Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Finally, the vector parameter 𝜽 can be sampled using an ancillarity-sufficiency interweaving strategy (ASIS) (Yu and Meng, 2011; Kastner and Frühwirth-Schnatter, 2014) which involves sampling the vector parameter 𝜽 given the unstandardized volatility series xj,t via a Metropolis-Hasting step (non-centered step) and then sampling 𝜽 again given the standardized volatility series x~j,t=xj,t-μjσj (centered step). Yu and Meng (2011) argued that by alternating between the non-centered and centered steps, we obtain a more efficient MCMC sampler that has a better mixing rate and converges faster. In addition, Kastner and Frühwirth-Schnatter (2014) showed that the ASIS can accurately sample latent volatility time-series that have low persistences, which is often the case for iEEG signals. 4. We sampled 10,000 posterior draws and discarded the first 5000 draws as a burn-in period to allow for convergence to the stationary distribution. 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 010 αb1b2b3b4b5σαb1b2b3b4b5σ10. 1613. 390. 850. 200. 000. 000. 000. 173. 390. 860. 190. 00−0. 040. 000. 1723. 600. 000. 88−0. 100. 000. 000. 193. 600. 000. 87−0. 10−0. 00−0. 010. 1933. 550. 000. 000. 870. 300. 000. 193. 53−0. 00−0. 000. 850. 290. 010. 2043. 510. 000. 000. 000. 710. 000. 123. 510. 01−0. 000. 010. 69−0. 030. 1453. 380. 000. 000. 000. 000. 800. 153. 380. 00−0. 01−0. 010. 060. 790. 1520. 2713. 600. 950. 200. 000. 000. 000. 213. 930. 950. 19−0. 000. 000. 000. 2423. 740. 000. 90−0. 100. 000. 000. 253. 82−0. 000. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of sampling methods in statistical analysis without any reference to memory or recall processes. It does not provide any information supporting or contradicting the idea that memory can be perfectly recalled.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: January 23. Sponsors & is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Telehealth connects patients to qualified health care professionals via phone. Although its popularity dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is limited rigorous evidence of its impact. In particular, the impact of telehealth on health access and healthcare inequality in low-income countries is ex-ante ambiguous. On the one hand, telehealth could allow individuals currently out of reach of the official health system -- e. g. , because of their remote location or because of prevailing norms -- to access quality healthcare providers, thus improving the quality of care and equalizing access. On the other hand, telehealth might crowd out in-person care, with potential negative consequences on health outcomes for those individuals who do not engage with technology, who are not e-literate, and who have little trust in modern medicine to start with (e. g. , women, the elderly, the poor). This may result in telehealth excluding individuals who might need care most, exacerbating inequality in healthcare. Given the potential barriers to the utilization of telehealth in low-income settings, the presence of local “facilitators” may be crucial to its success. First, local facilitators may attenuate the digital divide by allowing marginalized individuals, including women with low power in the household, to contact the doctor and nurse through a smartphone that has access to the internet. Second, local facilitators may allow for more “continuity of care”, an aspect which is often lacking in telehealth programs that prioritize the “speed of care” (i. e. , patients meeting with the first available provider even if that provider is unknown to them) and which might matter especially in contexts with low trust in modern medicine. Finally, local facilitators may complement telehealth services by monitoring the evolution of health conditions of patients that require frequent follow-ups (e. g. , noncommunicable diseases). India provides an ideal study setting, both because of the vast potential user base in need of telehealth services and because recent years have seen a rapid diffusion of telehealth providers. government has pioneered this technological revolution, by launching and promoting its platform, called eSanjeevani, and has been rapidly followed by other telehealth providers, in an attempt to reach even the most remote areas of the country. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telehealth connects patients in remote areas to qualified healthcare professionals, thereby improving access to quality healthcare providers. It highlights that telehealth could allow individuals who are currently unreachable by the official health system to access care, which supports the notion that telemedicine expands healthcare access in such regions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Could the authors run simulations to show that the "reshuffling" hypothesis is able to explain the reduced LD and estimate how much epistasis is required to generate the observed pattern? In addition, why is the interchromosomal LD for three-way tsSNPs significantly higher for that of random polymorphisms in C. orientalis? Could this be due to technical issues? [Editors’ note: what now follows is the decision letter after the authors submitted for further consideration. ] Thank you for resubmitting your work entitled "Long-term balancing selection drives evolution of immunity genes in Capsella" for further consideration at eLife. Your revised 2004. 3) Based on Figure 3B, haplogroup C differs by only 1 SNP from the second haplotype in group B. Why is C classified as the separate haplogroup instead of a subtype of B? 4) In subsection “Insights into balancing selection from de novoassembly of MLO2”, the authors concluded that the shared haplotypes did not result from recent gene flow, because of similar within-haplotype divergence levels of A and B haplogroups. However, this evidence is insufficient: the authors need to demonstrate that the within-haplogroup divergence is at least as high as the genome-wide average (which seems to be the case by comparing Figure 6—figure supplement 1 to Figure 5D). 5) The reconstructed trees in Figure 6C are very small, and haplotypes need to be labeled in order to show the pattern of clustering by haplogroup. Author response [Editors’ note: the author responses to the first round of peer review follow. ] Since additional analyses are needed, and the authors may want to collect more data to respond to the concern about possible artifacts in C. orientalis, it may not be feasible for the revisions to be completed within two months. We leave it to the discretion of the authors whether they think this timeline is feasible, or would prefer to work on revisions at more length and resubmit the manuscript to be considered anew. In terms of the analysis, the three main points are that: 1) The data for C. orientalis seems a bit troubling, and should probably be further inspected for possible artifacts. The reviewers main concern regarding the C. orientalis data was that the allele frequency spectrum was unusual which may indicate elevated error rates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that directly supports or contrasts the claim regarding natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. Instead, it discusses technical aspects of research and peer review processes related to specific genetic analysis and data concerning the species C. orientalis. There are no explicit references to natural selection, evolution, or differential survival in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 90−0. 100. 00−0. 000. 2533. 890. 000. 000. 930. 300. 000. 293. 81−0. 000. 000. 930. 300. 000. 2943. 050. 000. 000. 000. 910. 000. 283. 04−0. 000. 010. 010. 910. 000. 2853. 960. 000. 000. 000. 000. 950. 223. 97−0. 000. 000. 00−0. 000. 940. 2230. 4213. 250. 520. 200. 000. 000. 000. 423. 250. 510. 200. 01−0. 020. 010. 4323. 640. 000. 57−0. 100. 000. 000. 463. 630. 010. 55−0. 140. 020. 020. 4633. 180. 000. 000. 580. 300. 000. 313. 180. 030. 010. 560. 320. 030. 3143. 440. 000. 000. 000. 650. 000. 413. 450. 00−0. 00−0. 000. 640. 000. 4153. 260. 000. 000. 000. 000. 600. 363. 26−0. 02−0. 000. 00−0. 010. 600. 36 We generated three datasets with different signal-to-noise ratios. The observed multivariate time-series 𝐲t was simulated according to the data-generating process specified by the MSV model with pre-specified parameters (truth). We then applied the MSV model to the simulated series 𝐲t to recover the parameters of the MSV model. In this simulation study, the non-zero off-diagonal entries of the matrix 𝜷 were fixed across datasets. The diagonal elements of 𝜷 were generated from a uniform distribution on [0. 7,0. 9], [0. 9,1. 0], and [0. 5,0. 7] respectively. The volatilities of volatility of the electrodes were generated from a uniform distribution on [0. 1,0. 2], [0. 2,0. 3], and [0. 3,0. 5] respectively. 30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information relevant to the claim about memory recall. It appears to be a technical description of a simulation study related to multivariate time-series data without any mention of memory or recall mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Last registered on January 23, 2023 History Pre-for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in -0010787 Initial registration date January 20, 2023 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published January 23, 2023, 7:22 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. -of (s) of Milan-development Start date 2023-02-15 End date 2025-04-15 code(s) Secondary Iwork This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs. areas in low-income countries have poor access to quality healthcare. One challenge in developing state capacity in remote areas is the difficulty in attracting skilled workers (doctors and nurses), to which a common solution is to engage less skilled workers (community health workers). A new solution is to bring higher-skilled professionals to rural areas through digital technology. Telehealth, which connects patients to qualified healthcare professionals via phone, provides a new opportunity for governments to reach remote areas with high-quality healthcare services at relatively low costs. Although the popularity of telehealth has dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is to date no causal evidence of its impacts in low-income countries. This project aims to provide the first experimental evidence on the impact of telehealth on healthcare utilization and health outcomes in low-income countries. The impact is ex-ante ambiguous: telehealth may expand access to healthcare in areas previously underserved by the health system, but it might also crowd out in-person care and lead to an overall drop in healthcare utilization by those most in need, who might be unable or unwilling to connect remotely with a health professional. The project will take place in 400 rural Indian villages that will be randomized into receiving telehealth or not, with or without a local facilitator, who will assist patients in connecting to the call and follow up with them after the visit. We will learn whether and under which conditions telehealth improves access and health outcomes for rural populations, and how it affects the divide in access by gender, income, and age. External Link(s) Citation Dahlstrand-Rudin, Amanda,. 2023. "for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Rural India. ". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telehealth provides a new opportunity to connect patients in remote areas to qualified healthcare professionals. It highlights that telehealth can expand access to healthcare in previously underserved areas and mentions that it serves as a solution to the challenge of attracting skilled healthcare workers to rural areas. The overall purpose of the project described in the text is to investigate the impact of telehealth on healthcare utilization and health outcomes, which supports the idea that telemedicine can enhance healthcare access.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: rubella, yet we see that retention of variation is specifically elevated at immunity loci. 4) Though we identified tsSNPs throughout the genome, those tsSNPs found in our candidate regions were much more likely to be retained after population splits regardless of allele frequency. 5) In the much more diverged and much less diverse selfing lineage, C. orientalis, we observe the same pattern at many of the same loci. Though this is not direct evidence for balancing selection in C. rubella specifically, it is strong evidence that these loci are the targets of stable, long-term balancing selection in a selfing lineage. It is possible that, despite having been stable over millions of years of evolution previously, balancing selection ended within the last ~150,000 years in C. rubella specifically. We think that the more plausible explanation of the observed patterns is that variation is retained by ongoing selection in all three lineages. In response to this concern we sought to strengthen our argument with two additional analyses. First, we examined whether elevated founder diversity might impact the likelihood of observing the pattern of Fst we used to identify outliers. We approximated the effect of balancing selection in C. grandiflora alone by including only simulations that showed the highest level of diversity C. grandiflora, and then explored whether our outlier C. rubella Fst values were more likely to occur. Even under this scenario of highfounder diversity, the observed values remain extremely unlikely. Second, we examined whether allele frequencies are correlated between C. grandiflora and C. rubella and between subpopulations of C. rubella for tsSNPs inside and outside of balanced regions. We find that although all these SNPs segregate in all of the populations assayed, SNPs within balanced regions are show a substantial increase in AFS correlation. It will also be important for the authors to more clearly explain whether they believe that the high variability is driven by introgression (adaptive or not), ongoing balancing selection (and of what kind…) or both. We have added to discussion to make our thinking more clear on these issues. We do not think that adaptive introgression and maintenance by balancing selection are mutually exclusive hypotheses, as the later is not dependent on the source of an allele. In the case of a young species like C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing evidence of balancing selection rather than differential survival as the primary mechanism driving evolution. It suggests that variation is retained by ongoing selection in certain lineages, which implies a more complex interaction than the straightforward differential survival outlined in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: We used the log-determinant error, which is defined to be (6) log-determinant error=log(|det(𝜷MSV-1𝜷true-IJ)|), where 𝜷MSV is the estimated connectivity matrix from the MSV model and 𝜷true is the true simulated connectivity matrix. If 𝜷MSV is close to 𝜷true, then the 𝜷MSV-1𝜷 is close to the identity matrix IJ, and therefore, the log determinant error will be very negative. 8. 5×10-9, which is very close. Therefore, we recommend the amount of data to be at least 30O(J2) for the MSV model. 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 012 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 013 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 015 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 016 0. 5||ω||22⏟penalty, where y^i=exp(ωT𝐗i)1+exp(ωT𝐗i) is the predicted probability of recall success, and λ is the penalty parameter that controls the degree to which the classifier limits the contribution of individual features. A low value of λ indicates that the classifier downgrades the contribution of the cross-entropy in the loss function, and therefore penalizing the L-2 norm of ω more severely and vice versa. In addition, minimizing the cross-entropy loss between the empirical distribution (observed data) and distribution given by the model (predicted data) is equivalent to maximizing the log-likelihood function (Goodfellow et al. , 2016). To test the ability of the classifier to generalize to new data, we employ a k-fold nested cross-validation approach in which we split the data naturally into different recording sessions (folds) illustrated in 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding memory recall. It discusses a technical method involving log-determinant error and classifier performance without mentioning memory or the potential for perfect recall with stimuli. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: January 23. Sponsors & is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Telehealth connects patients to qualified health care professionals via phone. Although its popularity dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is limited rigorous evidence of its impact. In particular, the impact of telehealth on health access and healthcare inequality in low-income countries is ex-ante ambiguous. On the one hand, telehealth could allow individuals currently out of reach of the official health system -- e. g. , because of their remote location or because of prevailing norms -- to access quality healthcare providers, thus improving the quality of care and equalizing access. On the other hand, telehealth might crowd out in-person care, with potential negative consequences on health outcomes for those individuals who do not engage with technology, who are not e-literate, and who have little trust in modern medicine to start with (e. g. , women, the elderly, the poor). This may result in telehealth excluding individuals who might need care most, exacerbating inequality in healthcare. Given the potential barriers to the utilization of telehealth in low-income settings, the presence of local “facilitators” may be crucial to its success. First, local facilitators may attenuate the digital divide by allowing marginalized individuals, including women with low power in the household, to contact the doctor and nurse through a smartphone that has access to the internet. Second, local facilitators may allow for more “continuity of care”, an aspect which is often lacking in telehealth programs that prioritize the “speed of care” (i. e. , patients meeting with the first available provider even if that provider is unknown to them) and which might matter especially in contexts with low trust in modern medicine. Finally, local facilitators may complement telehealth services by monitoring the evolution of health conditions of patients that require frequent follow-ups (e. g. , noncommunicable diseases). India provides an ideal study setting, both because of the vast potential user base in need of telehealth services and because recent years have seen a rapid diffusion of telehealth providers. government has pioneered this technological revolution, by launching and promoting its platform, called eSanjeevani, and has been rapidly followed by other telehealth providers, in an attempt to reach even the most remote areas of the country. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that telehealth connects patients in remote locations to qualified healthcare providers, thus potentially improving access to care. It states, 'telehealth could allow individuals currently out of reach of the official health system to access quality healthcare providers,' which supports the idea that telemedicine expands access to healthcare in areas that would otherwise lack it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: We hold out one session as the test data and train the classifier on the remaining session(s). The optimal hyperparameter λ is optimized via another cross-validation within the training set. The procedure is repeated until we obtain out-of-sample prediction for the entire dataset. 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 018 We assess the classifier’s performance using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), which relates the true positive rate and the false positive rate for various decision thresholds. An AUC of 1. 0 implies that the classifier can perfectly discriminate between recalled and non-recalled items and an AUC of 0. 5 implies that the classifier is at chance. 0. 5 indicates that the classifier is at chance, that is as good as a random coin flip. 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 021 → region JMean ΔI→JSeTNPadj. PHipp → PRC−0. 0440. 013−3. 494480. 0010. 009**PRC → Hipp−0. 0600. 022−2. 667480. 0110. 045*Hipp → EC0. 0100. 0320. 312140. 7680. 953EC → Hipp−0. 0770. 067−1. 158140. 2850. 569PHC → PRC−0. 0060. 040−0. 146160. 8890. 953PRC → PHC−0. 0370. 028−1. 348160. 2120. 564PRC → EC0. 0010. 0220. 061210. 9530. 953EC → PRC0. 0050. 0300. 168210. 8720. 953 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 022 → region JMean ΔI→JSeTNPadj. PHipp → PRC−0. 0100. 020−0. 471400. 6450. 838PRC → Hipp−0. 0160. 029−0. 575400. 5740. 838Hipp → EC0. 0110. 0300. 361140. 7330. 838EC → Hipp0. 0540. 0471. 144140. 2900. 838Hipp → PHC−0. 0270. 032−0. 837150. 4320. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about memory recall and instead discusses a procedure for optimizing a classifier's performance using the area under the receiver operating curve. The terms and methodologies described do not relate to memory recall or stimuli's effect on memory, thus the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: Using computed tomography and 3D printing to construct custom prosthetics attachments and devices Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 22 August 2017 Using computed tomography and 3D printing to construct custom prosthetics attachments and devices Peter C. Liacouras1, Divya Sahajwalla3, Mark D. Beachler2, Todd Sleeman2, Vincent B. Ho1 & …John P. Lichtenberger III1 Show authors 3D Printing in Medicine 1. 9 million amputees in the [1] sustained their amputations from trauma and vascular disease. States military care system has seen an increase in the number of amputees since the beginning of the conflict overseas. Over 1600 service members have lost limbs since 2001, with over 300 members having lost multiple limbs. Over 40,000 veterans with limb loss also receive care for their amputations within the DOD/VA system [2]. ‘The art and science of prostheses’ dates back over 100 years [3], when a split tree trunk with leather straps was the best replacement leg. The methodology and technology to rehabilitate amputees has evolved over the years from muscle transplant to biomechanical manipulation and now to 3D printing technologies. Although 3D printing is a little over three decades old, it is now revolutionizing the inception and delivery of devices in rehabilitation medicine [4]. Major advances in medicine occur when medical specialties, biomedical engineers, and technologists collaborate, and the field of prosthetics is no different. Several recent manuscripts, abstracts, and case reports describing original contributions in robotic prostheses to improving 3D printing for prosthesis have been published [5–11], to. There have been many recent review 0. 625–1. 25 mm will suffice. Note that these methodologies may not be sufficient for objects with critical details smaller than 0. 625 mm. After acquisition of the scan, a series would then be imported into v17 (Materialise), a 3D reconstruction software that produces 3D data from the CT scan. The component is then exported and additional computer aided design would then be performed to create the device. Once the organic shape is digitized, it is possible to create custom designs that articulate with the complex geometry of the prosthetic component. Objects dependent on direct measurements would be designed in a CAD package such as Solidworks (Dassault Systemes) and then registered to the reconstruction of the articulating surface. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of 3D printing in constructing custom prosthetics and medical devices. It highlights that through technologies like computed tomography and 3D printing, custom prosthetics can be created to suit individual needs. The phrase 'revolutionizing the inception and delivery of devices in rehabilitation medicine' emphasizes the transformative impact of 3D printing on prosthetics, supporting the assertion that 3D printing can create customized medical solutions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Sebuah situs yang baik biasanya memiliki sistem keamanan yang canggih untuk melindungi data pribadi dan transaksi keuangan pemain. Selain keamanan, penting juga untuk mempertimbangkan kemudahan akses dan variasi permainan yang ditawarkan. Situs togel terpercaya biasanya menyediakan berbagai jenis permainan togel, termasuk live draw Macau, serta pengeluaran dan hasil terkini. Dengan fitur ini, pemain bisa mendapatkan informasi lengkap dan akurat tentang hasil togel secara real-time, sehingga meningkatkan pengalaman bermain. Terakhir, jangan lupa untuk memeriksa layanan pelanggan yang disediakan oleh situs tersebut. Situs terpercaya akan menawarkan layanan pelanggan yang responsif dan profesional, siap membantu pemain dalam menghadapi masalah atau pertanyaan. Dengan mengikuti langkah-langkah ini, Anda akan lebih mudah menemukan situs togel Macau yang tidak hanya aman, tetapi juga menyenangkan untuk dimainkan. toto macau 01/10/2024 by admin1989 of a gambling game combines the convenience of portable devices with the fun and excitement of casino games. Mobile phones and tablets are capable of running sophisticated casino software to produce a realistic gaming experience. They also incorporate a variety of sensors that can personalize the gambling experience for each user. However, as of yet, the development of casino games for mobile platforms has not caught up to the technology available in modern smartphones and tablets. While many people use their mobile phones for online gambling, it is important to understand that the nuances of this form of play can be quite different from traditional Internet gambling. This is because mobile devices are used in a variety of contexts and are more likely to encourage impulsive behaviour. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to online gambling and mobile gaming technology rather than bacterial genetics or horizontal gene transfer. It does not provide any information that supports or contrasts with the claim regarding bacteria and gene transfer.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 838PHC → Hipp0. 0440. 0351. 232150. 2540. 838PRC → EC0. 0200. 0520. 378140. 7220. 838EC → PRC−0. 0020. 081−0. 020140. 9850. 985 *: P<0. 05, **: P<0. 01, adjusted p-values were calculated using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. Data availability The iEEG dataset collected from epileptic patients in this paper is available and, to protect patients' confidentiality, can be requested at The cmlreaders repository for reading in the data is at The main script for the paper is available at (copy archived at 76. 55. 41. PubMed 3233. PubMed 280. 2773. PubMed 401. PubMed 107. 82. 2001. 327. 9854. PubMed 61. 843. PubMed 110. PubMed 375. 1628. PubMed 4736. PubMed 5008. PubMed 316. 445. 302. 2162. PubMed 1272. PubMed 315. 1373. PubMed 362. PubMed 386. PubMed 998. PubMed 152. PubMed 889. PubMed 10. 2307/1912773 50. 245. 1258. PubMed 365. PubMed 1264. PubMed 41. PubMed 10. 1007/978-1-4419-0796-7_2. 1016. 1261. PubMed 2492. PubMed 1367. 264. 434. 949. PubMed 355. PubMed 44. PubMed 343. 625. 171. PubMed 389. 269. PubMed 744. PubMed 795. 423. 936. PubMed 393. 930. PubMed 195. PubMed 707. 953. PubMed 10. PubMed 212. PubMed 1476. PubMed 494. PubMed 337. PubMed 3265. PubMed 555. PubMed 3620. PubMed 998. 10. 2307/2938260 169. PubMed 107. PubMed 449. 2830. 3183. PubMed 10. 1007/978-3-540-28650-9_4. 242. PubMed 0814. PubMed 1196. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding memory recall and provides various statistical data and references without any clear connection to the idea of memory being perfectly recalled with proper stimuli. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: Organic structures would be designed in a program like (3D systems). The pieces and 3D reconstruction of the surface would then be registered and all the pieces aligned. The remainder of this manuscript will discuss, in detail, three example methodologies where computed tomography was essential to the device development and construction: a weight lifting hand, hockey skate adapters, and a wine glass holder. Example 1: Weightlifting adapterA partial hand amputee wanted the ability to lift weights again with both hands simultaneously and individually. The device needed to be multifunctional for both pushing and pulling exercises. The weight lifting hook device required lamination into the carbon fiber socket. The carbon fiber socket was first scanned using CT reconstructed at 1 mm slice thickness (Fig. 2a). The digital reconstruction was then exported as an STL file. After iterative consultation with the prosthetist and patient, it was determined that the weight lifting device needed to be centered on the residual limb and at the appropriate height to preserve proper biomechanics. A CAD file design was created in SolidWorks with the anatomy of a human hand in mind. The hook tries to mimic the proper barbell position for both pushing and pulling exercises. CAD files were also exported as STL files. The surface of the socket was then extruded in specific regions to allow for the carbon fiber layer to be weaved through openings and add stability (Fig. 2b). The hook was then positioned and aligned with the socket, taking height and rotation variables into consideration. The layered pattern was merged with the hook to produce a complete device customized to the patient’s prosthetic socket (Fig. 2c). The device was first 3D printed on a StereolithographyApparatus (SLA 7000), from AccuraSL 7570 (3D systems) to test fitting. Once the fit was confirmed, the device was manufactured on an 1 (ArcamAB) from titanium alloy (Fig. 2d). Carbon fiber was then used to weave and laminate the titanium hook into the prosthetic socket. The prosthetist also attached a ratchet system with a strap extending around the elbow to ensure the prosthetic socket would not migrate during pulling exercises (Fig. 2e). This custom weightlifting hand has multiple functions for a variety of pushing and pulling exercises (Fig. 2f & g). Fig. 2Adapter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the process of creating a customized weightlifting prosthetic using 3D printing technology. It explains how the weight lifting hook device was designed using CAD software, exported as an STL file, and then 3D printed for fitting. The description of the customized device, which aligns with the user's needs, directly supports the claim that 3D printing can create personalized medical devices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Some places allow players to make a side bet called insurance, which pays out if the dealer has an ace up. This is not a guaranteed win, but it is an excellent way to reduce the risk of losing a hand. In addition, some casinos offer additional side bets that pay out when certain combinations are made. A blackjack counter is a person who keeps track of the concentration of cards in a deck. They can then use this information to improve their chances of getting a good hand. The most common counting system is called plus-and-minus and is designed to help players improve their chances of hitting blackjacks. In most cases, a player’s initial two cards must be of equal rank to be a blackjack. However, some casinos allow the player to split two non-matching ten value cards. Generally, the player can only receive a single additional card on each split hand. Some casinos also restrict the number of times a player can split their cards. If a player gets closer to 21 than the dealer, they win. If they beat the dealer, they win and are paid an amount equal to their original wager. If the dealer busts, they lose and their bet is collected. If the player and dealer tie, it is a push or standoff and the bet remains on the table. The casino’s edge in blackjack comes from the fact that it wins more hands than the player, regardless of how well the player plays. This is why it is so important to understand the basics of the game and be able to apply some basic strategies. Players should also remember that they are playing against the dealer, not the other players at the table. 08/09/2024 by admin1989 Slot Pulsa: untuk dan Potongan! Dalam dunia perjudian online, pengalaman bermain slot semakin menarik dengan munculnya opsi slot pulsa. Slot pulsa memberikan kemudahan bagi para pemain, terutama pengguna Indosat dan Telkomsel, untuk melakukan deposit tanpa perlu khawatir tentang potongan biaya yang mengurangi saldo mereka. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses blackjack gambling strategies and does not mention horizontal gene transfer or bacteria in any context. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: After chair training, we surgically fitted the monkeys with acrylic implants, anchored with titanium or ceramic screws, outfitted with a headpost which stabilized the monkeys head while sitting in a primate chair. During the same surgery, we implanted scleral search coils around both eyes (Judge et al. , 1980) and brought the coil wire out to a plug on the acrylic. After basic behavioral training, we performed a craniotomy to expose the intraparietal sulcus (using coordinates determined from a structural MRI), over which we affixed a recording chamber in the acrylic. We located the actual recording sites in each monkey by performing MRIs with the recording electrode in place (see Figure 1). We tranquilized the monkey in the vivarium with ketamine and atropine for transport to the MRI lab. We then anesthetized the monkey using endotracheal isoflurane, and positioned it in a Kopf MRI-compatible stereotaxic instrument. To create the images, we used a custom-made rigid and flexible RF array coils using GE MR750(3T) and GE Signa(1. 5 T) scanners. We used custom Matlab software, Osirix, GE’s MediaViewer, and DicomWorks to analyze the data. We performed all surgeries using ketamine/isoflurane general anesthesia using aseptic surgical technique. The monkey recovered fully before testing restarted. During testing, monkeys worked for their daily water intake and were supplemented with dried and fresh fruits. We monitored monkeys’ weights and general health on every recording day, and at least once a week. We controlled all experiments using the REX (downloadable from: system (Hays et al. , 1982) and recorded single-unit activity with glass-insulated tungsten electrodes introduced through a guide tube positioned plastic grid with 1 mm spacing between possible penetrations (Crist et al. , 1988). In general, recording sessions lasted between 5 and 8 hr depending on the stability of the cell and the monkey’s willingness to continue to work. We took care to avoid making penetrations with the electrode in adjacent grid holes from the previous day’s penetration in order to reduce tissue damage. We kept careful logs regarding the location and depth of each penetration, an estimate describing cell types encountered, and the quality of the monkey’s behavior. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the nature of memory recall or the effect of stimuli on memory. Instead, it details a complex series of surgical and experimental procedures involving monkeys that do not relate to the claim about perfect recall of memory. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: a Carbon fiber socket of partial hand amputee was CT scanned at 1 mm slice increments and then reconstructed. STL file was exported. b The CT reconstruction was used to create socket overlay. Lifting hook was designed in CAD. c Overlay and hook were merged into one piece. d Design was 3D printed in titanium alloy. 3D Print was fit tested on carbon fiber socket. e Caron fiber was weaved through titanium overlay and laminated into the socket. Prosthetist added a ratchet system with strap extending around the elbow for pulling exercises. f & g The attachment was successful in allowing the service member the ability perform both pushing and pulling weight lifting exercisesFull size image Example 2: Hockey skate adaptersA bilateral below the knee amputee who was formerly an avid skater wanted to resume ice skating. The patient felt that they would not be able to tighten the skates enough around the prosthetic foam foot, which would reduce control and energy transfer to the skate and limited the desired sensory feedback to their residual limbs while skating. The blade mount was scanned with CT and reconstructed at 0. 625 mm slice thickness (Fig. 3a). The digital reconstruction was then exported as an STL file. Note that due to the complexity and glossy finish of the surface, it would have been difficult to obtain a 3D surface scan of the blade mount. The articulating surfaces were then offset from the blade holder, and a small lip was maintained for better seating of the device. An assembly was then designed in Solidworks to hold the prosthetic ankle joint and allow for adjustability of the device (Fig. 3b). The CAD assembly was also exported as an STL file. The assembly was aligned with the articulating surface of the device and connected using numerous posts (Fig. 3c & d). The parts were merged together to create the final product. The final design was then mirrored to produce the componentry for the contralateral side. Special attention was given to the adjustability of the ankle joint and the center of gravity as the patient did not have access to the biomechanical benefit of an active ankle joint. The device was first 3D Printed on a (SLA 7000), from AccuraSL 7570 (3D systems) for test fitting. Once the fit was confirmed, the device was manufactured on an Arcam(ArcamAB) from titanium alloy (Fig. 3e). The device was assembled by the prosthetist. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed examples of how 3D printing was used to create customized prosthetics. It describes the process of CT scanning, digital reconstruction, and the use of CAD designs to create functional components like a carbon fiber socket and a hockey skate adapter for amputees. By outlining the steps taken to produce these customized devices through 3D printing, the text supports the assertion that 3D printing can be used to create tailored medical solutions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Dengan menggunakan pulsa sebagai metode pembayaran, Anda kini bisa menikmati permainan favorit dengan lebih leluasa dan tanpa repot. yang ingin merasakan sensasi bermain slot menggunakan pulsa, artikel ini akan menjadi panduan lengkap. Kami akan membahas bagaimana cara melakukan deposit pulsa tanpa potongan, serta menjelaskan keuntungan bermain di platform yang menyediakan slot pulsa Indosat dan Telkomsel. Jangan lewatkan kesempatan untuk mengenal lebih dalam tentang cara mengoptimalkan pengalaman bermain Anda melalui Apa itu Slot Pulsa? merupakan salah satu bentuk permainan yang populer di kalangan pengguna layanan seluler di Indonesia. Permainan ini memungkinkan pemain untuk melakukan deposit menggunakan pulsa mereka, sehingga mereka dapat bermain tanpa harus melakukan transfer uang melalui bank. Dengan sistem ini, pengguna tidak hanya dapat menikmati permainan slot yang menarik, tetapi juga memanfaatkan pulsa yang mungkin tidak terpakai. Salah satu keunggulan dari adalah kemudahan dalam melakukan transaksi. Dengan menggunakan provider seperti Indosat dan Telkomsel, pemain bisa melakukan deposit pulsa tanpa potongan, sehingga seluruh saldo pulsa mereka dapat digunakan untuk bermain. Ketidakperluan untuk menggunakan metode pembayaran tradisional membuat semakin diminati oleh para gamers yang mencari cara praktis untuk menikmati permainan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods of using mobile credit (pulsa) for online slot games and the convenience of transactions without focusing on gene transfer or bacterial traits. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: During every testing and training session, we monitored monkeys using a closed-circuit camera and monitor. We verified stimulus timing using a photoprobe affixed to the screen, which emitted a pulse for each event. We monitored the monkey’s eye movements using a CNC phase detector (Crist Instruments, Hagerstown, MD) to decode the search coil signal (Judge et al. , 1980) and sampled the signal at 1 kHz. During testing, monkeys sat in a primate chair in a sound-attenuated Faraday room. We performed these experiments in two experimental setups. In one set up, the monkeys sat 57 cm away from a CRT monitor (ViewSeries P225F) with a refresh rate of 120 Hz. In the second setup, we presented stimuli with a Hitachi CPX275 LCD projector with a refresh rate of 60 Hz, on a screen 72 cm from the monkey. Once we isolated an LIP neuron and confirmed that it displayed canonical visual, delay, and perisaccadic responses, we probed the boundaries of LIP neuron receptive fields by having monkeys make memory-guided saccades (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983) to targets appearing in locations which were inside and outside of the cell’s receptive field. In some cases, we used a fixation task to characterize the cell’s receptive field by having the monkey fixate a point while stimuli briefly flashed (50 ms) pseudo-randomly on the screen, generating a map of locations that evoked visual responses (measured 50–150 ms after the flash). We ensured that saccade target and probe stimuli locations were positioned correctly with respect to future and current receptive field locations to avoid unintentional contamination by a visual response. We transformed the REX data into a form analyzable by (MathWorks, Natick, MA) using the software (downloadable from Although the REX system provides an estimate of activity using the MEX (downloadable from spike sorter, for the analyses in this paper we used the MEX system to digitize the neural data and sorted the spikes offline using the MEX offline analysis program. The custom codes, and raw data from every cell analyzed in this paper are provided as. m, and. csv files. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes in detail the experimental setup and methodology used to study monkeys' eye movements and neural responses during memory-guided tasks. However, it does not directly address the claim about the perfect recall of memory with the right stimulus. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: The prosthetic attachment gave a bilateral amputee the ability to skate again (Fig. 3f & g). A special tool was also manufactured to allow the prosthetist or amputee to tighten bolts with minimal access. Fig. 3Adapter. a Blade mount was CT scanned at 0. 625 mm slice increments and then reconstructed. STL file was exported. b Design and freeform articulating surfaces created. c Files were aligned with the reconstruction of the skate blade mount. d Connecting geometry (posts) added between entities. e Three part assembly manufactured from titanium alloy using an electron beam melting machine. f & g Prosthetic attachments allow patients to enjoy skating or play stand up hockeyFull size image Example 3: Wine glass holderA 34-year old man status post upper extremity amputation had difficulty holding a standard wine glass due to the limitation of their terminal device. The prosthetic hook either applied too much pressure to the stem of the glass or the glass would wobble in the empty space between the two prongs. In order to resolve this issue, a mold of the empty space was created by placing lab putty in the open hook. The hook was then closed, allowing the putty to fill the void between the two prongs, creating an impression of both prongs (Fig. 4a). The set mold was then removed and scanned using CT at 5 mm slice increments. While 5 mm slice thickness is larger than the typical requirements, this level of detail was sufficient to serve as a basis for design. The scan was reconstructed in v17 and exported as an STL file (Fig. 4b). Note that due to the undercuts of the object, an accurate 3D surface scan would be difficult to obtain. The STL file was verified and imported into FreeFormPlus 2013 (3D Systems). A cup was added to support the bowl of the wine glass, and a 9 mm hole and slit were added for wine glass insertion (Fig. 4c). The final device was manufactured on an Objet500 Connex2 3D printer (Stratasys). The device was made from a combination of Plus and Plus to obtain the appropriate durometer for the device (Fig. 4d). This prosthetic device enabled the amputee to enjoy wine again (Fig. 4e). Fig. 4Holder. a Lab putty was used to make impression of the space between the prosthetic hook. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing the creation of customized prosthetic devices using 3D printing technology. It describes how specific molds were made and scanned, and STL files were created and exported for manufacturing on a 3D printer. The prosthetic attachments allowed patients to skate and enjoy wine again, which exemplifies the customization and utility of 3D printed medical devices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: This will help you determine the startup and operational costs of your venture. You should also consider the potential market for your products. Then, you can select the best lottery software provider based on your requirements. After selecting a site, you will need to create an account and fund it with real cash. Most sites offer several payment options, ranging from credit cards to eWallets. Some even accept cryptocurrencies. Once you have your account funded, you can start playing the games. Most sites offer a variety of games, so you can find one that fits your taste and budget. Some states have their own official websites for lottery players to buy tickets and view results. These sites typically require a player to be located within the state or country in which the lottery operates. Other websites are run by third parties and serve as virtual ticket vendors. These sites allow users to purchase tickets for all major lotteries around the world. Some of these sites even sell Instant Games, which are casino-like games that can be played for a chance to win a jackpot. Whether it’s for the convenience or to save time, online lottery sites are becoming increasingly popular. They can be accessed from computers, tablets, and mobile phones. In addition, they offer a variety of bonus offers for new customers. These can include deposit-match bonuses and free ticket giveaways. These bonuses give you extra money on your first deposit and can boost your chances of winning big. When choosing an online lottery site, it is important to choose a trusted partner. A reputable website will have multiple layers of security to protect your information and ensure the safety of your transactions. It should also have customer support available 24/7 to answer any questions you may have. Before deciding to play the online lottery, make sure that you’re familiar with state lottery laws. Some states have restrictions on where you can play, and others require a physical in-person visit to verify your identity before awarding your prize. While this isn’t a problem for large jackpots, it can be a pain if you’re trying to claim a smaller prize. The process of winning a lottery online can be simple, but it’s important to understand the risks. Before you start, make sure that you’re familiar with the laws in your state and know how to protect yourself. In addition, make sure that you’re not using a rogue lottery website. These types of sites can lead to scams and theft. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to online lottery sites, operational costs of ventures, and player requirements without mentioning anything about horizontal gene transfer or bacteria. Therefore, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Before performing detailed statistical analysis, we first investigated if the data came from standard normal distributions, using two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test. When we tested the mean neural activity in the response windows (intervals described below), all of our data sets were found to be distributed non-normally (non-parametric). To show that the statistically significant cells in both experiments were not just one side of a symmetric distribution we calculated a memory index to quantify the degree to which each cell manifested memory activity, comparing postsaccadic activity in Block 1 (Rpre) with postsaccadic activity in Block 3 (Rmem): Memoryindex=(Rmem−Rpre)/(Rmem+Rpre) All index distributions were not normally distributed (by KS test), and we showed that the population median was significantly different from zero by using median values for the distribution of the memory indices and a Wilcoxon signed rank test to compare each sample with a test sample identical to the measured sample with the measured mean subtracted from each value. In addition, we calculated medcouple, a non-parametric histogram skewness measure (Brys et al. , 2004). This tool is not affected by unsymmetrical tails and outliers, and is also not based on classical skewness represented by the third moment. Since this measure does not depend on mean or standard deviation, it gives an accurate description of a skewed distribution. Its results are bound between values: −1 (left skewed), 0 (symmetric), and 1 (right skewed). All cells reported here had both statistically significant visual and memory responses (Wilcoxon signed rank p-value for median activity between baseline and response window <0. 001) (Whitley and Ball, 2002). We have excluded units with memory activity if median activity in Block 1 (baseline recording block) pre- and post-saccadic were statistically different (indicating eye-position modulation). In other words, even if we could find significant memory activity well beyond what can be described by either eye position or saccadic activity effect, we are not presenting them here. To quantify the magnitude of the memory and visual responses, we did a comparison of the peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs) during baseline, visual, and memory trials, for identical epochs aligned on saccade onset. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on statistical analysis and methods concerning memory activity, such as describing the distribution of memory indices and the significance of neural response. However, it does not specifically address the claim about the perfect recall of memory with the right stimulus. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: b Putty impression was scanned using computed tomography (CT) at 5 mm slice increment and then reconstructed. STL was exported. c The cup, hole, and slit added to the design. d Device was 3D printed using multi-material jetting machine utilizing flexible material. e Prosthetic attachment enables an amputee to enjoy wine againFull size image Results and discussionIn this manuscript, we researched and presented several methodologies to construct personalized examples highlighting the benefits CT reconstructions and the 3D printing process provide in successfully manufacturing prosthetic devices in limited quantities. These are but a few examples of the applications of this technique. Three-dimensional reconstructions from computed tomography create an accurate starting geometry for designing custom prosthetic attachment and devices when barriers to traditional design processes and production methods exist. Once 3D reconstructions were obtained anywhere from thirty minutes (Holder) to three hours (Adapters) were spent on the digital design process. 3D Printing has created new opportunities for the production of prosthetic devices and allows for the creation of unique, customized devices. Some limiting factors of these developed methodologies include the availability of equipment and materials, software, scanners, CT scan expenses, 3D printers, and experienced staff. Materials for these prosthetic components were chosen based on the technologies and materials available at the institution. Preliminary results show that the titanium alloy used has allowed for large safety factors, greater than 2. 5, on prosthetic attachments analyzed. Future endeavors include 3D printing a mold for to manufacture the Holder from silicone rubber. For less complex designs conventional machining could also be utilized if the facility had in-house capabilities or outsourcing could be more economical. For these particular project and other similar projects, the cost of outsourcing these components would have been higher than the cost of in-house production. CT scanning cost will differ by the institution; however, these objects do not require the radiologist reading. ConclusionUsing CT in conjunction with digital design and 3D printing can be utilized to create custom rehabilitation devices. Facility resources and knowledge can be limiting factors. 3D printing has created new opportunities previously unavailable to prosthetics, occupational therapy, and assistive technology departments. This methodology continues to be utilized when conventional techniques are limiting or suboptimal. Interprofessional collaboration, imaging, and digital manufacturing expertise are vital to the successful form, fit, and function of these devices. 2012. 15. F2F. MA. FAAST86. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how 3D printing is used alongside CT scanning to manufacture custom prosthetic devices. It explicitly states that '3D Printing has created new opportunities for the production of prosthetic devices and allows for the creation of unique, customized devices.' Furthermore, it highlights the methodologies employed to use CT reconstructions for designing custom prosthetic attachments, illustrating the capacity of 3D printing to facilitate personalized medical solutions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: However, the basic rules of the game are the same for all of them: One player, designated by the rules of the game being played, makes the first bet. Each player must then either “call” that bet by putting chips into the pot equal to or greater than the amount placed in by the player before him, or raise that bet by matching it or more. Each player has five cards, and a combination of these creates their final poker hand. There are various combinations that can be made, ranging from high cards to pairs of the same number (for example, two sixes). The highest hand wins the pot. To be a successful poker player, you must understand how to read the other players at your table. This is done by studying their actions and reading their body language. Paying attention to their betting behavior can help you determine whether they have a strong or weak poker hand. You can then make more accurate calls and play your cards accordingly. It is also important to be able to read other players’ “tells,” which are the little quirks and habits that can give away their cards. For example, if someone fiddles with their rings or constantly looks at the floor, they probably have a weak hand and are unlikely to call a bet. On the other hand, if someone suddenly raises their bet, they may have a strong poker hand. 15/08/2024 by admin1989 Online: di Generasipoker dan IDN online telah menjadi salah satu permainan kasino terpopuler di dunia maya. Dengan berbagai platform seperti GenerasiPoker dan IDN Poker, para pemain diberikan kemudahan untuk mengakses permainan ini kapan saja dan di mana saja. Dalam panduan ini, kita akan membahas secara lengkap tentang bagaimana cara membangun strategi yang solid dan efektif untuk bermain poker online, terutama di kedua situs yang telah disebutkan. Memahami cara bermain dan strategi yang tepat sangat penting bagi siapa saja yang ingin meraih kemenangan dalam permainan judi poker. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses poker rules and strategies, which is entirely unrelated to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Therefore, the text does not support, contrast, or offer relevant information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: All PSTHs were normalized to baseline activity (block 1) and were constructed from 2 ms spike bins, smoothed using a 10 ms sliding causal filter. Baseline calculations were made in the −426 to −226 ms (pre-saccade onset) window. To quantify the decay, perisaccadic memory and visual responses, we selected the time point of peak activity in the window from 125 ms before the saccade onset (to include any predictive remapping) to 500 ms after. We then looked at the median of raw spike count over a window extending 100 ms before and after this point to calculate response latencies, as described next. To obtain a latency value of the memory response, we used a median threshold-crossing and sustained response method. In short, this analysis compared the median activity in the baseline and response windows. We derived a ‘cut off’ value by determining the spike count values which would fall above at least the 75% percentile of the baseline median. By comparing the median spike counts in the response window to this ‘cut off’ value, we could determine when a minimum of five bins (of 2 ms each) contained a greater spike count than the ‘cut off’ value. We took the first of these bins as the response latency, and verified visually by looking at the corresponding time on the PSTH. Since the baseline activity can vary between different trials in the same experiment, we first chose a window within the time from fixation to −226 ms before saccade onset. Within this wide window, we made 200 ms wide sliding windows, in 1 ms steps. By finding the median spike count within these smaller windows, we picked the window closest to the start of the response window (but still had the same median as the population of these several 200 ms wide windows). This median was chosen to look at the response window in which a threshold crossing for at least 20 ms was picked as the response latency. We could not calculate latencies for a few neurons using this method, because the baseline (pre-saccadic) memory block response was as high as post-saccadic activity. There were also a few other units whose latencies were automatically picked by the aforementioned median method but a more precise time point could be picked by doing yet another median-based analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information directly related to the claim about the perfect recall of memory with the right stimulus. Instead, it discusses technical methods for analyzing neural responses related to memory, without supporting or contrasting the idea of perfect recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: Among mutualistic symbioses, the association of plants with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia [2] and with mycorrhizal fungi, in particular, are the result of a long co-evolution and co-operation between plants and soil microbes [1]. Different types of mycorrhizae have been found in nature: ectomycorrhiza (ECM) is predominant in forest soils and is characterized by the fact that the fungal hyphae remain outside the plant cell; endomycorrhiza comprises orchid, ericoid and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and derives its name from the fact that the fungal hyphae are able to enter into the plant root cells [3]. ECM fungi have evolved from wood- and litter-decaying fungal ancestors, without any obvious reversal to saprotrophy [4]. Although the oldest ECM root fossils date back to 50 million years ago (MYA) [5], molecular analyses place the origin of ECM fungi in the Cretaceous [6] and suggest that they probably played a role in the migration of plants from the tropics to the poorer temperate regions [7]. ECM fungi mostly belong to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, and they form symbioses with a relative small number of plant species [4]. They play an important role in forest establishment and in the successful reforestation of harsh environments, such as saline areas [8]. Moreover, ECM fungi can form fruiting bodies which have an important economic impact, such as truffles. The AM symbiosis involves the majority of crop plants and results from the successful interaction between fungi in the Glomeromycota and the roots of about 80% of terrestrial plants [9]. This symbiosis is one of the oldest biotrophic interactions, dating back 400–450 MYA and is thought to have played a pivotal role in the water-to-land transition during plant evolution [10] (Figure 1). AM fungi have become so intimately dependent on plants that they are obligate biotrophs. The evolutionary success of mycorrhizal symbioses likely derives from the bidirectional nutrient exchange that takes place between the two partners in most associations: fungi deliver mineral nutrients to the plants, while receiving sugars in return. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the interactions between plants and mycorrhizal fungi as mutualistic symbioses. It describes various types of mycorrhizae, such as endomycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza, highlighting the critical role these fungi play in association with plant roots, including the establishment of nutrient exchange—where fungi deliver essential minerals to plants in return for sugars.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Strategi lainnya adalah mengatur anggaran dengan bijak. Sebaiknya tetapkan batasan berapa banyak uang yang ingin Anda gunakan saat bermain 5k Dana. Dengan mengatur anggaran, Anda dapat menghindari kerugian besar dan memperpanjang waktu bermain Anda. Cobalah untuk tidak terbawa emosi saat bermain; tetaplah disiplin dan ikuti rencana yang telah Anda buat. akan membantu Anda untuk tetap fokus dan tidak melakukan keputusan impulsif yang dapat berujung pada kerugian. Terakhir, manfaatkan bonus dan promosi yang ditawarkan oleh situs slot seperti Nenekslot. Banyak situs menyediakan berbagai promosi yang memungkinkan Anda untuk mendapatkan lebih banyak kesempatan bermain tanpa harus mengeluarkan banyak uang. Pelajari syarat dan ketentuan dari promosi tersebut agar Anda bisa memaksimalkan potensi kemenangan di dalam permainan. Dengan kombinasi strategi yang tepat, peluang Anda untuk menang di akan meningkat secara signifikan. 01/08/2024 by admin1989 Menangkan Jackpot! Gacor dan Sebuah jackpot besar selalu menjadi impian para penggemar slot, dan dengan informasi yang tepat, Anda bisa mendekati mimpi tersebut. Dalam dunia permainan online, dan Gacor muncul sebagai pilihan menarik bagi para pemain yang mencari keseruan dan peluang menang yang lebih besar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses budget management and strategies for playing slot games, with no mention of horizontal gene transfer or bacterial traits. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: restore vision for the blind, several prosthetic approaches have been explored that convey raw images to the brain. So far, these schemes all suffer from a lack of bandwidth. An alternate approach would restore vision at the cognitive level, bypassing the need to convey sensory data. A wearable computer captures video and other data, extracts important scene knowledge, and conveys that to the user in compact form. Here, we implement an intuitive user interface for such a device using augmented reality: each object in the environment has a voice and communicates with the user on command. With minimal training, this system supports many aspects of visual cognition: obstacle avoidance, scene understanding, formation and recall of spatial memories, navigation. Blind subjects can traverse an unfamiliar multi-story building on their first attempt. To spur further development in this domain, we developed an open-source environment for standardized benchmarking of visual assistive devices. 36 million people are blind worldwide (Bourne et al. , 2017). In industrialized nations, the dominant causes of blindness are age-related diseases of the eye, all of which disrupt the normal flow of visual data from the eye to the brain. In some of these cases, biological repair is a potential option, and various treatments are being explored involving gene therapy, stem cells, or transplantation (Scholl et al. , 2016). However, the dominant strategy for restoring vision has been to bring the image into the brain through alternate means. The most direct route is electrical stimulation of surviving cells in the retina (Stingl and Zrenner, 2013; Weiland and Humayun, 2014) or of neurons in the visual cortex (Dobelle et al. , 1974). Another option involves translating the raw visual image into a different sensory modality (Loomis et al. , 2012; Maidenbaum et al. , 2014; Proulx et al. , 2016), such as touch (Stronks et al. , 2016) or hearing (Auvray et al. , 2007; Capelle et al. , 1998; Meijer, 1992). So far, none of these approaches has enabled any practical recovery of the functions formerly supported by vision. Despite decades of efforts all users of such devices remain legally blind (Luo and da Cruz, 2016; Stingl et al. , 2017; Striem-Amit et al. , 2012; Stronks et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the perfect recall of memory with the right stimulus. Instead, it discusses various approaches to restoring vision for blind individuals and mentions the limitations of those methods. There is no mention or implication about memory recall in the context of visual stimuli or any other type of cognitive stimulus.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: It has been estimated that up to 20% of the photosynthesis-derived compounds of terrestrial plants (approximately 5 billion tons of carbon per year) are consumed by symbiotic fungi [11]. On the other hand, for example, 70% of the overall Pi acquired by arbuscular mycorrhizal rice plants is delivered via the symbiotic route [12]. Mycorrhizal plants benefit from their interaction with symbiotic fungi not only in terms of improved mineral nutrition, with an increased biomass production, but also in better protection against pathogens and abiotic stresses [13]. Figure 1. Schematic timeline of the root symbiosis development. Because of the importance of mycorrhizal symbioses in plant health, several studies have focused on the biology, evolution and biodiversity of mycorrhizal associations [14]. In particular, the recent development of high-throughput molecular tools has allowed us to gain deeper knowledge on the molecular mechanisms governing the plant–fungus interaction [14], providing useful information for the application of these beneficial fungal agents to optimize plant health, nutrition and yields in sustainable agriculture and forestry. Although examples will be given for all mycorrhizal types, this 2. Plant–symbiotic fungi interactionsThe plant AM fungal interaction starts in the soil surrounding the plant roots, a region termed rhizosphere, where both plants and fungi release chemical signals in a pre-symbiotic molecular dialogue [17]. Among their root exudates, plants release in the rhizosphere signals such as strigolactones and cutin monomers, which elicit hyphal branching in AM fungi as well as apical growth of fungal hyphae towards the root surface, following the gradient of plant molecules (Figure 2A). Although the fungal receptors for these plant molecules remain unknown, it has been proved that they are perceived by the fungus, causing a signal cascade. Figure 2. The boxes represent the four phases of formation of the plant–fungus association in the AM symbiosis. (A) Plant roots exude strigolactones and induce hyphal branching, while the fungus releases LCOs, perceived by the plant. (B) The AM fungus contacts the root surface and forms hyphopodia. (C) Epidermal plant cells produce a pre-penetration apparatus; the AM fungus starts to grow inside the plant and reaches the cortex. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information about the symbiotic relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots. It explains that mycorrhizal fungi consume carbon derived from plant photosynthesis and facilitate the acquisition of phosphorous for plants, highlighting the mutual benefits such as improved mineral nutrition and protection against pathogens. The text also mentions the two organisms' interaction initiated in the plant roots' rhizosphere, illustrating the chemical signaling that occurs, which is central to establishing a symbiotic relationship. This supports the claim that mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Bagi para penggemar slot online, akan membantu Anda memahami lebih dalam tentang fitur-fitur menarik yang ditawarkan oleh Pragmatic Play. Dari slot demo gratis hingga versi terbaru terlengkap, selalu memberikan pengalaman bermain yang mendebarkan dan memuaskan. Dengan fitur-fitur inovatif seperti demo slot x500, akun demo slot, dan slot demo gacor, memastikan para pemain dapat menikmati sensasi bermain yang unik dan menghibur. Selain itu, kolaborasi dengan PG Soft juga menambah variasi permainan yang menarik, memberikan pilihan yang lebih beragam kepada para penggemar slot online. Tidak ketinggalan demo pragmatic dari yang selalu dinantikan, menampilkan tampilan grafis yang memukau dan gameplay yang menarik. Dengan mengikuti panduan pragmatic ini, para pemain dapat memaksimalkan pengalaman bermain mereka dan menemukan demo slot terbaru dan gratis untuk dinikmati. slot demo pg 22/06/2024 by admin1989 and Psychology of is the wagering of something of value, such as money or personal possessions, on an event that involves chance. It can also refer to a game in which skill is involved, but the outcome of that activity depends on random chance. While the majority of people gamble for fun, a small percentage develop an addiction to gambling that can have serious social and financial consequences. For centuries, humans have been engaged in activities that could be considered gambling. However, as understanding of the adverse effects of gambling has developed, our thinking about this behavior has been transformed. The current view of pathological gambling (PG) encompasses a broad range, from behaviors that place individuals at risk of developing a problem to those that would meet the diagnostic criteria of PG in the fourth edition of the psychiatric manual, commonly known as DSM-IV. This 49. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to online slot gaming and gambling rather than any biological processes or horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It does not provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: While one can certainly hope for progress in these domains, it is worth asking what are the fundamental obstacles to restoration of visual function. The human eye takes in about 1 gigabit of raw image information every second, whereas our visual system extracts from this just tens of bits to guide our thoughts and actions (Pitkow and Meister, 2014). All the above approaches seek to transmit the raw image into the brain. This requires inordinately high data rates. Further, the signal must arrive in the brain in a format that can be interpreted usefully by the visual system or some substitute brain area to perform the key steps of knowledge acquisition, like scene recognition and object identification. None of the technologies available today deliver the high data rate required to retain the relevant details of a scene, nor do they produce a neural code for the image that matches the expectations of the human brain, even given the prodigious degree of adaptive plasticity in the nervous system. Three decades ago, one of the pioneers of sensory substitution articulated his vision of a future visual prosthesis (Collins, 1985): "I strongly believe that we should take a more sophisticated approach, utilizing the power of artificial intelligence for processing large amounts of detailed visual information in order to substitute for the missing functions of the eye and much of the visual pre-processing performed by the brain. We should off-load the blind travelers' brain of these otherwise slow and arduous tasks which are normally performed effortlessly by the sighted visual system". Whereas at that time the goal was hopelessly out of reach, today’s capabilities in computer vision, artificial intelligence, and miniaturized computing power are converging to make it realistic. Here, we present such an approach that bypasses the need to convey the sensory data entirely, and focuses instead on the important high-level knowledge, presented at a comfortable data rate and in an intuitive format. We call the system CARA: a cognitive augmented reality assistant for the blind. principles CARA uses a wearable augmented reality device to give voices to all the relevant objects in the environment (Figure 1A). Unlike most efforts at scene sonification (Bujacz and Strumiłło, 2016; Csapó and Wersényi, 2013), our system communicates through natural language. Each object in the scene can talk to the user with a voice that comes from the object’s location. The voice’s pitch increases as the object gets closer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the complexities of visual information processing and attempts to bridge sensory substitution for the blind. It does not address the concept of memory recall or suggest that memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. Rather, it focuses on technical challenges and advancements related to visual prosthetics and cognitive assistance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: (D) The AM fungal hypha branches inside the cortex cells and form the arbuscules. Fungal signal molecules have been identified in the past few years as being lipo-chito-oligosaccharides (LCOs) [18], the same type of signal molecules produced by rhizobia when interacting with legume plants, and chito-oligosaccharides (COs) [19]. Although the plant receptors for the fungal signal molecules have not been identified yet, large families of receptors are predicted to potentially bind these molecules. Thanks to the exchange of these plant and fungal signal molecules, the plant and the AM fungus recognize each other and begin a more intimate phase of the interaction, with the fungus starting root colonization. The plant paves the way for fungal colonization by building up the so-called pre-penetration apparatus (PPA) [20], a transient assembly that defines the path followed by the fungal hyphae toward the inner root layers (Figure 2B–C). The AM fungus follows the path created by the PPA until the root cortex, where it starts to form a tree-like structure called 'arbuscule' (Figure 2D). The arbuscule is the core of a functional AM symbiosis, shaped as a highly branched structure where each hyphal branch is surrounded by the plant cell membrane. The contact surface between the plant and the AM fungus greatly increases around the arbuscule, thus increasing the area of nutrient exchanges. After few (ca. 4–5) days, the arbuscule collapses [21] and is replaced by a new one in the same or in another cortical cell. During AM fungal colonization, ‘early stage’ indicates the phase occurring prior to and during the initial contact between the two symbionts. This stage ends with the formation of the arbuscules that mark the transition to the ‘late stage’ of the symbiosis. However, fungal colonization of plant roots occurs at many access points not normally synchronized and the mycorrhizal symbiosis is highly dynamic, meaning that when new access points are created, arbuscules are forming and collapsing. Therefore, early and late stages can be really distinguished only after the first contacts between plant and fungus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the interaction between AM fungi and plants, highlighting the formation of arbuscules as central to mycorrhizal symbiosis. It explains how fungal colonization occurs, signaling molecules facilitate recognition between plant and fungus, and emphasizes the nutrient exchange that characterizes their symbiotic relationship.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Consequently, microbes with smaller genomes expel unused genes (Giovannoni et al. , 2005). For example, in a well studied group of archaea, Methanosarcina mazei has the smallest genome of the sequenced Methanosarcina and has clearly shed transferred genes found in other members of the genus (Garushyants, Kazanov & Gelfand, 2015). Gene loss is more common than gene gain over the evolution of both bacteria and archaea (Wolf et al. , 2012). On the other hand, a large genome is an adaptive strategy in which excess genes are retained longer (Chang et al. , 2011) in order to allow greater versatility (Guieysse & Wuertz, 2012). Thus, counting the absolute number of transferred genes present in a genome does not necessarily reflect the rate of horizontal transfer into that organism. This, however, could happen at a much larger scale when comparing organisms from very different environments. In order to compare bacteria from a range of living conditions, we look for bacteria with unusual levels of HGT with archaea than predicted by their genome size. total of 448 bacterial and 57 archaeal genomes (Table S1) were compared using reciprocal BLAST hits (BLAST version 2), where each BLASTp hit had to have an e-value of less than or equal to 1e−10 and the alignment length was >50% of the query (Table S2). Genomes were downloaded from the NCBI ftp site in 2009 and in cases where a microbe had one or more plasmids, those plasmids were included with the genome. All genomes were 100% complete and closed and no two genomes are from the same species. Information about each organism and its temperature, oxygen, and salt p1. code and RBH dataset necessary to reproduce the regression modeling and visualization is freely available at In addition, we examined the Korbel normalization, which includes the genome size of both bacteria and archaea: weighted average = 2 × A × B A 2 + B 2 where A and B are the genome size of the archaeal and bacterial genomes (Korbel et al. , 2002). fit was similar to our log–logistic function, but was found to be less accurate for bacteria with >5,000 genes (Fig. S2). Therefore, we used the log–logistic function in all our analyses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and its role in enabling bacteria to acquire new traits. Instead, it discusses genome size, gene loss compared to gene gain, and methodological aspects of comparing genomes. This information is tangential and does not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim about HGT.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: The user actively selects which objects speak through several modes of control (Figure 1—figure supplement 1): mode, the objects call out their names in sequence from left to right, offering a quick overview of the scene. mode, the object directly in front speaks, and the user can explore the scene by moving the head. mode, the user selects one object that calls repeatedly at the press of a clicker. In addition, any surface in the space emits a hissing sound as a collision warning when the user gets too close (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). Figure 1 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Hardware platform and object localization task. (A) HoloLens wearable augmented reality device. Arrow points to one of its stereo speakers. (B) In each trial of the object localization task, the target (green box) is randomly placed on a circle (red). The subject localizes and turns to aim at the target. (C) Object localization relative to the true azimuth angle (dashed line). Box denotes s. e. m. , whiskers s. d. (D) Characteristics of the seven blind subjects. The system is implemented on the Microsoft HoloLens (Figure 1A), a powerful head-mounted computer designed for augmented reality (Hoffman, 2016). The HoloLens scans all surfaces in the environment using video and infrared sensors, creates a 3D map of the surrounding space, and localizes itself within that volume to a precision of a few centimeters (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). It includes a see-through display for digital imagery superposed on the real visual scene; open ear speakers that augment auditory reality while maintaining regular hearing; and an operating system that implements all the localization functions and provides access to the various sensor streams. Any cognitive assistant must both acquire knowledge about the environment and then communicate that knowledge to the user. Tracking and identifying objects and people in a dynamic scene still presents a challenge, but those capabilities are improving at a remarkable rate (Jafri et al. , 2014; Verschae and Ruiz-del-Solar, 2015), propelled primarily by interests in autonomous vehicles (see also Technical extensions below). Anticipating that the acquisition problems will be solved shortly, we focus here on the second task, the interface to the user. Thus, we populated the real-space volume scanned by the HoloLens with virtual objects that interact with the user. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct evidence or discussion about the capabilities of memory recall or whether it can be achieved perfectly with the right stimulus. Instead, it focuses on the functionalities of the HoloLens device and its use in object localization tasks, which is unrelated to the claim about memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: The intracellular accommodation of unbranched hyphae (during the early stage) and of arbuscules (at a later stage) is a coordinated developmental process between the plant and the fungal cells: it involves an intricate and largely unexplored signal exchange, intense secretory activity related to the biogenesis of the perifungal membrane and an overall reorganization of the cell architecture. Several plant genes are known to be required for the establishment and functioning of the AM symbiosis. Some of them encode proteins that are components of the so-called 'SYM pathway' and are essential for early signalling and root colonization [10]. Other genes are likely involved in nutrient exchange during arbuscule functioning, such as the Medicago truncatula gene coding for a phosphate transporter (PT4) specifically induced in arbuscule-containing cells [22]. However, despite molecular and cellular evidence of the expression of these genes in arbuscule-containing cells, the corresponding proteins have not been identified through proteomic approaches until very recently [23], most likely because of their accumulation in a small sub-population of root cells, those harbouring the arbuscules, and because of technical difficulties with membrane protein extraction. Whereas the main signal molecules involved in the AM fungus–host plant dialogue have been identified, little information is so far available on the recognition events and on the long-maintenance factors involved in the ECM symbiosis (Garcia et al. 2015), although auxin and ethylene have been identified as some of the signals exchanged between the two partners in ECM [24,25]. By contrast, nothing is known concerning this aspect in the ericoid and the orchid mycorrhiza. The colonization steps have a very different morphology in ECM and AM symbioses. During the symbiotic phase, ECM fungi form a fungal sheath (the mantle) that develops outside the root. From the inner layers of the mantle, some hyphae penetrate between the epidermal and the outer cortical cells to form an intercellular hyphal network (the Hartig net) inside the root tissues [1]. Mycorrhiza-induced small secreted proteins (MiSSPs) are fungal proteins known to be involved during the formation and maintenance of the symbiosis between ECM fungi and their host plant [26,27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed insights into the symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots. It describes the specific processes such as the intracellular accommodation of unbranched hyphae and arbuscules, indicating a coordinated developmental process between the plant and fungal cells. It also mentions plant genes required for establishing and maintaining this interaction, thereby further supporting the idea that mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Our analyses investigating the tempo and mode of evolutionary diversification of one of Earth’s most prolific vertebrate radiations (Liolaemus lizards) reveals a density-dependent pattern of lineage accumulation over time (Fig. 2), while in contrast, the evolution of body size does not follow a traditional pattern of adaptive radiation mode of diversification (i. e. , it does not conform to an early-burst trajectory). This latter finding is further confirmed by the strong subclade overlap in morphospace revealed by the DTT analysis (Figs. 2 and 3). Instead, body size evolution is best explained by a model based on stabilizing selection (i. e. , OU) that pulls the trait towards three convergent adaptive optima during the lineage’s evolutionary history. These multiple species-level size peaks are confirmed by our maximum-likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction of Liolaemus ancestral body sizes (Fig. 2). Interestingly, analyses of trait-dependent diversification showed that higher rates of lineage accumulation are associated with smaller body size (Table 3). Traditionally, analyses of both lineage and phenotypic evolution have been employed to address the role of early ecological opportunity followed by density-dependent declines in diversification via niche saturation over evolutionary time (often within the context of island versus continental radiations) [2, 9]. In turn, these phenomena are central to the definition of adaptive radiation [1, 2, 7, 10], and hence, have served to identify lineages that have followed this route of diversification. Diversification dynamics and continental evolutionary radiationsEvolutionary diversifications in island systems (e. g. , oceanic islands, mainland ‘lake archipelagos’) and in continental settings are widely thought to proceed under different ecological dynamics, and scenarios leading to adaptive radiations are thought to prevail on islands. Indeed, most emblematic examples of adaptive radiations have diversified on island systems [1, 72–74], and the outcomes of evolutionary radiations often differ between island and continental phylogenetically related lineages [22, 75]. High ecological opportunity emerging from lower interspecific competition and high resource abundance are broadly believed to be the basis to trigger adaptive radiations on islands. In contrast, mainlands offer much more complex and competitive environments [1, 21–23]. Therefore, it has been suggested that the ecological opportunity that promotes adaptive radiations on islands may not generally occur in continental systems [e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how body size evolution in Liolaemus lizards does not conform to traditional patterns of adaptive radiation. It explains that instead of following the expected early-burst trajectory of adaptive radiation, body size evolution is better explained by stabilizing selection. While the text acknowledges that adaptive radiations are believed to occur on islands due to high ecological opportunity, it does suggest that such opportunities may not typically arise in continental environments. This indicates a limitation to the claim that adaptive radiation universally explains diversification in new environments, particularly highlighting that the conditions for adaptive radiation may not be present in all new environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: The subject begins in the starting zone (red shaded circle), follows the voice of the chair, and navigates to the target zone (green shaded circle). (B) All raw trajectories from one subject (#6) including 1 s time markers. Oscillations from head movement are filtered out in subsequent analysis. (C) Filtered and aligned trajectories from all trials of 3 subjects (#3, 4, 7). Arrow highlights a trial where the subject started in the wrong direction. (D) Trajectories of subjects performing the task with only a cane and no HoloLens. (E) Deviation index, namely the excess length of the walking trajectory relative to the shortest distance between start and target. Note logarithmic axis and dramatic difference between HoloLens and Cane conditions. (F) Speed of each subject normalized to the free-walking speed. For comparison, we asked subjects to find a real chair in the same space using only their usual walking aid (Figure 3D). These searches took on average eight times longer and covered 13 times the distance needed with CARA. In a related series of experiments we encumbered the path to the target with several virtual obstacles. Using the alarm sounds, our subjects weaved through the obstacles without collision (Figure 3—figure supplement 2D). Informal reports from the subjects confirmed that steering towards a voice is a natural function that can be performed automatically, leaving attentional bandwidth for other activities. For example, some subjects carried on a conversation while following CARA. Long-range guided navigation If the target object begins to move as the subject follows its voice, it becomes a ‘virtual guide’. We designed a guide that follows a precomputed path and repeatedly calls out ‘follow me’. The guide monitors the subject’s progress, and stays at most 1 m ahead of the subject. If the subject strays off the path, the guide stops and waits for the subject to catch up. The guide also offers warnings about impending turns or a flight of stairs. To test this design, we asked subjects to navigate a campus building that had been pre-scanned by the HoloLens (Figure 4A, Figure 4—figure supplement 1). The path led from the ground-floor entrance across a lobby, up two flights of stairs, around several corners and along a straight corridor, then into a second floor office (Figure 4B–C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses navigation tasks and the use of a guide in following a path. It does not provide any information about memory recall or the effects of stimuli on memory, thus failing to address the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: The identification of the key molecular players in mycorrhizal symbioses is mandatory to understand the complex interactions between the symbiotic partners and the ways to improve and fully exploit their symbiotic potential in sustainable crop and forest management. Genome sequences of several mycorrhizal fungal species are now available and provide a great opportunity to increase our knowledge on the mycorrhizal lifestyle, on the metabolic capabilities of these symbioses and on the molecular dialogue between the two symbiotic partners [28]. Advertisement 3. The symbiotic proteomics of mycorrhizal interactionsProteomics is the large-scale study of proteins from a specific proteome in order to understand cellular processes, and includes assessment of protein abundance, protein modifications, along with identification of interacting partners and networks. As the aim of proteomics is the identification of proteins, the molecular components actually taking part in cellular processes, rather than their genetic information, proteomics could be the main technique to unravel the key players of mycorrhizal symbioses. However, when the number of proteomics studies is compared with those using genomics, transcriptomics or microscopy, the gap is very significant (Table 1). One of the reasons is that the methods for protein identification are based, nowadays, mainly on mass spectrometry, a more complex and expensive technology than high-throughput DNA or RNA sequencing. Protein identification is made by matching the peptides masses to corresponding masses calculated by the software on proteins or translated gene sequences available in databases. If sequences are not found in databases, protein identification fails. Over the years, many loopholes have been found, among them the easiest was to use sequences from other species. Concerning the identification of plant proteins, the best-studied and well-sequenced plant is Arabidopsis thaliana. Unfortunately, this plant is not able to form any type of mycorrhizal symbiosis. In the past few years, DNA sequencing has become cheaper and almost a routine technique, allowing the genome sequence of many organisms to become available. Another aspect that has hindered the use of proteomics in the study of mycorrhizal interactions is the fact that the mycorrhizal symbiosis involves a small percentage of plant root cells, that may contain fungal structures at different developmental stages and with different putative roles [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complex interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and their plant partners, noting the importance of understanding these symbioses for sustainable agricultural practices. It highlights that mycorrhizal fungi interact with plant roots, which is central to the claim regarding their symbiotic relationships.