Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: In addition, Li-Ion technology must be operated with a protection circuit to ensure safe voltage and temperature operation ranges. 4. 3. Sodium-sulphur batteriesNaS batteries are one of the most promising options for high power energy storage applications. The anode is made of sodium (Na), while the cathode is made of sulphur (S). The electrolyte enables the transfer of sodium ions to the cathode where they combine with sulphur anions and produce sodium polysulphide (NaSx). During the charge cycle, the opposite reaction occurs; sodium polysulphide is decomposed into sodium and sulphur. NaS batteries have good resilience to cycling (up to 4500 cycles), and can discharge quickly at high power [2-4]. NaS technology is modular; a single unit’s rated power starts from 50 kW. Additionally, NaS batteries have low self-discharge and require low maintenance. However, the operating temperature must be kept at about 350°C. Advertisement 5. Flow batteriesFlow batteries store at least one of its electrolytes in an external storage tank. During operation, the electrolytes need to be pumped into the electrochemical cell to produce electricity. Unlike conventional batteries, the power capacity of flow batteries is independent of the storage energy capacity and self-discharge is almost inexistent. The energy capacity depends on the stored volume of electrolyte and the power delivered depends only on the dimension of the electrodes and the number of cells. Additionally, flow batteries have a very short response time, can be fully discharged without consequences and are able to store energy over long period of time. Compared to conventional batteries, flow batteries have an unlimited life in theory and no memory effects. However, the necessity to control the electrolytic flows induces high operating cost. 5. 1. Vanadium redox-flow batteries (VRB)Among the various redox-flow batteries technology (Zinc Bromine, Polysulfide Bromide, Cerium-Zinc, …), VRB exhibits the best potentiality, thanks to its competitive cost, its simplicity and since it contains no toxic materials [12]. Energy is stored in two reservoirs; a catholytic reservoir and an anolytic reservoir. VRB low specific energy, <35 Wh/kg, limits its use in non-stationary applications. Figure 12 illustrates one major advantage of flow batteries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various energy storage technologies, such as sodium-sulphur and flow batteries, which are described as effective solutions for storing energy. The mention of flow batteries having a very short response time and the ability to store energy over long periods indicates that these technologies can manage energy supply during periods of high demand and low generation, directly supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: “In most cases, the literature will just say that if you take this drug it will be modified in one way or another by the intestinal bacteria,” says Aziz, who runs the database. “In most cases we don’t know which bacterium. ”This still represents an enormous increase in knowledge since 2007, when Aziz started working on the database with one of his classes at in Giza, Egypt. At the time, “there were a few scattered studies”, some of them decades old, says Aziz. Eight years later, Aziz confidently predicts that microbiome analysis will become a routine part of deciding on a treatment regimen for patients, the same way genetic analysis has become common in planning cancer treatment. If that’s to happen, the field — whatever it ends up being called — will have to welcome many more researchers. “There is still little being done in this area relative to other topics that are linked to the microbiome,” says Turnbaugh. “Hopefully that will change and we’re at the beginning of an upswing. ”835. doi:10. 1126/science. 1191175. [2] Digoxin-inactivating bacteria: identification in human gut microbiota. Science 1983;220:325–327. [3] Predicting and manipulating cardiac drug inactivation by the human gut bacterium Eggerthella lenta. Science 2013;341:295–298. [4] Pharmacologic targeting of bacterial Î²-glucuronidase alleviates nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and 2012;341:447–454. doi:10. 1124/jpet. 111. 191122. [5] Pharmacometabonomic identification of a significant host-microbiome metabolic interaction affecting human drug metabolism. Proceedings of the of Sciences USA 2009;106:14728–14733. doi:10. 1073/pnas. 0904489106. [6] The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide. Science 2013;342:971–976. [7] Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Science 2013;342:967–970. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the current limitations and uncertainties in the field of microbiome research. Aziz notes that while there has been increased knowledge about how intestinal bacteria can modify drug treatments, there is still little understanding of which specific bacterium is involved. The text suggests that microbiome analysis may become a routine part of treatment decisions, similar to genetic analysis for cancer, but it does not support the notion that these manipulations can fully cure major mental health conditions. The emphasis on the experimental and developing nature of microbiome research further underlines the contrast.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Endosymbiotic flexibility associates with environmental sensitivity in scleractinian corals. Proceedings of the B: 279:4352-4361 R Core Team. 2018. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. software. 2016. Cryptic genetic divergence within threatened species of Acropora coral from the Indian and Pacific Oceans. 17:577-591 Ritson-Williams R, Gates RD. 2020. Coral community resilience to successive years of bleaching in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i. 39:757-769. 2007. Energy reserves and metabolism as indicators of coral recovery from bleaching. Limnology and Oceanography 52:1874-1882 Roff G, Mumbay PJ. 2014. Global disparity in the resilience of coral reefs. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27:404-413 Rouzé -Lecellier V. 2019. Unique quantitative Symbiodiniaceae signature of coral colonies revealed through spatio-temporal survey in Moorea. 9:1-11. 2001. Coral bleaching and marine protected areas. . 1-96. 2008. Baselines and degradation of coral reefs in the Islands. 3:e1548. 2022. Evidence for de novo acquisition of microalgal symbionts by bleached adult corals. 16:1676-1679. 2005. Size matters: bleaching dynamics of the coral Oculina patagonica. 294:181-188 Shlesinger T, R. 2023. Oceanic differences in coral-bleaching responses to marine heatwaves. Science of the 871:162113 Siebeck U, Marshall N, Klüter A, Hoegh-Guldberg O. 2006. Monitoring coral bleaching using a colour reference card. 25:453-460. 2016. Re-evaluating the health of coral reef communities: baselines and evidence for human impacts across the central Pacific. Proceedings of the B: 283:20151985 é. 2014. A depth refugium from catastrophic coral bleaching prevents regional extinction. Ecology 95:1663-1673. 2015. Warm-water coral reefs and climate change. Science 350:769-771 -Guldberg O, Carter D. 2009. Stability of coral–endosymbiont associations during and after a thermal stress event in the southern Reef. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral biology, bleaching, and associated ecological studies. There is no mention or discussion of plants or their cultivation, making the text unrelated to the historical use of plants in agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: The maximum number of cycles tolerated during the lifetime of the batteries is plotted versus the depth of discharge for four technologies; PbA, Li-ion, NaS and VRB. The tolerable number of cycles decreases for PbA, Li-ion and NaS but remain constant at a relatively high value for VRB. Figure 3. Cycling ability of various energy storage systems (from [2]) Advertisement 6. Super capacitorsBattery systems do not seems fully adequate for smoothing wind or solar power applications due to their limited tolerance to large number of charge - discharge cycles. Super capacitors (SC) or ultracapacitors, are electrochemical capacitor with remarkable high energy density, as compared to conventional capacitors, and high power density as compared to batteries. Moreover SC tolerate over a million charge – discharge cycles [13,14]. However, the voltage of an ultracapacitor tends to decrease during discharge. This affects the efficiency of the subsequent power converter and can undermine the energy utilization of the capacitor. In [15], parallel-series ultracapacitor shift circuits are employed to improve the energy utilization and minimize the voltage drop. The principal drawback of SC is its high cost (up to 20000€/kWh). Advertisement 7. Power conversion solutions for coupling of renewable generations and storageThe present 4. DC-coupled renewable and energy storage power conversion system (source [16])The structure of the control chain involves four different levels explained below:(SCU) is the active interface between the power converters and the control units of higher level. The SCU opto-couplers and the modulation modules generate the power converters’ transistors ON/OFF signal. (ACU). The ACU’s control algorithms calculate the modulation indexes of each power converter in accordance with the reference values set by the PCU. (PCU) performs the instantaneous power balancing of the entire hybrid power system. The PCU’s algorithm calculates the values of the parameters for the regulation of the voltages and the currents in accordance with the power reference values set by the MCU. (MCU) supervises the entire power system. The MCU sets the operating mode and the power 8. Sizing the storage capacity for the management of wind power induced congestion. This sub-section discusses the sizing of transmission line capacity in the context of the transport of wind-originated electricity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various energy storage technologies such as batteries and supercapacitors. It highlights the importance of these technologies in managing energy generation and demand, particularly in applications like smoothing wind or solar power. The mention of energy storage capacity sizing for managing wind power congestion directly supports the idea that energy storage is vital for utilizing renewable energy effectively when generation is low.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbiome research has established that bacteria can replace immune system functions. [SEP] Text: the material and the depth of coverage make this book appropriate for use by researchers, faculty, and graduate students" from of contents 1. Used by Bacteria to Functionsand Rémi FronzesPages: 1-42. DOI: this review we examine the use of secretion systems by bacteria to subvert host functions. Bacteria have evolved multiple systems to interact with and overcome their eukaryotic host and other prokaryotes. Secretion systems are required for the release of several effectors through the bacterial membrane(s) into the extracellular space or directly into the cytoplasm of the host. We review the secretion systems of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and describe briefly the structural composition of the seven secretion systems that have been associated with increased virulence through subversion of host functions. Some of the effects of such systems on eukaryotic host processes have been studied extensively. We also describe the best-characterized effectors of each secretion system to give an overview of the molecular mechanisms employed by bacteria to hide from the immune system and convert eukaryotic cells into optimal ecological niches for their replication. 2. Within-Remodelling and its Impact in RecognitionM. ía-del PortilloPages: 43-60. DOI: colonization of host tissues, bacterial pathogens encounter new niches in which they must gain access to nutrients and cope with stresses and defence signals generated by the host. For some pathogens, the adaptation to a new 'within-host' lifestyle involves modifications of envelope components that bear molecular patterns normally recognized by the host innate immune system. These new modified patterns limit host recognition, therefore promoting immune evasion and pathogenicity. In this review, we describe how envelope components like the peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide can be altered within the host to impair responses triggered by pattern recognition receptors (PRR). We also discuss the few cases reported to date of chemical modifications that occur in the envelope of some intracellular bacterial pathogens when they reside inside eukaryotic cells. These envelope alterations may have evolved due to the sentinel role performed by PRRs over pathogen-specific molecular patterns. The available data indicate that only selected pathogens seem to evade recognition due to 'within-host' envelope changes, with most of them displaying such patterns also in non host environments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how bacteria have evolved secretion systems to interact with and subvert host immune functions, thus indicating that rather than replacing immune functions, bacteria are manipulating and evading the host's immune system for their survival and replication. For example, it notes that 'the available data indicate that only selected pathogens seem to evade recognition due to 'within-host' envelope changes,' demonstrating the complexities of bacterial-host interactions rather than a direct replacement of immune functions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 28:709-713 van Woesik R. 2019. A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades. 10:1264 Sully S, Hodgson G, van Woesik R. 2022. Present and future bright and dark spots for coral reefs through climate change. Biology 28:4509-4522. 2006. Highly stable symbioses among western Atlantic brooding corals. 25:515-519 -. 2011. A connection between colony biomass and death in Caribbean reef-building corals. 6:e29535. 2001. Repopulation of zooxanthellae in the Caribbean corals Montastraea annularis and M. faveolata following experimental and disease-associated bleaching. Bulletin 201:360-373. 2014. Opposite latitudinal gradients in projected ocean acidification and bleaching impacts on coral reefs. Biology 20:103-112. 1995. Effects of Cyclone ‘Joy’ on nearshore coral communities of the Reef. 128:261-270. 2012. Effects of coral colony morphologies on mass transfer and susceptibility to thermal stress. 31:633-639. 2022. Coral-bleaching responses to climate change across biological scales. Biology 28:4229-4250. 2019. The rarity of depth refugia from coral bleaching heat stress in the western and central Pacific Islands. 9:1-12 Veron JCE. 2011. Coral taxonomy and evolution. In: Coral reefs: an ecosystem in transition. Cham: Springer. 37-45. 2010. Species composition, habitat, and water quality influence coral bleaching in southern Florida. 408:65-78. 2020. Divergent symbiont communities determine the physiology and nutrition of a reef coral across a light-availability gradient. 14:945-958. 2021. Shifting baselines: physiological legacies contribute to the response of reef corals to frequent heatwaves. 35:1366-1378 Wall CB, Ritson-. 2019. Spatial variation in the biochemical and isotopic composition of corals during bleaching and recovery. Limnology and Oceanography 64:2011-2028. 2003. Resistance and resilience to coral bleaching: implications for coral reef conservation and management. 17:956-967. 2016. Package ‘ggplot2’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching and related studies, which do not pertain to the cultivation of plants in modern agriculture. There are no mentions of botanical practices or historical plant usage in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: A regional network is sized according to the maximal power that could transit through it. To prevent power congestion, it is necessary either, to size the network infrastructures to match the maximal expected power production or to limit the level of power that could transit through the transmission lines. This last strategy calls for judicious arbitration between the loss of income due to the power limitation and the associated infrastructure cost reduction. A refine analysis of the production on a given site allows the developer to size sensibly the power level limit above which excess production will be rejected. To reduce energy waste, the excess of energy could be stored and re-injected later, during periods of low production. The aim here is mainly to avoid congestion while reducing the costs linked to infrastructures reinforcement and maximizing the energy output of the installation. As the load factor of wind energy is about 25 %, the ratio of the cost for network strengthening over the aggregated energy produced for wind (or solar) energy is higher to that of the other (non intermittent) sources of energy. In [17], the authors proposed an in-depth analysis of the wind speed variations and the related electrical power variations, based on a probabilistic approach that gives, for a specified wind speed range, the distribution of the expected wind farm power output. This method is used here to evaluate with more precision, the load factor of wind energy, in order to size the level of power curtailing and to estimate the required storage capacity to avoid energy waste. Concerning the wind speed to electrical power conversion, many studies have investigated wind turbines response to wind variations. Figures 5 shows the plots of a two-months (61 days) sequence of wind speed and associated wind farm power output. Under the influence of meteorological conditions wind speed fluctuates over time. These variations occur on different time scales: from seconds to years. The response of a wind turbine, in term of power output variations, depends on the wind turbine technology [18,19]. Some smoothing effect can also be obtained due to the turbine inertia and size. For a group of turbines, further smoothing can be expected due to the spatial distribution of the turbine within the area. For large area, wind energy overall variability can be much lower than the variability of a single wind turbine since the meteorological fluctuations do not affect each wind cluster at the same time. Figure 5. A two-month sample of wind speed and wind power. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the necessity of energy storage to prevent energy waste during times of high production when there is a lower demand. It states that excess energy could be stored and re-injected later during periods of low production, which supports the idea that energy storage technology is essential for balancing supply and demand, particularly for intermittent renewable sources like wind and solar.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Peer review processEditorsReviewer #1Reviewer #2Reviewer #3Author ResponsePeer review processNot revised: This Reviewed Preprint includes the authors’ original preprint (without revision), an eLife assessment, public reviews, and a provisional response from the authors. Read more about eLife’s peer review process. for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, IndiaReviewer #1 (Public Review): Summary: The research study under review investigated the relationship between the gut and identified potential biomarkers derived from the nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota-based that could aid in predicting COVID-19 severity. The study reported significant changes in the richness and Shannon diversity index in nasopharyngeal microbiome associated with severe symptoms. The study showed a high abundance of Bacillota and Pesudomonadota in patients exhibiting severe symptomatology. Positive correlations were also found between Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, and Veillonella, with the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strengths: The study successfully identified differences in the microbiome diversity that could indicate or predict disease severity. Furthermore, the authors demonstrated a link between individual nasopharyngeal organisms and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The density of the nasopharyngeal organism was shown to be a potential predictor of the severity of COVID-19. Weaknesses: The authors claimed an association between nasopharyngeal organisms and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection but omitted essential data on the statistical significance of these associations between groups. The authors frequently referred to a p-value < 0. 05 without presenting the actual p-values and percentages to show the significance of their results. The discussion is hard to understand (lacked clarity), as it contained an extensive literature review without discussing the study findings. A more focused discussion and results section on the main findings could have improved the overall readability of the paper. The role of potential confounders, such as HIV infection, and ethnicity which impacts the nasopharyngeal microbiome composition, was not included in the paper. Addressing the potential confounders would contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the study's implications, specifically the role of the nasopharyngeal microbiome as a predictor of COVID-19 severity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability of microbiome composition and its association with disease severity, rather than guaranteeing disease resistance. Specifically, it highlights that while microbiome diversity may indicate or predict COVID-19 severity, it does not support the notion that everyone’s microbiome can be optimized to ensure complete resistance to diseases. Additionally, it mentions various factors such as potential confounders impacting microbiome composition, which further complicates the idea of a one-size-fits-all optimization for disease resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Skip to content (Set) PUSH (Seismic Hazard) STAMP (SiTe AMPlification) and (Web) Temblor (iOS) Temblor (Android) Insurance & a retrofit my building? buy insurance? Living with a safe home in earthquake country How to prepare for an earthquake How to get involved X-rays can reveal massive, ancient two-for-one earthquakes Posted on December 30, 2021December 31, 2021 by studying sedimentary layers beneath a lake in Indonesia, researchers developed a new technique that can date earthquake doublets within the hour. Koenig, Ph. D. , (@Lauren_A_Koenig) Reporting by (@geologiststephy) Citation: Koenig, L. , 2021, X-rays can reveal massive, ancient two-for-one earthquakes, Temblor, Resolving the details of prehistoric earthquakes is a notoriously difficult task, involving piecing together the zigs and zags of sedimentary layers and other lingering clues offset in their wake. But evidence of these ancient disruptions may actually have been caused by earthquake doublets – two earthquakes with similarly high magnitudes that rupture nearby faults within a few hours of one another – and there is now a way to prove it. In a study presented at the Union’s fall meeting last week, researchers describe a new technique to illuminate the paleoseismic record concealed beneath the murky waters of natural lakes. The methodology is based on analyzing the flow direction of turbidites, which are layers of sand and mud formed by underwater landslides. The study’s lead author, Katleen Wils, a postdoctoral fellow at Ghent University, and her colleagues identified the imprint left behind in the sediment when two consecutive earthquakes — like a heartbeat — pulsed and churned a natural lake in Indonesia. Wils’ new findings were born from a field expedition to Sumatra, Indonesia. The island is located along the Sunda megathrust, where the Indo-Australian tectonic plate dives beneath the Eurasian plate in one of the most active seismic zones in the world. The research team chose — located in the crater of a volcano — as their testing grounds. Surrounded by stunning mountain views, the stretch of sapphire water rests atop the Sumatran fault. On either side of the lake lie the Sumani and Sianok segments, which caused magnitude-6. 4 and magnitude-6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it focuses on new techniques in paleoseismology related to earthquake studies in Indonesia. There is no mention of archaeobotany or its potential to reveal causes of ancient civilization collapses, making the relationship with the claim distant and unrelated.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: Phase of the wind speed - electrical power transfer functionAnother way to represent the wind to power mapping is to consider the conditional probability that the observed mean electrical power P-Cluster takes on a value less than or equal to a given threshold P, given a mean wind speed V-Wind. This conditional probability is the conditional cumulative distribution function:FP V-Wind=prob P-Cluster≤P V-WindE2The value of the threshold P is expressed as a fraction of the transmission line capacity. Initially, we choose to set the transmission line capacity to PMAX2 months=6. 3 MW, the maximum observed wind farm power output over the two months test period. This value is also close to the wind farm installed capacity. In figure 10, the iso-percentages of the function FP V-Windare plotted in the plane (V-Wind %PLine Capacity) for an averaging time equals to 5 minutes. The conditional cumulative distribution function gives the probability that the power produced by a wind farm, exceeds a given power threshold. It is now possible to precisely set the level above which, the wind power will be stored or dumped rather than sent through the transmission line. In the example illustrated in Figure 10, the probability that the instantaneous power exceed 55% of the initial transmission line capacity is 10%. Thus, setting the level of the curtailment to 55% of PMAX2 months, ensure that 90% of the production will not be rejected. The remaining 10% can be stored and re-injected whenever the transmission capacity is not fully used. In the presented case, the excess electrical energy, produced when the wind farm power exceeds 55% of the transmission line capacity amounts toEexcess2 months=26. 8 MWh, which represents 1. 2% of the total produced energy 2 months=2. 26 GWh for the two months period. Figure 10. Iso-percentages of the conditional cumulative distribution function of the wind farm output power as a function of wind velocity. The power threshold levels are expressed as percentage of the transmission line capacity which, here, equalsPMAX2 months. The objective is to optimize the use of a transmission line by reducing its capacity while avoiding line saturation. Therefore, we set the transmission line capacity to 55% of PMAX2 months. A generic energy storage system is used to store all or part of the excess energy. We tested different level of storage capacity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that a generic energy storage system is utilized to store excess energy produced by a wind farm, particularly when the production exceeds certain thresholds. It indicates that this stored energy can be re-injected into the system when transmission capacity is not fully utilized, demonstrating the importance of energy storage technology in managing renewable energy supply and demand effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: #2 (Public Review): The study conducted by Benita et al studied the gut and nasopharyngeal microbiome in covid-19 severity. There are a lot of studies on this topic, and this study therefore cannot stand out from a pool of such similar studies. Beyond that, I have a number of major concerns: (1) The sample size is limited. There were 3 cohorts, but only ~100 subjects in total. This indicates that there were only a small number of subjects in each cohort (the authors did not list this information), and beyond that, there was a lack of healthy individuals as controls. A cohort-specific effect should usually exist, I believe with such a small number of patients (they were further divided into 3 groups), the authors cannot find reproducible data between cohorts. (2) The study did not meet the study goal. The authors say "Many factors have been described to be correlated with its severity but no specific determinants of infection outcome have been identified yet". However, numerous studies have shown the relationship between microbiome and covid. The present study only again showed a correlation between microbiome and covid severity and did not provide further insights, nor did they find specific determinants. (3) This study only studied 16s-seq for microbiome profiling, which made this study lack depth and resolution. Many peer papers have used metagenomics sequencing for in-depth interrogation. (4) Since there are fecal and nasopharyngeal microbiome data, the authors only listed their respective associations with covid severity yet did not provide further insights into whether and how these two microbiome types are linked to covid, or into whether there is a microbiome priority, resistance or transmission. (5) The abstract is amiss where each sentence lacks a key message - I don't understand each of the sentences or the underlying meanings. One example of an unclear expression is "this ratio" - what ratio? (6) The figures are all unclear and need significant improvement #3 (Public Review): Summary: How the microbial composition of the human body is influenced by and influences disease progression is an important topic. For people with COVID-19, symptomatic progression and deterioration can be difficult to predict. This manuscript attempts to associate the nasal and fecal microbiomes of COVID-19 patients with the severity of disease symptoms, with the goal of identifying microbial markers that can predict disease outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting limitations in the study, such as a limited sample size and lack of specific determinants that link microbiome composition to disease outcomes. It notes that while the authors aimed to show correlations between microbiota and severity of COVID-19, they did not establish a method to guarantee disease resistance or optimize microbiome composition effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: 3 earthquakes to occur within two hours of one another in 2007. Because this event was confirmed to be a doublet at the time, Wils and her colleagues collected four cores from the lake and found a turbidite that could reveal what doublets look like in the sedimentary record. The boat used by the researchers to conduct coring on Lake Singkarak. Credit: How turbidites record the past The submerged slides of water and sediment that create turbidites, like the one Wils found in Lake Singkarak, are often triggered by an earthquake during a process called slope failure. As the motion subsides, denser and coarser grains sink from the current first, leaving finer grains and clay to alight atop the mass. The muddy material deposited between turbidites serves as a record of the amount of time between successive quakes. Turbidites are formed by underwater avalanches at the edge of continental shelves or deep lakes with steep slopes from the shelf along the shoreline. The material that settles at the bottom of the shelf tends to consist of sand and similar coarse material, grading upwards into siltstone which is formed by the fine grained mud that settles more. Credit: Oggmus (CC BY-SA 4. 0), via But when an earthquake doublet disturbs a lake, it does not result in separate turbidites. Instead, a single turbidite is made from multiple “pulses” to the coarse-grained lakebed. Because of the time-lag between the individual currents triggered by each earthquake, a distinct pattern forms: instead of settling into the normally graded “coarse-to-fine” deposit, the sediments are shaped into “coarse-fine-coarse-fine-clay” striations, like a hastily assembled layer cake. Finding evidence of multiple pulses closely offset in time that originated from the same area (as verified by flow direction indicators in the turbidites) are key for matching a particular turbidite to an earthquake doublet. Resolving grainy vision and her team began to analyze the turbidite from Lake Singkarak, they encountered an apparent paradox: they needed to examine the positions of the sedimentary grains at high resolution but moving the grains out of the core to do so would irreparably disturb their orientation. and some of her colleagues from Indonesia retrieve one of the sediment cores used to study the earthquake doublet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about archaeobotany revealing the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. Instead, it focuses on geological phenomena related to earthquakes and the study of turbidites in sedimentary records. This makes the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: For the tests, we set the storage system efficiency to 75% and limit the depth of discharge (DoD) to 80%. If, during the test, the state of charge (SoC) of the storage system reaches 100%, the subsequent excess energy will be rejected as long as the SoC remains at 100%. To limit this event, as long as the SoC remains above 20%, the stored energy will be discharged whenever the instantaneous wind farm output power drops below 50% of PMAX2 months. This contributes to keep the storage SoC below 100% as often as possible, allowing more excess energy to be stored and redirected through the grid. Table 3 gives the percentage of energy effectively sent through the transmission line in respect with2 months, as a function of the storage system capacity. These elements added with a cost analysis of power transmission lines, enable calculations to investigate the profitability of such a power curtailment scheme. The plots of Figure 11 show the evolution of the storage system SoC and its temporal derivative (storage’s charge and discharge power) during a test conducted with a capacity of storage equals 1. 33 MWh, which represents 5% of Eexcess2 months. These results demonstrate the benefit of this approach. With a relatively limited storage capacity, it is possible to exploit 99. 92% of the energy produced by the wind farm while limiting the transmission line capacity at 55% of the maximum wind power observed during the two-months test period. Storage system capacityEnergy sent through the transmission line(%Eexcess2 months)MWh(%2 months)GWh0% (no storage)098,81%2,23531%0,26999,40%2,24865%1,3499,92%2,260310%2,6899,98%2,2617Table 3. Percentage of energy sent through the transmission line as a function of the storage system capacityThe ideal storage system characteristics could be deduced from this analysis. For the presented case, the adequate storage system should have a rated power of2,5 MW, a rated energy of 1,5 MWhand efficiency around 75%. Advertisement 9. Dynamic energy storage management for wind electricity injection into electrical gridsIn the application presented above, the power variations induced by the wind’s fluctuations are not anticipated for. We propose here to consider the potential benefit of wind energy production forecast to improve the reliability of wind-originated electricity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of a storage system in managing energy produced by a wind farm. It explains how the storage system allows for the effective use of energy during periods of low generation by regulating the state of charge (SoC) and ensuring that excess energy is utilized. Specifically, it highlights that energy is discharged when wind output drops, thus demonstrating that energy storage is vital for aligning renewable energy generation with demand.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: However, the value of this work is held back by unclear methods and data presentation. Strengths: Analysis of microbiomes from two distinct anatomical locations and across three distinct patient groups is a substantial undertaking. How these microbiomes influence and are influenced by COVID-19 disease progression is an important question. In particular, the putative biomarker identified here could be of clinical value with additional research. Weaknesses: The methods and statistics used for several figures and comparisons are unclear or used in non-standard ways. For instance: the description of the Bray-Curtis test for Figure 1 is inaccurate and conflicts between the text and figure legend; the method used to compare the relative abundance of genera in Figure 2 is not clear; and it is not stated how the "total amount" of detected bacteria is inferred from the data presented in Figures 2C and 2D. The description of results for Figure 1 is overstated or unclear for both the alpha diversity among disease groups and the overlap for nasal samples. The most abundant phyla from nasal samples cumulatively account for less than 1% of abundance and it is unclear why this would be expected or how it compares to other work. Relatedly, the potential biological relevance of the very small proportional changes among phyla in the nasal samples is also not clear. There is no real discussion of how the identified biomarkers might work in practice. While some microbes are detected in one condition but not others, it is unclear whether these organisms are expected to already exist below the detection threshold and then increase in abundance along with disease severity, or if they are picked up from the environment. For instance, would the presence of these 'severe' - associated microbes in patients with mild or moderate disease justify additional treatment to prevent disease progression? The authors use the term "nasopharyngeal-faecal axis", but there is no substantial discussion of how these two microbiomes interact to influence disease progression, or how they are jointly affected to yield useful biomarkers. With one exception, correlation values between nasal and fecal microbes range from negligible to modest. It is unclear, then, how much parallel influence disease has on these microbiomes. Response eLife assessment We appreciate the assessment carried out by the editorial team at eLife. Therefore, we plan to review the methods section in order to make the statistical analysis more comprehensible for each of the displayed figures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and uncertainties in current microbiome research and its relationship with disease. It highlights unclear methods and statistics, stating that there is no clear discussion on how identified biomarkers might practically work, indicating that the optimization of microbiomes for guaranteed disease resistance is not currently supported by the available data. The text questions the actual influence of microbiomes on disease progression and suggests that there is minimal correlation between different microbiomes, which undermines the idea of complete optimization leading to disease resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Credit: “The problem is that these lakes are mostly made of fine grains, and to see what’s going on you have to basically use a microscope without destroying the original alignment of grains,” says Wils. turned to high-resolution X-ray computed tomography — a CT scan, similar to what you might get for a complex bone fracture, except for rocks and sediment — as a means of keeping the sample intact while viewing it with astounding clarity. “The grains you can distinguish with certainty at this resolution are about 100 micrometers, or even less in size,” says Wils. “You can really look into detail at each individual grain that’s in this deposit. ” Because sedimentary grains tend to align in the same direction in a flow, Wils could use information about paleomagnetism and grain size to match the original slope failure to the location of the faults surrounding the lake. The last step was to confirm what she saw with the known timing of the individual earthquakes. “In this case, because the events happened in 2007, they know exactly what happened and it’s a very nice proof-of-concept,” says Belle Philibosian, a research geologist at the U. S. who was not involved in this study. “You can actually distinguish events on the order of hours, which is just phenomenal. ” New tools for old problems Paleoseismic researchers often rely on one of two classical techniques to date prehistoric earthquakes. Some measure landscape features, like small streams or gullies, that can exhibit a similarly sized offset if they were both shifted by the same earthquake. Others dig trenches into the earth and examine the walls for patterns of sedimentary disruption caused by earthquakes across different time scales. But ordinarily, these techniques cannot distinguish between events spaced hours — or even a decade — apart, says Philibosian. X-raying turbidites provides another tool to tackle this problem from multiple angles. “The real power of the turbidites is giving you that very fine time resolution,” says Philibosian. “We could go back and look at turbidite records of pre-historical earthquakes where we don’t know the sequence of events, and then combine that with paleoseismic trenching or other types of studies to build a picture of what happened. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods related to paleoseismic research and sediment analysis. It does not mention archaeobotany or its role in understanding the causes of ancient civilization collapses. The focus on high-resolution imaging of sedimentary grains and dating prehistoric earthquakes does not connect back to the claim about the capabilities of archaeobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: Figure 11. Time evolution of the storage system SoC and power during the test. Figure 12. Iso-percentages of the conditional cumulative distribution function of the wind farm output power as a function of wind velocity. The power threshold levels are expressed as percentage of the curtailed transmission line capacity which, here, equals 55% PMAX2 months. Efficient forecasting scheme that includes some information on the likelihood of the forecast and based on a better knowledge of the wind variations characteristics along with their influence on power output variation is of key importance for the optimal integration of wind energy in power system. In [20], the author has developed a short-term wind energy prediction scheme that uses artificial neural networks and adaptive learning procedures based on Bayesian approach and Gaussian approximation. We propose to illustrate how such a prediction tool combined with an energy storage facility could help to smooth the wind power variation and improve the consistency of wind electricity injected into utility network. Energy storage technologies could be valuable to the development of wind and PV electricity generation. The main objectives of an energy storage management scheme for the sake of wind or photovoltaic electricity productions are:To guarantee energy on-demand application for stand-alone renewable generation To inform, in advance, about the dispersion of the incoming production. To guarantee the power level of the injected electricity by limiting the variability of the production with the help of energy storage systems. To guarantee optimized and safe exploitation of the energy storage system. We seek, in this section, to illustrate the advantage of using energy or power prediction to develop an energy storage management scheme aimed at reducing the uncertainty on the incoming wind power that will be injected into the grid while maintaining a reasonable storage capacity. Advertisement 10. The energy prediction schemeThe proposed method is based on the very short-term prediction scheme of the wind energy outlined in Figure 13. At any given time t, a neural network (referred hereafter as the predictor) gives an estimation of future wind energy valuesEWindt+τ, with τthe horizon of prediction. The energy function EWindt gives the energy produced by a group of wind turbine during the 30 minutes period preceding time t. The input of the predictor is made of ninp recent samples of wind power values,PWindt-Tshort_mem,⋯,PWindt. These ninp components of the input are chosen from the values measured during the time interval preceding t; t-Tshort_mem, t. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of energy storage technologies in optimizing the integration of renewable energy sources, such as wind and photovoltaic (PV) power. It states that 'energy storage technologies could be valuable to the development of wind and PV electricity generation,' highlighting their role in ensuring consistent electricity supply despite variability in generation. Additionally, the text discusses objectives of energy storage management schemes that align perfectly with the claim, particularly in 'guaranteeing energy on-demand application for stand-alone renewable generation' and 'limiting the variability of the production with the help of energy storage systems,' thus supporting the assertion that energy storage is crucial for using renewable energy effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Public reviews Reviewer 1 We would like to express our gratitude to Reviewer 1 for providing a thorough summary of our work and highlighting its strengths. With regards to the weaknesses, we are committed to improve the manuscript by performing the necessary changes. First, we will specify the exact p-value in all cases. Regarding the discussion section, we acknowledge the feedback regarding its potential confusion. In line with the reviewer's suggestion, we will reduce the literature review and highlight our findings. Finally, for the preprint we did not include cofounders such as HIV infection and ethnicity as our study population did not exhibit viral infections and comprised only Hispanic individuals. We will make a more thorough description of the population of study and address these characteristics explicitly in both the methods section and the initial part of the results. Reviewer 2 We appreciate and thank reviewer 2 for the commentaries. Although it is true that several papers have described the role of microbiome in COVID-19 severity, we firmly believe that our current work stands out. There is not much information related to this association in mediterranean countries, especially in the south of Spain. In addition, most of the studies only describe microbiota composition in stool or nasopharyngeal samples separately, without investigating any potential relationships between them as we do. (1) We agree with the reviewer idea of a limited sample size. We faced the challenge of collecting the samples during the peak of COVID-19 pandemia. Thus, doctors and nurses were overwhelmed and not always available for carrying out patient recruitment following the inclusion criteria. Despite these constraints, we ensured that all included samples met our specified inclusion criteria and were from subjects with confirmed symptomatology. In addition, our main goal was to identify whether severity of the disease could be assessed through microbiota composition. Therefore we did not include a healthy group. Despite not having a large N, our results should be reproducible as they are supported by statistical analysis. (2) We thank reviewer commentary, and since our original sentence may have lacked clarity, we intend to modify it to ensure it conveys the intended meaning more effectively. Nonetheless, we remain confident in the significance of our findings. Not only have we found correlation between microbiota and COVID severity, but we have also described how specific bacteria from each condition is associated with key biochemical parameters of clinical COVID infection. (3) We appreciate the feedback provided by the reviewer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the study investigates the correlation between microbiota composition and COVID-19 severity, rather than claiming that optimizing microbiome composition guarantees disease resistance. It states that their main goal was to identify whether 'severity of the disease could be assessed through microbiota composition' and acknowledges the limitations of their study, particularly regarding sample size and the absence of a healthy control group. This suggests a more nuanced understanding of microbiome’s role in disease, which does not support the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: ” Double trouble Because this is the first time researchers have detected distinctive imprints left by an earthquake doublet, scientists can now better characterize the seismic hazard of a particular place prone to such dual events – even if it has not experienced extensive seismic activity since detailed records became available. Knowing that a second earthquake is likely to strike on the heels of the first is also essential for public safety and government planning. “If we see these duplex events are a regular pattern, we can start educating people, saying ‘okay, if you feel an earthquake, be prepared for a second one,’” says Wils. “Because when people start going back to their home and collecting things after an earthquake, that’s actually more dangerous. There might be a second shock just a few hours later. ” Cnudde, V. , & Boone, M. N. (2013). High-resolution X-ray computed tomography in geosciences: A review of the current technology and applications. Earth-Science Reviews, 123, 1-17. Libretexts. (2020, June 3). Turbidites. Geosciences LibreTexts. 17, 2021, from Wald, L. , & Scharer, K. (n. d. ). Introduction to paleoseismology. Introduction to Paleoseismology. 17, 2021, from Wils, K. , Daryono, M. R. , Praet, N. , Santoso, A. B. , Dianto, A. , Schmidt, S. , … & De Batist, M. (2021). The sediments of in reveal their earthquake, volcanic and rainfall history. Sedimentary Geology, 416, 105863. Wils, K. , Deprez, M. , Kissel, C. , Vervoort, M. , Van Daele, M. , Daryono, M. R. , … & De Batist, M. (2021). Earthquake doublet revealed by multiple pulses in lacustrine seismo-turbidites. Geology, 49(11), 1301-1306. Latest posts by Temblor (see all) Why do the largest continental earthquakes nucleate on branch faults? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the detection of earthquake doublets and their implications for seismic hazard characterization, public safety, and government planning. It does not address archaeobotany or the causes of ancient civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: The dynamic scheduling algorithm manages to maintain the injected power within the +/- 5% of PSchedinterval while maintaining the energy reserve strictly above zero as shown by the plot of Figure 17. Notice that the required energy capacity remains relatively low, around 3% (less than500 kWh) of the total energy supplied by the wind farms during the whole duration of the demonstration (about 15 MWhsupplied in9 h). The required charge or discharge power of the storage system is estimated at500 KW. Figure 16. Scheduled and injected electrical power superimposed to the actual wind powerFigure 17. Evolution of the energy reserve of the storage systemThe interest of the proposed method is that he permits to guarantee the power at which energy will be sent to the grid by automatically dispatching the power flows between the wind plants and the energy storage facility. 12. ConclusionEnergy storage technologies are identified as key elements for the development of electricity generation exploiting renewable energy sources. In this 1. 4/32315) and funded by the European Commission. 1. 2008for 3643524355 2. DelilleG. 2007Contribution du stockage à la gestion avancée des systèmes électriques. PhD thesis, Université Lille Nord-de-France. 3. BeaudinM. ZareipourH. SchellenberglabeA. RosehartW. 2010for Electricity GenerationEnergy for Sustainable Development14302314 4. Díaz-GonzálezF. SumperA. Gomis-BellmuntO. Villafáfila-RoblesR. 2012A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications. Renewable and Reviews 1621542171 5. RahmanF. RehmanS. Abdul-MajeedM. A. 2012for Electricity GenerationRenewable and Reviews16274283 6. IbrahimH. LlincaA. PerronJ. 2008Energy storage systems- Characteristics and comparisons. Renewable and Reviews 1212211250 7. RenaL. TangaY. ShiaJ. DouaJ. ZhoubS. JinbT. 2012Techno-economic evaluation of hybrid energy storage technologies for a solar-wind generation system. Company website, ConnollyD. LundH. MathiesenB. V. PicanE. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that energy storage technologies are identified as key elements for the development of electricity generation from renewable energy sources. This supports the assertion that energy storage technologies are critical for utilizing renewable energy effectively, especially during periods of high demand and low generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Finally, in response to the reviewer's suggestion, we are going to go through the nasopharyngeal-fecal axis part in the discussion. It is well described that COVID-19 induces a dysbiosis in both microbiomes. Consequently, we understand that the ratio we have described could be an interesting tool for assessing COVID severity development as it considers alterations in both environments. However, we acknowledge that there may be room for improvement in clarifying the significance of this intriguing finding and its implications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the dysbiosis induced by COVID-19 in microbiomes, suggesting that not everyone’s microbiome composition can be guaranteed to be optimized for complete disease resistance. The acknowledgment of potential improvement in understanding these findings indicates that the claim of guaranteed disease resistance is overly simplistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Andre F. Ribeiro1, Frank Neffke1 & Ricardo Hausmann1 123 Accesses 4 all metrics AbstractWe propose a new method to estimate causal effects from nonexperimental data. Each pair of sample units is first associated with a stochastic ‘treatment’—differences in factors between units—and an effect—a resultant outcome difference. It is then proposed that all pairs can be combined to provide more accurate estimates of causal effects in nonexperimental data, provided a statistical model relating combinatorial properties of treatments to the accuracy and unbiasedness of their effects. The 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 60. 485. GW. Better late than nothing: some comments on deaton (2009) and heckman and urzua (2009). J Econ Lit. 2010;48(2):399–423. Elsevier. Chap. 61. A. Instruments, randomization, and learning about development. J Econ Lit. 2010;48(2):424–55. DJC. Information theory, inference, and learning algorithms. UK; New York: Press, Cambridge; 2003. MATH 2008. 55. 6065. PMLR, 2019. Toward causal representation learning. Proc IEEE. 2021;109(5):612–34. Curran Associates, Inc. , (2017). Y, Blei DM. The blessings of multiple causes. J Assoc. 2020;114(528):1574–96. RJ. Evaluating the econometric evaluations of training programs with experimental data. Rev. 1986;76(4):604–20. 2009. Book MATH 353. R, Wahba S. Causal effects in nonexperimental studies: Reevaluating the evaluation of training programs. J Assoc. 1999;94:1053. 2006. Book 701. Causal inference from 2k factorial designs by using potential outcomes. (Stat Methodol). 2015;77(4):727–53. 3. the foundations of causal inference. 2010;40(1):75–149. G, Nielsen R. Why propensity scores should not be used for matching. Polit Anal. 2019;27(4):435–54. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding archaeobotany and its role in revealing the causes of ancient civilization collapses. Instead, it discusses methods for estimating causal effects from nonexperimental data, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: All issues (2020) Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain. , 5 (2020) 6 issuesForthcomingTopical issuesAbout the journal Aims and scopeEditorial boardEthical standardsIndexed inCopyright and license agreement MastheadLeaflet (PDF)Author information Instructions for authors10. 1051/rees/2020001 Published online 03 April 2020 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 systems with high levels of variable renewable energy generation are now widely considered able to operate effectively and reliably, although doubts remain [1]. Here renewable energy (or RE) is also taken to include energy efficiency measures and some form of storage. However, there is still a degree of uncertainty about the costs of such electricity systems, compared to the cost of using conventional fossil fuel or nuclear generation. On the one hand, many studies found the cost of RE systems favourable. For example, Mathiesen et al. [2] found that 100 percent RE systems for the country of Denmark may be economically beneficial compared to fossil fuel systems, particularly if externalities such as health costs are counted. Elliston et al. [3] found that the cost of a 100% renewable energy system for the national grid in was competitive with fossil fuel based low carbon alternative systems. In the of Western Australia, Lu et al. [4] modelled costs for a 100% RE scenario using pumped hydro, and found that if 2030 capital prices are used, then the cost is similar to a conventional fossil generation scenario if there is a price on carbon of $25 per tonne. Sadiqa et al. [5] found a 100% renewable system for Pakistan using RE gas storage was less costly than a conventional fossil fuel system. Aghahosseini et al. [6] found that a renewable powered grid spanning the Americas would be less costly than conventional generation. Jacobson et al. [7] modelled a world wide 100% RE system containing 139 countries and found the overall cost to be less expensive than using conventional generation. A more recent similar study found the 100% RE system to have similar direct costs to the business as usual case [8]. If climate and health costs were included, the RE system was much cheaper. In contrast, Zappa et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'renewable energy (or RE) is also taken to include energy efficiency measures and some form of storage.' This indicates that energy storage is recognized as a necessary component of renewable energy systems, particularly in ensuring reliability during periods of low generation and high demand. Additionally, the discussion of renewable energy systems being able to operate effectively further supports the essential role of energy storage technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that displays great variability in clinical phenotype. Many factors have been described to be correlated with its severity but no specific determinants of infection outcome have been identified yet, maybe due the complex pathogenic mechanisms. The microbiota could play a key role in the infection and in the progression and outcome of the disease. Hence, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with nasopharyngeal and gut dysbiosis and higher abundance of opportunistic pathogens. MethodsTo identify new prognostic markers for the disease, a multicenter prospective observational cohort study was carried out in COVID-19 patients that were divided in three cohorts according to their symptomatology: mild (n=24), moderate (n=51) and severe/critical (n=31). Faecal and nasopharyngeal samples were taken and the microbiota was analysed. ResultsMicrobiota composition could be associated with the severity of the symptoms and the linear discriminant analysis identified the genera Mycoplasma and Prevotella as severity biomarkers in nasopharyngeal samples, and Allistipes, Enterococcus and Escherichia in faecal samples. Moreover, M. salivarium was defined as a unique microorganism in COVID-19 patients’ nasopharyngeal microbiota while P. bivia and P. timonensis were defined in faecal microbiota. A connection between faecal and nasopharyngeal microbiota in COVID-19 patients was also identified as a strong positive correlation between P. timonensis (faeces) towards P. dentalis and M. salivarium (nasopharyngeal) was found in critically ill patients. ConclusionsThis ratio could be used as a novel prognostic biomarker for severe COVID-19 patients. IntroductionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The data reported in November 2023 revealed that almost 700 million people have been infected with the virus [1]. Even though the majority of COVID-19 cases are mild, disease has been also shown to cause long-term effects on human health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities of microbiome interactions with diseases rather than guaranteeing that microbiome optimization can ensure complete disease resistance. It discusses the variability in COVID-19 outcomes and indicates that while certain bacteria are associated with disease severity, there are 'no specific determinants of infection outcome' identified yet. This implies that while the microbiome may influence disease progression, it does not support the claim of complete optimization ensuring complete resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Due to the sign convention, the estimator sums the effects of variables in \(x_i\) but not in \(x_j\), subtracts the effects of variables in \(x_j\) but not in \(x_i\) and cancels out the effect of variables in both. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding archaeobotany and its role in understanding the causes of civilization collapses. It discusses an estimation technique involving variables without any mention of archaeology, botany, or civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: Hence using more than one type of RE, and also increasing the geographic spread of RE power plants, are options to more fully cover the demand if the availability of one RE source is low in one region. However this may mean there will be significant excess in generation availability when demand is low. Denholm et al. [21] investigated the effects of increasing levels of RE on an isolated electric grid, and found that costs would become prohibitive because of increasing levels of curtailment of the RE generators when demand was less than the available supply. Adding a form of energy storage decreased curtailment, although there were diminishing returns as the amount of storage increased. This is consistent with the findings of Elliston et al. [22] for the national grid in Eastern Australia. The cost incremented in a mostly linear fashion as the proportion of RE generation increased, with some cost acceleration above linear increase as the proportion of RE exceeded 80%. Hence most very high or 100% RE studies utilise storage, or a source of energy that can be generated flexibly according to demand, and can compensate for low availability of the variable sources of RE [14]. These include hydroelectricity, pumped hydroelectricity, bio energy, renewable hydrogen or methane conversion, geothermal energy and solar thermal generation and storage. The flexible generation technologies in effect utilise a form of stored energy. Demand side management, which is the controlled withdrawal of non-essential loads, can also be used when demand exceeds supply. Energy efficiency measures have the potential to reduce demand over all time scales. A common feature of most high RE studies is the reliance on existing or expansion of hydro or pumped hydro capacity as one of the sources of flexible generation to achieve cost competitive 100% RE systems. All of the studies chosen by Deason [14] for in-depth analysis had this characteristic. Nine out of twelve of the studies assessed by Cochran et al. [13] also used hydro or pumped hydro. One of the exceptional studies, Kemp and Wexler [23], modelled Britain and relied on bio energy, tidal and wave power rather than significant levels of hydro power. The second exception, Lund and Mathieson [24], used biomass and hydrogen electrolysis for flexible generation. The third exception, Connolly et al. [25], relied heavily on bio energy. Another study, Pleβmann et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of energy storage in managing the balance between energy generation and demand. It mentions that adding energy storage can decrease curtailment of renewable energy generators when demand is less than supply and highlights that most high renewable energy (RE) studies rely on energy storage or flexible generation sources to maintain cost-competitive 100% RE systems. This aligns with the claim that energy storage technology is essential for utilizing renewable energy effectively during periods of high demand and low generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Moderate and severe patients showed higher frequencies of the evaluated symptoms: dyspnoea, low oxygen saturation and increased respiratory or heart rates (p < 0. 05). However, no significant differences were observed in the percentage of the gastrointestinal complaints among the three groups of patients (Table 1). When the different comorbidities were considered, only those patients with severe symptoms showed a higher percentage of cardiomyopathy compared to those from mild or moderate symptomatology (p < 0. 05). Additionally, no significant differences were found in the prevalence of the other pathologies among groups. Regarding the counts of lymphocytes and neutrophils did not show meaningful differences between the three groups of patients. However, the plasmatic determinations of platelets, D-dimer, ferritin and C reactive protein correlated with the severity of the symptoms, being the severe group significantly different (p<0. 05) (Table 1). Table 1. Clinical data description of enrolled patients. Normal distributions are represented as mean土 SD while non normal distributions are represented by median and interquartile range. Categorical variables are represented with percentage. Groups with different letters statistically differ (p < 0. 05). Bacterial composition differs between sample type and severity index in SARS-CoV-2 infected patientsNasopharyngeal swabs and faeces were obtained from all the patients included in the study in the first seven days after symptom onset, and used for characterization of the microbiota composition. Microbiome diversity showed alterations that could be associated with the disease severity (Figure 1). Specifically, the α-diversity in the nasopharyngeal microbiota was reduced in the moderate and severe groups, in comparison with the mild group although it was only significant in patients with moderate symptoms (Figure 1A). Conversely, when α-diversity was examined in stool samples, no significant modifications were observed between groups (Figure 1B). On the other hand, ß-diversity analysis revealed statistical differences between groups for both samples, nasopharyngeal swabs and stools (p < 0. 001) (Figure 1C and 1D). Nasopharyngeal microbial populations could be grouped based on the severity of the symptoms and appear like three distinct and separate clusters corresponding to the patients with mild, moderate and severe symptoms (Figure 1C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific alterations in microbiome diversity associated with disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. It states, 'microbiome diversity showed alterations that could be associated with the disease severity,' which implies that microbiome composition varies with disease state and does not guarantee complete disease resistance. Rather, it highlights how different severity levels are linked to distinct microbiome profiles, suggesting optimization of microbiomes for disease resistance is not straightforward or guaranteed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: IntroductionAfter death DNA is degraded by various biotic and abiotic processes, resulting in fragmentation and modification of original sequence information. The very details of the whole process of DNA preservation and the mode of modifications at sequence level are still subject to research (Gilbert et al. 2003, 2007a; Pääbo et al. 2004; Hansen et al. 2006; Stiller et al. 2006). It has emerged however, that cold, dry and/or low oxygen environments are beneficial for DNA survival; for this reason, freshly excavated material is best stored cold or frozen (Burger et al. 1999; Smith et al. 2001; Pruvost et al. 2007). These DNA fragments still contain information which may help us to understand agricultural or vegetation history. Archaeobotanists reconstruct the past by morphological analysis of all types of plant remains. Interpretation of botanical remains through morphological evidence has many advantages: the analysis is comparatively quick, technically simple and extensive reference collections are available to help interpretation. It does, however, also have some limitations. In the cases discussed below, substantial new information may be gained from ancient DNA (aDNA) research. 1. Archaeobotanical reconstructions depend on the level of identification of plant species and on their chance of being preserved in the archaeological record (Jacomet and Kreuz 1999). In the archaeological record, plant remains are preserved charred, waterlogged, desiccated or mineralized, depending on geography or on the context excavated. The chances of a plant species being detected and morphologically identified to a certain taxonomical level are strongly influenced by the type of preservation and by the plant’s morphology. Thus, both have a major impact on any conclusions to be drawn. In cereals, examples of ambiguity in morphological features, even at ploidy level, are the grains of so-called naked wheat common in the Neolithic (Jacomet and Schlichtherle 1984; Maier 1996; Zohary and Hopf 2000) or the “new glume wheat” found so far at Neolithic and sites (Jones et al. 2000; Kohler-Schneider 2003). The latter might be an extinct wheat cultivar or even—as suggested by aDNA—a wheat related to Triticum timopheevii with the G genome (Brown et al. 1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses the processes of DNA degradation and preservation, the advantages and limitations of archaeobotanical reconstructions, and factors influencing the identification of plant species in archaeological records. While it mentions the potential of ancient DNA (aDNA) research to provide information about agricultural or vegetation history, it does not specifically link this information to understanding the causes of ancient civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: [26], also simulated global 100% RE electricity relying on solar thermal and renewable power to gas storage rather than hydroelectricity. Use of hydroelectricity or biomass on a large scale may not be feasible in many areas of the world due to topographical or environmental constraints. Even if feasible, these technologies could involve significant installation lead times. The average lead time for hydroelectric projects around the world has been about 8. 6 years [27]. There can also be other barriers. For example, even though extensive pumped hydro capacity in the is already available, Kougias and Szabó [28] found that rising levels of RE did not automatically lead to a rise in utilisation rates, and that this might inhibit the needed investment in new capacity. The authors suggested the use of proactive technological, policy and market measures to encourage utilisation and new investment. However, in the absence of specific policies and planning to enable these large scale and long lead time projects, the use of another storage technology, batteries, is likely to grow. Usually considered for short term storage, battery systems are distributed, scalable from home or car size to utility scale, have short installation times, non dependence on suitable topography or geology, a growing installed base and a cost reduction trajectory. Benson and Magee [16] reported a cost improvement rate of around 3% per year. However, Nykvist and Benson [29] concluded that EV battery costs had improved at a faster rate of around 8%, and Schmidt et al. [30] predicted a faster cost improvement rate of around 7–9% per year between the years 2015 and 2030. Growth in global installed capacity has been about 33% per year [31]. Could a very high RE system be cost competitive using batteries alone as the storage system? This study will examine this question by making cost comparisons of different partial renewable energy scenarios using battery storage for the (SWIS). The SWIS is an electric grid that supplies the South-West region of (SWWA). The present configuration of energy generation systems connected to the SWIS is dominated by conventional fossil fuel power stations. There is also about 460 MW of onshore wind capacity and more than 500 MW of roof top solar PV capacity connected to the SWIS. Much of the conventional generation capacity is aging [32] and would be due for replacement within the next 15–30 years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the necessity of energy storage technologies, specifically batteries, to accommodate the challenges of relying on renewable energy (RE) sources. It states that while hydroelectric storage may have significant lead times and is not always feasible, battery storage is highlighted as a growing solution due to its scalability, short installation times, and cost reduction trajectory. Thus, it supports the idea that energy storage technology is essential for effectively utilizing renewable energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Remarkably, faecal microbial communities of patients with severe symptoms differed significantly from those of mild and moderate ill patients using the unweighted Bray-Curtis metric, which compares samples based on bacterial presence-absence information (Figure 1D). Figure 1. Nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota composition is modified depending on the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. (A) Alpha diversity analysis of nasopharyngeal swab samples microbiota. (B) Alpha diversity analysis of stool samples microbiota. (C) PCoA for Bray-Curtis index of nasopharyngeal swab microbiota. (D) PCoA for Bray-Curtis index of stool samples microbiota. Values are represented as mean ± SD. Significant differences are represented as * = p < 0. 05. Similarly, the characterization of microbiota composition revealed heterogeneity in the microbiota profile associated with severity and disease progression in these patients (Figure Sx). At phylum level, in nasopharyngeal microbiota, the abundance of Bacillota was increased while the abundance of Bacteroidota and Actinobacteroidota was reduced in patients with severe symptomatology (Figure 2A). Conversely, the three groups presented a more homogeneous distribution of faecal microbiota than the nasopharyngeal one, being the most abundant phyla Bacillota and Bacteroidota (Figure 2B). Only the patients that had a worse prognosis showed a decrease of abundance in Bacteroidota (Figure 2B). Figure 2. Microbiota composition of nasopharyngeal and stool samples at phylum level is slightly modified by COVID-19 symptoms severity. In contrast, at genus level, severity increases the total amount of detected bacteria in nasopharyngeal swabs while in stool samples it is reduced. (A) Representation of the most abundant phyla in nasopharyngeal swab samples. (B) Representation of the most abundant phyla in stool samples. (C) Taxa identification of the most abundant genera in nasopharyngeal swab samples. (D) Taxa identification of the most abundant genera in stool samples. At genus level, symptom severity was associated with a higher number of detected genera (Figure 2C-D). Of note, the nasopharyngeal microbiome composition revealed significant differences between groups in genus abundance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that demonstrates significant differences in microbiome composition associated with disease severity rather than a universally optimized composition for complete disease resistance. The findings indicate that microbiota profiles vary in relation to the severity of symptoms, suggesting heterogeneity and implying that optimization is not achievable for all individuals based on their microbiome alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: 2006; Luo et al. 2007; Morrel and Clegg 2007), the value of ancient plant DNA studies is clear. Firstly, they allow the detection in situ and at a precise time of earlier temporal and spatial occurrences of species and their biodiversity, their migration and the routes involved. This is also valuable in respect of preserving lost genetic diversity information (Hodkinson et al. 2007). Secondly, they can provide the confirmation or rejection of models from modern DNA studies. Thirdly, aDNA is our only source of information in cases where wild ancestors or ancient cultivars are extinct. Fourthly, they are independent of recent cultural impact, and finally, aDNA studies enable us to test historical written sources (e. g. Vouillamoz et al. 2006). Potential of plant ancient DNA—studies of plant ancient DNAMost publications on plant aDNA in relation to archaeology focus on cultivated plants (see reviews Brown et al. 1993; Brown and Brown 1994; Jones et al. 1996; Brown 1999; Jones and Brown 2000). A few focus on wild plants, such as forest trees (see reviews Parducci and Petit 2004; Gugerli et al. 2005; Bennett and Parducci 2006). Regrettably, archaeological plant remains have attracted less attention from aDNA researchers than animal or human remains. And, just as in animal and human aDNA research, so far topics have often only been investigated briefly, studies rarely being followed up or satisfactorily completed. In the following section, we give an overview of research that has been carried out on ancient plants, without discussing the reliablity of the individual papers (see “Verification in plant ancient DNA research”). This is because even with all the criteria of authenticity fulfilled (Cooper and Poinar 2000), the authenticity of aDNA can never be fully guaranteed (Gilbert et al. 2005). In general, one can say that the earlier studies in the field used less stringent methods and arguments for authentication of aDNA results, while in the more recent studies, the lessons on contamination prevention and authentication learnt since then have been incorporated. Both aspects (prevention of contamination and authentication of results) must be kept in mind when judging the literature on aDNA. Cultivated plants—cereals and fruitsarchaeological sites cereals are mainly preserved in a charred condition. Grains and chaff predominate, ears are rare. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes in relation to the claim because it discusses the value and applications of ancient plant DNA studies without addressing the specific ability of archaeobotany to uncover the exact causes of civilization collapses. While it highlights significant aspects of aDNA research, such as biodiversity detection and authentication challenges, it does not provide any information supporting or opposing the notion that this field can reveal precise causes of civilization collapses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: Since it is not feasible to replace all the conventional power generation capacity overnight, the SWIS will continue to consist of a combination of conventional and RE generation, with the percentage of RE generation most probably increasing in line with the goal of reducing greenhouse emissions. A reason to model the SWIS is that it does not currently have any significant hydro power capacity. Also the SWIS has no connection with any other grid, and so must be entirely self reliant. The structure of this study is as follows: In the methods section scenarios are developed that push the level of RE used on the SWIS towards 100%, but hydroelectricity, pumped hydro, biomass or solar thermal technology are not used. Instead, differing mixes of wind, solar PV, energy efficiency improvement and distributed battery storage will be simulated, and the cost of energy (COE) for each scenario is estimated. A business as usual (BAU) scenario is also developed where the load demand of the SWIS grid was met with predominantly conventional fossil fuel generation capacity. The external cost of greenhouse emissions is incorporated into the cost model using a price on equivalent carbon emissions, and a simple method to incorporate cost improvement over the building duration of each scenario into the cost model is introduced. The results and discussion sections find that with no cost improvement of the RE technologies, the partial renewable energy scenarios with no carbon price are less costly than the BAU case for up to around 70% RE generation (the break even point). If the carbon price is increased or there is cost improvement, then the break even point is pushed higher. With a carbon price, cost improvement and current Australian installation growth rates, the break even point could reach above 99% RE generation. This result indicates that it is plausible a 100% RE grid using only batteries for storage will be cost effective compared to the fossil fuel BAU case. In the final section, the conclusions reached by this study are summarised. 2 partial renewable energy scenarios for the SWIS grid were considered in this study, each with a different level of renewable technologies used. The installed capacities of each of these technologies are given in Table 1. A business as usual (BAU) scenario was also developed whereby the load demand on the SWIS was met using mainly current conventional fossil fuel generation technologies. It was assumed that the cost of the BAU scenario does not change, although it may go up because of increasing fuel costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of distributed battery storage in scenarios that aim for a high percentage of renewable energy (RE) generation on the SWIS grid. It specifically mentions that different mixes of technologies, including battery storage, will be simulated to meet energy demand, highlighting the importance of energy storage in ensuring that renewable energy can provide power even when generation may be low.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: The mild group presented significantly higher abundance of Alistipes, Muribaculaceae and Lachnospiraceae (p < 0. 001), the moderate group showed a significant increase in Alcaligenes and Pseudorobacter (p < 0. 001) while the severe group had significantly higher relative abundance of and Veillonella (p < 0. 001) (Figure 2C). However, a reduction in the number of detected genera was observed in stool samples as symptom severity increased (Figure 2D). Concretely, mild patients showed more presence of Barnesiella, Muribaculaceae and different members of the Clostridia class (Clostridia, Coprococcus, Dorea, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia and Ruminococcus) (p < 0. 001). Although moderate ill patients presented different genera, only Streptococcus was significantly increased in this group (p < 0. 001). Remarkably, Anaerococcus, Dialister, Lachnocostridium or Peptoniphilus were more abundant in patients with severe symptoms (p < 0. 001) (Figure 2D). Differences in bacteria abundance could be used as biomarkers to predict disease severity and outcome in SARS-CoV-2 infectionWe investigated if some specific taxa could contribute to the severity of the symptoms. ASVs were evaluated to determine core taxa along with the specific bacteria of each group of patients and samples (Figure 3A,B). In nasopharyngeal swabs, Venn diagram analysis revealed that the three groups of study shared 51 core taxa. 60 specific bacteria were identified in patients with mild symptoms while 32 were seen in patients with moderate symptoms and 8 in patients with severe symptoms. In stool, 159 core taxa were shared by the three groups of patients, being 27 specific for mild patients symptoms, 33 for moderate patients and 27 for severe patients (For more details see Table S1). Figure 3. Differential analysis expression of microbiota composition from nasopharyngeal and stool samples revealed the presence of specific bacteria related to COVID-19 severity index. (A) Venn diagram showing ASVs distribution in nasopharyngeal swab samples. (B) Venn diagram showing ASVs distribution in stool samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in microbiome composition among patients with different severity of symptoms. It mentions that specific bacteria are associated with symptom severity rather than suggesting a uniform optimization of microbiome composition for complete disease resistance. For instance, it notes that different groups display differing abundances of specific bacteria and that some taxa may correlate with disease severity, which implies that optimal microbiome composition for one individual may not guarantee disease resistance for others.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Any study of the history of cereal crops in Europe and the would have to to be based on charred material. One of the economically important traits of wheat is the visco-elastic property of wheat dough, which is influenced by wheat storage proteins. These are highly variable, and certain glutenin alleles, e. g. those situated on the D-genome of wheat, have better bread-making qualities than others (Payne 1987). Hexaploid wheat such as Triticum aestivum is used today for bread-making, whereas tetraploid T. durum is used for making pasta. In the case of morphologically ambiguous wheat grains (Triticum species), genetic identification of wheat genomes by amplification of a genome-specific partial promoter region of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunit genes has aided in species designation by identification of ploidy level (Allaby et al. 1994; Brown et al. 1998; Schlumbaum et al. 1998; Allaby et al. 1999). Thus, for example, the presence of hexaploid wheat was established at one of the Neolithic lakeshore settlements in Switzerland (Schlumbaum et al. 1998). In certain regions, crop plants may survive through desiccation in deserts or in caves. Investigations of DNA from plant remains from archaeological sites in Egypt have been reported for radish (O’Donoghue et al. 1996), sorghum (Deakin et al. 1998a, b) and papyri (Marota et al. 2002). In the case of maize (Zea mays), its origin, its domestication and impact on diversity, and its subsequent spread over the American continent form one central topic in molecular genetic and archaeobotanical research (Benz 2001; Piperno and Flannery 2001; Doebley 2004). The first attempt to shed light on maize diversity used analysis of transposable elements (Mu) in pre-Columbian maize kernels (Rollo et al. 1994). The manner in which domesticated maize spread into and within was inferred from DNA analyses of allelic diversity in the alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) gene and of microsatellite loci in modern landraces and in desiccated maize cobs excavated in caves (Freitas et al. 2003; Lia et al. 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely unrelated to the claim. It discusses aspects of archaeobotany such as the properties of wheat, the identification of plant genomes, and the study of maize diversity; however, it does not address or provide evidence regarding the causes of ancient civilization collapses. The focus is on the technical details of crop studies rather than linking them to broader historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: However, it can clearly be seen that replacing conventional fossil generation with renewable energy rather than more conventional plants will be the least cost option up to high levels of RE generation, with a cost break even point of around 70% even without a price on carbon. Any policy system that results in a price on carbon will make the break even point higher. Denholm et al. [21] and other studies have suggested that interconnection with another grid, or a form of renewable energy that is capable of being stored for longer time scales, such as biomass, renewable power to gas, or pumped hydro, combined with the use of demand management, might be a more cost effective way to cover the final 5–10% of RE generation capacity to achieve a low emission 100% renewable electricity system. However, the cost of wind power has been falling in the last few years, and the cost of solar and battery storage is also currently falling rapidly. The results of this study show that if costs continue to improve on the same trajectory as currently observed, and installation rates grow even at a moderate rate of 10%, then the break even point with BAU will increase significantly, up to 85% RE with no carbon price. With a carbon price of $24 per tonne, the break even point reaches 96% RE. With a higher carbon price and/or faster cost improvement and installation growth rates, the cost advantage of using a conventional fossil generation system begins to vanish altogether, and a cost effective 100% RE system based on batteries is foreseeable. 5 this study the cost effectiveness of using high levels of distributed renewable energy, and batteries as the only major storage technology, to supply the energy needs of a wide scale electrical grid was investigated. A number of conclusions can be drawn from the findings: It is cost effective to pursue the approach of using battery storage now: Even with no carbon price or cost improvement, the cost was less than using a business as usual fossil fuel approach up to a break even level of 70% RE. With a price on carbon or cost improvement of the RE technologies, the break even level was pushed higher, and could reach above 99%. However the costs of RE technologies play out in the real world, increasing the level of renewable energy generation on the SWIS from the current low levels using batteries will reduce costs as well as reducing greenhouse emissions for many years to come, even without the benefit of hydroelectricity, pumped hydro storage, bio energy or solar thermal storage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the cost-effectiveness of using batteries as a storage technology to meet energy needs from high levels of renewable energy (RE). It mentions that increasing the level of renewable energy generation and utilizing battery storage will not only reduce costs but also facilitate energy supply during times of low generation, thus supporting the claim that energy storage technology is vital for the effective use of renewable energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: (C) LEfSe plot of taxonomic biomarkers present in nasopharyngeal swab samples (p value = 0. 01 and LDA value = 4). (D) LEfSe plot of taxonomic biomarkers present in stool samples (p value = 0. 01 and LDA value =4). Besides, the linear discriminant analysis (LEfSe) was performed to identify differential microorganisms for each group of patients (Figure 3C,D). In nasopharyngeal samples, Burkholderia sp. , Paraburkholderia sp. and Massilia sp. were identified in mild patients; Pseudomonas veronii, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila and Azotobacter chroococcum in moderate patients; and Mycoplasma salivarium, Prevotella dentalis, Leptotrichia and Haemophilus parainfluenzae in severe patients. In stool samples, Bacteroides coprocola, Veillonella sp. , Ruminococcus bicirculans and Sutterella stercoricanis were identified as predictors of mild condition; Prevotella stercorea, Bacteroides cellulosilyficus, Streptococcus salivarus, Bacteroides stercoris and Prevotella copri as predictors of moderate symptoms; and Escherichia, Enterococcus durans, Alistipes onderdonkii, Prevotella timonensis and Prevotella bivia as markers of severe condition. To further assess the role of these potential biomarkers in the prediction of COVID-19 severity, a correlation analysis was performed (Figure 4). In summary, biomarkers for mild symptomatology (B. coprocola, R. bicirculans, S. stercoricanis and Veillonella sp. ) presented a negative correlation profile with the different clinical features or biochemical parameters evaluated. In contrast, biomarkers associated with severe symptoms in nasopharyngeal swabs (M. salivarium and Leptotrichia) showed a positive correlation with D dimer and cardiomyopathy, respectively. In addition, the other two biomarkers linked to the highest severity (H. parainfluenzae and P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific taxonomic biomarkers observed in patients with varying severity of conditions, indicating variations in microbiome compositions are correlated with disease severity rather than guaranteeing complete disease resistance. It suggests that while certain biomarkers might be predictive of disease severity, they do not imply that optimizing microbiomes can ensure complete immunity to diseases.