Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Footnote 49 And Christ, the second Adam, repairs that field and reunites human nature with God. 4. 3 Adam and the Rule of second claim about how to read the Biblical creation stories relates closely to the Christological emphasis in my discussion of the first claim. Origen read all of scripture through the lens of a Rule of Faith centered on Christ. This is particularly evident in Origen's treatment of the texts from the creation narratives that we examined above. In applying this method, Origen correctly relativized the “historical” dimension of the text's literal sense without denying “historicity” altogether. Origen suggested that interpreters should examine the text carefully to determine if it contains “impossible” elements that we can conclude are not literally historical. With the knowledge the modern natural sciences has provided us concerning the natural history of the cosmos and human evolution, together with what we have learned from Biblical scholarship about the construction of these texts, we can continue to make such judgments, which can help us better understand what God intends to communicate to us in and through the text. 4. 4 the third claim about the natural sciences also relates to the first two claims. On the one hand, Origen acknowledges the necessity and reality of “matter. ” If we wish to engage fruitfully with the natural sciences, we must do the same. That is, we must adopt some form of metaphysical “realism. ”Footnote 50 The material world we inhabit is real and it possesses an inherent rationality, stability and order that allows us to investigate its operations and causes and to draw conclusions with reasonable degrees of confidence about subjects such as the evolution of the cosmos and of the creatures of the Earth, including humans. Yet, contrary to the actual or at least methodological posture of the modern natural sciences, Origen understood that “matter” is a created thing and therefore is not all there is. In many respects, ironically (and contrary to the claims of some naïve modern Christian apologetics about the and creation ex nihilo) the modern natural sciences are agnostic about the eternity of matter. While mainstream “big bang” cosmology does assert that our universe has a beginning, it also posits a singularity beyond which the concept of “time” is meaningless. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide any relevant information about paleoenvironments or geological changes. Instead, it discusses interpretations of biblical texts and metaphysical realism in relation to natural sciences, which are not linked to the understanding of paleoenvironments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng, ginsan, induces Th1 cell and macrophage cytokines and generates LAK cells in synergy with rIL-2. 1998;64:110-115. . Protection of Staphylococcus aureus-infected septic mice by suppression of early acute infl ammation and enhanced antimicrobial activity by ginsan. 2006;46:187-197. . Anti-inflammatory mechanism of compound K in activated microglia and its neuroprotective effect on experimental stroke in mice. J Ther 2012;341:59-67. . Ginsenoside Rg5 ameliorates lung infl ammation in mice by inhibiting the binding of LPS to toll-like receptor-4 on macrophages. 2012;12:110-116. . Antiarthritic effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on collagen induced arthritis in mice. 2007;7:1286-1291. . Panax ginseng induces production of proinfl ammatory cytokines via toll-like receptor. J Res 2004;24:93-100. . The immunomodulator ginsan induces resistance to experimental sepsis by inhibiting Toll-like receptor-mediated infl ammatory signals. Immunol 2006;36:37-45. Constant SL, Bottomly K. Induction of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cell responses: the alternative approaches. Immunol 1997;15:297-322. . Ginsan improved Th1 immune response inhibited by gamma radiation. Res 2005;28:343-350. . Ginseng modulates the immune response by induction of interleukin-12 production. APMIS 2004;112:369-373. Lee JH, Han Y. Ginsenoside Rg1 helps mice resist to disseminated candidiasis by Th1 type differentiation of CD4+ T cell. 2006;6:1424-1430. . Cytokine modulating effect of ginseng treatment in a mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. J 2003;2:112-119. . The Rb1 fraction of ginseng elicits a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune response. Vaccine 2005;23: 5411-5419. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies on Panax ginseng, highlighting its immunomodulatory effects and its ability to induce cytokine responses. These points suggest that ginseng facilitates an adaptive response in the immune system, aligning with the understanding of its adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: [단행본] Bernstein, Andrew 2006 Modern Passings: Death Rites, Politics and in University of 19. [학술지] Caprio, Mark E. / 1991 Loyal Patriot? Traitorous Collaborator? and the Question of Journal of Colonialism and 7 20. [단행본] Bernstein, Andrew 2006 Modern Passings: Death Rites, Politics and in University of 21. [학술지] Caprio, Mark E. / 2007 Loyal Patriot? Traitorous Collaborator? and the Question of Journal of Colonialism and 7 22. [학술지] De Ceuster, Koen 1945 Through the Master's Eye: in the Case of Yun Ch'iho (1865-1945) zur Ostasienforschung 27 23. [학위논문] De Ceuster, Koen 1994 to Collaboration, the Dilemma of Nationalism: the Case of Yun Ch’i-ho. 1865-1945 24. [단행본] Foucault, Michel 1995 Disciple and Punish. of the Prison Vintage books 25. [단행본] Foucault, Michel 1978 of Sexuality, Vol. 1 26. [단행본] Henriot, Christian 2011 on Press 27. [학술지] Kim, Hyung-chan 1989 Portrait of a Patriot: Yun Ch'i-ho's Views of the II 13 28. [단행본] Kim, Hyung-chan 1980 Letters in Exile: The life and times of Yun Ch’i-ho 29. [단행본] Kim, 2013 Wrongful Deaths: Records from Nineteenth-/ University of 30. [학위논문] Lee, Yeon-seung 2012 and Internationalism. Yun Ch'i-ho and the YMCA in 31. [단행본] Pattison, George 2013 Heidegger on Death: a critical theological essay Ashgate 32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains a list of academic references and does not address the issue of cultural practices or genetic studies. There are no statements or arguments presented that support, contrast, or relate to the claim about understanding cultural practices through genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Footnote 51 In some respects this is similar to Christian ideas about God's relationship to time and creation, but the singularity “before” the is not a personal being, or any kind of being at all. The result is that “matter” is all there is, and all there ever “was. ” Although there is no Aristotelian unmoved mover causing its eternal motions, there is simply nothing “before” matter, or at least nothing that can be known. Other increasingly popular modern cosmologies entail multiverses and repeat “big bangs” that echo Greek opponents of Aristotle who thought matter and the universe were destroyed and recreated in endlessly recurring cycles. Footnote 52 In contrast, the Christian doctrine of creation, as understood by Origen, insists that matter has a transcendent source in God. Thus, while this ontology is metaphysically realist, it also draws on idealism, to insist that what is in a sense most real is the transcendent, that is, God. 4. 5 of History Finally, the relationship between the ideal and the actual, or the one and the many, concerning human nature, helps us understand why there could have been an “Adam” of history who was neither a perfect superman nor the literal biological progenitor of all anatomically modern humans. The ideal of Adam preexisted the historical first Adam in the Logos, the person of the Son. In the incarnate Son, Christ, we see the actualization of the ideal Adam. Looking back from Christ, we see how the first Adam – whoever that representative person may have been in the flow of human biological evolution and early human history – was broken and flawed and therefore how humanity apart from Christ is broken and flawed. Looking forward from Christ, we see how humanity can be, is becoming, and will one day be healed. Footnotes 1 For a good summary of the doctrine and its Augustinian roots, see McFarland, Ian, “and Sin,” in Webster, John, Tanner, Kathryn, and Torrance, Iain, eds. Handbook of (Oxford: OUP 2007), 140‐157. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about paleoenvironments and geological changes. It discusses philosophical and theological concepts, including ideas about matter, the Christian doctrine of creation, and the nature of humanity in relation to Christ, but does not mention or connect to paleoenvironmental studies or geological history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: elicits Th1 and Th2 immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. Vaccine 2007;25:161-169. Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Med 1999;340:448-454. . Nitric oxide, chronic infl ammation and autoimmunity. 2007;111:1-5. . Secondary and ectopic lymphoid tissue responses in rheumatoid arthritis: from infl ammation to autoimmunity and tissue damage/remodeling. 2010;233:267-285. . Panax ginseng ameliorates airway infl ammation in an ovalbumin-sensitized mouse allergic asthma model. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;136:230-235. . Protective effects of a gastrointestinal agent containing Korean red ginseng on gastric ulcer models in mice. 2010;10:45. . Ginseng ameliorates chronic histopathologic changes in a murine model of asthma. Proc 2008;29:493-498. . Suppressive effects of ginsan on the development of allergic reaction in murine asthmatic model. 2009;150:32-42. . Suppression of local infl ammation contributes to the neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 in rats with cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2012;202:342-351. . Anti-inflammatory effects of BT-201, an n-butanol extract of Panax notoginseng, observed in vitro and in a collagen-induced arthritis model. 2007;26:785-791. . Red ginseng saponin extract attenuates murine collagen-induced arthritis by reducing pro-infl ammatory responses and matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression. Bull 2010;33:604-610. . Inhibitory effects of Korean red ginseng and its genuine constituents ginsenosides Rg3, Rf, and Rh2 in mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction and contact dermatitis models. Bull 2006;29:1862-1867. . Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Korean red ginseng extract in human keratinocytes. 2011;11:42-49. -. Red ginseng inhibits scratching behavior associated with atopic dermatitis in experimental animal models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies indicating the beneficial effects of ginseng, particularly in terms of its anti-inflammatory and immune responses in different models. For instance, it mentions the protective effects of Panax ginseng in models of asthma and chronic inflammation, which aligns with the adaptogenic properties often attributed to ginseng. These references collectively support the idea that ginseng can help the body adapt to stress and inflammation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: [단행본] Wells, 1990 Protestants and Self-Reconstruction, Nationalism in Korea 1896-1937 University of 33. [단행본] Lee, Eun-Jeung 2012 Intellektueller in einer Transformationszeit Iudicium 34. [단행본] Lehners, Jean-Paul 2006 Margue, Michel, Sépulture, mort et représentation du pouvoir au moyen âge Linden 35. [단행본] Elias, Norbert 2002 Über die Einsamkeit der Sterbenden in unseren Tagen Suhrkamp 36. [단행본] Richter, Isabel 2011 Tod. Bilder und Vorstellungen vom Lebensende im 19 37. [단행본] Wuthenow, Ralph-Rainer 1990 Eigenart, Formen, Entwicklung TOP 초록 키워드 참고문헌 toggle menu 타입을 선택하세요 윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - @10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various works that imply the complexity of cultural practices and the necessity of interdisciplinary studies, as opposed to relying solely on genetic studies. The mention of different sources suggests that cultural understanding requires more than genetic insights.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: 2 For a general discussion of contemporary objections to the Augustinian doctrine of original sin, see McFadyen, Alistair, Bound to Sin: Abuse, Holocaust and the Doctrine of Sin (Cambridge: CUP 2000), at 41. 3 Concerning objections to the Augustinian doctrine, see McFarland, “and Sin. ” For a more in‐depth discussion, see Kelsey, David, Eccentric Existence: A Theological Anthropology, Vol. 1 (Louisville: Knox 2009); Karkainnen, Veli Matti, Creation and Humanity: A Theology for the Pluralistic World, Vol. 3 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 2015), 15. 4 See, e. g. , Bouteneff, Peter, Beginnings: Readings of the Narratives (Grand Rapids: 2008). 5 For a general overview of the evidences for human evolution, see Jones, Steve, Martin, Robert, and Pilbeam, David, eds. , Encyclopedia of (Cambridge: CUP 1996). For a series of 225. 7 See, e. g. , Kelsey, Eccentric Existence; Karkainnen, Creation and Humanity, 15. 8 For a discussion of the historical disputes over Origenism, see Wilson, Joseph Trigg, Origen (London: Routledge 2002). 9 See, e. g. , von Balthasar, Hans Urs, Origen: Spirit and Fire, trans. Daly, Robert J. S. J. (Washington D. C. : Catholic Univ. of 1984), 1 (stating that “[i]t is all but impossible to overestimate Origen and his importance for the history of Christian thought”); : From the Through the (Minneapolis: 2011), 19‐25 (stating that Origen was one of the most “remarkable” and “crucial” figures in the history of Christian thought). 10 For a good discussion of the nature and sources of Origen's corpus, see von Balthasar, Origen: Spirit and Fire, 1‐23. 11 Bouteneff, Beginnings, 94‐96. For a good discussion on debates in contemporary Origen scholarship about how to read Origen, see Wilson, Origen. 12 von Balthasar, Spirit and Fire, 21‐22; Bouteneff, Beginnings, 95. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding paleoenvironments and geological changes. Instead, it discusses various theological perspectives and academic references, which are unrelated to the claim about geological understanding.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1091 Lactobacillus fermentum KP-3-fermented ginseng ameliorates alcohol-induced liver disease in C57BL/6N mice through the AMPK and MAPK pathways vol. 11, 10. 1039/d0fo02396e A Proliferation-Regulation in by Panax ginseng vol. 68, 10. 1007/s00005-020-00597-z alleviates immunoparalysis of CLP mice by degrading CHOP through interacting with FBXO15 vol. 10, 10. 1038/s41598-020-76285-x A comprehensive review of COVID-19 characteristics vol. 22, 10. 1186/s12575-020-00128-2 Comparative assessment of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity between whole plant and parts of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Asteraceae) vol. 6, pp. None, 2012, Effect of Oil on after Treatment with Lipopolysaccharide vol. 33, 10. 5021/ad. 2021. 33. 3. 245 Heracleum moellendorffii root extracts exert immunostimulatory activity through TLR2/4‐dependent MAPK activation in mouse macrophages, RAW264. 7 cells vol. 9, 10. 1002/fsn3. 2020 Composition, Antioxidant and in of Panax ginseng Extracted in vol. 11, 10. 3390/app11010093 of Ginsenosides, the Components of Ginseng vol. 2021, pp. None, 2021, Immuno-enhancement effects of Ginseng in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial vol. 45, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2020. 08. 003 of from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Ostrea gigas Thunberg on in vol. 18, 10. 3390/ijerph18052349 Activities of Arginyl-Fructose (AF) and AF-Products in In-Vitro and In-Models vol. 26, 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it discusses various studies and evaluations of Panax ginseng, highlighting its potential benefits in different health contexts, such as alleviating immunoparalysis and exerting immunostimulatory activity. This indicates the broader understanding of ginseng's effects, aligning with the known adaptogenic properties attributed to it.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 게다가, 일본 총독부의 한국 장례식, 무덤 문화에 관한 개입을 목격했고, 양화진 외국인 묘지와 기타 근대적 공동묘지에 대해도 알고 있었으며, 기타 동시대의 역사적 인물의 죽음과 장례에 대해도 언급했다. 그런 한편으로 그는 일본의 대한(對韓) 정책은 “오래 끌었던 나라의 죽음”의 원인으로 인식하며, 1901년에 “틀림없이 조선은 정치적으로, 지식적으로 완전히 죽어버렸다”라고 애통했다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing historical and cultural contexts, specifically mentioning the Japanese colonial influence on Korean funeral and burial practices. It describes how these practices are connected to wider historical events and interpretations, indicating that cultural understanding requires more than just genetic studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: 13 translation of the Acts of the of Constantinople is available at 14 For a discussion of this history, see Wilson, Origen, 64‐66. 15 See Bouteneff, Beginnings, 103‐107. 16 Origen, Principles, trans. Butterworth, G. W. (Notre Dame: Press 2013), IV. II. 9. Following scholarly convention, this text will be referred to hereafter as DP, the initials for the Latin title of the text, De Principiis. The Section, 9. 18 DP IV. IV. 1. 19 DP IV. II. 9. 20 DP IV. III. 4. 21 DP IV. III. 7. 22 Ibid. 23 Origen, Contra Celsus, trans. Crombie, Frederick (Buffalo: Publishing 1884), available at 4:40. 111. 28 C. Cels. 4:40. 29 See Bammel, Hammond, Caroline P. , “Adam in Origen,’ in Williams, Rowan, ed. , of Orthodoxy: Essays in Honour of Henry Chadwick, 62‐93 (Cambridge: CUP 1989). 30 Bouteneff, Beginnings, 108. 31 DP I. III. 8. 32 Ibid. 33 DP I. IV. 1. He continues: “And when they reach the neighborhood of the earth they are enclosed in grosser bodies, and last of all are tied to human flesh. ” Ibid. 34 DP IV. IV. 6. 35 DP IV. IV. 7. 36 For a discussion of this problem in Platonism generally, see Gerald A. Press, “Plato” and Lloyd P. Gerson, “Plotinus and Neo‐Platonism” in Richard H. Popkin, ed. , History of (New York: Columbia Univ. Press 1999). For a discussion of the problem of particulars and universals in Platonism, see Balaguer, Mark, "Platonism in Metaphysics", in Edward N. Zalta, ed. , Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2016 Edition, Sec. 3 (“Argument”), available at 37 See ibid. (noting that “we absolute deny that matter should be called unbegotten or uncreated”). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss paleoenvironments or their role in understanding past geological changes. Instead, it references scholarly works from religious and philosophical texts, with no connection to geological topics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pages. 342-353 2012 1226-8453(pISSN) 2093-4947(eISSN) Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회) of Panax ginseng in Cho, Ik-Hyun (Department of Anatomy, College of and Institute of Oriental Medicine, University) Received : 2012. 03. 02 Accepted : 2012. 05. 21 Published : 2012. 10. 15 ⟨ ⟩ Abstract Ginseng, the root of the Panax ginseng, has been a popular and widely-used traditional herbal medicine in Korea, China, and Japan for thousands of years. Now it has become popular as a functional health food and is used globally as a natural medicine. Evidence is accumulating in the literature on the physiological and pharmacological effects of P. ginseng on neurodegenerative diseases. Possible ginseng- or ginsenosides-mediated neuroprotective mechanisms mainly involve maintaining homeostasis, and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and immune-stimulatory activities. This review considers publications dealing with the various actions of P. ginseng that are indicative of possible neurotherapeutic efficacies in neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. ginseng; Ginsenosides; Neuroprotection; Neurodegeneration 1357. Choi KT. Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of ginseng C A Meyer. Sin 2008;29:1109-1118. . The changes of ginsenoside patterns in red ginseng processed by organic acid impregnation pretreatment. J 2011;35:497-503. . Chemical and pharmacological studies of saponins with a focus on American ginseng. J 2010;34:160-167. . Comparison of the pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium. Sin 2008;29:1103-1108. . Ginseng pharmacology:multiple constituents and multiple actions. 1999;58:1685-1693. . Ginseng saponins: influence on neurotransmitter uptake in rat brain synaptosomes. 1985;51:221-224. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the well-documented uses of Ginseng, particularly Panax ginseng, as a traditional herbal medicine that has been used for thousands of years. It emphasizes that Ginseng is gaining popularity as a functional health food and as a natural medicine. The mention of its physiological and pharmacological effects, including maintaining homeostasis and immune-stimulatory activities, supports the notion of Ginseng's adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 또한 “죽음”에 불변성이 있더라도, 장례 문화는 시대 배경에 따라 당연히 바뀔 것이다. 윤지호가 기독교와 일제 통제로 인해 바꿔가는 장례문화에 대한 인식을 추구함으로써 근대화를 늘 우선한 윤치호의 조선 전통문화와의 대립에 대해도 엿 볼 수 있을 것이다. 결과적으로 보면, 윤치호가 젊은 시절부터 조선을 지옥으로 생각했음을 일기에서 알 수 있는데, 조선이 곧 지옥이라면 사후에야 갈 수 있는 하늘은 이 조선의 대안이었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that cultural practices, such as funeral customs, are not static or solely defined through genetics; they evolve based on historical and social contexts. The mention of how Yi Un-ji's understanding of these customs changed under the influence of Christianity and Japanese control implies that culture and genetic factors operate independently.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: For Aristotle's discussion of the eternity of the cosmos see Aristotle, On the Heavens, trans. J. L. Stocks (Oxford: 1927), and II, available at Jewish philosopher Philo, with whose work Origen was well‐acquainted, was also very concerned about this question. See Philo, On the Eternity of the World, in of Philo, trans Yonge (London: H. G. Bohn 1854‐1890), available at For a discussion of the relationship between Origen's thought and Philo's, see Runia, David T. , Philo and the Church Fathers: A Collection of Papers, 367. The received view is that Origen believed in an eternal pre‐material cosmos akin to the Platonic realm of forms. See Scott, Mark S. M. , to God: Origen on the Problem of Evil (Oxford: OUP 2012), 58‐60. More recently, some scholars, including John Behr, have argued that Origen's concept of pre‐existence relates only to God's foreknowledge and not to a separate realm of being. Ibid. , 60‐61. Scott suggests Origen thought the creation existed proleptically in the Logos, the eternal Son, before the material cosmos. Ibid. , 56‐57. For the purpose of my argument in this paper, the distinction between Behr and Scott is not very significant, so long as the ontological difference between the Godhead and creation is maintained. 39 DP IV. IV. 8. 40 Fathers of the Church, A New Translation, Vol. 71, Origen: Homilies on Genesis and Exodus, trans. Ronald E. Heine (Washington, D. C. : University of (1982), 47‐71. 41 Ibid. , 47 42 Ibid. , 65. 43 See, e. g. , Aquinas, Thomas, On Kingship, Book 1, trans. Phelan, Gerald B. and Eschmann, I. T. (Toronto: Institute of 1949), available at This statement is admittedly a significant oversimplification of long and complex historical trajectories in both the and West about the relative authority of Emperors, Princes, and Popes. See generally O'Donovan, Oliver and O'Donovan, Joan Lockwood, eds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding paleoenvironments and geological changes. Instead, it discusses historical philosophical ideas, particularly those related to Aristotle and Origen's thoughts on the cosmos and creation, which are unrelated to the geological context or the study of past environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Benefi cial effect of ginseng root in SOD-1 (G93A) transgenic mice. J 2000;180:52-54. . Saponins from Panax japonicus protect against alcohol-induced hepatic injury in mice by up-regulating the expression of GPX3, SOD1 and SOD3. 2010;45:320-331. . Transcriptional activation of the Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase gene through the AP2 site by ginsenoside Rb2 extracted from a medicinal plant, Panax ginseng. J 1996;271:24539-24543. . Ginsenoside Rb1 reverses H2O2-induced senescence in human umbilical endothelial cells: involvement of eNOS pathway. J 2012;59:222-230. . Multiple sclerosis: mechanisms of disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis. Neurol 2010;6:654-655. Conway D, Cohen JA. Combination therapy in multiple sclerosis. 2010;9:299-308. . Linomide in relapsing and secondary progressive MS. Part I: trial design and clinical results. Linomide Investigators. Neurology 2000;54:1726-1733. Steinman L, Zamvil SS. How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis. 2006;60:12-21. Kieseier BC, Wiendl H. Oral disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis: the story so far. CNS Drugs 2007;21:483-502. . Activation of multiple effector pathways of immune system by the antineoplastic immunostimulator acidic polysaccharide ginsan isolated from Panax ginseng. 1997;17:323-331. . An acidic polysaccharide of Panax ginseng ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induces regulatory T cells. 2011;138:169-178. . American ginseng does not improve fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a single center randomized doubleblind placebo-controlled crossover pilot study. 2011;17:1523-1526. Cited by Anti-of Ginsenoside Rg5 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV2 vol. 14, 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various beneficial effects of ginseng and its components, specifically noting the activation of pathways that imply adaptogenic behavior, such as the involvement of ginsenoside Rb1 in reversing cellular stress and the immune system activation by ginsan extracted from Panax ginseng. This supports the idea that ginseng has adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 윤치호가 친일적인 행동을 보이면서 백인에 대해 부정적으로 평가하고 황인의 해방을 기리던 시기에도 영어로 일기 쓰는 관습을 못했던 것처럼, 그는 기독교적 인식을 포기하지 못했고, 그의 우민관도 극복하지 못했다. KW - 윤치호, 사생관, 장례문화, 근대화, 일제강점기 DO - 10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. 175 UR - ER - (2015). 윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 -. 민족문화연구, 66, 175 - 214. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the cultural practices of Yoon Chi-ho, suggesting that his behaviors and cultural perceptions cannot be fully explained by genetics alone, particularly in the context of historical and social influences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: The roughly 1000 PAGES contributions that can be found today in the PAGES product database attest to the sustained timeliness and constant community-driven input that defines the success of PAGES. These products include a large number of contributions to Changes Magazine, reports, science plans, and information and outreach materials, but also about 400 peer-reviewed 2015. The transition of PAGES to was a learning process for all. Earth, whose motivation was to support political action with scientific information, it was not immediately clear how a project like PAGES could become policy relevant, because PAGES looks at time periods where humans were just one of many species on this planet and did not yet have comparable means to alter the entire Earth system. Eventually, understanding among the different fields and views assembled under improved, helped along by PAGES' continuous delivery of first-class scientific products. the struggle at the beginning was with the concept of co-design, i. e. engaging the large range of stakeholders in PAGES' science. However, it is fair to say that by continuously scrutinizing its approach with respect to co-design and policy relevance, PAGES was able to focus even more attention on its initial goal of helping to solve global change issues. Financial glaciation/deglaciation PAGES had the privilege of being able to concentrate on scientific endeavors and breakthroughs, while the US and Swiss funders through their steady support provided the stability needed to initiate, establish, and nurture an international interdisciplinary network, including expansion of scientific connections and capacity in the developing world. Since the NSF and SNF only fund competitive grants, this naturally meant that PAGES had to earn its financial support by regularly submitting proposals that provided an account of previous achievements, explained the plans going forward, and justified the resources requested. While proposal writing increased the stress levels of the PAGES directors and co-chairs every four years, especially in the immediate presence of a deadline, this funding model and its inherent obligation to convince reviewers and funders clearly contributed to maintaining the excellence of PAGES over three decades. The continuing success of these proposals in a highly competitive funding landscape attests to the quality of PAGES' work. Another long-term supporter of PAGES was and is the University of Bern, which handles the accounting and human resources management of the (IPO). In 2009, former PAGES co-chair also convinced the university to physically host the IPO. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses the activities and achievements of the PAGES initiative, the funding process, and stakeholder engagement without specifically mentioning how paleoenvironmental studies contribute to the understanding of past geological changes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Reviews. 31, 320-329 (2000). and McMurray, N. : Stress and psychosis: towards the development of new models of investigation. Review. 27, 307-317 (2007) Tsigos, C. and Chrousos, G. P. : Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. J. of Psychosomatic Research. 53, 865-871 (2002) Neveu, P. J. , Delrue, C. , and Cabib, S. : Influence of brain and behavioral lateralization in brain: Monoaminergic, neuroendocrine and immune stress responses. Annals of the Academy of Sciences. 741, 271-282 (1994) Pijl, H. and Meinders E. A. : Modulation of monoaminergic neural circuits: potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treatments in Endocrinology. 1, 71-78 (2002) Kalia, M. : Neurobiological basis of depression: an update. Metabolism. 54, 24-27 (2005) Jayanthi, L. D. and Ramamoorthy, S. : Regulation of monoamine transporters: influence of psychostimulants and therapeutic antidepressants. . 27, 728-738 (2005) Rege, N. N. , Thatte, U. M. and Dahanukar, S. A. : Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine. Phytotherapy Research. 13, 275-291 (1999) Bhattacharya, S. K. and Murugandam, A. V. : Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 75, 547-555 (2003) Reay, J. L. , Kennedy, D. O. and Scholey, A. B. : Effects of Panax ginseng, consumed with and without glucose, on blood glucose levels and cognitive performance during sustained 'mentally demanding' tasks. J. Psychopharmacol. 20, 771-781 (2006) Rausch, W. D. , Liu, S. , Gille, G. and Radad, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the effects of Panax ginseng on cognitive performance during sustained mentally demanding tasks, which aligns with the potential adaptogenic effects attributed to ginseng. Additionally, the mention of adaptogenic properties of herbs in the text supports the claim of ginseng's adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Opinions about it are too divided, art-theoretical and aesthetic positions differ too radically. The various conceptions are clearly dependent on the particular cultural sphere, on nationality, on the time and the zeitgeist, on the prevailing tastes and on the respective intellectual and artistic currents and tendencies. Thus music has been, and still is, defined as art for the ear, as the language of the heart, of feeling, as science of composition, as “moving tonal form. ” The mission of tonal art, it has been and still is said, is to provide pleasure, to educate, to teach, to move, to excite, to uplift, to transport, to interpret and deepen a text emotionally, to enhance drama, to convey an intimation of the other world, and so on. Perhaps we can agree that not every kind of music proclaims a message. The playfully concertante music of the Baroque and of Classicism differs considerably in this respect from Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. 2. Not every musical work that does proclaim a message is necessarily of aesthetic value. It would be a fatal error to confound aesthetics and ideology. Ideology does not determine the rank of a work of art. Robert Schumann, in taking position on the hotly debated question as to the value or lack of value of programs in music, expressed his conviction by saying: “First of all, let me hear that you have made beautiful music, then your program, too, will be pleasing to me. ”11 Mutatis mutandis, Schumann’s statement is valid also for the conception of music as message. 3. In the recent past, there has been much discussion about the contrast between so-called absolute and program music. The conception of a certain kind of music as message might help to partly reconcile the contrast. For a ← 17 | 18 → musical message is something other than a musical program and pertains to a higher level of abstraction than the latter. Many works that do not seem to fit into the category of either absolute or program music can be placed under the rubric of music as message. Here, too, Beethoven’s can be cited as exemplary. 1 Arnold Schönberg, Ausgewählte Briefe, ed. (Mainz, 1958), 178 f. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various perspectives on music and its meaning rather than addressing the ability of insects to communicate through sounds. It elaborates on the definitions of music, its aesthetic value, and the contrasts within musical genres, which are unrelated to the claim about insect communication.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: +PovertySchoolsYouth/YAAllKnowing the Strengths and Limitations of & Economic Well-beingJun 1 2023is the lead author, and contributed equally to this brief. The ways poverty is measured can influence how we, as a country, understand what it means to live in poverty. Poverty measures inform the work of policymakers, practitioners, and advocates to address poverty and prevent the adverse consequences associated with it. This brief summarizes basic attributes of the range of poverty measures used in the United States, as well as their strengths and limitations. Our goal is to give policy analysts and researchers the tools to appropriately interpret poverty statistics and decide when to use which measure. In this brief, we first review two major categories of poverty measures—absolute and relative measures—as well as basic elements of a poverty measure: economic resources and thresholds. Second, we introduce poverty measures commonly used in the United States, including the U. S. Measure (OPM) (an absolute measure), examples of relative measures, the Measure (SPM) and the Measure (PPM) (both quasi-relative measures), and consumption-based measures of poverty. Third, we consider approaches to measuring poverty as a continuum or spectrum of well-being (as opposed to a dichotomous measure of whether someone lives in poverty or not). Finally, we conclude the brief by noting the context in which each measure can be applied and describing recent advancements in measurement. While we focus on poverty as a measure of monetary deprivation, we recognize the importance of other social and economic indicators in capturing diverse experiences of poverty—such as lack of access to education, food, health care, and basic infrastructure—but note that they are beyond the scope of this brief. Download TableComparison of in the Table I. of measures can be generally categorized into two groups: Absolute and relative measures. An absolute poverty measure compares a household’s economic resources against a threshold defined by the cost of minimum necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter. Relative measures of poverty, on the other hand, compare one’s economic resources with a threshold defined by the resources held by others in society—for example, a relative measure that defines poverty status for a given area as having an income less than that area’s median household income. Absolute and relative poverty measures represent distinct concepts of poverty. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses poverty measures in the United States and their strengths and limitations, offering insights into how poverty is quantified and understood. It does not address paleoenvironmental studies or geological changes, making it irrelevant to the claim about paleoenvironments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides. Exp (Wars). 66, 369-375 (2006) and Accame, M. E. : Neuroprotective effect of individual ginsenosides on astrocytes primary culture. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1770, 1308-1316 (2007). and Wu, C. F. : Anxiolytic effect of saponins from Panax quinquefolium in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 111, 613-618 (2007). and Oh, K. W. : Anxiolytic-like effects of ginseng in the elevated plus-maze model: comparison of red ginseng and sun ginseng. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry. 29, 895-900 (2005) Carr, M. N. , Bekku, N. and Yoshimura, H. : Identification of anxiolytic ingredients in ginseng root using the elevated plus-maze test in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 531, 160-165 (2006) Nguyen, T. T. , Matsumoto, K. , Yamasaki, K. , Nguyen, M. D. , Nguyen, T. N. and Watanabe, H. Effects of majonoside-R2 on pentobarbital sleep and gastric lesion in psychologically stressed mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 53, 957-963 (1996) Nguyen, T. T. , Matsumoto, K. , Yamasaki, K. and Watanabe, H. : Majonoside-R2 reverses social isolation stress-induced decrease in pentobarbital sleep in mice: possible involvement of neuroactive steroids. Life Sci. 61, 395-402 (1997). , Hwang, B. Y. , Eun, J. S. and Oh, K. W. : Anxiolytic-like effects of ginsenosides on the elevated plus-maze model in mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28, 1621-1625 (2005) Lee, S. P. , Honda, K. , Rhee, Y. H. and Inoue, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple studies that suggest various beneficial effects of ginseng and its components, specifically highlighting neuroprotective and anxiolytic effects. The mention of anxiolytic effects aligns with the concept of adaptogens, which are substances that may help the body adapt to stress and promote mental well-being. Therefore, the text corroborates the claim regarding ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Gershon argues that all of these sounds are a system of embodied learning – the children learn through sound about orientation (not tripping over tree roots), about their partners (e. g. by categorising the emotive delivery of the orientation instructions – does their partner sound enthusiastic, excited, bored or anxious) and about their distance from peers, indicated by the degree of echo made by others’ sounds, testing how far geographically feels safe to explore. Beyond the task at hand, there is potential to learn further about the natural environment through sound: seasonal variations within the forest are reflected in the sounds of wind, birds’ activity and crunchiness of leaves. Gershon’s critique challenges which sounds are accepted as ‘educational’ and which are left to one side: […] part of the reason it might be difficult to conceive of sounds as educational systems resides not only in how sound has been conceptualized philosophically, ontologically, theoretically, and phenomenologically, but also due to the ways in which thinking about education is often bounded. In the same way that certain tasks have come to be regarded as on or off task according to a teacher’s construction of a lesson, it seems as though sounds have been implicitly theorized in a similar fashion: Sounds that are part of the teacher’s agenda are educational, those that are not, aren’t. (2011, p. 77) Off-task sounds of a more challenging nature in Playing A/Part included a form of provocative play through the deployment of musical heckles. Off-task sounds – (2) provocative playing and musical heckles Clare was funny, rebellious and at 15, one of the older girls in the group. She had an accurate sense of rhythm. As could be seen from the video footage, during the first session she launched many comments and asides, some funny, some sarcastic. The ensemble music in that first session was chaotic and not ‘proper’ sounding (pulses dissolved after a few seconds’ play). Clare refused to join in initially. However, towards the end of the session she began to play a low, loud punchy note repeatedly on the piano – an occasional provocative ‘heckle’. We made this the bass line and over an eight-beat pulse she was asked if she could play her chosen sound on 1st beat of the cycle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a specific context of sound and educational systems, focusing on children's learning through sound rather than establishing that all insects can communicate through sounds and music. The analysis of sounds in the text relates more to human learning and interactions rather than providing evidence of insect communication capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: In a hypothetical famine—a time during which most of a population is unable to meet their basic needs and therefore lives in absolute poverty—a smaller share of the population might live in relative poverty, depending on where the relative threshold is drawn. In a rich country, where most can afford basic necessities and live above an absolute poverty level, there can be a higher share of the population that lives in relative poverty: These people’s resources would still be far below those held by most others in that country. Both absolute and relative poverty measures consider the following basic components: The economic resources of a household[1] A threshold against which these economic resources are compared There are at least three types of economic resources—income, consumption, and wealth—from which households derive economic well-being. For example, members of a household bring in earnings (income) to pay for housing and food (consumption) and set aside their remaining funds as savings (wealth). The current U. S. debate around poverty measurement revolves around where to draw poverty lines (thresholds) and how to count economic resources. Our brief focuses on income and consumption as economic resources, and we do not examine wealth, which in the U. S. context is often examined separately from poverty. The broader literature considers absolute and relative measures and the different facets of poverty that each category captures. The most dominant measures used in the are absolute poverty, the U. S. government’s official approach, and a hybrid of absolute and relative poverty measurement. In the next section of this brief, we summarize the OPM, examples of relative measures, the SPM (as well as the PPM), and examples of consumption-based measures of poverty. For each measure, we discuss whether it describes absolute or relative poverty, how it sets thresholds and defines resources, what its limitations are, and the circumstances under which it may be suited for use in analysis of poverty. II. (OPM) is an absolute, income-based measure that has been used to generate the U. S. government’s primary poverty statistics in the for more than half a century. The OPM is based on the official poverty thresholds—sometimes referred to as the “federal poverty line” (FPL)[2]—and considers households with annual incomes below these thresholds to be living in poverty. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses poverty measurement and economic resources rather than paleoenvironments or geological changes. There is no connection between the concepts presented in the text and the claim, making this a clear case of pass.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Chronic intake of panax ginseng extract stabilizes sleep and wakefulness in food-deprived rats. Neurosci. Lett. 111, 217-221 (1990). , Marsh, V. R. , Moore, B. and Ashton, H. : Electroencephalograph effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 75, 701-709 (2003) Kim, H. S. , Kang, J. G. and Oh KW. : Inhibition by ginseng total saponin of the development of morphine reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 26, 1071-1076 (1995) and Oh, K. W. : Blockade by ginseng total saponin of the development of cocaine induced reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 50, 23-27 (1995) and Oh, S. : Blockade by ginseng total saponin of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 27, 199-204 (1996) Kim, H. S. and Kim, K. S. : Inhibitory effects of ginseng total saponin on nicotine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity. Behav. Brain Research. 103, 55-61 (1999) Bu, Y. ,. , Rho, S. , Ha, N. , Park, S. K. , Kim, H. and Sun, Y. K. : Siberian ginseng reduces infarct volume in transient focal cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Phytotherapy Research. 19, 167-169 (2005) Choi, S. S. , Lee, J. K. and Suh, H. W. : Effect of ginsenosides administered intrathecally on the antinociception induced by cold water swimming stress in the mouse. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 26, 858-861 (2003) Banerjee, U. and Izquierdo, J. A. : Antistress and antifatigue properties of Panax ginseng: comparison with piracetam. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the 'antistress and antifatigue properties of Panax ginseng', which aligns with the definition of adaptogenic effects. Adaptogens are substances that help the body resist stressors and are often characterized by their ability to enhance the body's response to stress. The various studies referenced in the text also support the notion of ginseng's effects on physiological responses, thereby reinforcing the claim about its adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Based on their unpalatability, the ants and bugs were predicted to be Müllerian mimics, while the spider was predicted to be a Batesian mimic. Unpalatability was re-estimated for these five species using ten individuals from each species. All attributes as measured previously were re-measured with the addition of a behavioural measure. The behavioural measure was the frequency of biting in the field following agitation with forceps. The addition of an extra measure adjusted the previous estimated unpalatability (uj) but the relative relationship of unpalatability between species remained the same. We used Eulamprus quoyii as our visually-oriented euryphagous vertebrate predator. At least 14 days prior to the experiment adult skinks were placed singly in a white container (70 × 50 × 40 cm) at constant temperature 26°C and L:D = 12:12 regime. They were fed regularly with three crickets (Acheta domestica) three times a week. The skinks were then starved five days prior to the predation trials. One day prior to the trial a layer of butter was applied to the sides of the white container to prevent arthropods from climbing the walls and escaping. At the start of a trial a lizard was left to settle down for a period of 5 min. A prey item was released into the container and the behaviour of the skink during the 5 min trial was recorded with a fixed video camera positioned above the container. Five minutes was deemed sufficient, as previous feeding trials with crickets have shown this species of lizard will attempt to capture prey within 1 min. If the potential prey survived it was removed, and the skink was left for 2 min to settle down. Another prey item was then released and so on until all five mimic prey types were used. As a non-mimic control, we used juveniles of the spider, Badumna insignis L. Koch, which was of a similar size to the other species but was not a mimic as it lacked golden colouration. At the end a cricket was released as a positive control. Results of trials were used in the analysis only if the cricket was captured. The prey was offered to skinks using a constrained randomisation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study on the behavior and mimicry of various species, including ants and skinks, without making any reference to intelligence or comparing the intelligence of ants with that of other species. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Using this measure, it is relatively easy to compare poverty rates over a long period of time and to estimate populations that are income-eligible for public benefits. The OPM has the following components: original thresholds were based on data from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s: They were calculated as three times the cost of a very minimal basket of foods at a time in which families, on average, spent one third of their after-tax income on food. [3] Thresholds increased with family size and number of children to account for added expenses for additional people, as well as economies of scale. The thresholds have been updated annually to adjust for inflation. for Consumers (CPI-U) is used to update the official poverty thresholds. There has been debate over how well the CPI-U corrects for inflation, with some scholars arguing that the CPI-U creates a downward bias and some arguing that it corrects upward. Economic resources In addition to market incomes (e. g. , earnings, investment income, pensions, etc. ), the OPM counts a limited number of government transfers (mostly in cash), such as Social Security, unemployment insurance, to (TANF), and Income (SSI). The OPM counts persons related by birth, marriage, and adoption who are living together in its definition of a family (or a resource unit). [4] The OPM has several limitations. First, because it is based on the cost of minimal dietary needs identified in the 1960s, its thresholds have not kept up with changes in household spending or modern family life. Households now spend less than 15 percent of their income on food[5] (compared to one third in the 1950s); in contrast, housing, child care, and health care make up a larger share of household spending now than in the past. Second, the OPM excludes some of the largest transfers to lower-income families—notably, the (EITC), (SNAP) benefits, and (in 2021) the expanded Credit. Prior research has additionally counted some of these benefits and compared total household incomes against the OPM thresholds. Third, increases in cohabitation and diverse family structures bring challenges to the OPM, which overlooks the presence of unmarried partners who may share resources with members of the family. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the Official Poverty Measure (OPM) and economic resources related to poverty rates. It does not mention paleoenvironments or provide any information related to understanding past geological changes, making it irrelevant to the claim at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Protection of ischaemic hippocampal neurons by ginsenoside $Rb_1$, a main ingredient of ginseng root. Neurosci. Res. 28, 191-200 (1997) Deng, H. and Zhang, J. : Anti-lipid peroxidative effect of ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$. Chin. Med. J. 104, 395-398 (1991) and Nah, S. Y. : Effect of ginsenosides on calcium channels and membrane capacitance in rat adrenal chromaffin cells. Brain Res. Bull. 46, 245-251 (1998) Liao, B. , Newmark, H. and Zhou, R. : Neuroprotective effect of ginseng total saponin and ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ on spinal cord neurons in vitro. Exp. Neurol. 173, 224-234 (2002). , Hong, H. N. and Nah, S. Y. : Protective effect of ginsenosides, active ingredients of panax ginseng, on kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 325, 129-133 (2002) Tohda, C. , Matsumoto, N. , Zou, K. , Meselhy, M. R. and Komatsu, K. : Axonal and dendritic extension by protopanaxadiol-type saponins from ginseng drugs in SK–N–SH cells. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 99, 254-262 (2002) Zhao, R. and McDaniel, W. F. : Ginseng improves strategic learning by normal and brain-damaged rats. NeuroReport. 9, 1619-1624 (1998) Zhong, Y. M. , Nishijo, H. , Uwano, T. , Tamura, R. , Kawanishi, K. and Ono, T. : Red ginseng ameliorated place navigation deficits in young rats with hippocampal lesions and aged rats. Physiol. Behav. 69, 511-525 (2000) Chang, M. S. , Lee, S. C. and Rho, H. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by citing multiple studies that explore the neuroprotective and beneficial effects of ginsenosides, which are active components of ginseng. Studies mentioned include the protection of neurons, anti-lipid peroxidative effects, and improvements in learning and neurotoxicity, all of which can be associated with adaptogenic properties. The text provides evidence of ginseng's diverse effects on neuronal health, which aligns with the claim regarding its potential adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Survival rates (93% follow-up) were 66% (5-years), 55% (10 years), 44% (15 years) in P1, 63% (5 years), 50% (10 years) in P2, and 80% (5 years) in Period 3. General survival was 70% after 5 years, 56% after 10 years, and 45% after 15 years. 5-year survival was better in the recent period than in both previous periods. The differences between Period 1 and 2, Period 1 and 3, and Period 2 and 3 were significant (p<0. 001). Odds ratios for reduced long-term survival were concomitant venous bypass surgery (5-years 1. 871, p = 0. 004; 10 years 2,701, p = 0. 026); concomitant tricuspid valve surgery (10-years 4. 699, p = 0. 04). Survival was positively influenced by isolated MVR (5-years 0. 375, p<0. 001; 10-years 0. 246, p = 0. 001), concomitant isolated arterial bypass (IMA) (10-years 0. 153, p0. 051); posterior leaflet procedures (5 years 0. 568, p = 0. 005; 10 years 0. 178, p<0. 001), and use of artificial chordae (5-years 0. 235, p<0. 001) (Table 5, Fig 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Odds ratios for long-term survival (5- and 10 years). MIC = Minimal invasive; MVR = Mitral valve repair; LAA = Left atrial appendage closure; PML = posterior mitral leaflet; IMA = Internal mammary artery; MAZE = Atrial ablation therapy; AML = Anterior mitral leaflet; CABG = Coronary artery bypass graft; AV-Replacement = Aortic valve replacement; TVR/Replacement = Tricuspid valve repair or replacement; Electro = Electrophysiological device. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 5. Odds ratios of 5- and 10-year survival. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing survival rates over a period of 5 years and beyond in a medical context, implying that not all organisms, including potential insect analogs, survive for five years. The statistics suggest varied survival rates rather than confirming a lifespan of at least five years for every insect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: In 2021, the OPM poverty thresholds were $21,831 for a family of one adult and two children and $27,479 for a family of two adults and two children. Based on the OPM thresholds for poverty across all household sizes, 11 million (15. 3%) children under age 18 lived in poverty in 2021 (Table 1). of Relative measures of income poverty are commonly used in cross-national comparisons of poverty in high-income countries and have some limited use in defining program eligibility in the United States. Such measures compare a household’s economic well-being to that of others in the population, or to a “norm” of economic well-being. They focus on the level of resources that can provide similar opportunities as those available to most other households, as opposed to merely meeting basic needs. Relative measures share poverty measures use a threshold based on a percentile of a total population’s income or resource distribution. A conventional relative measure of poverty is defined as having an income below 50 percent of the median income. Relative measures automatically adjust for changes in standards of living since their thresholds are based on a percentile of income considered to be representative of the contemporary standard of living. Relative measures can account for differences in cost of living across geographies with existing data on local income distributions. In the United States, federal housing and child care assistance programs use relative poverty measures to determine eligibility, as housing and child care costs tend to vary by geography. For example, the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) Voucher program confers eligibility to families with incomes below half of the local median income. To estimate thresholds for use by HUD’s housing programs, the counts incomes reported in the Survey, which include most market incomes (e. g. , earnings, interest, retirement incomes), and SSI benefits, welfare benefits, and unemployment compensation. Economic resources Relative measures typically consider the same type of economic resources (e. g. , incomes) to determine both a household’s resources and the threshold against which these resources are compared. Relative measures also have limitations. Because they consider a household’s income in relation to others’, they cannot capture longer-term change in absolute economic well-being: Material well-being may have improved (in absolute terms) even when relative poverty rates remain the same. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses poverty thresholds and relative measures of income poverty, which are unrelated to the concept of paleoenvironments or geological changes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Transcriptional activation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase genes by panaxadiol ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng. Phytother. Res. 13, 641-644 (1999) Nishiyama, N. , Cho, S. T. , Kitagama, I. and Saito, H. : Malonylginsenoside $Rb_1$ potentiates nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth of cultured chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17, 509-513 (1994) Bormann, J. and Feigenspan, A. : $GABA_C$ receptors. Trends in Nneurosci. 18, 515-519 (1995) Turner, A. J. and Whittle, S. R. : Biochemical dissection of the gamma-aminobutyrate synapse. Biochem. Journal. 209, 29-41 (1983) Fritschy, J. M. and Panzanelli, P. : Molecular and synaptic organization of GABAA receptors in the cerebellum: Effects of targeted subunit gene deletions. Cerebellum. 5, 275-285 (2006) Johnston, G. A. R. : $GABA_C$ receptors: relatively simple transmitter-gated ion channels? Trends in Pharmacol. Sci. 17, 319-323 (1996) Bao, H. Y. , Zhang, J. ,. and Kang, J. S. : Memory enhancing and neuroprotective effects of selected ginsenosides. Arch. Pharm. Res. 28, 335-342 (2005) Yun, Y. J. , Lee, B. , and Shim, I. : Neuroprotective effect of palmul-chongmyeong-tang on ischemia-induced learning and memory deficits in the rat. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30, 337-342 (2007) Bahrke, M. S. and Morgan, W. R. : Evaluation of the ergogenic properties of ginseng: an update. Sports Medicine. 29, 113-133 (2000) and Liu, D. : Modulation of American ginseng on brainstem GABAergic effects in rats. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to ginseng, particularly mentioning 'memory enhancing and neuroprotective effects of selected ginsenosides.' This suggests that ginseng may support cognitive functions and resist stress, aligning with the notion of adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inon undergraduate experiment grew vegetables and herbs in simulated Martian soil under Mars-like reduced daylight. The tasty results suggest that Mars colonists could farm their own produce. by Kimberly M. S. Cartier 12 January 201815 November 2023 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) An artist’s conception of a portable Martian greenhouse currently being developed at NASA. The space agency’s vegetable-growing experiments inspired an astrobiologist and his undergraduate students to grow their own “Martian” vegetables. Credit: NASA What do kale, carrots, lettuce, sweet potatoes, onions, dandelions, and hops have in common? They could all potentially be grown in Martian soil by future colonists, according to a recent project by a class of astrobiology students and their professor. In a new addition to the class, the students tried growing a variety of vegetables in simulated Martian soil to discover which edible species may be prospects for future colonists. “The project combined my research—astrobiology and Mars—and my hobby of growing things,” said Edward Guinan, a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at in Villanova, Pa. Guinan developed the Project for his annual undergraduate-level astrobiology class and supervised the experiments, which concluded last month. The students, Guinan said, were very enthusiastic about growing their own Martian vegetables. Kale, sweet potatoes, certain lettuces, and hops grew very easily, tasting no different than their terrestrial counterparts. The undergraduate researchers attempted to raise more than a dozen vegetables and herbs in a Mars-like soil with Mars-level light conditions. They found that kale, sweet potatoes, certain lettuces, and, surprisingly, hops grew very easily, tasting no different than their terrestrial counterparts. Other foods, including regular russet potatoes—the famous staple of the stranded astronaut in the 2015 film The Martian—required special soil or light treatments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that not all plants can thrive in any type of soil. It specifically mentions that certain vegetables, such as russet potatoes, required 'special soil or light treatments', indicating that there are conditions under which specific plants cannot thrive, contradicting the assertion that all plants can grow in any soil type.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: This implies that, during an economic downturn, poverty rates based on relative measures may not increase as much as absolute poverty rates typically do if the median income (and thus the threshold) also falls. In 2021, half of the median household income was about $42,100 for all households with children in the United States. Using this threshold and counting taxes and benefits, one analysis found that roughly 14 percent of children under age 18 lived in households experiencing relative poverty (Table 1). Measure (SPM) and Measure (PPM) The SPM and PPM incorporate ideas of both absolute and relative measures. In 1995, poverty measurement scholars convened to offer recommendations to address the OPM’s limitations. Drawing on these recommendations, an interagency working group formed to develop the SPM in 2009. Several improvements in poverty measurement have been (and continue to be) made with the SPM. In 2023, at the time of writing this brief, the SPM’s evaluation panel suggested calling the next iteration of the SPM “the Measure,” given the SPM’s major role in tracking the impact of government programs on poverty. The panel also made new recommendations for future development of the PPM. Below, we summarize features of the SPM and the panel’s major recommendations for the PPM: thresholds for the cost of necessities SPM: To account for modern levels of spending on necessities, the SPM compares household resources against data on current population-level household expenditures. Specifically, SPM thresholds are set at 83 percent of roughly the median[6] household expenditures on food, clothing, shelter, utilities, telephone, and internet, multiplied by 1. 2 to account for additional basic needs. PPM: The SPM evaluation panel has recommended that the PPM’s thresholds include the cost of meeting basic health (insurance) and child care needs, and that the basis for the 1. 2 multiplier be re-evaluated. Updating cost of necessities these thresholds would reduce the measure’s quasi-relative nature SPM: The SPM is a quasi-relative measure with thresholds based on the distribution of spending across households. This means that the thresholds change over time (as in a relative measure) as spending patterns evolve. However, since household spending on necessities tends to be more stable than incomes, the SPM thresholds can seem similar to permanent, fixed thresholds in an absolute measure like the OPM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses economic measures and poverty rates rather than addressing paleoenvironmental contexts or geological changes. There is no reference to paleoecology or geological information present in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Keywords: triethylene glycol, quercetin, foot-shock stress, body weight, thermoregulation, depression, anxiety Abbreviations TEG, triethylene glycol; QCR, quercetin; FUM, fumaric acid; DMF, dimethylfumarate; CMC, carboxymethyl cellulose concept that adaptogens help the body to better cope with stressful events originated in Russia during late 1940s and since then numerous traditionally known medicinal plants are often pharmacologically classified as herbal adaptogens1 Withania somnifera is one such medicinal herb widely used in traditionally known Indian systems of medicine and health care for prevention and cure of diverse spectrums of psychosomatic disorders, or for rejuvenating purposes. 2 The steroidal lactones commonly referred to as Withanolides and quercetin and other plant phenolics are well recognized bioactive secondary metabolites of the plant. 3 Although the Withanolides are in general considered to be the major bioactive constituents of medicinally used extracts of the plant2 several recent reports have also revealed and reconfirmed adaptogenic and other therapeutically interesting bioactivities of aqueous Withania somnifera extracts devoid of Withanolides. 4,5 More recently, it has been reported also that TEG encountered in aqueous Withania somnifera extracts is one of their bioactive constituents involved in their experimentally observed anti-cancer activities. 6 TEG, like quercetin, has since long been used in numerous consumer products as an eco-toxicologically safe disinfectant,7,8 Quercetin is pharmacologically the more extensively studied plant polyphenolic with bactericidal activity against diverse pathogenic bacteria9 and several reports have also revealed bactericidal, antiviral and antifungal activities of TEG. 10-13 Although quercetin is encountered in numerous edible and other medicinal plants and often considered to be one of their bioactive constituents, as yet very little efforts have been made to define its role in traditionally known medicinal uses as stress response modulating or adaptogenic herbs. It has recently been reported though, that repeated intraperitoneally administered quercetin doses of 10 mg/kg/day and higher suppresses stress triggered alterations in blood levels of cortisol and other markers of oxidative stress14 and that such treatment could also protect oxidative stress triggered ischemic cerebral damages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the concept of adaptogens in relation to traditionally known medicinal plants, including Withania somnifera (commonly known as ashwagandha), which is noted for its adaptogenic properties. It refers to studies that highlight the adaptogenic and therapeutic effects of certain plants, asserting that substances like quercetin from these plants may modulate stress responses. Although ginseng is not explicitly mentioned in the text, the general context regarding adaptogens supports the claim that such herbs may have adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: Guinan plans to repeat these experiments with future astrobiology classes and incorporate more rigorous scientific testing of the results. He presented the results this morning at the 231st meeting of the Society in National Harbor, Md. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now Soil of a was a new addition to his regular astrobiology course, Guinan explained. He was inspired by NASA’s System (Veggie) on the Station and wanted to bring those types of experiments to his students. Guinan (right) and two of his students (left) are tending some of their plants grown in a brick-red Martian soil simulant seen in the frontmost plant (a pea plant). Some of their plants grew well in a Mars-like environment, whereas others required different light or temperature conditions that weren’t possible with the class’s single greenhouse setup. Credit: Guinan and his class grew the plants in a greenhouse in a commercially available Mars soil simulant similar to one developed by NASA and the Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. The soil is mostly an iron-rich basalt with some additional reagents to better approximate the composition of Mars’s regolith as measured by NASA’s Curiosity rover and other instruments. “The major differences are that Mars soil has about double the iron as Earth soil, mainly iron oxides, and Earth soil is more organic,” Guinan said. The soil used in the trial is approximately 93% similar to Martian regolith, with the main differences being the absence of some poisonous perchlorates present on Mars and the class’s addition of inorganic fertilizers to aid plant development. Mars’s soil lacks the living organisms in Earth’s soil that help plant life flourish, Guinan said, so Mars farmers would need to augment the soil with biologically rich materials like compost waste. The students grew the plants in pots under Mars-like light conditions—about 44% the light level on Earth. They then compared their plants to the same plant varieties grown in pots in regular potting soil. Although the light intensity was Mars-like, the atmosphere was Earth-like: Plants on Mars would need to be grown in a greenhouse with an Earth-like atmosphere, Guinan said, because they would struggle to survive in Mars’s thin, cold, and dusty atmosphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that different plants have varying requirements for soil conditions. It states that some plants grew well in a simulated Martian soil, while others struggled and required different conditions, indicating that not all plants can thrive in any type of soil. Furthermore, the text mentions that Mars soil lacks living organisms essential for plant flourishing and that plants would need additional materials to survive in such soil, emphasizing the specificity of plant needs regarding soil composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: PPM: The evaluation panel has recommended including basic health and child care needs (as opposed to using a percentile of health and child care expenditures), which will make the future PPM less of a quasi-relative measure. Better adjusting for housing cost variations SPM: SPM thresholds vary by housing tenure—renters, homeowners with mortgages, and homeowners without mortgages—and adjust for geographic variations in the cost of living by accounting for median rents by metropolitan-area status. PPM: The evaluation panel has recommended that the PPM eliminate complex adjustment by housing tenure and use fair market rents (FMRs) instead, since FMRs data include more geographies than the median-rent data used for the SPM. Economic resources Expanding the definition of household resources SPM: In addition to counting cash incomes like the OPM, the SPM counts additional government benefits including tax credits, near-cash (e. g. , food stamps), and in-kind benefits (e. g. , free and reduced-price school meals). PPM: The evaluation panel has recommended that the PPM include health insurance benefits and child care subsidies received in the definition of a household’s resources. Incorporating a direct account of child care needs SPM: The SPM subtracts out necessary expenses to reflect the disposable resources available to a household, including tax liabilities, child care and other work expenses, medical expenses, and child support paid to another household. PPM: The evaluation panel has recommended that the PPM directly count child care needs in the thresholds, instead of indirectly as reduced resources to a household. Expanding the definitions of household members SPM: Compared to the OPM, the SPM accounts for additional household members who share housing, food, and other living expenses, including unmarried partners, unrelated children, and their relatives in the household. PPM: The evaluation panel has recommended that the PPM count all related and unrelated individuals in a household, because housing—the largest consumption item—is shared among all members of a household. Because the SPM uses expenditures data that have a relatively short history, poverty measurement scholars have developed techniques to examine long-term trends in SPM poverty rates. [7] Scholars have taken different approaches to this task and long-term poverty trends vary based on the method used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about paleoenvironments or geological changes; it discusses methods of measuring poverty and household resources instead. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: v. 3(2); Jun 2023 10. 52361/fsbh. 2023. 3. e11 Biomater Health. 2023 Jun;3(2):e11. English. Published online Jun 30, 2023. © 2023 and (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) Helen H. Kang,1 and Si-Kwan Kim2 Author information Author notes Copyright and License 1. 2Department of Integrated Biosciences, College of Biomedical &. Correspondence: Si-Kwan Kim, PhD. Department of Integrated Biosciences, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju 27381, Korea. Email: skkim@kku. ac. kr 26, 2023; 19, 2023; 25, 2023. This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Go to: are defined as stress-response modifiers that increase an organism’s nonspecific resistance to stress by increasing its ability to adapt, survive and reproduce. Adaptogenic theory arose from Selye’s theory that repeated exposure to mild-level stressors help survival. This concept evolved into the Syndrome based on the 3 stages-alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Panax ginseng was defined as an adaptogen by Union of Republics pharmacologists Lazarev and Brekhman in the mid-1950s. The theory was succeeded by Petkov in Bulgaria after discovering ginseng’s effect on the central nervous system. In the early stage of the theory’s evolution, it was regarded as unscientific, but in these days, the theory is accepted worldwide without reservation, particularly in natural product chemistry and pharmacognosy. Adaptogens act bidirectionally, therefore, a chemical entity medicine which shows reaction of one way, e. g. , increase or decrease, cannot be an adaptogen. Adaptogens should stimulate or attenuate depending on the physiological situation. This pharmacological property is characteristic to herbal medicine because herbs contain multiple active ingredients. Consequently, adaptogens normalize or modulate diverse physiological processes, thereby helping maintain homeostasis. P. ginseng is one of the typical adaptogens with rare adverse reactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Panax ginseng is defined as an adaptogen and explaining its properties as a stress-response modifier that can enhance an organism's ability to adapt. It explains how adaptogens, including ginseng, help maintain homeostasis and regulate physiological processes, aligning directly with the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: The need for indoor cultivation actually offers a benefit, he said, because the plants’ respiration could become part of the atmospheric recycling of a colony. Martian greenhouses would need to maintain a constant 50%–60% humidity to avoid soil dryness. Even with the right, nonpoisonous composition, the students ran into some issues with the soil. Mars’s regolith, a very fine, claylike powder, dried out very quickly if not constantly watered. Soil dryness was solved by regular watering, although Guinan estimated that Martian greenhouses would need to maintain a constant 50%–60% humidity to avoid soil dryness. The soil also packs too tightly to let roots or subsurface vegetables grow, they found. The class solved the soil density problem by aerating it with some shredded cardboard or vermiculites to give the roots and veggies room to grow. Cardboard was more ideal, Guinan explained, because it might already be part of shipping material people would take to Mars and colonists wouldn’t need to import unneeded supplies. A Variety of With soil aeration and moisture levels accounted for, Guinan’s students found that each of the plants they tested grew moderately well. However, sweet potatoes, carrots, onions, kale, dandelions, basil, garlic, and hops were particularly robust crops under Martian conditions. The greenhouse was too hot for peas and spinach, Guinan explained, or they probably would have survived, too. Some of the vegetables, herbs, and salad greens grown in a Martian soil simulant by Villanova undergraduate students. In this corner of the greenhouse, hops flourish in the frontmost tray, kale and lettuces fill the left tray, and dandelion bins occupy planters in the center rear of the image. Credit: “Of course, the students also picked potatoes because of The Martian,” Guinan said, “but the soil was too dense at first and the potatoes would not grow in it—they were squeezed. Once we added about one-third of some filler into the soil to give the potatoes room to breathe, they grew very well. ” Some business majors in the class opted to grow hops, a beer-brewing ingredient, and toyed with ways to market “Mars Beer,” Guinan explained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the specific challenges faced when trying to cultivate plants in Martian soil, which include issues with soil dryness and density. It highlights that not all plants can thrive universally, as some plants like peas and spinach did not survive in the hot conditions of the greenhouse, and potatoes struggled initially due to dense soil. The need for adjustments like aerating the soil and maintaining humidity indicates that plants have particular soil needs that cannot be generalized to all types of soil.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Some approaches anchor thresholds to household expenditures from a (recent) point in time while others use partial historical data to form historical thresholds; both adjust these reference data for inflation for years when data were not collected. There has not yet been discussion around how well the PPM can trace historical trends since it is still under development; however, because it is likely to require new data (e. g. , on the cost of a basic health insurance plan), there may be some limitations for the purpose of historical analysis. In 2021, the average SPM thresholds across the country for two adults and two children were $31,107 for homeowners with mortgages, $26,279 for owners without mortgages, and $31,453 for renters. SPM-based poverty rates were lower in 2021 than before the COVID-19 pandemic,[8] primarily due to temporary policies such as Payments (or “stimulus checks”), expanded unemployment benefits, and the 2021 expanded Credit. Around 3. 8 million children under age 18 (or 5. 2%) lived in poverty as measured with the SPM in 2021 (Table 1); in 2020, 9. 7 percent of children lived in SPM-based poverty. poverty measures described above largely consider a household’s income in defining its economic resources. Consumption poverty measures, by contrast, consider that a household’s economic well-being is reflected in its consumption. This approach is rooted in an economic theory that households draw on resources (incomes, savings, assets, etc. ) to support their economic well-being and save those resources when they are not in need. Households’ consumption patterns do not change as sharply as their incomes, either over short periods of time (e. g. , an economic downturn) or over the life course (e. g. , through aging and retirement). Therefore, from this perspective, it is insufficient to use income data to define economic resources, as in the OPM and SPM. Consumption poverty measures, like their income-based counterparts, can be either relative or absolute. We summarize key components of consumption-based measures from this of (NBER) report. consumption relative poverty measure sets the threshold at half of the median value of consumption among all households. The consumption absolute poverty measure uses the thresholds that yield consumption-based poverty rates that are the same as OPM-based poverty rates in the baseline year (e. g. , 1980). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it focuses on economic measures and household consumption patterns rather than discussing paleoenvironments or geological changes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Theory; Panax ginseng; Non-Specific Resistance; Homeostasis; to: 1938, Hans Selye,1 a professor at the Department of Anatomy, Histology and reported his experimental results supporting the conception of adaptation energy. He suggested that by giving gradually increasing doses of various toxic chemicals, one may raise the resistance of animals in such a manner that even treatment which would cause marked thymus involution in normal animals. This conception receives further support by experiments showing that rats pretreated with a certain agent will resist such doses of this agent which would be fatal for non-pretreated controls. These findings are tentatively regarded by the assumption that the resistance of the organism to various damaging stimuli is dependent on its adaptability. This adaptability is conceived to depend upon the organism’s expenditure of its limited amount of energy. Thus, if energy is used for adaptation to certain stimuli it will necessarily decrease the energy stores for other purposes. Adaptation to any stimulus is always acquired at a cost, namely, at the cost of overall energy of organism. Todorova et al. 2 suggested that the term adaptogen was introduced for the first time in the 1940s by Dr. but information about the original 1954. 3 Although we cannot comprehend the 0. 01 to 10,000 ng/mL with effects of white ginseng (WG) and purified ginsenosides Rb1, Rg3, Rg5 and Rk1 on gene expression in isolated hippocampal neurons. The aim of their study was to predict the effects of differently expressed genes on cellular and physiological functions in organismal disorders and diseases. Their network pharmacological analyses of gene expression profiles showed that HRG exhibits predictable positive effects in neuroinflammation, senescence, apoptosis, and immune response, suggesting beneficial soft-acting effects in cancer, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems diseases and disorders in a wide range of low concentrations in blood. Hasoon and Jawad Kadhim28 at the Department of Biology, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq reported synergistic effect of P. ginseng toward doxorubicin (DOX), one of the most widely employed chemotherapeutic agents. Different cell lines (HCT-116, LNCaP, and normal cell line VERO) were treated with different inhibitory agents at different concentrations (1,000, 500, 250, 125, 62. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of adaptation and resistance in organisms. It mentions that the term adaptogen was introduced to describe substances that aid in adaptation and resilience to harmful stimuli. Furthermore, the studies referenced indicate that ginsenosides from ginseng have beneficial effects on gene expression related to physiological functions, suggesting that ginseng has adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: He noted, however, that some enterprising brewers beat them to the punch with their own hops and sorghum grown in simulated Martian soil prior to the Villanova tests. Although none of the produce raised in Mars simulant soil tasted noticeably different from the experimental control crops, Guinan expressed concern that some of the typically iron rich leafy vegetables, like kale and spinach, might take up excessive iron from the Martian soil. Too much iron in food, he explained, can cause indigestion or even food poisoning. Guinan plans to have future classes test the iron content of the Mars-grown salad greens to see if the soil’s iron enrichment is reflected in the leaves. If so, that would be another potential concern for future Mars farmers. “The farther and longer humans go away from Earth, the greater the need to be able to grow plants for food, atmosphere recycling, and psychological benefits,” Although NASA may be growing veggies in space, Guinan said that his class’s experiments add variety. “Once we treated the Martian soil correctly, pretty much everything grew well,” he said. “The farther and longer humans go away from Earth, the greater the need to be able to grow plants for food, atmosphere recycling, and psychological benefits,” said Gioia Massa, a payload scientist for Veggie at NASA’s Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla. “I think that plant systems will become important components of any long-duration exploration scenario,” Massa added. This first set of Villanova vegetable tests was just the start, according to Guinan. In his opinion, the students chose their vegetables on the basis of what they liked to eat, rather than what would be the most nutritious or valuable for potential Mars colonists. When he repeats this project with future classes of astrobiology students, he said, he plans to have the students test vegetables, herbs, and possibly fruit that would be more likely to be selected by colonists. Now that the Project is a proven success, Guinan has received a more dedicated greenhouse space to use for his class’s next vegetable patch. The new space, he explained, will give his class more control over the temperature, humidity, and light conditions for the plants and let them refine their experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that certain plants, such as typically iron-rich leafy vegetables like kale and spinach, may have issues thriving in Martian soil due to excessive iron uptake. Guinan expresses concern about the effects of iron on food safety, stating that too much iron can lead to indigestion or food poisoning. This suggests that not all plants can thrive in all types of soil, as the specific conditions and compositions of Martian soil could negatively affect the growth and safety of certain crops.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Consumption absolute poverty rates can be interpreted as the prevalence of consumption poverty today based on a fixed level of consumption (of an OPM-poor household in the baseline year). Economic resources Economic resources in consumption measures of poverty include easily measured components of consumption, such as food, rent, and utilities. Data on these items are drawn directly from the Survey. A value of current consumption of durable goods (e. g. , a house or vehicle) and health insurance is estimated as part of total resources because payments for these items (for example, mortgage payments) do not accurately capture the value of current consumption. By using expenditures data, the consumption poverty measures also address bias in reports of household incomes, as measurement issues have been identified in the income data used in the OPM and SPM (e. g. , underreporting of public benefits and self-employment incomes). Although consumption poverty measures are grounded in theory, they also have a few limitations. For example, consumption measures do not differentiate whether households finance consumption with high-interest payday loans or in other ways that compromise their well-being. These measures require complex calculations of the value of consumption derived from certain goods and services and use expenditures data that are available only for large geographic areas. It is also more difficult to identify the effects of income policies on consumption poverty than on income poverty. There is no single, universally agreed-upon method for determining consumption poverty, and no method is considered “official” by the federal government. One study found that estimates for consumption-based absolute poverty rates ranged from 16. 3 percent to 19. 5 percent among children, with thresholds (anchored to the official poverty level in 2015) of $26,583 for a family of four in 2018. III. Poverty as a Continuum of both absolute and relative poverty measures group people into one of two categories—as either living in poverty or not—an income just slightly above the threshold may not provide a noticeable advantage in economic well-being over an income that is slightly below the threshold. In conceptualizing poverty as a continuum of experience, poverty scholars use different percentage multiples of poverty thresholds to capture varying levels of economic scarcity. Both relative and absolute poverty measures can be adapted for this purpose: With relative measures, levels of poverty can be measured by using different 1. 2 means that family income is 1. 2 times the poverty threshold) is commonly used to capture the range of experiences of economic well-being (as in this study). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses consumption poverty rates and economic resources rather than paleoenvironments or geological changes. There is no connection between the topics mentioned in the text and the claim about paleoenvironments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 5, and 31. 25 µg/mL) as follows: G1 (methanol P. ginseng extract, PGE), G2 (DOX), and G3 (PGE + DOX). Each inhibitory agent group was used to treat the cancerous cell lines HCT-116, LNCaP, and normal cell line (VERO) to obtain IC50% by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The inhibitory ability of the 1,000 μg/mL PGE was significantly increased in all the 3-cell lines compared with other concentrations. The inhibition ability of PGE and DOX towards the HCT116 cell line significantly increased compared with the other cell lines. They demonstrated that safety of the PGE compound and its low toxicity toward normal cells, quite the opposite of cancer cells as compared to the common drug DOX and combined PGD (PGE + DOX). PGD combined with DOX (PGE + DOX) showed antagonistic results toward the HCT116, LNCaP, and VERO cell lines. From their report, we could understand that combination of anticancer agent with P. ginseng may elevate efficiency of chemotherapy with low toxicity. Mariage et al. 29 at Botalys SA, Ath, Belgium carried out a pilot clinical study to find preventive effect of P. ginseng containing preparation (HRG80, hydroponically cultivated P. ginseng) and traditionally harvested 6-year-old white P. ginseng standard preparation (PGS) with placebo in preventing symptoms of stress-induced failure of cognitive function in healthy subjects. The effects of HRG80, PGS, and placebo capsules were administered to 50 tired, healthy subjects in a 3-arm, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Efficacy-outcome measures included the accuracy of processing the d2 test for cognitive functions, obtained accuracy score in a computerized memory test, and the perceived-stress (PS) score. A statistically significant interaction effect between time and treatment (P < 0. 0001) was observed in the attention d2 and memory tests, indicating that HRG80 treatment was more beneficial than that with a placebo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a clinical study that examines the effects of P. ginseng on preventing stress-induced cognitive function failure. It mentions a statistically significant interaction effect indicating that treatment with HRG80 (a preparation containing P. ginseng) was more beneficial than placebo, which suggests adaptogenic effects in reducing stress and enhancing cognitive function.