Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 1a; CSed: 18990 kJ/rat; CEx: 19380 kJ/rat; CafSed: 49234 kJ/rat; CafEx: 53485 kJ/rat). When energy intake was stratified into pre- and during-exercise intervention, a significant interaction between time and diet was observed (Fig. 1b; F (1, 12)=9. 42, p = 0. 01) which appeared to be due to increased cafeteria diet intake while rats were exercising, although this comparison did not reach statistical significance. Significant interactions between time and diet were also identified for fat and carbohydrate intakes (1A; F (1, 12)=5. 92, p = 0. 032 and 1C; F (1, 12)=6. 83, p = 0. 023 respectively) where both macronutrient intakes increased in the cafeteria-fed rats during exercise. Protein intake, while unaffected by time or exercise, was elevated by cafeteria diet (1B; F (3, 12)=24. 06, p < 0. 001). Sucrose intake increased over time (1D; F (1, 6)=51. 90, p < 0. 001) but was not affected by exercise. Fig. 1Short-term treadmill exercise reduces body weight gain and fat mass and alters WAT expression without affecting energy intake. a Energy intake over the study and b average weekly energy intake before and during treadmill exercise intervention. c Body weight of the study and d body weight gain during treadmill exercise intervention. e Fat mass (as a percentage of body weight) and f absolute lean mass; Data expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 4 for cage data, n = 11–12 for individual data; data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-adjusted post-hoc testing. ap < 0. 05 relative to CSed, bp < 0. 05 relative to CEx, cp < 0. 05 relative to CafSedFull size imageAll rats gained body weight over time (Fig. 1c) and cafeteria-fed rats gained significantly more than chow-fed controls prior to (F (1, 44)=61. 54, p < 0. 001) and during (Fig. 1d; F (1, 44)=57. 70, p < 0. 001) exercise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that dietary changes influence energy intake and macronutrient consumption, which are factors related to microbiome composition. The statistical significance in interactions between time and diet suggests a relationship between dietary habits and bodily changes, which implies that diet does indeed affect microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: With the continuous development of the power market and the increasingly fierce competition, the requirements for financial management of electric power enterprises are also increasing. The information management model based on the multiobjective optimization algorithm we built provides more comprehensive and accurate financial analysis and decision support for electric power enterprises. Through the extensive study of historical and real-time data, the model can provide more accurate financial risk assessment and early warning for electric power enterprises, thus significantly enhancing financial risk management ability. This enhancement of risk management ability helps power enterprises achieve sustainable development, promotes technological innovation, and upgrades the entire power industry. By optimizing the management of power financial information, we can improve the rationality of resource allocation and the competitiveness and development level of the power industry. In this study, we design the objective function based on three key objectives: fuel cost, active network loss, and voltage quality of the power system. This design method not only helps us understand the complexity of power financial information management more profoundly but also can optimize the allocation of resources, such as material, financial, and other vital resources. In this way, we support the intelligent development of power financial information management, laying a solid foundation for the future development of the power industry. Considering that only three algorithms were chosen for improvement and problem-solving, as the number of objectives expands, it becomes imperative to delve into novel enhancements for intelligent multiobjective optimization algorithms. This exploration aims to guarantee robust convergence and distribution in these algorithms. At the same time, power financial information management is a continuous process that must be dynamically adjusted and optimized according to the actual situation. Therefore, we will discuss the effect of other intelligent algorithms to solve the multiobjective problem of the power financial system in the future and update and optimize management strategies in real-time according to the changes in the power market, policy adjustments, and other factors to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of the power financial information. study focuses on enhancing the multiobjective differential evolutionary algorithm concerning optimizing fuel cost, active network loss, and voltage quality within the power financial system. To address this, mathematical models corresponding to each objective have been formulated. Equation and inequality constraints are introduced, with state variables constrained through penalty functions. The differential evolutionary algorithm is then applied for refinement, optimizing the algorithm’s parameters considerably. Subsequently, experiments utilizing standard test functions are conducted, showcasing the algorithm’s enhanced performance resulting from these refinements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses financial management and optimization within the context of the electric power industry. It elaborates on algorithms for financial analysis and does not address any aspects of natural selection or evolution. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the role of natural selection in evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health awareness campaigns often include resources for support and treatment. [SEP] Text: ” They also allowed them to develop regular daily routines and practice new skills. Recording and tracking were valued by participants because they provided insights into patterns of behavior, helped to quantify moods, and generally helped to keep track of progress and assess whether their behavior was changing. Participants for whom relaxation features were important, valued their help in dealing with stress and calming down before sleep. Previous research has suggested that factors including customization, interactive features, peer support, and input from professionals may be important in supporting engagement with mental health technologies [55]. When asked about their attitudes to these types of features available in the apps, participants reported that all except peer support were important or very important to them (see Table 3). A majority of participants reported using the apps at least once per week (43/63, 68%), with 32% (20/63) of the participants using them daily. Others reported using apps for a limited period (7/63, 11%), with frequency of use decreasing over time (4/63, 11%). A few participants (4/63, 11%) reported using the apps only when needed (eg, when stressed or unable to sleep). When asked how they remembered to use the app, 48% (30/63) of the participants said they did it in response to events or sensations (eg, to stop a panic attack or reduce anxiety). In addition, 29% (18/63) of the participants said it was a part of their daily routine, and 13% (8/63) of the participants reported using the app automatically; 32% (20/63) of the participants reported receiving reminders. Although a majority of the participants (41/63, 65%) reported using apps for more than 3 months at the time of survey, 35% (22/63) of the participants said that they had already stopped using them. The most common reason for abandoning the apps was getting bored (8/22 participants, 36%), finding a better way to support mental well-being (6/22, 27%), and not needing the app anymore (4/22, 18%). Table 3. Respondents’ attitudes toward aspects of smartphone apps that can influence engagement with technology (N=63). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how participants in the study value features of mental health apps that help with daily routines, tracking behaviors, and managing mental health. These aspects point towards the usefulness of mental health technologies as resources for support and treatment, aligning with the idea of mental health campaigns providing such resources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Exercise significantly reduced weight gain overall (F (1, 44)=8. 97, p = 0. 004). THSD post-hoc comparisons showed that compared to CSed and CEx, CafSed (p < 0. 001 and p < 0. 001) and CafEx (p = 0. 038 and p < 0. 001) gained significantly more weight over the exercise intervention. Of note, CafSed rats gained significantly more weight than CafEx rats over the exercise intervention (p = 0. 043). Body composition data following 4 weeks of treadmill exercise showed that relative fat mass was significantly increased by cafeteria diet (Fig. 1e; F (1, 44)=154. 58, p < 0. 001; absolute fat mass presented in Table 1) and reduced by exercise (F (1, 44)=6. 35, p = 0. 015). THSD post-hoc comparisons revealed that relative fat mass in both cafeteria-fed groups were significantly greater than both chow-fed groups. Lean mass however showed only an overall diet effect (Fig. 1f; F (1, 44)=27. 34, p < 0. 001) with significantly more lean mass in cafeteria-fed rats than chow-fed rats. Table 1 Anthropometric measures at tissue collection and plasma measuresFull size tableCafeteria diet also increased naso-anal length, girth, plasma insulin and triglycerides, with no effect of exercise (Table 1). Plasma leptin levels were significantly increased by diet (F (1, 43)=185. 1, p < 0. 001) and reduced by exercise (F (1, 43)=4. 64, p = 0. 037). Unfasted blood glucose did not differ between groups (Table 1). In line with plasma leptin, retroperitoneal and epidydimal fat pad weights were significantly greater in cafeteria- than chow-fed rats (F (1, 44)=90. 21, p < 0. 001 and F (1, 44)=161. 41, p < 0. 001 for retroperitoneal and epidydimal fat pads respectively), and were significantly reduced by exercise overall (F (1, 44)=5. 73, p = 0. 021 and F (1, 44)=4. 92, p = 0. 032 for retroperitoneal and epidydimal fat pads respectively) (1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that a cafeteria diet significantly increased fat mass, plasma insulin, and triglycerides while reducing these parameters through exercise. The variations in body composition due to different diets indicate that changing one's diet has a profound impact on body composition and related metabolic markers, thereby implying potential effects on microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: frontiers of the power system’s two-dimensional and three-dimensional objective spaces are computed for each algorithm. Comparative analysis between the improved differential evolution algorithm and its predecessor demonstrates the superior efficacy of the refined approach. The experiments validate each algorithm’s effectiveness in resolving the multiobjective optimization challenges within the power financial system. This is the code DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 2023/supp-1 Information and Hu is employed by the. and are employed by the. The employer has no issues to publish this 10. 5281/zenodo. 3263796. The code is available in the Supplementary Files. authors received no funding for this work. 2022. A multiobjective optimization algorithm for feature selection problems. Engineering with Computers 38(Suppl 3):1845-1863. 2019. Constrained multiobjective optimization algorithms: review and comparison with application in reinforced concrete structures. Computing 83:105631. 2021. A survey on the artificial bee colony algorithm variants for binary, integer, and mixed integer programming problems. Computing 106:107351. 2023. Applications of energy storage systems in enhancing energy management and access in microgrids: a review. Energies 16(16):5930. 2022. Fuzzy clustering algorithm based on improved global best-guided artificial bee colony with new search probability model for image segmentation. Sensors 22(22):8956. 2023. Numerical investigation and Pareto optimization on performance, emission, and in-cylinder reforming characteristics for a two-cylinder reciprocating engine with COx-free fuel. of 48(27):10272-10287. 2022. Research on hybrid flow-shop scheduling based on INSGA-II algorithm. In: Proceedings of the 2022 4th international conference on robotics, intelligent control, and artificial intelligence. 1111-1116. 2022. A unit commitment model for optimal vehicle-to-grid operation in a power system. of & 141:108094. 2021. Retracted: green intelligent financial system construction paradigm based on deep learning and concurrency models. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 33(12):e5784 Fu HC, Liu P. 2019. A multiobjective optimization model based on a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. of 18(3):510-520 Gad GA, Ahmed G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection and species evolution; instead, it discusses various algorithms and their effectiveness in multiobjective optimization challenges within power systems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health awareness campaigns often include resources for support and treatment. [SEP] Text: Nearly half of the participants (17/38, 45%) reported that they logged in when they had a question or wanted to discuss something, and 42% (16/38) of the participants said they did that in response to events or sensations (eg, to stop a panic attack or reduce anxiety). A total of 66% of the participants (25/38) reported still using the discussion forums and social media at the time of the survey. Many participants also reported using discussion forums and social media over extended periods, with 58% (22/38) of the participants using them for over 6 months and 40% (15/38) of the participants using them for over 1 year. In contrast, 13 participants reported stopping using the site before the study, most commonly as they did not think they needed it anymore (6/13). Use of Websites and Web-to Well-BeingA total of 35% (28/81) of the participants reported using websites and Web-based programs to support their mental well-being. However, it is important to note that only 1 participant used websites and Web-based programs in isolation, with all others using them in combination with apps or social media. A full list of websites and Web-based programs reported by the participants is available in Multimedia 4. The sites mentioned most often were MoodGYM (5/28, 18%), Headspace (3/28, 11%), NHS Direct (2/28, 7%), and Wall (2/28, 7%). Below, we describe the key findings; full usage trends are available in Multimedia 3. In total, 46% (13/28) of the participants who reported using a website or a Web-based program were still using the site at the time of the survey, whereas 54% (15/28) of the participants had stopped doing so. The most common reason for stopping was finding a better way to support their mental health (7/15, 47%) or not needing the site’s support anymore (4/15, 27%). Regardless of whether they still used the sites, a majority of participants (20/28, 71%) reported using them primarily to find out how to deal with stress, anxiety, etc on a daily basis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating that participants utilize websites and web-based programs as resources to support their mental well-being, often reaching out during distressing times, such as panic attacks or anxiety. Specifically, 35% reported using these platforms for support, highlighting the presence of resources aimed at mental health, which aligns with the purpose of awareness campaigns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Microbial species diversity and microbiome compositionMicrobial species diversity was assessed using Shannon’s diversity index, microbial species richness and microbial species evenness. Shannon’s diversity and evenness were significantly reduced by cafeteria diet overall (F (1, 44)=5. 202, p = 0. 027; Fig. 2a and f (1, 44)=8. 278, p = 0. 006; Fig. 2c respectively) and THSD post-hoc comparisons showed that CafEx rats exhibited reduced evenness relative to CEx (p = 0. 017) and reduced Shannon’s diversity relative to CSed (p = 0. 040). No significant differences were observed for bacterial species richness (Fig. 2b). Fig. 2Impact of cafeteria diet and treadmill exercise intervention on fecal microbiota and inferred microbiome function at 7 weeks. a Shannon’s diversity, b microbial species richness and c evenness. Data expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 11–12; data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-adjusted post-hoc testing. d Non-metric multidimensional scaling (Bray-Curtis, 1000 permutations) showing similarity between fecal microbiota samples at 7 weeks. e Muribaculum_OTU72 identified by DESeq2 (adjusted p < 0. 05) as differentially abundant with exercise in chow-fed rats. f Relative abundance of OTU72 at 7 weeks. Data expressed as box-and-whisker plots (min, IQR, max); n = 11–12; data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by non-parametric Dunn-Bonferroni post-hoc testing. g Amino acid metabolism, h overall energy metabolism, i D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism and j one carbon pool by folate predicted using from fecal microbiome data at 7 weeks. Data are expressed as box-and-whisker plots (min, IQR, max); n = 11–12; were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis tests (FDR-adjusted overall p-value to account for multiple relevant pathways included in analysis) followed by non-parametric Bonferroni-Dunn post-hoc comparisons. Post-hoc symbols: ap < 0. 05 relative to CSed, bp < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that a cafeteria diet significantly reduced microbial species diversity and evenness in rats, which implies that dietary changes can affect microbiome composition. The statistical results and analyses mentioned, such as a significant reduction in Shannon’s diversity and evenness, indicate a direct impact of diet on the microbiome, countering the claim that diet has no effect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 2022. P2019. State-of-the-art hosting capacity in modern power systems with distributed generation. 130:1002-1020 Kaya S, Gümüşçü. 2021. Solution for flow shop scheduling problems using chaotic hybrid firefly and p2021. Solving the dynamic weapon target assignment problem by an improved multiobjective p2019. Handling constrained multiobjective optimization problems with constraints in both the decision and objective spaces. IEEE Transactions on 23(5):870-884. 2019. Nsga-net: neural architecture search using multiobjective genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. 419-427. 2021. Non-dominated Algorithm (NSGA-III) for effective resource allocation in the cloud. 14:759-765 Peng Y, Ishibuchi H. 2020. A decomposition-based large-scale multi-modal multiobjective optimization algorithm. In: 2020 IEEE Congress on (CEC). Piscataway. IEEE. 1-8. 2020. MOSMA: multiobjective slime mold algorithm based on elitist non-dominated sorting. IEEE Access 9:3229-3248 Risi BG, Riganti-Fulginei F, Laudani A. 2022. Modern techniques for the optimal power flow problem: state of the art. Energies 15(17):6387. 2023. Novel heuristic optimization technique to solve economic load dispatch and economic emission load dispatch problems. Electronics 12(13):2921 Sohail SA, Ayesha. 2023. Genetic algorithms in the fields of artificial intelligence and data sciences. Annals of 10(4):1007-1018 Wang GG, Wang G-G, Gao D, Pedrycz W. 2022. I am solving a multiobjective fuzzy job-shop scheduling problem using a hybrid adaptive differential evolution algorithm. IEEE Transactions on 18(12):8519-8528. 2019. Application of NSGA-II algorithm for fault diagnosis in power system. 175:105893. 2020. Smart energy systems: a critical review on design and operation optimization. and Society 62:102369. 2020. Comprehensive overview of meta-heuristic algorithm applications on PV cell parameter identification. and Management 208:112595. 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on various scientific articles related to algorithms, power systems, and optimization techniques without discussing natural selection or evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: “they made it clear that it was pre-approved and you didn’t need to talk to your manager, you can, you can just do it” (female participant, Org14); and the convenience of the intervention (e. g. “you didn’t have to go and get changed or do anything out of the ordinary, it was just go in your work clothes. ” male participant, Org14). EffectivenessThe size and significance of the intervention effects varied between organisations (Table 3). The study was not powered to detect changes at the organisational level, and t-tests revealed significant differences in some organisations between the baseline productivity and pain scores of participants who did and did not submit data at 12 weeks and 12 months (reported in the Supplement, Additional file 1:Table S2). In brief, participants completing the week 12 and 12 month surveys in some organisations had significantly higher or lower baseline productivity loss than those who didn’t complete the surveys, while baseline neck pain did not differ between participants who did and did not submit survey data, with the exception of Org14, where people who submitted week 12 data reported significantly higher neck pain (2. 1) at baseline than those who did not. Consequently, the results presented here should be treated with caution. For productivity loss, results are reported here as cost in days (per 28 days) rather than the monetised cost due to variations in mean participant income between organisations. The change to cost in days (per 28 day period) to each organisation of both sickness absenteeism and presenteeism (at work, but performing at a reduced capacity) ranged from − 0. 2 (Org9) to 0. 4 days (Org2, Org3 and Org11) for all participants at 12 weeks (− 0. 3 (Org7 and Org11) to 0. 4 days (Org4) for EET participants); and from − 0. 2 days (Org4) to 0. 5 days (Org2 and Org3) for all participants at 12 months (− 0. 4 (Org7) to 0. 4 days (Org4) for EET participants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting data regarding productivity loss and absenteeism reductions across various organizations, suggesting intervention benefits. For example, the change in costs related to absenteeism and presenteeism shows varying degrees of improvement (from − 0.2 to 0.5 days) across different organizations, indicating a potential positive effect of workplace mental health programs on productivity and absenteeism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 05 relative to CEx, cp < 0. 05 relative to CafSedFull size imageMicrobiome composition at the OTU level was significantly affected by diet (Pseudo-F (1, 32)=12. 17, p = 0. 030) and cage (Pseudo-F (3, 32)=1. 55, p = 0. 006) but not by exercise when assessed using 4-way (999 permutations) and confirmed with non-metric multidimensional scaling (Fig. 2d). 2 shows groups differences in microbiome composition at the Phylum level. DESeq2 analyses were used to identify OTUs differentially enriched with exercise exposure amongst the top 200 OTUs. While exercise was not associated with differentially expressed OTUs in cafeteria-fed rats, Muribaculum_OTU72 was significantly depleted in CEx rats relative to CSed (Fig. 2e, relative abundance in Fig. 2f; this OTU was originally classified as Akkermansia when aligned with the RDP reference library). Muribaculum_OTU72 was putatively identified as an unknown bacterium from the genus Muribaculum using SINA Aligner (97. 6% alignment identity). Predicted microbiome functionTo determine whether the subtle microbiome composition changes observed with exercise affected microbiome function, we inferred microbiome function using. Following an FDR correction, amino acid metabolism (Fig. 2g; H (4)=16. 3, p = 0. 001), overall energy metabolism (Fig. 2h; H (4)=12. 64, p = 0. 006), D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism (Fig. 2i; H (4)=14. 58, p = 0. 002) and one carbon pool by folate (Fig. 2j; H (4)=11. 44, p = 0. 010) exhibited overall group differences. Amino acid metabolism was significantly elevated in CafEx relative to CSed (p < 0. 001) and CafSed (p = 0. 023) rats while the 3 other processes were significantly elevated in both exercised groups relative to CSed. WAT and hypothalamic gene expressionExamination of WAT inflammatory signaling and browning genes (Fig. 3a) revealed a significant interaction effect for Ucp1 (F (1, 40)=4. 41, p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that diet significantly affected the microbiome composition at the OTU level, with statistical analysis indicating a significant Pseudo-F value (Pseudo-F (1, 32)=12.17) and a p-value of 0.030, suggesting that dietary changes do impact microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: They proposed that a comparison of fitness between reciprocal backcross genotypes across environments could separate ecological from intrinsic causes for extrinsic postzygotic isolation. This is because reciprocal backcross genotypes carry roughly the same number of crossbred loci, but differ in the proportion of locally adapted genes from each source population. As a consequence, reciprocal backcrosses are predicted to switch fitness ranks across environments, with the backcross populations having higher fitness in the conditions of the parent with which it is most closely related. Conceptually, this test states that strength of ecological extrinsic postzygotic isolation is a function of the proportion of locally adapted genes that individuals carry when exposed to that environment. F1 hybrids are expected to display intermediate fitness compared to parentals, but as mentioned before, heterosis can obscure this signal. On the other hand, if intrinsic genetic incompatibilities are the predominant drivers of extrinsic reproductive isolation, there should be no switch in fitness rank, and F1 hybrids should show lower fitness than their parents. This is because fitness reductions arising from genetic incompatibilities should be independent of the specific environmental conditions to which hybrids are exposed (Lynch 1991; Rundle and Whitlock 2001; Rundle and Nosil 2005). Note that in experiments where only parental types and F1 hybrids are exposed to natural and laboratory conditions, distinguishing ecological from intrinsic causes of extrinsic postzygotic isolation is not possible (Coyne and Orr 2004). Although a few laboratory experiments have used Rundle and Whitlock's approach to examine the evolution of ecological extrinsic reproductive isolation in animals (Dettman et al. 2007; Egan and Funk 2009; Matute et al. 2009; McBride and Singer 2010) empirical examples in plants, and experiments using this method under natural conditions in the wild remain conspicuously rare (Rundle 2002). Senecio lautus (Variable groundsel) is an outcrossing semiannual herbaceous plant native to Australia and the islands. The species complex consists of multiple ecotypes where phenotypic differences between ecotypes correlate with environmental conditions (Ornduff 1964; Ali 1966; Radford et al. 2004). Coastal ecotypes of this species consist of multiple populations found in adjacent (parapatric) sand dunes (Dune ecotype) and rocky headlands (Headland ecotype), and several populations of an Island ecotype found on inshore islands. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim about natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. Instead, it provides an intricate discussion on ecological and intrinsic causes for extrinsic postzygotic isolation without explicitly linking it to the concept of natural selection in the context of evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: No behaviour modification strategies were included in the exercise protocol and the health promotion program included only one session on goal-setting with no monitoring of health improvement goals. Such factors have been identified as key for promoting and maintaining behaviour change, particularly in sedentary adults [35]. Furthermore, the use of paper diaries that were submitted at the completion of the intervention period to monitor adherence provided little opportunity to track and motivate individual participants. Future interventions should include better participant activity tracking (e. g. online diaries) and behaviour modification approaches (such as tailored health coaching) to increase intervention adherence. In summary, future interventions designed to assess the impact of workplace-based exercise training for office workers should stagger recruitment activities where possible to draw from smaller participant pools (50–100 employees); clearly articulate study requirements to organisations interested in participating; improve the flexibility of session availability where possible; include behaviour modification strategies with electronic/real-time activity tracking; adjust for potential ‘placebo’ effects where there is an active comparison intervention, or use a non-intervention control group. ConclusionsThe study showed that the workplace-based combined intervention for office workers that included best practice ergonomics and strength-based exercise training did result in lower health-related productivity loss than those that include ergonomics and health promotion information. However, both combined interventions reduced neck pain in office workers. The process evaluation presented here showed that, although the study protocol was implemented with high consistency and fidelity, variations in four domains (adoption, reach, implementation and effectiveness) arose between the 14 participating organisations. These variations may be the source of mixed effectiveness across organisations, but sufficient data was not collected for an obvious pattern to emerge. Factors known to increase the success of workplace interventions, such as strong management support, a visible commitment to employee wellbeing and participant engagement in intervention design should be considered and adequately measured for future interventions. AbbreviationsEET: Ergonomic and EHP: Ergonomic and Org: Organisation SD: 6. 7. 82. 9. 8. 15. 82. 41. 233. 'Leary SP, et al. The impact of workplace ergonomics and neck-specific exercise versus ergonomics and health promotion interventions on office worker productivity: A cluster-randomized trial. Health. 2019;45(1):11. 214. 7. 9. 2018. Health and Questionnaire (HPQ). J Med. 2003;45(2):19. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the workplace-based combined intervention for office workers, which included both ergonomics and strength-based exercise training, resulted in lower health-related productivity loss compared to interventions that involved only ergonomics and health promotion information. This finding supports the idea that workplace programs can lead to improvements in productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 042) while THSD post-hoc comparisons showed that CafEx rats exhibited elevated Ucp1 expression relative to CafSed (p = 0. 024). Lep expression was significantly elevated by cafeteria diet consumption (F (1, 41)=4. 98, p = 0. 031), while Lepr expression was increased with exercise overall (F (1, 41)=4. 75, p = 0. 035). No significant differences were observed in pro-inflammatory markers or Adipoq gene expression. Fig. 3Gene expression in retroperitoneal WAT, hypothalamus and associations with gut microbiome changes. a Adipokine, metabolic and inflammatory gene expression in retroperitoneal WAT. b Feeding- and stress-related gene expression in the hypothalamus. c Blood-brain barrier and pro-inflammatory gene expression in the hypothalamus. Adipoq: adiponectin, Agrp: Agouti-related protein, Cln5: Claudin-5, Crh: Corticotrophin releasing hormone, Glut1: Glucose transporter 1, Il6: interleukin 6, Il10: interleukin-10, Il1b: interleukin 1 beta, Insr: Insulin receptor, Lep: Leptin, Lepr: Leptin receptor, Npy: Neuropeptide y, Npy1r: Neuropeptide y receptor 1, Ocln: Occludin, Pomc: Pro-opiomelanocortin, Tjp1: Tight junction protein 1, Tnf: Tumour necrosis factor, Ucp1: uncoupling protein 1; Data expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 11–12; data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-adjusted post-hoc testing. ap < 0. 05 relative to CSed, bp < 0. 05 relative to CEx, cp < 0. 05 relative to CafSedFull size imageHypothalamic gene expression was analyzed to determine if 4 weeks of moderate exercise was sufficient to reverse diet-induced changes in expression of genes involved in feeding (Fig. 3b), blood brain barrier integrity and pro-inflammatory signaling (Fig. 3c). A significant interaction effect was observed for Npy gene expression in the hypothalamus (F (1, 41)=7. 58, p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific dietary effects, such as the significant alterations in gene expression related to diet and exercise. It describes how cafeteria diet consumption led to elevated Lep expression, indicating a response in the body related to dietary changes. Although the text does not explicitly mention the microbiome, the inclusion of 'associations with gut microbiome changes' suggests that dietary modifications indeed impact microbiome composition, thus rebutting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 09″, E 153° 8′ 41. 51″, Headland type), and Island (S 30° 18′ 19. 67″, E 153° 8’ 57. 27″, Isle type) at Coffs Harbour, NSW; and from the sand dunes (S 28° 47′ 1. 23″, E 153° 35′ 38. 56″, Dune type) and rocky headland (S 28° 48′ 47. 22″, E 153° 36′ 19. 15″, Headland type) at Lennox Head, NSW (see Table S1 for nomenclature distinguishing habitat vs. ecotype and population code). The natural populations at are monophyletic and occur in parapatry, with all seed from three populations collected within an 800 m radius. Plants from the Dune and Headland populations are separated by only a few metres. Seeds for Headland and Dune populations at were collected from sites separated by 3. 4 km, and show greater genetic divergence, although the specific relationship depends on the loci used for phylogenetic reconstruction (Roda et al. 2013a; Melo et al. 2014). were collected from a minimum of 30 individuals per population with a minimum distance of 10 metres between plants to reduce the risk of collecting closely related individuals. Seeds were stored at four degrees in Tudor seed envelopes until required. Seeds were scarified and germinated on moist filter paper (whatman #4) in 4 cm petri dishes. Petri dishes were kept in the dark for two days before being transferred to a controlled temperature room where light was maintained at a 50:50 day-night cycle at 25°C. After a week, germinated seeds were transferred to the glasshouses where they were transplanted into 85 mm square pots. Controlled crosses were performed in the glasshouses at of Queensland between January 2012 and November 2013 by rubbing flower heads from parental plants together to transfer pollen; we repeated this procedure for three days for each cross so most florets contributed seed to subsequent generations. All seeds used in the field experiments were from full-sib families created by crosses in the glasshouse. Families were generated by crosses within ancestral populations (Parentals, P), between populations (F1 hybrids, F1), within F1s (F2 hybrids, F2), and between F1s and Parentals (Backcrosses, BC). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection and the evolution of species through differential survival. Instead, it primarily focuses on ecological and genetic data regarding plant populations, their collection, and experimentation, without any mention of natural selection or evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Back to registered on January 11, 2017 History Pre--0001368 Initial registration date July 11, 2016 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published July 11, 2016, 11:23 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. Last updated January 11, 2017, 5:57 updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published. of of (s) of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-development Start date 2016-07-11 End date 2018-06-30 Keywords Health, Keywords wellness programs, workplace wellness, employee wellness programs, weight and stress management JEL code(s) I12, I13, M52 01AG050701 wellness programs have become a $6 billion industry and are widely touted as a way to improve employee well-being, reduce health care costs by promoting prevention, and increase workplace productivity. Yet, there is little rigorous evidence available to support these claims, partly because the voluntary nature of these programs means that participants may differ from nonparticipants for reasons unrelated to the causal effects of the wellness program. We will implement a randomized control trial to identify the effects of incentives on wellness program participation, produce causal estimates of the effect of wellness programs on health outcomes, determine what kinds of employees benefit from wellness programs the most, and test for the presence of peer effects in wellness participation. External Link(s) Citation Jones, Damon et al. 2017. "Wellness Study. ". January 11. Jones, Damon et al. 2017. "Wellness Study. ". January 11. Sponsors & There is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Our treatment consists of a baseline survey among all control and treatment group members. Treatment group members will then be offered the opportunity to participate in a biometric screening and health risk assessment (biometric screening + HRA), and -- conditional on completing an biometric screening + HRA -- up to two, semester-long wellness programs (e. g. walking challenge, active living class, smoking cessation hotline). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the registration and details of a wellness program trial, mentioning that wellness programs are touted as a way to improve employee well-being and increase workplace productivity. However, it also notes that there is little rigorous evidence available to support these claims. Therefore, the text does not provide specific evidence to corroborate or contrast the claim directly and is largely focused on procedural aspects of the study, making it irrelevant to the specific assertion about the effectiveness of workplace mental health programs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 009), and THSD showed that CafSed rats exhibited downregulated Npy relative to CSed (p < 0. 001), CEx (p < 0. 001) and CafEx rats (p < 0. 001). No significant differences were observed for Pomc, Agrp, Npy1r, Lepr or Insr. Crh gene expression was significantly increased in cafeteria-fed rats overall (F (1, 41)=14. 89, p < 0. 001), but was unaffected by exercise (F (1, 41)=1. 06, p = 0. 309). Post-hoc THSD analysis revealed that CafEx rats exhibited significantly upregulated Crh relative to CSed (p = 0. 001) and CEx (p = 0. 001). Both Cln5 and Glut1 were significantly increased in cafeteria-fed rats overall (F (1, 41)=10. 96, p = 0. 002 and F (1, 41)=5. 44, p = 0. 025 respectively). While no group differences were apparent for Cln5 using THSD comparisons, Glut1 expression was significantly elevated in CafSed rats relative to CSed controls (p = 0. 045). No significant differences were observed in Ocln, Tjp1 or any of the pro-inflammatory genes assessed. Associations between variables of interest and microbiomeWhen variables were assessed for their unique contribution to the variance in overall microbiome composition, several adiposity measures, as well as retroperitoneal WAT Il6 gene expression and hypothalamic Crh and Npy expression, were identified as significant predictors of global microbiome composition (2). When the contribution of variables of interest to overall microbiome composition was assessed while controlling for diet and treadmill exercise, both liver triglyceride concentration (R2 = 0. 031, p = 0. 008) and retroperitoneal WAT Il6 gene expression (R2 = 0. 026, p = 0. 027) were significant predictors of microbiome composition at the OTU level (Table 2, complete model predicts 34. 7% of the variance in microbiome composition). Table 2 The shared contributions of diet, exercise and variables of biological relevance on the variance observed in microbiome composition using distance-based linear modellingFull size tablePorphyromonadaceae unclassified_OTU106 was increased with cafeteria diet (Fig. 4a; H (4)=11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that diet, specifically a cafeteria diet, significantly influences microbiome composition. It mentions that several variables, including dietary factors, are predictors of overall microbiome composition and indicates that the model predicts 34.7% of the variance in microbiome composition based on diet. This evidence undermines the claim that diet has no impact on the microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: These crosses are referred to from here on as genotypes, with the abbreviated names above followed by a population code to indicate the cytoplasmic origin (see Fig. 1, Table S1 for full explanation of notation). families were created between Dune-Isle F1s and Island parents (BCID) due to limited flowering time overlap in the glasshouse, so we excluded this Genotype from the experiment. The reciprocal backcross between Dune-Isle F1s and Dune parents (BCDI) was included in the experiments. Crossing design and the populations included in these experiments are outlined in Figure 1. Figure 1. Location and crossing design used in transplant experiments. Open in new tabDownload slideSource populations from at include Dune (D4), Headland (H5), and Island (MB) ecotypes, populations from included Dune (D1) and Headland (H1) populations. Both locations are on the east coast of Australia and are separated by 220 kilometres. We generated seeds for the transplant experiment from field collected seeds (Ancestral, yellow), and then included within population controlled crosses (Parental, orange), F1 hybrids (between parentals, red), F2 Hybrids (within F1, black), and Backcross (F1 to each parental, green) genotypes in reciprocal transplant experiments at all source locations. Dotted lines denote genotypes that were excluded from the transplants and include the ancestral genotypes and D4-I Backcross genotypes toward the Island population that were excluded due to low seed production. transplant was started on the 20th April 2014 in the environments, and on the 18th of March 2014 in the Lennox head environments. Both transplants occurred within the locations of the initial seed collections. Four plots were established in each of the three environments, each treated as an individual block. Twelve plots were established in each of the two environments, with two contiguous subplots contributing to a block. Vegetation and litter were removed from the plots before planting. Seeds from each full-sib family were organised into a completely randomised block design before transfer to the field sites. Seeds were glued to toothpicks using fix supa glue gel and organised into polystyrene grids in the layout of each field block (Melo et al. 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on the experimental design and the specifics of genotypes in a transplant experiment without addressing natural selection or differential survival as mechanisms of evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Back to registered on August 08, 2016 History Pre--0001368 Initial registration date July 11, 2016 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published July 11, 2016, 11:23 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. Last updated August 08, 2016, 6:47 updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published. of of (s) of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-development Start date 2016-07-11 End date 2018-06-30 Keywords Health, Keywords wellness programs, workplace wellness, employee wellness programs, weight and stress management JEL code(s) I12, I13, M52 01AG050701 wellness programs have become a $6 billion industry and are widely touted as a way to improve employee well-being, reduce health care costs by promoting prevention, and increase workplace productivity. Yet, there is little rigorous evidence available to support these claims, partly because the voluntary nature of these programs means that participants may differ from nonparticipants for reasons unrelated to the causal effects of the wellness program. We will implement a randomized control trial to identify the effects of incentives on wellness program participation, produce causal estimates of the effect of wellness programs on health outcomes, determine what kinds of employees benefit from wellness programs the most, and test for the presence of peer effects in wellness participation. External Link(s) Citation Jones, Damon et al. 2016. "Wellness Study. ". August 08. Jones, Damon et al. 2016. "Wellness Study. ". August 08. Sponsors & There is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Our treatment consists of a baseline survey among all control and treatment group members. Treatment group members will then be offered the opportunity to participate in a biometric screening and health risk assessment (biometric screening + HRA), and -- conditional on completing an biometric screening + HRA -- up to two, semester-long wellness programs (e. g. walking challenge, active living class, smoking cessation hotline). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the registration details, initial publication dates, and administrative aspects of a trial related to wellness programs without providing specific evidence or findings that directly address the claim of reducing absenteeism and increasing productivity. While it mentions that wellness programs aim to promote employee well-being and enhance productivity, it contradicts the claim by stating there is 'little rigorous evidence available to support these claims.' Thus, the text does not directly corroborate or contrast the claim and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 42, p = 0. 010) and significantly associated with WAT Il6 gene expression (Fig. 4b). Interestingly, this OTU was also negatively correlated with hypothalamic Npy gene expression (Fig. 4c). IL-6 protein in WAT exhibited a significant interaction effect (F (1, 41)=5. 310, p = 0. 026; Fig. 4d) and was positively associated with Porphyromonadaceae unclassified_OTU106 (Fig. 4e), following a similar, although non-significant, trend to that observed with Il6 gene expression. Like Il6 gene expression, WAT IL-6 content was a significant independent predictor of overall microbiome composition (2) but was not a significant predictor in the final model, after controlling for diet and exercise. SINA Aligner putatively identified Porphyromonadaceae unclassified_OTU106 as a strain of Bacteroides eggerthii, a Gram-negative bacterium known to hydrolyze carbohydrates including simple sugars [32]. Fig. 4Relationship between OTU106, and hypothalamic Npy and WAT IL-6 expression (a) Relative abundance of OTU106; data expressed as box-and-whisker plots (min, IQR, max); n = 11–12; data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by non-parametric Dunn-Bonferroni post-hoc testing. Scatterplots for OTU106 abundance and (b) Il6 gene expression in WAT, and (c) Npy gene expression in the hypothalamus, showing overall lines of best fit; n = 46. d WAT IL-6 protein content; data expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 10–12; data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-adjusted post-hoc testing. e Scatterplot for OTU106 abundance and IL-6 protein content in WAT, showing overall lines of best fit; n = 45. ap < 0. 05 relative to CSed, bp < 0. 05 relative to CEx, cp < 0. 05 relative to CafSedFull size imageDiscussionWe found that 4 weeks of moderate treadmill exercise reduced fat mass and plasma leptin concentrations and altered WAT expression of some adipokine- and metabolism-associated genes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how diet and exercise can influence the microbiome composition. For example, it states that WAT IL-6 content was a significant independent predictor of overall microbiome composition when controlling for diet and exercise. This implies that changes in diet can have an impact on the microbiome, directly contradicting the claim that diet has no such effect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: One seed from each family was planted into the corresponding cells of 400 × 600 mm grids with the seed placed ∼2 mm below the soil surface. In the transplant, we included four individuals each from 15 families in each environment (12 individuals per family in total), leading to 60 individuals per genotype per environment. As our design included all possible crosses between the three populations, we planted 14 different genotypes (Fig. 1), leading to 1020 seeds per environment and 3060 seeds across the whole transplant. Head we had six genotypes, and we planted six seeds per family from 32 backcross families in each direction (BC-H, BC-D), 30 F1 families, 30 parental families 27 F2 families per environment. This resulted 1086 seeds planted in each environment, for a total of 2172 seeds across the whole transplant. In total, we planted 5232 seeds across the two experiments. All plots were watered and covered with shade cloth in the early stages. These conditions mimicked natural germination conditions at these localities. Each block was watered daily with 1 liter of water per block (equivalent to ∼4 mm of rainfall) for the first 21 days at both locations. Harbour, plots were covered with 50% shade cloth for the first four weeks, after which it was replaced with open weave bird netting. In the sand dunes at Lennox Head, shade cloth was replaced after 100 days. Head experiment ran for 11 months with germinations and deaths recorded monthly. Harbour experiment ran for eight months with fitness recorded daily for the first 21 days of the experiment, after which fitness was recorded weekly until harvest on day 161 at the Island site, and day 198 at the Dune and Headland sites. Fitness measures recorded were germination, mortality, establishment, and the presence of a buds and flowers. Establishment was taken as the production of seven leaves at and 10 leaves at as a measure of a plant's ability to transition between early and late life-history stages. Glasshouse experiments have shown that the production of 7–10 leaves is a good indicator of establishment and the transition from juvenile to adult in S. lautus (Bernal-Franco 2015). The experiments were ceased when plants began to senesce. Plants from the experiment were clipped at ground level and individually sealed in ziploc bags and transported back to the University of Queensland where we recorded harvest mass as a measure of growth performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a detailed experimental design for studying plant germination and growth but does not mention natural selection or differential survival as mechanisms of evolution. It does not provide information that would support or oppose the claim directly; therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2914763/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published06 Jul, 2023Read the published version in →Version 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe proposed work integrates a smart Embedded health monitoring system with IoT. The data that is sensed and analyzed from the system is secured using blockchain technology and is transmitted and further analyzed. Blockchains are used in various sectors. Mainly they are welcomed for their secure transactions and the privacy that we can ensure through it. In this paper, our proposed system explored its uses in the sector. The health sector is where information is of privacy concern for patients and needed information for doctors treating them. Blockchain is the best-suited solution for Identity and (IAM) needed in the HealthCare sector. As blockchains have different types named public and private blockchains, We recommend private blockchains be implemented where no anyone can make transactions and mine the transactions. Patients, Doctors, and hospital organizations care for their privacy, and authorized access to others’ data, is the reason for the choice of the private blockchain. Adding to the IAM, blockchain also accounts for flexibility, decentralization, and an Immutable ledger. Those operations are authenticated and authorized by a blockchain Admin who has no relationship with the entities that exist in the network. The owner of the data is given the sole control of permitting access to their data. Our system asks patients for permission to be given to any doctor who is requesting access to that data. Also, patients can permit a doctor they want within the network. Hyperledger uses no online currencies hence no miners to wait for. This is important as it reduces the waiting time for a transaction to be verified. is used for collecting information requested from the blockchain and presenting it to the end-users. Our system provides a secure, reliable, and IAM-included network in a webpage that can be accessed across all devices. MicrocontrollersensorRecordHyperledger - Identity and - Miner - 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12Figure 13Figure 14Figure 15Figure 16Figure 17Figure 181. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Blockchains are used in various sectors. Mainly they are welcomed for their secure transactions and the privacy that we can ensure through it.' This indicates that blockchain technology is indeed utilized for securing transactions, thus aligning with the claim that cryptographic principles are fundamental to blockchain's purpose.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Overall microbiome composition and microbial species diversity was changed by cafeteria diet but not by exercise. However, predicted microbial functions associated with metabolism were increased by exercise. Cafeteria diet-induced changes in hypothalamic Npy and Glut1 gene expression were returned to control levels by exercise. Exercise induced modest changes in gut microbiome composition that were statistically significant in chow-fed rats only and the relative abundance of OTU72 was significantly reduced in chow-fed rats that exercised (CEx) rats relative to sedentary controls (CSed). While CafEx rats exhibited reduced microbial species diversity, this reduction appeared dependent on cafeteria diet exposure rather than exercise. To date work examining the effects of exercise on microbial species diversity has produced inconsistent results [15]: some rodent studies have shown that exercise is associated with reductions in fecal microbial species richness [16] while others have reported no such effect [33]. After 4 weeks of treadmill exercise we did not observe changes in overall microbiome composition. Our data are in line with findings in humans showing that changes in microbiome composition are dependent on obesity status, such that more severe obesity is associated with smaller effects of exercise [34]. Since the cafeteria diet used here [20] tends to produce a more severe metabolic phenotype than purified high-fat diets [35,36,37,38], which to our knowledge have been used in all studies investigating the interrelationship between exercise and diet on microbiome composition, the diet-induced effects on microbiome composition here may be more resistant to the effects of exercise than previously reported. Additionally, a number of rodent studies report no differences in overall microbiome composition with exercise [17, 19], and there is evidence that this effect may be moderated by age [39] which may have contributed to the inconsistent findings in the literature. Predicted microbial functions associated with metabolism, specifically overall energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, one carbon pool by folate and D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, were increased in exercised rats. This is in line with metagenomic results where fecal microbiome from male elite athletes exhibited increased amino acid biosynthesis and overall energy metabolism relative to sedentary, normal-weight controls [40]. analysis produces predicted functional data, unlike metagenomic analysis, this is an interesting finding that warrants follow-up to determine if and how exercise shifts the metabolic profile of the gut microbiome and whether any such shift is affected by exercise intensity and duration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that diet changes notably affect microbiome composition, as indicated by the statement 'Overall microbiome composition and microbial species diversity was changed by cafeteria diet but not by exercise.' This suggests that dietary changes are indeed influential on the microbiome, opposing the claim that changing one's diet has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: We analyzed two models: one to test for local adaptation and one to test for ecologically dependent backcross fitness. To test for local adaptation we used the conditional response variables outlined above and included environment and the percentage of local genes for each cross type as fixed effects and family (full-sibling family) and block as random effects. To test for ecologically dependent fitness effects we used cross type (ancestor/backcross) and environment as fixed effects, and family and block as random effects. We implemented sampling to estimate the posterior probability distribution for the model parameters. The number of iterations and the thinning interval were increased until the effective sample size exceeded 85% of the desired 1000 mark for all parameters estimated. We used a Cauchy prior distribution (Gelman et al. 2008), incorporating the mean of each conditional level, and repeated the analyses while adjusting the variance to excessively large and small values output to ensure it did not change the model output and that we had confidence of an uninformative prior. Our final models included one million iterations, with a burn-in of one hundred thousand and a thinning interval of one thousand to remove autocorrelation between MCMC samples. To verify model performance we compared the distribution of the observed data to the posterior predictive distribution. All models indicated alignment between the means and variance of the two distributions validating model reliability. Survival analysis Probability of survival was modeled using a maximum likelihood estimation of parametric survival using the coxme package (Therneau 2012) in R (version 3. 0. 3). In the experiment, the survival function (response variable) was created using the day of germination, day of death and whether the individual was dead or alive at the censor point, day 161. Population was included as a fixed effect with block and family included as random effects. In the experiment, we analyzed time to death as the response variable censored by survival at day 320. Ecotype was included as a fixed effect and block and family were included as random effects. Separate analyses were carried out for each environment as the comparison of interest is between genotypes within a single environment. Performance of survivors We analyzed growth in survivors from the transplant to determine whether there was variation in the relative fitness of individuals that survived to the end of the experiment. We recorded harvest mass and dry weight to determine biomass accumulation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various modeling methods and analyses related to survival and fitness but does not explicitly mention or support the concept of natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. While it analyzes survival and fitness parameters, it does not connect this analysis to the broader context of evolutionary mechanisms, specifically natural selection.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: IntroductionIn a medical career of a patient, data from various consultations need to be bundled into a single file so that the next doctor can take a peek into the patient’s medical history. But, bundling into a single file and maintaining it manually is a tedious job. Here comes the Record(EHR), which is a digital file consisting of the patient’s medical history and all the previous consultations. The data that is stored as EHR is generated using a very efficient smart embedded system from which the vital health parameters are monitored, sensed, and stored after being secured using blockchain technology. Unlike an actual file, this provides availability across all hospitals. EHR comes with pros and cons, firstly security, and privacy threat. As it is a digital file, it can be hacked or viewed by people who don’t have any access unless it is shared in a secure system or environment. This file can also be erased or stolen by any malicious hackers for their benefit. EHRs can help doctors to make decisions without any tests that are normally taken after some costly medical tests. They account for the patient’s complete medical information with no discrepancy. It can be shared by any number of medical organizations to treat a single patient so that the patient does not need to give medical tests done by all practitioners[1–3]. Another advantage of using an EHR is that the patient does not need to worry about the constraints that make the patient be physically there to give the medical records to the doctor because flexibility comes into play. The patient can share the records with the handheld Smartphone or home desktop or any other device which can display a webpage[4]. It can easily be shared among doctors, provided all doctors are connected in a network. The major drawback here is, that patients won’t know whenever their data is accessed by someone. Well, that depends on the network of organizations and policies that patients complied with when sharing the data. But a centralized system should be there to address privacy and security concerns. Every healthcare organization stores its patient’s data in a database, but one healthcare organization cannot access another one’s data. EHR is more valuable to many organizations, not only healthcare organizations but also medical research organizations and many medical data collectors. The need for privacy and authorized access management is still bugging patients and doctors. Electronic health record involves transferring them digitally over a network, which makes them susceptible to many attacks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses electronic health records (EHR) and their benefits, including security concerns associated with managing patient data digitally. While it mentions that blockchain technology secures the data, it does not elaborate on how cryptographic principles are involved in that process. Therefore, the text does not directly corroborate or contrast the claim but is mostly irrelevant to the specific focus of the claim about cryptographic principles in blockchain.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, confirming these results across a range of diets would be useful to determine whether the shift in microbial function with exercise is modulated by the macro- and micronutrients available. Here, a moderate exercise intervention reduced fat mass and plasma leptin concentrations, and increased WAT Lepr gene expression in both exercised groups and Ucp1 gene expression in exercised, cafeteria-fed (CafEx) rats uniquely. Increased Ucp1 in WAT depots is a marker of adipocyte beiging [41], known to be promoted by exercise [42], and is most likely related to exercise-induced fat loss. While there were no significant effects of exercise on WAT pro-inflammatory gene expression, after controlling for diet and exercise WAT Il6 expression was significantly associated with global microbiome composition. WAT is one of the major sources of IL-6 in obese humans [43] and mice [44, 45], which is a key component of the low-grade systemic inflammation observed in overweight and obesity [46] and is associated with insulin resistance [47]. WAT Il6 expression was strongly associated with the relative abundance of a strain of Bacteroides eggerthii (OTU106), a Gram-negative sugar-scavenging bacterium [32] which is enriched in obese children relative to normal-weight controls [48]. The associations between WAT Il6 expression, global microbiome composition and OTU106 abundance are therefore likely to be due to the effects of cafeteria diet on both adipose inflammatory processes and the gut microbiome. However, probiotic treatment with a strain of Bifidobacterium in mice fed a high-fat diet reduced WAT macrophage infiltration and plasma IL-6 concentration [49], indicating that changes to the gut microbiome may contribute to WAT inflammatory signaling and IL-6 production. Further studies determining whether specific bacterial species can modulate WAT IL-6 production are warranted, as interventions that could reduce WAT IL-6 expression in obesity may provide an avenue for preventing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In contrast to the overall effect of exercise on WAT gene expression, hypothalamic genes disrupted by cafeteria diet were typically normalized with exercise, with no differences observed in chow-fed rats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how changes in diet, particularly a cafeteria diet, affect both adipose inflammatory processes and the gut microbiome. It highlights that WAT Il6 expression was significantly associated with global microbiome composition and emphasizes the potential effects of dietary changes on the gut microbiome, particularly in relation to inflammation and specific bacterial strains.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Very low biomass for many individual plants meant that we could not reliably account for measurement error from our dry mass measurements, so only harvest mass is analyzed here. To determine difference in growth between backcrosses and F2 hybrids against the Parental populations we fit a linear-mixed effects model using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) using the lmeTest package (Kuznetsova et al. 2013) in R. We used harvest mass as the response variable, which was log+1 transformed to ensure a normal distribution, and included population as a fixed effect with block and family as random effects. Family was removed from the model when testing Dune and Island populations in the dune environment, due to singularity problems arising from differences between the families surviving in each environment. Tests were done on backcrosses between two populations within one environment. To determine whether there was an environment × genotype interaction in backcross growth, we used ANOVA with log+1 transformed harvest mass as the response, and backcross population, environment, population × environment interaction and block as predictors. These analyses were performed between reciprocal backcrosses in their parental environments. Overall, we infer patterns of ecologically dependent isolation as intrinsic when the rank of high to low fitness does not vary between environments, and as ecological reproductive isolation when we observe a reversal in the fitness rank between reciprocal backcross types in alternative environments. general, establishment was lower in all sites than at Lennox Head. Seeds (seedlings) with 100% local genes had higher establishment success than those with 0% local genes in all experimental locations (Fig. 2). In the two sand dune sites, F2 hybrids possessing 50% dune genes had the highest probability of germination and establishment (Fig. 2). In the rocky headland sites, the probability of establishment increased in a roughly additive manner with an increasing proportion of local genes, however this pattern was not observed in the sand dunes or the island sites. In the island site, F2 hybrids with 50% local genes had higher probability of establishment than backcross individuals with 75% local genes (Fig. 2). Figure 2. Posterior probability of establishment based on percentage of local genes. included 17 genotypes, included six genotypes. Bayesian estimates of the probability of establishment based on conditional generalized linear-mixed models. Points show the mode of the posterior distribution while bars show the 95% credible intervals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding natural selection and evolutionary processes. Instead, it focuses on statistical models for analyzing plant growth and establishment success based on genetic variation without discussing the principles of differential survival or natural selection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: In this location, a hacker can launch a SQL injection into that Database[5]. Another example is that they can also attack when data is being accessed by the doctors or patients by making the system unresponsive using a DOS attack also when the EHR is getting transmitted, it is vulnerable to the The Middle(MITM) attack. These kinds of threats pose the need for a specific system network that accounts for access management of the EHR. Either way, all doctors and patients need to rely on a person to authorize and verify the credibility of the person's existence in the network. Identity and are addressed via authorization by the patient and network admin who implements that authorization and access management is implemented by the admin and several other control mechanisms exist in the network[6]. Access management is the core functionality that works to ensure the privacy of the patient’s data and can be well implemented in suitable technology. The technology that we are searching for must keep the user’s privacy as the foremost thing to care for. 2. RequirementsHardware implementation We must first connect the components to the power source to operate the system because the atmega is the main control unit. On the input side, there are a few manual buttons, an ECG sensor, a temperature sensor, and a heart rate sensor. Nevertheless, the output is shown on the LCD screen. an Arduino micro-controller-based smart system has been developed which monitors the parameters and once senses the abnormalities it initiates the GSM module and all the relevant data are sensed, transmitted and further stored for analysis. The GSM Module also makes it easier to transmit data to the cloud, where we can view the outcomes by logging into the server from a laptop or computer after the data has been uploaded. For the system to read the data, a finger must first be put into the body temperature and heartbeat sensors while a push button is also pressed. The LCD panel is then used to display the outcomes. The data that is collected from the proposed smart embedded system is secured using blockchain technology. Blockchain is a collection of nodes that can interact within themselves and do some operations and as a result of those operations, they may make a transaction to receive or send an object or data to someone. That thing that is getting transferred can be anything they want. Let us take an analogy to this blockchain to get a better grasp of its functionality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that "data that is collected from the proposed smart embedded system is secured using blockchain technology." It outlines blockchain's functionality as a "collection of nodes that can interact within themselves" and emphasizes how it can facilitate transaction security. This aligns directly with the claim regarding the reliance on cryptographic principles for securing transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Npy was downregulated in CafSed rats, as shown previously [50], but normalized to control levels with exercise, which is in line with other rodent work showing increased hypothalamic NPY mRNA and protein in response to both acute and chronic exercise [51,52,53,54]. Hypothalamic Glut1 gene expression was increased in CafSed rats and reduced to control levels with exercise. This is in contrast to studies showing that acute exercise increased GLUT1 protein expression across the rat brain [55] and prolonged exercise increases whole brain resting glucose uptake in people [56]. Further work investigating acute and chronic exercise-induced changes in Glut1 expression in the hypothalamus and other brain regions is required. Cafeteria diet-induced Crh upregulation in the hypothalamus was not normalized by exercise. Crh is transcribed to corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), which activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, key in physiological and behavioral responses to stress. Involuntary exercise is a known stressor [57], and forced exercise increased activity in CRH neurons relative to both voluntary exercise and sedentary control groups in rats [58]. Exercise can impact the gut microbiome via several pathways, and there are multiple potential mechanisms by which these gut microbiome changes could subsequently confer health benefits. Exercise may shape microbiome composition and function by increasing host metabolic requirements and shifting metabolite availability. A recent study showed that marathon runners exhibit increased abundance of Veillonella atypica, which rely on lactate as a source of carbon, and inoculation with this species increased running time in mice [59]. Alternatively, exercise is known to activate the HPA axis [60]. The HPA axis appears to exert effects on the gut microbiome, and may be impacted by microbiome modification [61]. Therefore, the effects of exercise on stress behaviors and physiology may be in part due to exercise-induced changes to the gut microbiome, or vice versa. ConclusionsIn summary, short-term (4 weeks) treadmill exercise induced subtle microbiome composition changes in chow-fed rats but did not overcome the microbiome changes induced by cafeteria diet. Despite this, predicted microbiome function was altered by exercise in both chow- and cafeteria-fed groups. Exercise reduced adiposity and altered both WAT and hypothalamic gene expression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of exercise on gut microbiome composition, suggesting that exercise can indeed induce changes in microbiome composition, albeit in this study, it did not normalize microbiome changes induced by a cafeteria diet. The mention of 'exercise can impact the gut microbiome via several pathways' indicates significant interactions between lifestyle factors, such as diet and exercise, and microbiome composition, contradicting the claim that changing one's diet has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: A pattern of heterosis should decrease the effects of extrinsic postzygotic isolation as outcrossing produces a fitness advantage to hybrid genotypes, and also tests for the effect of intrinsic genetic incompatibilities. In general, the probability of hybrid establishment was higher than both local and immigrant parents in both the Dune and Island environments, while in the headland environments, immigrant parentals had the lowest probability of establishment, local headland parents the highest establishment rates and F1 and F2 hybrids at intermediate levels (Fig. S2). was calculated as the number of days between germination and death censored at day 161 of the experiment in Coffs Harbour. There was little to no effect of genotype on survival across the three sites (Table S2). In the sand dunes, survival was low with no significant differences between genotypes, although the random effect of block explained 66% of variance in individual survival (Table S3). This is not surprising, because two of the four blocks died out completely and suggests environmental heterogeneity may have had a substantial effect on survival within the Dune habitat. In the rocky headlands, BCHD and F1DH genotypes had lower risk of dying compared to the ancestral headland genotype (relative risk = 0. 46, z = –2. 14, p = 0. 032, and 0. 49, z = –2. 02, P = 0. 04). In contrast, BCIH individuals had the lowest risk of perishing (relative risk = 0. 23, z = –3. 52, p = 0. 0004, Table S2). Random effects accounted for less variance in survival in the rocky headland than in the sand dunes, although both random factors are influential with experimental block explaining 26% or variance in survival, and Family explaining 25%. In the Island site, only the F2HI genotype had significantly lower survival risk than ancestral Island individuals (relative risk = 0. 36, z = –2. 09, P = 0. 037); however the variation in survival attributed to the random factors family (46%), and block (37%), suggests a substantial effect of within population variation and microhabitat on individual survival at the Island site. In contrast to the three populations from Coffs Harbour, genotype had a significant effect on survival at sites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various hybrid genotypes' survival rates in different environments and the effects of genetic background on those rates. However, it does not explicitly address the mechanism of natural selection or how differential survival drives evolution. While the mention of survival rates could relate to natural selection, the overall text focuses on genetic compatibility and environmental influences rather than the broader concept of natural selection itself. Hence, it does not substantively support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Let us consider an ocean that has lots of fish, where there are lots of fishermen with boats to catch those fish. Here we consider a single boat where there are two fishermen named A and B who fish on a rotating schedule, One fish while the other prepares for his next turn or navigates the boat. Here, one day a problem arises between themselves, who fishes the most fish in one day and in what order to calculate the consistency in fishing big fish. So the next day they count the fishes they fished, as a result, A said he fished 32 fish and B said he fished 35 fish. said he had a consistency of 1. 5 and B said he had a consistency of 2. didn’t believe B. makes a procedure where no one can cheat, he asked B to chain link the fishes sequentially as he fishes and he would also comply with that. and B did as per the procedure, as a result, A won, because the first time B cheated to increase the count and consistency. B cheated by stealing A’s fish from his bucket and changing the order of the fish to increase consistency. Now let’s see this A’s solution that’s similar to blockchain, fishing is the work they are doing in the ocean, and we can take it as a transaction they are doing in the blockchain. cheated in this scenario, any person or organization that is in blockchain can cheat with the transaction and manipulate the order in which the transaction happened. To overcome that blockchain introduces a ledger that cannot be tampered with and transactions that are linked as blocks. Transactions are stored in blocks that are linked with each other. A more standard way of explanation can be found as Blockchain can be used for any IAM needed scenario, privacy, and security needed scenario. It also provides confidentiality, authentication, authorization of accesses, peer-to-peer network, hashing, key cryptography, Immutability, and a decentralized system. Blockchain’s smallest unit Block consists of three parts namely, the Data of the transaction, the Hash - unique ID of the block, and the hash ID of the previous block[7]. So, the first block gets transformed into a hash and gets linked with the previous block, here, linking is an operation of creating a new hash for the whole link by merging the previous block's hash and the new block’s hash. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that blockchain technology uses a ledger that cannot be tampered with, ensuring security in transactions. It further describes how transactions are linked in blocks and emphasizes concepts like hashing, key cryptography, and the immutability of the ledger. These elements support the notion that cryptographic principles are fundamental to the operation and security of blockchain technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: WAT Il6 expression was significantly associated with microbiome composition and negatively correlated with the abundance of a strain of Bacteroides eggerthii, bacteria known to scavenge sugars. Future work identifying the circumstances where exercise exerts effects on the microbiome, and the potential causal role of these changes for reducing diet- and obesity-associated comorbidities, is warranted. Availability of data and materials The study metadata and sequence data are available in the Archive under accession number PRJEB36541. The study is currently set on private and will be released upon acceptance. All other data will be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. : : Agouti-related peptide B2m : Beta-2-microglobin CEx: Cln5 : Claudin 5 Crh : Corticotrophin-releasing hormone CSed: CafEx: CafSed: dbLM: Distance-based linear modelling FDR: False discovery rate Gapdh : Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase Glut1 : Glucose transporter 1 Hprt1 : Hypoxanthine phosephoribosyltransferase 1 Il6 : Interleukin-6 Insr : Insulin receptor Lep : : Leptin receptor nMDS: Non-metric multidimensional scaling Npy : Npy1r : receptor 1 Ocln : Occludin OTU: Operational taxonomic unit : Permutational multivariate : Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states Pomc : Pro-opiomelancortin Tjp1 : Tight junction protein 1 THSD: Tukey honest significant difference WAT: White adipose tissue Ucp1 : Uncoupling protein 1 98. PubMed 435. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. 2013;500:541. . PubMed 3. . CAS PubMed 1214. 103. . 8. CAS PubMed 56. PubMed 13. PubMed 9. . Exercise and regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Sci. 2015;135:17–37. 43. CAS PubMed 11. CAS PubMed 20. CAS PubMed 7. PubMed 66. CAS PubMed 17. Diet and exercise orthogonally alter the gut microbiome and reveal independent associations with anxiety and cognition. Mol Neurodegener. 2014;9:36. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that 'Il6 expression was significantly associated with microbiome composition' and notes the potential causal role of changes in the microbiome related to diet, implying that diet does have an influence on microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 051Block10. 1360. 1360. 3120. 581pop:env16. 2076. 20714. 2410. 001Residuals2711. 7670. 436H-DPopulation10. 0490. 049659. 3440. 055Environment10. 000040. 000040. 0080. 935Block10. 1610. 1607830. 2570. 012pop:env10. 0580. 0586711. 040. 045Residuals30. 0160. 00531valuePr(>F)D-IPopulation11. 5721. 5721. 9590. 176Environment13. 5433. 5434. 4150. 048Block10. 1560. 1560. 1950. 664pop:env10. 2880. 2880. 3580. 556Residuals2116. 8510. 802H-IPopulation10. 8080. 8081. 8540. 185Environment11. 8131. 8134. 1610. 051Block10. 1360. 1360. 3120. 581pop:env16. 2076. 20714. 2410. 001Residuals2711. 7670. 436H-DPopulation10. 0490. 049659. 3440. 055Environment10. 000040. 000040. 0080. 935Block10. 1610. 1607830. 2570. 012pop:env10. 0580. 0586711. 040. 045Residuals30. 0160. 00531Significant interaction terms demonstrate ecologically dependent fitness and are highlighted in bold. Table 1. Open in new tab Anova of Harvest mass of Backcross genotypes organized by population comparisons valuePr(>F)D-IPopulation11. 5721. 5721. 9590. 176Environment13. 5433. 5434. 4150. 048Block10. 1560. 1560. 1950. 664pop:env10. 2880. 2880. 3580. 556Residuals2116. 8510. 802H-IPopulation10. 8080. 8081. 8540. 185Environment11. 8131. 8134. 1610. 051Block10. 1360. 1360. 3120. 581pop:env16. 2076. 20714. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about natural selection and species evolution. It consists largely of statistical data and numerical values without clear context or connection to the concepts of natural selection or differential survival.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: In the case of many transactions that are happening in the network, which will result in a big hash block that has hashes of all transactions merged[8]. So blockchain has a data structure named Merkle tree and Merkle root. Using this structure all blocks' hash value gets transformed into a single hash value. As shown in Fig. 1, new transactions are joined as a leaf node in this tree at the bottom-most layer. Then they are paired up and hashed with another branch and so on. Blockchain can be categorized into private and public blockchains where both have their advantages,the choice of the blockchain depends on the network. In a private blockchain, a network admin is present there to authenticate every user who joins the network[9]. Only verified and authenticated entities can make transactions Ina private blockchain validating the transactions is done by the entities that are specially authenticated by the network admin and also there is no need for any payment to be given by an entity who makes the transaction unlike in a public blockchain. Hyperledger is a private blockchain that accounts for all private blockchain features and functionalities in our system. Hyperledger can handle permissions and access management functionalities well. It also has no miners so that entities can make transactions to be verified by the specified validators. It supports any plug-in kind of mechanism that can be used for constraint logic for the network. It has various tools and frameworks that can be used in the Hyperledger implemented system. In this paper, we propose to use Hyperledger as the blockchain for our case scenario. It has a separation between endorsers and consensus nodes which are yet-to-be-validated nodes and the nodes which are already validated. It depends on the Chaincode which describes the business logic of the network and how to handle the states of the different types of entities. Hyperledger also allows them to build a separate channel for data transactions. It also accounts for distributed immutable ledger which gets updated in all nodes when a transaction occurs in a network. And it addresses decentralization by making the network always available by updating the ledger in every node[10]. So even if every node in the network goes down, only one node needs to be online to retrieve any transaction information. Here the source project name is Hyperledger. It uses an efficient consensus for ordering transactions to be executed, that is RAFT consensus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the security mechanisms inherent in blockchain technology, such as the use of hashes to secure transactions. It describes how transactions are aggregated into a hash block, utilizing a Merkle tree structure to manage transaction integrity, which is fundamental to cryptographic principles in securing data within the blockchain.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Hunters or farmers? Microbiome characteristics help elucidate the diet composition in an aquatic carnivorous plant access Published: 17 December 2018 Hunters or farmers? Microbiome characteristics help elucidate the diet composition in an aquatic carnivorous plant Dagmara Sirová ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0003-1662-30451,2 na1, Jiří Bárta2 na1, Karel Šimek1,2, Thomas Posch3, Jiří Pech2, James Stone4,5, Jakub Borovec1, Lubomír Adamec6 & …Jaroslav Vrba1,2 Show authors Microbiome 1. Microbial community structure and diversity. We present the results of the trap microbiome (amplicon and metatranscriptome) sequencing, distinguishing between the inner and periphytic communities associated with two Utricularia species—U. australis and U. vulgaris. 2. The nutrient recycling potential by trap-inhabiting bacterivorous protists as well as their importance for plant growth in a third Utricularia species, U. reflexa. 3. Functional capabilities of trap-associated microorganisms with respect to gene expression. 4. In addition, we compare the microbial community structure with similar datasets from pitcher traps of other carnivorous plants, gut microflora of various vertebrates and invertebrates, including carnivores and detritivores, the rumen microbiota of various herbivores, and environmental samples from the soil, rhizosphere, and freshwater. By combining molecular methods, microscopy, and meta-analysis, we were able to shed light onto the ecology of this highly specific microbial niche which represents a unique system in the study of plant–microbe interactions. Results and discussionWhen considering the overall activity of U. vulgaris trap-associated microbiota, inferred from the metatranscriptome analysis, our results confirm highly dynamic communities of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Table 1). Expression profiles indicate rapid growth, intensive protein metabolism, respiration, DNA synthesis, and motility. By combining the above metatranscriptomic data with results from amplicon sequencing, we were able to determine whether the taxa present are also participating in the metabolic activities of the microbiome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the dynamic and diverse microbial communities associated with different diet compositions in a carnivorous plant. It details how microbial community structure is influenced by environmental factors and dietary sources, thus implying that diet does have an impact on microbiome composition. This is evidenced in the analysis of microbial activity and diversity in relation to the plant's diet, which suggests that changes in diet can affect the microbial community.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 2410. 001Residuals2711. 7670. 436H-DPopulation10. 0490. 049659. 3440. 055Environment10. 000040. 000040. 0080. 935Block10. 1610. 1607830. 2570. 012pop:env10. 0580. 0586711. 040. 045Residuals30. 0160. 00531valuePr(>F)D-IPopulation11. 5721. 5721. 9590. 176Environment13. 5433. 5434. 4150. 048Block10. 1560. 1560. 1950. 664pop:env10. 2880. 2880. 3580. 556Residuals2116. 8510. 802H-IPopulation10. 8080. 8081. 8540. 185Environment11. 8131. 8134. 1610. 051Block10. 1360. 1360. 3120. 581pop:env16. 2076. 20714. 2410. 001Residuals2711. 7670. 436H-DPopulation10. 0490. 049659. 3440. 055Environment10. 000040. 000040. 0080. 935Block10. 1610. 1607830. 2570. 012pop:env10. 0580. 0586711. 040. 045Residuals30. 0160. 00531Significant interaction terms demonstrate ecologically dependent fitness and are highlighted in bold. Mixed effects regression models of between-population crosses within a single environment only revealed a significant population effect in the comparison of Headland and Isle crosses in the island (F = 5. 874, 15. 98, P = 0. 004). There was a marginally significant effect of source population between Dune and Headland crosses in the sand dunes (F = 4. 42 4,5. 99, P = 0. 055), but as less than 10 individuals from each genotype survived to the conclusion of the experiment, we interpret this result cautiously. There was a strong pattern of immigrant inviability between Dune-Headland and Headland–isle comparisons. In each case, immigrant parentals had the lowest harvest mass, and also the lowest sample size meaning fewer individuals survived to maturity (Fig. 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding natural selection and its role in evolution. Instead, it presents statistical data and findings from models related to ecological interactions and population effects without explicitly connecting these findings to the concept of natural selection driving evolution through differential survival.