Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, it was established that PAC is also repressing NF-kB and its downstream effectors cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) as well as JAK2/STAT3, AKT/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and MEK/ERK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling pathways 23 21; 24. It was demonstrated that PAC is a potent inhibitor of these pathways and has better solubility and biodistribution than curcumin 25. Until today, no study was available to investigate its properties to possibly treat oral cancer. This research is aiming at studying the inhibitory effects of the curcumin analog PAC on oral cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as investingating the signaling pathways involved in the interactions of PAC with oral cancer cells. 5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone (PAC) was obtained from Dr. Ibrahim Al-Jammaz’s laboratory (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Ca9-22 cell line was purchased from (Tsukuba-shi, Japan). However, primary human gingival epithelial cells (GEC) and primary gingival fibroblasts (GF), were isolated from healthy human gingival tissues as we previously reported. committee of approved the use of primary human gingival cells. The gingival cells were extracted after the donor consent. RPMI-1640, F12, DMEH cell culture media, fetal calf serum (FCS), fetal bovine serum (FBS) and have been bought from Scientific (). Penicillin-Streptomycin, MTT and LDH colorimetric assays, EDTA solution, Caspases detection kit (FITC-VAD-FMK) and β-actin antibody (A5441) were all from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, Ontario, Canada). with propidium iodide was obtained from BD Biosciences (Mississauga, ON, Canada). (Red), Species (ROS) (GSH) Assay were purchased from Immuno(Burlington, ON, Canada). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the properties and research surrounding PAC (5-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone), which is a curcumin analog, but it does not provide evidence or information that directly supports or contradicts the claim about curcumin itself having anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it focuses on PAC and its effects on specific signaling pathways, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Novoselov, The rise of graphene, Nat. Mater. 6 (2007) 183–191. [103] J. Xia, F. Chen, J. Li, N. Tao, Measurement of the quantum capacitance of graphene, Nat. Nanotechnol. 4 (2009) 505–509. [104] X. Cao, Z. Yin, H. Zhang, Three-dimensional graphene materials: Preparation, structures and application in supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 1850–1865. [105] S. . Govindaraj, C. N. R. Rao, Graphene-based electrochemical supercapacitors, J. Chem. Sci. 120 (2008) 9–13. [106] Y. Wu, T. Zhang, F. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, Y. Huang, Y. Liu, Y. Chen, In situ synthesis of graphene/single-walled carbon nanotube hybrid material by arc-discharge and its application in supercapacitors, 1 (2012) 820–827. [107] J. M. Chem, C. M. Ma, C. Hu, Design and tailoring of a hierarchical graphene-carbon nanotube architecture for supercapacitors J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 2374-2380. [108] J. Li, M. Östling, Prevention of graphene restacking for performance boost of supercapacitors—A review, Crystals 3 (2013) 163–190. [109] Z. Gao, W. Yang, J. Wang, B. Wang, Z. Li, Q. Liu, M. Zhang, L. Liu, A new partially reduced graphene oxide nanosheet/polyaniline nanowafer hybrid as supercapacitor electrode material, 27 (2013) 568–575. [110] Z. Li, H. Zhang, Q. Liu, L. Sun, L. Stanciu, J. Xie, Fabrication of high-surface-area graphene/polyaniline nanocomposites and their application in supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 (2013) 2685–2691. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references to research that specifically investigates graphene's application in supercapacitors. Each cited study emphasizes the relationship between graphene and its use in energy storage solutions, which aligns with the claim about the focus of research on graphene due to its high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: One study to date has explored molecular changes in OA-exposed red king crab, and found no pronounced effects on the larval transcriptome (individuals were pooled) [54] which corresponded with decreased survival rates [52]; whereas in juveniles, expression of genes involved in cuticular processes were strongly affected by OA exposure [54] despite no changes in morphology (survival and growth were negatively affected) [51]. Interestingly, Long et al. [55] recently found that when red king crabs are exposed to OA during multiple stages of development—from hatch through the early juvenile stage—they are surprisingly tolerant of moderate (pH 7. 8) and severe (pH 7. 5) acidification, with no change in survival, growth, or development [42]. Therefore, when OA-exposure is prolonged and begins at hatch, red king crab may effectively acclimate without negative physiological impacts. The mechanisms that enable OA tolerance are of profound interest to those that manage and rely on the red king crab fishery. In this study, we used functional genomics to examine the molecular response of OA-exposed red king crab. We leveraged juveniles from Long et al. [55] that were exposed to (and tolerated) three carbonate chemistry treatments from hatching to the first crab stage (C1), thus capturing transcriptional differences among crab that are reared in historically ambient conditions along the shelf (pH 8. 0), and those acclimated to a moderately (pH 7. 8) and severely (pH 7. 5) acidified environments that are projected to occur in surface and bottom waters by the end of this century [15]. Using RNA-Seq, a high-throughput sequencing approach that measures gene-activity, our study provides a snap-shot of system-wide changes in energy allocation due to acidification exposure by identifying genes, their functions, and biological processes that differ in OA-reared crab [56]. Libraries were constructed from at least 13 individuals per treatment, rather than pools of individuals which can obscure genotype-dependent variation. Importantly, since the crab used in this experiment were quite tolerant of OA conditions [42], the molecular mechanisms and pathways described here may be potentially critical to survival in an acidified environment. statement Red king crabs are non-cephalopod invertebrates and research involving them is exempt from ethics approval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that ocean acidification (OA) does affect species with hard shells, such as red king crabs, and that their response to OA is complex. It specifically mentions that molecular changes were noted in juvenile red king crabs exposed to OA, indicating direct effects on them despite any initial claims that fish or crustaceans might be immune. The findings that larval survival rates decreased and juvenile growth was negatively affected highlight that OA has significant impacts, refuting the assertion that only hard-shelled animals are affected and supporting the idea that fish are not immune to these environmental changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Blue G-250 Dye has been bought from Bio-Rad (Mississauga, ON, Canada), while PVDF membranes were from Cytiva (Vancouver, BC, Canada). The following antibodies, among which p53 (sc-263), cyclin D1 (sc-8396), p21 (sc-6246), Bcl-2 (sc-509), Bax (sc-7480), PARP-1 (sc-8007), caspase-3 (sc-56046), caspase-9 (sc-17784), NF-kB (sc-8008) and β-catenin (sc-59737) were all obtained from Biotechnology (). Anti-vimentin antibody (Ab8978) from Abcam () as well as others to cleaved caspase-3 (9664S), cleaved caspase-9 (20750S), cleaved PARP-1 (5625S), cytochrome C (11940S), E-cadherin (8834), pERK1/2 (4370), ERK1/2 (4695), pp38 MAPK (4631), p38 MAPK (9212), p-SAPK/JNK (4668P), SAPK/JNK (9252S), LC3B (2775) and SQSTM1/p62 (39749) were all from Technology (). The goat anti-mouse (554002) and anti-rabbit (554021) secondary and have been bought from BD Pharmingen (Mississauga, ON, Canada). and PAC Stimulation Ca9-22 cells and GEC were sub-cultured respectively in RPMI-1640, F12 or DMEM media supplemented with 5% (v/v) FBS for Ca9-22 and 10% for GEC, 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin in T75 flasks 26; 27. All cells were maintained in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. All experiments conducted with GEC were at passages 3 to 4, and GF at passages 4 to 5. PAC was used at (0, 1, 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the procurement and maintenance of biological materials, including antibodies and cell cultures, without mentioning curcumin, turmeric, or any anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: [111] J. M. Chem, High performance supercapacitors using metal oxide anchored graphene nanosheet electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 16197–16204. [112] J. Wang, Z. Gao, Z. Li, B. Wang, Y. Yan, Q. Liu, T. Mann, Journal of synthesis of graphene nanosheets ZnO composites and electrochemical properties, J. Chem. 184 (2011) 1421–1427. [113] Z. Gao, J. Wang, Z. Li, W. Yang, B. Wang, M. Hou, Y. He, Q. Liu, T. Mann, P. Yang, M. Zhang, L. Liu, Graphene Nanosheet/Ni2+/Al3+ Layered Double-as a for a Supercapacitor, Chem. Mater. 23 (2011) 3509–3516. [114] W. Gao, N. Singh, L. Song, Z. Liu, A. L. M. Reddy, L. Ci, R. Vajtai, Q. Zhang, B. Wei, P. M. Ajayan, Direct laser writing of micro-supercapacitors on hydrated graphite oxide films, Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 (2011) 496–500. [115]. Majumder, Miniaturized Supercapacitors: with Metrics, Adv. Energy Mater. 5 (2015) (1-10). [116] M. F. El-Kady, R. B. Kaner, Scalable fabrication of high-power graphene micro-supercapacitors for flexible and on-chip energy storage, Nat. Commun. 4 (2013) (1-7). [117] D. Shen, G. Zou, L. Liu, W. Zhao, A. High-Graphene Micro-Supercapacitors by a Writing and. Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 5404–5412. [118] J. Lin, Z. Peng, Y. Liu, F. Ruiz-Zepeda, R. Ye, E. -induced porous graphene films from commercial polymers, Nat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple studies and publications that focus on the application of graphene in supercapacitors and energy storage systems, indicating a strong emphasis on graphene's electrical conductivity properties as detailed in these sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Briefly, survival, developmental time, calcification, and mass did not differ among treatments at any stage, nor did survival or developmental time cumulatively from hatch to the C1 juvenile stage differ. Genetic relatedness analysis Principal component analysis (PCA) constructed from SNPs (n = 331) indicated genetic homogeneity among treatments (Fig 1, S2 Fig). Individuals loosely aggregated into two or three clusters, primarily along PC1 and PC2 which explained 8. 7% and 7. 3% of variation, respectively, but no treatments were overrepresented in any of the clusters. Pairwise FST values among samples from the three treatments did not differ from zero for any contrast (Table 3). Parentage analysis using Colony estimated the same number of mothers (n = 9) and fathers (n = 10) represented by surviving offspring in each treatment. No correlation was found among SNP-derived PCA scores and gene expression-derived PCA scores along the first two principal components (S3 Fig). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. PCA biplot of the first two principal components, constructed from RNA-Seq derived SNPs (n = 331). Points represent individual crabs that are color-coded by OA treatment, which do not indicate clustering by treatment, and sizes represent the percent of SNPs that are missing in each individual. The PCA and other genetic analyses (parentage, pairwise FST) does not indicate that genetic composition of individuals surviving the three-month exposure differed among treatments. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Pairwise FST values. RNA-Seq pre-processing for gene expression analysis A total of ~2. 65B paired-end reads (henceforth “fragments”) remained after discarding ~4. 55M (0. 17%) during initial quality-filtering, with a per-sample mean of 61. 7M +/- 10. 7M fragments. Across all samples ~2. 14B reads were aligned to the P. camtschaticus draft genome [65, 66], for a total alignment rate of 80. 47%. The average per-sample alignment rate was 80. 43%±2. 15%, which included 43. 19%±1. 50% and 24. 52%±0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing genetic variations and survival metrics among treatments that do not suggest immunity in fish or any animals to ocean acidification effects. It presents data about crabs and their responses to ocean acidification treatments, indicating no differences in survival or developmental times, which implies that ocean acidification may affect a broader range of marine life than just those with hard shells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 5, 5 and 10 µM in DMSO) with all experiments, except for Western blotting where we used PAC at 5 µM, only. Assay: Cells were seeded at 3 × 105 cells/well in 6-well cell culture plates, and culture for 24 h. Culture were then stimulated exposed to vehicle control (DMSO) or various concentrations of PAC (0, 1, 2. 5, 5 and 10 µM) for 24 h. At the end of the stimulation period, the culture medium of each condition was supplemented with MTT solution at 0. 5 mg/mL then incubated for 3 h at 37ºC in the dark. The cells were washed, then 1 ml of 0. 04 N HCl in isopropanol was added to the culture wells, followed by an extended 15-min incubation. Finally, 200 µl of the reaction mixture (in triplicate) was transferred to the wells of a 96-well flat-bottom plate and the absorbance was measured at 550 nm using iMark reader (Bio-Rad). The cell viability (percentage) was determined by using the following formula: % of cell viability = [(OD550 nm (treated cell)/(OD (control cell)] × 100. This experiment was repeated 7 times. To support the cell viability assay we performed lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity measurement using culture supernatants. Supernatants were collected from each condition after exposure or not of the cells to PAC for 24 h. The LDH activity was measured by means of an LDH kit from (Sigma-Aldrich), as outlined in our previous work 28. The experiment was repeated 4 independent times. Assay Ca9-22 cells were seeded into 6-well plates at 103 cells per well for 24 h, before being treated with various concentrations of PAC. The culture medium was changed every 2 or 3 days. After 2 weeks, the cell clones that survived were fixed by 100% ethanol for 10 min. After washing twice by PBS, cells were then stained with 0. 5% crystal violet for 30 min and they were photographed with a digital camera. Annexin V-with propidium iodide Ca9-22 cells were seeded into T25 flasks the exposed to 1 µM, 2. 5 µM, 5 µM or 10 µM of PAC, for 24 h and 48 h, at 37 °C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it focuses on experimental procedures related to PAC (likely a different compound) and does not mention turmeric or curcumin at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Commun. 5 (2015) 5–12. [119] J. Luo, F. R. Fan, T. Jiang, Z. Wang, W. Tang, C. Zhang, M. Liu, G. Cao, Z. L. Wang, Integration of micro-supercapacitors with triboelectric nanogenerators for a flexible self-charging power unit, Nano Res. 8 (2015) 3934–3943. [120] Z. Peng, R. Ye, J. A. Mann, D. Zakhidov, Y. Li, P. R. Smalley, J. Lin, J. M. Tour, Flexible boron-doped laser-induced graphene microsupercapacitors, ACS Nano 9 (2015) 5868–5875. [121] S. Wang, Z. Wu, S. Zheng, F. Zhou, C. Sun, H. Cheng, X. Bao, Scalable fabrication of photochemically reduced graphene-based monolithic micro- supercapacitors with superior energy and power densities, ACS Nano 11 (2017) 4283−4291. [122] Z. Liu, Z. Wu, S. Yang, R. Dong, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Ultraflexible in-plane micro-supercapacitors by direct printing of solution-processable electrochemically exfoliated graphene, Adv. Mater. 28 (2016) 2217–2222. [123] J. Li, S. S. Delekta, P. Zhang, S. Yang, M. R. Lohe, X. Zhuang, X. Feng, Scalable fabrication and integration of graphene microsupercapacitors through full inkjet printing, ACS Nano 11 (2017) 8249−8256. [124] G. Xiong, C. Meng, R. G. Reifenberger, Graphitic petal micro-supercapacitor electrodes for ultra-high power graphitic petal micro-supercapacitor electrodes for ultra-high power density, Energy Technol. 2 (2014) 897-905. Related products Composite Materials, 15. 95 Materials, 15. 95 Materials, 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing multiple studies on the use of graphene in various types of supercapacitors, highlighting its role in energy storage applications. Specifically, the references to flexible and micro-supercapacitors demonstrate that much of the research discussed centers around graphene's application in energy storage technologies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: 50), which is evident from the biplot of the first two principal components (PC1 & PC2) (Fig 2). Ambient-reared crabs were separated from those reared in OA treatments along PC1 (19. 0%) and PC2 (8. 4%), which combined explained 27. 4% of variation in global expression. While the scree test indicated that PC3 and PC4 also explained a significant amount of variation (7. 0% and 6. 2%, respectively), there was no separation among treatments along those axes (S4 Fig). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. PCA biplot of first the two principal components, constructed from all expressed genes. gene expression was less variable among crabs reared in OA treatments compared to those reared in ambient conditions. Using a test of multivariate homogeneity of group dispersions, we found that variation in global gene expression differed by treatment (F(2,39) = 4. 9, p = 0. 012). Pairwise comparisons indicated that variation differed between ambient and severe OA (p-valuepermuted = 8. 3e-3), but did not differ between ambient and moderate OA (p-valuepermuted = 0. 32) or moderate and severe OA (p-valuepermuted = 0. 25). Co-expression network analysis We performed a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify groups of genes that were co-expressed (i. e. gene modules), and for which expression correlated with pCO2 concentration. The 74,778 examined genes were assigned to 41 modules, 14 of which had eigengenes that correlated significantly with pCO2 (S2 Table). For eight of the modules, which contained in total 22,537 genes, the eigengenes correlated negatively with pCO2 indicating that expression decreased as OA treatment became more severe. Six modules, containing 19,248 genes in total, correlated positively with pCO2, indicating higher expression in OA treatments. Differential gene expression Analysis in DESeq2 identified 6,806 genes that were differentially expressed among treatments (9. 1% of all examined genes). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that ocean acidification (OA) impacts gene expression in crabs, which are not solely animals with hard shells. It discusses variations in gene expression due to different OA treatments, including significant changes seen under severe OA conditions. This suggests that OA affects marine organisms beyond just those with hard shells, including crabs, and implies that fish may also be affected, thus contradicting the assertion of immunity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: After exposure, cells were detached from the flasks using 0. 05% trypsin and 0. 01% EDTA, centrifuged, washed by PBS and the pellet was suspended in 300 µl phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated with 0. 5 µl annexin V-FITC and 0. 5 µl of propidium iodide at room temperature for 30 min in the dark. Stained cells were subjected to flow cytometry analyses, using a “LSRII” or “CantoII” cytometer instrument from BD Biosciences. Data analysis was made by FACS Diva software v. 6. 1. 3. The experiments were repeated 5 independent times. percentage depending on the various phases of the cell cycle was measured by using the fluorescent DNA dye 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) (Sigma, USA), as previously described 29. Briefly, oral cancer cells were treated with different PAC concentrations (1 µM, 2. 5 µM, 5 µM or 10 µM) for 24 h. They were then incubated in the presence of 7-AAD at 1 µg/mL for 30 min at 37ºC. The fluorescence intensities of DNA were detected with “LSRII” or “CantoII” (BD Biosciences). Data were analyzed by FACSDiva software v. 6. 1. 3 and experiments were done in triplicates, n = 5. Pancaspase activity assay by flow cytometry The pancaspase activity in ca 9–22 treated by various concentration of PAC was evaluated by use Kit (FITC-VAD-FMK) from Calbiochem. Briefly; 1 × 106 cells were treated or not by different concentration of PAC for 24 h. After PAC-treatment, 1 µl FITC-VAD-FMK was added into each culture and incubate for 1 h in a 37 °C incubator with 5% CO2 and then, the cells were re-suspended in 0. 3 ml wash buffer before quantification by flow cytometry using the FL-1 channel (n = 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the methodology related to cell treatment and analysis in a scientific experiment without mentioning curcumin or delineating its effects on inflammation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Description Three-Materials for -dimensional (3D) graphene architectures have allured remarkable attention for supercapacitor (SC) applications owing to their highly accessible surface area, low density, structural interconnectivity (micro-, meso- and macro-interconnected pores), excellent electrical conductivity and good mechanical strength. Overall supercapacitance performance of 3D graphene-based SCs has been due to enhanced accessibility of the electrode surface to electrolyte ions, which also provides conductive channels for electron transfer. In addition, 3D graphene structures provide an ideal template for active material decoration. In this book 10. 21741/9781644900550-4 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 23. [2] A. Chatzivasileiadi, E. Ampatzi, I. Knight, Characteristics of electrical energy storage technologies and their applications in buildings, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 25 (2013) 814–830. [3] of Nanoballs for Supercapacitor, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 6047–6055. [4] K. Chatzivasileiadi, Large stationary batteries for deployment in grid-connected photovoltaic and other renewable energy power plants, 7th Conference and Exhibition, November 2012. [5] P. Simon, Y. Gogotsi, Materials for electrochmeical capacitors, Nat. Mater. (2008) 845–854. [6] R. M. A. S. Rajakaruna, Small signal transfer functions of the classical boost converter supplied by ultracapacitor banks, Second IEEE conference on Ind. Electron. and applications (2007) 692–697. [7] T. Wei, S. Wang, Z. Qi, A supercapacitor based ride-through system for industrial drive applications, Proc. 2007 IEEE Int. Conf. Mechatronics Autom. ICMA 2007. (2007) 3833–3837. [8] S. C. Smith, P. K. Sen, Ultracapacitors and energy storage: Applications in electrical power system, 40th North Am. Power Symp. NAPS2008. (2008) 1–6. [9] M. Vangari, T. Pryor, L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant interest in 3D graphene architectures for supercapacitor applications, emphasizing their excellent electrical conductivity, highly accessible surface area, and good mechanical strength, all of which are essential for effective energy storage solutions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: The number of differentially expressed genes increased with OA severity: 1,459 genes differed between ambient and moderate OA (526 upregulated in moderate OA, 933 downregulated, Figs 3 & 4A), and 6,257 genes differed between ambient and severe OA (2,350 upregulated in severe OA, 3,907 downregulated, Figs 3 & 4B). Only 47 genes differed between moderate and severe OA treatments (22 upregulated in severe OA, 25 downregulated, Figs 3 & 4C), indicating that the two OA treatments induced a similar transcriptional response (S3 Table). There was high overlap between the differentially expressed genes and the co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), with 92. 8% of DEG’s assigned to one of the 14 pCO2-correlated co-expression modules. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Venn diagram showing the number of differentially expressed genes among each pairwise OA treatment contrast, and the number that are shared among contrasts. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Pairwise differential expression among OA treatments for (A) ambient (pH 8. 0) vs. moderate OA (pH 7. 8), (B) ambient vs. severe OA (pH 7. 5), and (C) moderate OA vs. severe OA. Volcano plots (left panels) show expression of all genes. Each point represents a unique gene, with non-black points residing above the dotted line representing differentially expressed genes. -Log10 p-value is along the y-axes, with higher numbers indicating higher significance, and log2 fold change is along the x-axes, with higher absolute values indicating larger differences among treatments. Differentially expressed genes (p-adj < 0. 05) are color-coded to indicate those that are expressed at higher levels in ambient treatment (blue), moderate OA (orange), or severe OA (red). Points with darker shades indicate those that have |Log2FC| >0. 5, which were used in functional analyses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that ocean acidification (OA) leads to significant changes in gene expression across different treatments. The reference to differentially expressed genes and their responses to varying levels of OA suggests that organisms, possibly including fish, are affected by OA at a genetic level. This contradicts the claim that fish are immune, as genetic responses imply a physiological impact from ocean acidification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Cell Autophagy: To determine the in vitro effect of PAC on Ca9-22 cells autophagy in, we used ICT’s (Red) from ImmunoChemistry Technologies. Briefly, Ca9-22 cells were stimulated or not with various concentrations of PAC for 24 h, detached from the culture plates, then incubated with a diluted Autophagy Probe, Red at 1:50 for 1 h in the dark, washed three times with the cellular assay buffer. Stained cells were afterwards analyzed by flow cytometry, (n = 4). Stress: Expression of cellular ROS was evaluated by using a specific assay kit from ImmunoChemistry Technologies. In short, Ca9-22 cells were seeded and cultured from 24 h, then were exposed to different concentrations (1 µM, 2. 5 µM, 5 µM or 10 µM) of PAC for 24 h. Total ROS Green dye molecule was added to 106 cells/mL of each culture condition for 1 h in the dark at 37 °C before making the analysis with BD Accuri C6 (BD Biosciences). For evaluating levels of intracellular GSH, ThioBright™ Green reagent was first reconstituted in DMSO, added to the cell suspension (1:200), and then incubated for 30 min in the dark. After washing with PBS twice, fluorescence intensity was determined by System (BD Biosciences), and the percentage of GSH-positive cells was calculated. Experiments were done in triplicates. Potential (MMP) MMP expression reduced by PAC was measured by DiOC(2)(3)-based flow cytometry. Ca9-22 cells (106) were seeded into a T325 flask. After overnight incubation for adherence, cells were treated with different concentrations of PAC (0, 1, 2. 5, 5 and 10 µM). After 24 h of treatment, 50 nM of DiOC2(3) were added to each condition for 30 min. Celles were collected and subjected to flow cytometry analyses using a “LSRII” or “CantoII” cytometer instruments from BD Biosciences. Data analysis was made by FACSDiva software v. 6. 1. 3. , (n = 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental protocols and methods involving PAC on Ca9-22 cells, focusing on autophagy, ROS expression, and MMP measurement without mentioning curcumin or its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Jiang, Supercapacitors: Review of Materials and Fabrication Methods, J. Energy Eng. 139 (2013) 72–79. [10] Y. Wang, Supercapacitor devices based on graphene materials, J. Phys. Chem. C. 113 (2009) 13103–13107. [11] V. V. N. Obreja, Supercapacitors specialities-Materials review, AIP Conf. Proc. 1597 (2014) 98–120. [12] Z. S. Iro, C. Subramani, S. S. Dash, A brief review on electrode materials for supercapacitor, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 11 (2016) 10628–10643. [13] B. Francesco, C. Luigi, Y. Guihai, M. Stoller, V. Tozzini, C. F. Andrea, Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage, Science 347 (2015) 27–43. [14] A. González, E. Goikolea, J. A. Barrena, R. Mysyk, Review on supercapacitors: Technologies and materials, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 58 (2016) 1189–1206. [15] J. A. Fernández, T. Morishita, M. Toyoda, M. Inagaki, F. Stoeckli, T. A. Centeno, Performance of mesoporous carbons derived from poly(vinyl alcohol) in electrochemical capacitors, J. 175 (2008) 675–679. [16] D. Qu, Studies of the activated carbons used in double-layer supercapacitors,. 41 (2014) 1108–1110. [17] K. Nanaji, V. Upadhyayula, T. N. Rao, S. Anandan, Robust, environmentally benign synthesis of nanoporous graphene sheets from biowaste for ultrafast supercapacitor application, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7 (2019) 2516-2529. [18] Y. Wang, Y. Xia, Recent progress in supercapacitors: From materials design to system construction, Adv. Mater. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed list of studies and reviews that specifically discuss supercapacitors and graphene materials. It references multiple works that delve into the applications of graphene in energy storage, particularly in supercapacitors. This aligns with the claim that highlights the focus of research on graphene's high electrical conductivity in the context of supercapacitors and energy storage applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: There were 81 enriched processes in genes down-regulated in severe-OA reared crab. Many processes that were enriched in moderate-OA reared crab were also enriched in genes downregulated in severe-OA reared crab (Fig 7). Enriched processes that were uniquely downregulated in severe-OA reared crab included translation (the most significantly enriched down regulated process, p-value = 8. 6e-14), and those related to DNA replication, microtubules, immune function, and aerobic respiration (Fig 7, see S5 Table for full list). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 7. Ontology biological processes in genes that were downregulated in moderate OA (pH 7. 8, left column) and severe OA (pH 7. 3, right column) compared to ambient conditions (pH 8. 0). Point size indicates the -Log10 transformed p-value (all p-values < 0. 05), such that larger points are more significantly enriched. Only the top 20 processes by p-value per OA treatment were included in this figure; see S5 Table for full list. biological processes were enriched in genes that were differentially expressed among crab reared in moderate vs. severe OA. Two processes involved in molecular chaperone activity via the heat shock complex were enriched in genes with increased expression in the moderate OA-reared crab, and three processes involved in transposition were enriched in genes with increased expression in the severe OA-reared crab (S5 Table). Enrichment analysis of genes potentially critical in an OA environment. Of the 526 and 2,350 genes that were upregulated in moderate and severe OA relative to ambient treatment, respectively, 66 (13%) and 1,319 (56%) were expressed at consistent levels across individuals within treatments (CV < 3%, hereafter referred to as low-variance genes). These upregulated low-variance genes are of interest as they may provide critical functions in the OA environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing results from research on crabs exposed to various degrees of ocean acidification (OA). It mentions that genes in crabs were significantly downregulated in response to severe OA, indicating that even animals without hard shells (like crabs) are affected by ocean acidification. The mention of processes related to immune function being downregulated suggests that ocean acidification has broad effects beyond just hard-shelled organisms, contradicting the claim that fish are immune.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Assessment of To evaluate the mitochondrial superoxide production following treatments with PAC, we used an indicator named MitoSOX Red (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen), according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and afterwards performed a flow cytometry analysis. PAC-treated cells (1 µ M, 2. 5 µM, 5 µM or 10 µM) were incubated for 30 min with 5 µM MitoSOX at 37ºC in 5% CO2. They were then resuspended in 1 mL PBS, and analyses by means of flow cytometry with “LSRII” or “CantoII” (BD Biosciences) (n = 3). The effect of PAC at 5 µM on various proteins involved in MAPK pathways, apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle was evaluated by making use of Western blots. Briefly, 106 cells (stimulated and unstimulated) were harvested for extraction by RIPA lysis buffer. Protein concentrations were determined by the Bradford assay. For each sample, a mixture of 20 µg to 60 µg was added to an equal amount of loading buffer containing 10% β-mercaptoethanol and migrated through a 7–15% acrylamide gel. After electrophoretic separation, proteins were transferred from the gel to a nitrocellulose membrane to be blocked in a 5% milk solution for 1 h at 24ºC and put overnight in an incubator with appropriate concentrations of antibodies. Finally, a band detection was performed by an ECL (), according to instructions from its manufacturer. Statistical analysis All our experiments were repeated more than three times and the statistical significance obtained between controls (untreated cells) and tests (treated) with various concentrations of PAC was expressed as mean ± SD. Differences between values were determined if statistically significant using a one-way ANOVA. A p-value < 0. 05 was defined as significant. Results PAC selectively inhibits the growth of oral cancer cells, and increases apoptosis To evaluate the effect of PAC on normal and gingival cells affected by cancer to proliferate, we used the MTT assay. As presented in Fig. 1, PAC at various concentrations decrease the growth of oral cancer cells. This decrease was more important with higher concentration of PAC. Indeed, at 10 µM oral cancer cell growth was almost drastically reduced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it focuses on the effects of PAC on oral cancer cells and describes various experimental methods and results related to cancer cell growth. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: 25 (2013) 5336–5342. [19] C. Liu, Z. Yu, D. Neff, A. Zhamu, B. Z. Jang, Graphene-based supercapacitor with an ultrahigh energy density, Nano Lett. 10 (2010) 4863–4868. [20] H. Pan, J. Li, Y. P. Feng, Carbon nanotubes for supercapacitor, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 5 (2010) 654–668. [21] H. I. Becker, Patent Office, (1940). [22] M. Dinari, M. M. Momeni, M. Goudarzirad, Nanocomposite films of polyaniline/graphene quantum dots and its supercapacitor properties, Surf. Eng. 32 (2016) 535–540. [23] S. Zhang, L. Sui, H. Dong, W. He, L. Dong, L. Yu, High-performance supercapacitor of graphene quantum dots with uniform sizes, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 12983–12991. [24] S. Mondal, U. Rana, S. Malik, Graphene quantum dot-doped polyaniline nanofiber as high performance supercapacitor electrode materials, Chem. Commun. 51 (2015) 12365–12368. [25] K. Lee, H. Lee, Y. Shin, Y. Yoon, D. Kim, H. Lee, Highly transparent and flexible supercapacitors using graphene-graphene quantum dots chelate, 26 (2016) 746–754. [26] Q. Chen, Y. Hu, C. Hu, H. Cheng, Z. Zhang, H. Shao, L. Qu, Graphene quantum dots-three-dimensional graphene composites for high-performance supercapacitors, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16 (2014) 19307–19313. [27] Y. Hu, Y. Zhao, G. Lu, N. Chen, Z. Zhang, H. Li, H. Shao, L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by listing multiple studies and patents that specifically discuss graphene and its applications in supercapacitors. Each referenced work indicates a clear focus on utilizing graphene for energy storage solutions, which directly aligns with the assertion that a majority of research in graphene is centered around these applications due to its electrical properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Low-variance genes upregulated in severe OA treatment were enriched for biological processes involved in transcription regulation, DNA integration (transposon activity), nervous system processes (neurogenesis, signal transduction, calcium ion-regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitter), developmental processes (multicellular organism development, keratinocyte differentiation, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis), regulation of cardiac muscle cell contraction, and potassium ion transport (S6 Table). Low-variance genes upregulated in moderate OA treatment were enriched for chromatin organization and transposition (S6 Table). In contrast, low-variance genes that were upregulated in ambient treatment relative to either OA treatment were primarily enriched for processes involved in protein biosynthesis, glycolysis, and ion transport (including hydrogen ion transport) (S6 Table). Transposable element composition. A large portion of the red king crab transcriptome mapped to transposable elements (20,860 TEs), comprising 28% of the 74,778 analyzed genes, and 64% of the 32,435 annotated genes. These TEs mapped to 67 distinct IDs, all of which were retroelements (S7 Table). Transposable element activity was high in all treatments, but activity increased with OA severity. Of the annotated genes that were upregulated in severe OA compared to ambient and moderate OA treatments, 65% and 86% mapped to TE’s, respectively, while 51% of genes upregulated in moderate OA compared to ambient were TE’s (Fig 8, S8 Table). In contrast, 31% and 28% of genes that were more abundant in ambient treatment compared to moderate and severe OA mapped to TEs (Fig 8, S8 Table). A large percentage of upregulated low-variance genes were also transposable elements, comprising 50% and 60% of those genes in moderate and severe OA-treated crab, respectively. In contrast, 16% of the low-variance upregulated genes in ambient-pH-reared crab were transposable elements (S8 Table). The TE composition of co-expressed gene modules was similar- on average the percent of genes that increased and decreased with pCO2 was 73% and 51%, respectively (Fig 8). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information that indicates a broader biological response to ocean acidification (OA) beyond just shellfish. It discusses various biological processes affected by OA, including those related to the nervous system and cardiac function, which suggests that fish and other organisms may also be impacted by OA. The mention of gene expression changes in response to OA treatments implies that not only shell-forming animals but also other species, including fish, face physiological effects due to ocean acidification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Interesting, the decrease of normal human gingival epithelial cells growth following the exposure to 10 uM of PAC was too low compared to cancer cells. With 5 µM of PAC, there was an 80% growth reduction of oral cancer cells, but only 10–20% growth reduction of primary human gingival epithelial cells. These results demonstrated that normal human cells exhibit great resistance to PAC, in comparison to Ca9-22 cells. The effect of PAC on cancer cells was observable even at low concentration with an LC50 is around 3 µM. Its proliferation level decreased, from 86. 21% ± 4. 03% (p = 0. 007), 78. 41% ± 8. 23% (p = 0. 02), 24. 37% ± 7. 31% (p = 2. 39 × 10− 5) to 9. 85% ± 2. 16% (p = 6. 46 × 10− 9) respectively with PAC concentrations of 1, 2. 5, 5 or 10 µM (Fig. 1A). With GEC cells, a slight decrease was observed only at the highest concentration of PAC (10 µM) after 48 h (p = 0. 02) and 72 h (p = 0. 03), but any significant inhibition for all treatments (1 µM to 10 µM) was noticeable after 24 h. (Fig. 1B). These outcomes were confirmed using a cytotoxicity assay (Fig. 1C and 1D), a treatment with PAC was inducing dose- and time-dependent cell death in Ca9-22 (Fig. 1C) but not in GEC cells (Fig. 1D), suggesting a selective toxic effect of PAC on cancer rather than normal gingival epithelial cells. We also demonstrated a significant effect of PAC reducing the capacity of oral cancer cells to form colony but not in GEC (Fig. 1E). These outcomes clearly indicate as well that PAC is having preferentially anti-proliferative activity and cytotoxicity against Ca9-22 cells, but not on normal human gingival epithelial cells. We demonstrated that anti-proliferative effect of PAC on oral cancer cells goes through a cell cycle modification. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the effects of PAC on human gingival epithelial cells and oral cancer cells, without mentioning curcumin or any anti-inflammatory properties associated with turmeric. The focus is entirely on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity regarding PAC, which does not relate to the claim about curcumin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Qu, Graphene quantum dots–carbon nanotube hybrid arrays for supercapacitors, Nanotechnology 24 (2013) 1-7. [28] A. B. Ganganboina, A. Dutta Chowdhury, R. A. Doong, New avenue for appendage of graphene quantum dots on halloysite nanotubes as anode materials for high performance supercapacitors, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5 (2017) 4930–4940. [29] H. Jia, Y. Cai, J. Lin, H. Liang, J. Qi, J. Cao, J. Feng, W. D. Fei, Heterostructural graphene quantum dot/MnO2 nanosheets toward high-potential window electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors, Adv. Sci. 5 (2018) 1–10. [30] P. Dhar, S. S. Gaur, A. Kumar, V. Katiyar, Cellulose nanocrystal templated graphene nanoscrolls for high performance supercapacitors and hydrogen storage: An experimental and molecular simulation study, Sci. Rep. 8 (2018) 1–15. [31] Z. Xu, B. Zheng, J. Chen, C. Gao, Highly efficient synthesis of neat graphene nanoscrolls from graphene oxide by well-controlled lyophilization, Chem. Mater. 26 (2014) 6811–6818. [32] F. Zeng, Y. Kuang, Y. Wang, Z. Huang, C. Fu, H. Zhou, Facile preparation of high-quality graphene scrolls from graphite oxide by a microexplosion method, Adv. Mater. 23 (2011) 4929–4932. [33] and morphology tuning of graphene oxide nanoscrolls, Nanoscale. 8 (2016) 6783–6791. [34] B. Zheng, Z. Xu, C. Gao, Mass production of graphene nanoscrolls and their application in high rate performance supercapacitors, Nanoscale. 8 (2016) 1413–1420. [35] K. Mohanapriya, N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing several studies that explicitly focus on various applications of graphene, particularly in supercapacitors, which are a type of energy storage device. The repeated mention of supercapacitor applications across multiple sources indicates a strong emphasis on this field of research related to graphene.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: A likelihood ratio test examined the proportions of gene sets that were TEs, and found higher TE proportions in upregulated gene sets compared to downregulated gene sets (χ2 (2, N = 20) = 10. 7, p = 0. 001, Fig 8). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 8. The percent of genes in each co-expressed gene module and differentially expressed gene set (DEGs) that were transposable elements (TEs), categorized by whether genes were downregulated or upregulated in OA relative to ambient treatment, which shows the high percentage of TEs in OA-upregulated genes. The proportion of all genes examined that were TEs (64%) is indicated by the dotted line. TEs were identified by searching within the protein names for the words transposon, transposable, LINE, retrotransposable element, transposable element, mobile element jockey, and pol polyprotein. Lines in the middle of each boxplot indicate the median percent TEs in downregulated and upregulated gene sets. DiscussionCalcifying marine species living at high latitudes may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of OA due to more extreme changes projected to occur in those regions [1, 15]. Crustaceans in some high latitude regions are likely already experiencing acidified conditions seasonally; at present the shelf drops to seasonal lows of around pH 7. 5 [13] and mean bottom pH is projected to drop by a further 0. 3 units by 2100 [15]. Red king crab, which is one of several valuable commercial fisheries in Alaskan waters, are sensitive to changes in ocean chemistry at the juvenile stage, resulting in high mortality and decreased growth [51, 86]. However, our supporting study [55] found that red king crab are surprisingly resilient to OA when exposure begins early in life—at hatch—with no impact to survival, growth, or development through the early juvenile (C1) stage. Here, we explore aspects of red king crab molecular physiology that are altered by long term exposure to acidification, and which may be critical to their survival, to understand their adaptive potential and improve population predictions. We provide the first study to describe the molecular signatures of juvenile red king crab that were reared from the larval stage in acidified conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that calcifying marine species, specifically red king crab, which do have hard shells, are vulnerable to the effects of ocean acidification (OA). It notes that while red king crab are sensitive to changes in ocean chemistry leading to high mortality and decreased growth, they also show resilience to OA when exposed early in life. This evidence suggests that not only animals with hard shells are affected by OA, but also that the claim's assertion about fish immunity is inaccurate as OA impacts various marine life forms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Indeed, Ca9-22 cells treated with 5 µM showed a cell-cycle arrest, by increasing the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) such as p21, p27, p16 or p53 and Rb (retinoblastoma protein) which are tumor suppressor genes known to be inactive in most cancer types, while it inhibits oncogenes such as cyclin D1 or c-Myc. In addition, PAC can to reduce DNA damage on oral cancer cells by inhibition of H2A. X protein expression (Fig. 2A). The effect of PAC on cancer cells is involving specific inhibition of cell proliferation signaling pathways. Indeed, we demonstrated a significant decrease of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, p38, STAT and AKT phosphorylation. Also, PAC at 5 µM was decreasing the expression of NF-kB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways (Fig. 2B). Effect of treatments with PAC on cell cycle distribution in oral cells Cell cycle distribution, on Ca9-22 PAC-treated cells, was evaluated by flow cytometry using the fluorescent DNA dye 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD). Briefly, these were under treatment with different PAC concentrations for 24 h. Then, they were responding to PBS buffer before being incubated with 7-AAD Fig. 3 is presenting that different concentrations of PAC were altering Ca9-22 cell cycle distribution. However, percentage of G0/G1 population decreases dramatically, from 85. 95% ± 7. 14% in untreated cells to 9. 9% ± 3. 67% in cells treated with 10 µM of PAC. In contrary, the S population increases from 6. 85% ± 3. 74% in controls to 38. 95% ± 17. 18% using the same concentration it. The G2/M population is also doing it as the previous one, from 5. 05% ± 1. 34–48. 7% ± 13. 85% with the same treatment (Fig. 3A and 3B). PAC induces apoptosis in oral cancer cells by targeting the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. In determining the type of death induced by various concentrations of PAC on oral cancer cells, the fluorochrome-labeled annexin V with PI was used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it discusses the effects of 'PAC' (which is not defined as curcumin or turmeric) on cancer cells, focusing on cell cycle distribution, cancer cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Jha, Fabrication of one dimensional graphene nanoscrolls for high performance supercapacitor application, Appl. Surf. Sci. 449 (2018) 461–467. [36] M. Yan, F. Wang, C. Han, X. Ma, X. Xu, Q. An, L. Xu, C. Niu, Y. Zhao, X. Tian, P. Hu, H. Wu, L. Mai, Nanowire templated semihollow bicontinuous graphene scrolls: Designed construction, mechanism, and enhanced energy storage performance, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (2013) 18176–18182. [37] B. N. Zheng, C. Gao, Preparation of graphene nanoscroll/polyaniline composites and their use in high performance supercapacitors, Mater. 31 (2016) 315–320. [38] H. Cheng, C. Hu, Y. Zhao, L. Qu, Graphene fiber: A new material platform for unique applications, NPG Asia Mater. 6 (2014) e113-13. [39] Z. Xu, C. Gao, Graphene fiber: A new trend in carbon fibers, Mater. Today. 18 (2015) 480–492. [40] S. H. Aboutalebi, R. Jalili, D. Esrafilzadeh, M. Salari, Z. Gholamvand, S. Aminorroaya Yamini, K. Konstantinov, R. L. Shepherd, J. -performance multifunctional Graphene yarns: Toward wearable all-carbon energy storage textiles, ACS Nano 8 (2014) 2456–2466. [41] W. Cai, T. Lai, J. Lai, H. Xie, L. Ouyang, J. Ye, C. Yu, Transition metal sulfides grown on graphene fibers for wearable asymmetric supercapacitors with high volumetric capacitance and high energy density, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 1–9. [42] Q. Chen, Y. Meng, C. Hu, Y. Zhao, H. Shao, N. Chen, L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies and applications of graphene, specifically emphasizing its use in high-performance supercapacitors for energy storage. The references point to efforts in enhancing energy storage performance and constructing graphene-based materials for such applications, supporting the assertion that research on graphene is largely centered around its conductivity and energy storage capabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Expression of nearly half of all genes (44%) correlated significantly with pCO2, suggesting a strong molecular response to OA conditions, contrary to the phenotypic results. There was a general reduction in transcriptional activity and inter-individual variability in OA-reared crab, suggesting that OA reduces the breadth of physiological functions compared to crabs reared in ambient seawater. Functional analysis of downregulated genes indicates that energy production is depressed in OA conditions, which is likely associated with decreases in biosynthesis, the immune system, and myriad metabolic processes. Downregulated lipid and carbohydrate metabolic processes suggest a shift in metabolic strategy to protein catabolism, possibly to reduce CO2 production and facilitate acid/base regulation. The limited energy is shunted towards transcriptional regulation mechanisms, signaling systems, and control of growth. Transposable elements (TEs) in OA-reared crab were highly active, particularly in the most severe OA treatment, and were expressed at consistent levels, suggesting that TEs play a role in the OA-response. In the remainder of this section we describe processes that are suppressed and triggered by OA exposure during development in red king crab, and expand on effects to TE activity. Finally, we discuss differences in gene expression variation observed among treatments, and consider whether there were significant genetic differences among treatment groups that may have contributed to the observed gene expression profiles. Processes that are suppressed in OA-reared crab OA resulted in a widespread downregulation of metabolic processes involved in multiple respiratory pathways, metabolism of a variety of compounds, and protein synthesis machinery (Fig 7). Reduced metabolic activity may be one way that red king crabs mitigate acidosis [87, 88]. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration, therefore a decrease in metabolic activity reduces internal CO2 production. Decreased mitochondrial activity can also reduce oxidative cellular stress by reducing mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species, which might otherwise increase due to environmental stressors [89–91]. Another outcome of changes in metabolic activity could be a shift in metabolic strategy away from carbohydrate and lipid substrates and towards proteins to improve acid/base regulation [92, 93]. Protein catabolism is less energy efficient, but instead of CO2 it produces ammonia and bicarbonate, which can be used to buffer intracellular pH [94]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant molecular response of crabs to ocean acidification (OA), indicating that crabs, which have hard shells, are affected by OA through reduced metabolic activity and downregulation of metabolic processes. It highlights the detrimental effects of OA on various physiological functions, claiming that energy production is depressed and mechanisms to mitigate acidosis are activated. This evidence implies that ocean acidification affects hard-shelled animals, specifically red king crabs, challenging the notion that only these animals are impacted while suggesting that other marine organisms, like fish, are not immune to these changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Our results show the presence of 4 different sub-populations referring to live cells (annexin V-/PI-), early apoptotic cells (annexin V+/PI-), late apoptotic cells (annexin V+/PI+) and necrotic cells (annexin V-/PI+). After 24 h of exposure to PAC, the percentage for the first population decreases from 96. 48% for untreated to 71. 29% with 5 µM, and 18. 32% with 10 µM. Conversely, the early apoptotic cells were increasing from 2. 56% with the control to 18. 62 with 5 µM. In late apoptotic population was much higher with PAC exposure ranging from, 1. 09% with the controls to 55. 46% with 10 µM of PAC. The necrotic population was also increasing from 0. 87% with the untreated cells to 24. 48% with 10 µM PAC treated oral cancer cells (Fig. 4A). To confirm apoptosis –inducing ability of PAC concentration on oral cancer cells, we evaluated caspase activation by using flow cytometry. Our results show that PAC dose – dependant increased apoptosis in terms of percentage of positive pancaspase in Ca9-22 cells (Fig. 4B). The effect of PAC of caspase signaling for oral cancer cell apoptosis was confirmed by Western blotting (Fig. 4C) showing that PAC at 5 µM strongly decreases Bcl-2 expression and increases that of pro-apoptotic Bax and cytochrome C as well as allows cleavage of PARP-1. The effect of PAC promoting cancer cell death involves caspase 3/9 (Fig. 4C). PAC promotes autophagy in oral cancer cells by targeting LC3B and p62 protein expression. To determine the different cellular mechanisms by which PAC exerts its anti-oral cancer function, we investigated the effect of PAC on cell autophagy. As shown in Fig. 5A and 5B, PAC at 5 µM strongly leads to autophagy in cancer cells. The percentage of positive cells detected by the (Red) was increasing from 0. 1125% ± 0. 15% in controls to 10. 57% ± 3. 35% (p = 0. 00066) and 28. 59 ± 13. 78% (p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of PAC on various types of cancer cells, including apoptosis and autophagy, without mentioning curcumin, turmeric, or any anti-inflammatory properties. There is no indication that it addresses the specific claim about curcumin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Qu, MnO2-modified hierarchical graphene fiber electrochemical supercapacitor, J. 247 (2014) 32–39. [43] K. Gopalsamy, Z. Xu, B. Zheng, T. Huang, L. Kou, X. Zhao, C. Gao, Bismuth oxide nanotubes-graphene fiber-based flexible supercapacitors, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 8595–8600. [44] L. Liu, Y. Yu, C. Yan, K. Li, Z. Zheng, Wearable energy-dense and power-dense supercapacitor yarns enabled by scalable graphene-metallic textile composite electrodes, Nat. Commun. 6 (2015) 1–9. [45] Q. Yang, Z. Xu, C. Gao, Graphene fiber based supercapacitors: Strategies and perspective toward high performances, J. Energy Chem. 27 (2018) 6–11. [46] M. D. Stoller, S. Park, Y. Zhu, J. An, R. S. Ruoff, Graphene-based ultracapacitors, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 6–10. [47] L. L. Zhang, X. Zhao, M. D. Stoller, Y. Zhu, H. Ji, S. Murali, Y. Wu, S. Perales, B. Clevenger, R. S. Ruoff, Highly conductive and porous activated reduced graphene oxide films for high-power supercapacitors, Nano Lett. 12 (2012) 1806-1812. [48] G. Sun, J. Liu, X. Zhang, X. Wang, H. Li, Y. Yu, W. Huang, H. Zhang, P. Chen, Fabrication of ultralong hybrid microfibers from nanosheets of reduced graphene oxide and transition-metal dichalcogenides and their application as supercapacitors, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 53 (2014) 12576–12580. [49] Q. Li, X. Guo, Y. Zhang, W. Zhang, C. Ge, L. Zhao, X. Wang, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references and studies that highlight various applications of graphene in the field of supercapacitors. The numerous citations of works focusing on graphene-based supercapacitors indicate that a significant portion of graphene research is indeed directed toward energy storage solutions, which aligns with the claim that much research in graphene focuses on its applications in supercapacitors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: While we did detect downregulation of carbohydrate & lipid metabolism that suggests a metabolic shift (Fig 7), and increased transmembrane signaling, we did not detect increased ion regulation processes in response to OA. It is possible that ion transport was indeed higher, but was uncoupled from mRNA levels in our fully OA-acclimated crab [95]. Pairing gene expression with more direct physiological assays (e. g. excreted O:N ratio, in vivo Na+,K+-ATPase activity) would improve interpretation of how red king crab metabolic and ion regulation strategies respond to OA. Metabolic changes are quite common in response to OA [96, 97]. OA can cause metabolic depression (and more generally, reduction in gene activity) in crustaceans and other marine invertebrates [98–102]. In the present study, metabolic processes were downregulated in both the moderate and severe OA treatments, which likely reflects the sensitivity of red king crab to changes in ocean chemistry. Given these findings, we might expect metabolic rate to decrease in response to OA in red king crab. In previous respiration trials [50] there was no change to metabolic rate measured by oxygen consumption in juvenile red king crab exposed to the same OA conditions after three weeks. The decreased metabolic gene activity in the present study could reflect an acclimatory response that is only induce by long-term and/or multi-stage exposure—in our case three months from hatching—which may influence the physiology of crabs in a way that short term- or single life stage- exposure does not [97]. Decreased expression of metabolic functions may also reflect an interactive effect between OA treatment and seasonal temperature increase, which was not a factor in Long et al. [50] (they held crab at 5°C). Future studies should pair gene expression analysis with more direct measurements of metabolic rate (and other traditional physiological measurements) at varying temperatures to untangle the effects of OA and temperature on red king crab metabolic functioning. OA affected the red king crab immune system. Genes involved in neuroinflammation (microglial cell activation), viral response, and the innate immune system decreased with pCO2, although effects were less pronounced compared to metabolic changes. OA can negatively affect the immune system in crustaceans [22, 35, 103–105] and other marine invertebrates [106–108]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that ocean acidification (OA) can negatively affect not only animals with hard shells, such as the red king crab, but also their immune systems. It specifies that 'OA can negatively affect the immune system in crustaceans and other marine invertebrates,' directly opposing the idea that fish are immune to the effects of OA.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 0030) respectively for 5 µM or 10 µM of PAC. These observations were confirmed by showing an overexpression (high protein levels) of two autophagy markers (LC3B and p62) in Ca9-22 cells (Fig. 5C). PAC suppresses the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in oral cancer cells and mediates the anti-metastatic activity In Fig. 6A, we demonstrated that PAC at 5 µM inhibits the EMT in oral cancer cells, as shown by the increase of E-cadherin, while vimentin expression was decreasing. Metastatic cancer is also closely associated with cell migration. In this sense, we investigated the effect of various PAC concentrations on Ca9-22 cells migrating under treatment by using the (Scratch) Assay. As shown Fig. 6B, PAC at various concentrations was able to decrease the migration of oral cancer cells. Indeed, after 6 h of treatments with PAC, 100% of the scratch area was covered due to cell migration, in the controls, while less than 47% and 33% of the scratched area being covered following exposure to 5 µM or 10 µM, respectively. ROS production during treatments with PAC in oral cancer cells. Our data shows that the intracellular ROS accumulation induced by the treatment for 24 h with PAC was evaluated using a flow cytometer (Fig. 7). The percentage of ROS (+) is low with increased concentration of PAC as treatment. By pre-treating with NAC, the role of PAC in reducing oxidative stress was confirmed. We, therefore, suspect that PAC acts as a powerful antioxidant by producing intracellular glutathione (GSH). GSH generation during treatments with PAC in oral cancer cells. Figure 8 shows that PAC strongly increase the GSH expression with 2. 5 µM compared to controls. The percentage of GSH positive is going up, from 41% with non-treated cells to 69% and 87%, respectively after cell exposure to 5 µM or 10 µM of PAC, for 24 h. PAC is then confirmed to play a crucial role in producing GSH, an antioxidant. Mitochondrial membrane potential is reduced during treatments with PAC in oral cancer cells. The MMP expression that is reduced by PAC was measured by the MitoProbe DiOC2(3) for Flow Cytometry. As shown in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of PAC (presumably a different compound) on oral cancer cells and does not mention curcumin or turmeric. There is no reference to anti-inflammatory properties or any indication that relates to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Zhang, J. Chen, Z. Wang, L. Sun, Porous graphene paper for supercapacitor applications, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 33 (2017) 793–799. [50] S. Gan, L. Zhong, T. Wu, D. Han, J. Zhang, J. Ulstrup, Q. Chi, L. Niu, Spontaneous and fast growth of large-area graphene nanofilms facilitated by oil/water interfaces, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 3958–3964. [51] G. Wallace, R. B. Kaner, M. Muller, S. Gilje, D. Li, Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3 (2008) 101–105. [52] F. Gu, H. Shin, C. -by-layer doping of few-layer graphene film, ACS Nano 4 (2010) 4595–4600. 10. 1021/nn1008808 [53] A. Davies, P. Audette, B. Farrow, F. Hassan, Z. Chen, J. Y. Choi, A. Yu, Graphene-based flexible supercapacitors: Pulse-electropolymerization of polypyrrole on free-standing graphene films, J. Phys. Chem. C. 115 (2011) 17612–17620. [54] S. Bose, T. Kuila, A. K. Mishra, R. -based nanostructured materials and their composites as supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 767–784. [55] -dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanostructured materials for advanced electrochemical energy devices, Prog. Mater. Sci. 57 (2012) 724–803. [56] H. Jiang, P. S. Lee, C. Li, 3D Carbon based nanostructures for advanced supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013) 41–53. [57] L. Liu, Z. Niu, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing specific research studies that focus on graphene’s applications in supercapacitors, which directly ties to the claim’s assertion that a significant portion of graphene research centers on energy storage applications due to its electrical conductivity. For example, the mention of 'Porous graphene paper for supercapacitor applications' highlights this focus on energy storage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: The mechanisms by which OA alters immune function are not fully understood, and could relate to energy constraints and malfunction of immune-related enzymes and signaling/recognition pathways (among other mechanisms) [106, 108]. We find evidence that immunosuppression may in part be due to activation of the stress response [109]. Genes coding for the octopamine receptors and a receptor for tyramine, the direct precursor of octopamine, were upregulated in OA. Octopamine is the invertebrate orthologue to norepinephrine, and is one of the key neurotransmitters that regulates the acute stress-response [110]. Interestingly, molecular chaperones (HSP70 and DNAJA1), which respond to a variety of stressors by refolding or facilitating the destruction of damaged proteins [111, 112], increased in moderate OA but decreased substantially in severe OA, which suggests that those processes become ineffective as OA severity worsens. Further, it suggests that at moderate OA levels increased oxidative stress damages proteins, or that altered intracellular or extracellular pH affects folding patterns of proteins. While these changes did not ultimately result in mortality in the present study, our findings indicate that red king crab may be more vulnerable to co-occurring secondary stressors, such as thermal stress [53, 54], due to immunosuppression and changes in cellular stress-response mechanisms. Additional multi-stressor studies are needed that expose red king crab to a range of pH levels alongside other stressors, particularly pathogen challenges. Transposable elements are highly active in OA-reared crab Many of the genes upregulated under OA conditions were transposable elements (TEs, or transposons). While TEs were present in all gene sets, including those that were more active in ambient conditions, they comprised a much larger percentage of genes upregulated in OA-reared crab (Fig 8, S8 Table). TEs, or “jumping genes”, are DNA elements that move to new locations in the genome when activated, resulting in insertional mutations [113]. Retrotransposons, the class of TEs detected in our study, are mobilized by a copy-and-paste mechanism where the DNA sequence is transcribed and an RNA intermediary is then reverse-transcribed into a cDNA copy before being integrated into the genome [114]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that ocean acidification (OA) affects immune function in marine animals, including those that do not have hard shells, such as the red king crab. It discusses how OA is linked to immunosuppression and changes in cellular stress-response mechanisms, indicating vulnerability to stressors and pathogens. This suggests that the claim that fish are immune to the effects of ocean acidification is inaccurate, as the immune function in various marine species can indeed be impacted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: (2011) showing that PAC has similar effect against breast cancer 21,24. PAC decrease the cell proliferation through the deregulation of the cell cycle. Indeed, PAC treated cells showed high expression of CDKIs including p21, p27, p16 or p53 and Rb. It is well known that these genes suppress tumors, known for being inactive in most types of cancer and also for inhibiting genes with oncogenic functions like cyclin D1 or c-Myc. These molecules have a history of playing a major role in the cell-cycle arrest at G2/M, and ultimately induce inhibition of oral cancer cell proliferation. This is mediated by inhibiting several signaling pathways involved in cancer such as MAPK, Wnt and NF-kB. These data are in accordance with previous studies conducted by Al-Hujaily et al. (2011) and Al-Howail et al. (2016) reporting that PAC could be considered as a powerful nontoxic new chemotherapeutic agent against ER-negative tumors by triggering breast cancer cell apoptosis more than curcumin 21,24, downregulating ERα, c-Myc, cyclin D124 and inducing cell-cycle arrest at G2/M of this cancer cells 21. Also, our results demonstrate that PAC strongly induces oral cancer cell apoptosis mediated via the mitochondrial pathway by increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression ratios, activating caspase-3/9 and cleaving PARP-1. We conclude that the PAC anti-oral cancer properties were controlled by impairing pro-survival signaling pathways and activating apoptosis pathways such as ERK1/2 activation, but not MEK1/2, AKT activation, NF-kB 35; 36;37 and β-catenin,38 known to be implicated in tumor progression and as well for their resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy in several cancer types. Indeed, it is clearly reported that several oncoproteins such as cyclin D1 and p21 are strongly destabilized by inhibition of ERK1/2 activation. Wnt/β-catenin is the key oncogenic signaling pathway found to be highly active in various types of cancer, including oral cancer 38,39. Similar observation was reported on breast cancer cells being treated with PAC 21;24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about curcumin and its anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it discusses the effects of PAC as a chemotherapeutic agent against cancer, detailing its impact on cell proliferation and signaling pathways in cancer cells. There is no mention of curcumin or its properties, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Chen, Flexible supercapacitors based on carbon nanomaterials, Chinese Chem. Lett. 29 (2018) 571–581. [58] Y. Ma, Y. Chen, Three-dimensional graphene networks : Synthesis, properties and applications, Natl. Sci. Rev. 2 (2015) 40-53. [59] X. Cao, Z. Yin, H. Zhang, Three-dimensional graphene materials: Preparation, structures and application in supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 1850–1865. [60] Z. Chen, W. Ren, L. Gao, B. Liu, S. Pei, H. M. Cheng, Three-dimensional flexible and conductive interconnected graphene networks grown by chemical vapour deposition, Nat. Mater. 10 (2011) 424–428. [61] J. Sha, C. Gao, S. K. Lee, Y. Li, N. Zhao, J. M. Tour, Preparation of three-dimensional graphene foams using powder metallurgy templates, ACS Nano 10 (2016) 1411–1416. [62] -dimensional graphene and their integrated electrodes, 9 (2014) 785–807. [63] Q. Fang, Y. Shen, B. Chen, Synthesis, decoration and properties of three-dimensional graphene-based macrostructures: A review, Chem. Eng. J. 264 (2015) 753–771. [64] Z. Yang, S. Chabi, Y. Xia, Y. Zhu, Preparation of 3D graphene-based architectures and their applications in supercapacitors, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 25 (2015) 554–562. [65] Y. Ping, Y. Gong, Q. Fu, C. Pan, Preparation of three-dimensional graphene foam for high performance supercapacitors, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 27 (2017) 177–181. [66] H. Huang, Y. Tang, L. Xu, S. Tang, Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it lists multiple studies and sources that discuss the applications of graphene in supercapacitors, explicitly highlighting their synthesis, properties, and use in energy storage systems. This supports the assertion that the majority of research in graphene is centered around supercapacitors and energy storage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Increased transposable element activity in response to environmental stress is well documented in a variety of eukaryotes [115]. There have been, however, only a few studies to detect stress-activated TEs in marine crustaceans [116], and to our knowledge this is the first to do so in response to OA. While TEs comprise large portions of the genomes of arthropods [117], including crustaceans [65, 118], previous transcriptional characterization of stress-responses in crustaceans may have overlooked TE’s due to the common practice of masking repeat elements from genomes during analysis [119]. Recent reports from a wide range of other taxa have also implicated TEs in the OA-response, including anemones [120], clams [121], and diatoms [122]. This breadth of taxa, which now includes crustaceans, suggests that TEs are a common response to acidification exposure. Why TEs can become activated under stress is still under debate, as is whether they are detrimental or beneficial to an organism’s survival [114]. TEs may become more active because the mechanisms that suppress them are no longer functioning, which could negatively affect fitness due to pathological mutations. Alternatively, stress-activated TE’s could act as regulatory elements and/or increase diversity of proteins available to the organism or its descendants, which may cause beneficial phenotypic variation. TEs may also be a component of the antiviral defense system, as they can stimulate the antiviral inflammatory response [123, 124]. Deciphering why TE were more active in OA-reared crab is beyond the scope of this study. However, given that red king crab early life stages tolerated OA in this study, and that many genes that were upregulated at consistent levels among OA-exposed individuals were TEs, TE mobilization may be an effective component of the red king crab stress-response system, rather than simply the result of genomic instability. TEs are also strong facilitators of adaptive evolution [125, 126], thus OA-induced TE activity may benefit red king crab at an evolutionary scale, given that it could provide a mechanism for rapidly increasing genetic diversity [115, 127]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on crustaceans, specifically mentioning the red king crab's response to OA and how transposable elements (TEs) are activated in response to this stress. This indicates that not only hard-shelled animals are affected by OA, but also other marine organisms, such as crustaceans, which do not fit the claim's assertion that only animals with hard shells are impacted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the strong PAC-dependent apoptosis could be of great value for inhibiting of oral cancer cell proliferation and inducing their death. In a recent study carried out by Al-Qasem et al. (2016), they have published the same effect of PAC on colon cancer cells. They concluded that PAC exhibits anti-colon cancer properties that have potential, by targeting cyclin D1 and suppressing JAK2/STAT3, AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK signaling pathways as well as their common downstream effector which is cyclin D1 25. We suggest that PAC suppresses the activation of MAPK and the induction of caspase cleavage, leading to the downregulation of several MAPK targets including cyclin D1, p53, and caspases, as Bax, Bcl-2 and cytochrome C. All these are playing key roles in oral tumorigenesis 40–42. We demonstrated that PAC promoted oral cancer cell autophagy and reduced oxidative stress via ROS production. Our results obtained here are in disagreement with several current research studies focusing on the use of anticancer treatments having an effect while apoptosis in cancer cells is induced by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, our findings are also in concordance with others recent studies reporting that increase in cellular O2 − and H2O2 by NADPH oxidase 43 are leading the stimulation of cancer cell proliferation by ROS-sensitive AKT/ERK signaling pathways and the reduction of cancer cell growth by blocking this enzyme 44; Dikalova et al. , 2010) by using mitoTEMPO, they significantly reduced ROS in cells and inhibited NADPH oxidase activity 43. As for Nazarewicz et al. (2013), they also reported that mitochondrial ROS scavenging by mitoTEMPO can block ROS-sensitive signaling pathways in cancer cells, cancer metabolism and induce cell death 45. Our data suggests that diminishing ROS production, by PAC-treated oral cancer cells, is altering cell signaling mediated by ROS-sensitive 1/2, and p38 as well as inducing cell death. The PAC-attenuation effect from these signaling pathways was the principal factor leading to dramatic changes in oral cancer cell metabolism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about curcumin and its anti-inflammatory properties. It focuses on the effects of PAC on cancer cell proliferation and does not mention curcumin or turmeric, nor does it discuss anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Du, Direct formation of reduced graphene oxide and 3D lightweight nickel network composite foam by hydrohalic acids and its application for high-performance supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) 10248–10257. [67] H. Huang, L. Xu, Y. Tang, S. Tang, Y. Du, Facile synthesis of nickel network supported three-dimensional graphene gel as a lightweight and binder-free electrode for high rate performance supercapacitor application, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 2426–2433. [68] J. Yang, E. Zhang, X. Li, Y. Yu, J. Qu, Z. Yu, Direct reduction of graphene oxide by ni foam as a high-capacitance supercapacitor electrode, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 2297-2305. [69] S. Sivaprakash, P. Sivaprakash, A facile synthesis of graphene foam as electrode material for supercapacitor, Mater. Res. Express 3 (2016) 1–7. [70] P. Miao, J. He, Z. Sang, F. Zhang, J. Guo, D. Su, X. Yan, X. Li, H. Ji, Hydrothermal growth of 3D graphene on nickel foam as a substrate of nickel-cobalt-sulfur for high-performance supercapacitors, J. Alloys Compd. 732 (2018) 613–623. [71] Z. Niu, J. Chen, H. H. Hng, J. Ma, X. Chen, A leavening strategy to prepare reduced graphene oxide foams, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 4144–4150. [72] W. Y. Tsai, R. Lin, S. Murali, L. Li. Gogotsi, P. Simon, Outstanding performance of activated graphene based supercapacitors in ionic liquid electrolyte from -50 to 80°C, 2 (2013) 403–411. [73] Y. Zhu, S. . Cai, P. J. Ferreira, A. . Thommes, D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by citing various research articles focused on the application of graphene in supercapacitors. It mentions specific studies that explore the performance of graphene-based materials in high-performance supercapacitors, which directly supports the assertion that significant research on graphene is dedicated to its use in energy storage due to its electrical properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: It would be informative to examine whether the stress-induced mobilization of TE’s increases mutation rates by re-integration into the germline, resulting in heritable changes to the genome, which can occur in other species [128]. If so, this could provide a mechanism by which OA exposure increases phenotypic diversity across generations. Other processes that are more active in OA-reared crab OA triggered a heavy investment in transcriptional regulation at multiple levels of transcriptional control. DNA methylation and histone demethylase activity was upregulated in OA-reared crab, which are epigenetic mechanisms that control transcription through changes to chromatin structure and DNA accessibility [129]. A large percentage of upregulated genes (18%) were associated with the regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters. Increased expression was also detected in genes that code for post-translational gene control, such as Exportin-5, which is involved in mRNA silencing by microRNAs [130]. Increased transcription regulation activity in OA-reared crab explains the widespread changes in gene expression (44% of all genes correlated with pCO2). Given that OA resulted in widespread downregulation of a variety of biological functions (Fig 7, S4 & S5 Tables), one purpose of the transcriptional regulatory response of OA-reared crab may be to shut down (or dampen) less critical processes. Additionally, since physiological metrics were unaffected by OA [55], changes in transcription regulation may reflect physiological reprogramming that optimizes gene activity for the OA-environment, for instance by shifting metabolic pathways to improve acid/base regulation, and decreasing activity of less-critical processes to conserve energy. In addition to the broad transcriptional effects, these regulatory elements may be responsible for the unleashing of transposable element activity in response to OA [115]. Cell signaling and nervous system development was substantially more active in OA-reared crab. Many upregulated genes were associated with signal transduction, and interacted with or spanned cell membranes (e. g. Teneurin-m, Semaphorin-1A, Ankyrin-2). Increased expression of these genes suggest that OA increases the need to transfer information between the external and internal environments, particularly across the plasma membrane, to regulate activity inside the cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that ocean acidification (OA) affects not only animals with hard shells but also influences transcriptional regulation and gene expression in other species, specifically mentioning crabs. It discusses how OA exposure leads to widespread changes in gene expression, indicating that a variety of biological functions can be impacted by OA, contrary to the notion that only hard-shelled animals are affected and that fish are immune.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: As well, its anticancer activity toward mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (GSH) is closely associated with inhibition of ROS-sensitive AKT/ERK survival signaling pathways and glycolysis in human oral cancer cells. GSH is our body’s antioxidant powerhouse that is protecting our cells from free radical damage. It has been well reported that antioxidants have beneficial health effects at physiological concentrations 46. However, in normal situations, the basal level of ROS is crucially good to cell viability. It may prevent oxidative stress by maintaining the balance in ROS homeostasis, especially in cancer cells known for having much faster metabolism and higher ROS levels compared to our controls 46. Inhibition of mitochondrial superoxide may represent a novel, specific anticancer treatment strategy reducing side effects that are cytotoxic. Indeed, our work as well shows that PAC reduced mitochondrial ROS and decreased MMP. Oxidative stress is also known to induce disruption of the latter47 MMP is occurring to play a key role in mitochondrial homeostasis through selective elimination of those that are dysfunctional48. But MMP was considered as the central bioenergetic parameter for transporting ions and proteins that are indispensable for the control of normal mitochondrial function and are correlating with cell differentiation, tumorigenesis and being malignant 49. Many other studies reported that carcinoma-derived cells possess a higher mitochondrial membrane potential than normal ones 50;51 In addition, Schieke et al. (2008)52 published that higher MMP is linked with a tumorigenic property52. After inhibition of MMP by rapamycin treatment on stem cells having a high protonmotive force, its tumorigenicity decreased drastically. Moreover, our findings indicate that PAC induces intracellular ROS, generates mitochondrial superoxide and diminishes MMP leading to the release of cytochrome C in mitochondria and to the enhancement of oxidative stress in oral cancer cells. present study examined the antioral cancer and preferential killing effects of PAC, new analog of curcumine. Our results demonstrate the PAC preferential killing against oral cancer cells without effects on normal oral cells involving the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy and oxidative stress. Therefore, PAC inhibits intracellular ROS, increased MitoSOX, diminished MMP, and PAC plays a crucial role in producing GSH, an antioxidant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the anticancer activity of a new analog of curcumin, called PAC, and its effects on oxidative stress and mitochondrial signaling pathways in cancer cells. While it references curcumin indirectly, it does not explicitly confirm or provide evidence of curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties, making the text irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: -based supercapacitors, Science 332 (2011) 1537–1542. [74] B. G. Choi, M. 3D Macroporous graphene frameworks for supercapacitors with high energy and power densities, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 4020–4028. [75] Y. Cai, A. Zhang, Y. Ping Feng, C. Zhang, Switching and rectification of a single light-sensitive diarylethene molecule sandwiched between graphene nanoribbons, J. Chem. Phys. 135 (2011) 1-6. [76] M. P. Down, C. E. Banks, Freestanding Three-dimensional graphene macroporous supercapacitor, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1 (2018) 891–899. [77] S. Yang, Y. Liu, Y. Hao, X. . Cao, Oxygen-vacancy abundant ultrafine Co3O4/graphene composites for high-rate supercapacitor electrodes, Adv. Sci. 5 (2018) 1-10. [78] X. Cao, Y. Shi, W. Shi, G. Lu, X. Huang, Q. Yan, Preparation of novel 3d graphene networks for supercapacitor applications, Small 7 (2011) 3163–3168. [79] C. Jiang, B. Zhao, J. Cheng, J. Li, H. Zhang, Z. Tang, J. Yang, Hydrothermal synthesis of Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes on 3D graphene foam for high-performance supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 173 (2015) 399–407. [80] J. Gao, H. Xuan, Y. Xu, T. Liang, X. Han, J. Yang, P. Han, D. Wang, Y. Du, Interconnected network of zinc-cobalt layered double hydroxide stick onto rGO/nickel foam for high performance asymmetric supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 286 (2018) 92–102. [81] X. Dong, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. B. Chan-Park, X. Li, L. Wang, W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by listing multiple research studies and applications of graphene specifically in supercapacitors. The repeated mention of supercapacitors indicates a strong focus in the research community on this application of graphene, which is directly related to energy storage and its properties such as high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Investment in signaling molecules may also reflect negative effects of OA on transmembrane signaling, perhaps by damaging the membrane or cytoskeleton (e. g. due to oxidative stress [91]), or by decreasing signaling molecule binding affinity [131, 132]. Investment in the nervous system may be necessary to fortify systems that monitor conditions in the environment. A gene coding for the protein “pinocchio”, which was upregulated in severe OA, is expressed in the antenna of some arthropods (e. g. fruit fly, [133]), and acts as a chemosensory receptor [133, 134]. OA-associated carapace dissolution around neuritic canals is correlated with damaged setae in larval Dungeness crab or their underdevelopment [135]. Setae are important sensory structures which are innervated with chemo- and mechano-receptors [136]. Further, OA can alter the response of crabs to chemosensory cues suggesting a reduction in their ability to detect such cues [137]. The heavy investment in neurogenesis found here may be one way that OA-reared crab counteract the negative effects of OA to external sensory structures. Genes involved in negative regulation of growth and cell proliferation were also upregulated in OA conditions (Fig 4A). Differentially upregulated genes included negative growth regulators Menin, Brain tumor protein, and Forkhead box protein O (FOXO). FOXO is a transcription factor that specifically inhibits growth in response to cellular stressors, including oxidative stress and nutrient deprivation [138], and may therefore be one regulatory mechanism connecting oxidative stress with OA exposure [5] and decreased growth rate previously seen in juvenile red king crab and related species [25, 50, 51]. Interestingly, our supporting study did not find any effects of OA on growth measured throughout the larval stages and into the early juvenile stage. Had treatments continued it is possible that growth through the juvenile stage could have been impacted. Alternatively, negative growth regulators could reflect increased cellular response to DNA damage caused by OA. For example, FOXO negatively regulates growth by promoting cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and detoxification, and apoptosis [139], which may be needed in OA conditions due to damage from oxidative stress [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on both sensory and growth systems in crabs, which demonstrate that species without hard shells are also negatively impacted by OA. It discusses various physiological responses and adaptations, such as upregulation of genes involved in stress responses and neurogenesis in crabs, indicating that OA affects their ability to sense environmental cues and manage growth. This suggests that OA impacts not just hard-shelled animals but also those like crabs, undermining the claim that fish are immune or that only hard-shelled animals are affected.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: With its preferential killing ability, PAC may provide a potential for improving oral cancer therapy without a cytotoxic side effect to normal oral cells. The future studies will be to combine cisplatin with this new curcumin analog (PAC), to normalize cisplatin side effects and potential drug resistance on oral cancer. AbbreviationsBcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2. CDKI: Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor. DMSO: Dimethyl Sulfoxide. EMT: Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. FBS: Serum. FCS: Serum. GSH: Glutathione. GEC: Cells. LDH: lactate dehydrogenase. MTT: 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Y1)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide. MEK/ERK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase/Extracellular signal-regulated Kinase. MMP: Potential. NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B. OC-SCC: Carcinoma. PAC: (3,5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone). PARP1: Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1. ROS: Species. SD: Standard Deviation. DeclarationsConflicts of Interest: All authors declare no conflict of interest. Authors’ contributions: AS conducted all experiments, analyzed, interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. CC conducted western blotting experiments. FC is supervisor and finalize the manuscript. BA and IA synthetized PAC All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: This work was supported by the Colgate-Palmolive Compagny10. 7860/JCDR/2014/8506. 4560 (2014). Silverman, S. , Jr. Oral cancer: complications of therapy. 88, 122–126, doi:10. 1016/s1079-2104(99)70103-4 (1999). Zheng, J. W. , Qiu, W. L. & Zhang, Z. Y. Combined and sequential treatment of oral and maxillofacial malignancies: an evolving concept and clinical protocol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses the use of a curcumin analog (PAC) in improving oral cancer therapy and does not provide any information about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties. It mainly focuses on the experimental details and results related to cancer treatment, which does not relate to the claim about curcumin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Huang, P. Chen, Supercapacitor electrode based on three-dimensional graphene-polyaniline hybrid, Mater. Chem. Phys. 134 (2012) 576–580. [82] J. all-solid-state supercapacitors based on highly conductive polypyrrole-coated graphene foam, Chem. Eng. J. 349 (2018) 111–118. [83] C. Xiang, M. Li, M. Zhi, A. Manivannan, N. Wu, A reduced graphene oxide/Co3O4 composite for supercapacitor electrode, J. 226 (2013) 65–70. [84] X. C. Dong, H. -Park, H. Zhang, L. H. Wang, W. Huang, P. Chen, 3D graphene-cobalt oxide electrode for high-performance supercapacitor and enzymeless glucose detection, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 3206–3213. [85] Y. He, W. Chen, X. Li, Z. Zhang, J. Fu, C. Zhao, E. Xie, Freestanding three-dimensional graphene/MnO2 composite networks as ultralight and flexible supercapacitor electrodes, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 174–182. [86] J. Ji, L. L. Zhang, H. Ji, Y. Li, X. Zhao, X. Bai, X. Fan, F. Zhang, R. S. Ruoff, Nanoporous Ni(OH)2 thin film on 3D ultrathin-graphite foam for asymmetric supercapacitor, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 6237–6243. [87] W. Zhou, X. Cao, Z. Zeng, W. Shi, Y. Zhu, Q. Yan, H. Liu, J. Wang, H. Zhang, One-step synthesis of Ni3S2 nanorod@Ni(OH)2 nanosheet core-shell nanostructures on a three-dimensional graphene network for high-performance supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013) 2216–2221. [88]. Lee, S. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it provides multiple references to scholarly articles that explore various applications of graphene in the context of supercapacitors. Each reference specifically discusses different hybrid or composite materials where graphene is utilized, such as in 'supercapacitor electrode based on three-dimensional graphene-polyaniline hybrid' and '3D graphene-cobalt oxide electrode for high-performance supercapacitor.' This indicates a focus on supercapacitors and supports the claim regarding the application of graphene in energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity.