Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: a) Systolic blood pressure (UKBB field ID# 4080) and b) hand-grip strength (UKBB field ID# 47) of a random set of 10,000 female UKBB participants is plotted against their age; c) Number of age-sensitive phenotypes plotted against the declining number of people in whom these phenotypes were measured; d, e) sex hormone binding globulin concentrations (UKBB field# 30830) of a random set of 10,000 males (d) and females (e); f) Average number of lifetime sexual partners is plotted against the age of UKBB participants (UKBB field ID# 2149). Grey area denotes 99% confidence interval. Color of dots on the plot represents relative density of dots in the area. Before proceeding to modelling, we needed to address three issuesCertain phenotypes, such as MRI brain scans, were only available for a subset of UKBB participants (in this case <50,000). Therefore, we could not use MRI data to estimate the age of the remaining participants. Thus, the inclusion of such incomplete phenotypes in the UKBB database required an optimization strategy. The objective was to identify individuals who appeared young for their age, and the more individuals in the study, the greater the likelihood of discovering them. Likewise, including more diverse phenotypes improves the robustness and global assessment of overall aging. However, as we increased the number of age-dependent phenotypes, the number of individuals evaluated decreased. From the curve’s shape (Fig. 1c), we estimated an optimal inclusion threshold to be ∼120 +/- 15 phenotypes. Significant phenotypic differences exist between the sexes. For example, the parameters “age at which first facial hair appeared”, “age at menopause” and “degree of pattern balding” are gender specific. Additionally, shared phenotypes may have different dynamics in males versus females. For example, increasing plasma concentration of sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is one of the best predictors of age in males (Fig. 1d); however, in females, its plasma concentration stays nearly constant or even tends to decrease (Fig. 1e). Thus, we analyzed male and female aging separately. The dataset we used is largely cross-sectional, meaning that each data point represents a different person at a different age. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various phenotypes and their assessment in a population study, specifically noting that 'significant phenotypic differences exist between the sexes' and mentioning the complexities involved in aging that suggest a multifactorial basis. It emphasizes that including more diverse phenotypes improves the global assessment of aging, indicating that both environment and cultural factors likely contribute to human characteristics, rather than solely genetic factors. This suggests that human behavior is influenced by multiple factors beyond just genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: For example, the authors point to the high frequency of hydrophobic residues at position 1 as evidence that signal peptidase cleavage efficiency is not a major factor in sequence enrichment. However, the input frequency expected here is skewed toward hydrophobic residues by library design, with F, I, L, and V collectively expected to occur about four times as often as either D or E. There may be additional bias if mixed bases are not incorporated with equal efficiency, or if library amplification PCR skewed sequence distributions. As a result, comparison of input and output frequencies is necessary to draw conclusions about the relative enrichment for particular features. It would have been straightforward to have sequenced the input libraries as well, and this would allow a direct assessment of what the receptor binding and FACS is really selecting. Are these data available? This would substantially improve the analysis presented. If not, could some calibration experiments be done? The reviewers are correct to note that the library allows a non-uniform distribution and that it is possible for skew to arise in its construction. The naïve library was deep sequenced after construction and prior to selection. The resulting amino acid distribution by position was used as the baseline against which to measure enrichment or depletion during selections. This data is presented in Figure 2—figure supplement 3. The legend for this figure has been updated and expanded to clarify this point. All conclusions in the text, such as those raised by the reviewers above, are supported by this analysis. 2) The reviewers feel that single-point signaling assays, like those presented in Figure 3, offer limited information, and a lack of activity may reflect either antagonism or insufficient potency. To properly characterize these new binders the authors should at least perform dose-response signaling analysis, ideally alongside a binding assay to measure the affinities of these clones. To show biased signaling, there should be dose-response curves of two assays – for G protein-coupling pathway (US28-induced IP3 turnover or Ca2+ response) and β-arrestin pathway (β-arrestin-recruitment or US28-induced migration assay). If these assays cannot be done, then the claims about biased signaling should be removed. The reviewers raise an important point that we clarify in the revision. Ca2+ response and US28-induced migration dose-response analyses been included in Figure 1—figure supplements 1 and 2 and Figure 3—figure supplements 1 and 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to signal peptidase cleavage efficiency, amino acid distributions, and experimental methodologies for biological assays. There is no mention of herbs or their consumption, making the text unrelated to the claim about the safety of consuming herbs in unlimited quantities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Однако эта вставка присутствует во всех культурных разновидностях батата, отсутствует у их диких родственников. Следовательно, формы со вставкой образуют монофилетическую группу. За ее пределами IbT-ДНК1 не выявлено. IbT-ДНК2 охарактеризована слабее, но именно она распространена только в некоторых разновидностях диких и культурных бататов (Kyndt et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a specific genetic characteristic found in sweet potato varieties and does not address the safety or ecological impact of GMOs. Therefore, it neither corroborates nor contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Consequently, phenotypes that are used to predict age could be indicative of cultural and societal changes over time, rather than biological changes associated with aging. For instance, a good predictor of age (with a p-value < 10-52) is the lifetime number of sexual partners (Fig. 1f). While sexual activity and fertility have been linked to human aging and longevity (Min et al. , 2012), the correlation here is most likely driven by evolving social norms in Britain. Other examples of such traits include “how many siblings do you have” or “how long have you lived in your current house. ” Moreover, some biological measurements were derived using age as a parameter. For instance, BMR (Rate) is an outstanding age predictor (p-value < 10-255). However, BMR was not measured directly; instead, it was computed using a formula that incorporates height, weight, gender, and age itself. Therefore, we examined each age-dependent parameter independently, aiming to satisfy three broad criteria: a) the trait should not reflect societal norms and structures; b) the trait should not be a function of elapsed time (e. g. , how long have you been drinking green tea? ); and c) the trait’s value should not depend on a person’s actual age. We endeavored to use purely biological and physiological parameters. Although it is possible that the selected phenotypes were still influenced to some degree by the birth cohort, these considerations should have reduced this effect. The complete list of age-related traits we selected, along with the reasons behind our choices, can be found in supplementary tables S2 c and d. Age-dependent physiological traits fall into clustersThe phenotypes we selected for our age-prediction model were often correlated to one another; for example, left-hand and right-hand grip strength. To assess the degree and pattern of correlations among the age-dependent traits (see Supp. Table S1), we first normalized each phenotype by its mean and standard deviation. For phenotypes represented as multiple-choice questions (e. g. , do you take naps - often, sometimes, rarely, never? ), we encoded each answer option as a binary vector (one or zero), and these vectors were also normalized. Correlations were computed for each pair of phenotypes and visualized as dendrograms (fig. 2a, b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that phenotypes indicating age can reflect cultural and societal changes, rather than purely biological factors. It mentions that traits such as the number of sexual partners are influenced by evolving social norms, which undermines the idea that human behavior is primarily determined by genetics. Furthermore, the text outlines methodological considerations aimed at isolating biological parameters from societal influences, indicating that both genetics and environmental factors play roles in shaping phenotypes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: There were several confounding factors that hampered our ability to achieve saturation of the dose-response curves. First, negative effects on cell viability preclude data inclusion at concentrations of 1 μM chemokine and greater. Second, the rapid constitutive internalization rates of US28 make it very hard to fully complete the dose-response curves at the highest concentrations. While many of these curves do not reach saturation and allow for precise quantification of bias factors, the data are strongly suggestive of bias in US28’s signaling and we are careful not to make quantitative claims about bias, and only limit our conclusions about bias to qualitative differences. We have indicated the need for caution with regard to these data in the main text (subsection “Chemokine-induced US28 signaling”, second paragraph) but believe the data justify qualitative discussion. We have also inserted the sentence “Because the high basal signaling of US28 results in a narrow dynamic range in which to measure differences between agonists, we can only make qualitative conclusions about signaling bias. ” 3) It would be helpful to show the affinities to US28 of different ligands, such as ligands typical of those selected. Indeed, the potency of these variants is not shown in the present manuscript. Affinities of selected CX3CL1 library variants are now shown in Figure 3—figure supplement 3 and the main text has been modified to address this (subsection “The sequence space of chemokine agonism”, last paragraph). Clones selected from the CX3CL1 library bind equivalently to wild type CX3CL1 when yeast displayed and stained with nanobody-stabilized receptor. Radioligand competition experiments of the CX3CL1 library variants reveal weaker competition with wild type CX3CL1 (i. e. a lower affinity in heterologous competition binding experiments) than the wild type chemokine competes with itself (i. e. in homologous competition binding experiments). This apparent low affinity in the heterologous competition binding setting is precedented by wild type CCL3 and CCL5 (Figure 1A) that are unable to displace radiolabeled CX3CL1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses complex scientific details regarding dose-response curves and signaling in relation to US28, with no mention of herbs or their safety for consumption. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the safety of consuming all herbs in unlimited quantities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 2012; 57:1–20. 3. van den Bosch R: Conservation and augmentation of natural enemies. In: (Eds. ), Theory and Practice of Biological Control. 1976; 254. 4. Barbosa P: Conservation biological control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2003. 5. : Conserving parasitoid assemblages of pest Lepidoptera: Does biologixal control by native parasitoids depend on landscape complexity. 2006; 37:173–185. 6. : Recent advances in conservation biological control of arthropods by arthropods. 2008; 45:172–175. 7. Pilkington LJ, Messelink G, van : “Protected biological control” biological pest management in the greenhouse industry. 2010; 52:216–220. 8. Debach P, Rosen D: Biological control by natural enemies (2nd edn). 1991; 1. 9. Wäckers FL, van (Eds. ): Plant-provided food for carnivorous insects: A protective mutualism and its applications. 2005. 10. : Maximizing ecosystem services from conservation biological control: The role of habitat management. 2008; 45:254–271. 11. Sotherton NW: The distribution and abundance of predatory arthropods overwintering on farmland. Biol 1984; 105:423–429. 12. Leather SR: Overwintering in six arable aphid pests: A review with particular relevance to pest management. J 1993; 116:217–233. 13. äckers FL: Effects of flower attractiveness and nectar availability in field margins on biological control by parasitoids. 2008; 46:400–408. 14. : Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Entomol 2000; 45:175–201. 15. : Biocontrol of persea mite, Oligonychus perseae, with an exotic spider mite predator and an indigenous pollen feeder. 2011; 59:147–157. 16. Wäckers FL, van Rijn PCJ: Pick and mix: Selecting flowering plants to meet the requirements of target biological control insects. In: (Eds. ), Biodiversity and Insect Pests: for Sustainable Management. Wiley, Chichester, UK, 2012; 165. 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of pathogens for pest control or their impact on beneficial insects. It consists mainly of references and citations related to biological control and pest management but does not provide specific information or arguments that corroborate, contrast, or discuss the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: As expected, highly correlated phenotypes grouped together, such as “BMI”- “Weight”- “Waist Circumference” or “Cholesterol”- “LDL”. Surprisingly, this analysis uncovered strong correlations that were not obvious, such as “I drive faster than the speed limit most of the time (id# 1100)” with “I like my drinks very hot (id# 1518)” (fig. 2a, b; marked with yellow shadows). Notably, most of the clusters appeared to be enriched for phenotypes associated with a specific organ or physiological system. For example, the cluster that contains “Creatinine”, “Urea”, “Cystatin-C” and “Phosphate” likely reflects kidney function; whereas the cluster that contains “Systolic blood pressure” and “Diastolic blood pressure” likely reflects cardiovascular function (fig. 2a, b). That said, upon close examination, it is not intuitively obvious why some physiological traits do or do not cluster with one another. Thus, this dendrogram might be a valuable data source for future hypothesis generation and exploration. Figure 2. Age-dependent phenotypic clustering. Dendrogram plots of age-dependent female (a) and male (b) phenotypes selected for age prediction. Numbers in the name of “rays” represent numbers for multichoice questions (see supplementary table 1 or the UKBB website), followed by the answer. Major clusters were colored and subjectively assigned a name that reflects a possible biological function of the cluster; The number of principle components included in the PLS (Projection to Latent Structures) model to predict age vs root mean square error of the predictions is plotted for females (c) and (d) males; e) the top phenotypes with the highest weights in the age-predicting PLS model are listed for (e) females and (f) males. Phenotypes shaded in green are shared between sexes, red are specific to females, and blue are specific to males. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while there are correlations among various phenotypes, it suggests that the relationships are not straightforward and are influenced by multiple factors. The discussion of clusters related to organ systems and physiological functions implies that environmental and cultural influences could also be at play in determining behaviors, contradicting the notion that behavior is 'almost entirely' dictated by genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Importantly this impaired competition does not reflect low affinity for the unliganded receptor (as described earlier for US28 in Kledal, Rosenkilde, and Schwartz, 1998 and for the NK1 receptor (Rosenkilde et al. , 1994, JBC). 4) In general, binding to the receptor N-terminus (mostly by the globular domain of the cytokine) plays a role in the affinity of the receptor-chemokine interaction. The conversion of antagonist vMIP-II to agonist by exchanging the globular domain with CX3CL1 suggests signaling roles of the globular domain interactions. Additional language has been added to the main text to address this possibility (subsection “Chemokine-induced US28 signaling”, last paragraph). It is possible that the globular domains contribute to signaling only insofar as they align how the chemokine amino terminus is positioned within the receptor binding site. A difference in chemokine N-terminus positioning is likely given the CC to CX3C conversion in NVF. To what extent is binding determined by the chemokine's amino-terminal peptide vs. the folded C-terminal domain? The balance of contributions from sites 1 and 2 to chemokine affinity for the nanobody-stabilized receptor are chemokine-specific. When the receptor N-terminus is removed, CX3CL1 affinity for the receptor is largely unchanged. CCL3 on the other hand loses all binding to US28Nb7. We believe that nanobody7 is enhancing US28’s affinity for the amino termini of certain chemokines. We have included a new figure supplement (Figure 2—figure supplement 2) and language in the main text addressing this point (subsection “The sequence space of chemokine agonism”, second paragraph). The authors state that a poly-Gly N-terminus is not sufficient (Results and Discussion, fifth paragraph), which helps argue that the peptide is a key determinant, but they don't show data. Given the fact that the whole paper is about the role of the amino terminal peptide in binding and signaling, it is important to actually show data for this, and the statement "data not shown" in the submitted version of the manuscript implies that they've already done the experiment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the safety of consuming herbs in unlimited quantities. It is primarily focused on the biochemical interactions of chemokines and receptors, without mentioning herbs or their consumption. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: ; (2) the chrysopids, Chrysopa formosa Brauer and Chrysoperla sinica (Tjeder); (3) the thripid, Acolothrips fasciatus (L. ); (4) the anthocorid, Orius similis Zhang; and (5) the spider, Misumenopos tricuspidata (Fabricius) (Acari: Thumicidae). They found that species composition and seasonal abundance of such predators did not differ significantly between those in Bt and non-Bt cotton every year. Lu et al. (2012) reported a remarkable decline in aphid populations in Bt cotton fields in 36 locations in 6 districts north of China. They related this decline to the increase of populations of the coccinellids, chrysopids, and spiders. In addition, these increased populations of the predators on Bt cotton were found to have a considerable role for insect biological control on cotton, corn, and peanut crops adjacent to Bt cotton. Also, Dahi (2013) reported that Bt cotton producing Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab did not affect the populations or abundance of common predators-species prevailing in cotton fields in Egypt. These results agree with those reported by Dhillon and Sharma (2013). Arshad et al. (2015) estimated the populations of insect predators from the 1st week of July to the 2nd week of November in Bt cotton and conventional cotton fields. They found that the population densities and abundance of the predators, C. carnea, Coccinella septempunctata, Geocoris spp. , and Minochilus sexmaculatus (Fab. ) (Coccinellidae), did not differ significantly in both fields. cornAl-Deeb and Wilde (2003) found that the populations of prevailing predators in a Bt corn field did not differ significantly from those on a conventional corn field. These predators were Hyppodamia convergens Guer, Orius insidiosus (Say), and Scymnuss spp. Similarly, Wolfenbarger et al. (2008) detected no significant negative effects for the predators, Orius spp. , Coleomegilla spp. , Hypodamia spp. , or Chrysoperla spp. , in Bt maize. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that using Bt cotton does not significantly affect the populations of beneficial insect predators. Studies mentioned in the text, such as those by Lu et al. (2012) and Dahi (2013), indicate that the abundance of beneficial predators like coccinellids and chrysopids did not differ significantly between Bt and non-Bt cotton fields. This suggests that the assertion regarding the lack of impact on beneficial insects holds true in the context of using Bt cotton for pest control.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: All phenotypes were used for both sexes, and this shading reflects only the position in list of top-13 traits; g) list of phenotypes used to predict age of females and (h) males projected on 2D space using correlation as the distance measure. The degree of correlation is also depicted by grey lines, the darker the shade, the stronger the correlation. Note that the distortion in positioning is an inevitable consequence of projecting high-dimensional data into 2D space. As before, groups of related phenotypes were subjectively assigned a name that likely depicts their physiology, and phenotypes with the highest weight in the PLS model were depicted by red dots. A mathematical model to predict ageTo develop a model that predicts age, we experimented with several algorithms, including simple linear regression, Machine (GBM) and Squares regression (PLS). The outcomes of these approaches were almost identical, likely due to the small number of predictors (121 phenotypes) and comparatively large number of participants (over 400,000). We selected PLS regression because it enabled us to determine the number and composition of components required to predict age optimally from the data. PLS modeling is not tolerant of missing values, and in the UKBB dataset we used, over 60,000 participants (∼15%) lacked at least one phenotypic measurement. To prevent excessive imputation, we excluded any individual missing more than 15 datapoints from the study, thereby decreasing number of selected female participants from 222,111 to 215,949 (∼2. 7% loss), and males from 188,609 to 183,715 (∼2. 6% loss). We imputed and scaled the values of the remaining participants with missing data (Methods). Next, we determined how many PLS components (each derived from UKBB phenotypes) were required to predict chronological age. To do so, we constructed a series of age-prediction models using an increasing number of these components. The first model was built using only component #1, the second using components #1 and #2, and so on. At each step, we calculated the root-mean-square error of the age prediction and determined its decline using the R function “selectNcomp” (see Fig. 2c, d). Our analysis revealed that only 11 independent components were required to describe female aging dynamics, and 9 independent components were required for males. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the application of statistical models to predict age based on various phenotypes, suggesting that behavior and traits are influenced by multiple factors, including the substantial number of participants and the complexity involved in imputation and modeling. This indicates that human behavior cannot be attributed solely to genetic factors, as it involves components derived from a wide range of phenotypic data rather than solely genetic influences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: This data is now included as Figure 2—figure supplement 4. The combination of the loss of CX3CL1 affinity when the chemokine amino terminus is changed with the lack of effect when the receptor N-terminus is completely removed convince us that CX3CL1 affinity for US28Nb7 is largely derived from site 2 interactions. Less critical points: 1) The authors provide an excellent description of the differences between variant 1. 35 and the wt structure. The difference between 1. 35 and wt interactions with the receptor are profound (Figure 4—figure supplement 2), especially in the globular section of the chemokine. Are there crystal contacts of the 1. 35 variant or of the previously published wt CX3CL1 complex that could influence the globular portion with respect to the receptor? The reviewers are correct to note that lattice contacts may influence the conformation of the chemokine. We have added data (Figure 4—figure supplement 4) and discussion (subsection “Structural basis for US28’s chemokine promiscuity”) of this possibility. This includes arguments that the CX3CL1. 35 complex most likely has a unique orientation that is captured, rather than induced, by the crystal lattice. 2) The authors conclude that "steric bulk of the ligand is more important than specific bonding chemistries" in the TM cavity. They also should discuss the steric bulk in the context of GPCR dynamics, which is known to also be important in activation and signaling. Although the crystallography is impressive, the authors should be careful of over-interpreting their results as the fusion with Nb will prevent conformational changes to occur and signaling proteins to bind. Unfortunately, although the authors offer a "caveat" about their structures, the over-interpretation occurs. It is difficult to see where the reviewers think we are over-interpreting. At the same time, none of our methods are sensitive to issues of dynamics. 3) There is an invariant Pro at position 3 for all of the sequences in Figure 3C and D. It is difficult to see anything about the structural features of a proline vis-à-vis the interaction with the pocket in the figures. This proline’s conservation is merely a function of its having been used as a hallmark by which to delineate this family of related sequences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the structural features of chemokines and their interactions, without any reference to herbs or the safety of their consumption. There is no information provided regarding herbal consumption, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Perform double diffusion test to confirm the presence of Pf-and Foc-specific antibodies. v. Conjugate the antibodies (0. 353 mg/ml) with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and determine the concentrations spectrophotometrically at 280 nm. B. Detection of Pf and Foc by FITC-conjugated antibodies i. Inoculate 2-month old hardened tissue cultured banana plants with Pf (50 g) alone in charcoal base (1. 024 × 108 CFU/ml) or Foc (50 g) grown on sorghum seeds (9. 2 × 104 CFU/ml) or coinoculate with 50 g each of Pf and Foc and maintain controls without inoculation with either Pf or Foc. ii. Collect root samples from different treatments; and wash them thoroughly with distilled water. iii. Take thin sections with sharp razor blade; place them on clean glass slides; place drops of conjugated antibodies and air-dry for 20 min to fix them firmly. iv. Dip the slides into phosphate buffered saline (pH7. 2) + bovine serum albumin (BSA, 1 % w/v) to block non-specific protein binding sites; remove the slides and drain the excess solution. v. Treat with 10–20 μl of FITC-conjugated Pf-and Foc-antibodies separately in a humification chamber under dark condition for 1 h and wash off the excess antibody with PBS + 0. 1 % BSA solution. vi. Examine the slides under a fluorescence microscope at 20 sections for each treatment and record the observation and repeat the experiment three times. 4. 3: of Pyrrolnitrin-by Real-Time PCR Assay (Garbeva et al. 2004) A. Extraction of DNA from bacterial species i. Extract bacterial cells from soil samples (10 g) using suspension in 95 ml 0. 1 % tetra sodiumpyrophosphate (NaPP: Na2P2O7. 12H2O) containing 10 g gravel (2–4 mm diameter) by shaking for 25 min at 250 rpm; ii. Serially dilute by 10-folds in 0. 8 % NaCl and streak 100 μl of 10−2 and 10−3 dilutions on appropriate medium. iii. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the efficacy of biological control agents in varying contexts. Instead, it provides a detailed procedural description for laboratory techniques related to detecting specific antibodies and culturing plant tissues. As such, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim; it is largely irrelevant to it.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Consistent with this interpretation, we observed a significant correlation of residuals between two assessments for a small number of UKBB participants who were evaluated longitudinally (twice) with intervals of up to 12 years (R2∼0. 56, p<10-255). To estimate biological age from this cross-sectional data, we computed a value termed ΔAge for each participant. We define ΔAge as the individual’s chronological age subtracted from their predicted age and normalized such that the average ΔAge for the entire population at each age is zero. ΔAge is negative if an individual is predicted to be younger than they are and positive if an individual is predicted to be older. The ΔAge parameter carries no information about the person’s actual chronological age, as it is equally distributed across zero at any age (fig. 3a). Comparable approaches have been employed previously, such as using DNA methylation patterns (Marioni et al. , 2015), or facial images and computer vision (Chen et al. , 2015) to predict age and identify potentially “fast agers” and “slow agers”. Figure 3. ΔAge has biological meaning. a) delta-age (ΔAge, predicted biological age minus chronological age) is plotted against chronological age for a random subset of 10,000 UKBB participants. Note that there is no correlation between age and ΔAge; b) histogram of age distribution (blue), and death distribution (red, right y-axis) is presented for UKBB males; c) mortality of UKBB male participants vs their age is platted, note the classical exponential (Gompertzian) shape. Blue dots are actual data, the red line is an exponential fit, and the black dash line is 95% confidence interval; d) histogram of the ΔAge distribution (blue), and death distribution (red, right y-axis) is presented for UKBB males of 62 years of age only; e) mortality of 62-year-old males is plotted against their ΔAge. Blue dots are actual data, the red line is an exponential fit, and the black dashed line is 95% confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the methodology and findings related to biological age (ΔAge) and its distribution among participants. These observations suggest a complex interplay between biological metrics and mortality, which implies that factors other than genetics—potentially environmental or cultural influences—play a significant role in human behavior and its outcomes, directly opposing the claim that behavior is 'almost entirely determined' by genetic factors alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Science Unlimited? of Scientism edited by University of Chicago Press, 2017Cloth: 978-0-226-49800-3 | Paper: 978-0-226-49814-0 | Electronic: 978-0-226-49828-7DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 001. 0001 of (paper, ebook) too often in contemporary discourse, we hear about science overstepping its proper limits—about its brazenness, arrogance, and intellectual imperialism. The problem, critics say, is scientism: the privileging of science over all other ways of knowing. Science, they warn, cannot do or explain everything, no matter what some enthusiasts believe. Unlimited? , noted philosophers of science gather a diverse group of scientists, science communicators, and philosophers of science to explore the limits of science and this alleged threat of scientism. In this wide-ranging collection, contributors ask whether the term scientism in fact (or in belief) captures an interesting and important intellectual stance, and whether it is something that should alarm us. Is scientism a well-developed position about the superiority of science over all other modes of human inquiry? Or is it more a form of excessive confidence, an uncritical attitude of glowing admiration? What, if any, are its dangers? Are fears that science will marginalize the humanities and eradicate the human subject—that it will explain away emotion, free will, consciousness, and the mystery of existence—justified? Does science need to be reined in before it drives out all other disciplines and ways of knowing? Both rigorous and balanced, Science Unlimited? interrogates our use of a term that is now all but ubiquitous in a wide variety of contexts and debates. Bringing together scientists and philosophers, both friends and foes of scientism, it is a conversation long overdue. is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Philosophy and at Ghent University, Belgium. is the K. D. of Philosophy at the of New York. He is the author of many books, including Nonsense on Stilts: How to from Bunk and, most recently, How to Be a Stoic: Philosophy to Live a Modern Life. Together they are the coeditors of Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. “Science Unlimited? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the safety or consumption of herbs in unlimited quantities. Instead, it discusses concepts related to scientism and the limits of science without making any assertions about herbs or their consumption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: Academy of Enter your Email address: Subscribe to eTOC Home > of Risk. . . of 6, 2007 ExplainedThe official US advisory warning women to eat less seafood during pregnancy to prevent neurological deficits associated with mercury exposure in the womb could have just the opposite effect — depriving infants of long-chain omega 3 fatty acids and other nutrients in fish that promote healthy brain development, according to researchers in the US and Great Britain. In 2004, the US FDA cautioned expectant mothers to limit seafood to under 340 grams per week — 12 ounces or around three servings. But a longitudinal outcome study of nearly 9,000 children, published in the Feb. 17 Lancet, revealed that infants born to mothers who consumed more than that amount had more robust cognitive development throughout early childhood, and had higher IQ scores at age eight (2007;369:578–585). study involved women in Bristol, England, who were pregnant between April 1991 and December 1992. Dietary questionnaires were sent four times during the pregnancy, and then periodically afterward. Child development was monitored through questionnaires sent to the parents and with IQ testing when the boys and girls were 8-years-old. Among findings, toddlers of mothers who ate less than 340 grams per week had significantly slower social and behavioral development and less developed fine motor and communication skills than mothers who ate more seafood. By age 8, children of mothers who ate little seafood scored in the lowest 25 percent of verbal IQ. “The findings suggest that advice to limit seafood consumption could actually be detrimental,” said lead researcher Joseph L. Hibbeln, MD, chief of the Laboratory of and Biochemistry at the on and Alcoholism at the NIH. The data were adjusted for 28 different possible confounders and maternal seafood intake was divided into three categories: none, 340 grams per week, or more than that amount. Without adjustment, there was a six-point difference in IQ scores between children of mothers in the highest and lowest categories. When adjusted for the 28 variables, the difference was a statistically significant three to four IQ points, Dr. Hibbeln told in a telephone interview. Although they did not include maternal or paternal IQ scores, the researchers did consider education and job status as potential confounders, as well as ethnicity. “This was the world's largest and most comprehensive longitudinal study on pregnancy and childhood outcomes. At 12 ounces of seafood during pregnancy, the beneficial effects on cognitive development far outweigh the risks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the beneficial effects on cognitive development from seafood consumption during pregnancy 'far outweigh the risks.' This aligns with the assertion that benefits can surpass potential risks, supporting the underlying argument of the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Once again, note the classical exponential (Gompertzian) shape with ΔAge, even though all the subjects are the same age chronologically; f) distribution of ΔAge for all the people in UKBB (all ages and all genders, green shape). The distribution of ΔAge for people who died within 5 years after enrolling in the UKBB (red line) is shown for comparison; note a shift of the deceased distribution to the right, towards larger ΔAge (predicted older on average). The mortality penalty due to ΔAge is plotted as blue dots (left y-axis), the exponential fit of these data is presented as a blue line, and the 99% confidence interval as a grey shade; g) average ΔAge is plotted for UKBB males (g) and females (h) against their highest education (qualification) level achieved; i) the fraction of people who play computer games “sometimes” (yellow dots), never (red dots), and people who play computer games “often” (green dots); j) average Δage of people at different ages separated by their computer gaming habits (see 3i). As a group, people who play computer games “often” are biologically younger than people who play computer games “sometimes”, or “never”. One year of ΔAge carries approximately the same mortality risk as one year of chronological ageThe classical paradigm of aging described by Gompertz stipulates that mortality rates increase exponentially with time, doubling roughly every 8 years (Kirkwood, 2015). In the UKBB dataset that we analyzed, a small number of participants (8,883 males and 5,668 females, fig. 3b) passed away within 5 years of their initial test-center attendance. The distribution of these deaths among UKBB participants has a typical “Gompertzian” shape, with mortality rates exponentially doubling every 7. 7 years for both males and females (figure 3c). In Gompertz’ model, where mortality depends only on age, everyone of the same age has an equal likelihood of dying. However, by incorporating ΔAge, we were able to further forecast death among individuals of the same age. To illustrate this point, consider males who are 62 years old and group them based on their ΔAge (as shown in figure 3d). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating evidence that behavior and mortality can be influenced by factors beyond genetics, such as lifestyle choices reflected in computer gaming habits. The analysis of ΔAge in relation to mortality suggests that biological age can vary based on environmental interactions, indicating that human behavior is not solely determined by genetic factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: tries to establish a clarity to the debate over the scope and limits of scientific knowledge, and whether there are forms of knowledge other than the scientific. With breadth and topicality, the contributors’ arguments critical of and defending scientism ring true. This book will appeal to a wide range of scholars, including those working in the fields of (obviously) philosophy, but also the sciences themselves, religion-based specialties, and the humanities in general. ” — John S. Wilkins, author of "Species: A History of the Idea" "What is scientism? Can there be too much science? What are the limits in the pursues of science? Is there room for other valid ways of knowing? Can science address questions of religion, morality, philosophy, alternative medicine, and economics? What is the relation between science and the humanities or the social sciences? How does scientism affect politics,from education to health care? Science unlimited is a collection of 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0001[scientism;Science Unlimited;pseudoscience]This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0002[humanities;rational inquiry;scientism;unity of knowledge]Many questions must be investigated by methods that are not “scientific,” in the popular and historical senses of that word. In particular, much legitimate and rational inquiry within the humanities cannot meaningfully be classified as scientific. At the same time, there is no clear boundary between the sciences and the humanities. In principle, all academic disciplines contribute to a unity of knowledge. Nor does any cluster of academic disciplines hold a monopoly on particular methods of inquiry. Neither the sciences nor the humanities have access to reliable supernatural methods, but insistence on this point should not be denigrated as “scientism. ” It would be better, in fact, to avoid talk of scientism and to employ more precise terminology and concepts where needed. For example, we can speak of philistinism about the humanities and of inappropriate mimicry by humanities scholars of the superficial trappings of science. (pages 11 - 30)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0003[limits of science;supernatural;methodological naturalism;web of knowledge;is/ought divide;moral realism]This 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the safety of consuming unlimited quantities of herbs. It primarily discusses the nature of scientific knowledge and the relationship between science and the humanities, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Neural networks can simulate certain aspects of human cognition. [SEP] Text: the of Jobs at optics. org. org and + +. Calls for Top 5 + + + for an & a at : - Researchers' "creatures" use neural networks that simulate animals' nervous systems From OE 187 - July 1999 01 July 1999 Satellites learn to be dynamicResearchers at in are in the final stages of completing a very simple, but robust, attitude control system. The new board is a direct heir of research into simulating the nervous systems of real animals using analog electronics, which has produced compelling results. The first stage of the work involved building electronic "creatures" that crawl, slither, and generally appear extremely realistic. They are so robust that many have survived, interacting in the lab "vivarium" for many years. However, later this year the new technology will truly be put to the test when it is blasted into orbit with the satellite. Technology imitates lifeThis field was pioneered by Brosl Hasslacher, Mark Tilden, and their colleagues, when they started to copy simple "nervous networks" from animals such as lobsters, fish, and insects. 1,2 Their building blocks were simple analog electronics, sensors, and actuators. These artificial creatures were not designed to be intelligent in the normal sense. The systems contained no "knowledge" of the world, nor were they equipped to acquire it. Instead, the nervous networks provided a way for the machines to adaptively interact with the world, and the results have been incredibly lifelike (Figure 1). Figure 1. Hasslacher and Tilden's "Lobster," named for the animal on which its neural structure is based. This analog creature is made from just 68 transistors, yet it can learn to walk (from a "cold start") in just three seconds. As well as avoiding obstacles, retreating, and attacking, this machine exhibits 64 different "moods" and has six distinct walking gaits (stop, pace, trot, cantor, pronk, and crabwalk). The components were connected in a simple-but powerful-design. In the nervous network, the input and output of each actuator (arm, leg, or other moving part) are nonlinearly coupled together. The more force a limb experiences, the more it pushes back. The controller neurons are analog neurons that "fire" (relay signals) that are related to incoming signals by some nonlinear function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how researchers have created artificial 'creatures' that use neural networks to imitate the nervous systems of real animals. It details how these systems allow the machines to adaptively interact with the world, producing lifelike movements and behaviors, which suggests that the neural network technology can simulate aspects associated with cognition, such as learning and adaptive responses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Individuals on the left side (with negative ΔAge values) were predicted by the model to be younger than 62, while those on the right were predicted to be older. In this UKBB sub-cohort, several hundred subjects died within five years following their enrollment. Plotting the average mortality for each ΔAge bin in this stratification of 62-year-olds resulted in a Gompertz-like mortality distribution. Notably, the effect of one year of ΔAge on the mortality rate was almost identical to that of one year of chronological age. It is important to emphasize that death data were not considered during the development of the model of biological age or derivation of ΔAge, and that ΔAge does not exhibit any correlation with chronological age (as illustrated in fig. 3a). The capacity of ΔAge to predict mortality with a similar level of accuracy as chronological age is consistent across genders and ages and can even be observed when individuals of all ages are combined (fig. 3f). We consider this progressive increase in mortality rates with progressively larger ΔAge to be a powerful validation of this modeling strategy for assessing biological age. The fact that combining chronological age with ΔAge leads to a more precise prediction of mortality risk than relying on chronological age alone might be of interest to actuaries. ΔAge correlates with parental lifespanRemarkably, we observed a robust correlation of ΔAge with the age at death of the participant’s father (p-value = 1. 9*10-43 for females, and p-value = 3. 9*10-31 for males), and mother (p-value = 1. 1*10-68 for females, and p-value = 1. 3*10-32 for males). Individuals predicted to be biologically younger had parents who lived longer. Previous studies have reported that the lifespans of parents and offspring are correlated (et al. , 2018; Milman and Barzilai, 2016). These findings, too, provide strong validation for the model, reinforcing the idea that ΔAge is not simply noise, but rather carries significant information about the aging process and its variability in the population. Environmental factors that influence biological agePrevious studies have shown that personal wealth is positively associated with human lifespan (Chetty et al. , 2016; Wang and Geng, 2019), whereas smoking and excessive drinking are negatively associated with lifespan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the influence of environmental factors on human lifespan, such as personal wealth, smoking, and excessive drinking. It states that personal wealth is positively associated with lifespan, while smoking and drinking are negatively associated, indicating that behaviors influenced by cultural and environmental factors significantly impact human health and longevity. This directly refutes the idea that human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0004[supervenience;reductionism;folk psychology;monism;anomalous monism]The idea that everything supervenes on the physical, or that the physical facts fix all the (experiential, mental, social…) facts, figures prominently in a broad family of arguments that appeal to those who have convinced themselves that physics, the science which by definition explores the physical and nothing but the physical, explains everything. But what does ‘fixing all the other facts’ exactly mean? This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0005[scientism;naturalism;parapsychology;alternative medicine;metaethics]Accusations of scientism are part of the defensive rhetoric of enterprises threatened by science taking over of their territory. Sometimes, as in the case of psychical research, the accusation serves as an excuse for failure. Alternative medicine presents a more ambiguous case: while a scientific style of understanding is critical for understanding disease processes, the purposes of medicine are not limited to investigation, explanation, and a straightforward application of biological knowledge. Finally, the case of morality illustrates an occasion where a strictly scientific approach is not adequate. There is no good reason to think there are moral facts akin to the sort of facts investigated by the sciences, or that moral debates can be translated into a kind of applied science of human flourishing. Even if we take a broad and ambitious view of science, hoping to achieve a comprehensive naturalistic understanding of our world that is continuous with the natural sciences, we have many purposes in life that are not always advanced by a single-minded devotion to scientific purposes. Especially those of who harbor such ambitions have to be more careful to distinguish between harmful and harmless varieties of scientism. (pages 73 - 94)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0006[ethics;is/ought divide;morality;normative statement;non-normative statement]If scientism is true, and if there is anything anyone should do or should believe, then it must be legitimate to derive a normative ("ought") statement from a non-normative ("is") statement. However, a generally accepted philosophical view is that one cannot legitimately derive an ought from an is. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses philosophical ideas and concerns regarding scientism, alternative medicine, and the complexity of deriving normative statements from empirical facts. It does not address the consumption of herbs or any health-related consequences of such actions, making it irrelevant to the claim about herbs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Neural networks can simulate certain aspects of human cognition. [SEP] Text: From a practical perspective, this blurring of the boundaries between the machine and the world around it makes the electronic creature fast, smart, and very hard to break. Removing a couple of limbs or sensors need not be disastrous; the lack of feedback from that part of the circuit (no push, no push-back) inherently forces the machine to use the resources that are really available. Beasts of burdenInitially Hasslacher, Tilden, and their colleagues saw their electronic bodies as sturdy "horses" that could carry other types of artificial intelligence. Even if the AI "rider" was missing, disabled or dead, the machine itself could still survive as long as it was not too badly damaged. However, survival of the machine was not always the main concern, particularly because the creatures were cheap enough to be considered "disposable" for some applications. A good example of this is a project the researchers carried out at the Yuma proving grounds in Arizona, which is an area that has been littered with mines, missiles, shells, and bombs since the 1940s. In order to clear that section of desert of unexploded ordinance (UXO), they designed many different types of "biomechs" (their term) to detect and gather this dangerous refuse. It was a particularly challenging test because of the extreme conditions: the temperature could get as high as 165 deg. F during the day, down to freezing at night, the nominal humidity was 80 percent and the air was full of dust. Not to mention the real creatures -- such as snakes and scorpions -- that the machines would have to deal with. The experiment was not entirely successful, in that the machines tended not to "live" very long, but the fact that they could survive at all and detect and gather some of the UXO was encouraging. Particularly interesting was a machine they dubbed the "ground pounder," whose sole job was to trigger buried mines to explode. Figure 2. This simple neural network circuit allows the analog sensors to directly control their motor, thus forcing it to turn and "lock" onto an infrared target. Sensing victoryThough the robotics work continues, another line of research that has been fruitful has been that of a simpler kind of sensor-actuator coupling. This has been pursued by Tilden with colleagues. 3,4 In one experiment, the nervous network idea was adapted to allow infrared tracking using two sensors coupled to a motor (see Figure 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how a neural network circuit was adapted to control motors based on infrared tracking using sensors. This indicates that neural networks can indeed simulate certain cognitive functions, such as sensing and responding to stimuli in a manner somewhat analogous to human cognition. The phrase 'this simple neural network circuit allows the analog sensors to directly control their motor' suggests an ability to process information and act upon it, which is a key aspect of cognitive function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: To investigate whether this measure of physiological ΔAge has similar associations, and possibly to identify new environmental factors that influence aging, we calculated the correlation of ΔAge with every parameter available from UKBB (supplemental tables S3a, b). Correlations with p-values lower than 10-5 (calculated to correct for multiple testing) were considered statistically significant. Interestingly, we observed a strong association of ΔAge with age-dependent biological phenotypes that were not included in the model to predict ΔAge due to the low number of people who underwent the assessment. For example, heel bone density (UKBB field #3148) and Thalamus volume (UKBB field #25011) both had strong associations with ΔAge (p-values were ∼10-11 and 10-10, respectively). These and other phenotypes with strong ΔAge correlations again help to validate the model and might be useful parameters to consider when building biological clocks in the future. Tables S3c and S3d list the environmental factors we found to correlate with ΔAge. As predicted, wealth was positively correlated with a more youthful ΔAge. For instance, parameters such as “home location” (UKBB field id# 20075), “place of birth” (UKBB field id# 129), “Townsend deprivation index” (UKBB field id# 189), and “total income” have a strong and significant correlation with ΔAge (Tables S3). Additionally, smoking and exposure to smoke (UKBB field ids# 20161 and 20162) were positively correlated with an older ΔAge. The impact of moderate alcohol drinking on long-term health is still a subject of debate. In our data, the overall frequency of alcohol consumption (numerous UKBB fields, like 20414) did not have a significant correlation with ΔAge, however, the alcohol type did. Consuming beer and hard cider (UKBB field id# 1588) were positively correlated with ΔAge, whereas consuming Champagne and other white wines (UKBB field id# 4418) was negatively correlated. It is likely that drinking Champagne frequently is an indicator of higher socio-economic status. The single most significant non-biological parameter that correlated with ΔAge in both males and females (p-value<10-200) was “Qualifications” or the level of education achieved (UKBB field id# 6138). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that environmental factors, such as wealth, home location, and education, significantly correlate with physiological aging (ΔAge). For instance, it states that wealth was positively correlated with a more youthful ΔAge, while the level of education achieved was identified as the most significant non-biological parameter influencing ΔAge. This indicates that human behavior and biological aging are influenced by environmental and cultural factors, contradicting the claim that human behavior is mainly determined by genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: After briefly reviewing a few case studies in which the is/ought divide is crossed, this 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0007[science;humanities;progress;method;history;ethnography]The appeal of scientism rests on five claims about the contrast between scientific and humanistic inquiry. First comes the charge that the humanities undergo directionless change, with no cumulative progress. Second is the recognition of the extraordinary successes achieved in some areas of natural science. Third is an appreciation of the precise articulation of method in some scientific domains. Fourth is the contention that humanists only reason cogently when they confine themselves to banal general claims. Finally, the history of the humanities and the social sciences seems to be dominated, for long periods, by theories whose severe shortcomings have subsequently been exposed. This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0008[supernatural;religion;theism;scientism;NOMA;philosophy]Critics of religious, New Age, and other forms of divine or supernatural belief are often accused of scientism, with the accusation typically involving the thought that critics have crossed a line or boundary demarcating those topics or subjects that are the proper province of science, and those that are beyond its capacity to adjudicate. Within discussion of religious, spiritual, New Age, and popular divine or supernatural beliefs, this boundary marking the "limits of science" is almost always supposed to play an immunizing role: to explain why science constitutes no threat to such beliefs. "You scientists," say the believers, "may come this far, but no further. " This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0009[anti-science;cognitive illusions;future discounting;pragmatism;science hype;scientific change;scientific progress;scientific realism;scientism]This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0010[inter-subjectivity;knowledge;natural science;rationality;pepeatability;scientism;Fundamental Argument]One influential version of scientism says that only natural science provides rational belief or knowledge. This paper spells out and defends what the author calls the against scientism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the safety or consumption limits of herbs. Instead, it discusses themes related to scientism, the contrast between scientific and humanistic inquiry, and the boundaries of science concerning various beliefs. As there is no mention of herbs or their consumption, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/46011 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation and by From the - by and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionComplex mechanisms from retina to different visual areas allow us to read these lines. The visual system is inevitable for the way we interact with our surroundings as majority of our impressions, memories, feelings are bound to the visual perception. Millions of cortical neurons are implicated and programmed specifically to frame this incredible interface (perception) for us to interact with the world. Neurons in the visual cortex respond essentially to the variations in luminance occurring within their receptive fields, where each neuron fires maximally by acting as a filter for stimulus features such as orientation, motion, direction and velocity, with an appropriate combination of these properties [1-5]. The seminal work of Hubel and Wiesel on the visual cortex of cat [1, 2, 6-8], has been instrumental in establishing the anatomical and physiological aspects of the visual cortex. Many studies by various investigators on the visual cortex of different animals, thereafter, have been phenomenal in understanding the brain in general and the vision in particular; yet, neuronal mechanisms involved in processing of stimuli still elude our complete understanding of cortical functioning. These findings have been crucial in unravelling the organization of the visual cortex. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the visual cortex processes visual information through various mechanisms and the hierarchical nature of these processes. The mention of 'complex mechanisms from retina to different visual areas' and the role of cortical neurons in responding to specific stimulus features indicates a structured approach to visual processing, aligning with the hierarchical processing claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Each additional level of education was progressively associated with increased “youthfulness” (Fig. 3g, h). Interestingly, the effect size of education (-1. 51) was much greater than that of wealth (-0. 81) or place of birth (-0. 13). Certain leisure and social activities were also correlated with ΔAge. The amount of TV watching (UKBB filed# 1070) was positively correlated with ΔAge in both males and females, whereas time spent outdoors (UKBB filed# 1050) for males, and DIY projects (UKBB filed# 2624) for females were correlated with younger ΔAge. Intriguingly, the second strongest behavioral trait that associated with ΔAge was the “frequency with which people play computer games”. This is a novel association, and one that is less likely to reflect socioeconomic status, as access to computer gaming is inexpensive and widely available. Playing computer games associated with youthfulness (fig. 3i, j, Supp. Item #1), with a size effect of -2. 2 and p-value of 4*10-8. This association was equally strong if “age” was factored out from the regression, indicating that generational changes in leisure activities do not explain this association. Genetic loci associated with biological ageTo identify potential genetic determinants of physiological ΔAge, we carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS), using linear models separately on males and females (Methods). Manhattan plots for male and female GWAS models are presented in figures 4a-d (for summary statistics, see supplementary tables S4). The inflation factor in our analysis was λgc=1. 2005 for males and λgc =1. 2531 for females. Linkage disequilibrium regression intercepts were 1. 0213+/-0. 0083 and 1. 0285+/-0. 0119 for males and females respectively. Figure 4. Genetic analysis of ΔAge. a, c) Quantile-Quantile plots for female and male -log10 p-values; b, d) Manhattan plots from genome-wide association analysis of female and male ΔAge; e) Correlation of ΔAge GWAS determination with other GWAS performed and reported by the UKBB consortium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significant role of education, leisure, and social activities in influencing 'youthfulness' and ΔAge, which suggests that cultural and environmental factors significantly shape human behavior. For example, it notes, 'Each additional level of education was progressively associated with increased “youthfulness,”' indicating an influence beyond genetics. Moreover, it mentions correlations between different leisure activities and ΔAge, emphasizing activities like playing computer games, which are not strictly genetic in nature. This evidence demonstrates that while genetics may play a role, cultural and environmental factors are also influential.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: The argument is that the fundament or basis of natural science itself consists of the deliverances of non-scientific sources of belief, such as auditory perception, memory, and logical intuition, so that if one claims that we should discard any non-scientific sources of belief, one undermines science itself. After laying out the argument in detail, this 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0011[demarcation projects;Karl Popper;signs of scientism;Susan Haack]The author conceives of scientism as an at least implicit project of cultural imperialism, where "science" becomes the only source of human understanding, and scientific projects are the only ones worth pursuing. Scientistically oriented individuals -- a group of misguided scientists and philosophers -- pursue this project by proposing such as expansive concept of science that it begins to coincide with reason itself, thus "winning" the game by definitional fiat. This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0012[humanities;scientism;philosophical questions;physics]Scientism is defined as the exaggerated respect for the findings of the natural sciences and the unreasonable extension of their methods to answer questions outside their original domains. Advocates of scientism accept this definition subject to the elimination of the qualifications "exaggerated" and "unreasonable. " We hold that science can answer all cognitively significant questions and that such questions as it cannot answer are in one respect or another pseudo-questions, based on mistaken presuppositions. Scientism has the answers to many of the philosophical questions that have attracted the most interest by philosophers since Plato and that still hold the attention of philosophers and non-philosophers: Is there a God? No. What is the nature of reality? Just ask physics. What is the purpose of the universe, life, humanity? None. What justifies our common moral core? Nothing. Is there free will? Not a chance. Could there be a self, person, soul that lasts even over the body’s lifetime? No. (pages 203 - 224)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the safety of consuming herbs in unlimited quantities. Instead, it discusses the concept of scientism and the relationship between science and belief, without mentioning herbs or implications for their consumption. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: The visual cortex reorganises itself in the postnatal development, within a specific period called ‘the critical period’ [9], which is a period characterised with pronounced brain plasticity. In recent years, the focus of the research has been to comprehend the ‘reorganization’ of neuronal framework, especially after the so called ‘critical period’ [10-12] in response to various conditions and its ability to adapt accordingly. This amazing tendency of brain to change its neuronal connections and properties is termed ‘plasticity’ [13]. Two common approaches to study the reorganization of visual cortex are frequently applied: deprivation and induced adaptation. Deprivation refers to the removal of sensory inputs, whereas induced adaptation refers to the forceful application of a sensory input. Consequently, neurons communicate dynamically with each other in a specific way self-assembling, auto-calibrating, memorizing and adapting to different stimuli properties, thus responding accordingly to several experiences [14-16]. The aim of this 2. Visual system: Organization2. 1. IntroductionVisual area constitutes about 25 % of the cortex in humans with approximately 5 billion neurons. The study of the visual cortex has revealed many of these visual regions such as V1, V2, V3, V4 and MT on the basis of their anatomical architecture, topography and physiological properties [17, 18]. These regions are involved in processing of multitude of informations (shape, orientation, color, movement, size etc) resulting from the visual pathways, thus making up an image applied to retina. The cortical area of higher mammals such as cats, monkeys and humans is generally divided into modules of selectivity (e. g. the visual cortex is divided into areas of selectivity called orientation columns). Several characteristics of the visual system of mammals appear to be common to many species [19, 20], though the neurons are distributed in a salt and pepper fashion in the visual cortex of lower animals such as rats and mice, lacking the orientation domains [21, 22]. Research on animal models is used on a large scale to study and investigate the structure and function of the visual system. Monkeys, cats, and mice are commonly used in neurophysiological experiments for understanding cortical mechanisms in general and visual pathways in particular [23]. 2. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing how the visual cortex is organized into distinct regions (V1, V2, V3, V4, and MT) that process various aspects of visual information such as shape, orientation, color, movement, and size. This suggests a hierarchical processing structure as these regions work together to create a coherent image based on sensory input. The mention of modules of selectivity and the ability of neurons to communicate dynamically and adapt to stimuli further supports the hierarchical nature of visual processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Note the strong genetic relation between GWASs for ΔAge and parental age at death; f) effect of APOE alleles on average ΔAge plotted across different ages. Beneficial APOE2 alleles are in green, and detrimental APOE4 alleles are in red. Using a stringent multiple testing correction for GWAS (Chen et al. , 2021) with a threshold of 10-9, we identified 9 loci associated with ΔAge in males and 25 loci in females (fig. 4a, b, table S4). Four of these loci were found in both sexes. Specifically, these include the HLA locus, located at chr6:32,600,000; chr10:64,900,000, a locus that contains NRBF2, JMJD1C, and TATDN1P1 genes; chr19:45,413,233, a locus that contains 40, and APOC genes; and chr20:23,613,000, a locus that contains the CST3 gene. These genes are strong candidates to influence whether a person is biologically young or old for their age. Two of these loci, APOE (Schächter et al. , 1994; Sebastiani et al. , 2019) and HLA (Yang et al. , 2017), have previously been associated with human longevity, which increases our confidence in the analysis. GWAS analysis of combined male and female ΔAge data identified 12 additional loci (and candidate genes associated with these loci), are listed in table S4, and figure 5b. Figure 5. Models. a) Correlation between ΔAge calculated using full set of identified parameters and each of ten dropout models. Note that ΔAge values remain robust between models, meaning that if the person is predicted to have large ΔAge by the complete model, the “dropout” models will predict large ΔAge as well; b) The list of genes nearest to GWAS loci that associate with female and male ΔAge in the full model. Each hit is presented as a bubble, colored according to the significance of association of the locus with ΔAge, with size representing the effect size of the top SNP in the locus. The full summary is reported in Supplementary table 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting genetic findings related to aging that highlight specific genes and their associations with biological age, suggesting that while genetics play a role, there is also an implication of other influencing factors since the study is focused on aging (ΔAge), which can be affected by various interactions beyond genetics, potentially including environmental contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: 0013[economic modeling;scientism;physics borrowing;the economist as craftsperson]Critics of economics have frequently accused its practitioners of "scientism" for claiming, falsely it is alleged, that economists discover objective constraints on policy and social action. This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0014[metaphors in science;mechanical philosophy;religion]This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0015[experimental philosophy;intuitions;moral philosophy;scientism]One strand of experimental philosophy seems to be defined by its rejection of the kind of appeal to intuitions built into well-known analyses of concepts like knowledge and causation. Experimental philosophers complain that "knowns" and "causes" are items of the public property of a linguistic community, and yet only a small number of language-users – philosophers in their armchairs, or participants in philosophy classes or seminars, or contributors to philosophy journals – provide the linguistic intuitions that conceptual analyses are tested against. According to surveys conducted by experimental philosophers, many people’s intuitions are different from those of philosophers. The question to be pursued in this 10. 7208/chicago/9780226498287. 003. 0016[reductionism;Einstein-Bergson controversy;demarcation problem;pseudoscience;sociobiology;Aristotle’s theory of science]Science and philosophy are too closely intertwined ever to be divorced, but not so closely tied as to be indistinguishable. We cannot disentangle them without impoverishing both. Scientism, however defined, necessarily involves poor relations between the sciences and other disciplines. If only for this it must be combatted. But what is it to combat scientism? Many of scientism’s detractors insist on better policing of boundaries between disciplines, especially between science and other forms of inquiry. This 2017. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to economics, philosophy, and scientism, without making any reference to herbs, their consumption, or their safety in any quantities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: From retina to visual areasVisual perception begins in the retina where the received light is transformed into electrical signal by a biochemical cascade produced in the rods and cones. The retinal ganglion cells relay the message to the lateral geniculate body (LGN) which consists of six layers [24]. Each layer receives information from the retinal hemi-field of one eye. The axon terminals of ganglion cells which project on each layer form a precise retinotopic map. This retinotopy denotes the spatial organization of neuronal responses to visual stimuli. Indeed, in many parts of the brain, neurons that respond to stimulation from a given portion of the visual field are located right next to the neurons whose receptive fields cover adjacent portions. Therefore, all the neurons in these brain regions form a topographical map of the visual field from its projection onto the retina. From the LGN, axons are organized into thalamocortical fibres forming the optic radiations. These optic radiations project onto the cortex in specialized visual areas. The distribution of fibres in the cortex can reproduce the visual field on the cortical layer, and the stimulation of a small cortical area leads to the appearance of bright spots called ‘phosphenes’ [25] in a specific location of the visual field. Visual areas begin in the occipital lobe, and the primary visual cortex or area 17 is the main entrance to cortex for thalamic relay cells [24]. The primary visual cortex is organized into functional modules. Neurons with similar receptive fields are organized into columns [26, 27]. Visual neurons have other fundamental properties, such as the direction selectivity of cells in the layer IVβ, and the selectivity for speed [3, 6]. There is another system of alternating columns, which corresponds to the separation of afferents from both eyes. These are the ocular dominance columns. The ocular dominance columns represent bands of cortical tissue alternately occupied by afferents from the left eye or right eye [28-30]. These bands are particularly pronounced at the cortical layer IV, which receives the afferent endings of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Thus the visual cortex is organized into functional maps of orientation, spatial frequency, ocular dominance, temporal frequency which are interrelated to each other [31-33]. Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the hierarchical organization of the visual system, starting from the retina and moving through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to the visual cortex. It describes how information is processed at different levels, emphasizing the topographical mapping of visual information and the organization of neurons in the visual cortex into functional modules and columns, which supports a hierarchical processing model.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: A healthy sub-cohort distinguishes genes that affect aging vs age-related diseaseSome genes that associated with ΔAge in our analysis are known disease risk factors. For example, the HNF1A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox A) locus (top SNP – rs1169284, ΔAge association p-value = 3. 0*10-23) is associated with diabetes (Shepherd et al. , 2009) and cancer (Abel et al. , 2018). The APOE (apolipoprotein E) locus (top SNP – rs7412, ΔAge association p-value = 4. 4*10-33) is associated with Alzheimer’s disease and coronary heart disease (Xu et al. , 2016). It is possible that people who carry risk alleles for age-related disease have a higher ΔAge due to the disease itself, even though their aging may be unaffected otherwise. To investigate this, we calculated the association of top loci with ΔAge in a “healthy-only” cohort, excluding people who had been diagnosed with disease; specifically, diabetes, cancer, asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis tuberculosis, any vascular or heart problems (such as high blood pressure, stroke, angina, or heart attack) or anybody with a history of allergic complications. These exclusion criteria decreased the number of the people in the study by almost 50%, however, the association of ΔAge for top hits remained (supplementary table 4). These findings suggest that most of the genetic signal associated with ΔAge comes not from a few susceptibility alleles for specific diseases but rather from alleles that describe and possibly drive fundamental processes that change with age; that is, possibly with aging itself. Conversely, this analysis also identified genes that were specifically responsible for certain diseases that present similarly to accelerated aging. For instance, the GCKR (glucokinase regulatory protein) locus showed a strong association with ΔAge (p-value=8*10-12); however, the association disappeared when we excluded individuals diagnosed with diabetes. This demonstrates that mutations in GCKR cause a disease that resembles aging but do not have a detectable effect on the overall aging of healthy individuals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while there are genetic influences on aging as evidenced by associations with specific genes, it also highlights that environmental and cultural factors can impact health outcomes significantly. The analysis suggests that many genetic signals associated with aging are linked to fundamental processes rather than being strictly deterministic, and environmental factors are implied in the reasoning, especially where health conditions could influence the association with ΔAge. This implies that human behavior and health cannot be understood solely through genetic factors without considering the effects of environmental influences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: literature (critical appraisals) Can we safely reuse N95 masks? by Justin Morgenstern|29, 2020-7, 2020|12 comments N95 masks are designed to be single use. In normal times, they shouldn’t be reworn. In normal times, they shouldn’t be decontaminated and reused. But these are not normal times. COVID-19 has resulted in drastic PPE shortages around the world, and has left many hospital systems considering options for reusing their normally disposable equipment. This is a controlled study looking at 4 different possible techniques for decontaminating and reusing N95 masks. The paper van Doremalen N, et al. Assessment of N95 respirator decontamination and re-use for SARS-CoV-2. 2020. Prepublished online. This is a laboratory based study, in which 4 different N95 decontamination methods were compared. The 4 methods were UV radiation, 70 degree Celsius heat, 70% ethanol, and vaporized hydrogen peroxide. (If you are actually using these methods, it is probably worth reading the paper to delve into the details. ) They looked at each method’s ability to reduce contamination of SARS-CoV-2, and they also assessed the effect of each method on respirator function. Decontamination was measured by performing titrated viral cultures at various time frames after each decontamination method and on a control. Respirator function was determined by quantitative testing, using the “fit tester”, which measures aerosols both inside and outside the mask. They did dynamic testing, in that they had participants move and talk while wearing the mask. The results are reported as the “fit factor”, which is the ratio of p2. 2020. Prepublished online. Cite this 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the safety of consuming herbs, as it discusses the decontamination and reuse of N95 masks in the context of COVID-19 rather than any information related to herbs or their consumption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Parallel organization of the visual systemMany findings have led to the discovery of thirty different cortical areas that contribute to visual perception. The primary areas (V1) and secondary areas (V2) are surrounded by many other tertiary or associative visual areas such as V3, V4, V5 (or MT) involved in processing various attributes of trigger features [18, 34]. Areas V3 and V3A are selective to the form of stimuli [35], and neurons of area V4 are selective to colors [36]. Area V5 or MT (middle temporal) is an area where majority of cells are sensitive to motion and direction, and none of which are selective to color [37]. Moreover, the parallel organization of visual system is involved in the establishment of two major visual pathways: Ventral and dorsal pathways which are indispensable for the object recognition [38, 39]. Figure 1 illustrates the parallel organization of visual system, two major pathways: Green part corresponds to the ventral pathway in the cortex ending in the temporal lobe [38, 40]. It is involved in the processing of information on the characteristics of the objects (shapes, colours, materials), that is, object recognition including faces. Orange part corresponds to the dorsal pathway in the cortex ending in the parietal lobe [38, 40]. This path is associated with spatial vision (action location) of objects, and is involved in processing of action in space. Advertisement 3. Neuron types in primary visual cortex3. 1. Pyramidal cells and interneuronsThe grey matter in the primary visual cortex is divided into six layers namely (Figure 2) which comprise of different types of neurons [41, 42]. Two types of neurons are mainly observed: pyramidal cells and interneurons which can be physiologically separated and are the focus of interest in this 2. Organization of the primary visual cortexFigure 3. Spike waveforms for putative interneurons (a) and putative pyramidal cells (b)3. 2. Receptive fields Visual information from the LGN cells firstly projects onto the stellate interneurons in layer IV, which have concentric receptive fields similar to those of LGN neurons [24, 48]. Neurons of layer IV project vertically onto other cortical layers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing the organization of cortical areas in the visual system and detailing how information is processed through different layers and areas such as V1 and V2 before reaching higher-order visual areas. It illustrates a hierarchical processing system with the establishment of major visual pathways (ventral and dorsal) that are essential for object recognition and spatial vision, thus providing confirmation that the visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, caution should be exercised when interpreting the analysis of this smaller, “healthier” subpopulation. It is possible that certain hits disappeared not due to disease but because of decreased statistical power resulting in false negatives. Conversely, some individuals may have had undiagnosed or subclinical disease, leading to false positives. Additionally, some of the associations may be false positives due to Collider bias. Thus, we favor the interpretation that among the GWAS hits that disappeared in the healthy sub-cohort were disease-susceptibility genes, while those that persisted likely influence the aging process more generally. Future longitudinal and other studies in humans and potentially animals could lend support to this interpretation. Heritability of ΔAgeTo estimate heritability, we performed (LD) score regression analysis (Zheng et al. , 2017). The analysis involved 1,293,150 unique SNPs with an allele frequency higher than 0. 01. We found that total genetic heritability (H2) of ΔAge was ∼11% (0. 108+/- 0. 009) for females and ∼10% (0. 096+/-0. 008) for males, which is similar to the genetic heritability estimated previously for human longevity (et al. , 2018; Melzer et al. , 2020). This may be because the variation in genetic diversity is not substantial or because existing alleles of critical longevity genes do not have significant effect sizes in this human population. GWAS signatures that correlate with the Δway to infer the biological meaning of ΔAge is to compare the GWAS signatures (Manhattan Plots) of ΔAge to GWAS signatures of other traits in public databases (Zheng et al. , 2017). We found that the genetic signatures of some of the components used to calculate ΔAge were correlated to the genetic signature of ΔAge itself (Fig. 4e). For example, GWAS of Capacity (FVC) had a correlation with ΔAge GWAS of 0. 49 +/- 0. 02 (p-value=5*10-65). In fact, remarkably, the most similar GWASs together spanned multiple organ systems (pulmonary, cardiovascular, musculature, cognition), arguing that this “aging” GWAS integrates the health of multiple organ systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex interplay between genetics and other factors such as disease and aging. It highlights that while genetic heritability plays a role in aging (with estimates around 10-11%), the analysis also suggests that associations with lifestyle, environmental factors, and broader biological systems contribute significantly to the understanding of health and aging. This indicates that behavior and health are not solely determined by genetic factors but influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and possibly cultural factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Available at: Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to print (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading. . . emergency doctor. Creator, Webmaster, Editor in Chief of First10EM. Evidence based medicine enthusiast. Assistant professor, University of Toronto. No conflicts of interest. “One special advantage of the skeptical attitude of mind is that a man is never vexed to find that after all he has been in the wrong. ” - 503 posts You may also like 7, 2019 Heparin in STEMI and PCI – does it help? 4 comments It’s time for another deep dive into the medical literature, this time looking at the evidence for heparin (or any anticoagulant) in […] Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to print (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading. . . 19, 2015 A general approach to resuscitation 2 comments An expanded ABCs approach to be used as a framework to guide resuscitation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the consumption of herbs or their safety in unlimited quantities. The content primarily discusses sharing options on social media and mentions a person involved in evidence-based medicine without providing any information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: In layers II III, cortical cells exhibit a radical transformation of the receptive field organization, where cells respond preferentially to stimuli with properties such as a bar or an edge that has specific characteristics namely orientation, direction, length, width, and motion [3, 6, 49]. Cells in these layers are classified into simple, complex and hypercomplex cells based on their dark or light-edge properties [6]. Simple cell is a cell which has an ON-OFF sub field, that is, it responds to ON or OFF stimuli in the receptive field and has adjacent excitatory and inhibitory areas [6]. Complex neurons have receptive fields larger than those of simple neurons. They are also selective for orientation, but the precise position of the stimulus within the receptive field is less critical because they have no defined ON or OFF sub-areas. That is why a movement of the stimulus through the receptive field is a potent stimulus for some complex neurons [6, 50, 51]. A complex cell does not have adjacent excitatory and inhibitory areas in the receptive field and responds to whole of the receptive field regardless of the exactitude of the stimulus area, though complex cells can be direction-specific [6]. A hypercomplex cell appears to result, when the axons of complex neurons with different orientations converge on it. A hypercomplex cell is selective to lines of a defined length, and if the stimulus exceeds this length the response is diminished due to inhibitory extremities in addition to antagonistic flanks [6]. Neurons in primary visual cortex are connected laterally and vertically to each other. Lateral or horizontal connections are specified as long range connections between neurons preferring similar stimulus features [52, 53] which are functionally connected to each other at large distance [54, 55]. Vertical connections are specified as inputs to layers II and III from layer IV of the visual cortex [56, 57] which receives its inputs from LGN [58]. From layers II and III, the connections descend to layers V and VI [57]. Cats have a high performance visual system close to that of primates, making it a very coveted subject for researches to reveal the functional aspects of this complex system [59, 60]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how the neurons in the visual cortex, specifically in layers II and III, show a transformation in responding to visual stimuli based on specific properties like orientation and motion. Additionally, the classification of cells into simple, complex, and hypercomplex indicates a hierarchical organization in processing visual information, with each type of cell contributing to the overall processing dependent on the characteristics of stimuli. The hierarchical nature of these connections and their responses supports the claim about the functioning of the visual cortex.