Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: of Melatonin MT1 and MT2 in the (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 2. The hypothesis that the density of these receptors varies across the circadian cycle was tested. Using immunohistochemistry with receptor-specific antibodies, the localization and distribution of melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 was studied in the SCN at different circadian times (CT): CT 11–13 (dusk), 23-01 (dawn), 5-7 (mid-day), and 17-19 (midnight). Our results show that MT1 receptor density significantly increased at dusk relative to dawn and midnight (p<0. 01 and p<0. 001 respectively). Although MT1 receptors were wide spread in the SCN and parts of the optic chiasm at dusk, it was restricted to the SCN during mid-day period. MT2 receptors were not detected in the SCN. In conclusion, melatonin receptor MT1 density and distribution varies with circadian time. This creates a time window at which melatonin exerts its circadian phase shifts on the SCN. This also suggests that melatonin regulates SCN function via MT1 receptors with a minimal role for MT2. Keywords:melatonin receptorsSCNcircadian rhythmYear: 2015Page/10. 5334/jcr. abPublished on Mar 10, 20154. 0 1. Introduction Melatonin, “the chemical expression of darkness” [20], is a neuroendocrine hormone synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland [4, 25]. There is a circadian rhythm in melatonin synthesis and secretion that peaks at night and troughs during the day [20]. The circadian rhythm of melatonin synthesis is driven by the intrinsic circadian activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This small paired nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus is entrained to a 24-hour period by the light/dark cycle (LD) [14]. The SCN is strategically positioned to receive visual input for LD entrainment through the retino-hypothalamic tracts [22]. On the other hand, melatonin feeds back on the SCN to regulate its function by modulation of SCN electrical activity [11, 12], resetting the clock [5, 6] and synchronizing locomotor activity [17, 19, 24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is driven by intrinsic circadian activity and receives input from light/dark cycles. It explicitly states that the circadian rhythm of melatonin synthesis, which peaks at night and troughs during the day, is regulated by the SCN. Moreover, it mentions that melatonin acts on the SCN to modulate its function, thus reinforcing the claim that the SCN is a master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Data were supplied by the investigators of all trials to supplement the information that was available in their abstract and poster (Anderson 2009; Bishop 2011; Fitzgerald 2005; van der Giessen 2007a). Morning versus evening inhalation Trial characteristics One randomised, blinded, cross‐over, placebo‐controlled trial (providing data for 24 participants) investigated the issue of morning (on waking) versus evening (pre‐bedtime) inhalation (van der Giessen 2007b). requested clarification of participant data from the authors of this trial. It was a trial of children whose mean age was 13 years old (range 6 years to 19 years). Their mean FEV1 was 75% predicted and they were described as clinically stable in the month prior to the trial. Participants were on maintenance dornase alfa. intervention block in this trial lasted for two weeks; there was no washout period reported. The clearance technique used in this trial was predominantly PEP mask (62%), with autogenic drainage (17%), Flutter (13%) or a combination in smaller numbers. The clearance technique was performed for 30 minutes post morning inhalation, with a placebo being used so that inhalations were performed twice daily. Outcomes measured This trial reported on lung function (FEV1, 25), symptom scores (VAS for cough and cough symptom scoring (CSS) day and night, sleep quality, sputum viscosity and amount), adherence and adverse events. Excluded studies A total of 93 papers representing 48 trials were added to the Excluded studies section, predominantly because they did not address timing of dornase alfa inhalation. Furthermore, nine were not RCTs, two did not study people with CF, and three did not involve dornase alfa. A further trial considered the impact of dornase alfa dwell time in the lung before airway clearance techniques. It compared a short dwell (median of 0. 25 hours) to a long dwell (median of 11. 1 hours) (Wilson 2007). While participants were randomised to morning or evening inhalation of dornase alfa, the data were not analysed in relation to this. We considered that long or short dwell time is a separate issue. This is discussed further in the Discussion section. Risk of bias in included studies We assessed the risk of bias of each trial using criteria as described in the for of Interventions (Higgins 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the characteristics of a clinical trial related to inhalation techniques and dornase alfa treatment in cystic fibrosis patients. There is no mention of gene therapy or its development, making the text unsuitable for corroborating or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Impact of crop residue management on crop production and soil chemistry after seven years of crop rotation in temperate climate, loamy soils All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2017. The first revision was submitted on April 14th, 2018 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on April 26th, 2018 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2018. Version 0. 3 (accepted) Ana Ribeiro-Barros · May 4, 2018 · - Dumont, Thank you for sending the revised version of your manuscript including the proposed minor revisions. It is my pleasure to inform you that the paper is now accepted for publication. Thank you for considering to publish your work, Sincerely, Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros # PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Sheila McCormick, a PeerJ covering this Section # 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Apr 26, 2018 Version 0. 2 Ana Ribeiro-Barros · Apr 21, 2018 · you for re-submitting the revised version of your MS. All questions raised by the reviewers have been properly addressed and the MS has increased considerably. However, I still found some minor details that can further improve the MS. These are basically related to the improvement of the text rather than the data. Please see the minor comments in the attached version, and send me the revised version, highlighting only the new changes proposed or explaining why they were not included. After receiving this final version, I will immediately accept the MS. Than you once again for considering PeerJ to publish your work, Ana Ribeiro-annotated manuscript 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Apr 14, 2018 Version 0. 1 (original submission) Ana Ribeiro-Barros · Dec 7, 2017 · -Pierre, Thank you for your submission to PeerJ. Please address the reviewer comments as fully as possible. Sincerely, Aan Ribeiro-Grüter · Nov 19, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript is generally well written in good English. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss crop rotation or its effects on soil depletion and pest buildup. Instead, it primarily contains administrative information regarding the peer review process and acknowledgments related to manuscript submissions. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 7 MT2 receptor immunolabeling in the paraventricular nucleus. 3V is the third ventricle. Scale bar is 80 µm. 4. results of this study show that the localization and distribution of melatonin receptors MT1 is regulated in a circadian mode in rat SCN. The highest observed receptor density was detected at dusk (ZT 11–13), which is the observed window of time for melatonin actions in SCN [5, 9, 12]. MT1 receptor density was elevated at dusk compared to that at dawn (ZT 23–01) and midnight (ZT17–19). Our attempt to quantify these changes showed that there was no statistically significant difference between MT1 receptor density at dusk and mid-day. These data suggest that the synthesis of melatonin receptors MT1 undergoes cyclic changes throughout the circadian cycle. Darkness signals conveyed to the SCN via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) result in MT1 receptor being synthesized and shuttled to the dendritic membrane, while during the day the receptors are degraded. This cyclic pattern of melatonin receptors expression and degradation fits perfectly with the observations that melatonin was most effective in influencing SCN function only at specific windows of time [5]. These data also agree with mRNA expression data that found a rhythm of expression similar to our model in rat SCN [15, 18] as well as with data from binding studies [10]. et al. [26] did not find a statistically significant variation in MT1 mRNA receptor expression across the circadian cycle, they still found a pattern of variation in its expression similar to the model proposed here. However, and since this is a novel approach to define daily changes in melatonin receptor expression, further studies are needed to confirm these results using more advanced methods of quantification. There were no apparent daily changes in MT1 labeling in the cortex and the hippocampus, but we did not test a number of rat brains large enough for statistical analysis to confirm this result. The similar labeling pattern of MT1 and MAP2 suggests that MT1 receptor is mainly present in the dendrites and somas of SCN neurons. Moreover, labeling extended to what appears to be neurons within the optic chiasm (Fig. 3 and 5), which suggests the possibility of a population of SCN neurons within the optic chiasm that have a role in melatonin regulation of the circadian pacemaker. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the localization and behavior of melatonin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) throughout the circadian cycle. It describes how darkness signals lead to increased expression of MT1 receptors in the SCN, supporting its role as a regulator of circadian rhythms. The mention of the SCN's function being influenced by melatonin at specific times reinforces its classification as the master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Skip to Our site uses cookies to improve your experience. You can find out more about our use of cookies in About Cookies, including instructions on how to turn off cookies if you wish to do so. By continuing to browse this site you agree to us using cookies as described in About Cookies. I accept evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. search Open menu language : language : Review language Select your preferred language for and other content. Sections without translation will be in English. Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Indonesia 日本語 한국어 ês Русский Română தமிழ் ภาษาไทย 繁體中文 简体中文 Website language Select your preferred language for the website. English Español (CDSR) for trials What's new (search and ) is created Search help quick guides Search FApublications in the of Editorial policies Information for authors translations What's new Data reuse options Permissions and reprints Media information Contact us Terms and conditions Known issues content content and plain language summary only and plain language summary only Cite this 0 language summary Authors' conclusions Summary of findings and tables 10. 1002/14651858. CD008190. pub3 Collapse all Expand all Abstract available in English Español فارسی Français 한국어 Português 简体中文 loss of appetite in cystic fibrosis concerns both individuals and families. Appetite stimulants have been used to help cystic fibrosis patients with chronic anorexia attain optimal body mass index (BMI) and nutritional status. However, these may have adverse effects on clinical status. This is an updated version of the original review. systematically search for and evaluate the evidence on the beneficial effects of appetite stimulants in the management of cystic fibrosis‐related anorexia and synthesise reports of any side effects. Search methods We searched the Fibrosis and Group's and online trials registries; handsearched reference lists; and contacted local and international experts to identify relevant trials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address gene therapy or its development for cystic fibrosis or other genetic disorders. It primarily discusses the use of appetite stimulants in managing cystic fibrosis-related anorexia and does not provide relevant information to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: However, the abstract should be more explicit, more clear/precise and could be more concise (see specific comments). In the introduction section, please define specific research questions and/or hypotheses, which can be tested. It becomes clear why you do this long-term experiment, but the hypotheses could be stated more clearly. In addition, the results part is poorly structured and therefore makes some of the discussion sections hard to understand. In the discussion, you should not only compare your values to literature, but also discuss why in your particular experiment you observed These specific effects and what you can conclude from this. At the moment, the conclusions are weak and not always supported by your findings. Additionally, you argue that the duration of the trial might have been too short to find significant effects, but you don't say what you would expect in the long-term. Experimental design The latin square design of the long-term trial is clear and makes sense for the purpose of the experiment. However, as mentioned above, the research questions are kept very general and there are no testable hypotheses. In addition, there is some lack of details in the methods and a basic soil characterisation (initial pH, soil organic carbon, texture, concentrations. . . ) is missing. This should be added. Validity of the findings Even though, the statistics are well described in the methods section, the statistical results are not reported adequately. 2-way ANOVA would be appropriate with the main factors tillage (RT, CT) and residue management (IN, OUT) and the ANOVA table should be reported (e. g. in the supplementary information). Then, treatment means should be compared with an appropriate post hoc test such as Tukey HSD. If you average over treatment levels, this should be clearly stated and argued why it was done. Generally, I agree, that your long-term trial contributes to the understanding of yield developments and nutrient dynamics under different tillage and residue management and that the results are highly relevant for sustainable agricultural practises. Additional comments One specific comment here: It would be good if you reported the residue and grain N, P, K concentrations in mg/kg and not only the imports and exports in kg/ha. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a critique of a research paper, discussing aspects such as the clarity of the abstract, the structure of the results, and the adequacy of the statistical methods. However, it does not mention any information about crop rotation, soil depletion, or pest buildup. Therefore, it does not address the claim directly or provide relevant support or contradiction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Molecular dissection of two distinct actions of melatonin on the suprachiasmatic circadian clock Neuron 19: 91–102, DOI: Masana, M. I. , Benloucif, S. and Dubocovich, M. L. (2000). Circadian rhythm of mt1 melatonin receptor expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the C3H/HeN mouse J 28: 185–92, DOI: McArthur, A. J. , Gillette, M. U. and Prosser, R. A. (1991). Melatonin directly resets the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock in vitro 565: 158–61, DOI: McArthur, A. J. , Hunt, A. E. and Gillette, M. U. (1997). Melatonin action and signal transduction in the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock: activation of protein kinase C at dusk and dawn Endocrinology 138: 627–34. Milton, S. J. (1999). in the Biological and Health Sciences. third edn. USA: WCB/McGraw-Hill. Monti, J. M. and Cardinali, D. P. (2000). A critical assessment of the melatonin effect on sleep in humans Recept 9: 328–39, DOI: Neu, J. M. and Niles, L. P. (1997). A marked diurnal rhythm of melatonin ML1A receptor mRNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Res 49: 303–6, DOI: Nonno, R. , Pannacci, M. , Lucini, V. , Angeloni, D. , Fraschini, F. and Stankov, B. M. (1999). Ligand efficacy and potency at recombinant human MT2 melatonin receptors: evidence for agonist activity of some mt1-antagonists Pharmacol 127: 1288–94, DOI: Pitrosky, B. , Kirsch, R. , Malan, A. , Mocaer, E. and Pevet, P. (1999). Organization of rat circadian rhythms during daily infusion of melatonin or S20098, a melatonin agonist Physiol 277: R812–28. Poirel, V. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various studies related to the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its role in regulating circadian rhythms, particularly highlighting how melatonin affects the circadian clock within this nucleus. The phrase 'melatonin directly resets the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock' supports the claim that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is indeed a key regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: One of its adjunctive effects is weight gain, and it has been used for appetite stimulation and weight gain for such indications as advanced cancer, AIDS, and the elderly (Lopez 2004); renal failure (Chung 2006; Hobbs 2012); chronic heart failure (von Haehling 2009); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Weisberg 2002); and CF (Eubanks 2002; Marchand 2000). MA is not very water‐soluble, thus its bio‐availability is low, although bio‐availability is improved if it is taken with food. Several formulations have been developed in an attempt to improve bio‐availability (e. g. a micronised tablet form and a concentrated oral suspension). The most recent of these is an oral suspension form using nanocrystal technology, which is licensed for anorexia‐cachexia in people with AIDS. (Remeron) is typically used as an antidepressant in tablet form, and the dosage differs between initial and maintenance treatment (EMC 2014c). In two trials evaluating its role as an appetite stimulant in people with CF, mirtazapine was given at a doses ranging from 15 mg to 45 mg per day (Sykes 2006; Young 2000). is an atypical antipsychotic drug (EMC 2014d). Whilst limited data are available, olanzapine has been used to stimulate appetite and improve body mass index (BMI) and other disease‐related symptoms (e. g. eating attitudes, anxiety) in people with anorexia aged nine years and older. The dose used to stimulate appetite has been higher than that used in psychiatric practice (Nasr 2008). with the anabolic steroid oxandrolone (Oxandrin) should be intermittent, and the duration should depend on an individual's response and adverse reactions. Two‐ to four‐week blocks of therapy are usually adequate, and dosage differs depending on the age of the individual (MedLibrary 2014; Upsher‐Smith 2022). Oxandrolone has been used principally in anorexia in people with cancer, but it has also been investigated in CF (Tongudai 1971; Varness 2009). is an antihistamine and serotonin antagonist used to treat migraine at differing age‐dependent doses (EMC 2014e). is indicated in the treatment of acute and chronic psychoses, and in the management of aggression in moderate to severe Alzheimer’s dementia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses medications and treatments primarily focused on appetite stimulation and weight gain in various conditions but does not mention gene therapy or the treatment of genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. There is no indication or reference in the text that supports or contrasts the claim regarding gene therapy development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: Download annotated manuscript Cite this review as Grüter R (2018) #1 of "Impact of crop residue management on crop production and soil chemistry after seven years of crop rotation in temperate climate, loamy soils (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Dec 4, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript “Impact of crop residue management on crop production and soil fertility after seven years of crop rotation in a temperate climate and loamy soil” evaluates the effect of residue management and tillage on the crop production and soil properties. It is praiseworthy that authors have done extensive data collection over several years period. However, I regret that this manuscript cannot be published as such due to very inconsistent and poor presentation. Specifically, the material and method section is not clear and the results presented (along with Tables and Figures) are not provided with sufficient statistical analyses. I have following suggestion to authors to improve this manuscript: Abstract: L30: Authors talk about six crops, but only three are given; winter wheat, faba bean and maize, what are other three crops? L38: Please first give abbreviation for nutrient, and then use abbreviated form later in the text. L45: incomplete sentence Introduction L60: “However, the actual impact of straw incorporation is often discussed (Poeplau et al. 2015)”. Please write what does this study suggest; positive, negative or either both impacts of the straw incorporation. Experimental design The method section is not sufficiently described. L108-109 states “ It has to be noted that stubble and chaff are always left on the fields, even if the rest of the residue is exported”. However, Line 133-134 states that residue (OUT: Stubble and Chaff). These two statements create confusion on residue management strategies. Were the stubble and chaff left on the field or were they exported? Please clarify the treatment description. L117-118: What equipment was used for sowing? L136 : what is composite grain sample. For example, it is the ears or cobs or grain of maize, or pods or seeds of faba bean and similarly the case for wheat? L137: “ We also collected the residues present on 1 m2 per plot…. . does this area represent the statistical unit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding crop rotation preventing soil depletion and pest buildup. Instead, it discusses the manuscript's evaluation of crop residue management and its effects on soil properties after crop rotation, and it critiques the presentation and clarity of the manuscript. Since the text does not provide any support or opposition to the claim, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: v. 16(3); Jul 2020 10. 3988/jcn. 2020. 16. 3. 401 J Clin Neurol. 2020 Jul;16(3):401-407. English. Published online Jul 01, 2020. Copyright © 2020 2020. This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Go to: light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) emit less blue light than traditional light-emitting diodes (LEDs), but the effects of OLED light exposure (LE) on melatonin and sleep have not been evaluated. Methods Twenty-four healthy subjects (age 26. 9±5. 7 years; including 18 females) with the intermediate chronotype were exposed to three different light conditions [4,000 K 150 lux 4,000 K 150 lux LED LE, and dim light (DL) at <10 lux] for 6. 5 h from 17:30 to 24:00, in a random order and with a 1-week interval. Participants entered the unit for the experiment at 16:00, and their daylight was measured by actigraphy from 8:00 to 16:00 during each session. Saliva samples for melatonin were taken every hour from 18:00 to 24:00. Sleep was monitored by polysomnography, and vigilance was evaluated by psychomotor vigilance test upon awakening. onset occurred at 21:11±01:24, 21:20±01:19, and 21:36±01:16 in the and LED conditions, respectively. Melatonin onset was significantly delayed under LED LE compared to DL (p=0. 007) but did not differ under (p=0. 245). Melatonin suppression, sleep parameters, and vigilance were similar among the three light conditions. The accumulated amount of daytime light in each session was negatively correlated with the melatonin onset time under the DL (rho=−0. 634, p=0. 002) and OLED (rho=−0. 447, p=0. 029) conditions, not under the LED condition (p=0. 129). onset under was not significantly delayed compared to DL. Exposure to sufficient daylight may advance melatonin onset even when a subject is exposed to in the evening. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different light conditions, specifically light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), can affect melatonin onset. It mentions that 'Melatonin onset was significantly delayed under LED LE compared to DL' and that 'the accumulated amount of daytime light in each session was negatively correlated with the melatonin onset time under the DL and OLED conditions'. This indicates that light exposure does influence melatonin production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: However, there is insufficient evidence at present to justify the use of these agents on a longer‐term basis (over six months). Quality of the evidence Trial quality was frequently suboptimal, which could have biased any observed treatment effects, on average, in the direction of overestimating the true treatment effect. There were areas of the reporting within the included trials that would have been greatly improved if the authors had followed the reporting guidelines for RCTs, specifically in reporting the details of random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and blinding (Moher 2001; Moher 2003; Moher 2004). We suspect that many of the trials were correctly randomised, but the evidence was not presented in the published papers, and so the risk of bias was marked as unclear. Although there were sufficient data to undertake meta‐analyses for some outcomes, all four included trials reported sufficient detail for a selection of outcomes to be included in the meta‐analyses. A major concern was incomplete reporting of data or selective outcome reporting, or both, with all trials listing outcomes in the methods section of the paper that were not reported on in the results. We assessed the certainty of the evidence supporting the outcomes as low using the GRADE approach (summary of findings Table 1). We downgraded the certainty of the evidence due to risk of bias (incomplete and selective reporting of outcome data as mentioned above, attrition bias caused by either a proportionately large dropout rate or dropouts due to the intervention and not corrected for in the analyses and the randomisation procedures). In addition, numbers of participants were small and event rates were low, increasing concerns about imprecision. Potential biases in the review process The number of trials included in the review precluded an analysis of publication bias, therefore we are unable to comment on this aspect of potential bias. In several trials it was not possible to obtain the effect size and SDs. The outcomes and SDs at baseline and follow‐up were reported accurately, but often the SD of the difference in outcome measure between baseline and follow‐up was not reported and could not be calculated from the reported data. The difference can be calculated from baseline and follow‐up measurements, but the SD of the difference cannot be simply calculated due to within‐participant correlations. It is strongly recommended that outcome differences and SDs of differences be reported in future trials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there is insufficient evidence to justify the longer-term use of gene therapy agents, suggesting that while gene therapy may be developed, the current evidence is insufficient and suboptimal, which raises questions about the effectiveness of these treatments for genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: Residue NPK content can vary depending on which part used for sampling, for instance, the grain chaff or the straw? Replication in the residue NPK determination is the must. In crop sampling and Analysis: Describe in detail the method of harvesting for the individual crop, as well their residue harvesting? L146: how was soil sampling conducted? Was it done using Auger or Giddings probe? How were soil samples composited? L147: what was the mass of soil sample used for soil organic carbon determination? Was it done in the fresh or air dried sample? L152-157: Similar to SOC determination how was sampling conducted for nitrate? used? How was nitrate content determined, was the sample air dried or fresh? L162-163: why statistical test not reported when the interactions were not significant, were there no main effect as well? Statistical Analyses: How the crop growth parameters; germination, yield. . . and soil properties over different years test? Were there any repeated measure analysis? Validity of the findings Results need to be supported by strong statistical analyses for the validity. Result: L184-185: three out of six crops…where and which are other three crops? L189: what was the sowing density for different crops; wasn't it different for different crops? How can sowing density for different crops such as faba bean, wheat and maize be averaged? L192-196: where are the results presented? Tables/Figures? L200-206 and Figure 1: were there any statistical differences, please give p values. L211 and throughout the text: please present important result in figures or tables, not in 0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 3 · Dec 7, 2017 Basic reporting This work focuses on the impacts of crop residue management (returned to soil vs exported) and type of tillage (reduced tillage depth vs conventional ploughing) on crop production and soil chemical properties. The effects of these management strategies were evaluated on a 7-year field-experiment under a temperate climate and a loamy soil. This paper presents interesting results showing some trends in differentiation for soil properties on the short-term, which potentially suggest more important changes on the long term. Overall, the manuscript is clear and well structured. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the specific claim about crop rotation preventing soil depletion and pest buildup. Instead, it discusses crop residue management and tillage practices along with their impacts on crop production and soil chemical properties. Thus, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Keywords light; melatonin; sleep; circadian rhythm Go to: modern societies people are exposed to significantly more artificial light at nighttime. 1 Exposure to light in the evening and early night suppresses the release of melatonin and can shift circadian phases to later times. 2, 3 These effects of light are dependent on the light intensity, wavelength, and duration of exposure. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Exposure to blue light (i. e. , wavelengths of 446–483 nm) can be particularly detrimental, since the transmission of light information to the primary circadian pacemaker in the brain is mediated by the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells of the eyes that contain melanopsin, which are most sensitive to blue light. 10, 11, 12, 13 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are abundantly used for indoor illumination, partly for energy-saving reasons,14 and their emission spectrum is rich in blue light. Harmful effects of exposure to artificial light at night on human health are being increasingly recognized,15, 16, 17, 18 with the Agency formally releasing a report confirming the potential hazards of blue LEDs to human eyes and the circadian rhythm in 2014. 19 Organic LEDs (OLEDs), which emit less blue light, are energy-efficient and more physiologically friendly form of lighting. 20, 21, 22 OLED light exposure (LE) may decrease the adverse health outcomes of artificial light at night, but no studies have investigated the impact of at night on sleep quality and the circadian system. The impacts of on melatonin secretion and sleep quality need to be measured in order to determine whether represents an improvement over LED LE. We aim to compare the effects of and LED LE during the hours before bedtime on melatonin secretion and objective sleep quality. We hypothesized that evening would result in less melatonin suppression, smaller circadian phase delays, and better sleep quality and daytime vigilance when compared to LED LE. Go to: approval The screening and study procedures were approved and monitored by the Board of the Center (IRB No. 2017-08-125) and were conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Practice guidelines. Informed written consent was obtained from all study participants prior to enrollment, and they were compensated financially for their participation. Subjects and study screening This study involved 24 healthy adults with the intermediate chronotype as defined by a morningness-eveningness questionnaire. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how exposure to light, especially in the evening, suppresses the release of melatonin and affects circadian rhythms. It specifically mentions that the suppression is dependent on various factors such as intensity, wavelength, and duration of light exposure, with blue light being particularly detrimental. This supports the idea that light exposure directly influences melatonin production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: None of the results were statistically significant and the quality of the evidence was very low. The trial by Amin reported the overall number of adverse events and adverse events related to the trial drugs, rather than the number of participants experiencing an adverse event. There were no significant differences in cough, hoarseness or chest pain (P = 0. 17); however, there were significantly more overall adverse events in the hypertonic saline group for the symptoms of increased sputum production, fever, rhinorrhoea, malaise and ear infections (P = 0. 0035) (Amin 2010). Amin further reported a mean (SD) drop in FEV1 % predicted after the first inhalation of hypertonic saline 116 (140) mL and after isotonic saline 41 (88) mL, MD 75. 00 (95% CI ‐31. 49 to 181. 49) (Analysis 1. 12). trial demonstrated that participants with an FEV1 % predicted of 40% to 70% at baseline experienced a significant fall in FEV1 following isotonic saline, while none of the participants fell significantly with hypertonic saline (Chadwick 1997). trial reported the number of adverse events (not participants experiencing adverse events) as pulmonary exacerbations (see above), chest pain, gastro‐intestinal symptoms, headache, joint pain, pharyngitis and tonsillitis; these were significantly fewer in the hypertonic saline group (Elkins 2006a). Adverse drug reactions were also reported, events that in the opinion of the investigator were related directly to the trial medication. These were significantly higher in the hypertonic saline group (n = 14) than the control group (n = 1), P = 0. 01, and included cough, chest tightness, pharyngitis, haemoptysis, sinusitis, sneezing, tonsillitis and vomiting (Elkins 2006a). In the Eng trial there were similar reports of increased cough and haemoptysis; one participant in the hypertonic saline group had to withdraw because of haemoptysis, although it was not clear if this was directly related to treatment (Eng 1996). In the hypertonic saline group, one participant complained of chest tightness and one of throat irritation, with none in the isotonic saline group complaining of these symptoms (Analysis 1. 14). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing results from clinical trials that indicate a lack of statistically significant results in treatments related to cystic fibrosis, such as hypertonic saline. It discusses adverse effects and complications observed during trials, suggesting that the current therapeutic approaches are not effectively addressing the needs of patients with genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: The background and the research question (lines 88-93) are clearly introduced and defined, the field experiment and methods are well suited to answer the questioning and the results are nicely discussed. As a non-native English speaker, I do not feel well qualified to evaluate the language used. Specific comments are detailed in my comments to the authors. Experimental design The field experimental design detailed in part 2. 2 (lines 105-127) makes, in my opinion, the strength of this paper and provides a solid foundation to develop interesting and robust researches on the short-term as exposed in this paper as well as on the long term (perspectives of this work). The sampling strategy (10 soil subsamples forming representative composite samples at 3 different depths) allows to take into account spatial variability and to analyze the effects of crop residue managements and tillage types at different soil depths. This last point is particularly important as many studies only focused on a thin soil surface layer and have drawn some conclusions (e. g. on soil C storage under no tillage) without considering a potential stratification effect on the whole soil profile. The laboratory and statistical analyses are globally well described and sound. I was just wondering if additional data related to i) nitrate measurements and ii) soil bulk densities were available, which could maybe provide complementary results interesting for this paper: i) In this study, “a stratification of organic matter and nutrients was observed under reduced tillage… for carbon, phosphorus and potassium” (lines 360-361), but no differences in nitrate contents were observed between the different treatments (lines 249-250). However, according to the methods, it should be noted that the effects on nitrate contents were measured on different soil layers and depths (0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm) compared to carbon and the other nutrients, which were measured for 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. Are data available for nitrate contents in these latter soil layers? Due to soil stratification under reduced tillage on 0-30 cm, an effect on soil nitrate could maybe be captured if this layer would be more in depth analyzed, even though the great mobility of nitrate and the important amounts of fertilizer used here could maybe prevent the detection of a subtle effect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about crop rotation helping to prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. Instead, it discusses experimental design, sampling strategies, and soil stratification without mentioning crop rotation or its effects on soil health or pest management.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Click for larger image Download as PowerPoint slide Light conditions Three light conditions were tested: 4,000 4,000 and dim light (DL; <10 lux). The light sources were ceiling-mounted light panels (LL167RS1-74P1, 300×300 mm, 24 W, LG display, Seoul, Korea; LED Edge panel, 315×315 mm, 20 ). The spectral power distributions of the light produced by OLEDs and LEDs are shown in Supplementary Fig. 1 (in the online-only Data Supplement). The three conditions of experimental LE were performed in a random order with a 1-week interval between each condition. The illuminance level of both the OLED light and the LED light at eye level in a sitting position was maintained at 150 lux. A uniform illumination environment was produced in the room. The light illuminance was measured using a lux meter (Testo 540, Testo, Lenzkirch, Germany). Subjects were in darkness (<0. 02 lux, <0. 00006 W/m2) during the scheduled sleep time. Outcome measures of melatonin onset time and suppression Salivary melatonin was collected using polyester swab Salivettes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany). Samples were stored in the freezer until delivery to the laboratory for measuring melatonin concentrations, which was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The minimum detectable dose of melatonin (analytical sensitivity) was determined to be 0. 5 pg/mL. The melatonin onset time was calculated as the time when the melatonin concentrations exceeded the mean of three low consecutive values (before the increase) plus twice the standard deviation. 23 Melatonin suppression was assessed using the area under the time-melatonin concentration curve (AUC) from 18:00 to 24:00 (immediately before lights off) under LED LE or compared with the AUC under DL during the same period. Melatonin suppression was calculated as a percentage using the formula 100−[(AUCLE/AUCDL)×100)]. Outcome measures of sleep and vigilance Subjects underwent PSG (Embla N7000 & ) each night following LE. Sleep staging and arousals were scored according to the 2017 updated guidelines of the of Sleep Medicine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing an experiment that investigates melatonin's response to different light conditions, such as dim light and illuminated environments. Specifically, it mentions outcomes like melatonin onset time and suppression, which are likely affected by the varying light levels during the study. This supports the assertion that light exposure has an impact on melatonin production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: trial, while not demonstrating a sustained improvement in lung function, remains promising by demonstrating a reduction in exacerbation frequency and a small improvement in QoL (Elkins 2006a). This effect was not seen in in children without airflow limitation as measured by spirometry (FEV1 over 80% predicted) (Amin 2010). It did improve mucociliary clearance and ventilation inhomogeneity as measured by the LCI in those with mild lung disease, though the long‐term implications of this finding are unclear. When delivered following a bronchodilator it is an inexpensive additional therapy for people with CF, which does not appear to be associated significant adverse effects (Amin 2010). In younger children hypertonic saline did not improve measures of infant lung function or reduce pulmonary exacerbations (Rosenfeld 2012). We chose lung function as our primary outcome because of its relationship in the long term with mortality in CF and by inference to see if hypertonic saline would alter this decline (Courtney 2007). Elkins performed the largest trial in adults and children over six years of age, to address whether hypertonic saline (7%) compared to isotonic saline (0. 9%) would improve FEV1 after 48 weeks of treatment (Elkins 2006a). They failed to demonstrate a significant improvement in lung function over 48 weeks, although our pooled analysis of both the smaller trial by Eng together with the Elkins trial did demonstrate a small improvement in FEV1 after four weeks of treatment (Elkins 2006a; Eng 1996). One limitation of using lung function markers such FEV1 is that, despite their association with long‐term outcomes, they may be relatively insensitive to small changes in CF, especially over time given the progressive nature of the disease. Also, those with intact lung function who may benefit most in the long term from hypertonic saline, would be less likely to demonstrate an improvement. With this in mind, Amin used the LCI, which is a novel measure of ventilation inhomogeneity using an inert gas multiple‐breath washout technique and which has been validated in CF and shown to be more sensitive in detecting early airways disease (Gustafsson 2008). Amin proposed that in those with only mild airflow limitation this would be more sensitive to change with hypertonic saline, and demonstrated this after four weeks of treatment, although there was no improvement seen with FEV1 or even improvement in symptom scores (Amin 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address gene therapy specifically or any developments related to it. Instead, it discusses the effects of hypertonic saline treatments for cystic fibrosis, which does not corroborate with or contrast against the claim regarding gene therapy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: ii) It could be also interesting to have measurements of soil bulk densities in order to evaluate the effects of reduced tillage on soil compaction and to analyze the evolution of soil organic carbon stocks for the different treatments. In addition, it should be explained how were calculated nutrient contents (in kg/ha). Validity of the findings The conclusions of this work are well supported by the results obtained, with a robust set of data followed by a rigorous interpretation. As stated by the authors, the results obtained here are relevant for the specific pedoclimatic condition of this study, due to the importance of climate and soil parameters on the investigated processes. Additional comments Specific comments: Title: I would suggest to add “tillage” in the title. Fertility could be replaced by another term (e. g. chemistry…) as fertility may refer to many other aspects. Abstract: Maybe not very stylish to close the abstract with “…” (line 45). Furthermore, the last sentence is perhaps not essential and a little bit long. It could be suggested to finish the previous sentence (line 43) by something like “… whether more consistent changes in the whole agro-ecosystem functioning…” to include more concisely the idea developed in the last sentence. Introduction: Line 64: “Hiel et al. (2016)” is not in the reference list. Line 77: I would suggest to replace “say something about” by “assess” Line 78: “show” -> “showed” Methods: Lines 133-135 refer to residue analyses and line 136 to grain samples, and then, again to residues, line 137. Maybe better to group the sentences related to residues together. Part 2. 4. As explained above, it should be explained here how were calculated nutrient contents (in kg/ha). Results: In line 204 are presented results for fababean yields from Table 5. To be consistent within the different parts, this should be included in the next part 3. 1. 3 relative to crop yields. Line 223: “crop residue in the soil” -> “crop residue returned to soil” Line 224: “this was correlated with an increase in the amount of nutrient”, maybe interesting to add statistical criteria for this correlation. Lines 225-227: I was not able to find the results presented here in the tables. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of scientific study methodologies and results, but does not mention crop rotation, soil depletion, or pest buildup. It focuses instead on soil compaction, nutrient content calculations, and residues without linking these concepts to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: The melatonin onset time was significantly delayed for LED LE compared to DL (p=0. 007), whereas it was not delayed for (p=0. 287), and showed a trend toward a delay for LED LE compared to (p=0. 078). A negative correlation was observed between the daylight amount and melatonin onset time in the DL (rho=−0. 634, p= 0. 002) and OLED (rho=−0. 447, p=0. 029) conditions, but not in the LED condition (p=0. 129). The melatonin onset time, delay, and suppression under the different light conditions are summarized in Fig. 3 and Table 1. Fig. 2 Representative melatonin profiles. The melatonin profiles from 18:00 to 24:00 from one representative individual under the three light conditions (and LED). DL: dim light, LED: light-emitting diode, OLED: organic LED. Click for larger image Download as PowerPoint slide Fig. 3 Melatonin phase shifts under and LED LE compared to DL. Values on the χ-axis are differences between melatonin onsets for LED LE and compared to DL. Each box plot shows the median, first and third quartiles, and range. Melatonin onset for LED LE was significantly delayed compared to DL (p=0. 007), whereas did not significantly delay melatonin onset compared to DL (p=0. 287). DL: dim light, LE: light exposure, LED: light-emitting diode, OLED: organic LED. Click for larger image Download as PowerPoint slide The mean AUC did not differ among the three light conditions (p=0. 207). The median suppression percentages for melatonin for and LED LE were 3. 2% and 12. 6%, respectively. Melatonin suppression was not significantly different between OLED and LED lighting (p=0. 208). The accumulated daylight was not correlated with AUC in each condition (p>0. 05). Sleep and vigilance The PSG parameters did not differ significantly among the conditions (Table 2). In PVT, the number of lapses (5. 8±4. 1 vs. 2. 8±2. 3) and the reaction time (1/response time=3. 7±0. 7 vs. 4. 0±0. 5) were lower for LED LE than for DL (Table 2). The numbers of errors were similar among the conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence of a negative correlation between the amount of daylight and melatonin onset time, indicating that different light conditions, such as dim light and LED, can significantly influence melatonin production. Specifically, the statement 'A negative correlation was observed between the daylight amount and melatonin onset time in the DL (rho=−0. 634, p= 0. 002)' highlights the relationship between light exposure and melatonin regulation, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: FVC (% predicted) change from baseline Follow‐up: up to 4 weeks See comments. MD ‐0. 10% (95% CI ‐5. 98% to 5. 78%) 25 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊖⊖ low1,2 Negative MD indicates an advantage for evening DNase inhalation, but difference is not statistically significant FVC (L) also showed no significant difference between groups. Participants received both morning and evening DNase inhalation as cross‐over design. Measures of QoL and symptom scores Follow‐up: up to 4 weeks See comments. NA 25 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊖⊖ low1,2 A variety of VAS scores reported on cough (day and night), sputum (volume and viscosity), appetite and sleep quality; none of which were significantly different as a result of the time of day the DNase was inhaled. FEF25‐75 (% predicted) Follow‐up: up to 4 weeks Oucome not reported. effects Follow‐up: up to 4 weeks See comments. NA (see comment) 25 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊖⊖ low1,2 No statistical comparisons made. Narrative reports indicated that evening DNase inhalation did not adversely impact overnight oximetry or cough per hour recordings (but between‐group comparisons were not provided for this outcome). Relative effect and 95% CI presented is adjusted for the cross‐over design of the studies. ACT : airway clearance technique; CI : confidence interval; CSS : cough symptom score; DNase : dornase alfa; FEF25‐75 : mid‐forced expiratory volume; FEV1 : forced expiratory volume in 1 second; MD : mean difference; NA : not applicable; QoL : quality of life; VAS: visual analogue scale. grades of evidence High quality : further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality : further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality : further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: we are very uncertain about the estimate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the results of a study comparing the effectiveness of evening versus morning inhalation of DNase (dornase alfa) for cystic fibrosis patients, without providing any information on the development of gene therapy for the condition. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: Lines 259-260: “these treatments showed a slower decrease in P content than deeper in the profile”. This is not clear, according to the figure, there is a higher decrease of P in RT treatments in the upper layer. Please clarify. Legend of the figure in 0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Oct 3, 2017 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses soil phosphorus content in relation to treatments without addressing the benefits or impacts of crop rotation on soil depletion or pest buildup.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Sleep parameters and vigilance after LE in the three conditions Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file Go to: is the first study of humans to compare the effects of and LED LE in the evening on the melatonin profile, sleep quality, and vigilance. We found that melatonin onset occurred significantly later for LED LE than for DL, whereas it was not delayed for. More daylight exposure was related to earlier melatonin onset under as well as DL, while there was no relation under LED LE. OLED light has several benefits as a future lighting source. 25 First, the spectrum of an OLED contains a smaller proportion of blue light, which has the greatest influence on the melanopsin in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Second, the spectral power distribution of OLEDs is closer to natural sunlight compared to other light sources, and hence produces a more-comfortable environment. Third, OLED light panels emit diffuse light from their surface, which helps to reduce fatigue in the human eye. It is presumed that OLEDs represent a human-friendly type of lighting that will disturb the circadian rhythm less and facilitate sleep. In terms of melatonin onset, showed a beneficial effect compared to LED LE in this study. Light with a high color temperature suppresses melatonin secretion more, but the effects of different light sources with the same high color temperature on melatonin secretion remain unclear. 6, 8 In the present study, the light intensity (150 lux), color temperature (4,000 K), and exposure time (18:00–24:00) were identical for the OLED and LED conditions. The present results are consistent with technical reports on the beneficial effects of OLEDs with smaller amounts of blue light on the circadian rhythm. 20, 21, 22 Exposure to daylight during the phase-advance period (in the morning) may advance melatonin onset. 26 A prior LE history affects light sensitivity to the circadian rhythm. 27, 28, 29 The present study is not a 24 hours simulation study, and involved participants in a laboratory environment from early evening to the next morning (covering about 18 hours). Instead, all of the subjects were instructed to wear an actigraphy device for 1 day before entering the laboratory, and we demonstrated that the accumulated amount of daylight during the study did not differ significantly among the tested conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different light sources, specifically LED and OLED light, impact melatonin onset. It notes that 'more daylight exposure was related to earlier melatonin onset' and outlines the effect of light color temperature on melatonin secretion. The findings indicate that light exposure significantly influences melatonin production, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice Given that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that this treatment is either beneficial or not, healthcare practitioners are advised to evaluate the use of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on a case‐by‐case basis when deciding whether or not to employ this form of exercise therapy in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Implications for research Further research of reputable methodological quality is needed to determine the effectiveness of RMT in people with CF. Researchers are encouraged to consider the following clinical outcomes in future studies: respiratory muscle function (e. g. maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax)); pulmonary function (e. g. forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC)); exercise capacity (e. g. maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max)); hospital admissions; time to next exacerbation; and health‐related quality of life. Sensory‐perceptual changes, such as respiratory effort sensation (e. g. rating of perceived breathlessness) and peripheral effort sensation (e. g. rating of perceived exertion) may also help to elucidate mechanisms underpinning the effectiveness of RMT. Summary of findings Open in table viewerSummary of findings for the main comparison. Respiratory muscle training compared with control for cystic fibrosis Patient or population: adults and children with cystic fibrosis Settings: outpatients Intervention: respiratory muscle trainingₑ Comparison: controlₑ comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of participants (studies) Quality of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Controlₑ Respiratory muscle trainingₑ FEV1: % predicted Follow‐up: 6‐12 weeks No significant differences between the respiratory muscle training group and the control group were reported in any study. NA 145 (7 studies including 2 cross‐over studies) ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low2,3 Studies reported FEV1 as % predicted, litres or z score. One study with respiratory muscle training level 30% of maximal effort reported a significant improvement within the training group. FVC: % predicted Follow‐up: 6‐12 weeks No significant differences between the respiratory muscle training group and the control group were reported in any study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there is insufficient evidence to suggest the effectiveness of treatments like respiratory muscle training (RMT) for cystic fibrosis. It indicates that healthcare practitioners are advised to evaluate such treatments on a case-by-case basis rather than suggesting that gene therapy or any specific treatment is advancing to address genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: AbstractA review of all types of pest control techniques useful to the urban arborist is presented. Recent developments in chemical and biological controls are discussed. Modifications of traditional cultural control techniques for urban use are presented. Urban pest control is years behind the agricultural fields. Many integrated pest management (IPM) programs have been developed for field crops, fruits, and vegetables. These IPM programs use the entire spectrum of pest control techniques in such a manner as to reduce cost and minimize adverse effects on the environment. This paper will review these techniques as they relate to ornamental trees and shrubs placed under the care of the urban arborist. Pest control techniques can be broken down into three broad categories: chemical control, biological control and cultural control (National Acad. Sci. 1969). Chemical controlMost of us are familiar with the usual chemical control material — pesticides. However, there are other chemicals which have been used to control pests and which should be useful to the arborist. These other chemicals include attractants and repellents (often called pheromones) (Birch, 1974). The attractant pheromones, usually sex or aggregation pheromones, have been identified for a variety of insects such as the clear wing moth borers (ash borer, lilac borer, peach borer) (Neal, 1979), bark beetles (Pearce, et al. , 1975), and the Japanese beetle (Ladd, et al. , 1975). These pheromones, by themselves, have not been overly successful for control of the pests but have been extremely useful for monitoring pest activity. Pheromones used for monitoring pest activity can be put on sticky traps and conveniently placed in areas to be observed. By checking one of these traps “baited” for a specific pest, the arborist can accurately time another control treatment, such as a borer spray, to obtain maximum control. In this case, we “integrate” two chemicals in order to maximize the usefulness of one, the pesticide, and reduce adverse environmental effects — elimination of several untimed sprays. Biological controlBiological control is the use of parasites, predators and pathogens to reduce pest populations. The parasites are usually small wasps or flies whose larvae eat up their pestiferous host from the inside. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about crop rotation because it discusses pest control techniques applicable to urban arborists, focusing on chemical, biological, and cultural controls without addressing crop rotation or its benefits in preventing soil depletion and pest buildup.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: A particularly interesting finding was that exposure to sufficient daylight advanced the melatonin onset time even for during the phase-delay period (in the evening and nighttime). This suggests that OLEDs represent a promising light source for minimizing the detrimental effects on nighttime melatonin secretion when combined with sufficient exposure to daylight. We also found that sleep quality as measured by PSG and morning vigilance were not impaired under or LED LE, which was contrary to our expectations. Very few studies have assessed the effects of LE in the evening before bedtime on PSG parameters and vigilance after sleep. Our group previously revealed an association between sleeping with lights on and increased the amount of N1-stage sleep and the arousal index and decreased N3-stage sleep. 30 These conditions clearly differ from the present study in that the subjects were exposed to light throughout the sleep. Chang et al. 31 showed that reading an e-book before bedtime delayed sleep latency, decreased rapid-eye-movement sleep, and subjective morning alertness compared to reading a printed book. However, in that study the participants remained in the laboratory for the entire 2-week study period, and so their daytime LE was completely controlled, which differed from the conditions in our field study. We can speculate as to why the sleep and vigilance parameters in the present study did not differ among the different light sources. First, the participants were allowed to perform their usual activities of daily living before entering the unit. LE during the daytime and various daytime activities including exercise were performed as usual. Their homeostatic pressure might have increased to initiate and maintain normal sleeping despite LE in the evening. Sleep quality is influenced by the daytime physical conditions and emotional stress. Second, the amount of light from the ceiling-mounted light panels delivered to the eyes would not be consistent. The subjects spent most of the time in the unit reading books in the headdown position. Television and other electrical devices were prohibited in the unit. At the beginning of each session, we set the light intensity as 150 lux at the eye level when participants looked ahead to the front while seated. However, the amount of light delivered to eyes might vary with the angled position of the head during the 6 hours of LE. Inconsistency in the amount of light entering the retina might have reduced the ability to identify the effects of artificial light on sleep quality and vigilance after sleep. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that exposure to sufficient daylight advances melatonin onset time, supporting the idea that light exposure, specifically daylight, plays a role in melatonin production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate. 1. The resistance level of the respiratory muscle training intervention was variable; three studies used 80% of maximal effort, one study used 60% of maximal effort, one study used 40% of maximal effort, one study used 30% of maximal effort and three studies did not specify the level of resistance. Control groups were also variable; cycle ergometer, H20, treatment as usual, standard chest physiotherapy, low resistance threshold loading device, no training or sham training. 2. Downgraded twice due to serious risk of bias: the included studies lacked methodological detail relating to methods of randomisation, allocation concealment and blinding. Most of the studies were at high risk of bias due to lack of blinding, incomplete outcome data or selective reporting, or both. 3. Downgraded due to imprecision: studies included a small number of participants and numerical results were not available for some of the studies. of the condition Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a genetic mutation that disturbs the function of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel (Elborn 2016). Dysfunction of the CFTR channel reduces chloride secretion resulting in dehydrated and viscous secretions that become difficult to expectorate (Wine 1999). The pathological consequences of this mutation can impact function of the respiratory, reproductive, and digestive systems, as well as affecting temperature regulation and fluid balance (Wheatley 2011). Although the median predicted survival currently stands at 45. 1 years (Carr 2016), the care and management of CF has improved dramatically over the last decade (2016). Respiratory dysfunction accounts for approximately 80% to 95% of mortality (Lyczak 2002) and is a major cause of morbidity in CF. This is the manifestation of bacterial colonisation and chronic pulmonary infection that imposes structural lung damage, mostly bronchiectasis and small airway obstruction (Cantin 2015). Recurrent pulmonary infection results in the progressive deterioration of pulmonary function and eventually respiratory failure (Grasemann 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the characteristics and complications of cystic fibrosis (CF) due to a genetic mutation but does not mention gene therapy or its development for treating CF. As such, it does not support or contrast the claim but instead provides background information on the condition itself.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: Please note that these wasps are not the stinging bees and hornets and the flies are not the same ones found around the garbage dump! Predators usually include the lady beetles, lacewings and syrphid flies. A major problem with these predators is that few people recognize these predators in their most efficient stage — the larva. As an illustration, in the summer of 1978, the Norway maple aphid was a serious problem in Pennsylvania. morning, an alarmed homeowner called and stated that his Norway maple was being “killed by these big ugly bugs” and they turned out to be the larvae of a large lady beetle. Within a week, the Norway maple aphids and the lady beetle larvae were gone. Pathogens of pests are lethal diseases. The diseases which appear to be most useful are viruses and bacteria. In fact, two bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis (Harper, 1974) and Bacillus popillae, (Dunbar, 1975) are on the market, as well as a NPV virus — Gypchek (Yendol, et al. , 1977). B. thuringiensis and Gypchek are lethal to many caterpillars and B. popillae is the pathogen of Japanese beetle grubs. Again the major problem with these products for the urban arborist is that most people associate viruses and bacteria with colds, flu and stomach ache. The pathogens of pests only attack the pests and not people. Fortunately the companies that market these pathogens package their products so that they look like and sound like pesticides (Doom, Dipel, Thuricide). Biological control for the arborist is still in its infancy but will soon reach adolescence. Coast friends are much farther ahead of the East, at least in their thinking. Olkowski, Kaplan, and van den Bosch (1978) suggest four strategies to be used to implement biological controls in the urban environment: conservation, augmentation, periodic colonization and importation. Conservation involves better timing of pesticide usage to avoid hitting predators or parasites, using selective pesticides such as Primor which kills aphids, or using host trees which are not sprayed to maintain predators and parasites. Augmentation procedures attempt to increase existing natural enemies of pests. An example of this is the food spray, Wheast, which is used to feed lacewing adults. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information about biological control methods for pests and discusses the role of natural predators and pathogens in managing pest populations. However, it does not mention crop rotation or its effects on soil depletion and pest buildup, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: We admit that an experimental setting with the strict control of daylight, daytime activity, and a fixed head position toward light sources throughout the evening would be more appropriate for obtaining accurate results, especially for sleep and vigilance. However, the present experimental setting might better reflect real lighting environments during the evening and nighttime, despite this approach reducing the statistical power for identifying significant differences. In addition, evening LE under a specific condition was performed for only one night during each session in this study, with such short-term exposure possibly being insufficient for detecting alterations of the circadian rhythm and sleep in this real-life condition. Future researches involving repeated measurements or larger numbers of subjects should make further attempts to identify significant impacts of light sources during evening on sleep and vigilance. Finally, a ceiling light panel producing an illuminance of 150 lux seems not be too bright to interfere with the circadian rhythm and sleep in young and healthy participants, even during the evening. Insomnia patients and the elderly might be more sensitive to the light level at nighttime. Moreover, females accounted for more than 70% of the subjects in this study, and sex differences in the sensitivity to light and melatonin onset time could have introduced bias into the results. Not obtaining information about the menstrual cycles of the female subjects was also a limitation of this study. Further researches should be designed that involve various populations in order to clarify the effects of different types of lighting on sleep according to age and comorbid sleep disorders. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that evening and early-night exerts weaker effects on the melatonin phase delay than does LED LE. Exposure to sufficient daylight may advance melatonin onset even when a subject is exposed to OLED light in the evening. These findings suggest that OLEDs are a suitable light source in the evening to minimize the detrimental effects of artificial light on the melatonin onset time. Go to: The online-only is available with this 10. 3988/jcn. 2020. 16. 3. 401. Supplementary Fig. 1 Spectral power distributions of light from organic light-emitting diodes (solid line) and light-emitting diodes (dotted line). Click here to view. (93K, pdf) Go to: Contributions: Conceptualization: Joo. Data curation: Hyunjin Jo, Joo. Formal analysis: Park. Funding acquisition: Joo. Investigation: Park, Hyunjin Jo. Methodology: Choi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how evening light exposure and different light sources, like OLED and LED, can affect melatonin production and its onset time. It notes that exposure to daylight can advance melatonin onset, supporting the idea that light exposure influences melatonin production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: However, the findings of this review suggest that evidence to support this practice is still lacking. The review identified 13 trials reporting the use of inhaled steroids in 506 people with CF aged between six years and 55 years. The methodological quality of the earlier trials was difficult to assess from published information, specifically with respect to concealment of allocation and the method used to generate random sequence. Although further information on this has been provided from some investigators, concealment of allocation (a key feature of trial validity) remains inadequate or unclear for most of the earlier trials. Trials were heterogeneous with respect to inclusion criteria, specifically age, severity of pulmonary involvement, clinical diagnosis of asthma and chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Trials also differed in duration of treatment. Treatment effects were assessed for short periods only in the cross‐over trials (six weeks) but for longer periods in the parallel trials. Only one parallel trial reported treatment given over a two‐year period, but follow up and reporting at this interval are incomplete. Spirometric indices of lung function were measured in most trials, but could not be combined in this review due to incompletely reported or unavailable data, as well as to differences in methods used to summarise data. Although five of the nine investigators contacted following the first issue of this review have supplied further information, a pooled estimate of treatment effects for lung function outcomes has not proved possible. This is either because data are no longer available or because data related to widely different stages of follow up. Inflammatory markers have been reported as outcomes in a significant proportion of the trials identified, although these were not specified as prior outcomes for this review. The relevance of changes in inflammatory markers to long‐term clinical status is uncertain, but it is likely that the reduction of inflammation would be of long‐term benefit. In a small uncontrolled study (hence not eligible for inclusion in this systematic review) in children under 13 years, there was a decrease in neutrophil concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage after two months of therapy with beclomethasone dipropionate, although there was no change in IL‐8 concentration (Wojtczak 2001). In contrast, other important outcomes, such as nutritional status and quality of life, were almost never reported. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that evidence to support the efficacy of current trials related to cystic fibrosis treatments is lacking, which implies that gene therapy is not yet a proven method for treating this genetic disorder. The review describes the methodological issues with trials that were conducted and highlights uncertainties around treatment effects on long-term clinical status, undermining the claim that gene therapy advances are being actively developed and validated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: The general requisites of good soil, water and space are usually not present in urban environments in sufficient quantity to support mature trees. It seems foolish indeed to keep spending money to maintain an old tree when its roots have recently been covered by asphalt and concrete. In fact, there seems to be good evidence that such stressed trees produce attractants for pests and are unable to ward off pest attack. A more logical approach would be for the urban arborists to establish a resource rating system for places where trees are to be planted. Trees with matched resource demands could then be planted in each area, then an immature tree must be rotated off the spot and replaced when its size exceeds the resources. SanitationIn field crops, sanitation means cleaning off remaining plant residue after harvest and disposal or removal of unwanted plants — weeds. This concept can be modified to fit the urban situation. Cleaning off and removal can be likened to pruning of diseased and insect-infected tree parts. Accumulations of leaves, weeds and other organic material around bases of trees serve as overwintering sites for beetles, sawflies, and other insect pests. Cleaning of the area under a tree exposes the delicate resting stages of pests to harsh weather and stress. Some common pests which can be controlled this way are the oak twig pruner, the European sawfly, birch leafminer and holly leafminer. Another form of sanitation involves removal of one pest in order to reduce another. Aphids on a maple tree can produce copious honeydew which serves as food for flies, carpenter ants, and sooty fungus. The sooty fungus, ants and flies affect man’s environment. Thus, by removing the aphids, by chemicals or parasites, the other pests are reduced (Olkowski, et al. , 1076). Such relationships illustrate the complex ecological web that may exist around a single tree. ResistanceOf all the cultural control techniques available, host plant resistance to insect and mite pests appears to be the most promising (Morgan, et al. , 1978). Resistance can take the form of a tree not being suitable for pest survival or the ability of a tree to tolerate a pest without severe reduction in the tree’s growth. In another presentation of this convention, Gerhold has presented information on tree resistance and suitability of tree types for urban habitats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about crop rotation. It discusses urban tree management, pest control methods, and the ecological dynamics around trees, but does not mention crop rotation or its benefits in relation to soil depletion and pest buildup. Therefore, the relevance of the text to the claim is cold.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Validation: Choi. Visualization: Park. Supervision:. Writing—original draft preparation: Park. Writing—review and editing:. Conflicts of Interest:The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. Go to: research was supported by grant (OTC1190671). Go to: 2722. . Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression. J Physiol 2000;526 Pt 3:695–702. . A phase response curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects. J Physiol 2003;549:945–952. . Quantal melatonin suppression by exposure to low intensity light in man. 1989;45:327–332. Dose-response relationship between light irradiance and the suppression of plasma melatonin in human volunteers. 1988;454:212–218. . Effects of lights of different color temperature on the nocturnal changes in core temperature and melatonin in humans. Sci 1996;15:243–246. . Effect of light wavelength on suppression and phase delay of the melatonin rhythm. 2001;18:801–808. . Effects of short wavelength control in polychromatic light sources on nocturnal melatonin secretion. 2008;439:256–259. Human responses to bright light of different durations. J Physiol 2012;590:3103–3112. . Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 2002;295:1070–1073. . An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans. J Physiol 2001;535:261–267. Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor. J Neurosci 2001;21:6405–6412. Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN. Nature 2005;433:749–754. . Prospects for LED lighting. 2009;3:180–182. . Age-related maculopathy and the impact of blue light hazard. Scand 2006;84:4–15. Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting. 2007;8:1065–1066. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to studies that investigate the relationship between light exposure and melatonin production. For example, it mentions 'sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression', which directly supports the claim about light's influence on melatonin. The various studies cited analyze how different intensities and wavelengths of light affect melatonin secretion, corroborating the claim that melatonin production is influenced by light exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: outcome was reported in seven trials in total (dornase alfa n = 841, control n = 849): in four trials at one month (Laube 1996; Ramsey 1993; Ranasinha 1993; Shah 1995a); in one trial at three months (McCoy 1996); in one trial at six months (Fuchs 1994); and in one trial at two years (Quan 2001). The RR of death was 1. 70 (95% CI 0. 70 to 4. 14) with 12 deaths in the dornase alfa group and seven deaths in the control group (Analysis 1. 16). The majority of deaths (17 of 19 deaths) were reported from two trials which enrolled participants with severe lung disease (Shah 1995a; McCoy 1996). 2. Mean number of days IV antibiotics used a. at three months One trial reported on this outcome at three months (dornase alfa n = 158, control n = 162) (McCoy 1996). Analysis showed the difference between the treated and control groups was MD ‐2. 96 (95% ‐7. 29 to 1. 37) (Analysis 1. 17). 3. Mean number of days oral antibiotics used No trial reported on this outcome. 4. Mean number of days of inpatient treatment a. at three months One trial reported on this outcome at three months (dornase alfa n = 158, control n = 162) (McCoy 1996). The difference between the groups was not statistically significant, MD 0. 93 (95% CI ‐2. 19 to 4. 05) (Analysis 1. 18). b. at six months One trial reported the mean number of inpatient days at six months (dornase alfa n = 322, control n = 325) (Fuchs 1994). Participants treated with the once‐daily regimen spent 1. 3 fewer days in hospital compared to placebo (P = 0. 06) and participants receiving twice‐daily dornase alfa spent 1. 0 fewer days in hospital compared to placebo (P < 0. 05). 5. Mean change in weight from baseline a. at two years reported on the mean change in weight from baseline at two years (dornase alfa n = 236, control n = 234) (Quan 2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the results of trials related to dornase alfa treatment, which is not gene therapy. It discusses various clinical outcomes and statistics around the treatment and control groups in trials, but does not mention gene therapy or its application for genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: It would be prudent to point out that there are many levels of resistance, and the resistance often varies according to management practices. In short, a tree grown in an ideal nursery or research plot may exhibit very different resistance in the urban habitat. Thus, when arborists select tree varieties that are said to be resisant to insect pests, one should ask whether the resistance was demonstrated in the urban habitat. A problem with resistance in the form of tolerance is the possible build up of pest populations which influence other factors. If a linden is found which can tolerate an infestation of cottony scales, copious amounts of honeydew are still produced. This honeydew falls on pedestrians, sidewalks and cars and feeds flies, wasps and ants. Thus, this tolerance is less desirable than a non-tolerant plant. SummaryThe “good ole days” of spraying a single insecticide to exterminate tree pests are long gone and urban arborists must think in terms of pest management. This management, at times, will be very complex and may require cooperative efforts of scientists, consultants, and arborists. However, the urban arborist should try to learn the terminology of integrated pest management i. e. , selective insecticides, pheromones, cultural control, and biological control. In the end, an IPM program does not need to be too complex or more costly. In a pilot program carried out in California (Olkowski, et al. , 1978), insecticide usage was reduced 93% on over 450,000 trees without significant reduction in quality. Actual pest control costs were also reduced because fewer sprays were applied. Therefore, the major obstacle standing in the way of using modern pest management by arborists is not costs but attitudes toward new or difficult techniques. Footnotes↵1 Presented at the annual conference of the of Arboriculture in in August 1980. © 1981, of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. Literature Cited↵Birch, M. C. (Ed. ). 1974. Pheromones. Elseuier, New York. ↵Dunbar, D. M. , R. L. Bear. 1975. Present status of milky disease of Japanese and oriental beetles in Connecticut. J. Econ. Entomol. 68(4):453-457. OpenUrlCrossRef↵Harper, J. D. 1974. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses resistance to insect pests in urban environments and integrated pest management strategies rather than addressing crop rotation or its effects on soil depletion and pest buildup. There is no mention or connection to the practice of crop rotation in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Impact of blue-depleted white light on pupil dynamics, melatonin suppression and subjective alertness following real-world light exposure Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 05 March 2018 Impact of blue-depleted white light on pupil dynamics, melatonin suppression and subjective alertness following real-world light exposure Jamie M. : orcid. org/0000-0001-6174-52821,2, Raymond P. Najjar1,3, Cheng-Ann Wang1 & …Mirelle Kass1,4 Show authors and Practice 1. The post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) to 32 lx was increased in response to the standard as compared to blue-depleted LED (p < 0. 05, paired t-test). PIPR did not differ between lighting conditions at higher illuminances. Study 2. Neither salivary melatonin concentrations nor subjective sleepiness scores were different between lighting conditions. ConclusionsWhile the absence or reduction of blue light has the physiologic capacity to reduce the impact of light on non-image forming photoreceptive functions, under a pre-exposure lighting environment closer to that which is found in the real world, no such differences are observed except for pupil responses to moderately dim light. Trial registrationClinicalTrials. gov #NCT02936674, NCT02636140. BackgroundWhile retinal photoreception is mostly thought of as the basis of “image formation”, the retina underlies a number of non-image forming functions as well. Notable among these are synchronizing the timing of the circadian clock (Czeisler et al. , 1989), suppressing pineal melatonin production (Zeitzer et al. , 2000), increasing alertness (Cajochen et al. , 2000), and changing pupil size (Alpern & Campbell, 1962). In mammals, while rods and cones are the main contributors to conscious visual perception, a combination of rods, cones, and melanopsin contribute to non-image forming photoreception. Melanopsin is a light-absorbing pigment expressed in the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and conveys the eponymous intrinsic photosensitivity (Berson et al. , 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of light exposure on melatonin production, particularly emphasizing how retinal photoreception affects non-image forming functions such as suppressing pineal melatonin production. It highlights that the absence or reduction of blue light can affect these photoreceptive functions, thereby confirming that light exposure indeed has an influence on melatonin production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 2. 3 Comparison 2 Dornase alfa once daily versus dornase alfa on alternate days, Outcome 3 Mean % change in quality of life score. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 2. 4 Comparison 2 Dornase alfa once daily versus dornase alfa on alternate days, Outcome 4 Mean number of days inpatient treatment. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 2. 5 Comparison 2 Dornase alfa once daily versus dornase alfa on alternate days, Outcome 5 Mean change in weight (kg) from baseline. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 1 Comparison 3 Dornase alfa daily versus hypertonic saline, Outcome 1 Mean % change in FEV1. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 2 Comparison 3 Dornase alfa daily versus hypertonic saline, Outcome 2 Mean % change in FVC. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 3 Comparison 3 Dornase alfa daily versus hypertonic saline, Outcome 3 Mean % change in quality of life score. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 4 Comparison 3 Dornase alfa daily versus hypertonic saline, Outcome 4 Mean number of days inpatient treatment. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 5 Comparison 3 Dornase alfa daily versus hypertonic saline, Outcome 5 Mean change in weight (kg) from baseline. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 4. 1 Comparison 4 Dornase alfa versus mannitol, Outcome 1 Mean absolute change in FEV1 (L). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses comparisons of treatments using Dornase alfa and hypertonic saline for cystic fibrosis but does not mention gene therapy or its development for genetic disorders. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: Forest insect control with Bacillus thuringiensis. Univ. Printing Service, Auburn Univ. , Auburn, Alabama. ↵Ladd, T. L. , Jr. . , C. R. Buriff, M. Beroza, & T. P. McGovern. 1975. Japanese beetles: Attractancy of mixtures of lures containing phenethyl propionate and eugenol. J. Econ. Entomol. 68(6):819-820OpenUrlCrossRef↵ G. W. Frankie & & M. J. Gaylor. 1978. Potential for developing insect-resistant plant materials for use in urban environments. In: Perspectives in Urban Entomology, G. W. Frankie & L. S. Loehler (Ed. ), Academic Press, New York. 294. ↵of Sciences. 1969. Principles of Plant and Control. . Insect-and Control, Nat. Acad. Sci. , Washington, D. C. Pub. 1695:508 p. OpenUrl↵Neal, J. W. (Ed. ). 1979. Pheromones of the Sesiidae (formally Aegeriidae). -NE-6:83 p. Olkowski, W. , H. Olkowski, R. van den Bosch, and R. Hom. 1976. Ecosystem management: A framework for urban pest control. Bioscience 26:384-389. OpenUrlCrossRef↵ G. W. Frankie & C. S. KoehlerOlkowski, W. , H. Olkowski, A. I. Kaplan. & R. van den Bosch. 1978. The potential for biological control in urban areas: Shade tree insect pests. In: Perspectives in Urban Entomology, G. W. Frankie & C. S. Koehler (Ed. ), Academic Press, New York. 347. ↵& J. B. Simeone. 1975. Chemical attractants for the smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 1:115-124. OpenUrl↵Yendol, W. G. , R. C. Hedlund, & F. B. Lewis. 1977. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding crop rotation's effects on soil depletion and pest buildup. Instead, it discusses various studies and articles related to pest control methods, insect attractants, and urban pest management. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: ipRGCs project widely to the brain (notably the hypothalamus) to convey information about the overall intensity of light (Nelson & Takahashi, 1991). Melanopsin has a peak sensitivity in the blue range of the light spectrum (Newman et al. , 2003) and the spectral sensitivity of sustained melatonin suppression also peaks in the blue light range (~ 460 nm) (Brainard et al. , 2001). The peak photopic sensitivity for conscious image formation is, however, in the green portion of the spectrum (555 nm). As such, it has been theorized that exposure to broad spectrum white light that has been depleted of or has minimal short wavelengths (blue light) would not alter conscious visual perception but would minimally activate non-image forming photoreceptive functions (McBean et al. , 2016). This would be notable for extended (hours) light stimuli as the response to shorter light stimuli is likely more driven by cones (Gooley et al. , 2010). In one study of spectrally-altered polychromatic light, blue-depleted white light (~ 239 lx, normal room lighting) was not different from normal white light in terms of its impact on sleep latency, melatonin suppression, and sleepiness (Santhi et al. , 2011). In a separate study, authors found that 50 lx of blue-depleted white light (~ 50 lx, low room lighting) was less effective at melatonin suppression and caused less enhancement of electroencephalographic measures of alertness than 50 lx of normal white light (Rahman et al. , 2017). In this latter study, however, participants spent 8 h in moderate room lighting (~ 88 lx) prior to receiving the experimental light which likely sensitized the responses to the low intensity light (Smith et al. , 2004; Chang et al. , 2011). The purpose of this experiment was to test under real-world conditions whether a commercially-available LED-based lamp that emitted a broad spectrum white light had greater impacts on pupil function, subjective alertness and melatonin suppression than a commercially-available LED-based bulb that emitted a broad spectrum, blue-depleted white light. MethodsStudy 1We examined seven participants (four male, 3 female) during a single 3-h session. Five were Caucasian, one was Asian, and one identified as multiple races. They were aged 21–29 (26 ± 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between light exposure and melatonin suppression. It mentions that melanopsin has peak sensitivity in the blue range of the light spectrum, which has been shown to suppress melatonin levels. Studies referenced in the text, such as those by Santhi et al. (2011) and Rahman et al. (2017), provide evidence that different types of lighting, particularly those with varying blue light components, impact melatonin levels and alertness, supporting the claim that melatonin production is indeed influenced by light exposure.