Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. [SEP] Text: illuminates the throughline between the nineteenth century’s anti-immigration and eugenics movements and our sprawling systems of techno-surveillance and algorithmic discrimination. With this book, Chan offers a historical, globally multisited analysis of the relations of dispossession, misrecognition, and segregation expanded by dominant knowledge institutions in the Age of Big Data. While technological advancement has a tendency to feel inevitable, it always has a history, including efforts to chart a path for alternative futures and the important parallel story of defiant refusal and liberatory activism. Chan explores how more than a century ago, feminist, immigrant, and other minoritized actors refused dominant institutional research norms and worked to develop alternative data practices whose methods and traditions continue to reverberate through global justice-based data initiatives today. Looking to the past to shape our future, this book charts a path for an alternative historical consciousness grounded in the pursuit of global justice. and State: Frontier and the Politics of Circulation in For decades, scholars have examined the Mughal Empire, South Asia’s largest and most powerful pre-colonial empire, to measure the greatness of its political, ideological, and cultural institutions. and State departs from dynastic narrations of the Mughal past to highlight the role of elite households and familial networks in shaping imperial power, particularly in peninsular India, the only region of the subcontinent never fully incorporated into the imperial realm. Drawing on rare documentary and literary materials in Persian and Urdu alongside the India Company’s archives, this book takes us on a journey from military forts and regional courts in the Deccan to the weaving villages of the to examine how regional elite alliances, feuds, and material exchanges intersected with imperial institutions to create new forms of affinity, belonging, and social exclusion. and State brings attention to the importance of ghar—or home—as an analytical framework for the creation of mobile forms of sovereignty that anchored the Mughal frontier across the variable geography of peninsular India in the seventeenth century. and by Merchant & Meaghan O’Keefe DNA, Race, and Reproduction helps readers inside and outside of academia evaluate and engage with the current genomic landscape. It brings together expertise in law, medicine, religion, history, anthropology, philosophy, and genetics to examine how scientists, medical professionals, and laypeople use genomic concepts to construct racial identity and make or advise reproductive decisions, often at the same moment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses historical and social themes related to data practices, imperial institutions, and genomic landscapes without addressing neuroscience or mental health disorders. There is no information or argument in the text that either supports or denies the claim regarding neuroscience's capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Among these plants are Syzygium polyanthum, Octomeles sumatrana and Hylocereus polyrhizus. Syzygium polyanthum (Myrthaceae) is synonymous with Eugenia polyantha. It is locally known as daunsalam or seraikayu or as Indonesian bay leaf. 7 Leaves of the plant are used to flavor food. 8 The leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity and is said to be beneficial in hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, stomach disorders and diarrhea. 9 Octomeles sumatrana (Datiscaceae) is a riverine specie with relatively light, soft wood. It has poor resistance to decomposition, thus is consequently used where strength and durability are of less importance as in the manufacturing of pulp, wood containers and match boxes. O. sumatrana barks are a rich source of bioactive compounds. They are boiled in water and taken orally by the Kadazandusun people of Sabah, Malaysia as a tonic and in the treatment of body aches, muscle spasms and in stressful situations. Hylocereus polyrhizusis a fruit from the climbing cacti of the Cactaceae family. 10 The plant originated from Latin America11 and is widely cultivated throughout Malaysia. The fruit gains its local name, red dragon fruit, from its purple-red scaled structured skin. The flesh is edible and is of a brilliant purple-red color and is scattered with small edible black seeds. Each ripe fruit can weigh between 200 to 500g. The fruit exhibits antioxidant properties from its high content of vitamin C and dietary fibre. 12 It is known that fruits and plants are excellent sources of antioxidant polyphenols, thus extracts of plant materials which targeted the health industry are available commercially. Plant extracts contain concentrated amounts of phytochemicals can be toxic in high doses as previously noted. 13 Histologically, some studies showed that, exogenous toxins and high doses of plants extracts was harmful to the liver14,15 as well as to the kidney. 16 Not much work has been done on S. polyanthum, O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus despite their widespread use by Malaysians. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of specific plants, such as Octomeles sumatrana, that are used by the Kadazandusun people of Sabah, Malaysia for medicinal purposes. The mention of these traditional uses aligns directly with the claim that traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a permanent portal to another galaxy. [SEP] Text: (5) It can be seen from (5) that Rossby waves [10] are similar to drift waves in plasma [11]. The similarity is due to the fact that in a rotating atmosphere and a magnetized plasma, the Coriolis force and the Lorentz force have similar properties. In this case, the Rossby radius coincides with the expression for the Larmuir radius of ionic plasma [11] [12]. For drift waves, a stationary solution of solitary vortex, was found in [11] [12]. The main difference between a vortex and drift solitons in plasma [11] is that in Rossby waves, the main factor is the gradient of the Coriolis force, while in drift solitons, it is the temperature and density gradients of the plasma between the angular velocity and the pressure gradient and the Coriolis parameter f = 2 Ω ( sin ( φ ) ). To ensure the constant action of the cyclone and the anticyclone, the relations between the angular velocity and the pressure gradient and the Coriolis parameter are given. Follow as [6] the Coriolis force, or the deflecting force of rotation, appears in the equations of relative motion and is a fictitious force that describes the effect of the movement of the coordinates system associated with Jupiter(remember important fragments from [6] ): K = − 2 Ω × V. The component − 2 Ω × V along the coordinate axes: x : − 2 Ω v ( sin ( φ ) ) y : 2 Ω u ( sin ( φ ) ) if the x-axes is directed to the East, but y-to the North, z-vertically upwards and the wind speed component U, V, W along these axes. In this case w ≪ u. The quantity f = 2 Ω ( sin ( φ ) ) is called the Coriolis parameter K x = − 2 Ω v ( sin ( φ ) ) = f v K y = 2 Ω u ( sin ( φ ) ) = − f u. Where Ω -the rotation velocity of Jupiter’s, φ -along latitude. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the physical properties and dynamics of Rossby waves, vortex behaviors, and the Coriolis force in Jupiter's atmosphere, which implies a scientific understanding of the Great Red Spot as a meteorological phenomenon, rather than a portal to another galaxy. The focus on forces acting on the atmosphere indicates that the idea of a 'permanent portal' is not supported by the scientific discussion presented in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. [SEP] Text: Collaborative chronic care models for mental health conditions: cumulative meta-analysis and metaregression to guide future research and implementation. Med Care. 2013;51(10):922–930. CrossrefPubMed28. Schwenk TL. Integrated behavioral and primary care: what is the real cost? JAMA. 2016;316(8):822–823. CrossrefPubMed29. Campo et al. 30. Bruce and Sirey. 31. Gawande A. The heroism of incremental care. Yorker [cited 2017 October 29]. Available from:. Building the patient-centered medical home in Ontario. JAMA. 2010;303(21):2186–2187. CrossrefPubMed33. Inclusion of persons with mental illness in patient-centred medical homes: cross-sectional findings from Ontario, Canada. . 2013;7(1):e9–e20. PubMed34. . A qualitative study on incentives and disincentives for care of common mental disorders in Health Teams. Polit Sante. 2016;12(1):84–96. Crossref35. Changes in characteristics and practice patterns of Ontario psychiatrists: implications for access to psychiatrists. Psychiatry. 2017;62(1):40–47. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science36. Understanding integrated mental health care in “real-world” primary care settings: what matters to health care providers and clients for evaluation and improvement? . 2017;35(3):271–282. CrossrefPubMed37. -F, et al. Perceived educational needs of the integrated care psychiatric consultant. Acad Psychiatry. 2015;39(4):448–456. CrossrefPubMed38. An expert consensus on core competencies in integrated care for psychiatrists. Psychiatry. 2016;41:45–52. CrossrefPubMed39. . Beyond integrated care competencies: the imperative for adaptive expertise. Psychiatry. 2016;43:30–31. CrossrefPubMed40. A stepped-wedge evaluation of an initiative to spread the collaborative care model for depression in primary care. Med. 2015;13(5):412–420. CrossrefPubMed41. Effective implementation of collaborative care for depression: what is needed? Manag Care. 2014;20(9):699–707. PubMed42. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses various aspects of mental health care models and collaborations without addressing the ability of neuroscience to cure mental health disorders. It does not provide evidence or arguments in favor or against the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: These plants have been investigated in the Faculty of Pharmacy, UiTM laboratories in the last few years for evidence of their benefits as used in folk medicine. The present study was designed to assess the safe use of these extracts on the liver and kidney of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods Female adult rats (180-200g) were obtained from the (Multipro Supply, Malaysia). They were randomized into nine groups consisting of six animals each. One group was normal non diabetic control animals given normal saline, four groups were normal non diabetic animals (three groups were treated with the plant extracts while one group was used as a control in which animals were treated with vitamin E) and four groups were diabetic animals (one group was control diabetic animals treated with normal saline and three groups were diabetic animals treated with plant extracts). All groups were housed at a constant temperature (22±2°C) in a light-controlled (12:12-h light: dark cycle) room. Animals had ad libitumaccess to water and standard laboratory food (. Sapphire Sdn. Bhd. Malaysia). In order to make the animals diabetic, they were treated with streptozocin (STZ), minimum 98% HPLC grade, obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. The drug was given as a single dose of 55mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. One week following the injection, the animals were checked for diabetes. Blood was collected from the orbital sinus, centrifuged and serum level of glucose was analyzed on a analyzer (I Lab 300, Italy). Non diabetic and diabetic groups that had been given plant extracts were treated as follows: Each group was fed a different plant extract. Each extract was administered continuously per os as a daily single dose for two weeks. Control diabetic animals were given normal saline. Plant extracts were prepared from the leaves of S. polyanthum, the bark of O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus fruit; they were collected from local fields. S. polyanthum leaves and O. sumatrana bark were dried for three days in an oven at 50˚C, grounded and boiled in water (100g/1000 mL) for 15min. Extracts were filtered through four layers of gauze, centrifuged at 3000g for 15min and then lyophilized into powder form. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the investigation of plants used in folk medicine, specifically referencing their preparation and use as extracts in a study aimed at assessing their safe application in treating conditions like diabetes. This directly aligns with the notion that traditional medicines often originate from indigenous plant knowledge and practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a permanent portal to another galaxy. [SEP] Text: The ratio of the inertial force to the Coriolis force is called the Rossby number: R o = ( d V d t ) x f U = U L f scales, horizontal L, vertical H, (the atmosphere is anisotropic, and these scales differ significantly), the velocity scale U, the time scale for horizontal displacements L U − 1 for vertical H U ones, and the characteristic Coriolis parameter 2 Ω ( sin ( φ ) ) = f. The variation of pressure in the radial is given by d P d r = r ω 2 ρ The pressure at the axes of rotation is P c Therefore, the required pressure at the point r is P = P c + 1 2 r 2 ω 2 ρ. It means that one of model locomotive gradient of pressure as it unmentioned above which guarantied cyclone and anticyclone if Rossby regime satisfied. 3. 2. Existence of Circulation on This Circuit, for Long-Live of Jupiter’s GRS As it shown in the work (e. g. , [6] [9] ), external affecting on it F (Coriolis, gravitational, and other possible) has the potential U: F = g r a d U for example, a fluid located in a gravity field and directed along the Z-axis, in this case, U = −gZ could be taken since the GRS is projected on the plane (x, y, 0). Then circulation acceleration of motion GRS is d Γ d t = d d t ∫ ( L ) ( V d x ) = ∫ ( L ) a x d x + a y d y + a z d z (6) Therefore, we can able to formulate the following theorem. Theorem1 Around of GRS on a closed fluid circuit the time derivatives of the velocity circulation are equal to the acceleration circulation on this circuit. Proof of Theorem1. It is sufficient to differentiate under the integral expressions in equality (6), and taking into account 1 2 ( υ x 2 + υ y 2 + υ z 2 ) = 1 2 | υ | 2 From here consider that the contour (L) is an ellipse, then 1 2 | υ | 2 = 0. Further, since the density is a single-valued function of the pressure P (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the Rossby number, pressure variations, and fluid dynamics associated with Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) without addressing the notion of it being a portal to another galaxy. The focus is on scientific concepts related to the atmosphere and circulation patterns of the GRS, which does not support, contrast, or relate to the idea of an inter-galactic portal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. [SEP] Text: Now is the time for policy makers, researchers, and the private sector to partner in preparation for the near future. is a useful model to draw from [10]. Created in 1985 by the US Commission (FCC), Lifeline is a nationwide program designed to help eligible low-income individuals obtain home phone and landline services so they can pursue employment, reach help in case of emergency, and access social services and health care. In 2005, recognizing the broad shift toward mobile technology and mobile-cellular infrastructure, the FCC expanded the program to include mobile phones and data plans. The FCC provides a base level of federal support, but individual states are responsible for regional implementation, including engagement of commercial mobile phone carriers. Given the high rates of disability and poverty among people with severe mental illness, many are eligible to benefit from Lifeline and research has shown that a large proportion does in fact use this program to obtain a mobile phone and data plan [2]. In the singular area of mobile phone use, the gap between people with severe mental illness and the general population in the is vanishing. Strategic multi-partner programs will be able to grant access to mHealth for mental health programs to those who will not be able to afford them—arguably, the people who need them the most. Mobile technology manufacturing costs are dropping. Soon all mobile phones in the marketplace, including the more inexpensive devices that are made available through subsidy programs, will have “smart” capabilities (ie, Internet connectivity and the capacity to host apps). Programs like Lifeline could be expanded to include mHealth resources that capitalize on “smart” functions, such as secure/encrypted clinical texting programs and mental health monitoring and illness-management apps. Mobile phone hardware and software development companies could be engaged to add mHealth programs as a standard component in the suite of tools that come installed on their mobile phones; thus, in addition to navigation apps, media players, and games, the new Android or iPhone could come with guided relaxation videos, medication reminder systems, and evidence-based self-monitoring and self-management tools. Telecommunication companies could be encouraged to offer mHealth options with their data plans. Operating system updates pushed out by the mobile carrier companies could come with optional mHealth apps for those who elect to download them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the Lifeline program and the potential for mobile health (mHealth) technologies to aid individuals with severe mental illness, but it does not address the claim that neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. Instead, it focuses on access to telecommunication services and mHealth resources, which are not directly related to neuroscience or the idea of curing mental health disorders.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: This review particularly presents a survey of recent studies on traditional medicines, medicinal plants and phytoconstituents that have indicated antiviral activity for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Advertisement 2. Traditional medicinesTraditional medicine is being frequently used all over the world. Treatment with traditional medicine is still esteemed highly, particularly by those who have no access to modern health-care. Traditional medicine is to be understood as the total of the knowledge, practices based on theories and experiences indigenous to different cultures used to maintain and improve health, to prevent and diagnose illnesses. Traditional medicine can be included in medical systems and folk medicine along with health knowledge. The numbers of medicinal plants from various medical systems like etc. could be taken into consideration as an inspiring source for bioactive phytochemicals as drug designing as well as nutraceuticals and functional foods for wellness. Based on Lipinski factors and lower binding energies, numbers of compounds from medicinal plants were analyzed for their pharmacological and biological characteristics. Some selected bioactives were found to have lower toxicity with a higher gastrointestinal absorption rate and potent anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities against targets of COVID-19 which is an infectious pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The critical target components of SARS-CoV-2 are the Spike protein (S-protein) and the Main protease (Mpro). Mpro is required for the maturation of the various polyproteins involved in replication and transcription. S-protein helps the SARS-CoV-2 to enter the host cells through the Angiotensin-2 (ACE-2). Since ACE-2 is required for the binding of SARS-CoV-2 on the host cells, ACE-2 inhibitors and blockers have got wider attention, in addition to S-protein and Mpro modulators as potential therapeutics for COVID-19. So far, no specific drugs have shown promising therapeutic potential against COVID-19. Therfeore, several studies were undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic potential of traditional medicinal plants against COVID-19. 2. 1 medicineBased on the frequency of appearance of each medicinal herb and their corresponding pharmacological activities from Medicines (TCM), one of the TCM formula was reconstructed with the potential of treating COVID-19 infection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses traditional medicine being composed of knowledge and practices indigenous to different cultures used to maintain and improve health. It emphasizes that traditional medicine often includes medicinal plants utilized by these cultures, which aligns with the assertion that many traditional medicines are derived from such plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a permanent portal to another galaxy. [SEP] Text: , [6] ), and taking the notations Φ ( ρ ) = ∫ d ρ φ ( ρ ) and account into compound derivatives we get: g r a d Φ = 1 ρ g r a d P. So, by Newton’s law, it is justified that the basic equation of hydrodynamics ρ d V a = F ρ d V − d V g r a d P is satisfied and hence it follows that a = F − 1 ρ g r a d P. Consequently from the acceleration circulation (5) it follows that d Γ d t = ∫ ( L ) a x d x + a y d y + a z d z = ∫ ( L ) d ( U − ϕ ) = 0. (7) Then from equality of (7) we obtain that Γ = c o n s t. Thus, Theorem1 is proved. Theorem 2 (existence of vortex lines) P2. Since the motion on fluid circuits around the GRS refers to the approximate, so-called, quasi-laminar, then under the condition of incompressibility, d i v V → 0 r o t V = ε for ε → 0. Where, d i v V as it shown in formula (3), and r o t V = | i j k ∂ ∂ x ∂ ∂ y ∂ ∂ z V x V y V z | V = ( V x V y V z ) and i j k are the unit vectors for the x, y, and z axes, respectively. Because of center of GRS a small compressible solid and having rotation, p3. Zones belts and vortices on Jupiter. The wide equatorial zone is visible in the center surrounded by two dark equatorial belts (SEB and NEB). NASA (see, [6] ). ∫ ( L ) υ x d x + υ y d y + υ z d z = ∬ ( L 0 ) Ω n d σ = 0. n (8) At the moment of time the surface ( σ 0 ) will pass to surface (σ), and its part ( s 0 ) → ( s ) but, liquid ( L 0 ) contour will pass to liquid contour (L). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing hydrodynamics and fluid behavior around the Great Red Spot (GRS) on Jupiter. It engages in a detailed mathematical analysis of vortex lines and motion, suggesting that the GRS involves fluid dynamics rather than acting as a portal to another galaxy. The focus is on the physical and mathematical characteristics of the GRS, thereby debunking the notion of it being a portal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. [SEP] Text: Smartphone data as objective measures of bipolar disorder symptoms. Psychiatry Res. Jun 30, 2014;217(1-2):124-127. [CrossRef] [Medline]älimäki M. Feedback on SMS reminders to encourage adherence among patients taking antipsychotic medication: a cross-sectional survey nested within a randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2015;5(11):e008574. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. URL: [accessed 2016-01-14] [WebCite Cache]AbbreviationsFCC: : mobile healthEdited by J Torous; This is a non–peer-reviewed 06. 04. 16; accepted 14. 04. 16; published 06. 06. 16. Copyright ©Dror Ben-Zeev. Originally published in ( 06. 06. 2016. This is an open-access 2. 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on as well as this copyright and license information must be included. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about neuroscience curing all mental health disorders. It discusses smartphone data as measures of bipolar disorder symptoms and mentions research related to medication adherence, but it does not provide any information about neuroscience's capabilities to cure mental health disorders.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: This TCM formula contains herbs with evidenced antiviral activity along with reducing fever, removing dampness, expelling phlegm, and arresting coughing. It includes Bupleurum chinense, Ramulus cinnamomi, Scutellaria baicalensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Atractylodes macrocephala, Rhizoma Zingiberis, Agastache rugosa, Stephania tetrandra root, Polygonum cuspidatum, Rheum palmatum, Tangerine Peel, Amarum and Ophiopogon japonicus root. These herbs have the effect of eliminating dampness, for relieving cough and lung symptoms. In addition, in modern pharmacology, Rheum palmatum and Polygonum cuspidatum have significant antiviral effects due to their rich emodin content. Full prescription of 12 drugs are evaluated for the clinical treatment of COVID-19 [4]. On the other hand, a medicinal plant library containing 32,297 potential antiviral traditional Chinese medicinal plants compounds were analyzed the 3-Chymotrypsin-Like protease (3CLpro) sequence which plays a critical role in the replication of virus p19. The proteolytic processing is mediated by Papain-Like protease (PLpro) and 3CLpro. The 3CLpro cleaves the polyprotein at 11 distinct sites to generate various non-structural proteins that are important for viral replication [5]. countries, Saxifraga species (Saxifragaceae) are used as medicinal herbs for treatment of various types of disorders. With respect to antiviral activities, Saxifraga melanocentra inhibited the activity of hepatitis C virus serine protease. The virucidal activity of pyrogallol compounds obtained from Saxifraga spinulosa have also suggested against SARS-CoV-2, (IAV), as well as Virus (FCV) and Virus (MNV) [6]. 2. 2 medicinesIn Iran, some medicinal plants have great potential value for treatment of COVID-19 based on the therapeutic approaches of Medicine (TPM) is one of the most ancient medical doctrines mostly known as “wi”, several of which have also been confirmed by pharmacological studies in modern medicine. Among them, Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) herbs, such as Bupleurum chinense, Scutellaria baicalensis, and others, which are representative of traditional medicinal practices using plants. Additionally, it highlights that medicinal plants have been evaluated for their clinical treatments, reinforcing the idea that traditional medicines often originate from plant-based remedies used in historical and indigenous contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a permanent portal to another galaxy. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the kinetic and potential energy will be distributed evenly. A similar picture also takes place for a storm, a hurricane on Jupiter’s, since the Equation (20) for the tsunami and wind of Jupiter’s (see, Equations (11-(15)) operate almost similar principles. 3. 4. Instability Kelvin-Helmholtz in Case of Frequency for Storm of Jupiter’s GRS ( U − c ) 2 [ d 2 Φ ¯ d 2 z − α 2 Φ ¯ ] + ( N 2 − ( U − c ) d 2 U ¯ d 2 z ) Φ ¯ = 0 (21) (see, [17] formula (48) ( U − c ) 2 d 2 Φ ¯ d 2 z − ( U − c ) 2 α 2 Φ ¯ + ( N 2 − ( U − c ) d 2 U ¯ d 2 z ) Φ ¯ = 0 K ( ξ ) = ( U − c ) 2 b ( ξ ) = N 2 − ( U − c ) (22) where N 2 = g L p denotes by the Brunt-Vaisala frequency. The eigenvalue parameter of the problem is c. If the imaginary part of the wave speed C is positive, then the flow is unstable, and the small perturbation introduced to the system is amplified in time (the coefficients of this equation put in corresponding formulas of solution directly problem is solvable). If top and bottom be rigid walls, then from linearized covering equations of continuity case boundary condition is Φ ¯ ( 0 ) = 0 Φ ¯ ( d ) = 0 and when N 2 = U − c then equation is no degenerating: d 2 Φ ¯ d 2 z − α 2 Φ ¯ = 0 (23) and may be solved as problem of Sturm-Lovell (in simple form). Note that the argument is unchanged, if the top and bottom are at z = ∞ z = − ∞. The equation (48) constitute eigenvalue problem where c = c r + i c i is the eigenvalue, if c i > 0 instability occurs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the scientific properties and equations related to the dynamics of storms on Jupiter, specifically mentioning the Great Red Spot (GRS). It discusses the principles of instability and energy distribution without mentioning any idea of a portal to another galaxy. This indicates that the claim lacks scientific basis and the content is more aligned with atmospheric physics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every environmental issue can be solved with technology alone. [SEP] Text: : Déjà Port of Call Echo: of 02 2013 Echo: of Translation ISSN : 23154802 ’ : 10. 33671/ISS02LEE C. K. was a friend from National Service1. I was a trooper and he was a medic from another platoon in the same company. Even then, I remember having chatted with him on various occasions. Neither of us particularly enjoyed national service, but he had a cheerful disposition, which might have been his coping strategy. After our discharge from the army in 1993, we kept in minimal contact. I learnt that he became an award-winning journalist and an occasional film actor. 3, 2012, in Times, for which he once worked, I read of his death. He had been found dead two evenings earlier on his bed in his single-occupant apartment; a doctor certified that he had died of heart failure. He was 39 years old. I gagged upon reading about C. K. ’s death. Perhaps it was my body’s gut response to the sad and shocking news. He was a peer, a year younger. His diabetic condition reminded me of my mum’s and my own possible affliction of the same. I became aware of my minuteness, mortality and vulnerabilities, especially since I was living alone in my personal studio during the harshest winter ever in Berlin: I could well be in C. K. ’s shoes anytime. Regardless of differences in living conditions and belief systems, most people are afraid of dying. I think there are three main reasons why people fear death. First, they fear the unknown; those who think there is heaven fear what they will get in hell. Second, they fear the pain before death. Third, they fear losing the things they have in this life—the pleasures, the material things, their loved ones. Furthermore, people don’t like dying alone because, as a conclusion to life, dying while having people around you means you have had a well-lived life. Dying knowingly alone means you are weird or you have not lived well. Dying helplessly alone implies some regret in life. Before learning of C. K. ’s death, I was researching into solo passing as a largely academic exercise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses personal experiences and reflections on death, mortality, and fear, with no mention of environmental issues or technology's role in addressing them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: ), Chicory (Cichorium intybus L. ), Clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L. ) Merr. and L. M. Perry], (Rosa × damascena Herrm. ), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. ), Galangal (Alpinia galanga (L. ) Willd. , A. officinarum Hance), Garlic (Allium sativum L. ), Grape and Raisin (Vitis vinifera L. ), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L. , G. uralensis Fisch. ), Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L. , R. officinale Baill. ) and Saffron (Crocus sativus L. ) were determined as promising plant species. However, preclinical mechanistic studies as well as clinical trials are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of these plants for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [7]. 2. 3 AyurvedaFor nearly 5000 years Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medicine method, has been practiced in India, relying heavily on plants to formulate it. Ayurvedic herbal supplements and immunity boosters showing the way to a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that is the need of the hour. Antiviral properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus spp. , Zingiber officinale, Withania somnifera, and Curcuma longa have been reported [8]. Whereas, Tinospora cordifolia and Emblica officinalis have the properties to enhance immunity. It has been shown that Coptidis rhizome, Meliae cortex, Sanguisorbae radix, Cimicifuga rhizome, and Phellodendron cortex exhibit anti-coronavirus activity. Sophorae radix, Torilis fructus, and Acanthopanacis cortex decreased intracellular viral RNA levels with corresponding viral protein decreases [9]. The antiviral activity of some phytoconstituents present in traditional medicinal plants from Ayurveda were also investigated against spike glycoprotein of SARS-COV-2 as well as its host ACE-2 receptor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medicine method practiced for nearly 5000 years, relies heavily on plants to formulate medicinal treatments. It specifically mentions several plant species with traditional medicinal applications, thus supporting the idea that traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a permanent portal to another galaxy. [SEP] Text: Finally, if N 2 > 0 then storm frequency is stable, N 2 < 0 then storm frequency is unstable, N 2 = 0 then storm frequency is neutral. For example, Conrath et al. (see, [18] ) hypothesized that the jet widths in Jupiter’s atmosphere, at least 3 - 10 times the tropospheric deformation radius, would enable transfer of energy from eddies to jets. Instabilities are baroclinic within this range. The atmospheric radius of deformation is defined as L = N H | f | where N is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency, H is the scale height, and f is the Coriolis parameter. parameter, accordance by the formula f = 2 Ω ( sin ( φ ) ) = 35. 2 × 10 − 5 × 0. 25882 = 9. 1 × 10 − 5 s − 1 at 15˚ N pantographic latitude. 4. Justification for GRS of Motion for Vortices and researchers argue that the is energized by absorbing smaller eddies. “Some computer models show that large eddies are able to live longer if they merge with smaller eddies. But this does not happen often enough to explain the Red Spot’s longevity,” says P. Markus. Remark 1. Our presented mathematical model is explaining the longevity of the Spot and corresponding and asserts as real justifications of the hypotheses of P. Marcus, Hasanzadeh and others investigators about longevity of GRS. First, let’s start with the fact that White Ovals, small vortices (see Figure 3) transfer their energies to a large vortex, including the GRS, as result of which is provided with constant kinetic energy. For the purpose we will try to build a visual description of this process by a mathematical formula, the justification of which be concrete and clear. Consider a number of isolated free vortices of force F i ( i = 1 2 3 ⋯ n ) at points M i ( x y z ) ( i = 1 2 3 ⋯ n ) of an incompressible fluid moving rotationally in region D. These boundaries γ k ( k = 1 2 3 ⋯ m ) that the belt of Jupiter near of the GRS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the scientific aspects of Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) and presenting a mathematical model that explains its longevity through interactions with smaller vortices and energy transfer, rather than suggesting it serves as a portal to another galaxy. It emphasizes the physical characteristics and behaviors of atmospheric storms on Jupiter, which do not support the idea of a portal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every environmental issue can be solved with technology alone. [SEP] Text: Around that time, I was in the midst of preparing for my solo exhibition (entitled Some Detours), which was a requirement as a resident artist at Künstlerhaus Bethanien in Berlin. Aiming to map out the variety and complexity of solitary situations as a way to editorialise my own solitude, I had planned to produce and show three new works: a set of paintings of floor plans referring to solitary spaces, from the series Dwelling; No. 1, a sculpture of the framework of a tree house; and, Corridors No. 1: Solitude, a collection of texts on solitude. For this purpose, I had already started a small archive of news clippings about people who had died alone. The art pieces planned were abstractions of my ongoing research. C. K. ’s passing grounded things in reality. Instinctively, I started expanding and systematising my existing archive of solitary death case studies. With the help of a research assistant, I amassed more news clippings of lone deaths and disappearances and had the information keyed into specific cells on a spreadsheet. It soon dawned on me that another new work had to be made. The philosopher observes that domestic cats know better than humans how to die: They will slowly walk towards a corner before stopping, then quietly collapsing and passing out for the last time; some even leave their owners’ home, as if wanting their departure to be a private and fuss-free affair. That dying alone seems less an issue for cats than it is for humans led me to wonder: Did C. K. suffer much, or did he die peacefully, or cheerfully even, in his sleep— which is, for some, the most ideal way to go? Did he prefer leaving alone as he did, or with loved ones around? Could C. K. ’s lone death be less wretched and terrifying than I had first imagined? Why should C. K. ’s death be a matter of concern for the rest of us anyway? I wanted to make a matter-of-fact piece to work through my questions about dying alone. wanted it to be as indifferent about dying alone as cats appear to be. The eventual piece, entitled Gone Solo, is a fourteen-minute video obituary of lone deaths or disappearances. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the author's experiences and artistic reflections on solitude and death, particularly regarding an exhibition centered on these themes. It makes no mention of environmental issues or technology, hence it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Lycorine, hypericin, emodin, tylophorine, ouabain, mycophenolate mofetil, silvestrol, myricetin and scutellarein were also reported for their inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses [22]. Some phytoconstituents such as myricitrin, methyl rosmarinate, 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-2′-(3,3-dimethylallyl) isoflavone, 3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-hexahydroxy flavanone-3-β-D-glucopyranoside, (2S)-eriodictyol 7-O-(6′′-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, calceolarioside B, myricetin, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, licoleafol, and amaranthin were reported as potential lead candidates to develop novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs [23]. Moreover, anthraquinone derivatives were screened on the basis of binding energy against N-(NTD) of SARS-CoV-2. Emodin, Anthrarufin, Alizarine, Aloe- emodin, and Dantron showed the good binding affinity at three different active sites of N-of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid phosphoprotein. These compounds prevent the assembly of virus p4. ConclusionPlants and their secondary metabolites provide valuable leads for the development into drugs for the novel antiviral activities. Ivermectin is the FDA approved drug and inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV-2 [35]. Although there is an increase in the use of traditional medicine worldwide, researches in traditional medicines are insufficient. Assessments of the quality, safety, and efficacy of traditional medicines are needed to provide scientific information that regulations need. In the present review, antiviral activity mainly against coronaviruses of traditional medicines along with their phytoconstituents through the literature data relevant to their enzyme and receptor interactions given by different assays. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the derivation of traditional medicines from plants used by indigenous cultures. Instead, it discusses antiviral properties of various phytoconstituents found in plants and notes an increase in the use of traditional medicine but acknowledges insufficient research in this area. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a permanent portal to another galaxy. [SEP] Text: The function defined in the following indicated immediately as transformed later to kinetic energy: E k = ∑ i = 1 n F i Ψ ( x i y i x 0 y 0 ) + ∑ i j = 1 ( i > J ) n F i F j G ( x i y j x j y j ) + ∑ i = 1 n F i 2 G ( x i y x i y i ) (28) Remark 2 It seems to us after few (example four years) years this energy by the theory of modeling tornado or tsunami may be transform to potential energy (see, Figure 4). Proof. This can be immediately seen by comparing the results obtained similarly to the results (see [6]. Note that the system of Equations (26) (or (27)) is a Hamiltonian system of differential equations in the system of variables F i x i and F i y i in case of n = 100 (for Jupiter, including all vortices and ovals). Equality (28) is the kinetic energy of Jupiter’s liquid motion for all vortices, so Equation (28) leads to the energy conservation laws E k = c o n s t. Note 2. “This is difficult to diagnose because Hubble cannot see the bottom of the storm very well. Anything below the top of the clouds is invisible in the data,” Wong said. “But it’s interesting data that could help us understand what fuels the Spot and how it keeps the energy going. ” According to NASA, there is still a lot of work to be done to fully understand this phenomenon. New NASA-funded research suggests that Jupiter’s Spot may be the mysterious heat source behind Jupiter’s surprisingly high upper atmospheric temperatures. Researchers from the US and Italy have figured out what force drives the huge Jupiterian cyclones. Earlier there was news that the Spot on Jupiter will soon disintegrate. Now scientists have refuted this fact: the storm is likely to exist for an indefinite amount of time. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing scientific findings related to Jupiter's Great Red Spot, indicating that it is a storm and exploring its energy dynamics rather than suggesting it is a portal to another galaxy. The text mentions that there is still much to understand about the Spot and asserts that it is likely to exist for an indefinite amount of time, which does not support the idea of it being a portal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every environmental issue can be solved with technology alone. [SEP] Text: It consisted only of text—no image or sound—collected and selected from the mass media about people who died or were last seen alone. Of the hundreds of case studies of solo goers in my archive, about forty made it into the work. My selection was based on diversity: a variety of age groups, ethnic backgrounds, places and time periods of death, occupations and contexts was as important as a mix of famous names and unknown ones. I initialised the first names as I did not want the obviousness of the deceased’s gender to hinder viewers’ identification. Each case study appears through a two-step fade-in: First the deceased’s name, age and profession (or social category) appear at the centre of the otherwise black screen. Then the cause and place of death follow below, if not the context of the discovery of his or her body or body parts. The order of appearance, alphabetical by first names, is aimed at conjuring the most startling juxtapositions. Quite a few featured cases involved a time lag between death and discovery. This often happened to people who lived alone (such as Y. Vickers, a former Playboy model, who was found in 2011, a year after dying at home), or those involved in unfortunate situations like murders (R. Boyd) and suicides (fashion designer A. McQueen). Not all the deaths were necessarily painful and long-drawn. D. Carradine, an actor and martial artist, was found dead in a hotel room in Bangkok of autoerotic asphyxiation. The situation-specific deaths were especially poignant. The bookseller C. W. Law was crushed to death in 2008 by falling books in his stock room in Hong Kong, giving a most ironic twist to the common wish to die in the company of one’s loved ones. Or consider A. Hugeuenard, whose life work was in nature conservation and who died a day after a fatal bear attack in a national park in the USA. G. Park passed away in his prison cell, as did many of his fellow convicted murderers. After reading a few cases, as I have observed, the viewer will get into the rhythm and start making calculated guesses and precise recollections of how each person had died. At times, they are correct, especially for famous cases like B. J. Ader’s disappearance at sea on a lone sailing trip between Massachusetts and Ireland. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a collection of case studies about individuals who died alone, detailing circumstances and contexts of their deaths. It does not mention technology, environmental issues, or solutions to such issues, thus failing to address the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: HomeBIJEthnobotany of medicinal plants used to treat malaria by traditional healers from ten indigenous colombian communities located in waupes medio Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2575-906X 167. DOI: 10. 15406/bij. 2017. 01. 00022 indigenous communities from possess knowledge in the use of plants to treat their illnesses. This knowledge has been transmitted orally from generation to generation. The present 3. 2billion people remain at risk of malaria. Annually, it produces between 149-303million clinical cases and kills more than 400,000 people. Among those killed, 90% are children under 5years old. 1 America, the transmission of paludism is found in nine countries sharing the amazon forest region and in 8 countries representing the Caribbean and Central America. 2 in 2016, 83 356 cases of malaria were reported to the Institute (INS) through the (Sivigila), and the distribution by species corresponded to 47 497 cases (57%) by P. falciparum, followed by P. vivax with 33 055 cases (39. 7%) and 2 804 cases (3. 3%) of mixed infections (P. falciparum and P. vivax). In addition, 19 deaths were confirmed because of this disease in Colombian territory. 3 These data show the importance of this disease in the panorama of morbidity and mortality at local and global level. Natural or vector borne infection in humans is by six species from the genus Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi,1 and recently P. cynomolgi. 4 This parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Once inside the organism, the parasite causes clinical symptoms that can range from mild to grave, or even lead to fatal. 5,6 Traditional medicine uses plants to treat different illnesses, and their use is so efficient that the Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the world population uses plants as alternative therapy. 7 Since 1670, medical plants like Quina have been used to treat paludic feavers. It was not until 1820 that two French chemists, isolated a metabolite called quinina from this plant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the knowledge of indigenous communities regarding the use of plants to treat illnesses, specifically mentioning the importance of traditional medicine and the effectiveness of plant-based treatments. It states that 'traditional medicine uses plants to treat different illnesses,' which directly supports the claim about traditional medicines being derived from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a permanent portal to another galaxy. [SEP] Text: the introduction, the hypotheses of various major experts about the non-disappearance of the GRS and their recovery are deduced from an almost magmatic description and in Section 2, investigates about conditions of applicability and mathematical substantiation of the hypothesis about the longevity of the Spot, some clarity, essentially questions; in Section 3 given mathematical substantiation of the hypothesis about the longevity of the Spot by means of subsections which is presented about the new Jupiter GRS models, existence of circulation on this circuit, vortex lines for long-live of Jupiter’s GRS, derivation of equation of wind and transformation energy for supporting cyclone and anticyclone long-lives and comparisons with equations of tsunami mathematical models; finally, investigating the instability of Kelvin-Helmholtz in the case of frequency for the storm of Jupiter’s GRS and indicating frequency stabilities. 4, new approaches are given for proof of justification, which is considered the mathematical justification for GRS summation energy of motion for all small vortices and ovals (see, Figure 7). Accounting into Theorem 1, 2, 3, 4, all the investigations agreed with the previous hypotheses and results. It proves that GRS has constant interior energy and which proves that the anticyclone, GRS, will live longer. Finally, note that at least one will be satisfied the following: the movement of gas and liquid on the GRS is divided into three processes that combine laminar (or approximate, so-called quasi-laminar) and transitional flow along ovals with turbulent flow (8). In cyclones, the Coriolis force is directed from the center of the vortex. Therefore, a decrease is formed in it, and in anticyclones, on the contrary, an increase in the gas density; Anticyclones are much longer-lived than cyclones, which is associated with the increased density inside them and, therefore, other things being equal, the total angular momentum of the anticyclone turns out to be higher than that of the cyclone (see Figure 4), so it is more difficult for it to disintegrate; Rossby vortices slowly drift along the parallel to the west at speed not exceeding the phase velocity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing extensively the longevity and mathematical substantiation of Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS), focusing on its internal energy, the dynamics of cyclones and anticyclones, and factors that contribute to the stability and existence of the GRS. There is no mention of it being a portal to another galaxy, effectively denying any connection to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every environmental issue can be solved with technology alone. [SEP] Text: Most of the cases, however, throw viewers off their expectations. These include those bordering on the bizarre: Pope J. Paul I, who died seated upright, must be one such case, as is A. E. Lim, who was found dead on the wires of a generator. Sometimes, no body was found. Only two pieces of bones of S. Fossett, a businessperson and aviator, were found a year after he was reported missing on a lone flight. There are even cases where the lone death occurred in the busiest of public spaces: Architect L. Kahn was found three days after dying of heart attack in a toilet in a train station, and an unnamed lone traveller was discovered dead sitting among fellow travellers on a bench in a train station. is not an expression of admiration for or an appeal to sympathise with those who had died alone. It is perhaps more a token of gratitude to those people who had found themselves in situations of solitary departures, whether intentionally or helplessly, gracefully or wretchedly, happily or miserably. They have nothing to teach or tell us. Even if they set out to impart something to us, I doubt we can understand what they have been through. So why am I grateful? I thank these soloists, reclusive leavers and vanishing acts for rehearsing on our behalf the end of our own meagre lives. (14 of 90 video stills) – 14min 2013 Edition of 6 + 2 AP Photo: Solo was exhibited at Künstlerhaus Bethanien, Berlin, Germany 2013. Footnotes 1 refers to service in the Forces. Facebook-f in touch with us for any inquiries: issue@lasalle. edu. sg Disclaimer ©2023 of the Arts. Copyrights. All rights reserved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address environmental issues or technology; instead, it recounts instances of solitary deaths and reflections on life and gratitude. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding environmental issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Quinina served as a template for the synthesis of the aminochinolines such as cloroquine, which was used as a first-line medicine until 1971 when the first cases of P. falciparum resistance appeared. 8 This stimulated the search for new antimalarial agents. In 1972 Chinese scientists isolated artemisinin from the Artemisa anua plant. This permitted the synthesis of the artemisinin derivatives artesunate, arteheter, artemether, constituting a new pilar of antimalarial therapy. 9,10 is a region both endemic to malaria and to some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. One third of the worlds species are found in tropical rain forests. 11 Concurrenty, there exists a wide cultural diversity linked to traditional knowledge from different ethnic groups. This diversity has been affected and threatened by colonization which began in the 15th century and advanced in the 20th century. 12 In the case of Vaupes medio, it was due to the bonanaza of rubber, coca farming, and the sale of animal skins. These processes led to deforestation and an alteration in social structure, bringing about a loss of plant diversity and of the knowledge associated with it. 13 Among the indigenous and mestizo communities located in the of the southeastern part of Colombia, the population is 85% indigenous representing 27 ethnic groups. Among those groups, the most numerous are: Cubeo, Tucano, Desano and Guanano. 14 These communities are effected by malaria, above all, those which are located in the Vaupés Alto, Vaupés Medio, Papunahua, Apaporis river, and at the Querarí river head. In this zone, malaria has been treated by diverse traditional healers from the region using medicinal plants (for preventing it or curing it). Nevertheless, these practices are disappearing due to the social phenomena explained previously. The purpose of this study is to contribute to and preserve the ancestral knowledge related to medicinal use of plants among the communities located in the Vaupés Medio. More specifically, information was collected about medicinal plants used to cure malaria from 33 indigenous traditional healers from this zone. In the presence of the healers, plants were identified and collected. They were later studied taxonomically and the greater frequency of use was determined by the Friedman’s index. Materials and methods Study area An area of 10,901. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of medicinal plants by indigenous traditional healers in the Vaupés region to treat malaria. It states that these communities, which represent 27 ethnic groups, utilized various plants to cure the disease, thus supporting the assertion that traditional medicines, in this case, are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a permanent portal to another galaxy. [SEP] Text: The equations of motion admit a solution under the form of a compact ellipsoidal vortex of constant vertical vorticity, we assert that the corresponding Rossby number of the vortex as R o < 0 for anticyclones, but R o > 0 for cyclones provide as longer cycle. By means of stream function and Green’s function, we construct energy for one vortex motion and then summarize all ovals and energy for (for Jupiter n case, ovals and vortex) vortex motion. By the energy conservation laws, this summarized energy is constant. It means that the total motion of Jupiter’s rotation under the indicated assumption will always be stability and, therefore, the hydro-dynamical equilibrium and stability of Jupiter and GRS will be accepted any time, as longer years. Figure 7. The formation Ovals and turbulence formation (see [6] [7] [8] ). Figure 8. Winds in the Spot as analyzed from Hubble’s data. Red means faster wind, blue means slower wind. However, the thermodynamically and magnetic-dynamical equilibrium and steady rotation of Jupiter mathematically are almost finished. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. 24. [2] Marcus, P. (2019) Jupiter’s. Astronomy. [3] Marcus, P. S. (2004) Prediction of a Change on Jupiter. Nature, 428, 828-831. [4] Marcus, P. S. , Tollefson, J. , Wong, M. H. and de Pater, I. (2018) Equation: Applications to Jupiter. Icarus, 324, 198-223. [5] Nurmammadov, M. A. , et al. (2020) Influences the Factors of Cyclones, Anticyclones, Circulation and Rotation to the of Spot of Jupiter. Journal of Natural Sciences, 8, 16-20. [6] Nurmammadov, M. A. (2022) A Justification for the of Jupiter. of Applied Sciences, 12, 1547-1558. [7] Nurmammadov, M. A. , et al. (2021) Tractates about Dynamics of Spot on the Jupiter. of Physics and Astronomy, 9, 1-7. [8] Nurmammadov, M. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the physical nature of Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) through the lens of fluid dynamics and stability. It emphasizes its stability, the conservation of energy, and mathematical treatments of vortex motion related to the GRS. The claim that the Great Red Spot serves as a portal to another galaxy is not supported; rather, the text provides evidence of its hydro-dynamical equilibrium and stability, which attributes a very different and scientifically grounded role to the GRS, rather than the speculative notion of it being a portal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: How sample size can effect landslide size distribution access Published: 23 October 2016 How sample size can effect landslide size distribution Langping Li1, Hengxing Lan1,2 & Yuming Wu1 2. 59A 1. 05 deduced from the Fujian historical landslide inventory (Li et al. 2014) is used, and Eq. (y6) is calculated numerically. Stochastic simulationA straightforward procedure is designed to inspect the effect of sample size on the reliability of the parameter estimation of landslide size distribution. It is assumed that: 1) the theoretical distribution of landslide size with respect to a certain event within a certain area is constrained by physical factors and is therefore predetermined; 2) the number of landslides occurring in a certain event within a certain area is finite; and 3) the size of each individual occurred landslide is stochastic. So, we firstly introduce a predefined theoretical distribution of landslide area, and then draw N values of area from the theoretical distribution using simulation, where N is the sample size. Values of sample size span from 100 to 10,000 and are logarithmic spaced. With regard to each sample size, 1,000 samples are produced to reveal the stochasticity of the estimated parameters. If the sample size is large enough, the estimated parameters of the 1,000 samples are expected to have a mean value similar to the parameters of the theoretical distribution and a low standard deviation. On the contrary, if the sample size is small, a mean value far different to the theoretical value and a high standard deviation are expected. Similarly, we also use a straightforward way to inspect how the sample size influences the statistical significance of the comparison of the parameters of landslide size distribution between different subsets. Firstly, with regard to each sample size, the sample with parameters most similar to the theoretical values is picked out from the formerly produced 1,000 samples as the test sample for this sample size. Then, for each sample size, the corresponding test sample is randomly subdivided into two subsets according to a subdividing ratio. And six subdividing ratios, namely 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, and 6:1, are used to inspect the effect of subdividing ratio as well. For each test sample, the random subdivision is repeated 1,000 times for each subdividing ratio. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the statistical methods for analyzing landslide data and the effects of sample size on reliability in parameter estimation. It does not address the claim about the prevention of natural disasters through planning. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: During the presentation, it was highlighted the benefits and importance of recovering the oral knowledge of traditional antimalarial medicinal plants, and conserving it by recording it in the books. Once consent was obtained and the work consolidated with the communities, each community was visited in search of the key partners. In conclusion of the conciliation process, communities expressed their interest in the project and signed agreements between themselves and researchers of the University of Antioquia. The indigenous authorities recognized the project as an opportunity to gather and preserve the oral tradition of medicinal plants used to cure malaria. Ultimately, they desire to give ownership of this knowledge to the younger generations so that it is not lost over time. Traditional healer selection The key traditional healers were chosen according to participant observation. 17‒23 More specifically, the snowball or avalanche sampling approach was used,24 under the premise that the members of the population know each other and can identify which other person from the indigenous community to interview. Additionally, the following criteria were considered: living within the study area, to be recognized by their inhabitants as traditional healers, cure malaria with plants or prayers. In this context, 30 men and 3 women between the ages of 22 and 62 years old were chosen. Ethnobotanical survey Open interviews, semi-structured interviews and ethnobotanical walks were conducted with 33 traditional healers (31 indigenous and 2 belonging to a group of mestizos known as “cabuco”, according to the methodology described by Cunnigham. 25,19,26 They collected information about: Description and identification of plants used for treating malaria in their natural habitat Detailed description of each plant collection process (hour, station, place, among others) Part of the plant used (bark, root and leaf) and mode of preparation (infusion, decoction and etc. ) Recipe directions and warnings Overview of the illness (causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatments to cure and prevent it) During the walks, with each traditional healer, specimens following the described methodology (1. Thirty (91%) of the traditional healers are male. Eighteen (55%) of 33 performed surveys reported information from the ethnic Cubeo, and the rest from Carapana, Desano, Yuruti, Guanano and Mestizo groups. Among all the traditional healers, only one payé (shaman) from community was interviewed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of preserving the oral knowledge of traditional antimalarial medicinal plants used by indigenous cultures. It highlights the role of indigenous healers in using plants to cure malaria and emphasizes the need to document this knowledge for future generations, thus supporting the notion that many traditional medicines are derived from plants utilized by these cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Trees can walk slowly by uprooting themselves and moving toward sunlight. [SEP] Text: Footnote 20 The imputation tax credit is also available to nonresident shareholders. Imputation systems used to dominate the CT picture in the EU, especially in the 1970s and 1980s. Over time, however, they were regarded as overly complicated, while their cross-border implications were held to be discriminatory. Footnote 21 In 2016, the UK abolished its imputation system, which permitted a deemed tax credit of merely 1/9th of the net dividend, and replaced it with a PT dividend exemption of £5000. 3. 3 Taxing profits and interest (capital income)Under the classical system, interest (and royalties) is not treated on par with the return on equity, even if debt and equity are fully substitutable. Equal treatment is achieved under regimes that tax the returns on both equity and debt at the corporate or personal level, either provisionally in the form of a dual income tax (DIT) or definitively under a comprehensive business income tax (CBIT). Under DIT, capital income, corporate and non-corporate, is separated from labor income and taxed at a moderate, uniform rate, ideally equal to the CT rate. In the Nordic countries, the DIT was introduced on the philosophy that in a small open economy with perfect capital mobility, any source-based tax on the normal return to capital will be shifted onto domestic, immobile factors or products through an increase in the pre-tax rate of return required by investors. Footnote 22 In this situation, it is simply not optimal for a small economy to levy any source-based tax on the normal return. Although corporate capital is not fully mobile, the degree of mobility is so high that it is advisable to keep any source-based tax low, absent international tax coordination. If, for revenue and distributional reasons, the top PT rate cannot be reduced to the level of the lower CT rate, the obvious solution therefore is to tax capital income on a schedular basis. Further, capital market innovation in conjunction with tax arbitrage implies that it is not feasible to tax capital income effectively at different tax rates. Hence, the decision to tax capital income at a moderate uniform tax rate, basically equal to the CT rate. Member States, Finland and Sweden, now have 25 years of experience with dual income taxation. Footnote 23 The DITs in these countries, however, are not as pure as the Norwegian DIT. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses tax policies and systems, without mentioning trees or their ability to move. It does not provide any supporting or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: If we take “the observed differences in parameters between the two subsets are attributed to random processes” as the null hypothesis, the region of rejection and also the region of acceptance for a certain significance level (e. g. , 0. 05) can be estimated according to the statistics of the variances in parameters observed in the 1,000 random trials. Landslide datasetHeavy rainfall struck Fujian in the mid-to-late June, 2010 and induced large numbers of landslides. The Xiayang-Wangtai (XW as an abbreviation) area, for which SPOT images with 2. 5 m spatial resolution taken shortly after this rainfall event are available (Fig. 1), suffered greatly from this rainfall event. Rainfall records show that the cumulative rainfall in the XW area in this period exceeds 300 mm and approaches 600 mm (Fig. 1a). Landslides in the study area were manually mapped on the SPOT images in a GIS platform. The bright brownish area representing both the failure and the deposition zones were visually delineated as fresh landslide areas (Fig. 1b). Field reconnaissance had helped to link real landslide scenarios with features on the SPOT images (Fig. 1c, d, e). In addition, the topography was inspected through a digital elevation model (DEM) with 5 m spatial resolution to support the mapping. The brownish area in gullies that represents the traces of debris flows and floods were not delineated. As seen during field surveys, shallow earth slides account for most of the landslides in the XW area in this event. Totally 12,524 landslides were identified in the study area which means a density of about 43 landslides per square kilometer. We will refer to this inventory as “XW dataset”. Fig. 1 a SPOT images that cover the Xiayang-Wangtai (XW) area after the rainfall event in mid-to-late June, 2010 is shown; Lines labeled with numbers indicate cumulative rainfall (mm) in this event. b Some mapped landslides around the are illustrated with four typical landslides (LSs) marked. c, d, e Field views of the four marked landslides in (b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the prevention of natural disasters through planning. Instead, it describes a specific rainfall event and its consequences, detailing data on landslides in the Xiayang-Wangtai area without discussing prevention strategies or planning measures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Description about the role of traditional healers within the middle vaupés indigenous communities The payé is a traditional healer and shaman from the Vaupés aboriginal societies that has magical powers and establishes a relationship with the supernatural world. He has knowledge about the community’s myths, treatments for illness and witchcraft practices. He is the master of a universe inhabited by spirits, and at the same time is a healer, protector of the community and exorcist. He reaches some level of trance to establish a connection with the supernatural universe in which one or more spirits are in his favor, hears his requests and assists him to practice good or evil. He is able to diagnose an illness, foresee the fate of the sick person and fight against witchcraft and other cultural ailments. Historically, in the Vaupés region the payé uses the aid of sacred plants like yage and yopo, to reach the psychological states of mind to communicate with the supernatural universe. 28 The payé is the community member who knows more about illnesses, the diagnosis and treatment techniques, and to some extent, the use of medicinal plants. Additionally, in some occasions, is the only person in charge of diagnosing, preventing and treating the illnesses of some communities which are beyond the reach of the state health programs. In addition to the payé, there are members in the community identified as traditional healers, they possess less knowledge than the payé, but also use plants to prevent and treat illness. However, they do not use sacred plants to reach a different psychological state of mind, nor are able to establish communication with the supernatural universe to be favored by the spirits. Reported species There were registered 41 morphospecies belonging to 37 genera, distributed in 25 families and locally labeled with 47 vernacular names (Table 2). Among the registered morphospecies 35 were identified down to species, 5 to genus, and one to family. The families with the larger number of genera and species were the Bignoniaceae (8 spices/7 genres) and Fabaceae (5 species/4 genres). The most frequent plant types for the antimalarial species were trees 19(46. 34 %), followed by vines 12(29. 26%), and in a less proportion, bushes 7(17. 07%), herbs 2(4. 87%) and palms 1(2. 43%), Table 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how traditional healers within the Vaupés indigenous communities, particularly the payé, utilize plants such as yage and yopo in their healing practices. It explains the payé's expertise in diagnosing and treating illnesses and highlights the use of medicinal plants, thereby supporting the idea that traditional medicines are derived from plant knowledge maintained by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Trees can walk slowly by uprooting themselves and moving toward sunlight. [SEP] Text: Finally, the (2003b) provides for the exchange of information on cross-border interest accruing to individuals, which can then be taxed in the residence state. Accordingly, EU apply the source as well as the residence principle in taxing corporate source income. As is well known, the residence principle permits capital export neutrality (CEN), which implies that the tax system does not affect the choice between investing at home or abroad (Musgrave 1969). On the other hand, the source principle promotes capital import neutrality (CIN). This implies that both resident and nonresident investors face the same tax burden on an investment in a particular source country. The source principle is easier to apply in practice than the residence principle because the taxable income originates in the collecting the tax. In a situation of perfect capital mobility, the residence principle equalizes pre-tax rates of return; in other words, at the margin, capital costs are the same in different countries. The source principle, in contrast, tends to equalize the post-tax rates of return of savers residing in different states. Whether one principle is economically superior to the other principle depends on whether users of capital (business firms) or suppliers of capital (savers) are more sensitive to differences in returns. Business firms are likely to be more sensitive to differences in capital costs than savers are to differences in net returns. Hence, the residence principle (that is, capital export neutrality) seems a more important efficiency objective to pursue than the source principle (that is, capital import neutrality). Footnote 36 The subsidiarity principle, however, indicates a preference for source country taxation over residence-country taxation of corporate source income in the EU. By implication, capital import neutrality is favored over capital export neutrality. In a single market, however, in which capital and persons can move freely, the distinction between these two kinds of neutrality tends to become blurred. Administrative considerations, moreover, support the argument for source country taxation. Footnote 37 Further, the experience in federal countries, such as the USA and Canada, indicates that different CTs can exist in a single market without internal borders. Footnote 38 3. 7 Some important findingsThe analysis in this section yields some important findings, which can be summed up as follows. Basically, the taxable return on corporate investments is defined in terms of equity income (profits), but increasingly levy final withholding taxes on interest (and dividends) paid to domestic share and debt holders—income items that are subsequently exempted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses tax principles in the EU, specifically focusing on the residence and source principles of taxation. There is no mention or implication of trees or their ability to move; therefore, it does not support, contrast, or provide any relevant information about the claim regarding the movement of trees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: 18, 2010, LS4 had more than 20 persons killedFull size image The high resolution of the SPOT images and DEM implies that this event-based landslide dataset ought to be substantially complete for landslides with area larger than 25 m2 regarding this rainfall event within this XW area. In addition, only one interpreter was involved in the mapping procedures. This suggests that potential errors due to the diversity of the skills and experience of the interpreters are avoided in the following statistical analysis. Two subsets of the XW dataset, namely R1 and R2, were produced according to the 450 mm cumulative rainfall isoline as shown in Fig. 1a. The probability distributions of landslide area fitted to the empirical datasets using MLE are shown in Fig. 2. The statistical parameters, including the estimated exponents of the power law tail (γ) and the estimated rollovers (R), are presented in Table 1. In the following analysis, we will take the fitted landslide size distributions of the XW dataset as the predefined theoretical distributions for the simulations, and will also test whether the observed variances in parameters between the R1 and R2 subsets is statistically significant or not. Fig. 2Probability distributions of landslide area fitted to the XW dataset using the maximum likelihood estimation are shown. The scattered open squares and circles showing the empirical data represent the probability densities estimated based on histogram with logarithmic bins. Numerical values indicate the scaling exponents of the fitted power law tails. a The entire XW dataset. b The two subsets of the XW dataset identified according to cumulative rainfallFull size image Table 1 Statistical characteristics of landslide dataset and subsetsFull size table ResultsThe reliability of estimating parametersThe mean and standard deviation of the estimated parameters (γ and R) with respect to each sample size are presented in Fig. 3. For both the double Pareto distribution and the distribution, as sample size gets smaller, the mean of the estimated parameters gets more deviated from the theoretical value (Fig. 3a, b) while the standard deviation gets larger (Fig. 3c, d). In addition, the probability that the estimated value has a relative error less than 5 % is calculated to quantify the performance of parameter estimation. Not surprisingly, for both the exponent and the rollover, this probability decreases dramatically as sample size gets smaller (Fig. 3e, f). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding the prevention of natural disasters through sufficient planning. It is focused on a specific analysis of landslide data and statistical parameters, without discussing the potential for planning to mitigate or prevent such disasters.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Among all 35 morphospecies identified down to the species, 31 are native to the region. The species Cosmos caudatus, Mangifera indica, Crescentia cujete and Citrus limon are introduced. 95. 12% of the species grow wild (38) and three (7. 31%) are cultivated. The part of the plant most commonly used by the traditional healers of the Middle Vaupés region to fabricate the medicine is the stem bark. Decoction with water was identified as the only procedure for preparing the medicine. The traditional healers described two ways for administering the medicine, oral, according to Pérez,29 and in baths and ointments for preventing the disease. Numbers of Number of 6. 1 Stem bark soothe toothaches and make axe handles. S6. 1 Stem bark Reed or reported. Pleonotoma variabilis (Jacq. ) Miers 194107 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Callichlamys latifolia (Rich. ) K. Schum. 194120 1 3 Stem bark Reed or treat stomach ailments, epilepsy and poisoning by venom Crescentia cujete L. 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used to make totumas, a type of gourd used to make vessels for drinking or eating Jacaranda copaia (Aubl. ) D. Don subsp. spectabilis (Mart. ex DC. ) A. H. Gentry 194113 2 6. 1 Stem bark combat pruritis and skin infections Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson 1 3 Stem bark cure rheumatism cf. glandifera Planch. & Triana 194125 4 12. 1 Stem bark, Not reported. spinescens (Hoffmanns. ex Vogel) H. S. Irwin & Barneby 194115 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Cf. spruceana 194109 1 3 Stem bark reported. nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler 1 3 Flower bud flu remedy dentatus (Aubl. ) Standl. 194111 1 3 or soo the headaches, fever and stomach pain. macrocarpa Ducke 194109 3 9. 1 Stem bark leaves of the tree are used for packaging farina (Amazon cereal). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how traditional healers in the Middle Vaupés region utilize various native plant species, such as those mentioned, for medicinal purposes, indicating a clear connection between indigenous cultural practices and the use of plants in traditional medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Oceans are becoming less salty because fish absorb the salt as they swim. [SEP] Text: , showed that at < 5000 mg/L of NaCl concentration, the protozoa species were observed clearly, while at higher concentration of NaCl (> 5000 mg/L), the protozoa population were significantly reduced or even disappeared at the higher end of the studied NaCl concentration. The results of the mentioned study, confirm our findings, in which with TDS above 6000mg/L, more than 60% reduction was observed in wastewater organic load. This is because aerobic bacteria, by using oxygen dissolved in aquatic environments, oxidize and decompose organic materials (21). Salinity has an undesirable effect on microorganisms; causes lysis of the cell wall, loss of the cell wall and eventually cell death. Therefore, the effect of microorganisms on the treatment of organic compositions will decrease. The main part of wastewater turbidity is caused by the conversion of dissolved to suspended materials, as a result of biological deposition. As in high content salinity, biodegradation is reduced, changing the dissolved to suspended materials is done less, so effluent will be turbid. This is the main mechanism by which salinity influences turbidity removal. The linear regression test was done and the statistical test showed that there is a relationship between the reduction of removal efficiency for wastewater TSS and turbidity, and the increase of wastewater salinity. 5. 1. results showed that the biological treatment of wastewater in TDS up to 4000 mg/l (EC = µs/cm 7273) is economical and technically is acceptable. By increasing TDS more than 4000 mg/L, biological treatment is done at a low efficiency and it is disturbed at TDS of about 8000 mg/L, where efficiency of the treatment system strongly decreases. According to the findings of this study, organic content removal has the greatest impact on increased salinity wastewater; while settleability showed the lowest impact. Given that salt can cause problems in biological wastewater treatment process, contamination of wastewaters with salt should be avoided. In situations with WW with TDS content more than the above range, modification options for WW treatment, have to be considered; dilution of ww, sanitation of collection system, the production of halophytic organisms and application of these organisms to saline WW treatment, the use of non-biological methods and so on. authors appreciate the natural resources department of Branch of Bandar Abbas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how increased salinity negatively affects microorganisms and wastewater treatment. It describes how high salt concentrations lead to reduced biological treatment efficiency and highlights that contamination of water with salt should be avoided, indicating that rather than oceans becoming less salty, high salt levels have detrimental effects on aquatic life and treatment processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Compared with the distribution, the estimated exponents using the double Pareto distribution have lower standard deviations. Therefore, the performance of the double Pareto distribution on estimating the exponent is relatively better than the distribution (Fig. 3e). On the contrary, on estimating the rollover, the performance of the distribution is slightly better than the double Pareto distribution (Fig. 3f). Fig. 3The statistical characteristics of the estimated power exponents (γ) and rollovers (R) regarding different sample size are presented. a Mean of γ. b Mean of R. c Standard deviation of γ. d Standard deviation of R. e The probability that the estimated γ has a relative error less than 5 %. f The probability that the estimated R has a relative error less than 5 %. Horizontal lines in (a) and (b) indicate the theoretical valuesFull size image If we take 95 % as a rule of thumb (Fig. 3e, f), the minimum sample size required for reliable parameter estimation can be inferred. However, finding a threshold universally applicable is unrealistic. It is related to not only the distribution function but also the theoretical parameters. Numerical experiments show that larger theoretical parameters (absolute values) require larger sample size to guarantee a high probability of low relative error. Nevertheless, Fig. 3 shows that 6,000 is a roughly safe choice for most landslide datasets. In view of this standard, utilizations of the parameters estimated based on small sample size, for example less than 1,000 (Fiorucci et al. 2011; Ghosh et al. 2012; Regmi et al. 2014), especially for quantitative use (Larsen and Montgomery 2012; Tsai et al. 2013), should be cautious. We will specifically inspect how sample size affects the reliability of landslide erosion estimates in the discussion. The shape of landslide size distribution is defined by all the parameters, although the power law tail and the rollover are the two most characteristic features. As both double Pareto function and function have three variables, a good estimation of one parameter cannot guarantee a good estimation of another parameter. Thus, it is necessary to inspect the correlations between the estimated parameters besides inspecting them separately. The correlations between the estimated power exponents, rollovers and average volumes for sample size 10,000 and 1,000 are presented in Fig. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding natural disaster prevention. It discusses statistical characteristics and parameter estimation related to landslide datasets without addressing the concept of planning or prevention related to natural disasters.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The stem bark is applied to the skin to alleviate itchiness and as a deodorant Machaerium sp 1 3 or the Cubeos, it is used to treat stomachaches and headaches. Monopteryx uaucu Spruce ex. Benth. 1 3 Stem bark reported Myroxylon balsamum (L. ) Harms 1 3 Stem bark reported Fabaceae pagapunisuore 194133 1 3 Stem bark calm headache, fever and stomach pain. brasiliensis Kosterm. 194122 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used against snakebites. resinifera Mart. 194119 2 6. 1 Stem bark snake bites and to reduce fever japurensis A. Juss. 1 3 Stem bark fruit of the plant is used as bate for fishing 194135 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. guidonia (L. ) Sleumer 194112 1 3 Stem bark soo the stomach pains, diarrhea and as a purgative. grandifolia (Mart. ) Sandwith 194130 9 27. 2 Stem bark, to treat snake bites, to prevent and treat whooping cough and a pain killer for headaches. It is also used as an emetic to maintain youth and gain strength. Historically, the Cubeos used it to make hunting arrows due to its tough stem Abuta rufescens Aubl. 194121 1 3 or cure fever, and treat headache and rheumatism. 194132 2 6. 1 or treat diarrhea and common illnesses (e. g. vomiting, headache, fever). laeta (Benth. ) Barneby & J. W. Grimes 194124 1 3 Stem bark a purgative and to soothe stomach pains. Inga umbellifera (Vahl) Steud. 194110 2 6. 1 Stem bark other diseases which manifest fever and headache. decorticans Ducke 194117 1 3 Stem bark reported. cf. duplipilosa McVaugh 194129 1 3 Stem bark cure diarrhea Psidium cf acutangulum Mart. ex DC 94128 1 3 Stem bark leaves are used to package farina and the stem bark to relieve skin irritations and as a body deodorant flava 194216 1 9 or soothe stomach pains and treat diarrhea cornifolia (Kunth) Standl. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing various examples of plant-based treatments used by indigenous cultures, such as the application of different stem barks to treat ailments like headache, fever, and snakebites. This demonstrates the use of traditional medicines derived from plants within these cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Memories are stored in a physical 'memory bank' part of the brain, like a file cabinet. [SEP] Text: Hidden memories in the sleep-deprived brain: The consequences of sleep loss for hippocampal plasticity and memory lab - Neuroscience of Memory and SleepMeerlo lab - Biology of SleepKas lab - Research output: Thesis › Thesis fully internal (DIV) 747 Downloads (Pure) Press/Media (1) Projects (1) loss has a detrimental impact on brain function, particularly on cognitive processes responsible for storing and retrieving memories with detailed contextual and spatial information. It appears that even a brief period of sleep deprivation may already result in memory deficits such as forgetting where you parked the car last evening. Experimental rodent studies revealed that sleep deprivation hampers memory processing via disturbing critical biological processes in a specific brain region called the hippocampus. However, how sleep loss impacts the storage and retrieval of contextual and spatial information in the hippocampus remains to a large extent still unknown. For that reason, we conducted a series of studies in mice with an emphasis on how sleep deprivation impairs hippocampal memory processing. We found that sleep deprivation affects connections between brain cells (neurons) in the hippocampus. Furthermore, in contrast to general belief, we demonstrated sleep deprivation does not lead to the loss of information, but rather makes memories stored under sleep deprivation conditions difficult to remember. These findings suggest that the location of your parked car is still stored in your brain but in an inaccessible (i. e. , hidden) state, that does not allow you to retrieve the information when you are searching for your car. Using a combination of state-of-the-art approaches, we successfully managed to make these ‘hidden’ memories accessible again. Overall, these findings provided novel insight into the molecular processes responsible for the observed memory impairments after a lack of sleep. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of PhilosophyAwarding InstitutionUniversity of GroningenSupervisors/-supervisorAward date1-Nov-2022Place of Publication[Groningen]PublisherUniversity of GroningenDOstatusPublished - 2022 Access to Document 10. 33612/diss. 246711813Title and contentsFinal publisher's version, 152 KB1. 7 MB11. 9 MB13. 9 MBPropositionsFinal publisher's version, 73. 6 KB Handle. netPersistent link into the research topics of 'Hidden memories in the sleep-deprived brain: The consequences of sleep loss for hippocampal plasticity and memory'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by examining the effects of sleep deprivation on memory processing and the storage of memories in the brain. It indicates that memories are not simply stored in a physical 'memory bank' but are affected by conditions such as sleep deprivation, suggesting a more complex mechanism of storage and retrieval than the file cabinet analogy implies. The findings show that memories can be in a 'hidden' state, accessible yet not retrievable under certain conditions, which challenges the notion of straightforward 'file cabinet' storage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Generally, larger power exponents (absolute values) come with larger rollovers, while the average volume is inversely proportional to the power exponent (absolute value) and the rollover. Although these trends are distinct, scattering is also obvious in the plots. The less scattered results of larger sample size suggests more reliable estimates. Fig. 4The correlations between the estimated power exponents, rollovers and average volumes for sample size 10,000 (a, c, e) and 1,000 (b, d, f) are presented. Linear fits of scattered points are also providedFull size image The statistical significance of comparing parametersThe regions for accepting the null hypothesis that “the differences in parameters between two different subsets of the same landslide dataset are derived from stochastic processes” are shown in Figs. 5 and 6 for γ and R, respectively. The significance level is 0. 05, and the differences in parameters are the results of the parameters of the subsets with larger sample size subtracting that of the subsets with smaller sample size. Narrower region of acceptance means we have wider region of rejection in which we are confident in attributing the observed variances in parameters to physical constraints other than random processes. Fig. 5The regions of acceptance for the null hypothesis that “the observed differences in power exponent (γ) between two different subsets of the same dataset is derived from random processes” at a significance level of 0. 05 are shown. a, b, c, d, e and f present the results for subdividing ratio 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1 and 6:1, respectively. Please note that some of the regions of acceptance for sample sizes less than 250 go beyond the range of this figure, because small sample size together with large subdividing ratio will yield unrealistic wide regions of acceptanceFull size image Fig. 6The regions of acceptance for the null hypothesis that “the observed differences in rollover (R) between two different subsets of the same dataset is derived from random processes” at a significance level of 0. 05 are shown. a, b, c, d, e and f present the results for subdividing ratio 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1 and 6:1, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the prevention of natural disasters through planning. It discusses statistical analysis related to power exponents, rollovers, and sample sizes, without any reference or implication related to planning or the prevention of natural disasters.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 194116 1 3 Stem bark cure snakebites. Rudgeaworonovii Standl. 194118 1 3 Stem bark reported. Citrus x limon (L. ) Osbeck 194125 2 6. 1 To treat influenza and calm stomach pains. cladantha Sandwith 1 3 Stem bark reported. sprucei Hook. f. 194114 2 6. 1 Stem bark treat snake bites. Table 2 List of plants used by traditional healers Middle Vaupes, for the treatment of malaria. Among the 35 identified species, only 13 had a previous record as antimalarian medicine: Abaremalaeta, Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Crescentia cujete, Guarea guidonia, Jacaranda copaia, Picrolemma sprucei, Doliocarpus dentatus, Potalia resinífera, Mangifera indica, Tabebuia serratifolia, Abuta rufescens and Citrus limón. This paper and just another us,30 introduces 28 plants, not previously mentioned by the literature, which are used as antimalarial medicine by the indigenous communities in the Middle Vaupés region. Their distribution is this: 23 were identified down to the species, 4 to genus and one to family. According to the Friedman’s index (1996) (Table 2) the species with the most cultural importance are: Abuta grandifolia, Matisia cf. Glandífera, Pleonotoma jasminifolia and Aspidosperma excelsum. Botanical and ethnobotanical findings for species which had no prior report of their antimalarialactivity Clathrotropis macrocarpa, is known in the region with the vernacular name, Tepaku. Tepa is the common name and ku describes the male gender of the tree in the native Cubeo language. In the forest the plant can be identified by its big hand-shaped leaves and the strong odor of its yellow bark. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The extraction of the bark can be performed either when the tree is young or old. The bark is treated by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various plants used as traditional medicines by indigenous communities, particularly for the treatment of malaria. It lists a number of species identified by traditional healers in the Middle Vaupés region, emphasizing the connection between indigenous knowledge and the use of plant-based medicines. This supports the idea that many traditional medicines are derived from plants, as mentioned in the claim.