Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: When historical discourses on art and war are built around the display of suffering, they seem perfectly well-established. 9But other questions emerge here and there. They sparked this reader’s interest, particularly in relation to a sentence written by in the introduction to War and Art: “the portrayal of universal suffering in war perpetuates the empty cliché that ‘war is hell’, devoid of political or ideological content” (p. 33). This sentence is interesting. On the one hand, it encourages one to avoid postulating a unique, achronical suffering that would be identical for all. To take two central examples from these (American and German) books, one could probably expound on the United States’ particularity of being constantly involved in one conflict or another over the course of the 20th century, without ever, however, being confronted with army deployment on their own territory. One could analyse Germany’s situation during the same period of time: the German civil population bore the weight of II much longer than the rest of Europe, which was occupied and plundered by Germany. To be more or less close to war, to experience wartimes differently, are crucial points for the analysis of these images. 10The quote by also encourages us to question the political and ideological dimensions of war. The question surfaces in all of these books, lurking in the background without ever being confronted directly, proving how difficult it is to elaborate on this point. The subtitle of Histories in Conflict speaks for itself, evoking “ideological uses of art” from 1937 to 1955, without the reader ever knowing if ideological uses were typical of the Nazi period, or if they also took place at a later time, nor – and especially – what an ideological use of art is compared to others uses. 2 Held, Jutta. “Die Aktualität des Bitterfelder Weges”, als Geschichtsdokument, Munich: (. . . ) 11Handling the category of “ideology” has become difficult for us (those who write in the liberal context of the early 21st century). Western governments after II were built on the denial of ideology: the very opposite of past fascist regimes and contemporary communist governments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses themes related to art, war, and ideology rather than paleoenvironments or geological changes. There are no references or correlations made between paleoenvironments and understanding past geological changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 11. 46 ± 0. 92; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (11. 46 ± 0. 92 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 3). On the 21st day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 23. 10 ± 1. 37; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (23. 10 ± 1. 37 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 3). 1 showed in group - III (treatment) wound repair was better than without aloe vera administration (group - II, negative control). In group - II,on day 14, the area of the wound still did not seem to shrink compared to group - III, on day 14. Meanwhile, on day 21, it was seen in group - III that hair had started to grow and the wound had dried up (Table 1). Table 1. Pictures in Table 1 shows the healing process of burns on day-3,-14 and -21. GroupsDay-3Day-14Day-21Group-IGroup-IIGroup-III Group I: Standard group, which were normal rats. Group II: Negative control group, which were given second-degree burns and treated with gel base (without Aloe vera extract). Group III: Treatment groups, which were given second-degree burns and treated with Aloe vera extract gel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting experimental evidence which indicates that aloe vera administration leads to better wound repair compared to a negative control group. The mention of hair regrowth and wound drying in the treatment group (III) further supports the therapeutic effects of aloe vera on skin ailments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (C) Signal-to-noise ratio is much greater in the responses to light bursts than to white-noise stimulation; it was calculated as the ratio between signal SD and noise SD, using 10 ms time resolution. 63. 3 o/s. The shuffled yaw (gray trace) is generated by randomly selecting angular velocity values from the recorded walk (in C). (E) These three different yaw signals (o). were then used to sample intensity values from the linear line scans (in B; here shown for #8 and #15) at each 1 ms time-bin, generating unique light intensity time series from the panoramic image. Here the corresponding traces are shown for the first 4 s to highlight how differences in locomotion cause large differences in temporal light stimulation (i. e. light input to photoreceptors). Video 1 shows how these three different walking (or locomotion) dynamics (saccadic, linear and shuffled) affect the image stream to the eyes, using the panoramic ‘swamp forest’ scene (Figure 6C). 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 052 3. 3 s window; magenta: 10 kHz, 1 s window; gray: 30 kHz, ∼0. 3 s window). (E) The time-normalized shapes of R1-R6 output emphasize similar aspects in NS, regardless of the used playback velocity (here from 0. 5 to 30 kHz). R1-R6s integrate voltage responses of a similar size for the same NS pattern, much irrespective of its speed. Mean ± SD shown, n = 7 traces. (D–E) Data is from (Zheng et al. , 2009) (Figure 4). 4. 1 gives their geometrical relation. (C) Light diffraction at the ommatidial lens and the rhabdomere tip strongly affects the optical quality of the image pixel that a photoreceptor samples. D = ommatidial lens diameter; d = rhabdomere tip diameter; f = focal length; λ = wavelength. Redrawn from (Land, 1997). 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 056 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 058 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 059 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 060 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that 'differences in locomotion cause large differences in temporal light stimulation,' suggesting that individual responses to environmental stimuli, such as light, can vary significantly based on locomotion dynamics. This implies that not every individual responds identically to environmental stimuli, supporting the idea of varied responses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: On the contrary, liberal regimes presented themselves as freed from what was construed as a particular form of political thought, and as being able to accommodate a wide variety of opinions (and art forms). Ideology has since become synonymous with a form of blindness, lack of discernment, and inability to let other ideas exist. Histories in Conflict and Inventur pay great attention to the post-war period, and thus examine works that were created at a time when “ideological abstinence” was emerging, to use the phrase coined by art historian when evoking the academic milieu. 2 12Thus, new research perspectives open up, asking two series of questions. On the one hand, to what extent do civil and military populations go to war for ideology, encouraged by political motives? Historians disagree on this point, and have suggested other reasons to explain engagement in war (the feeling of having to defend oneself, loyalty to a peer group, the crossing of thresholds and the habituation to violence, etc. ). In no way are these elements exclusive of political motivations. Was there, in this respect, a shift during the 20th century, something of a weariness regarding ideology? Can the accumulation of suffering wear out ideological motives? On the other hand, can art help us understand this political dimension? Is the visual sphere the best one for advancing the understanding of peoples’ relationships to war, as well as their potential evolutions and inflections? 13Guernica could in fact be at the centre of preoccupations once again, not as an exemplary image expressing suffering, but as an artwork that clearly took a position in its original context (against Francoists and in favour of the Republicans), but which, in its visual reality, displays a certain ideological indecision, as has been known for a long time now. In short, art seems adapted to making the evils of war understood. This no longer needs to be proven. Can art help us understand its political motives? This question is awaiting a more thorough reply. Haut de page Notes 1 See for example David Cotterell’s photographs of a military hospital in Afghanistan, commented in War and Art. 2 Held, Jutta. “Die Aktualität des Bitterfelder Weges”, als Geschichtsdokument, Munich: Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1999, p. 210-218. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses ideological perspectives in art and politics rather than any information about paleoenvironments or geological changes. There are no references to past geological events or the role of paleoenvironments in understanding them in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Acemannan could stimulate fibroblast to release keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) that could hasten the re-epithelialization process by keratinocytes which could increase the epidermal thickness (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009). The result of this study showed that there was an increase in the epidermal thickness in both, negative control and treatment groups from the 3rd day to the 21st day after injury. But the treatment group had thicker epidermis than the negative control group which might be caused by acemannan. An in vitro study conducted by Teplicki et al. (2018) demonstrated that Aloe vera could speed up the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes. Another study conducted by Atiba et al. (2015) showed that Aloe vera could enhance the re-epithelialization process in corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Histopathological appearance of HE staining in burn model mice, group-I (standard/normal) without treatment from days 3, 14, and 21 did not change the number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and also there were no shown significant differences in epidermal thickening (see Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4). In group-II (negative control) tracing the migration of macrophages and fibroblasts on days 3, 14, and 21 were not significantly different, but the thickness of the epidermis could be seen from the data and the histopathological appearance seemed to increase (Figures 1, 2 and 4). This is because the physiological healing process is still going on without intervention, only given a topical gel base (see Figures 3 and 4). Meanwhile in group 3 (see Figures 3 and 4) the healing process occurred faster with greater epidermal thickening compared to untreated burn rats (negative control). This may be due to the fact that the remodeling phase runs faster on Group III than Group II without aloe vera treatment (negative control). This is suggested due to the presence of acemannan substances that play a role in increasing epidermal thickening, this is in line with research by Reinke and Sorg (2012). ConclusionBased on the result of the study Aloe vera extract could fasten the healing process of 2nd degree burn wound in rats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing several studies that indicate Aloe vera, specifically its component acemannan, has properties that promote skin healing and re-epithelialization. It details how Aloe vera enhances the healing process of burn wounds, as shown in studies referenced, which supports its historical use in treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The difference between the optical axes, as indicated by the two scans, was ~3o. (B) Examples of R1-R6 photoreceptors’ intracellular responses that show slow spontaneous voltage drifts, saccades, jumps or modulation (red arrows and boxes) during repeated light intensity time series stimulation from a fixed point source. Characteristically, these perturbations do not correlate with the light stimuli but are erratically superimposed on the responses’ normal adapting trends. Because they occur in the time scale of seconds and show variable rhythmicity, they are likely caused by intrinsic eye muscle activity. Before the recordings, the light stimulus source (3o light-guide-end, as seen by the fly) was carefully positioned at the center of each tested photoreceptor’s receptive field. 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 063 4. 5 o) collect light from neighboring visual areas, but their receptive fields (RFs) overlap, having twice as large acceptance angles, ∆ρ ~ 9. 5 o. Right, neighboring photoreceptors in the same ommatidium collect light from neighboring visual areas with their RFs overlapping. By comparing the resulting variable photoreceptor outputs from a small visual object (0. 5 o vertical grey bar), neural circuitry may resolve objects finer than the inter-ommatidial angle (∆φ). 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 069 1. 39×10−5) with the center stimulus. However, time-to-peak of the responses to center and side light-points shows more variability between individual cells (p = 0. 125). Mean ± SD; two-tailed t-test; nwild-type = 6 cells. 3. x was the object’s travelling time. (C) An example of the linear correlation between t2 and x. Below each data point is its corresponding stimulus (dot) velocity. (D) An example of the linear correlation between t4 and x. Again, the corresponding dot velocities are shown. 0. 01 ≤ p ≤ 2. 18 x 10−14, 9 ≤ n ≤ 12 trials, two-tailed t-test). (G) Because the response rise and decay times changed in unity, the resulting response half-widths to corresponding back-to-front and front-to-back object motion were largely similar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating variability in responses of photoreceptors to light stimuli, indicating that individual responses do not correlate uniformly with sensory input. Specifically, the text reports that the intracellular responses of R1-R6 photoreceptors show perturbations that are 'erratically superimposed on the responses’ normal adapting trends' and that there is 'more variability between individual cells' in their response time-to-peak, suggesting differing responses to the same environmental stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Ed. by Annette TietenbergHaut de page Pour citer cet 53. Référence électronique Jérôme Bazin, « War, Art and Ideology: », Critique d’art [En ligne], 50 | Printemps/été 2018, mis en ligne le 25 mai 2019, consulté le 05 octobre 2024. URL : DOI : Haut de page Auteur Jérôme Bazin Jérôme Bazin is a lecturer and researcher at Paris-Est Créteil University. He is currently working on a visual and architectural history of the working class in Eastern and Western Europe. His publications include Réalisme et égalité : une histoire sociale de l’art en République Démocratique Allemande, 1949-1990 (Dijon: du réel, 2015) and Borders: in Communist Europe, 1945-1989 (Budapest: University Press, 2016), which he co-edited with Glatigny and Piotr Piotrowski. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding paleoenvironment and geological changes. Instead, it focuses on the academic background of Jérôme Bazin and his work related to art and history, which is unrelated to the claim about paleoenvironments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Data availabilityUnderlying dataFigshare: Effect of in post-burn skin repair in rats guidelinesFigshare: checklist for ‘Effect of in Post-Repair in Rats’ (Aulia and Pane, 2022) are available under the terms of the Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication). Author contributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York: Mac. Millan; 1963; 544. : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. : Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. 7th edn. & Wilkins; 2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses various studies related to Aloe vera's effects in research, specifically in the context of burn repairs in rats, which does not directly corroborate or contrast the claim about its historical uses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (H) Accordingly, the response half-width decreased with increasing object motion, but showed only small (<4 ms) inconsistent differences (bars) between the corresponding back-to-front and front-to-back object speeds. These results are consistent with the fast light-induced photoreceptor contractions, which move their receptive fields in front-to-back direction, as observed directly in high-speed video recordings in vivo (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 074 0. 0036–0. 049, t-test), except for 205°/s in Bright condition, where the statistical test yielded p=0. 137. S was calculated using data at 19°C. Mean ± SEM, nwild-type = 4–15, nhdc = 3–16, two-tailed student test. 6. 8° apart and travelled at 409°/s in the front-to-back direction. For clarity, neutral density filters and the LEDs pads used for background illumination are not shown in this picture. (B) In Dim, 12 out of 18 wild-type photoreceptors could resolve them, showing the response waveform depicted by the continuous line, with the larger trailing peak. While six other could not distinguish the two objects; showing the waveform of by the dotted line. In Bright, 5 out of 6 examined wild-type photoreceptors resolved the two dots. (C) Response waveform of hdcJK910 R1-R6s exhibited two distinct peaks, with the leading one was the larger. In Dim, 15 out of 16 tested mutant photoreceptors could resolve the two objects and 14 of them displayed this waveform. In Bright, all of 8 recorded hdcJK910 photoreceptor responses resolved the objects. D-values were calculated from the amplitude of the smaller peak and the dip in between. (D) In Dim, D-values of hdcJK910 R1-R6 responses were significantly larger than their wild-type counterpart. Dwild-type = 4. 51 ± 0. 67%, Dhdc = 10. 5 ± 1. 35%, p = 0. 00075, t-test, nwild-type = 12, nhdc = 15. (E) In Bright, the difference of D-values of the two photoreceptor groups was statistical insignificant. Dwild-type = 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating variability in the responses of photoreceptors to environmental stimuli under different conditions. For instance, it mentions that in the Dim condition, 12 out of 18 wild-type photoreceptors could resolve the stimuli while six could not, indicating differences in response among individuals. Moreover, the text notes variations in response waveforms and statistical differences in D-values between wild-type and mutant photoreceptors, which further supports that not every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Figures 7 figures Figures Figure 1 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset AKAP7 is highly expressed in the dentate gyrus. (A) Map of Akap7 gene (introns not to scale) showing engineered loxP sites and location of primer sets to distinguish between long and short isoforms. AKAP7 proteins resulting from alternate splicing showing phosphoesterase (PE), PKA-RII–binding (RII), and modified leucine zipper (LZ) domains and N-terminal lipid modifications on AKAP7α. (B) Immunoblot of hippocampal lysates shows that the AKAP7α protein is expressed at much higher levels than AKAP7γ. The protein expression of PKA-RIIβ is not reduced in AKAP7 KO hippocampus. Transcription factor SP1 was used as a loading control. Immunoblots were done using the hippocampus from one animal and replicated three or more times. (C) RiboTag analysis of DG-specific transcripts compared to total hippocampal transcripts shows enrichment for AKAP7α and de-enrichment of AKAP7γ/δ and AKAP5. (D) Immunofluorescence microscopy of WT or KO hippocampus with an antibody against AKAP7 reveals expression in DGCs but not areas CA1 or CA3. (E) Immunofluorescence microscopy with an antibody against the presynaptic zinc transporter-3 (ZNT3) shows normal morphology of the mossy fiber field and hippocampal layering in KO compared to WT. Images are representative of multiple slices from ≥3 mice. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset AKAP7 is widely expressed throughout the brain and in some regions appears restricted to specific neurons. (A) Immunofluorescence microscopy of AKAP7 as in Figure 1C shows strong, diffuse expression in striatum (STR), thalamus (TH), and cortex (CTX). Expression in cerebellum (CB) is restricted to the granule cell layer (gcl). Non-specific staining is seen in nuclei in KO sections. LII-LVI, cortical layers; ml, molecular layer. (B) Immunoblot of brain region lysates as in Figure 1B showing expression of AKAP7 throughout the brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information regarding the claim about neurogenesis and its occurrence in specific brain regions throughout life. Instead, it discusses the expression of the AKAP7 protein in various brain regions without making any direct reference to neurogenesis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This is in agreement with the findings of earlier studies [32], [33], [34] that found a single disease to be treated by several medicinal plants. The present study found that 22. 58% of medicinal plants were used to treat gastrointestinal diseases, with slightly lower rates for dermatological infections/diseases (12. 9%). Similarly, among the south Omo people, 24. 2% of medicinal plants were used to treat gastrointestinal complaints [17]. On average, the number of medicinal plants was substantially higher for informants under the age of 20 years than for informants above 35 years and by illiterate informants than literate ones. This may be due to the influence of modernization and a lack of interest among younger generations in botanical medicines that would contribute to the conventional knowledge of older people. Similar conclusions also show that there are substantial gaps between different age groups in traditional knowledge [34]. Unlike the study now underway, the literary young people Tefera and Kim [20] have a higher level of knowledge in the use of medicinal plants than analphabets and old people. For gastrointestinal disorders, the highest citation was found, followed by Fever. Similarly, the most frequently treated diseases in Hawassa [18] and [17] were gastrointestinal disorder and parasite infection. Furthermore, a study conducted in the Ethiopian community Sheko revealed that the widely treated diseases were skin and gastrointestinal problems [13]. In Berta, the ethnic group of Benishangul-Gumuz, diarrhea was a widely treated disease [35]. The disparity may be influenced by the climate, ethnicity, and hygiene variations in the regions. The highest-fidelity levels (100%) were found for Croton macrostachyus, Pentas spp. , Triticumdicoccon, and Commelinabenghalensis in the current study. The first two species were in the skeletomuscular system disorders categories and the following two species were in endocrine/metabolic/nutritional and dermatological infections/diseases categories, respectively. The category with the highest ICF values was cardiovascular system diseases, followed by Fever (Malaria). Similarly, the category with the highest ICF values was fever (malaria), followed by insects and ectoparasites diseases in Hawassa zuria district [20]. Regassa [18] reported stomachache had high degrees of ICF and that malaria showed the highest FL in Hawassa city. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments specifically. It discusses the general application of various medicinal plants by different communities, emphasizing their use for gastrointestinal diseases and other health issues, but does not provide information that corroborates or contrasts with the claim about Aloe vera.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: 81 ± 1. 65%, Dhdc = 16. 71 ± 1. 86%, p = 0. 117, t-test, nwild-type = 5, nhdc = 8. (F). ) Changing from Dim to Bright condition, D-values of wild-type photoreceptors appeared to exhibit larger changes than those of mutant photoreceptors. However, the difference was not statistically significant due to the large cell-to-cell variation. RC wild-type = 262 ± 126%, RC hdc = 31 ± 11%, p = 0. 164, nwild-type = 4, nhdc = 7. (D–F) Mean ± SEM, two-tailed student test. 2. 5%, Fhdc = 86. 6 ± 1. 6%. (E) Simulations of Drosophila R1-R6 responses to GWN stimuli matched the actual data closely. (B, D) Mean ± SEM, nwild-type = 9, nhdc = 8. 8. The theoretical spatial half-widths of the simulations differ from those of the recordings. E. g. the wild-type recordings (black) predicted consistently narrower S than the corresponding simulations (blue). The predicted resolvability of the resulting neural image, or spatial half-width (S), was consistently lower for the simulations than for the recordings. (D) Crucially, Volterra series models failed to predict how well the actual photoreceptor output resolves two close objects moving together very fast (shown for 409 and 818 o/s). For the 818 o/s prediction, we used here the fastest impulse response, recorded from another cell, but even so, the model still could not resolve the two dots. Thus, the actual spatial half-width of R1-R6s, limiting Drosophila’s resolving power at high image velocities, is about half of that estimated in (C). (Note, the dynamic biophysical mechanisms causing this difference – both in light input and photoreceptor output - are explained in 8. Recordings and simulations were at 19°C. 0. 3–1. 4 µm; note a typical R1-R6 rhabdomere diameter is about 1. 7 µm (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 080 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 081 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that there is significant cell-to-cell variation in the responses of wild-type and mutant photoreceptors to environmental stimuli, specifically light conditions. It mentions, 'the difference was not statistically significant due to the large cell-to-cell variation,' which suggests that not every individual responds the same way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Validation of DG-specificity of RiboTag Immunoprecipitation. RiboTag analysis of actively transcribed mRNA transcripts immunoprecipitated from the DG neurons of Pomc-Cre;Rpl22ha+/- mice were quantified by qRT-PCR (n = 4, mean +/- SEM). Demonstration of enrichment of genes known to be specific to DG neurons compared to de-enrichment of CA3- or Oligodendrocyte-specific transcripts. DG-specific: Desmoplakin (Dsp), Proximal 1 (Prox1). CA3-specific: Glutaminase (Gls), Phosphodiesterase 1a (Pde1a). Oligodendrocyte-specific: CNPase (Cnp), Transferrin (Trf) and β-actin (Actb). Figure 2 Download asset Open asset AKAP7 localizes throughout the mossy fiber axons and terminals. (A) Model of the localization of pre- and postsynaptic proteins. (B) Confocal images of stratum lucidum show AKAP7 distributed throughout mossy fiber axons and boutons but not in postsynaptic compartments. Top: AKAP7 in red, Presynaptic markers: neurofilament-M (NF-M), zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3), synaptophysin (SYP). Bottom: Post-synaptic markers: post-synaptic density protein-95 (PSD95), or microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in green. Images are representative of multiple slices from ≥3 mice. Scale bars, 20 µm. (C) Colocalization analysis of regions of interest within stratum lucidum using the Coloc2 plug-in from Fiji (ImageJ) as described in Materials and methods. Intensity correlation quotient (ICQ) values between 0 and 0. 5 indicate some colocalization and values between 0 and −0. 5 indicate segregated staining. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neurogenesis directly. It discusses the specificity of gene expression in certain neurons, but it does not provide information about neurogenesis or which brain regions this process occurs in. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter's moon Europa has a subsurface ocean that may harbor life. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : NASA/JPL/’s moon Mimas, floating above the planet’s rings, might conceal a liquid ocean beneath its surface. Q&A — Planetary scientist Saturn’s moon Mimas may hide a surprisingly young ocean The existence of another watery world in the outer solar system may offer clues to how such seas form — and hope for another spot to search for life Hall 08. 07. 2024 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español The outer solar system is awash with liquid water. A briny ocean is concealed beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s fourth largest moon, Europa — with more water than all of Earth’s oceans combined. A subsurface sea on Saturn’s moon Enceladus spews plumes of water vapor into space. And there are tantalizing hints that oceans could exist on Ganymede, Callisto, Titan and other distant moons, too. : (CC BY-ND)Planetary scientist another moon appears to be secretly flooded. Saturn’s moon Mimas, known for its uncanny resemblance to the Death Star, might harbor liquid water beneath its icy shell. If true, similar seas could be hiding in plain sight, and the outer solar system may be far more habitable than previously thought. In 2014, scientists first published evidence that Mimas might be a watery world — submerging the community in a decade-long debate. Many, including Alyssa Rhoden, a planetary scientist now at the Institute in Boulder, Colorado, were highly skeptical of the possibility. Their reasoning was simple: Mimas’ heavily cratered surface showed no signs of an internal ocean. As with Enceladus, Saturn’s gravity should churn the ocean waters within Mimas, causing large cracks to appear in the surface ice. No such fractures have been seen. The tides might now have turned. Two studies, one by Rhoden and colleagues and another by Valéry Lainey of the and colleagues, make a stronger case for an ocean and even explain the conundrum at the surface. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'A briny ocean is concealed beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s fourth largest moon, Europa — with more water than all of Earth’s oceans combined.' This directly supports the idea that Europa has a subsurface ocean, which further suggests the potential for life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: 7554/eLife. 26117. 082 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 083 0. 1479 µm. (C) A schematic of the main optical components in a normal Drosophila ommatidium. Its optical properties indicate that a 1 µm rhabdomere displacement shifts its receptive field by 3. 56°. 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 085 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 086 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 087 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 088 0. 8 to 1. 7 µm. Thus, in an intact eye, during contractions the rhabdomeres would move inwards, away from the lens. This movement is likely to move the rhabdomere tips into the ommatidium lens’ focal point, narrowing the photoreceptors’ acceptance angles (see 2. 3. 5)), moderate (log(−2)) and very bright (log(0)) 10 ms light flashes. (C) Intracellular responses of dark-adapted hdcJK910 R1-R6s to a similar stimulus (as in a). (D) hdcJK910 rhabdomere movements to very dim, moderate and very bright 10 ms flashes are characteristically slightly smaller than the corresponding wild-type recordings in (B). (E) The wild-type and (F) hdcJK910 rhabdomere displacements increase with logarithmic light intensity. (G) Mean wild-type rhabdomere movement was larger than that of hdcJK910 over the tested intensity range, with the hdcJK910 photoreceptors’ apparent right-shift indicating a 10-fold reduced sensitivity. (H) This right-shift is broadly similar to these photoreceptors’ V/LogI characteristics, measured from their ERG slow components (Dau et al. , 2016). 1. 2–1. 4 µm rhabdomere displacements means ~4-5o shifts in a R1-R6 photoreceptor’s receptive field (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 091 8. 1o) front-to-back at 205 o/s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the differences in responses of the hdcJK910 rhabdomere movements compared to wild-type under various light intensities. It states that the mean wild-type rhabdomere movement was larger than that of hdcJK910, indicating that the photoreceptors exhibit reduced sensitivity and variability in their responses, contradicting the claim that all individuals respond the same way to stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 Download asset Open asset AKAP7 anchors PKA in the mossy fiber axons and terminals of DGCs. (A) PKA-RIIβ is lost from mossy fibers in the hillus (hil) and stratum lucidum (sl) but increased in soma (gcl) and dendrites (ml) in AKAP7 KO. (B). Confocal images of stratum lucidum (sl) showing PKA-RIIβ (green) colocalized with AKAP7 (red) in mossy fibers in WT but not KO animals. Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue); CA3 pyramidal cell layer (pyr). (C) Confocal images as in B showing NF-M (green) colocalized with PKA-Cα (red) in mossy fibers in WT but not KO animals. Regions of interest within stratum lucidum were analyzed using the Coloc2 plug-in from Fiji (ImageJ) as described in Materials and methods and the analysis of PKA-Cα and NF-M gave an ICQ value of 0. 13 in WT and −0. 035 in the KO indicating colocalization in the WT but not in the KO. Images are representative of multiple slices from ≥three mice. Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue) in merged images. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset AKAP7 is required for cAMP-induced LTP at MF-CA3 pyramidal cell synapses. (A) Model of the placement of stimulating and recording electrodes. (B) cAMP-induced LTP at the MF-CA3 synapse was tested by both field EPSPs (fEPSPs), and (C) whole cell recordings from acutely isolated WT and AKAP7 KO brain slices. Field EPSPs (WT: 2. 4 ± 0. 3 of baseline vs. KO: 1. 28 ± 0. 07 of baseline; p=0. 0029; Student’s unpaired t-test; Cohen's d = 1. 98). Intracellular whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from CA3 pyramidal cells (WT: 2. 13 ± 0. 16 of baseline vs. KO: 1. 09 ± 0. 18 of baseline; p=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses specific findings related to the phosphorylation of proteins and the role of AKAP7 in synaptic function, but it does not directly address or provide evidence concerning the occurrence of neurogenesis in specific brain regions throughout life. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter's moon Europa has a subsurface ocean that may harbor life. [SEP] Text: Together, the research suggests that Mimas may have a young and changing ocean. If so, it raises the prospect of an outer solar system rife with activity. That possibility is what most excites Rhoden, who spoke with about the potential ocean and why it could be such a boon for scientists. This conversation has been edited for length and clarity. would signal life on another planet? Why interstellar objects like ‘Oumuamua and Borisov may hold clues to exoplanets The long-awaited mission that could transform our understanding of do we know about these hidden oceans? In many ways, they look like our own — at least in that they’re likely made up of saltwater. We know that these ocean worlds have icy surfaces from their overall bright appearance, as confirmed by telescopic and spacecraft measurements that detect signatures of water ice. Some ocean moons even have low enough densities that they probably have water ice mixed into the rock in their interiors. With heat, that water ice melts into liquid water, which will erode rock to create saltwater. On Enceladus, saltwater is conveniently spewing out into space. Given how cold it is in the outer solar system, what generates the heat? Distant oceans might at first seem out of the question. Heat to melt ice is hard to come by so far from the Sun. But thanks to a gravitational quirk, the outer solar system can be quite balmy. and its moon Europa. Jupiter exerts a strong gravitational force on Europa, elongating Europa in the direction of Jupiter. Because Europa’s orbit is eccentric — it swings close to Jupiter before swinging farther away — Europa gets stretched and released over time. This creates friction in the interior that provides the heat necessary to sustain a liquid ocean. We first saw hints that Europa might host a subsurface ocean when the Voyager mission swung past Jupiter in 1979. Europa doesn’t look like our Moon or even most bodies in the inner solar system. Its icy surface doesn’t have a lot of craters but is instead covered with crisscrossing lines and broken pieces that have shifted around. You don’t have to look at it very hard to imagine that something different is going on there. Mimas’ surface looks dramatically different from that of Jupiter’s moon Europa and another Saturnian moon, Enceladus. and Enceladus are thought to harbor hidden oceans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the scientific consensus regarding Europa's subsurface ocean. It states that 'Europa gets stretched and released over time,' creating heat necessary to sustain liquid water, which supports the idea of a subsurface ocean. Additionally, it mentions previous missions that provided hints about Europa hosting a subsurface ocean, thereby reinforcing the claim that it may harbor life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The immobile ommatidium lens focusses their light onto a rhabdomere tip (ii). But because of diffraction, their images blur (airy disk). Interestingly, however, in Drosophila, the airy disk half-width (~1. 7oor ~ 0. 6 µm) is smaller than the rhabdomere diameter (~1. 7 µm; 8. 1o) is wider than the distance between the dots (6. 8o). Accordingly, the photoreceptor output (iv) cannot distinguish the dots. (B) Next, we include the light-induced fast back-to-front rhabdomere movement in the model (ii; as measured in the high-speed video recordings in 8. 1o to 4. 0o. These processes differentiate the light input (from the dots) into two separate intensity spikes over time (iii), which the photoreceptor output can clearly separate in two distinctive peaks (iv). (D) In vivo intracellular photoreceptor recordings from a wild-type R1-R6 to the two moving dot stimulus show comparable dynamics to the full model’s prediction. In the simulation, the same cell’s RF (i) was moved and narrowed dynamically (ii-iii) according to our hypothesis in (C). This close correspondence, which occurred even without the additional response accentuation from the synaptic feedbacks (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 093 1. The stimulus is the same two bright dots, but this time, they cross the cell’s receptive field (RF) double-fast, 409o/s (i). (A) Again, if the rhabdomere remains stationary during their flyby (corresponding to the classic theory, ii), their light fuses (iii), and the photoreceptor output cannot distinguish the dots (iv). (B) By including the light-induced back-to-front rhabdomere movement (ii) but with the same RF shape, the light input broadens slightly (iii), but cannot separate the two dots. Consequently, the photoreceptor output (iv) shows a slightly narrower single peak than in the previous case in (A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the photoreceptor output in Drosophila cannot distinguish between stimuli due to factors like diffraction and different responses in dynamic environments. It emphasizes variability in sensory processing by illustrating how photoreceptors respond differently based on conditions such as rhabdomere movement and the speed of stimulus presentation, which suggests that individuals may not respond the same way to environmental stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: 0027; Student’s unpaired t-test; Cohen's d = 2. 70). Magnitude of LTP was assessed 35–45 min post application of forskolin to elevate cAMP. (D) Tetanus-induced MF-LTP was intact in AKAP7 KO slices. Experimental conditions identical to panel B, but LTP was induced with a tetanus (vertical double arrow) consisting of two bursts (each with 125 pulses at 25 Hz) spaced by 20 s. To block postsynaptic NMDA receptor-mediated MF-LTP, the NMDA receptor antagonist D-APV (50 μM, horizontal black bar) was bath applied before and washed out immediately after the tetanus. (E) Tetanus-induced MF-LTP was inhibited in AKAP7 KO slices pre-incubated (1 hr) and continuously perfused with the PKA inhibitor H89 (10 μM). Control: 1. 48 ± 0. 08 of baseline vs. H89: 1. 08 ± 0. 06; p=0. 0013 (Student’s unpaired t-test); Cohen's d = 2. 00. Experimental conditions were otherwise identical to panel D. (F) Long-term depression at the MF-CA3 synapse was normal in AKAP7 KO mice. Long-term depression was induced (first horizontal black bar) with the classical 1 Hz, 15-min protocol. For panels B-F representative traces are shown above with numbers corresponding to the summary time course plot below the electrophysiology figures. 1 μM DCG-IV (second horizontal black bar) was bath applied at the end of each experiment to confirm identity of mossy fiber synaptic responses. Since the DCG-IV application time was slightly different between experiments, a break in the x-axis was introduced and the DCG-IV effect was time-aligned. Measures of short-term plasticity at the MF-CA3 synapse were intact in the AKAP7 KO mice compared to WT controls: basal probability of release (G), low-frequency facilitation (H), and high-frequency facilitation (I) were tested. Release probability was inferred from measurements of the paired-pulse ratio, calculated by dividing the second of two successive pulses by the first. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding neurogenesis. It discusses specific experimental conditions related to long-term potentiation (LTP) and the effects of various receptor antagonists in mice, without mentioning neurogenesis or any brain regions associated with it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter's moon Europa has a subsurface ocean that may harbor life. [SEP] Text: :JPL-/. /JPL-/DLR. /JPL/. You mention surface features. What other evidence do we rely on to detect a hidden ocean? One way is to look at magnetic fields. Because saltwater is electrically conductive, it can create a magnetic field around the moon that disrupts the planet’s magnetic field. That is a leading piece of evidence for Europa’s subsurface ocean. But that alone is not enough. It’s the combination of evidence that leads us to conclude there’s an ocean. We might also consider, for example, measurements of salt on the surface and how the moon’s gravity tugs on a spacecraft. Since the densities of rock or liquid metal differ from the density of liquid water, the size of those tugs offers clues to the material, as well as where within the moon it is concentrated. Or we might simply image how the moon’s face changes direction throughout its orbit. Generally, these small moons always show their same face to their parent planet, much like our Moon. But as a moon moves through its orbit, the direction it points can shift a bit back and forth — creating a shimmy in the visible portion. The extent of that shimmy depends on the interior. An ice shell over an ocean can move more freely than an ice shell on top of rock, so the changes tend to be larger. That’s how the ocean was detected at Enceladus. And it’s one of the best lines of evidence for an ocean at Mimas. Let’s talk about Mimas. How did you end up studying the moon? I had spent a decade or so working on Europa and other icy moons when the 2014 Mimas paper came out. That paper measured that shimmy, or libration, as the visible portion of the moon shifts, suggesting Mimas either hosted a subsurface ocean or an oddly shaped core. But an ocean seemed impossible. Mimas looks much like our Moon, with a heavily cratered surface. It didn’t host any crisscrossing lines or broken pieces like Europa. And it certainly wasn’t spewing geysers like Enceladus. took one look at Mimas, and I said, “There’s no way that is an ocean moon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing evidence that supports the existence of a subsurface ocean on Europa. It mentions the detection of magnetic fields resulting from saltwater's conductivity, which disrupts the moon's magnetic field. This is identified as a leading piece of evidence for the presence of a subsurface ocean. Furthermore, it highlights the value of a combination of evidence, such as measurements of surface salt and gravitational tugs on spacecraft, which collectively suggest that Europa may indeed host a subsurface ocean that could be conducive to harboring life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (C) If, however, the rhabdomere contraction (away from the lens’ focal point, ii) moves the RF and actively narrows it (from 8. 8o to 4. 9o), the light input from the dots is transformed into two intensity spikes (iii), which R1-R6 output separates into two peaks (iv). (D) Corresponding intracellular R1-R6 recordings show comparable dynamics to the full model (C). These and other simulations and recordings, which all show good correspondence, establish that photoreceptors’ RFs must move and narrow dynamically during light stimulation. 7. Because the rhabdomeres are connected to the surrounding structures by adherence junctions (Tepass and Harris, 2007) (red boxes highlight the transition areas), their contraction induces (C) moving and possibly narrowing of the aperture (green horizontal arrow) formed by the cone and pigment cells, which are directly above the rhabdomeres (lighter blue areas). Ultimately, the curvature of the lens and focal distance might also change slightly. Image modified from (Gonzalez-Bellido et al. , 2011). 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 097 6. 8o apart, cross a photoreceptor’s receptive field (RF; ∆ρstart = 8. 1o) either in back-to-front (red, left) or front-to-back (blue, middle) at 409 o/s (i). (B) The new photoreceptor model translated the light-induced back-to-front rhabdomere motion into concurrent RF narrowing (∆ρend = 4. 0o) and front-to-back movement (as reversed by the ommatidium lens). (C) Consequently, the light input from the dots was transformed into two intensity spikes. These spikes were further apart in time for the front-to-back moving dots and for the opposing stimuli. (D) The two peaks in in the corresponding model-predicted R1-R6 output (blue) for front-to-back moving dots (highlighted by arrows) indicated that the dots were neurally detectable. In contrast, the predicted R1-R6 output for back-to-front moving dots (red) failed to separate these two point-objects at 19°C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating how the response of photoreceptors to light stimuli varies. It discusses how the movement and narrowing of receptive fields (RFs) in response to light are not uniform, as evidenced by different outputs from R1-R6 for varying stimulus movements (front-to-back versus back-to-front). This indicates that individuals (specifically the photoreceptors) can respond differently to the same environmental stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Short-term plasticity was measured using whole-cell voltage clamp recordings of isolated NMDAR-EPSCs. For each group of mice the values in parentheses correspond to the number of slices/number of mice. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings confirm intact tetanus-induced MF-LTP. LTP was induced with a tetanus as in Figure 4. Consistent with the fEPSP recordings, there was also no significant difference in tetanus-induced LTP between AKAP7 WT and KO mice under this recording configuration. Experimental recording conditions identical to Figure 4C. For each group of mice, the values in parentheses correspond to the number of slices/number of mice. Figure 5 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset AKAP7 KO animals show impaired contextual discrimination. (A) Experimental protocol to test contextual fear discrimination. Animals were probed for freezing (% time immobile) in either ‘context A’ where they received a single footshock (0. 65 mA, 2 s) (except Day 5, when there was no footshock) or the no-shock ‘context B’, which had a different floor and a striped pattern on one wall. (B) WT animals exhibited a comparable duration of freezing behavior in both contexts on Days 4 and 5, respectively, but by Day 6 and thereafter demonstrated reduced freezing behavior in ‘context B’. (C) KO animals did not begin to discriminate between contexts A and B until Day 13. (D) Discrimination ratio for Days 5, 6 and 13 demonstrate differences between WT and KO animals on key days (n = 7 animals per group); data are presented as mean ± SEM (p values determined using Student’s unpaired t-test in panels B-D). (E) Following 3 days of footshock delivery only in ‘context A’, AKAP7 KO animals demonstrated a slight but significant deficit in contextual fear extinction compared to WT animals (n = 6–8 animals per group). Animals were never introduced to ‘context B. ’ Two-way ANOVA was used for the effect of genotype. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset AKAP7 KO mice show normal spatial learning, anxiety, and motor behaviors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information regarding neurogenesis or its occurrence in specific brain regions throughout life. Instead, it discusses experimental protocols and results related to short-term plasticity and contextual fear discrimination in mice, which are not connected to the claim about neurogenesis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter's moon Europa has a subsurface ocean that may harbor life. [SEP] Text: That a moon could form a new ocean well into its history, and that we could watch? That’s exciting! It opens up the possibility that any world, including one with an old, cratered surface, may be going through a similar transition. There’s also interest in habitability — whether these oceans are suitable for supporting life. We don’t currently know whether any of the solar system’s oceans, other than our own, are habitable, have been inhabited or are currently inhabited. But if Mimas truly has an ocean, we could have a window into how these worlds develop and even how habitats are created and lost. It is exciting to be able to see these processes as they occur — instead of always viewing the end states of things that happened long ago. Watch an artist’s impression of how the Moons Explorer, or Juice, unfurled after its April 2023 launch. A Agency mission, Juice is expected to arrive at Jupiter in 2031 and spend at least three years collecting data on the giant planet’s icy moons. : ESA upcoming missions could tell us more? has already launched the Moons Explorer, or Juice, which will make detailed observations of Europa, and the moons Ganymede and Callisto, which show hints of oceans. And in the fall of 2024, NASA will send the into orbit around Jupiter to determine if Europa has conditions suitable for life. system, high on NASA’s agenda for a future mission, is where I see the most implications for this recent work. It’s surprisingly similar to the Saturn system, including hosting ice-rich, mid-sized moons similar to Mimas and Enceladus. If there’s a young ocean on Mimas, it is not a huge leap to consider that water worlds might exist among the Uranian moons, too. 10. 1146/knowable-080724-1 is an award-winning freelance science journalist based in the Rocky Mountains. She specializes in writing about astronomy, geology and the environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the upcoming Juice mission, which is set to investigate Europa's potential for habitability and to determine if it has conditions suitable for life. It mentions the possibility of oceans on Europa and hints at the interest in exploring whether these oceans could support life. This directly supports the idea that Europa has a subsurface ocean that may harbor life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (E) An example of intracellular recordings from one R1-R6 photoreceptor to the same two stimuli at 25°C. This cell’s voltage responses also resolved the front-to-back moving dots better than their back-to-front moving counterparts. These and other comparable simulations and recordings suggest that microsaccadic rhabdomere movements improve the neural resolution (and representation) of fast moving visual objects. 6. 8 o apart travelling together at ~ 600 o/s. (A) The starting and ending receptive field size (RF; ∆ρstart = 8. 1o; ∆ρend = 4. 0o) in all the simulation was the same. (B) in every case, the rhabdomere contracted, moving and narrowing the RF. (C) This translated light input into two clear sharp peaks. (D) Photoreceptor output separated the dots as two peaks at velocities until above 600 o/s (left, cyan background), indicating that they were neurally resolvable. At 700 o/s or higher speeds (right), the dots were not resolved as the outputs had only a single peak. Mean ± SD shown, n = 6 repeated stochastic simulations to each stimulus. 4. 5o) at slow velocities (≤20 o/s). The resolvability, D, of the recordings and simulations, was determined by Raleigh criterion (cf. Figure 7C). (C) An example of how refractoriness can enhance response resolution for larger stimulus separations at high saccadic velocities. The difference from the lower peak to the trough is larger in the black trace (refractory photon sampling) than in the red trace (complete photon sampling). 6. 8o black-and-white gratings), as an example. (A) During the left saccade, the flow field facing the left eye moves back-to-front (red arrow) across its photoreceptors’ receptive fields (i). The image of the moving flow field is inverted by the ommatidium lens, and so moves front-to-back (blue arrow) while being sampled by the rhabdomere (ii). Light contracts the rhabdomeres in back-to-front direction (red arrow). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific physiological responses of a photoreceptor to environmental stimuli, indicating variability in these responses. For instance, it mentions that under different conditions (such as moving speeds), the photoreceptors exhibit distinct voltage responses and output characteristics, suggesting that individuals (or organisms in this case) may not respond uniformly to stimuli. Furthermore, the differences in responses based on the speed of stimuli (e.g., 'the dots were not resolved as the outputs had only a single peak' at higher velocities) imply that response is contingent on various factors, thereby undermining the claim of uniformity in responses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: (A) Fluorescent protein TdTomato expression in the hippocampus of Pomc+/Cre crossed to TdTomato reporter mice is restricted to dentate granule neurons. (B) Merged image of TdTomato expression and AKAP7 staining show that Pomc-Cre was active in the majority of AKAP7-expressing DGCs. (C) Pomc+/Cre;Akap7lox/- (DG-KO) animals lose AKAP7 in the dentate gyrus but not the neighboring thalamus (TH) (or other brain regions; not shown). PKA-RIIβ is displaced from MFs in DG-KO animals, although some staining is still present in stratum lucidum likely due to incomplete Cre recombination. Akap7lox/- (Het) animals show AKAP7 expression and PKA-RIIβ distribution comparable to WT. (D) cAMP-induced MF-LTP is impaired in DG-KO animals, similar to global AKAP7 KO. Het (control): 2. 73 ± 0. 25 of baseline vs. DG-KO: 1. 54 ± 0. 20 of baseline; p=0. 0053 (Student’s unpaired t-test); Cohen's d = 2. 40. Experimental conditions are as in Figure 4B. (E) Tetanus-induced MF-LTP remains intact in DG-KO compared with Het control. We also assessed basal synaptic function by measuring the paired pulse ratio (with a 40 ms interspike interval) in the DG-specific KO and found no significant difference from the control (control HET: 2. 34 ± 0. 08 vs DG-KO: 2. 3 ± 0. 09, p=0. 76, t-test, n = 10. Experimental conditions are as in Figure 4. For each group of mice, the values in parentheses correspond to the number of slices/number of mice. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset AKAP7 KO and DG-KO animals demonstrate impaired non-cued spatial pattern separation. (A) Experimental protocol to test non-cued spatial discrimination by delayed non-matching-to-place (DNMP) using an 8-arm radial arm maze. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed experimental results concerning the expression of AKAP7 and the effects on synaptic function in specific genetic mouse models. However, it does not directly address neurogenesis occurring in specific brain regions throughout life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. 1. IntroductionUnderstanding the chronology of the solar system is a critical aspect of planetary and dynamical astronomical research. The chronology of planetary surfaces other than Earth are typically based in large part on impact craters: the longer a surface has been exposed, the more time it has had to accumulate craters. Absolute dating ties a crater spatial density to absolute ages from radiometric dating, and a significant amount of work has been done to understand the Moon's absolute crater chronology (e. g. , Shoemaker et al. 1970; Neukum 1984; Neukum et al. 2001; Hartmann 2005; Marchi et al. 2009; Robbins 2014; Yue et al. 2022). Absolute crater-based chronologies are limited to ages <3. 92 Ga, based on the maximum age of lunar samples that can be tied to specific surfaces with a given crater spatial density. However, those absolute model ages have been extrapolated further into the lunar past through superposition and modeling. Those superposition rules indicate that the youngest typically thought of as "large" 1 lunar crater is Orientale, ≈940 km across, and formed ≈3. 7–3. 8 Ga (Stewart-Alexander & Howard 1970; Baldwin 1987a, 1987b; Geiss & Rossi 2013; Yue et al. 2020). There are approximately three identified craters both larger and older than Orientale: South Pole–Aitken, Crisium, and Imbrium (e. g. , Spudis et al. 2011). Transferring the lunar crater chronology to other surfaces encompasses another large body of work (e. g. , most recent review by Neukum et al. 2001, or Hartmann & Neukum 2001). The transfer is based on scaling relationships within the inner solar system that are functions primarily of the velocity of impactors, target proximity to the asteroid belt, and target gravity. Based on dynamical arguments, each unit area of Mars should have been hit by impactors at a rate ≈2. 7× that of the Moon, at least for the last few billion years (Ivanov et al. 2002). Based on velocity and gravity scaling, those impactors would only form craters ≈75% as large as the Moon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how lunar impact craters are used to understand the chronology of planetary surfaces, revealing significant insights into the history of the solar system. It emphasizes that the number and age of craters can inform researchers about the duration of exposure of the Moon's surface and allows for absolute dating of these craters, highlighting their importance in celestial studies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: With the projected image and the photon-sampler (rhabdomere) moving against each other, the light input from two bright bars (iii) becomes narrowed and accelerated. Accordingly, photoreceptor output shows two prominent peaks, in which distance to each other is compacted in time (iv). (B) During the left saccade, the flow field facing the right eye moves front-to-back (blue arrow) across its photoreceptors’ receptive fields (i). Again, the ommatidium lens inverts the image, which now moves back-to-front (red arrow) over the rhabdomere (ii), which contracts in the same direction (red arrow). With the projected image and the rhabdomere moving together, the light input from two bright bars (iii) excites the photoreceptor longer, in which output shows two prominent peaks elongated in time (iv). (C) The light input to the left eye photoreceptors (red trace) rise and decay faster than the corresponding light input (blue trace) to the right eye photoreceptors. (D) R1-R6 output in the left eye (red trace) is faster and briefer than the photoreceptor output (blue trace) in the right eye. (E) Consequently, by correlating the outputs from the left and right eye photoreceptors in time, the fly brain can obtain information about the directional changes in the visual space, in respect to its head orientation. 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 103 3. 4o inter-dot-distance) are shown left; responses to the saccadic speed stimuli in the middle (205 o/s) and right (409 o/s). In all cases, these outputs resolved the two dots, but predictably the responses were always smaller to the dark dots at the bright background than to the bright dots at the dark background (as more microvilli should remain refractory when adapting to bright background). (B) The normalized and sign-inverted R1-R6 outputs to dark dots were similar to their normalized outputs to bright dots, with both showing equally good Raleigh-resolvability (cf. Figure 7C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing how different photoreceptor outputs respond variably to light stimuli based on conditions, as evidenced by the variation in response times and characteristics between the left and right photoreceptors. Statements such as 'the light input to the left eye photoreceptors... rise and decay faster' and 'R1-R6 output in the left eye is faster and briefer than the... output in the right eye' indicate that individual responses to stimuli are not the same, thus refuting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe human brain is a tremendously complex and still enigmatic three-dimensional structure, composed of countless interconnected neurons and glia. The temporal evolution of the brain throughout life provides a fourth dimension, one that influences every element of the brain's function in health and disease. This temporal evolution contributes to the probability of seizure generation and to the type and the nature of these seizures. The age-specific properties of the brain also influence the consequences of seizures on neuronal structure and behavior. These, in turn, govern epileptic activity and cognitive and emotional functions, contributing to the diverse consequences of seizures and epilepsy throughout life. of the ProblemThe incidence of seizures and of epilepsy varies throughout life, peaking in neonates and children and increasing again after the age of 50 (1–4). In addition to the quantitative measure of the incidence of seizures, the type of seizures (and of epilepsy syndromes) varies with age: for example, febrile seizures take place in infants and children (1, 5–7), whereas the incidence of post-stroke epilepsy increases in adults compared with children (1, 3, 8). What is the basis of these age-dependent variations? What are the age-specific properties of the brain that contribute to the probability of seizure generation and to the nature of the resulting seizure? A second, reciprocal aspect of the interaction of the age of the brain and seizures involves the effects of a seizure on the structure and function of neurons and neuronal networks. Here, again, clinical evidence suggests that the consequences of a seizure might vary with age. For example, the consequences of status epilepticus (SE) in young children seem to depend on the inciting etiology (9, 10), and, in general, mortality and cognitive outcomes are more favorable than in the adult and elderly individual (11–14). In contrast, status epilepticus in adult and aging individuals can have major detrimental effects on cognitive function and even survival (14–16). What is the basis of these age-dependent variations? What are the age-specific properties of the brain that modulate the effects of seizures on neuronal integrity and function? These questions are of paramount clinical importance because they should provide clues for developing age-specific diagnostic tools, prognostic models, and intervention strategies. Thus, while the answers to these questions are not fully elucidated, the questions provide a framework for discussing the salient elements of the evolving interaction between the brain and seizures throughout life. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the complexity of the human brain and the effects of seizures on neuronal structure and function throughout life, but it does not specifically address neurogenesis or whether it occurs in specific brain regions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: That means a comparison with the Moon for similarly aged craters formed by similarly sized impactors should comprise a search for Martian craters >700 km across. Given Mars's surface area is 3. 8× the Moon's, one would expect ≈10× as many craters >700 km on Mars, for a total of ∼40. However, they number only 6–7. This is far from the expected number, and Orgel et al. (2020) arrived at a similar conclusion for Mercury based on a very different analysis. The mismatch implies any one or combination of the following issues: (1) small number statistics; (2) impactor-crater scaling laws between the Moon and Mars are wrong; (3) nearside lunar craters are abnormally large due to heat flow when they formed; (4) the early Mars:Moon bolide ratio was significantly different than today; (5) the ancient crater-based chronology of Mars is wrong; and/or (6) Mars has managed to completely hide ∼3/4 of its large-crater population after that population is preserved on the Moon (discussed extensively in Sections 2. 2 and 5. 6). Any of these issues present nontrivial problems for the dynamics and/or Mars communities. Some of these issues have been discussed in the literature before, especially the bolide rate changing (see Section 5. 4), but a synthesis based on a census of these largest craters and a straightforward crater scaling has not yet been described as it is here. 2. Craters Considered2. 1. CratersOne of the two data sets for large lunar craters used in this work comes from Neumann et al. (2015), who constructed a robust database of the Moon's large-impact craters based on gravity data from the (GRAIL) mission. This data set lists four craters of Orientale's size or larger: South Pole–Aitken (SPA; ∼2400–2500 km), Imbrium (∼1100–1300 km), Crisium (∼1100 km), and Orientale (≈940 km). (2018) lunar crater database was produced based on image and topography data, and all craters larger than ∼200 km were compared with other existing databases for possible inclusion, elimination, or other correction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the construction of a robust database of the Moon's large-impact craters, which is essential for analyzing the history of impact events and comparing these findings with Martian craters. The mention of a censored and extensive analysis based on lunar craters, particularly in light of their historical significance, supports the idea that studying these craters can yield insights into the broader history of the solar system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Naturally, as the Drosophila eye samples light information from each point in space by eight photoreceptors (due to neural superposition) and balances this estimate with those of the neighboring lamina cartridges, its perception/resolvability of hyperacute and saccadic image motion is improved further. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as a Drosophila’s saccadic walk to extrapolate light input to its photoreceptors from natural scenes A published recording of a fly’s saccadic walk (Geurten et al. , 2014) was used to sample light intensity values from 360o panoramic images of natural scenes. We collected three types of light stimuli, resulting from: (a) saccadic, (b) median (linear) and (c) shuffled velocities of the walk. Video 2 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as R1-R8s in dissociated ommatidia contract photomechanically Wild-type and trp/trpl-mutant R1-R8 photoreceptors contract photomechanically to light flashes. The panels show: top, a sideview of ex vivo wild-type R1-R8 photoreceptors of a single dissociated ommatidium contracting to 1 ms bright light flash; bottom left, R1-R8 of a trp/trpl null-mutant, which express normal phototransduction reactants but lack completely their light-gated ion channels, contracting to a similar flash. Notably, trp/trpl photoreceptors cannot generate electrical responses to light, with their eyes showing no ERG signal (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 028 Video 3 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing different types of photoreceptor responses to light stimuli in Drosophila. It highlights that wild-type and trp/trpl-mutant photoreceptors respond differently to light flashes, particularly noting that trp/trpl photoreceptors are unable to generate electrical responses despite normal phototransduction reactants. This indicates that individuals (or in this case, individual photoreceptors) can respond differently to the same environmental stimulus (light).


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: The following paragraphs highlight a few of the many facts that influence age-specific seizures and the age-specific consequences of seizures. Because most of the direct information about seizures throughout the life-span often derives from animal models, these are discussed. The author regrets that this overview is not comprehensive and likely omits a number of important publications. Nonetheless, this review serves to illustrate crucial features of the topic. Age-Seizures that during Each AgeWhereas brain development from embryonic life to senescence is a continuum, here it is divided into four stages: the neonatal, childhood, adulthood, and aging epochs. Brain and Age-SeizuresThe neonatal brain is in a stage of rapid flux from both structural and functional perspectives. Neurons are still being born, circuits are being formed, and synapses are being established (17, 18). Synaptic currents are often slower (19), neurotransmit-ters play trophic roles (20), and circuits are not fully mature (21). These facts predict that seizures may propagate poorly and may thus remain subclinical, or manifest as fragmented motor activity (22, 23). From a molecular standpoint, there are developmental changes in both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission (24–34) excitatory and inhibitory components of synaptic transmission do not develop concurrently (33, 35). GABAergic synapses seem to be the first to function (36). In addition, GABA receptor subunit expression is developmentally regulated and is relatively low during development (30), whereas glutamate receptor expression is high, favoring robust neuro-transmission in excitatory synapses. Indeed, both presynaptic and postsynaptic elements of glutamatergic synapses undergo developmental changes that favor hyperexcitability in the neonatal period: glutamate transporter expression is low, increasing glutamate levels at synapses. In addition, the developmental characteristics of all three types of the major glutamate receptors, and metabotropic, favor augmented glutamatergic neurotransmission (31–33). Together, all of the facts described above contribute to the observed facility in which insults such as hypoglycemia or hypoxia generate seizures in the neonate, and to the fragmentary nature of many neonatal seizures. The Child's Brain and Age-Specific SeizuresAnimal models have been instrumental in elucidating the changes in excitability and seizure vulnerability during the developmental transition from the neonatal to the childhood periods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses age-specific seizures and developmental changes in the brain from neonatal to childhood periods, but it does not specifically address neurogenesis or the occurrence of new neuron generation in specific brain regions throughout life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: , Figure 2(C)). This is likely at least part of the solution because it is well known that the dynamics of smaller bodies in the solar system's early days were not the same as they are now (e. g. , Bottke & Norman 2017; Morbidelli et al. 2018). Scattering of objects that could become impactors from dynamical rearranging of giant planets and effects within the asteroid belt (e. g. , Gomes et al. 2005; Tsiganis et al. 2005; Bottke et al. 2012) could affect the bolide ratio, as could residual planetesimals from accretion or early asteroid belt escapees before they were collisionally evolved (Walsh et al. 2011, 2012; Nesvorný et al. 2017). However, one must be careful about the mixtures of source impactors, for they are somewhat constrained by the crater retention ages—or, at least, the observed number of large impacts—observed on each body (Bottke & Norman 2017); removing the first ∼100–200 Myr of those bodies' surface histories—and therefore those as constraints—could help drive the source impactor mixtures to ones more favorable to solving the mismatch (Morbidelli et al. 2018), though other constraints might not allow this (see Section 5. 5). In support of a time-dependent bolide argument, Morbidelli et al. (2018) and others demonstrated that the Mars:Moon bolide ratio is substantially different depending on the impactor source population. Nesvorný et al. (2017) also ran extensive solar system evolution numerical integrations using different possible initial conditions, and they found the ratio might have started at 2. 8–2. 9, but it evolved to 1. 5–2. 3 after 400 Myr. If the ratio changed while these large, ∼1000 km class craters formed, that would also mean that the Martian crater-based chronology is wrong, moving some ages earlier by up to ≈200 Myr (more time would be needed to account for the same number of craters); implications are discussed in the next subsection. Additionally, dynamical models such as those in Morbidelli et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the dynamics of impactor sources and their evolution over time, particularly citing the importance of crater retention ages and the implication of bolide ratios in understanding solar system history. It highlights the relationship between the number of large impacts observed and the history of celestial bodies, thus supporting the claim that impact craters, including those on the Moon, offer valuable insights into the solar system's history.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as R1-R8 photoreceptors contract photomechanically in vivo, moving back-to-front inside each observed ommatidium We utilized the optical cornea-neutralization technique with antidromic deep-red (740 or 785 nm peak) illumination to observe deep pseudopupils (photoreceptor rhabdomeres that align with the observer’s viewing axis) in the Drosophila eye. High-speed video captures fast rhabdomere movements to bright orthodromic blue-green flashes (470 + 535 nm peaks). The panels show: left, R1-R7 photoreceptor rhabdomere tips moving rapidly back-to-front and returning slower to each 10 ms flash, delivered repeatedly every second; right, the cross-correlated horizontal (blue) and vertical (red) components as the time series of this movement. Grey vertical lines indicate each flash. The rhabdomere movement is caused by the photomechanical photoreceptor contractions (not by muscle activity). These in vivo movements are large, here 1. 7 µm from dark-adapted rest-state; causing up to five degree transient shift in the R1-R6 photoreceptors receptive fields (1. 7 µm (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 031 Video 4 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as R1-R8s contract, the lens above is immobile but a cone-cell aperture, connected to the rhabdomere tips by adherens junctions, moves half as much as the rhabdomeres We used a z-axis micromanipulator to shift and reposition Drosophila in piezo-steps vertically underneath the microscope. This allowed the focused image, as projected on the camera, to scan through each studied ommatidium, providing exact depth readings in µm. We then recorded any structural movements inside the ommatidia to light flashes at different depths; from the corneal lens down to the narrow base, where the cone and pigment cells form an intersection between the crystalline cone and the rhabdomere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how Drosophila photoreceptors, specifically R1-R8, exhibit distinct movements in response to environmental stimuli (light flashes). It highlights that the rhabdomere movements are variable, affected by factors such as the intensity and timing of the light flashes, which suggests that individuals may respond differently under varying conditions, thus rebutting the claim that every individual responds the same way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: In this context, it is helpful to note the complexity of comparing developmental status of human and rodent brain. A useful approach is to focus on a single region or circuit and assess multiple developmental processes, such as neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, dendritic growth, and functional maturity across species (see table in Avishai-Eliner et al. [37] for such comparison of rat, monkey, and human hippocampus). This approach enables studying the role of specific stages of maturation of a given brain region on the susceptibility to seizures and the generation of specific seizure types (38–42). Insight from non-human work has suggested that the child's limbic circuit is characterized by an overshoot of axons in some hip-pocampal pathways (43), and an accompanying overshoot of excitatory synapses and glutamate receptors (31, 32). This apparent augmented excitability is combined with the susceptibility of young children to sustain fever and febrile seizures as well as trauma and infections. Hence, typical seizures in the child include febrile (5, 44, 45) and traumatic (46) seizures, as well as other reactive or provoked seizures. Increasing maturation of neuronal circuits supports rapid propagation and often severe seizures in this age group (41, 42). Brain: Sex-and SeizuresThe spurt in the release of sex hormones that accompanies puberty and adolescence contributes to structural and functional neuronal changes and further maturation of neuronal circuits. Sex-dependent dimorphism further arises in numerous brain regions and circuits (47–49). In addition to the arrival of sex hormones from the gonad and other peripheral sources, sex hormones are also synthesized within brain regions including the hippocampus (50). The effects of the female sex hormones on neuronal excitability are complex. Estrogen is generally believed to promote excitability (51) as well as augmented synaptic plasticity (e. g. , [52]). In contrast, progesterone-derived neurosteroids augment GABAA receptor function (48, 53, 54). The cyclical nature of hormonal release during the menstrual cycle in women promotes cyclical or catamenial seizures and epilepsy, often complicating the management of seizures in women (47, 51). In analogy to the female sex hormones, the effects of testosterone—directly and indirectly—on neuronal excitability are complex (55, 56). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the complexity of comparing neurodevelopmental processes between humans and rodents and highlights several aspects related to brain regions and function, including neurogenesis. However, it does not provide direct information or evidence regarding the occurrence of neurogenesis in specific brain regions throughout life, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: (2018) demonstrated that the relative components from different impactor source populations were likely different for the early Moon and Mars, where they estimated that comets accounted for a much larger fraction of impacts on the early Moon than they did on early Mars. Such a difference could invert the early bolide ratio from the roughly 2. 8 in the present day to ~0. 5 early on. Additionally, it must be noted that it is possible—even likely—that the bolide ratio is not only time-dependent as a whole, but is dependent also on impactor size that similarly changes as a function of time. A changing size distribution has been discussed before, such as by Strom et al. (2005, 2015), who described the possibility of "Pop 1" versus "Pop 2" impactors pre- and post-heavy lunar bombardment that followed different size-frequency distributions (SFDs). For the earliest times in the solar system, it is likely that small and large impactors followed the same bolide ratio, however, because there had yet to be much dynamical evolution that would have altered the large versus small bodies differently. Where this becomes potentially important to consider is whether the works quoted above that describe the bolide ratio are describing it for smaller bodies or larger bodies, if the SFD has changed: A "bolide ratio" today of 2. 4 versus a ratio of 1. 0 several billion years ago might apply to objects <10 km across, not to those large enough to create megameter-scale craters. Therefore, the potentially variable bolide ratio as both a function of time and diameter must be considered and better understood. 5. 5. Mars's Early Crater-based is WrongOrientale is well anchored in the lunar chronology, and the absolute model age is unlikely to be inaccurate by more than ∼100 Ma. This gives ∼700–800 Myr to form Orientale and the other several large craters (Figure 2(A)). However, scaling the lunar chronology to Mars incorporates all of the above uncertainties, the uncertainty in the lunar crater chronology function, and the assumption of a time-invariable bolide ratio between Moon and Mars. While relative Martian ages can be anchored with Argyre, its age is still a model age. to ages significantly older than ≈3. 9–4. 0 Ga would not solve the mismatch because there are no obvious large younger features. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the implications of impact craters on the Moon in relation to the history of the solar system. It elaborates on the historical context of impacts on the early Moon versus Mars and provides details concerning the bolide ratio and its evolution over time. The connection between this impact data and the lunar chronology further enhances the understanding of the solar system's history, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The left panels show: up, ommatidium lens; middle, basal cone/pigment cell layer; down, R1-R7 photoreceptor rhabdomeres tips during and after flash stimulation. The right panels show the cross-correlation time series of these high-speed videos: up, the corneal lens and the upper ommatidium structures were essentially immobile), and normally remained so throughout the recordings; Middle, cone cells that connect to the rhabdomere tips with adherens junctions (Tepass and Harris, 2007) showed clear light-induced movements; down, R1-R7 rhabdomeres moved half as much as the cone cells above. The high-speed video rate was 500 frames/s. Video playback slowed down and down-sampled to reveal the contractions, which otherwise would be too fast to see with a naked eye. Tables 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 050 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 057 Light- PointPeak1 wavelength (nm)Peak1 intensity (106 photons/s)Peak2 wavelength (nm)Peak2 intensity (106 photons/s)No. 14482. 7205712. 805No. 24521. 7905702. 818No. 34482. 6185652. 900No. 44511. 8405763. 020No. 54512. 5705753. 710No. 64512. 2145723. 640No. 74521. 4305752. 020No. 84462. 2035702. 990No. 94531. 4655712. 350No. 104513. 3005785. 100No. 114531. 8775753. 080No. 124551. 7635753. 020No. 134512. 3345753. 440No. 144512. 0095762. 634No. 154542. 4005684. 480No. 164522. 3905724. 165No. 174553. 1905663. 010No. 184521. 9905783. 320No. 194551. 9585783. 336No. 204541. 7455692. 670No. 214502. 6425732. 314No. 224529. 52057213. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing variability in responses to flash stimulation among different structures. It states that while the cone cells showed clear light-induced movements, the R1-R7 rhabdomeres moved only half as much as the cone cells, demonstrating that different components responded differently to the same environmental stimulus.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Influences SeizuresThe incidence of seizures increases in the middle-aged and the elderly (57, 58). This is a result, in part, of the increased incidence of tumors and cerebrovascular diseases including stroke (3). In addition, there are likely intrinsic processes within the aging brain that might promote susceptibility to seizures. For example, an increasingly recognized source of the increased incidence of seizures in the aging brain may derive from increased accumulation of the molecules Tau and amyloid beta. It has been shown that these compounds may interact to influence excitability at several levels (59, 60), thus influencing excitability in both normal and dementing aging individuals. Much more work remains to be done to explain and hopefully prevent the human observational studies on increased seizure susceptibility during aging (61). The nature of seizures in the elderly might differ from those observed earlier in the life cycle. Partial complex seizures may be confused with “senior” moments, and a number of additional factors contribute to the complexity of diagnosing seizures in the elderly (62). Age-the Consequences of Seizures at Different AgesBrain: to the Effects of SeizuresThe neonatal brain is in a stage of rapid flux from both a structural and a functional perspective. As mentioned above, neurons are still being born, circuits are being formed, and synapses continue to be established and mature. Many of these processes are activity dependent, in that they are influenced by synaptic communication. For example, activation of certain synapses is believed to strengthen them at the expense of nonactive synapses that are pruned (63, 64). Clearly, then, a burst of abnormal neuronal activity (a seizure) has the potential to disrupt this activity-dependent process, leading to aberrant hyperexcitable or hypo-excitable circuit. At the structural level, excitatory synapses reside on dendritic spines (65); spine size and integrity, as well as the integrity of the dendrites that carry the spines, are activity dependent (66–69). These observations suggest that seizures might influence the structure of spines and dendrites during development, resulting in stunted, dysfunctional neurons (70–73). At the molecular level, seizures during the neonatal and infancy periods modify neurotransmission through several mechanisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the impact of seizures on the aging brain and the processes occurring within it. While it mentions the development of neurons and synaptic changes in the neonatal brain, it does not address neurogenesis specifically occurring in certain brain regions throughout life, making it largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionFrequency counting of impact craters on terrestrial planets and moons of the can provide a framework for relative geochronology of the upper planetary crust (Hartmann and Neukum2001; Carr and Head 2010) and, within model-dependent conditions, absolute ages (Neukum and Hiller 1981). It also constitutes a means of probing into paroxysmal phases of meteor showers in the early (Gomes et al. 2005). Numerous spaceborne surveying and remote sensing missions to Mars (Pyle 2012) over the last decades have acquired digital elevation data for the entire planet at usable resolutions, enabling planetary scientists to carry out analysis of the Martian impact craters (e. g. Brunetti et al. 2014). However, counting of myriads of impact craters is a tedious and time consuming task. Subjects of research in geology, and consequently in planetary science, involve the reconstruction of original landforms from their current remnants. Such problems can be dealt with if they are reduced to morphological, and eventually geometrical, problems (Bayer 1985). Many of these problems can be tackled by computer algorithms operating on digital terrain models (DTM). Hence, impact crater detection through computer vision methods may be extremely practical in planetary science as it can automate, and thus expedite, the crater-counting procedure. Computer vision (also known as ‘image understanding’) is a branch of computer science aiming at replicating biological (human) vision through appropriate algorithms so that certain image components (objects) can be detected/recognized by computers (e. g. Haralick and Shapiro 1991). However, planet surface processes (Berman et al. 2009) may induce random and persistent disturbance (noise) to the original structure (signal) over the course of time, resulting in the gradual deformation of the original landform. This is particularly the case of the Martian impact craters whose edges have experienced some degree of erosion (Fig. 1) by the former Martian hydrological cycle (Andrews-Hanna et al. 2007). Fig. 1Source: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin. ( craters on Mars overlapping with relict drainage network in Osuga Valles, 170 km south of Eos Chaos, Valles Marineris. Image center at 15°S/322°E. Image from on Mars Express. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the counting of impact craters on terrestrial planets and moons, noting that this can provide a framework for relative geochronology, which is essential for understanding the history of planetary surfaces, including the Moon. It emphasizes how the study of impact craters allows for the reconstruction of original landforms and understanding geological processes, which are vital for gaining insights into the broader history of the solar system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: solstitialis populations sampled around the globe, indicating that the species invasive success is not due to changes in genome size or ploidy level. in ploidy level have been reported to be important for the invasive success of some plants species (et al. , 2011), by altering morphological, physiological and ecological parameters which can confer hybrid vigor, stress resistance, competitive advantages, or increased phenotypic plasticity, like in the case of the tetraploids of Centaurea stoebe L. (Hahn, Buckley & Müller-Schärer, 2012). Additionally, there are a series of associated “genome size constrained traits”, related mostly to reproduction and dispersal, which dictate the ecological niche a species can access (et al. , 2011). In contrast, several studies support the hypothesis that a smaller genome can contribute to some species invasive potential by boosting early plant growth and enhancing competitive ability (Bennett, Leitch & Hanson, 1998; Grotkopp et al. , 2004; Beaulieu et al. , 2007; Lavergne, Muenke & Molofsky, 2010; Suda et al. , 2015). For instance, Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed canary grass, Poaceae) in the USA underwent a quick and significant reduction in genome size compared to the native European genotype, which was correlated with some advantageous phenotypic effects and enhanced aggressiveness (Lavergne, Muenke & Molofsky, 2010). A list comparing the ploidy level of 128 worst invasive plant species worldwide, was recently made available by et al. (2011), indicating that a quarter of them possess at least two different ploidy levels. An interesting example is C. stoebe (spotted knapweed) which occurs both as a diploid and tetraploid, with only the latter cytotype becoming invasive in the Western parts of the USA (Mráz et al. , 2011). However, for many invasive species, ploidy levels and genome size are unknown or have not been thoroughly investigated. Centaurea L. is one of the most species rich genera in the Asteraceae (Bremer, 1994). species have been introduced into new non-native regions, where many of them have become invasive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how different ploidy levels in species, such as Centaurea stoebe, lead to varying responses to environmental factors, indicating that individuals within a species can respond differently to stimuli based on their genetic characteristics and ecological adaptation.