Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: , 2018) is an intelligent way of growing crops that yields high-quality organic plants in a limited space without using soil and does not expose them to external disasters, and not causing any environmental pollution. The hydroponic food production method is becoming more popular for cultivating crops, especially for urban people who can grow plants on balconies or rooftops (Kaewwiset & Yooyativong, 2017). The hydroponic food production method of cultivation, referred to as “soilless culture” (Resh, 2022), uses water or nutrient solutions as the growing standard. Possibility of using land that is unsuitable for conventional agriculture, such as dry and degraded terrain. The ability of plants to adapt to shifting weather patterns. Cultivation is possible all year. Reduced need for labor-intensive operations such as weeding and soil preparation. These are the method’s primary advantages (Gumisiriza et al. , 2022). There is debate about whether hydroponic farming is more active than conventional farming (Atikah & Widyawati, 2021; Lee & Lee, 2015). Hydroponics agriculture has become a revolution in many countries and is slowly spreading in India. It has proved that it can ultimately grow pesticide-free crops with 95% less water and consume reduced nutrients compared to conventional agriculture. Six different methods of growing hydroponics include deep water culture, wick system, nutrient film technology, ebb and flow systems, drip systems, and aeroponics. It can choose any growing medium except soil like coconut pellets, perlite gravel, rockwool, or sand, or it can be any nutrient explanation. Plants are grown either horizontally or vertically based on space availability (Nursyahid et al. , 2021). In our system, we used deep water culture to grow plants, as shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Deep water culture for hydroponics. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-1 The entire method for a vertical farming controlled environment comprises three significant steps. The first step is about intelligent sensors for monitoring several parameters, including air density, humidity, light intensity, temperature, CO2 levels, oxygen levels, water inflows, and recording pH and EC values. The second step covers caring for the plants under a controlled environment and regulating all the above parameters in specific ranges or threshold values. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that hydroponics does not use soil and utilizes nutrient solutions for growing crops. It mentions that hydroponics is referred to as 'soilless culture,' explicitly supporting the idea that crops can be grown using nutrient-rich water solutions instead of soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-computer interfaces can already interpret specific thoughts and emotions in real time. [SEP] Text: The original contribution included in this work are: a) Plan4Act project’s ”manifold realignment” method extension to the EEG domain to mitigate inter-session and inter-subject variability; b) EEG datasets review, selection, processing and analysis, to obtain the parameters of interest to the aforementioned method; c) the Gateway development, a secure, scalable and standard-based gateway to allow device interoperability in the Living Lab; and d) The evaluation and validation of the methodological framework. -------------------- Las interfaces cerebro-computadora (BCI, por sus siglas en inglés) han atraído cada vez más la atención de la comunidad investigadora desde al menos los últimos 20 a˜nos y se ha logrado un progreso considerable en la mayoría de sus áreas de investigación. Según la Organización Mundial de la (WIPO, por sus siglas en inglés) en el informe más reciente sobre las tendencias en tecnologías asistivas, las BCI se consideran una de las tecnologías habilitadoras esenciales para los productos de asistencia emergentes. La calidad de vida de las personas que sufren una discapacidad puede mejorar si un dispositivo de asistencia como un BCI puede ayudar a la comunicación, la gestión del entorno doméstico y la movilidad. No obstante, esta tecnología aún no está lista para usarse en aplicaciones fuera del laboratorio, principalmente debido a su falta de usabilidad y la falta de robustez de sus sistemas de clasificación. Específicamente para los EEG-BCI, la estabilidad de la señal en el tiempo y la variabilidad de la señal de usuario a usuario son las principales restricciones para su implementación en escenarios reales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have garnered considerable attention and have improved in many research areas, they are not yet ready for applications outside the laboratory. It emphasizes obstacles such as usability issues and instability of signals for EEG-BCI, which prevents their implementation in real-world scenarios. These points illustrate that the current capabilities of BCIs do not align with the assertion that they can interpret thoughts and emotions in real-time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Acclimation to UV-B involves a combination of protective as well as repair measures, including the accumulation of UV-B-absorbing ‘sunscreen’ metabolites in the vacuoles of epidermal cells, increased levels of anti-oxidants, protection of the photosynthetic apparatus, and increased levels of DNA repair enzymes. As a result, as long as plants are well acclimated, they seem not to ‘feel’ UV-B as a stress that negatively and visibly interferes with cellular activities (also named distress) [32]. Plants can be considered UV-B-stressed when the UV-B levels and resulting cellular damage cannot be coped with (for example, [33]). Is UV-B acclimation the only response to UV-B mediated by the UV-B photoreceptor? No, UVR8 seems to have a much broader effect on plant growth and development than only mediating UV-B acclimation. For example, UVR8 has also been implicated in UV-B-mediated entrainment of the circadian clock [34], hypocotyl growth inhibition [5] (Fig. 3), stomatal closure [35], phototropic bending [36], leaf development [37], inhibition of shade avoidance [38, 39], and osmotic stress [40] and pathogen responses [41]. However, some of these responses could be associated with UV-B stress acclimation, although this remains to be demonstrated. Fig. 3UV-B-induced hypocotyl growth inhibition in Arabidopsis seedlings. UV-B-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation is apparent in four-day-old wild-type (WT) seedlings but not in uvr8 or cop1 mutants. This UV-B-induced photomorphogenic response is enhanced in rup1 rup2 double mutant seedlings. Wild-type and mutant seedlings were grown under white light with or without supplementary narrowband UV-B (according to [5]). Scale = 5 mm. Image reprinted from [46]: thearabidopsisbook. org Society of Plant BiologistsFull size image Could UVR8 potentially contribute to the optogenetic toolkit? Optogenetics refers to the use of genetically encoded tools that allow the control of cellular activities by light [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about plants sensing and responding to human emotions. Instead, it discusses plants' responses to UV-B light and acclimation processes. The mention of various physiological responses to UV-B stress does not provide any indication or evidence that plants can sense or respond to human emotions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: The last step is crucial for monitoring plant disease detection, weeds detection, pollination, prediction of nutrients mixture along with plant growth maturity stage identification, and messaging complete crop information through smart phone to inform the farmer about changes and for good yielding (Saputra, Irawan & Nugraha, 2017). The fundamental factors which affect a plant’s growth include pH, temperature, CO2, and EC of the water in the system. Four primary sensors control the environment in our hydroponics system. They are DHT11 (temperature and humidity), ultrasonic sensors (water flows), EC sensors (nutrient dissolvability), and pH sensors (acidity of nutrient solution). For these factors, we use an Arduino UNO to communicate and monitor whether or not the readings are in the given threshold range. Instead of soil, hydroponics is fed with nutrient solution added to the normal RO water. Hydroponics needs a varying number of macronutrients and micronutrients throughout its life cycle. Macronutrients are called primary nutrients and are crucial for the plant’s health; these include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), which are available from Ca (NO3)2 (calcium nitrate), KNO3 (potassium nitrate), and KH2PO4 (mono-potassium phosphate). In addition to the NPK mixture, micronutrients are also needed for plants that, include calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), boron (B), iron (Fe), molybdate (Mo), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu) and sulfur (S). Proper nutrients, like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, etc. , are essential for plant development. Estimating ratios of NPK solution is a significant step that helps in high productivity (Shirsekar et al. , 2021). In hydroponic systems, plant growth and efficiency mainly depend on two main features, EC and pH values, that regulate plant nutrient uptake. We use a pH meter to measure the pH of the nutrient solution. If the pH value measured below seven, that shows acidic, whereas above seven shows basis or alkaline of explanation. The threshold range of pH values of hydroponics plants is mostly from 5. 5 to 6. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that in hydroponics, instead of soil, plants are fed with a nutrient solution added to normal RO water. It details the importance of various factors such as pH, temperature, and nutrient concentration, highlighting how they contribute to plant growth without the use of soil. The mention of using a nutrient-rich solution aligns directly with the essence of hydroponics as described in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-computer interfaces can already interpret specific thoughts and emotions in real time. [SEP] Text: Además, la facilidad de uso, la aceptación y el diseño universal de BCI son algunos de los retos que los investigadores tienen en agenda, reconociendo que la tecnología BCI está en su infancia. Entre las barreras actuales que impiden que los BCI sean más utilizables, las más relevantes son: 1) La dificultad para reutilizar los clasificadores, lo que implica la necesidad de calibrar iterativamente el sistema para mantener el rendimiento, consumiendo tiempo y energía de los usuarios. Esto se debe a que la señal del EEG cambia debido a varios factores como los movimientos de los electrodos (artefactos o desviación de la señal), el estado mental del sujeto, los cambios en la conductividad de la piel, etc. Los clasificadores de aprendizaje automático son sensibles a estos cambios en las señales y su rendimiento disminuye sustancialmente en su presencia. 2) la baja transferibilidad de las BCI entre usuarios, debido a las estrategias de desarrollo orientadas personalizadas que impiden su evolución y aplicación de BCI en otros casos de uso. 3) La no trivialidad de interactuar fácilmente con dispositivos (es decir, un dispositivo para controlar), debido al alto grado de fragmentación tecnológica que creó la industria. Ante estos desafíos, el objetivo de este trabajo es brindar un marco metodológico que contribuya a que los EEG-BCI superen las mencionadas barreras hacia su uso doméstico, ampliando aún más su aplicación consolidada como herramienta de comunicación alternativa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges facing brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), such as their early stage of development and the difficulties in achieving consistent performance. It highlights specific factors that hinder the effective interpretation of thoughts and emotions, such as the need for iterative calibration due to changing EEG signals and the low transferability of BCI systems between different users. These points suggest that current BCIs are not yet capable of interpreting specific thoughts and emotions in real time, opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Indeed, recently the first applications of UVR8 and the UVR8-COP1 interaction as an optogenetic tool were described [43–45]. UVR8 was used to engineer a UV-B-triggered protein secretion system where UVR8 fusion proteins were conditionally sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum and UV-B allowed regulated trafficking to the plasma membrane [43]. The UVR8-COP1 interaction was used, for example, to develop UV-B-inducible expression systems in mammalian cells by split transcription factors that were rendered UV-B-responsive through fusion to UVR8 and COP1 [44, 45], similar to yeast two-hybrid assays [1]. Advantages of the UVR8 system include i) no application of an exogenous chromophore is needed, ii) experiments are possible in visible light (very specific and sensitive), and iii) there is no interference with imaging of the commonly used fluorescent proteins. Moreover, the rather low reversion kinetics can be an advantage or disadvantage dependent on the application. A disadvantage may be the high energy and potentially damaging aspect of UV-B radiation. However, UV-B levels needed are rather low (certainly compared to sunlight) and only short exposure times are often required. Moreover, future developments implementing two-photon laser excitation of tryptophans may help to further establish UVR8-derived optogenetic systems. Where can I find out more about plant UV-B signaling? For interested readers we propose several recent review 6. 6. 8. Nature. 2012;484:214–9. 30. 601. 1. Plant Physiol. 2002;130:234–43. 8. Struct Biol. 2014;29:52–7. 8. Plant Cell. 2012;24:3755–66. 31. 4218. 72. -Beyerle ME. On the mechanism of photoinduced dimer dissociation in the plant UVR8 photoreceptor. . 2014;111:5219–24. 8. Nat Plants. 2015;1:14006. 65. 30. 73. 93. 74. - Light-activated phytochrome A and B interact with members of the SPA family to promote photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis by reorganizing the COP1/SPA complex. Plant Cell. 2015;27:189–201. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical applications of UVR8 and its role in plant signaling rather than addressing any emotional or perceptual responses of plants to human emotions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: The DAQ program, written in Arduino software, was intended to collect and store data from six hydroponic parameters. Tembe, Khan & Acharekar (2018) suggested a hydroponics technique in 2018 to meet humans’ food requirements. They put the pH probe module and the light spectrum for hydroponics in place. The hydroponics idea can be applied in areas that are experiencing drought. Hydroponic plants can produce a higher yield and quality with less water consumption. It is not affected by the environment in the hydroponics system, and crops can be grown all year. The foremost disadvantage of a hydroponic system is the higher initial setup cost and the requirement to implement automatic monitoring equipment. Likewise, it requires constant supervision from the farmer. Power outages must be resolved manually in Sihombing et al. (2018) recently established hydroponic organization that only procedures the temperature of the nutrient clarification and the water level. A smartphone can be used to monitor the system. The method developed by Belhekar et al. (2018) and Jaimes et al. (2019) measures the system’s relative humidity, temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and water level. Farmers are alerted to situations like systemic nutrient imbalances by the data submitted to a database. Monitoring the hydroponic atmosphere is the only function of the system. Therefore, the system is without actuators and depends on the farmer to control occurrences (Belhekar et al. , 2018). et al. (2019) can add rainwater to the design and regulate pH levels. The volume and velocity problem of data generated in a hydroponic system is addressed by Chaiwongsai (2019) using data fusion. Data fusion is a technique that merges (fuses) information from many sensors to provide a more accurate result. Moreover, data fusion lessens network transfers, which lowers traffic and energy use. The authors suggested a control and management system for tropical hydroponic horticulture. The system keeps track of data on the state of the power, temperature, humidity, water level, pH, and EC, which are then sent over the internet to a remote database. Users can access a mobile application to verify the hydroponic sensor’s status. A two-tier network of sensors (including data fusion and SI sensors) makes up the system (DFi). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of hydroponics, which is defined as a method that allows crops to grow without soil and relies on nutrient-rich water solutions. It mentions that the hydroponics system is not affected by environmental conditions, highlighting that crops can be grown year-round, like indicated in the claim. Additionally, the benefits of hydroponics, such as higher yield and quality with less water consumption, further support the idea that hydroponics is a soil-less growing method.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs can accurately predict future decisions or intentions based solely on brain activity. [SEP] Text: In contrast, in cases where traditional models and experimentally determined structures have similar binding pocket accuracies, they yield similar pose prediction accuracies (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Pose prediction accuracy as a function of binding pocket structural accuracy when docking to AlphaFold 2 (AF2) models or experimentally determined structures. Docking to an experimentally determined structure generally leads to more accurate pose prediction than docking to an AF2 model with the same binding pocket root mean squared deviation (RMSD). The difference between the two curves is statistically significant for all binding pocket RMSD values below 1. 1 Å (see Methods). 5—figure supplement 1 for additional data, including results for traditional models and for various docking methods. We also considered the possibility that the improved performance of experimentally determined structures relative to AF2 models might be because, in some cases, the structure used for docking was determined with a bound ligand similar (though not identical) to the ligand being docked. Eliminating such cases from consideration does lead to decreases in both aggregate binding pocket accuracy and pose prediction accuracy of experimentally determined structures, but experimentally determined structures continue to yield significantly more accurate pose predictions than AF2 models (p < 0. 01) (Figure 1—figure supplement 1 and Figure 2—figure supplements 1 and 2). recent papers have concluded that AF2 models fall short of experimentally determined structures when used for ligand docking (Díaz-Rovira et al. , 2023; He et al. , 2023; Heo and Feig, 2022; Scardino et al. , 2023). Our results agree with this conclusion but go beyond it in several ways. We compare AF2 models and traditional template-based models, rigorously ensuring that none of these models was informed by experimentally determined structures of the protein being modeled. We find that, in terms of structural accuracy of the binding pocket, AF2 models are much better than traditional models; indeed, the RMSD between an AF2 model and an experimentally determined structure is typically comparable to the RMSD between two structures determined experimentally with different ligands bound. Yet, when used for docking, AF2 models yield pose prediction accuracy similar to that of traditional models and much worse than that of experimentally determined structures. A few caveats are in order. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) predicting future decisions or intentions based on brain activity. Instead, it discusses the accuracy of pose predictions in the context of ligand docking to different structural models, specifically contrasting traditional models with AlphaFold 2 models and experimentally determined structures. This does not relate to BCIs or their predictive capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Imagine coming home after witnessing a rather upsetting event, and as you walk through the front door, the wall crumples up into a tight pattern reflecting your distress, anger, or anxiety. “We made a textile that crumpled up and we called it its ‘angry state,’ and when it smoothed out we called it its ‘calm state,’” Davis says. “Some people don't really know when they're upset, depressed, or angry. Maybe we can put sensors on that person and have a reading go to a textile to make them aware of what's going on in their bodies instead of biting your nails or ripping your hair out,” Davis explains. The mirror is made up of 80 pieces of laser-cut felt and fused together with Nitinol wire and contains a series of motors permitting movement. Nitinol is a superelastic alloy, made up of nickel and titanium, well known for displaying a shape-memory effect and “remembering” its original state. The signal—whether that be from a household textile, item of clothing, or a smartphone—then stimulates the object, causing the encased Nitinol wire to contract and thus the fabric to fold. The felt absorbs a lot of the heat from the Nitinol, which makes the fabric fold up along accordion pleats, but the metal got too hot to touch. Wool proved to be the optimum fabric to use as it was the least flammable option. Once the Nitinol wires slowly cooled down, they would straighten back out; however, this could be a lengthy process. In order to speed it up, extra weights were placed at the ends of the wires. The mirror prototype is connected to a smartphone that communicates an emotional reading to the textile, allowing it to change form. However, this required the user to input their emotion that would feed back to the textile. Rather than having the user select the emotion, the research team decided to use heart sensors and galvanic skin sensors to detect changes in heart rate, pulse, sweat, and breathing. The sensors were attached to items of clothing worn close to the body such as leggings, because good contact with the skin and body was vital for the reading. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a textile and mirror prototype that reacts to human emotions through the use of sensors, but it does not discuss plants or their abilities. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding plants sensing and responding to human emotions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: According to Bafdal, Dwiratna & Kendarto (2017), this technology is an advancement over earlier ones. Smart watering is the system’s registered trademark. The valve for the proposed self-aware fertigation is built to adhere to gravity and pressure laws. It implies that the valve will automatically open and shut depending on the predetermined height, enabling adequate nutrient circulation. This kind of technology is excellent for use in places without electricity. A hydroponic intelligent plant care system that uses IoT technology to control the environment was created by Paulchamy et al. (2018). IoT allows users to make changes by quickly adding or removing sensors and actuators. By managing the water sprinkling and pump flow, the IPCH box effectively reduces the CO2 concentration. According to the level, the flow of nutrients to hydroponic plants is automatically increased. The challenging step is maintaining a steady pH level in the water solvent. The crop can be grown anywhere in hydroponics, where the growth rate is 90% more than in regular farming. The novelty of the proposed method for distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants lies in its groundbreaking approach to optimizing plant growth through advanced modeling techniques. Unlike existing convolutional neural network (CNN) and deep neural network (DNN) models, this innovative system leverages a unique combination of data-driven insights and real-time feedback mechanisms to achieve unparalleled accuracy. The model’s claim to surpass existing CNN and DNN models is rooted in its ability to adapt and learn dynamically from the intricate interplay of variables affecting plant nutrition. By integrating cutting-edge sensor technologies and machine learning algorithms, the system not only precisely distributes nutrient solutions tailored to the specific needs of each plant but also continuously refines its predictions based on live environmental data. This adaptive and responsive nature sets it apart, positioning it as a pioneering solution in the realm of hydroponic agriculture, promising enhanced crop yields and resource efficiency. Proposed system and system design The ratios of nutrients will keep changing due to plant type, plant stage, plant organ focus, air temperature, and humidity. Automatic hydroponic nutrient management must focus on- Taking complete control of hydroponics that monitor and regulate everything needed for plants, including nutrients, EC, pH, CO2, temperature, and humidity Estimating nutrient ratios for feeding plants. Automating nutrient supply to dispatch nutrients in the right amounts at the right time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that hydroponics employs nutrient solutions to optimize plant growth, eliminating the need for soil. It discusses the advanced technologies and automated systems designed to manage nutrient circulation in hydroponic settings, confirming the claim that crops can indeed be grown without soil through nutrient-rich water solutions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCIs can accurately predict future decisions or intentions based solely on brain activity. [SEP] Text: The TPR values during testing and cross-validation are then considered if necessary to find out the most discriminatory tasks. 1, the testing FPR for the baseline and the rotation tasks are the same and the lowest. The cross-validation FPR is lower for the baseline. Hence, the most discriminatory task must be the baseline. Since a BCI based on the baseline is activated when the subject wishes to relax and think of nothing, it is practically useless; therefore, we do not consider the baseline as the most discriminatory task. The rotation task is then selected as the most discriminatory task. The second most discriminatory task for Subject 1 is the multiplication. 2, the most discriminatory task is the multiplication since it has the lowest testing and cross-validation FPRs. The counting is the second most discriminatory task for this subject. 3 and 4, the most and the second most discriminatory tasks are the counting and the letter composing, respectively. 3, the FPR values for these two tasks interestingly reach zero during testing. 4. 3. Selected waveletsUnlike the basis, the selected wavelets are not the same for all subjects and mental tasks. In eleven BCIs (out of the twenty BCIs designed for different subjects and tasks), a wavelet from the Daubechies family has been chosen as the best wavelet. Wavelet ‘db2’, the most selected wavelet, is the best wavelet for five BCIs. The BCIs for the most and the second most discriminatory tasks of Subjects 2 and 3 has the best performance with this wavelet among all other wavelets. In five BCIs, the Biorthogonal family is the best. Each of the Coiflets and Symlets families are also selected in two BCIs. 4. 4. Average system performanceAccording to Table 7, the BCIs of Subject 3 have generally the best performance, with the average FPR of 0. 08% and the average TPR of 57. 51%. Moreover, the BCIs based on the counting task have the best performance overall. The average performance of BCIs based on the counting has FPR and TPR values of 0. 17% and 63. 00%. 4. 5. Comparison of different wavelet basesFor each BCI, we consider and evaluate the system performance with different wavelet bases as further analysis. We then sort and rank the bases based on the ratio of TPR to FPR during testing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of a BCI based on the baseline task, stating that it is 'practically useless' when the subject wishes to relax and think of nothing. This suggests that BCIs may not be able to predict future decisions or intentions accurately as they rely on voluntary mental activities, which are not occurring in this instance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: However, an additional angle that had to be implemented, she says, is the complexity of psychology and how people respond in a different environment from the one to which they are accustomed. Experiments provided a solid baseline but a controlled environment does not reflect authentic human experience. Davis says, “I am a designer and when you get into psychology, you need the help of psychologists, but even psychologists have the same problems: The minute you put people into a scientific background, it changes everything. ”In order for a person to connect to a textile, it has to appear attractive to the user, so creating something aesthetically pleasing is important for engagement. Unless, of course, you wanted to use the textile as a warning and then something repellent would be more apt. When we picture robots, we are likely to picture emotionless metal frames. However, Davis's vision for these robotic textiles is to take the form of something familiar or comfortable for the consumer. “You could make a stuffed animal, a chair, or a dress,” Davis says. “Using the same textile in three different examples changes what gets communicated from it and what messages are sent from the textile to other people. ”“Aesthetics plays a huge role because if things are repellent, people don't want to deal with them. If people see something that they don't want to touch or they don't want to engage with down the whole list of senses, then they're not going to connect,” she says. While the is a prototype, Davis can see the science being applied to objects we already use in our everyday lives. According to Davis, such products could be out in the real world already if she didn't have one major concern. While the data collected by these textiles could have some very beneficial uses across multiple industries, her concern is how data protection policies will affect the users; that is, who might be holding the data and how might they use them. For example, if a clothes shop started producing clothing with sensors in them, the shops would suddenly have all these data on their customers. It raises the question whether they should be able to hold onto data like these. Prototype of the pulmonary fibrosis camisole top. The fabric of the top is tested at Center. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses psychology, aesthetics of textiles, and concerns regarding data protection in the context of human psychological responses and the design of robotic textiles. There is no mention or evidence supporting the idea that plants can sense or respond to human emotions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Maintain an app that communicates with the farmer and allows remote access to the growing environment. Immediate alerts to the farmer for uncommon incidences in the growing environment. Use a cloud server to maintain day-to-day plant growth status. Block diagram Hydroponics is soilless cultivation that can be grown in any small indoor area. Each requirement must be provided artificially in a controlled environment, whereas everything is naturally available for soil agriculture. The above Fig. 2 depicts the whole idea of our proposed system. Figure 2: Block diagram for proposed automatic nutrient provider for hydroponics farming. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-2 Our proposed system aims at developing an auto-dosing system for nutrient management to distribute essential nutrients for plants with less human intervention. The system mainly automates the nutrient supply to prevent under-dosing or overdose. This system calculates and estimates the number of nutrients based on the ratios given at every plant stage or age. The block diagram of the system mainly comprises a growing chamber, water reservoir, NPK mixture pumps, and Arduino microcontroller that connects various sensors to sense different parameters like pH, EC, temperature, and water levels and uses LCD 16 × 2 monitor to display all these parameters. The pH and EC sensors in the system continuously monitor the hydroponic solution. If the recorded pH falls beyond the required range, the system triggers pH adjustment processes, such as introducing pH-up or pH-down solutions, to return the pH to the ideal range. If the EC values exceed the predefined thresholds, the system adjusts the nutrient content by diluting the solution with water or supplementing it with more nutrients. These corrective steps are frequently automated and initiated in real-time to handle any variations as quickly as possible and to guarantee that the nutrient solution remains within the precise parameters conducive to plant health. The system provides a stable and controlled environment by proactively maintaining pH and EC levels, protecting against harmful impacts on nutrient uptake and overall plant development in hydroponic farming. It feels pH and EC in regular intervals and compares recorded values with the minimum threshold already initialized in the system. EC and pH ranges vary from plant to plant. The nutrient solution requirement of the plant is directly dependent on the growth stage of the plant, which causes EC ranges to go for different growth stages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that hydroponics is a method of 'soilless cultivation' and describes how essential nutrients for plants are supplied through nutrient-rich solutions in a controlled environment. The mention of maintaining pH and EC levels to optimize nutrient uptake directly supports the idea that hydroponics relies on nutrient-rich water solutions rather than soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using BCIs can improve cognitive abilities without any training or adaptation period. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4133712/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractabilities are key indicators of healthy aging. Nowadays, China has gradually entered a stage of deep aging, and the elderly population with age-relate cognitive decline has significantly increased. However, previous research on cognitive abilities based on long-term time trends has been relatively few among Chinese older adults. This study aims to explore the cognitive abilities changes and group differences among Chinese older adults aged 65 to 105 based on three-time dimensions of age, period, and birth cohort. 8 waves of Survey (CLHLS) are used from 1998 to 2018. To avoid perfect collinearity in the time dimension, the study employ Hierarchical APC-Cross-(HAPC-CCREM) to examines age-period-cohort effects on the cognitive abilities among Chinese older adults. the age is set as fixed-effect, while the period and birth cohorts are set as random-effect, and explore the significant factors that impact the cognitive abilities of Chinese older adults based on the Hypothesis. the fixed-effect level, demographics factors, health behaviors, self-rated health, subjective well-being and childhood adversity significantly impact cognitive ability among Chinese older adults. Age effects are significant, and cognitive abilities show an inverted “U”-shaped curve with age. At the random-effect level, period effects are significant, with the overall cognitive levels show a gradual annual increase among Chinese older adults Since 2008. Cohort effects are also significant, where the overall cognitive levels of the earlier-born cohorts in the first six groups show an increasing trend. Conversely, the overall cognitive levels of later-born cohorts in the latter five groups show a declining trend. Notably, the period effects significantly promote the cohort effects. Hypothesis support the significance of the majority of impacting factors. the cognitive abilities show an accelerating decline with increasing age, following an evolutionary trajectory in accordance with physiological principles among Chinese older adults. The cognitive abilities show a monotonic increasing trend year by year since 2008, further validating the Flynn effect among Chinese older adults. The first six earlier-born cohorts show an increasing trend in cognitive abilities, supporting the hypothesis of pathological state compression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how cognitive abilities among Chinese older adults decline with age and suggesting that various factors, including health behaviors and demographics, significantly affect cognitive performance. It also notes that cognitive abilities follow an increasing trend with age in terms of earlier cohorts while showing an accelerating decline in later cohorts, implying that usage of BCIs alone, without any adaptations or training, may not lead to improved cognitive abilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: The white yarn (PA/Lycra) is selected because it is lightweight to be worn under other garments, and elastic to make it fit close to the body. The sensor yarn (Bekintex BK 50/2) is resistive and sits under the chest area. When a person's lungs expand and then contract, they expand and contract the resistive yarn that is connected to a microcontroller that can read the patterns of coughing. For stitching, lace structures are chosen for the sides and back to allow a better thermal circulation, and full rib on the front side for more elasticity and better ability to stretch and recover the original shape. who made the top: Felecia Davis; and Dr. Dumitrescu of the of Textiles. Seen in photo (top left): Erin Lewis, 3rd year PhD student, of Textiles (front); then Delia Dumitrescu; Anne Dimmock, 1st year student (back, left); and Farzaneh Oghazian, 3rd year PhD student, in the for Design Computing. Image credit: at the of Textiles © 2020; Image credit, top right and bottom left: © 2020. Davis says, “It's important for science to pause and go, ‘What's the impact we're trying to do here? What do we think are positive directions for human life? ’”Before bringing any items into the marketplace, Davis wants to be sure that these textiles will have a positive impact on people and their environment. “The next steps are to spend time thinking about what are some ways one can bring this technology to the public and shape the policies … in our country,” she says. As well as enhancing emotional needs, Davis has been looking at ways to implement these textiles in the medical world. She has been exploring ways to help patients get up and move about rather than be confined to a hospital for tests. For example, she worked on leggings that have sensors linked to the hips, knees, and ankles, which would help identify those with Parkinson's disease. She started her own firm to combine the academic and practitioner world so that together they can revolutionize the way they can help people in the future. “I think the design world is a funny place because it's neither science nor a pure art but you need both to be able to succeed at what you're doing,” Davis says. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim at all. Instead, it discusses the development of sensor-based textiles and their potential applications in improving human health and emotions. While the text mentions emotional needs, it does not provide any information about plants sensing or responding to human emotions, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: The pH meter calibrates the acidity or alkalinity of nutrient explanation in the water tank. In this system, we have grown tomato plants for the experimental results, and tomato plants can grow at a 5. 5 to 6. 5 feasible pH range. At all times, pH should be checked after getting EC in the predetermined range. The pH is too low or too high can stop nutrient uptaking and causes some deficiencies in plants. We should use pH up or down solutions to bring into the correct pH ranges. EC meter: EC meter and pH meter supports feeding hydro plants nutrients at consistent levels. Electrical conductivity (EC) can be measured in millisiemens (mS) or parts per million (ppm). For tomato plants, optimal EC ranges can be from 2 to 5 mS or 1,400 to 3,500 ppm levels based on the type of crops and growth stage of the tomato plants. If the EC value decreases, plants consume soundly and switch ON NPK pumps to raise nutrient solution. If the solution’s EC goes up, it means more nutrients in the resolution, and switching to the ON water pump dilutes the solution. Ultrasonic sensor: An ultrasonic sensor (HC SR04) is used to regulate the water level in the water tank. It is used to degree distance from one object to another object. It controls the water pump to turn on or off, thus avoiding water wastage. If the water equal recorded is less than the inception, it prompts the water pump to turn ON; otherwise, it will turn OFF immediately. 20 × 4 LCD: We used 20 columns × 4 rows of character LCD monitor designed for Arduino microcontroller with 16 pins to display all the input from sensors. 328 ADC: This device used for analog to digital conversion and vice versa. are using deep water culture for growing plants. Submersible pumps are used to mix the nutrient solution into the water reservoir. Hydroponic plants are soilless and consume macro and micro nutrients for their growth. It is essential to remember that the number of hydroponic nutrients and ratios that plants often require increases as plants get grown up. Then they slowly decrease as the plant enters the reproduction or harvesting stage. An auto-dosing system, designed to deliver nutrients mainly to concentrate on the plat stage, should fix specific nutrient ratios accordingly. Let us see how tomato plants consume nutrients at different stages of their growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that 'hydroponic plants are soilless and consume macro and micro nutrients for their growth.' This clearly supports the idea that hydroponics facilitates crop growth without soil, utilizing nutrient-rich water solutions, which is the core of the given claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using BCIs can improve cognitive abilities without any training or adaptation period. [SEP] Text: Fluid abilities refer to an individual’s capability to rapidly adapt, learn quickly, and solve new problems when face with new cognitive tasks. It is influenced by factors such as individual health, cognitive reserves, and cognitive stimulation. Crystallized abilities are the stable cognitive abilities developed by individuals through long-term learning and knowledge accumulation. Distinguishing from fluid abilities, crystallized abilities emphasize the knowledge and skills that individuals acquire through learning and experience. they trend to relatively stable and change hardly as they are consistently applied and reinforced. 1. 2 During autopsies of older adults who exhibit normal clinical behavior, Katzman observed advanced AD pathological features in their brains [8]. In a study comparing blood flow in the parietal and temporal lobes of AD patients, Stern discovered that education level of individual may serve as a “reserve” that delays the onset of clinical symptoms of AD, allowing to exhibit normal behavioral [9]. Therefore, Stern proposed the Hypothesis based on the brain reserve theory [10]. According to this hypothesis, cognitive reserve is protective mechanism that individuals develop based on life experiences, education, and social activities and so on, which can delay decline and impairment of cognitive abilities. Methods for assessing cognitive reserve include: First, proxy indicator method. Proxy indicator often include education, occupation, lifestyle, and pre-damage IQ and so on [11]. the main measurement tool is cognitive reserve index scale [12]. the main direction of research involves the long-term tracking of individual proxy indicators of cognitive reserve across multiple time points. Second, functional imaging method. Focusing on measuring the activity level of the brain under different cognitive tasks or at rest, it clarifies the functional organization changes in the brain during specific cognitive activities, establishing the connection between it and the proxy indicators of cognitive reserve [13]. At present, based on multimodal studies including white matter pathways [14, 15, 16], deposition of β-amyloid protein [17], connectivity patterns [18], genetics [19], and relevant biomarkers [20] and so on, combined with clinical behavioral assessment, provides a cognitive neurobiological basis for identifying aged-related cognitive decline. Most studies suggest a significant positive correlation between cognitive reserve and an individual’s cognitive abilities. Individuals of high cognitive reserve show stable and highly organized brain network structure during resting state, which consistent with individuals’ good performance in cognitive tasks [21, 22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining cognitive abilities and their dependence on individual health, cognitive reserves, and long-term learning experiences. It emphasizes that cognitive abilities are not solely enhanced by external interventions like BCIs but are influenced by factors such as education and life activities, indicating that improvement in cognitive abilities typically requires adaptation and experience rather than being a direct result of BCIs alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: EnglishFrançaisEspañol08. and Publication: Credit Composition, Output Composition, and. . . *All language versions across Repositories (updated daily) Files in PDF (768. 83 KB) 420 downloads (107. 25 KB) 26 downloads Date2017-06ISSNPublished2017-06Author(s) paper builds on recent research examining the impact of finance on economic outcomes. Specifically, it asks whether credit extended to households and firms has an impact on the share of exports in gross domestic product and on the trade balance. The analysis finds that although household credit is not positively related to export shares or trade balances, firm credit is significantly related to both. The relationship with export shares is particularly strong and robust. Higher shares of credit going to firms means a higher export share in gross domestic product and stronger trade balances (any effect of credit on imports is subsumed by the larger effect on exports). Household credit has a negative or insignificant relationship with the trade balance and the share of exports in gross domestic product. Credit may also affect the choice between types of goods produced domestically, not just whether they are produced for export or domestic consumption. The paper finds that household credit has a negative relationship with the share of manufacturing in gross domestic product. Firm credit is positively associated with the share of manufacturing in gross domestic product, while the share of services does not seem to be affected by either. Link to Data SetCitation“Islam, Roumeen. 2017. Credit Composition, Output Composition, and External Balances. Working Paper;No. 8082. © World Bank, Washington, DC. License: CC BY 3. 0 IGO. ”URI publications in this report seriesPublicationMapping the to Groundwater-by to Pumping in Sub-(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-01) Zuffinetti, Guillaume; Meunier, SimonShow morePhotovoltaic-powered groundwater pumping offers a transformative solution for water services in underserved areas. However, without proper regulation, this technology could overexploit groundwater resources, threatening the groundwater-dependent ecosystems that rely on them. Often overlooked in development planning and water allocation, groundwater-dependent ecosystems hold significant socioeconomic and environmental importance. This study maps the risk to groundwater-dependent ecosystems in Sub-from uncontrolled access to photovoltaic groundwater pumping using the analytic hierarchy process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the relationships between credit to households and firms and economic outcomes, rather than addressing the ability of plants to sense or respond to human emotions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Tomato plant at germination stage At the time of the seedling or germination stage, the plant supplied nutrients naturally available in the RO water. The seedling can start its growth with lightening, CO2, oxygen, and minimal nutrients. Tomato plant at vegetative stage N-P-K ratios represent the percentage of each nutrient in the solution. For example, the N-P-K ratio 7-9-5 is the best ratio at the vegetative stage that contains 7% of nitrogen, 9% of phosphorous, and 5% of potassium. The remaining solution is filled with varying amounts of micronutrients. During the vegetative stage, plants consume higher amounts of nitrogen in the fertilizer for a rapid growth rate. Nutrient consumption with more nitrogen products makes plants healthier, with leaves seen dark shined greenish. At this stage, plants take around 1,400 to 2,000 ppm of nutrients required for growth. In our system, the minimum threshold of 1,400 ppm and a maximum of 2,000 ppm are taken for nutrient estimation. Tomato plant at reproductive stage (flower/fruit stage) Plants’ reproduction stage starts with flowers that carry out reproductive functions to produce fruits. During this stage, plants consume higher amounts of phosphorous (P) for flower/fruit production and reduce taking nitrogen as it is already collected in vegetative stage at higher levels. Phosphorous is also needed for healthy root structure development. In this stage, potassium is a crucial nutrient for reproduction. In this stage, a 5-15-14 NPK ratio may be a wise choice for plant growth. Plants require around 2,000 to 4,500 ppm of nutrients for optimum growth throughout the blooming or fruiting periods. In our system, the minimum threshold of 2,000 ppm and a maximum threshold of 2,500 ppm has taken. Similarly, for the fruiting stage, the minimum threshold of 2,200 ppm and ultimate point of 3,500 ppm has been accepted for nutrient estimation. Achieving 97. 5% accuracy in recognizing the vegetative stage, 97. 5% in the blooming stage, and 99. 4% in the fruiting stage in hydroponic plants using nutrient solutions has significant implications for precision agriculture. This level of precision enables focused and efficient fertilizer delivery throughout the plant’s growth cycle, optimizing resource efficiency and minimizing waste. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the growth process of tomato plants at various stages using nutrient-rich water solutions in a hydroponic system. It details how plants receive essential nutrients directly from water instead of soil, with specific N-P-K ratios for different growth stages, emphasizing the role of nutrient solutions in achieving healthy plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using BCIs can improve cognitive abilities without any training or adaptation period. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, the topological structure of brain networks also shows higher complexity and robustness, which help to enhance resilience against cognitive decline [23, 24]. Moreover, individuals show more pronounced neuroplasticity after cognitive training, further supports that learning served as an effective intervention strategy for enhancing cognitive reserve [25, 26]. 1. 3 Age effects on cognitive abilities The age effects refer to the life course of individual cognitive abilities accompanying age changes, reflecting the distribution and differences of cognitive abilities in different age groups. Most studies support the clear and robust age effect of cognitive abilities. Contextual memory, semantic memory, executive function, and processing speed among other fluid ability, show an approximate linear decline with age. In contrast, crystallized ability trend to stabilize after childhood [27], remain high stable during adulthood, and are less affected by age [28]. Brain structural changes can largely explain the age effect on cognitive abilities in the elderly [29]. Brain regions such as the hippocampus, frontal and temporal cortices, striatum, thalamus, and nucleus accumbens gradually undergo atrophy with aging, leading to decline in cognitive abilities such as learning and memory, executive function and decision-making in the elderly. Secondly, the speed of information processing during individual aging is one of the significant predictors of cognitive abilities in the elderly, and it also underlies the age effect on these abilities [30]. Factors such as decreased neural network conductivity, axonal myelination [31], and others are associated with the decline in functional aspects such as information processing speed and attention allocation in the elderly. 1. 4 Period effects on cognitive abilities Period effects refer to the shared experience by a specific group due to changes in the era during a specific period. In the past 20 years, factors such as dietary patterns, climate change, ecological environment have impacted on the overall cognitive levels of populations. The purpose of period effects is to identify the evolutionary trends in the overall cognitive levels of populations under the external environment changes caused by changes in the era. Dietary patterns. In the past 20 years, there has been a significant shift in dietary patterns of Chinese people from a primarily grain-based intake to a low-carbohydrate and high-fat food pattern, while also accompanied by malnutrition caused by insufficient protein intake in some elderly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that cognitive abilities are influenced by factors such as age-related decline and the necessity of cognitive training for enhancing cognitive reserve. It indicates that neuroplasticity and cognitive training are effective strategies for improving cognitive abilities, suggesting that improvement is not solely achievable without training or adaptation, thus challenging the notion that brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) could solely enhance cognitive abilities without prior training.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: It evaluates risks using data on irradiance, groundwater, and population, and novel data on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Two scenarios are analyzed to improve the robustness of the findings. The results show that 92 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa’s groundwater-dependent ecosystems risk overexploitation if photovoltaic water pumping is implemented without proper controls. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems in Southern and Eastern Africa, particularly in and Namibia, are found to face higher risks, while those in Gabon, the Republic of Congo, and southern Nigeria tend to be less at risk. Comparing these results with populations relying on unimproved water sources highlights regions like southern Nigeria and South Sudan, which could be prioritized for potential photovoltaic water pumping system investments due to their higher groundwater development needs and lower risks to groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Conversely, areas like Namibia and South Africa, with lower groundwater development needs but higher risks to groundwater-dependent ecosystems, should require targeted investments and very close groundwater monitoring. These findings can help policy makers in targeting investments in photovoltaic water pumping systems and identifying regions needing careful monitoring to ensure sustainable groundwater use and minimal impact on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Show morePublicationLong-Term and of Training on (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-01) Campos, Francisco; Frese, Michael; Iacovone, Leonardo; Johnson, Hillary C. ; McKenzie, David; Mensmann, MonaShow moreA randomized experiment in Togo found that personal initiative training for small businesses resulted in large and significant impacts for both men and women after two years (Campos et al, 2017). This paper revisits these entrepreneurs after seven years, and finds long-lasting average impacts of personal initiative training of $91 higher profits per month, which is larger than the 2-year impacts. However, these long-term impacts are very different for men and women: the impact for men grows over time as they accumulate more capital and increase self-efficacy, whereas the impact for women dissipates, and capital build-up is much more limited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses environmental risks related to groundwater-dependent ecosystems and the impacts of personal initiative training for small businesses. There is no mention of plants, their ability to sense emotions, or any interaction between plants and human emotions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: With the potential to improve crop health and productivity, such accuracy contributes to the automation of hydroponic systems, decreasing labor requirements and enabling for data-driven decision-making. Furthermore, the environmental benefits, such as reduced nutrient runoff and a smaller ecological imprint, correspond with sustainable farming practices. This high level of precision not only ensures crop consistency, but also presents hydroponic farming as a competitive and environmentally aware strategy in modern agriculture. Equations for nutrients estimation based on the stage Estimating and calculating the ratios of nutrients to add to nutrient solutions is a primary issue in the hydroponic controlled environment. In India, the hydroponics culture is beginning. Most urban people are aware of growing hydroponics. In this urban farming, a farmer is tightly engaged with his day schedules. They cannot be time-intensive in dosing plants and making pH or EC adjustments. And if he is new to farming, he may accidentally shock his plants by over- or under-dosing. Overdosing on nutrients can result in a nutritional burn, the creation of salt content, and even plant death. Underdosing of nutrients sometimes results in plant decreases. The use of automated dosing systems is the solution to this problem. This system is used to avoid human errors and simplify nutrient management with less human intervention (dosing, checking levels, measuring pH and EC). Normally EC is measured in millisiemens. We can convert this EC to ppm using 500 NaCl or 700 KCl scales. 1MS=500ppm=EC500(or)1MS=700ppm=EC×700 For the tomato plant, the optimal EC range is from 2 to 5 mS, i. e. , 1,400 to 3,500 ppm, according to the KCl scale. We already discussed that plant absorbing nutrients involves several factors such as on plant stage, type of plant, and plant part growing. Accordingly, nutrient consumption at the vegetative stage is different from the flower stage, and similarly, nutrient uptaking at the flower stage is different from the fruit stage. At the germination stage, the plant uses a tiny percentage of nutrients as it can grow with nutrients available in fresh RO water. When it has grown in 30–40 days, leaves increase with height, around 20 to 30 cm. This stage is called the early vegetative stage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of nutrient-rich water solutions in hydroponic systems to manage nutrient levels precisely, thereby facilitating crop growth without soil. It emphasizes the automation and efficiency in managing nutrient solutions in hydroponics, which aligns with the claim about the method of growing crops in such systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic architecture often includes large windows to increase natural light exposure. [SEP] Text: И, конечно же, архитекторы и дизайнеры интерьера активно применяют такие природные элементы, как естественный свет, натуральные материалы, вода и живые растения в создании комфортного пространства. Но биофильный дизайн решает куда более глобальную задачу – не просто создать уютное место для работы или проживания, а принципиально улучшить психическое и физическое благополучие людей, чтобы человек чувствовал себя не только в безопасности, но и счастливым. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the use of natural elements, including natural light, in creating comfortable spaces but does not specifically mention the inclusion of large windows in biophilic architecture. Therefore, it does not provide direct corroboration, contrast, or relevance to the claim concerning large windows.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Show morePublicationLines to Self-Reliance (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-09-30) Hoogeveen, Johannes; Hopper, RobertShow moreHumanitarian models of refugee assistance increasingly promote refugee self-reliance without offering a clear understanding of what constitutes self-reliance, or how to measure it, although measurement is essential to assess whether the promotion of self-reliance has been successful. This paper proposes an approach to measuring self-reliance rooted in global poverty measurement: a refugee is self-reliant if their self-earned income exceeds the locally relevant poverty line. In its empirical application, the paper uses estimates of self-reliance drawn from 11 consumption surveys, which present the universe of data that can be used for such purposes. Refugees in middle-income countries are found to be far more likely to be self-reliant than those in lower income countries, while refugees residing in urban and non-camp settings demonstrate higher levels of self-reliance than those in rural and camp environments, reflecting the presence of greater economic opportunities outside camps and in urban areas. The paper also finds evidence that aid and self-reliance are inversely correlated, with more aid spent in environments where refugee self-reliance is constrained. The paper argues that a different outcome should be envisaged, one in which governments that encourage refugees to be self-reliant receive more aid. Such an approach would be beneficial for refugees, who would gain financial autonomy, and for host country citizens, who often face high levels of poverty and at times are even poorer than refugees. Show morePublicationand Informality in Kenya’s (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-09-30) Wiedemann, Verena; Kirui, Benard K. ; Khandelwal, Vatsal; Chacha, Peter W. Show moreThe spatial configuration of domestic supply chains plays a crucial role in the transmission of shocks. This paper investigates the representativeness of formal firm-to-firm trade data in capturing overall domestic trade patterns in Kenya — a context with a high prevalence of informal economic activity. It first documents a series of stylized facts and shows that informal economic activity is not randomly distributed across space and sectors, with a higher incidence of informality in downstream sectors and smaller regional markets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to refugee self-reliance and the economic activities in Kenya, without any mention or implication regarding plants, their abilities, or their responses to human emotions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Additionally, si and si∗ represent the mask binary conditions from the prediction and ground truth labels, respectively, and ti∗ denotes the difference between the ground-truth label box and the positive anchor. Procedure for nutrient estimator with visual representation board serves as the main controller of a hydroponic dosing system, coordinating the accurate dispensing of nutrients according to the surrounding conditions. Its central component is the microcontroller, usually an ATmega328p, which runs the programming that defines the logic of the dosing system. Antenna pins interact with sensors that measure factors like pH or nutrition levels, while digital pins are set as outputs to control dosing components, including pumps or valves. Both types of pins are crucial. For reliable performance, the voltage regulator guarantees a steady power supply, and the crystal oscillator gives precise timing for the microcontroller’s functions. Programming and interacting with external devices are made easier via the USB interface. Programmed logic, in which the microcontroller interprets sensor inputs, decides on the basis of specified criteria, and outputs signals to control dosing components, is what makes the dosing system work. board functions as a flexible and effective controller thanks to the dynamic interplay of its parts, guaranteeing the accurate and automated distribution of nutrients in hydroponic farming. The automatic dosing system consists of an Arduino board with a DHT11 temperature sensor, pH, and EC meter. We use a water tank filled with RO water, as in the deep-water culture model, with an aerator supplying oxygen for roots. We must start the system with the required pH range between 5. 5 to 6. 5 and EC values between 2 to 5. We used submersible pumps for pumping water and nutrients. The amount of time the PUMP is ON or OFF depends on the stage of the plant, pump speed, tank volume, and the number of plants. The programmed Arduino microcontroller periodically records updated values and adjusts the system with pH and EC as per thresholds. It captures the image of the plants to identify the current growth stage at regular intervals. It then stores all the measured data in the IOTCloudData web server that helps the farmer to feed plants with the right amount of nutrients and supplements. Figures 3 and 4 show the flowchart of the nutrient hydroponic automatic controlling system. We programmed our dosing system to adjust between ratios of nutrients for different stages in plant development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the operation of a hydroponic dosing system, which relies on nutrient-rich water solutions to grow plants without soil. It highlights the role of the microcontroller that facilitates the accurate dispensing of nutrients based on environmental conditions, thus confirming that hydroponics utilizes nutrient solutions for plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic buildings eliminate the need for artificial climate control systems. [SEP] Text: Building energy consumption is projected to increase quickly in the near future, accounting for 30% of global energy consumption on average [1]. The construction and maintenance of buildings account for nearly 50% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 30% of all energy delivered worldwide. As a result, it is critical to minimize these environmental pollutants as well as the energy used by buildings. The most direct and efficient ways to address the rising global energy demand are to better understand energy consumption and increase the energy efficiencies of currently constructed residential and commercial buildings [2]. Building energy efficiency could be improved even slightly, which would significantly lower large energy consumption. Building energy benchmarking can be used to further promote energy-saving measures by using energy evaluation to objectively evaluate the building's energy performance both before and after the retrofit. [7], [8], Certificates (DEC), Energy and (LEED) [9], and () [10] are just a few popular and well-known building rating systems that can be used for it. These tools typically compare the evaluated building energy usage on a macroscopic level to the best or typical reference peer. Numerous techniques have been employed in this field of study, which can be broadly categorized into three categories: data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) methodology, grey-box methodology, and white-box methodology [11]. White-box models, which use thermodynamic principles to predict building energy consumption, are used in many building energy simulation programs, including Ecotect, eQuest, and EnergyPlus [12]. They are predicated on the environmental parameters of buildings and the specifics of building design (such as HVAC design information and the exterior walls' thermal conductivity). These simulation specifics might not be available, though. Poor prediction will result from inaccurate input [13]. The difficulties associated with first principles-based energy modelling tools such as DOE-2 and EnergyPlus have contributed to the development of alternative solutions. Generating highly accurate DOE-2 or EnergyPlus simulation models of existing buildings from sparse, frequently paper-based design and as-built documentation is extremely challenging. Additionally, these instruments are typically difficult to use and expensive due to the need for laborious expert work [4]. White-box techniques require extensive information about building geometry, material compositions, and HVAC configurations and can sometimes fail to capture complex interactions, even though they provide detailed insights into building behavior and make complex analyses and optimizations easier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that building energy consumption is projected to increase and it is critical to improve energy efficiency in buildings to address rising global energy demands. It discusses various methodologies and tools like simulation programs that rely on extensive information about building designs, which suggests that there are complex systems in place for controlling energy usage, indicating that artificial climate control systems are still relevant and necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -16S-FASAS: an integrated pipeline for synthetic full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing data analysis View 10. 7717/peerj. 14043 Published 2022-09-23 Accepted 2022-08-21 Received 2022-01-21 -length 16s r© 2022 Zhang et al. is an open access 2022. 16S-FASAS: an integrated pipeline for synthetic full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing data analysis. PeerJ 10:e14043 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 85. 71% (6/7), 85. 71% (6/7), 72. 72% (8/11), and 70% (7/10) of the target bacteria. When applied to fecal samples, we found that the 16S-FAS-NGS datasets generated contigs grouped into 60 and 56 species, from which 71. 62% (43/60) and 76. 79% (43/56) were shared with the Pacbio datasets. Conclusions 16S-FASAS is a valuable tool that helps researchers process and interpret the results of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Depending on the full-length amplicon sequencing technology, the 16S-FASAS pipeline enables a more accurate report on the bacterial complexity of microbiome samples. 16S-FASAS is freely available for use at Introduction 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing technology is commonly used to determine bacterial taxonomy. At present, most diversity studies on microbial communities are based on sequencing 1–3 highly variable regions (V1–V9) of the 16S rRNA gene (Sirichoat et al. , 2020). Partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing is found to be affected by the selection of hypervariable region and the length of reads, and thus it cannot consistently provide valid classification beyond the genus level. Long reads can dramatically widen the genetic field and improve the resolution measured using amplicon sequencing (Phillip et al. , 2020). Full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences can be obtained using long-read sequencing technologies (sequencing and sequencing) at comparatively high throughput (Santos et al. , 2020; Pootakham et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding cryptids or undiscovered species at all. Instead, it discusses a scientific methodology related to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and its applications in microbiome studies, which is irrelevant to the topic of cryptids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: 4. The application of the growth stage identification algorithm in hydroponic farming The application of the Identification algorithm in hydroponic farming situations has produced significant improvements in a variety of real-world applications. The precise detection of growth stages by the algorithm led to optimal nutrient administration in a tomato-growing commercial greenhouse, minimizing nutrient waste and increasing yield. By automating the procedures of monitoring and fertilizer correction based on accurate growth stage recognition, the algorithm improved labor productivity in vertical farming systems and streamlined operations. Additionally, the algorithm’s use in sustainable urban agriculture practices shown how it may reduce environmental impact by optimizing nutrient solutions, satisfying consumer demand for environmentally friendly food. Scholarly establishments applying the algorithm saw enhanced crop quality as a result of precise nutrient distribution, while arid-region hydroponic farms took use of its potential for resource-efficient farming. Furthermore, the algorithm’s applicability to automated home hydroponics showed that even city people could use it to produce plants successfully and optimally. All of these case studies highlight how adaptable and powerful the Identification algorithm is for raising production, sustainability, and efficiency in a range of hydroponic farming scenarios. Experiment results System setup The proposed system has been implemented to estimate the extra nutrients required to feed the plants in the right amounts. Files S2 and S3 show the system implementation in real-time for visualizing plant growth from vegetative to fruit. The above experiment used deep water culture to grow the plants in a fixed water tank mixed with the initial amount of nutrients. The tomato plants are taken for demo and monitored from the seedling stage to the fruiting stage for nearly 115 days. The plants were in the observation to analyze that nutrient consumption changes as they change their growth stage. We used an Arduino board designed with a pH sensor, TDs sensors, and a temperature sensor connected to the outside world using ESP-32 Wi-Fi for automating the nutrient supply. board is coded using the software Arduino IDE for the above implementation. Its user-friendly open-source software contains a text editor for writing and uploading data to the board. In this software, most of the components are written and validated using JavaScript. The board stores all the data logs processed and communicates with a private IOTCloudData server connected with an integrated ESP-32 Wi-Fi module. Plant growth identification In this system, we automated nutrient supply according to the plant stage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing hydroponic farming and its methods, specifically mentioning the use of nutrient-rich water solutions for growing plants. It describes a system that automates nutrient supply for crops, which aligns directly with the idea of hydroponics as a soil-less farming technique. Additionally, it states that 'deep water culture' was used to grow tomato plants in a 'fixed water tank mixed with the initial amount of nutrients,' further supporting the claim that hydroponics operates through nutrient-rich water solutions without the need for soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Most modern cities are fully transitioning to biophilic architecture within the next decade. [SEP] Text: At the other end we have the extensive groupings of high rise apartment and office buildings that dominate places such as Manhattan where land is physically limited and there is no alternative to building up, or the many places in China where clusters of tall residential buildings are situated seemingly with more regard for the availability of zoning permits and financing than for the availability of potential residents, or the cities that seek to call attention to themselves, the subject of subsequent 10. Revival of the CityHistory is replete with examples of cities, or urban economies, that have lost the heart of the local economy. This may be the result of the collapse of a single major employer, such as happened to Detroit with automobiles, or even the collapse of an entire economic sector, as with steel in many industrialized cities in the 1980s. Some cities never really recover or do so only after decades of stagnation, for some recovery comes after a path dependent rejuvenation of historic strengths, and for others a complete restructuring and refocusing are required. In 1997. StatusBeing recognized as a major center of business activity – headquarters, access to financial and other professional services, recognition of this status throughout the world, and attractiveness to other firms in their locational decisions – has motivated local leaders to accept and to encourage companies to construct major corporate headquarters buildings and sites in many of the world’s major cities. Some of these efforts merely reinforced the power of the city center, while in other instances they led to renewal of a derelict part of the city, or to creation of a business center in a city that had been bereft of one. In other cities an entirely new site was developed to assert that city as a new, major economic and financial center. One of the first cities to do this was New York, from the through to the Freedom Tower, and more recently we have in London and La Défense in Paris. – World’s Tallest BuildingBuilding the world’s tallest (for a few years) building has been a popular way for cities to gain international status. the was a natural outgrowth of the city’s place in the structural development of the skyscraper since the 1880s and of the memory of Wright’s notion of the “Building. ” For others, having the world’s tallest building said to the world “Look at us! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing urban development trends that emphasize high-rise buildings and economic centers rather than the transition to biophilic architecture. It mentions how cities like Manhattan and various Chinese cities prioritize zoning and financing over considerations for environmentally friendly design, suggesting that not all urban areas are moving towards biophilic architecture within the next decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the PacBio circular consensus sequencing (CCS) technology improves the intrinsic error rate and provides high fidelity species identification (Earl et al. , 2018). However, to some extent, the large amounts of input material and high economic cost impede the widespread application of third-generation sequencing (Callahan et al. , 2021). Most synthetic long-read sequencing technology protocols are based on the addition of unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) to the fragmented single long DNA molecules, so that the originating DNA molecules can be reconstructed by assembly with UMI barcodes after sequencing (Chen et al. , 2020). Synthetic long-read sequencing technologies are appealing, as they can generate haplotype-resolved genome (Stapleton et al. , 2016), full-length transcript (Liu et al. , 2021), and full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Dong et al. , 2021) data with low-cost and highly accurate next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. For instance, () recently has developed a new commercialized technology called loopSeq that reconstructs full-length 16S rRNA gene through de novo assembly combined with the unique molecule barcoding technology (Jeong et al. , 2021). Burke and Darling described a method producing high-quality, near full-length 16S rRNA genes sequenced on a short-read sequencer (Burke & Darling, 2016). 16S-FAS-NGS is a similar, low-cost, and high-accurate approach that prepares the linked-tag library and the read-tag library separately before sequencing (Karst et al. , 2018). Through the tagging technology, fragmented reads with the same tag are assembled into a single full-length 16S rRNA gene using a de novo assembly algorithm. Before de novo assembly, linked-tag reads are identified and unique tags are extracted, and some unique linked-tag sequences with variants or low abundance are discarded. These challenges are important obstacles to the promotion of 16S-FAS-NGS technology. The 16S-FAS-NGS is an attractive technology; however, there is a lack of a data analysis suite that can facilitate the assembly, annotation, and visualization of relevant data to help process and analyze the synthetic long read data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding cryptids and undiscovered species. It discusses technical aspects of sequencing technology and its applications in genomic studies without mentioning cryptids or supporting evidence for their existence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: (12) =15Liter×800mg/Liter2×106mg/Minute (Sub in Eq. (11)) =0. 36sec(1Liter=1000000mg) Data analysis for nutrient supply During the system implementation period, it was observed that the plants were taking nutrients at increasing levels as they were growing from one stage to another. We used Tomato plants for the demo and were kept in observation for around 115 days from the installation. With a view of data downloaded from the cloud server, we have clearly shown the average nutrient consumption per week in Table 2 and Figs. 5–7. Figure 5: Nutrient consumption at vegetative stage. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-5 Figure 6: Nutrient consumption at flower stage. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-6 Figure 7: Nutrient consumption at fruit stage. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-7 The following graph analysis developed using Python with the clearly shows how plant nutrient consumption rate increase with change in the growth stages. Accuracy analysis chart for comparing the proposed with the existing system Figure 8 and Table 3 compare the accuracy of the proposed methodology to various current methods. The graph shows that the deep learning approach improves performance and accuracy. For example, in the 1–5th week, the proposed model has a 97. 5% accuracy value, while the CNN (Gul & Bora, 2023) and DNN (Arvind et al. , 2020) models have 95. 5% and 94. 3% accuracy values, respectively. The proposed model, on the other hand, fared better with varied weeks. Similarly, the proposed model has an accuracy value of 99. 4% under 10–15 weeks, whereas CNN and DNN have 96. 8% and 96. 6%, respectively. Figure 8: Accuracy analysis of the proposed system. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-8 Time complexity analysis of chart for comparing the proposed with the existing system Figure 9 and Table 4 show the time complexity of the proposed methodology is compared to that of existing techniques. The data clearly shows that the proposed technique outperformed all other strategies. The proposed approach, for example, took only 123. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the observation of nutrient consumption by plants grown in a hydroponic system. It specifies that the plants, during their growth stages, were provided with nutrient-rich water, which is a fundamental aspect of hydroponics. The details on nutrient consumption rates and growth stages support the understanding that crops can grow without soil when using nutrient solutions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Recall that in the BB84 QKD system, the channel loss plays a simple role: it reduces the communication efficiency but it will not introduce QBER. A photon is either lost in the channel, in which case Bob will not register anything, or it will reach Bob‘s detector intact. On the other hand, in the the channel loss will introduce vacuum noise and reduce the correlation between Alice and Bob’s data. As the channel loss increases, the vacuum noise will become so high that it is impossible for Alice and Bob to resolve a small excess noise (which is used to upper bound Eve‘s information) on the top of a huge vacuum noise. Comparing with the BB84 QKD, the could yield a high secure key rate over short distances [24] [25]. 3. 4. Decoy state QKDThe security of QKD has been rigorously proven in a number of recent papers. There has been tremendous interest in experimental QKD [26] [27]. Unfortunately, all those exciting recent experiments are, in principle, insecure due to real-life imperfections. More concretely, highly attenuated lasers are often used as sources. But, these sources sometimes produce signals that contain more than one photon. Those multi-photon signals open the door to powerful new eavesdropping attacks including photon splitting attack. For example, Eve can, in principle, measure the photon number of each signal emitted by Alice and selectively suppress single photon signals. She splits multi-photon signals, keeping one copy for herself and sending one copy to Bob. Now, since Eve has an identical copy of what Bob possesses, the unconditional security of QKD is completely compromised. In summary, in standard BB84 protocol, only signals originated from single photon pulses emitted by Alice are guaranteed to be secure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) can potentially offer secure communication, it is not unbreakable in practice. It discusses the inherent vulnerabilities in QKD systems, such as the risks posed by channel loss and multi-photon signals, which can lead to eavesdropping attacks that compromise security. Specifically, the statement 'the unconditional security of QKD is completely compromised' indicates that real-life imperfections prevent QKD from being unbreakably secure, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Here, we introduce a new tool, called 16S-FASAS, that enables the assembly of the 16S rRNA gene by short reads and subsequent taxonomic composition analysis. The software provides easy-to-use integrated tools for processing 16S-FAS-NGS data. Materials & 16S-FASAS is a full-length 16S amplicon sequencing data analysis software that contains modules such as data quality control, sequence demultiplexing, parallel assembly, and taxonomy annotation. Most modules are written in Perl, and an integrated in-shell pipeline is offered, which combines all modules and reads a variety of parameters in the configuration file. 16S-FASAS is hosted on GitHub ( and can be easily installed locally after downloading the software from the repository. 16S-FASAS does not require administrator privileges to install or run. 16S-FASAS utilizes conda, which provides automatic dependency resolution to install additional software programs and Perl module dependencies. Installation of 16S-FASAS requires the user to simply start with a script named “dep/create_conda_env. sh”, which is created in an isolated conda environment. The output information provides details about installation and reports any errors that occurred. More detailed guidance for implementing 16S-FASAS is available in the file. input data to the 16S-FASAS pipeline consist of raw Illumina sequencing reads from two libraries: a linked-tag library and a read-tag library (Fig. S1). The linked-tag library contains reads with UMIs and flanking primer binding sites, which are used to bin all 16S rRNA gene fragment tag-reads originating from the same parent molecule. The read-tag library contains fragmenting reads with UMIs, which are used to re-create the parent full-length 16S rRNA gene molecules with a de novo assembly algorithm. A configuration file is required for the 16S-FASAS pipeline. The configuration file also records the running parameters and serves as documentation for future reference. Each line in the configuration file represents one parameter for the pipeline. Architecture 16S-FASAS comprises a set of steps that invoke specific procedures (Fig. 1). Some steps are executed efficiently by taking advantage of parallel computing. 16S-FASAS wraps the execution of these scripts with error-handling code. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about cryptids and their existence as real, undiscovered species. Instead, it describes a software tool for analyzing genetic sequencing data, focusing on 16S rRNA gene assembly and processing, without any relation to cryptids or their classification.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Designing and implementing the arduino-based nutrition feeding automation system of a prototype scaled nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponics using total dissolved solids (TDS) sensor. . 2021. AB mix hydroponics nutrient solution concentration control using microcontroller based on-off control method. FAO. 2022a. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. FAO. 2022b. Food and agriculture projections to 2050 | Global perspectives studies | Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. . 2018. Design of PID controller for greenhouse temperature based on Kalman. Gul Z, Bora S. 2023. Exploiting pre-trained convolutional neural networks for the detection of nutrient deficiencies in hydroponic basil. Sensors 23(12):5407. 2022. Can soilless farming feed urban East Africa? An assessment of the benefits and challenges of hydroponics in Uganda and Tanzania. 6(1):100413 Haider J, Rai AB. 2021. Emergence of new insect pests on vegetables during the last decade: a case study. 9(1):20-26. 2019. Hydroponic system with automated hydrolysis using renewable energy self-sustainable. of Conferences 256:2012 Kaewwiset T, Yooyativong T. 2017. Estimation of electrical conductivity and pH in hydroponic nutrient mixing system using linear regression algorithm. . 2021. Architecture design of monitoring and controlling of IoT based aquaponics system powered by solar energy. Science 191:493-498 Lee S, Lee J. 2015. Beneficial bacteria and fungi in hydroponic systems: types and characteristics of hydroponic food production methods. 195:206-215. 2020. Utilizing a privacy-preserving IoT edge and fog architecture in automated household aquaponics. . 2021. A fog computing architecture with multi-layer for computing-intensive IoT applications. 11(24):11585 Nemali K. 2022. History of controlled environment horticulture: greenhouses. HortScience 57(2):239-246. 2021. Nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic nutrition controlling system using linear regression method. and Engineering 1108(1):12033. 2018. A novel approach for automating & analyzing hydroponic farms using internet of things. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing hydroponic systems and methods that involve nutrient film technique (NFT) and the use of nutrient solutions. It mentions the design and implementation of automated nutrient control systems, which aligns with the principle of hydroponics that does not utilize soil but nutrient-rich water solutions instead.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: lets an abnormally high fraction of multi-photons go to Bob, then decoy states (which has high weight of multi-photons) will have an abnormally high transmission. Therefore, Alice and Bob can catch Eve. But there are some drawbacks of Hwang’s original idea:Hwang’s security analysis was heuristic, rather than rigorous. “Dark counts”–an important effect–are not considered. Final results (distance and key generation rate) are unclear. Suppose that a decoy state and a signal state have the same characteristics (wavelength, timing information, etc) by H. K. Lo etc’s methods [29]. Therefore, Eve cannot distinguish a decoy state from a signal state and the only piece of information available to Eve is the number of photons in a signal. Therefore, the yield, Yn (yield of an n-photon signal), and QBER, en (quantum bit error rate of an n-photon signal), can depend on only the photon number,n, but not which distribution (decoy or signal) the state is from. cannot treat the decoy state any differently from signal state, thenYn(signal)=Yn(decoy)=Ynen(signal)=en(decoy)=en. Let us imagine that Alice varies over all non-negative values of μ randomly and independently for each signal, Alice and Bob can experimentally measure the yield Qμ and the QBER Eμ. Qμ=Y0e−μ+Y1e−μμ+Y2e−μ(μ22)+. . . +Yne−μ(μnn! )+. . . . E11QμEμ=Y0e−μe0+Y1e−μμe1+Y2e−μ(μ22)e2+. . . +Yne−μ(μnn! )en+. . . . E12Since the relations between the variables Qμ’s and Yn’s and between Eμ’s and en’s are linear, given the set of variables Qμ’s and Eμ’s measured from their experiments, Alice and Bob can deduce mathematically with high confidence the variables Yn’s and en’s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining several limitations and security vulnerabilities in Hwang’s quantum cryptography proposal. It states that the security analysis was heuristic rather than rigorous and mentions important effects, such as 'dark counts,' that were not considered. Furthermore, the text implies that if the decoy and signal states are not differentiated correctly, Alice and Bob cannot ensure the supposedly unbreakable security claimed by the field of quantum cryptography.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: If the execution of 16S-FASAS is interrupted, the logged error or warning messages help to determine the underlying cause. By default, 16S-FASAS performs the following operations on raw reads in the listed order: Quality control of linked-tag reads. The linked-tag reads consist of adaptor sequences and unique tags. distance between the flanking adapters of reads and the true adapter sequences is calculated. Reads are corrected to improve the rate of qualified reads if the hamming distance is less than 3. All reads are qualified with Trimmomatic v0. 36, and the two linked-tag sequences are concatenated with XORRO. Extracting unique tags and associated read bins. The unique tags are extracted by identifying the conserved flanking adapters, and the related reads are counted. The unique tag pairs are recorded and sorted by abundance. The tag pairs are used to recruit read-tag reads, thus helping obtain the read bins for each tag pair in the sample. Each bin consists of tag reads originating from the same parent molecule. Quality control of read-tag reads and de novo assembly. Before assembly is performed, all read-tag reads are quality-trimmed and adaptor-trimmed using the Cutadapt software. Then, de novo assembly is implemented on each extracted read bin. The sequencing depths at different regions of a single full-length 16S rRNA gene can be extremely uneven. Two different lightweight algorithms are used by 16S-FASAS for assembling reads with uneven sequencing depths: CAP3 is an Overlap-Layout-Consensus (OLC) assembler, and IDBA-UD is a de Bruijn graph (DBG) assembler. Due to the relatively high resource consumption, assemblers such as spades and megahit are not recommended. Contigs are removed if they are outside the thresholds of the full length of the 16S rRNA gene (those >1. 2 kb are retained). All bins are assembled in parallel, and the number of threads is set through the parameters (assemble thread) of the software. The method is chosen through the parameter in the configuration file. All the assembled contigs from each read-tag bin are concatenated into one file and then chimera-filtered using 11. Taxonomy assignment of contigs. This module produces abundance tables of contigs that are annotated with their taxonomy using the tool. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains detailed information about the execution and functionality of 16S-FASAS, a bioinformatics tool used for sequence analysis, without discussing cryptids or their relation to real species. It does not provide any evidence or arguments that would support or refute the claim.