Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Also available on their website at: www. statssa. gov. za62. Africa (Stats SA). Mid-year population estimates 2019. P0302. 2020. Also available on their website at: www. statssa. gov. za63. Africa (Stats SA). Mid-year population estimates 2020. P0302. 2021. Also available on their website at: www. statssa. gov. za64. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE: 3. 3: Headcount of personnel with permanent appointments according to personnel category, race and gender. 2016b. Available at their website at: www. dhet. gov. za65. Department of Education and Training. SAPSE: 3. 3: Headcount of personnel with permanent appointments according to personnel category, race and gender. 2017. Available at their website at: www. dhet. gov. za66. Department of Education and Training. SAPSE: 3. 3: Headcount of personnel with permanent appointments according to personnel category, race and gender. 2018. Available at their website at: www. dhet. gov. za67. Department of Education and Training. SAPSE: 3. 3: Headcount of personnel with permanent appointments according to personnel category, race and gender. 2019. Available at their website at: www. dhet. gov. za68. Department of Education and Training. 3. 3: Headcount of personnel with permanent appointments according to personnel category, race and gender. 2020. Available at their website at: www. dhet. gov. za the policy of Apartheid, the government stated that different racial groups should be given the opportunity to fully develop in their own regions. The slogan was "separate but equal", but in reality, it developed into "separate but unequal", with whites in receiving by far the majority of resources spent on social services. For the period portrayed in Figure 2, learners and students of different racial groups attended different institutions. Therefore one can compile a series of educational expenditure per racial group. After 1994 that is no longer possible as education at all levels is not provided exclusively on a racial basis. The aggregation of the standardised credit values of the different modules for which a student is supposed to enrol in a particular year is the full-time equivalent value. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the domestication of crops and its role in human civilization. Instead, it discusses various statistics regarding personnel appointments by different racially categorized groups in the context of the Apartheid policy in South Africa, which does not relate to agricultural development or its impact on civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Telmisartan and thiorphan combination treatment attenuates fibrosis and apoptosis in preventing diabetic cardiomyopathy. 2019; 115(2): 373-84. [ [PMID: 30184174] [196]. YIA 03-04 epigenetic changes after acute treatment with acute angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi). J Hypertens 2016; 34 (Suppl. 1): e204-5. [ [197]. AT1 receptor blocker azilsartan medoxomil normalizes plasma miR-146a and miR-342-3p in a murine heart failure model. Biomarkers 2017; 22(3-4): 253-60. [ [PMID: 27321284] [198] MicroRNAs 103 and 107 regulate insulin sensitivity. Nature 2011; 474(7353): 649-53. [ [PMID: 21654750] [199] Elevated microRNA-34a in obesity reduces NAD+ levels and SIRT1 activity by directly targeting NAMPT. 2013; 12(6): 1062-72. [ [PMID: 23834033] [200] Polycystic ovary syndrome is transmitted via a transgenerational epigenetic process. 2021; 33(3): 513-530. e8. [ [PMID: 33539777] [201] -. Scientific statement on the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and molecular genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. 2015; 36(5): 487-525. [ [PMID: 26426951] [202] Azoulay L, Bouvattier C, Christin-Maitre S. Impact of intra-uterine life on future health (Paris) 2021; S0003- 4266(21): 01105-7. [203] Prenatal androgen exposure and transgenerational susceptibility to polycystic ovary syndrome. 2019; 25(12): 1894-904. [ [PMID: 31792459] [204] Stener-Victorin E, Deng Q. Transmission of polycystic ovary syndrome via epigenetic inheritance. Med 2021; 27(8): 723-4. [ [PMID: 34127396] [205]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing epigenetic changes related to various health conditions, which indicates that epigenetics indeed involves the regulation of gene expression influenced by factors like environment and lifestyle. Specifically, references to transgenerational epigenetic processes and how prenatal conditions may impact future health solidify the relationship between gene regulation and environmental factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the risks of modelling a 50:50 chance are self-evident. Bill McKibben (2012) has taken to task other models using a ‘reasonable 20%’ risk, pointing out that ‘reasonable’ in this case means ‘one chance in five, or somewhat worse odds than playing Russian roulette with a six-shooter’. A 50:50 chance is like playing Russian roulette with bullets in three chambers. The range of potential mitigation interventions is enormous. A short list would include: reducing fossil fuel extraction; pricing carbon; fostering renewable energy technology, alternative fuels and alternative transport systems and mobility structures; investing in new technology and energy efficiency; encouraging net forestation, changes in rural land use and agricultural practices (management of croplands, grazing lands and soil restoration); managing urban forms and land use; building infrastructure and spatial planning; designing buildings for energy efficiency; and changing consumer behaviour, lifestyle and culture (IPCC 2014c). Some of these will be encountered and analysed in this book. Taking just the first of the list above, research by estimates that the world could emit about 900 gigatonnes (Gt) (billions of tonnes) of CO2 between 2000 and 2050 (of which 17 years have now elapsed) and still have a ‘reasonable’ chance of avoiding 2 °C warming (Ranger and Ward 2013). These figures are far lower than present-day estimates of the carbon embedded in usable reserves – some 2860 Gt, implying that two-thirds of present reserves of coal, oil and gas cannot be mined. This has fostered a new approach to carbon mitigation: to ‘keep the oil in the soil’ (Berners-Lee and Clark 2013). AdaptationAdaptation is defined by the IPCC as ‘the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects’ in both human and natural systems (IPCC 2014c). This process of adjustment differs according to regions and includes: the evolution of agricultural practices adapted to temperature; agroforestry to manage wildfires; land-use changes and settlement relocation; increased efficiency in water management systems; infectious disease control; wetland restoration and the maintenance of coastal landforms; enhanced monitoring, regulation and early warning systems for extreme weather events; stronger flood defences; the development of sustainable cities; and so on. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the numerous actions required for climate conservation that involve human intervention. It lists various mitigation interventions, such as reducing fossil fuel extraction and changing consumer behavior, emphasizing that these tasks cannot be performed solely by AI. By mentioning the need for adaptation and adjustment in human and natural systems, it implies that complete reliance on AI is inadequate in addressing the complexities of climate conservation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Current issue In press All issues About the your paper issue In press All issues About the issue In press All issues About the your paper 2/2018 vol. 58 Stats CC BY-NC-ND 3. 0 Get citation Charred conifer remains from the – of (Germany) 1 ANDRÉ 1,2 More details Hide details 1 und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Taquari – (PPGAD/), Lajeado, do Sul, publication date: 2018-12-24 Publication date: 2018-12-24 2018; 58(2): 175-184 DOI: 1. Abarzúa A. M. , Vargas C. , Jarpa L. , Gutiérrez N. M. , Hinojosa L. F. & Paula S. 2016. Evidence of Neogene wildfires in Central Chile: Charcoal records from the Navidad formation. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclimatol. , Palaeoecol. , 459: 76–85. 2. A. M. B. , Jasper A. & Uhl D. 2012. The record of Triassic charcoal and other evidence for palaeo-wildfires: Signal for atmospheric oxygen levels, taphonomic biases or lack of fuel? Int. J. Coal Geol. , 96–97: 60–71. 3. Kassel (Ed. ) 1928. Braunkohlenbergbau (Festschrift zum 350jährigen Bestehen), Kassel 1928. 4. Bestland E. A. 1987. Volcanic stratigraphy of the Formation in the area of southern Oregon. Oregon Geol. , 49(7): 79–86. 5. Bode H. 1928. zur Entstehung des Fusits. Mitt. Abt. Gesteins-, Erz, Kohle. u. Salzunters. , Preuss. Geol. Landesanst. Berlin, 3: 12–22. 6. Bond W. J. 2015. Fires in the Cenozoic: a late flowering of flammable ecosystems. Front. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about charred plant remains indicating past cooking methods or food preferences. Instead, it largely discusses various studies and publications related to charcoal and wildfires without providing any specific relevance to cooking or dietary practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Role of metformin in epigenetic regulation of placental mitochondrial biogenesis in maternal diabetes. 2020; 10(1): 8314. [ [PMID: 32433500] [206]. Interaction between metformin, folate and vitamin B12 and the potential impact on fetal growth and long-term metabolic health in diabetic pregnancies. 2021; 22(11): 5759. [ [PMID: 34071182] [207] Rönn T, Volkov P, Davegårdh C, et al. A six months exercise intervention influences the genome-wide DNA methylation pattern in human adipose tissue. PLoS Genet 2013; 9(6): e1003572. [ [PMID: 23825961] [208] Aggarwal BB. Targeting inflammation-induced obesity and metabolic diseases by curcumin and other nutraceuticals. Nutr 2010; 30(1): 173-99. [ [PMID: 20420526] [209] Curcumin as an alternative epigenetic modulator: Mechanism of action and potential effects. 2019; 10: 514. [ [PMID: 31214247] & :Health, Lifestyle, and Environment – : 19 Issue: 2 Author(s):. Schwartz* Affiliation: of Pennsylvania, of : Epigenetic modification, developmental programming, maternal environment, maternal metabolic characteristics, diabetes, obesity. Abstract: The incidence of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type two diabetes (T2DM), continues to increase worldwide, and their onset is often attributed to adherence to a western diet and a sedentary lifestyle. However, large variability exists in one's likelihood of developing metabolic dysregulation, illustrating that our understanding of heritability patterns remains poorly understood. Diabetes and obesity are multifactorial diseases, and their onset is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies report a number of alterations in the coding sequence associated with the onset of T2DM and obesity. However, these genes explain only a fraction of the cases, leaving the majority unaccounted for. The missing heritability question implies that other factors are responsible for the onset and development of the disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of environmental factors, specifically maternal environment and lifestyle, in the development of metabolic disorders such as obesity and type two diabetes (T2DM). It mentions that these disorders are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and highlights that large variability exists in the likelihood of developing metabolic dysregulation, thus supporting the idea that gene expression is regulated by lifestyle and environmental factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: This list excludes social adaptation measures such as building social capital and more resourceful communities able to withstand climate impacts. An important distinction between the two policy domains must be noted here (Kolstad et al. 2014): mitigating GHG emissions is predominantly a ‘global public good’, whereas adaptation is more often a private or national good. Gains from adaptation (such as changing a crop to one more heat tolerant, or building flood defences) tend to be realised by the same parties or territories that are incurring the costs. There may be externalities involved, but these tend to be more localised and contemporaneous. 2The case of GHG mitigation is quite different: emissions in any geographical space will affect the global concentration everywhere. There are thus ‘collective action problems’. ‘Incentives for individuals or countries to unilaterally reduce emissions are considerably reduced; free-riding on the actions of others is a dominant strategy … and lack of coordination yields insufficient mitigation’ (IPCC 2014a). Elinor Ostrom’s (1990) research on common pool resources concludes that efficient environmental management is more likely where four conditions hold: the environmental problem is visible; cause and effect relations are understood; the problem is reversible; and management results in clear net benefits to key constituencies. For many decades after the scientific community began to chart global warming none of these conditions applied to mitigating climate change, outside a few pioneers. Awareness of the first two is now growing as conditions worsen (Christoff and Eckersley 2013). to the ‘inner ring’ of Raworth’s (2012) lifebelt, I now summarise international and global efforts to map out the ‘social’ domain. What ‘welfare’ or ‘wellbeing’ consists of is discussed in detail in 0. 7 billion over the past 30 years, despite an increase in the total population of poor countries of about 2 billion. This escape from poverty has been accompanied by unparalleled advances in public health, health care, education, human rights legislation, and technological development that have brought great benefits, albeit inequitably, to humanity. Programme (UNDP) has developed a composite measure, the Index (HDI), that combines measures of health (life expectancy), learning (literacy and education) and resources to meet other basic needs (the log of GDP per head). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that effective climate adaptation and mitigation often involves social and human factors, implying that AI alone cannot address all aspects of climate conservation. It discusses adaptations that require human decision-making, such as changing crops and building flood defenses, indicating that human intervention remains vital despite the potential aid of AI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Plant Sci. , 5: 749. 7. Bond W. J. & Scott A. C. 2010. Fire and the spread of flowering plants in the Cretaceous. New Phytol. , 188: 1137–1150. 8. Brown S. A. E. , Scott A. C. , Glasspool I. J. & Collinson M. E. 2012. Cretaceous wildfires and their impact on the Earth system. Cretaceous Research, 36: 162–190. 9. Cutter B. E. , Cumbie B. G. & McGinnes E. A. 1980. SEM and shrinkage analyses of wood following pyrolysis. Wood Sci. Tech. , 14: 115–130. 10. Davis O. K. & Ellis B. 2010. Early occurrence of sagebrush steppe, Miocene (12 Ma) on the Plain. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. , 160: 172–180. 11. Diessel C. F. K. 2010. The stratigraphic distribution of inertinite. Int. J. Coal Geol. , 81: 251–268. 12. Dolezych M. & van der Burgh J. 2004. an inkohlten Hölzern aus dem (Oberlausitz/ Deutschland). Feddes Repert. , 115: 397–437. 13. Figueiral I. , Mosbrugger V. , Rowe N. P. , Utescher T. , Jones T. P. & von der Hocht F. 2002. Role of for Change and Paleoclimate in the Embayment (Germany). Palaios, 17: 347–365. 14. Gee C. T. 2005. The genesis of mass carpological deposits (bedload carpodeposits) in the Tertiary of the Basin, Germany. Palaios, 20: 463–478. 15. Gerards T. , Damblon F. , Wauthoz B. & Gerrienne P. 2007. Comparison of cross-field pitting in fresh, dried and charcoalified softwoods. Iawa J. , 28: 49–60. 16. Glasspool I. J. , Edwards D. & Axe L. 2004. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a compilation of references and does not specifically address the claim regarding charred plant remains, cooking methods, or food preferences. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Given that the developing fetus is susceptible to the maternal environment, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that maternal metabolic characteristics as well as disruptions to the prenatal environment may induce long-term genetic, phenotypic, and physiologic adaptations in the developing fetus, which could have a permanent effect on its future health. This phenomenon is known as developmental programming and is mediated through epigenetic modifications, which include modulation of gene expressions that do not alter the original deoxyribonucleic (DNA) sequence. Epigenetic modifications are capable of changing gene expression in metabolism-related genes and are accomplished through DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) mechanisms. In this review, we discuss maternal metabolic factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and gestational diabetes (GDM) that lead to epigenetic changes in the offspring and predispose future generations to metabolic abnormalities. We will also describe the association between maternal lifestyle factors and exposure to toxins with epigenetic modulations in the offspring. Lastly, we will provide a brief review of the possibility of using epigenetics as potential interventions and therapeutic modalities to help in early diagnosis and prevention of metabolic disorders. this page × Export File: RIS (for ) BibTeX Text Content: Citation and this 10. 2174/1573399818666220422085016 DOI Print ISSN1573-3998 1875-6417 this journal Call for Papers in Submission closes on : 31 October, 2024 Wound Healing: Mechanisms and recent years, diabetic wounds have become a global health concern with an increase in the incidence of diabetes. Diabetic wounds are a kind of chronic and refractory ulcer. It is generally due to microcirculatory disturbances and reduced levels of endogenous growth factors. Delayed cutaneous wound healing is a chronic. . . read more Guest Editor(s): Dr. Submission closes on : 30 November, 2024 Oxidative and in the Development of Complications Diabetes, along with its associated secondary complications, represents a significant global health challenge, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Unhealthy lifestyle habits, reduced physical activity, environmental pollutants, and stress are pivotal factors in the onset of diabetes, particularly type-2 diabetes. Poorly managed hyperglycemia can lead to various complications, including neuropathy,. . . read more Guest Editor(s): Dr. Kota V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how maternal environment and lifestyle factors, such as obesity and exposure to toxins, can lead to epigenetic modifications. It specifically mentions that these modifications affect gene expression in the developing fetus, which aligns with the claim that epigenetics involves gene regulation influenced by various factors, including the environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: The gender equality goal was achieved and the education goal narrowly missed. However, the health goals were not met. ? The global picture painted so far charts three diverging trends: first, significant progress in some core features of social conditions and human development across the globe; second, rising inequalities; and, third, an as yet uncontrolled accumulation of greenhouse gases that will drive future global warming with significant damaging consequences for habitats and human welfare. The following questions arise:● What are the implications of climate change for future human welfare? ● How will the pursuit of climate stability interact with the pursuit of social improvement? ● Can we achieve some combination of equity/justice and sustainability? These questions lie at the heart of this book. It is interesting that two reports approaching the question from opposite directions come to roughly the same conclusion. The 2005 Assessment (Corvalan et al. 2005) concluded that, over the past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period of time in human history, largely to meet rapidly growing demands for food, fresh water, timber, fibre, ores and fuel. This has resulted in a substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on Earth. There have been substantial net gains in human wellbeing and economic development, but these gains have been achieved at growing costs in terms of the degradation of many ‘ecosystem services’, increased risks of non-linear changes, and the exacerbation of poverty for some groups of people. These problems, unless addressed, seriously threaten future human wellbeing. The 2015 Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission, writing about health and climate change, summarises recent decades of the relationship between welfare and sustainability as follows:We have been mortgaging the health of future generations to realize economic and development gains in the present. By unsustainably exploiting nature’s resources, human civilisation has flourished but now risks substantial health effects from the degradation of nature’s life support systems in the future … In essence, humanity has traded off many of the Earth’s supportive and regulating processes to feed and fuel human population growth and development. Looking ahead, the 2011 UNDP Report presents two simulations of the effect of unmitigated climate change on human development as measured by the HDI (not GDP) (see Figure 1. 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that despite human development and economic gains, there has been significant degradation of ecosystems and an accumulation of greenhouse gases that cannot be remedied without human intervention. The mention of a trade-off between economic development and the health of future generations underscores that human action is essential to address the issues of climate change and the sustainability of our ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire. Geology, 32: 381–383. 17. Glasspool I. J. & Scott A. C. 2010. Phanerozoic concentrations of atmospheric oxygen reconstructed from sedimentary charcoal. Nat. Geosci. , 3: 627–630. 18. Glasspool I. J. , Scott A. C. , Waltham D. , Pronina N. & Shao L. 2015. The impact of fire on the Earth system. Front. Plant Sci. , 6: 756. 19. Goswami P. K. & Deopa T. 2018. Lithofacies characters and depositional processes of a Middle Miocene. system of the Himalayan foreland basin, India. J. Sci. , 162: 41–53. 20. Grebe H. 1953. Beziehungen zwischen Fusitlagen und Pollenführung in der Rheinischen Braunkohle. Pal. Z. , 27: 12–15. 21. Grund H. 1928. Beiträge zum Studium fossiler Holzkohlenbildungen besonders in Braunkohlenlagerstätten. Jahrb. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst. , 49: 1–32. 22. Gürdal G. & Bozcu M. 2011. Petrographic characteristics and depositional environment of Miocene Çan coals, Çanakkale-Turkmey. Int. J. Coal Geol. , 85: 143–160. 23. Heinz I. 2004. und Dokumentation der mikroanatomischen Merkmale der Nadelhölzer aus der Klasse der Pinatae. ünchen, 209 p. ; 24. Herring J. R. 1985. Charcoal fluxes into sediments of the Ocean: the Cenozoic record of burning. In: The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2: natural variations Archean to Present. Geophys. Monogr. , 32: 419–442. 25. Hoetzel S. , Dupont L. , Schefuss E. , Rommerskirchen F. & Wefer G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address cooking methods or food preferences; instead, it discusses various scientific papers and findings related to charcoal and geological studies. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Computational and Research 10. 7554/eLife. 29739 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJanuary 17, 2018 Accepted ManuscriptJanuary 5, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 1,967 views 244 downloads 15 9739. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Materials and methods 0. 1% on average, which would allow the positive selection of gene duplication in populations with moderate/large sizes. This advantage is greater at higher noise levels and intermediate concentrations of the environmental molecule, when fitness trade-offs become more evident. Moreover, we discuss how the genome rearrangement rates greatly condition the eventual fixation of duplicates. Overall, our theoretical results highlight an original adaptive value for cells carrying new-born duplicates, broadly analyze the selective conditions that determine their early fates in different organisms, and reconcile population genetics with evolution by gene duplication. duplication has enthralled researchers for decades due to its link to the emergence of major evolutionary innovations in organisms of ranging complexity (Ohno, 1970). The key aspect to deeply understand this process concerns the early stage, when the fate of the new-born gene is decided (Innan and Kondrashov, 2010). A classical theory predicts the fixation of duplicated genes in the population under neutral selective conditions (i. e. by random genetic drift; Kimura, 1983; Lynch and Conery, 2003). Hence, the loss of the new-born gene is the most common evolutionary fate. Once a duplicate is fixed, it is generally accepted that genetic redundancy leads to relaxed selection constraints over one or both gene copies, which increases the load in mutations (Lynch and Conery, 2000; Keane et al. , 2014). In rare occasions, this evolutionary process leads to the origin of a novel, previously unexplored function by one of the gene copies (Conant and Wolfe, 2008). However, because gene duplication can impose a cost to the cell by requiring additional resources for expression (Wagner, 2005; Lynch and Marinov, 2015; Price and Arkin, 2016), especially in simple organisms, purifying selection could preclude that fixation. Gene duplication can also unbalance tightly regulated pathways that are instrumental for the cell (Papp et al. , 2003; Birchler et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the adaptive value of gene duplication and how various selective conditions influence the fates of such duplicates in populations. It highlights that while gene duplication may impose costs, under certain contexts it can lead to beneficial outcomes, such as the emergence of novel functions, indicating that genetic mutations can indeed be beneficial or neutral depending on environmental factors and evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: The first, the ‘environmental challenge’ scenario, models the adverse effects of global warming on agricultural production, on pollution and on access to clean water and improved sanitation. It suggests that by 2050 the global HDI would be 8 per cent lower than in the baseline case (and 12 per cent lower in and sub-Saharan Africa). A second, even more adverse, ‘environmental disaster’ scenario envisages extensive deforestation and land degradation, dramatic declines in biodiversity and accelerated extreme weather events. Here, global HDI would be some 15 per cent below the baseline. It would lead to a turning point before 2050 in poorer developing countries: their slow convergence with rich countries in HDI achievements would turn into an absolute decline. Global policy responses to this twin threat can be dated back to the 1987 on sustainable development and to the 1992 UN Summit. The former’s famous definition of sustainable development – headlined in 1. 3 Scenarios projecting impacts of environmental risks on human development to 2050But realising all this in practice since the has proved extremely difficult. The discourse of sustainable development has been interpreted as a political construct designed to facilitate a bargain across the deep structural divide between North and South (Vogler 2007). In simplistic terms, the North did not want to recognise the role of high incomes and consumption in climate change, while the South wanted to avoid association with population growth. What was left and could be agreed upon was, as always, technology and the role of human ingenuity in extracting more and more growth with fewer and fewer emissions. Twenty years later at the Rio+20 conference, sustainable development had been displaced by the weaker bridging concept of ‘green growth’: a strategy to decarbonise today’s economies but within a capitalist framework committed to economic growth. The change from ‘sustainable development’ of Rio 1992 marked a shift from an environmental to a more economic discourse (see 1945. Its thematic repertoire ranges from poverty, health, education and inequality through to energy, infrastructure, climate change, marine resources, peace, security and good governance. The goals have been criticised by of the Center for as unmanageable, ‘overwrought and obese’: monitoring progress will be all but impossible and will encourage picking and choosing between the 169 targets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of environmental challenges and the limitations in humanity's ability to apply technology effectively for sustainable development. It highlights that realizing sustainable development has proven extremely difficult, indicating that human intervention is still necessary. The mention of policy responses and the shifts from sustainable development to green growth underscores that technology alone, such as AI, cannot eliminate the need for human judgment and intervention in addressing climate change and its impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: 2013. The role of fire in Miocene to Pliocene C4 grassland and ecosystem evolution. Nat. Geosci. , 6: 1027–1030. 26. Holdgate G. R. , Wallace M. W. , O’Connor M. , Korasidis V. & Lieven U. 2016. The origin of lithotype cycles from Oligo–Miocene brown coals from Australia and Germany. Int. J. Coal Geol. , 166: 47–61. 27. Holdgate G. R. , Wallace M. W. , Sluiter I. R. K. , Marcuccio D. , Fromhold T. A. , Wagstaff B. E. 2014. Was the Oligocene-Miocene a time of fire and rain? Insights from brown coals of the southeastern Basin. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 41: 65–78. 28. Holdgate G. R. , Cartwright I. , Blackburn D. T. , Wallace M. W. , Gallagher S. J. , Wagstaff B. E. , Chung L. i. 2007. coal seam – the last coal in Australia. Int. J. Coal Geol. , 70. 95–115. 29. IAWA Committee. 2004. IAWA list of microscopic features for softwood identification. IAWA Journal, 25: 1–70. 30. Kirchheimer F. 1937. Grundzüge einer Pflanzenkunde der deutschen Braunkohle. 153 pp. , Halle/Saale (Knapp). 31. Korasidis V. A. , Wallace M. W. , Wagstaff B. E. , Holdgate G. R. , Tosolini A. -M. P. & Jansen B. 2016. Cyclicfloral succession and fire in a Cenozoic wetland/peatland system. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclimatol. , Palaeoecol. , 461: 237–252. 32. Korasidis V. A. , Wallace M. W. , Wagstaff B. E. & Holdgate G. R. 2017. Oligo-Miocene peatland ecosystems of the and modern analogues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to the claim regarding charred plant remains indicating past cooking methods and food preferences. Instead, it contains references to various academic studies about geological processes, coal formations, and plant identification, which are unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: , 2005), leading to diseases in complex organisms (Tang and Amon, 2013). A possible rationale that has been long recognized is that those duplicated genes that were fixed in the population immediately contributed with an adaptive value to the organism (Innan and Kondrashov, 2010). Even though, it is still stunningly unclear to what extent natural selection could also take part in the process that drives the fixation, and also initial maintenance, of duplicated genes according to population genetics (Lynch, 2007). Two basic hypotheses have been proposed to explain the selective advantage of duplicated genes. First, a higher gene expression level resulting from duplication could be favorable (Riehle et al. , 2001). This hypothesis requires that the ancestral system (pre-duplication) is far from the optimal operation point; as far as to assert that nearby 100% expression increase is beneficial. This seems plausible in extreme circumstances, but not in routine environments for which the organism should be adapted (King and Masel, 2007). It is then not surprising that many of the reported examples in which a greater gene copy number is favorable relate to sporadic, mainly stressing environments (Riehle et al. , 2001; Gonzalez et al. , 2005). Arguably, if a duplicate were fixed in one of these environments, it would be rapidly removed by purifying selection once the extreme circumstance ceased. Moreover, beneficial single-point mutations occurring in the cis-regulatory region of the gene of interest would be mostly sufficient to face several environmental changes (Wray, 2007). Thus, this model is insufficient to clarify the origin of most duplications, although it could explain some particular cases. Second, the functional backup provided by the second gene copy upon duplication may allow the rapid accumulation of beneficial mutations, either to develop a novel function (Zhang et al. , 1998; Bergthorsson et al. , 2007), or to escape from the conflict of optimizing alternative functions (Hittinger and Carroll, 2007; and Rausher, 2008). The positive selection of these mutations may of course occur, as suggested by the dN/dS values (>1) reported for different genomic sequences (Han et al. , 2009; Fischer et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the adaptive value of duplicated genes in different environmental contexts and how certain mutations can provide a selective advantage or be beneficial, while also mentioning that detrimental mutations could be purged by natural selection in non-extreme environments. It illustrates that genetic mutations, such as gene duplications or single-point mutations, might have varying impacts depending on specific contextual factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: Yet the UN Secretary-General welcomed the agenda by saying it ‘encompasses a universal, transformative and integrated agenda that heralds an historic turning point for our world’ (Fukuda-Parr 2015; Langford 2016). Unlike the MDGs, many targets apply to the North as well as to the South. The agenda is also ambitious: for example, one goal is to abolish poverty by 2030, not to reduce it. The agreement of 193 countries may perhaps signal the emergence of a broader normative consensus. Above all, the SDGs begin to take the social conditions of future generations seriously. Global warming brings intergenerational welfare, equity and justice centre-stage. Failure to counteract it will threaten the wellbeing of future generations, albeit in varied and unequal ways. The 2015 SDG agenda concurs with the 2014 IPCC Report in recognising that some mitigation efforts can and do undermine actions to pursue equity or eradicate poverty: a comprehensive assessment of climate policies means evaluating the sustainability and equity of development pathways more generally (IPCC 2014c: 5). As the (WCED 1987) definition makes clear, it is not acceptable to provide for current welfare at the expense of future welfare. But nor is it acceptable to provide for future welfare at the expense of the current welfare of the poor of the world. The SDG agenda arguably begins the process of relating – if not reconciling – environmental sustainability with social justice. In late 2015 the Paris climate conference (COP) achieved a treaty agreement on several key issues, of which two are worth noting here. First, all states have clearly accepted the ultimate goal of net zero emissions, to be achieved ‘in the second half of this century’. Second, every five years a stocktake will take place showing how far current emissions projections diverge from a 2 °C – and a 1. 5 °C – pathway. Two years after each stocktake, all countries will have to produce, for the subsequent 10- or 15-year period, new targets and plans that are ‘more ambitious’ than the last. Countries’ commitments are not legally binding, but the requirement to improve national plans every five years is legally binding. This architecture is designed to send clear signals to business, investors and governments that the future direction of the global economy is low carbon. The agreement was ratified in November 2016, by which time 55 nations accounting for at least 55 per cent of total global GHGs deposited their 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of human decision-making and intervention in climate conservation efforts. It highlights that while there are goals such as net zero emissions, these require the participation and agreement of various countries, with legally binding commitments to improve plans every five years. This indicates that, rather than AI eliminating the need for human involvement, human policymaking and collective action are crucial for achieving climate targets.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Glob. Planet. Change, 149: 91–104. 33. Kowalski R. 2017. Miocene carpological floras of the Konin region (Central Poland). Acta Palaeobot. , 57: 39–100. 34. Kowalski R. & Fagúndez J. 2017. Maiella miocaenica gen. et sp. nov. , a Genus (Ericeae, Ericaceae) from the Miocene. Int. J. Plant Sci. , 178: 411–420. 35. Krüger P. , Paudayal K. , Wuttke M. & Uhl D. 2017. zur oberoligozänen Makroflora von Norken (Westerwald, Rheinland-Pfalz, W-Deutschland). Mainzer Naturw. Archiv, 54: 65–81. 36. Larson P. R. 1994. The vascular cambium: development and structure. Springer-Verlag, New York. 37. Li S. , Hughes A. C. , Su T. , Anberée J. L. , Oskolski A. A. , Sun M. , Ferguson D. K. & Zhou Z. 2017. Fire dynamics under monsoonal climate in Yunnan, SW China: past, present and future. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 465: 168–176. 38. Mai D. H. 1989. von Castanopsis (D. Don) Spach (Fagaceae) und ihre Bedeutung für die europäischen Lorbeerwalder. Flora, 182: 269–286. 39. Martin H. A. 1996. Wildfires in past ages. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. , 116: 3–18. 40. Masselter T. & Hofmann C. -C. 2005. Palynology and palynofacies of Miocene coal-bearing (clastic) sediments of the Hausruck area (Austria). Geobios, 38: 127–138. 41. Menzel P. 1920. Über hessische fossile Pflanzenreste. Jahrb. Preuss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to charred plant remains or their role in indicating past cooking methods and food preferences. Instead, it appears to be a list of academic references concerning various topics related to plant science and paleoecology without addressing the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: To this end, instead of performing a conventional sequence analysis (top-down approach), we followed a very precise quantitative framework, based on biochemistry, to study the goodness of having a second gene copy for the cell without functional divergence (bottom-up approach). Using a gene of Escherichia coli (lacZ) as a model system from which to apply our theory, we showed, without loss of generality, that the sum of two different, partially correlated responses allows reducing gene expression inaccuracies (Rodrigo and Poyatos, 2016); inaccuracies that are a consequence of the inherently stochastic nature of all molecular reactions underlying gene expression (Raser et al. , 2004; Carey et al. , 2013) and suboptimal gene regulation (Dekel and Alon, 2005; Price et al. , 2013). Here, we considered intrinsic and extrinsic noise sources (Elowitz et al. , 2002), that is, stochastic fluctuations that are specific of a gene and fluctuations that are unspecific, so gene duplication is expected to only buffer intrinsic fluctuations. In turn, cell fitness can weakly increase on average, if such errors in gene expression are costly (Wang and Zhang, 2011); that is, a stochastic fluctuation may take the system far from the optimal operation point if the system is deterministically centered in this point), and then genotypes with duplication can be fixed in the population. We further studied the genetic and environmental conditions that are more favorable for the selection of gene duplication. biochemical view of a fitness trade-off In cellular systems, fitness trade-offs arise because beneficial actions involve costs. Fitness is a complex figure integrating multiple components, so the enhancement of one component (vital attribute) usually comports the reduction of another component (e. g. stress resistance vs. reproductive success; Casanueva et al. , 2012). This is critically revealed when the environment changes, as the relevance of each component mostly depends on the external conditions. Such components can be described in different ways according to the problem. A paradigmatic and simple fitness trade-off emerges when a given enzyme needs to be expressed to metabolize a given nutrient present in the environment (Figure 1a,b,c). On the one hand, the cell growth rate (here taken as a metric of fitness; Elena and Lenski, 2003) increases as long as the enzyme metabolizes the nutrient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the concept of fitness trade-offs in cellular systems, stating that beneficial actions involve costs and that the relevance of various components (like stress resistance versus reproductive success) depends on external conditions. This aligns with the idea that genetic mutations can have different effects depending on the context, as the expression of a given enzyme can influence the cell growth rate, illustrating how mutations may be beneficial in one environment and harmful in another.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: 5 degrees Celsius … and that is way, way too much … The irony is, an agreement like this adopted at the first climate conference in 1995 might have worked. (McKibben 2015)Critical environmentalist (2016) is uncompromising: ‘agreement changes nothing … it treats worst case scenarios as an acceptable 50:50 chance … the targets and promises of the bear no relationship to biophysical or social and economic reality. ’Perhaps the environmental journalist (2015) sums this up best: ‘By comparison to what it could have been, it’s a miracle. By comparison to what it should have been, it’s a disaster. ’change cannot be the basic cause of poverty, ill-health, unmet basic needs and fragile livelihoods; these have existed throughout human history. But the hazards of uncontrolled climate change constitute an epochal ‘threat multiplier’. It will make the pursuit of economic and social needs and rights more difficult and, if global warming exceeds a threshold around 2 °C, then it will overwhelm all attempts to eradicate poverty, let alone provide all peoples with an acceptable level of security and a flourishing life. The goal must be to respect biophysical boundaries while at the same time pursuing sustainable wellbeing: that is, wellbeing for all current peoples and for future generations. An acceptable and sufficient level of human wellbeing also means paying attention to its distribution between peoples. Issues of equity and social justice are central. The social dimension of climate change thus refers to both the average level of human wellbeing in any specific dimension and its just distribution. Both, together with respecting biophysical boundaries, are necessary for ‘sustainable wellbeing’. In summary, the pursuit of wellbeing and social justice is inadequate if it is at the expense of the biosphere and future generations. At the same time, the pursuit of human wellbeing for some while also respecting planetary limits is unacceptable if it is at the expense of global justice and the poor of the world. Similarly, the pursuit of social justice within planetary limits is inadequate if justice is understood solely in procedural terms, such as greater civic rights and Western democracy, while ignoring more material aspects of wellbeing. This book focuses on the interrelation between three goals: wellbeing and social justice within planetary boundaries. It considers what might be done to advance all three together. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that addressing climate change requires recognizing social justice, equity, and the limitations of biophysical boundaries. It argues that sustainable wellbeing cannot solely rely on technological solutions like AI but must also consider human factors, social justice, and long-term implications for future generations. This suggests that human intervention remains crucial in climate conservation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Geol. Landesanst. , 41: 340–391. 42. Mildenhall D. C. 1989. Summary of the age and paleoecology of the. J. R. Soc. New Zeal. , 19: 19–29. 43. Mildenhall D. C. , Kennedy E. M. , Lee D. E. , Kaulfuss U. , Bannister J. M. , Fox B. & Conran J. G. 2014. Palynology of the early : Diversity following destruction. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. , 204: 27–42. 44. Osterkamp I. C. , de Lara D. M. , Gonçalves T. A. P. , Kauffmann M. , Périco E. , Stülp S. , Uhl D. & Jasper A. 2018. Changes of wood anatomical characters of selected species of Araucaria during artificial charring – implications for palaeontology. Acta Bot. Bras. , 32: 198–211. 45. Peñalver E. & Gaudant J. 2010. Limnic food web and salinity of the Bicorb palaeolake (eastern Spain). Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 297: 683–696. 46. Phillips E. W. J. 1948. Identification of softwoods by their microscopic structure. Forest Prod. Res. Bull. , 22: 1–56. 47. Pole M. 2003. climate in the Neogene and implications for global atmospheric circulation. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 193: 269–284. 48. Potonié R. 1929. Spuren von Wald- und Moorbränden in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Jahrb. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst. , 49: 1184–1203. 49. Retallack G. J. 2004. climate and life on land in Oregon within a context of Neogene global change. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 214: 97–123. 50. Ritzkowski S. , Grimm M. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information that directly supports or contradicts the claim regarding charred plant remains indicating cooking methods and food preferences. Instead, it appears to reference various academic works and studies that cover topics related to paleoecology, palynology, and wood anatomical characters, which do not specifically relate to the interpretation of charred plant remains in the context of cooking practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, the enzyme expression produces a cost to the cell (i. e. reduces its growth rate). Therefore, the enzyme expression needs to be very precise to warrant an optimal or near-optimal behavior (cost-benefit analysis). To solve this issue, regulations (mainly transcriptional) evolved to link enzyme expression inside the cell with nutrient amount available in the environment. An example of this paradigmatic system is the well-known lactose utilization network of E. coli (Jacob and Monod, 1961), where lactose (nutrient, environmental molecule) activates, through inhibition of LacI (transcription factor), the production of LacZ (enzyme). We used this model system to apply a theoretical framework (see Materials and methods) in order to reveal the intrinsic adaptive value of gene duplication under a fitness trade-off, as this system has been quantitatively characterized (Dekel and Alon, 2005; Kuhlman et al. , 2007; Eames and Kortemme, 2012). Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Fitness trade-off related to metabolic benefit and expression cost. (a) Scheme of a paradigmatic genetic system, coupling regulation and metabolism, where a given environmental signal determines the physiology of the cell. The environmental molecule can be metabolized by the cell, and it can also activate transcriptionally the expression of enzymes. A particular case is the lactose utilization system of E. coli. (b) Scheme of the same system with gene duplication. (c) Illustrative chart of the fitness trade-off showing four different cellular regimes. When the signal molecule (lactose) is not present in the medium, the expression of the enzyme (LacZ) is not required. However, when the signal molecule is present, the enzyme is required for its metabolic processing. (d) Fitness (W) landscape as a function of lactose (contributing to the benefit, x denotes its concentration) and LacZ (contributing to both the benefit and the cost, y denotes its concentration). This was experimentally determined. x0 denotes the lactose EC50 on LacZ expression, so x/x0 is a normalized lactose concentration. (e) Dose-response curve between lactose and LacZ. The solid line corresponds to the actual regulation (experimentally determined), whilst the dashed line corresponds to a hypothetical optimal regulation (obtained by imposing dW/dy = 0). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the regulatory mechanisms of enzyme expression in relation to environmental conditions, specifically using the lactose utilization system of E. coli as an example. It highlights that the expression of the enzyme LacZ is beneficial when lactose is present, but not required when absent, demonstrating how the impact of genetic mutations (such as gene duplications) can vary depending on environmental context and cellular needs. This aligns with the idea that genetic mutations can lead to beneficial adaptations, neutral situations, or potentially harmful conditions based on external factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI algorithms can restore ecosystems without any external human support or funding. [SEP] Text: But in the practical implementation of a use case, accuracy or business acceptability of a model is defined in many other ways. For example, in credit risk data, a bank would like to optimize and maximize its true positive rates and lower its false positive rates, thus producing huge cost/loss savings that may occur due to false positives. In another scenario, a pharmaceutical company would like to increase its true positive rate and reduce its false negative rate to ensure maximum coverage of its treatment. For the uninitiated, a true positive is a situation when a model predicts an outcome as positive when its actual value in data was true; a false positive is a situation when a model predicts an outcome as positive when its actual value in data was false; and false negative is a situation when a model predicts an outcome as negative when its actual value in data was true. Figure 2: The practical implementation of a use case, accuracy or business acceptability of a model is defined in many ways. In order to define fairness metrics [10], it’s important to understand what is the business asking for. In many cases (given the business objective and modeling approach), it makes sense to choose fairness metrics that put a lot of stress on true positive and false positive only. For instance, in the example we are discussing, it would make sense to optimize “average odds ratio” defined as an average of the difference in false positive rate (FPR) and true positive rate (TPR) for unprivileged and privileged groups and may also look at predictive equality (for FPR where both protected and unprotected groups have equal FPR) (Figure 3). In a few other cases, a secondary metric(s) like “equal opportunity” or “equalized odds” or “predictive parity” can be added to the list in case the primary fairness metrics fail to paint the complete picture. The choice of fairness metrics needs to be defined when the model performance (accuracy) metrics are being defined. Figure 3: Absolute difference in various metrics (and total cost) before and after reweighting for “married. ” As noted, bias detection is a half-baked solution without a remedy. Once you’ve detected bias in any and all stages of the data science lifecycle, it’s worth looking at how to change your approach to algorithms to help ensure fairness in your overall modeling approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various accuracy and fairness metrics in the context of AI models, such as true positive rates and false positive rates. It does not address the ability of AI algorithms to restore ecosystems or the need for human support or funding. Therefore, the text does not provide any information that corroborates or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: & Hottenrott M. 2011. Niederhessische Tertiärsenke. In: Kommission (Eds), Stratigraphie von Deutschland IX. Tertiär, Teil 1. – Schriftenr. Deut. Ges. Geowiss. , 75: 303–343. 51. Roberts D. L. , Scisio L. , Herries A. I. R. , Scott L. , Bamford M. K. , Musekiwa C. & Tsikos H. 2013. Miocenefluvial systems and palynofloras at the southwestern tip of Africa: Implications for regional and globalfluctuations in climate and ecosystems. Earth Sci. Rev. , 124: 184–201. 52. Robson B. , Collinson M. , Riegel W. , Wilde V. , Scott A. & Pancost R. 2015. wildfires in peat-forming environments at Schöningen, Germany. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 437: 53–62. 53. Schindler E. , Uhl D. & Amler M. R. W. 2014. Geomoved to Institute and Museum Frankfurt. Boll. Soc. Paleont. Ital. , 53: 135–136. 54. Schöning M. & Bandel K. 2004. A diverse assemblage of fossil hardwood from the (Miocene? ) of the Arauco Peninsula, Chile. J. South Am. Earth Sci. , 17: 59–71. 55. Schuckmann W. 1925. fossiler Holzkohle. Senckenbergiana, 7: 195–196. 56. Sciscio L. , Tsikos H. , Roberts D. L. , Scott L. , van breugel Y. , J. S. , Schouten S. & Grocke D. R. 2016. Miocene climate and vegetation changes in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa: Evidence from biogeochemistry and palynology. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 445: 124–137. 57. Scott A. C. 2000. The pre-Quaternary history of fire. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various scholarly references about different aspects of paleontology and geology, but it does not address or support the claim regarding charred plant remains indicating past cooking methods and food preferences. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: (f) Sensitivity to changes in lactose dose, either in fitness (dW/dx, solid line) or in LacZ (dy/dx, dashed line), characterizing the nonlinear phenotypic plasticity of the cell. Each curve is normalized by its maximum. This also measures sensitivity to molecular noise. The region where information transfer is high is shaded. Cell fitness increases monotonically with lactose dose (following a Michaelis-Menten kinetics), but presents an optimum with LacZ expression (Figure 1d). This is because lactose does not introduce a cost into the system, but LacZ does. Here, we simply considered a cost function based on LacZ expression (i. e. more expression, more cost), with a marginal cost of 0. 036 in the units of the model (Dekel and Alon, 2005). However, it would be more precise to have a cost function based on lactose permease (LacY) activity (Eames and Kortemme, 2012), another gene in the lac operon in charge of the uptake, rather than on LacZ expression. The regulation of the system appears to be quite accurate, as the actual and optimal dose-response curves roughly match (Figure 1e). By generating different dose-response curves with values of x0 (lactose EC50 on LacZ) between 0. 01 and 1 mM, we found that most of them deviate from the optimal one (p = 0. 02; Euclidean distance as a metric). This entails great phenotypic plasticity of the cell to cope with lactose variations. However, plasticity is not equal for all environmental changes. Whilst the system (in terms of LacZ expression or cell fitness) reaches optimal sensitivity at intermediate doses, it is quite insensitive at very low or very high doses, where lactose-LacZ information transfer falls down (Figure 1f). Gene duplication helps to better resolve the fitness trade-off The LacZ expression in E. coli involves a variety of noisy actions, such as the LacI expression, the LacI-DNA binding, the RNA polymerase-DNA binding, and the transcriptional elongation process (Elowitz et al. , 2002; Raser et al. , 2004; Carey et al. , 2013). The resulting stochastic fluctuations in expression can have an impact on fitness (Figure 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the sensitivity of cell fitness to variations in lactose dose and the phenotypic plasticity of the cell, which implies that changes in genetic expression (e.g., LacZ) can have different effects (beneficial or harmful) depending on the environmental context and the specific conditions of lactose variability. It highlights that while certain gene expressions contribute positively to fitness at moderate doses, they can be detrimental at extreme doses, illustrating the context-dependent nature of genetic mutations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-driven renewable energy systems can replace fossil fuels in every country by 2030. [SEP] Text: We can see that t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level; F-statistic is also significant, which means that the positive relationship between GMST and CDC is robust. R-squared is 0. 91, which means that the changes of atmospheric CDC account for 91% of the rise of GMST. To know the effect of fossil fuel consumption on global warming, we also conduct regression with GMST as dependent variable [6] with global fossil fuel consumption (GFFC) as independent variable [19]. Fossil fuels include oil, gas and coal, the units are exajoules. The time of the data of GFFC is from 1965 to 2022. The outcome is presented in Table 2. We can see that there is a positive relationship between GMST and GFFC, changes in GFFC can account for 90% of the rise in GMST. t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level, F-statistic is also significant. We conduct pairwise Granger causality tests between GMST and GFFC, the outcome indicates that GFFC does Granger cause GMST, while GMST does not Granger cause GFFC. These outcomes indicate that GFFC has intensified the greenhouse effect, and brought about global warming. Table 1. Regression output between GMST and CDC. Note: here C is the intercept. Table 2. Regression output between GMST and GFFC. Note: here C is the intercept. Figure 1 is changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021, the units are ppm [20]. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. We can see that the upward trend of global mean concentration of carbon dioxide is clear from 1959 to 2021, of course, it is full of fluctuation. 4. Disadvantages of Renewable energy has been replacing fossil fuels across the world, but renewable energy has also disadvantage. First, renewable energy is susceptible to weather, which makes them intermittent and unreliable. For example, solar power generators do not work at night, wind turbines cannot generate electricity when the wind speed is lower than the critical values, the hydroelectric facility will generate little or no electricity if the water level is too low and the water flow is slow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the disadvantages of renewable energy, stating that renewable energy systems are intermittent and unreliable due to their dependence on weather conditions. It provides examples such as solar power not functioning at night and wind turbines being ineffective in low wind conditions. This suggests that renewable energy may not be able to fully replace fossil fuels universally by 2030 as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 164: 297–345. 58. Scott A. C. 2010. Charcoal recognition, taphonomy and uses in palaeoenvironmental analysis. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 291: 11–39. 59. Scott A. C. , Bowman D. M. J. S. , Bond W. J. , Pyne S. J. & Alexander M. E. 2014. Fire on Earth: and introduction. Wiley Blackwell, 413 pp. 60. Sluiter I. R. K. , Blackburn D. T. & Holdgate G. R. 2016. Fire and to Mid-Miocene peat mega-swamps of south-eastern Australia: a floristic and palaeoclimatic interpretation. Austr. J. Bot. , 64: 609–625. 61. Smyth H. R. , Crowley Q. G. , Hall R. , Kinny P. D. , Hamilton P. J. & Schmidt D. N. 2011. A Toba-scale eruption in the Early Miocene: eruption, East Java, Indonesia. Lithos, 126: 198–211. 62. Sohn Y. K. , Ki J. S. , Jung S. , Kim M. -C. , Cho H. & Son M. 2013. Synvolcanic and syntectonic sedimentation of the mixed volcaniclastic–epiclastic succession in the. Sed. Geol. , 288: 40–59. 63. Steckhan W. 1952. in Nordhessen. Hess. Lagerstättenarchiv, 1: 212 pp. Hess. Landesanstalt für Bodenforschung, Wiesbaden. 64. Uhl D. , Dolezych M. & Böhme M. 2014. Taxodioxylon-like charcoal from the of Western Bulgaria. Acta Palaeobot. , 54: 101–111. 65. Uhl D. , Schindler T. & Wuttke M. 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information directly related to the claim regarding charred plant remains or their implications for cooking methods and food preferences. Instead, it contains references to various studies and authors in a citation format without discussing the topic of charred plant remains.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Using a simple mathematical model, we simulated the stochastic LacZ expression of the wild-type system for a varying lactose dose (Figure 3a,b). The magnitudes of the stochastic fluctuations were chosen as to end in typical variations of lactose EC50 of 10–100%, up or down, resulting in values of gene expression noise, around 0. 5, compatible with experimental results (Elowitz et al. , 2002). At a given dose, these simulations would correspond to different single-cell responses. We also considered a system with two copies of the lacZ gene, with total expression equal to the previous one-copy system, and simulated its stochastic response (Figure 3c). For the moment, we ensured gene dosage sharing to evaluate in a quantitative way the goodness of having a second gene copy for the cell without invoking the need for more expression. We observed that the system with gene duplication produces a more accurate response (i. e. a response closer to the deterministic one), highlighting the role of gene copy number in noise buffering (Rodrigo and Poyatos, 2016). Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Schematics of cell fitness as a function of gene expression. Fitness function can (a) present a maximum, (b) be flat, or (c) present a minimum. Depending on the local shape, stochastic fluctuations in expression can be costly, beneficial, or neutral. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Selective advantage of gene duplication. (a) Block diagram of the system. Gene expression is calculated by means of a stochastic function, whilst fitness by means of a deterministic one. (b, c) Single-cell responses at different lactose doses (stochastic simulations, noise amplitudes of ηin = 0. 5 and ηex = 0). Lactose and LacZ concentrations are denoted by x and y, respectively. The solid white line corresponds to the deterministic simulation. In b) the genotype contains a single copy of lacZ gene, whilst in c) it contains two copies. The value of mutual information (I) is shown in both cases: 1. 29 bits of information in case of a singleton and 1. 58 bits in case of a duplicate (about 25% increase in fidelity, significance assessed by a z-test, p ≈ 0 with 104 points). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifying that 'stochastic fluctuations in expression can be costly, beneficial, or neutral' depending on the local shape of the fitness function. This directly supports the assertion that genetic mutations, in various contexts, can have beneficial, neutral, or harmful effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-driven renewable energy systems can replace fossil fuels in every country by 2030. [SEP] Text: Second, renewable energy sources are unreliable without large-scale storage facilities, electric fluctuations can damage appliances and cause losses to users, economical and practical energy storage facilities are necessary for the large-scale application of renewable energy. A battery system for an ordinary family is around $5000 or even more. If installing a power storage system is beyond your budget and the power generation system cannot generate electricity due to weather, you will have no power available. Third, renewable energy is currently impractical for the transport and aviation sectors with current technology. The technology for large-scale storage facilities is not mature and it does not have economic advantage. Finally, large dams and reservoirs affect geological structures, generate earthquakes, and alter the ecological environment. Wind power generation increases with the cube of wind speed, therefore wind turbine generators should be installed in areas with high wind speed, such as seashores, plains and mountain passes. If wind farms are far away from cities, transmission lines need to be built to deliver electricity from wind farms to cities, which add cost to wind electricity. Wind power is seasonal, wind turbines Figure 1. Changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. work at full capacity in seasons of strong wind. Wind turbines generate much less electricity in seasons of low wind speed. Wind turbines produce broadband noise, which is harmful not only to birds, but also to human health. Birds are killed if they fly into rotating turbine blades, so rotating wind blades change local habitats and affect certain birds. The embankment of a dam cannot be built anywhere, it must be environmentally sustainable. The construction of a dam generally takes a lot of investment and time. During dry seasons, the water level is low, and the hydro power plant cannot generate electricity at full capacity. Fish habitats are formed by water level, water flow speed, access to food, and the possibility of shelter. Hydro power plants change the ecosystems, and these changes could be disastrous for certain fish species. In fact, building a dam not only change the animal habitats, but also the human habitats. Cities and towns may be wiped off the map when a big hydro power plant is built, people will have to resettle elsewhere. Did the Dam cause the Wenchuan earthquake and the Ya an earthquake? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining significant challenges associated with renewable energy adoption. It discusses the unreliability of renewable energy sources without large-scale storage, the impracticality of current technology for transportation and aviation, and the economic disadvantages of large storage solutions. These points suggest that, due to technological, economic, and ecological issues, AI-driven renewable energy systems may not be viable to replace fossil fuels in every country by 2030.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Paläoökologische Untersuchungen im Oberoligozän von Norken (Westerwald, Rheinland-Pfalz, W-Deutschland) – Erste Ergebnisse. Mainzer naturwiss. Archiv, 48: 115–127. 66. Van der Burgh J. 1973. Hölzer der niederrheinischen Braunkohlenformation. 2. Hölzer der Braunkohlengruben „Maria Theresia“ zu Herzogenrath, „Zukunft West“ zu Eschweiler und „Victor“ (Zülpich Mitte) zu Zülpich. Nebst einer systematisch-anatomischen Bearbeitung der L. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. , 15: 73–275. 67. Visscher G. E. & Jagels R. 2003. Separation of Metasequoia and Glyptostrobus (Cupressaceae) based on wood anatomy. IAWA J. , 24: 439–450. 68. Wedmann S. , Uhl D. , Lehmann T. , Garrouste R. , Nel A. , Gomez B. , Smith K. T. K. & Schaal S. F. K. 2018. The Konservat-Lagerstätte Menat (Paleocene; France) – an overview and new insights. Geol. Acta, 16: 189–213. 69. Williams C. J. , Mendell E. K. , Murphy J. , Court W. M. , Johnson A. H. & Richter S. L. 2008. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of a forest from the western Canadian Arctic. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 261: 160–176. 70. Winkelmolen A. M. 1972. Shape sorting in Lower Oligocene, Northern Belgium, Sed. Geol. , 7: 183–227. 1. Evidence for the repeated occurrence of wildfires in an upper Pliocene lignite deposit from üttmann, Yuzhuang Sun, André Jasper, of CrossRef 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding charred plant remains and their connection to past cooking methods or food preferences. Instead, it provides references to various studies and evidence related to paleoecological investigations and wood anatomy without discussing the implications of charred plant remains in the context of cooking methods or dietary preferences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: (d) Selection coefficient (S) of a genotype with two copies of lacZ gene over another with just one copy. The mean selection coefficient is shown (dashed line). Skewness coefficient of 2. 63. W values calculated from x, y values shown in b, c). (e) Fitness (W) as a function of LacZ (constant x = 0. 2 mM), showing the distributions of expression (boxplots) in case of one or two gene copies. The actual LacZ expression is shown (dashed line). (f) Dose-response curve between lactose concentration and the median LacZ expression (⟨y⟩). The solid lines correspond to the actual responses in case of one (black) or two (gray) gene copies (ηin = 0. 5 and ηex = 0), whilst the dashed line corresponds to the optimal response. (g) Mean selection coefficient (⟨S⟩) landscape of gene duplication as a function of the median lactose dose (⟨x⟩, fluctuating dose) and the amplitude of intrinsic noise (ηin, with fixed ηex = 0. 3). In all these plots, the expression levels of the duplicates with respect to the singletons are equal (ymax,1 = ymax,2 = 0. 5). In addition, we calculated the proposed fitness function for each single-cell response. Small gene expression inaccuracies (e. g. an excess of enzyme for the available substrate) can be perceived as a consequence of a hill-like fitness landscape in terms of the genotype-environment interaction (Figure 1d). To properly compare how each system of study resolves the fitness trade-off, we then calculated the selection coefficient for each response. We found a skewed distribution, peaked at 0 and with a positive mean of 0. 08% (Figure 3d). This entails that phenotypic responses generated by duplicated genes give, on average, higher fitness values than responses generated by singleton genes. To better illustrate this fact, we represented cell fitness as a function of LacZ expression (Figure 3e), uncovering two reasons by which gene duplication is adaptive. In first place, the variance of the stochastic fluctuations (noise) in gene expression is reduced by 50% upon duplication (Wang and Zhang, 2011); when only intrinsic fluctuations are considered). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how gene duplication can lead to adaptive advantages, specifically stating that duplicated genes, on average, provide higher fitness values than singleton genes. This indicates that genetic mutations (in this case, duplications) can be beneficial depending on their context, such as the environment and subsequent fitness outcomes. Additionally, it presents the idea that variations in gene expression contribute to these different fitness landscapes, reinforcing the nuanced impact of genetic mutations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-driven renewable energy systems can replace fossil fuels in every country by 2030. [SEP] Text: 76 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 2. 88 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 2. 79 times. In 2020, renewable energy consumption accounted for 9. 01% of its total primary energy consumption, with an average annual growth rate of 14. 68% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. In 1970, the total global consumption of fossil fuel was 53,381 TWh, accounting for 93. 74% of global total primary energy, and it was 136,761 TWh in 2019, accounting for 84. 32% of primary energy [27]. The average annual growth rate of fossil fuel consumption was 1. 96% from 1970 to 2019. The total global electricity generation from renewable energy sources was 2057. 64 TWh in 1985, and 7492. 51 TWh in 2020, thus, an increase of 2. 64 times, and the average annual growth rate was 7. 55% [28]. Global renewable energy accounted for 6. 81% of primary energy consumption in 1985, and 11. 41% in 2019, thus an increase of 4. 6% [29]. The share of renewable energy in primary energy is small, and the share of fossil fuel in primary energy is much larger, only that renewable energy grows faster than fossil fuel. 5. 2. absorb CO2 in the air and convert it into wood. Therefore, deforestation leads to the rise of CDC and drives the rise of surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. Human activities have raised the concentration of GHG in the air by the use of fossil fuel and deforestation over the past 250 years [7]. There is a strong feedback between the biosphere and solar radiation in moderately wet regions, proper precipitation and solar radiation are conducive to vegetation growth, which in turn enhances heat transfer and increases the thickness of clouds and the height of atmosphere. The feedback between biosphere and solar radiation is globally widespread, they account for up to 30% changes of precipitation and surface radiation [30]. The atmospheric extension can effectively buffer extreme weather such as too cold or too hot, and makes the surface temperature more suitable for human survival. There were 1474. 53 million people in the world in 1880 [31] 7794. 8 million in 2020 [32] an increase of 4. 29 times. From 1950 to 1990, the growth rate of human population is the fastest since the Revolution Industry, with an average annual growth rate of 1. 88% [31]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the current status of renewable energy and fossil fuels. It states that in 2019, fossil fuels accounted for 84.32% of global primary energy consumption while renewable energy sources accounted for only 11.41%. This significant disparity suggests that the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy systems by 2030 is unlikely, given that fossil fuels still dominate energy consumption despite the faster growth rate of renewable energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-nptnm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-04T23:55:08. 394Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false Home >Journals >of Nutrition > >P0. 3 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] oils and fats contain different fatty acid compositions that are associated with cardiometabolic disease risk. Despite their influence on disease outcomes, the types of dietary oils and fats predominately used in Australian households remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of dietary oils and fats in cooking and food preparation in Australia. Adults living in Australia completed a cross-sectional online survey outlining their current household oil and fat use from July to December 2021. The survey was disseminated via social media platforms and included questions about the types of dietary oils and fats used for different cooking methods and the perceived motivators for choosing the main household oil. A total of 1248 participants responded to the survey. Participants were mostly female (91·6 %) aged between 25 and 44 years (56·7 %). The majority of participants (84·5 %) reported using some form of olive oil as their main source of oil for cooking and food preparation. Almost two-thirds of the sample (65·4 %) reported using extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), mainly in raw food preparation (71·5 %) or savoury baking and roasting (58 %). Fewer households reported using rice bran oil (4·6 %), canola oil (4·3 %) and vegetable oil (1·8 %). Almost half of all participants (49·6 %) identified perceived health benefits as the primary motivating factor for their main choice of oil, followed by sensory preference (46·7 %), versatility (10·2 %) and convenience (8·8 %). Australian adults frequently use olive oil, specifically EVOO, as the main oil for cooking and food preparation in the household. oilsOlive oilCookingFood preparationResearch 10. 1017/S0007114522003798 [Opens in a new window] Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study on the types of dietary oils and fats used in cooking in Australia and does not provide information or evidence related to charred plant remains or their significance in indicating past cooking methods and food preferences. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: However, when both intrinsic and extrinsic fluctuations are considered, the variance is reduced by 15–25%. In any case, this increases fitness on average, because the system displays a near-optimal behavior in the deterministic regime, thus fluctuations are costly. In second place, the population response upon duplication is slightly closer to the optimal operation point (Figure 3e,f). The model-based median dose-response curve (corresponding to the experimental response at the population level) is sigmoidal and has a Hill coefficient of 4 (Dekel and Alon, 2005). This results in a slope (LacZ vs. normalized lactose) of 1, calculated as n/4 at x0 (n is the Hill coefficient). This slope is higher than the slope coming from the optimal dose-response curve, which is 0. 47 at x0. However, when duplication is considered (maintaining the same expression levels), the median dose-response curve shows a slope of 0. 75 (corresponding to an effective Hill coefficient of 3) also at x0 (Figure 3f). This is because, in this case, the actual dose-response curve is more nonlinear than the optimal one, a feature that can indeed be amended by genetic redundancy (Gammaitoni, 1995; Rodrigo and Poyatos, 2016). Finally, we calculated how much selection exists, on average, as a two-dimensional function of the magnitude of intrinsic noise and the concentration of lactose in the medium (Figure 3g). This highlights the fundamental link between noise reduction in gene expression and selective advantage (cell fitness). More in detail, we found that the higher the intrinsic noise, the higher the adaptive value of gene duplication. This is because intrinsic noise generates the required heterogeneity between the responses of the two gene copies to limit large stochastic fluctuations in the total gene expression. We also found that there is a maximal adaptive value of gene duplication at intermediate lactose doses, where the sensitivity of the system is the highest (Figure 1f). Out of this regime, the stochastic fluctuations, according to our simple mathematical model, have less impact on the phenotype (Blake et al. , 2006). Gene duplication can be positively selected in a population thanks to more accurate responses If gene duplication enhances cell fitness on average, viz. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how variations in gene expression and duplication can influence fitness, suggesting that genetic changes can lead to adaptive advantages in certain contexts. Specifically, it highlights a link between intrinsic noise in gene expression and the selective advantages bestowed by gene duplication, which implies that genetic mutations may indeed vary in their effects (beneficial, neutral, or harmful) based on the specific situational factors, such as intrinsic noise and nutrient availability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-driven renewable energy systems can replace fossil fuels in every country by 2030. [SEP] Text: (2020) CO2 and Emissions. [18] NOAA (2021) Trends in Dioxide. [19] BP Data (2022) BP of June 2022. [20] NOAA (2023) Trends in Dioxide. . [21] (2023) Earthquake in 2008. Baidu Baike. (2023) April 20th Ya’an Earthquake. [23] Li, J. (2014) Research on the Influence of the Dam on Seismicity in Western Sichuan. School of Automation Engineering, University of and Technology of China, Chengdu. [25] BP Data (2020) BP of June 2020. [26] BP Data (2021) BP of July 2021. [27] Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2021) Consumption from Fossil Fuels, Nuclear and Renewables World. [28] Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2021) Renewable Energy, in Data. [29] in Data (2021) Share of from Renewable Sources. [30]. , Entekhabi, D. , Kolassa, J. , Lee, J. -E. and Gentine, P. (2017) Feedbacks between the Atmosphere and Terrestrial Biosphere. Nature Geoscience, 10, 410-414. [31] Roser, M. , Ritchie, H. and Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2019) Growth. [32] Macrotrends (2021) 1950-2021. [33] FAO and UNEP (2020) of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, Biodiversity and People. Rome. [34] IUCN (2021) of Threatened Species. [35] NCSL (2021) and Goals. [36] Palmer, K. and Burtraw, D. (2005) Impacts of Electricity Restructuring. Discussion Paper: 2005 Resources for the Future. JEL Classification, Numbers: L51, L94, L98. [37] Di Maria, C. and Werf, E. (2008) Revisited: Policy with Change. Environmental and Resource Economics, 39, 55-74. [38] Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2022) Deforestation and Forest Loss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely a list of citations and references related to various studies and publications. It does not present any arguments or information directly addressing the claim about AI-driven renewable energy systems replacing fossil fuels by 2030, and thus does not provide relevant evidence to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Published by Press on behalf of fats have long been investigated in relation to various health and disease outcomes, in particular CVD. Epidemiological evidence from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses suggests that excessive intakes of saturated and trans-fats are associated with higher all-cause mortality and CVD risk(Reference Kim, Je and Giovannucci1,Reference Hooper, Martin and Jimoh2). Much of this early evidence and knowledge on the effects of dietary lipids on outcomes related to CVD risk was derived from the Study(Reference Keys3) which showed that per capita intake of saturated fat, but not total fat, was strongly associated with incidence of CVD and CVD-related mortality. Despite decades of ongoing research and inconsistent findings between saturated fat intake and coronary outcomes(Reference de Souza, Mente and Maroleanu4–Reference Siri-Tarino, Sun and Hu6), limiting saturated fat intake remains almost universally agreed upon across most global food-based dietary guidelines and recommendations for CVD risk reduction(Reference Herforth, Arimond and Álvarez-Sánchez7,Reference Bowen, Sullivan and Kris-Etherton8). In contrast, reductions in cardiovascular events have been strongly observed in studies where saturated fats are replaced with unsaturated fatty acids, which has been demonstrated in several systematic reviews that have included evidence from both observational studies and randomised controlled trials(Reference Hunter, Zhang and Kris-Etherton9–and Keogh12). Given that certain cardiovascular risk factors are modifiable by improving diet quality, the use of dietary oils and fats is of clinical and public health importance. Since dietary oils and fats possess different fatty acid profiles, there is renewed interest in their cardiometabolic health effects. For example, in persons at high CVD risk, investigators from the (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) study(Reference Estruch, Ros and Salas-Salvadó13) reported a 30 % reduction in the risk of a primary cardiovascular event in participants randomised to receive either a Mediterranean diet supplemented with either extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) or nuts over a 5-year period compared to those assigned to a control (low-fat) diet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about charred plant remains indicating past cooking methods and food preferences. Instead, it discusses the relationship between dietary fats and cardiovascular disease (CVD), along with evidence from various studies regarding saturated and unsaturated fats. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: , by reducing gene expression inaccuracies, it would be expected a positive selection of this trait in a population (Kimura, 1983). To verify this assumption, we performed experiments of in silico evolution (see Materials and methods), where a mixed population of cells carrying singletons and duplicates was monitored, considering equal LacZ expression in both types of cells (Figure 4a). The population was left to evolve without introducing any bias, with time-dependent stochastic fluctuations in gene expression uncorrelated from cell to cell. For simplicity, we simulated a scenario of experimental evolution (Elena and Lenski, 2003; Dekel and Alon, 2005), although the dynamics in nature might be more complex. We found that the frequency of cells carrying duplicates in the population increases with time, and that such an increase is well predicted by population genetic dynamics with the mean selection coefficient (Figure 4b). Notably, this points out that this parameter, which can be mathematically calculated a priori, is sufficient to capture all the complexity underlying the stochastic evolutionary dynamics of the system (Hegreness et al. , 2006). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset In silico evolution experiments. (a) Scheme of an evolutionary procedure, where serial dilution passages are applied, to assess the performance in a cell population of a genotype with two copies of lacZ gene over another with just one copy. (b) Time-dependent frequency of cells with gene duplication (f). Open circles and error bars correspond to experiments of in silico evolution (mean and standard deviation of three replicates) with an initial frequency of f0 = 0. 5, fluctuating lactose dose, and noise levels of ηin = 0. 5 and ηex = 0. The solid line corresponds to the theoretical prediction. (c) f at 1000 generations (f1000) as a function of the amplitude of intrinsic noise (ηin). Experiments and prediction with f0 = 0. 5 and ηex = 0. The dashed line corresponds to the theoretical prediction with ηex = 1. (d) f1000 as a function of the median lactose dose (⟨x⟩). Experiments and prediction with f0 = 0. 5, ηin = 0. 5 and ηex = 0. 5. (e) f1000 as a function of the lactose fluctuation amplitude (Δx). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how gene duplication in a population can lead to positive selection over time, which indicates that genetic mutations can indeed be beneficial. It describes in silico evolution experiments where the frequency of cells with gene duplication increases, suggesting a beneficial context for this mutation. This aligns with the claim that genetic mutations can have varied effects depending on the specific circumstances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-driven renewable energy systems can replace fossil fuels in every country by 2030. [SEP] Text: Saccharomyces is a yeast that feeds on sugars and can be found on fruit, such as on the skin of grapes. Interestingly, this yeast has been domesticated to make the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as brewers’ or bakers’ yeast. Propionibacterium are present in a wide variety of environments. Alan and his team are most interested in are those found in dairy products such as cheese. Ultimately, Alan and his team are interested in finding a means of overcoming our reliance on fossil fuels and are therefore investigating microbes as an alternative. “In our projects, Saccharomyces is used for the production of ethanol, whether that be for wine or for biofuels,” explains Alan. “Propionibacterium makes propionic acid, which can be used to keep yeast fermentations free from bacterial contamination. ” ’? The most obvious challenge is the production of ethanol by yeast. The hand gels we use in hospitals all contain ethanol, which helps to kill microbes – the ethanol breaks down the thin membrane around cells and kills them. This is something that Alan and his team are battling with. “When the yeast produces the ethanol, it is killed at an alcohol content of 15%-16%, which explains why wine doesn’t ferment to a higher concentration,” explains Alan. “We would like to have yeast that is able to tolerate higher concentrations, both for the production of biofuels in a more cost-effective manner and also to add into fermentations, such as the secondary fermentation that champagne undergoes in the bottle. ” ’? Yes! The team has been working on a variety of different stresses that affect the cell membrane and they now understand the effects that ethanol and butanol, another type of alcohol, have on membranes at the molecular level. This allows the team to design strains that have the potential to be more resistant – these will be tested later this year, which could lead to some exciting results in the near future. ? The short answer is soon and everywhere! points out, for decades, microbes were used to produce compounds such as butanol before fossil fuels took over. In many ways, the work of biochemists is to get back to where we once were, but the only way of doing that is to match the effectiveness and efficiency of fossil fuels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the challenges in replacing fossil fuels with alternative methods. It highlights that while there are ongoing research efforts to explore microbial alternatives for reducing reliance on fossil fuels, such as the use of Saccharomyces for ethanol production, there are significant hurdles to overcome. These challenges include the limitations of yeast in producing sufficient ethanol and the need to match the effectiveness and efficiency of fossil fuels, suggesting that a complete transition by 2030 may not be feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: There is also great interest and controversy in the consumption of dairy fats (a source of saturated fat) and CVD risk(Reference Bhupathi, Mazariegos and Cruz Rodriguez14–Reference Astrup, Geiker and Magkos17). An important aspect of such controversies is that individual variations in fatty acids may have different metabolic pathways and cardiometabolic health outcomes. For example, compared with a variety of plant-based oils, there is meta-analytic evidence to support that olive oil modulates blood lipid profiles, in particular, by decreasing total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and increasing HDL-cholesterol(Reference Ghobadi, Hassanzadeh-Rostami and Mohammadian18). In other meta-analyses, olive oil consumption has been inversely associated with diabetes risk, improvements in endothelial function and attenuation of inflammatory biomarkers(Reference Schwingshackl, Christoph and Hoffmann19,Reference Schwingshackl, Lampousi and Portillo20). As such, the potential cardiometabolic benefits of olive oil may in part be due to its predominant fatty acid composition of oleic acid and extends beyond the modulation of plasma lipids and lipoproteins alone(Reference Kris-Etherton21). Furthermore, the plant-based omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid α-linolenic acid, a precursor for the long-chain n-3 PUFA, has also been associated with improved cardiometabolic health outcomes in both observational studies and randomised controlled trials(Reference Bork, Lundbye-Christensen and Venø22–Reference Tindall, Petersen and Skulas-Ray26) as well as the attenuation of inflammatory mediators(Reference Caughey, Mantzioris and Gibson27). In a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Amiri et al. (Reference Amiri, Raeisi-Dehkordi and Sarrafzadegan28) showed that compared with other edible plant-based oils, canola oil (characterised by its high MUFA and α-linolenic acid composition) significantly improved cardiometabolic risk markers including TC, LDL-cholesterol, TC//HDL and apolipoprotein B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the cardiometabolic health benefits of various plant-based oils and fatty acids, with no mention of charred plant remains, cooking methods, or food preferences. The focus is primarily on the health implications of consuming specific oils rather than any historical or archaeological context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: In the particular case of the lacZ gene, we have a formation rate of 3·10−4 dup. /gene/gen. and a deletion rate of 4. 4·10−2 -/gene/gen. (in a single bacterial cell; data for Salmonella enterica). Therefore, gene duplication can be understood as a recurrent process that reaches an equilibrium point given by the ratio between the formation and deletion rates (Figure 5a), neglecting fitness effects. This equilibrium point would be lower if fitness effects (mostly detrimental) were considered. This entails about 2·105 cells carrying lacZ duplicates in a typical E. coli population of 2·108 cells in nature (Lynch et al. , 2016; that is, frequency of about 0. 1%). This surprising scenario has an immediate consequence, viz. , duplicated genes cannot be fixed in the population by drift under neutral selective conditions (Figure 5b); a result already anticipated (Clark, 1994) in clear discrepancy with the conventional wisdom (Lynch, 2007). Indeed, the formation-deletion balance would always take the system to the same equilibrium point. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Gene duplication leading to double expression. (a) Scheme of the formation-deletion balance in gene duplication. (b) Time-dependent frequency of cells with gene duplication (f) when the formation and deletion rates of a second lacZ copy are considered. Sequence remodeling was not taken into account. The solid line corresponds to a scenario of neutrality, whilst the dashed line corresponds to a scenario of positive selection (with S = 10%). (c) Schematics of fitness as a function of expression showing the effect of gene duplication. Two scenarios are considered: deleterious duplication (left; hill-like fitness landscape) and nearly neutral duplication (right; quasi-flat fitness landscape). (d) Mean selection coefficient (⟨S⟩) as a function of lactose dose upon lacZ duplication doubling gene expression (ymax,1 = ymax,2 = 1). The solid line corresponds to noise levels of ηin = ηex = 0. 3 (moderate), whilst the dashed line corresponds to ηin = ηex = 1 (high). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various outcomes of gene duplication, such as neutrality and detrimental effects. It describes scenarios where duplication can have neutral selective conditions or deleterious implications, thereby supporting the notion that genetic mutations, including duplications, can have different effects based on the context in which they occur.