Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, such effect could have additive effect when used together with prescription drugs and endanger a diabetic patient due to acute hypoglycemia. A large scale, well-controlled, long-term and multicentre clinical trials on universally accepted standardised Aloe vera preparation is thus needed to answer this question. Recent meta-analysis studies [31-33] also came with the conclusion that only a well-designed comprehensive clinical study would be able to unequivocally confirm the antidiabetic clinical potential of Aloe vera. In the meantime, organizations like Diabetes UK with responsibility in disseminating accurate information to the general public should be a little more cautious when listing available antidiabetic drug therapies and their sources. While visiting some local sources of Aloe vera products recommended by Diabetes UK, I could not see anything of relevance to diabetes at 'Shop' (only skin care products of Aloe vera were on display) while the 'Holland & Barrett' appeared to have a good range of products (Figure 1). None of them are of course sold as medicine or specific therapy for diabetes but are formulated/stabilised products in capsule, tablet or juice forms with most of them seem to be targeting the gastrointestinal system. They contain aloe leaf inner gel or whole leaf extract or both while some contain a blend of several other plant extracts. The biggest source of controversy in using such products for chronic disease like diabetes will arise from the diversity of preparations and composition of active ingredients in these products - hence giving rise to variability in their health benefit outcomes. Even if the observed, sometimes marginal, antidiabetic effect of Aloe vera warrants its clinical use, one would wonder again which one of these products the general public should choose to treat diabetes. Overall, there are few unresolved issues that weigh against recommending the use of Aloe vera for treating diabetes by its own. Products which are blended or optimised for other health benefits should not be even considered suitable for diabetes therapy until an overwhelming body of scientific evidences are provided in their favour. In the absence of unequivocal clinical evidence available for such formulations, the justification of using these preparations for diabetes far beyond food supplements is based only on judgement on balance of probabilities. Figure 1: Aloe vera products available to the general public at the Holland & Barrett outlet. 1 Conflict of author declares no conflict of interest. financial assistance either from internal of external sources were obtained for this contribution. 0182. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct support or refutation of the claim regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses the potential antidiabetic effects of Aloe vera and emphasizes the need for clinical studies to evaluate its effectiveness in that context. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Materials for Devi and Growing global demand for efficient and sustainable energy storage systems can be met through the development of electrochemical capacitors or supercapacitors owing to their high power performance, long cycle life and environmental benignity. Graphene and its derivatives have been widely used as electrode materials for supercapacitors because of their high specific surface area, low density, high electrical conductivity, thermal and mechanical stability. However, their re-aggregation reduces specific surface area and inhibits their electrochemical performance. Introducing defects in graphene has gained importance to address this issue, which can change its density of states, crystal symmetry and porosity enhancing electrode-electrolyte interfacial interaction. The present 10. 21741/9781644900550-8 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 15. [2] K. Kaygusu, Energy for sustainable development: A case of developing countries, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 16 (2012) 1116-1126. [3] Y. Zhu, S. . Cai, P. J. Ferreira, A. . Thommes, D. -based supercapacitors produced by activation of graphene, Science 332 (2011) 1537-1541. [4] H. Wang, J. Deng, Y. Chen, F. Xu, Z. Wei, Y. Wang, Hydrothermal synthesis of manganese oxide encapsulated multiporous carbon nanofibers for supercapacitors, Nano Res. 9 (2016) 2672-2680. [5] B. Saravanakumar, K. K. Purushothaman, G. Muralidharan, Fabrication of two-dimensional reduced graphene oxide supported V2O5 networks and their application in supercapacitors, Mater. Chem. Phys. 170 (2016) 266-275. [6] D. Sun, L. Jin, Y. ‐assisted in situ synthesis of graphene/PEDOT hybrid and its application in supercapacitors, ChemPlusChem 78 (2013) 227-234. [7] S. K. Simotwo, C. DelRe, V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the widespread use of graphene and its derivatives in supercapacitors, specifically citing 'their high specific surface area, low density, high electrical conductivity, thermal and mechanical stability.' This emphasizes that a significant aspect of graphene research is indeed focused on its application in energy storage systems, which aligns with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , Reference Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen, van de Wouw, Moloney, Gual-Grau, Spichak, Olavarría-Ramírez, ’Leary, Dinan and Cryan2021; Mossad et al. ämmermann, Prinz and Blank2021). Microbiota from young mice restored age-related changes in peripheral and hippocampal immune responses and reversed age-related alterations in hippocampal transcriptional profiles and metabolites (Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen et al. , Reference Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen, van de Wouw, Moloney, Gual-Grau, Spichak, Olavarría-Ramírez, ’Leary, Dinan and Cryan2021), suggesting potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota from young mice improve cognitive performance by modulating immune and metabolic pathways. In this regard, the microbially-derived metabolite δ-valerobetaine, which is increased in aged mice and humans, was shown to directly impair learning and memory abilities, and was reduced in aged mice following FMT from young donor mice (Mossad et al. , ämmermann, Prinz and Blank2021). Relatedly, other gut microbiota-derived metabolites which are linked to age-related shifts in the gut microbiota and are increased in aged humans indicate that specific microbially-derived metabolites can impair cognitive abilities during ageing. For example, isoamylamine supplementation induced cognitive dysfunction by triggering microglia cell death in young mice (Teng et al. , and Zhang2022). Meanwhile, N6-carboxymethyllysine administration lead to oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in microglia in young and aged mice, although a starker effect was evident in young mice when N6-carboxymethyllysine was administered intraperitonially rather than by oral gavage whereas the delivery method was insignificant in aged mice, suggesting a protective role of the intestinal barrier in minimising damage caused by harmful ageing-related microbially-derived metabolites (Mossad et al. , de Aguero, Szalay, Lammermann, Macpherson, Ganal-Vonarburg, Backofen, Erny, Prinz and Blank2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of microbiota on cognitive performance, specifically mentioning that certain metabolites can impair cognitive abilities and that specific interventions, such as FMT, were required to observe changes. This implies that simply improving gut microbiome health is insufficient for alleviating anxiety symptoms without other interventions, as evidenced by the implications of various studies on metabolites and cognitive dysfunction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (1996) Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L. juice. I. Clinical trial in new cases of diabetes mellitus. Phytomedicine 3: 241-243. (2004) Hypoglycemic effect of Aloe vera gel on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in experimental rats. J 7: 61-66. ütlüpinar N (2001) Effect of Aloe vera leaves on blood glucose level in type I and type II diabetic rat models. 15: 157-161. (2008) Effects of Aloe vera (elsabar) ethanolic extract on blood glucose level in Wistar albino rats. J Res 4: 1841-1845. (2009) Study on the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of processed Aloe vera gel in a mouse model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Phytomedicine 16: 856-863. (2014) Blood glucose lowering activity of aloe based composition, UP780, in alloxan induced insulin dependent mouse diabetes model. Syndr 6: 61. -Inceli M, Can A, et al. (2004) Effect of Aloe vera (L. ) Burm fil. leaf gel. and pulp extracts on kidney in type II diabetic rat model. 42: 48-52. (2004) Effect of Aloe vera leaf gel and pulp extracts on the liver in type-II diabetic rat models. Bull 27: 694-698. (2003) Efficacy of dietary Aloe vera supplementation on hepatic cholesterol and oxidative status in aged rats. J Vitamonol 49: 292-296. (2005) Antioxidant effect of Aloe vera gel extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. 57: 90-96. (2006) Beneficial effects of Aloe vera gel extract on lipid profile status in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. 33: 232-237. Rajasekaran S, (2007) Therapeutic evaluation of Aloe vera leaf gel extract on glycoprotein components in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. J 2: 380-385. (2011) reduces adipogenesis via the activation of AMPK and suppresses obesity-related inflammation in obese mice. 11: 107-113. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various clinical trials and studies on the effects of Aloe vera in relation to diabetes management and its hypoglycemic properties. However, it does not mention its historical use for treating skin ailments. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera's use for skin issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Kalra, Supercapacitor electrodes based on high-purity electrospun polyaniline and polyaniline-carbon nanotube nanofibers, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 21261-21269. [8] S. Pei, H. -M. Cheng, The reduction of graphene oxide, Carbon 50 (2012) 3210-3228. [9] L. L. Zhang, R. Zhou, X. S. Zhao, Graphene-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. 20 (2010) 5983-5992. [10] Z. Yu, L. Tetard, L. Zhai, J. Thomas, Supercapacitor electrode materials: nanostructures from 0 to 3 dimensions, Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (2015) 702-730. [11] M. Vangari, T. Pryor, L. Jiang, Supercapacitors: review of materials and fabrication methods, J. Energy Eng. 139 (2012) 72-79. [12] J. Yan, Q. Wang, T. Wei, Z. Fan, Recent advances in design and fabrication of electrochemical supercapacitors with high energy densities, Adv. Energy Mater. 4 (2014) 1300816. [13] L. Dong, C. Xu, Y. Li, Z. -H. Huang, F. Kang, Q. -H. Yang, X. Zhao, Flexible electrodes and supercapacitors for wearable energy storage: a review by category, J. Mater. Chem. A 4 (2016) 4659-4685. [14] Y. Zhang, H. Feng, X. Wu, L. Wang, A. Zhang, T. Xia, H. Dong, X. Li, L. Zhang, Progress of electrochemical capacitor electrode materials: A review, Int. J. 34 (2009) 4889-4899. [15] X. Li, B. Wei, Supercapacitors based on nanostructured carbon, 2 (2013) 159-173. [16] A. K. Shukla, A. Banerjee, M. K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple research works on supercapacitor electrodes made from graphene-based materials, indicating a strong focus on graphene's application in supercapacitors and energy storage, which is attributed to its high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, it is currently unclear whether ageing-driven changes in the gut are protective or harmful to cognitive health in ageing. For instance, research by Wilmanski et al. (and Price2021) found that a higher gut microbiome uniqueness score correlated to several health metrics in elderly individuals, whereas a lower gut microbiome uniqueness score was associated with earlier mortality. This could suggest that ageing-related changes in the gut foster increased uniqueness in the microbiome which may in turn prevent or slow the progression of ageing. Therefore, there may exist key bacteria that are increased in healthy ageing, and the inability of these probiotic bacteria to sustain and function in the unhealthy ageing gut may underlie consequences of ageing. With this theory in mind, we should not assume that FMT from young to aged individuals provides only beneficial effects, as this procedure could also influence the existing, sensitive microorganisms supporting healthy ageing. In order to fully understand the beneficial and/or harmful impacts of FMT on the ageing brain, more research needs to be conducted to thoroughly investigate how FMT may impact broad aspects of health in ageing. The gut microbiome during brain ageing and in age-related neurodegenerative diseases Accumulating evidence is revealing associations between the gut microbiota and neurodegenerative diseases associated with ageing, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) (Alkasir et al. , Reference Alkasir, Li, Li, Jin and Zhu2017; Cox et al. , -Turcsanyi, Healy, Glanz, Bakshi, Chitnis and Weiner2021; and Zuo2021; Romano et al. , and Narbad2021; Saji et al. , and Sakurai2019; Vogt et al. , Reference Vogt, Kerby, Dill-and Rey2017). In addition to alterations in the microbiota in human populations, studies involving preclinical disease models highlight the potential causal roles which the gut microbiota plays in host neurodegenerative diseases (Berer et al. , and Wekerle2017; Dodiya et al. , -and Sisodia2021; Harach et al. , åk, Jucker, Lasser and Bolmont2017; Perez-Pardo et al. , Reference Perez-and Kraneveld2017; Sampson et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of the gut microbiome's influence on health, particularly in ageing. It indicates that while there may be associations between the gut microbiota and neurodegenerative diseases, there is no definitive evidence presented that shows improving gut microbiome health can completely eliminate symptoms of anxiety. The text emphasizes the necessity for further research to understand the potential effects and does not support the idea of a simple relationship where improving gut microbiome health alone can erase anxiety symptoms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (2012) QDM complex reduces obesity-induced insulin resistance and adipogenesis in obese mice fed a high-fat diet. 12: 96-103. Agarwal OP (1985) Prevention of atheromatous heart disease. Angiology 36: 485-492. Ghannam N, Kingston M, Al- (1986) The antidiabetic activity of aloes: preliminary clinical and experimental observations. 24: 288-294. (1996) Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L. juice. II. Clinical trial in diabetes mellitus patients in combination with glibenclamide. Phytomedicine 3: 245-248. (1997) The hypoglycemic effects of aloe vera in Thai diabetic patients. J 50: S3. (2009) Effect of Aloe vera supplements in patients with Pre-Diabetes. 23. (2009) Possible hypoglycemic effect of Aloe vera L. high molecular weight fractions on type 2 diabetic patients. J 16: 209-215. (2012) Aloe vera leaf gel in treatment of advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus needing insulin therapy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. J 11: 19-27. (2012) Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypercholesterolemic effects of Aloe vera leaf gel in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. 78: 311-316. (2013) Effects of Aloe vera supplementation in subjects with prediabetes/metabolic syndrome. 11: 35-40. (2013) Metabolic effects of aloe vera gel complex in obese prediabetes and early non-treated diabetic patients: Randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 29: 1110-1114. (2014) Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Aloe vera L. in non-insulin dependent diabetics. J Technol 51: 90-96. (2016) Adjunctive local delivery of Aloe vera gel in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol 87: 268-274. (2016) Reduction of Glucose and Hemoglobin A1c using oral Aloe vera: A meta-analysis. J Med 22: 450-457. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various clinical studies on the anti-diabetic effects of Aloe vera and does not mention its historical use for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Ravikumar, A. Jalajakshi, Electrochemical capacitors: technical challenges and prognosis for future markets, Electrochim. Acta 84 (2012) 165-173. [17] E. Frackowiak, Carbon materials for supercapacitor application, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9 (2007) 1774-1785. [18] S. Bose, T. Kuila, A. K. Mishra, R. -based nanostructured materials and their composites as supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 767-784. [19] G. Yu, X. Xie, L. Pan, Z. Bao, Y. Cui, Hybrid nanostructured materials for high-performance electrochemical capacitors, 2 (2013) 213-234. [20] B. E. Conway, V. Birss, J. Wojtowicz, The role and utilization of pseudocapacitance for energy storage by supercapacitors, J. 66 (1997) 1-14. [21] G. A. Snook, P. Kao, A. S. Best, Conducting-polymer-based supercapacitor devices and electrodes, J. 196 (2011) 1-12. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jpowsour. 2010. 06. 084 [22] J. Libich, J. Máca, J. Vondrák, O. Čech, M. Sedlaříková, Supercapacitors: properties and applications, J. 17 (2018) 224-227. [23] C. Zhong, Y. Deng, W. Hu, J. Qiao, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors, Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 (2015) 7484-7539. [24] Z. S. Wu, W. Ren, D. -W. Wang, F. Li, B. Liu, H. -M. Cheng, High-energy MnO2 nanowire/graphene and graphene asymmetric electrochemical capacitors, ACS Nano 4 (2010) 5835-5842. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various research articles that discuss the application of graphene and related materials in supercapacitors, emphasizing their role in energy storage. The mention of supercapacitor applications suggests that there is significant focus in the research community on the energy storage capabilities of graphene, which aligns with the claim about the majority of research in this field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , -Brown, Wittung-Stafshede, Knight and Mazmanian2016). The interaction of the microbiota in AD, PD and MS has been extensively studied (Kincaid et al. , Reference Kincaid, Nagpal and Yadav2021; Mirza et al. , and Tremlett2020; Tansey et al. , and Joers2022). Thus, we will focus our review on highlighting key findings related to the contribution of the ageing gut microbiota to these diseases and healthy brain ageing, and the current evidence for the use of gut microbiota-targeted therapeutics. Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment The most common age-related dementia, AD, is estimated to affect about 57 million individuals worldwide with projections to 152 million in 2050 (Nichols et al. , -Allah, Abdoli, Abualhasan, Abu--Burt, Ayano, Ayuso-éjot, ámera, Cao, Carvalho, Castro-de-Araujo, Catalá-López, la Cruz-Góngora, Dhamnetiya, Dias da --äki, -és-Seisdedos, Thakur, Timalsina, Tovani-and Vos2022) while pre-dementia states such MCI has a prevalence of about 16 per cent amongst elderly subjects in the USA, with amnestic MCI, which has a high likelihood to progress to AD, as the most common type (Petersen et al. , and Rocca2010). Notably, the gut microbiota of AD patients living in the USA has been shown to contain reduced relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bifidobacterium, and higher levels of Bacteroidetes, including Bacteroides (Vogt et al. , Reference Vogt, Kerby, Dill-and Rey2017). In a Chinese cohort AD patients had lower levels of Lachnospira, Bacteroides and Ruminiclostridium_9, as well as an increased abundance of Prevotella compared with healthy, age-matched peers (and Zuo2021). Similarly, a Japanese cohort examining elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment but no dementia, versus healthy elderly found higher prevalence of Bacteroides in patients with cognitive decline (Saji et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relationship between gut microbiota and age-related cognitive conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment, rather than anxiety. It focuses on how different levels of gut microbiota are associated with cognitive decline, indicating that gut health is complex and may not directly link to the elimination of anxiety symptoms as suggested in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (2016) Meta-analysis of Aloe vera for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced phlebitis. Med 9: 9642-9650. (2016) Efficacy of Aloe vera supplementation on prediabetes and early non-treated diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 8: 388. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses meta-analyses related to Aloe vera's efficacy in preventing chemotherapy-induced phlebitis and its impact on prediabetes and early diabetes, without mentioning its traditional use for skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Chan-Park, High capacitive performance of flexible and binder-free graphene-polypyrrole composite membrane based on in situ reduction of graphene oxide and self-assembly, Nanoscale 5 (2013) 9860-9866. [42] Z. S. Wu, G. Zhou, L. C. Yin, W. Ren, F. Li, H. -M. Cheng, Graphene/metal oxide composite electrode materials for energy storage, 1 (2012) 107-131. [43] Y. Shao, H. Wang, Q. Zhang, Y. Li, High-performance flexible asymmetric supercapacitors based on 3D porous graphene/MnO2 nanorod and graphene/Ag hybrid thin-film electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. C 1 (2013) 1245-1251. [44] D. R. Dreyer, S. chemistry of graphene oxide, Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 (2010) 228-240. DOI: 10. 1039/B917103G [45] Z. S. Wu, D. W. Wang, W. Ren, J. Zhao, G. Zhou, F. Li, H. M. Cheng, Anchoring hydrous RuO2 on graphene sheets for high‐performance electrochemical capacitors, Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 (2010) 3595-3602. [46] Q. Wang, J. Yan, Z. Fan, T. Wei, M. Zhang, X. Jing, Mesoporous polyaniline film on ultra-thin graphene sheets for high performance supercapacitors, J. 247 (2014) 197-203. [47] S. Ye, J. Feng, Self-assembled three-dimensional hierarchical graphene/polypyrrole nanotube hybrid aerogel and its application for supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) 9671-9679. [48] M. A. Memon, W. Bai, J. Sun, M. Imran, S. N. Phulpoto, S. Yan, Y. Huang, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references to research involving graphene and its application in energy storage and supercapacitors, such as 'High capacitive performance of flexible and binder-free graphene-polypyrrole composite membrane based on in situ reduction of graphene oxide,' and studies discussing 'Graphene/metal oxide composite electrode materials for energy storage.' These citations indicate that a significant portion of graphene research addresses its electrical conductivity and resulting applications in energy-related technologies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , and Sakurai2019), though others have observed only Lachnospira was significantly lower in patients with mild cognitive impairments (and Zuo2021). Additional research into gut microbiota of individuals ranging from healthy ageing over MCI to AD has revealed that bacterial genera that were differentially abundant in AD were also different in MCI, suggesting that changes in the gut microbiome might precede AD onset (Li et al. , and Chen2019). While clinical mechanistic evidence is largely lacking, two case studies reveal a glimpse of hope for the direct potential of the gut microbiota to alleviate symptoms of dementia in AD. Fascinatingly, an 82-year-old man with AD who was administered FMT to treat Clostridioides difficile infection showed improved cognitive score in the Mini-Examination (MMSE) from MCI levels to healthy cognition at his 2-month follow-up visit (Hazan, Reference Hazan2020). Similarly, a 90-year-old woman suffering from AD treated with FMT for C. difficile displayed a marked improvement in several cognitive function tests within 3 months (Park et al. , and Choi2021). This clinical FMT literature, albeit limited by sample size, supports the translatability of previous pre-clinical findings wherein FMT from young C57BL/6 wild-type male mice rejuvenated aspects of cognition when transplanted into aged male C57BL/6 mice (Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen et al. , Reference Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen, van de Wouw, Moloney, Gual-Grau, Spichak, Olavarría-Ramírez, ’Leary, Dinan and Cryan2021). Furthermore, FMT from wild-type mice into male APP/PS1 transgenic mice, a genetic mouse model of AD, led to reductions in memory impairment, Aβ accumulation, synaptic dysfunction and neuroinflammation (Sun et al. , and Liu2019), while FMT from an additional genetic AD mouse model known as 5xFAD mice into naïve C57BL/6 mice lead to decreased hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment (Kim et al. , and Kil Lee2021). In addition to the transfer of the full microbiota between animals, attempts to modulate AD pathology by administrating specific AD-associated bacteria have also been made. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of current evidence regarding gut microbiota and cognitive impairments, specifically in the context of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), rather than anxiety. While the text mentions potential improvement in cognitive function through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in patients with AD, it implies that such interventions are not comprehensive solutions and emphasizes the need for further research to determine the direct impact on symptoms, suggesting that addressing gut microbiome health alone may not be sufficient to eliminate symptoms of anxiety.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 875 ≈ 3 rat/groupConsidering the NC3Rs principal in experimental animal, statistical analysis necessity, and the possibility of drop out, the number of rats per group were determined to be six. All 54 rats were given a number (1–54) using a marker pen, then randomized by putting the numbers in an envelope and dividing them into 9 groups, according to the numbers taken from the envelope (Russell and Burch, 1992). Wound inflictionTo ensure that the rats remain in a comfortable condition, they were given anesthesia before performing the burn. The animals were anesthetized with Ketamine/Xylazine 0. 2 mL by intraperitoneal injection (in accordance with the provisions of Research). The hair at dorsal region was shaved and cleansed with alcohol swab. Second-degree burn wound was inflicted using iron plate measuring 2×2 cm2 which was warmed in boiling water for 5 minutes and placed for 30 seconds on the shaved area (Kristyaningsih, 2016). Aloe vera extractAbout 2000 g of Aloe vera leaves were collected. The bottom part and the serrated edges of Aloe vera leaves were cut and peeled to obtain the inner clear gel. About 1000 g of inner gel was weighed and washed thoroughly and cut it into small pieces. Then, the small pieces of gel and 2000 mL 70% ethanol was blended and poured into a closed container (stirred occasionally for 6 hours, then set aside for 18 hours). This mixture was then filtered to obtain the filtrate (I). The extraction process was repeated on the residue using 1000 mL 70% ethanol to obtain another filtrate (II). The filtrate (I) and (II) were mixed and evaporated using a vacuum rotary evaporator (GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) at 400C to obtain a thick extract. Gel preparation• Gel baseAbout 400 cc of distilled water was taken into the mortar, then 12 g of 3% Sodium-Carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) powder was evenly added. It was closed and set it aside for 15 minutes. After which it was ground and 4 g of 1% glycerin was added until a homogeneous gel base was formed. • Aloe vera gelPut 40 g of Aloe vera extract into the mortar then add 360 g of gel base gradually while grinding it until homogeneous. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily describes a scientific procedure involving rats, the methodology of wound infliction, and the preparation of Aloe vera gel. There is no mention of historical usage or evidence supporting Aloe vera's use for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Geng, Conjunction of conducting polymer nanostructures with macroporous structured graphene thin films for high-performance flexible supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 11711-11719. [49] Y. -assisted hydrothermal synthesis of flower-like tin oxide/graphene composites for high-performance supercapacitors, New J. Chem. 39 (2015) 8505-8512. [50] -metallic graphene nanoribbons, Nature 444 (2006) 347. [51] D. W. Boukhvalov, M. I. Katsnelson, Chemical functionalization of graphene with defects, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 4373-4379. [52] J. Lahiri, Y. Lin, P. Bozkurt, I. I. Oleynik, M. Batzill, An extended defect in graphene as a metallic wire, Nat. Nanotechnol. 5 (2010) 326. [53] G. Luo, L. Liu, J. Zhang, G. Li, B. Wang, J. Zhao, Hole defects and nitrogen doping in graphene: implication for supercapacitor applications, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 (2013) 11184-11193. [54]. Pandraud, H. W. Zandbergen, L. M. K Vandersypen, C. Dekker, DNA translocation through graphene nanopores, Nano Lett. 10 (2010) 3163-3167. [55] S. Blankenburg, M. Bieri, R. Fasel, K. Müllen, C. A. Pignedoli, D. Passerone, Porous graphene as an atmospheric nanofilter, Small 6 (2010) 2266-2271. [56] A. Nourbakhsh, M. Cantoro, T. Vosch, G. Pourtois, F. Clemente, M. H. Veen, J. opening in oxygen plasma-treated graphene, Nanotechnology 21 (2010) 435203. DOI: 10. 1088/0957-4484/21/43/435203 [57] J. Yan, J. Liu, Z. Fan, T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by listing various studies and research articles that emphasize the application of graphene in supercapacitors. Specifically, it mentions 'high-performance flexible supercapacitors' and various compositions involving graphene, which indicates a strong focus on its use in energy storage due to its properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Increasing levels of Bacteroides were reported in ageing Tg2576 transgenic mice and correlated to the amyloid plaque levels in their brains, and weekly administration of Bacteroides fragilis between 2 and 5 months of age increased amyloid plaque burden in APP/PS1 mice (Cox et al. , and Blaser2019). Furthermore, there are hypotheses that the gut microbiota contributes to the development of AD, which is supported by preclinical evidence involving antibiotic administration to rodent models of AD. For instance, cocktail of antibiotics given to three different amyloid mouse models of AD (APP/PS1, 5xFAD and AppNL-G-F) from early age reduced the amyloid plaque load observed later in life in male mice (Guilherme et al. , Reference Guilherme, Nguyen, Reinhardt and Endres2021; Kaur et al. , -Combs and Combs2021; Mezö et al. , Reference Mezö, de Agüero, Ganal-Vonarburg, Macpherson, Meyer-Luehmann, Staeheli, Blank, Prinz and Erny2020; Minter et al. , -and Sisodia2016), while no difference has been observed in females. It was further demonstrated that it was sufficient to administer the antibiotic cocktail early in life (pre-weaning) to observe lasting alterations in the gut microbiome and reduced amyloid pathology later in life (Minter et al. , -and Sisodia2017). The administration of individual antibiotics, however, did not reduce the accumulation of amyloid plaques (Dodiya et al. , and Sisodia2020). The antibiotic cocktail administered early in life reduced alpha-diversity in the gut but led to increased relative abundance of Akkermansia in the APP/PS1 model (Minter et al. , -and Sisodia2017). Interestingly, mice given antibiotics in early life had lasting alterations to peripheral and central immunity, with increased proportions of regulatory T cells. Moreover, microglia appears critical for inducing this response; mice with depleted microglia did not have reduced plaque levels after treatment with the antibiotic cocktail, although microglia depletion also slightly reduced plaque burden (Dodiya et al. , -and Sisodia2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that links the gut microbiome to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) rather than anxiety. It discusses how antibiotics can alter gut microbiome composition and affect amyloid plaque loads in rodent models of AD, which indicates that the relationship between gut microbiome health and neurological conditions is complex and does not imply that improving gut microbiome health alone can eliminate anxiety symptoms. Additionally, it emphasizes that early antibiotic administration leads to lasting changes in the gut microbiome but does not directly correlate this to anxiety symptom elimination.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stainingSix animals of each groups were sacrificed on the 3rd, 14th, and 21st days after injury by injecting 100 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally. Then, the injured tissues were carefully dissected and fixed with 10% formalin. All samples were taken to Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for H&E staining. The number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness was evaluated using Olympus CX21 light microscope with 400× magnification and three fields of view. Statistical analysisData were analyzed using SPSS version 20 (RRID:SCR_019096) with one-way ANOVA test. If there were significant differences (p < 0. 05), then LSD test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Data were presented as mean ± SD. ResultsThe results obtained from the study are shown in Fig. 1−3. From the one-way ANOVA results, there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness in all groups (p < 0. 05). Then, least (LSD) test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Figure 1. Mean number of macrophagesI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 2. Mean number of fibroblastsI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 3. Mean number of epidermal thicknessI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 7. 77 ± 0. 62; p=0. 0001), group I-3 vs III-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera's historical use for skin ailments. It discusses a scientific procedure involving the evaluation of tissue samples and statistical analyses related to macrophages and fibroblasts, which does not mention Aloe vera or its applications in treating skin conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Wei, L. Zhang, High-performance supercapacitor electrodes based on highly corrugated graphene sheets, Carbon 50 (2012) 2179-2188. [58] Z. Jin, J. Yao, C. Kittrell, J. M. Tour, Large-scale growth and characterizations of nitrogen-doped monolayer graphene sheets, ACS Nano 5 (2011) 4112-4117. [59]. . Rao, Synthesis, structure, and properties of boron-and nitrogen-doped graphene, Adv. Mater. 21 (2009) 4726-4730. [60] V. Thirumal, A. Pandurangan, D. Jayakumar, R. Ilangovan, Modified solar power: electrochemical synthesis of nitrogen doped few layer graphene for supercapacitor applications, J. Mater. Sci. : Mater. Electron. 27 (2016) 3410-3419. [61] D. Wei, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Zhang, L. Huang, G. Yu, Synthesis of N-doped graphene by chemical vapor deposition and its electrical properties, Nano Lett. 9 (2009) 1752-1758. [62] Z. Wen, X. Wang, S. Mao, Z. Bo, H. Kim, S. Cui, G. Lu, X. Feng, J. Chen, Crumpled nitrogen‐doped graphene nanosheets with ultrahigh pore volume for high‐performance supercapacitor, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 5610-5616. [63] -doped graphene aerogels as efficient supercapacitor electrodes and gas adsorbents, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 (2015) 1431-1438. [64] E. Haque, M. M. Islam, E. Pourazadi, M. . doped graphene via thermal treatment of composite solid precursors as a high performance supercapacitor, RSC Adv. 5 (2015) 30679-30686. [65] H. Jin, X. Wang, Z. Gu, Q. Fan, B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by listing multiple research studies that specifically investigate the use of graphene in supercapacitor applications. The context provided indicates a strong emphasis on the efficiency of graphene as electrodes in high-performance supercapacitors, which aligns with the claim that the research largely focuses on the application of graphene in energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Antibiotic treatment in the 5xFAD model of AD improved spatial and recognition memory performance, which was also demonstrated in GF mice (Mezö et al. , Reference Mezö, de Agüero, Ganal-Vonarburg, Macpherson, Meyer-Luehmann, Staeheli, Blank, Prinz and Erny2020). Treatment with antibiotics from the timepoint of weaning also reduced anxiety in wild-type mice that were subjected to an intracerebral injection of amyloid peptides to simulate the onset of AD at 80 days of age (Mosaferi et al. , Reference Mosaferi, Jand and Salari2021). Overall, this growing body of evidence strongly implicates the gut microbiota in the pathology of AD, as well as a potential target for novel therapeutics. Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disease, and may have unique influences from the gut microbiota initiating disease pathogenesis in the gut (Yang et al. , and Yang2019). Mouse studies suggest that the underlying mechanism causing the death of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum, a brain region that controls motor behaviour, is caused by the propagation of misfolded alpha-synuclein along the vagus nerve (Kim et al. , and Chung2019a). Indeed, PD patients show gastrointestinal symptoms long before the onset of PD (Sung et al. , Reference Sung, Park and Kim2014). A Danish study investigated the risk for PD in subjects who underwent vagotomy back in the 1970s and 1980s when it was used as a therapy to treat peptic ulcer disease and found that truncal vagotomy, which cuts the entire nerve, was associated with a decreased risk to develop PD (Svensson et al. , Reference Svensson, Horvath-Puho, Thomsen, Djurhuus, Pedersen, Borghammer and Sorensen2015). This observation was confirmed two years later in a Swedish cohort (Liu et al. , and Wirdefeldt2017). These epidemiological findings support the view that PD initially commences in the gut and not the brain, and strongly implicates a role of the vagus nerve in the pathogenesis of PD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies indicating that while the gut microbiota plays a role in conditions such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, it does not support the assertion that improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. Specifically, it mentions 'antibiotic treatment' showing effects on anxiety in experimental models but does not suggest that gut microbiome health alone can fully resolve anxiety symptoms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (7. 77 ± 0. 62 vs 9. 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 001). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs 6. 22 ± 0. 98; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs. III-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs. 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs. III-14 (6. 22 ± 0. 98 vs 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 013). On day 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 4. 72 ± 0. 87; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (4. 72 ± 0. 87 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (3. 77 ± 0. 34 vs. 4. 61 ± 0. 49; p=0. 047), group I-3 vs III-3 (3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to Aloe vera or its historical use in treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses scientific results related to macrophages and fibroblasts, which are unrelated to the claim about Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Luo, A facile method for preparing nitrogen-doped graphene and its application in supercapacitors, J. 273 (2015) 1156-1162. [66] D. Li, C. Yu, M. Wang, Y. Zhang, C. Pan, Synthesis of nitrogen doped graphene from graphene oxide within an ammonia flame for high performance supercapacitors, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 55394-55399. [67] M. P. Kumar, T. Kesavan, G. Kalita, P. the large capacitance of nitrogen doped graphene derived by a facile route, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 38689-38697. [68] C. Li, Y. Hu, M. Yu, Z. Wang, W. Zhao, P. Liu, Y. Tong, X. Lu, Nitrogen doped graphene paper as a highly conductive, and light-weight substrate for flexible supercapacitors, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 51878-51883. [69] Y. Lu, Y. Huang, F. Zhang, L. Zhang, X. Yang, T. Zhang, K. Leng, M. Zhang, Y. Chen, Functionalized graphene oxide based on p-phenylenediamine as spacers and nitrogen dopants for high performance supercapacitors, Chinese Sci. Bull. 59 (2014) 1809-1815. [70] D. Wang, Y. Min, Y. Yu, B. Peng, A general approach for fabrication of nitrogen-doped graphene sheets and its application in supercapacitors, J. Sci. 417 (2014) 270-277. [71] V. Sahu, S. Grover, B. Tulachan, M. Sharma, G. Srivastava, M. Roy, M. Saxena, N. Sethy, K. Bhargava, D. Philip, H. Kim, G. Singh, S. K. Singh, M. Das, R. K. Sharma, Heavily nitrogen doped, graphene supercapacitor from silk cocoon, Electrochim. Acta 160 (2015) 244-253. [72] T. Wu, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references to research studies focusing on the applications of nitrogen-doped graphene specifically in supercapacitors. It lists various papers that discuss the synthesis and performance of nitrogen-doped graphene in enhancing supercapacitor functions, indicating that the research is indeed concentrated on energy storage applications due to graphene's high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: A recent preprint now suggests that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is linked to PD suggesting that anti-inflammatory therapies targeting the gut may be preventive for PD later in life (Espinosa-Oliva et al. , Reference Espinosa-de la Quintana, Rubio, Carmona, Recio and de Pablos2022). In animal models of PD, transfer of microbiota from new-onset treatment-naïve PD patients worsened motor function in alpha-synuclein overexpressing mice (Sampson et al. , -Brown, Wittung-Stafshede, Knight and Mazmanian2016), and depleting the microbiota with antibiotics or by germ-free status improved motor symptoms, which was linked to changes in microglia function. This study supports the potential role of the gut microbiota in contributing to PD. In a study of Pink1–/– mice, early-life infection with Citrobacter rodentium increased motor dysfunction and disease pathogenesis, which was linked to increased mitochondrial specific cytotoxic CD8 T cells in the brain (Matheoud et al. , and Desjardins2019). While PD is considered an age-related disease, this study suggests that immunologic programming in infancy may affect PD pathogenesis. Thus, gut-microbiota interactions throughout lifespan may be important determinants of age-related neurologic disease. Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating neurodegenerative disease, with a typical age of onset in the 20s to 40s, and ageing can play an important role in disease progression (Dobson and Giovannoni, and Giovannoni2019). The majority of MS patients develop a relapsing remitting form of the disease (RRMS), while a smaller proportion of patients will initially present with a progressive form of the disease (primary progressive (Lassmann, Reference Lassmann2018). Throughout the disease course, many RRMS patients will transition to a secondary progressive disease course (SPMS), and ageing is one of the largest risk factors for developing SPMS (Lassmann, Reference Lassmann2018). Because progressive MS is more refractory to treatment and is associated with higher disability and quality of life, it is critical to understand whether the host-microbiome interactions in ageing affect this transition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex relationship between gut microbiota and neurological conditions, particularly Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). It mentions that while gut microbiota interactions may influence neurological diseases, there is no assertion that improving gut microbiome health alone can eliminate symptoms of anxiety. The examples presented focus on the role of gut health in disease progression rather than directly addressing anxiety or stating that gut microbiome health can independently resolve such symptoms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 77 ± 0. 34 vs. 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs. III-3 (4. 61 ± 0. 49 vs 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. 0001). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 8. 11 ± 0. 68; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (8. 11 ± 0. 68 vs. 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001). On the 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs. 9. 05 ± 0. 80; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (9. 05 ± 0. 80 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001). On the 3rd day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the standard group (I), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the negative control group (II). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs 2. 43 ± 0. 45; p=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the historical use of aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it provides detailed statistical results regarding fibroblast counts and epidermal thickness from a scientific study, which is unrelated to the claim about aloe vera's traditional uses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Shen, L. Sun, B. Cheng, B. Liu, J. Shen, Nitrogen and boron doped monolayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition using polystyrene, urea and boric acid, New J. Chem. 36 (2012) 1385-1391. [73] L. Niu, Z. Li, W. Hong, J. Sun, Z. Wang, L. Ma, J. Wang, S. Yang, Pyrolytic synthesis of boron-doped graphene and its application as electrode material for supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 108 (2013) 666-673. [74] Z. Zuo, Z. Jiang, A. Manthiram, Porous B-doped graphene inspired by fried-ice for supercapacitors and metal-free catalysts, J. Mater. Chem. A 1 (2013) 13476-13483. [75] J. Han, L. L. Zhang, S. Lee, J. . Ji, X. Zhao, R. S. Ruoff, S. Park, Generation of B-doped graphene nanoplatelets using a solution process and their supercapacitor applications, ACS Nano 7 (2012) 19-26. [76] A. Ambrosi, H. L. Poh, L. Wang, Z. Sofer, M. Pumera, Capacitance of p‐and n‐doped graphenes is dominated by structural defects regardless of the dopant type, ChemSusChem 7 (2014) 1102-1106. [77] J. P. Paraknowitsch, A. Thomas, J. Schmidt, Microporous sulfur-doped carbon from thienyl-based polymer network precursors, Chem. Commun. 47 (2011) 8283-8285. [78] X. Zhao, Q. Zhang, C. -M. Chen, B. Zhang, S. Reiche, A. Wang, T. Zhang, R. Schlögl, D. S. Su, Aromatic sulfide, sulfoxide, and sulfone mediated mesoporous carbon monolith for use in supercapacitor, 1 (2012) 624-630. [79] X. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing several studies that specifically explore the application of doped graphene materials as electrode materials for supercapacitors. This indicates a focus on energy storage applications tied to the properties of graphene, which aligns with the claim regarding high electrical conductivity and its implications in supercapacitors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Patients diagnosed with progressive MS show increased Akkermansia, Clostridium bolteae and Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans along with reduced levels of Blautia wexlerae, Dorea formicigenerans and Erysipelotrichaceae CCMM and altered microbial β-diversity (Cox et al. , -Turcsanyi, Healy, Glanz, Bakshi, Chitnis and Weiner2021). The abundance of Clostridium species was associated with worsened disability status on the Status Scale, suggesting a potentially detrimental role. Interestingly, although Akkermansia was elevated in progressive MS, higher abundance of Akkermansia correlated with lower disability, and was demonstrated to ameliorate aspects of disease pathology in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, perhaps through its ability to reduce RORγt+ and IL-17–producing γδ T cells (Cox et al. , -Turcsanyi, Healy, Glanz, Bakshi, Chitnis and Weiner2021). Therefore, it might be that some microbes act protectively against the progression of neurodegenerative disease, and that the absence of these species could be detrimental, although further research must be conducted in order to conclude this. In an animal model of MS known as the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, treatment with antibiotics ameliorates disease and GF mice resist EAE, suggesting that the microbiota can contribute to diseases pathogenesis. Interestingly, the colonization of mice with the putative probiotic species Lactobacillus reuteri exacerbated EAE susceptibility, likely through L. reuteri’s ability to metabolize dietary tryptophan into active metabolites which can induce IL-17 production by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor on T cells (Montgomery et al. , ’Alessandro, Wargo and Krementsov2022). Furthermore, transferring microbiota from MS patients into GF mice worsened EAE (Berer et al. , and Wekerle2017; Cekanaviciute et al. , -and Baranzini2017). In terms of ageing, recent studies have shown that mice show a more progressive form of MS when they are older (Cahill et al. , and Dunn2019), raising the question if age-related changes in the gut microbiota may drive MS disease progression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex role of gut microbiota in neurodegenerative diseases, specifically mentioning multiple sclerosis (MS), rather than addressing anxiety or claiming that improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all anxiety symptoms. It cites various microbial impacts on disease pathology in MS, with no indication provided that microbiome improvements would lead to a complete elimination of anxiety symptoms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 0001), group II-3 vs III-3 (2. 43 ± 0. 45 vs. 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 0001), while group I-3 vs. III-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs. 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 182) did not show a significant result. On the 14th day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 11. 46 ± 0. 92; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (11. 46 ± 0. 92 vs. 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001). On the 21st day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs. 23. 10 ± 1. 37; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (23. 10 ± 1. 37 vs. 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001). DiscussionMacrophages are cells that multiply when there is a wound to phagocytose debris and bacteria and they are the predominant cells on the 3rd day post wound infliction (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). This study showed that both negative control and treatment groups had more number of macrophages than standard group on the 3rd day after injury. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on a study about epidermal thickness and the presence of macrophages in various treatment groups after injury, which does not provide evidence for or against the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Chen, X. Chen, X. Xu, Z. Yang, Z. Liu, L. Zhang, X. Xu, Y. Chen, S. Huang, Sulfur-doped porous reduced graphene oxide hollow nanosphere frameworks as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and as supercapacitor electrode materials, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 13740-13747. [80] Y. Wen, B. Wang, C. Huang, L. Wang, D. Hulicova-Jurcakova, Synthesis of phosphorus-doped graphene and its wide potential window in aqueous supercapacitors, Chem. : Eur. J. 21 (2015) 80-85. [81] P. Karthika, N. Rajalakshmi, K. S. Dhathathreyan, Phosphorus-doped exfoliated graphene for supercapacitor electrodes, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 13 (2013) 1746-1751. [82] V. Thirumal, A. Pandurangan, R. Jayavel, R. Ilangovan, Synthesis and characterization of boron doped graphene nanosheets for supercapacitor applications, Synth. Met. 220 (2016) 524-532. [83] Z. Peng, R. Ye, J. A. Mann, D. Zakhidov, Y. Li, P. R. Smalley, J. Lin, J. M. Tour, Flexible boron-doped laser-induced graphene microsupercapacitors, ACS Nano 9 (2015) 5868-5875. [84] D. -Y. Yeom, W. Jeon, N. . Chang, J. A. Lim, H. Kim, High-concentration boron doping of graphene nanoplatelets by simple thermal annealing and their supercapacitive properties, Sci. Rep. 5 (2015) 9817. [85] N. sulfur doping and exfoliation of graphene from graphite using an electrochemical method for supercapacitor electrode materials, J. Mater. Chem. A 4 (2015) 233-240. [86] E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a number of studies and research that specifically explore the application of graphene in supercapacitors, which aligns with the claim's assertion. For instance, the first study mentioned discusses 'sulfur-doped porous reduced graphene oxide hollow nanosphere frameworks as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and as supercapacitor electrode materials,' which indicates a focus on supercapacitors. Additionally, the mention of phosphorus-doped and boron-doped graphene studies further emphasizes their application in energy storage, particularly in supercapacitors. Collectively, this suggests a strong focus on the advantages of graphene in energy storage applications, consistent with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Potential mechanisms for microbiota–gut–brain signalling in ageing The mechanism(s) of action underlying microbiota–gut–brain communication in ageing-related cognitive decline remain elusive. Given the increased inflammation and immunosenescence which occurs during ageing, it is probable that alterations to microbiota-immune signalling contribute to differences in host brain ageing. Indeed, recently literature has demonstrated that some ageing-induced alterations to gut-associated immunity were reversed following FMT from young to aged mice (Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen et al. , Reference Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen, van de Wouw, Moloney, Gual-Grau, Spichak, Olavarría-Ramírez, ’Leary, Dinan and Cryan2021). This FMT also resulted in decreased microglia soma area and reversed the age-associated increase in proinflammatory-associated microglial genes, which indicates decreased immune activation in the brain following FMT from young mice into aged mice (Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen et al. , Reference Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen, van de Wouw, Moloney, Gual-Grau, Spichak, Olavarría-Ramírez, ’Leary, Dinan and Cryan2021). Contrarily, this same study found that old mice who received microbiota from aged-matched mice had elevated plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which was not the case when old mice received FMT from young mice. This difference in plasma IL-10 could suggest that either transferring microbiota from young to aged mice may not only confer health benefits, or alternatively indicates that the inflammatory phenotype observed in old animals who received age-matched FMT was no longer responsive to suppression by heightened IL-10. Ageing-associated gut microbiota was previously demonstrated to play a key role in host inflammageing, suggesting the potential for microbiota-driven changes in gut–brain axis communication during ageing. Aged GF mice have lower levels of systemic inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNFα and increased macrophage ability to phagocytose bacteria compared to conventional aged mice, suggesting that the microbiome plays an important role in both inflammageing and immunosenescence (Thevaranjan et al. , and Bowdish2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limited understanding of microbiota–gut–brain signaling in the context of ageing and cognitive decline. It suggests that while there are health benefits associated with transferring microbiota from young to aged mice, it does not imply that simply improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety. In fact, the study referenced indicates varying inflammatory responses depending on the source of the microbiota, suggesting that additional factors are at play beyond merely enhancing gut health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: On the same day, the treatment group had more macrophages than negative control group because there is acemannan in aloe gel that could increase the number of macrophages (Sierra-García et al. , 2014). The results of this study showed that there was reduction in number of macrophages in the treatment group than negative control group on the 14th and 21st day after injury. Souza et al. (2017) reported decrease in the number of macrophages in burn rats treated with 1% silver sulfadiazine. In this study, both the 3rd and 14th days after injury demonstrated higher number of fibroblasts in the treatment group than negative control group. This might have happened because of interaction between glucomannan in aloe gel and gibberellin, a growth hormone, with growth factor receptors on fibroblast. This interaction stimulated fibroblast activity and proliferation that could increase collagen synthesis (Chithra et al. , 1998; Surjushe et al. , 2008). Besides that, there was also acemannan in aloe gel which could increase the proliferation of fibroblasts (Xing et al. , 2014). Fibroblasts are cells that will increase its migration during proliferation phase of wound healing. Therefore, this study showed highest number of fibroblasts on the 14th day after injury in the treatment group which was earlier than the negative control group that had the highest number on the 21st day after injury. At some point during the proliferation phase, there may be apoptosis of fibroblast when collagen matrix has filled the wound cavity (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). Therefore, there was reduction in the number of fibroblast on the 21st day after injury in the treatment group. Re-epithelialization occurs right after injury that consists of migration, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes (Gurtner & Wong, 2013; Isrofah and Afandi, 2015). Acemannan could stimulate fibroblast to release keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) that could hasten the re-epithelialization process by keratinocyte which could increase the epidermal thickness (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the historical use of aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses the mechanisms by which aloe vera components, such as acemannan and glucomannan, affect cellular activity related to wound healing in a scientific context. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the historical use of aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Bekyarova, M. E. Itkis, P. Ramesh, C. Berger, M. modification of epitaxial graphene: spontaneous grafting of aryl groups, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009) 1336-1337. [87] J. Zhang, Y. Xu, L. Cui, A. Fu, W. Yang, C. Barrow, J. Liu, Mechanical properties of graphene films enhanced by homo-telechelic functionalized polymer fillers via π-π stacking interactions, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 71 (2015) 1-8. [88] Z. Lei, J. of chemically derived graphene for improving its electrocapacitive energy storage properties, Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (2016) 1891-1930. [89] A. K. Mishra, S. Ramaprabhu, Functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites for supercapacitor application, J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011) 14006-14013. [90] Z. Gao, F. Wang, J. Chang, D. Wu, X. Wang, X. Wang, F. Xu, S. Gao, K. Jiang, Chemically grafted graphene-polyaniline composite for application in supercapacitor, Electrochim. Acta 133 (2014) 325-334. [91] B. Song, J. Zhao, M. Wang, J. Mullavey, Y. Zhu, Z. Geng, D. Chen, Y. Ding, K. -S. Moon, M. Liu, C. -P. Wong, Systematic study on structural and electronic properties of diamine/triamine functionalized graphene networks for supercapacitor application, 31 (2017) 183-193. [92] B. Song, J. I. Choi, Y. Zhu, Z. Geng, L. Zhang, Z. level study of graphene networks functionalized with phenylenediamine monomers for supercapacitor electrodes, Chem. Mater. 28 (2016) 9110-9121. [93] G. Xie, R. Yang, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple studies that specifically address various applications of graphene in supercapacitors and energy storage systems. It references works that focus on enhancing the electrocapacitive energy storage properties of graphene and the development of graphene-based nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications, indicating a prominent research focus aligned with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, administering FMT from aged mice into young mice transferred the ageing-related phenotypes of inflammation (increased systemic IL-6 and TNFα), immune dysfunction and impaired gut barrier integrity, and was linked to a reduction of specific bacterial taxa such as Akkermansia (Fransen et al. , Reference Fransen, van Beek, Borghuis, Aidy, Hugenholtz, van der Gaast-de and de Vos2017; Thevaranjan et al. , and Bowdish2017), directly implicating the gut microbiota as a causative contributor to inflammageing. Furthermore, when microbes were transferred from young to aged mice via heterochronic FMT, the ageing-induced deficiency in the Peyer’s patch germinal cell reaction, a key compartment of intestinal immunity, was rescued (Stebegg et al. , Reference Stebegg, Silva-Cayetano, Innocentin, Jenkins, Cantacessi, Gilbert and Linterman2019). This work demonstrated that the age-associated deficiency in intestinal stem cell activity was reversible by the gut microbiome by possibly providing them with the appropriate stimuli (Stebegg et al. , Reference Stebegg, Silva-Cayetano, Innocentin, Jenkins, Cantacessi, Gilbert and Linterman2019). While accumulating preclinical evidence strongly implicates the gut microbiota in regulating host longevity, health span and immunity during ageing, whether the gut microbiota regulates host brain ageing warrants further study. Monocytes and microglia express stimulatory receptors that are activated by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and other small molecule secreted metabolites. These molecules are constantly produced by gut bacteria and shape host immunity (Chu and Mazmanian, and Mazmanian2013). Some studies suggest that bacterial components originating from the gut can be found in the human brain under pathological conditions. For example, a small study in six subjects with AD detected lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the human hippocampus and neocortex (Zhao et al. , Reference Zhao, Jaber and Lukiw2017). Meanwhile, the bacterially-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide has been measured in human cerebrospinal fluid (Rio et al. , and Zanotti2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of gut microbiome influence on health, particularly in relation to immunity and ageing. It emphasizes that while research suggests gut microbiota plays a significant role in health, it does not assert that improving microbiome health directly eliminates symptoms of anxiety autonomously. It acknowledges the potential influence of gut bacteria on brain health but also suggests that more investigations are necessary to establish concrete links, indicating that other interventions may still be required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. : Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. & Wilkins; 7th edn2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531. Pub| P: Buaya (Aloe Vera) (Linn) (Strain Wistar) Kediri. Kesehatan. 2016; 5: 114–121. Maulana RA: yang Berperan pada di dari Tahun 2011-2014. Utara; 2014. Menkes. : - Luka Bakar. Indonesia. 2019. Reinke JM, Sorg H: Wound repair and regeneration. Eur. Surg. Res. 2012; 49: 35–43. : of Technique. London: Methuen& Co. Ltd; 1992. (Reissued: for Animal Welfare, Herts, England. ) 1959. Sierra-García GD, Castro-Ríos R, González-Horta A, et al. : Acemannan, an extracted polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A literature review. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2014; 9: 1934578X1400900. -Daniel J, Forbes AA, et al. : Recent trends in burn epidemiology worldwide: A systematic review. Burns. 2017; 43: 249–257. Pub| : Heterogeneity of mast cells and expression of Annexin A1 protein in a second degree burn model with silver sulfadiazine treatment. . 2017; 12: e0173417. Pub| : Aloe vera: A short review Indian J. Dermatol. 2008; 53: 163–166. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It instead provides references related to various studies and papers on aloe vera and its components but does not explicitly mention the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: 16 (2014) 3292-3298. [118] M. Devi, A. Kumar, In-situ reduced graphene oxide nanosheets-polypyrrole nanotubes nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications, Synth. Met. 222 (2016) 318-329. [119] M. Devi, A. Kumar, 85 MeV C6+ swift heavy ion irradiation of in-situ reduced graphene oxide-polypyrrole nanotubes nanocomposite films for supercapacitor electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 261 (2018) 1-13. [120] D. K. Avasthi, S. Ghosh, S. K. Srivastava, W. Assmann, Existence of transient temperature spike induced by SHI: evidence by ion beam analysis, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 219 (2004) 206-214. [121] V. Kumar, Y. Ali, K. Sharma, V. heavy ions induced surface modifications in Ag-polypyrrole composite films synthesized by an electrochemical route, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 323 (2014) 7-13. [122] S. Kumar, A. Tripathi, F. Singh, S. A. Khan, V. Baranwal, D. K. Avasthi, Purification/annealing of graphene with 100-MeV Ag ion irradiation, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 9 (2014) 126. [123] E. Frackowiak, S. Delpeux, K. Jurewicz, K. Szostak, D. Cazorla-Amoros, F. Beguin, Enhanced capacitance of carbon nanotubes through chemical activation, Chem. Phys. Lett. 361 (2002) 35-41. [124] J. M. Carlsson, M. Scheffler, Structural, electronic, and chemical properties of nanoporous carbon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 046806. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing multiple references that focus specifically on graphene and its applications in supercapacitor technology. The mention of 'In-situ reduced graphene oxide nanosheets-polypyrrole nanotubes nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications' implies that significant research is indeed being conducted on graphene in the context of energy storage applications, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, a role of the oral microbiome in triggering neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease is increasingly discussed (Shoemark and Shoemark and Allen2015). For instance, toxins called gingipains from the oral bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis have been identified in the brains of AD patients (Dominy et al. , -and Potempa2019). GF wild-type mice, or mice treated with high-dose antibiotics to nearly eliminate the microbiota had impaired maturation of microglia, which could be partially restored by orally administered bacteria-derived SCFAs (Erny et al. , Reference Erny, Hrabe de -and Prinz2015). GF APP/PS1 mice, a model of AD, had lower amyloid beta (Aβ) protein levels, demonstrating that bacterial-derived metabolites can affect amyloid load (Harach et al. , åk, Jucker, Lasser and Bolmont2017; Minter et al. , -and Sisodia2016). /PS1 mice with the microbiome of a conventionally raised APP/PS1 mouse increased Aβ levels compared to those colonised with WT microbiota (Harach et al. , åk, Jucker, Lasser and Bolmont2017). Recent literature demonstrated that bacterial-derived metabolite acetate regulates the function of microglia in the brain. In the 5xFAD mouse model of AD, oral administration of acetate to GF mice promoted a pro-inflammatory phenotype in cortical microglia, with reduced phagocytosis of amyloid plaques leading to accelerated pathology (Erny et al. , de Aguero, Macpherson, Pearce and Prinz2021). In contrast, work from a group in Japan showed that acetate partially counteracted cognitive impairment in another mouse model of AD in which Aβ was injected into the hippocampus of SPF mice (Kobayashi et al. , and Xiao2017). In addition to acetate, it has been shown that supplementation with the second major short-chain fatty acid, butyrate, decreased neuroinflammation in aged mice (Matt et al. , and Johnson2018). Another preclinical study found that when administered even at a late stage of Alzheimer’s disease-related pathology, butyrate supplementation improved associative memory in APP/PS1-21 mice (Govindarajan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of the oral microbiome in neurodegenerative diseases and the effects of bacterial-derived metabolites like acetate and butyrate on brain health, particularly in models of Alzheimer's disease. It does not support the idea that improving gut microbiome health alone can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety, nor does it present evidence that microbiome interventions are sufficient without additional treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Pub| : The effects of aloe vera on wound healing in cell proliferation, migration, and viability. Wounds. 2018; 30: 263–268. : WHO|Burns. 2018. accessed 29 May 2021. : Acemannan accelerates cell proliferation and skin wound healing through AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2014; 79: 101–109. on this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3 version 2 Revised Published: 29 Jul 2022, 11:168 version 1 Published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 Copyright © 2022 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 5256/f1000research. 83532. r128998) The direct URL for this report is: Major: The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must. . . Continue reading : The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must show picture of wound healing, histopathological picture, wound healing area, How authors say that the size of 2×2 cm2 is reduced? Author must show the data about the wound healing in term of wound healing picture and wound healing area? Images of a H&E staining should be provided and correlate it with number of fibroblast and other mentioned cells. Improve the scientific language. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Stem cell I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information that directly supports or contradicts the claim about the historical use of aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses specific scientific studies related to wound healing and other cellular processes involving aloe vera, without addressing its historical or traditional uses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Home 28. 50 for Graphene in Supercapacitors quantity Add to cart Category: 10. 21741/9781644900550-1 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 640. [2] H. Yang, S. . Lu, Graphene supercapacitor with both high power and energy density, Nanotechnology 44 (2017) 445401. [3] M. Kaempgen, C. K. Chan, J. Ma, Y. Cui, G. Gruner, Printable thin film supercapacitors using single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett. 5 (2009) 1872-1876. [4] Y. Lei, Z. H. Huang, Y. Yang, W. Shen, Y. Zheng, H. Sun, F. Kang, Porous mesocarbon microbeads with graphitic shells: constructing a high-rate, high-capacity cathode for hybrid supercapacitor, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 2477. [5] D. Yu, K. Goh, H. Wang, L. Wei, W. Jiang, Q. Zhang, L. Dai, Y. Chen, Scalable synthesis of hierarchically structured carbon nanotube–graphene fibres for capacitive energy storage, Nat. Nanotechnol. 7 (2014) 555-562. [6] S. Zhai, W. Jiang, L. Wei, H. E. Karahan, Y. Yuan, A. K. Ng, Y. Chen, All-carbon solid-state yarn supercapacitors from activated carbon and carbon fibers for smart textiles, Mater. Horiz. 6 (2015) 598-605. [7] J. Xia, F. Chen, J. Li, N. Tao, Measurement of the quantum capacitance of graphene, Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 (2009) 505-509. [8] T. Upreti, V. Gupta, S. Chand, Graphene-Cells, In Graph. Sci. Handb, CRC press (2016) 376-340. [9] X. Wang, I. Zhi, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing materials and studies related to graphene's application in supercapacitors. It lists various articles and sources that discuss graphene in the context of energy storage, indicating that a significant portion of research is indeed focusing on this application due to graphene's properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , Reference Govindarajan, Agis-Balboa, Walter, Sananbenesi and Fischer2011). The exact mechanism by which the gut microbiota exerts effects in AD through SCFAs and altered inflammation remains unknown, but potentially involves altered age-related pro-inflammatory monocyte trafficking to the brain (van de Wouw et al. , Reference van de Wouw, Boehme, Dinan and Cryan2019), as microglia are not known to express receptors for SCFAs (Erny et al. , Reference Erny, Hrabe de -and Prinz2015). Furthermore, butyrate has been shown to affect the release of serotonin and gut hormone release in the enteric nervous system which can stimulate the vagus nerve and can trigger endocrine signalling, which can impact brain function (Stilling et al. , Reference Stilling, van de Wouw, Clarke, Stanton, Dinan and Cryan2016). In addition to SCFAs, other microbially-derived metabolites have also been implicated in brain health during ageing. As discussed previously, the microbially-produced metabolite δ-valerobetaine is more abundant in older animals and was found to impair learning and memory abilities (Mossad et al. , ämmermann, Prinz and Blank2021). Meanwhile, FMT from young mice into aged recipient mice lowered levels of δ-valerobetaine systemically and in the brain, and improved learning and memory performance (Mossad et al. , ämmermann, Prinz and Blank2021). Using data from the UK Biobank, the authors showed that increasing human age is associated with an increase in systemic δ-valerobetaine levels. Interestingly, supplementation of δ-valerobetaine to GF and conventional mice enlarged their visceral fat mass, and systemic levels of this metabolite correlate with visceral adipose tissue mass in humans (Liu et al. , --and Jones2021), a critical factor for dementia later in life (Cereda et al. , Reference Cereda, Sansone, Meola and Malavazos2007), suggesting δ-valerobetaine as a potential target for future therapies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex interactions of gut microbiota with brain function and brain health, indicating that while gut microbiota influences health, it does not assert that improving gut microbiome can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety by itself. It instead highlights various metabolites' roles and their impact on conditions such as dementia and cognitive abilities, suggesting a more nuanced relationship than the claim proposes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: The manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe. . . Continue reading manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe vera containing various active ingredients that help the wound healing process, such as glucomannan and acemannan. However, I have outlined below some of the issues that need to be addressed prior to indexing, and some minor comments and suggestions to further improve the quality of the manuscript. the abstract and introduction, the author states that one of the objectives of this study is to improve post-burn skin with the intervention of Aloe vera extract. However, histopathological description of the healing process of burns is not presented and discussed. The method part is not clear. It is not clear the analytical method for macrophage and fibroblast counts and the analytical formula is not specified, the authors need to explain it. Please clarify and make changes to the methods section as appropriate. In the discussion section, it is not explained how this study shows a synergistic interaction between changes that occur on days 3, 14 and 21 and between a number of macrophages and fibroblasts in figures 1, 2 and 3 with no visible histopathologic changes. It's better to call it the calculation score. the method section, how much Aloe vera contains? Explain the total solids content of the gel material used in the study. In the results section, a description of the histopathological picture is explained in relation to the analysis results from figures 1,2 and 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses a specific study on the effects of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats, focusing on methodological issues and suggestions for improvement. There is no reference to the traditional or historical usage of Aloe vera, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Description Three-Materials for -dimensional (3D) graphene architectures have allured remarkable attention for supercapacitor (SC) applications owing to their highly accessible surface area, low density, structural interconnectivity (micro-, meso- and macro-interconnected pores), excellent electrical conductivity and good mechanical strength. Overall supercapacitance performance of 3D graphene-based SCs has been due to enhanced accessibility of the electrode surface to electrolyte ions, which also provides conductive channels for electron transfer. In addition, 3D graphene structures provide an ideal template for active material decoration. In this book 10. 21741/9781644900550-4 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 23. [2] A. Chatzivasileiadi, E. Ampatzi, I. Knight, Characteristics of electrical energy storage technologies and their applications in buildings, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 25 (2013) 814–830. [3] of Nanoballs for Supercapacitor, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 6047–6055. [4] K. Chatzivasileiadi, Large stationary batteries for deployment in grid-connected photovoltaic and other renewable energy power plants, 7th Conference and Exhibition, November 2012. [5] P. Simon, Y. Gogotsi, Materials for electrochmeical capacitors, Nat. Mater. (2008) 845–854. [6] R. M. A. S. Rajakaruna, Small signal transfer functions of the classical boost converter supplied by ultracapacitor banks, Second IEEE conference on Ind. Electron. and applications (2007) 692–697. [7] T. Wei, S. Wang, Z. Qi, A supercapacitor based ride-through system for industrial drive applications, Proc. 2007 IEEE Int. Conf. Mechatronics Autom. ICMA 2007. (2007) 3833–3837. [8] S. C. Smith, P. K. Sen, Ultracapacitors and energy storage: Applications in electrical power system, 40th North Am. Power Symp. NAPS2008. (2008) 1–6. [9] M. Vangari, T. Pryor, L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how 3D graphene architectures are highly regarded for supercapacitor applications specifically due to 'excellent electrical conductivity.' It further mentions that the overall performance of these supercapacitors is linked to the accessible surface area and the conductive channels for electron transfer, connecting back to the research focus on graphene in energy storage solutions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, indoles, which include a range of microbially-produced metabolites of dietary tryptophan, have been implicated to play a critical role in ageing. Through binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, indoles can act locally on gut inflammation but also in the brain, as have been shown to modulate neuroinflammation through microglia control of astrocytes (Rothhammer et al. , -Fabregat, de Lima, Gutierrez-and Quintana2018). Furthermore, indoles in blood plasma have been positively associated with gut microbiome uniqueness (Wilmanski et al. , and Price2021). Of note, Bacteroides species produce indoles, and high level of Bacteroides was linked with increased mortality in 85+ individuals (Wilmanski et al. , and Price2021). Accumulating clinical evidence suggests a link between bile acids and dementia (MahmoudianDehkordi et al. , --van Duijn, Saykin, Kastenmuller and Kaddurah-Daouk2019; Varma et al. , -’-Daouk, Bennett, Gadalla and Thambisetty2021; Wang et al. , --Daouk and Jia2020). By combining transcriptomics analyses with a metabolic network analysis approach, researchers of the Alzheimer’s disease metabolomics consortium found that bile acid synthesis differs in AD compared to cognitively healthy individuals (Baloni et al. , -’s Disease Metabolomics, Kaddurah-Daouk and Price2020). Fascinatingly, the presence of some of these bile acids measured in the brain cannot be explained by locally expressed enzymes, which suggests that they may be derived from the gut microbiome (Baloni et al. , -’s Disease Metabolomics, Kaddurah-Daouk and Price2020). Preclinically, metabolomic analyses point to a role of secondary bile acids as a potential mechanism in rebalancing disturbed gut microbiota associated with an improvement in health and lifespan in progeria mice following FMT (Barcena et al. , Reference Barcena, Valdes--and Lopez-Otin2019). Interestingly, a recent study found that the secondary bile acid, isoallolithocholic acid, is increased in centenarians (Sato et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of gut health and its implications on broader health issues, including neuroinflammation and cognitive health. It notes that indoles, which are produced by gut bacteria, have been shown to affect gut inflammation and neuroinflammation but does not provide evidence that gut microbiome health can 'eliminate all symptoms of anxiety.' Additionally, it focuses on the complexity of interactions between the gut microbiome, metabolites, and conditions such as dementia, rather than promoting a simplistic view that improving gut health alone can completely resolve anxiety symptoms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide information related to the claim about Aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses a specific study related to the effects of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats and raises questions regarding the presentation and scientific validity of a manuscript. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant (pass) to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Jiang, Supercapacitors: Review of Materials and Fabrication Methods, J. Energy Eng. 139 (2013) 72–79. [10] Y. Wang, Supercapacitor devices based on graphene materials, J. Phys. Chem. C. 113 (2009) 13103–13107. [11] V. V. N. Obreja, Supercapacitors specialities-Materials review, AIP Conf. Proc. 1597 (2014) 98–120. [12] Z. S. Iro, C. Subramani, S. S. Dash, A brief review on electrode materials for supercapacitor, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 11 (2016) 10628–10643. [13] B. Francesco, C. Luigi, Y. Guihai, M. Stoller, V. Tozzini, C. F. Andrea, Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage, Science 347 (2015) 27–43. [14] A. González, E. Goikolea, J. A. Barrena, R. Mysyk, Review on supercapacitors: Technologies and materials, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 58 (2016) 1189–1206. [15] J. A. Fernández, T. Morishita, M. Toyoda, M. Inagaki, F. Stoeckli, T. A. Centeno, Performance of mesoporous carbons derived from poly(vinyl alcohol) in electrochemical capacitors, J. 175 (2008) 675–679. [16] D. Qu, Studies of the activated carbons used in double-layer supercapacitors,. 41 (2014) 1108–1110. [17] K. Nanaji, V. Upadhyayula, T. N. Rao, S. Anandan, Robust, environmentally benign synthesis of nanoporous graphene sheets from biowaste for ultrafast supercapacitor application, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7 (2019) 2516-2529. [18] Y. Wang, Y. Xia, Recent progress in supercapacitors: From materials design to system construction, Adv. Mater. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by citing various research studies and reviews that specifically discuss the application of graphene materials in supercapacitors and energy storage systems. These references collectively demonstrate the significant research focus on graphene for enhancing the performance of supercapacitors, thereby supporting the assertion that graphene's high electrical conductivity is a key factor in its application in energy storage technology.