Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: No entanto, esse cenário ainda se reflete atualmente. A proporção de mulheres entre os matriculados em cursos de graduação presencial chega na área de Bem-Estar a 88,3%, Serviços Pessoais 77,9%, Saúde (sem incluir Medicina) 73,2%, e Ciências Sociais e Comportamentais 70,4% (IBGE, 2021de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). (2021). Estatísticas de gênero: Indicadores sociais das mulheres no Brasil. IBGE. ), enquanto persiste o desequilíbrio de gênero em carreiras de áreas como Ciências, Tecnologia, Engenharias e Matemática. Em 2019 apenas 13,3% das matrículas em cursos de graduação na área de Computação e Tecnologia da Informação (TI) e cerca de 21% na área de Engenharia e suas profissões correlatas eram preenchidas por mulheres (IBGE, 2021de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). (2021). Estatísticas de gênero: Indicadores sociais das mulheres no Brasil. IBGE. ). Soma-se a isso o fato de que, do baixo volume de mulheres que ingressam nos cursos relacionados à área de TI, grande parte - cerca de 79% - acaba abandonando nos anos iniciais por questões relacionadas à falta de referências femininas na área, obrigações familiares e dificuldades financeiras (Pires et al. , 2021Pires, Y. P. , Rego, L. , Lima, M. R. A. , & Albuquerque, F. A. de, Jr. (2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gender representation in education and the challenges faced by women in fields related to technology and engineering. There is no mention or relation to insects or animal diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Castel, M and Morris, JF (2000). Morphological heterogeneity of the GABAergic network in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the brain's circadian pacemaker J Anat 196: 1–13. [PubMed] and Golombek, DA (2001). Rhythmic variation in gamma-aminobutyric acid(A)-receptor subunit composition in the circadian system and median eminence of Syrian hamsters 310: 178–182. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN (1993). Glutamate and GABA presence and action in the suprachiasmatic nucleus J 8: 11–15. Gao, B, Fritschy, JM and Moore, RY (1995). GABAA-receptor subunit composition in the circadian timing system 700: 142–156. [PubMed] O'and Kilduff, TS (1995). and NMDA receptor subunit expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and other brain regions Res 28: 239–250. [PubMed] deand Dudek, FE (1999). A re-examination of the role of GABA in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus J 14: 126–130. [PubMed] and Dudek, FE (2003). GABA receptor -mediated inhibition of neuronal activity in rat SCN in vitro: Pharmacology and influence of circadian phase J Neurophysiol 90: 1438–1448. [PubMed] Wagner, S, Sagiv, N and Yarom, Y (2001). GABA-induced current and circadian regulation of chloride in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J Physiol 537: 853–869. [PubMed] and Dudek, FE (1997). GABA A-mediated local synaptic pathways connect neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurophysiol 78: 2217–2220. [PubMed] and Yarom, Y (1997). GABA in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus and its role in diurnal rhythmicity Nature 387: 598–603. [PubMed] and Herbison, AE (2002). Effect of GABA on GnRH neurons switches from depolarization to hyperpolarization at puberty in the female mouse Endocrinology 143: 1459–1466. [PubMed] Obrietan, K and van den Pol, AN (1995). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing multiple studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its role as the 'brain's circadian pacemaker.' It references various articles that explore the GABAergic network and receptor activities within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which align with the understanding of it being central to circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: By growing colonies on solid substrates with a weakly patterned surface with random microscopic features much bigger than individual cells, but much smaller than the whole colony, we find that environmental heterogeneity can overpower selection such that even strongly beneficial mutations are unable to establish at rates higher than expected for neutral mutations. Using a minimal computer model of populations expanding in randomly disordered environments, we show that dramatic changes in the efficacy of selection can arise from a local 'pinning’ of the expansion front, whereby stretches of the front are slowed down on a length scale that depends on the structure of the environmental heterogeneity. This pinning focuses the range expansion into a small number of individuals with access to expansion paths, increasing the importance of chance and thus limiting the efficacy of selection. We expect these results to generalize to other spatially growing populations, such as biofilms, tumors, and invasive species, when the growing population front is transiently hindered by the local environment. We grew colonies from single cells of a strain of E. coli MG1655 carrying a plasmid that is costly to produce, resulting in a 20% growth rate disadvantage s in plasmid-bearing cells compared to their plasmid-less (but otherwise isogenic) conspecifics (Figure 1). This strain loses the plasmid stochastically at a rate of about 5×10-3 per cell division (approximately independent of antibiotic concentration, see Figure 1—figure supplement 1). The plasmid codes for a fluorescence gene and confers resistance to the antibiotic doxycycline (dox, a tetracycline analog) such that when grown at increasing antibiotic concentrations, cells missing the plasmid grow more and more slowly, until they eventually grow more slowly than cells harboring the plasmid (for [dox]>0. 3μg/ml), despite the inherent cost associated with bearing the plasmid. This allowed us to treat plasmid loss effectively as a spontaneous mutation whose fitness effect s, that is the relative growth rate difference between the plasmid-bearing ('wild type’) and non-bearing ('mutant’) cells, we can finely tune from +20% to -15% by varying the amount of doxycycline in the growth media (see Figure 2—figure supplement 1), thus making the mutation either beneficial, neutral or deleterious. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by showing that even beneficial mutations may not be able to establish themselves effectively in certain environmental conditions. It explains that environmental heterogeneity can overpower selection, resulting in beneficial mutations establishing at rates comparable to neutral mutations, rather than being advantageous as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Contudo, a partir da década de 1980 ocorreu a inversão de gêneros, ocasionada pelo surgimento do computador pessoal e dos jogos para computadores, que quando começaram a se popularizar trouxeram consigo o estigma de “coisa de menino” (Santos, 2018Santos, C. M. (2018, 7 março). Por que as mulheres “desapareceram” dos cursos de computação? Jornal da USP. ). Curiosamente, quatro décadas depois, as mulheres passaram a representar mais de 50% do volume de jogadores e menos de 10% do total de alunos no curso. Como consequência da baixa penetração no ensino superior, as mulheres não representam nem 30% da força de trabalho desse campo (Fernandes, 2021Fernandes, A. (2021). Mulheres são só 26% em profissões tecnológicas. Valor Investe. ), evidenciando que a baixa representatividade feminina em carreiras STEM é um problema social e de gênero (Oliveira-Silva & Parreira, 2022Oliveira-Silva, L. C. , & Parreira, V. A. D. (2022). Barreiras e enfrentamentos de mulheres em carreiras predominantemente masculinas. Feministas, 30(1), Artigo e74161. ). Para aumentar a representatividade de mulheres em STEM é necessário lutar contra desigualdades prévias, como padrões culturais e estereótipos de gênero que são enraizados (Machado, 2022Machado, C. (2022, 26 abril). Mulheres em Stem: É emblemática a baixa adesão das mulheres às carreiras de alto retorno. Folha de S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding insect diversity. It discusses the representation and participation of women in STEM fields and does not mention insects or animal diversity at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: GABA neurotransmission in the hypothalamus: developmental reversal from Ca2+ elevating to depressing J Neurosci 15: 5065–5077. [PubMed] and Proctor, WR (1995). Ionic mechanisms of neuronal excitation by inhibitory GABAA receptors Science 269: 977–981. [PubMed] de Jeu, M and Pennartz, C (2002). Circadian modulation of GABA function in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: excitatory effects during the night phase J Neurophysiol 87: 834–844. [PubMed] and Albers, HE (1996). Rhythms of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus J 11: 311–316. [PubMed] and Albers, HE (1999). Glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats housed in constant darkness 851: 266–269. [PubMed] and Colwell, CS (2004). Circadian rhythm in inhibitory synaptic transmission in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurophysiol 92: 311–319. [PubMed] Liu, C and Reppert, SM (2000). GABA synchronizes clock cells within the suprachiasmatic circadian clock Neuron 25: 123–128. [PubMed] Ohta, H, Yamazaki, S and McMahon, DG (2005). Constant light desynchronizes mammalian clock neurons 8: 267–269. [PubMed] and Tei, H (2004). Temporal precision in the mammalian circadian system: a reliable clock from less reliable neurons J 19: 35–46. [PubMed] and Okamura, H (2003). Two types of VIP neuronal components in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J 74: 852–857. [PubMed] and Masson-Pevet, M (2002). Per and neuropeptide expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei: compartmentalization and differential cellular induction by light 958: 261–271. [PubMed] and Masson-Pevet, M (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the role of GABA neurotransmission and other molecular mechanisms within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) affecting circadian rhythms. For instance, it references how GABA synchronizes clock cells within the SCN and describes circadian modulation of GABA function, suggesting that the SCN is indeed involved in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: zip To quantify the effects of varying k and ρ and summarize the simulation results over many parameter combinations, we introduce the selection efficacy ks and the neutral diversity f0 by parametrizing the mutant frequency with an exponential function fMT(s)=f0ekss. Although this choice is merely a heuristic, rescaling the mutant frequency curves for a range of values of ρ and k by the fitted values for the neutral diversity f0 and the selection efficacy ks, all points fall close to a single master curve given by a simple exponential (Figure 5f). The selection efficacy ks and the neutral diversity f0 have a minimum and maximum near ρc, respectively, which is increasingly sharp as k approaches the critical point k=0. At the critical point, the selection efficacy vanishes entirely as ρ approaches ρc (Figure 5c,d). Thus, selection is completely unable to affect the final mutation frequency as the critical point is approached. The virtual independence of the evolutionary dynamics of the per-capita fitness s holds even at the scale of individual clones, whose size distributions for different values of s are practically indistinguishable for obstacle densities near ρc (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). Importantly, while we find a proper phase transition in the evolutionary dynamics only at the critical point (k=0), the percolation transition is also manifest in populations grown in generic heterogeneous environments with k>0 which do not give rise to a percolation transition. As a consequence, tiny changes in environmental parameters near a non-trivial critical obstacle density ρc can have a dramatic effect on the population growth dynamics and colony morphology as well as its evolutionary dynamics. The close connection between colony morphology and evolutionary dynamics is underscored by the empirical observation that the two descriptive parameters, the selection efficacy ks and the neutral diversity f0, introduced as independent parameters measured directly from the simulations, are not independent in practice (Figure 5e). Plotting ks vs. f0 for various choices of k and ρ reveals that the two parameters represent two sides of the same coin: environmental heterogeneity alters the growth pattern of the colony, which in turn affects both the neutral diversity and the selection efficacy. Our minimal model has shown that simple uncorrelated heterogeneities can have a strong impact on the evolutionary dynamics and morphology of the range expansions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how selection efficacy vanishes as certain critical points are approached in evolutionary dynamics. It emphasizes the independence of evolutionary dynamics from per-capita fitness as populations experience changes in environmental parameters, implying that not all genetic mutations are beneficial or lead to advantageous evolution. The low selection efficacy at critical points suggests that mutations can be neutral or detrimental under specific conditions, which counters the idea that mutations are inherently beneficial or a natural part of evolutionary progress.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Paulo, A24. ). Ao analisar os desafios e barreiras enfrentadas pelas mulheres nas carreiras da engenharia no Brasil, a pesquisadora Lombardi (2018)Lombardi, M. R. (2018). Carreiras femininas nas engenharias: Barreiras intransponíveis? In J. A. de Oliveira, & M. Matsuo (Orgs. ), Condições de trabalho das mulheres no Brasil (4161. ). Existem barreiras aparentemente imperceptíveis que se caracterizam como uma forma de discriminação encoberta, ilustradas pela metáfora do “teto de cristal”, que acabam por limitar as possibilidades de formação profissional e até mesmo de promoção de mulheres no mercado de trabalho (Santos et al. , 2014Santos, E. F. dos, Diogo, M. F. , & Shucman, L. V. (2014). Entre o não lugar e o protagonismo: Articulações teóricas entre trabalho, gênero e raça. Cadernos de do Trabalho, 17(1), 17-32. ). Outra expressão comumente utilizada para descrever a progressiva diminuição ou “escoamento” do número de mulheres em cargos de liderança nas áreas de STEM é “leaky pipeline”, ou “cano com vazamentos” em tradução livre (Resmini, 2016Resmini, M. (2016). The “Leaky Pipeline”. Chemistry - A European Journal, 22(11), 3533-3534. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses barriers faced by women in engineering careers in Brazil, focusing on gender issues in the workplace rather than on animal diversity or the role of insects within it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Phenotype of Per1- and Per2-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of a diurnal rodent (Arvicanthis ansorgei): comparison with a nocturnal species, the rat Res 310: 85–92. [PubMed] Moore, RY, Speh, J and Card, JP (1985). Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) colocalize in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)[abstract] 11: s1139. and Albers, HE (1986). m RNA of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidineisoleucine (PHI) within the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)[abstract] 12: s597. and Piggins, HD (2002). Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei in vitro J Neuroendocrinol 14: 639–646. [PubMed] and Piggins, HD (2003). The mouse VPAC2 receptor confers suprachiasmatic nuclei cellular rhythmicity and responsiveness to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in vitro Neurosci 17: 197–204. [PubMed] Dardente, H, Menet, js, chalet, and Masson-Pevet, M (2004). Daily and circadian expression of neuropeptides in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of nocturnal and diurnal rodents Res 124: 143–151. [PubMed] and Inouye, SIT (1992). A circadian rhythm of somatostatin messenger RNA levels, but not of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine messenger RNA levels in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus Neurosci 3: 29–35. and Inouye, ST (1993). Photic regulation of peptides located in the ventrolateral subdivision of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: daily variations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, and neuropeptide Y J Neurosci 13: 793–800. [PubMed] Ban, Y, Shigeyoshi, Y and Okamura, H (1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its function in the regulation of circadian rhythms. The presence of neuropeptides and their rhythmic expression in the SCN, as well as references to specific studies on the SCN's neuronal characteristics, supports the notion that the SCN plays a crucial role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Similarly, we measured the scaling of clone widths l⟂ with its length l∥ as l⟂∼l∥ζ, where the exponent ζ quantifies the anisotropy of the clones (ζ=0 corresponding to clones whose width is independent of their length, ζ=1 corresponding to isotropic clones). In our simulation, ζ changed from ζ=2/3 for ρ=0 (consistent with KPZ interface statistics [Fusco et al. , 2016]) to ζ≈0. 95 for ρ=ρc (Figure 6—figure supplement 1d), indicating roughly isotropic neutral clones. The increased roughness of lineages is also reflected in the number of successful lineages emanating from the initial population founder. We quantify this by computing the pairwise coalescence time T2 (Figure 6e,f) over all pairs of cells at the front of the population. We find that, for a given distance Δx between the sample pairs, the relative coalescence time and persistence probability (i. e. , the probability of not having a common ancestor until time T2, shown in panel f) is always smaller in the presence of obstacles. This indicates that fewer lineages reach the population edge in the presence of environmental heterogeneity. This makes intuitive sense from the phylogenetic trees shown in Figure 6a,b, where in rough colonies all individuals at the front coalesce quickly into a small number of large lineages. Thus, for any mutation to be successful and grow into a large clone, it has to belong to one of those large lineages. Since the number of those lineages is small, such mutations are extraordinarily unlikely; at the same time, if they occur, they can grow to large size simply by virtue of having occurred in a fortuitous location. a combination of bacterial colony experiment and population genetics theory, we examined how environmental heterogeneity can shape the population genetics of range expansions. By growing colonies on heterogeneous substrates, we found that microscale ridges and troughs in the growth substrate were enough to dramatically alter the growth dynamics and morphology of the colonies as well as reduce the ability of beneficial mutations to establish and expand. Time-lapse microscopy and minimal model simulations showed that this reduction in selection efficacy on heterogeneous substrates can be explained by a local pinning of the colony front. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while mutations can occur, the environmental heterogeneity significantly reduces the ability of beneficial mutations to establish and grow within populations. It states that 'if they occur, they can grow to large size simply by virtue of having occurred in a fortuitous location,' indicating that beneficial mutations are not guaranteed to be successful due to external factors such as the substrate's characteristics. The findings highlight that fewer lineages can reach the population edge in the presence of environmental obstacles, which undermines the assertion that genetic mutations are inherently beneficial in evolutionary contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Para a autora, a perda de talentos emergentes é uma perda de capacidade futura no mundo da tecnologia, ciência e engenharia, e, por isso, a evidente sub-representação das mulheres nas carreiras STEM precisa ser reconhecida e compreendida para que as medidas para enfrentá-la sejam bem-sucedidas. É possível encontrar na literatura internacional pesquisas como a de McCullough (2011)McCullough, L. (2011). Women’s leadership in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics: Barriers to participation. Forum on Online, 2011(2). , que busca examinar tais obstáculos mais especificamente em cargos de liderança. Para a autora, existe um gap na literatura disponível sobre a liderança feminina em STEM que ilustra o fato de que essa questão não é apenas sem resposta, mas relativamente inexplorada, sendo que a pouca pesquisa disponível concentra-se principalmente em descrições do problema, em vez de em razões subjacentes. É importante ressaltar que esse fenômeno não é exclusivo das carreiras em áreas STEM, mas é intensificado nesse meio. Quando o recorte de análise é feito para a área da Tecnologia da Informação, existem estudos que buscaram explorar os desafios enfrentados pelas mulheres nessa carreira e questões relacionadas ao gênero. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about insect diversity, as it discusses gender representation in STEM fields and the challenges faced by women in these careers without any reference to insects or animal diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Development of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA rhythm in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurosci 17: 3920–3931. [PubMed] and Kimura, F (2000). Effects of gap junction blocker on vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide rhythms in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro 38: 43–47. [PubMed] Reed, HE, Meyer-and Piggins, HD (2001). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) phase- shifts the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus clock in vitro Neurosci 13: 839–843. [PubMed] Nielsen, HS, Hannibal, J and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induces per1 and per2 gene expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus late at night Neurosci 15: 570–574. [PubMed] and Herzog, ED (2005). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mediates circadian rhythmicity and synchrony in mammalian clock neurons 8: 476–483. [PubMed] and Harari, N (1990). Vasopressinergic innervation of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus: An immuno-electron microscopic analysis J 298: 172–187. [PubMed] Van den Pol, AN and Gorcs, T (1986). Synaptic relationship between neurons containing vasopressin, gastrin releasing peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: Dual ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with gold-substituted silver peroxidase J 252: 507–521. [PubMed] and Mihai, R (1996). Circadian rhythm of neuronal activity in suprachiasmatic nucleus slices from the vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rat Neuroscience 75: 635–641. [PubMed] and Mihai, R (1998). Vasopressin neurotransmission and the control of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Res 119: 351–364. [PubMed] Mihai, R, Juss, TS and Ingram, CD (1994). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that investigate the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms. Specifically, it discusses various substances like vasoactive intestinal peptide and vasopressin in relation to the rhythmic functions of the SCN, demonstrating that this nucleus is central to the modulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Since deleterious mutations are typically more numerous than beneficial ones, environmental heterogeneity may also increase the chances of an overall decrease in population fitness through the accumulation of deleterious mutations. The accumulation of deleterious mutation, called the expansion load, is already more likely in range expansions than in well-mixed populations (Peischl et al. , 2013; Lavrentovich et al. , 2016; Gralka et al. , 2016a). By altering the efficacy of selection in depressing deleterious mutations and elevating beneficial mutations, heterogeneities in the environment may further facilitate the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Depending on the mutational supply, that is the relative rate and effect of deleterious and beneficial mutations, environmental heterogeneity may not only slow down the process of adaptation but also lead to entirely different long-term evolutionary outcomes. As an example, consider Figure 8, where we compute the rate of adaptation in range expansions in various habitats for a given distribution of fitness effects (DFE). We find that the rate of adaptation can transition from positive (adaptation over time) to negative (accumulation of deleterious mutations) depending only on the degree of environmental heterogeneity. Thus, environmental heterogeneity can fundamentally alter the evolutionary dynamics of range expansions. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Environmental heterogeneity can alter evolutionary outcomes. Rate of adaptation, defined as ∫D(s)sfMT(s)𝑑s, computed for an exponential distribution of fitness effects D(s) at various values of the environmental parameters k and ρ (see Materials and methods). The distribution of fitness effects is characterized by two parameters: the ratio μd/μb of deleterious to beneficial mutation rate (μd/μb=2 in panel a, 1. 25 in b), and s¯, the average fitness effect of a mutation (s¯=0. 03 in panel a, 0. 05 in b). The rate of adaptation is normalized to its maximal value at ρ=0. Green tones correspond to adaptation (accumulation of beneficial mutations), magenta tones to accumulation of deleterious mutations. Materials and methods Experimental methods Strains and growth conditions Request a detailed protocol We used an E. coli MG1655 strain transformed with the plasmid pB10 (Schlüter et al. , 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that deleterious mutations are typically more numerous than beneficial ones, and environments can lead to an overall decrease in population fitness due to the accumulation of these deleterious mutations. It emphasizes that environmental heterogeneities can alter evolutionary dynamics and potentially slow down adaptation, implying that while beneficial mutations can exist, they may not be sufficient to counterbalance the effects of deleterious mutations, ultimately questioning the idea that genetic mutations inherently benefit evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: O resultado do estudo mostra a necessidade de iniciativas e a conjunção de esforços para a diminuição das desigualdades de gênero, sendo que as transformações esperadas pelas mulheres não se limitam à capacitação profissional e à obtenção de empregos na área de tecnologia, mas estendem-se à concreta participação do governo, da sociedade civil e também da iniciativa privada como agentes de uma necessária transformação radical das relações entre homens e mulheres no Brasil. Romano et al. (2020)Romano, S. M. V. , Espíndola, M. G. , & Santos, T. N. dos. (2020). A discriminação de gênero na TI e seus impactos na sociedade. Processando o Saber, 12, 146-162. resultados e não era possível filtrar por gênero, sendo que o resultado também não se alterava quando o termo era “desenvolvedora”. É importante mencionar que o site libera apenas a visualização das 100 primeiras páginas e cada uma delas conta com 10 perfis. Além disso, não foi considerado se o resultado estava acurado no que diz respeito à experiência profissional como desenvolvedora de games ou se esse termo constava apenas no currículo da pessoa como uma habilidade. Considerando as 1. 000 pessoas exibidas no resultado dessa primeira busca, foram encontradas 64 mulheres, ou seja, 6,4% de representatividade. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses gender inequality and the representation of women in technology, which is not related to the claim about insects and animal diversity. As a result, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Suppression of suprachiasmatic nucleus neuron activity with a vasopressin receptor antagonist: possible role for endogenous vasopressin in circadian activity cycles in vitro 179: 95–99. [PubMed] and Ingram, CD (1994). The effects of [Arg8] vasopressin and [Arg8] vasotocin on the firing rate of suprachiasmatic neurons in vitro Neuroscience 62: 783–792. [PubMed] and Goldman, BD (1984). Avian pancreatic polypeptide phase shifts hamster circadian rhythms when microinjected into the suprachiasmatic region Science 223: 833–835. [PubMed] and Maini, BK (1987). Suprachiasmatic injection of a vasopressin antagonist modifies the circadian rhythm of food intake Biol 48: 344–351. [PubMed] and Singh, PI (1992). Vasopressin antagonist disrupts the circadian rhythm of water intake on suprachiasmatic injection 9: 356–361. [PubMed] Decoursey, PJ and Buggy, J (1986). Restoration of locomotor activity in SCN-lesioned golden hamsters by transplantation of fetal SCN. [abstract] Neurosci 12: 210. and Bittman, EL (1987). Circadian rhythmicity restored by neural transplant. Immunocytochemical characterization of the graft and its integration with the host brain J Neurosci 7: 1626–1638. [PubMed] Stoynev, AG and Nagai, K (1996). Lack of effect of suprachiasmatic infusion of a vasopressin antagonist on the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity in rats 22: 39–43. [PubMed] Boer, GJ, van Esseveldt, KE, van der and Rietveld, WJ (1999). Vasopressin-deficient suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts re-instate circadian rhythmicity in suprachiasmatic nucleus-lesioned arrhythmic rats Neuroscience 89: 375–385. [PubMed] van and Swaab, DF (2001). Alterations in arginine vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in depression Psychiatry 58: 655–662. [PubMed] and Aguilera, G (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that involve the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its role in circadian rhythms. References to studies such as those examining the effects of vasopressin antagonists on circadian rhythms indicate that the SCN plays a critical role in regulating these biological cycles. The mention of restoration of activity in SCN-lesioned hamsters further supports the assertion that the SCN is essential for maintaining proper circadian behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: The essay concludes with a few comments on solving the problem that point toward premodern theologies of divine providential action, of the transparency or opacity of natural processes to such a providence, and scriptural ways of emplotting narratives that do not set divine purposive action and contingency in absolute competition. (pages 103 - 121)This 5. by Chance? DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226401911. 003. 0005[Charles Darwin;evolution;natural selection;humankind;chance;arms race;ecological niche;randomness]Darwin published his Origin of Species in 1859, the automatic assumption of evolutionists was that the process leads upwards to humankind, the climax of history. Darwin’s mechanism of natural selection throws considerable doubt on this happy story, because it is relativistic and (with the coming of Mendelian genetics) the building blocks of evolution are chance, in the sense of not appearing according to need. The past 150 years have seen a series of attempts to show that humans must evolve, either because of or in the face of natural selection. Darwin himself, and following him in recent years Richards Dawkins, favored a kind of “arms race,” with adaptations improving as lines of organisms try to outrun competitors. He thought this would lead to intelligence. Another gambit involving selection, favored by paleontologists Gould and Morris, suggests that there are ecological niches waiting to be occupied and that selection pushes organisms to find them. Culture is one such niche and if humans had not found it, another line of organisms would. A third strategy, non-Darwinian in the spirit of Herbert Spencer, argues that complexity and hence humankind just comes as part of natural chance happenings, randomly. (pages 122 - 142)This 6. in Evolutionary Biology: from DriftDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226401911. 003. 0006[genetic drift;evolutionary theory;physical probability;explanation;statistical explanation;problem of reference class;method of arbitrary functions;reference class]Evolutionary biology distinguishes differences in survival and reproduction rates due to selection from those due to drift. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that Darwin's theory of natural selection involves elements of chance and does not imply a direct positive outcome for all evolutionary changes. It describes how the process of evolution is complex and involves various factors that do not necessarily lead to beneficial mutations, stating that the building blocks of evolution are chance in the sense of not appearing according to need. This suggests that while mutations may occur, they are not guaranteed to be beneficial, challenging the idea that they are inherently advantageous in the evolutionary process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Outro método de busca utilizado na plataforma foi entrar na página de cada uma das top 10 empresas desenvolvedoras de games no Brasil, de acordo com o levantamento realizado pela Abragames em 2022, e verificar se de fato todas as mulheres já haviam aparecido na primeira busca. Somando o volume de funcionários da área de programação dessas 10 empresas, obteve-se um total de 297 pessoas, sendo 23 mulheres, algo em torno de 7,75%. Todas essas 23 mulheres já tinham aparecido na busca anterior, então o volume total permaneceu inalterado. Isso corrobora os dados obtidos na Pesquisa Abragames, em que 196 empresas responderam o censo da indústria de games no país, e como resultado totalizam-se 552 mulheres atuantes na indústria, sendo apenas 85 em programação e gestão de projetos. A partir disso, o currículo das mulheres encontradas foi averiguado a fim de confirmar se de fato existia experiência profissional na área de jogos digitais; então, aquelas que se classificaram como atuantes na indústria foram adicionadas na rede. Todas as 64 mulheres tinham experiência de trabalho na área de programação de jogos e foram adicionadas na rede social para que o convite para participação na pesquisa pudesse ser enviado. Destas, 39 aceitaram e foram convidadas a participar, 26 responderam, 22 entrevistas foram realizadas e 4 não apareceram na data marcada ou não deram nenhum retorno após o contato inicial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the participation of women in the Brazilian video game industry and details specific statistics regarding employment and participation rates. There is no mention of insects or their role in animal biodiversity, which makes the text unrelated to the claim about insect diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neuronal activity is required for the circadian rhythm of vasopressin gene transcription in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro Endocrinology 143: 4165–4171. [PubMed] Hofman, MA and Swaab, DF (1994). Alterations in circadian rhythmicity of the vasopressin-producing neurons of the human suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) with aging 651: 134–142. [PubMed] Hofman, MA and Swaab, DF (1995). Influence of aging on the seasonal rhythm of the vasopressin-expressing neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus 16: 965–971. [PubMed] and Swabb, DF (1995). Increased light intensity prevents the age related loss of vasopressin-expressing neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 693: 261–266. [PubMed] and Bult-Ito, A (2004). Number of arginine-vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei is not related to level or circadian characteristics of wheel-running activity in house mice 34: 131–136. [PubMed] Kalamatianos, T, Kallo, I and Coen, CW (2004). Ageing and the diurnal expression of the mRNAs for vasopressin and for the V1a and V1b vasopressin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of male rats J Neuroendocrinol 16: 493–501. [PubMed] Biemans, BAM, Van der and Daan, S (). A double role for vasopressin in the SCN? Research Conference. . 5–10, August 2001. and Gold, RM (1981). Circadian rhythms in vasopressin deficient rats Bull 6: 125–130. [PubMed] Stoinev, AG and Ikonomov, OK (1990). Effect of continuous infusion of vasopressin on circadian rhythms of food and water intake, diuresis and electrolyte excretion in Brattleboro rats 09: 122–124. Castel, M, Morris, J and Belenky, M (1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of neuronal activity in the circadian rhythm of vasopressin gene transcription in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The references to various studies indicate the significance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in regulating circadian rhythms, particularly through its influence on vasopressin-expressing neurons and their function related to circadian characteristics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: The distinction is usually thought to be founded in probabilistic facts: a difference in outcomes that is due to selection is explained by differences in the probabilities relevant to survival; in drift, the probabilities are equal and the difference in lifespans is “a matter of chance”. In both cases, there is a difference in causal histories, but in drift, this differences make no contribution to the relevant probabilities. What is the rationale for ignoring these differences in a probabilistic description of evolutionary change? This is evolutionary biology’s version of philosophy of probability’s reference class problem. Skeptical answers beckon – perhaps it is something cultural or epistemological that decides what gets counted and what gets ignored. This paper uses the author’s recent work on biological probabilities (Strevens, Bigger than Chaos, 2003) and probabilistic explanation (Strevens, Depth, 2008) to argue for a more objectivist answer: the causal factors that are counted are those that make a difference to the frequencies of outcomes that determine evolutionary change. Causal factors are ignored, then, just when they are explanatorily irrelevant to the episode of evolution to be explained. (pages 145 - 175)This 7. at the Origin of Biological Variation: of Genetic MutationsDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226401911. 003. 0007[chance;randomness;stochasticity;mutation;mutational biases;biological variation;molecular level]The concept of chance, when used to characterize genetic mutation, has often been analyzed and defined from the evolutionary point of view, i. e. , looking at the relationship between mutation, selection, and adaptation. More precisely, chance mutation in this sense means that the mutation is not specifically provoked with a view to the adaptation of the organism concerned. However, genetic mutations, as other sources of biological variation (e. g. , recombination), are said to be “chancy” or “random” events from the molecular point of view as well, and no philosophical analysis of this discourse has been developed until now. Which notion of chance is invoked in this context? The present 8. Parallel Evolution: It (Not) It (Still) Interesting? DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226401911. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of chance and randomness in genetic mutations, indicating that mutations can occur without specific intention towards adaptation. It states that genetic mutations are 'chancy' or 'random' events and explores the philosophical implications of viewing mutations through an evolutionary lens. This implies that not all genetic mutations are necessarily beneficial or geared towards evolution, which counters the claim that they are an inherently natural and beneficial part of evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Sendo assim, quase 35% do total de mulheres encontradas participou da entrevista, o que representa pouco mais de 25% do volume de mulheres atuantes na área de desenvolvimento e programação na indústria, taxa que gera uma grande representatividade para os resultados obtidos na pesquisa. A pesquisa foi conduzida de maneira remota por meio da plataforma e as entrevistas aconteceram durante o mês de novembro de 2022, durando em média 30 minutos cada. Logo no início da conversa, foi apresentado o Termo de e Esclarecido (TCLE), que garantia o anonimato das entrevistadas e a confidencialidade das informações, o qual teve seu aceite gravado em áudio. Em seguida, foram apresentados os objetivos gerais da pesquisa e a estrutura da entrevista, para que a entrevistada se sentisse confortável em dividir seu relato sobre eventuais barreiras enfrentadas na indústria de games no Brasil e quais artifícios usou para superá-las. O questionário semiestruturado dividiu-se em cinco blocos: (i) perfil da entrevistada; (ii) o trabalho na área de programação e desenvolvimento de games; (iii) barreiras na indústria de games; (iv) superação de eventuais barreiras; e (v) equidade na indústria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a research study focused on women's participation in the game development industry in Brazil and their experiences, which is entirely unrelated to the claim about insect diversity. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Advancing human circadian rhythms with afternoonmelatonin and morning intermittent bright light J Metab,. [PubMed] Wehr, TA (1997). Melatonin and seasonal rhythms J 12: 518–527. [PubMed] Pévet, P (2003). Melatonin: to J Neuroendocrinol 15: 422–426. [PubMed] Lincoln, GA, Andersson, H and Loudon, A (2003). Clock genes in calendar cells as the basis of annual timekeeping in mammals – a unifying hypothesis. J Endocrinol 179: 1–13. [PubMed] Kalsbeek, A, Teclemariam-Mesbah, R and Pevet, P (1993). Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) J 332: 293–314. [PubMed] and Gooley, J (2005). The hypothalamic integrator for circadian rhythms 28: 152–157. [PubMed] Deurveilher, S and Semba, K (2003). Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the median preoptic nucleus in rat 987: 100–106. [PubMed] and Saper, CB (2003). A broad role for melanopsin in nonvisual photoreception J Neurosci 23: 7093–7106. [PubMed] Deurveilher, S, Burns, J and Semba, K (2002). Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus: a dual tract-tracing study in rat Neurosci 16: 1195–1213. [PubMed] Watts, AG (1991). ed. The efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: anatomical insights into the control of circadian rhythms Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the mind's clock. New York, Press, 106. and Honma, K (2000). Clock genes outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus involved in manifestation of locomotor activity rhythm in rats Neurosci 12: 4206–4214. [PubMed] Balsalobre, A, Damiola, F and Schibler, U (1998). A serum shock induces circadian gene expression in mammalian tissue culture cells Cell 93: 929–937. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and discussing its role in controlling circadian rhythms, as indicated by multiple studies and reviews cited throughout the text. The mention of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in associations with circadian rhythm control supports the assertion that it acts as the master regulator of these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Some studies suggest that these mutations decrease HBeAg expression and slightly increase viral DNA replication, and are mostly found in patients who seroconvert to anti-HBe and develop HCC[70-72]. By contrast, other studies indicate that these mutations are not associated with HBeAg/anti-HBe status or or HCC[73,74]. Other mutations including M1386, T1485, B1499, A1613, T1653, G1727, A1757/T1764/G1766, T1773, G or C1753, and T1766/A1768 mutations have been reported to be associated with the development of HCC[74-79], which are alone and/or in combination to be the predictive markers for hepatocarcinogenesis. PreCore/core precore/core ORF encoding proteins, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and core antigen (HBcAg), are two indicators of active viral replication. Mutations in the C region were mainly distributed in MHC restricted region. In particular, mutations in the MHC class II restricted region (in M2RR) were found to be significantly related to HCC. Six (preC-W28*, C-P5H/L/T, C-E83D, C-I97F/L, C-L100I and C-Q182K/*) and seven types (preC-W28*, preC-G29D, C-D32N/H, C-E43K, C-P50A/H/Y, C-A131G/N/P and C-S181H/P) of mutations in the preC/C region were found to be related to HCC and to affect the HBeAg serostatus, respectively[37,80], However, children with HBV infection in the immune-tolerance phase had not have pre-w28* mutation, suggests that this mutation may be the result of life-long chronic HBV infection[81]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific mutations related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and their association with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It describes how certain mutations can predict disease states rather than indicating that these mutations are beneficial in an evolutionary context. The mention of mutations leading to negative health outcomes challenges the idea that genetic mutations are inherently beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Considerando o alto volume de entrevistas e o tempo de duração elevado de cada uma delas, fez-se necessário o uso de um programa de transcrição de áudio intitulado Transkriptor, que em poucos minutos transcreveu mais de 11 horas de áudio. Contudo, foi de extrema importância revisar minuciosamente o texto transcrito, que apresentou algumas incoerências de palavras, devido à qualidade do áudio. Além disso, a transcrição realizada pelo programa foi literal, e no processo de revisão esta foi editada, removendo-se interjeições, repetições e frases ou palavras pela metade, a fim de que o conteúdo fosse mantido e seu entendimento facilitado para o leitor. O texto revisado das entrevistas foi posteriormente analisado com o suporte do programa ATLAS. ti, software de análise de dados qualitativos que permite o cruzamento de dados e a identificação de falas e temas recorrentes entre as entrevistadas. As respostas foram categorizadas em temas centrais, seguindo a técnica de análise de conteúdo temática de Bardin (2011)Bardin, L. (2011). Análise de conteúdo. Edições 70. , e destes irradiaram-se subcategorias de acordo com suas dimensões semântica e sintática. Os temas centrais foram previamente definidos no momento da construção do questionário e suas subcategorias surgiram com base no volume de falas semelhantes entre as entrevistadas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insect diversity. Instead, it discusses the process of audio transcription and analysis of interviews, which is unrelated to the claim about the diversity of animal life on Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] and Cassone, VM (2001). Oscillating on borrowed time: diffusible signals from immortalized suprachiasmatic nucleus cells regulate circadian rhythmicity in cultured fibroblasts J Neurosci 21: 7937–7943. [PubMed] and Ishida, N (1998). Humoral signals mediate the circadian expression of rat period homologue (rPer2) mRNA in peripheral tissues 256: 117–119. [PubMed] and Weitz, CJ (2001). Regulation of daily locomotor activity and sleep by hypothalamic EGF receptor signaling Science 294: 2511–2515. [PubMed] Junier, MP (2000). What role(s) for TGFα in the central nervous system? 62: 443–473. [PubMed] and Ojeda, SR (1992). Transforming growth factor-alpha gene expression in the hypothalamus is developmentally regulated and linked to sexual maturation Neuron 9: 657–670. [PubMed] and Gall, CM (1993). Cellular localization of transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA in rat forebrain J Neurochem 60: 1777–1782. [PubMed] and Allen, CN (2004). Potential pathways for intercellular communication within the calbindin subnucleus of the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 123: 87–99. [PubMed] Li, X, Sankrithi, N and Davis, FC (2002). Transforming growth factor-alpha is expressed in astrocytes of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in hamster: role of glial cells in circadian clocks Neuroreport 13: 2143–2147. [PubMed] Van der and Meerlo, P (2005). TGFα and AVP in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus: Anatomical relationship and daily profiles 1054: 159–166. [PubMed] and Moore, RY (1999). Suprachiasmatic pacemaker organization analyzed by viral transynaptic transport 819: 23–32. [PubMed] and Buijs, RM (2000). Functional connections between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the thyroid gland as revealed by lesioning and viral tracing techniques in the rat Endocrinology 141: 3832–3841. [PubMed] la and Buijs, RM (2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various references related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its regulation of circadian rhythms, thus supporting the claim that it is a master regulator. For instance, studies mentioned, such as the one by Allen et al. (2004), discuss potential pathways for intercellular communication within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, reinforcing its critical role in circadian rhythmicity. The references cited indicate an established scientific discourse around the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in regulating circadian rhythms, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: However, in this study, the increased survival probability of a population with high plasticity did not lead to faster genetic change and evolutionary adaptation in the plastic population. In addition, a recent theoretical study has shown that even when nongenetic variation increases the mean fitness of a population, this increase does not necessarily accelerate the spreading of beneficial alleles [15]. We thus do not know whether nongenetic variation can amplify the fitness effects of a beneficial mutation in a fluctuating environment, and thus accelerate the mutation’s spread through a population. To answer this question, we modelled how bacteria respond physiologically and eventually adapt evolutionarily to an environment in which the availability of a carbon and energy source changes periodically. Our model focuses on the evolution of the lag time that bacteria need to resume growth after a change in carbon source. It pertains to an environment that switches periodically between two carbon sources. Lag times can have two (nonexclusive) causes [24]. The first, which affects all cells to a similar extent, is that cells need time to reconfigure their metabolism when the environment changes. The second is that only some cells may start to grow once a new carbon source has become available. Multiple experiments report that bacteria [24, 25] and yeast [26] split into a growing and a non-growing subpopulation after the environment switches from a superior to an inferior carbon source. If only a few cells initially grow on the new carbon source, population growth appears to stop, and only resumes again once sufficiently many cells are growing [24]. coli, this phenomenon occurs when the environment switches from glucose to acetate. Empirical observations [24] suggest that once the environment switches back to the superior carbon source glucose, all cells resume growth and there is no division of the population into growing and nongrowing subpopulations. Our model incorporates these observations by assuming that cells growing on acetate do not have a growth disadvantage in glucose. In addition, it assumes that populations with a higher fraction of cells in the growing subpopulation experience shorter lag times and have a competitive advantage. Previous theoretical studies have shown that increased gene expression noise can increase the fraction of growing cells [27], and an empirical study in yeast has demonstrated that shorter lag times can increase fitness in an environment that alternates between two carbon sources (glucose and maltose) [26]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that an increase in survival probability due to high plasticity does not necessarily lead to faster genetic change or evolutionary adaptation. It highlights that beneficial mutations may not spread quickly through a population, questioning whether genetic mutations are inherently beneficial in all evolutionary contexts. The study presents a complex picture where the relationship between nongenetic variation and the spread of beneficial mutations is uncertain, challenging the notion that genetic mutations are a straightforward positive aspect of evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Por fim, a interpretação dos resultados obtidos foi realizada por meio de inferência respaldada no conteúdo das falas e seus respectivos indicadores, apoiando-se nos elementos constitutivos dos polos de comunicação, ou seja, na mensagem (significação e categorização), no emissor e receptor da mensagem e no canal de emissão e recepção. partir das respostas obtidas, foram identificados oito agrupamentos, conforme diagrama da Figura 1. Figura 1 Diagrama dos resultados da pesquisa qualitativa Perfil das entrevistadas A primeira sessão de perguntas da entrevista tinha como objetivo estabelecer o perfil das entrevistadas, tanto demográfico quanto como atuantes na indústria de games. A média de idade das participantes foi de 26 anos, a mais nova com 21 anos e a mais velha com 36, sendo que 8 são estudantes e 14 já se graduaram. Cerca de 45% delas nasceram na região Sudeste e, com exceção da região Norte, as demais regiões tiveram participantes na pesquisa. Todas atuam como desenvolvedoras de games, sendo que 18 das 22 mulheres trabalham nos maiores estúdios de games do Brasil, com média de tempo de atuação na indústria de dois anos. A maioria das participantes da pesquisa possui renda mensal entre R$ 5. 500 e R$ 7. 650, e 92% alegaram estar satisfeitas com o salário. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the profile and demographics of women working in the game industry and does not mention insects or animal diversity at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Polysynaptic neural pathways between the hypothalamus, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the liver 871: 50–56. [PubMed] De la Iglesia, HO, Meyer, J and Schwartz, WJ (2003). Lateralization of circadian pacemaker output: Activation of left- and right-sided luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons involves a neural rather than a humoral pathway J Neurosci 23: 7412–7414. [PubMed] Ralph, MR and Lehman, MN (1991). Transplantation: a new tool in the analysis of the mammalian hypothalamic circadian pacemaker 14: 362–366. [PubMed] Silver, R and LeSauter, J (1993). Efferent signals of the suprachiasmatic nucleus J 8: 89–92. and Bittman, EL (1990). Dispersed cell suspensions of fetal SCN restore circadian rhythmicity in SCN-lesioned adult hamsters 525: 45–58. [PubMed] and Zhou, QY (2002). Prokineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus Nature 417: 405–410. [PubMed] and Ibata, Y (1996). Somatostatin neurons form a distinct peptidergic neuronal group in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: a double labeling in situ hybridization study 215: 119–122. [PubMed] Shigeyoshi, Y, Maebayashi, Y and Okamura, H (1997). Co-localization of preprosomatostatin mRNA and preprotachykinin A mRNA in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus Res 48: 159–163. [PubMed] Daikoku, S, Hisano, S and Kagotani, Y (1992). Neuronal associations in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy J 325: 559–571. [PubMed] and Van der Zee, EA (2002). Increase in somatostatin immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of aged Wistar rats 958: 463–467. [PubMed] and Hill, SA (2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the context of its role in circadian rhythms. It mentions various studies that involve the SCN, indicating its significance in the neural pathways related to circadian pacemaker functions. The text supports the notion that the SCN is integral to the regulation of circadian rhythms in mammals.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Most of these were single-dose studies, and were designed to assess safety or molecular function, not clinical benefit. The very fact that the lung is accessible through the airways to the environment means that it has a vast array of defense mechanismsBut researchers quickly discovered that gene therapy for cystic fibrosis is more complicated in practice. “The very fact that the lung is accessible through the airways to the environment means that it has a vast array of defense mechanisms,” says Chris Boyd, a medical geneticist at the University of Edinburgh and a member of the UK consortium. These defense mechanisms mean that the cells lining the airways — exactly the cells most in need of a functional copy of CFTR— perceive gene therapy delivery systems as alien invaders, and do their best to keep them out. Source: Chris BoydChris Boyd, a medical geneticist at the University of Edinburgh and a member of the says the cells lining the airways perceive gene therapy delivery systems as alien invaders, and do their best to keep them outThe delivery problem is even worse in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients because the thick, sticky mucus characteristic of the disease presents an additional barrier to airway cell entry. More challenging still, gene therapy for cystic fibrosis has to be performed repeatedly throughout a person’s life, since airway cells bearing the functional gene die off and are replaced by new, uncorrected ones. And the immune system learns to recognise and fight off the viruses that are often used as gene therapy vectors, so the more a treatment is administered, the less effective it becomes. “In reality, cystic fibrosis proved to be one of the most difficult targets you could ever imagine,” says Alton. These frustrations caused many of the initial wave of researchers to abandon the field. In the past few years, however, improvements in gene therapy tools and technologies, as well as some encouraging successes in developing gene therapies for other diseases, have sparked a resurgence of interest in cystic fibrosis gene therapy. CFTR correctorsMeanwhile, the landscape of cystic fibrosis treatment changed radically with the development of CFTR correctors, which interact with mutant CFTR proteins to improve their function[3]. “They’re fabulous products, and it’s really quite a revolution in cystic fibrosis care,” says David Parsons, who heads the cystic fibrosis gene therapy team at the University of Adelaide in Australia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complications and challenges faced in the development of gene therapy for cystic fibrosis. It mentions that researchers discovered 'gene therapy for cystic fibrosis is more complicated in practice' and highlights the challenges such as the lung's defense mechanisms, the necessity for repeated treatments, and the immune system's recognition of therapy vectors. These points indicate that while there is ongoing research, the implementation of effective gene therapies for cystic fibrosis is significantly hindered, contradicting the claim that such therapies are being successfully developed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Todas se declararam como sendo do gênero feminino, e é importante destacar que essa pergunta não era eliminatória, ou seja, todas as mulheres seriam consideradas na pesquisa independentemente do gênero declarado. No que diz respeito à formação das entrevistadas, o curso com maior representatividade foi Ciência da Computação, com sete mulheres formadas, seguido por Tecnologia em Jogos Digitais, com seis respondentes. Análise e Desenvolvimento de Sistemas ou Sistemas da Informação aparece em terceiro lugar, com cinco respostas, e, por fim, a área das Engenharias, com quatro respostas. Dentro das Engenharias, 75% das respostas se concentraram em Engenharia da Computação. Quando questionadas sobre a motivação para escolha do curso, a maioria afirma sempre ter gostado de computadores, tecnologia, jogos e matemática. A escola com ensino médio técnico em tecnologia aparece como fator determinante para três mulheres, assim como feira de profissões para outras quatro, que não consideravam um curso nas áreas STEM e acabaram mudando de escolha após se informarem mais sobre as possibilidades de carreira, o que ilustra o papel fundamental das escolas como propulsoras da entrada de mulheres em cursos STEM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the motivations and educational backgrounds of women in STEM fields, without mentioning anything related to insects or animal diversity. Therefore, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] and Reghunandanan, R (1988). Bilateral suprachiasmatic injection of naloxone disrupts circadian rhythm of food intake 26: 954–956. [PubMed] Reghunandanan, V, Reghunandanan, R and Singh, PI (1992). Effect of naloxone injection into the suprachiasmatic nuclei on the circadian rhythm of water intake J Biol 1: 33. and Zhou, QY (2005). Regulation of prokineticin 2 expression by light and the circadian clock BMC Neurosci 6: 17. [PubMed] and Weaver, DR (2005). Analysis of the prokineticin 2 system in a diurnal rodent, the unstriped Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) J 20: 206–18. [PubMed] and Hedley-Whyte, ET (1986). A discrete lesion of ventral hypothalamus and optic chiasm that disturbed the daily temperature rhythm J Neurol 233: 1–4. [PubMed] Cohen, RA and Albers, HE (1991). Disruption of human circadian and cognitive regulation following a discrete hypothalamic lesion: A case study Neurology 41: 726–729. [PubMed] Scheer, FA, Kalsbeek, A and Buijs, RM (2003). Cardiovascular control by the suprachiasmatic nucleus: neural and neuroendocrine mechanisms in human and rat 384: 697–709. [PubMed] Bell-and Zoran, MJ (2005). Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: lessons from diverse organisms Genet 6: 544–556. [PubMed] and Lee, C (2002). Gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo Cell 111: 41–50. [PubMed] and Okamura, H (2003). Control mechanism of the circadian clock for timing of cell division in vivo Science 302: 255–259. [PubMed] Green, CB (2005). Time for chronotherapy? Clock genes dictate sensitivity to cyclophosphamide 102: 3529–3530. [PubMed] Von Schantz, M and Archer, SN (2003). Clocks, genes and sleep J R 96: 486–489. [PubMed] and Takahashi, JS (1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that investigate the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in regulating circadian rhythms, including effects of specific injections that disrupt these rhythms, which supports the assertion that the suprachiasmatic nucleus functions as a regulatory center for circadian processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Decreased BMD has been observed in children with CF (Bianchi 2006; Sermet‐Gaudelus 2007), adolescents with CF (Bianchi 2006; Buntain 2004; Caldeira 2008) and adults with CF (Bianchi 2006; Buntain 2004). A longitudinal study of 151 adults with CF aged 15 to 52 years showed that 34% of participants had a DXA Z‐score of ≤ ‐2 (Haworth 2001). A recent systematic literature review with meta‐analysis reported the pooled prevalence of osteoporosis (total of 888 patients) and osteopenia (total of 697 patients) in adults with CF was 23. 5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16. 6 to 31. 0) and 38% (95% CI 28. 2 to 48. 3) respectively (Paccou 2010). Other studies have not detected differences in BMD between children with CF and those without (Buntain 2004), but inadequate bone mass accrual during childhood and adolescence has been reported (Buntain 2006). Definitions of osteoporosis and osteopenia may vary between studies. The etiology of CF‐related bone disease is thought to be multifactorial. An imbalance of increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation has been observed (Boyle 2006; Gore 2010), even in young prepubertal patients (Ambroszkiewicz 2013). Proposed contributing factors to bone disease include malnutrition and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency; vitamin D, vitamin K or calcium deficiency; poor nutrition and growth resulting in low body weight; systemic inflammatory cytokines; use of exogenous glucocorticoids; sex hormone insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, physical inactivity resulting in decreased weight bearing activity and organ transplantation with associated immunosuppressive therapy (Aris 2005; Boyle 2006; Gore 2010; Hall 2010; Haworth 2010b; Javier 2011; Paccou 2013). Abnormalities of calcium metabolism independent of vitamin D status have been reported (Greer 2003). Many of these factors are inter‐related (e. g. pancreatic exocrine insufficiency contributing to malabsorption of vitamin D, exacerbated by decreased sun exposure if indoors due to poor health). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses bone mineral density (BMD) issues associated with cystic fibrosis (CF) but does not mention gene therapy or its development for treating genetic disorders. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Barreiras para a entrada no mercado de trabalho A inclinação pessoal para uma carreira em tecnologia vai muito além da escolha individual, pois a sociedade criou estruturas que acabam por limitar e inibir a decisão da mulher (Page Group, 2021Page Group. (2021). Women in tech. O que as organizações estão fazendo para quebrar as barreiras? ). A família se mostra bastante importante na escolha do curso para metade das entrevistadas, que tiveram amplo suporte e apoio dos pais e familiares no momento de tomada de decisão para a escolha do curso superior a ser seguido. Entretanto, a maioria daquelas que optaram por cursar Tecnologia em e cursos correlatos não tiveram a mesma experiência positiva, destacando-se assim a primeira barreira para a baixa representatividade de mulheres na indústria de jogos digitais, a falta de apoio da família. Nunca tive muita aprovação dos meus pais para ir para a área de jogos e fui muito influenciada a não percorrer esse caminho porque eu era mulher. Em casa eu não podia jogar; tinha essa distinção dentro de casa muito forte, já que meus irmãos homens podiam ter videogames porque era coisa de menino. (Respondente 3, pergunta 5). A figura do pai como resistência direta aparece em duas respostas, e em outras duas ele não apoiou, mas não atuou como fator impeditivo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses barriers for women entering the technology workforce and the influence of family dynamics on career choices. It does not mention insects, animal diversity, or provide any information related to the claim about animal diversity on Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) plays a pivotal role in the mammalian circadian clock system. Bmal1 is a clock gene that drives transcriptional-translational feedback loops (TTFLs) for itself and other genes, and is expressed in nearly all SCN neurons. Despite strong evidence that Bmal1-null mutant mice display arrhythmic behavior under constant darkness, the function of Bmal1 in neuronal activity is unknown. Recently, periodic changes in the levels of intracellular signaling messengers, such as cytosolic Ca2+ and cAMP, were suggested to regulate TTFLs. However, the opposite aspect of how clock gene TTFLs regulate cytosolic signaling remains unclear. To investigate intracellular Ca2+ dynamics under Bmal1 perturbations, we cotransfected some SCN neurons with yellow cameleon together with wild-type or dominant-negative Bmal1 using a gene-gun applied for mouse organotypic cultures. Immunofluorescence staining for a tag protein linked to BMAL1 showed nuclear expression of wild-type BMAL1 and its degradation within 1 week after transfection in SCN neurons. However, dominant-negative BMAL1 did not translocate into the nucleus and the cytosolic signals persisted beyond 1 week. Consistently, circadian Ca2+ rhythms in SCN neurons were inhibited for longer periods by dominant-negative Bmal1 overexpression. Furthermore, SCN neurons transfected with a Bmal1 shRNA lengthened, whereas those overexpressing wild-type Bmal1 shortened, the periods of Ca2+ rhythms, with a significant reduction in their amplitude. BMAL1 expression was intact in the majority of neighboring neurons in organotypic cultures. Therefore, we conclude that proper intrinsic Bmal1 expression, but not passive signaling via cell-to-cell interactions, is the determinant of circadian Ca2+ rhythms in SCN neurons. intracellular calciumslice cultureyellow cameleon suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a central pacemaker in the mammalian circadian clock system (Moore and Eichler, 1972; Stephan and Zucker, 1972). The common molecular elements of circadian rhythms are hypothesized to be transcriptional-translational feedback loops (TTFLs) in clock genes (Reppert and Weaver, 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is described as a 'central pacemaker' in the mammalian circadian clock system. It also discusses the important role of the Bmal1 clock gene in regulating the transcriptional-translational feedback loops necessary for circadian rhythms, supporting the idea that the SCN plays a critical role in these biological processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: We also suggest there should be agreement upon standard measurements used. Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice Given that we have not found any evidence to suggest that this treatment is either beneficial or not. We would advise that practitioners evaluate on a case‐by‐case basis whether or not to employ this therapy. Implications for research We recommend that future studies choose task specific measures such as PImax and inspiratory muscle strength and endurance as well as exercise tests such as VO2max. Such functional measures ought to dovetail nicely with an assessment of health‐related quality of life. To facilitate such future research and to improve research into the remedial benefits of IMT, it is necessary for the research community to agree upon a single standard measure of classifying the clinical status of the participants. Finally, there is emerging evidence to suggest that IMT is beneficial to people with other chronic respiratory conditions, such as COPD (O'Brien 2008). It would be prudent to apply this to the clinical population and implement longitudinal studies to assess the role of IMT in maintaining good pulmonary function and exercise tolerance within the CF population. of the condition Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the result of a genetic mutation that directly affects ion transport within cells by altering the function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). In the case of secretory cells, this results in the production of dehydrated, viscous and ultimately dysfunctional secretions (WHO 2005). Two main sites of secretory cells are the digestive and respiratory systems. Both of these systems have a major influence on health and development. The adverse effect on the respiratory system in people with CF contributes to it being the most common, life‐limiting autosomal recessive genetic disorder in Caucasians (Kosorok 1996); and in the UK it currently affects over 7500 people (CF Trust 2005). With advancement in the medical management of the condition, the life‐expectancy of babies newly diagnosed is now into their fifties (Dodge 2007). This brings with it a responsibility for all clinicians working with people with CF, and in particular physiotherapists, to consider ways of enhancing quality of life. Description of the intervention Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) involves the training of muscles that act to expand the chest in order to take in air into the lungs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the management of cystic fibrosis (CF) and the potential benefits of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) for improving quality of life, rather than gene therapy itself. It does not provide evidence or support for the development of gene therapy specifically for treating genetic disorders like CF.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: A sociedade instituiu e, apesar de ter evoluído, ainda dissemina valores associados à diferenciação entre o que “é para menino” e o que é “para menina”, sendo essa distinção perceptível nos brinquedos, tendo em vista que brinquedos para as meninas estão associados à construção social da mulher como responsável pelos afazeres domésticos, ser delicada e gostar de moda, o que acaba por refletir em brinquedos como minicozinhas, bonecas e artigos de moda e beleza (Bristot, 2017Bristot, P. C. , Pozzebon, E. , & Frigo, L. B. (2017). A representatividade das mulheres nos games. of (23. » Bardin, L. (2011). Análise de conteúdo Edições 70. Bristot, P. C. , Pozzebon, E. , & Frigo, L. B. (2017). A representatividade das mulheres nos games. of (7314. » Forbes. (2020, September). 20-First’s gender balance scorecard. Top 14 global gaming companies. Please wait. . . Gender balance loading » Fortim, I. (Org. ). (2022). Pesquisa da indústria brasileira de games. Abragames. Giovannetti, V. E. G. (2023). Elas são maioria do volume de jogadores, mas não programam: Por trás da baixa representatividade das mulheres na programação de jogos digitais no Brasil [Dissertação de ção Getulio Vargas]. FGV. » de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). (2021). Estatísticas de gênero: Indicadores sociais das mulheres no Brasil IBGE. Lombardi, M. R. (2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gender differentiation in toys and the representation of women in gaming, with no mention of insects or animal diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: , 2003), are important for the survival of SCN neurons under particular culture conditions. More importantly, temporal τ shortening following overexpression of wild-type BMAL1 and τ prolongation following BMAL1 knockdown are consistent with the hypothetical clock mechanism in which one circadian cycle is determined by feedback regulation of clock gene transcription by its gene products. Therefore, our study suggests that the Bmal1 TTFL drives CCR, and thus supports the conventional TTFL theory for the generation of cellular physiological rhythms. Furthermore, the present results showed a significant reduction in CCR, even though Bmal1 expression in neighboring neurons was intact. Therefore, our results demonstrate that synaptic interactions with other cells may not rescue the effects of Bmal1 knockdown or overexpression within the cells. These findings provide firm evidence showing that Bmal1 is an intracellular regulator for the generation of CCR in SCN neurons. SCN-specific regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ and BMAL1 Cytosolic free Ca2+ is a ubiquitous signaling messenger, with plant cells showing strong CCR (Johnson et al. , 1995). However, corresponding CCR have not been reported in animal cells, other than in SCN neurons. Endocrine oscillators in Drosophila melanogaster, prothoracic gland cells, fail to display dynamic circadian rhythms at baseline Ca2+ concentrations (Morioka et al. , 2012). Moreover, we analyzed a SCN progenitor cell line that stably expresses YC3. 6 (SCN2. 2YC; Takeuchi et al. , 2014), but failed to observe CCR in these cells. Because SCN2. 2YC displays Per1-luciferase oscillations and expresses voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, other unveiled component(s) that are present in mature SCN neurons may be essential for the generation of CCR. With regard to SCN-specific machinery, intracellular BMAL1 behaves differently in model cells and SCN neurons. BMAL1 truncated by deletion of 122 aa at the C-terminus is located in the cytoplasm and nucleus of NIH 3T3 cells when coexpressed with Clock (Kwon et al. , 2006), similar to the present results in NIH 3T3 cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how the Bmal1 transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL) drives circadian rhythmicity (CCR) in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons. Specifically, it states that the findings provide evidence showing the role of BMAL1 as an intracellular regulator for the generation of CCR in SCN neurons, which reinforces the concept that the SCN is crucial in the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: In 1990 dornase alfa was produced and since 1992 it has been used as a mucolytic to treat people with CF. In contrast, medications such as hypertonic saline and mannitol are osmotically active and are felt to improve mucociliary clearance by rehydrating the airway surface liquid. Why it is important to do this review In 2015, the average cost of dornase alfa per person, per year was CDN 14,300, while the cost of hypertonic saline (Nebusal™ 4 ml 7%) was CDN 880 ([pers comm]) and mannitol was CDN 11,374 (NICE 2012). In addition, the treatment burden of people with CF is increasingly being recognized with the average time spent on therapies being 108 minutes per day, with the use of two or more nebulised medications significantly adding to this burden (Sawicki 2009). It is important to understand the clinical benefits of medications in order to weigh the monetary and time costs of these therapies. This is an update of a previously published review (Jones 2003; Jones 2010; Kearney 1998). aims of this review are to: determine whether there is evidence of benefit in using dornase alfa in people with CF in terms of a reduction in morbidity or mortality; identify any adverse events associated with the use of dornase alfa; compare the efficacy of dornase alfa with other medications that improve airway clearance of secretions. for considering studies for this review Types of studies All randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials (published and unpublished) with either parallel or cross‐over design. Types of participants Children and adults, of any age, with CF diagnosed clinically and by sweat or genetic testing. Participants with all stages of lung disease were included. Types of interventions Dornase alfa administered at any dose, using any nebuliser, at any frequency and for any duration. We compared dornase alfa to placebo or other medications that are adjuncts to airway clearance (typically hyperosmotic agents such as hypertonic saline or mannitol). Types of outcome measures The following outcomes were grouped into those measured at up to one month, three, six and 12 months and annually thereafter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the use of dornase alfa and other medications as treatments for cystic fibrosis (CF), rather than addressing the development or status of gene therapy specifically. The mention of dornase alfa being produced in 1990 and its use since 1992, as well as the discussion of other treatments, implies ongoing reliance on existing therapies rather than innovations in gene therapy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Carreiras femininas nas engenharias: Barreiras intransponíveis? In J. A. de Oliveira, & M. Matsuo (Orgs. ), Condições de trabalho das mulheres no Brasil (24. McCullough, L. (2011). Women’s leadership in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics: Barriers to participation. Forum on Online, 2011(2). Na prática. (2022). Síndrome do impostor: O que é e como pode atrapalhar profissionais a se desenvolverem na carreira » Newzoo. (2022a). Global games market report Newzoo. (2022b). Key insight into Brazilian gamers » Oliveira-Silva, L. C. , & Parreira, V. A. D. (2022). Barreiras e enfrentamentos de mulheres em carreiras predominantemente masculinas. Feministas, 30(1), Artigo e74161. » Page Group. (2021). Women in tech. O que as organizações estão fazendo para quebrar as barreiras? » Brasil (PGB). (2022). Tudo sobre o » Pires, Y. P. , Rego, L. , Lima, M. R. A. , & Albuquerque, F. A. de, Jr. (2021). Diagnóstico da presença feminina nos cursos superiores e no mercado de trabalho em tecnologia da informação no estado do Pará. do XII Computer on the Beach (3534. » Romano, S. M. V. , Espíndola, M. G. , & Santos, T. N. dos. (2020). A discriminação de gênero na TI e seus impactos na sociedade. Processando o Saber, 12, 146-162. » Tockey, D. , & Ignatova, M. (2019). Report: How women find jobs differently LinkedSolutions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to insect diversity or animal diversity on Earth. Instead, it discusses female careers in engineering and barriers faced by women in technology, which is unrelated to the claim about insect diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: OpenUrlAbstract/↵ (2002) The circadian regulatory proteins BMAL1 and cryptochromes are substrates of casein kinase lepsilon. J 277:17248–17254, doi:10. 1074/jbc. M111466200, pmid:11875063. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ (2012) Topological specificity and hierarchical network of the circadian calcium rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 109:21498–21503, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 1214415110, pmid:23213253. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ 'Neill JS (2008) Cellular circadian pacemaking and the role of cytosolic rhythms. 18:R805–R815, doi:10. 1016/j. cub. 2008. 07. 021, pmid:18786386. ↵ Holzberg D, (2003) The circadian clock: a manager of biochemical processes within the organism. J Neuroendocrinol 15:339–343, doi:10. 1046/j. 1365-2826. 2003. 00992. x, pmid:12622831. ↵ (2012) Circadian waves of cytosolic calcium concentration and long-range network connections in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci 35:1417–1425, doi:10. 1111/j. 1460-9568. 2012. 08069. x, pmid:22501027. ↵ (1998) Circadian oscillation of BMAL1, a partner of a mammalian clock gene Clock, in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. 250:83–87, doi:10. 1006/bbrc. 1998. 9275, pmid:9735336. ↵ (2003) Response to Honma and Honma: do circadian rhythms in cytosolic Ca2+ modulate autonomous gene transcription cycles in the SCN? 26:654, doi:10. 1016/j. tins. 2003. 10. 004, pmid:14624848. ↵ (2004) Calcium dynamics and circadian rhythms in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Neuroscientist 10:315–324, doi:10. 1177/10738584031262149, pmid:15271259. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to circadian rhythms and their connection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The references indicate a focus on the SCN’s role in circadian regulation, suggesting that it functions as a central regulator in biochemical processes tied to circadian rhythms, thus supporting the claim about its master regulatory function.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Primary outcomes Changes in lung function from baseline forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) forced vital capacity (FVC) lung clearance index (LCI) forced expiratory volume at 0. 5 seconds (FEV0. 5 ) Change from baseline in quality of life (QoL) Mean number of exacerbations Secondary outcomes Number of deaths Number of days treatment with intravenous (IV) antibiotics Number of days treatment with oral antibiotics Number of days in hospital due to respiratory exacerbations Change in weight from baseline Number of adverse events such as alteration in voice, haemoptysis, bronchospasm Cost (including indirect costs of therapy) Search methods for identification of studies Relevant trials were identified from the Group's using the term: dornase alfa. Register is compiled from electronic searches of the Register of () (updated each new issue of Library ), weekly searches of a search of Embase to 1995 and the prospective handsearching of two journals ‐ and the Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. Unpublished work is identified by searching the abstract books of three major cystic fibrosis conferences: the Fibrosis Conference; the and the Conference. For full details of all searching activities for the register, please see the relevant sections of the Group Module. Date of the most recent search of the Group's register: 30 November 2015. The trials database Clinicaltrials. gov was also searched to identify unpublished or ongoing trials using the terms dornase alfa and cystic fibrosis. Date of most recent search: 28 November 2015. Data collection and analysis Selection of studies From the 2015 update, the lead author (CY) and a colleague (MC or MM) independently selected the trials to be included in the review. There were no disagreements about the selection of included trials, but if there are any such disagreements in the future, we will reach a consensus by discussion. Data extraction and management The lead author and a colleague (MC or MM) independently extracted data on lung function (FEV1, 0. 5), QoL, exacerbations, deaths, days of oral and IV antibiotics, number of days in hospital, change in weight, adverse events and cost. There were no disagreements about the extracted data, but if there are any such disagreements in the future, we will reach a consensus by discussion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address gene therapy or its development in treating cystic fibrosis. Instead, it discusses various clinical outcomes and research methodology related to a specific treatment (dornase alfa) and does not provide information supporting or contrasting the claim about gene therapy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: » Datas de Publicação Publicação nesta coleção27 Nov 2023 Data do Fascículo2023 Histórico Recebido23 Abr 2023 Aceito30 Ago 2023 Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado. ×CloseAutoria Victória Giovannetti planejamento organização coleta de dados discussão dos resultados redação revisão Fundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil;Fundação Getulio VargasBrasilSão Paulo, SP, BrasilFundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil; João planejamento organização discussão dos resultados revisão Fundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil;Fundação Getulio VargasBrasilSão Paulo, SP, BrasilFundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil; ×ção (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil;Fundação Getulio VargasBrasilSão Paulo, SP, BrasilFundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil; Fundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil;Fundação Getulio VargasBrasilSão Paulo, SP, BrasilFundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil; ×CloseFiguras | (1) Tabelas (1) 1 Diagrama dos resultados da pesquisa qualitativa A1 Roteiro de entrevista ×1 Diagrama dos resultados da pesquisa qualitativa Fonte: Elaboração dos autores com dados da pesquisa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses publication metadata, authorship, and the licensing of an article, without addressing any information regarding insect diversity or animal diversity in general.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: OpenUrlAbstract/↵ -(2008) The NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 modulates CLOCK-mediated chromatin remodeling and circadian control. Cell 134:329–340, doi:10. 1016/j. cell. 2008. 07. 002, pmid:18662547. ↵ (2002) Clock mutation lengthens the circadian period without damping rhythms in individual SCN neurons. 5:399–400, doi:10. 1038/nn843, pmid:11953751. ↵ (2013) Cryptochromes are critical for the development of coherent circadian rhythms in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. 4:1666, doi:10. 1038/ncomms2670, pmid:23575670. ↵ Pfeffer M, Müller von (2009) The mammalian molecular clockwork controls rhythmic expression of its own input pathway components. J Neurosci 29:6114–6123, doi:10. 1523/. 0275-09. 2009, pmid:19439589. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ (2002) Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 418:935–941, doi:10. 1038/nature00965, pmid:12198538. ↵ (2006) Feedback repression is required for mammalian circadian clock function. 38:312–319, doi:10. 1038/ng1745, pmid:16474406. ↵ Stephan FK, (1972) Circadian rhythms in drinking behavior and locomotor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions. 69:1583–1586, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 69. 6. 1583, pmid:4556464. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ (2004) mPer2 antisense oligonucleotides inhibit mPER2 expression but not circadian rhythms of physiological activity in cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. 323:479–483, doi:10. 1016/j. bbrc. 2004. 08. 126, pmid:15369776. ↵ (2014) Serotonin-2C receptor involved serotonin-induced Ca2+ mobilisations in neuronal progenitors and neurons in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. 4:4106, doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that support the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms. For instance, it mentions that cryptochromes are critical for the development of coherent circadian rhythms in the SCN, directly linking this brain region to the mechanism of circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: No evidence of imprecision, inconsistency, indirectness, publication bias or serious risk of bias. 4. Additionally four trials included in analysis at one month (Laube 1996; Ramsey 1993; Ranasinha 1993; Shah 1995a) showed a significant advantage to dornase alfa over placebo or no dornase alfa treatment. One study not included in pooled analysis showed a significant advantage in relative FVC (L) to dornase alfa over placebo or no dornase alfa treatment (Robinson 2000) and one study showed no significant different in absolute FVC (% predicted) between groups (Amin 2011) at one month. No significant difference was found between groups at one year (Robinson 2005) and at two years (Quan 2001). 5. Additionally, four studies reported quality of life data which could not be included in pooled analysis. Wilmott 1996 showed no difference between groups in CFQ‐R. Ramsey reported that the frequency and magnitude of improvement across all quality of life questions was greater among participants receiving dornase alfa (Ramsey 1993). Ranasinha reported significant improvements in overall well‐being and significant improvements in general well‐being, cough frequency and chest congestion (Ranasinha 1993) and Fuchs reported significant improvements in well‐being score and dyspnoea score on dornase alfa compared to placebo (Fuchs 1994). 6. Downgraded once for lack of applicability: Amin included children only so results are not applicable to adults (Amin 2011). 7. Downgraded once for imprecision: wide confidence intervals around the effect size due to limited sample size of the trial. 8. Additionally, one study reported an age‐adjusted RR of having more than one respiratory exacerbation, but these data were not included in the pooled analysis (McCoy 1996). No significant difference was found between dornase alfa and control. 9. Downgraded once as data from one cross‐over trial was analysed as parallel data (Amin 2011), which is a conservative approach. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings for the main comparison. Dornase alfa versus placebo or no dornase alfa treatment Navigate to table in of findings 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of dornase alfa, a treatment for cystic fibrosis, without mentioning gene therapy or its development for genetic disorders. The focus on various studies and their outcomes does not support or contrast the specific claim about gene therapy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: ×A1 Roteiro de entrevista Agrupamento # da entrevistada 1 Idade 2 Cidade de nascimento 3 Gênero [feminino, masculino, não binário, prefiro não me identificar] 4 Grau de escolaridade [especificar qual(is) curso(s)] 5 Como foi o processo de escolha desse curso? Teve apoio ou resistência da família/amigos? 6 Faixa salarial O trabalho na área de programação e desenvolvimento de games 7 Qual é a sua área de trabalho atual? 8 Qual foi a sua motivação para atuar na indústria de games? 9 Qual é o seu histórico de atuação e ascensão profissional na área? Há quanto tempo você atua nessa indústria? 10 Existe algum atributo que seja fundamental para trabalhar nessa indústria? Pode ser característica da personalidade, física, tanto faz. Barreiras na indústria de games 11 Na empresa em que você trabalha atualmente, existe um equilíbrio entre homens e mulheres na força de trabalho, no sentido de quantidade de pessoas? 12 Como é trabalhar em uma área predominantemente masculina? Me conta um pouco das facilidades ou dificuldades que você já enfrentou na área por ser mulher. 13 Você acredita que existem barreiras ligadas ao gênero? Como você lida com isso? 14 Você já sofreu algum tipo de preconceito por ser mulher? 15 Já presenciou alguma outra mulher passando por uma situação de preconceito? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address insects or animal diversity at all. Instead, it discusses an interview guide related to the industry of programming, games, and gender issues in the workplace.