Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Finally, we computed the z-scored time delay between word onset and the time-point of the maximal amplitude of the targeted slow-wave peak/trough. We compared these parameters between correctly versus incorrectly assigned pseudowords at the 12 hr and the 36 hr retrieval. Where necessary, the data were z-transformed using Fisher’s transformation. Offline detection of slow-wave peaks and troughs In order to identify the delay between the time of word onset and the time of the maximal amplitude of the targeted slow-wave peak/trough, we post-hoc identified discrete slow-wave events in the EEG. Slow-waves were automatically detected by a -based algorithm modelled after Mölle et al. , 2002. Slow-wave peaks and troughs produce distinct brain wide voltage distributions (Ruch et al. , 2014), which we used to target online slow-wave phases. For the off-line identification of slow-wave peaks and troughs, we used frontal derivatives. We bandpass-filtered the EEG from 0. 5 to 1. 5 Hz and averaged the EEG over the frontal electrodes ('F1', 'F2', 'F3', 'F4', 'Fz'). Next, we identified every zero-crossing in the bandpass filtered frontal signal. The local minima and maxima between zero-crossings were labelled as potential peaks and troughs. In this process, time and amplitude constraints were added. All slow-waves with durations shorter than 0. 8 s or longer than 2 s were excluded. The resulting slow-waves lay between 0. 5 and 1. 25 Hz. A further criterion was slow-wave amplitude. The detected slow-wave half-waves needed to exhibit an amplitude (trough-to- peak) that exceeded two thirds of the slow-wave amplitudes per participant. Estimation of neural complexity: quantified the degree of information processing in the brain during and following word presentation during sleep. To this aim, we computed Dimension (HFD) as an EEG-based measure of ‘complexity’ of ongoing neural activity. HFD provides a non-linear measure of the complexity, variability, and randomness of EEG time-series (Lau et al. , 2022; Parbat and Chakraborty, 2021). Importantly, a high neural complexity has been associated with successful memory formation during wakefulness (Sheehan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide evidence supporting or contradicting it. Instead, it focuses on technical details about measuring EEG signals and detecting slow-waves, which are not clearly linked to the concept of memory consolidation during sleep.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: Partners & ’ Authors & for: & and and and Social & & ’s and and and and and ’ Authors and $0. 00 0 items Home Shop 4. as an in Nutrients for 4. as an in Nutrients for Sustainable Agriculture$39. 50 Balaram Sarkar¹, Barsha Sarkar¹, Shilpa Ahmed¹, Keka Sarkar² and Jatindra N. Bhakta¹ ¹Department of & for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, WB, India ²Department of Microbiology, University of of the book: in 10. 52305/IUKH3165 increasing food demands of the growing population and also the necessity for an eco-friendly approach to agricultural development require specific attention to soil fertility management. Management of soil fertility demands the use of appropriate inorganic nutrients and/or organic nutrients in order to achive a higher yield of crops. The chemical fertilizer-based nutrient management of soil causes environmental and human health problems, which also leads to unsustainable agriculture. Nutrient management in promoting soil fertility and health by microbial biofertilizers is a promising technique for resolving such nutrient problems in the soil. To increase plant productivity and resource efficiency, biofertilizers have multifunctional potential and also provide environmental security and resource quality. Extensive research on biofertilizers revealed that the microbial biofertilizer has the ability to manage the soil nutrients through a variety of mechanisms (such as – biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and mobilization, potassium solubilization, carbon and sulphur-oxidation, etc. ), soil health, economic benefits to farmers, enhancement of sustainability and grain quality. However, a comprehensive literature regarding the role of microbial biofertilizers in the nutrient management process of soil is still needed. Therefore, the objectives of the present review were to draw an up-to-date picture of the concepts, purposes, mechanisms and efficiency of microbial biofertilizer-driven nutrient management of soil for sustainable agriculture. Keywords: soil fertility, biofertilizers, crop production, nutrient management, sustainability 313. Alexander, M. (1977). Introduction to Soil Microbiology. . , NewYork, USA. Alori, E. T. , Glick, B. R. , and Babalola, O. O. (2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of microbial biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture and how they promote soil fertility. It highlights that agricultural development needs to address food demand and environmental issues, which aligns with advancements in agricultural techniques through genetic and microbial research. The emphasis on biofertilizers and their various mechanisms for enhancing crop productivity showcases a clear connection to the claim regarding genetic research's contributions to agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education promotes awareness and understanding of ecological issues. [SEP] Text: In this sense, the self is never an atomic individual in isolation but belongs to the family, community, and ecological system. The self is always humble. Hence, a grandiose sense of self-importance in a leader is a warning sign. Reflecting the ideal of the ecological self is the concept of Datong (大同), the or Grand Union. It is a adapted from the past, the mythical period. It is a philosophical expression for the common good in Chinese tradition and culture. Datong is when Dao (道) prevails, and harmony is achieved. The ultimate goal for the Confucian leader is to lead everyone towards the world of Datong. The insistence on Dao and achieving Datong points to adhering to an ideal beyond oneself, beyond material or short-term gains (Wu, 2019). stated, wealth and fame obtained without virtue are as valueless as floating cloud (不義而富且貴、於我如浮雲) (The Analects, 1. 16). This view contradicts the over-emphasis on material consumption, individual achievements and the entrepreneurial self as the means and the ends. Adopting the self as ecological being, leadership is therefore about having long-term and broad vision beyond immediate rankings, performance indicators or personal fame. Second, in modern western countries, oration skills and personal charisma are indispensable for leaders. This western cultural tradition can be traced from Aristotle in ancient Greece. On the contrary, Confucius emphasises a leader’s action: ‘A noble is modest in his speech but exceeds in his actions’ (君子欲訥於言而敏於行) (The Analects, 4. 24). Confucius insists that one’s words must be consistent with the action. In the Confucian ideal, the moral quality of the rulers is important. As stated in the Analectic (8. 2), when the ruler is kind and puts others’ interests ahead of their own, people will be touched by benevolence and will follow. scholars, virtues are not something abstract or mere words. Rather, virtues are concrete through everyday sensibility and are embodied in leaders’ exemplary role modelling (Cottine, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing leadership qualities and ethical considerations rather than focusing on promoting awareness of ecological issues. It discusses concepts such as the ecological self, communal belonging, and the Confucian ideals of leadership that prioritize long-term visions beyond material wealth. While it touches on the interconnectedness of individuals within ecological systems, it does not directly address how environmental education fosters awareness or understanding of ecological issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: , 2018). We computed HFD separately for each trial and electrode for the EEG time-series of our windows of interest (see below) using the code provided by Monge-Alvarez, 2024. Kmax for extracting HFD was set to 10 (Monge-Alvarez, 2024). Single-trial HFD values were averaged within participants separately for each condition (experimental condition and control condition), electrode, and time window of interest. Average HFD values were then used for group-level analyses. We determined the degree of stimulus-induced information processing following word offset. To this aim, we computed HFD for the time window from 0. 5 to 2 s following word onset. We used the HFD values, which were computed for the time window from –2 to –0. 5 s before word onset, as a baseline in order to control for inter-individual differences in neural complexity. To test for statistical differences in HFD, we performed mass univariate analyses with cluster-based permutation statistics (1000 permutations) to correct for multiple comparisons (Maris and Oostenveld, 2007). Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability Raw files of the behavioral and neuronal data are available at the Framework (OSF) repository ( Code for the closed-loop targeting of slow-wave phases can be found in Ruch et al. (2022) or at the OSF repository ( Further requests should be directed to and will be fulfilled by the corresponding author Flavio J. Schmidig. The following data sets were generated (2024) Framework ID mafw6. Episodic long-term memory formation during slow-wave sleep. The following previously published data sets were used Knüsel L (2022) Framework ID ecvq8. Closed-loop modulation of local slow oscillations in human NREM sleep. 392. 9820. PubMed 0583. PubMed 841. PubMed 1803. PubMed 014. PubMed 6596. PubMed 179. PubMed 59. 3. PubMed 1465. PubMed 5393. PubMed 1852. PubMed 182. PubMed 665. PubMed 45. PubMed 21. 2. 2 of Sleep Medicine. 39. PubMed 82. PubMed 648. PubMed 436. PubMed 8546. PubMed 213. PubMed 869. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about memory consolidation during sleep. It primarily discusses the computation of high-frequency dynamics (HFD) in EEG time-series analysis and mentions data availability and methodologies, with no direct relation to memory consolidation or its enhancement during sleep.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: Solubilization and for Use in Sustainable Agriculture. Front. Microbiol. , 8:971. doi: 10. 3389/fmicb. 2017. 00971. Anand, K. , Kumari, B. , and Mallick, M. A. (2016). Phosphate solubilizing microbes: an effective and alternative approach as biofertilizers. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. , 8: 37–40. and Misra, R. S. (2016). Rock inhabiting potassium solubilizing bacteria from Kerala, India: characterization and possibility in chemical K fertilizer substitution. J. Basic Microbiol. , 56: 67-77. Awasthi, R. , Tewari, R. , and Nayyar, H. (2011). Synergy between plants and P-solubilizing microbes in soils: effects on growth and physiology of crops. Int. Res. J. Microbiol. , 2: 484-503. Bakhshandeh, E. , Pirdashti, H. , and Lendeh, K. S. (2017). Phosphate and potassium solubilizing bacteria effect on the growth of rice. Ecol. Eng. , 103: 164-169. Bargaz, A. , Lyamlouli, K. , Chtouki, M. , Zeroual, Y. , and Dhiba, D. (2018). Soil microbial resources for improving fertilizers efficiency in an integrated plant nutrient management system. Front. Microbiol. , 9: 1606. doi: 10. 3389/fmicb. 2018. 01606. Basak, B. B. , Sarkar, B. , Biswas, D. R. , Sarkar, S. , Sanderson, P. , and Naidu, R. (2016). Bio intervention of naturally occurring silicate minerals for alternative source of potassium: challenges and opportunities. Adv. Agron. , 141: 115–145. Bashan, Y. (1998). Inoculants of plant growth-promoting bacteria for use in agriculture. Biotechnol. Adv. , 16: 729–770. doi: 10. 1016/S0734-9750(98)00003-2. Bashan, Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the effectiveness of phosphate and potassium solubilizing microbes as biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture. This implies that genetic research into these microbes can lead to advancements in agricultural practices, supporting the claim regarding contributions to agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education promotes awareness and understanding of ecological issues. [SEP] Text: An emphasis on action and its congruence with words challenges neoliberal rhetoric and discursive dominance. A characteristic of narcissism is its brazen self-promotion with hollow and inflated images. Put differently, narcissists use words to create zealous and embellishing self-image coupled with personal charm and charisma to appeal to followers. All the words are rhetoric intended for personal gains and narcissists’ sense of importance. These words are without actions. In short, narcissist leadership could bring harm to organisations, institutions and societies. The problem with the neoliberal narcissist leadership is that it is shamelessly promoted and rewarded. Its historical root can be found in a narrow form of individualism. In contrast, the ecological sense of the self, drawing on Confucian ideal, offering alternatives of thinking about the self, could subvert such entrenched ideology that normalises the narcissist way of living and leading. Specifically, an ecological self is embedded in the universe. It reiterates that the self is not in the centre, must remain humble, and one’s personal interests are also second to those of the public. In addition, the ecological self is more than empty rhetoric but should be enacted, connecting all the senses with others and the environments. 10. 2307/j. ctt17kk9p8 Butts, M. (2020). How narcissistic leaders infect their organizations’ cultures. Collinson, D. (2012). Prozac leadership and the limits of positive thinking. Leadership, 8(2), 87-107. Confucius. The Analects. Cottine, C. (2016). Role modeling in an early Confucian context. Journal of Value Inquiry, 50, 797-819. Devine, N. (2004) An investigation into public choice theory and its implications for Education. Praegar. Gruba-McCallister, F. (2017). Neoliberal narcissism: With the death of compassion comes the death of justice. Guedes, M. J. C. (2017). Mirror, mirror on the wall, am I the greatest performer of all? Narcissism and self-reported and objective performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 108(1), 182-185. Heidegger, M. (1977). The question concerning technology. In D. F. Krell (Ed. ), (178. Lenin, V. (1963) Lenin selected works. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding environmental education directly. Instead, it discusses themes of narcissistic leadership and contrasts it with the ecological self, focusing on individualism versus collectivism. While it touches upon ecological concepts, it does not explicitly mention environmental education or its role in promoting awareness of ecological issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: PubMed 954. PubMed 105. PubMed 275. PubMed 110. PubMed 1567. PubMed 5443. PubMed 495. PubMed 346. PubMed 456. PubMed 342. PubMed 190. PubMed 1242. PubMed 183. PubMed 3370. PubMed 499. PubMed 1366. PubMed 156. 70. PubMed 1226. PubMed 298. 313. PubMed 115. PubMed 984. PubMed 2715. PubMed 863. PubMed 236. PubMed 1069. PubMed 412. PubMed 40. PubMed 80. PubMed 120. PubMed 431. PubMed 10. 4324/9781410612403 876. PubMed 532. PubMed 68. PubMed 402. PubMed 436. PubMed 7390. 152. PubMed 275. PubMed 744. PubMed 223. 113. PubMed 171. 1666. PubMed 435. PubMed 5069. PubMed 445. PubMed 1094. PubMed 2135. PubMed 494. PubMed 93. PubMed 964. PubMed 190. PubMed 55. PubMed 556. PubMed 282. PubMed 593. PubMed 0947. PubMed 1081. PubMed 1421. PubMed 1. 1. 0. 0. ández G (2005) Phase/amplitude reset and theta-gamma interaction in the human medial temporal lobe during a continuous word recognition memory task Hippocampus 15:890–900. PubMed 79. PubMed 003. PubMed 1940. PubMed 0644. PubMed 315. PubMed 553. PubMed 8119. PubMed 8133. 397. PubMed 1248. PubMed 7531. PubMed 453. PubMed 0595. PubMed 2277. 75. PubMed 2356. PubMed 94. PubMed 1107. PubMed 8036. PubMed 766. PubMed 6148. PubMed 53. 218. PubMed 311. PubMed 1319. PubMed 172. 9682. PubMed 242. PubMed 32. PubMed 40. PubMed 60. PubMed 1383. PubMed 3563. PubMed 0293. PubMed 1755. PubMed 1987. PubMed 259. PubMed 332. PubMed 1667. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding memory consolidation or its relationship with sleep and long-term retention. It consists largely of citations that are not elaborated upon or connected to the claim, rendering it irrelevant to the topic.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: , and De-Bashan, L. E. (2010). How the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum promotes plant growth—a critical assessment. Adv. Agron. , 108: 77–136. doi: 10. 1016/S0065-2113(10)08002-8. Bhat, N. A. , Riar, A. , Ramesh, A. , Iqbal, S. , Sharma, M. P. , Sharma, S. K. , and Bhullar, G. S. (2017). Soil biological activity contributing to phosphorus availability in vertisols under long-term organic and conventional agricultural management. Front. Plant Sci. , 8:1523. doi: 10. 3389/fpls. 2017. 01523. Bhatt, K. , and Maheshwari, D. K. (2020). Zinc solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium) with multifarious plant growth promoting activities alleviates growth in Capsicum annuum L. 3 Biotech. , 10: 36. Bieleski, R. L. (1973). Phosphate pools, phosphate transport, and phosphate availability. Plant Physiol. , 24: 225–252. Board, N. (2004). on Bio-Fertilizer and Organic Farming; of Industrial Research: Delhi, India, 2004. Chabot, R. , Antoun, H. , and Cescas, M. P. (1996). Growth promotion of maize and lettuce by phosphate-solubilizing Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. Phaseoli. Plant Soil. , 184:311–321. Chandrasekar, B. R. , Ambrose, G. , and Jayabalan, N. (2005). Influence of biofertilizers and nitrogen source level on the growth and yield of Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb. ) link. Journal of Agricultural Technology. , 222-233. Chang, C. H. , and Yang, S. S. (2009). Thermo-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing microbes for multi-functional biofertilizer preparation. Bioresour. Technol. , 100: 1648–1658. Chang, H. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to the promotion of plant growth by specific bacteria and biofertilizers, which indicates that genetic research into these microorganisms directly contributes to advancements in agriculture. This aligns well with the claim that genetic research fosters improvements in both medicine and agriculture, particularly through the enhancement of agricultural practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Many schools integrate climate change topics into science curricula. [SEP] Text: A review of resources did not reveal standardized patient (SP) cases that specifically addressed climate change and its connection to health impacts. We responded to the need for training on the health impacts of climate change in medical education through the use of our curriculum. However, we also recognized challenges to adding topics to existing curricula. Weiser, as cited in Earles, writes, “One of the biggest barriers is competing priorities and how to add content without taking away content. ”10 Recognizing schedule and resource constraints, we undertook a strategy to include this topic in existing curricular slots for simulated clinical scenarios. Exercises using simulated clinical scenarios with SPs are well established strategies for teaching core clinical competencies and essential skills. These scenarios can be expanded to include relevant details that incorporate climate-related risks and vulnerabilities. With this in mind, starting in 2019 we deployed SP exercises for a target audience of third- and fourth-year medical students at the University of of Medicine in Urbana. The exercises were created as low-stakes, formative teaching and assessment activities with the complexity tailored to the learners training level. The goal was to increase awareness, knowledge, and skills related to the connection between climate change and health, as well as strategies for mitigation and adaptation. The domains covered included communication, professionalism, and interpersonal skills, as well as history taking, physical exam, clinical reasoning, patient education, and documentation skills. Our strategy allowed the retention of well established curricular content, along with the inclusion of other crucial emerging issues that will impact public health locally and globally and foster the development of climate-aware health care providers. an intent to add content without taking away content, we created an SP case enhanced with climate change material as part of an OSCE. This was done using an existing accepted format already included in the curriculum to evaluate core clinical and communication skills. Our target participants were learners rotating through their internal medicine (IM) clerkship. As IM faculty we were uniquely positioned to enrich the IM clerkship curriculum and chose to incorporate climate change-related content. It was also an ideal platform to review the evaluation and treatment of commonly encountered airway disease. Prerequisites of learners included experience in history taking, physical exam, and core clinical medical knowledge expected of a third-year medical student. Facilitators were IM and family medicine faculty. Development of the SP clinical case scenario (1. The faculty debrief guide (18. 2, SD = 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of integrating climate change topics into existing curricula, specifically stating, 'One of the biggest barriers is competing priorities and how to add content without taking away content.' Furthermore, while the text describes efforts to include climate change-related material in medical education, it emphasizes the struggle to find space within established curricula rather than suggesting a widespread integration into science curricula at schools.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Background ‘Self-objectification’ is the tendency to experience one's body principally as an object, to be evaluated for its appearance rather than for its effectiveness. Within objectification theory, it has been proposed that self-objectification accounts for the poorer interoceptive awareness observed in women, as measured by heartbeat perception. Our study is, we believe, the first specifically to test this relationship. Methodology/Using a well-validated and reliable heartbeat perception task, we measured interoceptive awareness in women and compared this with their scores on the Self-Objectification Questionnaire, the Self-and the Questionnaire. Interoceptive awareness was negatively correlated with self-objectification. Interoceptive awareness, public body consciousness and private body consciousness together explained 31% of the variance in self-objectification. However, private body consciousness was not significantly correlated with interoceptive awareness, which may explain the many nonsignificant results in self-objectification studies that have used private body consciousness as a measure of body awareness. Conclusions/propose interoceptive awareness, assessed by heartbeat perception, as a measure of body awareness in self-objectification studies. Our findings have implications for those clinical conditions, in women, which are characterised by self-objectification and low interoceptive awareness, such as eating disorders. Citation: Ainley V, (2013) Body Conscious? Interoceptive Awareness, Measured by Heartbeat Perception, Correlated with Self-Objectification. 8(2): e55568. Olga Pollatos, University of Ulm, Germany Received: September 28, 2012; Accepted: December 27, 2012; Published: February 6, 2013Copyright: © 2013 Ainley, Tsakiris. This is an open-access 21. 04 years, SD = 1. 33). Three participants were excluded for artefacts on their heartbeat traces and one for failing to comply with instructions on the Self-Objectification Questionnaire. Self-(SOQ). The Self-[19] measures the extent to which individuals view their bodies in observable, appearance-based (i. e. objectified) terms, versus non-observable competence-based terms. Participants are required to rank 10 body attributes by how important each is to their own physical self-concept, from 0 (for least impact) to 9 (greatest impact). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about priming influencing behavior and perception. Instead, it discusses self-objectification and its relationship with interoceptive awareness in women, analyzing how personal body perception affects awareness but without mentioning priming or unconscious influence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: , Lin, C. W. , and Huang, H. J. (2005). Zinc induced cell death in rice (Oryza sativa L. ) roots. Regul. , 46: 261–266. doi: 10. 1007/s10725-005-0162-0. Choudhury, A. , and Kennedy, I. (2004). Prospects and potentials for systems of biological nitrogen fixation in sustainable rice production. Biol. Fertil. Soils. , 39: 219–227. Dakora, F. D. , Chimphango, S. B. M. , Chimphango, S. B. M. , Elmerich, C. , and Newton, W. E. (2008). “Biological nitrogen fixation: towards poverty alleviation through sustainable agriculture,” in Proceedings of the 15th and the 12th of the for Fixation (Dordrecht: Springer). De Freitas, J. R. , Banerjee, M. R. , and Germida, J. J. (1997). Phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria enhance the growth and yield but not phosphorus uptake of canola (Brassica napus L. ). Biol. Fertil. Soils. , 24: 358–364. doi: 10. 1007/s003740050258. De Graef, B. , Cnudde, V. , Dick, J. , De Belie, N. , Jacobs, P. , and Verstraete, W. (2005). A sensitivity study for the visualisation of bacterial weathering of concrete and stone with computerised X-ray microtomography. Sci. Total Environ. , 341: 173–183. Debnath, S. , Rawat, D. , Mukherjee, A. K. , Adhikary, S. , and Kundu, R. (2019). “Applications and constraints of plant beneficial microorganisms in agriculture, biostimulants,” in Plant Science, eds SM Mirmajlessi and R Radhakrishnan (IntechOpen), 1–25. doi: 10. 5772/intechopen. 89190. Deepali, G. K. , and Gangwar, K. (2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to agriculture, including biological nitrogen fixation and the impact of microorganisms on plant growth and yield. These topics suggest a focus on advancements in sustainable agriculture practices, indicating a contribution from genetic research to agricultural improvements. Specific mentions, such as 'Biological nitrogen fixation: towards poverty alleviation through sustainable agriculture,' highlight the relevance of genetic research to advancements in agricultural methods, corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Many schools integrate climate change topics into science curricula. [SEP] Text: The [policy analysis] component is because I think Cohen’s framework helps students build a very strong and interdisciplinary foundation and understanding of the given environmental challenge, but lacks operational steps to define policy alternatives and potential solutions, while the Bardach framework is void of depth of analysis of the given challenges, but provides a very well-developed framework for problem-solving. Together they compensate for each others’ weaknesses (Orenstein, D. (2019, December). Email with authors). In the Arava Institute, our partner tertiary institution, the seminar provides two tracks that “highlight the interplay between individual action and large scale institutional change as two important and complementary tactics for finding real solutions to today’s environmental crisis” (Haber 2019, p. 1). involves exploration of a topic along with a hands-on project on campus with a facilitator and mentorship. Diplomacy and includes activism and community organization through an international non-profit called WeSea as well as collaboration with business mentors. Similar to the initiatives in secondary schools throughout the region, there is a focus on inquiry and experiential learning. However, in these courses, there is an emphasis on the assessment of the process alongside the public product in order to develop leadership skills and problem-solving strategies. Thus, at the tertiary level, there are courses that enhance the civic agency of students by cultivating a deeper grasp of the disciplinary content as well as understanding and implementation of the process of policy analysis. But this approach to education related to climate change is not accessible at the secondary level, and only the students who can access higher education and then gravitate towards classes on environmental policy are exposed to this pedagogy. This clearly indicates a need for institutions of higher education and secondary schools to develop strategies that would enhance the exchange of ideas in ways that would make effective climate change education accessible to all. 2. 2. 3 we reviewed high school climate change education resources outside of the region that would help inform climate change curricula. 2. 2. 3. 1 Institution: The Teacher-to Climate ChangeThe scales involved in climate change research lie outside the range of human experience, spanning billions of years and involving the interactions of microscopic p2. 2. 3. 2 Climate InteractiveClimate change involves multilayered systems with feedback loops and evolving dynamics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while there are efforts to educate about climate change at the tertiary level, such an approach is not accessible at the secondary school level. It indicates that only students who access higher education and take courses on environmental policy are exposed to relevant pedagogy regarding climate change. This suggests a lack of integration of climate change topics into the science curricula of many schools.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Self-objectification scores are calculated by subtracting the summed ranks given to the 5 competence-based attributes (e. g. health, energy) from the summed ranks of the 5 appearance-based attributes (e. g. physical attractiveness, body measurements). Scores range from −25 to 25, with higher scores indicating greater emphasis on appearance, which is interpreted as greater self-objectification. The SOQ has good test-retest reliability (r =. 92, cited in [45]). Self-(SCS). The Self-(SCS) [15] consists of three subscales, designed to measure self-focused attention. Self-Consciousness subscale is made up of 10 items to assess the extent to which individuals focus on internal thought, sensations and feelings (e. g. “I'm always trying to figure myself out”). Public Self-Consciousness is measured by 7 questions referring to focusing on oneself as an object of an observer's scrutiny (e. g. “I usually worry about making a good impression”). There are 6 questions on the subscale, which measures distress caused by interacting with other people (e. g. “I have trouble working when someone is watching me”). Participants respond on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (extremely uncharacteristic of me) to 4 (extremely characteristic). Higher scores indicate greater self-consciousness/social anxiety. The three sub-scales appear to be relatively independent [15]. The SCS has fairly good reliability, with Cronbach's alpha ranging from. 73 to. 84 [4]. Questionnaire (BCQ). The Body-[21] extends the concept of self-consciousness to awareness of the body. There are three subscales, which are and Body Competence. subscale consists of 5 items designed to measure the tendency to focus on internal body sensations (e. g. “I am sensitive to internal body tensions”). Consciousness contains 6 questions to assess consciousness of the body as perceived by an observer (e. g. “I am very aware of my best and worst facial features”). includes 5 items, which measure the individual's sense of body effectiveness. Competence questions are somewhat similar to the competence-based questions in the Self-(e. g. “I'm better coordinated than most people”). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about priming affecting behavior and perception without conscious awareness. Instead, it focuses on measuring self-objectification and self-consciousness through various scales and subscales. There is no mention of priming or its influence, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: Plant growth promotion by phosphate solubilizing fungi – Current perspective. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. , 26: 73–98. doi: 10. 1080/03650340902806469. Kour, D. , Rana, K. L. , Kaur, T. , Yadav, N. , and Saxena, A. K. (2020). “Potassium solubilizing and mobilizing microbes: biodiversity, mechanisms of solubilization, and biotechnological implication for alleviations of abiotic stress,” in Trends of for : Diversity and Functional Perspective, ed V. K. Gupta (Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc. ), 177–202. doi: 10. 1016/B978-0-12-820526-6. 00012-9. Kour, D. ,. , Kumar, M. , Kumar, V. , Vyas, P. , Dhaliwal, H. S. , and Saxena, A. K. (2019). Microbial biofertilizers: Bioresources and eco-friendly technologies for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. , 101487. doi: 10. 1016/j. bcab. 2019. 101487. Krishnaraj, P. U. , and Dahale, S. (2014). Mineral phosphate solubilization: concepts and prospects in sustainable agriculture. Proc. Ind. Natl. Sci. Acad. , 80: 389–405. doi: 10. 16943/ptinsa/2014/v80i2/55116. Lalitha, S. (2017). Plant growth–promoting microbes: a boon for sustainable agriculture. In: A Dhanarajan (Ed. ), towards Food Security. Springer Singapore, Singapore, 158. Lian, B. , Wang, B. , Pan, M. , Liu, C. , and Teng, H. H. (2008). Microbial release of potassium from K-bearing minerals by thermophilic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta. ,72: 87–98. Lucheta, A. R. , and Lambais, M. R. (2012). Sulfur in agriculture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to microbes and their roles in promoting plant growth and addressing agricultural challenges, highlighting their potential biotechnological implications for sustainable agriculture. It supports the claim by indicating that research into microbial interactions and their benefits could lead to advancements in agricultural practices, which aligns with the assertion that genetic research contributes to advancements in agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Many schools integrate climate change topics into science curricula. [SEP] Text: response rate to the survey was 53%, with 84 of 160 institutional responses collected; 59 of the responses (70%) were from schools/programs of public health, health sciences, or health professions; 15 (18%) were from medicine; 9 (11%) were from nursing; and 1 (1%) was from another type of health profession institution. Among respondents, 53 (63%) institutions offer climate-health education, most commonly as part of a required core course (41 [76%]). Sixty-one of 82 respondents (74%) reported that climate-health offerings are under discussion to add, 42 of 59 respondents (71%) encountered some challenges trying to institute the curriculum, and most respondents have received a positive response to adding content, mainly from students (39 of 58 [67%]), faculty (35 of 58 [60%]), and administration (23 of 58 [40%]). Conclusions and climate-health educational offerings appear to vary considerably among health professions institutions. Students, faculty, and administration are important groups to engage when instituting curricula, and awareness, support, and resources may be able to assist in this effort. change appears to have both direct and indirect effects on human health, which may increase globally, and some populations may be affected more than others. Factors associated with health include heat-related illness and death as well as increased risk of vector-borne diseases, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory conditions from degraded air quality and threats to food and fresh water supplies. 1 Global health leaders, such as physicians, nurses, and public health professionals, are among the professional groups that need to understand the complex interactions of climate and health along with current and emerging health challenges. 2 To try and build a healthier, more secure future, health professionals should be trained to prevent, mitigate, and respond to the health consequences of climate change. However, curricula and educational programs on the topic of climate-health3 (defined as the health consequences from anthropogenic climate change) are still lacking and gaps in knowledge persist. Several researchers have published climate-health education research projects and surveys. A survey conducted in 2018 and 2019 evaluated planetary health4 (defined as a field focused on characterizing the human health factors associated with human-based disruptions of the earth’s natural systems) teachings in all 17 Canadian medical schools; results showed variation in coverage of planetary health topics from “minimal to no teaching, to some lecture-, case-, or project-based teaching. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that despite some institutions offering climate-health education, there are significant gaps in curricula and educational programs related to climate change. Specifically, it states, 'curricula and educational programs on the topic of climate-health are still lacking and gaps in knowledge persist,' indicating that many schools may not fully integrate climate change topics into their science curricula as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: In addition to using Private Self-Consciousness as a single measure, we split it into the subscales of Self-Reflectiveness and Awareness [49]. However, neither of these subscales was significantly correlated with either self-objectification or interoceptive awareness. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Descriptive statistics for all measures. shown in Table 2, there were significant inter-correlations amongst many of the measures we used. With two exceptions, these were close to the inter-correlations previously reported by the authors of the various scales. and colleagues [21], however, we found no significant correlation between public self-consciousness and private body consciousness, nor between private self-consciousness and body competence. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Correlations between the measures. expected that self-objectification would be predicted by interoceptive awareness together with public self-consciousness and public body consciousness. Interoceptive awareness was significantly correlated with self-objectification, r = −. 31, p =. 03, (Figure 1). Multiple regression (entry method), with self-objectification as the dependent variable, showed that interoceptive awareness, public body consciousness, and private body consciousness together explained 31% of the variance in the self-objectification scores (Table 3). Neither public self-consciousness, nor any of the other questionnaire measures, made any significant contribution as a predictor. The three significant predictors were not inter-correlated, indicating an absence of multicollinearity within the model (see Table 2). No outlier analysis was performed. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Scatter plot of self-objectification scores against interoceptive awareness. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. (Entry method) with self-objectification as the Dependent Variable. recorded participants' average heart rates over the three heartbeat perception trials, as a proxy for physical arousal. Average heart rate was significantly correlated with social anxiety, r =. 34, p =. 02, and also with body competence, r = −. 36, p =. 02. However, there were no significant correlations between heart rate and the variables in our multiple regression (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about priming influencing behavior and perception without conscious awareness. Instead, it discusses various measures of self-consciousness, self-objectification, and their correlations, which are unrelated to the concept of priming.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: de Ciência Do Solo. , 36(5):1369–1379. doi:10. 1590/s0100-06832012000500001. and Yu, S. S. (2013). Characterization of phosphate solubilizing and potassium decomposing strains and study on their effects on tomato cultivation. Int. J. Innov. Applied Stud. , 3: 959-966. Macik, M. , Gryta, A. , and Frac, M. (2020). Biofertilizers in agriculture: an overview on concepts, strategies and effects on soil microorganisms. Adv. Agron. , 162:31–87. doi: 10. 1016/bs. agron. 2020. 02. 001. . , Mehnaz, S. , Rasul, G. , Haurat, J. , Bauy, R. , and Normanel, P. (2002) The role of plant associated beneficial bacteria in rice-wheat Cropping System. In: (eds) Biofertilisers in action. Rural industries research and development Corporation, Canberra, pp 73–83. Malusà, E. , Pinzari, F. , and Canfora, L. (2016). Efficacy of biofertilizers: Challenges to improve crop production. Inoculants in Productivity; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 40. Martino, E. , Perotto, S. , and Parsons, R. (2003). Solubilization of insoluble inorganic zinc compounds by ericoid mycorrhizal fungi derived from heavy metal polluted sites. and Biochemistry. , 35: 133-141. Masson-Boivin, C. , and Sachs, J. L. (2018). Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by rhizobia – the roots of a success story. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. , 44: 7–15. doi: 10. 1016/j. pbi. 2017. 12. 001. Meena, V. S. , Bahadur, I. , Maurya, B. R. , Kumar, A. , Meena, R. K. , Meena, S. K. , and Verma, J. P. (2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a variety of references to studies and research related to beneficial bacteria and biofertilizers that enhance crop production and soil health, which aligns with the claim that genetic research contributes to advancements in agriculture. For example, it discusses the characterization of microbial strains that impact tomato cultivation and the role of beneficial bacteria in sustainable cropping systems. These references support the idea that genetic research plays a significant role in agricultural advancements.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Many schools integrate climate change topics into science curricula. [SEP] Text: ”5 The researchers also identified barriers to integrating the education, such as limited time in the busy medical curricula, and provided recommendations for adding content. in Colombia conducted a survey in 2017 to determine the state of climate-health education among the 59 medical schools in Colombia. 6 The survey revealed that, of 47 respondents, the topic of climate-health is offered at 53% of the medical schools; however, the topic is not a priority in curricula, does not have set guidelines, and is not taught by qualified professionals. Another research project searched the database supported by the Association of Colleges for specific terms related to climate change and found that none of the medical schools in the database reported explicit inclusion of climate change education in their curriculum. 7,8 Other researchers have published surveys on health professionals’ perceptions of climate-health topics. One study involved interviews with public health and climate change professionals to understand barriers to and opportunities for advancing work on climate-health. 9 Sarfaty and colleagues10-13 published the findings from several surveys that were conducted to determine physicians’ perceptions of, experience with, and opinions on health factors that may be associated with climate change. The surveys found that physicians observed that climate change may affect human health and supported responses to address it. Consortium on Climate and (GCCHE) surveyed its members to understand the current state of climate-health curricula among health professions institutions internationally. The survey describes present practices and is intended as an initial assessment with the aim of improving this educational content, addressing gaps in knowledge on the topic, and helping to chart future GCCHE progress. The present study aimed to examine how many health professions schools and programs currently have climate-health curricula, including planetary health curricula; the existing course and programmatic offerings; plans for adding curricula; and challenges and opportunities for instituting the curricula. at the of designed and developed the survey in conjunction with the broader a group of 12 (7 at the time the survey was developed) researchers and professionals in the climate-health field with appointments outside who help guide Consortium efforts. The survey was deemed exempt by the Board. team reviewed the for Research (AAPOR) reporting guidelines for survey studies and made efforts to devise clear questions of appropriate length that did not lead to bias; the team also characterized nonresponders to check for the association between nonresponse bias and the validity of the findings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that although climate-health topics are offered at 53% of medical schools in Colombia, they are not a priority, and there is no explicit inclusion of climate change education in the existing curricula. The survey findings indicate significant barriers to integrating these important topics into education, such as a lack of qualified professionals and set guidelines, suggesting that the claim about many schools integrating such topics may not be accurate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: self-objectification, r =. 12, p =. 43, interoceptive awareness, r = −. 16, p =. 28, public body consciousness, r = −. 05, p =. 73, or private body consciousness, r =. 14, p =. 35), indicating that changes in participants' physical arousal are unlikely to have influenced our findings. DiscussionWe measured interoceptive awareness in women students, using a well-validated heartbeat tracking method [33], which is common in interoception research. This was compared with scores on the Self-[19], the Self-[15] and the Scale [21]. Interoceptive awareness was significantly negatively correlated with self-objectification. Fredrickson and Roberts specifically claimed that women's poorer interoceptive awareness (measured by accuracy in their awareness of their heartbeats) is the result of self-objectification [16]. As far as we are aware, ours is the first study to confirm their prediction using a heartbeat perception method. We show that self-objectification in women was significantly predicted by a combination of interoceptive awareness, public body consciousness and private body consciousness, which together explained 31% of the variance in the self-objectification scores. Private body consciousness has frequently been used in self-objectification research as a measure of body awareness but in our study it was not significantly correlated with interoceptive awareness. Not only were interoceptive awareness and private body consciousness uncorrelated in our study but they were also independent predictors of self-objectification (with low private body consciousness scores and low interoceptive awareness both predicting high self-objectification). This implies that the two measures tap into different, but perhaps complementary, aspects of internal body awareness. It may explain why many studies which have attempted to find paths from self-objectification to eating disorders and other negative outcomes, through the mediating effect of private body consciousness (as a measure of body awareness), have reported nonsignificant results [25]. Interoceptive awareness cannot measure important aspects of body awareness that are captured by self-report instruments, such as the individual's feelings about or responsiveness to bodily signals and her tendency to attend to or reflect on such sensations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the relationship between self-objectification and interoceptive awareness without addressing the concept of priming or its effects on behavior and perception. There is no mention of priming or its influence on subconscious processes in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: Robust biological nitrogen fixation in a model grass-bacterial association. Plant J. , 81: 907–919. doi: 10. 1111/tpj. 12777. Patil, H. J. , and Solanki, M. K. (2016). “Microbial inoculant: modern era of fertilizers and pesticides,” in in Productivity: Research Perspectives, Vol. 1. eds D. P. Singh, H. B. Singh, R. Prabha (Berlin: Springer), 319–334. doi: 10. 1007/978-81-322-2647-5_19. Paul, E. A. (2015). Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry. London: Elsevier. doi: 10. 1016/C2011-0-05497-2. Peix, A. , Mateos, P. F. , Rodríguez-Barrueco, C. , Martínez-Molina, E. , and Velázquez, E. (2001). Growth promotion of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) by a strain of Burkholderia cepacia under growth chamber conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. , 33: 1927–1935. doi: 10. 1016/S0038-0717(01)00119-5. Pereg, L. , and McMillan, M. (2015). Scoping potential uses of beneficial microorganisms for increasing productivity in cotton cropping systems. Biochem. , 80: 349–358. Pereg, L. , De-Bashan, L. E. , and Bashan, Y. (2016). Assessment of affinity and specificity of Azospirillum for plants. Plant Soil. , 399: 389–414. doi: 10. 1007/s11104-015-2778-9. Prabakaran, E. , Muthuraman, Y. , and Pandurangan, G. (2020). Application of Bacteria as a of Biofertilizers, Biostimulants in Plant Science, S. M. Mirmajlessi and R, Radhakrishnan, IntechOpen. , DOI: 10. 5772/intechopen. 89825. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and publications that analyze the role of microbes and genetic research in enhancing agricultural productivity. For example, it mentions the 'growth promotion of common bean by a strain of Burkholderia cepacia' and 'scoping potential uses of beneficial microorganisms for increasing productivity in cotton cropping systems,' indicating that genetic research and microbial applications are indeed contributing to agricultural advancements.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education will automatically lead to sustainable behavior changes. [SEP] Text: When well begun is half done: How the adoption of sustainable energy technologies can lead to sustainable use of the technologies and other pro-environmental behaviours output: Thesis › Thesis fully internal (DIV) 1008 Downloads (Pure) adoption of sustainable energy technologies (such as solar photovoltaics or electric vehicles) is on the rise. To realise a sustainable energy transition people do not only need to adopt these technologies, but also use them in a sustainable way by shifting their energy use in time to match the available supply of sustainable energy, and to engage in sustainable behaviour more generally. This dissertation studied whether and how the adoption of sustainable energy technologies is related to sustainable use of the technologies and the engagement in other pro-environmental behaviours, and how the engagement in these behaviours can be promoted. The results show people are more likely to use a sustainable energy technology (in this case: an electric vehicle) in a sustainable way and to engage in other pro-environmental behaviours when they adopted the technology for environmental (rather than financial) reasons, as doing so makes them more likely to realise they are a pro-environmental person (i. e. , strengthen their environmental self-identity). These findings suggest that sustainable use of a sustainable energy technology could be promoted by strengthening the environmental (rather than for example financial) motivation to adopt sustainable energy technology. Yet, this may be easier said than done, as emphasizing the environmental benefits did not promote sustainable use of the technologies nor the engagement in other sustainable behaviours. We further found that people tend to use a sustainable energy technology (in this case: solar photovoltaics) in a less sustainable way than they anticipated. These results indicate it is important to support people to act in line with their plans to promote sustainable use of the technology. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of PhilosophyAwarding InstitutionUniversity of GroningenSupervisors/AdvisorsSteg, Linda, Supervisorvan der Werff, Ellen, Co-supervisorAward date22-Sept-2020Place of Publication[Groningen]PublisherUniversity of 978-94-034-2865-9Electronic ISBNs978-94-034-2866-6DOstatusPublished - 2020 Access to Document 10. 33612/diss. 132605604Title and contentsFinal publisher's version, 1. 57 MB18. 2 MB10. 7 MB15. 2 MB22. 2 MB11. 4 MB5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while adopting sustainable energy technologies can lead to engagement in pro-environmental behaviors, the emphasis on environmental benefits does not necessarily promote sustainable use of the technologies or guarantee engagement in sustainable behaviors. It points out that people may not use these technologies as sustainably as they expect, suggesting that additional support and motivation beyond mere education are necessary for achieving sustainable behavior changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: However, we suggest that the use of a heartbeat perception measure of body awareness is likely to be more successful within objectification research, in view of this measure's applicability and validity in a wide range of research into interoception, emotion, alexithymia and anorexia. Our findings also tested the assumption, frequently made in the self-objectification literature, that self-objectification is related to public self-consciousness and public body consciousness, because these two scales are designed to measure the individual's awareness of herself as perceived from a third-person perspective [45]. Public self-consciousness is a measure of an individual's thoughts and feelings about how other people perceive her (e. g. “I am concerned about what other people think of me”), whereas public body consciousness is specifically related to body awareness (e. g. “I'm concerned about my posture”). It was therefore more probable that the latter would be linked to self-objectification, which is defined as the tendency to perceive and judge one's body from a third-person perspective. We found that 27% of the variance in self-objectification scores was predicted by interoceptive awareness and public body consciousness, taken together. However, public self-consciousness was not significantly correlated with either interoceptive awareness or self-objectification in this study and did not contribute to our regression model. Fredrickson and Roberts gave a purely attentional account for the link they expected would be found between self-objectification and interoceptive awareness, as measured by heartbeat perception [16]. They suggested that women who self-objectify are using up limited attentional resources on their bodies as perceived from a third-person perspective and so have less attention available for interoception. Pennebaker, in his ‘competition of cues’ hypothesis, argued similarly that when both internal and external sources of information are available, attention paid to one reduces attention paid to the other [50]. He made the crucial point that individuals direct their attention according to how they judge the salience of internal or external stimuli [51]. This implies that women who self-objectify tend to judge external stimuli (e. g. a real or imagined audience) as consistently more salient than their own interoceptive cues. It is not, however, clear why some women are more liable to self-objectify than others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding priming's influence on behavior and perception without conscious awareness. Instead, it discusses concepts around self-objectification and body awareness, which are not related to the influence of priming. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: , and Rajput, R. K. (2020). Biofertilizers and Regulators as in by Fertility and Crop Productivity. Health. website/pdf/_PART-1. pdf#page=19 (accessed on 8 February 2021). Singh, M. , Singh, D. , Gupta, A. , Pandey, K. D. , Singh, P. K. , and Kumar, A. (2019). “Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria,” in PGPR Amelioration in Sustainable Agriculture, eds AK Singh, A Kumar and PK Singh (Cambridge, MA: Elsevier), 41–66. DOI: 10. 1016/B978-0-12-815879-1. 00003-3. Srivastava, A. K. , Shankar, A. , Nalini Chandran, A. K. , Sharma, M. , Jung, K. H. , Suprasanna, P. , and Pandey, G. K. (2019). Emerging concepts of potassium homeostasis in plants. J. Exp. Bot. , 71: 608–619. doi: 10. 1093/jxb/erz458. Subba Rao, N. S. (2001). An appraisal of biofertilizers in India. of Biofertilizers, eds S Kannaiyan, Narosa Pub. House, New Delhi. Sundara, B. , Natarajan, V. , and Hari, K. (2002). Influence of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on the changes in soil available phosphorus and sugarcane and sugar yields. Res. , 77: 43–49. Thomas, L. , and Singh, I. (2019). Microbial Biofertilizers: Types and Applications. for and Environment; Springer: Berlin/ Heidelberg, Germany, 19. Tosi, M. , Mitter, E. K. , Gaiero, J. , and Dunfield, K. E. (2020). It takes three to tango: the importance of microbes, host plant and soil management to elucidate manipulation strategies for the plant microbiome. Can. J. Microbiol. , 66: 413–433. doi: 10. 1139/ cjm-2020-0085. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of agricultural practices, including the role of biofertilizers and microbial interactions in enhancing crop productivity. This indicates that genetic research linked to plant growth-promoting microorganisms and biofertilizers is vital for agricultural advancements. The mention of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and microbial biofertilizers supports the claim that genetic research contributes to advancements in agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education will automatically lead to sustainable behavior changes. [SEP] Text: The results show people are more likely to use a sustainable energy technology (in this case: an electric vehicle) in a sustainable way and to engage in other pro-environmental behaviours when they adopted the technology for environmental (rather than financial) reasons, as doing so makes them more likely to realise they are a pro-environmental person (i. e. , strengthen their environmental self-identity). These findings suggest that sustainable use of a sustainable energy technology could be promoted by strengthening the environmental (rather than for example financial) motivation to adopt sustainable energy technology. Yet, this may be easier said than done, as emphasizing the environmental benefits did not promote sustainable use of the technologies nor the engagement in other sustainable behaviours. We further found that people tend to use a sustainable energy technology (in this case: solar photovoltaics) in a less sustainable way than they anticipated. These results indicate it is important to support people to act in line with their plans to promote sustainable use of the technology. AB - The adoption of sustainable energy technologies (such as solar photovoltaics or electric vehicles) is on the rise. To realise a sustainable energy transition people do not only need to adopt these technologies, but also use them in a sustainable way by shifting their energy use in time to match the available supply of sustainable energy, and to engage in sustainable behaviour more generally. This dissertation studied whether and how the adoption of sustainable energy technologies is related to sustainable use of the technologies and the engagement in other pro-environmental behaviours, and how the engagement in these behaviours can be promoted. The results show people are more likely to use a sustainable energy technology (in this case: an electric vehicle) in a sustainable way and to engage in other pro-environmental behaviours when they adopted the technology for environmental (rather than financial) reasons, as doing so makes them more likely to realise they are a pro-environmental person (i. e. , strengthen their environmental self-identity). These findings suggest that sustainable use of a sustainable energy technology could be promoted by strengthening the environmental (rather than for example financial) motivation to adopt sustainable energy technology. Yet, this may be easier said than done, as emphasizing the environmental benefits did not promote sustainable use of the technologies nor the engagement in other sustainable behaviours. We further found that people tend to use a sustainable energy technology (in this case: solar photovoltaics) in a less sustainable way than they anticipated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while people may adopt sustainable technologies for environmental reasons, this does not guarantee that they will use these technologies in a sustainable manner or engage in other sustainable behaviors. It highlights that emphasizing environmental benefits does not necessarily promote sustainable usage of the technologies or lead to further pro-environmental engagement, hence suggesting that environmental education alone may not automatically lead to behavioral changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Our results suggest that low interoceptive awareness may be a cause rather than an outcome of high self-objectification if women for whom internal stimuli are experienced, for innate or developmental reasons, as less salient, tend in consequence to direct their attention to their bodies from a third-person perspective. One potential explanation is that people differ in their ability to divide their attention between competing cues. Individuals with high interoceptive awareness perform significantly better on tests which require selective and divided attention [52]. According to our results, they will also tend to be low in self-objectification. More research is necessary to establish whether the ability to divide one's attention is a mediating variable, such that women with low interoceptive awareness not only tend to turn their attention outward but also have difficulty switching attention appropriately between salient internal and external cues. The observed relation between low interoceptive awareness and high self-objectification, in our study, may be significant for emotional experience. High self-objectification is linked to negative affect [45] and to depressive symptoms [22]–[23], [46], [53]. Similarly, low interoceptive awareness is associated with moderate depression [54] and has been reported in a number of clinical conditions involving negative affect, such as anorexia [37] and somatoform disorders [38], as well as alexithymia - a disorder characterised by an inability to identify and describe one's emotions [55]. There is a wealth of evidence to suggest that individuals with high interoceptive awareness experience more emotional arousal, for the same objective bodily arousal, than people with low interoceptive awareness [56]–[60]. The results of our study, show that high self-objectification is predicted by low interoceptive awareness, implying that women who self-objectify are those who are relatively unaware of the interoceptive cues which are related to their emotions and who may also therefore experience emotion less intensely [25]. Such women may be vulnerable to clinical conditions associated with poor interoceptive awareness, such as anorexia, alexithymia and somatoform disorders. For example, poor emotional awareness, as measured by the Scale [61], has been shown to mediate between self-objectification and eating disorders, [46]. In our experiment, the second predictor of self-objectification was public body consciousness, which may also be a factor in the link between self-objectification and negative affect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the relationship between interoceptive awareness, self-objectification, and emotional experience, but does not mention priming or its effects on behavior and perception. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about priming.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: Unkovich, M. , Herridge, D. , Peoples, M. , Cadisch, G. , Boddey, R. , Giller, K. , and Chalk, P. (2008). Measuring Plant-Fixation in Agricultural Systems. Canberra: for Research, 258. Uroz, S. , Calvaruso, C. , Turpault, M. P. , and Frey-Klett, P. (2009). Mineral weathering by bacteria: ecology, actors and mechanisms. Trends Microbiol. , 17: 378–387. Weber, N. , Herrmann, I. , Hochholdinger, F. , Ludewig, U. , and Neumann, G. (2018). PGPR-induced growth stimulation and nutrient acquisition in maize: Do root hairs matter? Sci. Agric. Bohem. , 49(3): 164-172. Wu, Y. , He, Y. , Yin, H. , Chen, W. , Wang, Z. , Xu, L. , and Zhang, A. (2012). Isolation of phosphate-solubilizing fungus and its application in solubilization of rock phosphates. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 15: 1144–1151. doi: 10. 3923/pjbs. 2012. 1144. 1151. Xiao, Y. , Wang, X. , Chen, W. , Huang, Q. (2017). Isolation and identification of three potassium-solubilizing bacteria from rape rhizospheric soil and their effects on ryegrass. Geomicrobiol. J. 1-8. Yadav, K. K. , and Sarkar, S. (2019). Biofertilizers, impact on soil fertility and crop productivity under sustainable agriculture. Environ. Ecol. , 37: 89–93. Zarjani, J. K. , Aliasgharzad, N. , Oustan, S. , Emadi, M. , and Ahmadi, A. (2013). Isolation and characterization of potassium solubilizing bacteria in some Iranian soils. Arch. Agron. Soil. Sci. , 59: 1713–1723. Zeffa, D. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to various studies that involve genetic research in agriculture, specifically highlighting the role of bacteria and fungi in nutrient acquisition and growth stimulation in plants. This clearly aligns with the claim, supporting the idea that genetic research has direct implications for advancements in agricultural practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: Currently, there are no direct observations longer than a few decades, so ReconAMOC is a big step forward. David’s team compares the mud from past years to recent conditions, to make sure that the data does a good job of representing the AMOC. -? David says examining the layers in the mud is “like reading the pages in a book”, with the process telling the ‘narrative’ of how the ocean behaved in the past. The analysis can reveal the speed of past water currents, as larger grains in the mud indicates how currents have varied in the past. David’s team also looks at the types of shells in the sample – different marine species like to live in different conditions, so by looking at what shells are present, the team can ascertain what marine ecosystems existed in the past. David’s analysis has shown what he describes as the “recent weakening of the AMOC, that is unprecedented in at least 1,600 years”. This weakening is probably tied to human-caused climate change because of increasing global temperature. New data suggests the changes David is seeing have not been observed for up to the past 10,000 years. ? David and his team have been really pleased with how much data they have been able to generate. Their work has been written about in the Times in the US and newspaper in the UK and has been used to help write on (IPCC) reports and produce policy briefings for governments. All of this is contributing towards people becoming more aware of the AMOC and how climate change is affecting the oceans. ? As well as ensuring others know about their current findings, David and his team are determined to further their research and gain even deeper insights. “We want to better understand the precise mechanisms that caused these recent changes,” he says. “We want to know how much was due to human-induced warming, versus natural processes. We are also trying to find out how these changes in the AMOC affected life in the ocean, to help ensure we can conserve marine ecosystems and use marine resources in a sustainable way. ” The more we understand how the AMOC has varied in the past, the better we can understand the impact that modern day climate change is having on our oceans. Understanding climate change is key for planning and preparing for its impact, and climate scientists like David are at the forefront of this important work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of understanding climate change for more than just scientists. It highlights how David and his team's work is contributing to increased awareness about the AMOC and climate change, suggesting that broader education is necessary for the public and other stakeholders. The text states, 'Understanding climate change is key for planning and preparing for its impact,' indicating that knowledge about climate change is not limited to scientists but is essential for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: It has been proposed that autonomic imbalance, and associated hypoactivity of prefrontal cortex, underlie a number of other psychopathological conditions such as anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress [69]. It is significant in this context that, in our study, public body consciousness, which in women is associated with the tendency to experience specifically negative emotion, was an independent predictor of self-objectification. This suggests that participants who were highest in self-objectification may have had a deficit in parasympathetic activity, which could lead to negative feelings about their bodies and consequently to excessive self-monitoring [69]. Further research is required to establish how increased self-focus, for example through mirror self-observation, improves low interoceptive awareness. The effect may operate by making other aspects of the self more salient, thus enhancing attention to internal cues, or it may preferentially enhance parasympathetic activity. Our experiment had certain limitations. Participants were well-educated young women, whose habitual tendencies to self-focus may not be typical of a broader population. However, our measures (and their inter-correlations) fell within the range of values previously reported for these instruments and appear representative. The primary purpose of the study was to investigate Fredrickson and Robert's claim that self-objectification is linked to heartbeat perception in women [16]. We therefore confined ourselves to the use of the Self-[19], Self-[15] and Questionnaire [21], which have been widely used to study self-focus. Further research is required to establish the potential value of using heartbeat perception as a mediating variable between self-objectification and disordered eating. This would necessitate the use of measures such as Body Shame, and [20], the Inventory [7] and body mass index, which we chose not to include in this experiment. This study is, we believe, the first to test Fredrickson and Robert's claim that interoceptive awareness in women, as measured by heartbeat perception, is negatively correlated with self-objectification [16]. We found that interoceptive awareness, together with public body consciousness and private body consciousness [21], accounted for 31% of the variance in scores in self-objectification. Despite its contribution as a predictor of self-objectification, private body consciousness was not significantly correlated with interoceptive awareness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding priming influencing behavior and perception without conscious awareness. Instead, it discusses self-objectification, interoceptive awareness, and emotional states related to body consciousness in women. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, HFE genetic variant H63D was associated with essential hypertension in Finnish subjects from the cohort confirming a previous GWAS study. The effect of this SNP on BP was also confirmed from a longitudinal study. has a substantial impact on public health because of its high prevalence and associated complications. Efforts for the discovery of genes affecting hypertension have been conducted, but the vast majority of genetic contribution to blood pressure (BP) remains still unexplained. 1 The major lifestyle contributors to hypertension in Western countries are overweight, physical inactivity, high salt intake, and low potassium intake. 2 However, less attention has been allocated to iron metabolism and especially of the effects of mild iron overload on hypertension. Iron is essential for mammalian homeostasis because of its presence in hemoglobin for oxygen transport, and in many biochemical reactions. Iron uptake occurs in duodenum and jejunum and it is mediated by transport proteins, such as ferroportin. 3,4 Iron is stored in hepatocytes and macrophages within polymers of ferritin. Excess iron in the body leads to iron accumulation in the liver and other organs and may cause, among others, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, bone and joint disease, heart disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. 5,6 HFE is a major histocompatibility complex class I-like transmembrane protein, which associates with class I light-chain β2-microglobulin. 7 HFE mediates cell uptake of transferrin-bound iron. HFE also modulates expression of the key regulator of plasma iron, hepcidin. 6,8,9 Two most common mutations in the HFE gene are C282Y (rs1800562) and H63D (rs1799945), of which the C282Y has been found as the major mutation behind significant iron overload. However, also the H63D mutation leads to dysfunctional HFE protein,10 which could result in mild iron overload. The carrier frequency of the H63D mutation is 8. 1% worldwide and 14% to 22% in European populations. 11,12 There are only a few previous studies that have addressed the association of HFE-mediated dysfunctional iron regulation with hypertension. Ellervik et al13 showed that men homozygous for the C282Y allele had increased prevalence of antihypertensive medication >55 years of age. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the HFE genetic variant H63D and its association with essential hypertension, which signifies the role genetic research plays in understanding medical conditions that can lead to advancements in medicine. The text highlights the effects of the HFE gene on iron metabolism and its implications for public health, suggesting that research in genetics is essential for developing medical interventions and understanding disease mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: of Ocean and : Ocean and : Analysing data from ocean floor mud samples to understand how the is changing : (NERC), Horizon 2020 Funding was provided by (NE/S009736/1). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No’s 678760 (ATLAS) and 818123 (iAtlantic). This output reflects only the authors’ views and the cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. science is a wide-ranging subject that studies the impact of climate change on all parts of the Earth. This may be focused on the oceans (as David’s work is) but can also be focused on the atmosphere, how ice sheets are changing and how human impact is affecting ecosystems. The oceans are a key part of the climate system. David describes how the world’s ocean has taken up about 50% of the historical emissions of carbon dioxide released by humans. It is very important, therefore, to understand how oceans are behaving and changing in response to climate change. A key aspect of climate science is making sure that the true impact of human-caused warming is understood. David says, “We want to better understand the precise mechanisms causing these recent changes, and how much was due to human induced warming, versus other natural processes. ” This is important to make sure the impact that humans are having on the planet is clear and undeniable. ? As principal investigator (PI), David helps the team to interpret the new data, coming up with new ideas about how the oceans have behaved. He is responsible for overseeing the technicians who work in the labs and has meetings with his team to make sure everyone is comfortable with what they are doing and keeping on track. His responsibilities also include keeping an eye on budget and timelines, as well as meetings with scientists from other universities working in the same field. ? David enjoys being at the cutting edge of science, finding something unique and unexpected during his research. He says, “It’s really cool at that moment in time to be the first (or one of the first people) to know a particular fact, and then thinking about how it changes your view of the world and how it works. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that understanding climate change is not limited to scientists. It mentions how science encompasses a wide range of studies, including those of the oceans, atmosphere, and ecosystems affected by climate change. Furthermore, David's work reflects a collaborative effort involving various individuals and responsibilities, suggesting that broader engagement beyond just scientists is vital for comprehending the impact of human activities on the planet.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: This may account for the many experiments that have failed to find mediating effects between self-objectification and eating disorders or negative affect, when using private body consciousness as a measure of body awareness [25]. We propose that interoceptive awareness, as measured by heartbeat perception, has scope to be a more accurate and effective measure of body awareness within objectification research. 1. Blanke O, (2009) Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood. Sci 13 (1) 7–13. View 2. -(2000) Self-recognition and the right prefrontal cortex. Sci 4 (9) 338–344. View 3. Rochat P, (2010) The uncanny mirror: A re-framing of mirror self-experience. 20 (2) 204–213. View 4. Mor N, (2002) Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis. 128 (4) 638–662. View 5. Moradi B, Huang Y-P (2008) Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Q 32 (4) 377–398. View 6. (1976) Body image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and obesity. 38 (5) 327–36. View 7. (1983) Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. 2 (2) 15–34. View 8. (1978) Self-focusing effects of dispositional self- consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence. J Psychol 36 (3) 324–332. View 9. Silvia PJ, (2004) A self-novelty manipulation of self-focused attention for internet and laboratory experiments. Comp 36 (2) 325–30. View 10. Cameron OG (2001) Interoception: the inside story-a model for psychosomatic processes. 63 (5) 697–710. View 11. (1996) Interoception. 42 (1–2) 1–27. View 12. Duval S, Wicklund RA (1972) A theory of objective self-awareness. Oxford: Academic Press. 13. (2001) Objective self-awareness theory: Recent progress and enduring problems. 5: 230–241. View 14. (1998) On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge: Press. 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to self-objectification, eating disorders, and body awareness without addressing priming or its influence on behavior and perception. There is no mention of priming effects or conscious awareness in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: Electrostatic spraying mechanism (a) variate rate multichannel electrostatic sprayer (b). 2. 4 Aerial sprayingAlthough the aerial spraying has been used since middle of 20th century however, the innovation on unmanned aerial vehicle is assumed as most of are one important development in the field of agricultural spraying and plant protection engineering because of its tremendous merits over the conventional ground sprayers. The crop monitoring and the assessment of pesticide and fertilizer requirement at accurate time and location of crop area is an important parameter to effective utilization of the inputs for the purpose of yield enhancement [35]. Aerial spraying using UAV has gained great interest worldwide [36]. Thus, currently Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are known as most advanced spraying technology that is helpful for effective and precision spraying. Unmanned aerial sprayers are potentially supportive in decreasing negative effect pesticides to the environment and human during the application process of agrochemical at farm level [37]. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is facilitating the to ease plant production practices and also provide the conform to spray on the tall stalk crop such as maize, cotton and water ponding crop such as rice. In fact, UAV aerial spraying capability is not only limited to crop protection but it has also utilize for the fertilization practices [38]. The idea of aerial spraying by means of UAV is firstly developed founded on the technology of unmanned helicopters that had been developed by (Japan) for rice cultivation [39]. Mostly, chemicals application such as pesticide and fertilizer is applied by using ground sprayers, chemigation, aircraft aerial spraying, and broadcasting method without the real time assessment of the specific conditions, [40]. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer develops the downwash airflow by the UAV rotor which interacts with the crop canopy and creates a conical vortex shape in the crop plant [41]. The droplet deposition efficiency is one of the major concerns in UAV spraying operation. During the spraying with UAV sprayer, the droplets pervade to the crop canopy However, some droplets drift often occurs, which wastes pesticides, decreases the control effect, and even causes environmental pollution and poisoning [42]. Spray system arrangements equipped on UAV have not yet been optimized to accompaniment spray pattern based on the proper nozzle selection, [43]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing advancements in agricultural technology, specifically the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for aerial spraying, which is essential for enhancing crop protection and fertilizer application. It mentions that UAVs can help in effective precision spraying and contribute to improved agricultural practices, which aligns with the idea of genetic research influencing advancements in agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: ” Being part of a team is also a rewarding and exciting aspect of his work – being able to work together to contribute towards understanding the climate crisis is hugely important and motivating. • The continuing threat of climate change means that climate scientists are needed now more than ever. You could work for a university or a climate change charity and find yourself taking part in field work all over the world where climate impacts are being felt, from the to Antarctic glaciers to tropical rainforests. • To keep up to date with climate science news, the has updates about climate and ocean science. • Society also provides information. • Look for volunteering opportunities with climate change charities in your local area. • At university, you might find experience through a summer internship, such as with the or London. Download the 10. 33424/332 Link to the activity sheet Link to the the Animation script Download the PPT 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 partial view of the (AMOC), showing the (Photo credit: Natalie Renier/Oceanographic Institution) David and his PhD students, Jack and Alice, extracting a sediment core just retrieved from the seafloor (photo credit Alice Carter-Champion, London) David examining the types of shells found in the sediment cores, with technician (photo credit: Miles Irving, London) PhD student using a to analyse sediment grain size (photo credit: Miles Irving, London) Anyone for a slice of mud? ! A new sediment core being chopped into sections (photo credit: Alice Carter-Champion, London) PhD students Jack and Alice, with David, on the deck, in the Gulf Stream. The large crane in the background is used to winch up the cores (photo credit: Alice Carter-Champion, London) This device is a multi-corer – it collects 8 tubes of mud from the seafloor. You can see the actual seafloor surface preserved in each of the tubes! (photo credit: Ian Hall, Cardiff University) Hall deploying a large gravity core used to get a longer core. South of Iceland – the weather is not usually this nice! (photo credit: Ian Hall, Cardiff University) • Study maths and at least one science subject at A-level. These are likely the entry requirements for a climate science or related degree at university. • David says, “Computer and coding skills are becoming more and more important and offer another way into the field. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of collaboration and contributions to understanding climate change, which suggests that environmental education is valuable for more than just scientists. It mentions opportunities for volunteering and fieldwork in climate science, indicating that knowledge and engagement in this area are essential for the broader community, not solely for scientists.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: (1975) Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. J Psychol 43 (4) 522–527. View 16. (1997) Objectification theory. Q 21: 173–206. View 17. (1992) Affect intensity and cardiac arousal. J Psychol 63 (1) 164–74. View 18. (1993) Signal-detection outcomes on heartbeat and respiratory resistance detection tasks in male and female subjects. Psychophysiology 30 (3) 223–30. View 19. (1998) That swimsuit becomes you: sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. J Psychol 75 (1) 269–84. View 20. (1996) The objectified body consciousness scale: Development and validation. Q 20 (2) 181–215. View 21. (1981) Consciousness of body: Private and public. J Psychol 41 (2) 397–406. View 22. (2006) The role of self-objectification in women's depression: A test of objectification theory. 56 (1–2) 45–53. View 23. Tiggemann M, Kuring JK (2004) The role of body objectification in disordered eating and depressed mood. 43 (3) 299–311. View 24. Tiggemann M, (2001) A test of objectification theory in former dancers and non-dancers. Q 25 (1) 57–64. View 25. (2008) Is self-objectification related to interoceptive awareness? An examination of potential mediating pathways to disordered eating attitudes. Q 32: 172–180. View 26. (2009) Body awareness: construct and self-report measures. PloS One 4 (5) e5614. View 27. (2011) Increased plasticity of the bodily self in eating disorders. 42: 819–828. View 28. Botvinick M, (1998) Rubber hands “feel” touch that eyes see. Nature 391: 756. View 29. Mussap AJ, (2006) A “rubber-hand” illusion reveals a relationship between perceptual body image and unhealthy body change. J 11 (4) 627–39. View 30. (2002) Neuroscience: Interoception. Oxford: Press. 31. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of citations and studies related to various psychological concepts but does not directly address or support the claim that priming influences behavior and perception without conscious awareness. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wave energy converters capture energy from surface ocean waves. [SEP] Text: AbstractA moored multi-body line absorber is an attractive option for offshore wave energy conversion. Laboratory studies have been undertaken to determine capture width with multi-mode excitation and heave resonance for the three-float system M4 where the adjacent float spacing is about half a typical wavelength giving anti-phase forcing. The floats increase in diameter and draft from bow to stern and the bow and mid float are rigidly connected by a beam. A hinge with a damper above the mid float absorbs power from the relative rotation between the bow/mid float and the stern float. The resonant heave frequency for each float is different. Anti-phase surge forcing between mid and stern floats is substantial, while there is no hydrostatic stiffness producing resonance. This represents a hydrodynamically complex system and the laboratory experiments indicate high overall capture widths in irregular waves across a range of peak periods without damping optimisation. With different spectral peakedness and directional spread, the capture width is greater than 20 % of a wavelength (based on the energy period) across a range of peak periods typical of an offshore site for floats with a rounded base. The maximum capture width was about 37 % of a wavelength with rounded base floats; having rounded rather than flat bases increased energy capture by up to 60 % by reducing energy losses due to drag. For floats with flat bases comparisons with a geometrically scaled device five times larger and with similar magnitudes of equivalent damping showed similar capture widths as a proportion of wavelength. Similar content being viewed by others Optimisation of a Multi-in 1. Automatic alignment with wave direction 2. Forcing in several modes with power contributions combined 3. Multiple resonance with significant power capture over a range of wave frequencies 4. Low damping due to drag and sloshing (due to a body submerging and emerging in water) 5. Single hinge for power take-off (PTO) accessible above deck 6. High capture widths. An overview of the design process for the system and the range of experimental tests conducted are described in the following section. The experimental results at small scale (geometric scale of approximately 1:40) with devices comprising both flat and rounded base floats are then presented. Experimental results at a five times larger scale with flat bases follow allowing comparison. The results and design are then discussed before conclusions are drawn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses a moored multi-body line absorber as a wave energy conversion system that captures energy from surface ocean waves. It details experimental studies that indicate high overall capture widths in irregular waves, demonstrating how the design captures wave energy effectively. The mention of multi-mode excitation and the design elements aimed at maximizing energy capture further supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: ” You can get computing experience at school or through online courses. • Many universities offer degrees in Earth or ocean sciences. You can also start with a degree in physics, chemistry, biology or maths, and then specialise in climate or ocean sciences for a postgraduate degree. ? I enjoyed reading science books as a kid and watching documentaries. I loved reading about famous physicists and their discoveries, but I also wanted to work with wildlife and thought about being a zookeeper or observing wildlife in the field for conservation. I guess I always just loved watching the world and trying to find out how things worked. ? I have quite a good memory for things I read, which helps me to remember key ideas and evidence. I was always willing to work hard on simple mundane tasks (lots of swimming sessions get you used to monotony! ), which helped me to produce datasets during my earlier research years. I’m driven to find answers – I love when you have new data and you are on the hunt to try and make sense of it, and then when it finally clicks, it is really rewarding and exciting. I think I am openminded as well, which helps you to reject established ideas if they don’t make sense, or to try and think up new ones. ? The commute home on the train, reading a non-science book and having a 5-year-old son to feed and get ready for bed all help! I feel guilty saying it, but my main motivation has always been finding out about the world and solving puzzles; it is just nice that the work I do is also in an area that is important and, hopefully, useful to society. Scientists play a vital role in helping us to know how the world might change, so we can plan and prepare, but lots of different people need to work together – we have the evidence, but the solutions also involve politics and social science. ? I collected some data during my PhD and for months and months (I think maybe a year) I couldn’t work out how to interpret it and then, after doing loads of reading, it all finally clicked. That idea went on to be my first paper and I was lucky enough to get it published in Nature. ? I hope I can really help my PhD students and others in the team achieve their goals and make some of our students see how cool studying the ocean is. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while scientists play a vital role in understanding climate change, it also mentions that 'many different people need to work together' to address environmental issues. This suggests that individuals beyond the scientific community, including professionals from fields such as politics and social science, also require education to effectively tackle climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Damasio AR (2010) Self comes to mind: Constructing the conscious brain. London: Heinemann. 32. Craig AD (2010) The sentient self. Funct 214: 563–577. View 33. (1981) Heartbeat perception and emotional experience. Psychophysiology 18 (4) 483–488. View 34. (1980) Perception of gastric contractions and self-control of gastric motility. Psychophysiology 17 (6) 552–558. View 35. Tsakiris M, Tajadura-Jiménez A, (2011) Just a heartbeat away from one's body: Interoceptive sensitivity predicts malleability of body-representations. 278: 2470–6. View 36. Ainley V, Tajadura-Jiménez A, Fotopoulou K, (2012) Looking into myself: Changes in interoceptive sensitivity during mirror self-observation. Psychophysiology 49: 1504–1508. View 37. Pollatos O, Kurz A- (2008) Reduced perception of bodily signals in anorexia nervosa. 9 (4) 381–8. View 38. Mussgay L, Klinkenberg N, Rüddel H (1999) Heart beat perception in patients with depressive, somatoform, and personality disorders. J Psychophys 13: 27–36. View 39. (2011) Blunted autonomic reactivity and increased pain tolerance in somatoform patients. Pain 152 (9) 2157–2164. View 40. Ring C, (1992) The temporal locations of heartbeat sensations. Psychophysiology 29 (5) 535–545. View 41. Pollatos O, Traut-(2007) Interoceptive awareness mediates the relationship between anxiety and the intensity of unpleasant feelings. J 21 (7) 931–43. View 42. Knapp-Kline K, Kline JP (2005) Heart rate, heart rate variability, and heartbeat detection with the method of constant stimuli: slow and steady wins the race. 69 (3) 387–396. View 43. Knoll JK, (1992) A comparison between two methods for assessing heartbeat perception. Psychophysiology 29 (2) 218–222. View 44. (2012) Interoception across modalities: On the relationship between cardiac awareness and the sensitivity for gastric functions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided consists of references to various studies and articles without discussing the concept of priming or its effect on behavior and perception. It does not address the claim directly, making it irrelevant to the assertion made.