Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: This increasingly frequently discussed susceptibility to technical failure and random events, but also terrorist attacks on the technological infrastructure of society (e. g. in the form of a cyber-terror attack on the information technology backbone of the globalized economy) represents an unintended and undesirable, yet ultimately unavoidable consequence of accelerated technological advancement [1]. At issue are risks that emerge more or less gradually, which in many cases are not consciously accepted in the context of an explicit consideration of risk versus opportunity but instead only come to public attention when the dependency becomes tangible, such as during a lengthy blackout, which would incapacitate practically every venue of public life [13]. In the case of a large-scale shift of mobility capacity to autonomous driving, a high proportion of society’s mobility needs would naturally depend on the functioning of this system. A breakdown would be manageable as long as there were enough people who could still operate the vehicles manually. In a system that allowed passenger vehicle traffic to switch from autonomous to manual, for example, this would be no problem. But if a large share of the logistics and freight traffic were switched over to autonomous systems, it would be implausible, in the case of a longer-term total breakdown of the system, to maintain a sufficient pool of drivers, not to mention the fact that the vehicles would have to be equipped to enable manual operation in the first place. Even if significant logistics chains were to be interrupted for a lengthy period due to a system failure, bottlenecks could still quickly form, both in terms of supplying the population and maintaining production in the manufacturing industries [13]. This type of risk is nothing new: the massive dependence on a reliable energy supply that has been the object of much discussion since Germany’s energy transformation policy came into effect, as well as the dependence of the global economy on the internet, are structurally very similar. Another form of dependence can arise from autonomous driving on the individual level through the atrophying of skills. Large-scale use of autonomous vehicles would result in the loss of driving practice. If the vehicles are then operated manually, e. g. on weekends or on vacation, the reduced driving practice—a certain dependence on autonomously guided vehicles—could result in lower skill levels, such as the ability to master unexpected situations. In the case of a total breakdown of the system, there would suddenly be large numbers of manually operated vehicles on the roads, in which case the reduced skill of the drivers could once again prove problematic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential risks associated with relying solely on autonomous driving. It emphasizes the possibility of technical failures and highlights the importance of having human drivers available to take over in emergencies. The text states that a breakdown of autonomous systems would necessitate having enough skilled human operators to handle vehicles manually, thereby indicating that human oversight and intervention are essential in certain situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: В это время сформировались эпитермальные месторождения позднемелового окраинно-континентального Охотско-Чукотского вулканогенного пояса (ОЧВП), детально охарактеризованные А. А. Сидоровым (1978), Р. Б. Умитбаевым (1986) и другими исследователями. Тогда же были сформированы основные орогенные мезотермальные месторождения золота Аляски (Newberry et al. , 1995; Goldfarb, 1997; Goldfarb et al. , 1997; Nokleberg et al. , 2005) и Британской Колумбии (Nesbitt, 1988; Dawson et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological formations and mineral deposits in the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt and does not mention lunar ice deposits or microorganisms from Earth's early history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Delivery drones are regulated by aviation authorities in many countries. [SEP] Text: The first possible take on this is that unmanned aircraft are a new type of aviation activity, so maintaining a uniform regulatory regime for aviation as a whole, including both manned and unmanned aircraft, is justifiable. A second perspective states that the differences resulting from the lack of a crew on board are so far-reaching that unmanned aviation is a completely new type of activity in itself. Moreover, it is so different from manned aviation that it is necessary to create new safety regulations dedicated to this type of activity. In both cases, it will be necessary to introduce amendments to existing aviation laws in order to allow for UA technology to grow. These amendments include air traffic regulations or the organization of airspace, which as of now limits UA operations to designated zones only and does not address the capability of carrying out operations at very low altitudes, in airspace in which manned aircraft simply do not operate. What’s more, this publication seeks to identify the main issues related to the development potential of UA and their integration with manned aviation, focusing on the safety aspects of unmanned and manned aviation. These issues are identified and clarified by analyzing safety regulations and documents that preceded adopting official laws. New technologies require new regulations, but their adoption is not an easy process and must be preceded, in most cases, by analyses, reports, studies, and conceptual and analytical documents. Oftentimes, the process itself is quite innovative – making some new ←16 | 17→technologies even more disruptive. However, we should bear in mind that aviation safety regulations are quite conservative. The introduction of any regulations other than existing ones (and their mitigation in particular) has to ensure the continuation of at least the current level of safety, if not better. Moreover, meeting most aviation safety requirements can be clearly assessed, since they are regulated in great detail in specialized documents that are based on good practice and research. On the one hand, this publication focuses on the safety of UA operations on the assumption that safety is a priority and the purpose of safety requirements is to ensure the protection of the overarching values of human life and health. On the other hand, it deals with issues related to all kinds of human concerns posed by this new technology, as seen from the public’s viewpoint, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the need to update existing aviation laws to accommodate unmanned aircraft (UA), indicating that these regulations are essential for integrating new technologies like delivery drones into the airspace. It mentions that there are amendments needed to ensure safety in operations, which implies that aviation authorities are indeed involved in regulating drones.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Moreover, there would presumably be major bottlenecks and traffic jams if the expected efficiency gains on the system level (see above) were suddenly to disappear. Finally, the further digitalization and transfer of autonomy to technical systems would increase society’s vulnerability to intentional disruptions and external attacks. Autonomous driving could be affected by terrorists, psychopaths or indeed military scenarios (cyber warfare). Control centers could be hacked, malware installed, or even a system collapse triggered through malicious action. Defensive measures are of course necessary and technically feasible; but here we run into the notorious ‘tortoise and hare’ problem. But here again, this is not a problem specific to autonomous driving; it is known in the internet world and has arrived in the energy sector, for example, as well. 3. 8 On the The risk constellations described here are based on qualitative and exploratory considerations from the current world of mobility. They therefore have a certain plausibility, but also contain speculative aspects. They should not be understood as predictions, but as guideposts that should be observed along the way to the research, development and introduction of autonomous driving. Indeed, they cannot be predictive because any future occurrence of particular risk constellations depends on the introduction scenario for autonomous driving and its specific characteristics, and both of these elements are unknown today. For example, the contours of the ‘privacy’ risk constellation will depend heavily on whether an on-board autonomous driving scenario is implemented or autonomous vehicles continuously need to be connected to the internet and control centers. The public perception of the risk will depend largely on how autonomous driving is introduced. If it happens as part of a gradual automation of driving, the potential to learn gradually from the experiences gained along the way will greatly lessen the risk of a ‘scandalization’ of autonomous driving as a high-risk technology for passengers and bystanders. Steps on the way to further automation such as or Cruising (Chap. 2), the introduction of which seems likely in the coming years (Chap. 10), would presumably not lead to an increased perception of risk because they would seem a natural development along the incremental path of technological advancement. Unlike switching on a nuclear reactor, for example, the process of increasing driver assistance towards greater automation has so far progressed gradually. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the vulnerabilities and risks associated with autonomous driving, such as possible hacking by terrorists or malware installations, which suggest the need for human oversight and defensive measures to mitigate these risks. Furthermore, it highlights that the gradual introduction of automation may allow for learning from experiences, indicating that complete autonomy without human intervention is not currently feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 1991; Nelson, Colpron, 2007), включая такие, как Джуно-Тредуэлл, Брелорн-Пайонир и другие, а также ранние месторождения Сихотэ-Алиня (Геодинамика…, 2006), Индонезии (Hutchison, Taylor, 1978) и Новой Зеландии (Hedenquist et al. , 2000). Фиг. 2. Золоторудные пояса и ареалы разного возраста (Горячев и др. , 2005): 1 – кайнозойские, 2 – мезо-кайнозойские, 3 – мезозойские, 4 – палеозойские, 5 – докембрийские, 6 – районы проявления крупных палеороссыпных месторождений. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about lunar ice deposits and ancient microorganisms. Instead, it focuses on various geological formations and mining regions across different locations and their respective ages, which is unrelated to the topic of lunar deposits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Delivery drones are regulated by aviation authorities in many countries. [SEP] Text: or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and and or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and Previous 10. 4337/9781785367571. 00010 Full access the safety and regulatory perspectives drones are radically different from traditional ‘manned’ aircraft whose pilot is on-board. This fact is triggering significant changes in the regulatory framework for civil aviation, as necessary to accommodate these ‘new comers’. Several experts foresee huge development of the commercial applications of non-military drones in the next couple of decades. Understanding not only the regulatory framework, but also wider societal concerns, is essential to possibly define any business case. 1. 1 On 7 March 2018, the Council of the (ICAO),1 based on a proposal2 by the Commission (ANC) on which had been consulted,3 adopted a brand new Licence (RPL). Although this new licence will become applicable only on 3 November 2022, it can already be observed that it is very innovative for at least four reasons: 1. The pilot is no longer inside the fuselage of an aircraft, but remote from the aircraft itself and uses digital signals to control the flight; 2. The pilot licence is not issued, as is usual, by the State where the aircraft is registered, but by the State where the organisation of the operator is established; 3. There is no longer any distinction between private and commercial pilots, since the risk for third parties in the air or on the ground is identical; and 4. Differently from the traditional Licence (CPL) for manned aircraft, which may not be initially accompanied by an (IR), the RPL always encompasses at its first issue the privilege to fly under Rules (IFR), since flying drones in international operations under Rules (VFR) is neither of interest for operational and business purposes, nor easily feasible. From the introductory text above, readers may already realise how radically different civil drones are in respect of traditional aviation from the regulatory and safety points of view. 1. 2 purpose of this book is to summarise the ‘revolution’ in the regulatory approach triggered by drones in civil aviation, in the safety domain, but also in other relevant social aspects such as security, liability, insurance, privacy and data protection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the regulatory changes in civil aviation required to accommodate drones, highlighting that delivery drones are indeed different from traditional manned aircraft. It mentions the adoption of a new Remote Pilot Licence (RPL) by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) specifically for drones, indicating the regulatory framework's adaptation to this emerging technology, which supports the assertion that delivery drones are regulated by aviation authorities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The automatic transmission has been around for some decades, we are comfortable with and parking assistants, and further steps towards a greater degree of driver assistance are in the works. Incremental introduction allows for a maximum degree of learning and would also enable gradual adaptation of the labor market, for example, or privacy concerns (see above). In more revolutionary introduction scenarios (Chap. 10) other and likely more vexing challenges would present themselves for the prospective analysis and perception of risks. The public perception would then react especially sensitively to accidents or critical situations, the risk of ‘scandalization’ would be greater and the ‘investment’ risk constellation (see above) could develop into a real problem for individual suppliers or brands. 4 Relationship to DebatesGermany and other industrialized countries have extensive experience with acceptance and risk debates over many decades. This section will seek to draw insights from these previous risk communications and apply them to autonomous driving—insofar as this is possible in light of the very different risk constellations. 4. 1 Experience from the Debates4. 1. 1 Nuclear PowerThe risk constellations for nuclear energy arose principally from the fact that one side was comprised of the decision-makers from politics and the business community, supported by experts from the associated natural science and engineering disciplines. On the other side were the affected parties, including in particular residents in the vicinity of the nuclear power plants, the reprocessing plant and the planned nuclear waste repository in Gorleben, but also growing numbers of the German populace. Nuclear power is a typical technology that is far-removed form everyday experience. Although many people profit from the generated energy, the source of the energy is not visible, as evidenced by the old saying that “electricity comes from the electrical socket. ” The possibility of a worst-case scenario with catastrophic damage potential like in Chernobyl and Fukushima; the fact that on account of those incidents no insurance company was or is willing to insure nuclear power plants; the extremely long-term danger posed by radioactive waste; all of these factors demonstrate that the risk constellation in the case of nuclear power is completely different than the one for autonomous driving. Only one point was instructive:The early nuclear power debate in Germany was characterized by the arrogance of the experts, who at that time were almost entirely in favor of nuclear power, in the face of criticism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the incremental introduction of driver assistance technologies, implying that while progress is being made towards autonomy, there is an ongoing need for human oversight. It mentions that challenges in public perception and risk, especially in critical situations, suggest that full autonomy without human intervention may not be feasible or accepted at present.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Черной кривой линией показана условная граница металлогенической (по золоту) неоднородности докембрийских кратонов. Еще более молодые эпи- и мезотермальные жилы Румынии, Малого Кавказа, Камчатки, Тихоокеанских островных дуг и Мексики связаны с процессами наиболее поздней тектонической и вулканической активности и образуют кайнозойскую эпоху накопления золота. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological features and gold deposits in various regions, without any reference to lunar ice, microorganisms, or Earth's early history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Delivery drones are regulated by aviation authorities in many countries. [SEP] Text: Among the first unmanned fixed wing aeroplanes, the ‘Kettering Bug’ tested in the US in 1917 during the War should be mentioned. After the War, several attempts were made to fly radio-controlled aircraft, mainly to serve as aerial targets to train fighter pilots for air-to-air combat. One of the most famous was a modified British ‘Tiger Moth’ manufactured by in 1935. Since its purpose was to be chased by fighter aircraft, like a queen bee in nature is chased by drones (i. e. the real insects), that aerial target was nicknamed ‘Queen Bee’. This is probably one reason why smaller unmanned aircraft started to be called ‘drones’. During the War, small radio-controlled aircraft were frequently used as aerial targets. at the time worked in a factory producing aerial targets. This use continued for decades, but it constituted a very small niche of aviation activities. 1. 4 turning point was in 1991 when, during the war in the Persian Gulf, the US military services and their allies realised that the potential of drones for military applications was wide ranging. Following these experiences, the manufacturing industry not only increased the production of military drones, but soon started to promote their civil use. The first civil aviation authority promulgating rules for the civil use of drones was the (CAA)7 in 1986. Few others followed in the first years of the twenty-first century. Between 2002 and 2004, a joint task force, established by the (JAA; precursor of the – EASA) and concluded8 that drones were aircraft, and hence in the regulatory competence of the aviation authorities, starting with the ICAO at the global level. The same conclusion had been reached by the European legislator, which included civil unmanned aircraft above 150 kg in the remit of the EASA in 2002,9 as well as, in 2007 by standard-making bodies such as the Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) and. The limit of 150 kg has been recently replaced by the new basic regulation which extends EASA competencies to unmanned aircraft with a maximum take-off mass less than 150 kg. 10 This growing consensus of the community with regards to the fact that drones were aircraft, led the ICAO to establish in 2007 a on the matter. Meanwhile, Chinese manufacturers started to produce and sell small drones weighing only a couple of kilograms all over the world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing historical context and evidence that aviation authorities have regulated drones. It mentions that the first civil aviation authority promulgating rules for the civil use of drones was the CAA in 1986, and it discusses how these regulations have evolved to include unmanned aircraft under aviation authority jurisdiction, including mentions of ICAO and EASA's roles in this regulatory framework.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The most obvious explanation is that the benefit—and not the benefit to the economy, but the individual benefit experienced by each user—is simply too great. Even the serious and publicly discussed risks to privacy that have come to light in recent years due to spying by companies and intelligence services have had barely any impact on consumer behavior. Mobile telephony, online banking, e-commerce and the perpetually-online lifestyle enable the creation of eerily accurate profiles, and yet this does not prevent users from continuing to use these technologies and continuously volunteer private information in the process. It is plainly the immediate benefit that moves us to accept these risks even when we know and criticize them. 4. 1. 4 NanotechnologyEver since a risk debate about nanotechnology emerged some 15 years ago, the technology has been dogged by concerns that it could fall victim to a public perception disaster similar to the ones experienced by nuclear energy or genetically modified crops. The extremely wide-ranging, but entirely speculative concerns of the early days, which took the form of horror scenarios such as the loss of human control over the technology, have since disappeared from the debate without these effects coming into play. Through open debate, nanotechnology emerged from the speculative extremes between rapturous expectations and apocalyptic fears to become a ‘normal’ technology whose benefits reside primarily in new material characteristics achieved through the coating or incorporation of nanop4. 2 Conclusions for Autonomous DrivingAutonomous driving will be an everyday technology that is as closely connected to people’s lives as driving is today. That distinguishes it greatly from nuclear energy, while it shares this everyday-life quality with green biotechnology (through its use in food production) and mobile communication technology. From both risk debates we may extract the insight of how central the dimension of individual benefit is. While any such benefit from eating genetically modified food has scarcely even been advanced by its proponents, the individual benefits of mobile telephones and mobile internet access are readily evident. And as soon as this benefit is demonstrably large, people are prepared to assume possible risks. And this is absolutely rational from an action theory standpoint. What is irrational is to assume risks when the benefits are not evident or would only accrue to other actors (e. g. Monsanto in the green biotechnology debate). In such cases a risk debate can have dramatic consequences and obliterate any chance of acceptance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the societal acceptance of risks associated with new technologies, including autonomous driving. It emphasizes that individual benefits must be evident for consumers to accept potential risks, hinting at the necessity of human oversight in the context of risk management and technology adoption. The idea that people make rational decisions based on evident benefits implies that completely autonomous driving—without oversight—may not align with consumers' readiness to assume risks without clear, demonstrable benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Для нее характерно исключительное многообразие золотого оруденения от золото-сульфидных колчеданных залежей типа Куроко и эпитермальных жил до мезотермального оруденения жильного типа – Зодское месторождение (Малый Кавказ) и современных зон минералоотложения из горячих источников типа Вайракей (Нов. Зеландия) и Солтон-Си (Калифорния, США). Таким образом, формирование месторождений золота в истории Земли было дискретным. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is unrelated to the claim regarding lunar ice deposits and ancient microorganisms. It discusses gold mineral deposits and their formations in Earth's geological history, with no mention of lunar ice or microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Delivery drones are regulated by aviation authorities in many countries. [SEP] Text: The attention of the ICAO focused nevertheless on the large ‘Aircraft Systems’ (RPAS) able to fly under IFR on a global scale. there was a debate on whether priority should be given to regulate the large or the small drones, which initiated with a high-level conference in 2010. conclusions at that time stressed the urgency of regulating the small ones and this was enshrined by the political authorities in 2015 in the Riga declaration. 11 One year later, following these developments, the US Administration (FAA) published its first rules12 on small UASs, labelling these machines ‘aircraft’. Even more importantly, Part 107 was published by the FAA, which provides evidence that civil drones are considered aircraft and hence in the remit of the FAA by the US Government. In just over three decades between 1986 and 2018 (e. g. introduction of RPL in Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention), the civil aviation community dug new ground and ideas started to be formalised in emerging regulations which are still taking shape. The aim of this book is both to explain these developments and to enable readers to understand the direction in which the community is moving, as well as to prepare the community itself for the imminent new regulatory events which could also be influenced in the appropriate forums, using the information provided in these pages. 1 A specialised Agency of the United Nations. 2 (ICAO), President of the Commission, Adoption of amendment 175 to Annex 1, Paper C-WP/14714, Montreal, 31 January 2018. 3 ICAO, Proposals for the amendment of Annexes 1, 2 and PANS-TRG (Doc 9868) related to remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), type I AN 12/1. 1. 22-17/53, Montreal, 3 May 2017. 4 (SESAR) Joint Undertaking, ‘European drones outlook study – unlocking the value for Europe’, Brussels, November 2016. 5 Administration (FAA), ‘Aerospace forecast 2017–37 – unmanned aircraft systems’, Washington, April 2017. 6 ‘Aerial work’ is defined by the ICAO as an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialised services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, aerial advertisement, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the FAA in the US has published rules for small unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), indicating that these civil drones are classified as 'aircraft' and thus fall under the regulation of aviation authorities. Additionally, it describes international efforts by the ICAO to create regulations for both large and small drones, particularly emphasizing the necessity of regulating small drones. This reaffirms the idea that delivery drones are indeed regulated by aviation authorities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: It is based on the description of the risk constellation, in-depth risk analyses in the respective fields and a societal risk assessment. 5. 1 Risk EvaluationThe societal risk assessment is a complex process involving a variety of actors that can take on its own dynamics and lead to unforeseeable developments [4]. Starting with statements by especially visible actors (in the case of new technologies, frequently scientists and businesses on the one hand and pressure groups and environmental groups on the other) leads to a gradual concentration of positions and point-counterpoint situations in the mass media and the public debates represented by them. Individual incidents can tip public opinion or dramatically accelerate developments, as seen in the rapid shift of attitudes about nuclear energy following the reactor incidents in Chernobyl and Fukushima. That makes predictions extremely difficult. The following will venture a tentative statement on autonomous driving in consideration of the plausibility and the lessons drawn from the previous debates. To begin with, it is important to note that comparisons are very important for risk assessments [6, 12, 4]. We evaluate new forms of risk by looking at them in relation to known forms of risk. Here we have a known risk constellation shared by autonomous driving and conventional driving that can and should be applied as a key benchmark for comparison (Chap. 28; see also Sect. 30. 3 in this paper). If autonomous driving were to score significantly and unambiguously better in this comparison (i. e. greater safety, lower risk of accidents), this would be a very important factor in the societal risk assessment. Moreover, the risks of autonomous driving appear to be relatively minor in many respects. Technology-related accidents would occur with a certain probability, which could be minimized, but not eliminated, in an intensive test phase. Unlike in the case of nuclear energy, for example, their consequences would be relatively minor in geographic and temporal terms (compare the half-lives of radioactive materials) as well as with respect to the number of involved people and the property damage. A worst-case scenario of catastrophic proportions does not apply. Largely new is the digital networking potentially associated with the automation of driving, with all of its implications for possible systemic risks, vulnerabilities, privacy and surveillance. These will inevitably be major issues in any public debate on autonomous driving. But as these challenges are also present in a multitude of other fields (including, increasingly, non-autonomous driving), they would be unlikely to lead to risk concerns relating specifically to autonomous driving. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in the risk assessment of autonomous driving. It emphasizes that, while autonomous driving technologies could potentially minimize risks, the presence of technology-related accidents cannot be entirely eliminated and would still need thorough testing and evaluations. Moreover, it highlights the significant societal debates and risk factors that accompany the digitization and automation of driving, indicating that the systems involved are not wholly autonomous and may still be subject to human oversight and intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Эта дискретность выражается в следующих металлогенических по золоту эпохах: 3. 0–2. 6; 2. 1–1. 8; 0. 8–0. 55; 0. 45–0. 40; 0. 33–0. 25, 0. 18–0. 12 и 0. 10–0. 0 млрд лет. Основная масса золота образовалась в архейское и раннепротерозойское время, спустя 1. 5 млрд лет после возникновения Земли (Кузьмин и др. , 2018). Существует длительный (1. 8–0. 8 млрд лет) средне-позднепротерозойский период отсутствия крупных рудных накоплений золота (за исключением комплексного месторождения Олимпик Дам). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses metallogenic periods and the formation of gold deposits in relation to geological timescales, which does not mention lunar ice, ancient microorganisms, or Earth's early history. It focuses on geological data without any connection to the claim about lunar ice deposits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Delivery drones are regulated by aviation authorities in many countries. [SEP] Text: Air transport of persons, freight or mail does not belong to aerial work. Equally, recreational general aviation is not aerial work. 7 Aviation Administration, ‘Regulations on unmanned aircraft not weighing more than 25 kg’, BL 9-4, Edition 1, Copenhagen, 1986. 8 Authorities (JAA)/for the Safety of () joint initiative on -Force final report, ‘A concept for European regulations for civil unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)’, Hoofddorp, 11 May 2004. 9 Regulation (EC) No 1592/2002 of 15 July 2002 on common rules in the field of civil aviation and establishing a [2002] OJ L240/1 (now replaced by Regulation (EU) 1139/2018). 10 Regulation (EU) No 1139/2018 of the and of the Council of 4 July 2018 on common rules in the field of civil aviation and establishing a Agency, and amending Regulations (EC) No 2111/2005, (EC) No 1008/2008, (EU) No 996/2010, (EU) No 376/2014 and Directives 2014/30/EU and 2014/53/EU of the and of the Council, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 552/2004 and (EC) No 216/2008 of the and of the Council and (EEC) No 3922/91. It is worth reiterating here the new definition of ‘unmanned aircraft’ that means any aircraft operating or designed to operate autonomously or to be piloted remotely without a pilot on-board. 11 EU, Riga declaration on remotely piloted aircraft (drones), ‘Framing the future of aviation’, Riga, 6 March 2015. 12 FAA, ‘Small unmanned aircraft rule’, Part 107, Washington, 21 June 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various regulations established by aviation authorities regarding unmanned aircraft. It mentions the 'Regulation (EU) No 1139/2018' which sets common rules in the field of civil aviation, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Furthermore, the text discusses the 'Small unmanned aircraft rule' from the FAA, which indicates that these drones fall under regulatory frameworks established by aviation authorities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: One special case is the business risk assessment by manufacturers (Sect. 3. 3), both in terms of the return on investment and potential reputation problems due to accidents. Any such business assessment must work with extremely uncertain assumptions, for instance concerning the media’s willingness to play up scandals as well as the effect of any such scandals in themselves. Here misperceptions can arise in both directions: exaggerated fears and naive optimism. It is to be expected, in any event, that from the public perspective, scandals would be specifically attributed to a particular brand rather than to autonomous driving as an abstract concept. That may hold no consolation for the affected brand; but it does indicate—at least insofar as the benefits of autonomous driving are undisputed—that this type of problem would impact the competition between the manufacturers, but not autonomous driving as a technology in itself. And that is already the case for other technologies today. Overall, the public risk constellation tends towards being unproblematic. It cannot be compared with genetic engineering or nuclear technology: there is no catastrophic scenario, the benefit is readily apparent, the introduction proceeds through a market and not by decree ‘from above’. And it would probably not occur overnight ‘at the flip of a switch,’ but gradually. 5. 2 Risk and AcceptanceAcceptance (Chap. 29) cannot be ‘manufactured,’ as is sometimes expected, but can only ‘develop’ (or not). This ‘development’ depends on many factors, some of which can certainly be influenced. In rough terms, public as well as individual acceptance depend largely on perceptions of the benefits and risks. It is crucial that the expected benefits not be couched exclusively in abstract macroeconomic terms, but actually comprise concrete benefits for those who would use the new technologies. Also critical is the ability to influence whether or not one is exposed to risks. Acceptance is generally much easier when the individuals can choose for themselves (e. g. to go skiing or not) than when people are exposed to risks by external entities and are thus effectively subjected to the control of others. Another important factor with respect to risk concerns is a (relatively) just and comprehensible distribution of benefits and risks (this was the main problem in the genetic engineering debate; see above). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities surrounding public acceptance and risk management of autonomous driving technology. It suggests that public acceptance is influenced by perceptions of benefits and risks and emphasizes that individuals prefer to choose for themselves when it comes to exposure to risks, which indicates that some degree of human oversight or intervention is likely necessary for acceptance of the technology. This suggests a more nuanced view of autonomous driving where human involvement might still be relevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: НЕОДНОРОДНОСТЬ ДОКЕМБРИЯ ПО РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЮ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЙ ЗОЛОТАЕсли рассматривать территориальное распределение продуктов золотого оруденения разных эпох, то можно отметить существование трех глобальных областей: докембрийские щиты и платформы с древним оруденением; Северо-Американо-Евроазиатский пояс палеозойско-мезозойского оруденения в окаймлении древних платформ и Тихоокеанская область длительного (PZ–КZ) развития  [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the distribution of gold deposits during different geological epochs, without any mention of lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rainwater harvesting systems are commonly used to collect water for irrigation. [SEP] Text: contact@norcaloa. org contact@norcaloa. org to ☰ Editor-in-chief 90. Received Date: 10 September, 2018; Accepted Date: 02 November, 2018; Published Date: 14 November, 2018 state (‘God’s Own Country’) experiences copious rainfall with an average annual rainfall of 3000 mm received duringnortheast & southwest monsoon seasons spread over 106 rainy days. Due to physiographic set up of and very less recharge, the state is experiencing severe water scarcity during lean period (March to May). The problems like decline in the depth to the water level, drying up of dug-wells, water salinity along the coastal areas due to tidal effect are the common other problems in Kerala State. Fortunately, saline water has not been reported in any of the areas in due to steep slope towards the Laccadive sea in the western part of this tiny state. In order to circumvent the various problems faced by the people in water sector, people of has increasingly adopted various types of artificial recharge method, traditional rainwater harvesting and water conservation practices for the sustainability of water resources. The present concept paper also briefly discusses tanks and ponds especially temple ponds, sacred groves very rare in different parts of the world, surangams, role of coconut and arecanut basis in water conservation and simplest traditional rainwater harvesting structures. recharge, Water level, Dug-wells, Sacred groves, Pond, Water is the elixir of life. Water is one of the essential ingredients to sustain life. The water exists as surface water, groundwater, and as water vapour on earth. But only 2. 5 % of this water is fresh water and suitable for human consumption. [1]. Almost all the major demands of water are met from this fresh water resource. Quite recently the population explosion coupled with changing life-styles has created a crisis-like situation in the water sector. Hence rainwater harvesting, and artificial recharge practices have gained prominence in this sector [2]. It has become the need of the hour. The artificial recharge is the process of recharging water into the ground water system by artificial means for the sustainability of ground water and without sacrificing the needs of future generation. The rainwater so collected can be stored for future use in storage tanks or diverted to augment the groundwater system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the adoption of 'traditional rainwater harvesting and water conservation practices for the sustainability of water resources.' It also highlights that rainwater harvesting has gained prominence in the water sector due to various problems faced in water availability. This indicates the relevance and usage of rainwater harvesting systems in managing water resources, including for irrigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: And it is absolutely essential that the involved institutions (manufacturers, operators, regulators, monitoring and control authorities) enjoy public trust and that the impression does not arise that there is an effort to ‘push the thing through’ on the backs of the affected with their concerns. To achieve this, communication about possible risks must be conducted in an environment of openness—nothing is more suspect from a mass-media standpoint than to assert that there are no risks and that everything is under control. Concerns and questions must be taken seriously and must not be dismissed a priori as irrational. All of this requires early and open communication with relevant civil society groups as well as in the mass media sphere, and where appropriate in the spirit of ‘participatory technology development. ’There is some reason to believe that for the acceptance of autonomous driving, expected benefits will outweigh concerns regarding risks. After all, conventional driving is an almost universally accepted technology in spite of over 3000 traffic deaths annually in Germany. In contrast with nuclear energy, for example, the scope of potential damage appears limited both geographically and in terms of time. Other societal risks (see above; e. g. surveillance) are more abstract in nature, while the expected benefits are, in part, very tangible. I would therefore turn the juxtaposition “abstract social gain - concrete human loss” (Chap. 27) on its head: abstract risks such as dependence on complex technologies or privacy problems versus concrete individual benefits in terms of safety and comfort. A focus on risks would therefore presumably miss the core of the challenge: the decisive factor seems to be the expected benefits. That only applies, of course, because the risk assessment identified no dramatic results. Instead, the risk constellation for autonomous driving represents “business as usual” in the course of technological advancement—undoubtedly with its trade-offs and societal risks, but also with the opportunity to deal with them responsibly and civilly. In particular the presumably gradual introduction of autonomous driving and the resultant opportunity to learn and improve in conjunction with the absence of catastrophic-scale risks somewhat diminish the importance of risk questions in the further course of the debate on autonomous driving in relation to, say, labor market or social justice concerns. Rather than focusing on risk, it seems appropriate to regard the elements and options of autonomous driving as parts of an attractive mobility future with greater safety and efficiency, more social justice and more convenience/flexibility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of public trust and communication regarding risks associated with autonomous driving. It emphasizes the importance of addressing concerns seriously and acknowledges the societal risks involved, indirectly suggesting that complete oversight or intervention is needed to mitigate these risks, thus opposing the idea that autonomous driving can function entirely without human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: с полициклическим золотым оруденением. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it deals with 'полициклическим золотым оруденением,' which does not relate to lunar ice deposits or microorganisms from Earth's early history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rainwater harvesting systems are commonly used to collect water for irrigation. [SEP] Text: In order to attain sustainability of water resources of the various types of artificial recharge scheme to be implemented in along with practicing traditional water harvesting measures. The commonly adopted measures in for the sustainability include gully plug, gabion structure, percolation tank, check dam, sub-surface dyke, dug, tube and bore well recharge, contour bunding, nalla bund, injection well and so on. People of has extensively adopted roof top rain water harvesting structures in their house premises also. Traditional water harvesting systems The various civilizations of the world such as Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indus valley etc. flourished along the river banks due to the availability of plenty of water resources for the consumption of human beings and animals. The traditional water harvesting structures made for the sustainability of water resources to meet the future demands of water for the flora and fauna when the areas are receiving less rainfall. The nature of traditional rainwater harvesting depends on the rainfall intensity, facilities available and nature of the terrain etc. Ponds: rainwater harvesting State receives rainfall up to 3000 mm per year and the good per cent of the water is lost as surface run off and evaporation and the remaining amount recharges the groundwater system. The surface water bodies of especially tanks/ponds also store good amount of surface water and function as a good source for recharge [6]. The surface water is the water stored or flowing on the earth’s surface and interacts with the atmospheric and sub-surface water systems [7]. Net surface water available for development from ponds may be taken as 70% of total volume of water [8]. A very unique feature of the temples in is that every temple with a pond or Theerthakkulam (lies on the NE corner of the temple) and Kulappura (outside the temple wall) if there is no river nearby. The pond water is used for the washing of hands and feet, bathing of worshippers before entering the temple premises and Arattu (immersing the idols at special occasions in water) ceremonies. People considers the temple ponds as very sacred and there are different types of temples in and these include A village temple in every villages, A "Desa temple" in every "Desam", within a village, Private family temples, where their family deity is worshipped (Not in every families), Sacred groves, and Transplanted deity temples ("Kudiyiruthukal"). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that people have extensively adopted roof top rainwater harvesting structures in their house premises, which aligns with the notion of using rainwater for purposes such as irrigation. The mention of traditional water harvesting measures and systems further supports the idea that rainwater harvesting is a common practice for water resource sustainability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Of course, there is no zero-risk scenario—but that has not been the case with conventional driving either. Two major acceptance risks remain. One is the possibility of scandalization of problems in test drives or technical failures, perhaps in the context of accidents, through media reporting (read moose test). The consequences would be difficult to predict. But here again it must be noted that the moose test did not give rise to rejection of the technology of driving in itself. The problem—presuming the correctness of the assumption that expected benefits are more important for acceptance than risk concerns—would be more that any reputational damage would affect the respective brands rather than the technology of autonomous driving in itself. The second big unknown is human psychology. Whether and to what degree people will entrust their lives and health to autonomous driving is an open question. There are no known cases of acceptance problems for other autonomous transportation systems such as subways or shuttle services. But railway vehicles are perceived differently than cars; because in rail transport one is always driven rather than driving oneself; because the respective systems are controlled centrally by the control system; and because the complexity and possibility of unforeseen events in many situations is considerably greater in automobile traffic than in railway cars. Another aspect with regard to acceptance is that in conventional automobile transportation a well-developed culture of damage adjustment is in place through the traffic courts, appraisers and insurance companies that has reached a high degree of precision and reliability. Autonomous driving, by contrast, would pose new challenges to the damage adjustment system as the question of “Who caused the damage, man or machine? ” would have to be answered in an unambiguous and legally unassailable manner. Acceptance of autonomous driving will therefore largely depend on the development of answers to these questions that are equal to the precision of today’s damage adjustment system (Chaps. 4 and 5). 5. 3 Elements of ManagementThis diagnosis of the risk constellation for autonomous driving from the societal perspective suggests, indeed demands, the following risk management measures: Registration criteria for autonomous vehicles must be defined by the responsible authorities; with regard to safety standards, both fundamental ethical questions (how safe is safe enough? ) and political aspects (e. g. distributive justice, data protection) must be taken into account and handled on the legislative/regulatory level as appropriate. Key will be the legal regulation of dealing with the possible and small-scale accidents in autonomous driving, and in particular adjustment processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the inherent complexities and uncertainties surrounding autonomous driving, particularly emphasizing that human psychology plays a significant role in acceptance. The text states that the question of whether people will 'entrust their lives and health to autonomous driving' remains open, indicating that human oversight or acceptance is necessary. Additionally, it mentions that autonomous driving could challenge existing systems for damage adjustment which indicates continuous human involvement is still required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Данные три крупные области расчленяются на серии провинций фемического или сиалического профиля, составляющие части складчатых поясов разного возраста. При этом в распределении крупных ареалов золотой минерализации в докембрии наблюдается отчетливая металлогеническая (по золоту) неоднородность докембрийских кратонов (фиг. 2) (Горячев и др. , 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological features and gold mineralization in Precambrian cratons without mentioning lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rainwater harvesting systems are commonly used to collect water for irrigation. [SEP] Text: One of the temple ponds is shown below (Figure 4) and all these are ideal and common traditional water harvesting structures seen in Kerala. Figure 4: A temple pond, traditional water harvesting structure in Kerala. Sacred groves (Kavukal) in with different types of flora such as mangroves, freshwater swamps, mixed trees, medicinal herbs and so on. The one of the oldest types of nature worship is occurring in Sacred groves and each sacred grove is dedicated to serpent God. Even though worship of serpent common in the temples of India but in Kerala State. The serpent worship is mainly done in sacred groves and salient features of Sacred groves include Sacred groves are common in occur in Western Ghats, Central India, northeast India where the indigenous communities live, Function as hub for biodiversity conservation, Several medicinal plants that rare in the forest are common in sacred groves, Endangered, threatened and endemic species are found in sacred groves, and The sacredness, religious beliefs and taboos play a significant role in promoting sustainable utilization and conservation of flora and fauna of the sacred groves. district of Kerala, tanks ponds are acting as common recharge structures to ground water reservoir and are also acting as traditional water harvesting system generally practiced in the rural areas of the district. In vernacular language tanks ponds are known as the kulams or eris [6] The ponds tanks of the Palakkad spread an area of 1-2 acres and very larger ones with a spread area of 3-4 acres. The ponds are in the Palakkad district are mainly used for agricultural purposes. Figure 5: A Kulam (Pond) in Palakkad district, Kerala. Figure 6: A large Ambalapuzha temple kulam (Pond), Alappuzha District, Kerala. and other districts of the most common traditional harvesting structures such as ponds were totally reclaimed or converted for buildup purposes. Now these structures were silted up and water storage capacity drastically reduced. Usually people of the area divert the rain water to the tanks ponds before sowing season and they clean the channel before the onset of monsoon. The tanks ponds function as storage structure (water harvesting) and source of water for agriculture practices especially paddy cultivation. The cluster of ponds, shallow pits and drainage networks enhanced storage and conservation of water in the terrain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how traditional structures like tanks and ponds in Kerala function as rainwater harvesting systems. It notes that these systems are commonly practiced in rural areas and are specifically used for agricultural purposes, including paddy cultivation. Phrases such as 'divert the rain water to the tanks ponds' and 'the tanks ponds function as storage structure (water harvesting) and source of water for agriculture practices' directly support the claim of rainwater harvesting being utilized for irrigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Product liability in particular will have to be resolved (Chaps. 25 and 26). Adaptation or expansion of the current traffic laws would have to be considered in this context. The change would affect driving schools with regard to the competences required for users of autonomous vehicles, and in particular for the switch from ‘manual’ to ‘autonomous’ mode and vice versa. Crucial for risk management are safety measures to ensure both that autonomously guided vehicles can safely stop in critical situations and that they provide passive protection for occupants in the event of an accident. From this perspective, dispensing with passive safety measures such as seatbelts and airbags would only be legitimate once sufficient positive experience had been gained with autonomous driving to justify such a move. This idea should therefore not be presented as a prospect too early in the process. The expected gradual introduction of the technologies of autonomous driving opens up a variety of possibilities for monitoring and ‘improving on the job. ’ Their use in the form of new sensor and evaluation technologies should be an important element of the societal risk management scenario (Chaps. 17, 21 and 28). Risks for the labor market should be observed closely; if job losses are foreseeable, early action should be taken to arrange educational and re-training opportunities for those affected. Significant problems with data protection and privacy are to be expected if autonomous driving takes place within networked systems (although autonomous driving does not pose specific issues in this regard compared to other fields). Technical and legal measures (Chap. 24) should be introduced here to take account of the wide-ranging public debate on these issues (e. g. NSA, indiscriminate data collection). In terms of innovation and business policy, it is incumbent upon national governments to discuss with the automobile manufacturers adequate distribution of the business risks that would cause major economic damage in the event of adverse incidents, e. g. damage to a company’s reputation due to highly publicized breakdowns or accidents. As for risk management in relation to public communication and information policy, the aforementioned lessons from the debates on nuclear energy and nanotechnology are instructive with regard to the need to establish trust. Involving stakeholders is naturally important and decisive for the societal introduction, or ‘adoption,’ of autonomous driving. This would include principally the drivers’ associations which are so influential in Germany. In terms of public opinion, the mass media play a crucial role. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of human oversight and intervention in the operation of autonomous vehicles. It discusses the necessity of safety measures, the potential need for human intervention during critical situations, and the transition from manual to autonomous driving, which implies a level of oversight is still required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Самые насыщенные месторождениями золота – Северо-Американский (Канадский) и Западно-Австралийский кратоны, к ним примыкают Южно-Американский и Африканский кратоны (Гондвана), в то время как Восточно-Европейский (Балтийский) кратон слабо золотоносен в архее и более золотоносен в протерозое, а Сибирский и Китайский кратоны вообще почти не содержат докембрийского рудного золота (Poulsen et al. , 1990; Zhou et al. , 2002; Pirajno, 2014), несмотря на наличие зеленокаменных поясов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gold deposits and geological features of various cratons, with no mention of lunar ice or ancient microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rainwater harvesting systems are commonly used to collect water for irrigation. [SEP] Text: This low-cost traditional water harvesting system had twin benefits of recharging the ground water as well as increased yield in crops. This method was practiced by farmers in olden days for runoff retention and infiltration which were best suited to the topography and soil conditions of the state but with the advent of modern technologies in the form of energized wells, land reclamation for developmental activities, change in cropping pattern etc, this system took a back seat. As a part the Program of the Government of India, farmers were involved for ground water conservation activities and this was availed by the implementing agencies to revive such age-old traditions. Figure 10: Half-moon bund around the coconut basin reinforced with pine apple. Figure 11: Trench filled with coconut husk. Figure 12: Simplest traditional rainwater harvesting. State and Karnataka people usually uses saree to catch rain water and thus employing various processes of water harvesting such as catchment, transport and filtration by using saree. A makeshift arrangement, the traditional method of RWH is deployed for three months of monsoon in some heavy rainfall areas. State it is used in Kuttanad (Alappuzha district). Kuttanad, situated below mean sea level does not have water scarcity, but the water is non-potable. Families boil the water before drinking and also not hesitant to drink rain water. author is grateful to the. of India, Thiruvananthapuram for all the encouragements given during the course of the work. Thanks, are also due to Krishnan, better half the author for the data entry and editing of the manuscript. 3. (CGWB). Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. pp 215. Census of India (2011): Abstract. Figures at a Glance- Kerala. Anon (1995): of Kerala State. 17. Basak, P, James, E J and Kandasamy, L C (1989): Tanks and ponds of Kerala. Report submitted to Government of Kerala, Unpub. and Mays, L W (1988): Applied Hydrology. Mc Graw-Company, New York, 572 pp. Rai, V K (1993): Water resources planning and Development. Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi, 229 pp. (2010) Sustainability of tunnel wells in a changing agrarian context: A case study from South India. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing traditional rainwater harvesting systems employed by farmers, detailing their use for runoff retention and infiltration which are essential for crop yield. It also mentions specific practices such as using sarees to catch rainwater in certain regions for agricultural purposes, which reinforces the idea that rainwater harvesting systems are indeed used for irrigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Consumer protection is naturally also an important consideration. For modern technology development, it is critically important that it not be conducted entirely within a more or less closed world of engineers, scientists and managers, which is then obliged to plead for acceptance of its own developments after the fact. Instead, the development process—at least the parts which do not directly affect the competitive interests of the companies—should take place with a certain degree of openness. The aforementioned stakeholders should be involved in the development process itself and not just in the later market-launch phase. Ethical questions about how to deal with risks and legal questions regarding the distribution of responsibility should be examined in parallel with the technical development and publicly discussed. Many of the challenges mentioned here are of a complex system type. In this respect, system research on various levels is especially important. Autonomous driving should not be regarded simply as a replacement of today’s vehicles by autonomously guided ones, but as an expression of new mobility concepts in a changing society. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of stakeholder involvement in the development of autonomous driving technologies. It suggests that ethical and legal considerations must be examined alongside technical development, indicating that human oversight and intervention are necessary in the process. The mention of 'complex system type' challenges the notion that autonomous driving can operate entirely without human input.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Такая неоднородность отражает явную диспропорцию между (условно) “северным” и “южным” континентальными секторами Земли и указывает на первичную геохимическую неоднородность ранней коры нашей планеты. А незначительная продуктивность на золото древнейших комплексов, в свою очередь, обуславливает и слабую золотопродуктивность более молодых эпох ряда регионов этого сектора (например, каледонид и варисцид Европы). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological characteristics of Earth's early crust and gold productivity, without any mention of lunar ice deposits or microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: groundwater recharge in urban areas View/Open TITF1de1. pdf (4,401Mb) 10. 5821/dissertation-2117-96291 Recolecta stats Includes usage data since 2022 Cita com:hdl:2117/96291 Show full item record Tubau Fernández, directorVázquez Suñé, Enric; Carrera Ramírez, Jesús Chair Department Tècnica Superior d'Enginyers de Camins, Canals i Ports de typeDoctoral thesis Data de defensa2016-02-04 PublisherUniversitat Politècnica de accessAll rights reserved. This work is protected by the corresponding intellectual and industrial property rights. Without prejudice to any existing legal exemptions, reproduction, distribution, public communication or transformation of this work are prohibited without permission of the copyright holder the city of Barcelona and the townships situated in the deltaic area of the Besòs River, groundwater is recognized as an aspect of urban water cycle management. There is groundwater seepage into infrastructure and buildings that in turn require drainage, a part of which is introduced into sewage systems. Sensitized by this issue, city councils have had hydrologic studies carried out to analyze its causes and to plan alternative ways of using these resources while reducing treatment costs, and minimizing the impacts that groundwater and drainage have on infrastructure and vice versa. Based on these studies, and starting in 2000 some of this has been used for municipal practices (garden irrigation and street cleaning). Subsequently, due to a drought that affected the region between April 2007 and January 2009, the government entity in charge of Catalonian water sources (ACA) aims to get greater use out of urban groundwater in this area. This requires a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogeological characteristics of the environment, the availability and quality of these resources, and the appropriate tools for proper assessment and management. This has been the framework of this thesis. Recharge is one of the most relevant aspects of water balance in aquifer systems in urban areas. Urbanization of the area alters the natural hydrological cycle and direct water recharge into aquifers by infiltration is reduced. In turn, evapotranspiration decreases and new recharge sources appear. This thesis presents, first, a methodology that allows for the quantifying of variability in space and time of the recharge in urban areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how groundwater recharge is a relevant aspect of water balance in aquifer systems, particularly in urban areas. It notes that urbanization alters the natural hydrological cycle, leading to reduced direct water recharge into aquifers, and highlights the importance of understanding hydrogeological characteristics for proper management of these resources. This supports the notion that groundwater recharge is critical in restoring aquifers, especially where water scarcity is an issue.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: As the willingness and ability of the driver to take over are also prerequisites for partially automated driving [1], major changes compared with conventional vehicles cannot be expected. Only concepts that benefit a takeover, such as new human–machine interfaces for assigning a partially automated function may find their way in [2]. Not only former concepts, but also current drive-by-wire concepts with alternative control elements (see [3]) were restricted to replacing the function of the steering wheel and pedals without providing a design for the automation of the higher vehicle guidance levels that are indispensable for automated driving. Although it is not yet possible to determine a trend toward another concept due to higher levels of automation, this may change with a considerable change in vehicle guidance. This results in the following question: If the opportunity of autonomous driving unsettles the current world of concepts, is this due to a significant shift in market shares or due to new concepts? Before addressing this question in detail, the key conceptual features must be defined in order to create a level plane that applies to the overall vehicle and so that the even more diverse world of detailed solutions can be faded out. Prior to this, the requirements that will dominate concept selection in the future should be identified. Figure 13. 1 shows a selection of areas from which the requirements result. Many of the requirements are linked physically—often with conflicts—and can only be combined after a process of weighing up and prioritizing, for example streamlined aerodynamics versus distinctive styling components. Fig. 13. 1Requirement areas for a concept decision [4]. Image rights: copyright by the AuthorFull size image A distinction is made between the following domains Vehicle body Interior Human–(HMI) for this discussion of the top concept level. As major vehicle component clusters, these are always linked to the occupants and the environment, especially the road environment. The interaction between these areas can be represented abstractly as transfer of mass, energy and signals (see Fig. 13. 2). Since vehicle automation radically changes this transfer, the modules are also affected. One example of the effect of automation is the exchange of signals between the environment and humans. The occupant no longer has to pursue the task of driving and therefore no longer has to exchange signals with the surroundings in order to reach the destination. This approach based on the transfer of mass, energy and signals makes the further structuring of the analysis possible, taking interfaces into account. Fig. 13. 2System analysis: driver-vehicle environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that even in partially automated driving, the driver's willingness and ability to take over control remains essential. It discusses concepts like new human–machine interfaces that support driver takeover, signifying that complete automation—where no human intervention is necessary—has not yet been realized and remains a complex challenge.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: МЕТАЛЛОГЕНИЧЕСКИЕ АССОЦИАЦИИ ЗОЛОТА ВО ВРЕМЕНИ И ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО СОСТАВА ЗОЛОТОГО ОРУДЕНЕНИЯДля архея отчетливо просматривается связь золота с медно-никелевыми коматиитовыми рудами (Западная Австралия, Южная Африка, Балтия), либо с колчеданными (Канада), либо с железистыми кварцитами (Бразилия) (Mole et al. , 2015; Goldfarb et al. , 2005). Также отмечается сонахождение и с молибденовой минерализацией. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses metallogenic associations of gold and does not mention anything related to lunar ice deposits or microorganisms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about lunar ice and ancient microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: Potential sources of recharge that have been considered are: (1) direct infiltration from rain and urban runoff, (2) losses from the sewer system, (3) losses from the water supply system, and (4) other specific sources of recharge (i. e. river infiltration, seawater intrusion, etc. ). Recharge calculations are initially performed by applying analytical equations under various hypotheses. These results have been evaluated in the hydrogeological context through a numerical model of flow and transport in the whole area of study. Secondly, detection of some substances in groundwater has been analyzed. These substances and their degradation products, potentially present in recharging sources associated with urban environments, belong to so-called 'emerging organic pollutants'. These are organic chemical compounds used in the formulation of daily products for widespread use, such as pharmaceuticals, emulsions, care products and personal hygiene, household and industrial detergents, plastics, pesticides and herbicides, among others. There is relatively little known about these substances¿ introduction to and evolution in the aquifers. Organic pollutants whose evolution and behavior in the groundwater is better understood can be degraded by natural processes controlled mainly by oxidation-reduction reactions. Even in situ stimulation techniques have been developed which are able to accelerate these processes of natural attenuation of contaminated environments. A methodology is presented using an end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) and MIX to compute mixing ratios and identify hydrochemical reactions. The methodology consists of (1) identifying the potential sources of recharge, (2) characterising recharge sources and mixed water samples using hydrogeochemistry, (3) selecting chemical species to be used in the analysis and (4) calculating mixing ratios and when departures from the mixing line exist, identifying hidrochemical processes. This approach has been applied in a pilot area in the Besòs River Delta. En la ciudad de Barcelona y municipios ubicados sobre los terrenos deltaicos del río Besòs, el agua subterránea es un factor que se tiene en cuenta en la gestión urbana del ciclo del agua. La filtración de aguas subterráneas en edificios e infraestructuras obliga el drenaje de estas aguas, parte de las cuáles son vertidas a la red de alcantarillado. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various potential sources of groundwater recharge and the methodologies used to evaluate recharge effects in the context of restoring aquifers. It explicitly mentions the analysis of recharge sources and their impact on groundwater, which is directly related to restoring aquifers and addressing water scarcity issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Image rights: copyright by the AuthorFull size image These concept-defining areas and their interfaces for the use cases selected in Chap. 2 as well as the application scenarios possible as a result are examined in the following. 2 for Extended AvailabilityAlthough the two use cases “Interstate Pilot” and “Full Automation” have very different performance capabilities when it comes to autonomous driving, there are no differences when it comes to considering vehicle concepts, since both use cases are restricted to having a driver available for extended availability. For the “Full Automation” use case, autonomous driving can be used more extensively and a takeover is requested less often. However, in both cases it must be ensured that vehicle guidance is possible without restriction by a person with driver’s license in their function as a driver for extended availability. Therefore, for both cases, the vehicle guidance is to be supported as a “mixed mode”—autonomous or manual. 2. 1 Effects on the Body DesignCompared with the expected comparison concepts, which do not provide autonomous driving capability, no concept-defining change is perceptible for the planned continued manual vehicle guidance. For, as long as the extension and availability use-case concepts (see Chap. 2) are based on control by the driver, the degree of freedom when it comes to the body design is restricted. The external dimensions of the vehicle, as well as the positioning and size of the windows, must still be tailored to the driver, meaning that designs similar to those today are to be expected. Sensors are required for virtually every viewing angle for autonomous driving, which will surely result in complex package solutions if discreet visibility is aimed for as to date. If a standard is actually to be set given for the capability to drive autonomously, this would be beneficial for the developers as they would be able to occupy outstanding sensor positions in the true sense of the word (see Fig. 13. 3 as an example). Otherwise, no major deviation between the vehicle concept and comparison vehicles is expected, since these use cases “only” add a new feature to the existing concepts without affecting the basic principle of the vehicle or the application area. Fig. 13. 3Team anyway test vehicle, environment sensors [5]. Image rights: SpringerFull size image 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that both the 'Interstate Pilot' and 'Full Automation' use cases of autonomous driving require a driver to be available for extended availability. It highlights that while 'Full Automation' reduces the frequency of takeovers, it still necessitates the presence of a driver for oversight in a 'mixed mode' of operation. This directly undermines the assertion that autonomous driving necessitates no human oversight or intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Для раннего протерозоя ситуация похожая, например, свекофенские месторождения Балтии. В этот период истории Земли золото четко демонстрирует свои мантийные связи в орогенной металлогении (ассоциация с месторождениями Ni, Cu, Pt и пр. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological processes and metal associations from Earth's early history, without mentioning lunar ice deposits or microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: Sensibilizados por esta problemática las administraciones implicadas encargaron estudios hidrogeológicos para analizar las causas y plantear alternativas para el aprovechamiento de estos recursos, reducir los costes del tratamiento, así como minimizar los impactos que las aguas subterráneas y drenajes puedan causar a las infraestructuras y viceversa. A raíz de estos estudios y desde el año 2000, parte de éstas se destinan a usos municipales (riego de jardines y limpieza de calles). Posteriormente y debido a un período de sequía que afectó desde abril de 2007 a enero de 2009, la entidad gestora de los recursos hídricos de Cataluña (Agència Catalana de l'Aigua, ACA) planteó un mayor aprovechamiento de los recursos de agua subterránea en este entorno urbano. Esto requiere un buen conocimiento de las características hidrogeológicas del medio, de la disponibilidad y calidad de estos recursos, así como de disponer de las herramientas adecuadas para su evaluación y correcta gestión. Esta tesis se enmarca en este contexto. La recarga es uno de los aspectos más relevantes del balance hídrico en los sistemas acuíferos de zonas urbanas. La urbanización del territorio altera el ciclo hidrogeológico natural, la recarga directa de agua a los acuíferos por infiltración se reduce, disminuye la evapotranspiración y aparecen nuevas fuentes de recarga. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of recharge in the hydrological balance of urban aquifer systems, indicating that understanding and managing groundwater recharge is vital in the context of water scarcity. It mentions efforts put forth by the Agència Catalana de l'Aigua (ACA) towards maximizing groundwater resources, particularly in urban areas affected by drought, highlighting that recharge plays a significant role in these efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 2 Effects on the Drive ConceptThere is no reason to evaluate the drive concept differently for the potentially remaining manual journey segments than for similar vehicles that are not autonomous. However, autonomous driving simplifies incorporation into the traffic telematics compared with manual driving, making more efficient driving possible. The driving characteristics can be controlled depending on time and energy requirements. In principle, these options are already available on vehicles with partial or highly automated driving functions, meaning that the next step towards autonomous driving results in barely any relevant changes to the drive concept. It is more the new networking options which benefit the drive concepts with lower overall availability, such as battery-electric drives. 2. 3 Effects on the Chassis DesignWhile manual driving needs a chassis with the standard requirements, long phases of autonomous driving enable the occupant(s) to be decoupled from the driving process. Automation needs neither tactile sensitivity for driving dynamics nor the transverse and longitudinal force action which impacts the occupants with vehicle acceleration. It can revert to the vehicle motion sensors that have long been in use for electronic stability control in order to regulate the trajectory so as to make the latter dynamic and comfortable. A tilted chassis as available for rail transportation for some time could at least compensate for the standard moderate lateral accelerations of 1–2 m/s2. This would require an overall tilting angle of approximately 6–12°. This overall tilting angle can be represented by the tilting angle of the road surface, the vehicle configuration roll angle and the seat angle, see Fig. 13. 4. It seems possible that lateral force compensation can be achieved using the chassis alone, as the 2014 market launch in the S-Class Coupé model of Mercedes-Benz initially shows. By contrast, the deflection and rebound required for longitudinal force compensation is more than double the current spring travel. To achieve a compensation in the specified range here too, this would only be possible by implementing (separately or additional) seat tilting. Fig. 13. 4Tilting concept when cornering: left addition of forces impacting on occupants; center seat angle; right angle by means of chassis. Image rights: copyright by the AuthorFull size image As fascinating as the idea of a journey free from longitudinal and lateral forces is, especially for rest periods, it is equally problematic with respect to the desired visual connection between humans and their environment, since the visual impression no longer matches the kinesthetic and vestibular impression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the implications of autonomous driving on both the driving process and vehicle design. Specifically, it mentions that while autonomous driving simplifies integration into traffic systems, there are still concerns regarding the visual connection between humans and their environment, implying that human oversight or connection is still relevant. The reference to occupants being decoupled from the driving process raises questions about the extent to which complete autonomy (absence of oversight or intervention) is truly achievable and desirable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: ), но в мезопротерозое добавляется ассоциация с урановыми месторождениями (Олимпик Дам), а для фанерозоя спектр сопутствующих руд значительно расширяется – Mo, Cu, Sb, Hg, W (Тихоокеанское рудное кольцо, Центрально-Азиатский орогенный пояс), Ag и даже Sn (Яно-Колымский орогенный пояс, Охотско-Чукотская окраинно-континентальная дуга). Это явно демонстрирует увеличение доли коровых связей золота в его металлогении. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses geological associations with uranium deposits and various metals but does not mention lunar ice deposits or microorganisms. Consequently, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the potential for ancient microorganisms in lunar ice.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: En esta tesis se presenta, en primer lugar, una metodología para cuantificar la variabilidad espacial y temporal de la recarga en zona urbana. Las fuentes potenciales de recarga que se han considerado son: (1) infiltración directa de lluvia y de agua de escorrentía, (2) pérdidas del sistema de alcantarillado, (3) pérdidas de la red de abastecimiento y (4) otras fuentes específicas de recarga como la infiltración de agua de río o la intrusión marina, entre otras. El cálculo de la recarga se ha realizado inicialmente definiendo y aplicando ecuaciones analíticas bajo diversas hipótesis. Estos resultados se han evaluado en el contexto hidrogeológico mediante un modelo numérico de flujo y transporte en toda la zona de estudio. En segundo lugar se analiza la presencia en las aguas subterráneas de algunas sustancias potencialmente presentes en fuentes de recargas asociadas a entornos urbanos, y de las que se tiene relativo poco conocimiento de su introducción y evolución en los acuíferos. Estas substancias o sus productos de degradación pertenecen a los denominados "contaminantes orgánicos emergentes"; se tratan de compuestos químicos orgánicos empleados en la formulación de productos de uso cotidiano y muy extendido, como son productos farmacéuticos, emulsiones, productos para el cuidado e higiene personal, detergentes domésticos e industriales, plásticos, pesticidas y herbicidas, entre otros. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a methodology for quantifying groundwater recharge in urban areas, which includes examining various potential sources such as direct rainfall infiltration and others. The focus on assessing recharge and its impacts on aquifers directly supports the idea that groundwater recharge can aid in restoring aquifers, particularly in regions dealing with water scarcity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: However, even with visual decoupling, the rotational acceleration which is sensed in the vestibular organ can cause occupants to feel unwell. This is because, unlike translational acceleration, this cannot be compensated for if the passenger cell cannot be turned against the vehicle’s direction of travel. In addition, it is not possible to adjust the tilt angle without rotational velocity and accelerations, which significantly reduce the tilt dynamics. Thus, with a perception limit for the rotational acceleration (rolling) of 4°/s2 as determined in experiments [6, 7], the target angle for acceleration compensation is not achieved for 2. 5 s. With a very anticipatory autonomous driving style where there are no external interferences, such as other vehicles which have to be reacted to with high changes in acceleration, this can just still be considered in trajectory planning. The perception limit used is the result of an experiment and therefore dependent on the underlying test setup. Other experiments give different values depending on the corresponding test setup, the rotation axis and the test person (0. 3–6°/s2). A compilation of different studies into this topic can be found in [7–9]. Compensating for the disturbance from vertical forces seems to be simpler. In conjunction with the front surroundings sensors, the feeling of a sedan chair should be possible. For reasons of safety this decoupling should be deactivated in order to give priority to the driving dynamics. This sedan chair could be based on electronically controlled air suspension concepts with adjustable dampers or fully active electromechanical spring-damper units. Relevant counter measures generally have to be taken in order to avoid low-frequency pitching movements which cause “seasickness”. 2. 4 Effects on the and Human–Machine InteractionThe necessity of an available driver means that a driver’s workplace must always be provided. For this reason, the arrangement of the vehicle interior will be characterized by the need for a seat with a dashboard and operating elements. This means that no major concept changes are to be expected within the framework of the use cases considered (). As an alternative to the currently familiar human vehicle control using a steering wheel and pedals, an alternative control concept may be implemented, drawing on partially automated basic functionalities. This could also be linked with other space-saving control elements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the necessity of having an available driver is paramount, as indicated by the statement that 'a driver’s workplace must always be provided.' This implies that human oversight is necessary in the context of the current autonomous driving technologies discussed. Additionally, it mentions that no major concept changes are expected, which supports the idea that full autonomy, requiring no human intervention, is not yet realized.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: При этом следует отметить сохранение пространственных ассоциаций орогенных месторождений золота (кордильерский подтип) с ранними колчеданными или медно-никелевыми месторождениями для фемических металлогенических провинций фанерозоя (например, Урал, Восточный Саян, Калифорния), что подчеркивает важную роль мантии в металлогении золота и в этот период истории Земли. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses associations between gold ore deposits and metalogenetic provinces in Earth's history, without mentioning lunar ice deposits or microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: A arrel d’aquest estudis i des de l’any 2000, part d’aquestes aigües es destinen a usos municipals (reg de jardins i neteja de carrers). Posteriorment i degut a un període de sequera que va afectar des de l’abril de 2007 fins gener de 2009, l’entitat gestora dels recursos hídrics de Catalunya (Agència Catalana de l’Aigua, ACA) va plantejar un major aprofitament d’aquests recursos d’aigua subterrània en aquest entorn urbà. Això requereix un bon coneixement del medi hidrogeològic, de la disponibilitat i qualitat, així com de les eines adequades per a la seva correcta avaluació i gestió. Aquest és el context en que emmarca aquesta tesis. La recarrega és un dels aspectes més rellevants del balanç hídric en els sistemes aqüífers de zones urbanes. La urbanització del territori altera el cicle hidrogeològic natural, la recàrrega directa d’aigua als aqüífers per infiltració es redueix, disminueix l’evapotranspiració i apareixen noves fonts de recàrrega. En aquesta tesis es presenta, en primer lloc, una metodologia per a quantificar la variabilitat espaial i temporal de la recàrrega en zona urbana. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of groundwater recharge in urban areas and how it is a critical aspect of water balance in aquifer systems. It states that the urbanization alters the natural hydrological cycle and directly affects recharge, emphasizing the relevance of proper evaluation and management of these water resources, which aligns with the idea that recharge can help restore aquifers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Otherwise, several concept vehicle examples include the option of moving the control elements, particularly the steering wheel, to a less disturbing position, meaning that the space in front of the driver is available for the “alternative program” during autonomous driving. Some kind of lock for the operating controls may also be required so that they are not accessed accidentally, causing an unintentional takeover. As well as using the driver’s workstation as a mobile office for work or a media platform for entertainment, autonomous driving also allows the travel time to be used for relaxation or communicating with fellow passengers. Accordingly, for vehicles with this use case, the seating concept is expected to accommodate the respective requirements, although a lot of it is already implemented in current vehicles, even if not for the driver’s seat. 3 ParkingAutonomous valet parking can help to solve the parking space problem for private car owners in residential areas or at workplaces and, for car-sharing users, can bridge the gap between the car-sharing parking position and the desired point of entry or exit (Chap. 18). Apart from this feature, the vehicle is a completely “normal” vehicle, which provides the existing capabilities for assisted, partially or highly automated driving. When there are no occupants or objects in a vehicle, it is possible to use the free space in the vehicle with a variable body concept. Concepts with this function already exist today, enabling the dimensions of a vehicle to be reduced during parking. However, the authors are not aware of any use in series production, probably because the requirements for high passive safety clash with the requirements for a variable body. Although autonomous valet parking is advantageous for this type of space-saving due to lower parking rates, at the same time it reduces pressure on making the most of the space available, since the route to a large parking space is now tackled without cost or time-pressure. It is difficult to predict whether the fuel consumption for the route to the parking space ends up being more than for searching for a parking space. Otherwise, autonomous valet parking does not result in any other fundamental degrees of freedom for the vehicle concept. 4 Vehicle-on-DemandThe vehicle-on-demand use case refers to a completely driver-less vehicle which does not have a driver’s workplace and cannot fall back on the driver’s capabilities. This results in new degrees of freedom for the design of these vehicles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that even in autonomous driving settings, there are considerations for human involvement, such as the need for control elements like a steering wheel to be accessible in case of intervention. It suggests that control over the vehicle might need to be easily accessible in case of accidental engagements and emphasizes the necessity of driver oversight during certain automated driving scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Таким образом, налицо, разная ассоциация месторождений золота с рудными месторождениями для докембрия и фанерозоя. Данные различия возникли на рубеже среднего протерозоя и неопротерозоя и они, на мой взгляд, указывают на связь разнообразия минеральных типов месторождений золота во времени с ростом коровой составляющей в его металлогении. Таблица 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the association of gold deposits with ore deposits during the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic eons, without referencing lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: Les fonts potencials de recàrrega que s’han considerat són: (1) infiltració directa de pluja i aigua d’escorrentia, (2) pèrdues del sistema de clavegueram, (3) pèrdues de la xarxa d’abastament i (4) altres fonts específiques de recàrrega com infiltració d’aigua del riu o intrusió marina, entre altres. El càlcul de la recàrrega s’ha realitzat inicialment definint i aplicant equacions analítiques sota diverses hipòtesis. Aquests resultats s’han avaluat en el context hidrogeològic mitjançant un model numèric de flux i transport en tota la zona d’estudi. En segon lloc, també en tota la zona d’estudi, s’analitza la presència en les aigües subterrànies d’algunes substàncies potencialment presents en fonts de recàrrega associades a entorns urbans, i de les que es té relativament poc coneixement de la seva introducció i evolució en els aqüífers. Aquestes substàncies o els seus productes de degradació pertanyen als denominats ‘contaminants orgànics emergents’; es tracten de compostos químics orgànics emprats en la formulació de productes d’ús quotidià i molt estès, com són productes farmacèutics, emulsions, productes per la cura e higiene personal, detergents domèstics i industrials, plàstics, pesticides y herbicides, entre altres. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines various potential sources for groundwater recharge, such as direct infiltration from rain and runoff, sewer system losses, and specific sources like river water infiltration. This information supports the claim by indicating that these recharging processes could effectively contribute to restoring aquifers, especially in areas experiencing water scarcity.