabilitation therapy for paediatric patients effectively improved motivation and maintained patients’ interest in performing the exercises from home. Furthermore, both the patients and their parents agreed that having the IVR game available increased the likelihood of achieving therapy at home. In our study, this is one of the most salient findings, because although self-directed home-based rehabilitation therapies have many benefits (early rehabilitation, early discharge from a hospital, reduced therapy time and being cost-effective), and they can fail because of the patient’s lack of motivation affecting therapy (Garrett et al. 2014; López-Jaquero, Montero, and Teruel 2019; Piron et al. 2009; Su et al. 2021; Thielbar et al. 2020; Wittmann et al. 2016). Home-based therapy can burden parents with the responsibility of overseeing children’s rehabilitation exercises, especially if children lack motivation. In this study, IVR seemed to reduce this burden: parents did not have to remind their children, and the children were proactive in wanting to exercise with the IVR. It is essential that the children feel motivated and enjoy their activity, as this rehabilitation can be long, repetitive and perceived as painful. Increasing therapeutic adherence is vital to achieving recovery of motor function and avoiding long-term problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the role of individualised virtual reality interventions in supporting physical rehabilitation rather than completely replacing it. While it emphasizes the benefits of home-based rehabilitation and how virtual reality can improve motivation and adherence, it also highlights ongoing needs for therapist involvement and customization, indicating that physical rehabilitation centers may still hold a necessary role in the rehabilitation process.